bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Ohdo syndrome: A familial missense mutation broadens the MED12 spectrum
Authors: Langley Katherine G. , Brown Jordan , Gerber Richard J. , Fox Janelle , Friez Michael J. , Lyons Michael , Schrier Vergano Samantha A.
Published: September 2015

Intellectual disability (ID) is estimated to affect 1–3% of the general population and is a common reason for referrals to pediatric and adult geneticists, as well as neurologists. There are many genetic and non‐genetic causes of ID; X‐linked forms are identifiable through their characteristic inheritance pattern. Current testing methods have been able to identify over 100 genes on the X chromosome responsible for X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID) syndromes. MED12 [MIM *300188] (mediator complex subunit 12) mutations have been linked to numerous XLID syndromes, including Lujan, FG, and Ohdo, and MED12 is included in many XLID panels. MED12 is located at Xq13.1 and its product has roles in transcriptional activation and repression. We describe two affected male siblings and their unaffected mother with a novel missense mutation in MED12, c.4147G>A (p.Ala1383Thr). The siblings share some features of Ohdo syndrome, including feeding difficulties, microcephaly, and speech delay. However, additional attributes such as hypertonia, eosinophilic esophagitis, penile chordee, and particular facial dysmorphisms depart sufficiently from individuals previously described such that they appear to represent a new and expanded phenotype. This case lends credence to the evolving theory that the subtypes of Ohdo, and perhaps other MED12 disorders, reflect a spectrum of characteristics, rather than distinct syndromes. As XLID panel testing and whole exome sequencing (WES) becomes a standard of care for affected males, further MED12 mutations will broaden the phenotype of these intriguing disorders and challenge clinicians to rethink the current diagnostic boundaries. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative Data to conduct a genome‐wide association study of sleep duration
Authors: Scheinfeldt Laura B. , Gharani Neda , Kasper Rachel S. , Schmidlen Tara J. , Gordon Erynn S. , Jarvis Joseph P. , Delaney Susan , Kronenthal Courtney J. , Gerry Norman P. , Christman Michael F.
Published: September 2015

Sleep is critical to health and functionality, and several studies have investigated the inherited component of insomnia and other sleep disorders using genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). However, genome‐wide studies focused on sleep duration are less common. Here, we used data from participants in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative (CPMC) (n = 4,401) to examine putative associations between self‐reported sleep duration, demographic and lifestyle variables, and genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to better understand genetic contributions to variation in sleep duration. We employed stepwise ordered logistic regression to select our model and retained the following predictive variables: age, gender, weight, physical activity, physical activity at work, smoking status, alcohol consumption, ethnicity, and ancestry (as measured by principal components analysis) in our association testing. Several of our strongest candidate genes were previously identified in GWAS related to sleep duration (TSHZ2, ABCC9, FBXO15) and narcolepsy (NFATC2, SALL4). In addition, we have identified novel candidate genes for involvement in sleep duration including SORCS1 and ELOVL2. Our results demonstrate that the self‐reported data collected through the CPMC are robust, and our genome‐wide association analysis has identified novel candidate genes involved in sleep duration. More generally, this study contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of human sleep. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stepwise management of asthma
Authors: Khalid Ayesha N.
Published: September 2015

Background

Stepwise management of asthma remains an area of evolving research. Asthma is one of the most expensive chronic diseases in the United States; stepwise management is an important area of focus, with several recent guidelines recommending management.

Methods

This is a review of published English language literature, focusing on management guidelines for asthma in adult and pediatric patients.

Results

Asthma is a chronic disease whose assessment of severity allows for therapeutic goals to match the impairment noted. Good evidence exists to aid risk reduction, leading to decreased emergency room visits, preventing loss of lung function in adults and lung growth in children, and optimizing pharmacotherapy with reduced side effects profile.

Conclusion

Recent asthma management guidelines incorporate 4 components of asthma care including: monitoring of severity, patient education, controlling external triggers, and medications, including recent attention to medication adherence. Asthma is an expensive chronic disease with preventive measures leading to reduced healthcare costs. Future targeted cytokine therapy to decrease serum and blood eosinophils may become an integral part of asthma management.
Asthma treatments: new and emerging therapies
Authors: Calhoun Karen H.
Published: September 2015

Background

As part of this primer, this article is intended to introduce new and emerging therapies for treating asthma.

Methods

A PubMed search was performed for the years 2013 through 2015 for asthma review, asthma treatment, asthma therapy, and asthma new. Subset searches were additionally performed as suggested by information contained in the first round of searches.

Results

There is continuing work toward the identification of additional cellular and molecular mechanisms of asthma. Many of these suggest additional targets for therapy. New pharmaceuticals, biologics, and procedures are reviewed in greater depth.

Conclusion

This is a summary of new and emerging asthma therapies.
Comorbidities of asthma and the unified airway
Authors: Stachler Robert J.
Published: September 2015

Background

Asthma is a comorbid condition that may be seen by otolaryngic allergists when treating their patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Often asthma is overlooked when aggressive treatment could prevent the development or progression of early disease.

Methods

This article is a retrospective review of the current literature on asthma as a comorbidity of the unified airway. The unified airway and asthma are clearly defined. The epidemiology, morbidity, mortality, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and the chronicity of asthma are reviewed.

Results

The otolaryngic allergist will become familiar the unified airway concept and the close relationships between AR, chronic rhinosinusitis, and asthma.

