bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winter Hydrography and Plankton Distribution on the Southern British Columbia Continental Shelf
Authors: Thomas A. C. , Emery W. J.
Published: December 2008

The early winter (November–December 1983) concentrations and spatial distributions of chlorophyll and zooplankton on the southern British Columbia continental shelf are shown to be closely related to patterns of hydrographic parameters. Concentrations of both are an order of magnitude less than published summer values for the same area. On the basis of hydrographic and planktonic characteristics, the continental shelf region can be divided into an area dominated by the Vancouver Island Coastal Current and one dominated by the northward flowing Davidson Current which can be isolated in the data and traced along the outer shelf edge. Highest chlorophyll and zooplankton concentrations (1.0 mg∙m−1 and 2900 counts∙m−3) were found in Coastal Current water and the frontal zone between this and the Davidson Current water. The warmer Davidson Current water was associated with extremely low chlorophyll and zooplankton concentrations (<0.2 mg∙m−3 and <1700 counts∙m−3). The spatial distributions of both chlorophyll and zooplankton reflected variations in the cross-shelf position of the Davidson Current which appeared to be topographically controlled. Contours of sea surface temperature, inferred from hydrographic data, were similar to contours of chlorophyll and zooplankton concentration. Both in situ temperature and plankton distributions were spatially consistent with thermal patterns in concurrent high-resolution satellite infrared imagery. Areas of increased surface thermal gradient were consistent with in situ measured biological fronts.
Carbon Flow in a Tundra Stream Ecosystem
Authors: Peterson Bruce J. , Hobbie John E. , Corliss Teresa L.
Published: December 2008

The carbon cycle of the Kuparuk River, a meandering tundra stream, is dominated by inputs of eroding peat and leaching dissolved organic carbon from the tundra. Net production of epilithic algae is about 13 g C∙m−2∙yr−1, an order of magnitude less than inputs of allochthonous particulate organic carbon and two orders of magnitude less than inputs of dissolved organic carbon. The streamwater has a mean total organic carbon concentration of 6.8 mg∙L−1, and the annual export of organic carbon from the watershed is 2–3 t∙km−2∙yr−1; both are similar to the average for temperate streams. However, because of the low primary productivity of tundra vegetation, the export of organic carbon from the watershed via the river is a larger fraction (2–6%) of the total watershed net primary production than the 0.1–0.4% usually found for temperate rivers.
Patterns and Rates of Ammonia Excretion by Juvenile American Lobsters, Homarus americanus, Fed Casein- and Crab Protein-Based Diets
Authors: Hawkins C. M. , Castell J. D. , Leroyer V.
Published: December 2008

The rate of excretion of nitrogenous wastes is not only a function of an animal's metabolic status but is also a function of the nutritional quality and quantity of dietary protein. Hourly rates of ammonia excretion by Stage V and Stage VI juvenile lobsters, Homarus americanus, fed purified diets formulated with casein or a purified crab protein, were measured over 24 h postfeeding to evaluate differences in use efficiencies of these two dietary proteins. Hourly ammonia excretion rates by Stages V and VI lobsters fed the casein-based formulated diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed the crab protein formulation. In addition to differences in ammonia excretion rates observed between animals fed the two diets, regular but different recurring patterns in hourly excretion rates were found between Stages V and VI lobsters fed each diet. Our findings illustrate that although the percentage of protein in the food of juvenile lobsters may be similar, the use of the nitrogen component is significantly different. We conclude that the quality of the protein in a diet may be as important (if not more important) as its quantity.
Estimating Fork Lengths of Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas, from Measurement of Pharyngeal Arches
Authors: McIntyre D. B. , Ward F. J.
Published: December 2008

The pharyngeal arches of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are persistent in the gut of juvenile walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum). The relationship of fork length to GAP (chord length between the dorsal and ventral extremities of the left pharyngeal arch) measurements of left pharyngeal arches of fathead minnows is linear, positive, and highly significant. Fish lengths calculated from arches recovered from stomachs after a period of up to 8 h generally fell within the prediction intervals established for the regression of fork lengths on arch measurements of freshly killed minnows. The relationship between length and arch measurement will permit the length of ingested fathead minnows to be calculated aiding in food size selection and energetic studies. Other minnow species, sharing the same habitats with fathead minnows, have distinctive pharyngeal arches which can be used to identify species in stomach contents. Length may also be correlated with pharyngeal arch measurements in these species.
Selection for Growth Potential among Migratory Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Fry Competing for Territories: Evidence from Otoliths
Authors: Titus Robert G. , Mosegaard Henrik
Published: December 2008

