bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peculiarities of arterial and venous cerebral hemodynamics in patients with vertebro-basilar deficiency syndrome
Authors: Kamchatnov P. R. , Alexejeva N. S. , Kabanov A. A. , Gordeeva T. N. , Abusueva A. A. , Кaralkyn A. V. , Kuzin V. M.
Published: September 2021

It was established, that early forms of vertebro-basilar deficiency syndrome are characterized by minimal symptoms, absence of significant changes of bioelectric brain activity and represented by phenomena of venous disfunction at moderate changes of arterial hemodynamics. Progressing of stenosing lesion is accompanied by increasing of clinical symptoms and emerging of changes. А large diagnostics significance of otoneurologic examination for diagnosing vertebro-basilar deficiency syndrome has been underlied.
Features of night dreams at neurotic disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Golubev V. L. , Korabelnikova E. A.
Published: September 2021

Peculiarities of night dreams of 78 children and adolescents (aged 10-17) with different variants of neurotic conditions and of 25 healthy ones of the same age were studied. Dreams at neurotic disorders differ as compared with ones of the healthy persons by affective and cognitive activation, timely and space "easiness", some imperative tendencies ("channelling" of colour perception, repeated dreams). Study of dreams adds significantly to а clinical characteristic of neurotic conditions, opens supplementary perspectives for investigation regularity of their pathogenesis.
А systemic apprоaсh to alcoholism among married couples
Authors: Shaidukova L. K.
Published: September 2021

129 alcoholic wоmen were observed from families witl1 alcoholic addiction. Study of social and psychologic factors, ensuring formation of paired, coupled alcoholism showed the importance of choosing а marital partner. Some main reasons of choosing by а women а partner with alcoholic habits were given: 1) more frequent alcohol consumption, less resistance to alcohol; 2) their belonginess to alcoholic environment; 3) as а result of formed stereotype of marital behavior; 4) in accordance with similar character features. These peculiarities are to be taken into consideration in accomplishing medical and psychologic activities for early diagnostics of alcoholic couples.
Stimulation electroneuromyography of the middle scalene syndrome
Authors: Popelansky Ya. Yu. , Markov O. N.
Published: September 2021

With the purpose of making diagnostics of the middle scalene syndrome more differentiated, neuromyographic evalution of neuromuscular complex (nervus thoracicus longus ... musculus serratus anterior) has been performed. In 33 patients with the middle scalene syndrome and in 11 healthy people а method of stimulation electroneuromyography has been developed. Examples from clinical cases are given. When examining 8 formalinized specimens peculiarities of topography of nervus thoracicus longus have been revealed.
Experience of cerebrolizate use for treatment of neurologic patients
Authors: Borisova N. A. , Nigmatullin R. K. , Badretdinov R. M. , Gromov Y. N. , Scheglov A. N.
Published: September 2021

The data on dynamic examination of cerebrolizate effect in 106 patients with craniocerebral trauma impacts, syringomielia and vascular brain diseases are given. It is apparent that the use of cerebrolizate improves and quickens the treatment of neurologic patients. Therapeutic efficiency of the drug was expressed in improvement of general state of the patient, diminution of evidence of neurologic deficiency, corrective influence on physico chemical characteristics of blood, metabolic processes, bioelectrical activity of the brain and hemodynamic in dices.
Neurorehabilitation on the genome level: theoretical principles and experimental prerequisites
Authors: Cherepnev G. V. , Zulkarneeva Z. R.
Published: September 2021

The mechanisms of control of genetic homeostasis of neurons and their role in the etiopathogenesis of some neurodegenerative and mental diseases and aging are briefly considered. For the purpose of possible prevention and (or) compensation of these disorders, it is proposed to pharmacologically modulate the activity of systems that ensure the stability of the cell genome.
Psychosomatic manifestations in mental epidemics in Russia in the XVIII - early XX centuries
Authors: Shchigolev I. I. , Shereshevsky А. М.
Published: September 2021

Psychosomatics as one of the areas of domestic psychiatry is currently gaining more and more importance in the system of national medical care. It is known that at least 30% of patients who apply to medical institutions with somatic complaints only need a certain correction of the emotional state, of which 22% take up to 50% of the doctor's working time. In the available (available) literature, information about the formation of the views of Russian scientists on psychosomatics from a retrospective position is extremely insufficient, and it would be antihistorical to remain silent about this.
Modern approaches to the definition of functional autonomic disorders
Authors: Ismagilov М. F.
Published: September 2021

Treatment and rehabilitation of patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents and their consequences are the most important medical and social tasks. Movement disorders, along with speech disorders, are the main organic defects in patients after a stroke, causing a high degree of disability.
Syndrome of increased neuromuscular excitability with autonomic dysfunction
Authors: Yakupov E. Z. , Ismagilov М. F.
Published: September 2021

Treatment and rehabilitation of patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents and their consequences are the most important medical and social tasks. Movement disorders, along with speech disorders, are the main organic defects in patients after a stroke, causing a high degree of disability.
A.E. Yanishevsky - founder of the Bulgarian neuropathology
Authors: Arkhangelsky G. V.
Published: September 2021

