bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE STRANRAER SEDIMENTARY BASIN
Authors: Mansfield J. , Kennett P.
Published: December 2009

A detailed gravity survey of the Stranraer district of south-west Scotland shows that a negative gravity anomaly of seventeen milligals is associated with the Carboniferous and New Red Sandstone basin at Stranraer. Two-dimensional computer methods of interpretation show that the basin has a depth of greater than three thousand feet and probably four thousand five hundred feet or more below O.D. The basin is asymmetrical with a steeper slope for the floor on the eastern side. It is suggested that the basin was formed by contemporaneous downwarping and sedimentation, accompanied by normal faulting along the eastern boundary.
TECTONICS OF THE COLDINGHAM BAY AREA OF BERWICKSHIRE, IN THE SOUTHERN UPLANDS OF SCOTLAND
Authors: Shiells K. A. G. , Dearman W. R.
Published: December 2009

Structures are described from two sequences of Lower Palaeozoic rocks exposed in the Coldingham Bay area. In the north of the region the Coldingham Beds consist of alternating greywackes, shales and distinctive calcareous siltstones; thin greywackes and shales of the Linkim Beds occupy the shore to the south. The minor folds in the Coldingham Beds are much more complex than those found in the Linkim Beds. In the Coldingham Beds early folds were refolded to form a series of cross-folds; these, subsequently compressed into isoclines, were in turn refolded into a series of open concentric structures. In contrast, the minor folds within the Linkim Beds consist only of the late open structures. The major structure of the area is considered to be a southward-facing recumbent anticline involving both the Coldingham Beds and the Linkim Beds. The Lower Old Red Sandstone rocks which succeed the Linkim Beds to the south are folded into two asymmetrical anticlines, the southern having broadly arched the brow of the underlying recumbent structure. It is postulated that one phase of deformation affected the Coldingham Beds before the Linkim Beds were deposited and that, if so, the Coldingham Beds may be early Ordovician or older, rather than Silurian as previously thought.

The major recumbent fold, the superimposed open folds and the refolded isoclines represent fold styles and structures which have not been recognized before in the Southern Uplands.
THE MICROBIOLOGY, MINERALOGY AND GENESIS OF A TONSTEIN
Authors: Moore L. R.
Published: December 2009

An account of the Erda tonstein is presented with the conclusion that its formation was the result of soil-forming processes; this is based, in part, on the evidence obtained from the application of micropalaeontological techniques. Aerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter was carried out by organisms believed to show affinity with bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, and remains of these organisms are included within a colloidal groundmass. The formation of kaolinite macro-crystals
in situ
from the colloidal medium, and the inclusion of microbiological remains within these crystals, suggest their biochemical mode of origin. The crystal formation occurred at an early stage in the diagenetic history. Comparison of the chemical composition of the Erda tonstein with soil colloids, and with the ash of the durain coal maceral, emphasizes the close association of this tonstein with the coal-forming peats; independent lines of evidence indicate a change in the vegetation. The position of the water table, in conjunction with particular biological and chemical environments is considered to be the controlling factor in the formation of this tonstein. Observations are made on the variable characteristics and chemical compositions of other rocks referred to “tonstein” and suggestions are presented as to their possible modes of formation.
AGE OF THE PRINCIPAL INTRUSIONS OF THE LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Brown P. E. , Soper N. J. , Miller J. A.
Published: December 2009

Mean values of available radiometric age determinations on micas from the Skiddaw, Shap and Eskdale granites are 399, 393 and 383 million years respectively. The possible significance of these ages is discussed with respect to the geological setting of the intrusions. Whole rock potassium-argon age determinations on the Ennerdale Granophyre and the Carrock Fell gabbro-granophyre complex show that there has been loss of argon but are indicative of a Caledonian age.
THE BORROWDALE VOLCANIC SERIES BETWEEN BUTTERMERE AND WASDALE, CUMBERLAND
Authors: Clark L.
Published: December 2009

The lowest 3300 feet of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series are exposed adjacent to the eastern edge of the Ennerdale Granophyre between Wastwater and Buttermere. The succession comprises a lower Andesite Group of at least 3000 feet and an upper Dacite Group of more than 300 feet which in one area are contiguous with groups of andesites and rhyolites respectively, the main outcrops of which are west of the granophyre.

The area has been subjected to earth movements of pre-Bala and Devonian age. The regional dip of the volcanic rock is between east and south-east. A thrust fault of the same age as the Devonian folds now separates the Skiddaw Slates and the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. Several high-angled faults of later, but probably still Devonian, age cross the area and trend between north-west and NNE.

