bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impasse in Bolivia
Authors: Hashim Benjamin H. , Farthing Linda C.
Published: January 2021

Bolivia has experienced two decades of unprecedented popular resistance to the consequences of neoliberal policies, resulting in the resignation and flight of its president in October 2003. This unusual book uncovers the reasons and processes behind the rising opposition - mirrored in country after country in Latin America - to this currently fashionable, internationally prescribed approach to economic development. It explores the problems faced by governments in reproducing global strategies at the national level, the tensions between markets and democracy, state restructuring, citizenship and property rights. It points to the problems inherent in retaining neoliberalism as the dominant paradigm in Latin America for the foreseeable future and the unlikely prospect of it putting down real roots of approval and legitimacy.
Iraqi Women
Authors: Al-Ali Nadje Sadig
Published: January 2021

The war in Iraq has put the condition of Iraqi women firmly on the global agenda. For years, their lives have been framed by state oppression, economic sanctions and three wars. Now they must play a seminal role in reshaping their country’s future for the twenty-first century.

Nadje Al-Ali challenges the myths and misconceptions which have dominated debates about Iraqi women, bringing a much needed gender perspective to bear on the central political issue of our time. Based on life stories and oral histories of Iraqi women, she traces the history of Iraq from post-colonial independence, to the emergence of a women’s movement in the 1950s, Saddam Hussein’s early policy of state feminism to the turn towards greater social conservatism triggered by war and sanctions. Yet, the book also shows that, far from being passive victims, Iraqi women have been, and continue to be, key social and political actors. Following the invasion, Al-Ali analyses the impact of occupation and Islamist movements on women’s lives and argues that US-led calls for liberation has led to a greater backlash against Iraqi women.
Land, Freedom and Fiction
Authors: Maughan-Brown David
Published: January 2021

This now classic work examines the contrasting ways in which the Mau Mau struggle for land and independence in Kenya was mirrored, and usually distorted, by successive generations of English and white Kenyan authors, as well as by indigenous Kenyan novelists. Against the turbulent background of the Mau Mau Uprising, Dr Maughan-Brown explores the relationship between history, literary creation and the myths that societies cultivate. Spanning the breadth of colonial and post-colonial African literature, his subjects range from the colonialist authors Robert Ruark and Elspeth Huxley to the post-independence novels of Meja Mwangi and Ngugi wa Thiong'o.

Maughan-Brown's book is invaluable on many levels. He presents a concise account of the uprising and its place in Kenyan identity, and significantly increases our understanding of settler attitudes and the role of literature within colonial ideology. Land, Freedom and Fiction succeeds in showing the subtle insights a materialist approach can bring to the study of literature, ideology and society.
Rebuilding the Left
Authors: Harnecker Marta
Published: January 2021

What future is there for the left, faced with the challenges of the twenty-first century? Based on a lifetime’s experience in politics, Marta Harnecker addresses the crisis facing the left today.

At its heart, this book is a critique of social democratic realpolitik. Harnecker reminds us that, contrary to today’s orthodoxy, politics is not the art of the possible but the art of making the impossible possible by building a social and political force capable of changing reality.

She believes that the social experiments being carried out in Latin America today hold out hope that an alternative to capitalism is possible; they are essentially socialist, democratic projects in which the people are the driving force. To create a real alternative to capitalism, though, the left must change.

Rebuilding the Left offers real hope to those who still believe that we can create a different world.
Social Democratic Party’s Electoral Strategies Amid Social Class (Re)alignment and (Re)mobilisation
Authors: Kerr Rebecca
Published: January 2021

Social Democratic parties have long been steady pioneers of European democracy, but over the past decade they have suffered a humiliating collapse. It is commonly asserted that European countries have entered a classless society. Subsequently, mainstream left parties adopted broad electoral strategies to appeal widely to the median voter, exemplified by the Blair-Schröder Third Way. Electoral backlash following the British and German social democratic party’s 1990s neoliberal shift, their approach to globalization as well as their handling of the financial crisis and refugee crisis have eroded their popularity. Subsequent frustration with the political establishment is exemplified by the cultural backlash thesis. However, a countermovement signified by postmaterialism and social liberalism calls for transformative social and political change. The two convictions clash on binary issues, exacerbating a righteous divide between sociocultural liberals and conservatives, recently popularized as the “anywheres” and the “somewheres”. This paper puts forth the necessity for social democratic parties to re-engage with the cleavage politics of today. This is particularly important as today’s cleavages are largely ideologically driven. Questions of electoral strategy, ideological positioning and mobilisation tactics are contested intra-party. Attention is paid to Corbyn’s Labour, whose move towards traditionalism at first earned electoral support, only to be discredited in 2019. In comparison, the German SPD embraced centrism in 2017 and were penalized for it. They must now respond and offer a strategic alternative following competition from the Greens and Die Linke.
The EU Integration Process and its Role in the Albanian Sociopolitical Transformation
Authors: Gjinko Juliana
Published: January 2021

