bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Performance of Sepsis-3 Criteria to Predict Mortality Among Patients With Hematologic Malignancy and Post-transplant who Have Suspected Infection
Authors: Henig Oryan , Putler Rosemary K B , Albin Owen , Patel Twisha S , Kaul Daniel , Rao Krishna , Kaye Keith S
Published: October 2021

Background

Sepsis is a leading cause of death, particularly in immunocompromised people. The revised definition of sepsis (Sepsis-3) uses the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and quick SOFA (qSOFA) to identify patients with sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of SOFA, qSOFA, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in immunocompromised patients.

Methods

Adult immunocompromised patients admitted to Michigan Medicine between 2012 and 2018 with suspected infection were included based on criteria adopted from the Sepsis-3 study. Each clinical score (SOFA ≥2, qSOFA ≥2, SIRS ≥2) was added to the baseline risk model as an ordinal variable as well as a dichotomous variable, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values were calculated. In addition, breakpoints of SOFA between 2 and 10 were assessed to identify the breakpoints with the highest sensitivity and specificity for hospital mortality. The analysis was stratified for intensive care unit (ICU) status.

Results

Of 2822 immunocompromised patients with a mean age of 56.8±15.6 years, 213 (7.5%) died during hospitalization. When added to the baseline risk model, SOFA score had the greatest predictive validity for hospital mortality (AUROC,0.802; 95% CI, 0.771–0.832), followed by qSOFA (AUROC,0.783; 95% CI, 0.754–0.812) and SIRS (AUROC,0.741; 95% CI, 0.708–0.774). Among the SOFA breakpoints that were evaluated, SOFA ≥6 had the greatest predictive validity and a moderate positive likelihood ratio (2.75) for hospital mortality.

Conclusions

The predictive validity for hospital mortality of qSOFA was similar among immunocompromised patients as that reported in the Sepsis-3 study. The sensitivity of qSOFA ≥2 for hospital mortality was low. SOFA ≥6 might be an effective tool to identify immunocompromised patients with suspected infection at high risk for clinical deterioration.
Agreed: Religion Is Not a Thing— But Is It an Agent?
Authors: Lewis Nicola Denzey
Published: October 2021

In this chapter Nicola Denzey Lewis and Malory Nye debate whether or not religion is a “thing.” In his initial definition, Nye points out the constructed, hypostasized, and even fetishized nature of what is customarily called religion. Lewis responds by noting that in emphasizing the political aspects of religion, Nye overlooks the political aspects. Using examples from her own area of specialization, ancient Rome, Lewis agrees with Nye that colonization and imperialism play large roles in what gets to count, or not, as religion. Nye responds by claiming that, moving forward, definitions of religion need to take into consideration the idea of capital, in the Marxist sense of the term.
Mapping Religion-religion
Authors: Pinn Anthony B.
Published: October 2021

In this chapter Anthony B. Pinn and Laurie Zoloth discuss the fluidity of the term “religion.” This stems from Zoloth’s initial definition that sought to show how capital-R religion is largely a Protestant category to order data, but that small-r religion is what all engage in, in some way, shape, or form. Pinn argues that this—especially the latter term—allows Zoloth to see religion as a way that humans make homes for themselves, both literally and also within the larger universe. Pinn argues that this means we need to better account for the role of bodies and embodiment.
Corporate Growth and Acquisition
Authors: Ireland R. Duane , Withers Michael C.
Published: October 2021

This chapter assesses the current state of research on corporate growth, which remains an important strategic outcome and a much studied topic in strategic management. In the corporate setting, organizations can use three key modes to achieve growth: organic, alliance, and acquisitions. This chapter focuses on the acquisition mode as a critical way to spur growth. In doing so, the chapter takes stock of the current research on corporate growth. Based on this review, the chapter then offers a future research agenda to advance the research on acquisitive corporate growth.
Competitive Advantage = Strategy, Reboot
Authors: Durand Rodolphe
Published: October 2021

This chapter takes stock of prior works on competitive advantage, a root concept for the strategy field. It offers key definitional elements and rationales that associate competitive advantage with superior performance, as well as existing criticisms of the notion and its empirical evidence. The last section opens new avenues for defining competitive advantage and enriching its relationships to performance. They pertain to the connection with other relevant literatures (e.g., on competition and market categories), the broadening of what (superior) performance means, and the mobilization of new methods.
CEO Succession
Authors: Anthea) Zhang Yan
Published: October 2021

