bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update Mammakarzinom 2018 (Teil 1) – primäres Mammakarzinom und Biomarker
Authors: Taran Florin-Andrei , Schneeweiss Andreas , Lux Michael , Janni Wolfgang , Hartkopf Andreas , Nabieva Naiba , Overkamp Friedrich , Kolberg Hans-Christian , Hadji Peyman , Tesch Hans , Wöckel Achim , Ettl Johannes , Lüftner Diana , Wallwiener Markus , Müller Volkmar , Beckmann Matthias , Belleville Erik , Wallwiener Diethelm , Brucker Sara , Fasching Peter , Fehm Tanja , Schütz Florian
Published: June 2018

In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird dargestellt, wie neue Therapien oder neue Aspekte etablierter Therapien in Zusammenhang mit neuesten, aktuellen Erkenntnissen stehen. Neoadjuvanz, Lokaltherapie, neue Aspekte der Systemtherapie und Prognose- sowie Prädiktivfaktoren werden beleuchtet. In der Neoadjuvanz ist nach wie vor der Zusammenhang zwischen pCR und Prognose von Interesse, ebenso wie neue molekulare Prädiktoren für neue Therapien wie CDK4/6-Inhibitoren zu identifizieren. Bei der operativen Behandlung wird weiter nach einer Reduktion der Aggressivität gestrebt. Insbesondere das duktale Carcinoma in situ muss dafür noch besser verstanden werden. Bei den Systemtherapien wächst die Datenlage zum Verständnis der besten Kombinationen und Therapieabläufe für bestehende Therapieverfahren. Letztendlich muss mithilfe von Prognose- und Prädiktivfaktoren vermieden werden, dass Übertherapien stattfinden und nur die Patientin spezifische Therapien erhält, welche bei dieser individuellen Patientin eine nachgewiesene Wirksamkeit mit wenig Nebenwirkungen haben.
Update Mammakarzinom 2018 (Teil 2) – Fortgeschrittenes Mammakarzinom, Lebensqualität und Prävention
Authors: Schneeweiss Andreas , Lux Michael , Janni Wolfgang , Hartkopf Andreas , Nabieva Naiba , Taran Florin-Andrei , Overkamp Friedrich , Kolberg Hans-Christian , Hadji Peyman , Tesch Hans , Wöckel Achim , Ettl Johannes , Lüftner Diana , Wallwiener Markus , Müller Volkmar , Beckmann Matthias , Belleville Erik , Wallwiener Diethelm , Brucker Sara , Schütz Florian , Fasching Peter , Fehm Tanja
Published: June 2018

Die Behandlung des metastasierten Mammakarzinoms hat bei immer neu zu testenden Therapien deutlich an Komplexität zugenommen. Therapien werden nunmehr nur noch für spezielle klinische oder molekulare Subgruppen entwickelt. Hierbei spielen die intrinsischen, molekularen Subtypen zwar immer noch die größte Rolle, jedoch gibt es zunehmend auch Therapien, die subgruppen- oder sogar histologieübergreifend entwickelt werden, wie z. B. der PARP-Inhibitor bei BRCA-mutierten Patientinnen (Mamma- und Ovarialkarzinom). Aber auch Supportivtherapien entwickeln sich weiter, sodass Probleme wie die Alopezie besser behandelt werden können und neue Therapiearten von Übelkeit und Erbrechen etabliert werden. In einem engen Zusammenhang mit den Supportivtherapien stehen die Nebenwirkungen, welche bei Patientinnen mit einem metastasierten Mammakarzinom einen direkten Einfluss auf die Prognose haben. Hier könnten digitale Werkzeuge helfen, um ein besseres Patientinnenmanagement zu etablieren. Diese Übersichtsarbeit soll diese Aspekte vor dem Hintergrund neuer, aktuell publizierter Studien beleuchten und einen Einblick geben, wie sich diese Studien zu etablierten Routinetherapien verhalten. Zusätzlich werden aktuelle Aspekte der Mammakarzinomprävention beleuchtet.
Tunable VUV photochemistry using vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser combined with H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight spectroscopy
Authors: Chang Yao , Yu Shengrui , Li Qinming , Yu Yong , Wang Heilong , Su Shu , Chen Zhichao , Che Li , Wang Xingan , Zhang Weiqing , Dai Dongxu , Wu Guorong , Yuan Kaijun , Yang Xueming
Published: June 2018

In this article, we describe an experimental setup for studying tunable vacuum ultraviolet photochemistry using the H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique. In this apparatus, two vacuum ultraviolet laser beams were used: one is generated by using a nonlinear four-wave mixing scheme in a Kr gas cell and fixed at 121.6 nm wavelength to probe the H-atom product through the Lyman α transition and the other beam, produced by a seeded free electron laser facility, can be continuously tunable for photodissociating molecules in the wavelength range of 50-150 nm with extremely high brightness. Preliminary results on the H2O photodissociation in the 4d (000) Rydberg state are reported here. These results suggest that the experimental setup is a powerful tool for investigating photodissociation dynamics in the vacuum ultraviolet region for molecules involving H-atom elimination processes.
Temperature induced interface and optical properties of the multi-layer nanotube network
Authors: Zhang Yijun , Liu Ming , Peng Bin , Zhou Ziyao , Wang Chenying , Jing Weixuan , Jiang Zhuang-De , Ren Wei , Ye Zuo-Guang
Published: June 2018