Alexey Erastovich Yanishevsky (1873-1936) was a famous scientist neuropathologist, the founder of the clinic of nervous diseases of the Novorossiysk University (Odessa) and the founder of the Bulgarian clinical neuropathology. For more than 50 years his scientific activity was hushed up by the Russian medical press; he was mistakenly considered an Amy grant because he lived and worked abroad for a long time.
In memory of Professor Dmitry Petrovich Skolozubov
Authors: Ismagilov M. F.
Published: September 2021

1999 marked the 160th anniversary of the birth of the famous Russian neuropathologist Dmitry Petrovich Skolozubov, the first professor, head of the department and director of the clinic of nervous diseases of the medical faculty of the Kazan Imperial University.
Тhе genetic epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (Philos trans. r. soc. lond. b. Bbiol. sci. - 1999; oct. 29; 354; 1623-1634)
Authors: Compston A.
Published: September 2021

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic progressive disease of the nervous system, proceeding with exacerbations and remissions, or steadily progressively, with multiple lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system.
Cerebral hemorrhagic complications of thrombolytic therapy (Рrоg. cardivasc. dis. - 1999; nov.-dec. 42; 217-233.)
Authors: Patel S. , Мodу A.
Published: September 2021

There is a need to prescribe thrombolytic therapy for atherothrombotic and thromboembolic diseases, according to modern data, this increases the risk of complications in the form of intracranial hemorrhages.
Magnetic resonance imaging in skeletal muscle following denervation and electrical stimulation
Authors: Mokrusch Т.
Published: September 2021

Following chronic denervation, MRI evaluation of fast rabbit muscles revealed a distinct increase of signal intensity and T2 relaxation time. These changes were missing or less pronounced after treatment with a new type of electrical stimulation, which previously had proved effective in avoiding muscle atrophy. One month after denervation, there was a slight increase of signal intensity as well in the stimulated as in the untreated animals, after two months, however, the increase was statistically significant only in the non-stimulated muscles. T2 relaxation time showed a slight increase after one month of therapy, while there was a significant increase after one and two months without therapy. After 36 months of electrical stimulation, there was no increase of T2 at all. The results indicate 1), that MRI can be used when monitoring stimulation effects on denervated muscle, and 2), that, for this purpose, T2 relaxation time is more useful than signal intensity.
Some aspects of diagnostics and surgical treatment of the invasive pituitary adenomas
Authors: Schulman X. М. , Ismagilov М. F. , Danilov V.. I. , Solomatina А. K.
Published: September 2021

The clinical picture of the disease in 85 patients with pituitary adenomas is analyzed. Revealed the reasons for the late diagnosis of the disease. The direct results of surgical treatment of patients are presented.Clinical patterns of 85 patients with pituitary adenomas are analyzed. Causes of late diagnostics of the disease are revealed. Immediate results of surgical treatment of patients are given.
Some pathogenetic mechanisms of spondylogenic vascular insufficiency in the vertebrobasilar system
Authors: Ismagilov Maxum F. , Veselovsky V. Р. , Bogdanov Е. I.
Published: September 2021

About 30% of all cases of cerebrovascular accident are associated with dyscirculation of the vertebrobasilar system, and among transient disorders, the share of the latter reaches 70%. 65% of cases of circulatory disorders in the brain stem formations are caused by damage to the extracranial parts of the vertebral arteries.
About olfactory dysfunction in patients with neurotic disorders
Authors: Popelyansky A. Y.
Published: September 2021

In a specialized department of neuroses, the olfactory function was studied in 74 persons (68 women and 6 men from 21 to 63 years old) without a runny nose and other signs of acute respiratory infections. The control group consisted of 30 relatively healthy people. Attention was paid to anamnestic information about the originality of smell (dysesthesia, hyper- or hyposmia). A clinical experiment was conducted to recognize the smell of cologne, perfumes, deodorants and food products, taking into account the time and accuracy of the determination.
Present-day methods of therapy of different types of modification of personality in epileptics
Authors: Gromov S. A. , Kartasheva Е. V.
Published: September 2021

The question of optimization of differentiated therapy of revealed psychic defect is discussed on clinical material of 129 epileptics with modification of personality. New systematization of modification of personality is given and the conclusion that treatment of such patients must necessarily be complex, including a number of psychoactive drugs, is justified.
Vestibular dizziness in patients with vegetative crises and rehabilitation measures for these conditions
Authors: Volkov Y. V. , Ismagilov М. F.
Published: September 2021

The syndrome of vestibular dizziness with dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is quite common, its frequency ranges from 57.8 to 71.1%. The etiology and pathogenesis of these combined disorders remain insufficiently developed.
Clinical experience with the use of dalargin in the initial forms of vascular diseases of the brain
Authors: Yavorskaya V. A. , Malakhov V. A. , Grebenyuk А. V.
Published: September 2021

