bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anslaget som afsæt for designprocessen
Authors: Lembcke Steen , Pilgaard Michal
Published: October 2019

I denne artikel diskuterer vi lærerens rammesætning af elevers arbejde med komplekse, virkelighedsnære problemstillinger i skolen. Vi har undersøgt, hvordan starten af et undervisningsforløb kan tilrettelægges som et anslag. Anslaget er elevernes første møde med en designudfordring og det afsæt, der ansporer eleverne til at gå ind en designproces. I filmteori anvendes anslaget om en begivenhed i filmens indledning, ’the point of attack’ (Schiff, 2010) der sætter handlingen i gang. På baggrund af systematisk gennemførte interventioner i folkeskolen har vi undersøgt undervisning, som lærere har tilrettelagt som en designproces med et anslag i en kompleks problemstilling.  Komplekse problemstillinger er ofte problemer uden én færdig løsning, såkaldte 'wicked problems' (Rittel & Webber 1973; Buchanan, 1992) og kræver en rammesætning, når de skal gøres til genstand for undervisning. Undersøgelsen peger på, at et anslag i form af et wicked problem har betydning for lærerens muligheder for at navigere i krydsfeltet mellem målstyring og åbne procesorienterede forløb. Artiklen er et bidrag til at belyse lærerens rammesætning og didaktiske stilladsering af designprocesser og digital fabrikation i undervisning.
Synthetic Classification and Diverse Communities
Authors: Szostak Rick
Published: October 2019

This brief paper argues that a synthetic approach to classification can alleviate all of the major concerns that are commonly raised about how Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) may disserve various communities. It surveys how a synthetic approach can potentially address a variety of concerns regarding KOSs and social diversity.
The Critical Catalog: Giving Voice to Diverse Library Materials through Provocative Design
Authors: Clarke Rachel Ivy , Schoonmaker Sayward
Published: October 2019

Although laudable strides have been made to highlight and provide access to diverse library materials about and made by traditionally marginalized communities, current approaches are curatorial, non-scalable, and non-systematic. Using a critical design approach, we address how libraries might move beyond curatorial practices with the proposal of a “Critical Catalog” that advocates for diverse materials and discusses the problems and challenges of categorizing identity. The proposed provocative catalog offers the possibility to raise awareness of diverse library materials; expose readers to new and different resources, ideas and cultures; alter reading habits; and ultimately provide more equitable representation by preventing the inadvertent and unintentional erasure of diverse library materials, thus giving a stronger voice to marginalized communities.
Development and application of a robotic zebra finch (RoboFinch) to study multimodal cues in vocal communication
Authors: Simon Ralph , Varkevisser Judith , Mendoza Ezequiel , Hochradel Klaus , Scharff Constance , Riebel Katharina , Halfwerk Wouter
Published: October 2019

Understanding animal behaviour through psychophysical experimentation is often limited by insufficiently realistic stimulus representation. Important physical dimensions of signals and cues, especially those that are outside the spectrum of human perception, can be difficult to standardize and control separately with currently available recording and displaying techniques (e.g. video displays). Accurate stimulus control is in particular important when studying multimodal signals, as spatial and temporal alignment between stimuli is often crucial. Especially for audiovisual presentations, some of these limitations can be circumvented by the employment of animal robots that are superior to video presentations in all situations requiring realistic 3D presentations to animals. Here we report the development of a robotic zebra finch, called RoboFinch, and how it can be used to study vocal learning in a songbird, the zebra finch.
Present status of photoemission electron microscope newly installed in SPring-8 for time-resolved nanospectroscopy
Authors: Ohkochi Takuo , Osawa Hitoshi , Yamaguchi Akinobu , Fujiwara Hidenori , Oura Masaki
Published: October 2019

A photoemission electron microscope (PEEM) system has been newly installed at the soft X-ray undulator beamline (BL17SU) of SPring-8 to realize time-resolved nanospectroscopy for the local transient electronic structures of advanced materials. This PEEM is a versatile machine composed of an electrostatic lens system and is intended for use in specific experiments such as time-resolved measurements. Pump–probe measurements in tandem with a femtosecond pulsed-laser system and an X-ray chopper are now readily available.
Impact of focused ion beam on structural and compositional analysis of interfaces fabricated by surface activated bonding
Authors: Ohno Yutaka , Yoshida Hideto , Kamiuchi Naoto , Aso Ryotaro , Takeda Seiji , Shimizu Yasuo , Nagai Yasuyoshi , Liang Jianbo , Shigekawa Naoteru
Published: October 2019

