bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familial Support of the Elderly in a Rural Mennonite Community
Authors: Bond John B. , Harvey Carol D.H. , Hildebrand Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2010

With an increasing number of persons entering old age and having longer life expectancies, there has been a consequent alteration of family dynamics, such that middle aged individuals frequently provide support to their older parents. At the same time, the middle aged person is often in the midst of raising his or her own children, attending to personal aspirations, and enacting the role of spouse.

This study investigated support from middle aged offspring to elderly parents in a rural Mennonite community. Information on the expectation for and consequences of support to parents was gathered from pastors and middle aged family members in two Mennonite conferences, as well as from a Lutheran sample with a similar historical background.

Pastoral interviews showed no differences in doctrinal beliefs regarding familial care of parents, although the institutional church responses varied. Middle aged offspring in the Lutheran congregation reported less involvement in religious practice than did members of either Mennonite congregation. Burden of caring for elderly parents felt by middle aged people showed no statistically significant differences between congregations; however, greater reported religiosity was associated with lesser burden.
The Relationship Between Performance on the Multi-Focus Assessment Scale and Functional Status
Authors: Tuokko H. , Crockett D. , Holliday S. , Coval M.
Published: November 2010

This study examined the discriminant validity of the Multi-focus Assessment Scale (MAS). The MAS was administered to three groups of older adults varying in ability to live independently: Extended Care in-patients; Assessment Clinic out-patients; and independently functioning elderly. Analysis of variance showed strong group differences on all of the scales. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the MAS variables predicted group membership with a high degree of accuracy. Replications using random samples indicated the accuracy rates were stable. It was argued that cases of misclassification were largely due to overlap between subgroups of Extended Care and Assessment Clinic patients in terms of their capacity to engage in independent functioning. Also addressed in this study was the identification of variables on the MAS critical to independent functioning. The results indicated that there was a general lowering of functioning rather than specific patterns of preserved strengths or deficits. This was consistent with the presence of a general factor. The need for additional normative data for the MAS was discussed.
Aging and Health Care: A Social Perspective. Neena L. Chappell, Laurel A. Strain, and Audrey A. Blandford. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1986. 215 pages, $15.95
Authors: Rakowski William
Published: November 2010

Aging and Health Care: A Social Perspective gives the reader a straightforward presentation of information. Users of Aging and Health Care can feel confident that they are receiving accurate information, presented with readable style and clarity. The purpose of the book (as outlined in the Preface) is to integrate social elements of aging, with a discussion of health and the health care system, in the light of an aging society. Overall, the book seems to succeed in achieving its fundamental objectives. Any critique I would have of the book is based largely on what is not said. Many readers are likely to feel that Aging and Health Care is a “no frills” text. A broad range of topics are presented, but many could be afforded extra space for expanded emphasis. The prospective audience for Aging and Health Care should therefore be evaluated carefully. Instructors can use it as a basic reading for courses in social gerontology, but should also be prepared to supplement the chapters during class sessions. However, for the reader who desires an easy-to-follow introduction to gerontology, with the objective of identifying some areas of personal interest for subsequent in-depth follow-up, Aging and Health Care should be very appropriate and helpful.
Assisted Housing for Ontario's Rural Elderly: Shortfalls in Product and Location
Authors: Hodge Gerald
Published: November 2010

Programmes for publicly assisted housing for senior citizens are making it increasingly possible for the elderly to reside in towns and villages. A study of senior citizen apartment projects in nine small Ontario Towns appraises the quality of housing being produced. Many shortfalls in design and construction are revealed along with out-of-the-way locations for projects. Deficiencies are not easily rectified and responsibility impossible to assign.
Differences Between Adjustment to and Enjoyment of Retirement
Authors: MacLean Michael J.
Published: November 2010

Most research on psychological reactions to retirement considers adjustment as the main dependent variable. This paper suggests that enjoyment of retirement may be another psychological reaction to this phase of life. Differences between adjustment to and enjoyment of retirement for a sample of retired professional men are explored with respect to different phases of retirement. It was found that these two dependent variables are related but somewhat different reactions to retirement. Two independent variables, attitudes toward retirement and family interaction, contribute to both adjustment to and enjoyment of retirement. However, income was a significant predictor of adjustment whereas personality was a significant independent variable for the prediction of enjoyment of retirement. These results suggest that further research should consider other dependent variables in attempting to understand the psychological complexities related to the retirement role.
Who Benefits from Adult Day Care: Changes in Functional Ability and Mental Functioning during Attendance
Authors: Chappell Neena L.
Published: November 2010

