bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytic and clinical validity of thyroid nodule mutational profiling using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Biron Vincent L. , Matkin Ashlee , Kostiuk Morris , Williams Jordana , Cote David W. , Harris Jeffrey , Seikaly Hadi , O'Connell Daniel A.
Published: September 2018

Background

Recent guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules incorporate mutation testing as an adjunct for surgical decision-making, however current tests are costly with limited accuracy. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is an ultrasensitive method of nucleic acid detection that is particularly useful for identifying gene mutations. This study aimed to assess the analytic and clinical validity of RAS and BRAF ddPCR mutational testing as a diagnostic tool for thyroid fine needle aspirate biopsy (FNAB).

Methods

Patients with thyroid nodules meeting indication for FNAB were prospectively enrolled from March 2015 to September 2017. In addition to clinical protocol, an additional FNAB was obtained for ddPCR. Optimized ddPCR probes were used to detect mutations including HRASG12 V, HRASQ61K, HRASQ61R, NRASQ61R, NRASQ61K and BRAFV600E. The diagnostic performance of BRAF and RAS mutations was assessed individually or in combination with Bethesda classification against final surgical pathology.

Results

A total of 208 patients underwent FNAB and mutational testing with the following Bethesda cytologic classification: 26.9% non-diagnostic, 55.2% benign, 5.3% FLUS/AUS, 2.9% FN/SPN, 2.4% SFM and 7.2% malignant. Adequate RNA was obtained from 91.3% (190) FNABs from which mutations were identified in 21.1% of HRAS, 11.5% of NRAS and 7.4% of BRAF. Malignant cytology or BRAFV600E was 100% specific for malignancy. Combining cytology with ddPCR BRAF600E mutations testing increased the sensitivity of Bethesda classification from 41.7 to 75%. Combined BRAFV600E and Bethesda results had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 89.7% for thyroid malignancy in our cohort.

Conclusions

DdPCR offers a novel and ultrasensitive method of detecting RAS and BRAF mutations from thyroid FNABs. BRAFV600E mutation testing by ddPCR may serve as a useful adjunct to increase sensitivity and specificity of thyroid FNAB.
Adult safeguarding under the Care Act 2014
Authors: Johnson Katherine , Boland Billy
Published: September 2018

Safeguarding adults is everybody's business, and it is now standard practice for clinicians to undertake safeguarding training as part of their mandatory training in the UK. Nevertheless, safeguarding work is complex and can involve significant dilemmas for professionals. The Care Act 2014 has introduced a number of differences in the way safeguarding is approached, emphasising the overall well-being and choice of the patient rather than merely focusing on their safety. This paper sets out to illustrate evolving safeguarding demand and practice, and aid clinicians in protecting people at risk by describing how they can approach challenging presentations.

Declaration of interest

None.
Genome-scale analysis ofAcetobacterium bakiireveals the cold adaptation of psychrotolerant acetogens by post-transcriptional regulation
Authors: Shin Jongoh , Song Yoseb , Jin Sangrak , Lee Jung-Kul , Kim Dong Rip , Kim Sun Chang , Cho Suhyung , Cho Byung-Kwan
Published: September 2018

