bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Do People With Diabetes Describe Their Experiences in Primary Care? Evidence From 85,760 Patients With Self-reported Diabetes From the English General Practice Patient Survey
Authors: Paddison Charlotte A.M. , Saunders Catherine L. , Abel Gary A. , Payne Rupert A. , Adler Amanda I. , Graffy Jonathan P. , Roland Martin O.
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE

Developing primary care is an important current health policy goal in the U.S. and England. Information on patients’ experience can help to improve the care of people with diabetes. We describe the experiences of people with diabetes in primary care and examine how these experiences vary with increasing comorbidity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using data from 906,578 responders to the 2012 General Practice Patient Survey (England), including 85,760 with self-reported diabetes, we used logistic regressions controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status to analyze patient experience using seven items covering three domains of primary care: access, continuity, and communication.

RESULTS

People with diabetes were significantly more likely to report better experience on six out of seven primary care items than people without diabetes after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (adjusted differences 0.88–3.20%; odds ratios [ORs] 1.07–1.18; P < 0.001). Those with diabetes and additional comorbid long-term conditions were more likely to report worse experiences, particularly for access to primary care appointments (patients with diabetes alone compared with patients without diabetes: OR 1.22 [95% CI 1.17–1.28] and patients with diabetes plus three or more conditions compared with patients without diabetes: OR 0.87 [95% CI 0.83–0.91]).

CONCLUSIONS

People with diabetes in England report primary care experiences that are at least as good as those without diabetes for most domains of care. However, improvements in primary care are needed for diabetes patients with comorbid long-term conditions, including better access to appointments and improved communication.
On the Run: A Coach's Perspective
Authors: Byrne Mick
Published: October 2014

As part of JOSPT's October 2014 special issue on running, 32-time Coach of the Year honoree Mick Byrne provides his perspective on running. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(10):729–730. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.0115
Quantitative Atomistic Simulations of Reactive and Non-Reactive Processes
Authors: Meuwly Markus
Published: October 2014

The interpretation of physico-chemical observables in terms of atomic motions is one of the primary objectives of atomistic simulations. Trajectories from a molecular simulation contain much valuable information about the relationship between motion of the atoms and physical observables
related to them, provided that the interactions used to generate the trajectories are of sufficiently high quality. On the other hand, many experimental observables are averages over a large number of physical realizations of the system. Thus, a statistically large number of trajectories needs
to be generated and analyzed in order to provide a meaningful basis for comparison with and interpretation of experiments. The preferred computational approach which allows such extensive averaging while retaining the quantitative aspects of the intermolecular interactions are accurate force
field-based molecular dynamics simulations. This contribution provides an overview of our group's current technological improvements in force field technology and its application to fundamental physico-chemical questions.
Coping with Polypharmacology by Computational Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Schneider Gisbert , Reker Daniel , Rodrigues Tiago , Schneider Petra
Published: October 2014

Predicting the macromolecular targets of drug-like molecules has become everyday practice in medicinal chemistry. We present an overview of our recent research activities in the area of polypharmacology-guided drug design. A focus is put on the self-organizing map (SOM) as a tool for
compound clustering and visualization. We show how the SOM can be efficiently used for target-panel prediction, drug re-purposing, and the design of focused compound libraries. We also present the concept of virtual organic synthesis in combination with quantitative estimates of ligand-receptor
binding, which we used for de novo designing target-selective ligands. We expect these and related approaches to enable the future discovery of personalized medicines.
An alternative method for phase-unwrapping of interferometric data
Authors: de la Rosa-Miranda E. , Gonzalez-Ramirez E. , Villa-Hernández J. J. , Berriel-Valdos L. R. , Olvera-Olvera C. , de la Rosa-Vargas J. I. , Saucedo-Anaya T. , Arceo Olague J. G. , Alaniz-Lumbreras D. , Castaño V. M.
Published: October 2014

In this paper we present a novel algorithm for phase unwrapping where only a subset of data from the wrapped phase map is used to reconstruct the unwrapped phase map as a linear combination of radial basis functions (RBF’s). For noisy phase maps this algorithm gives better results than three reference algorithms based on radial basis functions, Zernike polynomials and path dependent phase unwrapping strategies.
2 × 20 Gbps - 40 GHz OFDM Ro-FSO transmission with mode division multiplexing
Authors: Amphawan A. , Chaudhary S. , Chan V.W.S.
Published: October 2014

Radio-over-Free-Space-Optics (Ro-FSO) is a promising technology for future wireless networks. In this work, we have designed a hybrid orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Ro-FSO system for transmission of two independent channels by mode division multiplexing. Two independent 40 GHz radio signals are optically modulated at 20Gbps by mode division multiplexing of two laser modes LG00 and LG10 and transmitted over a free-space link of 20 km to 100 km. The performance of proposed Ro-FSO system is also evaluated under the effect of strong atmospheric turbulences.
Truncation of the series expressions in the advanced ENZ-theory of diffraction integrals
Authors: van Haver S. , Janssen A. J. E. M.
Published: October 2014