This paper examines changes in functional ability and mental functioning among participants (aged 50 and over) of Adult Day Care programs in Manitoba, Canada. It compares those who improve, remain stable, and deteriorate on each of these two dimensions in terms of their condition at time 1, a host of demographic factors, subjective and social factors, characteristics of their participation in the program, and diseases as coded from their medical claims records. In doing so it explores whether or not it is possible to identify who will benefit while in the program. The results provide only a potential answer to the question, but do suggest that the ADC program is performing an important social function which is related to improved functional ability, especially among those living alone and with fewer relatives. For mental health, the findings suggest the program works in conjunction with the existing marital relationship, benefiting most those still married. Research efforts are ongoing.
A Study of Patterns of Dying in a Multilevel Geriatric Setting
Authors: Brown Isabel
Published: November 2010

A retrospective study was conducted in a large multilevel geriatric centre to analyse the deaths reported in the year 1981. This centre provides accommodation for 750 elderly and/or chronically ill persons in three agencies—an apartment complex, a home for the aged, and a long-term care hospital The study revealed that the hospital is the place of death for a high proportion of the elderly residents of the centre. In particular, residents of the home for the aged are unlikely to remain in the “home” to die. It was found that patterns of death and dying for individuals admitted to the hospital from the general community differ in several ways from the patterns of those who are already living in the centre in terms of age and probable cause of death.
The Service Needs of Older People: Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Connidis Ingrid
Published: November 2010

In this paper the service needs of community-dwelling older persons are examined. Based on the responses from a random sample of 400 residents aged 65 and over, it is found that just over 9 percent of this population is currently using or in need of community services. Thus, the vast majority of older persons are managing without the aid of formal support services. The importance of the seemingly modest proportion of older persons requiring services is discussed. The consequences for public policy of anticipated constraints on family and women as service providers in the future are emphasized.
The Value of Routine Thyroid Function Tests on Patients Referred to a Geriatric Service
Authors: Patterson Christopher , Turpie Irene D. , Muckle T. J.
Published: November 2010

Routine thyroid function tests have been advocated for the geriatric population, as the clinical presentation both of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism may be atypical. Results are presented on the prevalence of dysthyroidism in patients referred to a geriatric service (2% hypothyroidism and 2% hyperthyroidism) and an attempt is made to distinguish between those suspected (hyperthyroid 6 cases, hypothyroid 11 cases) and those unsuspected on clinical grounds (hyperthyroid 4 cases, hypothyroid 7 cases). Outcome of treatment is examined and the cost of detecting one unsuspected but treatable case of hypothyroidism in this referred geriatric population is estimated at 1,000 to 2,653 1984 Canadian dollars.
Obligations for Care: Beliefs in a Small Canadian Town
Authors: Storm Christine , Storm Thomas , Strike-Schurman Janet
Published: November 2010

A combined questionnaire and interview procedure was used to explore the perceptions and obligations to assist a frail old person with physical care, financial aid, and psychological support. Subjects for the interview were 80 women aged 18–25, 30–45, 50–65, and 65–85 years, all residents of a small town in Maritime Canada. The questionnaire was omitted in the case of the oldest group. The results showed that children were perceived to have a strong obligation to assist, substantially reduced, however, by circumstances such as geographical distance or financial exigency. The obligation of government was also strong for all but psychological needs. Siblings, friends, and the church were perceived to be common sources of assistance, particularly psychological, but with significantly less moral obligation compared to other sources. Differences between age groups were small. The interviews, however, showed the youngest group to be less realistic and more absolute about children's responsibilities for old people than were old people for themselves. Similarly, the oldest subjects were more likely than younger subjects to stress the responsibility of the old person for his/her own welfare.
Family Care of the Elderly: Underlying Assumptions and their Consequences
Authors: Aronson Jane
Published: November 2010

Through a review of the literature, this article explores the debate between the traditional perspective that conceives it as natural that families take care of their elderly members when frail or in need and an emerging critique of this view. The critique exposes the invisible divisions of caring work between men and women and between public and private arenas, and challenges the comfortable imagery of ‘family care.’ The implications of this analysis for the future are considered, both for constructive changes in social policies and for the reformulation of assumptions on which research and practice with the frail elderly and their families are based.
Les Strategies D'Adaptation des Personnes Agees aux Prises avec des Sentiments Depressifs
Authors: Cappeliez Philippe , Blanchet Diane
Published: November 2010

As an initial step in the improvement of interventions for the depressed elderly, the present study attempts to identify the strategies they spontaneously use to cope with depressive feelings. Fifty two older persons answered two questionnaires, one measuring the intensity of depressive symptomatology, the other dealing with coping strategies and their usefulness. Results suggest that, as a whole, coping strategies used by the elderly do not fundamentally differ from the ones advocated by younger individuals, in that they favor strategies involving goal-oriented action. The subjects who reported the most depressive feelings differed from the others on two points: they less frequently relied on the strategy of problem solving and they considered general activity as less useful in their struggle against depressive feelings. Implications for the development of services for the elderly, in particular the secondary prevention of depression, are drawn.
Educational Gerontology: International Perspectives. Frank Glendenning (Ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985, pp. 240. ($25.00 U.S.)
Authors: Gillin C.T.
Published: November 2010

