bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported fruit and vegetable intake and inflammatory and oxidant status in a community setting
Authors: Root Martin , Nieman David C. , Henson Dru A. , Heinz Serena , Shanely R. Andrew , Knab Amy K. , Jin Fuxia
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To assess the effect of fruit and vegetable intake in a community setting on inflammatory and oxidant status.

Methods

A community group (N=1,002) gave two fasted blood samples separated by 12 weeks. Typical fruit, vegetable, and red meat intakes were reported using a quantitative food group frequency questionnaire. Biomarkers were averaged from the two blood samples, and included C‐reactive protein (CRP), total leukocytes (WBC), and five plasma cytokines [interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), monocyte chemoattractant protein, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor]. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and F2‐isoprostanes were also measured. Tertiles of combined fruit and vegetable intake were compared to the biomarkers using general linear models while controlling for age, gender, BMI, smoking, and red meat intake.

Results

IL‐6 and TNF‐α were significantly reduced across tertiles of fruits and vegetables (p<0.0004). The remaining cytokines, WBC, and CRP were non‐significant. FRAP and ORAC significantly increased across tertiles (P<0.05) while F2‐isoprostanes significantly decreased (p<0.0001).

Conclusion

In a community setting, improved inflammatory and particularly oxidant status were associated with higher intake of fruits and vegetables.

Support: Grants from Coca‐Cola and Quercegen Pharma.
Dietary adaptation of healthy adult cats to cellulose, fructooligosaccharides, or pectin modifies gas and short‐chain fatty acid production in vitro
Authors: Barry Kathleen Ann , Bauer Laura L. , Wojcicki Brittany J. , Middelbos Ingmar S. , Vester Brittany M. , Swanson Kelly S. , Fahey George C.
Published: June 2021

Nine young adult male cats were used in a 3 × 3 factorial design to determine the effects of microbial adaptation to fiber type on changes in pH, total and hydrogen gas, short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA), and branched‐chain fatty acid (BCFA) production. Cats were adapted to a diet containing 4% cellulose, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), or pectin for 30 d prior to fecal sampling. Each cat was used as a single donor, and fecal inoculum was subjected to each of the aforementioned fiber substrates. Fructooligosaccharides produced the greatest changes in pH, total gas, hydrogen gas, acetate, propionate, butyrate, total SCFA, valerate, and total BCFA production (P<0.001) regardless of adaptation to diet. Adaptation to the FOS or pectin diets increased production of total (P=0.043) and hydrogen (P=0.008) gas. Greater changes in pH (P<0.001), acetate (P=0.001), and total SCFA (P=0.003) were observed for FOS and pectin substrates with adaptation to these respective substrates. Adaptation to the cellulose diet increased production of propionate (P=0.045) when exposed to the FOS or pectin substrates. Adaptation to the pectin diet increased production of valerate and total BCFA (P=0.039 and 0.022, respectively) when exposed to the cellulose or pectin substrates. Overall, adaptation to either FOS or pectin appear to increase SCFA and gas production.
Selenium from pinto beans is bioavailable to support bone structure in mice
Authors: Cao Jay J. , Gregoire Brian R.
Published: June 2021

Deficiency of selenium (Se), an essential trace mineral for animals and humans, has been shown to induce growth retardation and to impair bone metabolism. The objective of the study was to determine whether Se from pinto beans (SeBean) is as bioavailable as Se from selenomethionine (SeMet) to support bone health in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice at 18‐wk‐old were assigned randomly to three groups and fed purified Se‐deficient diet containing ~0.005 ppm Se (SeDef, n = 12), or diets containing ~0.1 ppm Se in the form of SeMet (n = 10) or SeBean (n = 11) for three months. Mice fed either SeMet or SeBean diet had significantly higher selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase activity in RBC and Se concentration in liver than those on SeDef diet (P < 0.01). Micro‐computed tomography was used to evaluate trabecular and cortical bone structure of distal and mid‐shaft femur. Both SeMet and SeBean diets significantly increased trabecular bone volume/total volume and trabecular number and decreased trabecular separation, as compared to SeDef diet. No differences were detected in any bone structural parameters between SeMet and SeBean groups (P > 0.05). This study shows that Se deficiency impairs bone metabolism and Se from pinto beans is bioavailable to support bone micro‐structure in mice. Supported by Northarvest Bean Growers Association.
Effect of calcium supplementation combined with fucoidan and chitooligisaccaride on bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Kim Mi‐Hyun , Yun Sunju , Kang Myung‐Hwa , Choi Mi‐Kyeong , Lee Jung Dae , Jang Ki‐Hyo , Sohn Eun Hwa
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium supplementation combined with fucoidan and chitooligisaccaride (COS) on bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized rats. A total of 48 female Wistar rats (six weeks) were used this study and 40 rats were ovariectomized (OVX), and the rest of rats were sham‐operated. The Sham and one OVX group were fed standard diet, and the remaining OVX groups received either a fucoidan (0.05%) supplemented diet, a COS (0.5%) supplemented diet, a seaweed Ca supplemented diet (Ca 1.5%), or a fucoidan, COS and seaweed Ca supplemented diet for 12 weeks. There was significant difference in final weight, therefore, we analyzed the BMD data as dividing by the final weight. BMDs of lumbar spine, femur and tibia were significantly lower in ovariectomized rat compared to the Sham group. Ca supplementation increased the BMDs of lumbar spine and femur, however, fucoidan or COS alone supplementation didn't increase the BMD of OVX rats. While, complex supplementation of fucoidan, COS and Ca more effectively improved the BMDs of measured all three sites than Ca alone supplementation in OVX rats. To summarize the results, Ca supplementation combined with fucoidan and chitooligosaccaride may have a greater effect improving the BMD compared with Ca alone supplementation in ovariectomized rats.
The effect of omega‐3 fatty acids derived from various sources on bone metabolism in growing female rats
Authors: Lukas Robin Emily , Gigliotti Joey , Tou Janet C
Published: June 2021

