bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Children and Adolescents With Brain Injury on the Lebby-Asbell Neurocognitive Screening Examination for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lebby Paul C. , Pollock Megan , Mouanoutoua Amy , Lewey Jennifer H.
Published: November 2014

Traumatic brain injuries are one of the leading causes of deaths and disabilities in children and adolescents. There is a need for clinicians to quickly screen for disrupted cognitive functioning to appropriately refer to specialists. The Lebby-Asbell Neurocognitive Screening Examination for Children and Lebby-Asbell Neurocognitive Screening Examination for Adolescents were developed to fill a gap in available measures and create a screening tool to quickly identify impaired neurocognitive functioning. A series of statistical analyses were conducted to determine their clinical utility. A multivariate analysis of variance found a statistically significant difference between those with brain injury (n = 59) from noninjured (n = 190) on the combined dependent variables, F(14, 234) = 46.530, P < .001; Wilks Lambda = .264; partial η2 = .763. The Lebby-Asbell Neurocognitive Screening Examinations for Children and Adolescents are effective neurocognitive screening measures for children and adolescents in identifying brain injury.
The Spatiotemporal Model of an 18th-Century City Siege
Authors: Rubio-Campillo Xavier , Cardona Francesc Xavier Hernàndez , Yubero-Gómez Maria
Published: November 2014

The importance of terrain in warfare has often encouraged an intense relation between military conflicts and the use of techniques designed to understand space. This is especially relevant since the modern era, where the engineers who built and assaulted city defenses recorded the events with diverse documentation, including reports, diagrams, and maps. A large number of these sources contain spatial and temporal information, but it is difficult to integrate them into a common research framework due to its heterogeneity. In this context, geographical information science provides the necessary tools to explore an interdisciplinary analysis of these military actions. This article proposes a new approach to the study of sieges using a spatiotemporal formal model capable of integrating cartography, archaeological, and textual primary sources and terrain information. Its main aim is to show how concrete research questions and hypotheses can be explored using a formal model of this type of historical events. The methodology is applied to a particular case study: the French–Spanish siege of Barcelona that occurred in 1714. The protagonists faithfully recorded the development of the action, providing essential information for the model. Besides, different authors depicted the event as the paradigm of a city siege. For this reason, the model is also used to explore why real actions deviated from theoretical guidelines, clearly defined in different manuals. We use this scenario to explore two issues: (a) why the attackers chose to assault a particular city sector and (b) the factors that explain the casualties of the besiegers. We conclude that we need methodological tools capable of integrating heterogeneous information to improve the understanding of siege warfare that affected not only military conflict but also the shape of European urban landscapes.
Sobriety and Ecstasy: Ritual Dimensions in Dorsey’s Gospel Blues
Authors: Johnson Rory M.
Published: November 2014

Gospel music changed the practical consciousness of both old-line and folk religion. The traditions of ecstasy and congregational participation of the agrarian southern folk tradition and the ascetic reserve of urban industrial main-line churches shaped a hybrid grammar for expressing the sacred. The creation of specialized roles brought about by the division of labor associated with producing the gospel sound, combined with changes in the orientation of experiential structures, forged new standards of authenticity and created a structure for experiencing the sacred that, within the context of performance, reconciled the tension between mystical ecstasy and ascetic sobriety.
Measuring Value Creation in Social Enterprises
Authors: Grieco Cecilia , Michelini Laura , Iasevoli Gennaro
Published: November 2014

The relationship between business and community is becoming increasingly important, especially with the current blurring of the boundaries between profit and not-for-profit sectors, and the growing number of hybrid organizations such as social enterprises. For these organizations, the assessment of social impact plays a strategic role in helping them understand to what extent their social mission has been accomplished. As a result of increasing interest in the practice of Social Impact Assessment (SIA), many models have been developed, but a system to classify them is still lacking, and so the overall picture remains rather fragmentary if not confusing. In this research, a hierarchical cluster analysis was developed based on a sample of 76 SIA models to group them in macro-categories and help social entrepreneurs choose the model that is best suited to the needs of their organization.
Testing Resource Dependency as a Motivator for NGO Self-Regulation
Authors: AbouAssi Khaldoun
Published: November 2014

This article builds upon existing research to approach self-regulation from the theoretical perspective of resource dependency. The underlying assumption is that an organization is more likely to adopt self-regulation practices if it has a high level of resource dependence. Using regression analysis to evaluate data collected from one-sector nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Lebanon, results provide moderate support for some claims, mainly that diversity of funding sources is positively correlated with self-regulation practices. Without being able to deal with many of the reasonable alternative explanations, these results are at best “suggestive.” Self-regulation among this small subset of Lebanese NGOs is not necessarily adaptive or resource-based; it is more likely to be proactive and a result of voluntary adherence to informal norms and expectations. Further empirical research is needed to sort out between resource dependency explanations and plausible alternatives.
Nonlinear adaptive trajectory tracking control for a quad-rotor with parametric uncertainty
Authors: Sun Liang , Zuo Zongyu
Published: November 2014