Conclusion

Otolaryngologists should be aware of the unified airway in order to most effectively treat their patients with AR. Knowledge of the close relationships between asthma and AR will help prevent progression of disease, identify early asthma, and improve the outcomes and quality of life for our patients.
Steady state modeling on energy and exergy analysis of a pulverized coal fired thermal power plant
Authors: Pattanayak Lalatendu , Sahu Jaya Narayan
Published: September 2015

Steady state concept has relevance in many fields, particularly in economics, engineering and thermodynamics. In a steady state system, the recent observed behavior will continue to be so in future. Energy and exergy analysis (first and second law of thermodynamic) in steady state condition of a thermal power plant provides in‐depth information to find out areas for potential improvement in efficiency. This study deals with the performance analysis of a pulverized coal fired power plant using energy and exergy analysis in steady state condition. The overall plant performance is assessed by undertaking detailed modeling and simulating thermal cycle of the plant scheme. Off design energy and exergy utilization efficiencies and thermodynamic properties are assessed from the model simulation based on actual operating data collected from the plant Distributed Control System (DCS) at operating load of 460 MW on 15‐min average for a period of 8 h. The analysis revealed that the combustion chamber and boiler are the major source of exergy destruction with 40.29% and 53.20% respectively. Whereas gross energy and exergy efficiency of overall plant are calculated as 34.33% and 31.47% at 460 MW gross generation as compared to the design rating of 37.77% and 34.53% respectively at 500 MW. This paper deals with methodology and assessment of exergy destruction in the plant and how to reduce it. Simultaneously a comparison has been made of energy losses vis‐a‐vis exergy destruction of various plant components, which brings out advantages of using exergy method over energy method calculation. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melt processing of polyamide 12 and cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposites
Authors: Nicharat Apiradee , Sapkota Janak , Weder Christoph , Foster E. Johan
Published: September 2015

The fabrication of nanocomposites of polyamide 12 (PA12) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) isolated from cotton and tunicates is reported. Through a comparative study that involved solution‐cast (SC) and melt‐processed materials, it was shown that PA12/CNC nanocomposites can be prepared in a process that appears to be readily scalable to an industrial level. The results demonstrate that CNCs isolated from the biomass by phosphoric acid hydrolysis display both a sufficiently high thermal stability to permit melt processing with PA12, and a high compatibility with this polymer to allow the formation of nanocomposites in which the CNCs are well dispersed. Thus, PA12/CNC nanocomposites prepared by melt‐mixing the two components in a co‐rotating roller blade mixer and subsequent compression molding display mechanical properties that are comparable to those of SC reference materials. Young's modulus and maximum stress could be doubled in comparison to the neat PA12 by introduction of 10% (CNCs from tunicates) or 15% w/w (CNCs from cotton) CNCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42752.
Nanocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting and a Perspective on Hydrogen Economy
Authors: Grewe Tobias , Meggouh Mariem , Tüysüz Harun
Published: September 2015

In this review article, nanocatalysts for solar hydrogen production are the focus of discussion as they can contribute to the development of sustainable hydrogen production in order to meet future energy demands. Achieving this task is subject of scientific aspirations in the field of photo‐ and photoelectrocatalysis for solar water splitting where systems of single catalysts or tandem configurations are being investigated. In search of a suitable catalyst, a number of crucial parameters are laid out which need to be considered for material design, in particular for nanostructured materials that provide exceptional physical and chemical properties in comparison to their bulk counterparts. Apart from synthetic approaches for nanocatalysts, key parameters and properties of nanostructured photocatalysts such as light absorption, charge carrier generation, charge transport, separation and recombination, and other events that affect nanoscale catalysts are discussed. To provide a deeper understanding of these key parameters and properties, their contribution towards existing catalyst systems is evaluated for photo‐ and photoelectrocatalytic solar hydrogen evolution. Finally, an insight into hydrogen production processes is given, stressing the current development of sustainable hydrogen sources and presenting a perspective towards a hydrogen‐based economy.
NIK1, a host factor specialized in antiviral defense or a novel general regulator of plant immunity?
Authors: Machado Joao P. B. , Brustolini Otavio J. B. , Mendes Giselle C. , Santos Anésia A. , Fontes Elizabeth P. B.
Published: September 2015

NIK1 is a receptor‐like kinase involved in plant antiviral immunity. Although NIK1 is structurally similar to the plant immune factor BAK1, which is a key regulator in plant immunity to bacterial pathogens, the NIK1‐mediated defenses do not resemble BAK1 signaling cascades. The underlying mechanism for NIK1 antiviral immunity has recently been uncovered. NIK1 activation mediates the translocation of RPL10 to the nucleus, where it interacts with LIMYB to fully down‐regulate translational machinery genes, resulting in translation inhibition of host and viral mRNAs and enhanced tolerance to begomovirus. Therefore, the NIK1 antiviral immunity response culminates in global translation suppression, which represents a new paradigm for plant antiviral defenses. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses in nik1 mutant suggest that NIK1 may suppress antibacterial immune responses, indicating a possible opposite effect of NIK1 in bacterial and viral infections.
Spontaneous cell polarization: Feedback control of Cdc42 GTPase breaks cellular symmetry
Authors: Martin Sophie G.
Published: September 2015

