bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous rise of insulin resistance before and after the onset of puberty in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes ‐ a cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Raab Jennifer , Haupt Florian , Kordonouri Olga , Scholz Marlon , Wosch Anja , Ried Christiane , Aschemeier Bärbel , Danne Thomas , Ziegler Anette‐G. , Winkler Christiane
Published: July 2013

Background

Insulin resistance has been postulated to be linked to the frequent onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) during puberty. Very few studies have investigated the time course of insulin resistance in childhood. To address the question of how insulin resistance develops with age and how this is related to puberty onset, we examined insulin resistance and pubertal development over time in children at increased risk for T1D.

Methods

Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was measured in 1848 fasting samples of 1177 children (aged 5‐15 years) in a cross‐sectional analysis. All children had a first degree relative with T1D, 120 developed islet autoantibodies. Pubertal development was determined by Tanner staging.

Results

Insulin resistance rose continuously from age 5 to 13 years in girls and from age 5 to 14 years in boys with an average increase of 0.09 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.08‐0.10) per year for girls and 0.07 (95 % CI: 0.06‐0.08) for boys. The rise preceded the onset of puberty (Tanner stage 2), which was reported between 10 and 12 years of age in 80.4 % of the children (mean age: 11.2 ± 0.06 years). No difference was seen between children with or without islet autoantibodies.

Conclusions

There was a constant age‐dependent rise of insulin resistance during childhood without observed associations to the onset of puberty or the presence of islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for T1D. Our data show that insulin resistance emerges well before the initiation of physical changes of puberty. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical and JIT Model‐Based Hybrid Modeling Approach for Building Thermal Load Prediction
Authors: Iino Yutaka , Murai Masahiko , Murayama Dai , Motoyama Ichiro
Published: July 2013

Energy conservation in building fields is a key issue from an environmental point of view as well as of the industrial, transportation, and residential fields. Half of the total energy consumption in a building is a result of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. In order to conserve energy in an HVAC system, a thermal load prediction model for a building is required. This paper proposes a hybrid modeling approach using a physical and just‐in‐time (JIT) model for the thermal load predictions for a building. The proposed method has features and benefits such as (1) it is applicable to cases in which past operating data for load prediction model learning are poor; (2) it has a self‐checking function, which determines if the data‐driven load prediction and the physical‐based one are consistent at all times, so that it can determine if something is wrong in the load prediction procedure; (3) it has the ability to adjust the load prediction in real time against a sudden change in the model parameters and environmental conditions. The proposed method is evaluated using real operating data from an existing building, and the improvement in load prediction performance is illustrated.
New Simple Torque‐Sensorless Torque Control for Quasi‐perfect Compensation of Sixth‐Harmonic Torque Ripple Due to Nonsinusoidal Distribution of Back EMF of PMSM
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji , Kishida Hideo
Published: July 2013

This paper proposes a new torque‐sensorless torque control method for permanent‐magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The proposed method can almost perfectly compensate the sixth harmonic torque ripple that is caused by nonsinusoidal distributions of the back electromagnetic force and the rotor magnetic flux of PMSMs. The torque control system is, in principle, constructed on the basis of vector control, but has two new, dedicated speed‐varying devices: a harmonic torque observer and a current controller. The speed‐varying harmonic torque observer can estimate the harmonic component over a wide range of speeds, even when the generated torque is constant, and produce a suitable compensation signal. The speed‐varying current controller shows stable control performance over a wide range of speeds; it can fully track the compensated current command containing the DC and sixth harmonic components. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined and verified through extensive numerical experiments.
Synthesis, Vaporization and Thermodynamic Properties of Superfine Nd2Hf2O7 and Gd2Hf2O7
Authors: Sevastyanov Vladimir G. , Simonenko Elizaveta P. , Simonenko Nikolay P. , Stolyarova Valentina L. , Lopatin Sergey I. , Kuznetsov Nikolay T.
Published: July 2013

Finely dispersed powders of neodymium and gadolinium hafnates (Nd2Hf2O7 and Gd2Hf2O7) with pyrochlore structure were synthesized. Variations in particle size and morphology during thermal treatment under different conditions (1273–1673 K, 2–4 h) were studied for these compounds. The vaporization behavior of Nd2Hf2O7 and Gd2Hf2O7 was examined in the temperature range 2100–2750 K. In addition, the thermodynamic properties of Nd2Hf2O7 and Gd2Hf2O7 in the above‐mentioned temperature interval were determined by using high‐temperature mass spectrometry.
Manganese and Rhenium Formyl Complexes of Diphosphanylborane Ligands: Stabilization of the Formyl Unit from Intramolecular B–O Bond Formation
Authors: Jana Rajkumar , Chakraborty Subrata , Blacque Olivier , Berke Heinz
Published: July 2013

