bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Energy/Power and Low‐Temperature Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: In Situ XRD Study and Superior Full‐Cell Performance
Authors: Guo Jin‐Zhi , Wang Peng‐Fei , Wu Xing‐Long , Zhang Xiao‐Hua , Yan Qingyu , Chen Hong , Zhang Jing‐Ping , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: June 2017

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are still confronted with several major challenges, including low energy and power densities, short‐term cycle life, and poor low‐temperature performance, which severely hinder their practical applications. Here, a high‐voltage cathode composed of Na3V2(PO4)2O2F nano‐tetraprisms (NVPF‐NTP) is proposed to enhance the energy density of SIBs. The prepared NVPF‐NTP exhibits two high working plateaux at about 4.01 and 3.60 V versus the Na+/Na with a specific capacity of 127.8 mA h g−1. The energy density of NVPF‐NTP reaches up to 486 W h kg−1, which is higher than the majority of other cathode materials previously reported for SIBs. Moreover, due to the low strain (≈2.56% volumetric variation) and superior Na transport kinetics in Na intercalation/extraction processes, as demonstrated by in situ X‐ray diffraction, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, and cyclic voltammetry at varied scan rates, the NVPF‐NTP shows long‐term cycle life, superior low‐temperature performance, and outstanding high‐rate capabilities. The comparison of Ragone plots further discloses that NVPF‐NTP presents the best power performance among the state‐of‐the‐art cathode materials for SIBs. More importantly, when coupled with an Sb‐based anode, the fabricated sodium‐ion full‐cells also exhibit excellent rate and cycling performances, thus providing a preview of their practical application.
Evolutionary‐Optimized Photonic Network Structure in White Beetle Wing Scales
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , Sheng Xiaoyuan , Holler Mirko , Diaz Ana , Guizar‐Sicairos Manuel , Raabe Jörg , Hoppe Robert , Liu Shu‐Hao , Langford Richard , Onelli Olimpia D. , Chen Duyu , Torquato Salvatore , Steiner Ullrich , Schroer Christian G. , Vignolini Silvia , Sepe Alessandro
Published: June 2017

Most studies of structural color in nature concern periodic arrays, which through the interference of light create color. The “color” white however relies on the multiple scattering of light within a randomly structured medium, which randomizes the direction and phase of incident light. Opaque white materials therefore must be much thicker than periodic structures. It is known that flying insects create “white” in extremely thin layers. This raises the question, whether evolution has optimized the wing scale morphology for white reflection at a minimum material use. This hypothesis is difficult to prove, since this requires the detailed knowledge of the scattering morphology combined with a suitable theoretical model. Here, a cryoptychographic X‐ray tomography method is employed to obtain a full 3D structural dataset of the network morphology within a white beetle wing scale. By digitally manipulating this 3D representation, this study demonstrates that this morphology indeed provides the highest white retroreflection at the minimum use of material, and hence weight for the organism. Changing any of the network parameters (within the parameter space accessible by biological materials) either increases the weight, increases the thickness, or reduces reflectivity, providing clear evidence for the evolutionary optimization of this morphology.
Rhodium(II)/Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Cocatalyzed Enantioselective O–H Bond Insertion of α‐Diazo Esters
Authors: Zhang Yiliang , Yao Yuan , He Li , Liu Yang , Shi Lei
Published: June 2017

A rhodium(II)/chiral phosphoric acid system has been developed for the asymmetric catalytic insertion of α‐diazo esters into the O–H bond of carboxylic acids to generate an array of synthetically useful α‐hydroxy ester derivatives in good ee (up to 95% ee). Furthermore, the substrate scope could be successfully extended to a range of phenols and alcohols with high yield (up to 92%) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 97%) under mild reaction conditions. Additionally, a density functional theory (DFT) study was performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.

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Bone marrow hematons: An access point to the human hematopoietic niche
Authors: Janel Alexandre , Berger Juliette , Bourgne Céline , Lemal Richard , Boiret‐Dupré Nathalie , Dubois‐Galopin Frédérique , Déchelotte Pierre , Bothorel Charlotte , Hermet Eric , Chabi Sara , Bay Jacques‐Olivier , Lambert Céline , Pereira Bruno , Pflumio Françoise , Haddad Rima , Berger Marc G.
Published: June 2017

To understand the complex interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and the bone marrow niche, a human experimental model is needed. Our hypothesis is that hematons are an appropriate ex vivo model of human bone marrow. We analyzed the hierarchical hematopoietic cell content and the tissue organization of single hematons from healthy donors. Most (>90%) hematons contained precursors of all cell lineages, myeloid progenitors, and LTC‐ICs without preferential commitment. Approximately, half of the hematons could generate significant levels of lympho‐myeloid hematopoiesis after transplantation in an NSG mouse model, despite the low absolute numbers of transplanted CD34+ cells. Mesenchymal STRO‐1+ and/or CD271+ cells formed a critical network that preserved hematon cohesion, and STRO‐1+ cells colocalized with most hematopoietic CD34+ cells (68%). We observed an influence of age and gender. These structures represent a particularly attractive model for studying the homeostasis of the bone marrow niche and pathological changes that occur during diseases.
Bifunctional NiGa Layered Double Hydroxide for the Aerobic Oxidation/ Condensation Tandem Reaction between Aromatic Alcohols and Active Methylene Compounds
Authors: Zhou Weiyou , Zhai Shaoyan , Pan Jiugao , Cui Aijun , Qian Junfeng , He Mingyang , Xu Zhixiang , Chen Qun
Published: June 2017

A bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst based on the easily produced and economic NiGa layered double hydroxide has been developed for the aerobic oxidation/condensation tandem reactions between aromatic alcohols and active methylene compounds. Good tolerance for varied alcohols and nucleophiles has been observed. Control experiments verified the bifunctional role in the tandem reaction. The protocol could open up new perspectives in the rational design of efficient bifunctional catalytic systems.
Resolving relationships between several Neolithic and Mesolithic populations in Northern Eurasia using geometric morphometrics
Authors: Stansfield (Bulygina) Ekaterina , Rasskasova Anna , Berezina Natalia , Soficaru Andrei D.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Remains from several Eastern European and Siberian Mesolithic and Neolithic sites are analysed to clarify their biological relationships. We assume that groups' geographical distances correlate with genetic and, therefore, morphological distances between them.

Materials and Methods

Material includes complete male crania from several Mesolithic and Neolithic burial sites across Northern Eurasia and from several modern populations. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical techniques are applied to explore morphological trends, group distances, and correlations with their geographical position, climate, and the time of origin.

Results

Despite an overlap in the morphology among the modern and archeological groups, some of them show significant morphological distances. Geographical parameters account for only a small proportion of cranial variation in the sample, with larger variance explained by geography and age together. Expectations of isolation by distance are met in some but not in all cases. Climate accounts for a large proportion of autocorrelation with geography. Nearest‐neighbor joining trees demonstrate group relationships predicted by the regression on geography and on climate.

Discussion

The obtained results are discussed in application to relationships between particular groups. Unlike the Ukrainian Mesolithic, the Yuzhny Oleni Ostrov Mesolithic displays a high morphological affinity with several groups from Northern Eurasia of both European and Asian origin. A possibility of a common substrate for the Yuzhny Oleni Ostrov Mesolithic and Siberian Neolithic groups is reviewed. The Siberian Neolithic is shown to have morphological connection with both modern Siberian groups and the Native North Americans.
Antimonene Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Application as Near‐Infrared Photothermal Agents for Effective Cancer Therapy
Authors: Tao Wei , Ji Xiaoyuan , Xu Xiaoding , Islam Mohammad Ariful , Li Zhongjun , Chen Si , Saw Phei Er , Zhang Han , Bharwani Zameer , Guo Zilei , Shi Jinjun , Farokhzad Omid C.
Published: June 2017

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has shown significant potential for cancer therapy. However, developing nanomaterials (NMs)‐based photothermal agents (PTAs) with satisfactory photothermal conversion efficacy (PTCE) and biocompatibility remains a key challenge. Herein, a new generation of PTAs based on two‐dimensional (2D) antimonene quantum dots (AMQDs) was developed by a novel liquid exfoliation method. Surface modification of AMQDs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) significantly enhanced both biocompatibility and stability in physiological medium. The PEG‐coated AMQDs showed a PTCE of 45.5 %, which is higher than many other NMs‐based PTAs such as graphene, Au, MoS2, and black phosphorus (BP). The AMQDs‐based PTAs also exhibited a unique feature of NIR‐induced rapid degradability. Through both in vitro and in vivo studies, the PEG‐coated AMQDs demonstrated notable NIR‐induced tumor ablation ability. This work is expected to expand the utility of 2D antimonene (AM) to biomedical applications through the development of an entirely novel PTA platform.
An Activatable Photosensitizer Targeted to γ‐Glutamyltranspeptidase
Authors: Chiba Mayumi , Ichikawa Yuki , Kamiya Mako , Komatsu Toru , Ueno Tasuku , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Nagano Tetsuo , Lange Norbert , Urano Yasuteru
Published: June 2017

We adopted a spirocyclization‐based strategy to design γ‐glutamyl hydroxymethyl selenorhodamine green (gGlu‐HMSeR) as a photo‐inactive compound that would be specifically cleaved by the tumor‐associated enzyme γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) to generate the potent photosensitizer HMSeR. gGlu‐HMSeR has a spirocyclic structure and is colorless and does not show marked phototoxicity toward low‐GGT‐expressing cells or normal tissues upon irradiation with visible light. In contrast, HMSeR predominantly takes an open structure, is colored, and generates reactive oxygen species upon irradiation. The γ‐glutamyl group thus serves as a tumor‐targeting moiety for photodynamic therapy (PDT), switching on tumor‐cell‐specific phototoxicity. To validate this system, we employed chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a widely used model for preliminary evaluation of drug toxicity. Photoirradiation after gGlu‐HMSeR treatment resulted in selective ablation of implanted tumor spheroids without damage to healthy tissue.
High‐Field NMR Spectroscopy Reveals Aromaticity‐Modulated Hydrogen Bonding in Heterocycles
Authors: Kakeshpour Tayeb , Bailey John P. , Jenner Madison R. , Howell Darya E. , Staples Richard J. , Holmes Daniel , Wu Judy I. , Jackson James E.
Published: June 2017

