bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Ubiquitin in Parainfluenza Virus 5 Particle Formation
Authors: Harrison Megan S. , Schmitt Phuong Tieu , Pei Zifei , Schmitt Anthony P.
Published: January 2012

Ubiquitin is important for the budding of many retroviruses and other enveloped viruses, but the precise role of ubiquitin in virus budding remains unclear. Here, we characterized the ubiquitination of the matrix (M) protein of a paramyxovirus, parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5). The PIV5 M protein (but not the PIV5 nucleocapsid protein) was found to be targeted for monoubiquitination in transfected mammalian cells. Major sites of ubiquitin attachment identified by mass spectrometry analysis were lysine residues at amino acid positions 79/80, 130, and 247. The cumulative mutation of lysine residues 79, 80, and 130 to arginines led to an altered pattern of M protein ubiquitination and impaired viruslike particle (VLP) production. However, the cumulative mutation of lysine residues 79, 80, 130, and 247 to arginines restored M protein ubiquitination and VLP production, suggesting that ubiquitin is attached to alternative sites on the M protein when the primary ones have been removed. Additional lysine residues were targeted for mutagenesis based on the UbiPred algorithm. An M protein with seven lysine residues changed to arginines exhibited altered ubiquitination and poor VLP production. A recombinant virus encoding an M protein with seven lysines mutated was generated, and this virus exhibited a 6-fold-reduced maximum titer, with the defect being attributed mainly to the budding of noninfectious particles. The recombinant virus was assembly deficient, as judged by the redistribution of viral M and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins in infected cells. Similar assembly defects were observed for the wild-type (wt) virus after treatment with a proteasome inhibitor. Collectively, these findings suggest that the monoubiquitination of the PIV5 M protein is important for proper virus assembly and for the budding of infectious particles.
An RNA Interference Screen Identifies the Deubiquitinase STAMBPL1 as a Critical Regulator of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Nuclear Export and NF-κB Activation
Authors: Lavorgna Alfonso , Harhaj Edward W.
Published: January 2012

The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein actively shuttles between the nucleus, where it interacts with transcriptional and splicing regulatory proteins, and the cytoplasm, where it activates NF-κB. Posttranslational modifications of Tax such as ubiquitination regulate its subcellular localization and hence its function; however, the regulation of Tax trafficking and NF-κB activation by host factors is poorly understood. By screening a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme small interfering RNA (siRNA) library, we identified the metalloprotease STAM-binding protein-like 1 (STAMBPL1) as a positive regulator of Tax-mediated NF-κB activation. Overexpression of wild-type STAMBPL1, but not a catalytically inactive mutant, enhanced Tax-mediated NF-κB activation, whereas silencing of STAMBPL1 with siRNA impaired Tax activation of both the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways. STAMBPL1 regulated Tax-induced NF-κB signaling indirectly by controlling Tax nuclear/cytoplasmic transport and was required for DNA damage-induced Tax nuclear export. Together, these results reveal that the deubiquitinase STAMBPL1 is a key regulator of Tax trafficking and function.
Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Induces Adipocyte-Like Lipogenesis through Activation of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1
Authors: Yu Yongjun , Maguire Tobi G. , Alwine James C.
Published: January 2012

Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are essential transcriptional factors that control expression of lipogenic genes and adipocyte differentiation. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been shown to require the induction of lipogenesis. Here we show that the induction of lipogenesis and expression of key lipogenic enzymes in human fibroblasts occurs by 24 h post-HCMV infection. This activation correlates with increased cleavage of the SREBP1 precursors to form the mature active transcription factors that enter the nucleus to transcriptionally activate lipogenic genes. SREBP1 cleavage is normally inhibited by increased sterol levels; however, our data show that this level of control is overridden in infected cells to allow constitutive activation of lipogenesis. This process requires viral protein synthesis, since UV-irradiated HCMV cannot activate SREBP cleavage. The cleavage of SREBP1 requires it to be in complex with SREBP cleavage activation protein (SCAP). Depleting SCAP using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) showed that SREBP1 cleavage and the induction of lipogenic genes and lipid synthesis are all inhibited in HCMV-infected cells. As a result, production of infectious virions is reduced in SCAP-depleted cells. Thus, the SCAP-mediated mechanism for SREBP cleavage is utilized by HCMV during infection. Our studies suggest that HCMV induces adipocyte-like lipogenesis and overrides normal sterol feedback controls in order to maintain high levels of constitutive lipid synthesis during infection.
HIV-1 Neutralization Coverage Is Improved by Combining Monoclonal Antibodies That Target Independent Epitopes
Authors: Doria-Rose Nicole A. , Louder Mark K. , Yang Zhongjia , O'Dell Sijy , Nason Martha , Schmidt Stephen D. , McKee Krisha , Seaman Michael S. , Bailer Robert T. , Mascola John R.
Published: January 2012

HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) define key targets for vaccine development and are being considered for passive prevention of infection. We analyzed the interaction of MAbs to two independent epitopes on the viral envelope glycoprotein. Potently neutralizing MAbs to the CD4 binding site and V1V2 region displayed noin vitrocross-competition and displayed additive, though not synergistic, neutralization activity. Predicted neutralization coverage of a combination of two MAbs reached 97% on a 208-isolate panel.
Intrinsic symmetry of Ampère’s circuital law and other educational issues
Authors: Anacleto Joaquim , de Almeida José Manuel M.M. , Ferreira J.M.
Published: January 2012

This paper explores Ampère’s circuital law (ACL) from an educational perspective. The interchangeability of the ampèrian loop with the current loop, an intrinsic symmetry of ACL that is seldom addressed in the literature or textbooks, is illustrated here. It is verified that the symmetry axis of a circular current is an ampèrian loop. The attempt to apply ACL to a finite wire, a common source of student misunderstanding, is used to highlight the limitations of ACL. The generalisation of ACL is illustrated using an instructive example where the displacement current is unconfined and not spatially uniform. This work is primarily intended for teachers and more advanced undergraduate students, who may benefit from the ideas that are presented here.
IDENTIFICATION OF SHORTENED 3′ UNTRANSLATED REGIONS FROM EXPRESSION ARRAYS
Authors: MARTIGNETTI LOREDANA , ZINOVYEV ANDREI , BARILLOT EMMANUEL
Published: January 2012

Cancer cells have been recently shown to express high level of short 3′UTR isoforms that can escape miRNA-mediated regulation. We present here a computational procedure for systematically identifying shortened 3′UTRs by Affymetrix 3′ microarrays. The advantage of this technology compared to more recent and promising ones such as exon arrays and RNA-Seq is that, giving the relatively small cost, already existing datasets in public databases include a considerably higher number of experiments. Moreover, the design of Affymetrix Gene Chips is well-suited for 3′UTR analysis of a large number of genes. Initially, Affymetrix individual probes are regrouped into customized probesets mapping specifically the CDS or the 3′UTR of the transcript, according to RefSeq annotation. Then, candidate 3′UTR shortening events are identified by statistical differential expression analysis of customized probesets in different biological conditions. The procedure has been applied to expression data from two ovarian adenocarcinoma datasets. Selected gene sets are significantly enriched for annotated splice variant genes as well as genes involved in estrogen dependent cancer mechanisms, confirming the validity of the proposed procedure.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF KIBS INNOVATION IN JAPANESE MANUFACTURING CORPORATIONS
Authors: CAO YONG , NAGAHIRA AKIO , SHE SHUO
Published: January 2012

Dealing with knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) has become an important strategy for many firms. Services that heavily rely on professional knowledge are needed by Japanese manufacturing corporations (JMCs) for solving different problems. This article explores the impact of the utilization of KIBS on the innovation of JMCs in Japan. The goal of the paper is threefold: first, we focus on the different divisions of JMCs that have dealt with KIBS and analyze the impact of KIBS on their innovation respectively; second, we separate the types of innovation into radical innovation and incremental innovation and then analyze what and how the service delivery method contributes to each type of innovation; and finally we discuss in more depth the details of an efficient service delivery method. The results show that first, KIBS contribute more to the radical innovation of a client rather than incremental innovation and second, face-to-face is the most efficient method of service delivery from KIBS to the JMCs.
BENEFITS FROM USING SURROGATE ENTREPRENEURS IN TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION
Authors: KASSICIEH SUL
Published: January 2012

Is there a benefit to encourage more surrogates to take scientific discoveries to commercial markets in lieu of technologists or in support of technologists? This paper reports on a survey that contrasted two groups of technology entrepreneurs. The first group includes technologists who start companies based on their technology whereas the second group is made of surrogate entrepreneurs who "adopt" someone else's technology and build companies around them with or without the help of the original technical innovator. The results indicate that technologists favored technology issues whereas surrogates were more interested in market issues. These behaviors led to differences in the groups' emphases, success factors, and funding. The recommendations for R&D organizations include a prescription for encouraging more surrogate entrepreneurs to move technological innovations into successful companies.
Preischemic targeting of HIF prolyl hydroxylation inhibits fibrosis associated with acute kidney injury
Authors: Kapitsinou Pinelopi P. , Jaffe Jonathan , Michael Mark , Swan Christina E. , Duffy Kevin J. , Erickson-Miller Connie L. , Haase Volker H.
Published: January 2012

Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to ischemia is an important contributor to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Key mediators of cellular adaptation to hypoxia are oxygen-sensitive hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which are regulated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD)-containing dioxygenases. While activation of HIF protects from ischemic cell death, HIF has been shown to promote fibrosis in experimental models of CKD. The impact of HIF activation on AKI-induced fibrosis has not been defined. Here, we investigated the role of pharmacologic HIF activation in AKI-associated fibrosis and inflammation. We found that pharmacologic inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylation before AKI ameliorated fibrosis and prevented anemia, while inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylation in the early recovery phase of AKI did not affect short- or long-term clinical outcome. Therefore, preischemic targeting of the PHD/HIF pathway represents an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention of CKD resulting from AKI, and it warrants further investigation in clinical trials.
20-Year Climatology ofNO3  −andNH4  +Wet Deposition at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Kühnel Rafael , Roberts Tjarda J. , Björkman Mats P. , Isaksson Elisabeth , Aas Wenche , Holmén Kim , Ström Johan
Published: January 2012