Acetogens synthesize acetyl-CoA via CO2or CO fixation, producing organic compounds. Despite their ecological and industrial importance, their transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation has not been systematically studied. With completion of the genome sequence ofAcetobacterium bakii(4.28-Mb), we measured changes in the transcriptome of this psychrotolerant acetogen in response to temperature variations under autotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions. Unexpectedly, acetogenesis genes were highly up-regulated at low temperatures under heterotrophic, as well as autotrophic, growth conditions. To mechanistically understand the transcriptional regulation of acetogenesis genes via changes in RNA secondary structures of 5′-untranslated regions (5′-UTR), the primary transcriptome was experimentally determined, and 1379 transcription start sites (TSS) and 1100 5′-UTR were found. Interestingly, acetogenesis genes contained longer 5′-UTR with lower RNA-folding free energy than other genes, revealing that the 5′-UTRs control the RNA abundance of the acetogenesis genes under low temperature conditions. Our findings suggest that post-transcriptional regulation via RNA conformational changes of 5′-UTRs is necessary for cold-adaptive acetogenesis.
A Tale of a Principal and Many, Many Agents
Authors: Elie Romuald , Mastrolia Thibaut , Possamaï Dylan
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we investigate a moral hazard problem in finite time with lump-sum and continuous payments, involving infinitely many agents with mean-field type interactions, hired by one principal. By reinterpreting the mean-field game faced by each agent in terms of a mean-field forward-backward stochastic differential equation (FBSDE), we are able to rewrite the principal’s problem as a control problem of the McKean-Vlasov stochastic differential equations. We review one general approach to tackling it, introduced recently using dynamic programming and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB for short) equations, and mention a second one based on the stochastic Pontryagin maximum principle. We solve completely and explicitly the problem in special cases, going beyond the usual linear-quadratic framework. We finally show in our examples that the optimal contract in the N-players’ model converges to the mean-field optimal contract when the number of agents goes to +∞.
Cuba on the Verge: Martyrdom, Political Culture, and Civic Activism, 1946–1951
Authors: Guerra Lillian
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that the reason for Eddy Chibás's appeal—indeed, the reason he was seen as a selfless loco or madman amid hordes of self-interested hypocrites—lay in the crushing weight of nationalist consciousness and anti-imperialist sentiments among Cubans at the time. Consequently, when Chibás founded La Ortodoxía as a movement in 1947, his rivals in the ruling Auténtico Party simply could not control a stage increasingly crowded by average citizens committed to this task. From the mid-1940s to the early 1950s, government-sanctioned violence and widespread corruption characterized Cuba's brief “democratic moment,” but so did civic activism, unarmed struggles for political liberty, and a flourishing, expanding media.
Los Muchachos del Moncada: Civic Mobilization and Democracy’s Last Stand, 1953–1954
Authors: Guerra Lillian
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines a surge in civic consciousness after Batista betrayed hopes by resorting to fraud and intimidation to win the election in 1954. Disappointment in the outcome enervated citizens' belief in both electoralism and constitutional democracy as paths to freedom. By the beginning of 1955, civic pressures appeared to be succeeding. Protests on the street, in the media, and in private garnered both an important cessation of censorship as well as the release of all political prisoners, including “los muchachos del Moncada” (the kids of Moncada) as Fidel and his followers became known. In fact, the release of political prisoners in the early spring of 1955 represented a new beginning in the public's unification behind a common discourse of unarmed struggle, despite the disunity of partisan opponents even within their own parties.
Complicit Communists, Student Commandos, Fidelistas, and Civil War, 1956–1957
Authors: Guerra Lillian
Published: September 2018

This chapter reveals how many Cubans increasingly associated support for the armed opposition with anti-Communism and disdain for the Partido Socialist Popular (Popular Socialist Party, PSP) with hatred of Batista for two reasons. First, Cuba's Communists continued other traditional political parties' pattern of fighting bullets with words; and second, Batista exercised an apparent double standard in allowing the PSP to operate more freely than mainstream opponents. Rather than threatening Batista's dictatorship, the PSP actually facilitated its continuation in the eyes of many citizens and key opinion makers among the organized opposition. Yet this was not just a matter of public perception; it appears to have been a matter of some fact, at least at the national level.
Revolutionary Cuba: December 1958 and Beyond
Authors: Guerra Lillian
Published: September 2018

This concluding chapter emphasizes how deeply the values of democracy are ingrained in Cuban political culture: the right to protest, the right to enjoy an uncensored press, the demands for racial justice and greater gender equality defined what it meant to be Cuban for most citizens of the 1940s and 1950s. Moreover, the mandate for government accountability formed a common foundation of shared morality. Just as important was the belief that Cubans who fought tyranny or simply opposed it any way that they could were everyday heroes, would-be martyrs in their own right. While today Cubans have surely abandoned all faith in political messiahs, they believe—perhaps more than ever—in themselves and the power of the individual to turn the tide of history and forge an unexpected tomorrow. However much Cuba may have changed, these ideas remain the core of who Cubans were, are, and will be.
Franz Boas in Africana Philosophy
Authors: Gordon Lewis R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how Franz Boas's contributions to Africana thought make him an Africana thinker. Boas's arguments ultimately showed the error in making whites the standard for all other groups. While European societies produced their standards of how to live as a human being, the error is to conclude that theirs were and continue to be the standards or, worse, the only ones. In stream with many Africana thinkers, Boas addressed the question of whether people rendered homeless in the world that created them “belong,” so to speak, to the story of humankind. Although they were rejected by European modernity, there was no legitimate reason for them to be denied their membership in the human community. Boas's historicism was, in other words, a form of redemptive history, one linked to a conception of freedom as also a portrait of belonging.
“Culture” Crosses the Atlantic: The German Sources of The Mind of Primitive Man
Authors: Liebersohn Harry
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the Franz Boas's German sources and how he used them, focusing on his book The Mind of Primitive Man. Boas was a proud graduate of the German research university, and after his move to the United States he continued to practice its virtues and its emphasis on detailed empirical research and methodological self-consciousness. His intellectual friendship with Carl Stumpf, a prewar Berlin professor, also underlines the intellectual style of a time and place. The chapter further argues that in Boas's anthropology, culture became a fluid, historical concept, relatively autonomous but open to new elements and reconfiguration. In the end, it was Boas, not Stumpf or his colleagues in the superbly knowledgeable and cultivated universities of prewar Germany, who became the founder of the modern study of culture.
Rediscovering the World of Franz Boas: Anthropology, Equality / Diversity, and World Peace
Authors: Tully James
Published: September 2018

