bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Working to Live, Not Living to Work’: An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Men's Work Orientation and Job Insecurity in the UK
Authors: Nolan Jane
Published: November 2008

A grounded theory approach is used to explore the relationship between job insecurity and men's work orientation. Job insecurity is useful for exploring the concept of work orientation because it is argued that the possibility of job loss may be experienced by some men as a threat to their breadwinning identity. The article draws on in‐depth interviews with 16 participants and develops a critical conceptual framework based partly on Hakim's preference theory. Exploring the theme of men's gendered choice and constraint in relation to work orientation, the results show that Hakim's theory has generated descriptively meaningful concepts but that there is a need for a greater understanding of the heterogeneity in work orientation amongst men. The term ‘adaptive’ may be theoretically more useful if it is refined to a degree where relationships between job facets (such as job insecurity) and rationales (such as ‘providing’) are explored. Moreover, adopting a gendered perspective shows us that women and men are likely to be ‘adaptive’ in very different ways and, as it stands, the concept is too broad to capture the variation in work orientation both within and between gender groups.
The Impact of Director Reputation and Performance on the Turnover and Board Seats of Target Firm Directors
Authors: Bugeja Martin , Rosa Raymond Da Silva , Lee Andrew
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  This study examines factors that explain the turnover and board seats held by target firm directors post‐takeover. Following successful takeovers the proportion of the board replaced is lower when the target has better performance. In failed takeovers, executive directors have lower turnover and the rate of turnover is reduced after a hostile takeover. Inconsistent with ex‐post settling‐up, actions that advance target shareholder wealth during the takeover does not assist a director obtain an increase in future board seats. Confirming a reputation effect, directors with multiple directorships have a lower rate of turnover and a higher increase in future board seats.
The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth
Authors: Munkholm Lars J. , Hansen Elly M. , Olesen Jørgen E.
Published: November 2008

Despite a vast amount of data on the effect of tillage on crop productivity, surprisingly there is little detailed information available on the influence on below and aboveground crop growth dynamics. Such information is essential for developing sustainable cropping systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage intensity on crop growth dynamics and soil structure. A tillage experiment was established in autumn 2002 on two Danish sandy loams (Foulum and Flakkebjerg) in a cereal‐based crop rotation. The tillage systems included in this study were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8–10 cm (H8‐10), and ploughing (P). A single‐disc drill was used in the H8‐10 and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Measurements were carried out in 2004–05 and 2005–06 and winter wheat was grown in both years (first and second year winter wheat). Shoot and root growth was followed during the growing seasons using spectral reflectance and mini‐rhizotron measurements, respectively. A range of soil physical properties were measured. We found decreased early season shoot and root growth with decreasing tillage intensity. Differences diminished later in the growing season, although significant treatment effects were observed throughout the growing season for the second year winter wheat. The formerly ploughed layer in the D and H8‐10 treatments was noticeably compacted as indicated by increases in both penetration resistance and bulk density. Nitrate leaching increased with decreasing tillage intensity for the first year winter wheat at Foulum. In general ploughing resulted in the highest grain yields. This study highlights the important interaction between soil structure and crop growth dynamics.
Fiscal Forecasting: Lessons from the Literature and Challenges*
Authors: Leal Teresa , Pérez Javier J. , Tujula Mika , Vidal Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2008

While fiscal forecasting and monitoring has its roots in the accountability of governments for the use of public funds in democracies, the Stability and Growth Pact has significantly increased interest in budgetary forecasts in Europe, where they play a key role in EU multilateral budgetary surveillance. In view of the increased prominence and sensitivity of budgetary forecasts, which may lead to them being influenced by strategic and political factors, this paper discusses the main issues and challenges in the field of fiscal forecasting from a practitioner's perspective and places them in the context of the related literature.
Bad Boys or Poor Parents: Relations to Female Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Cauffman Elizabeth , Farruggia Susan P. , Goldweber Asha
Published: November 2008

This study examined the interrelations between parental relationships, romantic relationships, and antisocial behavior among female and male juvenile delinquents. Participants from a diverse sample of 1,354 adolescents (14–17 years) adjudicated of a serious (i.e. felony) offense were matched based on age, race, and committing offense, yielding a sample of 184 girls matched with 170 boys. Results indicate that while female offenders are more likely to date boys 2 years their senior, age difference alone is not directly related to self‐reported offending. Instead, findings suggest that girls who engage in self‐reported delinquent behavior are more likely to experience a high degree of antisocial encouragement exerted on them by their current romantic partner. Interestingly, this relation varies with the quality (warmth) of parental relationships and the romantic partner's level of antisocial encouragement, with the association between partner encouragement and self‐reported offending being strongest among youths reporting warm relationships with their opposite‐sex parent.
A Twin Study of Metabolic Syndrome and Autonomic Tone
Authors: GEHI ANIL K. , LAMPERT RACHEL , VELEDAR EMIR , LEE FORRESTER , GOLDBERG JACK , JONES LINDA , MURRAH NANCY , ASHRAF ALI , VACCARINO VIOLA
Published: November 2008

Introduction:
One possible mechanism of higher cardiovascular mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be through abnormal modulation in autonomic tone.

