bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urine drug-testing tampering approaches: Turkish probationers
Authors: Aydoğdu Melike , Akgür Serap Annette
Published: September 2020

The growing numbers of individual and social problems associated with drug abuse necessitate new approaches in drug-testing systems. Equally, drug abusers may attempt to invalidate drug testing using different methods such as adulteration, dilution and substitution. This study aims to investigate tampering methods commonly used by Turkish substance-using probationers and evaluate their effects on toxicological drug-testing results. Initially, probationer urinary screening test results and laboratory substitution documents were evaluated to investigate the dilution and substitution attempt. Additionally, an experimental study was carried out by using readily available household products (bleach, vinegar, drain opener, eye drops) for adulteration. The effect of these agents was investigated for 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy-Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC–COOH), amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It was determined that probationers preferred unbranded products (syringes, nylon bottles, etc.) for urine substitution. To detect dilution, screening test results were evaluated along with creatinine values. The variability of mean creatinine values can change the rate of the before-negative and after-positive ratio. For adulteration method, the high amounts of bleach provided false-negative results for THC–COOH and amphetamine, but spiking in any concentration of bleach affected MDMA results, causing a slight increase. Vinegar did not affect the THC–COOH and amphetamine results. However, false-negative results were observed for MDMA, with high amounts of vinegar-spiked urine samples. Drain opener was added in large quantities, and false-negative results were observed for all analytes. Visine eye drops did not have any effect on THC–COOH or amphetamine, but a high quantity of eye drops had a slight decreasing effect for MDMA.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Suicide Ideation in Colombian Caribbean Adolescent Students
Authors: Caballero-Domínguez Carmen Cecilia , Campo-Arias Adalberto
Published: September 2020

The study aimed to know the prevalence of and some factors associated with suicide ideation in high school adolescents from a Colombian Caribbean city. A cross-sectional analytical study was designed with probability sampling. An expected prevalence of 50% and an alpha error of 5% were estimated. High-school students from public and private institutions were invited to participate. One thousand four hundred sixty-two adolescents participated in, they were aged between 13 and 17 years, and 33.6% of students reported suicide ideation. Suicide ideation was associated with depression risk (OR = 4.54, 95% CI 2.35–8.77), family dysfunction (OR = 4.54, 95% CI 2.35–8.77), sexual violence (OR = 1.92 CI95% 1.33–2.76) and low academic achievement (OR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.42–2.73). It is concluded that 33.6% of adolescents enrolled in secondary education reported suicide ideation and was associated with depression risk, family dysfunction, sexual abuse, and poor academic achievement.
Explaining Attitudes Toward Refugees and Immigrants in Europe
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis , Steele Liza G
Published: September 2020

While there is a large literature on attitudes toward immigrants, scholars have not systematically examined the determinants of attitudes toward refugees. Often, refugees are simply treated as a subset of immigrants, under the assumption that attitudes toward both sets of foreigners are similar. In this article, we examine whether there are distinctions between attitudes toward refugees and immigrants, as well as variation in their determinants. We address these questions using individual-level data from 16 countries in the 2002 and 2014 waves of the European Social Survey. We demonstrate that these two groups of foreigners are, indeed, viewed as distinct and that differences emerge because attitudes toward refugees are more often related to macro-level factors while immigrants are more frequently associated with micro-level economic concerns. By distinguishing between refugees and immigrants, this article addresses an important gap in the academic literature on attitudes toward foreigners in Europe.
An optimization study of polishing efficiency of blisk and its technological parameters
Authors: Huai Wenbo , Lin Xiaojun
Published: September 2020

When applied to blisk blade profile polishing of aero-engines, “five-axis NC + flexible grinding head + elastic grindstone” polishing technological equipment has advantages of high precision, minor interference, favorable adaptivity, etc. In order to improve the polishing quality and polishing efficiency, a mathematical calculation formula of polishing efficiency was established according to the polishing principles of elastic grindstone (sanding wheel). The optimized combination of technological parameters ( ω = 6000 r/min, ap = 0.9 mm, vf = 320 mm/min) was obtained through the range method of orthogonal test results with double optimization objectives—surface roughness and polishing efficiency. Based on the relationship between number of polishing times and surface roughness, a technological program was put forward, that is, polishing is firstly conducted using 320# sanding wheel for 6 times and then 400# sanding wheel for 9 times (totally 15 times) under the optimized combination of technological parameters, then surface roughness less 0.4 μm can be achieved. Blade polishing test results indicate that: efficiency-optimized technological parameters can not only significantly shorten polishing time but also acquire qualified blade surface roughness less 0.4 μm, thus verifying reliability of the optimization method and results.
Binding and release of odor compounds from textiles: Changing fiber selection for apparel
Authors: Richter Tobias M , Laing Raechel M , Bremer Phil J
Published: September 2020