Otolith microstructure analysis was employed to determine differential size and growth characteristics between newly emerged migratory brown trout (Salmo trutta) fry which establish feeding territories and those which are forced to move downstream from the redd. Fry size at emergence was poorly predicted by otolith size, which precluded reliable back-calculation of fry size to investigate a possible size-selection mechanism. However, there was a clear-cut selection for individuals with significantly larger otoliths at emergence among fry which established territories in artificial stream sections. This selection pattern commenced with the onset of territorial aggression between fry. Fry which established territories to the end of the experiment had significantly higher initial otolith growth rates than emigrating fry, and their dry weights at the end of the experiment were well predicted by both otolith size at emergence and otolith size at the end of the experiment. Transparent zones in otoliths from downstream migrants suggested that these fry were starved; this was also supported by their declining dry weights over time. These results were explained as selection for greater growth potential as based on a proposed coupling between otolith microstructure formation and fish metabolism and on the behavioral ecology of migratory brown trout fry.
Effects of a Pulp Mill Effluent on the Population Dynamics of Perch, Perca fluviatilis
Authors: Karås Peter , Neuman Erik , Sandström Olof
Published: December 2008

The dynamics of a Baltic perch (Perca fluviatilis) population were studied in a bleached pulp mill effluent area on the Swedish coast. Recruitment was seriously affected, as larval and fry abundances were very low. Studies of spawning on artificial substrates demonstrated that sufficient numbers of eggs were deposited even in the most effluent-exposed parts of the study area. No increased egg mortality could be noted, but at the stage close to hatching about 10% of the embryos were observed to be malformed, generally having sharp bends in the posterior part of the spinal cord. Exposed embryos were generally smaller than reference fishes, both when length and weight data were compared. Larval samplings provided evidence for high mortality at or very close to hatching. Food and feeding conditions appeared to be of little importance for mortality. Two mortality causes were suggested: chronic failure of parental reproductive systems and/or acute toxicity to embryo or early larvae.
A Test of the Relationship between Otolith Weight and Age for the Pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus
Authors: Fletcher W. J.
Published: December 2008

A sample of 60 fish revealed a near-linear relationship between otolith weight and the estimated age (determined from scale and otolith annuli) for the pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus, with little overlap of otolith weight values between age classes. In an additional sample of 612 fish where only otolith weight and length were measured, only two clear length modes were found, but five modes using an otolith weight frequency distribution could be distinguished. The means of the five modes were similar to that predicted from the mean weights for each age class in the original sample of 60 fish. These five modes were also present in a subsample of the 612 fish, chosen such that their lengths formed a uniform distribution (i.e. no modes). These results were consistent with a direct relationship between otolith weight and age, but further validation is required before this variable can be used as the sole determinant of age.
Dynamics of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Exchange between Nymphs of the Burrowing Mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) and the Environment
Authors: Hare Landis , Saouter Erwan , Campbell Peter G. C. , Tessier André , Ribeyre Francis , Boudou Alain
Published: December 2008

Radioisotopes of cadmium, lead, and zinc added in trace amounts to lake sediments were used to measure the uptake and efflux of these metals from various body parts of nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera). Total metal concentrations in Hexagenia and its environment were held constant. A simple model permitted the estimation of rate constants that were used to generate model curves which corresponded closely to the measured trends in trace metal uptake and efflux. There was no measurable accumulation of radioisotopes in gill tissues, suggesting that the gills were not the major organ of metal uptake in Hexagenia in this experiment. On the other hand, net uptake of 109Cd and 65Zn by the gut exceeded that by all other body parts in both quantity and concentration terms, suggesting that the primary source of these metals to Hexagenia is sediment consumed as food. The rate of exchange of 65Zn was slower than that of 109Cd. 210Pb differed from the other two metals in that it was not detected in the gut, but was found mainly on the body surface.
Estimating Michaelis–Menten Parameters and Lake Water Phosphate by the Rigler Bioassay: Importance of Fitting Technique, Plankton Size, and Substrate Range
Authors: Bentzen E. , Taylor W. D.
Published: December 2008

Evaluation of the Michaelis–Menten parameters Vmand Ktfor phosphate (PO43−) uptake by plankton is difficult because of differences in nutrient uptake by the various species. Studies using simulated data have shown that fitting the equation by nonlinear regression is preferable to linearized transformations for estimating Vmand Kt; however, the actual velocity of PO43−uptake by lake plankton cannot be measured because the ambient concentration of PO43−(Pn) is unknown. For natural plankton, a better fit is demonstrated using another nonlinear model which fits the uptake rate constant for32PO43−directly to the PO43−added in the kinetic experiment, and the mixed community effect is minimized by isolating different plankton size fractions. Another consequence of not knowing Pnis that the estimate of Ktcannot be distinguished from Pn′and the sum of the two is always obtained. The low substrate region of the Michaelis–Menten curve is used in the Rigler bioassay as a means of estimating the upper bound to Pn. Error in the uptake rate constants influences the estimate of the Rigler Pn′and the Rigler maximum Pnis equal to the estimated (Kt + Pn) of the 0.2–1 μm size fraction.
Functional Interaction of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton along the Trophic Gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan
Authors: Sager Paul E. , Richman Sumner
Published: December 2008

