bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Charge Given to the Grand-Jury of the County of Gloucester, at the Midsummer-Sessions, 1723
Authors: Cocks Richard
Published: December 2009

The great Infirmities of my Body forced me for some Years last past to decline all Publick Business: and tho' I am now very little better, nor indeed will my Age give me leave to expect much Amendment; yet the Desires, or rather the Commands of the Gentlemen and Freeholders, to whom I am so much in-[4] debted, are of more force than, and superiour to, my own Inclinations, and just Excuses. I am therefore once more come amongst you, and I cannot but think it probable, that in this Juncture of Affairs, you will expect and require from me some account of our present Circumstances. Give me leave therefore to look a little back: And from that Reflection I must observe to you, that out of Gratitude as well as Duty, we ought to be the most sober and religious People in the World; for there is no Nation under Heaven, that can shew so many signal, wonderful, and miraculous Preservations from the visible and immediate Hand of Providence.
The Charge to the Grand-Jury of the City and Liberty of Westminster At the General Quarter-Session of the Peace, held in Westminster-Hall, October 6. 1725
Authors: Ryder Samuel
Published: December 2009

THE short notice I had of the Honour designed me on this Occasion, together with the Misfortune of a Mind weakened and impaired by a long Infirmity of Body, might in reason have excused me from the Task I am now undertaking: But when I consider the Oath ye have taken, to present all such Matters as shall be given ye in Charge; it seems to me to imply an Obligation on the Court to give ye matters in Charge: and therefore I shall endeavour to [6] acquit my self of that Duty in the best manner that, under such disadvantages, I am able: And that ye may the better retain what I deliver, will (by way of Method) reduced the Matters which I shall recommend to your Enquiry, to three heads.
A Charge to the Grand-Jury at the Quarter - Sessions Held at Barnsley in Yorkshire, The Fifteenth Day of October, 1741
Authors: Witton Richard
Published: December 2009

I find by Bracton, and Other the oldest Books in the Law, That the Justices, upon holding their several Courts of Sessions, did deliver in Writing to the several Grand Inquests certain Articles of Heads of Inquiry, which were commonly stilled Capitula Placitorum Corornæ; which were as Rules or Directions how they were to proceed in their Inquiries, for the better Performance of their Duty and Office.
A Charge Delivered to the Grand Jury, At the Sessions of the Peace Held for the City and Liberty of Westminster, &c. On Thursday the 29th of June, 1749
Authors: Fielding Henry
Published: December 2009

of our Lord the King, holden at the Town Court-House near Westminster-Hall, in and for the Liberty of the Dean and Chapter of the Collegiate Church of St. Peter, Westminster, the City, Borough, and Town of Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, and St. Martin le Grand, London, on Thursday the Twentyninth Day of June, in the Twenty-third Tear of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Second, King of Great-Britain, &c. before Henry Fielding, Esq; the Right Hon. George Lord Carpenter, Sir John Crosse, Baronet, George Huddleston, James Crofts, Gabriel Fowace, John Upton, Thomas Ellys, Thomas Smith, George Payne, William Walmsley, William Young, Peter Elers, Martin Clare, Thomas Lediard, Henry Trent, Daniel Gach, James Fraser, Esquires, and others their fellows, Justices of our said Lord the King, assigned to keep the Peace of the said Liberty, and also to hear and determine divers Felonies, Trespasses, and other Misdeeds done and committed within the said Liberty.
A Charge to the Grand Jury of the County of Middlesex. delivered at the General Quarter Session of the Peace, holden at Hick's Hall in the said County, on Monday the Eighth Day of January 1770
Authors: Hawkins John
Published: December 2009

At the General Quarter Session of the Peace holden at HICK's HALL, in Saint-John-Street, in and for the County aforesaid, on Monday the Eighth Day of January 1770, before Bartholomew Hammond, Saunders Welch, John Spencer Colepeper, Elisha Biscoe, Edward Jennings, Henry Lamb, William Timbrell, Joseph Keeling, Esqrs. Sir Robert Darling, Knt. Nathan Carrington, Stephen Cole, John Barnfather, Charles Dod, Jeremiah Bentham, Peter Lewis Perrin, Rupert Clarke, Joseph Newsom, George Mercer, John Cox, Benjamin Cowley, David Wilmot, Burford Camper, and Thomas Edmonds, Esqrs.
A Charge, delivered to the Grand Jury of the County of Dublin, At the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, held for the said County, at Kilmainham, on the 15th of January, 1793
Authors: Day Robert
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen of the Grand Jury, “You are brought together at this periodical return of our General Sessions of the Peace, to discharge a duty of great and vital importance to the county of Dublin, and the community at large: to call forth into life and action the criminal law; to deliberate upon, and weigh in the scale of equal and dispassionate justice, such charges as shall be submitted to you against divers of your fellow-subjects; to put such of them in a course of trial as shall be made out to your satisfaction, either upon the evidence of your own senses, or upon the viva voce, or written evidence of accusers; and thus to vindicate and promote the general police and good order of your county. I am sensible that the duration of each Session, and the frequent return of this duty in the county of Dublin, are attended with no inconsiderable inconvenience to country gentlemen; but you will reflect how small a price you pay in this occasional trouble, for the essential advantages derived upon yourselves and the [6] public, from a conscientious and diligent discharge of your duty. In order to impress you with a just sense of the importance of this trust, it may not be amiss, particularly at this critical juncture, to trace briefly, the criminal law of your country from its elementary principles.
Charge, Delivered to the Grand Jury, of the City & County of Norwich, on Friday, Jan. 18, 1793
Authors: Harvey Charles
Published: December 2009

