bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Effector Pathways Regulate Memory CD8 T Cell Immunity against Plasmodium berghei versus P. yoelii Sporozoites
Authors: Butler Noah S. , Schmidt Nathan W. , Harty John T.
Published: January 2010

Malaria results in >1,000,000 deaths per year worldwide. Although no licensed vaccine exists, much effort is currently focused on subunit vaccines that elicit CD8 T cell responses directed against Plasmodium parasite liver stage Ags. Multiple immune-effector molecules play a role in antimicrobial immunity mediated by memory CD8 T cells, including IFN-γ, perforin, TRAIL, Fas ligand, and TNF-α. However, it is not known which pathways are required for memory CD8 T cell-mediated immunity against liver stage Plasmodium infection. In this study, we used a novel immunization strategy to generate memory CD8 T cells in the BALB/c mouse model of P. berghei or P. yoelii sporozoite infection to examine the role of immune-effector molecules in resistance to the liver stage infection. Our studies reveal that endogenous memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection against both parasite species is, in part, dependent on IFN-γ, whereas perforin was only critical in protection against P. yoelii. We further show that neutralization of TNF-α in immunized mice markedly reduces memory CD8 T cell-mediated protection against both parasite species. Thus, our studies identify IFN-γ and TNF-α as important components of the noncytolytic pathways that underlie memory CD8 T cell-mediated immunity against liver stage Plasmodium infection. Our studies also show that the effector pathways that memory CD8 T cells use to eliminate liver stage infection are, in part, Plasmodium species specific.
Analysis of the Thymidylate Synthase Gene Structure in Colorectal Cancer Patients and Its Possible Relation with the 5‐Fluorouracil Drug Response
Authors: Calascibetta A. , Contino Flavia , Feo S. , Gulotta G. , Cajozzo M. , Antona A. , Sanguedolce G. , Sanguedolce R.
Published: January 2010

Thymidylate synthase (TS) catalyzes methylation of dUMP to dTMP and it is the target for the 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) activity. Barbour et al. showed that variant structural forms of TS in tumour cell lines confer resistance to fluoropyrimidines. We planned to perform the whole TS gene structure by means of sequencing techniques in human colorectal cancer (CRC) samples to try to identify the presence of any possible TS variant form that could be responsible of fluoropyrimidines drug resistance and of the worse prognosis. We performed the TS‐DNA gene sequence in 68 CRC from patients of A, B, and C Dukes′ stages and different histological grade, but we did not find any mutation in the TS‐DNA structure. In the future we intend to widen the TS structure analysis to the metastatic CRCs, because due to their higher genomic instability, they could present a TS variant form responsible of the fluoropyrimidines drug resistance and the worse prognosis.
Synthesis of
Tert
‐Butyl (1

S

,2

S

)‐2‐Methyl‐3‐Oxo‐1‐Phenylpropylcarbamate by Asymmetric Mannich Reaction
Authors: Woon Yang Jung , Chandra Pan Subhas , List Benjamin
Published: January 2010

Tert‐
Butyl phenyl(phenylsulfonyl)methylcarbamate

(
E
)‐
tert‐
Butyl benzylidinecarbamate

Carbamic acid,
N‐
[(1
S,
2
S
)‐2‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐1‐phenylpropyl]‐1.1‐dimethylethyl ester
Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5‐
a
]Pyridines Via Azirines: Preparation of 2‐(3‐Bromophenyl)‐6‐(Trifluoromethyl)Pyrazolo[1,5‐
a
]Pyridine
Authors: Greszler Stephen , Stevens Kirk L.
Published: January 2010

3'‐Bromoacetophenone

Sodium hydride

2‐Chloro‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridine

Trifluoracetic anhydride
2‐(2,2‐Dibromoethenyl)‐Benzenamine
Authors: Bryan Christopher , Aurregi Valentina , Lautens Mark
Published: January 2010

2‐Nitrobenzaldehyde

Tetrabromomethane

Triisopropyl phosphate

Sodium carbonate

Benzene, 1‐(2,2‐dibromoethenyl)‐2‐nitro

Benzenamine, 2 (2,2‐dibromoethenyl)‐
Preparation of (

S

)‐4‐Isopropyl‐

N

‐Propanoyl‐1,3‐Thiazolidine‐2‐Thione
Authors: Gálvez Erik , Romea Pedro , Urpí Fèlix
Published: January 2010

(
S
)‐Valinol

Carbon disulfide

(
S)‐
4‐Isopropyl‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thione

n‐
Butyllithium

Propanoyl chloride

(
S)‐
4‐Isopropyl‐
N‐
propanoyl‐1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thione
Stereoselective Synthesis of
anti
α‐Methyl‐β‐Methoxy Carboxylic Compounds
Authors: Gálvez Erik , Romea Pedro , Urpí Fèlix
Published: January 2010

(
E)‐
2‐Methyl‐3‐phenylpropenal

Trimethyl orthoformate

(
E)‐
3,3‐Dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐propenylbenzene

(
S)
‐4‐(1‐Methylethyl)‐3‐(1‐oxopropyl)2‐thiazolidinethione

Diisopropylethylamine

Titanium tetrachloride

(4
S)
‐3‐[(2
R,
3
S,
4
E)‐
3‐Methoxy‐2,4‐dimethyl‐1‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐4‐pentenyl]‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐2‐thiazolidinethione

N,O‐
Dimethylaminopyridine

Triethylamine
Enantioselective Oxidation of an Alkyl Aryl Sulfide: Synthesis of (

