bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unemployment and psychosocial outcomes to age 30: A fixed-effects regression analysis
Authors: Fergusson David M , McLeod Geraldine F , Horwood L John
Published: March 2014

Objective:

We aimed to examine the associations between exposure to unemployment and psychosocial outcomes over the period from 16 to 30 years, using data from a well-studied birth cohort.

Methods:

Data were collected over the course of the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children, born in Christchurch in 1977, who have been studied to age 30. Assessments of unemployment and psychosocial outcomes (mental health, substance abuse/dependence, criminal offending, adverse life events and life satisfaction) were obtained at ages 18, 21, 25 and 30.

Results:

Prior to adjustment, an increasing duration of unemployment was associated with significant increases in the risk of all psychosocial outcomes. These associations were adjusted for confounding using conditional, fixed-effects regression techniques. The analyses showed significant ( p < 0.05) or marginally significant ( p < 0.10) associations between the duration of unemployment and major depression ( p = 0.05), alcohol abuse/dependence ( p = 0.043), illicit substance abuse/dependence ( p = 0.017), property/violent offending ( p < 0.001), arrests/convictions ( p = 0.052), serious financial problems ( p = 0.007) and life satisfaction ( p = 0.092). To test for reverse causality, the fixed-effects regression models were extended to include lagged, time-dynamic variables representing the respondent’s psychosocial burden prior to the experience of unemployment. The findings suggested that the association between unemployment and psychosocial outcomes was likely to involve a causal process in which unemployment led to increased risks of adverse psychosocial outcomes. Effect sizes were estimated using attributable risk; exposure to unemployment accounted for between 4.2 and 14.0% (median 10.8%) of the risk of experiencing the significant psychosocial outcomes.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study suggest that exposure to unemployment had small but pervasive effects on psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood.
Nanoscale Adhesion Forces between Enamel Pellicle Proteins and Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Vukosavljevic D. , Hutter J.L. , Helmerhorst E.J. , Xiao Y. , Custodio W. , Zaidan F.C. , Oppenheim F.G. , Siqueira W.L.
Published: March 2014

The acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) is important for minimizing the abrasion caused by parafunctional conditions as they occur, for instance, during bruxism. It is a remarkable feature of the AEP that a protein/peptide film can provide enough protection in normofunction to prevent teeth from abrasion and wear. Despite its obvious critical role in the protection of tooth surfaces, the essential adhesion features of AEP proteins on the enamel surface are poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to measure the adhesion force between histatin 5, a primary AEP component, and hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces. Both biotinylated histatin 5 and biotinylated human serum albumin were allowed to adsorb to streptavidin-coated silica microspheres attached to atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers. A multimode AFM with a Nanoscope IIIa controller was used to measure the adhesion force between protein-functionalized silica microspheres attached to cantilever tips and the HA surface. The imaging was performed in tapping mode with a Si3N4 AFM cantilever, while the adhesion forces were measured in AFM contact mode. A collection of force-distance curves (~3,000/replicate) was obtained to generate histograms from which the adhesion forces between histatin 5 or albumin and the HA surface were measured. We found that histatin 5 exhibited stronger adhesion forces (90% >1.830 nN) to the HA surface than did albumin (90% > 0.282 nN). This study presents an objective approach to adhesion force measurements between histatin 5 and HA, and provides the experimental basis for measuring the same parameters for other AEP constituents. Such knowledge will help in the design of synthetic proteins and peptides with preventive and therapeutic benefits for tooth enamel.
Conceptual design of a sensory shirt for fire-fighters
Authors: Aumann Susanne , Trummer Stephanie , Brücken Andrea , Ehrmann Andrea , Büsgen Alexander
Published: March 2014

A large number of fatal accidents of fire-fighters during operations can be attributed to circulatory collapses due to cardiovascular diseases or heat stress. A recent project thus aimed at developing a highly functional, reliable and suitable system which can be used under different conditions such as common indoor operations. Measurement of vital signs, like ECG, breathing, and skin temperature, had to be combined with limited weight, acceptable skin comfort, affordable price, and speed and ease of dress and connection to the electronics in the fire-fighter’s jacket. The article gives an overview of technical and clothing technology aspects of the developed sensory shirt.
Future eDestination Marketing
Authors: Mistilis Nina , Buhalis Dimitrios , Gretzel Ulrike
Published: March 2014

