bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification: Skull Base and Cranial Vault Fractures — Level 2 and 3 Tutorial
Authors: Di Ieva Antonio , Audigé Laurent , Kellman Robert M. , Shumrick Kevin A. , Ringl Helmut , Prein Joachim , Matula Christian
Published: November 2014

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. The highest level 1 system distinguish four major anatomical units, including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94). This tutorial presents the level 2 and more detailed level 3 systems for the skull base and cranial vault units. The level 2 system describes fracture location outlining the topographic boundaries of the anatomic regions, considering in particular the endocranial and exocranial skull base surfaces. The endocranial skull base is divided into nine regions; a central skull base adjoining a left and right side are divided into the anterior, middle, and posterior skull base. The exocranial skull base surface and cranial vault are divided in regions defined by the names of the bones involved: frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones. The level 3 system allows assessing fracture morphology described by the presence of fracture fragmentation, displacement, and bone loss. A documentation of associated intracranial diagnostic features is proposed. This tutorial is organized in a sequence of sections dealing with the description of the classification system with illustrations of the topographical skull base and cranial vault regions along with rules for fracture location and coding, a series of case examples with clinical imaging and a general discussion on the design of this classification.
The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Classification and Documentation within AOCOIAC Software
Authors: Audigé Laurent , Cornelius Carl-Peter , Kunz Christoph , Buitrago-Téllez Carlos H. , Prein Joachim
Published: November 2014

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial (CMF) fracture classification system. The fundamental level 1 distinguishes four major anatomical units including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93) and cranial vault (code 94); level 2 relates to the location of the fractures within defined topographical regions within each units; level 3 relates to fracture morphology in these regions regarding fragmentation, displacement, and bone defects, as well as the involvement of specific anatomical structures. The resulting CMF classification system has been implemented into AO comprehensive injury automatic classifier (AOCOIAC) software allowing for fracture classification as well as clinical documentation of individual cases including a selected sample of diagnostic images. This tutorial highlights the main features of the software. In addition, a series of illustrative case examples is made available electronically for viewing and editing.
The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Radiological Issues and Systematic Approach
Authors: Buitrago-Téllez Carlos H. , Cornelius Carl-Peter , Prein Joachim , Kunz Christoph , Di Ieva Antonio , Audigé Laurent
Published: November 2014

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial (CMF) classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. The basic level 1 system differentiates fracture location in the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94); the levels 2 and 3 focus on defining fracture location and morphology within more detailed regions and subregions. Correct imaging acquisition, systematic analysis, and interpretation according to the anatomic and surgical relevant structures in the CMF regions are essential for an accurate, reproducible, and comprehensive diagnosis of CMF fractures using that system. Basic principles for radiographic diagnosis are based on conventional plain films, multidetector computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In this tutorial, the radiological issues according to each level of the classification are described.
Bandgaps and directional properties of two-dimensional square beam-like zigzag lattices
Authors: Wang Yan-Feng , Wang Yue-Sheng , Zhang Chuanzeng
Published: November 2014

In this paper we propose four kinds of two-dimensional square beam-like zigzag lattice structures and study their bandgaps and directional propagation of elastic waves. The band structures are calculated by using the finite element method. Both the in-plane and out-of-plane waves are investigated simultaneously via the three-dimensional Euler beam elements. The mechanism of the bandgap generation is analyzed by studying the vibration modes at the bandgap edges. The effects of the geometry parameters of the xy- and z-zigzag lattices on the bandgaps are investigated and discussed. Multiple complete bandgaps are found owing to the separation of the degeneracy by introducing bending arms. The bandgaps are sensitive to the geometry parameters of the periodic systems. The deformed displacement fields of the harmonic responses of a finite lattice structure subjected to harmonic loads at different positions are illustrated to show the directional wave propagation. An extension of the proposed concept to the hexagonal lattices is also presented. The research work in this paper is relevant to the practical design of cellular structures with enhanced vibro-acoustics performance.
Simplicity and complexity in constructions
Authors: Duffield Cecily Jill , Menn Lise
Published: November 2014

Linguistic complexity is usually approached in terms of markedness and branching structure, and psycholinguistic complexity in terms of frequency, sequential probability, and working memory load. However, predictions made on these bases appear to be inadequate to explain many patterns seen in aphasic speech. Psycholinguistic analyses of aphasic errors provide an empirical basis for describing lexical, morphological, and syntactic contributions to language complexity. We compare the predictions made by existing descriptions of complexity to aphasic error data as reported in cross‐linguistic studies. A construction‐based approach may be able to unify the patterns seen across lexicon, morphology and syntax.
Evolutionary non-linear modelling for selecting vaccines against antigenically variable viruses
Authors: Rahman Tameera , Mahapatra Mana , Laing Emma , Jin Yaochu
Published: November 2014

Motivation:  In vitro and in vivo selection of vaccines is time consuming, expensive and the selected vaccines may not be able to provide protection against broad-spectrum viruses because of emerging antigenically novel disease strains. A powerful computational model that incorporates these protein/DNA or RNA level fluctuations can effectively predict antigenically variant strains, and can minimize the amount of resources spent on exclusive serological testing of vaccines and make wide spectrum vaccines possible for many diseases. However, in silico vaccine prediction remains a grand challenge. To address the challenge, we investigate the use of linear and non-linear regression models to predict the antigenic similarity in foot-and-mouth disease virus strains and in influenza strains, where the structure and parameters of the non-linear model are optimized using an evolutionary algorithm (EA). In addition, we examine two different scoring methods for weighting the type of amino acid substitutions in the linear and non-linear models. We also test our models with some unseen data.

