bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color‐Term Salience and Neurophysiology of Color Vision
Authors: von Wattenwyl André , Zollinger Heinrich
Published: November 2004

Neurophysiological evidence accumulated in the last twenty years supports Hering€s oppo‐ nent theory of color vision. In addition, the general, cross‐cultural, and universal theoy of color naming for all languages proposed by Berlin and Kay has been corroborated. Hays et al. speculated that color‐term salience might be reduced to a neuroanatomical basis. An evaluation of our color‐naming tests in German, French, English, Hebrew, Japanese, Quechi, and Misquito, and linguistic tests carried out, together with other linguistic data, show clearly that the linguistics ofcolor terms is corroborated by the oppo‐ nenl theuy of color vision. [color lexicon, color naming, categorization of color, opponent color theory, psycholinguistics of color terms, cultural influence on color naming]
The Evolution of Allomothering Behavior Among Colobine Monkeys: Function and Opportunism in Evolution
Authors: McKenna James J.
Published: November 2004

The great majority of Old World monkey females are interested in infants, particularly very young ones. Characteristically, females will approach infants cradled by their mothers and subsequently attempt to touch or hold them. For Cercopithecine monkeys, the subfamily that includes the baboons and macaques, caretaking attempts by females other than the mother are ordinarily unsuccessful, at least during the first two or three weeks of life. Mothers are highly possessive of their offspring and will not surrender them to substitute infant‐caretakers. In striking contrast, among the other major subfamily of Old World monkeys, the Colobines, mothers readily allow extensive and sometimes prolonged infant carrying and handling by other females (allomothering), even on the first day of life. This paper reviews the traditional functional explanations for these different maternal systems. Stressing opportunism in evolution, the paper suggests that the social and/or genetic benefits alone are not adequate to account for the origins of allomothering behavior among Colobines. Instead, emphasis is given to the kind of ancestral social structure and its environmental context that might allow such a behavioral system to begin. It is hypothesized that, relative to the Cercopithecines, who do not exhibit infant‐sharing, the dental morphology and digestive system of the Colobines produced food‐acquiring and food‐processing advantages that, in effect, reduced intragroup feeding competition and, concomitantly, reduced the importance of status differences between females. Such a social structure could permit the emergence of allomothering behavior since, for all the participants in this activity pattern, there are varying benefits that contribute to individual fitness. [Colobine, allomothering, functions, opportunism, dietary adaptations, social structure]
Margaret Mead as a Museum Anthropologist
Authors: Thomas David Hurst
Published: November 2004

Margaret Mead's museum‐related activities involved establishment of a sizable ethnographic collection (particularly during her fieldwork on Manus and in New Guinea), exhibition of these artifacts in her Peoples of the Pacific Hall, and an active concern with conservation and restoration of overall ethnographic research collections. Her attitude toward museums reflected a characteristic blend of the pragmatic and the intensely personal.
Signs of the Self: An Exploration in Semiotic Anthropology
Authors: Singer Milton
Published: November 2004

Peirce's general theory of signs, or semiotic, as he called it, yields a theory of the self that sees it both as the object and the subject of semiotic systems. From this viewpoint, the locus, unity, and continuity of the self will be found in the systems of signs that constitute the dialogues between utterers and interpreters of the signs. Personal identity, in this theory, is also a social and cultural identity and is not confined to the individual organism. Peirce's anti‐Cartesianism, which denies intuitive and introspective knowledge of the self, derived that knowledge from the fallible inferences we all make from the observations of external facts, including the signs of the self. This laid the foundation for a semiotic psychology as well as for a semiotic anthropology. [self, semiotic anthropology, personal identity, C. S. Peirce]
Women's Preponderance in Possession Cults: The Calcium‐Deficiency Hypothesis Extended
Authors: KEHOE ALICE B. , GILETTI DODY H.
Published: November 2004

The preponderance of women in spirit possession cults is linked with the likelihood of deficiencies in thiamine, tryptophan‐niacin, calcium, and vitamin D in women in Old World traditional societies in which poverty and/or sumptuary rules restrict women's nutrient intakes more than those of men. The higher nutrient needs of pregnant and lactating women may exacerbate the inadequacy of their diets. It is postulated that involuntary symptoms of deficiencies affecting the central nervous system and muscles have been recognized in these societies as manifestations of spirit possession and institutionalized as a means of reducing victims' anxieties and restoring their ability to function normally
Lactation and Menstruation in Cultural Perspective
Authors: Harrell Barbara B.
Published: November 2004

