bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ursachen, Spektrum und Therapie der diabetischen Neuropathie
Authors: Dohrn Maike F. , Winter Natalie , Dafotakis Manuel
Published: July 2020

Hintergrund

Die Hälfte aller Diabetiker ist von einer diabetischen Neuropathie betroffen. Mikroangiopathie, dysfunktionale Schwann-Zell-Interaktion, Akkumulation toxischer Metabolite und inflammatorische Prozesse führen gemeinsam zur Nervenschädigung.

Ziel der Arbeit

Aus- und Überblick zum aktuellen Kenntnisstand der Pathophysiologie mit aktuellen und zukünftigen Therapieimplikationen.

Methoden

Literaturrecherche (1990–2020).

Ergebnisse

Klinisch führend sind sensible und autonome Symptome, Paresen können jedoch auftreten. Komplikationen wie stumme Myokardinfarkte oder das diabetische Fußsyndrom können lebensbedrohlich verlaufen und zu schwerer Behinderung führen. In ihrer Pathophysiologie unterscheiden sich Neuropathien bei Typ-1- und Typ-2-Diabetikern durch die Gegenwart zusätzlicher Risikofaktoren des metabolischen Syndroms. Die intensivierte ist der konventionellen Insulintherapie im Hinblick auf die Neuropathierisikoreduktion überlegen. Orale Antidiabetika sind nach Nebenwirkungsprofil auszuwählen. Metformin kann zu einem iatrogenen Vitamin-B12-Mangel führen. Zur Behandlung neuropathischer Schmerzen besitzt der Kalziumkanalblocker Pregabalin die höchste Empfehlungsstufe. Das Trizyklikum Amitriptylin gilt als ähnlich wirksam, ist aber bei autonomer Dysfunktion sowie kognitiven Einschränkungen kontraindiziert. Alternativ ist der Serotonin-Noradrenalin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer Duloxetin zur symptomatischen Therapie der diabetischen Neuropathie zugelassen. Umstritten sind weitere, zum Teil nicht zugelassene Medikamente wie α‑Liponsäure, Epalrestat und L‑Serin.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die diabetische Neuropathie ist häufig und komplikationsreich. Ein gutes Verständnis der Pathophysiologie kann zur Entwicklung neuer Therapiestrategien beitragen.
A multi-residue method by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of chiral and non-chiral chemicals of emerging concern in environmental samples
Authors: Rice Jack , Lubben Anneke , Kasprzyk-Hordern Barbara
Published: July 2020

This manuscript presents the development, validation and application of a multi-residue supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 140 chiral and non-chiral chemicals of emerging concern in environmental samples, with 81 compounds being fully quantitative, 14 semi-quantitative and 45 qualitative, validated according to European Medicine Agency (EMA) guidelines (European Medicines Agency 2019). One unified LC-MS method was used to analyse all analytes, which were split into three injection methods to ensure sufficient peak resolution. The unified method provided an average of 113% accuracy and 4.5% precision across the analyte range. Limits of detection were in the range of 35 pg L−1–0.7 μg L−1, in both river water and wastewater, with an average LOD of 33 ng L−1. The method was combined with solid-phase extraction and applied in environmental samples, showing very good accuracy and precision, as well as excellent chromatographic resolution of a range of chiral enantiomers including beta-blockers, benzodiazepines and antidepressants. The method resulted in quantification of 75% of analytes in at least two matrices, and 56% in the trio of environmental matrices of river water, effluent wastewater and influent wastewater, enabling its use in monitoring compounds of environmental concern, from their sources of origin through to their discharge into the environment.
Comparative archaeometric characterization of recent and historical oak (Quercus spp.) wood
Authors: Ghavidel Amir , Hofmann Tamás , Bak Miklós , Sandu Ion , Vasilache Viorica
Published: July 2020

The present paper studied the chemical composition of recent and historical oak wood comparing the extractive, holocellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, and ash contents. Comprehensive knowledge of the chemical components in recent and historical oak wood will facilitate the use of conservation agent in the restoration and conservation process of the investigated artifacts. The cyclohexane–ethanol extract of historical oak wood was significantly lower compared to recent wood, which can be explained by the leaching of extractives into the soil. No significant differences in the holocellulose and α-cellulose content of recent and historical oak wood were found. The lignin and the ash contents were significantly higher in the historical samples. The EDX analysis of the ash of historical oak wood showed remarkably higher iron content compared to the recent material. The result indicated the degradation of hemicelluloses in the historical sample. The significant difference in the amount of ash between the samples was explained by sediment materials that have been introduced into the wood from the soil. SEM imaging made these materials clearly visible as depositions in the cell lumens.
Quantum-limited measurements of intensity noise levels in Yb-doped fiber amplifiers
Authors: Popp Alexandra , Distler Victor , Jaksch Kevin , Sedlmeir Florian , Müller Christian R. , Haarlammert Nicoletta , Schreiber Thomas , Marquardt Christoph , Tünnermann Andreas , Leuchs Gerd
Published: July 2020

