bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health-related issues of people experiencing homelessness in Thailand: a scoping review
Authors: Wattanapisit Apichai , Muttarat Pannawat , Sottiyotin Tida , Puangsri Pavarud , Aungkawattanapong Nadvadee , Wattanapisit Sanhapan , Kotepui Manas
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Homelessness is a significant global challenge affecting people worldwide. In Thailand, the health-related issues of people experiencing homelessness have not been a major research focus. This scoping review aims to explore the scope of research on health-related issues among people experiencing homelessness in Thailand.

Methods

Eight databases (ACI, AMED, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, TCI, and Web of Science) were searched from inception of each database to August 2022. The search terms consisted of terms related to people experiencing homelessness in Thailand. Research articles published in Thai or English were included.

Results

Of 186 articles, 167 were excluded during duplicate removal (n = 45), title and abstract screening (n = 106), seeking for full-text articles (n = 2), and full-text screening (n = 14). Nineteen articles were included for extraction and synthesis. Three topics (health status, causes of homelessness and effects of homelessness on health, healthcare and social services) were summarised. The included studies described mental health (e.g., depression, suicide, alcohol and drug dependence), physical health (e.g., poor self-hygiene, injuries, accidents), and health behaviours (e.g., alcohol drinking, substance use, unsafe sex). Social behaviours and health problems linked to homelessness, and several factors related to health and living conditions (e.g., stigma, discrimination) were reported. People experiencing homelessness had some barriers to access to healthcare and social services (e.g., health insurance, social welfare, financial difficulties).

Conclusions

The majority of studies on health-related issues in people experiencing homelessness in Thailand are descriptive studies. Future studies should focus on the interactions and mechanisms between homelessness and health.
Investigation of plastic hinge length in high-ductility reinforced concrete shear walls
Authors: Tülen Hacer , Dere Yunus , Arslan Musa Hakan
Published: September 2024

In this study, the plastic hinge lengths of reinforced concrete (R/C) cantilever shear walls were analytically determined considering various design parameters. Nonlinear static (Pushover) analyses were conducted on R/C shear wall models and their nonlinear behavior was examined using ABAQUS software. In the study, 72 shear wall models with different parameters were analyzed under the influence of vertical and horizontal loads. Parameters whose effects on plastic hinge length were investigated height/length ratio (Hw/Lw), axial load ratio (N/No), and horizontal web reinforcement ratio (ρsh). The load-displacement graphs of the modelled shear walls were obtained. The plastic hinge height of shear walls was determined according to the heights of the deformations in the concrete and longitudinal steel reinforcement in the section when the shear walls lateral load decreased by 15%. The analytical plastic hinge lengths (Lpz) were determined with respect to the location of the yield occurred at the longitudinal steel reinforcement of the shear wall. The observed plastic hinge lengths (Lp) were determined based on the height of observed the crush as of the foundation top level in the concrete shear wall model. The relationship between the findings of this study and empirical formulas in the literature was determined. It was determined that there is greater closeness between the values obtained from empirical formulas in the literature and the observed plastic hinge length values. It was observed that the plastic hinge length generally increases as the shear span increases. It was observed that the change in ρsh was not a very effective parameter in plastic hinge formation. As the N/No decreases, the plastic hinge length values ​​ generally increase. The Lp/Lpz ratio varied within the range of 0.15-0.50. In addition to ductility (μ) values were determined by using the displacements determined according to both the crushing occurred in the shear wall concrete and the yield observed in the steel reinforcement. The observed that the ductility value depends more on Hw/Lw ratio as N/No ratio decreases.
Innovative Assessment Practices Aligned with India’s National Educational Policy-2020
Authors: Pathak Jumisree Sarmah , Maity Shiuli
Published: September 2024

The National Education Policy -2020 [1] is the latest education policy of India, which strives to achieve benchmarks in the development of the educational scenario of India leading the students towards achieving the aspirational goals of 21st century education. NEP 2020 advocates for multidisciplinary education, multiple entry-exit and research-based programmes which mandates for a swift transition from traditional methods of assessment to innovative assessment techniques which would be more flexible, comprehensive and competency-based that would ensure a deeper understanding of subject matter than just memorizing facts. It aims to promote critical and higher order thinking and applying their knowledge to real-world situations. The primary objective of the article is to throw light on some non-traditional and innovative assessment techniques that align with the vision of NEP 2020. The researchers have employed the content analysis approach to explain these innovative techniques such as- experiential learning, holistic education, present opposite’s point of view, plot a family tree, Adaptive Learning Assessment and so on.  However, further research may enlighten more such approaches according to the changing scenario in the global context and a comprehensive guide to apply these techniques.
Geographical Biodiversity of Orchids in Different Municipalities of Northern Samar, Phillipines
Authors: Vicencio Manuela Cecille G. , Brensis Judy Ann H.
Published: September 2024

