bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly divergentStaphylococcus aureusisolates from African non‐human primates
Authors: Schaumburg F. , Alabi A. S. , Köck R. , Mellmann A. , Kremsner P. G. , Boesch C. , Becker K. , Leendertz F. H. , Peters G.
Published: December 2011

Staphylococcus aureusis a bacterium that colonizes and infects both humans and animals. As little is known about the phenotypic and molecular characteristics ofS. aureusfrom wild animals in sub‐Saharan Africa, the objective of the study was to characterizeS. aureusisolates from wildlife and to analyse if they differed from those found among humans. The resistance to penicillin was low inS. aureusisolates from non‐human primates (2.9%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences from multilocus sequence typing revealed two highly divergent groups of isolates. One group was predominated byS. aureusthat belonged to known human‐related STs (ST1, ST9 and ST601) and mainly derived from great apes. A second clade comprised isolates with novel STs. These isolates were different from classical humanS. aureusstrains and mainly derived from monkeys. Our findings provide the basis for future studies addressing the inter‐ and intra‐species transmission ofS. aureusin Africa.
Pulmonary fibrosis and gammaherpesvirus infection in horses
Authors: Dunkel B.
Published: December 2011

Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating and often progressive condition leading to exercise intolerance and frequently the demise of the animal. Although uncommonly encountered in horses, the condition is intensely researched both in human medicine and animal models. Viral infections have long been suspected to play a part in the development of pulmonary fibrosis and neoplastic conditions in other species. In 2007, an association between equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV‐5) infection and nodular pulmonary fibrosis in horses was suggested and the name equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) was introduced. Recently, the presence of EHV‐5 in equine lymphoma has also emerged. The case report bySchwarzet al.in this issue describes a horse suffering from concurrent T cell leukaemia and EMPF in association with EHV‐5. This article summarises current knowledge about EMPF and EHV‐5 infections in horses, recent developments in the understanding of pulmonary fibrosis in man and the proposed contribution of viral infections to pulmonary fibrosis and neoplastic conditions.
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE DEFENSE AGAINST A STRATEGIC ATTACKER
Authors: HAUSKEN KJELL , LEVITIN GREGORY
Published: December 2011

The article analyzes how a defender determines a balance between protecting an object (passive defense) and striking preventively against an attacker seeking to destroy the object (active defense). The attacker analogously determines a balance between attacking and protecting against the preventive strike. The defender makes its decision about striking preventively based on its estimate of the probability of being attacked. In both cases of preventive strike and no preventive strike, the defender anticipates the most harmful attacker's strategy. The influence of the ratio between the player's resources and the contest intensities on the solution of the game is analyzed.
A NOTE ON CHARACTERIZING CORE STABILITY WITH FUZZY GAMES
Authors: SHELLSHEAR EVAN
Published: December 2011

This paper investigates core stability of cooperative (TU) games via a fuzzy extension of the totally balanced cover of a cooperative game. The stability of the core of the fuzzy extension of a game, the concave extension, is shown to reflect the core stability of the original game and vice versa. Stability of the core is then shown to be equivalent to the existence of an equilibrium of a certain correspondence.
A RELIABLE MULTIPATH ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS: ADAPTING TECHNIQUES FROM INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS
Authors: DAY KHALED , TOUZENE ABDEREZAK , HAROUS SAAD , ARAFEH BASSEL
Published: December 2011

This paper illustrates how known methods and techniques for solving problems in the area of wired interconnection networks can be adapted to solve problems for wireless mobile networks. We make use of a known construction of disjoint paths in the k-ary n-cube interconnection network to design a reliable multipath routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). With the help of node positioning, node mobility is masked and the problem of routing between mobile nodes is transformed to a problem of routing between fixed cells of a logical 3-dimensional grid. Analytical performance evaluation results for the proposed protocol are obtained showing its high reliability. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed protocol is the first multipath source routing protocol for MANETs. We believe other wireless communication problems can be solved using a similar approach based on adapting solutions from wired interconnection networks.
HUMANOID PLATFORMS FOR COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL ROBOTICS
Authors: ISHIGURO HIROSHI , MINATO TAKASHI , YOSHIKAWA YUICHIRO , ASADA MINORU
Published: December 2011

One of the most promising approaches to understand human cognitive and developmental mechanisms is a synthetic approach using humanoid robots; an approach to understand the human cognitive functions by realizing them with the robots. Humans are so complicated and it is difficult to mimic the well-developed human by robotic technologies. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how humans develop the complicated functions during the developmental process. We may be able to develop infant functions and make them evolve by tracing the human developmental process. This new study requires robot platforms that can mimic various aspects of the human developmental process. This paper introduces a series of robot platforms that we have developed for the studies with the synthetic approach.
CONCEPTUAL AND EMBODIMENT DESIGN OF ROBOTIC PROTOTYPES
Authors: LEMBURG JOHANNES , KIRCHNER FRANK
Published: December 2011

Main advances in artificial intelligence robotics are algorithms, embodied in software on the level of application software. Low-level hardware programming, electronic, and mechanics are the necessary basis to enable the implementation of newly developed algorithms. Complex autonomous systems are challenged by the tasks that require fast reactions, resulting in high accelerations and forces. These systems, therefore, generally need low masses, stiff limbs, and a precise control.