Onset and severity of osteoporosis may be delayed or lessened if bone metabolism and peak bone mass in the young is optimized through nutrition. The study objective is to determine whether different sources of omega‐3 fatty acids in the diet induce changes on bone. Young (28 day) female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned n=10/group to a high 12% (weight) fat diet consisting of either corn oil (CO) or the omega‐3 fatty acid rich krill (KO), flaxseed (FO) or menhaden (MO). After 8‐weeks, rats were euthanized and femur and tibia were collected. Bone morphometry was measured using calipers. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), and phosphorous (P) were determined by calorimetric enzymatic assay. Bone mineral content (BMC) was determined by ashing at 600°C. Bone strength was measured using a 3‐point bending test. There were no differences in bone morphometry, except rats fed KO had shorter (P=0.02) tibia length compared to rats fed MO. There were no significant differences in serum ALP, Ca or P among the treatment groups. BMC was higher (P<0.001) in rats fed MO and FO compared to CO. There was no significant difference in bone strength indicated by in peak force among the treatment groups. Based on the results, different sources of omega‐3 fatty acids may influence bone health.
Reproducibility in growth of breast and prostate cells stimulated with serum taken at different points in time from individuals on their habitual diets
Authors: Esfahani Amin , Srichaikul Korbua , Bashyam Balachandran , Kendall Cyril WC , Archer Michael C , Jenkins David JA
Published: June 2021

Background

While dietary components have been linked to cancer, the total impact of specific diets on cancer remains controversial. Therefore, we undertook a series of studies to develop a reliable ex vivo bioassay for assessing the effect of diet on cancer cell growth. Various types of human cancer cell lines were treated with serum from subjects on their habitual diets.

Methods

Eighteen subjects (10 males; 8 females) provided us with three fasting blood samples, each separated by one week. Subjects were asked to maintain their habitual diet and exercise regimen for the length of the study. Three cell lines (MCF‐7, MCF‐10A, LNCaP) were then incubated in media containing the serum samples (10%). After 72 hours, cell growth was measured using the MTS colorimetric assay.

Results

The stimulation of cell growth was relatively constant for a given individual over the 3‐week period. There were, however, statistically significant inter‐individual differences in serum‐stimulated cell growth in all three cell lines. Subject age and body mass index (BMI) were not correlated with cell growth.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the consistency of results for a given individual will allow differences in breast and prostate cell growth resulting from specific diets to be detected using this method.

(Funding provided by Canada Research Chair discretionary funds)
2007–2008 Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) offerings to Indiana elementary schools
Authors: Liu Yibin , Russell Brittany N , Graves Lisa M , Foland Elizabeth B , Lin Yi‐Chun , Fly Alyce D
Published: June 2021

FFVP claim‐for‐reimbursement forms were collected monthly and examined to determine program days, costs, frequency and variety of fruit and vegetable offerings in 20 Indiana elementary schools from 09/2007–05/2008. Data were analyzed using ANOVA one‐way repeated measures to examine consistency of program days over time. Paired‐T tests were used to compare the expenses and variety of fruits and vegetables. Descriptive analysis was used to report the frequency of most commonly served fruits and vegetables. Schools purchased more than twice as many varieties of fruits than vegetables (8.6±2.4 vs. 4.1±1.5 types/month, P<0.01), with a wide range between schools over 9 months (fruit variety, 5.2±1.8 to 13.7±2.8; vegetable variety, 2.3±2.3 to 8.7±2.4). Schools spent 4 times more for fruits than vegetables ($1856.6±956.9 vs. $452.1±238.7/month, P<0.01). Apples, bananas, oranges, grapes, pears, and carrots, celery, tomato, cauliflower and broccoli were the 5 most frequently served fruits and vegetables, respectively. Program days ranged from 10.8±3.4 to 16.3±4.8 days/school/month, with a mean of 14±4.5. Though mean program days was different over 9 months (P<0.01, ω2=0.29), it may be explained by fewer school days in December and March due to holidays. These data show that program offerings were similar over time though fruit expenses, frequency and variety were greater than vegetables.
Relationships between Local Wellness Policies and Changes in Rates of Overweight and Obesity in Pennsylvania School Districts
Authors: Jomaa Lamis H , McDonnell Elaine , Orlofsky Charles , Probart Claudia
Published: June 2021

Since 2006, local wellness policies (LWPs) addressing childhood obesity have been required for all school districts participating in school meal programs. This study investigates associations between LWPs and obesity trends in K‐6 students in Pennsylvania School Districts (PSDs). In Pennsylvania, school personnel are required to collect and report student Body Mass Index (BMI) data to the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Data for students in grades K‐6 were collected for both 06–07 and 07–08 school years. Comprehensiveness (count of all policy) and rigor (goal strength) of LWPs were developed as part of a larger study. Analysis of Variance was used to explore relationships between LWPs and changes in overweight and obesity rates. Approximately 1/3 of K‐6 students were overweight or obese in both years. The change in % of overweight and obese K‐6 students was ‐ 0.98% [Range: − 55.88 to 30.65%]. PSDs in which % of overweight and obesity decreased after one school year had more comprehensive policies, more nutrition education and physical activity goals, and stronger physical activity goals compared to PSDs in which % overweight and obesity increased (P = 0.005 – 0.038). Findings suggest school LWPs may help decrease childhood obesity through increasing nutrition education and physical activity opportunities. This project was funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Healthy Eating Research Program.

