bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharing Semantic Territorial Interpretation
Authors: Voghera Angioletta , La Riccia Luigi
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the theme of collaborative construction of territorial knowledge through the use of ICTs, proposing a new approach to spatial representation based on semantic ontologies. The theoretical perspective is applied in a recent experimentation conducted in collaboration between the Politecnico di Torino and the Università degli Studi di Torino, called OnToMap – Community Maps 3.0. The chapter is divided into two parts. The first part aims to define the theoretical framework of collaborative mapping practices and VGI, social semantic mapping, GIScience, and Web 3.0 applications, specifying which approach to participation is assumed as conceptual background. The second part focuses on the web-based application OnToMap, which relies on a territorial ontology for encourage construction of collective and shared knowledge of places. The chapter ends with a reflection on semantic and cartographic representation of urban space and its potential in terms of citizen empowerment.
Applications of Decision-Support Systems in Sociotechnical Systems
Authors: Shmelova Tetiana , Sikirda Yuliya
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, the authors present conceptual models of decision support systems (DSS) and Expert systems (ES) for Human-Operator (H-O) of Air Navigation System (ANS), such as air traffic controller (ATC) in flight emergencies, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) operator, Safety Management System (SMS), etc. The authors made an analysis of the International civil aviation organization (ICAO) documents on risk assessment and the impact of the social environment on the aviation system. Automated system of pre-flight information preparation with intelligent module for support the decision making (DM) about aircraft departure are presented and program realization of systems are shown. The authors obtained algorithm of determining the optimal aerodrome for the forced landing of aircraft is provided. Expert systems of aviation enterprise's estimation were developed. Inhomogeneous factors of internal and external management environment of aviation enterprise were generalized using set-theoretical approach. This gave possibilities to define that the level of safety of aviation activity has the greatest influence among factors of internal environment and global economic situation – among factors of external environment. The authors demonstrate some interesting applications of DM in Socio-Technical Systems (STS). The DSS for H-O of ANS in the emergency situational were developed. Examples of DSS: DSS of ATC in the emergency situational; the flight dispatcher's DSS; DSS of UAV's operator, etc. In addition, the chapter presents some cases of DSS developed by the authors and colleagues at National Aviation University, Ukraine.
Alternative Methods for Developing and Assessing the Accuracy of UAV-Derived DEMs
Authors: Wiseman Dion J. , van der Sluijs Jurjen
Published: April 2019

Digital terrain models are invaluable datasets that are frequently used for visualizing, modeling, and analyzing Earth surface processes. Accurate models covering local scale landscape features are often very expensive and have poor temporal resolution. This research investigates the utility of UAV acquired imagery for generating high resolution terrain models and provides a detailed accuracy assessment according to recommended protocols. High resolution UAV imagery was acquired over a localized dune complex in southwestern Manitoba, Canada and two alternative workflows were evaluated for extracting point clouds. UAV-derived data points were then compared to reference data sets acquired using mapping grade GPS receivers and a total station. Results indicated that the UAV imagery was capable of producing dense point clouds and high resolution terrain models with mean errors as low as -0.15 m and RMSE values of 0.42 m depending on the resolution of the image dataset and workflow employed.
Intellectual Property Protection Strategy Under the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Zhang Yong
Published: April 2019

After the belt and road initiative was put forward, the relevant domestic regions responded positively and carried out research work in succession, making suggestions for the implementation and planning of the belt and road initiative. However, the relevant research work mainly focuses on the political, economic, and cultural problems existing in the implementation of the belt and road initiative. The research on intellectual property protection issues has rarely been reported. By analyzing the intellectual property environment both of domestic and international in which the belt and road initiative located, this chapter focuses on the intellectual property protection strategy in the implementation of the belt and road initiative, aiming at providing reference for intellectual property research under the belt and road initiative.
Making Use of Geographic Advantage
Authors: Zhou Ping , Zhang Zhanwen , Sun Siwei
Published: April 2019

The “One Belt One Road” strategy has been fully implemented since 2016, and the unlimited potential of Macau needs to be developed. The excellent geographic location enables Macau to be a significant geographic node on the maritime silk route; the internalized business regulation and advantages in talent enables Macau to be a significant regulation node of system ensuring the operation of the policy “One Belt One Road”; the advantages in political aspect enables Macau to be a significant financial node of the process of “One Belt One Road” financing and management.
Impact of Informational Characteristics of the Recruitment Website on Graduating Students' Job Pursuit Intention
Authors: Priyadarshini Chetna , Sreejesh S.  , Jha Rajneesh Ranjan
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this article is to examine the dimensionalities, mechanisms, and the conditions under which information characteristics of the corporate employment website influence job seekers' job pursuit intention and recommendation intention. Drawing on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework, the data collected from 181 active job seekers posit that the effects of information characteristics, such as information relevancy, information accuracy, and information timeliness on organizational attractiveness are mediated by job seekers' attitudes towards the website, which in turn direct to create job pursuit intention and intention to recommend. Furthermore, it is also postulated that the relationship between the above-said characteristics and attitude towards the website is moderated by the perceived privacy concern of the job seekers. In addition, the article results also supported that the relationship between job seekers' website attitude and organizational attractiveness is moderated by perceived organizational reputation.
A Novel Multi-Layer Classification Ensemble Approach for Location Prediction of Social Users
Authors: Hussain Ahsan , Keshavamurthy Bettahally N. , Wazarkar Seema
Published: April 2019

