bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Zoning of Modern Educational Complexes
Authors: Kuznetsova A A , Zhdanova I V , Potienko N D
Published: March 2021

This study aims to investigate the current trends in educational facility design both in Russia and abroad. It highlights the existing government programs intended to standardize and regulate the architectural design of educational establishments. The authors identify the specifics of large educational buildings’ functional structure and discuss a tendency towards merging several levels of education into major functional units. Examples of schooling facilities in some foreign countries reaffirm the relevance of multifunctional educational complexes. Different building units are grouped into clusters using communicative public spaces. Conclusions have been drawn as to the importance of larger educational facilities integration into various urban environments. The study systematizes functional units that keep changing during the building’s life cycle and explains the framework behind the functional replacement model. It appears expedient to use this model when designing educational facilities of different capacities.
The Formation of European Settlements in China in the Second Half of the 19th–the First Half of the 20th Century and the Features of Their Development in Manchuria
Authors: Smolianinova T A , Kim A A
Published: March 2021

The article looks at the formation of European settlements in China in the second half of the 19th–the first half of the 20th century. There are three phases of the development of these settlements: the beginning of limited point penetration into China in the middle of the 16th–the middle of the 19th century, the formation of open ports in the middle–the end of the 19 century and “sharing of the Chinese cake” at the end of the 19th–beginning of the 20th centuries. The formation of foreign settlements in Manchuria in the late 19th–first half of the 20th century, where five stages of development are highlighted, is analyzed in more detail. The first period (1897–1905) includes the laying of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) and South Manchuria Railway (SMR) and the formation of the first settlements under Russian control. The second period (1905–1920) includes the transformation of Harbin (the central station of the CER) into an open city and the transition of the SMR under Japanese control, where the active development of Changchun began. The third stage (1920–1932) includes the gradual Japanese expansion in the region and the development of Chinese and foreign presence on the CER. The fourth stage (1932–1945) is characterized by the creation of the puppet state of Japan Manchukuo with the center in Changchun and the gradual extrusion of foreign companies and representative offices from the region. The features of the development of the cities in Manchuria are identified. The formation of new settlements, that are not related to the existing Chinese cities, as well as the formation of a city-planning structure at the early stages of construction by Russian engineers, is highlighted.
“Dragon’s Lair” Feng Shui Landscape Pattern and Its Interpretation in the Context of Urban Planning Practice in Southern Primorye
Authors: Kazantsev P , Marus Y , Movchan E
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the architectural and urban aspect of “Feng Shui” method for assessing landscape and climatic conditions, and the possibility of its use in the South of the Russian Far East. Following the “Feng Shui” rules, setting the distribution of energy on certain landscapes, we are dealing with the results of a comprehensive assessment of landscape, climate and other aerial characteristics. The overall landscape and climate characteristics of the territory (recorded in our case in the “Sha” or “Qi” energy distribution features) are not sufficient for the choice of certain urban planning techniques. In this regard, the “dragon’s liar” landscape situation and the monsoon climate province climatic factors interaction analysis is of practical interest also for regional urban planning. The article assesses the influence of landscape and climatic factors on the formation of comfortable conditions within the “Dragon’s Lair”. In relation to the local landscape and climatic conditions of the Vladivostok agglomeration shown, that the method of finding out the landscape patterns conformed to “Dragon’s Lair” characteristics usage practicability in the region is related to the such landscape morphotypes frequence and the annual wind and insolation regimes characteristics common for different areas. Under these conditions it is possible to identify the most comfortable terrain areas at the stage of developing an urban or rural settlement master plan, according to the topography analysis.
Passive Solar Systems in Low-Rise Housing Architecture in Southern Primorye
Authors: Kazantsev P
Published: March 2021

