bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wide bacterial diversity associated with tubes of the vent worm Riftia pachyptila
Authors: López‐García Purificación , Gaill Françoise , Moreira David
Published: March 2003

We carried out a 16S rDNA‐based molecular survey of the prokaryotic diversity associated with the chitin tubes of the giant vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (collected at the East Pacific Rise, 9°N and 13°N). Scanning electron microscopy showed dense microbial populations, particularly on the external surface of the middle and upper tube regions, which included very diverse prokaryotic morphotypes. We used archaeal‐ and bacterial‐specific primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, but only bacterial amplicons were obtained. We analysed a total of 87 clones. Most belonged to the ɛ‐Proteobacteria, but also to the δ‐, α‐ and γ‐Proteobacteria. A broad diversity of phylotypes belonging to other bacterial divisions was detected, including Verrucomicrobia, the Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides group and the candidate division OP8. We also retrieved a sequence, R76‐B150, of uncertain phylogenetic affiliation, which could represent a novel candidate division. The sequence of the R. pachyptilaγ‐proteobacterial endosymbiont was not detected. The bacterial diversity found suggests that complex metabolic interactions, particularly based on sulphur chemistry, may be occurring in different microniches of the R. pachyptila tubes.
Factors affecting PCR‐mediated recombination
Authors: Shafikhani Sasha
Published: March 2003

In the past decade, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become an important tool for the identification of previously unknown microorganisms and the analysis of environmental microbial diversity. Several studies published during recent years, however, have demonstrated that products obtained after PCR using Taq or Vent DNA polymerases will contain hybrid molecules when several homologous target sequences such as multigene families, alleles, or RNA viruses are co‐amplified. In this report, we examined the recombination frequency and the extent of template switching during PCR using Taq, Pfu and RTth/Vent DNA polymerases. As a test system we constructed a series of plasmids carrying between one and three frame shift mutations in the gene coding for the protease subtilisin or deletions of approximately 100 bp in the lacZα. Highest recombination frequencies were observed when these mutants were co‐amplified with Taq followed by RTth/Vent DNA polymerases. Pfu DNA polymerase displayed no discernable recombination activity under normal PCR conditions. Data also suggest that in vivo repair of heteroduplex DNA molecules in Escherichia coli by a RecA‐independent mechanism, perhaps the mismatch repair, results in the formation of chimeric molecules. Using Bacillus subtilis as the host, however, can significantly diminish non‐PCR RecA‐independent in vivo recombination, owing to the fact that transforming DNA molecules enter B. subtilis as single strands. Combined, these results suggest that using Pfu DNA polymerase for amplification and B. subtilis as the host for transformation may significantly reduce chimera formation.
Diversity of α‐halocarboxylic acid dehalogenases in bacteria isolated from a pristine soil after enrichment and selection on the herbicide 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon)
Authors: Marchesi Julian R. , Weightman Andrew J.
Published: March 2003

Five pure cultures of bacteria (strains DA1–5) able to degrade 2,2‐dichloropropionic acid (22DCPA) were isolated for the first time from pristine bulk soil samples. From 16S rDNA analysis, it was concluded that strains DA2, DA3 and DA4 were members of the Bradyrhizobium subgroup (α‐Proteobacteria), strain DA5 clustered in the Brucella assemblage (α‐Proteobacteria) and strain DA1 clustered in the β‐Proteobacteria. Biochemical and molecular analysis of the dehalogenases from the isolates showed that these enzymes were quite diverse. Several dehalogenases were closely related to group I and II α‐halocarboxylic acid dehalogenases, and partial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were obtained from isolates DA1, 2, 3 and 4 using degenerate dehalogenase primers. However, no PCR products were obtained from isolate DA5 using either of the group I or II α‐halocarboxylic acid dehalogenase primers. Isolates DA2 and DA4 contained putative silent dehalogenases. The investigation highlighted the endemic nature of these genes in pristine environments and how diverse these were even from spatially close samples.
Physiological and molecular characterization of anaerobic benzene‐degrading mixed cultures
Authors: Ulrich Ania C. , Edwards Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2003

Nine distinct anaerobic benzene‐degrading cultures were enriched from sediment samples from four different sites. These cultures used nitrate, sulphate or CO2 as electron acceptors. The shortest doubling times were observed in nitrate‐reducing cultures, although cell yield was lowest in these cultures. The highest substrate concentration utilized and maximum absolute rates of benzene degraded (in µM day−1) were observed in methanogenic cultures. The microbial compositions of a methanogenic and nitrate‐reducing culture were determined from a clone library of 16S rRNA genes. Five Bacterial 16S rRNA sequences, one of which resembled a clone previously found in a sulphate‐reducing, benzene‐degrading culture and four Archaeal 16S rRNA sequences were identified in a methanogenic culture. Four Bacterial and no Archaeal 16S rRNA sequences were identified in a nitrate‐reducing culture. The relative abundance of the four nitrate‐reducing putative species was determined by slot blot hybridization. Two green sulphur bacteria together formed 52% of the clone library, but were found to be less than 4% of the culture by slot blot analysis. One of the cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences comprised 70% of the culture and was phylogenetically 93% similar to both Azoarcus and Dechloromonas species, which have been shown to degrade aromatic compounds, including benzene, under nitrate‐reducing conditions.
Prevalence of faecal incontinence: obstetric and constipation‐related risk factors; a population‐based study
Authors: Lam  , Kennedy  , Chen  , Lubowski  , Talley
Published: March 2003

Objective

 Patients suffering from faecal incontinence may be reluctant to seek medical advice and the true prevalence is uncertain. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of faecal incontinence and to correlate this with possible risk factors.