Nearly thirty years after the fall of communism in Albania, European integration has been the main driving force for change and the real catalyst for reform. Today, a vast majority of Albanians continue to be convinced that the only way to develop, modernize and guarantee security is a full integration into the European family. The problem is not simply the duration of such an intermediate phase between obtaining candidate status and a full membership of the European Union. In fact, Albanians themselves are increasingly aware that the road to full membership of the European Union will be long, and that it will require a series of major and profound changes in the country, especially in the areas of the rule of law and functioning of institutions, along with implementing various standards that a society must meet in order to achieve this goal. The aim of this paper is to analyze Albanian use and abuse of the EU integration process in internal political discourse, reforms and transformation. A number of documents, publications and public speeches are examined in order to evaluate the impact of integration in this small, developing, post-communist country.
Preliminary outcomes of totally gastrectomy in using the robotic surgery for gastric cancer at Nghe An Friendship General Hospital
Authors: Đinh Văn Chiến ,   Nguyễn Văn Hương, Phạm Văn Anh, Đặng Đình Khoa
Published: January 2021

Tóm tắt
Đặt vấn đề: Đánh giá kết quả sớm, tính khả thi, an toàn và triệt căn bằng phẫu thuật nội soi hoàn toàn cắt toàn bộ dạ dày vét hạch D2 trong điều trị ung thư biểu mô dạ dày.
Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang từ 07/2017 đến 07/2018, có 11 người bệnh được phẫu thuật nội soi hoàn toàn cắt toàn bộ dạ dày vét hạch D2.
Kết quả: Tuổi trung bình 56,3±2,3 tuổi, 27,3% ung thư giai đoạn IB, 36,3% ở giai đoạn IIA, 27,3% ở giai đoạn IIB và 9,1% ở giai đoạn IIIA; 100% trường hợp phẫu thuật nội soi hoàn toàn cắt toàn bộ dạ dày vét hạch D2. Có 01(9,1%) trường hợp tai biến nhẹ trong mổ, không có biến chứng và tử vong sau mổ. Thời gian mổ trung bình là 197±6.5 phút; Số hạch vét được trung bình là 17,3±4,5 hạch; Thời gian nằm viện sau mổ trung bình là 8,3±1,4 ngày.
Kết luận: Phẫu thuật nội soi hoàn toàn cắt toàn bộ dạ dày vét hạch D2 là khả thi, an toàn và hiệu quả trong điều trị ung thư biểu mô dạ dày. Người bệnh ít đau, thời gian hồi phục và nằm viện ngắn.

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of study is to evaluate the early outcomes, feasibility and safety, ability of radical treatment by totally gastrectomy in using the robotic surgery with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer.
Material and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of 11 patients who underwent totally laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancers between July 2017 and July 2018.
Results: Mean age was 56.3, 27.3% cases were at stage IB, 36.3% at stage IIA, 27.3% at stage IIB and 9.1% at stage IIIA; 100% totally laparoscopic gastrectmory with D2 lymphadenectomy. 01 case (9.1%) with liver injury during the operation. No postoperative mortality was recorded. The average operation time was 197±6.5 minutes; The average number of lymph node dissected was 17.3±4.5; The average length of postoperative hospital stay was 8.3±1.4 days. Conclusion: Totally laparoscopic gastrectomy is a safe and effective procedure for treatment of gastric cancer. The advantages of totally laparoscopic gastrectomy include less postoperative pain and faster recovery time, reduce length of hospital stay.

Keyword: Totally laparoscopic, Totally laparoscopic gastrectomy, Gastric Cancer
Immigration Policy and the U.S. AI Sector
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Arnold Zachary , Heston Roxanne , Zwetsloot Remco
Published: January 2021

As the artificial intelligence field becomes more developed globally, the United States will continue to rely on foreign AI talent to stay ahead of the curve. Here are our preliminary recommendations to maintain current U.S. leadership, bolster the domestic AI workforce and improve the outlook for the future.
Inventario de la ictiofauna de la cuenca media del río Anchicayá y selección de especies con potencial para cultivo
Authors: Augusto Angulo Jorge , García Lury Nohemy
Published: January 2021