The point-spread function (PSF) is used in optics for design and assessment of the imaging capabilities of an optical system. It is therefore of vital importance that this PSF can be calculated fast and accurately. In the past 12 years, the Extended Nijboer-Zernike (ENZ) approach has been developed for the purpose of semi-analytic evaluation of the PSF, for circularly symmetric optical systems, in the focal region. In the earliest ENZ-years, the Debye approximation of the diffraction integral, by which the PSF is given, was considered for the very basic situation of a low-NA optical system and relatively small defocus values, so that a scalar treatment was allowed with a focal factor comprising a quadratic function in the exponential. At present, the ENZ-method allows calculation of the PSF in low- and high-NA cases, in scalar form and for vector fields (including polarization), for large wave-front aberrations, including amplitude non-uniformities, using a quasi-spherical phase focal factor in a virtually unlimited focal range around the focal plane, and no limitations in the off-axis direction. Additionally, the application range of the method has been broadened and generalized to the calculation of aerial images of extended objects by including the finite distance of the object to the entrance pupil. Also imaging into a multi-layer is now possible by accounting for both forward and backward propagation in the layers.

In the advanced ENZ-approach, the generalized, complex-valued pupil function is developed into a series of Zernike circle polynomials, with exponential azimuthal dependence (having cosine/sine azimuthal dependence as special cases). For each Zernike term, the diffraction integral reduces after azimuthal integration to an integral that can be expressed as an infinite double series involving spherical Bessel functions, accounting for the parameters of the optical system and the defocus value, and Jinc functions comprising the radial off-axis value. The contribution of the present paper is the formulation of truncation rules for these double series expressions, with a general rule valid for all circle polynomials at the same time, and a dedicated rule that takes into account the degree and the azimuthal order of the involved circle polynomials to significantly reduce computational cost in specific cases. The truncation rules are based on effective bounds and asymptotics (of the Debye type) for the mentioned spherical Bessel functions and Jinc functions, and show feasibility of computation of practically all diffraction integrals that one encounters in the ENZ-practice. Thus it can be said that the advanced ENZ-theory is more or less completed from the computational point of view by the achievements of the present paper.
Quantitative characterization of super-resolution infrared imaging based on time-varying focal plane coding
Authors: Wang X. , Yuan Y. , Zhang J. , Chen Y. , Cheng Y.
Published: October 2014

High resolution infrared image has been the goal of an infrared imaging system. In this paper, a super-resolution infrared imaging method using time-varying coded mask is proposed based on focal plane coding and compressed sensing theory. The basic idea of this method is to set a coded mask on the focal plane of the optical system, and the same scene could be sampled many times repeatedly by using time-varying control coding strategy, the super-resolution image is further reconstructed by sparse optimization algorithm. The results of simulation are quantitatively evaluated by introducing the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), which illustrate that the effect of compressed measurement coefficient r and coded mask resolution m on the reconstructed image quality. Research results show that the proposed method will promote infrared imaging quality effectively, which will be helpful for the practical design of new type of high resolution infrared imaging systems.
Multilevel Factor Analysis by Model Segregation
Authors: Schweig Jonathan
Published: October 2014

Measures of classroom environments have become central to policy efforts that assess school and teacher quality. This has sparked a wide interest in using multilevel factor analysis to test measurement hypotheses about classroom-level variables. One approach partitions the total covariance matrix and tests models separately on the between-classroom and within-classroom levels. This article shows that when using this approach, robust test statistics, including rescaled and residual-based test statistics provide better inferences about the classroom-level measurement structure than the widely used likelihood ratio test statistic even when the number of classrooms is large, and there is no excess kurtosis in the observed variables. This article then presents an empirical example and a simulation study to demonstrate how item intraclass correlations and within-group sample sizes influence test statistic performance. The results have implications for the study of classroom environments.
Modeling Heterogeneous Variance–Covariance Components in Two-Level Models
Authors: Leckie George , French Robert , Charlton Chris , Browne William
Published: October 2014

Applications of multilevel models to continuous outcomes nearly always assume constant residual variance and constant random effects variances and covariances. However, modeling heterogeneity of variance can prove a useful indicator of model misspecification, and in some educational and behavioral studies, it may even be of direct substantive interest. The purpose of this article is to review, describe, and illustrate a set of recent extensions to two-level models that allow the residual and random effects variance–covariance components to be specified as functions of predictors. These predictors can then be entered with random coefficients to allow the Level-1 heteroscedastic relationships to vary across Level-2 units. We demonstrate by simulation that ignoring Level-2 variability in residual variances leads the Level-1 variance function regression coefficients to be estimated with spurious precision. We discuss software options for fitting these extensions, and we illustrate them by reanalyzing the classic High School and Beyond data and two-level school effects models presented by Raudenbush and Bryk.
Design-Comparable Effect Sizes in Multiple Baseline Designs
Authors: Pustejovsky James E. , Hedges Larry V. , Shadish William R.
Published: October 2014