Results: We achieved the best prediction results on three datasets of SAT2 (Foot-and-Mouth disease), two datasets of serotype A (Foot-and-Mouth disease) and two datasets of influenza when the scoring method based on biochemical properties of amino acids is employed in combination with a non-linear regression model. Models based on substitutions in the antigenic areas performed better than those that took the entire exposed viral capsid proteins. A majority of the non-linear regression models optimized with the EA performed better than the linear and non-linear models whose parameters are estimated using the least-squares method. In addition, for the best models, optimized non-linear regression models consist of more terms than their linear counterparts, implying a non-linear nature of influences of amino acid substitutions. Our models were also tested on five recently generated FMDV datasets and the best model was able to achieve an 80% agreement rate.

Contact:  yaochu.jin@surrey.ac.uk or e.laing@surrey.ac.uk
Bioimaging-based detection of mislocalized proteins in human cancers by semi-supervised learning
Authors: Xu Ying-Ying , Yang Fan , Zhang Yang , Shen Hong-Bin
Published: November 2014

Motivation: There is a long-term interest in the challenging task of finding translocated and mislocated cancer biomarker proteins. Bioimages of subcellular protein distribution are new data sources which have attracted much attention in recent years because of their intuitive and detailed descriptions of protein distribution. However, automated methods in large-scale biomarker screening suffer significantly from the lack of subcellular location annotations for bioimages from cancer tissues. The transfer prediction idea of applying models trained on normal tissue proteins to predict the subcellular locations of cancerous ones is arbitrary because the protein distribution patterns may differ in normal and cancerous states.

Results: We developed a new semi-supervised protocol that can use unlabeled cancer protein data in model construction by an iterative and incremental training strategy. Our approach enables us to selectively use the low-quality images in normal states to expand the training sample space and provides a general way for dealing with the small size of annotated images used together with large unannotated ones. Experiments demonstrate that the new semi-supervised protocol can result in improved accuracy and sensitivity of subcellular location difference detection.

Availability and implementation: The data and code are available at: www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/SemiBiomarker/.

Contact:  hbshen@sjtu.edu.cn

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Psychological Effect of Weather on Car Purchases
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Authors: Busse Meghan R. , Pope Devin G. , Pope Jaren C. , Silva-Risso Jorge
Published: November 2014

When buying durable goods, consumers must forecast how much utility they will derive from future consumption, including consumption in different states of the world. This can be complicated for consumers because making intertemporal evaluations may expose them to a variety of psychological biases such as present bias, projection bias, and salience effects. We investigate whether consumers are affected by such intertemporal biases when they purchase automobiles. Using data for more than 40 million vehicle transactions, we explore the impact of weather on purchasing decisions. We find that the choice to purchase a convertible or a four-wheel-drive is highly dependent on the weather at the time of purchase in a way that is inconsistent with classical utility theory. We consider a range of rational explanations for the empirical effects we find, but none can explain fully the effects we estimate. We then discuss and explore projection bias and salience as two primary psychological mechanisms that are consistent with our results.
Disproportionate Rise in Clostridium difficile–Associated Hospitalizations Among US Youth With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 1997–2011
Authors: Sandberg Kelly C. , Davis Matthew M. , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Adler Jeremy
Published: November 2014

Objectives:

Our aim was to characterize the temporal changes in burden that Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) added to the hospital care of children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the United States.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of annual, nationally representative samples of children and young adults with IBD.

Results:

There was a 5‐fold increase in IBD hospitalizations with CDI from 1997 to 2011 (P for trend <0.01). During the same period, IBD hospitalizations without CDI increased 2‐fold (P for trend <0.01). Mean length of stay for IBD hospitalizations with CDI was consistently longer than that for hospitalizations without CDI and did not significantly change over time (P for trend = 0.47). CDI‐related total hospital days in the United States rose from 1702 to 10,194 days per million individuals per year from 1997 to 2011 (P for trend <0.01). Children and young adults hospitalized with CDI had a significantly lower odds of colectomy (0.31) compared with those without CDI. Total charges for CDI‐related hospitalizations among children and young adults in the United States rose from $8.7 million in 1997 to $68.2 million in 2011.

