bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Veblenian waste and Polanyian protective responses: Evidence from the US
Authors: Wrenn Mary
Published: January 2018

As capitalism unfolds, continual technological advance in combination with the relentless accumulation imperative serves to amplify material progress. The institutionalization of the market fundamentally changes the structure of society and the institutional structure through which individuals are socialized; the socialization process becomes increasingly accommodating to the intensifying marketplace. The social dislocation generated by the intensification of the market, prompts Polanyi?s protective response. Despite this intensification of the market setting, the existence of the economic surplus fund undermines the syllogistics of market determined pricing. Evidence of the economic surplus and that the competitive law of value is not operable within monopoly capitalism is found in the thriving lobby industry and generous campaign contributions. This research seeks to connect explicitly the concepts of Polanyi?s protective response with Veblenian waste and the economic surplus in order to better understand how the irrational system of neoliberalism continues to evolve.
Expression dynamics of the serotonergic system components in granulosa cells of the developing ovarian follicle and after luteinization
Authors: Nikishin D. A , Alyoshina N. M , Semenova M. L , Shmukler Y. B
Published: January 2018

Regulation of the growth and development of female sex cells is one of the conservative functions of serotonin, but their specific mechanisms remain undisclosed yet. Molecular-genetic study of the presence of all components of the serotonergic system and dynamics of their expression in granulosa cells at different stages of folliculogenesis and in corpus luteum was carried out by reverse transcription with PCR and real-time PCR. Transcripts of enzymes tryptophan hydroxylase Tph1, aromatic amino acids decarboxylase Ddc and monoamine oxidase Maoa, membrane serotonin transporter Sert and vesicular monoamine transporter Vmat2, as well as serotonin receptors Htrlb, Htrld, Htr2a, Htr2b, Htr5b and Htr7 are detected in probes investigated. A quantitative study revealed that the expression of Vmat2, Htrlb, and Htr7 genes is greater in the early stages of folliculogenesis, whereas the expression of the Vmatl gene grows by the late stages of follicular development. The relative quantity of the mRNA of the Ddc, Maoa, Vmatl and Htrlb genes increases during luteinization, while the expression of the Vmat2 and Htr7 genes, on the contrary, decreases. The presence of expression of key components of the serotonergic system and its dynamics allow as to suggest that they are involved in serotonergic regulation of folliculogenesis, as well as luteinization.
Bioluminescent monitoring of rat cardiosphere-derived cells in platelet gel engraftment in ischemic heart
Authors: Pavlova S. V , Leonova E. A , Chepeleva E. V , Dokuchaeva A. A , Sergeevichev D. S , Pokushalov E. A
Published: January 2018

The success of cell therapy depends on an effective method of cell delivery and engraftment. The use of transgenic cells carrying a reporter system based on the luciferase gene allows to perform the quantitative evaluation of the transplantation efficiency in dynamics using biochemical methods. The purpose of this work was to monitor the persistence of rat cardiosphere-derived cells (CDC) after allogeneic transplantation into the periinfarction zone. Transplantation was performed by intramyocardial injection of a cell suspension in a culture medium or in platelet rich plasma (PRP). When injected into the myocardium PRP forms fibrin clots which serves as a matrix for the transplanted cells. The cells were modified by the luciferase enzyme gene by transduction with lentiviruses (CDC-Luc). The activity of luciferase was determined in protein extracts of the myocardium at different time points after the transplantation. It was shown that in the first hour after injections, CDC-Luc is quantitatively detected in the peri-infarction zone irrespective of the use of platelet gel or medium, and their amount does not decrease within 48 hours. During this period, we found a positive effect of the fibrin matrix on the cells - the luminescence of CDC-Luc protein extracts in the platelet gel composition was significantly higher. We suggested that the platelet gel promotes a more favorable microenvironment for CDC-Luc and facilitates the adaptation of cells after transplantation, what reflected in the recovery of the level of luciferase production in cells. Further, we found negative dynamics: CDC-Luc injected in the culture medium is retained in the myocardium for 5 days and on the seventh day their presence is not determined, CDC-Luc in the fibrin matrix is retained in the myocardium for 10 days after transplantation. Thus, despite the successful transplantation of CDC, the integration of cells into the myocardium does not occur. Nevertheless, the use of platelet gel prolongates the time of CDC persistence in the tissue and enhances of their paracrine effect. The use of fibrin matrix can be useful for long-lived cells, such as cardiomyocytes, in particular, to improve the efficiency of transplantation of the tissue engineering biological pacemaker. A luciferase reportering system can be effective for in vitro and in vivo monitoring of cell fate, both in biotechnological stages of cultivation and assembly of the tissue engineering biopee maker, and after myocardial transplantation. In the future, the developed methodological approach will be used to study of tissue-engineering biopacemakers in experimental animals.
Histopathological changes of bone marrow in patients with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis and mutation in TCIRG1 gene
Authors: Plaksa I. L , Charlanova E. M , Kravcova V. M , Borovkova A. S , Peshkov M. V , Zubarovskaya L. S , Deev R. V , Afanasiev B. V
Published: January 2018