Understanding odor volatiles known to constitute those emanating from the human body and how these interact with textiles is relevant to diverse interested parties because of changing fiber use, a better understanding of apparel life cycles including cleaning and the potential for fiber/textile re-use. This paper extends the application of our proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry model system on adsorption and release behavior of fiber types typical of next-to-skin uses to include both viscose and other volatile organic compounds in body odor for which release has not previously been studied (hexanoic acid, acetone, cyclohexanone, hexanal, methyl butanoate, ethyl benzene, 1-octanol, decanal, butanoic acid). The current findings confirmed release patterns of different fiber types found in our earlier studies – low release of volatile organic compounds from cotton and wool, but higher release from polyester – and made a new finding of low release from viscose. Adsorption characteristics were different given the different volatile organic compounds analyzed. Viscose showed better adsorption characteristics for primarily polar volatile organic compounds, but was otherwise very similar to cotton.
Effect of corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide) and chlorhexidin on chemotherapy- induced oxidative stress in buccal mucosa of rats
Authors: Gümüş Sami , Yarıktaş Murat , Nazıroğlu Mustafa , Cihangir Uğuz Abdülhadi , Aynali Giray , Başpınar Şirin
Published: September 2020

Oral mucositis (OM) refers to erythematous and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa. This pathology can occur by various causes. Cancer therapy is one of the well-known causes of OM such as chemotherapy and/or with radiation therapy. It has been widely mentioned that oxidative stress parameters such as lipid peroxidation (LP) levels increase during cancer process. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the major intracellular enzymes to detoxify oxidant molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of Triamcinolone Acetonide (TA), a synthetic steroid chlorhexidine (CHX), a chemical antiseptic, on 5- fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent and soft abrasion induced OM in buccal mucosa of rats.

OM was induced in rats through a combination of 5-FU treatment and mild abrasion of the cheek pouch with a wire brush. Buccal mucosa lipid peroxidation (LP) levels were higher (p< 0.05) in 5-FU group than in control although LP levels were lower (p<0.05) in TA group than in control group. The reduced glutathione levels were lower (p<0.05) in 5-FU group than in the control group although its level was higher (p<0.05) in TA and CHX groups than in the 5-FU group. Glutathione peroxidase activity was also higher (p<0.05) in TA group than the 5- FU group. In histopathological analyses, treatment with TA reduced 5-FU induced inflammatory cell infiltration and ulceration (p<0.001) but not with CHX.

In conclusion, we observed that TA and CHX treatment modulated chemotherapy induced oxidative injury in the rat OM. However, only TA histopathologically ameliorated the 5-FU induced OM of rats. These findings suggest that TA is a useful agent for management of experimental oxidative injury and OM caused by the chemotherapy.
Odontogenic Sinusitis-Associated Pott’s Puffy Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Min Hyun Jin , Kim Kyung Soo
Published: September 2020

Pott’s puffy tumor (PPT) is a nonneoplastic complication of acute frontal sinusitis characterized by subperiosteal abscess (SPOA) formation and osteomyelitis. Although various clinical conditions are associated with frontal SPOA, cases associated with odontogenic sinusitis are rare. We report a recurrent case of frontal SPOA who had a previous history of craniotomy due to head trauma. The patient was presented with headache, facial swelling and diagnosed as frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary sinusitis with frontal SPOA, which is PPT. The patient was surgically managed by endoscopic sinus surgery and external drainage of the abscess. Although the symptoms had been relieved soon after the surgery, they were recurred after 1 week. By paranasal sinus computed tomography scans, it was suspected that severe carious teeth, which were missed before surgery, induced maxillary sinusitis which spread into the frontal sinus and subperiosteal areas inducing recurrence of disease. Our experience suggests that frontal SPOA may originate from odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by severe dental caries, which should be actively managed, especially in patients with the risk of spread of inflammation, such as those who have discontinuity in frontal bone.
Comparative Evaluation of Injection Dexamethasone and Oral Glycerol Versus Injection Dexamethasone Alone in the Treatment of Sudden Onset Sensorineural Deafness
Authors: Mehta Nitika , Mehta Satish
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

Our study was aimed at finding a definitive treatment protocol for the management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and to study the prognostic factors affecting it.

Methods:

This randomized clinical study was conducted on a total of 150 patients. All patients older than 10 years and presenting within 15 days of experiencing the symptom of SSNHL and with no known etiology were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups. In group I patients, we administered systemic steroids (injection dexamethasone 3 days, followed by oral deflazacort for 6 days) with liquid glycerol; and in group II, we administered systemic steroids alone (injection dexamethasone 3 days, followed by oral deflazacort for 6 days). The total time for which the treatment was instituted was 9 days and patients were assessed on the basis of their pure tone audiogram and speech discrimination score done at days 0, 3, 7, 21, and 42.