Subjects and methods

 A standardized questionnaire was posted to 955 subjects randomly selected from a local Sydney electoral role of 68 821 voters.

Results

 The response rate was 71% (M:F = 259:359). The overall prevalence of faecal incontinence, defined as answering in the affirmative to at least two of three questions which incorporated stool leakage, wearing a pad because of bowel incontinence and frequent incontinence of flatus, was 15% and was more prevalent in men (20%) than women (11%) (P < 0.015). The prevalence of urinary stress incontinence in women was 31%, and similarly 31% for urge incontinence. In men the prevalence of stress and urge urinary incontinence was 4% and 12%, respectively. Overall, there was a significant association between faecal incontinence and a sensation of incomplete rectal evacuation (P < 0.001), obstructed defaecation (P < 0.001), and subjective patient assessment of being constipated (P < 0.001). In women there was a significant association between faecal incontinence and episiotomy (P < 0.01), forceps delivery (P < 0.01), perineal tears (P < 0.01) and hysterectomy (P < 0.049). There was also a strong association between stress urinary incontinence and parity (P < 0.001), episiotomy (P < 0.001), forceps (P < 0.01), perineal tears (P < 0.01) and hysterectomy (P < 0.003). Using logistic regression models, independent risk factors for faecal incontinence were gender (male, odds ratio (OR) = 3.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.0–7.5), constipation (OR = 27.1, 95% CI = 12.3–59.5), straining (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.1–0.6) and episiotomy (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.4–6.0).

Conclusion

 A higher prevalence of faecal incontinence than previously reported was observed, particularly in males. The prevalence of urinary incontinence was consistent with other studies. Faecal and urinary incontinence are important community health problems in both sexes.
The gelatinases, their activators and inhibitors in the progression of colorectal cancer
Authors: Simpson  , Hemingway  , Crowther  , Goodall  , Thompson
Published: March 2003

Backgroud

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes which are reported to play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of a number of human cancers. The gelatinase subfamily has substrate specificity for type IV collagen, the principal component of human epithelial basement membrane. They are over‐expressed in colorectal tumour tissues. The relatively recent discovery of a family of membrane‐associated MMPs, some of which function as activators of MMP‐2, represents an important development relevant to this field.

Methods

A literature review was performed on the PubMed and Medline databases for English language publications relating to the gelatinases and their activators and inhibitors in colorectal cancer.

Results

There is evidence to support the up‐regulation and involvement of the gelatinases in the progression of colorectal cancer. The active MMP‐2 species appears particularly closely related to the malignant phenotype. There has been little published on the role of the recently discovered membrane‐associated MMPs in colorectal cancer. Studies in other cancers suggest these may play an important role in the activation of MMP‐2 in vivo.

Conclusion

Gelatinases play an important role in the progression of colorectal cancer. More work is required to understand the mechanisms underlying the up‐regulation of gelatinolytic activity in these tumours. Such work could lead to the development of novel new therapies for the improved treatment of this disease in future years.
Ureteric injuries during colorectal surgery: strategies for prevention
Authors: Kutiyanawala  , Scott  , Jameson
Published: March 2003

Background

Injuries to the ureter are a known complication of pelvic surgery and well described during gynaecological procedures. There is however little published recent literature on ureteric injuries during surgery for rectal and sigmoid pathology.

Patients and methods

All patients undergoing pelvic colorectal surgery over a 4‐year period were identified from data prospectively gathered for the purposes of audit and iatrogenic ureteric injuries identified. This information was cross‐checked with data entered in the pathology computer.

Results

Five patients had identified ureteric injuries. An incidence of 1.9% compares favourably with other published series. There was increased morbidity in this group with loss of kidney in one patient, a consequence of the ureteric trauma.

Conclusion

Preoperative imaging of the ureter, ureteric catheterization in selected cases and careful meticulous surgical technique will help prevent damage to the ureters intra‐operatively.
Topical Nifedipine® for conservative treatment of acute haemorrhoidal thrombosis
Authors: Perrotti  , Antropoli  , Noschese  , Bartone  , Mo De Stefano  , Pacifico  , Maffettone  , Antropoli
Published: March 2003

Objective

The aim of this prospective, randomized trial was to test the efficacy of the local application of Nifedipine gel® in healing acute thrombosed haemorrhoids by relaxing the internal anal sphincter.

Patients and methods

Ninety patients who gave written informed consent were recruited; they received a clinical examination, anoscopy and a questionnaire to evaluate symptoms, pain and concurrent use of analgesics. Patients treated with Nifedipine (n=46) received topical 0.3% Nifedipine and 1.5% lidocaine gel every 12 h for 2 weeks. The control group, consisting of 44 patients, received topical 1.5% lidocaine and 1% hydrocortisone acetate gel during therapy.

