bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The flame retardant triphenyl phosphate alters the epigenome of embryonic cells in an aquatic in vitro model
Authors: Germain Logan , Winn Louise M.
Published: February 2024

Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an organophosphate flame retardant and plasticizer that is added to a wide variety of consumer and industrial products. It is also a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Exposure to TPhP has been shown to alter gene expression in metabolic and estrogenic signaling pathways in in vitro and in vivo models of a variety of species, and as such, is considered to be an endocrine disrupting chemical. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals is increasingly being associated with changes to the epigenome, especially during embryonic development. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether TPhP exposure in aquatic ecosystems has the ability to alter the epigenome in two immortal cell lines derived from trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This study assessed whether 24 h exposure to TPhP resulted in changes to histone modification and DNA methylation profiles in steelhead trout embryonic cells and rainbow trout gill epithelial cells. Results show that several epigenetic modifications on histone H3 and DNA methylation are altered in the embryonic cells following TPhP exposure, but not in the gill epithelial cells. Specifically, histone H3 acetylation, histone H3 mono‐methylation and global DNA methylation were found to be reduced. The alterations of these epigenetic modification profiles in the embryonic cells suggest that exposure to TPhP during fetal development may alter gene expression in the developing embryo, likely in metabolic and estrogenic pathways. The impacts to the epigenome determined in this study may even carry multigenerational detrimental effects on human and ecosystem health, which requires further investigation.
Isomeric differentiation of bile acids using three‐dimensional MS2 spectrum
Authors: Niu Xiaoya , Zhou Yuxuan , Zhao Wenhui , Li Xiaoyun , Ren Luyao , Tu Pengfei , Liu Wenjing , Song Yuelin
Published: February 2024

Bile acids (BAs) currently occupy the research hotspot because of their unreplaceable physiological functions as well as their unique abilities to reflect the physiopathological status. It is always challenging to characterize BAs‐submetabolome using LC–MS/MS, primarily attributing to the high‐level structural diversity. The key obstructing confirmative identification is isomeric identification because of the inherent “isomer‐blind” disadvantage of MS/MS. The isomerism styles of BAs are broadly divided into: type‐I, 5α‐H and 5β‐H epimers; type‐II, α‐OH and β‐OH epimers; type‐III, C‐OH positional isomers; and type‐IV, hybrid isomers bearing two or more isomerism fashions. Herein, we aim to comprehensively pursue isomer‐selective clues for BAs through constructing three‐dimensional MS2 (3D‐MS2) spectrum that was accomplished by fortifying energy‐resolved MS (ER‐MS) program as the new dimension. The breakdown graphs of primary MS2 spectral signals composed of 3D‐MS2 spectrum namely full collision energy ramp (FCER)‐MS2 spectrum for each BA species after appropriate normalization, and seven isomeric BAs covering all isomerism styles were utilized as representative cases. After recording MS2 spectra with progressive CE levels, differences were observed for their FCER‐MS2 spectra. Diagnostic fragment ions (DFIs) occurred within type‐I, type‐II, type‐III or type‐IV isomers, and noteworthily, 2.02 Da neutral loss discriminated BAs containing cis‐6,7‐diol and trans‐6,7‐diol functional groups. Notably, the features such as the maximal relative ion intensity (RIImax) and optimal CE (OCE) enabled isomeric differentiation for all types, even type‐II and type‐III isomers. Above all, it is feasible to acquire in‐depth isomer‐selective MS/MS clues for BAs using FCER‐MS2 spectrum, regardless of the isomerism manner.
Effect of Phase Encoding Direction on Image Quality in Single‐Shot EPI Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging of the Breast
Authors: Rodríguez‐Soto Ana E. , Zou Jingjing , Loubrie Stephane , Ebrahimi Sheida , Jordan Stephan , Schlein Alexandra , Lim Vivian , Ojeda‐Fournier Haydee , Rakow‐Penner Rebecca
Published: February 2024

Background

In breast diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), distortion and physiologic artifacts affect clinical interpretation. Image quality can be optimized by addressing the effect of phase encoding (PE) direction on these artifacts.

Purpose

To compare distortion artifacts in breast DWI acquired with different PE directions and polarities, and to discuss their clinical implications.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Eleven healthy volunteers (median age: 47 years old; range: 22–74 years old) and a breast phantom.

Field Strength/Sequence

Single‐shot echo planar DWI and three‐dimensional fast gradient echo sequences at 3 T.

Assessment

All DWI data were acquired with left–right, right–left, posterior–anterior, and anterior–posterior PE directions. In phantom data, displacement magnitude was evaluated by comparing the location of landmarks in anatomical and DWI images. Three breast radiologists (5, 17, and 23 years of experience) assessed the presence or absence of physiologic artifacts in volunteers' DWI datasets and indicated their PE‐direction preference.

