bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War at a Distance: Court-Martial Narratives in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Alryyes Ala
Published: July 2008

This article argues that what I call “court-martial narratives,” published British pamphlets purporting to be eye-witness accounts of military trials, provide insights into both the ubiquity of war in the eighteenth century and its distance from the everyday life of the reading public in London. These accounts, sophisticated literary and legal narratives that might well be considered a developed eighteenth-century genre, highlight particular circumstances of courts-martial proceedings at the outposts of empire that conflict with the universalist claim of law’s application. A first-person “editor” often interprets evidence and recounts the fate of the accused officer as well as the sufferings of his family. Thus, court-martial narratives also often preserve records of female roles in war and politics.
Retraining the Virtuoso’s Gaze: Behn’s Emperor of the Moon , The Royal Society, and the Spectacles of Science and Politics
Authors: Coppola Al
Published: July 2008

Aphra Behn’s The Emperor of the Moon (1687), so often marginalized in the wealth of recent criticism of her later career, is a savvy deconstruction of what the author calls—adapting Paula Backscheider’s account of Restoration politics—a culture of spectacle in the post-Plot years, in which the feverish political speculations of Whigs and Tories, popular natural philosophy, and “non-rational” entertainments like opera and comedia dell’arte were inextricably enmeshed. A satiric restaging of John Dryden’s Albion and Albanius , Behn’s farce deliberately stimulates her audience’s uncritical wonder in order to retrain it, a strategy shares with the Musaeum Regalis Societatis .
“Call No Man Master Upon Earth”: Mary Astell’s Tory Feminism and an Unknown Correspondence
Authors: Apetrei Sarah
Published: July 2008

This article reexamines the early eighteenth-century writer Mary Astell’s paradoxical commitments as a “Tory feminist” in light of a previously unknown correspondence between Astell, an anonymous woman, and the nonjuring cleric George Hickes. Using evidence from these letters and her wider corpus, it proposes not only that Astell’s doctrine of passive obedience in Church and State was far less robust and far more provisional than we have often thought; but also that her feminist writings betray an anticlerical instinct which leads her into conflict with her High Church convictions.
The Monarchy of Virtue: The Prix de Vertu and the Economy of Emulation in France, 1777–91
Authors: Caradonna Jeremy L.
Published: July 2008

This essay investigates the practice of virtue in late eighteenth-century France through an exploration of annual virtue prizes ( prix de vertu ) organized by the French Academy, the Academy of Bordeaux, and the Academy of Montauban. The academic archives consulted for this project offer a new means of interpreting the meaning of vertu at the end of the ancient régime since, unlike with more theoretical texts that discuss virtue in abstract terms, prize contests allowed social elites to designate particular acts as “virtuous.” The main argument is that the concept of virtue mobilized in the prix de vertu is an outgrowth of a long-standing moralistic discourse that valorized the dutiful conduct of the peasantry.
“An Account of an Unaccountable Distemper”: The Experience of Pain in Early Eighteenth-Century England and France
Authors: Smith Lisa Wynne
Published: July 2008

Drawing on early eighteenth-century medical consultation letters addressed to Sir Hans Sloane and Étienne-François Geoffroy, this article examines sufferers’ descriptions of pain. The pervasiveness of humoral theory meant that patients in both England and France understood and perceived their bodily experiences similarly. Humoral theory was also particularly flexible, allowing for patients to describe in detail their pain, as well as to express the mind-body overlap of suffering. Fear and anxiety surrounded the experience of pain, particularly when patients had not received a diagnosis. Letter-writing may have helped sufferers to find meaning, as well as describe their illness to the physician.
"Black Sounds": Hemingway and Duende
Authors: Wilson Kristine A.
Published: July 2008

In 1933, Spanish poet and playwright Federico García Lorca gave an address entitled "Play and Theory of the Duende " in which he claims duende as a distinctly Spanish brand of artistic inspiration and performative signature, bound up with the seemingly antithetical qualities of joy and suffering that dominate Spanish culture. In this essay, I use Lorca's concept of duende as a tool for analyzing The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls , suggesting that such a comparison provides a new way of situating Hemingway's work within Spanish and modernist milieux.
Into Africa: Narrative and Authority in Hemingway's The Garden Of Eden
Authors: Silbergleid Robin
Published: July 2008

This essay focuses on the African story in Hemingway's novel The Garden of Eden as a way to explore issues of narrative authority. Instead of privileging the unpublished manuscripts, this essay provides an argument about the significance of the published novel's focus and plot, making clear who and what get sacrificed in the name of narrative closure. The hunt for narrative closure in the published novel parallels the hunt in the African story, ultimately leading to the death of the elephant and its figurative iterations in Catherine and in the characters' explorations of gender and sexuality. As such, the novel sheds light on the complex relations among biographical experience, textual construction, and interpretive practices.
Ernest Hemingway and the Nobel Prize for Literature
Authors: Svensson Ove G.
Published: July 2008

