bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A piezoelectric deformable X-ray mirror for phase compensation based on global optimization
Authors: Jiang Hui , Tian Naxi , Liang Dongxu , Du Guohao , Yan Shuai
Published: April 2019

As a strong tool for the study of nanoscience, the synchrotron hard X-ray nanoprobe technique enables researchers to investigate complex samples with many advantages, such as in situ setup, high sensitivity and the integration of various experimental methods. In recent years, an important goal has been to push the focusing spot size to the diffraction limit of ∼10 nm. The multilayer-based Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirror system is one of the most important methods used to achieve this goal. This method was chosen by the nanoprobe beamline of the Phase-II project at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. To overcome the limitations of current polishing technologies, the use of an additional phase compensator was necessary to decrease the wavefront distortions. In this experiment, a prototype phase compensator has been created to show how to obtain precise wavefront compensation. With the use of finite-element analysis and Fizeau interferometer measurements, some important factors such as the piezoresponse, different actuator distributions, stability and hysteresis were investigated. A global optimization method based on the measured piezoresponse has also been developed. This method overcame the limitations of the previous local algorithm related to the adjustment of every single actuator for compact piezoelectric layouts. The mirror figure can approach a target figure after several iterations. The figure difference can be reduced to several nanometres, which is far better than the mirror figure errors. The prototype was also used to successfully compensate for the real wavefront errors from upstream and for its own figure errors, measured using the speckle scanning technique. The residual figure error was reduced to a root-mean-square value of 0.7 nm.
Experimental strategies for imaging bioparticles with femtosecond hard X-ray pulses. Corrigendum
Authors: Daurer Benedikt J. , Okamoto Kenta , Bielecki Johan , Maia Filipe R. N. C. , Mühlig Kerstin , Seibert M. Marvin , Hantke Max F. , Nettelblad Carl , Benner W. Henry , Svenda Martin , Tîmneanu Nicuşor , Ekeberg Tomas , Loh N. Duane , Pietrini Alberto , Zani Alessandro , Rath Asawari D. , Westphal Daniel , Kirian Richard A. , Awel Salah , Wiedorn Max O. , van der Schot Gijs , Carlsson Gunilla H. , Hasse Dirk , Sellberg Jonas A. , Barty Anton , Andreasson Jakob , Boutet Sébastien , Williams Garth , Koglin Jason , Andersson Inger , Hajdu Janos , Larsson Daniel S. D.
Published: April 2019

Corrections to the article by Daurer et al. [IUCrJ (2017). 4, 251–262] are given.
How does customer participation in service influence customer satisfaction? The mediating effects of role stressors
Authors: Jiang Yiran , Xu Lan , Cui Nan , Zhang Hui , Yang Zhilin
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of customer participation on role behaviors and customer satisfaction. The mediating role of role stressors is also examined.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on literature reviews, a survey of 317 bank customers was conducted in Central China, using a structured questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis to test research hypotheses.

Findings

The current work found that the inconsistency between the role expectations from participating customers and service providers would increase the customer perceived role stress. Therefore, customer participating width and depth can affect customer satisfaction in two different ways. On the one hand, role stressors (i.e. role ambiguity and role conflict) in customer participation have a negative effect on customer compliance, decreasing customer satisfaction. On the other hand, role stressors have a positive effect on customer creativity, increasing customer satisfaction.

Originality/value

No prior studies, thus far, have examined how customer perceived role stressors in service participation affect customers’ role performance and satisfaction in the service process. The current research identifies the characteristics of customer participation from the perspectives of task role set. On the basis of role stressor theory, this research examines the effects of customer participation width and depth on customer satisfaction using customer perceived role stressors as mediating variables. This research also investigates the mixed effect of role stressors on customer satisfaction. It provides empirical support for the role of customers as “co-creators” by distinguishing customers’ creative behaviors from customer compliance and finds the positive effect of role stressors on customer satisfaction via customer creativity.
Interpretive research
Authors: Darby Jessica L. , Fugate Brian S. , Murray Jeff B.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Scholars have called for diversity in methods and multi-method research to enhance relevance to practice. However, many of the calls have only gone so far as to suggest the use of multiple methods within the positivism paradigm, which dominates the discipline and may constrain the ability to develop middle-range theory and propose workable solutions to today’s supply chain challenges. The purpose of this paper is to present a rationale for expanding the methodological toolbox of the field to include interpretive research methods.

Design/methodology/approach

This research conceptually illustrates how positivist and interpretive philosophies translate into different research approaches by reviewing an extant positivist qualitative study that uses grounded theory and then detailing how an interpretive researcher would approach the same phenomenon using the hermeneutic method.

Findings

This research expands the boundaries and impact of the field by broadening the set of questions research can address. It contributes a detailed illustration of the interpretive research process, as well as applications for the interpretive approach in future research, particularly theory elaboration, middle-range theorizing, and emerging domains such as the farm-to-fork supply chain and the consumer-based supply chain.

Research limitations/implications

The development of alternative ways of seeking knowledge enhances the potential for creativity, expansion, and progress in the field.