A 20-year dataset of weekly precipitation observations in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, was analysed to assess atmospheric wet deposition of nitrogen. Mean annual total nitrogen deposition was 74 mg N/(m2 yr) but exhibited large interannual variability and was dominated by highly episodic “strong” events, probably caused by rapid transport from European sources. The majority (90%) of precipitation samples were defined as “weak” (<2 mg N/m2) and contributed an annual baseline of ~17 mg N/(m2 yr), whereas 10% of precipitation samples were defined as “strong” (>2 mg N/m2) and additionally contributed up to 225 mg N/(m2 yr). Nitrate deposition largely occurred in samples within the solid-precipitation season (16 September–2 June), and ammonium deposition occurred equally in both solid and liquid seasons. Trends of reactive nitrogen emissions from Europe are uncertain, and increasing cyclonic activity over the North Atlantic caused by a changing climate might lead to more strong deposition events in Svalbard.
Venous Air Embolism Leading to Cardiac Arrest in an Infant with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Watkins Scott C. , McCarver Lewis , VanBebber Alicia , Bichell David P.
Published: January 2012

Gas emboli, including venous and arterial, are a rare but important complication of pediatric cardiac surgery. They have the potential to have devastating consequences and require prompt recognition and treatment. We present a case of gas embolism occurring in the immediate postoperative period in an infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease after palliative cardiac surgery resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest. The embolism was diagnosed by visualization of air within the vessel creating an airlock and occluding pulmonary blood flow.
Persistence of Diarrheal Pathogens Is Associated with Continued Recruitment of Plasmablasts in the Circulation
Authors: Kantele Anu
Published: January 2012

Intestinal antigen encounter leads to recirculation of antigen-specific plasmablasts via lymphatics and blood back to the intestine. Investigating these gut-originating cells in blood provides a less invasive tool for studying intestinal immune responses, with the limitation that the cells disappear from the circulation in two weeks. No data exist on situations where pathogens persist in the intestine. Patients withSalmonella, Yersinia,orCampylobactergastroenteritis and volunteers receiving an oral typhoid vaccine were assayed for plasmablasts specific to each subject's own pathogen/antigen weekly until the response faded. In vaccinees, plasmablasts disappeared in two weeks. In gastroenteritis, the response faded 2-3 and 3–7 weeks after the last positiveSalmonellaorYersiniastool culture. Even in symptomless patients, pathogens persisting in the intestine keep seeding plasmablasts into the circulation. Assaying these cells might offer a powerful tool for research into diseases in which persisting microbes have a potential pathogenetic significance.
Comparison of Anterior Chamber Depth Measurements from the Galilei Dual Scheimpflug Analyzer with IOLMaster
Authors: Patel Roma P. , Pandit Rahul T.
Published: January 2012

Purpose. To compare anterior chamber depth (ACD), representing the distance between the anterior corneal surface and anterior lens surface measurements between the Galilei Dual Scheimpflug Analyzer and the IOLMaster.Methods. A retrospective review of 65 individual patient eyes with normal anterior segments, and no prior ocular surgery was performed. Patients underwent ACD measurements with both devices during the same session by a trained examiner. Interdevice agreement was evaluated using paired two-tailedt-tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis.Results. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) ACD for the Galilei and IOLMaster was 3.37 ± 0.36 mm (range from 2.62 to 4.13) and 3.25 ± 0.38 mm (range from 2.34 to 3.92), respectively (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.96). ACD mean difference was 0.12 mm (P< 0.0001); 95% limits of agreement was from −0.09 to 0.34. The Galilei measured slightly longer ACD values than the IOLMaster. There was no relationship between axial length and interdevice difference.Conclusion. ACD measurements correlate well between the Galilei and IOLMaster, with Galilei values on average 0.12 mm longer than the IOLMaster.
Distribution and Abundance of Phlebotominae, Vectors of Leishmaniasis, in Argentina: Spatial and Temporal Analysis at Different Scales
Authors: Quintana María Gabriela , Fernández María Soledad , Salomón Oscar Daniel
Published: January 2012

The spatial-temporal analysis of the abundance of insects, vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL), was performed in Argentina using spatial-temporal increasing scales. In the microscale (microfocal), the effect of the primary vegetation-crop interface in vector abundance was observed, and also how the shelters, food sources, and other environmental characteristics contribute to habitat microheterogeneity and so to a microheterogeneous vector distribution. In the mesoscale (locality or epidemic focus), the results from different foci of TL (rural and periurban) and VL (urban) suggested a metapopulation structure determined partially by quantifiable habitat variables that could explain the increase of risk associated to an increase of vector-human contact due to climatic or anthropogenic changes. In the macroscale (regional), captures of vectors and records of human cases allowed the construction of risk maps and predictive models of vector distribution. In conclusion, in order to obtain valid results transferrable to control programs from spatial studies, special attention should be paid in order to assure the consistency between the spatial scales of the hypotheses, data, and analytical tools of each experimental or descriptive design.
Classical Lie Point Symmetry Analysis of a Steady Nonlinear One‐Dimensional Fin Problem
Authors: Moitsheki R. J. , Mhlongo M. D.
Published: January 2012