We investigate the frequency-resolved intensity noise spectrum of an Yb-doped fiber amplifier down to the fundamental limit of quantum noise. We focus on the kHz and low MHz frequency regime with special interest in the region between 1 and 10 kHz. Intensity noise levels up to $$\ge$$
≥
60 dB above the shot noise limit are found, revealing great optimization potential. Additionally, two seed lasers with different noise characteristics were amplified, showing that the seed source has a significant impact and should be considered in the design of high power fiber amplifiers.
Identification of structures and mechanisms in a flow field by POD analysis for input data obtained from visualization and PIV
Authors: Vitkovicova Rut , Yokoi Yoshifumi , Hyhlik Tomas
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates the application of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for data obtained from visualizations. Using the POD method, the flow field behind one and two cylinders in a staggered configuration was analyzed. The data processed by this method were obtained from experimental measurements of flow fields using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method and visualization. The dominant frequencies of the flow pattern from these data were compared using constant temperature anemometry (CTA) measurements. Attention was mainly focused on the flow at three Reynolds numbers: 500, 1200, and 2500. Velocity and vortex fields were created from PIV measurements in the wind tunnel forRe = 500, and video images of flow fields were obtained from dye visualizations in the hydrodynamic tunnel. The components of velocity, vorticity (both of PIV), and change in grayscale (from visualization) were used as input data for POD analysis. A methodology for data processing from visualizations was developed for subsequent analysis using the POD method. A new technique has been found to identify structures in the wake of the cylinders in a staggered configuration by analyzing POD based on various types of input data. The measured fields of dominant frequencies from the CTA and a thorough analysis of the POD modes and their relative energy values for each type of data made it possible to identify the structures and mechanisms that occur in the wake of cylinders. This analysis facilitated a better understanding of the importance of these structures and mechanisms, which can then be used to control the flow behind the cylinders.

Graphic abstract
Die Verschränkung von Alter(n) und Raum in kulturellen Bildungsangeboten
Authors: Gallistl Vera , Parisot Viktoria
Published: July 2020

Hintergrund

(Kulturelle) Bildung wird in der gerontologischen Forschung meist in ihren Wirkungen auf ein aktives und positives Alter(n) untersucht und hat sich bislang kaum mit räumlichen Aspekten beschäftigt.

Ziele der Arbeit

Der vorliegende Beitrag versteht aktives Alter(n) nicht als Ergebnis kultureller Bildung, sondern fokussiert auf Praktiken der Herstellung von Alter(n) in Bildungsangeboten. Es wird dabei der Frage nachgegangen, welche Bedeutungen des Alter(n)s den Räumen kultureller Bildungsangebote für ältere Menschen zugrunde liegen, und wie diese dadurch aktives Alter(n) ermöglichen oder begrenzen.

Material und Methoden

Methodisch baut der Beitrag auf 6 Fallstudien kultureller Bildungsangebote für ältere Menschen auf. In Angeboten wie einem Jodelseminar oder einem Theaterworkshop wurden Daten mittels teilnehmender Beobachtung und qualitativer Interviews mit Teilnehmenden und Angebotsleitenden erhoben und situationsanalytisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Die für die Angebote genutzten Räume spielten für die älteren Teilnehmenden eine zentrale Rolle im Erleben der Angebote, da diese nicht exklusiv für ältere Zielgruppen gedacht waren und dadurch eine spezifische Bedeutung erhielten. Das (Alters‑)Erleben war außerdem von der spezifischen Nutzung der Räume im Angebot geprägt. Aktives Alter(n) wurde durch die Aneignung von Raum und die Erzeugung von Präsenz durch spezifische räumliche Anordnungen umgesetzt.

Diskussion

Der Beitrag zeigt, wie räumliche Umwelten und Erleben des Alter(n)s verwoben sind. Aktives Alter(n) zu ermöglichen, bedeutet, Räume zur Verfügung zu stellen, die im Sinne eines aktiven Alter(n)s genutzt werden können. Für die ökologische Gerontologie verdeutlicht der Beitrag die Bedeutung der symbolischen Dimension von Räumen und Umwelten um Alter.
Concomitant lorazepam use and antidepressive efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a naturalistic setting
Authors: Deppe M. , Abdelnaim M. , Hebel T. , Kreuzer P. M. , Poeppl T. B. , Langguth B. , Schecklmann M.
Published: July 2020

Background/objectives:

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been established as an effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of depression. Preliminary data suggest that the efficacy of rTMS is reduced in patients taking benzodiazepines (BZD). Here, we use real-world data from a large sample to investigate the influence of lorazepam on the effectiveness of rTMS.

Methods

From a retrospective cohort of clinically depressed patients that were treated with rTMS, we compared 176 patients not taking any BZD with 73 patients taking lorazepam with respect to changes in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRDS).

Results

Both groups improved during rTMS according to HRDS scores, but the amelioration of symptoms was significantly less pronounced in patients taking lorazepam (18% vs. 38% responders in the non-lorazepam group). We could not see any association of intake regimen of lorazepam with response in rTMS.

