bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal variation in the effects of iced water on oral temperature
Authors: Cole Frank L.
Published: April 2007

The effect of iced water on the length of time required for oral temperature measurements to return to baseline in adults at 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. was examined. Each of the 24 subjects participated at both times of the day and thus served as his/her own control. Using electronic thermometers and standardized iced water solutions, the mean length of time required for oral temperature to return to baseline after ingestion of iced water was 14.04 min at 8:00 a.m. and 10.25 min at 4:00 p.m. This difference was statistically significant, supporting the hypothesized temporal variation in the effects of iced water on oral temperature measurement. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maternal confidence for labor: Development of the childbirth self‐efficacy inventory
Authors: Lowe Nancy K.
Published: April 2007

The Childbirth Self‐Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) is a self‐report instrument that measures outcome expectancies and self‐efficacy expectancies for coping with an approaching childbirth experience. The CBSEI scales have excellent internal consistency reliability (0.86 to 0.96) and factor analysis suggested that each CBSEl scale is unidimensional. Validity of the CBSEI was supported by significant positive correlations with the criterion variables of generalized self‐efficacy, self‐esteem, and internal health locus of control; and significant negative correlations with external health locus of control and learned helplessness. Validity was also supported by significantly higher self‐efficacy scores for multiparous as compared to nulliparous pregnant women. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Theory unmasked: The uses and guises of theory in qualitative research
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete
Published: April 2007

The role of theory in qualitative research is variable and not always well understood. In this article, the uses and varied manifestations of theory at the substantive and paradigmatic levels of research, and as they pertain to different qualitative approaches, are described. Specific consideration is given to the varied sources, centrality, temporal placement, and functions of theory in qualitative research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The qualitative research audit trail: A complex collection of documentation
Authors: Rodgers Beth L. , Cowles Kathleen V.
Published: April 2007

A qualitative study typically involves a large volume of researcher‐generated data, including notes about the context of the study, methodological decisions, data analysis procedures, and self‐awareness of the researcher. Such data are important in many aspects of the study, particularly in the development of an audit trail to substantiate trustworthiness. Unfortunately, there is little information available to assist researchers in generating the needed documentation. In this article, we discuss the types of data that contribute to credible investigations. Strategies for maintaining effective records in qualitative studies are included, along with examples from our own research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development and administration of a survey instrument for cross‐cultural research
Authors: Ferketich Sandra , Phillips Linda , Verran Joyce
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of guidelines for development of culturally appropriate measures of phenomena. The principles are illustrated by citing an example of their use in developing a survey instrument to be used with a rural Mexican American and Euro American population. Discussion focuses on practical issues of implementing the approaches suggested in the literature and adds to the literature about issues in formatting and administration of survey instruments used in cross‐cultural research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predicting the outcomes of living with asthma
Authors: Janson‐Bjerklie Susan , Ferketich Sandra , Benner Patricia
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of person and disease predictors on psychosocial and morbidity outcomes in adults with chronic asthma. Ninety‐five asthmatic adults were followed for 60 days with standardized questionnaires and three interviews. Amount of distress during an asthma episode, perceived danger from asthma, and appraisal of social support were predictors of emergency room visits. Self‐care, perceived life stress, nocturnal symptoms, and amount of distress during an asthma episode were predictors of depression. Financial status and the absence of nocturnal symptoms of asthma predicted life satisfaction. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alterations in skeletal muscle related to impaired physical mobility: An empirical model
Authors: Kasper Christine E. , McNulty Ann L. , Otto Amy J. , Thomas D. Paul
Published: April 2007

The objective of this investigation was to study impaired physical mobility and the resulting skeletal muscle atrophy. An animal model was used to study morphological adaptations of the soleus and plantaris muscles to decreased loading induced by hindlimb suspension of an adult rat for 7, 14, and 28 consecutive days. Alterations in weight, skeletal muscle growth, and changes in fiber type composition were studied in synergistic plantar flexors of the rat hindlimb. Body weight and the soleus muscle mass to body mass ratio demonstrated significant progressive atrophy over th 28‐day experimental period with the most significant changes occurring in the first 7 days of hindlimb suspension. Hindlimb suspension produced atrophy of Type I and Type lla muscle fibers as demonstrated by significant decreases in fiber cross‐sectional area (γm2). These latter changes account for the loss of contractile force production reported in the rat following hindlimb unloading. When compared to traditional models of hindlimb suspension and immobilization, the ISC model produces a less severe atrophy while maintaining animal mobility and health. We conclude that it is the preferred animal model to address nursing questions of impaired physical mobility. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self‐disclosure and coping styles in men with cardiovascular reactivity
Authors: Hahn William K. , Brooks Jo A. , Hartsough Don M.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate self‐disclosure, emotion‐focused, and problem‐focused coping styles among men with borderline hypertension and two groups of normotensive men differentiated by parental hypertension. Because blood pressure reactivity may discriminate between hypertensive and normotensive men, subjects in these three groups were categorized as high or low cardiovascular reactors based on their blood pressure response to a mental arithmetic task. Self‐disclosure and coping styles were investigated in relation to status effects within the doctor‐patient relationship. Men with exaggerated blood pressure reactivity were less self‐disclosive and used fewer emotion‐focused coping strategies than men with no blood pressure reactivity. Normotensives with a history of parental hypertension were less self‐disclosive than normotensives without a history of parental hypertension. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors associated with nicotine dependence among African American women cigarette smokers
Authors: Ahijevych Karen , Wewers Mary Ellen
Published: April 2007