Osteopetrosis is a group of rare hereditary diseases, the general structural manifestation of which is the excessive volume of bone tissue due to violation of osteoclastic resorption. The only way to treat this group of patients so far remains transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, but the degree of its effectiveness largely depends on the severity of morphological changes in the hematopoietic microenvironment in the bone marrow. In this regard, a comprehensive clinical and morphological analysis, in conjunction with the results of transplantation can help in determining the prognosis of the disease depending on the genetic type of osteopetrosis. The material for the studies were biopsies and smears of bone marrow of patients with osteopetrosis, who were received at the R. Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation from the republics of Chuvashia and Mari El for carrying out transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. The histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, azur by Romanovsky and by Van Gieson. Bone marrow smears were stained by Romanovsky-Giemsa. The presence of the mutation c.807 + 5G>A in the gene TCIRG1 in patients with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis causes a complete loss of osteoclastic resorption, which is accompanied by pronounced early structural changes in the hematopoietic microenvironment already at the time of diagnosis. This is manifested by an excessive amount of lamellar bone at the same time as the almost complete obliteration of the medullar lacunae, as well as fibrosis of the bone marrow stroma. A common morphological phenomenon among this group of patients is the presence in the bone marrow of an excessive number of osteoclast differentiation cells without the formation of resorption lacunae. This causes a complete suppression of hemopoiesis, which clinically manifests cytopenia and the formation of foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Such pronounced structural changes in the hematopoietic microenvironment result in a high risk of primary graft failure during after transplantation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, the effectiveness of which decreases as the child's age increases. Early development of pronounced structural changes in the hematopoietic microenvironment in patients with TCIRG1-mediated osteopetrosis determines the need for diagnosis and transplantation as soon as possible after birth.
Using the RECORD guidelines to improve transparent reporting of studies based on routinely collected data
Authors: Harron Katie , Benchimol Eric , Langan Sinead
Published: January 2018

Transparent reporting of routinely-collected data studies is key to producing valid and reliableresearch that can inform decisions about patient care and health systems. This article discussessome of the unique challenges in using these data sources, and explains how the REporting of studiesConducted using Observational Routinely-collected Data (RECORD) guidelines were developed tohelp researchers and journals to maintain a high level of quality in reporting of healthcare studiesusing routinely-collected data.
Biogeografias: diálogo entre obra e vida de Clarice Lispector e Caio Fernando Abreu
Authors: Marques Silva Milena Nolasco , Nolasco Edgar Cézar
Published: January 2018

O assunto desenvolvido aqui está diretamente relacionado a criação de uma amizade metafórica por intermédio de dois escritores Caio Fernando Abreu e Clarice Lispector, enfatizando a relevância de não serem especificamente amigos, uma vez que somente se viram em uma noite de autógrafos em uma livraria. Todavia, o ponto de partida para tal aproximação dá-se por uma abertura nas obras de Caio Fernando que se volta para características intrínsecas às de Clarice e a discussão proposta visa propor uma conceituação teórica e crítica que amplie a compreensão do lócus fronteiriço em relação das biogeografias diferentes. Também há ocorrências de algumas epigrafes de Lispector nas obras do escritor gaúcho. Por meio disso, pressupõe-se Lispector como precursora de Abreu, levando-se em conta o viés da crítica biográfica fronteiriça. Por fim com efetivação desta amizade pelo lócus literário, mais a inscrição da presença de uma paisagem do bios, propõe-se a uma discussão crítico-biográfica fronteiriça que sustentará toda a proposta de trabalho.
Imagens, livros didáticos e colonialidade
Authors: Gordillo Sánchez Daniel
Published: January 2018