The ever-increasing demand for larger surface area, well-defined, and conformal multi-layer nanostructures in gas sensor, catalyst and solar cell applications has propelled the exploration of such nanostructures within an atomic resolution. The atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is ideal for the synthesis of these nanostructures due to its excellent step coverage ability on high aspect ratio nanostructures. In this work, different coaxial nanotube networks are successfully fabricated by electrospinning and ALD, with a well-controlled phase. We systematically studied the temperature-induced microstructures and photoluminescence property evolution of the nanotube network. The Al2O3/ZnO/Al2O3 tri-layer nanotube network is obtained by sintering at 400 °C, and a ZnAl2O4 core-shell nanotube structure has formed by the Kirkendall effect by further post-annealing at 700 °C. Oxygen accumulation is clearly observed at the small neck feature, but the Zn and Al elements are uniformly distributed along the whole nanotube. Photoluminescence emission obtained in this work is so broad that it almost covers the whole visible light wavelength range. The results indicate that the microstructures and photoluminescence properties can be well-controlled by the post-annealing temperature. It provides an available platform for realizing conformal 3D nano-devices.
Dual band, low profile and compact tunable frequency selective surface with wide tuning range
Authors: Rahmani-Shams Yazdan , Mohammd-Ali-Nezhad Sajad , Nooraei Yeganeh Ali , Sedighy Seyed Hassan
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a dual polarized, dual band, low profile, embedded bias network, and compact tunable varactor band pass frequency selective surface (FSS) is designed with a wide tuning range. The proposed FSS is composed of two metallic layers printed on both sides of the substrate, where the top side has two cross strips with different dimensions encircled with high pass grids, whereas the bottom side includes a proper bias network. The loaded varactors between the grids and the cross strips with a designed bias network achieve two independent tunable pass bands. Moreover, an equivalent circuit of the FSS is extracted, which show good agreement with the full wave simulation results. The proposed FSS can operate from 2.28 GHz to 4.66 GHz and from 5.44 GHz to 11.3 GHz by proper tuning of the varactors loaded in the large and small cross strips. The tunable range of the low and high pass bands are about 70% with respect to the center frequency of each pass band. The electrical dimensions of the proposed FSS are about 0.05λ × 0.05λ, where λ is the free space wavelength at a lower pass band (2.28 GHz). Moreover, the proposed FSS works properly up to 60° incident angles.
Study of a miniaturized dual-beam TWT with planar dielectric-rods-support uniform metallic meander line
Authors: Wang Hexin , Wang Zhanliang , Li Xinyi , He Tenglong , Xu Duo , Gong Huarong , Tang Tao , Duan Zhaoyun , Wei Yanyu , Gong Yubin
Published: June 2018

A dual-beam planar dielectric-rod-support uniform metallic meander line slow-wave structure (SWS) for high-efficiency Ka-band traveling wave tube (TWT) is proposed in this paper. Two dielectric rods are placed on both sides of metallic meander line to support it, instead of the dielectric substrate in the conventional microstrip meander line. Furthermore, it can not only solve the problem of the electron charge accumulation on microstrip but also leads to a bigger interaction impedance. According to particle-in-cell simulation results, a dual-sheet-beam planar dielectric-rod-support uniform metallic meander line TWT can get an output power of 330.2 W at 38 GHz under the case of 10.6 kV beam voltage and 0.2 A beam current. The corresponding maximum gain and electron efficiency are 23.4 dB and 15.5%, respectively, where the length of whole SWS is only 20 mm.
Shielding and diagnostics of laser-induced air plasmas generated in collinear double pulse configuration
Authors: Zhang D. H. , Yuan X. X. , Su M. G. , Min Q. , Dong C. Z. , Sun D. X.
Published: June 2018

Plasma shielding in collinear double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was characterized in terms of its time-resolved absorptivity, photographic images, and emission spectra. In experiments performed with the double pulse beam configuration, one to generate plasma and another a probe beam, the transmission of the probe beam was measured at various inter-pulse delay times up to 1500 ns as the plasma opacity evolves rapidly with time. Photographic images obtained at the same time delay indicate that the plasma absorptivity becomes weaker as plasma evolves. At times up to 500 ns after plasma initiation, plasma absorptivity rose above 70% but later decreased markedly. When viewing the transmission and photographic images, the beam-plasma interaction realized with the double-pulse configuration is explainable as laser-supported absorption waves. To clarify the phenomenon and plasma properties when the probe beam and plasma are coupled, Stark broadening was used to obtain the electron number density, which is of the order of 1018 cm−3. Also, emission spectra under single- and double-pulse experimental configuration were obtained and analyzed using the Boltzmann-plot method to provide the plasma temperatures. The intensities from the double-pulse experiments were slightly stronger, in agreement with the laser energy absorption data. Moreover, from emission signal enhancements obtained from the double-pulse experiments, the increase in the intensity of the ionic emission was more than that obtained from the atomic emission for which a larger fraction of the probe beam energy was absorbed.
Out-of-plane polarization in a layered manganese chloride hybrid
Authors: Kamminga Machteld E. , Hidayat Romel , Baas Jacob , Blake Graeme R. , Palstra Thomas T. M.
Published: June 2018