Cigarette smoking contributes to disproportionate morbidity and mortality among African Americans. Purposes of the study were to describe smoking behavior and test a model of nicotine dependence among African American women. Participants (n = 187) smoked a low rate of high nicotine mentholated cigarettes and had a mean salivary cotinine of 402 ng/mL. The proposed model predicted 48% of variance in nicotine dependence with smoking to cope, number of cigarettes/day, positive outcome expectancies about smoking, and interest in quitting, as significant contributors. Suggested interventions include developing alternative coping skills, cognitive restructuring, and techniques focused on the precontemplation stage of smoking cessation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perceived importance of caring behaviors to swedish psychiatric inpatients and staff, with comparisons to somatically‐ill samples
Authors: Essen Louise Von , Sjödén Per‐Olow
Published: April 2007

The present study identified psychiatric inpatient (N = 61) and staff (N = 63) perceptions of most and least important nurse caring behaviors using a modified Swedish version of the CARE‐Q instrument (Larson, 1981) and compared the results with data from somatic care (von Essen & Sjoden, 1991 a, 1991b). The results demonstrated 13 significant mean between‐group differences in the rating of 50 specific CARE‐Q behaviors. Two significant mean value differences out of six subscales combining individual items were demonstrated between groups. Psychiatric inpatients considered the cognitive aspect, and somatic inpatients the task‐oriented aspect of caring as the most important. Staff, in psychiatric as well as somatic care, considered the emotional aspect of caring as the most important. The results suggest that staff has a relatively invariant, human‐oriented perception of caring, irrespective of subdisciplines, while patients' perceptions of caring vary more over specialities. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Corporate perspective of the role of the occupational health nurse
Authors: Martin Karen J. , Shortridge Linda A. , Dyehouse Janice M. , Migliozzi A. Nan
Published: April 2007

One hundred and twenty‐three Ohio employers were surveyed about expectations for occupational health nurse performance of 20 current and desired future activities. Employers identified activities that (a) the nurse was currently performing, or (b) would be desired in the future, or (c) were not appropriate for the nurse. Findings showed occupational health nurses are counseling employees, treating illness and injury, evaluating safe return to work, and tracking workers' compensation cases. Activities most desired in the future are analyses of trends in health programs and study of cost‐effective health program alternatives. Activities most frequently selected require skills of evaluation, budgeting, and cost‐benefit analysis. Most occupational health nurses have not had the opportunity to learn skills of fiscal management; therefore meeting employer expectations will require new education. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kappa muddles together two sources of disagreement: Tetrachoric correlation is preferable
Authors: Hutchinson T. P.
Published: April 2007

When assessing agreement between experts, it is important to distinguish between disagreements that can and cannot be explained by different placing of the boundaries between categories. Cohen's kappa statistic is affected by both types of disagreement, tetrachoric correlation only by the second. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Body size values of white and black women
Authors: Allan Janet D. , Mayo Kelly , Michel Yvonne
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this naturalistic study was to compare values held by 36 white and 31 black women related to body size, and to identily factors that influence these values and linkages between body size values and weight management activities. Black women of lower SES were significantly different from black women of higher SES and white women, regardless of SES, in that they were heavier, viewed themselves as heavier, and perceived attractive body size as heavier. Black lower status women had to become a great deal heavier than the other groups before they defined themselves as overweight. We suggest that black lower social status women have a wider range of “normal” and attractive body size and that this wider range is developed from comparisons of other women in their social milieu and influences the initiation of weight loss activities. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors associated with use of safer sex practices among college freshmen
Authors: Diiorio Colleen , Parsons Margaret , Lehr Sally , Adame Daniel , Carlone Joyce
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship of knowledge of AIDS, misconceptions about AIDS, knowledge of safer sex practices, perceived susceptibility, and future time perspective to the practice of safer sex behaviors in 352 single, sexually active, college freshmen. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression analysis and discriminant analysis. There were too few black females for analysis. Future time perspective explained the most variance in safer sex practices for black males. Knowledge of AIDS, perceived susceptibility, misconceptions about AIDS, knowledge of safer sex practices, and future time perspective did not explain a significant amount of variance in use of safer sex practices for either white males or females. However, perceived susceptibility and future time perspective differentiated sexually active from nonsexually active white males and females. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Empirical evidence for the social stress model of substance abuse
Authors: Lindenberg Cathy Strachan , Gendrop Sylvia C. , Reiskin Helen K.
Published: April 2007