Grant Funding Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Healthy Eating Research Program
Growth from first to sixth grade by the Obesity Index at sixth grade for students at one primary school in Seoul
Authors: Moon Hyun‐Kyung , Jang Minjeong
Published: June 2021

This study was carried out to find the difference in the growth by the obesity index at 6th grade. Height and weight of 141 students were collected from the school record. Other information was surveyed using the questionnaire. By using their height and weight and 50 percentile of Korean Growth Chart, WLI(Weight Length Index) was calculated. The subjects were classified into three groups, underweight(under 90%, N=57, UG), normal(between 90~110%, N=53, NG), and obese group(over 110%, N=31, OG). Difference of weight, height, and growth velocity were compared among three groups from 1st year to 6th grade. The results were as follow; In the case of the growth, the past physical constitution of three groups was maintained up to now. Over 50% of OG belonged in overweight range from 3rd to 5th grades. Around 60% of NG was normal weight range between 1st to 5th grades, Over 70% of UG was in underweight range to 5th from 1st grades(p<0.001). Growth velocity was faster in OG than NG and UG(p<0.001). Annual growth rate of children was the highest between from 3rd to 4th and from 5th to 6th (p<0.001). Some differences among three groups by the obesity index were deducted as above. Therefore, nutrition education should be implemented at lower grade, since physical growth inclination formed in lower grades tends to maintain to senior grades.
Factors related to exclusive breast feeding and dietary diversity of complementary foods: A case study in Amhara region of Ethiopia
Authors: Nekatebeb Hana , Guyon Agnes , Beyero Mesfin , Stoecker Barbara J
Published: June 2021

Factors affecting infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) were evaluated for indicators related to key nutrition, health and sanitation practices. UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey methodology was used to carry out the assessment of 2,208 households selected for interviews. Fifty percent of the mothers were between 14–30 y. Only 60% of all mothers initiated breast feeding within 1 hr of birth and nearly 50% discarded colostrum. Only 19% of mothers of 0–5 m infants practiced exclusive breast feeding (EBF). On the other hand, 24% of mothers of 6–11 m infants were still practicing EBF. More than 65% of 6–8 m children did not receive complementary foods. Factors such as maternal education, trained delivery services and antenatal clinic visits (ANC) were associated with EBF (OR: 5.10, 2.37 and 5.27, respectively ‐ p<0.005). For example, one unit increase of maternal education, trained delivery assistance, or ANC visit increased exclusive breast feeding by factors of 5.10, 2.37 and 5.27 respectively. Maternal education was also associated with improved dietary diversity score of complementary feeding for the children (OR 1.8, p<0.05). More effort is needed to increase girls’ education and expand community‐based skilled delivery and ANC services to improve child health. (Funded by US Agency for International Development to Academy for Educational Development, Cooperative Agreement HRN–A–0097–00007‐08)
IMPROVING INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES USING LOCALLY‐CULTIVATED FOODS IN A FOOD‐INSECURE, RURAL REGION OF THE BOLIVIAN ANDES
Authors: Jones Andrew David
Published: June 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of an education intervention focused on improved complementary feeding practices using locally‐cultivated foods, in particular legumes, on infant and young child feeding practices. The study uses a pre‐post intervention design with the inclusion of a control group and samples from semi‐subsistence farming families with children 0–36 months of age in a rural region of the Bolivian Andes. A baseline survey of 322 households collected data on child anthropometry and diet, household food security and agricultural practices. Guided by these data, researchers promoted improved recipes and feeding practices using Trials of Improved Practices. Results indicate that deficits in child length begin between 3 and 5 months of age in this population, the same age range during which mothers report introducing complementary foods. Child diets are monotonous, tuber based, and lack sufficient energy. Qualitative interview data indicate that mothers face numerous barriers to behavior change, principally time constraints from their social role as animal caretakers. Comparative results from an upcoming endline survey testing intervention effects and pathways of changes in feeding practices during the one‐year intervention period will be presented.

Supported by the McKnight Foundation, NIH Nutrition Training Grant, the Bradfield Research Award, the H.E. Babcock Professor Chair fund.

Grant Funding Source: NIH Nutrition Training Grant
Child nutrition status in Rajathan, India: A positive deviance analysis
Authors: Hardy Meagan Janelle , Suri Devika
Published: June 2021

Objective

To apply a positive deviance (PD) analysis to the Government of India's Integrated Child Development Services in rural Rajasthan, which provides health and nutrition outreach activities.

Methods

A nutrition and health behavior survey was administered to 720 caregivers of children under three. Children from the poorest subset of households (n=456) within one standard deviation of normal weight‐for‐age z‐score (WAZ) were classified as positive deviants.

