bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction of a Double Z‐Scheme CuO/Cu2O/CuS/ZnO Quaternary Heterojunction Photocatalyst with Enhanced Solar‐Driven Photocatalytic Performance for Sulfamethoxazole Degradation
Authors: Zhu Wenli , Du Juan , Yang Qiaoling
Published: August 2024

A novel CuO/Cu2O/CuS/ZnO quaternary heterojunction photocatalyst was constructed through a facile microwave technique. The structure, morphology and optical properties were characterized and explored. The photocatalytic activity of CuO/Cu2O/CuS/ZnO quaternary composite was assessed by antibiotic sulfamethoxazole under the simulated solar light irradiation. The quaternary composite manifested more excellent photocatalytic performance than the pristine ZnS and CuO/Cu2O. Moreover, the effects of ascorbic acid concentration on removal efficiency of sulfamethoxazole were discussed, revealing the importance of Cu2O in sulfamethoxazole removal. Particularly, as the ascorbic acid was 0.50 M, the total removal efficiency of sulfamethoxazole at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L was approximately 99.17 %, and the fitted pseudo‐first‐order kinetic rate constant reached 0.0380/min, which were 1.73 and 6.91 times of that in the absence of ascorbic acid, respectively. A double Z‐scheme charge transfer mechanism was confirmed by the reactive species trapping tests, which demonstrated that superoxide radicals and holes were the major reactive species responsible for sulfamethoxazol degradation. CuO/Cu2O/CuS/ZnO nanocomposite provided an interesting perspective for a highly efficient quaternary photocatalyst that could be employed for remediation antibiotics.
Enhanced CO2 Methanation over Nickel‐Based Unsupported Catalyst Synthesized by Chemical Precipitation Method
Authors: Kumar Choudhary Abhay , Yadav Sudeep , Kumar Gupta Pavan
Published: August 2024

This study investigated the catalytic CO2 methanation using nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and nickel oxalate (NiC2O4) as catalysts. The NiC2O4 precursor was synthesized through a chemical precipitation reaction between nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) and oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O). Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesized through thermal decomposition of NiC2O4 precursor at 450 °C in air. The samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM, and EDX. The XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that the NiO nanoparticles were well‐crystallized having size 17.30 nm. The BET analysis of the NiO sample revealed mesoporous NiO nanoparticles with a specific surface area (SBET) of 29.08 m2/g and a narrow distribution of pore sizes. The catalytic performance of NiO and NiC2O4 catalysts studied for the CO2 methanation in tubular packed bed reactor at 150–550 °C and 1 atm. The reduced NiO nanoparticles exhibited more catalytic activity than the decomposed NiC2O4 catalyst. At 380 °C, 1 atm, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 9000 mL g−1 h−1, the reduced NiO nanoparticle catalyst showed high catalytic activity, with a maximum CO2 conversion of 85.54 %, 99 % CH4 selectivity, and 84.69 % CH4 yield. Furthermore, the NiO nanoparticle catalyst demonstrated excellent stability after 12 h of streaming at 380 °C.
Formation of Bis‐indolylmethanes from Symmetrical Triarylmethanes via Brønsted Acid Catalyzed C−C Bond Breaking Reaction
Authors: Uddin Nazir , Roy Sudipta , Roy Sayantan , Paul Dipankar , Basumatary Geetanjali , Dutta Gitish K. , Chatterjee Paresh Nath
Published: August 2024

An alternative approach to synthesize bis‐indolylmethanes (BIMs) via a unique p‐toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) catalyzed dual Csp3−Csp2 bond‐breaking reaction has been reported here. In the reported protocol, 1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzene (TMB), an electron‐rich and sterically bulky arene, acts as a carbon‐based leaving group which can be recovered after the completion of the reaction. In this process, several BIMs of various indole derivatives can be synthesized from symmetrical triarylmethanes (TRAMs) containing bis‐TMB motifs. By modifying the reaction conditions, we could control the sequential bond cleavage of two Csp3−Csp2 bonds in starting TRAM.
New Quinazolinone‐Tethered 1,2,3‐Triazoles aSs Potent Antimicrobial Agents: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and in silico Docking Study
Authors: Patel Jeevan Lal , Sureddy Naveen Kumar , Chedupaka Raju , Papisetti Venkatesham , Mahapatra S. P. , Penta Santhosh
Published: August 2024

Novel 1,2,3‐triazole acetamide linked quinazolinone derivatives were synthesized via click reaction, by reacting of 3‐methyl‐2‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ylthio)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one with various aryl azides as prominent fungal pathogen Candida albicans interactions. The prepared triazole compounds were characterized using mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopic techniques. Compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against a variety of microorganisms namely, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus clavatus. Quinazolinone linked p‐hydroxyphenyl, o, p‐dihydroxyphenyl and o‐dimethylamino phenyl triazoles showed a remarkable antibacterial activity against E. faecalis with MIC values of 3.20±0.01, 4.01±0.04, and 4.10±0.01 μg mL−1, and screened compounds p‐nitrophenyl substituted triazole, and p‐methylphenyl substituted triazole displayed a significant antifungal activity against C. albicans with MICs of 3.16±0.01, 4.06±0.03 μg mL−1, compared to itraconazole (MIC=3.32±0.02 μg mL−1). For further exploration of the anti‐fungal mechanism of action, molecular docking was carried out for these compounds in C. albicans active site as one of the important antifungal inhibitors (PDB: 1A19). Furthermore, the ADMET profile was evaluated for all the final triazole compounds in contrast to reference drugs moxifloxacin and itraconazole. In conclusion, we discovered a novel quinazolinone linked 1,2,3‐triazoles with promising antimicrobial activity and a favorable pharmacokinetic profile.
Green Synthesis, Characterization and Biological activity of Optimized Alfalfa‐Mediated Zirconium Nanoparticles
Authors: Shah Reza Mahdieh Ameri , Golnaraghi‐Ghomi Ahmadreza , Rasouli Alireza , Rasouli Asl Farzaneh , Dadashpour Mehdi , Sokhansanj Amin , Amin Habibi Mohammad , Vahidi Hossein , Bahrami Nia Maedeh , Ghasemi Mahdieh , Komeili Movahhed Tahereh
Published: August 2024