Methods and Results:
We examined the association between the MetS and autonomic tone as measured by heart rate variability (HRV) among 288 twins from the Twins Heart Study (THS). Of the 288 participants, 151 (52%) had the MetS. The MetS was associated with decreased HRV across all frequency ranges, and each additional MetS risk factor was associated with lower HRV. After adjustment for several potential confounders, very‐low frequency (P < 0.001), low frequency (P < 0.001), and total power (P = 0.02) spectra of HRV remained significantly lower in twins with a progressively higher number of MetS components (18–50% decrease comparing twins with 5 risk factors to those with no risk factors). Among 87 twin pairs who were discordant for the number of MetS components, a one‐unit increment in MetS components was associated with an 8% smaller very‐low frequency (p = 0.03) and a 15% smaller low frequency spectrum (P = 0.002) comparing each twin with his brother.

Conclusion:
MetS was associated with lower HRV in a well‐characterized sample of middle‐aged male twins. This association persisted even after controlling for genetic and shared environmental factors accounted for by comparison within twin pairs. Abnormalities of autonomic tone, as evidenced by lower HRV, may be partly responsible for the higher rate of atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, cardiac death, and overall mortality seen in patients with the MetS.
Electroanatomic Mapping of the Right Coronary Artery: A Novel Approach to Ablation of Right Free‐Wall Accessory Pathways
Authors: FISHBERGER STEVEN B. , HERNANDEZ ANTERO , ZAHN EVAN M.
Published: November 2008

Background:
Catheter ablation of right free‐wall (RFW) accessory pathways continues to be associated with lower success and higher recurrence rates compared with other pathway locations. Reliably identifying the precise location of RFW accessory pathways often contributes to the difficulty in ablating these pathways. Improved localization of RFW accessory pathways has been described utilizing multielectrode right coronary artery (RCA) catheterization. This approach has not been widely adopted, in part due to concerns of prolonged catheter placement within the RCA. We describe the technique of creating a 3‐D electroanatomic map of the right atrioventricular groove, limiting the duration of a microcatheter within the RCA, to facilitate ablation of RFW accessory pathways.

Methods and Results:
Following intracardiac identification of a RFW accessory pathway, an octapolar microcatheter was placed in the RCA. A 3‐D electroanatomic map of the RCA was created during retrograde accessory pathway conduction using ventricular pacing. Immediately following creation of the map, the RCA catheter was removed. Endocardial mapping and ablation of the RFW accessory pathway was performed using the RCA electroanatomic map as a guide. This technique was used in four pediatric patients. The microcatheter was within the RCA for less than 1 min in all patients. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the RFW accessory pathways were successfully performed with two lesions. There were no complications or recurrences at follow‐up.

Conclusions:
The creation of a 3‐D electroanantomic map of the RCA effectively localizes RFW accessory pathways and facilitates successful ablation. This technique minimizes the duration of RCA instrumentation.
Weakly Coupled Relaxor Behavior of BaTiO3–BiScO3 Ceramics
Authors: Ogihara Hideki , Randall Clive A. , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan
Published: November 2008

The structural and dielectric properties of (1−x)BaTiO3–xBiScO3 (x=0–0.5) ceramics were investigated to acquire a better understanding of the binary system, including determination of the symmetry of the phases, the associated dielectric properties, and the differences in the roles of Bi2O3 and BiScO3 substitutions in a BaTiO3 solid solution. The solubility limit for BiScO3 into the BaTiO3 perovskite structure was determined to be about x=0.4. A systematic structural change from the ferroelectric tetragonal phase to a pseudo‐cubic one was observed at about x=0.05–0.075 at room temperature. Dielectric measurements revealed a gradual change from proper ferroelectric behavior in pure BaTiO3 to highly diffusive and dispersive relaxor‐like characteristics from 10 to 40 mol% BiScO3. Several of the compositions showed high relative permittivities with low‐temperature coefficients of capacitance over a wide range of temperature. Quantification of the relaxation behavior was obtained through the Vogel–Fulcher model, which yielded an activation energy of 0.2–0.3 eV. The attempt characteristic frequency was 1013 Hz and the freezing temperature, Tf, ranged from −177° to −93°C as a function of composition. The high coercive fields, low remanent polarization, and high activation energies suggest that in the BiScO3–BaTiO3 solid solutions, the polarization in nanopolar regions is weakly coupled from region to region, limiting the ability to obtain long‐range dipole ordering in these relaxors under field‐cooled conditions.
Indentation Damage and Residual Stress Field in Alumina‐Y2O3‐Stabilized Zirconia Composites
Authors: Baudín Carmen , Gurauskis Jonas , Sánchez‐Herencia Antonio Javier , Orera Victor M.
Published: November 2008

