bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antisalafi Ulama’s Interpretations of Islam
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

Although the constitutional restoration of 1908 did not end the salafis’ difficulties with conservative ulama, it did change the political context of their rivalry. In the new balance of political forces, the salafis sided with the Committee of Union and Progress, the strongest constitutionalist party in Syria and the empire. Meanwhile, the conservative ulama remained loyal to Abdilll).amid and joined with anticonstitution notables to attack the salafis and thereby challenge the CUP. Antisalafi incidents that took place between July 1908 and April 1909 resulted in the defeat of the anticonstitution forces, and thereafter the conservative ulama could no longer persecute the salafis.
Introduction
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: November 2023

It is a rare and intriguing moment when a people decide that they are the instruments of history-making and race-building. It is common enough to think of oneself as part of some larger meaning in the sweep of history, a part of some grand design. But to presume to be an actor and creator in the special occurrence of a people’s birth (or rebirth) requires a singular self-consciousness. In the opening decades of the twentieth century, down into the first years of the Great Depression, black intellectuals in Harlem had just such a self-concept. These Harlemites were so convinced that they were evoking their people’s “Dusk of Dawn” that they believed that they marked a renaissance.
Harlem: Capital of the Black World
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: November 2023

What made Harlem special was not that it was bawdy and tended to epitomize the most sordid aspects of the Jazz Age. While that was true enough, so had numerous other “colored districts” of American cities. New York had similar black centers in earlier years. James Weldon Johnson recalled one such district on West 35th Street that thrived around the turn of the century. Ike Hines’s place, which Johnson described, had all of the qualities of the cabaret and “sporting life” that were later to characterize Harlem for many. Ike Hines’s had collected black musicians and entertainers, and they, in turn, attracted scores of white pleasure-seekers and white heirs of the minstrel tradition in search of material for their black faced theatrical acts. There seem always to have been “darktowns.” They were a bit spicy because of community indulgence. The respectable white citizenry sought pleasure in their brothels and cabarets. And their patronage shielded the extra-legal life of Negroes from police harassment. Harlem, before World War I and the years following, had all of these features. But the time and the circumstances of its creation made Harlem symbolize the Afro-American’s coming of age.
Introduction
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Americans both love and hate their government; trust and fear it. Traditionally, their political philosophy has been basically libertarian, though not consistently so. They believe in limiting the power of government in many ways, yet they also want to use government to pursue various special goals or interests. This ambivalence toward government is particularly evident in the area of criminal justice. Those earliest of American reformers, the founders, established a Constitution premised on a lack of faith in the benevolence and wisdom of governors. Shortly thereafter, another group of American reformers established a penitentiary system premised on faith in the redemption of sinners and in the benevolence and wisdom of at least some authorities whose job it would be to coercively save those sinners.
Private Prisons Today: A Descriptive Overview
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

“Private prison”is not a very precise term, though its general meaning is fairly clear. It refers to a place of confinement that is managed by a private company. “Prison”will be used broadly in this book to include any place of involuntary confinement within the justice system. This would include facilities of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (which is part of the Department of Justice) and juvenile justice facilities, but not places for involuntary civil confinement of the mentally ill. Within the current context, “prison”will be more or less synonymous with a “detention,”“confinement,”“correctional,”or “penal”facility.
Issues of Liability
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Critics of privatization warn that governments will not escape liability by contracting the administration of their prisons, as some advocates supposedly claim. In contrast, some opponents of private prisons seem to imply that government can escape liability (through sovereign immunity) if only it stays away from contracting. Lawyer and privatization critic J. Michael Keating summarizes the liability picture as follows: From context, it is clear that Keating regards this legal vulnerability of private prisons as an argument against them, but it is not at all clear why this should be so.
Private Prisons and the Privatization of Punishment
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

The future of privatization in one form or another in corrections seems fairly secure. Contracting of services and of nonsecure facilities is already a permanent feature of corrections. At this point, contracting for the management of secure facilities is still unfamiliar and controversial, but it gives every indication of gaining widespread acceptance. The forces behind its emergence are still in place and growing stronger. Crowding in existing prisons is increasing, along with judicial pressure to do something about it. The judicial solution-dosing institutions or capping them, and fining jurisdictions that do not respond to court orders--Only serves to increase population pressures at other institutions and financial pressures on government.
Introduction:The Setting and the Problem
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Theravāda is known in the Buddhist world for its claims of doctrinal purity and for its confession of institutional conservatism, but this book is not about doctrinal purity or institutional conservatism.
The Relevant Historical and Doctrinal Background
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to know with any significant degree of certainty exactly how unity within the early Buddhist sangha was originally fractured. Suggestions in Pāli sources indicate that, even during the lifetime of the Buddha, there may have been schismatic pressures within the monkhood
The Morning After The Seventies And Beyond
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: November 2023