Nanoparticle green synthesis is an emerging scientific field that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells. In this work, the potential of extracts of alfalfa leaves (Medicago sativa) as affordable and fabricated zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) was evaluated for the first time. alfalfa alcoholic extract and zirconium precursor were used to produce ZrNPs, the production and characteristics of nanoparticles were measured using the Tyndall effect, UV‐vis, FT‐IR, EDX, DLS, and SEM tests, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and toxicity Measurement of nanoparticles on breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐468) and human healthy cells (HFF) was investigated. The optimization of nanoparticle production was evaluated with ANN and GN algorithms. The analysis showed that nanoparticles have spherical‐like ZrNPs shapes with an average of 50 nm size. in addition, ZrNPs have significant cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐468) cells, and Human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells exhibited the highest resistance to ZrNPs. There was a significant agreement between the results of the designed ANN‐GA model and the experimental data. In this research, ZrNP was successfully created using alfalfa extract as a renewable source of stabilizing and reducing agents with an environmentally friendly approach, and they showed significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.
Recent Advances in the Multicomponent Synthesis of Heterocycles using Thiosemicarbazide
Authors: Javahershenas Ramin , Han Jianlin , Kazemi Mosstafa , Jervis Peter J.
Published: August 2024

This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic compounds using thiosemicarbazide as a key building block via multicomponent reactions. Thiosemicarbazide is a versatile reagent that has gained significant attention in organic synthesis due to its ability to participate in diverse multicomponent reactions for the efficient and sustainable construction and assembly of novel bioactive molecules and pharmaceuticals. This review discusses the potential applications and future directions in this rapidly evolving area of research. It provides valuable insights into the innovative approaches for the synthesis of heterocycles using thiosemicarbazide, showcasing its significance in modern organic chemistry research. In summary, this review provides an overview of the current state of the art, highlighting the use of thiosemicarbazide in the synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds reported between 2015 and early 2024.
Superior Enhancement in Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane‐Based Multifunctional GAP Partially Grafted with Fluorinated Polyether via Catalyst‐Free Click Reaction
Authors: Zhou Yanqiu , Peng Rufang , Jin Bo
Published: August 2024

Difunctional glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is an energetic binder promising for propellant formulations. The multifunctional fluorine‐containing GAP has been synthesized to enhance its mechanical properties. This work outlined multifunctional GAP partially grafted with 1,2,3‐triazole‐5‐(α‐hydroxyl)‐fluorinated polyether (GAP‐g‐3F) synthesized by thermal and catalyst‐free azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction, in which the azide groups were from GAP and electron‐deficient alkynes from β‐propargyl‐α‐hydroxyl poly (tri‐fluoropropane glycidyl ether) (PHP3F). PHP3F was synthesized via the typical cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐((2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy) methyl) oxirane and propargyl alcohol as the initiator. The chemical structures, molecular weight, and thermal properties were characterized by FTIR, NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA, respectively. HNMR results showed that 8 % of total azide groups in GAP were grafted. GAP‐g‐3F had a slightly higher glass transition temperature than that of GAP. The results of TGA showed that GAP‐g‐3F had suitable thermal decomposition resistance up to 200 °C. The thermal properties, mechanical properties, cross‐linking network structures, and microstructures of the polyurethane networks cured with hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer as a crosslinking agent were determined and compared by TGA, universal tensile test, swelling measurement, and SEM, respectively. The initial decomposition temperature of GAP‐g‐3F‐based polyurethane networks (GAP‐g‐3F‐PU) was around 220 °C, thus meeting the requirements for propellants. In addition, GAP‐g‐3F‐PU exhibited superior mechanical properties, showing an almost twelvefold increase in tensile strength to 16.9 MPa compared with difunctional GAP‐PU with 1.4 MPa tensile strength. The results of the swelling measurement revealed that the GAP‐g‐3F‐PU sample showed a higher crosslinking density in comparison to the GAP‐PU sample. SEM results indicated that the multifunctional fluorine‐containing GAP could enhance compatibility between the soft and hard segments of polyurethanes, leading to a decrease in their separation degree. This finding showed that the synthesis of a multifunctional GAP partially grafted with fluorinated polyether via a triazole ring may be a promising solution to decrease the separation degree increase of PUs, thereby improving the mechanical properties.
Anti‐Phytopathogenic and Phytotoxic Effects of Annona glabra Lin. and Annona muricata Lin. Seed Extracts: In vitro and In vivo Assessment, Bioactive Compound Quantification, and Mechanism Involved
Authors: Le Dang Quang , Quoc Nguyen Cuong , De Tran Quang , Kim Jin‐Cheol , Thi Vo Kieu Anh , Thi Cao Hong , Thi Nguyen Xuyen , Huy Nguyen Trung , Thi Nguyen Thu Trang , Huu Nguyen Tung , Tu Ho Cuong , Thanh Nguyen Cong , Tam Le The , Son Nguyen Vu , Ja Choi Gyung
Published: August 2024