The functional interaction of phytoplankton and zooplankton, expressed in terms of the numerical difference between phytoplankton growth rates per day (in situ,14C method) and zooplankton grazing rates per day (in situ feeding experiments), was studied along the trophic gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Growth–grazing differences increased with trophic conditions, averaging 0.08 for the water column in the meso-oligotrophic northern bay and 0.56 in the eutrophic southern bay for the summers of 1986, 1987, and 1988. Eutrophic conditions produced dominance of growth by large-size cyanobacteria and low grazing rates by microcrustaceans Small and occasionally negative growth–grazing differences in the meso-oligotrophic region were associated with dominance of larger cladocerans and calanoid copepods and small algal species Phytoplankton growth rates in the northern bay averaged about 28% those of the eutrophic region. A unimodal phytoplankton growth response to increased grazing was observed in the northern bay, suggesting variation in positive (growth stimulating) and negative (grazing losses) effects of zooplankton on the phytoplankton.
ENERGY ESTIMATION OF ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC PARTICLES BY LATERAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS
Authors: GERANIOS A. , FOKITIS E. , MALTEZOS S. , KOUTSOKOSTA D. , ANTONIADOU I. , MALANDRAKI O. , MASTICHIADIS A. , ANTONOPOULOU E. , DIMITRAKOUDIS S.
Published: December 2008

Energy is among the characteristics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (E > 5 ×1019 eV ) which could be estimated experimentally based on simulations. This paper attempts to estimate the energy of an UHECR proton by applying a Monte Carlo simulation code. A number of extensive air showers, vertical and inclined, are simulated to derive the lateral distribution functions of the shower particles. The scenario of simulations is adapted to the P. Auger Observatory site.
A REVIEW OF SPIN DETERMINATION AT THE LHC
Authors: WANG LIAN-TAO , YAVIN ITAY
Published: December 2008

Spin measurement is crucial in distinguishing major scenarios of TeV scale new physics once it is discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We give a brief survey of methods of measuring the spin of new physics particles at the LHC. We focus on the case in which a long lived massive neutral particle is produced at the end of every cascade decay and escape detection. This is the case for R-parity preserving supersymmetry, Little Higgs models with T-parity, extra-dimensional models with KK-parity, and a large class of similar models and scenarios. After briefly commenting on measuring spin by combining mass and rate information, we concentrate on direct measurement by observing angular correlations among decay products of the new physics particles. We survey a wide range of possible channels, discuss the construction of possible correlation variables, and outline experimental challenges. We also briefly survey the Monte Carlo tools which are useful in studying such correlations.
SEARCHING FOR GLUINOS AT THE TEVATRON AND BEYOND
Authors: ALWALL JOHAN , LE MY-PHUONG , LISANTI MARIANGELA , WACKER JAY G.
Published: December 2008

This paper describes how to perform model-independent searches for new pair-produced color octet particles that each subsequently decay into two jets plus missing energy. The details of this analysis are focussed on the Tevatron, however, all of the lessons can be carried over to the LHC. Current searches are not sensitive to all regions of parameter space because they employ CMSSM-motivated cuts. Optimizing the HT and [Formula: see text] cuts expands the sensitivity of searches for all kinematically allowed decays.
PROSPECT OF PARTICLE PHYSICS IN CHINA
Authors: CHEN HESHENG
Published: December 2008

The nuclear physics and particle physics researches in China have a long tradition. BEPC is a milestone of the particle physics in China. The many interesting physics results were obtained from BEPC. Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility based on BEPC became the major synchrotron radiation facility in China. The upgrade of BEPC, which will increase the luminosity by two orders of magnitude, is going smoothly. The nonaccelerator based experiments were promoted also. Professor Yang made very important contribution to Chinese physics, especially to promote the large science facilities for the multiple discipline researches. The particle physics faces the great challenges, and meets the great opportunities in the 21st century. The medium-term plan of the particle physics in China was discussed.
EXOTIC PHASES IN NEUTRON STARS
Authors: LI A. , BURGIO G. F. , LOMBARDO U. , PENG G. X.
Published: December 2008

The appearance of exotic phases in neutron stars is studied. The possible transition from hadron to quark phase is studied within the density dependent mass quark model, and the kaon condensation within the Nelson and Kaplan model. In both cases a microscopic approach is adopted for dense hadron matter. From the study of the possible coexistence between the two phases it is found that the hybrid phase may strongly hinder the onset of kaon condensation.
THE COMPETITIVE REACTION MECHANISM IN EXOTIC NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Authors: IWATA YORITAKA , ITAGAKI NAOYUKI , MARUHN JOACHIM A. , OTSUKA TAKAHARU
Published: December 2008

Two principal reaction dynamics are introduced. One is the spin displacement, which is caused from the spin-dependence of the interaction, and the other is the isovector displacement, which is caused from the isospin-dependence of it. The competition of these two dynamics is a rather important factor as the target or projectile has more excess neutrons or protons. In this paper the competitive reaction mechanism is theoretically formulated, where the time-dependent mean field calculations are performed for justification.
REGULAR LOW-LYING STRUCTURE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI UNDER RANDOM INTERACTIONS
Authors: ZHAO Y. M.
Published: December 2008

