bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ACCURACY OF THE WINKLER METHOD FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS1
Authors: Carpenter James H.
Published: March 2010

The potential errors in the various techniques for the Winkler method have been examined and a new technique developed. The accuracy of this technique has been tested by comparison with standards based on dissolving known quantities of oxygen in oxygen‐free water. An accuracy of 0.1% was observed, so the technique appears suitable for oxygen analyses requiring an accuracy of greater than the 3–5% observed with tho common techniques.
THE EXCHANGE OF PHOSPHATE BETWEEN ESTUARINE WATER AND SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Pomero Lawrence R. , Smith E E. , Grant Carol M.
Published: March 2010

The exchange of phosphate between water and sediments of Doboy Sound, Georgia, was studied experimentally with freshly collected core samples and suspensions of surface sediment, using 32P as a tracer. The exchange consists of a two‐step ion exchange between clay minerals and water, plus an exchange between interstitial microorganisms and water. The exchange tends to maintain a concentration of phosphate in the water of one µmole of phosphate/liter. In undisturbed sediments the biological exchange is trivial, but in suspended sediments the biological exchange moves nearly as much phosphate as does the exchange with clay minerals. The rates of exchange and the exchange capacity of the sediments are large enough to be significant ecologically, maintaining phosphate at a level favorable for continued production of plant populations.
PHYTOPLANKTON‐ZOOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIPS IN ARRAGANSETT BAY1
Authors: Martin John H.
Published: March 2010

Zooplankton samples collected every other week in upper and lower Narraganset Bay, Rhode Island, were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The seasonal occurrence and abundance of the various species identified and enumerated in the present study are presented in tabular form.

Analysis of the relative abundance of the principal grazers in the zooplankton population (Acartia tonsa, A. clausi, and Oithona spp.) and of the dominant phytoplankton species, Skeletonema costatum, upon which these copepods are believed to graze preferentially, shows that the seasonal changes in phytoplankton abundance are to a considerable extent attributable to differential grazing pressures.

Concentrations of plant nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) were compared with zooplankton numbers. It is believed that the large summer‐fall zooplankton population contributes to the phosphate maximum and possibly indirectly to the nitrate maximum as well.
ON THE OXYGEN SUPPLY OF THE DEEP PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Weyl Peter K.
Published: March 2010

The existence of an oxygen minimum layer in the Pacific Ocean precludes vertical diffusion of oxygen from the surface to the deeper water. To maintain the known oxygen content, oxygen used in the deep water must be replenished by an inflow of relatively oxygen‐rich water into the Pacific Ocean at high southern latitudes and an outflow of water with lower oxygen concentrations across the oxygen minimum surface. An estimate of the average rate of oxygen consumption gives a value for this flow of about 3 × 106 m3/sec.
EUTROPHICATION OF THE ST. LAWRENCE GREAT LAKES1
Authors: Beeton Alfred M.
Published: March 2010

Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior are classified as oligotrophic lakes on the basis of their biological, chemical, and physical characteristics. Lake Ontario, although rich in nutrients, is morphometrically oligotrophic or mesotrophic because of its large area of deep water. Lake Erie, the most productive of the lakes and the shallowest, is eutrophic. Several changes commonly associated with eutrophication in small lakes have been observed in the Great Lakes. These changes apparently reflect accelerated eutrophication in the Great Lakes due to man’s activity. Chemical data compiled from a number of sources, dating as early as 1854, indicate a progressive increase in the concentrations of various major ions and total dissolved solids in all of the lakes except Lake Superior. The plankton has changed somewhat in Lake Michigan and the plankton, benthos, and fish populations of Lake Erie are greatly different today from those of the past. An extensive area of hypolimnetic water of Lake Erie has developed low dissolved oxygen concentrations in late summer within recent years.
THE CHLOROPHYLL a CONTENT OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE NORTHERN NORTH SEA
Authors: Steele J. H. , Baird I. E.
Published: March 2010

During 1961 and 1962 regular sampling for chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and nutrients was carried out in the northern North Sea. The regressions of chlorophyll a on carbon were all significant and show maximum values for the ratio, chlorophyll a : carbon in spring and autumn. There is evidence that the changes in this ratio can be related to incident radiation and nutrient concentration.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXIDIZING AND REDUCING CONDITIONS UPON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN LAKE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Gorham Eville , Swaine Dalway J.
Published: March 2010

Analyses for Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Co, P, Mo, Ba, Sr, Ti, Li, Rb, Na, K, Be, Cr, V, Y, Ag, Cu, C, S, Sn, Ni, Ga, Zr, and La have been carried out on some oxidate crusts, oxidized surface muds, reduced subsurface muds, and glacial clays collected in Windermere and Esthwaite Water in the English Lake District. The relatively organic lake muds exhibit the highest concentrations of C, S, Cu, Sn, and Ni. Many of the oxidate crusts exhibit strong enrichment in Mn, Fe, Ba, Sr, Pb, and Zn. Ti, Li, Rb, Co, P, and Mo are also enriched in some crusts. S, Sn, and Ni reach their highest levels in the reducing subsurface muds, but Mn, and to a lesser extent Fe and Mo, are higher in the oxidized than in the reduced muds.