From DNA base pairs to drug–receptor binding, hydrogen (H‐)bonding and aromaticity are common features of heterocycles. Herein, the interplay of these bonding aspects is explored. H‐bond strength modulation due to enhancement or disruption of aromaticity of heterocycles is experimentally revealed by comparing homodimer H‐bond energies of aromatic heterocycles with analogs that have the same H‐bonding moieties but lack cyclic π‐conjugation. NMR studies of dimerization in C6D6 find aromaticity‐modulated H‐bonding (AMHB) energy effects of approximately ±30 %, depending on whether they enhance or weaken aromatic delocalization. The attendant ring current perturbations expected from such modulation are confirmed by chemical shift changes in both observed ring C−H and calculated nucleus‐independent sites. In silico modeling confirms that AMHB effects outweigh those of hybridization or dipole–dipole interaction.
Visible Light Photocatalysis of 6π Heterocyclization
Authors: Münster Niels , Parker Nicholas A. , van Dijk Lucy , Paton Robert S. , Smith Martin D.
Published: June 2017

Photo‐mediated 6π cyclization is a valuable method for the formation of fused heterocyclic systems. Here we demonstrate that irradiation of cyclic 2‐aryloxyketones with blue LED light in the presence of an IrIII complex leads to efficient and high yielding arylation across a panoply of substrates by energy transfer. 2‐Arylthioketones and 2‐arylaminoketones also cyclize effectively under these conditions. Quantum calculation demonstrates that the reaction proceeds via conrotatory ring closure in the triplet excited state. Subsequent suprafacial 1,4‐hydrogen shift and epimerization leads to the observed cis‐fused products.
Synthesis and characterization of methacrylated star‐shaped poly(lactic acid) employing core molecules with different hydroxyl groups
Authors: Esmaeili Nima , Jahandideh Arash , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan , Åkesson Dan , Skrifvars Mikael
Published: June 2017

A set of novel bio‐based star‐shaped thermoset resins was synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization of lactide and employing different multi‐hydroxyl core molecules, including ethylene glycol, glycerol, and erythritol. The branches were end‐functionalized with methacrylic anhydride. The effect of the core molecule on the melt viscosity, the curing behavior of the thermosets and also, the thermomechanical properties of the cured resins were investigated. Resins were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C‐NMR, and 1H‐NMR to confirm the chemical structure. Rheological analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis were performed to obtain the melt viscosity and the curing behavior of the studied star‐shaped resins. Thermomechanical properties of the cured resins were also measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. The erythritol‐based resin had superior thermomechanical properties compared to the other resins and also, lower melt viscosity compared to the glycerol‐based resin. These are of desired characteristics for a resin, intended to be used as a matrix for the structural composites. Thermomechanical properties of the cured resins were also compared to a commercial unsaturated polyester resin and the experimental results indicated that erythritol‐based resin with 82% bio‐based content has superior thermomechanical properties, compared to the commercial polyester resin. Results of this study indicated that although core molecule with higher number of hydroxyl groups results in resins with better thermomechanical properties, number of hydroxyl groups is not the only governing factor for average molecular weight and melt viscosity of the uncured S‐LA resins. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45341.
Preparation and characterization of a novel gelatin–poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel film loaded with Zataria multiflora essential oil for antibacterial–antioxidant wound‐dressing applications
Authors: Kavoosi Gholamreza , Bordbar Zarrintaj , Dadfar Seyed Mohammadali , Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Mahdi
Published: June 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), gelatin, and PVA–gelatin dispersions and films enriched with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZO). The results reveal that the ζ potential, particle size, and viscosity values and the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the dispersions changed significantly with the addition of ZO to the polymer matrix. Changes in the properties of the dispersions suggested the presence of interactions between PVA or gelatin and ZO. Such interactions could affect the mechanical and water‐barrier properties of the films. ZO induced remarkable decreases in the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and swelling and increases in the elongation at break, solubility, and water‐vapor permeability of the films. Scanning electron microscopy analyses proved the impact of ZO on the film morphology, which affected the film properties, including the mechanical and water‐barrier properties. The addition of ZO to the polymer led to a coarse film microstructure because of the hydrophobic ZO aggregates, which produced discontinuities in the film matrix. ZO considerably increased the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the dispersions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant bacteria. The improved antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the PVA–ZO and gelatin–ZO indicated that such products could effectively be used as wound dressings. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45351.
Comparative analysis of PVA hydrogels incorporating two natural antimicrobials: Punica granatum and Arnica montana tinctures
Authors: Oliveira Renata Nunes , Paranhos da Silva Caio Marcio , Moreira Ana Paula Duarte , Mendonça Roberta Helena , Thiré Rossana Mara da Silva Moreira , McGuinness Garrett Brian
Published: June 2017

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels are biocompatible materials that retain relatively high amounts of aqueous fluids in their network. The incorporation of antimicrobial natural products, such as pomegranate and arnica, is a strategy for coupling their bactericidal effects with the favorable properties of the gels for wound healing treatment. The goal of this work was to investigate the microstructural, mechanical, and release properties of PVA–pomegranate and PVA‐arnica samples. Physical interactions were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectra in PVA–pomegranate samples. The addition of pomegranate to PVA led to high Tg, probably related to the physical interactions, and low Tm and Xc, possibly due to the pomegranate location between PVA chains. Increased levels of arnica were associated with a slight decrease in samples' Xc, probably due to a physical barrier imposed by arnica to the interaction of PVA chains. PVA samples presented higher swelling than the samples containing natural products. High amounts of pomegranate in the samples led to high weight loss and high phenols and flavonoids delivery. Arnica release seemed to be more difficult than the pomegranate release. All samples presented relative high mechanical properties. In addition, pomegranate samples present higher potential to deliver active compounds than arnica samples. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45392.
Composition‐dependent sol‐gel transition of amphiphilic blend of PEG with hydrophobic gallamide components
Authors: Aso Akihiro , Taki Kazutaka , Maeda Tomoki , Toma Kazunori , Tamiaki Hitoshi , Hotta Atsushi
Published: June 2017

