bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Archaeology of Craft and Industry
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

Archaeologists investigating sites of craft and industrial enterprise often puzzle over a domain of bewildering ruins. Locations of remarkable energy, tumult, and creativity now stand silent. This book provides an overview of the archaeology of American craft and industrial enterprises, outlines developments in theories, research questions, and interpretative frameworks, and presents case studies from a wide range of subjects. Research focused on industrial enterprises traverses a spectrum of perspectives. Some limit their efforts to recording, mapping, and studying the mechanics of a site. Others examine comparative questions of changes of technologies over time and space. Many analysts look away from the buildings and equipment of the workplace and focus instead on the workers, their families, residences, lifeways, and health experiences. With many sites presenting standing ruins, historians and archaeologists often encounter local stakeholder groups who wish to promote heritage themes and tourism potentials. All of these perspectives can be pursued with significant advances in research and curation methods. Investigations often range from microscopic analysis of product constituents to large-scale, three-dimensional recording of locations and features with high-resolution laser technologies. Past debates questioned whether primary emphasis should be on heritage recording or on archaeological research questions. More recent trends focus on collaborations across interest groups.
Making and Harvesting Commodities
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

Many businesses manufactured, harvested, or processed natural and human-made commodities. Archaeological studies of such goods tend to focus on the use and disposal of those products. Analysis has also focused on changes in manufacturing methods evident in the attributes of those discarded objects. This chapter instead highlights archaeological investigations of the production sites. Such projects have been relatively few in number compared to studies of products themselves in end-user contexts. As a result, the sample of case studies presented here represents actual archaeology projects on work sites that were completed and published, rather than an idealized selection of historical subjects. This chapter’s survey considers early textile mills, the blessing and curse of new rails for pottery production, and the material culture of glass works and cutlery manufacture. Other projects examine saddletree production, seafood commodities in local and international markets, bakery and cheese suppliers, interactions of artisans and beer bottling in an armoury town, and family-run binderies and tanneries.
Arteries and Flow
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

Expanding arteries of transport sustained industries of their own while supporting networks of commerce. This chapter provides a sampling of archaeological studies of such corridors of movement. For example, the Potomac River valley was the subject of improvement in navigation early in our country’s history. Archaeological surveys of the dams, locks, and bypass canals along that river are illustrative of similar studies of other waterways and canals. The importance of canals in the United States was later eclipsed by construction of railroads. A number of archaeological studies have examined the building of the transcontinental railroad as it traversed from California across Nevada and into Utah, to link with other lines extending from the east. Railroads could make or break the communities they linked or bypassed. An example of these dynamics is explored in the case of New Philadelphia, Illinois, a town that faded from the landscape after being bypassed by a new, regional rail. Lastly, all of these rail lines provided entrepreneur George Pullman with an opportunity to make a fortune in building cars and operating passenger services. The remains of his company town and factory in Chicago are now the subject of National Park Service development.
Extraction
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

Proponents of European colonial interests were seduced by dreams of mineral wealth flowing from the Americas. When torrents of gold and silver proved elusive, they prosecuted their investments along other commodity lines. In time, the mineral wealth would be exposed in episodes of strenuous extraction. This chapter examines case studies of the facets of extractive industries revealed through archaeology. The expanding transport arteries discussed in the previous chapter impacted natural resource harvesting, such as lumber cutting in West Virginia. Turning to mineral mining, an array of structures and equipment populate the terrains examined by archaeologists. Copper mines of the Great Lakes show impacts of methods developed in Cornwall, England. Moving west in the United States, one sees gargantuan operations in Montana and new techniques in California that denuded the landscape. Coal fields across the country were worked by waves of immigrants and experienced ethnic and economic class interactions. Tragic clashes of management and workers ensued. Finally, oil derricks and shale strata present domains of petroleum harvesting and corresponding challenges for the workers and their families.
Forges, Furnaces, and Metallurgy
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter first surveys the diverse methods for melting and shaping iron. I then consider a series of case studies in which archaeological research has contributed to understanding the strategic choices of ironmasters as they confronted myriad contingencies and opportunities. Archaeologists explored early smelting activities in pueblos in New Mexico in the 1600s. Those activities were dwarfed by enterprises launched in British North America in the 1700s. Large-scale investments on the Saugus River in Massachusetts and in Trenton, New Jersey, were followed by more circumspect investments in Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. An early form of vertically integrated enterprise in an iron plantation in South Carolina, was exceeded by far-flung, interdependent networks of production at the Tredegar works of Virginia. The remarkable resilience of women in managing family-run iron plants played out in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Notable technological innovations were undertaken at iron manufacturers in Tennessee and New York. Class dynamics shaped the residential landscape of managers and workers in Michigan. Finally, a quest for accelerated water power to propel iron foundries in West Virginia cost little in capital and a staggering price in lives lost.
From Middle Plantation to Modern Metropolis
Authors: McCartney Martha W.
Published: May 2022