Dalargin is the first domestic synthetic analogue of leyenkephalin. It has a wide spectrum of biological activity: accelerates physiological and reparative regeneration (Timoshin S.S., Shvets S.I., 1988), has an immunomodulatory effect, has anti-stress activity (Dishmanov Yu.B., Lasunov T.V., 1985) The direct regulatory effect of dalargin on the neurons of the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata was established.
VII All-Russian Congress of Radiologists and Radiologists
Authors: Kamalov I. I.
Published: September 2021

On September 24-27, 1996, the VII All-Russian Congress of Radiologists and Radiologists was held in Vladimir, at which a section of neuroradiology was first distinguished (chairman - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Prof. II Kamalov). There were presented 13 reports from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan and Novosibirsk, devoted to vascular and tumor lesions of the brain, mechanical injuries of the spine and spinal cord, as well as hereditary diseases and congenital malformations of the brain.
Patogenetic motivation of using the calcium antagonists in treatment hypoxic intracranial hemorrhages in newborns
Authors: Ivanichev G. A. , Levitina E. V. , Minnibaev M. M.
Published: September 2021

The prospective observation, clinical and biochemical examination of 252 mature infants with perinatal hypoxic encephalopathy from neonatal period till 1 years old and 55 infants with intracranial hemorrhages were carried out. The role of perinatal risk factors in the pathological forming as well as the dependence of clinical manifestations from hypoxia character (acute, chronic, combined) and the disease period was determined. The interrelation of disturbances of enzyme transmembrane transport of electrolytes activity and the level of intracellular calcium in thrombocytes with the character, degree of the severity, clinical syndromes and course of pathological process was revealed. The decrease of Ca2+-ATPase activity and increase of the level of intracellular calcium in patients with the chronic and combined character of hypoxia was noted. Clinical and biochemical efficiency of calcium antagonists (nimodipine) in children with perinatal hypoxic and hemorrhagic CNS disturbances was determined.
The principles of organizing social and psychiatric care for children in modern Russia
Authors: Dmitrieva T. B.
Published: September 2021

The goal of the state social policy in relation to the situation of children in the Russian Federation is to overcome the negative trends caused by the influence of economic and political factors, to stabilize the situation in protecting the health of the younger generation and to create real conditions for consolidating positive dynamics in the life support of children. The reaction of society and the state mainly to negative consequences in the children's environment is suboptimal and ineffective. The need arose to define new conceptual approaches to protecting the health and development of children.
Towards the results of ten years of cooperation between scientists from Germany and Russia
Authors: Salganik E.
Published: September 2021

The fruitful collaboration between German and Russian neurologists has its roots in the last century. In the formation of neurological science in both countries, such outstanding Russian scientists as V.M. Bekhterev, L.O. Darkshevich, Korsakov, Minor, Krol, as well as German neurologists Grisinger, Strumpel, Oppenheim. As a result of well-known historical events, this creative connection, mutually beneficial for both scientists and patients, was interrupted for 60 years. Only after the fall of the Iron Curtain, both on the one and on the other side, there was a desire to end the Ice Age and begin the path to rapprochement. The first meetings between scientists from both countries and the exchange of views on issues of interest to them served as the impetus for the first scientific conference dedicated to a wide range of neurological diseases, the diagnosis and treatment of which leave much to be desired.
Phonological and articulatory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Croot K. , Hodges J. , Xuereb J. , Patterson K.
Published: September 2021

Alzheimer's disease is progressive brain degeneration and is the most common progressive dementia in the middle-aged and older population.
Psychopathology and headache
Authors: Radat F.
Published: September 2021

In patients with headaches observed in neurological clinics, in addition to pain and physical symptoms, as a rule, psychological problems of anxiety-depressive nature are found, and in some cases, traits of a pathological personality.
Botulinum toxin type A (botox) for treatment of migraine headaches
Authors: Binder W. , Brin M. , Blitzer A. , Schoenrock L. , Pogoda J.
Published: September 2021

The aim of the clinical experiment was to evaluate the correlation between the administration of pericranial botulinum toxin type A (botox) and the relief of migraine symptoms.
Clinical and neurophysiologic peculiarities of epileptic syndrome in patients with ischemia of brain
Authors: Burd G. S. , Gekht А. В. , Selikhova М. V. , Belyakov V. V. , Bogolepova А. N. , Lebedeva А. V. , Pavlov N. A. , Dorzhieva N. N.
Published: September 2021

By clinico-instrumental examination in 610 patients with ischemic insult at the age of from 30 to 89 it was determined that 8.7% of them have had 3 and more epileptic fits. According to the international classification ischemic insults are one of the reasons of increasing incidence of epileptic fits in the aged people.
Eeg-analysis of the effect of combined use of carbamazepin and mexidolum on the epileptiform brain activity
Authors: Badalyan О. L. , Nerobkova L. N. , Voronina Т. А. , Avakyan G. N.
Published: September 2021