We have shown that the structural and compositional properties of semiconductor interfaces fabricated by surface activated bonding (SAB) would be modified during focused ion beam (FIB) processes operated at room temperature (RT), especially for wide band-gap materials, and such a modification can be suppressed by FIB processes operated at lower temperatures. During FIB processes operated at RT, SAB-fabricated Si/Si and GaAs/GaAs interfaces are amorphized along the interfaces, even at the internal locations deeper than the penetration depth of the FIB, and the impurity distribution across the interfaces is modified. This phenomenon is presumably due to the atomic diffusion assisted by the point defects that are introduced by FIB irradiation. By using FIB processes operated at −150 °C, the FIB-induced atomic diffusion would be ignored for Si/Si interfaces. Meanwhile, the diffusion would be still effective for GaAs/GaAs interfaces, presumably due to the effects of recombination-enhanced defect motion under FIB irradiation.
Explicit and Implicit Collocation Teaching Methods: Empirical Research and Issues
Authors: Hamed Mahvelati Elaheh
Published: October 2019

The need for integrating collocations into English language syllabuses in order to enhance EFL/ESL learners’ language accuracy and fluency has been emphasized by a great number of researchers and scholars. Given this, finding viable collocation teaching methods has become the focal center of some specialists’ interest. This has led into the emergence of various pedagogical suggestions some of which have aroused controversy. One of the most significant points of disagreement between these specialists concerns the effectiveness of implicit versus explicit collocation teaching methods. This article reviews the pedagogical potential of these two teaching approaches as well as the issues limiting generalizability of findings in the related literature. The review reveals that the scarcity of empirical studies which have compared the efficacy of these two controversial methods, lack of consistency in the reported findings, and neglect of some determining factors, such as learners’ individual differences, have caused a great deal of confusion in the literature regarding the most effective pedagogical intervention. Further research is, therefore, required to address these gaps in the realm of collocation and help teachers, instructional designers and material developers effectively support learners in the learning process. Some suggestions for future research are provided.
Interventionist Dynamic Assessment’s Effects on Speaking Skills Testing: Case of Elt Teacher Candidates
Authors: Çetin Köroğlu Zeynep
Published: October 2019

EFL learners’ oral proficiency plays an important role in the representation of their productive skills. Especially, English language learners’ speaking skills are considered as main reflection of their proficiency in foreign languages. Speaking in L2 is accepted as a vital competence for language teachers as well, who are going to teach the target language in the future. The related literature puts an emphasis on the assessment of speaking skills utilizing various techniques. However, the number of research studies, examining how dynamic assessment (DA), especially the interventionist model of dynamic assessment, can be utilized as a technique in the assessment of L2 speaking performance, is relatively limited. Thus, the main aims of the current research study are both to investigate the efficacy of the interventionist model of DA in the assessment of student teachers’ speaking skills performance and to figure out their attitudes towards dynamic assessment. The participants of the current research were 29 student teachers, enrolled in the English Language Teaching Department of a state university in Turkey. To collect the quantitative data questionnaire survey was adopted and utilized as a checklist due to the number of the participants. On the other hand, to collect the qualitative data, a written structured interview was administered to the participants. The data were analyzed with the SPSS package and through the content analysis method. The findings of the current research revealed that participants were satisfied with the interventionist model and developed positive attitudes towards this assessment type. The participants stated that the interventionist dynamic assessment provided an authentic, creative and relaxing atmosphere, which decreased the level of their speaking anxiety. It can be asserted that DA can be administered to test foreign language speaking performance in language classrooms. Additionally, it was concluded that the interventionist model sustained and boosted the student teachers’ oral skills achievement.
Clinical implications of aberrant neurovascular structures coursing through the submandibular gland
Authors: Eaton Kelsey J. , Smith Heather F.
Published: October 2019

Background

Variation within the submandibular triangle, including variant paths of facial neurovasculature, could increase risk of neurovascular derangement during submandibular gland (SMG) dysfunction, enlargement, interventions, or removal.

Methods

Frequency of anatomical variants enveloped within or piercing the SMG, including facial artery, vein, or branches of CN VII, were assessed in 70 cadaveric submandibular glands (39M/31F).

Results

Eighteen of 70 SMGs (25.7%) were pierced by at least one aberrant neurovasculature structure: Facial artery most frequently (n = 13), followed by facial vein (n = 2), inferior labial artery and vein (n = 1), and CN VII cervical branch (n = 1). This study demonstrated the high variability of neurovasculature within submandibular parenchyma. These aberrant neurovascular structures, especially facial artery, are in danger of compromise during surgical and other medical procedures on the SMG. To avoid potential neurovascular compromise, ultrasonographic or other imaging is recommended prior to procedures involving the SMG.
Cooperation in bottlenose dolphins: bidirectional coordination in a rope-pulling task
Authors: Yamamoto Chisato , Kashiwagi Nobuyuki , Otsuka Mika , Sakai Mai , Tomonaga Masaki
Published: October 2019