To boost AI-research, more robotic systems that are appropriate to specific research questions are needed. Mechanical design is, therefore, faced with the task to provide specialized systems with a given amount of time and factors of production. This paper outlines an approach to increase the efficiency of engineering design in the field of robotics by analyzing the bilateral influence of the system concept with embodiment design driven by the state of the art small-batch manufacturing technologies.

The humanoid robotic system AILA is presented and the selected steps out of its design process are discussed. A way to clearly state the axioms and requirements that the developed system is based on is presented. The resulting dependencies lead to the embodiment design of the systems components, which are also influenced by the choice of suitable manufacturing technologies.
BRING COMMON GROUND INTO ROBOTICS
Authors: LEE KANGWOO , HWANG JUNG-HOON , KWON DONG-SOO , CHOO HYUNSEUNG
Published: December 2011

During interpersonal interaction, common ground of our experiences takes an important role to facilitate mutual understanding as well as efficient communication. We introduce the concept of common ground, which has been an important issue in psychology, for developing robotic systems. With the conceptualization of the common ground among human, robot, and environmental objects, a comparative study is carried out between Human Human Interaction (HHI) and Human Robot Interaction (HRI), using paired groups with different expertise in "questioning and answering tasks." For comparison with HHI, the performance of a robot in the task was determined by both its own expertise as well that of its human partner. This indicates that the performance of the robotic system depends on the common ground shared with the human partners, and implies that a robotic system is required not only to be intelligently smart but also to be communicatively smart.
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE HUGGABLE ROBOT PROBO
Authors: GORIS KRISTOF , SALDIEN JELLE , VANDERBORGHT BRAM , LEFEBER DIRK
Published: December 2011

This paper reports on the mechanical design of the huggable robot Probo. Its intentions include human–robot interaction (HRI), both physical and cognitive, with a special focus on children. Since most of the communication passes through nonverbal cues and since people rely on face-to-face communication, the focus of Probo's communicative skills lies initially on facial expressions. The robot has 20 high-precision motors in its head and body. They are used to actuate the ears, eyebrows, eyelids, eyes, trunk, mouth, and neck. To build safety aspects intrinsically in the robot's hardware, all the motors are linked with flexible components. In case of a collision, the robot will be elastic and safety will be ensured. The mechanics of Probo are covered by protecting plastic shells, foam, and soft fur. This gives Probo's animal-like look and makes the robot huggable.
CONCEPT AND DESIGN OF THE BIOBIPED1 ROBOT FOR HUMAN-LIKE WALKING AND RUNNING
Authors: RADKHAH KATAYON , MAUFROY CHRISTOPHE , MAUS MORITZ , SCHOLZ DORIAN , SEYFARTH ANDRE , VON STRYK OSKAR
Published: December 2011

Biomechanics research shows that the ability of the human locomotor system depends on the functionality of a highly compliant motor system that enables a variety of different motions (such as walking and running) and control paradigms (such as flexible combination of feedforward and feedback controls strategies) and reliance on stabilizing properties of compliant gaits. As a new approach of transferring this knowledge into a humanoid robot, the design and implementation of the first of a planned series of biologically inspired, compliant, and musculoskeletal robots is presented in this paper. Its three-segmented legs are actuated by compliant mono- and biarticular structures, which mimic the main nine human leg muscle groups, by applying series elastic actuation consisting of cables and springs in combination with electrical actuators. By means of this platform, we aim to transfer versatile human locomotion abilities, namely running and later on walking, into one humanoid robot design. First experimental results for passive rebound, as well as push-off with active knee and ankle joints, and synchronous and alternate hopping are described and discussed. BioBiped1 will serve for further evaluation of the validity of biomechanical concepts for humanoid locomotion.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER FIELDS WITH WREATH PRODUCTS AS GALOIS GROUPS
Authors: KLÜNERS JÜRGEN
Published: December 2011

Let G be a wreath product of the form C2 ≀ H, where C2 is the cyclic group of order 2. Under mild conditions for H we determine the asymptotic behavior of the counting functions for number fields K/k with Galois group G and bounded discriminant. Those counting functions grow linearly with the norm of the discriminant and this result coincides with a conjecture of Malle. Up to a constant factor these groups have the same asymptotic behavior as the conjectured one for symmetric groups.
On a General Contractive Condition for Cyclic Self‐Mappings
Authors: De la Sen M.
Published: December 2011

This paper is concerned with p(≥2)‐cyclic self‐mappings in a metric space (X, d), with Ai ⊂ X, T(Ai)⊆Ai+1 for i = 1, 2, …, p, under a general contractive condition which includes as particular cases several of the existing ones in the literature. The existence and uniqueness of fixed points and best proximity points is discussed as well as the convergence to them of the iterates generated by the self‐mapping from given initial points.
Hypercrater Bifurcations, Attractor Coexistence, and Unfolding in a 5D Model of Economic Dynamics
Authors: Asada Toichiro , Markellos Panagiotis
Published: December 2011