Results:

There were 77 males and 73 females. Vertigo ( P value < .00) and diabetes mellitus ( P value < .001) had a negative prognostic influence on the recovery rate in both the groups. The comparison revealed that group I (DG) in which patients received injection dexamethasone with oral glycerol had a higher recovery rate of 86.7% as compared to group II (D) patients, in which patients received injection dexamethasone alone (recovery rate = 48%; P = .000 highly significant).

Conclusions:

Vertigo and diabetes mellitus play a negative role in the recovery of SSNHL. The novel treatment protocol we used in group I patients that is liquid glycerol and systemic steroids was significantly better and effective in treating SSNHL as compared to the group II treatment protocol of systemic steroids alone. Hence, we concluded that SSNHL is treatable that too with a good recovery rate.
A New Case of Endoscopic Resection of a Chorda Tympani Schwannoma
Authors: Lu Yu , Yu Jie , Yu Qianru , Guan Benling , Chen Chengfang , Yu Shudong
Published: September 2020

Chorda tympani schwannoma is a very rare tumor, with only 12 reported cases in the English literature. There are few reports on the diagnosis of chorda tympani schwannoma, and it is easily misdiagnosed. At present, surgery is recognized as a treatment for chorda tympani schwannoma. We describe the clinical course of a patient presenting with a chorda tympani schwannoma treated with surgical resection using a transcanal endoscopic approach, and the results after this treatment were satisfactory. Therefore, we accordingly advocate the minimally invasive method of transcanal endoscopic resection to maximize intraoperative visualization and reduce postoperative morbidity for middle ear tumors.
The Relative Importance of Auditor Characteristics Versus Client Factors in Explaining Audit Quality
Authors: Cameran Mara , Campa Domenico , Francis Jere R.
Published: September 2020

The U.K. listed firms are used to investigate whether auditor attributes (fixed effects for audit firms, audit offices, and audit partners) add incrementally to baseline models with client controls in explaining audit quality. We document that accounting firm fixed effects add significantly to baseline models. To the extent an accounting firm can standardize its audits, there should be no differences across engagements. However, we find significant interoffice differences, and also significant inter-partner differences within offices. R2 analyses, hierarchical linear models, LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regressions, and R2 decomposition analyses all show that partners are the most important auditor-related characteristic. To better understand the cause of partner variation, we test a set of partner demographic variables (in lieu of partner fixed effects), but we find that they explain little variation, once we control for firm and office differences. We conclude that partner variation is important in explaining audit quality, but understanding the causes requires going beyond existing publicly available demographic data.
Suffering in Silence, Shame, Seclusion, and Invisibility: Men as Victims of Female Perpetrated Domestic Violence in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Joseph-Edwards Avis , Wallace Wendell C.
Published: September 2020

In Trinidad and Tobago, not much is known about males who are victims of domestic violence (DV) between intimate partners. As a result, the current study was designed to answer three research questions, namely: (a) How do the men experience DV victimization in Trinidad and Tobago?, (b) How do the men cope with their DV victimization in Trinidad and Tobago?, and (c) How do the men disclose their experiences of DV victimization in Trinidad and Tobago? “Thematic analysis” was used to chart several salient themes that emerged from a series of semi-structured interviews with 10 male victims of DV on the island. Findings indicate the prevalence of DV victimization perpetrated by females against males, involuntary disclosure of DV victimization and the use of wide-ranging coping strategies to deal with spousal abuse.
Understanding the Role of Linguistic Complexity in Famous Trial Outcomes
Authors: Zubrod Alivia , Conway Lucian Gideon , Conway Kathrene R. , Ailanjian David
Published: September 2020

Famous trials not only generate immense popularity and intrigue, they also have the power to change history. Surprisingly, little research examines the use of complex language during these culturally-significant trial outcomes. In the present study, we helped fill in this gap by evaluating the relationship between attorneys’ use of integratively complex language and trial outcomes. Using the well-validated Automated Integrative Complexity scoring system, we analyzed the complexity of language in the opening and closing statements of famous trials. We found that higher levels of integrative complexity led to a significant increase in winning outcomes, but only for the prosecution. Further, this effect was driven by elaborative forms of complexity and not dialectical forms of complexity. Taken together, these results fill a large gap in our understanding of how language might influence the outcomes of culturally-significant legal proceedings.
A rare case of giant retroperitoneal neurilemmoma
Authors: Gao Chao , Zhu Feng-Chi , Ma Bo-zhao , Jia Hao-Wen , Lu Jian , Yang Jing , Guo Wei , Qi Feng
Published: September 2020