The Ennerdale Granophyre and associated felsite dykes have been intruded into the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. The emplacement of these intrusions, and the Eskdale Granite to the south, has been controlled by the structure of the Borrowdale Series.
A NEW RECORD OF HYSTRICHOSPHERES, FROM THE MANSFIELD MARINE BAND, WESTPHALIAN
Authors: Spode F.
Published: December 2009

An assemblage of hystrichospheres, which includes one new species of
Micrhystridium
, is described from two borehole cores through the Mansfield (Agir) Marine Band in the Yorkshire–Derbyshire–Nottinghamshire coalfield of England, The assemblage includes species of
Baltisphaeridium, Cymatiosphaera, Micrhystridium
and
Veryhachium.
A REVIEW OF THE LAST GLACIATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: Penny L. F.
Published: December 2009

The limits of the maximum of the Würm Glaciation in Great Britain and its subsequent readvance stages are described in the light of present stratigraphical, geochronological and palynological knowledge. These are compared with the succession of Würm moraines on the continent of Europe and a correlation is discussed. It is suggested that, in view of the proved synchronism of the main events of the Würm Glaciation in Europe and North America, it is possible that the “Newer Drift Maximum” in Britain belongs to the Main Würm and not to the Early Würm as has been suggested, and that the older view that the “Newer Drift Maximum” was post-Aurignacian may be correct.
A PRELIMINARY ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTHIGENIC SILICA IN THE PENRITH SANDSTONE
Authors: Waugh B.
Published: December 2009

The technique for preparing sand grain surfaces for electron microscope study is described. Three stages in the development of secondary silica overgrowths are recognized: first, formation of rhombohedral projections; second, overlapping of rhombohedra to give planar faces; and third, formation of euhedral crystals. Electron micrographs of Penrith Sandstone grain surfaces lacking overgrowths show the presence of irregularly shaped abrasion blocks and conchoidal fractures comparable with those described from modern aeolian sands. The source of the secondary silica is attributed to the solution of the silica dust produced during grain fracture and surface abrasion.
REVISION OF THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PERMIAN EVAPORITES AND ASSOCIATED STRATA IN NORTH-WESTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Meyer H. O. A.
Published: December 2009

Four evaporite beds of Permian age occur in the Vale of Eden. A correlation between the youngest, or D bed, and the Magnesian Limestone of Hilton Beck is suggested, and the stratigraphical position for the junction of the Hilton Plant Beds and the St. Bees Shales is reconsidered. The occurrence of two distinct evaporite beds in west Cumberland is verified. It is thought that the Magnesian Limestone of west Cumberland is of Upper Magnesian Limestone age and is older than that in Hilton Beck.
VARIATION IN TWO SPECIES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS BRACHIOPOD
PLEUROPUGNOIDES
Authors: Ferguson J.
Published: December 2009

The Carboniferous rhynchonellid
Terebratula pleurodon
Phillips is proposed as the type species of a new genus
Pleuropugnoides,
characterized by its similarity to
Pugnoides
Weller (1910) but differing in being wholly costate.
Terebratula pleurodon
is also redescribed and figured, and the variation between individuals is analysed statistically and compared with that of
Pleuropugnoides greenleightonensis
sp. nov. from the Lower Namurian rocks of Northumberland. It is suggested that some previously described Carboniferous rhynchonellids may belong to this genus.
A WESTPHALIAN TONSTEIN FROM SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE
Authors: Spears D. A.
Published: December 2009

This study is based on a thin band of kaolinite mudstone, a tonstein, of Westphalian age from Hilton Main Colliery in the South Staffordshire Coalfield. Normal petrographic and geochemical methods have been used to study both the rock and fractions separated from it by heavy liquids. In addition to the major elements the following trace elements have been analysed: U, Th, Ga, Pb, Ag, Sn, Zn, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Be. It is postulated that the tonstein originated as a soil which was subjected to a high degree of chemical weathering in an oxygenated environment on the land before it was eroded and deposited in water where conditions became reducing some time after deposition. Finally the nature and position of the land mass from which the soil was eroded is discussed.
THE PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA OF THE SEWERBY–HESSLE BURIED CLIFF, EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Boylan Patrick J.
Published: December 2009

The Pleistocene mammal material from the deposits of the buried cliff of Holderness has been re-examined. Revised faunal lists are given, and the identification of material previously described as
Rhinoceros leptorhinus
Cuvier and
Arvicola praeceptor
Hinton is discussed. The former is now identified as
Didermocerus hemitoechus
(Falconer) and the latter as
Arvicola terrestris
(Linnaeus). The Sewerby material, from the raised beach and associated deposits, is believed to be Ipswichian in age, whilst that of Hessle, from a chalk rubble solifluxion deposit, is of Weichselian age.
NOTES ON SOME NON-MARINE LAMELLIBRANCH FAUNAS FROM CENTRAL LEEDS
Authors: Eagar R. M. C. , Turner J. Selwyn
Published: December 2009

Non-marine lamellibranch faunas are recorded from recent excavations for the Inner Ring Road and new University buildings in Leeds, collected from three horizons in the Lower Coal Measures. A new analysis of the Black Bed Ironstones is given.
ANALYSES OF TWO COALS FROM THE GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE NEAR INGLETON, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Shelley A. E.
Published: December 2009

The analyses of two coals from the Great Scar Limestone of the Ingleton district are here compared with two typical Yorkshire coals and high rank coals of South Wales and Durham. They are shown to be high rank, non-caking coals, quite unlike the normal Yorkshire seams, but with analyses which are similar to those of high rank coals from other parts of Britain.
CARBONIFEROUS JOINTS IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND AND THEIR RELATION TO EARLIER AND LATER STRUCTURES
Authors: Moseley F. , Ahmed S. M.
Published: December 2009

The orientation of joints in the Carboniferous rocks of extensive areas in the north of England is compared with that in Lower Palaeozoic and Permo-Triassic rocks. The Carboniferous joints have remarkably constant trends, comprising NW., NE. to ENE. and N. sets; they are usually near vertical and at right angles to the bedding. The joints also trend parallel to the faults, but differ from them in inclination; the latter are nearly all normal faults and are believed to have developed later than the joints. The steeper folds and various rock-types are associated with local variations in joint trend, but do not seriously affect the regional pattern.