Complex dynamical features are explored in a discrete interregional macrodynamic model proposed by Asada et al., using numerical methods. The model is five‐dimensional with four parameters. The results demonstrate patterns of dynamical behaviour, such as bifurcation processes and coexistence of attractors, generated by high‐dimensional discrete systems. In three cases of two‐dimensional parameter subspaces the stability of equilibrium region is determined and its boundaries, the flip and Neimark‐Hopf bifurcation curves, are identified by means of necessary coefficient criteria. In the first case closed invariant curves (CICs) are found to occur through 5D‐crater‐type bifurcations, and for certain ranges of parameter values a stable equilibrium coexists with an unstable CIC associated with the subcritical bifurcation, as well as with an outer stable CIC. A remarkable feature of the second case is the coexistence of two attracting CICs outside the stability region. In both these cases the related hysteresis effects are illustrated by numerical simulations. In the third case a remarkable feature is the apparent unfolding of an attracting CIC before it evolves to a chaotic attractor. Examples of CICs and chaotic attractors are given in subspaces of phase space.
Quantitative Evaluation by Glucose Diffusion of Microleakage in Aged Calcium Silicate-Based Open-Sandwich Restorations
Authors: Koubi S. , Elmerini H. , Koubi G. , Tassery H. , Camps J.
Published: December 2011

This study compared thein vitromarginal integrity of open-sandwich restorations based on aged calcium silicate cement versus resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Class II cavities were prepared on 30 extracted human third molars. These teeth were randomly assigned to two groups () to compare a new hydraulic calcium silicate cement designed for restorative dentistry (Biodentine, Septodont, Saint Maur des Fossés, France) with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Ionolux, Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) in open-sandwich restorations covered with a light-cured composite. Positive () and negative () controls were included. The teeth simultaneously underwent thermocycling and mechanocycling using a fatigue cycling machine (1,440 cycles, 5–55°C; 86,400 cycles, 50 N/cm2). The specimens were then stored in phosphate-buffered saline to simulate aging. After 1 year, the teeth were submitted to glucose diffusion, and the resulting data were analyzed with a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The Biodentine group and the Ionolux group presented glucose concentrations of 0.074 ± 0.035 g/L and 0.080 ± 0.032 g/L, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected between the two groups. Therefore, the calcium silicate-based material performs as well as the resin-modified glass ionomer cement in open-sandwich restorations.
Control Strategy on Hypertension in Chinese Medicine
Authors: Wang Jie , Xiong Xingjiang
Published: December 2011

Hypertension is a clinical common disease, with high mortality and disability. Although there have also been significant advances in therapeutic concepts and measures, it has shown a certain value and significance in the treatment of Chinese medicine. The control strategy on hypertension is described from the following aspects such as differentiation of symptoms, pathogenesis, formula syndrome, and herb syndrome. As the common clinical manifestations of hypertension are dizziness, headache, fatigue, lassitude in the loins and knees, and so on, the pathogeneses of them are analysed. The author found that the main pathogenesis of the disease is heat, excessive fluid, and deficiency, which occurred incorporatively and interacted with each other in patients. Although the pathogenesis of the disease is complicated, the distribution of formula syndromes and herb syndromes is regular. The common formula syndromes includeBanxia Baishu Tianma Tang(Decoction ofPinellia ternata, AtractylodesandGastrodia elata),Da Chaihu Tang(Major Bupleurum Decoction), andLiu Wei Dihuang Wan(Pill ofRehmannia). And the common herb syndromes include Tian Ma (Gastrodia elata) syndrome, Sheng Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae) syndrome, Niu Xi (Achyranthes Root) syndrome, and Chuan Xiong (Ligusticum wallichii) syndrome.
Scaffolds in Tendon Tissue Engineering
Authors: Longo Umile Giuseppe , Lamberti Alfredo , Petrillo Stefano , Maffulli Nicola , Denaro Vincenzo
Published: December 2011

Tissue engineering techniques using novel scaffold materials offer potential alternatives for managing tendon disorders. Tissue engineering strategies to improve tendon repair healing include the use of scaffolds, growth factors, cell seeding, or a combination of these approaches. Scaffolds have been the most common strategy investigated to date. Available scaffolds for tendon repair include both biological scaffolds, obtained from mammalian tissues, and synthetic scaffolds, manufactured from chemical compounds. Preliminary studies support the idea that scaffolds can provide an alternative for tendon augmentation with an enormous therapeutic potential. However, available data are lacking to allow definitive conclusion on the use of scaffolds for tendon augmentation. We review the current basic science and clinical understanding in the field of scaffolds and tissue engineering for tendon repair.
Negative Propagation Effects in Two-Dimensional Silicon Photonic Crystals
Authors: Jiang Ping , Xie Kang , Yang Huajun , Wu Zhenhai
Published: December 2011