In this paper we present a brief discussion on regular low-lying structures of many-body systems generated from random two-body interactions. In particular, we discuss the famous problem of spin zero ground state dominance, regularities of energy centroids and collectivity in the presence of random interactions.
ON pp → pKΛ, NKΣ, ppϕ — THE BASIC INGREDIENTS FOR STRANGENESS PRODUCTION IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS
Authors: ZOU BING-SONG , XIE JU-JUN
Published: December 2008

The strangeness production in heavy ion collisions was proposed to be probes of the nuclear equation of state, Kaon potential in nuclear medium, strange quark matter and quark-gluon plasma, etc. However, to act as reliable probes, proper understanding of the basic ingredients for the strangeness production, such as pp → pK+Λ, pp → ppϕ and pp → nK+Σ+ is necessary. Recent study of these reactions clearly shows that previously ignored contributions from the spin-parity 1/2- resonances, N*(1535) and Δ*(1620), are in fact very important for these reactions, especially for near-threshold energies. It is necessary to include these contributions for getting reliable calculation for the strangeness production in heavy ion collisions.
TWO- AND MULTI-PARTICLE CORRELATIONS: ACCESS TO DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR SYSTEMS
Authors: VERDE GIUSEPPE
Published: December 2008

Results from particle correlation measured in heavy-ion collision experiments are shown. Information about dynamics of the reaction as well as and spectroscopy of unbound nuclear systems can be extracted, offering important opportunities for future experiments with exotic nuclear beams.
δ MESON EFFECTS ON ASYMMETRIC NUCLEAR MATTER
Authors: LIU B. , DI TORO M. , GRECO V.
Published: December 2008

The impact of a δ meson field (the scalar-isovector channel) on asymmetric nuclear matter is studied within relativistic mean-field (RMF) models with both constant and density dependent (DD) nucleon-meson couplings. The Equation of State (EOS) for asymmetric nuclear matter and the neutron star properties by the different models are compared. We find that the δ-field in the constant coupling scheme leads to a larger repulsion in dense neutron-rich matter and to a definite splitting of proton and neutron effective masses, finally influencing the stability of the neutron stars. A broader analysis of possible δ-field effects is achieved considering also density dependent nucleon-meson coupling. A remarkable effect on the relation between mass and radius for the neutron stars is seen, showing a significant reduction of the radius along with a moderate mass reduction due to the increase of the effective δ coupling in high density regions.
ISOSPIN EFFECTS OF THRESHOLD ENERGY OF RADIAL FLOW IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS
Authors: ZHANG FENG-SHOU , BIAN BAO-AN , ZHOU HONG-YU
Published: December 2008

The threshold energies of radial flow in central collisions are investigated within an isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model using three different forms of symmetry energy. It is found that the neutron-rich system had smaller threshold energy of radial flow and this quantity depends on the form of symmetry potential. It indicates that the threshold energy of radial flow can provide a new method to determine the symmetry energy of asymmetric nuclear matter.
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN ISOLATED NUCLEAR SYSTEMS
Authors: VESELSKY MARTIN
Published: December 2008

Thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter at sub-saturation densities were investigated using a simple van der Waals-like equation of state with an additional term representing the symmetry energy. First-order isospin-asymmetric liquid-gas phase transition appears restricted to isolated isospin-asymmetric systems while the symmetric systems will undergo fragmentation decay resembling the second-order phase transition. The density dependence of the symmetry energy scaling with the Fermi energy satisfactorily describes the symmetry energy at sub-saturation nuclear densities. The deconfinement-confinement phase transition from the quark-gluon plasma to the confined quark matter appears in the isolated systems continuous in energy density while discontinuous in quark density. A transitional state of the confined quark matter has a negative pressure and after hadronization an explosion scenario can take place which can offer explanation for the HBT puzzle as a signature of the phase transition.
IN-MEDIUM PROPERTIES OF KAONS IN A CHIRAL APPROACH
Authors: CUI YUE-LEI , SUN BAO-XI
Published: December 2008

The first order self-energy corrections of the kaon in the symmetric nuclear matter are calculated from kaon-nucleon scattering matrix elements using a chiral Lagrangian within the framework of relativistic mean field approximation. It shows that the effective mass and the potential of K+ meson are identical with those of K- meson in the nuclear matter, respectively. The effective mass of the kaon in the nuclear matter decreases with the nuclear density increasing, and is not relevant to the kaon-nucleon Sigma term. The kaon-nucleus potential is positive and increases with the nuclear density. Moreover, the influence of the resonance Λ(1405) on the K--nucleus potential due to the re-scattering term is discussed. Our results indicate the K- meson could not be bound in the nuclei even if the contribution of Λ(1405) resonance is considered.
PROTON RESONANCE PROPERTIES IN LIGHT NUCLEI WITH MEAN-FIELD TYPE POTENTIALS
Authors: QI C. , DU R. Z. , GAO Y. , PEI J. C. , ZHU J. Y. , XU F. R.
Published: December 2008