Spontaneous polarization without spatial cues, or symmetry breaking, is a fundamental problem of spatial organization in biological systems. This question has been extensively studied using yeast models, which revealed the central role of the small GTPase switch Cdc42. Active Cdc42‐GTP forms a coherent patch at the cell cortex, thought to result from amplification of a small initial stochastic inhomogeneity through positive feedback mechanisms, which induces cell polarization. Here, I review and discuss the mechanisms of Cdc42 activity self‐amplification and dynamic turnover. A robust Cdc42 patch is formed through the combined effects of Cdc42 activity promoting its own activation and active Cdc42‐GTP displaying reduced membrane detachment and lateral diffusion compared to inactive Cdc42‐GDP. I argue the role of the actin cytoskeleton in symmetry breaking is not primarily to transport Cdc42 to the active site. Finally, negative feedback and competition mechanisms serve to control the number of polarization sites.
Validated spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of clonazepam in pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Ibrahim Fawzia , El‐Enany Nahed , Shalan Shereen , Elsharawy Rasha
Published: September 2015

A simple, highly sensitive and validated spectrofluorimetric method was applied in the determination of clonazepam (CLZ). The method is based on reduction of the nitro group of clonazepam with zinc/CaCl2, and the product is then reacted with 2‐cyanoacetamide (2‐CNA) in the presence of ammonia (25%) yielding a highly fluorescent product. The produced fluorophore exhibits strong fluorescence intensity at ʎem = 383 nm after excitation at ʎex = 333 nm. The method was rectilinear over a concentration range of 0.1–0.5 ng/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0057 ng/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.017 ng/mL. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to the determination of CLZ in its tablets with a mean percentage recovery of 100.10 ± 0.75%. Method validation according to ICH Guidelines was evaluated. Statistical analysis of the results obtained using the proposed method was successfully compared with those obtained using a reference method, and there was no significance difference between the two methods in terms of accuracy and precision. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allenic Esters from Cyclopropenones by Lewis Base Catalysis: Substrate Scope, the Asymmetric Variant from the Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation, and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Wei Yin , Zhao Wen‐Tao , Yang Yuan‐Liang , Zhang Zhen , Shi Min
Published: September 2015

The Lewis base catalyzed reactions of cyclopropenones with a variety of nucleophiles (alcohols, phenols, or water) were systematically investigated. We demonstrated that this kind of reaction could be used to synthesize allenic esters in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, more synthetically interesting axially chiral allenes in moderate to good yields and ee values were obtained in the corresponding asymmetric reaction in the presence of multifunctional chiral phosphine catalyst. The reaction mechanism was disclosed by using NMR tracing experiments, MS, and DFT calculations. Notably, the asymmetric reaction was proved to be a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation based on the control experiments, and the detailed mechanism of this transformation revealed by theoretical investigations.
Co‐Metal Catalysts on SiO2‐TiO2 for Methanol Production from CO2 – Effect of Preparation Methods
Authors: Siwawut Jittawat , Namkhang Pornpan , Kongkachuichay Paisan
Published: September 2015

The effect of quantity, composition, and different impregnation sequences on the catalytic properties of Cu‐Zn‐Al/SiO2‐TiO2 in the CO2 hydrogenation for methanol production was investigated. The Cu‐Zn‐Al catalysts supported on SiO2 and TiO2 were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Then, their performances in CO2 hydrogenation were tested under defined conditions. The composition variation of Cu and Zn catalysts resulted in a high methanol production for Cu catalysts with a higher content of Cu, which was the active site for CO2 activation. Regarding the metal quantity of catalysts, a relatively low loading of co‐metal (Cu‐Zn‐Al) led to the maximum methanol yield when compared with higher loadings as a result of the largest surface area.
Effect of Process Parameters on Properties of Colloids in a Continuous‐Flow Microreactor System
Authors: Sonawane Shirish H. , Bari Mahendra L. , Suryawanshi Prashant L. , Narkhede Jitendra S. , Mishra Satyendra , Bhanvase Bharat A.
Published: September 2015

The effect of reactant concentration, flow rate, and surfactant type on the size and distribution of synthesized nanoparticles was studied. Two tubular microreactors made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel (SS) were used for production of iron oxide nanoparticles from FeCl3 and NaBH4 as precursors by a chemical reduction route. The diameter of the microreactor and other process parameters were found to influence the size and size distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles. The axial dispersion in the PVC microreactor was less than in the SS microreactor due the large ratio of microreactor volume to flow rate. The formation of iron oxide was detected by Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Synthesis of stable colloidal iron oxide nanoparticles with narrow size distribution in this continuous‐flow microreactor system was confirmed.
Electrochemical Study of Interfacially Synthesized Polycarbazole with Different Oxidants
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Tiwari Madhu , Prakash Rajiv
Published: September 2015

This work focused on the morphology‐controlled electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies of polycarbazole (PCz) in two different electrolytes. PCz is synthesized through controlled interfacial polymerization by using two different oxidizing agents, (NH4)2S2O8(APS) and KMnO4. Voltammetric and EIS studies were carried out to explore charge‐transfer properties in the vicinity of modified PCz/glassy carbon (GC) and PCz/Pt electrodes with different electrolytes that have different‐sized anions. It has been observed that PCz–APS exhibits enhanced electron‐transfer kinetics compared to PCz–KMnO4at either electrode (GC or Pt) in a supporting electrolyte with a smaller anion size. This is attributed to its favorable diffusion inside the porous polymer film, resulting in easy ion exchange at the electrode surface. The morphology‐controlled synthesis approach presented herein is extremely significant for chemical sensors, biosensors, and catalytic applications, owing to its high electroactivity.
Synthesis of Functionalized Mono‐, Bis‐, and Trisethynyltriptycenes for One‐Dimensional Self‐Assembly on Surfaces
Authors: Sirven Agnès M. , Garbage Romain , Qiao Yun , Kammerer Claire , Rapenne Gwénaël
Published: September 2015

