bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snapshot: Europe’s New Political Economy
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: February 2025

Chapter 6 describes how the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the European Union and its member states toward a new model of political economy, involving more interventionist economic and social policies and a reshaping of governance processes. This post-pandemic political economy has some pro-democracy implications and has promised to reconnect citizens with the EU and restore the union’s democratic credibility. Yet it also constitutes an especially notable example of trustee statism and top-down technocracy that cuts across democracy quality. The pandemic and its economic legacy, together with the climate crisis, have acted as catalysts for an uneasy balance between trustee and liberal statism, along with a civic micropolitics concerned with the EU’s democratic accountability.
The New Geopolitics and War on Ukraine
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: February 2025

Chapter 7 charts the impact on democracy of deepening geopolitical tensions, particularly the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These tensions have put democracy on the defensive. Yet it also shows that as the threats to democracy have become pronounced, they have spurred Western democratic powers and civil society into more concerted action. The Russian invasion has prompted democratic governments to coordinate more effectively. While war and geopolitical conflict have pushed the defense of democracy to the top of Western foreign policy agendas, they have not spurred many non-Western democracies to adopt clear commitments to advance open politics. At the global level, the dynamics of realpolitik are powerful and offset those of more democratic geopolitics. The new geopolitics—hastened by, but not limited to Russia’s conflict in Ukraine—have triggered a stronger focus on upholding democratic norms from some governments and societies, but also complex divisions among both democratic and authoritarian states.
Getting Started with This Workbook
Authors: Temkin-Yu Andrea
Published: February 2025

Chapter 1 provides readers with background on the writing of this workbook and what they can expect while reading. The author describes the motivation behind writing a book focused on parent and caregiver strategies to help adolescents. The chapter then details the many factors influencing teen mental health and the important role that parents play in supporting their children. The chapter defines common vocabulary terms used throughout the book. It also outlines the organizational structure of each chapter and describes what types of information and exercises readers will find. Finally, readers will be given tips on how to make the workbook’s evidence-based tools work best for them.
Selective Attention
Authors: Temkin-Yu Andrea
Published: February 2025

Chapter 5 describes the importance of parental attention in changing teen behavior. It outlines why and how attention can be used to encourage skillful behavior, and how it can accidently reinforce behavior parents do not like. The chapter provides information on how parents can provide teens attention in a way that improves parent–child relationships and promotes change. It outlines how to reduce negative interactions so that families can reduce conflict and problem behavior. Parents are also provided with information on when to remove attention, and how to problem-solve barriers that make this difficult. Chapter exercises and practice worksheets are included to help parents learn about different types of attention, determine what behavior to focus on versus ignore, and feel confident to use these skills at home.
Helpful Support versus Unhelpful Accommodation
Authors: Temkin-Yu Andrea
Published: February 2025

Chapter 8 defines accommodation and explains how different types of parental support can be either helpful or unhelpful depending on context and teen skill level. The chapter provides examples of accommodations in different settings and offers guidelines on when they are most appropriate to put in place. There is also information on ways in which accommodation can interfere with teen independence and growth when used inappropriately. It offers a self-assessment so readers can understand if they typically overaccommodate versus underaccommodate. Common stuck points are reviewed and tips are provided to help readers navigate accommodations for teen mental health. Chapter exercises and practice worksheets are included to help parents better understand when and how to understand accommodations and create a plan to best support their teen.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Temkin-Yu Andrea
Published: February 2025

Chapter 11 outlines how readers can combine the skills they have learned in the prior chapters to make the most of the workbook. It provides examples of how various skills can be layered together to maximize how helpful they are in supporting teen mental health and growth. The chapter also includes a skill outline covering strategies found throughout the book and exercises to help parents test their understanding of the material. Common barriers to skills use are outlined and tips are provided. Readers are also guided through a reflection exercise to help increase their ability to make use of the tools.
Removal, Religion, and the White Republic
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

This chapter documents the travels of the Scots immigrant Davidsons, who trekked down the Appalachian spine from (probably) Pennsylvania to western North Carolina into North Georgia, taking advantage of Indian Removal. There on the border of Cherokee lands, Frederick Davidson threw pottery and promolgated the Methodist religion during the Second Great Awakening. He participated in local government, which advocated better government and prison reform. Simultaneously Georgia planter elites struggled to integrate the new immigrants carrying the fire of Jacksonian democracy into a white republic that emphasized not equality but the traditional Southern oligarchic hierarchy. The planters used the lure of the distribution of Indian lands to keep the immigrants from joining forces with Cherokees to bring order to the region. Abraham Davidson joined the U.S. Army during the Great Intrusion when white settlers poured onto Cherokee land during a massive gold rush. He likely participated in the final Cherokee removal that led to the Trail of Tears.
“The Blowhard of Blount”
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