S

)‐(–)‐Methyl

P

‐Bromophenyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Drago Carmelo , Walker Emma‐Jane , Caggiano Lorenzo , Jackson Richard F. W.
Published: January 2010

(S
)
(‐)‐2‐(
N‐
3,5‐Diidosalicyliden)amino‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐butanol

(L)‐( + )‐
tert‐
Leucinol

3,5‐Diiodosalicyladehyde

(
S)
‐(‐)‐
p‐
Bromophenyl methyl sulfoxide

Vanadyl acetylacetonate

p‐
Bromophenyl methyl sulfide
Synthesis of 2‐[3,3'‐Di‐(
Tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐Aminodipropylamine]‐4,6,‐Dichloro‐1,3,5‐Triazine as a Monomer and 1,3,5‐[
Tris
‐Piperazine]‐Triazine as a Core for the Large Scale Synthesis of Melamine (Triazine) Dendrimers
Authors: Chouai Abdellatif , Venditto Vincent J. , Simanek Eric E.
Published: January 2010

3,3'‐Diaminodipropylamine

2‐(
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyloxyamino)2‐phenylacetonitrile

Cyanuric chloride

N‐(tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐piperazine

N,N‐D
iisopropyl ethylamine

2‐[3,3'‐Di‐(
tert
‐butoxycarbonyl)‐aminodipropylamine]‐4,,6‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazone

1,3,5‐[Tris‐piperazine]‐triazine
Large Scale, Green Synthesis of a Generation‐1 Melamine (Triazine) Dendrimer
Authors: Chouai Abdellatif , Venditto Vincent J. , Simanek Eric E.
Published: January 2010

2‐[3,3'‐Di‐(
tert‐
butoxycarbonyl)‐aminodipropylamine]‐4,6‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine

1,3,5‐[Tris‐piperazine]‐triazine

G1‐[N(CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NHBoc)
2
]
6
‐Cl
3

G1‐[N(CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NHBoc)
2
]
6
‐piperidine
Preparation of (

S

)‐2‐Allyl‐2‐Methylcyclohexanone
Authors: Mohr Justin T. , Krout Michael R. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: January 2010

Pimelic acid

Allyl alcohol

p‐
Tolunesulfonic acid monohydrate

Diallyl pimelate

Iodomethane

Allyl 1‐methyl‐2‐oxocyclohexanecarboxylate

Tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0)

(
S)‐tert‐
ButylPHOX

(
S
)‐2‐Allyl‐2‐methylcyclohexanone

Sodium acetate

Semicarbazide hydrochloride

(
S
)‐2‐Allyl‐2‐methylcyclohexylidiene)hydrazinecarboximide
One‐Pot Multicomponent Preparation of Tetrahydropyrazoloquinolinones and Tetrahydropyrazoloquinazolinones
Authors: Glasnov Toma N. , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: January 2010

Triethylamine

5‐Phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐amine

Dimedone

p‐Tolualdehyde

7,7‐Dimethyl‐3‐phenyl‐4‐p‐tolyl‐6,7,8,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]‐quinolin‐5(4H)‐one

Chlorotrimethylsilane
(3

R

,7

a
S

)‐3‐(Trichloromethyl)Tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2‐

C

]Oxazol‐1(3

H

)‐One: An Air and Moisture Stable Reagent for the Synthesis of Optically Active α‐Branched Prolines
Authors: Artman Gerald D. , Rafferty Ryan J. , Williams Robert M.
Published: January 2010

(
S
)‐Proline

2,2,2‐Trichloro‐1‐ethoxyethanol

(3
R
,7
aS
)‐3‐(Trichloromethyl)tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2‐
c
]oxazol‐1(3
H
)‐one

Sodium

Acetyl chloride

(
R
)‐Methyl 2‐allylpyrrolidine‐2‐carboxylate hydrochloride
Vinylation with Inexpensive Silicon‐Based Reagents: Preparation of 3‐Vinylquinoline and 4‐Vinylbenzophenone
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Butler Christopher R.
Published: January 2010

4‐Vinylbenzophenone

3‐Vinylquinoline

1.3.5.7‐Tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane

Palladium tris(dibenzylideneacetone)

2‐(Di‐t
ert‐
butylphosphino)biphenyl
Low Pressure Carbonylation of Epoxides to β‐Lactones
Authors: Kramer John W. , Treitler Daniel S. , Coates Geoffrey W.
Published: January 2010

1,2‐Epoxy‐3‐phenoxypropane

[N,N'‐
Bis(3,5‐di‐
tert‐
butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamino‐chromium‐di‐tetrahydrofuran]tetracarbonylcobaltate(1)

Carbon monoxide
Tetrakis(Dimethylamino)Allene
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Alcarazo Manuel , Krause Helga
Published: January 2010

Dichlormethylen‐dimethyliminium chloride

Dimethyl acetamide

1,3‐Dichloro‐1,3‐bis(dimethylamino)propenium chloride

Diethylamine

1,1,3,3,‐Tetrakis(dimethylamino)propenium tetrafluoroborate

Sodium amide

Tetrakis(dimethylamino)allene
Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis(4‐
Tert
‐Butylphenyl) Iodonium Triflate
Authors: Bielawski Marcin , Olofsson. Berit
Published: January 2010