Fracture features, residual stresses, and zirconia transformation are studied in indentation strength specimens of alumina‐Y2O3‐stabilized zirconia (3% mol of Y2O3, 3YTZP) ceramics in order to analyze the extension of the indentation damage in the bulk of the specimens. Two compositions, 5 vol% 3YTZP (A5) and 40 vol% 3YTZP (A40), have been prepared by stacking tape‐casted tapes and sintering. After indentation with loads ranging from 50 to 300 N, samples were fractured in four‐point bending and the fracture surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Raman and piezospectroscopic techniques were used to determine the monoclinic zirconia fraction and the residual stresses through the fracture surfaces. In the A5 composition, the indentation damage morphology was clearly half‐penny, whereas the A40 composition presented Palmqvist crack formation. Zirconia transformation was only observed in the plastically deformed zones underneath the imprints whereas there were significant residual compressive stresses outside the plastic zones due to the indentation damage. The intensity of this residual compressive field was dependent on the level of zirconia transformation due to indentation damage because zirconia transformation induced tensile stress fields superimposed on the compressive stresses.
Habitat utilisation during staging affects body condition in a long distance migrant, Branta bernicla hrota: potential impacts on fitness?
Authors: Inger R. , Gudmundsson G. A. , Ruxton G. D. , Newton J. , Colhoun K. , Auhage S. , Bearhop S.
Published: November 2008

There is considerable evidence to suggest that an animal's ability to access the appropriate resources at one time of year may profoundly restrict its performance at another. For migrants, wintering and breeding periods are often connected by refuelling or staging periods, critical (particularly for females) in attaining the body reserves required to ensure successful breeding. However in many instances there are differences in the extent to which different individuals gain access to the highest quality resources. Here we demonstrate how body condition in brent geese Branta bernicla hrota, during spring staging is related to differences in marine and terrestrial habitat utilisation (inferred from stable isotope analysis). Female birds with high fat scores feed to a greater extent on marine resources. Body mass and condition are also higher in individuals utilising more marine resources. Given that body mass at spring staging is correlated with reproductive success, the extent of marine habitat maybe critical to this population. Combining this with data from previous studies of dark‐bellied brent geese Branta bernicla bernicla, we predict the potential impacts of spring staging resource utilisation on future breeding success. Although staging is of short duration compared to the other components of annual cycles of migratory species, our results suggest that the quality of staging grounds may be vitally important to population processes.
Nestling sex ratio of golden‐winged warblers Vermivora chrysoptera in an introgressed population
Authors: Neville Kate J. , Vallender Rachel , Robertson Raleigh J.
Published: November 2008

Sex ratio biases in avian species remain controversial, although several studies have documented apparent facultative adjustment of offspring sex ratios. While hybridizing pied and collared flycatchers have exhibited sex ratio skews that may be a response to sex‐based costs associated with hybridization, this appears not to be true of a hybridized population of blue‐winged Vermivora pinus and golden‐winged V. chrysoptera warblers. We examined the primary sex ratio of nestlings in a population of hybrid and introgressed golden‐winged warblers. The sex ratio of 298 nestlings from 81 nests in the population was approximately 50:50. We conducted paternity assignments and analyzed groups of nestlings with shared genetic parents (“genetic broods”) and found no difference from the expected binomial distribution, and no statistically significant relationship between parental species phenotype and nestling sex ratio. We saw no evidence of preferential production of male or female nestlings, and female hybrids were found to mate and breed in the population. This suggests that heterogametic (female) hybrids are both viable and fertile, and thus that Haldane's Rule does not apply to this system. While populations of hybridizing golden‐winged warblers should be monitored for evidence of costs of heterospecific pairings, it is unlikely that adjustment of sex ratios would be the form of compensation for sub‐optimal mating conditions. Our results provide support for the emerging hypothesis that hybrids suffer no disadvantage relative to golden‐winged and blue‐winged warblers.
Implant survival rates after maxillary sinus augmentation
Authors: Del Fabbro Massimo , Rosano Gabriele , Taschieri Silvio
Published: November 2008

Implant therapy in the atrophic posterior maxilla becomes challenging in the presence of reduced maxillary bone height. Sinus augmentation can be performed for resolving this condition prior to implant placement. The aim of this article was therefore to evaluate implant survival rates in the grafted sinus taking into account the influence of the implant surface, graft material, and implant placement timing. A systematic review of the literature was performed. Articles retrieved from electronic databases were screened using specific inclusion criteria, and data extracted were divided according to: graft material (autogenous, non‐autogenous, composite graft), implant surface (machined or textured), and implant placement (simultaneous with grafting or delayed). Fifty‐nine articles were included. Survival rates for implants placed in grafts made of bone substitutes alone and grafts of composite material were slightly better than the survival rates for implants placed in 100% autogenous grafts. Over 90% of implants associated with non‐autogenous grafts had a textured surface. Textured surfaces achieved better outcomes compared with machined surfaces, and this was independent of the graft material. Simultaneous and delayed procedures had similar outcomes. It may be concluded that bone substitutes can be successfully used for sinus augmentation, reducing donor‐site morbidity. Long‐term studies are needed to confirm the performance of non‐autogenous grafts. The use of implants with a textured surface may improve the outcome in any graft type.
The effect of human saliva substitutes in an erosion–abrasion cycling model
Authors: Hara Anderson T. , González‐Cabezas Carlos , Creeth Jonathan , Zero Domenick T.
Published: November 2008