We consider the one‐dimensional steady fin problem with the Dirichlet boundary condition at one end and the Neumann boundary condition at the other. Both the thermal conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient are given as arbitrary functions of temperature. We perform preliminary group classification to determine forms of the arbitrary functions appearing in the considered equation for which the principal Lie algebra is extended. Some invariant solutions are constructed. The effects of thermogeometric fin parameter and the exponent on temperature are studied. Also, the fin efficiency is analyzed.
Dietary Recommendations for the Prevention of Type 2 diabetes: What Are They Based on?
Authors: Carter Patrice , Khunti Kamlesh , Davies Melanie J.
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Type 2 diabetes is increasing in all populations and all age groups across the world. Areas undergoing rapid westernisation and rapid nutrition transition are seeing the greatest increases in prevalence suggesting that environmental factors are important. Studies from around the world have shown that dietary modification for the prevention of T2DM can be successful; however which dietary factors are important remains to be fully elucidated. The WHO, ADA, and Diabetes UK have developed guidelines for the prevention of T2DM even though the WHO states that data from lifestyle modification programmes does not allow for the disentanglement of dietary factors.Aim of Review. The aim of this focused review is to evaluate the current dietary recommendations for the prevention of T2DM. In addition we aim to explore the available evidence from both observation studies and clinical trials to determine whether these recommendations are appropriate.
Sensory Neuronopathy and Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Martinez Alberto R. M. , Nunes Marcelo B. , Nucci Anamarli , França Marcondes C.
Published: January 2012

Sensory neuronopathies (SNs) are a specific subgroup of peripheral nervous system diseases characterized by primary degeneration of dorsal root ganglia and their projections. Multifocal sensory symptoms often associated to ataxia are the classical features of SN. Several different etiologies have been described for SNs, but immune-mediated damage plays a key role in most cases. SN may herald the onset of some systemic autoimmune diseases, which further emphasizes how important the recognition of SN is in clinical practice. We have thus reviewed available clinical, neurophysiological, and therapeutic data on autoimmune disease-related SN, namely, in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, and celiac disease.
Melanoma Cells Inhibit Natural Killer Cell Function by Modulating the Expression of Activating Receptors and Cytolytic Activity
Authors: Pietra Gabriella , Manzini Claudia , Rivara Silvia , Vitale Massimo , Cantoni Claudia , Petretto Andrea , Balsamo Mirna , Conte Romana , Benelli Roberto , Minghelli Simona , Solari Nicola , Gualco Marina , Queirolo Paola , Moretta Lorenzo , Mingari Maria Cristina
Published: January 2012

Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in tumor immune surveillance. However, adoptive immunotherapy protocols using NK cells have shown limited clinical efficacy to date, possibly due to tumor escape mechanisms that inhibit NK cell function. In this study, we analyzed the effect of coculturing melanoma cells and NK cells on their phenotype and function. We found that melanoma cells inhibited the expression of major NK receptors that trigger their immune function, including NKp30, NKp44, and NKG2D, with consequent impairment of NK cell–mediated cytolytic activity against various melanoma cell lines. This inhibitory effect was primarily mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Together, our findings suggest that immunosuppressive barriers erected by tumors greatly hamper the antitumor activity of human NK cells, thereby favoring tumor outgrowth and progression. Cancer Res; 72(6); 1407–15. ©2012 AACR.
A Dietary Pattern Associated with LINE-1 Methylation Alters the Risk of Developing Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Piyathilake Chandrika J. , Badiga Suguna , Kabagambe Edmond K. , Azuero Andres , Alvarez Ronald D. , Johanning Gary L. , Partridge Edward E.
Published: January 2012

There is a paucity of research examining the relationships between dietary patterns and risk of developing precancerous lesions as well as biomarkers associated with such dietary patterns. The purpose of the current study was to identify dietary patterns that are associated with higher grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2+) and to determine whether these dietary patterns are associated with the degree of DNA methylation in the long interspersed nucleotide elements (L1s) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a biomarker associated with risk of developing CIN 2+. Study population consisted of 319 child-bearing age women. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. The degree of PBMC L1 methylation was assessed by pyrosequencing. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and CIN 2+. Similar models were used to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and degree of PBMC L1 methylation in women free of CIN 2+. Women with the unhealthiest dietary pattern were 3.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with CIN 2+ than women with the healthiest dietary pattern [OR = 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2–10.1; P = 0.02]. Women at risk for developing CIN 2+ with the healthiest dietary pattern were 3.3 times more likely to have higher PBMC L1 methylation than women with the unhealthiest dietary pattern (OR = 3.3; 95% CI, 1.0–10.6; P = 0.04). Our findings suggest that human papilloma virus associated risk of developing CIN 2+ may be reduced by improving dietary patterns. The degree of PBMC L1 methylation may serve as a biomarker for monitoring the effectiveness of dietary modifications needed for reducing the risk of CIN 2+. Cancer Prev Res; 5(3); 385–92. ©2012 AACR.
Uterine Intravascular Fetal Material and Coagulopathy at Peripartum Hysterectomy
Authors: Benson Michael D. , Cheema Navneet , Kaufman Michael W. , Goldschmidt Robert A. , Beaumont Jennifer L.
Published: January 2012