The Social Stress Model of Substance Abuse builds upon and integrates knowledge from numerous psychosocial theories and models. According to this model, the likelihood of an individual engaging in drug abuse is a function of the stress level and the extent to which it is offset by stress modifiers such as social networks, social competence, and resources. This article synthesizes current empirical evidence for this model. Thirty‐five primary research studies are described, with special attention to the four psychosocial constructs inherent in the model: stress, social networks, social competence, and resources. Consistencies and inconsistencies in the findings, a critique of key methodological issues, and suggestions for future research are provided. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Current nursing practice related to sexuality
Authors: Matocha Linda K. , Waterhouse Julie K.
Published: April 2007

Nurses' practices related to sexuality were examined using the Survey on Sexuality in Nursing Practice (SSNP). The sample consisted of 155 practicing, registered nurses from a variety of practice settings. Twenty percent of subjects indicated they were never involved in any sexuality‐related activities and only about 12% addressed sexuality with a majority of their clients. Although subjects consistently identified sexuality as a necessary part of nursing practice, few addressed sexual concerns with clients. Weighted least squares analysis of 12 variables revealed that only those variables measuring practice setting and area, nurses' knowledge, responsibility, and comfort were useful predictors of nurses' practice related to sexuality. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Computer‐assisted qualitative research
Authors: Taft Lois B.
Published: April 2007

The use of computer technology has emerged as a significant component in qualitative research methodology. This article differentiates between mechanical and conceptual activities in qualitative analysis and discusses the interplay between them. Advantages of computer technology in the mechanical activities of data management and concerns about the use of computer programs in conceptual/analytic activities are discussed. Guidelines for the judicious application of computers in qualitative research are outlined. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sum‐of‐products variables: A methodological critique
Authors: Lauver Diane , Knapp Thomas R.
Published: April 2007

Sum‐of‐products variables are integral to testing certain psychological theories (e. g., the theory of reasoned action). A sum‐of‐products variable is a total score computed by multiplying the scores for corresponding items from two scales and then adding the products. This type of variable is associated with methodological difficulties, however. The purpose of this article is to discuss certain methodological issues associated with the use of sum‐of‐products variables in health‐related research. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Editorial
Authors: Oberst Marilyn T.
Published: April 2007

The quality of a random sample of newly submitted manuscript abstracts (N = 50) was reviewed using content analysis to determine adherence to published criteria in relation to content, style, and length. One or more content elements (purpose, subjects, method, results, conclusions) were found to be missing from 32% of the submissions; recommended length was exceeded in 54% of cases. Inaccuracies (16%), obscure language or undefined acronyms (68%), and lack of match with manuscript content (20%) also were found. These findings are congruent with the hypothesis that guidelines are not consistently followed by authors and suggest that abstract preparation may not be adequately taught in research courses.
Predictors of health‐promoting lifestyles in persons with disabilities
Authors: Stuifbergen Alexa K. , Becker Heather A.
Published: April 2007

Persons with disabilities have been largely overlooked in investigations of health and health behaviors. The primary purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to examine the usefulness of Pender's (1987) Health Promotion Model in explaining the occurrence of health‐promoting behaviors among adults with disabilities. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to analyze questionnaire responses from a sample of 117 adults with disabilities. Adults with disabilities were more likely to engage in a health‐promoting lifestyle if they had higher specific self‐efficacy for health behaviors, higher general self‐efficacy, a wellness‐oriented definition of health, required less mechanical assistance, and were female. Findings from this study suggest that interventions aimed at enhancing health promotion behaviors among persons with disabilities would be strengthened by addressing perceived ability to master situations, particularly the ability to successfully carry out health‐promoting behaviors.
The effects of attendance and effort on outcomes among older adults in a long‐term exercise program
Authors: Topp Robert , Stevenson Joanne Sabol
Published: April 2007