Management scholars have devoted significant attention to chief executive officer (CEO) succession due to the substantive and symbolic importance of the CEO position. This chapter first provides a brief review of the early literature on CEO succession, followed by discussions on the new developments in the field in the past 20 years. Noticeable new developments include more fine-grained categorization of CEO succession and related processes, information issues surrounding CEO succession, and the roles of board evaluation and social approval assets in CEO succession, as well as female and ethnic-minority CEOs. This chapter also offers some suggestions on possible future research directions. The topics suggested for future research include, but are not limited to, the postsuccession transition process, incentives for CEOs to leave office, and the postsuccession careers of departed CEOs.
Microfoundations in Strategy: Content, Current Status, and Future Prospects
Authors: Foss Nicolai J.
Published: October 2021

Microfoundations have been one of the key themes in strategy research over the last decade or so. Fundamentally, microfoundations seek to understand collective (e.g., firm)-level constructs in terms of the actions and interactions of individuals. This chapter briefly discusses the nature of microfoundations, provides an exposition of the microfoundational currents in contemporary strategy thinking, and discusses the key challenges that need to be addressed to advance microfoundational research. Chief among these challenges are the development and application of proper empirical methods and developing models of decision-making that are particularly relevant in a strategy context. The latter task involves going beyond expected utility or bounded rationality models and developing models that can address genuine (“deep”) uncertainty.
Roles and Institutions
Authors: Fuhse Jan
Published: October 2021

This chapter develops a relational sociological account of the interplay of networks of social relationships with wider culture around the notions of role and institution. Roles mediate between the structure of social networks and institutionalized cultural patterns: On the one hand, they can emerge in small-scale network contexts and crystallize as long as the network structure persists. On the other hand, communication draws on institutionalized models to reduce its complexity and uncertainty. Relational institutions thereby imprint social networks by role categories. Such relational institutions include cultural models for actorhood, for social relationships (“relationship frames”), and for patterns of relationships. The chapter combines the general perspective of relational sociology with arguments from social network research, role theory, philosophical anthropology, and neo-institutionalism.
Love and Gender
Authors: Fuhse Jan
Published: October 2021

The chapter offers a relational-sociological account of gender, romantic love, and personal relationships. It conceptualizes gender as a social category that prescribes particular kinds of social relationships within and between genders. Traditionally, friends are supposed to be of the same gender, whereas romantic love has long been reserved for heterosexual relationships. Friendships connect transitively to form cliques, whereas romantic love is exclusively dyadic. Romantic love and gender, but also friendship and family, are cultural models (institutions) that bring order into personal relationships. They make for patterns of structural equivalence, with different patterns by type of relationship. The statistical analysis of confiding relations in the 2004 U.S. General Social Survey shows them to be remarkably gendered. Close personal ties to friends, neighbors, and even siblings run predominantly to members of the same gender. Women maintain more family relations, and men confide more in work colleagues.
Events in Networks
Authors: Fuhse Jan
Published: October 2021

Social networks are dynamic structures of expectations that arise and continuously change over the course of social events. The conceptualization of these events with various key notions of sociological theory is discussed: The concepts of behavior, action, and social practices attribute events to individuals, whereas exchange, interaction, communication, transactions, and switchings are located between actors. Action, social practices, interaction, transactions, and communication involve the processing of meaning. I argue that an ideal conceptualization of events in networks should focus on observable processes between actors, and that it has to incorporate meaning, as a key interest of relational sociology. This suggests the concept of communication as a basis for the theory of social networks.
Parting of the Veil
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

Depressed, H.D. longed to travel to Delphi. On the SS Borodino, they met an archaeologist, Peter Rodeck, and H.D. had a supernatural experience she never dismissed, almost sure she had met his “astral body” looking out to sea, revealing a lost Atlantis. Her attraction to this passenger came, she thought, from his sensing Bryher’s longings, allowing “a marriage by proxy.” As other Hellenists, H.D. and Bryher studied Minoan cultures that boasted lost matriarchies. H.D. wrote about Pausanius, Euripides, and Sappho and practiced seeing what preexisted their presence. They visited the Acropolis several times, seeking out Athena Niké. Forbidden as two women alone to go to Delphi, they went to Corfu, and H.D. saw images flash on their hotel wall. Bryher completed her last “hieroglyph.” H.D. memorialized Corfu as her high point. They were initiates.
Cinematics
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