A novel adaptive control algorithm to trajectory tracking control problem for a quad-rotor with uncertain mass and inertial parameters is presented based on the noncertainty equivalence principle. The estimation laws for quad-rotor mass and inertial parameters are developed with the introduction of stable attracting manifolds into the position-loop and attitude-loop adaptation process, respectively. The position and attitude trajectory tracking control algorithms are constructed through a unified immersion and invariance adaptive control technology. With extracting the desired attitude trajectory from the position-loop, the desired attitude trajectory for the attitude-loop is calculated from a command filter. The ultimately uniformly boundedness of the closed-loop system signals is derived for the quad-rotor under the proposed control algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.
The effect of repeated loading and freeze–thaw cycling on immature bovine thoracic motion segment stiffness
Authors: Sunni Nabeel , Askin Geoffrey N , Labrom Robert D , Izatt Maree T , Pearcy Mark J , Adam Clayton J
Published: November 2014

There is growing interest in the biomechanics of “fusionless” implant constructs used for deformity correction in the thoracic spine; however, there are questions over the comparability of in vitro biomechanical studies from different research groups due to the various methods used for specimen preparation, testing and data collection. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of two key factors on the stiffness of immature bovine thoracic spine motion segments: (1) repeated cyclic loading and (2) multiple freeze–thaw cycles, to aid in the planning and interpretation of in vitro studies. Two groups of thoracic spine motion segments from 6- to 8-week-old calves were tested in flexion/extension, right/left lateral bending and right/left axial rotation under moment control. Group A was tested with continuous repeated cyclic loading for 500 cycles with data recorded at cycles 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500. Group (B) was tested after each of five freeze–thaw sequences, with data collected from the 10th load cycle in each sequence. Results of testing showed that for Group A: flexion/extension stiffness reduced significantly over the 500 load cycles (−22%; p = 0.001), but there was no significant change between the 5th and 200th load cycles. Lateral bending stiffness decreased significantly (−18%; p = 0.009) over the 500 load cycles, but there was no significant change in axial rotation stiffness ( p = 0.137). Group B: there was no significant difference between mean stiffness over the five freeze–thaw sequences in flexion/extension ( p = 0.813) and a near-significant reduction in mean stiffness in axial rotation (−6%; p = 0.07). However, there was a statistically significant increase in stiffness in lateral bending (+30%; p = 0.007). Study findings indicate that comparison of in vitro testing results for immature thoracic bovine spine segments between studies can be performed with up to 200 load cycles without significant changes in stiffness. However, when testing protocols require greater than 200 cycles, or when repeated freeze–thaw cycles are involved, it is important to account for the effect of cumulative load and freeze–thaw cycles on spine segment stiffness.
A randomized controlled trial in non-responders from Newcastle upon Tyne invited to return a self-sample for Human Papillomavirus testing versus repeat invitation for cervical screening
Authors: Cadman Louise , Wilkes Scott , Mansour Diana , Austin Janet , Ashdown-Barr Lesley , Edwards Rob , Kleeman Michelle , Szarewski Anne
Published: November 2014

Background

Non-attenders for cervical screening are at increased risk of cervical cancer. Studies offering self-sampling for high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HrHPV) testing have shown greater uptake than sending another invitation for cytology.

Objectives

To explore whether uptake would increase in a less diverse, more stable population than the previous English study, which demonstrated a lower response rate than other studies. The primary objective was whether non-attenders were more likely to respond to a postal invitation, including kit, to collect a self-sample compared with a further invitation for cytology screening. The secondary objective was whether women with an abnormal result would attend for follow-up.

Methods

6000 non-attenders for screening in this pragmatic, randomized (1:1) controlled trial in Newcastle-upon-Tyne were sent an HPV self-sample kit (intervention) or a further invitation for cytology screening (comparator).

Results

411(13%) responded to the intervention, returning a self-sample (247(8%)) or attending for cytology (164(5%)), compared with 183(6%) attending for cytology, relative risk 2.25 (95% CI 1.90–2.65) (comparator arm). Of those testing hrHPV positive (32(13%)), 19(59%) subsequently attended cytology screening. Of those in the intervention group who attended for cytology screening without returning an hrHPV self-sample (n = 164), 5% (n = 8) were referred for colposcopy - all attended. In the comparator group eight of the nine referred for colposcopy attended.

