bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sofalcone Upregulates the Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-Derived 2)–Like 2/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway, Reduces Soluble fms–Like Tyrosine Kinase-1, and Quenches Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Onda Kenji , Tong Stephen , Nakahara Anzu , Kondo Mei , Monchusho Hideaki , Hirano Toshihiko , Kaitu’u-Lino Tu’uhevaha , Beard Sally , Binder Natalie , Tuohey Laura , Brownfoot Fiona , Hannan Natalie J.
Published: February 2015

Preeclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy, characterized by hypertension, oxidative stress, and severe endothelial dysfunction. Antiangiogenic factors, soluble fms–like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin, play key pathophysiological roles in preeclampsia. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective, antioxidant enzyme reported to be downregulated in preeclampsia. Studies propose that inducing HO-1 may also decrease sFlt-1 production. Sofalcone, a gastric antiulcer agent in clinical use, is known to induce HO-1 in gastric epithelium. We aimed to investigate whether sofalcone induces HO-1 and reduces sFlt-1 release from primary human placental and endothelial cells and blocks endothelial dysfunction in vitro. We isolated human trophoblasts and endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) and also used uterine microvascular cells. We investigated the effects of sofalcone on (1) HO-1 production, (2) activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2 pathway, (3) sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin release, (4) tumor necrosis factor α–induced monocyte adhesion and vascular cell adhesion molecule upregulation, and (5) endothelial tubule formation. Sofalcone potently increased HO-1 mRNA and protein in both primary trophoblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Furthermore, sofalcone treatment caused nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2 and transactivation of other nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2 responsive genes (NQO1, TXN, and GCLC). Importantly, sofalcone significantly decreased the secretion of sFlt-1 from primary human trophoblasts. Sofalcone potently suppressed endothelial dysfunction in 2 in vitro models, blocking tumor necrosis factor α–induced monocyte adhesion and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results indicate that in primary human tissues, sofalcone can potently activate antioxidant nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2/HO-1 pathway, decrease sFlt-1 production, and ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. We propose that sofalcone is a novel therapeutic candidate for preeclampsia.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A
2
α Is Critical for Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
Authors: Khan Nayaab S. , Song Chi Young , Jennings Brett L. , Estes Anne M. , Fang Xiao R. , Bonventre Joseph V. , Malik Kafait U.
Published: February 2015

Angiotensin II activates cytosolic phospholipase A
2
α (cPLA
2
α) and releases arachidonic acid from tissue phospholipids, which mediate or modulate ≥1 cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II and has been implicated in hypertension. Because arachidonic acid release is the rate limiting step in eicosanoid production, cPLA
2
α might play a central role in the development of angiotensin II–induced hypertension. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of angiotensin II infusion for 13 days by micro-osmotic pumps on systolic blood pressure and associated pathogenesis in wild type (cPLA
2
α
+/+
) and cPLA
2
α
−/−
mice. Angiotensin II–induced increase in systolic blood pressure in cPLA
2
α
+/+
mice was abolished in cPLA
2
α
−/−
mice; increased systolic blood pressure was also abolished by the arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitor, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid in cPLA
2
α
+/+
mice. Angiotensin II in cPLA
2
α
+/+
mice increased cardiac cPLA
2
activity and urinary eicosanoid excretion, decreased cardiac output, caused cardiovascular remodeling with endothelial dysfunction, and increased vascular reactivity in cPLA
2
α
+/+
mice; these changes were diminished in cPLA
2
α
−/−
mice. Angiotensin II also increased cardiac infiltration of F4/80
+
macrophages and CD3
+
T lymphocytes, cardiovascular oxidative stress, expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers p58
IPK
, and CHOP in cPLA
2
α
+/+
but not cPLA
2
α
−/−
mice. Angiotensin II increased cardiac activity of ERK1/2 and cSrc in cPLA
2
α
+/+
but not cPLA
2
α
−/−
mice. These data suggest that angiotensin II–induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular pathophysiological changes are mediated by cPLA
2
α activation, most likely through the release of arachidonic acid and generation of eicosanoids with predominant prohypertensive effects and activation of ≥1 signaling molecules, including ERK1/2 and cSrc.
Risk Factors for Rehospitalization for Acute Coronary Syndromes and Unplanned Revascularization Following Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Arnold Suzanne V. , Smolderen Kim G. , Kennedy Kevin F. , Li Yan , Shore Supriya , Stolker Joshua M. , Wang Tracy Y. , Jones Philip G. , Zhao Zhenxiang , Spertus John A.
Published: February 2015

Background

Rehospitalizations for acute coronary syndromes (
ACS
) and coronary revascularization after an acute myocardial infarction (
AMI
) are not only common and costly but can also impact patients’ quality of life. In contrast to mortality and all‐cause readmissions, little insight is available into risk factors associated with
ACS
and revascularization after
AMI
.