Practical implications

Practical implications of this research include enabling researchers to elaborate theory and develop middle-range theories through an alternative philosophical paradigm. This paradigm facilitates practical insights that are directly relevant to particular domains and move beyond general theories seeking generalizability.

Social implications

Social implications of this research are much more indirect in nature. This research encourages supply chain management (SCM) scholars to look at phenomena (including those with social implications) from a different philosophical perspective, which can reveal new insights.

Originality/value

This research contributes a rationale for expanding the methodological toolbox of the field to include interpretive research methods and also contributes a methodological operationalization of the interpretive approach. By reflecting on the nature of science and method in SCM, the study opens the door for creativity and progress to expand the boundaries and impact of the field.
The relationship between social presence and cognitive load
Authors: Costley Jamie
Published: April 2019

Purpose

As online learning has become more prevalent, how learners interact with each other in those learning environments has become more salient. To develop effective levels of interaction, students must feel comfortable to express their ideas and views. For this reason, this paper aims to look at how individual students’ levels of social presence affect germane cognitive load. Germane cognitive load is the amount that students are able to construct schema and can be seen as analogous to learning.

Design/methodology/approach

This study looks at the results of survey data (n = 433) that investigate the relationship between social presence and germane cognitive load. The students were surveyed from the Open Cyber University of Korea in the fall semester of 2018.

Findings

The present study found a statistically significant positive relationship between social presence and germane cognitive load. The study found a Spearman’s correlation coefficient of 0.595. Furthermore, the sample was divided into a high, medium and low grouping of social presence. Among these groupings, the high level social presence had the highest level of germane cognitive load, and the low level social presence had the lowest level of germane cognitive load.

Originality/value

This result shows the importance and value of developing levels of social presence in online environments. Some research has shown relationships between student interaction and learning, but the present study looks directly at social presence and germane cognitive load. From this research, the authors can see the value of encouraging higher levels of social interaction in online learning environments.
Using the ARDL-ECM approach to investigate the nexus between support price and wheat production
Authors: Chandio Abbas Ali , Jiang Yuansheng , Rehman Abdul
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of support price on wheat production in Pakistan during the period 1971–2016.

Design/methodology/approach

To capture the effect of support price on wheat production, the authors estimated the long-run linkage by using the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration.

Findings

This study confirmed the presence of a positive and long-term effect of area under cultivation, support price and fertilizer consumption on wheat production through ARDL bounds test. The results showed that both in the long run and short run, support price plays an important role in the enhancement of wheat production. The authors also found that the coefficients of the area under cultivation and fertilizer consumption variables were statistically significant and positive both in the long run and short run.

Originality/value

The use of the ARDL approach that examines the long-run and short-run effects of support price on wheat production in Pakistan makes the current study unique. An emerging economic literature suggests that only limited research has been conducted in this area.
Strategy beyond the business unit level: corporate parenting in focus
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The gap between management theory and practice has been much criticized. To help bridge the divide, a synthesis of empirical, theoretical and practice literature is offered, along with an application of the widely used VRIO framework, to contend that developing a focused corporate parenting approach as a core competence serves as a source of competitive advantage for diversified companies.

Design/methodology/approach

A synthesis of empirical, theoretical and practice literature is presented, beginning with a discussion of why and how firms diversify; the relative performance of firms that pursue related and unrelated diversification; an application of the resource-based view, core competencies and the VRIO framework; a description of focused corporate parenting as a core competency; a prescription for how diversified firms can implement a focused corporate parenting approach; and implications for research.

Findings

Developing a focused corporate parenting approach as a core competence serves as a source of competitive advantage for diversified companies.

Research limitations/implications

The synthesis of empirical, theoretical and practice literature presented provides a foundation for future research into the impact of focused corporate parenting on diversified firm performance.

Practical implications

The paper includes a prescription for how diversified firms can implement a focused corporate parenting approach.

Originality/value

The application of the resource-based view and core competency theories to corporate parenting provides managers with the rationale for and methodology to focus their corporate parenting activities.
The Bayer–Monsanto fusion: countering brand tarnishing and rebuilding reputation
Authors: Rebière Philippe , Mavoori Hareesh
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the antecedents, internal/external drivers and circumstances that diminish the importance of reputation and permit it to be circumvented in the context of a fusion (Monsanto-Bayer) and propose a comprehensive stakeholder perception-molding (“sense-giving”) model to counter reputation-damaging factors.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study is a longitudinal case study of merging entities using an intra-organizational evolutionary perspective combined with external analysis.

Findings

Reputational hurdles can be successfully circumvented by a multifaceted strategy leveraging timely and tailored combinations of cognitive, conative and linguistic perception-molding strategies for effective management of diverse stakeholder perception processes spanning across identity orientation, legitimacy, posture, consistency, commitment, justification and transparency.

Research limitations/implications

The research is susceptible to the general limitations of case studies such as omission bias in terms of focusing on only two purposefully chosen market-leader firms involved in a merger, though every effort was made to track competitor movements, broad trends in markets and the micro- and macro-environments.