The Mississippi veterans were among the first to catch the political and cultural wave of the Sixties. Indeed, they had as much to do with shaping the chronological and substantive character of that wave as anyone else.
The New Indian Politics
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

On December 28, 1890, a few miles west of the Badlands in South Dakota, a band of exhausted Sioux Indians, including a hundred or so warriors and some 250 women and children, surrendered to troops of the U.S. Seventh Cavalry and agreed to travel with them to the Indian agency at Pine Ridge. The joint party camped that night at Wounded Knee Creek, twenty miles from their destination. Surrounding the Indian tipis and tents were nearly five hundred soldiers and four pieces of Hotchkiss light artillery.
The Transformations of the Tribe
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

“Our power is gone and we are dying, for the power is not in us anymore.” Thus said Black Elk, the Oglala medicine man, to John Neihardt in 1931. And perhaps it was so. Black Elk had seen the dead and dying at Wounded Knee and had fought briefly there. He had witnessed in his own life the passage of the Sioux nations from freedom to dependency. In his youth the spirits of the Lakota had given him a magnificent vision, calling him to give aid and leadership to his people, and he felt he had failed in his appointed task. Yet his words of despair came at what, in retrospect, appears to have been a critical time, the start of a decade that would see some crucial developments in an extended Native American renaissance.
The Politics of lndianness
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

“Great cities,” wrote Robert Park in 1925, “have always been the melting-pots of races and of cultures.”1 In the crucible of city life, peoples are transformed. But the term “melting pot” is misleading. It suggests some-thing more than even Park seems to have intended. Cities have not so much destroyed groups as refashioned them. Feed groups-ethnic, racial, class-into an urban area, wait a while, and examine the result. Groups there will be, but they are likely to have changed. The bases of differentiation will be different; some will have disappeared; new ones will have emerged. The result will be no homogeneous mass, but a new collection of communities and peoples jockeying for advantage, position, status, and opportunity.
The Pro-Choice Movement
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Given the political fallout from the Supreme Court’s decision in Missouri v. Webster and the Court’s pending decisions in three more abortion cases, abortion rights promise to occupy centre stage in American politics for years to come. Funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation, this timely work analyses the development of the pro-choice movement over the last twenty-five years, providing crucial background to the current abortion rights debate.
Introduction
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The conflict over abortion has a long history in American political life. The states were originally guided on the matter of abortion by British common law, which permitted abortion until “quickening,” the point about midway through pregnancy when the woman first perceives fetal movement. Although abortion before quickening was socially acceptable and there was no grass-roots anti-abortion movement before the twentieth century, there was a successful campaign to outlaw abortion in the nineteenth century that was initiated not by religious leaders—as might be expected—but by physicians. The physicians who led this campaign were “regular” doctors motivated in large part by their desire to regulate medicine and to drive out the “irregular” doctors who were most likely to perform abortions.
Collective Action Through Established Means
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The social movements of the 1960s are associated with confrontational direct action tactics. As we shall see in Chapter 4, the movement to legalize abortion was no exception; as the women’s movement spread, feminists took the abortion battle to the streets. But there was also another side to the movement. Much of the early activity on behalf of legal abortion consisted of teas held at churches to dis cuss change in the laws and endless trips to the state legislatures by middle-aged women with long volunteer “careers” (cf. Daniels, 1988). Despite the fact that the word “abortion” could barely be mentioned in public when the movement began, the movement did use conventional channels of influence from the start.
Single-Issue Politics
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The tactics of the pro-choice movement had already become increasingly reactive in response to countermovement activities after the legalization of abortion in 1973. This trend continued in the post-Hyde period, but with some important changes. While movement organizations continued to engage in legislative lobbying and litigation, the political arena became the central battlefield of the abortion conflict. The pro-choice movement became increasingly involved in single issue political tactics and more narrowly focused on defending legal abortion than ever before. Countermovement victories dictated pro-choice responses, but they also enabled the movement to obtain far more resources than had been available in earlier periods of the abortion conflict. National pro-choice movement organizations had already started to become more professionalized in their leadership and formalized in structure, and the increased resources accelerated these organizational trends.
Further General Results in Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

