bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trouble in the Heartland
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 centers on the disappearances of Des Moines Register paperboys Johnny Gosch and Eugene Wade Martin in 1982 and 1984, respectively. These incidents challenged white Midwestern ideas about childhood and regional innocence, as locals took the paperboy cases as signs of regional and national decline. White Iowans responded by demanding state protection for their children, who supposedly faced new threats from strangers emboldened by moral relativism and sexual liberation and impervious to the symbolic power of an innocent and secure Midwest. Many of the legal and cultural mechanisms adopted in the service of protecting young Iowans—including the iconic milk carton campaign—were replicated in the construction of the national child safety regime.
“Great Surface Appeal”
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 recounts how the United States Department of Justice obstructed missing child legislation in the early eighties but eventually buckled under pressure from activists, who deployed an affective politics of child safety to paint the DOJ as cruel and obstinate. The DOJ subsequently transformed into the federal entity most committed to the child safety cause, working to publicize and combat the problems of child abduction, exploitation, sexual abuse, and pornography. The Department’s “conversion” proved vital to the making of a punitive child safety regime in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
“The Business of Missing Children”
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 6 chronicles how the Reagan administration lauded the role of the private sector in protecting American children. The celebration by Reagan, other conservatives, and neoliberals of private sector (and especially business sector) efforts to “save” certain American youngsters and promote “family values” cleared the way for a more expansive child safety regime pieced together at the turn of the twenty-first century. Such private sector solutions enlisted the American public in the increasingly punitive, pervasive, and invasive project of child safety. Liberally deploying the image of endangered childhood, private sector programs and products surrounded Americans with evidence of stranger danger and called on them to police and prevent predatory behavior against the nation’s children.
Circling the Wagon
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 7 shows how so-called New Democrat Bill Clinton seized upon the stranger danger myth and hitched it to his racialized “law and order” and “family values” policy programs. As president, Clinton underwrote the passage of the Jacob Wetterling Act, the federal “three strikes” law, and Megan’s Law, which together federalized systems of sex offender registration and community notification. Imprinted with the names of white child-victims and awash in the imagery of endangered childhood, these laws enlarged and formalized the child safety regime, thus augmenting a carceral and surveillance state that disproportionately ensnares queer Americans, people of color, and youth.
Conclusion
Authors: Renfro Paul M.
Published: April 2020

The conclusion traces the expansion of the child safety regime in the George W. Bush and Barack Obama years, looking specifically at the global reach of this regime through the 2003 PROTECT Act, the 2006 Adam Walsh Act, and the International Megan’s Law implemented in 2016. It reveals the continuities between the country’s major political parties on matters of child safety and criminal justice while also analyzing various forms of resistance against the child safety regime and mass incarceration—namely the “free range” movement, the Right on Crime initiative, and the popular cultural push to “humanize” those deemed sex offenders. In closing, the conclusion charts a path for dismantling the child safety regime and the carceral state.
Introduction
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

The history of the Russian national park movement spans from the pre-Revolutionary era to the early twenty-first century. The establishment of national parks in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic beginning in 1983 demonstrated environmentalists’ ability to push the Soviet government to make reforms in an era that is frequently misunderstood as one of stagnation. However, since that time, Russian national parks have almost always fallen short of the ambitious goals of their founders and have provided Russian environmentalists with a painful reminder of their state’s weak commitment to environmental protection. More so than any other work in the field of Russian environmental history, this story places Russian environmental protection firmly within the larger story of international environmental protection networks and organizations in the late twentieth century. It contributes to the growing literature on Russian tourism, the international history of national parks, and social movements in the Soviet Union’s last decades.
For Science or Tourism?
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many countries embraced the national park concept as a way of showcasing their scenic landscapes and developing internal tourism. Many members of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society called for a system of parks in the Russian Empire. However, following the Great October Revolution of 1917, Russian conservationists and game management professionals instead pushed the state to establish zapovedniki dedicated to scientific research as well as some that served as game preserves. As “science for science’s sake” came under more suspicion in the 1930s, many supporters of the zapovedniki promoted tourism in them to make them seem more “useful” to government officials. By the late 1930s, tens of thousands of tourists entered the zapovedniki every year. Even in a climate of fear and xenophobia, some tourism promoters used the example of US national parks as they argued that zapovedniki should accommodate still more tourists.
Taking the “Best” from the West?
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

