bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Children on Environmental Conservation in the Rural Area – Turbo Kenya
Authors: Makero Syallow Cajertane
Published: July 2020

Most Kenyans are so much concerned in the way forests are destroyed by the get rich quickly Kenyans. The wanton destruction of forests and indigenous trees has left many people wondering as to what is happening with the people especially their leaders. This wanton destruction has had big effects on the country’s environment such as drastic climatic change, which has affected farming greatly. Farming is the main occupation in Kenya that earns the country foreign currency. While this cruel destruction is going no drastic measures have been taken to instil a sense of value and education to the growing and developing children as part of discipline to preserve forests. Therefore, this paper discusses ways and means of preparing children as early as possible. This preparation is meant to help children grow with a high sense of respect towards the environment especially the preservation of forests for the benefit of mankind.
Effect of Human Capital and Dynamic Capabilities on Competitive Advantage: Mediating Analysis
Authors: Sachitra Vilani
Published: July 2020

Aim: A better understanding of farm-level competitiveness of agribusiness sector provides the necessary framework for agribusiness farms to compete at domestic and global markets. This study aims to determine the relationships of human capital, dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage in the minor export crop sector in Sri Lanka.

Study Design: Minor export crop farm owners involved in the commercial cultivation of cinnamon, pepper and clove in Sri Lanka were surveyed using a personally-administered, structured questionnaire. The regression-based path analysis was used to test the model.

Results: The results indicate significant relationships between human capital and capabilities of learning and relationship building as well as between human capital and competitive advantage.

Implications: The findings provide useful insights where an understanding of the link between human capital, as a resource, in dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage which allows human capital to be configured appropriately and deployed effectively and efficiently based on dynamic capabilities of the minor export crop farms to achieve competitive advantage.

Original: The study has extended our understanding of the importance of human capital for in relation to dynamic capabilities.
Influence of Nano Particle Size on Attenuation and Dielectric Properties of Plantain Husk Powder Using Microwave Techniques at X-Band Frequency
Authors: Yakubu Abubakar , Abbas Zulkifli , Olugbenga Olotu , Sahabi Suleiman
Published: July 2020

Ferrite are conventional materials used for microwave absorption, however, they are expensive, constitute health hazard and pollutes the environment. For these reasons, there is need to explore safe and environmental friendly materials that can serve as radiation absorbers and be used in fabricating microwave devices. In the light of the above, this work was geared towards exploring the use of Unripe Plantain Husk (UPH) waste material for microwave absorber applications. The usability was determined by investigating the dielectric properties and attenuation of the UPH powder with respect to particle size and frequency of operation. The nano particle of the UPH was prepared aseptically by washing in water and acetone, sliced, sundried and grinded. The grinded UPH powder was then subjected to high energy milling using a SPEX 8000D shaker for 4 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours and 12 hours. The milled powder was then prepared into pellets by suppressing with hydraulic press and mold which were then used for characterization. Results from investigation and analysis showed that the milled powder was in nano dimension using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The UPH powder sizes were in the range of 63.35 nm, 52.05 nm, 42.86 nm and 21.43 nm for the 4, 8, 10 and 12 hours milling, respectively. The dielectric constants for the as produced, 4, 8, 10 and 12 hours milled powder were 2.96, 4.97, 5.66, 6.97 and 10.36, respectively. The highest magnitude for attenuation was calculated for the 12 hours milled powder with a value of 14.92 dB and the least attenuation was calculated for the as produced powder with a value of 6.72 dB. Based on the results obtained it is concluded that nano particles of UPH powder is good for microwave attenuation and is a potential for fabricating electronic components.
Edwards, Jonathan
Authors: Cochran Elizabeth Agnew
Published: July 2020

Jonathan Edwards (1703–58) was an American Puritan theologian and philosopher. He is known primarily for his sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” and for his involvement with the First Great Awakening, but he was also a prolific writer and a complex thinker who engaged with a range of early modern philosophical positions, particularly those associated with British thought. He was influential in his own time, and his works are still widely studied. Edwards's upbringing was deeply informed by Puritan Calvinism. He studied at Yale and became a pastor, like his father and grandfather, and his work in the religious awakenings drew international attention, with Isaac Watts overseeing the publishing in London of one of Edwards's accounts of these revivals. Edwards wrote extensively throughout his adulthood, engaging contemporary theological and philosophical debates. He was named President of Princeton University in 1758, but died a few months later after contracting smallpox.
Territorial Rights
Authors: Angeli Oliviero
Published: July 2020

