bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural aspects of survivors' thinking about the Holocaust
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Fell Charlene , Krell Robert
Published: September 2003

Videotaped interviews of 30 Holocaust survivors were scored for integrative complexity, the recognition of alternate perspectives or dimensions of a topic (“differentiation”) and the joint consideration of several perspectives or dimensions (“integration”). Memories showed decreased differentiation and integration as they moved from pre‐war life to the shock and upheaval when organized persecution began. High complexity levels reflected survivors mustering their resources to enhance their chances of survival and successful postwar adaptation. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of quantitative, objective content analytic methods in Holocaust survivor research, add a cognitive dimension to the study of survival during and after extreme situations, and confirm theoretical propositions about decision making and information processing under stress.
Adaptation and psychometric properties of the German version of the dissociative experience scale
Authors: Spitzer Carsten , Freyberger Harald J. , Stieglitz Rolf‐Dieter , Carlson Eve B. , Kuhn Gabriela , Magdeburg Norbert , Kessler Christof
Published: September 2003

We introduce the ‘Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen’ (FDS), a German adaptation of the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) which was developed to screen for dissociation within an ICD‐10 framework. In addition to the original 28 DES items, the FDS contains 16 items covering dissociative phenomena included in the ICD‐10, particularly pseudoneurological conversion symptoms. The psychometric properties of the FDS were studied in 927 clinical and nonclinical subjects from different diagnostic groups and compared to results of American studies. The scale had good test‐retest reliability of .88, high internal consistency (split‐half = .90, Cronbach's alpha = .94) and good construct validity. These results indicate that the FDS may be a valuable screen for dissociative psychopathology in German‐speaking countries.
Pilot evaluation of hypnotic medication during acute traumatic stress response
Authors: Mellman Thomas A. , Byers Patricia M. , Augenstein Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2003

Early intervention aimed at secondary prevention is a high priority for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research. Disrupted sleep may have a role in the initiation and maintenance of PTSD. Three of the participants were recruited from a surgical trauma service, and one had sought treatment in a psychiatric setting. All were within 1‐3 weeks of trauma exposure and had acute PTSD symptoms that included disturbed sleep. Temazepam, a benzodiazepine hypnotic, was administered for 5 nights, tapered for 2 nights, and then discontinued. Evaluations 1‐week after the medication had been discontinued revealed improved sleep and reduced PTSD severity. These observations suggest an approach that may be clinically useful and a need for more systematic trials.
The development of a scale to assess war‐time atrocities: The war events scale
Authors: Unger William S. , Gould Robert A. , Babich Mark
Published: September 2003

The War Events Scale (WES) was developed to assist clinicians with the assessment of war zone veterans' exposure to, and participation in war‐time atrocities distinct from combat, and their current distress from these events. Data conceming content validity, test‐retest reliability, internal consistency, as well as correlational data with the Combat Exposure Scale and the Mississippi Scale are presented. Results indicate that the WES does have adequate internal consistency and test‐retest reliability, and correlates moderately with the Combat Exposure and Mississippi Scales. Initial results suggest that the WES may be helpful in collecting extremely sensitive information concerning the exposure of war zone veterans to atrocities.
Postwar experiences and treatment‐seeking behavior in a community counselling setting
Authors: Dobson Matthew , Grayson David A. , Marshall Richard P. , O'Toole Brian I.
Published: September 2003

Previous research investigating the impact of postwar experiences on Vietnam veterans has focused on veteran morbidity. This emphasis has meant that the impact of these factors on treatment‐seeking behavior has received little empirical attention. This study examined the association between postwar factors and treatment‐seeking behavior in a sample of 692 Australian Vietnam veterans. Logistic regression analyses were used to compute the odds ratios associated with postwar experiences and self‐referral to a community‐based counselling service. Results suggest that veterans who reported experiencing negative feelings toward others when they first arrived home were more likely to seek treatment. Other factors, such as a veteran's perception of societal attitudes and the reception they received, were not associated with treatment‐seeking behavior.
Measurement of dissociative states with the Clinician‐Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS)
Authors: Bremner J. Douglas , Krystal John H. , Putnam Frank W. , Southwick Steven M. , Marmar Charles , Charney Dennis S. , Mazure Carolyn M.
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for the measurement of present‐state dissociative symptoms, the Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Reported here are interrater reliability and internal consistency of the CADSS, validity as assessed by comparisons with other instruments for the assessment of dissociation, and sensitivity of the CADSS to discriminate patients with dissociative disorders from patients with other psychiatric disorders and healthy subjects. Initial analyses indicated good interrater reliability and construct validity for the CADSS. Scores on the CADSS discriminated patients with dissociative disorders from the other groups.
Screening for PTSD in a substance abuse sample: Psychometric properties of a modified version of the PTSD symptom scale self‐report
Authors: Coffey Scott F. , Dansky Bonnie S. , Falsetti Sherry A. , Saladin Michael E. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: September 2003