Results

Overall, 7.84% of children were positive deviants. These children were over three times as likely to have been exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, compared to severely underweight children (p = 0.035). Colostrum‐feeding was associated with significantly higher child WAZ scores (p = 0.029). Caregivers of positive deviants were more likely to have an accurate perception of their child's weight (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Nutrition interventions in resource‐poor areas should consider the health behaviors associated with increased WAZ found by PD, which can be enacted by caregivers despite limited resources and have a significant effect. The association between caregivers’ correct weight perception and normal child WAZ warrants further research to determine its effect on health behaviors.

Funding provided by UNICEF and the Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy.
Effects of glutamine on signaling pathways involved in synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle protein
Authors: Pithon‐Curi Tania Cristina , Lambertucci Adriana C , Lambertucci Rafael Herling , Hirabara Sandro Massao , Fiamoncini Jarlei , Silveira Leonardo R , Alba‐Loureiro Tatiana C , Curi Rui
Published: June 2021

Patients with diabetes mellitus present muscle mass loss and muscle atrophy that activate signaling pathways of protein degradation, such as MURF‐1 and MAF‐bx. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on signaling pathways of protein synthesis (Akt, GSK3, p70s6K, 4E‐BP1, mTOR) and degradation (MuRF‐1 e MAF‐bx) in rat soleus muscles in vitro and in vivo, by using Western blotting. In the in vitro experiments, skeletal muscle cells were cultured in the absence and in the presence of Gln (4 and 16 mM) for seven days; whereas, in the in vivo experiments, streptozocin‐induced diabetic rats were supplemented with glutamine (1g/kg bw for 15 days. Protein synthesis was determined by measuring the incorporation of labeled leucine into muscle cells. In cultured skeletal muscle cells, Gln (at 4 and 16 mM) increased L‐[U‐14C]‐leucine incorporation, Akt, mTOR and GSK3 phosphorylation, as well as p70s6k protein content phosphorylation, and decreased 4E‐BP1 and MuRF‐1 expression. In soleus muscle from diabetic rats there was an increase of Akt, GSK3 and mTOR phosphorylation, followed by a reduction of 4E‐BP1, MuRF‐1 and MAF‐bx. In conclusion, Gln stimulated the signaling pathway of protein synthesis and inhibited that of protein degradation in skeletal muscle.

Financial Support: Fapesp, Capes and CNPq
Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome among Filipino women
Authors: Duazo Paulita , Borja Judith , Lee Nanette , Adair Linda
Published: June 2021

The relationship between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been fully explored, especially in developing Asian countries like the Philippines. We aimed to identify Filipino dietary patterns and examine their association with MetS, defined as having 3 of 5 components: waist circumference (WC) >=88 cm; triglicerides (TG)>=150 mg/dL; HDL‐C <50 mg/dL; blood pressure (BP) >=130 mmHg systolic, >=85 mmHg diastolic; fasting glucose (FG) >= 100 mg/dL using data from 1867 women in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in 2005. About 28% had high TG, 83% had low HDL‐C, 37% had high BP, 80% had high FG and 27% had high WC; 48% had MetS. Using factor analysis, we identified 3 patterns: meats and sweets, vegetables, and processed seafoods. Logistic regression analyses that controlled for potential confounders showed that the high vegetable intake pattern is significantly associated with decreased odds of MetS. Compared to women in the lowest quartile vegetable factor score, women in the highest quartile were 26% less likely to have MetS [Odds Ratio (95% CI): 0.74 (.55,1.00)]. No significant associations were observed for the meats and processed fish patterns. With decreasing vegetable consumption and high incidence of CVD among Filipinos, it is important to reinforce high intake of vegetables for its beneficial effects on metabolic profiles. NIH 5 R01 HL085144‐03 and 1R01TW008288‐01.
Comparison of metabolic and nutritional profiles among Mexican, Mexican‐American and Non‐Hispanic White children
Authors: Diaz Rios Lillian K. , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen , Garay‐Sevilla Ma Eugenia , Malacara Juan M. , Bollero German , Aradillas‐Garcia Celia
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare somatometric variables, lipid profile, diet, and physical activity between Mexican children in Mexico (MEX), Mexican‐American (MXA) and Non‐Hispanic White children from US (NHW), to determine the influence of the ethnicity on these factors. One data set from México (MEXMCS) and one from the US (NHANES 2003–2004) were analyzed. The MEXMCS data were obtained from grammar schools of San Luis Potosí and León, Mexico. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), along with diet and physical activity data were compared among groups. In addition, data were analyzed based on age (6–9 yo and 10–12 yo) and gender. No gender effect was found for most of the variables except for weight at birth (F = 7.53, p < 0.01), and exercise (F = 8.13, p < 0.01) in the 6–9 yo group, and triglyceride (F = 13.79, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (F = 4.27, p = 0.04), and exercise (F = 9.48, p < 0.01) in the 10–12 yo group. Although, gender effect was significant for almost all dietary variables. MXA had the highest BMI and largest WC in both age groups. MEX has lowest HDL and highest DBP (oldest children). NHW had highest total cholesterol levels and highest saturated fat and lowest dietary cholesterol intake. MXA are often midway between MEX and NHW on metabolic and dietary variables, suggesting an influence of both genetics and environment. This project was funded by Universities of Illinois and Guanajuato.
Life expectancy of American Domestic Shorthair cats
Authors: Yu Shiguang
Published: June 2021

Life expectancy of cats was calculated from 196 cats (115 female and 81 male) with known birth and death dates. Most of the cats were neutered during the first year of their life. Both natural death and euthanasia due to terminal illness were considered as a death event. All cats received regular veterinary medical care during their life.