Nominations for the Nobel Prize for Literature are kept classified for 50 years, which means that the documents nominating Hemingway, the 1954 winner, were opened in January 2005. Researcher Ove Swensson examined Hemingway's file at the Nobel Library of the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, and here reveals the contents of the nominating documents and of the Nobel Committee's discussion about the American writer.
Looking Back: The Making of a Hemingway Bibliography
Authors: Hanneman Audre
Published: July 2008

Audre Hanneman is the author of two monumental volumes of bibliography— Ernest Hemingway: A Comprehensive Bibliography , published by Princeton University Press in 1967, and its Supplement , published in 1975. For decades, these classics have enabled students of Hemingway's work to locate all of his published writing in books, pamphlets, anthologies, newspapers, and periodicals, as well as to find library holdings, ephemera, and translations. Hanneman's bibliographies also record books on or significantly mentioning Hemingway through 1973, as well as newspaper and periodical materials about the author. For Hemingway scholars, these bibliographies are essential reference works. Here Hanneman recounts the story of compiling her bibliographies, a labor of love that began more than fifty years ago and is all the more remarkable for having been conducted in a world without word-processing, e-mail, the web, and on-line databases.
Ernest Hemingway's Miltonic Twist in "Up in Michigan"
Authors: Maloney Ian
Published: July 2008

Interpretations of Hemingway's short story "Up in Michigan" have been divided about the meaning of the unsettling sexual encounter between Jim Gilmore and Liz Coates. This essay re-examines the story's conclusion through the lens of literary influence and contends that John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost may hold important clues to the story's interpretation. "Up in Michigan" provides a Miltonic twist on the fortunate fall, and demonstrates Hemingway's own recasting of the Eden legend.
Museo Finca Vigía Celebrates Its 45th Birthday
Authors: Ferrero Gladys Rodríguez
Published: July 2008

Gladys Rodríguez Ferrero was the first curator of the Museo Finca Vigía, the historic house museum that preserves and interprets Hemingway's Cuban home and its extraordinary contents. Today, Rodríguez Ferrero is a distinguished member of Cuba's Consejo Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural and an honorary member of the Hemingway Society. To celebrate the Finca's 45th anniversary, we are fortunate to have this top Cuban museum expert take us on a tour of the house and grounds, as well as Hemingway's cabin cruiser Pilar . Along the way, Rodríguez Ferrero shares her reflections on the Finca's remarkable history both as Hemingway's home and as a museum, and describes for us the valuable and interesting artifacts on display, painting a picture of the material culture that surrounded Hemingway during his lifetime.
Hunting, Fishing, and the Cramp of Ethics in Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, Green Hills of Africa , and Under Kilimanjaro
Authors: Hediger Ryan
Published: July 2008

Ernest Hemingway's attitude toward hunting is often understood as having become gentler in later life, though in complex ways that are difficult to sort out. For instance, should we call his approach ethical when he generally stops killing animals for trophies but continues to kill them for meat? And how do these changes reflect upon Hemingway's broader ethical orientation? This essay approaches this problem by revising what we mean by "ethics." Rather than taking ethics simply as established law, I rely on recent ethical theory to present an account of Hemingway's ethics as centered on openness to experience and to aesthetics, driven by cognizance of mortality, and intensified in confrontations with animals.
Inquiry Without Names in Plato's Cratylus
Authors: Thomas Christine J.
Published: July 2008

The interlocutors of Plato’s Cratylus agree that “it is far better to learn and to inquire from the things themselves than from their names” (439b6–8). Although surprisingly little attention has been paid to these remarks, at least some commentators view Plato as articulating a preference for direct, nonlinguistic cognitive access to the objects of inquiry. Another commentator takes Plato simply to recommend first-hand, yet linguistic, experience in addition to instruction from experts. This paper defends, in contrast to both interpretations, the view that inquiry without names is dialectical, linguistic inquiry into metaphysical first principles. As such, inquiry without names is (logically) prior to inquiry from or through names. Inquiry without names is a form of transcendental metaphysics.
An Intensional Interpretation of Ockham's Theory of Supposition
Authors: Novaes Catarina Dutilh
Published: July 2008

According to a widespread view in medieval scholarship, theories of supposition are the medieval counterparts of theories of reference, and are thus essentially extensional theories. I propose an alternative interpretation: theories of supposition are theories of properties of terms, but whose aim is to allow for the interpretation of sentences. This holds especially of Ockham’s supposition theory, which is the main object of analysis in this paper. In particular, I argue for my intensional interpretation of his theory on the basis of two key-phrases in his Summa Logicae: ‘denotatur’ and ‘propositio est distinguenda’. Finally, I offer a reconstruction of his theory as a set of instructions to be carried out in order to generate the possible readings of (certain) sentences.
Hans Blumenberg's Philosophical Anthropology: After Heidegger and Cassirer
Authors: Pavesich Vida
Published: July 2008