The author’s maternal great-grandfather John Albert Dean, Blount County Tax Assessor, gained local fame as the leading agrarian reformer in the county, earning him the epithet “the Blowhard of Blount.” Along with the Davidsons, the Deans supported the Populist-Republican class-based alliance of white upland farmers and Black former slaves in a grand attempt at constructing a class-based interracial democracy. When the attempt failed because of massive vote fraud in the Black Belt and the racism of too many of their own supporters, the Deans and the Davidsons, along with many Populists, departed the white supremacist Democratic Party and joined the progressive wing of the Republican Party.
“Our Demosthenes”
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

Julius Davidson, the author’s great-uncle, and a committed Populist, had a reputation as a gifted orator and first-rate political tactician. He was ruthlessly ambitious. As Populism was losing ground, Julius promised to stay “as long as the flags float.” Instead, he joined the Republican Party, still opposing the suppression of Black votes. Many former Jeffersonians and Populists switched to the progressive wing of the Republican Party as well. When it became clear that Blacks would be disenfranchised by the 1901 state constitution, Julius saw no future in allying with Blacks, and quickly became a leader of the Lily White faction of the Republican Party. Julius’s principles fell to his ambition.
Armed Conflict and Structural Violence in Manipur
Authors: Riddle Karie Cross
Published: February 2025

A critical approach to gender-conscious peacebuilding requires engagement with a concrete case. This chapter introduces the Manipur case, presenting the direct and structural violence that peacebuilders face. It starts with the armed conflict that has plagued Manipur since decolonization, including violence between the Indian state and armed groups; between Indian paramilitary forces, police commandos, and civilians; and inter- and intra-ethnic violence among insurgent groups. Traditional ceasefires to end direct violence have failed in this complex context, making Manipur a particularly appropriate case for the examination of creative, contextual, sub-state peacebuilding, as such peacebuilding is likely the only possible route to success. Moving to structural violence, the chapter highlights five types of structural inequalities which produce alternative forms of violence in Manipur, particularly against women. Any peacebuilding that promotes peace and justice must address the violence produced by these structures, as well as the direct violence of armed conflict.
Prefiguring China’s Digital Silk Road to Europe
Authors: Kaufmann Lena
Published: February 2025

Through the lens of “politics of sight,” this chapter provides on-the-ground perspectives on a crucial yet commonly overlooked aspect of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): the Digital Silk Road (DSR). Drawing on ethnographic and archival research focused on digital infrastructures, specifically fiber-optic networks, the author traces China’s DSR to Europe through the example of Switzerland. To comprehend the effects of digitalization in Switzerland and globally, one must consider Chinese involvements in digital infrastructures. This chapter argues that although discursive references linking Switzerland to the DSR are recent and Western observers are only now beginning to “see” Chinese fiber-optic networks, what is now framed as part of the DSR began long before the announcement of the BRI. Moreover, the Chinese–Swiss entanglements in digital infrastructures are not as unidirectional as is often assumed. Overall, the DSR is better characterized as a series of multinational investments rather than as a cohesive, top-down geopolitical strategy.
The European Far Right
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter explains the starting point of this book, namely the case of far-right terror in Norway on 22 July 2011, including its resonances across Europe. The case of Norwegian far-right terror is contextualised in wider far-right trends over the last decades. The chapter argues that although Western European countries might be deemed to be the most secular in Europe, religion plays a significant role in recent programmes, proclamations, and practices of far-right movements. While “far right” is a slippery term that comes in different scales and shades depending on its specific context in Europe, this book focuses on the transnational tendency of the far right to emphasise the decline of Christian Europe and the threat of Islam. The chapter contends that it is necessary to analyse and assess invocations of “the Bible” and of specific biblical texts to study this transnational tendency of the far right.
Biblical Connections and Continuities
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the sources for the biblical assemblages that appear in Breivik’s manifesto. The chapter argues that the biblical assemblages in the manifesto bear clear connections and continuities with the construction of Bibles in contemporary counterjihad milieus in Europe and the United States. These connections and continuities indicate the way a particular view of “the Bible” as both civilisational foundation and violent archive has become territorialised. Analysing key figures in the counterjihad milieu that Breivik was inspired by (such as Robert Spencer, Bat Ye’or, and Oriana Fallaci), the chapter uncovers the way these figures enable the Civilisation Bible and the War Bible to function effectively in conspiracies about the decline of Europe and the threat of Islam.
The War Bible
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter focuses on the War Bible assemblage, analysing further lines of connection between far-right actors and violent Bible-use from the past. From American evangelical web pages and the Tea Party movement, to Bible-use in the medieval crusades and the First World War, the chapter unravels the way Breivik’s War Bible is neither a new invention nor innovative, but draws on longer histories of biblical reception. The chapter argues that the War Bible assemblage works by positing innocent Christian soldiers against Muslims to provide a sense of comfort in the idea that God is on one’s side. Violence is transformed into sacrifice. Constructions of masculinity and perceptions of the Middle Ages are crucial elements in the War Bible assemblage, but in many ways this assemblage remains flexible, drawing on a variety of biblical content, forms of aggression, and sources of aggrievement.
NYC Transit Policing and Safer Subway (1984–1995)
Authors: Moskos Peter
Published: February 2025