We next discuss certain general results in quaternionic quantum mechanics, which can be formulated independently of the detailed structure of the Hamiltonian H Our emphasis in this chapter will be on topics connected with symmetry generators. We introduce quaternion anti-self-adjoint space translation generators and use them to construct the momentum representation. Corresponding to these generators, we introduce several possible definitions for the self adjoint momentum operators and show that none of them possesses all the properties of the momentum in complex quantum mechanics. A closely analogous discussion is given for the rotation generators and angular momentum.
Quaternionic Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

Up to this point our discussion of relativistic quaternionic wave equations has dealt with the first quantized case, in which the wave fields are quaternions in the right-acting algebra spanned by 1, i,j,k, with c-number-valued real components. We now turn to quaternionic quantum field theory, in which the wave fields are left-acting operators.
Introduction: The Paradox of Capitalism
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Every few years the news media in this country discover a business crime wave. And when they do, they usually connect it to the trends of the times. In the 1980s, for example, business crime was blamed on such things as the swing of the generational pendulum from the social concerns of the 1960s to the personal concerns of the 1980s, the greed-is-good mentality fostered by the free-wheeling individualism of the Reagan administration, the moral example of corruption in high places in Washington, the merger mania in the corporate world that produced a speculative fever and created a kind of casino society, the bacchanalia of a long bull market on Wall Street, the unprecedented inflation in housing prices that separated wealth from work, and so on. In the past, business crime has been blamed on other transient events.
Selling It: The Seamy Side of the Marketplace
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Adulteration of products is one of the most common deceptions practiced on the public. And for good reason. If the cardinal rule of capitalism is to buy cheap and sell dear, then it ‘s understandable why adulteration is so widespread; it allows the seller to alter one side of that equation in his favor and indeed buy cheaper than would otherwise be possible.
Obscene Language and the Development of Attic Comedy
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The plays of Aristophanes burst with jokes and buffoonery of all kinds: in the service of satire, abuse, parody, irony, and surrealistic absurdity are countless plays on words, comic distortions of proper names, ludicrous and extravagant compounds, constant shifting between different proprieties of diction, verbal surprises, equivocations, deceptions.
Introduction
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

It was a commonplace in Greco-Roman antiquity that religion was women’s business, and it was not a compliment. Strabo of Pontus in Asia Minor said it most clearly: “Women [are] the chief founders of religion (tieisidaimonia) ... women . . . provoke men to the more attentive worship of the gods, to festivals and to supplications; and it is a rare thing for a man who lives by himself to be found addicted to these things;” As with all generalizations, Strabo’s could be qualified. Deisidaimonia (literally, “fear of the gods”) was neither the only term he used for human reverence for the divine, nor the most complimentaty. Not surprisingly, the stance he favored, eudaimonia, was far more typical of elite, educated men.2 Strabo knew that religion was hardly the sole domain of women, and so did every other ancient male author who wrote on the subject. In many quarters, from the Roman priestly colleges to the Jewish study house to Christian church councils, religion could be, and was, a male exercise. But the association of women with religion seemed so obvious that it called forth little explanation in-antiquity. Modem scholarship cannot be said to have done much better.
Women’s Religious Offices in Greco-Roman Paganism
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

Evidence for women’s religious leadership in pagan contexts has received short shrift, in part because it has been deemed the least relevant, if not irrelevant, for contemporary theological agendas.1 Yet women unquestionably held office in a wide range of pagan religions across the ancient world chronologically, geographically, and culturally.
Women’s Leadership and Offices in Christian Communities
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

In the Greco-Roman period, virtually the only context for the discussion of women’s religious leadership is women’s Christian ministry. Aside from rabbinic discussions about why women cannot discharge cultic obligations for others,’ no ancient Jewish sources debate whether women can hold synagogue office. Perhaps not surprisingly, the subject never comes up in pagan literature either, where women’s right and ability to hold religious office is never in dispute.
Athenian Myths and Institutions
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

This book analyzes the relationships between Athenian myths and the institutions that informed them. In particular, it examines how myths encode thoughts on ritual, the code of warrior, marriage, and politics. Combining traditional historical and literary criticism with the approaches of anthropologists, feminist critics, and cultural historians, the authors study specific examples of the epic and tragedy as well as funeral orations and the Parthenon marbles-to illuminate the ways mythic media exploited the beliefs, concepts, and practices of fifth-century Athens, simultaneously exemplifying and shaping that culture.
Introduction: Myths as Words in Action
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