The high rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among substance use disorder (SUD) patients has been documented in research protocols, but there is evidence that it is markedly under‐diagnosed in clinical settings. To address the need for a brief self‐report measure to identify SUD patients who may benefit from further assessment and/or treatment for PTSD, the psychometric properties of a modified version of the PTSD Symptom Scale Self‐Report (PSS‐SR) were examined in a treatment‐seeking SUD sample (N = 118). The modified version of the PSS‐SR, which measures both frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms, demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and was correlated with other self‐report measures of trauma‐related symptomatology. Comparisons between a structured PTSD diagnostic interview and the modified PSS‐SR indicated that 89% of the PTSD positive patients were correctly classified by the modified PSS‐SR. The clinical relevance of these findings was discussed.
Increases in retrospective accounts of war‐zone exposure over time: The role of PTSD symptom severity
Authors: Roemer Lizabeth , Litz Brett T. , Orsillo Susan M. , Ehlich Peter J. , Friedman Matthew J.
Published: September 2003

Retrospective reports of the frequency of war‐zone exposure are commonly used as objective indices in studies investigating the mental health consequences of exposure to such stressors. To explore the temporal stability of these types of reports, we obtained frequency estimates of exposure to war‐zone stressors at two time points from 460 U.S. soldiers who had served in the peace‐keeping mission in Somalia. On average, soldiers demonstrated a significant increase in their frequency reports from initial (postdeployment) to subsequent (follow‐up) assessment. Severity of posttraumatic symptomatology was uniquely associated with this change, indicating a possible systematic bias in which severity of symptoms leads to increased reports of stressor frequency. The implications of these findings for research in the field of traumatic stress are discussed.
Male‐perpetrated violence among Vietnam veteran couples: Relationships with veteran's early life characteristics, trauma history, and PTSD symptomatology
Authors: Orcutt Holly K. , King Lynda A. , King Daniel W.
Published: September 2003

Using structural equation modeling, we examined the impact of early‐life stressors, war‐zone stressors, and PTSD symptom severity on partner's reports of recent male‐perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) among 376 Vietnam veteran couples. Results indicated that several variables demonstrated direct relationship with IPV, including relationship quality with mother, war‐zone stressor variables, and PTSD symptom severity. Importantly, retrospective reports of a stressful early family life, childhood antisocial behavior, and war‐zone stressors were indirectly associated with IPV via PTSD. One of our 2 war‐zone stressor variables, perceived threat, had both direct and indirect (through PTSD) relationships with IPV. Experiencing PTSD symptoms as a result of previous trauma appears to increase an individual's risk for perpetrating IPV. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.
Comparative distress levels of inner‐city family members of homicide victims
Authors: Thompson Martie P. , Norris Fran H. , Ruback R. Barry
Published: September 2003

This study investigated the distress levels of 150 family members of homicide victims, as well as how pre‐event, peri‐event, and postevent variables were related to distress. Distress levels were very high, with 26% of the sample reporting clinical distress. Because it was not possible to say if this distress resulted from the homicide itself or from the fact that people who lose family members to homicide generally have lives rooted in stressful contexts, we compared the homicide sample to two sociodemographically comparable groups of 108 other trauma victims and 119 nonvictims selected from a larger epidemiological dataset. Homicide survivors were significantly more distressed than either group, suggesting that loss of a family member to homicide has definite clinical implications. Although event‐related variables were somewhat predictive of distress, pre‐event and postevent variables selected for this study had greater predictive utility.
Early childhood trauma and disorders of extreme stress as predictors of treatment outcome with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Kidd Phyllis
Published: September 2003

History of early childhood trauma was prevalent and highly correlated with Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS) in a sample of veterans in inpatient treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DESNOS predicted reliable change on a variety of measures of psychiatric symptomatology (including PTSD) and psychosocial functioning independently of the effects of PTSD diagnosis and early childhood trauma history. DESNOS also predicted treatment outcome on PTSD and quality of life measures after controlling for the effects of ethnicity, war zone trauma exposure severity, initial level of symptomatic severity or quality of life, Axis I (PTSD and major depression) and Axis II (personality disorder) diagnostic status, and early childhood trauma history. Early childhood trauma was not predictive of outcome. DESNOS appears to play an important role in assessment and treatment planning for psychotherapeutic rehabilitation of chronic PTSD.
Challenges in Defining and Developing the Field of Rural Mental Disorder Preventive Intervention Research
Authors: Spoth Richard
Published: September 2003