Conclusion

Persistent non-responders to invitations for cervical screening are significantly more likely to respond to a postal invitation to return a self-collected sample for HPV testing than a further invitation for cytology screening. However, just over half followed up on this positive HPV result.
Deconstructing Engagement
Authors: Whitton Nicola , Moseley Alex
Published: November 2014

Background. The discourse of learner engagement has become prevalent in formal education research and practice in recent years. However, the term has multiple meanings and various constructions, particularly in the context of games and learning, where the coming together of two different disciplinary constructs creates ambiguity and tensions.

Aim. The notions of engagement with education and engagement with games are not necessarily mutually compatible, and this article aims to explore this.

Method. This article starts by exploring the use of the term by deconstructing the idea of engagement, and highlighting issues with the way in which people use it in different contexts. Next, it discusses practical and theoretical limitations of the concept, such as the assumed link between engagement and learning and measurement of engagement.

Results. The core contribution of the article is a synthesis of the complex literature in this field presented as a model of engagement with learning based on six ways of constructing engagement: participation, attention, captivation, passion, affiliation, and incorporation.

Conclusion. The article concludes by discussing the benefits and possible uses of this model, and highlighting necessary further research to forward the field of games and learning in this area.
Correlation Between Static Radiographic Measurements and Intersegmental Angular Measurements During Gait Using a Multisegment Foot Model
Authors: Lee Dong Yeon , Seo Sang Gyo , Kim Eo Jin , Kim Sung Ju , Lee Kyoung Min , Farber Daniel C. , Chung Chin Youb , Choi In Ho
Published: November 2014

Background:

Radiographic examination is a widely used evaluation method in the orthopedic clinic. However, conventional radiography alone does not reflect the dynamic changes between foot and ankle segments during gait. Multiple 3-dimensional multisegment foot models (3D MFMs) have been introduced to evaluate intersegmental motion of the foot. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between static radiographic indices and intersegmental foot motion indices.

Methods:

One hundred twenty-five females were tested. Static radiographs of full-leg and anteroposterior (AP) and lateral foot views were performed. For hindfoot evaluation, we measured the AP tibiotalar angle (TiTA), talar tilt (TT), calcaneal pitch, lateral tibiocalcaneal angle, and lateral talcocalcaneal angle. For the midfoot segment, naviculocuboid overlap and talonavicular coverage angle were calculated. AP and lateral talo-first metatarsal angles and metatarsal stacking angle (MSA) were measured to assess the forefoot. Hallux valgus angle (HVA) and hallux interphalangeal angle were measured. In gait analysis by 3D MFM, intersegmental angle (ISA) measurements of each segment (hallux, forefoot, hindfoot, arch) were recorded.

Results:

ISAs at midstance phase were most highly correlated with radiography. Significant correlations were observed between ISA measurements using MFM and static radiographic measurements in the same segment. In the hindfoot, coronal plane ISA was correlated with AP TiTA ( P < .001) and TT ( P = .018). In the hallux, HVA was strongly correlated with transverse ISA of the hallux ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

The segmental foot motion indices at midstance phase during gait measured by 3D MFM gait analysis were correlated with the conventional radiographic indices.

Clinical Relevance:

The observed correlation between MFM measurements at midstance phase during gait and static radiographic measurements supports the fundamental basis for the use of MFM in analysis of dynamic motion of foot segment during gait.
Characteristics of Females Who Sexually Offend
Authors: Gillespie Steven M. , Williams Rebecca , Elliott Ian A. , Eldridge Hilary J. , Ashfield Sherry , Beech Anthony R.
Published: November 2014

Although recent typologies of female sexual offenders have recognized the importance of having a co-offender, the clinical characteristics of solo and co-female sexual offenders remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to compare solo ( n = 20) and co- ( n = 20) female sexual offenders on a variety of clinical characteristics. It was found that although solo and co-offenders reported similar developmental experiences and psychological dispositions, differences were found in environmental niche, offense preceding, and positive factors. Specifically, solo offenders demonstrated a greater presence of personal vulnerabilities including mental health and substance abuse difficulties. Co-offenders reported a greater presence of environmentally based factors, including a current partner who was a known sex offender and involvement with antisocial peers. It is suggested that these results have implications for understanding assessment and intervention needs for these groups of sexual offenders.
Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha
Authors: Cho Eunseong , Kim Seonghoon
Published: November 2014

This study disproves the following six common misconceptions about coefficient alpha: (a) Alpha was first developed by Cronbach. (b) Alpha equals reliability. (c) A high value of alpha is an indication of internal consistency. (d) Reliability will always be improved by deleting items using “alpha if item deleted.” (e) Alpha should be greater than or equal to .7 (or, alternatively, .8). (f) Alpha is the best choice among all published reliability coefficients. This study discusses the inaccuracy of each of these misconceptions and provides a correct statement. This study recommends that the assumptions of unidimensionality and tau-equivalency be examined before the application of alpha and that structural equation modeling (SEM)–based reliability estimators be substituted for alpha when one of these conditions is not satisfied. This study also provides formulas for SEM-based reliability estimators that do not rely on matrix notation and step-by-step explanations for the computation of SEM-based reliability estimates.
The Right to be Seen, the Right to be Shown
Authors: Tani Sirpa
Published: November 2014