Comparison with adjacent Lower Palaeozoic structures shows that the Carboniferous joint sets are parallel to Caledonian NW. and N. wrench faults and joints, and to the ENE. cleavage; they are thus thought to be inherited from these structures. The Carboniferous structures are considered to have developed in an east-west stress field, with NW. and ENE. joints as sinistral and dextral structures. The Permo-Triassic joint pattern probably originated in the Alpine earth movements, but it is similar to that of the Carboniferous (Variscan) and is considered to have been inherited from the latter, just as the latter was inherited from the Caledonian.
THE CALEDONIAN OROGENY IN NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Mitchell G. H.
Published: December 2009

The regions where the pre-Carboniferous rocks can be studied are summarized and the broad structure deduced from them, consisting of a belt of major folds ranging in age from post-Arenig to post-Upper Ludlow, is reviewed.
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE NORTHERN PENNINE BASEMENT ROCKS
Authors: Bott M. H. P.
Published: December 2009

Gravity and magnetic surveys show the presence of the following major basement features beneath the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the northern Pennines: (1) the Devonian Weardale Granite underlies the Alston Block and has been reached by the Rookhope borehole; (2) a belt of east-south-easterly trending magnetic basement rocks underlies the southern half of the Askrigg Block at shallow depth and extends laterally beyond the block at greater depth; (3) the postulated Wensleydale Granite underlies the Askrigg Block centrally and pierces the northern flank of the magnetic basement rocks; (4) gravitationally and magnetically featureless basement rocks (possibly Lower Palaeozoic overlain by thick Carboniferous) occur between the blocks; and (5) the basement is relatively shallow beneath the Alston and Askrigg blocks but deepens rapidly with associated thickening of the Lower Carboniferous rocks across the following hinge-lines—Ninety-Fathom-Stublick fault line, Lunedale—Butter-knowle fault line, Stockdale monocline, and (from geological evidence) Craven fault belt.

Since the basement is overlain by a particularly well studied cover of Carboniferous rocks, the northern Pennines provide a unique demonstration of the influence of granites on the structural history long after consolidation. The basement features, which both include granites, have exerted close control of major and minor faulting, doming and uplift, basin formation and distribution of mineralization. This is attributed to (1) the relatively greater “strength” of the granites and magnetic basement rocks, (2) the supplementary stress systems set up by the low density granites and by the topographic irregularities, and (3) incipient jointing in the Weardale Granite providing an easy upward passage for mineralizing solutions.
THE GRAVITY ANOMALIES OF THE ASKRIGG BLOCK SOUTH OF WENSLEYDALE
Authors: Myers J. O. , Wardell J.
Published: December 2009

A gravity survey of the Askrigg Block south of Wensleydale provides a link between earlier surveys to the north and south. The chief feature is a gravity low near the head of Stake Pass, with two subsidiary minima east and west respectively of the main central low. The disposition of the basement rocks causing these effects is suggested.
MINERALIZATION IN RELATION TO THE PRE-CARBONIFEROUS BASEMENT ROCKS, NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Dunham K. C.
Published: December 2009

The epigenetic lead-zinc-(iron-copper)-fluorine-barium mineralization in the north of England, when viewed on the large scale, is found to occur where thin, “block” facies sediments in the Lower Carboniferous overlie basement highs. The relatively deep sedimentary basins lying within the Pennine Chain and adjacent to it contain little or no mineralization; only the North Derbyshire, Askrigg and Alston blocks have been significantly mineralized. The Carboniferous/Basement junction lies substantially higher in these structures than anywhere else in the region except in the Lake District dome, which also contains mineral veins. The possible significance of this empirical observation is considered, and some comparisons with the American Middle West are suggested.
CARBONIFEROUS BASEMENT BEDS IN THE ROMAN FELL DISTRICT, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Burgess I. C. , Harrison R. K.
Published: December 2009

The Roman Fell Beds, of hitherto disputed age, are part of the Carboniferous succession of the Roman Fell area. They overlie a basal conglomerate and comprise the Roman Fell Shales and Roman Fell Sandstones, the latter including conglomerates and lithic quartzitic arenites. Thicknesses of these, and of succeeding, beds differ markedly either side of the Swindale Beck Fault along which contemporaneous movement occurred during sedimentation. Roman Fell Sandstones, both north and south of the fault, are petrographically similar; pigmentation by ferric oxides is of secondary origin, unrelated to stratigraphy. Shales with Limestone north of the fault are correlated with the Ravenstonedale Limestones (C
1
—C
2
), Ashfell Sandstone (S
1
—S
2
) and Hillbeck Limestone (S
2
) in a much thicker sequence south of the fault. Petrographical parameters support the stratigraphical interpretations and indicate a gradual change in provenance through the succession, from local outcrops of Ordovician–Silurian rocks during deposition of the basal conglomerate and Roman Fell Beds, to more distant granitic sources during that of the Ashfell Sandstone.
BIOFACIES AND LITHOFACIES OF THE SPEETON CLAY D BEDS, E. YORKSHIRE
Authors: Neale J. W.
Published: December 2009