Several manganese(I) and rhenium(I) carbonyl complexes of the chelating diphosphanylborane ligands Ph2PCH(PPh2)CH2B(C8H14) (1) and Ph2PCH2CH[B(C8H14)]PPh2 (2) were prepared to study Lewis acid assisted stoichiometric CO reductions. The phosphanylborane complexes fac,cis‐Mn(CO)3(1)(Br) (3a), fac,cis‐Re(CO)3(1)(Br) (4a), fac,cis‐Mn(CO)3(2)(Br) (5a), and fac,cis‐Re(CO)3(2)(Br) (6a) were obtained from the reactions of Mn(CO)5Br or Re(CO)5Br with diphosphanylborane ligands 1 and 2. Further treatment of all four complexes with one equivalent of AgBF4 in CH2Cl2 in the dark followed by 1 atm of CO afforded the corresponding monocationic complexes [Mn(CO)4(1)][BF4] (3b), [Re(CO)4(1)][BF4] (4b), [Mn(CO)4(2)][BF4] (5b), and [Re(CO)4(2)](BF4) [6b]. An X‐ray diffraction study confirmed the expected molecular structure of 3b. In addition to NMR and elemental analysis characterizations, the structures of these complexes could be unambiguously assigned based on two major ν(CO) IR bands, which established the cis‐(CO)4 local ligand environment. The cationic complexes 3b, 4b, 5b, and 6b were tested for stoichiometric CO reductions by reaction with NaHBEt3 in chlorobenzene. However, the reductions of the complexes 3b and 4b produced mixtures of formyl and hydride species. The reaction of complexes 5b and 6b led to the formation of the stable formyl derivatives [Mn(CHO)(CO)3(2)] (5c) and [Re(CHO)(CO)3(2)] (6c), which were isolated in pure form and characterized by spectroscopic means. In addition, 5c could be characterized by a single‐crystal X‐ray study, which revealed the formyl structure and a stabilizing coordination of the pendant Lewis acidic B(C8H14) group to the formyl oxygen atom.
Stereoselective Amine Addition to Six‐Membered Cyclic Nitronates Promoted by Silyl Triflate
Authors: Mikhaylov Andrey A. , Dilman Alexander D. , Khomutova Yulia A. , Arkhipov Dmitry E. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Ioffe Sema L.
Published: July 2013

Six‐membered cyclic nitronates couple with amines or their N‐silyl derivatives in a diastereoselective fashion to give 3‐amino‐substituted nitroso acetals in 53–89 % yield through silyl triflate electrophilic catalysis. Stereodifferentiation of this process is determined by thermodynamic control, which is realized due to reversibility of amine addition and a decreased nitrogen inversion barrier in the resulting nitroso acetals. Selected chemical transformations of nitroso acetals were examined.
Effect of 3,5‐Disubstitution on the Optical Properties of Luminescent 2‐(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazoles and Their Borate Complexes
Authors: Massue Julien , Ulrich Gilles , Ziessel Raymond
Published: July 2013

This article describes the multistep synthesis and photophysical properties of three highly fluorescent dyes based on the 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) scaffold and their resulting chelation to a BF2 fragment. These dyes possess functionalization at the 3,5‐positions of the phenol ring with an ethynyl‐extended fragment bearing TMS, p‐tBuC6H4, or p‐NnBu2C6H4 groups. All of the new compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The optical properties of the HBO dyes reveal the presence of enol and keto bands as a result of a strong excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). This ESIPT process is highly dependent on the nature of the electronic substituents and the polarity of the solvent. Upon coordination to a BF2 fragment, typical singlet emission is observed with λem ranging from 439 to 553 nm and quantum yields from 0.03 to 0.36. If aromatic amines are involved, strong aggregates are observed that could be dissociated upon protonation of the lone electron pair.
Room‐Temperature Direct Alkenylation of 5‐Pyrazolones
Authors: Yang Yiwen , Gong Hao , Kuang Chunxiang
Published: July 2013

A mild and efficient method for the direct alkenylation of 5‐pyrazoles by Pd‐catalyzed C–H bond activation is described. The reaction smoothly proceeds at room temperature to provide products in up to 92 % yield.
Electrochemical Recognition of Chiral Molecules with Poly(4‐bromoaniline) Modified Gold Electrode
Authors: Li Jun , Hu Xuefeng , Wang Jichang
Published: July 2013

A poly(4‐bromoaniline) (PBA) film is electrochemically synthesized on a gold electrode for the recognition of amino acids enantiomers. Scanning electron microscopy measurements show that the porous PBA films are made up of nano‐ribbons. At the PBA modified Au electrode differential pulse voltammograms of L‐ and D‐glutamic acids not only have very different current densities, but also produce different waveforms, providing an intuitive way to differentiate the two chiral molecules. Similar results are obtained in analyzing L‐ and D‐aspartic acids. Control experiments suggest that the observed sensing behavior arises from synergistic interactions between Au and the PBA film, where polymerization at the meta‐position creates a steric structure needed for differentiating chiral molecules.
Targeted metabolic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C using LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Baniasadi Hamid , Gowda G. A. Nagana , Gu Haiwei , Zeng Ao , Zhuang Shui , Skill Nicholas , Maluccio Mary , Raftery Daniel
Published: July 2013