This chapter attempts to rediscover the world of Franz Boas by examining his work on two general (non-Indigenous) world visions. The first is the worldview or picture (Weltanschauung or Weltbild) of civilized and primitive peoples and cultures that became dominant in the nineteenth and twentieth century: the civilized/primitive vision. Boas argued that this worldview misrepresents the world of cultures and serves to legitimate the racism, imperialism, genocide, and militarism of the civilized nations. The second, marginal vision is a more accurate representation of a world of diverse cultures: the equality/diversity vision. Boas argued that if his anthropological critique of the former and evidence for the latter were widely taught and accepted, this world-historical cultural transformation would lead away from racism, imperialism, and war toward world peace.
Of Two Minds About Minding Language in Culture
Authors: Silverstein Michael
Published: September 2018

Analyzing Franz Boas's critically new insights under the lens of philology, this chapter redefines Boasian linguistics as a globalizing mode of mutual enlightenment through the exchange of grammatical concepts between selves across borders of sound and sense—a process he calls “comparative calibrationism,” the asymptotic pursuit of the always-inaccessible yet ever-closer universal truth. It focuses on the Handbook of American Indian Languages, where Boas dismantled every plank in the language-focused platform on which inferences of evolutionary primitivism stand. Boas also went after the very applicability to American languages of the comparative method of historical linguistics, from which inferences of so-called linguistic families descended from single proto-languages emerged in the nineteenth century.
Why White People Love Franz Boas; or, The Grammar of Indigenous Dispossession
Authors: Simpson Audra
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the significance of Franz Boas's treatise on race and culture, The Mind of Primitive Man, attending to the text through a reading of its articulation of social ideals and their theoretical and political implications. Such a reading shows that Boas's work of 1911 was far from the revolutionary or paradigm-shifting text it has been hailed as. Instead, a set of conclusions emerge that require further conceptual and political attention, particularly regarding the dispossession of indigenous peoples. Rather than liberating indigenous people from colonialism The Mind of Primitive Man erases indigeneity. It establishes a dualistic binary regarding the value of cultural and bodily differences and their presumed vitality and value as well as their suitability for state and settler absorption. Its political use, then, remains in keeping a particular political order intact.
The Death of William Jones: Indian, Anthropologist, Murder Victim
Authors: Vigil Kiara M.
Published: September 2018

On March 21, 1910, the Supreme Court of the Philippines issued a ruling in The United States v. The Ilongots Palidat et al., a criminal case prosecuted by the US government against three indigenous men from the island of Luzon. The three men were found guilty of murdering William Jones, an American anthropologist working in the so-called headhunting country of the northernmost Philippines during the previous year. This chapter illuminates the identity of an indigenous intellectual as it intersected with imperial discourses, first in the United States and later in the Philippines. Through an examination of Jones's death, it considers how Gilded Age ideas of race and civilization functioned as a discourse to frame Jones in one way and his Ilongot assailants in another, ultimately producing the tragic misunderstanding between them.
Woman on the Verge of a Cultural Breakdown: Zora Neale Hurston in Haiti and the Racial Privilege of Boasian Relativism
Authors: Dunbar Eve
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that despite Zora Neale Hurston's training under Boas and her work as an intellectual arm of his theoretical and methodological machine, her marginality to American anthropology was no mere accident. When recounting the history of how American anthropology positively challenged and changed foundational notions about racial difference and diversity in the United States, one must also account for the erasure of Hurston's centrality to narratives of modern anthropology's methodological innovations around diversity. Through the use of archival materials and Hurston's own scholarly production, the chapter fleshes out a story that rests squarely within the tension created by Hurston's sense of the discipline's desire to write her out. It focuses on Hurston's Caribbean ethnography, Tell My Horse, paying special attention to textual examples where she attempts to distinguish herself from laypersons treating Haiti in order to textually frame herself as a trained ethnographer.
“A New Indian Intelligentsia”: Archie Phinney and the Search for a Radical Native American Modernity
Authors: Balthaser Benjamin
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the thought of midcentury Nez Perce activist and anthropologist Archie Phinney, which offers a glimpse into Native practices of modernity through the lens of Marxism and Soviet policy. Phinney posited that a modern Native sovereignty could arise and be realized via a dialectical engagement with the very forces by which Indians experienced their dispossession. He argued that indigenous people had no choice but to take the ideas imposed upon them by modernity and convert them to their own purposes. He contended that Indians must claim for themselves and proudly inhabit their modern racial identity. What distinguished Phinney from other pan-Indian intellectuals was his insistence that modernity is not simply a possession of industrial society. For him, modernity is a historical inheritance, a form of belonging to which indigenous people may lay claim and which they must refashion in their own image to survive.
A Two-Headed Thinker: Rüdiger Bilden, Gilberto Freyre, and the Reinvention of Brazilian Identity
Authors: Pallares-Burke Maria Lúcia
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how the creative use of Franz Boas's ideas to analyze Brazilian culture and society and to “discover” Brazil for the Brazilians was the work of two scholars, the Brazilian Gilberto Freyre and the German Rüdiger Bilden. Freyre has been credited with the invention of Brazilian identity with the publication of his Casa-Grande & Senzala (translated into English as The Masters and the Slaves) in 1933 and is described as Boas's most outstanding Latin American disciple. On the other hand, Bilden, a German scholar who was closer to Boas and once seemed to have a brilliant future, later dropped out of the academic world and disappeared into obscurity.
Seeing Like an Inca: Julio C. Tello, Indigenous Archaeology, and Pre-Columbian Trepanation in Peru
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how anthropology affected Peruvian archaeologist Julio César Tello's sense of himself. Indigenous individuals like Tello often were present at archaeology's inception, as informants and laborers, and their participation directed their more personal trajectories. Tello came to anthropology at a moment when the physical categories that informed the scientific racism of the nineteenth century were being complicated in favor of a more cultural bent. Tello overcame multiple worlds of prejudice by using skulls, the materia prima of nineteenth-century scientific racism. Like Boas, Tello collected the indigenous dead, and his collection was central to his early career. Yet unlike Boas, whose turn to a cultural study of texts in a university setting forestalled an honest reckoning with the physical collections of Native remains held by America's museums, Tello never left the dead behind. Understanding this distinction reveals how North American anthropology's turn to culture also prefaced a tragic erasure of its obligations to the indigenous dead.
Bloodhounds
Authors: Chopra Ruma
Published: September 2018