In single-case research, the multiple baseline design is a widely used approach for evaluating the effects of interventions on individuals. Multiple baseline designs involve repeated measurement of outcomes over time and the controlled introduction of a treatment at different times for different individuals. This article outlines a general framework for defining effect sizes in multiple baseline designs that are directly comparable to the standardized mean difference from a between-subjects randomized experiment. The target, design-comparable effect size parameter can be estimated using restricted maximum likelihood together with a small sample correction analogous to Hedges’s g. The approach is demonstrated using hierarchical linear models that include baseline time trends and treatment-by-time interactions. A simulation compares the performance of the proposed estimator to that of an alternative, and an application illustrates the model-fitting process.
Chemical Composition, Anti-neuraminidase, and Anti-atherogenic Activities of the Essential Oil from two Varieties of Alpinia zerumbet Leaves
Authors: Upadhyay Atul , Chompoo Jamnian , Ahmad Rizwan , Tawata Shinkichi , Pieters Luc
Published: October 2014

The present study describes the chemical composition and neuraminidase (NA) enzyme inhibition and anti-atherogenic properties of the essential oils (EO) of two varieties of Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia) leaves. A total of forty eight compounds were identified using GC-MS studies, which showed that tairin variety contained more compounds than shima variety. The EO inhibited NA in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 41.5 ± 2.7 and 62.3 ± 3.1 μg/ml for tairin and shima varieties, respectively. Furthermore, the kinetic studies of NA inhibitions revealed that tairin EO exhibited slow, time-dependent and mixed type of inhibitions. It seems that the minor components of tairin EO have better inhibitory properties. In order to assess the anti-atherogenic activities of EO, inhibitions of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were investigated. The results also showed that tairin EO had better activities against 15-LOX and LDL oxidation (IC50 = 235 ± 7, and 133 ± 3 g/ml), than shima EO (IC50 = 465 ± 12, and 195 ± 5 μg/ml). Finally, the acute toxicity analysis using Caenorhabditis elegans showed that LC50 values were more than 2500 μg/ml. These findings suggest that tairin EO could be a possible candidate for further investigations in search for bioactive compounds against neuraminidase. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10563   J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (22-30), 2012
Study on Use of Naked Barley (Hordeum vulgare var. Solu Uwa) Malt and Mold Bran as Enzyme Source for Preparation of Whisky
Authors: Acharya Dev Raj , Adhikari Babita
Published: October 2014

Naked barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) of Solu uwa variety having highest &beta-amylase activity (645 unit/gdm), total soluble solid and fermentable nitrogen germinated at 15 ºC for 96 h and mold bran prepared from Aspergillus oryzae in wheat bran isolated from murcha having highest α-amylase activity (904 unit/gdm) incubated at 30 ºC for 168h were selected as enzyme source. Mold bran, naked barley malt and white maize flour (undertailed through 1.18×1.18 mesh size as substrate) were mixed to prepare four samples: 15% naked barley malt+ 85% maize flour (Sample A), 15% mold bran + 85% maize  our (Sample B), 10% naked barley malt + 5% mold bran + 85% maize  flour ( Sample C) and 5% naked barley malt+ 10% mold bran + 85% maize (Sample D). All samples were mashed separately to prepared wort, fermented using brewery yeast (Saccharomyes cerevisiae) to prepare beer and distilled to prepare whisky and compared with wort, beer and whisky prepared from mixture of 15% commercial barley malt and 85% maize  our (Sample E). Total soluble solid, specific gravity, real extract, apparent extract, fusel oil, aldehyde, esters, titrable acidity, volatile acidity contents and sensory scores with respect to  avor, mouthfeel after taste and overall acceptability were significantly better (p<0.05) in sample A than other samples B, C and D but comparable with sample E whereas fermentable nitrogen, viscosity, alcohol, original extract contents and real degree of fermentation were found signi cantly better in sample B. However, sensory scores of samples were signi cantly lower ( p< 0.05) in all samples than market whisky (Signature). Hence, without scarifying chemical and sensory scores sample D can be used to prepare whisky commercially. But harsh and pungent characteristics can be improved by maturation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10597   J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (44-51), 2012
Optimization of Physical Parameters for Cereals-Pulses Combination Based Extrudates Using Sequential Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Garg Sanjeev Kumar , Singh Daya Shankar
Published: October 2014