Bis(4‐
tert‐
butylphenyl)iodonium triflate

Iodine

Tert‐
Butylbenzene

M‐
Chloroperbenzoic acid

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
Pd
(0)‐Catalyzed Diamination of
trans
‐1‐Phenyl‐1,3‐Butadiene with
Di
‐
tert
‐Butyldiaziridinone as Nitrogen Source
Authors: Du Haifeng , Zhao Baoguo , Shi Yian
Published: January 2010

Di‐
tert‐
butylurea

Tert‐
Butylamine

Triethylamine

Triphosgene

Di‐
tert‐
butyldiaziridinone

Tert‐
Butyl hypochlorite

Potassium
tert‐
butoxide

Trans‐
1,3‐Di‐
tert‐
butyl‐4‐phenyl‐5‐vinyl‐imidazolidin‐2‐one

(
E)‐
1‐Phenyl‐1,3‐butadiene

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium
Synthesis of 4,5‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐Dithiol‐2‐One
Authors: Chandrasekaran Perumalreddy , Donahue James P.
Published: January 2010

O‐
Isopropyl
S‐
3‐Oxobutan‐2‐yl dithicarbonate

2‐Butanone

Potassium
O‐
isopropylxanthate

4,5‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐one
B‐Protected Haloboronic Acids for Iterative Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Ballmer Steven G. , Gillis Eric P. , Burke Martin D.
Published: January 2010

N‐
Methyliminodiacetic acid

Iminodiacetic acid

Formalin

Formic acid

4‐Bromophenylboronic acid

Palladium(II) acetate

(2‐Biphenyl)dicyclohexylphosphine

p‐
Tolylboronic acid
Holoprosencephaly due to numeric chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Solomon Benjamin D. , Rosenbaum Kenneth N. , Meck Jeanne M. , Muenke Maximilian
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the human forebrain. When a clinician identifies a patient with HPE, a routine chromosome analysis is often the first genetic test sent for laboratory analysis in order to assess for a structural or numerical chromosome anomaly. An abnormality of chromosome number is overall the most frequently identified etiology in a patient with HPE. These abnormalities include trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and triploidy, though several others have been reported. Such chromosome number abnormalities are almost universally fatal early in gestation or in infancy. Clinical features of specific chromosome number abnormalities may be recognized by phenotypic manifestations in addition to the HPE. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parental perspectives on living with a child with HoPE
Authors: Stashinko Elaine E. , Harley Leslie A. , Steele Roxanne A. , Clegg Nancy J.
Published: January 2010

This article describes the experiences and perceived needs of a small cohort of parents of children with holoprosencephaly (HPE). The factors that are important to the lives of children vary across families and stages of development. As children living with HPE grow and change, parents adapt their goals and expectations to reflect their child's now and future state. Relevant literature is integrated within the discussion to support recommendations for care. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐genetic risk factors for holoprosencephaly
Authors: Johnson Candice Y. , Rasmussen Sonja A.
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a congenital defect of the brain characterized by incomplete cleavage of the embryonic forebrain into left and right hemispheres. Although a substantial proportion of cases of HPE can be attributed to genetic abnormalities, the etiology in many cases remains unknown, with non‐genetic risk factors believed to be important contributors. Due to the low birth prevalence of this defect, it has proven difficult to conduct studies of sufficient size to identify risk factors with certainty. This article provides a summary of non‐genetic risk factors for HPE that have been investigated in case reports and case series, animal studies, and epidemiologic studies, including maternal illnesses, therapeutic and non‐therapeutic exposures, nutritional factors, and sociodemographic factors. The article also highlights challenges in study design and further areas for research to better understand the etiology of HPE. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly and ectrodactyly: Report of three new patients and review of the literature
Authors: Keaton Amelia A. , Solomon Benjamin D. , van Essen Anthonie J. , Pfleghaar Kathleen M. , Slama Michael A. , Martin Judith A. , Muenke Maximilian
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) and ectrodactyly represent congenital malformations of the developing forebrain and developing digits, respectively. The combination of these conditions is rare, with only 15 cases known to date (12 previously reported, and 3 new cases described here). While the findings in these patients overlap with previously described genetic conditions, the similarity in phenotypes among these patients has led to the establishment of a at least one distinct syndrome: HPE, ectrodactyly, and bilateral cleft lip‐palate syndrome (OMIM 300571). There has been great interest in identifying a genetic cause for the findings in patients with HPE and ectrodactyly; however the cause(s) of this rare association still remain unknown. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of children with holoprosencephaly
Authors: Levey Eric B. , Stashinko Elaine , Clegg Nancy J. , Delgado Mauricio R.
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the embryonic forebrain in humans. Although HPE occurs along a continuous spectrum, it has been categorized into four types from most severe to least severe: alobar, semilobar, lobar, and middle interhemispheric (MIH) variant. Facial malformations are often associated with HPE and usually correlate with the severity of brain malformation. With the most severely affected newborns, there is a high mortality rate in the first month of life, however, with milder forms of HPE, the majority survive beyond infancy. The Carter Centers for Brain Research in Holoprosencephaly and Related Malformations have enrolled 182 living children in a prospective research study. Based on previously published reports using this database, reports from other investigators, as well as our experience and personal observations, the range of developmental, neurological, and medical problems found in children with HPE is described in this article. Virtually all children with HPE have some developmental disability and the severity correlates with the severity of the brain malformation on neuroimaging. Common medical problems include hydrocephalus, seizures, motor impairment, oromotor dysfunction with risk of poor nutrition and aspiration, chronic lung disease, gastroesophageal reflux, constipation, hypothalamic dysfunction with disturbed sleep–wake cycles and temperature dysregulation, as well as endocrine dysfunction. Diabetes insipidus in particular is found in about 70% of children with classic HPE. Recommendations for management of these problems are given based on experiences of the authors and familiarity with the literature. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of bone morphogenetic protein signaling and its antagonism in holoprosencephaly
Authors: Klingensmith John , Matsui Maiko , Yang Yu‐Ping , Anderson Ryan M.
Published: January 2010