Experiments on rats with chronic epileptogenic fod in sensomotor region of cortex showed that effects of anticonvulsive agents depend on the progression phase of epileptic system. Effect of carbamasepinum in effective doses is mostly expressed during the phase of stable epileptic system with

determinant foci in limbico-hypothalamic structures. Lowering the doses of the drug brings about a decrease of anticonvulsive effect and activation of the secondary hippocampal focus. Combined use of carbamazepin and mexidolum with membra-notropic antioxidantal activity bbrings about an increase of anticonvulsive properties of carbamazepin and allows to decrease the therapeutic doses of the last.
Anti cytokine therapy of secondarily-progressing multiple sclerosis (ms)
Authors: Gusev Е. I. , Demina Т. L. , Boiko А. N. , Buglak А. V. , Belyaeva I. А. , Smirnova N. F. , Alekseeva Т. G. , Pashchenkov М. V. , Skurkovich В. , Kelly D. , Skurkovic S. V.
Published: September 2021

For treating active forms of secondarily-progressing multiple sclerosis a preliminary clinical trial was performed by two courses: antibody-to-cytokine course (INT, INT and TNF) and cyclosporin А-course (sandimmun). Data of preliminary test of antibodies to cytokines evidence to possibility of performing further clinical trials "antibodies to INT and to TNF (to a lesser degree)" during active forms of progressive MS. Were obtained the results, evidencing to a possible use of sandimmun in constantly progressive forms of secondarily progressing disease, when favourable clinical effect coincided with supression of cytokine IL-2 production and lowering of activeness of immunocytes.
Recovery of locomotor functions in patients with amyostatic syndrome by method of referential bioadaptation
Authors: Rudnev V. A. , Prokopenko S. V. , Epikhin А. М.
Published: September 2021

Time parameters of locomotor functions are studied by computer analysis of walking phase with the aim of correcting pace-rhythmic structure of locomotor act, disturbed in conditions of organic brain pathology. As a result of comparison with average statistical norm, time frequency was selected and 83 offered to patient by functioning of portable photophonostimulator as the main walking speed. As a result of using this method (referential bioadaptation) in 7 patients parameters of locomotor functions significantly approximated to the norm. This approach is considered promising for locomotor rehabilitation in neurology.
Sensor interaction in mechanisms of puncture analgesia in treatment of myofascial pain syndromes
Authors: Ivanichev G. A. , Gainutdinov А. R. , Bashirova Е. Sh. , Khairutdinova G. I. , Staroseltseva N. G.
Published: September 2021

Problems of interaction of two afferent flows: nociceptive and artificial, made with neurophysiological complex (somatosensor generated potentials) are discussed. Somato-sensor potentials were registered on standard methods before and after medical influence on acupuncture points, used for analgesia. Possible mechanisms of rapid phase of analgesia by activation of recurrent inhibition of nociceptive flow are considered.
Basic principles of treatment of epilepsy in children
Authors: Petrukhin L. S. , Mukhin K. Y. , Medvedev М. I.
Published: September 2021

Currently, epilepsy is one of the most pressing problems in pediatric neurology. The incidence of epilepsy in the pediatric population ranges from 0.5 to 0.75%. The problem of epilepsy is a problem of accurate syndromological diagnosis and treatment. The modern classification of epilepsy, epileptic syndromes and similar disorders distinguishes about 40 different forms of epilepsy, differing in clinical symptoms, principles of therapy, prognosis.
Neurovisualization and electroencephalographic criteria for diagnosis of ischemic lesions of brain
Authors: Burtsev E. M. , Lyamina N. V. , Nagorny N. S. , Burtsev M. E. , Zhdanov А. V.
Published: September 2021

The results of computer-tomographic (CT), magnetic-resonance (MR) and electroencephalographic (EEG) studies are given, performed in 104 patients with cerebral ischemia, diagnosis of which caused significant difficulties. Verification of hemispheric ischemic insult with the help of CT and MR during the first three days is possible only in case of squeezing and displacement of the ventricular system and developing of acute hydrocephalus. The most reliable CT and MR data can be revealed on the 711-th day of sickness. Insults of the trunk are diagnosed (more reliably by MR) in one third of patients. Method of standard EEG retains its significance when diagnosing small brain infarcts of cortical or subcortical localization. The method of topographic mapping of EEG is more informative and allows to diagnose brain infarct, as well as to observe its dynamics in 4/5 of patients.
Electrostimulation, controlled by electromyography in treating postapoplectic hemiparesis
Authors: Mokrusch T.
Published: September 2021

In this work therapeutic results of three groups of patients with postapoplectic spastic hemiparesis of the ischemic origin are given: of the first group (22 people) subject to electrostimulation, controlled by EMG (EMG-ES) in combination with kinesiotheraphy (KT), of the second group (12 people) subject to usual electrostimulation and KT and of the third group, having only KT. Patients of all three groups showed distinct decrease of spasticity, increase of muscle strength and improvement of arbitrary motility more expressed in the first group. Thus, EMG-ES in combination with KT is offered as the most rational rehabilitation method for patients, having had insult even some years ago.
Rehabilitation system in neurologic motor deficiency with using of curative potential of kinesiotherapy
Authors: Isanova V. A. , Ismagilov М. F. , Dyakonova I. N.
Published: September 2021