Two types of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based amphiphiles were synthesized: a diblock‐type amphiphile (PEG1) with a hydrophobic moiety on one terminal of PEG (PEG with the molecular weight of 2000), and a triblock‐type amphiphile (PEG2) with hydrophobic moieties on both terminals of PEG. The hydrophobic moiety consisted of hydrophobic C14 alkyl tails covalently linked through a gallamide component. The sol–gel transitions of the aqueous solution of PEG1 and PEG2 were studied. At the PEG amphiphile concentration of 15 wt %, PEG1 gave a clear solution over a wide temperature range from 20 to 80 °C, while PEG2 was partially soluble in water. However, the aqueous blend solution of PEG1 and PEG2 exhibited a hydrogel depending on the blend ratio and temperature. It was considered that the composition of PEG1 and PEG2 governed the sol–gel transition, and that the dynamic moduli could be effectively controlled by changing the mixing ratios of the PEG amphiphiles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45402.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/CaCO3‐diacid nanocomposite: Investigation of physical and wetting properties and application in heavy metal adsorption
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Khadem Elham
Published: June 2017

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite and modified CaCO3 nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by ultrasound agitation method with particle content altering from 3, 5, and 8 wt %. The CaCO3 surface was successfully treated by 10 wt % of bioactive dicarboxylic acid (DA). The influences of loading modified NPs on the thermal, mechanical, adsorption, contact angle, and physical properties of the poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films were thoroughly studied. The results showed that incorporation of modified CaCO3 into the PVA matrix had better performance than the pure PVA. Meanwhile, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and thermal stability are enhanced from 33.36 MPa, 1.26 GPs, and 242.918C (neat PVA) to 81.7 MPa, 4.81 GPa, and 312.95 °C (PVA/CaCO3‐DA NC 5 wt %), respectively. Also, the adsorption capacity of the PVA/CaCO3‐DA NCs 5 and 8 wt % revealed that the NC films could act as an appropriate absorbent for the removal of Cd(II) ions with maximum adsorption capacity of about 20.70 and 25.19 mg g−1 for Cd(II), respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45414.
Relaxation dynamic and electrical mobility for poly(methyl methacrylate)‐polyaniline composites
Authors: Moussa Mohammed A. , Ghoneim Ahmed M. , Abdel Rehim Mona H. , Khairy Sherif A. , Soliman Mohamed A. , Turky Gamal M.
Published: June 2017

Composites of emeraldine form of polyaniline (PAni) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are prepared by emulsion polymerization method in definite ratios. The chemical structure of the samples and their morphologies have been investigated by different techniques including FTIR, UV–vis, XRD, SEM, and TGA. Enhancement in thermal stability of the obtained composites by PAni additions has been confirmed. Alpha analyzer, in frequency range 0.1 Hz to 20 MHz, was employed to investigate the molecular dynamics of the prepared samples and the accompanied electrical conductivity at temperatures ranging from 223 to 423 K. Conductivity investigations showed that mobility has the more dominant effect on the charge transportation. The dynamic peak at lower temperatures of the PMMA has high activation energy (83.8 kJ/mol). While, Maxwill‐Wagner‐Siller process due to the interfacial polarization in the composites has only 7.5 kJ/mol activation energy. This is a clear indication of the ease of the investigated dynamic. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45415.
Ontologies for the representation of electronic medical records: The obstetric and neonatal ontology
Authors: Barcellos Almeida Mauricio , Farinelli Fernanda
Published: June 2017

Ontology is an interdisciplinary field that involves both the use of philosophical principles and the development of computational artifacts. As artifacts, ontologies can have diverse applications in knowledge management, information retrieval, and information systems, to mention a few. They have been largely applied to organize information in complex fields like Biomedicine. In this article, we present the OntoNeo Ontology, an initiative to build a formal ontology in the obstetrics and neonatal domain. OntoNeo is a resource that has been designed to serve as a comprehensive infrastructure providing scientific research and healthcare professionals with access to relevant information. The goal of OntoNeo is twofold: (a) to organize specialized medical knowledge, and (b) to provide a potential consensual representation of the medical information found in electronic health records and medical information systems. To describe our initiative, we first provide background information about distinct theories underlying ontology, top‐level computational ontologies and their applications in Biomedicine. Then, we present the methodology employed in the development of OntoNeo and the results obtained to date. Finally, we discuss the applicability of OntoNeo by presenting a proof of concept that illustrates its potential usefulness in the realm of healthcare information systems.
Improved enzymatic performance of graphene‐immobilized β‐glucosidase A in the presence of glucose‐6‐phosphate
Authors: Albino Gomes Anderson , Pazinatto Telli Elisa , Miletti Luiz Claudio , Skoronski Everton , Gomes Ghislandi Marcos , Felippe da Silva Gustavo , Borba Magalhães Maria de Lourdes
Published: June 2017

