bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk management in sustainable supply chain management (SSCM): lessons learnt from the case of GMO‐free soybeans
Authors: Teuscher Peter , Grüninger Beat , Ferdinand Niels
Published: September 2005

A well designed risk‐oriented supply chain management can put companies in a privileged position to deliver sustainable and reliable long‐term benefits to all stakeholders in the value chain. The case of GMO‐free soybean supply illustrates the various aspects of risk prevention that can lead to a systematic model of sustainable supply chain management. The article illustrates how – after consumers pressed the food industry to exclude GMO soybeans from their products – a sustainable soybean supply chain was established. Approaching the issue on a pragmatic basis, several tools have proved to be useful in constructing the supply chain. The authors show what the crucial points of sustainable supply chain management are. They point out the great contribution of standards and platforms such as BSCI, ETI, SA8000 and Fairtrade labelling, whereas process models such as AA1000 provide useful guidance on immunization against potential stakeholder risks. Finally, the article shows how a systematic approach can help companies to establish their tailored sustainable supply chain management. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Members of the Plag gene family are expressed in complementary and overlapping regions in the developing murine nervous system
Authors: Alam Sharmila , Zinyk Dawn , Ma Lin , Schuurmans Carol
Published: September 2005

In the developing nervous system, cell fate specification and proliferation are tightly coupled events, ensuring the coordinated generation of the appropriate numbers and correct types of neuronal and glial cells. While it has become clear that tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are key regulators of cell division in tumor cells, their role in normal cellular and developmental processes is less well understood. Here we present a comparative analysis of the expression profiles of the three members of the pleiomorphic adenoma gene (Plag) family, which encode zinc finger transcription factors previously characterized as tumor suppressors (Zac1) or oncogenes (Plag1, Plag‐l2). We focused our analysis on the developing nervous system of mouse where we found that the Plag genes were expressed in both unique and overlapping patterns in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in olfactory and neuroendocrine lineages. Based on their patterns of expression, we suggest that members of the Plag gene family might control cell fate and proliferation decisions in the developing nervous system and propose that deciphering these functions will help to explain why their inappropriate inactivation/activation leads to tumor formation. Developmental Dynamics 234:772–782, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and structures of the venous pole of the heart
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Brown Nigel A. , Moorman Antoon F.M.
Published: September 2005

In the past, our interpretations of cardiac development depended on analysis of serially sectioned embryos, supported by three‐dimensional reconstructions. It was not possible, using these techniques, to trace the fate of the various embryonic building blocks. This has all changed with the advent of the new techniques in molecular biology. Combining our experience with these new techniques and our previous studies using the classic approach, we have reviewed how the recent advances clarify controversies that still exist concerning the development of the venous pole. The arguments devolve on whether the pulmonary vein is itself a new development or whether its primordium is derived from the systemic venous tributaries, the so‐called sinus venosus. The new techniques show that, rather than developing in the form of a segmented tube, the heart is built up by addition of material to both its arterial and venous poles. At no stage is it possible to recognize a discrete part of the tube that can be identified as the sinus venosus. The confluence of the systemic venous tributaries does not become recognizable as a discrete anatomic entity until compartmented into the newly formed right atrium concomitant with formation of the venous valves. The new molecular techniques show that the pulmonary vein is a new structure, anatomically and developmentally, that is derived from mediastinal myocardium. It gains its connection to the morphologically left atrium between the right‐ and left‐sided systemic venous tributaries. Developmental Dynamics 235:2–9, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Widespread lipoplex‐mediated gene transfer to vascular endothelial cells and hemangioblasts in the vertebrate embryo
Authors: Bollérot Karine , Sugiyama Daisuke , Escriou Virginie , Gautier Rodolphe , Tozer Samuel , Scherman Daniel , Jaffredo Thierry
Published: September 2005

We report here a method that allows fast, efficient, and low‐cost screening for gene function in the vascular system of the vertebrate embryo. Through intracardiac delivery of nucleic acids optimally compacted by a specific cationic lipid, we are able to induce in vivo endothelial cell‐specific gain‐of‐function during development of the vascular network in the chick embryo. When the nucleic acids are delivered during the period of intraembryonic hematopoiesis, aortic hemangioblasts, the forerunners of the hematopoietic stem cells known to derive from the aortic endothelium, are also labeled. Similarly, we show that siRNA could be used to induce loss‐of‐function in vascular endothelial cells. This gene transfer technique was also applied to the mouse embryo with a high efficiency. The present method allows large‐scale analysis and may represent a new and versatile tool for functional genomics. Developmental Dynamics 235:105–114, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish foggy/spt5 is required for migration of facial branchiomotor neurons but not for their survival
Authors: Cooper Kimberly L. , Armstrong Juli , Moens Cecilia B.
Published: September 2005