Recent decades have witnessed a significant revival of interest in the concept of territory. The justification of territorial rights, in particular, has generated considerable interest among legal and political philosophers. This entry looks at some of the reasons for this renewed interest and addresses key questions at the center of debates about territorial rights: What do territorial rights entail? Is it possible to justify territorial rights? Provided a justification for territorial rights can be found, does it ground claims to particular territories? In answering these questions, this entry will review different accounts of territorial rights. After outlining their key features, it will also focus on some difficulties they encounter.
Twin study of laboratory‐induced aggression
Authors: Dinić Bojana M. , Smederevac Snežana , Sadiković Selka , Oljača Milan , Vučinić Nataša , Prinz Mechthild , Budimlija Zoran
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to explore genetic and environmental contributions to laboratory‐induced aggressive behavior. On a sample of 478 adult twins (316 monozygotic), the Competitive Reaction Time Task was used for aggression induction. The results showed that the initial, basic level of aggression could be explained by both shared (45%) and nonshared environmental factors (55%), while only nonshared environmental factors (100%) had a significant influence on changes in aggression as provocation increased. Genetic factors had no influence on laboratory‐induced aggression. The results highlight the importance of environmental factors in shaping situation‐specific aggressive responses to provocation.
Increasing iterative reconstruction strength at low tube voltage in coronary CT angiography protocols using 3D‐printed and Catphan® 500 phantoms
Authors: Abdullah Kamarul A. , McEntee Mark F. , Reed Warren M. , Kench Peter L.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm strength at different tube voltages in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) protocols using a three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed and Catphan® 500 phantoms.

Methods

A 3D‐printed cardiac insert and Catphan 500 phantoms were scanned using CCTA protocols at 120 and 100 kVp tube voltages. All CT acquisitions were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm at 40% and 60% strengths. Image quality characteristics such as image noise, signal–noise ratio (SNR), contrast–noise ratio (CNR), high spatial resolution, and low contrast resolution were analyzed.

Results

There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between 120 and 100 kVp measures for image noise for FBP vs ASIR 60% (16.6 ± 3.8 vs 16.7 ± 4.8), SNR of ASIR 40% vs ASIR 60% (27.3 ± 5.4 vs 26.4 ± 4.8), and CNR of FBP vs ASIR 40% (31.3 ± 3.9 vs 30.1 ± 4.3), respectively. Based on the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) analysis, there was a minimal change of image quality for each tube voltage but increases when higher strengths of ASIR were used. The best measure of low contrast detectability was observed at ASIR 60% at 120 kVp.

Conclusions

Changing the IR strength has yielded different image quality noise characteristics. In this study, the use of 100 kVp and ASIR 60% yielded comparable image quality noise characteristics to the standard CCTA protocols using 120 kVp of ASIR 40%. A combination of 3D‐printed and Catphan® 500 phantoms could be used to perform CT dose optimization protocols.
Reconfigurable and Spatially Programmable Chameleon Skin‐Like Material Utilizing Light Responsive Covalent Adaptable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Martinez Alina M. , McBride Matthew K. , White Timothy J. , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: July 2020

A mechanochromic, programmable, cholesteric liquid crystalline elastomer (CLCE) is fabricated, and after straining, resulting in a blue shift through the visible spectrum, is returned to its initial shape and color upon heating through its isotropic phase transition. Light initiated, radical‐mediated, addition fragmentation chain transfer (AFT), facilitate permanent programming or erasure of thermoreversible shape and color by relaxing stress imparted on the strained network through reversible bond exchange. Thermoreversible strain is coupled with reversible color change and can be made permanent at any desired strain by light exposure and corresponding AFT activation, temporarily restoring nearly initial shape and color upon heating. The optical characteristics and photonic structure, inherently linked to the network, are measured as a function of strain, to confirm the reflection notch narrowing indicating that prepolymerization alignment via shearing is poor thereby causing a broad spectrum of reflected light that narrows when the material is stretched. Beyond programming a new shape and color, the reflection notch is erased and separately, photopatterned to achieve dynamic color schemes that are toggled with heating and cooling, similar to that of a chameleon's camouflaging technique that has the ability to manipulate multiple colors in a single material, also with use for strain mapping.
Silicon‐Based Terahertz Meta‐Devices for Electrical Modulation of Fano Resonance and Transmission Amplitude
Authors: Lou Jing , Liang Jiangang , Yu Ying , Ma Hua , Yang Ruisheng , Fan Yuancheng , Wang Guangming , Cai Tong
Published: July 2020

Seeking active and effective control over electromagnetic waves has always been an important focus in optics. Fano resonances occur in planar terahertz (THz) metamaterials by introducing a weak asymmetry in a two‐gap split ring resonator. Without extra layers of photoactive materials and microelectromechanical structures, a novel and economical scheme based on silicon‐integrated THz asymmetric metallic split ring metamaterial is proposed to control Fano resonance and transmission amplitude via electrical excitation. The results show that Fano resonance and transmission amplitude abate drastically with the increase of current bias, due to the loading of electrically formed silicon carrier layer. As the current bias is increased, both the thickness and conductivity of silicon carrier layer are modulated simultaneously. The depth range of modulated silicon carrier layer could reach 250 µm. Besides, a THz transmission amplitude modulator with a modulation depth of 93% is also demonstrated. This work significantly expands the function of silicon‐based metamaterials and opens up opportunities for the realization of switchable sensors, filters, and nonlinear devices.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Annulations to Construct Benzo‐Fused Pyranones with Quaternary Stereocenter
Authors: Dzieszkowski Krzysztof , Rafiński Zbigniew
Published: July 2020

A highly enantioselective intramolecular NHC‐catalyzed approach for the synthesis of benzo‐fused pyranones bearing quaternary stereocenter is described. The developed methodology is based on annulation reaction between acyl anion intermediates and β,β‐disubstituted Michael acceptors. The reaction offers streamlined and effective access to target products in a highly stereoselective manner.