Optimization of cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis is crucial for cost‐effective bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Enzyme immobilization in solid support allows enzyme recycling for reuse, lowering hydrolysis costs. Graphene is a nanomaterial isolated in 2004, which possesses exceptional properties for biomolecule immobilization. This study evaluates the potential for β‐glucosidase recycling by immobilization on graphene nanosheets. Data reported here demonstrated that graphene‐immobilized β‐glucosidase can be recycled for at least eight cycles. Immobilization did not change the optimal temperature of catalysis and improved enzymatic stability upon storage. The role of glucose‐6‐phosphate on immobilized enzyme was also investigated, demonstrating that glucose‐6‐phosphate acts as a mixed‐type activator and improves storage stability of immobilized enzyme. Complete cellulose hydrolysis using graphene‐immobilized β‐glucosidase in the presence of glucose‐6‐phosphate resulted in greatly improved hydrolysis rates, demonstrating the potential of this strategy for biomass hydrolysis.
The human medial pterygoid muscle: Attachments and distribution of muscle spindles
Authors: Bhojwani V. , Ghabriel M. N. , Mihailidis S. , Townsend G. C.
Published: June 2017

Published descriptions about the sites of origin of the human medial pterygoid muscle vary and there are few reports on the distribution and density of muscle spindles in this muscle. We aimed to: (1) determine the extent of anatomical variability in the origins and insertions of the superficial and deep heads of the human medial pterygoid muscle and (2) determine the extent of variation in the distribution of spindles in the two heads of the muscle. Thirty‐nine human cadaver hemi‐heads were dissected and the attachments of the medial pterygoid muscle examined. The whole muscle was removed, weighed, cut into segments and embedded in wax for light microscopy. Sections were stained with Weigert–Van Gieson stain and scanned into digital images. Spindles were manually counted. In seven specimens, the deep head of the muscle arose from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and the pterygoid fossa. In 28 specimens, the origin extended onto the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid plate. There were abundant muscle spindles in the middle of the muscle, slightly fewer 1 cm toward the insertion, significantly fewer 1 cm toward the origin, and few or no spindles near the origins of the superficial and deep heads or near their insertion. In conclusion, firstly, this study shows that in 72% of the specimens examined, the origin of the medial pterygoid is wider than conventionally described in anatomical textbooks. Secondly, the segmental distribution of muscle spindles is described for the first time. Clin. Anat. 30:1064–1071, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neonates with cancer and causes of death; lessons from 615 cases in the SEER databases
Authors: Alfaar Ahmad S. , Hassan Waleed M. , Bakry Mohamed Sabry , Qaddoumi Ibrahim
Published: June 2017

Neonatal tumors are rare with no standard treatment approaches to these diseases, and the patients experience poor outcomes. Our aim was to determine the distribution of cancers affecting neonates and compare survival between these cancers and older children.

We analyzed SEER data (1973–2007) from patients who were younger than 2 years at diagnosis of malignancy. Special permission was granted to access the detailed (i.e., age in months) data of those patients. The Chi‐square Log‐rank test was used to compare survival between neonates (aged <1 month) and older children (>1 month to <2 years). We identified 615 neonatal cancers (454 solid tumors, 93 leukemia/lymphoma, and 68 CNS neoplasms). Neuroblastoma was the most common neonatal tumor followed by Germ cell tumors. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) for all neonates was 60.3% (95% CI, 56.2–64.4). Neonates with solid tumors had the highest 5‐year OS (71.2%; 95% CI, 66.9–75.5), followed by those with leukemia (39.1%; 95% CI, 28.3–49.9) or CNS tumors (15%; 95% CI, 5.4–24.6). Except for neuroblastoma, all neonatal tumors showed inferior outcomes compared to that in the older group. The proportion of neonates who died from causes other than cancer was significantly higher than that of the older children (37.9% vs. 16.4%; P < 0.0005). In general, the outcome of neonatal cancers has not improved over the last 34 years. The distribution of neonatal cancer is different than other pediatric age groups. Although the progress in neonatal and cancer care over the last 30 years, only death from noncancer causes showed improvement. Studying neonatal tumors as part of national studies is essential to understand their etiology, determine the best treatment approaches, and improve survival and quality of life for those patients.
Improving Carbon‐Coated TiO2 Films with a TiCl4 Treatment for Photocatalytic Water Purification
Authors: Odling Gylen , Ivaturi Aruna , Chatzisymeon Efthalia , Robertson Neil
Published: June 2017

By using a simple thermal decomposition route, carbon‐TiO2 hybrid films have been synthesized from a catechol‐TiO2 surface complex. The coated films display enhanced visible region absorption, owing to the thin (≈2 nm) layer of carbon encapsulating the TiO2. Although photocatalytically active under visible light alone, it is demonstrated that the activity of the carbon‐coated films can be improved further by a hydrolytic treatment with TiCl4, leading to the introduction of small TiO2 particles (5–10 nm) and doping of chlorine into the structure. The combination of the carbon layer and TiCl4 treatment gives increased photocatalytic performance for the photodegradation of dyes, phenolic pollutants and the reduction of toxic CrVI to relatively benign CrIII. In addition, the carbon‐coated films show improved bactericidal activity under UV irradiation, and hence have been successfully tested against the most common types of pollutant present in potential drinking waters.
On the Role of Acidity in Bulk and Nanosheet [T]MFI (T=Al3+, Ga3+, Fe3+, B3+) Zeolites in the Methanol‐to‐Hydrocarbons Reaction
Authors: Meng Lingqian , Zhu Xiaochun , Mezari Brahim , Pestman Robert , Wannapakdee Wannaruedee , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: June 2017