Detailed studies show that five different facies and two marked faunal breaks occur in the D Beds of the Speeton Clay. These beds have a maximum thickness of forty-seven feet and include three Lower Cretaceous stages. Examination of the fossil distribution and sediment mineralogy leads to the conclusion that deposition in this area was slow and subject to interruption during the early part of the Cretaceous period and that the sea was shallow and probably warm.
THE HAMPOLE BEDS—A SIGNIFICANT MARKER IN THE LOWER MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OF YORKSHIRE DERBYSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Authors: Smith D. B.
Published: December 2009

A thin but distinctive group of mudstones and dolomites have been traced along the outcrop of the Lower Magnesian Limestone from Nottingham to Ripon and, with less certainty, into south Durham. These beds, for which the name Hampole Beds is proposed, overlie a minor discontinuity and are thought to have accumulated partly by intermittent deposition on an extensive intertidal, or supratidal, coastal flat. They constitute a useful marker between the lower and upper subdivisions of the Lower Magnesian Limestone, and extend into areas marginal to the tidal flat where the two subdivisions are otherwise inseparable. They also permit a close correlation of the rocks of these two subdivisions with, respectively, the Lower and Middle Magnesian limestones of the Durham sequence.
JOINT DENSITIES AND THEIR RELATION TO LITHOLOGY IN THE GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE
Authors: Doughty Philip S.
Published: December 2009

Joint systems in the Great Scar Limestone of the Settle area have been re-examined and three varieties found: conjugate joints, tension joints and low angle joints, the first being by far the commonest. Plumose structures found on conjugate joint faces suggest cleavage fracture as the method of origin.

Conjugate joint spacings are fairly regular except where joints extend across bedding planes. A method for assessing conjugate joint densities in beds from scars is described and its application throughout the area shows consistent results; the limestones of the S zone present little variation whereas those of the D
1
zone form a sequence of nine rhythms where the succession is complete.

Modal analyses of limestone suites collected from the rhythms of the D
1
zone demonstrate a correlation of high joint density with coarse-grained limestones and low joint density with carbonate mudstones. Differences in joint density do not appear to influence the orientation of conjugate joints, and bed thickness does not control densities.
THE JURASSIC-CRETACEOUS JUNCTION AT ELSHAM, NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Kent P. E. , Dilley F. C.
Published: December 2009

A trench section from the Chalk down to Jurassic beds near Elsham, north-east of Brigg exposed successively downwards Red Chalk, a thin fossil-ferous development of Carstone and shaly clay with a good Cretaceous (late Aptian or early Albian) microfauna with much derived material of probable Kimmeridgian age, above the early Kimmeridgian Elsham Sandstone.
FIELD GEOLOGY AND THE CIVIL ENGINEER
Authors: Woodland A. W.
Published: December 2009

Although in the early days of the science geology was closely linked with civil engineering, in the second half of the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth their paths unfortunately diverged. The modern development of large, complex engineering works shows how necessary is a full, early assessment of all the geological factors in and around the site, together with the provision of modern, detailed geological maps. Lack of such field knowledge may be extremely expensive in effort, money, and in extreme cases, human life. Examples are drawn from the siting of new towns, motorways, reservoirs and spoil tips; geological problems of the last are illustrated from the Aberfan disaster of 1966.
THE BLUE JOHN FLUORSPAR DEPOSITS OF TREAK CLIFF, DERBYSHIRE, IN RELATION TO THE BOULDER BED
Authors: Ford Trevor D.
Published: December 2009

The mode of deposition of the Blue John variety of fluorite is described. It is shown to have crystallized in the voids between limestone boulders in a conglomerate, in the open joints of the immediately underlying fissured limestone, and locally as a replacement of the limestone of either boulders or the underlying solid rock. Some Blue John occupies pre-Namurian caves, well below the boulder bed but perhaps formed by karstic processes operating during the uplift responsible for it. Layered quartz and fluorite deposits lying in fluorite-lined voids are thought to be partly a replacement of detrital calcite, and partly a precipitate of fluorite cubes.
THE GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE AREA AROUND HYDE, CHESHIRE
Authors: Johnson R. H.
Published: December 2009

During the main Weichsel glacial period ice movement around Hyde became impeded by the local Pennine relief to such an extent that lobes of ice were ultimately detached from the main body of the ice sheet and left to stagnate in the valleys of the Mersey headwater streams. Large volumes of meltwater were released in the areas adjoining the hills and the streams flowing at the ice margins constructed a number of fluvio-glacial depositional landforms and filled with sediment the valleys eroded by pre-glacial streams. Local relief exerted a strong influence upon meltwater flow and ice movements and in consequence the mode of sedimentation, the stratigraphy and lithological character of the glacial deposits are frequently a reflection of local environmental conditions. In this area therefore it has not been possible to recognize a simple stratigraphical succession applicable to the whole area and therefore the glacial deposits are described with reference to their morphology and topographical expression.

