bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STOCHASTIC CLEARING MODEL WITH A BROWNIAN AND A COMPOUND
POISSON COMPONENT
Authors: Kella Offer , Perry David , Stadje Wolfgang
Published: October 2003

We consider a stochastic input–output system with additional
total clearings at certain random times determined by its own
evolution (and specified by a controller). Between two clearings,
the stock level process is a superposition of a Brownian motion
with drift and a compound Poisson process with positive jumps,
reflected at zero. We introduce meaningful cost functionals
for this system and determine them explicitly under several
(classical and new) clearing policies.
PRESERVATION OF PROPERTIES UNDER MIXTURE
Authors: Block Henry W. , Li Yulin , Savits Thomas H.
Published: October 2003

In general, finite mixtures of distributions with increasing
failure rates are not increasing. However, conditions have been
given by Lynch [8] so that a mixture of distributions
with increasing failure rates has increasing failure rate. We
establish similar results for other standard classes and also
give examples which show that although the assumptions are
stringent, continuous mixtures of standard families of lifetime
distributions do have increasing failure rates. We also show
that the result of Lynch follows from Savits [12]
and the techniques of the last-cited paper can be applied to
other classes as well.
Development of syllable structure in English-speaking children with particular reference to rhymes
Authors: KEHOE MARGARET M. , STOEL-GAMMON CAROL
Published: October 2003

This study investigates acquisition of the rhyme using cross-sectional
and longitudinal data from 14 English-speaking children (aged 1;3–2;0).
It focuses on 4 questions pertaining to rhyme development, which are
motivated from current theories of prosodic acquisition: 1. Do children
make vowel length errors in early acquisition?; 2. Do children acquire
coda consonants before they learn the vowel length contrast?; 3. What
consonants are first acquired as codas?; and 4. Is there a size constraint
such that children's productions are minimally and maximally bimoraic?
The results indicate that the percentage of vowel length errors across all
children was low irrespective of the percentage of codas produced. In
particular, two children produced very few coda consonants and made
few vowel length errors, suggesting that mastery of vowel length was not
secondary to coda acquisition. With respect to coda segments, children
produced voiceless obstruents as codas before sonorants supporting
generally the claim that obstruents emerge before sonorants in coda
position. Children produced coda consonants more frequently after
short than long vowels consistent with a bimoraic size constraint in
syllable development. The paper concludes by comparing the English
findings with cross-linguistic work on vowel length acquisition.
Parental reports of ‘MAMA’ sounds in infants: an exploratory study
Authors: GOLDMAN HERBERT I.
Published: October 2003

This study investigated the use of ‘mama’ or similar sounds (collectively
referred to as ‘MAMA’) by 75 infants less than six months of age.
Parents were directed to listen for ‘MAMA’ sounds and to note the
sounds made, the age of onset, whether the sounds appeared to be
directed to any person or persons and whether they appeared to have a
purpose. ‘MAMA’ began at a mode of two months, range two weeks to
five months, was usually part of a cry, and was always interpreted as a
‘wanting’ sound. Most parents thought that the infant wanted some
form of attention, but a minority thought it indicated hunger. Responses
to a Structured Response Protocol indicated that some infants uttering
‘MAMA’ were satisfied if a favourite caretaker approached and paid
attention to them while the remainder were satisfied if they were both
paid attention to and picked up. The ‘MAMA’ cry appears to promote
attention-giving behaviour by parents and other caretakers.
Basic-level nouns: first learned but misunderstood
Authors: McDONOUGH LARAINE
Published: October 2003

It is commonly believed that first-learned words correspond with first-learned categories (both described as ‘basic level’) leading to the belief that language acquisition is a reasonably good indicator of early cognition. However, toddlers often overextend their first words. Do these errors reflect their comprehension? Two experiments were conducted in order to examine two-year-olds' production and comprehension of basic-level terms. The results showed overextensions both in production (e.g. children labelled a rocket ‘airplane’) and comprehension (e.g. they pointed to a rocket when airplane was requested). One reason toddlers extend labels to a wider conceptual domain is because they have not clearly differentiated basic-level concepts from related conceptual categories.
A study of relative clauses in Williams syndrome
Authors: GRANT JULIA , VALIAN VIRGINIA , KARMILOFF-SMITH ANNETTE
Published: October 2003

Despite growing empirical evidence to the contrary, claims continue to be made that the grammar of people with Williams syndrome (WS) is intact. We show that even in a simple elicited imitation task examining the syntax of relative clauses, older children and adults with WS (n = 14, mean age = 17;0 years) only reach the level of typical five-year-old controls. When tested systematically in a number of different laboratories, all aspects of WS language show delay and/or deviance throughout development. We conclude that the grammatical abilities of people with WS should be described in terms of relative rather than absolute proficiency, and that the syndrome should no longer be used to bolster claims about the existence of independently functioning, innately specified modules in the human brain.
Naturalistic language sampling in typically developing children
Authors: BORNSTEIN MARC H. , PAINTER KATHLEEN M. , PARK JAIHYUN
Published: October 2003