Gender had no effect on median survival of cats (male = 12.6 years; female = 13.1 years; p = 0.490). Therefore, combined data of male and female cats were used for the calculation of the life expectancy. The maximum survival time was 17.95 years in this group of cats. The age specific median residual lifetime (age in years/median residual lifetime in years) was 0.5/12.9, 1.5/12.3, 2.5/11.4, 3.5/10.5, 4.5/9.5, 5.5/8.5, 6.5/7.6, 7.5/6.7, 8.5/5.8, 9.5/5.0, 10.5/4.3, 11.5/3.6, 12.5/3.0, 13.5/2.3, 14.5/1.6, 15.5/0.9, 16.5/0.8, and 17.5/0.56. Mortality increased dramatically in cats after 9.7 years of age (95% CI: 8.8, 10.6 years). The results of this study suggest that earlier diagnostic or therapeutic intervention is warranted in cats beginning at 10 years of age. This study was supported by Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.
Fish oil with calorie restriction improves survival and reduces liver PON1 expression in aging mice
Authors: Fernandes Gabriel , Halade Ganesh V , Rahman Md M , Williams Paul J
Published: June 2021

Dietary modifications, like calorie‐restriction (CR) and n‐3 fatty acids (FA) supplementation, are widely utilized in animals and humans to improve health and lifespan. In this study, we investigated the effect of n‐3 fatty acids (fish oil: FO) vs n‐6 fatty acids (corn oil: CO), with and without CR on survival, serum metabolites, anti‐oxidative capacity, adipocyte pathology and left ventricular function. Four month old C57Bl/6J female mice were maintained on ad libitum (AL) or CR (40% less than AL) AIN‐93 diet supplemented with 6% corn oil (rich in n‐6 FA:CO/AL and CO/CR) or 1% CO plus 5% concentrated fish oil [(30/20:eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] (rich in n‐3 FA FO/AL and FO/CR) and also standard lab chow (LC) group for 16 months. At 20 months of age, we measured survival, serum metabolites, left ventricular function, liver anti‐oxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression. Results showed that FO/CR food intake prolongs lifespan, reduces triglycerides and decreases adipocyte cell size compared to FO/AL, CO/AL, CO/CR and standard diet in mice. We also noted left ventricular hypertrophy in CO/CR mice, but not in FO/CR mice. Furthermore, the longevity gene, PON1 expression was significantly lowered in liver of FO/CR mice, as compared to that of CO/AL, CO/CR, FO/AL and LC fed mice. These data suggest that n‐3 FA, along with CR is effective in prolonging lifespan and needs to be tested in humans.

Funding support: 1R01AG030161‐01A1 from NIH/NIA
Effects of nano‐silver administration for 4‐weeks on bone mineral density in growing rats
Authors: Kang Myung‐Hwa , Yu Il Je , Kim Mi‐Hyun , Choi Mi‐Kyoung
Published: June 2021

The present study was investigated the effect of nano‐silver administration on BMD in growing rats. Total 90 (male 45, female 45) rats in 5‐week age were used in this study. The animals were divided into three dose groups; vehicle control, low dose 100 mg/kg nano‐silver (average particle size=25 nm), and high dose 500 mg/kg nano‐silver group. Each group was composed of 30 rats (male 15, female 15). Nano‐silver was administered orally for 4 weeks. One group of rats was sacrificed at the end of 4 week administration, and other groups were allowed to recover for 1, 2 and 4 months to evaluate elimination of nano‐silver from various tissues, and to assess long‐term effects. After sacrifice, femur was processed for the assessment of BMD, and BMD of femur was measured by dual‐energy absorptiometry (DXA). There was no significant difference of femur BMD among the three groups at 0 month, 1 month and 2 month after different doses nano‐silver administration for 4 weeks. Our findings suggest that 4‐week administration of nano‐silver during growing stage of animal has no significant effects on BMD in male and female rats.
Small dose high leucine essential amino acids supplementation ameliorates sarcopenia in sarcopenic older Japanese women
Authors: Kobayashi Hisamine , Kato Hiroyuki , Inoue Yoshiko , Katayama Miwa , Kim Hunkyung , Saito Kyoko , Suzuki Takao
Published: June 2021

Sarcopenia, skeletal muscle loss with advancing age, leads to muscular weakness and reduced physical functions. It was reported that the high‐leucine essential amino acid mixture (HLEAA, 11 g twice a day) supplementation increased lean body mass (LBM) and physical functions in non‐sarcopenic elderly subjects. We conducted the randomized‐controlled trial to determine if HLEAA reverses sarcopenia in older subjects who actually have sarcopenic characteristics, i.e. reduced muscle mass and strength. The sarcopenic subjects were selected from 1,399 female participants, living at home in Tokyo and aged over 75 years, who had attended a comprehensive geriatric health check. The inclusion criteria were relative muscle mass (muscle mass/height2) ≤ 30th percentile, muscle strength (maximum knee extension power) ≤30th percentile, and BMI ≤ 25. 78 subjects were randomly allocated to a HLEAA group or a control group. The subjects assigned to the HLEAA group ingested 3 g of HLEAA two times a day for 3 months. The control group subjects only received a general health promoting lecture every month. 23 and 27 subjects completed the trial in the HLEAA group and the control group respectively. LBM was significantly increased in the HLEAA group (1.39 ± 0.22 kg, p < 0.001), and no change was observed in the control group (0.42 ± 0.41 kg). Maximum knee extension power was unchanged in both groups, but usual walking speed and maximum walking speed were significantly increased only in the HLEAA group. We conclude that relatively smaller dose (3 g twice a day) HLEAA ingestion for 3 months increases LBM and physical functions in apparent sarcopenic elderly women.
The effects of L‐alanine supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness and markers of muscle damage
Authors: Troutner Christina , Kern Mark
Published: June 2021