By December 1795, the Maroon war had not ended. Planters worried that the dry season would encourage slaves and Maroons to set fire to cane fields and burn down the island. In desperation, the Jamaicans turned to renting Cuban bloodhounds to hunt the Maroons. The bloodhounds terrified the Maroons and led to their surrender. But a few months later, the Jamaicans unexpectedly found themselves defending the use of canine warfare to a Parliament determined to ameliorate the severe treatment of slaves in the West Indies.
Deportation
Authors: Chopra Ruma
Published: September 2018

The Maroons had been promised that they would not be deported from Jamaica, but the colonial government betrayed them. The Jamaican colonial government, comprised of wealthy sugar planters, had hoped to avoid metropolitan meddling with their affairs. But in an era of abolitionism, the deportation of the Maroons captured attention, and the Jamaicans had to justify the forced relocation of a free people a “humane” measure.
Crisis
Authors: Chopra Ruma
Published: September 2018

Choosing a settlement site for the Maroons in Sierra Leone was no easy task. The Nova Scotian blacks, settled in Freetown since 1792, demanded legal and property rights and were perceived by the small British elite as a “troublesome” people. The elite worried that the Nova Scotian Loyalists would corrupt the Jamaican Maroons. They discussed whether a “Maroon colony” would provide a check on the rebellious Nova Scotian loyalists as well as advance the cause of abolitionism. As it happened, the Maroons landed in Sierra Leone just in time to suppress the rebellion of the Nova Scotian black Loyalists. They joined British regulars to execute and banish Nova Scotian rebels. They immediately won for themselves a prized place as loyal newcomers.
Before Neuromania
Authors: Tougaw Jason
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 examines influential texts published during the 1990s, by Oliver Sacks, Kay Redfield Jamison, Temple Grandin, Richard Powers, and David Lodge. The argument of the chapter is that these writers had not yet coalesced into a school or tradition but that they shared a set of implicit assumptions. All of these texts emphasize the fundamental roles of physiology in the making of identity but suggest also that physiology is meaningful only in the personal, social, and political contexts of live experience. In addition, they represent their writers’ attempts to blur lines between C.P. Snow’s infamous “two cultures”—science vs. the humanities—by emphasizing the phenomenology of living with a brain. While these texts helped established a zeal for neuroscience that would later be termed neuromania by theorists critical of simplistic cultural responses to neuroscience, they also contained the seeds of more sophisticated approaches to understanding relations between brain, self, and culture.
Interlude: Neurodiversity in the Age of the Brain Atlas
Authors: Tougaw Jason
Published: September 2018