This study compared naturalistic samples of three features of language in 30 two-year-olds – total utterances, word roots, and MLU – in the home in three contrasting situations: the child observed playing by her/himself with mother near by, the child and mother observed in direct play interaction, and the child and mother unobserved at a time the mother judged would provide a sample of the child's ‘optimal’ language. Children produced more utterances and word roots and expressed themselves in longer MLU when in interaction than when playing ‘alone’, but children's utterances, word roots, and MLU were greatest in the ‘optimal’ language production situation. Girls used more word roots and spoke in longer MLU (especially in the ‘optimal’ language situation) than boys. Despite mean level differences, children maintained their rank orders across the three situations in use of word roots and in MLU. These findings have implications for understanding children's language and the representativeness of sampling child language.
The tensor product theorem for &∇tilde;-nilpotence and the dimension of unstable modules
Authors: POWELL GEOFFREY M. L.
Published: October 2003

Let [Fscr ] be the category of functors from the category of finite-dimensional [ ]2-vector
spaces to [ ]2-vector spaces. The concept of &∇tilde;-nilpotence in the category [Fscr ]
is used to define a ‘dimension’ for the category of analytic functors which has good
properties. In particular, the paper shows that the tensor product F [otimes ] G of analytic
functors which are respectively &∇tilde;s and
&∇tilde;t nilpotent is &∇tilde;s+t − 1-nilpotent.

The notion of &∇tilde;-nilpotence is extended to define a dimension in the category
of unstable modules over the mod 2 Steenrod algebra, which is shown to coincide
with the transcendence degree of an unstable Noetherian algebra over the Steenrod algebra.
Estimates for complete exponential sums of special types
Authors: YU HONG BING
Published: October 2003

This paper is concerned with the exponential sums

(formula here)

and with Heilbronn's type exponential sums

(formula here)

where (and below) p is prime, m, n, a and b are
integers with m > n > 0 and p [nmid ] ab,
and er(x) = exp(2πix/r) as usual.
Canonical stability in terms of singularity index for algebraic threefolds
Authors: CHEN MENG
Published: October 2003

Throughout the ground field is always supposed to be algebraically closed of characteristic
zero. Let X be a smooth projective threefold of general type, denote by
ϕm the m-canonical map of X which is nothing but the rational map naturally associated
with the complete linear system [mid ]mKX[mid ]. Since, once given such a 3-fold X,
ϕm is birational whenever m [Gt ] 0, quite an interesting thing to find is the optimal
bound for such an m. This bound is important because it is not only crucial to the
classification theory, but also strongly related to other problems. For example, it can
be applied to determine the order of the birational automorphism group of X [21,
remark in section 1]. To fix the terminology we say that ϕm is stably birational if
ϕt is birational onto its image for all t [ges ] m. It is well known that the
parallel problem in the surface case was solved by Bombieri [1] and others. In the 3-dimensional case,
many authors have studied the problem, in quite different ways. Because, in this
paper, we are interested in the results obtained by Hanamura [7], we do not plan to
mention more references here. According to 3-dimensional MMP, X has a minimal
model which is a normal projective 3-fold with only ℚ-factorial terminal singularities.
Though X may have many minimal models, the singularity index (namely the
canonical index) of any of its minimal models is uniquely determined by X. Denote
by r the canonical index of minimal models of X. When r = 1 we know that
ϕ6 is stably birational by virtue of [3, 6, 13 and 14].
When r [ges ] 2, Hanamura proved the following theorem.
Euler characteristics for orbifold generalized triangle groups
Authors: WILLIAMS ALUN G. T.
Published: October 2003

A generalized triangle group is a group with a presentation

GT(l, m, n; w) = 〈a, b | al = bm = wn = 1〉;

where l, m, n [ges ] 2, and w is a cyclically reduced word in the free product on {a, b}.
In the setting of one-relator products of cyclic groups, Fine et al. [3] calculated their
Euler characteristics for n [ges ] 3 under certain conditions on the defining word w.
Ricci-flat Kähler metrics on canonical bundles
Authors: BIELAWSKI ROGER
Published: October 2003

We prove the existence of a (unique) S1-invariant Ricci-flat Kähler metric on a
neighbourhood of the zero section in the canonical bundle of a real-analytic Kähler
manifold X, extending the metric on X.
Non-differentiability of devil's staircases and dimensions of subsets
of Moran sets
Authors: LI WENXIA , XIAO DONGMEI , DEKKING F. M.
Published: October 2003