Neurilemmoma, also known as schwannoma or neurinoma, is a tumor that originates from neural sheath Schwann cells. Giant neurilemmomas derived from the retroperitoneum have rarely been reported. We herein describe a woman with a giant retroperitoneal neurilemmoma that was initially incorrectly diagnosed as an inflammatory abdominal mass. The tumor extended from the patient’s hypogastrium to her pelvic cavity and measured 20 × 15 × 10 cm. The tumor was excised via laparotomy and diagnosed as a retroperitoneal neurilemmoma through histological and immunohistochemical examination. Although rare, particularly in the giant form, neurilemmoma should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in patients with a retroperitoneal tumor or inflammatory abdominal mass. Complete excision should be considered for the potential cure of giant retroperitoneal neurilemmomas.
Long-term survival after cemented versus uncemented total hip arthroplasty for treatment of acute femoral neck fracture: a retrospective study with a mean 10-year follow-up
Authors: Zhang Chi , Chen Meiji , Yu Weiguang , Han Xiulan , Ye Junxing , Zhuang Jintao
Published: September 2020

Objective

To compare the long-term survivorship and Harris hip scores (HHSs) between cemented total hip arthroplasty (CTHA) and uncemented total hip arthroplasty (UTHA) for treatment of acute femoral neck fractures (FNFs).

Methods

Data of 224 hips (CTHA, n = 112; UTHA, n = 112) that underwent primary surgery in our medical institution from 2005 to 2017 were retrospectively analysed. The primary endpoint was the risk of all-cause revision. The difference in the risk of all-cause revision between the two groups was assessed by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with a log-rank test and Cox regression analysis.

Results

The mean postoperative follow-up was 10 years (range, 3–13 years). The Kaplan–Meier estimated 10-year implant survival rate was significantly higher in the CTHA than UTHA group (98.1% vs. 96.2%, respectively). The adjusted Cox regression analysis demonstrated a significantly lower risk of revision in the CTHA than UTHA group. At the final follow-up, the mean HHS was significantly higher in the CTHA than UTHA group (85.10 vs. 79.11, respectively).

Conclusion

This retrospective analysis demonstrated that CTHA provided higher survival, lower revision risk, and higher functional outcome scores than UTHA. Further follow-up is necessary to verify whether these advantages of CTHA persist over time.
Artificial intelligence-aided decision support in paediatrics clinical diagnosis: development and future prospects
Authors: Li Yawen , Zhang Tiannan , Yang Yushan , Gao Yuchen
Published: September 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI)-aided decision support has developed rapidly to meet the needs for effective analysis of substantial data sets from electronic medical records and medical images generated daily, and computer-assisted intelligent drug design. In clinical practice, paediatricians make medical decisions after obtaining a large amount of information about symptoms, physical examinations, laboratory test indicators, special examinations and treatments. This information is used in combination with paediatricians’ knowledge and experience to form the basis of clinical decisions. This diagnosis and therapeutic strategy development based on large amounts of information storage can be applied to both large clinical databases and data for individual patients. To date, AI applications have been of great value in intelligent diagnosis and treatment, intelligent image recognition, research and development of intelligent drugs and intelligent health management. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the research and clinical use of AI in paediatrics.
Friction and Snow–Pavement Bond after Salting and Plowing Permeable Friction Surfaces
Authors: Akin Michelle , Fay Laura , Shi Xianming
Published: September 2020

Open graded, ultrathin, and permeable friction course surfaces (collectively referred to as PFSs) have been successfully used by many transportation agencies in several countries as a wearing surface to help reduce water splash and spray, reduce potential for hydroplaning, increase friction, and reduce noise. Despite these advantages, when used in colder climates PFSs tend to freeze more rapidly, transport deicing/anti-icing chemicals from the road surface, clog from sands and other debris, and retain snow and ice for a longer period of time. Most of the reported difficulties with PFSs are at near-freezing temperatures (28°F–35°F). Laboratory tests were conducted using samples of traditional dense graded pavement (DGP), cores from new and old in-service open graded friction course pavements, and ultrathin friction course samples made from hot mix asphalt collected from paving operations. The tests were conducted in a walk-in environmental chamber at 28°F. Snow–pavement bond strength and static friction were measured to determine the effectiveness of anti-icing with salt brine and deicing with dry and pre-wet solid salt. The test results revealed that compacted snow bonds more strongly to PFSs, yet friction of PFSs was significantly greater than DGPs after snow removal, even without the use of salt. The PFSs appeared more white and snowy, and this appearance may be contributing to unnecessarily high application rates of salt by practitioners. Field testing is recommended to better understand the frictional behavior of PFSs during a variety of winter storm conditions and deicer application strategies.
Radiographic Indices Are Not Predictive of Clinical Outcomes Among 1735 Patients Indicated for Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Machine Learning Analysis
Authors: Ramkumar Prem N. , Karnuta Jaret M. , Haeberle Heather S. , Sullivan Spencer W. , Nawabi Danyal H. , Ranawat Anil S. , Kelly Bryan T. , Nwachukwu Benedict U.
Published: September 2020

Background:

The relationship between the preoperative radiographic indices for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) and postoperative patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) scores continues to be under investigation, with inconsistent findings reported.