Summary Abstract

The book identifies the three distinct but related aspects of Educational Gerontology, specifically, educational opportunities for older people, education about aging for the general population, and education of professionals and para-professionals who work with the elderly. The first aspect, education for older people—including pre-retirement preparation—is emphasized. The volume has an international character with contributions from Britain, the United States, Denmark and Canada.
Geochemical Risk Factors for Mental Functioning, Based on the Ontario Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSA) IV. The Role of Silicon-Containing Compounds
Authors: Forbes W. F. , Agwani N. , Lachmaniuk P.
Published: November 2010

Following previous studies on the associations between aluminium (Al) water concentrations and relatively high risks of a measure of mental impairment, the role of silica (SiO2) as a possible confounding variable is investigated. The bivariate associations show that the lowest odds, representing an approximation of relative risks, are observed at “mild” SiO2concentrations. Multivariate analyses indicate that, if interaction terms are included, the odds comparing higher and lower SiO2concentrations are different than if an interaction term is not included. There are also indications that at relatively high Al levels, high SiO2concentrations lower the odds, consistent with previous suggestions by Birchall. The implication is that when investigating the role of Al in the etiology of various measures of mental impairment, it is important to consider the effects of other water constituents, and also the different chemical forms of Al present in treated water. The desirability of additional work is stressed, preferably using more definitive outcomes than indications of mental impairment.
The Medical Administrative Role of Medical Directors and Advisory Physicians in Ontario Nursing Homes and Homes for the Aged
Authors: Charles Cathy , Mohide E. Ann , Neimanis Marguerite
Published: November 2010

A self-administered mailed questionnaire was sent to a stratified random sample of medical administrators in Ontario homes for the aged (HFAs) and nursing homes (NHs) in 1991 in order to explore the types and extent of medical-administrative activities undertaken by these physicians, and their perceptions of skills, attitudes and knowledge that were important in carrying out their roles. Three key findings emerged from the survey. First, considerable variation exists in the extent of medical administrative activities undertaken within each of the two facility types and, in some cases, across the two facility types. Second, there were few activities which ≥75 per cent of medical administrators reported undertaking on all occasions and many activities which ≥25 per cent of physicians reported not undertaking on any occasion. Third, in general, medical administrators did not express values congruent with adoption of a broader management role in facility administration, financing, and planning activities. Research and policy implications for the evolving role of medical administrators in NHs and HFAs are discussed.
Convening Expert Panels to Identify Mental Capacity Assessment Items
Authors: Naglie Gary , Silberfeld Michel , O'Rourke Keith , Fried Bruce , Durham Nancy , Bombardier Claire , Detsky Allan
Published: November 2010

The objective of this study was to attempt to develop an index of assessment items important to most, if not all, mental capacity determinations. A group process, judgmental method was used. Three separate panels of multidisciplinary experts were assembled to define relevant assessment items and to assign importance weights to the items. All three panels generated a list of assessment items, but panelists refused to assign importance weights. Four items were identified by all three panels, six were identified by two panels, and three were identified by one panel only. A composite list of mental capacity assessment items was generated, but the study failed to generate a standardized assessment instrument.
Déterminants de la valeur accordée à l'autonomie dans les activités de la vie quotidienne par les aînés en perte d'autonomie
Authors: Quénec'hdu Suzanne , Hébert Réjean
Published: November 2010

The value that the elderly put on being autonomous is an intrinsic characteristic of the aging population that can have a decisive influence on their motivation to maintain or recover their autonomy. This study was designed to examine the importance that elderly people who have lost their autonomy put on the ability to perform themselves five activities of daily living: eating, washing, dressing, eliminating and moving around. It also explores the influence of age, sex, place of residence, level of physical autonomy, feeling of well-being and socio-economic status on the value put on autonomy. A non-probabilistic sample of 68 elderly subjects was interviewed and the value put on autonomy was evaluated using two instruments: Osgood, Suci and Tannenbaum's differential semantic, and Torrance's time trade-off technique. The results suggest that the subjects consider physical autonomy very important. Educational level and the degree of physical autonomy were the main factors linked to importance. However, no link with age or place of residence (institution vs. home) was found.
Grandparent-Grandchild Contact Loss: Findings from a Study of “Grandparent Rights” Members
Authors: Kruk Edward
Published: November 2010

