bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARASITISM OF OVERWINTERING PUPARIA OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, DELIA RADICUM (L.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), IN RELATION TO HOST DENSITY AND WEATHER FACTORS
Authors: Turnock W.J. , Boivin G. , Whistlecraft J.W.
Published: November 2009

Puparia of Delia radicum collected in late autumn at Winnipeg and Portage la Prairie (Manitoba), St-Jean-sur-Richelieu (Quebec), London (Ontario), and St. John’s (Newfoundland) were parasitized mainly by Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and Trybliographa rapae (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). At Winnipeg, St-Jean, and St. John’s parasitism by A. bilineata was high (<94%) and by T. rapae was low (<3%). At London, both parasitoids attacked less than 14% of the host puparia. At Winnipeg, host population density was related to parasitism by A. bilineata and to the temperature and rainfall during June and July. Parasitism by A. bilineata may be related to cumulative degree-days over 5°C during June and July at Winnipeg and during June and September at London. In Canada, the parasitoid complex is not effectively stabilizing host population density. The introduction of additional parasitoid species should be considered.
OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE OF A POLYPHAGOUS MOTH, THE OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER, CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Carrière Y. , Paré S. , Roitberg B.D.
Published: November 2009

The daily pattern of oviposition, the rank order of oviposition preference for three potential hosts, and the effect of experience on oviposition preference were investigated under natural abiotic conditions in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana. Females from the two adult cohorts occurring seasonally oviposited between 0400 and 2400 hours, with peak oviposition around 2000 hours. Both non-choice and choice oviposition trials revealed that the apple and snowberry hosts were preferred over wild rose. Oviposition preference resulted in delays in laying on the less preferred host, but seemed to have no effect on clutch size. Females caged with exclusive access to one of the three hosts appeared to have similar lifetime fecundity or longevity. A first oviposition on wild rose resulted in a delay in laying a second clutch on that host, which suggests the presence of aversive learning that could function to reduce the liklihood of laying successive clutches on a less preferred host. A first oviposition on the apple host, however, seemed to have no effect on further oviposition preference. Hence, it appears that learning would not function specifically to concentrate foraging of the females within apple orchards.
A GENERAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING CEREAL APHID POPULATIONS IN SMALL GRAIN FIELDS BASED ON FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
Authors: Hein G.L. , Elliott N.C. , Michels G.J. , Kieckhefer R.W.
Published: November 2009

Similarities in population parameters among aphid species led us to investigate the potential for a single set of parameters that can be used to develop a ‘generic’ sampling plan for multiple small grain aphid species. A weighted average for the slope and intercept used to relate the proportion of infested tillers to the number of aphids per tiller was determined from the data in 15 published reports. These average parameter estimates were used to predict the number of aphids per tiller in 48 wheat fields sampled for four aphid species. The predicted estimates were regressed on the observed estimates with neither slopes nor intercepts differing significantly from one or zero, respectively. Therefore, it appears the single model is adequate for predicting aphid density for the aphid species tested.
RELIABLE SEXING OF ADULT CONOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BEETLES
Authors: Santiago-Blay Jorge A. , Young Traivis L.
Published: November 2009

Conophthorus Hopkins 1915 cone beetles are among the most damaging pests of pine (Pinus spp.) seed production in North America (Hedlin et al. 1980; Cibrián-Tovar et al. 1986). Current work on cone beetle molecular identification and semiochemicals requires a rapid and reliable method for sexing adult beetles. Head microsculpturation (Schwarz 1895; Wood 1982), overall beetle length, head width, and internal genital structures (or parts of them) visible when extruded through the genital opening (Lyons 1956) have been suggested as characters to sex adult Conophthorus. Herdy (1959) pointed out that abdominal tergite morphology could be used to distinguish males from females. The latter seems to be the most reliable, non-destructive way to sex Conophthorus specimens. Published illustrations (Kinzer and Ridgill 1972) have been found difficult to interpret by many researchers. To increase the reliability in sexing adult Conophthorus beetles, we prepared scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the terminal abdominal tergites of adult males and females, which we present here, clearly showing the diagnostic features of each sex.
LACK OF CLONAL VARIATION AMONG CANADIAN POPULATIONS OF THE CORN LEAF APHID,RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDISFITCH (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Simon J.C. , Hebert P.D.N. , Carillo C. , Melo R. De
Published: November 2009