Background/Aims: To test the hypothesis that obstetrical disseminated intravascular coagulopathy results from an excessive leakage of fetal material into the maternal circulation. Methods: All peripartum hysterectomy cases for hemorrhage at two suburban Illinois hospitals over 10 years were included. Intravascular presence of fetal material was determined by two pathologists blinded to each other and to any clinical information. For a given diagnosis, the percentage of intravascular fetal material in those patients with the diagnosis was compared with those without that diagnosis using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Seven diagnoses were attributed to the etiology of the hemorrhage: uterine rupture, abruption, uterine atony, placenta previa, accreta, coagulopathy, and retained placenta. Each of these diagnostic categories had fetal material present – ranging from 20 to 33%, but there were no statically significant differences. Secondary outcome measures of morbidity demonstrated that blood transfusion and intraoperative bladder injury were the chief comorbidities of peripartum hysterectomy. Conclusion: Maternal intravascular fetal material at the time of peripartum hysterectomy is present in up to one third of patients and does not invariably result in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
Activity, Expression and Genetic Variation of Canine β-Defensin 103: A Multifunctional Antimicrobial Peptide in the Skin of Domestic Dogs
Authors: Leonard Brian C. , Marks Stanley L. , Outerbridge Catherine A. , Affolter Verena K. , Kananurak Anchasa , Young Amy , Moore Peter F. , Bannasch Danika L. , Bevins Charles L.
Published: January 2012

The skin functions as more than a physical barrier to infection. Epithelial cells of the skin can synthesize antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, which exhibit direct antimicrobial activity. Here we characterize the expression pattern, genetic variation and activity of the major β-defensin expressed in canine skin, canine β-defensin 103 (CBD103). The gene encoding CBD103 exhibits two forms of polymorphism: a common 3-basepair deletion allele and a gene copy-number variation. Golden retrievers and Labrador retrievers were the only breeds that encoded the variant allele of CBD103, termed CBD103ΔG23. Both these breeds also exhibited a CBD103 gene copy-number polymorphism that ranged from 2 to 4 gene-copies per diploid genome. Recombinant CBD103 and CBD103ΔG23, as well as the human ortholog human β-defensin 3 (hBD3) and hBD3ΔG23, showed potent and comparable antimicrobial killing against both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Skin biopsy specimens from dogs with atopic dermatitis revealed CBD103 expression levels similar to those in healthy controls and comparable at lesional and nonlesional sites. This expression pattern in dogs differs from the previously reported reduced expression of the human ortholog in atopic dermatitis. Overall, the similarities of CBD103 and its human ortholog reported here support the notion that the domestic dog may serve as a valuable model for studying β-defensin biology in the skin.
Safety and Outcomes following Thrombolytic Treatment in Stroke Patients Who Had Received Prior Treatment with Anticoagulants
Authors: Matute María-Consuelo , Masjuan Jaime , Egido Jose-Antonio , Fuentes Blanca , Simal Patricia , Díaz-Otero Fernando , Reig Gemma , Díez-Tejedor Exuperio , Gil-Nuñez Antonio , Vivancos Jose , Alonso de Leciñana María
Published: January 2012

Background: Information is scare regarding the safety of intravenous thrombolysis in patients under anticoagulant treatment, given that this is an exclusion criterion in clinical trials. We analyzed the risk of hemorrhagic complications following thrombolysis in patients under treatment with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) and oral anticoagulants (OA). Methods: In a multicentered prospective study of consecutive acute stroke patients treated with intravenous alteplase we recorded age, gender, baseline NIHSS score, treatment delay, risk factors, etiology and previous therapy. The neurological progress (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at 7 days) and functional evolution at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale score), mortality and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) were compared between patients with LMWH or OA and those without prior anticoagulant therapy. Results: Of the 1,482 patients, 21 (1.4%) had received LMWH and 70 (4.7%) OA (international normalized ratio, INR, 0.9-2.0). Patients on OA were older, presented higher basal glucose levels, had been treated later and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, prior stroke, atrial fibrillation and cardioembolic pathologies. The severity of stroke on admission was similar in the different groups. The percentages of patients achieving independence (mRS 0-2) at 3 months were 33, 44 and 58 (LMWH, OA and no prior anticoagulant treatment, respectively; p = 0.02 for both comparisons of LMWH vs. no treatment and OA vs. no treatment); the mortality rates were 30, 25 and 12% (p = 0.010, p = 0.001, respectively) and the SICH were 14, 3 and 2% (p < 0.0001 for comparison of LMWH vs. no treatment). In the case of treatment with OA, the outcomes were independent of the INR value. Following adjustment for confounding variables, the prior use of OA was associated with higher mortality (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.1-4.2; p = 0.026) but not with SICH transformation or lower probability of independence. The use of LMWH was associated with higher mortality (OR: 5.3, 95% CI: 1.8-15.5; p = 0.002), risk of SICH (OR: 8.4, 95% CI: 2.2-32.2; p = 0.002) and lower probability of achieving independence (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.97; p = 0.043). Conclusions: The use of intravenous thrombolysis appears to be safe in patients previously treated with OA with INR levels <2 since there is no increase in SICH. The prior use of LMWH appears to increase the risk of SICH, death and dependence and, as such, the decision for systemic treatment with thrombolytic agents needs to be taken with caution in these cases. Larger case series are necessary to confirm these findings.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment for Malignancies of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Watanabe Masayuki , Baba Hideo , Ishioka Chikashi , Nishimura Yasumasa , Muto Manabu
Published: January 2012