An overview of selected issues and challenges in defining and developing the field of rural preventive intervention research is presented. One fundamental challenge is to clarify the distinguishing characteristics of prevention science in rural contexts. Other challenges are evident in the need to address: the lack of consensus on conceptual and methodological approaches to this field, limited empirical study to date, the tremendous diversity of rural populations, and inconsistencies in the usage of the term “rural.” This article suggests the organization of a work group to formulate and implement a clear research agenda. In addition, several general questions are discussed that, if addressed, might serve to better define and further develop the field. These questions concern the implications of multiple approaches to prevention science in rural contexts, the classification of rural populations, the functional relevance of rural residence in the etiology of specific disorders, the application of extant etiological models to interventions designed specifically for rural populations, the conduct of rural area prevention needs assessments, the development of models for collaboration between intervention researchers and rural community stakeholders, and strategies to engage rural residents in preventive interventions.
Conducting Ecologically Valid Prevention Research: Recruiting and Retaining a “Whole Village” in Multimethod, Multiagent Studies
Authors: Capaldi Deborah M. , Chamberlain Patti , Fetrow Rebecca A. , Wilson Jane E.
Published: September 2003

Many prevention studies are now designed with complementary interventions in different settings. Evaluations of these interventions require assessing the child's behavior in each of these settings. Conducting these studies, therefore, may involve recruiting school districts, principals, classroom teachers, peers, parents, siblings, and in later years, employers and intimate partners. These participants may be considered natural raters or satellite subjects, depending on their degree of involvement. Issues of recruitment and retention thus are magnified in multimethod, multiagent studies. To illustrate these issues, findings are presented for three studies conducted with risk populations in the past decade at the Oregon Social Learning Center: a passive longitudinal study, a selected prevention study, and an indicated prevention study. Findings indicate that achieving high recruitment and retention rates for at‐risk and high‐risk subjects in multisetting studies is possible, and that a developmental approach should be taken to recruiting risk populations.
The Extension Service as Key Mechanism for Research and Services Delivery for Prevention of Mental Health Disorders in Rural Areas
Authors: Molgaard Virginia K.
Published: September 2003

The extension service associated with each state's land grant institution is an important resource for both programming and conducting research for the prevention of mental health disorders. This paper briefly outlines the history and structure of the extention service and gives examples of relevant programming across the country related to mental health. Although this programming is relevant to both rural and urban settings, this paper focuses on prevention programs and research in rural areas. Next is a description of extension's potential contributions to the prevention research process at each step of the Institute of Medicine's Preventive Intervention Research Cycle, followed by an illustration of an effective partnership between a research team and extension. Some of the ways in which extension can assist in the research process include doing local needs assessment and determining prevalence rates of a particular problem, reviewing literature on risk and protective factors, providing input on particular communities' needs and characteristics, and becoming a trusted link between local citizens and the research community. The article concludes with barriers to such an effective partnership and ways of reducing those hindrances.
The Influence of Posttreatment Mutual Help Group Participation on the Friendship Networks of Substance Abuse Patients
Authors: Humphreys Keith , Noke Jennifer M.
Published: September 2003

The effect of 12‐step mutual help groups (e.g., Narcotics Anonymous) on members' friendship networks has received little attention. This 1‐year longitudinal study examined such effects in a sample of 2,337 male substance abuse inpatients, 57.7% of whom became significantly involved in 12‐step activities (e.g., reading program literature, attending meetings) after treatment. An a priori model of the interplay of 12‐step involvement and friendship networks was tested using structural equation modeling, and found to have excellent fit to the data. Twelve‐step group involvement after treatment predicted better general friendship characteristics (e.g., number of close friends) and substance abuse‐specific friendship characteristics (e.g., proportion of friends who abstain from drugs and alcohol) at follow‐up. Results are discussed in terms of how mutual help group involvement benefits patients and how the self‐help group evaluation paradigm should be broadened.
Transient Dynamics Inside Periodic Windows and in Their Vicinity I: Logistic Maps
Authors: Buszko Katarzyna , Stefański Krzysztof
Published: September 2003

The paper contains results of numerical experiments on evolution generated by logistic maps inside periodic windows and in their vicinity. We study properties of dynamics in terms of rambling time inside periodic windows and duration of the non-laminar phase in their proximity, showing that a close relation between these two notions exists. We also give results of numerical experiments on map-generated evolution of measure on the unit interval.
Does Parenting Differ Based on Social Class?: African American Women's Perceived Socialization for Achievement
Authors: Hill Nancy E.
Published: September 2003