Purpose:

To apply a machine learning model to determine which preoperative radiographic indices, if any, among patients indicated for the arthroscopic correction of FAIS predict whether a patient will achieve the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for 1- and 2-year PROM scores.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 1735 consecutive patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopic surgery for FAIS were included from an institutional hip preservation registry. Patients underwent preoperative computed tomography of the hip, from which the following radiographic indices were calculated by a musculoskeletal radiologist: alpha angle, beta angle, sagittal center-edge angle, coronal center-edge angle, neck shaft angle, acetabular version angle, and femoral version angle. PROM scores were collected preoperatively, at 1 year postoperatively, and at 2 years postoperatively for the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), the Hip Outcome Score (HOS)–Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL) and –Sport Specific (HOS-SS), and the International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33). Random forest models were created for each PROM at 1 and 2 years’ follow-up, with each PROM’s MCID used to establish clinical meaningfulness. Data inputted into the models included ethnicity, laterality, sex, age, body mass index, and radiographic indices. Comprehensive and separate models were built specifically to assess the association of the alpha angle, femoral version angle, coronal center-edge angle, McKibbin index, and hip impingement index with respect to each PROM.

Results:

As evidenced by poor area under the curves and P values >.05 for each model created, no combination of radiographic indices or isolated index (alpha angle, coronal center-edge angle, femoral version angle, McKibbin index, hip impingement index) was a significant predictor of a clinically meaningful improvement in scores on the mHHS, HOS-ADL, HOS-SS, or iHOT-33. The mean difference between 1- and 2-year PROM scores compared with preoperative values exceeded the respective MCIDs for the cohort.

Conclusion:

In patients appropriately indicated for FAIS corrective surgery, clinical improvements can be achieved, regardless of preoperative radiographic indices, such as the femoral version angle, coronal center-edge angle, and alpha angle. No specific radiographic parameter or combination of indices was found to be predictive of reaching the MCID for any of the 4 studied hip-specific PROMs at either 1 or 2 years’ follow-up.
Preliminary Validation of an Abbreviated Acute Concussion Symptom Checklist Using Item Response Theory
Authors: Wilmoth Kristin , Magnus Brooke E. , McCrea Michael A. , Nelson Lindsay D.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Symptom assessment is a critical component of concussion diagnosis and management, with item selection primarily driven by clinical judgment or expert consensus. We recently demonstrated that concussion symptoms assessed by the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) are essentially unidimensional, implying that overall symptom severity may be accurately estimated with relatively few questions. Briefer, evidence-based forms for symptom assessment would provide clinicians flexibility.

Purpose:

To develop and validate an abbreviated assessment of general concussion symptom severity using item response theory analyses.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Broad clinical assessments (SCAT3, Immediate Post-concussion and Cognitive Testing, Balance Error Scoring System, and Brief Symptom Inventory–18 Global Severity Index) were completed by 265 injured athletes and 235 matched teammate controls at 24 to 48 hours and 8, 15, and 45 days after concussion. Symptom checklist short forms (3-14 items from the original 22) were selected using item response theory item information curves. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alpha), correlation with criterion measures assessed concurrently (ie, acute neurocognitive performance, balance, and emotional symptoms), predictive validity (correlations with symptom duration), and differences between concussed and control groups (Cohen d) were examined across forms. Sensitivity and false-positive rates of the forms were estimated and compared using reliable change indices derived from controls.

Results:

Across the 3- to 22-item forms, internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach alphas, 0.90-0.94). Clinical correlations were significant ( P≤ .017) and to similar degrees for all short forms. Group difference confidence intervals overlapped across forms at 24- to 48-hour (Cohen d, 1.27-1.51) and 8-day follow-up (Cohen d, 0.31-0.44). Sensitivity remained similar across short forms, with a low false-positive rate in controls.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that even an ultrashort (3-item) inventory provides sufficiently reliable and valid estimates of overall concussion symptom severity 24 to 48 hours after injury. Future revisions of the SCAT could eliminate inefficient items, although replication in larger samples and extension to other postinjury time points are warranted.
Gender Differences in the Personality Correlates of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in a Spanish Sample of Young Adults
Authors: Maneiro Lorena , Cutrín Olalla , Gómez-Fraguela Xosé Antón
Published: September 2020