The threesome, Macpherson, Bryher, and H.D., established the Pool Group, its logo of spreading concentric rings suggestive of its expansive goal; they made a first film, Wing Beat, drawing Robert Herring into their circle. They created Close Up, the first journal in English devoted to experimental film arts. Bryher and Macpherson visited Berlin for all-day screenings, met G. W. Pabst and Hanns Sachs, the latter becoming Bryher’s psychoanalyst. After making Foothills, H.D. was pregnant by Macpherson and underwent an abortion, leading to tension in the trio. They had tried for a polygamous ménage, but this affair left them all hurting, especially with Macpherson realizing he was exclusively attracted to men. Perdita suffered at boarding school, mirroring the tensions in her experimental family. H.D. grieved her mother’s death in 1927 through HERmione. The group scrapbook resonates with their attempt to innovate diverse spatialized identities.
Death Drive & “the Perfect-Bi”
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This chapter situates H.D.’s friendship with Silvia Dobson, who shared her passion for astrology. Dobson had a romantic interest in H.D., who flirted, only to reject her. Rescuing analysts driven from Berlin made it logical for Bryher to finance troubled friends in analysis in London; Dobson was the first victim. Demeter-like, Bryher created Trenoweth Farms in Cornwall with her friend Doris Banfield for roots, bulbs, vegetables, while warning that the Nazis inched toward Austria. H.D. wrote a tortured portrait of herself in Nights. Coping with Sir John’s death and hearing of the airplane crash of the man whom she had regularly passed in Freud’s waiting room, H.D. returned to Freud, who thought she might carry on this patient’s quest. J. J. van der Leeuw, a pilot and scholar, had sought to bridge science and mysticism. During this course of analysis, H.D. had a major breakthrough, understanding herself as the “perfect-bi.”
Walls Falling & the Drive Inward
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

T. S. Eliot’s “East Cooker” in 1940 encouraged H.D. as she wrote a vatic and communal antiwar poem, The Walls Do Not Fall. This volume of Trilogy explores survival and “ancient rubrics,” provoking her readers to practice “spiritual realism,” addressing those who need to do their “worm-cycle.” Bryher left Lowndes on jaunts to Trenoweth or Eckington, always inviting H.D., who visited Cornwall twice. Her first “escape” led H.D. to “R.A.F.,” an unusual narrative poem for her, pivoting upon sitting next to a pilot on sick leave on the train from Cornwall to London. She envisioned him at her writing desk. This experience led her to the Institute for Psychical Research; Air Marshall Dowding was himself a member. She met Arthur Bhaduri, a “seer” who would conduct séances for H.D. and Bryher. Perdita worked at Bletchley Park unscrambling codes.
Recovery & Illuminations (1953–)
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

After seven years, H.D. returned to Kusnacht. Erich Heydt, an analyst in training, mesmerized her. Through creative transference, he was the model for her poem’s characters Achilles, then Paris. She placed Helen in Egypt, not Greece. H.D. had trouble recognizing Heydt’s queerness, though his boyfriend, Ivan Nagel, a music and literary critic, visited often. Bryher finally admitted Schmideberg to Kusnacht, and then set off with Kenneth and his lover, Islay Lyons, to Pakistan. After making recordings of Helen, H.D. and Bryher traveled to celebrate their archive at Yale. Upon their return, H.D. tripped and broke her leg at the hip. In Vale Ave, she showed a processional of doomed heterosexual couples. The survival of materiality, she told Robert Duncan, had inversely led to transcendent poetry and prose. In 1961, Dr. Theodore Brunner sold Kusnacht, giving residents little time to relocate. H.D. died from a stroke induced by this traumatic dislocation.
Greek Nationalism and Islam
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyzes the emergence and rise of Greek nationalism and its effects on the Muslim populations in the areas affected by the Greek War of Independence. The chapter also explores the close interconnection of Greek national identity with Orthodox Christianity, how legal and other documents of the time define Greek nationality and citizenship in the rebellious areas, and the extent to which Muslims and other non-Christians were seen to fit that definition. The chapter also examines the reasons that led several Muslims in the rebellious areas to support the war.
Muslims in the Kingdom of Hellas (1832–1880)
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the legacy of the Greek War of Independence and its impact on the lives of Muslims in the Kingdom of Hellas up until 1880, particularly the ways in which the war determined the legal and social status of Muslims as well as their relations with the Greek state and the Ottoman Empire. The chapter also explores Muslims’ coexistence with Christian Orthodox in the kingdom. Was the legal and social status of Muslims in Greece the same as that of Greek Orthodox and other religious groups? How did “Muslim philhellenes,” sympathizers, and supporters of the Greek War of Independence fare in the new state?
The Interwar Years (1923–1940)
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, two political movements came into conflict in Turkey: the supporters of the old regime, known also as the conservatives, and those supporting the political and the social reformers aligned with Kemal Atatürk, known as Kemalists. That conflict was also reflected among Muslim communities living in the Balkans, including the Muslims in Western Thrace. This chapter explores how conservatives and Kemalists fought one another for control of the minority institutions in Western Thrace, and how this conflict changed the character of the minority and reoriented its relations with the Greek state, ethnic Greeks living in the region, and other ethnic and religious communities. The chapter also examines the influence of Albanian nationalism on the Çams of northwestern Greece during the same period.
Philosophical Misframings of Poverty
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: October 2021