Conclusion

Our observational study suggests that intake of lorazepam impedes the response to rTMS. The impact of lorazepam and other BZD on rTMS should receive more attention and be further investigated in prospective, hypothesis-based treatment studies to determine causal relationships between medication treatments and outcome. This could lead to specific recommendations for pharmacological treatment for depressed patients undergoing rTMS.
Pulmonary pathology and COVID-19: lessons from autopsy. The experience of European Pulmonary Pathologists
Authors: Calabrese Fiorella , Pezzuto Federica , Fortarezza Francesco , Hofman Paul , Kern Izidor , Panizo Angel , von der Thüsen Jan , Timofeev Sergei , Gorkiewicz Gregor , Lunardi Francesca
Published: July 2020

Since its initial recognition in December 2019, Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has quickly spread to a pandemic infectious disease. The causative agent has been recognized as a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), primarily affecting the respiratory tract. To date, no vaccines are available nor any specific treatment. To limit the number of infections, strict directives have been issued by governments that have been translated into equally rigorous guidelines notably for post-mortem examinations by international and national scientific societies. The recommendations for biosafety control required during specimen collection and handling have strongly limited the practice of autopsies of the COVID-19 patients to a few adequate laboratories. A full pathological examination has always been considered an important tool to better understand the pathophysiology of diseases, especially when the knowledge of an emerging disorder is limited and the impact on the healthcare system is significant. The first evidence of diffuse alveolar damage in the context of an acute respiratory distress syndrome has now been joined by the latest findings that report a more complex scenario in COVID-19, including a vascular involvement and a wide spectrum of associated pathologies. Ancillary tools such as electron microscopy and molecular biology used on autoptic tissue samples from autopsy are also significantly contributing to confirm and/or identify new aspects useful for a deeper knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms. This article will review and summarize the pathological findings described in COVID-19 until now, chiefly focusing on the respiratory tract, highlighting the importance of autopsy towards a better knowledge of this disease.
Tapentadol is effective in the management of moderate-to-severe cancer-related pain in opioid-naïve and opioid-tolerant patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Sazuka Shoichiro , Koitabashi Toshiya
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Tapentadol is a dual-acting mu-opioid receptor agonist and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor with non-inferior analgesic efficacy to oxycodone and better gastrointestinal tolerability than full mu-opioid receptor agonists. Tapentadol is approved for cancer pain in Japan; however, real-world evidence on tapentadol’s effectiveness and safety for cancer-related pain in Japan is limited.

Methods

This retrospective study evaluated the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of tapentadol (by patient type—opioid-naïve and opioid-tolerant) in 84 patients with moderate-to-severe cancer pain at Ichikawa General Hospital between September 2014 and August 2016.

Results

Almost 93% of patients achieved clinically relevant pain relief within 4 days (median). Over 90% of patients with neuropathic pain or mixed pain and all patients with nociceptive pain were responders. Pain intensity significantly decreased from baseline through to the end of maintenance period in opioid-naïve and opioid-tolerant patients. No patients discontinued tapentadol due to serious adverse events. No opioid-naïve patients experienced nausea or vomiting during tapentadol treatment. Only three opioid-tolerant patients experienced nausea which was considered to be related to tapentadol.

Conclusion

Tapentadol is effective and well tolerated in opioid-naïve and opioid-tolerant patients with cancer pain of varying pathophysiology, including those with nociceptive and/or neuropathic components. Tapentadol may be considered for first-line use in moderate-to-severe cancer-related pain.
The difference between steroid diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT study
Authors: Zhao Qingqing , Zhou Jinxin , Pan Yu , Ju Huijun , Zhu Liying , Liu Yang , Zhang Yifan
Published: July 2020

Aims

Steroid diabetes mellitus (SDM) is a metabolic syndrome caused by an increase in glucocorticoids, and its pathogenesis is unclear. 18F-FDG PET/CT can reflect the glucose metabolism of tissues and organs under living conditions. Here, PET/CT imaging of SDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats was used to visualize changes in glucose metabolism in the main glucose metabolizing organs and investigate the pathogenesis of SDM.

Methods

SDM and T2DM rat models were established. During this time, PET/CT imaging was used to measure the %ID/g value of skeletal muscle and liver to evaluate glucose uptake. The pancreatic, skeletal muscle and liver were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Results

SDM rats showed increased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, hyperplasia of islet α and β cells, increased FDG uptake in skeletal muscle accompanied by an up-regulation of PI3Kp85α, IRS-1, and GLUT4, no significant changes in liver uptake, and that glycogen storage in the liver and skeletal muscle increased. T2DM rats showed atrophy of pancreatic islet β cells and decreased insulin levels, significantly reduced FDG uptake and glycogen storage in skeletal muscle and liver.