Statistical Tests

Analysis of variance with post‐hoc tests were used to assess differences in displacement magnitude across DWI datasets and observers. A binomial test and a chi‐squared test were used to evaluate if each in vivo DWI dataset had an equal probability (25%) of being preferred by radiologists. Inter‐reader agreement was evaluated using Gwet's AC1 agreement coefficient. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

In the phantom study, median displacement was the significantly largest in posterior–anterior data. While the displacement in the anterior–posterior and left–right data were equivalent (P = 0.545). In the in vivo data, there were no physiological artifacts observed in any dataset, regardless of PE direction. In the reader study, there was a significant preference for the posterior–anterior datasets which were selected 94% of the time. There was good agreement between readers (0.936).

Data Conclusion

This study showed the impact of PE direction on distortion artifacts in breast DWI. In healthy volunteers, the posterior‐to‐anterior PE direction was preferred by readers.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Well‐drained floodplain taphonomic mode of Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Northeast Argentina
Authors: Méndez CECILIA R. , Montalvo CLAUDIA I. , Luna CARLOS A. , Zurita Alfredo E.
Published: February 2024

The vertebrate assemblage recovered from the Toropí/Yupoí Formation (Late Pleistocene) in the Arroyo Toropí area, Bella Vista (Corrientes Province, Argentina), has been subjected to taphonomic evaluation. The fossil‐bearing levels have been dated to ~53 ka (MIS 3) based on Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating. This assemblage primarily comprises mammal remains, with a notable prevalence of herbivorous megamammals. Also, reptiles and birds have been documented. Sedimentological analysis suggests that the skeletal remains were preserved within a floodplain environment influenced by the dynamics of the adjacent fluvial system, and taphonomic features observed in the assemblage support this interpretation. The assemblage resulted from the deposition of disarticulated mammal remains and local dispersion over a relatively short period. Rapid burial is evident, but several processes such as weathering and breakage have contributed to the observed patterns. The loss of several skeletal elements within the assemblage may be attributed to sporadic water flows occurring on the floodplain. During the post‐burial stage, the specimens were affected by diagenetic processes, including filling, impregnation, deformation and breakage. In summary, the taphonomic evaluation of the Toropí/Yupoí Formation offers valuable comparison with other fossil fluvial assemblages. This research contributes to our understanding of the processes and environmental conditions that shaped this Late Pleistocene ecosystem.
Initial validation of a diaphragm tracking system for multiple breath‐hold volumetric modulated arc therapy of abdominal tumors: A phantom study
Authors: Nozawa Yuki , Ohta Takeshi , Katano Atsuto , Nawa Kanabu , Ohira Shingo , Yamashita Hideomi , Nakagawa Keiichi
Published: February 2024

Background

The breath‐hold radiotherapy has been increasingly used to mitigate interfractional and intrafractional breathing impact on treatment planning and beam delivery. Previous techniques include body surface measurements or radiopaque metal markers, each having known disadvantages.

Purpose

We recently proposed a new markerless technique without the disadvantages, where diaphragm was registered between DRR and fluoroscopic x‐ray projection images every 180 ms during VMAT delivery. An initial validation of the proposed diaphragm tracking system (DiaTrak) was performed using a chest phantom to evaluate its characteristics.

Methods

Diaphragm registration was performed between DRR and projection streaming kV x‐ray images of a chest phantom during VMAT delivery. Streaming data including the projection images and the beam angles were transferred from a linac system to an external PC, where the diaphragm registration accuracy and beam‐off latency were measured based on image cross correlation between the DRR and the projection images every 180 ms.

Results

It was shown that the average of the beam‐off latency was 249.5 ms and the average of the diaphragm registration error was 0.84 mm

Conclusions

Initial validation of the proposed DiaTrak system for multiple breath‐hold VMAT of abdominal tumors has been successfully completed with a chest phantom. The resulting beam‐off latency and the diaphragm registration error were regarded clinically acceptable.
Trendbericht Organische Chemie 2024
Authors: Breugst Martin , Andexer Jennifer , Barra Lena , Beil Sebastian B. , Breinbauer Rolf , Burkhardt Immo , Dumele Oliver , Ernst Martin , Gellrich Urs , Germer Philipp , Giese Michael , Huy Peter , Kath‐Schorr Stephanie , Klepp Julian , Körber Karsten , Kordes Markus , Kuttruff Christian A. , Lindel Thomas , Myllek Sebastian , Pfrengle Fabian , Pietruszka Jörg , Schaschke Norbert , Senge Mathias O. , Storch Golo , Teichert Johannes F. , Tönjes Jan , Waldvogel Siegfried R. , Werner Thomas , Winter Christian
Published: February 2024

Unter anderem das hat die Organik im letzten Jahr bewegt: milde Oxidation mit Elektrochemie, Oxidation zu enantiomerenreinen Sulfonylverbindungen, Flüssigkristallphasen erkennen mit maschinellem Lernen, CO2reagiert zu Succinat und Carbamaten, eine Alternative zu Bisphenol A, Subporphyrine, photoschaltbare Spinmaterialien, photochemische Thiophen‐Ringerweiterung, und Peptide werden mit Bor versehen und cyclisiert. Die Zusammenstellung des Trendberichts koordiniert hat Martin Breugst, Universität Chemnitz.
Nachruf: G. Ludwig Hofacker (1930 – 2023)
Authors: Manz Jörn
Published: February 2024