This chapter explains why viewing poverty as needs scarcity caused by a maldistribution of resources has led many philosophers to ignore critical aspects of poverty and their underlying structural causes. The depoliticized view of chronic deprivation held by philosophers focused on the “moral demands of affluence” is closely linked with the moral doctrine of “sufficientarianism,” whose proponents reject or minimize the significance of inequality as such. “Effective altruism,” a popular movement promoting an evidence-based approach to improving the world through philanthropy, draws on sufficientarianism’s apolitical view of poverty as reducible to needs deprivation, measurable in terms of income and consumption. This chapter argues that ignoring the structural drivers and nonmaterial dimensions of poverty—like social exclusion, dispossession, exploitation, and subordination—leads theorists to overlook the vital role of organized poor communities’ struggles for justice.
The Repurposed City of Berlin
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the landscape of Berlin, taken as a city that shapes the agency of its inhabitants, and shows how, conversely, the residents of Berlin have remade spaces in their city to suit their needs. Berlin is a repurposed city: it was built to support a series of spatial and political orders that are now defunct, and its material structure must now be reused by different residents inhabiting a different order. In particular, the Cold War division of Berlin into east and west, divided by the Berlin Wall, fundamentally shaped the space of the city, and postunification residents must find ways to creatively repurpose this space. The chapter begins with the spatial history of Berlin and an analysis of its current spatial logic. It then provides detailed explorations and readings of a series of repurposed spaces within the city, comparing their present and past uses and meanings, and situating them within the history and spatial logic of each city.
The Bhagavad Gita
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter defends an interpretation of the Bhagavad Gita as a self-cultivation philosophy. First, it depicts our existential starting point as a state of anxiety, fear, confusion, and worry. Second, it describes the ideal state of being as a life of wisdom, union with the divine, self-control, peace, renunciation of desire, freedom from attachments and disruptive emotions, and performance of our duties—and ultimately liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Third, its transformation program includes spiritual exercises that emphasize philosophical reflection, meditative understanding, the purification of our affective states, and the reformation of our habits, all under the guidance of Krishna (namely, action, knowledge, and devotion yoga). Finally, this analysis is based on a complex conception of human nature according to which, though our true self appears to be prakṛti (matter), it is in fact puruṣa (spirit), and it is connected to other persons and the divine, especially Krishna.
Sāṃkhya and Yoga
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter argues that Īśvarakṛṣṇa’s Sāṃkhyakārikā and Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtras are both self-cultivation philosophies. Both understand human nature via a distinction between prakṛti (matter) and puruṣa (spirit). For both, our existential starting point is that life is pervaded by suffering because we mistakenly think our true self involves prakṛti when in fact it is only puruṣa. In the ideal state of well-being (mokṣa), we overcome suffering by realizing that our true nature is puruṣa. However, they differ in their understanding of the transformation program we need to achieve this end. For the Sāṃkhyakārikā, self-cultivation is primarily the development of rational philosophical understanding, but for the Yoga Sūtras, self-cultivation involves a wide range of spiritual exercises, especially those summarized in the Eight Limbs of yoga (abstentions, observances, posture, breath control, disengagement of the senses, concentration, meditation, and absorption).
Realism, Physical Meaningfulness, and Molecular Spectroscopy
Authors: Miyake Teru , Smith George E.
Published: October 2021

Although the realism debate has focused on the work of Jean Perrin on Brownian motion, this chapter claims that the best place to look for a resolution of this debate is the period after the late 1920s, when stable theory-mediated measurement of molecular parameters first became possible through the application of quantum mechanics to spectroscopy. The chapter first examines how stable measurement of the molecular parameters of diatomic molecules was achieved in spectroscopy and then gauges what evidence there is that this stable measurement is giving spectroscopists access to the real properties and structure of molecules. It argues that an evaluation of the latter question requires a distinction to be made between physically meaningful representations and those that are not, and a full answer requires the deployment of that distinction in the analysis of scientific research on atoms and molecules in the period after 1950.
We Think, They Thought
Authors: Fahrbach Ludwig
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyzes and assesses the pessimistic meta-meta-induction, PMMI, which is an antirealist argument put forward to counter a realist response to the pessimistic meta-induction, PMI. The dialectic in which the PMMI arises unfolds as follows. Scientific realism, the view that our current successful theories are probably approximately true, is challenged by the PMI, according to which many successful theories in the past of science were later refuted. The realist response claims that science has improved a lot since the times of the past refuted theories and that these improvements block the PMI and save realism. The antirealist’s PMMI then counters that past realists could have said the same thing, namely that science has improved a lot in the same manner as realists claim for the recent past, but those improvements didn’t help past realists, as subsequent theory refutations show; hence, the recent improvements likewise don’t help current realists block the PMI to save realism; therefore, the antirealist’s PMMI concludes, the realists’ response to the PMI fails. This chapter attempts to show that the antirealist’s PMMI does not succeed.
Imagination and Conjecture
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the importance attributed to conjecture in Baudelaire’s writings on Théophile Gautier and Victor Hugo. It shows how Baudelaire diverges from Poe in seeing beauty not as ‘an ecstatic prescience of the glories beyond the grave’ but as a glimpse of mysteries in the here and now. Recalling the ‘conjecturisme’ of Poe’s narrative fiction, Baudelaire’s poetics of conjecture nevertheless relates more to the combination of clarity and mysteriousness that he identifies in Poe’s poetry, as also in Gautier’s. For Baudelaire, melancholy is omnipresent in Gautier’s work but mitigated by the consoling power of his verbal imagination and an ability to present in perfect definition a world inviting conjecture. In his 1861 essay on Hugo Baudelaire commends a similar poetics of conjecture, rejecting the portentous poet-lawgiver and praising the poet of mystery, not the prophet who has all the answers but the poet who prompts us to seek them.
Brittle deformation
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