The anthropological study of women should rest upon a sound understanding of women's reproductive heritage. Current research in reproductive physiology can contribute to this understanding, particularly with reference to the lactation period. In preindustrial societies as a rule, lactation is prolonged and intensive, while menstruation is correspondingly uncommon. This is related primarily to cultural factors that interact with the suckling frequency, but other factors may be involved. Industrialization and the propagation of western attitudes have been associated with a worldwide decline in lactation; an example from Taiwan is presented. The concept of the menstrual cycle as a liminal state is introduced, and anthropologists are urged to rethink their understanding of physiologic and symbolic womanhood. [reproductive physiology, lactation, menstruation, conception, Taiwan]
Sexual Division of Labor in African Agriculture: A Network Autocorrelation Analysis
Authors: White Douglas R. , Burton Michael L. , Dow Malcolm M.
Published: November 2004

A model of causes and consequences of sexual division of labor in agriculture is tested using a sample of African societies. Crop type and the presence or absence of slavery are shown to be effective predictors of the degree of female contribution to agricultural subsistence, and the degree of polygyny is shown to be affected by female agricultural contribution and the form of residence. Autocorrelation effects are found and are shown to be a consequence of Bantu societies having higher female participation in agriculture than would otherwise be expected. This effect is an example of one of the kinds of phenomena that anthropologists have referred to as Galton's problem. [sexual division of labor, cultural ecology, Galton's Problem, Africa]
Interactional Psychology: Some Implications for Psychological Anthropology
Authors: Howard Alan
Published: November 2004

Recent developments in psychology are bringing about a rapprochement between behaviorists, trait psychologists, and psychodynamically oriented theorists. The incipient perspective, which has been labeled “interactional psychology,” focuses on persons‐in‐situations and raises some penetrating questions for psychological anthropology. Attempts by interactionists to reconcile traditional concepts of “personality” with evidence demonstrating the power of situations to pattern behavior are discussed. It is proposed that the interactionist framework fits well with recent trends in anthropology that emphasize the contextualization of behavior and an interest in intracultural diversity, [psychological anthropology, personality, situation, ecology of behavior]
A Demographic Basis for Patrilineal Hordes
Authors: Martin John F. , Stewart Donald G.
Published: November 2004

The evidence for patrilocal group organization among precontact hunter‐gatherers is ambiguous. Observations among modern hunter‐gatherers suggest that few, if any, are organized into patrilineal hordes or bands, but these observations stem from declining populations in transformed environments. These inadequacies in the data imbue the theoretical arguments concerning hunter‐gatherer local organization with special importance. It is shown that ecological arguments against the viability of patrilineal bands fail because they conflate the membership of the camp with the band. The argument that variations in family size preclude patrilineal bands is found to be true in nonpolygynous populations. However, it is argued that patrilineal bands should develop in stable, strongly polygynous populations with small local groups, [hunter‐gatherers, local organization, ecology, demography, polygyny]
Metaphor and Self: Symbolic Process in Everyday Life
Authors: Merten Don , Schwartz Gary
Published: November 2004

This study describes the symbolic process by which individuals attempted to realize, in organizational form, their variant interpretations of an extended metaphor—community mental health. Their metaphoric construals were embedded in everyday discourse and were initially unrecognized by participants at a community mental health center. The metaphoric process, that is, the movement involving the emergence, interpretation, and realization of these metaphors, was mediated by the self‐images of the participants. They had embarked upon an innovative project to realize, in part, an ideal sense of self. The latter was a key factor in the development of new construals of community mental health and the implementation of these construals. [metaphor, symbolic process, self, mental health]
The Logic of Misplaced Concreteness: Paiela Body Counting and the Nature of the Primitive Mind
Authors: Biersack Aletta
Published: November 2004

The paper has two goals: to demonstrate ethnographically the connection between “structure” and communication, which Lévi‐Strauss has consistently alleged to exist, and to challenge the thesis of Hallpike's book, The Foundations of Primitive Thought, that primitive thought reflects an “incomplete,” unsophisticated logic.

The paper focuses on the counting system of the Paiela, a highland Papua New Guinea group. It argues that Paiela counting behavior is best analyzed as an element in a complex communication process. The logic of Paiela counting behavior is then the logic of the encompassing process: a communicational logic founded on concepts such as information and pattern. According to some theorists, the relationship between this logic and the logic that informs Western science is metalogical and dualistic. Paiela thought is thus revealed to be based on a complete and sophisticated alternative logic, a science among sciences. [Papua New Guinea, counting behavior, communication]
The Utilitarian Factor in Folk Biological Classification
Authors: Hunn Eugene
Published: November 2004