In comparison with terrestrial animals, such as primates, there is limited empirical evidence for cooperative behavior in marine mammals under experimental conditions. In this study, we used a cooperative rope-pulling task to investigate how bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) coordinate their behavior with a partner. Dolphins successfully learned and were able to perform the task, even when one subject started after the other. In the no-delay condition (i.e., both subjects sent at the same time), one pair of dolphins showed coordinated behaviors. When pairs were successful in solving the task in the delay condition (i.e., one individual sent later than the other), the initiators (i.e., first individual sent) were likely to wait for the follower to arrive, and the follower was likely to swim faster when the initiator did not wait and started pulling the rope alone. These coordinated behaviors might help resolve the given cooperative task. Our results suggest that bottlenose dolphins learn to coordinate their behaviors via trial and error and recognize the necessity of performing simultaneous actions with a partner to successfully accomplish cooperative tasks. In addition, both partners showed behavioral changes over many trials of no-delay and delay conditions, suggesting that bidirectional coordination occurred in the cooperative task.
Diagnosing Multicollinearity of Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Senaviratna N. A. M. R. , A. Cooray T. M. J.
Published: October 2019

One of the key problems arises in binary logistic regression model is that explanatory variables being considered for the logistic regression model are highly correlated among themselves. Multicollinearity will cause unstable estimates and inaccurate variances that affects confidence intervals and hypothesis tests. Aim of this was to discuss some diagnostic measurements to detect multicollinearity namely tolerance, Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), condition index and variance proportions. The adapted diagnostics are illustrated with data based on a study of road accidents. Secondary data used from 2014 to 2016 in this study were acquired from the Traffic Police headquarters, Colombo in Sri Lanka. The response variable is accident severity that consists of two levels particularly grievous and non-grievous. Multicolinearity is identified by correlation matrix, tolerance and VIF values and confirmed by condition index and variance proportions. The range of solutions available for logistic regression such as increasing sample size, dropping one of the correlated variables and combining variables into an index. It is safely concluded that without increasing sample size, to omit one of the correlated variables can reduce multicollinearity considerably.
Effect of Vermicompost and Earthing Up on the Growth and Yield of Onion
Authors: Monira Shirajum , Mostarin Tahmina , Khatun Khaleda , Haq Md. Ehsanul , Soniya Ismita Akter , Akhter Sanjida , Sharmin Iffat , Ghosh Avijit
Published: October 2019

A field research was conducted at the Horticultural Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 during the period from October 2017 to March 2018 to study the effect of vermicompost and earthing upon growth and yield of onion. The experiment consists of two factors. Factor-A Vermicompost V0 (control), V1 (6 t ha-1 vermicompost), V2 (10 t ha-1 vermicompost) and V3 (14 t ha-1 vermicompost) and Factor-B Earthing up E0 (control), E1 (Two times earthing up) and E2 (Three times earthing up). The experiment was laid out in RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) with three replications. The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results revealed that in terms of vermicompost application The highest fresh weight bulb-1 (40.07 g), yield plot-1 (527.89 g) and yield ha-1 (5.39 t) were found from the treatment V3 compared to V0 (control) treatment. Again, in terms of different earthing up treatments, the highest fresh weight bulb-1 (32.48 g), yield plot-1 (431.67 g) and yield ha-1 (4.41 t) were found from the treatment E2 (Three times earthing up) compared to E0 (control) treatment. Both vermicompost and earthing up and their combination showed a considerable variation on different growth and yield parameters of onion. The highest fresh weight bulb-1 (42.73 g), yield plot-1 (567.33 g) and yield ha-1 (5.79 t) were found from the treatment combination of V3E2 compared to control V0E0 (control) treatment combination. And it may be summarized that 14 t/ha vermicompost with three times earthing up performed the maximum yield compared to other treatments.
Spatial Evaluation of Droughts Using Selected Satellite-based Indices in the Upper Tana River Watershed, Kenya
Authors: Okal Harriette A. , Ngetich Felix K. , Okeyo Jeremiah M.
Published: October 2019

Aims: To identify the most appropriate drought indices for the identification and monitoring of historical meteorological and agricultural drought incidences and to explore the spatial characteristics of these droughts.

Study design: GIS-based empirical research design.

Place and Duration of Study: Upper Tana River Watershed, Kenya drought analysis covering a period of 1981 to 2013.

Methodology: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) provided raster maps for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) agricultural drought index, while GeoClim databased through Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) was used for retrieval of raster maps for Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) meteorological drought index. ArcGIS version 10.3.1 facilitated image enhancement and correction for better visualization and interpretation.

Results: Agricultural drought years were in 1983, 1987, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2008, and 2009 while meteorological drought years were in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2003, and 2011.