The extent of allozyme variation and the amount of genetic divergence were assessed among populations of the aphidRhopalosiphum maidisin Ontario. Allozyme analysis of individuals from 12 sites revealed no polymorphism for 32 loci. In addition, the extent of karyotypic, allozyme, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was examined for clones from North America, Europe, and North Africa. As previously noted, chromosome number varied in relation to the host-plant on which aphids were collected, but neither allozyme nor mtDNA patterns allowed discrimination among clones. Further work is needed to determine whether the lack of genetic diversity inR.maidisis linked with its recent introduction to North America or with its loss of a sexual phase.
REARING METHODS AND DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS FOR A SUBTERRANEAN MORPH OF THE SUGARBEET ROOT APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Campbell Christopher D. , Hutchison William D.
Published: November 2009

A reliable method for rearing the subterranean summer morph of the sugarbeet root aphid, Pemphigus betae Doane, is described. Field-collected aphids were reared using hydroponic growth pouches that allowed exposed root tissue to be fed on by P. betae. The aphid has been maintained in continuous culture for over 3 years. Open pouches were subsequently modified with cages to provide more successful mass rearing. Cages placed on the pouch were devised to provide an arena that concentrated aphids on one area of the pouch, minimized wandering behavior, and ensured a more vigorous colony. During a 10-week mass rearing experiment, caged pouches consistently averaged 120.8 ± 9.6(se) aphids per cage (fourth instars and adults) following 2-week incubation periods. Caged pouches also were used to isolate individual aphids for development and fecundity studies. Age-specific life tables were developed for P. betae using both open pouches at 20°C, and caged pouches at 24°C. Although the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was lower at 20°C on a daily time scale (rm = 0.2314 versus 0.2591), rm was significantly greater at 20°C on a degree-day (DD > 7.6°C) time scale (rm = 0.0187 versus 0.0158). The difference on a DD basis resulted primarily from a longer time interval from birth to first reproduction (TFR) at 24°C(TFR = 158.5 versus 147.1 DD at 20°C). These results corroborate previous experience with P. betae, indicating that 20°C appeared to be an optimum temperature for mass rearing. Stable age distributions for P. betae cohorts were only slightly affected by temperature; on average approximately 55, 22, 11, 7, and 5% of the aphids were first, second, third, and fourth instars, and adults, respectively. Though similar studies have not been reported for other Pemphigus spp., all demographic statistics were characteristic of many foliar-feeding aphids held under similar constant temperature conditions.
SAMPLING PLANS FOR ESTIMATING ACHENE DAMAGE BY THE RED SUNFLOWER SEED WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Peng Chengwang , Brewer Gary J.
Published: November 2009

A sampling plan for the estimation of the number of achenes damaged by the red sunflower seed weevil,Smicronyx fulvusLeConte, is useful in evaluating the efficiency of weevil management strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of the damaged achenes that would allow the development of a fixed-sample-size plan for estimation of the damaged achenes. Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression were used to analyze the distribution pattern of the damaged achenes. Slopes from both models were >1, indicating an aggregated spatial pattern. The intercepts and slopes from both models were used to calculate the minimal mean number of damaged achenes per sunflower head that can be estimated for a given sample size and precision level. If the mean number of damaged achenes per head is low (<20), the plan developed using the parameters of Taylor’s power law requires significantly more samples than the plan using the parameters of Iwao’s patchiness regression to estimate the same density of damaged achenes. If the mean number of damaged achenes per head is high (>30), the two plans give similar results. If both low and high damage situations are considered, Taylor’s plan is preferred to Iwao’s plan. At the 0.10 precision level, Taylor’s plan requires approximately 40 samples (heads) to estimate a mean of about 200 damaged achenes per head (≈ current economic injury level).
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPTURE OF MALE RED PINE CONE BEETLES, CONOPHTHORUS RESINOSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: de Groot Peter , Zylstra Bert F.
Published: November 2009