Practical implications

The proposed heptagonal reputation circumvention perception-molding framework (Figure 1) summarizes various actionable strategies to help managers develop a global vision and portfolio of strategies to proactively or reactively manage attacks on reputation.

Originality/value

An in-depth and multi-decade study of antecedents and internal/external drivers of the successful mega-fusion of two companies with a long history of reputational shocks was leveraged to provide unique insights into the interplay of various strategies targeting diverse stakeholder perceptions. These insights were then generalized to create a comprehensive perception-molding strategic framework to help firm managers circumvent reputational tarnishment hurdles.
“It would be pretty immoral to choose a random algorithm”
Authors: Webb Helena , Patel Menisha , Rovatsos Michael , Davoust Alan , Ceppi Sofia , Koene Ansgar , Dowthwaite Liz , Portillo Virginia , Jirotka Marina , Cano Monica
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on empirical work conducted to open up algorithmic interpretability and transparency. In recent years, significant concerns have arisen regarding the increasing pervasiveness of algorithms and the impact of automated decision-making in our lives. Particularly problematic is the lack of transparency surrounding the development of these algorithmic systems and their use. It is often suggested that to make algorithms more fair, they should be made more transparent, but exactly how this can be achieved remains unclear.

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical study was conducted to begin unpacking issues around algorithmic interpretability and transparency. The study involved discussion-based experiments centred around a limited resource allocation scenario which required participants to select their most and least preferred algorithms in a particular context. In addition to collecting quantitative data about preferences, qualitative data captured participants’ expressed reasoning behind their selections.

Findings

Even when provided with the same information about the scenario, participants made different algorithm preference selections and rationalised their selections differently. The study results revealed diversity in participant responses but consistency in the emphasis they placed on normative concerns and the importance of context when accounting for their selections. The issues raised by participants as important to their selections resonate closely with values that have come to the fore in current debates over algorithm prevalence.

Originality/value

This work developed a novel empirical approach that demonstrates the value in pursuing algorithmic interpretability and transparency while also highlighting the complexities surrounding their accomplishment.
Forsake me not: balcony spaces in codes and cues among on-campus apartment dwellers
Authors: Subasinghe Chamila
Published: April 2019

Purpose

While some people are mindful of what a personal space that also belongs to a common façade portrays to outsiders, why other people treat this personal space as a mere utility space invisible to the public eye must be determined. International students who live in single-bedroom apartments with balconies and were mostly married were investigated regarding the meaning they attach to their balcony spaces. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

This work also hypothesized that residents of these units perceived their balconies as a liminal space that oscillates between a spatial repertoire for familiar memories and a versatile, utilitarian device for temporary storage. A naturalistic inquiry was then conducted among purposefully sampled apartment dwellers via in-depth, open-ended and semi-structured interviews.

Findings

While offering much needed spatial economy to dwellers, the cues and codes revealed that the balcony space could furnish a sense of membership to established social cohorts. The balcony space further brings an element of escape and ease into impecunious student life by means of its ability to offer a broad spectrum of spatial-aspatial needs that manifested in forms of personalizations and exploitations.

Originality/value

A knowledge gap in socio-cultural appropriation of on-campus apartments for sustainable redevelopment where the majority of consumers were married/partnered, international students has been investigated.
A partner‐switching system controls activation of mixed‐linkage β‐glucan synthesis by c‐di‐GMP in Sinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: Baena Irene , Pérez‐Mendoza Daniel , Sauviac Laurent , Francesch Kevin , Martín Marta , Rivilla Rafael , Bonilla Ildefonso , Bruand Claude , Sanjuán Juan , Lloret Javier
Published: April 2019

Sinorhizobium meliloti synthesizes a linear mixed‐linkage (1 → 3)(1 → 4)‐β‐d‐glucan (ML β‐glucan, MLG) in response to high levels of cyclic diguanylate (c‐di‐GMP). Two proteins BgsA and BgsB are required for MLG synthesis, BgsA being the glucan synthase which is activated upon c‐di‐GMP binding to its C‐terminal domain. Here we report that the product of bgrR (SMb20447) is a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) that provides c‐di‐GMP for the synthesis of MLG by BgsA. bgrR is the first gene of a hexacistronic bgrRSTUWV operon, likely encoding a partner‐switching regulatory network where BgrR is the final target. Using different approaches, we have determined that the products of genes bgrU (containing a putative PP2C serine phosphatase domain) and bgrW (with predicted kinase effector domain), modulate the phosphorylation status and the activity of the STAS domain protein BgrV. We propose that unphosphorylated BgrV inhibits BgrR DGC activity, perhaps through direct protein–protein interactions as established for other partner switchers. A bgrRSTUWV operon coexists with MLG structural bgsBA genes in many rhizobial genomes but is also present in some MLG non‐producers, suggesting a role of this partner‐switching system in other processes besides MLG biosynthesis.
Impact of Urban Growth and High Residential Irrigation on Streamflow and Groundwater Levels in a Peri‐Urban Semiarid Catchment
Authors: Sanzana Pedro , Gironás Jorge , Braud Isabelle , Muñoz José‐Francisco , Vicuña Sebastián , Reyes‐Paecke Sonia , de la Barrera Francisco , Branger Flora , Rodríguez Fabrice , Vargas Ximena , Hitschfeld Nancy , Hormazábal Santiago
Published: April 2019