Under Nikita’s Khrushchev’s policy of “peaceful coexistence,” Soviet scientists started attending conferences of the International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) where they became more familiar with national parks. Meanwhile, the less repressive cultural environment emboldened many concerned environmentalists to make bold suggestions on how the state could improve its environmental protection practices. Some high-ranking officials, including Khrushchev, publicly stated that accessible tourism was one of the advantages of living in the USSR. In turn, environmentalists argued that national parks could help the USSR meet growing tourism demands in a way that minimized its environmental impact and promoted economic development. As tourism in the zapovedniki became an even bigger problem, several different groups conceived national parks that they hoped would take pressure off of them. They frequently invoked the success of national parks in the United States, even as the Communist Party took some more reactionary positions following Khrushchev’s ouster.
Transformative Visions during the Brezhnev Era
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

During the 1970s in the USSR, several Soviet republics established national parks. While the Soviet Council of Ministers had to pass a law giving national parks union status before the RSFSR could establish national parks, numerous park projects were conceived throughout Russia during this era. The attention that the Soviet government gave to environmental protection fueled their hopes. At the same time, Russian environmentalists became increasingly frustrated by the slow push toward establishing a law giving national parks union status as they discussed the future form that Russia’s parks would take. Passed by the USSR Council of Ministers in 1981, the law recognizing national parks left many long-debated issues unresolved and laid the groundwork for conflicts between Russia’s national parks and local populations.
Disappointments and the Persistence of Grandiose Visions
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

Not long after the RSFSR started establishing parks in the mid-1980s, environmental concerns became mainstream in the Soviet Union as Gorbachev’s reforms encouraged Soviet citizens to discuss a variety of problems more openly than at any time previously in Russian history. In turn, national parks were often touted for their potential to transform the economy of entire regions and the lifestyles of their inhabitants. While the state could not provide the funds for parks to carry out their most basic functions, park supporters placed hopes in attracting foreign tourists and new opportunities to collaborate with international organizations. This chapter uses several case studies—Elk Island National Park, ideas for parks on the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the proposed Beringia International Park and a park in the Altai Mountains—to demonstrate how park supporters used the national park idea to guard against development and future environmental threats.
Protecting the Pechoran Alps?
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

In the late 1960s, a group of scientists of the Komi Scientific Center conceived a national park to undermine the plan of Soviet engineers to divert the Pechora and Vychegda Rivers south to the Caspian Sea. Without guidance or support from central planning ministries, they conceived a national park in the Nether-Polar Urals that they hoped would reorient much of the region’s economy away from extractive industries and toward tourism. As was the case with other national parks, however, the transformative—almost quixotic—vision for Iugyd Va National Park (established in 1994), coupled with political and economic collapse, sowed the seeds for the park supporters’ disappointment. Pointing to the unrealistic vision of the park’s founders, representatives of the mining industry have repeatedly asserted that the national park has prevented the republic from developing its most valuable economic resource as it sought to pressure government officials to redraw its boundaries.
The Vision and the Reality in the Taiga of Karelia and the Arkhangelsk Oblast
Authors: Roe Alan D.
Published: April 2020

As the spirit of reform pulsated throughout the Soviet Union, an idealistic college student from the Ukrainian SSR named Oleg Cherviakov took a fateful trip down the Ileks River into Vodlozero Lake in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Karelia. Entranced by the area’s beauty and intrigued by traditional Orthodox Christian culture, Cherviakov envisioned a national park that he believed not only would protect the region’s forests but would bring about a regional religious revival. After serving as Vodlozero National Park’s director for nearly fifteen years, Cherviakov realized that few wanted to go back to the old ways. Moreover, he concluded that tourism’s economic benefits would never materialize when few tourists wanted to come to this region and with the state little interested in developing the park’s infrastructure. Vodlozero National Park’s history marks perhaps the apotheosis of utopian proposals for parks conceived during a time of national transformation and the nadir of disillusionment among park founders.
Different in Degree or Kind?
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: April 2020

This chapter asks, what impact does the conceptual positioning of people living with a dementia have on communication? Exploring some of the effects of low social and emotional reserve, it shows how treating a person as fundamentally different in kind from oneself, rather than only different in degree, offers scope to remain emotionally separate but also risks a loss of empathy, even inhumane treatment. This conflict is developed as the carers’ paradox. An extended consideration is made of the rationales and problems associated with deliberately deceiving people living with a dementia, albeit with their well-being at heart. In this context, Specialized Early Care for Alzheimer’s (SPECAL) is examined in depth because of its unique approach to using deception as a means of facilitating contentment. These discussions lead to a more finely calibrated conceptualization of the degree–kind continuum.
Global Norms and Local Action
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