Conclusions:

A widening gap in burden has opened between IBD hospitalizations with and without CDI during the last decade and a half. CDI‐related hospitalizations are associated with disproportionately longer lengths of stay, more hospital days, and more charges than hospitalizations without CDI over time. Further work within health systems, hospitals, and practices can help us better understand this enlarging gap to improve clinical care for this vulnerable population.
Crystal structure of (−)-(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-3-methyl-1-(triisopropylsilyloxy)hexane-2,4-diol
Authors: Cruz-Montanez Alejandra , Piñero Cruz Dalice M. , Prieto Jose A.
Published: November 2014

The title compound, C20H42O3S2Si, crystallized with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. They consist ofsyn,anti,anti-stereotetrads with a 1,3-dithiane motif and a primary alcohol protected as the triisopropyl silyl ether. The 1,3-dithiane ring adopts a chair conformation, while the rest of each molecule displays a common zigzag conformation. There is an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond in each molecule. In the crystal, theAandBmolecules are linkedviaO—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming –A–B–A--B-- chains along [010]. The absolute structure was determined by resonant scattering (anomalous scattering) [Flack parameter = 0.035 (8)].
Cooling dynamics of self-assembled monolayer coating for integrated gold nanocrystals on a glass substrate
Authors: Ichiyanagi Kouhei , Sekiguchi Hiroshi , Sato Tokushi , Nozawa Shunsuke , Tomita Ayana , Hoshino Manabu , Adachi Shin-ichi , Sasaki Yuji C.
Published: November 2014

Picosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction has been used to study the nanoscale thermal transportation dynamics of bare gold nanocrystals and thiol-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated integrated gold nanocrystals on a SiO2glass substrate. A temporal lattice expansion of 0.30–0.33% was observed in the bare and SAM-coated nanocrystals on the glass substrate; the thermal energy inside the gold nanocrystals was transported to the contacted substrate through the gold–SiO2interface. The interfacial thermal conductivity between the single-layered gold nanocrystal film and the SiO2substrate is estimated to be 45 MW m−2 K−1from the decay of the Au 111 peak shift, which was linearly dependent on the transient temperature. For the SAM-coated gold nanocrystals, the thermal dissipation was faster than that of the bare gold nanocrystal film. The thermal flow from the nanocrystals to the SAM-coated molecules promotes heat dissipation from the laser-heated SAM-coated gold nanocrystals. The thermal transportation of the laser-heated SAM-coated gold nanocrystal film was analyzed using the bidirectional thermal dissipation model.
Bringing Home the Crisis: How US Evening News Framed the 2011 Japan Nuclear Crisis
Authors: Iannarino Nicholas T. , Veil Shari R. , Cotton Alfred J.
Published: November 2014

Crisis communication scholars have used framing theory to argue that how the media characterizes varying aspects of a crisis can influence the public's perception of the event. While much of the crisis‐framing research has been content analysis‐driven, providing numbers and percentages of news stories that fit a certain story type, it is also important to examine how shifts in public opinion and policy may be indicative of and influenced by the ongoing discourse that news outlets use to characterize international crises. In this study, we use inductive analysis to describe the frames used by US evening network news to characterize the 2011 Japan nuclear crisis and outline how this coverage may have shaped and reflected public opinion and policy in the US during and following the crisis.
Biological determinants of spontaneous late preterm and early term birth: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Brown HK , Speechley KN , Macnab J , Natale R , Campbell MK
Published: November 2014

Objective

Our aim was to examine the association between biological determinants of preterm birth (infection and inflammation, placental ischaemia and other hypoxia, diabetes mellitus, other) and spontaneous late preterm (34–36 weeks) and early term (37–38 weeks) birth.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

City of London and Middlesex County, Canada.

Sample

Singleton live births, delivered at 34–41 weeks to London‐Middlesex mothers following spontaneous labour.

Methods

Data were obtained from a city‐wide perinatal database on births between 2002 and 2011 (n = 17 678). Multivariable analyses used multinomial logistic regression.

Main outcome measure

The outcome of interest was the occurrence of late preterm (34–36 weeks) and early term (37–38 weeks) birth, compared with full term birth (39–41 weeks).

Results

After controlling for covariates, there were associations between infection and inflammation and late preterm birth (aOR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.65, 2.60); between placental ischaemia and other hypoxia and late preterm (aOR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.88, 2.61) and early term (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.13, 1.39) birth; between diabetes mellitus and late preterm (aOR = 3.89, 95% CI 2.90, 5.21) and early term (aOR = 2.66, 95% CI 2.19, 3.23) birth; and between other biological determinants (polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios) and late preterm (aOR = 2.81, 95% CI 1.70, 4.64) and early term (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.32, 2.70) birth.

Conclusions

Our findings show that delivery following spontaneous labour even close to full term may be a result of pathological processes. Because these biological determinants of preterm birth contribute to an adverse intrauterine environment, they have important implications for fetal and neonatal health.
Effectiveness of folic acid supplementation in pregnancy on reducing the risk of small‐for‐gestational age neonates: a population study, systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hodgetts VA , Morris RK , Francis A , Gardosi J , Ismail KM
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To assess the effect of timing of folic acid (FA) supplementation during pregnancy on the risk of the neonate being small for gestational age (SGA).