New York City’s subway has always had a disproportionate impact on the city’s image and reputation. Transit policing was particularly tough because officers worked alone, there were long gaps between stations when on the train, and radios frequently failed. Graffiti covered subway cars, creating a perception, not far from the truth, that criminals were in control of the transit system. The Transit Authority began a successful five-year program to eliminate graffiti in 1984, but crime remained high and homeless people were living and dying in the transit system. In 1989 subway rules of conduct were posted and survived a court challenge. Bill Bratton became the Transit Police chief in 1990 and, with the assistance of Jack Maple and George Kelling, implemented a series of reforms focused in part on turnstile jumping and quality-of-life policing. These changes both improved police morale and decreased crime.
Rapid Deployment and Effective Tactics (1994–1996)
Authors: Moskos Peter
Published: February 2025

The NYPD became focused on crime reduction. Simple changes—a different uniform, a different gun, precinct house maintenance—improved police morale. Concurrently, Compstat became an effective—and often feared—system that both held police leaders accountable and propagated policing strategies. The size of the NYPD increased through additional funding and the merger with Housing and Transit Police. Examples of crime fighting tactics include policing gun offenders, the establishment of a bicycle squad, decoy squads, street prostitution, and auto thefts. While different problems required different solutions and tactics, they followed Jack Maple’s four-point crime-reduction strategy: accurate and timely intelligence, rapid deployment, effective tactics, and relentless follow-up and assessment. As crime declined, cooperation increased within the NYPD, as well as between the NYPD and city agencies, other law enforcement agencies, local DAs, and federal prosecutors. Federal prosecution helped bring down larger criminal operations.
What Needs Explaining
Authors: Smith Christian
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores empirical evidence for the major decline of traditional American religion, particularly among younger generations. It shows that religious affiliation and attendance have notably decreased across generations, from the Lost Generation to Generation Z, with the latter exhibiting increasingly weaker ties to religion. The chapter then highlights a reversal of the earlier trend where individuals became more religious with age, noting that Millennials and Generation Z are increasingly less religious. It discusses a brief increase in religious affiliation during the conservative 1980s, followed by a decline from the 1990s onward. Ultimately, traditional religion is increasingly viewed as culturally obsolete by post-Boomers, which means traditional religion has not only experienced losses but is itself at a loss in knowing how to deal with its new situation.
Imperial Military
Authors: Graham Aaron
Published: February 2025

Security in Jamaica was dominated by the presence of the imperial garrison, which was supported in numerous ways by the planters in the island, who recognized that their own security depended on its effectiveness. Consequently the colonial state took on a growing number of expensive functions to assist the garrison, including the supply of barracks, wood, and water; the payment of allowances for lodging and medical care; the regulation of access to rum; the recovery of deserters; and the hire of military labourers to preserve the health of the men. The most extensive—and expensive—commitment was the vote of ‘island pay’ for the garrison, a subsidy for provisions that, at its peak in 1800, made up around half of the expenditure of the colonial state. Examining how the assembly was persuaded to vote the necessary funds demonstrates the vital role of politicking in the formation of the colonial state, not least since the agreement fell apart as the fragile consensus began to dissolve.
Intermezzo II
Authors: Graham Aaron
Published: February 2025

The Baptist War in Jamaica in January 1832 triggered the end of slavery. Previous accounts have noted the growth in abolitionist pressure on the metropolitan government. Equally important, however, was the temporary financial collapse of the colonial state in Jamaica in the immediate aftermath of the Baptist War, since Jamaica was already at the limit of its fiscal and financial capacity and was unable to accommodate the surge in spending. The recent renegotiation of the island pay had demonstrated the assembly’s bad faith, and had shown that planters could no longer use it as political leverage. Key figures in the Colonial Office, especially the Under-Secretary of State, Viscount Howick, became convinced that only an immediate emancipation could resolve the military and financial, as well as moral and political, problems that the new government faced in Jamaica, and worked to persuade others of this fact. Howick’s intervention was decisive in making the pragmatic case for emancipation. The financial failure of the colonial state in Jamaica was therefore a decisive moment.
Huaylas (Ancash) Quechua
Authors: Molina-Vital Carlos
Published: February 2025