When and why do states implement international women’s rights norms? Global Norms and Local Action is an examination of states’ responses to violence against women (VAW) in Africa and their implementation of the international women’s justice norm. Despite the presence of laws on various forms of VAW in most African countries, most victims face barriers to accessing justice through the criminal justice system. This problem is particularly acute in post-conflict countries. International organizations such as the United Nations and women’s rights advocates have, therefore, promoted the international women’s justice norm, which emphasizes the establishment of specialized mechanisms within the criminal justice sector to address VAW. With a focus on the response of the police to rape and intimate partner violence in post-conflict Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia, this book theorizes the United Nations’ and women’s movements’ influence on the implementation of the international women’s justice norm. It draws on over 300 interviews in both countries to demonstrate that high international and domestic pressures, combined with favorable political and institutional conditions, are key to the rapid establishment of specialized mechanisms within the police force and to how police officers respond to rape and intimate partner violence cases. It argues that despite significant weaknesses, specialized mechanisms have improved women’s access to justice. The book concludes with a discussion of why a holistic approach to addressing VAW is needed.
Violence against Women in Liberia
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 traces the problem of violence against women in Liberia and explains how the conflict exacerbated the problem and rendered women vulnerable in its aftermath. It examines three time periods (pre-conflict, conflict, and post-conflict) and explains that patriarchal gender norms were always at the core of this violence and contributed to Liberians’ reluctance to report rape and domestic violence to the police and to support the prosecution of offenders. However, widespread sexual violence during the conflict and post-conflict campaigns by the state and non-state actors led to shifting attitudes and to increased reporting of these crimes. Nonetheless, it shows how even after the conflict, Liberians relied more on informal justice mechanisms to address violence against women.
The Response to Violence against Women in Liberia
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 covers how the government and women’s organizations in Liberia responded to violence against women. It explains that prior to the conflict, violence against women was largely absent from the agenda of governments and women’s organizations, despite their involvement in international advocacy around this issue. Both domestic and international pressure on governments was low during this period and specialized mechanisms to address VAW were non-existent in the criminal justice sector. The chapter describes how the 14-year conflict changed this and generated strong international and domestic pressures on post-conflict governments to strengthen the criminal justice sector response to violence against women, particularly sexual violence, and to establish specialized criminal justice sector mechanisms.
The Response to Violence against Women in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Medie Peace A.
Published: April 2020

This chapter covers the state’s, the women’s movement’s, and international actors’ responses to rape and domestic violence before, during, and after the Ivoirian conflict. It explains that unlike Liberia, there was some government and civil society attention to violence against women before the outbreak of armed conflict in 2002. Pressure from the UN and other international actors also contributed to the introduction of initiatives within the security sector to address violence against women during the conflict, including a specialized mechanism within the police force. The chapter explains how the UN’s attention to sexual violence during the Ivoirian conflict increased after the second civil war and generated pressure on the government to create the gender desks.
Introduction
Authors: Shneer David
Published: April 2020

The introduction describes how the author first learned about Grief from a local photography collector, whom Shneer learned played a central role in exposing the Soviet photographer Dmitri Baltermants and the photograph to the global art market. The collector assumed that, given its aesthetics, the photograph was a postbattle image taken at Kerch. Only through painstaking research did Shneer learn that Grief was one of the first photographs documenting the liberation of a Nazi atrocity site, even though there are likely no Jews in the photograph, either dead or alive. It is found in Holocaust photo archives and major art museums’ permanent collections and has been exhibited around the world since the 1960s. This book is a biography of Grief and its maker and asks how a photograph documenting Nazi atrocities can be found in modern art museums and Holocaust institutions, whose missions seem diametrically opposed.
Seeing the Holocaust in Grief
Authors: Shneer David
Published: April 2020