Design

A population database study and a systematic review with meta‐analysis including the results of this population study.

Setting and data sources

A UK regional database was used for the population study and an electronic literature search (from inception until August 2013) for the systematic review.

Participants and included studies

Singleton live births with no known congenital anomalies; 111 736 in population study and 188 796 in systematic review.

Outcome measures, data extraction and analysis

The main outcome was SGA based on customised birthweight centile. Associations are presented as odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), adjusted for maternal and pregnancy‐related characteristics.

Results

Of 108 525 pregnancies with information about FA supplementation, 92 133 (84.9%) had taken FA during pregnancy. Time of commencement of supplementation was recorded in 39 416 pregnancies, of which FA was commenced before conception in 10 036, (25.5%) cases. Preconception commencement of FA supplementation was associated with reduced risk of SGA <10th centile (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71–0.90, P < 0.01) and SGA <5th centile (aOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66–0.91, P < 0.01). This result was reproduced when the data were pooled with other studies in the systematic review, showing a significant reduction in SGA (<5th centile) births with preconception commencement of FA (aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61–0.92, P < 0.006). In contrast, postconception folate had no significant effect on SGA rates.

Conclusion

Supplementation with FA significantly reduces the risk of SGA at birth but only if commenced preconceptually independent of other risk factors.

Systematic review registration

This systematic review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO number CRD42013004895.
Absent yet popular? Explaining news visibility of Members of the European Parliament
Authors: Gattermann Katjana , Vasilopoulou Sofia
Published: November 2014

Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) represent their citizens in European Union policy making, having the power to approve, amend or reject the near majority of legislation. The media inform EU citizens about their representatives and are able to hold them publicly accountable. However, we know little about whether, and to what extent, MEPs are visible in the news. This study investigates the visibility of MEPs in national broadsheets in Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. It seeks to explain individual‐level variation by employing an original dataset of news visibility of 302 MEPs over a period of 25 months (September 2009–September 2011) and tests the applicability of the news values and mirror theories in the context of supranational politics. The results show that political office, length of tenure and domestic party leadership have a positive effect. Legislative activities have a mixed effect on MEP news visibility. Attendance negatively affects news visibility, while non‐attached MEPs receive more news coverage. In short, despite the core supranational nature of EP legislative politics, MEP news visibility primarily depends on journalists’ domestic considerations. This informs both our understanding of MEP parliamentary behaviour and journalism studies in the context of the EU.
The Shield of Heracles: Multiple streams and the emotional endowment effect
Authors: Zahariadis Nikolaos
Published: November 2014

What factors explain the persistence of emotion in public policy? Applying the multiple streams framework, it is hypothesised in this article that the more intense the fear and the longer it persists under high salience, task unfamiliarity and complexity, and inconsistent preferences, the less likely it is for policy to change. The study examines the Greek attempt to block international recognition of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1990–1993) and finds the power to build coalitions through emotional arousal that in the short run helps reframe losses and paradoxically undermines political support in the long run. Illuminating the emotional endowment effect within the logic of appropriateness, the article concludes that policy is made under certain conditions on the basis of validating emotions.
Why a nudge is not enough: A social identity critique of governance by stealth
Authors: Mols Frank , Haslam S. Alexander , Jetten Jolanda , Steffens Niklas K.
Published: November 2014

Policy makers can use four different modes of governance: ‘hierarchy’, ‘markets’, ‘networks’ and ‘persuasion’. In this article, it is argued that ‘nudging’ represents a distinct (fifth) mode of governance. The effectiveness of nudging as a means of bringing about lasting behaviour change is questioned and it is argued that evidence for its success ignores the facts that many successful nudges are not in fact nudges; that there are instances when nudges backfire; and that there may be ethical concerns associated with nudges. Instead, and in contrast to nudging, behaviour change is more likely to be enduring where it involves social identity change and norm internalisation. The article concludes by urging public policy scholars to engage with the social identity literature on ‘social influence’, and the idea that those promoting lasting behaviour change need to engage with people not as individual cognitive misers, but as members of groups whose norms they internalise and enact.
Molecular cloning and functional characterisation of chicken Atonal homologue 1: A comparison with human Atoh1
Authors: Mulvaney Joanna F. , Amemiya Yutaka , Freeman Stephen D. , Ladher Raj K. , Dabdoub Alain
Published: November 2014

Background information

The vertebrate basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor Atoh1 is essential for maturation and survival of mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear, neurogenesis, differentiation of the intestine, homeostasis of the colon and is implicated in cancer progression. Given that mutations in Atoh1 are detected in malignant tumours, study of functionally different Atoh1 alleles and homologues might yield useful avenues for investigation. The predicted sequence of chicken Atoh1 (cAtoh1) has large regions of dissimilarity to that of mammalian Atoh1 homologues. We hypothesise that cAtoh1 might have intrinsic functional differences to mammalian Atoh1.