We investigate possible mechanisms to induce electric polarization in layered organic-inorganic hybrids. Specifically, we investigate the structural phase transitions of PEA2MnCl4 (PEA = phenethylamine) using temperature dependent single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, including the symmetry analysis of the observed space groups. Our results show that PEA2MnCl4 transforms from a high-temperature centrosymmetric structure with space group I4/mmm to a low-temperature polar Pca21 phase via an intermediate phase with polar space group Aea2. We study the mechanism responsible for the I4/mmm to Aea2 polar phase transition and find that it is different from previously proposed mechanisms in similar systems. The transition is governed by the opening of a small dihedral angle between the phenyl ring planes of two adjacent PEA molecules, which consequently become crystallographically inequivalent in the Aea2 phase. This molecular rotation induces a significant difference in the lengths of the ethylammonium tails of the two molecules, which coordinate the inorganic layer asymmetrically and are consequently involved in different hydrogen bonding patterns. Consequently, the negatively charged chlorine octahedron that coordinates the Mn2+ cation deforms. This deformation moves the Mn2+ off-center along the out-of-plane-axis, contributing to the polar nature of the structure. Notably, the polar axis is out-of-plane with respect to the inorganic sheets. This is in contrast to other layered organic-inorganic hybrids as well as conventional layered perovskites, such as the Aurivillius phases, where in-plane polarization is observed. Our findings add to the understanding of possible mechanisms that can induce ferroelectric behavior in layered organic-inorganic hybrids.
A multi-channel high-speed magnetic field detection system based on FPGA for transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Xiong Hui , Zheng Chunhou , Liu Jinzhen
Published: June 2018

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a popular technology, acts on the brain by using a pulse magnetic field to cause a series of physiological and biochemical reactions. In order to detect the magnetic field generated by the TMS coil with high-speed and multi-channel performance, a novel magnetic field detection system based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is designed and implemented. The detection system includes an induction coil array, a data acquisition (DAQ) card, and upper computer monitor software. The DAQ card contains analog signal processing circuits, a multiplexer, an analog-to-digital converter, and a FPGA with a high-speed, parallel, and switching idea. The system can sample at a rate of 500 ksps, with 14-bit resolution and 12 channels. The three dimensional (3D) magnetic field can be monitored on the screen with a waveform display and 3D magnetic field vector display. The DAQ card has a good signal noise and distortion and cross talk of 88.35 dB and −79.69 dB, respectively. Compared with the NI DAQ card, the proposed system has a relative error smaller than 1.81% and a mean square error smaller than 2.89 × 10−6, which verifies that the proposed detection system has a good performance. The multi-channel high-speed magnetic field detection system provides an important platform for the study of TMS in medical, engineering, and other fields.
A detailed study on the structures of steady-state collisionless kinetic sheath near a dielectric wall with secondary electron emission. II. Inverse and space-charge limited sheaths
Authors: Qing Shaowei , Zhao Yongpei
Published: June 2018

The inverse and space-charge limited (SCL) sheaths between a Maxwellian low-temperature plasma source and a dielectric surface that emits secondary electrons are carefully investigated by a 1D3V, steady-state, kinetic sheath model with fully self-consistent wall secondary electron emission conditions, within a broad range of plasma electron temperature Te. The multistep electron emission (MEE) phenomenon caused by the near-wall potential increment is specially considered, and it is found that the total emitted electron velocity distribution function perpendicular to the dielectric wall approximately obeys two-temperature Maxwellian and half-Maxwellian distribution. Under cold plasma ion assumption, results show that when Te>Tec (the first threshold) the sheath goes into entirely inverse sheath regime: (1) the ion energy E at the sheath edge equals 0, i.e., no presheath is necessary to accelerate ion; (2) the wall total electron emission coefficient Γ=1, i.e., no charge is lost at the wall; (3) the wall potential is just about 0∼0.03(Te/e) for all the cases; (4) the sheath depth is thinner than one Debye length. When Te≥TeSCL (the second threshold), another solution of SCL sheath is also found. It clearly indicates that the two sheaths are possible near plasma-facing dielectric wall with strong electron emission, but they do not always emerge in pairs. Further comparative calculations predict that the MEE phenomenon can significantly decrease the wall potential Φw, virtual cathode potential Φvc, and near-wall potential increment ΔΦ (i.e., Φw-Φvc) for SCL sheath, but slightly increase Φw for the inverse sheath. In addition, the differences between the two sheaths are discussed.
Toward a better understanding of the doping mechanism involved in Mo(tfd-COCF3)3 doped PBDTTT-c
Authors: Euvrard J. , Revaux A. , Nobre S. S. , Kahn A. , Vuillaume D.
Published: June 2018