Results

The results were as follows: relief of pain in 84.7% in Nifedipine group as opposed to 50% of controls after 7 days of therapy (P < 0.01); oral analgesics were used by 8.6% of patients in the Nifedipine group as opposed to 54.5% of the control group (P < 0.01); resolution of thrombosed haemorrhoids occurred after 14 days of therapy in 91.3% of the Nifedipine‐treated patients, as opposed to 45.4% of the controls (P < 0.01). No systemic side effects or significant anorectal bleeding were observed in patients treated with Nifedipine.

Conclusion

Our study clearly demonstrates that the use of Nifedipine, which at present is for treatment of cardiovascular disorders, should be extended to the conservative treatment of acute thrombosed haemorrhoids, using a topical application.
Anorectal physiological testing before and after a successful sphincter repair: a prospective study
Authors: Ooi  , Tjandra  , Tang  , Dwyer  , Carey
Published: March 2003

Objective

Anorectal physiological testing often yields contradictory results in patients with faecal incontinence. This prospective study aims to determine if there are any discriminatory changes in anorectal physiological testing after a successful sphincter repair for sphincter defects.

Patients and methods

From 1995 to 1998, 20 consecutive females who underwent a successful overlapping sphincter repair for sphincter defect were evaluated by anorectal manometry and neurophysiologic testing before and 2–4 months after surgery. The sphincter defect was diagnosed preoperatively by clinical and endosonographic examination, confirmed at surgery. The severity of faecal incontinence was evaluated using the Cleveland Clinic Continence Score (0–20): 0 being perfect continence, and 20 being complete incontinence.

Results

Of 20 consecutive patients who were improved following direct sphincter repair, 12 had significant improvement with a median score of 3 (range 1–6), while eight had mild improvement with a median score of 9 (range 7–12). There was a significant improvement in the mean resting anal canal pressure (80 vs 50 mmHg; P=0.016), maximum squeeze anal canal pressure (120 vs 80 mmHg; P=0.0002) and functional anal canal length (3 vs 2 cm; P=0.0069) post‐operatively, with significant improvement in faecal continence following sphincter repair. However, a mild improvement in faecal continence was not associated with any significant changes in the mean resting anal canal pressure (50 vs 40 mmHg; P=0.089), maximum squeeze anal canal pressures (100 vs 100 mmHg; P=0.19) or functional anal canal length (2 vs 2 cm; P=0.47).

Conclusion

Marked improvement of faecal continence after overlapping sphincter repair is reflected by a marked increase in the mean resting anal canal pressure, maximum squeeze anal canal pressures and functional anal canal length.
Stapled mucosectomy for acute thrombosed circumferentially prolapsed piles: a prospective randomized comparison with conventional haemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Brown S. R. , Ballan K. , Ho E. , Ho Fams Y. H. , Seow‐Choen F.
Published: March 2003

Objective

Stapled mucosectomy has been developed as an alternative to conventional haemorrhoidectomy for the elective treatment of haemorrhoids, but has not been assessed in the emergency setting. The aim of this study was to compare this technique with a conventional procedure for acute thrombosed circumferential prolapsed haemorrhoids.

Patients and methods

A prospective randomized comparison of conventional Milligan‐Morgan haemorrhoidectomy and stapled mucosectomy was carried out on 35 consecutive patients presenting with acute thrombosed circumferential prolapsed haemorrhoids. Operative data, postoperative stay, pain assessment and persistent symptoms were compared at discharge and at 2 week and 6 week review. Additionally at 6 week review the time to return to work was recorded and an endoanal ultrasound was carried out.

Results

Thirty patients were randomized and followed up for six weeks. Although postoperative stay and in‐hospital analgesia were the same, patients from the stapled group reported significantly more pain at discharge. However, by 2 weeks the conventional group reported significantly higher pain scores particularly on passing stool. By this stage over half the stapled group patients reported no pain at all. More patients in the conventional group complained of persistent symptoms of pain, bleeding and discharge at 2 week and 6 week review with 20% requiring readmission compared with none in the stapled group. The median return to work was significantly shorter for the stapled group (14 days vs 28 days, P < 0.05). Although all patients claimed to be continent, two patients from each group had ultrasonic evidence of internal sphincter damage.

Conclusion

Stapled mucosectomy for acute thrombosed circumferential piles is feasible and may result in less pain, a more rapid resolution of symptoms and an earlier return to work compared with a conventional procedure.
Patient's perceptions of biofeedback therapy for obstructive defaecation
Authors: Pager C. K. , Solomon M. J. , Rex J.
Published: March 2003

Objective

The aim of this study is to assess the long‐term outcomes of a biofeedback treatment programme for obstructive defaecation up to five years after completion of treatment, reporting from the patients' perspective the subsequent progression of defaecation difficulties and the perceived usefulness of the biofeedback training and its components.

Methods

A biofeedback program for obstructive defaecation at a major hospital in Sydney provided 37 patients with reading material, taught defaecation techniques, and prescribed simulated defaecation and anal relaxation exercises to practice between their monthly biofeedback sessions. Twenty‐nine of these patients were contacted by telephone an average of 23 months after last attending and asked to rate the present severity of their condition, changes since last attending biofeedback, and which aspects of the program they found most helpful.