Transcript elongation is a critical step in the production of mature messenger RNAs. Many factors have been identified that are required for transcript elongation, including Spt5. Studies in yeast determined that spt5 is required for cell viability, and analyses in Drosophila indicate Spt5 is localized to sites of active transcription, suggesting it is required generally for transcription. However, the requirement for spt5 for cell viability in a metazoan organism has not been addressed. We determined that zebrafish foggy/spt5 is required cell‐autonomously for the posterior migration of facial branchiomotor neurons from rhombomere 4 (r4) into r6 and r7 of the hindbrain. These genetic mosaics also give us the unique opportunity to determine whether spt5 is required for mRNA transcription equivalently at all loci by addressing two processes within the same cell—neuronal migration and cell viability. In a wild‐type host, spt5 null facial branchiomotor neurons survive to at least 5 days postfertilization while failing to migrate posteriorly. This finding indicates that spt5‐dependent transcript elongation is required cell‐autonomously for a complex cell migration but not for the survival of these same cells. This work provides evidence that transcript elongation is not a global mechanism equivalently required by all loci and may actually be under more strict developmental regulation. Developmental Dynamics 234:651–658, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of neurotrophic factors in skeletal muscle correlates with survival of spinal cord motor neurons
Authors: Kablar Boris , Belliveau Anne C.
Published: September 2005

To determine which combination of skeletal muscle‐derived neurotrophic factors may be important for the survival of specific subpopulations of developing spinal cord motor neurons, we used Myf5 and MyoD (myogenic regulatory factors) knockouts, containing differentially committed myogenic precursor cells (MPCc) and immunohistochemistry against several muscle‐secreted neurotrophic factors. At the peak of motor neuron cell death, skeletal muscle development is delayed in the back and body wall muscles of Myf5−/− embryos and in the limb muscles of MyoD−/− embryos. We hypothesized that, if the skeletal muscle was indeed an important source of survival factors for motor neurons, the back, the abdominal wall, and the forelimb MPCs of Myf5−/− or MyoD−/− embryos should produce at least some neurotrophic factors necessary for the survival of motor neurons. In this report, we demonstrate that (1) different MPCs lacking Myf5, MyoD, or Myf5/MyoD have different capabilities in providing factors potentially required for the survival of motor neurons and intramuscular nerve branching, (2) MPCs in double‐mutant embryos do not contain neurotrophic factors in the absence of myogenic specification, and (3) different subpopulations of MPCs contain different combinations of neurotrophic factors potentially required for the survival of the specific subpopulations of innervating motor neurons. Developmental Dynamics 234:659–669, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Mechanistic Comparison between Cytochrome P450‐ and Chloroperoxidase‐Catalyzed N‐Dealkylation of N,N‐Dialkyl Anilines
Authors: Bhakta Mehul N. , Wimalasena Kandatege
Published: September 2005

Most peroxidases use histidine as an axial ligand for heme, while chloroperoxidase (CPO) uses a thiolate, which is similar to the ligand employed by cytochrome P450 (P450). Several studies have also shown that, unlike other peroxidases, CPO is capable of carrying out monooxygenation reactions in a similar manner to P450 in addition to typical peroxidase‐like reactions. These observations have been attributed to the similarities of the active‐site architecture of the two enzymes. Both enzymes have been shown to efficiently catalyze the oxidative N‐dealkylation of amines. The similar magnitudes of the kinetic isotope effects determined for P450‐ and CPO‐catalyzed N‐dealkylation of N,N‐dimethylaniline have been used to propose that these reactions proceed through similar mechanisms. In this study, we have examined the mechanism of CPO‐catalyzed N‐dealkylation using a series of radical probes, 4‐chloro‐N‐cyclopropyl‐N‐alkylanilines 1–3, which we have recently used in the mechanistic studies of P450, and compared the results with those of P450‐catalyzed reactions. The results show that P450‐ and CPO‐catalyzed reactions proceed through distinctly different mechanisms. As previously reported, while P450‐catalyzed reactions appear to proceed through a Cα‐hydrogen abstraction mechanism, CPO‐catalyzed reactions proceed through a single electron/proton transfer (SET/H+) mechanism, similar to reactions catalyzed by Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Thus, CPO may not be a good mechanistic model for P450‐catalyzed N‐dealkylations.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Unique expression and localization of aquaporin‐ 4 and aquaporin‐9 in murine and human neural stem cells and in their glial progeny
Authors: Cavazzin Chiara , Ferrari Daniela , Facchetti Floriana , Russignan Anna , Vescovi Angelo L. , La Porta Caterina A.M. , Gritti Angela
Published: October 2005