It was developed an optimal and pathogenetically proved system of rehabilitation in neurologic motor deficiency (NMD) in 124 patients with different forms of NMD (results of acute brain circulation disorders, trauma of brain and spinal cord, cerebral paralysis). 35 patients of the control group with the analogous motor pathology were treated by traditionally used method of neurorehabilitation. In the therapeutic programme basic principles of active kinesiotherapy according to H.Kabat and B.Bobath with increasing of their curative effect through stimuli (biologic reverse connection, transcranial magnetic stimulation, conductive therapy). Usage of the offered system of neurorehabilitation resulted in significant improvement of lost motor functions in 29% of cases, in the control group in 14%.
Experience of using apitherapy in elderly patients with discirculatory encephalopathy
Authors: Antipenko Е. A. , Anisimova L. M. , Deryugina А. V. , Gustov А. V. , Krylov V. N.
Published: September 2021

Difficulties in treating discirculatory encephalopathy (DE) in the elderly are caused by a combination of degenerative and vascular processes, which mutually burden each other. The development of the disease against the background of natural aging of the body makes it necessary to take into account age-related changes in the reactivity of the body, a decrease in its adaptive capabilities, and a violation of the mechanisms of autoregulation [6]. This whole complex of pathological changes requires a special therapeutic approach that considers the body as a single functional system. It can be assumed that drugs of a non-specific plan will be effective, mobilizing the internal reserves of an aging organism.
Menopausal disorders in women (pathogenesis, prevention and treatment)
Authors: Khafizov R. T.
Published: September 2021

The problem of climacteric disorders is an interdisciplinary problem in the solution of which doctors of various specialties are interested, primarily endocrinologists, gynecologists, neurologists, therapists, cardiologists, traumatologists.
Impacto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en adolescentes que viven con el VIH en Lima, Perú
Authors: Errea Renato A. , Wong Milagros , Senador Liz , Ramos Alicia , Ramos Karen , Galea Jerome T. , Lecca Leonid , Sánchez Hugo , Benites Carlos , Franke Molly F.
Published: September 2021

Los adolescentes que viven con el VIH (AVVIH) tienen tasas más bajas de supresión virológica y tasas más altas de deterioro inmunológico en comparación con sus contrapartes mayores, colocándolos potencialmente en alto riesgo de enfermedad severa por SARS-CoV-2. Los AVVIH que están transicionando hacia el cuidado de adultos enfrentan dificultades adicionales para permanecer en el cuidado y adherirse al tratamiento antirretroviral. En esta sección especial reportamos el impacto observado en AVVIH transicionando al servicio de VIH para adultos durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. En primer lugar, el acceso a la atención del VIH se ha visto perjudicado por la restricción del transporte público, la falta de antirretrovirales, y la suspensión de citas médicas y laboratoriales. Adicionalmente, dificultades financieras, incertidumbre sobre el futuro, estresores emocionales, alteración del estilo de vida y el temor de divulgar el diagnóstico involuntariamente han desafiado aún más la continuidad en la atención de esta población adolescente.
Modeling crustal structure through the use of converted phases in teleseismic body-wave forms
Authors: Burdick L. J. , Langston Charles A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

By comparing records of the radial component of motion of teleseismic P waves to records of the vertical component, it is possible to identify S phases within the P wave form. These phases are generated by the mechanism of P to S conversion at discontinuities in velocity under the receiving station. Similar phases of the S to P converted type appear as precursors to the direct SV arrival. Models for the crustal structure can be tested by generating synthetic seismograms for both components of motion of both the P and SV waves and comparing with the data. The technique has been used to model the crustal structure at WWSSN stations CAR and COR. It has also been used to check a recently proposed model for the crustal structure in eastern Canada which contains a large low-shear-velocity zone at the base of the crust. This study indicates that the crustal structure in eastern Canada is highly non-uniform with perhaps few features common to the whole region. Finally, the technique is used to identify several stations in the WWSSN which appear to be located on highly anomalous structure.
The April 29, 1965, Puget Sound earthquake and the crustal and upper mantle structure of western Washington
Authors: Langston Charles A. , Blum David E.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Simultaneous modeling of source parameters and local layered earth structure for the April 29, 1965, Puget Sound earthquake was done using both ray and layer matrix formulations for point dislocations imbedded in layered media. The source parameters obtained are: dip 70° to the east, strike 344°, rake −75°, 63 km depth, average moment of 1.4 ± 0.6 × 1026 dyne-cm, and a triangular time function with a rise time of 0.5 sec and falloff of 2.5 sec. An upper mantle and crustal model for southern Puget Sound was determined from inferred reflections from interfaces above the source. The main features of the model include a distinct 15-km-thick low-velocity zone with a 2.5-km/sec P-wave-velocity contrast lower boundary situated at approximately 56-km depth. Ray calculations which allow for sources in dipping structure indicate that the inferred high contrast value can trade off significantly with interface dip provided the structure dips eastward. The effective crustal model is less than 15 km thick with a substantial sediment section near the surface. A stacking technique using the instantaneous amplitude of the analytic signal is developed for interpreting short-period teleseismic observations. The inferred reflection from the base of the low-velocity zone is recovered from short-period P and S waves. An apparent attenuation is also observed for pP from comparisons between the short- and long-period data sets. This correlates with the local surface structure of Puget Sound and yields an effective Q of approximately 65 for the crust and upper mantle.
Corvallis, Oregon, crustal and upper mantle receiver structure from teleseismicPandSwaves
Authors: Langston Charles A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Structure under Corvallis, Oregon, was examined using long-period Ps and Sp conversions and P reverberations from teleseismic events as recorded at the WWSSN station COR. A distinct low-velocity zone in the uppermost mantle is inferred by modeling these phases in the time domain using a data set composed of six deep and intermediate-depth earthquakes. The lower boundary occurs at 45-km depth and has S and P velocity contrasts of 1.3 and 1.4 km/sec, respectively. The material comprising the low-velocity zone has a Poisson ratio of at least 0.33 and is constrained by the average P and S travel times determined from the converted phases. The top of the earth model conforms to previously published refraction results.
A method for determination of the lower crustal structure along the San Andreas fault system in central California
Authors: Peake L. G. , Healy J. H.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A method for determining lower crustal structure by comparing residuals of distant events, thereby reducing the effect of near-surface structure on seismic waves, has been tested through a straightforward numerical analysis of teleseismic residuals in central California. The results show a general crustal thinning to the west, with a sharp gradient along the San Andreas fault and a uniform crustal thickness between the San Andreas fault and the Calaveras and Hayward faults.
A mechanical model for the statistics of earthquakes, magnitude, moment, and fault distribution
Authors: Caputo Michele
Published: September 2021