Building upon prior research demonstrating the excellent antifungal and nematicidal efficacy of Annona squamosa Lin. seed extracts, this study extends its scope to investigate similar properties in seed extracts from two other Annonaceae species: Annona muricata Lin. and Annona glabra Lin. The focus is on assessing their effectiveness against tomato late blight (TLB) and wheat leaf rust (WLR) diseases, as well as their broader antifungal activity against Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp. The A. glabra seed extract exerted a superior control efficacy against TLB (85 % at 62.5 μg/mL) and WLR (75 % at 125 μg/mL) in vivo. The two Annonaceous extracts also exhibited in vitro antifungal inhibition against Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp., as well as toxicology against pine wilt nematodes and Artemia salina. Besides, they showed phytotoxicity against Raphanus sativus seed germination. Squamocin G, a potent bioactive acetogenin, was isolated from A. glabara, which was found to occur at high contents in the following ascending order in A. glabra, A. muricata and A. squamosa dichloromethane extracts. To investigate the antifungal mechanism, molecular docking and molecular dynamic of squamocin G ligand were also performed for the first time at the active site of succinate dehydrogenase and β‐tubulin.
Noble Metal‐Free High Entropy Perovskite Oxide with High Cationic Dispersion Enhanced Oxygen Redox Reactivity
Authors: Chatterjee Arindam , Ganguly Dipsikha , Sundara Ramaprabhu , Bhattacharya Subramshu S.
Published: August 2024

High entropy perovskite oxide (HEPO) materials have received significant interest as efficient electrocatalysts owing to their chemical and structural stability, effective interaction of multiple metal active sites with the reaction intermediate species resulting in enhanced catalytic activity. The effect of high‐entropy strategy could achieve the regulation of the structural durability by tailoring the composition. Herein, we design a novel transition metal and rare‐earth metal based high entropy perovskite oxide (Co0.11Mn0.11Ni0.11Fe0.14La0.13Nd0.13Gd0.13Pr0.13)O3, showing superior catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and also promising electrocatalyst in oxygen evolution reaction (OER). High degree of cationic dispersion in the lattice and multiple electrocatalytic active sites enhance the oxygen ion migration at the surface and facilitate electron transfer, manifesting good ORR performance. Notably, the as‐prepared high entropy material exhibits onset and half‐wave potential of 1.02 V and 0.89 V versus RHE, respectively, exceeding the performance of the benchmarked Pt/C catalyst in the ORR process with reasonable redox kinetics. Moreover, the material also presents faster kinetics with reasonably low overpotential and excellent electrochemical stability in the OER process as well. This study shows the viability of designing non‐precious high entropy materials as highly efficient oxide electrocatalyst by utilizing its broad compositional space.
Iron‐Catalyzed Vinylogous Michael Addition of Boron Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) Derivatives to para‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Li Chaofan , Yuan Changxian , Wang Xu , Guo Qinghua , Liu Biao , Wang Sinan , Zhang Zhiguang , Gao Jinlong , Zhai Pengda , Zhang Yong
Published: August 2024

We report herein an effective method for an iron‐catalyzed vinylogous Michael addition of BODIPY derivatives to para‐quinone methides under mild conditions. The corresponding BODIPY‐derived diarylmethane compounds were obtained in 65–93 % yields. This method is featured by its inexpensive catalyst, simple reaction condition and broad substrate scope.
Comparative Study on Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Male and Female Pistacia Khinjuk Leaf Extracts: Enhanced Efficacy of Female Leaf Extracts
Authors: Tural Bilsen , Ertaş Erdal , Batıbay Hayri , Tural Servet
Published: August 2024

This study aims to uncover the potential differences in bioactive compounds present in leaf extracts obtained from female and male individuals of Pistacia khinjuk, abundantly found in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey, and their roles in influencing the properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Results obtained through TEM and SEM imaging techniques determined the morphology and size of AgNPs synthesized from female (FL‐AgNPs) and male (ML‐AgNPs) leaf extracts. Additionally, FTIR spectrum analysis demonstrated the chemical composition of the FL‐AgNPs, ML‐AgNPs, and the extracts. Zeta potential and zeta sizer analyses revealed differences between nanoparticles obtained from female and male plants. The total phenolic content of leaf extracts from female plants is significantly higher than that obtained from male plants (female plants: 30.68±0.26 mg GAE/g, male plants: 24.22±0.37 mg GAE/g). Furthermore, FL‐AgNPs (43.2±2.64 mg GAE/g) exhibit higher antioxidant activity compared to ML‐AgNPs (31.7±1.16 mg GAE/g). ICP‐MS analyses indicate that FL‐AgNPs are synthesized with higher efficiency compared to ML‐AgNPs (FL‐AgNPs: 99.90±0.106 %, ML‐AgNPs: 94.99±0.079 %). Finally, the antibacterial efficacy of FL‐AgNPs and ML‐AgNPs nanoparticles was evaluated agar well diffusion method against the pathogen Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus]
Base Mediated Formal [2+4] Annulation of 3‐Hydroxyoxindoles with 1,2‐Bis(bromomethyl)benzene: Access to Spirooxindole‐Fused Oxacycles
Authors: Feng Jiaxu , Yang Bingyu , Wang Xiangdi , Wu Yingying , Wang Shiqiang , Li Yuming , Fan Zhi
Published: August 2024