Conclusions

The pathogenesis of SDM is different from that of T2DM. The increased glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle may be related to the increased compensatory secretion of insulin. Glucocorticoids promote the proliferation of islet α cells and cause an increase in gluconeogenesis in the liver, which may cause increased blood glucose.
Determination of Numerical Errors in Under-Resolved DNS of Turbulent Non-isothermal Flows
Authors: Yigit S. , Hasslberger J. , Klein M.
Published: July 2020

The methodology to quantify the numerical dissipation in Under-resolved DNS (UDNS) based on the balance of the kinetic energy equation by Schranner et al. (Comput Fluids 114:84–97, 2015), has been examined in this study. Furthermore, this methodology has been extended for considering active scalars, based on both balance of the kinetic energy and thermal variance equations for assessing the quality of UDNS. As a first step towards the analysis of reactive flows, where temperature is actively coupled to the momentum equation, the turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cubical enclosure is considered here. The simulations have been carried out for different Prandtl numbers ($$Pr=0.1, 1.0, 10$$

P
r
=
0.1
,
1.0
,
10

) to analyse different levels of momentum-temperature coupling for a representative value of nominal Rayleigh number ($$Ra=10^7$$

R
a
=

10
7

) in order to investigate the effects of grid resolution and discretisation schemes on the numerical dissipation. It has been found that the numerical dissipation for both kinetic energy ($$R_{k}$$

R
k

) and thermal variance ($$R_{t}$$

R
t

) can range between positive or negative values depending on the combined effects of temporal and spatial discretisation schemes and grid spacing. The positive values of $$R_{k}$$

R
k

and $$R_{t}$$

R
t

indicate a loss of the kinetic energy and thermal variance due to numerical errors, whereas the negative values of $$R_{k}$$

R
k

and $$R_{t}$$

R
t

result in a moderate attenuation of these quantities. Accordingly, the numerical dissipation results obtained here (i.e. $$R_{k}$$

R
k

and $$R_{t}$$

R
t

) have been utilised for evaluating the effective values of the Rayleigh and Prandtl number (i.e. $$Ra_{eff}$$

R

a

eff

, $$Pr_{eff}$$

P

r

eff

) for UDNS. Using the scaling of the mean Nusselt number ($$Nu \sim {Ra^a} {Pr^b}$$

N
u
∼

R

a
a

P

r
b

), it has been shown that the error relative to exact mean Nusselt number can be estimated based on $$R_{k}$$

R
k

, $$R_{t}$$

R
t

and the effective mean Nusselt number of the UDNS ($$Nu_{UDNS}$$

N

u

UDNS

). Overall, this methodology has been found a promising tool for the quality assessment of UDNS for the applications of non-isothermal flows (e.g. Rayleigh–Bénard convection).
Towards Interoperability in Clinical Research - Enabling FHIR on the Open-Source Research Platform XNAT
Authors: Khvastova Maryna , Witt Michael , Essenwanger Andrea , Sass Julian , Thun Sylvia , Krefting Dagmar
Published: July 2020

This paper presents an approach to enable interoperability of the research data management system XNAT by the implementation of the HL7 standards framework Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR). The FHIR implementation is realized as an XNAT plugin (Source code: https://github.com/somnonetz/xnat-fhir-plugin), that allows easy adoption in arbitrary XNAT instances. The approach is demonstrated on patient data exchange between a FHIR reference implementation and XNAT.
Development of New Preheating Methods for Hot Forging Tools Based on Industrial Case Studies and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Hawryluk Marek , Widomski Paweł , Kaszuba Marcin , Krawczyk Jakub
Published: July 2020

The study performs an overview and evaluation of the currently applied methods of preheating forging tools used in hot die forging processes performed on presses and presents the development and tests of new, more effective methods. Based on the conducted complex analysis of the temperature changes taking place on and directly beneath the surface of forging dies during their preliminary heating, an analysis was performed of one of the most commonly used methods of tool heating, i.e., using a charge material and a waste material. Next, the study proposes the introduction of changes and improvements of this method to achieve repeatability and stability of the obtained temperatures. To that end, detailed guidelines concerning the manner and time of the heating process were elaborated. The following step was the development of a new, more effective heating method. The first draft involved a new concept of heating using heaters localized in the die’s housing or heaters in the shape of forgings placed between the dies. Both concepts of heating were numerically modeled, which made it possible to assess their effectiveness. The last step of the research was the development of a heating method using induction heaters. This method was the most effective and brought the best results, which was confirmed during the modeling of the heating process and in the tests conducted on the prototype test stand. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of almost all the methods, especially the method of heating by means of a charge material, supported by new guidelines, the method of heating with the use of forging-shaped heaters and the method of induction heating. Only in the case of heating with heaters mounted in the tool housing was the assumed working temperature not achieved. Some differences were observed mainly related to efficiency, that is, the heating speed in respect to the assumed temperature. The performed tests showed that the best method is induction heating as it is over twice as fast. Therefore, it is usually recommended for the process of heating and the additional heating realized in the work center of the press on the mounted tools, where the time aspect is especially important.
The facets of an impostor – development and validation of the impostor-profile (IPP31) for measuring impostor phenomenon
Authors: Ibrahim Fabio , Münscher Johann-Christoph , Herzberg Philipp Yorck
Published: July 2020