Relations between the elements in the various sediments are examined, and the English oxidate crusts are compared with lake and stream ores in Sweden and Finland, and with marine manganese nodules. These marine nodules are frequently enriched in Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, V, Ag, and Sn to a far higher degree than the freshwater ferromanganese concretions. Some freshwater crusts exhibit enrichments in Pb, Zn, and Ba of the same order as those observed in marine manganese nodules.
THE ANNUAL AND SEMIANNUAL VARIATION OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Wyrtki Klaus
Published: March 2010

Monthly averages of sea surface temperature for the period 1947–1960 are subjected to a harmonic analysis to determine the amplitude and phase of the annual and semiannual temperature variation. The harmonic parameters are calculated for each two‐degree square of the Pacific Ocean north of 20° S lat and are presented in five charts. The distribution of the harmonic parameters and their contribution in shaping the seasonal variation are discussed.
FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS, HYPERION OUTFALL, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Bandy Orville L. , Ingle James C. , Resig Johanna M.
Published: March 2010

Foraminifera are from 5 to 50 times more abundant in the general Hyperion outfall region than in unaffected areas of the shelf. Large live/dead ratios occur in central and outer areas of the shelf where the accumulation of authigenic minerals suggests little deposition; small ratios occur in basin areas where sediments are accumulating at the rate of from 38 to 145 cm/1,000 yr. Hyaline foraminifera are more than 8 times as abundant as arenaceous forms in the inner shelf area, on the outer edge of the shelf, and in the bathyal zone.

Planktonic foraminiferal tests are most abundant in the bathyal zone, near the heads of submarine canyons, and near the Hyperion outfall system of Los Angeles. The area of major development on the outer edge of the shelf marks the entry way of incoming waters onto the shelf. Inshore benthic species are not influenced by the outfall; four dominant open shelf species exhibit marked increases in productivity, recorded in the accumulation of abundant tests under the main tracks of the effluent. A Bolivina acuminata group appears and shows a dramatic increase in abundance in going from the edge of the shelf into deeper waters. A Bolivina argentea group appears and becomes dominant below depths of about 400 m.
TOWING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANKTON SAMPLING GEAR
Authors: Aron W. , Ahlstrom E. H. , Bary B. McK. , Bé A. W. H. , Clarke W. D.
Published: March 2010

Data on the towing characteristics of the Gulf III, Bary high‐speed plankton catcher, Clarke Jet Net, one‐meter ring net, Bé multiple plankton sampler, and Isaacs‐Kidd midwater trawl, the kite‐otter depressor, and Isaacs‐Kidd depressor are presented.

The influence of towing speed and cable length on sampling depth was examined. Depth information was telemetered up a single‐conductor towing cable from an electronic depth sensor installed between the end of the cable and the device being studied. These data were continuously recorded on deck. Tow paths for each of the devices are illustrated and curves showing the relationship between towing speed, length of cable, and sampling depth are presented for the Gulf III, Jet Net, and Isaacs‐Kidd midwater trawl.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON METABOLISM OF PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES DEVELOPED IN LABORATORY STREAMS1
Authors: Phinney Hawy K. , McIntire C. David
Published: March 2010

The effect of short‐term variations in temperature on metabolism of periphyton communities developed in laboratory streams was investigated with a 50‐liter respirometer chamber. The range of temperatures used was from 6 to 21C, similar to the range normally recorded in the laboratory streams during the year.

In an experiment the temperature was increased from 6.5 to 16.6C during a 5‐hr period, and the rate of community respiration increased from 41 to 132 mg O2 m−2 hr−1. When the temperature was decreased from 17.5 to 9.4C during a 5‐hr period, the rate of community respiration decreased correspondingly from 105 to 63 mg O2 m−2 hr−1. An increase in temperature from 11.9 to 20.0C was accompanied by an increase in gross oxygen evolution from 335 to 447 mg O2 m−2 hr−1 when the intensity of illumination was approximately 22,000 lux. The rate of oxygen production was not affected significantly at illumination intensities below 11,100 lux.
ORGANIC AGGREGATES IN SURFACE AND DEEP WATERS OF THE SARGASSO SEA1
Authors: Riley Gordon A. , Van Hemert Denise , Wanngersky Peter J.
Published: March 2010

The quantities of organic aggregates and particulate organic carbon in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea were relatively small at all times but showed a slight seasonal variation, with highest values in winter and spring and lower ones in summer, in general agreement with observed seasonal variations in phytoplankton. Particulate matter decreased from the surface downward in the upper few hundred meters but was essentially constant from 500 m to more than 3,000 m. It is concluded that: a) There are bacteria and filter‐feeding animals in deep water which are potentially able to use this particulate matter. b) The particulate matter is large in total quantity but too thinly distributed to provide more than a minimal diet; hence the quantity of animals is small, and the turnover rate of organic matter is slow. c) Biological consumption in deep water should produce a decrease in organic matter with depth, unless this particulate matter is augmented by additional adsorption from the dissolved organic fraction. Preliminary experiments confirm the adsorption process as a possible explanation of observed distributions.
PELAGIC PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN ANTARCTIC WATERS1
Authors: Correll David L.
Published: March 2010

Eleven large quantitative samples of the particulate material in Antarctic and subantarctic surface waters were obtained with a continuous flow system. Each sample was divided into those particles which were retained by a No. 20 plankton net with a pore size of about 30 µ (class I) and those which passed through the net but were retained by a Sharples Supercentrifuge (class II). Total phosphorus and organic nitrogen were determined on aliquots of class I and II samples, and the remaining material was chemically fractionated into acid‐soluble organic phosphorus, phospholipids, orthophosphate, oligopolyanions, and ribonucleic acid‐polyphosphates.