Research has provided some evidence of ethnic group, gender, and class differences in the socialization for achievement. However, there is little research on African American women with the exception of the studies of low‐income, single mothers. To understand the similarities and differences in socialization for achievement based on social class, middle‐class African American women from working‐ and middle‐class backgrounds were studied using qualitative and quantitative methods to compare them on issues related to achievement socialization. Women from middle‐class backgrounds reported that their parents had higher expectations for them and were more involved in their education than did women from working‐class backgrounds. More middle‐class parents expected their daughters to be successful in careers than did working‐class parents. Women from working‐class families did receive support from their parents but they did not have as much support as did the women from middle‐class backgrounds. Women from working‐class families perhaps made use of other sources to support their desire to succeed. There were no differences in perceived race‐related socialization based on social class. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
Ethnocultural Differences in Prevalence of Adolescent Depression
Authors: Roberts Robert E. , Roberts Catherine R , Chen Y. Richard
Published: September 2003

Data from an ethnically diverse sample of middle school (Grades 6–8) students (n = 5,423) are analyzed for ethnic differences in major depression. The point prevalence of major depression was 8.4% without and 4.3% with impairment. Data were sufficient to calculate prevalences for nine ethnic groups. Prevalences adjusted for impairment ranged from 1.9% for youths of Chinese descent to 6.6% for those of Mexican decent. African and Mexican American youths had significantly higher crude rates of depression without impairment, but only the latter had significantly higher rates of depression with impairment. Multivariate (logistic regression) analyses, adjusting for the effects of age, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES), yielded significant odds ratios for only one group. Mexican American youths were at elevated risk for both depression without (OR = 1.74, p < .05) and depression with impairment (OR = 1.71, p < .05). There was no significant interaction of ethnicity and SES in relation to depression. Females had higher prevalences of depression with and without impairment, as did youths who reported that their SES was somewhat or much worse off than their peers. The data add to growing evidence that Mexican American youths are at increased risk of depression, and that community intervention efforts should specifically target this high‐risk group.
Psychological Distress and Help Seeking in Rural America
Authors: Hoyt Danny R. , Conger Rand D. , Valde Jill Gaffney , Weihs Karen
Published: September 2003

The implications of exposure to acute and chronic stressors, and seeking mental health care, for increased psychological distress are examined. Research on economic stress, psychological distress, and rural agrarian values each point to increasing variability within rural areas. Using data from a panel study of 1,487 adults, a model predicting changes in depressive symptoms was specified and tested. Results show effects by size of place for men but not for women. Men living in rural villages of under 2,500 or in small towns of 2,500 to 9,999 people had significantly greater increases in depressive symptoms than men living in the country or in larger towns or cities. Size of place was also related to level of stigma toward mental health care. Persons living in the most rural environments were more likely to hold stigmatized attitudes toward mental health care and these views were strongly predictive of willingness to seek care. The combination of increased risk and less willingness to seek assistance places men living in small towns and villages in particular jeopardy for continuing problems involving depressed mood.
Implementing a Comprehensive Program for the Prevention of Conduct Problems in Rural Communities: The Fast Track Experience
Authors: Bierman Karen L. , Cole John D. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Greenberg Mark T. , Lochman John E. , McMahon Robert J.
Published: September 2003

Childhood conduct problems are predictive of a number of serious long‐term difficulties (e.g., school failure, delinquent behavior, and mental health problems), making the design of effective prevention programs a priority. The Fast Track Program is a demonstration project currently underway in four demographically diverse areas of the United States, testing the feasibility and effectiveness of a comprehensive, multicomponent prevention program targeting children at risk for conduct disorders. This paper describes some lessons learned about the implementation of this program in a rural area. Although there are many areas of commonality in terms of program needs, program design, and implementation issues in rural and urban sites, rural areas differ from urban areas along the dimensions of geographical dispersion and regionalism, and community stability and insularity. Rural programs must cover a broad geographical area and must be sensitive to the multiple, small and regional communities that constitute their service area. Small schools, homogeneous populations, traditional values, limited recreational, educational and mental health services, and politically conservative climates are all more likely to emerge as characteristics of rural rather than urban sites (Sherman, 1992). These characteristics may both pose particular challenges to the implementation of prevention programs in rural areas, as well as offer particular benefits. Three aspects of program implementation are described in detail: (a) community entry and program initiation in rural areas, (b) the adaptation of program components and service delivery to meet the needs of rural families and schools, and (c) issues in administrative organization of a broadly dispersed tricounty rural prevention program.
Jeopardy Not Bonus Status for African American Women in the Work Force: Why Does the Myth of Advantage Persist?
Authors: Sanchez-Hucles Janis V.
Published: September 2003

African American women in the United States have a long history of employment outside of their homes. Their experiences are unique from other groups of majority and minority men and women due to the interaction of race, gender, and class. Despite long‐standing and continuing struggles against discrimination, harassment, low pay, tokenism, and stereotypes, a myth that African American women enjoy a bonus or advantaged status in the work force has developed and persisted. In this article, Black women's work force experiences are examined from a social constructionist framework, misperceptions of Black women are critiqued, explanations are developed that explain the unique status of African American women and recommendations are proposed to eradicate the discrimination and marginal status that Black women have endured in the work force.
The College Life Experiences of African American Women Athletes
Authors: Sellers Robert M. , Kuperminc Gabriel P. , Damas Alphonse
Published: September 2003