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Learning Experience Design in Health Professions Education: A Conceptual Review of Evidence for Educators
Authors: Pan Joann , Sheu Jessica , Massimo Lauren , Scott Kevin R , Phillips Andrew W
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The increasing use of online resources in emergency medicine (EM) education has driven demand for higher quality resources. Learning experience design (LED) is the study of how electronic user interfaces impact learner outcomes. We sought to summarize the evidence for LED principles to inform creation of EM educational resources.

Methods

We performed scripted searches of MeSH terms, PubMed keywords, and hand tracings. Inclusion criteria were controlled studies using light‐emitting diode or liquid crystal display monitors with Latin‐based languages. Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors were excluded because of the user experience confounders.

Results

Thirty‐two articles met inclusion criteria. Overall, 14‐point size significantly improved legibility compared to smaller font sizes. Similarly, Verdana and Arial typefaces significantly improved legibility compared to Times New Roman typeface. Verdana also significantly decreased subjective mental workload and visibility difficulty ratings and required the least eye movement of any typefaces tested. Positive polarity (dark text on light background) significantly improved reading outcomes across many measurements over negative polarity. There was higher character identification accuracy with higher luminance. Text effects (e.g., italics), interword and interletter spacing, and page presentation are among variables with mixed or minimal evidence.

Conclusion

Learning experience design principles significantly impacted reading and learning outcomes in laboratory settings. No studies evaluated classroom outcomes. Recommendations for electronic learning environments are 14‐point font with Verdana or Arial typeface with positive polarity (dark letters on light background). We recommend increasing screen brightness slightly. EM educators may significantly improve the speed and accuracy of learning written material by espousing evidence‐based LED principles.
3D Manipulation of Magnetic Liquid Metals
Authors: Zhou Wenqing , Liang Qingxuan , Chen Tianning
Published: July 2020

Herein, a new method for steering liquid metals (LMs) using only a magnetic field in open 3D space is proposed. The magnetic LM is composed of the alloy Galinstan and iron particles. The 3D horizontal and vertical manipulation of a magnetic LM can be realized via an external magnetic field. The magnetically actuated LM is not only manipulated on various complex pathways in the horizontal plane, but also vertically in 3D space without the use of electrolytes and electrodes. As a proof‐of‐principle, an intelligent delivery vehicle that can avoid obstacles and traps horizontally and overcome gravity vertically to offload a cargo is designed and implemented successfully. Furthermore, a biomimetic soft robotics that can realize both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane locomotion is demonstrated using only magnetic field. The novel 3D motion of the demonstrated system facilitates the development of practical LM‐based smart structures and devices.
Impact of total body irradiation‐ vs chemotherapy‐based myeloablative conditioning on outcomes of haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Dholaria Bhagirathbhai , Labopin Myriam , Angelucci Emanuele , Ciceri Fabio , Diez‐Martin Jose L. , Bruno Benedetto , Sica Simona , Koc Yener , Gülbas Zafer , Schmid Christoph , Blaise Didier , Carella Angelo Michele , Visani Guiseppe , Savani Bipin N. , Nagler Arnon , Mohty Mohamad
Published: July 2020

The optimal myeloablative conditioning (MAC) for patients undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (haplo‐HCT) is unknown. We studied the outcomes of total body irradiation (TBI) vs chemotherapy (CT) based MAC regimens in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The study included 1008 patients who underwent first haplo‐HCT with post‐transplant cyclophosphamide, following TBI (N = 89, 9%) or CT (n = 919, 91%) based MAC. Patients in the TBI cohort were younger (median age, 38 vs 47 years, P < .01) and more likely to receive BM graft (57% vs 43%, P = .01). Two‐year overall chronic GVHD (cGVHD) incidence was 42% vs 27% (P < .01) and extensive cGVHD incidence was 9% vs 12% (P = .33) in TBI and CT cohorts, respectively. Graft failure was reported in two (2%) TBI‐ and 65 (7%) CT‐MAC recipients (P = .08). Death from veno‐occlusive disease was reported in one (3%) TBI and 11 (3%) CT patients who died during the study period. In the multivariate analysis, TBI was associated with increased risk for overall cGVHD (hazard ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval:1.2‐3.1, P < .01) compared to CT‐based MAC. The choice of conditioning regimen did not impact relapse incidence, leukemia‐free survival, non‐relapse mortality, overall survival or GVHD‐relapse‐free survival in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, major transplant outcomes were not statistically different between TBI‐based MAC and CT‐based MAC in patients with AML after haplo‐HCT/PTCy.
A novel intronic variant in UBE3A identified by genome sequencing in a patient with an atypical presentation of Angelman syndrome
Authors: Curtis Meredith , Baribeau Danielle , Walker Susan , Carter Melissa , Costain Gregory , Lamoureux Sylvia , Liston Eriskay , Marshall Christian R. , Reuter Miriam S. , Snell Meaghan , Summers Jane , Vorstman Jacob , Jobling Rebekah K.
Published: July 2020