This chapter offers a sketch grammar of Huaylas Quechua (HQ) [HQ, ISO 639-3 qwh, Glottocode huay1240], one of the most studied Quechuan varieties. It includes a more comprehensive presentation of this variety to acknowledge previous literature, to include up-to-date information on dialectology, phonology, and morphosyntax, and to address some long-standing issues with previous literature. Among them, it describes the nominalizer -anqa as an actual-realis nominalizer in opposition to -na, a potential-irrealis one. It characterizes the perfective aspect suffixes -yku and -rku in terms of telicity and punctuality. For grammatical voice, this chapter argues against describing the middle voice suffix -ku as a reflexive, and in favor of describing -ka: as an instance of spontaneous voice. Also, it suggests that the iterative or careful action suffix -pa: is in fact an applicative with a meaning complementary to the benefactive -pu. The chapter concludes with a review of the basic literature for this variety and a sample text with interlinear morphological breakdown.
Aymara
Authors: Coler Matt
Published: February 2025

This chapter offers a grammatical description of Aymara [ISO 639-3: ayc, Glottocode: sout2996]. Aymara is an is agglutinative, suffix-only Aymaran language, spoken mainly in Peru and Bolivia. After providing an overview of the Aymaran family, I describe the complex phonology and phonotactics, with a special focus on morphophonological processes, before moving on to parts of speech and transcategorical operations. Thereafter, I describe nouns and nominal morphology followed by verbs and verbal morphology prior to outlining other suffixes which are neither nominal or verbal. After this morphological description, I provide an overview of syntax, including grammatical relations, constituent order, clause types, coordination and relativization, among other topics such as verbs of taking, and loanword integration. A text sample in the penultimate section provides a narrative in Aymara. I conclude with an overview of the literature.
Puquina
Authors: Emlen Nicholas Q. , Mossel Arjan , van de Kerke Simon , Adelaar Willem F. H.
Published: February 2025

This chapter presents a description and a historical outline of the Puquina language [ISO 639-3: puq, Glottocode: puqu1242], a linguistic isolate that was spoken in the South-Central Andes until the early 19th century. Our linguistic description is based on a reanalysis of the sole surviving Puquina source: the Franciscan Luis Jerónimo de Oré’s Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum (1607), a manual for missionary priests working in the region. Our chapter presents a number of new findings regarding Puquina, including an account of the language’s morphophonemics; several newly described morphemes; a proposal regarding inverse marking; and an expanded and refined wordlist. The Puquina evidence presented by the 1607 text is fragmentary and often difficult to interpret, but much can be learned from its systematic analysis.
Híbito and Cholón
Authors: Alexander-Bakkerus Astrid
Published: February 2025

Nowadays the languages Híbito and Cholón (ISO 639-3: hib, cht, Glottocode: hibi1243, chol1284) are extinct. Both were spoken in Northern Peru. Little is known of the former language (two wordlists), and there has been some discussion about the affinity between Híbito and Cholón. Notwithstanding the scarce information about Híbito, enough evidence can be deduced from the data to show that Híbito and Cholón are related to each other. More is known of Cholón. Besides two wordlists, there is a grammar of Cholón, Arte de la Lengua Cholona, written in 1748 by the Franciscan friar Pedro de la Mata. Based on Mata’s Arte, here I provide a modern description of Cholón. It enables us to get a clear overview of the structure of the language.
Small and extinct languages of Northern Peru
Authors: Urban Matthias
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides an overview of our understanding of the former linguistic diversity of coast and highlands Northern Peru, where in the 16th century as many as 12 different indigenous languages, many of which are only poorly known, were spoken: Tallán [Glottocode: tall1235], Sechura [Glottocode: sech1236], Mochica [ISO 693-3: omc, Glottocode: moch1259], and Quingnam (a.k.a. Pescadora) on the coast, Culli [Glottocode: cull1235] and likely further languages in the highlands, and Chirino [Glottocode: chir1297], Patagón, Bagua [Glottocode: bagu1249], Copallín (a.k.a. Copallen) [Glottocode: copa1238], Sácata [Glottocode: saca1239], Híbito (a.k.a. Jivito) [ISO 639-3: hib, Glottocode: hibi1243], and Cholón (a.k.a. Cholona) [ISO 639-3: cht, Glottocode: chol1284] on the eastern slopes. With distributions that roughly correspond to geographical barriers and different ecological zones, these languages, while mostly genealogically unrelated, show clear hallmarks of language contact in the lexicon and in phonological and phonotactic structure that can be interpreted as evidence for a distinctive northern Peruvian linguistic ecology. Moreover, the distribution of the languages in several cases suggest that they were acting as indexes of social or ethnic differentiation within major pre-Hispanic societies of Northern Peru.
The morphology of the nominal domain in the languages of the Central Andes
Authors: Krasnoukhova Olga
Published: February 2025