To determine if attendance and effort could differentiate changes in cognitive and physical functioning, 66 older adults received a prescription heart rate to be achieved during supervised regular exercise sessions over a 9‐month period. These 30‐min sessions of aerobic training on a cycle ergometer were conducted three times per week. Cognitive variables and physical functioning were measured at baseline and following 4.5 months and 9 months of training. Attendance and effort scores (ATTEFF) were used to divide subjects into low ATTEFF (N = 29) and high ATTEFF (N = 37) groups. Following 9 months of training these groups were significantly different on life satisfaction and selected measures of health perception, but not on measures of either mental status or submaximum or resting heart rate. Maximum physical functioning improved within both groups, although the high ATTEFF group had improved more than the low ATTEFF group at posttest. Attendance and effort appear to differentiate older adults on selected measures of health perception and maximum physical functioning following a 9‐month exercise program.
The effects of child temperament, maternal characteristics, and family circumstances on the maladjustment of school‐age children
Authors: McClowry Sandra Graham , Giangrande Sandra K. , Tommasini Nancy R. , Clinton William , Foreman Nancy S. , Lynch Kimberly , Ferketich Sandra L.
Published: April 2007

Eighty‐nine mothers with children between the ages of 8 and 11 years reported perceptions of their child's adjustment and temperament, and described concurrent family circumstances such as socioeconomic status, level of parental distress, major life events experienced, maternal hassles, and their own psychiatric symptoms. A conceptual model hypothesizing the direct and indirect effects of family circumstances, maternal characteristics, and child temperament on the maladjustment of school‐age children was tested using causal modeling with residual analysis. Fifty‐six percent of child externalizing behavior was directly explained by the negative reactivity and nonpersistence of the child's temperament, and maternal hassles. A total of 33% of the variance of internalizing behavior was explained by the direct effects of negative reactivity of the child's temperament and maternal hassles. For both externalizing and internalizing behavior, a total of 54% of the variance in maternal hassles was explained by three variables: maternal psychiatric symptoms contributed 34%, major life events added 15%, and the intensity of the mother's temperament added an additional 5%. These three variables have a direct effect on maternal hassles and together had an indirect effect of .24 on child externalizing behavior through maternal hassles. Likewise, they have a direct effect on maternal hassles and together had an indirect effect of .31 on child internalizing behavior through maternal hassles.
Gender and ethnic stereotyping and narcotic analgesic administration
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether nurses provide different amounts of narcotic analgesics to male and female patients, and different amounts to white and ethnic minority patients. A retrospective survey was conducted with the medical records of 101 male and 79 female uncomplicated adult appendectomy patients, 40 of whom were ethnic minority members. Narcotic analgesic doses for the entire postoperative period were converted to equianalgesic doses comparable to intramuscular morphine. Male patients received significantly larger initial doses than female patients. There was no gender difference in the total dose received postoperatively. White patients received significantly more total postoperative narcotic analgesics than ethnic minority patients. The gender difference provides modest external validation for prior experimental results. The ethnic difference suggests that irrelevant cues may be used in nurses' medication decisions.
Stress and coping of family members responsible for nursing home placement
Authors: Kammer Carol Highsmith
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this exploratory study, based on the stress and coping framework of Folkman and Lazarus, was to describe relationships among stress appraisal, coping, and characteristics of individuals responsible for older adults recently placed in nursing homes. One hundred individuals completed an information form, emotion stress appraisal, and a revised Ways of Coping instrument by mail. Multiple regression analysis of 16 respondent characteristics showed significant contribution of 8 variables to 4 stress appraisal types (threat, harm, challenge, benefit) and 11 variables to 8 ways of coping. Visit frequency accounted for highest degree of variance in all appraisals. Stress appraisal accounted for most variance in coping. Implications for design and testing of nursing interventions are suggested.
Arousal and stress response across the menstrual cycle in women with three perimenstrual symptom patterns
Authors: Woods Nancy Fugate , Lentz Martha J. , Mitchell Ellen S. , Kogan Helen
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare arousal levels and stress response across menstrual cycle phases in women with three perimenstrual symptom patterns. Women with low symptom severity (LS, N = 28), were compared with those with a premenstrual syndrome (PMS, N = 15) and premenstrual magnification (PMM, N = 19) pattern across postmenses and premenses phases. Each woman was assessed during relaxation and in response to mental task and symptom imaging stressors during a postmenses and premenses day. Results of baseline skin conductance (SCL), electromyogram (EMG), and finger temperature (T) demonstrated arousal premenses in women with the PMS pattern, but not in women with the LS pattern. In addition, women with the PMS pattern experienced increased EMG and SCL response to stressors premenses. Women with the PMM pattern experienced a rise in finger temperature premenses, opposite the pattern of the women with LS or PMS. These results support development of symptom management strategies to reduce arousal and modulate stress response for women with PMS who seek help for their symptoms. In addition, the difference in arousal and stress response observed in women with PMS and PMM support development of different symptom management strategies for these two groups of women.
Re‐examination of the psychometric characteristics of the la monica–oberst patient satisfaction scale
Authors: Munro Barbara Hazard , Jacobsen Barbara S. , Brooten Dorothy A.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to provide further psychometric testing of the 41 ‐item La Monica–Oberst Patient Satisfaction Scale (LOPSS). Data were drawn from three studies designed to study a model of nurse specialist transitional care (n = 307). Previously, the scale had been tested with oncology patients. This study included three groups of nononcologic female patients. Potential scores on the LOPSS range from 41 to 205; actual scores ranged from 93 to 205, with a mean of 175 (SD = 24), indicating a positively skewed distribution. Coefficient alpha for the entire scale was .98. An examination of the individual items indicated that the LOPSS might be shortened without subsequent loss of information. Thirteen items with low item‐total correlations or low variability were dropped. The resulting 28‐item scale had a mean of 118.7 and a SD of 17.3. Coefficient alpha was .97. The results of a factor analysis of the revised scale were similar to those reported by La Monica, Oberst, Madea, and Wolf (1986). The results indicate that the scale is useful for nononcologic patients. The difficulty remains the positively skewed distribution of scores. More sensitive items need to be developed.
Focus on psychometrics. Strategies for achieving cultural equivalence
Authors: Phillips Linda R. , de Hernandez Isela Luna , de Ardon Esperanza Torres
Published: April 2007

