bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural convection and radiation in porous fins
Authors: Darvishi M.T. , Gorla R.S.R. , Khani F.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to conduct a numerical study of the convection heat transfer in porous media by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The geometry considered is that of a rectangular profile fin. The porous fin allows the flow to infiltrate through it and solid-fluid interaction takes place. This study is performed using Darcy's model to formulate heat transfer equation. To study the thermal performance, three types of cases are considered namely long fin, finite length fin with insulated tip and finite length fin with tip exposed. The theory section addresses the derived governing equation. The effects of the porosity parameter Sh, radiation parameter G and temperature ratio CT on the dimensionless temperature distribution and heat transfer rate are discussed. The results suggest that the radiation transfers more heat than a similar model without radiation. The auxiliary parameter in the HAM is derived by using the averaged residual error concept which significantly reduces the computational time. The use of optimal auxiliary parameter provides a superior control on the convergence and accuracy of the analytic solution.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study is performed using Darcy's model to formulate heat transfer equation. To study the thermal performance, three types of cases are considered namely long fin, finite length fin with insulated tip and finite length fin with tip exposed. The effects of the porosity parameter Sh, radiation parameter G and temperature ratio CT on the dimensionless temperature distribution and heat transfer rate are discussed.

Findings

– The HAM has been successfully applied for the thermal performance of a porous fin of rectangular profile. Solutions are derived for three cases of tip condition: an infinitely long fin with tip in thermal equilibrium with the ambient, a finite fin with an insulated tip and a finite fin with a convective tip. The performance of the fin depends on three dimensionless parameters; porosity parameter Sh, radiation-conduction parameter G and a dimensionless temperature relating the ambient and base temperatures. The results show that the base heat flow increases when the permeability of the medium is high and/or when the buoyancy effect induced in the fluid is strong. The base heat flow is enhanced as the surface radiation or the tip Biot number increases.

Research limitations/implications

– The analysis is made for the Darcy's model. Non-Darcy effects will be investigated in a future work.

Practical implications

– The approach is useful in enhancing heat transfer rates.

Originality/value

– The results of the study will be interested to the researchers of the field of heat exchanger designers.
On the impact of words: interpretation, empathy and affect regulation
Authors: Bisagni Francesco
Published: November 2013

This paper offers a contribution towards furthering our understanding of a theme more usually associated with the Freudian tradition, namely the role and function of words as action, particularly in relation to the representational process and its somatic roots. Some reference to neuroscience research will be offered in this respect. It also considers the value of differentiating Empathy from Empathism, as defined by the Italian psychoanalyst Stefano Bolognini who distinguishes informing complementary countertransference from states of over‐concordance. Two analytic sessions taken from the intensive analysis of a deeply deprived late‐latency child showing violent behaviour are provided with the aim of illustrating the application of these concepts. It is argued that, given the same elaboration of the countertransference and the adequate empathic position on the part of the analyst, the difference in the outcome of the interpretation was made by the specific use of words—in this case the use or not of the personal pronoun―in the two sessions. As the case material is taken from the clinical work of a supervisee, some elements regarding the supervisory situation are also discussed in the paper.
New oral anticoagulants: An emergency department overview
Authors: Wood Peter
Published: November 2013

As of September 2013, three new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are now available for clinical use on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in Australia. All three are for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, and one will also be available for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. All have been evaluated in large, multicentre randomised clinical trials. These drugs show at least equivalent efficacy to the current standard of care, the vitamin K antagonist warfarin. Major bleeding rates are overall comparable with warfarin, but there is an important reduction in intracranial bleeding of approximately 50% with all NOAC agents. The NOACs are administered in a simple, fixed dose regimen. There are a few clinically important interactions with other medications or diet. Concerns exist about the potential for irreversible bleeding in the small number of patients in which that occurs. This short report will discuss the pharmacology of these agents, the indications for use, aspects of laboratory monitoring and the management of bleeding with these agents.
Picturing Nature: Gender and the Politics of Natural‐Historical Description in Eighteenth‐Century Gdańsk/Danzig
Authors: COOPER ALIX
Published: November 2013

The concept of ‘description’ has increasingly come under scrutiny in the history of science. This paper explores eighteenth‐century debates over description through the case study of a scientific family in Gdańsk (the former Danzig). There, on the shores of the Baltic, physician Johann Philipp Breyne took Latin notes on naturalia, while several of his daughters drew and painted vivid representations of them ‘from life’ and one daughter wrote ‘poetical descriptions’ of them. In the Breyne family's work, different forms of description of the natural world were juxtaposed to reveal what might be termed a gendered politics of description.
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria phenotype cells and leucocyte subset telomere length in childhood acquired aplastic anaemia
Authors: Tutelman Perri R. , Aubert Geraldine , Milner Ruth A. , Dalal Bakul I. , Schultz Kirk R. , Deyell Rebecca J.
Published: November 2013