Former ice sheet incursions created a number of modifications in the local drainage network. Most diversions resulted from events that occurred during the Weichsel Glaciation but the analysis of the bedrock topography indicates that some alterations of the drainage pattern occurred earlier in the Pleistocene Epoch. The erosion of several now abandoned channels and of the “post-glacial” gorges is attributed to the work of sub-glacial meltwaters which also deposited some varved deposits on the valley floors. Beyond the former ice margin there is considerable evidence of prolonged periglacial denudation and it is concluded that the glacial incursion was only of short duration and was the climax to a long period of cold, but not glacial, climate which persisted from about 75,000 to 25,000 years B.P.
THE FORAMINIFERAL FAUNA OF THE MELTON CARSTONE
Authors: Dilley F. C.
Published: December 2009

The Melton Carstone at the locality which yielded a Lower Albian brachiopod assemblage (Owen
et al.,
1968) has been found to contain a foraminiferal fauna strictly correlatable with that of the Lower Albian
Planulina
D.5 zone of north-west Germany (Hecht, 1938) and of the Greensand Streak and basal A3 marls at Speeton (for the lithological sequence at Speeton see Kaye, 1964).
PHYTOPLANKTON (ACRITARCHS) FROM A SMALL ORDOVICIAN INLIER IN TEESDALE (COUNTY DURHAM), ENGLAND
Authors: Lister T. R. , Holliday D. W.
Published: December 2009

Several hundred acritarchs have been recovered from two samples of Skiddaw Slates of the Teesdale Inlier. The assemblages are dominated by trispinose veryhachiids, but altogether thirteen species have been recognized, attributable to three acanthomorph genera—
Archaeohystrichosphaeridium, Baltisphaeridium
and
Micrhystridium
—the polygonomorph genus
Veryhachium,
the diacromorph genus
Acanthodiacrodium
and to the sphaeromorph genus
Leiosphaeridia.
A lower Ordovician age is confirmed and equation with the Milburn Beds of the Cross Fell Inlier is suggested.
SUBMARINE SLUMPING AND SLIDING IN THE LOWER MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM
Authors: Smith D. B.
Published: December 2009

The effects of submarine slumping and sliding which occurred in north-east Durham and south-east Northumberland in early and late Lower Magnesian Limestone times are described and discussed. The earlier slumps affected a thin group of beds some three to seven metres above the Marl Slate and gave rise to disturbed beds and turbidites extending, perhaps discontinuously, from near Sunderland to the River Tees. The later episode, which is perhaps more correctly described as a slide, occurred at the end of Lower Magnesian Limestone times and is thought to have removed as much as twenty five metres of this formation from parts of an area of perhaps two hundred square kilometres, mainly north of Sunderland. It is suggested that sliding on this scale is most likely to have been initiated by an earthquake shock.
FRAGMENTAL CLAYROCK (FCR) IN COAL-BEARING SEQUENCES IN SCOTLAND AND NORTH-EAST ENGLAND
Authors: Richardson G. , Francis E. H.
Published: December 2009

The Carboniferous cyclic sequences of Scotland and north-east England include beds of clayrock mainly 50 to 100 millimetres thick characterized by (1) brecciation and flow structures (2) a high proportion of kaolinite which is partly authigenic (3) an association with coal and (4) local impersistence within a limited lateral extent. They are interpreted as the deposits of lakes in coal-forming swamps and their petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry are consistent with the intense early diagenetic activity found in these environments. This view is supported by the palaeontology of the few fragmental clayrocks that contain fossils. After burial these sediments became metastable and subsequent disturbance of this condition led to physical and chemical reorganization. The FCRs form a continuous lithological series linking hard fine-grained
graupen-tonsteins
at one extreme with seatclays at the other. Some of the processes that led to the genesis of FCRs, particularly redistribution during flow, may be relevant to the formation of tonsteins and seatclays.
TOURNAISIAN BEDS IN RAVENSTONEDALE, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L. , Marshall A. E.
Published: December 2009

The results of a re-examination and palynological study of the lower part of the Carboniferous succession of Ravenstonedale, Westmorland, north-west England are presented. A new assessment of the thickness of the Carboniferous sequence is given and the evidence for the position of the Tournaisian-Viséan boundary is discussed. The distribution of twenty-seven miospore species identified in five samples from the Pinskey Gill Beds, basal Carboniferous of Ravenstonedale, is listed. Ten of the species are illustrated. On the basis of previously published records of the species it is shown that the beds are of Tournaisian age.
SHALE UNITS IN THE GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE OF THE SOUTHERN ASKRIGG BLOCK
Authors: Waltham A. C.
Published: December 2009

The Great Scar Limestone contains numerous thin shale units which are only revealed in the underground exposures in caves and potholes. The shale beds are correlated across the area and their distribution is described. Various features of their structure and petrography are noted and the environment of deposition is deduced to be very shallow water and locally sub-aerial.
ALGAL LIMESTONE IN THE UPPER COAL MEASURES (WESTPHALIAN D) AT CHESTERTON, NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE
Authors: Pollard J. E. , Wiseman Julie F.
Published: December 2009

Small isolated lenses of algal limestone discovered at the junction of the Etruria Marl and Newcastle Group in north Staffordshire contain algae of the genera
Girvanella, Ortonella, Garwoodia
and
Bevocastria
associated with
Anthraconauta,
ostracods,
Spirorbis
and plant fragments. The lenses represent preservation
in situ
of sediment formed in temporary pools rich in calcium and other carbonates. The algae grew as thin crusts and small colonies in these saline pools before the deposition of the Newcastle Group and the introduction of the non-marine fauna.
THE LOCATION AND ORIGIN OF GLACIAL MELTWATER PHENOMENA IN THE EASTERN CHEVIOT HILLS
Authors: Clapperton C. M.
Published: December 2009

Meltwater channels are sparse where ice movement was parallel with the valleys but abundant where it was across the trend of the ridges and valleys. Most channels were formed subglacially as englacial meltwater streams became superimposed.