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss or deficient expression of UBE3A on the maternally inherited allele. In 10–15% of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of AS, a molecular diagnosis cannot be established with conventional testing. We describe a 13‐year‐old male with an atypical presentation of AS, who was found to have a novel, maternally inherited, intronic variant in UBE3A (c.3‐12T>A) using genome sequencing (GS). Targeted sequencing of RNA isolated from blood confirmed the creation of a new acceptor splice site. These GS results ended a six‐year diagnostic odyssey and revealed a 50% recurrence risk for the unaffected parents. This case illustrates a previously unreported splicing variant causing AS. Intronic variants identifiable by GS may account for a proportion of individuals who are suspected of having well‐known genetic disorders despite negative prior genetic testing.
Review of indoor aerosol generation, transport, and control in the context of COVID‐19
Authors: Kohanski Michael A. , Lo L. James , Waring Michael S.
Published: July 2020

The coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has heightened the awareness of aerosol generation by human expiratory events and their potential role in viral respiratory disease transmission. Concerns over high severe acute respiratory syndrome‒coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) viral burden of mucosal surfaces has raised questions about the aerosol‐generating potential and dangers of many otorhinolaryngologic procedures. However, the risks of aerosol generation and associated viral transmission by droplet or airborne routes for many otorhinolaryngology procedures are largely unknown. Indoor aerosol and droplet viral respiratory transmission risk is influenced by 4 factors: (1) aerosol or droplet properties; (2) indoor airflow; (3) virus‐specific factors; and (4) host‐specific factors. Herein we elaborate on known aerosol vs droplet properties, indoor airflow, and aerosol‐generating events to provide context for risks of aerosol infectious transmission. We also provide simple but typically effective measures for mitigating the spread and inhalation of viral aerosols in indoor settings. Understanding principles of infectious transmission, aerosol and droplet generation, as well as concepts of indoor airflow, will assist in the integration of new data on SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and activities that can generate aerosol to best inform on the need for escalation or de‐escalation from current societal and institutional guidelines for protection during aerosol‐generating procedures.
Spherical Supramolecular Structures Constructed via Chemically Symmetric Perylene Bisimides: Beyond Columnar Assembly
Authors: Huang Jiahao , Su Zebin , Huang Mingjun , Zhang Rongchun , Wang Jian , Feng Xueyan , Zhang Rui , Zhang Ruimeng , Shan Wenpeng , Yan Xiao‐Yun , Guo Qing‐Yun , Liu Tong , Liu Yuchu , Cui Yunpeng , Li Xiaopeng , Shi An‐Chang , Cheng Stephen Z. D.
Published: July 2020

Like other discotic molecules, self‐assembled supramolecular structures of perylene bisimides (PBIs) are commonly limited to columnar or lamellar structures due to their distinct π‐conjugated scaffolds and unique rectangular shape of perylene cores. The discovery of PBIs with supramolecular structures beyond layers and columns may expand the scope of PBI‐based materials. A series of unconventional spherical packing phases in PBIs, including A15 phase, σ phase, dodecagonal quasicrystalline (DQC) phase, and body‐centered cubic (BCC) phase, is reported. A strategy involving functionalization of perylene core with several polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages achieved spherical assemblies of PBIs, instead of columnar assemblies, due to the significantly increased steric hindrance at the periphery. This strategy may also be employed for the discovery of unconventional spherical assemblies in other related discotic molecules by the introduction of similar bulky functional groups at their periphery. An unusual inverse phase transition sequence from a BCC phase to a σ phase was observed by increasing annealing temperature.
Rigid Arrangements of Ionic Charge in Zeolite Frameworks Conferred by Specific Aluminum Distributions Preferentially Stabilize Alkanol Dehydration Transition States
Authors: Hoffman Alexander J. , Bates Jason S. , Di Iorio John R. , Nystrom Steven V. , Nimlos Claire T. , Gounder Rajamani , Hibbitts David
Published: July 2020

Zeolite reactivity depends on the solvating environments of their micropores and the proximity of their Brønsted acid sites. Turnover rates (per H+) for methanol and ethanol dehydration increase with the fraction of H+ sites sharing six‐membered rings of chabazite (CHA) zeolites. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that activation barriers vary widely with the number and arrangement of Al (1–5 per 36 T‐site unit cell), but cannot be described solely by Al–Al distance or density. Certain Al distributions yield rigid arrangements of anionic charge that stabilize cationic intermediates and transition states via H‐bonding to decrease barriers. This is a key feature of acid catalysis in zeolite solvents, which lack the isotropy of liquid solvents. The sensitivity of polar transition states to specific arrangements of charge in their solvating environments and the ability to position such charges in zeolite lattices with increasing precision herald rich catalytic diversity among zeolites of varying Al arrangement.
Orthogonal Stability and Reactivity of Aryl Germanes Enables Rapid and Selective (Multi)Halogenations
Authors: Fricke Christoph , Deckers Kristina , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: July 2020