Tourism destinations are difficult to manage because of the complex relationships of their diverse public and private stakeholders. At the same time, strategic marketing efforts are important for destinations to foster positive consequences of tourism, particularly given the range of opportunities and challenges created by the emergence of social media that destinations can use advantageously. This article aims to explore future eDestination marketing from Australian tourism stakeholder network perspectives. Workshops were convened in July 2012 in Melbourne, Australia, for select stakeholders invited to contribute to the futures national tourism technology strategy. They presented a stakeholder network approach to futures strategy development that aims to contribute to that used in recent national tourism plans and strategies for Australia developed by the government. Building on theories of stakeholder networks and futures, the article demonstrates the value of a futures stakeholder network method compared to traditional government approaches by critically analyzing outcomes of both.
Prediction of General and Violent Recidivism Among Mentally Disordered Adult Offenders
Authors: Canales Donaldo D. , Campbell Mary Ann , Wei Ran , Totten Angela E.
Published: March 2014

The present investigation examined the predictive validity of the Level of Service/Risk–Need–Responsivity (LS/RNR) instrument for general and violent recidivism in a sample of 138 community-supervised adult mentally disordered offenders. The General Risk/Need section was strongly predictive of general recidivism, whereas the Specific Risk/Need section most strongly predicted violent recidivism. Among males, the General Risk/Need section produced a large effect size for general recidivism, whereas general and violent outcomes for females were best predicted by the Specific Risk/Need section. Across diagnostic subgroups, the General and Specific Risk/Need sections predicted general but not violent recidivism; however, many subgroups were small, highlighting a need for replication research with larger samples. The Other Client Issues and Special Responsivity Considerations sections did not significantly inform recidivism prediction. Broadly interpreted, the overall pattern supports the LS/RNR instrument as valid for use with mentally disordered offenders.
Putting first things first: critical issues for public administration education
Authors: Rosenbaum Allan
Published: March 2014

This article begins by reviewing developments in the field of public administration over the past 50 years and identifying factors that have served, in some cases unintentionally, to undermine public confidence in the actual practice of public administration. It then examines a number of important conditions that must be addressed in the preparation of the next generation of public administrators and the professional development of those currently in the field. The most important of these involves the recognition of the centrality of government, and thus public administration as well, for the building of an effective and productive society. Before concluding, a major initiative to encourage enhanced excellence in the education and training of public administrators, which was initiated by the United Nations in conjunction with the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration, is examined.
Tailored Panel Management
Authors: Estrada Mica , Woodcock Anna , Schultz P. Wesley
Published: March 2014

Many psychological processes unfold over time, necessitating longitudinal research designs. Longitudinal research poses a host of methodological challenges, foremost of which is participant attrition. Building on Dillman’s work, we provide a review of how social influence and relationship research informs retention strategies in longitudinal studies. Objective: We introduce the tailored panel management (TPM) approach, which is designed to establish communal norms that increase commitment to a longitudinal study, and this commitment, in turn, increases response rates and buffers against attrition. Specifically, we discuss practices regarding compensation, communication, consistency, and credibility that increase longer term commitment to panel participation. Research design: Throughout the article, we describe how TPM is being used in a national longitudinal study of undergraduate minority science students. TheScienceStudy is a continuing panel, which has 12 waves of data collected across 6 academic years, with response rates ranging from 70% to 92%. Although more than 90% of participants have either left or graduated from their undergraduate degree program, this highly mobile group of people remains engaged in the study. TheScienceStudy has usable longitudinal data from 96% of the original panel. Conclusion: This article combines social psychological theory, current best practice, and a detailed case study to illustrate the TPM approach to longitudinal data collection. The approach provides guidance for other longitudinal researchers, and advocates for empirical research into longitudinal research methodologies.
Nehruvian Vision of Sustainable Development for Tribals in India
Authors: De Debasree
Published: March 2014

As the first Prime Minister of India, Nehru pursued a policy of rapid industrialisation and national development, largely equated with economic growth and surplus. He once said that dams are the temples of modern India and claimed that big dams would address India’s hunger and poverty. However, such development agenda also created much pain and suffering for the owners/users of land sacrificed in the public interest, mostly the indigenous people of India ( Adivasis). This article critically analyses the impact of development policies on the Adivasi peoples of India, earlier and today. It argues specifically that Nehru’s well-sounding development concept of Panchsheel, the ‘Five Pillars of Tribal Development’, did not work for the Adivasis and largely ruined their own efforts to secure sustainable development.
Making news and influencing decisions: Three threshold cases concerning forced return of immigrants
Authors: Ihlen Øyvind , Thorbjørnsrud Kjersti
Published: March 2014

Some irregular immigrants get to stay, most are asked to leave. Many in the latter category appeal and seek media coverage to further their case. While the vast majority of these stories are not reported, some cases do receive coverage, and some even cause policy change and a reversal of the return decision. In this article, we discuss under what circumstances media coverage has such an effect. We analyse three cases where a residence permit was granted after sustained media coverage. In exploring these cases, we found the notion of strong frames to be valuable, particularly in how they link to widely held cultural values. The reversals, however, were also brought about as a result of resourceful frame supporters and journalistic engagement. Taken together, the article contributes to the more general discussion of the dynamics of frame production, effects and power.
Scientific community through grid-group analysis
Authors: Cerroni Andrea , Simonella Zenia
Published: March 2014