This article examines the effectiveness of passive solar technologies in individual housing construction in the climatic conditions of southern Primorye. Three versions of the architectural solution of the passive solar heating “Direct Systems” model selected as the object of research, compositionally differ in the architecture of the enclosing structures interacting with the thermal massive and the location of the thermal massive in the planning structure of the house. In version 1, design of an additional roof slope shading the living area reduced the area of the south-facing stained glass and the efficiency of the passive system but solved the problem of light comfort in the house. Solar heat gains compensate heat losses by 57%. In version 2, the atrium stained-glass window open to the sun creates an uncomfortable light regime, which was compensated by a sun-shading glass unit. The loss of thermal radiation from the sun on the stained glass was almost 80%, but due to the large area of the stained glass, the contribution of the passive solar heating system remained similar to version 1 - about 50%. In version 3 of a simplified solar house of minimal dimensions, the heat-receiving stained glass window and the thermal massive are placed in the entrance zone. This placement of the passive system made it possible to maintain light comfort, and in general, a decrease in the heated volume of the house made it possible to compensate for heat losses by 94%. As these data show, with a careful architectural solution of passive solar systems, in the climatic conditions of southern Primorye engineering heating systems of a low-rise residential solar house, including renewable energy systems, can be considered as auxiliary.
Microurbanism: In the Search of Analytical Tools for the Study of Transformation Processes in Urban Spaces. Khabarovsk Example
Authors: Demyanenko A N , Klitsenko M V , Ukrainsky V N
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the analytical capabilities of microlevel research in comprehending of transformations taking place in urban spaces essence. According to authors, the key to success in such research lies in the organic synthesis of different scientific disciplines achievements. Selected results of field studies of Khabarovsk urban environment, a large post-soviet city, in the context of the locations of informal trade are demonstrated.
Assessment of Light Concrete Frost Resistance
Authors: Bessonov I V , Ushakov A Yu , Zhukov A D , Vidiborenko V G
Published: March 2021

Heat-insulating and structural-heat-insulating light concretes used in external enclosing structures significantly reduce the heat loss of a building in the cold season. The paper solves the problem of establishing criteria for evaluating the external walls made of light concrete blocks resistance to alternate freezing and thawing in laboratory conditions. A method for studying the frost resistance of masonry made of polystyrene concrete and cellular concrete of autoclave hardening during cycles of unilateral humidification-freezing-warming of wall fragments is proposed, which is closest to the actual operating conditions.

Physical, mechanical and thermophysical characteristics of heat-insulating and structural concrete are obtained. The dependences of heat-protective qualities on the degree of moisture content of the material, as well as the strength of the thawing conditions of samples in water and air conditions are established.

As the normalized parameters for assessing the frost resistance of light concrete masonry by unilateral freezing it is proposed to use the adhesion strength of blocks with plaster mortar, the strength of chemical anchors (breaking methods), as well as the passage speed of an ultrasonic impulse through the masonry thickness (non-breaking method).

Based on the research results, recommendations for their implementation in regulatory documents are formulated.
Oscillations of Slabs Supported on Point Supports
Authors: Abovyan A G , Abovyan G A
Published: March 2021

The urgent task which is addressed in this work is the development of methods for determining the frequencies and forms of vibrations, as well as dynamic reactions of thin slabs with various support systems, including those supported on point supports.

The aim of the work is to develop experimental methods for determining the frequencies and forms of natural oscillations of slabs with holes and thin point-supported square solid ones.

In this work, the frequencies of square slabs with free edges resting on point supports are determined; the dependences of the vibration frequencies of slabs from the coordinates of point supports and the dimensions of symmetrically placed holes; the arrangement of point supports, wherein the basic frequency of free vibrations of the slab is maximum; the frequencies, shapes, and decrements of vibrations of square slabs supported on four point supports were determined experimentally, as well as the influence of the presence of holes and the degree of pinching of the supports on the dynamic characteristics of these slabs.

The article deals with the method and analysis of results of experimental investigations of dynamic characteristics of square solid slabs with holes.

Comparison of experimental and theoretical values of frequencies of natural oscillations of slabs showed their good similarity.

The results of this work can be applied to dynamic and seismic calculations of point-supported square slabs.
Dependence of Physical and Mechanical Characteristics on the Specific Surface of Mineral Particles in Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Pugin K G , Tyuryukhanov K Yu
Published: March 2021

The ever-increasing intensity of traffic and axial loads from motor vehicles is forcing material scientists and road-building organizations to develop and use asphalt concrete with higher physical, mechanical and operational characteristics. An integral part, when creating new compositions of asphalt concrete mixtures, is the study of the processes going on at the phase boundary “surface of mineral particles - organic binder”.

In the presented studies, mineral materials with different specific surfaces were considered. To study the effect of the specific surface on the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete, the following were used: natural sand, quartz sand, and waste foundry sand. To obtain an objective result of the study, all materials were selected with the same size modulus. The first stage of laboratory research was aimed at studying the structure and surface shape of the particles of stone materials. The second stage consisted of molding asphalt concrete samples and determining their physical and mechanical characteristics. Three compositions of asphalt concrete have been studied.