While halogenation is of key importance in synthesis and radioimaging, the currently available repertoire is largely designed to introduce a single halogen per molecule. This report makes the selective introduction of several different halogens accessible. Showcased here is the privileged stability of nontoxic aryl germanes under harsh fluorination conditions (that allow selective fluorination in their presence), while displaying superior reactivity and functional‐group tolerance in electrophilic iodinations and brominations, outcompeting silanes or boronic esters under rapid and additive‐free conditions. Mechanistic experiments and computational studies suggest a concerted electrophilic aromatic substitution as the underlying mechanism.
A Hydrothermally Stable Irreducible Oxide‐Modified Pd/MgAl2O4 Catalyst for Methane Combustion
Authors: Yang Jingyi , Peng Mi , Ren Guoqing , Qi Haifeng , Zhou Xue , Xu Jun , Deng Feng , Chen Zhiqiang , Zhang Jingcai , Liu Kaipeng , Pan Xiaoli , Liu Wei , Su Yang , Li Weizhen , Qiao Botao , Ma Ding , Zhang Tao
Published: July 2020

Catalytic combustion is promising in removing trace amounts of CH4 to address serious environmental concerns. Supported Pd‐based catalysts are most effective but often suffer from low stability in applications owing to the water‐vapor‐induced sintering. Herein, we develop a universal strategy to prepare irreducible‐oxide‐modified Pd/MgAl2O4 catalysts which show high activity and excellent stability against both hydrothemal aging at elevated temperatures and deactivation in long‐term reaction under wet conditions. The addition of irreducible oxides inhibited the deep oxidation of Pd in the oxygen‐rich conditions, which preserved not only the epitaxial structure but also a suitable active phase of Pd‐PdOx on MgAl2O4, thus promoting both activity and stability. This work provides new insights into the effect of metal–oxide interaction on CH4 combustion and offers an avenue to design hydrothermally stable and active combustion catalysts for industrial applications.
Proapoptotic Peptide Brush Polymer Nanoparticles via Photoinitiated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: Sun Hao , Cao Wei , Zang Nanzhi , Clemons Tristan D. , Scheutz Georg M. , Hu Ziying , Thompson Matthew P. , Liang Yifei , Vratsanos Maria , Zhou Xuhao , Choi Wonmin , Sumerlin Brent S. , Stupp Samuel I. , Gianneschi Nathan C.
Published: July 2020

Herein, we report the photoinitiated polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (photo‐PISA) of spherical micelles consisting of proapoptotic peptide–polymer amphiphiles. The one‐pot synthetic approach yielded micellar nanoparticles at high concentrations and at scale (150 mg mL−1) with tunable peptide loadings up to 48 wt. %. The size of the micellar nanoparticles was tuned by varying the lengths of hydrophobic and hydrophilic building blocks. Critically, the peptide‐functionalized nanoparticles imbued the proapoptotic “KLA” peptides (amino acid sequence: KLAKLAKKLAKLAK) with two key properties otherwise not inherent to the sequence: 1) proteolytic resistance compared to the oligopeptide alone; 2) significantly enhanced cell uptake by multivalent display of KLA peptide brushes. The result was demonstrated improved apoptosis efficiency in HeLa cells. These results highlight the potential of photo‐PISA in the large‐scale synthesis of functional, proteolytically resistant peptide–polymer conjugates for intracellular delivery.
The use of separate‐level neuraxial anaesthesia for caesarean delivery in a patient with a history of spinal tuberculosis
Authors: Kearsley R. , Elliott S. , Smith C. , Stocks G.
Published: July 2020

We present the case of a 33‐year‐old parturient who required caesarean delivery at 31 weeks' gestation. She had a history of degenerative disease of the lumbar spine secondary to tuberculosis, acquired as a child in India. Her complex medical history also included ischaemic heart disease and obstructive sleep apnoea, and due to this general anaesthesia was considered to be of high risk. However, regional anaesthesia also posed significant challenges because magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showed a partial collapse with subsequent fusion of second and third lumbar vertebral bodies with thoracolumbar kyphosis. Neuraxial anaesthesia was performed with ultrasound guidance for determining levels and depth of epidural space. An epidural was inserted at the T12–L1 interspace and a spinal anaesthetic block was placed at L4–L5. Delivery and recovery were uneventful. This case highlights the safe and effective use of neuraxial anaesthesia in an asymptomatic patient with treated spinal tuberculosis as well as the usefulness of high‐quality imaging of the spine in the decision to perform neuraxial anaesthesia.
To be seen and heard: Enhancing student engagement to support university aspirations and expectations for students from low socioeconomic status backgrounds
Authors: Cunninghame Ian , Vernon Lynette , Pitman Tim
Published: July 2020