The location of complex systems of interconnected eskers, kames and kame terraces is related chiefly to (a) relief features, especially lowland basins, which impeded the flow of the wasting ice sheet and ultimately rendered large portions of it stagnant; (b) areas in which the abundance of till suggests a former ice sheet heavily charged with basal and englacial debris. Where factors (a) and (b) occurred together, as on the northern and eastern sides of the Cheviot Hills, upward curving shear planes induced by impeded flow may have carried large quantities of englacial debris from basal layers of the ice sheet up into the zone where systems of englacial and subglacial streams ultimately reworked the detritus into bedded sands and gravels.
DATA ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LATE PALAEOZOIC TETRAPODS
Authors: Rayner Dorothy H.
Published: December 2009

The tetrapods from early Carboniferous to early Triassic times comprise the majority of fossil amphibia and the first great development of the reptiles. They are found associated with two main facies: Coal Measures in a wide sense (Carboniferous and some early Permian beds of Europe), and Permian and Lower Triassic red beds and related sediments. In the former most of the vertebrate localities represent small lakes and pools, the faunas living in them or nearby. In the latter there are much larger areas where fluviatile conditions are common and a greater range of ecological types; dry-land faunas are dominant though the sediments are still largely water-laid. Data on locomotion and food are mainly drawn from comparative anatomy, and on conditions of burial and preservation more from sedimentology and mineralogy. The liability of the calcium phosphate of bone to solution in exceptionally acid waters may partly account for the sporadic distribution and locally poor preservation of some Carboniferous faunas; in other respects the coal swamps should have produced favourable living conditions. Faunas and environments from Europe, North America and South Africa are considered briefly in this framework.
THE MINERALOGY OF THE STAFFORD TONSTEIN
Authors: Spears D. A.
Published: December 2009

The principal clay mineral in the Stafford tonstein is a mixed-layer mica-montmorillonite, which is comparable on X-ray evidence with potassium bentonites. The restricted heavy mineral suite in the tonstein is also diagnostic of bentonites, and from this it is suggested that heavy minerals may well offer one of the most reliable means of establishing whether or not a tonstein is volcanic in origin. The position of tonsteins in the coal-bearing sequence is discussed, and also the influence position has upon mineralogy and chemistry.
A STUDY OF DOLOMITIZATION BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Al-Hashimi Wissam S.
Published: December 2009

The scanning electron microscope has proved to be an effective tool in the study of dolomitization. The electron micrographs obtained show the presence of moats, or porosity zones, around the dolomite crystals. These are believed to have resulted from the dissolution of calcite at random points, so providing the necessary carbonate ions for the growth of dolomite crystals. The role of clay minerals in dolomitization was investigated and proved to have no influence either on the dolomitization sites or on the local supply of magnesium for dolomitization. Different types of dolomitization porosity are discussed.
ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE LOWER VISÉAN “REEF” LIMESTONES NEAR CLITHEROE, LANCASHIRE
Authors: Miller J. , Grayson R. F.
Published: December 2009

All strata, including “reef” limestones, between the top of the Chatburn Limestone and the base of the Cephalopod Shales are here designated the Clitheroe Limestone Complex. The complex is of C
2
S
1
age and characterized by intricately related bank, flank, inter-bank and other facies, covering a large tract of the Craven basin. C
2
S
1
uplift of the complex near Clitheroe created an erosion topography locally of high relief. Limebanks and associated sedimentation was resumed at Salthill until conformably overlain by Cephalopod Shales. Elsewhere the Cephalopod Shales rest directly upon the C
2
S
1
erosion surface, overstepping dissected masses of the complex and finally burying the erosion topography.
THE EBBADALEN FORMATION (CARBONIFEROUS), SPITSBERGEN
Authors: Holliday D. W. , Cutbill J. L.
Published: December 2009

The Ebbadalen Formation (Carboniferous) of Spitsbergen lies in an elongated basin on the downthrown side of the Billefjorden Fault Zone. Apart from the lower part of the formation, where all the beds are clastic, evaporites dominate in the basin and separate red beds, adjacent to the fault-belt, from marine carbonates. Several unconformities are recorded within the formation towards the margins of the basin. Four members and three sets of beds are proposed as well as a number of informal facies units. A limestone breccia (Ragnarbreen Breccia) which occurs locally at the top of the formation is interpreted as a solution breccia. Fusulinacea from the top of the formation indicate a Bashkirian age, but the lowest part may belong to the Namurian rather than to the Bashkirian as previously supposed. The early clastic strata are thought to be largely fluviatile in origin, while the later red beds, evaporites and carbonates are similar to modern arid-area sediments, notably those of the Persian Gulf. Laterally continuous cyclothems occur throughout the sequence and are thought to be the result of regional or even world-wide agencies rather than of local causes.
OLIVINE-DOLERITE INTRUSIONS NEAR MELMERBY, CUMBERLAND, AND THEIR AGE-DETERMINATION BY THE POTASSIUM-ARGON METHOD
Authors: Wadge A. J. , Harrison R. K. , Snelling N. J.
Published: December 2009