About two‐thirds of the nonparticulate phosphorus was orthophosphate. From 3 to 7.5% of total phosphorus was particulate. Over half of the particulate phosphorus was in class II; 32P‐phosphate experiments indicated that these particles incorporated phosphate at least six times as rapidly as class I particles. In class II particles orthophosphate and RNA‐polyphosphate constitute 80 to 85% of the total phosphorus; in class I the phospholipids are also a large fraction. RNA‐polyphosphate was the most rapidly labeled fraction from the class II particles.
THE STABLE MANGANESE CONTENT OF MOLLUSCS FROM LAKE MAGGIORE DETERMINED BY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Merlini Margaret , Girardi F. , Pietra R. , Brazzelli A.
Published: March 2010

Determinations of stable mangancse in four species of freshwater molluscs were made by activation analysis. Significant differences were found between the two species of snails and between the univalves and bivalves. There is a correlation between the accumulation of fallout 54Mn and stable Mn in the different organs of the bivalves. In the clam shell, Mn appears to be nonhomogencously distributed and to increase in concentration with size. There was a difference in the Mn content of tissues of bivalves collected from different sites.
ANTIYEAST ACTIVITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT1 1. ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Buck John D. , Meyers Samuel P.
Published: March 2010

The antiyeast activity of variously treated marine pelagic plankton samples, sponges and alcyonarians has been surveyed. Soil, clinical, and marine Pseudomonas sp., as well as 87 other bacteria (nine genera) isolated from an intertidal tube‐dwelling amphipod complex, also were examined for antiyeast activity. Activity against species of Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus and Candida, commonly found in marine environments, was noted in representatives of all assayed material. Numbers of bacteria and yeasts in a natural amphipod community were enumerated over an 11‐month period. The general significance of antiyeast activity in marine microenvironments is discussed in terms of yeast‐bacteria associations of possible relevance to the natural biological control of yeasts in marine habitats.
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND FORAMINIFERAL PARAMETERS: NANTUCKET BAY, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Lidz Louis
Published: March 2010

Sediments of Nantucket Bay, Massachusetts, are composed of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and shell debris. The mean diameter of most of the bay’s sediments is less than 500 µ but where the current energy of incoming tides is in excess of that of outgoing tides, shell debris accumulates, and mean diameters are 1,000 µ or more. Such zones are at the east end of the bay in the lee of Bass, Wyers, and Pocomo points. Coarse sediments with mean diameters greater than 1,000 µ are found on many of the beaches and in the channels connecting different parts of the bay. Fine sediments with mean diameters ranging from 250 < 8 µ occur in water deeper than 4 m.

In some areas deeper than 5 m, the calcium carbonate content of fine sediments is 10% or more, due to large foraminiferal concentrations. In regions of coarse sediments, calcium carbonate content ranges from 5 to 15%, depending upon varying amounts of shell debris. Organic content is highest, 17% organic carbon, in sediments with mean diameters less than 32 µ. These areas are generally deeper than 5 m, corresponding with the zones of high foraminiferal population. Beaches and channels have organic contents that are extremely low.

Foraminiferal facies present include an arenaceous beach fauna, porcelaneous forms on the sand flats, and hyaline species in water deeper than 2 m. Foraminiferal numbers are highest, 500 or more, in the latter areas, and decrease rapidly toward shore, where the numbers arc 5 or less. Abnormal foraminiferal tests may account for as much as 30% of foraminiferal samples from the west end of the bay. This feature may be due to changing water conditions or pollution.
PLANKTONIC ALGAE AS INDICATORS OF LAKE TYPES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DESMIDIACEAE
Authors: Brook A. J.
Published: March 2010

The biological classification of lakes is briefly reviewed and the value and limitations of phytoplankton quotients for the assessment of trophic status are discussed. Comparisons are made between quotient determinations and the characterization of lakes in terms of their dominant phytoplankton species. The sensitivity of algal plankton to changes in water chemistry is examined in the light of experiments with mineral fertilizers and observations of natural or seminatural eutrophication. Special attention is paid to the use of desmids as indicators of trophic status. Studies of the British freshwater plankton have shown that many taxa of this supposedly oligotrophic algal group are most frequently associated with eutrophic waters.
UPTAKE AND LOSS OF ZINC‐65 IN THE DRAGONFLY PLATHEMIS LYDIA
Authors: Kormondy Edward J.
Published: March 2010

Study of uptake and loss of zinc‐65 in the dragonfly Plathemis lydia employed concentrations of 0.005 to 0.5 µc 65Zn Cl2/ml water on 200 early, middle, and late instar larvae.

Rate and amount of uptake are independent of temperature (10, 20, and 30C); equilibrium is attained in 24‐48 hr. Loss rate is significantly greater at 10C than at 20 and 30C. Uptake and loss rates are independent of body size (= age), but the amount concentrated is inversely related to body size, the coefficient of accumulation being 68 in small larvae, 28 in larger ones. Total uptake is directly proportional to isotope availability in the medium; owing to experimental error, it could not be determined whether rate of uptake is affected by concentration. Loss rates in the field and the laboratory do not differ. Feeding experiments are inconclusive. Loss rate in dead animals is the same as in live larvae, and 95% of initial activity remains on the cast exuvium at molting and final metamorphosis.