Most of us formed our first impressions of Greek myths as children from the summaries and illustrated handbooks, movies, and cartoons that simplified and sanitized the doings of the gods and heroes. The stories were fun, and they impressed us as something uncomplicated, or frivolous. How, after all, could anyone take seriously such fantasy as Zeus’s turning himself into a bull or Kronos’ swallowing his children? In time, youthful skepticism was reinforced by the common opinion that myths are false and misleading.
Theseus and the Parthenon as Mythic Propaganda
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

At 9:40 p.m., 15 February 1898, two explosions demolished the forward part of the destroyer U.S.S. Maine while it was riding anchor in Havana harbor. Two hundred and sixty seamen and officers perished. The Cubans were rebelling against Spain, and President William McKinley had dispatched the ship to protect American citizens and investments on the island. An American court of inquiry and a subsequent American investigation in 1911 attributed the explosions to a submarine mine but did not fix responsibility for the destruction.
Praxis
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I derive an Afro-Christian praxis from a tradition beginning in the slavery period that includes in its purview the King movement. As we will see, however, King’s praxis refines the tradition in a qualitatively new way. I begin by reflecting on the transgenerational history of forgiveness and reconciliation in black religious experience. On the basis of his research, the historian Timothy Smith has argued that forgiveness and reconciliation toward enemies were the central doctrines of slave theology. The elements of their theology, Smith claims, were “first, forgiveness, awe and ecstasy … the experience of forgiveness and the doctrine of reconciliation were primary.”2 Smith then observes how theological doctrine converged with the psychological and existential needs of the slaves. In his view, their theology of forgiveness addressed the existential agony of impotence and outrage they experienced in the face of their severe oppression. Slave converts to Christianity in particular realized and acknowledged their need to be ‘saved’ from an internal cauldron of violent impulses. “Black converts knew they had a lot to forgive.
Emergence from Old Empires
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

In the second century A.D. the Roman empire covered a vast territory that included all regions abutting the Mediterranean Sea. The empire extended northward to encompass England and all of western Europe except Germany, eastward to encompass Greece, Anatolia, and the Fertile Crescent, and southward across the entire stretch of littoral North Africa. Rome’s southern and eastern peripheral areas were in contact, both overland and by sea, with sizable portions of the rest of the “Old World” as far away as India and China. By that time, the first nascent world system had come into existence, although it would not survive the “fall of Rome.”
The Mongols and the Northeast Passage
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

Some economic units in the thirteenth century owed their importance to their entrepot functions-to their competitive edge as neutral ground at a crossroads. These were places at which traders from distant places could meet to transact business, their persons secure in passage and their goods protected from confiscation or default. The towns of the Champagne fairs and, as we shall see later, the port entrepot of Aden, the towns along the Strait of Malacca, and, to some extent, those of the Malabar Coast offered such a haven.
Sindbad’s Way: Baghdad and the Persian Gulf
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

Of the three routes between Europe and the Far East, Sindbad’s “middle way” through the Persian Gulf was the easiest, cheapest, and, not unexpectedly then, the most ancient and enduring. When it functioned well, this middle route through the Levant and Baghdad took precedence over all alternatives. When it experienced blockages, however, the routes north of it, overland from Constantinople, or to the south, by land through Egypt and then water via the Red Sea, became more essential.
Cairo’s Monopoly under the Slave Sultanate
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

The great coalescence of the Mesopotamian and Nile valley civilizations that had created the golden age of Islam was broken by the Mongol preemption of Iraq and Persia. Even after the Mongol II-Khans converted to Islam, the enmity between the Mongols and the Mamluks, who ruled Syria and Egypt, abated only briefly during the first half of the fourteenth century. This hiatus may have been partially responsible for the fact that Cairo reached her apex during the reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (1294–1340, with two brief interruptions), when her population reached half a million (Abu-Lughod, 1971: 32–36). By then it was one of the largest cities in the world, exceeded by only the cities of China, Hangchow and possibly Zaytun.
Female Piety in the Lives of Thomas Hooker, Thomas Shepard, and John Cotton
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

Puritan ministers relied on images of female piety to characterize the way all Christians received grace, managed their feelings, and exercised authority. Thus in their use of female imagery to define humility, Puritan ministers did more than encourage wives to be submissive to their husbands; they also gave their listeners and readers a clear picture of the humble attitude essential to all forms of Christian activity.
Anne Hutchinson, Anne Bradstreet, and the Importance of Women in Puritan Culture
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