G. Ludwig Hofacker war Mitbegründer der Theoretischen Chemie in Deutschland. Als Forscher waren ihm Trends nicht wichtig; ihn interessierten seine Wissenschaft und ihre Wissenschaftler.
Startchancen‐Programm
Authors: Leusmann Eliza
Published: February 2024

Bund und Länder sind sich einig – nun kann das größte Bildungsprogramm in der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik zum Schuljahresbeginn 2024/25 starten.
Does public debt matter for human capital development? Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Nwokoye Ebele Stella , Dimnwobi Stephen Kelechi , Onuoha Favour Chidinma , Madichie Chekwube Vitus
Published: February 2024

An inquiry into the impact of external and domestic borrowings is considered timely for Nigeria, given the growing public debt profile amid deteriorating human capital development. Using data from 1990 to 2021, the study estimates the effects of domestic and external debts on Nigeria's human capital development. The study employed the fully modified ordinary least squares and canonical cointegration regression as the main estimation technique and the robustness check, respectively. The study discovered that domestic and external debt, economic growth and debt servicing exert positive and significant influence on human capital development in Nigeria while environmental pollution has an inverse and significant impact on human capital development in Nigeria. Premised on the outcomes, policy suggestions aimed at enhancing human capital development in Nigeria have been put forward.
A cross‐sectional study of breastfed infants referred for tongue tie assessment and frenotomy in one Canadian health region
Authors: Lee Tiffany A. , Bishop Jessica , Drover Anne , Midodzi William K. , Twells Laurie K.
Published: February 2024

Importance

Tongue tie (TT) is a condition that can cause infant feeding difficulties due to restricted tongue movement. When TT presents as a significant barrier to breastfeeding, a frenotomy may be recommended. Universally accepted diagnostic criteria for TT are lacking and wide prevalence estimates are reported. New referral processes and a Frenotomy Assessment Tool were implemented in one Canadian health region to connect breastfeeding dyads with a provider for TT evaluation and frenotomy.

Objective

To determine the proportion of babies with TT as well as the frequency of frenotomy.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included infants who initiated breastfeeding at birth and were referred for TT evaluation over a 14‐month period. Data were collected retrospectively by chart review and analyzed using SPSS. Factors associated with frenotomy were examined using logistic regression.

Results

Two hundred and forty‐one babies were referred. Ninety‐two percent (n = 222) were diagnosed with TT and 66.0% (n = 159) underwent frenotomy. In the multivariate model, nipple pain/trauma, inability to latch, inability to elevate tongue, and dimpling of tongue on extension were associated with frenotomy (P < 0.05). Most referrals in our region resulted in a diagnosis of TT; however, the number of referrals was lower than expected, and of these two‐thirds underwent frenotomy.

Interpretation

TT is a relatively common finding among breastfed infants. Future research should examine whether a simplified assessment tool containing the four items associated with frenotomy in our multivariate model can identify breastfed infants with TT who require frenotomy.
Effects of vasoactive substances on biomechanics of small resistance arteries of male and female Dahl salt‐sensitive rats
Authors: Mensah Eric A. , Daneshtalab Noriko , Tabrizchi Reza
Published: February 2024

Changes in vascular biomechanics leading to increase in arterial stiffness play a pivotal role in circulatory dysfunction. Our objectives were to examine sex‐specific pharmacological changes related to the biomechanics and any structural modifications in small resistance arteries of Dahl salt‐sensitive male and female rats. The composite Young modulus (CYM) was determined using pressure myograph recordings, and immunohistochemistry was used for the evaluation of any structural changes in the third‐order mesenteric arteries (n = 6). Animals on high‐salt diet developed hypertension with significant elevation in central and peripheral blood pressures and pulse wave velocity compared to those on regular diet. There were no significant differences observed in the CYM between any of the groups (i.e., males and females) in vehicle‐treated time‐control studies. The presence of verapamil (0.3 μM) significantly reduced CYM in hypertensive males without changes within females compared to vehicle. This effect was abolished by phenylephrine (0.3 μM). BaCl2 (100 μM), ouabain (100 μM), and L‐NAME (0.3 μM) combined significantly increased CYM in vessels from in normotensive males and females but not in hypertensive males compared to vehicle. The increase in CYM was abolished in the presence of phenylephrine. Sodium nitroprusside (0.3 μM), in the presence of phenylephrine, significantly reduced CYM in male normotensive versus hypertensive, with no differences within females. Significant differences were observed in immunohistochemical assessment of biomechanical markers of arterial stiffness between males and females. Our findings suggest sex possibly due to pressure differences to be responsible for adaptive changes in biomechanics, and varied pharmacological responses in hypertensive state.
Diamonds in the Current: Navigating Challenges for the Integration of Diamond in Power Electronics
Authors: Eon David
Published: February 2024