The article deals with the ethical questions that a researcher encountered when planning, conducting and reporting on research concerning young people’s everyday lives. The empirical data based on observations, photographs and interviews were gathered from among teenagers who were spending time, or ‘hanging out’, at a shopping mall in the centre of Helsinki, Finland. First, ethical dilemmas regarding the planning phase of the research are described. The data-gathering phase is then analyzed, and the status of the researcher in the ‘research field’ is explored. Lastly, the different positions of the adult researcher and young participants are illustrated by giving examples of the photographs taken. Complex issues relating to young people’s roles as either active participants in research or potentially vulnerable objects of study are discussed, and the importance of more flexible and context-sensitive solutions regarding ethical decisions is highlighted.
Coping with Tragedy, Reacting to an Event
Authors: Kiilakoski Tomi , Nurmi Johanna , Oksanen Atte
Published: November 2014

This article analyzes the unexpected nature and the consequences of the school shooting in Jokela, Finland in 2007. The study is based on interviews with professionals who participated in the relief efforts after the shooting incident. The analysis focuses on the role of the local youth workers during the days following the crisis. Reactions to the shootings and the consequences of the incident in the local community of Jokela are also considered. The philosophical concept of the event is used to highlight the suddenness of the school shooting incident, likewise its transformative character and its power to reshape public space. The results show that the efforts of the youth workers considerably helped the young in Jokela to cope with the immediate shock and changes in the community life after the shooting.
Exploring the Epistemological Fallacy
Authors: France Alan , Haddon Edward
Published: November 2014

The relevance and continuation of class in late modern society has been at the heart of contemporary debates in youth studies. Beck and others argue that major social changes are impacting individual’s relationships with status-based classes. Individuals have been ‘disembedded’ from traditional communal contexts and re-embedded into new modes in which the ability to create life paths and new identities is achieved through individual reflexivity. How these changes and developments are impacting the class relationships and trajectories of young people is an important area of debate. It has been suggested that while the young see individual solutions and choices as central to their lives, outcomes are still strongly connected to social class. This contradiction has been seen as an ‘epistemological fallacy’ where a disjuncture between objective and subjective dimensions obscures underlying class relationships. This article draws on data collected from an ESRC research programme on Pathways Into and Out of Crime and the work of Pierre Bourdieu to explore understandings, meanings and relevance of class in young people’s lives. This is accomplished primarily by depicting how class is subjectively impacting young people’s educational and occupational choices and how it is embedded in their everyday reflexivity.
Influences of roller diameter error on contact stress for cylindrical roller bearing
Authors: Ji Peng , Gao Yuan , Ma Fangbo , An Qi
Published: November 2014

The rollers of rolling bearings usually have certain geometrical error in actual machining process and, in the past, the mechanics analysis and computation of rolling bearing did not take into account the influences of this error in general. A cylindrical roller bearing is taken as the research object in this paper and a calculating model has been established by mechanical analysis, which can analyze the contact stress between rollers and raceways, as well as the axis orbit by taking into account the rollers’ error. Influences of rollers’ error on the contact stress of the rollers and raceways and the axis orbit have been studied by a concrete example numerically. The variation curves of maximum contact stress and axis orbit of the bearing were plotted and explained in detail.
The barbarism of indifference: Sabotage, resistance and state–corporate crime
Authors: Lasslett Kristian , Green Penny , Stańczak Dawid
Published: November 2014

Increasingly, state crime scholarship frames criminality as a social property that attaches to particular illegitimate state practices through a mediated process of struggle from below. Building on this foundation, the following article presents a comparative study of two cases—using a range of primary materials—where sabotage was deployed by social movements to stigmatize, dramatically, illegitimate state–corporate conduct. In order to understand the symbolic and practical significance of this exchange, a theory of indifference will be developed. It will be argued that in the cases observed sabotage acted as a device which social movements could employ to impose a sense of consequence on organizational actors otherwise indifferent to, and alienated from, the significant harms their operations’ produced.
Cell phone disconnection disrupts access to healthcare and health resources: A technology maintenance perspective
Authors: Gonzales Amy L , Ems Lindsay , Suri Venkata Ratnadeep
Published: November 2014