Results

In this study, we cloned and sequenced the full open reading frame of cAtoh1. In overexpression experiments, we show that this sequence is sufficient to generate a cAtoh1 protein capable of inducing hair cell markers when expressed in nonsensory regions of the developing inner ear, and that morpholino‐mediated knock‐down using a section of the sequence 5′ to the start codon inhibits differentiation of hair cells in the chicken basilar papilla. Furthermore, we compare the behaviour of cAtoh1 and human Atoh1 (hAtoh1) in embryonic mouse cochlear explants, showing that cAtoh1 is a potent inducer of hair cell differentiation and that it can overcome Sox2‐mediated repression of hair cell differentiation more effectively than hAtoh1.

Conclusions

cAtoh1 is both necessary and sufficient for avian mechanosensory hair cell differentiation. The non‐conserved regions of the cAtoh1 coding region have functional consequences on its behaviour.
Heat shock protein 90 targets a chaperoned peptide to the static early endosome for efficient cross‐presentation by human dendritic cells
Authors: Tanaka Tsutomu , Okuya Koichi , Kutomi Goro , Takaya Akari , Kajiwara Toshimitsu , Kanaseki Takayuki , Tsukahara Tomohide , Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Torigoe Toshihiko , Hirata Koichi , Okamoto Yoshiharu , Sato Noriyuki , Tamura Yasuaki
Published: November 2014

The presentation of an exogenous antigen in a major histocompatibility complex class‐I‐ restricted fashion to CD8+ T cells is called cross‐presentation. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as Hsp70, gp96, and Hsp90 have been shown to elicit efficient CTL responses by cross‐presentation through an as‐yet entirely unknown mechanism. Hsp90 is the most abundant cytosolic HSP and is known to act as a molecular chaperone. We have shown that a tumor antigen peptide complexed with Hsp90 could be cross‐presented by dendritic cells (DCs) through an endosomal pathway in a murine system. However, it has not been determined whether human DCs also cross‐present an Hsp90–peptide complex and induce peptide‐specific CTLs. In this study, we found that an Hsp90–cancer antigen peptide complex was efficiently cross‐presented by human monocyte‐derived DCs and induced peptide‐specific CTLs. Furthermore, we observed that the internalized Hsp90–peptide complex was strictly sorted to the Rab5+, EEA1+ static early endosome and the Hsp90‐chaperoned peptide was processed and bound to MHC class I molecules through an endosome‐recycling pathway. Our data indicate that targeting of the antigen to a “static” early endosome by Hsp90 is essential for efficient cross‐presentation.
Challenges in ‘Translating’ Human Rights: Perceptions and Practices of Civil Society Actors in Western India
Authors: Unnithan Maya , Heitmeyer Carolyn
Published: November 2014

Rights‐based approaches have become prevalent in development rhetoric and programmes in countries such as India, yet little is known about their impact on development practice on the ground. There is limited understanding of how rights work is carried out in India, a country that has a long history of indigenous rights discourse and a strong tradition of civil society activism on rights issues. In this article, we examine the multiple ways in which members of civil society organizations (CSOs) working on rights issues in the state of Rajasthan understand and operationalize rights in their development programmes. As a result of diverse ‘translations’ of rights, local development actors are required to bridge the gaps between the rhetoric of policy and the reality of access to healthcare on the ground. This article illustrates that drawing on community‐near traditions of activism and mobilization, such ‘translation work’ is most effective when it responds to local exigencies and needs in ways that the universal language of human rights and state development discourse leave unmet and unacknowledged. In the process, civil society actors use rights‐based development frameworks instrumentally as well as normatively to deepen community awareness and participation on the one hand, and to fix the state in its role as duty bearer of health rights, on the other hand. In their engagement with rights, CSO members work to reinforce but also challenge neoliberal modes of health governance.
Trunk control in cerebral palsy: are we ready to address the elephant in the room?
Authors: Saavedra Sandra
Published: November 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Sæther et al. on pages 344–350 of this issue.
Evidence of Reciprocal Allonursing in Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus
Authors: Engelhardt Sacha C. , Weladji Robert B. , Holand Øystein , Røed Knut H. , Nieminen Mauri
Published: November 2014