Let C be the homogeneous Cantor set invariant for x→ax and x→1−a+ax.
It has been shown by Darst that the Hausdorff dimension of the set of non-differentiability points of the distribution function of uniform measure on C equals
(dimHC)2 = (log 2/log a)2. In this paper we generalize the essential ingredient of
the proof of this result. Let Ω = {0, 1, …, r}. Let F be a Moran set associated with {0 < ai < 1, i ∈ Ω} and Ωw = Ω×Ω×⃛. Let ø be the associated coding map
from Ωe onto F. Fix a non-empty set
Γ ⊆ Ω with Γ≠Ø and let z(σ, n) denote the
position of the nth occurrence of the elements of Γ in σ ∈ Ωw.
Non-linear Diophantine approximation of complex numbers
Authors: HARMAN GLYN
Published: October 2003

Let ∥x∥ denote distance to a nearest integer. Heilbronn's theorem in Diophantine
approximation [8] may be stated as follows.
Tanzanian Theatre and the Mapping of Home
Authors: Edmondson Laura
Published: October 2003

Tanzanian popular theatre consists of a dizzying variety of ‘traditional’ dances, plays, acrobatics, and musical acts that freely borrow from traditions across the globe. In a stark contrast to the fluidity of these performances, however, the plays maintain a rigid division between representations of the urban city and rural home. This demarcation operates along the gendered lines described by Anne McClintock, in which the village is coded as the feminized model of tradition in contrast to the ‘male’, modern world of the city, leading to stereotypical roles of the innocent rural girl and the lustful urban woman. At the same time, the participatory, improvisational quality of popular performance clears a space for the ‘unnatural’ urban women in the audience to resist these stereotypes. Also, the theatre troupe Muungano creates plays which challenge essentialist constructions of the primordial ‘home’, allowing complex interactions of geography and gender to be revealed and explored.
Rakini Devi: Diasporic Subject and Agent Provocateur
Authors: GREHAN HELENA
Published: October 2003

Burmese-Australian choreographer/performer Rakini Devi is informed by her diverse skills in the areas of classical Indian dance, visual arts and contemporary performance practice. She uses these skills as well as her satirical wit and storytelling abilities to create an intricate portrait of the lived experiences of a contemporary diasporic subject. This is a portrait that is not only aesthetically stimulating but also politically inflected and provocative at the same time. Through her work Devi encourages us to remember that diaspora is more than a theoretical trope, that it is a complex and often contradictory experience which results in joy as well as pain as it is played out on live bodies.
‘A Community of Consumers’: Legitimate Hybridity, German American Theatre, and the American Public
Authors: HAENNI SABINE
Published: October 2003

German American theatre in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century New York City became a model for both a national American theatre and other diasporic theatres in the US. This theatre aspired to an autonomous, class-free, universal culture, which was seen as the legacy of a German Enlightenment tradition epitomized by Schiller's national(izing) theatre. German Americans were thus exceptionally positioned to claim the ideology of a universal culture as a national characteristic. At the same time, however, the theatre was structured by market demands and the need to appeal to a diverse German American constituency. This oscillation between idealistic and commercial culture made the German American theatre attractive. In the end, the theatre not only helped legitimize New York City's cultural periphery, but became a model when a new American ‘national’ culture, the national theatre, was being imagined, which ultimately illustrates the importance of the concept of legitimacy for hybrid public cultures.
Diaspora and the Theatre of the Nation
Authors: DHARWADKER APARNA
Published: October 2003

Among the cultural forms of the Indian diaspora in the West, the radical obscurity of drama and theatre in comparison with fiction, non-fiction, and poetry suggests a complicated relation between genre, location, language, and experience. As a collaborative public medium theatre depends on material resources, institutional networks, and specific cultural contexts which place it at several removes from the privacy and relative self-sufficiency of print genres. Moreover, while novelists often employ diaspora as the enabling condition but not the subject of narrative, immigrant playwrights can create original theatre only when they distance themselves from their cultures of origin and embrace the experience of residence in the host culture, with all its attendant problems of acculturation and identity. In Canada, where the Indian immigrant communities are older, often visibly underprivileged, and entangled in post/colonial histories, an emergent culture of original playwriting and performance has offered a critique of the home-nation as well as of conditions in the diaspora. In the United States, in contrast, where large-scale immigration from India is relatively recent, socially privileged, and unencumbered by colonial baggage, original drama is virtually absent, and various forms of ‘travelling’ theatre dominate the culture of performance, reinforcing a powerful synonymy between ‘diaspora’ and ‘nation’. These two North American locations are paradigmatic examples, therefore, of the historically grounded interconnections between diaspora, nation, and theatre in the modern Indian context.
White-out: Theatre as an Agent of Border Patrol
Authors: VARNEY DENISE
Published: October 2003

In Australia in 2001, there was a marked escalation of debates about nation, national identity and national borders in tandem with a right-wing turn in national politics. Within the cultural context of debate about national identity, popular theatre became an unwitting ally of neo-conservative forces. Within popular theatre culture, the neo-conservative trend is naturalized as the view of the Anglo-Celtic-European mainstream or core culture that also embraces and depoliticizes feminist debates about home and family. Elizabeth Coleman's 2001 play This Way Up assists in the production of an inward-looking turn in the national imaginary and a renewed emphasis on home and family. The performance dramatizes aspects of what we are to understand as ordinary Australian life which might be interpreted as that which Prime Minister John Howard defends in the name of the National Interest. The cultural imaginary that shapes the production of the popular play is that of the conservative white national imaginary.
Editorial
Authors: SINGLETON BRIAN
Published: October 2003