Se realizó un inventario de peces en la cuenca media del río Anchicayá (Valle del Cauca), para actualizar la información de la ictiofauna de la zona y se hizo una preselección de las especies que pueden ser aptas para acuicultura teniendo en cuenta criterios como: su abundancia y frecuencia en las capturas, tamaño, forma, color y aceptación para el consumo por parte la comunidad local . Se capturaron 323 peces en nueve órdenes, 16 familias y 29 especies. Las especies más abundantes fueron la carduma Atherinella serrivomer (26.3%), sabaleta Brycon henni (23.5%), aguja Strongylura fluviatilis (11.4%), arrayán Hemieleotris latifasciata (7.4%) y la chuchulapa Rineloricaria jubata (6.8%). Los órdenes con mayor número (n) de especies fueron Siluriformes (9), Perciformes (8), Characiformes (6) y Gymnotiformes (1). La comunidad seleccionó 38% de las especies, con preferencia para consumo; 28% se puede considerar para cultivo ornamental y 31.2% hace parte de la ictiofauna no comercial pero puede poseer gran importancia ecológica, como Atherinella serrivomer, que por su abundancia, se valora como indicador biológico de la zona. Las capturas señalan que existen un buen porcentaje de peces nativos con características apropiadas para el desarrollo de cultivo.
Formation kinetics and mechanism of ozone and secondary organic
aerosols from photochemical oxidation of different aromatic
hydrocarbons: dependence of NOx and organic substituent
Authors: Luo Hao , Chen Jiangyao , Li Guiying , An Taicheng
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) contribute significantly to ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in atmosphere, but formation mechanisms are still unclear. Herein, photochemical oxidation of nine AHs was investigated in chamber. Only small amount of ozone was produced from direct photochemical oxidation of AHs, while fewer AH substituent number resulted in higher concentrated ozone. Addition of NOx increased ozone and SOA production. Synergetic effect of accelerated NO2 conversion and NO reaction with AHs boosted ozone and volatile intermediate formation. Promoting AH concentration in VOC / NOx ratio further increased formation rates and concentrations of both ozone and SOA. Additionally, ozone formation was enhanced with increasing AH's substituent number but negligibly affected by their substituent position. Differently, SOA yield decreased with increased substituent number of AHs, but increased with ortho methyl group substituted AHs. Model fitting and intermediate consistently confirmed that increasing substituent number on phenyl ring inhibited generating dicarbonyl intermediates, which however were preferentially produced from oxidation of ortho methyl group substituted AHs, resulting in different changing trend of SOA yield. The restrained oligomerization by increased substituent number was another main cause for decreased SOA yield. These results are helpful to understand photochemical transformation of AHs to secondary pollutants in real atmosphere.
The electrical activity of Saharan dust as perceived from surface electric field observations
Authors: Daskalopoulou Vasiliki , Mallios Sotirios A. , Ulanowski Zbigniew , Hloupis George , Gialitaki Anna , Tsikoudi Ioanna , Tassis Konstantinos , Amiridis Vassilis
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We report on the electric field variations during Saharan
dust advection over two atmospheric remote stations in Greece, using
synergistic observations of the vertical atmospheric electric field strength
(Ez) at ground level and the lidar-derived particle
backscatter coefficient profiles. Both parameters were monitored for the
first time with the simultaneous deployment of a ground-based field mill
electrometer and a multi-wavelength polarization lidar. The field mill
time series are processed to extract the diurnal variations of the global
electric circuit and remove fast field perturbations due to peak lightning
activity. In order to identify the influence of the elevated dust layers on
the ground Ez, we extract a localized reference
electric field from the time series that reflects the local fair-weather
activity. Then, we compare it with the reconstructed daily average behaviour
of the electric field and the Saharan dust layers' evolution, as depicted by
the lidar. The observed enhancement of the vertical electric field (up to
∼100 V m−1), for detached pure dust layers, suggests the
presence of in-layer electric charges. Although higher dust loads are
expected to result in such an electric field enhancement, episodic cases
that reduce the electric field are also observed (up to ∼60 V m−1). To quantitatively approach our results, we examine the dependency of
Ez against theoretical assumptions for the
distribution of separated charges within the electrified dust layer.
Electrically neutral dust is approximated by atmospheric conductivity
reduction, while charge separation areas within electrically active dust
layers are approximated as finite-extent cylinders. This physical
approximation constitutes a more realistic description of the distribution
of charges, as opposed to infinite-extent geometries, and allows for
analytical solutions of the electric field strength so that observed
variations during the monitored dust outbreaks can be explained.
Aircraft-based inversions quantify the importance of wetlands and livestock for Upper Midwest methane emissions
Authors: Yu Xueying , Millet Dylan B. , Wells Kelley C. , Henze Daven K. , Cao Hansen , Griffis Timothy J. , Kort Eric A. , Plant Genevieve , Deventer Malte J. , Kolka Randall K. , Roman D. Tyler , Davis Kenneth J. , Desai Ankur R. , Baier Bianca C. , McKain Kathryn , Czarnetzki Alan C. , Bloom A. Anthony
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We apply airborne measurements across three seasons
(summer, winter and spring 2017–2018) in a multi-inversion framework to
quantify methane emissions from the US Corn Belt and Upper Midwest, a key
agricultural and wetland source region. Combing our seasonal results with
prior fall values we find that wetlands are the largest regional methane
source (32 %, 20 [16–23] Gg/d), while livestock (enteric/manure; 25 %,
15 [14–17] Gg/d) are the largest anthropogenic source. Natural
gas/petroleum, waste/landfills, and coal mines collectively make up the
remainder. Optimized fluxes improve model agreement with independent
datasets within and beyond the study timeframe. Inversions reveal coherent
and seasonally dependent spatial errors in the WetCHARTs ensemble mean
wetland emissions, with an underestimate for the Prairie Pothole region but
an overestimate for Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Wetland extent and
emission temperature dependence have the largest influence on prediction
accuracy; better representation of coupled soil temperature–hydrology
effects is therefore needed. Our optimized regional livestock emissions
agree well with the Gridded EPA estimates during spring (to within 7 %) but
are ∼ 25 % higher during summer and winter. Spatial analysis
further shows good top-down and bottom-up agreement for beef facilities (with
mainly enteric emissions) but larger (∼ 30 %) seasonal
discrepancies for dairies and hog farms (with > 40 % manure
emissions). Findings thus support bottom-up enteric emission estimates but
suggest errors for manure; we propose that the latter reflects inadequate
treatment of management factors including field application. Overall, our
results confirm the importance of intensive animal agriculture for regional
methane emissions, implying substantial mitigation opportunities through
improved management.
UAS Chromatograph for Atmospheric Trace	Species (UCATS)	–	a versatile instrument for trace gas measurements on airborne platforms
Authors: Hintsa Eric J. , Moore Fred L. , Hurst Dale F. , Dutton Geoff S. , Hall Bradley D. , Nance J. David , Miller Ben R. , Montzka Stephen A. , Wolton Laura P. , McClure-Begley Audra , Elkins James W. , Hall Emrys G. , Jordan Allen F. , Rollins Andrew W. , Thornberry Troy D. , Watts Laurel A. , Thompson Chelsea R. , Peischl Jeff , Bourgeois Ilann , Ryerson Thomas B. , Daube Bruce C. , Pittman Jasna V. , Wofsy Steven C. , Kort Eric , Diskin Glenn S. , Bui T. Paul
Published: January 2021