L'interruption des relations entre les grands-parents et les petits-enfants n'a pas suscité beaucoup d'attention dans le cadre des recherches en sciences sociales et ce, en dépit du fait que l'importance évidente des liens d'attachement entre le grand-parent et le petit-enfant fasse l'objet de nombreuses discussions. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude exploratoire sur la perte du contact entre grands-parents et petits-enfants réalisée au moyen d'un sondage mené à travers le Canada aupès des principaux membres de cinq groupes préconisant les droits des grands-parents. Comme les préoccupations de ces groupes de grands-parents l'indiquent, il existe quatre principales séries de circonstances associées à la rupture du contact avec les petits-enfants, soit le divorce des parents, un conflit avec les deux parents, la mort d'un enfant adulte et l'adoption de beaux-parents à la suite d'un remariage. Les grands-parents dont les enfants adultes sont des parents sans la garde de leurs enfants (dans la plupart des cas il s'agit des grands-parents paternels) risquent le plus de perdre le contact avec leurs petits-enfants, et les beaux-enfants adultes semblent être les principaux médiateurs dans la relation continue entre les grands-parents et les petits-enfants. L'interruption de l'accès aux petits-enfants est perçu comme ayant de graves conséquences pour les grands-parents, et cette situation influence grandement les politiques socio-juridiques et la pratique thérapeutique.
Alcohol and Drug Use by Older Women: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Carver Virginia , Brett Pamela J.
Published: November 2010

L'utilisation et la prédiction de la consommation de drogues et d'alcool chez les femmes de 65 ans et plus ont été étudies au moyen de données tirées de l'Enquête nationale sur l'alcool et les autres drogues (1989). L'utilisation est la même que celles obtenues d'enquêtes antérieures; c'est-à-dire que les femmes plus âgées consomment moins d'alcool, fument moins et utilisent moins de drogues illégales que les autres groupes d'âge et de sexe. Également concordants avec d'autres études, le taux de consommation de médicaments psycholeptiques avec prescription médicale est plus élevé chez les femmes âgées qu'au sein de tout autre groupe. Des analyses bivariées ont démontré une relation significative entre certaines variables sociales et démographiques, et la consommation de drogues et d'alcool. La consommation d'alcool était le fait de personnes célibataires, jeunes, non pratiquantes, en bonne santé et fumant. La consommation de tabac est plus importante chez les personnes plus jeunes, non pratiquantes, en moins bonne santé, bénéficiant moins de soutiens sociaux, consommant de l'alcool et utilisant des médicaments psycholeptiques sous prescription médicale. L'utilisation de ces médicaments (partitulièrement les somnifères) était plutôt le fait de femmes veuves, plus âgées, devotes, en moins bonne santé, ayant un niveau de scolarité moins élevé et un revenu moins élevé, devant faire face à des situations très stressantes, bénéficiant moins de soutien social, fumant et consommant d'autres médicaments psycholeptiques sous prescription médicale. L'analyse des données, réalisée au moyen d'une analyse de composantes principales, a révélé deux dimensions concordantes de la consommation de drogues et d'alcool chez les femmes âgées: une plus grande religiosité associée à une moindre consommation de tabac et d'alcool d'une part et, d'autre part, la consommation de médicaments psycholeptiques de prescription médicale de toutes sortes. Ces résultats sont discutés en fonction de l'utilisation prévue des femmes âgées de demain et du besoin de mieux comprendre le contexte social de la consommation de drogues et d'alcool chez les femmes âgées, où la consommationm d'alcool va de légère à modéreé, mais où le taux de consommation de médicaments psycholeptiques sous prescription medicale est plus élevé qu'au sein de tout autre groupe d'âge et de sexe.
A. Evers and G. Van der Zanden (eds.). Better Care for Dependent People Living at Home. Bunnick: Netherlands Institute of Gerontology, 1993.
Authors: Neysmith Sheila
Published: November 2010

Ce recueil de travaux étudie les politiques de soins à domicile en Europe. Chaque chapitre a été rédigé par un expert réputé dans ce domaine qui devait considérer l'état actuel des programmes à l'échelle des pays formant la communauté européenne. Les chapitres prennent la forme d'études comparatives dans le cadre desquelles l'auteur était souvent le chercheur principal. Ces questions en matière de politique que la communauté européenne doit traiter aujourd'hui sont les mêmes auxquelles le Canada devra faire face demain. Les lecteurs canadiens s'intéresseront particulièrement aux questions soulevées quant à l'économie mixte du modèle de bien-être et le manque de pouvoir de l'usager.
Changes in the Perception of Health Care Policy and Delivery Among Manitoba Elders During the Downsizing of the Hospital Sector
Authors: Shapiro Evelyn , Tate Robert B. , Wright Brock , Plohman Joy
Published: November 2010

Dans un monde où l'assurance des soins de santé est universelle, la fermeture de lits d'hôpitaux se transforme inévitablement en un dossier politique chaud et les médias deviennent le véhicule du débat et des pressions exercées par certains groupes d'intérêt. Cette étude repose sur les données d'une interview d'aîné(e)s du Manitoba avant, puis un an après, la diminution substantielle du secteur hospitalier à Winnipeg. Nous comparons les réponses des résidents de Winnipeg à celles de résidents de l'extérieur de Winnipeg à des questions sur leurs opinions concernant la qualité générale des soins de santé et l'aecès aux soins hospitaliers. Nous comparons également les réponses aux mêmes questions données par des aîné(e)s qui ont été hospitalisés avant la première interview, par d'autres qui ont été hospitalisés avant la seconde interview et enfin par des aîné(e)s qui n'ont pas été hospitalisés. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de fermeture de lits d'hôpitaux à l'extérieur de Winnipeg, l'opinion sur la qualité des soins chez les citoyens de Winnipeg et ceux de l'extérieur était moins positive après la réduction de Winnipeg et la publicité négative dont l'événement a été entouré. Cependant, les opinions sur la qualité et l'accès de ceux qui avaient été hospitalisés alors que les lits se fermaient étaient sensiblement plus positives que celles des ainé(e)s qui avaient été hospitalisés avant la fermeture ou qui n'avaient pas été hospitalisés.