The impact of urbanization on groundwater is not simple to understand, as it depends on a variety of factors such as climate, hydrogeology, water management practices, and infrastructure. In semiarid landscapes, the urbanization processes can involve high water consumptions and irrigation increases, which in turn may contribute to groundwater recharge. We assessed the hydrological impacts of urbanization and irrigation rates in an Andean peri‐urban catchment located in Chile, in a semiarid climate. For this purpose, we built and validated a coupled surface–groundwater model that allows the verification of a strong stream–aquifer interaction in areas with shallow groundwater, higher than some sewers and portions of the stream. Moreover, we also identified a significant local recharge associated with pipe leaks and inefficient urban irrigation. From the evaluation of different future scenarios, we found a sustainable water conservation scenario will decrease the current groundwater levels, while the median flow reduces from 408 to 389 L/s, and the low flow (Q95%) from 43 to 22L/s. Overall, our results show the relevance of integrating the modeling of surface and subsurface water resources at different spatial and temporal scales, when assessing the effect of urban development and the suitability of urban water practices.
Continued administration of pembrolizumab for adenocarcinoma of the lung after the onset of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus as an immune‐related adverse effect: A case report
Authors: Edahiro Ryuya , Ishijima Mikako , Kurebe Hiroyuki , Nishida Kohei , Uenami Takeshi , Kanazu Masaki , Akazawa Yuki , Yano Yukihiro , Mori Masahide
Published: April 2019

A 61‐year‐old woman with stage IVA lung adenocarcinoma exhibited high PD‐L1 expression. Pembrolizumab was administered as second‐line therapy. She developed destructive thyroiditis and her thyroid function started to decline during the administration of three to five courses. She was subsequently diagnosed with fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis during the eighth course and insulin treatment was initiated. Pembrolizumab remained effective and was continued for 21 courses, even after the onset of diabetes mellitus. Immune‐checkpoint inhibitor treatment can be continued with hormone replacement even after the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus as an immune‐related adverse event.
Past managerial guidance and returns to variance trading around earnings announcements
Authors: Neururer Thaddeus
Published: April 2019

I investigate the relationship between past managerial guidance and realized variance risk premiums (VRPs) – i.e., the difference between implied and realized variance – in equity options around earnings announcements. I find that implied variances are lower before earnings announcements but VRPs are higher when firms provide guidance. I also find higher option‐implied jump risk when firms issue surprising guidance. Further tests suggest a portion of the higher VRPs are due to changes in perceived higher‐order risks, but traders also underreact to the precision of information in short‐term guidance. These results are attenuated for firms with a better information environment.
Severity of Candida‐associated denture stomatitis is improved in institutionalized elders who consume Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1
Authors: Lee X , Vergara C , Lozano CP
Published: April 2019

Background

This study aimed to determine the effect of the consumption of a probiotic on the clinical characteristics of Candida‐associated denture stomatitis (DS) and to determine the impact of a protocol of self‐care measures in oral/prosthetic hygiene in institutionalized elders that wear removable prostheses (RP). The current treatment for DS is the systemic use of antifungals, as well as the replacement of these devices together with oral/prosthetic hygiene instructions.

Methods

This study was a randomized, controlled and triple‐blind trial. Thirty‐six elders presenting DS of different severity and who carried RP consumed milk with/without the probiotic L. rhamnosus SP1. The prevalence and severity of DS and prevalence of Candida were determined and all participants/caregivers were trained in oral/prosthetic hygiene.

Results

In both groups a decrease in the prevalence of DS was observed (P < 0.05) but only the group that consumed probiotic throughout the trial had a significant reduction in the severity of DS and reduced Candida counts (P < 0.05). Educational instruction in oral/prosthetic hygiene was relevant for the participants, regarding the prevalence of this lesion.

Conclusions

The frequent consumption of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 and the establishment of a protocol of oral/prosthetic hygiene drastically reduced the severity of DS in institutionalized elders who wore RP.
Langerhans cells mediate the skin‐induced tolerance to ovalbumin via Langerin in a murine model
Authors: Luo Yang , Wang Su , Liu Xiaochun , Wen He , Li Wei , Yao Xu
Published: April 2019

Background

Epicutaneous sensitization is an important route of immunization for allergens in atopic diseases; however, studies have also shown that application with protein on the intact skin induces antigen‐specific tolerance. Langerhans cells (LCs) play an immunosuppressive role in several inflammatory skin diseases and mouse models, and the role of LCs in the skin‐induced tolerance is not fully understood.

Methods

Langerin‐DTA mice that were deficient in LCs were utilized to produce the model of skin‐induced tolerance to ovalbumin (OVA). Binding of Langerin to OVA was analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Homozygous Langerin‐DTR mice that were deficient in Langerin were introduced to assess the role of Langerin in the skin‐induced tolerance.