By nature, brittle deformation is discontinuous. It is often studied through mechanical tests, both in laboratories and outdoors, in mines and quarries. Brittle deformation also concerns civil engineering (road maintenance, strength of retaining structures such as bridges, dams, galleries etc.) and is well integrated with investigations in rock mechanics. Hydraulic fracturing is extensively used in the geothermal sector, for oil or gas production enhancement, or recovery of shale gas. Along with in-situ stress measurements, it has expanded the interest of geologists within the domain of rock mechanics. A solid knowledge of the mechanisms governing rock failure is necessary to understand the processes operating at the origin of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as the genesis of ore vein deposits. Beyond the elastic threshold of mechanical tests, rock failure takes place after development of a certain amount of non-elastic deformation. The fact that a progressive transition exists between ductile and brittle deformation suggests that these two behaviours are not mutually exclusive. Indeed, the study of the brittle-ductile transition paves the way to new concepts that enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of failure, in turn allowing practical applications. In this chapter, a presentation of the relationships between fracture orientation and principal stress directions will be followed by an examination of the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of brittle deformation.
Magmatic fabrics, structures and microstructures
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

A magma is a two-phase material made of crystals immersed in a silicate melt, which displays a high viscosity contrast between the liquid and the solid fractions. A specific rheological behaviour is therefore expected from such a material, particularly as a function of the volume ratio between phases. Emplacement of magma to shallower levels of earth’s crust results in crystallization. As a consequence, crystal percentage increases and volume ratio between phases changes. Different structures at both the mesoscopic (field) and microscopic scales develop, which are characteristic of a particular crystal fraction. These aspects, and how shape preferred orientations (shape fabrics) develop in magmas, are discussed in this chapter. Rheological aspects of magma systems are presented, illustrated by significant microstructural features observed in granites. Our focus will then concern the construction mode of magmatic fabrics. Examples will demonstrate that, with the help of microstructures and sometimes of near-field gravity data distribution, emplacement modes of plutons are rather simple to analyse. Finally, mafic rocks will be considered at the end of chapter through case studies concerning, principally, the Skaergaard complex and gabbros from the oceanic crust.
American Literary Realism and Nervous “Reflexion”
Authors: Knoper Randall
Published: October 2021

This chapter reviews the theories of physicians and scientists about the unconscious reflex function of the nerves as a mechanism that explains mental representations, creativity, and mimesis. It then turns to the various ways in which Holmes, Twain, and Howells invested hope in the reflex as a means of “reflecting” reality, probed the implications of that idea, yet eventually cast doubt upon it. All three wondered whether automatic, unconscious brain processes express or represent truths in a way that surpasses conscious artistry—or whether, conversely, such brain activity comprises only chaotic neural firings that issue in nonsense. Holmes credits the power of unconscious cerebration for literature, while the literary experiments of the enthusiastic Twain and the always doubtful Howells push the idea to its limits, until, near the end of their careers, they are obliged to question the representational capacities of the physiological unconscious alongside the devious operations of consciousness.
Vitality, Racial Creativity, and Biopolitics
Authors: Knoper Randall
Published: October 2021