Uptake is concluded to be by surface adsorption or cation exchange thereby imposing difficulty in using 65Zn as an indicator of metabolic activity in energy flow studies. Odonata may function significantly in redistributing zinc, the bulk of which localizes in the upper sediments.
INFLUENCE OF MARINE PROTOZOA ON NUTRIENT REGENERATION1
Authors: Johannes R. E.
Published: March 2010

Per unit weight, marine protozoa excrete dissolved phosphorus one to two orders of magnitude faster than marine microcrustaceans and several orders of magnitude faster than marine macrofauna. Protozoa may therefore be responsible for a major fraction of faunal nutrient excretion even though present only as a minor fraction of the faunal biomass.

Regeneration of dissolved inorganic phosphate from organic detritus proceeds faster and more completely in the presence of bacteria and ciliates or colorless flagellates than in the presence of bacteria alone. An increased consumption of organic detritus in the presence of protozoa is performed by bacteria, which are kept in a prolonged state of “physiological youth” by grazing protozoa. Present results indicate that it is the protozoa that produce, via excretion, the greater regeneration of nutrients from organic detritus. By constituting a nutrient source for protozoa, bacteria are indirectly involved in this increased regeneration.
WIND‐DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN UNSTRATIFIED LAKES
Authors: Bye John A. T.
Published: March 2010

Observations of the wind‐driven circulation in the vertical plane of unstratified lakes, including some new results indicating a logarithmic current profile near the lake surface, are presented.

A theoretical velocity profile that is in fair agreement with a stress‐driven laboratory flow, and that may approximate to the steady circulation in the central section of lakes of nearly uniform depth, is also developed. From this profile, an estimate is made of the effect on the wind setup of a gently sloping lake bottom.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOTATION OF MARINE DIATOMS. I. THALASSIOSIRA CF. NANA, THALASSIOSIRA ROTULA AND NITZSCHIA SERIATA
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Boleyn Brenda J.
Published: March 2010

The influence of cell age, size, and shape and mode of colony formation on diatom sinking rates was investigated in 25 experiments with Thalassiosira cf. nana Lohmann, Thalassiosira rotula Meunier and Nitzschia seriata Cleve. The settling experiments were conducted in 45 ml of 32‰ seawater at 15C using a glass settling tube in which the water column height varied from 74 to 79 mm. The mean sinking rates of T. cf. nana and T. rotula increased with age of the culture: from 0.10 to 0.28, and from 0.41 to 2.10 m/day, respectively. The absolute minimum and maximum rates were 0.05 and 5.40 m/day for T. cf. nana and 0.18 and 44.93 m/day for T. rotula. An increase in cell size due to incompleted cell division accompanied increased culture age in T. cf. nana, and may partly account for the increased mean sinking rate accompanying senescence of this species. Regulation of both colony size and the distance between cells occurred in the chain‐forming T. rotula, but no persistent relationships with mean sinking rate were found.

The mean sinking rate of N. seriata remained more or less constant with culture age and ranged from 0.26 to 0.50 m/day. The absolute minimum and maximum sinking rates were 0.18 and 2.96 m/day. A decrease in colony size accompanied increased culture age in N. seriata; there was a general tendency for the mean sinking rate to increase with colony size.

At the absolute maximum sinking rates observed, from 2 to 34 days would be required by the species to descend 100 m, while from 556 to 2,000 days would be required at the absolute minimum rates. The data suggest that during vigorous growth an increased buoyancy adequate to ensure prolonged retention within the euphotic zone occurs and is independent of species morphological characteristics. Morphological changes in cell size and colony size appear to influence the increased sinking rate accompanying senescence, however. Changes in ratios of pigment absorbance at various wavelengths (352 : 474 mµ, 382 : 474 mµ, 404 : 474 mµ, 434 : 474 mµ, 414 : 352 mµ) were found to accompany changes in the rate of sinking, suggesting that the latter might also be influenced by changes in adaptive physiological mechanisms of flotation.
STRATIFICATION IN TROPICAL AFRICAN LAKES AT MODERATE ALTITUDES (1,500 TO 2,000 m)
Authors: Baxter R. M. , Prosser M. V. , Talling J. F. , Wood R. B.
Published: March 2010

Examples of stratification from nine tropical upland lakes, two in Uganda and seven in Ethiopia, arc described. Strong thermal gradients were often developed from diurnal warming in the 0–5‐m layer. In some productive lakes, these gradients frequently trapped photosynthetic oxygen to form well‐defined maxima. They sometimes also delimit deeper, oxygen‐poor layers in some highly productive lakes. One lake showed nocturnal mixing with complete deoxygenation, followed by a superficial restratification and photosynthetic reoxygenation by day.

Deeper thermal gradients often determined the course of oxygen depletion at lower levels, and in some lakes also determined other aspects of chemical stratification, including the deep accumulation of Ca++ and HCO3− ions. Considerable variation of the stratification was found in the Ethiopian Lake Awassa, both in time and horizontally over the lake basin, with some evidence that the deeper layer was formed by down‐streaming from locally cooled margins.