Information-disclosure by social-users has increased enormously. Using this information for accurate location-prediction is challenging. Thus, a novel Multi-Layer Ensemble Classification scheme is proposed. It works on un-weighted/weighted majority voting, using novel weight-assignment function. Base learners are selected based on their individual performances for training the model. Main motive is to develop an efficient approach for check-ins-based location-classification of social-users. The proposed model is implemented on Foursquare datasets where a classification accuracy of 94% is achieved, which is higher than other state-of-the-art techniques. Apart from tracking locations of social-users, proposed framework can be useful for detecting malicious users present in various expert and intelligent-system.
The Features of a High-Temperature Synthesis of ZrO2 in a Core-Shell ZrO2@C Structure
Authors: Volodin Alexander M. , Stoyanovskii Vladimir O. , Zaykovskii Vladimir I. , Kenzhin Roman M. , Vedyagin Aleksey A.
Published: April 2019

Zirconium oxide was obtained via traditional precipitation from a ZrOCl2 solution with ammonia followed by drying at 110 °C. The carbon-coated samples were synthesized by calcination of the pristine zirconia mixed with polyvinylalcohol. The obtained ZrO2@C samples of core-shell structure as well as the reference samples of pristine zirconia were calcined at different temperatures from 500 to 1400 °C. All the materials were examined by a set of physicochemical methods (a low-temperature argon adsorption, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, photoluminescence spectroscopy). It was found that the carbon coating prevents the sintering of the oxide nanoparticles, which allows one to maintain the specific surface area, the size of the oxide core and, finally, stabilize its phase composition. Transformation of the cubic phase into monoclinic phase becomes significantly complicated. Thus, 40% of the cubic phase was detected even after calcination of the ZrO2@C sample at 1400 °C. Moreover, the carbon-coated samples treated at elevated temperatures with subsequent removal of the carbon shell were found to possess the highest concentration of the defects related to a presence of the anion vacancies in zirconia.
Preparation of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Crosslinked-Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric Detection of Analytes
Authors: Wikantyasning Erindyah Retno , Mutmainnah Mutmainnah , Ramadhan Ghiyats , Cholisoh Zakky , Da'i Muhammad
Published: April 2019

The aims of this study are to synthesize and characterize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) crosslinked by pH-responsive polymer poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and its application for detection of some analytes in herbal medicine product. In this study, a pH-responsive polymer, poly (acrylic acid) was prepared by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method. The polymer was then cross-linked by gold nanoparticles, which was synthesized by the Turkevich method. The response of the AuNPs-crosslinked PAA was observed by the color change from red to blue at a specific pH (4-5) and was characterized by TEM. The reversible color change was resulted from aggregation and disaggregation of the AuNPs due to the shrinking and swelling of the polymer when different pH was introduced as a stimulant. This sensor has the capability of recognizing analytes such as aspirin and tolbutamide added in the herbal medicine product at the concentration of 0.04-0.05 M.
Influence of Carbon Black Pore Former on the Synthesis of LSM-YSZ Composite Electrode Material via Solid-State Reaction and Glycine-Nitrate Process
Authors: Benipayo Ariana B. , Cervera Rinlee Butch M.
Published: April 2019

Utilizing two different synthesis methods, solid-state reaction and glycine-nitrate process, composite lanthanum strontium manganite and yttria-stabilized zirconia (LSM-YSZ) powders were prepared. The powders were then mixed with 0, 5, and 10 wt% carbon black nanosized pore former and pressed into 10mm diameter pellets then sintered at 1150 °C for 5 hours. The pellet composition and microstructure were investigated using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and their density and open porosity were measured using the Archimedes principle. The resulting microstructure of the composite pellets obtained using the two fabrication methods and different pore former weight percentages were studied and compared. It was found that the addition of 5 wt% carbon black pore former yields about 40% desired open porosity, and synthesis via GNP results to finer and more evenly distributed LSM and YSZ particles.
Laser Based Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V: A Comparison of LENS and Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Arthur Nana K.K.
Published: April 2019

The laser engineered net shaping (LENS) system was used for the laser based manufacturing of a test geometry used to assess the performance of additive manufacturing systems. This system was preferred over a selective laser melting (SLM) system due to certain inherent benefits that would promote the manufacture of the test geometry where the SLM system had failed due to part delamination. The test geometry was successfully manufactured on the LENS system and machined to produce test specimen for mechanical testing and microstructural evaluation. Investigations revealed that the α-β lamellar microstructure was formed via in situ martensitic decomposition of the α’ structure. This resulted in promising yield and tensile strengths in excess of 900 MPa and high tensile elongation up to 13%.
Differential Sensitivity to IL-12 Drives Sex-Specific Differences in the CD8+ T Cell Response to Infection
Authors: Yee Mon Kristel Joy , Goldsmith Elizabeth , Watson Neva B , Wang Jocelyn , Smith Norah L , Rudd Brian D
Published: April 2019