This chapter offers a typological overview of morphological structures and categories of the nominal domain in the languages of the Central Andes. It deals with pronominal and nominal number, attributive possession, case marking, gender, and classifiers. It also discusses demonstratives and semantic categories that they encode. Since adjectives are typically noun-like in the languages of this region, the word class of adjectives are treated in this chapter as well. Whenever relevant, languages of the Central Andes are compared to South American languages more generally and are situated in a larger cross-linguistic context. Some languages of the Central Andes show typologically interesting traits. Among these one can mention Chipaya, that uses a different genitive marker depending on the biological gender of the possessor, and the language Cholón, that encodes a gender distinction only in the 2nd person singular pronominal forms, but not in any other person. Furthermore, while it is cross-linguistically uncommon to derive plural forms of pronouns with a nominal plural marker, this is a very common strategy among the languages of the Central Andes and South America more generally.
Baḥr al-Ḥijāz
Authors: Damgaard Kristoffer
Published: February 2025

This chapter challenges the view that the Red Sea area was marginal to the economic history and argues that it was the centre of a vibrant trading environment from the seventh to the ninth centuries which should be investigated as such. The Late Antique/Early Medieval Red Sea may be seen as both a geographical and network-based nexus for global commodity movement in the entire first millennium ce. A final consideration that should be factored into the analysis is the impact that the political unification under Islamic rule had on commercial activities in the littoral. For the first time in history, the entire Red Sea came under the control of a single polity, namely, the nascent Muslim state.
The Politics of Trade
Authors: Vacca Alison
Published: February 2025

As a broad introduction to the history of trade in early ʿAbbāsid Armenia, this chapter assesses the extant sources to discuss merchants, goods, and trade routes. It acknowledges that most of the sources available in Arabic and Armenian are literary rather than documentary and, as such, retain keener perspectives on the concerns of both the political and religious elite than any detailed description of merchants. Accordingly, economic history must be read against the grain of our sources. By focusing on the foreignness of merchants, these sources suggest that Armenian cities were polyglot nexuses of global networks. Such an interpretation veers from current discussions of the relationship between a strong economy and the independence of medieval Armenian kingdoms.
Defining Science
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah
Published: February 2025

This chapter traces the various attempts to define science in the UK and US since its formation as a recognisable discipline, distinct from natural philosophy, in the nineteenth century. It argues that, debates around the demarcation problem notwithstanding, this is an increasingly urgent task on account of the prominence of pseudoscience today, as well as well-attested problems internal to science, such as the apparent rise in ‘fraud, bias, negligence, and hype’. The chapter draws on philosophical sources (including the work of Robert Merton, Karl Popper, Larry Laudan, and Massimo Pigliucci) and legal ones (including the Overton Judgement, Edwards v. Aguillard, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, and the British Science Council’s 2009 definition of science) to argue that a singular, ‘necessary and sufficient’ definition of science is not possible. Rather, it argues, following Pigliucci, that a Wittgensteinian ‘family resemblance’ approach is the most appropriate and coherent way to ‘define’ science. It puts forward an initial outline of what this might look like, highlighting four dimensions or ‘features’ of science: philosophical, methodological, cultural, and social. Thus science (1) is defined by certain philosophical axioms or presuppositions; (2) is characterised by a strict methodological approach; (3) demonstrates a particular attitudinal or cultural dimension; and (4) is an inherently communal and co-operative activity. It adds the important caveat that we must not limit our definition of science to this normative understanding, and that a full picture of science would also take into account the descriptive reality of science as it is actually practised.
Disaggregating Religion
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah
Published: February 2025

This chapter draws on over a hundred interviews with scientists, philosophers, theologians, sociologists, and communicators, and builds on an initial disaggregation of the dimensions or ‘features’ of religion derived from legal, philosophical, and sociological analysis. From this new and extensive data source, it outlines five distinct dimensions or ‘features’ of religion, pertaining to (1) transcendence, (2) belief, (3) commitment, (4) the formalisation of belief in theology and doctrine, and (5) the formalisation of commitment in rituals, laws, and offices. Each of these covers a range of factors, or sub-features, and none is wholly discrete or watertight. For something to be called religion, it does not need to encompass all five features, or indeed any particular one of them. Instead, we adopt a Wittgensteinian ‘family resemblance’ approach to defining religion, which eschews hard category boundaries in favour of ‘fuzzier’ edges. The chapter concludes by showing how sometimes the apparent conflict between science and religion is a conflict literally by definition, with some people defining science and religion in direct opposition to one another.
Metaphysics
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah
Published: February 2025