This paper argues that ethnoscientists interested in folk biological classification have paid insufficient attention to the practical significance of such systems of cultural knowledge in their pursuit of general logical and/or perceptual principles governing the form and content of folk biological taxonomies. It is suggested that ethnoscientists adopt an adaptationist stance in recognition of the fact that cultural knowledge is used to guide behavior. The implications of such a shift in emphasis on folk biological classification theory are assessed. Present theory is rent by a fundamental contradiction between a formal taxonomic hierarchy model and one based on the contrast between a general purpose, biologically natural taxonomic core and special purpose, biologically artificial peripheral taxa. The natural core model is advocated as both superior in explanatory power and explicit in recognizing the purposes of classification. C. Brown's life‐form universals are criticized for confounding the fundamental contrast between general purpose and special purpose life‐form taxa. In conclusion, there is a discussion of the difficulty of developing a valid measure of the practical significance of a taxon, suggesting as a first step toward that goal the systematic description of each taxon's unique “activity signature.” Such activity signatures are then to be evaluated in the context of a culture's system of “routine action plans” which link cultural knowledge and adaptive behavior. The desired result is a new ethnoecology integrating ethnoscientific and ecological theory. [ethnoscience, taxonomy, folk biology]
Some New Audiovisual Catalogues
Authors: Allen Peter S.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Films, The Visualization of Anthropology. Lori A. Baldwin, M. Kathleen Duttro, and Geza Teleki, eds.

The World of Islam, Images and Echoes: A Critical Guide to Films and Recordings. Ellen‐Fairbanks Bodman, gen ed.

Media Log. A Guide to Television, Film and Radio Programs Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Lilian Jimenez, Mara Mayor, and Virginia Schofield, eds.

Encyclopaedia Cinematographica: Cultural Anthropology Catalog. Richard Lytle and John K. Mallory, compilers.

Films from D.E.R. Toby Alice Volkman

Native Americans on Film and Video. Elizabeth Weatherford, ed.
FBD Marriage: Further Support for the Westermarck Hypothesis of the Incest Taboo?
Authors: McCabe Justine
Published: November 2004

In the past decade, several reports, including data from Taiwan on the sim‐pua form of marriage, have provided evidence for the Westermarck Hypothesis, a heretofore unpopular explanation of the incest taboo. This theory states that intimate childhood association breeds sexual disinterest. A preliminary study of FBD marriage in Lebanon reveals similar support for Westermarck's theory. The Lebanese patrilateral parallel cousin marriages examined produced significantly fewer children and more divorces than nonpaternal first cousin unions. Given the quite disparate cultures from which this evidence comes, serious reconsideration of Westermarck's Hypothesis is suggested. [incest taboo, FBD marriage, Lebanon, Middle Eastern sexuality]
Theory of Lineage Organizations
Authors: Ballonoff Paul Alan
Published: November 2004

Descriptions used by ethnography can be embodied in a mathematical theory, yielding strong measurable inferences. This theory is interpreted and applied to an empirical example, to derive population measures from lineage descriptions. The theory is purely cultural in that it derives testable implications from social anthropological descriptions without use of techniques from classical demography. The new techniques are not subsumed by “general systems” or statistical methods commonly taught, therefore implying these methods are fundamentally wrong. [social anthropology, mathematical theory, cultural theory, population measures]
The Relative Decline in Women's Contribution to Agriculture with Intensification
Authors: Ember Carol R.
Published: November 2004

This paper suggests why the intensification of agriculture is associated with a relative decline in women's participation in agriculture. The statistical evidence described here is consistent with the theory that women contribute relatively less to agriculture when it becomes intensive because their domestic work and fertility have increased. It is also argued that most men may be able to contribute more to agriculture in societies cultivating intensively because hunting, warfare, and trade are not so likely to pull them away from crop production [women's contribution to subsistence, agricultural intensification, time allocation, fertility, cross‐cultural]
In Search of Experience: The Anthropological Poetics of Stanley Diamond
Authors: Rose Dan
Published: November 2004

Totems. Stanley Diamond. Barrytown, New York: Open Book/Station Hill, 1982.
Ecological Aspects of Equestrian Adaptations in Aboriginal North America
Authors: Osborn Alan J.
Published: November 2004

Considerable attention has been given by anthropologists, including ethnohistorians, to the impact of domesticated horse use on aboriginal societies in western North America. The spatial and temporal distribution of horses, as well as variation in herd size, has traditionally been explained within a cultural diffusionist or historical particularist paradigm. It is argued here that not only has such an approach failed to account for the distribution and abundance of horses, but it also has proven to be an unproductive research strategy. An ecologically based explanatory model is presented that accounts for 65% of the observed variability in aboriginal horse herd size(s). An explanation of variability in horse numbers and horse‐to‐person ratios is essential if anthropologists seek to better understand equestrian adaptations. [equestrian adaptations, horse ecology, Plains‐Basin‐Plateau ethnology]
Ndumba Folk Biology and General Principles of Ethnobotanical Classification and Nomenclature
Authors: Hays Terence E.
Published: November 2004

Brent Berlin's proposed “general principles of classification and nomenclature” are examined as they apply to folk biology in Ndumba, a Papua New Guinea highlands society. Focusing on Ndumba folk zoology, supplemented with a previous analysis of their folk botany, Berlin's analytical schema for ethnobiological classification is supported, but principles of nomenclature in ethnobiology appear to be in need of reconsideration. [ethnosemantics, folk biology, language universals, Papua New Guinea]
Optimal Foraging Theory: A Review of Some Models and Their Applications
Authors: Martin John F.
Published: November 2004