It is well known that males and females respond differently to intracellular pathogens. Females mount a more robust immune response than males, which decreases their susceptibility to infection but comes at the cost of increasing immunopathology. However, the underlying basis for sex-specific differences in the CD8+ T cell response to infection remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that female CD8+ T cells have an intrinsic propensity to become short-lived effectors, whereas male CD8+ T cells give rise to more memory precursor effector cells after murine infection with either a virus (vaccinia virus) or bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes). Interestingly, we found that the propensity of female CD8+ T cells to form short-lived effectors is not because they respond to lower amounts of cognate Ag but rather because they have an enhanced capacity to respond to IL-12, which facilitates more effector cell differentiation at each round of cell division. Our findings provide key insights into the sex-based immunological differences that underlie variations in the susceptibility to infection in males and females.
Haliplidae, Noteridae, Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) from Gabon (12th part). Moukalaba - Doudou National Park (mission 2014) and in an area North of the Park
Authors: Bilardo Armando , Rocchi Saverio
Published: April 2019

This work concerns the Coleoptera Hydradephaga collected in several sites of the Moukalaba - Doudou National Park and in external zone North of the Park. In the Park 107 species have been collected, 109 species in external zone. The Authors describe 7 new species of Dytiscidae: Hydrovatus rigatoi n. sp. (confossus group) chiefly distinguishable for shape of penis; Bidessus mboyei n. sp. (sharpi group, ovoideus subgroup) close to B. ovoideus Régimbart, 1895 and B. seydeli Biström, 1885, distinguishable for smaller size and for shape of penis; Clypeodytes acutipenis n. sp. close to C. densepunctatus Biström, 1988, distinguishable for apex of penis clearly pointed; Laccophilus sinuosipenis n. sp. (deceptor group) close to L. bizonatus Régimbart, 1895, distinguishable for sinuous shape of penis; Laccophilus cianferonii n. sp. (deceptor group) close to L. bilardoi Pederzani and Rocchi, 1982, chiefly distinguishable for shape of penis; Copelatus bapounouensis n. sp. (erichsonii group, atrosulcatus subgroup) close to C. ellai Bilardo and Rocchi, 1995, chiefly distinguishable for shape of penis; Copelatus gigas n. sp. (erichsonii group, vigintisulcatus subgroup) close to C. fasciatus Bilardo and Rocchi, 1995, chiefly distinguishable for large size and for shape of penis. Moreover some observations concerning the ecology and data about the distribution of several species are provided.
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Rickettsia and Leptospira Infection in Four Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru
Authors: Salmon-Mulanovich Gabriela , Simons Mark P. , Flores-Mendoza Carmen , Loyola Steev , Silva María , Kasper Matthew , Rázuri Hugo R. , Canal Luis Enrique , Leguia Mariana , Bausch Daniel G. , Richards Allen L.
Published: April 2019

Rickettsia and Leptospira spp. are under-recognized causes of acute febrile disease worldwide. Rickettsia species are often placed into the spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) and typhus group rickettsiae (TGR). We explored the antibody prevalence among humans for these two groups of rickettsiae in four regions of Peru (Lima, Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, and Tumbes) and for Leptospira spp. in Puerto Maldonado and Tumbes. We also assessed risk factors for seropositivity and collected serum samples and ectoparasites from peri-domestic animals from households in sites with high human seroprevalence. In total, we tested 2,165 human sera for antibodies (IgG) against SFGR and TGR by ELISA and for antibodies against Leptospira by a microscopic agglutination test. Overall, human antibody prevalence across the four sites was 10.6% for SFGR (ranging from 6.2% to 14.0%, highest in Tumbes) and 3.3% for TGR (ranging from 2.6% to 6.4%, highest in Puerto Maldonado). Factors associated with seroreactivity against SFGR were male gender, older age, contact with backyard birds, and working in agriculture or with livestock. However, exposure to any kind of animal within the household decreased the odds ratio by half. Age was the only variable associated with higher TGR seroprevalence. The prevalence of Leptospira was 11.3% in Puerto Maldonado and 5.8% in Tumbes, with a borderline association with keeping animals in the household. We tested animal sera for Leptospira and conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Rickettsia species among ectoparasites collected from domestic animals in 63 households of seropositive participants and controls. We did not find any association between animal infection and human serostatus.
Laminar Burning Velocities of High-Performance Fuels Relevant to the Co-Optima Initiative
Authors: Kim Gihun , Almansour Bader , Park Suhyeon , Terracciano Anthony , Vasu Subith , Zhang Kuiwen , Wagnon Scott , Pitz William
Published: April 2019