This chapter argues that both science and religion involve certain metaphysical commitments, and while these needn’t be in conflict, or indeed have any significant bearing upon the science and religion debate either way, this is nonetheless one of the areas within the science and religion landscapes where there commonly is tension. That tension resides primarily in the way in which science’s apparent commitment to naturalism comes into conflict with religion’s apparent commitment to supernaturalism. The chapter examines both of these, and shows that the conflict in this area can be defused, partially. Even when religion does exhibit a commitment to supernaturalism (some definitions of religion do not involve any such a metaphysical stance), that commitment need not be understood in a blunt, zero-sum opposition to naturalism. Correspondingly, science’s commitment to naturalism is far from straightforward, as demonstrated (1) by problems around the definition of ‘nature’, or corresponding terms (‘physicalism’, ‘materialism’) and (2) by certain scientific disciplines and presuppositions that sit at odds with (at least some conceptions of) naturalism. Having softened the edge of the blunt metaphysical conflict between science and religion, however, the chapter concludes that certain questions remain, and that metaphysics is an area where there is genuine and legitimate conflict between the two.
The Politics of Unpaid Labour
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Domecka Markieta
Published: February 2025

This book introduces a theory of the politics of unpaid labour, advancing our understanding of inequality within the context of precarious work. Arguing that this theory can help address the inequalities perpetuating the dynamics and processes underpinning stigma which surround the rise of precarious work under labour market reforms and societal and technological changes, the book forges a link between the micro properties of the social system and its macro-level structural patterns. The former relates to the motivations and meanings individuals attribute to the unpaid labour they perform in a context where employment is precarious, while the latter refers to how individuals build resilience through sustaining unpaid labour by accessing resources found within the private, social, and financial sphere of the family as well as in regulatory arrangements at the level of the state and other social institutions. The book’s empirical section is based on extensive research comparing meanings of unpaid labour in creative dance, residential care, and online freelancing in Europe. The theoretical section advances current discussion in three ways. First, it establishes the characteristics differentiating employment from self-employment, and how these lead to a revised definition of unpaid labour. Second, it illustrates that unpaid labour is both shaped by class and serves to reproduce class interests, revealing ongoing changes in welfare, employment, and state institutional policies. Third, it considers the necessity to establish conditions within the labour market conducive to genuinely cultivating and honouring the diversity of human capabilities and actions within labour structures and promoting their manifestation.
Establishing a Theory of the Politics of Unpaid Labour
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Domecka Markieta
Published: February 2025

This chapter presents a novel theorization of the politics of unpaid labour. It looks at how the study of unpaid labour helps address inequality in precarious work, focusing on the class-based power structures of exploitation to explain how individuals experience the socio-economic activities surrounding work in their biographical histories in different ways. In essence, the theory behind the politics of unpaid labour advances our understanding of inequality in precarious work, explaining how the meanings attached to unpaid labour are embedded in different ways in individual income- and class-based features as well as employment structures and practices. These meanings also reflect the social norms underpinning stigma. The theory thus highlights the power dynamics generating the structural inequalities through which opportunities and resources to build resilience are circumscribed by class, including prestige, gender, and wealth.
Conclusion
Authors: Pulignano Valeria , Domecka Markieta , Grimshaw Damian
Published: February 2025

The conclusion urges policymakers to carefully consider how a comprehensive set of interconnected protections can mitigate the impact of unpaid and precarious labour, thereby shaping a path toward inclusive and sustainable economic development. This approach is essential for ensuring the stability and security of society for all European citizens. The evidence presented in this book, and recalled in the conclusions, reveals that unpaid labour is not a peripheral issue but a fundamental aspect of the political economy of work in contemporary Europe. Too many workers in Europe find themselves in poorly designed or second-choice jobs, compelled to work unpaid hours, and struggling with insufficient paid work and limited opportunities for skill development. This situation has led to a highly segmented pattern of unpaid labour, with risks disproportionately affecting women, those with the least education, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and migrant workers.
Out-of-order reading
Authors: Thomas Julia
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the ways in which illustrated texts were read ‘out of order’, with the images seen before the words were processed. This model of reading was facilitated and encouraged by cultural and cognitive factors. The display and placement of illustrations put them first, with the proliferation of frontispieces and illustrated covers corresponding to a mental predisposition to look at and seek out the pictures before reading the words. This out-of-order reading has some striking implications for how texts were approached and understood, as the chapter explores in an analysis of the frontispiece illustration that appeared in the first English translation of Honoré de Balzac’s novella Sarrasine. These prior illustrations shaped and defined how readers interpretated the words. They could also determine if the words were ever actually read. Seeing the illustrations first incited a readerly desire that compelled readers to begin to read, to continue to read, or to stop in their tracks.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Julia
Published: February 2025