Methods and Results

In a multicenter
AMI
registry, we examined the rates and predictors of rehospitalizations for
ACS
and revascularization within the year after
AMI
among 3283 patients. Staged revascularization procedures were excluded. Kaplan–Meier estimated rates of rehospitalization due to
ACS
and revascularization were 6.8% and 4.1%, respectively. In hierarchical, multivariable models, the strongest predictors of rehospitalization for
ACS
were coronary artery bypass graft prior to
AMI
hospitalization (hazard ratio [
HR
] 2.12, 95%
CI
1.45 to 3.10), female sex (
HR
1.67, 95%
CI
1.23 to 2.25), and in‐hospital
PCI
(
HR
1.85, 95%
CI
1.28 to 2.69). The strongest predictors of subsequent revascularization were multivessel disease (
HR
2.89, 95%
CI
1.90 to 4.39) and in‐hospital percutaneous coronary intervention with a bare metal stent (
HR
2.08, 95%
CI
1.19 to 3.63). The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events mortality risk score was not associated with the risk of rehospitalization for
ACS
or revascularization.

Conclusions

Unique characteristics are associated with admissions for
ACS
and revascularization, as compared with survival. These multivariable risk predictors may help identify patients at high risk for
ACS
and revascularization, in whom intensification of secondary prevention therapies or closer post‐
AMI
follow‐up may be warranted.
Where Demons Fear to Tread
Authors: Johnson Adam J.
Published: February 2015

This essay consolidates, organizes, and contributes to the reflections of theologians throughout the history of the church concerning the inestimable benefits received by the un-fallen angels from Christ’s atoning death and resurrection, that we might better understand how the blood of Christ reconciles all things in heaven to God (Col. 1:20). Specifically, I explore five different ways in which the un-fallen angels are affected by the saving work of Christ, both in terms of salvation from the effects of sin, and salvation as the fulfillment of their being, while briefly considering the implications thereof for the church.
Two new species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) from the island of Santo Antão, Cabo Verde archipelago
Authors: Gardère Mathieu Laurent
Published: February 2015

Two new species Campanula feijoana and Campanula hortelensis, long identified as C. jacobaea, are described and illustrated. The news species are endemic to the island of Santo Antão (Cabo Verde archipelago) and morphologically close to C. jacobaea, but are distinguishable by their unique floral characteristics. Some of these distinguishing features are shared between C. feijoana and C. hortelensis, i.e. narrow triangular sepals, and a tubular corolla constricted around the middle part with explanate or revolute lobes.
A new species of Sicydium (Cucurbitaceae) from Argentina
Authors: Nicola Marcela Viviana , Donadío Sabina , Pozner Raúl
Published: February 2015

We describe a new species of Sicydium endemic to Argentina. Relationships and differences with morphologically and geographically closest species are discussed, including a key for material with staminate flowers to all species of Sicydium, and an illustration of the new species.
Taxonomic review of the species of Mugil (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae) from the Atlantic South Caribbean and South America, with integration of morphological, cytogenetic and molecular data
Authors: MENEZES NAÉRCIO A. , NIRCHIO MAURO , DE OLIVEIRA CLÁUDIO , SICCHARAMIREZ RAQUEL
Published: February 2015

Analysis of morphological, molecular and cytological data helped to define and more precisely characterize the species of Mugil from the Atlantic coasts of South Caribbean and South America, allowing a correction of prior misidentifications and distributional ranges. A new species from Venezuela is described and all the species from the area are redescribed. It is demonstrated that the apparent similarity in morphological traits, which contradicted the results from recent molecular studies, is the result of the misuse of traditional morphological characters, and thus both the molecular and cytological data instead are congruent with the morphological differences that are found among mullet species. The presence of Mugil hospes Jordan & Culver in the western south Atlantic is refuted based on the comparison of type material of this species with specimens from this area that also indicated a very significant morphological difference, what on the other hand justifies the recognition of these specimens as Mugil brevirostris (Ribeiro). The distribution of Mugil incilis Hancock is restricted and the similarities among the species formerly depicted in a prior dendrogram is modified following the inclusion of recently obtained molecular data for Mugil curvidens Valenciennes.
A revision of the Anthaxia (Haplanthaxia) schah Abeille de Perrin, 1904 species-group, with description of two new species from Iran (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Anthaxiini)
Authors: BAIOCCHI DANIELE
Published: February 2015