Laminar burning velocity (LBV) measurements are reported for promising high-performance fuels selected as drop-in transportation fuels to automotive grade gasoline as part of the United States Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines Initiative (Co-Optima). LBV measurements were conducted for ethanol, methyl acetate, and 2-methylfuran with synthetic air (79.0 % N2 and 21.0 % O2 by volume) within a constant-volume spherical combustion rig. Mixture initial temperature was fixed at 428±4 K, with the corresponding initial pressure of 1.00±0.02 atm. Current LBV of ethanol is in good agreement with literature data. LBV of ethanol and 2-methylfuran showed similar values over the range of equivalence ratios, while methyl acetate exhibited an LBV significantly lower over the range of tested equivalence ratios. The maximum laminar burning velocity occurred at slightly richer equivalence ratio from the stoichiometric value for all fuels tested. LBV data were compared to simulations by chemical kinetic mechanisms. The predicted LBVs of ethanol and methyl acetate were in reasonable agreement with data, however, those for 2-methlyfuran were slightly under-predicted. Current data will serve as valuable validation targets for future chemical kinetic mechanisms for Co-Optima fuels.
Further Experimental Investigation of Motored Engine Friction Using Shunt Pipe Method
Authors: Caruana Carl , Farrugia Mario , Sammut Gilbert , Pipitone Emiliano
Published: April 2019