The monoterpenes (±)-α-pinene, (1S)-(−)-β-pinene, (R)-(+)-limonene, and myrcene did not enhance the catch of red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae, in traps baited with the female sex pheromone, (±)-trans-pityol. Traps placed in the upper half of the tree’s crown caught significantly more beetles than those hung from the tree’s trunk 2 m above ground. No significant differences in trap catches were found among standard yellow Japanese beetle trap tops and those painted red, green, blue, white, black, or yellow.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE BLACK SPRUCE CONE MAGGOT, STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) TO ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES (NEMATODA: STEINERNEMATIDAE)
Authors: Sweeney J.D. , Gesner G.N.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of the black spruce cone maggot, Strobilomyia appalachensis, were infected and killed by Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All and Umeå strains, S. feltiae (Filipjev) (= bibionis) strain 27, and S. glaseri Steiner strain 326, in laboratory tests. After formation of puparia, however, cone maggots were practically resistant to all species and strains tested. Very few or no maggots were infected when nematodes were sprayed on or injected into infested spruce cones. The survival, activity, and infectivity of infective juveniles held in an aerated infusion of black spruce cones were significantly lower compared with those held in aerated water. In peat–sand columns, the proportion of larvae infected with S. feltiae, but not S. carpocapsae Umeå strain, was significantly greater when larvae were dropped immediately or 1 day following nematode application compared with 1 day before or 3 days following nematode application. Our results suggest that, in field trials for cone maggot suppression, nematodes should be applied within a day prior to larval drop and that repeated applications may be required for persistence of sufficient infectivity.
LARVAL AND PUPAL PARASITISM OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE), IN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Parry Dylan
Published: November 2009

Larval and pupal parasitoids were studied from collections made in endemic, outbreak, and post-outbreak populations of forest tent caterpillar (FTC), Malacosoma disstria, at 21 sites in Alberta, Canada, from 1989 to 1994. The parasitoid complex included 18 identified species. Aleiodes malacosomatos (Mason) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was common in low density populations and was the only species to attack FTC larvae prior to the fourth instar. Leschenaultia exul (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) was the most abundant larval parasitoid in endemic populations and after the 2nd year of outbreak. Although prevalent early in outbreaks, Patelloa pachypyga (Aldrich and Webber) (Diptera: Tachinidae) declined in older outbreaks possibly because it completes larval development later than other tachinids, leaving it vulnerable to competition from aggressive pupal parasitoids. I hypothesize that early initiation of oviposition allows L. exul to be more successful than P. pachypyga in low density populations because caterpillars have dispersed before the latter species initiates oviposition. I recorded lower pupal parasitism by Arachnidomyia aldrichi (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Alberta than has been recorded in other regions, although it was still the most abundant parasitoid reared in this study. Parasitism by A. aldrichi was significantly higher in cocoons collected from undergrowth vegetation than from the forest canopy. Other pupal parasitoids contributed relatively little to FTC mortality.
PRIMARY SETAE AND PORES ON THE LEGS, THE LAST ABDOMINAL SEGMENT, AND THE UROGOMPHI OF LARVAE OF NEARCTIC COLYMBETINAE (COLEOPTERA: ADEPHAGA: DYTISCIDAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Alarie Yves
Published: November 2009

