bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of parenting classes and economic strengthening for caregivers on the cognition of HIV-exposed infants: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Mebrahtu Helen , Simms Victoria , Mupambireyi Zivai , Rehman Andrea M , Chingono Rudo , Matsikire Edward , Malaba Rickie , Weiss Helen A , Ndlovu Patience , Cowan Frances M , Sherr Lorraine
Published: September 2019

Introduction

HIV-exposed children show signs of developmental delay. We assessed the impact of a pragmatic multicomponent intervention for caregivers of HIV-exposed children aged 0–2 years in Zimbabwe.

Methods

We conducted a cluster-randomised trial from 2016 to 2018. Clusters were catchments surrounding clinics, allocated (1:1) to either National HIV guidelines standard of care or standard care plus an 18-session group intervention comprising i) early childhood stimulation (ECS) and parenting training with home visits to reinforce skills and retention in HIV care; ii) economic strengthening. Primary outcomes measured 12 months after baseline (4.5 months postintervention completion) included: i) global child development measured using the Mullen early learning composite score; ii) retention in HIV care. Analysis used mixed effects regression to account for clustering and adjusted minimally for baseline prognostic factors and was by intention to treat.

Results

Thirty clusters, 15 in each arm, were randomised. 574 dyads were recruited with 89.5% retained at follow-up. Ninety one of 281 (32.4%) were recorded as having received the complete intervention package, with 161/281 (57.3%) attending ≥14 ECS sessions. There was no evidence of an intervention effect on global child development (intervention mean 88.1 vs standard of care mean 87.6; adjusted mean difference=0.06; 95% CI −2.68 to 2.80; p=0.97) or infant retention in care (proportion of children who had missed their most recent HIV test: intervention 21.8% vs standard of care 16.9%, p=0.18). There was weak evidence that the proportion of caregivers with parental stress was reduced in the intervention arm (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.69; 95% CI 0.45 to 1.05; p=0.08) and stronger evidence that parental distress specifically was reduced (intervention arm 17.4% vs standard of care 29.1% scoring above the cut-off; aOR=0.56; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.89; p=0.01).

Conclusion

This multicomponent intervention had no impact on child development outcomes within 4.5 months of completion, but had an impact on parental distress. Maternal mental health remains a high priority.

Trial registration number

PACTR201701001387209.
Study protocol: characterising the clinical, epidemiological and aetiological aspects of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka: a hospital based clinico-epidemiological study
Authors: Agampodi Suneth , Warnasekara Janith , Jayasundara Dinesha , Senawirathna Indika , Gamage Chandika , Kularatne Senanayake , Siribaddana Sisira , Maththias Michael , Vinetz Joseph
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Sri Lanka has one of the highest incidences of leptospirosis worldwide. We hypothesised that different geographical locations and patient context will have a distinct molecular epidemiology of leptospirosis, based on microgeographical characteristics related to regiona-specificLeptospirapredominance. Our objective is to characterise the clinical, epidemiological and molecular aspects of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka to understand disease progression, risk factors and obtain isolates ofLeptospira.

Methods and analysis

We designed a multicentre prospective study in Sri Lanka to recruit undifferentiated febrile patients and conduct follow-ups during hospital stays. Patients will be recruited from outpatient departments and medical wards. This study will be conducted at two main sites (Anuradhapura and Peradeniya) and several additional sites (Awissawella, Ratnapura and Polonnaruwa). Blood and urine will be collected from patients on the day of admission to the ward or presentation to the outpatient department. Bedside inoculation of 2–4 drops of venous blood will be performed with Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) semisolid media supplemented with antibiotics. Regionally optimised microscopic agglutination test, culture and qPCR-evidence will be performed to confirm the presence ofLeptospirain blood which in turn will confirm the presence of disease. Whole genome sequencing will be carried out for all isolates recovered from patients. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) will be used for the genotyping of new isolates. Sri Lankan isolates will be identified using three published MLST schemes forLeptospira.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from Ethics Review Committees (ERC), Medicine and Allied Sciences (FMAS), Rajarata University of Sri Lanka (RUSL) and University of Peradeniya. All genomic data generated through this project will be available at GenBank. Anonymised data will be deposited at the ERC, FMAS, RUSL.
Drug-induced sleep endoscopy compared with systematic adenotonsillectomy in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Prévost Anne-Sophie , Hylands Mathieu , Gervais Mireille , Praud Jean-Paul , Battista Marie-Claude , Déziel-Malouin Stéphanie , Lachance Monia , Lamontagne Francois
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnoea affects up to 6% of children worldwide. Although current guidelines recommend systematic tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, many children do not benefit from these interventions. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) allows the dynamic evaluation of patients’ airways to identify the specific anatomic sites of obstruction. This intervention can potentially guide subsequent invasive procedures to optimise outcomes and minimise the number of children exposed to unnecessary operations.