As numerous scholars have pointed out, women in seventeenth¬ century New England were governed by a patriarchal social structure and patriarchal system of religious belief. In civic, ecclesiastical, and domestic life, men dominated and women submitted. A heartfelt devo¬tion to the Fatherhood of God supported this arrangement. Religious devotion to the Fatherhood of God invested ordinary fathers and father-figures with divine authority and represented the Puritan belief that strong fathers were necessary for social order and emotional security.1
The Rise and Fall of Female Piety as a Symbol of New England
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

After 1660, the Puritan ideal of female piety acquired political signifi¬cance as a symbol of the strength and virtue of New England society. This development not only reflected the long-standing idealization of female piety in Puritan sermons, but also the growing preponderance of women church members, and the increasing religious authority Puritan women exercised at home as a result of their high rate of church membership. Thus the Puritan ideal of female sanctity came to symbolize the integrity of Puritan culture in New England as women came increasingly to represent religious virtue within Puritan culture.
The Intelligentsia and the Merchants
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

In the introduction to his excellent analysis of fin de siecle Viennese politics and culture, Carl Schorske asserts, “The word ‘modern’ acquired something of the ring of a war cry ... as an antithesis of ‘ancient’-implying contrast with classical antiquity. “1 This “war cry” rang loud and clear in Iran, its echo sounding among Moslem thinkers in the throes of an intellectual crisis. This crisis did not necessarily originate with Western contact, nor was this the direct cause. Rather, modern European thought offered viable answers to a quest for new modes of being and thinking. Modernity-a historical phenomenon developing from a set of particular economic, scientific, and cultural developments in the late fifteenth century in Western Europe-caught the imagination and inflamed the spirit of those already in rebellion against traditional sociointellectual norms.
The Religious Dissidents
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

Imani Shi’ism dominated Iranian thought for centuries, proving to be an important vehicle for intellectual continuity and change. In a remarkable fashion, despite the great hostility the established orthodox leadership displayed toward heterodox views, especially in the Safavid and Qajar periods, it had accommodated novel, sometimes radical, ideas propounded by progressive-minded men in revolt against the alleged “stifling narrow-mindedness” of the official religion. It kept a door open to divergent outlooks that reflected the changing conditions and mood of the time, and thus it periodically offered a more or less direct challenge to the conservative views of the sociocultural establishment.
The Transcaucasian Connection
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

With the signing of the treaties of Golistan (1812) and Turkomanchai (1828), which ended two disastrous wars with Russia, Iran gave up all claims to political rule in the Caucasus. The Turkic-speaking province of Azerbaijan was permanently divided in two, the south remaining as part of the Iranian kingdom and the north, with an estimated population of half a million Moslems, falling under Russian dominance. The Shia in Russian Azerbaijan held a clear majority, but Sunni influence was strong, and Russian authorities were able to use one sect against the other to break sporadic insurrections. At first, though, the khanate system of administration was kept intact, with a Russian commander replacing the local Moslem khan as governor. The religious courts continued to function as they had before Russian annexation, and Persian was maintained as the official administrative language.
The Establishment of the First Majles
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

The first experiment with parliamentarism, from August 1906 to June 1908, marked not the climax but rather the beginning of the revolution. It was during this two-year session of the first majles that groups of constitutionalists, emerging from British tutelage, formed more clearly defined political blocs with distinct targets and goals. Beneath their commonly adopted rhetoric, beyond their commonly held ideal of a representative government working in unison to reform society while abiding by the sacred rules and traditions of religion and monarchy, lay the divisive forces that, dormant in the preliminary stages leading to the proclamation of the constitution, were to explode weeks after the euphoria accompanying the festivities subsided.
The Mashruta-Mashru a Battle
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

The struggle for the supplement lasted eight months. Two broad issues were central in the power struggle, one political, over the limitations of the shah’s authority in government affairs, the other sociocultural, over institutional and legal reforms aiming at the secularization of Iranian society. Neither issue constituted a state olama confrontation. In fact, all sides involved in the bitter battle, from the reactionary court to the equally intransigent constitutionalist leaders in the majles, sought to gain clerical support. Clerical and factional politics, rather than religious considerations, determined the individual ayatollahs’ stand. Paradoxically, the sociocultural issue created greater turmoil, as the shah chose to wage his political battle through a reactionary clerical front opposed to the reforms mainly because they were endorsed by rival olama.
The Coup
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