Here a base‐mediated formal [2+4] annulation of 3‐hydroxyoxindoles with 1,2‐bis(bromomethyl)benzene have been accomplished, affording spirooxindole‐fused oxacycles in good yields. This protocol features great functional group tolerance in mild reaction conditions. Gram‐scale synthesis and further transformation have also been demonstrated.
Rod‐Shaped Au@Ce Nano‐Platforms for Enhancing Photodynamic Tumor Collaborative Therapy
Authors: Sun Yuxiang , Cao Ziqi , Zhang Xiaoli , Zhu Xingchen , Xu Zhenyang , Zhou Hantong , Wei Xiaoer , Du Wenxian , Xu Li
Published: August 2024

Tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on intratumoral free radicals, while the limited oxygen source and the depletion of tissue oxygen may exacerbate the hypoxia. As the treatment progresses, there will eventually be a problem of insufficient free radicals. Here, it is found that Au@CeO2 nano‐rods (Au@Ce NRs), assembled by gold nano‐rods (Au NRs) and ceria nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs), can efficaciously absorb near‐infrared light (NIR) to promote the release of oxygen and free radicals. Au@Ce NRs exhibit a higher proportion of Ce3+ (Ce2O3) after oxygen release, while Ce3+ is subsequently oxidized to Ce4+ (CeO2) by trace H2O2. Interestingly, Au@Ce NRs re‐oxidized by trace H2O2 can re‐release oxygen and free radicals again upon NIR treatment, achieving oxygenation/oxygen evolution, similar to charging/discharging. This loop maximizes the conversion of limited oxygen source into highly cytotoxic free radicals. As a result, when B16‐F10 cells are treated by NIR/Au@Ce NRs, more tumor cells undergo apoptosis, consistent with the higher level of free radicals. Importantly, NIR/Au@Ce NRs successfully suppresses tumor growth and promotes the generation of epidermal collagen fibers in the transplanted tumor model. Therefore, the rod‐shaped Au@Ce NRs provide an ideal platform for maximizing the utilization of intratumoral oxygen sources and improving the treatment of melanoma.
A lightweight security defense algorithm for multimodal attack blocking in industrial control networks based on momentum enhanced feature graphs
Authors: Yang Zhenyong , Gao Changzhong , Wang Yong , Meng Hailong , Han Shicong
Published: August 2024

As the infrastructure of modern industry, the safe and stable operation of lightweight industrial control network is crucial for industrial production. Multi‐mode attack is a kind of highly customized and low resource consumption network attack method, which can target the specific vulnerabilities and configuration weaknesses of lightweight industrial control network. In order to improve the defense capability of industrial control network against multimodal attacks, a lightweight security defense algorithm based on momentum‐enhanced feature graph is proposed. The lightweight industrial control network operation mode is determined by abstract relationship, and the ontology structure of industrial control network multi‐mode attack is established; with reference to the ontology structure, the multi‐mode attack map of industrial control network is defined; the normal behavior and lightweight attack behavior are divided, and the convolutional network is used to enhance the characteristics of lightweight attack; and the momentum‐enhanced feature map technology is used to correspond to the enhancement process, and to block and defend against the multi‐mode attack of industrial control network. The results show that the studied algorithm can realize accurate prediction of attack behaviors with different attack behaviors as test objects, and ensure accurate blocking of all kinds of attack behaviors with better security defense effect.
A deep experimental analysis of energy‐proficient firewall policies and security practices for resource limited wireless networks
Authors: Rajasoundaran S. , Sivakumar S. A. , Devaraju S. , Pasha M. Jahir , Lloret Jaime
Published: August 2024

The role of firewalls and security principles in resource‐limited wireless networks and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is more expected than in any dedicated network environment. The advanced wireless technologies and emerging fashion of autonomous wireless network nodes are mostly expecting resilient firewall services with multi‐level security policies. Wireless networks are classified under sensor networks, Internet of Things (IoT) mobile networks, and so forth. According to the expectations, security frameworks are gradually invented around the communication platform using various ideologies. The novel ideology and respective implementation effort open better solutions against wireless network attacks. Anyhow, the minimal production of time complexity, energy complexity, and computation overhead from any novel security approach is always considered under the best practices. The complexity levels directly affect the wireless node's energy consumption ability and operational spans severely. The energy optimization techniques and load‐balancing techniques integrated into multi‐class firewall rules are extremely useful solutions for resource‐limited wireless networks. This article has been motivated to analyze the recent firewall techniques and secure data communication mechanisms used for securing wireless networks. Consequently, the practice of comparative literature analysis helps to improve the current limitations identified under the classified categories of security mechanisms such as energy‐optimized security principles and load‐balanced security principles. The establishment of secure and energy‐optimized multi‐class firewall rules in each wireless node assures a healthy focus on next‐generation networks. The experiment section shows the benefits of energy‐optimized secure network communication in terms of better accuracy and the benefits of load‐balanced secure network communication through minimal overhead in computing platforms.
New Approach for Plasma Nitrocarburizing of Stainless Steels by a Modified Reactor Configuration Using a Plasma‐Activated Solid Carbon Precursor
Authors: M. Jafarpour Saeed , Dalke Anke , Biermann Horst
Published: August 2024