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of the liver is a global health problem and a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sensitive methods are needed for the improved and earlier detection of HCC, which would provide better therapy options. Metabolic profiling of the high‐risk population (HCV patients) and those with HCC provides insights into the process of liver carcinogenesis and possible biomarkers for earlier cancer detection. Seventy‐three blood metabolites were quantitatively profiled in HCC (n = 30) and cirrhotic HCV (n = 22) patients using a targeted approach based on LC‐MS/MS. Sixteen of 73 targeted metabolites differed significantly (p < 0.05) and their levels varied up to a factor of 3.3 between HCC and HCV. Four of these 16 metabolites (methionine, 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine, N2,N2‐dimethylguanosine, and uric acid) that showed the lowest p values were used to develop and internally validate a classification model using partial least squares discriminant analysis. The model exhibited high classification accuracy for distinguishing the two groups with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 97%, 95%, and 0.98, respectively. A number of perturbed metabolic pathways, including amino acid, purine, and nucleotide metabolism, were identified based on the 16 biomarker candidates. These results provide a promising methodology to distinguish cirrhotic HCV patients, who are at high risk to develop HCC, from those who have already progressed to HCC. The results also provide insights into the altered metabolism between HCC and HCV.
Channel quality estimation for cooperative demodulation in coded OFDM systems with decode‐and‐forward relays
Authors: Rim Minjoong , Kim Woongsup
Published: July 2013

In a cooperative communication system, the destination needs to perform cooperative demodulation, which properly combines the two versions of received signals, one through the source–destination link and the other through the source–relay–destination link. Whereas the quality of the source–relay–destination link can be easily estimated at the destination in an amplify‐and‐forward relay system, the channel quality estimation may be more difficult in a decode‐and‐forward relay system, and inaccurate estimates can severely degrade the system performance. This may be especially true for coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing relay systems, where each subcarrier may have different channel quality and error correction is performed at the relay. This letter proposes a channel quality estimation method for cooperative demodulation technique in coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems with decode‐and‐forward relays. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Moment Variations and Their Application
Authors: Choe Geon Ho , Lee Kyungsub
Published: July 2013

We propose a new method of measuring the third and fourth moments of return distribution based on quadratic variation method when the return process is assumed to have zero drift. The realized third and fourth moment variations computed from high‐frequency return series are good approximations to corresponding actual moments of the return distribution. An investor holding an asset with skewed or fat‐tailed distribution is able to hedge the tail risk by contracting the third or fourth moment swap under which the float leg of realized variation and the predetermined fixed leg are exchanged. Thus, constructed portfolio follows more Gaussian‐like distribution and hence the investor effectively hedges the tail risk. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:1040–1061, 2014
On the additivity of radiative forcing between land use change and greenhouse gases
Authors: Jones Andrew D. , Collins William D. , Torn Margaret S.
Published: July 2013

In scientific and policy contexts, radiative forcing—an external change in Earth's mean radiative balance—has been suggested as a metric for evaluating the strength of climate perturbations resulting from different climate change drivers such as greenhouse gases and surface physical effects of land use change. However, the utility of this approach has been questioned given the spatially concentrated and sometimes nonradiative nature of land use climate disturbances. Here we show that when negative forcing from agricultural expansion is approximately balanced by a radiatively equivalent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, significant changes in temperature, precipitation, and the timing of climate change result. These idealized experiments demonstrate the nonadditivity of radiative forcing from land use change and greenhouse gases and point to the need for new climate change metrics or the development of climate policies and assessment protocols that do not rely on single dimensional metrics.
Comprehensive morphometry of subcortical grey matter structures in early‐stage Parkinson's disease
Authors: Menke Ricarda A.L. , Szewczyk‐Krolikowski Konrad , Jbabdi Saad , Jenkinson Mark , Talbot Kevin , Mackay Clare E. , Hu Michele
Published: July 2013

Previous imaging studies that investigated morphometric group differences of subcortical regions outside the substantia nigra between non‐demented Parkinson's patients and controls either did not find any significant differences, or reported contradictory results. Here, we performed a comprehensive morphometric analysis of 20 cognitively normal, early‐stage PD patients and 19 matched control subjects. In addition to relatively standard analyses of whole‐brain grey matter volume and overall regional volumes, we examined subtle localized surface shape differences in striatal and limbic grey matter structures and tested their utility as a diagnostic marker. Voxel‐based morphometry and volumetric comparisons did not reveal significant group differences. Shape analysis, on the other hand, demonstrated significant between‐group shape differences for the right pallidum. Careful diffusion tractography analysis showed that the affected parts of the pallidum are connected subcortically with the subthalamic nucleus, the pedunculopontine nucleus, and the thalamus and cortically with the frontal lobe. Additionally, microstructural measurements along these pathways, but not along other pallidal connections, were significantly different between the two groups. Vertex‐wise linear discriminant analysis, however, revealed limited accuracy of pallidal shape for the discrimination between patients and controls. We conclude that localized disease‐related changes in the right pallidum in early Parkinson's disease, undetectable using standard voxel‐based morphometry or volumetry, are evident using sensitive shape analysis. However, the subtle nature of these changes makes it unlikely that shape analysis alone will be useful for early diagnosis. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1681–1690, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperactive Behaviors Among 17‐Month‐Olds in a Population‐Based Cohort
Authors: Romano Elisa , Baillargeon Raymond H. , Cao Guanqiong
Published: July 2013