Mary Douglas introduced the grid-group map as a tool of anthropological analysis. Several studies have been applying this approach to study social phenomena, but very few concerning the scientific community. This article aims to bridge the current gap, building sociological ideal-types in the scientific community based on grid-group analysis. First, we illustrate the main features of Douglas’s grid-group analysis, up to and including the latest studies developed in the social sciences. Then, we apply Douglas’s approach to a sample of scientists, reporting scholars’ stances in the grid-group plane. Finally, we put forward a new elaboration of grid-group analysis and propose ideas for further research.
Reconciling “Third Space/Place”
Authors: McNamee Lacy G. , Peterson Brittany L.
Published: March 2014

This study explicates dialectical tensions in volunteer–manager communication stemming from the contested nature of volunteering and fluidity of volunteer membership. Interviews and observations of volunteers and supervisors in three nonprofit organizational contexts revealed four central tensions that are dialectical in nature: an attraction-adjustment dialectic in the socialization of prospective and new volunteers, an ownership-oversight dialectic regarding volunteer–manager negotiation of volunteer agency and autonomy, a formalization-flexibility dialectic concerning managerial expressions of expectations for volunteer performance and commitment, and an intimacy-distance dialectic pertaining to the scope and bounds of volunteers’ relationships within and outside their respective organizations. Based on these findings, we offer insight into how volunteers and managers might envision these tensions constructively as complementary dialectics. We also suggest starting points for future communication-centered theory and research on volunteer management.
An experimental study of the high-load extension of a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with gasoline and n-heptane
Authors: Li Zhongzhao , Zhang Jianyong , Zhang Kaiqiang , Zhu Lei , Lu Xingcai , Huang Zhen
Published: March 2014

With a combination of dual-fuel injection and exhaust gas recirculation or intake air temperature control to retard the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion phase, the potential of expanding the homogeneous charge compression ignition load range was investigated. The experimental work was carried out on a real-time control dual-fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition operation test bench, which was based on a four-cylinder optimized kinetic process engine. It was observed that, with gasoline and n-heptane injection, the acceptable ranges of the exhaust gas recirculation rate and the intake air temperature were enlarged, and the load range of the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine was expanded. The intake air flow quantity can be raised by reducing the intake air temperature, and the indicated thermal efficiency of homogeneous charge compression ignition can be increased by utilizing sufficient n-heptane in the fuel. Compared with exhaust gas recirculation, intake air temperature control might be a better method to improve the indicated thermal efficiency of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion. Also, from the viewpoint of deterioration in the emissions, exhaust gas recirculation is a better strategy for load expansion in homogeneous charge compression ignition with a high ratio of gasoline to fuel.
Transformational resilience thinking: putting people, power and politics at the heart of urban climate resilience
Authors: Bahadur Aditya , Tanner Thomas
Published: March 2014

Resilience is receiving substantial traction as a concept to inform climate change and development policies and programmes. At the same time, a number of critiques have emerged that question its use as a framing concept for tackling urban climate change. This paper reflects on climate resilience and its critiques through an examination of the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) initiative in two cities in India. We illustrate aspects of the resilience critique and, using evidence of transformational aspects of the initiative, we argue that resilience thinking must be coupled with the concept of transformation in order to bring issues of people, politics and power to the fore. In the process, the conceptual strength of resilience can be combined with a more radical agenda that engages with underlying political structures and trade-offs that determine risk and vulnerability.
The Emergence of “Us and Them” in 80 Lines of Code
Authors: Gray Kurt , Rand David G. , Ert Eyal , Lewis Kevin , Hershman Steve , Norton Michael I.
Published: March 2014

Psychological explanations of group genesis often require population heterogeneity in identity or other characteristics, whether deep (e.g., religion) or superficial (e.g., eye color). We used agent-based models to explore group genesis in homogeneous populations and found robust group formation with just two basic principles: reciprocity and transitivity. These emergent groups demonstrated in-group cooperation and out-group defection, even though agents lacked common identity. Group formation increased individual payoffs, and group number and size were robust to varying levels of reciprocity and transitivity. Increasing population size increased group size more than group number, and manipulating baseline trust in a population had predictable effects on group genesis. An interactive demonstration of the parameter space and source code for implementing the model are available online.
The powers of suggestion: Albert Moll and the debate on hypnosis
Authors: Maehle Andreas-Holger
Published: March 2014