Stainless steel surfaces can be modified using plasma‐assisted thermochemical treatments to improve properties like hardness, wear, and pitting corrosion resistance. To specifically adjust the desired properties, a precise control of the produced treatment‐relevant gas species with regard to their type and concentration is essential. This requires the adjustment of the parameters for the generation of the gas species, being independent from heating parameters, as well as their real‐time measurement. Therefore, this study presents the use of a plasma‐activated solid carbon precursor in a cold‐wall reactor using active screen technology and in a modified hot‐wall reactor during plasma nitrocarburizing of austenitic stainless steel. In addition, the modified hot‐wall reactor combined with a compact laser‐based absorption spectroscopy sensor for real‐time monitoring and concentration evaluation of in‐site generated gas species. It is shown that implementing a plasma‐activated solid carbon precursor in a modified hot‐wall reactor enables adjustable generation of C‐containing gas species, particularly HCN, with high production yield by an independent power management. Therefore, HCN is produced independent from heating while the limitations arising during active screen technology using a carbon screen are avoided. The presented technological development thus opens up new possibilities for better control of the plasma nitrocarburizing treatments of steels.
Crystallization Behavior of the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO System Inclusions
Authors: Wang Yong , Sukenaga Sohei , Tashiro Masanori , Zhang Hua , Ni Hongwei , Shibata Hiroyuki
Published: August 2024

The crystallization process of low melting point CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO system inclusions during the continuous casting and hot rolling process greatly affects the deformability of inclusions. The effect of Al2O3 and MgO contents on the crystallization characteristics of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO system melts representing the typical oxide inclusions in Si–Mn deoxidized steels is systematically investigated. The continuous cooling transformation and time–temperature transformation experiments are carried out. The results reveal that the increase of Al2O3 contents restrains the crystallization process of the melt, whereas the crystallization tendency of the melt is promoted with the increase of MgO contents. The precipitated phases are predominately 2CaO·MgO·2SiO2 and 3CaO·MgO·2SiO2, and the primary crystalline phase is unaffected by the changes of Al2O3 and MgO contents. To obtain low melting point plasticized inclusions with limited crystallization ability, it is recommended to control the Al2O3 and MgO contents greater than 15 wt% and below 5 wt%, respectively. The isothermal treatment is suggested to be controlled within a proper temperature range (1175–1250 °C) to decrease the crystallization kinetics. The oxide system's viscosity change is the limiting kinetic factor in the crystallization process, and it can be utilized to predict the system's crystallization tendency.
Oxidation Behavior of MgO‐C Refractories Containing Metallic Aluminum, Calcium Magnesium Aluminate Aggregates, and Carbores P
Authors: Yehorov Anton , Wei Xingwen , Mazepa Sofia , Sherstneva Anastasiia , Volkova Olena
Published: August 2024

The current investigation delves into the oxidation resistance of magnesia‐carbon‐bonded (MgO‐C) refractory enhanced with calcium magnesium aluminate (CMA) cement, metallic aluminum, and Carbores P across a broad temperature spectrum from 800 to 1600 °C. The results demonstrate that the modification with CMA up to a temperature threshold of 1200 °C does not compromise the material's inherent oxidation resistance. However, above this temperature, a decrement in oxidation resistance is observed. The impact of grain size variation in CMA on the oxidation resistance of MgO‐C refractories is notable, and the finer grains show a superior performance. MgO‐C sample with Carbores P has excellent oxidation resistance up to 1000 °C, while above 1200 °C, its oxidation resistance strongly deteriorates. The metallic aluminum addition exhibits a remarkable oxidation resistance throughout the evaluated temperature range, indicated by a slight oxidation.
Translational evaluation of Gelsectan® effects on gut barrier dysfunction and visceral pain in animal models and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea
Authors: Inczefi Orsolya , Eutamene Hélène , Placide Fanny , Tondereau Valérie , Pallagi Petra , Bagyánszki Mária , Bódi Nikolett , Gémes Nikolett , Szebeni Gábor , Molnár Tamás , Theodorou Vassilia , Róka Richárd
Published: August 2024

Background

Gelsectan® is a formulation of xyloglucan (XG), pea protein, grape seed extract (PPGS) and xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS). Our aim was to examine the effect of Gelsectan® on rectal sensitivity in an animal model, abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS‐D) subjects and intestinal permeability in both conditions.

Methods

Animals: Wistar rats received gavage with XOS, XG + PPGS or XG + PPGS + XOS, as a single dose or for 7 days before a partial restraint stress (PRS). Visceromotor response to rectal distension and total gut paracellular permeability to 51Cr‐EDTA were assessed. Humans: IBS‐D and control patients were involved. After initial colonoscopy with biopsy sampling Gelsectan® was administered to IBS‐D patients for 12 weeks. Stool count and pain scores were documented. After treatment, colonoscopy was repeated. The permeability of biopsy samples was measured in Ussing‐chambers. Adherent mucus layer, Muc‐2 expression as well as TNFα, Interferon IFNγ were evaluated by histology/immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays, respectively.