O pensamento moderno europeu, sustentado no projeto intelectual do Iluminismo, acabou por instaurar as suas epistemologias nas colônias. Nesse processo, ainda vigente, fabricou-se uma concepção de conhecimento que se reclamava a si mesmo o direito de ser universal, válido e demonstrado. De tal forma, a subalternização e violência física dos impérios contra os povos originários, devia, inexoravelmente, apoiar-se em processos de violência epistémica, de “epistemicídios”, ou na imposição de certas racionalidades em detrimento das formas locais de produção de conhecimento. Assim, este trabalho parte da premissa que a violência também se mostra como um espaço de poder onde se reproduzem representações hegemónicas sobre o Outro indígena, desvalorizado, estereotipado e invisibilizado sistematicamente conforme os interesses das elites econômico-políticas. Da mesma forma, acreditamos que os legados epistêmicos da colonialidade são palpáveis na escola e, principalmente, nos livros didáticos, espaços etnográficos férteis para problematizar os efeitos do projeto colonizador e capitalista de ocidente. Destacamos a utilidade teórico-metodológica destes documentos para analisar a conformação de imaginários sobre os índios e a produção de uma versão da história que busca sedimentar uma identidade nacional determinada. Apresentaremos os resultados preliminares de uma pesquisa de mestrado, concentrada nas formas como é representado o indígena nos livros didáticos de História das escolas municipais da cidade de Foz do Iguaçu. A partir da seleção de algumas imagens obtidas nos livros buscamos problematizar estereótipos e equívocos sobre a questão indígena, e sua relação com os processos de violência contemporânea que sofre o povo indígena Guarani.
Literatura e cultura na obra: “Ponta Porã – polca, churrasco e chimarrão” de Elpídio Reis
Authors: Nolasco Zélia R.
Published: January 2018

ResumoEste trabalho visa divulgar a obra do escritor regionalista sul-mato-grossense Elpídio Reis. Trata-se de escritor regionalista cujo nome e obra mostram-se de significativa produtividade para os Estudos Culturais e para a região da fronteira Brasil-Paraguai. Originariamente, essas reflexões são, ainda, resultados do nosso projeto de pesquisa institucional, intitulado: “Manifestações Literárias no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul”, projeto esse que tem como objetivo, a inserção da literatura e cultura regionais nos parâmetros curriculares do Estado do MS. A literatura e cultura no extremo oeste brasileiro, mais precisamente na fronteira Brasil - Paraguai no Mato Grosso do Sul, estão representadas na obra “Ponta Porã – Polca, Churrasco e Chimarrão”, destacando o nosso lugar de enunciação e de pertencimento, o que resulta em um composto cultural híbrido. Em se tratando da literatura e das artes sul-mato-grossenses encontramos representações profundas da identidade cultural do nosso Estado. Obra que retrata diversos retalhos culturais e nos transportam para outras realidades que se encontram em fronteiras imaginárias e simbólicas. Segundo Capraro (2006), as obras de literatura de fronteira excedem os limites da escrita acadêmica, como regras subentendidas à historiografia ou semiótica, mas, ao mesmo tempo, arroga um compromisso com a realidade social e histórica.Palavras-chave: Literatura Sul-mato-grossense; Identidade cultural; Fronteira; Elpídio Reis.
Educação Ambiental nas Escolas Rurais do município de Piracanjuba/Goiás - Brasil
Authors: Aristizabal Lancheros Natali
Published: January 2018

É preciso compreender a importância e transcendência da implementação da Educação Ambiental (E.A.) nas escolas rurais, como ferramenta dinâmica para a emancipação das comunidades, onde se trabalham aspectos fundamentais como o empoderamento territorial, político-econômico e social, junto com enraizamento e reconexão das tradições e a cultura, na perspectiva de ter uma vida digna e sustentável ecologicamente. O objetivo deste estudo é averiguar a existência da prática de políticas públicas de E.A. e a aplicação das Diretrizes Curriculares propostas pelo Ministério de Educação, no Ensino Fundamental I, nas escolas municipais rurais de Piracanjuba/Goiás - Brasil. Opta-se por uma metodologia a qual retoma aspetos da Investigação-Ação-Participação (I.A.P.), já que esta constitui recurso importante para a compreensão do papel científico-social na tarefa de contribuir para diminuir as injustiças socioeconômicas, assim como, por sua possibilidade de gerar consciência sociopolítica entre os sujeitos participantes do processo. Ao estudar a história da educação brasileira, se percebe que a educação no meio rural tem sido tratada pelo poder público como política compensatória, não considerando o contexto em que as escolas estão inseridas, com suas relações sociais, ecológicas, políticas, culturais e territoriais. A pesquisa encontra-se em processo de investigação de campo (diagnóstica); mas tem-se observado significativa quantidade de problemáticas, não somente em relação à implementação da política pública e diretrizes curriculares da E.A., mas também outras, fiéis representantes à negação e negligência dos entes públicos ante ao direito de uma educação digna, de qualidade e coerente com a realidade, para as populações rurais. Palavras-Chave: Educação Ambiental; Educação Rural; Políticas Públicas.
Educação e Cultura: possibilidades ao desenvolvimento do pensamento decolonial
Authors: Garcez Rodrigo
Published: January 2018