In 2011, the Museum of Modern Art exhibited its new acquisition, Grief, alongside iconic photographs of camp survivors. It also appeared in major photography exhibitions related to war and atrocities. Baltermants’s Kerch photographs, including Grief, are also in Holocaust archives in Washington, DC, and Jerusalem. The author returns to the wartime crime scene in Kerch, where locals have commemorated the mass atrocity at the trench ever since the war. In 1975, an obelisk was erected at its southern end as a site of public mourning, and in 2010, a black granite sculpture was installed emphasizing the Jewish nature of the tragedy that took place there. The chapter concludes with contemporary researchers for Yad Vashem and Paris-based Yahad in Unum photographing sites of the “Holocaust by bullets,” in this case at the trench that Baltermants and other Soviet photojournalists came across in early 1942.
Introduction
Authors: Chittick Andrew
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1, “Introduction: The Invisible Empire,” identifies the Jiankang Empire as one of the world’s largest medieval empires, and assesses why it is so little recognized or studied. It identifies long-standing patterns of interpretation in the Chinese historical tradition, and the modern historiography that relies upon it, as systematically de-emphasizing or denigrating the military and political accomplishments of the empire. It identifies key problems in the traditional Chinese nationalist narrative with regards to political geography, cultural terminology, and ethnic categorization. These compel us to avoid teleologically freighted terms such as “China” and “Chinese” in analyzing East Asian history in the early medieval period. The chapter develops a revisionist framework and terminology for understanding the Jiankang Empire, emphasizing it as a charter state within a Sino–Southeast Asian zone that had strong cultural similarities to the better-known Indo–Southeast Asian zone.
Vernacular Languages
Authors: Chittick Andrew
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4, “Vernacular Languages,” offers the second of two case studies in the ethnicization of cultural features of the Wuren. Using the results of modern linguistic studies, the chapter shows that the vernacular spoken languages of the Jiankang Empire have a substantial, perhaps predominant, non-Sinitic basis, most importantly in the Austro-Asiatic family (along with Mon and Khmer, among others). These languages were recognized as decisively foreign by people of the Central Plains. Within the empire, the polyglot linguistic situation in the fifth and sixth centuries was addressed by the use of one of two common spoken tongues, either Jiankang Elite vernacular (the most Sinitic language within the empire) for the educated class, or, to a much lesser but still significant extent, Chu vernacular among the military.
Marking Territory
Authors: Chittick Andrew
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5, “Marking Territory: The Militarization of the Huai Frontier,” maps the natural geography of the Huai frontier that divided the Jiankang Empire from the Sino-steppe regimes of the Central Plains, and details the evolution of the frontier as a militarized space. The strategic objectives of the Jiankang Empire’s military are shown to have been focused on defense of the homeland, rather than reconquest of the Central Plains and the “reunification of China.” The chapter then looks at the development of ethnicizing discourse directed toward the peoples of the Sino-steppe empires: the Sarbi rulers and the Zhongren populace of the Central Plains. While the former were often seen as ethnic Others, the latter were viewed from a perspective in which people of different regions did not have inherently civilized or barbarous natures, but gained or lost civilization as a result of good or bad governance. This made it a much less ethnicizing discourse than what predominated in the Central Plains.
The Vernacular Repertoire
Authors: Chittick Andrew
Published: April 2020

Chapter 8, “The Vernacular Repertoire,” offers the first of three studies in various repertoires of political legitimation. As the only locally focused repertoire, vernacular traditions most readily contributed to ethnogenesis, as a case study of Koguryo demonstrates. The Wu region had similar potential to be politically autonomous (fengjian) within the Sinitic world, a path that was advocated in the late third and early fourth centuries, notably by Lu Ji. The chapter profiles the legends and practices surrounding several Wu local figures: the effective founder of the Jiankang regime, Sun Quan; the imperial tutelary deity Jiang Ziwen; the ancient Sinitic legend of Wu Taibo; and the god Wu Zixu. The concluding analysis argues that local culture had both a Sinified version and a more wholly vernacular version; the latter was much more politically relevant to the Jiankang regime, part of an effort to gain support within garrison culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Chittick Andrew
Published: April 2020

Chapter 12, “Conclusion: Reorienting Chinese and World History,” suggests ways that this new understanding of the Jiankang Empire can reorient our perspective on Chinese, East Asian, Southeast Asian, and comparative medieval history. The chapter shows how a more rigorous framework for identifying cultural and ethnic groups can help clarify the process of acculturation and ethnic identification in East Asia in the first millennium CE. It demonstrates how a better understanding of the Jiankang Empire’s precedent sheds new light on the rise of the tenth-century southern kingdoms and the Tang-Song transition, many aspects of which can be understood as the “southernization” of Central Plains–based imperial regimes. And it suggests important new opportunities for comparative research between the regimes of the Sino–Southeast Asian zone and the Indo-Southeast Asian zone, as well as between medieval East Asia and medieval Europe.
Pragmatics for Latin
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: April 2020