The significance of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNHpos) cells and leucocyte subset telomere lengths in paediatric aplastic anaemia (AA) is unknown. Among 22 children receiving immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for AA, 73% (16/22) were PNHpos, of whom 94% achieved at least a partial response (PR) to IST; 11/16 (69%) achieved complete response (CR). Only 2/6 (33%) PNHneg patients achieved PR. PNHpos patients were less likely to fail IST compared to PNHneg patients (odds ratio 0·033; 95% confidence interval 0·002–0·468; P = 0·012). Children with AA had short granulocyte (P = 7·8 × 10−9), natural killer cell (P = 6·0 × 10−4), naïve T lymphocyte (P = 0·002) and B lymphocyte (P = 0·005) telomeres compared to age‐matched normative data.
Does prostate HistoScanning™ play a role in detecting prostate cancer in routine clinical practice? Results from three independent studies
Authors: Javed Saqib , Chadwick Eliot , Edwards Albert A. , Beveridge Sabeena , Laing Robert , Bott Simon , Eden Christopher , Langley Stephen
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the ability of prostate HistoScanning™ (PHS; Advanced Medical Diagnostics, Waterloo, Belgium) to detect, characterize and locally stage prostate cancer, by comparing it with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided prostate biopsies, transperineal template prostate biopsies (TTBs) and whole‐mount radical prostatectomy specimens.

Subjects and Methods

Study 1. We recruited 24 patients awaiting standard 12‐core TRUS‐guided biopsies of the prostate to undergo PHS immediately beforehand. We compared PHS with the TRUS‐guided biopsy results in terms of their ability to detect cancer within the whole prostate and to localize it to the correct side and to the correct region of the prostate. Lesions that were suspicious on PHS were biopsied separately.

Study 2. We recruited 57 patients awaiting TTB to have PHS beforehand. We compared PHS with the TTB pathology results in terms of their ability to detect prostate cancer within the whole gland and to localize it to the correct side and to the correct sextant of the prostate.

Study 3. We recruited 24 patients awaiting radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer to undergo preoperative PHS. We compared PHS with standardized pathological analysis of the whole‐mount prostatectomy specimens in terms of their measurement of total tumour volume within the prostate, tumour volume within prostate sextants and volume of index lesions identified by PHS.

Results

The PHS‐targeted biopsies had an overall cancer detection rate of 38.1%, compared with 62.5% with standard TRUS‐guided biopsies. The sensitivity and specificity of PHS for localizing tumour to the correct prostate sextant, compared with standard TRUS‐guided biopsies, were 100 and 5.9%, respectively.

The PHS‐targeted biopsies had an overall cancer detection rate of 13.4% compared with 54.4% for standard TTB. PHS had a sensitivity and specificity for cancer detection in the posterior gland of 100 and 13%, respectively, and for the anterior gland, 6 and 82%, respectively.

We found no correlation between total tumour volume estimates from PHS and radical prostatectomy pathology (Pearson correlation coefficient −0.096). Sensitivity and specificity of PHS for detecting tumour foci ≥0.2 mL in volume were 63 and 53%.

Conclusions

These three independent studies in 105 patients suggest that PHS does not reliably identify and characterize prostate cancer in the routine clinical setting.
ADX71441, a novel, potent and selective positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, shows efficacy in rodent models of overactive bladder
Authors: Kalinichev M , Palea S , Haddouk H , Royer‐Urios I , Guilloteau V , Lluel P , Schneider M , Saporito M , Poli S
Published: November 2013

Background and Purpose

The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen reduces urethral resistance and detrusor overactivity in patients with spasticity. However, baclofen's side effects limit its use for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Here, we tested a novel GABAB positive allosteric modulator (PAM) ADX71441 in models of OAB in mice and guinea pigs.

Experimental Approach

Mice were left untreated or given (p.o.) vehicle (1% CMC), ADX71441 (1, 3, 10 mg kg−1) or oxybutynin (100 mg kg−1; Experiment 1) or vehicle (1% CMC), baclofen (1, 3, 6 mg kg−1) or oxybutynin (Experiment 2). Treated mice were then overhydrated with water, challenged with furosemide, before being placed into micturition chambers and monitored for urinary parameters. In anaesthetized guinea pigs, intravesical infusion of acetic acid was used to induce OAB and the effects of ADX71441 (1, 3 mg kg−1) or baclofen (1 mg kg−1), administered i.v., on cystometric parameters were monitored.

Key Results

In mice, 10 mg kg−1 ADX71441 increased urinary latencies, reduced the number of urinary events and the total and average urinary volumes. In guinea pigs, ADX71441 (1 and 3 mg kg−1) increased the intercontraction interval (ICI) and bladder capacity (BC), and reduced micturition frequency (MF) compared to vehicle. At 3 mg kg−1 ADX71441 completely inhibited the micturition reflex and induced overflow incontinence in five out of 10 animals. Baclofen slightly increased ICI and BC and reduced MF.