O texto é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória que visa a analisar a problemática da educação intercultural como meio de emancipação e desenvolvimento humano. No percurso investigativo proposto, a pesquisa situa-se entre os campos da Educação, Cultura e Direitos Humanos. Primeiramente é feita uma breve análise das principais categorias que atuam no processo de influência da colonização e da colonialidade na imagem subjetiva da realidade do povo colonizado, relacionando esta imagem subjetiva formada com a dinâmica do conceito de performatividade. Em seguida, aponta como este processo afeta o indivíduo na construção de suas funções psicológicas superiores no campo da linguagem através da educação e da música. Por último, são discutidos os possíveis caminhos e alternativas para a construção de uma nova rede de significados que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de um pensamento decolonial através da educação e da cultura.
The Cultural Context of Egyptian Mathematics in the Old Kingdom
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the use of mathematics in the Old Kingdom. A number of sources provide information about the kind of mathematics and its context at that time. At least indirect evidence for the use of mathematics in administration can be drawn from the Abusir papyri, which originate from the mortuary temples of two kings of the Fifth Dynasty at Abusir. They document the running of a mortuary temple and include duty rosters for priests, lists of offerings and inventories of temple equipment, and letters and permits. These texts also indicate the assessment of cattle at regular intervals. How mathematical techniques developed or what they were exactly at this time remains unknown. Nevertheless, some scribes of the Old Kingdom left descriptions of their lives and careers within their tombs that at least allow assessing the cultural environment in which they worked.
New Kingdom Mathematical Texts: Ostraca Senmut 153 and Turin 57170
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers mathematical texts from the New Kingdom. Almost no mathematical texts from the New Kingdom are extant. So far, only two fragmentary ostraca have been published: Senmut 153 and Turin 57170. The Senmut Ostracon comprises an incomplete (possible) title, followed by six lines of computation. The individual steps of the calculation are achieved with the aid of auxiliary numbers. The initial doubling may have been aided by the use of the 2 ÷ n table and the auxiliary number then introduced at a later stage. The ostracon, today kept in Turin, contains only a few (and incomplete) lines of text that seem to indicate solutions.
Further Aspects of Mathematics from New Kingdom Sources
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter proposes the following scenario: mathematics not only played a huge role within the education and work life of a scribe, but it also held an important role within ancient Egyptian culture in general. This role developed from the beginnings of the Egyptian state and the first uses of the number system (e.g., when the display of large numbers was used to express a certain power) and was by no means confined to the realm of the living. The discussions cover mathematics and wisdom literature, mathematics in the Duties of the Vizier, mathematics and death, and mathematics in architecture and art.
Conclusion: Egyptian Mathematics in Historical Perspective
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents a comparison between the mathematical techniques of Egypt and Mesopotamia to highlight differences, which prove that mathematics is a cultural activity depending on the culture that developed and used it. For instance, the first record of Pharaonic-Egyptian mathematics is the Early Dynastic or Late Predynastic Macehead of King Narmer (ca. 3500 BCE), on which a tribute to the king of 400,000 bulls, 1,422,000 goats and 120,000 prisoners is represented numerically. This illustrates that the legitimacy of the Pharaonic state was derived from conquest (and the promise of cosmic stability), unlike that of the early Mesopotamian state, which was based on mathematical justice. However, mathematics became a state-directed activity in both cultures, which was put to use in the administration of the country.
Quantal Response Equilibrium in Normal-Form Games
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter lays out the general theory of quantal response equilibrium (QRE) for normal-form games. It starts with the reduced-form approach to QR, based on the direct specification of “regular” quantal or smoothed best-response functions required to satisfy four intuitive axioms of stochastic choice. A simple asymmetric matching pennies game is used to illustrate these ideas and show that QRE imposes strong restrictions on the data, even without parametric assumptions on the quantal response functions. Particular attention is given to the logit QRE, since it is the most commonly used approach taken when QRE is applied to experimental or other data. The discussion includes the topological and limiting properties of logit QRE and connections with refinement concepts. QRE is also related to several other equilibrium models of imperfectly rational behavior in games, including a game-theoretic equilibrium version of Luce's (1959) model of individual choice, Rosenthal's (1989) linear response model, and Van Damme's (1987) control cost model; these connections are explained in the chapter.
Translation
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