The Impostor Phenomenon (IP) is a characteristic, which is composed of cognitions of inauthenticity, in conjunction with fear of failure, as well as fear of being exposed as a fraud. The IP was first described by Clance (1985), who also developed an accompanying questionnaire. However, this questionnaire left room for optimization (item content, pysychometric properties, and the representing IP as a multidimensional construct). Therefore, we developed an item pool of 450 new items based on the theoretical foundation. The core element characteristics are measured using the theoretically derived scales:Competence Doubt,Working Style,Alienation,Other-Self Divergence, FrugalityandNeed for Sympathy. Based on a German sample (N = 771, 51% female), aged 18 to 70 years, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a selection of 31 items. The six scales show satisfactory internal consistencies between .69 and .92. Initial construct validity showed positive correlations with convergent (Neuroticism) and discriminant measures (Self-Esteem). The Impostor-Profile (IPP31) is a theoretically founded multidimensional german questionnaire that can be applied in research and practice.
Biological perspectives and current biofabrication strategies in osteochondral tissue engineering
Authors: Vyas Cian , Mishbak Hussein , Cooper Glen , Peach Chris , Pereira Ruben F. , Bartolo Paulo
Published: July 2020

Articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone are crucial in human movement and when damaged through disease or trauma impacts severely on quality of life. Cartilage has a limited regenerative capacity due to its avascular composition and current therapeutic interventions have limited efficacy. With a rapidly ageing population globally, the numbers of patients requiring therapy for osteochondral disorders is rising, leading to increasing pressures on healthcare systems. Research into novel therapies using tissue engineering has become a priority. However, rational design of biomimetic and clinically effective tissue constructs requires basic understanding of osteochondral biological composition, structure, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, consideration of material design, scaffold architecture, and biofabrication strategies, is needed to assist in the development of tissue engineering therapies enabling successful translation into the clinical arena. This review provides a starting point for any researcher investigating tissue engineering for osteochondral applications. An overview of biological properties of osteochondral tissue, current clinical practices, the role of tissue engineering and biofabrication, and key challenges associated with new treatments is provided. Developing precisely engineered tissue constructs with mechanical and phenotypic stability is the goal. Future work should focus on multi-stimulatory environments, long-term studies to determine phenotypic alterations and tissue formation, and the development of novel bioreactor systems that can more accurately resemble the in vivo environment.
On an application of multi-material composite laminates in the aerospace sector
Authors: Luinge Hans , Warnet Laurent L.
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the possibility to use shredded thermoplastic laminates as one of the plies within a laminate. The focus lies in potential performance decrease due to the presence of such compounds within the laminate. For this purpose, a typical application of a stampformed thermoplastic-based laminate is taken as a basis. In this application, the replacement of mid-plane layers by a moulding compound is considered. The performance knockdown is evaluated using a series of tests typically related to the application. The results of bending, bearing and curved beam tests are reported and analysed. The results show that the replacement of continuous fibres by shredded laminates does not affect significantly the performance of the material for the chosen properties. The applicability of such hybrid laminates is further discussed based on these results.
Charging ‘overseas visitors’ for NHS treatment, from Bevan to Windrush and beyond
Authors: McHale Jean V , Speakman Elizabeth M
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the development and operation of law and policy concerning the charging of overseas visitors for healthcare in England from the beginnings of the NHS to the present day. It highlights how this has been a highly contentious issue for decades, often linked with immigration policy, and is an area that still lacks comprehensive reliable empirical data to inform the debate. It explores and analyses the recent reforms to the NHS Overseas Charging Regulations introduced in 2015 and 2017. It demonstrates the problems in implementing the most recent regulations in an era of the ‘hostile environment’ and argues that the approach which has been taken can be seen as undermining the covenant of trust between patient and clinician and thus the fundamental principles of the NHS.
Echoes of Ariadne in the Musical Reception of Ariosto and Tasso
Authors: Refini Eugenio
Published: July 2020

This article discusses Fulvio Testi's libretto “L'isola di Alcina” (1626), based on Ariosto's “Orlando furioso.” After considering its significance to the cultural politics of the Este and the author's preoccupations with poetical and political lineage, the essay focuses on the sorceress Alcina's lament in act 4 and its afterlife in the Baroque cantata repertoire. Echoes from Claudio Monteverdi and Ottavio Rinuccini's “Arianna” as well as the memory of the sorceress Armida from Torquato Tasso's “Gerusalemme liberata” are crucial to the gradual reshaping that, across poetry and music, transforms the evil character into a woman worthy of the audience's sympathy.
Reducing potential aerosol generation in flexible nasolaryngoscopy: a novel method
Authors: Curran J , Calder N , Yaneza M , Iyer A
Published: July 2020

Background

Fibre-optic nasoendoscopy and fibre-optic laryngoscopy are high-risk procedures in the coronavirus disease 2019 era, as they are potential aerosol-generating procedures. Barrier protection remains key to preventing transmission.

Methods

A device was developed that patients can wear to reduce potential aerosol contamination of the surroundings.

Conclusion

This device is simple, reproducible, easy to use, economical and well-tolerated. Full personal protection equipment should additionally be worn by the operator.
Test, test, test – a complication of testing for coronavirus disease 2019 with nasal swabs
Authors: Mughal Z , Luff E , Okonkwo O , Hall C E J
Published: July 2020

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019, a highly transmissible respiratory infection, has created a public health crisis of global magnitude. The mainstay of diagnostic testing for coronavirus disease 2019 is molecular polymerase chain reaction testing of a respiratory specimen, obtained with a viral swab. As the incidence of new cases of coronavirus disease 2019 increases exponentially, the use of viral swabs to collect nasopharyngeal specimens is anticipated to increase drastically.