Abstract. UCATS (the UAS Chromatograph for Atmospheric Trace Species) was designed and built for observations of important atmospheric trace gases from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). Initially it measured major chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the stratospheric transport tracers nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Compact ozone (O3) and water vapor (H2O) instruments were added to enhance science missions on platforms with relatively small payloads. Over the past decade, UCATS has been reconfigured to measure methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and molecular hydrogen (H2) instead of CFCs and has undergone numerous upgrades to its subsystems. It has served as part of large payloads on stratospheric UAS missions to probe the tropical tropopause region and transport of air into the stratosphere, in piloted aircraft studies of greenhouse gases, transport, and chemistry in the troposphere, and will soon return to the study of stratospheric ozone depletion, one of the original goals for UCATS. Each deployment brought different challenges, which were largely met or resolved. The design, capabilities, modifications and some results from UCATS are shown and described here, including changes for upcoming missions.
Meteor radar observations of polar mesospheric summer echoes
over Svalbard
Authors: Younger Joel P. , Reid Iain M. , Adami Chris L. , Hall Chris M. , Tsutsumi Masaki
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A 31 MHz meteor radar located in Svalbard has been used to observe polar mesospheric echoes (PMSE) during summer 2020. Data from 19 July was selected for detailed analysis, with a focus on extracting additional information to characterize the atmosphere in the PMSE region. The use of an all-sky meteor radar adds an additional use to data collected for meteor observations and enables the detection of PMSE layers across a wide field of view. Comparison with data from a 53.5 MHz narrow-beam MST radar shows good agreement in the morphology of the layer as detected between the two systems. Doppler spectra of PMSE layers reveal fine structure, including regions of enhanced return that move across the radar's field of view. The relationship between range and Doppler shift of off-zenith portions of the layer enable the estimation of wind speeds with high temporal resolution during PMSE conditions. Trials demonstrate good agreement between wind speeds obtained from PMSE Doppler spectra and those calculated from specular meteor trail radial velocities. Combined with the antenna polar diagram of the radar, this same relationship was used to infer the aspect sensitivity of observed PMSE backscatter, yielding a mean backscatter angular width of 6.6 ± 2.8°. A comparison of underdense meteor radar echo decay times during and outside of PMSE conditions did not demonstrate a strong correlation between the presence of PMSE and shortened underdense meteor radar echo durations.
Long distance particle transport to the central Ionian Sea
Authors: Berline Léo , Doglioli Andrea Michelangelo , Petrenko Anne , Barrillon Stéphanie , Espinasse Boris , Le Moigne Frederic A. C. , Simon-Bot François , Thyssen Melilotus , Carlotti François
Published: January 2021