Plant proteins in the form of flour, grits etc. are not in the palatable form as such due to lack of meat like texture, flavour and appearance. Thus the present need exists to prepare a palatable inexpensive vegetable based high protein foods. The extrusion cooking process converts the protein in its amorphous defatted flour form to fibrous structures. An extruded snack from Bengal gram brokens-sorghum blends was prepared by using Wenger X-5 extruder. The properties of the extrudates were studied at three different moisture levels (15, 20 and 25% w.b.) and three levels of barrel temperature (80, 90 and 100°C) with 5 levels of blending ratio of Bengal gram brokens-sorghum blends (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%). All the physical parameters were optimized to have the best quality extrudates by RSM. The best quality extruded snack was obtained at 80°C barrel temperature, 15% moisture content of feed and 10% blending ratio followed by 15% moisture content of feed and 10% blending ratio at 100°C barrel temperature. Texture analysis of the optimized extrudate was also done for crispiness test and hardness test to have an idea of the resistance that the snack may offer on first bite to the consumer. The maximum value of crispness and minimum hardness was obtained at 15% moisture content, 100°C temperature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10607 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (61-63), 2012
Formulation of High Fiber Breakfast Food and Estimation of its Functional Qualities
Authors: Sharma Sabitri , Paudyal Bhupendra
Published: October 2014

This study aims to develop high fiber breakfast food rich in nutritional and functional components (β-glucan, antioxidants, and insoluble fiber) and identify the future possibilities of commercial product. Based on the 15 days survey carried out on Kathmandu, an optimum formulation (86% cereal, 5% nuts, 7% dried fruits and 2% pumpkin seed) of product was found at first 3 trails. Formulated sample was found to be superior in terms of nutritional qualities (protein %- 13.82±0.67, crude fiber %- 7.8±0.96, β-glucan%- 3.13±0.35, total polyphenol GAE- 458.33±10.4) and sensory qualities (color, flavor, size, shape, texture, overall acceptance) than market sample (Protein%- 12.39±1.54, crude fiber%- 5.18±0.9, β-glucan%- 1.18±0.07, total polyphenol GAE- 163.3±58.6). The product was further developed by varying processing methods (germinating, non-germinating wheat and instant (60°C) and gradual drying (50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 70°C)). Formulation having germinated wheat and instant dried (60°C) was found to be superior in terms of color, texture,  avor and overall acceptance. The product was further subjected to chemical and functional analysis, cost analysis (Rs.42), microbiological analysis (TPC-1.8x103, Yeast count- 400cfu/g, Mold count- 300cfu/g), storage stability test (aw=0.113). Statistical analysis showed no significance difference among products of varying drying pattern but difference among germinated and non-germinated products. Consumer perceptibility test showed 64% of the consumer accepted muesli as the best product than commercial breakfast cereals. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10612   J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (76-80), 2012
Millet (Eleusine coracana) Flour Fortification in Composite Bread
Authors: Subedi Ishwar , Harnisch Christina , Kater Gerhard , Adhikari Tulashi
Published: October 2014

Composite bread prepared by wheat our (550 types, moisture 10.85%) and millet (Eleusine coracana) flour (moisture 10.8%) were determined to evaluate bread qualities by 2 methods. The first method included application of raw millet flour, where as the second methods included cooked (gelatinized) millet flour before baking. The breads were named as (0MB) only from wheat flour followed by (10CCMB), (20CCMB) and (30CCMB) using 10, 20 and 30 % coarse (669µm) cooked millet flour respectively where as (10FCMB) and (10FUMB) were named as fine (431µm) sized millet flour. The former was gelatinized where as the later wasn’t. These composite breads were made from a blend of 90, 80 and 70 parts of wheat flour with 10, 20 and 30 parts of millet flour respectively. The bread with 10, 20 and 30% composite flour were similar in crumb porosity, texture, smell and taste where as 30% millet flour had higher dough and bread yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10614  J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (86-89), 2012
Effect of Pasteurization Temperature on the Quality of Goat Cheese
Authors: Gutung Smita , Sah Baidya Nath Prasad
Published: October 2014

The research was carried to study quality and yield of goat cheese by varying pasteurisation conditions; 63°C for 30min (Sample A), 80°C for 10min (Sample B) and 90°C for 60sec (Sample C). Titrable acidity, pH, moisture, fat, protein and ash, total plate count, Coliform count of goat milk, cheese samples A, B, and C were measured. There were fat recoveries of 67.23%, 67.72%, and 70.15% while protein recoveries of 71.15%, 66.88, and 69.32 respectively in the samples A, B, and C. The samples A, B, and C had moisture content of 59.72%, 63.15%, and 64.3%. The samples were subjected to sensory evaluation in term of color, flavor, texture, taste and overall acceptability on a 9-point hedonic rating scale. The data obtained were analysed statistically (p<0.05). Sample C was ranked the best. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10616 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (93-97), 2012
A Study on Standard of Buffalo Meat Hygiene in Dharan
Authors: Adhikari Bhaskar Mani , Subedi Rajendra Prasad , Subba Dilip
Published: October 2014