Through an analysis of the primary setae and pores (campaniform sensilla) of first-instar larvae of 32 species of Colymbetinae, 33 species belonging to other dytiscid subfamilies, and seven species belonging to other families of Hydradephaga, the ancestral system of primary setae and pores of the legs, the last abdominal segment, and the urogomphi of Colymbetinae is deduced. Seventy-four setae and 24 pores have been assigned to the generalized colymbetine larva: 51 setae and 18 pores on the legs, 15 setae and three pores on the last abdominal segment, and eight setae and three pores on each urogomphus. A comparison with the ground-plan pattern of the subfamily Hydroporinae is provided. Members of Colymbetinae differ from those of Hydroporinae by the presence of setae TR3, AB14, and AB15, the absence of pore ABd, and the presence of a variable number of additional setae on the femur. A tentative phylogenetic reconstruction of the colymbetine genera provided is based on 24 larval characteristics. The monophyletic origin of the subfamily Colymbetinae is confirmed based on the shared presence of seta AB14. Two monophyletic lineages unite basally: (1) [(Agabus Leach + Ilybius Erichson) + Agabinus Crotch], and (2) {[Colymbetes Clairville + (Rhantus Dejean + Neoscutopterus Balfour-Browne)] + Matus Aubé}. The genera Agabinus and Matus are postulated as a sister-group of (Agabus + Ilybius) and [(Colymbetes + (Rhantus + Neoscutopterus)], respectively. Compared with other Colymbetinae, both Neoscutopterus and Matus stand out by the presence of several strikingly peculiar features. The subgenus Rhantus (Nartus) is postulated to be the sister-group of Neoscutopterus based on the shared presence of additional setae on the dorsal margin of the femur.
THE EFFECTS OF SWEETCLOVER SPECIES, CULTIVARS, AND NITRATE FERTILIZER ON FEEDING BY THE SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL, SITONA CYLINDRICOLLIS FÅHRAEUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Soroka Juliana J. , Muir Alister D.
Published: November 2009

Sweetclover, Melilotus Miller, was planted in a field near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of species and cultivars on early season feeding by the sweetclover weevil, Sitona cylindricollis. The wild annual species M. infesta Guss. was consumed less than were cultivars of M. alba (Desr.), which were generally consumed less than cultivars of M. officinalis (L.). The amount of feeding injury by the weevil among nine sweetclover entries was not significantly correlated with nitrate levels in cotyledons, unifoliolate, or first trifoliolate leaves. Weevils fed equally well on entries with high and low coumarin levels. Results from greenhouse cultivar trials generally paralleled those from the field. In an experiment in which different levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer were broadcast prior to seeding of M. officinalis cultivar Norgold, levels of nitrate ion in the foliage were significantly correlated with fertilizer regime, but not with damage indices of the weevil. These experiments suggest that the nitrate ion in isolation is not the principal factor in the deterrence to sweetclover weevil feeding in M. infesta, and that elevating nitrate levels in sweetclover leaves would not confer resistance to this insect.
EGG GALLERY, BROOD PRODUCTION, AND ADULT CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN THREE PINE HOSTS
Authors: Cerezke H.F.
Published: November 2009

During the 1977–1986 outbreak of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in southwestern Alberta and Saskatchewan, populations of this beetle developed in lodgepole pine and limber pine stands, and threatened to spread northeasterly to the extensive jack pine forests in the central parts of the two provinces. To assess jack pine as a potential new breeding host, I compare egg galleries, brood production, and adult characteristics of D. ponderosae reared in lodgepole, limber, and jack pine logs. Brood productivity, beetle size, sex ratios, and egg gallery characteristics are described for beetle populations reared from naturally infested limber pine logs from southwestern Alberta, and from artificially infested jack pine logs from east-central Alberta and central Saskatchewan. In a field experiment where logs of the three hosts were placed together, adult beetles and their gallery characteristics are described and compared on the three hosts. The results confirm that jack pine is a viable host, that D. ponderosae’s attack characteristics, survival, and progeny on jack pine all appear comparable to those characters observed for beetles reared on lodgepole pine, and that limber pine is highly productive of beetle brood.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN OILSEED FLAX
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