The present study provides a descriptive analysis of four areas of African American women student athletes' college life experiences: academic performance; alienation and abuse; perceived social advantage as the result of athletics; and life satisfaction. Multivariate comparisons were made between the four areas of college life experiences of 154 African American women student athletes and 793 White women student athletes, 250 African American women nonathletes, and 628 African American men student athletes from a national sample of 39 NCAA Division I universities. Overall, African American women student athletes are performing adequately academically, integrating socially within the university, perceiving some social advantage as the result of being athletes, and are fairly satisfied with their life. Their experiences seem most consistent with African American women nonathletes. Results are discussed in the context of potential policy recommendations as well as the need for more research on this particular population.
Similarities and differences between incestuous and nonincestuous rape in a French follow‐up study
Authors: Darves‐Bornoz Jean‐Michel , Berger Christian , Degiovanni Andrée , Gaillard Philippe , Lépine Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2003

Clinicians are familiar with the life and psychological difficulties of incest victims, but their observations often are refuted as being retrospective and unsystematic. We aimed to ascertain similarities and differences between incestuous rape and non‐incestuous rape. One hundred and two victims consulting a French forensic center were interviewed in a systematic follow‐up study over 6 months using structured interview schedules. Stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, and characteristics of the trauma showed that posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, agoraphobia, and low self‐esteem were overrepresented in the incest‐rape group compared to the nonincest‐rape group.
Convergent and discriminant validity of the perinatal PTSD questionnaire (PPQ): A preliminary study
Authors: Quinnell Francella A. , Hynan Michael T.
Published: September 2003

We evaluated the validity of the Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) as a measure of posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Mothers of high‐risk infants (N = 91) and healthy, full‐term infants (N = 51) answered the PPQ and two other convergent measures of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Penn Inventory (PI). The Need for Cognition Scale (NCS) was used as a divergent measure. Correlations among the convergent measures were significantly greater than the correlation between the PPQ and NCS. High‐risk mothers also scored higher than normal mothers on the PPQ and IES. The results support the validity of the PPQ.
Use of medical and mental health care by World War II survivors in the Netherlands
Authors: Bramsen Inge , van der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: September 2003

This study examined the mental and medical health care utilization of World War II (WW II) survivors and the characteristics of survivors seeking professional health care. Forty seven years after the end of WW II, a random sample of 4,057 Dutch WW II survivors answered a four‐page questionnaire; 1,461 persons subsequently answered an extensive follow‐up questionnaire. Twenty‐two percent had sought some form of health care for war‐related complaints at some time since WW II. Most consultations were made in the 1940s. More consultations were made to general practioners or to medical specialists as opposed to mental health specialists. Although the level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was most important for discriminating between help‐seeking and non‐help‐seeking respondents, 59% of the highly‐exposed respondents with PTSD had not sought professional help in the years 1990–1992. The results show the importance of primary health care in recognizing PTSD symptoms and referring survivors to the appropriate professional helper.
Predictors of acute stress following motor vehicle accidents
Authors: Harvey Allison G. , Bryant Richard A.
Published: September 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of acute stress following motor vehicle accidents (MVA). Sixty‐two consecutive adult admissions to a hospital were assessed between two days and four weeks following a MVA. Participants were assessed for acute stress disorder (ASD) with a structured clinical interview and administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Coping Style Questionnaire, Dissociative Experiences Scale, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The prevalences of full and sub‐syndromal ASD were 16.1% and 14.5%, respectively. BDI, history of psychiatric treatment, history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and history of previous MVA accounted for 61% of the variance of acute stress severity. The findings indicate that predictors of acute stress severity are comparable to the predictors of PTSD and highlight the possibility of identifying those who may benefit from early treatment.
Quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study assessing changes in SF‐36 scores before and after treatment in a placebo‐controlled trial of fluoxetine
Authors: Malik Mary L. , Connor Kathryn M. , Sutherland Suzanne M. , Smith Rebecca D. , Davison Rita M. , Davidson Jonathan R. T.
Published: September 2003

In this small pilot study, we evaluated quality of life for 16 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients by administering the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) at baseline and endpoint during a 12‐week double‐blind trial of fluoxetine and placebo. At baseline, our subjects reported greater impairment relative to subjects with major depression or obsessive‐compulsive disorder on several SF‐36 domains. Significant effects of fluoxetine relative to placebo were observed for vitality, social functioning, and mental health. Overall, PTSD was associated with greatly reduced quality of life, but considerable improvement was achieved through treatment.
Comparing perceived self‐efficacy among adolescent Bosnian and Croatian refugees with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Ferren Peter M.
Published: September 2003