In this study, we aim to improve our understanding of the doping mechanism involved in the polymer poly[(4,8-bis-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b′)dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexanoyl)-thieno [3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-6-diyl)] (PBDTTT-c) doped with tris[1-(trifluoroethanoyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)ethane-1,2-dithiolene] [Mo(tfd-COCF3)3]. We follow the evolution of the hole density with dopant concentration to highlight the limits of organic semiconductor doping. To enable the use of doping to enhance the performance of organic electronic devices, doping efficiency must be understood and improved. We report here a study using complementary optical and electrical characterization techniques, which sheds some light on the origin of this limited doping efficiency at a high dopant concentration. Two doping mechanisms are considered, the direct charge transfer and the charge transfer complex. We discuss the validity of the model involved as well as its impact on the doping efficiency.
The potential for machine learning in hybrid QM/MM calculations
Authors: Zhang Yin-Jia , Khorshidi Alireza , Kastlunger Georg , Peterson Andrew A.
Published: June 2018

Hybrid quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) simulations are popular tools for the simulation of extended atomistic systems, in which the atoms in a core region of interest are treated with a QM calculator and the surrounding atoms are treated with an empirical potential. Recently, a number of atomistic machine-learning (ML) tools have emerged that provide functional forms capable of reproducing the output of more expensive electronic-structure calculations; such ML tools are intriguing candidates for the MM calculator in QM/MM schemes. Here, we suggest that these ML potentials provide several natural advantages when employed in such a scheme. In particular, they may allow for newer, simpler QM/MM frameworks while also avoiding the need for extensive training sets to produce the ML potential. The drawbacks of employing ML potentials in QM/MM schemes are also outlined, which are primarily based on the added complexity to the algorithm of training and re-training ML models. Finally, two simple illustrative examples are provided which show the power of adding a retraining step to such “QM/ML” algorithms.
NH3 as simple clathrate-hydrate catalyst: Experiment and theory
Authors: Kılıç Murat , Devlin J. Paul , Uras-Aytemiz Nevin
Published: June 2018

The catalytic action of NH3 within the all-vapor approach for instant clathrate hydrate (CH) formation is studied using both FTIR spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. A unique property of NH3, namely, the rapid abundant penetration and occupation of the water network, creates defects, particularly Bjerrum D-defects, in the hydrate frame that are generally stabilized by guest NH3 molecules in the cages. Furthermore, insertion of NH3 seriously disturbs the hydrate network where the guest NH3 molecules also make fluxional H-bonds with the host water molecules. These defects strongly facilitate a sub-second formation of the simple NH3 s-II gas hydrate at 160 K. FTIR spectra of aerosols of the NH3 s-II CH have been measured, and the displacement of both small and large cage NH3 guests by CO2 and tetrahydrofuran is examined.
The critical role of substrate disorder in valley splitting in Si quantum wells
Authors: Neyens Samuel F. , Foote Ryan H. , Thorgrimsson Brandur , Knapp T. J. , McJunkin Thomas , Vandersypen L. M. K. , Amin Payam , Thomas Nicole K. , Clarke James S. , Savage D. E. , Lagally M. G. , Friesen Mark , Coppersmith S. N. , Eriksson M. A.
Published: June 2018

Atomic-scale disorder at the top interface of a Si quantum well is known to suppress valley splitting. Such disorder may be inherited from the underlying substrate and relaxed buffer growth, but can also arise at the top quantum well interface due to the random SiGe alloy. Here, we perform activation energy (transport) measurements in the quantum Hall regime to determine the source of the disorder affecting the valley splitting. We consider three Si/SiGe heterostructures with nominally identical substrates but different barriers at the top of the quantum well, including two samples with pure-Ge interfaces. For all three samples, we observe a surprisingly strong and universal dependence of the valley splitting on the electron density (Ev ∼ n2.7) over the entire experimental range (Ev = 30–200 μeV). We interpret these results via tight binding theory, arguing that the underlying valley physics is determined mainly by disorder arising from the substrate and relaxed buffer growth.
Switching current reduction using MgO cap layer in magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Zhang Like , Fang Bin , Cai Jialin , Zeng Zhongming
Published: June 2018

We investigate the current induced magnetization switching properties in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with the MgO cap layer. It is found that the spin-transfer-torque induced switching current density is inversely proportional to the thickness of the MgO cap layer. We attribute the origin of this behavior to the change in the effective demagnetizing field and damping factor in the free layer, which is verified by spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements. Our experimental results suggest that the utilization of the MgO-cap layer in the MTJs may be useful for spintronic device designs, such as spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memories and spin torque oscillators.
Abrikosov and the path to understanding high-Tc superconductivity
Authors: Campuzano Juan Carlos
Published: June 2018

An early attempt to try to understand the high superconducting transition temperatures in the cuprate super-conductors was Abrikosov's theory of extended Van Hove singularities. It was based on our early experimental data on the YBa2Cu3O6.9 and YBa2Cu4O8 compounds which showed an extended saddle point singularity in the dispersion of the electronic excitations. This appeared to lead to a Van Hove singularity in the density of states with a divergence stronger than the known logarithmic one observed in conventional materials. The consequent high density of states of the extended singularity was thought to lead to high Tc's in a conventional BCS mechanism. Unfortunately, it was soon realized that the very incoherent nature of the electronic excitations in these materials did not provide the expected high density of states. Here we summarize the many unusual characteristics of the electronic excitations in the cuprates, and what they imply for a possible theoretical description of high-temperature superconductivity.
Oscillations of magnetization in topological line-node semimetals
Authors: Mikitik G. P. , Sharlai Yu. V.
Published: June 2018