Power electronics, a pivotal field orchestrating electrical energy flow in the modern world, deals with efficient conversion, control, and management of electrical power across diverse applications. While its scope encompasses circuits for energy conversion, its challenges include transporting electrical energy over extended distances. Focusing on electrical‐to‐electrical conversions, the goal is minimal loss for delivering maximum power. The article explores the intricacies of power electronics, presenting key equations, and concepts. The current global power electronics market witnesses growth, driven by demand for energy‐efficient technologies, renewables integration, and the rise of electric vehicles. Future trends indicate continued growth, driven by renewable energy systems, and electric vehicles. Wide bandgap semiconductors, play a crucial role, with ultra‐wide bandgap semiconductors like diamond emerging as potential disruptors. A comparative analysis of semiconductor properties reveals diamond's unique attributes. Despite its challenges, diamond shows promise for power electronic applications, with ongoing research on components like Schottky diodes. Thermal considerations, substrate limitations, and dislocation challenges are discussed, emphasizing the need for advancements to harness the full potential of diamond in power electronics. Finally, some inputs about the importance of overcoming these challenges for the successful integration of diamond in power electronic systems are given.
Stochastic important‐data‐based attack model and defense strategies for cyber‐physical system: A data‐driven method
Authors: Zhang Chunting , Zhao Xia , Tian Engang , Zou Yi
Published: February 2024

This article investigates the security ensured state estimation problem for cyber‐physical system via a data‐driven method. First, based on the fact that different packets possess varying a degree of significance, that is, some packets play more important roles in the state estimation than others, a novel stochastic important‐data‐based (IDB) attack mechanism is constructed from the attacker's perspective, which can focus on attacking the important packets thus is expected to achieve more destructiveness. Second, as a countermeasure to the proposed IDB attack, a new data‐driven compensation method is proposed, for the first attempt, to compensate for the attack effect and enhance the estimation quality. The designed defense strategy has the following two advantages: (1) only system input and output data are utilized to establish the novel estimator, without knowing the actual system model knowledge, and (2) by constructing a data‐driven output predictor to compensate for the data loss, the accuracy of the state estimation can be efficiently improved. With the aid of the least squares technique and completing square technique, a minimum upper bound matrix for the estimation error covariance is obtained by properly designing the estimator gain. Finally, an illustrative example is given to highlight the destructiveness of the designed stochastic IDB attack and the effectiveness of the proposed novel data‐based compensation method.
Quantification of secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements by using ion‐implanted metallic standards
Authors: Soria Guiomar Delgado , González María , Crespillo Miguel Luis , Sánchez Prieto Jesús , García Gastón
Published: February 2024

This research addresses an analytical methodology to quantify elements of interest in fusion‐relevant materials using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). For this purpose, internal standards have been fabricated by ion implantation to avoid the well‐known matrix effect of this technique. In particular, chromium has been implanted at an energy of 12 MeV using two fluences in high‐purity iron and tungsten matrices together with Si control substrates. The latter were applied to determine the Cr concentration implanted through experimental and semiempirical methods. Specifically, the IBA technique Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) provided the quantitative results being 3.1 × 1019 at/cm3 and 1.6 × 1019 at/cm3 for the high and low dose, respectively. The SIMS depth profiles of Cr for the Fe and W matrices established an ion implantation depth close to 2 μm on both substrates in agreement with the calculations previously performed by Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) simulations. Correlation between the integration of SIMS profiles and known concentrations of the implanted ion resulted in the calibration curve for each matrix, obtaining the SIMS quantification approach by means of this relative sensitivity factor (RSF). Additionally, a cross‐check of the method by comparing commercial Fe‐Cr alloys with the Cr‐implanted Fe matrices of the present study pointed out the need to produce standards with higher chromium concentrations.
Modifying Fluorescent Protein Chromophore to Detect Protamine and Application in Real Serum Samples
Authors: Gao Xiaochen , Li Ke , Xiao Yu , Dai Jianan , Shen Zheyu , Lv Guangping , Yang Yaqiong
Published: February 2024

As effective methods to accurately and rapidly detect protamine remains a major challenge, here we present a fluorescent protein chromophore‐based probe (IDL‐FP) utilizing twisted‐intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) to detect protamine. The introduction of an electron‐donor group 4‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde extends the emission wavelength of IDL‐FP to the red region. The deprotection of t‐butyloxy carbonyl groups can then generate an electronegative carboxyl group, which promotes the binding to protamine via electrostatic attraction. Thus, IDL‐FP is sensitive and specific towards protamine and can serve as a highly selective detector for protamine with a detection limit as low as 8.87 ng/mL. As IDL‐FP exhibited good stability in physiological pH environment, we successfully apply IDL‐FP to detect spiked‐in protamine in human serum. In summary, probe IDL‐FP is a promising tool for the quantitative determination of protamine.
Chalcones: Effective Agents for Fighting Cancer Across Multiple Cell Lines
Authors: Kaur Sukhmeet , Kaur Jasneet , Anand Amit , Kaur Kirandeep , Choudhary Vishal
Published: February 2024

This review article explores the mushrooming research on chalcone hybrid molecules as promising anticancer agents. Chalcones, featuring a unique chemical structure, exhibit diverse biological activities, including potent anticancer properties. Various synthetic chalcones and their derivatives have demonstrated remarkable efficacy against different cancer cell lines, offering advantages such as reduced mutagenicity. The article summarizes recent advancements in chalcone hybrid research, highlighting their potential in cancer treatment and paving the way for novel, safer, and more effective chemotherapeutic agents.
Synthesis, Biological Investigation, and Molecular Docking of Novel Benzimidazole‐Hydrazone Hybrids as Potential Anticancer Agent Candidates
Authors: Demirci Serpil , Köprülü Tuğba Kul , Mermer Arif , Yılmaz Gizem Tatar
Published: February 2024