11 May 2003. As I was preparing to write the Editorial for this, my last issue as Senior Editor, three seemingly unrelated incidents of transnational significance impinged on my consciousness. First, a Nigerian woman asylum-seker in Ireland was granted a stay of deportation, a direct challenge to a ministerial change in the Irish constitution which now decrees that foreign-national mothers of Irish-born children no longer have any residency rights. Her choice is stark, like that of Grusha in Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle: she can either take her child back to Nigeria with her, or (since the child is an Irish citizen) leave him behind in an orphanage. No sooner had I read of this woman's plight than I discovered the case of four Kosovan Albanian asylum-seekers in the UK who had fled as much for reason of persecution of their homosexuality as an escape from ethnic fighting, but who ended up, because of their statelessness and immigrational illegitimacy, being forced to prostitute that same sexuality in order to pay off their unscrupulous traffickers. And then at Paris's Charles de Gaulle airport's railway station I watched in despair as a Romanian woman risked her life to retrieve a €1 coin from the tracks, dropped inadvertently by an American tourist moments earlier.
Olaus Magnus and the ‘Compass’ on Hvitsark
Authors: Seaver Kirsten A.
Published: October 2003

Three textual works by Olaus Magnus (1490–1557) hold the key to the ‘compass’ on his
invented island of Hvitsark, shown on his 1539 Carta marina. Although Olaus had little
general understanding of the magnetic compass or of navigation in the Far North, he
evidently did not intend the navigational device he drew on Hvitsark to represent a magnetic
compass, but a sundial. His muddled ideas about the relationship between 12 wind-directions
and direction-finding at sea by means of such a dial appear related to his second-hand
information about a gnomonic navigational device used by the medieval Norse.
Infrasound and the Avian Navigational Map
Authors: Hagstrum Jonathan T.
Published: October 2003

Birds can accurately navigate over hundreds to thousands of kilometres, and use celestial
and magnetic compass senses to orient their flight. How birds determine their location in
order to select the correct homeward bearing (map sense) remains controversial, and has
been attributed to their olfactory or magnetic senses. Pigeons can hear infrasound down to
0·05 Hz, and an acoustic avian map is proposed consisting of infrasonic cues radiated from
steep-sided topographic features. The source of these infrasonic signals is microseisms
continuously generated by interfering oceanic waves. Atmospheric processes affecting the
infrasonic map cues can explain perplexing experimental results from pigeon releases.
Moreover, four recent disrupted pigeon races in Europe and the north-eastern USA
intersected infrasonic shock waves from the Concorde supersonic transport. Having an
acoustic map might also allow clock-shifted birds to test their homeward progress and select
between their magnetic and solar compasses.
Climatological Analysis of Old Norse Sailing Directions for North Atlantic Routes
Authors: Power Bernard A.
Published: October 2003

The navigational feats of the Vikings and Norse in the Middle Ages have excited much interest and admiration, and we are fortunate that actual sailing directions for their various North Atlantic routes have been passed down to us in the Icelandic sagas. Using statistical data of modern wind conditions, this paper examines the sailing directions to determine whether the sailing times quoted are reasonable for a type of ship that was making these voyages in the Middle Ages. The findings show very good correlation between the calculated times and those of the sagas. The paper goes on to study an apparent anomaly for a particular route quoted in the sagas and concludes that the departure and destination points have probably been misinterpreted in the past.
The Role of LORAN-C in Present and Future Navigation: from a Norwegian Nautical Perspective
Authors: Kjerstad Norvald
Published: October 2003

The associate members of the North European LORAN-C System (NELS) will, before the end of the six-nation co-operation agreement in 2004, need to take a decision whether to prolong or decommission LORAN-C operation in Europe. The Minister of Fisheries in Norway has already indicated decommissioning of the Norwegian LORAN-C stations. Such a decision raises the fundamental debate about whether we can rely on GPS as a ‘sole-means’ system, or if we need a secondary backup system, such as LORAN-C. The purpose of this article is to highlight important aspects and conflicts related to an extension of LORAN-C in Europe. The focus will therefore be towards the limitations and vulnerability of GPS vs. the potential of LORAN-C improvements. The discussion will be based on a Norwegian nautical perspective.
Future Air Traffic Management: Quantitative En Route Safety Assessment Part 2 – New Approaches
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: October 2003

This is the second of two papers on Quantitative Safety Assessment – vital to the successful introduction of future Air Traffic Management systems. The focus is en route European controlled commercial traffic, particularly the mid-air collision risk. Part 2 develops soundly based and practical methods for safety assessment. The objective is to determine the key questions and the best ways to answer them. Aspects covered include lessons from Hazard Analysis and Airproxes together with ‘realistic’ risk budgeting. Two abstract concepts are introduced: Position Integrity and Reasonable Intent (essentially the need to be on the ‘right’ flight path), and their implications for risk calculations are discussed.
Maritime DGPS: Ensuring the Best Availability and Continuity
Authors: Moore Terry , Sardinha Monteiro Luís , Hill Chris
Published: October 2003

This paper was first presented at GNSS 2002 – European Navigation Conference – held in Copenhagen, 28th to 30th May, 2002.