Saliva may affect dental erosion–abrasion by reducing demineralization, enhancing remineralization, and acting as lubricant. This study tested the effect of human saliva substitutes in an erosion–abrasion cycling model designed for enamel and root dentin. Specimens were randomly assigned into the following groups (n = 8): artificial saliva (AS), artificial saliva + mucin (AS+M), deionized water (DIW, negative control), and pooled human saliva (HS, clinical reference). Each group was submitted to a cycle of 5 min in 1% citric acid (pH 3.75), 30 min in the testing solutions, and toothbrushing (enamel, 500 strokes; dentin, 150 strokes, ∼200 g load) in fluoridated dentifrice (1,100 p.p.m. NaF) slurry. Specimens were rinsed and dried after each procedure. This cycle was repeated three times each day, for 3 d. Substrate loss was measured daily using optical profilometry. Analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey tests (α=0.05) showed a significant increase in enamel and dentin wear throughout the experiment for all groups. At the end of the experiment, enamel wear for each group was ranked as: (AS)<(AS+M) and (HS)<(DIW), with AS+M not differing from HS. For dentin, groups AS and AS+M did not differ from each other or from DIW, but showed significantly higher wear than HS. The artificial saliva with mucin showed promise as a potential substitute for human saliva in the enamel erosion–abrasion cycling model. For dentin, none of the artificial salivas performed similarly to human saliva.
Effects of thermocycling and use of ElectroBond on microtensile strength and nanoleakage using commercial one‐step self‐etch adhesives
Authors: Visintini Erika , Mazzoni Annalisa , Vita Francesca , Pasquantonio Guido , Cadenaro Milena , Di Lenarda Roberto , Breschi Lorenzo
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thermocycling and the use of an electronically assisted application technique on the microtensile bond strength and nanoleakage of bonded interfaces created using one‐step self‐etch adhesives. Composite build‐ups were bonded coronally to sectioned human molars using XENO III or Clearfil S3Bond. Adhesives were applied following the manufacturers’ instructions (control) or with the aid of an electrical application device (ElectroBond). Teeth were sectioned into non‐trimmed bonded beams for microtensile testing. Half of the specimens were subjected to 20,000 thermocycles, and the controls were not thermocycled. All specimens were tested to failure and peak stress was calculated. Additional specimens were prepared for nanoleakage analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The immediate bond strength of both adhesives increased as a result of using the ElectroBond device (XENO III 38.9 ± 8.1 MPa; Clearfil S3Bond 46.2 ± 9.9 MPa) compared with no use of the device (XENO III 26.7 ± 7.8 MPa; Clearfil S3Bond 38.9 ± 8.1 MPa). Thermocycling significantly decreased the bond strength of XENO III (27.1 ± 7.9 MPa with the use of ElectroBond; 20.7 ± 9.2 MPa without the use of ElectroBond); however, thermocycling did not affect the Clearfil S3Bond strength (47.2 ± 8.6 MPa with the use of ElectroBond; 33.6 ± 8.3 MPa without the use of ElectroBond). Reduced nanoleakage was found for both resins as a result of the use of the ElectroBond device, with or without thermocycling. Application of one‐step, self‐etch adhesives with the ElectroBond device significantly increased microtensile bond strength and reduced nanoleakage, but the effect of thermocycling was found to be brand‐dependent.
A multilevel analysis of factors affecting the difference in dental patients’ and caregivers’ evaluation of oral quality of life
Authors: Sampogna F. , Johansson V. , Axtelius B. , Abeni D. , Söderfeldt B.
Published: November 2008

In a previous study, we observed that the concordance between patients’ and caregivers’ evaluation of oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) was low. The aim of this study was to use multilevel analysis to investigate the possible determinants of the low concordance, taking into account different patients’ demographic and clinical variables, the financial system used by patients to pay for dental treatment, and the role of the different caregivers and clinics. The OHRQoL of patients was assessed both by the patients and by their caregivers, using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)‐14. Data were collected in four clinics, and patients were evaluated by one of 27 caregivers. We tested eight multilevel models, using the difference (caregivers OHIP – patients OHIP) as the dependent variable. Data were complete for 432 patients. The mean difference was 4.4 (standard deviation = 8.2; higher scores indicated a higher impact on OHRQoL). The variance due to patients was partly explained by their age, gender, and number of teeth, with a greater OHIP difference for older vs. younger patients, for women than for men, and in patients with fewer teeth. Almost 30% of the variance was due to caregivers, while the effect of clinics was not significant. It is important to study the possible causes of the different judgments concerning patients’ OHRQoL by patients and caregivers, in order to improve the patients’ satisfaction with care.
Clinical fit of four‐unit zirconia posterior fixed dental prostheses
Authors: Reich Sven , Kappe Karsten , Teschner Hubertus , Schmitt Johannes
Published: November 2008