In this study, six novel Benzimidazole‐hydrazone derivatives starting from the commercially available 1H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐2‐amine were synthesized, and the molecular structure of the obtained compounds were confirmed by NMR, FTIR and MS spectroscopic techniques. The anticancer activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated against HT29 (Human colon adenocarcinoma) and A549 (Human non‐small cell lung cancer) cancer cell lines using xCELLigence real‐time cell analysis. Cell apoptosis was determined by DNA laddering assay and Annexin V/FITC flow cytometer. Compound 4 c exhibited the best anticancer potency against both cancer cell lines (A549 and HT29) with IC50 values of 0.0019 μM and 0.0093 μM, respectively. Compound 4 c reduced the growth of A549 and HT29 cells in vitro and induced early apoptosis of A549 and HT29 cells. Additionaly, all compounds demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics properties compared to Paclitaxel (reference compound) and the best docking scores were obtained for compounds 4 e and 4 b among the compounds.
Smart chiral liquid crystal elastomers: Design, properties and application
Authors: Liu Yuan , Ma Jiazhe , Yang Yanzhao , Valenzuela Cristian , Zhang Xuan , Wang Ling , Feng Wei
Published: February 2024

Smart chiral liquid crystal elastomers are a class of soft photonic crystals with periodic nanostructures. There are two kinds of chiral liquid crystal elastomers with structural colors: cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers with a one‐dimensional helical nanostructure and blue‐phase liquid crystal elastomers with a three‐dimensional photonic crystal nanostructure. The self‐assembled nanostructure of chiral liquid crystal elastomers can be dynamically controlled under external stimulation, and the reflected color can be adjusted throughout the visible light range. Along with the development of innovative material systems and cutting‐edge manufacturing technologies, researchers have proposed diverse strategies to design and synthesize chiral liquid crystal elastomers and have thoroughly investigated their properties and potential applications. Here, we provide a systematic review of the progress in the design and fabrication of smart chiral liquid crystal elastomers, focusing on the cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers via surface‐enforced alignment, bar coating, 3D printing, anisotropic deswelling methods as well as the three‐dimensional self‐assembly of blue‐phase liquid crystal elastomers without additional alignment. Smart chiral liquid crystal elastomers are able to respond quickly to external stimuli and have a wide range of applications in areas such as adaptive optics, color‐changing camouflage, soft robotics, and information encryption. This review concludes with a perspective on the opportunities and challenges for the future development of smart chiral liquid crystal elastomers.
On Doing Concept‐Driven Sociology
Authors: Brekhus Wayne H. , Sabetta Lorenzo
Published: February 2024

In this article, we elaborate on both bread‐and‐butter and epistemological features of concept‐driven sociology (CDS). First, we highlight the specific link between this framework and Zerubavel's approach by outlining how CDS is especially suited to deepen the understanding of unmarked dimensions and intersubjective phenomena, reflexively re‐employing the insights of cognitive sociology while crossing thematic (as well as disciplinary) boundaries. Then, we examine four theoretico‐methodological linchpins of CDS, with particular attention to their relationship with symbolic interactionism: the primacy of analytic novelty (and the tool‐like character of sensitizing concepts); the distinct modus operandi regarding the theory‐and‐research‐integration conundrum; the Simmelian legacy of prioritizing geometric and formal dimensions of social features; and the “etic” perspective in re‐constructing sociological problems. Thus, after discussing why CDS should not be judged as appealing only to qualitative scholars, we proceed to present the contributions to the special issue. We conclude this article by briefly stressing the open character of CDS—its essential call for new conceptually guided empirical research.
Effect of enrofloxacin on clinical parameters and mucociliary system of broilers challenged with H9N2 avian influenza/infectious bronchitis viruses
Authors: Abbasnia Mohammad , Mosleh Najmeh , Dadras Habibollah , Shomali Tahoora
Published: February 2024

Background

Effect of antibacterials on mucociliary system and clinical outcome of chickens with mixed viral respiratory conditions is not properly addressed.

Objective

We evaluated enrofloxacin effects on clinical parameters and mucociliary system of broilers challenged with H9N2/IB viruses.

Methods

Broilers (105), at the age of 25 days, were randomly allocated into three groups: Group 1 (negative control), no treatment; Group 2 (positive control [PC]) challenged by intranasal and intraocular route. Group 3 (antibiotic [AB]‐treated) challenged and also received enrofloxacin started after manifestation of clinical signs (day 2 post‐challenge [pc]) and continued for 5 days.

Results

Administration of AB was not associated with appreciable changes in body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) or the severity of clinical signs although it slightly reduced mortality rate as compared to PC group (p > 0.05). Virus shedding period and number of virus positive tracheal and caecal tonsil samples were also statistically similar between PC and AB groups. In necropsy, the most profound effect of AB was decreased pleuropneumonia severity score on day 12 pc. Histopathological lesion scores were statistically the same between PC and AB groups. However, the administration of AB increased the number of tracheal goblet cells, with no effect on ciliostasis.