Conclusion and Implications

Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that a GABAB PAM has potential as a novel approach for the treatment of OAB.
Does trade stimulate product quality upgrading?
Authors: Fernandes Ana M. , Paunov Caroline
Published: November 2013

This paper investigates whether increased import competition leads firms to engage in incremental innovation reflected in product quality upgrading using Chilean manufacturing firm‐product data and measuring product quality with unit values (prices). We identify causal effects of import competition using an effective trade barrier measure – transport costs – as instruments for import penetration ratios across industries. Transport costs have a negative and significant effect on product quality. The evidence suggests that estimated unit value increases capture product quality upgrading, imports’ competition effects drive quality upgrading, and benefits depend on firms’ industrial specialization. Easier access to intermediate inputs also fosters quality upgrading.
The risk and cost of job loss in Canada, 1978–2008
Authors: Morissette René , Qiu Hanqing , Chan Ping Ching Winnie
Published: November 2013

We assess the risk and cost of worker displacement in Canada over the last three decades. We show that neither the risk of job loss nor the short‐term earnings losses of displaced workers trended upwards during that period. However, short‐term earnings losses of workers displaced from manufacturing increased in recent years, as a smaller proportion found a post‐displacement job in that sector. In line with Stevens and Couch and Placzek, we find that high‐seniority workers and individuals with stable labour market attachment experienced, five years after displacement, earnings losses that ranged between 10% and 18%.
Immigrant earnings growth: selection bias or real progress?
Authors: Picot Garnett , Piraino Patrizio
Published: November 2013

We use longitudinal tax data linked to immigrant landing records to study the effect of selective attrition on the estimated earnings assimilation of immigrants to Canada. Contrary to findings in the existing international literature, we show that the immigrant‐native earnings gap closes at the same pace in longitudinal and cross‐sectional data. Low‐earning immigrants are likely to leave the cross‐sectional samples over time, but the same is true for the native born. Our study suggests that immigrants to Canada have labour market participation dynamics similar to those of the native born.
Openness in adoption: Challenging the narrative of historical progress
Authors: Jones Christine
Published: November 2013

One significant change in adoption practice that has occurred over the last four decades is the shift away from an expectation of confidentiality towards an expectation of openness in adoption. Openness is typically conceived in terms of the level of contact between adoptive and birth families following adoption or the extent to which adoption is openly discussed within the adoptive family. While these shifts in practice have generated controversy, they are largely supported by research evidence and have become a feature of contemporary adoptive family life. As a result, the narrative that has emerged in relation to openness in adoption is one of historical progress. In this paper, I argue that the lived reality of adoption is less straightforward than this narrative suggests. An analysis of the social and cultural context in which adoption operates suggests instead that the persistent feature of adoption throughout this historical period of increasing openness can be more accurately described as a state of enduring ambiguity regarding the nature of post‐adoption relationships. The paper highlights the potentially damaging consequences of overlooking this aspect of adoptive family life and comments on the role of policy in shaping openness in adoption.
Clinical Factors Influencing Removal of the Cement Excess in Implant‐Supported Restorations
Authors: Vindasiute Egle , Puisys Algirdas , Maslova Natalja , Linkeviciene Laura , Peciuliene Vytaute , Linkevicius Tomas
Published: November 2013

Background

The depth of the cementation margin has an influence on the amount of cement remnants around implants. However, the role of other clinical factors is still not clarified.

Purpose

The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between undetected cement and (i) location of the implant, (ii) implant diameter, and (iii) undercut.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐five patients were treated with single metal‐ceramic restorations on implants. The undercut between the restoration and the tissue was measured. After cementation, the restoration‐abutment unit was unscrewed. All quadrants of the specimens were photographed and analyzed. The ratio between total restoration area/peri‐implant tissue area and area of cement remnants was calculated in pixels. Significance was set to 0.05.

Results

Sixty‐five metal‐ceramic restorations were placed on 65 implants (39 molars, 22 premolars, 4 anteriors; 21 implants had a diameter of 3.5 mm, 34 of 4.0 mm, 10 of 5.0 mm). An undercut of 1 mm was found in 118 sites, 2 mm in 96 sites, and 3 mm in 46. The percentages of soft tissue and restoration, respectively, covered by cement were as follows: molars 4% and 7%; premolars 3.8% and 7.3%; anteriors 3% and 3.4%; 3.5 mm diameter 3.3% and 7.4%; 4.0 mm 7.7% and 7.7%; 5.0 mm 3.9% and 2.1%; 1‐mm undercut 3.5% and 5.4%; 2‐mm 4% and 8.1%; 3‐mm 4.8% and 8.4%. The relationship between amount of cement remnants and implant location was insignificant (p > 0.05) for both soft tissue and the specimen, but significant relationships with amount of cement remnants were found for diameter (p = 0.026 for soft tissue, p = 0.600 for specimen) and undercut (p = 0.004 for soft tissue, p = 0.046 for specimen).

Conclusion

If cemented crown restoration is desired, undercuts should be reduced to a minimum for better removal of cement excess, irrespective of the diameter and location of the implants in the mouth.
Pretransplant risk stratification for early survival of renal allograft recipients
Authors: Kikić Željko , Herkner Harald , Sengölge Gürkan , Kozakowski Nicolas , Bartel Gregor , Plischke Max
Published: November 2013

Background

Baseline comorbidities influence patient outcomes in renal transplantation. Identification of high‐risk recipients for patient death and early allograft loss might lead to superior stratification.

Material and Methods

In this retrospective study, risk stratification models were developed in a cohort of 392 kidney transplant recipients and validated in an independent cohort to predict short‐term (2 year) outcomes.