The objective of this clinical study was to assess the internal and marginal accuracy of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)‐generated four‐unit all‐ceramic posterior fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). The data were compared with the results of three‐unit metal‐ceramic and all‐ceramic FDPs that were obtained in a previous study. Twenty‐four patients were provided with all‐ceramic posterior four‐unit FDPs made from semisintered blank zirconia material. Prior to definitive insertion the accuracy was evaluated using a replica technique with a light body silicone that was stabilized with a heavy body material. The replica samples were examined using microscopy. The median marginal gap of the 24 four‐unit FDPs was 77 μm. The median gap widths were 87 μm at the midaxial wall, 167 μm at the axio‐occlusal transition of the abutments, and 170 μm at centro‐occlusal location. Although the marginal accuracy of the four‐unit FDPs differed significantly from that of the three‐unit metal‐ceramic FDPs (median 54 μm), the values obtained were clinically satisfactory and showed that semisintered zirconia blanks could be used for the fabrication of four‐unit FDPs.
Regional properties of the superior head of human lateral pterygoid muscle
Authors: Bhutada Manish K. , Phanachet Intira , Whittle Terry , Peck Chris C. , Murray Greg M.
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate functional heterogeneity within the superior head of the human lateral pterygoid (SHLP) muscle by comparing the functional properties (e.g. firing rates) of single motor units (SMUs) between different arbitrarily defined regions of the SHLP, namely, medial, middle or lateral; origin or insertion; and superior or inferior regions. Jaw movement and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from computed tomography‐verified locations within the SHLP of 27 asymptomatic human subjects during goal‐directed contralateral, ipsilateral, and protrusive jaw movements. The SMU firing rates for protrusion in the medial, origin, and inferior regions were significantly lower than, respectively, the firing rates in the middle, insertion, and superior regions. For contralateral movement, the firing rates were significantly greater in the medial and middle regions than those in the lateral region. The data provide additional evidence that the SHLP is functionally heterogeneous and, together with previous evidence for functional heterogeneity within the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid, support the proposition that both heads should be regarded as functionally heterogeneous.
Burnout development among dentists: a longitudinal study
Authors: Te Brake Hans , Smits Niels , Wicherts Jelte M. , Gorter Ronald C. , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: November 2008

Knowledge on the development of burnout among dentists is important for purposes of prevention and intervention. Using a two‐wave longitudinal design, this study examined the chronological sequence of the three dimensions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: emotional exhaustion; depersonalization; and personal accomplishment. Structural Equation Modelling was employed among a representative sample of Dutch dentists to examine the fit of several models proposed in earlier research. The results indicated that a model in which emotional exhaustion precedes depersonalization, which in turn precedes personal accomplishment, shows an adequate fit among dentists. However, an alternative model, in which personal accomplishment precedes emotional exhaustion, had an even better fit. In addition to the test of these a priori models, an ad hoc model was constructed that best fitted the current data. This model indicated emotional exhaustion to precede the development of depersonalization and personal accomplishment independently. Although not univocal, the results showed that emotional exhaustion should not be discarded as an early sign of burnout. This is in line with the view that emotional exhaustion can be considered as the key dimension of burnout.
Mobiloization of intracellular calcium ions in chicken and rat lymphocytes induced by T cell mitogens
Authors: GERILECHAOGETU  , NARAHARA Kiyoaki , ABE Asaki , KONDO Yasuhiro
Published: November 2008

Cytosolic Ca2+is known to be an important factor in intracellular signaling pathways that regulate several cellular functions. The present study was designed to measure the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+([Ca2+]i) in T cell mitogen‐stimulated chicken lymphocytes, and to compare the results with those in rat lymphocytes. [Ca2+]iwas increased in the thymocytes, splenocytes and bursacytes of chickens, and in the thymocytes and splenocytes of rats following exposure to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA). Increases were greatest in the thymocytes followed by the splenocytes and bursacytes. The PHA‐induced changes in the thymocytes and splenocytes were similar in chickens and rats, but the ConA‐induced increases were significantly lower in the chickens than rats. Pretreatment with EGTA before the application of PHA and ConA completely suppressed the rise in [Ca2+]iin all the chicken lymphocytes, indicating that the increases that occurred in PHA‐ and ConA‐treated chicken lymphocytes could be entirely attributed to the influx of extracellular Ca2+. On the other hand, the PHA‐ and ConA‐induced increase in [Ca2+]iin rat lymphocytes was not completely suppressed by EGTA, indicating the recruitment of Ca2+from the intracellular Ca2+pool. The results suggest species differences in the Ca2+‐based responses to T cell mitogens between chicken lymphocytes and rat lymphocytes.
Gender, Family Structure, and Adolescents’ Primary Confidants
Authors: Nomaguchi Kei M.
Published: November 2008

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (N = 4,190), this study examined adolescents’ reports of primary confidants. Results showed that nearly 30% of adolescents aged 16 – 18 nominated mothers as primary confidants, 25% nominated romantic partners, and 20% nominated friends. Nominating romantic partners or friends was related to increased risk‐taking behaviors, supporting the attachment notion that shifting primary confidants to peers in adolescence may reflect premature autonomy from parents. Tendencies to prefer romantic partners over parents varied by gender and family structure, which were greater for those from single‐father families and girls from mother‐stepfather families, but less for those from single‐mother families and boys from mother‐stepfather families, compared with their counterparts from two‐biological‐parent families.
Single, Cohabitating, and Married Mothers’ Time With Children
Authors: Kendig Sarah M. , Bianchi Suzanne M.
Published: November 2008