In this interlude, Tougaw examines two major cultural responses to advances in neuroscience: neurodiversity politics and the U.S.-European race to “map” the brain in the hope of creating a dynamic digital “brain atlas.” While neurodiversity activists emphasize the difference from one human brain to another, the brain atlas projects aim to create a composite of the human brain. The interlude examines the inevitable contradictions that arise from both points of view, arguing that both are valuable but that neurodiversity politics and scientific efforts to map the composite brain would benefit from more mutual dialogue.
Three Autistic Autobiographers
Authors: Tougaw Jason
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Tougaw examines multiple autobiographies by three autistic writers: Tito Rajarshi Mukhopadhyay, Naoki Higashida, and John Elder Robison. Like other brain memoirists, these authors write to craft agency in response to the accidents of physiology and culture that shape their identities. But they also write more explicitly as rhetoricians, makers of emergent and rapidly evolving autistic culture and neurodiversity politics. The marketing of their books, as with most autistic autobiographers, tends to focus on the power of the writing to take readers “inside” autistic minds or worlds. In their writing, though, they emphasize writing as the power to challenge stereotypes about autism, assert their authority, and shape cultural debate.
Interlude: Interview with Maud Casey
Authors: Tougaw Jason
Published: September 2018

In this interlude, Tougaw and Casey discuss her novel The Man Who Walked Away in the context of cultural and historical fluctuations in the diagnosis of mental experience as pathology. The conversation ranges through discussions of Ian Hacking’s book Mad Travellers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illness, nineteenth-century theories of “moral treatment,” Casey’s approach to historical fiction and narration, and contemporary debates about diagnosis and labeling of mental illness.
Epilogue: Reading Organisms in the Age of Neuroscience
Authors: Tougaw Jason
Published: September 2018

In the epilogue, Tougaw asks, “What does it mean to read as a human organism?” The epilogue surveys recent accounts in “Neuro-Lit-Crit,” emphasizing fledgling attempts to bridge the humanities and the neurosciences—and the controversies that have arisen in the process. Tougaw concludes with a set of propositions: the brain is a representational organ, and we need sophisticated theories of representation to understand it; the efflorescence of brain research in the last three decades has led to more questions than answers, multiplying the variables and angles necessary for understanding relations between brain and behavior; difference is a motivating force in much literature and therefore both neuro-literature and “Neuro-Lit-Crit” must engage with disability studies and politics; literary representations of neurological difference emphasize complications and disjunctions more than they resolve social, political, or philosophical debates; and the sciences and the humanities are converging in their conceptual understandings of the making of self and relations between biology and culture, even though their very different languages often make it appear as though they are diverging; and, therefore, it’s the responsibility of both scientists and humanists to translate disciplinary languages, with the aim of strengthening both disciplines.
Fort Ross: Founding and Abandonment, 1937 to 1948
Authors: Bockstoce John R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter recounts the brief history of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s trading post at the nexus of the Western Arctic and Eastern Arctic shipping routes. Difficult ice conditions forced the company to relocate the post farther south; nevertheless the post’s short existence serves as a paradigm for the larger story of the rise and decline of the arctic fur trade.
Revolution and Civil War on the Chukchi Peninsula
Authors: Bockstoce John R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the chaos and disruptions that overtook the Chukchi and Yupik peoples during the Russian Civil War, which culminated with the Soviet takeover of the peninsula in 1923 and was followed by the seizure of trading posts and foreign trading vessels and the confiscation of traders’ supplies and money.
State Ownership of the Trade on the Chukchi Peninsula
Authors: Bockstoce John R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the efforts of the Soviet authorities to change the lifeways of the Indigenous peoples (the Chukchi and Yupik) by re-locating them, re-educating them, forcing them to work in collectives for state-owned industries, and requiring them to sell their furs to the state at set prices.
Tradition
Authors: Stern Eliyahu
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the state of the Jews living in the Russian Empire from 1840 to 1860. It details the Russian Empire’s economic and religious program to make Jews “Russians of the Mosaic Faith.” The Jews responded to this program by developing a theory of traditional Judaism that defined Judaism as strictly a religion—but one that reflected Catholic and Orthodox sentiments.
The Materialization of Spirit
Authors: Stern Eliyahu
Published: September 2018