The properties of proton resonances in the p and sd shells are studied with a single-particle potential generated by self-consistent-mean field calculations. Besides, we also propose to calculate the proton-nucleus interaction by a double-folding procedure with the density of the daughter nucleus represented by the result of the same mean-field model. Without raising any adjustable parameter, these calculations provide reasonable estimates for the widths of observed proton resonances in light nuclei. The mean-field-based calculation is particularly useful for the predications of the properties of resonances in light exotic nuclei and the direct proton capture reactions of astrophysics.
STABILITY OF VACUUM AND QCD PHASE TRANSITION IN DYSON-SCHWINGER EQUATION APPROACH OF QCD
Authors: LIU YU-XIN , CHEN HUAN , CHANG LEI , ZHAO YUE , YUAN WEI
Published: December 2008

We describe briefly the effects of the running coupling strength, the current quark mass, the temperature and density on the QCD phase structure and its transition in the framework of Dyson-Schwinger equation approach of QCD. With a simple model, we show that the chiral susceptibility can identify the stability of the vacuum and plays an important role in describing the QCD Phase transition.
THE TREATMENT OF DISTAL RADIUS ARTICULAR FRACTURES THROUGH LCP SYSTEM
Authors: Adani R. , Tarallo L. , Amorico M. G. , Tata C. , Atzei A.
Published: December 2008

We analysed LCP efficiency in type B and type C wrist fractures (according to the AO Classification). We treated 58 wrist fractures (19 B-type fractures and 39 C-type fractures) in 35 male and 23 female patients, aged 19 to 87 years. Forty-one cases were followed up for an average period of 13 months. We performed a volar approach on 32 patients, a dorsal approach on five, and a double approach on four (both volar and dorsal). Twenty-six cases were pre-operatively examined with CT. All patients were evaluated using the "Mayo modified wrist score", with an excellent/good result in 76% of patients and a satisfactory/poor result in 24%. The LCP system proved to be adequately reliable and stable to keep the reduction in complex fractures (e.g. the C-type fractures in patients with low bone quality).
CORRECTIVE OSTEOTOMY FOR INTRA-ARTICULAR MALUNION OF THE SIGMOID NOTCH OF THE DISTAL PART OF THE RADIUS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Cheng Chun-Ying , Chang Chung-Hsun
Published: December 2008

Joint incongruity at radiocarpal joint is a common complication of the distal radius fracture, and has received much attention and study. However, the problem and outcome of treatment of intra-articular incongruity at the sigmoid notch after distal radius fracture is rarely reported. We describe a patient with deformity of the distal radioulnar joint, and impairment of supination after distal radius fracture. The evaluation of the distal radioulnar joint revealed the absence of degenerative arthritis and malunion of the sigmoid notch of the distal radius with a prominent volar lip limiting supination. We present a method of corrective osteotomy for the malunited sigmoid notch of the distal radius, to correct the incongruity of the distal radioulnar joint and restore supination.
LIPOBLASTOMA OF THE HAND TREATED WITH EXCISION AND LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Estrella Emmanuel P. , Lee Ellen Y.
Published: December 2008

Lipoblastoma of the hand is a rare benign tumour of infancy. Although benign, the tumour can present as a large mass. We present a case of a two-year-old female with a large, slowly growing soft tissue mass between the second and third metacarpal of the right hand. After excision of the mass, the deep transverse metacarpal ligament (DTML) was reconstructed using a free tendon graft from the extensor indicis propius (EIP).
ENTRAPMENT OF THE MEDIAN NERVE BETWEEN SUBLIMIS TENDONS AFTER DISTAL FOREARM FRACTURE: AN UNUSUAL CASE REPORT
Authors: Taniguchi Y. , Kitano T. , Shimoe T. , Yoshida M.
Published: December 2008

We present a rare case of entrapment of the median nerve between sublimis tendons after fractures of the distal radius and ulna in an 80-year-old woman. The entrapped median nerve was elongated redundantly with two regions of constriction. To our knowledge, no case of median nerve palsy caused by such a factor has been previously reported.
BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA OF THE HAND: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Başarir Kerem , Saǧlik Yener , Yildiz Yusuf
Published: December 2008

Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) of the bone is a rare benign lesion characterised by the presence of fibroblasts and histiocytes. Fibrohistocytic lesions involving bone with identical histological appearances are common during childhood such as fibrous cortical defect. However, BFH is very rare and can only be differentially diagnosed with its presentation, localisation and radiologic features. Here we describe a 33-year-old man with BFH in a rare location, a phalanx. To our knowledge this is the second reported case of a BFH involving the proximal phalanx of the thumb in an adult. We report clinical, radiologic and histological findings of the case and briefly review the literature on the subject.
TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL OSTEOTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF MACRODACTYLY SIMPLEX CONGENITA — A CASE REPORT
Authors: Kakinoki R. , Ikeguchi R. , Duncan Scott F. M.
Published: December 2008

We report on a three-year-old girl with a severely enlarged right ring finger, which was diagnosed as macrodactyly simplex congenita. This was treated by epiphysial resection and osteosynthesis of the distal interphalangeal joint, longitudinal and transverse osteotomy of the phalanges, and soft tissue coverage using palmar proximal and dorsal distal flaps taken from the original oversised finger.
DELAYED WRAPAROUND ABDOMINAL FLAP RECONSTRUCTION FOR A TOTALLY DEGLOVED HAND
Authors: Fujiwara Masao , Fukamizu Hidekazu
Published: December 2008