This paper describes the synthesis of triptycene‐based building blocks that are able to interact through hydrogen bonds to form one‐dimensional self‐assembled motifs on surfaces. We designed 9,10‐diethynyltriptycene derivatives functionalized at the ethynyl end groups by a variety of hydrogen‐bonding groups for homomolecular recognition and complementary building blocks for heteromolecular recognition. We also present the synthesis of bis‐ and trisethynyltriptycenes with terminal alkyne functional groups available for on‐surface azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction to expand the potential of the triptycene building block.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Calcium Silicon Phosphides Ca2Si2P4, Ca3Si8P14and Ca3Si2P4.
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Yu Tongtong , Li Chunlong , Wang Shanpeng , Tao Xutang
Published: September 2015

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reactions of the elements with the same reactant ratio Ca:Si:P = 1:1:2 but at different reaction temperatures (graphite crucibles, 900, 1100, and 1150 °C, resp., 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Level Doping of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur into Activated Carbon Monoliths and Their Electrochemical Capacitances.
Authors: Hasegawa George , Deguchi Takeru , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Kobayashi Yoji , Kageyama Hiroshi , Abe Takeshi , Nakanishi Kazuki
Published: September 2015

Activated carbon monoliths prepared from resorcinol‐formaldehyde gels by carbonization (1000 °C, 2 h) under N2 and CO2 are doped by N using urea, a mixture of NaNH2 and NH4Cl, or hexamethylenetetramine, by red P, and by S using a mixture of Na2S2O5 and Na2S2O7 whereby the activated carbon and the dopant are separated from each other within the reaction tubes (Pyrex or quartz tubes, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: [P3Se4]+: A Binary Phosphorus‐Selenium Cation.
Authors: Wiegand Thomas , et al.
Published: September 2015

Compounds (IV) and (V) are characterized by single crystal XRD, solid state NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and quantum chemical DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Vanishing Method with Acetylene Evolution and Its Utilization in Several Organic Syntheses.
Authors: Matake Ryosuke , Niwa Yuki , Matsubara Hiroshi
Published: September 2015

A novel quadraphasic phase‐vanishing system is developed in which acetylene is released from calcium carbide and directly applied in Sonogashira coupling reactions, click reactions and three‐component carbonyl—amine—alkyne coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acidity of Bis(perfluorocatecholato)silane: Aldehyde Hydrosilylation Catalyzed by a Neutral Silicon Compound.
Authors: Liberman‐Martin Allegra L. , Bergman Robert G. , Tilley T. Don
Published: September 2015

The novel Lewis acid catalyst bis(perfluorocatecholato)silane (BPS) is prepared and applied to the hydrosilylation of electron‐deficient aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Active Palladium(II)—Bis(oxazoline) Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura, Mizoroki—Heck and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Dimethylformamide.
Authors: Ibrahim Mansur B. , El Ali Bassam , Fettouhi Mohammed , Ouahab Lahcene
Published: September 2015

An efficient catalytic system for the title cross coupling reactions based on a novel palladium‐bis(oxazoline) complex is developed which exhibits exceptional air and moisture stability.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylation of Diethyl Malonate and Ethyl Cyanoacetate Catalyzed by Palladium/Di‐tert‐Butylneopentylphosphine.
Authors: Semmes Jeffrey G. , Bevans Stephanie L. , Mullins C. Haddon , Shaughnessy Kevin H.
Published: September 2015

It is demonstrated, that the title catalyst system renders possible the efficient arylation of substrates (I) and (V) with a wide variety of aryl bromides and chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Synergistic Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antifungal Activity of Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Sahu Parmod Kumar , Sahu Praveen Kumar , Agarwal Dau Dayal
Published: September 2015

A convenient, facile, and efficient synthesis of different nitrogen containing heterocycles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Mediated Addition of 1,2‐Dicarbonyls to Diazenes: An Umpolung Approach Toward N‐Acyl Hydrazone Synthesis.
Authors: Haugen Kasey C. , Rodriguez Kevin X. , Chavannavar Aditi P. , Oliver Allen G. , Ashfeld Brandon L.
Published: September 2015

The direct access to N‐acyl hydrazones is rendered possible by hexamethylphosphorous mediated condensation of various 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds with dialkylazodicarboxylates.
ChemInform Abstract: Photooxidizing Chromium Catalysts for Promoting Radical Cation Cycloadditions.
Authors: Stevenson Susan M. , Shores Matthew P. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: September 2015

Optimal reactivity for these cycloadditions is observed using near UV irradiation; visible‐light promotion is effective too, albeit with lower yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Controlled Regioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation to Generate (Trifluoromethyl)allenes.
Authors: Ambler Brett R. , Peddi Santosh , Altman Ryan A.
Published: September 2015