Orchids are one of the largest and most diverse groups among the Philippine flowering plants, harboring over 1200 species, varieties and forms. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the orchid species in nine (9) sampling sites, as well the anthropogenic activities and economic uses. Purposive sampling technique was applied in this study, which is form of sampling technique in which the selection of sample is based on the researcher’s own judgment that will fit in the criteria of the study. A total of seventy-four (74) varieties of orchids, belonging to eighteen genera (18) were identified in nine sampling areas which implied that Northern Samar are rich in varieties of orchid species, although anthropogenic activities need to be minimized to protect these orchid species.
Quantitative Flow Cytometry Measurements in Antibodies Bound per Cell Based on a CD4 Reference
Authors: Wang Lili , Degheidy Heba , Abbasi Fatima , Mostowski Howard , Marti Gerald , Bauer Steven , Hoffman Robert A. , Gaigalas Adolfas K.
Published: January 2016

Multicolor flow cytometer assays with fluorescently labeled antibodies are routinely used in clinical laboratories to measure the cell number of specific immunophenotypes and to estimate expression levels of specific receptors/antigens either on the cell surface or intracellularly. The cell number and specific receptors/antigens serve as biomarkers for pathological conditions at various stages of a disease. Existing methods and cell reference materials for quantitative expression measurements have not yet produced results that are of wide clinical interest or are instrument‐independent across all fluorescence channels. This unit details a procedure for quantifying surface and intracellular biomarkers by calibrating the output of a multicolor flow cytometer in units of antibody bound per cell (ABC). The procedure includes (1) quality control of the flow cytometer, (2) fluorescence intensity calibration using hard dyed microspheres assigned with fluorescence intensity values, (3) compensation for fluorescence spillover between adjacent fluorescence channels, and (4) application of a biological reference calibrator to establish an ABC scale. The unit also points out current efforts for quantifying biomarkers in a manner that is independent of instrument platforms and reagent differences. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐Speed Spun PET Nanocomposites for Smart Multifunctional Approaches
Authors: Dastjerdi Roya , Mojtahedi M. R. M. , Tavanaie M. A.
Published: January 2016

High‐speed spinning at 3000 m/min with a remarkable potential for mass production was conducted to produce continuous fine‐multifilament nanocomposite yarns on a pilot plant scale. Nanocomposite fabrics were produced via a simultaneous draw‐texturing process followed by weft knitting. The fabric samples were examined in terms of thermophysiological comfort, tribological performance, and the resistance against structural degradation under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The abrasion resistance was improved by enhancement of rupture work while decreasing the crystallinity. Improvement of more than 200% was recorded in fabric abrasion resistance upon using a sample containing the maximum content of nanoparticles (NPs). A remarkable improvement in resistance was recorded against structural degradation under UV irradiation for the UV‐irradiated polyethylene terephetalate (PET) nanocomposites as compared to UV‐irradiated monocomponent PET. The study of the effect of UV irradiation confirmed our recent finding about a UV‐induced solid‐state interaction mechanism in the case of PET nanocomposites as well as polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites. Optimal comfortable characteristic was achieved upon using 5 wt% nanosilver masterbatch. At low environment temperatures, this sample has lower vapor permeability than monocomponent PET fabrics. By raising the temperature, the rate of improving the vapor permeability for the composite fabrics became markedly more than that of monocomponent fabrics. It is of great interest that these desirable changes in permeability can be achieved in the range of common environment temperatures (i.e. 15–35°C), which exactly meet the body requirements. Consequently, nanocomposite fabrics can smartly adapt the permeability requirements for the human body by changing the environment temperatures.
The Mediation Field, in Theory and Practice
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: January 2016

Editor's note: Alternatives columnist Bob Creo, a Pittsburgh arbitrator and mediator, has been revisiting his CPR Institute website columns, originated a decade ago, in a Back to Basics Alternatives series that he has subtitled “Human Problems, Human Solutions.” These updated and expanded columns are in print for the first time, building on the original concepts with new knowledge. He has revisited a wide spectrum of mediation room behaviors and practices. This month, he returns to the sixth column he wrote at www.cpradr.org, and updates it.
Gelierte komplexe Fluide – die Verbindung einzigartiger Strukturen mit mechanischer Stabilität
Authors: Stubenrauch Cosima , Gießelmann Frank
Published: January 2016

Gelierte komplexe Fluide sind weiche Materialien, in denen die Mikrostruktur des komplexen Fluids mit der mechanischen Stabilität eines Gels verbunden wird. Um ein geliertes komplexes Fluid zu erhalten, fügt man entweder einen Gelator zu einem komplexen Fluid hinzu, oder man ersetzt das in einem Gel enthaltene Lösungsmittel durch ein komplexes Fluid. Das bekannteste Beispiel eines “natürlichen” gelierten komplexen Fluids ist die Zelle. Es gibt verschiedene Strategien, mit denen man ein geliertes komplexes Fluid herstellen kann; eine dieser Strategien ist die orthogonale Selbstorganisation, also die unabhängige, aber gleichzeitige Bildung von zwei koexistierenden, selbstorganisierten Strukturen innerhalb eines Systems. Der vorliegende Aufsatz zielt darauf ab, die Struktur sowie potenzielle Anwendungen verschiedener gelierter komplexer Fluide zu beschreiben und abzuklären, ob das entsprechende System durch orthogonale Selbstorganisation entsteht.
Reversible pH Switch of Two‐Quartet G‐Quadruplexes Formed by Human Telomere
Authors: Galer Petra , Wang Baifan , Šket Primož , Plavec Janez
Published: January 2016