Over 50% of people in poverty in the United States no longer have a landline telephone, and this same population is more likely to have a no-contract cell phone plan requiring the continuous purchase of minutes. As a result, the poor may increasingly experience short-term phonelessness, which may disrupt access to healthcare and other services. To explore this we conducted 37 client interviews and 7 staff interviews at two free health clinics. Cell phone disconnection was a regular occurrence that delayed access to care and threatened client privacy. Temporary disconnection also contributed to lost employment, lost welfare benefits, and strains on social support networks—all of which are critical for optimizing health. Results are interpreted through a lens of technology maintenance, which argues that the poor will struggle to maintain digital access after ownership and public availability are realized. The potential worsening of health inequalities and related policy implications are discussed.
How does ‘community’ facilitate early childhood service use in a multicultural Australian suburb?
Authors: Hopkins Liza , Lorains Jen , Issaka Ayuba , Podbury Rachel
Published: November 2014

Participation in early childhood development and education services is an important contributor to how well children develop throughout their early years and their success later in life. This article reports on research which examined how multicultural groups identify and use their community connections to share information and inform decision-making about and access to early childhood services. Taking a qualitative approach, the research involved focus groups with families with young children from various cultural backgrounds. The project found that families defined their community as a collective of people, generally from a like cultural background, but they also identified geographical area/place as an important contributor to their community connections. The research also identified that the way in which culturally diverse groups define and interact within their community influences their level of knowledge about available early childhood services and the credibility they place on information they receive. The findings suggest that this subsequently influences their decision-making about which early childhood services they access. The interconnectedness of these factors suggests that the broader social environments of young children are critical in their receiving high quality early development and learning opportunities. Understanding the interconnections between the people and places which constitute communities is essential for early years service providers to engage the families most in need.
The Effectiveness of Art Therapy in the Treatment of Traumatized Adults
Authors: Schouten Karin Alice , de Niet Gerrit J. , Knipscheer Jeroen W. , Kleber Rolf J. , Hutschemaekers Giel J. M.
Published: November 2014

Art therapy has often been applied in the treatment of traumatized adults, and good results in clinical practice have been reported. However, although art therapy experts underline these benefits, the effectiveness of art therapy in trauma treatment has not been established by systematic review. The aim of this systematic review is to identify and evaluate empirical evidence of the effectiveness of art therapy for trauma treatment. As a result of the systematic review, six controlled, comparative studies on art therapy for trauma in adult patients were found. In half of the included studies, a significant decrease in psychological trauma symptoms was found in the treatment groups, and one study reported a significant decrease in depression. Although there are limitations in the number of included studies, the number of participants, the heterogeneity of included studies, and their methodological quality, the results contribute to insight into the effectiveness of art therapy in trauma treatment and form an evidence base for the urgent need for further research on art therapy and trauma treatment.
Enhancing the Performance of Motor Imagery EEG Classification Using Phase Features
Authors: Hsu Wei-Yen
Published: November 2014

An electroencephalogram recognition system considering phase features is proposed to enhance the performance of motor imagery classification in this study. It mainly consists of feature extraction, feature selection and classification. Surface Laplacian filter is used for background removal. Several potential features, including phase features, are then extracted to enhance the classification accuracy. Next, genetic algorithm is used to select sub-features from feature combination. Finally, selected features are classified by extreme learning machine. Compared with “without phase features” and linear discriminant analysis on motor imagery data from 2 data sets, the results denote that the proposed system achieves enhanced performance, which is suitable for the brain–computer interface applications.
A rare cause of acute pancreatitis: Percutaneous mechanical rheolytic thrombectomy of deep venous thrombosis
Authors: Dass Param , Robertson Jason , Muthu Carl , Holden Andrew
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Percutaneous mechanical rheolytic thrombectomy is an effective treatment option for deep vein thrombosis as well as arterial and graft thromboses. Acute pancreatitis, a rare complication of this technique, is described in this case report.

Case report

A 40-year-old man underwent AngioJet mechanical rheolytic thrombectomy for iliocaval deep vein thrombosis. He subsequently developed acute pancreatitis. This case report outlines the clinical presentation of acute pancreatitis after rheolytic thrombectomy and also discusses the possible pathogenesis and etiological factors.
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm: A case report
Authors: He Hao , Antonopoulos Constantine N , Moulakakis Konstantinos G , Sfyroeras George S , Kakisis John D , Papapetrou Anastasios , Smyrniotis Vasilios , Liapis Christos D
Published: November 2014

Extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm is a relatively uncommon entity. We reported the case of a 51-year-old man, who was incidentally diagnosed with an asymptomatic 52 × 65 mm portal vein aneurysm, which was located at the main trunk of the portal vein, just before its bifurcation. The patient was treated with partial clamping of the portal vein aneurysm and aneurysmorrhaphy. Postoperative course was uneventful. Surgical intervention should be considered for patients with large, symptomatic or expanding portal vein aneurysms.
Flaneuring with Vattimo: The annotative hermeneutics of weak thought
Authors: Grimshaw Mike
Published: November 2014