Latin is often described as a free word order language, but in general each word order encodes a particular information structure: in that sense, each word order has a different meaning. This book provides a descriptive analysis of Latin information structure based on detailed philological evidence and elaborates a syntax-pragmatics interface that formalizes the informational content of the various different word orders. The book covers a wide ranges of issues including broad scope focus, narrow scope focus, double focus, topicalization, tails, focus alternates, association with focus, scrambling, informational structure inside the noun phrase and hyperbaton (discontinuous constituency). Using a slightly adjusted version of the structured meanings theory, the book shows how the pragmatic meanings matching the different word orders arise naturally and spontaneously out of the compositional process as an integral part of a single semantic derivation covering denotational and informational meaning at one and the same time.
Water Security and Climate Change
Authors: Larson Rhett B.
Published: April 2020

Climate change is the dominant paradigm in natural resource policy. It is also obsolete and should be replaced by the water-security paradigm. The climate change paradigm is obsolete because it does not resonate sufficiently with the general public and because it does not adequately integrate sustainability challenges related to population growth and economic development. The water-security paradigm addresses these deficiencies by speaking directly to the reasons climate change ultimately matters to most people—droughts, floods, plagues, and wars. Additionally, water security integrates climate change concerns with economic development and population. The water-security paradigm reorients all natural resource policies toward achieving a sustainable quantity and quality of water at acceptable costs and risks. The water-security paradigm improves upon the climate change paradigm by replacing carbon footprints with water footprints as the metric for sustainability monitoring and reporting, and by restructuring natural resource governance at the watershed level with regional, rather than hierarchical, leadership.
Water Security and Public Health
Authors: Larson Rhett B.
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the Blue, Green, and Red Agendas of water law and policy. Thousands die every day from diseases related to water. Yet water law largely focuses on two agendas. The first agenda, the Blue Agenda, focuses on water supply and sustainability. The second agenda, the Green Agenda, focuses on water quality in nature and for human use and consumption. These two agendas often ignore, or are implemented in ways inconsistent with, the “Red Agenda.” The Red Agenda focuses on the prevention of waterborne infections, like cholera, and the control of water-related disease vectors, like mosquitoes transmitting malaria. Laws motivated by the Blue Agenda, like building a dam or irrigation system, can interfere with the Red Agenda by bringing mosquito habitat closer to humans. And laws motivated by the Green Agenda, like prohibiting discharges of pesticides into a river, can interfere with the Red Agenda by preventing a response to a malaria outbreak. This chapter describes these agendas, how and why they conflict, and how they can be better reconciled to achieve water security in public health.
Water Security and Armed Conflict
Authors: Larson Rhett B.
Published: April 2020

Water has not just been the locus of human cooperation, as seen in our early ancient civilizations arising along the banks of desert rivers. It has also been the geography of our conflicts. Indeed, the role of water in human conflict can be seen even in our languages. For example, the word “rival” comes from the Latin word rivalis, meaning those who share a river. Water has been a strategic target and even a weapon in war. In very rare instances, disputes over water have escalated into violence. Water stress results in instability, rising food prices, and desperation, which are often dry kindling for radicalization. This chapter discusses the history of water and violence, why water is more often a source of cooperation than conflict, and the role international law has, and may, play in continuing the pattern of water as a catalyst for peace.
Water Security and Mass Migration
Authors: Larson Rhett B.
Published: April 2020

The world faces an unprecedented human migration crisis, as hundreds of thousands flee famine, poverty, and violence in many parts of the globe. While the movement of these people from one country to another can appear, on the surface, as a response to current events, these migrations can perhaps be best understood with an ancient explanation. People are doing what they have done for thousands of years: they are moving to find water. While many of these refugees and immigrants would say they are seeking peace or prosperity, peace and prosperity are in part functions of water security. If we examine the movement of immigrants and refugees in recent decades, we will see a mass migration away from water insecure states and toward water secure states. This chapter discusses the role of water in migration, including how large dams both displace people and protect them from displacement, the unexpected role that protecting aquatic ecosystems has on addressing migration in urban coastal communities, and the challenge of water stress in refugee host communities.
Conclusion
Authors: Larson Rhett B.
Published: April 2020