At the 5th GNSS Symposium, held in Seville in 2001, the authors presented a paper entitled ‘The Portuguese DGPS network’, which began by addressing the current need for a DGPS service, given the removal of Selective Availability (Moore et al., 2001). In that paper, the benefits of DGPS for mariners, namely in terms of accuracy and integrity, were discussed and presented, in order to show that the option to embrace DGPS was, and is, still valid because it can provide the best accuracy and integrity at sea. However, the accuracy advantage afforded and the integrity check performed by DGPS are only useful if the DGPS service reaches very high standards of availability and continuity. It would be almost useless to have a DGPS service with low availability and continuity, because it could mean a ship losing the differential corrections in restricted waters, where the service is most needed. In summary, the level of benefit gained from DGPS is directly proportional to the user availability of the service and to its continuity. Having discussed accuracy and integrity last year, this paper covers issues related to availability and continuity (continuity replaced the previously used concept of reliability). The availability and continuity requirements recently adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) are presented, as well as the ways by which DGPS services can meet the very high requirements for the harbour entrance and approach phase of navigation. The concepts used in the Portuguese DGPS network to minimize downtime and ensure the highest reliability and availability, are presented as an example.
Fuelwood depletion at wilderness campsites: extent and potential ecological significance
Authors: Hall Troy E. , Farrell Tracy A.
Published: October 2003

Recreational camping in wilderness areas causes a number of biophysical impacts, including loss of woody debris through campfires. Although extensive research has documented trampling impacts to vegetation, few studies have explored the extent of woody material depletion. This study adapted planar transect methods to measure the relative loss of fine (<0.6 cm), small (0.6 to 2.5 cm), medium (2.6 to 7.6 cm) and large (>7.6 cm) diameter materials in three concentric rings extending 0–5 m, 5–10 m and 10–15 m from the centre of 58 campsites in different environments ranging in elevation from 1250 to 2225 m in the Cascades Mountains in Oregon, USA. Compared to matched controls, losses were greatest for small (40%) and medium-sized (63%) materials, but were evident for fine (25%) and large (30%) materials as well. Surprisingly, depletion (across all sizes) was no greater in the centre of sites than in the outer measurement ring, even though the outer ring was often in intact vegetation. This suggests that impacts on woody debris extend beyond those impacts to vegetation typically monitored at campsites. Such recreational impacts to woody debris have rarely been systematically described. However, research on woody debris removal related to forest management indicates possible ecological effects of fuelwood consumption.
Riverine flood plains: present state and future trends
Authors: Tockner Klement , Stanford Jack A.
Published: October 2003

Natural flood plains are among the most biologically productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. Globally, riverine flood plains cover > 2 × 106 km2, however, they are among the most threatened ecosystems. Floodplain degradation is closely linked to the rapid decline in freshwater biodiversity; the main reasons for the latter being habitat alteration, flow and flood control, species invasion and pollution. In Europe and North America, up to 90% of flood plains are already ‘cultivated’ and therefore functionally extinct. In the developing world, the remaining natural flood plains are disappearing at an accelerating rate, primarily as a result of changing hydrology. Up to the 2025 time horizon, the future increase of human population will lead to further degradation of riparian areas, intensification of the hydrological cycle, increase in the discharge of pollutants, and further proliferation of species invasions. In the near future, the most threatened flood plains will be those in south-east Asia, Sahelian Africa and North America. There is an urgent need to preserve existing, intact flood plain rivers as strategic global resources and to begin to restore hydrologic dynamics, sediment transport and riparian vegetation to those rivers that retain some level of ecological integrity. Otherwise, dramatic extinctions of aquatic and riparian species and of ecosystem services are faced within the next few decades.
Effectiveness of protection of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) populations in Cabrera National Park (Spain)
Authors: Marbà Núria , Duarte Carlos M. , Holmer Marianne , Martínez Regino , Basterretxea Gotzon , Orfila Alejandro , Jordi Antoni , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: October 2003