Sequential decision plans based on aphid counts and binomial counts of infested plants (presence or absence of aphids) were developed to guide chemical control decisions for die potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, on two growth stages of oilseed flax in western Canada. The plans were derived from studies of aphid dispersion among plants in field plots at two locations over 4 years, and verified in samples from 51 commercial fields, in Manitoba. The relationship between variance (s2) and mean aphid density () perplant was loges2 = 0.790 ± 0.050 + (1.649 ± 0.031) loge (n = 69, r2 = 0.98), for both crop growth stages. Neither sweep samples nor pan samples produced reliable estimates of the number of aphids per plant and, therefore, these sampling tools could not replace aphid counts on individual plants. Aphid counts and the binomial method gave similar control decisions with similar amounts of effort, but the aphid counting method required fewer plants to reach a decision. The same decisions were reached in 85–95% of fields by counting aphids on a minimum sample of 25 plants when the crop was in full bloom, or 20 plants at the green boll stage, as with samples of 50–100 plants.
ARANIELLA PROXIMA (KULCZYŃSKI) (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Buckle Don , Roney Keith
Published: November 2009

Araniella proxima (Kulczyński, 1885) occurs in northern Europe (Blanke 1982) and northern Asia (Marusik et al. 1992), but has not been previously reported from North America. Our attention was drawn to this species when we identified as A. proxima a male Araniella collected by Keith Roney at Peter Pond Lake, Saskatchewan (55°55'N 108°36'W) on 10 July 1989.
FORUM: INSECTS AND TEMPERATURE—A GENERAL THEORY
Authors: Gilbert N. , Raworth D.A.
Published: November 2009

Insects are selected for slow development (but relatively fast growth) in spring, but for fast development in summer. These contrasting selection pressures explain five puzzling effects of temperature on insects: growth and development rates increase almost linearly with temperature; genetic variability in development rate is reduced at high (27°C) temperatures; genetic variability in growth rate is reduced at low (15°C) temperatures; development is very slow at the time of emergence after diapause, regardless of the temperature threshold for emergence; and growth is slow at low temperatures, but development is even slower.

Insects use temperature to indicate time-of-season. Different species are geared differently to rising temperatures. Insect predators and parasitoids become more effective at high temperatures; and insect population dynamics are not stable in the conventional sense.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF MYZOCALLIDINE APHIDS FROM NORTH AMERICA AND JAPAN (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

Myzocallis (Neomyzocallis) pseudodiscolor sp.nov. from Quercus macrocarpa in North America, and Tuberculatus pilosulus sp.nov. from Quercus serrata in Japan are described. The affinities of the two species are discussed.
CHANGES IN SPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATION WITH CROWN LEVEL
Authors: Piene Harald
Published: November 2009

Detailed estimates of defoliation caused by spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] over the crown length of young balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] were made throughout a spruce budworm outbreak from 1976 to 1984 in the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. The results show no clear tendency for a particular level of the crown to be damaged more heavily than any other. Thus, there is no reason to continue the common practice of taking samples from the mid-crown level on the assumption that they represent an ‘average’ level of defoliation either for high or low populations. Sampling from the bottom of the crown should provide a more convenient and cost-effective approach for estimating defoliation.
SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENT OF THE WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA WALSINGHAM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Gray T.G. , Shepherd R.F. , Gries G. , Gries R.
Published: November 2009