GENTLEMEN, It is always with peculiar pleasure that I embrace any opportunity of addressing you in the character and office in which you are this day assembled, namely, as a Grand Jury, to enquire for the body of this city and county.- Those who reflect on the many and important benefits which the community derive from the services resulting from the impartial and diligent execution of the trust reposed in you, cannot but contemplate with satisfaction so wise and excellent an institution, and cannot but feel happy in enumerating and particularising the various duties which, by that institution, are confided to you.- Your oath, which is so properly adapted equally to convey instruction in your duty, as to enforce the obligation to the performance of it, renders it unnecessary for me to enlarge on the general outline of the great trust, which you are this day called on to discharge; I shall only say that it consists in making diligent enquiry in whatever offen- [4] ces may exist, and to present the offenders to the Court, unawed by fear, unbiassed by prejudice, uninfluenced by reward.
A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury, at the quarter sessions, at the New Bayley Court-House, in Salford April 25th, 1798
Authors: Bayley Thomas Butterworth
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen of the grand jury. In my Addresses from this Chair to former Grand Juries, I have generally confined my Observations to subjects more immediately connected with the Business of this Court; and have avoided Discussions of what are usually called Political Subjects; which however useful they may be in our free Government, when properly conducted, have here no direct Application to our particular Service and Employment. But now, Gentlemen, we are met at a Season of actual danger, which demands our serious Attention, not to the State of Parties, but to the Security of our Country.
A Charge delivered to the grand jury, at the assizes holden at Ely, on wednesday the 27th day of march 1799
Authors: Gwillim Henry
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen of the Grand Jury, Although your Calendar exhibits a greater number of offences than we are usually called upon to examine upon these occasions, and some of them are of a very dark complexion; yet I am not aware of any difficulties that lie in the way of your duty, nor that you need any directions from me to guide you in your inquiries. The difficulties ought indeed to be striking and prominent, before I should venture to interpose unsolicited assistance. I have had too long experience of the ability of the Grand Jurors of this franchise, I am too well acquainted with the propriety and correctness with which they conduct themselves in the execution of their office, to hold it necessary, or even decent, to insist upon the ordinary topicks in addresses of this kind. It would only be to point out to them what they already see; to tell them what they already know. And if I were to look no farther, Gentlemen, than the business immediately before you, I would most certainly not obtrude myself upon you for a moment: but, when I consider the wide extent of your duty, [4] and the claims which your country has upon persons of your description, as well in your private, individual characters, as in this your publick, collective capacity, I think it cannot be altogether improper, nor inconsistent wit the object of our meeting, to direct your attention to the circumstances of the present crisis.
I Charters of the Earldom of Hereford, 1095–1201
Authors: Walker David
Published: December 2009

Some years ago I made a study of the earldom of Hereford in the twelfth century. The material for this consisted principally of a collection of some three hundred charters: some were issued by the earls of Hereford and other members of their family, some by their tenants, others by the crown and by leading ecclesiastics, notably the bishops of Worcester and Hereford. My impression then was that this formed an interesting collection of charters, comparable with some of the collections which have been made from the North of England, though much more modest in scale and interest. Perhaps as much as half of this material was already available in print, and the cost of printing prohibited what might otherwise have been advantageous, the publication of all the texts in full. The core of these charters was made up of charters issued by the earls of Hereford and their family, and it is this group of charters, issued by three generations of the Gloucester family, which is now published here. Those already available in print have been listed, but not reprinted. Those hitherto unpublished have been printed in full. Charters nos 1–58 were issued by Earl Miles or his son Earl Roger. Nos 59–124 were issued by other members of the family: four were issued by Walter of Gloucester the constable, father of Earl Miles; five were issued by Cecily, wife of Earl Roger; the remainder were issued by the surviving sons of Earl Miles, Walter, Henry and Mahel, each of whom succeeded to the family's estates between 1155 and 1165, and by their sisters, Margaret de Bohun and Lucy fitz Herbert.
III Autobiographical Memoir of Joseph Jewell, 1763–1846
Authors: Slater Arthur Walter
Published: December 2009