We theoretically investigate the phase of the de Haas–van Alphen oscillations in topological line-node semimetals. In these semimetals the chemical potential of charge carriers can essentially depend on the magnetic field, and this dependence changes the phase of the oscillations as compared to the phase in a three-dimensional metal with a band-contact line. Our results elucidate recent experimental data on the Berry phase for certain electron orbits in ZrSiS, ZrSiTe, and ZrSiSe.
How to better focus waves by considering symmetry and information loss
Authors: Lou Kai , Granick Steve , Amblard François
Published: June 2018

Significance

With applications from electromagnetic communications, to biological and astronomical imaging, to lithography and warfare, waves transmit information, and optimal wave focusing is essential. Here we demonstrate the need to amend the belief that spherical or cylindrical wavefronts necessarily focus at their center of curvature. Instead the effective focus shifts toward the source with decreasing apertures, producing astigmatism when, as increasingly shown for modern applications, the wavefronts are not axially symmetric. This leads to significant degradation of axial resolution in nonaxisymmetric light-focusing applications. These conclusions, derived from diffraction theory and validated by application to optical bioimaging, offer a general strategy to likewise improve the resolution of virtually any other wave-based application whose efficacy depends on focusing energy to points or lines.
Chinese migrations and pilgrimages around Prato (Italy) and Wenzhou (China).
Authors: Parbuono D.
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines worship in a migration context, focusing on the Chinese migrants in the city of Prato (Italy). The chapter analyses the role played by the Temple of the Buddhist Association of the Chinese community in Prato, which hosts a range of important festivals and welcomes pilgrims from other cities. This is both a social meeting place, and a place of 'complementarity cultural worship' with regard to the religious practices that the Chinese officiate during their journey to the monasteries in their country of origin, particularly in the Wenzhou area.
An ethnology of the foreign traveller to the shrine of St Nicholas of Bari, Italy.
Authors: Julliard A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter brings to light the transnational nature of the cult of St Nicholas of Bari (Italy), which attracts Catholic and Orthodox pilgrims (Italians and Slavs), due to the particular appeal of the saint, a native of Myra. The analysis highlights the perspective of a French 'foreign traveller' who analyses the cult through an external ethnographic vision of local dynamics.
A transnational cult: St Rita of Cascia.
Authors: Giacalone F.
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the veneration of St Rita of Cascia with reference to local perspectives: the relationship between the saint and the town of Cascia, with which she is identified. The chapter analyses the pilgrimage to Roccaporena in Cascia, with a reflection on the boundaries between pilgrimage and tourism. The analysis seeks to investigate the meaning of the relationship between pilgrims, the saint and local identity.
Random geometric graphs and isometries of normed spaces
Authors: Balister Paul , Bollobás Béla , Gunderson Karen , Leader Imre , Walters Mark
Published: June 2018

Given a countable dense subset

S
S

of a finite-dimensional normed space

X
X

, and

0
>
p
>
1

0>p>1

, we form a random graph on

S
S

by joining, independently and with probability

p
p

, each pair of points at distance less than

1
1

. We say that

S
S

is Rado if any two such random graphs are (almost surely) isomorphic.

Bonato and Janssen showed that in

ℓ
∞
d

\ell _\infty ^d

almost all

S
S

are Rado. Our main aim in this paper is to show that

ℓ
∞
d

\ell _\infty ^d

is the unique normed space with this property: indeed, in every other space almost all sets

S
S

are non-Rado. We also determine which spaces admit some Rado set: this turns out to be the spaces that have an

ℓ
∞

\ell _\infty

direct summand. These results answer questions of Bonato and Janssen.

A key role is played by the determination of which finite-dimensional normed spaces have the property that every bijective step-isometry (meaning that the integer part of distances is preserved) is in fact an isometry. This result may be of independent interest.
Relative Manin–Mumford in additive extensions
Authors: Schmidt Harry
Published: June 2018

In recent papers Masser and Zannier have proved various results of “relative Manin–Mumford” type for various families of abelian varieties, some with field of definition restricted to the algebraic numbers. Typically these imply the finiteness of the set of torsion points on a curve in the family. After Bertrand, Masser, and Zannier discovered some surprising counterexamples for multiplicative extensions of elliptic families, the three authors together with Pillay settled completely the situation for this case over the algebraic numbers. Here we treat the last remaining case of surfaces, that of additive extensions of elliptic families, and even over the field of all complex numbers. In particular analogous counterexamples do not exist. There are finiteness consequences for Pell’s equation over polynomial rings and integration in elementary terms. Our work can be made effective (as opposed to most of that preceding), mainly because we use counting results only for analytic curves.
Care of Stroke Patients Post Intravenous Alteplase and Endovascular Thrombectomy
Authors: Inoa Violiza , Elijovich Lucas
Published: June 2018