Methods and analysis

We will identify randomised controlled trials and controlled observational studies comparing DISE-directed interventions to systematic tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in paediatric populations. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL as well as clinical trial registries and conference proceedings (initial electronic search date 9 October 2018). Screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessments will be performed in duplicate by independent reviewers. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to assess the overall quality of evidence and present our results.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval is not required for this systematic review of published data. This review will be presented according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We will present our findings at otorhinolaryngology conferences and publish a report in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018085370.
Acceptability and feasibility of weight management programmes for adults with severe obesity: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Skea Zoë C , Aceves-Martins Magaly , Robertson Clare , De Bruin M , Avenell Alison
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To improve our understanding of the acceptability of behavioural weight management programmes (WMPs) for adults with severe obesity.

Design

A systematic review of qualitative evidence.

Data sources

Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SCI, SSCI and CAB abstracts were searched from 1964 to May 2017.

Eligibility criteria

Papers that contained qualitative data from adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2(and/or the views of providers involved in their care) and considered issues about weight management.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two reviewers read and systematically extracted data from the included papers which were compared, and contrasted according to emerging issues and themes. Papers were appraised for methodological rigour and theoretical relevance using Toye’s proposed criteria for quality in relation to meta-ethnography.

Results

33 papers met our inclusion criteria from seven countries published 2007–2017. Findings were presented from a total of 644 participants and 153 programme providers. Participants described being attracted to programmes that were perceived to be novel or exciting, as well as being endorsed by their healthcare provider. The sense of belonging to a group who shared similar issues, and who had similar physiques and personalities, was particularly important and seemed to foster a strong group identity and related accountability. Group-based activities were enjoyed by many and participants preferred WMPs with more intensive support. However, some described struggling with physical activities (due to a range of physical comorbidities) and not everyone enjoyed group interaction with others (sometimes due to various mental health comorbidities). Although the mean BMI reported across the papers ranged from 36.8 to 44.7 kg/m2, no quotes from participants in any of the included papers were linked to specific detail regarding BMI status.

Conclusions

Although group-based interventions were favoured, people with severe obesity might be especially vulnerable to physical and mental comorbidities which could inhibit engagement with certain intervention components.
Is the risk of cervical atypia associated with the interval between menarche and the start of sexual activity? A population-based cohort study
Authors: Adhikari Indira , Eriksson Tiina , Luostarinen Tapio , Apter Dan , Lehtinen Matti
Published: September 2019

Objective

We investigated whether the risk of cervical atypia is associated with a short interval between the age at first sexual intercourse (FSI) or age at the start of oral contraceptive (OC) use and menarche.

Design

A population-based cohort study.

Setting

Finnish women in the age range of 16–17 years old were enrolled in the PATRICIA trial of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 vaccine efficacy.

Participants

The association of cervical atypia with the interval between FSI or start of OC use and menarche was assessed in the control arm (hepatitis A vaccinated) who had participated in biannual clinical follow-up visits for 4 years. Altogether, 913 women had normal baseline cervical cytology and answered behavioural questionnaires at enrolment and end of the follow-up.

Main outcome measure

ORs with 95% CIs using univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess the association between cervical atypia and the interval between FSI or the start of OC use and menarche.

Results

The mean ages at menarche, FSI and the start of OC use were 12.4, 16.0 and 16.4.Chlamydiatrachomatisinfection was associated with an increased risk of cervical atypia in women with a short (<3 years) interval between menarche and FSI/start of OC use (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6 and OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0 to 5.1). Whereas HPV 16/18 infection was associated with increased atypia risk estimates in women with a longer (≥3 years) interval (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7 and OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.1). In women with a short interval between menarche and FSI, early age at the start of OC use was not associated with an increased risk of cervical atypia in the univariate (OR 0.7) nor multivariable analyses.

Conclusion

Short interval between menarche and the age at start of sexual activity does not increase the risk of HPV-associated cervical atypia.

Trial registration number

NCT00122681.
Assessment of uteroplacental vascularisation in early first-trimester pregnancy with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and 3D power Doppler angiography: protocol for a prospective, cross-sectional, multicentre and non-randomised open study (“HOPE Study”)
Authors: Bertholdt Charline , Eszto Marie-Laure , Tournier Mathilde , Hossu Gabriela , Mellouki Naoual , Cherifi Aboubaker , Morel Olivier
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Knowledge about the mechanisms leading to the establishment of uteroplacental vascularisation is inadequate, and some of what has been thought to be known for decades has recently been challenged by showing that the intervillous space, the major area of maternal-fetal exchange, appears to be perfused by maternal blood at as early as 6 weeks of gestation. The vascular flow then seems relatively constant until 13 weeks when it appears to increase suddenly.