The Conclusion suggests that the sharp decline of illustration in fiction for adults in the early twentieth century was partly a result of the way that the reading of illustrated literature was defined in Victorian culture: as child-like, immature, and involving no intellectual labour. This decline also coincided with a questioning of the role of the ‘mind’s eye’ in psychology. In the twenty-first century, illustration has all but disappeared in the case of adult fiction, but it is still prevalent in other forms like newspapers and children’s books. For the trace of Victorian illustrative reading, we can look towards ‘digital’ or on-screen reading, which has been described in strikingly similar terms to the Victorian reading of illustrated texts: as a ‘shallow’ as opposed to ‘deep’ reading. The Conclusion argues not only that this binary opposition is incorrect but also that the synergies between Victorian and digital reading can provide an opening for how we understand the mechanics of digital reading today.
Administration of Estates in the Netherlands
Authors: Kolkman Wilbert D
Published: February 2025

This chapter describes and analyses the Dutch rules on the administration of estates. It starts with a historical overview, leading to the Civil Code of 1838, which was heavily influenced by French law. This was followed by a new Civil Code in 2003. The chapter sheds light on a number of aspects regarding the administration, such as the choices of the heirs, the position of the creditors, the role of the notary, and the distinction between informal and formal administration. As is shown in the conclusion, the Dutch system can be described as a flexible, private system with a high level of creditor protection.
Administration of Estates in South America
Authors: Schmidt Jan Peter
Published: February 2025

Historically, the Latin American regimes of estate administration were firmly rooted in the Roman tradition. Since the nineteenth century, however, many of them have undergone far-reaching reforms and moved towards solutions that resemble the English system of estate administration. As a result, the present state of the law is highly diverse. The chapter illustrates this with three examples. The first regime of estate administration to be covered in detail is the Chilean, which has faithfully continued in the Roman tradition. The second is that of Argentina, which also started in the footsteps of Roman law but which has undergone fundamental changes in recent decades. The third object of study is the Brazilian regime of estate administration. Here, a significant deviation from the Roman tradition occurred already in the Civil Code of 1916. Subsequent decades have seen an increasingly prominent role for procedural law.
Administration of Estates in Austria
Authors: Wendehorst Christiane
Published: February 2025

Although strongly rooted in the civilian tradition, Austrian law follows its own path with regard to the administration of estates. The rights and obligations of a deceased person do not immediately pass to the heirs upon death but are held by the ‘dormant’ estate, which is a legal entity. Except in the case of very small estates, there are compulsory probate proceedings, most of which are conducted by notaries acting as ‘court commissioners’. At the end of the proceedings, the probate court hands over the estate to the heirs by means of a formal decision. However, unless the court decides otherwise, the heirs begin to administer the estate from the moment they have declared their acceptance of the estate and have sufficiently proved their rights. If necessary, the court will appoint a curator instead. In contrast, executors appointed in a will do not play an important role in Austria.
Administration of Estates in South Africa
Authors: du Toit François
Published: February 2025

South Africa is a mixed jurisdiction with Roman-Dutch law as its civilian common law. However, since the early nineteenth century, its law on the administration of estates has been based predominantly on English law. This chapter commences with an exposition of the development of South Africa’s law on the administration of estates from its Roman-Dutch origins to its current statutory regulation by the Administration of Estates Act of 1965, based on English law. It thereafter describes how the administration process runs its course and explains specifically the roles of the Master of the High Court and the executor of the estate as the two principal functionaries participating in this process. The chapter comments on the strengths of the South African administration process and concludes with an evaluation of several practical and theoretical conundrums that persist in the modern South African law on the administration of estates.
Administration of Estates in Norway
Authors: Eeg Thomas
Published: February 2025

The chapter describes the two different modes of the administration of a deceased person’s estate in Norwegian succession law: so-called ‘private’ and ‘public’ estate administration. In private estate administration, someone other than a public entity is responsible for winding up the estate, whereas a public authority is in charge of public estate administration. The development through history that has led to this bifurcated system is explored. A few remarks are also made regarding the period which runs from the death until the mode of administration is chosen, including the issue of ownership of the estate. Some brief comments are given regarding small estates, where the two modes can be avoided, and insolvent estates, which can be managed by either private or public administration. The final section discusses the policy issue when heirs take on unlimited liability for debts of the deceased in order to achieve a private estate administration.
Status, States, and Moral Sentiments
Authors: 9780198941989  , Wolf Reinhard
Published: February 2025