By the late 1630s European settlers had begun establishing homesteads in Middle Plantation, a few miles from Jamestown, Virginia’s colonial capital and America’s first permanent English settlement. Construction of the College of William & Mary during the early 1690s fueled development, and in 1699, Williamsburg, the colony’s new capital, was laid out into streets and lots. The fledgling community and government seat soon became a center for political, cultural, and commercial life, where people of African, European, and Native American descent interacted on a regular basis. Relocation of Virginia’s capital to Richmond during the American Revolution brought irrevocable change to the city and brought economic stagnation. Williamsburg’s vitality was restored during the 1930s, thanks to John D. Rockefeller’s philanthropy, which funded professional archaeological, architectural, and historical research. Today it is a major center for education on eighteenth-century life.
“To be SOLD, for ready money”
Authors: Lightfoot Dessa E. , Atkins Stephen C. , Quitmyer Irvy R.
Published: May 2022

Colonial Williamsburg’s Environmental Laboratory has an ongoing program of analysis of oysters from historic contexts in the Virginia Tidewater region. From this large-scale, multisite synchronic and diachronic research, a clear pattern of intensive oyster resource exploitation in Williamsburg throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries has emerged to throw more light on the value of such comprehensive research. Using often underutilized archaeological resources, this work underscores the value of a rigorous program of oyster research to answer questions of regional provisioning and environment, as well as the far-reaching effects political and market forces can have on resource availability, distribution, and harvesting.
Ayiti se tè glise
Authors: Accilien Cécile , Orlando Valérie K.
Published: May 2022

The contributing scholars to this volume recommend various concrete ways for instructors and students to extend their inquiry beyond simplistic representations that cast Haiti as “the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.” This volume seeks to contextualize Haiti outside the stereotypes that have labeled it for over a century. It envisions this island nation “in relation,” as Martinican theorist Edouard Glissant would say, to the rest of the Caribbean and, more broadly, to the extensive hemisphere of the Americas and to the globe. Recognizing the importance of relationships and encounters with others as contributing to Haitian identity today is an essential goal in this volume. Haiti is not clouded in a void of silence, but is rather part of the world’s stage. Offering engaged pedagogy and critical pedagogy, our contributors’ syllabi and classroom experiences encourage valuable lessons about Haiti’s past and present as they relate to immigration, migration, locality, and globality. These are subjects that are pertinent not only to Haiti, but also to our common humanity in an era in which scholars and teachers are increasingly called upon to find ways to address the defining challenges of our age.
Getting around the Poto Mitan
Authors: Jean-Charles Régine
Published: May 2022

This chapter proposes one path for teaching about Haitian womanhood from a perspective that moves beyond the ubiquitous figure of the poto mitan, or rather around it, acknowledging its centrality but also exploring its extant limitations. The term poto mitan translates literally to “post in the middle,” a central pillar around which the majority of the action of a Vodou ceremony unfolds. Equating Haitian women with the poto mitan indicates their centrality in society and points to the important role they occupy in the family. It also suggests character traits like strength, tenacity, and resilience. To develop and complicate this image, this chapter proposes a teaching model incorporating literature, film, and gender studies texts that accommodate strikingly divergent representations: Yanick Lahens’s Guillaume et Nathalie, Edwidge Danticat’s Claire of the Sea Light, and Roxane Gay’s An Untamed State; films Woch Na Soley and Poto Mitan: Haitian Women Pillars of the Global Economy; and essays from Gina Ulysse’s Why Haiti Needs New Narratives and Myriam Chancy’s Framing Silence: Revolutionary Novels by Haitian Women. Taken together these works help create a more dynamic picture that allows students to interrogate rigid notions of what it means to be a Haitian woman.
Teaching Haiti through the Work of Rodney Saint-Éloi, écrivain engagé
Authors: Thomas Bonnie
Published: May 2022

The French term engagement is generally understood to mean politically committed or involved. Many writers from the Caribbean can be considered to write littérature engagée, including Aimé Césaire (Martinique), who occupied the dual roles of poet and politician throughout his long life, and Edouard Glissant (also from Martinique), who consistently remarked upon the inextricability of poetry and politics. This chapter focuses on lesser-known Haitian poetry, and a writer whose work beautifully encapsulates the power of literary engagement. Rodney Saint-Eloi (b. 1963) is a distinguished Haitian poet and writer as well as the founder of the publishing houses Les Editions Mémoire in Port-au-Prince in 1991 and Mémoire d’encrier in Montreal, Canada, in 2003. Through a study of Saint-Eloi’s recent texts—including Haïti kenbe la (2010), the jointly edited Refonder Haïti? (2010) and Passion Haïti (2016)—this study provides insight into how to teach the politically involved and poetic nature of one of Haiti’s important writers.
Teaching Haitian Theater
Authors: Satyre Joubert
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights the importance of teaching theater in courses on Haitian literature at universities outside Haiti and offers suggestions for how to do so. It consists of three parts: the first two shed light on theatrical tradition in Haiti and on the revival of Haitian theater in the second half of the nineteenth century, respectively, while the third analyzes the play Bouqui au paradis (Bouqui in Paradise, 1967) by Franck Fouché. Bouqui and Malice, two characters from Haitian folktales, are depicted in this play. In Haitian culture, the former is constantly duped by his crafty ‶compère″. The play reproduces these traditional roles until the end, when Bouqui becomes aware of his situation and frees himself from the illusions invented by the trickster Malice to deceive him. Bouqui au paradis exemplifies Fouché’s dramaturgy: to create a modern Haitian theater inspired by popular culture, which shows that oppressed people can break free.
Rendering Haiti Visible in an Introductory American Studies Course
Authors: Langley Elizabeth
Published: May 2022