The last three decades have seen significant advances in stroke therapeutics that have resulted in the development of medical and endovascular interventions for acute revascularization. After acute treatment, it is recommended that patients are transferred to a stroke or intensive care unit for careful assessments. The goal of the immediate postoperative care is to provide continuous observation of vital signs, vascular access site checks, and cardiac monitoring and to administer uniform neurological evaluations to capture clinical fluctuations and/or complications. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a contemporary perspective based on recent data, along with the authors’ recommendations on the acute care and management of acute ischemic stroke patients post revascularization.
In-Hospital Stroke
Authors: West Noella J. Cypress , Mokin Maxim
Published: June 2018

The term “in-hospital stroke” (also referred to as “inpatient stroke”) describes acute stroke occurring while a patient is already in the hospital for another diagnosis. Research data on in-hospital strokes is limited in comparison to community-onset strokes that present through the Emergency Department (ED). In-hospital strokes are less likely to receive intravenous thrombolysis and have more significant delays in treatment than those that present from the community through the ED. This chapter discusses the development of education for staff in the recognition of stroke symptoms, rapid assessment, and notification of key personnel for efficient treatment of in-patient stroke based on the previously published literature and available resources.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Ramos-Canseco Juan , Mokin Maxim
Published: June 2018

Establishing the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) can often be challenging to physicians. CVT presents with variable symptoms, resulting in delay in establishing the correct diagnosis and treatment. This chapter provides practical recommendations on the currently available diagnostic and treatment options in patients with suspected acute CVT. The diagnostic value of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and catheter angiography are also discussed. This chapter also includes recommendations for medical treatment with systemic anticoagulation, the role of endovascular therapy, and indications for surgical interventions including hemicraniectomy and control of intracranial pressure. Formal evidence-based guidelines released by the American Heart Association in 2011 are also outlined in this chapter.
Long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of Children with ADHD (the MTA)
Authors: Swanson James M. , Eugene Arnold L. , Jensen Peter S. , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Hechtman Lily T. , Pelham William E. , Greenhill Laurence L. , Keith Conners C. , Kraemer Helena C. , Wigal Timothy , Vitiello Benedetto , Elliott Glen R. , Abikoff Howard B. , Hoza Betsy , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Wells Karen , Lerner Marc , Molina Brooke S. G. , Epstein Jeffery N. , Owens Elizabeth B. , Waxmonsky James , Murray Desiree W. , Sibley Margaret H. , Mitchell John T. , Roy Arunima
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of ADHD (MTA), which began in 1994 and ended in 2014. First, we provide a short history of the origin of the MTA. Second, we review the design as a 14-month randomized clinical trial and the transition to a long-term follow-up. Third, we present findings from 12 key publications describing outcomes in four stages of the MTA from childhood to adulthood. Fourth, we discuss how the final adult assessments of the MTA address critical issues about symptomatic persistence of ADHD, functional outcomes outside the parental home, and cost-benefit analyses of residual effects of treatment with medication.
Gastrointestinal conditions
Authors: Flynn Maria , Mercer Dave
Published: June 2018

Gastrointestinal complaints range from mild and transient disorders, through to life-threatening diseases. People with disorders of the gastrointestinal system may be encountered in both hospital and community settings. In the community, people with long-term or other acute health conditions may experience disturbances in their eating patterns or bowel habits, and within the hospital, people having treatment for other diagnosed conditions may develop associated gastrointestinal disorders. People with severe gastrointestinal conditions will often be cared for by specialist nurses, but general adult nurses will encounter people with gastrointestinal disorders in all areas of clinical practice, either as a primary complaint or as a secondary complication of other illnesses or treatments. This chapter outlines key facts about gastrointestinal conditions which are likely to be useful to the general nurse and describes key nursing considerations for working with people with these disorders. An overview of frequently prescribed medicines for gastrointestinal conditions is presented in a summary table.
Palliative care
Authors: Flynn Maria , Mercer Dave
Published: June 2018

Palliative care is a specialized area of nursing practice, but also one which embraces all people who are living with a life-limiting or life-threatening illness. The purpose of palliative care is to enable a person and their family or significant others to live as full a life as possible within the constraints of the health condition. Palliative interventions often begin at an early stage of a long-term or life-limiting illness and may be concurrent with active treatment interventions. Palliative care continues until death, and although many palliative care services are delivered by specialist teams, general nurses will also be involved with people in a range of clinical or domestic environments. This chapter discusses the general principles of palliative care and considers how these may be translated into general nursing practices.
Oral medicine
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses oral medicine in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including Common dental diseases, Oral mucosal infections, Oral ulceration, Blistering diseases, White, red, and pigmented lesions, Oral cancer, Oral manifestations of systemic diseases, andMiscellaneous oral conditions
Emergencies
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses emergencies in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including The compromised airway, Tracheostomy tube problems, Massive bleeding from the face and mouth, Massive bleeding from the neck, and Retrobulbar haemorrhage
Craving to Quit: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Smartphone App–Based Mindfulness Training for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Garrison Kathleen A , Pal Prasanta , O’Malley Stephanie S , Pittman Brian P , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Rojiani Rahil , Scheinost Dustin , Dallery Jesse , Brewer Judson A
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Mindfulness training may reduce smoking rates and lessen the association between craving and smoking. This trial tested the efficacy of mindfulness training via smartphone app to reduce smoking. Experience sampling (ES) was used to measure real-time craving, smoking, and mindfulness.