Two new species of Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829 endemic to Iran, Anthaxia (Haplanthaxia) cadusiana sp. nov. and A. (H.) elamita sp. nov., are described and compared to their most similar species. The A. (H.) schah Abeille de Perrin, 1904 species-group is proposed and revised, and lectotypes for A. (H.) schah Abeille de Perrin, 1904 and A. (H.) wethloi Obenberger, 1940 are designated. All species of the new species-group are illustrated, including type specimens. A short definition of the new species-group and a key to its species are given, together with data on the distribution, bionomy and taxonomic position for each of the species that compose it.
Abalakeus Southcott, 1994 is a junior synonym of “plume-footed” Eatoniana Cambridge, 1898 (Trombidiformes, Erythraeidae)—evidence from experimental rearing
Authors: MĄKOL JOANNA , SEVSAY SEVGI
Published: February 2015

Eatoniana Cambridge, 1898 was previously known exclusively from active postlarval forms. In the course of experimental rearing, larvae showing a strong affinity to members of Abalakeus jahromiensis Sedghi, Saboori et Hakimitabar, 2010, were obtained from a field-collected female of Eatoniana plumipes (L. Koch, 1856). Studies of all members of Abalakeus compared with newly obtained larvae of Eatoniana, resulted in synonymisation of Abalakeus Southcott, 1994 with Eatoniana and of A. jahromiensis with E. plumipes. Complementary data to the previous diagnosis of Eatoniana and information on the biology of E. plumipes are provided. A female of E. plumipes was selected as the neotype. A key to Eatoniana spp. known from larvae is provided.
Three new species of the family Phthiracaridae (Acari, Oribatida) from Bolivia
Authors: Niedbała Wojciech , Starý Josef
Published: February 2015

Three new species of the family Phthiracaridae, Austrophthiracarus longisetosus sp. nov., Phthiracarus allocotos sp. nov., Protophthiracarus amboroensis sp. nov. from Bolivia are described and figured. A comparison of morphological similarities with the most closely related species is presented. Additional descriptions and taxonomical notes for three ptyctimous species: Acrotritia peruensis (Hammer, 1961), Acrotritia vestita (Berlese, 1913), and Steganacarus (Rhacaplacarus) sedecimus Niedbała, 2004 are added. A list of twenty six ptyctimous species from Bolivia is presented, ten of these species are new records for the fauna of Bolivia. A key to all species of ptyctimous mites of Bolivia is presented.
An Investigation of Center-Finding Techniques for Tropical Cyclones in Mesoscale Models
Authors: Ryglicki David R. , Hart Robert E.
Published: February 2015

A variety of tropical-cyclone (TC) center-finding methods aggregated from previous works of mesoscale modeling and operational analysis are compared. The previous methods used can be divided into three classes: local extreme, weighted grid point, and minimization of azimuthal variance. To analyze these methods, four representative separate TC forecasts from three operational models—the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System Tropical Cyclone version, a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, and the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model—are examined. It is found that for this dataset the spread of the derived TC centers is fairly small between 1000 and 600 hPa but begins to increase rapidly at higher levels. All models exhibit increased center spread at upper levels when the TCs’ strengths fall below approximately hurricane strength. On a given pressure level, tangential wind differences calculated from different centers are generally small and localized, whereas radial wind differences are often much larger in both space and relative magnitude. Center-finding techniques that use mass fields to calculate centers exhibit the smallest vertical tilts for hurricane-strength TCs. Conversely, potential vorticity centroids with large weighting areas produce the largest tilts. Given the potential sensitivity of center determination and implied tilt for various other measures of TC structure (radius of maximum winds), these results may have large repercussions on both past and future analyses.
Laryngotracheal Stenosis as a Complication of Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kim Irene A. , Long Jennifer
Published: February 2015

Objective:

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proposed as an effective treatment for mucosal carcinomas such as early-stage laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Its advantage over other conventional modalities (surgery and chemoradiation) lies in its ability to treat disease while preserving the function and structure of the larynx. While not FDA-approved in the United States, it is used in some countries as a treatment for laryngeal cancer and is an area of active investigation. This report documents a severe complication of tracheostomy-dependent laryngotracheal stenosis resulting from PDT.

Methods:

Methods include a case report and review of the literature.

Results:

A 65-year-old male presented with severe stenosis of the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic larynx following successful treatment of his laryngeal carcinoma with PDT. His presentation, staged airway reconstruction, and outcome are detailed.