While most histories of Jewish nationalism stress the ideological differences between Cultural Zionists and Jewish Marxists, I argue that the founding principles of Cultural Zionism advanced by the intellectual and newspaper editor Peretz Smolenskin were shaped and molded by the practical materialism advanced by Lieberman and his Marxist circle. In 1875 Smolenskin invited Lieberman to join his printing operation in Vienna and published the first Jewish socialist newspaper, The Truth (Ha’emet). Smolenskin’s connection to Lieberman embodies the complex architectonics that went into the building of cultural nationalism. Though appealing to ancient ideas, cultural forms of nationalism often piggybacked on modern movements inspired by calls for economic equality, spiritually appropriating and culturally particularizing the resources practical materialists were attempting to wrest away from discriminatory and oppressive political regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter summarizes the Native American soldiers' position both during and after World War I. It also briefly captures the premise of this volume: that Indian patriotism, mandated by whites or claimed by Natives themselves, was neither inevitable nor in any way obvious. The chapter argues that patriotism, for Indians as for non-Indians, was the product of historical contingencies and a mixture of contradictory projects and motivations that each individual had to make sense of on their own. Patriotism tested, shaped, and was shaped by families, reservation communities, and urban Indian organizations in inter- and intra-generational dialogues. And because it was heavily constrained and influenced by non-Natives as well, it was also the product of interracial interactions and conversations.
Back in History?
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers how the story of Indian participation proved unwieldy to all who could have been interested in recounting it. While documentation was produced and sometimes published, neither the federal government nor the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), nor the states, nor even anthropologists displayed an interest in looking at the war experience or investigating its effects on Indian veterans and communities. With rare exceptions, these actors treated war as a parenthesis, albeit one that proved that the Indians were not dead and that they could contribute to national life. Indian activists, especially in the cities, turned out to be the only ones interested in capitalizing on the war to push for a national holiday that would pay tribute to the Native American contribution: Indian Day.
Patriotic Rewards, New Freedoms
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter applies the insights of the previous chapters to the examination of the role of patriotism and veterans in shaping Indian policy from the 1920s. It shows how, for veterans and non-veterans alike, Native American participation in World War I was an opportunity to ask the state and the general public for moral and material recognition. Although they derived few tangible benefits from this mobilization, the ability of veterans to claim the attention of non-Indians allowed them to accumulate a level of political savvy and social capital rarely encountered in their communities. The 1920s were a testing time for Native patriots and a testing ground for a new strategy. In the process, they asked troubling questions: Could Indians be freed from BIA supervision? And with what consequences? Patriotism suggested new answers to what was, after all, the core of the “Indian problem.”
A Dream of Emancipation
Authors: Grillot Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter shows how the contradictions and frustrations surrounding veterans came to a head with the onset of the “Indian New Deal” initiated by Franklin D. Roosevelt's Indian commissioner, John Collier. As Collier pushed his agenda of reform and return to communal landholding on Indian reservations, patriotism became the privileged weapon of an active minority of veterans spearheading resistance to the New Deal. Moreover, World War II proved a very favorable moment to realize a rhetorical and organizational connection that linked patriotism, the conservative defense of Indians' civic rights, and the rising tide of termination. At the end of the 1940s, the World War I generation reached the peak of its influence in Indian country and demonstrated the complexity of Indian patriotism. A new generation of Indian soldiers was soon to take their place. They would turn ceremonies popularized with World War I into a new, modern Indian tradition.
The Farm Idea
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

The chapter argues that family security was the first aim of farmers. They believed that given adequate land they could provide for themselves year by year and in time set up their children on farms of their own. As part of this security, all farmers sought to provision themselves. Their account books show why. Farmer accounts were not designed to measure profit. Measuring return on investment as capitalists do was a foreign concept. The farmer’s aim was to remain in balance with the world, to purchase no more than he sold, like national accounts today. To reduce their expenditures, they sought to produce everything they could within the household economy. Even the largest planters, who purchased luxury goods from England, sought to provision themselves by producing their basic needs on their own plantations. All farmers engaged in exchanges with neighbors and traders in order to maximize the obligations owed to them while seeking to provision themselves in every way they could. Tragically, the perpetuation of this family farming system required ever more land. In their effort to provide for their children, farmers relentlessly drove the Native Americans from their tribal possessions. Farmers were both the realization of the American dream and the enactment of the American tragedy.
The Nature of the South
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

Plantation agriculture in the western hemisphere extended from Brazil northward through the Caribbean to the northern boundary of Maryland. This geography created a line in North America noted by seventeenth-century imperial economists. The southern colonies produced crops needed in the home land making the South far more valuable to the empire than the North. Plantation agriculture stopped at the Maryland-Pennsylvania border because the climate made slavery impractical north of that line. Only farmers who produced valuable exports could afford the price of slaves. Tobacco, though it could be grown in the North, was not commercially feasible there. The growing season had to be long enough to get a crop in the ground while also planting corn for subsistence, allow the tobacco to mature, and harvest it before the first frost. Tobacco was practical within the zone of the 180-day growing season whose isotherm outlines the areas where slavery flourished. Within this zone, the ground could be worked all but a month or two in winter, giving slaves plenty to do. Cattle could also forage for themselves, reducing the need for hay. Southern farmers could devote themselves to provisions and market crops, increasing their wealth substantially compared to the North where haying occupied much of the summer. Differing agro-systems developed along a temperature gradient running from North to South with contrasting crops and labor systems attached to each.
Uncas and Joshua
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