Hunter‐Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archeological Analyses. Bruce Winterhalter and Eric Alden Smith, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. x + 268 pp. $18.00 (cloth), $7.50 (paper).
Context‐Specific Variation in Humoral Classification
Authors: Mathews Holly F.
Published: November 2004

Anthropological studies of classification have focused attention on descriptions of the shared content of cultural categories rather than on the classification process itself. In this paper, data collected in Oaxaca, Mexico, are presented that demonstrate that humoral classification is organized by context such that the values assigned to items vary in accordance with the task to be performed. A variety of cognitive structures govern this process by providing individuals with different defining attributes for use in making classifications in specific contexts.
Paradox Regained: Freeman's Margaret Mead and Samoa
Authors: SHORE BRADD
Published: November 2004

Typee or Happar? A frightful death at the hands of the fiercest of cannibals, or a kindly reception from a gentler race of savages? Which?…The part of the valley in which we found ourselves appeared to be altogether uninhabited.
Religion and Social Structure in The Division of Labor
Authors: Wallwork Ernest
Published: November 2004

The article offers a thoroughgoing reinterpretation of The Division of Labor, focusing on the six‐stage theory of sociocultural change that lies in the background of Durkheim's well‐known contrast between the ideal types of mechanical and organic solidarity. Durkheim's characterization of each stage is described in terms of its structural‐functional differentiation and religious unity. The Division's evolutionary theory, which underlies much of Durkheim's mature work, is criticized for its dated ethnographic evidence, and contrasted with alternative evolutionary proposals, including that of sociobiology.
The Poetic Turn in Postmodern Anthropology: The Poetry of Paul Friedrich
Authors: TYLER STEPHEN A.
Published: November 2004

Redwing. Paul Friedrich

Bastard Moons. Paul Friedrich
Terms for Kith and Kin
Authors: Kipp Rita Smith
Published: November 2004

Scheffler and Needham give alternative interpretations of Karo Batak terminology, the former describing it as a kinship terminology, the latter as a terminology of social/symbolic classification. Both these points of view prove useful in understanding the way Karo use kinship terms and behave as kin. The organization of ritual, the etiquette of reference and address, and the way Karo forge kinlike ties illustrate how both genealogy and alliance categories operate in Karo kinship.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wylie Jonathan
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General/Theoretical: The Fishing Culture of the World: Studies in Ethnology, Cultural Ecology and Folklore, Vol. 1.

General/Theoretical: The Fishing Culture of the World: Studies in Ethnology, Cultural Ecology and Folklore, Vol. 2.
Manufacturing Danger: Fear and Pollution in Industrial Society
Authors: Lee Kaprow Miriam
Published: November 2004

Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. x + 221 pp. $14.95 (cloth), $7.95 (paper).
Good Enough for Government Work? A Study in “Grey Archeology”
Authors: Brose David S.
Published: November 2004

Archaeological Salvage Excavations at Patoka Lake, Indiana: Prehistoric Occupations of the Upper Patoka River Valley. Cheryl Ann Munson, ed. Glen A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology Research Reports, No. 6. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1980. xxvii + 829 pp. $15.00 (paper).

Colonization and Conquest: The 1980 Archaeological Excavations at Fort Toulouse and Fort Jackson, Alabama. Gregory A. Waselkov, Brian M. Wood, and Joseph M. Herbert. Auburn University Archaeological Monograph No. 4. Montgomery, AL: Auburn University, 1982. xxix + 399 pp. $11.00 (paper).

The Kellogg Village Site Investigations: Clay County, Mississippi. James R. Atkinson, John C. Phillips, and Richard Walling. A Report of work undertaken in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, in fulfillment of Modification Three to Contract DACW 01–77–0015. Starkville: Mississippi State University, 1980. x + 345 pp. n.p. (paper).

Parkin: The 1978–1979 Archaeological Investigations of a Cross County, Arkansas Site. Phyllis A. Morse. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 13. Fay‐etteville: University of Arkansas, 1981. 110 pp. $6.00 (paper).

The Shallow Lake Site (3Un9/52) and Its Place in Regional Prehistory. Martha A. Rolingson and Frank F. Schambach. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 12. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 1981. 240 pp. $10.00 (paper).

Yellow Creek Archaeological Project: Volume 1. Robert M. Thome, Bettye J. Broyles, and Jay K. Johnson. Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research, No. 1. Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1981. 354 pp. $13.00 (paper).