An important goal for educators is to foster student engagement in order to support a sense of valuing and aspiring to higher levels of education. To value education, students need to perceive that they are welcome, express their ideas and engage meaningfully in each education space they enter. Therefore, ‘pupil voice’ has the potential to become an important influencing factor regarding the degree to which students become self‐regulated learners, value educationand consequently support their aspirations and build their expectations to go on to university. This study examines the role pupil voice plays in building cognitive and emotional engagement, and whether this, in turn, builds desire for further study and expectations for university entry. Pupil voice is operationalised as the extent to which the student feels heard, involved and supported by the school community. Student survey data was collected (N = 542) from a low socioeconomic status region of the southwest corridor of metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. Structural equation modelling substantiated our serial mediation hypothesis. For students, a discernible pupil voice significantly and positively increased cognitive engagement (self‐regulated learning), which increased emotional engagement (valuing education) that, in turn, increased university desires, which led to increased university expectations. The results of this study underscore the importance of policies and practical interventions designed to develop strong student–teacher relationships, where students feel they are both seen and heard.
Predicting biofilm deformation with a viscoelastic phase‐field model: Modeling and experimental studies
Authors: Li Mengfei , Matouš Karel , Nerenberg Robert
Published: July 2020

Biofilms commonly develop in flowing aqueous environments, where the flow causes the biofilm to deform. Because biofilm deformation affects the flow regime, and because biofilms behave as complex heterogeneous viscoelastic materials, few models are able to predict biofilm deformation. In this study, a phase‐field (PF) continuum model coupled with the Oldroyd‐B constitutive equation was developed and used to simulate biofilm deformation. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using two types of biofilms: a synthetic biofilm, made from alginate mixed with bacterial cells, and a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Shear rheometry was used to experimentally determine the mechanical parameters for each biofilm, used as inputs for the model. Biofilm deformation under fluid flow was monitored experimentally using optical coherence tomography. The comparison between the experimental and modeling geometries, for selected horizontal cross sections, after fluid‐driven deformation was good. The relative errors ranged from 3.2 to 21.1% for the synthetic biofilm and from 9.1 to 11.1% for the P. aeruginosa biofilm. This is the first demonstration of the effectiveness of a viscoelastic PF biofilm model. This model provides an important tool for predicting biofilm viscoelastic deformation. It also can benefit the design and control of biofilms in engineering systems.
The Board's Role in CEO Selection
Authors: Henman Linda
Published: July 2020

Dr. Linda Henman is the author of six books, including Tough Calls: How to Move Beyond Indecision and Good Intentions. She has more than 35 years of experience working with executives and boards in Fortune 500 companies and small businesses to help them exceed their strategic objectives by maximizing talent. In this article, Dr. Henman explores the various factors boards should take into account when selecting a new chief executive officer for their organization, and offers a step‐by‐step process for doing so.
COVID‐19: An Urgent Imperative for CEO Succession Planning
Authors: Santora Joseph C.
Published: July 2020

Dr. Joseph C. Santora is the founder of TST, Inc., a management consulting company, editor of the International Leadership Journal (internationalleadershipjournal.com), and an executive educator. In this article, he discusses the impact of COVID‐19 on CEO succession and urges boards of directors to create and implement a CEO succession plan with the assistance of their companies' chief human resource officers (CHROs).
A case‐based learning approach to online biochemistry labs during COVID‐19
Authors: Thibaut Dylan , Schroeder Kersten T.
Published: July 2020

With biochemistry forced to transition to remote‐teaching online, the cooperative active learning and problem‐solving normally in labs have been limited. With little ability to perform experiments with laboratory equipment, determining how to mimic the qualities integral to these labs in an online environment is necessary. We propose one possible solution to provide online labs: short case‐based learning activities.
Intra and inter: Alterations in functional brain resting‐state networks after peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Xing Xiang‐Xin , Hua Xu‐Yun , Zheng Mou‐Xiong , Ma Zhen‐Zhen , Huo Bei‐Bei , Wu Jia‐Jia , Ma Shu‐Jie , Ma Jie , Xu Jian‐Guang
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Numerous treatments suggest that brain plasticity changes after peripheral nerve injury (PNI), and most studies examining functional magnetic resonance imaging focused on abnormal changes in specific brain regions. However, it is the large‐scale interaction of neuronal networks instead of isolated brain regions contributed to the functional recovery after PNI. In the present study, we examined the intra‐ and internetworks alterations between the related functional resting‐state networks (RSNs) in a sciatic nerve injury rat model.

Methods

Ninety‐six female rats were divided into a control and model group. Unilateral sciatic nerve transection and direct anastomosis were performed in the latter group. We used an independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm to observe the changes in RSNs and assessed functional connectivity between different networks using the functional networks connectivity (FNC) toolbox.

Results

Six RSNs related to PNI were identified, including the basal ganglia network (BGN), sensorimotor network (SMN), salience network (SN), interoceptive network (IN), cerebellar network (CN), and default mode network (DMN). The model group showed significant changes in whole‐brain FC changes within these resting‐state networks (RSNs), but four of these RSNs exhibited a conspicuous decrease. The interalterations performed that significantly decreased FNC existed between the BGN and SMN, BGN and IN, and BGN and DMN (p < .05, corrected). A significant increase in FNC existed between DMN and CN and between CN and SN (p < .05, corrected).