Mechanical friction is a significant power dissipater in the internal combustion engine. In the effort of designing more efficient and less pollutant engines, friction reduction is certainly on the agenda to be investigated. Such investigation cannot be possible without an accurate measurement of the same quantity. This publication regards a continued study on the mechanical friction determination in an internal combustion engine using the Pressurised Motoring Method. In this work, the friction mean effective pressure of a four-cylinder compression ignition engine was investigated with varying engine speed and manifold pressurisation, using a dedicated high precision sensor for the correct determination of the cylinder Top Dead Centre position. Two different measurement sessions were carried out; in the first, air was employed as pressurisation medium, testing 32 different setpoints; in the second, instead, with the aim to test the effect of the variation of thermochemical properties of fluids on the thermodynamic loss angle, Argon was used in place of air in 18 different setpoints. In the motored condition it is widely accepted that the brake torque is a measure of the losses of the engine and therefore has to be supplied by the driver, in our case the AC motor. The 2000 rpm region was explored with the aim to investigate the high motoring brake torque observed in a previous work from the same authors [1]. An investigation of the volumetric efficiency effect on motoring brake torque is also presented in the paper. Values of IMEP, BMEP, FMEP, peak in-cylinder pressure, loss angle and other parameters are given. The loss angle measured at each setpoint using the TDC sensor is compared with the loss angle evaluated by the use of two thermodynamic methods developed by Stas’ [2] and Pipitone [3].
Relative importance of gas uptake on aerosol and ground surfaces characterized by equivalent uptake coefficients
Authors: Li Meng , Su Hang , Li Guo , Ma Nan , Pöschl Ulrich , Cheng Yafang
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Quantifying the relative importance of gas uptake on the ground and aerosol surfaces helps to determine which processes should be included in atmospheric chemistry models. Gas uptake by aerosols is often characterized by an effective uptake coefficient (γeff), whereas gas uptake on the ground is usually described by a deposition velocity (Vd). For efficient comparison, we introduce an equivalent uptake coefficient (γeqv) at which the uptake flux of aerosols would equal that on the ground surface. If γeff is similar to or larger than γeqv, aerosol uptake is important and should be included in atmospheric models. In this study, we compare uptake fluxes in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) for different reactive trace gases (O3, NO2, SO2, N2O5, HNO3, H2O2), aerosol types (mineral dust, soot, organic aerosol, sea salt aerosol), environments (urban, agricultural land, Amazon forest, water body), seasons, and mixing heights. For all investigated gases, γeqv ranges from 10−6 ~ 10−4 in polluted urban environments to 10−4 ~ 10−1 under pristine forest conditions. In urban areas, aerosol uptake is relevant for all species (γeff ≥ γeqv) and should be considered in models. On the contrary, contributions of aerosol uptakes in Amazon forest are minor compared to the dry deposition. Phase state of aerosols could be one of the crucial factors influencing the uptake rates. Current models tend to underestimate the O3 uptake on liquid organic aerosols which can be important especially over regions with γeff ≥ γeqv. H2O2 uptakes on a variety of aerosols is yet to be measured at laboratory and evaluated. Given the fact that most models have considered their uptakes on the ground surface, we suggest also considering the N2O5 uptake by all types of aerosols, HNO3 and H2O2 uptakes by mineral dust, O3 uptake by liquid organic aerosols and NO2, SO2, HNO3 uptakes by sea salt aerosols in atmospheric models.
Effect of dry or wet substrate deposition on the organic volume fraction of core–shell aerosol particles
Authors: Lee Hansol D. , Kaluarachchi Chathuri P. , Hasenecz Elias S. , Zhu Jonic Z. , Popa Eduard , Stone Elizabeth A. , Tivanski Alexei V.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Understanding the impact of sea spray aerosol (SSA) on the
climate and atmosphere requires quantitative knowledge of their chemical
composition and mixing states. Furthermore, single-particle measurements are
needed to accurately represent large particle-to-particle variability. To
quantify the mixing state, the organic volume fraction (OVF), defined as the
relative organic volume with respect to the total particle volume, is
measured after generating and collecting aerosol particles, often using
deposition impactors. In this process, the aerosol streams are either dried
or kept wet prior to impacting on solid substrates. However, the atmospheric
community has yet to establish how dry versus wet aerosol deposition
influences the impacted particle morphologies and mixing states. Here, we
apply complementary offline single-particle atomic force microscopy (AFM)
and bulk ensemble high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques
to assess the effects of dry and wet deposition modes on the
substrate-deposited aerosol particles' mixing states. Glucose and NaCl
binary mixtures that form core–shell particle morphologies were studied as
model systems, and the mixing states were quantified by measuring the OVF of
individual particles using AFM and compared to the ensemble measured by
HPLC. Dry-deposited single-particle OVF data positively deviated from the
bulk HPLC data by up to 60 %, which was attributed to significant
spreading of the NaCl core upon impaction with the solid substrate. This led
to underestimation of the core volume. This problem was circumvented by (a) performing wet deposition and thus bypassing the effects of the solid core
spreading upon impaction and (b) performing a hydration–dehydration cycle on
dry-deposited particles to restructure the deformed NaCl core. Both
approaches produced single-particle OVF values that converge well with the
bulk and expected OVF values, validating the methodology. These findings
illustrate the importance of awareness in how conventional particle
deposition methods may significantly alter the impacted particle
morphologies and their mixing states.
Technical note: Interferences of volatile organic compounds (VOC) on methane concentration measurements
Authors: Kohl Lukas , Koskinen Markku , Rissanen Kaisa , Haikarainen Iikka , Polvinene Tatu , Hellén Heidi , Pihlatie Mari
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Studies that quantify plant methane (CH4) emission rely on the accurate measurement of small changes CH4 concentrations that coincide with much larger changes in the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we assessed if 11 commonly occurring VOCs (e.g., methanol, α- and β-pinene, ∆3-carene) interfered with CH4 concentrations measurements by five laser absorption spectroscopy and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) based CH4 analysers, and quantified the interference of seven compounds on three instruments. Our results showed widespread interfere of 5 VOCs with FTIR based CH4 analysers, but only minimal interference with laser absorption spectroscopy based analysers. VOCs not included in the spectral library exerted a strong strong (64–1800 ppb apparent CH4/ppm VOC) bias on FTIR based measurements, which can lead to substancial over- and underestimations of CH4 fluxes. Minor (0.7–126 ppb/ppm) interferences with FTIR based measurements where also detected when the spectrum of the interfering VOC was included in the library. In contrast, we detected only minor (
Spatial Variations in Silicate-to-Nitrate Ratios in the Southern Ocean Surface Waters are Controlled in the Short Term by Physics Rather Than Biology
Authors: Demuynck Pieter , Tyrrell Toby , Naveira Garabato Alberto , Moore Mark C. , Martin Adrian P.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The nutrient composition (high in nitrate but low in silicate) of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) forces diatom scarcity across much of the global surface ocean. This is because diatoms cannot grow without silicate. After formation and downwelling at the Southern Ocean's northern edge, SAMW re-emerges into the surface layers of the mid- and low-latitude oceans, providing a major nutrient source to primary producers in those regions. The distinctive nutrient composition of SAMW originates in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean, from which SAMW is formed. These waters are observed to transition from being rich in both silicate and nitrate in high-latitude areas of the Southern Ocean, to being nitrate-rich but silicate-depleted in SAMW formation sites further north. Here we investigate the key controls of this change in nutrient composition with an idealised model, consisting of a chain of boxes linked by a residual (Ekman- and eddy-induced) overturning circulation. Biological processes are modelled on the basis of seasonal plankton bloom dynamics, and physical processes are modelled using a synthesis of outputs from the data-assimilative Southern Ocean State Estimate. Thus, as surface water flows northward across the Southern Ocean toward sites of SAMW formation, it is exposed in the model (as in reality) to seasonal cycles of both biology and physics. Our results challenge previous characterisations of the abrupt northward reduction in silicate-to-nitrate ratios in Southern Ocean surface waters as being predominantly driven by biological processes. Instead, our model indicates that, over shorter timescales (years to decades), physical processes connecting the deep and surface waters of the Southern Ocean (i.e. upwelling and entrainment) exert the primary control on the spatial distribution of surface nutrient ratios.
Spatially resolved soil solution chemistry in a central European atmospherically polluted high-elevation catchment
Authors: Petrash Daniel A. , Buzek Frantisek , Novak Martin , Cejkova Bohuslava , Kram Pavel , Chuman Tomas , Curik Jan , Veselovsky Frantisek , Stepanova Marketa , Myska Oldrich , Holeckova Pavla , Bohdalkova Leona
Published: April 2019