Yellow Creek Archaeological Project: Volume 2. Jay K. Johnson. Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research, No. 2. Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1981. 347 pp. $13.00 (paper).
The Incidence of Enamel Hypoplasia among the Krapina Neandertals
Authors: Molnar Stephen , Molnar I. M.
Published: November 2004

Developmental defects of teeth often appear as a record of metabolic disturbances during growth. One defect in particular, enamel hypoplasia, has been described among recent prehistoric human populations, but few analyses have been made of fossil hominids. This study describes the enamel quality of the dental remains of the Krapina Neandertals. Of the 18 individuals represented by dental arch fragments, 13 showed evidence of one or more teeth with enamel defects described as hypoplasia. This was a high frequency of occurrence when compared to Bronze and Copper Age populations in Central Europe or Woodland and Mississippian populations in North America. The reason for the higher incidence among the Neandertals is not fully explainable given the data available. However, there is a suggestion that fluorosis could be a factor that reduced the expression of enamel hypoplasia in the European populations.
Book Reviews
Authors: Vesperi Maria D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Applied Anthropology: Will You Still Need Me, Will You Still Feed Me, When I'm 84?

Applied Anthropology: A City Revitalized: The Elderly Lose at Monopoly.
Film Reviews
Authors: Ginsburg Faye
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Jews of Djerba.

Pilgrimage to Ghriba.

About the Jews of India: Cochin.

About the Jews of India: Shanwar Telis or Bene Israel.

Sosua.

Religion in Suburbia.

Brighton Beach.
Russian‐American Bering Sea Relations: Research and Reciprocity
Authors: Laughlin William S.
Published: November 2004

Knowledge of the peopling of the New World and of biological and cultural evolution would be enhanced by more US‐USSR research exchanges and more joint field expeditions characterized by mutual scientific benefit, specific objectives, and reciprocity, on both sides of the Bering Sea. A brief review of a sample of related events between 1741 and 1981 indicates the continuity of common research problems and productive results that were multiplied by scientific cooperation.
The Last Sixty Years: Toward a Social History of Americanist Archeology in the United States
Authors: Patterson Thomas C.
Published: November 2004

This paper provides an overview of the development of Americanist archeology in the United States.

Since the 1920s, there have been two, and sometimes more, interpretive communities among Americanist archeologists in the United States.

These reflect and are related to the development of U.S. society. One articulates the concerns of national capital and its allies; the other, the interests of

international capital and its allies. They are grounded in different theoretical traditions. The discourses produced by their proponents resonate with

particular world views that reflect different relations to power.
Human Emotions: Universal or Culture‐Specific?
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2004

The search for “fundamental human emotions” has been seriously impeded by the absence of a culture‐independent semantic metalanguage. The author proposes a metalanguage based on a postulated set of universal semantic primitives, and shows how language‐specific meanings of emotion terms can be captured and how rigorous cross‐cultural comparisons of emotion terms can be achieved.
Coping with Bureaucracy: Survival Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Lees Susan H.
Published: November 2004

Small‐scale family farming and centralized bureaucratic management are in many ways incompatible, yet the two are often combined in modern irrigation systems. Bureaucrats and farmers cope by means of “informal adjustments.” The kinds of informal adjustments made by farmers vary with their differential access to resources, particularly labor, despite minimal variation in access to land and water. The effects of bureaucratic control and associated informal adjustments are illustrated by reference to three large‐scale irrigation systems noteworthy for their high degree of centralization and for their success in achieving high productivity by family farm operators: the Israeli cooperative farming sector, the Gezira Scheme in Sudan, and the Mwea Scheme in Kenya.
A Social Anthropologist's View of Papua New Guinea Highlands Prehistory
Authors: Feil D. K.
Published: November 2004

The Highlands of Papua New Guinea have usually been regarded as relatively homogeneous, socially, culturally, and ecologically. In this article I begin with the view that the ethnography of the Eastern and Western Highlands shows great diversity. I argue that this diversity is also evident in the prehistory of the Highlands and that the Eastern and Western Highlands have followed markedly different paths in the development of agriculture and pig husbandry and in their rates of change and transformation. Intensive agriculture and linked pig exchange are very old in the Western Highlands, nascent in the Eastern Highlands. This difference is clear in the ethnographic present, but I argue that it is upon the very different prehistories of the Eastern and Western Highlands that a synchronic comparison of Highlands societies should be mounted.
The Adoption of Agriculture: Some Theoretical and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Pryor Frederic L.
Published: November 2004

Using the standard cross‐cultural sample, I show that the presence of agriculture in precapitalist societies is only weakly related to the richness of the environment and climate, but is more highly related to the population density. However, the density argument, which is based on the presence of diminishing returns in gathering and hunting, allows many exceptions. A series of other explanations for engaging in agriculture, particularly related to the reduction of risk occurring in the overreliance on other food production modes, are explored. Such an approach forces us to address a somewhat different question: Why haven't all societies adopted agriculture, at least to supply a small portion of their nourishment? Several societies are examined which, by any conventional theory including those proposed in this article, should be engaged in at least some agriculture; but they are not. If this puzzle of the absence of agriculture is solved, we will be considerably further in understanding the nature of the transition to agriculture.
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Models in Ecological Anthropology: An Evaluation of “Stability” in Maring Ecosystems in New Guinea
Authors: Foin Theodore C. , Davis William G.
Published: November 2004