This chapter centers on teaching Haitian texts in dialogue in an introductory American Studies course. The class in question employs a keywords approach emphasizing language as a central construct and studies its intersections with a variety of terms pertinent to American Cultural Studies including ethnicity, race, class, gender, identity, and diaspora. Although the course considers many cultural spaces, there is a primary focus on Miami—as the city of instruction—and its cultures. Visibility and the discourse of exceptionalism inform curriculum choices. This chapter presents three class lessons along with their keywords and texts to analyze how particular texts considering Haitian/Haitian American experience work in conversation with other course texts. Thereby, the chapter also makes the case for the inclusion of Haitian and Haitian American texts in an introductory American Studies course.
Rethinking Latinx Studies from Hispaniola’s Borderlands
Authors: Ribó John
Published: May 2022

Transnational Hispaniola is a framework that re-evaluates Haiti and the Dominican Republic’s complex borderlands, at the crossroads of the Greater Antilles and at the heart of the emergence of modernity/coloniality in the Americas. This essay provides examples of how this transnational approach to Hispaniola rethinks Latinx Studies through close readings of an episode of Orange Is the New Black (2016) and Forget (2010), the debut album of Dominican American musician George Lewis, Jr., a.k.a. Twin Shadow. These competing visions of Dominicanness loosely correspond to prototypical responses to the Haitian Revolution and figure Haiti as the celebrated, vilified, or silenced other of Dominican blackness. They illustrate the necessity of including Haiti and its revolutionary history in Latinx Studies pedagogy to catalyze constructive discussions of ethnicity and race that cultivate inclusive representation, in syllabi, curricula, and scholarship, of Afro-Latinxs in general, and of Haitian Americans and Dominican Americans specifically. Teaching Haiti in Latinx Studies not only provides more historically nuanced and culturally specific understandings of racial formations across the islands of the Caribbean and their diasporas but also creates space for solidarity at a time when people of the African diaspora throughout the Americas are insisting, once again, that Black Lives Matter.
Between Resistance and Acquiescence
Authors: Biocca Mercedes
Published: May 2022

Over the past decade, the concept of “accumulation by dispossession” has become central to analyses of neoliberal transformations. However, the lack of attention paid to the role of the actors involved in these processes, especially the subaltern groups, presents challenges for the analysis of empirical processes. To overcome these limitations, this chapter proposes to study these processes through an approach centred on the “local rationalities” of subaltern groups (Nilsen and Cox, 2013). From that perspective and based on extensive fieldwork in two indigenous communities in the province of Chaco, Argentina—the Qom and Moqoit—this contribution discusses the multiple positions that members of these communities have adopted in relation to the model of industrial agriculture linked to the expansion of soybean cultivation and how in so doing they have given rise to a different process of rural transformation.
Infrastructures of Settler Colonialism
Authors: Correia Joel E.
Published: May 2022

Cattle ranching has transformed the Paraguayan Chaco in recent decades, now driving some of the world’s fastest rates of deforestation and (re)producing Indigenous dispossessions. This chapter traces the roots of ranching to early missionary efforts to establish settler colonies, practices that required dispossessing Enxet peoples of their lands then enrolling them as laborers to work the ranches. Bringing Indigenous studies scholarship into conversation with critical infrastructure studies, the chapter argues that settler colonialism—understood as a structure of social-spatial relations—is mediated through material objects (like fences) and embodied infrastructure (like labor). Re-working notions of “infrastructural violence,” the author moves beyond an analysis of oppressive systems to show that Enxet peoples are subverting the infrastructures of settler colonialism to advance their territorial claims. The work contributes to an emergent, if not under-theorized, aspect of the infrastructural turn—the material and symbolic relations of infrastructure and settler colonialism.
The Guaraní People’s Struggle for Indigenous Autonomy in Bolivia
Authors: Postero Nancy
Published: May 2022