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the forebrain, resulting from a failure to completely septate the left and right hemispheres at the rostral end of the neural tube. Because of the tissue interactions that drive head development, these forebrain defects are typically accompanied by midline deficiencies of craniofacial structures. Early events in setting up tissue precursors of the head, as well as later interactions between these tissues, are critical for normal head formation. Defects in either process can result in HPE. Signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of secreted cytokines, generally plays negative roles in early stages of head formation, and thus must be attenuated in multiple contexts to ensure proper forebrain and craniofacial development. Chordin and Noggin are endogenous, extracellular antagonists of BMP signaling that promote the normal organization of the forebrain and face. Mouse mutants with reduced levels of both factors display mutant phenotypes remarkably analogous to the range of malformations seen in human HPE sequence. Chordin and Noggin function in part by antagonizing the inhibitory effects of BMP signaling on the Sonic hedgehog and Nodal pathways, genetic lesions in each being associated with human HPE. Study of Chordin;Noggin mutant mice is helping us to understand the molecular, cellular, and genetic pathogenesis of HPE and associated malformations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of the hernial sac in inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Stylianidis G , Haapamäki M M , Sund M , Nilsson E , Nordin P
Published: January 2010

Background

There is no consensus on the best management of the indirect hernial sac in groin hernia surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent different management options are associated with reoperation for recurrence.

Methods

This study used data from the Swedish Hernia Register. Surgeons registered whether the indirect hernial sac was managed by division (leaving the distal part in place), excision or invagination.

Results

An indirect hernia was found in 48 433 operations; the sac was excised in 49·5 per cent, invaginated in 37·6 per cent and divided in 12·9 per cent of operations. The 5-year cumulative reoperation incidence was 1·7 per cent for hernial sac excision, 1·7 per cent for division and 2·7 per cent for invagination. For indirect hernia repair, the relative risk of reoperation for recurrence was 0·63 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·51 to 0·79) for excision of the sac and 0·72 (0·53 to 0·99) for division compared with invagination. Lichtenstein repair combined with hernial sac excision had a 5-year cumulative reoperation incidence of only 1·0 per cent.

Conclusion

Excision of the indirect hernial sac in inguinal hernia repair is associated with a lower risk of hernia recurrence than division or invagination.
The significance of protective factors in the assessment of risk
Authors: Rennie Charlotte E. , Dolan Mairead C.
Published: January 2010

Background Few studies have explored protective factors in the assessment of risk, despite acknowledgement that protective factors may play an important role.

Aim To examine the significance of protective factors in assessment of risk using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY).

Method The SAVRY was completed on 135 male adolescents in custody in the UK. Data on previous offending and childhood psychopathology were collected. Participants were prospectively followed up at 12 months using data from the Home Office Police National Computer (HOPNC).

Results Participants with protective factors were older when first arrested, were less prolific offenders and had fewer psychopathological problems. The number of protective factors present was significantly higher for participants who did not re‐offend during the follow‐up. The total number of SAVRY protective factors significantly predicted desistance at follow‐up and resilient personality traits constituted the only significant individual protective factor.

Conclusions and implications Protective factors might buffer the effects of risk factors and a resilient personality may be crucial. Recognition of protective factors should be an essential part of the risk management process and for interventions with high‐risk adolescents to reduce re‐offending. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivism
Authors: Mulder Eva , Brand Eddy , Bullens Ruud , Van Marle Hjalmar
Published: January 2010

Background There has been a lot of research on risk factors for recidivism among juvenile offenders, in general, and on individual risk factors, but less focus on subgroups of serious juvenile offenders and prediction of recidivism within these.

Objective To find an optimal classification of risk items and to test the predictive value of the resultant factors with respect to severity of recidivism among serious juvenile offenders.

Method Seventy static and dynamic risk factors in 1154 juvenile offenders were registered with the Juvenile Forensic Profile. Recidivism data were collected on 728 of these offenders with a time at risk of at least 2 years. After factor analysis, independent sample t‐tests were used to indicate differences between recidivists and non‐recidivists. Logistic multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the potential predictive value of the factors for violent or serious recidivism.

Results A nine‐factor solution best accounted for the data. The factors were: antisocial behaviour during treatment, sexual problems, family problems, axis‐1 psychopathology, offence characteristics, conscience and empathy, intellectual and social capacities, social network, and substance abuse. Regression analysis showed that the factors antisocial behaviour during treatment, family problems and axis‐1 psychopathology were associated with seriousness of recidivism.

Conclusions and implications for practice The significance of family problems and antisocial behaviour during treatments suggest that specific attention to these factors may be important in reducing recidivism. The fact that antisocial behaviour during treatment consists mainly of dynamic risk factors is hopeful as these can be influenced by treatment. Consideration of young offenders by subgroup rather than as a homogenous population is likely to yield the best information about risk of serious re‐offending and the management of that risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Referrals into services for offenders with intellectual disabilities: Variables predicting community or secure provision
Authors: Carson Derek , Lindsay William R. , O'Brien Gregory , Holland Anthony J. , Taylor John L. , Wheeler Jessica R. , Middleton Claire , Price Karen , Steptoe Lesley , Johnston Susan
Published: January 2010

Background There is a need for research to promote an understanding among service developers on why people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are referred to offender services in order for them to receive appropriate assessment and treatment. Previous studies investigating referrals into forensic ID services have concentrated on referral sources and administrative variables such as legal status.