Results

Application with OVA onto the intact, but not tape‐stripped, skin attenuated the production of OVA‐specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a induced by subsequent subcutaneous immunization with OVA, and the inhibitory effects were abolished in Langerin‐DTA mice. In contrast to the tape‐stripped skin, the intact skin induced the production of IL‐10 by LCs in draining lymph node after application with OVA. Langerin could bind OVA, and homozygous Langerin‐DTR mice demonstrated similar humoral and cellular immune responses in the model of skin‐induced tolerance compared to wide‐type mice.

Conclusion

Our data suggested that LCs were critical in the intact skin‐induced tolerance to protein antigen via Langerin, and LCs might be targeted via Langerin to regulate the immune responses in systemic and (or) skin inflammatory diseases.
Fluorometholone modulates gene expression of ocular surface mucins
Authors: Taniguchi Jonathan , Sharma Ajay
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Mucins are vital to keep the ocular surface hydrated. Genes encoding for mucins contain a glucocorticoid response element. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluorometholone, a glucocorticoid receptor agonist used in the management of dry eye, on the gene expression of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cell mucins.

Methods

Stratified cultures of human conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells were exposed to 25, 50 and 100 nM of fluorometholone alone or in presence of mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. The mRNA was isolated from the cells and reverse transcribed to cDNA. The cDNA was used for quantification of gene expression of mucin (MUC) 1, 4, 16 and 19 using real‐time PCR.

Results

Fluorometholone caused a dose‐ and time‐dependent increase in the gene expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC16 and MUC19 in the conjunctival as well as corneal epithelial cells. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, inhibited fluorometholone‐mediated increase in the gene expression of conjunctival and corneal mucins. At the tested concentration, neither fluorometholone nor mifepristone caused any notable changes in the cellular phenotype or viability of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells.

Conclusion

Fluorometholone increases the gene expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC16 and MUC19 in the conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells through activation of glucocorticoid receptors. The increased expression of mucins can be an additional possible mechanism contributing to the beneficial effects of fluorometholone in dry eye in addition to its well‐known anti‐inflammatory effects.
The inheritance of cardiovascular disease risk
Authors: Hanson Mark
Published: April 2019

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is foremost among the non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) which account for 71% of deaths globally each year. CVD is also prominent among the pre‐existing conditions still accounting for nearly 25% of maternal deaths and is linked to gestational diabetes and pre‐eclampsia. Markers of CVD risk have been reported even in young children, related to prenatal factors such as mother's diet or body composition. The underlying mechanisms include epigenetic changes which can alter the trajectory of risk across the life course. Preventive interventions need to commence before conception, to reduce transmission of CVD risk by promoting healthy behaviours in prospective parents, as well as in pregnancy, and postpartum through breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding. Surprisingly, these opportunities are not emphasised in the 2018 United Nations Political Declaration on NCDs. NCDs such as CVD have communicable risk components transmitted across generations by socio‐economic as well as biological factors, although the former can also become embodied in the offspring by epigenetic mechanisms. The inheritance of CVD risk, and social inequalities in such risk, thus raises wider questions about responsibility for the health of future generations at societal as well as individual levels.
The use of medical identification jewellery in adults with adrenal insufficiency in Australia
Authors: Rushworth Rosemary Louise , Chrisp Georgina L. , Torpy David J.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Hydrocortisone stress dosing during illness can prevent adrenal crises (AC) in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI). When patients cannot communicate, medical identification jewellery may facilitate parenteral hydrocortisone provision but patient adoption rates are not known.

Design

A cross‐sectional analysis of Australian medical identification jewellery subscription data.

Patients

Patients with AI aged 20 years and over with an active subscription to a large medical jewellery provider.

Measurements

Subscription rates by AI subtype, geographic area, age and gender.

Results

There were 1955 patients with AI and an active subscription in the database, corresponding to a subscription rate of 105.79/million or approximately one‐third of the AI population. The subscription rate was substantially higher in primary AI (60.72/million) than secondary AI (23.16/million), corresponding to approximately 60.7% and 11.6% of the estimated population prevalence of each disorder, respectively. There was substantial variation in use by state/territory, with the highest subscribing state having a rate of over four times that of the lowest (P < 0.001). Women comprised 64.8% (n = 1266) of the group. Subscription also varied by age, being highest in the 60‐69 year age group (165.15/million) and lowest in those aged 30‐39 years (47.23/million) (P < 0.001). Few patients (4.8%, n = 94) mentioned, either in their record or on their jewellery, the need for urgent parenteral hydrocortisone in the event of severe illness.