Recent advances in diagnostic imaging have made it possible to detect early cancers in the gastrointestinal tract, while the development of novel antitumor agents has contributed to improved survival of patients with advanced cancers. In this review, the contents of the core symposia on ‘Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment for Malignancies of the Gastrointestinal Tract’, held at the 6th and 7th annual meeting of The Japanese Gastroenterological Association, are summarized. At the 6th annual meeting the core symposium focused on ‘Progress in Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Gastrointestinal Malignancies’. On the other hand, the 7th annual meeting focused on ‘Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Cancer’. Less invasiveness and multidisciplinary approach are the two major key words in the management of gastrointestinal malignancies. Efforts in translational research as well as in clinical studies will deliver less invasive and more effective treatment for gastrointestinal cancers.
Roles of Milk Fat Globule-Epidermal Growth Factor 8 in Intestinal Inflammation
Authors: Kusunoki Ryusaku , Ishihara Shunji , Aziz Monowar , Oka Akihiko , Tada Yasumasa , Kinoshita Yoshikazu
Published: January 2012

Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8), a glycoprotein secreted from various cells, enhances engulfment of apoptotic cells by forming a link between phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells and αvβ3-integrin on phagocytes. This process is essential for maintaining the host immune system under physiological conditions. Apart from this scavenging function, MFG-E8 also directly regulates a variety of cellular functions, such as attenuating inflammation and healing of injured tissues. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that MFG-E8 has anti-inflammatory and regenerating roles during intestinal inflammation. This review highlights novel findings regarding the roles of MFG-E8 in intestinal pathophysiology as well as its therapeutic potential for gut inflammatory disorders.
Serum Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases: Implications in Clinical Neurology
Authors: Romi Fredrik , Helgeland Geir , Gilhus Nils Erik
Published: January 2012

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent enzymes involved in remodeling extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. A pathogenic role of MMPs in neurological disorders is likely. This paper focuses on serological clinical aspects only. In multiple sclerosis, higher serum MMP-3 is seen during relapses. Lower serum MMP-8 and -9 levels correlate with fewer contrast-enhanced T2-weighted MRI lesions, and serum MMP-9 can be used in monitoring treatment. In myasthenia gravis, serum MMP-2, -3, and -9 levels are elevated in both generalized and ocular diseases. A proportion of the patients have markedly increased serum MMP-3. In acute stroke, higher serum MMP-9 correlates with larger infarct volume, stroke severity, and worse functional outcome, and serum MMP-3 is significantly lower than in several other neurological disorders and healthy controls. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, serum MMP-2 correlates with disease progression, and both serum MMP-1 and -2 are elevated. In Alzheimer’s disease, serum MMP-3, -9, and -10 are elevated. In migraine, serum MMP-2 is elevated, and also MMP-9 in those patients with migraine without aura. MMP-9 is implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental epilepsy. A pathogenic role of MMPs in these conditions could be related to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix. MMPs may also facilitate autoimmunity.
Anterior Segment OCT-Based Diagnosis and Management of Descemet’s Membrane Detachment
Authors: Zhou Shi-you , Wang Chun-xiao , Cai Xiao-yu , Liu Yi-zhi
Published: January 2012

Aims: To evaluate anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in the diagnosis and treatment of Descemet’s membrane detachment (DMD) with severe corneal edema. Methods: Nine eyes of 7 consecutive patients with suspected DMD with severe corneal edema due to different causes were imaged with the AS-OCT system. Configuration of Descemet’s membrane (DM) was delineated before and after treatment, and quantitative analysis was performed. An appropriate treatment was chosen based on the imaging findings. Results: DMD was demonstrated as being present in all eyes via AS-OCT. Different statuses of the DM including planar/nonplanar detachment, local/extensive detachment, and rupture was documented using AS-OCT images. Two eyes were treated with conservative therapy, 6 eyes with intracameral air/gas tamponade and 1 eye with penetrating keratoplasty. One of the air tamponade treatments failed and all the other treatments were successful. Conclusion: AS-OCT is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of DMD both in terms of selecting the appropriate treatment, and monitoring treatment outcomes when corneal edema is present.
Influence of Temperature during Transportation on Cell-Free DNA Analysis
Authors: Hidestrand Mats , Stokowski Renee , Song Ken , Oliphant Arnold , Deavers Julie , Goetsch Mary , Simpson Pippa , Kuhlman Randall , Ames Mary , Mitchell Michael , Tomita-Mitchell Aoy
Published: January 2012