This chapter takes up the case of Charagua, where indigenous Guaraní activists have won an important political victory, establishing their city as the country’s first indigenous autonomous municipality. The author shows how the Guaranís of Charagua are strategically using the rights established in the new constitution to move towards their long-term goal of reconstituting a Guaraní nation. For the Guaranís, decolonization is both an important goal and discourse and set of juridical tools they utilize in their own struggle for local autonomy. The chapter traces their pragmatic politics as they negotiate in the spaces between national, departmental, and local sovereignties. While still subsumed within the liberal nation-state, this new form of local government offers the first institutionalized vision of indigenous alternatives to liberalism.
Imagery in Motion
Authors: Lambert Shawn P.
Published: May 2022

This chapter advocates for a broader use of anthropological theory for the study of pre-Columbian imagery. The theoretical framework of object itineraries is used to investigate the circulation, transformation, and consequentiality of Spiro Engraved vessels across the Caddo landscape. Through tracing multiple itineraries of Spiro Engraved imagery, the findings reveal that meaning may have been much more fluid and dynamic. Readers are challenged to not only focus on the style and iconography of objects but to also conceptualize who created these objects, how and why they were used, where they were made and deposited, and how the meaning of imagery can change as they interact with various audiences through time and space.
San Juan del Puerto
Authors: Ashley Keith , Douberly-Gorman Rebecca
Published: May 2022

In 1587, Franciscan missionaries established San Juan del Puerto on present-day Fort George Island, Florida. Located immediately north of the St. Johns River, this Mocama mission lasted until its forced abandonment at the hands of British-sponsored slave raiders in 1702. The archaeological site of San Juan has been known since the 1950s. Drawing on the results of intermittent archaeological testing over the past 60 years, this chapter explores the layout of the mission community on Fort George Island. Information is presented on the potential location of the church, council house, and Indian village. Consideration is also given to the layout of other Mocama mission communities in northeastern Florida.
Mission San Damian de Escambe
Authors: Yarbrough Nicholas H.
Published: May 2022

Mission San Damian de Escambe was founded in 1639, after the chief of the village of Escambe, also known as Cupaica, was baptized in St. Augustine. It was home to hundreds of families during the peak of the mission period in Apalachee Province. In 1704, it was destroyed by forces marshalled by James Moore. The site was first identified by B. Calvin Jones in 1968 during a survey of proposed borrow pits slated for use in the construction of Interstate 10. In 2013, 8LE120 was investigated by BAR archaeologist Jerry Lee. This chapter re-examines both investigations and the resulting artifact assemblages to offer a more holistic interpretation of the site.
Exploring an Eighteenth-Century Refugee Mission in West Florida
Authors: Worth John E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a comprehensive synthesis of work related to locating Mission San Joseph de Escambe. In this chapter, Worth discusses finding and researching the mission, an up-to-date artifact analysis that includes all of his team’s work up to 2015, and other previously unpublished research on the mission site.
“With the Many Enemies That It Has”
Authors: Sheppard Jonathan
Published: May 2022

This chapter brings together multiple lines of evidence to shed light on the destruction of the Apalachee-Spanish Missions by the English. Sheppard weaves together historical documentation and archaeological data to elucidate the differing social, cultural, economic, political, and religious pressures and events that collided in the early eighteenth century. At that time the animosity between Apalachees (non-converted) and the Spanish, the global powers of Spain and England, and neighbouring Indigenous groups spilled over into the dispersed mission communities of La Florida, causing quick and permanent disruption to mission communities. This animosity eventually led to the abandonment and destruction of the missions and the emigration of the community members to other areas.
Urban Ecology for Citizens and Planners
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Ideal for city residents, developers, designers, and officials looking for ways to bring urban environments into harmony with the natural world and make cities more sustainable, Urban Ecology for Citizens and Planners offers a wealth of information and examples that will answer fundamental scientific questions, guide green initiatives, and inform environmental policies and decision-making processes.
This book provides an overview of the synergistic relationships between humans and nature that shape the ecology of urban green spaces. It also emphasizes the social and cultural value of nature in cities for human health and well-being. Chapters describe the basic science of natural components and ecosystems in urban areas and explore the idea of biophilic urbanism, the philosophy of building nature into the framework of cities. To illustrate these topics, chapters include projects, case studies, expert insights, and successful citizen science programs from urban areas around the world.
Authors Gail Hansen and Joseli Macedo argue that citizens have increasingly important roles to play in the environmental future of the cities they live in. A valuable resource for real-world solutions, this volume encourages citizens and planners to actively engage and collaborate in improving their communities and quality of life.
Urban Science Partners
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Partners in urban science include ordinary citizens, scientists, urban planners, and policy writers who represent the human dimension of ecology, including knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, for city planning policies. People with local historical knowledge have proven the value of citizen involvement in urban projects around the globe. Citizen science is a new and dynamic means for non-expert citizens to help scientists and governments create better communities through volunteering time toward research that contributes to policy and planning. Thousands of citizen science projects have been launched to collect data from natural and human-made environments, including information on plants, animals, water, air, and other natural phenomena. Citizen social science is a new domain of citizen science that blends natural and social science, including indigenous knowledge and personal experience, that enables citizens to participate in policy decisions.
Urban Green Spaces
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban green spaces contribute to the environmental and economic health of cities and human health and well-being. The challenge for cities is how and where to increase natural areas with limited usable land, high development costs, low maintenance budgets, and stakeholder conflicts. New approaches to nature-in-cities is cities-in-nature include cities in urban biosphere reserves and national park cities that encourage a regional view of sustainable development. Strategies for partnerships and project funding include making projects part of resilient city plans and showing multi-purpose, multi-cultural, city-wide impact. New ideas to increase green spaces include installing temporary mobile green spaces, building tiny parklets that provide green dots throughout the city, and repurposing old transportation corridors, such as the High Line Park in New York City, and other industrial sites for city parks and recreation.
Mitigating the Impact of Human Activities
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Many ecological, political, and economic programs are available to help cities become more sustainable and protect the urban environment. Resilient city planning practices include climate change adaptations, renewable energy technology, reducing urban sprawl, improving urban agriculture and native species use, and using self-sustaining, biophilic buildings. Goals and strategies for implementing these practices rely on citizens accepting responsibility with pro-environmental behaviors that mitigate destructive impacts from development and maintenance practices. Programs address issues such as pest and invasive plant management, and green industries best maintenance practices. Determining biological traits that enable invasive spread is a growing field in plant science for predicting if plants will become invasive.
Introduction
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: May 2022