Results

Of patients who completed the program, 70% achieved at least a 15% improvement in perceived symptom severity. Those who completed the program and achieved benefit were more likely to name the exercises as the most helpful program component. At the time of follow‐up, however, there was no difference in perceived symptom severity between program completers and noncompleters. Program completers, and those followed up more than two years after last attending biofeedback, were more likely to report a worsening in symptom severity subsequent to their final treatment session.

Conclusions

This study confirms the favourable short‐term outcomes achieved by some patients completing biofeedback treatment for obstructive defaecation. The findings suggest that biofeedback equipment may be economically used in an educative and corrective role, and that other factors such as education, exercises and counselling alone play an important role. Finally, the benefits of biofeedback may not be maintained through long‐term follow‐up, raising questions as to the natural history of the disorder and the long‐term effectiveness of biofeedback treatment.
Intra‐dermal methylene blue, hydrocortisone and lignocaine for chronic, intractable pruritus ani
Authors: Botterill I. D. , Sagar P. M.
Published: March 2003

Objective

To assess the use of intradermal methylene blue, lignocaine and hydrocortisone in cases of chronic pruritus ani refractory to standard primary, dermatological and colorectal care.

Methods

Five ml 1% methylene blue, 100 mg hydrocortisone and 15 ml 1% lignocaine were injected into the peri‐anal skin of 25 patients with chronic pruritus ani which had proved refractory to standard care. Clinical and telephone follow‐up was undertaken.

Results

After one injection of the above solution, 16 (64%) of patients were rendered symptom free. Repeat injection in those initial nonresponders ultimately rendered 22 (88%) symptom free overall. Morbidity was 4%. Treatment failure occurred in three patients (12%).

Conclusions

Methylene blue used in solution with hydrocortisone and lignocaine can achieve effective control of pruritus ani in 88% of patients who have failed to respond to standard dermatological, hygiene and surgical treatments.
Factors associated with nocturnal hypoglycaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes new to insulin therapy: experience with insulin lispro
Authors: Bastyr E. J. , Huang Y. , Brunelle R. L. , Vignati L. , Cox .D. J. , Kotsanos J. G.
Published: March 2003

Aim: To identify factors associated with nocturnal hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes who were new (< 2 months therapy) to insulin therapy.

Methods: A randomised, multicentre, 12‐month parallel open‐label study compared the clinical safety and efficacy of insulin lispro with regular human insulin. A cohort of North American patients completed a health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaire which included questions related to the Health Beliefs Model (HBM). Measurements of hypoglycaemia rate and short‐and long‐term glucose control assessed clinical safety and efficacy. Three hundred and sixty‐five type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in the study, and 195 North American patients completed the HRQOL questionnaire.

Results: After adjustment for demographic and psychological factors, the study population demonstrated lower nocturnal hypoglycaemia risk with insulin lispro. Higher nocturnal hypoglycaemia risk was associated with reduced body mass index (b.m.i.), lower age, and basal ultralente insulin therapy. The associated hypoglycaemia risk was lower with increased alcohol consumption. Patients who completed the HRQOL survey demonstrated higher risk for nocturnal hypoglycaemia if they: (1) had more troublesome hyperglycaemia symptoms in the week before starting insulin; (2) were more confident in their ability to control their diabetes; or (3) thought that diabetes control did not offer a clear health benefit. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia risk was inversely associated with fear of hypoglycaemia.

Conclusions: Type 2 diabetic patients new to insulin therapy demonstrated lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia with insulin lispro. Practitioners should consider patient characteristics and psychological factors that may predispose type 2 diabetes patients to nocturnal hypoglycaemia when initiating insulin therapy.
Preliminary study of oral polylactide microcapsulated insulin in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ma X. Y. , Pan G. M. , Lu Z. , Hu J. S. , Bei J. Z. , Jia J. H. , Wang S. G.
Published: March 2003

Aim: Although the oral route for insulin delivery is the most convenient, directly administered oral insulin is degraded by proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Polylactide was prepared in order to microcapsulate the insulin to avoid the enzymes in the GI. The physical characteristics and therapeutic possibilities of polylactide microcapsulated insulin (PLA‐MCI) were studied in vivo and in vitro.

Methods: PLA‐MCI was prepared by the two‐step method of emulsion and solvent extraction. Its morphologic character was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The insulin release profile was determined in vitro by insulin measurement and in vivo by blood glucose measurement after the force‐feeding of 66 diabetic rats.

Results: When the microcapsule was spherical in shape (diameter 1.5–2.0μm) the entrapment efficiency of insulin was 90% and the loading rate was 10% (W/W). The PLA‐MCI (which contained 3.0 units of insulin/mg of PLA) had peak release rates of 65–74% over 6–8 h in phosphate buffer. The same dose of PLA‐MCI (insulin 2.5 mg) led to decreased responses (from 28% to 68% of control blood glucose levels) in the level of blood glucose in 32 rats which had not fasted after they had been force‐fed. When 1.2, 1.8, 2.2 and 3.0 mg of insulin + PLA‐MCI was administered to eight diabetic rats, their blood glucose levels decreased by 28%, 36%, 54% and 78%, respectively.