In this paper, I situate Hans Blumenberg historically and conceptually in relation to a subtheme in the famous debate between Martin Heidegger and Ernst Cassirer at Davos, Switzerland in 1929. The subtheme concerns Heidegger’s and Cassirer’s divergent attitudes toward philosophical anthropology as it relates to the starting points and goals of philosophy. I then reconstruct Blumenberg’s anthropology, which involves reconceptualizing Cassirer’s philosophy of symbolic forms in relation to Heidegger’s objections to the philosophical anthropology of his day (e.g., Max Scheler, Helmuth Plessner, and Arnold Gehlen) as unduly anthropocentric. Blumenberg builds on anthropologist Gehlen’s assumption that human beings are biologically underdetermined and therefore world-open. With this starting point, symbolic forms, such as myth and language, make up a compensatory life-world that supports human existence. Action, or self-assertion, which is necessary given the lack of a seamless fit between human beings and the environment, is thus circumscribed and shaped by the historied, cultural constructs that constitute a life-world. Human beings can thus be characterized as a species that continually renegotiates the shape of its existence through its relation to biological limits on the one hand and cultural constants on the other. Because Blumenberg and philosophical anthropology are relatively unexplored by Anglophone philosophers, and because philosophical anthropology is central to Blumenberg’s methodology generally, this study provides an introduction to both.
The Young Marx and German Idealism: Revisiting the Doctoral Dissertation
Authors: McIvor Martin
Published: July 2008

Recent discussions of “German Idealism” have laid new emphasis on its central concern with the self-determining or “unconditioned” status of self-consciousness, its critique of “reflective” or “foundationalist” epistemologies and metaphysics, and its account of “Reason” or conceptuality as immanent in all human experience and social life. This article contends that this revaluation throws new light upon Karl Marx’s 1841 doctoral dissertation on ancient Greek atomism. It argues that Marx’s interest in comparing the atomistic theories of Democritus and Epicurus lies in their being historical species of reflective or “essentialist” thinking that attempts to identify an underlying “principle” behind or “beyond” sensible “appearance.” Epicurus is accorded (relative) praise by Marx on account of his clear awareness of the necessary contradiction at the heart of any such structure, and his oblique demonstration of its internal link with the individualism and alienation of the post-Hellenic world. Intimately related themes are then shown to animate the rhetorical declarations against religion, in the name of “Reason” and “Self-consciousness”, that frame the dissertation. The precise manner in which Marx formulates this opposition, it is argued, indicate a closer and more conscious affinity with the original project of post-Kantian Idealism than has hitherto been appreciated. While Marx is sure to have intended more than a simple recycling of this tradition, it is suggested that a greater sensitivity to its role in shaping his outlook will prove suggestive—if not conclusive—for thinking about where he means to take it.
The Effects of the Agrégation de Philosophie on Twentieth-Century French Philosophy
Authors: Schrift Alan D.
Published: July 2008

In this paper, I discuss the Agrégation de Philosophie —the French national examination that certifies philosophy teachers for both lycée and university instruction—in terms of the role it has played in the intellectual formation of all French philosophers and, as a corollary, its impact on developments in 20th-century French philosophy. Following a recounting of the history and structure of the examination, I discuss how the examination reveals that a thorough grounding in the history of philosophy, especially pre-1800 philosophy, is a necessary condition for employment as an instructor of philosophy. After discussing the connections between the examination and the teaching activities of the Sorbonne’s Department of Philosophy, I analyze the content of the exam, showing how it offers important insights into the French philosophical tradition and how it differs from the English language and German philosophical traditions. I conclude by examining in detail the appearances of Comte, Plotinus, and Nietzsche on the examination, showing how their appearances correlate with publication trends as well as the careers of influential philosophers.
Pond-Women Revelations: The Subaltern Registers in Maithil Women’s Expressive Forms
Authors: Davis Coralynn V.
Published: July 2008

Ponds are ubiquitous in the Maithil region of Nepal, and they figure prominently in folk narratives and ceremonial paintings produced by women there. I argue that in Maithil women’s folktales, as in their paintings, the trope of ponds shifts the imaginative register toward women’s perspectives and the importance of women’s knowledge and influence in shaping Maithil society, even as this register shift occurs within plots featuring male protagonists. I argue further that in the absence of a habit of exegesis in their expressive arts, and given the cross-referential, dialogic nature of expressive practices, a methodology that draws into interpretive conversation the multitude of expressive forms exercised by Maithil women enhances analytical access to Maithil women’s collective perspectives on their social and cosmological worlds.
Grove Street Grimm: Grand Theft Auto and Digital Folklore
Authors: Miller Kiri
Published: July 2008

