bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlorine-36 and14C chronology support a limited last glacial maximum across central Chukotka, northeastern Siberia, and no Beringian ice sheet
Authors: Brigham-Grette Julie , Gualtieri Lyn M. , Glushkova Olga Yu , Hamilton Thomas D. , Mostoller David , Kotov Anatoly
Published: May 2003

The Pekulney Mountains and adjacent Tanyurer River valley are key regions for examining the nature of glaciation across much of northeast Russia. Twelve new cosmogenic isotope ages and 14 new radiocarbon ages in concert with morphometric analyses and terrace stratigraphy constrain the timing of glaciation in this region of central Chukotka. The Sartan Glaciation (Last Glacial Maximum) was limited in extent in the Pekulney Mountains and dates to ∼20,000 yr ago. Cosmogenic isotope ages > 30,000 yr as well as non-finite radiocarbon ages imply an estimated age no younger than the Zyryan Glaciation (early Wisconsinan) for large sets of moraines found in the central Tanyurer Valley. Slope angles on these loess-mantled ridges are less than a few degrees and crest widths are an order of magnitude greater than those found on the younger Sartan moraines. The most extensive moraines in the lower Tanyurer Valley are most subdued implying an even older, probable middle Pleistocene age. This research provides direct field evidence against Grosswald’s Beringian ice-sheet hypothesis.
Managing the buyer‐supplier interface for on‐time performance in product development
Authors: Hartley Janet L. , Zirger B.J. , Kamath Rajan R.
Published: May 2003

Reducing the time required to develop new products has become an important factor of competition in many industries. This paper empirically tests whether management of the buyer‐supplier interface affects supplier‐related delays and, in turn, if these delays slow the overall project. Product development engineers and engineering managers in 79 assembly industry firms were surveyed to gather the data for this study. Results of analysis of covariance show that working with a supplier that has strong technical capabilities reduces supplier‐related delays. However, the benefits of commonly cited interface management techniques such as early supplier involvement, increasing the supplier's responsibility for design, and greater buyer‐supplier communication were not confirmed. A significant relationship was found between supplier‐related delays and overall project delays. The priority that the buyer's top management places on the project and the degree of technical change were also significantly related to overall project delays.
The relationship between service customers' quality assurance behaviors, satisfaction, and effort: A cost of quality perspective
Authors: Youngdahl William E. , Kellogg Deborah L.
Published: May 2003

The overarching purpose of this article is to deepen understanding of customers' roles in service quality assurance. Customers engage in quality assurance behaviors in attempts to increase their satisfaction and to recover from service failures. The non‐monetary costs incurred by customers who engage in these behaviors represent largely overlooked costs of quality that can and should be factored into service design and management. Four customer costs of service quality are identified using a critical incident methodology to classify service customers' quality assurance behaviors. Then, relationships between customers' quality assurance behaviors and reported levels of effort and satisfaction are tested to better understand the implications of the typology. Finally, we provide some initial suggestions for integrating the quality assurance behaviors of customers with the service management activities of service providers.
Purification and quantification of opioid peptides in bone and joint tissues—a methodological study in the rat
Authors: Bergström J. , Ahmed M. , Kreicbergs A. , Nylander I.
Published: May 2003

The occurrence of methionine‐enkephalin‐Arg6‐Phe7 (MEAP) and dynorphin B (DYNB) representing two main precursors of opioids was analyzed in specimens from rat cortical bone, periosteum, bone marrow and joint tissue by radioimmunoassay (RIA). MEAP and DYNB were extracted in a solution of 4% EDTA in 2 M acetic acid previously proven suitable for extraction of sensory and autonomic neuropeptides in bone and joints. In crude extracts of cortical bone, the immunoreactive (ir) levels of both opioids were under the detection limit of RIA. As for DYNB this also applied to crude extracts of joints and periosteum. Therefore, two purification methods were tested and compared, i.e. reverse phase C 18 and ion exchange chromatography. RIA of the elution fraction disclosed a significant difference between the two methods in terms of recovery, i.e. < 5% and 50%, respectively. Thus, purification by ion exchange chromatography prior to RIA appeared to be the most suitable by providing measurable levels of both MEAP and DYNB in all tissues analyzed (highest in bone marrow, lowest in cortical bone). The described method offers a means of quantifying opioid peptides in bone and joints, which may be utilized in the analysis of regulatory mechanisms of nociception, growth and immune responses in different conditions.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Simultaneous feedforward recruitment of the vasti in untrained postural tasks can be restored by physical therapy
Authors: Cowan Sallie M. , Bennell Kim L. , Hodges Paul W. , Crossley Kay M. , McConnell Jenny
Published: May 2003

Background and purpose: Physical therapy rehabilitation strategies are commonly directed at the alteration of muscle recruitment in functional movements. The aim of this study was to investigate whether feedforward strategies of the vasti in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome can be changed by a physical therapy treatment program in a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial.