Since the conceptual distinction of reactive and proactive aggression has been proposed, numerous studies have tried to disentangle the correlates of each function of aggression. While reactive aggression tends to be more strongly related to impulsivity, angry reactivity, or hostility, proactive aggression has proved to be more associated with psychopathic traits and goal-directed behaviors. However, in addition to the current debate about the actual distinction of reactive and proactive aggression, the study of gender differences is still scarce. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the distinctiveness of reactive and proactive aggression by means of the examination of their differential personality correlates (i.e., HEXACO, psychopathic traits, and impulsivity facets), as well as the assessment of gender differences in those relationships. To that end, a sample composed of 326 young adults aged 18–34 was recruited in Spain. The results evidenced unique associations of reactive and proactive aggression with a set of personality traits, including the HEXACO factors, psychopathic traits, and impulsivity facets, both at raw and residual level. Furthermore, when all the variables were entered in the model, proactive aggression remained strongly related to the factor of Honesty/humility and Emotionality, whereas reactive aggression remained associated with the impulsive/irresponsive factor of psychopathy and, specifically, with the facet of negative urgency, as well as with lack of Agreeableness. Likewise, some gender differences emerged as regards certain correlates. Specifically, proactive aggression was related with lack of Agreeableness and sensation seeking only in males and with the impulsive/irresponsive factor of psychopathy only in females, although these differences were not statistically significant. The conceptual and practical implications of these finding are discussed in terms of prevention.
Human Milk Feeding Patterns at 6 Months of Age are a Major Determinant of Fecal Bacterial Diversity in Infants
Authors: Sugino Kameron Y. , Ma Tengfei , Kerver Jean M. , Paneth Nigel , Comstock Sarah S.
Published: September 2020

Background

Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and human milk feeding have been associated with altered infant gut microbiota.

Research aim

Determine the relationships between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, human milk exposure, and their influence on the infant microbiota simultaneously.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study of infants at 6 months of age ( N = 36), a time when many infants are fed a mixed diet of human milk and other foods. Fecal samples and participant information were collected from a subset of dyads enrolled in two related prospective cohorts (ARCHGUT and BABYGUT) in Michigan. Sequencing the V4 region of the 16S gene was used to analyze fecal bacterial samples collected from 6-month-old infants. Participants were grouped into four categories designated by their extent of human milk exposure (100%, 80%, 50%–80%, ≤ 20% human milk in the infant diet) and by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI category (normal, overweight, obese).

Results

Fewer participants with pre-pregnancy obesity were breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum compared to non-obese participants (35.7% and 81.8%, respectively). In univariate analyses, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and human milk exposure were both significantly associated with alpha and beta diversity of the infant microbiota. However, in multivariate analyses, human milk exposure accounted for 20% of the variation in alpha diversity, but pre-pregnancy BMI was not significantly associated with any form of microbiota diversity.

Conclusions

The proportion of the infant diet that was human milk at 6 months was the major determinant of alpha and beta diversity of the infant. Maternal obesity contributes to the gut microbiota by its association with the extent of human milk feeding.
Patient Case Report Daptomycin Holiday—A Daptomycin Dosing Strategy for Asymptomatic Increases in Creatine Phosphokinase Levels
Authors: Koh Leroy , Shah Punit J. , Aly Sarfraz
Published: September 2020

Daptomycin possesses excellent activity against many multidrug-resistant gram positive organisms. However, a side effect of concern with daptomycin is skeletal muscle injury, which is manifested in the form of elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Management of such CPK elevations has traditionally been discontinuation of the offending agent, with many studies showing a resolution of a normal CPK level within 1 week of discontinuation and no long term adverse effects. Nevertheless, the question remains if daptomycin can be successfully restarted in such patients. Here, we present a case of a “daptomycin holiday” in which daptomycin was withheld upon CPK elevation and successfully reintroduced to the patient’s regimen again after several days without further elevation of the CPK. The patient had a peak CPK of 2,557 U/L, and had no associated symptoms. A hypothesis for this holiday could be the adaptability of the skeletal muscle myocytes, in which the extra period between doses may allow for additional recovery of the membrane structure to further daptomycin exposure. Giving an asymptomatic patient with elevated CPK level, a short daptomycin holiday to allow for the CPK level to trend downward before resuming daptomycin therapy could be a potential strategy in patients for whom continuing daptomycin is still preferred.
Prolonged Intra-Sinus Alteplase Infusion in Severe Case of CVST
Authors: Sullinger Danine P. , Cho Sung-Min , Farrokh Salia
Published: September 2020

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon condition accounting for 0.5-1% of all strokes. It occurs more commonly in women, particularly in the age group of 20-40 years of age due to pregnancy and oral contraceptive use. Systemic anticoagulation is recommended as first line treatment but 10-20% of patients deteriorate despite medical treatment and require surgical or endovascular interventions. We summarize a 41-year-old female with a past medical history of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis who presented with headaches and worsening mental status. Further workup confirmed inferior sagittal sinus thrombus with intraventricular hemorrhage for which she was initiated on heparin continuous infusion. Due to worsening of clot burden and cerebral edema, a right frontal external ventricular drain was placed in addition to medical management of elevated ICP. Intravenous heparin infusion was stopped intermittently for such procedures. However, even when heparin was continued, sub-therapeutic and supra-therapeutic ranges were commonly observed, making anticoagulation management challenging. A new left-sided EVD had to be placed after increased IVH and worsening of hydrocephalus due to clotting. Due to patient’s clinical worsening, a microcatheter was placed in the straight sinus and continuous alteplase via intra-sinus catheter was initiated at a rate of 1 mg/hour. This was continued for 72 hours in addition to the continuous heparin infusion. Additionally, she received intraventricular alteplase 1 mg x 3 doses for IVH. Unfortunately, she continued to deteriorate despite maximal medical therapy. She was made comfort care and expired.
Bionic design for the heat sink inspired by phyllotactic pattern
Authors: Lyu Yushan , Yu Haiyue , Hu Yuheng , Shu Qilin , Wang Jun
Published: September 2020