Aquaporins (AQP) are water channel proteins that play important roles in the regulation of water homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions. AQP4 and AQP9, the main aquaporin subtypes in the brain, are expressed in the adult forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ), where neural stem cells (NSCs) reside, but little is known about their expression and role in the NSC population, either in vivo or in vitro. Also, no reports are available on the presence of these proteins in human NSCs. We performed a detailed molecular and phenotypical characterization of different AQPs, and particularly AQP4 and AQP9, in murine and human NSC cultures at predetermined stages of differentiation. We demonstrated that AQP4 and AQP9 are expressed in adult murine SVZ‐derived NSCs (ANSCs) and that their levels of expression and cellular localization are differentially regulated upon ANSC differentiation into neurons and glia. AQP4 (but not AQP9) is expressed in human NSCs and their progeny. The presence of AQP4 and AQP9 in different subsets of ANSC‐derived glial cells and in different cellular compartments suggests different roles of the two proteins in these cells, indicating that ANSC‐derived astrocytes might maintain in vitro the heterogeneity that characterize the astrocyte‐like cell populations in the SVZ in vivo. The development of therapeutic strategies based on modulation of AQP function relies on a better knowledge of the functional role of these channels in brain cells. We provide a reliable and standardized in vitro experimental model to perform functional studies as well as toxicological and pharmacological screenings. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potassium channel Kir4.1 macromolecular complex in retinal glial cells
Authors: Connors Nathan C. , Kofuji Paulo
Published: October 2005

A major role for Müller cells in the retina is to buffer changes in the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) resulting from light‐evoked neuronal activity. The primary K+ conductance in Müller cells is the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1. Since this channel is constitutively active, K+ can enter or exit Müller cells depending on the state of the [K+]o. This process of [K+]o buffering by Müller cells (“K+ siphoning”) is enhanced by the precise accumulation of these K+ channels at discrete subdomains of Müller cell membranes. Specifically, Kir4.1 is localized to the perivascular processes of Müller cells in animals with vascular retinas and to the endfeet of Müller cells in all species examined. The water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) also appears to be important for [K+]o buffering and is expressed in Müller cells in a very similar subcellular distribution pattern to that of Kir4.1. To gain a better understanding of how Müller cells selectively target K+ and water channels to discrete membrane subdomains, we addressed the question of whether Kir4.1 and AQP4 associate with the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGC) in the mammalian retina. Immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments were utilized to show that Kir4.1 and AQP4 are associated with DGC proteins in rat retina. Furthermore, AQP4 was also shown to co‐precipitate with Kir4.1, suggesting that both channels are tethered together by the DGC in Müller cells. This work further defines a subcellular localization mechanism in Müller cells that facilitates [K+]o buffering in the retina. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate‐mediated glial injury: Mechanisms and clinical importance
Authors: Matute Carlos , Domercq María , Sánchez‐Gómez María‐Victoria
Published: October 2005

Primary and/or secondary glial cell death can cause and/or aggravate human diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Like neurons, glial cells are vulnerable to glutamate insults. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes express a wide variety of glutamate receptors and transporters that mediate many of the deleterious effects of glutamate. Astrocytes are responsible for most glutamate uptake in synaptic and nonsynaptic areas and consequently, are the major regulators of glutamate homeostasis. Microglia in turn may secrete cytokines, which can impair glutamate uptake and reduce the expression of glutamate transporters. Finally, oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS, are very sensitive to excessive glutamate signaling, which can lead to the apoptosis or necrosis of these cells. This review aims at summarizing the mechanisms leading to glial cell death as a consequence of alterations in glutamate signaling, and their clinical relevance. A thorough understanding of these events will undoubtedly lead to better therapeutic strategies to treat CNS diseases affecting glia and in particular, those that involve damage to white matter tracts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular mitochondrial heterogeneity in cultured astrocytes as demonstrated by immunogold labeling of α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Authors: Waagepetersen Helle S. , Hansen Gert H. , Fenger Kirsten , Lindsay J. Gordon , Gibson Gary , Schousboe Arne
Published: October 2005

In brain cells, various metabolites and metabolic pathways, largely of mitochondrial origin, have been shown to be compartmentalized. Attention has therefore been focused on the possible existence of mitochondrial heterogeneity in the brain at the cellular level. To determine whether mitochondria in cultured cortical and cerebellar astrocytes are heterogeneous at the single cell level, immunogold electron microscopy and an antibody against the α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component of the α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, a marker enzyme for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, were employed. The number of gold particles was counted in the mitochondria of 36 and 42 cells from cultured cerebellar and cortical astrocytes, respectively. A test for random distribution (Poisson distribution) of mitochondria according to the number of gold particles was subsequently performed for every one of the 36 and 42 cells as the ratio variance/mean (= index of dispersion). This should be approximately distributed as χ2/degrees of freedom (df) = n − 1, n = number of mitochondria), if the observations obeyed a Poisson distribution. For 26 of the 36 (cerebellar astrocytes) distributions and for 28 of the 42 (cortical astrocytes) distributions a random distribution had to be rejected. These findings therefore strongly indicate that α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is heterogeneously distributed in mitochondria within individual astrocytes originating either from cerebellum or cerebral cortex. In conclusion, this study underlines the probability that mitochondrial heterogeneity at the single cell level might be extended to involve other metabolic pathways and metabolites. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Missing data and institutional research
Authors: Croninger Robert G. , Douglas Karen M.
Published: September 2005