abstract

A mechanical model is presented to explain the Ishimoto Iida empirical law for earthquake statistics

log n ( M ) = α ¯ - b M

where n(M) dM is the number of earthquakes in the interval of magnitude M, M + dM. The model fits properly the statistics of earthquakes of all of the regions of the world for which exist reliable catalogs of earthquakes (Ranalli, 1974) although the mechanism of the model considered is specifically that of stick slip.

The same model explains the empirical law for the statistics of the seismic moment Mo

log n o ( M o ) = α ¯ o − b ¯ o log M o

and explains also the scatter of the values in the empirical relation between Mo and M.

Finally if one knows the rate at which the elastic energy is stored in a region of the Earth's crust, and if a catalog of earthquakes of the region is available, this model gives an estimate of the number and size of faults of the region, and also of the maximum magnitude and seismic moment possible in the region.
Near-field motions from a propagating strike-slip fault in an elastic half-space
Authors: Israel Moshe , Kovach Robert L.
Published: September 2021

Near-field displacement, velocity and acceleration ground motion are computed for a buried finite strike-slip fault using generalized multipolar ray theory to study the effects of rupture velocity, rise time of particle displacement, direction of rupture relative to observing station and the presence of the free surface. Computed displacement seismograms demonstrate that the rise time and rupture velocity can be traded off to produce similar wave shapes emphasizing the difficulty of separating the effects of rise time and rupture velocity. On the other hand, synthetic accelerograms exhibit much character as the rise time becomes a small part of the rupture duration, and individual contributions to the acceleration signals such as the P- and S-wave stopping phase can be seen. Near-field synthetic accelerograms hold promise for the study of fault rupture parameters. For the strike-slip model studied, allowance for the presence of a free surface by doubling of the amplitude of infinite space signals seems to be approximately correct even in the case of computed vertical component accelerograms. However, this result is not generally true for the residual static displacements. The known result of the appearance of Rayleigh waves at horizontal distances greater than five times the source depth is confirmed for dislocation sources.
A three-dimensional velocity model of the lithosphere beneath the new Madrid seismic zone
Authors: Mitchell B. J. , Cheng C. C. , Stauder W.
Published: September 2021

Relative travel-time residuals of teleseismic P waves recorded by the Saint Louis University network vary over a range of about 1.5 sec. The residuals depend on both position within the network and azimuthal direction to the source, the largest positive anomalies occurring at stations situated in the most seismically active region.

An inversion of these data using the method of Aki, Christoffersson, and Husebye (1976a) yields a three-dimensional model of velocity variation beneath the network. The most conspicuous feature of the derived model is a roughly cylindrical zone of low velocities at least 5 per cent lower than surrounding regions, which extends from near the surface to depths of 150 km or greater. Although the resolution for this model is poor for the crust, it is quite good for the upper mantle, where the zone of low velocities appears to angle toward the west with increasing depth.
Adequacy of routinely available data for identifying earthquakes of mb ≧ 4.5
Authors: Evernden J. F.
Published: September 2021

The adequacy of routinely available data for identification of all earthquakes of mb ≧ 4.5 (Evernden, 1975) occurring throughout the world and listed in ISC bulletins for January 1, to June 10, 1972 is investigated. When using an identification criterion based on (1) depth ≧ 50 km when using P data alone, ≧ 30 when using pP — P or S — P data and/or (2) at least one of three long-period phases 8 or more times that of the largest value seen for an explosion, available data successfully identify all except two of the earthquakes studied (other than mixed events), these two being of magnitude 4.5. Only one of these two appears “anomalous” on the basis of available data. “Anomalous” earthquakes in nearly all cases must be the result of inadequate data or analysis and not similarity of spectral source function of these earthquakes and explosions.