Case report

This paper draws attention to a complication of viral swab testing in the nasopharynx and describes the premature engagement of a viral swab breakpoint, resulting in impaction in the nasal cavity.

Conclusion

This case highlights a possible design flaw of the viral swab when used to collect nasopharyngeal specimens, which then requires an aerosol-generating procedure in a high-risk patient to be performed. The paper outlines a safe technique of nasal foreign body removal in a suspected coronavirus disease 2019 patient and suggests alternative testing materials.
A T2 Translational Science Modified Delphi Study: Spinal Motion Restriction in a Resource-Scarce Environment
Authors: Weinstein Eric S. , Cuthbertson Joseph L. , Ragazzoni Luca , Verde Manuela
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Emerging evidence is guiding changes in prehospital management of potential spinal injuries. The majority of settings related to current recommendations are in resource-rich environments (RREs), whereas there is a lack of guidance on the provision of spinal motion restriction (SMR) in resource-scarce environments (RSEs), such as: mass-casualty incidents (MCIs); low-middle income countries; complex humanitarian emergencies; conflict zones; and prolonged transport times. The application of Translational Science (TS) in the Disaster Medicine (DM) context was used to develop this study, leading to statements that can be used in the creation of evidence-based clinical guidelines (CGs).

Objective:

What is appropriate SMR in RSEs?

Methods:

The first round of this modified Delphi (mD) study was a structured focus group conducted at the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM) Congress in Brisbane Australia on May 9, 2019. The result of the focus group discussion of open-ended questions produced ten statements that were added to ten statements derived from Fischer (2018) to create the second mD round questionnaire.

Academic researchers and educators, operational first responders, or first receivers of patients with suspected spinal injuries were identified to be mD experts. Experts rated their agreement with each statement on a seven-point linear numeric scale. Consensus amongst experts was defined as a standard deviation ≤1.0. Statements that were in agreement reaching consensus were included in the final report; those that were not in agreement but reached consensus were removed from further consideration. Those not reaching consensus advanced to the third mD round.

For subsequent rounds, experts were shown the mean response and their own response for each of the remaining statements and asked to reconsider their rating. As above, those that did not reach consensus advanced to the next round until consensus was reached for each statement.

Results:

Twenty-two experts agreed to participate with 19 completing the second mD round and 16 completing the third mD round. Eleven statements reached consensus. Nine statements did not reach consensus.

Conclusions:

Experts reached consensus offering 11 statements to be incorporated into the creation of SMR CGs in RSEs. The nine statements that did not reach consensus can be further studied and potentially modified to determine if these can be considered in SMR CGs in RSEs.
Ahmadreza Djalali, MD, PhD is Dying
Authors: Burkle Frederick M.
Published: July 2020

Editor-in-Chief Note:

Dr. Djalali is a well-known member of the international disaster medicine community. He is a man always with a smile and sincere in seeking the best for all mankind. His now extremely prolonged imprisonment without due process to allow him to defend himself represents one of the most profound inhumane acts on the globe. His torture and starvation are beyond comprehension for the international health and medicine community as well as all men and women. The pictures that accompany this editorial are published with proper permissions and have been authenticated as untouched from the originals.
Automatic generation of lexica for sentiment polarity shifters
Authors: Schulder Marc , Wiegand Michael , Ruppenhofer Josef
Published: July 2020

Alleviating pain is good and abandoning hope is bad. We instinctively understand how words like alleviate and abandon affect the polarity of a phrase, inverting or weakening it. When these words are content words, such as verbs, nouns, and adjectives, we refer to them as polarity shifters. Shifters are a frequent occurrence in human language and an important part of successfully modeling negation in sentiment analysis; yet research on negation modeling has focused almost exclusively on a small handful of closed-class negation words, such as not, no, and without. A major reason for this is that shifters are far more lexically diverse than negation words, but no resources exist to help identify them. We seek to remedy this lack of shifter resources by introducing a large lexicon of polarity shifters that covers English verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Creating the lexicon entirely by hand would be prohibitively expensive. Instead, we develop a bootstrapping approach that combines automatic classification with human verification to ensure the high quality of our lexicon while reducing annotation costs by over 70%. Our approach leverages a number of linguistic insights; while some features are based on textual patterns, others use semantic resources or syntactic relatedness. The created lexicon is evaluated both on a polarity shifter gold standard and on a polarity classification task.
Evaluation of dicamba retention in spray tanks and its impact on flue-cured tobacco
Authors: Inman Matthew D. , Vann Matthew C. , Fisher Loren R. , Gannon Travis W. , Jordan David L. , Jennings Katie M.
Published: July 2020