Today we cannot imagine world or global history without acknowledging a Eurasian or even an Afro-Eurasian exchange reaching back to ancient silk roads. The sea silk route is also institutionally celebrated. But just as new evidence revealed by marine and other archaeological discovery in the previous few decades has fed into new scholarship, so in this book we seek to read out new interpretations of the premodern sea silk road literally connecting Rome with China. With interconnectivity and exchange at its heart, it is an approach that appreciates the pivotal place of the sea passages linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Still, even the best resourced and researched history is ultimately mediated through subjective experience and so are geographies and even sailings. Guided in our discussion by Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) and Benedict Anderson’s (1983), concept of “imagined communities,” still we are alert to the truism that alongside political-ideological conquest there was also considerable flux and borrowing in this premodern age.
The Village at the End of the World: Ecologies of Urbanism in Climate Crisis Imaginaries
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines two different normative imaginaries of life in the Sundarban region straddling Bangladesh and West Bengal in the time of climate change. One imaginary embraces the primacy of forms of life including shrimp aquaculture and middle-class tourism from nearby cities, while the other values agrarian livelihoods of existing rural populations. The tension between these two imaginaries is brought to the fore in narratives of climate change adaptation through urbanization and export-led growth. I investigate these tensions through the experience of migrants from rural coastal Bangladesh to peri-urban Kolkata. The chapter thus illuminates different understandings of ecological gain, loss, and threats, and how some are brought more fully to life, while other risk death and demise, in the climate changed present and future.
The Death and Life of Urban Ecological Commons in Taipei
Authors: Sugimoto Tomonori
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the death and life of what I call urban ecological commons in the city of Taipei, Taiwan. Taipei is filled with public lands like riverbanks and hillsides where marginalized people can ignore questions of property ownership to work with land, acquire food items like plants, and even alleviate a sense of alienation in the city. Despite their importance to some urban dwellers, urban ecological commons are quickly disappearing in the city, due to massive development projects and state-led greening of the city in the last few decades. Focusing on indigenous Austronesian migrants to the city who remain marginalized in Taiwanese society and Taipei, this chapter shows how native people’s relations to urban ecological commons have been challenged by displacement and urban renewal, but also linger and persist—highlighting the death and life of nature which is central to this edited book volume.
Making Land Out of Water: Ecologies of Urbanism, Property, and Loss
Authors: Gururani Shubhra
Published: May 2022

Amid extensive urbanization and growing weather emergencies, this paper directs its attention to the changing politics of ecology in India’s urbanizing frontiers. I focus on the city of Gurgaon, where over a hundred water bodies have disappeared in two decades, and track the life and death of one lake, Ghata Jheel. I draw on ethnographic fieldwork and engage first with the challenge of mapping a water body and argue that there is nothing natural about disappearing lakes or urban ecologies at large. I then describe the imbrications of land and water in an arid terrain and show how in this moment of urban transformation the overlapping processes of property making, urban planning, speculation, and ecological restoration erase, obscure, and remake local ecologies. Finally, I emphasize the urgent need to take local hydrologies and geologies as well as the uneven social-political terrain of caste and class into consideration to ensure cities of tomorrow are livable and equitable.
Concrete Ecology: Covering and Discovering Saigon’s Ecology in a Time of Floods
Authors: Harms Erik
Published: May 2022