The ability of bipyridyl‐derived ligands to control the regioselectivity of Cu‐catalyzed nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reactions of propargyl electrophiles to generate (trifluoromethyl)allenes is demonstrated for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyl Aryl Ether Bond Formation with PhenoFluor.
Authors: Shen Xiao , Neumann Constanze N. , Kleinlein Claudia , Goldberg Nathaniel W. , Ritter Tobias
Published: September 2015

Starting from aliphatic alcohols or phenols the title reaction has been elaborated providing challenging alkylaryl ethers which are difficult to access by conventional Mitsunobu conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: I2/Cu‐Mediated Self‐Sorting Domino Reaction of Aryl β‐Ketoesters into Symmetrical 2‐Carboalkoxy‐1,4‐enediones: Application to Synthesis of Pyrazine, β‐Carboline and Quinoxalines.
Authors: Satish Gandhesiri , Ilangovan Andivelu
Published: September 2015

Symmetrical 1,4‐enediones (II) are obtained from aryl‐β‐ketoesters (I) by a self‐sorting domino reaction involving tandem iodination, self‐dimerization, and Krapcho dealkoxycarbonylation in one‐pot.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclopropyl‐Substituted Furans by Broensted Acid Promoted Cascade Reactions.
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Romiti Filippo , Hogg Kirsten F. , Hamid Malai Haniti S. A. , Richter Sven C. , Boyer Alistair , Redman Joanna C. , Farrugia Louis J.
Published: September 2015

A high‐yielding, diastereoselective intramolecular reaction cascade reaction is developed creating three new bonds in a single step, thus providing 2,3,5‐substituted furans bearing a ring fused cyclopropyl substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: The Cyano Group as a Traceless Activation Group for the Intermolecular [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides: A Five‐Step Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Isoretronecanol.
Authors: Li Jundong , Zhao Huaibo , Jiang Xunjin , Wang Xiance , Hu Haiming , Yu Lei , Zhang Yandong
Published: September 2015

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of cyano substituted azomethine ylides with acyclic esters and subsequent reductive removal of the cyano group to form the resulting pyrrolidines offers a straightforward synthesis of pyrrolidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformation of N,N‐Dimethylaniline‐N‐oxides into N‐Methylindolines by a Tandem Polonovski—Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Nakashige Mika L. , Lewis Robert S. , Chain William J.
Published: September 2015

A novel synthesis of N‐substituted indolines is achieved by Polonovsi—Mannich type cyclization of N,N‐dimethylaniline‐N‐oxides (I) having an ester or cyano substituted ortho‐methyl side chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Arylation of 1,2,3‐Triazole N‐Oxides with Sodium Arenesulfinates via Palladium‐Catalyzed Desulfitative Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Zhu Jiayi , Chen Yu , Lin Feng , Wang Baoshuang , Huang Qing , Liu Liangxian
Published: September 2015

For the convenient and highly regioselective direct C5‐arylation of 1,2,3‐triazole oxides sodium arylsulfinates, diphenylphosphine oxide, and triphenylphosphine can be used as arylation agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies in Selective 6‐Membered Bromoether Formation via Bromonium and Thiiranium‐Induced Cyclizations.
Authors: Levinson Adam M. , Milner Phillip J. , Snyder Scott A.
Published: September 2015

Several methods for the synthesis of brominated 2,2,6,6‐tertasubstituted tetrahydropyrans are explored.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [1,2,3]Triazolo[5,1‐]isoquinoline Derivatives via a Selective Cascade Cyclization Sequence of 1,2‐Bis(Phenylethynyl)benzene Derivatives.
Authors: Tao Shipeng , Hu Qinquan , Li Huan , Ma Shan , Chen Yunfeng
Published: September 2015

The regioselectivity is determined by the two substituents in the alkynes of 1,2‐diethynylbenzenes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Route to Novel Uracil‐Based Drug‐Like Molecules.
Authors: Babkov Denis A. , Chizhov Alexander O. , Khandazhinskaya Anastasia L. , Corona Angela , Esposito Francesca , Tramontano Enzo , Seley‐Radtke Katherine L. , Novikov Mikhail S.
Published: September 2015

Numerous benzophenone‐derived uracil derivatives are prepared and evaluated towards their inhibition of the RNA‐dependent DNA‐polymerase activity of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Highly Efficient Synthesis of Indolo‐ and Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines Promoted by Molecular Iodine.
Authors: Ramamohan Mekala , Sridhar Regati , Raghavendrarao Kamaraju , Paradesi Naidu , Chandrasekhar Kothapally Bannoth , Jayaprakash Sarva
Published: September 2015

The N‐heterocyclic title compounds are furnished by the reaction of (aminophenyl)pyrroles and indoles with benzylamines in presence of I2.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of an [(NHC)2Pd(SiMe3)2] Complex and Catalytic cis‐Bis(silyl)ations of Alkynes with Unactivated Disilanes.
Authors: Ansell Melvyn B. , Roberts Debbie E. , Cloke F. Geoffrey N. , Navarro Oscar , Spencer John
Published: September 2015

The reaction tolerates electronically and sterically challenging internal 1,2‐diarylacetylenes, 1‐alkyl‐2‐arylacetylenes including 1‐phenyl‐2‐trimethylsilylacetylene as well as terminal arylacetylenes, but no terminal alkylacetylenes, thus allowing for the (Z)‐selective synthesis of novel 1,2‐disilyl stilbene derivatives in high yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Gloeophyllins A—J, Cytotoxic Ergosteroids with Various Skeletons from a Chinese Tibet Fungus Gloeophyllum abietinum.
Authors: Han Jun‐Jie , Bao Li , Tao Qiao‐Qiao , Yao Yi‐Jian , Liu Xing‐Zhong , Yin Wen‐Bing , Liu Hong‐Wei
Published: September 2015