In a universally-insured health care system, closing hospital beds inevitably becomes a hot political issue and the media often become the vehicle for debate and pressure from special interest groups. This study uses data from a representative sample of Manitoba older persons, interviewed before and again one year after the substantial downsizing of the hospital sector in Winnipeg. We compare the responses of Winnipeg residents with those of non-Winnipeg residents to questions about their opinion regarding the overall quality of health care and access to hospital care. Also compared were the responses to the same questions by older persons who were hospitalized before the first interview, those hospitalized before the second interview and those who were not hospitalized. Despite experiencing no bed closures outside Winnipeg, the opinions about the overall quality of care among both non-Winnipeggers and Winnipeggers were less favourable after the Winnipeg downsizing and the accompanying negative publicity. However, the opinions about quality and access among those who were actually hospitalized when most of the beds were being closed were significantly more favourable than among those hospitalized before the bed closures or not hospitalized at all.
Senior and Health-Professionals' Perceptions and Communication about Prescriptions and Alternative Therapies
Authors: Montbriand Muriel J.
Published: November 2010

Les patients et les professionnels éprouvent de la difficulté à communiquer entre eux en ce qui concerne les ordonnances et les médecines parallèles. Cette recherche visait à étudier et à rapprocher les perceptions et les échanges de 714 aîné(e)s et professionnels de la santé sur ces produits de santé. D'abord, on a effectué des entretiens personnels et ethnographiques avec des professionnels de la santé et des aîné(e)s pour déceler les questions de préoccupation pertinentes. Ensuite, on a utilisé des groupes de discussion pour évaluer les questions et la formulation des éléments initialement développées. Troisièmement, une étude a permis d'établir des associations et la validité prédictive des variables des deux premières étapes. Parmi les grandes lignes des thèmes, on note des perceptions différentes sur (a) la valeur et l'utilisation des médecines parallèles, (b) la précision de l'information sur les ordonnances et les médecines parallèles et (c) la communication sur la mauvaise utilisation des ordonnances et l'utilisation des médecines parallèles. Les aîné(e)set les professionnels ont présenté des recommandations d'amélioration de la pratique clinique.
Caring Sons: Exploring Men's Involvement in Filial Care
Authors: Campbell Lori D. , Martin-Matthews Anne
Published: November 2010

Cette étude examine la structure familiale et socio-démographique et d'autres facteurs permettant de prédire l'engagement des hommes dans les soins à leurs parents. Les concepts qui ont guidé l'étude sont reliégitimes, soins forcés. Les données de la recherche sont tirées des travaux d'un groupe de recherche sur les soins aux aîné(e)s (Work and Eldercare Research Group) du Réseau canadien de la recherche sur le vieillissement (CARNET). Les travaux reposent sur un échantillon de 772 hommes qui fournissent de l'aide à leurs parents ou leurs beaux-parents âgés. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats démontrent la valeur du cadre conceptuel de l'explication des variables dans les soins accordés par les hommes. Ainsi, les contraintes de distance et les obligations envers de jeunes enfants semblent des raisons légitimes pour réduire son engagement. De plus, le fait d'habiter près et d'être fils unique peut «obliger» les hommes à s'engager dans les soins. Cette recherche fait ressortir la plus grande complexité de la question des soins filiaux accordés par les hommes par rapport à l'examen de la question dans une perspective de «différence entre les sexes».
L'orientation et le contenu des relations réciproques des personnes âgées
Authors: Martel Laurent , Légaré Jacques
Published: November 2010

If many efforts have been undertaken by the scientific community in the last years to better understand the interactions between seniors and their informal support network, understanding of their reciprocal relations remain incomplete. In a context of “young” and “old,” where the later group is becoming larger, coexist longer because of increased life expectancy, and where the redistribution of public resources seems to favour seniors, the private inter-generation solidarity takes on considerable importance. These solidarities are especially expressed by helping each other, and this varies depending on the actors involved. This article attempts to describe the orientation and the content of the reciprocal relationships of seniors and to identify the principal determinants of such relations in Quebec. The data come from the Survey of Aging and Independence study undertaken by Statistics Canada in 1991. The results show that about two out of five seniors have this type of relationship and most often with their spouse. For individuals who no longer have a spouse, children, and particularly a daughter become privileged partners. This study also shows that exchanges of help with friends and/or neighbours prove to be essential when seniors live alone. These actors could even become essential in the future for the upholding of the autonomy of these “grandpa-boomers” who are less well surrounded in later life in terms of descendants than the seniors of today. Finally, very old men with small incomes, living alone in an urban setting and with few or no surviving children are the least likely to experience reciprocity with their entourage.
Occurrence of killer whales (Orcinus orca) and other cetaceans in Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Lauriano Giancarlo , Fortuna Caterina Maria , Vacchi Marino
Published: November 2010