In a materialist vitalism that emerged, nerve force as a physical energy was assumed to give idiosyncratic shape to organisms, races, and species. Borrowing from evolutionary theory and biometrics, Oliver Wendell Holmes suggests in Elsie Venner that the vital force of the average members of a race or species will prevail, while hybrids at the edges of the vital bell curve will expire, a principle that applies as well to literature, which has its own vital curve. William Dean Howells promotes a naturalized realism of the healthy, national (white, middle-class) average. W. E. B. Du Bois and Pauline Hopkins take on the task of establishing the African American race as vigorous and empowered rather than enervated—and of eluding constraining racial definition by oscillating between biological and immaterial conceptions of racial force.
Social Justice and Activist Subjects
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers Fawwaz’s engagements with social justice, charity and philanthropy, and collective responsibility, and how she hailed particular collectivities through gendered forms of address and uses of affective vocabulary, hallmarks of her writing throughout her career. It examines her social-justice essays as instances of gendered exhortations to ‘work’, and also in the context of imperial presences, in Egypt (Britain) and Algeria (France), emphasizing her rhetoric as a tactics of local challenge in an unevenly structured world. It considers an instance of munazara, or debate, with the editor of al-Nil, which gave political meaning to a seemingly non-political theme, and it looks at her commitment to highlighting the work of non-elite women, including manumitted slaves.
Good Consequences, Feminine Choices
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter treats Fawwaz’s first novel, Husn al-‘awaqib. Set in a chronotope analogous to the author’s birthplace in southern Lebanon, the novel traces a struggle over political power within a local feudal clan in parallel with a young woman’s struggle to marry her chosen partner; the two strands are really one, concerning the power and ultimate inefficacy of extreme patriarchal control, under which neither polity nor family can thrive. The chapter explores the novel’s quasi-autobiographical element. The political history of Jabal ‘Amil is a crucial backdrop that illuminates Fawwaz’s departure from the public historical record in service of her outlook.
The Private Life of William Shakespeare
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena
Published: October 2021

A new biography of William Shakespeare that explores his private life in Stratford-upon-Avon, his personal aspirations, his self-determination, and his relations with the members of his family and his neighbours. The book is based in exacting archival research. It suggests the impact upon the young Shakespeare of his father’s business failures, why he wed at age 18, the ways in which his marriage made a career in the theatre possible, how he acquired property and lived as a gentleman, and what it meant that he left his wife Anne Hathaway his ‘second-best bed’. The approach is fresh, historical, and feminist.
Direct Effect, Primacy, and the Nature of the Legal Order
Authors: de Witte Bruno
Published: October 2021

Direct effect is the capacity of a norm of EU law to be applied in domestic court proceedings, whereas primacy (or supremacy) denotes the capacity of that norm to overrule inconsistent norms of national law in domestic court proceedings. The two principles are closely linked, and are characteristic features of the EU legal order. In the spirit of the volume, this chapter discusses the evolution of the European Court’s case law dealing with the two principles, with special attention to the circumstances in which the Court ‘invented’ the doctrines of direct effect and primacy almost sixty years ago. The chapter draws the attention to some less explored aspects of the evolution of the European Court’s case law and discusses the generally friendly, but also occasionally frosty, reception of that case law by its addressees, the national courts of the member states.
From a Europe of Bits and Pieces to a Union of Variegated Differentiation
Authors: Curtin Deirdre
Published: October 2021

The constitutional structure of the European Union has evolved from ‘a Europe of bits and pieces’ to a more coherent but differentiated Union. Institutionally structured forms of ‘differentiation’ reflect the current institutional and legal reality. Differentiation reflects an attempt to remain together and seek new relationships despite the centrifugal forces of disintegration that threaten the EU. It points to a unitary legal order able to more systematically accommodate diversity. The acceptance of a differentiated future for the EU implies a change in the concept of integration itself, towards a more composite and fluid understanding of European integration. Two exemplary case studies, economic governance and defence, show how the different forms of differentiation blend together as sustainable and coherent differentiated regimes.
Free Movement of Goods: Evolution and Intelligent Design in the Foundations of the European Union
Authors: Enchelmaier Stefan
Published: October 2021

Free Movement of Goods: Evolution and Intelligent Design in the Foundations of the European Union critically analyses the development of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the free movement of goods in the internal market. The chapter starts with a reflection on the wording of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This highlights the central importance of the concept of discrimination. Its development in the jurisprudence is then traced. The chapter next describes the emergence, following the Sunday trading cases, of the prohibition of universal bans to complement to the prohibition of discrimination, as well as the controversies around the Keck judgment. Finally, the CJEU’s more recent ‘market access’ test turns out to be unsatisfactory.
EU ‘Social’ Policy From Employment Law to Labour Market Reform
Authors: Barnard Catherine
Published: October 2021

This chapter presents four stories about the evolution of EU social policy. The first is the historical evolution of social policy. The second concerns the contribution of the Court of Justice to the development of a distinctive EU social policy. The third story is about a reorientation of approach to regulating the labour market in the EU. It is a story that cannot be told through hard law measures on employment law, but through documents on employment policy. The fourth story is a story of challenges: about new forms of work, about the EU’s response to three crises (financial, covid, and Brexit) and about a timid renaissance of social policy in the form of the Pillar of Social Rights.
Fate and Foreknowledge in Greek Philosophy
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