Conclusion:

PDT is a minimally invasive technique which in early clinical trials has matched the effectiveness of conventional therapies for treating early head and neck squamous cell cancers. It uses a photosensitizing agent that is retained by tumor cells, allowing for the selective destruction of neoplastic cells. Permanent sequelae following treatment have rarely been reported; the most commonly described adverse effects include pain, hoarseness, and phototoxicity. However, our case report discusses the potential for significant laryngotracheal stenosis requiring airway reconstruction following PDT.
Predicting Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Baglivio Michael T. , Wolff Kevin T. , Epps Nathan , Nelson Randy
Published: February 2015

Few studies have examined multilevel effects of neighborhood context on childhood maltreatment. Less work has analyzed these effects with juvenile offenders, and no prior work has examined context effects of childhood maltreatment through the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) framework. ACEs include 10 indictors: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, domestic violence toward the youth’s mother, household substance abuse, household mental illness, parental separation/divorce, and household member with a history of jail/imprisonment. Effects of concentrated disadvantage and affluence on ACE scores are examined in a statewide sample of more than 59,000 juvenile offenders, controlling for salient individual (including family and parenting) measures and demographics. Both disadvantage and affluence affect ACE exposure. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Pinworm detection in mice with immunodeficient (NOD SCID) and immunocompetent (CD-1 and Swiss) soiled bedding sentinels in individually ventilated cage systems
Authors: Eguíluz C , Rossi M , Viguera E
Published: February 2015

Sentinel exposure to soiled bedding is frequently used for health monitoring of mice housed in individually ventilated cage systems (IVCS). Despite its advantages, the use of soiled bedding sentinels (SBSs) is far for being a reliable method. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of immunodeficient SBSs NOD.CB17- Prkdc scid/NCrHsd (NOD SCID) against two immunocompetent outbred strains, Hsd:ICR (CD-1) and RjOr1:Swiss (Swiss) to pinworm detection in IVCS-housing. Four different diagnostic methods were used: perianal tape test, fecal flotation, plate method and histology. Positivity was considered if at least one of the techniques used was positive. In the first study NOD SCID were more sensitive than CD-1 SBSs ( P < 0.05), and except for the fecal flotation test performed at week 6, all the diagnostic methods were more sensitive with NOD SCID mice ( P < 0.05). In the second study differences between the Swiss and NOD SCID mice were less obvious ( P = 0.08). When compared separately, the different diagnostic methods, except for the fecal flotation test, were all more sensitive in the NOD SCID mice ( P < 0.05). In addition, the anal tape test in the Swiss SBSs was more sensitive at week 7 than at week 15 ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, combining various diagnostic techniques and samplings at week 7 post-exposure with non-invasive methods increases the rate of pinworm detection. Immunodeficient SBSs showed higher sensitivity than immunocompetent ones. Thus, use of immunodeficient SBSs is highly recommended in health control protocols.
Generalization of Phonetic Detail: Cross-Segmental, Within-Category Priming of VOT
Authors: Levi Susannah V.
Published: February 2015

The current study examined whether fine-grained phonetic detail (voice onset time (VOT)) of one segment (/p/ or /k/) generalizes to a different segment (/t/) within the same natural class. Two primes were constructed to exploit the natural variation of VOT: a velar stop followed by a high vowel ( keen) resulting in a naturally long VOT and a labial stop followed by a low vowel ( pan) resulting in a naturally shorter VOT. Two experiments were conducted, one in which the speakers produced both the prime and the target, and a second in which the speakers heard the primes and then produced the targets. In Experiment 1, VOTs for initial /t/ were shorter following pan than following keen. In Experiment 2 where participants heard the primes, priming was found only when the primes had unexpected relative VOT values (short for keen and long for pan). These results provide evidence for cross-segmental generalization of phonetic detail and also suggest that natural, within-category variability is encoded during language processing.
Why should we Care about Productivity?
Authors: Pryce Vicky
Published: February 2015

The ‘productivity puzzle’ – the substantial drop in productivity in the UK since the onset of the financial crisis in 2008 – has exercised economists and policymakers alike. The loss in productivity levels, mainly output per hour, should have been restored by now and the trend growth should have been recovered, or even exceeded. Instead after a very sharp fall, much faster than many of our competitors, it has only recently started to rise again, but at a stubbornly slow rate and at the time of writing stood some 2 per cent below its pre-recession levels. So although we are likely to get back to where we were pretty soon, it is possible that the gap, with where we should have been on pre-recession trends, continues. The Bank of England calculates this gap could stay as high as 16 per cent or even widen if the rate of productivity increase does not return to normal. This is bad for the economy and especially bad for innovation, investment, growth and competitiveness. This paper examines possible explanations and offers some possible answers. It sides, in the end, more with those that argue that demand deficiency looks like being at least a part of the explanation, but acknowledges that changes in the structure and destination of employment, since the recession started, have also played a role.
Education Policy
Authors: Allen Rebecca
Published: February 2015