This article rethinks the future of continental philosophy of religion through a central, annotative reading of Gianni Vattimo’s Not Being God. The reading develops from Agamben on citation and Žižek on the short-circuit into a new reading strategy of annotation as a development of weak thought. It argues for what is termed the flânerie of the weak thought of annotation, rethinking the future of continental philosophy of religion as para-thought. The future envisioned is a future that flâneurs, annotates and is para- to both the religious and laicity and their associated strong claims and metaphysics. For Vattimo, weak thought helps us see that if we read Nietzsche as an announcement and not a claim, hermeneutics teaches us we cannot conceive ultimate objective truths. Therefore, after Heidegger, we reach the end of metaphysics and the age of weak thought, where we respond only to appeals and announcements.
Mutual veto and power-sharing
Authors: Ram Megha , Strøm Kaare Wallace
Published: November 2014

We address the incidence and correlates of mutual veto institutions by examining a global dataset on power-sharing provisions. Our data show that mutual veto provisions are relatively rare and found mostly in diverse societies that are more highly developed than the world average. We find that mutual veto arrangements must be (a) enforceable, (b) inclusive to pacify all potential spoilers and (c) compatible with the interests and incentives of those groups to which they would apply. Mutual veto provisions often fail to meet one or more of these conditions. They are difficult to enforce, as conflict-prone societies often have ineffectual political institutions and weak administrative capacity. It is difficult to make them incentive-compatible, as incumbent power-holders will not benefit from them. Finally, they are often not credible, as the dominant political coalition would find it in its interest to punish any actual exercise of a veto. These conditions jointly explain the near absence of effective mutual veto regimes outside relatively prosperous polities with well-established political institutions.
Religiously Traditional, Unusually Supportive? Examining Who Gives, Helps, and Advises in Americans’ Close Networks
Authors: Schafer Markus H.
Published: November 2014

A large literature is currently contesting the impact of religion on prosocial behavior. As a window into this discussion, I examine the close social networks of American adults and consider whether religious traditionalists are more likely than other network members to supply several basic forms of social support. Analysis of the Portraits of American Life Survey reveals three main findings. First, a majority of Americans—religious or not—count at least one perceived religious traditionalist among their close network ties. Second, American adults are more likely to receive advice, practical help, and money from ties identified as religious traditionalists than from other types of ties, a pattern that held among both kin and nonkin network ties. Finally, although perceived traditionalist network members appear especially inclined to assist highly religious people, they nevertheless offer social support to Americans across a broad spectrum of religiosity. Beyond its relevance for debates on religion and community life, this study also proposes a novel strategy to assess prosocial behavior. Asking people to recount the deeds of their network members can reduce certain self-reporting biases common to survey research and helps locate prosocial activity in concrete and meaningful social relationships.
HDAC and HAT Inhibitors Differently Affect Analgesia Mediated by Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Zammataro Magda , Sortino Maria Angela , Parenti Carmela , Gereau Robert W , Chiechio Santina
Published: November 2014

Background:

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are key players in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Analgesic activity by HDAC inhibitors has been reported in different pain models including inflammatory and neuropathic pain. These drugs interfere with gene expression through different mechanisms including chromatin remodeling and/or activation of transcription factors. Among other targets, HDAC inhibitors regulate metabotropic glutamate receptors type 2 (mGlu2) expression in central and peripheral central nervous system. However whether inhibition of HAT activity also regulates mGlu2 expression has not been reported.

Findings:

Here we report that curcumin (CUR), a naturally occurring compound endowed with p300/CREB-binding protein HAT inhibitory activity, is able to induce a drastic down-regulation of the mGlu2 receptor in the mouse spinal cord after systemic administration together with a marked hypoacetylation of histones H3 and H4 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Furthermore, the analgesic activity of the mGlu2/3 agonist, LY379268 is lost after a 3-day treatment with CUR. Conversely the analgesic activity of LY379268 is potentiated in mice pretreated for 5 consecutive days with the HDAC inhibitor, Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA), known to induce mGlu2-upregulation.