The Berlin physician Albert Moll (1862–1939) was an advocate of hypnotic suggestion therapy and a prolific contributor to the medical, legal and public discussions on hypnotism from the 1880s to the 1920s. While his work in other areas, such as sexology, medical ethics and parapsychology, has recently attracted scholarly attention, this paper for the first time comprehensively examines Moll’s numerous publications on hypnotism and places them in their contemporary context. It covers controversies over the therapeutic application of hypnosis, the reception of Moll’s monograph Der Hypnotismus (1889), his research on the rapport between hypnotizer and subject, his role as an expert on ‘hypnotic crime’, and his views on the historical influence of hypnotism on the development of psychotherapy. My findings suggest that Moll rose to prominence due to the strong late-nineteenth-century public and medical interest in the phenomena of hypnosis, but that his work was soon overshadowed by new, non-hypnotic psychotherapeutic approaches, particularly Freud’s psychoanalysis.
Mental health, citizenship, and the memory of World War II in the Netherlands (1945–85)
Authors: Oosterhuis Harry
Published: March 2014

After World War II, Dutch psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals articulated ideals of democratic citizenship. Framed in terms of self-development, citizenship took on a broad meaning, not just in terms of political rights and obligations, but also in the context of material, social, psychological and moral conditions that individuals should meet in order to develop themselves and be able to act according to those rights and obligations in a responsible way. In the post-war period of reconstruction (1945–65), as well as between 1965 and 1985, the link between mental health and ideals of citizenship was coloured by the public memory of World War II and the German occupation, albeit in completely different, even opposite ways. The memory of the war, and especially the public consideration of its victims, changed drastically in the mid-1960s, and the mental health sector played a crucial role in bringing this change about. The widespread attention to the mental effects of the war that surfaced in the late 1960s after a period of 20 years of public silence should be seen against the backdrop of the combination of democratization and the emancipation of emotions.
‘Rapid tranquillisation’: an historical perspective on its emergence in the context of the development of antipsychotic medications
Authors: Allison Laura , Moncrieff Joanna
Published: March 2014

This paper examines factors involved in the theory and practice of emergency sedation for behavioural disturbance in psychiatry in the mid-twentieth century, and the emergence of the concept of ‘rapid tranquillisation’. The practice received little attention until the arrival of antipsychotic drugs, which replaced older sedatives and became the agents most strongly associated with the treatment of aggression and challenging behaviour. Emergency sedation was subsequently portrayed in psychiatric literature and advertising as a therapeutic and diagnosis-driven endeavour, and the concept of rapid tranquillisation emerged in this context in the 1970s. Use of non-antipsychotic sedatives, like the benzodiazepines, is barely visible in contemporary sources, and the research suggests that antipsychotics became the mainstay of rapid tranquillisation strategies because of beliefs about their specific therapeutic properties in psychosis and schizophrenia, and not because of demonstrated superiority over other agents.
Displacing xeno-racism: The discursive legitimation of native supremacy through everyday accounts of ‘urban insecurity’
Authors: Di Masso Andrés , Castrechini Angela , Valera Sergi
Published: March 2014

Socio-cultural approaches to fear of crime have suggested that responses to questionnaires may channel broader social attitudes towards other culturally-related topics which also shape the public meaning of ‘crime’, such as immigration. Building on this idea, this article uses a discourse analytic framework to examine how xeno-racist ideas, claims and positions are metonymically worked through everyday opinions about ‘urban insecurity’ as a crime-related construct. The analysis of open-ended interviews with ordinary citizens in Barcelona shows that the position of a ‘threatening Other’, typically afforded by the insecurity narrative, is pervasively constructed in xeno-racial terms, whether explicitly or by implication, but is rhetorically rejected on the narrative grounds of its alleged criminal acts. This xeno-racial version of the criminalized Other is itself managed in interaction as a sensitive topic through a set of deracialization strategies that displace rejection from the language of immigration towards culturally contiguous languages of incivilities, cultural differences and socioeconomic disadvantage. The article deepens the ideological versatility of discourses that subtly warrant the structural privilege of ‘natives’ vis-a-vis ‘immigrants’, thereby legitimizing a tenacious system of native supremacy.
Use of coal in the Bronze Age in China
Authors: Dodson John , Li Xiaoqiang , Sun Nan , Atahan Pia , Zhou Xinying , Liu Hanbin , Zhao Keliang , Hu Songmei , Yang Zemeng
Published: March 2014

People in northern and western China were probably the first in the world to use coal as a source of energy in a consistent way. The ages cluster around 1900–2200 bc in modern day Inner Mongolia and Shanxi provinces. These are areas where near-surface coal is abundant today and woody vegetation was scant in the Bronze Age. Since coal is bulky to transport, it was probably not a cost-effective energy source in areas with abundant wood supply. The sites where coal was first used were probably occupied for a century to a few centuries at most and were associated with Bronze Age societies. The earliest age is about 3490 bc from a house site at Xiahe in Shaanxi Province; however, the coal is not securely tied to the radiocarbon ages and is assumed to have been used at this site sometime after 3490 bc. The elemental composition of modern mine and sedimentary coal in nearby archaeological contexts suggests that coal was used from local sources, and that elemental composition of coal may be a useful tool in identifying site origin of coal.
Moisès Broggi i Vallès (1908–2012): Military surgeon and Catalan humanitarian
Authors: Derby Mark , Jorge David
Published: March 2014