(E)-11,13-Tetradecadienal (E11,13-14:Ald) is the major component of the sex pheromone of the western blackheaded budworm (WBB), Acleris gloverana Walsingham. The compound was identified in extracts of the female’s pheromone gland by coupled gas chromatographic - electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC - mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. In field experiments, E11,13-14:Ald by itself was attractive, but addition of (Z)-11,13-tetradecadienal doubled trap catches of male WBB. (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienol or (E)-11,13-tetradecadienyl acetate in binary or ternary combination with E11,13-14:Ald did not enhance attractiveness of the bait. In comparative assessments of five different trap designs, Uni-traps appeared to be the most suitable for use in pheromone-based monitoring of populations of WBB.
THE CHALCIDOID PARASITOIDS AND HYPERPARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) OFCHORISTONEURASPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Huber J.T. , Eveleigh E. , Pollock S. , McCarthy P.
Published: November 2009

An illustrated key is given to 28 genera, representing 10 families of at least 50 chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids recorded fromChoristoneuraspecies (Tortricidae), or their primary parasitoids, in America north of Mexico. We include species reared throughout a 12-year study of the parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), in New Brunswick, Canada, as well as those listed in various catalogs. Notes are provided for all the chalcidoid species, whether or not they are recorded in the literature. Nine species doubtfully or incorrectly recorded fromChoristoneuraspecies are also discussed.

Primary parasitoids belonging to the Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, and Tachinidae have been recorded from 10 of the 16 NearcticChoristoneuraspecies but chalcidoid parasitoids are recorded, usually as hyperparasitoids, from only four of the 16 species. The species of primary parasitoids ofChoristoneurachecked for records of parasitism by Chalcidoidea are tabulated by host species. Also listed are species of primary parasitoids serving as hosts for each of the chalcidoid species. We report 51 new host records of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids fromC. fumiferanaand its parasitoids collected in New Brunswick.

A new generic combination is given:Mesopolobus tortricis(Brues) comb.nov. fromPsychophagus(proposed by Z. Boucek).
EARWIG PARASITOIDS OF THE GENUSTRIARTHRIASTEPHENS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) IN THE NEW WORLD
Authors: O’Hara James E.
Published: November 2009

TriarthriaStephens is known from two species in the New World. One isT. setipennis(Fallen), introduced into North America from Europe early this century as a biological control agent against its host, the European earwig (Forficula auriculariaL.) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The second species isT. parva(Townsend), a widely distributed earwig (Doruspp.) parasitoid in the Neotropical region.Triarthria parvawas originally described in the monotypic genusParkerellaTownsend;Parkerellais newly synonymized withTriarthria(syn.nov.), andT. parvais a new combination (comb.nov.). The genusTriarthriais diagnosed and the four included species are keyed:T. legeri(Villeneuve) (western Palearctic region),T. tienshanensisZiegler (Uzbekistan),T. setipennis, andT. parva. The two species in the New World are diagnosed, illustrated, and their known distributions mapped.
DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), AT TEMPERATURES FAVOURING POST-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Han Er-Ning , Bauce Eric
Published: November 2009

Requirements for diapause development of larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana have been generally believed to be met by temperatures of 2°C or below for a period ranging from 14 to 20 weeks (see review by Sanders 1991), whereas those favourable for post-diapause development were shown to be above 11°C (Régnière 1990). However, we noticed that a large number of larvae completed diapause after 10 weeks at 18°C without any cold storage. The following experiment was carried out to confirm this result.
IPSDIENOL AND LANIERONE INCREASE IPS PINI SAY (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACK AND BROOD DENSITY IN LODGEPOLE PINE INFESTED BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
Authors: Safranyik L. , Shore T.L. , Linton D.A.
Published: November 2009