Supplementation of certain amino acids may reduce symptoms of delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). We have recently demonstrated that alanine blunts the exercise‐induced lowering of plasma concentrations of many amino acids, suggesting reduced amino acid catabolism during exercise. Our goal was to determine if alanine supplementation would favorably impact DOMS and markers of muscle damage due to exercise. A double‐blinded placebo‐controlled crossover design was utilized. Subjects completed exercise consisting of 60 minutes of cycling followed by 10 min of downhill (5% grade) running and 10 sets of 12 reverse (eccentric) knee extensions. Subjects consumed a total of 1500 ml of a beverage containing a solution of L‐alanine (3%) plus sucrose (3%) or a placebo beverage before and during the exercise protocol. Blood was collected prior to and immediately and 48 hours after exercise. Subjects completed visual analogue scales to measure their perceived muscle soreness before exercise and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after exercise. Plasma creatine kinase was elevated (p<0.05) immediately following exercise but not 48 hours post‐exercise for both trials. Lower DOMS (−10.3 ± 4.7 mm, p<0.05) was observed at the 72‐hour timepoint during the alanine trial but no differences were detected at other timepoints. These data suggest that L‐alanine supplementation may minimally lessen pain from exercise‐induced muscle damage.
Metabolic responses to high protein intake in Korean elite bodybuilder with intensive resistant exercise
Authors: Kim Hyerang , Lee San In Gun , Choue Ryowon
Published: June 2021

High protein consumption can cause metabolic acidosis, which affects nitrogen and calcium balance. However, the effects of high protein consumption on metabolic homeostasis in athletes participating in intensive exercise training have not been fully determined. This study investigated the metabolic response to high protein consumption in Korean elite bodybuilders. They consumed excessively high amounts of protein (4.3 ± 1.2 g/kg BW/day) and high amounts of calorie (5,621.7 ± 1,354.7 kcal/day), as well as more than the recommended amounts of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. Serum levels of creatinine (1.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl) and potassium (5.9 ± 0.8 mmol/L), and urinary levels of urea nitrogen (24.7 ± 9.5 mg/dl), creatinine (2.3 ± 0.7 mg/dl), calcium (0.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl), and phosphorus (1.3 ± 0.4 mg/dl) were observed to be higher than the normal reference ranges. It is considered that high urinary excretion of nitrogen and minerals were due to high consumption of those nutrients and high rate of muscle turnover rather than the results of metabolic acidosis. The results of this study suggest that resistance exercise along with an increased consumption of calcium and potassium might reduce or offset the negative effects of the protein‐generated acid load. Therefore, the metabolic response to counter high protein consumption might be dependent on the intensity of exercise and the level of mineral intake. Further studies will be needed to determine the effects of a high‐protein diet on systemic acid‐base balance and also to ascertain the safety and efficiency of protein intake in athletes.

Grant Funding Source: Nutrition (ASN)
Lysine catabolism in pig tissues
Authors: Gatrell Stephanie , Berg Levi E. , Barnard John T , Engels Juanita G , Wilmoth Tiffany A , Barnes Kimberly M , Wilson Matthew E , Blemings Kenneth P
Published: June 2021

The primary pathway of lysine degradation in pigs presumably depends on the bifunctional protein α‐aminoadipate δ‐semialdehyde synthase (AASS) which contains lysine α‐ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH) activities. In liver, AASS is restricted to the mitochondrial matrix and lysine is transported, presumably, by one or both mitochondrial ornithine transporters (MOT1/MOT2). Lysyl oxidase (LylOx) may represent a minor pathway of lysine oxidation. We assessed LKR, SDH and LylOx activities, lysine oxidation, mRNA abundance of LKR and MOT1/2 and AASS protein abundance (via SDH antibody) in liver, heart, kidney medulla and cortex, enterocytes, triceps and longissimus. In growing pigs (n=5), tissues oxidized lysine at varying rates. LKR activity was highest in liver (P<0.05). LKR mRNA abundance in liver was 6 to 130‐fold greater than other tissues (P<0.05). No differences in SDH activity across tissues were detected. No AASS protein could be detected in muscle. LylOx activity was highest in muscle. MOT1 and 2 were detected in every tissue, although no differences were detected as a function of tissue; interestingly there was a significant correlation between LKR activity and MOT1 mRNA abundance (P<0.05, R2= 0.48). These data indicate that extra‐hepatic tissues contribute to lysine oxidation as do enzymes other than LKR. (Support; HATCH WVA 470)
Effect of chickpea flour supplementation to wheat bread on the organoleptic properties of bread, blood glucose response and subjective appetite in young Kuwaiti females
Authors: Zafar Tasleem Ara , Al‐Hassawi Fatma , Al‐Khulaifi Fatima , Al‐Rayyes Ghanima
Published: June 2021