Results

Animal studies: In control rats, PRS significantly increased visceromotor response as well as gut paracellular permeability. Single dose administration of XG + PPGS + XOS failed to reverse PRS, but 7 days of oral treatment reversed PRS‐induced rectal hypersensitivity and gut hyperpermeability. Human studies: Gelsectan® treatment significantly reduced and abdominal pain. Intestinal permeability in IBS‐D patients was elevated compared with controls, Gelsectan® restored permeability in the ascendent colon. Periodic acid–Schiff‐stained mucus layer was significantly thinner in IBS‐D patients compared with controls, In both segments, mucus thickness and the proportion of Muc‐2 positive cells were not affected by Gelsectan® treatment. IFNγ tissue level in the sigmoid colon shows modest mucosal inflammation in IBS‐D.

Conclusions

Gelsectan® prevented rectal hypersensitivity in rats, abdominal pain in human and intestinal hyperpermeability in rat and human studies respectively. These effects involve restoration of gut permeability. Based on this translational study, Gelsectan® can be considered as an effective therapy for IBS‐D symptoms.
Medical intelligence for anxiety research: Insights from genetics, hormones, implant science, and smart devices with future strategies
Authors: Akhtar Faijan , Belal Bin Heyat Md , Sultana Arshiya , Parveen Saba , Muhammad Zeeshan Hafiz , Merlin Stalin Fathima , Shen Bairong , Pomary Dustin , Ping Li Jian , Sawan Mohamad
Published: August 2024

This comprehensive review article embarks on an extensive exploration of anxiety research, navigating a multifaceted landscape that incorporates various disciplines, such as molecular genetics, hormonal influences, implant science, regenerative engineering, and real‐time cardiac signal analysis, all while harnessing the transformative potential of medical intelligence [medical + artificial intelligence (AI)]. By addressing fundamental research questions, this study investigated the molecular and hormonal foundations underlying anxiety disorders, shedding light on the intricate interplay of genetic and hormonal factors contributing to the etiology and progression of anxiety. Furthermore, this review delves into the emerging implications of biomaterials, defibrillators, and state‐of‐the‐art devices for anxiety research, elucidating their potential roles in diagnosis, treatment, and patient management. A pivotal contribution of this review is the development and exploration of an AI‐driven model for real‐time cardiac signal analysis. This innovative approach offers a promising avenue for enhancing the precision and timeliness of anxiety diagnosis and monitoring. Leveraging machine learning and AI techniques enables the accurate classification of persons with anxiety based on real‐time cardiac data, thereby ushering in a new era of personalized and data‐driven mental health care. Identifying emerging themes and knowledge gaps lays the foundation for future research directions and offers a roadmap for scholars and practitioners to navigate this intricate field. In conclusion, this comprehensive review serves as a vital resource, consolidating diverse perspectives and fostering a deeper understanding of anxiety disorders from biological, engineering, and technological standpoints, ultimately contributing to advancing mental health research and clinical practice.

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Health Care

Application Areas > Science and Technology

Technologies > Classification
Adding stubs to quantum string field theories
Authors: Maccaferri C. , Poletti R. , Ruffino A. , Valsesia B.
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Generalizing recent work by Schnabl-Stettinger and Erbin-Fırat, we outline a universal algebraic procedure for ‘adding stubs’ to string field theories obeying the BV quantum master equation. We apply our results to classical and quantum closed string field theory as well as to open-closed string field theory. We also clarify several aspects of the integration-out process in the co-algebraic formulation of string field theory at the quantum level.
A convergence theorem for Crandall–Lions viscosity solutions to path-dependent Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman PDEs
Authors: Criens David
Published: August 2024

We establish a convergence theorem for Crandall–Lions viscosity solutions to path-dependent Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman PDEs. Our proof is based on a novel convergence theorem for dynamic sublinear expectations and the stochastic representation of viscosity solutions as value functions.
A “Self-Milieux” perspective on help-seeking: examining the impact of a person’s sociocultural background on help-seeking in people with untreated depressive symptoms
Authors: McLaren Thomas , Peter Lina-Jolien , Tomczyk Samuel , Muehlan Holger , Schomerus Georg , Schmidt Silke
Published: August 2024

Background

Mental illness is a global concern and the leading cause of years lived with disability. Research on help-seeking behaviour has focused on individual factors, but there is still much unexplained variance. Suggesting complex interactions between determinants of human behaviour a new framework called Self-Milieux is proposed to represent a person’s sociocultural background. The article introduces a statistical approach to determine Self-Milieux and exemplarily examines its predictive validity for health-related research.

Methods

Self-Milieux are determined through a two-stage clustering method based on the determinants socioeconomic status and self-construal profile. Descriptive analyses are used to compare Self-Milieux characteristics. Hierarchical binary logistic regression models test the association between Self-Milieux and help-seeking behaviour, while controlling for socioeconomic status as an established predictor.

Results

The sample size was N = 1535 (M

age
 = 43.17 and 64.89% female participants). Average depression severity was M = 12.22, indicating mild to moderate symptoms. Six Self-Milieux were determined and named. Participants from privileged (aOR = 0.38) and self-sufficient (aOR = 0.37) milieux were less likely to seek help from a general practitioner than those from the entitled milieu. Participants from privileged (aOR = 0.30), collaborators (aOR = 0.50), disadvantaged (aOR = 0.33), and self-sufficient (aOR = 0.21) milieux were less likely to seek help from family members than those from the entitled and family-bound milieux.