In 1823, Joseph Smith (1805–44), a farmer and treasure seeker in Upstate New York, had a vision in which a personage told him of ancient golden plates buried in a hillside, which Mormons claim he recovered, translated, and published as the Book of Mormon (1830) and which led to the founding of a restored church (1830). The revelation to Smith that Mormons now refer to as “D&C 3,” that is, the third revelation in the current edition of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' canonized Doctrine and Covenants, provides our first direct window into the emergence of early Mormonism. Although there is evidence to suggest that Smith received what he and others viewed as revelations prior to this one, this is the first revelation that was written down at about the time it was received. This chapter centers on that revelation, using it to reconstruct not only the event itself but the events that led up to and followed from it, as they likely appeared to those who were involved at the time.
Seeking
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers Bill Wilson's personal spiritual journey, focusing on the personal views that he downplayed for the sake of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Personally, Wilson did not view his sudden experience as the great event that transformed his life simply because it released him from his alcoholic cravings (the AA perspective), but also as an opening to another reality that convinced him of certain spiritual facts and initiated a lifelong process of psychospiritual investigation that included spiritualism, parapsychology, Catholicism, mysticism, and LSD. Whereas AA embodied a tacit perennialism in its structure and organization that could be overridden by various theological perspectives, Wilson was an explicit perennialist with Catholic proclivities who viewed his own unusual experiences—spiritualist, mystical, and drug-induced—as different ways of entering into the unseen Reality.
Groups
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

Drawing on the three cases discussed in the preceding chapters, this chapter compares the process of group formation and the emergence of suprahuman entities and guidance processes, and extends the social identity approach to creativity to encompass suprahuman entities. It argues that Smith, Wilson, and Schucman played a distinctive role in mediating a first-person voice that they claimed was not their own. But their personal self-concept as mediator of something more than themselves cannot account for the formation of a new group around a newly revealed spiritual path. If an emergent group does not accept the presence of the suprahuman entities, no group will form and no path will emerge. Indeed, without group recognition, the individual claimant is likely to be perceived as eccentric, if not crazy. This means that the group itself is constituted in its own self-conception through its recognition of the presence of one or more suprahuman entities conveyed by and at the same time distinct from the humans who mediate them.
Escape Velocity
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how historical time was conceptualized in imperial debate. It explores two broad variations that were articulated across the human sciences and in public debate, focusing in particular on the writings of historians. In the first, the modern British empire was figured as uniquely progressive, as capable—either in actuality or in potentia—of avoiding the social, economic, and political dynamics that had annihilated all previous specimens. This argument was most frequently employed in relation to India. The other strategy was to insist that the empire (or a part of it) was not really an empire at all, but rather a new form of political order that could circumvent the entropic degeneration of traditional imperial forms. To think otherwise was to make a category mistake. This argument was often applied to Britain and its settler colonies from the 1870s onwards. “Greater Britain,” as the settler colonial assemblage was often termed, could attain permanence, a kind of historical grace.
John Stuart Mill on Colonies
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores some important yet neglected aspects of John Stuart Mill's vision of global order. Mill has played a pivotal role in the recent wave of scholarship dedicated to unraveling the entanglement of Western political thought and imperialism. The chapter analyzes three key thematics in his colonial writings: (1) his evolving account of the political economy of colonization; (2) his views on “responsible government” and character formation; and (3) finally, his elaboration of the role played by conceptions of physical space, and of the constitutional structure of the imperial system. It also pursues two subsidiary lines of argument. First, it identifies how Mill's justificatory account of colonization shifted over time. The other line of argument focuses on how Mill framed his narrative.
John Robert Seeley and the Political Theology of Empire
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on John Robert Seeley (1834–95), the most prominent imperial thinker in late nineteenth-century Britain. It dissects Seeley's understanding of theology and religion, probes his views on the sacred character of nationality, and shows how he attempted to reconcile particularism and universalism in a so-called “cosmopolitan nationalist” vision. It argues that Seeley's most famous book, The Expansion of England (1883) should be understood as an expression of his basic political-theological commitments. The chapter also makes the case that he conceived of Greater Britain as a global federal nation-state, modeled on the United States. It concludes by discussing the role of India and Ireland in his polychronic, stratified conception of world order.
Eco-evolutionary Dynamics
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

In recent years, scientists have realized that evolution can occur on timescales much shorter than the “long lapse of ages” emphasized by Darwin—in fact, evolutionary change is occurring all around us all the time. This book provides an authoritative and accessible introduction to eco-evolutionary dynamics, a cutting-edge new field that seeks to unify evolution and ecology into a common conceptual framework focusing on rapid and dynamic environmental and evolutionary change. The book covers key aspects of evolution, ecology, and their interactions. Topics range from natural selection, adaptive divergence, ecological speciation, and gene flow to population and community dynamics, ecosystem function, plasticity, and genomics. The book evaluates conceptual and methodological approaches, and draws on empirical data from natural populations—including those in human-disturbed environments—to tackle a number of classic and emerging research questions. It also discusses exciting new directions for future research at the intersection of ecology and evolution. The book reveals how evolution and ecology interact strongly on short timescales to shape the world we see around us.
Plasticity
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter details the nature of plasticity and how it can be studied, focusing in particular on the “reaction norm” approach. The subsequent key questions first evaluate whether or not plasticity is typically adaptive, with the main alternative being maladaptive physiological responses to stress. The next question informs the costs and limits to plasticity, without which any environment-phenotype mismatch could be easily bridged. The chapter considers when adaptive plasticity should be strongest, such as when environments are variable in space or time, when gene flow is high, and when reliable cues exist. Also considered are alternative hypotheses for how genetic change and plasticity interact: that is, plasticity might enhance or constrain genetic evolution and ecological speciation.
Technology Differences over Space and Time
Authors: Caselli Francesco
Published: January 2018