Uncas, the chief of the Mohegans, initially cooperated with the Connecticut government to gain advantage over his native rivals. Uncas assisted in the conquest of the Pequots and agreed to seek Connecticut’s assistance in settling disputes with his Indian enemies in return for English support in intra-Indian disputes. He also granted land to English settlers in New London County where the Hempstead family arrived in 1645. In the following century, the Hempsteads flourished in New London while Mohegan lands continuously shrank and Indian lives were degraded. Because he was unfamiliar with the Connecticut legal system and ways of dealing, Uncas put land sales in the hands of a guardian, Captain John Mason. With the Indian economy crippled, Uncas was forced to sell land as a form of income. After his death, his son Oweneco sold land irresponsibly often under the influence of alcohol. By the time the diary of Joshua Hempstead takes up in 1711, the Mohegans were reduced to one small patch of land in Norwich. Joshua’s diary records the farming economy that effectively took control of the Connecticut landscape, forever excluding the Indians from their once extensive possessions.
Revolution
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

Until 1774, farmers passively observed the agitation against parliamentary taxation rather than actively engaging in the anti-Parliament agitation. One reason was that the Stamp Act affected them far less directly than it did urban populations. The Stamp Act was an excise tax, a type which farmers had always favored over taxes on persons and property which bore more heavily on rural society. Farmers mobilized at last in 1774 after the Boston Port Bill closed the port as punishment for Bostonians dumping tea in their harbor. Rural towns and counties formed committees, passed resolutions, and organized militia companies. Farmers’ economic interests were not directly affected; they were soon to accept the Association which voluntarily closed American ports to put pressure on Britain. They seemed rather to see the Port Bill as a government attack on the people in contradiction of its primary obligation to protect. Farm areas in Pennsylvania and throughout North America formed committees to speak and act for the people. They enforced the Association which forbade exports to Britain and organized militia companies in preparation for an expected British effort to enforce the laws. Farm areas demonstrated their capacity for acting as a body and so were not dismayed when Independence was declared in 1776 and government by the people instituted.
Family Mobility
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

In many parts of North America in the eighteenth century, as many as 40% of the people in a given area would move over the course of a decade, heading for frontier areas or cities where their prospects were better. Highly mobile farm families though common but are hard to trace because few names were unique. It is hard to know if a name in a new town’s records is the same person as the name in a former town. Lincoln family genealogy is useful in illustrating how moving families fared. Lincoln’s first American ancestors arrived in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1637 and by the end of the century began to migrate, first to the Middle Colonies and later to Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. They were motivated by the need for additional land for their offspring. For the most part they succeeded, although President Lincoln’s grandfather Abraham did not. He was killed by Indians, and his son Thomas, Lincoln’s father, never flourished despite multiple moves. President Lincoln gave up on farming and chose to make his living as a postmaster, lawyer, and politician.
Learning Slavery
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

Plantation agriculture created a culture in which commanding a slave became a mark of distinction. Large owners left a slave to each of their children as one of the accoutrements of a respectable lady or gentleman. White children of necessity had to learn to be masters and their black companions to be slaves. Much of this learning occurred through the stories of black-white relationships which slaves told each other. The stories formed a body of black literature which was passed along with other skills like singing and playing. White masters had to learn to provide supplies for their workforce—food, clothing, housing. Management of a large plantation called for the skills of a quartermaster. Whites, furthermore, even white women, had to learn to demand and to punish. As they grew, black children had to decide if they were to seek to be trusted by their masters or take a chance on resistance. Resistance could involve little more than slacking off work when not under the master’s gaze. Or it could mean running away. During the Revolution, black families that were seemingly quiescent took the chance on joining the British forces and ran away. Blacks concealed their true feelings in hiding places in their minds.
Liberal Democracy in Theory
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter distinguishes and connects four concepts—the republican principle, democracy, constitutionalism, and liberalism. By the republican principle, the chapter refers to popular sovereignty or, more formally, the people as the sole source of legitimacy. Meanwhile, the concept of democracy at the most basic level requires the equality of all citizens along with a broadly inclusive scope for citizenship. Constitutionalism denotes basic, enduring structures of formal institutional power, typically but not always codified in writing. Finally, liberalism creates a sphere beyond the rightful reach of government in which individuals can enjoy independence and privacy. With these concepts in place, the chapter ventures to create a more precise characterization of liberal democracy.
Liberal Democracy in America
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the difference between the economics of the postwar boom and the present as well as the waning American Dream and shows how, in these circumstances, and given current policies, there is no reason to expect that conditions will improve for the middle class, let alone those lower down on the ladder. Thus, U.S. public policy has no choice but to lean harder against the economic wind, both to accelerate economic growth and to ensure that its fruits are widely shared. At long last, U.S. leaders must turn away from peripheral squabbles and attend to the one issue that more than any other will define the country's future.
Democratic Leadership
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the tension between leadership and democratic psychology. Throughout history, democracies have struggled against both populism and elitism, often in the form of individuals who present themselves as potential leaders. Some of this tension is productive, but much is not. Taken too far, the passions and emotions characteristic of democracy can end by weakening it. Political communities need good leaders, but not all forms of political organization are equally hospitable to the leadership they need. There is a perennial worry that democracy and leadership are fundamentally at odds. Leadership comes into conflict not with the principle of democracy but with its psychology, and one aspect of this psychology is populism. On the other hand, the experience of democratic life can produce a stance diametrically opposed to populist resentment—namely, elitist arrogance.
Sitting Ducks
Authors: Lewis Daniel
Published: September 2018