Bruce Lee, in speaking of his martial arts philosophy, said, “Be formless, shapeless—like water. Now you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle it becomes the bottle. You put in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Now water can flow, or it can crash. Be water, my friend.” This philosophy of martial arts illustrates two broad lessons for water governance. First, water is both a creative and destructive force, and water security requires an awareness of both sides of water. Second, water policies must be as dynamic and adaptive as water itself. Water laws must be more flexible to change with changing water conditions. This chapter discusses improving awareness of both the flow and the crash of water and how to find existing flexibility in water law and improve water law’s adaptive capacity. Finally, water is generous—it enlivens, cleanses, and beautifies. If we are to manage water, we must be water, adaptive and generous. And what better subject of our generosity than water itself. It is essential to life and is perhaps the essential cause and solution to many of life’s problems.
Perception as a Source of Knowledge and Justification
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: April 2020

Perception enables us to acquire knowledge and justification about both the physical world and normative matters, such as moral obligation. This chapter explains how perception (at least in visual instancess) is characteristically hierarchical, with some forms being more basic than others, and how this structural complexity bears on the possibility of higher-level perception, such as seeing wrongdoing. Seeing does not by itself entail believing or knowing, but seeing that something is so entails both believing and knowing its truth. Hallucinations, which can be experiences as of seeing, may delude us, but these can be so like seeing as to justify visual beliefs. Knowledge requires more: reliable grounding in facts. The chapter shows how, perception, in its simplest forms, is a non-doxastic source of beliefs and other cognitions and provides us with knowledge and justification regarding myriad elements in our experience of the world.
The Prevailing Broad View by the Popular Party of Freedoms of Press and Speech, in the Pre-Revolutionary Decade Before the American States’ Declarations of Rights
Authors: Bird Wendell
Published: April 2020

After the colonial crisis erupted in 1765, the popular party quickly embraced expansive understandings and practices of freedoms of press and speech. John Adams deplored British threats as “impudent insinuations of slander and sedition” that showed “the jaws of power are always opened to devour . . . the freedom of thinking, speaking, and writing.” Son of Liberty and other essayists added that the crime of seditious libel, “this Star-Chamber trumpetry,” was “utterly subversive of the liberty of the press.” William Bollan, an American, published The Freedom of Speech and Writing on Public Affairs Considered, and similarly concluded that the crimes of seditious libel and seditious words were inconsistent with freedoms of press and speech.
The Constitutional Understanding of Freedoms of Press and Speech, and of Seditious Libel, in Discussions of State and Federal Bills of Rights
Authors: Bird Wendell
Published: April 2020

As the Constitution was drafted and ratified, many antifederalists expressly feared and opposed the narrow Blackstone-Mansfield definition and approach to freedoms of press and speech, and federalists responding to them gave repeated assurances that the federal government had no power touching press and speech. That was true in both the newspaper debates and the constitutional ratification debates. As the Bill of Rights was adopted and ratified, the preponderance of people discussing seditious libel and seditious words in essays and in legislative settings saw a need for protecting press and speech from being prosecuted as seditious, and understood that an amendment securing freedoms of press and speech would do just that. Both the Senate and the House rejected proposed amendments that would have restricted the expansive words of the First Amendment by the common law of seditious libel. From all viewpoints, there was strong support for the broad language of the First Amendment.
Political Patterns of Dissent
Authors: Hanretty Chris
Published: April 2020