To examine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perceived self‐efficacy (PSE), 98 Bosnian and Croatian refugees, ages 13–18, completed Bandura's Children's Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self‐Efficacy, which measure self‐predicted social functioning in 9 areas. Through interviews, participants were categorized according to DSM–IV criteria as traumatized PTSD‐positive, traumatized PTSD‐negative, and nontraumatized. ANCOVAs showed PTSD‐positive participants exhibit higher PSE than nontraumatized participants in 5 of 9 areas. No significant differences among 3 female groups were observed; however, nontraumatized boys demonstrated lower PSE than the 2 traumatized groups in 7 of 9 areas. Thus, PTSD did not have a negative impact on PSE in this cultural context. Furthermore, surviving traumatic experience and preserving social support networks may be protective factors for maintaining high levels of PSE.
Exposure to violence and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among abortion clinic workers
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kevin M. , Wilson Michele
Published: September 2003

The intent of this study was to examine the relationship between exposure to abortion clinic violence, either as a victim or witness, and the reporting of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among clinic employees. Semi‐structured interviews with 71 clinic workers from eight abortion clinics in a Southeastern state were used for analyses. Findings showed that as victims, clinic workers experienced moderate forms of violence and witnessed greater variety and numbers of violent acts. Twenty‐one percent of the sampled workers reported symptoms similar to the syndrome described in the DSM‐IIIR/DSM‐IV classification for PTSD. A multivariate analysis showed that even when controlling for significant life circumstances and stressors outside the clinic setting, witnessing violence was a significant predictor of PTSD symptomatology.
Altruism and the Vietnam war veteran: The relationship of helping to symptomatology
Authors: Kishon‐Barash Ronit , Midlarsky Elizabeth , Johnson David R.
Published: September 2003

This study examines the relationships among demographic factors, combat experiences, personality characteristics, altruism, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Participants were Vietnam War veterans currently undergoing treatment for PTSD. The developmental level of internalized schemas of interpersonal relations (object relatedness) and the altruistic intent to help were significant predictors of PTSD symptomatology, with lower levels of symptomatology associated with higher levels of altruism. Results indicated that predispositional variables and altruistic intentions may be important factors to consider in designing and implementing treatment programs for chronically impaired veterans with PTSD.
Interpersonal friction and PTSD in female victims of sexual and nonsexual assault
Authors: Zoellner Lori A. , Foa Edna B. , Brigidi Bartholomew D.
Published: September 2003

This study examines the relationship among features of social relationships, both negative and positive, and later posttrauma pathology. Using a prospective design, 142 female victims of sexual or nonsexual assault were assessed at both 2 weeks and 3 months following the assault. We examined self‐reported perceptions of how often the participant has been the recipient of socially supportive actions by others and how often the participant has been engaged in interpersonal friction with others. Degree of interpersonal friction shortly after the assault predicted PTSD severity 3 months later. On the contrary, positive social support did not predict later PTSD severity. These results are consistent with previous studies that underscore the association between negative features of social relationships and PTSD.
Partners' ratings of combat veterans' PTSD symptomatology
Authors: Taft Casey T. , King Lynda A. , King Daniel W. , Leskin Gregory A. , Riggs David S.
Published: September 2003

The current study examined the concordance of combat veterans' scores on the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD, with scores on a parallel version of that instrument completed by partners to assess veterans' symptoms. Further, the study examined the impact of quality of the marital relationship on score concordance. Bivariate and multiple regression were used with a sample of 466 veteran‐partner dyads obtained from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. There was moderate agreement in symptom reporting between veterans and their partners and little evidence to suggest that the quality of the relationship impacted upon the association between partner and veteran scores.
Effects of attribution of responsibility for motor vehicle accidents on severity of PTSD symptoms, ways of coping, and recovery over six months
Authors: Hickling Edward J. , Blanchard Edward B. , Buckley Todd C. , Taylor Ann E.
Published: September 2003

In light of Delahanty et al.'s (1997) identification of attribution of responsibility for a motor vehicle accident (MVA) as a powerful determinant of initial level of distress from the trauma and of early remission of PTSD, we reexamined data from Blanchard and Hickling's (1997) prospective follow‐up of 158 MVA survivors. Despite differences between the two samples (Delahanty sample recruited from hospitals 2–3 weeks post‐MVA and predominantly male; our sample recruited from outpatient care 1–4 months post‐MVA and predominantly female) we replicated Delahanty's findings: those with PTSD who blame themselves for the MVA are less symptomatic initially and recover more rapidly in the first 6 months than those with PTSD who blame another party for the accident.
Hydroxyl rotational temperature record from the auroral station in Adventdalen, Svalbard (78°N, 15°E)
Authors: Sigernes F. , Shumilov N. , Deehr C. S. , Nielsen K. P. , Svenøe T. , Havnes O.
Published: September 2003