This article summarises the 2010–15 Coalition government's education policy, contrasting their attempts to liberalise education markets with the desire to impose a highly traditional curriculum. The government's quite radical reforms have not been easy to implement, taking place against severe budgetary constraints and a minority Coalition partner with ambitions to improve the educational outcomes of children from low income families. It could be argued that the reforms have been successfully implemented, and there is little prospect of wholesale reversal by any future government. However, their combative approach to reform leaves a demotivated teacher workforce, a possible impending teacher recruitment crisis as the economy recovers, and a tangled web of accountability structures that will need to be resolved.
Employment Relations and Social Stratification in Contemporary Urban China: Does Goldthorpe’s Class Theory Still Work?
Authors: Zou Min
Published: February 2015

Goldthorpe’s class theory suggests that social class arises from employment relations in industrialised societies. This article assesses whether class in urban China can be approached from the same perspective by addressing three issues: (1) whether employment relations can capture China’s class structure; (2) how differently class is shaped by occupational structure in China; and (3) how useful class is to help us understand income inequality. Based on a recent Chinese social survey, the analysis finds three clusters of Chinese employees that fit into the ‘service’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘labour contract’ class typologies suggested by Goldthorpe’s class theory. Also, there is evidence that class links to occupational structures in a similar way between Chinese and western societies. Finally class, when directly measured from employment relations, displays a reasonable degree of explanatory power for inter-class income inequality whereas the Goldthorpe class classification fails to differentiate between intermediate and labour class positions.
A Reproducible and Individualized Method to Predict Osmolality of Compounded Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Solutions
Authors: Petitcollin Antoine , Duval Stéphanie , Bouissou Antoine , Bourgoin Hélène
Published: February 2015

Background: Osmolality is a well‐known factor in complications associated with parenteral nutrition (PN). The osmolality of compounded pediatric PN solutions is often inappropriately approximated by theoretical osmolarity, which carries a major risk of underestimation, especially in highly concentrated solutions. Only a few studies have proposed equations to overcome this problem, and to date their accuracy in settings other than those of their development has not been assessed. We propose a reproducible method to develop a predictive model of osmolality adapted to local practice, and we compare its predictive performance to osmolarity calculation and other equations. Methods: From measures performed on dilutions of basic components of PN solutions, a predictive model establishing the relationship between the quantitative and qualitative composition of a PN solution and its osmolality was developed. This model was validated in routine practice on daily compounded pediatric PN solutions, and its predictive performance was compared with osmolarity calculation, 2 previously published predictive equations, and multilinear regression. Results: We measured the osmolality of 321 routinely produced PN solutions. The model predicted osmolality with a mean relative error of −0.28% (±2.75%). All the other ways to approximate osmolality were less precise and sometimes provided critically underestimated values (from −16.67% to −33.24%). Conclusions: Our model predicted osmolality accurately and may be used in routine practice in any setting once adapted to the local production practice. Approximations by osmolarity severely underestimate actual osmolality. Keeping osmolarity <800 mOsm/L seems sufficient to ensure that actual osmolality does not exceed 1000 mOsm/kg.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Implicated in Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease
Authors: Sharkey Lisa M. , Davies Susan E. , Kaser Arthur , Woodward Jeremy M.
Published: February 2015

Background: Intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD) is the most serious consequence of long‐term parenteral nutrition for intestinal failure. Little is known about the pathogenesis of IFALD, although many of the risk factors are also linked to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). We propose that ERS may have a role in the development of IFALD. Methods: Archived liver tissue from patients with early and late IFALD, as well as from normal controls, was used for RNA extraction and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate the presence of ERS markers. Results: Mean relative RNA levels of glucose regulatory protein 78 in normal liver (n = 3), early IFALD (n = 15), and late IFALD (n = 5) were 0.5, 37.86, and 212.11, respectively. Mean relative expression of ERDj4 (ER DnaJ homologue 4, a downstream ERS effector) in normal liver, early IFALD, and late IFALD was 5.51, 216.68, and 213.22, respectively. The degree of splicing of X‐box binding protein 1 in IFALD compared with normal liver was significantly higher (mean, 0.0779 normal, 0.102 early IFALD, 0.2063 late IFALD). Conclusions: This is the first description of ERS in IFALD. This information may open up new therapeutic possibilities in the form of chemical chaperones known to ameliorate ERS.
Speaking up for the suffering (br)other: Weibo activism, discursive struggles, and minimal politics in China
Authors: Gleiss Marielle Stigum
Published: February 2015