A four‐repeat human telomere DNA sequence without the 3′‐end guanine, d[TAGGG(TTAGGG)2TTAGG] (htel1‐ΔG23) has been found to adopt two distinct two G‐quartet antiparallel basket‐type G‐quadruplexes, TD and KDH+ in presence of KCl. NMR, CD, and UV spectroscopy have demonstrated that topology of KDH+ form is distinctive with unique protonated T18⋅A20+⋅G5 base triple and other capping structural elements that provide novel insight into structural polymorphism and heterogeneity of G‐quadruplexes in general. Specific stacking interactions amongst two G‐quartets flanking base triples and base pairs in TD and KDH+ forms are reflected in 10 K higher thermal stability of KDH+. Populations of TD and KDH+ forms are controlled by pH. The (de)protonation of A20 is the key for pH driven structural transformation of htel1‐ΔG23. Reversibility offers possibilities for its utilization as a conformational switch within different compartments of living cell enabling specific ligand and protein interactions.
First Principles Calculations for Hydrogenation of Acrolein on Pd and Pt: Chemoselectivity Depends on Steric Effects on the Surface
Authors: Tuokko Sakari , Pihko Petri M. , Honkala Karoliina
Published: January 2016

The chemoselective hydrogenation of acrolein on Pt(111) and Pd(111) surfaces is investigated employing density functional theory calculations. The computed potential energy surfaces together with the analysis of reaction mechanisms demonstrate that steric effects are an important factor that governs chemoselectivity. The reactions at the C=O functionality require more space than the reactions at the C=C functionality. Therefore the formation of allyl alcohol is more favorable at low coverage, while the reduction of the C=C bond and the formation of propanal becomes kinetically more favorable at higher coverage. The elementary reaction steps are found to follow different reaction mechanisms, which are identified according to terminology typically used in organometallic catalysis. The transition state scaling (TSS) relationship is demonstrated and the origin of multiple TSS lines is linked to variation of an internal electronic structure of a carbon skeleton.
Stereoelectronic Model To Explain Highly Stereoselective Reactions of Seven‐Membered‐Ring Oxocarbenium‐Ion Intermediates
Authors: Beaver Matthew G. , Buscagan Trixia M. , Lavinda Olga , Woerpel K. A.
Published: January 2016

Nucleophilic attack on seven‐membered‐ring oxocarbenium ions is generally highly stereoselective. The preferred mode of nucleophilic attack forms the product in a conformation that minimizes transannular interactions, thus leading to different stereoselectivity as compared to that of reactions involving six‐membered‐ring oxocarbenium ions.
No More HF: Teflon‐Assisted Ultrafast Removal of Silica to Generate High‐Surface‐Area Mesostructured Carbon for Enhanced CO2 Capture and Supercapacitor Performance
Authors: Singh Dheeraj Kumar , Krishna Katla Sai , Harish Srinivasan , Sampath Srinivasan , Eswaramoorthy Muthusamy
Published: January 2016

An innovative technique to obtain high‐surface‐area mesostructured carbon (2545 m2 g−1) with significant microporosity uses Teflon as the silica template removal agent. This method not only shortens synthesis time by combining silica removal and carbonization in a single step, but also assists in ultrafast removal of the template (in 10 min) with complete elimination of toxic HF usage. The obtained carbon material (JNC‐1) displays excellent CO2 capture ability (ca. 26.2 wt % at 0 °C under 0.88 bar CO2 pressure), which is twice that of CMK‐3 obtained by the HF etching method (13.0 wt %). JNC‐1 demonstrated higher H2 adsorption capacity (2.8 wt %) compared to CMK‐3 (1.2 wt %) at −196 °C under 1.0 bar H2 pressure. The bimodal pore architecture of JNC‐1 led to superior supercapacitor performance, with a specific capacitance of 292 F g−1 and 182 F g−1 at a drain rate of 1 A g−1 and 50 A g−1, respectively, in 1 m H2SO4 compared to CMK‐3 and activated carbon.
ATP‐Releasing Nucleotides: Linking DNA Synthesis to Luciferase Signaling
Authors: Ji Debin , Mohsen Michael G. , Harcourt Emily M. , Kool Eric T.
Published: January 2016

A new strategy is reported for the production of luminescence signals from DNA synthesis through the use of chimeric nucleoside tetraphosphate dimers in which ATP, rather than pyrophosphate, is the leaving group. ATP‐releasing nucleotides (ARNs) were synthesized as derivatives of the four canonical nucleotides. All four derivatives are good substrates for DNA polymerase, with Km values averaging 13‐fold higher than those of natural dNTPs, and kcat values within 1.5‐fold of those of native nucleotides. Importantly, ARNs were found to yield very little background signal with luciferase. DNA synthesis experiments show that the ATP byproduct can be harnessed to elicit a chemiluminescence signal in the presence of luciferase. When using a polymerase together with the chimeric nucleotides, target DNAs/RNAs trigger the release of stoichiometrically large quantities of ATP, thereby allowing sensitive isothermal luminescence detection of nucleic acids as diverse as phage DNAs and short miRNAs.
How Photoisomerization Drives Peptide Folding and Unfolding: Insights from QM/MM and MM Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Xia Shu‐Hua , Cui Ganglong , Fang Wei‐Hai , Thiel Walter
Published: January 2016