Conclusions

We found a weak positive effect of enrofloxacin administration in H9N2/IB‐infected chickens. Considering the risks of AB treatment in broiler chickens, the results of this small‐scale study do not encourage the benefit of enrofloxacin use in these viral diseases.
A comprehensive analysis of albuminuria in canine chronic kidney disease
Authors: Paukner Karel , Filipejova Zita , Mareš Jan , Vávra Miloš , Rehakova Kristina , Proks Pavel , Gabriel Vojtech , Crha Michal
Published: February 2024

Background

Albuminuria, an important marker of decreased kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD), is not routinely used for CKD detection or proteinuria appearance. Its relationships with biochemical parameters and blood pressure in dogs are poorly understood.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of albuminuria with various CKD markers, its correlation with the urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), and hypertension in dogs with early stages of CKD. It also sought to determine the usability of the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UAC) for CKD screening.

Methods

The study reviewed records of 102 dogs, categorising them into four groups based on disease status. UAC and UPC ratio, biochemistry and haematology variables, age, and systolic blood pressure were determined.

Results

The Pearson's correlation coefficient between log‐transformed values of UPC and UAC was r = 0.902 (95% CI: 0.87 to 0.93). Median UAC ratio values were 2.1 mg/g for the Healthy control group (n = 17), 54.2 mg/g for early stages CKD (n = 42), 5.8 mg/g for Acute sick control (n = 30), and 104 mg/g for Chronic sick control (n = 13). Thresholding UAC ratio as an indicator for impaired kidney function with the threshold of 10 mg/g (established based on the receiver operating characteristic curve) had a sensitivity 81.8%, specificity of 89.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) 90%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 80.1%. The correlation of UAC with biochemistry and haematology variables was statistically significant; for SDMA (μg/L), it was r = 0.566 and for other variables, it was weak to moderate. UAC was markedly elevated in cases of severe hypertension.

Conclusions

UAC ratio was significantly different among dogs with impaired and not impaired kidney function. The correlation strength for the UAC and UPC ratios was high. UAC ratio may be a promising marker for proteinuria analysis in dogs with CKD or other kidney function alterations.
The Digital Divide: Understanding Vulnerability and Risk in Children and Young People’s Everyday Digital Lives
Authors: Holmarsdottir Halla
Published: February 2024

This chapter aims to uncover what it means to be vulnerable or at risk in relation to digital technology. To better understand risk and vulnerability, there is a need to consider specific kinds of protection, education, and socialisation, all of which are tasks assigned to families and other ecosystems surrounding the digital generation. This chapter provides a first step in contributing to a more precise understanding of the concepts of vulnerability and risk regarding the use of digital technology, laying the foundation for some of the discussions in the remaining chapters of this edited volume. More specifically, the chapter has the following objectives: (1) to understand vulnerability and risk and what it means for children and young people to be vulnerable or at risk regarding digital technologies; and (2) to provide a theoretical contribution to this volume by focusing on vulnerability and risk. One thing that is clear is that risk and vulnerability are partly understood within the digital divide literature and that the importance of the various ecosystems surrounding children and young people’s everyday lives has a crucial role to play.
Children’s and Young People’s ICT Experiences in School Education: Participatory Research Design to Engage Children and Young People as Experts in Research
Authors: Labusch Amelie , Eickelmann Birgit , Casamassima Gianna , Drossel Kerstin , Gudmundsdottir Greta Björk , Kazani Aggeliki , Mifsud Louise , Symeonaki Maria , Teidla-Kunitsõn Gertha
Published: February 2024

With technological change affecting all aspects of life, it is important to ensure that children and young people are prepared for a future in the digital world. Education plays an important role in this. However, the perspectives of children and young people are often overlooked when researching this role. This chapter describes how children and young people were actively involved in a video workshop approach as part of a participatory research design used in the DigiGen study. One of the children’s and young people’s tasks was to develop an interview guide for their peers. The development of interview guides by the children and young people and teacher candidates in these workshops varied considerably between the five participating countries—Estonia, Germany, Greece, Norway, and Romania. The main implications of the methodological approach were the great benefit of uncovering previously unrecognised aspects (which is important in participatory research), such as how children and young people see education as preparation for their future life in the digital age. Solutions could be developed for the challenges that have arisen, and with appropriate planning and preparation, the method can be successful. The results help to highlight the relevance and potential of video workshops for future research and involve children and young people in the research process, making use of their knowledge to supplement traditional approaches.
ICT Use and Children’s Self-reported Life Satisfaction
Authors: Ayllón Sara , Brugarolas Pablo , Lado Samuel
Published: February 2024