Objectives

The principal objective is to quantify the perfusion of the intervillous space by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) during the first-trimester at three different gestational ages (8, 11 and 13 weeks). The secondary objectives are to: (1) describe the indicators of vascularisation of the placenta (intervillous space) and the myometrium at the three gestational ages, measured by CEUS and three-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) angiography; (2) compare the diagnostic performance of CEUS and 3DPD for the demonstration and quantification of uteroplacental vascularisation and (3) establish a biological collection of placentas to increase knowledge about placental development and functions during pregnancy.

Methods and analysis

This is a prospective, cross-sectional, multicentre and non-randomised open study. We will include 42 women with ongoing pregnancy and divided into three groups of gestational ages (ie, 14 women by per group): 8, 11 and 13 weeks of gestation. 3DPD and then CEUS will be performed and the data about the perfusion kinetics and the 3DPD indices will be calculated and then compared with each other and for each gestational age.

Ethics and dissemination

The appropriate French Ethics Committee Est III approved this study and the related consent forms on 5 April 2016, and the competent authority (Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé) authorised the study on 21 June 2016. The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at relevant conferences.

Trial registration numbers

ClinicalTrials.gov registry (NCT02884297); EudraCT registry (2015-005655-27).
Mental health informed physical activity for first responders and their support partner: a protocol for a stepped-wedge evaluation of an online, codesigned intervention
Authors: McKeon Grace , Steel Zachary , Wells Ruth , Newby Jill M , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan , Vancampfort Davy , Rosenbaum Simon
Published: September 2019

Background

First responders (police, fire and ambulance officers) are at a significantly increased risk of experiencing poor mental health, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. These conditions are associated with high rates of cardiovascular disease, in part due to low levels of physical activity (PA) and high levels of sedentary behaviour. Using a person’s social support system may be an effective solution to help increase PA levels to improve mental and physical health outcomes. We will examine the efficacy of a group-based online intervention in increasing PA in first responders and their support partners, iteratively codesigned with advisors with lived experience of mental illness among first responders.

Methods

This study will recruit a convenience sample of self-identified sedentary first responders and their self-selected support partners to a 10-week PA programme delivered through a private Facebook group. We will deliver education on predetermined topics related to PA and diet and provide participants with an activity tracker (Fitbit). A stepped-wedged design will be applied to compare multiple baselines to intervention and follow-up phases within subjects. Five cohorts of n=20 will be recruited, with each cohort randomised to a different baseline length. Our primary outcome will be psychological distress (Kessler-6). Secondary outcomes include feasibility, self-report and objective PA data (Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire and Fitbit accelerometry), depression and anxiety (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 items), post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), quality of life Assessment of Quality of Life-6 dimensions, sleep quality (The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), suicidal ideation (Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale) and social support for exercise. The mobile data collection platform MetricWire will be used.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was obtained from the University of New South Wales, Deupty Vice-Chancellor Research, Human Research Ethics Committee on 3 June 2019, HC180561. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at national conferences.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12619000877189.
Health needs of refugee children identified on arrival in reception countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Baauw Albertine , Kist-van Holthe Joana , Slattery Bridget , Heymans Martijn , Chinapaw Mai , van Goudoever Hans
Published: September 2019

Background

The worldwide number of refugees has considerably increased due to ongoing wars, national instability, political persecution and food insecurity. In Europe, about one-third of all refugees are children, an increasing number of which are travelling alone. There are often no systematic medical health assessments for these refugee children on entry in reception countries despite the fact that they are recognised as an at-risk population due to increased burden of physical and mental health conditions. We aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature to describe the health status of refugee children on entering reception countries.

Methods

A systematic search of published literature was conducted using the terms refugee, immigrant or migrant, medical or health, and screening.

Results

Of the 3487 potentially relevant papers, 53 population-based studies were included in this review. This systematic review showed that refugee children exhibit high estimated prevalence rates for anaemia (14%), haemoglobinopathies (4%), chronic hepatitis B (3%), latent tuberculosis infection (11%) and vitamin D deficiency (45%) on entry in reception countries. Approximately one-third of refugee children had intestinal infection. Nutritional problems ranged from wasting and stunting to obesity.

Conclusions

Refugee children entering reception countries should receive comprehensive health assessments based on the outcomes of this systematic review, national budgets, cost-effectiveness and personal factors of the refugees. The health assessment should be tailored to individual child health needs depending on preflight, flight and postarrival conditions.

A paradigm shift that places focus on child health and development will help this vulnerable group of children integrate into their new environments.

PROSPEROregistrationnumber

122561.
Interpregnancy intervals and women’s knowledge of the ideal timing between birth and conception
Authors: Yang Jenny M , Cheney Kate , Taylor Rebecca , Black Kirsten
Published: September 2019

Background

Short interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) are associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. However, few studies have explored women’s understanding of ideal IPIs or investigated knowledge of the consequences of short IPIs.