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrate that systemically injected CUR is able to inhibit H3 and H4 acetylation in the DRG and to down-regulate mGlu2 receptors in the spinal cord. We also demonstrate that long term modification of the mGlu2 expression affects the analgesic properties of the orthosteric mGlu2/3 agonist, LY379268. These data open up the possibility that epigenetic modulators might be given in combination with “traditional” drugs in a context of a multi target approach for a better analgesic efficacy.
HAV in fresh vegetables: a hidden health risk in district Mardan, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Waleed , Irshad Muhammad , Rehman Gauhar , Hussain Anwar
Published: November 2014

Hepatitis A is an acute inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) in human. The path of entry of HAV to the bloodstream is the epithelium of the intestine. Liver inflammation occurs when HAV multiplies within the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of the liver. HAV is mostly transmitted by contaminated water, fruits and vegetables. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate fresh vegetables raised on the fecal contaminated water for the detection of HAV by PCR method. Twenty nine samples were collected from 13 different locations of district Mardan and screened for the presence of HAV. Village Bajowro near Takht Bhai was the most contaminated site having HAV in all vegetables grown over there. Water samples collected from this area proved to be contaminated with HAV. It may be concluded that fecal contaminated water is unsafe for irrigation because of the health risk associated with such practices.
Resveratrol Attenuates Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Macrophage Migration to Visceral White Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Male Mice
Authors: Carreras Alba , Zhang Shelley X. L. , Almendros Isaac , Wang Yang , Peris Eduard , Qiao Zhuanhong , Gozal David
Published: November 2014

Chronic intermittent hypoxia during sleep (IH), as occurs in sleep apnea, promotes systemic insulin resistance. Resveratrol (Resv) has been reported to ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. To examine the effect of Resv on IH-induced metabolic dysfunction, male mice were subjected to IH or room air conditions for 8 weeks and treated with either Resv or vehicle (Veh). Fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin were obtained, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index levels were calculated, and insulin sensitivity tests (phosphorylated AKT [also known as protein kinase B]/total AKT) were performed in 2 visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT) depots (epididymal [Epi] and mesenteric [Mes]) along with flow cytometry assessments for VWAT macrophages and phenotypes (M1 and M2). IH-Veh and IH-Resv mice showed initial reductions in food intake with later recovery, with resultant lower body weights after 8 weeks but with IH-Resv showing better increases in body weight vs IH-Veh. IH-Veh and IH-Resv mice exhibited lower fasting glucose levels, but only IH-Veh had increased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index vs all 3 other groups. Leptin levels were preserved in IH-Veh but were significantly lower in IH-Resv. Reduced VWAT phosphorylated-AKT/AKT responses to insulin emerged in both Mes and Epi in IH-Veh but normalized in IH-Resv. Increases total macrophage counts and in M1 to M2 ratios occurred in IH-Veh Mes and Epi compared all other 3 groups. Thus, Resv ameliorates food intake and weight gain during IH exposures and markedly attenuates VWAT inflammation and insulin resistance, thereby providing a potentially useful adjunctive therapy for metabolic morbidity in the context of sleep apnea.
Low Temperature-Induced Circulating Triiodothyronine Accelerates Seasonal Testicular Regression
Authors: Ikegami Keisuke , Atsumi Yusuke , Yorinaga Eriko , Ono Hiroko , Murayama Itaru , Nakane Yusuke , Ota Wataru , Arai Natsumi , Tega Akinori , Iigo Masayuki , Darras Veerle M. , Tsutsui Kazuyoshi , Hayashi Yoshitaka , Yoshida Shosei , Yoshimura Takashi
Published: November 2014

In temperate zones, animals restrict breeding to specific seasons to maximize the survival of their offspring. Birds have evolved highly sophisticated mechanisms of seasonal regulation, and their testicular mass can change 100-fold within a few weeks. Recent studies on Japanese quail revealed that seasonal gonadal development is regulated by central thyroid hormone activation within the hypothalamus, depending on the photoperiodic changes. By contrast, the mechanisms underlying seasonal testicular regression remain unclear. Here we show the effects of short day and low temperature on testicular regression in quail. Low temperature stimulus accelerated short day-induced testicular regression by shutting down the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and inducing meiotic arrest and germ cell apoptosis. Induction of T3 coincided with the climax of testicular regression. Temporal gene expression analysis over the course of apoptosis revealed the suppression of LH response genes and activation of T3 response genes involved in amphibian metamorphosis within the testis. Daily ip administration of T3 mimicked the effects of low temperature stimulus on germ cell apoptosis and testicular mass. Although type 2 deiodinase, a thyroid hormone-activating enzyme, in the brown adipose tissue generates circulating T3 under low-temperature conditions in mammals, there is no distinct brown adipose tissue in birds. In birds, type 2 deiodinase is induced by low temperature exclusively in the liver, which appears to be caused by increased food consumption. We conclude that birds use low temperature-induced circulating T3 not only for adaptive thermoregulation but also to trigger apoptosis to accelerate seasonal testicular regression.
Sympathy for the Devil: The Notorious Career of Missouri's Strikebreaking Metal Miners, 1896–1910
Authors: Roll Jarod
Published: November 2014