Potassium-argon age determinations of two intrusions of olivine-dolerite, cutting Borrowdale Volcanic rocks near Melmerby, Cumberland, gave a mean age of 296 ± 8 million years, placing them at the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, and showing their emplacement to be contemporary with that of the Whin Sill, which crops out on the nearby Pennine escarpment. Chemical analyses of these rocks show their similarity to other olivine-dolerites, and variation-diagrams suggest a genetic line of descent from the oversaturated Whin magma. The intrusions may represent part of the western margin of the Whin Sill, particularly as at the time of the intrusion of the sill, Carboniferous and Lower Palaeozoic rocks were probably here juxtaposed along the Deep Slack Fault by Hercynian faulting throwing down to the east.
A GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE ISLE OF MAN
Authors: Cornwell J. D.
Published: December 2009

The Bouguer anomaly map of the Isle of Man is dominated by two gravity lows, elongated in a north-east to south-west direction across the island, and by a rapid decrease of values at the Point of Ayre. The two anomalies are thought to be due to granite bodies, here named the South Barrule and Glen Mona granites, intruded into the Manx Group, and these granites are inter­preted as having broad, flat tops and steep sides, those of the South Barrule Granite reaching a depth of ten kilometres. The Manx Group in the vicinity of these anomalies contains mineral lodes and granite apophyses. The steep gradients in the area of the Point of Ayre are thought to be due to the Permo-Triassic sediments which form part of the southern edge of the Solway Firth basin. The cause of a gravity high near Jurby in the northern plain is unclear, but a rock-unit of high density underlying the Manx Group may be responsible.
THE CWM CLWYD TUFF, NORTH WALES: A PALAEOGEOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF SOME ORDOVICIAN ASH-SHOWER DEPOSITS
Authors: Brenchley P. J.
Published: December 2009

The Cwm Clwyd Tuff of Ordovician age comprises a sequence (0 to 180 metres thick) of ash-shower tuffs rich in pumice and reworked tuffs, with a single unit which is possibly an ash flow deposit. Grain size and thickness variations indicate a volcanic source to the east of the present outcrop. Compositional and grain size changes within graded beds suggest sub-aerial ash-shower deposition of these beds, while the abundance of accretionary lapilli, the poor sorting, absence of rounding, and lack of epiclastic material suggest that much of the ash sedimentation in the eastern part of the area was sub-aerial and probably occurred low on the flanks of a volcanic cone; contemporaneous, sharply incised channels support this conclusion. In the south and west of the area, the ash appears to have been deposited under marine conditions.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE YORKSHIRE CORALLIAN
Authors: Wright J. K.
Published: December 2009

A comprehensive review of the stratigraphy of the Yorkshire Corallian is given, based on the modern system of ammonite zones and subzones. All major exposures of the Corallian beds are described, many for the first time. A definitive set of stratal terms is set out: the term Coralline Oolite is elevated to formation rank, and re-defined according to William Smith’s original concept; the new terms are Birdsall Calcareous Grit and Malton Oolite, proposed for part of the lower Corallian of the Malton district, and beds formerly allocated to the Osmington Oolite respectively. The Upper Calcareous Grit is divided into three members, and its prolific ammonite fauna reviewed. A history of sedimentation is given, and a new species of
Amoeboceras
described.
THE BAJOCIAN AMMONITE
HYPERLIOCERAS RUDIDISCITES
S. BUCKMAN IN EASTERN ENGLAND AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Senior J. R. , Earland-Bennett P. M.
Published: December 2009

In 1968 three specimens of
Hyperlioceras rudidiscites
S. Buckman were found in the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian) of eastern England, two from Rutland and one unique example from Yorkshire. The stratigraphical implications of these finds are discussed.
THE STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE OF THE UPPER COAL MEASURES IN THE EXPOSED YORKSHIRE COALFIELD BETWEEN PONTEFRACT AND SOUTH KIRKBY
Authors: Goossens R. F. , Smith E. G.
Published: December 2009

The stratigraphy and structure of the Yorkshire Upper Coal Measures in the northern part of their exposed field are described in detail for the first time. Knowledge has been gained from 1:10,560 geological mapping of the outcrop, some 80 sq km in extent, and from a study of relevant underground information, including that provided by over sixty boreholes.

These measures, largely grey, but including red beds at the top, are composed of sixty or so cycles with a total thickness of more than 300 metres. Several marker horizons are defined and described and, on the basis of these, the succession is divided in ascending order into the Ackworth, Brierley, Hemsworth and Badsworth divisions, a classification which, it is believed, will be applicable throughout the Yorkshire Coalfield.