Comparison is made with other lakes at similar altitudes in equatorial Africa. Although seasonal changes arc inadequately known, the incidence of complete mixing probably varies from very frequent (polymictic lakes) to very infrequent (oligomictic or meromictic lakes), and is determined by both depth and shape of the lake basin.
TRACE ELEMENT UPTAKE BY SOME NEW ZEALAND BIVALVES1
Authors: Brooks Robert R. , Rumsby Martin G.
Published: March 2010

Spectrographic determinations of Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn were carried out on three species of New Zealand bivalves. Analyses were performed on the sediment, on the whole animals excluding shells, on the shells, and on the individual dissected organs. All the elements concerned showed more enrichment in the shellfish than in the marine environment. Conclusions have been reached concerning the geochemical and biochemical processes involved in trace element uptake by the biosphere.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND EGG SIZE, BODY SIZE, DEVELOPMENT RATE, AND FECUNDITY, OF THE COPEPOD PSEUDOCALANUS1
Authors: McLaren Ian A.
Published: March 2010

Size, development rate, and fecundity of Pseudocalanus are functions of temperature. These functions may be difficult to determine and are not general but vary geographically. Egg size is less variable, but a local variant of Pseudocalanus with much larger eggs gives useful clues to the control of size and development rates. The constants of proportionality of size and development rate as functions of temperature appear to be themselves proportional to egg (and nucleus) diameter. The degree of curvilincarity of the response of development rate to temperature may be the same in different populations. Fecundity differs geographically, but total clutch volume, determined from egg diameter, is the same function of female length wherever Pseudocalanus occurs. Thus, if temperature characteristics of size, development rate, and fecundity can be obtained in detail from one population, they can be transferred to other populations.
PARTICULATE CARBONATE, ORGANIC CARBON, AND Mn++IN THE OPEN OCEAN
Authors: Wangersky Peter J. , . Gordon Donald C
Published: March 2010

Particulate carbonate, organic carbon, and Mn++ were measured in a series of surface and deep stations in the North Atlantic Ocean during the AFRAM expedition. Surface values of all three components were much greater than values from deeper samples, but below 100 in there was no apparent decrease with depth and no apparent correlation between the components. While organic carbon showed some regional variation, no such variation could be seen in either carbonate or divalent manganese.
STUDIES ON DISSOLVED CARBOHYDRATE IN CAPE COD WATERS. I. GENERAL SURVEY1
Authors: Walsh Gerald E.
Published: March 2010

Distribution of dissolved carbohydrate (DCHO) in 21 bodies of water on Cape Cod has been analyzed with reference to type of body of water, primary productivity, depth, and pII, Eh, and organic content of the substrata. Water from 10 stations was analyzed in the fall of 1963 and late winter of 1964. In the fall, the highest concentrations of DCHO (1.16– 3.17 mg/liter) were found in highly productive estuaries. Other waters had DCHO concentrations ranging from 0.40–1.00 mg/liter. In deeper waters, concentrations were higher at surface than at bottom, suggesting the distribution is related to phytoplankton productivity. No relationship was found between DCHO concentrations and pH, Eh, or organic content of the substratum. At nine stations, concentrations during a late winter phytoplankton bloom decreased by 11.1 to 100% from those of the fall. The data suggest that phytoplankton play a major role in regulation of DCHO concentration in natural waters.
STUDIES ON DISSOLVED CARBOHYDRATE IN CAPE COD WATERS. II. DIURNAL FLUCTUATION IN OYSTER POND1
Authors: Walsh Gerald E.
Published: March 2010

Diurnal periodicity of dissolved carbohydrate (DCHO) in Oyster Pond is described. DCHO was measured at 3‐hr intervals over a period of 24 hr, twice in inshore waters and once each at surface and 2‐m depths in a basin. Fluctuation was greatest at the 2‐m depth, where the concentration was 1.57 mg/liter at 0500 hours. This rose to 3.54 mg/liter at 1400 and thereafter fell to 1.42 mg/liter at 0500 the next day. Carbon released in DCHO was 14% of that assimilated. Production of DCHO by algae in the daytime, and its use by them at night, constitutes a system that assures a readily available source of energy for respiration in the absence of photosynthesis.
THE POPULATION DYNAMICS AND PRODUCTION OF DAPHNIA IN CANYON FERRY RESERVOIR, MONTANA1
Authors: Wright John C.
Published: March 2010

Birth rates, population change rates, and mortality rates were computed for a population of Daphnia schodleri. Birth rates were significantly correlated with chlorophyll concentration. Rates of population change followed the trend in birth rates except when Leptodora was present. There was a strong correlation between Leptodora and rate of mortality due to predation. A mathematical model, based on chlorophyll concentration, Leptodora density, and a constant death rate, duplicated the general features of the observed population curve of D. schodleri. A comparison was made between birth rates of D. schodleri and D. galeata mendotae. D. galeata mendotae had higher birth rates when lower water temperatures prevailed and D. schodleri when higher water temperatures prevailed. It was suggested that the reversal of reproductive success, unselective predation by Leptodora, and the formation of epihippial eggs prevented the competitive exclusion of one species by the other. Daphnia net production averaged 0.15 g C m-2 day-1 compared to a gross primary production of 1.125 g C m-2 day-1. Leptodora accounted for a loss of Daphnia net production averaging 0.05 g C m day-1. The ecological efficiency of Daphnia was 10%.
THE SUMMER STANDING CROP OF SUBLITTORAL AND PROFUNDAL BENTHOS IN LAKE ITASCA, MINNESOTA1
Authors: Cole Gerald A. , Underhill James C.
Published: March 2010

Lake Itasca, Minnesota, is eutrophic with a clinograde oxygen profile. The profundal and sublittoral bottom fauna is dominated by Chironomus plumosus and Chaoborus punctipennis. Procladius sp. and Palpomyia sp. are next in abundance. Pisidium and oligochaetes, especially, are rare.