Across the Saigon River from Ho Chi Minh City’s Central Business District, a large-scale New Urban Zone is being built on heavily engineered land requisitioned from thousands of dispossessed households. Before the project began, neighborhoods at the site were nestled within tidal wetlands and verdant waterways. The neighborhoods have since been demolished and the wetlands filled to accommodate the New Urban Zone. Despite the radical transformation of the site’s wetland ecology, architects and planners charged with designing the project claim to have discovered the southern Vietnamese ecosystem. They also highlight the purported sustainability of the project, even though it entails covering large expanses of that ecosystem in concrete. This chapter discusses the tension between discovering ecology and covering it up. In the process, it contrasts a pseudo-scientific language of sustainability and ecology project designers use to justify the project with peer-reviewed urban science and local knowledge about Saigon’s riverine ecology.
Keeping Pace with the Foodshed in Hangzhou
Authors: Merrifield Caroline
Published: May 2022

As urban Hangzhou rapidly expands into its rural hinterlands, it transforms the agrarian landscapes that sustain it. This chapter is an ethnographic investigation of Hangzhou’s changing “foodshed,” from the point of view of the procurement agents who supply a farm-to-table restaurant in the city’s scenic West Lake District. In this context, the lives and deaths of nonhuman natures are a matter of unstable perspective: former productive farm fields have ghostly afterlives in the present urban core, while reanimated spaces of “wild” nature can be deathly for vibrant human communities. My findings in Hangzhou underline the crucial significance of agrarian environments within the ecologies of urbanism framework. Agrarian landscapes unsettle analytic binaries between human and non-human natures. At the same time, human-centric conceptions of agrarian “nature” provide critical insights about the tempo and meaning of unfolding urban transformations.
Becoming China: Feminine Sovereignty in the Beginning of Modern Time
Authors: Shih Chih-yu
Published: May 2022

Pursuing sovereignty for an imagined Chinese state can enlist assistance from established sovereign states only if it satisfies the feminine image. The China reproduced under these cognitive and affective restraints has a dependent, permeable sovereignty. Strong patriotism mobilized in support of the identity of sovereign China, or the sense of superiority based upon a thousand-year-old celestial and civilizational discourse, can only beget a conquering mood and invite intervention from the established sovereign world. This irony remains, however: the pretension of being a sovereign China did not allow it to become a permanently dependent state, while identical efforts to convert that image merely invited further offense from the West and self-alienation from within.
An Exotic City: A Relational Theory of Gender as Social Site
Authors: Shih Chih-yu
Published: May 2022

IR theories have not fully considered gender as a national role, a post-Western site, or a relational strategy. This chapter considers these dimensions. Specifically, it explores how the city of Shanghai attempted to enhance its attraction by promoting the image of Shanghai women in cheongsam. In practice, cheongsam is a metaphoric identity for a postcolonial population to encounter and assimilate arriving cultures. The cheongsam wearer can fulfil the respective desires of all incoming forces through Shanghai’s own self-romanticizing exoticness. The metaphor of cheongsam reflects the strategy of Shanghai, not to claim any substantive difference in its identity but, rather, to recombine cultural varieties and entertain its citizens as well as international visitors.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper James
Published: May 2022

On the day of Ronald Reagan’s inauguration as president of the United States (1981–1989), the new president spoke with Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister (1979–1990), about her upcoming visit to Washington, DC, the following month. Reagan commented: “I look forward to talking to you on international issues … as well as the economic problems we face.”...
Before Power, 1969–1980
Authors: Cooper James
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on Reagan and Thatcher before they won power. It shows how Reagan furthered his credentials as a presidential candidate with his four visits to Britain between 1969 and 1978. Likewise, it highlights Thatcher’s visits to the United States in 1975 and 1977, and meetings with U.S. presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter, which afforded her the opportunity to downplay her inexperience in foreign affairs and claim American support for her polices that legitimized her leadership of the Conservative Party and, ultimately, the United Kingdom.
Reelections, 1983–1984
Authors: Cooper James
Published: May 2022

The fourth chapter encompasses the period 1983-84, including topics such as the U.S. invasion of Grenada and Irish-American reaction to Thatcher’s approach to the ‘Troubles’ in Northern Ireland. Economic issues such as the U.S. budgetary deficit and civil aviation are shown to be on-going concerns for Thatcher, much to the chagrin of Reagan’s aides. This chapter also reveals that for Reagan, visits to the United Kingdom were an invaluable opportunity to be seen at home to be cultivating support for his security policies with key Western allies. For instance, footage of his visit to the G7 in London and the D-Day commemorative events provided invaluable material for his re-election campaign in 1984.
The Governor’s Daughter
Authors: Ritchie Donald A. , Birdwhistell Terry L.
Published: May 2022

Follows Bess Clements Abell's life from her childhood in Morganfield, Kentucky through college. Abell and her childhood friend share memories of their youth that included the Great Depression and World War II. As the governor's daughter, Abell did not enjoy high school in the small community of Frankfort, Kentucky and was sent to boarding school in Nashville. She would later graduate college from the University of Kentucky.
White House Impresario
Authors: Ritchie Donald A. , Birdwhistell Terry L.
Published: May 2022