Results

Peripheral arterial disease [OR 7·7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2·45–24·60); P < 0·001], use of oral anticoagulation [OR 18·68 (95% CI: 3·77–92·46); P < 0·0001], smoking [OR 5·15 (95% CI: 1·67–15·84); P = 0·004], recipient age > 60 years [OR 7·28 (95% CI: 2·33–22·69; P = 0·001)], serum albumin < 40 g/L [OR 5·08 (95% CI: 1·82–14·19); P = 0·002], serum calcium ≥ 2·42 mM [OR 6·47 (95% CI: 1·37–30·58); P = 0·02] living donation [OR 2·95, (95% CI: 0·31–28·29); P = 0·34)] and previous haemodialysis [OR 3·33, (95% CI: 0·39–28·11); P = 0·27)] were included in the model. The validated model discriminated between low‐ (< 3 points) and high‐risk recipients (> 8·5 points) with mortality rates of 0% vs. 54%. The comparison of the model with the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) yielded significantly better receiver operating characteristic (ROC) areas (Novel Score ROC: 0·87 vs. CCI: 0·72, P = 0·0012). Early allograft loss was associated with presensitization [OR 3·02 (95% CI: 1·29–7·09); P = 0·011] and presence of hepatitis C antibodies [OR 2·42 (95% CI: 1·09–5·34); P = 0·029]. A risk model (ROC: 0·62) for allograft loss could not be developed.

Conclusion

Risk stratification based on the novel score might identify high‐risk recipients with disproportional risk of early patient death and lead to optimized strategies.
Substance use in clinical high risk for psychosis: a review of the literature
Authors: Addington Jean , Case Nevicia , Saleem Majid M. , Auther Andrea M. , Cornblatt Barbara A. , Cadenhead Kristin S.
Published: November 2013

Aim

In the literature, there is evidence suggesting an association between substance use and psychosis. However, little is known about substance use in those who may be in the pre‐psychotic phase, that is, those who are putatively prodromal are considered to be at clinical high risk (CHR) of developing psychosis.

Methods

We conducted a review of publications measuring patterns and rates of substance use in CHR for psychosis individuals and the effects on the transition to psychosis.

Results

Of 5527 potentially relevant research papers, 10 met inclusion criteria of CHR subjects and specifically mentioned substance use in the sample. The results of these studies varied. Cannabis, alcohol and tobacco/nicotine were reported as the most commonly used substances. There was limited information on the changes in patterns of use over time. Two out of the ten studies found a significant association between the use of substances and subsequent transition to psychosis. In one of these studies, substance abuse was a predictor of psychosis when included as a variable in a prediction algorithm. In the other study, the abuse of cannabis and nicotine was associated with transition to psychosis.

Conclusions

We found limited evidence to suggest that increased rates of substance use may be associated with transition to psychosis. However, further prospective research examining the association between substance use and transition to psychosis is required before any firm conclusions can be made.
Declining transition rates to psychosis: the contribution of potential changes in referral pathways to an ultra–high‐risk service
Authors: Wiltink Suzanne , Velthorst Eva , Nelson Barnaby , McGorry Patrick M. , Yung Alison R.
Published: November 2013

Aim

On the basis of applying ‘ultra–high‐risk’ (UHR) criteria, initially high rates of transition to psychosis were reported. However, a decline in transition to psychosis has been observed in recent years. The current descriptive paper aims to investigate if this drop in transition rate may be due to potential changes in patterns of referral to a large UHR clinic.

Methods

One hundred fifty young people who were referred to the Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation (PACE) Clinic in Melbourne, Australia, between August 2000 and July 2004 were included. Their referral pathways were assessed using a semistructured interview. Results were compared with a similar study of a cohort referred to the same clinic between 1995 and 1996.

Results

The mean number of contacts prior to referral to the PACE Clinic was 1.93 (standard deviation (SD) = 1.15), and the average time between symptom onset and referral to PACE was 46.5 weeks (SD = 57.4). In comparison with the earlier cohort (mean = 2.36; SD = 1.32), our results indicate a lower number of contacts (Cohen's d = 0.35, r = 0.17). Furthermore, participants in the current study were referred twice as fast to the PACE Clinic.

Conclusions

Increasing awareness of UHR symptoms among professionals and in the general population seems to have resulted in faster referral of young people to specialized mental health services. The global drop in transition rate might be due to a change in referral pathways to UHR services.
Small Firms, Big Patents? Estimating Patent Value Using Data on Israeli Start‐ups’ Financing Rounds
Authors: Greenberg Gili
Published: November 2013

This paper considers the impact of the intellectual property (IP) system on the market for entrepreneurial finance. If the market for entrepreneurial finance were efficient, investors’ valuations of start‐up firms should be independent of whether their patents’ were pending or granted. However, during the pre‐grant period, the need to disclose unprotected knowledge, asymmetric information and adverse selection could result in lower valuations. This study therefore estimates whether patent grant, which reduces uncertainty about the scope of the IP rights conferred, enhances start‐ups’ valuations by venture capitalists. Original panel data pertaining to 317 Israeli technological start‐ups, who received more than 980 financing rounds, enter a fixed‐effects analysis that controls for firms’ unobserved heterogeneity. The results show a positive association between patent applications and firm valuations for firms whose technology is not software based. No association is found between patents and the valuations of software firms. The additional impact of granted patents is positive and significant for non‐software firms who are younger, in their pre‐revenue stages and during early financing rounds but small and insignificant for more mature start‐ups. These findings suggest that, in the case of younger start‐ups, uncertainty about patent scope, coupled with imperfections in the entrepreneurial finance market, adversely affect the relationship between entrepreneurs and investors. A more speedy examination process of younger firms’ patent applications therefore could enhance their ability to attract financing.
Awareness and practices regarding zoonotic influenza prevention in Romanian swine workers
Authors: Rabinowitz Peter M. , Huang Eileen , Paccha Blanca , Vegso Sally , Gurzau Anca
Published: November 2013

Background

Swine workers may play a key role in transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses. At the same time, little is known about the extent and effectiveness of influenza prevention programs for these at‐risk workers.