Data on amplitudes of long-period S versus mb and depth are given, as well as further analysis of the mixed event problem. It is pointed out that the capability for detection of long-period waves here shown can be increased by half a magnitude by proper processing of presently available data.
Spectral characteristics of the P codas of Eurasian earthquakes and explosions
Authors: Evernden J. F.
Published: September 2021

Spectral analysis of “infinite velocity sum” subarray beams at LASA for the P codas of 36 explosions and 23 earthquakes indicates the presence of 6 to 9 Hz energy well above noise level for large explosions and earthquakes. A discriminant (D), based on use of the full spectral bandwidth from 0.4 to 9 Hz, successfully discriminates all Eurasian explosions and shallow-focus earthquakes. The basic character and contrast in spectral composition of the source spectra of earthquakes and explosions is discussed. It is pointed out that the discriminant (D), when use is made of signals recorded in the range 60° to 90°, is as or more successful in discriminating events of near mb 4.0 as those at and above mb 6.0, and the basis for this success is clarified.

It is suggested that proper use of P coda spectral discriminants appears capable of achieving identification essentially at the detection threshold of a network, while circumventing such problems as refined depths of focus, mixed events, etc.
The relationship between group velocity and phase velocity for finite, discrete observations
Authors: Nyman Douglas C. , Gupta Harsh K. , Landisman Mark
Published: September 2021

abstract

The well-known relationship between group velocity and phase velocity, 1/u = d/dω (ω/c), is adapted to the practical situation of discrete observations over a finite frequency range. The transformation of one quantity into the other is achieved in two steps: a low-order polynomial accounts for the dominant trends; the derivative/integral of the residual is evaluated by Fourier analysis. For observations of both group velocity and phase velocity, the requirement that they be mutually consistent can reduce observational errors. The method is also applicable to observations of eigenfrequency and group velocity as functions of normal-mode angular order.
Transmission and reflection of Rayleigh wave through a step
Authors: Martel L. , Munasinghe M. , Farnell G. W.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The transmission and reflection of a Rayleigh wave through a step on a homogeneous half-space of Poisson's ratio σ = 0.253 have been investigated by a seismic models method. The experimental results show good agreement with numerical ones obtained by finite-difference calculations when the wave is incident onto a downward step. Phase shifts are given both for the upward and downward steps. The characteristics of the transmitted wave do not depend much on the direction of propagation but those of the reflected wave are clearly direction-dependent. In each case the transmission and reflection coefficients and phase shifts depend on the ratio of step height to wavelength.

The group delays are calculated and they are positive or negative depending on the period. About 80 per cent of the incident energy is converted into body waves when the step is higher than 0.3 times the wavelength of the Rayleigh wave.
Converted shear waves as seen by ocean bottom seismometers and surface buoys
Authors: Lewis Brian T. R. , McClain James
Published: September 2021

abstract

It is found that ocean bottom seismometers (O.B.S.) deployed in sedimented areas produce markedly different seismograms from surface hydrophones. These differences are found to be due to ringing on the O.B.S. records produced by converted shear waves trapped in the sediment layer. These shear waves do not propagate into the water and hence the hydrophone record is much “cleaner” than the O.B.S. record. It is also shown that the presence of refracted shear waves like P-S-P and P-S-S may be related to the presence of a sedimentary layer in some areas. It is suggested that the disappearance of refracted S waves in some areas without sediment is related to high attenuation and/or very low shear velocities caused by cracks and inhomogeneities in the crust. Under sedimented areas the cracks may be sufficiently filled so as to substantially reduce the attenuation and/or increase the bulk shear velocity.
An optimal strategy for searching the best fault-plane solution using wave-amplitude data
Authors: Khattri Kailash
Published: September 2021