This chapter—the longest in the book—tackles the issue of whether the judges of the Supreme Court disagree on political grounds. The chapter reviews a number of methods for analyzing disagreement, before describing a model that assigns judges positions on a spectrum, so that judges who are further apart are less likely to agree in non-unanimous cases. The results of that model show that there is a divide that characterizes the court; that Baroness Hale and Lord Kerr are at one hand, and Lords Brown, Rodger, and Sumption at the other end; and that this divide can be characterized as a left-right divide. Most of the chapter is spent describing the particular cases that divided these groups of judges, and arguing for the importance of viewing these cases through the lens of left and right.
Recognition Under Plurality Rule and the Paradox of Recognition in Burundi
Authors: King Elisabeth
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the adoption and effects on peace of non-recognition under minority Tutsi rule and then recognition under plurality Hutu rule in Burundi. It reviews pre-civil-war history up to 1993, arguing that non-recognition arose from a “dilemma of recognition,” given Tutsi leaders’ concerns over mobilization effects. It discusses how the ethnic power configuration changed via the political ascendance of the Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie (CNDD-FDD) during the civil war and through to the 2005 constitution. This shift toward majority ethnic rule accompanied a transition toward recognition, consistent with the book’s theory. On the question of effects, introducing quotas for Hutus and Tutsis in government, military, and other institutions reduced the political salience of ethnicity, a phenomenon the chapter calls the “paradox of recognition.” This paradox challenges conflict management theories proposing that recognition entrenches the political salience of ethnic identity.
Non-Recognition Under Minority Rule and the Paradox of Non-Recognition in Rwanda
Authors: King Elisabeth
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the adoption and effects on peace of non-recognition under minority Tutsi rule in Rwanda. Reviewing first a history of recognition under Hutu majority leadership, it argues that the decision not to recognize ethnic identity in post-genocide Rwanda is consistent with the book’s central theory and cross-national trends. It shows that a “dilemma of recognition” logic offers the most convincing explanation for Rwanda’s effort to “eradicate” ethnicity. On the question of effects, it finds potentially destructive contradictions between the non-recognition policy, implemented alongside de facto favoritism for members of the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front and for Tutsis specifically, and the everyday experiences of Rwandans that maintain the salience of ethnicity as a basis of mistrust. It introduces the concept of a “paradox of non-recognition,” wherein efforts to negate ethnicity may result, rather, in sustaining its salience. This paradox challenges conflict management theories proposing that non-recognition enables societies to transcend ethnic identities.
Can We Reverse Course on Health?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines whether the United States can catch up to other countries when it comes to promoting health. A 2018 paper published in the American Journal of Public Health suggests we cannot; in fact, we will fall further behind. There are three reasons for this. First, in the United States, many gains in health and survival over the first half of the 20th century slowed significantly in the latter half of the last century and the first two decades of the 21st century. Second, the United States only excels at extending life for persons over 75. In this age group, we have lower mortality than other high-income countries. But even these gains appear to be diminishing. Third, we ignore the foundational forces that shape health. Data clearly show that the United States persistently underinvests in education, efforts to promote healthy living, preventive care, and other programs and policies that address the root causes of health. Instead, we spend their money on inefficient and expensive health services.
The Immigrant Experience in Hurricane Season
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter assesses how the effects of Hurricane Harvey in August of 2017 were especially painful for immigrant families, many of whom feared that reporting property damage and losses caused by the storm would draw negative attention from governmental authorities. The Kaiser Family Foundation published survey findings on the impact of Harvey on immigrants living along the Texas Gulf Coast. The findings show that immigrants with homes hit by Harvey reported feeling more worried about seeking help for storm-related damages than their native-born counterparts. About 34% of immigrants responded that they were very worried that reaching out for help would highlight their own or a family member’s status. Immigrants were also less likely to have flood or home insurance, or to apply for governmental disaster assistance. Notably, the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s policies do not guarantee Disaster Unemployment Assistance to undocumented individuals. For these reasons, fear of disclosing immigration status may act as a barrier to immigrants seeking help and to broader efforts to ameliorate storm damage and safeguard health in the wake of natural disasters.
What Data Do We Need for Health?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter determines what data people need to generate better health. People are simply not in contact with the health care system very often. Thus, insofar as health is shaped by where and how people live, it is a product of where people are between visits to doctors and hospitals. It must be something, then, about all the time people spend away from medical care that determines their health. As such, the apps and systems that collect data should be used to gather information on home life, time spent at work, and time spent in schools and in places of worship—the time that truly shapes people’s health. Innovation in this area of data collection could break new ground, paying dividends for those who pioneer it and for those who reap the health benefits of these emerging tools.
The Microbiome and the Public’s Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the possible role of the microbiome in public health. Every person is a living ecosystem with trillions of microorganisms living on and in their bodies—their microbiome. Microbiome research is a relatively new scientific field where everything seems to influence it; the microbiome’s composition is altered by sleep, stress, and exercise. Microbiome scientists believe it would indeed be meaningful if, someday, by controlling one’s behaviors, one might know how to control one's personal microbial community and thus one’s health. Yet a “personalized” microbiome remains a distant and unlikely dream. Microbiome scientists agree that the environment, from the personal to the atmospheric, matters. And that people’s social networks, with whom and how they interact, matter too. As such, it is important to prioritize attention to the known drivers of longevity and quality of life for today’s population—such as poverty, insurance gaps, homelessness, and the broad distribution of preventive services. These are hard problems that people can change, and which would benefit from strategic health planning.