Joseph Jewell (1763–1846), the subject of the autobiographical memoir which follows, was one of the pioneers of the fine chemical industry in England. Starting his career in practical chemistry as porter at a well-known pharmacy in the City, this remarkable man was soon placed in charge of the ‘elaboratory’ there, spent many years in making chemicals, and eventually, in 1807, became a partner in the firm of Howard, Jewell and Gibson, manufacturers of fine chemicals, whose laboratory was then situated at Stratford, in Essex, about four miles from the City, beyond the River Lea. Here he was actively engaged, as partner and chemical technician, for a further twenty-four years, retiring at the end of 1830. The manuscript of his memoir has been preserved in the archives of the firm, which is now known as Howards of Ilford Limited.
II Documents relating to the Anglo-French Negotiations of 1439
Authors: Allmand C. T.
Published: December 2009

A few years ago, I published an article describing the negotiations between England and France which took place at Oye, not far from Calais, in the summer of 1439. These had not been adequately studied before, so that the identification of a French protocol describing events during part of the period covered by the negotiations seemed to make a short study desirable and worthwhile.
I Letters of the Cliffords, lords Clifford and earls of Cumberland,c. 1500–c. 1565
Authors: Hoyle R. W.
Published: December 2009

Private letters are amongst the most valuable, but also least well preserved sources for the historian. Dealing with events of the moment rather than of legal consequence, there was little reason to safeguard documents whose very ephemerality was shown by the medium on which they were written (paper) and their language (English). The survival of some notable collections of fifteenth-century letters, Paston, Plumpton, Cely, Stonor, and from the 1530s, the Lisle letters, should not disguise the fact that sixteenth-century letters between individuals (as opposed to letters between central government and its local lieutenants, and vice versa) are found relatively infrequently
II Patrick Darcy, An Argument
Authors: Caldicott C.E.J.
Published: December 2009

Acknowledgements 193

Abbreviations 195

Introduction 197

Darcy Family Tree 226

Network of Galway legal families 227

An Argument, by Patrick Darcy 229

Tables of Statutes & Named Cases 310

Index 317
V A Leicester House Political Diary 1742–3
Authors: Harris R.
Published: December 2009

This political diary forms part of the Holland House papers, which were purchased from the trustees of the fifth Earl of Ilchester in i960 and 1963 and deposited in the British library.1 J.B. Owen, author of the fullest modern account of the politics of the early 1740s, did not have access to these papers, so was unaware of the diary's existence.2 However, two other historians of the period have used it: the sixth Earl of Ilchester, who of course had good reason to be familiar with the contents of the Holland House papers, and Linda Colley.3 Neither appears to have been aware of its significance.
I The Hospitallers' Western Accounts, 1373/4 and 1374/5
Authors: Luttrell Anthony
Published: December 2009

The military order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem had a Treasurer from the time of its early years in the mid-twelfth century; by 1268 he was employing two scribes at the Convent, the order's headquarters in Syria. A statute of 1283 provided for a monthly computum or audit to be held by the Master and a group of senior brethren. Fr Joseph Chauncey, who was Treasurer for some twentyfive years, was so competent that Edward I made him Treasurer of England in 1273. At Rhodes during the fourteenth century the Treasury apparently kept no budget showing the overall state of the Hospital's finances, though by about 1478 there was a lengthy list of the incomes of the Western priories and commanderies, of receipts from Rhodes and Cyprus, and of the Convent's expenses in the East. The dues or responsiones from the rich Commandery of Cyprus were received by the Treasurer at Rhodes and the Master issued a quittance for them. The Master had separate incomes of his own, and by 1365 these were being managed by the Seneschal of his household; the Master gave a receipt for them.
II William Latymer's Chronickille of Anne Bulleyne
Authors: Dowling Maria
Published: December 2009

Acknowledgements 25

Abbreviations 26

Introduction

The text 27

The author 27

Latymer's purpose in writing the ‘Cronickille’ 29

Latymer's veracity 33

Other early biographies and notices of Anne Boleyn 37

The value of Latymer's account 43

Editorial Procedure 45

Text 46

I am grateful to the Keeper of Western Manuscripts, the Bodleian Library, Oxford for permission to publish the text offered here, Bodleian MS Don. C. 42, fos 21–33. I wish to thank Mr J.A.S. Green, the County Archivist of Berkshire, for information about Trumble MS and the staff of the following institutions for their assistance and cooperation: the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the British Library, Dr Williams's Library, Institute of Historical Research and Public Record Office, London; and the Bibliotheque Albert I, Brussels. Professor E.W. Ives has given valuable advice and constructive criticism, and Mr L.R. Gardiner offered much useful discussion of the nature of Tudor biography. I would like to thank Ms Catharine Davies and Ms Joy Shakespeare both for references and for suggestions. Thanks are due to Mr Stephen Baskerville, Miss Joan Henderson and Ms Susan Wabuda for enthusiastic discussion and kind encouragement.
III The Letters of Richard Scudamore to Sir Philip Hoby, September 1549–March 1555
Authors: Brigden Susan
Published: December 2009

Blair Worden first showed me these letters, and then became the most patient and perspicacious of editors. I am very grateful to him. Dr William Tighe might have edited these letters himself, for he discovered them too, but he ceded the edition to me. I am greatly
indebted to him not only for this generosity, but also for his kindness in sending me information about Richard Scudamore.
IV The Undergraduate Account Book of John and Richard Newdigate, 1618–1621
Authors: Larminie Vivienne
Published: December 2009