In recent years, there has been increased use of dicamba due to the introduction of dicamba-resistant cotton and soybean in the United States. Therefore, there is a potential increase in off-target movement of dicamba and injury to sensitive crops. Flue-cured tobacco is extremely sensitive to auxin herbicides, particularly dicamba. In addition to yield loss, residue from drift or equipment contamination can have severe repercussions for the marketability of the crop. Studies were conducted in 2016, 2017, and 2018 in North Carolina to evaluate spray-tank cleanout efficiency of dicamba using various cleaning procedures. No difference in dicamba recovery was observed regardless of dicamba formulation and cleaning agent. Dicamba residue decreased with the number of rinses. There was no difference in dicamba residue recovered from the third rinse compared with residue from the tank after being refilled for subsequent tank use. Recovery ranged from 2% to 19% of the original concentration rate among the three rinses. Field studies were also conducted in 2018 to evaluate flue-cured tobacco response to reduced rates of dicamba ranging, from 1/5 to 1/10,000 of a labeled rate. Injury and yield reductions varied by environment and application timing. When exposed to 1/500 of a labeled rate at 7 and 11 wk after transplanting, tobacco injury ranged from 39% to 53% and 10% to 16% 24 days after application, respectively. The maximum yield reduction was 62%, with a 55% reduction in value when exposed to 112 g ha−1 of dicamba. Correlations showed significant relationships between crop injury assessment and yield and value reductions, with Pearson values ranging from 0.24 to 0.63. These data can provide guidance to growers and stakeholders and emphasize the need for diligent stewardship when using dicamba technology.
The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback Therapy as an Alternative Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children
Authors: van Hoogdalem Lothar E. , Feijs Hanneke M. E. , Bramer Wichor M. , Ismail Sohal Y. , van Dongen Josanne D. M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Findings for the effectiveness of neurofeedback in autism spectrum disorder are found to be inconsistent. Therefore, this review comprehensively and systematically reviewed literature on the effectiveness of neurofeedback for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders in children. A systematic search of Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and Google Scholar was carried out in October 2017 to find relevant papers. We selected full journal articles that reported neurofeedback as a treatment for autism in children (0–17 years). The search yielded 587 articles and we included 20 references with a total of 443 participants. Ninety-four percent of nonrandomized controlled and experimental trials concerning neurofeedback for autism spectrum disorders found positive results. The evidence for effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy was even more robust when only randomized controlled studies were considered. Although there are only a few randomized controlled studies, results support effectiveness of neurofeedback for autism spectrum disorder, including long-term positive effects. In the future, optimal treatment protocols have to be developed to guide clinicians in their neurofeedback treatment. In conclusion, neurofeedback seems to be an alternative treatment for autism spectrum disorders, with space for improvement.
Fallout of Lead Over Paris From the 2019 Notre‐Dame Cathedral Fire
Authors: van Geen Alexander , Yao Yuling , Ellis Tyler , Gelman Andrew
Published: July 2020

The roof and spire of Notre‐Dame cathedral in Paris that caught fire and collapsed on 15 April 2019 were covered with 460 t of lead (Pb). Government reports documented Pb deposition immediately downwind of the cathedral and a twentyfold increase in airborne Pb concentrations at a distance of 50 km in the aftermath. For this study, we collected 100 samples of surface soil from tree pits, parks, and other sites in all directions within 1 km of the cathedral. Concentrations of Pb measured by X‐ray fluorescence range from 30 to 9,000 mg/kg across the area, with a higher proportion of elevated concentrations to the northwest of the cathedral, in the direction of the wind prevailing during the fire. By integrating these observations with a Gaussian process regression model, we estimate that the average concentration of Pb in surface soil downwind of the cathedral is 430 (95% interval, 300–590) mg/kg, nearly double the average Pb concentration in the other directions of 240 (95% interval, 170–320) mg/kg. The difference corresponds to an integrated excess Pb inventory within a 1 km radius of 1.0 (95% interval, 0.5–1.5) t, about 0.2% of all the Pb covering the roof and spire. This is over 6 times the estimated amount of Pb deposited downwind 1–50 km from the cathedral. To what extent the concentrated fallout within 1 km documented here temporarily exposed the downwind population to Pb is difficult to confirm independently because too few soil, dust, and blood samples were collected immediately after the fire.
Effects of Regional Transport on Haze in the North China Plain: Transport of Precursors or Secondary Inorganic Aerosols
Authors: Du Huiyun , Li Jie , Wang Zifa , Dao Xu , Guo Song , Wang Lingling , Ma Shuangliang , Wu Jianbin , Yang Wenyi , Chen Xueshun , Sun Yele
Published: July 2020

Most previous studies treat regional transport of aerosols as a whole, without distinguishing the transport of secondary aerosols and that of their precursors. A new method of quantifying the transport forms of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) using the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System was proposed. The contribution of nonlocal emissions to SIA in the receptor region was divided into three parts: (1) SIA chemically formed by nonlocal emissions in their source regions; (2) SIA chemically formed by nonlocal emissions during transport; and (3) SIA chemically formed by nonlocal emissions in the receptor region, representing transport of precursors. In the North China Plain, the transport of precursors and SIA produced during transport are the two main transport forms. Furthermore, the contribution from transport of precursors increased under polluted conditions in most cities. The results indicate that joint control of precursors is paramount for mitigating air pollution.
InSAR Evidence Indicates a Link Between Fluid Injection for Salt Mining and the 2019 Changning (China) Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Wang Shuai , Jiang Guoyan , Weingarten Matthew , Niu Yufen
Published: July 2020