Conclusions: PLA microcapsules are capable of protecting insulin from degradation by the proteolytic enzymes in the GI and of alleviating hyperglycaemia for a prolonged period of time in diabetic rats. It may therefore be considered as a new carrier for oral insulin.
Clinical evaluation of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes using α‐glucosidase inhibitor and examination of its efficacy profile
Authors: Hayashi Y. , Miyachi N. , Takeuchi T. , Takeuchi Y. , Kamiya F. , Kato T. , Imaeda K. , Okayama N. , Shimizu M. , Itoh M.
Published: March 2003

Aim: Pioglitazone is considered to reduce insulin resistance. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety and clinical profile of pioglitazone in patients whose type 2 diabetes were poorly controlled with α‐glucosidase inhibitor alone or α‐glucosidase in combination with sulfonylurea.

Methods: Twenty patients with type 2 diabetes were treated with pioglitazone (30 mg q.d.) orally for 16 weeks.

Results: There were significant reductions in HbA1C, FPG and postprandial plasma glucose at week 16. As adverse events, oedema, hypoglycaemia‐like reaction, increases in LDH, CPK, etc. were noted. There was no significant change in TNF‐α. Leptin levels increased significantly at week 16 and were still increasing 4 weeks after the treatment. Per cent body fat was almost constant throughout the study period. When efficacy was classified by demographic variables, pioglitazone was found to be more effective in the subjects who had a higher postprandial 2‐h plasma glucose level, leptin level or per cent body fat value.

Conclusion: Pioglitazone was considered to be effective when used in patients whose type 2 diabetes were poorly controlled with α‐glucosidase inhibitor alone or α‐glucosidase in combination with sulfonylurea.
Vascularization of the pituitary of the Australian lungfish and Neoceratodus forsteri
Authors: Hansen G. N.
Published: March 2003

The vascularization of the brain and the pituitary region of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri is described from serial section reconstruction. The distal lobe has no direct arterial blood supply and receives blood solely from a pituitary portal system basically similar to that of other sarcopterygians. The primary capillary plexus of the median eminence receives its arterial blood from the infundibular arteries, which on their way distribute some small branches to the prechiasmatic region. The primary plexus also receives capillaries from the adjacent pial hypothalamic plexus. The primary capillary plexus of the median eminence comprises a rostral ‘uncovered’ and caudal ‘covered’ part which are not sharply delineated. Distinct portal vessels connect the ‘uncovered’ rostral part of the primary plexus with the secondary capillary plexus supplying the rostral subdivision of the pars distalis. The ‘covered’ caudal part of the primary plexus merges into the proximal subdivision of the pars distalis, apparently without formation of distinct portal vessels. The primary plexus has some connections with the plexus intermedius via a hypophysial stem capillary plexus. The plexus intermedius has a substantial arterial supply and gives off capillaries to the parenchyma of the pars intermedia. The adenohypophysis is drained into an unpaired hypophysial vein. The significance of the vascular pathways is discussed from comparative, functional, and evolutionary viewpoints.
Ultrastructure of the retina of two subspecies of Coregonus lavaretus (Teleostei) from Lake Constance (Germany)
Authors: Reckel Frank , Melzer Roland R. , Smola Ulrich
Published: March 2003

In the two studied subspecies of Coregonus lavaretus, the pollan (C. l. wartmanni) (which lives deep in the pelagial) and the gangfish (C. l. macrophthalmus) (which lives near the slope, closer to the bottom), duplex retinae containing rod and cone photoreceptors are found. Four morphologically different cone types were observed: unequal double cones, short single cones, long single cones and triple cones. The cones are arranged in a square pattern (four double cones around a central short single cone) in the ventral and ventrotemporal and in a row pattern in the nasal and dorsal areas of the retina. Moreover, intermediate patterns can be observed in several regions indicating that double cone twisting occurs, i.e. double cones twist about their longitudinal axis. The highest cone densities are found in the ventrotemporal area. Conversely, the rod photoreceptor density is the highest in the dorsal retina. While the basic morphology of the retina is the same in both subspecies, the distribution of long single and triple cones differs between the studied animals. While these cone types are very rare in the pollan, they are common in the gangfish, though not exhibiting a regular pattern. The findings are discussed with regard to the photic habitat conditions, the systematic position of coregonids and variation of retinal morphology in the two subspecies.
The comparative morphology of the larynx in snakes
Authors: Young Bruce A.
Published: March 2003

Young, B.A. 2000. The comparative morphology of the larynx in snakes. —Acta Zoologica(Stockholm)81: 177–193

The larynx and glottal tube were examined in 10 specimens each of 22 snake species. Qualitative analysis through dissection and clearing and staining revealed distinct morphological variation in the cartilage and intrinsic musculature of the larynx. Quantitative analysis of nine morphometric characters revealed laryngeal sexual dimorphism in three species, significant interspecific differences in the coefficients for every morphometric feature regressed on body size, no significant intraspecific differences in the log transformed means, and poor discrimination of species using principal component analysis. The observed variations in laryngeal morphology did not correlate with the phylogeny of the species, or with habitat preferences.
Ultrastructure of the seminal receptacle and the dimorphic sperm in the commensal bivalve Mysella bidentata (Veneroida; Galeommatoidea; Montacutidae)
Authors: Jespersen Åse , Lützen Jørgen
Published: March 2003