Three models pertaining to the stability of Maring ecosystems have been proposed. The first is the local stability model, in which a population seeks its own equilibrium state; the second is the regional stability model, in which each population is ultimately unstable, but populations persist somewhere in space; and the third is the disequilibrium model, in which neither stability nor population regulation is attained. In the disequilibrium model, exogenous factors prevent a population, which is moving toward some equilibrium state, from reaching it. The large number of quantitative anthropological and ecological studies in Highlands New Guinea has not shown clearly which of these three models best describes reality. Simulation of shifting agriculture in New Guinea shows that the Highlands systems are equilibrium‐seeking, but have such limited recovery rates from disturbance that even small perturbations are sufficient to keep them from reaching equilibrium. When the influences of technological innovation, environmental change, and social‐cultural evolution are taken into account, the disequilibrium model is the model of choice. These systems remain away from their stable equilibrium points most of the time, if those exist at all. Thus, New Guinea agroecosystems can be stable or unstable depending upon how stability is defined.
The Organization of a West African Grain Market
Authors: ŜAul Mahir
Published: November 2004

In this study I reconsider some widespread views on African grain marketing by providing a description of Burkina Faso on the basis of extended field observations and interviews. The collection and distribution of grain are largely achieved by a network of agents working for major merchants and by a large number of independent smaller traders. The complex mechanisms involved reveal that competition is severely restricted both at village and national levels. Most traders operate with very small funds while most farmers have little withholding capacity. Despite the large number of actors involved interseasonal storage of market grain is concentrated. High urban grain prices do not benefit most producers because linkages are seasonal. Existing institutions such as Village Groups may benefit some farmers when they are properly funded. Their impact shows that greater access by farmers to national capital resources may improve marketing structures.
Multiple Caretaking of Efe (Pygmy) Infants
Authors: Tronick Edward Z. , Morelli Gilda A. , Winn Steve
Published: November 2004

Two models of the human infant's caretaking requirements—the continuous care and contact model and the caretaker‐child strategy model—are discussed in terms of the caretaking practices observed among the Efe (Pygmies) of northeastern Zaire. The Efe1 engage in a system of multiple care which begins at birth and continues through at least the first 18 weeks of life. An important aspect of this care includes being suckled by lactating and nonlactating women. The data suggest that the continuous care and contact model is too rigid a formulation of the infant's caretaking environment, and lend support to the strategic model. Efe caretaking practices are discussed in terms of the cultural, ecological, and physiological constraints acting on these people.
Archeology
Authors: Dunaif‐Hattis Janet
Published: November 2004

The Barbary Macaque: A Case Study in Conservation. John E. Fa.

The Lion‐Tailed Macaque: Status and Conservation. Paul G. Heltne, ed.
Insects as Food: A Case Study from the Northwest Amazon
Authors: Dufour Darna L.
Published: November 2004

In this article I examine the use of insects as food by Tukanoan Indians in the Northwest Amazon and discuss both the characteristics of the species exploited and their significance in the diet. Data on insect collection were obtained from harvest records and participant‐observation. Dietary intake was determined from weighed food intake records. The insects collected belonged to over 20 species. The most important in the diet were those which formed large, highly predictable aggregations: beetle larvae (genus Rhynchophorus), ants (genus Atta), termites (genus Syntermes), and caterpillars (families Noctuidae and Saturniidae). The composition of insects is similar to that of other animal foods. Their inclusion in the diet was frequent and inversely related to the consumption of fish and game. They provided up to 12% of the crude protein derived from animal foods in men's diets and 26% in women's diets during one season of the year.
Arterial Blood Pressure and Modernization in Brazil
Authors: Dressler William W. , Santos Jose Ernesto Dos , Gallagher Philip N. , Viteri Fernando E.
Published: November 2004

The relationship between individual modernization and elevated arterial blood pressure was examined in a study in urban Brazil. We hypothesized that elevated blood pressure would result from the discrepancy between an individual's style of life and his or her economic resources; specifically, we suggested that when modern life‐style acquisition exceeded economic resources, a circumstance referred to as “life‐style stress,” blood pressure would be elevated. This factor was related to diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure, independently of a variety of biologic, dietary, and sociocultural confounding factors. The perceived change associated with life events also predicted diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure. Other predictors of diastolic blood pressure were calcium intake, fat intake, race, age, and the body mass index. We argue that sociocultural risk factors emerge in the modernization process as a result of social structural imbalances generated by economic development and represent independent risk factors for elevated arterial blood pressure.
Risk and Agricultural Intensification During the Formative Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico
Authors: Nichols Deborah L.
Published: November 2004