Misconceptions about Veterans and Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter studies the health of veterans and the military. Since the first Gulf War in 1990, veterans have had worse mortality than the general population. Aside from mortality, mental health problems are a particular concern. More soldiers kill themselves than are killed on the battlefield. Beyond suicide, key mental health concerns among veterans include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Itself disruptive, PTSD foreshadows increased risks of physical health problems, substance use/misuse, homelessness, and violence. Less studied, but equally important, are high rates of depression and anxiety among veterans. Rates of chronic pain and physical disability are also high. These challenges make the Veterans Health Administration’s unique expertise in mental health care provision and rehabilitation services all the more crucial. For these reasons, moves to privatize veterans’ health care and narrow access to these services do veterans a disservice, shortchanging a fundamental social contract. The health of soldiers is the public’s health.
Spending Too Much on the Wrong Things
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter addresses overspending in health care. Americans spend half as many days in hospital as persons living in other high-income countries. They take fewer pills per person, and they have fewer doctors per capita. Yet Americans spend two to three times as much on health care as other countries, and they have poorer health outcomes. This is because they overpay. Talking about overspending suggests that certain partners in the health system are charging more than they should. Since about one third of health care spending is related to hospitals and another 20% is paid to health care providers, these are the obvious culprits. If Americans spent less on hospitals and clinicians, they could spend more on the social services required to prevent or reduce illness, to make their entire population healthier.
High Pay Gets Higher, Low Pay Gets Lower
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter studies the effects of wages on health. A 2018 health policy brief in Health Affairs highlights fluctuations in wages and how population health reflects these changes. In the brief, the authors emphasize that the labor market does not strictly follow basic economic assumptions. In particular, an increase in wages may not reduce quantity or quality of work, as an economist critiquing minimum wage hikes might expect. Instead, the study’s authors argue that increased wages can improve productivity by boosting morale. Wages between 1979 and 2013 rose notably only for those with very high pay; people in the middle wage group have not seen much of an increase in pay over the years. Meanwhile, those with very low wages have almost exclusively seen drops in their pay over the decades. The study authors then explain how increases in the minimum wage can positively impact health, citing prior research on the connections to lower smoking, fewer missed work days, and improved birthweight. With many states looking to raise their minimum wages, the authors recommend that those still caught in the debate should approach the decision from both a health and economic perspective.
Homelessness
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter assesses the effects of homelessness on public health. Homelessness has the power to move people to action like few other issues. Unfortunately, efforts to tackle homelessness have fallen short. Historically, making housing contingent on sobriety and employment has imperiled millions. Encouragingly, Housing First—a program that provides housing and support services without requiring employment or pretreatment for mental health conditions and substance use disorders—has started to gain traction. The program has led to improvements in housing stability, reduced hospitalizations and use of emergency departments, and better quality of life. Adding to the challenge, however, is the fact that over 8 million more Americans are just one step away from homelessness. Unlike the homeless, they are often invisible. Preventing homelessness in these lower income households requires the creation of a living wage. Prevention is also about identifying risk and providing supportive services when an individual or family is on the brink.
Documenting Delays in EMS Wait Times
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks at the delays in emergency medical services (EMS). In a 2018 study, researchers assessed 63,000 cardiac arrest EMS encounters to determine whether ambulance response times were longer in low-income versus high-income urban zip codes. They found that the total EMS time for low-income communities was 3.8 minutes (10%) longer than in high-income neighborhoods. The possible barriers impeding faster care from emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in low-income neighborhoods might include congested streets, narrow doorways, and buildings without elevators. The authors cite several additional barriers, such as scene safety and distance from a hospital, which may have contributed to the differences in total time. Although a minute may not appear to be an important difference, survival may be determined in this short time. Indeed, the authors note that cardiac care delayed by just 1–4 minutes has been associated with increased mortality.
Good App Hunting
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter highlights health apps. Health apps primarily perform three functions: they monitor, measure, and manage. The first generation of apps were largely about self-monitoring. These “do it yourself” kinds of apps had users record and consider their own data—food ingested, mood, glucose levels—and offered these users opportunities to modify their behavior. Next came measuring, quantifying apps, which soon became sensor-based, including recordings of heart rate, steps walked, sleep stages, and food labels. Such sensors limited manual input and offered novel “health” markers to monitor. It is now the era of the “prescribable” app—an app for the treatment of managing conditions anytime, anywhere. Some of these apps have even been recommended by health providers. The most commonly trialed apps are those that are designed to address conditions with the largest global health burden: diabetes, mental health, and obesity. However, of all the health apps on the market, only a few dozen have ever been tested using randomized trials. Thus, there is a need for efficacy assessment, a reliable source of quality information—a Consumer Reports for health-related apps—and a recognized national organization that can evaluate and decide which are useful and safe. Even a modestly effective app, if available to millions of users, could have an enormous impact on the public’s health.