Attack and emergence of the engraver beetles Ips pini Say and I. latidens LeConte were measured in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) naturally attacked by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., in 1991. Sample trees were baited with the Ips pheromones ipsdienol and lanierone 1 week and 3 weeks after attack by the mountain pine beetle and again the following spring to observe the effects of the timing of bait placement. The densities of attack, egg gallery length, emergence, and hibernation of Ips species were measured. Ips latidens did not attack either the baited or unbaked trees at breast height until the spring of 1992 and the relatively low emergence was not significantly different by treatments. Among the 1991 treatments, the densities at breast height (1.3 m) of I. pini attack, egg gallery length, adult emergence in the fall of 1991, and numbers of hibernating adults in the duff were all highest for the 3-week treatment and lowest for the unbaked treatment. Significantly higher densities of beetles emerged and hibernated in the duff on the north sides of trees. Ips pini emergence in late summer 1992 from trees additionally baited in spring 1992 was significantly higher than for trees baited only in fall 1991. The density and temporal distribution of the emergence of both Ips species is discussed in relation to that of the mountain pine beetle.
SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE WALNUT HUSK FLY, RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA CRESSON (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Kasana Abdulmajid , AliNiazee M.T.
Published: November 2009

The seasonal phenology of the walnut husk fly (WHF), Rhagoletis completa Cresson, was studied in the Willamette Valley of Oregon during a 4-year period (1990–1993). Adult emergence observed in ground emergence cages varied greatly among years. Initial emergence ranged from 29 June to 17 July, and last emergence occurred as early as 17 August or as late as 11 September. The period of adult emergence was constant from year to year (mean 55, range 50–60 days) with the peak between the 3rd week of July and the 1st week of August. The period between first observed appearance of females in ground-level emergence cages and the first oviposition was consistent among the study years, ranging from 20 to 23 days. Peak oviposition occurred in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of August. Mean egg hatch and larval survival were 98 and 80%, respectively. Infestations reached over 95% in unsprayed trees by early to mid September. Mature larvae first exited from husks beginning the 4th week of August and continued through mid October. Larvae penetrated the soil and pupated at a depth of 2.5–7.6 cm with most within the top 2.5 cm of soil.
EFFECTIVENESS OF TRUNK-IMPLANTED ACEPHATE FOR THE PROTECTION OF CONES AND SEEDS FROM INSECT DAMAGE IN FRANCE AND CHINA
Authors: Roques Alain , Sun Jiang-Hua , Zhang Xu-Dong , Philippe Gwennael , Raimbault Jean-Paul
Published: November 2009

From 1989 to 1993, trunk implants of acephate were tested for the control of seed and cone insect damage to conifer species in France and northeastern China. The treatments were promising for the control of the major pests that feed on cone and seed tissues, including cone flies, coneworms, and seedworms, in European and Siberian larch, Norway spruce, Scots and mountain pine. In contrast, acephate implants did not prevent seed chalcid damage nor that of gall midges in Douglas-fir, European larch, and Siberian larch. Treatment generally increased seed yield, but a significant increase in the number of filled seeds was seen only when chalcids and midges were absent. The 2-year effect of implants seemed limited. Acephate implantation did not seem to affect seed germination.
THE DIAPAUSE RESPONSE TO PHOTOPERIOD IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF COTESIA MELANOSCELA (RATZEBURG) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Oliver D. , Tchir D.
Published: November 2009

The diapause response to photoperiod in Ontario populations of Cotesia melanoscela, an introduced parasitoid of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was investigated under a series of stationary photoperiods and constant temperature. When the parasitic larval stages of C. melanoscela were exposed to different photoperiods, the insect exhibited a typical long-day response: long days (greater than 18 h) promoted continuous development whereas short days (less than 16 h) resulted in diapause in the cocooned prepupal stage. Within the region of the critical photoperiod (16–18 h) the diapause response was associated with larval development time. Individuals that developed more slowly were more likely to enter diapause. Cotesia melanoscela was sensitive to photoperiod throughout its entire larval period. These individual responses are used to interpret patterns of seasonality of the parasitoid in Ontario and to compare with published information from populations of C. melanoscela in New England.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OVIPOSITOR OF SOME PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA IN RELATION TO CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR HOSTS
Authors: Ralec A. Le , Rabasse J.M. , Wajnberg E.
Published: November 2009