Ten new ergosteroids [e.g. (I) to (IV)] are isolated and their cytotoxicity is tested.
ChemInform Abstract: π‐Rich σ2P‐Heterocycles: d10‐Transition Metal Complexes of 1H‐1,3‐Benzazaphospholes with Unusual Coordination
Authors: Ghalib Mohammed , Heinicke Joachim W. , Jones Peter G. , Schulzke Carola
Published: September 2015

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocycles from Methylenecyclopropanes
Authors: Yu Lei , Liu Mingxuan , Chen Fenglin , Xu Qing
Published: September 2015

Review: [62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of Boron L‐amino Acid Derivatives Using Wittig and Borylation Reactions
Authors: Audi Hassib , Remond Emmanuelle , Eymin Marie‐Joelle , Tessier Arnaud , Malacea‐Kabbara Raluca , Juge Sylvain
Published: September 2015

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Saturated Six‐Membered Ring Lactones
Authors: Palanichamy Kalanidhi , Kaliappan Krishna P.
Published: September 2015

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Saturated Tetrahydropyrans
Authors: Perry Matthew A. , Rychnovsky Scott D. , Sizemore Nicholas
Published: September 2015

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cubane: 50 Years Later
Authors: Biegasiewicz Kyle F. , Griffiths Justin R. , Savage G. Paul , Tsanaktsidis John , Priefer Ronny
Published: September 2015

Review: preparation and reactivity of cubanes; 185 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids Synthesis ‐ Methodologies
Authors: Ferraz Ricardo , Prudencio Cristina , Vieira Monica , Fernandes Ruben , Noronha Joao Paulo , Petrovski Zeljko
Published: September 2015

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations
Authors: Moberg Christina
Published: September 2015

Review: stereochemistry and mechanism; 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Chromenes: Biological and Chemical Importance
Authors: Patil Shivaputra A. , Patil Siddappa A. , Patil Renukadevi
Published: September 2015

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Excitation Wavelength Dependence of the Solvation Dynamics of 4′‐N,N‐Diethylamino‐3‐methoxyflavon in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kimura Yoshifumi , Suda Kayo , Shibuya Mako , Yasaka Yoshiro , Ueno Masakatsu
Published: September 2015

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Supported Catalysts
Authors: Munnik Peter , de Jongh Petra E. , de Jong Krijn P.
Published: September 2015

Review: 273 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designing Nanomaterials to Maximize Performance and Minimize Undesirable Implications Guided by the Principles of Green Chemistry
Authors: Gilbertson Leanne M. , Zimmerman Julie B. , Plata Desiree L. , Hutchison James E. , Anastas Paul T.
Published: September 2015

Review: 52 refs
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Gas‐Phase Peptide Ions and Their Dissociation in MALDI: Insights from Kinetic and Ion Yield Studies
Authors: Moon Jeong Hee , Yoon Sohee , Bae Yong Jin , Kim Myung Soo
Published: September 2015

Review: 130 refs.
Inner Surface Chirality of Single‐Handed Twisted Carbonaceous Tubular Nanoribbons
Authors: Liu Dan , Li Baozong , Guo Yongmin , Li Yi , Yang Yonggang
Published: September 2015

Single‐handed twisted 4,4′‐biphenylene‐bridged polybissilsesquioxane tubular nanoribbons and single‐layered nanoribbons were prepared by tuning the water/ethanol volume ratio in the reaction mixture at pH = 11.6 through a supramolecular templating approach. The single‐layered nanoribbons were formed by shrinking tubular nanoribbons after the removal of the templates. In addition, solvent‐induced handedness inversion was achieved. The handedness of the polybissilsesquioxanes could be controlled by changing the ethanol/water volume ratio in the reaction mixture. After carbonization at 900 °C for 4.0 h and removal of silica, single‐handed twisted carbonaceous tubular nanoribbons and single‐layered nanoribbons with micropores in the walls were obtained.

X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicated that the carbon is predominantly amorphous. The circular dichroism spectra show that the twisted tubular nanoribbons exhibit optical activity, while the twisted single‐layered nanoribbons do not. The results shown here indicate that chirality is transferred from the organic self‐assemblies to the inner surfaces of the 4,4′‐biphenylene‐bridged polybissilsesquioxane tubular nanoribbons and subsequently to those of the carbonaceous tubular nanoribbons. Chirality 27:809–815, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparative Enantioseparation of β‐Substituted‐2‐Phenylpropionic Acids by Countercurrent Chromatography With Substituted β‐Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selectors
Authors: Tong Shengqiang , Zhang Hu , Cheng Dongping
Published: September 2015