Introduction 151

The Oxford and Temple Account 154

The Newdigates and the education of the gentleman 156

Editorial Practice 160

Part I: Oxford 161

Part II: Inner Temple 217

The Oxford and Temple Bookis one of a series of account books kept for and by the Newdigates of Arbury Hall, between Coventry and Nuneaton in Warwickshire, from 1608 to 1642, and now surviving among the family papers deposited at Warwickshire Record Office. All the accounts detail receipts from rents and farming, interest and borrowing, and expenditure on estate, household and personal items, but that kept between 1618 and 1621, printed here, also records the expenses of two brothers at university and the inns of court, of two family marriages and related settlements and of wardship and suing for livery of estates.
VIII John Robinson's ‘State’ of the House of Commons, July 1780
Authors: Christie Ian R.
Published: December 2009

The ‘State’ of the House of Commons reproduced here from the original in the Royal Archives at Windsor was prepared during July 1780 by John Robinson, secretary to the treasury under Lord North.Its purpose was to forecast the likely results of an immediate general election. This copy was provided for the information of George III, who had been urging the advisability of a dissolution of parliament for some weeks and who was keenly interested in the possibilities of political advantage to be gained from such a step. There is a presumption that Robinson retained another workingcopy in his office at the treasury for the use of himself and Lord North; but if this was indeed the case, it was not preserved among his papers, which are therefore much less informative about the general election of 1780 than they are about the run-up to the dissolution of 1784.
ON A GENERIC CLASS OF LÉVY-DRIVEN VACATION MODELS
Authors: Boxma Onno , Kella Offer , Mandjes Michel
Published: December 2009

This article analyzes a generic class of queuing systems with server vacation. The special feature of the models considered is that the duration of the vacations explicitly depends on the buffer content evolution during the previous active period (i.e., the time elapsed since the previous vacation). During both active periods and vacations, the buffer content evolves as a Lévy process. For two specific classes of models, the Laplace–Stieltjes transform of the buffer content distribution at switching epochs between successive vacations and active periods, and in steady state, is derived.
APPROXIMATE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR THE CONTROL OF TIME-VARYING QUEUING SYSTEMS APPLIED TO CALL CENTERS WITH ABANDONMENTS AND RETRIALS
Authors: Roubos Dennis , Bhulai Sandjai
Published: December 2009

In this article we develop techniques for applying Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP) to the control of time-varying queuing systems. First, we show that the classical state space representation in queuing systems leads to approximations that can be significantly improved by increasing the dimensionality of the state space by state disaggregation. Second, we deal with time-varying parameters by adding them to the state space with an ADP parameterization. We demonstrate these techniques for the optimal admission control in a retrial queue with abandonments and time-varying parameters. The numerical experiments show that our techniques have near to optimal performance.
RISK-NEUTRAL MEASURES AND PRICING FOR A PURE JUMP PRICE PROCESS
Authors: Gerardi Anna , Tardelli Paola
Published: December 2009

This article considers the asset price movements in a financial market when risky asset prices are modeled by marked point processes. Their dynamics depend on an underlying event arrivals process, modeled again by a marked point process. Taking into account the presence of catastrophic events, the possibility of common jump times between the risky asset price process and the arrivals process is allowed. By setting and solving a suitable control problem, the characterization of the minimal entropy martingale measure is obtained. In a particular case, a pricing problem is also discussed.
AN IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM IN AN URN AND BALL MODEL WITH HEAVY TAILED DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Fricker Christine , Guillemin Fabrice , Robert Philippe
Published: December 2009

We consider in this article an urn and ball problem with replacement, where balls are with different colors and are drawn uniformly from a unique urn. The numbers of balls with a given color are independent and identically distributed random variables with a heavy tailed probability distribution—for instance a Pareto or a Weibull distribution. We draw a small fractionp≪1 of the total number of balls. The basic problem addressed in this article is to know to which extent we can infer the total number of colors and the distribution of the number of balls with a given color. By means of Le Cam's inequality and the Chen–Stein method, bounds for the total variation norm between the distribution of the number of balls drawn with a given color and the Poisson distribution with the same mean are obtained. We then show that the distribution of the number of balls drawn with a given color has the same tail as that of the original number of balls. Finally, we establish explicit bounds between the two distributions when each ball is drawn with fixed probabilityp.
A MARKOV-MODULATED GROWTH COLLAPSE MODEL
Authors: Kella Offer , Löpker Andreas
Published: December 2009

We consider a growth collapse model in a random environment for which the input
rates might depend on the state of an underlying irreducible Markov chain and at
state change epochs there is a possible downward jump to a level that is a
random fraction of the level just before the jump. The distributions of these
jumps are allowed to depend on both the originating and target states. Under a
very weak assumption we develop an explicit formula for the conditional moments
(of all orders) of the time stationary distribution. We then consider special
cases and show how to use this result to study a growth collapse process in
which the times between collapses have a phase-type distribution.
POST-RACISM?
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: December 2009