During January and February 2004, data on presence and distribution of killer whales (Orcinus orca) and other cetaceans were collected by helicopter surveys along the coastline of Terra Nova Bay and adjacent localities (western Ross Sea, Antarctica). A total of 37 sightings of killer whale, of both B and C types, were recorded as well as 17 sightings of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), nine ofBalaenopteraspp., two of Arnoux’s beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) and four of undetermined species. The type C killer whale was the most abundant, with 23 sightings, whereas we recorded type B only twice. Group size ranged between 1 and 30 animals, with an average of eight individuals. Seventeen killer whales were photo-identified and 13 resightings occurred during the study period. Killer whales showed a differential pattern in partitioning the study area. Their encounter rate was significantly higher (t-test = 2.6045,P< 0.05) in the northern area extending from Edmonson Point to the Campbell Glacier Tongue (encounter rate, ER = 0.031), compared to the southern area from Mario Zucchelli Station to the Drygalski Ice Tongue (ER = 0.003).
CONTRACTUAL PERFORMANCE, CORRECTIVE JUSTICE, AND DISGORGEMENT FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT
Authors: Botterell Andrew
Published: November 2010

This paper is about the remedy of disgorgement for breach of contract. In it I argue for two conclusions. I first argue that, prima facie at least, disgorgement damages for breach of contract present something of a puzzle. But second, I argue that if we pay close attention to the notion of contractual performance, this puzzle can be resolved in a way that is consistent with principles of corrective justice. In particular, I suggest that even if a contract gives the promisee a right to only the promisor's performance of the contract, such a right can sometimes entail the acquisition by the promisee of certain rights of ownership. And in situations in which such rights are acquired, the disappointed promisee is entitled to the gains realized by the promisor in breach of contract by reason of the fact that such gains are something to which the promisee has an antecedent right.
Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields
Authors: Reberg-Horton S.C. , Mueller J.P. , Mellage S.J. , Creamer N.G. , Brownie C. , Bell M. , Burton M.G.
Published: November 2010

Natural vegetation occurring on farms in field margins, fallow fields, ditch systems and neighboring forests, provides increased biodiversity, structural diversity, habitat for wildlife and beneficial insects, and can act as a protective buffer against agrochemical drift. Nevertheless, farmers frequently view these areas as non-productive and as potential sources of weeds, insect pests and diseases. Weed species richness and abundance were examined in crop fields in 2002–2003 at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems near Goldsboro, NC to determine if crop field weed infestation was associated with field margin management (managed versus unmanaged). Weed species abundance and richness were measured over two growing seasons on four occasions in crop fields along permanent transects that extended from the field edge toward the center of the field. The presence/absence of data for all plant species in the field margin was also recorded. For both margin types, managed and unmanaged, more weeds were found near the field edge than in the center of the field. Weed species richness was slightly higher in cropland bordering managed margins than in cropland along unmanaged margins. Several significant interactions led to an examination of nine dominant weed species in each field margin type and their distribution in crop fields. When all sampling dates were pooled, only 42 (40%) of 105 species identified in the field margins were observed in the crop field. Managed margins had lower species richness than unmanaged field margins—less than half the mean number of species (15 versus 6 species, respectively). Contingency table analysis did not reveal any association between plant species occurring in the margin and those found in the crop field. Furthermore, margin type and weed presence in the field margin were not effective predictors of weed occurrence in the crop field as determined by logistic regression.
Comparison of wind and wind shear climatologies derived from high‐resolution radiosondes and the ECMWF model
Authors: Houchi K. , Stoffelen A. , Marseille G. J. , De Kloe J.
Published: November 2010

The climatology of atmospheric horizontal wind and its vertical gradient, i.e., wind shear, is characterized as a function of climate region. For a better representation of the average atmospheric wind and shear and their variabilities, high‐resolution radiosonde wind profiles up to about 30 km altitude are compared with the collocated operational ECMWF model for short‐range forecast winds. Statistics of zonal and meridional winds are established from both data sets. The results show mainly similarity in the probability distributions of the modeled and observed horizontal winds, practically at all levels of the atmosphere, while at the same time the vertical shear of the wind is substantially underestimated in the model. The comparison of shear statistics of radiosonde and ECMWF model winds shows that the model wind shear mean and variability are on average a factor of 2.5 (zonal) and 3 (meridional) smaller than of radiosondes in the free troposphere, while in the stratosphere, the planetary boundary layer results are more variable. By applying vertical averaging to the radiosonde data, it is found that the effective vertical resolution of the ECMWF model is typically 1.7 km. Moreover, it is found for individually collocated radiosonde model wind and shear profiles that the model wind may lack in some cases variability larger than 5 m s−1 and 0.015 s−1, respectively, due mainly to the effect of lacking vertical resolution, in particular near the jets. Besides the general importance of this study in highlighting the difference in the representation of the atmospheric wind shear by model and observations, it is more specifically relevant for the future Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM‐Aeolus) of the European Space Agency due for launch in 2012. The results presented here are used to generate a realistic global atmospheric database, which is necessary to conduct simulations of the Aeolus Doppler wind lidar in order optimize its vertical sampling and processing.
A multi‐scale investigation of interfacial transport, pore fluid flow, and fine particle deposition in a sediment bed
Authors: Chen Cheng , Packman Aaron I. , Zhang Dongxiao , Gaillard Jean‐François
Published: November 2010