In this chapter, we use the Children’s Worlds database to investigate how ICT affects children’s subjective well-being in Europe, and whether its use crowds out other activities, which could have an impact on how satisfied children are with their own lives. The survey queries 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old children regarding their daily routine and activities, use of time, and the extent to which they agree with several statements. The questionnaire also includes information on their social, economic, and demographic background and, most importantly for our research, their self-assessed well-being and thoughts on ICT usage. First, we find that a higher frequency of playing electronic games, using social media, and having Internet access and/or a mobile phone is positively associated with overall subjective well-being. Second, we find no evidence of any crowd-out effects—that is children who spend more time with digital devices do not report that they devote any less time to other activities. Finally, we document the fact that the use of digital technologies is positively related to satisfaction with the amount of free time they have and with their use of time. These results are generally not consistent with the main takeaways from causal studies which highlight the importance of further research on this area.
An MQDT Model for the Description of Time Resolved Pump Probe Experiments
Authors: Alarcón Miguel , Greene Chris H.
Published: February 2024

A method based on multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT) for the treatment of perturbative and time resolved photoionization in pump probe experiments is presented. Following an introduction to the theory, examples in two regimes of argon are presented. The theory successfully describes the energy distribution and the dependence on probe delay of the photoionization spectrum. We finalize with a discussion about angular distributions and possible further applications of the method.
Polarization-Shaped Strong Field Control Over Valley Polarization with Mid-IR Light
Authors: Tyulnev Igor , Poborska Julita , Jiménez-Galán Álvaro , Vamos Lenard , Smirnova Olga , Ivanov Mikhail , Biegert Jens
Published: February 2024

We induce valley-control in MoS2 with a polarization-shaped mid-infrared light field. The trefoil-shaped pump field is characterized by high harmonic spectroscopy and valley polarization is read our by a probe field via second harmonic generation.
Controlling the Time Evolution of Electron-Nuclei Entanglement for Steering Vibronic Coherences Dynamics Induced by Short 1–2 fs Optical Pulses
Authors: Blavier Martin , Gelfand Natalia , Levine R. D. , Remacle F.
Published: February 2024

Atto pulses allow controlling the charge migration and the spatio-temporal beating of the electronic density on a purely electronic time scale by tailoring the parameters of the pump pulse to excite specific electronic coherences. As the nuclei begin to move, the electronic and nuclear motions are entangled and the engineered electronic coherences can be usefully exploited for steering the vibronic density to specific products through the network of non adiabatic interactions. Three recent examples for which we demonstrate such a control by fully quantum dynamical computations are discussed. Two diatomic molecules, LiH and N2 excited by a 2 fs deep UV pulse and the ultrafast structural Jahn-Teller rearrangement in CH4+. The entanglement between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom arises from the optical excitation and from non adiabatic coupling induced by the nuclear motion. We provide insight of the coherence control mechanism by analyzing the time evolution of the entanglement using a singular valued decomposition (SVD) of the matricized wave function.
Studying the Role of Astrocytic Membrane Properties on Microscopic Fluid Flow in Brain Tissue
Authors: Abbasova Nigar , Balaji Adyant , Bernardelli Elena , Ellingsrud Ada J , Sætra Marte J
Published: February 2024

The role of astrocyte networks in brain volume homeostasis and waste clearance has not received enough attention from the neuroscience community. However, recent research efforts indicate that glial cells are crucial for fluid flow through brain tissue, contributing to clearance and maintenance of brain volume. We examine the role of various glial cotransporters in the spatial and temporal changes of the intra- and extracellular volume fractions and fluid dynamics via computational modelling. The model is incorporated within the Kirchhoff-Nernst- Planck electrodiffusive framework and takes into account ionic electrodiffusion and fluid dynamics. Our research shows that all model configurations demonstrate similar fluid fluxes, except those involving HCO− 3 dynamics. The model configuration that included the NBC cotransporter was observed to have the greatest intracellular total volume-weighted fluid velocity of 16 μm/s.
Reconstruction of a Pancreatic Beta Cell Network From Heterogeneous Functional Measurements
Authors: Shetty Roshni , Singh-Agarwal Radhika , Meier Stefan , Goetz Christian , Edwards Andrew G
Published: February 2024

Intercellular heterogeneity is fundamental to most biological tissues. For some cell types, heterogeneity is thought to be responsible for distinct cellular phenotypes and functional roles. In the pancreatic islet, subsets of phenotypically distinct beta cells (hub and leader cells) are thought to coordinate electrical activity of the beta cell network. This hypothesis has been addressed by experimental and computational approaches, but none have attempted to reconstruct functional specialization directly from measured heterogeneity. To evaluate if electrophysiologic heterogeneity alone can explain these specialized functional roles, we created a population of human beta cell models (via genetic algorithm optimization) recapitulating the heterogeneity in an extensive patch clamp dataset (1021 pancreatic cells). Then we applied the simplified Kirchhoff network (SKNM) formalism to simulate activity of that population in a connected beta cell network. We could not immediately observe cells with obvious hub or leader phenotypes within the heterogeneous network. However, with this study we built the basis for further ”ground-up” investigation of relationships between beta cell heterogeneity and human islet function. Moreover, our workflow may be translated to other tissues where large electrophysiologic data sets become available, and heterogeneity is thought to influence tissue function e.g. human atria.
Transnational Capital and Paper Production
Authors: Ehrich Martha Emilie
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the progression of the Dutch paper industry during the post-Fordist phase, starting from 1980 onward. By highlighting both active and passive government interventions and economic restructuring within the context of the Dutch paper industry, the chapter challenges the notion that the state withdraws from regulatory involvement in the post-Fordist accumulation regime. State strategies, including the deregulation of market structures to facilitate widespread transnational ownership, neoliberal re-regulative initiatives involving closer collaboration between the public and private sectors for research and development, privatization of public sectors, active and passive financial support for industry demands, and the flexibilization of labor, all aimed at enhancing the international competitiveness of Dutch industries. The chapter clarifies the tensions that arise from the convergence of conflicting class fraction interests, with a focus on industry sustainability, emerging forms of labor precarity, and heightened competition.
Networked Capitalism
Authors: Ehrich Martha Emilie
Published: February 2024