A good heat dissipating condition will help give full play to the performance and reliability of electronic components and devices. To strengthen the heat dissipating performance, a novel bionic heat sink of pin fins has been designed. The configuration of cooling pin fins in this heat sink is based on phyllotaxis theory in biology. The bionic configuration of the cooling pin fins has better homogeneity and complementarity, which can form a reasonable air flow channel to improve its cooling efficiency. For testing and analyzing the performance of the bionic heat sink and the effects of the phyllotactic parameters on the heat dissipating, some contrast experiments have been conducted using thermal infrared imager. The results show that the bionic heat sink has better heat dissipating performance, which can make the surface temperature of the heat block lower by 14.7%. This paper will supply a new and effective solution to heat dissipation problem and has a certain contribution for the development of electrical and electronic industry.
Using Machine Learning to Generate Novel Hypotheses: Increasing Optimism About COVID-19 Makes People Less Willing to Justify Unethical Behaviors
Authors: Sheetal Abhishek , Feng Zhiyu , Savani Krishna
Published: September 2020

How can we nudge people to not engage in unethical behaviors, such as hoarding and violating social-distancing guidelines, during the COVID-19 pandemic? Because past research on antecedents of unethical behavior has not provided a clear answer, we turned to machine learning to generate novel hypotheses. We trained a deep-learning model to predict whether or not World Values Survey respondents perceived unethical behaviors as justifiable, on the basis of their responses to 708 other items. The model identified optimism about the future of humanity as one of the top predictors of unethicality. A preregistered correlational study ( N = 218 U.S. residents) conceptually replicated this finding. A preregistered experiment ( N = 294 U.S. residents) provided causal support: Participants who read a scenario conveying optimism about the COVID-19 pandemic were less willing to justify hoarding and violating social-distancing guidelines than participants who read a scenario conveying pessimism. The findings suggest that optimism can help reduce unethicality, and they document the utility of machine-learning methods for generating novel hypotheses.
Multidisciplinary assessment of blade number and manufacturing parameters for the performance of centrifugal fans
Authors: Ni Jun , Liu Rui , Sun Yu
Published: September 2020

This work targets the development of the multidisciplinary design for centrifugal fans, based on the calculation of the fan performance following changes in the fan structure and manufacture. A parametric method that starts from the blade number and manufacturing parameters is first developed to control the shape of fan assembly and its fluid domain. The parametric code, and the aerodynamic and structure analysing codes are then integrated, from the solution of which algorithms are developed to calculate the fan indexes including the flow rate, pressure rise, fan efficiency, fan strength, and the motor power. Validation of the proposed method is performed by the comparison with an experimental test. An orthogonal sampling opens out relevant changes of the fan working performance with respect to the blade number and manufacturing parameters. Results suggest ranges for the blade number and manufacturing parameters that have a sound performance and structure safety when converting the motor power to airflow.
Toll-like receptor 4 prevents AOM/DSS-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer in Bacteroides fragilis gnotobiotic mice
Authors: Lee Yen-Peng , Huang Wen-Ching , Lin Tien-Jen , Chiu Chien-Chao , Wang Yu-Chih , Chen Yi-Hsun , Hung Shao-Wen , Chuang Hsiao-Li , Chen Ter-Hsin
Published: September 2020

Bacteroides fragilis (BF) plays a critical role in developing and maintaining the mammalian immune system. We previously found that BF colonization could prevent inflammation and tumor formation in a germ-free (GF) colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model. The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in CAC development has not been clearly elucidated in BF mono-colonized gnotobiotic mice. The wild-type (WT) and TLR4 knockout (T4K) germ-free mice were raised with or without BF colonization for 28 days (GF/WT, GF/T4K, BF/WT, and BF/T4K) and then CAC was induced under azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration. The results showed that tumor formation and tumor incidence were significantly inhibited in the BF/WT group compared to those observed in the GF/WT group. However, the tumor prevention effect was not observed in the BF/T4K group unlike in the BF/WT group. Moreover, the CAC histological severity of the BF/WT group was ameliorated, but more severe lesions were found in the GF/WT, GF/T4K, and BF/T4K groups. Immunohistochemistry showed decreased cell proliferation (PCNA, β-catenin) and inflammatory markers (iNOS) in the BF/WT group compared to those in the BF/T4K group. Taken together, BF mono-colonization of GF mice might prevent CAC via the TLR4 signal pathway.
Completing the RANZCP scholarly project in a rural/regional setting: a practical example
Authors: Hill Harry , Harvey Carol
Published: September 2020

Objective:

The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) scholarly project (SP) is a major hurdle for trainees completing psychiatric training – intensified for those working in rural settings. Whilst strategies to overcome this challenge have been proposed, there are few examples of how these have been successfully implemented. This report will describe the completion of a RANZCP SP in a regional setting, with supervision and support provided by an academic psychiatrist working within a metropolitan research centre.