Conclusion: Meteorological drought triggered events of agricultural drought. Both droughts showed a widespread pattern and were found to manifest at relatively same intervals during the study period.
Germination under High Temperatures of Maize Adapted to the Cerrado of Tocantins
Authors: Barbosa Kassya Silveira , Aguiar Luiz Felipe Soares , Siebeneichler Susana Cristine , Melo Aurélio Vaz de , Barbosa Adriano Silveira , Andrade Álida Filomena , Rosa Laina Pires , Oliveira Magno De
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of germination and vigor in maize seeds in laboratory conditions, exposure to high temperatures, in order to highlight the most adaptable genotypes at these temperatures. Were supplied three cultivars of the PIONEIRA LTDA. (PIONEIRA HS-9, PIONEIRA HS-14i, PIONEIRA ROBUSTO), to perform the experiment, in addition to the commercial cultivar BRS 3040. After the selection of superior genotypes, were performed at temperatures of 25 reviews, 30, 35 and 40ºC, these being: germination, first count, seedling dry mass and speed index of the emergence of seedlings. At the temperature of 25°C were made the cold test and seedling length, shoot and root axis. The results were submitted to analysis of variance, comparison of averages by Tukey test, to three genotypes and regression analysis to high school, to three genotypes and the witness commercial. Whereas the maximum temperature of 35°C tested, one could observe that the PIONEIRA HS-6 genotype presented the best adaptation to high temperatures. The PIONEIRA ROBUSTO genotype was more adapted to high temperatures whereas as the highest temperature of 40°C. The BRS 3040 was not adapted to the high temperatures in relation to genotypes produced under conditions of high temperatures of the Cerrado.
Risk Analysis in a Tropical Forest Wood Exploration and Processing System in Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Authors: Soranso Denise Ransolin , Minette Luciano José , Bermudes Wanderson Lyrio , Oliveira Michel Picanço , Schettino Stanley , Fiedler Nilton Cesar , Vieira Frederico Eustáquio Telles
Published: October 2019

Forestry and logging activities in tropical regions are commonly carried out in inappropriate thermal conditions, due to the hot and humid climate, demanding from the worker high energy expenditure and physical effort. They often operate and handle machines and equipment that produce high levels of noise and vibration, and adopt postures that can be harmful to the body, given the constant lifting, handling and transport of loads above tolerable limits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure of workers to risks in a rainforest harvesting and processing system in northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The study was conducted in two forest management areas and four processing industries. Occupational heat exposure was assessed and a qualitative analysis of noise and vibration was performed in the two study areas. Occupational exposure to heat was performed by determining the Wet Bulb Index and Globe Thermometer (IBUTG), while the qualitative analysis of noise and vibration was performed with the application of a Risk Analysis methodology. The results indicate that the values of the wet bulb index and globe thermometer (IBUTG), obtained every hour of the working day in the activities of the timber industry and wood processing, correspond to values above the tolerance limit, as standardized.  The condition most likely to be harmful to health was found in the exposure to noise by workers in the wood processing industry, especially in operations related to the logging stages, where the risk was categorized as intolerable. With respect to exposure to vibration, the risk was higher in chainsaw operations in logging. In this case, it was possible to qualitatively analyze which occupational exposure limit (OEL) would be exceeded when the machine was in operation, representing risks to workers’ health and safety. It is concluded that there is a need to adopt control measures, since the risk exposure levels were in a range that poses a risk to workers’ health.
Measuring Cross-Cultural Perception of Educational Environment among Postgraduates by Using Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM) Inventory
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Sajjad Ahmad , Tauqeer Ahmad , Mohammad Anas , Mahmood Zafar , Nasim Bina , Ahmed Anis , Shah Husain , Mathews Laji , Nayeem K. , Naroo G. Y.
Published: October 2019

Background: A postgraduate training program should be focused on positive and healthy educational environment. Postgraduate trainees suffer invariably during their training when the hospital educational environment is stressful. It is, therefore very important to assess the training environment of an institute as a part of good educational practice.

Aims: The aim of this study is assess and compare the clinical learning environment in the postgraduate training programs in Dubai and Sialkot. We also measure the perception of autonomy, the perception of teaching, and the perception of social support to identify more specific weaknesses and strengths in an educational environment. We demonstrate the appropriate steps, focusing on the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM).

Methods: PHEEM questionnaire was completed by 95 postgraduate residents in an observational, quantitative study involving a cross sectional survey of the perception of attitudes and behavior in postgraduate training programs in Dubai (UAE) and Sialkot (Pakistan).

Results: We used “IBM SPSS STATISTICS 21” software for data analysis. The results were analyzed and compared between postgraduate residents from Dubai and Sialkot. The total PHEEM score we achieved in our study is 104.8. The comparative scores achieved between Dubai and Sialkot residents by three domains of PHEEM inventory include Perception of role autonomy (34.44/35.85), Perception of teaching (36.60/40.65), and Perception of social support (24.42/24.42) respectively. There is no statistically significant association between PG year of training and country of training but there is statistically significant association between gender and country of training.