Catalan surgeon Moisès Broggi entered medical practice in 1931 as Spain was modernizing rapidly. Five years later, however, an attempted military coup sparked a nationwide civil war. Broggi offered his services to the embattled Republic and joined the Medical Service of the International Brigades. He served alongside colleagues from many countries, helping to develop advances in military medicine and especially trauma surgery. Broggi chose to remain working in Barcelona as Franco’s Nationalist forces entered the city, in spite of the risk of reprisal he faced as a former officer of the International Brigades. Although forced from his leading position in the public health service, he developed a distinguished private practice. In the year of Franco’s death he became President of Barcelona’s Royal Academy of Medicine and he received many other honours. Just months before his death at the remarkable age of 104, Dr Moisès Broggi continued to discuss and write about the concerns that had directed the course of his life – advances in medical science and the intellectual and political repression that had hindered delivery of those advances. In an article titled Exile and Silence he noted the groundbreaking work carried out under the auspices of the prestigious scientific institutions founded during Spain’s Second Republic and the subsequent dark decades of exile suffered by many of their prominent scientists, some of them his close friends.
Josephine Letitia Denny Fairfield (1885–1978): Pushing the boundaries of medicine
Authors: Garrett Emily
Published: March 2014

Letitia Fairfield – doctor, lawyer, public health worker, feminist and war worker – was a woman of surprising contradictions. She displayed some eccentric tendencies that sometimes did not sit comfortably with her role as a medical professional; she was, for example, a believer in witchcraft and a convert to Roman Catholicism. However, she made great contributions to medicine throughout her active career and did so during a period in which female access to medical education was limited. Few of her female or male peers received such respect or oversaw such change. Despite pushing contemporary professional boundaries and reaching a level of seniority unusual for female doctors of her era, however, Letitia was, whether through choice or through convention, channelled into traditionally female areas of medicine. Thus, her medical success arguably was due not only to her motivation and capability but also because she represented no real competition to men.
Development of a new real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Duck adenovirus A DNA and application to samples from Swiss poultry flocks
Authors: Schybli Martina , Sigrist Brigitte , Hess Michael , van Leerdam Bart , Hoop Richard K. , Vögtlin Andrea
Published: March 2014

Between 2008 and 2012, commercial Swiss layer and layer breeder flocks experiencing problems in laying performance were sampled and tested for infection with Duck adenovirus A (DAdV-A; previously known as Egg drop syndrome 1976 virus). Organ samples from birds sent for necropsy as well as blood samples from living animals originating from the same flocks were analyzed. To detect virus-specific DNA, a newly developed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method was applied, and the presence of antibodies against DAdV-A was tested using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In 5 out of 7 investigated flocks, viral DNA was detected in tissues. In addition, antibodies against DAdV-A were detected in all of the flocks.
Causes of death in preweaned northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris, Gill, 1866), Año Nuevo State Reserve, California, 2012
Authors: Spraker Terry R. , Lyons Eugene T. , Kuzmina Tetiana A. , Tift Michael S. , Raverty Stephen , Jaggi Nicole , Crocker Daniel E.
Published: March 2014

During an ongoing physiological ecology study on pups and adult female northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris, Gill, 1866) on the mainland rookery at Año Nuevo State Reserve (California), an opportunity was afforded to collect fresh dead pups for parasitology and necropsy. The investigation was undertaken to delineate the causes of death of northern elephant seals recovered from Año Nuevo State Reserve. Prior to this study, there was no evidence of increased mortality or health problems on this rookery. Necropsies, histology, and ancillary diagnostic studies were conducted on 21 fresh dead preweaned pups. Ages ranged from 1 stillbirth to pups approximately 2 weeks of age. Gross lesions included varying degrees of bruising, hemorrhage, lacerations, and fractures attributed to blunt force trauma to the head, chest, and/or abdomen in 16 pups; starvation in 6 pups; bite wounds in 2 pups; generalized icterus in 2 pups; presumptive drowning in 2 pups; and 1 stillbirth. Most pups had multiple gross lesions. Following light microscopic examination, pups could be assigned into 4 general diagnostic categories: 1) trauma, 2) nutritional status, 3) infectious conditions, and 4) congenital anomalies. This investigation of preweaned pup mortality of northern elephant seals in California further refines diagnostic categories for perinatal pup mortality.
An evaluation of serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum by use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Morales-Erasto Vladimir , Posadas-Quintana José de Jesús , Fernández-Díaz Manolo , Saravia Luis E. , Martínez-Castañeda José Simón , Blackall Patrick J. , Soriano-Vargas Edgardo
Published: March 2014