Subjects: Forty (25 female, 15 male) subjects aged 40 yrs or less (27.2 ± 7.8 yrs).

Methods: Subjects were allocated to either a placebo treatment or a physical therapy intervention program. The postural challenge used as the outcome measure was not included in the training program. Electromyography (EMG) onsets of vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), tibialis anterior and soleus were assessed before and after the six week standardised treatment programs.

Results: At baseline the EMG onset of VL occurred prior to that of VMO in both subject groups. Following physical therapy intervention there was a significant change in the time of onset of EMG of VMO compared to VL with the onsets occurring simultaneously. This change was associated with a reduction in symptoms. In contrast, following placebo intervention the EMG onset of VL still occurred prior to that of VMO.

Conclusion and discussion: The results indicate that the feedforward strategy used by the central nervous system to control the patella can be restored. Importantly, the data suggest that this intervention produced a change that was transferred to a task that was not specifically included in the training program. Furthermore, the change in motor control was associated with clinical improvement in symptoms.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Physiological axial compressive preloads increase motion segment stiffness, linearity and hysteresis in all six degrees of freedom for small displacements about the neutral posture
Authors: Gardner‐Morse Mack G. , Stokes Ian A.
Published: May 2003

The stiffness of motion segments, together with muscle actions, stabilizes the spinal column. The objective of this study was to compare the experimentally measured load–displacement behavior of porcine lumbar motion segments in vitro with physiological axial compressive preloads of 0, 200 and 400 N equilibrated in a physiological fluid environment, for small displacements about the neutral posture. These preloads are hypothesized to increase stiffness, hysteresis and linearity of the load–displacement behavior.

At each preload, displacements in each of six degrees of freedom (±0.3 mm AP and lateral translations, ±0.2 mm axial translation, ±1° lateral bending and ±0.8° flexion/extension and torsional rotations) were imposed. The resulting forces and moments were recorded. Tests were repeated after removal of posterior elements. Using least squares, the forces at the vertebral body center were related to the displacements by a symmetric 6 × 6 stiffness matrix. Six diagonal and two off‐diagonal load–displacement relationships were examined for differences in stiffness, linearity and hysteresis in each testing condition.

Mean values of the diagonal terms of the stiffness matrix for intact porcine motion segments increased significantly by an average factor of 2.2 and 2.9 with 200 and 400 N axial compression respectively (p < 0.001). Increases for isolated disc specimens averaged 4.6 and 6.9 times with 200 and 400 N preload (p < 0.001). Changes in hysteresis correlated with the changes in stiffness. The load–displacement relationships were progressively more linear with increasing preload (R2 = 0.82, 0.97 and 0.98 at 0, 200 and 400 N axial compression respectively). Motion segment and disc load–displacement behaviors were stiffer, more linear and had greater hysteresis with axial compressive preloads.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stress distribution patterns at the coracoacromial arch in rotator cuff tear measured by computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry
Authors: Oizumi Naomi , Suenaga Naoki , Minami Akio , Iwasaki Norimasa , Miyazawa Takeshi
Published: May 2003

When a rotator cuff tear occurs, forces compressing the humeral head toward the glenoid are disturbed, and the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint change. Therefore, stress distributions at the coracoacromial arch in cuff tear shoulders should differ from those in normal shoulders. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied stress distribution patterns at the coracoacromial arch in normal and cuff tear shoulders using a computed tomography (CT) osteoabsorptiometry method, in which bone density correlates directly with long‐term physiologic loading. Eight normal subjects and 11 patients with cuff tear were examined. The stress distributions at the undersurface of the acromion and the posterolateral surface of the coracoid process differed markedly between normal and cuff tear shoulders. In cuff tear shoulders, a high‐density area was located at the anterior or the anterolateral part of the undersurface of the acromion, while it was located at the posterior part in all but one normal shoulder. Additionally, a high‐density area was located at the superior or the lateral part of the coracoid process in most of the cuff tear shoulders; on the other hand, it was located at the base in all but one normal shoulder. We believe that the differences in stress distribution patterns are due to impingement at the coracoacromial arch in cuff tear shoulders. CT osteoabsorptiometry can provide useful information in performing coracoacromial arch decompression for cuff tear shoulders.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Physiologic weight‐bearing increases new vessel formation during distraction osteogenesis: A micro‐tomographic imaging study
Authors: Moore Douglas C. , Leblanc Christopher W. , Müller Ralph , Crisco Joseph J. , Ehrlich Michael G.
Published: May 2003