Methods

We performed a prospective questionnaire-based study at two hospitals in Sydney, Australia. We recruited women attending antenatal clinics and collected demographic data, actual IPI, ideal IPI, contraceptive use, and education provided on birth-spacing and contraception following a previous live birth. We explored associations between an IPI <12 months and a selection of demographic and health variables.

Results

Data were collected from 467 women, of whom 344 were pregnant following a live birth. Overall, 72 (20.9%) women had an IPI <12 months only 7.5% of whom believed this was ideal, and the remaining stating their ideal IPI was over 12 months (52.3%) or they had no ideal IPI (40.3%). IPI <12 months following a live birth was significantly associated with younger age (p=0.043) but not with ethnicity, relationship status, education, religion, parity nor previous mode of delivery. IPI <12 months was associated with non-use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) (p<0.001), breastfeeding <12 months (p=0.041) and shorter ideal IPI (p=0.03). Less than half of the women (43.3%, n=149) reported having received advice about IPI and less than half about postnatal contraception (44.2%, n=147).

Conclusions

Younger age and non-use of LARC are significantly associated with IPIs <12 months. A minority of women with a short IPI perceived it to be ideal. Prevention of short IPIs could be achieved with improved access to postnatal contraception.
Multifocal motor neuropathy: controversies and priorities
Authors: Yeh Wei Zhen , Dyck P James , van den Berg Leonard H , Kiernan Matthew C , Taylor Bruce V
Published: September 2019

Despite 30 years of research there are still significant unknowns and controversies associated with multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) including disease pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria and treatment. Foremost relates to the underlying pathophysiology, specifically whether MMN represents an axonal or demyelinating neuropathy and whether the underlying pathophysiology is focused at the node of Ranvier. In turn, this discussion promotes consideration of therapeutic approaches, an issue that becomes more directed in this evolving era of precision medicine. It is generally accepted that MMN represents a chronic progressive immune-mediated motor neuropathy clinically characterised by progressive asymmetric weakness and electrophysiologically by partial motor conduction block. Anti-GM1 IgM antibodies are identified in at least 40% of patients. There have been recent developments in the use of neuromuscular ultrasound and MRI to aid in diagnosing MMN and in further elucidation of its pathophysiological mechanisms. The present Review will critically analyse the knowledge accumulated about MMN over the past 30 years, culminating in a state-of-the-art approach to therapy.
Survey on conduct of anaesthetic monitoring in small animal practice in the UK
Authors: Richardson Elisabeth Marie , McMillan Matthew
Published: September 2019

Background

An online survey was used to investigate current anaesthetic monitoring practices and the confidence level of personnel monitoring anaesthetics in small animal practices within the UK.

Methods

Veterinary surgeons (VSs), registered veterinary nurses (RVNs) and student veterinary nurses (SVNs) working in the UK were invited to participate in an anonymous, internet‐based survey. To gather data, the questions used free text, multiple choice or scales measuring respondent attitude or opinion. No questions were mandatory and data were analysed with descriptive statistics or inductive thematic analysis.

Results

524 valid surveys were completed and included in the data analysis (VS n=136, RVN n=307, SVN n=81). The results indicated mainly RVNs perform pre‐anaesthetic monitoring equipment checks, set‐up the monitoring equipment and monitor anaesthesia and are more confident than VSs monitoring anaesthetics. VSs, RVNs and SVNs were all recognised to interpret and address changes in parameters monitored. Critical tasks pertaining to anaesthetic monitoring are being performed by personnel other than a VS, RVN or SVN. Respondents recognised the importance of monitoring in relation to patient outcome; however, a considerable proportion of respondents indicated that improving standards of monitoring was not a priority in their practice. Most respondents felt that standards of monitoring could be improved and that financial constraints were the major factor limiting improvement. Most respondents felt they would benefit from further training in anaesthetic monitoring.

Conclusion

Variability exists in how anaesthetic monitoring is conducted. Workplace pressures afflicting veterinary staff can influence the conduct of anaesthetic monitoring and initiating change within a veterinary practice can be difficult.
QED challenges at FCC-ee precision measurements
Authors: Jadach S. , Skrzypek M.
Published: September 2019

The expected experimental precision of the rates and asymmetries in the Future Circular Collider with electron–positron beams (FCC-ee) in the center of the mass energy range 88–365 GeV considered for construction in CERN, will be better by a factor 5–200. This will be thanks to the very high luminosity, a factor up to $$10^5$$105 higher than in the past LEP experiments. Consequently, it poses the extraordinary challenge of improving the precision of the Standard Model predictions by a comparable factor. In particular the perturbative calculations of the trivial QED effects, which have to be removed from the experimental data, are considered to be a major challenge for almost all quantities to be measured at FCC-ee. The task of this paper is to summarize the “state of the art” in this class of the calculations left over from the LEP era and to examine what is to be done to match the precision of the FCC-ee experiments – what kind of technical advancements are necessary. The above analysis will be done for most important observables of the FCC-ee, like the total cross sections near Z and WW threshold, charge asymmetries, the invisible width of Z boson, the spin asymmetry from $$\tau $$τ lepton decay and the luminosity measurement.
Anisotropic neutron stars and perfect fluid’s energy conditions
Authors: Setiawan A. M. , Sulaksono A.
Published: September 2019