This is an evaluation of the daily mesospheric winter temperature series derived from more than 20 years of ground‐based spectral measurements of the hydroxyl airglow layer from the auroral station in Adventdalen near Longyearbyen, Svalbard (78°N, 15°E). The average daily OH winter temperature for the period was found to be 208°K with a standard deviation of 15°K. Temperature changes of 20°K with extremes up to 40°K within a few days are common, but some years show far less variation than others. A low December followed by a high January temperature is common but not consistent for all of the seasons. No direct relation to the solar 10.7 cm flux has been found. Mesospheric coolings are observed to be associated with stratospheric warmings. The annual mean winter temperatures show a nearly zero temperature trend, indicating no statistically significant change in the winter mesospheric temperatures over Svalbard during the last two decades.
Inferred role of natural fractures, veins, and breccias in development of the artificial geothermal reservoir at the Ogachi Hot Dry Rock site, Japan
Authors: Ito Hisatoshi
Published: September 2003

At the Ogachi Hot Dry Rock (HDR) test site, located in a Neogene caldera, northeast Japan, two artificial reservoirs, the upper one at 700 m depth and the lower one at 1000 m depth, were created in granitic basement by hydraulic stimulation. The new fracture sets, forming the reservoirs, propagated in different directions, the upper one to the east and the lower one to the NNE. Water recovery rate from a production well penetrating the two reservoirs was at best 25%, which is very low compared to other HDR test sites such as Fenton Hill, United States, and Soultz, France. In order to understand these phenomena, natural fractures were investigated using mainly core samples from the production well. It was found that natural fractures in the upper and lower reservoirs are remarkably different: the upper reservoir, at depths less than 900 m, is more densely fractured and contains far fewer thick hydrothermal veins than in the lower reservoir. It is believed that these features are due to hydrothermal brecciation associated with Neogene caldera formation and that they could greatly affect the HDR reservoir system. Thick hydrothermal veins and andesite dykes are expected to loci for reservoir fracture propagation and major flow paths because the veins and dykes occupy a prominent fracture system whose orientation coincides well with that of the reservoir propagation. On the other hand, the intensely brecciated zone is not associated with any major flow paths.
Pacific Plate gravity lineaments: Diffuse extension or thermal contraction?
Authors: Gans Kathleen Dallas , Wilson Douglas S. , Macdonald Ken C.
Published: September 2003

We detect strain very close to zero on the Pacific Plate relative to the Nazca Plate for Anomalies C8–C13. Our observations are in the region of the satellite gravity lineaments, 10°–40°S in the central Pacific. Strain was measured by comparing fracture zone spacing on the Pacific and Nazca Plates in an approach similar to that of Goodwillie and Parsons [1992] but with an improved data set which allowed us to place tighter tolerances on estimated strain. We used a standard finite rotation technique that rotates points of a given isochron and corresponding active transform fault from the Pacific Plate to the Nazca Plate. Our strain measurements discount the diffuse extension hypothesis for gravity lineament formation which requires at least 10% strain [Sandwell et al., 1995]. The best known hypothesis that small‐scale convection rolls in the upper mantle aligned in the direction of plate motion produce the lineaments was rejected because of observations of seamount chains in the gravity lows and observations of lineaments in seafloor topography younger than 2–3 Ma. We propose a third hypothesis that the gravity lineaments are signatures of the bending stresses resulting from vertical variations in cooling rate. We interpret the lineament lows as areas of brittle failure and the highs as convex upward flexure due to greater contraction of the base of the plate. Association of the lows with volcanoes could result either from both being caused by cracks or by the load of volcanoes causing brittle failure. We explored the feasibility of this idea using the equations for thermal bending moment and vertical lithosphere displacement as presented by Turcotte [1974] and the equation for thermal stress over elastic thickness presented by Parmentier and Haxby [1986]. Results of this simple model show vertical displacement or convex upward flexure ranging from 80 m to 140 m with associated gravity anomalies of 6–10 mGal. These amplitudes are within a factor of 2 of topographic and free‐air gravity anomaly amplitudes observed in the region of the gravity lineaments.
Statistical behavior of proton and electron auroras during substorms
Authors: Mende S. B. , Frey H. U. , Morsony B. J. , Immel T. J.
Published: September 2003