More than two decades after China was first connected to the Internet, scholars still debate the political impact of online media. Yet, the debate is stalled by a limited view of both politics and the media’s role in political contestation. In order to offer a more nuanced account of the relationship between online media and politics, this article proposes a theoretical framework that pays attention to discursive struggles, identifies strategies to contest hegemonic discourses, and employs a broadened notion of politics, referred to as minimal politics. The framework is then used to analyze a corpus of Weibo (microblog) posts published by the charity organization, Love Save Pneumoconiosis (LSP). LSP activists use Weibo to campaign for medical treatment for workers with pneumoconiosis, and the article identifies two strategies of contestation in LSP activists’ online activism. First, LSP activists articulate alternative discourses that challenge the hegemony of official discourses. Second, LSP activists’ discourses are polyphonic expressions that legitimize the organization’s work, while subtly politicizing the problem of pneumoconiosis. The strategies of contestation used by LSP activists exemplify how political contestation is possible in repressive contexts and illustrate the need to refine the theories used to study the political impact of online media.
Editorial: IP, copyright and cultural production
Authors: Boyle Raymond , Kavada Anastasia
Published: February 2015

This editorial outlines the important role that IP issues are increasingly playing across the media industries. It identifies some of the key sectors discussed in this issue of the journal and why particular media industries face specific IP challenges even in an age of converging media.
Samuel Stouffer and Relative Deprivation
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: February 2015

This paper first offers a tribute to Samuel Stouffer (1900–1960), a major contributor to social psychology. He helped to establish probability surveys as a useful method for social science, led three major studies at midcentury, and introduced important new concepts and statistical methods. Thus, both conceptually and methodologically, he shaped modern social psychology. Second, the paper revitalizes Stouffer’s most famous concept—relative deprivation. A new meta-analysis demonstrates that relative deprivation predicts a wide range of important outcomes, so long as it measures resentment with data from individuals and is paired with dependent variables of similar scope. Unfortunately, sociology largely abandoned the concept because it failed to meet the overstated early claims made for it in the collective protest domain. The history of this use and disuse of relative deprivation is summarized and critiqued.
Parent/Student Risk and Protective Factors in Understanding Early Adolescent’s Body Mass Index
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kevin M. , Willis Don
Published: February 2015

This article’s aim is to examine correlates of middle school students’ body mass index (BMI). Little research simultaneously has considered both child and parent correlates in predicting child’s BMI; we examine the interrelationships between middle school students and their parent’s risks and protective factors and their impact on the child’s BMI. The study is based on a cross-sectional survey of 161 parent-middle school child pairs living in a large school district in Northwest Arkansas. The analysis finds that while parent BMI is an important correlate of student BMI, other parental risks and even parental protective factors’ impact on student BMI were, in part, minimized by the risk and protective factors of students. Important differences emerged between parent and child correlates of student’s BMI scores. More comprehensive joint assessments of parent and child social contexts and their role in determining weight status seem clearly warranted from this exploratory analysis.
Climate-driven changes in UK river flows
Authors: Hannaford Jamie
Published: February 2015

There is a burgeoning international literature on hydro-climatic trend detection, motivated by the need to detect and interpret any emerging changes in river flows associated with anthropogenic climate change. The UK has a particularly strong evidence base in this area thanks to a well-developed monitoring programme and a wealth of studies published over the last 20 years. This paper reviews this research, with a view to assessing the evidence for climate change influences on UK river flow, including floods and droughts. This assessment is of international relevance given the scale of the research effort in the UK, a densely monitored and data-rich environment, but one with significant human disturbances to river flow regimes, as in many parts of the world. The review finds that changes can be detected in river flow regimes, some of which agree with future change projections, while others are in apparent contradiction. Observed changes generally cannot be attributed to climate change, largely due to the fact that river flow records are limited in length and the identification of short-term trends is confounded by natural variability. A UK ‘Benchmark’ network of near-natural catchments is an internationally significant example of an initiative to enable climate variability to be discerned from direct human disturbances (e.g. abstractions, dam construction). Generally, however, the problem of attribution has been tackled rather indirectly in the UK, as elsewhere, and more efforts are required to attribute change in a more rigorous manner.
Lunar resources
Authors: Crawford Ian A.
Published: February 2015

There is growing interest in the possibility that the resource base of the Solar System might in future be used to supplement the economic resources of our own planet. As the Earth’s closest celestial neighbour, the Moon is sure to feature prominently in these developments. In this paper I review what is currently known about economically exploitable resources on the Moon, while also stressing the need for continued lunar exploration. I find that, although it is difficult to identify any single lunar resource that will be sufficiently valuable to drive a lunar resource extraction industry on its own (notwithstanding claims sometimes made for the 3He isotope, which are found to be exaggerated), the Moon nevertheless does possess abundant raw materials that are of potential economic interest. These are relevant to a hierarchy of future applications, beginning with the use of lunar materials to facilitate human activities on the Moon itself, and progressing to the use of lunar resources to underpin a future industrial capability within the Earth-Moon system. In this way, gradually increasing access to lunar resources may help ‘bootstrap’ a space-based economy from which the world economy, and possibly also the world’s environment, will ultimately benefit.
Optimising waste from electric and electronic equipment collection systems: A comparison of approaches in European countries
Authors: Friege Henning , Oberdörfer Michael , Günther Marko
Published: February 2015