It is reported (Estevez-Delgado and Estevez-Delgado in Eur Phys J C 78:673, 2018) recently, that the absence of anisotropic in compact object pressure leads to a solution which is not physically acceptable due to the energy density and speed of sound can not be positive at the origin at the same time. Here, we calculate the pressure and energy density of NSs using realistic EOS predicted by a relativistic mean-field model including hyperons for isotropic and three different anisotropic pressure models such as the one of Doneva and Yazadjiev (Phys Rev D 85:124023, 2012), the one of Herrera and Barreto (Phys Rev D 88:084022, 2013), and the one of Bowers and Liang (Astrophys J 188:657, 1974). We obtain that the all of energy conditions of perfect fluid are satisfied not only by anisotropic NSs profiles but also the one of isotropic NSs.
Aloe vera and its Components Inhibit Influenza A Virus-Induced Autophagy and Replication
Authors: Choi Jang-Gi , Lee Heeeun , Kim Young Soo , Hwang Youn-Hwan , Oh You-Chang , Lee Bonggi , Moon Kyoung Mi , Cho Won-Kyung , Ma Jin Yeul
Published: September 2019

Aloe vera ethanol extract (AVE) reportedly has significant anti-influenza virus activity, but its underlying mechanisms of action and constituents have not yet been completely elucidated. Previously, we have confirmed that AVE treatment significantly reduces the viral replication of green fluorescent protein-labeled influenza A virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In addition, post-treatment with AVE inhibited viral matrix protein 1 (M1), matrix protein 2 (M2), and hemagglutinin (HA) mRNA synthesis and viral protein (M1, M2, and HA) expressions. In this study, we demonstrated that AVE inhibited autophagy induced by influenza A virus in MDCK cells and also identified quercetin, catechin hydrate, and kaempferol as the active antiviral components of AVE. We also found that post-treatment with quercetin, catechin hydrate, and kaempferol markedly inhibited M2 viral mRNA synthesis and M2 protein expression. A docking simulation suggested that the binding affinity of quercetin, catechin hydrate, and kaempferol for the M2 protein may be higher than that of known M2 protein inhibitors. Thus, the inhibition of autophagy induced by influenza virus may explain the antiviral activity of AVE against H1N1 or H3N2. Aloe vera extract and its constituents may, therefore, be potentially useful for the development of anti-influenza agents.
Hydrodynamic properties of dissipative fluids associated with tilted observers
Authors: Yousaf Z.
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we study the importance of configurations of the observer’s congruences in the analysis of the dynamical properties of planar relativistic systems in f[Formula: see text](R) geometry. To this end, we assume a relativistic distribution of matter contents whose gravitational effects would produce planar geometry. In order to relate matter ingredients seen by tilted and non-tilted observers, we have calculated particular theoretical relationships. After calculating dynamical, Ellis and transport equations, the pace of gravitational collapse as well as the corresponding stable epochs of the systems are discussed. The instability of non-comoving reference frame has been elaborated in a particular background.
A simple analysis of the mixed-state information metric in AdS3/CFT2
Authors: Xu Xiao-Bao , Lan Shan-Quan , Li Gu-Qiang , Mo Jie-Xiong
Published: September 2019

We compute the quantum information metrics of a thermal CFT on [Formula: see text] perturbed by the scalar primary operators of conformal dimensions [Formula: see text] = 3, 4, 5, 6. In particular, we assume that the Hamiltonians of the mixed states commute with each other and the temperature is fixed. Under these conditions, the evaluation is analogous to the pure state case. Then we apply the method of A. Trivella [Class. Quantum Grav. 34, 105003 (2017)] to calculate the mixed state information metric for the scalar primary operator of conformal dimension [Formula: see text] = 4 holographically, and reproduce exactly the result in the CFT2 by our approach.
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelets Dispersion on the Thermal Conductivity of Sunflower Oil
Authors: Muthuraj M. , Bensam Raj J. , Sunil J.
Published: September 2019