Aims To construct a predictive model for choice of service referral based on a comprehensive range of information about the clientele.

Method We conducted a case record study of 336 people referred to community services and 141 to secure provision. We gathered information on referral source, demographics, diagnosis, index behaviour, prior problem behaviours and history of abuse.

Results Comparisons revealed 19 candidate variables which were then entered into multivariate logistic regression. The resulting model retained six variables: community living at time of referral, physical aggression, being charged, referral from tertiary health care, diverse problem behaviour and IQ < 50, which correctly predicted the referral pathway for 85.7% of cases.

Conclusions An index act of physical aggression and a history of diversity of problem behaviours as predictors against the likelihood of community service referral suggest that professionals have similar concerns about people with ID as they do about their more average offending peers; however, the more severe levels of ID mitigated in favour of community referral, regardless. Offenders with ID tend to be referred within levels of service rather than between them, for example, form tertiary services into generic community services. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption performance of nickel and cadmium ions onto brewer's yeast
Authors: Cui Longzhe , Wu Guiping , Jeong Tae‐seop
Published: January 2010

The brewer's yeast was used as adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) and Cd(II) metal ions from aqueous solution. The surface of the brewer's yeast had three main functional groups of sulfonate, carboxyl, and amine groups. The pH of solution played an important role on the uptake of metal ions, and optimum adsorption was obtained at pH 6. Acid solution (pH 3) was efficient for the desorption of Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions from loaded brewer's yeast and the desorption efficiency was higher than 90%. The rate of metal ions adsorption onto brewer's yeast was rapid with short contact time. The kinetics of the adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data with Langmuir isotherm model having a better fit. The maximum uptakes of Ni(II) and Cd(II) by brewer's yeast were estimated to be 5.34 and 10.17 mg/g, respectively.
Numerical study of separated cross‐flow near a two‐dimensional rough wall with narrow apertures and suction
Authors: Mokamati Satya , Olson James A. , Gooding Robert W.
Published: January 2010

The turbulent flow (Re = 1.5 × 105) near a rough wall with narrow apertures has been numerically analysed to study the effect of the aperture geometry and wall suction on the flow characteristics. The aperture entry geometry is characterized by roughness height and roughness width. The roughness height is varied from 0.3 to 1.2 mm and roughness width is varied from 2.6 to 4.0 mm. The wall suction is characterized by slot velocity which is varied from 0.25 to 5 m/s. The flow characteristics in terms of fluid streamlines, flow resistance, wall pressure, and wall shear have been presented for several cases. The results show that the flow through the apertures is dominated by a separation vortex that covers the aperture. As roughness height increased (or slope of the roughness), the vortex size increased. With increasing wall suction, the vortex size decreased and moved towards the aperture opening. The flow resistance characterized by pressure drop across the aperture is significantly high for very low wall suction and it is increased with increasing roughness slope. At higher wall suction the slot velocity and roughness geometry has less influence on flow resistance. Wall pressure and skin friction coefficients are dependent on the ratio of roughness height to width.
Effects of higher order chemical reaction on micropolar fluid flow on a power law permeable stretched sheet with variable concentration in a porous medium
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Al‐Lawatia M.
Published: January 2010

An analysis has been carried out to obtain the effects of higher order chemical reaction on flow and mass transfer characteristics of micropolar fluids past a nonlinear permeable stretching sheet immersed in a porous medium with variable concentration of the reactant. The local similarity solutions for the flow, microrotation and mass transfer are obtained numerically and are illustrated graphically for various material parameters. Comparisons carried out with results from previously published work present excellent agreement. The results show that rate of mass transfer from the sheet to the surrounding fluid decreases significantly with the increase of nonlinear stretching parameter and increases with the increase of concentration parameter. The mass transfer of the reactive species strongly depends on the reaction rate parameter as well as order of the chemical reaction. It is stronger for the first‐order reaction than that for the higher order reaction. The rate of surface mass transfer decreases with the increase of the Darcy parameter. The results also show that the effect of these parameters on the micropolar fluids are less compared to the Newtonian fluids.
Electrochemical bleaching of kraft bagasse pulp using a new cell design
Authors: El‐Ashtoukhy El‐Sayed Z.
Published: January 2010

In situ single‐stage electrochemical bleaching of kraft bagasse pulp was carried out in a cylindrical agitated vessel fitted with four graphite rod anodes and a cylindrical stainless steel screen cathode, using NaCl as an electrolyte. The effect of current density, pH, NaCl concentration, impeller rotational speed, temperature, and pulp consistency on the rate of bleaching was studied. It was found that the rate of bleaching increased with increasing current density, NaCl concentration, and temperature and decreased with increasing pH and pulp consistency. The effect of temperature was found to fit Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 0.515 kcal/mol, which denotes a diffusion‐controlled mechanism. Energy consumption (EC) calculation showed that EC ranged from 0.225 to 3.11 kWh/kg dry pulp depending on the current density. The strength of bleached pulp was little affected by bleaching lying within an acceptable range.
Soft measurement of pulp suspension flow velocity based on wavelet transform
Authors: Zhou Qiang
Published: January 2010