The influence of framework substituents (Al3+, Ga3+, Fe3+ and B3+) and morphology (bulk vs. nanometer‐sized sheets) of MFI zeolites on the acidity and catalytic performance in the methanol‐to‐hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction was investigated. The Brønsted acid density and strength decreased in the order Al(OH)Si>Ga(OH)Si>Fe(OH)Si≫B(OH)Si. Pyridine 15N NMR spectra confirmed the differences in the Brønsted and Lewis acid strengths but also provided evidence for site heterogeneity in the Brønsted acid sites. Owing to the lower efficiency with which tervalent ions can be inserted into the zeolite framework, sheet‐like zeolites exhibited lower acidity than bulk zeolites. The sheet‐like Al‐containing MFI zeolite exhibited the greatest longevity as a MTH catalyst, outperforming its bulk [Al]MFI counterpart. Although the lower acidity of bulk [Ga]MFI led to a better catalytic performance than bulk [Al]MFI, the sheet‐like [Ga]MFI sample was found to be nearly inactive owing to lower and heterogeneous Brønsted acidity. All Fe‐ and B‐substituted zeolite samples displayed very low catalytic performance owing to their weak acidity. Based on the product distribution, the MTH reaction was found to be dominated by the olefins‐based catalytic cycle. The small contribution of the aromatics‐based catalytic cycle was larger for bulk zeolite than for sheet‐like zeolite, indicating that shorter residence time of aromatics can explain the lower tendency toward coking and enhanced catalyst longevity.
Partially Acetylated or Benzoylated Arabinose Derivatives as Structurally Simple Organogelators: Effect of the Ester Protecting Group on Gel Properties
Authors: Rajkamal  , Pathak Navendu P. , Halder Tanmoy , Dhara Shubhajit , Yadav Somnath
Published: June 2017

Sugar‐based low‐molecular‐weight gelators (LMWGs) have been used for various applications for a long time. Herein, structurally simple, ester‐protected arabinosides are reported as low‐molecular‐weight organogelators (LMOGs) that are able to gel aromatic solvents, as well as petrol and diesel. Studies on the mechanical strength of the gels, through detailed rheological experiments, indicate that gels from the 1,2‐dibenzoylated arabinose gelator possess better mechanical properties than those from the 1,2‐diacetylated gelator. These results are interpreted in terms of the tendency of the former to form fibers with comparatively lower diameter than those of the latter, based on detailed field‐emission SEM and AFM studies. Investigations of the interactions responsible for the self‐assembly of gelators through IR spectroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering reveal that the primary interactions responsible are hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups and ester C=O, which is absent in the solid state of the gelators. In addition, π interactions present in the 1,2‐dibenzoylated derivative result in a more regular arrangement, which, in turn, leads to better mechanical properties of the gels compared with those of the 1,2‐diacetylated gelator.
Regioselective Direct C‐Alkenylation of Indoles
Authors: Petrini Marino
Published: June 2017

The direct introduction of alkenyl groups into the indole framework avoiding its preliminary functionalization can be carried out using different synthetic strategies. Transition‐metal complexes facilitate the C−H activation of indoles or alkenes allowing an efficient Csp2‐ Csp2 bond formation. The hydroindolation of alkynes catalyzed by the same metal complexes or various acidic promoters can also be pursued for the alkenylation process. Conjugate addition of electron‐poor alkenes and direct condensation of carbonyl derivatives with indoles are also of interest for this purpose. The regiochemical control can be exploited using the intrinsic C‐3 reactivity of the indole ring. The introduction of a suitable directing group at the nitrogen atom allows the preparation of C‐2 alkenylated derivatives by transition metal catalyzed reactions. This review collects the fundamental contributions in this field reported in literature during the last fifteen years.
Dimensioning the Term Carbenoid
Authors: Caballero Ana , Pérez Pedro J.
Published: June 2017

The current use of the term carbenoid is discussed, particularly in the context of carbene transfer reactions from diazo compounds, in which intermediates of type LnM=CR1R2, or one of its resonance forms, are tagged which such a name. We discuss this issue, on the basis of the data evidencing the metal‐carbene nature of those intermediates, as well as the existence of carbenoids of type (N2)(M)CR1R2 en route to the formation to LnM=CR1R2′ from diazo reagents. We propose the exclusive use of the carbenoid term to species of type (X)(M)CR1R2 with a tetrasubstituted carbon center that upon loss of X afford an effective carbene transfer process.
Planar Polyolefin Nanostripes: Perhydrogenated Graphene
Authors: Bouša Daniel , Huber Štěphán , Sedmidubský David , Pumera Martin , Sofer Zdeněk
Published: June 2017