Abstract. In the upper layers of the Ionian Sea, young Mediterranean Atlantic Waters (MAW) flowing eastward from the Sicily channel meet old MAW. In May 2017, during the PEACETIME cruise, fluorescence and particle content sampled at high resolution revealed unexpected heterogeneity in the central Ionian. Surface salinity measurements, together with altimetry-derived and hull-mounted ADCP currents, describe a zonal pathway of AW entering the Ionian Sea, consistent with the so-called cyclonic mode in the North Ionian Gyre. The ION-Tr transect, located ~19–20° E–~36° N turned out to be at the crossroad of three water masses, mostly coming from the west, north and from an isolated anticyclonic eddy northeast of ION-Tr. Using Lagrangian numerical simulations, we suggest that the contrast in particle loads along ION-Tr originates from particles transported from these three different water masses. Waters from the west, identified as young AW carried by a strong southwestward jet, were intermediate in particle load, probably originating from the Sicily channel. Water mass originating from the north was carrying abundant particles, probably originating from northern Ionian, or further from the south Adriatic. Waters from the eddy, depleted in particles and Chl-a may originate from south of Peloponnese, where the Pelops eddy forms. The central Ionian Sea hence appears as a mosaic area, where waters of contrasted biological history meet. This contrast is particularly clear in spring, when blooming and non-blooming areas co-occur. Particle abundance in situ measurements are useful to discriminate water masses and derive circulation, together with T-S properties. Interpreting the complex dynamics of physical-biogeochemical coupling from discrete measurements made at isolated stations at sea is a big challenge. The combination of multi-parametric in situ measurements at high resolution with remote sensing and Lagrangian modeling appears as one proper way to address this challenge.
Effect of normal stress on the frictional behavior of brucite: application to slow earthquakes at the subduction plate interface in the mantle wedge
Authors: Okuda Hanaya , Katayama Ikuo , Sakuma Hiroshi , Kawai Kenji
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We report the results of friction experiments on brucite under both dry and wet conditions under various normal stresses (10–60 MPa). The
final friction coefficients of brucite were determined to be 0.40 and 0.26 for the dry and wet cases, respectively, independent of the normal
stress. Under dry conditions, velocity-weakening behavior was observed in all experiments at various normal stresses. Under wet conditions, velocity
weakening was observed at low normal stress (10 and 20 MPa), whereas velocity strengthening was determined at a higher applied normal
stress. Microstructural observations of recovered experimental samples indicate localized deformation within a narrow shear band, implying that a
small volume of brucite can control the bulk frictional strength in an ultramafic setting. Among serpentinite-related minerals, weak and unstable
frictional behavior of brucite under hydrated mantle wedge conditions may play a role in slow earthquakes at the subduction plate interface in
the mantle wedge.
Rock alteration at the post-Variscan nonconformity: implications for
Carboniferous-Permian surface weathering versus burial diagenesis
and paleoclimate evaluation
Authors: Liang Fei , Niu Jun , Linsel Adrian , Hinderer Matthias , Scheuvens Dirk , Petschick Rainer
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A nonconformity refers to a hiatal surface located between metamorphic or igneous rocks and overlying sedimentary or volcanic rocks. Those surfaces are key features to understand the relations among climate, lithosphere and tectonic movements during ancient time. In this study, the petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of Variscan basement rock and its overlying Permian volcano-sedimentary succession from a drill core in the Sprendlinger Horst, Germany are analyzed by means of polarization microscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscope, X-Ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry analyses. In the gabbroic diorite of the basement, the intensity of micro- and macro-fractures increases towards the top indicating an intense physical weathering. The overlying Permian volcanic rock is a basaltic andesite which shows less intense physical weathering compared to the gabbroic diorite. In both segments, secondary minerals are dominated by illite and a mix-layer phase of illite and smectite (I/S). The corrected chemical index of alteration (CIA) and the plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) indicate an intermediate to unweathered degree in the gabbroic diorite and an extreme to unweathered degree in the basaltic andesite. The τ value for both basaltic andesite and gabbroic diorite indicate an abnormal enrichment of K, Rb, and Cs that cannot be observed in the overlying Permian sedimentary rocks. Accompanying hydrothermal minerals such as adularia suggest subsequent overprint by (K-rich) hydrothermal fluids during burial diagenesis which promoted the conversion from smectite to illite. The overall order of element depletion in both basaltic andesite and gabbroic diorite during the weathering process is as follows: Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) > Rear earth elements (REE) > High Field Strength Element (HFSE). Concerning the REE, heavy rare earth elements (HREE) are less depleted than light rare earth elements (LREE). Our study shows that features of supergene physical and chemical paleo-weathering are well conserved at the post-Variscan nonconformity despite hypogene alteration. Both can be distinguished by characteristic minerals and geochemical indices, with the results, a new workflow to eliminate distractions for paleoclimate evaluation and evolution is well developed.
Deforestation effects on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical
properties in Iran: a case study of using fallout radionuclides in
a Chernobyl contaminated area
Authors: Khodadadi Maral , Alewell Christine , Mirzaei Mohammad , Ehssan-Malahat Ehssan , Asadzadeh Farrokh , Strauss Peter , Meusburger Katrin
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Deforestation for farming and grazing purposes has become a global challenge. To study the impact of deforestation on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties, Zarivar Lake watershed, Kurdestan Province, Iran, was selected. Converting the steep hillslopes naturally under oak forest to rainfed vineyards has been one of the most common land-use changes in the area. We used 137Cs and 210Pbex radionuclides and quantified the Chernobyl-derived 137Cs fallout with 239+240Pu. The soil samples were collected from two adjacent and similar hillslopes, one of which is under natural forest, while the other is under rainfed vineyard. Using 137Cs/239+240Pu rates and a simple unmixing of the 137Cs sources indicated that 50.2 ± 10.0 % of 137Cs was Chernobyl-derived. The mean reference inventory values of 137Cs, 210Pbex, and 239+240Pu were estimated to be at 6152 ± 1266, 6079 ± 1511, and 135 ± 31 Bq m−2, respectively. At the forested hillslope, net soil erosion rates based on 137Cs, and 210Pbex, techniques were estimated to be at 5.0 and 5.9 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, resulting in Sediment Delivery Ratios (SDRs) of 96 and 70 %. However, at the vineyard hillslope, the net soil redistribution rates were at 25.9 and 32.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for 137Cs and 210Pbex, respectively, resulting in respective SDRs of around 95 and 92 %. Both 137Cs and 210Pbex indicated that as a result of deforestation, soil erosion has increased by approximately five times. Percolation Stabilities (PS) in forest and vineyard topsoil are about 309 and 160 gr H2O 600 s−1 classified as rapid and moderate PSs, respectively. Rapid PS in forest soil implies high aggregate stability, whereas moderate PS in vineyard soils indicates that they are generally weakly-structured. All in all, the results of the present study revealed that deforestation and converting natural vegetation to cropland prompted soil loss and deteriorated physicochemical properties of the soil.
Review article: Earth's ice imbalance
Authors: Slater Thomas , Lawrence Isobel R. , Otosaka Inès N. , Shepherd Andrew , Gourmelen Noel , Jakob Livia , Tepes Paul , Gilbert Lin , Nienow Peter
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We combine satellite observations and numerical models to
show that Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017. Arctic
sea ice (7.6 trillion tonnes), Antarctic ice shelves (6.5 trillion tonnes),
mountain glaciers (6.1 trillion tonnes), the Greenland ice sheet (3.8
trillion tonnes), the Antarctic ice sheet (2.5 trillion tonnes), and
Southern Ocean sea ice (0.9 trillion tonnes) have all decreased in mass.
Just over half (58 %) of the ice loss was from the Northern Hemisphere,
and the remainder (42 %) was from the Southern Hemisphere. The rate of
ice loss has risen by 57 % since the 1990s – from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion
tonnes per year – owing to increased losses from mountain glaciers,
Antarctica, Greenland and from Antarctic ice shelves. During the same
period, the loss of grounded ice from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets
and mountain glaciers raised the global sea level by 34.6 ± 3.1 mm.
The majority of all ice losses were driven by atmospheric melting (68 %
from Arctic sea ice, mountain glaciers ice shelf calving and ice sheet
surface mass balance), with the remaining losses (32 % from ice sheet
discharge and ice shelf thinning) being driven by oceanic melting.
Altogether, these elements of the cryosphere have taken up 3.2 % of the
global energy imbalance.
High seed viability recorded in an endangered endemic species, 'Isoplexis isabelliana' (Scrophulariaceae), after more than 30 years of storage in a conservation seed bank
Authors: González Pérez Miguel Ángel , Cabrera-García Nereida , Cayon-Fernández Isabel
Published: January 2021