Resurfacing a totally degloved hand is one of the most difficult management problems in hand surgery. It is difficult to cover the entire hand by using flaps. Although early coverage can be achieved, secondary amputation is often required due to an inadequate blood supply. We devised a delayed wraparound abdominal flap (DWAF) that was well-vascularised and could cover the whole hand. Here we report on a patient with a totally degloved hand, in whom reconstruction was performed using a DWAF and good functional results were achieved despite late surgery. Reconstruction with a DWAF may be a useful option for the totally degloved hand.
UPPER LIMB MORBIDITY AS A DIRECT CONSEQUENCE OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE
Authors: Buckland Aaron , Barton Richard , McCombe David
Published: December 2008

Aim: To quantify and qualify the types of upper limb injuries admitted to hospital as a direct result of illicit intravenous drug use (IVDU).

Method: A retrospective case series identified all inpatient admissions for upper limb injuries as a direct result of IVDU over a two-year period. The type of injury, procedures, complications, co-morbidities, relevant investigations and other notable events during admission and follow-up were identified.

Results: Thirty-six people were admitted with upper limb injuries. Infective presentations (abscess, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis) were most common. Other injuries were due to accidental intra-arterial injection, soft-tissue necrosis and compartment syndrome.

Microbiological analysis from abscesses showed a high frequency of multiple organisms, and most commonly identified Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobes.

These patients had high rates of hepatitis C, malnutrition, psychiatric and behavioural co-morbidities; 77% were lost to follow-up.

Conclusion: The most common injuries from IVDU are infections, and ischaemia. High rates of concurrent medical and psychosocial co-morbidities add further challenges to effective patient care.
UTILITY OF THE POWERBALL® IN THE INVIGORATION OF THE MUSCULATURE OF THE FOREARM
Authors: Balan Sebastián Axel , Garcia-Elias Marc
Published: December 2008

In order to ascertain the utility of a 250 Hz NSD Powerball® gyroscope in increasing the maximum grip force and muscular endurance of the forearm, ten adults without pathology in their upper limbs exercised one forearm with the device during a period of one month. We evaluated grip strength and forearm muscle endurance with a Jamar dynamometer both at the end of the month as well as after a resting period of one month. There was a tendency (not statistically significant p = 0.054), for the volunteers to increase their maximum grip strength. There was also highly significant increase in muscle endurance (p = 0.00001), a gain that remained slightly unchanged after the rest. Because the gyroscope generates random multidirectional forces to the forearm, the reactive muscle contraction is likely to stimulate more efficient neuromuscular contro of the wrist, a conclusion which our work appears to validate. The use of Powerball® in forearm proprioception deficient patients is, therefore, justified.
SECURE AND PROGRESSIVE IMAGE TRANSMISSION THROUGH SHADOWS GENERATED BY MULTIWAVELET TRANSFORM
Authors: HUANG CHIN-PAN , LI CHING-CHUNG
Published: December 2008

In this paper, multiwavelet transform is used in the context of image sharing employing the SPIHT-generated bit stream with the modified Shamir's (r, m) threshold scheme over the Galois field. This provides multiwavelet-based embedded shadow images for progressive transmission and reconstruction. Both integer multiwavelet transform and balanced multiwavelet transform are considered in the method. It is secure and fault-tolerant, and gives small shadow size and excellent rate-distortion performance. Experimental results and sample applications are given to demonstrate the characteristics of this method.
IMAGE TRANSMISSION THROUGH MC-CDMA CHANNEL: AN IMAGE QUALITY EVALUATION
Authors: OH TICK HUI , TAN KIM GEOK
Published: December 2008

The multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system is considered as an advancement in mobile communication system. Seen as the next generation communication technology after the 3G, signals can be easily transmitted and received using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) device without increasing the transmitter and receiver complexities.

Besides, the MC-CDMA system provides good spectral efficiency. If the number of sub-carriers and the spacing between sub-carriers are chosen properly, it is unlikely that all the sub-carriers will be in deep fade. Thus, it provides frequency diversity. Frequency diversity means that frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth of the channel will be uncorrelated and thus will not experience the same fades.

Three types of MC-CDMA systems were proposed — MC-CDMA, multicarrier DS-CDMA and multitone CDMA. In MC-CDMA systems, the transmitter spreads the user data over different sub-carriers using spreading code (Hadamard Walsh code) in frequency domain. The multicarrier DS-CDMA system spreads the S/P converted data streams using spreading code in time domain. This scheme is proposed for uplink communication because this scheme can provide quasi-synchronization. In the MT-CDMA scheme, the S/P converted data stream is spread in time domain so that the spectrum of each sub-carrier prior to spreading operation can satisfy the orthogonality condition with minimum frequency separation. Thus, the spectrum of each sub-carrier no longer satisfies the orthogonality condition. MC-CDMA uses longer spreading code as compared to other schemes and thus accommodates more users.