Conclusions

Medical jewellery is a component of AC risk reduction. However, subscription appears to be underutilised in the Australian AI population, especially among patients with secondary AI. Urgent treatment recommendations should be inscribed on the jewellery.
Brugada syndrome with SCN5A mutations exhibits more pronounced electrophysiological defects and more severe prognosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Chen , Tan Zhaochong , Zhu Wengen , Fu Linghua , Kong Qiling , Xiong Qinmei , Yu Jianhua , Hong Kui
Published: April 2019

Whether the presence of SCN5A mutation is a predictor of BrS risk remains controversial, and patient selection bias may have weakened previous findings. Therefore, we performed this study to clarify the clinical characteristics and outcomes of BrS probands with SCN5A mutations. We systematically retrieved eligible studies published through October 2018. A total of 17 studies enrolling 1780 BrS patients were included. Overall, our results found that compared with BrS patients without SCN5A mutations, patients with SCN5A mutations exhibited a younger age at the onset of symptoms and higher rate of the spontaneous type‐1 electrocardiogram pattern, more pronounced conduction or repolarization abnormalities, and increased atrial vulnerability. In addition, the presence of SCN5A mutations was associated with an elevated risk of major arrhythmic events in both Asian (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07‐3.11; P = .03) and Caucasian (OR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.02‐4.90; P = .04) populations. In conclusions, patients with SCN5A mutations exhibit more pronounced electrophysiological defects and more severe prognosis. Clinicians should be cautious when utilizing genetic testing for risk stratification or treatment guidance before determining whether the causal relationship regarding SCN5A mutation status is an independent predictor of risk.
902. DEUTZIA CALYCOSA
Authors: Rix Martyn , Lancaster Roy
Published: April 2019

Deutzia calycosa is described and illustrated from a plant originating in Yunnan near Dali, the type locality. Its distinctions from related species are discussed, and suggestions for its cultivation are given.
903. ROSA MOYESII forma MOYESII
Authors: Rix Martyn , Kirkham Tony
Published: April 2019

Rosa moyesii Hemsl. & Wilson forma moyesii (SICH 2207) is illustrated and described. Its origin and recent collections of the bright red‐flowered form, close to the cultivar ‘Geranium’, are discussed.
906. PRIMULA AMBITA
Authors: Rankin David W. H.
Published: April 2019

The history and rediscovery of Primula ambita in Yunnan are described and the species is illustrated.
HONZO ZUFU, AND HOW A COPY CAME TO BE IN THE KEW LIBRARY
Authors: Tanaka Junko , Iwatsu Tokio , Murata Hiroko , Murata Jin , Yamanaka Masumi
Published: April 2019

In the Library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, there are some books and manuscripts which were made in Japan and whose background is uncertain. One of these is (Honzo Zufu) which consists of illustrations and descriptions of plants compiled in the first half of 19th century. Kew's Honzo Zufu was exhibited in the ‘Flora Japonica’ show at the Shirley Sherwood Gallery on 17th September 2016 to 5th March 2017. ‘Flora Japonica’ showed works of contemporary Japanese botanical artists and important illustrated books of Japanese plants made between the 17th and 20th centuries. The illustrations of Honzo Zufu are also used for the Kew's Floral Illustrated Calendar 2019. In this article, we describe Kew's copy of Honzo Zufu and tell the story about how it came to be in the possession of the Library.
MANAGING R&D IN VERTICAL RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Dai Chifeng , Shin Dongsoo
Published: April 2019

We study the optimal strategy for research and development (R&D) in a buyer‐supplier relationship. The buyer chooses whether to (1) insource a cost‐reducing R&D to its own research‐subunit or to (2) outsource it to its manufacturing supplier. The buyer cannot observe the R&D effort in either case, but can better observe the R&D result when the R&D is conducted internally. According to our analysis, the buyer prefers insourcing R&D to mitigate information asymmetry when the R&D cost is either small or large. When the R&D cost is intermediate, however, the buyer prefers outsourcing R&D, and can achieve the full information outcome (first‐best outcome) despite the information asymmetry associated with outsourcing R&D. Moreover, the buyer's preference for outsourcing high‐cost R&D increases when the R&D is more likely to succeed or to generate significant cost reductions, or the R&D result is more difficult to predict. Our analysis provides a theoretical explanation for the increasing trend of outsourcing innovation to manufacturing suppliers. (JEL D82, L22, L23)
Transnational social capital: the socio‐spatialities of civil society
Authors: PECK SARAH
Published: April 2019

Civil society remains a contested concept, but one that is widely embedded in global development processes. Transnationalism within civil society scholarship is often described dichotomously, either through hierarchical dependency relations or as a more amorphous networked global civil society. These two contrasting spatial imaginaries produce very particular ideas about how transnational relations contribute to civil society. Drawing on empirical material from research with civil society organizations in Barbados and Grenada, in this article I contend that civil society groups use forms of transnational social capital in their work. This does not, however, resonate with the horizontal relations associated with grassroots globalization or vertical chains of dependence. These social relations are imbued with power and agency and are entangled in situated historical, geographical and personal contexts. I conclude that the diverse transnational social relations that are part of civil society activity offer hope and possibilities for continued civil society action in these unexpected spatial arrangements.
Renal dysfunction by baseline CD4 cell count in a cohort of adults starting antiretroviral treatment regardless of CD4 count in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 071 [HPTN 071; Population Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission (PopART)] study in South Africa
Authors: Bock P , Nel K , Fatti G , Sloot R , Ford N , Voget J , Gunst C , Grobbelaar N , Louis F , Floyd S , Hayes R , Ayles H , Beyers N , Fidler S ,   the HPTN 071 (PopART) Team
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Renal dysfunction is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV‐positive individuals. This study evaluated renal dysfunction in a cohort of adults who started antiretroviral treatment (ART) regardless of CD4 count at three Department of Health (DOH) clinics included in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 071 (HPTN 071) Population Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy to Reduce HIV Transmission (PopART) trial.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis of routine data for HIV‐positive individuals starting ART between January 2014 and November 2015 was completed. Incident renal dysfunction was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eEGFR) < 60 mL/min after ART initiation among individuals with a baseline (pre‐ART) eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min.