Objectives

To characterize practices and attitudes regarding zoonotic influenza transmission among swine workers in Romania.

Methods

We conducted a convenience survey of swine workers in Romania. The confidential survey included questions about awareness of zoonotic influenza risk, work tasks performed, flu vaccination status, and reported influenza‐like illness.

Results

A total of 103 workers at seven farms completed the survey. The percentage of workers reporting concern about either contracting influenza from pigs or giving influenza to pigs was 78% and 70%, respectively. Although 60% of workers reported having a sick‐leave policy at work, only 7% of workers reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccination during the past flu season. Only 5% of the workers reported flu‐like illness during the past year while 3% of workers reported that pigs appeared sick with influenza over the same time period. The majority of workers reported using protective overalls and rubber boots during swine work, with lower rates of use of gloves. Reported use of respiratory protection was rare, and use of any personal protective equipment did not differ when pigs appeared ill.

Conclusions

Despite awareness and concern regarding zoonotic influenza, Romanian swine workers report low rates of influenza vaccine or respiratory protection. As part of global pandemic influenza preparedness, enhanced prevention programs for swine workers should address such gaps.
Population dynamics of cocirculating swine influenza A viruses in the United States from 2009 to 2012
Authors: Anderson Tavis K. , Nelson Martha I. , Kitikoon Pravina , Swenson Sabrina L. , Korslund John A. , Vincent Amy L.
Published: November 2013

Background

Understanding the ecology and evolution of influenza A viruses (IAV) in mammalian hosts is critical to reduce disease burden in production animals and lower zoonotic infection risk in humans. Recent advances in influenza surveillance in US swine populations allow for timely epidemiological, phylogenetic, and virological analyses that monitor emergence of novel viruses and assess changes in viral population dynamics.

Methods

To better understand IAV in the North American swine population, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 1075 HA, 1049 NA, and 1040 M sequences of IAV isolated from US swine during 2009–2012 through voluntary and anonymous submissions to the US Department of Agriculture IAV swine surveillance system.

Results

Analyses revealed changes in population dynamics among multiple clades of A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and A/H1N2 cocirculating in US swine populations during 2009–2012. Viral isolates were categorized into one of seven genetically and antigenically distinct hemagglutinin lineages: H1α, H1β, H1γ, H1δ1, H1δ2, H1pdm09, and H3 cluster IV. There was an increase in occurrence of H1δ1 in samples submitted, with a concurrent decrease in H1pdm09. H3 cluster IV exhibited increasing diversification, warranting a re‐evaluation of phylogenetic nomenclature criteria. Although H3N2 represented 25% of identified viruses, this subtype was reported in increasing proportion of sequenced isolates since late 2011.

Conclusions

Surveillance and reporting of IAV in US swine have increased since 2009, and we demonstrate a period of expanded viral diversity. These data may be used to inform intervention strategies of vaccine and diagnostic updates and changes in swine health management.
Antibiotic Resistant Group A Streptococci
Authors: Yoshioka Morimasa , Kunii Toyo
Published: November 2013

Group A streptococcus mutants, which lost the ability to produce soluble hemolysins, either β or α hemolytic on the horse blood agar, showed penicillin‐mitomycin C double resistance. Penicillin resistance was high and stable, but mitomycin C resistance was not remarkably high. Mitomycin C resistance was always accompanied with inactivation of the antibacterial activity of the drug, while mitomycin C and penicillin sensitive group A streptococci never showed mitomycin inactivation. The component affecting the mitomycin C was not found in the sterile filtrate of mutant cell cultures, nor could it be extracted by sonic oscillation. The activity of the factor diminished, when living mutant cells were heated at 60 C for 30 min, but activity was not diminished at 56 C. The intensity of activity was a function of the bacterial quantities used. Mutant cells suspended in heart infusion broth, proteose peptone, casamino acid and horse serum were able to render the factor which inactivated mitomycin C, while mutant cells suspended in bovine serum albumin, RNA, or saline did not show the phenomenon.
The Viability of Leptospires in the Summer Paddy Water
Authors: Ryu Eihyo , Liu Chaw‐King
Published: November 2013