“The difference between our nation and others,” proclaimed Aqa Shaikh Mohammad Ali, a Majles deputy, “is that others first shed blood then acquired a Constitution, and thus to them the Constitution is sacred. In our country we are shedding blood, and committing acts of violence, in order to ensure the application of the Constitution. “1 Indeed, there was a general feeling among the constitutionalists that the constitution was “given” to them, that they had not earned it the hard way, and that the real struggle began only when the time came to implement it.
The Lesser Despotism
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

The period from the coup d’etat of June 23, 1908, and the destruction of the first majles until the deposition of Mohammad Ali shah on July 16, 1909, is referred to in the Persian annals as the “Lesser Despotism.” The shah ruled by decree, repeatedly postponing the elections he had promised to the nation and the foreign envoys, on the grounds that heresy and sedition had first to be entirely eliminated.
Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

This book examines a central element of social welfare, old age security, exploring the history of policies in both developed and underdeveloped countries to assess their structure, ideology and effectiveness. The authors test five theoretical perspectives on old-age security policy in four industrial nations (the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany) and three developing countries (India, Nigeria, Brazil), challenging the view that old age policy is the outcome of class conflict between capital and labour. Instead, the authors adopt a neo-pluralist perspective which emphasizes the influence of ethnic religious and regional groups, as well as “the grey lobby”, over that of class-based groups. The authors attempt to test ideas derived in part from these historical case studies by analysing quantitative data from a broader sample of countries (18 industrial nationa and 32 developing nations), and they use these results to anticipate future policy developments in the U.S.
Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

To this point our focus has been on evidence drawn from a series of historical case studies. For many questions about the origins and the evolution of old-age security policy, qualitative comparative historical analysis is the methodology of choice. This approach allows us to address detailed questions about the ways in which policy has evolved in different countries. It lends itself to the analysis of issues and developments that are unique to a specific country. To approach a full understanding of the evolution of old-age security policy in a specific country, it is essential that we have access to the kinds of information and explanations that only a detailed historical case study can provide.
Faces in the Clouds
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

Religion is one of the most universal and most studied human phenomena, yet there exists no widely shared definition of religion. This ambitious study attempts to provide and defend such a definition. Stewart Guthrie argues that religion is best understood as systematic anthropomorphism: the attribution of human characteristics to non-human things or events. Many writers have seen anthropomorphism as a superficial characteristic of religion. For Guthrie, however, it is central; religion consists in seeing the world as human-like. Guthrie begins by demonstrating that we find plausible, in varying degrees, a continuum of human-like beings including gods, spirits, demons, gremlins, abominable snowmen, Hal the Computer, and Chiquita Banana. We find messages from such beings in phenomena such as weather, earthquakes, plagues, traffic accidents, and the flight of birds. Guthrie argues that this represents an adaptive strategy; we “bet” on the most important possible interpretation of our perceptions of our world – it is better to mistake a boulder for a bear than the other way around. Because of the extreme importance for us of other human beings and their actions, we project human characteristics onto what we see. Guthrie then shows how this explanation can be applied to virtually every belief and experience classified as religious. The result is a provocative and disturbing book that should be both influential and controversial.
Animism, Perception, and the Effort After Meaning
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

We often see nonliving things and events as alive, especially if they move, make noise, or otherwise stand out from the landscape. We credit our environment with more organization and more organisms than it has. Humans see boulders as bears, flying pieces of paper as birds, and stuck drawers as willful. Other animals also animate the world: cats see fluttering leaves as prey, horses see blowing bags as threats, and dogs hear sirens as howls. Our shared inclination to animate, moreover, is a strategy rather than an accident. To call this inclination a strategy, however, is not to say it is conscious. In fact, it almost never is.1
Anthropomorphism as Perception
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