Results

Overall, 2423 individuals, with a median baseline CD4 count of 328 cells/μL [interquartile range (IQR) 195–468 cells/μL], were included in the analysis. Forty‐seven individuals had a baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min. Among 1634 nonpregnant individuals started on a tenofovir‐containing ART regimen and with a baseline eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min, 27 developed an eGFR < 60 mL/min on ART. Regression analysis showed lower odds of baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min at baseline CD4 counts of > 500 cells/μL [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11–0.80], 351–500 cells/μL (aOR 0.22; 95% CI 0.08–0.59) and 201–350 (aOR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24–0.97) compared with baseline CD4 counts < 200 cells/μL.

Conclusions

This study showed low rates of renal dysfunction at baseline and on ART, with lower rates of baseline renal dysfunction among individuals with baseline CD4 counts > 200 cells/μL. Strategies that use baseline characteristics, such as age, to identify individuals at high risk of renal dysfunction on ART for enhanced eGFR monitoring may be effective and should be the subject of future research.
Fabrication of α‐Si3N4‐nanowire/γ‐Y2Si2O7 composite superhydrophobic membrane for membrane distillation
Authors: Yang Ming‐Ye , Dong Bin‐Bin , Wang Fei‐Hong , Xu Xin , Agathopoulos Simeon
Published: April 2019

This paper reports on the successful fabrication of α‐Si3N4‐nanowire/Y2Si2O7 composite membranes with superhydrophobic properties, aiming to achieve a high performance in membrane distillation. The starting powder mixture of 87 wt% γ‐Y2Si2O7, 5 wt% Si, 3 wt% LiYO2, and 5 wt% ferrocene catalyst was dispersed in a stable suspension, and after being tape‐casted, it was sintered at 1300°C for 4 hours in order to obtain the composite membrane. α‐Si3N4 nanowires with a diameter of about 50 nm were formed, distributed uniformly on the surface and in the pores of the membrane and their presence greatly favored superhydrophobicity. After surface modification with a robust hydrophobic layer of SiNCO nanoparticles, strongly adhered to the surface of the produced membrane, a water contact angle of 153o, was measured. Water desalination experiments, using a sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) device, were conducted. High water flux of 11.91 L/m2/h was achieved for a 4 wt% NaCl feeding solution at 90°C. Stable water flux and rejection rates were recorded in long‐term experiments (>500 hours) using the produced superhydrophobic composite membrane.
Effect of repeated freezing‐thawing on structural, physicochemical and digestible properties of normal and waxy starch gels
Authors: Jing Luzhen , Liu Yu , Gao Jinmei , Xu Meijuan , Gou Min , Jiang Hao , Zhang Guoquan , Li Wenhao
Published: April 2019

The normal and waxy corn starch gels were subjected to repeated freeze–thaw treatment at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5 and 6 cycles with an interval of 24 h, and the effects on structural, physicochemical and digestible properties were investigated. The normal starch gels formed a honeycomb structure while waxy starch gels exhibited a lamellar structure, and the number of holes and lamellas increased with increasing cycles. The X‐ray analysis showed that the A‐type pattern of starches was converted into the B‐type after treatment, and their relative crystallinity increased with the number of increased freeze–thaw cycles. The hardness increased in both normal and waxy starch. The solubility and pasting breakdown viscosity decreased in normal starch while they increased in waxy starch. The pasting peak time, peak viscosity, and setback viscosity increased in normal starch but decreased in waxy starch. The rapidly digested starch (RDS) and slowly digested starch (SDS) content in normal starch increased and non‐digestible starch (RS) content decreased whereas the RDS, SDS and RS content in waxy starch was almost unchanged as the freeze–thaw cycles increased. In the meantime, the molecular weight of both normal and waxy starch decreased with freeze–thaw treatment. Therefore, the repeated freeze–thaw treatment can change the physicochemical and digestible properties which could be a basis for starch‐based food processing.
Dysregulation of calcium metabolism in type 1 myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Hlaing Phyu M. , Scott Ian A. , Jackson Richard V.
Published: April 2019

Background

Patients with type 1 myotonic dystrophy (DM1) have a higher incidence of hypercalcaemia compared with the general population. The nature and effects of dysregulated calcium metabolism underpinning this phenomenon have not been fully characterised.