Between 1896 and 1910, miners from the zinc and lead district around Joplin, Missouri, worked as strikebreakers in almost every strike waged by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM). In most cases they helped defeat the union. Rather than dismiss these strikebreakers as the pawns of mine owners, Jarod Roll argues that their actions reflected careful appraisal by workers who understood the benefits and risks of crossing picket lines. Over time, repeated conflict between nonunion and union miners shaped the ideas of both groups. The effectiveness of the strikebreakers spurred the WFM to intensify its commitment to industrial unionism. Missouri miners, in turn, developed a belligerent anti-unionism that undermined every WFM effort to organize the Joplin district. By using the methods of working-class history to study workers who opposed unions, Roll concludes, labor historians gain a greater understanding of all workers, union and nonunion alike.
How to make a cardiomyocyte
Authors: Später Daniela , Hansson Emil M. , Zangi Lior , Chien Kenneth R.
Published: November 2014

During development, cardiogenesis is orchestrated by a family of heart progenitors that build distinct regions of the heart. Each region contains diverse cell types that assemble to form the complex structures of the individual cardiac compartments. Cardiomyocytes are the main cell type found in the heart and ensure contraction of the chambers and efficient blood flow throughout the body. Injury to the cardiac muscle often leads to heart failure due to the loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes and its limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this Primer we discuss how insights into the molecular and cellular framework underlying cardiac development can be used to guide the in vitro specification of cardiomyocytes, whether by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or via direct lineage conversion. Additional strategies to generate cardiomyocytes in situ, such as reactivation of endogenous cardiac progenitors and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, will also be discussed.
Interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations in genetic disease: review of the literature and guidelines for information-theoretical analysis
Authors: Caminsky Natasha G. , Mucaki Eliseos J. , Rogan Peter K.
Published: November 2014

The interpretation of genomic variants has become one of the paramount challenges in the post-genome sequencing era. In this review we summarize nearly 20 years of research on the applications of information theory (IT) to interpret coding and non-coding mutations that alter mRNA splicing in rare and common diseases. We compile and summarize the spectrum of published variants analyzed by IT, to provide a broad perspective of the distribution of deleterious natural and cryptic splice site variants detected, as well as those affecting splicing regulatory sequences. Results for natural splice site mutations can be interrogated dynamically with Splicing Mutation Calculator, a companion software program that computes changes in information content for any splice site substitution, linked to corresponding publications containing these mutations. The accuracy of IT-based analysis was assessed in the context of experimentally validated mutations. Because splice site information quantifies binding affinity, IT-based analyses can discern the differences between variants that account for the observed reduced (leaky) versus abolished mRNA splicing. We extend this principle by comparing predicted mutations in natural, cryptic, and regulatory splice sites with observed deleterious phenotypic and benign effects. Our analysis of 1727 variants revealed a number of general principles useful for ensuring portability of these analyses and accurate input and interpretation of mutations. We offer guidelines for optimal use of IT software for interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations.
Iron-deficiency anaemia in an outpatient inflammatory bowel disease cohort
Authors: Biswas Sujata , King Charlotte , Merrick Rebecca , Green Caroline , Myszor Margaret , Simmons Jon , Silva Aminda De
Published: November 2014

Iron deficiency is found frequently in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and can have a significant effect on their quality of life. The causes of iron deficiency are gastrointestinal blood loss, poor oral intake of iron, malabsorption, and inflammation. Previous studies have highlighted the correlation between higher iron stores and quality of life as well as the under diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in IBD by medical professionals. This article analyses the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in the authors' local IBD cohort. The authors compared their findings to guidance developed by the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and reviewed similar studies, comparing management options that use different iron preparations.
Examinations: Ensure you avoid malpractice
Authors: Chima Jugjit
Published: November 2014

Exams expert Jugjit Chima offers 10 key pieces of advice to ensure that schools avoid malpractice when it comes to examinations
Quantitative Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods for Viral Infections
Authors: Gullett Jonathan C , Nolte Frederick S
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Over the past 2 decades there have been substantial improvements in the methods used to quantify viral nucleic acid in body fluids and in our understanding of how to use viral load measurements in the diagnosis and management of patients with a number of viral infections. These methods are now integrated into a wide range of diagnostic and treatment guidelines and commonly deployed in a variety of clinical settings.

CONTENT

Quantitative nucleic acid amplification methods that are used to measure viral load are described along with key issues and important variables that affect their performance. Particular emphasis is placed on those methods used in clinical laboratories as US Food and Drug Administration–cleared or laboratory-developed tests. We discuss the clinical applications of these methods in patients with HIV-1, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and BK polyomavirus infections. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of viral load testing are examined.

Quantitative nucleic acid amplification tests provide important information that can be used to predict disease progression, distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic infection, and assess the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Despite the advances in technology, large challenges remain for viral testing related to accuracy, precision, and standardization. Digital PCR, a direct method of quantification of nucleic acids that does not rely on rate-based measurements or calibration curves, may address many of the current challenges.