From 27 Ekman dredge samples taken from depths of 5.5–10.2 m in the north arm during the period 10–22 July 1964, a total macrobenthic fauna of 16,165,300/ha in the sublittoral zone and 14,843,570/ha in the profundal zone was estimated. The total formalin weights were 418.8 kg/ha and 265.3 kg/ha in the sublittoral and profundal zones, respectively; for the entire area sampled this amounted to 300.3 kg/ha. The peak of the biomass was 567.5 kg/ha at the sublittoral‐profundal boundary. Over 90% of the weight was contributed by C. plumosus. Lake Itasca may be the third richest lake in the United States in bentbic standing crop.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND EXCRETION IN VARIOUS PLANKTONIC ALGAE
Authors: Nalewajko C.
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐four species of planktonic algae, including 16 Chlorophyceae, seven Bacillariophyceae, and one Cyanophyceae, were found to liberate a part of their photosynthetic products into the medium. This excretion was less than 2% of the total carbon fixed during photosynthesis in short‐term experiments with dilute cell suspensions under conditions of abundant CO2 supply and limiting or saturating light intensities.

Excretion was increased at high population density, under conditions of limiting CO2 levels and at light intensities sufficient to inhibit photosynthesis.

Excretion values in Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. were usually lower than in other species under the same environmental conditions.
IRON, MANGANESE, AND NICKEL IN SKELETONS AND FOOD OF THE SEA URCHINS TRIPNEUSTES ESCULENTUS AND ECHINOMETRA LUCUNTER1
Authors: Stevenson Robert A. , Ufret Sara Lugo
Published: March 2010

Levels of the trace elements Fe, Ni, and Mn were determined in the skeletons of the sea urchins Tripneustes esculentus (Leske) and Echinometra lucunter (L.) and compared between animals of the same species collected at Punta Higuero and at La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Differences between species were also compared. Levels of Mn and Ni were higher in E. lucunter than in T. esculentus, reflecting a species difference. Levels of Fe in T. esculentus from Punta Higuero were significantly higher than in those from La Parguera. The trace element contents of Padina gymnospora, the principal forage plant of T. esculentus at Punta Higuero and of Thalassia testudinum, the principal forage plant of T. esculentus at La Parguera were compared. P. gymnospora contained significantly more Fe than T. testudinum, showing a relationship between the amount of Fe in the skeletons of T. esculentus and their food. The higher levels of Mn and Ni in P. gymnospora were not reflected in the urchin skeletons. Relationships between food, temperature, and salinity are discussed in relation to the trace element content of the urchins.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOTATION OF MARINE DIATOMS. II. SKELETONEMA COSTATUM AND RHIZOSOLENIA SETIGERA
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Boleyn Brenda J.
Published: March 2010

The influence of cell age, cell size, cell shape, and mode of colony formation on diatom sinking rates was investigated in 26 experiments with Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve and Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell. The mean sinking rate of S. costatum ranged from 0.30 to 1.35 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates observed were 0.15 and 7.39 m/day. Senescent populations were characterized by higher sinking rates. The number of cells/chain decreased with increasing culture age, resulting in the dominance of the population by solitary cells and two‐celled chains after 16 days. The sinking rate of S. costatum was inversely related to the number of cells/chain (colony size) irrespective of culture age. This suggests that the formation of silica rods and chains by S. costatum is an adaptation to flotation.

The mean sinking rate of R. setigera ranged from 0.16 to 1.77 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates observed were 0.05 and 22.71 m/day. Post‐auxospore cells sank more rapidly, in general, than pre‐auxospore cells, possibly reflecting the lower surface area : cell volume ratio of the former type. Spineless pre‐auxospore cells sank more rapidly than those having both apical spines. The sinking rate was generally higher in senescent cultures, except where post‐auxospore cells dominated. The post‐auxospore cells frequently exhibited an unique ascending movement off the bottom of the settling chambers that may be related to the light and dark period characteristics of the experiments. This phenomenon became less pronounced, or ceased, with senescence. A similar pre‐auxospore response was observed, with certainty, on only one occasion.

From 5 to 14 days would be required by the species to sink 100 m at the absolute maximum sinking rates observed, while from 770 to 2,000 days would be required at the absolute minimum rates. During active growth, an increased buoyancy occurs which appears to be independent of the species’ morphological characteristics, suggesting that the adaptive flotation mechanism or mechanisms at that time may be primarily physiological in nature. However, the influence of morphological features, such as cell and colony size, on the sinking rate progressively increases with senescence. Changes in the ratios of pigment absorbance at 434 : 474 mµ in S. costatum and 352 : 474 mµ in R. setigera suggest that physiological changes also accompany senescence and may contribute to a failure of the adaptive flotation mechanism or mechanisms.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOTATION OF MARINE DIATOMS. III. BACTERIASTRUM HYALINUM AND CHAETOCEROS LAUDERI
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Boleyn Brenda J.
Published: March 2010

The influence of cell age, cell size, cell shape, and mode of colony formation on the sinking rates of Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder and Chaetoceros lauderi Ralfs was investigated in 18 experiments. The mean sinking rate of B. hyalinum ranged from 0.39 to 1.27 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates were 0.24 and 7.49 m/day. Senescent populations were generally characterized by higher sinking rates. An increase in the number of cells per chain was accompanied by an increased sinking rate.