Aims

To determine the characteristics of dysregulated calcium metabolism in patients with DM1 and its association with bone mineral density.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records of patients with DM1 attending a DM clinic at Logan Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, between 2005 and 2018 and who had concurrent serum assays performed of corrected serum calcium, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phosphate and for whom results were available for estimated glomerular filtration rate, bone mineral densitometry tests and urinary calcium clearance to creatinine clearance ratio (UCCR).

Results

Forty‐four patients with DM1 (22 females, 22 males) were reviewed of whom 14 (32%) had elevated corrected serum calcium and inappropriate PTH. Another 10 patients (23%) had raised PTH with normocalcaemia. Eighteen of 19 (94.7%) patients with hypercalcaemia or high PTH level completed 24‐h urinary calcium. All had UCCR ≤0.02. Twelve patients had UCCR <0.01. Seven of 44 (16%) had low 25 hydroxy vitamin D. All patients had normal estimated glomerular filtration rate. None was osteoporotic.

Conclusions

One in three patients with DM1 was hypercalcaemic with unsuppressed PTH. Their clinical features and biochemical pictures resemble those of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) and raises the possibility that impaired activity of calcium‐sensing receptors, due to abnormal splicing of the calcium‐sensing receptor messenger RNA in DM1, causes a FHH‐like syndrome (‘pseudo‐FHH of DM1’).
Premature ventricular contraction diurnal profiles predict distinct clinical characteristics and beta‐blocker responses
Authors: Hamon David , Swid Mohammed Amer , Rajendran Pradeep S. , Liu Albert , Boyle Noel G. , Shivkumar Kalyanam , Bradfield Jason S.
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) can lead to symptoms, such as cardiomyopathy and increased mortality. Beta‐blockers are recommended as first‐line therapy to reduce PVC burden; however, the response is unpredictable. The objective of this study is to determine whether PVC diurnal‐variability patterns are associated with different clinical profiles and predict drug response.

Methods

Consecutive patients with frequent PVCs (burden ≥ 1%), referred for Holter monitoring between 2014 and 2016, were included. Follow‐up Holters, when available, were assessed after beta‐blocker initiation to assess response (≥50% reduction). Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of relationship between hourly PVC count and mean HR during each of the 24 Holter hours: (1) fast‐HR‐dependent‐PVC (F‐HR‐PVC) for positive correlation (Pearson, P < 0.05), (2) slow‐HR‐dependent‐PVC (S‐HR‐PVC) for a negative, and (3) independent‐HR‐PVC (I‐HR‐PVC) when no correlation was found.

Results

Of the 416 patients included, 50.2% had F‐HR‐PVC, 35.6% I‐HR‐PVC, and 14.2% S‐HR‐PVC with distinct clinical profiles. Beta‐blocker therapy was successful in 34.0% patients overall: patients with F‐HR‐PVC had a decrease in PVC burden (18.8 ± 10.4% to 9.3 ± 6.6%, P < 0.0001; 62% success), I‐HR‐PVC had no change (18.4 ± 17.9% to 20.6 ± 17.9%, P = 0.175; 0% success), whereas S‐HR‐PVC had an increase in burden (14.6 ± 15.3% to 20.8 ± 13.8%, P = 0.016; 0% success). The correlation coefficient was the only predictor of beta‐blocker success (AUC = 0.84, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 67.7%; r ≥ 0.4).

Conclusions

A simple analysis of Holter PVC diurnal variability may provide incremental value to guide clinical PVC management. Only patients displaying a F‐HR‐PVC profile benefited from beta‐blockers. An alternative strategy should be considered for others, as beta‐blockers may have no effect or can even be harmful.
Genetics and telemetry indicate unexpected movements among structured populations for Brachyplatystoma platynemum in the Amazon
Authors: Hahn Lisiane , Silva Priscilla C. , Malabarba Maria C. , Malabarba Luiz R. , Câmara Luís F. Da , Nunes Leonardo D. , Machado Leonardo S. , Martins Eduardo G. , Barthem Ronaldo B.
Published: April 2019

The genetic analysis of Brachyplatystoma platynemum individuals sampled from the lower Madeira River reinforces the existence of two structured populations in the Amazon Basin (Madeira and Amazon populations). However, the recapture of an individual from the Amazon population in the Solimões River, which was telemetry‐tagged in the Madeira River after the damming, indicates that fish from the Amazon population move between the two river systems. This has not yet been observed, however, in the Madeira River population, which is currently divided and isolated in the lower and upper Madeira River by the construction of two dams.
Exploring sample cross‐contamination in fish epidermal mucus
Authors: Kroska Anita C. , Wolf Nathan , Dial Roman , Harris Bradley P.
Published: April 2019

Cross‐contamination of epidermal mucus was assessed at three sampling locations on the bodies of Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis by inducing contact between fish coated with labelled synthetic mucus and non‐treated fish. Results indicate a positive relationship between sampling site exposure and sample contamination and that mucous sample cross‐contamination can be mitigated by sampling in a location protected from external contact.