Preparative enantioseparation of four β‐substituted‐2‐phenylpropionic acids was performed by countercurrent chromatography with substituted β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selectors. The two‐phase solvent system was composed of n‐hexane‐ethyl acetate‐0.10 mol L‐1 of phosphate buffer solution at pH 2.67 containing 0.10 mol L‐1 of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) or sulfobutylether‐β‐cyclodextrin (SBE‐β‐CD). The influence factors, including the type of substituted β‐cyclodextrin, composition of organic phase, concentration of chiral selector, pH value of the aqueous phase, and equilibrium temperature were optimized by enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction. Under the optimum separation conditions, 100 mg of 2‐phenylbutyric acid, 100 mg of tropic acid, and 50 mg of 2,3‐diphenylpropionic acid were successfully enantioseparated by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography, and the recovery of the (±)‐enantiomers was in the range of 90–91% for (±)‐2‐phenylbutyric acid, 91–92% for (±)‐tropic acid, 85–87% for (±)‐2,3‐diphenylpropionic acid with purity of over 97%, 96%, and 98%, respectively. The formation of 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex of β‐substituted‐2‐phenylpropionic acids with HP‐β‐CD was determined by UV spectrophotometry and the inclusion constants were calculated by a modified Benesi‐Hildebrand equation. The results showed that different enantioselectivities among different racemates were mainly caused by different enantiorecognition between each enantiomer and HP‐β‐CD, while it might be partially caused by different inclusion capacity between racemic solutes and HP‐β‐CD. Chirality 27:795–801, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multifunctional Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanodots for Photoluminescence, Sensor, and Visible‐Light‐Induced H2 Production
Authors: Yang Pengju , Zhao Jianghong , Wang Jian , Cui Huijuan , Li Li , Zhu Zhenping
Published: September 2015

Herein, multifunctional N‐doped carbon nanodots (NCNDs) were prepared through the one‐step hydrothermal treatment of yeast. Results show that the NCNDs can be used as a new photocatalyst to drive the water‐splitting reaction under UV light. Moreover, the NCNDs can efficiently catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction. Under visible‐light irradiation, Eosin Y‐sensitized NCNDs exhibit excellent activity for hydrogen evolution. The hydrogen evolution rate of NCNDs (without any modification and co‐catalyst) reaches 107.1 μmol h−1 (2142 μmol g−1 h−1). When Pt is loaded on the NCNDs, the hydrogen evolution rate reaches 491.2 μmol h−1 (9824 μmol g−1 h−1) under visible‐light irradiation. In addition, the NCNDs show excellent fluorescent properties and can be applied as a fluorescent probe for the sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+.
Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Textural Properties of CeO2 Powders Synthesized in Near‐ and Supercritical Alcohols
Authors: Slostowski Cédric , Marre Samuel , Babot Odile , Toupance Thierry , Aymonier Cyril
Published: September 2015

CeO2 nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted increasing interest over the past few years, in particular for their use in catalytic reactions. Syntheses mediated by near‐ and supercritical alcohols have proven to be innovative ways to obtain CeO2 NCs with controlled crystallite sizes (from 3 to 8 nm depending on the alcohol) and surface functionalities, with alcohol moieties. When submitted to a thermal treatment at 500 °C, required to desorb/degrade surface organic species, these powders displayed different behaviors depending on the alcohol used during the synthesis. Cerium oxide powders synthesized in sc‐MeOH, sc‐EtOH and sc‐iPrOH undergo sintering during treatment at 500 °C, with a decrease of their specific surface area. Conversely, those synthesized in sc‐BuOH, nc‐PentOH and nc‐HexOH keep their initial crystallite sizes and morphology, but show a great enhancement of their specific surface area (up to 200 m2 g−1), which is unprecedented after such a thermal treatment.
Study of Microheterogeneity in Acetonitrile–Water Binary Mixtures by using Polarity‐Resolved Solvation Dynamics
Authors: Koley Somnath , Ghosh Subhadip
Published: September 2015

The solvation dynamics of three coumarin dyes with widely varying polarities were studied in acetonitrile–water (ACN–H2O) mixtures across the entire composition range. At low ACN concentrations [ACN mole fractions (XACN)≤0.1], the solvation dynamics are fast (<40 ps), indicating a nearly homogeneous environment. This fast region is followed by a sudden retardation of the average solvation time (230–1120 ps) at higher ACN concentrations (XACN≈0.2), thus indicating the onset of nonideality within the mixture that continues until XACN≈0.8. This nonideality regime (XACN≈0.2–0.8) comprises of multiple dye‐dependent anomalous regions. At very high ACN concentrations (XACN≈0.8–1), the ACN–H2O mixtures regain homogeneity, with faster solvation times. The source of the inherent nonideality of the ACN–H2O mixtures is a subject of debate. However, a careful examination of the widths of time‐resolved emission spectra shows that the origin of the slow dynamics may be due to the diffusion of polar solvent molecules into the first solvation shell of the excited coumarin dipole.
Excited‐State Proton Transfer Can Tune the Color of Protein Fluorescent Markers
Authors: Mancini Daiana T. , Sen Kakali , Barbatti Mario , Thiel Walter , Ramalho Teodorico C.
Published: September 2015

We show by quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) simulations that phenylbenzothiazoles undergoing an excited‐state proton transfer (ESPT) can be used to probe protein binding sites. For 2‐(2′‐hydroxy‐4′‐aminophenyl)benzothiazole (HABT) bound to a tyrosine kinase, the absolute and relative intensities of the fluorescence bands arising from the enol and keto forms are found to be strongly dependent on the active‐site conformation. The emission properties are tuned by hydrogen‐bonding interactions of HABT with the neighboring amino acid T766 and with active‐site water. The use of ESPT tuners opens the possibility of creating two‐color fluorescent markers for protein binding sites, with potential applications in the detection of mutations in cancer cell lines.
Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon: A Top‐Down Strategy to Promote Sulfur Immobilization for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhao Xiaohui , Liu Ying , Manuel James , Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Ahn Hyo‐Jun , Kim Ki‐Won , Cho Kwon‐Koo , Ahn Jou‐Hyeon
Published: September 2015