Hygiene standard of buffalo meat in Dharan was assessed by microbiological analyses and field survey method. Ten samples of buffalo meat, knives, chopping board and hands of butchers were examined for total plate count (TPC), total coliforms, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Shigella. Average of TPC, Coliforms, E. coli and S. aureus counts in meat were 3.59×107, 2.06×104, 1.69×103 and 9.67×103 cfu/g respectively. Salmonella was detected in 80% samples and all samples were Shigella positive. The average TPC count of chopping board, knives and hands were found to be 3.15×104, 3.47×103 and 2.01×104 cfu/ cm2 respectively. The average Coliform, E. coli and S. aureus counts of chopping board were found to be 1.11×103, 9.8× 101 and 6.2×102 cfu/cm2. The average Coliform, E. coli and S. aureus counts of knives were found to be 1.31×103, 1.66×102 and 2.83×102 cfu/cm2. The average Coliform, E. coli and S. aureus counts of the palms of butchers were found to be 1.95×103, 1.66×102 and 1.77×102 cfu/cm2. Two chopping boards, three knives and three hands were found Salmonella free. Five chopping boards, three knives and two hands were detected for Shigella. The field survey of 31 meat shops showed that the hygiene condition of meat sold in Dharan was found unsatisfactory. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10617   J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (99-101), 2012
Importance of Goat Milk
Authors: Bhattarai Rewati Raman
Published: October 2014

Goats are important component of livestock industry having adaptability to harsh climates which make them suitable for landless and marginal farmers. The contribution of goats in supplying milk and milk products is high and it has significant role in rural economy and health. Goat milk contains higher amount of Ca, Mg and P than cow and human milk. Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) which are more in goat milk have been recognized as unique lipid with unique health benefits. The soft curd of goat milk may be an advantage for adult humans suffering from gastrointestinal disturbances and ulcers. Goat milk is recommended for infants, old and convalescent people. The consumer acceptance of goat milk and its products is reported to be excellent. Goat cheese production in Nepal is coming up in a big way which will prove to be a boon to Nepalese cheese industry. Despite this fact, goat has remained neglected in research and development. Universally recognized as ‘poor man’s cow’, goat now has to be fully exploited to get maximum benefits, particularly meat, milk and milk products having medicinal values. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.11209   J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (107-111), 2012
Sweetest Protein -Thaumatin
Authors: Dahal Nawa Raj , Xu XM
Published: October 2014

Thaumatin, commercially available under the trade name Talin, is known as a sweetest compound (100,000 times sweeter than sucrose on molar basis) which can be used not only as a sweetener but also as a flavor enhancer. This sweetener is a protein found in plant Thaumatococcus daniellii. Biotechnology has also seen as alternative method of production of thaumatin. The plant source of this protein is limited and very expensive. Although the sweetener is the sweetest one, its application is not so common because of its liquorice taste and delayed sweetness. This article reviews brie y on the property, production, application and safety aspects of Thaumatin which is known as a sweetest compound till date. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.11210 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (112-118), 2012
Crime Specialization in Rural British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Carleton Rebecca , Brantingham Patricia L. , Brantingham Paul J.
Published: October 2014

The article presents an argument for supplementing traditional crime rates with crime location quotients (LQC) for purposes of explaining crime patterns within rural environments. Although largely ignored in the past, the over-representation of rural violence requires assessment for crime reduction purposes. Focusing on property and violent offences distributed across the Canadian province of British Columbia, there is a sharp divide in terms of the distribution of specific types of crime that reflects the possibility of an urban–rural difference in terms of crime causation. This article demonstrates that, in British Columbia, rural areas might be considered to be areas that specialize in violent offending.
Ontario parents' opinions and attitudes towards sexual health education in the schools
Authors: McKay Alexander , Byers E. Sandra , Voyer Susan D. , Humphreys Terry P. , Markham Chris
Published: October 2014

This study examined the opinions and attitudes of Ontario parents regarding school-based sexual health education (SHE). Results are based on surveys from 1002 parents with children attending publically funded elementary or secondary schools in Ontario, Canada. A large majority (87%) of parents strongly agreed or agreed that SHE should be provided in school and 84% believed that SHE should start by middle school. All 13 sexual health topics posed to parents were rated as important or very important to teach. These topics included puberty, abstinence, methods of contraception, sexually transmitted infections, skills for healthy relationships, communication skills, sexual orientation, and media literacy. Parents rated themselves, doctors and nurses, and the school system as the most competent sources of SHE. Parents also indicated that it is important for their children to learn from an up-to-date SHE curriculum. There were some small differences in the attitudes of mothers and fathers; however, parents with children in public and separate Catholic schools did not significantly differ in their support for SHE in the schools. This study confirms past research from across Canada indicating that there is strong and sustained parental support for broadly-based SHE in the schools.
Teaching Veterinary Anesthesia and Surgery: The Impact of Instructor Availability on Anesthesia, Operative, and Recovery Times in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy or Castration
Authors: Freeman Lynetta J. , Huse David , Lee Rebecca , Inoue Tomo , Weil Ann B. , Constable Peter D.
Published: October 2014