Prevalence of both obesity and diabetes rank the highest in Kuwait among the Middle East countries. White wheat bread (WWB), which is a high glycemic food, remains a popular staple of Kuwaiti people. The present study was designed to test if the glycemic response of wheat bread could be altered by supplementation with chickpea flour. The breads tested were WWB, whole wheat flour bread and whole wheat bread supplemented with either 25% or 35% chickpea flour. The organoleptic qualities such as color, texture, flavour and overall acceptability of the breads were evaluated by healthy females on a scale of 0 to 10. All parameters were ranked above 5.5, with an overall acceptability of 6. Glycemic and subjective appetite responses of the breads were compared. Thirteen young normal‐weight female volunteers consumed the test breads providing 50g available carbohydrate after an overnight fast once a week in a random order. Both visual analogue questionnaires to measure appetite and finger prick blood glucose testing were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min. Chickpea flour supplementation at 35% attenuated blood glucose compared to the WWB (0.01). Subjective appetite was not different among the treatments. These results show promising glycemic effects on preventing diabetes.
Dietary lutein improves episodic memory in young rats
Authors: Radzanowski Gwendolyn , Kullen Martin J. , Berg Brian M.
Published: June 2021

Human milk is considered the ideal source of nutrition for optimal infant development. Lutein is a carotenoid nutrient found in human milk and has recently been added to infant formula. Lutein is a component of human retina, and has also been co‐localized to human brain regions. We have previously reported that lutein significantly increases the length of neurites on rat primary hippocampal neurons. The purpose of this work was to determine if this morphological effect of lutein is associated with an enhancement of cognitive function. Here, we report the impact of early postnatal dietary lutein on rat open‐field behavior and novel object recognition. Weanling Long‐Evans rats were fed AIN‐93G based diets formulated to contain 0 mg/kg lutein, 2.5 mg/kg lutein, or 250 mg/kg lutein for 36 days. Diet treatments were blinded to the investigators and behaviors were quantified by automated video tracking software (Noldus). No significant differences were observed between treatment groups on any open‐field behavioral outcomes, suggesting no motor or anxiety related effects due to diet. Importantly, 48 hours after acquisition of two identical objects, rats fed 250 mg/kg lutein spent significantly more time investigating the novel object (p=0.01) while rats fed 0 or 2.5 mg/kg diet did not show novel object recognition (p=0.97 and p=0.84 respectively). These data suggest that dietary lutein improves episodic memory in rats.
Tea, coffee, and total caffeine consumption and cognition in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Arab Lenore , O'Meara Ellen S , Longstreth William T , Fitzpatrick Annette L
Published: June 2021

We studied the relationship between consumption of either tea or caffeinated beverages and cognitive function in older adults in participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study, a cohort of men and women of 65 years and older. Cognitive function was measured using the 100‐point Modified Mini‐Mental State (3MSE) examination and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Data on tea, coffee, and caffeinated soft drink consumption were obtained from a Willett food frequency questionnaire. Consumption was at least daily in 42.6% of participants for coffee and 23.9 % for tea. The median caffeine consumption was 565 mg/week. In a fully adjusted linear regression with 3062 participants, relative to non‐tea drinkers, adjusted average 3MSE scores were 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.3 points higher with increasing consumption of 1–3 times/month, 1–6 times/week, 1 cups/d, and 2+ cups/d respectively (p=0.006). An association between tea consumption and DSST score was also seen, rising linearly from 37.8 in non‐tea drinkers to 40.9 in those drinking 2 or more cups per day (p=0.005). Weaker associations were seen for 3MS scores with coffee (p=0.07) and caffeine (p=0.03), and no associations were seen for DSST scores with coffee (0.90) and caffeine (0.87). These cross‐sectional analyses show that improved performance on these cognitive tests was more strongly associated with consumption of tea than coffee or total caffeine from beverages.
Resistance training improves the inflammatory response to an acute resistance exercise bout in healthy young adults
Authors: Calle Mariana C , Fernandez Maria Luz , Kraemer William J , Volk Brittanie M , Kupchak Brian , Volek Jeff S
Published: June 2021

Ten non‐resistance trained subjects (8 men, 2 women, 21–28 y) participated in a 9 mo supervised resistance exercise training 3 times/wk. We examined the inflammatory response to: 1) an acute resistance exercise bout (ARET) and 2) a 9 mo resistance training program by comparing the responses at baseline (T0) and after 9 months (T9). The ARET consisted of 6 × 10 repetitions of squats (75% of 1RM) with 2 min rest between sets. Blood was drawn pre‐ exercise, immediately post, 15 and 60 min after the ARET. Plasma cytokines were measured at all time points both at T0 and at T9. Analysis of the acute effects at T0 indicated that the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α increased to a lesser extent than the anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1ra and IL‐10 after 60 min. These results suggest that in spite of the large inflammatory response induced by ARET, this is counterbalanced by the body's anti‐inflammatory response in healthy subjects. When T0 and T9 were compared, the area under the curve for TNF‐α was significantly lower after training (T0=105.9 vs. T9=62.9 p=0.029) and it almost reached significance for IL‐15 (T0=26.5 vs T9=38.0 p=0.07). TNF‐α responses were diminished with training at 15m (T0=63.9.5 pg/mL vs T9=60.4 pg/mL p=0.035) and 60 m. (T0=79.7 pg/mL vs T9=34.8 pg/mL p=0.025). These reductions in TNF‐α indicate that resistance training reduces the inflammatory response to an acute bout of resistance training [Supported by the National Dairy Council]
Correlates of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Fat Consumption in a Latino Farm Worker Community in Central California
Authors: Matias Susana L , Stoecklin‐Marois Maria T , Tancredi Daniel J , Schenker Marc B
Published: June 2021