Does President Obama's momentous election victory signify a new, post-racism era in America? Many observers, such as a New York Times science editor, think so. But, unfortunately, this claim is premature for a host of reasons. [1] It took “a perfect storm” of interlocking factors to elect Obama. [2] Many bigots actually voted for Obama. [3] Two logical fallacies underlie this too-optimistic view. [4] Racist attitudes and actions repeatedly occurred throughout the campaign. [5] White Southern and older voters both demonstrated that rank racism remains. [6] Increased turn-out of young and minority voters was crucial. The paper closes by considering what changes in American race relations may take place during the Obama presidency.
THINKING ABOUT ROBERT PUTNAM'S ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY
Authors: Kilson Martin
Published: December 2009

The article evaluates Robert Putnam's discussion of two differing concepts of the role of the diversity perspective toward inter-ethnic/inter-racial relationships in American society since the 1960s—namely, the “contact theory” and the “conflict theory.” The former was initially formulated by Harvard social psychologist Gordon Allport in The Nature of Prejudice (1954). Putnam's analysis—published in the comparative politics journal Scandinavian Political Studies (Vol. 30, No. 2, 2007)—favors the “conflict theory,” which holds that diversity sharpens “us-against-them” inter-ethnic/inter-racial interactions. Putnam's view opposes diversity-influenced public policies. By contrast, “contact theory” holds that diversity erodes “us-against-them” interactions and thus eventually democratizes such interactions, and thereby American society generally. “Contact theory” influenced the NAACP-led civil-rights movement's quest for desegregation public policies during the 1950s, 1960s, and onward.
CRIME, URBAN POVERTY, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
Authors: Bobo Lawrence D.
Published: December 2009

Todd R. Clear,Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. 255 pages, ISBN: 978-0-19-538720-9. Paper, $21.95.

Sudhir Venkatesh,Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets. New York: Penguin Press, 2008. 303 pages, ISBN: 978-1-59420-150-9. Cloth, $25.95.

In recent years, sociologists have conducted enormously important research on the intersection of urban poverty, crime, and the racial divide. Quantitative stratification sociologist Bruce Western provides a meticulous tracing of the emergence of mass incarceration, tracking its steady development and identifying how and why—both economically and politically—this trend has fallen so heavily on low-income Black communities (Western 2006). Quantitative stratification sociologist Devah Pager carries out remarkably innovative and compelling field experiments showing the terrible toll incarceration takes on the employment prospects and, therefore, the greater life chances of former felons, particularly those who are Black (Pager 2007). And the combined efforts of quantitative criminologist Chris Uggen and quantitative political sociologist Jeff Manza reveal the extraordinary distortion of our local and national politics that results from the practice of felon disfranchisement (Manza and Uggen, 2006).
A CONVERSATION WITH CLAUDE M. STEELE
Authors: Gates Henry Louis , Steele Claude M.
Published: December 2009

Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: Claude, what exactly is “stereotype threat”? And why does it matter for the intellectual performance of Black youth at school?

Claude M. Steele: Stereotype threat is a very simple experience that everybody has, I believe, a couple times a day. It refers to being in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one of your identities—your age, your race, your gender—is relevant to you. You know then that you could be seen and treated in terms of that stereotype. And if you care about what you're doing, the prospect of being judged and treated this way can be upsetting, distracting, and can interfere with your functioning in the situation.
Apparent precision of GPS radio occultation temperatures
Authors: Staten Paul W. , Reichler Thomas
Published: December 2009

The abundant atmospheric data provided by radio occultation (RO) via the Global Positioning System satellite network have improved short and long‐term forecasts and have demonstrated the potential to provide a long‐term, consistent, and independent climate dataset. Previous studies have already verified the consistency and reliability of the RO method, listing a range of precision estimates. Uncertainties arising during temperature retrievals, and confounding effects of atmospheric variability, have made the precision of RO temperature data difficult to determine. In this paper, we introduce the concept of apparent precision, and describe a simple, robust method for estimating the apparent temperature precision using data from the COSMIC project. We examine apparent RO temperature precision by latitude, and find it to be somewhat lower than previous estimates. We attribute this to apparent precision being a function of the true precision plus representativeness errors.
A theoretical and simulation study of the contact discontinuities based on a Vlasov simulation code
Authors: Tsai T. C. , Lyu L. H. , Chao J. K. , Chen M. Q. , Tsai W. H.
Published: December 2009