The relationship between the development of hydraulic agriculture and the formation of sociopolitical hierarchies is a major issue in studies of the evolution of early civilizations in the Basin of Mexico and elsewhere. Previous explanations of agricultural intensification have emphasized population pressure and the effects of settlement nucleation and distance to markets. Neither factor, however, adequately explains the shift to hydraulic farming at relatively low population levels in arid and semi‐arid environments. This paper attempts to demonstrate that risk of crop failure was significant in promoting land‐use intensification and the development of hydraulic agriculture during the Formative period in the northern Basin of Mexico.
The Chinese Neolithic: Recent Trends in Research
Authors: Pearson Richard , Underhill Anne
Published: November 2004

Early food production, featuring at least two and probably three separate suites of plants, occurred in at least six different regions in China. Gradually, the earliest stages of village life and plant‐animal domestication are becoming clearer, and Chinese archeologists are attempting to reconstruct the societal context of these developments. Late Neolithic sites, shedding light on the indigenous evolution to state‐level societies, are now being published, and the ethnohistoric links between archeological cultures and major ethnic groups are being considered. The volume of excavation and publication makes China one of the most exciting areas of Neolithic research at the present time. A discussion of major contributions and topics of debate follows.
The Demography of Colony Fission from 1878–1970 Among the Hutterites of North America
Authors: Olsen Carolyn L.
Published: November 2004

Periodic colony fision has been characteristic ofHutterite society for more than 100 years. From 1878–1970 fission occurred an average of every 14–15 years when colonies attained a size of 166 persons. Emigrating groups were comprised of35%–55% of the mother colony's population. Between founding and fission, daughter populations grew at an average rate of 4.3% per year. Over time, fissioning size and length of fission cycles decreased, but the size of new daughter colonies and rate of population growth remained constant through 1960. Demographic analysis suggested that the model of fission followed by the Hutterites has not always focused on even division of the mother colony into two equal‐sized groups, but rather that they have had a fairly constant conceptual model of the size that new colonies should be. As fissioning size decreased over time the proportionate size of new colonies increased, maintaining the absolute size nearly constant since 1900. These findings suggest a number of questions for further investigation.
Capitalist Philanthropy and Russian Revolutionaries: The Jesup North Pacific Expedition (1897‐1902)
Authors: Freed Stanley A. , Freed Ruth S. , Williamson Laila
Published: November 2004

This review of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, still the most important expedition in American anthropology, gives an idea of the goals and hazards of fieldwork around 1900, the pitfalls of international research, the tensions between anthropologists and host populations, the careers of early anthropologists, the role of private philanthropy, and the character of anthropology at the turn of the century. Franz Boas was the Expedition's linchpin. His organization of the Expedition, the way he handled problems, and his personal concerns reveal aspects of his view of anthropology and some of his basic attitudes.
Human Settlements, Demographic Pattern, and Epidemiology in Lowland Amazonia: The Case of Chagas's Disease
Authors: Coimbra Carlos E. A.
Published: November 2004

Chagas's disease constitutes a major public health hazard in many South American countries. Among native South American populations a clear‐cut difference in the epidemiology of the disease is observed between highland and lowland populations—endemic in the former and enzootic in the latter. This article reviews the main features of the epidemiology of Chagas's disease and discusses the differences observed between the two populations as a result of different adaptive strategies and behavioral components. Emphasis is given to the role of housing type, mobility, and animal domestication in the process of domiciliation of the insect vector, and thus in the endemization of the disease.
Knowledge, Power, and the Individual in Subarctic Hunting Societies
Authors: Ridington Robin
Published: November 2004

Northern Athapaskan and Algonquian hunting people balance individual autonomy and the interdependence of community living. For many, knowledge and personal autonomy represent personal power. This article argues that culturally constructed knowledge both empowers and informs subarctic people. Their knowledge may be viewed as a form of social theory. A survey of the literature on subarctic ethnography suggests that social scientists have informed and empowered their own theoretical understanding through an understanding of the native thoughtworld.
Conceptualizing the Person: Hierarchical Society and Individual Autonomy in India
Authors: Mines Mattison
Published: November 2004