Conclusion

The results showed the large‐scale functional reorganization at the network level after PNI. This evidence reveals new implications to the pathophysiological mechanisms in brain plasticity of PNI.
Understanding student perceptions of worked example videos through the technology acceptance model
Authors: Dart Sarah , Cunningham‐Nelson Sam , Dawes Les
Published: July 2020

The transition from face‐to‐face to blended course offerings requires a significant investment in technology and human resourcing to generate the online component, and there is a risk of underutilisation of the online resources by students. However, understanding the features that encourage (rather than hinder) learning can enable more intentional designs which are likely to be embraced by learners, thus resulting in high usage rates. This study explored the features of worked example videos (WEVs) used in the blended delivery of three undergraduate engineering courses. Thematic analysis of end‐of‐semester survey responses and a focus group discussion was used to identify the features that impacted students' ease of use and usefulness perceptions, and thus explain the underlying drivers for engagement through the lens of the technology acceptance model. Features influencing perceived ease of use were accessibility, personal agency, findability, and instructional design and production. Features influencing perceived usefulness were the audio explanations for understanding, content scaffolding, and course alignment. These findings provide insights for educators on how to capitalise on WEV design and delivery characteristics to ensure that students perceive the resources as being easy to engage with and highly useful for their learning.
Development of a photovoltaic panel emulator and LabVIEW‐based application platform
Authors: Gürkan Serkan , Karapınar Mustafa , Sorgunlu Hasan , Öztürk Onur , Doğan Seydi
Published: July 2020

In this study, a photovoltaic (PV) panel emulator was developed based on a single diode model of a PV cell, and four prototypes of this kind emulator have been produced. In addition, an electronic potentiometer and a central control unit were developed to be used in experimental studies. Each of the developed emulators was planned to be at least 16 W in power. LabVIEW‐based interfaces were designed to reveal the electrical characteristics of the PV panel emulator and compare them with that of an actual PV panel, and the acquired electrical data were graphical analyzed with Matlab program. Results show that the developed PV panel emulator and actual PV panel characteristics are consistent with each other. A low‐cost system which does not need light source for experimental studies has been developed to be used in renewable energy laboratories, and to give psychomotor and cognitive behaviors to students.
Combining the project‐based learning methodology and computer simulation to enhance the engagement in the context of Environmental Engineering courses
Authors: Faba Laura , Díaz Eva
Published: July 2020

This paper analyses the good results obtained in an Environmental Engineering course at the master level after a complete revision of the lecturing system. The traditional methodology (lectures and seminars) was substituted by a project‐based learning strategy, in which students work in groups proposing and developing technical solutions to an actual environmental problem, with the aim of identifying the optimum one, combining technical and economic points of view. This new teaching methodology has been identified as a good approach to increase the students' engagement, with significant improvements in grades (from average values close to 5/10 to >7/10) and better impressions expressed by the students, which can identify the relevance of environmental problems in the development of their own professional curriculum. The core of this methodology is the use of GPS‐X software to study and analyse the different approaches proposed by the students as solutions for their project, to optimise the designs, to study the sensitivity to different process conditions and to evaluate the energy and maintenance costs of each proposal. GPS‐X software is an inductive and comprehensive tool to reinforce previous theoretical concepts and allows a fast analysis of the responses of industrial plants after each disruption, increasing the dynamism of the learning process. The final assessment, based on the continuous evaluation and a final written report, allows the evaluation of transversal skills, such as teamwork, self‐management, communication and problem‐solving, difficult to assess by a traditional methodology.
La Bella Figura: The role of a cultural philosophy on Italian consumerism
Authors: Ramos‐Ortiz Jaziel , Meier Stephanie , Rossi Melissa , Heyrman Heather , Reddy Megha , DeMaria Andrea L.
Published: July 2020

The La Bella Figura concept extends to many Italian cultural dimensions including physical appearance, perception of self, and behaviours. La Bella Figura plays an essential role in shaping Italian consumer behaviour and consumerism. The current study sought to understand how women living in Italy conceptualize La Bella Figura and how it affects their day‐to‐day lives, attitudes, and consumption behaviours. This research extracted concepts from Consumer Culture Theory to construct a qualitative codebook and structure thematic data analyses. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 30 women aged 18–50 years living in Florence, Italy. Participants were recruited through study flyers, social media, and snowball sampling. Open and axial coding were facilitated by HyperRESEARCH 4.0.1 software to generate key themes. Data were collected and analyzed by trained researchers living in Florence, Italy, who utilized grounded theory techniques to identify emergent themes. Results indicated various components of La Bella Figura contributed to consumer behaviour, namely its influence on identity (i.e., appearance, confidence), lifestyle goals (i.e., health, consumerism), and social norms (i.e., perceptions of others, media). Findings offer practical recommendations for marketers and retailers to appeal to the Italian market through effective and informed mediums.
Chemical Components and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Six Pyrrosia Species
Authors: Fan Ya , Feng Haiyang , Liu Li , Zhang Yingying , Xin Xiaowei , Gao Demin
Published: July 2020

The present study was aimed at analyzing the chemical components of the essential oil from six Pyrrosia species by GC/MS and evaluating their in vitro antibacterial activities. Seventy volatile compounds were identified in the essential oil of six Pyrrosia samples. The identified volatile components were divided into following nine categories: aldehydes, terpenoids, fatty acids, ketones, furans, hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, and phenols. The major components of the essential oil were 2,4‐pentadienal, phytol and nonanal. The antimicrobial assays showed that the essential oils from Pyrrosia samples exhibited a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, P. lingua had the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.5 μL/mL. This article is the first report of the chemical components and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from six Pyrrosia species, which will lay the foundation for developing medicinal resources from Pyrrosia fronds.
Women with chronic kidney disease undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Caveat emptor
Authors: Parikh Puja B. , Reilly John P.
Published: July 2020

Key Points

Over 60% of women presenting for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have coexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD).