The majority of this chapter focuses on Greek philosophical approaches to fate and foreknowledge. To understand the background of Origen’s thought on these topics, we must distinguish between three distinct types of problem: a) logical problems that concern the possibility of making true statements about the contingent future, b) the problem of how human beings can be held morally responsible for their actions if their actions are fated, and c) the problem of how human beings can choose freely between courses of action if God (or the gods) can have foreknowledge of the future. This chapter shows where and why these conceptions of fate, prophecy, and human autonomy differ, and why these distinctions matter. First, it examines the puzzles set and answered by Aristotle concerning the logical problem of future contingent statements. Then it explores some of the terminological difficulty in talking about ‘free will’ in the Greek context. Next it examines Stoic and Platonist discussions about choice and autonomy, which focus primarily on ethical considerations. Finally, it argues that Origen’s framing of these issues was heavily influenced by his pagan near-contemporary Alexander of Aphrodisias. The chapter ends with a survey of some other early Christian texts on autonomy and moral responsibility that show the Christian context in which Origen was arguing and sets the stage for the argument that Origen deviates significantly from his Christian contemporaries.
Virtuous Prophets
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the roles and characters of individual prophets in Origen’s writing. Origen distinguishes clearly and consistently across his works between prophesying and being a prophet. While there are cases both from the Old Testament and the New Testament—including Balaam and Caiaphas—of non-prophets who make divinely inspired and beneficial prophecies, Origen is clear that there is a threshold of personal virtue that a person has to cross to be considered a true prophet. Origen does not explicitly lay out the conditions for morally judging a prophecy or a prophet, but in this chapter a tripartite set of criteria is suggested: whether somebody is a prophet must be judged against a) the personal virtue of a prophet (the virtue criterion), b) the morality of their inspiration, through God rather than through demons (the inspiration criterion) and c) the benefit of their prophecies for other people, both contemporaries and in the future (the benefit criterion). None of these criteria explicitly address prophetic ecstasy, and while Origen is mildly disapproving of ecstasy, he does not consider it important. These criteria for judging prophets were not developed in a vacuum, but rely upon both Greek pagan and Philonic understandings of ecstasy, inspiration, and personal virtue. The chapter ends with a demonstration of the supreme virtue and moral-pedagogical role of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Moses in Origen’s thought.
Marcionites, Early Christians, and Knowledge of God
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

The Marcionite movement of the mid 2nd century rejected the Old Testament God, claiming that he was separate from the God of Christ. The Marcionite movement posed difficult questions about prophecy: what it was, who had access to it, and what we could know from it. Particularly, the Marcionites questioned the long distant past of the Israelite prophets, throwing doubt on their legitimacy and on whether they could be relied on as sources of true divine knowledge. But they also prompted discussions on a number of related theological issues: in particular, what does it mean to know God and Christ? What does it mean to know the world through prophecy? And what can we say about God in a world in which scripture is not the basis of sound knowledge? This chapter tracks these two closely related strands, examining Marcionite theological views and how they fit into the broader picture of pagan Greek and early Christian epistemology. It provides the context in which to understand Origen’s anti-Marcionite writings and his epistemology, both issues of prime importance for understanding his view of prophecy.
Introduction. Having the World by the Tale
Authors: Hanning Robert W.
Published: October 2021

This study offers a comparative analysis of how the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales present an uncertain world that challenges effective human knowledge, perception, and strategy. A pragmatic, rational, and reflective response to life’s uncertainties, grounded in careful deliberation (or calculation) and issuing in words and deeds appropriately chosen to deal with specific, mutable circumstances—here called pragmatic prudence—is the best hope in such a world for earthly agency, the quest for which is analyzed in paired tales from the two collections. Since a culture is the tales it tells about itself and about its members, the stories told in the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales reveal the quest for agency in their respective cultures proceeding across a variety of social, political, psychological, and erotic terrains; these stories, taken together, provide the only discoverable “meaning” of the two collections.
The sequent calculus
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

In addition to natural deduction, Gentzen developed a different calculus, called the sequent calculus. A sequent is a configuration presenting an arrow symbol (⇒) flanked on the left and on the right by finite sequences of formulas, possibly empty. The sequent calculus is developed, with examples of how to prove statements in the calculus, and a few results about transforming proofs through variable replacements are proved. Proofs in the intuitionistic sequent calculus can be translated into natural deductions, and vice versa (this system is obtained by restricting sequents to those that have at most one formula on the right hand side of the arrow).
The consistency of arithmetic
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