The nursing of non‐offspring is referred to as allonursing. Reciprocity is a hypothesized cause of allonursing, but previous studies have not strongly supported or found no evidence in support for this hypothesis. Biological market theory was applied to 25 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) does and their calves to investigate allonursing reciprocity across bouts and within dyads and assess the diversity of allonursing partners. We also investigated whether variation in allonursing would be associated to relatedness within dyads. We recorded both the occurrence and the duration of 1027 successful allonursing solicitations. All does allonursed, and only three of the 25 calves were not observed being allonursed. Throughout the study, 234 allonursing dyadic pairs were observed. Does allonursed the calves of several does, but allonursing was not distributed evenly among all potential partners. Twenty does were members of at least 1 dyad with a high degree of reciprocity based on the number of allonursing bouts exchanged within the dyad. We found evidence of both relative and absolute allonursing reciprocity at the group level. Across bouts and within dyads, the reciprocal allonursing indexes varied greatly both for frequency and for duration, with an average tendency towards unidirectionality. Evidence of strong reciprocity within dyads was found in 32 dyads for number of allonursing bouts and in 25 dyads for duration of allonursing bouts. Across bouts and within dyads, the number of allonursing bouts received was not influenced by relatedness, allonursing bouts given or absolute rank difference. Allonursing was not interchanged for rank‐related benefits. Our results provide evidence of reciprocal allonursing at the group level, across bouts and within dyads, and reciprocal allonursing among chosen partners. Our results point to the usefulness of applying the biological market theory to allonursing and of considering allonursing as a tradable commodity, traded for itself, among chosen partners.
Assessing the competitiveness of insurance corporations using fuzzy correlation analysis and improved fuzzy modified TOPSIS
Authors: Chen Shang‐Yu , Lu Chung‐Cheng
Published: November 2014

To obtain greater profit, insurance firms not only need to provide attractive insurance products but also effectively promote their products. A growing number of insurance companies have thus heavily invested in marketing. Therefore, the proposed assessment framework integrates the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and the improved fuzzy modified technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (improved fuzzy modified TOPSIS) to acquire the efficiency scores of the alternatives (i.e. insurance companies) being evaluated. The improved fuzzy modified TOPSIS computes efficiency scores of insurance companies based on the Mahalanobis distances, taking into account the fuzzy correlations between the indicators and the weighted distance of fuzzy modified TOPSIS. The advantage of calculating the Mahalanobis distances over the Euclidean distances, which are typically used in the literature, is that the undulation of efficiency scores can be decreased. The assessment criteria have high correlations with each other. This assessment framework is applied to appraise the marketing performance of four major insurance companies in Taiwan. The assessment and comparison results are proved to be consistent with those published by an independent business survey institute.
Fracture assessment of graphite V‐notched and U‐notched specimens by using the cohesive crack model
Authors: Cendón D. A. , Torabi A. R. , Elices M.
Published: November 2014

This article explores the capability of the Cohesive Zone Model in predicting the critical load of blunt notched specimens made of coarse‐grained polycrystalline graphite, a brittle material that has gained the attention of researchers because of its favourable properties for protection against thermal loads. To that aim, 39 different tests on U‐notched and V‐notched specimens made of this material, with loading modes raging from mode I to mixed mode I/II, have been modelled by using the Cohesive Zone Model. The model has been implemented through the embedded crack approach, avoiding thus the necessity of defining the crack trajectory prior to the simulation because it is automatically generated once the maximum principal stress overcomes the tensile strength of the material. The numerical predictions obtained show good agreement with the experimental results.
Effect of a school‐based oral health education programme on use of recommended oral self‐care for reducing the risk of caries by children in Nigeria
Authors: Esan Ayodeji , Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Egbetade Grace O , Oyedele Titus Ayodeji
Published: November 2014

Objective

Caries is a major oral health problem children with efforts focused on promoting use of caries prevention methods. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of a school‐based oral health education programme on use of oral self‐care measures for reducing caries.

Methods

A structured school‐based oral health education programme was implemented in six schools in Ile‐Ife, Nigeria for 4 years. At the end of the project, information was sought from school children in their last year and final 2 years of studies on the use of fluoridated toothpaste, consumption of sugar‐containing snacks more than once a day, frequency of tooth brushing and flossing, and time of the last dental check‐up. Predictors of the use of preventive oral health practices for caries were determined.

Results

School children who received the intervention were more likely to report frequent use of fluoride‐containing toothpastes (P < 0.001), more likely to brush twice a day (P = 0.03), less likely to consuming sugar‐containing snacks less than once a day (P = 0.03) and less likely to use dental floss once a day (P < 0.001) when compared to the control group.

Conclusion

This long term school based educational programme was able to increase school children's use of fluoride‐containing toothpaste and twice daily tooth brushing, which are critical tools for reducing the risk of caries.
Proposed Nomenclature for Salt Intake and for Reductions in Dietary Salt
Authors: Campbell Norm R.C. , Correa‐Rotter Ricardo , Cappuccio Francesco P. , Webster Jacqui , Lackland Daniel T. , Neal Bruce , MacGregor Graham A.
Published: November 2014