This article investigates the Grand Theft Auto videogame series in order to demonstrate the potential of a folkloristic, ethnographic approach for the analysis of digital games. I discuss Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as a story collection, a frame for performance, a virtual museum of vernacular culture, and a widely circulated pop culture artifact whose double-voiced aesthetic has given rise to diverse interpretive communities. This case study suggests that digital gameplay should be regarded as a form of performance practice with the capacity to invoke traditional folkloric genres and engender new traditions.
Proverb Familiarity in the United States: Cross-Regional Comparisons of the Paremiological Minimum
Authors: Haas Heather A.
Published: July 2008

Despite recent calls for establishing a paremiological minimum for the United States, there has been little systematic empirical attention devoted to the issue of proverb familiarity in this country or to the possibility that geographic differences might preclude establishing a single paremiological minimum that would be equally representative of proverb familiarity in diverse regions around the country. This article reviews the call for establishing a paremiological minimum for the United States and the relevant efforts to date. The article then summarizes the results of a study of proverb familiarity among college students in four different regions of the United States, presenting results from both a proverb familiarity rating task and a proverb generation task. These data make it possible to determine the relative familiarity of several hundred proverbs and to assess the possibility that familiarity with these proverbs varies across regions. The success of this approach is evidence that this type of nomothetic and quantitative analysis of folkloric material can be a useful complement to performance-oriented research. For example, the results suggest some limits to the verisimilitude of people’s intuitions as to the currency and familiarity of proverbial texts, as proverbs often listed as “common” were sometimes shown to be relatively unfamiliar (at least to contemporary college students). Further, although statistical analyses of the data did reveal that there may be some difference in absolute levels of familiarity across regions, it was also clear that the relative familiarity of various proverbs nonetheless shows strong stability from one region to another. In general, then, the data presented here provide clear evidence that proverbs familiar in one region of the United States can generally be expected to be familiar in other regions as well; this finding suggests that a truly national paremiological minimum may well be achievable.
African American Women Leaders in Academic Research Libraries
Authors: Epps Sharon K.
Published: July 2008

Effective leadership and increasing diversity are central concerns in the library profession. Using qualitative interviewing and research methods, this study identifies the attributes, knowledge, and skills that African American women need in order to be successful leaders in today’s Association of Research Libraries (ARL). These findings indicate that, although African American women do not need different skills sets than non-minority library directors to be successful, they may need additional attributes or more of certain attributes to overcome stereotypes and successfully navigate predominantly White academic research library environments.
Assessment of Teams and Teamwork in the University of Maryland Libraries
Authors: Baughman M. Sue
Published: July 2008

Teams play an important role in the University of Maryland (UM) Libraries. Since 1998, teams and collaborative teamwork have become the way librarians address the myriad of issues affecting the needs of UM’s faculty, students, and staff. There has been much change in the UM Libraries over the past nine years, and the development is ongoing. Understanding how change takes place and whether the appropriate strategies to support these changes are implemented are vital to the libraries’ success. Assessment of any change process must be conducted to gauge improvement in reaching the desired organizational goals. One assessment tool, the Individual- Team-Organization (ITO) Survey, has been used to measure library staff perceptions in the teambased structure. The ongoing use of the ITO Survey has helped the UM Libraries better understand the challenges of and solutions to building a culture of continuous learning among librarians and staff. Given the widespread use of teams and teamwork in academic libraries, there is much to be gained by understanding their cohesion.
Classroom Performance Systems, Library Instruction, and Instructional Design: A Pilot Study
Authors: Petersohn Barbara
Published: July 2008

To explore how effective CPS (Classroom Performance Systems) are in the classroom, specifically for library instruction, this pilot study considered the question: “Does the use of CPS improve student retention of information presented in class as measured by pre-and posttest scores?” The use of pretest and posttest measurements for the retention of information attempted to assess the impact of instruction using CPS for a single session and the usefulness of CPS for the delivery of instruction, generally. The data collected included the results of a five-item pretest and a six-item posttest, completed by 48 freshmen college students. Although scores improved for both groups after instruction, scores for the group using CPS with instruction showed somewhat greater improvement than the non-CPS group. The author also discusses the role of instructional design in the development of the study and other considerations for future studies.
Is the Library a “Welcoming Space”?: An Urban Academic Library and Diverse Student Experiences
Authors: Elteto Sharon , Jackson Rose M. , Lim Adriene
Published: July 2008