The strategy used by a bicultural research team of Anglos and Mexican Americans to develop cultural equivalence in a cross‐cultural study of family caregiving is described. Five sequential stages designed to address Berry's (1969) criteria for cross‐cultural research (functional equivalence, a comparative descriptive framework, and language equivalence) are described, including (a) start‐up, (b) preparation,(c) pilot testing for language equivalence, (d) pilot testing for operational equivalence, and (e) reevaluation.
The effect of skill training on functional abilities of nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: Tappen Ruth M.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the effects of skill training, a traditional stimulation approach, and regular care (control group) on the ability to perform the basic activities of daily living of nursing home residents with dementia. Sixty‐three subjects were randomly selected and randomly assigned to the three groups. Ability to perform the basic activities of daily living (ADLs) and progress toward meeting individually set ADL‐related goals were measured. Significant differences were found in two of the three measures used. In general, the greatest improvement was found in the skill training group, modest improvement in the simulation group, and decline in the control group.
Social support among persons with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Gulick Elsie E.
Published: April 2007

The source and magnitude of perceived social support functions and structure were examined in relation to illness duration, gender, and presence or absence of spouses among 200 persons with multiple sclerosis. The associations between social support variables and a health index, ADL level of functioning, also were examined. Significant gender differences were shown for perceived availability of affect, affirmation, and aid functions. A significant change in the network property, average frequency of relationships, occurred over the chronic illness trajectory. Low to moderate correlations were observed between a number of activities of daily living and both perceived social support functions and network size, particularly for women. Implications for professional staff who provide health services for persons with MS are presented. Further study regarding lower levels of perceived social support in women than men and low levels of informational support in both men and women is suggested.
Aerobic exercise, psychological well‐being, and physical discomforts during adolescent pregnancy
Authors: Koniak‐Griffin Deborah
Published: April 2007

The effects of participation in a 6‐week aerobic exercise program (AEP) on pregnant adolescents' depression, self‐esteem, and physical discomforts of pregnancy were examined. The sample was comprised of 58 ethnically diverse subjects ranging in age from 14 to 20 years. Subjects in the AEP were observed to have a significant decrease in depressive symptoms over time and an increase in total self‐esteem; those in the comparison group reported a significant increase in physical discomforts associated with pregnancy. These findings suggest that exercise programs such as the AEP should be considered an important aspect of prenatal self‐care for healthy pregnant adolescents.
Ways of maintaining hope in HIV disease
Authors: Hall Beverly A.
Published: April 2007

Utilizing Denzin's interpretative interactionism, this study was focused on the experiences of eight men and two women who were in Clinical Category C (AIDS) of HIV Disease. Interviews and analysis revealed their interpretations of the illness and the ways that they maintained hope while coping with end‐stage HIV. There were four major ways that hope was maintained: by miracles, religion, involvement in work or vocations, and support of family and friends. These themes are discussed as they relate to the context of HIV within the structure of biomedicine.
Perceived control over pain: Relation to distress and disability
Authors: Wells Nancy
Published: April 2007