Methods

A researcher-blind, parallel randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of mobile mindfulness training with experience sampling (MMT-ES; Craving to Quit) versus experience sampling only (ES) to (1) increase 1-week point-prevalence abstinence rates at 6 months, and (2) lessen the association between craving and smoking. A modified intent-to-treat approach was used for treatment starters (MMT-ES n = 143; ES n = 182; 72% female, 81% white, age 41 ± 12 year).

Results

No group difference was found in smoking abstinence at 6 months (overall, 11.1%; MMT-ES, 9.8%; ES, 12.1%; χ2(1) = 0.43, p = .51). From baseline to 6 months, both groups showed a reduction in cigarettes per day (p < .0001), craving strength (p < .0001) and frequency (p < .0001), and an increase in mindfulness (p < .05). Using ES data, a craving by group interaction was observed (F(1,3785) = 3.71, p = .05) driven by a stronger positive association between craving and cigarettes per day for ES (t = 4.96, p < .0001) versus MMT-ES (t = 2.03, p = .04). Within MMT-ES, the relationship between craving and cigarettes per day decreased as treatment completion increased (F(1,104) = 4.44, p = .04).

Conclusions

Although mindfulness training via smartphone app did not lead to reduced smoking rates compared with control, our findings provide preliminary evidence that mindfulness training via smartphone app may help lessen the association between craving and smoking, an effect that may be meaningful to support quitting in the longer term.

Implications

This is the first reported full-scale randomized controlled trial of any smartphone app for smoking cessation. Findings provide preliminary evidence that smartphone app-based MMT-ES may lessen the association between craving and smoking.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02134509.
Falls After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Frequency, Circumstances, and Associated Factors—A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chan Andy C M , Jehu Deborah A , Pang Marco Y C
Published: June 2018

Background

Individuals with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) often experience pain and reduced balance control, which may predispose them to greater fall risk.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and circumstance of falls and fall-related risk factors within a 6-month follow-up period in individuals after TKA.

Design

This study was a prospective cohort study.

Methods

Knee proprioception, the Balance Systems Evaluation Test, knee pain, knee extension and flexion muscle strength, knee range of motion, and balance confidence were evaluated in 134 individuals (39 men, 95 women; mean age = 66.3 years [SD = 6.6 years]) 4 weeks after TKA. Monthly follow-up sessions, via face-to-face or telephone interviews, were implemented to obtain data on fall incidence over 6 months.

Results

Twenty-three individuals after TKA (17.2%) sustained at least 1 fall during the 6-month follow-up period. The median time of the first fall episode was 15 weeks after TKA. Of the 31 fall episodes, most occurred during walking (67.7%). Slipping (35.5%) and tripping (35.5%) were identified as the most frequent causes of falling. Most falls occurred at home (45.2%) or another indoor environment (29.0%). Multivariate binary logistic regression revealed that younger age (odds ratio: 0.91), reduced proprioception of the knee that had undergone surgery (“operated knee”) (odds ratio: 1.62), reduced sensory orientation (odds ratio: 0.92), and greater operated knee pain (odds ratio: 1.68) were significantly associated with more falls during the follow-up period.

Limitations

The results of this study may be generalizable up to 6 months after TKA.

Conclusions

Intervention efforts should target deficits in knee proprioception and sensory orientation and operated knee pain to prevent future falls in individuals with TKA.
Avoiding Neurovascular Risk During Percutaneous Clamp Reduction of Spiral Tibial Shaft Fractures: An Anatomic Correlation With Computed Tomography
Authors: Horrigan Patrick B. , Coughlan Monica J. , DeBaun Malcolm R. , Schultz Blake , Bishop Julius A. , Gardner Michael J.
Published: June 2018

The use of percutaneous clamps is often a helpful tool to aid reduction and intramedullary nailing of distal tibial spiral diaphyseal fractures. However, the anterior and posterior neurovascular bundles are at risk without careful clamp placement. We describe our preferred technique of percutaneous clamp reduction for distal spiral tibial fractures with a distal posterolateral fracture spike, with care to protect the adjacent neurovascular structures. We also investigated the relationship between these neurovascular structures and the site of common percutaneous clamp placement. Preoperative computed tomography images of surgically managed patients who sustained this specific common fracture pattern (distal third spiral diaphyseal tibia fracture with a posterolateral fragment) were retrospectively reviewed. On computed tomography, we extrapolated the ideal virtual clamp site on the posterolateral fracture fragment to facilitate reduction. The average distance of this clamp position from the anterior neurovascular bundle was 14 mm (SD = 7.6), with a range of 6–32 mm. The average distance of the clamp site from the posterior neurovascular bundle was 19 mm (SD = 6.1), with a range of 11–30 mm. In 31% of patients, the distal fragment's apex extended anterior to the interosseous membrane, and in 69% of patients, the apex was posterior to the interosseous membrane. We also describe our preferred surgical technique with percutaneous clamping and tibial nailing, which involves sliding the posterolateral tine of the percutaneous clamp along the lateral tibial cortex to prevent neurovascular bundle injury.
Early-Life Somatic Complaints: Longitudinal Associations with Maternal and Child Psychopathology
Authors: Engel Melissa L. , Winiarski Dominika A. , Reidy Brooke L. , Brennan Patricia A.
Published: June 2018

Objective:

Somatic complaints, often associated with concurrent and future internalizing symptoms and disorders in adult samples, were examined longitudinally from preschool to school age in a sample of children at an increased familial risk for psychopathology. The behavioral correlates and sex differences of somatic complaints and the persistence of these complaints across early childhood were examined.