During a child's early years, it may be difficult to distinguish between problematic versus normative heightened motor activity. This distinction is important because disorganized heightened motor activity (often labeled hyperactive behavior) can interfere with early childhood developmental tasks. The current study used latent class analyses to estimate the proportion of 17‐month‐olds in the general population who exhibit hyperactive behaviors on a frequent basis (testing for sex differences) and to examine the extent to which toddlers with frequent hyperactive behaviors also might be frequently exhibiting other problem behaviors. We used mother‐reported cross‐sectional data on 2,045 toddlers from a provincially representative study. Results indicated that it is possible to distinguish between 17‐month‐olds who exhibit hyperactive behaviors on a frequent basis and those who never or only occasionally exhibit such behaviors. Specifically, 28.1% of toddlers exhibited hyperactive behaviors on a frequent basis. There were no significant sex differences in the probability of belonging to a particular latent class, but boys in the high‐hyperactivity latent class had a greater propensity to exhibit hyperactive behaviors on a frequent basis. While hyperactivity was highly correlated with both physical aggression and opposition‐defiance, it appears to already represent a distinct behavior problem in young children.
INTEGRATED ON‐FARM DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT FOR DRAINAGE WATER DISPOSAL
Authors: Ayars James E. , Soppe Richard W.O.
Published: July 2013

Providing environmentally safe methods for disposal of drainage water containing salt and nutrients is a challenge for irrigated agriculture. A system developed for sequentially using saline drainage water for supplemental irrigation resulted in significant reduction of the drainage water volume. This system dubbed ‘integrated on‐farm drainage management’ (IFDM) was demonstrated on four 65‐ha fields located on a farm on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley of California. Three of the fields were used to grow salt‐sensitive crops (tomato, garlic) and the fourth was used to grow salt‐tolerant crops, e.g. ‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass. Subsurface drainage systems were installed on all fields at a maximum depth of 1.8 m and had controls to regulate shallow water table position and drainage flow. The total drainage flow from the site represented 0.7% of the applied water. The area used for salt‐tolerant crops was less than 6% of the total area served, compared to using evaporation ponds requiring areas equal to or greater than 10% of the served area. The results demonstrated that the regional groundwater quality masked the concentrating effect of crop water use. Deep percolation from the fields contributing to the reuse area ranged from 6 to 10% of the total applied water. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The use of 50% albumin/plasma replacement fluid in therapeutic plasma exchange for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: O'Brien Kerry L. , Price Thomas H. , Howell Camille , Delaney Meghan
Published: July 2013

Background: Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor‐cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) and is often associated with the presence of an antibody inhibiting the activity of the protease. Typically, 1–1.5 plasma volume exchanges are performed daily until symptoms have resolved and the platelet count exceeds 150,000/µl. Plasma is the usual replacement fluid as it provides a source of functional ADAMTS13, thus exposing patients to large volumes of plasma. Historically, Puget Sound Blood Center (PSBC) has performed therapeutic plasma exchange (TPEs) for TTP using 5% albumin for the first half of the procedure followed by plasma for the remainder. We sought to assess the efficacy of this approach. Study Design and Methods: All TPEs performed for the diagnosis of TTP by the PSBC apheresis service from January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2011 were reviewed. Response time, remission rates, relapses, and adverse events were evaluated for those patients with documented ADAMTS13 levels ≤10%. Comparisons were made with published data on TTP patients treated using 100% plasma replacement. Results: Twenty‐one patients required a median of 11 TPEs. Median time to response was 14 days. Ninety percent of patients responded to TPE. Among patients achieving remission, 53% relapsed. Out of 283 total procedures, there were 74 procedures with a documented adverse event (26%), mostly mild allergic reactions. Conclusions: TPE with an albumin/plasma replacement is safe and well‐tolerated. Remission and relapse rates were comparable to those reported using 100% plasma replacement. J. Clin. Apheresis, 28:416–421, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relapses of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after treatment with rituximab
Authors: Goyal Jatinder , Adamski Jill , Lima Jose L.O. , Marques Marisa B.
Published: July 2013

Rituximab has been added to therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in the last 10 years for refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). We performed a retrospective single institution study to determine if patients with TTP treated with TPE and rituximab experienced relapses. We reviewed the electronic and apheresis records of patients treated between 2003 and 2008 and collected the following parameters: demographics, laboratory results, treatment characteristics, and follow‐up. We identified 12 patients with ADAMTS13 <5% due to an inhibitor who received TPE and rituximab during the study period. The mean number of TPEs required to achieve remission was 24 ± 3, time to remission was 28 ± 3 days, and hospital length of stay was 36 ± 4 days. During a mean follow‐up of 73.4 ± 6 months, four patients (33%) relapsed. On average, relapse occurred at 62 ± 8.5 months postachievement of remission. The one‐year, three‐year, and five‐year relapse free‐survival (RFS) rates were 92%, 75%, and 75%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, we failed to identify independent predictors of relapse. This retrospective analysis does not support the notion that rituximab prevents or decreases the rate of relapse in TTP. Prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm this observation. J. Clin. Apheresis, 28:390–394, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate model response from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)
Authors: Kravitz Ben , Caldeira Ken , Boucher Olivier , Robock Alan , Rasch Philip J. , Alterskjær Kari , Karam Diana Bou , Cole Jason N. S. , Curry Charles L. , Haywood James M. , Irvine Peter J. , Ji Duoying , Jones Andy , Kristjánsson Jón Egill , Lunt Daniel J. , Moore John C. , Niemeier Ulrike , Schmidt Hauke , Schulz Michael , Singh Balwinder , Tilmes Simone , Watanabe Shingo , Yang Shuting , Yoon Jin‐Ho
Published: July 2013