The JPEG2000 still image compression is a new image compression technique which is optimized not only for efficiency, but also for scalability and interoperability in network and mobile environment. This standard can provide superior low bit rate performance and continuous-tone and bi-level compression. Because of the robustness to bit errors, JPEG2000 is widely used in wireless communication channel.
Animating responsive characters with dynamic constraints in near-unactuated coordinates
Authors: Ye Yuting , Liu C. Karen
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a technique to enhance a kinematically controlled virtual character with a generic class of dynamic responses to small perturbations. Given an input motion sequence, our technique can synthesize reactive motion to arbitrary external forces with a specific style customized to the input motion. Our method re-parameterizes the motion degrees of freedom based on joint actuations in the input motion. By only enforcing the equations of motion in the less actuated coordinates, our approach can create physically responsive motion based on kinematic pose control without explicitly computing the joint actuations. We demonstrate the simplicity and robustness of our technique by showing a variety of examples generated with the same set of parameters. Our formulation focuses on the type of perturbations that significantly disrupt the upper body poses and dynamics, but have limited effect on the whole-body balance state.
Motion overview of human actions
Authors: Assa Jackie , Cohen-Or Daniel , Yeh I-Cheng , Lee Tong-Yee
Published: December 2008

During the last decade, motion capture data has emerged and gained a leading role in animations, games and 3D environments. Many of these applications require the creation of expressive overview video clips capturing the human motion, however sufficient attention has not been given to this problem. In this paper, we present a technique that generates an overview video based on the analysis of motion capture data. Our method is targeted for applications of 3D character based animations, automating, for example, the action summary and gameplay overview in simulations and computer games. We base our method on quantum annealing optimization with an objective function that respects the analysis of the character motion and the camera movement constraints. It automatically generates a smooth camera control path, splitting it to several shots if required. To evaluate our method, we introduce a novel camera placement metric which is evaluated against previous work and conduct a user study comparing our results with the various systems.
Depicting procedural caustics in single images
Authors: Gutierrez Diego , Seron Francisco J. , Lopez-Moreno Jorge , Sanchez Maria P. , Fandos Jorge , Reinhard Erik
Published: December 2008

We present a powerful technique to simulate and approximate caustics in images. Our algorithm is designed to produce good results without the need to painstakingly paint over pixels. The ability to edit global illumination through image processing allows interaction with images at a level which has not yet been demonstrated, and significantly augments and extends current image-based material editing approaches. We show by means of a set of psychophysical experiments that the resulting imagery is visually plausible and on par with photon mapping, albeit without the need for hand-modeling the underlying geometry.
Facial performance synthesis using deformation-driven polynomial displacement maps
Authors: Ma Wan-Chun , Jones Andrew , Chiang Jen-Yuan , Hawkins Tim , Frederiksen Sune , Peers Pieter , Vukovic Marko , Ouhyoung Ming , Debevec Paul
Published: December 2008

We present a novel method for acquisition, modeling, compression, and synthesis of realistic facial deformations using polynomial displacement maps. Our method consists of an analysis phase where the relationship between motion capture markers and detailed facial geometry is inferred, and a synthesis phase where novel detailed animated facial geometry is driven solely by a sparse set of motion capture markers. For analysis, we record the actor wearing facial markers while performing a set of training expression clips. We capture real-time high-resolution facial deformations, including dynamic wrinkle and pore detail, using interleaved structured light 3D scanning and photometric stereo. Next, we compute displacements between a neutral mesh driven by the motion capture markers and the high-resolution captured expressions. These geometric displacements are stored in a
polynomial displacement map
which is parameterized according to the local deformations of the motion capture dots. For synthesis, we drive the polynomial displacement map with new motion capture data. This allows the recreation of large-scale muscle deformation, medium and fine wrinkles, and dynamic skin pore detail. Applications include the compression of existing performance data and the synthesis of new performances. Our technique is independent of the underlying geometry capture system and can be used to automatically generate high-frequency wrinkle and pore details on top of many existing facial animation systems.
Reusable skinning templates using cage-based deformations
Authors: Ju Tao , Zhou Qian-Yi , van de Panne Michiel , Cohen-Or Daniel , Neumann Ulrich
Published: December 2008

Character skinning determines how the shape of the surface geometry changes as a function of the pose of the underlying skeleton. In this paper we describe skinning templates, which define common deformation behaviors for common joint types. This abstraction allows skinning solutions to be shared and reused, and they allow a user to quickly explore many possible alternatives for the skinning behavior of a character. The skinning templates are implemented using cage-based deformations, which offer a flexible design space within which to develop reusable skinning behaviors. We demonstrate the interactive use of skinning templates to quickly explore alternate skinning behaviors for 3D models.
Fast, realistic lighting and material design using nonlinear cut approximation
Authors: Cheslack-Postava Ewen , Wang Rui , Akerlund Oskar , Pellacini Fabio
Published: December 2008