Many do not consider the effect that missing data have on their survey results nor do they know how to handle missing data. This chapter offers strategies for handling item‐missing data and provides a practical example of how these strategies may affect results. The chapter concludes with recommendations for preventing and dealing with missing data.
Self‐reported data in institutional research: Review and recommendations
Authors: Gonyea Robert M.
Published: September 2005

Higher education scholars and institutional researchers rely heavily on self‐reported survey data in their work. This chapter explores problems associated with self‐reports and provides questions and recommendations for their use.
Estimation of the wetted soil volume depth, under a surface trickle line source, considering evaporation and water extraction by roots
Authors: Elmaloglou St. , Malamos N.
Published: September 2005

The use of a plane flow model that takes into account evaporation and water extraction by roots, in order to analyze local infiltration from a surface line source of trickle irrigation is presented. The numerical results were the base for the development and testing of an empirical method to determine the depth of the wetted soil volume. The implementation of the mathematical model took place against 3 of the 12 USDA soil classes, Schaap and Leij (1998) using four water application rates for each one. The empirical methodology separates the irrigation process into two phases; the length of each one depends on the duration of the irrigation. The application of two simple, time‐dependent empirical relationships, a power law for the stage of the infiltration and a polynomial for the stage after the end of the irrigation, had very satisfying results. Different statistical criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the method's results and average class values of the empirical coefficients were introduced, based on the corresponding confidence intervals. The agreement between the numerical results and the values calculated by the empirical relationships shows that the combined use of a power law and a polynomial empirical relationship could be used to calculate the vertical movement of the wetting front through the soil profile, in order to reduce the deep percolation losses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network design for groundwater level monitoring in Upper Bari Doab Canal tract, Punjab, India
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Sondhi S. K. , Phogat V.
Published: September 2005

A geostatistical technique based on the theory of regionalized variables offers efficient tools for the design of groundwater level monitoring networks. The existing network of groundwater observation wells in the state of Punjab is randomly scattered which does not depict the correct picture of the water table over large areas. The adequacy of the existing observation wells network in the Upper Bari Doab Canal tract was examined by using universal kriging and specified the optimal locations for possible reduction or addition of observation wells for a given level of accuracy. It was found that the present level of accuracy can be maintained by a 12% reduction in the number of existing observation wells. A considerable improvement in the present level of accuracy was estimated by locating additional observation wells hypothetically in the areas having a high estimation error. For further improvement, a square pattern network at 5 km is proposed, having a maximum estimation error of 2.33 m at the centre of the grid. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test other alternative networks for their efficiency and economic soundness. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing irrigation at Otrar Oasis, Kazakhstan, AD 800–1700
Authors: Clarke D. , Sala R. , Deom J.‐M. , Meseth E.
Published: September 2005

Irrigation has been practised near the Syr Darya river in Central Asia for over 1300 years. Low‐level aerial surveys were used to determine the extent of the former canal network and archaeological excavations have identified phases of expansion and contraction of towns that depended on irrigated agriculture. From AD 1000 onwards, extensive series of engineered canals were constructed, producing a rich agricultural society in a region formerly considered to be dominated by nomadic pastoralists. Phases and expansion of agricultural development are related to regional changes in climate. Modern irrigation models have been used to reconstruct likely crop water requirements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulic sensitivity indicators for canal operation assessment
Authors: Kouchakzadeh Salah , Montazar Aliasghar
Published: September 2005

An open channel irrigation system is a physical infrastructure composed of canal reaches and numerous structures such as offtakes and cross‐regulators, which conveys, regulates and distributes water for irrigation purposes. Each structure is meant to transform an input variable into an output one, and the flexibility of the output with respect to input variations can be expressed by a structure sensitivity indicator. The sensitivity analysis approach, applied to irrigation systems, might be considered an intermediary approach between steady and unsteady flow conditions for describing the flow behavior of irrigation canals. In this paper a preliminary analytical framework is developed to address the sensitivity of irrigation distribution systems. The development of hydraulic sensitivity indicators at local and reach levels is presented first. Then, by incorporating the time parameter in the analysis, a method for estimating a reach–time response to a perturbation is proposed. Also, a case study to evaluate the applicability of sensitivity indicators in assessing flow behavior in an irrigation canal was carried out. The results indicate that the proposed approach is capable of predicting the time required for damping a perturbation with a specified condition and provides the users with sufficient information to improve the management of water distribution in an irrigation network. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy multicriterion decision making in irrigation planning
Authors: Raju K. Srinivasa , Kumar D. Nagesh
Published: September 2005