The presented studies confirm the theory put forward earlier by the authors about the mechanism of interaction of the surface of mineral particles with an organic binder. An increase in the specific surface of stone materials increases the adhesion force of bitumen to the surface of stone materials. It has been established that a well-developed, rough surface of particles of mineral aggregate in asphalt concrete can act as an effective modifying element. An increase or decrease in the specific surface area of the particles of mineral aggregate, with the same modulus of fineness, it is possible to achieve a proportional change in the strength characteristics of asphalt concrete using bitumen. With an increase in the specific surface of the particles of mineral aggregate in the asphalt mix, it is possible to create asphalt concrete capable of resisting increasing loads from the rolling stock.
System Target Approach of Organizational Criteria for Managing the Life Cycle of Construction Projects
Authors: Kazaryan R , Andreeva P , Galaeva N
Published: March 2021

As a result of the development of new technologies, it became possible to organize a single space for storing and working with files through cloud services. With the support of the use of cloud-based development, the construction industry will gain advantages, since these special technologies allow users to have significantly more independence, simplifying production by grouping access to critical information from an object or gadget. Leading Russian and foreign experts in the field of computer-aided design systems and representatives of digital technologies speak positively about a long period of use of the BIM 360 space at construction sites. Such products as BIM 360 Design are widely used for the design of light-transmitting advertising structures of buildings and constructions in companies that perform the functions of a technical customer (TC). BIM 360 Docs are integrated for technical document management. BIM 360 Docs is a server for the exchange of documentation on a project. It is a more progressive analogue of the project management information system (PMIS). The system allows viewing documentation and information models through a browser and from mobile gadgets; giving comments on project documentation and instructions with a reference point on a sheet or with reference to a place in the model; carrying out the processes of coordination of documentation and comparison of documents. The system has open access for integration with other software solutions, as a result of which it is possible to “add” your own applications, which can take information directly from files in real time, which will provide the possibility of expanding the elemental base of life cycle management processes of construction facilities in real time.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser and his «Green Architecture»
Authors: Stratonova L M
Published: March 2021

Environmental and globalization problems are swiftly becoming a focus of an ideological, political, and economic warfare. Today, it can be a reason of violent collisions and conflicts. Alongside, many solutions have already been found and are actual and successful. The world-known Hundertwasser-KrawinaHaus in Vienna can certainly be referred to such projects. The unforgettable outlook of this building excites designers’ and architects’ minds but its creator’s ideas have not been developed widely in the contemporary urban environment. The objective of the given article is to analyze main conceptions of Friedensreich Hundertwasser, a gifted and original designer and architect of the XX century. His bright creations captivate by freedom of self-expression, humane attitude to nature and people, artistic outlook of architectural forms, and highly expressive decorative and colour design of his main creation – Hundertwasser-KrawinaHaus, Vienna. At present, methods of arranging a harmonic urban environment where social cooperation of people originates on a freewill basis, can demonstrate ways of formation of a really innovational urban environment. According to Hundertwasser, nature is an inherent part of the city life and a source of purity and freshness. The care for “tree tenants” is socially important collective activities and voluntary joining together efforts of every inhabitant of the urban environment. Results. A study and usage of the past successful experience, which being a bold experiment, has become an important and meaningful part of the world cultural heritage. Such an experience can be regarded as a kind of a trigger for creative thinking of future designers and projectors. Hundertwasser’s creative work can serve as a source of inspiration for students of the Chair of Design and History of Art of the Ufa State Petroleum Technological University while making a collection of models and an exposition at the gallery “ACADEMIA” in Ufa.
General Formula of Displacements in Bending Elements
Authors: Sobakin A A , Nikolaeva D A , Androsov V A
Published: March 2021

A technique is proposed for determining displacements in bending elements using a general formula. Problems of calculating deflections and sweep angles under the action of a concentrated load and bending moment for a statically determinate cantilever beam are considered. The advantages of using the deflection equations as a continuous function are indicated. The area of rational application of the proposed formulas in solving problems using automated systems is justified. The specifics of calculating the deformed scheme in the form of a continuous model for various problems using general equations are shown.
Evaluation of Dissipative Characteristics of Pedestrian Spans with Bearings Exhibiting Viscoelastic Properties
Authors: Belutskiy I Y , Iovenko V V , Lapin A V
Published: March 2021

The use of polymer bearings with a given shear rigidity and viscoelasticity in the spans of pedestrian bridges makes it possible to effectively control the dynamic characteristics of the span. At the same time, taking into account the viscoelasticity of the bearings is not an easy task, since the attenuation coefficient that characterizes the dissipative properties of the span structure can only be calculated experimentally. In this paper, the dependencies between the basic parameters of span vibrations and the attenuation coefficient are specified. The similarity test is defined for the presented hypothesis. To compare the practical results with theoretical calculations, the materials of the R&D report “Dynamic parameters evaluation of a pedestrian bridge span on the Station 156 +32 at the object: Reconstruction of the road from the airport “Knevichi” to St. Sanatornaya on a hack of the highway M-60 “Ussuri” Khabarovsk-Vladivostok between 747-750 km” were used.
Formation of Microclimate in Individual Parts of Public Premises
Authors: Rymarov A , Titkov D
Published: March 2021