We used X‐ray difference microtomography (XDMT) and multi‐scale lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations to investigate the deposition of colloidal particles in a streambed from the micron scale to the bedform scale. Flume experiments were performed to deposit zirconia colloids from suspension into a sediment bed composed of glass beads and covered with dune‐shaped bedforms. Following deposition, we extracted a series of cores over a single bedform, and analyzed the microstructure of colloid deposition patterns within these cores by XDMT. Colloids deposited primarily on the upstream sides of glass beads located at the upstream face of the bedform. Colloid deposits were also found in narrow pores and grain contacts, resulting from physical straining. We used the pore structure measured by XDMT as internal solid boundaries in pore‐scale LB simulations of pore water flow in order to define a constitutive porosity‐permeability relationship at the scale of the representative elementary volume (REV) for the porous medium. We then incorporated this information in a continuum‐scale LB model to simulate hyporheic exchange flow at the bedform scale. The bedform‐scale flow model was discretized at the REV scale, with the porosity‐permeability relationship obtained from the pore‐scale analysis used to represent the effects of micro‐scale feedbacks between particle deposition, bed structure, and pore fluid flow. Colloids deposited rapidly in the subsurface, leading to a decrease in permeability and a modification of hyporheic flow paths near the bed surface. Colloid deposition reduced the mean stream‐subsurface exchange flux, but increased the spatial variability in pore water flow, leading to higher exchange flux in some locations. Similarly, the mean hyporheic residence time increased after deposition, but the development of preferential flow paths led to more rapid exchange through some regions of the bedform. These results reveal how flow‐boundary interactions, colloid influx to the streambed, and colloid filtration in pore spaces interact to produce structural heterogeneity in sediment beds.
Atmospheric circulation is reflected in precipitation isotope gradients over the conterminous United States
Authors: Liu Zhongfang , Bowen Gabriel J. , Welker Jeffrey M.
Published: November 2010

The stable isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) composition of meteoric precipitation integrates information on the history of water fluxes to, from, and between air masses as they traverse the continents. The development of new methods relating isotopic data to water cycle processes will increase our ability to understand this system and its response to natural and anthropogenic forcing. Here we present an analysis of 2 years (1992–1993) of precipitation isotope data from 73 sites across the conterminous United States. We focus on patterns in the spatial precipitation isotope gradients (rate and direction of isotopic change in space), a metric which we suggest reflects two factors: (1) variation in the balance of rainout and land‐surface recycling for air masses moving across the continent and (2) the spatial juxtaposition of air masses carrying moisture of differing origin and rainout history (e.g., Pacific versus Gulf of Mexico moisture). We demonstrate that the position of zones of particularly high precipitation isotope slopes correspond to the time‐averaged position of air mass boundaries and to regions where prevailing moisture transport trajectories interact with orographic barriers. Differences in the location of high‐slope zones between winter and summer seasons and between the same seasons in 1992 and 1993 can be related to differences in circulation and weather patterns. These results suggest new opportunities for the interpretation of precipitation, vapor, and paleoclimate water isotope data in the context of regional climate dynamics through spatial analysis.
Inverse modeling of European CH4 emissions 2001–2006
Authors: Bergamaschi P. , Krol M. , Meirink J. F. , Dentener F. , Segers A. , van Aardenne J. , Monni S. , Vermeulen A. T. , Schmidt M. , Ramonet M. , Yver C. , Meinhardt F. , Nisbet E. G. , Fisher R. E. , O'Doherty S. , Dlugokencky E. J.
Published: November 2010