The relationship between perceived control over pain and outcomes of distress and disability were studied in a sample consisting of 71 patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. The pain‐related control belief subscales measured three aspects of control: lack of control, ability to cope, and negative outcome expectancy. After controlling for pain intensity, the control belief sub‐scales explained a significant amount of the variance in distress and disability. These findings provide support for cognitive modulation of the distress and disability associated with chronic nonmalignant pain.
Rocking and pacifiers: Two comforting interventions for heelstick pain
Authors: Campos Rosemary Gates
Published: April 2007

The effects of behavioral interventions in reducing the stress of infant pain are not well documented. Two comfort interventions, rocking andpacifiers, were compared with routine care administered to 60 newborn infants randomly assigned to the three conditions following a neonatal screening heelstick. Heart rate, state of arousal, and crying were recorded continuously. Both pacifiers and rocking reduced crying, but pacifiers predominantly produced sleep states and rocking predominantly produced alert states. Pacifiers reduced heart rate levels significantly more than did rocking. Thus, newborns clearly benefit from both comforting methods. Several mechanisms are proposed to account for these findings.
Intraoperative pressure sore prevention: An analysis of bedding materials
Authors: Hoshowsky Victoria M. , Schramm Carol A.
Published: April 2007

The relationship between operating room (OR) table surfaces and skin integrity was examined. Preoperatively, patients (N = 505) were rated for pressure sore potential (Hemphill); postoperatively, skin condition was assessed. Skin changes were more likely with a standard mattress only or with surgery longer than 2.5 hr. The overlay was more effective than the foam and gel or standard foam mattresses for preventing pressure sore formation. Factors predictive of pressure sore development included surgery of 2.5+ hr, 40+ years, vascular disease, and a preoperative Hemphill value of 4+. Patient characteristics, surgical experience variables, and OR table surfaces are determinants in pressure sore development.
Weight change and lung cancer: Relationships with symptom distress, functional status, and smoking
Authors: Sarna Linda , Lindsey Ada M. , Brecht Mary‐Lynn , Dean Hannah , McCorkle Ruth
Published: April 2007

The pattern of weight change (at five 6‐week intervals beginning 2 months after diagnosis of advanced disease) is described in adults with progressive lung cancer (N = 60). Weight loss of 10% or more at study entry occurred in 35% of subjects; 37% lost weight at three or more intervals; and 25% lost weight at only one interval. Pre‐illness weight loss was moderately correlated with subsequent decreased functional status (Enforced Social Dependency Scale) at Times 1, 2, and 3 (r = −.49, r = −.43, r = −.48, p < .001). Weight loss correlated with subsequent increased symptom distress (Symptom Distress Scale, SDS) at three times (Times 2,4, and 5: r = −.34, r = −.30, r = −.43, p < .05). Chemotherapy (50% of subjects) and smoking (25% at study entry) predicted weight loss from Time 1 to 5, explaining 28% of the variance.
Mothers' parenting self‐appraisals: The contribution of perceived infant temperament
Authors: Pridham Karen F. , Chang Audrey S. , Chiu Yiu‐Ming
Published: April 2007

To learn how a mother's perception of her infant's temperament contributes to her appraisal of her parenting and of her problem‐solving competence during the first 3 months postpartum, we explored a conceptual model, including infant gender and maternal attributes (education and parity) and the personal and social context of the parenting experience (infant centrality and life change), in a sample of 117 mothers. The set of temperament variables contributed to the variance in both parenting evaluation and problem‐solving competence at 1 and 3 months. The pattern of infant temperament variables contributing to maternal self‐appraisal variables at 1 and at 3 months suggests change in the temperament variables that are salient to mothers as the infants grow older.
Focus on psychometrics. An Overview of Data Transformation
Authors: Ferketich Sandra , Verran Joyce
Published: April 2007

There is an increasing awareness of the need to examine data distribution or assumptions prior to performing statistical analyses. If the data display evidence of violating assumption(s), the researcher can perform data transformation. This article focuses on explaining data transformations, discussing common transformations, providing rationale for performing them, and discussing interpretation of the transformation when results are presented.
Women's satisfaction with couplet care nursing compared to traditional postpartum care with rooming‐in
Authors: Cottrell Barbara Hansen , Grubbs Laurie M.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare patient satisfaction with two types of nursing care postpartum: traditional nursing care with rooming‐in versus mother–baby (couplet) nursing care. A descriptive comparative research design was used. Questionnaire responses were obtained from 71 women who received traditional postpartum care with rooming in and 64 women who received couplet care on the same unit 6 months later. Women in both groups were satisfied with nursing care given to themselves and infants, with no difference in satisfaction between groups. The traditional model of having a nurse for the baby and different nurse for the mother can be as satisfying to women as having one nurse for the mother–baby couplet when rooming‐in is encouraged and implemented.
Appraisal, moods, and coping among individuals experiencing diagnostic exercise stress testing
Authors: Johnson Julie A.
Published: April 2007