Human activity is of a collective and individual nature, since people often spend their working and free time in groups. Modern standards in the Russian Federation determine the parameters of the microclimate depersonalized and on average, the accepted parameters are suitable for 75 % of people, and 25 % would like to have a warmer or cooler ambient air temperature around them, which is associated with the peculiarities of each person’s metabolism. The creation of collective and individual engineering systems in the collective space of the building to the needs of a specific person will create a temperature at the workplace or in places of recreation of the person that will improve the quality of life and productivity, will reduce the incidence. The collective and individual nature of the engineering systems that form the microclimate in the premises will allow you to spend energy resources more economically. The parameters of human metabolism change over time during the working day, day, season and throughout life, which requires constant and periodic adjustment of the temperature regime in an individual space in a collective room.
Fine-grained Concrete with Complex Modifiers for Construction in Extreme Climatic Conditions
Authors: Burenina O N , Andreeva A V , Savvinova M E
Published: March 2021

It has been established that nanomodification and the use of complex modifiers of concrete mixtures lead to a decrease in the content of loosely bound moisture at an early age and indicate an acceleration of hydration processes in the initial period of hardening. The ascertained fact correlates to data on the dynamics of sample hardening and the results of structural surveys. Optimal formulations of modified fine-grained concrete with high strength properties, which are recommended for the production of building products and structures that operate in extreme climatic conditions, have been developed.
Probable Ways of Hardening in the Metal Structure Obtained by Selective Laser Melting Technology
Authors: Alekseev V I , Barahtin B K , Zhukov A S , Panova G A , Petrova S G , Shirokina E A
Published: March 2021

Here is considered local melting events realizable under nonequlibrium thermodynamic conditions and phase-structural transformations of materials produced by additive technology using steel powders of different chemical composition. The mechanism of formation of nano- and micro-particlesis, which are crystallization nucleus and hardening units is illustrated here. The formation of such particles occurs due to condensation mechanism in the sequence: steam – cluster – quasinanoparticle. The quality of obtained material is defined by the degree and quality of this process.
Development of Protective Gas Pipes Sleeves for Operation in Permafrost Soils
Authors: Ksenofontov P V , Popov S N , Fedorov Yu Yu
Published: March 2021

Experimental studies were carried out and causes of emergencies with gas pipes in protective sleeves used in construction of gas pipelines were identified. Protective sleeve design has been developed that excludes deformation or destruction of gas pipeline during groundwater freezing in the annulus. Model tests of polyethylene gas pipeline in steel casing, using polyethylene foam as an element that compensates expansion of water during freezing, showed complete exclusion of deformation of gas pipes during freezing. Test results of developed designs of protective casings showed the possibility of widespread use to improve reliability and safety of gas supply.
Investigation of the Properties of Thin-Film Baroresistors based on Sm1-xGdxS Solid Solutions
Authors: Soloviev S M , Stepanov N N , Kamenskaya G A , Khavrov G D
Published: March 2021

The effect of Gd concentration on the physical properties of thin polycrystalline films of Sm1-xGdxS solid solutions obtained by explosive evaporation in vacuum of powders of the starting compounds and deposition of the latter from the gas phase on glass substrates was studied. Analysis of dependences of temperature α and baric β resistance coefficients on the Gd concentration in SmS-GdS system, as well as their ratio γ, was used as a basis to determine optimal compositions for manufacturing thin-film strain gauges and baroresistors.
Systematic Monitoring of the Deformed State of Long-Span Operated Structures with an Assessment of Their Reliability
Authors: Perunov A S
Published: March 2021

The article shows the procedure for conducting systematic monitoring of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete structures covering one of the operated public railway stations. The historical data of the building construction and its design features are described. The description of large-span structures of the building, their defects and damages acquired in the course of operation is given. The article describes the procedure and methods used for a long-term, more than 2 years, continuous monitoring of the deformed state of the coating structures that are in operation. The most damaged structures, which are installed on a measuring apparatus. The features of measurements in different time periods are described. Based on the results of the obtained measurements of the stress-strain state of the building coating structures, the possibility of their further operation is predicted, taking into account the defects and damages found during the survey.
Application of Climatic Characteristics Statistical Assessments and GIS Technologies for Solar Energy Systems Development
Authors: Nefedova L V , Rafikova Yu Yu , Soloviev D A
Published: March 2021