This article presents a case study of an urban academic library’s attempt to identify factors that influence the perceptions of students of color concerning the library as a welcoming space. The goal of this study is to determine if there are qualitative divergent factors along racial lines concerning how students use this library. The research is grounded in the theory of symbolic interactionism and Critical Race Theory. The authors then used these theories to focus on three themes that emerged reflecting racial differences among library users. This project adds to the limited scholarly research concerning the influence of the library on the experiences and the retention and success rates of students of color.
Dangers and Opportunities: A Conceptual Map of Information Literacy Assessment Approaches
Authors: Oakleaf Megan
Published: July 2008

The culture of assessment in higher education requires academic librarians to demonstrate the impact of information literacy instruction on student learning. As a result, many librarians seek to gain knowledge about the information literacy assessment approaches available to them. This article identifies three major assessment approaches: (1) fixed-choice tests, (2) performance assessments, and (3) rubrics. It maps the theoretical and educational assumptions on which these options are grounded and charts the dangers and opportunities of each assessment approach.
Reviving Viola: Comic and Tragic Teen Film Adaptations of Twelfth Night
Authors: Klett Elizabeth
Published: July 2008

This article examines the nuances of two modern 'teen film' adaptations of Twelfth Night: Andy Fickman's conventional studio comedy She's the Man (2006), and Léa Pool's subversive indie tragedy Lost and Delirious (2001). Taking the two films' Violas as a symbol for the twenty-first-century troubled teenager, the essay seeks to demonstrate how the films use Shakespeare's play, and its female protagonist in particular, to explore the challenges faced by contemporary adolescent girls, especially the ways in which they negotiate their feminine identities. The study focuses particularly on the markedly different approaches the two films take in adapting or citing Shakespeare and to presenting issues of gender and sexuality: namely, how She's the Man , though notably modernised, sticks fairly close to the general narrative structure and characters of the play, glossing over its darker tones in order to focus on happy heterosexual union in its final scene, while Lost and Delirious finds the darker side of Twelfth Night and creates a tragic conclusion for its Viola figure through its multiple citations of other Shakespearean texts ( Antony and Cleopatra, Macbeth , and Romeo and Juliet ) which serve to articulate the anguished crisis of gender and sexual identity experienced by its female protagonist. By focusing their narratives on young women, and by dealing with issues of identity, sexuality, self-esteem, and empowerment, these films, the article ultimately suggests, place themselves within current discourses on the "imperiled" teenage girl, demonstrating how successfully the Shakespearean text may lend itself to the articulation of teen films' contemporary concerns.
Teens, Shakespeare, and the Dumbing Down Cliché: The Case of The Animated Tales
Authors: Semenza Gregory M. Colón
Published: July 2008

Existing criticism of teen Shakespeare films - and of Shakespeare adaptation more generally - is overwhelmingly preoccupied with the matter of fidelity to the text. It is widely assumed that cutting material is the same as reducing complexity, 'dumbing down' the plays for a teenage or pre-teen audience who are presumed incapable of digesting multi-layered texts. This article seeks to challenge this view by examining Shakespeare: The Animated Tales - an extreme case, in that each episode runs less than 30 minutes and animation is frequently deemed 'dumbed down' in itself. By re-orientating the focus of criticism from the story (fabula) to the form in which it is told (syuzhet), it is revealed that The Animated Tales not only employs various evocative visual languages to compensate for lost dialogue, but does so in deliberate resistance to the illusory realism of mainstream (e.g. Disney) animation. Instead, the series draws attention to its own material processes, encouraging intelligent and critical responses from its young audience. The importance of medium-specific cultural criticism is here demonstrated convincingly, as is the folly of relying on condescending assumptions about teenage audiences and teen Shakespeare.
Teen Shakespeare Films: An Annotated Survey of Criticism
Authors: Díaz Fernández José Ramón
Published: July 2008

This article attempts to provide a comprehensive reference guide to the Shakespeare film adaptations specifically targeted at a teenage audience. The bibliography includes a section of general studies on the subject and classifies all the teen films under the title of one of Shakespeare's works. Although this survey seeks to be as comprehensive as possible, certain works of minimal value to the subject have been discarded in the interest of efficiency. Interviews and reviews are only included if they specifically deal with one or more Shakespeare films or make reference to the Shakespearean playtext and, for reasons of space, the bibliography is limited to English-language items. Except where the subject is self-evident, entries are annotated with further information about their content.
Twelfth Night 's Cinematic Adolescents: One Play, One Plot, One Setting, and Three Teen Films
Authors: Osborne Laurie E.
Published: July 2008