There is considerable confusion about what ranges of dietary saltacould be considered low, normal, or high and also what ranges of reduction in dietary salt are small or large. The World Hypertension League with other organizations involved in dietary salt reduction have proposed a standardized nomenclature based on normal ancestral levels of salt intake and also on ranges of reduction in salt intake in clinical and population interventions. Low daily salt (sodium) intake where harm due to deficiency would be expected to occur is recommended to remain undefined because of inadequate research but likely <0.25 g (100 mg), normal (physiological) intake <2.5 g (1000 mg), recommended intake <5.0 g (2000 mg), high ≥5.0 g (2000 mg), very high >10 to 15 g (4000–6000 mg), and extremely high >15 g (6000 mg). Reductions in daily salt (sodium) intake are recommended to be called small if <2.5 g (1000 mg), moderate if 2.5 to 5.0 g (1000–2000 mg) and large if >5.0 g (2000 mg). Use of this nomenclature is likely to result in less confusion about salt intake and interventions to reduce dietary sodium.
Low‐fluence Q‐switched Nd: YAG 1064‐nm laser and intense pulsed light for the treatment of melasma
Authors: Vachiramon V. , Sirithanabadeekul P. , Sahawatwong S.
Published: November 2014

Background

Low‐fluence Q‐switched Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser (LFQS) and intense pulsed light (IPL) have been shown to be effective in the treatment of melasma. LFQS can target deeper pigment, while IPL can target a wide range of cutaneous structures. However, there is limited information on efficacy and side‐effects of the combined treatment.

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of combined LFQS and IPL therapy with LFQS monotherapy in the treatment of melasma.

Methods

Twenty female patients with mixed‐type melasma on both cheeks were treated with LFQS on full face for five sessions at 1‐week intervals. One side of the face was randomly assigned to receive additional three sessions of IPL treatments at 2‐week intervals. Patients were evaluated 12 weeks after the last treatment. Outcome measures include the assessment by colorimeter and calculated as relative lightness index (R*LI), modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI), patient satisfaction and adverse effects.

Results

Eighteen patients completed the study. Both sides of the face showed significant improvement of R*LI and mMASI. A more rapid improvement of R*LI and mMASI was observed on combined side. At the end of treatment, 55% improvement and 37% improvement of R*LI was observed on combined side and monotherapy side respectively. The overall patients' satisfaction was in favour of the combined side. Recurrence occurred on both sides but there was still a significant decrease compared to baseline. No serious side effect was noted.

Conclusion

The combination of LFQS and IPL results in faster clearance of melasma and is more effective than LFQS alone for melasma treatment. However, recurrence is still inevitable.
Hierarchical behaviour, habitat use and species size differences shape evolutionary outcomes of hybridization in a coral reef fish
Authors: Gainsford A. , van Herwerden L. , Jones G. P.
Published: November 2014

Hybridization is an important evolutionary process, with ecological and behavioural factors influencing gene exchange between hybrids and parent species. Patterns of hybridization in anemonefishes may result from living in highly specialized habitats and breeding status regulated by size‐based hierarchal social groups. Here, morphological, ecological and genetic analyses in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, examine the hybrid status ofAmphiprion leucokranos, a nominal species and presumed hybrid betweenAmphiprion sandaracinosandAmphiprion chrysopterus. We test the hypothesis that habitat use and relative size differences of the parent species and hybrids determine the patterns of gene exchange. There is strong evidence thatA. leucokranosis a hybrid of smallerA. sandaracinosand largerA. chrysopterus, whereA. chrysopterusis exclusively the mother to each hybrid, based on mtDNA cytochromeband multiplenDNAmicrosatellite loci. Overlap in habitat, depth and host anemone use was found, with hybrids intermediate to parents and cohabitation in over 25% of anemones sampled. Hybrids, intermediate in body size, colour and pattern, were classified 55% of the time as morphologically first‐generation hybrids relative to parents, whereas 45% of hybrids were moreA. sandaracinos‐like, suggesting backcrossing. Unidirectional introgression ofA. chrysopterusmtDNA intoA. sandaracinosvia hybrid backcrosses was found, with larger female hybrids and small maleA. sandaracinosmating. PotentialnDNAintrogression was also evident through distinct intermediate hybrid genotypes penetrating both parent species. Findings support the hypothesis that anemonefish hierarchical behaviour, habitat use and species‐specific size differences determine how hybrids form and the evolutionary consequences of hybridization.
The expression of selected genes linked to metabolic homeostasis in obese pansteatitis‐suffering Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters)
Authors: Truter J C , van Wyk J H , Oberholster P J , Botha A‐M , Luus‐Powell W J
Published: November 2014

The Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) population inhabiting Lake Loskop, South Africa, is characterized by a high incidence of obesity and pansteatitis. We investigated potential links between the impaired health of Lake Loskop O. mossambicus and the endocrine system by assessing the expression of selected genes associated with the thyroid and adrenal endocrine axes as well as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (pparg). Moreover, contaminant‐induced thyroid and/or metabolic modulation in Lake Loskop water was evaluated using juvenile O. mossambicus in laboratory exposures. The expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha (thra) and type 2 deiodinase (dio2) was higher in Lake Loskop O. mossambicus than fish from another population, suggesting a degree of thyroid disruption. The altered gene expression may be a consequence, rather than cause of obesity. Expression of dio2 and pparg was higher in juvenile O. mossambicus exposed to unfiltered compared to filtered lake water, and our data suggest fasting as causative factor. Micro‐organism abundance can therefore be a confounding factor in studies applying molecular markers to test for thyroid modulation by environmental waters. Pansteatitis was not a significant source of variance in the expression of any of the genes investigated, suggesting that the disease is not associated with disrupted endocrine signalling.
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a significant cause of moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss in Queensland children
Authors: Toumpas Christopher J , Clark Julia , Harris Alison , Beswick Rachael , Nourse Clare B
Published: November 2014

Aim

To investigate the proportion of children with moderate to profound hearing loss who have congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection.