Conservation seed banks are essential for ex-situ conservation of genetic biodiversity. These institutions are especially relevant for threatened species and play a vital role in their conservation by preserving genetic material. However, samples deposited in the seed banks must germinate when necessary to use them (i.e., recovery plans, etc.). This study uses four accessions of the endemic endangered species from Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands), Isoplexis isabelliana (Webb & Berthel.) Masf. (Scrophulariaceae). Germination tests were carried out to measure seed viability through time and the possible impact of seed storage on their viability. These accessions have been kept in the seed bank for four months to thirty years under different storage conditions. Germination results differed for seeds after 45 days of exposition using 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness at 17 °C. Accessions kept in the seed bank, independently of storage, showed a high germination percentage (89%). Whereas the accessions with rough storage conditions showed a 0% germination rate. The results highlighted the good state of conservation of the material deposited in the Seed Bank of the Botanical Garden "Viera y Clavijo" and the reliability of the temperature and humidity conditions in which the seeds of I. isabelliana have been stored. We consider these results as momentous since several natural populations of I. isabelliana has been affected by the last forest fire on the island.
BEHAVIORAL AND NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT OF TEENAGERS FROM VARNA
Authors:   Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria., Marinov Dimitar B. , Hristova Darina N. ,   Department of Preclinical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria.
Published: January 2021

Adolescence is a key stage of life through which the patterns for physical activity, nutrition, and other health habits form. Aim: Evaluating the eating behavior of 401 high-school students from varna studying in 12th grade (11.2% of the whole group, used as a representative sample). Methods: FFQ (food frequency questionnaire) on 37 food groups, questionnaire for eating attitude, IPAQ (validated questionnaire for the physical activity in the last 7 days), anthropometrical measurements (height, weight, BMI). Results: Roughly 70% of students in 12th grade who are underweight, overweight (OW), or obese ate regular breakfast, compared to 84% of those with normal weight. This was the most commonly skipped meal of the day. We found a statistically significant correlation between BMI in boys and eating breakfast regularly. (r=-0.473**, p<0.001). Skipping breakfast is quite common (49,7%) among OW girls. Its correlation with BMI is also significant (r=-0.492**, p<.001). White bread and other bakery products are consumed very often by both genders. Consumption of fruits and vegetables, milk (51,3%), and fish (68%) is low amongst adolescent girls. In contrast, male students have at least 2 portions of milk or milk products daily (94,5%). This finding correlates positively with their BMI (r=0.401**, p<0.001). There is a normal BMI in 60.7% of female and 67.2% of male students (18,5-24,9кg/m2). 23,5% of female students in 12th grade are underweight, especially those with physical activity that is higher than average (38,9%). Conclusion: Large percentage of the female students in 12th grade wish to lose bodyweight, including those in the underweight group. Low self-esteem and restrictive dieting can increase the risk of eating disorders in young girls.
A Review on Outcome Based Education and Factors That Impact Student Learning Outcomes in Tertiary Education System
Authors: Asim Hafiz Muhmmad , Vaz Anthony , Ahmed Ashfaq , Sadiq Samreen
Published: January 2021

Education opens numerous revenues to register economic expansion all around the world with specific reference to developing nations. Advancement of Pakistan in education indicators has been severely insufficient during the previous decades. Decreased financing along with inefficiency in budget expenditure plus weak management system have crippled the education sector ensuing poor educational outcomes. Outcome-based Education (OBE) has recently gained much attention in Pakistan. OBE is used in education because it clearly focuses and organizes everything in an educational system around what is necessary for all students to be able to do at the end of their learning. OBE proposes an influential and interesting option of transforming and organizing medical education. Therefore, the basic aim of this review is to highlight the tertiary education system of Pakistan and the need to shift from teacher centered to Outcome Based Education system. The review also addresses the major factors that impact student learning outcomes. Data bases were searched including Cochrane and Medline. Search strategy was designed by combining Boolean operators and key terms related to review objectives. Seven studies were included in the paper regarding the effectiveness of Outcome Based Education in different disciplines of education. The findings suggested five important factors from the literature that impact student learning outcomes including, assessment strategies, learning objectives based on level of complexity, student preferred learning styles, English language competency and Employer requirements. However, limitations were recognized in the methodology section and further recommendations were given for future researchers.
The Heterogeneous Economic Impacts of Distance to High-Speed Railway Stations in China
Authors: Wang Baocheng , Yu Feng , Zhang Mengting
Published: January 2021