The Upper Coal Measures are disposed in a number of broad northerly or north-westerly trending folds, including the previously unrecognized Thorpe Audlin Anticline. There is a network of faults, but the dominant features are the well known Pontefract Trough, and a similar but more complex structure farther south, here named the Badsworth Trough. A wrench fault, the Holgate Hospital Fault, is an unusual feature of the structure.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE URE VALLEY WATER MAIN TRENCHES 1969–71
Authors: Godwin C. G.
Published: December 2009

Rocks of Namurian age, exposed in 11 miles (18km) of pipeline trenches, are described, and details of new localities for several marine horizons are given. The Marsdenian Stage has been proved, for the first time in the area, at an exposure near Winksley.
DEEP WEATHERING IN THE GREAT WHIN SILL, NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Hornung M. , Hatton Aldyth A.
Published: December 2009

The occurrence of a number of sites of deeply weathered Whin Sill dolerite is reported. The most intensely altered section found to date is at Holwick Scars, Yorkshire, and consists of up to fifteen metres of an incoherent grus showing a zonation which reflects the original joint system of the rock. The alteration shows strong similarities to that produced by weathering of igneous rocks in tropical or sub-tropical climates. Weathering of this type occurred in Britain in late tertiary times.
SILICA IN THE VISÉAN LIMESTONES OF DERBYSHIRE, ENGLAND
Authors: Orme G. R.
Published: December 2009

Chert, quartz-rock and quartzose limestones, and a variety of discriminate and indiscriminate small-scale replacements of limestone components, are the forms taken by silica in the Visian limestones of Derbyshire. Quartz is dominant but where this is associated with spherulitic chalcedony and lutecite a transition from chalcedony through lutecite to quartz can often be demon strated. The periods and modes of emplacement of the various silica bodies are elucidated by the recognition of void-infilling, simple and complex replacement, and recrystallization silica fabrics. Further, a sequence of biogenic allochem replacements is suggested which appears to bear a relationship to the coarseness of the grain fabric. The mechanism of silica replacement of both allochems and prthochems is partly controlled by fabric orientation.

While it is possible that some cherts formed by direct precipitation, and others by replacement of lithified limestone, the majority of Derbyshire cherts formed by partial or complete replacement of the carbonate host prior to its complete consolidation. In many cases segregation of inorganic silica may have been penecontemporaneous with sedimentation.

There is a distinctive and complex association of fabrics in the quartz-rock which reveals a sequence of replacement and recrystallization processes. Quartz-rock and quartzose limestone are the products of low temperature metasomatism by hydrothermal fluids associated with faulting; their formation postdates chert emplacement and precedes fluoritization. Further, quartz-rock formation might have been coincident with the chalcedonic veining of some cherts, and might also be of similar age to the mineralization of the Derbyshire “Massif” which is considered by some to be probably Triassic and by others to be Jurassic. It is dear that silicification occurred several times during the diagenetic evolution of the Visean limestones of Derbyshire.
THE CLAY MINERALOGY AND SOME TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS OF THE SPEETON CLAY
Authors: Parker A.
Published: December 2009

Pronounced time-related trends are evident in the clay mineralogy of the Speeton Clay (Lower Cretaceous): the kaolinite/illite ratio decreases consistently as the sediments get younger, and the other main mineral, probably an illitesmectite, becomes progressively more illitic. It is suggested that these changes reflect weathering conditions at the source rather than differences in actual source-rock type or weathering of the Speeton Clay itself. This conclusion is supported by the relative consistency in trace element contents, which might be expected to reflect major changes in source material.
WILLIAM SMITH AND THE JURASSIC COALS OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hemingway J. E. , Owen J. S.
Published: December 2009

A recently discovered report by William Smith on two of the early 19th-century mining ventures for Jurassic coal in north-east Yorkshire throws further light on his work and influence.
MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME QUATERNARY DEPOSITS IN THE VALE OF YORK
Authors: Spears D. A.
Published: December 2009

An account is given of the mineralogy and geochemistry of twenty-six samples obtained from boreholes in one area of the Vale of York. The lithologies sampled include boulder clay and overlying lacustrine and fluviatile sands and clays. The results suggest that the boulder clay was derived mainly from sedimentary rocks and that the overlying deposits contain a high proportion of reworked glacial materials, confirming previous impressions based largely on erratics. The influence of current sorting and weathering on the mineralogy and geochemistry is discussed.
THE HASLINGDEN FLAGS (NAMURIAN G
1
) OF SOUTH-EAST LANCASHIRE: BAR FINGER SANDS IN THE PENNINE BASIN
Authors: Collinson J. D. , Banks N. L.
Published: December 2009

The sedimentary sequence between the
Gastrioceras cancellatum
Marine Band and the Rough Rock in south-east Lancashire comprises a wide range of lithologies ranging from mudstone through siltstone to ripple cross-laminated and cross-bedded medium-grained sandstones. The sequence consists broadly of two coarsening upwards sequences, each dominantly of mudstone and siltstone in its lower part and each capped by a sandstone member, the Lower and Upper Haslingden Flags respectively. Isopachytes on these sandstones show them to form elongate lobes thinning eastwards from a maximum exposed development around Blackburn. Palaeocurrent directions are dominantly towards the east. Both sandstones are cross-bedded in their central upstream regions and, in the Upper Haslingden Flags, a complex internal geometry involves large scale, low-angle cross-bedding up to 27 metres thick.

The overall geometry and lithofacies assemblage is compared with that of a modern bar-finger sand and, in the Upper Haslingden Flags, the internal structure of the actual distributary mouth bar is shown.

These deltas differ in type from the usual Millstone Grit delta in their finer grain size, their body geometry and in their palaeocurrent pattern. These points of difference raise the possibility of a western source area for at least some of the Millstone Grit and also imply that a different hydrological regime may have operated there.