The loss of active sulfur material is a challenge in the application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. To immobilize sulfur, a nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon (PMC) was synthesized with polyaniline (PANi) as the carbon source, which was used for development of Li–S batteries. The nitrogen content and pore system of the PMCs were modulated by varying the pyrolysis temperature to impart good electrochemical properties to the Li–S cells. As a result, the optimal capacity reversibility was obtained with the PMC synthesized at 700 °C that consisted of 12.8 % nitrogen. The enhanced cycle performance of Li–S cells was also validated at high sulfur contents up to 70 % and high C‐rates up to 2 C. Furthermore, such sulfur/PMC cathodes could alleviate volume expansion during the discharge process. The results suggest that our synthesized nitrogen‐doped PMCs prepared by this top‐down strategy are promising materials to immobilize active sulfur in Li–S batteries.
Spatiotemporal analysis of zebrafish hox gene regulation by Cdx4
Authors: Hayward Albert G. , Joshi Piyush , Skromne Isaac
Published: September 2015

Background: Cdx factors expressed in caudal regions of vertebrate embryos regulate hox patterning gene transcription. While loss of Cdx function is known to shift hox spatial expression domains posteriorly, the mechanism underlying the shift is not understood. We addressed this problem by analyzing the spatiotemporal expression profile of all 49 zebrafish hox genes in wild‐type and Cdx4‐deficient embryos. Results: Loss of Cdx4 had distinct effects on hox spatial expression in a paralogous group‐dependent manner: in the head, group 4 expression was expanded posteriorly; in the trunk, group 5–10 expression was shifted posteriorly; and in the tail, group 11–13 genes were expressed in the tail bud but not in more differentiated tissues. In the trunk neural tissue, loss of Cdx4 severely delayed both transcriptional activation of hox genes during the initiation phase, and the anterior‐ward expansion of hox expression domains during the establishment phase. In contrast, in the trunk mesoderm, loss of Cdx4 only delayed the hox initiation phase. Conclusions: These results indicate that Cdx4 differentially regulates the transcription of head, trunk and tail hox genes. In the trunk, Cdx4 conveys spatial positional information to axial tissues primarily by regulating the time of hox gene transcriptional activation during the initiation phase. Developmental Dynamics 244:1564–1573, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hspa9 is required for pronephros specification and formation in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Gassié Lionel , Lombard Aude , Moraldi Tiphanie , Bibonne Anne , Leclerc Catherine , Moreau Marc , Marlier Arnaud , Gilbert Thierry
Published: September 2015

Background: Development of the pronephros in Xenopus laevis is largely dependent on retinoic acid signaling at the time of kidney field specification with the simultaneous occurrence of a necessary calcium signaling. At the crossroads of these two signaling pathways, we studied the role of Hspa9 (heat shock 70 kDa protein 9) encoding a mitochondrial chaperone in pronephros development. Results: We first showed that Hspa9 is highly expressed in the pronephros territory and elongating nephric duct. We then observed that upon reduced retinoic acid signaling hspa9 expression was reduced as pax8 and pax2. Overexpression of hspa9 enlarged the pax8 positive pronephros territory, leading to a larger pronephric tubule. Loss of function of hspa9 in the kidney field using morpholino approach severely reduced pax8 expression and pronephros formation. Phenotypic rescue was achieved by co‐injection of the full‐length murine Hspa9 mRNA. However, no rescue was observed when Hspa9 mRNA lacking the mitochondrial‐targeting sequence was injected, as this truncated form is able to interfere with pronephros formation when injected solely. Conclusions: Hspa9 is an important mediator for pronephros development through modulation of pax8. Mitochondrial functions of hspa9 are likely to be involved in specification of pronephric cell fate. Developmental Dynamics 244:1538–1549, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impaired Driving Performance as Evidence of a Magnocellular Deficit in Dyslexia and Visual Stress
Authors: Fisher Carri , Chekaluk Eugene , Irwin Julia
Published: September 2015

High comorbidity and an overlap in symptomology have been demonstrated between dyslexia and visual stress. Several researchers have hypothesized an underlying or causal influence that may account for this relationship. The magnocellular theory of dyslexia proposes that a deficit in visuo‐temporal processing can explain symptomology for both disorders. If the magnocellular theory holds true, individuals who experience symptomology for these disorders should show impairment on a visuo‐temporal task, such as driving. Eighteen male participants formed the sample for this study. Self‐report measures assessed dyslexia and visual stress symptomology as well as participant IQ. Participants completed a drive simulation in which errors in response to road signs were measured. Bivariate correlations revealed significant associations between scores on measures of dyslexia and visual stress. Results also demonstrated that self‐reported symptomology predicts magnocellular impairment as measured by performance on a driving task. Results from this study suggest that a magnocellular deficit offers a likely explanation for individuals who report high symptomology across both conditions. While conclusions about the impact of these disorders on driving performance should not be derived from this research alone, this study provides a platform for the development of future research, utilizing a clinical population and on‐road driving assessment techniques. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.