Bess Abell and her colleagues discuss the difficulties involved in developing invitation lists for White House events as well as seating assignments at State Dinners. Events also often required that she secure appropriate entertainment. Abell recalls some of the near catastrophes at White House events, while working for a particularly demanding president.
In Time of War and Protest
Authors: Ritchie Donald A. , Birdwhistell Terry L.
Published: May 2022

As opposition to the Vietnam War grew, especially in the arts and literary communities, Bess Abell found it increasingly difficult to keep politics and protests away from White House social events. This became especially apparent during the tumultuous Festival for the Arts. In her interviews, Bess recounts her strategies for dealing with such challenges.
Part of the Family
Authors: Ritchie Donald A. , Birdwhistell Terry L.
Published: May 2022

Bess Abell discusses in detail what it was like working so closely with the Johnson family. She also recalls working with Mrs. Johnson on her beautification project and anti-poverty work. She also played a role in President Johnson's decision that only American, not French wines would be served at White House dinners.
Hunting in the Trenches
Authors: Caramello Charles
Published: May 2022

British military writers typically championed foxhunting (or "riding to hounds") as ideal preparation for cavalry service—an idea that retained its vitality after the Boer War but became a nostalgic trope following the Great War. Chapter 5, "Hunting in the Trenches," compares and contrasts British foxhunting with trench warfare, as explored in two semi-autobiographical works of fiction by the Great War poet and memoirist Siegfried Sassoon: Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man (1928) and Memoirs of an Infantry Officer (1932). The chapter contends, one, that Sassoon invoked military writers who advised current and future cavalry officers to hunt in order to enhance both field skills and leadership qualities, and two, that he, in the end, ambiguously affirmed while reproving that advice.
Guide to SOPHIA Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. & Jilin Province University-Industry Collaborative Education Program 2022
Authors: LI Changkui
Published: May 2022

In 2022, SOPHIA Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. will support the Jilin Province University-Industry Collaborative Education Program, and set up a total of 230 projects in 8 categories.
High‐powered group calls on HHS to negate SAMHSA's $75 CM limit
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2022

This month, icons of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and policy, namely, Mady Chalk, Ph.D. MSW,; H. Westley Clark, M.D., J.D.; Carol McDaid; Richard A. Rawson, Ph.D.; and Sarah A. Wattenberg wrote to Xavier Becerra, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), calling for implementation of contingency management (CM) for SUD treatment.
Perovskite Mediated Vibronic Coupling of Semiconducting SERS for Biosensing
Authors: Man Tiantian , Lai Wei , Zhu Changfeng , Shen Xizhong , Zhang Wenxiao , Bao Qinye , Chen Jinquan , Wan Ying , Pei Hao , Li Li
Published: May 2022

Improving charge transfer efficiency via vibronic coupling is vital to the performance of semiconducting surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Previous attempts have focused on defects‐based metastable‐state assisted band structure matching strategy to enhance vibronic coupling. However, defect‐related charge transfer transitions can be easily deteriorated due to enhanced phonon‐assisted relaxation upon continuous laser irradiation. Herein, perovskite‐based steady‐state assisted band structure matching strategy is proposed to enhance vibronic coupling within perovskite‐molecule charge transfer complex, leading to remarkable Raman enhancement up to 5.9 × 106. Particularly, vibronic coupling can be modulated by tuning valence band position and introducing ultrathin Au coating, which allows selective enhancement of molecules with different band structures, including narrow‐bandgap molecules and wide‐bandgap molecules. Importantly, based on intrinsically stable conduction band and valence band states, this system achieves ultrahigh photostability, preserving 91.3% of the original intensity after 50 000 s of irradiation. This system also provides an outstanding tool for trace molecular detection, allowing sensitive and selective identification of 9 types of gastric cancer related aldehydes, which enables distinguishing the breath of gastric cancer patients from healthy controls with a discriminatory accuracy of 81.09%. This study is anticipated to shed new light into the future strategy design of efficient and stable semiconducting SERS.
Towards Low Cost and Sustainable Thin Film Thermoelectric Devices Based on Quaternary Chalcogenides
Authors: Isotta Eleonora , Andrade‐Arvizu Jacob , Syafiq Ubaidah , Jiménez‐Arguijo Alex , Navarro‐Güell Alejandro , Guc Maxim , Saucedo Edgardo , Scardi Paolo
Published: May 2022