Conclusion: PHEEM is a simple, multidimensional, valid and highly reliable instrument measuring the educational environment among postgraduates working in different cultures and clinical disciplines. There are more positive than negative as far as the learning environment is concerned in both Dubai and Sialkot; however, there is room for improvement. Perception of social support and role autonomy is identical in Dubai and Sialkot. But teaching is better in Sialkot, attributed mainly to pediatric residency.
Hierarchical NiS2 Modified with Bifunctional Carbon for Enhanced Potassium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Yang Li , Hong Wanwan , Zhang Yu , Tian Ye , Gao Xu , Zhu Yirong , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: October 2019

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are currently drawing increased attention as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the abundant resource and low cost of potassium. However, due to the large ionic radius size of K+, electrode material that can stably maintain K+ insertion/deintercalation is still extremely inadequate, especially for anode material with a satisfactory reversible capacity. As an attempt, nitrogen/carbon dual‐doped hierarchical NiS2 is introduced as the electrode material in PIBs for the first time. Considering that the introduction of the carbon layer effectively alleviates the volume expansion of the material itself, further improves the electronic conductivity, and finally accelerates the charge transfer of K+, not surprisingly, NiS2 decorated with the bifunctional carbon (NiS2@C@C) material electrode shows excellent potassium storage performances. When utilized as a PIB anode, it delivers a high reversible capacity of 302.7 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. The first coulombic efficiency is 78.6% and rate performance is 151.2 mAh g−1 at 1.6 A g−1 of the NiS2@C@C, which are also notable. Given such remarkable electrochemical properties, this work is expected to provide more possibilities for the reasonable design of advanced electrode materials for metal sulfide potassium ion batteries.
Dual Function of Magnesium in Bone Biomineralization
Authors: Zhang Jinglun , Tang Lin , Qi Haoning , Zhao Qin , Liu Yan , Zhang Yufeng
Published: October 2019

Magnesium (Mg2+), as a main component of bone, is widely applied to promote bone growth and regeneration. However, Mg2+ can chemically inhibit the crystallization of amorphous calcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite (HA). The underlying mechanisms by which Mg2+ improves bone biomineralization remain elusive. Here, it is demonstrated that Mg2+ plays dual roles in bone biomineralization from a developmental perspective. During embryonic development, the Mg2+ concentration is enriched in the early stage from embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to E15.5, but gradually decreases to a stable state in the late phase, after E15.5. Appropriate concentrations of Mg2+ can promote the mineralization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, while excessive Mg2+ impairs their osteogenesis. The earlier the Mg2+ is added, the stronger the observed inhibition of mineralization. In particular, less Mg2+ is present in fully mineralized collagen than in poorly mineralized collagen. Furthermore, a high concentration of Mg2+ changes the crystalline morphology of HA and inhibits collagen calcification. Functionally, a high‐Mg2+ diet inhibits bone biomineralization in mouse offspring. Taken together, the results suggest that appropriate regulation of Mg2+ concentration over time is vital for normal biomineralization. This study is significant for the future design of bone substitutes and implants associated with Mg2+ content.
Precise Molecular Design for High‐Performance Luminogens with Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Xu Shidang , Duan Yukun , Liu Bin
Published: October 2019

Precise design of fluorescent molecules with desired properties has enabled the rapid development of many research fields. Among the different types of optically active materials, luminogens with aggregation‐induced emission (AIEgens) have attracted significant interest over the past two decades. The negligible luminescence of AIEgens as a molecular species and high brightness in aggregate states distinguish them from conventional fluorescent dyes, which has galvanized efforts to bring AIEgens to a wide array of multidisciplinary applications. Herein, the useful principles and emerging structure–property relationships for precise molecular design toward AIEgens with desirable properties using concrete examples are revealed. The cutting‐edge applications of AIEgens and their excellent performance in enabling new research directions in biomedical theranostics, optoelectronic devices, stimuli‐responsive smart materials, and visualization of physical processes are also highlighted.
Functionally Graded Knitted Actuators with NiTi‐Based Shape Memory Alloys for Topographically Self‐Fitting Wearables
Authors: Granberry Rachael , Eschen Kevin , Holschuh Brad , Abel Julianna
Published: October 2019

Advances in actuating fabrics can enable a paradigm shift in the field of smart wearables by dynamically fitting themselves to the unique topography of the human body. Applications including soft wearable robotics, continuous health monitoring, and body‐mounted haptic feedback systems are dependent upon simultaneous body proximity and garment stiffness for functionality. Passive fabrics and fitting mechanisms are unable to conform around surface concavities and require either high elasticity or a multiplicity of closure devices to achieve garment fit. The design, manufacture, and validation of the first circumferentially contractile and topographic self‐fitting garments composed of NiTi‐based shape memory alloy (SMA) knitted actuators that dynamically conform to the unique shape and size of the wearer's body in response to a change of the garment's temperature is introduced. Advanced materials and systems innovations 1) enable novel garment manufacturing and application strategies, 2) facilitate topographical fitting (spatial actuation) through garment architectural design, and 3) provide tunable NiTi‐based SMA actuation temperatures to enable actuation on the surface of human skin. This research represents a paradigm shift for wearable applications by redefining garment fit to fully topographical conformation to the wearer through advanced materials and structures design.
Sociosexual behavioral patterns involving nulliparous female orangutans (Pongo sp.) reflect unique challenges during the adolescent period
Authors: O'Connell Caitlin A. , Susanto Tri Wahyu , Knott Cheryl D.
Published: October 2019