The problems of optimising the placement of photovoltaic panels to ensure the most stable power generation are considered. Method for assessing the risks of solar power plants operation instability in the based on taking into account the climatic characteristics of the variability of the insolation and snow cover using GIS technologies is presented. This approach is especially important for Russia, a country with a wide variety of natural and climatic conditions. To test this technique, we calculated the intra-annual and year-to year variation of the statistical characteristics of the total insolation incident for regions of Russia. The use of GIS technologies made it possible to assess the distribution of the features of the variability of solar radiation over the area. This paper presents the results of calculations and constructed maps for the Republic of Altai, the region of Russia with heterogeneous insolation conditions, where solar energy has been actively developing recent years. In these territories, zones with the lowest indicators of variability in the input of solar radiation have been identified where a high level of stability of electricity generation on photovoltaic power plants can be predicted.
Redevelopment of Ex-industrial Areas in Yekaterinburg
Authors: Daineko L , Karavaeva N , Yurasova I
Published: March 2021

Improving the comfort of the urban environment is a key goal of its development. Redevelopment can be used as a way to achieve it. The authors studied the historical perspective of the creation of the Ural cities, as well as the experience of implementing redevelopment projects of industrial areas in the city of Yekaterinburg. It was proven that the largest share of such projects was implemented through the complete demolition of Soviet-era buildings that had no architectural and historical value. The authors used general scientific research methods, such as analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization, as well as methods of induction and deduction.
Innovative Device Technology of Green Roof Systems
Authors: Korol E , Shushunova N
Published: March 2021

This article analyses both traditional green roof structures and innovative modular green roof systems in the environmental development of green buildings. The purpose of the work is to analyse the technological processes associated with the installation of various types of landscaping systems on the roof, which minimize the complexity of the processes due to the manufacturability of the roofing device. In order to reduce the overall laboriousness when installing rooftop with green spaces it is possible to apply new technological solutions, including the option of installing green roofs by modules. Based on the study, technological indicators were determined for various types of roofing greening systems: simple green roof installation (option 1), modular green roof installation (option 2).
Analysis of Quality Control Methods and Equipment for Monolithic Reinforced-Concrete Structures
Authors: Topchiy D , Bolotova A , Grebennikov A , Danilochkin M
Published: March 2021

This article deals with the study of methods and equipment for nondestructive testing of concrete strength and describes the characteristics of ultrasonic devices used for control and determination of concrete mix integrity. Quality control for monolithic reinforced-concrete structures covers a range of issues associated with testing the material strength of structures and determining, if necessary, armoring parameters of reinforced-concrete structures, testing concrete cubes, as well as analyzing design and as-built documentation, drawing up control section diagrams, etc. The article contains a description of quality control equipment and methods for concrete and reinforced-concrete structures and an analysis of the main quality control methods and means. Generalization and systematization of available data lead to a conclusion on the need for development of technical solutions that would prevent potential defects at the initial stage of construction and installations works.
Analysis of Creep of Wood-Polymer Composites
Authors: Elesin M A , Mashkin N A , Khritankov V F , Karmanovskaya N V
Published: March 2021

The paper describes the results of studying the creep of wood-polymer composites under load. The results of long-term testing wood composites based on thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are given. It has been established that empirical dependencies in the form of elementary functions are suitable to describe the composite deformation. The parameters of these functions are experimentally determined.
Deformation and Fracture Mode of 10kp5 Steel Pretreated by Cyclic Loading and Pulse Current at Tension
Authors: Ivanov A M , Aleksandrova E S , Vashchenko S S , Zhirokhov I D , Platonov A A
Published: March 2021

The effect of preliminary cyclic loading and the pulse current on the deformation and fracture mode of the 10kp5 low-carbon steel under uniaxial tension at room temperature is investigated. Data on the steel mechanical properties in the initial state and after preliminary combined cyclic loading and exposure to pulse current in different sequences are presented. Fractographic studies of the samples’ fractures showed the viscous nature of the samples’ fractures in all cases considered.
Properties and Structure of the Friction surface of PTFE / Layered Silicate Composites
Authors: Sleptsova S A , Laukkanen S , Tarasova P N
Published: March 2021

The wear of PTFE filled with layered silicates (LS) was investigated depending on the concentration and chemical nature of the fillers. The influence of these factors on the tribotechnical characteristics and the structure of the surface layers of composites is shown. Using SEM methods, it has been established that the introduction of LS contributes to the formation of a protective layer on the friction surface consisting of worn PTFE particles and a filler. The thickness of the layer does not depend on the concentration of LS, and the structure of the layer varies depending on the chemical composition of the fillers. It is shown that the formation of a protective layer occurs by means of worn particles clustering, uniformly covering the friction surface layer by layer.
Noise Sources of Combined Heat and Power Plants and Methods for Noise Estimation in Adjacent Urban Areas
Authors: Gusev V , Ledenev V , Antonov A , Matveeva I
Published: March 2021