A major challenge in thermoelectrics (TEs) is developing devices made of sustainable, abundant, and non‐toxic materials. Furthermore, the technological drive toward low sizes makes crucial the study of nano and micro configurations. In this work, thin film TE devices based on p‐type Cu2+xZn1‐xSnS4 and Cu2+xZn1‐xSnSe4, and n‐type AlyZn1‐yO are fabricated by physical vapor deposition. The kesterite phases show good purity and promising TE power factor, likely enhanced by the copper–zinc order–disorder transition. Thin film generators in planar configuration are assembled by a sequential deposition of the p‐type, n‐type, and contact materials. The power per unit planar area reaches 153 and 279 nW cm−2 for the sulphur‐ and selenium‐based generators, respectively. These values significantly outperform any other literature attempt based on sustainable and low‐cost thin films. Furthermore, if compared with traditional TEs often made of scarce and toxic materials, these devices offer a cost reduction above 80%. This allows reaching comparable values of power density per unit material cost, representing a first real step toward the development of sustainable and non‐toxic thin film TE devices. These can find applications in micro energy harvesters, microelectronics coolers, and temperature controllers for wearables, medical appliances, and sensors for the internet of things.
Nacre‐Inspired Nanocomposite Films with Enhanced Mechanical and Barrier Properties by Self‐Assembly of Poly(Lactic Acid) Coated Mica Nanosheets
Authors: Han Zi‐Meng , Li De‐Han , Yang Huai‐Bin , Zhao Yu‐Xiang , Yin Chong‐Han , Yang Kun‐Peng , Liu Hao‐Cheng , Sun Wen‐Bin , Ling Zhang‐Chi , Guan Qing‐Fang , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: May 2022

Developing biodegradable materials such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising strategy to reduce the reliance on non‐degradable plastics and the accumulation of those wastes. However, the fabrication of high‐performance biodegradable films which integrate excellent mechanical and barrier properties remains a major challenge. To address this problem, the “brick and mortar” structure, one of the most effective biomimetic models, is introduced to improve the comprehensive properties of materials. Here, a PLA‐assisted exfoliation and dispersion method to prepare the PLA coated mica nanosheets (Nano‐mica/PLA) from a natural mineral phlogopite is presented. By introducing the sheer force assembly, a kind of nacre‐inspired nanocomposite film with the “brick and mortar” structure can be fabricated. Such a nacre‐inspired nanocomposite film shows excellent mechanical properties, UV‐shielding, and gas barrier properties. The overall performance of the nacre‐inspired nanocomposite film is superior to commercial plastic films, which will allow it possible to break a path for practical applications of PLA in the field of packaging.
Printed Kirigami Organic Photovoltaics for Efficient Solar Tracking
Authors: Li Yaxing , Chang Kai , Chang Jingyu , Yu Boyang , Liu Linna , Liu Bingyang , Zhao Xinyan , Deng Weiwei
Published: May 2022

The rapid surge in the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) calls for a simple and efficient solar tracking strategy to maintain normal incidence of light and fully use the solar energy. Here this study proposes a new solar tracking approach based on kirigami by taking the advantage of the paper‐like OPVs made on flexible substrates. The kirigami pattern is judicially designed to form three separate regions of beams, hinges, and devices. The stretching force is applied to beams, which cause out‐of‐plane deformation of the hinges, rotating the device connected to the hinges and maintaining nearly 100% optical coupling efficiency. Electrospray is used to print active layers on the pre‐cut kirigami substrates. The all‐printed kirigami OPVs achieve the highest PCE of 14.15%. Large‐area kirigami OPVs (0.62 cm2) demonstrate PCEs up to 10.19%. The kirigami OPVs are mechanically robust, showing no appreciable decrease in performance after a 20 000‐cycle stretching. This kirigami structure provides possibilities to customize the shapes of the device region to achieve more functions such as ventilation and decoration. The kirigami OPVs show satisfactory PCEs, effective solar tracking and versatile design possibilities, powerfully demonstrating the thin, light and flexible feature of OPVs.
Highly Efficient Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Rational Molecular Design and Device Engineering
Authors: Mamada Masashi , Katagiri Hiroshi , Chan Chin‐Yiu , Lee Yi‐Ting , Goushi Kenichi , Nakanotani Hajime , Hatakeyama Takuji , Adachi Chihaya
Published: May 2022

There is increasing interest in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in materials, and to understand its mechanism in the excited state dynamics. Recent challenges include color purity, efficient deep‐blue emission, fast exciton decay lifetimes, high reverse intersystem crossing rates (kRISC), low‐efficiency roll‐off in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), and long device lifetimes. Here, a series of compounds having benzonitrile and carbazole rings are examined, that provide a detailed understanding of the excited states, and a guideline for high‐performance TADF. A dense alignment of the excited states with several different characters within a small energy range results in high kRISC of >2 × 106 s−1, while maintaining radiative rate constants (kr) >107 s−1. OLEDs based on the optimum compound exhibit a low‐efficiency roll‐off and a CIEy (y color coordinate of Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage) <0.4. TADF‐assisted fluorescence (TAF) OLED exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency of 22.4% with CIE coordinates (0.13,0.15). This work also provides insights for device engineering and molecular designs.