The primate adolescent period is characterized by a series of changes in physiology, behavior, and social relationships. Orangutans have the slowest life history and the longest period of dependency of all primates. As members of a semisolitary species with high levels of sexual coercion, adolescent female orangutans face a unique combination of challenges when achieving independence from their mother. This study examined the mating behavior of adolescent female orangutans and compared it with that of adult females to assess whether mating behavior reflects distinct strategies at these different points in the life cycle. Data were collected in Gunung Palung National Park on the island of Borneo over 20 years. Mating events from adolescent (n = 19) and adult females (n = 26) were scored and compared. Adolescent female mating events had significantly higher mating scores (indicating more proceptivity) than those of adult females (β = 1.948, p = .001). Adolescent females also engaged in elaborate sociosexual interactions with different flanged males, behaviors that were never observed during mating events of adult females. These interactions involved characteristic behavior on the part of both the adolescent females and the flanged males. Given these findings and the documentation of similar accounts of adolescent female–flanged male mating from the island of Sumatra, we propose that adolescent female orangutans display distinctive behavioral repertoires throughout the genus Pongo which serves to overcome male ambivalence toward nulliparous females, establish familiarity, and evaluate coercive tendencies in flanged males. We suggest that these behavioral patterns are an integral part of female social development in a female philopatric, but highly dispersed species where consistent social support is absent after ranging independence is achieved.
Response‐Retaliation Behavior in Synthetic Protocell Communities
Authors: Qiao Yan , Li Mei , Qiu Dong , Mann Stephen
Published: October 2019

Two different artificial predation strategies are spatially and temporally coupled to generate a simple tit‐for‐tat mechanism in a ternary protocell network capable of antagonistic enzyme‐mediated interactions. The consortium initially consists of protease‐sensitive glucose‐oxidase‐containing proteinosomes (1), non‐interacting pH‐sensitive polypeptide/mononucleotide coacervate droplets containing proteinase K (2), and proteinosome‐adhered pH‐resistant polymer/polysaccharide coacervate droplets (3). On receiving a glucose signal, secretion of protons from 1 triggers the disassembly of 2 and the released protease is transferred to 3 to initiate a delayed contact‐dependent killing of the proteinosomes and cessation of glucose oxidase activity. Our results provide a step towards complex mesoscale dynamics based on programmable response‐retaliation behavior in artificial protocell consortia.
Mechanical and film formation behavior from PDMS/NaY zeolite composite membranes
Authors: Denktaş Cenk
Published: October 2019

In this study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and NaY zeolite doped composite membranes were prepared for the films varying from 0 to 15 NaY zeolite wt %. All the membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis methods. The FTIR spectral results showed that there is physical interaction existing between the PDMS matrix and NaY zeolite. Additionally, film formation from the pure PDMS and PDMS/NaY composites were investigated by photon transmission technique. Activation energies corresponding to the void closure and the interdiffusion stages were calculated. The NaY zeolite added films led to the significant improvement in the mechanical properties that both the tensile strength and Young's modulus increased three times. Thermal properties of the films were also investigated and the addition of NaY zeolite into the PDMS matrix could significantly improve the thermal stability of the composite membranes. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48549.
Recent Advancements in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Twofold Unsymmetrical Difunctionalization of Arenes
Authors: Mandal Anup , Dana Suman , Chowdhury Deepan , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: October 2019

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct C−H bond activation reactions have been embraced as a powerful synthetic tool to access diverse functionalized arenes. However, site‐selective incorporation of multiple distinct functionalities in an arene has always been a formidable challenge. Recent efforts from the synthetic community have disclosed a few dynamic synthetic approaches to fabricate multifunctionalized arenes in one‐pot using a single catalytic system. These reports manifested the immense potential of such approaches to expedite contemporary organic synthesis towards building molecular complexity. In this minireview, we have illustrated the recent progress in this area, highlighting the contribution from several synthetic chemists including our group.
Relative Efficacy of Co−X4 Embedded Graphene (X=N, S, B, and P) Electrocatalysts towards Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Is Nitrogen Really the Best Choice?
Authors: Ren Chunjin , Wen Lu , Magagula Saneliswa , Jiang Qianyu , Lin Wei , Zhang Yongfan , Chen Zhongfang , Ding Kaining
Published: October 2019

We perform first‐principles calculations to investigate whether or not nitrogen is the best dopant in system of Co−X4 embedded graphene (X=N, S, B, and P) electrocatalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). Our theoretical results reveal that N, S, B, and P‐doped graphene can enhance the catalytic activity toward HER compared with the pristine graphene, and S doped graphene exhibits more favorable performance than N doped graphene, consistent with the experimental results. For the Co−X4 embedded graphene (X=N, S, B, and P), we predict that S may be a promising dopant in graphene supported single atom Co. The rather low hydrogen adsorption free energy (−0.07 eV) and activation energy barrier (0.78 eV) for the rate‐determining step, the downshift of the d band center, the enhanced charge density of dz2 orbital as well as the reduced work function are responsible for the unexpected activity of Co‐S4 embedded graphene for HER. Overall, Co‐S4 embedded graphene catalyst could be a good candidate for hydrogen evolution reaction.
The Effects of Tetramethylammonium Cation on Oligonucleotide Analysis with Aerolysin Nanopore
Authors: Wu Xue‐Yuan , Li Meng‐Yin , Ying Yi‐Lun , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: October 2019