The substorm evolution was studied by performing a superposed epoch analysis of 91 substorms using IMAGE FUV data. Onset locations and times were determined from images produced by the Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) usually dominated by electron aurora. Images taken by WIC and by the Spectrographic Imager SI12 channel, responsive to proton aurora, were transformed into rectangular magnetic latitude (ML) and magnetic local time (MLT) coordinates and plotted on a timescale related to the time of substorm onset (T = 0) and to a Relative MLT (RMLT) normalized to onset MLT. A double Gaussian was fitted to the auroral intensity data as a function of ML at RMLT of −4, −2, 0, +2, and +4. From the Gaussian coefficients the means of several parameters were plotted as a function of time. Presubstorm, there was an equatorward motion of the mean low‐latitude boundary of the electron and proton aurora. There was no evidence of preonset auroral fading in the mean intensity. At onset the proton auroral peak intensity increased only by a factor of 2 compared with ∼5 for the electrons. At RMLT = 0, rapid poleward expansion of the proton aurora after onset occurred. The proton expansion slowed down after the first few minutes, while the electron surge continued toward higher latitudes. The mean poleward expansion of the electron aurora reached about 3.5° in 5 min and reached a total expansion of 5.5° in an hour. The protons expanded about 2.5° in 5 min and expanded about 3° one hour after onset. The latitude width of the aurora increased at onset due to both a large poleward and a moderate equatorward expansion. There appeared to be stronger substorm‐related activity in the local time range toward dawn than toward dusk. In the RMLT sector duskward of onset the proton auroras were located equatorward of the electrons and poleward in the dawnward RMLT sector.
Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from the Main Endeavour Field, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geochemical controls in the aftermath of June 1999 seismic events
Authors: Seyfried W. E. , Seewald J. S. , Berndt M. E. , Ding Kang , Foustoukos D. I.
Published: September 2003

In June 1999, an intense swarm of earthquakes occurred on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge influencing hydrothermal activity in and around the Main Endeavour Field (MEF). Here we report the dissolved concentrations of 31 species from five high‐temperature vents sampled 3 months after the seismic event. The spatial variability of vent fluid chemistry is extreme. Vapor‐dominated vent fluids at Cantilever and Sully sites have high measured temperatures (375°–379°C), high dissolved gas and boron concentrations, but low SiO2. Modeling results indicate that these fluids can be accounted for by supercritical phase separation and brine condensation. Other vent fluids have moderate temperatures (340°–366°C) and chloride concentrations (208–426 mmol/kg), and may result from mixing of supercritical, vapor‐rich fluids with evolved seawater. Phase equilibria calculations indicate that in addition to chloride, redox, temperature, and especially pressure play key roles in accounting for compositional variability of vent fluids at MEF. In comparison with earlier (1988) data, the 1999 data set reveals significantly lower chloride concentrations and higher boron, whereas alkali and alkaline earth cations are lower by 10–20% in keeping with chloride decrease. That dissolved chloride, boron, and other elements returned to preevent levels when again sampled in 2000 provide additional data documenting the inherently dynamic nature of hydrothermal systems at mid‐ocean ridges.
Application of the S transform to prestack noise attenuation filtering
Authors: Pinnegar C. Robert , Eaton David W.
Published: September 2003

The S transform is a time‐frequency localization technique that bridges the gap between the short‐time Fourier transform and wavelet transforms. We propose a new method, designed for application to multiple time series that all have similar time dependence in their spectra, that exploits the properties of the S transform to estimate signal frequency characteristics as a function of time. The method gives an average time‐frequency distribution that forms the basis for an adaptive filter for noise attenuation. Using prestack (multichannel) seismic data from a crustal seismic reflection profile in Canada, we show that this technique is particularly effective for determining residual statics corrections for data with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Polymorphism, superheating, and amorphization of silica upon shock wave loading and release
Authors: Luo Sheng‐Nian , Ahrens Thomas J. , Asimow Paul D.
Published: September 2003

We present a detailed and quantitative examination of the thermodynamics and phase change mechanisms (including amorphization) that occur upon shock wave loading and unloading of silica. We apply Debye‐Grüneisen theory to calculate both the Hugoniot of quartz and isentropic release paths. Quartz converts to stishovite (or a stishovite‐like phase) between 15 and 46 GPa, and persistence of the solid phase above its liquidus (i.e., superheating) is confirmed between 77 and 110 GPa. Calculations compare favorably to measurements of shock and post‐shock temperatures. For silica, the method of measuring post‐shock temperature is insensitive to predicting whether phase transitions actually occur during release. Measurements of release states in pressure‐particle velocity space are compared to computed frozen‐phase release paths. This comparison suggests transformation of a stishovite‐like phase to lower density phases including quartz, liquid, or dense amorphous glass. Transformations to liquid or glass occur upon release from peak pressure of 26 GPa and above. The isentropic release assumption appears to be approximately valid. A shock pressure‐temperature scale relating metamorphism of silica in shock‐loaded quartz is proposed. Neither recovery of coesite nor substantial quantities of crystalline stishovite‐like phases upon shock loading of quartz is predicted. Trace amounts of crystalline stishovite‐like phases from shock loading between 15 and 26 GPa are expected.