Contact discontinuity (CD) is the simplest solution that can be obtained from the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Rankine‐Hugoniot jump conditions. Due to the limitations of the previous kinetic simulation models, the stability of the CD has become a controversial issue in the past 10 years. The stability of the CD is reexamined analytically and numerically. Our theoretical analysis shows that the electron temperature profile and the ion temperature profile must be out of phase across the CD if the CD structure is to be stable in the electron time scale and with zero electron heat flux on either side of the CD. Both a newly developed fourth‐order implicit electrostatic Vlasov simulation code and an electromagnetic finite‐size particle code are used to examine the stability and the electrostatic nature of the CD structure. Our theoretical prediction is verified by both simulations. Our results of Vlasov simulation also indicate that a simulation with initial electron temperature profile and ion temperature profile varying in phase across the CD will undergo very transient changes in the electron time scale but will relax into a quasi‐steady CD structure within a few ion plasma oscillation periods if a real ion‐electron mass ratio is used in the simulation and if the boundary conditions allow nonzero heat flux to be presented at the boundaries of the simulation box. The simulation results of this study indicate that the Vlasov simulation is a powerful tool to study nonlinear phenomena with nonperiodic boundary conditions and with nonzero heat flux at the boundaries of the simulation box.
Horizontal structure of the geomagnetic 2 day variation
Authors: Yamada Y.
Published: December 2009

Principal component analysis was applied to 30 year geomagnetic field data of six observatories in low latitudes to extract the longitudinal structure of the geomagnetic 2 day variation. It was revealed that characteristics of the 2 day variation agree well with those of the quasi 2 day wave observed in the middle atmosphere; it propagates westward with a zonal wave number 3, and the monthly mean amplitude of the variation is largest in January and July. In addition, an investigation into the latitudinal profile of the variation clarified that the amplitude of the 2 day variation is largest in the equatorial region, although it extends to the middle latitudes. A previous result of spherical harmonics analysis of geomagnetic field data was reanalyzed to identify the global horizontal pattern of overhead currents responsible for the geomagnetic 2 day variation. The results showed that the 2 day variation is attributed to westward propagating current vortices, the foci of which are located along the equator. All these features can be explained by a scenario in which there exists a 2 day wave in the ionosphere whose horizontal structure and temporal variation resemble those in the middle atmosphere, and the wind drives electric fields and currents in the ionosphere through dynamo action.
Observations of the ionospheric response to the 15 December 2006 geomagnetic storm: Long‐duration positive storm effect
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Lei J. , Larson K. M. , Forbes J. M.
Published: December 2009

The long‐duration positive ionospheric storm effect that occurred on 15 December 2006 is investigated using a combination of ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC), TOPEX and Jason‐1 TEC, and topside ionosphere/plasmasphere TEC, GPS radio occultation, and tiny ionospheric photometer (TIP) observations from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites. This multi‐instrument approach provides a unique view of the ionospheric positive storm effect by revealing the storm time response in different altitude regions. The ground‐based GPS TEC, TOPEX/Jason‐1 TEC, and topside ionosphere/plasmasphere TEC all reveal significant enhancements at low latitudes to midlatitudes over the Pacific Ocean region during the initial portions of the storm main phase from 0000–0400 universal time (UT) on 15 December. At low latitudes, the topside ionosphere/plasmasphere TEC increase represents greater than 50% of the TEC enhancement that is observed by ground‐based GPS receivers. Moreover, electron density profiles obtained using the technique of GPS radio occultation demonstrate that the F layer peak height increased by greater than 100 km during this time period. The effects of soft particle precipitation are also apparent in the COSMIC observations of topside ionosphere/plasmasphere TEC. The positive storm effects over the Pacific Ocean region remain present in the equatorial ionization anomaly crest regions beyond 1200 UT on 15 December. This long‐lasting positive storm effect is most apparent in ground‐based GPS TEC and COSMIC TIP observations, while only a small increase in the topside ionosphere/plasmasphere TEC after 0400 UT is observed. This indicates that the long‐lasting positive storm effect occurs predominantly at F region altitudes and, furthermore, that refilling of the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere is not the primary mechanism for producing the long‐lasting positive storm phase during this event. The observations suggest that the enhanced eastward electric field and equatorward neutral wind are likely to play a significant role in the generation of long‐lasting positive storm effects.
Proton aurora related to intervals of pulsations of diminishing periods
Authors: Yahnin A. G. , Yahnina T. A. , Frey H. U. , Bösinger T. , Manninen J.
Published: December 2009

Geomagnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range are believed to be an indicator of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves arriving from the equatorial magnetosphere, where the waves are generated because of a cyclotron instability of the anisotropic distribution of ring current ions. Proton precipitation produced by the cyclotron instability can be responsible for proton aurora. Indeed, the relationship between some types of proton aurora (proton spots and proton flashes) and pulsations in the Pc1 range (quasi‐monochromatic Pc1 and Pc1 bursts) has already been found. The aim of this study is to find the proton aurora pattern, which relates to the kind of geomagnetic pulsations in the Pc1 range called intervals of pulsation of diminishing periods (IPDP). This is done on the basis of 2 year observations of geomagnetic pulsations at the Finnish meridional network of search coil magnetometers and proton aurora from the IMAGE spacecraft. We found that during IPDP the proton arcs appear equatorward of the proton oval at the meridian of the ground magnetometers. The maximum intensity of the pulsations is observed at the ground station, which is closest to the proton arc. The proton arcs tend to appear at lower latitudes at later magnetic local times (MLTs). This agrees with the facts that the IPDP occurrence exhibits a similar behavior and that the IPDP end frequency tends to increase with increasing MLT. In addition, data from geosynchronous spacecraft showed that IPDP occur when clouds of energy‐dispersed energetic protons pass through the meridian of the ground magnetometers. The spatial‐temporal correlation of IPDP with proton aurora arcs confirms the expectation that the proton arcs, like the proton spots and flashes, are the ionospheric image of the region where the ion cyclotron instability develops in the equatorial magnetosphere. In the case of IPDP the instability develops when drifting proton clouds resulting from particle injections in the night sector contact the plasmaspheric plume onto which the proton arcs map.
A severe drought event in northern China in winter 2008–2009 and the possible influences of La Niña and Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Gao Hui , Yang Song
Published: December 2009