Utilizing the 2003 and 2004 American Time Use Survey (ATUS), this study examines the relationship between family structure and maternal time with children among 4,309 married mothers and 1,821 single mothers with children less than 13 years of age. Single mothers spend less time with their children than married mothers, though the differences are not large. Marital status and living arrangement differences in time with children largely disappear or single mothers engage in more child care than married mothers after controls for socioeconomic status and other characteristics are introduced. Thus, less maternal time with children appears to be mainly attributable to the disadvantaged social structural location of single mothers rather than different proclivities toward mothering between married and single mothers.
Precursors of Young Women's Family Formation Pathways
Authors: Amato Paul R. , Landale Nancy S. , Havasevich‐Brooks Tara C. , Booth Alan , Eggebeen David J. , Schoen Robert , McHale Susan M.
Published: November 2008

We used latent class analysis to create family formation pathways for women between the ages of 18 and 23. Input variables included cohabitation, marriage, parenthood, full‐time employment, and attending school. Data (n = 2,290) came from Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The analysis revealed seven latent pathways: college‐no family formation (29%), high school‐no family formation (19%), cohabitation without children (15%), married mothers (14%), single mothers (10%), cohabiting mothers (8%), and inactive (6%). Three sets of variables distinguished between the groups: personal and social resources in adolescence, family socioeconomic resources and adolescent academic achievement, and conservative values and behavior in adolescence.
Body Weight and Matching With a Physically Attractive Romantic Partner
Authors: Carmalt Julie H. , Cawley John , Joyner Kara , Sobal Jeffery
Published: November 2008

Matching and attribute trade are two perspectives used to explain mate selection. We investigated patterns of matching and trade, focusing on obesity, using Add Health Romantic Pair data (N = 1,405 couples). Obese individuals, relative to healthy weight individuals, were less likely to have physically attractive partners, with this disadvantage greater for women than men, and greater for White women than Black women. Additional education, a more attractive personality, and better grooming increased the probability of having a physically attractive partner and offset the disadvantage of obesity for some individuals. Unexpectedly, we found women, like men, trade education for their partners’ physical attractiveness. Despite evidence of attribute trade, matching with respect to physical characteristics was the dominant mate selection pattern.
Modelling water and salt transport in a soil–water–plant system under different groundwater tables
Authors: Xu Ligang , Yang Jingsong , Zhang Qi , Niu Hailin
Published: November 2008

Salinization in a soil–water–plant system is an important environmental issue that has caused public concerns. In this study, field column experiments are conducted to study the transport of water and salt in soils affected by hydrologic circle and plant growth. A soil water and salt transport model (SWSTM) is developed and calibrated for predicting the behaviour of water and salt in a soil–water–plant system. The model takes into account water and solute uptake by crop roots and migration to groundwater. The experiment results demonstrate that the rise of the groundwater table enhances the movement of water and results in the accumulation of salt at a layer of 45 cm depth. With the decline of the groundwater table, the amount of accumulated salt increases correspondingly. The simulation results demonstrate that the SWSTM adequately predicts the water and salt transport in a soil–crop–plant system under different groundwater tables. The use of SWSTM will help to reveal the mechanism of water and salt transport in a soil–water–plant system. The SWSTM can also serve as a useful tool in evaluating the impact of agricultural activities and formulating efficient water management strategies in China.
The reliability of point‐of‐care prothrombin time testing. A comparison of CoaguChek S® and XS® INR measurements with hospital laboratory monitoring
Authors: RYAN F. , O’SHEA S. , BYRNE S.
Published: November 2008

The development of point‐of‐care (POC) testing devices enables patients to test their own international normalized ratio (INR) at home. However, previous studies have shown that when compared with clinical laboratory values, statistically significant differences may occur between the two methods of INR measurement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the CoaguChek S® and XS® POC meters relative to clinical laboratory measurements. As part of a randomized, crossover patient self‐testing (PST) study at Cork University Hospital, patients were randomized to 6 months PST or 6 months routine care by the anticoagulation management service. During the PST arm of the study, patients measured their INR at home using the CoaguChek S® or XS® POC meter. External quality control was performed at enrolment, 2 months and 4 months by comparing the POC measured INR with the laboratory determined value. One hundred and fifty‐one patients provided 673 paired samples. Good correlation was shown between the two methods of determination (r = 0.91), however, statistically significant differences did occur. A Bland–Altman plot illustrated good agreement of INR values between 2.0 and 3.5 INR units but there was increasing disagreement as the INR rose above 3.5. Eighty‐seven per cent of all dual measurements were within the recommended 0.5 INR units of each other. This study adds to the growing evidence that POC testing is a reliable and safe alternative to hospital laboratory monitoring but highlights the importance of external quality control when these devices are used for monitoring oral anticoagulation.
Participación de los adultos mayores en el mercado laboral argentino: un modelo de valor de opción
Authors: Alós Marcelo , Apella Ignacio , Grushka Carlos , Muiños Marcelo
Published: November 2008