abstract

This paper presents an optimum search procedure known as the Fibonacci Technique for abstracting the earthquake-source parameters from the amplitude data of seismic waves. The power of the method has been demonstrated by determining the fault-plane solution of a deep-focus earthquake using the P-wave spectral amplitude data.
Numerical simulation of earthquake sequences
Authors: Rundle John B. , Jackson David D.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Numerical simulation of earthquake occurrence using a one-dimensional fault model demonstrates that (a) the linear behavior of the magnitude-frequency relation is not an immutable law but rather is dependent on the mechanical properties of the fault, (b) “randomness” as measured by adherence to Poissonian statistics does not preclude useful prediction by statistical means, (c) the rate of occurrence of simulated earthquakes is in good agreement with the Kolmogorov model in which seismicity is related primarily to the stored elastic energy in a fault system, and (d) the occurrence of foreshocks and aftershocks can be well explained by the occurrence of stress-induced crack nucleation.
The Lima earthquake of October 3, 1974: Intensity distribution
Authors: Espinosa A. F. , Husid R. , Algermissen S. T. , de las Casas J.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The epicenter of the October 3, 1974, earthquake was 80 km west of Lima at 12.2°S and 77.67°W. This earthquake caused severe damage in Lima and vicinity, producing a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX in a few small scattered areas in Lima. The Modified Mercalli intensity in Lima varied from V to IX; in towns south of Lima the intensity exceeded VIII. The areas of high intensity, both in Lima and along the coast, appear to be related to unfavorable soil conditions or to a high water table, as is evident in the areas where large damage and/or differential settlement took place. Slumping was also observed along the coastal road south of Lima. In Callao differential earth settlement was associated with liquefaction of the soil. Pockets of high intensities, such as in the districts of La Molina and Chorrillos, are correlated with possible local ground-amplification effects. Subsidence of up to 35 cm took place in some areas along the wave-cut terrace in Miraflores, and 15 cm of subsidence was observed in Chorrillos. The isoseismal map constructed for Lima can be used in a preliminary zonation of Lima for potential earthquake effects.
The Lima earthquake of October 3, 1974: Damage distribution
Authors: Husid R. , Espinosa A. F. , de las Casas J.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The October 3, 1974, earthquake caused severe damage to buildings of adobe and quincha construction, and also to masonry, reinforced masonry, and reinforced-concrete structures in Lima and vicinity. Most of the damage to well-built structures was due, in part, to the lack of lateral resistance in the original design and to the fact that this earthquake had more energy around 0.4 seconds period than prior destructive earthquakes. Water tanks on the roofs of structures with four or five stories were damaged. Well-engineered single-story buildings were less affected than taller structures.

Considerable structural damage to reinforced-concrete structures occurred in the districts of Barranco, La Campiña Molina, and Callao. In La Campiña three-story building partly collapsed and other buildings sustained considerable damage. In La Molina, the buildings of the Agrarian University sustained severe damage, and some collapsed. In Surco, the district adjacent to La Molina, there was no appreciable damage. In Callao, a four-story building collapsed, and the upper half of a concrete silo collapsed. In reinforced-concrete structures, column ties were frequently small in diameter, widely spaced, and not well connected. Usually, the reinforcement of resisting elements had no relation to their stiffnesses. Front columns in school buildings were restrained by high brick walls and had rather short effective lengths to allow building displacement in that direction. The windows in the rear walls gave the rear columns a much greater effective length. Therefore, a longitudinal displacement induces large shear forces in the front columns where most of the severe damage occurred. This problem was not considered in the design of these structures.
The determination of source properties by the linear inversion of seismograms
Authors: Stump Brian W. , Johnson Lane R.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A method has been developed allowing the direct inversion of seismograms to obtain an estimate of the seismic source, as characterized by its equivalent force moment tensor. With reasonable assumptions the problem can be shown to be linear in both the frequency and time domains and least-squares methods are used to estimate the source mechanism. In the synthetic tests that have been run, several possible uses of the method have been investigated. With a satisfactory station distribution the source mechanism can be recovered using complete seismograms from three component stations or several P arrivals on vertical components. The method is useful in distinguishing multiple events including explosions. The errors of the fits are determined in the procedure and yield information such as the bandwidth of useful data in the frequency domain and error estimates for fault-plane solutions in the time domain fits.
p-Δ curves for a point source lying on a boundary
Authors: McMechan George A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A point source located at a boundary is an approximation to the physical configuration of an earthquake or an explosion at the ocean bottom. The p-Δ curves that correspond to arrivals from such a source, as observed at the ocean surface and at the ocean bottom, can be constructed by geometrical manipulations of the surface source to surface receiver p-Δ curve. p-Δ curves for multiply reflected arrivals can also be similarly constructed.
A note on causality problems in the numerical solution of elastic wave propagation in cylindrical coordinate systems
Authors: Herrmann Robert B.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Harkrider noted the presence of noncausal, nonpropagating near-field terms in the cylindrical shear wave potentials for dislocation sources. He stated that these noncausal terms drop out when the total displacement field is calculated using both SV and SH shear wave potentials. When calculating realistic far-field radial and tangential displacement time histories, one must be careful in how the higher order distance terms are truncated in order to avoid the presence of noncausal terms in the time histories. Examples of this effect for tangential displacements due to a 90° dip-slip dislocation source as well as a 90° vertical strike-slip source are given to demonstrate the numerical problem.
Geodolite measurements near the Briones Hills, California, earthquake swarm of January 8, 1977
Authors: Savage J. C. , Prescott W. H.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Two geodetic stations, the positions of which are frequently monitored by geodetic distance-measuring techniques, were located 5 and 10 km from the epicentral area of the Briones Hills earthquake swarm (maximum magnitude ML = 4.3) of January 1977. Although a 10 μradian postearthquake tilt change was recorded at a nearby tiltmeter, no significant change in geodetic distances could be detected at a sensitivity of at least 0.5 ppm. A simple dislocation model of the main earthquake in the swarm would predict no observable change in either tilt or geodetic distance.