In connection with the possible role played by water buffaloes in transmitting leptospiral infection, surveys of pH and temperature of paddy water in Taiwan as well as investigation of their effects upon the viability of various leptospires were performed during the summer time. The pH values of paddy water at 122 places in 37 villages distributed in the southern, central and northern parts of Taiwan were surveyed. The pH values of the water of 8 (6.6%) places ranged from 6.4 to 6.8, that of 29 (23.8%) places varied between 7.0 and 7.5, and that of 85 (69.7%) places ranged from 7.6 to 7.8. The temperature of these paddy waters was surveyed for one week between July and August. Temperatures ranging from 40 C to 43 C were obtained from 8 out of 11 places in the south, 9 out of 11 places in the central section and 5 out of 10 places in the north. L. australis A lost its viability in paddy water within one day in the experiment performed in the fields between July and August in the southern, central and northern areas, while 2 out of 21 strains of leptospires (L. semarang and L. australis A) maintained their viability for one week in the experiment performed between August and September in Taipei. In laboratory experiments, L. australis A was killed in paddy water at 42 C within 3 hours compared to 6 hours in L. semarang. The viability of both strains of leptospires was markedly influenced at −15 C, while they maintained their viability for 7 to 14 days at temperatures ranging from 0 C to 30 C.
An Adenovirus Isolated from the Feces of Mice
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuo , Sugiyama Takiko , Sasaki Shogo
Published: November 2013

Cytopathogenic agents have been isolated in a search for viruses in the feces of apparently healthy mice (an inbred strain DK1) by using mouse kidney tissue culture. This report is concerned with the identification of strain K87, one of our isolates, as an adenovirus. Strain K87 was cytopathogenic to mouse kidney tissue culture but not to monkey kidney tissue culture, FL, and HeLa cells. The K87 strain was not able to grow in bacterial media and was resistant to penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. 5‐Bromodeoxyuridine inhibited the occurrence of the cytopathogenic effect and virus replication in infected cells and the inhibitory effect was reversed by thymidine, suggesting that the virus contains DNA. Strain K87 was resistant to ethyl‐ether but did not have the property of cationic stabilization to thermal inactivation. Electronmicroscopic observations of thin‐sections of the K87‐infected cells showed virus particles in crystalline array in the nuclei. Each virus particle was an icosahedron of about 75 mμ in diameter composed of 252 capsomeres, and without an envelope. By the complement fixation test, K87 was related serologically to a human adenovirus. All the facts indicate that strain K87 belongs to the adenovirus group. The problem whether strain K87 may be a new mouse adenovirus with pathogenicity and antigenicity different from that of a mouse adenovirus previously reported by Hartley and Rowe is discussed.
Further Studies on the Effect of 5‐Iododeoxyuridine on Polyoma Virus Multiplication in Mouse Cells
Authors: Kimura Genki , Mori Ryoichi , Amako Kazunobu
Published: November 2013

5‐Iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) inhibited production of infectious polyoma virus in mouse embryo cells and mouse kidney cells in culture. Deoxythymidine reversed its effect. IUDR did not inactivate infectivity of free virus particles. IUDR did not prevent adsorption and penetration of polyoma virus to cells. The events sensitive to IUDR treatment occurred at around 20 hours after infection. The cytopathic effects of polyoma virus, including emergence of DNA containing‐inclusions in the nucleus, were observable in infected cells in which viral replication was completely arrested by IUDR. It was shown by fluorescent antibody technique in infected mouse embryo cells and by complement fixation test in infected mouse kidney cells that IUDR inhibited completely the synthesis of viral antigen. No virus‐like particles were demonstrated in the IUDR‐treated infected‐mouse kidney cells by electron microscope examinations.
Response of Children to Inactivated Measles Vaccine Prepared in Bovine Renal Cell Culture
Authors: Sasai Seijiro , Kawana Rinji , Wako Hiroshi , Iwai Toshio , Kaneko Masaru , Matumoto Minoru
Published: November 2013

Formalin‐inactivated, alum‐adsorbed measles vaccine was readily prepared from virus grown in calf kidney cell culture infected with the Sugiyama strain of measles virus which had been adapted to this cell culture. The vaccine induced no side reaction of any consequence in vaccinated children, but demonstrated antigenic capacity in children as well as guinea pigs, comparable to that of currently used killed measles vaccines prepared from virus grown in monkey kidney or chick embryo tissue cultures. The host system employed for the preparation of this vaccine has an advantage over monkey kidney or chick embryo tissue cultures which are currently used for manufacture of killed measles vaccine. Bovine kidneys are much easier to obtain and cultivate. Of importance is the fact that calf kidneys are practically free of latent virus, whereas monkey kidneys and chick embryos frequently harbor latent viruses.
An Adenovirus Isolated from the Feces of Mice
Authors: Sugiyama Takiko , Hashimoto Kazuo , Sasaki Shogo
Published: November 2013