Discussion

The study’s strengths and limitations, as well as the cluster methodology, are discussed. The comparative results for the six Self-Milieux are interpreted based on current research. For example, participants from some milieux follow a help-seeking process proposed in previous research, while participants from other milieux seem to show a different process, one that ends in informal help-seeking.
ALK5/VEGFR2 dual inhibitor TU2218 alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors enhances immune-mediated antitumor effects
Authors: Kim Nam-Hoon , Lee Jihyun , Kim Seung-Hyun , Kang Seong-Ho , Bae Sowon , Yu Chan-Hee , Seo Jeongmin , Kim Hun-Taek
Published: August 2024

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is present in blood of patients who do not respond to anti-programmed cell death (ligand) 1 [PD-(L)1] treatment, and through synergy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), it helps to create an environment that promotes tumor immune evasion and immune tolerance. Therefore, simultaneous inhibition of TGFβ/VEGF is more effective than targeting TGFβ alone. In this study, the dual inhibitory mechanism of TU2218 was identified through in vitro analysis mimicking the tumor microenvironment, and its antitumor effects were analyzed using mouse syngeneic tumor models. TU2218 directly restored the activity of damaged cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells inhibited by TGFβ and suppressed the activity and viability of regulatory T cells. The inactivation of endothelial cells induced by VEGF stimulation was completely ameliorated by TU2218, an effect not observed with vactosertib, which inhibits only TGFβ signaling. The combination of TU2218 and anti-PD1 therapy had a significantly greater antitumor effect than either drug alone in the poorly immunogenic B16F10 syngeneic tumor model. The mechanism of tumor reduction was confirmed by flow cytometry, which showed upregulated VCAM-1 expression in vascular cells and increased influx of CD8 + CTLs into the tumor. As another strategy, combination of anti-CTLA4 therapy and TU2218 resulted in high complete regression (CR) rates in CT26 and WEHI-164 tumor models. In particular, immunological memory generated by the combination of anti-CTLA4 and TU2218 in the CT26 model prevented the development of tumors after additional tumor cell transplantation, suggesting that the TU2218-based combination has therapeutic potential in immunotherapy.
Swimming in viscoplastic fluids
Authors: Hewitt Duncan R.
Published: August 2024

Locomotion at small scales in the absence of inertia is a classical and enduring research topic. Here, recent developments in the theory of such locomotion through a viscoplastic ambient fluid are reviewed and explored. The specific focus here applies to motion of cylindrical filamentary bodies that are long and thin, for which an asymptotic slender-body theory can be exploited. Details of this theory are summarised and then applied to describe different swimming waveforms: undulation, peristalsis, and helical motion. It is shown that, in general, strong force anisotropy close to the limit of axial cylindrical motion has a significant effect on locomotion in viscoplastic media, allowing for highly efficient motion in which the swimmer is able to ‘cut’ through the material following very closely the path of its own axis. Some qualitative comparison with experiments is presented, and future extensions and research directions are reviewed.

Graphical abstract

Deformation fields around cylinders moving at different angles to their axis through a yield stress fluid, showing (a) a low yield stress and (b) a high yield stress
Stem revision vs. internal fixation in Vancouver B2/B3 periprosthetic hip fractures: systematic review and metanalysis
Authors: Di Martino Alberto , Brunello Matteo , Villari Eleonora , D’Agostino Claudio , Cosentino Monica , Bordini Barbara , Rivera Fabrizio , Faldini Cesare
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic fractures (PFF) are associated with stem instability and often require a demanding stem implant revision (SR) or internal fixation (ORIF). This latter surgery is increasingly performed in the last few years instead of SR, but it is unclear which is the best treatment to manage PFF patients. The aim of this study is the compare the outcomes of B2/B3 PFF managed by either ORIF or SR, by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of current literature.

Materials and methods

Cochrane Database, PubMed, Google Scholar and MEDLINE were examined to find out relevant publications dealing with the different outcomes of SR vs. ORIF in B2/B3 PFF of the hip. The effect model (EM) was calculated using Cohen´s d index.

Results

Fifteen studies were included, reporting on a total of 1629 patients (564 ORIF and 1065 SR). The pooled random EM estimates for reoperation was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.39–1.96; I2 = 78%) in favor of ORIF surgery; EM for complications was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.45–2.27; I2 = 85%) without difference among procedures. The EM for transfusion was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.46–1.12; I2 = 62%) in favor of fixation.

Conclusion

ORIF and SR were both suitable and effective options in PFF patients, being associated to similar complications rates. Our results show that ORIF performance in PFF patients is associated to significantly less in blood loss, surgical time and in-hospital stay. These advantages are particularly appealing in patients with multiple comorbidities.
Labor market effects of rehabilitation for patients diagnosed with dizziness – a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study
Authors: Tønnesen Emil Severin , Nielsen Jesper Bo , Rose Kim , Wanscher Jens Højberg , Schmidt Jesper Hvass , Sorensen Jesper Roed
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Both vestibular neuronitis (VN) and Meniere’s disease (MD) have great impact on quality of life and are associated with a significant number of sick leave days absent from work. The aim was to assess labor market participation rate one year after hospital diagnosis of VN and MD and the use of rehabilitation measures.

Study design

Nationwide register-based cohort study including patients with VN (n = 1,341) and MD (n = 843) and control persons matched in 1:5 with a VN cohort control (n = 6,683) and MD cohort control (n = 4,209).