In women undergoing TAVR, CKD was associated with significantly higher rates of adverse events, including a twofold higher rate of risk‐adjusted mortality at 1 year.

This study is an important step forward in our understanding of risk stratification in women with CKD undergoing TAVR and suggests that measures to optimize outcomes warrant further investigation in this high‐risk group of patients.
Fragmentation Mechanism of White Phosphorus: A Theoretical Insight into Multiple Cleavage/Formation of P−P and P−C Bonds
Authors: Luo Gen , Du Shanshan , Wang Pan , Liu Fan , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Luo Yi
Published: July 2020

Molecular‐level understanding of metal‐mediated white phosphorus (P4) activation is meaningful but challenging because of its direct relevance to the conversion of P4 into useful organophosphorus compounds as well as the complicated and unforeseeable cleavage process of P−P bonds. The related study, however, has still rarely been achieved to date. Here, a theoretical insight into the step‐by‐step process of three P−P bond cleavage/four P−C bond formation for [P3+P1]‐fragmentation of P4 mediated by lutetacyclopentadienes is reported. The unique charge‐separated intermediate and the intermolecular cooperation between two lutetacyclopentadienes play a vital role in the subsequent P−P/P−C bond breaking/forming. It is found that, although the first P−C formation is involved in the assembly of the cyclo‐P3 [R4C4P3]− unit, the construction of the aromatic five‐membered P1 heterocycle [R4C4P]− is completed prior to the cyclo‐P3 formation. The reaction mechanism has been carefully elucidated by analyses of the geometric structure, frontier molecular orbitals, bond index, and natural charge, which greatly broaden and enrich the general knowledge of the direct functionalization of P4.
Copper‐Based Hybrid Polyion Complexes for Fenton‐Like Reactions
Authors: Mestivier Mathieu , Li Jun Rong , Camy Aurèle , Frangville Camille , Mingotaud Christophe , Benoît‐Marquié Florence , Marty Jean‐Daniel
Published: July 2020

An innovative strategy allowing the development of a new generation of easy‐to‐prepare and easy‐to‐use nano‐sized catalysts with high tenability is presented. This strategy is based on the formation of hybrid polyion complexes (HPICs) from the complexation of copper with a block copolymer consisting of an ionizable complexing block and a neutral stabilizer block. These complexes have a well‐defined structure and size with a hydrodynamic diameter around 29 nm. They are stable in aqueous solution over a pH range from 4 to 8 and are not sensitive to NaCl salt addition or dilution effects. As a proof‐of‐concept the degradation of naphthol blue black in water through the use of the Fenton or photo‐Fenton reaction is studied. Their performances are comparable to a classical homogeneous reaction, whereas HPICs are easily recyclable by simple dialysis.
The use of natural (Pinus pinaster) resin in the production of printing ink and the printability effect
Authors: Karademir Arif , Aydemir Cem , Yenidogan Semiha , Arman Kandırmaz Emine , Kıter Rukiye G.
Published: July 2020

Alkyd resins are generally used in the production of printing inks. All industries look for alternative raw materials in the production of ink with the growing inclination toward using natural products. Resins forming the vehicle of the ink to be obtained from natural resources will provide benefits for the environment, nature, and living creatures. The aim of the study was to promote the use of natural resin in the ink system. Natural Pinus pinaster resin was added into vegetable and mineral oil‐based solvents in pure form with alkyd resin in different amounts and ink varnishes of different combinations were prepared. Then, printing inks were produced from these varnishes in pure and hybrid form. Following the assessment of the rheological properties of the inks prepared, printing tests were conducted to assess the printing quality parameters. Ideal mixing ratios of the natural resins in the ink were determined for printability. The environmental importance and advantages of the use of natural resins were discussed. Recommendations were given in line with the results to encourage widespread use of natural resins in near future.
Chemical‐Switching Strategy for Synthesis and Controlled Release of Norcantharimides from a Biomass‐Derived Chemical
Authors: Chang Hochan , Huber George W. , Dumesic James A.
Published: July 2020

Catalytic strategies were developed to synthesize and release chemicals for applications in fine chemicals, such as drugs and polymers, from a biomass‐derived chemical, 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). The combination of the diene and aldehyde functionalities in HMF enabled catalytic production of acetalized HMF derivatives with diol or epoxy reactants to allow reversible synthesis of norcantharimide derivatives upon Diels‐Alder reaction with maleimides. Reverse‐conversion of the acetal group to an aldehyde yielded mismatches of the molecular orbitals in norcantharimides to trigger retro Diels‐Alder reaction at ambient temperatures and released reactants from the coupled molecules under acidic conditions. These strategies provide for the facile synthesis and controlled release of high‐value chemicals.