Abstract. In order to interpret spatial patterns of soil nutrient partitioning and compare these with runoff in a temperate forest with a history of acidification-related spruce die-back, the chemistry of mineral soil solutions were collected by suction lysimeters and evaluated relative to concurrent loads of anions and cations in precipitation. Lysimeters nest were installed in the 33-ha U dvou loucek (UDL) mountain catchment at different topographic positions (hilltops, slopes and valley). Following equilibration, monthly soil solution samples were collected over a 2-year period. In the vicinity of each lysimeter nest, soil pits were excavated for constraining soil chemistry. Soil solutions were analyzed for SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and total dissolved Al concentrations and organic matter (DOC), and pH. For a P release estimation, ammonium oxalate extraction of soil samples was performed. Comparison of soil water data with other previously acidified monitored European sites indicated that environmentally relevant chemical species at UDL had concentrations similar to median concentrations observed in sites with similar bedrock lithology and vegetation cover. Cation exchange capacity (CEC ≤ 58 meq kg−1) and base saturation (BS ≤ 13 %), however, were significantly lower at UDL, documenting incomplete recovery from acidification. Spatial trends and seasonality in soil water chemistry support belowground inputs from mineral-stabilized legacy pollutants. Overall, the soil-solution data suggest the system is out of balance chemically, relative to the present loads of anions and cations in precipitation. Higher concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and base cations in runoff than in soil solutions are explained by lateral surficial leaching of pollutants and nutrients from shallow soil horizons. Nearly 30 years after peak acidification, UDL exhibited similar soil solution concentrations of SO42, Ca2+ and Mg2+ as median values at the Pan-European International Co-operative Program (ICP) Forest sites, yet NO3− concentrations were an order of magnitude higher.
Dynamical analysis of an innovation diffusion model with evaluation period
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Sharma Anuj Kumar , Agnihotri Kulbhushan
Published: April 2019

A nonlinear form of innovation diffusion model consisting of two driving equations governed by two variables namely adopter and non-adopter population density is proposed to lay stress on the evaluation period. The model is analyzed qualitatively with stability theory, Hopf-bifurcation analysis by taking evaluation period as a control parameter to see the role of evaluation period in shaping the dynamics of adopter and non-adopters. The threshold value of evaluation period is determined beyond which small amplitude oscillations of adopter and non-adopter population occur and goes on decreasing with the increase in carrying capacity of non-adopter class. The sensitivity analysis of the state variables w.r.t. the model parameters is performed at a non-zero equilibrium point. The effect of external influences to achieve maturity stage is also discussed. The analytical results so obtained are verified through numerical simulations by using the Matlab software.
Fire Activity and Their Relationship with the Global Fire Weather Index Database Components in Guinea
Authors: Barry Mamadou Baïlo , Badiane Daouda , Sall Saïdou Moustapha , Diakhaté Moussa , Senghor Habib
Published: April 2019

The relationships between the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System components and the monthly burned area as well as the number of active fire which has taken from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua/TERRA were investigated in 32 Guinean stations between 2003 and 2013. A statistical analysis based on a multi-linear regression model was used to estimate the skills of FWI components on the predictability of burned area and active fire. This statistical analysis gave performances explaining between 16 to 79% of the variance for the burned areas and between 29 and 82% of the variance for the number of fires (P<0.0001) at lag 0. Respectively 16 to 79 % and 29 to 82 % of the variance of the burned areas and variance for the number of fires (P<0.0001) at lag0 can be explained based on the same statistical analysis. All the combinations used gave significant performances to predict the burned areas and active fire on the monthly timescale in all stations excepted Fria and Yomou where the predictability of the burned areas was not obvious. We obtained a significant correlation between the average over all of the stations of burned areas, active fires and FWI composites with percentage of variance between (75 to 84% and 29 to 77%) for active fires and burned areas at lag0 respectively. While for burned area peak (January), the skill of the predictability remains significant only one month in advance, for the active fires, the model remains skilful 1 to 3 months in advance. Results also showed that active fires are more related to fire behavior indices while the burned areas are related to the fine fuel moisture codes. These outcomes have implications for seasonal forecasting of active fire events and burned areas based on FWI components, as significant predictability is found from 1 to 3 months and one month before respectively.
“Being Just Is Always a Positive Attitude”: Justice in Nietzsche's Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Cristy Rachel
Published: April 2019

In his early-middle works, notably in the Untimely Meditations and Human, All Too Human, Nietzsche uses the concept justice (Gerechtigkeit) in an unusual way: he treats it as an individual virtue rather than a structural virtue of societies and political or legal systems; he distinguishes between practical and epistemic justice, and focuses his analysis and praise almost exclusively on the latter; and he places unusual emphasis on the distinctive feeling or affect associated with the exercise of epistemic justice. This article aims to make sense of Nietzsche's peculiar conception of justice in by contextualizing it in two respects. First I show how it fits into and supports an interpretation of Nietzsche as a virtue epistemologist. Then I show how elements of Nietzsche's epistemic and affective notion of justice persist in his later work, notably in his doctrine of perspectivism, in the more straightforwardly practical and political account of justice sketched in the Genealogy, and his conception of the role of the philosopher of the future.
Nietzsche on Nausea
Authors: Von Tevenar Gudrun
Published: April 2019