The mean sinking rate of C. lauderi ranged from 0.46 to 1.54 m/day; the absolute minimum and maximum rates were 0.25 and 6.24 m/day. Culture age did not appear to influence the sinking rates. Chains of post‐auxospore cells generally sank faster than pre‐auxospore cells, probably partly attributable to the lower cell surface area: cell volume ratio of the post‐auxospore cells. As with B. hyalinum, an increased sinking rate accompanied an increase in the number of cells per chain. This direct relationship between chain size and sinking rate does not appear to be due solely to the associated decrease in chain surface area : chain volume ratio; but may be also influenced by other unknown factors. Post‐auxospore cells of C. lauderi did not exhibit the positive buoyant movements described previously for Rhizosolenia setigera.

From 13 to 16 days would be required by the species to sink 100 m at the absolute maximum sinking rates observed, while from 455 to 475 days would be required at the absolute minimum rates. The data suggest that during active growth an increased buoyancy independent of the species’ morphological characteristics occurs. Changes in the ratio of pigment absorbance at 434 : 474 mµ and 382 : 352 mµ in B. hyalinum, and 382 : 474 mµ in C. lauderi suggest that physiological changes that may have influenced the observed sinking rate characteristics were occurring with culture age.
ON THE WATER EXCHANGE THROUGH BERING STRAIT1
Authors: Coachman L. K. , Aagaard K.
Published: March 2010

A critique of current observations from Bering Strait through 1960 elucidates the gross features of the flow. There is no substantiating evidence for a net southerly flow ever occurring through Bering Strait into the Bering Sea in summer, although the current may on occasion be southerly near Cape Dezhneva and Cape Prince of Wales.

During 5–7 August 1964, the most intensive survey to date of the oceanographic conditions and currents was made from the USCGC Northwind. Hydrographic conditions and currents in 1964 were typical of Bering Strait in summer. In the eastern channel of the strait, there was a pycnocline at 10–15 m, which was also a region of velocity shear; the surface water layer speeds were typically 50–100 cm/sec, and the lower layer speeds less than 50 cm/sec. While speeds in the western channel were more uniform, they varied widely with time (20–70 cm/sec). The northward transport calculated from the Northwind data was 1.4 × 106 m3/sec, with about one‐half flowing through each channel.

At least three types of speed fluctuations may be observed in Bering Strait: 1) short‐term irregular fluctuations of 10–15 cm/see, probably related to turbulence; 2) regular fluctuations of as much as 50% of the mean speed, occurring at all depths and having a period of 12–13 hr (tidal or inertial); and 3) long‐term fluctuations of as much as 100%, probably associated with major changes in the wind regime, the atmospheric pressure distribution over the Bering or Chukchi seas,or both.

The accelerations would give rise to corresponding fluctuations in transport. In addition, a seasonal variation in transport has been reported, showing the flow in winter to be approximately one‐fourth that in summer, but this effect is poorly documented.

A mathematical analysis of the flow includes a balance among the pressure gradients in the direction of flow, frictional stresses in the horizontal plane, and the local and nonlinear accelerations. The calculated sea surface slope is about 2.6 × 10−6 down to the north. This surface slope is the primary driving force of the northerly flow and can probably be modified only by major variations in atmospheric conditions.
THE GULF STREAM AS A GRADED RIVER1
Authors: Pratt R. M.
Published: March 2010

The Gulf Stream flowing north through the Straits of Florida and across the Blake Plateau has many of the characteristics of a graded river. As a graded river, it transports water and sediment in such a manner that it neither erodes nor aggrades its channel. The delicate balance between erosion and deposition is emphasized by the presence of scour depressions and aggradational banks side by side on the bottom, and the well‐sorted Globigerina sand being winnowed over a bottom partly encrusted with manganese nodules. The hydraulic geometry of the Gulf Stream is also comparable to large rivers on land.
A TOTAL ALKALINITY ATLAS FOR MAINE LAKE WATERS
Authors: Mairs Donald F.
Published: March 2010

Total alkalinity values collected by personnel of the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game were plotted on an atlas of the state to delineate areas of differing water chemistry.

While the vast majority of Maine lakes are very soft, several relatively small hard‐water zones are defined. Such zones are considered anomalies and are usually in limestone areas, although incomplete geological knowledge of some parts of the state precludes positive geochemical interpretation of hard‐water anomalies in those sections.
PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION AND CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION IN THE BEAUFORT CHANNEL, NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Williams Richard B. , Murdoch Marianne B.
Published: March 2010

A yearlong study was conducted on phytoplankton at the mouth of a shallow estuary. Photosynthesis had a pronounced seasonal cycle, without major irregularities, that followed the cycle in water temperature. Gross photosynthesis at the surface ranged from 0.12 to 0.72 mg C day−1. Daily photosynthesis at 50, 25, and 10% of surface illumination averaged 104, 85, and 58% of the surface value. Respiration ranged from 0.01 to 0.29 mg C liter−1 day−1 and averaged 40% of surface gross photosynthesis. Annual gross production was 113 g C/m2 for a 1.0 m water column (average depth of the estuary) and 225 g C/m2 for the entire euphotic zone. Annual respiration was 0.39 g C/m3. This low production was ascribed to shallowness and turbidity.