Multicriterion decision making (MCDM) has emerged as an effective methodology due to its ability to combine quantitative and qualitative criteria for selection of the best alternative. Concurrently, fuzzy logic is gaining importance due to its flexibility in handling imprecise subjective data. In the present study two fuzzy logic‐based MCDM methods, namely similarity analysis (SA) and decision analysis (DA), are adopted and developed as a FUzzy Decision System (FUDS) and applied to a case study of the Sri Ram Sagar Project (SRSP), Andhra Pradesh, India, for selecting the best‐performing irrigation subsystem. It is found that both SA and DA suggested the same irrigation subsystem as the best. It is concluded that application of fuzzy logic methodology for real‐world decision‐making problems is found to be effective. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of methods for determining infiltration parameters from irrigation advance data
Authors: Khatri K. L. , Smith R. J.
Published: September 2005

Knowledge of soil infiltration parameters is of the utmost importance for optimum performance and management of surface irrigation. The advance of the surface flow across a field varies according to the infiltration rate, ultimately determining the soil moisture uniformity and water application efficiency. Calculation of the infiltration parameters from irrigation advance data is now the preferred method. If the process is to be included in a real‐time control system it must be done accurately, reliably and rapidly, without user intervention, and with a minimum of field data.

With this purpose in mind, six infiltration methods were selected for evaluation: the two‐point method, the computer model INFILT, the method of Upadhyaya and Raghuwanshi, the Valiantaz one‐point method, the Shepard one‐point method and a simple linear infiltration function.

Field experimental data from 10 furrow irrigation trials were used to evaluate the methods, these data covering a range of soil types and furrow characteristics. The data sets were analyzed to determine infiltration parameters to evaluate the ability of the selected methods for prediction of advance and cumulative infiltration.

The results showed INFILT to be the most accurate and reliable method, performing consistently well for all of the data sets. Generally the two‐point and linear estimation methods also performed well, although the two‐point method is handicapped by its requirement for prior knowledge of the steady or final infiltration rate fo. None of the methods proved entirely suitable for use in a real‐time control system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of simulated annealing (SA) techniques for optimal water distribution in irrigation canals
Authors: Monem Mohammad Javad , Namdarian Reza
Published: September 2005

One of the contributing factors to the poor performance of irrigation systems is improper water distribution. Traditionally, in irrigation canals water distribution schedules are determined based on descriptive methods. Application of optimization methods could improve performance of water delivery. In a case study, a single‐objective zero–one programming method was used to develop an optimal water delivery schedule. Considering several objectives of irrigation systems and the difficulties of zero–one programming, a multi‐objective simulated annealing optimization technique is utilized. Based on water requirements at delivery points, the developed model determines time and rate of water delivery. The canal capacity and operational stages are minimized and water requirements are satisfied as closely as possible. In order to test the applicability of the proposed model, the model is applied on the Feng‐Jia‐Shan Canal in China and compared with the results of Wang. The results show that the multi‐objective optimization approach resulted in lower operational stages, while the canal capacity is reduced to the same level as Wang's study. The model is applied on the AMX canal of the Varamin irrigation network in Tehran, Iran. The model benefits from the advantages of SA techniques and could take into account several objectives and avoid the difficulties of zero–one programming. This model could be used as an efficient tool for planning water delivery schedules in irrigation canals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sorption and solubility testing of orthodontic bonding cements in different solutions
Authors: Toledano Manuel , Osorio Raquel , Osorio Estrella , Aguilera Fátima S. , Romeo Alejandro , de la Higuera Blanca , García‐Godoy Franklin
Published: September 2005

To evaluate and compare the solubility and sorption of orthodontic bonding cements after immersion in different solutions, five different cements were used: a fluoride‐containing resin composite, a light‐cured glass ionomer cement, a light‐cured resin composite, a paste–paste chemically cured resin composite, and a liquid–paste chemically cured resin composite. Five different solutions were employed: distilled water, artificial saliva, an alcohol‐free mouthrinse solution (Orthokin), a 5% alcohol mouthrinse solution (Perioaid), and a 75% ethanol/water solution. Five disc specimens (15 mm × 0.85 mm) were used for each experimental condition. Materials were handled following manufacturers' instructions and were ground wet with silicon carbide paper. Solubility and sorption of the materials were calculated by means of weighing the samples before and after immersion and desiccation. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls test (p < 0.05). The light‐cured glass ionomer cement showed the lowest solubility and the highest sorption values. When using alcohol‐containing solutions as storage media, solubility of the paste–paste chemically cured resin composite increased, and sorption values for the tested chemically cured resin composites were also increased. The use of alcohol‐free mouthrinses does not affect sorption and solubility of orthodontic cements. The chemically cured (paste–paste) composite resin cement, requiring a mixing procedure, was the most affected by immersion in alcohol‐containing solutions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Curing effectiveness of a light emitting diode on dentin bonding agents
Authors: Kim Sun‐Young , Lee In‐Bog , Cho Byeong‐Hoon , Son Ho‐Hyun , Um Chung‐Moon
Published: September 2005