During distraction osteogenesis, large volumes of new bone are formed through the slow distraction of fracture callus. The newly formed bone is closely linked to angiogenesis and positively influenced by physiologic loading. In this study, a rat model was used to explore the correlation between these two observations. Unilateral femoral lengthenings were performed in 18 male Sprague‐Dawley rats (400–500 g, age<6 months). Half of the animals were allowed to bear weight freely (WB) while the remaining animals were made non‐weight‐bearing via a through‐knee amputation (NWB). After a seven‐day latency period, femurs were lengthened 7 mm over 21 days. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 21, 35, and 49 days (0, 4.7, 7, and 7 mm of distraction) at which time lower extremity vessels were perfused with a 60% (w/v) barium sulfate suspension. High‐resolution three‐dimensional images of the vascular architecture were generated using a fan‐beam micro‐tomography machine by digitally separating the contrast‐filled vessels from surrounding tissue. For two subvolumes, VOI1, which included vessels in the medullary canal, cortex, and periosteum, and VOI2, which included only vessels in the canal and cortex, the total tissue volume (TV), the volume of vessels (VV), and vessel diameter (VD) were determined. For the larger subvolume (VOI1), VV and vessel density (VV/TV) increased as a function of time (p < 0.001) in WB animals. In NWB animals, VV increased significantly with time (p = 0.029), while VV/TV did not (p = 0.36). Increases in VV and VV/TV were significantly greater in WB animals than in NWB animals (p < 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). VD was similar in both groups and did not change with time. Our data suggest that weight bearing stimulates new vessel formation during distraction osteogenesis.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The research evidence base for homeopathy: a fresh assessment of the literature
Authors: Mathie RT
Published: May 2003

Background.  The claims made for the clinical effects of homeopathy are controversial. The results of several meta-analyses of clinical trials are positive, but they fail in general to highlight specific medical conditions that respond well to homeopathy.

Aims.  This review examines the cumulative research from randomised and/or double-blind clinical trials (RCTs) in homeopathy for individual medical conditions reported since 1975, and asks the question: What is the weight of the original evidence from published RCTs that homeopathy has an effect that is statistically significantly different from that in a comparative group?

Method.  Analysis of the 93 substantive RCTs that compare homeopathy either with placebo or another treatment.

Results.  50 papers report a significant benefit of homeopathy in at least one clinical outcome measure, 41 that fail to discern any inter-group differences, and two that describe an inferior response with homeopathy. Considering the relative number of research articles on the 35 different medical conditions in which such research has been carried out, the weight of evidence currently favours a positive treatment effect in eight: childhood diarrhoea, fibrositis, hayfever, influenza, pain (miscellaneous), side-effects of radio- or chemotherapy, sprains and upper respiratory tract infection. Based on published research to date, it seems unlikely that homeopathy is efficacious for headache, stroke or warts. Insufficient research prevents conclusions from being drawn about any other medical conditions.

Conclusions.  The available research evidence emphasises the need for much more and better-directed research in homeopathy. A fresh agenda of enquiry should consider beyond (but include) the placebo-controlled trial. Each study should adopt research methods and outcome measurements linked to a question addressing the clinical significance of homeopathy's effects.
Conceptualising Southern Liberalism: Ideology and the Pepper–Smathers 1950 Primary in Florida
Authors: BELL JONATHAN W.
Published: May 2003

In his diary in July 1946 Senator Claude Pepper of Florida noted that Great Britain was “showing considerable progress in [a] year under its socialist government – nationalization of [the] Bank of England, coal mines … . They have enacted [a] housing program and extended [the] social security system and a national health system. That is the direction of things everywhere but here.” The question of why American social democracy did not take off in the same way after World War Two as elsewhere in the industrialised world has become an important issue in recent American historiography. Indeed, the question of what was left, in both senses of the word, of “liberalism” after the death of Franklin Roosevelt assumes particular importance when one considers the fact that there were in the United States in 1946 a fair number of liberal political thinkers who were committed to using the New Deal and wartime experience as a launch pad for further left-of-centre political experimentation. Claude Pepper, Henry Wallace, Helen Douglas, Harold Ickes, Rexford Tugwell, Paul Douglas – all were in positions of political or intellectual influence at the end of the Second World War. Yet, by 1950, they would all experience either political defeat or a shift away from vocal commitment to social democratic values.
Antibacterial activity of casein-derived peptides isolated from rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) milk
Authors: Baranyi Maria , Thomas Ursula , Pellegrini Antonio
Published: May 2003

Acid-precipitated rabbit ‘whole casein’ was digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and clostripain to screen for possible peptides with antibacterial properties. The peptide fragments were separated by reversed-phase chromatography. The collected fractions were pooled and their antibacterial properties tested against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus lentus. Three antibacterial peptide fragments derived from tryptic digestion of rabbit casein were isolated and identified. Their sequences were found as follows: HVEQLLR (residues 50–56 of β-casein), ILPFIQSLFPFAER (residues 64–77 of β-casein), and FHLGHLK (residues 19–25 of αs1-casein). The three peptides were synthesized and found to exert antibacterial effect against Gram positive bacteria only. Proteolytic digestion of rabbit casein by chymotrypsin, pepsin and clostripain yielded several peptide fragments with antibacterial activity. Since antibiotic peptides can be released from casein during the digestion of milk proteins, our results suggest a possible antibacterial function of rabbit caseins. It is conceivable that antibacterial peptides can be generated by endopeptidases of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract possibly providing protection for new-born rabbits against aggression of micro-organisms.
Evaluation of the Clinical Global Impression Scale among individuals with social anxiety disorder
Authors: ZAIDER T. I. , HEIMBERG R. G. , FRESCO D. M. , SCHNEIER F. R. , LIEBOWITZ M. R.
Published: May 2003

Background. The clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) is commonly used as a primary outcome measure in studies evaluating the efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties and predictors of clinicians' ratings on an adapted version of the CGI among individuals with social anxiety disorders.