Photoswitchable azobenzene cross‐linkers can control the folding and unfolding of peptides by photoisomerization and can thus regulate peptide affinities and enzyme activities. Using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods and classical MM force fields, we report the first molecular dynamics simulations of the photoinduced folding and unfolding processes in the azobenzene cross‐linked FK‐11 peptide. We find that the interactions between the peptide and the azobenzene cross‐linker are crucial for controlling the evolution of the secondary structure of the peptide and responsible for accelerating the folding and unfolding events. They also modify the photoisomerization mechanism of the azobenzene cross‐linker compared with the situation in vacuo or in solution.
P,S Ligands for the Asymmetric Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters in Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative [4+2] Cycloadditions
Authors: Wei Yi , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Li Tian‐Ren , Feng Bin , Wang Qiang , Xiao Wen‐Jing , Alper Howard
Published: January 2016

A new hybrid P,S ligand was exploited by combining a chiral β‐amino sulfide and a simple diphenyl phosphite. The resultant ligand performs extremely well in a palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative [4+2] cycloaddition reaction, thus generating multiple contiguous stereocenters and a chiral quaternary center. By doing so, a straightforward route to highly functionalized tetrahydroquinolines was developed with yields of up to 99 %, as well as 98 % ee and greater than 95:5 d.r. Moreover, mechanistic insights into this transformation and the possible stereocontrol are discussed.
Bioconjugating Thiols to Poly(acrylamide) Gels for Cell Culture Using Methylsulfonyl Co‐monomers
Authors: Farrukh Aleeza , Paez Julieta I. , Salierno Marcelo , del Campo Aránzazu
Published: January 2016

Poly(acrylamide) P(AAm) gels have become relevant model substrates to study cell response to the mechanical and biochemical properties of the cellular microenvironment. However, current bioconjugation strategies to functionalize P(AAm) gels, mainly using photoinduced arylazide coupling, show poor specificity and hinder conclusive studies of material properties and cellular responses. We describe methylsulfonyl‐containing P(AAm) hydrogels for cell culture. These gels allow easy, specific and functional covalent coupling of thiol containing bioligands in tunable concentrations under physiological conditions, while retaining the same swelling, porosity, cytocompatibility, and low protein adsorption of P(AAm) gels. These materials allow quantitative and standardized studies of cell‐materials interactions with P(AAm) gels.
Synthesis, Separation, and Characterization of Small and Highly Fluorescent Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon NanoDots
Authors: Arcudi Francesca , Đorđević Luka , Prato Maurizio
Published: January 2016

A facile bottom‐up approach to carbon nanodots (CNDs) is reported, using a microwave‐assisted procedure under controlled conditions. The as‐prepared nitrogen‐doped CNDs (NCNDs) show narrow size‐distribution, abundant surface traps and functional groups, resulting in tunable fluorescent emission and excellent solubility in water. Moreover, we present a general method for the separation of NCNDs by low‐pressure size‐exclusion chromatography, leading to an even narrower size distribution, different surface composition, and optical properties. They display among the smallest size and the highest FLQYs reported so far. 13C‐enriched starting materials produced N13CNDs suitable for thorough NMR studies, which gave useful information on their molecular structure. Moreover, they can be easily functionalized and can be used as water‐soluble carriers. This work provides an avenue to size‐ and surface‐controllable and structurally defined NCNDs for applications in areas such as optoelectronics, biomedicine, and bioimaging.
Inverted Wedding Cake Growth Operated by the Ehrlich–Schwoebel Barrier in Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystal Evolution
Authors: Yin Xin , Geng Dalong , Wang Xudong
Published: January 2016

Wedding cake growth is a layer‐by‐layer growth model commonly observed in epitaxial growth of metal films, featured by repeated nucleation of new atomic layers on the topmost surface owing to the confinement of the Ehrlich–Schwoebel (ES) barrier. Herein, we report an inverted wedding cake growth phenomenon observed in two‐dimensional nanostructure evolution. Through a dynamically controlled vapor–solid deposition process of ZnO, a unique basin‐shaped crown was formed on the tip of each nanowire, featured with concentric steps. The atomic steps were nucleated along the edge and propagated toward the center. This is an opposite growth behavior compared to the conventional wedding cake growth, and is thus denoted as inverted wedding cake growth. Through the relation between the crown expansion rate and the temperature, the ES barrier of ZnO was determined to be 0.88 eV. The discovery of inverted wedding cake growth provided insight into the developing nanostructure growth mechanisms.
Electrocatalytic Generation of Amidyl Radicals for Olefin Hydroamidation: Use of Solvent Effects to Enable Anilide Oxidation
Authors: Zhu Lin , Xiong Peng , Mao Zhong‐Yi , Wang Yong‐Heng , Yan Xiaomei , Lu Xin , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: January 2016