We demonstrated negative refraction effects of light propagating in two-dimensional square and hexagonal-lattice silicon photonic crystals (PhCs). The plane wave expansion method was used to solve the complex eigenvalue problems, as well as to find dispersion curves and equal-frequency contour (EFC). The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to simulate and visualize electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering in the PhCs. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations are presented. Two different kinds of negative refractions, namely, all-angle negative refraction (AANR) without a negative index and negative refraction with effective negative index, have been verified and compared.
Richter Syndrome and Brain Involvement: Low-Grade Lymphoma Relapsing as Cerebral High-Grade Lymphoma
Authors: Stuplich Moritz , Mayer Karin , Kim Young , Thanendrarajan Sharmilan , Simon Matthias , Schäfer Niklas , Glas Martin , Schmidt-Wolf Ingo G.H. , Herrlinger Ulrich
Published: December 2011

Richter syndrome (RS) describes the development of high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) from low-grade NHL. RS isolated to the brain is very rare and has a poor prognosis. We describe the cases of high-grade large B-cell diffuse NHL in a 56-year-old male with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in a 71-year-old female with previously unknown low-grade NHL, both with initial appearance of neurological symptoms. This report extends the literature of central nervous system RS and particularly highlights the importance of a thorough diagnostic evaluation of patients with low-grade NHL presenting with neurological symptoms.
Obestatin: An Interesting but Controversial Gut Hormone
Authors: Lacquaniti Antonio , Donato Valentina , Chirico Valeria , Buemi Antoine , Buemi Michele
Published: December 2011

Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide hormone released from the stomach and is present not only in the gastrointestinal tract, but also in the spleen, mammary gland, breast milk and plasma. Obestatin appears to function as part of a complex gut-brain network whereby hormones and substances from the stomach and intestines signal the brain about satiety or hunger. In contrast to ghrelin, which causes hyperphagia and obesity, obestatin appears to act as an anorectic hormone, decreasing food intake and reducing body weight gain. Further studies have shown that obestatin is also involved in improving memory, regulating sleep, affecting cell proliferation, increasing the secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes and inhibiting glucose-induced insulin secretion. This hormone has not only been studied in the field of physiology but also in the fields of obesity and diabetes mellitus, and in patients with psychogenic eating disorders. Obestatin has a role in regulating the cell cycle by exerting proliferative effects that may be seen in cell physiology and oncology. Given the current controversy regarding the effects of obestatin and its cognate ligand, this article provides the latest review of the physiological and pathological characteristics of this hormone.
Acute Coronary Syndrome and Khat Herbal Amphetamine Use
Authors: Ali Waleed M. , Al Habib K.F. , Al-Motarreb Ahmed , Singh Rajvir , Hersi Ahmad , Al Faleh Hussam , Asaad Nidal , Al Saif Shukri , Almahmeed Wael , Sulaiman Kadhim , Amin Haitham , Al-Lawati Jawad , Al Bustani Nizar , Al-Sagheer Norah Q. , Al-Qahtani Awad , Al Suwaidi Jassim
Published: December 2011

Background—

The khat plant is a stimulant similar to amphetamine and is thought to induce coronary artery spasm. Khat is widely chewed by individuals originating from the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcome of khat chewers presenting with acute coronary syndrome.

Methods and Results—

From October 1, 2008, through June, 30, 2009, 7399 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome were enrolled in the Second Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events (Gulf RACE-2). Nineteen percent of patients were khat chewers; 81% were not. Khat chewers were older, more often male, and less likely to have cardiovascular risk factors. Khat chewers were less likely to have a history of coronary artery disease and more likely to present late and to have higher heart rate and advanced Killip class on admission. Khat chewers were more likely to present with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Overall, khat chewers had higher risk of death, recurrent myocardial ischemia, cardiogenic shock, ventricular arrhythmia, and stroke compared with non–khat chewers. After adjustment for baseline variability, khat chewing was found to be an independent risk factor of death and for recurrent ischemia, heart failure, and stroke.

Conclusions—

Our data confirm earlier observations of worse in-hospital outcome among acute coronary syndrome patients who chew khat. This worse outcome persists up to 1 year from the index event. This observational report underscores the importance of improving education concerning the cardiovascular risks of khat chewing.
Circulation's
Clinical Trials
Authors:   The Editors
Published: December 2011

The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation's
Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the articles based on clinical trials that were published in
Circulation
in 2009 and 2010.
Coalitions destabilize dyadic dominance relationships in male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Berghänel Andreas , Ostner Julia , Schülke Oliver
Published: December 2011