Jespersen, Å. and Lützen, J. 2001. Ultrastructure of the seminal receptacle and the dimorphic sperm in the commensal bivalve Mysella bidentata (Veneroida: Galeommatoidea: Montacutidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 82: 107–115

The seminal receptacle and the euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa of Mysella bidentata were examined at an ultrastructural level and the results were compared with earlier findings of the same and other species of the Montacutidae. The euspermatozoon has a slender 13 µm long nucleus and a 1.1 µm long bullet‐shaped acrosome. The acrosome of the paraspermatozoon is almost identical in ultrastructure to that of the euspermatozoa but is longer (1.9 µm) and more slender and is bent at an angle to the diminutive nucleus (1.1 µm long). The unpaired seminal receptacle is lined by a heavily ciliated epithelium and a non‐ciliated epithelium with short and broad microvilli. Euspermatozoa only are stored in the receptacle. They are densely packed and orientated with their heads towards the non‐ciliated epithelium. In this position they develop numerous extremely fine microvilli from the acrosome which apparently serve to attach them to the epithelial microvillar surface. Stored sperm may presumably remain functional for at least six months. A possible function of paraspermatozoa could be to clump sperm into sperm bags to keep them in suspension.
Structure of the ovaries in larvae and mature females of euholognathan stoneflies (Plecoptera)
Authors: Rościszewska Elżbieta
Published: March 2003

The morphology of ovaries, oviducts and egg capsules in four species of euholognathan stoneflies was investigated. The characteristic features found were as follows: (i) numerous, long ovarioles, that open individually to the extensively folded, lateral oviducts; (ii) a thin, morphologically undifferentiated chorion; (iii) a thick gelatinous layer (extrachorion) which acts as an adhesive layer fixing the eggs to the substrate. Additionally, in the larval ovariole of Leuctra sp. the terminal filament anlage and clusters of germ cells have been found. These observations are in agreement with the classification of stonefly ovaries as primary (true) panoistic.
Microscopic structure of the sperm storage tubules in the polygynandrous alpine accentor, Prunella collaris (Aves)
Authors: Chiba Akira , Nakamura Masahiko
Published: March 2003

We describe the microscopic structure of the sperm storage tubules (SSTs) of the polygynandrous alpine accentor, Prunella collaris. The SSTs were found at the utero‐vaginal junction of the oviduct and were composed of a single layer of columnar epithelium. The cells of the tubule proper were non‐ciliated and had a round or oval nucleus in their basal portion. Their cytoplasm was finely or coarsely vacuolated due to lipid inclusions. Under the electron microscope, the epithelial cells exhibited a number of mitochondria, Golgi bodies, occasional lysosome‐like dense bodies, granular endoplasmic reticula, junctional complex, and tonofilaments. The apical margin of the cells was fringed with numerous microvilli. The epithelial lining of the SSTs was devoid of mucous cells, but showed occasional infiltration of lymphoid cells. No contractile elements were found in association with the SSTs, but a close apposition of unmyelinated nerve fibres to the basal part of the SST cells was recognized. Intraluminal sperm were arranged in bundles, and their heads were orientated towards the distal portion of the SSTs. Evidence for engulfment of sperm by the SST cells was obtained for the first time. A sign of atrophy or regression of the SSTs was found in one specimen.
Polymorphism in the sperm ultrastructure among four species of lizards in the genusTupinambis(Squamata: Teiidae)
Authors: Tavares‐Bastos L. , Teixeira R. D. , Colli G. R. , Báo S. N.
Published: March 2003

We describe, for the first time, the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of four species of the genusTupinambis(Squamata, Teiidae). We identified seven polymorphic characters within this genus: the presence and shape of the perforatorial base plate, the presence of the epinuclear lucent zone, the presence of a unilateral ridge in the acrosome, the presence of a central density within the proximal centriole, the number of mitochondria and dense‐bodies sets, and the shape of mitochondria. We analysed the evolution of the seven polymorphic characters by mapping them onto a current phylogeny of the species ofTupinambis, using the teiidsAmeiva ameivaandCnemidophorus sexlineatusas outgroups. Our results indicate that sperm ultrastucture characters, although of great value for phylogeny at higher taxonomic levels in reptiles and other groups, are poor predictors of phylogeny when considering the species ofTupinambisstudied here. We failed to identify evidences that homoplasy in sperm ultrastructure among the species ofTupinambisis due to convergent adaptation, suggesting that the polymorphism may be selectively neutral in this group.
A new interpretation of the female genitalia in Macrocyclops albidus (Copepoda, Cyclopidae)
Authors: Defaye D. , Cuoc C. , Barthélémy R.‐M.
Published: March 2003