The first European waste from electric and electronic equipment directive obliged the Member States to collect 4 kg of used devices per inhabitant and year. The target of the amended directive focuses on the ratio between the amount of waste from electric and electronic equipment collected and the mass of electric and electronic devices put on the market in the three foregoing years. The minimum collection target is 45% starting in 2016, being increased to 65% in 2019 or alternatively 85% of waste from electric and electronic equipment generated.

Being aware of the new target, the question arises how Member States with ‘best practice’ organise their collection systems and how they enforce the parties in this playing field. Therefore the waste from electric and electronic equipment schemes of Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Germany and the Flemish region of Belgium were investigated focusing on the categories IT and telecommunications equipment, consumer equipment like audio systems and discharge lamps containing hazardous substances, e.g. mercury. The systems for waste from electric and electronic equipment collection in these countries vary considerably.

Recycling yards turned out to be the backbone of waste from electric and electronic equipment collection in most countries studied. For discharge lamps, take-back by retailers seems to be more important. Sampling points like special containers in shopping centres, lidded waste bins and complementary return of used devices in all retail shops for electric equipment may serve as supplements. High transparency of collection and recycling efforts can encourage ambition among the concerned parties. Though the results from the study cannot be transferred in a simplistic manner, they serve as an indication for best practice methods for waste from electric and electronic equipment collection.
Transitioning to Adult Mental Health Services
Authors: Burnham Riosa Priscilla , Preyde Michèle , Porto Mary Lynn
Published: February 2015

Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that youth with mental health problems tend to have poor outcomes in adulthood. Moreover, many young adults do not make the transition from child- to adult-focused care even when they acknowledge their need for support. This study is an investigation of the needs and experiences of late adolescents with emotional and/or behavioral problems who accessed mental health services at a local child and adolescent clinic. In general, participants did not appear ready for an institutional transition. Adolescents disclosed their fears, underscoring the importance of supportive relationships, and stated the negative expectations they had concerning adult-focused care. The implementation of clinical supports to increase adolescents’ mental health self-efficacy may promote successful service transitions.
Resident and Police Perceptions of the Neighborhood
Authors: Stein Rachel E. , Griffith Candace
Published: February 2015

The successful implementation of community policing programs is dependent on police and residents understanding the needs of their communities. Differences between resident and police perceptions can affect the success of crime prevention strategies. Much neighborhood research highlights residents’ perceptions of their neighborhoods; the perceptions of police officers are often not taken into account. The current research examines police and resident perceptions of three high crime neighborhoods in a Midwestern city in the United States. Results indicate residents and police have different interpretations of the neighborhoods. Resident perceptions of neighborhood measures are relatively consistent across the three neighborhoods. Police perceptions of their relationship with residents and the close-knit structure of the community, however, are more positive in the primarily White neighborhood that has an active crime prevention program. The findings suggest that what the officers see in the neighborhood is driving perceptions, while actual problems might play a secondary role.
Hurricane Season
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin
Published: February 2015

The seemingly random triumph and demise of new political parties in Central and Eastern Europe actually represent a durable subsystem with relevance for party systems around the world. This article supplements existing research on volatility with new measures of party age distribution that reveal clear patterns of disruption, turnover and restabilization. These patterns emerge from stable and coherent party subsystems that follow a simple model based on three dynamics: losses by established parties, rapid gains by uncorrupted newcomers, and equally rapid newcomer losses to even newer parties. Confirmed both by electoral evidence and computer simulations, this model offers insight into the endurance of these subsystems, particularly since the very mechanisms that generate new parties’ success can preclude their ability to survive in subsequent elections. Central and Eastern European party systems offer a laboratory for understanding trends in party system volatility that are emerging in Western Europe and across the globe.
Design and development of a gauging system for constant velocity ball cage component of constant velocity joint assembly
Authors: Swaminathan Prashanth , Narayana Gopalakrishna Keshava
Published: February 2015