Posidonia oceanica, the dominant seagrass species in the Mediterranean, appears to be experiencing widespread loss. Efforts to conserve Posidonia oceanica are increasing, as reflected in the increase in the number of marine protected areas in the Mediterranean. However, the effectiveness of these measures to conserve seagrass meadows is unknown. In this study, the present status of the Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Cabrera National Park (Mediterranean), the only marine national park in Spain, was assessed, and the effectiveness of the conservation measures adopted was tested. This was done by reconstruction of past and present growth, quantification of the demographic status of the established meadows, and quantification of patch formation and growth rates in areas where recolonization is occurring. The meadows extended from 1–43 m deep at Santa Maria bay and from 1–33 m at Es Port. Leaf production rate of the stands examined ranged between 6.5 and 7.8 leaves shoot−1 yr−1, with higher rates in Santa Maria than in Es Port. Vertical rhizomes elongated at rates ranging from 5.39–10.12 mm yr−1, annual vertical growth in Santa Maria stands being larger than that in the stands developing at Es Port. Horizontal rhizomes elongated slowly (from 2.6–6.1 cm yr−1), and branching was sparse (<0.25 branches yr−1 axis−1), with maximum elongation and branching rates in areas where patches were actively colonizing. Flowering was a rare event in all the stands (<0.015 flowers shoot−1 yr−1). Patch formation and patch growth rates in active colonizing areas were slow, but they increased after implementation of mooring regulations in the Park. Similarly, the leaf production tended to increase, and vertical rhizome growth to decrease, in both bays following the onset of regulation measures. However, the decrease in vertical growth detected was greater at Santa Maria, where access is prohibited to visitors, than at Es Port, where boats are allowed to moor, attached to permanent weights. Shoot mortality rate was generally low (mean 0.10 ± 0.02 ln units yr−1) but exceeded the recruitment rate (<0.009 and 0.17 ln units yr−1) in 55% of the meadows examined, indicative of negative net population growth rates. Regulation of mooring activities has improved the status of the P. oceanica meadows at Cabrera National Park. The demographic analysis, however, indicated that while P. oceanica meadows at Santa Maria are in good shape, those at Es Port seem to be compromised. The observed differences in meadow status reflect the large differences in circulation inside the bays (water residence time at Santa Maria = 4 days, water residence time at Es Port = 11 days) and the anthropogenic pressure both bays support.
Disposal in the deep sea: analogue of nature or faux ami?
Authors: Tyler Paul A.
Published: October 2003

The deep sea is the world's largest ecosystem by volume and is assumed to have a high assimilative capacity. Natural events, such as the sinking of surface plant and animal material to the seabed, sediment slides, benthic storms and hydrothermal vents can contribute vast amounts of material, both organic and inorganic, to the deep ocean. In the past the deep sea has been used as a repository for sewage, dredge spoil and radioactive waste. In addition, there has been interest in the disposal of large man-made objects and, more recently, the disposal of industrially-produced carbon dioxide. Some of the materials disposed of in the deep sea may have natural analogues. This review examines natural processes in the deep sea including the vertical flux of organic material, turbidity currents and benthic storms, natural gas emissions, hydrothermal vents, natural radionuclides and rocky substrata, and compares them with anthropogenic input including sewage disposal, dredge spoil, carbon dioxide disposal, chemical contamination and the disposal of radioactive waste, wrecks and rigs. The comparison shows what are true analogues and what are false friends. Knowledge of the deep sea is fragmentary and much more needs to be known about this large, biologically-diverse system before any further consideration is given to its use in the disposal of waste.
A collaborative design process model in the sociotechnical
engineering design framework
Authors: LU STEPHEN C.-Y. , CAI JIAN
Published: October 2003

Collaborative engineering design involves various
stakeholders with different perspectives. The design process
is relatively complex and difficult to handle. Various
conflicts always happen among the design tasks and affect
the design team performance. Therefore, to represent the
collaborative design process and capture the evolution
of design perspectives in a structured way, it is critical
to manage the design conflicts and improve the collaborative
design productivity. This article provides a generic collaborative
design process model based on a sociotechnical design framework.
This model has a topological format and adopts process
analysis techniques from Petri Nets. By addressing both
the technical and social aspects of collaborative design
activities, it provides a mechanism to identify the interdependencies
among design tasks and perspectives of different stakeholders.
Based on this design process model, a methodology of detecting
and handling the design conflicts is developed to support
collaborative design coordination.
Creative stimulator: An interface to enhance creativity in
pattern design
Authors: WANG XIAOTONG , TANG MING-XI , FRAZER JOHN
Published: October 2003