Conclusion:

Trainees in remote geographical locations can utilise expert supervision from academic psychiatrists to successfully complete the SP. Key components are support from both the trainee and supervisor’s employers, utilisation of a range of supervision modalities and a clear pragmatic memorandum of understanding between the supervisor and trainee. This initiative had widespread benefits beyond completion of the SP for all parties involved.
“Networked” Revolutions? ICTs and Protest Mobilization in Non-Democratic Regimes
Authors: Anderson Ashley
Published: September 2020

Despite the wealth of research linking Internet-based communication technologies (ICTs) with the rise of anti-government demonstrations in non-democracies, empirical evidence on the impact of ICTs on protest remains inconclusive. Using data from the sixth-wave of the World Values Survey (WVS), I test the relationship between ICT use and protest in non-democracies, finding that although Internet use helps to explain protest participation, organizational networks remain crucial for mobilizing protesters, even in the digital age. Notably, I find that active membership in formal organizations (i.e., attending meetings, holding leadership positions, etc.) significantly increases the likelihood of individual protest participation, providing members with the skills necessary for political engagement and connections to a sustained flow of information about protest events. Most important, I find significant interactive effects between organizational membership and ICT use—while Internet use increases the likelihood of protest engagement for all individuals, the effects of ICT use are greatest for multiply-engaged citizens who are actively involved in both online and offline organizational networks. This work thus illuminates a largely overlooked symbiosis between online and offline communities and forces a reconsideration of the ways in which organizations work to mobilize contention under authoritarian rule.
Tribological characterization of potential crankshaft bearing steels for roller bearing engines
Authors: Vrček Aleks , Hultqvist Tobias , Johannesson Tomas , Marklund Pär , Larsson Roland
Published: September 2020

A crankshaft roller bearing internal combustion engine (ICE) offers a five percent or more improvement in overall engine efficiency and, thereby, a reduction in a five percent of CO2 emissions, compared to a plain bearing supported crankshaft. Current forged crankshaft steels represent the limiting factor of the rolling component, therefore, a replacement of the crankshaft steel is required. Apart from this, the tribology of the rolling contacts has been shown to be detrimental when lubricated with current engine oils. Therefore, this paper investigates the tribological performance of potential crankshaft bearing steels, i.e. DIN C56E2 (G55); DIN 50CrMo4 (G50); and DIN 100Cr6 (G3), while utilizing a state-of-the-art low viscosity 0W20 engine oil and under conditions prevalent to ICE. For this, damage mode investigation was performed in a disc-on-disc setup. Based on the results, wear damage of DIN 100Cr6 discs was shown to be dependent on the steel grade of which the counterpart disc was made from and surface hardness difference between both discs. In addition, surface fatigue and wear damage can be completely eliminated by selecting a proper surface roughness and hardness combination. Also, while under an elevated roughness level, engine oil was shown to promote both surface fatigue and wear damage through the work of ZDDP additives, which under extreme conditions can act as an extreme pressure (EP) additive. The residual stress measurements using the XRD technique revealed relatively high compressive residual stresses for G55 and G50 in comparison to G3 steel after surface induction hardening. In addition, no significant changes in residual stress for G55 and G50 were observed after the test. In contrast, relatively high tensile stress was observed for G3 near the surface region. This suggests that the most commonly used 100Cr6 bearing steel, in this case, is the most susceptible to surface fatigue.
Defective CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional B-cell function in patients with relapsing-remitting MS
Authors: Cencioni Maria T , Ali Rehiana , Nicholas Richard , Muraro Paolo A
Published: September 2020

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of T and B cells, excess inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and failure of immune regulation. CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells producing interleukin (IL)-10 have been shown to suppress interferon-γ (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production by CD4+ T cells and to be dysfunctional in autoimmune arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective:

We hypothesized that transitional B-cell-dependent immune regulation could be defective in MS and examined their function in healthy subjects and patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).

Methods:

A total of 62 healthy donors and 21 RRMS subjects donated peripheral blood for the study. IL-10-producing B cells, IFNγ and TNFα-producing T cells and proliferating T cells were quantified by flow cytometry.

Results:

In healthy individuals, CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells produce more IL-10 than CD19+CD24+CD38+ naive and CD19+CD24hiCD38− memory B cells and are able to suppress CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFNγ and TNFα-production. In subjects with RRMS, CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells produce significantly less IL-10 and to fail to suppress effector T-cell function.

Conclusion:

CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells physiologically represent the most potent regulatory B-cell subset and are functionally defective in patients with RRMS, an abnormality that may contribute to the immune pathological process.