El objetivo de este artículo es definir los factores que determinan las decisiones de los adultos mayores de seguir participando en el mercado laboral de la Argentina. Se ha desarrollado un modelo de valor de opción. Este modelo se utiliza para producir estimaciones basadas en los microdatos extraídos de encuestas de hogares, que vienen a indicar la importancia relativa del impacto de las condiciones que rigen la elegibilidad para las prestaciones en las decisiones de permanecer en un empleo activo. La trayectoria laboral se constituye en el factor fundamental de tales decisiones. Asimismo, la insuficiencia de prestaciones de seguridad social y la acumulación de capital humano generan incentivos para la participación económica en la vejez. En base a estos resultados, se proponen ajustes compensatorios de las políticas, para mejorar la cobertura, elevar los niveles de prestaciones y mejorar las condiciones de empleo de los adultos mayores.
The Retrospective Annual Surgical Incidence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sivas, Turkey
Authors: Gonlugur U. , Ozcelik S. , Gonlugur T. E. , Arici S. , Celiksoz A. , Elagoz S. , Cevit R.
Published: November 2008

Cystic echinococcosis is an important public health problem in our region. The aim of this study was to assess the surgical incidence of cystic echinococcosis in Sivas, Turkey. A retrospective follow‐up study was carried out between 1997 and 2004. The mean age of 124 men (39.2%) and 192 women was 36.4 years. The liver was the primary site of cyst development (76.6%), followed by the lungs (19.9%), the spleen (5.4%), the kidneys (3.5%) and the peritoneal cavity (3.2%). Mean annual surgical incidence was 6.4 per 100 000 inhabitants for a 7‐year period. The most common site of recurrence was the liver. Hepatic cysts were more frequently infected than pulmonary cysts (P < 0.05). In those patients with an infected cyst, the mean circulating eosinophil level was significantly lower than in those without. Rupture and infection were more common in men (P < 0.01). In conclusion, serious structural, legislative, surveillance, prevention and control measures for echinooccus should be undertaken in our region.
On the independence of the generators of tautological rings
Authors: Arcara D. , Lee Y.-P.
Published: November 2008

We prove that all monomials of κ-classes and ψ-classes are independent in $R^k({\overline {\cal M}}_{g,n})/R^k(\partial {\overline {\cal M}}_{g,n})$ for all $k \leqslant [g/3]$. We also give a simple argument for $\kappa _l \neq 0$ in Rl(ℳg) for $l \leqslant g-2$.
Al(OTf)3 — A highly efficient catalyst for the tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Khan M Naseer A , Srikanth Y VV , Reddy K Srinivasa
Published: November 2008

A simple and highly efficient method has been developed for the tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols by their reaction with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP) using a catalytic amount (0.01–1 mol%) of aluminium triflate under solvent-free conditions. The effect of various factors like temperature, amount of the catalyst, and molar ratio of substrates on the reaction conditions has also been studied. The comparative study of tetrahydropyranylation of benzyl alcohol using various catalysts including some reported ones shows the efficiency of this catalyst.Key words: tetrahydropyranylation, aluminium triflate, alcohols, catalysis.
INVASION PERCOLATION IN THE PRESENCE OF NANOPORES
Authors: EBRAHIMI FATEMEH
Published: November 2008

Site invasion percolation (IP) processes are combined with bond percolation model, to study the effects of size restriction on low capillary number immiscible displacement in heterogeneous nanoporous media. Both cases of compressible (NTIP) and incompressible defender fluid (TIP) are considered. It is found that in site IP the value of mass uptake increases with the size of invader particles, if the latter is not greater than a critical value. This occurs when the accessible porosity of the medium decreases as the size of fluid particles increases. We also investigate the effect of nanopore's concentration on the mass and the anisotropy of sample spanning cluster as well as the critical exponent of trap numbers.
PSEUDO-GAUSSIAN OSCILLATORS
Authors: COTĂESCU ION I. , GRĂVILĂ PAUL , PAULESCU MARIUS
Published: November 2008

A new family of one-dimensional quantum models is proposed in terms of new potentials with a Gaussian asymptotic behavior but approaching to the potential of the harmonic oscillator when x → 0. These models give rise to approximative equidistant energy levels of bound states and resonances as it is shown using numerical calculations based on an efficient method of generating functionals.
Geochronological constraints on the Late Proterozoic to Cambrian crustal evolution of eastern Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica: a synthesis of SHRIMP U-Pb age and Nd model age data
Authors: Shiraishi Kazuyuki , Dunkley Daniel J. , Hokada Tomokazu , Fanning C. Mark , Kagami Hiroo , Hamamoto Takuji
Published: November 2008