Experimental infection of an inbred strain of DK1 mice was carried out with a mouse adenovirus strain K87, isolated from the feces of apparently healthy DK1 mice. Strain K87 was orally administered to four‐week‐old mice and the virus was recovered from their feces for at least 3 weeks. The highest virus titers in the feces were observed between 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation. In 7‐week‐old mice the period of virus excretion was about one week shorter. When neonatal or 2‐week‐old mice were administered virus orally, somewhat irregular results but similar to those from the 4 or 7‐week‐old mice were obtained. In these infected mice, virus growth was detected in the intestinal tract but not in oropharyngeal washings, nasal tissue, lung, spleen or urine. After inoculation through several parenteral routes, the virus was also detected in the feces and virus growth seemed to be limited mainly to the intestinal tract. No clinical manifestations were observed in any infected mice. When the virus was almost undetectable in the mice infected either orally or parenterally, the virus was readministered orally, but no further virus was recovered in the feces. Neutralizing antibody in the serum was detected 3 weeks after primary inoculation. Induction of immunological tolerance was examined by inoculating mice in utero 2–4 days before birth, but no evidence of induced tolerance was obtained. The use of the adenovirus strain K87‐mouse system as a model system for the study of the infectious process and immune mechanisms is suggested because strain K87 has a tissue tropism analogous to many human adenoviruses.
Drug Resistance of Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Tanaka Tokumitsu , Hashimoto Hajime , Nagai Yutaka , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

Drug resistance of 3,000 Shigella strains isolated in 1965 were investigated. These strains originated from 10 City Hospitals and 4 Prefectural Health Centers, which are located in different parts of Japan. One hundred and seventy strains which were resistant to 4 drugs, chloramphenicol (CM), tetracycline (TC), dihydrostreptomycin (SM), and sulfanilamide (SA), were selected at random from these stock cultures in this laboratory and the distribution of R factors in these isolates was examined. It was found that the strains all harbored R factors which were capable of transferring drug resistance by usual conjugal process. Among the strains carrying R factors, 85 per cent harbored a single type of R factor and 15 per cent carried two types of R factor in a cell. The latter is called the hetero‐R state. Among the strains in the hetero‐R state, isolation of strains harboring both R (SM.SA) and R (TC.CM.SM.SA) factors was most frequent. It was found that 25 R (SM.SA) factors isolated from strains in hetero‐R had the genetic determinant iR−, while most of the R (TC.CM.SM.SA) factors isolated from natural sources were iR+. When two types of R factor, R (SM.SA) and R (TC.CM.SM.SA) derived from the same host cells, were brought together in a host cell by superinfection with both factors, they were found to exist stably in a host bacterium. These results confirmed the stable existence of both factors in Shigella strains isolated from dysenteric patients.
Drug Resistance of Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Egawa Ryuki , Sawai Tetsuo , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

Five R factors capable of conferring resistance to ampicillin, together with resistance to 4 other drugs, tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM) and sulfanilamide (SA), were found in Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinical sources. Ampicillin resistance was due to synthesis of penicillinase in the host bacterium which harbored the R factor. The penicillinases produced by three R factors were similar each other in their substrate specificity and were also similar to the enzyme reported by previous workers. The penicillinases produced by 2 other R factors were found to be greatly difierent from penicilhnases reported thus far. The latter were shown to hydrolyse ampicillin and cloxacillin efficiently, but penicillin‐G and 6‐aminopenicillanic acid to a lesser extent.
On the Immunochemical and Biochemical Studies of Fungi
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Suzuki Masuko , Yokota Katsushi , Sunayama Hiroyoshi , Sakaguchi Osamu
Published: November 2013

The nature of the cross reaction of the mycelial mannan of Trichophyton rubrum and galactomannan isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus fumigatus with antisera of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans is described. Cross‐reactivity of polysaccharides of both T. rubrum and A. fumigatus was weak with antisera of C. albicans and S. cerevisiae, but the galactomannan of A. fumigatus showed slightly stronger activity than the mannan of T. rubrum which possesses more closely related chemical structure of the mannans of S. cerevisiae and C. albicans.
Primary Culture of Human Embryonic Kidney Cells as the Medium for Isolation of ECHO 6 Virus
Authors: Kawana Rinji , Yoshida Shinji , Tsunokake Shigeru
Published: November 2013

A large epidemic of aseptic meningitis due to ECHO 6 virus swept over Japan in the summer months of 1965. In our studies on 89 cases of aseptic meningitis in the epidemic, primary culture of human embryonic kidney cells was shown to provide a highly sensitive host system for isolation of ECHO 6 virus from clinical materials. Virus was recovered from cerebrospinal fluid in 72% of 89 cases, from throat swabs in 64% of 36 cases, and from rectal swabs in 59% of 37 cases. Most significant is the finding that the rate of virus isolation from cerebrospinal fluid in this host system was considerably higher as compared with that obtained by other investigators in other host systems such as primary monkey kidney cells or human amniotic cells (primary or EL). This finding should be emphasized particularly because isolation of a virus from cerebrospinal fluid, in contrast to throat secretions or feces, is of much greater importance in establishing the etiologic relationship to the disease in the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis. The neutralization test was shown to be efficient in detecting ECHO 6 virus infection; acute serums should be taken preferably by the 4th day of illness and convalescent serums in the second week. Epidemiologic findings, such as the predominance of male patients and occurrence of the epidemic in summer months, generally coincide with the previous reports. However, our cases were in much younger age groups in contrast with the previous reports; 90% of our 89 patients were 6 years of age or younger, and 15 children or 17% were less than 1 year of age, including 3 less than 6 months of age. The clinical observations on our cases confirmed the previous reports.
Studies on the Antigenic Activity of Yeasts
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Sunayama Hiroyoshi , Saito Takeshi
Published: November 2013