This essay unravels what She's the Man , a teen film based loosely on Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, yet marketed vigorously as a Shakespearean adaptation, brings to the study of Shakespeare on film and in popular culture. My argument insists on the importance of the specific Shakespearean text being adapted and the implications of the combined intertextual and intercinematic connections created by the film itself and its marketing. Shakespeare's place in popular culture extends the consequences of the film's Shakespearean elements and positioning beyond directorial or marketing intentions. She's the Man's claims on Twelfth Night do more, the article argues, than draw on Shakespeare's cultural clout or take advantage of the currency of his works in high school curricula. In fact, Man's Shakespearean naming, plot, and self-presentation coincide with its reliance on allusions to other teen films in ways that create new relationships and insights. The evolving gender politics in these films together with their intertextual links to Shakespeare's play establish them-like teen Shakespeare overall-as crucial contributors to our understanding of Shakespeare's importance in popular culture. Specifically, the use of Shakespeare's plays makes visible ideological pressures on sexuality and gender in the context of changing cultural situations. In this regard, Twelfth Night proves a particularly rich intertext. Though easily condemned as improbable fictions, Just One of the Guys, Motocrossed, and She's the Man , the article maintains, live up to Twelfth Night's own improbable exploration of how far and where gender roles are being pushed.
"Life and Deaf": Language and the Myth of "Balance" in Public History
Authors: Bergey Jean Lindquist
Published: July 2008

This article chronicles the protest to draft plans for an exhibition on Deaf history organized by Gallaudet University. Jean Bergey, director of the History through Deaf Eyes project, analyzes documents from letters of concern and offers context on the politics of public presentation of Deaf community history.
The Power of Deaf Poetry: The Exhibition of Literacy and the Nineteenth-Century Sign Language Debates
Authors: Esmail Jennifer
Published: July 2008

This article argues that poetry written by nineteenth-century British and American deaf poets played an important role in the period's sign language debates. By placing the publication of this poetry in the context of public exhibitions of deaf students, I suggest that the poetry was mobilized to publicly defend the linguistic and intellectual capacities of signers and the right of deaf people to sign. These signing poets valued signed languages and offered a counternarrative to the oralists' construction of signers as intellectually and linguistically restricted because of the properties of signed languages. Furthermore, because writing poetry in English required both English fluency and the use of abstraction in language, the genre was a suitable battleground for refuting oralists' claims about the limitations of signed languages and their users.
Lydia Huntley Sigourney and the Beginnings of American Deaf Education in Hartford: It Takes a Village
Authors: Sayers Edna Edith , Gates Diana
Published: July 2008

The establishment of deaf education in the United States has traditionally been seen as the heroic act of one inspired hearing man, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. As Paddy Ladd writes in Understanding Deaf Culture , this is the "'Grand Narrative,' where Deaf communities are constructed solely as the individual end product of a lineage of distinguished hearing educators" (2003, 88). More recently, with the establishment of Deaf studies as an academic discipline, credit is increasingly given to Laurent Clerc, the deaf Frenchman from whom T. H. Gallaudet learned to sign and who came to America with Clerc to help establish the nation's first school for deaf children in Hartford, Connecticut. This article argues that these two men would never have been called on to play the roles they did without the earlier and necessary contributions of Lydia Huntley Sigourney. Before Gallaudet and Clerc enrolled their first pupil, Alice Cogswell, in 1817, Lydia Huntley, under the patronage of the wealthy Daniel Wadsworth and with the support of both of Alice's parents, had taught the little deaf girl to read and write English. The Cogswells, the Wadsworths, and the Wadsworths' protégée, Lydia Huntley, formed a group of what Ladd terms "laypeople," people related by blood, friendship, and community who, though they lacked any sort of professional training, nevertheless came together and rolled up their sleeves to enable Alice's education. This article investigates Lydia Huntley Sigourney's role in the founding of American deaf education, her lifelong contacts with the deaf school and its pupils after her own retirement from teaching, and her later erasure from Deaf history.
Immigrant Voices in the Courts
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: July 2008

This is a study of how asylum seekers' persecution stories are represented in court opinions in the United States. The researcher analyzed the facts portions of ten asylum opinions in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Four linguistic analyses were conducted to compare renditions of the persecution narratives in winning versus losing cases. First, a breakdown of the narratives into component parts revealed that the overall organization was similar. Second, an analysis of quoted and reported speech showed that judges in winning cases chose more frequently to quote the applicant's own words. Third, an analysis of evaluative language demonstrated that the judges described the winning applicants' experiences in a highly positive light. The final analysis showed that winners' persecution events were portrayed as human-to-human interactions in which both victim and persecutor were personalized. Overall, judges appeared to recast the supposedly neutral persecution facts in a light that rationalized their decisions to grant asylum or to deport the applicant.
Detection of copies of digital audio recordings produced using analogue interfacing
Authors: Cooper Alan John
Published: July 2008