Graphene hydrogenation gives an opportunity to introduce a band gap into the graphene electronic structure. Complete hydrogenation may lead to the graphane, a fully hydrogenated counterpart of graphene. However, pure graphane has not been successfully prepared to this day. Here, we show that hydrogenation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes by means of Birch reduction leads to graphene‐based carbon nanostripes with uniform dimensions. Such a material exhibits interesting electrocatalytic and magnetic properties as well huge potential for hydrogen storage since the weight concentration of hydrogen is 8.78 wt.% corresponding to the composition of C1H1.22O0.05 and thus exceeding the theoretical concentration in pure graphane (7.74 wt.%). The obtained concentration of hydrogen is the highest value ever reported for any graphene‐based material and significantly exceeds the ultimate goal of the U.S. Department of Energy for a hydrogen storage material of 7.5 wt.%.
The Air that I Breathe
Authors: Salthammer Tunga
Published: June 2017

In einer modernen Industriegesellschaft halten sich Menschen den größten Teil ihrer Zeit in Innenräumen auf. Daher ist eine gute Innenraumluft eine wichtige Basis für unsere Gesundheit und unser Wohlergehen. Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Raumluft ist von einer komplexen Zusammenwirkung mehrerer Faktoren wie Raumlufttemperatur, Luftfeuchte, Lüftung, Quellenstärke und Lebensgewohnheiten, abhängig. Die zuverlässige Beurteilung der menschlichen Exposition mit den gasförmigen und partikulären Raumluftkomponenten verlangt das detaillierte Verständnis von physikalischen und chemischen Stoffeigenschaften, ihrer Dynamik, Interaktion und chemischen Reaktionen.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of consolidation with brentuximab vedotin for high‐risk Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hui Lucy , von Keudell Gottfried , Wang Rong , Zeidan Amer M. , Gore Steven D. , Ma Xiaomei , Davidoff Amy J. , Huntington Scott F.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

In a recent randomized, placebo‐controlled trial, consolidation treatment with brentuximab vedotin (BV) decreased the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) progression after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). However, the impact of BV consolidation on overall survival, quality of life, and health care costs remain unclear.

METHODS

A Markov decision‐analytic model was constructed to measure the costs and clinical outcomes for BV consolidation therapy compared with active surveillance in a cohort of patients aged 33 years who were at risk for HL relapse after ASCT. Life‐time costs, quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for each post‐ASCT strategy.

RESULTS

After quality‐of‐life adjustments and standard discounting, upfront BV consolidation was associated with an improvement of 1.07 QALYs compared with active surveillance plus BV as salvage. However, the strategy of BV consolidation led to significantly higher health care costs ($378,832 vs $219,761), resulting in an ICER for BV consolidation compared with active surveillance of $148,664/QALY. If indication‐specific pricing was implemented, then the model‐estimated BV price reductions of 18% to 38% for the consolidative setting would translate into ICERs of $100,000 and $50,000 per QALY, respectively. These findings were consistent on 1‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

BV as consolidation therapy under current US pricing is unlikely to be cost effective at a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY. However, indication‐specific price reductions for the consolidative setting could reduce ICERs to widely acceptable values. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2017;123:3763–3771. © 2017 American Cancer Society
A phase 2 study of the efficacy and biomarker on the combination of transarterial chemoembolization and axitinib in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chan Stephen L. , Yeo Winnie , Mo Frankie , Chan Anthony W.H. , Koh Jane , Li Leung , Hui Edwin P. , Chong Charing C.N. , Lai Paul B.S , Mok Tony S.K. , Yu Simon C.H.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

A surge of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) may contribute to tumor progression. Axitinib is a potent antiangiogenic agent with main activity against VEGF receptors 1 to 3. To the authors' knowledge, its role in combination with TACE for the treatment of patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear.

METHODS

A phase 2 clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01352728) was conducted to evaluate the combination treatment. Patients with inoperable HCC who were potential candidates for TACE initiated treatment with axitinib at a dose of 5 mg twice daily and were evaluated for the need for TACE every 8 weeks. Axitinib was withheld 24 hours before TACE, and resumed 24 hours afterward when fulfilling predefined criteria. Radiologic assessment was conducted every 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the 2‐year overall survival (OS) rate.

RESULTS

A total of 50 patients were recruited from March 2011 to April 2014. The mean age of the patients was 61.8 years, and 46 patients (92%) had hepatitis B infection. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B/C percentage was 76% (38 cases)/24% (12 cases). The 2‐year OS rate was 43.7%, and the median OS was 18.8 months in the intention‐to‐treat population. Among the evaluable population (44 patients), 40.9% (18 patients) and 27.3% (12 patients) achieved complete and partial responses, respectively. Common grade 3 or above axitinib‐related complications included hand‐foot skin reaction (14%) and hypertension (24%). The presence of hypertension during treatment was found to be an independent prognosticator (hazard ratio, 0.563; P = .0073) suggestive of a contributory role of axitinib to efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of axitinib and TACE was potentially efficacious for patients with inoperable HCC with a high radiologic response rate. Cancer 2017;123:3977‐85. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Efficacy and safety of recombinant human lymphotoxin‐α derivative with cisplatin and fluorouracil in patients with metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A randomized, multicenter, open‐label, controlled, phase 2b trial
Authors: Wang Feng‐hua , Wang Yun , Sun Guo‐ping , Chen Jian‐hua , Lin Ying‐cheng , Liu Wei , Zheng Rong‐sheng , Chen Jia , Zhang He‐long , Lan Hai‐tao , Qi Jun , Liu Yang‐qing , Deng Yan‐ming , Zhao Heng , Xiong Jian‐ping , Xu Qing , Jiang Wen‐qi , Li Yu‐hong
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Recombinant human lymphotoxin‐α derivative (rhLTα‐Da) is a lymphotoxin‐α derivative that is missing 27 N‐terminal amino acid residues. Previous studies indicated a benefit from the addition of rhLTα‐Da to cisplatin‐based treatment in patients with metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rhLTα‐Da plus cisplatin and fluorouracil (PF) in patients with mESCC.