A soft measurement technique is presented, which the pulp suspension flow velocity (PSFV) can be obtained by analysis of pulp fibre consistency signal without using the flow sensor or flow meter. Doppler Effect in pulp fibre consistency signal, which is caused by the relative motion between pulp suspension flowing in pulp pipe and consistency sensor fixed in the pipe, is discovered on the basis of studying the structure of pulp suspension and the properties of pulp fibre consistency signal, and it is proved by wavelet transform (WT) in this paper. WT are used to analyse pulp fibre consistency signal based on Doppler Effect. PSFV can be determined by the average period of WT which is used to analyse pulp fibre consistency signal based on Doppler Effect. The corresponding tests indicate that the measurement technique is feasible with high precision and better dynamic characteristics.
The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on mean drop size in a horizontal mixer–settler extractor
Authors: Khakpay Amir , Abolghasemi Hossein , Montazer‐Rahmati Mohammad M.
Published: January 2010

The effects of surfactant concentration, impeller speed, and holdup on mean drop diameter, D32, during emulsification have been studied in a mixer–settler. Two well‐defined regions for the dependence of D32 on surfactant concentration were observed. At low surfactant concentrations, D32 decreased significantly with an increase in surfactant concentration, whereas D32 did not depend on surfactant concentration at high surfactant concentrations. The decreasing rate of change of D32 with impeller speed and the increasing rate of change of D32 with holdup both decreased when a surfactant was added to the system. Moreover, an empirical correlation has been derived to predict D32.
A Bayesian experimental design approach for assessing new product performance: An application to disinfectant formulation
Authors: Omidbakhsh Navid , Duever Thomas A. , Elkamel Ali , Reilly Park M.
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a Bayesian methodology for computer‐aided experimental design for hydrogen peroxide formulations. Hydrogen peroxide is one of the oldest known active antimicrobial chemicals and is used in many cleaning/disinfecting formulations. It is favourable as an active antimicrobial in that it degrades only to water and oxygen, and does not contaminate the environment. However hydrogen peroxide is difficult to stabilise, and disinfecting products based on it soon lose their antimicrobial activity. Moreover, regulatory agencies such as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Health Canada require that disinfecting products do not lose more than 5–10% of their active concentration throughout their shelf life. Therefore, it is very important while formulating hydrogen peroxide‐based products to test for their stability. An effective way to improve hydrogen peroxide stability in a solution is to use stabilisers. It is desired to use these chemicals in as low concentrations as possible for environmental and economic considerations. On the other hand, due to tight market competition, the new products need to be formulated as quickly as possible, and therefore there is limited time to ensure product stability.

In this paper, prior information has been used in the form of a model, based on historical experiments. A Bayesian D‐optimality criterion is used to design a few additional experiments so that the resulting model can have an acceptable prediction power. It is shown that a design which uses the Bayesian D‐optimality criterion taking advantage of prior information can be more efficient than even a resolution IV fractional factorial design in the sense that using fewer trials gives a model with equivalent prediction capability. This can be critical where experiments are expensive to perform.
Cinetique de la reduction de l'acetate de CoIII dans l'acide acetique
Authors: Jean Lozar , Bernard Lafage
Published: January 2010

On étudie par spectrophotométrie dans le visible (470–820 nm) la cinétique de réduction de l'acétate de ${\rm Co}^{{\rm III}}$ dans l'acide acétique, entre 35°C et 80°C. On met en évidence par la présence d'un point isobestique à λ = 670 nm deux complexes du ${\rm Co}^{{\rm III}}$, ${\rm Co}_\alpha {}^{{\rm III}}$ et ${\rm Co}_\beta {}^{{\rm III}}$. La déconvolution des spectres permet d'accéder aux absorbances des diverses espèces et de proposer le mécanisme suivant:

Les constantes de vitesse et les énergies d'activation des trois étapes élémentaires de la réaction sont obtenues. La détermination des spectres de ${\rm Co}_\alpha {}^{{\rm III}}$ et ${\rm Co}_\beta {}^{{\rm III}}$ permet d'identifier ${\rm Co}_\alpha {}^{{\rm III}}$ avec le complexe ${\rm Co}^{{\rm IIIs}}$ déjà connu.
Equation of state for gaseous nitrogen determined from isotropic model potentials
Authors: Monago K. O.
Published: January 2010

A four‐term virial equation of state was combined with isotropic potential models to predict accurate volumetric and caloric thermodynamic properties of nitrogen in the gas phase. The parameters of the model potentials were determined from a fit to acoustic data alone; no other data was used. For nitrogen, it was only necessary to approximate the fourth virial coefficient at the level of interactions that contained no more than one triplet potential; higher order approximations offered no further advantage. It was shown that the four‐term virial equation was more accurate than the three‐term analogue. It was found that predicted virial coefficients became consistent with experimental values when temperature was >150 ± 30 K; conversely, below this range virial coefficients predicted by the model did not agree with experiment. It was believed that predicted fourth virial coefficient was reliable and accurate only above about 150 K. Predicted compressibility factors deviated by <0.05% at pressures of up to 10–12 MPa, or densities up to 4 mol/dm3 (≈0.4ρc), only when temperature was >220 K. Values of enthalpy predicted from the equation of state showed good agreement with experimental data.
Hydrogen‐Bond Networks in Water Clusters (H2O)20: An Exhaustive Quantum‐Chemical Analysis
Authors: Tokmachev Andrei M. , Tchougréeff Andrei L. , Dronskowski Richard
Published: January 2010