This book examines how countries use their productive resources—such as workers, skills, equipment and structures, and natural resources. It develops methods to assess the efficiency with which productive inputs are used, and how these efficiencies vary across countries and over time. The book finds that richer countries use skilled workers relatively more efficiently than unskilled workers, and equipment and structures relatively more efficiently than natural resources. They also are relatively more efficient users of labor than of capital. Technological change tends to make countries particularly efficient at using skills and less efficient at using capital. Technical change also favors experienced workers. In order to interpret and understand these findings, the book presents a theory of technology choice. In this theory, firms pick technologies that make the most efficient use of the most abundant production factors when these factors are good substitutes for the less abundant factors. Firms pick technologies that make the most of less abundant factors when other suitable factors are not available for substitution. For example, rich countries, where skilled workers are abundant, use skilled workers efficiently, as these are good substitutes for unskilled workers. This flexible framework can be applied to other pairs of inputs, over time, and across countries. The book has significant implications not only for the theoretical understanding of development and technological innovation, but also for government formulation of industrial policy and multinationals making decisions about what to invest in and where to make those investments.
Competition in the Promised Land
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

From 1940 to 1970, nearly four million black migrants left the American rural South to settle in the industrial cities of the North and West. This book provides a comprehensive account of the long-lasting effects of the influx of black workers on labor markets and urban space in receiving areas. Traditionally, the Great Black Migration has been lauded as a path to general black economic progress. This book challenges this view, arguing instead that the migration produced winners and losers within the black community. The book shows that migrants themselves gained tremendously, more than doubling their earnings by moving North. But these new arrivals competed with existing black workers, limiting black–white wage convergence in Northern labor markets and slowing black economic growth. Furthermore, many white households responded to the black migration by relocating to the suburbs. White flight was motivated not only by neighborhood racial change but also by the desire on the part of white residents to avoid participating in the local public services and fiscal obligations of increasingly diverse cities. Employing historical census data and state-of-the-art econometric methods, this book revises our understanding of the Great Black Migration and its role in the transformation of American society.
Contested Tastes
Authors: DeSoucey Michaela
Published: January 2018

Who cares about foie gras? As it turns out, many do. In the last decade, this French delicacy—the fattened liver of ducks or geese that have been force-fed through a tube—has been at the center of contentious battles between animal rights activists, artisanal farmers, industry groups, politicians, chefs, and foodies. This book takes the reader to farms, restaurants, protests, and political hearings in both the United States and France to reveal why people care so passionately about foie gras. Bringing together fieldwork, interviews, and materials from archives and the media on both sides of the Atlantic, the book offers a compelling look at the moral arguments and provocative actions of pro- and anti-foie gras forces. It combines personal stories with fair-minded analysis of the social contexts within which foie gras is loved and loathed. From the barns of rural southwest France and the headquarters of the European Union in Brussels, to exclusive New York City kitchens and the government offices of Chicago, the book demonstrates that the debates over foie gras involve heated and controversial politics. The book draws attention to the cultural dynamics of markets, the multivocal nature of “gastropolitics,” and the complexities of what it means to identify as a “moral” eater in today's food world. Investigating the causes and consequences of the foie gras wars, the book illuminates the social significance of food and taste in the twenty-first century.
Why Shariʿa in Britain?
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a background of British Islam. In Britain, Islam is fractured, divergent, and institutionally creative. The legal pluralism of the Indies administration, the fractious character of North Indian Islam, and the British idea that religious communities nurture social life have, together, contributed to the emergence of a British Islam with multiple institutional forms. This varied British topography of Islam has engendered open disagreements and debates. It has also nurtured the continued existence of conservative Islamic traditions that are easy to present in the press as exhibiting insufficient integration into British life. The chapter then argues that British Islamic life is not the simple transposition to Britain of Asian practices; it is filtered through new institutions that are both British and Islamic. This book focuses on the issues and practices surrounding shariʻa, which can mean both the broad path God set out for Muslims and a particular set of normative teachings.
Unstable Performativity
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the anxiety of performativity, which asks about the capacity of scholars or judges to successfully perform an Islamic act and to divorce a couple. Performativity can be distributed in differing ways between religious and state authorities. People are used to the idea that a religious marriage may have legal effects, because in many countries such is the law. Conversely, in many countries with Islamic courts, a court divorce is also—immediately and automatically—an Islamic divorce, because the laws say so. The shariʻa councils do not have that legal legitimacy. No state laws back them up, and the religiously performative quality of their acts is nowhere made explicit. Ultimately, the uncertainties around shariʻa council performativity point toward a much broader problem regarding the capacity of a state to say when a religious act has taken place.
A Conceptual Dynamic for Understanding Development
Authors: Alston Lee J. , Melo Marcus André , Mueller Bernardo , Pereira Carlos
Published: January 2018