Method. An independent assessor administered the CGI Severity of Illness and Improvement ratings to 123 patients at baseline and the subset of treated patients again mid- and post-treatment.

Results. Improvement ratings were strongly related to both concurrent Severity of Illness and changes in Severity of Illness ratings from baseline. Additionally, both CGI ratings were positively correlated with both self-report and clinician-administered measures of social anxiety, depression, impairment and quality of life. Measures of social anxiety symptoms accounted for a large portion of the variance in Severity of Illness ratings, with significant additional variance accounted for by measures of impairment and depression. Changes in social anxiety symptoms from baseline accounted for significant variance in Improvement ratings, but no significant additional variance was accounted for by changes in impairment and depressive symptoms.

Conclusions. Our findings support the utility of the CGI as an index of global severity and symptom-specific improvement among individuals with social anxiety disorder.
Particle-in-cell simulations of the dynamic aperture of the HCX
Authors: CELATA C.M. , GROTE D.P. , HABER I.
Published: May 2003

The Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory High Current
Experiment (HCX) is exploring transport issues such as dynamic
aperture, effects of quadrupole rotation, and the effects on
the beam of nonideal distribution function, mismatch, and
electrons, using one driver-scale 0.2 μC/m, 2–10
μs coasting K+ beam. Two- and three-dimensional
simulations are being done, using the particle-in-cell code
WARP to study these phenomena. We present results which predict
that the dynamic aperture in the electrostatic focusing transport
section will be set by particle loss.
Heavy ion driver for fast ignition
Authors: KOSHKAREV D.G.
Published: May 2003

Recently the “fast ignition” method in the ICF
problem was considered (Caruso & Pais, 1996). It allows
increasing a target gain factor and raising reliability of the
burning process. Since the required power of the irradiating
beam in this method is unattainable for the traditional type
of heavy ion driver with the energy of ions ≤10 GeV, the
powerful laser is considered as a possible driver only. Here
we investigate the fast ignition method for a system constituted
from the directly irradiated cylindrical target and a powerful
heavy ion driver of the charge-symmetric type (Koshkarev, 1993)
in which the ions with energy ≈100 GeV and mass ≈200 are
used. The actual design of a powerful heavy ion driver with
the required characteristics is outside the purpose of this
article. However some consideration will be given to exploring
whether such a performance is within the realm of reasonable
extrapolations of the present state of the art.
Experiments with space-charge-dominated beams for heavy ion
fusion applications
Authors: O'SHEA P.G. , KISHEK R.A. , REISER M. , BEAUDOIN B. , BERNAL S. , CUI Y. , DIEP A. , FELDMAN D. , GLANZER M. , GODLOVE T.F. , HABER I. , HARRIS J. , LI H. , NEUMANN J. , QUINN B. , QURIUS M. , SNOWEL M. , VALFELLS A. , VIRGO M. , WALTER M. , YUN R. , ZOU Y.
Published: May 2003

A detailed understanding of the physics of space-charge-dominated
beams is vital in the design of heavy ion inertial fusion (HIF)
drivers. In that regard, low-energy, high-intensity electron
beams provide an excellent model system. The University of Maryland
Electron Ring (UMER), currently being installed, has been designed
to study the physics of space-charge-dominated beams with extreme
intensity in a strong focusing lattice with dispersion. At 10
keV and 100 mA, the beam from the UMER injector has a generalized
perveance as much as 0.0015, corresponding to that of proposed
HIF drivers. Though compact (11 m in circumference), UMER will
be a very complex device by the time of its completion (expected
2003). We present an update on the construction as well as recent
experimental results.
Using distributed systems in real-time control of autonomous vehicles
Authors: Nunes Urbano , Fonseca José Alberto , Almeida Luís , Araújo Rui , Maia Rodrigo
Published: May 2003

In this paper distributed architectures for autonomous vehicles are addressed, with a special emphasis on its real-time control requirements. The interconnection of the distributed intelligent subsystems is a key factor in the overall performance of the system. To better understand the
interconnection requirements, the main techniques and modules of a global navigation system are described. A special focus on fieldbuses properties and major characteristics is made in order to point out
some potentialities, which make them attractive in autonomous vehicles real-time applications, either in terms of reliability as in terms of real-time restrictions.
An integrated re-examination of the dating of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 11
Authors: Lockett Leslie
Published: May 2003