Veterinary students learning to perform elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and castration procedures have traditionally been taught by a few instructors supervising many student groups simultaneously. This study, using a historical control group, explored the impacts of having a dedicated instructor with each student group for anesthetic induction and an entire surgical procedure. Our hypothesis was that preparation, surgical, and anesthesia times would be shorter and, consequently, post-operative recovery times would be shorter with a dedicated instructor compared to traditional methods. Anesthesia records of dogs undergoing elective surgery by third-year veterinary students were reviewed over 3 consecutive years. Traditional instruction was used in year 1 (Y1), and a dedicated instructor per student group was used in year 2 (Y2) and year 3 (Y3). Anesthesia time, surgical time, recovery time, and pre- and post-operative rectal temperature were analyzed, and a stepwise regression model was developed for factors influencing recovery time. Of 206 records reviewed (Y1, 33; Y2, 98; Y3, 75), there were 101 OVH procedures and 105 castration procedures. Preparation, surgery, and anesthesia times were longer in animals undergoing surgery in Y1, when the traditional instruction method was used. Recovery time was not influenced by instructor assignment. Using dedicated instructors to teach OVH and castration to third-year veterinary students decreased overall anesthesia time by 36 to 49 minutes for OVH and 29 to 32 minutes for castration. A teaching model of dedicated instructors requires excellent coordination between surgeons and anesthesiologists to ensure that a similar number of animals can undergo procedures in the time allotted for teaching.
Endoscopic endonasal resection of skull base meningiomas: the significance of a “cortical cuff” and brain edema compared with careful case selection and surgical experience in predicting morbidity and extent of resection
Authors: Khan Osaama H. , M.Sc.  , Anand Vijay K. , Schwartz Theodore H.
Published: October 2014

Object

This paper describes a consecutive series of skull base meningiomas resected using an endoscopic endonasal approach through various corridors at a single institution over 7 years. The impact of case selection and experience, the presence of a cortical cuff between the tumor and surrounding vessels, and brain edema on morbidity and rates of gross-total resection (GTR) were examined.

Methods

A retrospective review of a series of 46 skull base meningiomas from a prospective database was conducted. The series of cases were divided by location: olfactory groove (n = 15), tuberculum and planum (n = 20), sellar/cavernous (n = 9) and petroclival (n = 2). Gross-total resection was never intended in the sellar/cavernous tumors, which generally invaded the cavernous sinus. Clinical charts, volumetric imaging, and pathology were reviewed to assess the extent of resection and complications. Cases were divided based on a time point in which surgical technique and case selection improved into Group 1 (surgery prior to June 2008; n = 21) and Group 2 (surgery after June 2008; n = 25) and into those with and without a cortical cuff and with and without brain edema.

Results

Improved case selection had the greatest impact on extent of resection. For the entire cohort, rates of GTR went from 38% to 76% (p = 0.02), and for cases in which GTR was the intent, the rates went from 63% to 84% (not significant), which was mostly driven by the planum and tuberculum meningiomas, which went from 75% to 91.7 % (nonsignificant difference). The presence of a cortical cuff and brain edema had no impact on outcomes. There were 3 CSF leaks (6.5%) but all were in Group 1. Hence, CSF leak improved from 14.2% to 0% with surgical experience. Lessons learned for optimal case selection are discussed.

Conclusions

Surgical outcome for endonasal endoscopic resection of skull base meningiomas depends mostly on careful case selection and surgical experience. Imaging criteria such as the presence of a cortical cuff or brain edema are less important.
Pediatric brainstem hemorrhages after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Beier Alexandra D. , Dirks Peter B.
Published: October 2014

Traumatic brain injuries afflict a large number of pediatric patients. The most severe injuries lead to increased intracranial pressure and herniation, with resultant changes in the brainstem. Traumatic brainstem hemorrhages have previously been associated with poor neurological outcome and fatality. However, this report discusses 2 pediatric patients who sustained severe head trauma with subsequent brainstem hemorrhages, and yet experienced good neurological outcome; the possible mechanism is described.
Prefrontal hemodynamic responses and the degree of flow experience among occupational therapy students during their performance of a cognitive task
Authors: Hirao Kazuki
Published: October 2014

Purpose: Although flow experience is positively associated with motivation to learn, the biological basis of flow experience is poorly understood. Accumulation of evidence on the underlying brain mechanisms related to flow is necessary for a deeper understanding of the motivation to learn. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between flow experience and brain function using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during the performance of a cognitive task. Methods: Sixty right-handed occupational therapy (OT) students participated in this study. These students performed a verbal fluency test (VFT) while 2-channel NIRS was used to assess changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (oxygenated hemoglobin [oxy-Hb]) in the prefrontal cortex. Soon after that, the OT students answered the flow questionnaire (FQ) to assess the degree of flow experience during the VFT. Results: Average oxy-Hb in the prefrontal cortex had a significant negative correlation with the satisfaction scores on the FQ. Conclusion: Satisfaction during the flow experience correlated with prefrontal hemodynamic suppression. This finding may assist in understanding motivation to learn and related flow experience.
“A Dissertation on Swallows” with comments on their migration by the eighteenth-century Maryland naturalist, Henry Callister
Authors: Lawler Ellen M. , Rubin Sarah A.
Published: October 2014