This chapter lays out a brief conceptual dynamic to interpret the past fifty years in Brazil. Its framework rests on tying together the key concepts of windows of opportunity, beliefs, dominant network, leadership, institutions, and outcomes. The chapter argues that it is the dynamics of the concepts that led to institutional change in Brazil and in turn a new trajectory. It then discusses the important dominant networks in power, along with their beliefs, in four periods: 1964–1984 (the military years); 1985–1993 (the early years back to democracy); 1993–2002 (Fernando Henrique Cardoso's presidency); and 2002–2014 (the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff years).
From Disorder to Growth and Back: The Military Regime (1964–1984)
Authors: Alston Lee J. , Melo Marcus André , Mueller Bernardo , Pereira Carlos
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the military government and the belief in “developmentalism” which motivated the institutions put in place by the regime. Developmentalism rested on top-down technocratic planning and was a coalition between the military and the business community, both domestic and foreign. Import substitution policies along with state-led industrialization brought economic growth in the late 1960s and into the mid-1970s. But, the Brazilian miracle of the late 1960s and early 1970s began to sputter out, and, moreover, political rights became more constrained. The years of censorship and a closed political system sowed the seeds for a more open political order. Above all, the failure of the expansionist strategy of growth through import substitution accompanied by inflation and external debt became self-evident. Citizens also began to blame the government for not reducing economic and social inequality. The dominant belief that economic growth should precede social inclusion started losing political support.
Transition to Democracy and the Belief in Social Inclusion (1985–1993)
Authors: Alston Lee J. , Melo Marcus André , Mueller Bernardo , Pereira Carlos
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the factors, especially changing beliefs, that led to redemocratization and the subsequent institutional changes during the years 1985–1993. After the military government, the middle class demanded more inclusion in the political arena. To a certain extent, this happened with multiple parties, and only one claiming to be a right-wing party. Unexpectedly, the franchise was given to illiterates seemingly because the belief in social inclusion warranted it; the illiterates were not in the streets clamoring for the vote. The granting of the franchise to illiterates had few short-term, but many long-run, consequences. Moreover, the business sector was less open than the political sector, with the initial maintenance of import substitution programs. Business was still in the hands of elites with lots of regulations as well as ways to avoid regulations—for a price.
The Star and the Stripes
Authors: Barnett Michael N.
Published: January 2018

How do American Jews envision their role in the world? Are they tribal—a people whose obligations extend solely to their own? Or are they prophetic—a light unto nations, working to repair the world? This book is an interpretation of the effects of these worldviews on the foreign policy beliefs of American Jews since the nineteenth century. The book argues that it all begins with the political identity of American Jews. As Jews, they are committed to their people's survival. As Americans, they identify with, and believe their survival depends on, the American principles of liberalism, religious freedom, and pluralism. This identity and search for inclusion form a political theology of prophetic Judaism that emphasizes the historic mission of Jews to help create a world of peace and justice. The political theology of prophetic Judaism accounts for two enduring features of the foreign policy beliefs of American Jews. They exhibit a cosmopolitan sensibility, advocating on behalf of human rights, humanitarianism, and international law and organizations. They also are suspicious of nationalism—including their own. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that American Jews are natural-born Jewish nationalists, the book charts a long history of ambivalence; this ambivalence connects their early rejection of Zionism with the current debate regarding their attachment to Israel. And, the book contends, this growing ambivalence also explains the rising popularity of humanitarian and social justice movements among American Jews.
Back to the Future?
Authors: Barnett Michael N.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the most recent period, from 1990 to the present. There are growing signs that American Jewry's tribalism is tapering off and cosmopolitanism is experiencing a revival. Part of the reason for this shift is generational. We are now seventy years removed from the Holocaust and almost a half-century from the 1967 war; the Holocaust is an increasingly distant memory, and the current generation of American Jews has few direct memories of beleaguered Israel but lots of images of Israel as a powerhouse. American Jews remain pro-Israel, but they also exhibit a growing ambivalence because of Israel's ethnonational character and concern that the failure to solve the Palestinian conflict will erode Israel's ability to be both Jewish and democratic. This generation also has few personal experiences with anti-Semitism, and it is increasingly affected by globalization and a cosmopolitanism of suffering that emphasizes obligations to those most in need—and Jews, increasingly secure, wealthy, and citizens of liberal states, no longer automatically claim the attention of those seeking to help the world's victims.
The Foreign Policies of an Uncertain People
Authors: Barnett Michael N.
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that the future foreign policies of American Jews will depend on the future of American Jews, their identity, how they imagine themselves in relation to the particular and the universal, and how such projections connect to contemporary practices of tribalism and cosmopolitanism, especially as they relate to the Jewish Problem and the Jewish Question. It sets out two scenarios that are most likely because they represent a combination of the past and the present. One future is defined by tribalism and the overshadowing of the Jewish Question by the Jewish Problem. The alternative to the tribal is the cosmopolitan, which treats the Jewish Question as relatively more important than the Jewish Problem, wants to see a Jewish people that is connected to humanity, and expresses greater ambivalence toward a more nationalistic Israel.
Longing for the Lost Caliphate
Authors: Hassan Mona
Published: January 2018