Dyadic agonistic dominance relationships are thought to result from
asymmetries in both intrinsic and extrinsic power. One form of extrinsic
power is the ability to solicit agonistic support from other individuals. In
extreme cases extrinsic power differences may override intrinsic power
differences so that physically inferior individuals attain rank positions
above stronger competitors. In other cases superior extrinsic power in
physically inferior individuals may destabilize the otherwise clear
dominance relationships. We tested this prediction with observational data
on adult males in one of three free-ranging groups of Barbary macaques at
Affenberg Salem, Germany. All prime males that were subjects of this study
were at least 5–8 years (average 10 years) younger than the old post-prime
males that were all subordinate to them. Assuming large age differences to
reflect large intrinsic/physical power differences, interactions between
these prime and the old males allowed investigation of the separate effects
of intrinsic and extrinsic power asymmetries on dominance relationships. We
estimated relationship instability using four different estimates (counter
aggression, conflicts initiated by aggression from the subordinate,
spontaneous submissions by dominants, and decided conflicts won by the
subordinate). Relationship instability did not decrease with increasing
asymmetry in intrinsic power. Instead, all four measures of relationship
instability were positively related to the number of times the dominant in a
dyad was target of destabilizing coalitions. Destabilizing coalitions
targeted dominant males in old male–prime male dyads more often than in old
male–old male dyads. Consequently, old males had less stable relationships
with the much stronger prime males than with each other. We conclude that
extrinsic power asymmetries predicted the instability of dyadic dominance
relationships and may systematically override intrinsic power
asymmetries.
Drinking behaviour of the orb web spider Argiope bruennichi (Araneae; Araneidae)
Authors: Walter André , Westphal Constanze , Bliss Peter , Moritz Robin F.A.
Published: December 2011

Water is essential for survival in terrestrial animals. Balancing the water
budget can be achieved by avoiding water loss and gaining water. In
arthropods drinking as a process of water gain is well investigated in
insects. In spiders drinking has only been shown to be present in cursorial
spiders but not revealed for web builders. However, some orb web spiders
were observed to occasionally ingest water droplets in the web. We here
tested whether this reflects drinking. We subjected individual
Argiope bruennichi spiders to two different treatments
— 'water deprivation' vs. 'water saturation'. We conducted drinking tests by
recording the spider's behavioural response to spraying the web with defined
amounts of water. After spraying A. bruennichi searched the
silk-overstitched web hub for water droplets and ingested them. Individuals
that experienced the water deprivation treatment showed significantly more
water ingesting behaviours, revealing that this response represents a true
drinking mode. All individuals exclusively searched the covered web hubs. We
further demonstrated that this structure can retain water for up to 40 min
providing an effective substrate for the spiders to drink from. Hence,
without the need of leaving the web the silk-covered hubs may help
A. bruennichi spiders to balance their water
budget.
Shadowing Jacob’s Journey: Gen 47:13-26 as a Sideshadow
Authors: Sigmon Brian O.
Published: December 2011

The narrative of the Egyptians selling themselves as slaves to Pharaoh (Gen. 47:13-26) is frequently understood as an interpolation into the larger context of Genesis 37-50. This paper argues that Gen. 47:13-26 should be understood as a “sideshadow,” a literary device designed to give a sense of alternative possibilities within a narrative. Understanding the passage in this way enables one to recognize its function within the surrounding narrative of Israel’s journey into Egypt in Genesis 46-47.

Settling in Egypt contains the inherent threats of assimilation and submission to the authority of Pharaoh, as well as the loss of the land promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The narrative of Jacob’s journey, however, exhibits a broad concern for showing how his distinctive identity as a patriarch of Israel is maintained. Within this larger narrative, the episode of Joseph enslaving the Egyptians feels disjointed, standing out as a self-contained unit unconnected to its context. However, if one understands the passage as a sideshadow, Gen. 47:13-26 does shed light on Jacob’s journey into Egypt. It illuminates the conditions of the Israelites’ entry into Egypt by portraying how the journey might have taken place, but ultimately did not. Instead, Joseph’s position of power and his reconciliation with his family prevented their dispossession, ensuring that they entered Egypt with their wealth and identity intact.
Envisioning a Monastery: A Seventeenth-Century Buddhist Fundraising Appeal Album
Authors: Kindall Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

This article is devoted to an early seventeenth-century folio album (now mounted as a handscroll) assembled to invite potential donors to contribute to the reconstruction of Fuyuan Monastery, located on an island in Lake Tai, near Suzhou. The album included two paintings representing the monastery as it might look after reconstruction as well as a set of calligraphies by Suzhou luminaries recording the efforts of the monk who had initiated the fund-raising campaign and encouraging contributions. The artistic and social circumstances of the endeavor are analyzed on the basis of the texts in the album and other contemporary sources.
Redefining Good Government: Shifting Paradigms in Song Dynasty (960-1279) Discourse on "Fengjian"
Authors: Song Jaeyoon
Published: December 2011

This article describes changing political visions of the Chinese literati during the two halves of the Song dynasty, as reflected in their discourse on the fengjian (classical enfeoffment) system of antiquity. In the aftermath of the An Lushan rebellion (755-763), a group of political thinkers criticized that system as an ungrounded historical anachronism. This idea gained currency among a majority of the Northern Song statesmen and literati who supported the centralization project of the founding emperors. With the fall of the Northern Song, the ancient fengjian doctrine resurfaced as a sustained constitutional discourse on government. Contesting the imperial vision of centralization and interventionism, Southern Song literati redefined good government for their time.
Cost of Breeding in Oniscid Isopods: A Partial Review
Authors: Warburg M. R.
Published: December 2011