In a forensic authenticity examination of an audio recording, being able to prove a recording is an original or some form of copy is of paramount importance. This article reports on a method to detect if a digital recording has been copied using an analogue interface between recording systems. Making a number of initial assumptions about the recorded signals and recording systems, it will be shown that in its simplest form, recorded digital audio data may be considered to be an acoustic signal added to white noise and convolved with the low-pass response of the recording system. This allows an estimate of the magnitude squared transfer function of the low-pass response of the recording system to be made purely from the recording under analysis. The application of a novel transform to the estimate leads to a single parameter descriptor, and when the make and type of recorder are known, this parameter value distinguishes between an original recording and a copy recording.
Language endangerment and language revitalization. An introduction. Tasaku Tsunoda (2005)
Authors: Farfán José Antonio Flores
Published: July 2008

Language endangerment and language revitalization. An introduction. Tasaku Tsunoda (2005) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. xvi + 307. ISBN: 3110176629
Changing paradigms in volta basin water management: customary, national and transboundary
Authors: Lautze Jonathan , Barry Boubacar , Youkhana Eva
Published: July 2008

This paper examines water management policies and institutions in the Ghanaian and Burkinabe portions of the Volta basin of West Africa. The paper begins with a brief historical overview of political, cultural and environmental developments in the basin since the late 19th century. Customary approaches to water management in the Volta are described next, followed by colonial and post-colonial water management developments in Ghana and Burkina Faso. The interplay between customary and national water management institutions in the watershed is then analysed so as to understand how conditions changed as a result of national-level developments. The paper also examines transboundary developments in the Volta basin, and concludes with a discussion of some of the strengths and weaknesses of the different management approaches.
Sustainability of rural water supply and disaster resilience in Zimbabwe
Authors: Manyena Siambabala Bernard , Mutale Sani Boniface , Collins Andrew
Published: July 2008

Rural water supply, especially through the provision of village hand pumps, is implicated in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 to enhance the resilience of disaster-affected communities. Lessons from past programmes could help the design and implementation of future rural water supply and sanitation interventions as both a means and an end for sustainable and resilient communities, especially in disaster-prone areas. A study was carried out in the disaster-prone Binga District of Zimbabwe to ascertain whether rural water supply has helped in enhancing community resilience. The findings support the argument that, in addition to ‘hard’ technical inputs and ‘soft’ local human resource inputs, rural water supply is only effective if introduced with the ‘right’ reasons identified and made to operate sustainably, rather than for cost-cutting reasons. The latter is likely to reduce rather than enhance and sustain disaster resilience built by communities over centuries.
Anti-Apoptotic Effect of Magnolol in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Requires Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase1/2 Pathways in Rat In Vivo
Authors: Jin Yong Chun , Kim Kil Jung , Kim Young Min , Ha Yu Mi , Kim Hye Jung , Yun Ui Jung , Bae Ki Hwan , Kim Yeong Shik , Kang Sam Sik , Seo Han Geuk , Lee Jae Heun , Chang Ki Churl
Published: July 2008

Magnolol, an active component extracted from Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to have protective effect on ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury in experimental animals. The aim of the present investigation was to further evaluate the mechanism(s) by which magnolol reduces I/R-induced myocardial injury in rats in vivo. Under anesthesia, left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h (for infarct size and cardiac function analysis). In some experiments, reperfusion was limited to 1 h or 6 h for analysis of biochemical and molecular events. Magnolol and DMSO solution (vehicle) were injected intra-peritoneally 1 h prior to I/R insult. The infarct size was measured by TTC technique and heart function was monitored by Millar Catheter. Apoptosis related events such as p-ERK, p-Bad, Bcl-xl and cytochrome c expression were evaluated by Western blot analysis and myocardial caspase-3 activity was also measured. Magnolol (10 mg/kg) reduced infarct size by 50% ( P < 0.01 versus vehicle), and also improved I/R-induced myocardial dysfunction. Left ventricular systolic pressure and positive and negative maximal values of the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) were significantly improved in magnolol-treated rats. Magnolol increased the expression of phosphor ERK and Bad which resulted in inhibition of myocardial apoptosis as evidenced by TUNEL analysis and DNA laddering experiments. Application of PD 98059, a selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, strongly antagonized the effect of magnolol. Taken together, we concluded that magnolol inhibits apoptosis through enhancing the activation of ERK1/2 and modulation of the Bcl-xl proteins which brings about reduction of infarct size and improvement of cardiac function in I/R-induced injury.
Regulation of Mammary Gland Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones During the Transition from Pregnancy to Lactation
Authors: Capuco A. V. , Connor E. E. , Wood D. L.
Published: July 2008