Water aggregates allow for numerous configurations due to different distributions of hydrogen bonds. The total number of possible hydrogen‐bond networks is very large even for medium‐sized systems. We demonstrate that targeted ultra‐fast methods of quantum chemistry make an exhaustive analysis of all configurations possible. The cage of (H2O)20 in the form of the pentagonal dodecahedron is a common motif in water structures. We calculated the spatial and electronic structure of all hydrogen‐bond configurations for three systems: idealized cage (H2O)20 and defect cages with one or two hydrogen bonds broken. More than 3 million configurations studied provide unique data on the structure and properties of water clusters. We performed a thorough analysis of the results with the emphasis on the cooperativity in water systems and the structure‐property relations.
Chemical address tags of fluorescent bioimaging probes
Authors: Shedden Kerby , Rosania Gus R.
Published: January 2010

Chemical address tags can be defined as specific structural features shared by a set of bioimaging probes having a predictable influence on cell‐associated visual signals obtained from these probes. Here, using a large image dataset acquired with a high content screening instrument, machine vision and cheminformatics analysis have been applied to reveal chemical address tags. With a combinatorial library of fluorescent molecules, fluorescence signal intensity, spectral, and spatial features characterizing each one of the probes' visual signals were extracted from images acquired with the three different excitation and emission channels of the imaging instrument. With multivariate regression, the additive contribution from each one of the different building blocks of the bioimaging probes toward each measured, cell‐associated image‐based feature was calculated. In this manner, variations in the chemical features of the molecules were associated with the resulting staining patterns, facilitating quantitative, objective analysis of chemical address tags. Hierarchical clustering and paired image‐cheminformatics analysis revealed key structure–property relationships amongst many building blocks of the fluorescent molecules. The results point to different chemical modifications of the bioimaging probes that can exert similar (or different) effects on the probes' visual signals. Inspection of the clustered structures suggests intramolecular charge migration or partial charge distribution as potential mechanistic determinants of chemical address tag behavior. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Functional and molecular characterization of NOS isoforms in rat neutrophil precursor cells
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Jyoti Anupam , Keshari Ravi Shankar , Singh Manish , Barthwal Manoj Kumar , Dikshit Madhu
Published: January 2010

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated importance of neutrophil‐derived nitric oxide (NO) in free radical generation, characterized nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, and have reported subcellular distribution of NOS in rat peripheral neutrophils. Maximum number of neutrophils are added per day to the circulation from bone marrow, thus neutrophils might add substantial amount of NO in the bone marrow. NO generating ability and NOS isoforms characteristics in bone marrow neutrophil precursor cells is, however, still unexplored. This study was, therefore, undertaken to investigate NO generation ability and the molecular/biochemical characteristics of NOS isoforms in neutrophil precursor cells. The neutrophil precursors were separated on Percoll density gradient and characterized by Giemsa staining, CD markers, and by their size and granularity at various stages of maturation as Bands 1, 2, and 3. Mature neutrophils were efficient in free radical generation and phagocytosis, whereas immature cells had more mitochondria and myeloperoxidase. Amount of NO augmented from immature to mature neutrophils as assessed by fluorescent probe DAF‐2DA and Griess reagent. Measurement of NOS enzyme activity further confirmed the functional status of NOS in these cells. NOS isoforms were differentially expressed during neutrophil maturation as confirmed by enzyme activity, Western blotting, flowcytometry, and RT‐PCR. Expression of nNOS was predominantly stable in all the stages of neutrophil maturation. iNOS expression was, however, consistently augmented during maturation, whereas eNOS expression was downregulated with neutrophil maturation. Furthermore, all NOS isoforms proteins were distributed in cytosol as well as nucleus as assessed by confocal microscopy. This study for the first time report biochemical and molecular characteristics of NOS isoforms in rat neutrophil precursor cells. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Merits of a more integrated approach to environmental assessments
Authors: Weingarten Elke
Published: January 2010

Under the maxim of ‘better regulation’, the European Commission is aiming to simplify and improve the European regulatory framework in order to reduce bureaucracy and to foster economic growth. Against this background, the integration of requirements presents one option for responding to the challenge of carrying out various environmental assessments stipulated by a number of European environmental directives. Although integrative, cross‐sectional approaches have been established by some European directives, such as the Directive on Environmental Impact Assessment, the member states currently make little use of these options when implementing the directives into national law. Based on a review of European directives as well as related German regulations, this article outlines an approach for an integrative environmental assessment that aims to enhance the integrative effects and reduce duplication resulting from different environmental assessments. The investigation shows that the different assessment procedures as outlined by European and German legislation can be successfully integrated without necessarily lowering the standards set by these regulations. Given that the relevant directives are binding for all member states, the proposed assessment structure can easily be applied to other member states and, where necessary, modified to suit national requirements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
CXCL4‐induced monocyte survival, cytokine expression, and oxygen radical formation is regulated by sphingosine kinase 1
Authors: Kasper Brigitte , Winoto‐Morbach Supandi , Mittelstädt Jessica , Brandt Ernst , Schütze Stefan , Petersen Frank
Published: January 2010