Oxidative generation of synthetically important amidyl radicals from N−H amides is an appealing and yet challenging task. Previous methods require a stoichiometric amount of a strong oxidant and/or a costly noble‐metal catalyst. We report herein the first electrocatalytic method that employs ferrocene (Fc), a cheap organometallic reagent, as the redox catalyst to produce amidyl radicals from N‐aryl amides. Based on this radical‐generating method, an efficient intramolecular olefin hydroamidation reaction has been developed.
Importance of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding for the Stereochemical Control of Allene–Enone (3+2) Annulations Catalyzed by a Bifunctional, Amino Acid Derived Phosphine Catalyst
Authors: Holland Mareike C. , Gilmour Ryan , Houk K. N.
Published: January 2016

The origin of stereoselectivity in the (3+2) annulation of allenes and enones catalyzed by an amino acid derived phosphine catalyst has been investigated by the use of dispersion‐corrected density functional theory. An intermolecular hydrogen bond between the intermediate zwitterion and the enone was found to be the key interaction in the two enantiomeric transition states. Additional stabilization is provided by intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions between acidic positions on the catalyst backbone and the substrate. Enantioselectivity occurs because the intermolecular hydrogen bond in the transition state leading to the minor enantiomer is only possible at the expense of reactant distortion.
Oriented Chiral DNA–Silica Film Guided by a Natural Mica Substrate
Authors: Cao Yuanyuan , Kao Kunche , Mou Chungyuan , Han Lu , Che Shunai
Published: January 2016

The formation of highly ordered chiral organic/inorganic films with high density and long‐range orientation is important in constructing chiral devices, such as broadband polarization devices, liquid‐crystal displays, or negative‐reflection materials. A feasible strategy is presented to fabricate three‐dimensional mesostructured chiral DNA–silica assemblies into large‐scale oriented arrangements. The highly ordered film was aligned by a mica crystal substrate with the bridging effect of suitable divalent metal ions, followed by the growth of the DNA–silica composite by bottom‐up assembly with a “quartet templating” method. This simple and effective route would perform well in the alignment and arrangement of highly charged biomolecules, such as polypeptides, proteins, viruses, and their inorganic assemblies, and furthermore could allow the fabrication of chiral optical materials with long‐range ordering.
Direct Detection of Supramolecular Reaction Centers in the Methanol‐to‐Olefins Conversion over Zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 by 13C–27Al Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Chao , Wang Qiang , Xu Jun , Qi Guodong , Gao Pan , Wang Weiyu , Zou Yunyun , Feng Ningdong , Liu Xiaolong , Deng Feng
Published: January 2016

Hydrocarbon‐pool chemistry is important in methanol to olefins (MTO) conversion on acidic zeolite catalysts. The hydrocarbon‐pool (HP) species, such as methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations, confined in zeolite channels during the reaction are essential in determining the reaction pathway. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the formation of supramolecular reaction centers composed of organic hydrocarbon species and the inorganic zeolite framework in H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite by advanced 13C–27Al double‐resonance solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations located near Brønsted acid/base sites form the supramolecular reaction centers in the zeolite channel. The internuclear spatial interaction/proximity between the 13C nuclei (associated with HP species) and the 27Al nuclei (associated with Brønsted acid/base sites) determines the reactivity of the HP species. The closer the HP species are to the zeolite framework Al, the higher their reactivity in the MTO reaction.
Numerical study on the performance of an adapted radiant syngas cooler with water spray for entrained‐flow gasifier
Authors: Li Xianbin , Guo Qinghua , Qiu Shouxian , Yu Guangsuo
Published: January 2016

An adapted radiant syngas cooler (RSC) with water spray for entrained‐flow gasifier has been technically reformed to achieve higher reliability and availability of coal‐gasification‐based system. The multiphase flow, heat transfer and mass transfer processes in this adapted RSC have been studied by a developed 3D computational fluid dynamics model. A Eulerian–Lagrangian method is adopted to describe the flow behavior of the syngas, slag/ash particle and water droplets. The surface temperature of water wall Ta is calculated using heat flux balance equations by compiling user‐defined functions. The predicted values agree well with the measured ones obtained from a practical gasification plant. In the inner cylinder, syngas temperature contours are similar to circulars dispersed from center to the division walls and have a high gradient near water walls, especially close to the division walls. The gradient of Ta from center to division walls is similar to that of gas temperature. This adapted RSC with water spray has a better flexibility, while the flow rate of water spray can be adjusted for different operating conditions of gasifier. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“The Road to the Village”: Israeli Social Unconscious and the Palestinian Nakba
Authors: Even‐Tzur Efrat
Published: January 2016

This paper tackles the paradox inherent in Israeli attempts to silence the Palestinian Nakba: despite massive effacement efforts, the traces of the Nakba remain all‐pervasive in Israeli culture and collective memory. Several silencing practices are described and discussed from a Freudian perspective, as instances of collective repression of anxiety provoking material. Furthermore, it is suggested that as far as the Nakba is concerned, this repression might be the result of collective perpetrator trauma. Finally, the paper offers several intriguing examples of “social traumatic symptoms”, which are understood as signs of the return of the repressed. According to LaCapra, collective post‐traumatic symptoms serve as obstacles to the formation of just and responsible societies. Thus, the paper concludes with a discussion of the socially therapeutic value of the current analysis and its potential contribution to long term processes of collective working through and decolonization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial differences across the French Pyrenees in the use of local habitat by the endangered semi‐aquatic Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)
Authors: Biffi Marjorie , Charbonnel Anaïs , Buisson Laëtitia , Blanc Frédéric , Némoz Mélanie , Laffaille Pascal
Published: January 2016

The implementation of effective and appropriate protection actions is frequently hindered by lack of thorough knowledge on species ecology especially in the case of endemic, vulnerable and elusive species.