Students of late Anglo-Saxon manuscripts are fortunate to have recourse to a
number of fundamental studies which chronicle changes in the various arts of
manuscript production during the tenth and early eleventh centuries. These
studies provide a background against which to assess the work of individual
craftsmen (scribes, initiallers, illustrators) who produced English manuscripts of
this period. In the attempt to date a manuscript, each of these studies provides a
spectrum of changing practices against which one can measure the most probable
date of execution for any aspect of the manuscript. Additionally, if we use
these studies as a group rather than one by one, they have much to tell us about
the chronological circumstances of the creation of an entire codex as a composite
work of art produced by a team of craftsmen.
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION: LANGUAGE CONTACT AND CHANGE
Authors: McGroarty Mary
Published: May 2003

Language contact and change occur continuously, whether or not they are noted, recorded, or analyzed. The intensity and frequency vary, and can vary dramatically according to geographic and historic circumstances. Contributions to this volume revisit some of the topics last discussed in the 1997 Annual Review of Applied Linguistics on multilingualism (Grabe, 1997), update them with connections to the ever-increasing bibliography for these subjects, and extend them into some new directions. Many of these topics, and some of the new directions, testify to the vision of Charles A. Ferguson. His comprehensive grasp of the multiple points of intersection between language and society, prominent in the academic literature of the last forty years and epitomized by the selections in Huebner (1996), fully merits the special dedication of this volume.
3. LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION
Authors: Hinton Leanne
Published: May 2003

This chapter surveys developments in language revitalization, a movement that dates approximately from the 1990s and builds on prior work on language maintenance (see Fishman, 1991; 2001) and language death (Dorian, 1981; 1989). Focusing on indigenous languages, it discusses the role and nature of appropriate linguistic documentation, possibilities for bilingual education, and methods of promoting oral fluency and intergenerational transmission in affected languages. Various avenues for language revitalization, a proactive approach to the continued use of a particular language, are then described (see Hinton & Hale, 2001). In contrast to the smaller minority languages of Europe that have long literary traditions, many indigenous languages in the Americas and elsewhere are solely or primarily oral languages; thus, revitalization efforts aim to promote conversational fluency among speakers in a community. Related literature falls into four main categories: (a) theoretical and empirical works on language revitalization; (b) applied works on revitalization in practice; (c) pedagogical and reference publications; and (d) legal documents that support or impede revitalization of languages. Recent examples of current literature in each category are reviewed.
8. HEALTH CARE COMMUNICATION: A PROBLEMATIC SITE FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS RESEARCH
Authors: Candlin Christopher N. , Candlin Sally
Published: May 2003

In this chapter, we address, selectively, how applied linguists and those concerned with discourse analysis in particular, have recently approached the study of health care communication, especially in intercultural contexts, and relate these approaches to studies undertaken by researchers in other academic disciplines such as the sociology of medicine and by health care practitioners in the course of their own work. At issue will be questions concerning selected sites and themes, the degree of distinctiveness of research methodologies and different understandings of what counts as data, and questions concerning reflexivity and practical relevance in terms of the use to which findings can be put. Appreciating areas of difference and similarity is a necessary basis for establishing the desirable, but potentially problematic, partnerships among academic disciplines and between such disciplines and the work of professional practitioners, both in research and in professional development. As a sample site in the delivery of health care in the framework of cultural and linguistic diversity, we identify nursing, and use this site and its practices to advocate the collaboration of applied linguists, professional practitioners, and researchers from other areas of social science in the exploration of health care communication in multilingual/multicultural contexts and elsewhere.
9. BUSINESS AS A SITE OF LANGUAGE CONTACT
Authors: Harris Sandra , Bargiela-Chiappini Francesca
Published: May 2003

Although business settings have been a site of language contact for many years, the field of “language in business” has changed substantially during the past two decades. The proliferation of topics and approaches has contributed to shaping what is now an eclectic disciplinary field, methodologically diverse. Thus, this review of the field will necessarily move beyond sociolinguistic approaches and theories of variation and change. In particular, the globalization of the workforce and the growth of multinational and multilingual corporations have strengthened the perception of English as the “lingua franca” of international business, though some recent research challenges aspects of this perception in multicultural corporate settings. Intercultural communication, especially recent developments in that field, including its “discursive turn” and its current preference for qualitative studies, has made a significant contribution to the study of multicultural/multilingual business interaction. In the concluding section, we discuss three particular areas of development: (a) the growth in the use of new media and the analysis of that use and its impact on business discourse in context; (b) the shift from the analysis of written to spoken discourse and from simulated data to naturally-occurring corporate language; (c) and the increasing need to study the language of the multilingual workplace. We argue for redressing the balance of research into business as a site of language contact in favor of less well-represented languages and cultures through indigenous discourse studies, and we note in particular the increasing frequency and importance of work involving Asian languages.
10. ADVERTISING AS A SITE OF LANGUAGE CONTACT
Authors: Piller Ingrid
Published: May 2003