With the rapid development of High-speed Railway worldwide, particularly in China, its economic effect is increasingly prominent. In this paper, we claimed that the distance to HSR station rather than HSR connection affects its economic influence by examining the panel data of 333 prefectures during 1999-2013 in China. It is shown that cities would receive positive and significant economic gains if the distance between cities administrative center and the nearest HSR station is less than 10km. To address the potential endogenous problem, a least cost spanning tree network IV strategy based on Faber (2014) is adopted and further confirmed the robustness. Our finding provides scientific evidence of HSR station's location planning and is promising to optimize HSR's structural layout.
Behandling av selvskade – hva virker, og hva virker ikke?
Authors: Stänicke Line  Indrevoll
Published: January 2021

Selvskading øker i en rekke land og spesielt blant unge jenter. Formålet med denne artikkelen er å presenterebred kunnskap om behandling av selvskade. Resultater fra randomiserte kontrollstudier og effektstudier, kunnskapfra psykoterapiforskning, samt funn fra kvalitative studier gjengis for å diskutere om noen behandlingsmodeller ellerintervensjoner er bedre enn andre. Det fremheves at noen behandlingsmodeller viser effekt, men at det er uklarthvordan spesifikke og felles behandlingsfaktorer, samt felles elementer på tvers av behandlingsmodellene, harinnvirkning på behandlingsutfall. Forfatteren argumenterer for betydningen av å utforske hvilken funksjon selvskadingen har i den enkeltes hverdag. Behandlingsmodellene fremhever i ulik grad selvskade som affektreguleringsstrategi og fokuserer på alternative mestringsstrategier, som forsøk på representasjon og kommunikasjon og fokuserer på å finne nye uttrykk for opplevelser, eller som eksistensiell og relasjonell utforskning og fokuserer på tilliti terapirelasjonen. Et heterogent perspektiv på forskningsmetoder, behandlingsmodeller og selvskadingens funksjon er viktig for å forstå et komplekst fenomen som selvskade. Heterogenitet i tiltak og intervensjonsfokus bør vektes i enhver behandlingssammenheng fordi pasientene erforskjellige. Kunnskap om selvskade bør også relateres til utviklingspsykologiske utfordringer i ungdomstiden ogsosiokulturelle faktorer for å forstå økningen i selvskade blant ungdom generelt og unge jenter spesielt.
Der ordene mangler. Tre selvskadere forteller
Authors: Thorvik Arne
Published: January 2021

I denne artikkelen presenteres tre intervjuer med mennesker som har egenerfaring med selvskading.
#chatsafe for lærere
Authors: Astrup Helene
Published: January 2021

#chatsafe for lærere er utviklet for å gjøre det enklere for lærere å gi råd til ungdommer og bistå til sikker kommunikasjon om selvmord på nettet. Her finner du ressursene til bruk i undervisningen; de er utviklet i samarbeid med ungdom.
Terapeutveiledet internettbehandling
Authors: Sunde Marthe
Published: January 2021

Ny teknologi muliggjør nye måter å tilby terapi på, inkludert behandling for psykiske lidelser. Det er lett å se for seg at internettbehandling kan nå ut til personer som ikke vanligvis ville søkt hjelp på tradisjonelt vis, at det kan redusere reisekostnader og øke fleksibilitet i behandlingen. Men hvordan påvirkes pasienter ogbehandlere av at terapien flyttes ut av terapirommet?
Barn og unges selvmordsytringer
Authors: Skisland Anders , Qin Ping
Published: January 2021

Et økende antall barn og unge kontakter Røde Kors sitt nettsamtaletilbud «Kors på halsen», for å snakke om selvmordstanker. Gjennom analyse av 200 chat-samtaler med Kors på halsen fra barn og unge mellom 11 og 20 år, har denne studien som mål å gi kunnskap om hva som særligkjennetegner ytringene til barn og unge som eksplisitt forteller at de har selvmordstanker. Basert på utsagn ellerord brukt i chat-samtalene ble det kodet 59 variabler om aktuelle begreper og ytringer og videre analysert for åfinne sammenheng med uttrykte selvmordstanker. Av 200 samtaler var 125 (62,5 %) ungdommer tydelige på at selvmordstanker var den primære grunnen til at de kontaktet Kors på halsen. Selvskading, depresjon og angst var de vanligste plagene, mens ensomhet, mobbing, vold ogovergrep, samt manglende støtte, var vanlig. Videre fortalte mange om dårlig relasjon til foresatte (19,5 %), dårlig trivselhjemme eller på skole. Når det gjaldt hjelpesøkeratferd så fortalte mange at det var vanskelig å forklare, eller at deikke visste hva de skulle si når de skulle oppsøke hjelp (30 %), og de var redd for at foresatte skulle bli skuffet (20,5%). Mange fortalte også at de ønsket hjelp nå (17,0 %), men at de vegret seg for å oppsøke hjelp (18,0 %). Detble funnet 14 aktuelle begreper og ytringer med en positiv sammenheng med selvmordstanker som den primæregrunnen til kontakt (p<0,5). Enkeltvis var «depresjon» en av de variablene med høyest odds (OR=10,88) etterfulgtav selvskading, mobbing, tidligere eller nylige selvmordsforsøk, ønsker ikke å fortelle det til andre, føler at ting ertungt, og ønsker hjelp nå. Studien gir en ny type innsikt i barn og unges utfordringer, tanker og uttrykk om egneselvmordstanker. Ut ifra resultatene er det viktig å starte selvmordsforebyggende arbeid tidlig, og tiltak bør værebrede i omfang for å imøtekomme den store variasjonen i barn og unges hverdag.
VR-teknologi åpner for nye metoder innen simuleringstrening for helsepersonell
Authors: Siqveland Johan
Published: January 2021