This chapter concerns a bird known only from the fossil record—Ptaiochen pau, or the Stumbling Moa-nalo. Rapidly eradicated by early Polynesians, this flightless duck is an exemplar of environmental difficulties caused by the sudden arrival of humans on an unpeopled archipelago. It is a bird whose extinction seems resolutely tied to humans, but the fact that birds disappeared at nearly three times the rate before Western contact than after it also conceals many other things about careful and sophisticated native stewardship of the land. As such, the chapter asks what kinds of care the Hawaiians exercised over the land, and over its bird life, before they were affected by Western incursions in the form of diseases, introduced species such as mosquitoes and mongooses, and a wide variety of birds from elsewhere.
Do Americans Like to Punish?
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the question of whether Americans like to punish. The United States clearly punishes more heavily and for longer periods than other countries, with comparable social and political values. One can land in an American prison for life over minor offenses—a punishment not used for serious offenses in Western Europe. The leading comparativist on criminology, James Whitman, argues that a politics of dignity has instilled mercy and mildness in European systems, while leveling impulses, distrust of authority, and too much power in the people is said to have left the United States with a criminal justice system long in degradation and short on mercy.
The Technology of Confinement
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers how prison technology is especially one-sided and imposed because it is not shared. Philosopher Jacques Ellul has argued that technical mastery (technopoly) can narrow thought and make it less sensitive to human dimensions and needs. Criminologists call this level of total technological imposition “a habitus of subjection.” In “total institutions,” prison theorists agree that current modes of technical use have led to “mortification of the self.” The bad aspects of prison technology are indeed bad. The United States has so many people in prison and jail and many more under legal surveillance because technology has made it possible.
Education in Prison Reform
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on how advances in education are the ultimate source of improvement, and how it will require a many-tiered coordinated program. Empirical study shows that education makes all the difference in reducing recidivism in prisoners. Recidivism rates vary depending on the quality and the level of educational programs, and quality is notoriously hard to gauge in a prison setting. Even so, all such programs have an impact, and some have a decisive one. If recidivism rates remain at an unacceptably high peak—well over 60 percent—the percentages drop with some education and reach single digits if a person in prison completes a college program. The chapter shows that educational potentials are greater in prisons for women and might, with a realization of what works, be carried into prisons for men.
Evaluating the visualisation of dynamic biomechanical data for healthcare and design
Authors: Macdonald Alastair S.
Published: September 2018

Biomechanical data is derived from the musculoskeletal system and the way it operates dynamically in relation to muscle force and the effects of gravity. Biomechanical analysis can be used to scientifically assess the causes of movement problems in individuals. This chapter discusses how, through the use of an innovative tool developed by the researchers to visualise older adult biomechanical data, evidence of understanding and experience of mobility issues during activities of daily living was gathered from older adults, healthcare professionals and design practitioners. It also discusses the potential role of this tool to facilitate cross-disciplinary discourse and deepen professional-practitioner understanding, and insights obtained about the experiences of older adults through empowering them, through the tool, to better engage in meaningful discussions with professionals.
Transitions in kitchen living: past experiences and present use
Authors: Peace Sheila , Maguire Martin , Nicolle Colette , Marshall Russ , Percival John , Scicluna Rachel , Sims Ruth , Kellaher Leonie , Lawton Clare
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the domestic kitchen in the lives of older people whose ages range across four decades and who were born between 1919 and 1948. They were living in various types of housing from detached to terraced; from maisonette to flat; from mainstream to supportive. By looking at past experiences of the kitchen across the life course gendered and generational differences are seen that contribute to kitchen living in the 21st century. Examining use of the most recent kitchen shows how biopsychosocial factors come together with design and on-going adaptation being both enabling and disabling. The kitchen is seen as a mainstay of the home environment and in later life central to maintaining personal autonomy