We present an efficient computational algorithm for functions represented by a nonlinear piecewise constant approximation called
cuts.
Our main contribution is a single traversal algorithm for merging cuts that allows for arbitrary pointwise computation, such as addition, multiplication, linear interpolation, and multi-product integration. A theoretical error bound of this approach can be proved using a statistical interpretation of cuts. Our algorithm extends naturally to computation with many cuts and maps easily to modern GPUs, leading to significant advantages over existing methods based on wavelet approximation. We apply this technique to the problem of realistic lighting and material design under complex illumination with arbitrary BRDFs. Our system smoothly integrates all-frequency relighting of shadows and reflections with dynamic per-pixel shading effects, such as bump mapping and spatially varying BRDFs. This combination of capabilities is typically missing in current systems. We represent illumination and precomputed visibility as nonlinear sparse vectors; we then use our cut merging algorithm to simultaneously interpolate visibility cuts at each pixel, and compute the triple product integral of the illumination, interpolated visibility, and dynamic BRDF samples. Finally, we present a two-pass, data-driven approach that exploits pilot visibility samples to optimize the construction of the light tree, leading to more efficient cuts and reduced datasets.
Time-resolved 3d capture of non-stationary gas flows
Authors: Atcheson Bradley , Ihrke Ivo , Heidrich Wolfgang , Tevs Art , Bradley Derek , Magnor Marcus , Seidel Hans-Peter
Published: December 2008

Fluid simulation is one of the most active research areas in computer graphics. However, it remains difficult to obtain measurements of real fluid flows for validation of the simulated data.

In this paper, we take a step in the direction of capturing flow data for such purposes. Specifically, we present the first time-resolved Schlieren tomography system for capturing full 3D, non-stationary gas flows on a dense volumetric grid. Schlieren tomography uses 2D ray deflection measurements to reconstruct a time-varying grid of 3D refractive index values, which directly correspond to physical properties of the flow. We derive a new solution for this reconstruction problem that lends itself to efficient algorithms that robustly work with relatively small numbers of cameras. Our physical system is easy to set up, and consists of an array of relatively low cost rolling-shutter camcorders that are synchronized with a new approach. We demonstrate our method with real measurements, and analyze precision with synthetic data for which ground truth information is available.
Extracting depth and matte using a color-filtered aperture
Authors: Bando Yosuke , Chen Bing-Yu , Nishita Tomoyuki
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a method for automatically extracting a scene depth map and the alpha matte of a foreground object by capturing a scene through RGB color filters placed in the camera lens aperture. By dividing the aperture into three regions through which only light in one of the RGB color bands can pass, we can acquir three shifted views of a scene in the RGB planes of an image in a single exposure. In other words, a captured image has depth-dependent color misalignment. We develop a color alignment measure to estimate disparities between the RGB planes for depth reconstruction. We also exploit color misalignment cues in our matting algorithm in order to disambiguate between the foreground and background regions even where their colors are similar. Based on the extracted depth and matte, the color misalignment in the captured image can be canceled, and various image editing operations can be applied to the reconstructed image, including novel view synthesis, postexposure refocusing, and composition over different backgrounds.
A psychophysically validated metric for bidirectional texture data reduction
Authors: Filip Jiří , Chantler Michael J. , Green Patrick R. , Haindl Michal
Published: December 2008

Bidirectional Texture Functions (BTF) are commonly thought to provide the most realistic perceptual experience of materials from rendered images. The key to providing efficient compression of BTFs is the decision as to how much of the data should be preserved. We use psychophysical experiments to show that this decision depends critically upon the material concerned. Furthermore, we develop a BTF derived metric that enables us to automatically set a material's compression parameters in such a way as to provide users with a predefined perceptual quality. We investigate the correlation of three different BTF metrics with psychophysically derived data. Eight materials were presented to eleven naive observers who were asked to judge the perceived quality of BTF renderings as the amount of preserved data was varied. The metric showing the highest correlation with the thresholds set by the observers was the mean variance of individual BTF images. This metric was then used to automatically determine the material-specific compression parameters used in a vector quantisation scheme. The results were successfully validated in an experiment with six additional materials and eighteen observers. We show that using the psychophysically reduced BTF data significantly improves performance of a PCA-based compression method. On average, we were able to increase the compression ratios, and decrease processing times, by a factor of four without any differences being perceived.
Practical modeling and acquisition of layered facial reflectance
Authors: Ghosh Abhijeet , Hawkins Tim , Peers Pieter , Frederiksen Sune , Debevec Paul
Published: December 2008

We present a practical method for modeling layered facial reflectance consisting of specular reflectance, single scattering, and shallow and deep subsurface scattering. We estimate parameters of appropriate reflectance models for each of these layers from just 20 photographs recorded in a few seconds from a single viewpoint. We extract spatially-varying specular reflectance and single-scattering parameters from polarization-difference images under spherical and point source illumination. Next, we employ direct-indirect separation to decompose the remaining multiple scattering observed under cross-polarization into shallow and deep scattering components to model the light transport through multiple layers of skin. Finally, we match appropriate diffusion models to the extracted shallow and deep scattering components for different regions on the face. We validate our technique by comparing renderings of subjects to reference photographs recorded from novel viewpoints and under novel illumination conditions.