In the United States and Europe, the word “caliphate” has conjured historically romantic and increasingly pernicious associations. Yet the caliphate's significance in Islamic history and Muslim culture remains poorly understood. This book explores the myriad meanings of the caliphate for Muslims around the world through the analytical lens of two key moments of loss in the thirteenth and twentieth centuries. The book explores the rich constellation of interpretations created by religious scholars, historians, musicians, statesmen, poets, and intellectuals. The book fills a scholarly gap regarding Muslim reactions to the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad in 1258 and challenges the notion that the Mongol onslaught signaled an end to the critical engagement of Muslim jurists and intellectuals with the idea of an Islamic caliphate. It also situates Muslim responses to the dramatic abolition of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924 as part of a longer trajectory of transregional cultural memory, revealing commonalities and differences in how modern Muslims have creatively interpreted and reinterpreted their heritage. The book examines how poignant memories of the lost caliphate have been evoked in Muslim culture, law, and politics, similar to the losses and repercussions experienced by other religious communities, including the destruction of the Second Temple for Jews and the fall of Rome for Christians. A global history, the book delves into why the caliphate has been so important to Muslims in vastly different eras and places.
Prologue
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

Early one Friday morning in December 2006 I went with some friends to see the body of a sperm whale that had washed up at Roseisle beach. Roseisle is about a forty-minute drive from the village of Spey Bay, where I lived during fieldwork. This area of Scotland features, amongst other unusual wildlife, a resident population of bottlenose dolphins, and sightings of whales and dolphins are quite common in the area, though to see a sperm whale is rare, as they usually keep to the open seas....
Where the River Meets the Sea
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

John Mackie is a local who has returned to his “homeland”—as he puts it in his poem “Where the River Meets the Sea,” he has “circled” back to Moray “like the Arctic Terns of the Spey.” Through the example of his father’s relationship to the Spey, in this poem, he considers the persistent dilemma of how best to live with the natural world:...
The Water of Life
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

A number of my friends, as well as my parents and siblings, visited me during fieldwork. When they came, it was a good opportunity to press pause and realise what novel assumptions had flowed into my quotidian thinking.

Apart from salmon, whisky is what puts the Spey valley on the map, so I would often take people to distilleries. It seemed a quintessentially Scottish thing to do. Although many other countries make whisky, malt whisky made in Scotland still has a particular cachet. According to a briefing for the Scottish Parliament by the Scotch Whisky Association, whisky brings £4 billion a year in gross value to the economy and supports 35,000 Scottish jobs; it also brings £3.45 billion in exports and is Scotland’s second largest export after oil and gas....
Origin Stories
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the importance of ideas of nature to how people in Spey Bay think about the relationship between maternal bonding and gender differences in parenting. It begins by outlining two women's experiences of giving birth that illustrate their ambivalence about medical and technological intervention in the birth process and, specifically, the importance of naturalness, knowledge, and care in their aspirations for a good birth. It then considers the ethics of care and responsibility in parenthood, along with people's experiences and observations about the maternal bond and specifically its relationship to bodily experience. In discussing maternal bonding, people were rarely specific about which particular aspects of biological motherhood led to the formation of a maternal bond. In seeking to protect “nature” and “natural” reproduction, people can end up protecting and reproducing established norms of gender and sexuality.
Arrivals
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

The first time I spotted a cetacean in Scotland, I was in Mac-duff in Aberdeenshire. I rented a flat there when I arrived for fieldwork. Chris and I were out walking around the small fishing town. Walking was one of our main activities then, when we arrived in Scotland and before I had started volunteering in Spey Bay. When it was really cold, we would drink hot chocolate with a nip of whisky in it when we got back home....