This chapter opens the part of the book that deals with ordinal proof theory. Here the systems of interest are not purely logical ones, but rather formalized versions of mathematical theories, and in particular the first-order version of classical arithmetic built on top of the sequent calculus. Classical arithmetic goes beyond pure logic in that it contains a number of specific axioms for, among other symbols, 0 and the successor function. In particular, it contains the rule of induction, which is the essential rule characterizing the natural numbers. Proving a cut-elimination theorem for this system is hopeless, but something analogous to the cut-elimination theorem can be obtained. Indeed, one can show that every proof of a sequent containing only atomic formulas can be transformed into a proof that only applies the cut rule to atomic formulas. Such proofs, which do not make use of the induction rule and which only concern sequents consisting of atomic formulas, are called simple. It is shown that simple proofs cannot be proofs of the empty sequent, i.e., of a contradiction. The process of transforming the original proof into a simple proof is quite involved and requires the successive elimination, among other things, of “complex” cuts and applications of the rules of induction. The chapter describes in some detail how this transformation works, working through a number of illustrative examples. However, the transformation on its own does not guarantee that the process will eventually terminate in a simple proof.
Paris in Gloucestershire
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries witnessed a major trend of compiling vernacular and Latin reference books and translating Latin ones into the vernacular. The earliest texts were compiled in Latin, largely in France, but they were swiftly translated into European vernaculars and copied for lay as well as clerical readers well into the fifteenth century and into the age of print. This chapter argues that John Trevisa’s translations of three major compendia participate in a larger European trend of compiling and translating big informational genres into the vernacular, a trend strongly identified with medieval France. Trevisa and his collaborator, his patron Thomas de Berkeley, aimed to emulate the achievements of the French court of Charles V by producing a body of compendious works in the English vernacular.
Holy Encyclopedism
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

This chapter fast-forwards to the sixteenth century to the antiquarian Stephen Batman, whose Reformist tastes did not exclude medieval compendious genres. Specifically, Batman’s enthusiastic adaptation of De proprietatibus rerum (Batman vppon Bartholome, 1582), a heavily annotated version of Trevisa’s translation, relies on the language and structure of the medieval encyclopedia to accommodate newly acquired information about the New World. For Batman, medieval “properties,” the traits or characteristics of created things, are a means of converting globally sourced information into cultural, and even material, properties for England. At the same time, the need to annotate, to bring medieval information “up-to-date” offered Batman a framework for rethinking the relationship between medieval and modern. Batman’s investments in De proprietatibus rerum testify to the long reach of medieval compendious genres, and particularly Trevisa’s translations.
The Septuagint from Alexandria to Constantinople
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

The Hebrew Torah was translated into Greek in Alexandria by Jewish scholars in the third century BCE. The other Biblical books followed, almost always in Alexandria. Then, the so-called Septuagint became the Old Testament of the New Testament. Afterwards, it was the Christian Bible of the first millenium in almost all of the Mediterranean Basin. The Septuagint was the Bible of the Byzantine Biblical compilations, made of patristic extracts, the catenae, a literary form which prevailed in Constantinople and its dependancies between the sixth and the fifteenth centuries. The first topic concerns the Biblical Jewish canon. What informations does the Septuagint provide about it? What is the significance of the books and passages specific to the Greek Bible? The second issue is about the New Testament: what is its Old Testament? As a rule, it is the Septuagint, but this assertion must be qualified. And, through the centuries, was there a Christianization of the text of the Septuagint? Actually, it was quite limited. The third issue concerns the Old Testament of the Church Fathers: what was their Bible? It was the Septuagint, in Greek or in a language translated from Greek, except in the Syriac area as well as in the Latin area after the sixth century, where Jerome’s Vulgate translated from Hebrew prevailed. That Greek Bible played a much more important role in the building of the Christian identity than is usually recognized. The last topic is about the catenae. What are they and what is their importance? And how do these compilations witness to the text of the Septuagint? So, the first millenium Old Testament was the Septuagint, even if this assertion has to be qualified.
Perception and Reality: Sketch of an Interactive Realism
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

Naturalistic and constructivist theories of cognition conceive of experienced reality as an internal simulation of the external world, which is generated from sensory data in the brain. In this way, they ascribe to perception a fundamentally illusory character compared to physical reality. The chapter contrasts this with an enactive conception of human experience on two levels, which is able to substantiate an interactive realism. On the first level, the objectivity of perception results from the sensorimotor interaction of living beings with their environment. On the second, specifically human level, perception transcends the subjective perspective through an implicit intersubjectivity: we always see, hear, touch, and handle things with the eyes, ears, and hands of others, as it were. This double interactive structure of perception makes it possible to reject the neuro-constructivist illusion theories and to establish a life-worldly realism.