While the study of advertising discourse is a well-established research area in applied linguistics, language contact phenomena in advertising have often been neglected. This chapter reviews work on language contact phenomena in advertising. Recent work has shifted away from a long-standing focus on borrowings and loanwords. Currently, more emphasis is being placed on multilingual discourses in advertising and the ways in which these index identities, both of the products and services with which multiple codes are associated and of the consumers who peruse them. The chapter is also concerned with the various functions of different contact languages in advertising. Languages other than English imbue a product with an ethno-cultural stereotype about the group who speak the language. By contrast, English has largely become a nonnational language and has been appropriated by advertisers in non-English-speaking countries to index a social stereotype. English has become the language of modernity, progress, and globalization. The chapter ends with suggestions for future research deriving from recent developments in marketing, namely the emergence of the global super-brand.
Optimising the Transfer Alignment of Weapon INS
Authors: Groves Paul D.
Published: May 2003

Transfer alignment is the process of initialising and calibrating a weapon INS using data from the host aircraft's navigation system. To determine which transfer alignment technique performs best, different design options have been assessed, supported by simulation work. The dependence of transfer alignment performance on environmental factors, such as manoeuvres, alignment duration, lever arm and inertial sensor quality has also been studied. ‘Rapid’ alignment, using attitude as well as velocity measurements was found to perform better than ‘conventional’ techniques using only velocity. Innovative developments include the estimation of additional acceleration and gyro states and estimation of force dependent relative orientation, which has enabled robust alignment using wing rock manoeuvres, which do not require the pilot to change trajectory. Transfer alignment has been verified in real-time by flight trials on a Tornado aircraft. In addition, techniques have been developed to prevent transients in the aircraft integrated navigation solution following GPS re-acquisition after an outage of several minutes from disrupting the transfer alignment process.
Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion
of phonetically conditioned sound change
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: May 2003

The literature on frequency effects in lexical diffusion shows
that even phonetically gradual changes that in some cases are
destined to be lexically regular show lexical diffusion while
they are in progress. Change that is both phonetically and
lexically gradual presents a serious challenge to theories with
phonemic underlying forms. An alternate exemplar model that
can account for lexical variation in phonetic detail is outlined
here. This model predicts that the frequency with which words
are used in the contexts for change will affect how readily
the word undergoes a change in progress. This prediction is
tested on data from /t, d/ deletion in American English.
Finally, the effect of bound morphemes on the diffusion of a
sound change is examined. The data suggest that instances of
a bound morpheme can affect the rate of change for that morpheme
overall.
Research and the RIBA. Lea's Pottery: Ignoring environmental issues
Authors: Woolley Tom
Published: May 2003

There is a strange perversity about the way in which Dean Hawkes writes so eloquently about David Lea's work (arq 6/2, pp130–143) without mentioning sustainability or environmental issues. No doubt he will argue that they are implicit in Lea's programme. However this is essentially the problem in that without making them explicit, many people will not understand them. Hawkes is an authority on environmental architecture so why is he so assiduous in avoiding such issues in this piece?
Three views on the RAE Design and the computer…and theory is changing
Authors: Ballantyne Andrew
Published: May 2003

While I enthusiastically welcome Michael Speaks' article ‘No hope no fear’, which draws attention to a significant shift in the culture of the architecture studio (arq 6/3, pp209–212), I question the advisability of announcing ‘the death of theory’, as it is going to be misunderstood, with unhelpful consequences. We have had theory of a sort for as long as we have had architecture, but this is not the sort of theory whose death is announced. The theory whose death is announced is much more closely defined, and while it has flourished in some places, in others it has hardly taken root. There are some ‘traditionalists’ to use Speaks' term, who have well-developed theoretical ideas, and others (whom I would prefer to call philistines) who think that we can get along perfectly well without anything more analytical than common sense and intuition. ‘The death of theory’ belongs to a recognizable tradition of such rhetorical deaths as that of the author, and – most pertinently here – Foucault's ‘death of man’. As in those cases, ‘we’ might get excited about a world-changing cataclysm, but most people will continue as if nothing had happened, and there is no doubt that theory will continue to flourish, in just the way that authors flourish and ‘man’ flourishes, despite being long dead.
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION IN A MODEL OF GROWTH THROUGH CREATIVE DESTRUCTION
Authors: Morales María F.
Published: May 2003

This paper presents an endogenous growth model in which the research activity is financed by intermediaries that are able to reduce the incidence of researcher's moral hazard. It is shown that financial activity is growth promoting because it increases research productivity. It is also found that a subsidy to the financial sector may have larger growth effects than a direct subsidy to research. Moreover, because of the presence of moral hazard, increasing the subsidy rate to R&D may reduce the growth rate. I show that there exists a negative relation between the financing of innovation and the process of capital accumulation. Concerning welfare, the presence of two externalities of opposite sign stemming from financial activity may cause the no-tax equilibrium to provide an inefficient level of financial services. Thus, policies oriented to balance the effects of the two externalities will be welfare improving.
Evidence for transfer in bilingual children?
Authors: HULK AAFKE , VAN DER LINDEN ELISABETH
Published: May 2003