Using a recently updated and unpublished dataset describing the spatial distribution of the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) in its northern range (French Pyrenees), an Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) was conducted to provide a quantitative estimate of local habitat use by this endangered semi‐aquatic mammal. A comparative approach was used to investigate potential differences in habitat use among the three main hydrological regions of the French Pyrenees.

The Pyrenean desman was identified as a marginal and specialist species concerning the selection of its local habitat in the French Pyrenees. Key habitat variables corresponded mainly to river‐bed characteristics (i.e. high heterogeneity of shelters and river substrates, fast flowing water facies, low amounts of fine sediment) and river‐bank characteristics (i.e. high proportion of rocks, low proportion of earth). A difference in habitat selection between the three hydrological regions of the French Pyrenees was also highlighted. A decrease in marginality and specialization from west to east as well as differences in habitat variables driving the ecological niche of the Pyrenean desman and its range suggested a spatial structure in desman populations regarding local ecological factors.

These results stress the importance of effective and sustainable river management for the habitat quality of this endangered species and also demonstrate the importance of taking into account the variability in habitat preferences that can exist between geographically distinct populations. This finding has important implications for conservation planning that should thus be conducted at the population level instead of the traditional species level in order to target the specific needs of each hydrological region.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Penetrating neck injuries: the point of plain films
Authors: Hope Nicholas , Gray Gillian , Lesay Michal , Reddy Ekambar
Published: January 2016

Key Clinical Message

Plain films aid management and do not delay the emergency treatment of a stable patient with penetrating neck trauma in the resuscitation room and thus should be taken while arranging CT angiography.
Removal of Arsenic by Alumina: Effects of Material Size, Additives, and Water Contaminants
Authors: Tchieda Victor K. , D'Amato Emilio , Chiavola Agostina , Parisi Mariapaola , Chianese Angelo , Amamra Mohamed , Kanaev Andrei
Published: January 2016

Effects of some characteristics of alumina as material adsorbent on arsenic removal from water are presented. In particular, the effect of the alumina particle size has been firstly experimentally observed, then studied by means of a diffusive model. The effects of pH and other contaminants in the aqueous solution have been also measured. Finally, an improvement of the arsenic adsorption performances has been attempted by using a TiO2 coating of commercial alumina. The characterization of alumina in the different forms has been done by X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific area measurement and scanning electron microscopy. The kinetics and equilibrium experiments of arsenic(V) removal by the adsorbent materials were studied in a batch mode. The alumina particulate size showed to play a key role in the adsorption process. In fact, among the tested adsorbent types, that material with the lowest particle size (i.e., 20 μm) showed the maximum arsenic(V) uptake capacity, which was slightly <20 mg/g as calculated according to the Langmuir isotherm. The competitive anions, such as phosphate and silica, negatively affected the adsorption process determining a lower maximum uptake capacity of arsenic(V), whereas sulfate ions had a moderate positive effect within the typical groundwater arsenic concentration range. All the tested materials demonstrated to be capable of reducing the arsenic concentration below 10 µg/L, which is the limit to be respected by drinking water according to the World Health Organization recommendations.
ω‐Imidazolyl‐ and ω‐Tetrazolylalkylcarbamates as Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase: Biological Activity and in vitro Metabolic Stability
Authors: Terwege Tobias , Hanekamp Walburga , Garzinsky David , König Simone , Koch Oliver , Lehr Matthias
Published: January 2016

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a serine hydrolase that terminates the analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects of endocannabinoids such as anandamide. Herein, structure–activity relationship studies on a new series of aryl N‐(ω‐imidazolyl‐ and ω‐tetrazolylalkyl)carbamate inhibitors of FAAH were investigated. As one result, a pronounced increase in inhibitory potency was observed if a phenyl residue attached to the carbamate oxygen atom was replaced by a pyridin‐3‐yl moiety. The most active compounds exhibited IC50 values in the low nanomolar range. In addition, investigations on the metabolic properties of these inhibitors were performed. In rat liver homogenate and in porcine plasma, the extent of their degradation was shown to be strongly dependent on the kind of aryl residue bound to the carbamate as well as on the length and type of the alkyl spacer connecting the carbamate group with the heterocyclic system. With the aid of esterase inhibitors it was shown that in porcine plasma, carboxylesterase‐like enzymes and paraoxonase are involved in carbamate cleavage. Moreover, it was found that highly active pyridin‐3‐yl carbamates reacted with albumin, which led to covalent albumin adducts.
Interpolation, extrapolation, and truncation in computations of CIE tristimulus values
Authors: Wang Zhifeng , Zhao Binghao , Li Jiqiang , Luo Ming Ronnier , Pointer Michael R. , Melgosa Manuel , Li Changjun
Published: January 2016