In the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche famously wrote that the sick, weak, and diseased are the greatest danger to human excellence, as they tend to undermine our affirmation of life. They do so because we typically respond to them with attitudes of compassion and care, which, Nietzsche alleges, infects us with their misery. A more healthy reaction, Nietzsche holds, would be the protective reaction of nausea, which typically causes fear and rejection. Fear is nausea's strong somatic response to potential damage of contamination; it puts a safe distance between us and the nauseating item. Rejection in nausea is typically achieved by vomiting—an entirely instinctive and violent rejection of perceived harmful items. Nietzsche uses nausea's strong affective force and, as part of his reevaluation of values, urges us to “relearn nausea” by extending its basic physiological function to what he calls “intellectual nausea.” In intellectual nausea we react to perceived damaging intellectual and emotional qualities, such as our unhealthy attitudes to the sick and weak, with the same instinctive affective force as we do in basic physiological nausea—that is, by putting a safe distance between ourselves and what is deemed a damage or a threat and by rejecting it.
Nietzsche, Self-Disgust, and Disgusting Morality
Authors: Van Fossen Joel A.
Published: April 2019

This article addresses two topics related to disgust in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche: (1) how moral disgust is harmful and (2) to what extent moral disgust is conditionally fitting. Nietzsche argues that self-disgust is dangerous because it is characteristic of ascetic morality. Yet disgust is conditionally fitting insofar as it triggers an adverse reaction to ascetic moral systems, or what I have called “disgusting moralities.” The first section is a general analysis of the role of self-disgust in the cultivation of ascetic morality. In the second section, I compare this analysis of disgust to two popular contemporary theories of disgust (the Terror Management and Animal-Nature Reminder theories). In the third section, I argue that Nietzsche advocates disgust at certain harmful moral systems. He thinks disgust is a fitting emotion for such moral systems because it causes an immediate adverse reaction. This reaction is fitting, Nietzsche thinks, because such moral systems are infectious. I maintain his view of disgust is compatible with convincing psychological theories of disgust, namely the Entanglement Thesis and Co-Opt Thesis.
Langston Hughes and the McCarthy Committee Behind Closed Doors
Authors: Chinitz David E.
Published: April 2019

Langston Hughes's 1953 executive session testimony before Senator Joseph McCarthy's Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations was sealed until 2003, and criticism has only just begun to digest its revelations. Although some have argued that Hughes offered cogent literary-critical readings of his own work in response to the senators’ illegitimate interpretations, I argue that the situation is more complicated. Hughes's readings, components of the anxious defense he mounted at the hearing, were actually quite dubious, and, if taken as definitive, would negate the political efficacy of his work. The course the executive session took does suggest, however, why Hughes's public testimony, given two days later, was as placid and accommodating as most readers have found it to be. Hughes gradually perceived, as the session proceeded, that he was not being personally targeted as literary witnesses before the House Committee on Un-American Activities had been. He was instead being maneuvered into giving testimony that served McCarthy's political purposes. Ultimately Hughes agreed to offer such testimony in public in exchange for certain concessions because the open hearing would then serve his own professional purposes as well.
The Brilliant Rebel, Rebelling Against Everything: The Nonfictional Writings of Langston Hughes
Authors: De Santis Christopher C.
Published: April 2019

Langston Hughes's nonfictional writings of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s were far less polemical than his more radical writings of the 1930s, but they nevertheless reveal a consistent trajectory of political engagement and demonstrate his commitment to writing as a social and socially purposeful act. Whether he is protesting the dearth of opportunities for African American writers in movies and television, the brutality against people of color during the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943, or the indignities of racial segregation, Hughes also retained in his nonfictional writings some of the same traits that first endeared him to readers in the 1920s: clear, unaffected language; imagery that vividly depicted the lifestyles and concerns of common, working-class people; subtle, witty, yet sharply pointed commentary on racism and prejudice; and, finally, a generosity of spirit that encompassed all people, a true sense of wonder at the infinite varieties and possibilities of humanity.
A 46-year Analysis of Gender Trends in Academic Authorship in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
Authors: Kim Chang-Yeon , Sivasundaram Lakshmanan , Trivedi Nikunj N. , Gilmore Allison , Gillespie Robert J. , Salata Michael J. , Liu Raymond W. , Voos James E.
Published: April 2019

Introduction:

Participation of women in medicine has increased markedly in recent decades, but gender disparities still exist, particularly in academic medicine. To provide insight into the gender gap, specifically in academic orthopaedic sports medicine, we investigated the relationship between gender and authorship in orthopaedic sports literature from 1972 to 2018.

Methods:

Information about every original article in four prominent orthopaedic sports medicine journals between 1972 and 2018 was extracted from PubMed. The proportions of female first, second, middle, and senior authors over time were determined. Gender influences on level of evidence, academic degrees, and academic productivity and longevity were also studied. Student t-test, multiple linear regression, chi-square test, Cochran-Armitage trend test, and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to determine significance between groups.