In 1761, Maryland merchant and amateur naturalist, Henry Callister wrote “A Dissertation on Swallows” in response to five questions posed by a Dr Chandler. His accounts of eight Maryland species include accurate descriptions of behaviour as well as external anatomy. His brief description of the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) may be one of the earliest accounts of this species. On the disappearance of swallows in winter, a topic of debate in the eighteenth century, Callister cited a number of reasons why he concluded that migration rather than hibernation was the explanation for this phenomenon. He noted differences in the habits of similar species in America and Europe and commented on the use of chimneys for nesting by chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica), and the fact that some birds incorporated human-made fibres in their nests. These observations led him to conclude that, similar to humans, non-human species are capable of adapting to their environment, an idea remarkably advanced for his time. There is no evidence that Callister's dissertation reached its intended destination which may have been Reverend Dr Samuel Chandler, a Fellow of the Royal Society of London at that time. But this document demonstrates that Henry Callister was an enthusiastic and perceptive observer of nature and that he had the ability to use his observations to develop general concepts and a deeper understanding of the world around him.
Seeking Balance in Motion: The Role of Spontaneous Free Play in Promoting Social and Emotional Health in Early Childhood Care and Education
Authors: Hewes Jane
Published: October 2014

There is accumulating scientific evidence of the potential of play and playfulness to enhance human capacity to respond to adversity and cope with the stresses of everyday life. In play we build a repertoire of adaptive, flexible responses to unexpected events, in an environment separated from the real consequences of those events. Playfulness helps us maintain social and emotional equilibrium in times of rapid change and stress. Through play, we experience flow—A feeling of being taken to another place, out of time, where we have controlled of the world. This paper argues that spontaneous free play, controlled and directed by children and understood from the child’s perspective, contributes to children’s subjective experience of well-being, building a foundation for life-long social and emotional health. The paradoxical nature of young children’s spontaneous free play is explored. Adaptability, control, flexibility, resilience and balance result from the experience of uncertainty, unpredictability, novelty and non-productivity. These essential dimensions of young children’s spontaneous free play typically produce play which is experienced by adults as chaotic, nonsensical and disruptive. The article concludes with a preliminary discussion of the challenges and possibilities of providing for spontaneous free play indoors, in early childhood care and education programs.
Understanding How Organized Youth Sport May Be Harming Individual Players within the Family Unit: A Literature Review
Authors: Bean Corliss , Fortier Michelle , Post Courtney , Chima Karam
Published: October 2014

Within the United States, close to 45 million youths between the ages of 6 and 18 participate in some form of organized sports. While recent reviews have shown the positive effects of youth sport participation on youth health, there are also several negative factors surrounding the youth sport environment. To date, a comprehensive review of the negative physical and psychological effects of organized sport on youth has not been done and little thus far has documented the effect organized sport has on other players within a family, particularly on parents and siblings. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of studies on the negative effects of organized sport on the youth athlete and their parents and siblings. Articles were found by searching multiple databases (Physical Education Index and Sociology, Psychology databases (Proquest), SPORTDiscus and Health, History, Management databases (EBSCOhost), Science, Social Science, Arts and Humanities on Web of Science (ISI), SCOPUS and Scirus (Elsevier). Results show the darker side of organized sport for actors within the family unit. A model is proposed to explain under which circumstances sport leads to positive versus negative outcomes, ideas for future research are drawn and recommendations are made to optimize the youth sport experience and family health.
New Water-Soluble Carbamate Ester Derivatives of Resveratrol
Authors: Mattarei Andrea , Carraro Massimo , Azzolini Michele , Paradisi Cristina , Zoratti Mario , Biasutto Lucia
Published: October 2014

Low bioavailability severely hinders exploitation of the biomedical potential of resveratrol. Extensive phase-II metabolism and poor water solubility contribute to lowering the concentrations of resveratrol in the bloodstream after oral administration. Prodrugs may provide a solution—protection of the phenolic functions hinders conjugative metabolism and can be exploited to modulate the physicochemical properties of the compound. We report here the synthesis and characterization of carbamate ester derivatives of resveratrol bearing on each nitrogen atom a methyl group and either a methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-350 (mPEG-350) or a butyl-glucosyl promoiety conferring high water solubility. Ex vivo absorption studies revealed that the butyl-glucosyl conjugate, unlike the mPEG-350 one, is able to permeate the intestinal wall. In vivo pharmacokinetics confirmed absorption after oral administration and showed that no hydrolysis of the carbamate groups takes place. Thus, sugar groups can be attached to resveratrol to obtain soluble derivatives maintaining to some degree the ability to permeate biomembranes, perhaps by facilitated or active transport.
Cascading Multi-Hop Reservation and Transmission in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Authors: Lee Jae-Won , Cho Ho-Shin
Published: October 2014