Creative Stimulator (CreaStim) is an intelligent interface
for pattern design that behaves as a semiactive partner to human
designers rather than as a passive graphical or computational
tool. By making adjustments to psychological differentials and/or
design parameters, CreaStim is able to help designers to explore
innovative pattern designs and to get inspiration, producing
different types of novel designs. In this article, the mechanism,
the technique, the implementation, and the testing of CreaStim
are described. The basic principle of CreaStim is the catastrophe
theory, which implies that sudden realization in the thinking
process of design may lead to creativity. CreaStim tries to
stimulate and/or impact designers' creativity in design
process using the output of it, rather than to simulate the
sudden realization. The core of the CreaStim is a neural
network-based imagining engine, a data repository, and its learning
strategies considering psychological factors. The psychological
factors, which are thought one of the key influences to creative
design, are based on the questionnaires completed by designers
about the existing successful designs. The repository contains
not only a traditional database storing functional attributes,
economic attributes, graphic description, structural description,
and psychological attributes, but also methods, rule-based
knowledge, and pattern-type knowledge. And it is managed by
an application program called Design Template Group (DTG) manager.
Trained with 12 pieces of successful pattern designs and 528
pieces of pseudo-examples produced and evaluated by the authors,
CreaStim is implemented for a PC and an evaluation poll from
five designers shows that designers may most likely get some
inspiration from the produced patterns and some of them can
even be adopted as the design alternatives directly.
Designing inner hood panels through a shape grammar based framework
Authors: McCORMACK JAY P. , CAGAN JONATHAN
Published: October 2003

A framework for a design tool based on shape grammars is presented
as an effective means for supporting the early stages of design.
The framework uses a shape grammar interpreter to implement
parametric shape grammars, allowing the grammar to be used
interactively by a designer or optimization routine. A shape
grammar to design inner hood panels of vehicles is introduced
as an example of a parametric engineering shape grammar, and
it is used with the framework to create standard and novel designs
made possible by rules that take advantage of shape emergence.
Preference programming: Advanced problem solving for configuration
Authors: JUNKER ULRICH , MAILHARRO DANIEL
Published: October 2003

Configuration problems often involve large product catalogs, and the
given user requests can be met by many different kinds of parts from
this catalog. Hence, configuration problems are often weakly
constrained and have many solutions. However, many of those solutions
may be discarded by the user as long as more interesting solutions are
possible. The user often prefers certain choices to others (e.g., a red
color for a car to a blue color) or prefers solutions that minimize or
maximize certain criteria such as price and quality. In order to
provide satisfactory solutions, a configurator needs to address user
preferences and user wishes. Another important problem is to provide
high-level features to control different reasoning tasks such as
solution search, explanation, consistency checking, and
reconfiguration. We address those problems by introducing a preference
programming system that provides a new paradigm for expressing user
preferences and user wishes and provides search strategies in a
declarative and unified way, such that they can be embedded in a
constraint and rule language. The preference programming approach is
completely open and dynamic. In fact, preferences can be assembled from
different sources such as business rules, databases, annotations of the
object model, or user input. An advanced topic is to elicit preferences
from user interactions, especially from explanations of why a user
rejects proposed choices. Our preference programming system has
successfully been used in different configuration domains such as loan
configuration, service configuration, and other problems.
‘Gods would be needed…’: American Empire and the Rule of (International) Law
Authors: FITZPATRICK PETER
Published: October 2003

In the perennial debate over whether the dependence of international law on power is complete or whether international law maintains some independence for itself, the latter position is increasingly and at best marginal. Here that direction of the debate is reversed. The very dependence of international law on power is integral to a relation of mutual dependence between them. It is in this relation that power constituently depends on an international law which, in its turn, contains a primal efficacy. That efficacy is illustrated in its countering the claims of American empire.
To Testify or Not To Testify – Privilege from Testimony at the Ad Hoc Tribunals: The Randal Decision
Authors: POWLES STEVEN
Published: October 2003

This article considers the Randal Decision, in which the ICTY Appeals Chamber established a qualified privilege from testimony for war correspondents before the ad hoc tribunals. It sets out the various arguments advanced by Jonathan Randal in support of such privilege and the privilege as formulated by the Appeals Chamber. Finally, it analyzes the possible impact of the Decision and its possible application by the ad hoc tribunals, other international courts, such as the ICC, and domestic courts.
Recent Legal Developments: The Judgement of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in Prosecutor v. Mladen Naletilić and Vinko Martinović
Authors: CHIFFLET PASCALE
Published: October 2003

This article focuses on three specific legal developments arising from the Martinović and Naletilić Judgement of the ICTY. The first issue is the possibility of prisoners of war consenting to perform otherwise prohibited labour under Geneva Convention III. The second relates to the legal definition of occupation within the meaning of Geneva Convention IV. The third issue concerns the trial chamber's analysis of the discriminatory requirement as an element of the offence of persecution.
The International Criminal Court in the System of States and International Organizations
Authors: GALLANT KENNETH S.
Published: October 2003

The International Criminal Court has a different mandate – exercise of criminal jurisdiction over individuals – from most international organizations. It may help to develop the law of international organizations concerning structure and internal operations, relationships with states, and relationships with other international organizations, as well as concerning relationships with individuals. The ICC assigns its judicial and quasi-political functions appropriately. Notably, the power to make agreements is divided functionally among the judicial and prosecutorial Organs and the Assembly of States Parties. The relationship between the ICC and states that are not parties to its Statute is far more important to the ICC than to most international organizations. Where situations are referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council, such states may be required to cooperate with the Court because of their duties under the UN Charter. Other situations require agreement to cooperate by the non-party state.
Security Council Resolution 1373 and the Constitution of the United Nations
Authors: HAPPOLD MATTHEW
Published: October 2003