Appraisal, coping, and negative moods were examined in a convenience sample (N = 77) of individuals experiencing exercise stress testing to evaluate cardiac disease. Only three types of coping patterns–self‐controlling, escape–avoidance, and confrontive coping–were significantly related to appraisal and negative moods. Only a small proportion of the variance in negative moods was accounted for through a mediating effect by the type of coping pattern. Appraisal had a direct effect on negative moods when self‐controlling and escape‐avoidance were entered as the coping patterns. Negative moods decreased and appraisals became more positive after the procedure. Appraisals, but not negative moods, were influenced by the results of the procedure.
Social support and postpartum depression
Authors: Logsdon Mimia Cynthia , McBride Angela Barron
Published: April 2007

Discrepancies between prenatal social support expectations and subsequent perceptions of support actually received were examined in relation to postpartum depression. Low‐risk primiparous women (N = 105) were surveyed 1 month before and 1 month after delivery. Almost half of the women prenatally and one third postpartally had depression scores which would lead them to be classified as possibly depressed (CES‐D scores of 16 or greater). In multiple regression, two social support discrepancy measures, prenatal depression and postpartal closeness to husband, correlated with postpartal depression and accounted for nearly 40% of its variance. The generalizability of the findings should be further explored, but the findings suggest the need for attention to prenatal expectations of postpartum support as a way to influence the incidence of postpartum depression. In addition, continued efforts to identify causes of postpartum closeness with the spouse are needed.
Focus on qualitative methods. The use of quotes in qualitative research
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete
Published: April 2007

Quoted words and phrases from research participants are a common feature of qualitative research reports. Quoting is a process that requires the achievement of the proper balance between the obligations of scientific reporting and the taking of artistic license. Quotes are used to support researcher claims, illustrate ideas, illuminate experience, evoke emotion, and provoke response. Quoting involves researchers in acts of choosing that lie in the domains of aesthetics and ethics.
Two evaluations of combined mother—infant versus separate postnatal nursing care
Authors: Watters Nancy E. , Kristiansen Connie M.
Published: April 2007

Combined mother–infant postnatal nursing care was compared with traditional, separate postpartum and newborn care in two studies. In Study I, self‐administered questionnaires were completed by 408 mothers and 63 staff nurses. Data were collected both before and after mother–infant care was implemented. Benefits of the new system included increased maternal competence and satisfaction with parent education, parent–infant contact, and the nurse–client relationship, increased staff satisfaction, with no increase in operational cost. There were no breastfeeding differences, but ways to improve duration were implied by reasons for stopping. These findings were replicated in a separate setting with similar sample sizes. However, in the latter case, low staff ratios appeared to limit the benefits of mother–infant care to multiparas rather than primiparas. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Communication between continuing care organizations
Authors: Anderson Mary Ann , Helms Lelia B.
Published: April 2007

Communication between health care providing organizations is fundamental to discharge planning and continuity of care, but has been reported to be inadequate. Using a classic communication model, the content of communication between hospitals and home health agencies was examined in 300 closed home care records and compared to referral content desired by practitioners. Discharge planners sent about half of the referral information recommended by the literature. Referrals consisted primarily of background data, some medical data, even less nursing care data, and almost no psychosocial data. No referral form was used by the hospital in over one third of the cases. Discrepancies existed between what client care data practitioners identified as important or desirable and the data they actually received. As responsibility for providing health care is decentralized and shared by multiple organizations, communication between providers will play a greater role in ensuring continuity of care. The findings suggest that adoption of standardized, written referral forms might facilitate clear and complete communication. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implementation of the patient self‐determination act: A survey of nebraska hospitals
Authors: Pinch Winifred J. , Miya Pamela A. , Boardman Karen K. , Andrews Aris , Barr Pamella
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this survey of Nebraska hospitals (N = 79) was to describe the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the Patient Self‐Determination Act (PSDA) and to explore the role of the nurse in these processes. Results indicate nurses were very involved in the planning phase but rarely in the implementing phase. Few evaluation strategies were utilized and only some respondents identified problematic issues related to the implementation of the PSDA. Clinical implications for issues related to the PSDA are discussed and framed within the American Nurses' Association Position Statement on the PSDA (1991). Future studies are suggested, especially related to evaluation of PSDA implementation. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of dynamic exercise on subcutaneous oxygen tension and temperature
Authors: Whitney Joanne D. , Stotts Nancy A. , Goodson William H.
Published: April 2007