Gauges used for dimension inspection of critical components in various assemblies need to be precise and accurate. At the same time, the rate of inspection should be as high as possible for increased production. This is more so with regard to steering assemblies of automobiles. In automotive lines, the dimension inspection of the steering assemblies (constant velocity assembly) by Coordinate Measuring Machine would not be feasible as the process is slow and productivity would be affected. The proposed constant velocity gauging system can be considered as an alternative. The constant velocity assembly has six opening windows whose height is extremely critical. The accuracy of the component and the criticality demand complete inspection of the window height and identification of oversized window parts. The proposed cost-effective gauging system has a separate replaceable probe for each window to check the window height. All six windows are checked simultaneously to save production time. The qualified components and rejected components have been checked by first principles and on Coordinate Measuring Machine. Both have been found to be in good agreement.
Review of industrial temperature measurement technologies and research priorities for the thermal characterisation of the factories of the future
Authors: Ross-Pinnock David , Maropoulos Paul G
Published: February 2015

As the largest source of dimensional measurement uncertainty, addressing the challenges of thermal variation is vital to ensure product and equipment integrity in the factories of the future. While it is possible to closely control room temperature, this is often not practical or economical to realise in all cases where inspection is required. This article reviews recent progress and trends in seven key commercially available industrial temperature measurement sensor technologies primarily in the range of 0 °C–50 °C for invasive, semi-invasive and non-invasive measurement. These sensors will ultimately be used to measure and model thermal variation in the assembly, test and integration environment. The intended applications for these technologies are presented alongside some consideration of measurement uncertainty requirements with regard to the thermal expansion of common materials. Research priorities are identified and discussed for each of the technologies as well as temperature measurement at large. Future developments are briefly discussed to provide some insight into which direction the development and application of temperature measurement technologies are likely to head.
A hybrid optimal backstepping and adaptive fuzzy control for autonomous quadrotor helicopter with time-varying disturbance
Authors: Mohd Basri Mohd Ariffanan , Husain Abdul Rashid , Danapalasingam Kumeresan A
Published: February 2015

In this paper, a hybrid control system called as backstepping adaptive fuzzy control system, which integrates nominal and compensation controller is developed for autonomous quadrotor helicopter with inherent time-varying disturbance. In this hybrid control system, the nominal controller based on backstepping technique is the main controller, and the compensation controller containing a fuzzy control approach is used to eliminate the effect of uncertainties caused by external disturbance. In addition, in order to relax the requirement of prior knowledge on the bound of external disturbance, an online adaptation law is derived. Asymptotical stability of the closed-loop control system is analytically proven via the Lyapunov theorem. For the problem of determining the backstepping control parameters, particle swarm optimization algorithm has been employed. Finally, the designed controller is experimentally evaluated on a quadrotor simulation environment to demonstrate the effectiveness and merits of the theoretical development.
The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian Alliance
Authors: Patel Sheela ,   The SPARC Team
Published: February 2015

Mumbai is well-known for the scale of the community toilet programme supported by local government, much of it undertaken in partnership with community-based organizations, including the National Slum Dwellers Federation, Mahila Milan (a federation of women’s savings groups) and SPARC (a local NGO), together known as the Alliance. After describing how this community toilet programme developed over the last 20 years and sought city-wide scale, this paper focuses on the Alliance’s co-development with the municipal corporation of a system to monitor conditions in the hundreds of community toilet blocks built. This monitoring system supports government officials in each ward and the communities served by the toilet blocks in identifying and addressing faults. It also helps develop good working relationships between communities and ward and municipal officials, which can allow other key issues to be addressed.
Unexplained Chest Pain and Physical Activity
Authors: Røysland Ingrid Ølfarnes , Friberg Febe
Published: February 2015

Chest pain is one of the most common complaints in medical settings, but the majority of cases have no detectable cause. Physical activity is recommended, but is one of the major avoidance behaviors in patients with coronary heart disease. The article aims at achieving an understanding of the meaning of physical activity for people with unexplained chest pain. Fifteen people were interviewed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach, with the results revealing four themes: “awareness of the influence of previous life experiences on the decision to be physically active,” “unanswered questions related to physical activity and unexplained chest pain,” “intertwinement of body and mind,” and “physical activity as a source of personal growth.” Comprehensive understanding was formulated as “Being physically active while living with unexplained chest pain means balancing between existential uncertainty and certainty.” The results are discussed in relation to capability. It is suggested that health professionals adopt a person-centered approach.
Accelerating the Americanization of Management Education
Authors: Juusola Katariina , Kettunen Kerttu , Alajoutsijärvi Kimmo
Published: February 2015

The Journal of Management Inquiry astutely predicted in 2004 that the Americanization of business education would not just continue but increase. Ten years later, it is arguable that the acceleration of the Americanization of management education has exceeded all expectations. To theoretically build toward understanding how and why the American business education model has been adopted to different extents, this comparative study builds on the institutional logics perspective, arguing that different institutional logics can potentially explain the various forms and patterns of Americanization and how they are manifested in the world’s business schools.