In the present study, the ability of a recently proposed multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) to determine the serogroups (A, B, and C) of Avibacterium paragallinarum was evaluated. A total of 12 reference strains and 69 field isolates of Av. paragallinarum from Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Peru were included in the study. With some exceptions (which were serotyped in the current study), all of the isolates and strains had been previously examined by 2 serotyping schemes (Page and Kume) or were the formal reference strains for the schemes. Three of 6 (50%) reference strains of serogroup A, 2 (100%) of serogroup B, and 1 of 4 (25%) reference strains of serogroup C were correctly serotyped by the mPCR. With the field isolates, the mPCR correctly recognized 16 of the 17 serogroup A isolates, 10 of the 12 serogroup B isolates, and 18 of the 37 serogroup C isolates. Overall, the specificity and sensitivity of the PCR test was as follows: 82.6% and 87.3% (serogroup A), 85.7% and 71.9% (serogroup B), and 46.3% and 100% (serogroup C). The poor performance of the mPCR in terms of recognition of serogroup C isolates (low sensitivity of 46.3%) and the relatively high level of uncertainty about the accuracy of the serogroup A and B results (specificity of 87.3% and 71.9%, respectively) means that the assay cannot be recommended as a replacement for conventional serotyping.
Characterization of Fusobacterium isolates from the respiratory tract of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Authors: Brooks Jason W. , Kumar Amit , Narayanan Sanjeev , Myers Suzanne , Brown Kayla , Nagaraja T. G. , Jayarao Bhushan M.
Published: March 2014

A total of 23 clinical isolates of Fusobacterium spp. were recovered at necropsy over a 2-year period from the respiratory tract of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus). Isolates were identified as Fusobacterium varium (18/23), Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. funduliforme (3/23), and Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum (2/23). Using polymerase chain reaction–based detection of virulence genes, all F. necrophorum isolates were positive for the promoter region of the leukotoxin operon and the hemagglutinin-related protein gene, while all F. varium isolates were negative. The presence of the leukotoxin gene in F. necrophorum isolates and the absence of this gene in F. varium isolates were confirmed by Southern hybridization using 2 separate probes. Toxicity to bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed with all F. necrophorum isolates, but was not observed in any F. varium isolates. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was markedly different for F. varium as compared to F. necrophorum. In summary, no evidence of leukotoxin production was detected in any of the 23 F. varium isolates used in the current study. The data suggests that F. varium, the most common species isolated, may be a significant pathogen in deer with a different virulence mechanism than F. necrophorum.
Psychometric Properties of the Emotion Understanding Assessment With Spanish- and English-Speaking Preschoolers Attending Head Start
Authors: Barbosa-Leiker Celestina , Strand Paul S. , Mamey Mary Rose , Downs Andrew
Published: March 2014

The Emotion Understanding Assessment (EUA) is based on a theoretical model of recognizing emotion expressions and reasoning about situation-based, desire-based, and belief-based emotions. While research has noted that emotion understanding predicts current and future social and academic functioning, little is known about the psychometric properties of the EUA. This research sought to test the EUA factor structure and measurement invariance across gender, across language (English and Spanish speakers), and over time (24 weeks) in 281 preschoolers attending Head Start. Results indicated that a two-factor model of emotion expression recognition and emotional perspective taking of the EUA fit the data for the total sample, for each group (gender and language), and at each time point. Furthermore, configural and scalar invariance of the EUA was demonstrated across gender, language, and time. These results offer support that the EUA is assessing emotion expression recognition and emotional perspective taking constructs equivalently in boy, girls, Spanish and English speakers, and over time. Examination of latent means across groups and time indicate no differences in emotion understanding based on gender or language or over the 24-week time frame in this sample of preschoolers attending Head Start.
Optimal power flow control of power transmission networks using graph algorithms
Authors: Chitra Subramanian , Devarajan Nanjundappan
Published: March 2014

In this paper optimal power flow control of power transmission networks using graph theory is presented. Graph theory is employed to trace the optimal path of power flow in transmission lines. Graph theory-based search algorithms such as Depth First Search and Breadth First Search are used for determining the sequence of tracing of nodes. Loops in the network are formed such that each loop contains at least one active source. The algorithms are tested on a six bus system using MATLAB programs. Considering the real power losses and the time required for computation of power flow tracing, the graph algorithms give better results compared to the conventional Newton–Raphson method.
Atypical Activations of Fronto-Cerebellar Regions During Forethought in Parents of Children With ADHD
Authors: Rapin Lucile , Poissant Hélène , Mendrek Adrianna
Published: March 2014