In Resolution 1373 the Security Council laid down a series of general and abstract rules binding on all UN member states. In doing so, the Council purported to legislate. This article discusses whether it is entitled to do so. In the light of the Charter and the past practice of United Nations organs, it argues that the Council can only exercise its Chapter VII powers in response to specific situations or conduct. In enacting Resolution 1373 the Council acted ultra vires. The article looks at the circumstances in which such an extension of the Security Council's powers might be acceptable, but concludes that unilateral attempts by the Council to legislate would be destructive of the international legal order.
‘Reasonableness’ in the Law of the Sea: The Prompt Release of the Volga
Authors: BROWN CHESTER
Published: October 2003

The jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to hear applications for the prompt release of vessels and crew was recently invoked by the Russian Federation against Australia in the Volga case. In determining whether the bonding arrangements set by Australia were ‘reasonable’ under Article 73(2) of UNCLOS, the Tribunal clarified several issues regarding prompt release applications, and most significantly, held that non-financial conditions and ‘good behaviour bonds’ were not permissible. In rendering its decision, the Tribunal adhered to the ‘guiding criterion’ of balancing the interests of the flag state and coastal state in determining the reasonableness of the bond. It is submitted that this test is inappropriate, and that this decision will create difficulties for coastal states seeking to control illegal fishing.
Longitudinal monitoring of the dynamics of infections due to Bartonella species in UK woodland rodents
Authors: BIRTLES R. J. , HAZEL S. M. , BENNETT M. , BOWN K. , RAOULT D. , BEGON M.
Published: October 2003

Blood samples were repeatedly collected from 12 sympatric woodland rodents over a 12-month period and DNA extracts from each were incorporated into a bartonella-specific PCR targeting a fragment of the 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR). The composition of each amplicon was analysed using restriction enzyme analysis (REA) and base sequence comparison. Bartonella DNA was detected in 70 of 109 samples. Eleven samples contained DNA derived from more than one strain. Sequence analysis of 62 samples found 12 sequence variants (ISR genotypes) that were provisionally assigned to 5 different species, 2 of which were newly recognized. Up to five different species were detected in each animal. On about two-thirds of occasions, a species detected 1 month was not there the next, but never was a genotype superseded by another of the same species. However, a genotype could be re-encountered months later in the same animal, even if interim samples contained other genotypes. Our results suggest that although most animals are bacteraemic most of the time, specific infections are often superseded and that a complex and dynamic epidemiology of bartonella bacteraemias exists in woodland rodents.
Association between asymptomatic carriage and sporadic (endemic) meningococcal disease in an open community
Authors: VERDÚ M. E. , COLL P. , VÁZQUEZ J. A. , MARCH F. , FONTANALS D. , BERRÓN S. , PONS I. , VAN ESSO D. , PRATS G.
Published: October 2003

We analysed a strain collection representative of the overall Neisseria meningitidis population circulating in an open community (46000 inhabitants, Spain) during an endemic period (30 isolates from patients and 191 from throat cultures of healthy individuals) by both phenotypic and molecular techniques. Almost all patient isolates were assigned to three hyper-virulent lineages (ET-5 complex, ET-37 complex and cluster A4) by both multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In contrast, MEE and PFGE assigned 20% and 15% respectively of carrier isolates to the hyper-virulent clones (4% for both methods together). There was also a higher correlation between PFGE and phenotypes associated with virulent clones. These notable differences between the two molecular methods were further observed in more than half the carrier isolates, suggesting that the associations between these strains were distorted by recombination events. However, almost one-third of total endemic strains from symptom-free carriers and almost all patient strains belonged to clones defined by MEE and PFGE, with no known epidemiological connection. These data indicate low transmission and a weak clonal structure for N. meningitidis.
Estimation of measles reproduction ratios and prospects for elimination of measles by vaccination in some Western European countries
Authors: WALLINGA J. , LÉVY-BRUHL D. , GAY N. J. , WACHMANN C. H.
Published: October 2003

The objective of this study is to estimate the measles reproduction ratio for eight Western European vaccination programmes. Because many plausible age-structured transmission patterns result in a similar description of the observations, it is not possible to estimate a unique value of the reproduction ratio. A method is developed to estimate bounds and confidence intervals for plausible values of the reproduction ratios using maximum likelihood methods. Lower and upper bounds for plausible values of the basic reproduction ratio are estimated to be 7·17 (95% CI 7·14–7·20) and 45·41 (95% CI 9·77–49·57), corresponding to lower and upper bounds on critical vaccine coverage of 86·6% and 98·1%. Of the eight evaluated vaccination programmes, four have vaccine coverage below the lower bound and allow measles to persist, and four have vaccine coverage at the upper bound and may eventually eliminate measles.