Solar geoengineering—deliberate reduction in the amount of solar radiation retained by the Earth—has been proposed as a means of counteracting some of the climatic effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. We present results from Experiment G1 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project, in which 12 climate models have simulated the climate response to an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 from preindustrial concentrations brought into radiative balance via a globally uniform reduction in insolation. Models show this reduction largely offsets global mean surface temperature increases due to quadrupled CO2 concentrations and prevents 97% of the Arctic sea ice loss that would otherwise occur under high CO2 levels but, compared to the preindustrial climate, leaves the tropics cooler (−0.3 K) and the poles warmer (+0.8 K). Annual mean precipitation minus evaporation anomalies for G1 are less than 0.2 mm day−1 in magnitude over 92% of the globe, but some tropical regions receive less precipitation, in part due to increased moist static stability and suppression of convection. Global average net primary productivity increases by 120% in G1 over simulated preindustrial levels, primarily from CO2 fertilization, but also in part due to reduced plant heat stress compared to a high CO2 world with no geoengineering. All models show that uniform solar geoengineering in G1 cannot simultaneously return regional and global temperature and hydrologic cycle intensity to preindustrial levels.
Dust detection over desert surfaces with thermal infrared bands using dynamic reference brightness temperature differences
Authors: Liu Yang , Liu Ronggao , Cheng Xiao
Published: July 2013

The brightness temperature difference (BTD) between two thermal infrared bands is a common index for dust detection. However, the BTD is sensitive to the observed temperature, which hinders its use in automatic dust detection, especially over desert land surfaces. In this paper, a dynamic reference brightness temperature differences (DRBTD) algorithm was developed to detect dust by removing the influence of the observed temperature on the BTD. Using long‐term MODIS observations, the algorithm establishes the clear‐sky linear relationships pixel by pixel between the brightness temperatures (BTs) at 12 and 11 µm channels and the relationships between the BTs at 8.6 and 11 µm channels. From these relationships, the reference BTDs are dynamically generated according to the observed brightness temperatures. Next, the DRBTDI, which is the difference of the observed BTD and the reference BTD, is created and used to separate the dust from other observed objects. This algorithm is applied to MODIS observations to detect several dust events during the daytime and the nighttime over Mongolia and northwestern and northern China. The results are compared with Ozone Monitoring Instrument aerosol index (OMI AI), MODIS Deep Blue aerosol optical depth (AOD), and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations. The comparisons indicate that the DRBTD algorithm can effectively distinguish dust from clouds and land surface. During the daytime, the DRBTDI is correlated with the OMI AI and MODIS AOD with a correlation coefficient of Pearson (r) of 0.79 and 0.77, respectively. At night, the DRBTDI is correlated with the CALIOP dust AOD with an r of 0.78.
A generalized log law formulation for a wide range of boundary roughness typically encountered in natural streams
Authors: Plott J. R. , Diplas P. , Kozarek J. , Dancey C. L. , Hill C. , Sotiropoulos F.
Published: July 2013

Applying fluid mechanics principles to mobile bed conditions is simplified by demonstrating that fitting log profiles to streamwise velocity measurements using the plane of zero velocity is applicable to a larger range of roughness conditions than previously expected. Four sets of detailed velocity measurements obtained under the supervision of the authors were analyzed encompassing sediment‐scale roughness elements, roughness caused by rigid vegetation, and large‐scale roughness elements comprised of mobile bed forms. The analyses resulted in similar normalized zero‐plane displacements for all roughness types considered. The zero‐plane displacements, dh, normalized by roughness height, ks, were 0.20 and 0.26 for the sediment‐ and vegetation‐scale experiments, respectively. The results for two experiments with bed form dominated roughness were 0.41 and 0.34. Estimates of dh/ks ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 are therefore recommended for a range of roughness types with the higher end of the range more appropriate for the larger, bed form‐scale roughness elements, and the lower end for the sediment‐scale roughness elements. In addition, it is demonstrated that the location of the plane of zero velocity is temporally constant even when the bed height is not. The findings can be applied to field velocity measurements under mobile bed conditions facilitating the calculation of turbulence parameters such as shear velocity by using point measurements and providing guidelines for the estimation of an appropriate value for zero‐plane displacement.
Deciphering the driving forces of erosion rates on millennial to million‐year timescales in glacially impacted landscapes: An example from the Western Alps
Authors: Glotzbach C. , van der Beek P. , Carcaillet J. , Delunel R.
Published: July 2013