Combined heat and power plants (CHP) are permanently operating enterprises for the production of electrical and thermal energy. They are located, as a rule, in cities and in large settlements, create significant noise pollution for the buildings adjacent to them. Protection from the noise of the territories adjacent to the heat and power plants, especially residential buildings, is a topical scientific and practical problem. Based on the results of field measurements, the article identifies and shows the main external sources of noise that determine the noise impact of the heat and power plants on the environment of the metropolis. Such sources include large-sized ground and above-ground equipment: air intake of blower fans and chimneys, transformers, gas distribution unites, gas pipelines, cooling towers. Reliable basic data on their acoustic power and the required amount of noise reduction have a special role for the development of optimal protection from the point of view of acoustics and economics from the noise of such sources. They can only be determined by calculation for a number of equipment sources of combined heat and power plants. The article presents new, computational methods that allow you to determine the desired data and, accordingly, to qualitatively design the necessary acoustic building noise reduction tools based on the methods of shielding, sound insulation and sound absorption.
Composites as a Modern Trend
Authors: Dorofeev E P , Dorofeeva N N
Published: March 2021

The construction industry is progressing every day, unexplored spaces are expanding, various objects are being built. Composite materials have become a mandatory part of this area. Designing large-scale projects can no longer do without composite. Stable, simple, and also reliable, it has significant advantages in comparison with real materials, which are difficult to change their configuration. Composite materials are used not only in the construction of apartment buildings. It is difficult to imagine a bridge or a dam that does not use a carbon plate. A variety of building components, such as arches or domes, are often formed using composite materials. We believe that this is profitable from the point of view of the industry, as it makes it possible to significantly save our money in the construction of structures, installation, storage and transportation of the composite. Based on these data, we analyzed various types of composite materials, and also revealed their characteristic features in table 1.
Renovation of Built-up Areas: Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Arkhangelskaya E , Chuprova N
Published: March 2021

This article considers the application of the LCC methods as the best assessment criterion for reconstruction prospects and the justification of the further city-planning strategy in terms of the development of built-up areas. The authors carried out the LCC-assessment of two reconstruction options. 1) the reconstruction of residential buildings erected in the 1970-80-es involving major repairs to prolong their life cycle; 2) the demolition of all buildings and constructing new ones instead. This article presents the inspection results for series 1-464 VM large-panel residential buildings that formed the basis for the calculation of major repairs necessary to prolong their life cycle. These buildings, however, do not comply with the current regulations. The authors conclude that LLC methods can help illustrate the consumer benefits from owning more expensive but power-efficient housing that reduces the heating costs, which is very important in the northern regions.
Influence of Operational Factors on the Object of Concrete Strength Control of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Kolleganov A V , Kolleganov N A , Levshekov S S
Published: March 2021

When determining the strength of concrete in reinforced concrete structures by non-destructive methods, factors such as temperature, humidity and the stress-strain state of the structure can have a significant impact on the accuracy of the devices. The impact of these factors, which increases with increasing humidity, begins with the surface areas of concrete structures. Up to 75% of building structures are exposed to the destructive effects of atmospheric and industrial environments, of which concrete and reinforced concrete structures account for about 500 million m2 The article considers the degree of influence of these factors on the accuracy of non-destructive testing devices when using various methods for determining the strength of concrete.
Gas Evolutions from Paints and Varnishes When Fungus Molds and their Metabolites Act on Them
Authors: Smirnov V , Svetlov D , Bulgakov A , Vildiaeva M , Svetlov D D
Published: March 2021

In this article are presented the results of a study of the biodegradation of paints and varnishes. For testing were used enamels based on phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy resins. Samples from the studied materials were tested under the influence of micellar fungi of the species aspergillus niger, penicillium chrusogenum, trichoderma viride, as well as in the products of their metabolism: a mixture of oxalic, succinic, citric, malic, fumaric, α-ketaglutaric and oxalacetic acid and enzyme of peroxidase. The experimental and control samples were kept in a thermostat at a temperature of 29 ± 2.0 ° C and relative humidity of 98%. The qualitative composition of gas evolution was determined by chromatographic identification methods using chemical methods. The dynamics of gas evolution from paints based on enamels during their biodegradation by micromycetes and their metabolites has been experimentally determined. After only one month of exposure to aggressive media, the composition of gas evolution was changed significantly compared to gas evolution from control samples. By the third month of exposure, the total concentration of gas evolution was increased by 3.8 and 6 times compared with gas evolution from control samples. When the samples were kept in the products of fungal metabolism, a difference in the composition of gas evolution was revealed when microscopic fungi were being acting on these materials.
Investigation of the Morphology and Atomic Structure of Nanopowder Particles Obtained by Grinding Natural Diamond and by the Method of Detonation Synthesis
Authors: Sharin P P , Sivtseva A V , Popov V I , Kopyrin M M
Published: March 2021