Nothing is so important to us as other humans. Because we are preoccupied with each other, we are sensitive to any possible human presence and have tolerant standards for detecting it. Mostly unconsciously, we fit the world first with diverse humanlike templates.1 Our preoccupation with a human prototype guides perception in daily life. We attend to what fits the humanlike templates and temporarily ignore what does not. Sounds, shapes, and smells thus first evoke humans and we mistake mail­ boxes, signposts, and saplings for people. Evidence of anthropomorphism in perception, and reasons for it, come from artificial intelligence, from psychoanalysis, from experimental, clinical, and developmental psychology, and from ethnography.
The Cynic Way: A Life Without the Household
Authors: Dawson Doyne
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of the fourth century the Platonic-Aristotelian tradition was challenged by a rival vision of utopia, which was attributed to both the Cynics and the Stoics. Whether the new utopian theory was of Cynic or Stoic origin is an important question, which will require a discussion at some length of the relationship between these closely affiliated schools.
Rhetoric, Comedy, and the Violence of Language in Aristophanes’ Clouds
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This is a thought-provoking reading of Aristophanes’ Clouds. O’Regan’s principle theme is the logos, or power of argument, and its effects; she also assesses the self awareness of the second Clouds as a comedy of logos directed towards a resistant audience. Within and without the play, the logos meets defeat when confronted with human nature. The argument conveys insight into Athenian thought and the play’s workings, the more so because it balances rhetoric with comedy, reminds the reader that this is a comic logos, explored in the comic mode, and connected with the intentions and vicissitudes of the first and second Clouds.
The Changing Role of Logos: Background
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

While the Clouds’ focus on logos, human communication, and the power of rhetoric might seem odd to a modern audience, such a choice would hardly have surprised contemporary Athenians-late fifth-century Athens was experiencing a period of political and speculative turmoil centering in many respects on speech. This chapter outlines some of the major features of this controversy as they can be reconstructed from the limited sources which have survived. Its purpose is to help situate logos in the practical and conceptual framework of the time, and thus aid in the recovery of the full resonance of Aristophanes’ comedy. The orientation is one which will facilitate analysis in subsequent chapters, where frequent reference will be made to the issues and the images to be discussed here.
The Debate of the Logoi-The Agon: Lines 889-1112
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The long-delayed agon, the famous debate of the logoi, inaugurates the last half of the Clouds. Although in the drama of Strepsiades and his debts we seem to be back where we started, much thematic progress has been made. In the course of Strepsiades’ failure, we have learned about the sophists, their theories, their logos, and their students. The new approach taken in the agon, the look at sophistic rhetoric from the inside, requires that we remember what has gone before, for the de bate of the logoi, whose position makes it the great turning point of the play, develops the theoretical implications of the preceding parts of the play to their logical if contradictory conclusions.
The “Cultural” Origin of the π ο λ ι τ ε α ι
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

There is another approach to genre which consists of treating the ‘A as a species of Kul-turgeschichte. The initial justification for this approach will be the use of similar language in works of Aristotle and in other works which more clearly belong to the genre of cultural history.
Structure and Meaning
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

If, as I have argued, Aristotle’s basic cultural pattern in the ‘ ’ A θ π ο λdid not furnish him with generic guidelines of sufficient clarity and rigidity to aid him overly much in the composition of the work, we must ask how he expected his reader to know what was going on once he got below a superficial level, i.e., statements of unambiguous content. I am going to suggest that he did this in two ways: the second, which I discuss later, is through structure; the first is of relatively rare occurrence and involves manipulation of language.
Vertical Structure: Ring Composition
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

Ring composition, the technique of repeating at the end of a structural unit, a word, phrase, or theme with which the unit began, has a long history in Greek literature.’ The standard discussion is that of W. A. A. van Otterlo, and I begin with his definitions, qualifying them where necessary.
Aristotle and Theramenes
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

Critical evaluation of the actions, character, and motives of the Athenian politician Theramenes began during his lifetime, continued at some level of passion in the years immediately after his death, and is still with us. Aristotle’s judgment (28.5) of him, it is well known, was unambiguously favorable: why that should have been so is a question I cannot answer,2 and I tum instead to an examination of the (largely unexamined) panoply of techniques with which Aristotle so shaped his narrative as to justify his judgment of Theramenes to the mind of his reader.
Chapter 45:  β ο υ λ
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

Chapter 45 raises question of three kinds: internal structure, contextual structure, and theme. These are interrelated, but distinctions are necessary because each rubric has its own contribution to the correct understanding of the chapter. By contextual structure, I refer to the question of why the chapter is placed here vis-a-vis chapters 42-69. By theme, I understand the relationship of the contents of the chapter to the contents of the ‘A03tOA as a whole.
The Youth Gang Problem
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

A systematic and comparative analysis of youth gangs and the youth gang problem in the United States, this book deals with hands-on issues of policy and programs, describing the strategies and techniques for dealing with gangs employed by criminal justice organizations, social agencies, schools, employment programs, and grass-roots organizations. Spergel combines empirical research, first-hand experience, and a solid theoretical base to expose the causes of the gang problem. He recommends strategies that deal with gangs at a community level, using both local and national interests and resources to provide gang members with structured social and economic opportunities.
Criminal Justice System: The Police
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