In many regions, tectonic uplift is the main driver of erosion over million‐year (Myr) timescales, but climate changes can markedly affect the link between tectonics and erosion, causing transient variations in erosion rates. Here we study the driving forces of millennial to Myr‐scale erosion rates in the French Western Alps, as estimated from in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be and a newly developed approach integrating detrital and bedrock apatite fission‐track thermochronology. Millennial erosion rates from 10Be analyses vary between ~0.27 and ~1.33 m/kyr, similar to rates measured in adjacent areas of the Alps. Significant positive correlations of millennial erosion rates with geomorphic measures, in particular with the LGM ice thickness, reveal a strong transient morphological and erosional perturbation caused by repeated Quaternary glaciations. The perturbation appears independent of Myr‐scale uplift and erosion gradients, with the effect that millennial erosion rates exceed Myr‐scale erosion rates only in the internal Alps where the latter are low (<0.4 km/Myr). These areas, moreover, exhibit channels that clearly plot above a general linear positive relation between Myr‐scale erosion rates and normalized steepness index. Glacial erosion acts irrespective of rock uplift and thus not only leads to an overall increase in erosion rates but also regulates landscape morphology and erosion rates in regions with considerable spatial gradients in Myr‐scale tectonic uplift. Our study demonstrates that climate change, e.g., through occurrence of major glaciations, can markedly perturb landscape morphology and related millennial erosion rate patterns, even in regions where Myr‐scale erosion rates are dominantly controlled by tectonics.
Linking aboveground net primary productivity to soil carbon and dissolved organic carbon in complex terrain
Authors: Peterson Fox S. , Lajtha Kate J.
Published: July 2013

Factors influencing soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in complex terrain, where vegetation, climate, and topography vary over the scale of a few meters, are not well understood. We examined the spatial correlations of lidar and geographic information system‐derived landscape topography, empirically measured soil characteristics, and current and historical vegetation composition and structure versus SOM fractions and DOC pools and leaching on a small catchment (WS1) in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, located in the western Cascades Range of Oregon, USA. We predicted that aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), litter fall, and nitrogen mineralization would be positively correlated with SOM, DOC, and carbon (C) content of the soil based on the principle that increased C inputs cause C stores in and losses from in the soil. We expected that in tandem, certain microtopographical and microclimatic characteristics might be associated with elevated C inputs and correspondingly, soil C stores and losses. We confirmed that on this site, positive relationships exist between ANPP, C inputs (litter fall), and losses (exportable DOC), but we did not find that these relationships between ANPP, inputs, and exports were translated to SOM stores (mg C/g soil), C content of the soil (% C/g soil), or DOC pools (determined with salt and water extractions). We suggest that the biogeochemical processes controlling C storage and lability in soil may relate to longer‐term variability in aboveground inputs that result from a heterogeneous and evolving forest stand.
Rainfall trends in Fiji
Authors: Kumar Ravind , Stephens Mark , Weir Tony
Published: July 2013

In this article we examine trends in rainfall in the Fiji, using records from 14 stations in Fiji. These records cover more stations and significantly longer periods (>90 years for several stations) than those used in any previous studies. We find that over a period of nearly 100 years there is high interannual variability but no significant long‐term trend in annual rainfall in Fiji in either ‘wet‐side’ or ‘dry‐side’ stations. This result is consistent with the more restricted results of almost all previous studies. We also find no significant trends in ‘wet season’ and ‘dry season’ rainfall, considered separately. Thus unlike temperature data, rainfall data from Fiji provides little evidence of long‐term climate change. There is an indication that the few dry seasons with rainfall more than one standard deviation below the mean have occurred more frequently in the most recent 50 years than in the previous 50. Our results confirm that there is a significant influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on rainfall in Fiji, especially on the ‘dry’ side of the larger islands. However, we find that the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) does not modulate the correlation between rainfall in Fiji and the Southern Oscillation Index; contrary to the case in eastern Australia, this correlation is strongly positive for all phases of the IPO.
Noggin resistance contributes to the potent osteogenic capability of BMP9 in mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Wang Yi , Hong Siqi , Li Ming , Zhang Jiye , Bi Yang , He Yun , Liu Xing , Nan Guoxin , Su Yuxi , Zhu Gaohui , Li Ruidong , Zhang Wenwen , Wang Jinhua , Zhang Hongyu , Kong Yuhan , Shui Wei , Wu Ningning , He Yunfeng , Chen Xian , Luu Hue H. , Haydon Rex C. , Shi Lewis L. , He Tong‐Chuan , Qin Jiaqiang
Published: July 2013