By a complex of high-resolution methods, it has been shown that the nanopowder particles obtained by grinding natural diamonds have a wide range of sizes and are predominantly lamellar in contrast to the detonation synthesis nanopowder, which consists mainly of similar in size and isometric particles. The primary particles of the nanopowder obtained by grinding, as well as detonation synthesis nanodiamonds, consist of diamond cores with cubic crystal lattices surrounded by shells with complex structures formed from carbon atoms in the sp2 state and impurities. A noticeable increase in the interatomic distances in nanodispersed diamond crystals is observed compared to those for bulk diamond crystals.
Development of a Scheme for Mixing Butane with Air for Gas Supply to Consumers
Authors: Osipova N N , Kultiaev S G
Published: March 2021

One of the promising development areas of gas supply systems is supplying butane-based air-and-gas mixtures to consumers. Butane-and-air mixture is fully adaptable to natural gas, tak-ing into account the requirements for the interchangeability of combustible gases. However, we need to solve the problems of determining the mixture composition and developing a scheme for mixing butane with air taking into account the physical and chemical properties of butane that govern its operating at low inlet pressures providing a constant supply of source gas for mixing from an underground tank regardless of the climatic features in the region. De-veloping well-founded recommendations to obtain a mixture of butane with air will ensure the widespread introduction of such systems into the gas supply practice and enhance the uninter-rupted operation of gas supply systems when using alternative combustible gases. On the basis of our research, we suggested a scheme for producing a mixture of butane with air using a dosing valve to ensure a constant supply of butane from an underground tank with alternating extraction of vapor and liquid gas phases and feeding the gas phase for mixing at the recommended pressure. We recommended a composition of butane-and-air mixture that meets the requirements of gas interchangeability and the maximum speed of flame propaga-tion in gas burners during combustion.

Applying the scheme for producing a butane-and-air mixture of the recommended composition will allow to expand the possibility of gas supply to consumers when using alternative fuels, to relieve peak loads when supplying natural gas, and to ensure redundancy of gas supply systems for strategically important utility facilities.
Management of the Process of Modernization of Communal Infrastructure
Authors: Balashov E
Published: March 2021

The issues of the transition of housing and communal services to an innovative development model are among those actively studied by the scientific community and widely discussed in the Russian economic literature. Many works rightly note both significant advances in this direction and the remaining range of unsolved problems. Much less attention is paid to the study of the complexity of the tools used for the development of communal infrastructure in the life cycle of facilities. This article examines topical problems of the promising direction of development and functioning of communal infrastructure, tools for attracting investments, and increasing the effectiveness of PPM projects. It highlights aspects of the transition to the digital technology format. The necessity of an industry program for the development of smart systems and digital technologies and a set of cases are substantiated - standards of the normative configuration of the use and equipping with smart systems and digital technologies, depending on the state of facilities and modernization measures used to develop practical solutions synchronized with the design approaches for the modernization of communal infrastructure.
Life Cycle Modeling for Utility Infrastructure in Municipal Entities
Authors: Balashov E B
Published: March 2021

The current development stage of utility infrastructure is characterized by structural changes resulting from the existing property rights, as well as institutional, organizational, economic, concessional, innovative, and resource-saving mechanisms, the accelerated introduction of new technologies and materials, and the implementation of actions aimed at the reduction of physical and functional depreciation of facilities. The key objectives of managing the reconstruction, upgrade, and repairs of the public utility sector (PUS) facilities include the sustainable development, update, and operation of the housing stock and utility infrastructure (UI), preservation, and technical operability of structures and utility systems. Therefore, the public utility services currently require new strategic planning methods for the social and economic development of the PUS as a key element of municipal entities based on the use of reproduction policy tools throughout the utility infrastructure life cycles and the improvement of project and program approaches necessary to ensure the investment in the sector and facilitate the interactions between the municipal entities, business community, and residents. This article deals with the methodological approach to the life cycle modeling for utility infrastructure in municipal entities based on balancing the phases and innovation activities concerning the features of utility service production and consumption and the necessity to use digital and smart-city technologies to maintain proper operational modes and parameters throughout the life cycles of utility infrastructure units. This requires accelerating reproduction processes, maintaining the best proportion of capital and current costs, expected profitability, and management risks for utility property portfolio.
The Architecture of the Public Spaces for Art in the Context of the Urban Structure of Munich
Authors: Gelfond A L , Erofeeva I V , Moiseenko V A
Published: March 2021