In the past decades, considerable efforts have been made for the development of energy-efficient and eco-friendly convective heat transfer and lubricating agents because of growing energy demands, precision manufacturing, miniaturization and sustainability issues. In this study, different concentrations of graphene–sunflower oil nanofluid were prepared and their thermal conductivity was experimentally investigated and compared with the correlations of similar researches found in the literature. The morphology of graphene nanoplatelets was appraised by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the thermal conductivity of nanofluid was enhanced with temperature and nanoparticles weight fraction. The nanoconvection at high temperatures, less meandering mobility of graphene nanoplatelets and high kinematic viscosity of graphene nanofluids at low temperatures were identified as the key factors for the thermal conductivity enhancement. Further, the concentration and temperature-dependent theoretical correlation were proposed for estimating the thermal conductivity of graphene nanofluids using backpropagation algorithm of artificial neural network (ANN) with the minimum margin of deviation.
Extraction of carbon nanotubes with porphyrin- and pyrene-based nanotweezers and nanocalipers: Insight from the association constants
Authors: López-Moreno Alejandro , Jiang Yujing , Cheng Guoqing , Komatsu Naoki
Published: September 2019

Strong interaction between porphyrin and nanocarbons including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been utilized to form stable complexes between them. We have applied the stable complex of CNTs with V- and U-shaped porphyrins and pyrenes, designated as nanotweezers and nanocalipers respectively, to separation of CNTs through their extraction to liquid phase. In order to know more about the CNT complex in liquid phase, we determined the association constants and the extraction ability of the host molecules, porphyrins, pyrenes, porphyrin- and pyrene-based nanotweezers and nanocalipers, to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). As we expected, the order of the association constant is nanocalipers > nanotweezers > monoporphyrins > monopyrenes in the host molecules. The extraction ability of these host molecules is roughly proportional to the order of the association constants, but mismatching of the cavity size of the host and the diameter of CNTs is considered to become more apparant in liquid phase than in solid phase, destabilizing the complex in liquid phase and lowering the extraction ability.
Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Long-Smith Caitríona , O'Riordan Kenneth J. , Clarke Gerard , Stanton Catherine , Dinan Timothy G. , Cryan John F.
Published: September 2019

The traditional fields of pharmacology and toxicology are beginning to consider the substantial impact our gut microbiota has on host physiology. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is emerging as a particular area of interest and a potential new therapeutic target for effective treatment of central nervous system disorders, in addition to being a potential cause of drug side effects. Microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling can occur via several pathways, including via the immune system, recruitment of host neurochemical signaling, direct enteric nervous system routes and the vagus nerve, and the production of bacterial metabolites. Altered gut microbial profiles have been described in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Psychobiotics, live biotherapeutics or substances whose beneficial effects on the brain are bacterially mediated, are currently being investigated as direct and/or adjunctive therapies for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and possibly for neurodegenerative disease, and they may emerge as new therapeutic options in the clinical management of brain disorders.
Human pancreatic afferent and efferent nerves: mapping and 3-D illustration of exocrine, endocrine, and adipose innervation
Authors: Chien Hung-Jen , Chiang Tsai-Chen , Peng Shih-Jung , Chung Mei-Hsin , Chou Ya-Hsien , Lee Chih-Yuan , Jeng Yung-Ming , Tien Yu-Wen , Tang Shiue-Cheng
Published: September 2019

The pancreas consists of both the exocrine (acini and ducts) and endocrine (islets) compartments to participate in and regulate the body’s digestive and metabolic activities. These activities are subjected to neural modulation, but characterization of the human pancreatic afferent and efferent nerves remains difficult because of the lack of three-dimensional (3-D) image data. Here we prepare transparent human donor pancreases for 3-D histology to reveal the pancreatic microstructure, vasculature, and innervation in a global and integrated fashion. The pancreatic neural network consists of the substance P (SP)-positive sensory (afferent) nerves, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)-positive parasympathetic (efferent) nerves, and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive sympathetic (efferent) nerves. The SP+ afferent nerves were found residing along the basal domain of the interlobular ducts. The VAChT+ and TH+ efferent nerves were identified at the peri-acinar and perivascular spaces, which follow the blood vessels to the islets. In the intrapancreatic ganglia, the SP+ (scattered minority, ~7%) and VAChT+ neurons co-localize, suggesting a local afferent-efferent interaction. Compared with the mouse pancreas, the human pancreas differs in 1) the lack of SP+ afferent nerves in the islet, 2) the lower ganglionic density, and 3) the obvious presence of VAChT+ and TH+ nerves around the intralobular adipocytes. The latter implicates the neural influence on the pancreatic steatosis. Overall, our 3-D image data reveal the human pancreatic afferent and efferent innervation patterns and provide the anatomical foundation for future high-definition analyses of neural remodeling in human pancreatic diseases.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Modern three-dimensional (3-D) histology with multiplex optical signals identifies the afferent and efferent innervation patterns of human pancreas, which otherwise cannot be defined with standard histology. Our 3-D image data reveal the unexpected association of sensory and parasympathetic nerves/neurons in the intrapancreatic ganglia and identify the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve contacts with the infiltrated adipocytes. The multiplex approach offers a new way to characterize the human pancreas in remodeling (e.g., fatty infiltration and duct lesion progression).
Dietary bovine milk exosomes elicit changes in bacterial communities in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Zhou Fang , Paz Henry A. , Sadri Mahrou , Cui Juan , Kachman Stephen D. , Fernando Samodha C. , Zempleni Janos
Published: September 2019