Objective: Although several studies suggest heritability of ADHD, only a few investigations of possible associations between people at risk and neural abnormalities in ADHD exist. In this study, we tested whether parents of children with ADHD would show atypical patterns of cerebral activations during forethought, a feature of working memory. Method: Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), we compared 12 parents of children with ADHD and 9 parents of control children during a forethought task. Results: Parents of children with ADHD exhibited significantly increased neural activations in the posterior lobes of the cerebellum and in the left inferior frontal gyrus, relative to parents of control children. Conclusion: These findings are consistent with previous reports in children and suggest the fronto-cerebellar circuit’s abnormalities during forethought in parents of children with ADHD. Future studies of people at risk of ADHD are needed to fully understand the extent of the fronto-cerebellar heritability.
Clinicopathological and ultrasonographic features of cats with eosinophilic enteritis
Authors: Tucker Samuel , Penninck Dominique G , Keating John H , Webster Cynthia RL
Published: March 2014

Eosinophilic enteritis (EE) in cats is poorly characterized. The aim of the current study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and ultrasonographic findings in cats with histologic evidence of eosinophilic inflammation on gastrointestinal biopsy. Twenty-five cats with tissue eosinophilia on surgical (10) or endoscopic (15) biopsy of the gastrointestinal tract, having an abdominal ultrasound performed within 48 h of biopsy acquisition, were enrolled. History, clinical presentation, clinical pathology and abdominal ultrasound findings were reviewed. Intestinal biopsies were evaluated by a single pathologist and separated into two groups based on the degree of eosinophilic infiltrate: mild (<10 eosinophils/high-power field [HPF], 11/25 cats), or moderate/marked (>10 eosinophils/HPF, 14/25 cats). The former were considered primary lymphoplasmacytic or lymphocytic inflammatory bowel disease (LPE) with subtle eosinophilic infiltrates, and the latter to have EE. Signalment, history and clinical signs were similar in all cats. Only cats with EE (6/14) had palpably thickened intestines. The only distinguishing clinicopathological feature of cats with EE was the presence of peripheral eosinophilia (6/14). On ultrasound, when compared with cats with LPE, cats with EE had a greater mean jejunal wall thickness (3.34 mm ± 0.72 mm vs 4.07 mm ± 0.58 mm, respectively) and an increased incidence of thickening of the muscularis layer (1/11 and 11/14, respectively). In conclusion, ultrasonographic evidence of a prominent intestinal muscularis layer, palpably thickened intestines and peripheral eosinophilia can serve as biomarkers for the presence of EE in cats with chronic intestinal signs.
Playing their game: Changing stereotypes of Palestinians and Israelis through videogame play
Authors: Alhabash Saleem , Wise Kevin
Published: March 2014

This experiment explores the effects of a role-playing videogame on participants’ attitudes toward Israelis and Palestinians. Participants ( N = 172) were randomly assigned to the role of either an Israeli or a Palestinian leader in PeaceMaker, a videogame simulation of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. Participants’ explicit and implicit attitudes toward both groups were assessed before and after a 20-minute gameplay experience. Results showed that gameplay changed participants’ explicit stereotypes of the two national groups in a role-congruent fashion. Participants assigned to play the role of the Palestinian President or the Israeli Prime Minister negatively changed their evaluations of the opposing national group. Moreover, implicit bias moderated stereotype change. Results are discussed within the framework of self-persuasion and an associative-proposition evaluation model of attitude change.
Antecedents of citizenship behavior in Arab employees in Kuwait
Authors: Daly Paula S , Owyar-Hosseini Marion , Alloughani Mohammad E
Published: March 2014

This study identifies antecedents of two specific dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior, altruism (OCBI) and civic virtue (OCBO), in a sample of Arab employees working in Kuwait. Results indicate that a collectivist orientation is a significant predictor of altruism and that procedural justice and job satisfaction are significant predictors of civic virtue. Additionally, respondents indicate that both altruism and civic virtue behaviors are more likely to be perceived as in-role than extra-role behaviors by study participants. Findings provide additional insight into the relevance of OCB and its antecedents in organizations within an Arab cultural context and the resultant implications for managerial processes and decisions.
Lockean toleration and the victim's perspective
Authors: Conti Gregory
Published: March 2014

According to Jeremy Waldron, John Locke's argument for the instrumental irrationality of persecution is fatally flawed. In this paper, I offer evidence that Waldron has misread Locke, and that Locke's views about why persecution generally proves inefficacious have greater plausibility than Waldron allowed. Locke's argument for the irrationality of intolerance does not, as has been thought, rest on a tendentious ontological distinction between ‘the will’ and ‘the understanding’, but on an account of the adverse psychological reaction of victims of persecution to their plight. Persecution, Locke argued, provokes in its victims feelings of distrust and hostility that diminishes the chances that they will convert to the religion that has persecuted them. An appeal to the ‘victim's perspective’ in order to dissuade would-be persecutors was a fundamental part of his case for toleration, and one that was noticed and employed by other proponents of toleration.
Additional language teaching within the International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme: A comparative study
Authors: Lebreton Marlène
Published: March 2014