The interaction of the public spaces for art with the urban structure of Munich is researched on the basis of mind maps. Three architecturally-town-planning triads belonging to the three various levels were discovered. At the bottom level is the ensemble of the Königsplatz with Propylaea (the central element), Glyptothek and Staatliche Antikensammlungen. At the average level is the mega-ensemble, composed by the Academy of Fine Arts together with Siegestor (the central element), the complex of three Pinakotheks and the Haus der Kunst. At the uppermost level is the «urban triptych», composed by the historical centre of Munich (the central element), the palace and park ensemble of Nimfenburg and the Olympic park. The town-planning forecast concerning the formation of the ensemble of public spaces for art in the northeast quadrant of the city and of the mega-ensemble of public spaces for art in the southwest quadrant of Munich is made.
An Example of Controlling the Obtained Characteristics of Technological Stress Distributions in a Layer-By-Layer Manufactured Product, Based on a Model of Additive Process Mechanics
Authors: Parshin D A
Published: March 2021

Technological processes of layer-by-layer manufacturing of cylindrical products by the method of power winding of a thin tape on a sufficiently rigid circular base are considered. A characteristic factor for the processes under consideration is the creation of initial stresses in the elementary layers of additional material, which are sequentially included in the composition of the being formed product. It is assumed that the applied winding technology allows us to arbitrarily influence these stresses. This makes it possible to control the technological stresses developing in the resulting product. This paper is devoted to the formulation and solution of one of the problems of such control using current approaches of additive process mechanics. The simulation is performed in a quasi-static approximation within the limits of small elastic strains. A non-classical mechanical model of the process under study is proposed, and a mathematical formulation of the corresponding initial boundary value problem and its closed analytical solution are given. Based on the constructed solution, the regularities of the influence of the initial stress state of the attached material on the nature of the development of the contact pressure on the used base from the side of the material layer formed on it are studied. The problem of providing the required law of change in the value of this pressure in the process under consideration by setting the appropriate program for varying the initial stresses is formulated and solved. Corollaries of an applied nature are made.
Appropriation of the City by the Youth: Parks and Squares as Public Spaces
Authors: Antonova N , Abramova S , Gurarii A
Published: March 2021

The article reports on the perception of young people to city parks and green squares as public spaces, or the “third place”. Urban green space have multiple benefits for the physical and mental health and wellbeing of urban population. It acts as a factor of the formation of local identity and contributes to exercising the diversity of needs of different social groups. Based on a series of in-depth interviews (n=10), the article argues that the main barriers to attending parks are their remoteness from the place of residence and the lack of time. According to the respondents, an ideal park is divided into several zones according to the needs and interests of different social groups. It contains areas for walking, and playgrounds for children and teenagers. Young people attach particular importance to the landscaping of parks since the presence of flowers, trees, shrubs, lawns has a positive effect on the emotional state. In addition, city parks are expected to have such objects as benches, waste bins, toilets, and cafes. However, the respondents’ opinions around the presence of event and entertainment industries are divided: some welcome such activities, whereas others share a negative attitude towards them. In general, parks and squares today are becoming a source of positive emotions and attitudes.
The Planting of Greenery for Retaining Walls as a Direction in the Design of Vladivostok
Authors: Fedorovskaya N A , Chernova A V , Kravchenko I A
Published: March 2021

The article the problem of landscaping (greening) retaining walls in Vladivostok is considered. The Vladivostok city is in a territory with a monsoon climate has a difficult relief. Therefore, the city has many high vertical retaining walls that support the formation of terraces and horizontal surfaces. The vertical retaining walls areas in the city are comparable to the area of facades of buildings. These walls are currently mostly not landscaped (greened). Natural colors and texture these walls are not expressive and don’t contribute to the formation of an integral visual environment of the city. It was found that; problem can be solved as a result of an integrated approach with the help of full or partial greening of retaining walls. Here the types and examples of stationary and mobile greening of the Vladivostok city retaining walls are presented. A number of plants that can be used for landscaping urban retaining walls have been identified. The proposed concept contributes to solving local problems of landscaping (greening) individual urban objects. It’s also expands the possibilities of forming for a holistic concept of greening in the Vladivostok.