In order to determine the determinant antigenic group of the mannan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a series of inhibition tests were carried out employing oligosaccharides which separated from the acetolyzate and the hydrolyzate of the mannan. Tetraose, Man α1→3 Man α1→2 Man α→2 Man2, corresponding to the structure of the longer branching moieties of the mannan showed the strongest inhibition, while the isomer, Man α1→6 Man α1→6 Man, corresponding to the core moiety, produced only one‐tenth the inhibition of the former. This provides evidence that the branching moieties of the mannan play important role in combining with antibody. The fact that the disaccharide, Man α→3, showed significantly stronger inhibition than those of the other disaccharides, Man α1→2 Man and Man α1→6 Man, indicates that the most important part of the determinant group of the mannan is α1→3 linked D‐mannose residue. The antigenic inactivity of the periodate‐oxidized mannan containing unoxidized mannose residues indicates that the presence of 3‐O‐substituted‐D‐mannose residues adjacent to the D‐mannose residues and joined with α1→d2 linkages, are essential to fit the combining site of the antibody.
Effect of Endogenous Interferon and Actinomycin D on Growth of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Chick Embryo Cells
Authors: Yamazaki Shudo
Published: November 2013

An attenuated virus strain (V423) showed lower multiplication in chick embryo (CE) cells than the original virus strain (Hotta) from which the V423 strain was derived. Both strains induced some amounts of interferon before their infectivity reached a maximum titer. Thirty‐two units of interferon were detected between 24 and 48 hr after infection. While no significant difference was seen in the interferon production between the V423 and Hotta strains, the V423 strain was shown to be much more sensitive to interferon. The lower growth of the V423 strain, therefore, may be explained at least partially by the inhibitory effect of endogenous interferon. This hypothesis was further supported by evidence that actinomycin D (0.2 μg/ml) enhanced the virus growth, presumably as a result of inhibiting interferon formation. This enhancement, however, was revealed only after more than 24 hr postinfection. Within the first 24 hr some slight decrease in the virus growth was observed in actinomycin D‐treated cells. This inhibitory effect of actinomycin D showed a dose response in a confirmatory experiment with different concentrations of the antibiotic.
Bovine Adenovirus
Authors: Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Sato Kunihiko , Ito Hiroshi , Ito Yasuichiro , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru
Published: November 2013

Nine strains of an adenovirus serotype were recovered in bovine testicle cell cultures from Japanese cattle suffering with an acute febrile illness accompanied by rhinorrhea and diarrhea. The isolated virus was shown to have the physicochemical properties of the adenovirus group such as the nucleic acid type, the size and ultrastructure of the virion, and the resistance to ether and chloroform. The isolated virus produced eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies characteristic of adenoviruses and the group specific antigen of adenovirus in bovine testicle cell culture. According to the results of cross‐neutralization tests the isolated virus represents a serological type distinct from bovine adenovirus types 1, 2 and 3 and from the Nagano virus. The isolated virus agglutinated erythrocytes of cattle, sheep, goat, guinea pig, rat, hamster and mouse, but not those of vervet monkey, horse, goose and chicken. HI test using cattle erythrocytes corroborated the results of serological typing by neutralization tests.
Bovine Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Matumoto Minoru , Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Omori Tuneyoshi
Published: November 2013

The bovine diarrhea (BD) virus isolates from Japanese cattle induced an acute illness in experimentally inoculated calves. The disease was characterized by pyrexia, anorexia and depression; most characteristic were a diphasic temperature reaction accompanied by leukopenia and rarity of respiratory and alimentary symptoms and signs. The isolates also induced a similar disease in adult cows. The results of virus reisolation indicated the systemic nature of the infection and viremia was found to be a common feature. Rises of neutralizing antibody titer against BD virus were demonstrated. Infected lactating cows showed diminished lactation accompanied by virus shedding in milk. In infected pregnant cows the fetuses were also infected with virus. The analysis of the present data together with those in the literature indicates that although there are natural cases of the viral diarrhea‐mucosal disease complex caused by BD virus, it seems necessary to evaluate the relative importance of BD virus in the etiology of the syndrome complex. Further the possibility exists that some other agent (s) may be involved in the syndrome complex or that BD virus may induce other clinical conditions.
Antibacterial Action of Decamethylenebis‐(4‐Amino‐5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydroquinaldinium) Acetate against Escherichia coli
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio , Tokunaga Miwako
Published: November 2013

An investigation of the antibacterial action of decamethylenebis‐(4‐amino‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinaldinium) acetate (THQ‐Ac), a new antimicrobial compound, against Escherichia coli in comparison with the commonly available surface active agents was conductecl. At high concentration, THQ‐Ac inhibited synthesis of protein and nucleic acid in E. coli; its action, however, was not highly specific. Leakage of cellular constituents took place by the action of THQ‐Ac but the amount of leakage was not as great as that induced by the same concentration of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Cationic agents, such as CTAB and benzalkonium chloride, caused the lysis of the spheroplast of E. coli, whereas THQ‐Ac did not. Additionally, adsorption of THQ‐Ac to the cell‐wall of E. coli also was investigated. According to our results, the site of action of THQ‐Ac was considered to be the surface of bacterial cells, and it seemed to possess somewhat different activities from the other surface active agents.