This study tested the hypothesis that dentin bonding agents (DBAs) cured with a light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit (LCU) would not show a statistically significant different dentin shear bond strength (DSBS) relative to a halogen LCU, when the LED and halogen LCUs had a supposedly similar irradiance. Five commercial DBAs were tested: ScotchBond Multipurpose, Single Bond, One Step, Clearfil SE Bond, and Adper Prompt. The LCUs used in this study were a VIP (Bisco) for the halogen light and an Elipar FreeLight (3M ESPE) for the LED. First, the emission spectrum and spectral irradiance of both LCUs were investigated. Next, the DSBS of the DBAs cured with each LCU was measured. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to analyze whether there were differences in DSBS resulting from the type of LCU and DBA used. The halogen LCU showed a higher total irradiance value relative to the LED LCU, but the difference of spectral irradiance was reduced in the efficient wavelength ranges for camphoroquinone activation. Although the DBAs cured with both types of LCUs showed similar DSBS values, Clearfil SE Bond showed the highest DSBS value when cured with a halogen light. Therefore, the null hypothesis of this study was rejected, indicating that the curing effectiveness of the LED LCU on some DBAs can be lower than that of a halogen LCU in terms of bond strength. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
The Personality Assessment Inventory with chronic pain patients: Psychometric properties and clinical utility
Authors: Karlin Bradley E. , Creech Suzannah K. , Grimes Jeffrey S. , Clark Timothy S. , Meagher Mary W. , Morey Leslie C.
Published: September 2005

The present study examined the clinical utility and psychometric properties of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) within a large sample of chronic pain patients. Alpha coefficients and mean interitem correlations generally conformed with recommended psychometric standards and were similar to those reported for the test standardization samples. Factor analyses supported the consistency of the underlying factor structure of the PAI with chronic pain patients. The factor related to acting‐out behavior did not contain the substance abuse component found in previous investigations. The findings demonstrate the complexity and heterogeneity of chronic pain cases and support the usefulness of the PAI in detecting broad and specific psychological and personality constructs within the population of chronic pain patients. Finally, the study provides normative data that will inform clinical interpretation and decision making in chronic pain cases. Overall, the results support the applicability of the PAI for assessment and treatment planning with chronic pain patients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1571–1585, 2005.
Edge‐disjoint Hamiltonian cycles in hypertournaments
Authors: Petrovic Vojislav , Thomassen Carsten
Published: September 2005

We introduce a method for reducing k‐tournament problems, for k ≥ 3, to ordinary tournaments, that is, 2‐tournaments. It is applied to show that a k‐tournament on n ≥ k + 1 + 24d vertices (when k ≥ 4) or on n ≥ 30d + 2 vertices (when k = 3) has d edge‐disjoint Hamiltonian cycles if and only if it is d‐edge‐connected. Ironically, this is proved by ordinary tournament arguments although it only holds for k ≥ 3. We also characterizatize the pancyclic k‐tournaments, a problem posed by Gutin and Yeo.(Our characterization is slightly incomplete in that we prove it only for n large compared to k.). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Decompositions of a complete multidigraph into nonhamiltonian paths
Authors: Meszka Mariusz , Skupień Zdzisław
Published: September 2005

For n ≥ 3, the complete n‐vertex multidigraph with any fixed multiplicity of edges is proved to be decomposable into nonhamiltonian (directed) paths of arbitrarily prescribed lengths (≤ n − 2) provided that the lengths sum up to the size of the multidigraph. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Spanning subgraphs of graphs partitioned into two isomorphic pieces
Authors: Bonato Anthony
Published: September 2005

A graph has the neighbor‐closed‐co‐neighbor, or ncc property, if for each of its vertices x, the subgraph induced by the neighbor set of x is isomorphic to the subgraph induced by the closed non‐neighbor set of x. As proved by Bonato and Nowakowski [5], graphs with the ncc property are characterized by the existence of perfect matchings satisfying certain local conditions. In the present article, we investigate the spanning subgraphs of ncc graphs, which we name sub‐ncc. Several equivalent characterizations of finite sub‐ncc graphs are given, along with a polynomial time algorithm for their recognition. The infinite sub‐ncc graphs are characterized, and we demonstrate the existence of a countable universal sub‐ncc graph satisfying a strong symmetry condition called pseudo‐homogeneity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying and antral motility: Single visit assessment of upper GI function in untreated celiac disease using echo‐planar MRI
Authors: Marciani Luca , Coleman Nicholas S. , Dunlop Simon P. , Singh Gulzar , Marsden Charles A. , Holmes Geoffrey K. , Spiller Robin C. , Gowland Penny A.
Published: September 2005

Purpose

To assess gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying, and antral motility in untreated celiac patients and healthy controls using a single MRI examination.