Method:

A longitudinal sample of 185 mothers completed a laboratory visit when children were preschool aged and an online follow-up when children were school aged. Mothers were assessed for psychopathology, and mothers and secondary caregivers reported on children's somatic complaints, anxiety, and depression at both time points.

Results:

A high rate of child's somatic complaints was noted in this sample, with similar rates in males and females. Regression analyses revealed that somatic complaints at preschool predicted somatic complaints, anxiety, and depression at school age, and sex did not moderate these relationships. Overall, maternal psychopathology predicted somatic complaints, but findings were inconsistent across reporters, time points, and types of maternal psychopathology. Evidence for maternal reporting bias was mixed.

Conclusion:

The association between preschool-age somatic complaints and school-age internalizing symptoms suggests the potential utility of early detection and treatment of somatic complaints, particularly for young children at an increased familial risk for developing internalizing disorders. Pediatric primary care is an ideal setting for these early intervention efforts.
Actinomycosis in Cancer Patients
Authors: Farazmand Cyrus , Klinkova Olga , Denham James D. , Nanjappa Sowmya , Greene John N.
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Actinomycosis is a condition characterized by chronic granulomatous infection, frequently with the formation of abscesses, tissue fibrosis, and draining sinuses. The most common presentation in the immunocompetent host is a cervicofacial form. However, this disease can affect any body site. Very little is known about actinomycosis features in immunocompromised patients.

Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of 65 patients from an academic cancer hospital who had positive diagnostic testing for Actinomyces species. Of those 65 patients, 46 were ultimately diagnosed with frank actinomycosis and the remaining 19 patients were considered colonized. We reviewed patient characteristics, clinical and radiographic presentations, and response to antibiotic therapy.

Results

Pulmonary actinomycosis was the most common clinical presentation and, based on the radiological presentation, malignancy was often included in the differential diagnosis. A majority of the patients included in this report had a positive clinical response to prolonged antibiotic therapy.

Discussion

As expected, distinguishing clinically significant disease from colonization proves quite complex. As stated previously, 19 patients of 65 were thought to have colonization or contamination of the sample. The factors influencing clinicians to make the decision not to treat were not always clear in these cases. In some, the presence of abnormal imaging findings without symptoms appears to have been a major determinant in the decision to consider a positive culture as contamination instead of infection. Until more definitive criteria are delineated in the literature, diagnosis and treatment of actinomycosis rely on a combination of clinical and radiographic findings.
Evidence-Based Practice in Forensic Mental Health Nursing: A Critical Review
Authors: Byrt Richard , Spencer-Stiles Theresa A. , Ismail Ismail
Published: June 2018

Method

Literature searches of databases, particularly CINAHL, using key phrases were undertaken.

Results

Some authors argue that there is a lack of evidence in forensic mental health (FMH) nursing, with few randomized controlled trials and other methods providing definitive, generalizable evidence. However, literature searches revealed randomized controlled trials of relevance to FMH nursing, many qualitative studies by FMH nurses, and arguments for clinical experience and knowledge of service users, and the latter's views, as sources of evidence.

Discussion and Implications for Nursing Practice

Research findings can be applied to practice, both directly and indirectly. Examples are given of ways that evidence can be used to inform FMH nursing interventions related to therapeutic ward environments, including communication, therapeutic relationships, preventing retraumatization, and enabling physical health. The complex nature of “evidence” is considered in relation to risk assessment and management.

Conclusions for Nursing Practice

FMH nursing can be based on a wide range of sources of evidence. The types of evidence used in practice depend on individual service users' needs and views. In evaluating evidence, it is necessary to be aware of its complex, diverse nature. A distinction can be made between definitive, widely generalizable research findings and evidence with limited generalizability, requiring FMH nurses' judgments about whether it is applicable to their own area of practice. Recommendations for related education and research are made.
Implementing Same Day Discharge Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Chen Yingyan , Lin Frances , Marshall Andrea
Published: June 2018

Background:

The safety and effectiveness of same day discharge (SDD) following percutaneous coronary intervention are well demonstrated; however, the uptake of this model of care is low.

Purpose:

The aim was to examine the effectiveness of implementing SDD using a process evaluation methodology.

Methods:

This study was undertaken in a cardiac services department of a tertiary teaching hospital in southeast Queensland, Australia. It was anticipated before the implementation that 120 patients could be discharged the same day in a 6 months' time period. Patient selection process and guideline adherence were assessed along with patients' and relatives' satisfaction.

Results:

During implementation, 22 patients were discharged home the same day. It was found that staff did not follow the guideline consistently, with an overall adherence of 77.3%.

Conclusion:

The uptake of SDD was low in this implementation. The study is important as it provides direction for future improvement both in the criteria and the implementation process.