The paper by Natascha Müller follows the new way of studying bilingual first language acquisition which has been advocated in the last few years by several researchers (Döpke, 1996, 1997; Gawlitzek-Maiwald & Tracy, 1996; Hulk & Van der Linden, 1996; Hulk, 1997). In this new approach, while it is taken as an established fact that bilingual children are capable of early language differentiation, at the same time a lot of attention is given to cross-linguistic influence as an important characteristic of bilingual first language acquisition. We will discuss the nature of differentiation and transfer here as presented by Müller's paper and the way we see it ourselves. We will illustrate our position with examples from the French-Dutch bilingual child we have been studying for some time.
Nobelpreis für Daniel Kahneman und die Psychologie
Authors: Strack Fritz , Schwarz Norbert
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Artikels würdigt die Arbeiten von Daniel Kahneman und behandelt die Bedeutung der Verleihung des Nobelpreises für die Psychologie. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird der Stellenwert psychologischer Erkenntnis in den Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften diskutiert. Gleichzeitig werden Positionen innerhalb der Psychologie kritisiert, welche die wissenschaftliche Anerkennung des Fachs durch eine stärkere Fragmentierung befördern wollen. Im Gegensatz dazu wird der Nobelpreis für eine eher sozialwissenschaftlich-kognitive Ausrichtung der Psychologie als Beleg dafür gesehen, dass ihre Anerkennung durch Nachbarwissenschaften nur im Rahmen der Eigenständigkeit im Spektrum zwischen Bio- und Sozialwissenschaften erreicht werden kann.
Eine Überprüfung von Modellen zur Genese akademischer Selbstkonzepte: Ergebnisse aus der PISA-Studie
Authors: Lüdtke Oliver , Köller Olaf , Artelt Cordula , Stanat Petra , Baumert Jürgen
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Durch die PISA-Studie (Programme for International Student Assessment) liegen für Deutschland national repräsentative Daten für den Lesebereich und Mathematik vor, die zusammen mit Maßen zu selbstbezogenen Fähigkeitskognitionen die Überprüfung von Modellen zur Selbstkonzeptgenese erlauben. Die PISA-Daten (N = 4861 Schüler aus 203 Schulen) werden daher genutzt, um das Modell des internen und externen Bezugsrahmens (I/E-Modell; Marsh, 1986 ) und den Fischteich-Effekt (BFLPE; Marsh, 1987 ) zu überprüfen. Mehrebenenanalysen zeigen, dass im Einklang mit dem I/E-Modell Leistungsindikatoren positive Effekte auf die akademischen Selbstkonzepte im selben Bereich und zusätzliche negative Einflüsse auf das Selbstkonzept im anderen Fach haben. Analysen zum Fischteich-Effekt belegen, dass bei steigender Leistungsstärke der Mitschülerinnen und -schüler in einem Fach die individuellen fachspezifischen Selbstkonzepte sinken. Der Fischteich-Effekt zeigt sich auch bei Kontrolle der Zeugnisnoten. Implikationen für die Unterrichtspraxis werden diskutiert.
Effekte metakognitiver Lernhilfen auf den Wissenserwerb in vernetzten Lernumgebungen
Authors: Bannert Maria
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: In einer experimentellen Studie mit N = 40 Studierenden wurde die Wirksamkeit von metakognitiven Lernhilfen auf den Wissenserwerb in einer geschlossenen, netzbasierten Lernumgebung überprüft. Die konzipierten Lernhilfen initiieren und unterstützen die Orientierung, Planung und Zielbildung vor dem Lernen, die Steuerung und Überwachung während des Lernens und die (End-)Kontrolle gegen Ende des netzbasierten Lernens. Die 20 Studierenden der Experimentalgruppe wurden in der Lernsitzung drei Mal aufgefordert diese metakognitiven Lernhilfen zu beachten, deren Bedeutung und Anwendung zuvor trainiert wurde. Die 20 Studierenden der Kontrollgruppe lernten ohne metakognitive Lernhilfen und ohne vorausgehendes Training. Das Lernthema “Grundlagen der Motivationspsychologie” war in 35 Minuten zu bearbeiten. Dabei wurde das Lernverhalten mit der Methode des Lauten Denkens erfasst und per Video aufgezeichnet. Unmittelbar im Anschluss wurde der Lernerfolg erhoben. Erwartungsgemäß bewirkten die metakognitiven Lernhilfen eine Verbesserung des metakognitiven Lernverhaltens und eine Verbesserung der Leistungen bei fernen Transferaufgaben.
Effects of landscape structure and habitat type on a plant‐herbivore‐parasitoid community
Authors: Kruess Andreas
Published: May 2003