Å møte pasienter som har selvmordstanker oppleves av mange terapeuter som noe av det vanskeligste ved jobben. De sisteårene har det blitt gitt mer undervisning om temaet, men det er fortsatt mye vi ikke vet om hva som er beste form forundervisning.
Liv, mening og frihet
Authors: Larsen Kim
Published: January 2021

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Skal auke kunnskapen om sjølvmord og rus
Authors: Pileberg Silje
Published: January 2021

I eit nytt doktorgradsprosjekt skal Martin Øverlien Myhre undersøke kva som kjenneteiknar sjølvmord i rusbehandling, og korleis slike sjølvmord skil seg frå dei i psykisk helsevern.
NRK-journalist fikk Olafprisen: – Jeg var redd for å gjøre vondt verre
Authors: Pileberg Silje
Published: January 2021

Under et intervju med en etterlatt, ble NRK-journalist Annemarte Moland selv stilt spørsmål av den hun intervjuet. Det ble begynnelsen på flere års journalistiskarbeid med selvmord i norsk helsevesen.
Litt færre sjølvmord dei førstemånadene med Covid-19
Authors: Pileberg Silje
Published: January 2021

Under dei første tre månadene av pandemien tok litt færre nordmenn livet sitt enn det som var tilfelle åra før. Økonomiske støtteordningar og eit godt psykisk helsetilbod kan ha betydd mykje, ifølgje medisinprofessor.
Interdisciplinary Research Collaborative Trains Students to See Through Turbulent Systems
Authors:   School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Cammen Kristina , Marafino Gabriella , Burton Sarah , Dow Jillian , Dullaert Emma , Jorge Madalyn , Macolini Kate , McGarry Louise , Tremblay Christopher , Jansujwicz Jessica , Johnson Tora , Ross Lauren , Zydlewski Gayle
Published: January 2021

Despite the availability of interdisciplinary academic training programs, the practice of environmental science is often hampered by a lack of convergence across diverse disciplines. This gap is particularly salient in settings characterized by complex environmental issues, such as multiple-use coastal ecosystems. In response, we developed and implemented a training, research, and communication framework to provide undergraduates with an authentic operative experience working at the interface of interdisciplinary science and public decision-making within a case study of marine renewable energy. In our program, students gained hands-on experience with the scientific process and learned how to make information relevant, useful, and accessible to diverse stakeholder groups. Application of this framework demonstrates that the process of integrating data from biological (visual and acoustic monitoring of fish and marine mammals), physical (hydrodynamics), and social (local ecological knowledge) sciences can provide a more complete understanding of complex and turbulent ecosystems for better informed decision-making. We offer several recommendations to facilitate the adaptation and implementation of our interdisciplinary framework to diverse research contexts, with a focus on interdisciplinary training for the next generation of marine scientists.
Nitrogen Storage in Crops: Case Study of Zeins in Maize
Authors: Duvnjak Marija , Kljak Kristina , Grbeša Darko
Published: January 2021

Crop grains accumulate significant amounts of nitrogen in the form of storage proteins. Grain storage proteins are not only important in the aspects of germination but also, storage proteins are a valuable food source in human and animal nutrition. This chapter will give insight into genotype and growing conditions influencing the quantity and quality of storage proteins, primarily maize storage proteins the leading cereal by world production. Main storage proteins in cereals are prolamins, and in maize prolamins are called zeins located within the endosperm in protein agglomerations called protein bodies. Four main classes of zein proteins are: alpha, beta, gamma and delta zein. Each of four zein classes has a distinctive position and role within protein bodies. Prolamin proteins define nutritional value of maize grain not only via amino acid quality but also via starch availability. Starch, the most important energy component of maize grain, is located within starch-protein matrix. Within this matrix, starch granules are surrounded by protein bodies that limit starch availability. In this chapter, we will describe how zein proteins influence characteristics of maize grain and nutritional value of maize.
Lexikální strategie ve výuce němčiny jako druhého cizího jazyka po angličtině
Authors: Kousalová Barbora
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the state of the art in the field of learning strategies with an emphasis on the foreign language teaching context. The contribution presents research from both the Czech Republic and abroad concerning the topic of vocabulary learning strategies in German as a second foreign language (L3) after English (L2).
Testové strategie používané kandidáty zkoušek dle STANAG 6001 v testech receptivních dovedností (zpráva z pilotního výzkumu)
Authors: Bumbálková Eva
Published: January 2021

This work focuses on the test-taking strategies employed by STANAG 6001 English exam candidates in receptive skills tests and on how these strategies are employed. The qualitative analysis reveals that candidates have their preferred strategy of dealing with test items, they use a number of test-management and test-wiseness strategies, and that the use of a particular strategy depends on a number of factors.