Oniscid isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) are able to provide extra developmental time to their young. This is done by having an internal oviposition: mature eggs are oviposited into the marsupium (brood pouch) where they undergo ermbryogenesis. That way the female increases the energetic cost, reflected in the loss in body mass during gestation and incubation (marsupial embryogenesis). This is the reproductive allocation (RA). Some isopod species extend this energetic support to their young by feeding and protecting them. This is the parental investment (PI). These subjects are discussed and reviewed. The production of young during the isopods' lifetime or the reproductive potential of the species (RP) are of major significance for the survival of a species. The RP depends on longevity and both breeding patterns and strategies of the species of isopods. These subjects are discussed and reviewed.
Character Education from a Children's Rights Perspective: An Examination of Elementary Students' Perspectives and Experiences
Authors: Lake Kristine
Published: December 2011

Rising divorce rates, acts of violence around the world, and other similar events have brought the concept of "character" to the forefront. Educators have responded with a resurgence of character education programmes. However, as technology unites individuals around the globe, our "community" has expanded beyond the boundaries of our own school, city, or even country. With this comes tremendous diversity and following an imposed set of "universal" values no longer seems reasonable. Given that character education has become so complex, children's rights may provide a way for us to conceptualize it on a more universal level. As a start, this pilot project examined the levels of importance and existence of rights as perceived by a small sample of Northern Ontario elementary students. Although these students, particularly the females, generally rated their rights as highly important, they indicated only moderate support for them.
The construction of children's rights in education – a research synthesis
Authors: Quennerstedt Ann
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a research synthesis that aims to clarify and discuss how children's rights in education are constructed in research. A basic assumption is accordingly that research is an important participant in the process in which principal meanings and essential aspects of children's rights take shape. In the synthesis, 35 research publications, published between 1997-2008, have been selected and analysed. The main findings show that the research interest centres on four main themes: 1) Human rights orientation, 2) Education difficult to change, 3) Children's participation rights, and 4) Children's rights – parents' rights. In research, essential aspects of education are highlighted as matters of children's rights and the research construction give rise to some important insights that call for further research on children's rights in education.
Hemorrhagic Events Lead to an Increase in International Normalized Ratio in Patients on Warfarin
Authors: Perona Stephen , Ford Marjorie , Rindone Joseph
Published: December 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to support a theory that in a cohort of patients on warfarin with bleeding and an elevated international normalized ratio (INR), the INR elevation was related to the bleeding episode and not necessarily over anticoagulation from warfarin. Methods: The medical records of patients taking warfarin who presented with a bleeding event and high INR were reviewed over an 18-month period. Data collected included warfarin dose, INR, and hematocrit 90 days before and after the bleeding event. Patients were interviewed to ascertain whether any interactions with warfarin occurred which could explain the high INR. Results: Eighteen patients were identified who presented with bleeding, a high INR, and no identifiable reason for the elevated INR. A significant increase in INR was observed from baseline to the event (2.5 ± 0.36 vs 6.2 ± 3.19; P = .0002), but the INR during all periods of follow-up did not differ from baseline ( P = .35-.99). When compared with baseline, differences in the weekly warfarin dose reached statistical significance when all 12 weeks of follow-up were included (34 ± 13.8 mg vs 32 ± 15.5 mg; P = .01) but were not statistically significant when analyzed 4 to 12 weeks after the bleeding event. Conclusions: Our observations suggest that bleeding can result in an elevated INR in patients previously stable on warfarin.
‘Bildung’ in German human sciences: the discursive transformation of a concept
Authors: Hamann Julian
Published: December 2011

This article analyses the transformation of the notion of Bildung that is constructed in the German human sciences. From a perspective of field theory and discourse analysis, the article reveals how the notion evolves and stabilizes during a first stage (1810–60), how it comes under pressure because of the contextual changes in a second stage (1860–1960) and how the tension increases before it is resolved by a fundamental change of the traditional notion of Bildung in a third stage (1960–99).
Eurocentrism beyond the ‘universalism vs. particularism’ dilemma: Habermas and Derrida’s joint plea for a new Europe
Authors: Papastephanou Marianna
Published: December 2011