Objective: To determine the effect of shipping blood in Streck blood collection tubes (BCT) prior to processing on cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) levels. Methods: Blood was collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and BCT tubes from 10 pregnant women carrying male fetuses. One set of each tube for each subject was processed to plasma immediately (standard cf-DNA protocol), whereas the other set was shipped by air courier and then processed. DNA was extracted and total and fetal DNA concentrations were measured by TaqMan multiplexed quantitative real-time PCR. Results: No significant difference was observed in total cf-DNA in plasma between immediately processed EDTA (control) and immediately processed BCT samples. Moreover, no significant change in total cf-DNA was detected in plasma of BCT samples shipped at room temperature. Significant differences in total cf-DNA leading to a significantly decreased fetal fraction were found in shipped EDTA samples and BCT samples shipped at 4°C. Discussion: BCT tubes are suitable for shipping whole blood prior to processing with respect to cf-DNA levels. However, care should be taken to ensure that samples are not exposed to extreme temperatures during shipment. This finding will benefit the development and clinical application of noninvasive methods of fetal diagnosis that utilize cf-DNA.
Recent Developments regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Stroke
Authors: Sen Souvik , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Powers William J.
Published: January 2012

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is strongly associated with ischemic stroke in the young. Data obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample in the United States show an increase in the number of stroke hospitalizations in the HIV-infected population despite an overall decrease in the number of stroke hospitalizations. Few data exist, however, that address the mechanism of HIV-associated stroke. Recent studies have demonstrated that HIV may infect the endothelium and alter cerebrovascular functions. Whether the proposed mechanism alters the stroke risk is undetermined. Epidemiological studies suggest that HIV-related stroke is associated with a risk factor profile that differs from the HIV-negative young stroke population in that HIV-associated strokes are less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking as risk factors. A large population-based study, moreover, suggests an association between antiretroviral therapy and increased cardio- and cerebrovascular risks. Specific antiretroviral agents such as protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been implicated in the metabolic syndrome, accelerated atherosclerosis and an increased risk for ischemic stroke. In addition to discussing these developments, this paper also discusses the implications of recent data for stroke prevention in HIV-infected patients.
Modified Halocline Water over the Laptev Sea Continental Margin: Historical Data Analysis
Authors: Dmitrenko Igor A. , Kirillov Sergey A. , Ivanov Vladimir V. , Rudels Bert , Serra Nuno , Koldunov Nikolay V.
Published: January 2012

Historical hydrographic data (1940s–2010) show a distinct cross-slope difference of the lower halocline water (LHW) over the Laptev Sea continental margins. Over the slope, the LHW is on average warmer and saltier by 0.2°C and 0.5 psu, respectively, relative to the off-slope LHW. The LHW temperature time series constructed from the on-slope historical records are related to the temperature of the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current transporting warm water from the North Atlantic Ocean. In contrast, the on-slope LHW salinity is linked to the sea ice and wind forcing over the potential upstream source region in the Barents and northern Kara Seas, as also indicated by hydrodynamic model results. Over the Laptev Sea continental margin, saltier LHW favors weaker salinity stratification that, in turn, contributes to enhanced vertical mixing with underlying AW.
Charpy impact behavior of plain weave S-2 glass/HDPE thermoplastic composites
Authors: Erkendirci Ömer Faruk
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact behavior of plain weave (PW) S-2 glass fiber reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic composites with different layers and thicknesses. The amount of impact toughness and absorbed energy of the composite materials during fracture as an impact modifier has been studied. Impact tests were performed with a Charpy impact tester on specimens with V-notches. The values of impact toughness and impact energy, which were obtained from each group of six specimens, were shown to depend on number of layers, volume fraction, and hence on processing.
A Photoelastic Assessment of Residual Stresses in Zirconia-Veneer Crowns
Authors: Belli R. , Monteiro S. , Baratieri L.N. , Katte H. , Petschelt A. , Lohbauer U.
Published: January 2012