This article addresses some general practices for the computation of CIE tristimulus values (TSVs), including different methods used for the interpolation, extrapolation, and truncation of data in the visible wavelength range. In each case, a quantitative analysis is presented on the basis of a dataset with 2365 spectral reflectances covering a wide color gamut, assuming six CIE illuminants and the two CIE standard colorimetric observers. For interpolation, it is found that among five tested methods, the (cubic) spline method is the best one when the spectral reflectance factors are uniformly sampled over the visible wavelength range. For extrapolation, it is found that the second‐order extrapolation method gives better results than the use of nearest available data points or linear extrapolation methods. With respect to truncation, considering five different usual truncated ranges, it is found that the range from 360 to 780 nm provides more accurate results than the range from 380 to 780 nm currently recommended by CIE for nonfluorescent samples, and the use of the truncated range from 400 to 700 nm in place of the CIE‐recommended range of 360 to 830 nm leads to TSVs with considerably high color differences of up to 0.9 CIELAB units. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 10–18, 2017
Electropolymerization of Uniform Polyaniline Nanorod Arrays on Conducting Oxides as Counter Electrodes in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: He Ziming , Liu Jing , Khoo Si Yun , Tan Timothy Thatt Yang
Published: January 2016

Conventional techniques for the synthesis of oriented polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures are often complex or time consuming. Through an innovative reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified FTO and a low‐potential electropolymerization strategy, the rapid and template‐free growth of a highly ordered PANI nanorod array on the FTO substrate is realized. The highly ordered nanostructure of the PANI array leads to a high electrocatalytic activity and chemical stability. The importance of the polymerization potential and rGO surface modification to achieve this nanostructure is revealed. Compared to platinum, the PANI nanorod array exhibits an enhanced performance and stability as counter electrodes in dye‐sensitized solar cells, with a 17.6 % enhancement in power conversion efficiency.
Phase noise analysis in CMOS differential Armstrong oscillator topology
Authors: Chlis Ilias , Pepe Domenico , Zito Domenico
Published: January 2016

This paper reports a phase noise analysis in a differential Armstrong oscillator circuit topology in CMOS technology. The analytical expressions of phase noise due to flicker and thermal noise sources are derived and validated by the results obtained through SpectreRF simulations for oscillation frequencies of 1, 10, and 100 GHz. The analysis captures well the phase noise of the oscillator topology and shows the impact of flicker noise contribution as the major effect leading to phase noise degradation in nano‐scale CMOS LC oscillators. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray mass spectrometry as a tool to characterize phospholipid composition of plant cakes
Authors: Buré Corinne , Solgadi Audrey , Yen‐Nicolaÿ Stéphanie , Bardeau Tiphaine , Libong Danielle , Abreu Sonia , Chaminade Pierre , Subra‐Paternault Pascale , Cansell Maud
Published: January 2016

Phospholipids (PL) are components of increased value in nutritional applications, especially those rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n‐3) and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n‐6). Currently, the oil processing industry generates by‐products in the form of oilseed and plant cakes that can be valorized for food/feed applications. With the aim of diversifying PL sources and improving their identification in terms of fatty acid (FA) composition, plant cakes obtained from five different sources (camelina, flaxseed, hemp, sesame, walnut) were extracted and analyzed by lipidomics approach using three analytical methods of mass spectrometry (MS): (i) shotgun; (ii) reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode; and (iii) normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) with data dependant scan MS fragmentation. We obtained complementary information: while shotgun allowed identifying PL species, RPLC associated to MRM enabled to access high sensitivity and to focus on minority species. Then, NPLC in data dependant scan led to the identification of lysophospholipids and cardiolipin species besides phosphatidylcholine (PC). Among, the five plant cakes analyzed, camelina cake showed the highest percentage of ALA. If ALA was also found in flaxseed and hemp cakes, it was in a lesser extent. Moreover, ALA was located on the sn‐2 position of the glycerol backbone, a valuable position for nutritional applications.

Practical applications: The food industry generates large amounts of by‐products, and most of them remain unused. Among them, degumming pastes, i.e., by‐products from the oil refining process, could be valuable sources of phospholipids (PL). These phospholipids present interesting properties, as emulsifiers, thickening agents, or antioxidants, for food or cosmetic industries. Moreover, depending on the plant source, the fatty acid composition in phospholipids could be different from that of the oil (mainly composed of triglycerides instead of phospholipids), especially for α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n‐3). Among, the five plant cakes analyzed (camelina, flaxseed, hemp, sesame, walnut), camelina cake showed the highest percentage of ALA. If ALA was also found in flaxseed and hemp cakes, it was in a lesser extent. Moreover, ALA was located in the sn‐2 position of the glycerol, a valuable position for nutritional applications. On the whole, using powerful and complementary analytical procedures for PL characterization allowed widening the potential sources of this type of lipids.