Nanopore biosensors, as an extremely sensitive tool, are widely applied to single‐molecule analysis. Compared with the commonly used α‐hemolysin, aerolysin nanopore possess a narrower channel, which distributes the abundant charged residues in the lumen. We replaced the commonly used potassium cations (K+) with tetramethylammonium cations (TMA+) to explore the cation effects. Experimental results demonstrate that the blockage of oligonucleotides in the TMA+ system is distinctly more considerable than that in K+ system. In particular, the blockade currents of Poly(dA)5 are very closed to 0 pA. In addition, the capture rate of oligonucleotides is distinctly increased, and it is speculated that amphipathic TMA+ can enhance the affinity of aerolysin nanopore for oligonucleotides. Furthermore, the estimated effective charges (Zinside) of oligonucleotides inside aerolysin nanopore in two solutions suggest that the screening of K+ on Poly(dA)3, Poly(dA)4, and Poly(dA)5 is more effective than that for TMA+. This report deepens our understanding of the effects of cations in electrolyte.
Reduced graphene oxide‐based materials for electrochemical energy conversion reactions
Authors: Choi Seokhoon , Kim Changyeon , Suh Jun Min , Jang Ho Won
Published: October 2019

There have been ever‐growing demands to develop advanced electrocatalysts for renewable energy conversion over the past decade. As a promising platform for advanced electrocatalysts, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has attracted substantial research interests in a variety of electrochemical energy conversion reactions. Its versatile utility is mainly attributed to unique physical and chemical properties, such as high specific surface area, tunable electronic structure, and the feasibility of structural modification and functionalization. Here, a comprehensive discussion is provided upon recent advances in the material preparation, characterization, and the catalytic activity of rGO‐based electrocatalysts for various electrochemical energy conversion reactions (water splitting, CO2 reduction reaction, N2 reduction reaction, and O2 reduction reaction). Major advantages of rGO and the related challenges for enhancing their catalytic performance are addressed.
Can a Mononuclear Iron(III)‐Superoxo Active Site Catalyze the Decarboxylation of Dodecanoic Acid in UndA to Produce Biofuels?
Authors: Lin Yen‐Ting , Stańczak Agnieszka , Manchev Yulian , Straganz Grit D. , de Visser Sam P.
Published: October 2019

Decarboxylation of fatty acids is an important reaction in cell metabolism, but also has potential in biotechnology for the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons as biofuels. The recently discovered nonheme iron decarboxylase UndA is involved in the biosynthesis of 1‐undecene from dodecanoic acid and using X‐ray crystallography was assigned to be a mononuclear iron species. However, the work was contradicted by spectroscopic studies that suggested UndA to be more likely a dinuclear iron system. To resolve this controversy we decided to pursue a computational study on the reaction mechanism of fatty acid decarboxylation by UndA using iron(III)‐superoxo and diiron(IV)‐dioxo models. We tested several models with different protonation states of active site residues. Overall, however, the calculations imply that mononuclear iron(III)‐superoxo is a sluggish oxidant of hydrogen atom abstraction reactions in UndA and will not be able to activate fatty acid residues by decarboxylation at room temperature. By contrast, a diiron‐dioxo complex reacts with much lower hydrogen atom abstraction barriers and hence is a more likely oxidant in UndA.
Access to Enantiopure Advanced Intermediates en Route to Madangamines
Authors: Are Celeste , Pérez Maria , Ballette Roberto , Proto Stefano , Caso Federica , Yayik Nihan , Bosch Joan , Amat Mercedes
Published: October 2019

The synthesis of enantiopure ABCE and ABCD tetracyclic advanced intermediates en route to madangamine alkaloids and studies for the construction of the triunsaturated 15‐membered D ring of madangamine B and the saturated 13‐membered D ring of madangamine E are reported.
Ru‐Pt catalysts supported on Al2O3 and SiO2─Al2O3 for the selective ring opening of naphthenes
Authors: Vicerich María A. , Benitez Viviana M. , Sánchez María A. , Especel Catherine , Epron Florence , Pieck Carlos L.
Published: October 2019