Exosomes and exosome-like vesicles participate in cell-to-cell communication in animals, plant, and bacteria. Dietary exosomes in bovine milk are bioavailable in nonbovine species, but a fraction of milk exosomes reaches the large intestine. We hypothesized that milk exosomes alter the composition of the gut microbiome in mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed AIN-93G diets, defined by their content of bovine milk exosomes and RNA cargos: exosome/RNA-depleted (ERD) versus exosome/RNA-sufficient (ERS) diets. Feeding was initiated at age 3 wk, and cecum content was collected at ages 7, 15, and 47 wk. Microbial communities were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Milk exosomes altered bacterial communities in the murine cecum. The abundance of three phyla, seven families, and 52 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was different in the ceca from mice fed ERD and ERS ( P < 0.05). For example, at the phylum level, Tenericutes had more than threefold abundance in ERS mice at ages 15 and 47 wk compared with ERD mice ( P < 0.05). At the family level, Verrucomicrobiaceae were much less abundant in ERS mice compared with ERD mice age 47 wk ( P < 0.05). At the OTU level, four OTUs from the family of Lachnospiraceae were more than two times more abundant in ERS mice compared with ERD at age 7 and 47 wk ( P < 0.05). We conclude that exosomes in bovine milk alter microbial communities in nonbovine species, suggesting that exosomes and their cargos participate in the crosstalk between bacterial and animal kingdoms.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first report that exosomes from bovine milk alter microbial communities in mice. This report suggests that the gut microbiome facilitates cell-to-cell communication by milk exosomes across species boundaries, and milk exosomes facilitate communication across animal and bacteria kingdoms.
Ursodeoxycholic acid: a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel diseases?
Authors: Keely Stephen J. , Steer Clifford J. , Lajczak-McGinley Natalia K.
Published: September 2019

The secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been known to have medicinal properties. As the therapeutically active component of bear bile, it has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a range of conditions, while manufactured UDCA has been used for decades in Western medicine to treat cholestatic liver diseases. The beneficial qualities of UDCA are thought to be due to its well-established cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions. In addition to its established role in treating liver diseases, UDCA is now under investigation for numerous conditions associated with inflammation and apoptosis, including neurological, ocular, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review the growing evidence base from in vitro and in vivo models to suggest that UDCA may also have a role to play in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Rifaximin prevents ethanol-induced liver injury in obese KK-Ay mice through modulation of small intestinal microbiota signature
Authors: Kitagawa Ryuta , Kon Kazuyoshi , Uchiyama Akira , Arai Kumiko , Yamashina Shunhei , Kuwahara-Arai Kyoko , Kirikae Teruo , Ueno Takashi , Ikejima Kenichi
Published: September 2019

Exacerbation of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) with comorbid metabolic syndrome is an emerging clinical problem, where microbiota plays a profound role in the pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the effect of rifaximin (RFX) on liver injury following chronic-binge ethanol (EtOH) administration in KK-Ay mice, a rodent model of metabolic syndrome. Female, 8-wk-old KK-Ay mice were fed Lieber–DeCarli diet (5% EtOH) for 10 days, following a single EtOH gavage (4 g/kg body wt). Some mice were given RFX (0.1 g/L, in liquid diet) orally. Small intestinal contents were collected from mice without binge. Intestinal microbiota was quantified using aerobic and anaerobic culturing techniques and further analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing in detail. EtOH feeding/binge caused hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and induction of inflammatory cytokines in KK-Ay mice, which were markedly prevented by RFX treatment. Hepatic mRNA levels for cluster of differentiation 14, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR2, and NADPH oxidase 2 were increased following EtOH feeding/binge, and administration of RFX completely suppressed their increase. The net amount of small intestinal bacteria was increased over threefold after chronic EtOH feeding as expected; however, RFX did not prevent this net increase. Intriguingly, the profile of small intestinal microbiota was dramatically changed following EtOH feeding in the order level, where the Erysipelotrichales predominated in the relative abundance. In sharp contrast, RFX drastically blunted the EtOH-induced increases in the Erysipelotrichales almost completely, with increased proportion of the Bacteroidales. In conclusion, RFX prevents AH through modulation of small intestinal microbiota/innate immune responses in obese KK-Ay mice.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we demonstrated that rifaximin (RFX) prevents chronic-binge ethanol (EtOH)-induced steatohepatitis in KK-Ay mice. Chronic EtOH feeding caused small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, with drastic alteration in the microbiota profile predominating the order Erysipelotrichales. RFX minimized this EtOH induction in Erysipelotrichales with substitutive increases in Bacteroidales. RFX also prevented EtOH-induced increases in portal lipopolysaccharide, and hepatic cluster of differentiation 14, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and TLR4 mRNA levels, suggesting the potential involvement of microbiota-related innate immune responses.
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated is required for the development of protective immune memory after influenza A virus infection
Authors: Warren Rachel , Domm William , Yee Min , Campbell Andrew , Malone Jane , Wright Terry , Mayer-Pröschel Margot , O’Reilly Michael A.
Published: September 2019