Severe drought occurred in northern China in winter 2008–09 and the La Niña event might have exerted a major influence on the drought. Both correlation analysis and case investigation indicate that severe wintertime droughts in northern China mostly occur under La Niña conditions. The La Niña event in 2008–2009 increased the differences in temperature and atmospheric pressure between the Indo‐Pacific Oceans and the Asian continent and intensified the northeasterly East Asian winter monsoon flow. In winter 2008–2009, the western Pacific subtropical high was located farther south than normal, associating with a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone so that wet and warm flow could hardly reach northern China from the tropical oceans. Furthermore, the La Niña event in 2008–2009 strengthened the upstream portion of the upper tropospheric jet stream and the descending branch of the meridional cell over the subtropics, causing a negative divergence anomaly to the northern side of the jet entrance. As a result, the airflow over northern China is more convergent (divergent) at the upper (lower) levels, unfavorable for precipitation. In winter 2008–2009, the surface and tropospheric temperatures over the Tibetan Plateau were above normal. As a result, the India‐Burma trough was shallower and less active, weakening the moisture transportation from the Bay of Bengal to eastern China. This feature was possibly related to the less snow over the plateau. Results also show that both the Niño3.4 SST and the Tibet Plateau temperature in the previous autumn can be considered indicators of the winter drought in northern China.
A spin-echo resolved grazing incidence scattering setup for the neutron interrogation of buried nanostructures
Authors: Major János , Vorobiev Alexei , Rühm Adrian , Maier Ralf , Major Márton , Mezger Markus , Nülle Max , Dosch Helmut , Felcher Gian P. , Falus Péter , Keller Thomas , Pynn Roger
Published: December 2009

We present a dedicated experimental spin-echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) setup for the investigation of surfaces and thin films exhibiting large lateral length scales. This technique uses the neutron spin to encode one in-plane component of the wave-vector transfer in a grazing angle scattering experiment. Instead of the scattering angle, the depolarization of the scattered beam is measured. This allows one to achieve a very high in-plane momentum resolution without collimation of the incident neutron beam in the corresponding direction. SERGIS can therefore offer an alternative or complementary method to conventional grazing incidence neutron scattering experiments. We describe the experimental setup installed at the neutron sources ILL (Grenoble) and FRM II (Garching) and present data obtained with this setup on various samples exhibiting characteristic mesoscopic length scales in the range of several hundred nanometers. We also derive general formulas and error margins for the analysis and interpretation of SERGIS data and apply them to the cases of a one-dimensional structure and of an island morphology.
Flexible pentacene organic thin film transistor circuits fabricated directly onto elastic silicone membranes
Authors: Graz Ingrid M. , Lacour Stéphanie P.
Published: December 2009

We have fabricated flexible pentacene thin film transistors (OTFTs) and active load inverter circuits directly onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. Gold electrodes, parylene C gate dielectric, and pentacene films are deposited using a room temperature and all-vapor phase process on spin-coated or cast PDMS. The channel stack on PDMS is wrinkled but crack-free. The devices have good electrical properties with saturation mobilities up to 0.2cm2∕Vs, and on/off current ratio of 5×104. The OTFT circuits on PDMS withstand modest repeated bending without electrical failure.
A laboratory study of low-mode internal tide scattering by finite-amplitude topography
Authors: Peacock Thomas , Mercier Matthieu J. , Didelle Henri , Viboud Samuel , Dauxois Thierry
Published: December 2009

We present the first laboratory experimental results concerning the scattering of a low-mode internal tide by finite-amplitude Gaussian topography. Experiments performed at the Coriolis Platform in Grenoble used a recently conceived internal wave generator as a means of producing a high-quality mode-1 wave field. The evolution of the wave field in the absence and presence of a Gaussian was studied by performing spatiotemporal modal decompositions of velocity field data obtained using particle image velocimetry. The results support the belief that finite-amplitude topography produces significant reflection of the internal tide and transfer of energy from low to high modes.
Conical Intersections, charge localization, and photoisomerization pathway selection in a minimal model of a degenerate monomethine dye
Authors: Olsen Seth , McKenzie Ross H.
Published: December 2009