Residual stresses within the veneer are linked to the high prevalence of veneer chipping observed in clinical trials of zirconia prostheses. We hypothesized that the thermal mismatch between the zirconia infrastructure and the veneer porcelain, as well as the rate used for cooling zirconia-veneer crowns, would be directly proportional to the magnitude of residual stresses built within the veneer layer. Two porcelains with different coefficients of thermal expansion were used to veneer zirconia copings, to create high or low thermal mismatches. The crowns were cooled according to a fast- or a slow-cooling protocol. The retardation of polarized light waves was used to calculate the residual stress magnitude and distribution across the veneer, according to the photoelasticity principle, in 1.0-mm-thick crown sections. While thermal mismatch was an important factor influencing the maximum stress development in the veneer, cooling rate had a minor role. Curved surfaces were preferential sites for stress concentration regardless of thermal mismatch or cooling rate.
Justification, Perception of Severity and Harm, and Criminalization of Wife Abuse in the Palestinian Society
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M. , Wilson Rula M. , Naqvi Syed Agha M.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of Palestinian adults toward different dimensions of wife abuse. A cross-sectional survey, using a combination of self-administered questionnaires and interviews, was conducted among a systematic random sample of 624 adult Palestinian men and women from the West Bank and Gaza Strip (18 years or older). Study results indicated a strong tendency to justify wife beating in different situations, such as when the wife is perceived as having an affair with another man or as physically attacking her husband. Participants considered the following acts of husband’s violence against wife as most severe: using a weapon (86%), having sex with the wife against her will (67%), and hitting her with his fist (57%). The majority of participants thought that wife beating should be considered a crime (82.3%). Traditional marital role expectations was the main significant predictor for all of the study criterion variables. Gender, place of residence, age, and marital status were significant predictors of some of the criterion variables.
Opinions About Child Corporal Punishment and Influencing Factors
Authors: Bell Tessa , Romano Elisa
Published: January 2012

The use of corporal punishment has been linked to negative developmental outcomes for children. Despite this finding, Section 43 of the Canadian Criminal Code permits the use of corporal punishment by parents for children 2 to 12 years of age. Therefore, this study’s first objective is to investigate opinions toward Section 43 and spanking more generally. The second objective is to investigate predictors of opinions toward Section 43 and spanking more generally. The sample consists of 818 nonparents (70.7% female, 29.0% male) who completed an online study. Results indicate that 38.6% were favorable toward upholding Section 43. However, this decreases to 25.8% when a condition is included, stating that parents would not be prosecuted for mild slaps or spankings. For attitudes toward spanking more generally, results reveal that 16.7% of the participants held favorable attitudes. Hierarchical regression analyses reveal that planning to use corporal punishment upon becoming a parent predicted having a more favorable attitude toward Section 43 as well as toward spanking more generally (after controlling for sociodemographics). In contrast, having experienced violence during one’s childhood predicts having less favorable attitudes toward Section 43 and spanking more generally. Significant interactions are found between childhood experiences of corporal punishment and perceptions of parental warmth/support and impulsiveness during discipline in predicting attitudes toward spanking. Those who report experiencing more corporal punishment during childhood but also more parental warmth/support hold more favorable attitudes toward spanking and those who report experiencing more corporal punishment during childhood and also more parental impulsiveness hold less favorable attitudes toward spanking. Findings indicate that examining opinions toward Section 43 and spanking separately is important because these concepts are not synonymous. In addition, both more immediate factors and those related to one’s developmental history play a role in predicting opinions toward Section 43 and spanking more generally.
Multiple Conversations During Organizational Meetings
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: January 2012

People are increasingly using their mobile devices to multitask and carry on multiple conversations in organizations. This study contributes to the growing work in multicommunication—communication practices involving technology where people conduct multiple, nearly simultaneous conversations. Through quantification of the communicative behaviors involved in the practice of multicommunicating, this study helps to operationalize this construct and, by refining measurement, contributes directly to theory development. The resulting model suggests that multicommunication in meetings consists of five major factors. While the factors of Informing, Influencing, and Supporting Others might be the most obvious functions of multicommunicating, the other two factors, Participating In Parallel Meetings and Being Available, provide additional insight into the influential role that others have in the practice of multicommunicating. Future directions and implications for using this scale are also discussed.
Theoretical relationships between component design, patient bone geometry and range-of-motion post hip resurfacing
Authors: Ellison Peter
Published: January 2012

Clinical studies indicate that range of motion until prosthetic impingement is important in understanding unexplained failures of hip resurfacings, yet the underlying biomechanical principles have received little attention. This study investigates the mathematical relationships between component design, position, patient bone geometry and range of motion in hip resurfaced prostheses. Variations in range of motion and impingement-free safe-zones for cup position were calculated using an established method of vector analysis that facilitated parametric analysis in a time efficient manner. The alpha angle, defined as the angle between the centreline of the femoral neck and the waist of the femoral head/neck junction, was used to represent the natural femoral neck. Range of motion and impingement-free safe-zones were inversely proportional to the alpha angle and cup inclusion angle. The size of the safe-zone was most sensitive to the alpha angle with a 6° reduction, decreasing the range of cup positions without impingement by 80–100%. Lowering the upper limit of cup inclination from 55° to 45° reduced the range of cup positions that allow impingement-free motion by 47–94%. No common safe-zone was observed for the range of component sizes and positions investigated. This offers an explanation to why clinic studies have failed to associate outcome with standardised positioning criteria.