Results:

In our sample, 16.6% of all authors were female. The proportion of female authors increased from 2.6% (1972 to 1979) to 14.7% (2010 to 2018). Female authors averaged fewer publications (1.9 versus 2.8 articles for male authors) and were more likely to be attributed middle authorship (45.9% versus 37.1%) than senior authorship (14.7% versus 22.1%, P < 0.001). Female authors were more likely to be full-time research staff, such as a PhD (18.2% versus 9.0%, P < 0.001), which correlated with a higher level of evidence (B = −0.162, P < 0.001). Gender differences in academic longevity decreased over decades (1972 to 1989, 1990 to 1999, 2000 to 2008), demonstrated by decreasing significance of Kaplan-Meier log-rank tests (<0.01, <0.01, 0.045).

Conclusion:

Female investigators in orthopaedic sports medicine are authoring publications at a growing rate, increasing almost sevenfold from 1972 to 2018. Although women published two-thirds the volume of male investigators overall, and were more likely to be full-time research staff, gender differences in academic productivity and longevity have decreased over time.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, Retrospective Cohort Design, Observational Study
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 11, No. 4
Authors: Grey Erica
Published: April 2019

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2019.
The Interconnections between Renewable Energy, Economic Development and Environmental Pollution: A Simultaneous Equation System Approach
Authors: Soukiazis Elias , Proença Sara , Cerqueira Pedro A.
Published: April 2019

Although the relationship between renewable energy and economic performance has attracted the interest of researchers in recent years, most of the analysis has focused on economic growth, which does not reflect the quality of standards of living. We employ a different approach measuring the impact of renewable energy consumption on the Human Development Index, which also considers qualitative characteristics. Using a simultaneous equation system approach that describes the interrelations between economic variables, renewable energy and pollution emissions with feedback effects, we provide robust evidence for a set of 28 OECD countries over the period 2004-2015, that renewable energy, human and physical capital are important factors for explaining the degree of sustainable development. Renewable energy consumption is mostly determined by higher levels of human capital, R&D, and the countries’ development stage. Furthermore, the development level, total energy consumption, and the education level are important for explaining environmental pollution.
The Economic Value of Distributed Storage at Different Locations on an Electric Grid
Authors: Jeon Wooyoung , Lamadrid Alberto J. , Mount Timothy D.
Published: April 2019

The objective of this article is to analyze the system benefits of distributed storage at different locations on a grid that has a high penetration of renewable generation. The chosen type of distributed storage modeled is deferrable demand (e.g., thermal storage) because it is relatively inexpensive to install compared to batteries and could potentially form a large component of the peak system load. The advantage of owning deferrable demand is that the purchase of energy from the grid can be decoupled from the delivery of an energy service to customers. Consequently, these customers can reduce costs by shifting their purchases from expensive peak periods to off-peak periods when electricity prices are low. In addition, deferrable demand can provide ramping services to the grid to mitigate the uncertainty of renewable generation. The primary economic issue addressed in this paper is to determine how the storage capacity is allocated between shifting load and providing ramping services. The basic economic tradeoff is between the benefit from shifting more load from peak periods to less expensive periods, and reserving some storage capacity for ramping to reduce the amount of conventional reserve capacity purchased. Our approach uses a new form of stochastic, multi-period Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF) that minimizes the expected system costs for energy and ancillary services over a 24-hour horizon. For each hour, five different levels of wind generation may be realized and these are treated as different system states with known probabilities of occurring. This model is applied to a reduction of the grid in New York State and New England and simulates the hourly load on a hot summer day, treating potential wind generation at different sites as stochastic inputs. The results determine the expected amount and location of conventional generating capacity dispatched, the reserve capacity committed to maintain operating reliability, the charging/discharging of storage capacity, and the amount of potential wind generation spilled. The results show there are major differences in how the deferrable demand at two large load centers, Boston and New York City, is managed, and we provide an explanation for these differences.
‘Macho-meritocratie’ Singapore
Authors: van der Wal Zeger
Published: April 2019

‘Macho meritocracy’ Singapore: Five lessons in ruthlessly pursuing public service excellence

Singapore and the Netherlands are small, export- and trade-dependent countries that perform excellently in many areas, such as good governance and integrity, policy effectiveness, liveability, innovation, and e-government. At the same time there are clear differences in political culture and history: Singapore has a more authoritarian governance style including limitations in press freedom, freedom of speech, and political activism. Within these contrasting contexts, both countries have introduced and implemented similar public management reforms since the 1990s. The aim of these reforms is to maintain public service excellence in a dynamic environment but the countries make contrasting choices in achieving this aim. This article describes how administrative excellence is organised and pursued in Singapore and identifies five lessons for the Netherlands: (1) Use positive narratives about government often; (2) be nuanced about capping top-level remuneration; (3) enhance the attractiveness of government as an employer; (4) invest in life-long learning; (5) be an authoritative expert amidst horizontalisation hypes.