Materials and Methods

Gallbladder emptying, gastric emptying, and antral motility were measured in 15 celiac patients and 15 age/sex‐matched healthy controls following a 323‐kcal test meal using EPI techniques. Postprandial dyspepsia scores were recorded on a questionnaire.

Results

Fasting gallbladder volume (P = 0.01) and the volume of bile ejected postprandially (P = 0.014) were increased in celiacs. Gastric emptying tended to be slower in celiacs (P = 0.142). Three celiac patients with severe postprandial dyspepsia and total villous atrophy had pathologically delayed gastric emptying and increased fasting gallbladder volume. Antral contractions were absent in five out of 14 patients (36%) five minutes after the meal, but in none of 10 volunteers in whom the antrum could be visualized (P = 0.128).

Conclusion

This study shows that using MRI, multiple parameters related to upper gastrointestinal function in celiac disease can be measured in a single noninvasive study, whereas previously three separate visits would have been required. Celiacs have increased fasting gallbladder volumes and tend to have slower gastric emptying. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI findings of renal lymphangiectasia
Authors: Kocaoglu Murat , Bulakbasi Nail , Ilica Turan , Somuncu Ibrahim
Published: September 2005

We present the case of a 20‐year‐old male with renal lymphangiectasia who presented with hypertension and hematuria. We discuss the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium‐enhanced MR urography in confirming the diagnosis, extensions of this rare benign entity, and associated conditions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface Structures in Thin Polymer Layers Caused by Coupling of Diffusion‐Controlled Marangoni Instability and Local Horizontal Temperature Gradient
Authors: Weh Lothar
Published: September 2005

Summary: Surface tension‐driven Marangoni convection causes the formation of regular surface structures in drying polymer layers. The shape of the surface structures formed during solvent evaporation depends on layer and interfacial dynamic parameters as well as external factors. The influence of a horizontal radial temperature gradient produced by a point heat source below the polymer layer on the diffusion‐controlled Marangoni instability has been studied. In the region of the lateral temperature gradient, radial surface flow coupled with the interfacial instability leads to stripe, ladder, chevron and/or labyrinthine surface structures.

Stepped ladder structures in a poly(vinyl butyral) layer produced by interfacial instability and heating with an ultrasonic sonotrode below the layer substrate.

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Stepped ladder structures in a poly(vinyl butyral) layer produced by interfacial instability and heating with an ultrasonic sonotrode below the layer substrate.
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane/Silica Hybrid Coatings
Authors: Chen Yongchun , Zhou Shuxue , Yang Haihua , Wu Limin
Published: September 2005

Summary: Polyurethane/silica hybrid coatings were prepared via in situ (IS) or blending (BL) method using different acidic silica sols. The effects of preparation methods, silica types, and content on the structure and mechanical properties of the hybrid coatings were investigated. It was found that there existed two types of silica phases in the hybrid coatings: silica‐rich agglomerate and primary silica‐rich phase, whose size and compactness depended upon the silica types and the preparation methods. Introducing silica could result in obvious changes in surface free energy, atomic composition, and mechanical properties of the hybrid coatings.

Typical SEM image of the fractured surface of hybrids obtained by the in situ method.

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Typical SEM image of the fractured surface of hybrids obtained by the in situ method.
Oxypropylation of Lignins and Preparation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams from the Ensuing Polyols
Authors: Nadji Hamid , Bruzzèse Cécile , Belgacem Mohamed Naceur , Benaboura Ahmed , Gandini Alessandro
Published: September 2005

Summary: Different lignins were converted into polyols by a chain extension reaction with propylene oxide (PO). Thus, soda lignin from Alfa (Stipa tenacissima) (SL), organosolv lignin from hardwoods (OL), kraft lignin (KL) from softwood and oxidized organosolv lignin (OOL) were oxypropylated in a batch reactor at 180 °C in the presence of KOH as catalyst. The ensuing polyols were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, which showed that they had incorporated poly(propylene oxide) grafts into their structure. Their viscosity varied from 5 mPa · s to infinity, depending on the Lignin/PO ratio and their hydroxy index was in the range of 100–200, which made them suitable for rigid polyurethane foam (RPU) formulations. The RPUs thus obtained had a Tg of ca. 60 °C and a thermal conductivity of ≈20 mW/m · K before ageing and ≈25 mW/m · K after accelerated ageing for 10 d at 70 °C. The analyses of the gases inside the cells showed that these were mostly closed, since the partial pressure did not decrease significantly with ageing.

Photograph of polyurethane foam made from OLOP.