In eastern Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica, there are several discrete, isolated magmatic and high-grade metamorphic regions. These are, from west (
c.
20°E) to east (
c.
50°E), the Sør Rondane Mountains (SRM), Yamato–Belgica Complex (YBC), Lützow-Holm Complex (LHC), Rayner Complex (RC) and Napier Complex (NC). To understand this region in a Gondwanan context, one must distinguish between Pan-African and Grenvillian aged magmatic and metamorphic events. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb zircon ages and Nd model ages for metamorphic and plutonic rocks are examined in conjunction with published geological and petrological studies of the various terranes. In particular, the evolution of the SRM is examined in detail. Compilation of Nd model ages for new and published data suggests that the main part of eastern Dronning Maud Land, including the SRM, represents juvenile late Mesoproterozoic (
c.
1000–1200 Ma) crust associated with minor fragments of an older continental component. Evidence for an Archaean component in the basement of the SRM is lacking. As for central DML, 1100–1200 Ma extensive felsic magmatism is recognized in the SRM. Deposition of sediments during or after magmatism and possible metamorphism at 800–700 Ma is recognized from populations of detrital zircon in metasedimentary rocks. The NE Terrane of the SRM, along with the YBC, was metamorphosed under granulite-facies conditions at
c.
600–650 Ma. The SW and NE Terranes of the SRM were brought together during amphibolite-facies metamorphism at
c.
570 Ma, and share a common metamorphic and magmatic history from that time. High-grade metamorphism was followed by extensive A-type granitoid activity and contact metamorphism between 560 and 500 Ma. In contrast, T
DM
and inherited zircon core ages suggest that the LHC is a collage of protoliths with a variety of Proterozoic and Archaean sources. Later peak metamorphism of the LHC at 520–550 Ma thus represents the final stage of Gondwanan amalgamation in this section of East Antarctica.
Contrasting metamorphicP–Tpath between Schirmacher Hills and Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Baba S. , Owada M. , Shiraishi K.
Published: November 2008

Retrograde metamorphicP–Tpaths of garnet–pyroxene-bearing mafic gneisses from three regions in central Dronning Maud Land (CDML) were examined. No difference inP–Tconditions estimated from rocks of the three regions was recognized, and they are within the range ofc.6–8 kbar, 750–830 °C. However, localities in the Mühlig-Hofmann Range (Filchnerfjella and Jutulsessen) preserve rocks with mineral textures that indicate near-isothermal decompressional histories. In the Schirmacher Hills, an isolated exposure on the Princess Astrid Coast, metamorphic texture observed in mafic gneiss is indicative of an isobaric cooling history. Combining theirP–Tpaths and age determinations suggests that the Schirmacher Hills was a separate terrane, together with present-day SE Africa, whereas the Grenvillian-age east–west-trending CDML inland nunatak regions are characterized by an isothermal decompressional metamorphic history related to the final amalgamation of Gondwana.
Early Palaeozoic orogenic collapse and voluminous late-tectonic magmatism in Dronning Maud Land and Mozambique: insights into the partially delaminated orogenic root of the East African–Antarctic Orogen?
Authors: Jacobs Joachim , Bingen Bernard , Thomas Robert J. , Bauer Wilfried , Wingate Michael T. D. , Feitio Paulino
Published: November 2008

The late tectonic history of the southern part of the Late Neoproterozoic–Early Palaeozoic East African–Antarctic Orogen (EAAO) is characterized by lateral extrusion, extensional collapse and large volumes of high-temperature A2-type granitoids. This late-tectonic igneous province covers an area more than 15 000 km2of the EAAO in Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) and its northerly continuation as the Nampula Complex of NE Mozambique. The magmatic province is bounded in the north by the Lurio Belt. New secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb analyses of zircons from two major late-tectonic granitoid intrusions from Dronning Maud Land indicate crystallization ages of 501±7 and 499±4 Ma, whereas a major extensional shear zone was dated at 507±9 Ma. New SIMS zircon U–Pb analyses of late-tectonic granitoid sheets and plutons from the Nampula Province indicate ages of 512±4, 508±4, 508±2 and 507±3 Ma. Consequently, the late-tectonic magmatism can be bracketed betweenc. 530 and 485 Ma. It started with small gabbro bodies emplaced atc. 530–520 Ma, culminated with the intrusion of major granite–charnockite plutons atc. 510–500 Ma and terminated with the introduction of small volumes of sheet-like granite atc. 485 Ma. The new dates demonstrate that extensional shearing and granitoid intrusion are synchronous, and that orogenic collapse and the magmatism are related. We ascribe the distribution, structural style, geochemical composition and age of the late magmatic province to a process of partial delamination of the orogenic root in the southern third of the EAAO. It remains to be tested whether there is a relationship between orogenic collapse–granitoid magmatism and south-directed escape tectonics in the southernmost EAAO.
Post-peak (<530 Ma) thermal history of Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica, based on Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd mineral chronology
Authors: Miyamoto Tomoharu , Satish-Kumar M. , Dunkley Daniel J. , Osanai Yasuhito , Yoshimura Yasutaka , Motoyoshi Yoichi , Carson Christopher J.
Published: November 2008

Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd mineral dating of metamorphic rocks from Skallen, Skallevikshalsen and Rundvågshetta, in the southwestern part of the Lützow-Holm Complex, Dronning Maud Land, assists in constructing a thermal history after peak metamorphism. The results fall into two groups: (1) a record of regional cooling after peak metamorphism (524–488 Ma); (2) local resetting 50–80 Ma after peak metamorphism (474–446 Ma). This grouping is consistently observed in published ages from various localities in the Lützow-Holm Complex. A Sm–Nd age of 524 Ma is indistinguishable from published zircon and monazite ages. Ages of 511 and 488 Ma are related to cooling after peak metamorphism. The younger age group overlaps with ages of post-metamorphic magmatism and related hydrothermal activity reported from localities throughout East Antarctica. This intracontinental, post-orogenic igneous activity continued after the tectonic assembly of Gondwana.