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors and can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. We recently demonstrated that BMP9 is a potent but less understood osteogenic factor. We previously found that BMP9‐induced ectopic bone formation is not inhibited by BMP3. Here, we investigate the effect of BMP antagonist noggin on BMP9‐induced osteogenic differentiation. BMP antagonists noggin, chording, gremlin, follistatin, and BMP3 are highly expressed in MSCs, while noggin and follistatin are lowly expressed in more differentiated pre‐osteoblast C2C12 cells. BMP9‐induced osteogenic markers and matrix mineralization are not inhibited by noggin, while noggin blunts BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, and BMP7‐induced osteogenic markers and mineralization. Likewise, ectopic bone formation by MSCs transduced with BMP9, but not the other four BMPs, is resistant to noggin inhibition. BMP9‐induced nuclear translocation of Smad1/5/8 is not affected by noggin, while noggin blocks BMP2‐induced activation of Smad1/5/8 in MSCs. Noggin fails to inhibit BMP9‐induced expression of downstream targets in MSCs. Thus, our results strongly suggest that BMP9 may effectively overcome noggin inhibition, which should at least in part contribute to BMP9's potent osteogenic capability in MSCs. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1796–1803, 2013
The suitability of three Galia melon cultivars and different types of cuts for the fresh‐cut industry
Authors: Silveira Ana C , Aguayo Encarna , Artés Francisco
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Melons (Cucumis melo L.) are widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries. For fresh‐cut melon elaboration, factors such as type of cultivar and cut have a significant impact on final product quality. The quality parameters from long, medium and short shelf‐life Galia melon cultivars, cut into different shapes such as slices, trapezoids and cylinders and stored up to 10 days at 5 °C, were evaluated in order to learn the suitability of these cultivars and type of cut for minimal processing.

RESULTS

In general, long‐life melon cultivar had a low respiration rate and ethylene emissions, and high tissue firmness, but low levels of glucose, fructose, vitamin C and flavor rating by consumers. However, despite having higher metabolic activity and susceptibility to microbial spoilage, the short shelf‐life cultivar melon had higher firmness retention. This cultivar was characterized by its richness in glucose, fructose and vitamin C, and its sensory quality (flavor) was highly valued. In general, the medium cultivar had an intermediate behavior between long and short cultivars but without their positive attributes. As a consequence of the most intense damage, the cylindrical shape had higher metabolic activity, susceptibility to microbial spoilage and reduced appearance.

CONCLUSIONS

In the long and medium‐life cultivars studied, low flavor was the limiting factor to extend the shelf‐life of fresh‐cut melon while for the short‐life cultivar the limiting factor was its susceptibility to bacterial growth. Cut types such as cylinders should be avoided. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced Adhesion of Preosteoblasts inside 3DPCL Scaffolds by Polydopamine Coating and Mineralization
Authors: Jo Sunae , Kang Sung Min , Park Su A. , Kim Wan Doo , Kwak Juhyoun , Lee Haeshin
Published: July 2013

In tissue engineering, fabrication of 3D scaffolds with well‐defined, inter‐connected pores followed by culture of mammalian cells is a typical approach. In practice, however, hydrophobicity of scaffold surfaces is not suitable for cells to be adhered because of poor wettability. Especially, infiltration followed by adhesion of cells inside hydrophobic scaffolds remains as a challenge. Thus, hydrophilic conversions of the surfaces regardless of surface location are critical for success. Herein, a method to enhance infiltration and adhesion of preosteoblasts inside hydrophobic poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds by a bio‐inspired, hydroxyapatite formation is demonstrated. The approach can be a general method for controlling hydrophilicity of inner surfaces of scaffolds.
Multifunctional Polyelectrolyte Microparticles for Oral Insulin Delivery
Authors: Balabushevich Nadezhda G. , Pechenkin Mikhail A. , Shibanova Elena D. , Volodkin Dmitry V. , Mikhalchik Elena V.
Published: July 2013

Multicomponent insulin‐containing microparticles are prepared by layer‐by‐layer assembly of dextran sulfate and chitosan on the core of protein‐polyanion complex with or without protease inhibitors. Oral bioavailability of the encapsulated insulin is improved due to the cumulative effect of each component. A physico‐chemical study shows that the particle design allows adjustment of the pH‐dependent profile of the insulin release, as well as mucoadhesive properties and Ca2+ binding ability of the microparticles. Supplementing the microparticles with 2–3% protease inhibitors fully prevents proteolysis of human insulin. The pharmacological effect of microencapsulated insulin in doses 50–100 IU kg−1 is demonstrated in chronic experiments after oral administration to diabetic rats fed ad libitum.
On the asymptotic behaviour of linear combinations of Mellin‐Picard type operators
Authors: Mantellini Ilaria
Published: July 2013

Here we give a Voronovskaja formula for linear combination of Mellin‐Picard type convolution operators

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201100248:equation:mana201100248-math-0001where is the Mellin‐Picard kernel. This approach provides a better order of pointwise approximation.
AFM characterisation of sol‐gel TiO2 films deposited on stainless steel
Authors: Ćurković L. , Salopek S. , Šegota S. , Majić Renjo M. , Tomić T.
Published: July 2013