Explanations by social scientists of the Indian person have emphasized the subordination of the individual to caste and family and the compelling influence of hierarchy for explaining motivations for behavior. They have asserted there is no room for individuation and personal autonomy in Indian society. If correct, personal goals should be rare among Indians, rebellion against family and caste should be unusual, and deviation from the etiquette of hierarchy should be infrequent. Based on 23 life histories, the findings of this article contradict this view. As Indians age, achieving a degree of autonomy is an increasingly important theme in adult life and is closely associated with rebellions against hierarchy and with these Indians' perception of responsibility for how their lives turn out. The article concludes that hierarchy has been given such a dominant role in describing Indian society that the significance of personal explanations of autonomy and motivation has been discounted.
The Organization of Craft Production at Vijayanagara, South India
Authors: Sinopoli Carla M.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the production of two classes of goods, textiles and ceramics, in the medieval South Indian empire of Vijayanagara. A general model for the organization of specialized craft production is presented in which productive organization is linked to political/administrative regulation of product manufacture, distribution, and use. Three modes of productive organization are defined: administered production, centralized production, and noncentralized production. Historic documentation is used to examine Vijayanagara textile production, and a centralized productive organization is proposed. Vijayanagara ceramic manufacture is assessed through archeological and ethnographic data, and a noncentralized production system is proposed.
Literary Masks and Metaphysical Truths: Intimations from Timor
Authors: Hicks David
Published: November 2004

By eliciting the ways in which five motifs combine and recombine in the oral narratives of the Tetum, a population residing on the island of Timor in Indonesia, this article presents the argument that oral literature in a nonliterate society may provide a mode for transmitting ideas of a metaphysical nature. The principal metaphysical idea defined by the interplay of these motifs in Tetum literature is that spirit and matter are transformations of each other, and a comparative survey suggests the likelihood that these motifs may be used in similar fashion in the literatures of people elsewhere in Indonesia as well as in mainland Southeast Asia and New Guinea. One of these motifs identifies the female sex as the transformer bringing about metaphysical and social transformations, confirming a previous finding that in Tetum gender symbolism this sex is associated with the conjunctive aspects of the cosmos.
The Structure of Job Satisfaction Among New England Fishermen and Its Application to Fisheries Management Policy
Authors: Pollnac Richard B. , Poggie John J.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the structure of job satisfaction among New England fishermen using three different measures. The various measures of job satisfaction were found to be complexly related to other sociocultural variables such as age, education, years of fishing experience, type of fishing, ethnicity, and home port. The policy implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to fishery development and management.
Hunting and Gathering in Tropical Rain Forest: Is It Possible?
Authors: BAILEY ROBERT C. , HEAD GENEVIEVE , JENIKE MARK , OWEN BRUCE , RECHTMAN ROBERT , ZECHENTER ELZBIETA
Published: November 2004

Hunters and gatherers living in tropical forests represent an important part of the total range of variation among contemporary hunting and gathering societies. Studies of tropical forest hunting and gathering peoples have contributed to our perceptions of the foraging way of life. Yet no peoples have ever been directly observed living independently of agriculture in tropical rain forest. This article tests the hypothesis that humans do not exist nor have ever existed independently of agriculture in tropical rain forest. We find no convincing ethnographic evidence and, with the possible exception of Malaysia, no archeological evidence for pure foragers in undisturbed tropical rain forests. Negative evidence cannot be conclusive, but it suggests that we need to carefully reexamine common assumptions concerning the recent history of tropical forest dwellers, the adaptability of preagricultural humans, the geographic and environmental range of hominids, and the form and consequences of selection pressures acting on humans in warm, humid environments. The overriding purpose of this article is to stimulate further ecological and archeological research in the neglected tropical forest areas of the world.
Language, Ideology, and Political Economy
Authors: FRIEDRICH PAUL
Published: November 2004

After sharply defining and contrasting an “analytic‐scientific” and an “emotional‐ethical” approach and their interrelations, this article goes on to explore some possible interconnections among the three main phenomena, before discussing each in more detail. The first is political economy in several important senses; germane problems are noted that deal with (ethno) quantification and the innovative individual. The second phenomenon is ideology, in three senses: (1) notional ideology, (2) ideology for maintaining or changing a sociopolitical order, and (3) ideology for masking a structure of domination. The third phenomenon is language, again in various senses, but particularly as (1) a symbolism with a structure analogous in some ways to that of economics, and (2) a mediator between ideology and political economy; considerable attention is given to the political‐economic functions of language figures such as irony and synecdoche. A fourth, analytically crucial kind of ideology, “linguacultural ideology,” fills in the foregoing structure. Alternative logics, alternative combinations of variables, and alternative complementary theories are suggested throughout, particularly in the final section.
Concepts of Individual, Self, and Person in Description and Analysis
Authors: Harris Grace Gredys
Published: November 2004

This article asserts the need to distinguish among “individual,” “self,” and “person” as biologistic, psychologistic, and sociologistic modes of conceptualizing human beings. The concepts differentiate individual as member of the human kind, self as locus of experience, and person as agent‐in‐society. The author follows out various descriptive and analytical implications. Ethnographic examples are used to illustrate and clarify points relevant to single‐case studies and comparativist work. Within a particular local scheme, concepts of individual, self, and person are interrelated, sometimes hierarchically so. The article briefly takes up issues following from the double nature of these concepts as “native” categories and outsiders' analytical constructs. It is held that adopting as analytically central any one mode of conceptualizing human beings has consequences for the analyst's view of culture and/or social structure.