Results

Compared to control persons, VN patients were more likely to be single, have higher income, and a higher Charlson comorbidity index score. MD patients had a higher level of education and a higher Charlson index compared to control persons. One year after patients were diagnosed with VN, no significant difference in labor market participation was observed (p = 0.88). However, MD patients had a 10.4% reduced probability of possessing a full-time job one year after diagnosis compared to matched control persons (58.1 ± 0.5% vs. 68.5 ± 0.5%, p < 0.001). Both VN and MD patients consulted otorhinolaryngologists, general practitioners, and physiotherapists more than control persons both before and after the initial diagnosis (p < 0.01). In addition, MD patients also consulted psychologists more frequently before and after diagnosis of the disease (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Intrahospital diagnosed MD increases the risk of leaving the labor market in opposition to VN. Both MD and VN are associated with significant expenses to the Danish health care system from the use of public rehabilitation measures and medical consultations.
Bone conducted cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: comparison of tone burst stimulus vs chirp stimulus
Authors: Karaçaylı Ceren , Karababa Ercan , Satar Bülent
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) is a test used to evaluate the function of otolith organs. In healthy individuals, air-conducted (AC) responses are obtained, whereas, in conductive hearing loss, the inability to transmit the signal well enough with AC stimuli has led to the need for bone-conducted (BC) stimuli. This study aimed to compare 500 Hz Chirp and Tone Burst stimuli in terms of latency and amplitude in BC cVEMP.

Methods

This prospective observational case control study included 35 healthy participants (70 ears) between the age of 20–50. Participants underwent VEMP testing with BC 500 Hz Tone Burst stimulus and 500 Hz narrow band Chirp stimulus without changing the position of the bone conducted vibrator. The intensity of the stimuli was 50 dB nHL.

Results

Response rate of 500 Hz TB Stimulus was 51.4% and 95.7% in Chirp stimulus. It was observed that significantly more responses were obtained with Chirp stimulus than TB stimulus (p < 0.001). In terms of p1 latency, n1 latency, both latencies were significantly shorter in Chirp stimulus (p < 0.001). p1n1 amplitude was found significantly larger in Chirp stimulus (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Compared to 500 Hz TB stimulus, 500 Hz Chirp stimulus results in a higher response rate, larger p1n1 amplitude, and shorter p1 and n1 latency. A higher response rate may provide a more accurate assessment of otolith organs, reducing false negatives due to signal transmission in patients.
Weights for moments’ geometrical localization: a canonical isomorphism
Authors: Alonso Rodríguez Ana , Camaño Jessika , De Los Santos Eduardo , Rapetti Francesca
Published: August 2024

This paper deals with high order Whitney forms. We define a canonical isomorphism between two sets of degrees of freedom. This allows to geometrically localize the classical degrees of freedom, the moments, over the elements of a simplicial mesh. With such a localization, it is thus possible to associate, even with moments, a graph structure relating a field with its potential.
Relative risk aversion must be close to 1
Authors: Levy Moshe
Published: August 2024

Any utility function that is unbounded either from below or from above implies paradoxical behavior. However, these paradoxes may be regarded as irrelevant if they involve wealth levels that are realistically meaningless. Employing real-world constraints on wealth reveals that CRRA utility with relative risk aversion outside of the range 0.75–1.15 yields paradoxical choices that very few individuals, if any, would ever make. Thus, relative risk aversion must be close to 1, the value corresponding to log preferences. These results shed new light on the longstanding debate about the geometric-mean criterion and the argument of stocks for the long-run.
Factors influencing seasonal chemistry patterns in Virginia mountain streams
Authors: Riscassi Ami L. , Scanlon Todd M. , Galloway James N.
Published: August 2024

The relative influence of seasonal patterns in hydrological flow and seasonal differences in biological and geochemical activity on stream chemistry patterns is difficult to discern because they covary; temperate systems are characterized by lower mean flow in the summer (i.e. corresponding to deeper flow paths, elevated temperature, and biological activity), and higher mean flow in the winter (i.e. corresponding to shallower flow paths, depressed temperature, and biological dormancy). Using 2018 data, when seasonal stream flow conditions reversed, and two prior conventional water years, the relationship between monthly acid-relevant analyte concentrations and streamflow were compared within and between winter and summer to provide insight into controls on characteristic seasonal chemistry patterns at two mid-Appalachian sites with distinct geology (weatherable mafic and weather resistant siliciclastic). Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased (1) with lower flow, in both seasons and (2) in summer, for all flow conditions. The compounding impacts resulted in a doubling of concentration from typical winter with high flow to summer with low flow at both sites. Base cation patterns tracked ANC at the mafic site, resulting in an ~ 60% increase of from winter with high flow to summer with low flow; distinctions between summer and winter contributed more to the seasonal pattern (72%) than changes in flow. Sulfate increased at the mafic site (1) with higher flow, in both seasons and (2) in winter, for all flow conditions, resulting in an ~ 50% increase from summer with low flow to winter with high flow; distinctions between winter and summer conditions and flow contributed similarly (40–60%) to the typical seasonal chemical pattern. The biogeochemical mechanism driving differences in stream chemistry between summer and winter for the same flow conditions is likely increased rates of natural acidification from elevated soil respiration in summer, resulting in greater bedrock weathering and sulfate adsorption. Findings highlight the significance and consistency of growing vs dormant season variations in temperature and biological activity in driving intra-annual patterns of stream solutes. This data set informs parameterization of hydro-biogeochemical models of stream chemistry in a changing climate at a biologically relevant, seasonal, timescale.