The effects of local habitat and large‐scale landscape factors on species diversity and species interactions were studied using the insect community in stems of the creeping thistle Cirsium arvense. Thistle abundance was higher in fallows than in crop fields and field margins, with fallows providing 67% of thistle abundance within 15 study areas on a landscape scale. Species richness of the herbivores was positively related with thistle abundance, parasitoid species richness was influenced by habitat type and was positively correlated with herbivore species richness. The abundance of herbivores and parasitoids was affected by local factors such as habitat type and host abundance, but also by landscape factors such as the percentage of non‐crop area and the isolation of habitats. The infestation rate caused by the agromyzid Melanagromyza aeneoventris was positively related to percent non‐crop area, whereas the parasitism rate of this fly increased with increasing habitat diversity on the landscape scale. For these two interactions and for total herbivore abundance, a scale‐dependency of the landscape effects was found. The results emphasize that biological diversity and ecological functions within a plant‐insect community are not only affected by local habitat factors but also by large‐scale landscape characteristics. Hence, to improve future agri‐environmental schemes for biodiversity conservation and biological control large‐scale landscape effects and their scale‐dependency should be considered.
The significance of latitudinal variation in body size in a holarctic ant, Leptothorax acervorum
Authors: Heinze Jürgen , Foitzik Susanne , Fischer Birgit , Wanke Tina , Kipyatkov Vladilen E.
Published: May 2003

The mean body size of workers of the holarctic ant Leptothorax acervorum increases with latitude. Workers from populations near the Polar Circle were 10% larger than workers from central Europe. This gradient does not appear to be associated with variation in colony size. According to controlled rearing experiments with brood from populations in Cape Kartesh, Karelia (67°N) and Erlangen, Germany (49.7°N), larger adult body size in boreal populations is not an epiphenomenon of slow cell growth and larger cell size at lower temperatures. Larger workers survived longer without food both at room temperature and <0°C, suggesting that selection for increased fasting endurance in boreal habitats might lead to this Bergmann's rule‐like pattern in an ectothermic ant.
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE): Advances, Analysis and Applications to Pigment Cell Research
Authors: Weeraratna Ashani T.
Published: May 2003

As cells progress from normal to diseased states, they may undergo a series of gene expression changes. Advances in molecular biology allow us to examine a host of these changes at once, in a high throughput fashion. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) allows for the expression profiling of the complete transcriptome of a given cell, and has the potential for identifying novel genes as well as those in low abundance. In this review, we will outline the technique, how one analyzes the massive amounts of data generated, and describe pigment cell libraries currently in the making.
The Pteridine Pathway in Zebrafish: Regulation and Specification during the Determination of Neural Crest Cell‐Fate
Authors: Ziegler Irmgard
Published: May 2003

This review describes pteridine biosynthesis and its relation to the differentiation of neural crest derivatives in zebrafish. During the embryonic development of these fish, neural crest precursor cells segregate into neural elements, ectomesenchymal cells and pigment cells; the latter then diversifying into melanophores, iridophores and xanthophores. The differentiation of neural cells, melanophores, and xanthophores is coupled closely with the onset of pteridine synthesis which starts from GTP and is regulated through the control of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity. De novo pteridine synthesis in embryos of this species increases during the first 72‐h postfertilization, producing H4biopterin, which serves as a cofactor for neurotransmitter synthesis in neural cells and for tyrosine production in melanophores. Thereafter, sepiapterin (6‐lactoyl‐7,8‐dihydropterin) accumulates as yellow pigment in xanthophores, together with 7‐oxobiopterin, isoxanthopterin and 2,4,7‐trioxopteridine. Sepiapterin is the key intermediate in the formation of 7‐oxopteridines, which depends on the availability of enzymes belonging to the xanthine oxidoreductase family. Expression of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene (gch) is found in neural cells, in melanoblasts and in early xanthophores (xanthoblasts) of early zebrafish embryos but steeply declines in xanthophores by 42‐h postfertilization. The mechanism(s) whereby sepiapterin branches off from the GTP‐H4biopterin pathway is currently unknown and will require further study. The surge of interest in zebrafish as a model for vertebrate development and its amenability to genetic manipulation provide powerful tools for analysing the functional commitment of neural crest‐derived cells and the regulation of pteridine synthesis in mammals.
The Role of Kit‐Ligand in Melanocyte Development and Epidermal Homeostasis
Authors: Wehrle‐Haller Bernhard
Published: May 2003

Kit‐ligand (Kitl) also known as steel factor, stem cell factor and mast cell growth factor plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the melanocyte lineage in adult skin. Kitl exerts permanent survival, proliferation and migration functions in Kit receptor‐expressing melanocytes. A comprehensive overview over the differential roles of Kitl in melanocyte development and homeostasis is provided. I discuss species‐specific differences of the Kitl/Kit signalling system, regulation at the transcriptional level and also covering the regulation of cell surface Kitl presentation by cytoplasmic targeting sequences. In addition, recent studies evoked the importance of Kitl misexpression in some hyperpigmented lesions that may open the avenue for Kitl‐dependent treatment of pathological skin conditions.