The female genital structures of Macrocyclops albidus (Cyclopidae, Eucyclopinae) were studied using light and electron microscopy. The results confirm that the exterior genital area shows only a copulatory pore, located anteromedially on the ventral face of the genital double‐somite, and paired gonopores (not directly visible), situated laterally under the P6 plates. An internal seminal receptacle, composed of several parts, is connected to the gonopores by ventro‐lateral cuticular extensions or seminal ducts. The lateral site of communication shows a complex set of connections between the seminal receptacle and the oviducts (via the egg‐laying ducts). The structure until now designated as ‘transverse ducts’, visible by transparency on the ventral face, is in fact constituted of internal cuticular thickenings resulting of the fusion of the 6th thoracic somite and the 1st abdominal somite forming the genital double‐somite and appearing externally as a part of the suture line; the term ‘suture cord’ is proposed to designate it. The functioning of the system is explained.
The surgical results of the pubovaginal sling procedure using polypropylene mesh for stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Kuo H.‐C.
Published: March 2003

Objective To investigate the surgical results after a pubovaginal sling procedure using polypropylene mesh in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Patients and methods Sixty‐four women with different types of SUI underwent a pubovaginal sling procedure, using polypropylene mesh. The sling was placed at the level of the proximal half of the urethra and tied with adequate tension, but not obstructing the bladder outlet. A video‐urodynamic study and transrectal ultrasonography were undertaken before and after surgery. The surgical results were assessed and the urodynamic changes compared at different stages.

Results At a median follow‐up of 24 months, 52 patients (81%) were completely continent, 10 (16%) had an improvement but with mild SUI, and two had persistent SUI requiring a second sling procedure. The treatment result was considered satisfactory by 55 patients (86%). The video‐urodynamic study showed no significant change in voiding pressure, cystometric capacity and residual urine volume after surgery. The bladder neck opening time was increased at 7 days and the maximum flow rate increased at 3 months after surgery. Transrectal ultrasonography showed that all the polypropylene mesh slings were located beneath the bladder neck and proximal urethra, with no notable granuloma formation around the sling.

Conclusion The pubovaginal sling procedure is effective in treating female SUI, using polypropylene mesh as the sling material. The video‐urodynamic results showed that a pubovaginal sling of polypropylene mesh causes no bladder outlet obstruction when the correct surgical technique is used.
Laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy in the adolescent is safe after previous ipsilateral inguinal surgery
Authors: Barqawi A. , Furness P. , Koyle M.
Published: March 2003

Objective To evaluate the outcome of laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy (LPV) in young boys who had undergone previous ipsilateral inguinal surgery (in whom potentially the arterial supply to the testicles may be compromised) in an attempt to assess its safety for the collateral vascular supply in such cases.

Patients and methods Over a 5‐year period (1995–2000) 44 patients underwent LPV, where both the spermatic artery and vein were ligated high above the internal ring. Thirteen patients had undergone previous ipsilateral inguinal surgery, which included inguinal hernia repairs in five, orchidopexy in two, communicating hydrocele repair in three and previous varicocele repair in three. All patients were followed clinically at 3 months and 1 year after surgery.

Results There were no complications related to laparoscopy or varicocele ligation. No patient developed ipsilateral testicular atrophy; moreover the testis size remained stable or was associated with compensatory growth in all patients.

Conclusion Previous inguinal surgery involving the ipsilateral testicle does not appear to affect the collateral blood circulation to the affected testis in boys who undergo LPV mass ligation of the internal spermatic vein and artery. LPV for varicocele is safe in boys who have undergone previous inguinal surgery, suggesting that an adequate collateral blood supply is present.
The relationship of circulating insulin‐like growth factor 1, its binding protein‐3, prostate‐specific antigen and C‐reactive protein with disease stage in prostate cancer
Authors: Latif Z. , McMillan D.C. , Wallace A.M. , Sattar N. , Mir K. , Jones G. , Underwood M.A.
Published: March 2003

Objective To assess the relationships among circulating insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and C‐reactive protein (an indicator of inflammatory systemic response) in patients with prostate disease and cancer of different stages.

Patients and methods Circulating IGF‐1, IGFBP‐3, PSA and C‐reactive protein concentrations were measured in patients with BPH (17) or stages T1/T2 (15), T3/T4 (16) and metastatic prostate cancer (12 patients).

Results IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 concentrations were similar between patients with BPH and those with cancer, and there was no difference between the groups with cancer. In the latter patients there was a significant correlation between age and IGFBP‐3 concentrations (r = − 0.400, P = 0.008) but not with IGF‐1 concentrations. Controlling for age, there were significant partial correlations between C‐reactive protein and IGF‐1 (r = − 0.412, P = 0.008) and IGFBP‐3 (r = − 0.277, P = 0.05).

Conclusions These results indicate that circulating IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 concentrations do not change with disease stage in prostate cancer, but that they decrease with an increase in the systemic inflammatory response.
Serendipity in detecting disease in low prostate‐specific antigen ranges
Authors: Vis A.N. , Kranse R. , Roobol M. , Van Der Kwast Th.H. , Schröder F.H.
Published: March 2003

Objective To assess the magnitude of prostate cancer detection by serendipity (the coincidental detection of prostate cancer during the evaluation of an abnormal screening test result) when a digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) are used as initial screening tests for prostate cancer in men with low levels of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA; 0.0–3.9 ng/mL).

Patients and methods In all, 117 participants of a population‐based screening study were diagnosed with prostate cancer after a standard evaluation of an abnormal screening test result; 49 underwent radical prostatectomy. Serendipity was defined as either: (i) the presence of prostate cancer opposite to the side that raised suspicion for cancer on DRE and/or TRUS; (ii) a negative lesion‐directed biopsy while cancer was present in one or more of the cores of the sextant biopsy; (iii) a tumour volume of < 0.5 mL on radical prostatectomy.