Human monocytes respond to a variety of stimuli with a complex spectrum of activities ranging from acute defense mechanisms to cell differentiation or cytokine release. However, the individual intracellular signaling pathways related to these functions are not well understood. CXC chemokine ligand 4 (CXCL4) represents a broad activator of monocytes, which induces acute as well as delayed activities in these cells including cell differentiation, survival, or the release of ROS, and cytokines. Here, we report for the first time that CXCL4‐treated monocytes significantly upregulate sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) mRNA and that CXCL4 induces SphK1 enzyme activity as well as its translocation to the cell membrane. Furthermore, we could show that pharmacological inhibition of SphK results in reversal of CXCL4‐induced monocyte survival, cytokine expression, and release of oxygen radicals, which was confirmed by the use of SphK1‐specific siRNA. CXCL4‐mediated rescue from apoptosis, which is accompanied by inhibition of caspases, is controlled by SphK1 and its downstream element Erk. Taken together, these data assign SphK1 as a central regulator of acute and delayed monocyte activation and suggest SphK1 as a potential therapeutic target to suppress pro‐inflammatory responses induced by CXCL4.
Bystander stimulation of activated CD4+ T cells of unrelated specificity following a booster vaccination with tetanus toxoid
Authors: Di Genova Gianfranco , Savelyeva Natalia , Suchacki Amy , Thirdborough Stephen M. , Stevenson Freda K.
Published: January 2010

Antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells are central to natural and vaccine‐induced immunity. An ongoing antigen‐specific T‐cell response can, however, influence surrounding T cells with unrelated antigen specificities. We previously observed this bystander effect in healthy human subjects following recall vaccination with tetanus toxoid (TT). Since this interplay could be important for maintenance of memory, we have moved to a mouse model for further analysis. We investigated whether boosting memory CD4+ T cells against TT in vivo would influence injected CD4+ TCR transgenic T cells (OT‐II) specific for an unrelated OVA peptide. If OT‐II cells were pre‐activated with OVA peptide in vitro, these cells showed a bystander proliferative response during the ongoing parallel TT‐specific response. Bystander proliferation was dependent on boosting of the TT‐specific memory response in the recipients, with no effect in naive mice. Bystander stimulation was also proportional to the strength of the TT‐specific memory T‐cell response. T cells activated in vitro displayed functional receptors for IL‐2 and IL‐7, suggesting these as potential mediators. This crosstalk between a stimulated CD4+ memory T‐cell response and CD4+ T cells activated by an unrelated antigen could be important in human subjects continually buffeted by environmental antigens.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 2/10
Authors: Saade Murielle , Irla Magali , Yammine Miriam , Boulanger Nicolas , Victorero Geneviève , Vincentelli Renaud , Penninger Josef M. , Holländer Georg A. , Chauvet Sophie , Nguyen Catherine
Published: January 2010

This issue's cover image depicts thymus ontogeny in mice associated with changes in the distribution patterns of Spatial and keratins by thymic epithelial cells, taken from Saade et al. (pp. 530–538). In this article, the authors explore the expression of the Spatial gene during thymus ontogeny and in the adult thymus, and demonstrate that in the medulla RANK signals regulate Spatial expression through the transcription factor Aire. Images were acquired with the Leica TCS SP5.
Gold(I) Complexes of P,N Ligands and Their Catalytic Activity
Authors: Khin Chosu , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Rominger Frank
Published: January 2010

Gold(I) complexes were readily prepared by reaction of the respective ligands with (Me2S)AuCl in CH2Cl2. Complexes of formula LAuCl {L = diphenyl(2‐pyridyl)phosphane (PPh2Py), (R)‐(+)‐4‐[(2)‐(diphenylphosphanyl)‐1‐naphthyl]‐N‐[(R)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐1‐phthalazinamine (PINAP)} were obtained when a 1:1 molar ratio of ligand to starting gold precursor was used. When a 2:1 ratio of ligand to gold precursor was used with PPh2Py or MandyPhos as ligands, complexes of the type L2AuCl were obtained. All complexes were fully characterized, and single‐crystal X‐ray structures could be determined for four complexes. Chloride ions were removed by reaction with silver salts, such as AgNTf2, AgOTf and AgBF4, for the use of these complexes as catalysts. After the catalytic reaction with alkynes and alcohols in acetonitrile, a unique trinuclear gold(I) complex derived from [(PPh2Py)Au]BF4 could be characterized by X‐ray structural analysis, showing a mode of catalyst deactivation.
Trichiliton A, a Novel Limonoid from Trichilia connaroides
Authors: Fang Xin , Di Yingtong , Geng Zhaoliang , Tan Chenjian , Guo Jie , Ning Jing , Hao Xiaojiang
Published: January 2010

Trichiliton A (1), a novel limonoid with an unprecedented bicyclo[5.2.14,10]decane motif in the tetranortriterpenoid core, has been isolated from the leaves of Trichilia connaroides. Its structure and absolute configuration have been elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and computational methods. The biosynthetic pathway of compound 1 is discussed and involves an alternative new routine from mexicanolide to phragmalin.
Synthesis of Phosphonobenzocarbacephems by Intramolecular Radical Cyclization of Haloaryl‐Substituted β‐Lactams
Authors: Van der Jeught Sarah , Masschelein Kurt G. R. , Stevens Christian V.
Published: January 2010

A series of benzo‐fused tricyclic β‐lactams, most of them phosphonobenzocarbacephems, were prepared in a straightforward way starting from phosphonoazadienes. In this paper, the synthetic route including a Staudinger reaction towards the β‐lactams, followed by radical ring closing with tributyltin hydride and AIBN, which resulted in the envisaged tricyclic compounds, is reported.