Workflow of the plant cake lipid analysis based on three analytical methods of mass spectrometry.
Partial characterization of jumbo squid skin pigment extract and its antioxidant potential in a marine oil system
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P. , Torres‐Arreola Wilfrido , Trigo Marcos , Ezquerra‐Brauer Josafat Marina
Published: January 2016

Pigment compounds were extracted from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) skin with an acid‐ethanol solvent (JSE). Freeze‐dried JSE was characterized with respect to solubility in different solvents, absorption UV–VIS, and FT‐IR spectra, and tested for its radical scavenging activity against ABTS and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The potential ability of JSE for inhibiting oxidation of cod liver oil (CLO) was also determined by monitoring dienes, trienes, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbutiric acid (TBA), and polyene index (PI) in samples stored at 15, 25, and 50°C for 12 days. Concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2% JSE were added to CLO. The yield of JSE was 8.8 mg/g freeze‐dried skin. Solubility behavior, UV–Vis, and FT‐IR spectra of JSE suggests that this pigment extract might belong to the ommochrome family. Moreover, a characteristic xanthommatin peak (1740 cm−1) was observed. JSE exhibited scavenging activity on ABTS•+ radical and in the ORAC assay. After storage PV and TBA increased, whereas PI decreased mainly in the control treatment. The addition of JSE delayed lipid oxidation in CLO during the first 8 days of storage at 50°C. JSE was identified as promising source of antioxidants to retard fish lipid oxidation.

Practical applications: This study demonstrates that acid‐ethanol pigment extract from jumbo squid skin, which is a by‐product generated by the squid processing industries, is a valuable antioxidant source. Consistent with the preservative effect observed for this pigment extract, squid skin may be successfully employed to obtain new products for food processing and the pharmaceutical industry, with environmental sustainability benefits and provide a more effective use for jumbo squid by‐products.

Acid‐ethanol pigment extracts from freeze‐dried jumbo squid skin (JSE) were added to cod liver oil and stored at 50°C. Increasing levels of JSE (0 < 0.1 < 0.5 < 1 < 2%) led to less lipid oxidation. JSE likely belongs to the ommochromes family.
Energy Efficiency of Buildings: The Aspect of Embodied Energy
Authors: Balouktsi Maria , Lützkendorf Thomas
Published: January 2016

How much energy is actually required to build energy‐efficient buildings? It is essential nowadays not only to invest in the design of more energy‐efficient buildings but also to pay more attention to the embodied energy of such building concepts. It is necessary to consider the energy required for the manufacture and maintenance of such buildings and, thus, to take into account the full life cycle. This is a new challenge not only for most designers but also for other stakeholders in the building industry. The purpose of this Review is to clarify the aspect of embodied energy in terms of its definition and system boundaries and to recognize its increasing importance in the building sector and the growing number of global activities responding to this trend. The analysis presented here could be a good starting point for further research, standardization, and development of this aspect. This Review builds on a topic with a long tradition among scientists that has gained a new timeliness.
Fabrication of Flexible Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Modules using Commercially Available Materials
Authors: Li Bin , Huang Fuzhi , Zhong Jie , Xie Jingjing , Wen Min , Peng Yong
Published: January 2016

Fully printed, flexible dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) modules (10 cm×10 cm in size) were successfully fabricated by screen printing. The crucial issue and difficulty in fabrication of flexible DSSC modules is developing a binder‐free, screen‐printable TiO2 paste. Results show that the viscosity of the TiO2 paste can be adjusted by the solid content. A binder‐free, screen‐printable TiO2 paste with high viscosity was synthesized to enable the low‐temperature fabrication of the flexible DSSC modules on plastic substrates. The architecture of series connection was introduced into flexible DSSC modules to get the best module efficiency. The best power conversion efficiency of the flexible DSSC modules of 10 cm×10 cm in size with the series connection was approximately 3 %.
Concentrations, sources and pollution characteristic of organic pesticide in soil from typical Chinese Bamboo forest
Authors: Ziwu Guo , Yingchun Li , Qingping Yang , Shunaglin Chen
Published: January 2016

Concentrations, pollutant characteristics and sources apportionment of organic pesticides (OPs) of fifty one soils from bamboo forest in Zhejiang province, China were investigated. Ten organochlorine(OCPs), three organophosphorus(OPPs), and one pyrethroids (OPYs) were detected. The detection rate (DR %) ranged from 27.27% to 100%, and descended in the order: OCPs>OPPs>OPYs. Concentrations of all OCPs and OPPs were <150 μg.kg−1, while the concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐di(4‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were <50 μg.kg−1, and no recent usage. However, fenvalerate(FEN) had a concentration of 1227 μg.kg−1, the maximal value of all OPs. OPs residue in soil with pH 3.10 ‐ 4.50 was nearly higher than those of soil with pH 4.51 ‐ 5.90. OCPs residue was positive correlated with soil TOC, while OPPs and OPYs residue were influenced markedly by usage and management intensity. The DR %, peak value and ratio of excess standard for methamidophos (MEA) was 82.35%, 33.62 μg.kg−1 and 82.35%, respectively. The residue levels of MEA accounted for 70.87% of the σ‐OPPs and significantly positively correlated with σ‐OPPs. All results was summarized that OPPs, OPYs and partial of OCPs such as Chlorothalonil (CHL), Dicofol (DIC) was main pollutant and potential to jeopardize the human health, bamboo forest environment and shoot production. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 729–736, 2016