The International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme supports the learning of languages and cultures, but the role of the additional language within this programme is often unclear. There remains a great variability in schools regarding the frequency of lessons and the way that the additional language is taught within the Primary Years Programme. Better defining the role and place of the additional language teaching within the PYP is important in helping the International Baccalaureate, schools and teachers to create curriculum content and teaching materials in order to meet the needs of families and students within schools. This article investigates perceptions of community members with respect to the place and purpose of additional language teaching within the Primary Years Programme.
Phase Synchronization and Spectral Coherence Analysis of EEG Activity During Mental Fatigue
Authors: Zhang Chong , Yu Xiaolin , Yang Yong , Xu Lei
Published: March 2014

In this article, 2 synchronization measures, phase locking value (PLV) and spectral coherence value (SCV), are used to characterize the changes of the phase synchronization and functional coupling of electroencephalogram (EEG) waves at different brain cortical areas for mental fatigue caused by a long-term cognitive task. The long-term cognitive task induces a significant decrease in the interhemispheric SCVs and PLVs of beta in central and parietal regions, a significant decrease in the intrahemispheric SCVs and PLVs of beta frequency band at the frontal–parietal and central–parietal, and frontal–central middle electrode pairs, suggesting EEG decreases in cooperative processing, strength of functional coupling, and flux of mutual information exchange in the corresponding inter- and intrahemispheres. However, when the mental fatigue level increases, the interhemispheric PLVs of theta are enhanced in the frontal region and C3–Cz electrode pair, and the intrahemispheric PLVs of theta are heightened at frontal–central middle electrode pairs. PLV and SCV measures could reflect the changes of the phase synchronization and functional coupling of EEG waves from time and frequency domains, which are sensitive to mental fatigue. Therefore, PLVs and SCVs can provide an effective and reliable way to quantify brain response to mental fatigue.
Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges Associated With Irreversible Hyperglycemic Hemichorea–Hemiballism
Authors: Wu Meng-Ni , Ruge Diane , Tsai Chin-Ling , Hsu Chung-Yao , Lai Chiou-Lian , Liou Li-Min
Published: March 2014

Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) on electroencephlography (EEG) usually indicate an acute, diffuse, and severe cerebral insult. Although hyperglycemic hemichorea–hemiballisum (HCHB) and striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images is an accepted clinical entity, PLEDs have not previously been reported. Herein, we report a 74-year-old man with hyperglycemic HCHB, hyperintense putamen on T1-MR images and PLEDs on EEG. Aggressive sugar control with neuroleptic treatment only slightly improved the severity of HCHB. We also tried titrated oral and intravenous haloperidol, clonazepam, and propranolol sequentially and in combination; however, the effects were poor. Unlike the generally reversibility of hyperglycemic HCHB, the condition was still present 6 months later. Hyperglycemia can cause HCHB and produce subcortical type-PLEDs, which may explain the findings in our patient. In conclusion, PLEDs can be found in patients with hyperglycemic HCHB and striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MR images, and the appearance of PLEDs may indicate an irreversible outcome. EEG should be considered in such circumstances.
The Development of Client Violence Questionnaire (CVQ)
Authors: Enosh Guy , Tzafrir Shay S. , Stolovy Tali
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop, test, and validate a questionnaire for assessing social workers’ exposure to client violence, which we call the Client Violence Questionnaire (CVQ). Following established procedures for scale development, four distinct stages of research were conducted, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The contribution of this study is threefold—methodological, conceptual, and practical. The instrument offers practitioners and academic researchers the opportunity to apply the scale both for internal monitoring and knowledge sharing as well as further research. The development process of the CVQ scale demonstrates how the qualitative method can serve as a distinct research stage and at the same time support and enhance the quantitative one, thus contributing to the validity and applicability of the instrument.
Submentalizing: I Am Not Really Reading Your Mind
Authors: Heyes Cecilia
Published: March 2014

The nativist view of mentalizing—the view that humans have an inherent capacity to think about the mental states of others—has been recently reinvigorated by reports that adults and infants automatically represent mental states—that they engage in implicit mentalizing. In this article, I take a close look at the strongest evidence of implicit mentalizing in adults, which suggests that people automatically represent what others see, intend, and believe. I argue that although these experiments have been ingeniously designed and carefully implemented, they do not provide evidence of implicit mentalizing because their results could be due instead to submentalizing—domain-general cognitive mechanisms that simulate the effects of mentalizing in social contexts. These include the processes that mediate involuntary attentional orienting, spatial coding of response locations, object-centered spatial coding of stimulus locations, retroactive interference, and distraction. If my analysis is correct, it suggests that the same domain-general processes can provide a fast and efficient alternative to mentalizing in everyday life, allowing people to navigate a wide range of social situations without thinking about mental states. Thus, submentalizing could be both a substrate and a substitute for mentalizing.