The phytoplankton was chiefly nannoplankton (centric diatoms) and averaged 2 × 106 cells/liter. Nannoplankton also contained most of the chlorophyll a and produced most of the respiration and photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll a ranged from 2.0 to 9.3 µg/liter, and averaged 3.6 µg/liter from June to October (the period of high water temperatures and high production) and 4.8 µg/liter the remainder of the year. The ratio of photosynthesis to chlorophyll a (at the surface during daylight hours) ranged from 1.9 to 19.8 mg C (mg Chl a)−1 hr−1 and followed water temperature. Values were predicted by the equation:

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19661110073:lno19661110073-math-0001

yielding a Q10 of 2.25 for the ratio of photosynthesis to chlorophyll a.
DOMINANT PLANKTONIC ROTIFERS OF MAJOR WATERWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Williams Louis G.
Published: March 2010

Rotifers were the most numerous metazoans found in preserved plankton samples taken routinely at 128 sampling stations on the major rivers and Great Lakes of the United States. While rotifers of more than one genus often dominated a sample, the dominant form tended to be one species. Generally, stations with high population densities had low species diversity. Turbulence, silt, and some other edaphic factors appeared to be more important than industrial or domestic wastes, during winter and early spring, in reducing the number of species of rotifers in the biota. During the summer and fall, differences in the abundances of dominant species appeared to be the best criterion for indicating differences in water quality or pollution.
OBSERVATIONS ON COASTAL EROSION IN BERMUDA AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE BORING RATE OF THE SPONGE, CLIONA LAMPA1,2
Authors: Neumann A. Conrad
Published: March 2010

Measured profiles of the submerged portion of the steep cliffs that ring Harrington Sound, Bermuda, show that they are undercut as much as 4 to 5 m by a notch whose flat roof coincides closely with the level of extreme low tides. Nips, intertidal indentations with sloping roofs, are not present. Because of the largely subtidal position of the notch, the morphology of the undercut region, and the restricted wave energy, wave cutting is ruled out and bioerosion is proposed as the mechanism of undercutting. Bioerosion is suggested as a term for the removal of consolidated mineral or lithic substrate by the direct action of organisms.

Observations of the emerged and submerged carbonate coastline of Bermuda reveal that organisms of many types alter the exposed rock surface from the upper reaches of the spray zone to depths well below sea level by processes that vary with degree of exposure, tidal range, rock type, organic community, and probably other ecological variables. A series of experiments with common rock‐destroying organisms has been initiated.

Experiments in the laboratory and under natural conditions show that Cliona lampa, a boring sponge, is capable of removing as much as 6 to 7 kg of material from 1 m2 of carbonate substrate in 100 days. This corresponds to an erosion rate of calcarenite of more than 1 cm/year. If previous estimates are correct (that 90% of the boring by C. lampa is mechanical and not chemical), then 5 to 6 kg of fine‐grained carbonate detritus can be supplied from 1 m2 of sponge‐infected substrate in 100 days.
ESTIMATES OF THE RATES OF DENITRIFICATION IN A SUBARCTIC LAKE1
Authors: Goering John J. , Dugdale Vera A.
Published: March 2010

Experimental data were collected which give direct evidence that 15N‐labeled nitrate added to lake water can be converted to molecular nitrogen during anoxic periods. The rate of denitrification measured by the 15N method agrees with the rate calculated from the disappearance of nitrate. The end product of denitrification in lakes appears to be N2. There was no evidence of N2O or NO production.
PROLONGED STRATIFICATION AND DEOXYGENATION IN TROPICAL LAKES. I. CRATER LAKE NKUGUTE, UGANDA, COMPARED WITH LAKES BUNYONI AND EDWARD
Authors: Beadle L. C.
Published: March 2010

Lake Nkugute provides a small‐scale model of the permanent stratification characteristic of some of the large east African lakes, but its size and surrounding topography normally exclude the effects of violent winds. Its diameter is about 1,000 m; its maximum depth is 58 m. From about 20 m to the bottom it is anoxic, perhaps permanently, although occasional reports of fish kills indicate that unusually violent storms may cause mixing into the upper part of the hypolimnion. The vertical distribution of some of the inorganic ions suggests some circulation that is normally too slow to prevent reoxygenation. Similar conclusions are drawn from observations on Lake Bunyoni (depth 45 m). The complete overturn and penetration of oxygen to the bottom (112 m) of Lake Edward in 1953 does not prove that this is an annual event.

These three lakes present a series of increasing productivity associated with decreasing redox potential and a rise in H2S in the hypolimnion and mud.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF CHAOBORUS FLAVICANS LARVAE IN CORBETT LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Teraguchi M. , Teraguchi M.
Published: March 2010

Changes with age in the vertical migratory behavior of Chaoborus flavicans larvae were studied in a small, eutrophic lake by use of Clarke‐Bumpus plankton samplers and a high frequency echo sounder. Marked differences were noted in vertical distribution and diel migration of the four instars. Diel and seasonal changes in timing of ascent and descent of larvae appeared to be controlled by subsurface illumination. Results from observations of vertical migration of different instars held in experimental tubes housed in a darkroom corroborated those of the field. Complete, three‐phase migration cycles were induced by artificially changing natural light intensity over the experimental tubes during midday. These and other experiments suggested that the diel vertical migration of the larvae was an exogenous rhythm controlled by light.