The long propagation delay in an underwater acoustic channel makes designing an underwater media access control (MAC) protocol more challenging. In particular, handshaking-based MAC protocols widely used in terrestrial radio channels have been known to be inappropriate in underwater acoustic channels, because of the inordinately large latency involved in exchanging control packets. Furthermore, in the case of multi-hop relaying in a hop-by-hop handshaking manner, the end-to-end delay significantly increases. In this paper, we propose a new MAC protocol named cascading multi-hop reservation and transmission (CMRT). In CMRT, intermediate nodes between a source and a destination may start handshaking in advance for the next-hop relaying before handshaking for the previous node is completed. By this concurrent relaying, control packet exchange and data delivery cascade down to the destination. In addition, to improve channel utilization, CMRT adopts a packet-train method where multiple data packets are sent together by handshaking once. Thus, CMRT reduces the time taken for control packet exchange and accordingly increases the throughput. The performance of CMRT is evaluated and compared with that of two conventional MAC protocols (multiple-access collision avoidance for underwater (MACA-U) and MACA-U with packet trains (MACA-UPT)). The results show that CMRT outperforms other MAC protocols in terms of both throughput and end-to-end delay.
Distributed RSS-Based Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Second-Order Cone Programming
Authors: Tomic Slavisa , Beko Marko , Dinis Rui
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we propose a new approach based on convex optimization to address the received signal strength (RSS)-based cooperative localization problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). By using iterative procedures and measurements between two adjacent nodes in the network exclusively, each target node determines its own position locally. The localization problem is formulated using the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion, since ML-based solutions have the property of being asymptotically efficient. To overcome the non-convexity of the ML optimization problem, we employ the appropriate convex relaxation technique leading to second-order cone programming (SOCP). Additionally, a simple heuristic approach for improving the convergence of the proposed scheme for the case when the transmit power is known is introduced. Furthermore, we provide details about the computational complexity and energy consumption of the considered approaches. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing ones in terms of the estimation accuracy for more than 1:5 m. Moreover, the new approach requires a lower number of iterations to converge, and consequently, it is likely to preserve energy in all presented scenarios, in comparison to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Recycled Urban Wastewater for Irrigation of Jatropha curcas L. in Abandoned Agricultural Arid Land
Authors: Dorta-Santos María , Tejedor Marisa , Jiménez Concepción , Hernández-Moreno Jose , Palacios-Díaz M. , Díaz Francisco
Published: October 2014

In a global context in which obtaining new energy sources is of paramount importance, the production of biodiesel from plant crops is a potentially viable alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Among the species used to produce the raw material for biodiesel, Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) has enjoyed increased popularity in recent years, due partly to its ability to grow in degraded zones and under arid and semi-arid conditions. The present study evaluates the potential for JCL production under irrigation with non-conventional water resources in abandoned agricultural soils of the island of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain), which is one of the most arid parts of the European Union. JCL growth and productivity are compared during the first 39 months of cultivation in two soil types (clay-loam and sandy-loam) and with two irrigation water qualities: recycled urban wastewater (RWW) and desalinated brackish water (DBW). The results indicate that JCL growth (in terms of plant height and stem diameter) was significantly influenced both by soil type and water quality, with better development observed in the sandy-loam soil under RWW irrigation. Productivity, measured as cumulative seed production, was not affected by soil type but was affected by water quality. Production under RWW irrigation was approximately seven times greater than with DBW (mean ~2142 vs. 322 kg·ha−1). The higher nutrient content, especially P, K and Mg, and lower B content of the RWW were found to be key factors in the greater productivity observed under irrigation with this type of water.
INTERTEMPORAL PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION AND HEDGING DEMAND: AN APPLICATION TO SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Vries Esti Van Wyk De , Gupta Rangan , Eyden Reneé Van
Published: October 2014

This paper analyses the intertemporal hedging demand for stocks and bonds in South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis is done using an approximate solution method for the optimal consumption and wealth portfolio problem of an infinitely long-lived investor. Investors are assumed to have Epstein-Zin-Weil-type preferences and face asset returns described by a first-order vector autoregression in returns and state variables. The results show that the mean intertemporal hedging demands for stocks are considerably smaller in SA than in the UK or the US, whilst the mean intertemporal hedging demand for bonds are not significantly different from zero in any of the countries considered. Furthermore, it is found that stocks in the US and the UK do not present a useful hedging opportunity for an investor in SA, nor do SA stocks present a useful hedging opportunity for investors from the UK or the US.