European CH4 emissions are estimated for the period 2001–2006 using a four‐dimensional variational (4DVAR) inverse modeling system, based on the atmospheric zoom model TM5. Continuous observations are used from various European monitoring stations, complemented by European and global flask samples from the NOAA/ESRL network. The available observations mainly provide information on the emissions from northwest Europe (NWE), including the UK, Ireland, the BENELUX countries, France and Germany. The inverse modeling estimates for the total anthropogenic emissions from NWE are 21% higher compared to the EDGARv4.0 emission inventory and 40% higher than values reported to U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. Assuming overall uncertainties on the order of 30% for both bottom‐up and top‐down estimates, all three estimates can be still considered to be consistent with each other. However, the uncertainties in the uncertainty estimates prevent us from verifying (or falsifying) the bottom‐up inventories in a strict sense. Sensitivity studies show some dependence of the derived spatial emission patterns on the set of atmospheric monitoring stations used, but the total emissions for the NWE countries appear to be relatively robust. While the standard inversions include a priori information on the spatial and temporal emission patterns from bottom‐up inventories, a further sensitivity inversion without this a priori information results in very similar NWE country totals, demonstrating that the available observations provide significant constraints on the emissions from the NWE countries independent from bottom‐up inventories.
Uncertainties in short‐term forecasts of a Mediterranean heavy precipitation event: Assessment with satellite observations
Authors: Clark Hannah , Chaboureau Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2010

The uncertainties in short‐term forecasts of a 5 day episode of heavy precipitation in southeastern France were investigated. The episode took place from 19 to 23 November 2007 resulting in 400 mm of precipitation locally and was fairly typical of events known as “Cevenoles” that frequently affect the region. Several sets of 24 h meso‐NH simulations were constructed that differed in their initial and boundary conditions. Comparison with rain gauges showed that simulations initialized from large‐scale operational analyses failed to capture the intensity of precipitation associated with convective events and overestimated the amount of precipitation when the conditions were not convective. In contrast, simulations starting from the mesoscale analysis of the French operational mesoscale model ALADIN were more successful in forecasting the amount and location of the precipitation. Satellite observations revealed that this was due to a better prediction of the intensity of the surface wind over the sea during the stratiform regime and a more timely onset of convection over the sea related to a better prediction of the quantity of precipitable water. This study shows the benefits of using satellite observations to verify precipitation forecasts over the sea.
Class I and class III phosphoinositide 3-kinases are required for actin polymerization that propels phagosomes
Authors: Bohdanowicz Michal , Cosío Gabriela , Backer Jonathan M. , Grinstein Sergio
Published: November 2010

Actin polymerization drives the extension of pseudopods that trap and engulf phagocytic targets. The polymerized actin subsequently dissociates as the phagocytic vacuole seals and detaches from the plasma membrane. We found that phagosomes formed by engagement of integrins that serve as complement receptors (CR3) undergo secondary waves of actin polymerization, leading to the formation of “comet tails” that propel the vacuoles inside the cells. Actin tail formation was accompanied by and required de novo formation of PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 on the phagosomal membrane by class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Although the phosphatidylinositide phosphatase Inpp5B was recruited to nascent phagosomes, it rapidly detached from the membrane after phagosomes sealed. Detachment of Inpp5B required the formation of PI(3)P. Thus, class III PI3K activity was also required for the accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 and for actin tail formation. These experiments reveal a new PI(3)P-sensitive pathway leading to PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 formation and signaling in endomembranes.
piRNAs, transposon silencing, and Drosophila germline development
Authors: Khurana Jaspreet S. , Theurkauf William
Published: November 2010

Transposons are prominent features of most eukaryotic genomes and mobilization of these elements triggers genetic instability. Transposon silencing is particularly critical in the germline, which maintains the heritable genetic complement. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have emerged as central players in transposon silencing and genome maintenance during germline development. In particular, research on Drosophila oogenesis has provided critical insights into piRNA biogenesis and transposon silencing. In this system, the ability to place piRNA mutant phenotypes within a well-defined developmental framework has been instrumental in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the connection between piRNAs and transposon control.
Cell fate transitions and the replication timing decision point
Authors: Gilbert David M.
Published: November 2010

Recent findings suggest that large-scale remodeling of three dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture occurs during a brief period in early G1 phase termed the replication timing decision point (TDP). In this speculative article, I suggest that the TDP may represent an as yet unappreciated window of opportunity for extracellular cues to influence 3D architecture during stem cell fate decisions. I also describe several testable predictions of this hypothesis.
The Yeast vps Class E Mutants: The Beginning of the Molecular Genetic Analysis of Multivesicular Body Biogenesis
Authors: Coonrod Emily M. , Stevens Tom H.
Published: November 2010

In 1992, Raymond et al. published a compilation of the 41 yeast vacuolar protein sorting (vps) mutant groups and described a large class of mutants (class E vps mutants) that accumulated an exaggerated prevacuolar endosome-like compartment. Further analysis revealed that this “class E compartment” contained soluble vacuolar hydrolases, vacuolar membrane proteins, and Golgi membrane proteins unable to recycle back to the Golgi complex, yet these class E vps mutants had what seemed to be normal vacuoles. The 13 class E VPS genes were later shown to encode the proteins that make up the complexes required for formation of intralumenal vesicles in late endosomal compartments called multivesicular bodies, and for the sorting of ubiquitinated cargo proteins into these internal vesicles for eventual delivery to the vacuole or lysosome.