One‐layer, two‐layer and three‐layer titania films on AISI 304 stainless steel were deposited by sol‐gel process and dip‐coating method. Two sols were prepared by using titanium isopropoxide as a precursor, propanol as a solvent, nitric acid as a catalyst and acetylacetone for peptization. Both of the prepared sols contained the same amount of mentioned components, the only difference was in the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as templating reagent to one of the sols. After calcination at 550°C, deposited films on the stainless steel substrate were characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM). Influence of layer number as well as addition of polyethylene glycol on morphology of titania films was analysed and discussed. Generally, by increasing the number of layers and by addition of polyethylene glycol, roughness parameters increase by changing surface topography. The surface topography analysis is very important when choosing the adequate industrial application of prepared layers.
Bending rotation HCF testing of pseudoelastic Ni‐Ti shape memory alloys
Authors: Rahim M. , Frenzel J. , Frotscher M. , Heuwer B. , Hiebeler J. , Eggeler G.
Published: July 2013

In the present work, a computer‐controlled test rig for simultaneous fatigue testing of several pseudoelastic NiTi wires through bending rotation is described. Bending rotation fatigue (BRF) testing represents a displacement‐controlled experiment where a straight wire is bent into a semi‐circle und forced to rotate around its axis. Thus, each point on the wire surface is subjected to alternating tension and compression. A test rig, which allows to control loading amplitudes, rotation frequencies and temperatures is described. We report preliminary results of an experimental program, which aims for a better understanding of fatigue lives, crack initiation, and crack growth in pseudoelastic NiTi wires. It was found that a good surface quality is of utmost importance to avoid early crack initiation. Wöhler curves of pseudoelastic NiTi wires typically show two different regimes depending on the maximum imposed surface strain during bending rotation fatigue testing. Larger strain amplitudes, which are associated with macroscopic formation of stress‐induced martensite, result in relatively low fatigue lives (LCF regime). In contrast, cycle numbers exceeding 107 were obtained for strain amplitudes where no large scale stress‐induced formation of martensite occurred (HCF regime).
Manufacturing of quality optimized linear flow split parts by variation of fast modifiable process parameters and their influence on material characteristics
Authors: Ludwig C. , Hammen V. , Groche P. , Kaune V. , Müller C.
Published: July 2013

Das Massivumformverfahren Spaltprofilieren befindet sich auf dem Übergang von der Forschung unter Laborbedingungen in die industrielle Anwendung. Dadurch rücken Fragestellungen zur Prozesssicherheit bei hohen Produktionsgeschwindigkeiten und variierenden Schmierzuständen in den Mittelpunkt wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen. Neben den zu erwartenden Änderungen der Geometriegrößen sind vor allem werkstoffseitige Beeinflussungen von Interesse. In diesem Artikel wird daher zunächst eine quantitative Beschreibung des Einflusses von Bandgeschwindigkeit, Bandzug und Schmiermenge auf die Profilgeometrie gegeben. Hierbei wird bewertet, inwieweit eine Beeinflussung der Bauteilgeometrie durch Variieren der Prozessgrößen erfolgt. Des Weiteren werden die bei unterschiedlichen Prozessbedingungen zu beobachtenden Gefügecharakteristika, Härteverläufe und Texturen der spaltprofilierten Halbzeuge dargestellt. Durch Verwendung statistischer Methoden, insbesondere der uni‐ und multivariaten Regressionsanalyse, wird abschließend auf Basis der experimentellen Ergebnisse eine analytische Beschreibung zur Vorhersage sich einstellender Bauteilgeometrien hergeleitet. Diese eröffnet die Möglichkeit einer gezielten Steuerung der Bauteilgeometrie durch die identifizierten Einflussgrößen.
Measurement of costs and scales for outcome evaluation in health economic studies of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dodel Richard , Jönsson Bengt , Reese Jens Peter , Winter Yaroslav , Martinez‐Martin Pablo , Holloway Robert , Sampaio Cristina , Růžička Evžen , Hawthorne Graeme , Oertel Wolfgang , Poewe Werner , Stebbins Glenn , Rascol Oliver , Goetz Christopher G. , Schrag Anette
Published: July 2013

Health economic studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) have become increasingly common in recent years. Because several methodologies and instruments have been used to assess cost and outcomes in PD, the Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a Task Force to assess their properties and make recommendations regarding their use. A systematic literature review was conducted to explore the use of those instruments in PD and to determine which should be selected for this review. We assessed approaches to evaluatecost of illness(COI),cost effectiveness, andcost utilities, which include the use of direct (standard gamble, time trade‐off. and visual analogue scales) and indirect instruments to measure health status and utilities. No validated instruments/models were identified for the evaluation of COI or cost‐effectiveness in patients with PD; therefore, no instruments in this group are recommended. Among utility instruments, only a few of these outcome instruments have been used in the PD population, and only limited psychometric data are available for these instruments with respect to PD. Because psychometric data for further utility instruments in conditions other than PD already exist, the standard gamble and time trade‐off methods and the EQ‐5D (a European quality‐of‐life health states instrument) and Health Utility Index instruments met the criteria for scales that are “recommended (with limitations),” but only the EQ‐5D has been assessed in detail in PD patients. The MDS Task Force recommends further study of these instruments in the PD population to establish core psychometric properties. For the assessment of COI, the Task Force considers the development of a COI instrument specifically for PD, like that available for Alzheimer's disease. © 2013MovementDisorder Society