The concepts involved in traditional strategies, policies, and programs dealing with the gang problem are useful as frames of reference for what organizations may do in the future to be more effective. Newer models for dealing with this problem are distinctive rather than categorically different from older models. This chapter and the following ones describe policies and programs that appear to be promising based on past experience, limited program evaluation and the theoretical framework used here. The chapter analyzes and compares mainly specialized police suppression approaches of the past two decades with evolving, more complex, community-oriented approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

Two steel mills sit barely an hour apart in the heart of America’s industrial rustbelt. The first is a sprawling, old, rusted mass of buildings, pipes, wires, dirt, and sheds. Inside, thousands of workers covered in sweat and grime toil over aging steel furnaces, turning molten metal into steel slabs. There is a distinct hierarchy here; each worker does his or her own job with its own rate of pay, which is codified into a legalistic system of literally hundreds of separate job classifications. Managers and supervisors in shirts and ties stand watch over the workers, who perform the actual physical labor. Strewn everywhere across the muddied dirt floor are old wires, chemical containers, tools, and all sorts of debris. The noise level is so deafening that some of the workers wear protective ear coverings. The steel moves slowly by overhead crane, or at times on aging trucks, across the huge complex to be processed into steel sheets and coils. Outside, rusted steel slabs and coils are piled everywhere; beside them rest broken-down machines, trucks, and industrial vehicles.
Beyond Fordism Martin Kenney Richard Florida
Authors: Kenney Beyond Fordism Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

An employee today is no longer a slave to machinery who is expected to repeat simple mechanical operations like Charlie Chaplin in the film Modern Times. He is no longer a beast of burden who works under the carrot-and-stick rule and sells his labor. After all, manual labor can be taken over by a machine or computer. Modern industry has to be brain intensive and so does the employee. Neither machinery nor animals can carry out brain intensive tasks.
Atom-Scale Tunneling
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

STM experiments with atomic resolution are always performed with very short tip-sample distances. Direct measurements have shown that the normal tip-sample distances in STM are 1-4 A before a mechanical contact, as shown in Fig. 2.1 (Dilrig, Zilger, and Pohl, 1988). The experiments were simultaneous measurements of the force gradient and the tunneling conductance in an STM. By integrating the force gradient, the point of a mechanical contact is determined. The tunneling conductance as a function of the tip-sample distance (with respect to the point of a mechanical contact) is directly measured.
Tip-Sample Interactions
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

First-principles calculations of an STM, including a real tip and a real sample, clearly show that within the normal tip-sample distances (3.-6 A from nucleus to nucleus), in the gap region, the local electronic density resembles neither that of the tip nor that of the sample. Substantial local modifications are induced by the strong interaction. An example is the system of an Al sample with an Al tip, calculated by Ciraci, Baratoff, and Batra (1990a), as shown in Fig. 8.1. As the tip-sample distance is reduced to 8 hr, the electron density begins to show a substantial concentration in the middle of the gap. This phenomenon becomes much more pronounced when the tip-sample distance is reduced to about 7 hour. These distances are exactly the normal distances where atom-resolved images are obtained.
Vibration Isolation
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

Effective vibration isolation is one of the critical elements in achieving atomic resolution by STM (Binnig et al., 1983). The typical corrugation amplitude for STM images is about 0.1 A. Therefore, the disturbance from external vibration must be reduced to less than 0.01 A, or one picometer (1 pm = 12 m). Analyses of vibration isolation in STM have been conducted by Pohl (1986), Okano et al. (1987), Park and Quate (1987), Kuk and Silverman (1989), and Tiedje and Brown (1990). Vibration and the vibration isolation problem is ubiquitous in mechanical engineering, and there are excellent text­ books about it (Timoshenko, Young, and Weaver, 1974; Frolov and Furman, 1990). We start this chapter with a description of the basic concepts in vibration isolation through the analysis of a one-dimensional system, followed by a discussion of environmental vibration and various examples of vibration isolation systems for STM and AFM.
Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

The STM resolves individual atoms on conducting surfaces. For resolving individual atoms on insulating surfaces, Binnig, Quate, and Gerber (1986) introduced a method similar to the STM, atomic force microscopy (AFM). In AFM, the tip of a flexible force-sensing cantilever stylus is raster scanned over the surface of the sample. The force acting between the cantilever and the sample surface causes minute deflections of the cantilever. The deflections are detected and utilized as the feedback signal. By keeping the force constant, a topographic image of constant force is obtained.