Is it Eurocentric on the part of western philosophers (Habermas, Derrida) or of researchers in human sciences to set out from a specific locality (Europe) to formulate ethico-political ideals with universal aspirations? In this article, I critique the ‘universalism vs. particularism’ framework within which the charge of Eurocentrism is deployed and I redefine the notion of Eurocentrism outside the drastic choice between universalism and particularism and in light of an ‘ec-centric’ reflection on the entanglement of the ‘We’ and the ‘others’. I illustrate my position by discussing the Habermasian–Derridean plea for the determination of new European political responsibilities beyond any Eurocentrism. I grant that the two philosophers go indeed beyond Eurocentrism as the latter is usually understood, i.e. along the axis ‘universal–particular’. Yet, without minimizing their political contribution, I detect subtler Eurocentrisms that pervade several assumptions of Habermas’s and Derrida’s collaborative efforts. I argue that a hasty enlisting of possibilities for a politically and morally pertinent European intervention in world affairs fails to account for other, more necessary steps in the direction of reforming the western consciousness and of going beyond less easily discernible Eurocentrisms such as those theorized within the proposed, reformulated notion.
For Justice, there must be a More Powerful PCC
Authors: Bindman Geoffrey
Published: December 2011

The solicitor believes the body overseeing press regulation requires greater resources and wider powers if it is to be more effective. And the law must offer cheaper and simpler procedures for people who take legal action.
PCC2 can Learn a Lot about Privacy from TV
Authors: Hewlett Steve
Published: December 2011

The Media Show presenter thinks a new press regulator, PCC2, will require an annual audit, perhaps undertaken by the broadcasting regulator, Ofcom. But he is sceptical about radical changes in the face continued industry decline.
Formation of flint horizons in North Sea chalk through marine sedimentation of nano-quartz
Authors: Lindgreen H. , Drits V. A. , Salyn A. L. , Jakobsen F. , Springer N.
Published: December 2011

In the Upper Cretaceous-Danian North Sea chalk, silica composed of nano-size quartz spheres is dispersed in the chalk matrix, and quartz is present in bands and nodules of flint. In the present investigation of the North Sea Danian chalk the nano-quartz in the chalk matrix is compared with the silica in the flint. Samples of chalk and flint layers from four North Sea wells have been investigated. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been applied to image the quartz in the chalk and in the flint. X-ray diffraction (XRD), including analysis of the positions and profiles of hkl reflections in powder diffraction patterns, has been applied to characterize the lattice of the quartz in both the chalk matrix and in the flint. The quartz in the chalk matrix and in the flint is composed of nano-quartz spheres having identical cell parameters. Based on the results we propose a new model for formation of flint in North Sea chalk: (1) The nano-quartz in the flint, like the nano-quartz in the chalk matrix, has crystallized in the marine Chalk Sea environment. The colloidal quartz particles flocculated and were deposited on the sea floor mixed with calcitic bioclastic material. (2) Regional variations in the concentration of nano-quartz particles in the sediment reflect different degrees of acidification of the Chalk Sea. (3) This resulted in areas where practically all the calcite bioclasts were dissolved leaving a high concentration of nano-quartz particles to form flint layers; where there was less dissolution, indurated chalk with abundant nano-quartz particles is now preserved. (4) The acidification could have been caused by the effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 linked to massive short-lived volcanic eruptions in the British Tertiary Igneous Province.
Role of clays in the diagenetic history of nitrogen and boron in the Carboniferous of Donbas (Ukraine)
Authors: Środoń J. , Paszkowski M.
Published: December 2011

The evolution of the nitrogen and boron content of shales during diagenesis and anchimetamorphism was studied in the Carboniferous rocks of Donbas by means of the bulk rock chemical analysis and the XRD quantification of mineral composition, aided by CEC and EGME sorption measurements. The contributions of the organic-bound N and B were taken into account, based on the literature data (B) and on the relationship established in the course of this study (N). 28–98% of the total N and 80–100% of the total B are contained in the mineral fraction of the investigated shales.

The mineral nitrogen is located mostly in illite and accounts for 3 to 64% of the sites available for its fixation in 1Md illite. The fixation of N by illite seems to diminish in the course of diagenesis, but additional fixation occurs in newly formed 2M1 illite during the anchimetamorphic stage. The volume of N contained in illite in most samples greatly surpasses the N available locally from the organic matter contained in shale. Modelling indicates that the measured level of N for K substitution in illite corresponds to the capture in 30 vol.% of shale of all N released in a basin containing 5 vol.% of coal.

Boron is held predominantly by the 1Md fraction (illite+smectite). During diagenesis boron is redistributed into the 1Md illite, and during anchimetamorphism it is released from the 1Md illite and incorporated into new 2M1 illite. No indication of the net enrichment of pore water in B due to the clay alteration process was found.
The acidity of surface groups of dioctahedral smectites
Authors: Kaufhold S. , Stanjek H. , Penner D. , Dohrmann R.
Published: December 2011

Suspensions of thirty six bentonites were equilibrated for 24 h and then adjusted to pH 3. After an hour, pH titrations up to pH 12 at varying ionic strengths were performed within 4.5 h. The titration data were recalculated into proton affinity distributions (PAD) using the condensed approximation. In spite of widely varying chemical compositions, all bentonites showed a protonation reaction between pK 4 and 5, which could be assigned to aluminol groups at the edge surfaces of the smectites. The average pK is 4.73±80.31. A second prominent peak in the PAD at pK = 10.43±80.13 could be assigned to exchangeable Mg2+ in the interlayer space. The possibility to constrain both pK values at a fixed average value will decrease the number of parameters in surface complexation modelling and thus enhance its convergence.
Anticancer drugs loading into and in vitro release from faujasite
Authors: Betsiou M. , Bantsis G. , Zoi I. , Sikalidis C.
Published: December 2011