We propose a minimal model Hamiltonian for the electronic structure of a monomethine dye, in order to describe the photoisomerization of such dyes. The model describes interactions between three diabatic electronic states, each of which can be associated with a valence bond structure. Monomethine dyes are characterized by a charge-transfer resonance; the indeterminacy of the single-double bonding structure dictated by the resonance is reflected in a duality of photoisomerization pathways corresponding to the different methine bonds. The possible multiplicity of decay channels complicates mechanistic models of the effect of the environment on fluorescent quantum yields, as well as coherent control strategies. We examine the extent and topology of intersection seams between the electronic states of the dye and how they relate to charge localization and selection between different decay pathways. We find that intersections between the S1 and S0 surfaces only occur for large twist angles. In contrast, S2/S1 intersections can occur near the Franck–Condon region. When the molecule has left-right symmetry, all intersections are associated with con- or disrotations and never with single bond twists. For asymmetric molecules (i.e., where the bridge couples more strongly to one end) the S2 and S1 surfaces bias torsion about different bonds. Charge localization and torsion pathway biasing are correlated. We relate our observations with several recent experimental and theoretical results, which have been obtained for dyes with similar structure.
Quantum field theory with a fundamental length: A general mathematical framework
Authors: Soloviev M. A.
Published: December 2009

We review and develop a mathematical framework for nonlocal quantum field theory (QFT) with a fundamental length. As an instructive example, we re-examine the normal ordered Gaussian function of a free field and find the primitive analyticity domain of its n-point vacuum expectation values. This domain is smaller than the usual future tube of local QFT, but we prove that in difference variables, it has the same structure of a tube whose base is the (n−1)-fold product of a Lorentz invariant region. It follows that this model satisfies the Wightman-type axioms with an exponential high-energy bound, which does not depend on n, contrary to the claims in literature. In our setting, the Wightman generalized functions are defined on test functions analytic in the complex l-neighborhood of the real space, where l is an n-independent constant playing the role of a fundamental length, and the causality condition is formulated with the use of an analogous function space associated with the light cone. In contrast to the scheme proposed by Brüning and Nagamachi [J. Math. Phys. 45, 2199 (2004)] in terms of ultrahyperfunctions, the presented theory obviously becomes local as l tends to zero.
Theoretical modeling of the series resistance effect on dye-sensitized solar cell performance
Authors: Huang Yang , Dai Songyuan , Chen Shuanghong , Zhang Changneng , Sui Yifeng , Xiao Shangfeng , Hu Linhua
Published: December 2009

Based on the continuity equations and the equivalent circuit, the conductivity of substrates and the resistances of silver grid in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) are investigated. The complete I-V characteristics of DSC are obtained with different internal resistances. The theoretical and experimental results show internal resistances dominate the fill factor of DSC. At the same time, DSC module is investigated by numerical simulation under parallel connection with different illumination intensities. It can be found the high resistivity of substrates and the high illumination intensity lead to a lower optimal width in the DSC module.
Chaotic motion in classical fluids with scale relativistic methods
Authors: Célérier Marie-Noëlle
Published: December 2009

In the framework of the scale relativity theory, the chaotic behavior in time only of a number of macroscopic systems corresponds to the motion in a space with geodesics of fractal dimension 2 and leads to its representation by a Schrödinger-type equation acting in the macroscopic domain. The fluid interpretation of such a Schrödinger equation yields Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. We therefore choose to extend this formalism to study the properties of a system exhibiting a chaotic behavior both in space and time, which amounts to consider them as issued from the geodesic features of a mathematical object exhibiting all the properties of a fractal “space-time.” Starting with the simplest Klein–Gordon-type form that can be given to the geodesic equation in this case, we obtain a motion equation for a “three fluid” velocity field and three continuity equations, together with parametric expressions for the three velocity components which allow us to derive relations between their nonvanishing curls. At the nonrelativistic limit and owing to the physical properties exhibited by this solution, we suggest that it could represent some kind of three-dimensional chaotic behavior in a classical fluid, tentatively turbulent if particular conditions are fulfilled. The appearance of a transition parameter D in the equations allows us to consider different ways of testing experimentally our proposal.
Hole-electron electrical coupling in photorefractive materials
Authors: de Oliveira Ivan , Montenegro Renata , Frejlich Jaime
Published: December 2009

We describe an improved mathematical model for photorefractive materials exhibiting hole-electron competition where the constants accounting for electrical coupling between holes and electrons are independently adjusted for each one of them. Experimental results from photorefractive titanosillenite crystals with hole-electron competition, and particularly from a vanadium doped sample, are shown to be better described by this modified model than by the classical one already reported in the literature.
Discrete map with memory from fractional differential equation of arbitrary positive order
Authors: Tarasov Vasily E.
Published: December 2009

Derivatives of fractional order with respect to time describe long-term memory effects. Using nonlinear differential equation with Caputo fractional derivative of arbitrary order α>0, we obtain discrete maps with power-law memory. These maps are generalizations of well-known universal map. The memory in these maps means that their present state is determined by all past states with power-law forms of weights. Discrete map equations are obtained by using the equivalence of the Cauchy-type problem for fractional differential equation and the nonlinear Volterra integral equation of the second kind.