In June 2019, an earthquake sequence comprising five M > 5 events occurred in a region of southwest China with fluid injection for both hydraulic fracturing and salt mining, which raised an extensive controversy on the cause. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to determine the source parameters of the sequence and to investigate the relationship with local injection activities. Both Sentinel‐1 and Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 SAR images are collected to measure coseismic and preseismic surface deformation. Geodetic inversions with coseismic observations show that the sequence ruptured a previously unmapped southwest‐dipping thrust fault above 3 km depth, which intersects with the open‐hole sections of wells for solution mining of salt. In the 4 months before the sequence, cumulative line‐of‐sight displacements near the wells are around 1–2 cm after correcting seasonal‐like deformation. Our results indicate that water injection likely enhanced pore pressure within the fault zone and thus contributed to inducing the sequence.
Nanoconfined Water Effect on CO2 Utilization and Geological Storage
Authors: Zhang Kaiqiang , Liu Lirong , Huang Guohe
Published: July 2020

Understanding nanoconfined water effect on CO2 utilization and storage has tremendous implications in academic research and practical applications, especially for extremely low‐permeability shale reservoirs. Here, a new nanoscale‐extended cubic‐plus association equation of state is developed by including the confinement effects and intermolecular interactions, based on which the phase behavior and interfacial tension of the pure water and water‐CO2 system are accurately calculated. Moreover, three important parameters, caprock‐sealing pressure, maximum storage height, and storage capacity, are quantitatively determined for assessing the potential for the CO2 storage. On the basis of the results from this study, the negative effect of nanoconfiend water can be substantially reduced or even converted to be positive for the CO2 utilization and storage in the shale reservoirs due to the extremely small pore scale as well as the associated strong confinements and intermolecular interactions. Overall, this study supports the foundation of general practical applications pertaining to CO2 utilization and geological storage in unconventional low‐permeability shale formations with existence of nanoconfined water.
Initial GNSS Phase Altimetry Measurements From the Spire Satellite Constellation
Authors: Nguyen Vu A. , Nogués‐Correig Oleguer , Yuasa Takayuki , Masters Dallas , Irisov Vladimir
Published: July 2020

The collection of phase coherent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reflected signals from radio occultation receivers in low‐Earth orbit potentially offers the capability of deriving precise altimetry measurements over open and sea‐ice‐covered water at unprecedented coverage and low cost. Although past studies have verified the possibility of deriving altimetric measurements from GNSS observations, there is still uncertainty regarding the precision of this technique and its application. This study highlights the extraction of altimetric information from initial grazing angle GNSS reflection events observed by Spire satellites. Results show that the majority of coherent events occur over sea‐ice‐covered regions. A smaller number of coherent events are observed over the open ocean due to rougher scattering conditions. Altimetric retrieval was performed using dual frequency phase measurements from several events and compared to a model of the sea surface to demonstrate agreement to within 3 cm after the removal of the average height difference.
Scale‐Free Structure of Surface‐Water Connectivity Within a Lowland River‐Floodplain Landscape
Authors: Castillo Cesar R. , Güneralp İnci , Hales Billy , Güneralp Burak
Published: July 2020

Lowland rivers regularly flood and create complex inundation patterns where energy and matter are exchanged between landscape patches over a dynamic network of surface‐water connections. Scale‐freeness of networks for phenomena in many disciplines have been studied with mixed results. Here we present the first documented example of a (roughly) scale‐free network of surface‐water connections within a river‐floodplain landscape. We accomplish this by simulating 23 inundation maps across the historical range of flows for the Mission River in Texas. We then analyze the topology of the surface‐water connections between the river and two habitat patch types. Results show that surface‐water connectivity is scale‐free for ≥64% of simulated flows (≥70% for flows with floodplain inundation). Moreover, the dynamic surface‐water connections meet five of the six conceptual criteria of scale‐free networks. Our findings indicate that river‐floodplain landscapes are self‐organizing toward scale‐free surface‐water connections among patches that optimizes energy and matter exchange.
A Maximum Rupture Model for the Southern San Andreas and San Jacinto Faults, California, Derived From Paleoseismic Earthquake Ages: Observations and Limitations
Authors: Scharer Katherine M. , Yule Doug
Published: July 2020

Paleoseismic rupture histories provide spatiotemporal models of earthquake moment release needed to test numerical models and lengthen the instrumental catalog. We develop a model of the fewest and thus largest magnitude earthquakes permitted by paleoseismic data for the last 1,500 years on the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto Faults, California, USA. The largest geometric complexity appears to regulate the system: Only two ruptures break the San Gorgonio Pass region, followed by episodes of ruptures that could bridge the northern San Jacinto Fault and the San Andreas Fault. When tested against independent data on slip per event, the model produces comparable values indicating the end‐member model does not underpredict rupture rates. Rupture of >85% of the fault length in the historic period between 1800 and 1857 and the subsequent quiescence is similar to epochs of activity in the prehistoric model, suggesting that regional clustering of seismicity could be a trait of the system.