Method

Retrospective analysis of CMV dried blood spot (DBS) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in children with moderate to profound hearing impairment referred to tertiary referral centres in Queensland. Participants were under 18 years old with no readily identified cause of hearing impairment, between 2008 and 2011. The primary outcome measure was DBS CMV PCR. Other outcome measures for cases referred to the Childhood Hearing Clinic (CHC) at the Mater Children's Hospital were level of hearing impairment and the neonatal hearing screen result.

Results

Of DBS CMV PCR testing for 106 children at the CHC for 2008 to 2011 inclusive, nine (8.5%) were positive (five with bilateral hearing impairment, four with unilateral hearing impairment). The prevalence of cCMV infection in children with moderate to profound hearing impairment was 8.4%, consistent with the statewide rate of 9.4% for 2008 to mid‐2011.

Conclusion

cCMV is a significant cause of hearing impairment in Queensland children. Investigation for cCMV by retrospective DBS CMV PCR should be part of the routine investigation of all babies and young children with hearing impairment. However early diagnosis is preferable and could be achieved by routine early screening of all newborns with hearing impairment for CMV before 3 weeks of age. The healthy hearing screening programme is a routine part of neonatal care. Enhancing the integration of screening for cCMV may reduce the current delays in diagnosis and should be evaluated.
Mycorrhizal phenotypes and the Law of the Minimum
Authors: Johnson Nancy Collins , Wilson Gail W. T. , Wilson Jacqueline A. , Miller R. Michael , Bowker Matthew A.
Published: November 2014

Mycorrhizal phenotypes arise from interactions among plant and fungal genotypes and the environment. Differences in the stoichiometry and uptake capacity of fungi and plants make arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inherently more nitrogen (N) limited and less phosphorus (P) limited than their host plants. Mutualistic phenotypes are most likely in P‐limited systems and commensal or parasitic phenotypes in N‐limited systems. Carbon (C) limitation is expected to cause phenotypes to shift from mutualism to commensalism and even parasitism.

Two experiments compared the influence of fertilizer and shade on mycorrhizas in Andropogon gerardii across three naturally N‐limited or P‐limited grasslands. A third experiment examined the interactive effects of N and P enrichment and shade on A. gerardii mycorrhizas.

Our experiments generated the full spectrum of mycorrhizal phenotypes. These findings support the hypothesis that mutualism is likely in P‐limited systems and commensalism or parasitism is likely in N‐limited systems. Furthermore, shade decreased C‐assimilation and generated less mutualistic mycorrhizal phenotypes with reduced plant and fungal biomass.

Soil fertility is a key controller of mycorrhizal costs and benefits and the Law of the Minimum is a useful predictor of mycorrhizal phenotype. In our experimental grasslands arbuscular mycorrhizas can ameliorate P‐limitation but not N‐limitation.
The myth of induction in qualitative nursing research
Authors: Bergdahl Elisabeth , Berterö Carina M.
Published: November 2014

In nursing today, it remains unclear what constitutes a good foundation for qualitative scientific inquiry. There is a tendency to define qualitative research as a form of inductive inquiry; deductive practice is seldom discussed, and when it is, this usually occurs in the context of data analysis. We will look at how the terms ‘induction’ and ‘deduction’ are used in qualitative nursing science and by qualitative research theorists, and relate these uses to the traditional definitions of these terms by Popper and other philosophers of science. We will also question the assertion that qualitative research is or should be inductive. The position we defend here is that qualitative research should use deductive methods. We also see a need to understand the difference between the creative process needed to create theory and the justification of a theory. Our position is that misunderstandings regarding the philosophy of science and the role of inductive and deductive logic and science are still harming the development of nursing theory and science. The purpose of this article is to discuss and reflect upon inductive and deductive views of science as well as inductive and deductive analyses in qualitative research. We start by describing inductive and deductive methods and logic from a philosophy of science perspective, and we examine how the concepts of induction and deduction are often described and used in qualitative methods and nursing research. Finally, we attempt to provide a theoretical perspective that reconciles the misunderstandings regarding induction and deduction. Our conclusion is that openness towards deductive thinking and testing hypotheses is needed in qualitative nursing research. We must also realize that strict induction will not create theory; to generate theory, a creative leap is needed.