Exercise influences blood flow distribution and may thereby influence tissue oxygen. Given that experimental evidence suggests exercise improves wound healing, this study was undertaken to determine the effect of exercise on subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension (PscO2). Subjects performed a treadmill test to maximum oxygen consumption (VO2) while PscO2 and subcutaneous temperature (Tsc) were measured using a tonometer and optode/thermocouple system. There were no significant differences in PscO2 between measurement points. Mean Tsc had increased 4.8% at maximum V̈O2, and 6.3% as the cool‐down period ended and differed significantly across the exercise period. Changes in PscO2 and Tsc were not correlated. Oxygen availability was neither enhanced nor significantly reduced by exercise. However, PscO2 did not increase as expected in relation to increases in Tsc. Further study will determine the purported beneficial effects of exercise and the mechanism by which it may affect wound healing. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The predictive capacity of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in exercise research: An integrated literature review
Authors: Blue Carolyn L.
Published: April 2007

Although the association between habitual exercise and health benefits has been well documented, physical activity levels in the United States are lower than is necessary to reach the nation's health potential. Beliefs that people hold can be a motivating factor in engaging in exercise. A critical review of the literature was conducted to assess the efficacy of using the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior with respect to exercise. Evidence for the predictive utility of the theories was found. The Theory of Planned Behavior is a more promising framework for the study of exercise because it includes beliefs about control of factors that would facilitate or inhibit carrying out exercise. Strategies for use of the theories in planning exercise programs are provided and suggestions for future research discussed. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A theory of the transition to parenthood of infertile couples
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete
Published: April 2007

A theoretical synthesis of the transition to parenthood of infertile couples is presented. The theory was derived from three studies of infertility the author conducted between 1985 and 1993. The theory is grounded in the experiences of infertile couples, and locates these experiences conceptually in the comparative context of normally fertile couples' transition to parenthood and in the domains of life transitions and illness work. Infertile couples exhibited some of the same processes as their fertile counterparts, varying in the phasing and intensity of these overlapping processes; and, they exhibited processes exclusive to them. There were also intragroup differences in the infertile couples: between adopting and childbearing couples, couples conceiving biomedically and spontaneously, and between couples conceiving with their own or donor gametes. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How and what staff nurses learn about the medical devices they use in direct patient care
Authors: McConnell Edwina A.
Published: April 2007

Registered nurses (N = 323) working in a 500‐bed tertiary care hospital in a large midwestern city were surveyed to determine what and how they initially learned about the medical devices they use, and the consequences of their use. The most frequently identified methods of initial learning were trial and error (taught self) and reading the user instruction manual. At least 90% of respondents indicated that when they first learned about the device they learned how to operate it and its purpose and function. Medical device use causes more than 75% of staff nurses to feel stressed; 11% had used a medical device that had harmed a patient. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The national survey of families and households: A rich data base for nursing research
Authors: Julian Teresa W. , Knapp Thomas R.
Published: April 2007

A summary of the information contained in the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), a public‐domain data base, is provided. The representativeness of the sample with respect to sex and age and the reliability of a subset of the variables that address depression are evaluated. Suggestions for the use of this data base, with emphasis on variables of direct relevance to family health nursing research, are made. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sample size in qualitative research
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete
Published: April 2007

A common misconception about sampling in qualitative research is that numbers are unimportant in ensuring the adequacy of a sampling strategy. Yet, simple sizes may be too small to support claims of having achieved either informational redundancy or theoretical saturation, or too large to permit the deep, case‐oriented analysis that is the raison‐d'etre of qualitative inquiry. Determining adequate sample size in qualitative research is ultimately a matter of judgment and experience in evaluating the quality of the information collected against the uses to which it will be put, the particular research method and purposeful sampling strategy employed, and the research product intended. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Social pathways to premenstrual symptoms
Authors: Woods Nancy Fugate , Mitchell Ellen S. , Lentz Martha J.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore feminine and menstrual socialization, expectations about experiencing symptoms, and the stressful nature of women's lives among women with three perimenstrual symptom patterns. Social learning and stress theory provided a theoretical framework for understanding why some menstruating women experience premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual magnification symptom patterns. Data about socialization, stressful life context, expectations about symptoms, depressed mood, and other health‐related and demographic indicators were obtained from an interview. Subsequent daily recordings in a health diary for two or more menstrual cycles provided data with which to classify women's symptoms across the menstrual cycle as a low severity symptom (LS, n = 73), premenstrual syndrome (PMS, n = 36), or premenstrual magnification (PMM, n = 62) pattern. Stepwise discriminant function analysis demonstrated that stressful life context, menstrual socialization, and expectations about symptoms related to menstruation differentiated women with an LS from those with a PMS or PMM symptom pattern. In addition, depressed mood differentiated the three groups. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.