Alumina and silica‐alumina supported Ru‐Pt catalysts were evaluated for the ring opening of naphthenes. Pt, Ru, and Ru‐Pt catalysts were prepared by the impregnation of inorganic precursors over γ‐alumina and silica‐alumina supports. The catalysts were evaluated by temperature programmed reduction (TPR), pyridine temperature programmed desorption (TPD), CO‐FTIR, and by test reactions of 33DM1B isomerization, cyclohexane dehydrogenation, cyclopentane hydrogenolysis, and the ring opening of decalin. The strong interaction between the metals (Pt‐Ru) was attributed to their reductions occurring simultaneously. The acidity and strength of the acid sites of the monometallic Ru catalyst were higher than those of the monometallic Pt catalyst. The total acidity (Lewis and Brønsted) and the strength of the acid sites were higher for the silica‐alumina supported catalysts. The silica‐alumina catalysts had 10 times more Brønsted acidity than the γ‐alumina ones and an increased activity and selectivity to decalin ring opening products. Supported monometallic Ru had the best performance for the ring opening reaction.
Winery wastewater management and treatment in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada: A review and analysis of current regional practices and treatment performance
Authors: Johnson Melody B. , Mehrvar Mehrab
Published: October 2019

The winemaking process produces a large volume of wastewater with highly variable characteristics. Methods in place to manage winery wastewater (WWW) vary, with some wineries treating their WWW on‐site, while others direct the WWW to municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Despite the significant presence and growth of the wine industry in the Niagara Region of Ontario, Canada, few data are available regarding the characteristics and treatment of WWW in this geographic region. This work presents a comprehensive review of full‐scale treatment methods currently in place to manage and treat WWW at 53 wineries in the Niagara Region. The most common type of on‐site treatment is the constructed wetland process, providing overall removal rates of >98% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and >98% for total suspended solids (TSS) for the combined treatment of WWW and site‐generated sanitary sewage. Subsurface effluent discharge is the most widely used disposal strategy, while larger systems treating WWW alone also reuse the effluent for vineyard irrigation. The construction and operation of on‐site treatment systems at wineries does not address all WWW treatment needs, requiring a portion of the WWW to be co‐treated at WWTPs. While full‐scale operating data indicate that anaerobic co‐digestion with municipal sludges is effective (89% COD removal), the co‐digestion capacity is limited. Co‐treatment in the municipal WWTPs' liquid treatment train leads to negative operational and performance impacts. No efficient WWW co‐treatment options, viable in the long‐term, are currently available at municipal WWTPs. Improved co‐treatment strategies are required to address WWW treatment needs in the Niagara Region.
A novel analytical second‐order sensitivity calculation approach using the finite element method for chemical engineering problems
Authors: Lv Lu , Xiao Long , Ma Weihua , Wang Wenhai , Qi Zhenqiang , Zhang Zeyin , Ye Song , Liu Ping , Xu Guoqiang , Zheng Zongzhun , Wang Sen , Liu Xinggao
Published: October 2019

This paper presents an effective orthogonal collocation approach to approximate dynamic optimization problems into nonlinear programming problems, where the resulting problems can then be usually solved by first‐order sensitivity based algorithms. However, the results obtained fail to satisfy the timeliness and accuracy requirements of some dynamic optimization problems. A novel collocation approach with second‐order sensitivity information is therefore first proposed to improve the efficiency of the method. The resulting nonlinear programming problem is obtained through the orthogonal collocation on finite element combined with a single shooting approach. Three benchmark optimal control problems are considered to demonstrate the performance of the presented approach. Comparisons among the proposed approach, the BFGS method, and other literature solutions are also carried out in detail. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the time saving benefit.
Trapping Ionic Mercury Using Different Adsorbents
Authors: Ojedokun Adedamola Titi , Oluwole Abraham Olusegun , Bello Olugbenga Solomon
Published: October 2019

Of recent, adsorption process has gained a lot of attention as a cheap and effective means of removing trace metals from wastewater prior to discharge into water bodies. Being flexible in design and operation, the process has enabled an optimal recovery of trace metals such that the treated effluents meet the desired standards for waste disposal. Mercury is a toxicant released into the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources. It is notorious for having an unusual tendency to bio‐accumulate and persist in the food chain. Presence of mercury in food, especially those of aquatic sources has drastic implications on human health. Therefore, efforts have been made to develop and optimize low‐cost activated carbon (AC) as adsorbents for scavenging mercury from aqueous effluents. Herein, how mercury accumulates across the food chain, its health implications, and the recent advancement in the use of low‐cost ACs as adsorbent for trapping mercury from wastewater are highlighted. Relationship between the mercury removal efficiency and the surface morphology of the adsorbents as well as the influence of prevailing experimental condition on the sorption process were addressed. Challenges and future prospects of the use of low‐cost adsorbents in addressing mercury pollution in the environment are discussed.
Geodesics in the Space of Kähler Cone Metrics II: Uniqueness of Constant Scalar Curvature Kähler Cone Metrics
Authors: Zheng Kai
Published: October 2019

In this article, we give a complete construction of geodesics in the space of Kähler cone metrics (cone geodesics), and we address the problem on the uniqueness of constant scalar curvature Kähler (cscK) cone metrics when the cone angle β stays in the whole interval (0, 1]. The part requires new weighted function spaces and new analytic techniques. We determine the asymptotic behavior of both cone geodesics and cscK cone metrics, prove the reductivity of the automorphism group, and establish the linear theory for the Lichnerowicz operator, which immediately implies the openness of the path deforming the cone angles of cscK cone metrics. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.