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), caused by mutations in the A-T mutated ( ATM) gene, is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting ∼1 in 40,000–100,000 children. Recurrent respiratory infections are a common and challenging comorbidity, often leading to the development of bronchiectasis in individuals with A-T. The role of ATM in development of immune memory in response to recurrent respiratory viral infections is not well understood. Here, we infect wild-type (WT) and Atm-null mice with influenza A virus (IAV; HKx31, H3N2) and interrogate the immune memory with secondary infections designed to challenge the B cell memory response with homologous infection (HKx31) and the T cell memory response with heterologous infection (PR8, H1N1). Although Atm-null mice survived primary and secondary infections, they lost more weight than WT mice during secondary infections. This enhanced morbidity to secondary infections was not attributed to failure to effectively clear virus during the primary IAV infection. Instead, Atm-null mice developed persistent peribronchial inflammation, characterized in part by clusters of B220+B cells. Additionally, levels of select serum antibodies to hemagglutinin-specific IAV were significantly lower in Atm-null than WT mice. These findings reveal that Atm is required to mount a proper memory response to a primary IAV infection, implying that vaccination of children with A-T by itself may not be sufficiently protective against respiratory viral infections.
Bnip3 regulates airway smooth muscle cell focal adhesion and proliferation
Authors: Pan Shi , Shah Sushrut D. , Panettieri Reynold A. , Deshpande Deepak A.
Published: September 2019

Increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass is a key contributor to airway narrowing and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Besides conventional pathways and regulators of ASM proliferation, recent studies suggest that changes in mitochondrial morphology and function play a role in airway remodeling in asthma. In this study, we aimed at determining the role of mitochondrial Bcl-2 adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein, Bnip3, in the regulation of ASM proliferation. Bnip3 is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins critical for mitochondrial health, mitophagy, and cell survival/death. We found that Bnip3 expression is upregulated in ASM cells from asthmatic donors compared with that in ASM cells from healthy donors and transient downregulation of Bnip3 expression in primary human ASM cells using an siRNA approach decreased cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Furthermore, Bnip3 downregulation altered the structure (electron density) and function (cellular ATP levels, membrane potential, and reacitve oxygen species generation) of mitochondria and decreased expression of cytoskeleton proteins vinculin, paxillin, and actinin. These findings suggest that Bnip3 via regulation of mitochondria functions and expression of adhesion proteins regulates ASM adhesion, migration, and proliferation. This study reveals a novel role for Bnip3 in ASM functions and establishes Bnip3 as a potential target in mitigating ASM remodeling in asthma.
Oxygenation properties and underlying molecular mechanisms of hemoglobins in plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi)
Authors: Pu Peng , Lu Songsong , Niu Zhiyi , Zhang Tao , Zhao Yaofeng , Yang Xingwen , Zhao Yao , Tang Xiaolong , Chen Qiang
Published: September 2019

The plateau zokor ( Eospalax baileyi) is a species of subterranean rodent endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. It is well adapted to the cold and hypoxic and hypercapnic burrow. To study the oxygenation properties of plateau zokor hemoglobins (Hbs), we measured intrinsic Hb-O2affinities and their sensitivities to pH (Bohr effect); CO2; Cl−, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG); and temperature using purified Hbs from zokor and mouse. The optimal deoxyHb model of plateau zokor was constructed and used to study its structural characteristics by molecular dynamics simulations. O2binding results revealed that plateau zokor Hbs exhibit remarkably high intrinsic Hb-O2affinity, low CO2effects compared with human and the relatively low anion allosteric effector sensitivities (DPG and Cl−) at normal temperature, which would safeguard the pulmonary Hb-O2loading under hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions. Furthermore, the high anion allosteric effector sensitivities at low temperature and low temperature sensitivities of plateau zokor Hbs would facilitate the releasing of O2in cold extremities and metabolic tissues. However, the high Hb-O2affinity of plateau zokor is not compensated by high pH sensitivity as the Bohr factors of plateau zokor Hbs were as low as those of mouse. The results of molecular dynamics simulations revealed the reduced hydrogen bonding between the α1β1- and α2β2-dimer interface of deoxyHb in zokor compared with mouse. It may be the primary mechanism of the high intrinsic Hb-O2affinities in zokor. Specifically, substitution of the 131Ser→Asn in the α2-chain weakened the connection between α1- and β2-subunit.