This investigation was carried out to determine whether the adsorptive and ion-exchange properties of faujasite (FAU) could be used to delivery locally the anticancer drugs gemcitanine hydrochloride (dFdU.HCl) and oxaliplatin (DACH-Pt). A soaking procedure was used for the determination of the maximum adsorption capacity of FAU and the mechanism described here was achieved. 274 mg dFdU.HCl/g FAU were adsorbed in 16 h, while 48 h were needed for the adsorption of 79.7 mg DACH-Pt/g FAU. Drug release studies were carried out by soaking the samples of loaded FAU in simulation body fluids (SBF). After only one hour 76% of dFdU.HCl was released while the release of DACH-Pt from the FAU was more normal since 38% of DACH-Pt was released in the first 24 h.
Essential features of the polytypic charoite-96 structure compared to charoite-90
Authors: Rozhdestvenskaya I. V. , Mugnaioli E. , Czank M. , Depmeier W. , Kolb U. , Merlino S.
Published: December 2011

Charoite, ideally (K,Sr,Ba,Mn)15–16(Ca,Na)32[(Si70(O,OH)180)](OH,F)4·nH20, is a rock-forming mineral from the Murun massif in Yakutia, Sakha Republic, Siberia, Russia, where it occurs in a unique alkaline intrusion. Charoite occurs as four different polytypes, which are commonly intergrown in nanocrystallme fibres. We report the structure of charoite-96(a =32.11(6),b =19.77(4),c =7.23(1) Å, β = 95.85(9)°,V =4565(24) Å3, space groupP21/m),which was solvedab initioby direct methods on the basis of 2676 unique electron diffraction reflections collected by automated diffraction tomography and refined toR1/wR2=0.34/0.37. The structure of charoite-96 is related to that of the charoite-90, which was also solved recently. Both structures are composed of three different types ofdreiersilicate chains running along [001] and separated by ribbons of edge-sharing Ca- and Na-centred octahedra. In the structure of charoite-96, adjacent blocks formed by three different silicate chains and stacked along thexaxis, are shifted by a translation of 1/2c. The shifts involve a hybriddreierquadruple chain, [Si17O43]18–and a doubledreierchain, [Si6O17]10–. In charoite-90 adjacent blocks are stacked without shifts.
Introduction to this special section: Physics of rocks
Authors: Smith Tad M. , Sayers Colin , Liner Chris
Published: December 2011

The science of rock physics provides the means by which geophysical measurements can be inverted for rock and fluid properties. As it is typically applied in the oil and gas industry, rock physics is usually focused on the measurement, modeling, and interpretation of elastic-wave propagation in sedimentary rocks. Most frequently, this involves the analysis and interpretation of P- and S-wave behavior, examination of [Formula: see text] systematics, examination and application of Gassmann's equations, examination of anisotropic effects, and the analysis of attenuation and dispersion. A snapshot of the current state-of-the-art in this rapidly developing field can be found in the collection of papers presented at the 1st International Workshop on Rock Physics (1IWRP) available at http://1iwrp.rockphysicists.org/.
A diagenetic rock physics approach for siliciclastics
Authors: Dræge Anders
Published: December 2011

This study presents a new heuristic approach that includes temperature in rock physics modelling. Temperature is the most important factor for chemical compaction, and hence velocity evolution in the chemical compaction domain. Given brine-saturated rocks, the modelling is dependent on only three input parameters: lithology (Vsh), porosity, and temperature. The simplicity of the approach, and the ability to model all stages of diagenesis in sands and shales, make this strategy suitable in early exploration settings where little information is available. Due to fundamental differences in sands and shales, one sand model and one shale model are proposed, both temperature-dependent. The models are calibrated to local sands and shales, and then used to predict scenarios not observed in the data set. It is further demonstrated how the models can be used to guide seismic interpretation when interpreting shale-sand reflections at different diagenetic stages. Finally, the suggested models are also used to predict expected AVO behavior during mechanical and chemical compaction.
Rock physics-based relations for density and S-velocity versus P-velocity in deepwater subsalt Gulf of Mexico shales
Authors: Sayers Colin M. , den Boer Lennert D.
Published: December 2011

Rock physics studies based on incomplete data sets often employ empirical relations calibrated using data available at the time the relations were developed. An example is Gardner's relation
How cracks modify permeability and introduce velocity dispersion: Examples of glass and basalt
Authors: Guéguen Yves , Adelinet Mathilde , Ougier-Simonin Audrey , Fortin Jérôme , Schubnel Alexandre
Published: December 2011

The porosity of igneous rocks is usually very small, although for some basalts it can be nonnegligible due to gas exsolution. In the case of glass, it is vanishingly small. Why is it of any interest to look at this kind of material from the point of view of rock physics? Two series of reasons indeed motivate such investigations.