METHODS

Patients from 15 centers in China were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to 3 arms (arm A, PF plus 10 μg/m2 daily rhLTα‐Da; arm B, PF plus 20 μg/m2 daily rhLTα‐Da; arm C, PF alone). The primary endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS) and the confirmed overall response rate (ORR). An exploratory analysis was performed to evaluate the role of serum tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFR II) in predicting the efficacy of rhLTα‐Da.

RESULTS

Between September 2010 and May 2013, 150 patients were enrolled. No significant differences in either PFS or ORR were observed between the 3 arms. However, in a small subset of patients who had low serum TNFR II levels, the median PFS was significantly longer for those in arm B than for these in other 2 arms (7.2 months [95% confidence interval, 5.1‐8.6 months] for arm B vs 3.5 months [95% confidence interval, 1.7‐5.5 months] for arm A [P = .022] and 4.0 months [95% confidence interval, 3.2‐6.3 months] for arm C [P = .027]). The addition of rhLTα‐Da significantly increased the incidence of chills (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

rhLTα‐Da combined with the PF regimen failed to improve PFS and ORR in patients with mESCC, except in a small subset that had low serum TNFR II concentrations. Cancer 2017;123:3986‐94. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Decision‐support networks of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer
Authors: Wallner Lauren P. , Li Yun , McLeod M. Chandler , Hamilton Ann S. , Ward Kevin C. , Veenstra Christine M. , An Lawrence C. , Janz Nancy K. , Katz Steven J. , Hawley Sarah T.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the size and characteristics of the decision‐support networks of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and whether their involvement improves breast cancer treatment decisions.

METHODS

A population‐based sample of patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer in 2014 and 2015, as reported to the Georgia and Los Angeles Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries, were surveyed approximately 7 months after diagnosis (N = 2502; response rate, 68%). Network size was estimated by asking women to list up to 3 of the most important decision‐support persons (DSPs) who helped them with locoregional therapy decisions. Decision deliberation was measured using 4 items assessing the degree to which patients thought through the decision, with higher scores reflecting more deliberative breast cancer treatment decisions. The size of the network (range, 0‐3 or more) was compared across patient‐level characteristics, and adjusted mean deliberation scores were estimated across levels of network size using multivariable linear regression.

RESULTS

Of the 2502 women included in this analysis, 51% reported having 3 or more DSPs, 20% reported 2, 18% reported 1, and 11% reported not having any DSPs. Married/partnered women, those younger than 45 years, and black women all were more likely to report larger network sizes (all P < .001). Larger support networks were associated with more deliberative surgical treatment decisions (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Most women engaged multiple DSPs in their treatment decision making, and involving more DSPs was associated with more deliberative treatment decisions. Future initiatives to improve treatment decision making among women with breast cancer should acknowledge and engage informal DSPs. Cancer 2017;123:3895‐903. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Factors Influencing CO2 and Energy Penalties of CO2 Mineralization Processes
Authors: Naraharisetti Pavan Kumar , Yeo Tze Yuen , Bu Jie
Published: June 2017

Carbon mineralization is one of the carbon capture utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies that can be used to capture large quantities of CO2 and convert it into stable carbonate products that can be stored easily. Several CO2 mineralization processes have been proposed; however, there are no commercial‐scale projects because there are still significant issues that need to be improved before commercialization can take place. In this work, we evaluate the CO2 and energy penalties related to the most well‐known types of mineralization processes developed to date, in which the mineralization reaction takes place directly under aqueous conditions, high pressures and temperatures, and compared these with newer T‐P swing processes and ball‐mill reactor processes, which are under development. The data used in the evaluation are taken from published literature. By comparing the three processes, we identify important variables that contribute to high CO2 and energy penalties so that future research can focus on optimization of these variables. It is observed that slurry concentration (heating) and particle size (grinding) are critical factors, with mineral calcination and operating pressure constituting other important factors.
Evaluating intrusion prevention systems with evasions
Authors: Särelä Mikko , Kyöstilä Tomi , Kiravuo Timo , Manner Jukka
Published: June 2017

Intrusion prevention systems have become a common security measure in the past 20 years. Their promise is the possibility to prevent known attacks against vulnerable, unpatched devices inside enterprise networks. However, evasion techniques that enable the attacker to evade the eye of the intrusion prevention system are a potential problem for this capability. These techniques take advantage of the robustness principle that has guided designers to create systems that will try to recreate protocol content from any input they receive.

In this work, we evaluated the effectiveness of 35 well‐known evasions against 9 commercial and 1 free, state‐of‐the‐art, intrusion prevention systems. We conducted 4 experiments with one million attacks against each device. Each system lets a significant amount (0.1%‐45%) of attacks pass through unrecognized. Our results show that most existing intrusion prevention systems are vulnerable against evasions.