We assessed the quality of fruit, vegetable and fat intake and identified factors associated with poor intake among Latino farm workers. Data were collected as part of the MICASA cohort study (n=843). We collected information on dietary intake during the past year by an interviewer‐administered questionnaire. The number of fruit and vegetable servings per day (>=5 vs. <5) and the percentage of calories from fat (>=35% vs. <35%) were dichotomized. We performed multivariable logistic regression controlling for age, education and income; separate models were constructed by gender. Fifty two percent of this population consumed >=5 servings of fruit and vegetables/day, 46% consumed >35% of calories from fat. Among men, being married, those born in Mexico or Central America, or whose family ate together >3 times/week had higher odds of consuming >=5 servings of fruit and vegetables/day. More acculturated men, those who ate fast food >=1/week or who had a child at home had higher odds of consuming more than 35% of their calories from fat. Among women, school attendance in the US was associated with consuming <5 servings of fruits and vegetables and >35% of calories from fat; women who had a child at home had higher odds of consuming >35% of calories from fat. These results suggest that factors related to acculturation are associated with poorer dietary intake in rural Latinos.

Supported by the NIOSH and the California Endowment.
DIET QUALITY ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN ELDERLY MEXICAN POPULATION
Authors: ROSAS VERONICA MUNDO , LEVY TERESA SHAMAH
Published: June 2021

In Mexico there are not published studies about the diet quality of the elderly people (EP).

Objective

To evaluate the diet quality of the EP and its association with social and demographic characteristics.

Methods

Dietary data from a semi‐quantitative questionnaire applied during the National Health and Nutrition Survey was used. Information from 3357 men and women. A Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was constructed based on 10 recommendations from the USDA‐2005. The HEI was divided into three categories of diet quality: Healthy (HD) (HEI¡Ý81). Improvement Required (IRD) (HEI >50 y ¡Ü80) and Poor (PD) (HEI¡Ü50). Logistic regression models were tested in order to measure the association between categories of diet quality and social and demographic characteristics as follows: age, sex, indigenous condition, economic status, Body Mass Index, scholar level and to be beneficiary of a health service. All this data was adjusted using the survey sample design.

Results

10.3 % of the EP are in the HD category, 83.0% in the IRD and 6.7 % belong to the PD. Factors significantly associated with HD category was: higher education level (O.R=2.4); with IRD was live in the southern region (O.R=1.4) and PD was live in northern region (O.R=2.0) and living alone (O.R=2.1)

Conclusions

A very small portion of the EP meets with the dietary recommendations. This is important due to the role of the HD in the age related diseases control and prevention.
Beverage intake of Mexican school‐age children
Authors: Safdie Margarita , Stein Aryeh D , Torres Catalina , Lirizarry Laura , Bonvecchio Anabelle , Rivera Juan A
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Mexico is experiencing an increasing epidemic of childhood obesity. Caloric intake from beverages is not offset by reductions in caloric intake from food. The Mexican Government has instituted policies to reduce caloric beverage consumption in schools, but the contribution of caloric beverages to overall energy intake is not known.

Objective

To assess beverage intake in children 9–11 y old attending public schools in Mexico City.

Methodology

We administered a previously‐developed, child‐friendly beverage diary. Children (n=131) completed three weekday diaries and (96) one weekend diary.

Results

3592 reports of beverage consumption were obtained. During weekdays, the distribution of consumed beverages was: sugar‐sweetened beverages 48.8%, natural water 31.3%, unsweetened whole milk beverages 11.4% During weekends 798 reports from 96 children were obtained, the distribution was: sugar‐sweetened beverages 58.1%, natural water 32.2%, unsweetened whole milk beverages 11.6%.

Conclusion

Caloric beverages are consumed frequently, especially on weekends and likely contribute to the growing prevalence of overweight in Mexican children.
Nutrition disparities occur in U.S. sub‐populations with differing household income: An analysis of NHANES 2003–2006
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L , King Janet C , McBurney Michael I
Published: June 2021

Using dietary intake from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006, we determined usual intake for vitamin A, C, E, B6, folate, Mg, P, and Zn with Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (Iowa State University) based on 3 levels of household income (<$25,000, $25,000–74,999, and ≥$75,000). We also determined the % population with inadequate intake (<Estimated Average Requirement, EAR) for the same nutrients. Only data from subjects 2y or older with 2d of reliable dietary records were used; pregnant and lactating females were excluded. Vitamin E intakes were inadequate in >90% of all populations >2y. In those 9–18y, the % population with intakes <EAR of vitamin A, and P was significantly higher (p<0.05) for the low income group vs high income group (49.1 ± 5.2 vs 33.3 ± 3.6 and 26.3 ± 3.4 vs 17.8 ± 4.0 % ± SE, respectively). In subjects 19+y the % population with intakes <EAR of vitamin A, C, B6, and folate were significantly higher (p<0.05) for low income group vs high income group (55.9 ± 2.3 vs 35.1 ± 7.4, 45.1 ± 2.0 vs 30.0 ± 3.1, 18.9 ± 2.3 vs 6.0 ± 5.0, and 41.9 ± 2.1 vs 17.0 ± 6.7 % ± SE, respectively). Despite mandatory folate fortification, women of childbearing age (19–50y) in the low income group were at significantly greater risk of folate inadequacy (55.6 ± 3.0 vs 28.7 ± 6.5 % ± SE). We conclude that household income influences nutritional disparity in the US. (Supported by DSM Nutritional Products Inc.)