This book shows that the experience of respect and disrespect profoundly influences foreign policy. Leaders and citizens everywhere feel entitled to a treatment that properly acknowledges their country’s place in the international status order, especially its role as an equal or superior. Drawing on research in anthropology, international relations, organizational studies, philosophy, sociology, and social psychology, the book develops a new theoretical framework and, based on that, presents predictions about the likely effects of respect. Its case studies show that respect has indeed a distinctive political impact. The experience of respect promotes openness, trust, and cooperation, whereas perceived disrespect fosters conflict by making policy-makers angrier and more assertive. Often leaders are willing to compromise their country’s material interests in order to thwart a relationship that they perceive as disrespectful. Thus, safeguarding one’s ‘proper’ place in the status order proved to be a fundamental goal with an intrinsic ethical value. Accordingly, showing respect is a useful—often even crucial —tool of foreign policy. However, policy-makers must be aware that truly respecting another party also involves political costs, as it acknowledges the latter’s right to a meaningful role and commensurate influence.
Aftermath, 1863–1865
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: February 2025

The centerpiece of this chapter is Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, delivered at the opening of the new national cemetery in November 1863. This was Lincoln’s most succinct attempt to draw meaning from what, even then, appeared to be the war’s defining battle. The two-minute speech drew on Lincoln’s long-held and oft-expressed understanding of the Providential nature of the American Union. But also on his new understanding of the challenges the nation faced at that moment. It was a speech for the ages—transcendent in its vision of the United States as a work in progress—but also a partisan manifesto setting out the terms on which he wanted the war to end.
Gettysburg and the Meaning of America, c.1930–1990
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: February 2025

As the United States entered the world war and the Cold War, Gettysburg regained its meaning as a “shrine.” No longer was it solely about the “reconciliation” of North and South—though the “High Water Mark” narrative continued to be the principal framing. Its meaning was even larger: as the battle which ensured American unity, Gettysburg was the essential foundation for the global struggle against fascism and communism. During the Civil Rights Movement, Gettysburg was again thrust into the spotlight as white Southerners sought to reclaim the memory of the battle. Was the lesson of Gettysburg that the nation must never again be divided, or that Americans needed to confront—with violence if necessary—those who would deny the equality of all men? Most visitors to the battlefield in the Cold War years did not worry too much about such ethical dilemmas. For them, Gettysburg still meant the Confederate high tide and the romantic centerpiece of their nation’s story. Yet at the same time, the racial reckoning of the 1960s had brought to the surface an older, abolitionist view of Gettysburg’s meaning. Gettysburg’s meaning was ceaselessly contested because what happened there—and what Lincoln said there—seemed, in some ineffable sense, to encapsulate what most mattered about America.
Colonial Terrors in Trabalhar Cansa and As Boas Maneiras by Juliana Rojas-Marcos Dutra
Authors: Hermosilla Órdenes Estefanía
Published: February 2025

Brazilian cinema and television hide or minimize the representation of Afro-descendent people, presenting them as secondary characters. This lack of racial diversity is reproduced in horror cinema, in which white men have a predominant place in films that show their fears. However, Juliana Rojas’s and Marcos Dutra’s Trabalhar Cansa (2011) and As Boas Maneiras (2017) approach horror as an experience profoundly entrenched within Brazil’s colonial past and the modern abuses and the exploits of non-white people. This chapter analyzes the ways these films position horror as an experience closely tied with race, social class, gender identity, and sexuality, as well as the Latin American colonial past. Using Mabel Moraña’s work about the monster in Latin America and the Caribbean, and decolonial feminist scholarship by María Lugones and Rita Segato, this chapter reveals how the fears of the women characters in Trabalhar Cansa and As Boas Maneiras highlight different expressions and intensity of the horror between Black and white women. Thus, the films show how the horror is bound in the white, patriarchal, capitalist regime.
Horrific Indigeneity
Authors: Wierzbicki James
Published: February 2025

Peter Weir’s 1977 The Last Wave is not a “horror film” in the conventional sense—it features neither monsters nor mayhem, and its single act of violence involves a mysterious death, whose details are only vaguely described, and which serves primarily to set the plot in motion. Yet for many viewers, The Last Wave was and remains terrifying, not least because at its very heart is the shock of confrontation between a modern European worldview and traditional ways of life. This chapter explores Aboriginal “scariness” as represented in The Last Wave as well as the limited place of aboriginality within the broad theme of “Australian Gothic.” More specifically, the chapter focuses on the ways in which The Last Wave visually, verbally, and sonically depict the nature of the fear a segment of white Australians seems to exhibit when confronted with certain aspects of the nation’s Indigenous Black culture.