The concluding chapter of the book consolidates the insights derived from each preceding chapter, emphasizing the fundamental importance of the state’s engagement, labor conflicts, cooperative and competitive frameworks, and technological advancements in ensuring the survival of the Dutch paper industry. Despite being frequently scrutinized individually, these factors collectively serve as crucial elements in upholding the industry’s resilience. The chapter concludes by looking ahead to the primary challenges anticipated for the industry and proposing sustainable trajectories for its future.
Historische Perspektiven: Wie haben sich grundlegende Strukturmerkmale des Bildungswesens herausgebildet?
Authors: van Ackeren-Mindl Isabell , Klemm Klaus , Schmid-Kühn Svenja Mareike
Published: February 2024

Das deutsche Bildungssystem, so wie es sich zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts dem Betrachter darstellt, ist das Ergebnis einer Entwicklung, die sich im deutschsprachigen Raum insbesondere während der letzten dreihundert Jahre – vom 18. Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart hinein – vollzogen hat. Seine Darstellung bedarf daher, soll es richtig verstanden werden, einer historischen Rückerinnerung. Mit der historischen Perspektive wird eine Folie geboten, ohne die Besonderheiten dieses Bildungssystems über weite Strecken unverstanden bleiben müssen.
Schultheoretische Perspektiven: Warum unterhalten entwickelte Gesellschaften institutionalisierte Bildungssysteme? – Ein zusammenfassender Rück- und Ausblick
Authors: van Ackeren-Mindl Isabell , Klemm Klaus , Schmid-Kühn Svenja Mareike
Published: February 2024

Ansätze zu einer Theorie der Schule tragen zu der Frage bei, welche Funktionen eine Gesellschaft der Schule zuschreibt und welchem historischen Wandlungsprozess diese Zuschreibung unterliegt.
S-duality in the Cardy-like limit of the superconformal index
Authors: Amariti Antonio , Zanetti Andrea
Published: February 2024

Abstract

We evaluate the superconformal index of 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM with gauge algebra so(2Nc + 1) in the Cardy-like limit. We then study the relation with the results obtained for the S-dual usp(2Nc), discussing the fate of S-duality in different regions of charges. We find that S-duality is preserved thanks to a non-trivial integral identity that relates the three sphere partition functions of pure 3d Chern-Simons gauge theories.
Anomaly detection in the presence of irrelevant features
Authors: Freytsis Marat , Perelstein Maxim , San Yik Chuen
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Experiments at particle colliders are the primary source of insight into physics at microscopic scales. Searches at these facilities often rely on optimization of analyses targeting specific models of new physics. Increasingly, however, data-driven model-agnostic approaches based on machine learning are also being explored. A major challenge is that such methods can be highly sensitive to the presence of many irrelevant features in the data. This paper presents Boosted Decision Tree (BDT)-based techniques to improve anomaly detection in the presence of many irrelevant features. First, a BDT classifier is shown to be more robust than neural networks for the Classification Without Labels approach to finding resonant excesses assuming independence of resonant and non-resonant observables. Next, a tree-based probability density estimator using copula transformations demonstrates significant stability and improved performance over normalizing flows as irrelevant features are added. The results make a compelling case for further development of tree-based algorithms for more robust resonant anomaly detection in high energy physics.
Transitional circulation patterns from full ice cover to ice-off in a seasonally ice-covered lake
Authors: Hughes Katie Stagl , Forrest Alexander L. , Cortés Alicia , Bombardelli Fabián A.
Published: February 2024

There is consensus that under-ice circulation presents multiple phases through the winter, and that different mechanisms dominate each period. In this work, measurements of temperature, water velocity, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen from Lake Massawippi, Quebec, Canada, obtained during the ice-covered season in 2019, were used to characterize the time scales of different winter regimes and transitions among dominating circulation mechanisms. Lake circulation during this period began with a single-cell convection induced by sediment flux pulses in early winter. The single-cell convection decayed into a brief quiescent period. Radiatively driven convection then formed a convectively mixed layer in late winter. The defined mixed layer and temperature structure provided the necessary conditions for the formation of a potential rotational feature, which briefly formed immediately prior to ice break-up. Ice break-up led to complex hydrodynamics that persisted for nearly 28 days following full ice-off. Dissolved oxygen was directly correlated with the varying circulation features throughout the field campaign. This work provides a quantitative measure to delineate the transitions between under-ice regimes and provides novel insights into the subsequent circulation during and after ice break-up.