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Photograph of polyurethane foam made from OLOP.
Waste and Virgin LDPE/PET Blends Compatibilized with an Ethylene‐Butyl Acrylate‐Glycidyl Methacrylate (EBAGMA) Terpolymer, 1
Authors: Kaci Mustapha , Benhamida Aida , Cimmino Sossio , Silvestre Clara , Carfagna Cosimo
Published: September 2005

Summary: This work is aimed at studying the morphology and the mechanical properties of blends of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (10, 20, and 30 wt.‐% of PET), obtained as both virgin polymers and urban plastic waste, and the effect of a terpolymer of ethylene‐butyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate (EBAGMA) as a compatibilizer. LDPE and PET are blended in a single screw extruder twice; the first extrusion to homogenize the two components, and the second to improve the compatibilization degree when the EBAGMA terpolymer is applied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the fractured surface of both the virgin polymer and the waste binary blends is characterized by a gross phase segregation morphology that leads to the formation of large PET aggregates (10–50 µm). Furthermore, a sharp decrease in the elongation at break and impact strength is observed, which denotes the brittleness of the binary blends. The addition of the EBAGMA terpolymer to the binary LDPE/PET blends reduces the size of the PET inclusions to 1–5 µm with a finer dispersion, as a result of an improvement of the interfacial adhesion strength between LDPE and PET. Consequently, increases of the tensile properties and impact strength are observed.

SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of a waste 70/30 LDPE/PET blend (R30) and of its blend with 15 pph of EBAGMA (R30C). Magnification × 1 000.

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SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of a waste 70/30 LDPE/PET blend (R30) and of its blend with 15 pph of EBAGMA (R30C). Magnification × 1 000.
Concentric coil arrays for parallel MRI
Authors: Ohliger Michael A. , Greenman Robert L. , Giaquinto Randy , McKenzie Charles A. , Wiggins Graham , Sodickson Daniel K.
Published: October 2005

A new type of coil array is proposed that consists of concentrically placed coil elements, each of which is characterized by symmetrically arranged lobes that have alternating current directions. Symmetries in the coil elements' conductor paths allow for the minimization of mutual inductance and noise correlations. In addition, the concentric arrangement of the coil elements provides spatial encoding capabilities in multiple directions, which is valuable when arrays are used with parallel MRI. Simulations are presented that describe the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) properties of individual concentric array elements, and a four‐element prototype concentric array is constructed. This prototype array is compared experimentally with three alternative four‐element array designs. The overall SNR of the concentric array is comparable to the SNR of the competing arrays. Reconstruction of twofold undersampled data using the concentric array yields an average g‐factor of less than 1.3 in all directions parallel to the plane of the array. There is some degradation in performance when threefold undersampled data are reconstructed, but the array still shows substantial directional invariance compared to alternative designs. Both fully‐sampled and undersampled cardiac images acquired using the concentric array are shown. These results suggest that concentric structures can be useful tools for designing specialized coil arrays for parallel MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion measurements using single shot 3D GRASE at 3 T
Authors: Fernández‐Seara María A. , Wang Ze , Wang Jiongjiong , Rao Heng‐Yi , Guenther Matthias , Feinberg David A. , Detre John A.
Published: September 2005

Single shot 3D GRASE is less sensitive to field inhomogeneity and susceptibility effects than gradient echo based fast imaging sequences while preserving the acquisition speed. In this study, a continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) pulse was added prior to the single shot 3D GRASE readout and quantitative perfusion measurements were carried out at 3 T, at rest and during functional activation. The sequence performance was evaluated by comparison with a CASL sequence with EPI readout. It is shown that perfusion measurements using CASL GRASE can be performed safely on humans at 3 T without exceeding the current RF power deposition limits. The maps of resting cerebral blood flow generated from the GRASE images are comparable to those obtained with the 2D EPI readout, albeit with better coverage in the orbitofrontal cortex. The sequence proved effective for functional imaging, yielding time series of images with improved temporal SNR with respect to EPI and group activation maps with increased significance levels. The method was further improved using parallel imaging techniques to provide increased spatial resolution and better separation of the gray–white matter cerebral blood flow maps. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EPR spectrometer for clinical applications
Authors: Salikhov I. , Walczak T. , Lesniewski P. , Khan N. , Iwasaki A. , Comi R. , Buckey J. , Swartz H. M.
Published: September 2005

This article describes an EPR spectrometer specifically designed and constructed for EPR spectroscopy in humans. The spectrometer is based on a permanent magnet, suitable for measurements at 1200 MHz. The magnet has a full 50 cm gap between the poles, which facilitates accurate and comfortable placement of the subject for the EPR measurement at any location on the human body. The bridge includes features to facilitate clinical operations, including an indicator for phasing of the reference arm and a 2 level RF amplifier. Resonators with holders for each type and site of measurement have been developed that comfortably position the resonator and the patient and prevent artifacts due to motion. The initial applications for which the spectrometer has been designed are for oximetry using loops on the surface, oximetry using implanted resonators for measuring deep sites, and measurements in the teeth for determination of exposures to clinically significant doses of ionizing radiation. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.