Results Depending on the definition, 27–63% of prostate cancers detected at low PSA values were detected coincidentally and not as a result of a true‐positive test result. The proportion of cancers detected by serendipity was inversely correlated with serum PSA level.

Conclusion A relatively high proportion of prostate cancers diagnosed in men with low PSA levels, and in which a biopsy was prompted by a suspicious DRE and/or TRUS, are considered to be detected by chance only. As these cancers are mostly small (< 0.5 mL), with potentially low biological aggressiveness, relying on serendipity seems disadvantageous in prostate‐cancer screening. The level of serendipity in prostate cancer detection, the poor performance of the screening test, and high inter‐observer variability, casts further doubt on the utility of DRE (and TRUS) as initial screening tests for prostate cancer in population‐based screening.
The Lue procedure: an analysis of the outcome in Peyronie's disease
Authors: Adeniyi A.A. , Goorney S.R. , Pryor J.P. , Ralph D.J.
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo assess the Lue procedure (plaque incision and venous grafting) for correcting the penile deformity of Peyronie's disease (which can cause penile shortening and erectile dysfunction) as an alternative to the Nesbit procedure (which can worsen the shortening).

Patients and methodsFifty‐one patients (mean age 51 years, range 27–68) with Peyronie's disease had their penile deformity corrected by plaque incision and saphenous vein grafting. All patients had stable Peyronie's disease and a mean (range) penile deformity of 57 (20–90)°. The vein graft was taken from the long saphenous vein at the ankle or groin and several sites grafted in 14 patients. The mean follow‐up was 16 months.

ResultsAn excellent or satisfactory result was obtained in 47 patients (92%); the penis was completely straightened in 42 (82%). Four patients (8%) developed postoperative erectile dysfunction. Eighteen men (35%) had some degree of penile shortening (> 1 cm in eight), among whom intercourse was affected to a variable extent in six (12%).

ConclusionThe Lue procedure is an effective option in the surgical management of Peyronie's disease, but penile shortening after surgery remains a risk.
Thick vs thin loop transurethral resection of the prostate: a double‐blind prospective trial of early morbidity
Authors: Holmes M. , Cox J. , Stewart J. , King D. , Bary P. , Wright W.
Published: March 2003

Objective To compare blood loss, irrigation requirements and hospital stay between standard transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and resection incorporating vaporization, i.e. transurethral vaporization resection (TUVRP).

Patients and methods Seventy patients were prospectively randomized in a blinded fashion between TURP with a standard resection loop (thin loop) or resection with a roller cutting electrode (thick loop). The outcome was assessed as the change in haemoglobin at 30 min and 24 h after the resection finished. Secondary outcome measures were irrigation requirements, length of catheterization, hospital stay, changes in serum sodium, and complications. The nursing staff and surgical registrar managing the patients after surgery were unaware of the resection technique used.

Results Data were available for 65 patients (36 thin loop and 29 thick loop resections). The mean decrease in haemoglobin after TURP was 14.8 g/L at 30 min and 11.8 g/L at 24 h; for TUVRP the corresponding values were 14.6 and 14.2 g/L (P = 0.69). In addition, there was no difference in irrigation requirements, changes in serum sodium, length of catheterization, hospital stay or bleeding complications.

Conclusion The use of a thick loop at higher cutting current settings during TUVRP offers no advantage over standard thin‐loop TURP.
A randomized trial of the choice of treatment in prostate cancer: design and baseline characteristics
Authors: Auvinen A. , Vornanen T. , Tammela T.L.J. , Ala‐Opas M. , Leppilahti M. , Salminen P. , Hakama M.
Published: March 2003

Objective To assess the effects of different approaches to decision‐making on the treatment chosen for prostate cancer and on the patients' quality of life in prostate cancer.

Patients and methods A multicentre randomized trial was conducted, including all histologically confirmed cases of prostate cancer diagnosed between September 1993 and November 1994 in four Finnish hospitals. In the intervention group, the role of the patient in the choice of treatment was actively emphasized. In the control group, the treatment was chosen using standardized treatment protocols. The first intermediate endpoint was the patient's participation in decision‐making and the next will be the treatment chosen in the intervention and control groups. The main outcome will be the quality of life. Clinical data on prognostic factors including age, tumour grade, stage, functional status and serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) concentration was collected for comparison between the arms, and between those enrolled or not.

Results In all, 210 of 251 eligible patients were randomized into the two arms. Patients were randomized before obtaining informed consent, which led to four patients already randomized refusing to participate. The 41 patients not enrolled were of similar age and grade distribution, but more frequently had extensive disease than had those enrolled in the trial. Three patients were unable to participate because of rapid deterioration in their general condition after randomization. There were no clear differences in baseline characteristics (including age, functional status, tumour grade and stage) of the patients between the arms. The distribution of PSA level differed slightly between the arms, which may require adjustment in the analyses. Patients in the intervention arm participated in decision‐making more actively than those in the control arm.

Conclusion Randomized studies on ethical issues such as the patient's role in choosing treatment are feasible and likely to provide important information.