Thyroid hormones are galactopoietic and help to establish the mammary gland’s metabolic priority during lactation. Expression patterns for genes that can alter tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone activity were evaluated in the mammary gland and liver of cows at 53, 35, 20, and 7 days before expected parturition, and 14 and 90 days into the subsequent lactation. Transcript abundance for the three isoforms of iodothyronine deiodinase, type I ( DIO1), type II ( DIO2) and type III ( DIO3), thyroid hormone receptors alpha1 ( TRα 1), alpha2 ( TRα 2) and beta1 ( TRβ 1), and retinoic acid receptors alpha ( RXRα) and gamma ( RXRγ), which act as coregulators of thyroid hormone receptor action, were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. The DIO3 is a 5-deiodinase that produces inactive iodothyronine metabolites, whereas DIO1 and DIO2 generate the active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine, from the relatively inactive precursor, thyroxine. Low copy numbers of DIO3 transcripts were present in mammary gland and liver. DIO2 was the predominant isoform expressed in mammary gland and DIO1 was the predominant isoform expressed in liver. Quantity of DIO1 mRNA in liver tissues did not differ with physiological state, but tended to be lowest during lactation. Quantity of DIO2 mRNA in mammary gland increased during lactation ( P < 0.05), with copy numbers at 90 days of lactation 6-fold greater than at 35 and 20 days prepartum. When ratios of DIO2/DIO3 mRNA were evaluated, the increase was more pronounced (>100-fold). Quantity of TRβ 1 mRNA in mammary gland increased with onset of lactation, whereas TRα 1 and TRα 2 transcripts did not vary with physiological state. Conversely, quantity of RXRα mRNA decreased during late gestation to low levels during early lactation. Data suggest that increased expression of mammary TRβ 1 and DIO2, and decreased RXRα, provide a mechanism to increase thyroid hormone activity within the mammary gland during lactation.
Effects of Climate Change on Polar Bears
Authors: Wiig Øystein , Aars Jon , Born Erik W.
Published: July 2008

In this article, we review the effects on polar bears of global warming that have already been observed, and try to evaluate what may happen to the polar bears in the future. Many researchers have predicted a wide range of impacts of climate change on polar bear demography and conditions. A predicted major reduction in sea ice habitat will reduce the availability of ice associated seals, the main prey of polar bears, and a loss and fragmentation of polar bear habitat will ultimately lead to large future reductions in most subpopulations. It is likely that polar bears will be lost from many areas where they are common today and also that the total population will change into a few more distinctly isolated populations.
Butterflies as Indicators of Climate Change
Authors: Vickery Margaret
Published: July 2008

In Britain, most butterfly species reach the limit of their range due to climate. Such species are the ones most likely to show rapid adaptations to climate change. There are indications that several butterfly species are adapting and that these insects make good indicators of the likely effects of climate change on other animals.
Three Dimensions of Environmental History
Authors: Hughes J. Donald
Published: July 2008

Historians are sometimes accused of being light on theory, and environmental historians have not escaped this criticism, sometimes deserved. This essay maintains that environmental historians should increasingly investigate theoretical aspects of their subject, and encourages more prevalent reasoned discourse between multiple viewpoints. The essay does not set forth a theoretical structure, but explores three dimensions that may help to plan such a structure. The first dimension, concerning the subject of the field, is the culture-nature continuum. The second dimension is concerned with method, and lies along the continuum between history and science. The third dimension is one of scale and considers time and space as coordinates of definition. There are obviously other dimensions to explore. These reflections are offered tentatively, in hopes that this piece may serve as an opening to an interesting discussion among colleagues.
Book Reviews
Authors: Herring Horace , Rothlisberger John D. , Steinhart Edward I. , Twine Wayne , Evenden Matthew , Crook D.S.
Published: July 2008

Paul Sabin, Crude Politics: The California Oil Market, 1900-1940 (HORACE HERRING)
Mark Lytle, The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson and the Rise of the Environmental Movement (JOHN D. ROTHLISBERGER)
Jan Bender Shetler, Imagining Serengeti: A History of Landscape Memory in Tanzania from Earliest Times to the Present (EDWARD I. STEINHART)
David Fig (ed.), Staking Their Claims: Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility in South Africa (WAYNE TWINE)
Karl Boyd Brooks, Public Power, Private Dams: The Hell's Canyon High Dam Controversy (MATTHEW EVENDEN)
Laxman D. Satya, Ecology, Colonialism, and Cattle: Central India in the Nineteenth Century (D.S. CROOK)
HYSTERIA, HEREDITY AND ANTI-SEMITISM: FREUD'S QUIET REBELLION
Authors: Roith Estelle
Published: July 2008

In this paper, the author examines two episodes in Freud's early professional life which, she suggests, played a crucial role in the development of psychoanalysis. As a result of these episodes, Freud's warm relationship with Jean-Martin Charcot cooled markedly and his more intimate relationship with Josef Breuer broke down altogether. While Freud never referred to the circumstances surrounding these rifts, the author proposes that both cases had, at their core, issues surrounding scientific theories of the time about innate Jewish tendencies to neuropathic disease and hysteria, theories which played an important role in the development of racial anti-Semitism. She proposes that these theories contributed in important respects to Freud's historic leap from the prevailing theory of heredity as the primary cause of hysteria to one of a sexual aetiology.