Although the structure of the ovipositor of parasitic Hymenoptera is largely uniform, interspecific variation in its morphology can be observed. Such variability may be related to the diversity of hosts attacked. To verify such an hypothesis, we compared, using correspondence analysis, the morphological characteristics of the ovipositors of 20 species in three categories: (i) species belonging to the same taxonomic unit and attacking the same type of host, (ii) species belonging to the same taxonomic unit but attacking different types of host, and (iii) species belonging to different taxonomic units but attacking the same type of host. Results show that variability in some morphological traits of the ovipositor can be related to host characteristics. Adaptive convergence in morphological variations observed between species is discussed.
EVALUATION OF MONOSODIUM METHANE ARSENATE FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF NATIVE ELM BARK BEETLES, HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Pines I.L. , Westwood A.R.
Published: November 2009

The native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., in Manitoba. The herbicide Glowon™, monosodium methane arsenate (MSMA), was applied to a chainsaw cut in American elm, Ulmus americana L., tree stems to determine if the treated elms would become effective trap trees for H. rufipes. Three treatments were compared: treated with herbicide and girdled, girdled, and control. All herbicide-treated elms died within 18 days after application. Significantly higher numbers (P < 0.01) of native elm bark beetles were attracted to the herbicided elms, compared with the other treatments. Beetles bred only in the elms treated with herbicide. Of the total brood galleries constructed, 72% had no egg hatch while the remaining 28% had larval tunnels. Progeny adults emerged from less than 1% of the larval tunnels. MSMA application could supplement the Dutch elm disease management program in Manitoba.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT AND EQUIPMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEES (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Richards K.W.
Published: November 2009

Four indicators of productivity and quality for the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.), were examined over a 3-year period and the influence of different shelter designs, nesting materials, and 34 environmental variables evaluated. A higher percentage of cocoons per total cells was produced in polystyrene nesting material than in pinewood nesting material. Both nesting materials had similar percentages of tunnels capped or containing cells and total numbers of cells per hive. Shelters with conspicuous orientation patterns or silhouettes had more tunnels capped per hive, tunnels with cells, and greater total cell production per hive than did other shelter designs. The time of maximum bee production varied greatly among the 3 years. Many environmental variables, especially those associated with higher temperature, heat units, and mean actual temperature, had a significant positive effect on bee productivity and cell quality. The information contained in this study may help delineate those climatic areas where this valuable alfalfa pollinator can be most effective, and may assist beekeepers in making management decisions that will improve their operations.
A STUDY OF THE GENUSEPHORONFROM JAPAN (EPHEMEROPTERA, POLYMITARCYIDAE)
Authors: Ishiwata Shin-ichi
Published: November 2009

In the genusEphoronof Japan three species are recognized:E.shigae(Takahashi),E.limnobiumsp.nov., andE.eophilumsp.nov. This study includes a key to the species, a description of each species, and maps of species distributions.
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SYNTHETIC PHEROMONE ON MATING DISRUPTION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS IN A WIND TUNNEL
Authors: Sanders C.J.
Published: November 2009

Male spruce budworm moths were kept in a wind tunnel for 4 days and assayed each day to determine their ability to locate calling females that were surrounded by rubber septa loaded with synthetic pheromone, a 95:5 blend of E:Z-11-tetradecenal. As the concentration of synthetic pheromone increased, the numbers of males successfully locating females decreased, the latency of response increased, and the speed of flight decreased. At release rates from the septa close to those of a calling female, 6–60 ng/h per septum, most disrupted males flew to a septum instead of the females. At the highest release rate tested, 600 ng/h, many males were inactive or flew to the sides of the tunnel, which indicates sensory fatigue. This effect was more pronounced among males that were continuously exposed to the synthetic pheromone for the 4 days than among males kept in pheromone-free air between assays. About a quarter of the males died or became unable to fly after the 4 days, but there was no change in the proportions of the different responses of males, or in their response times, with increasing age, nor was there evidence that males were conditioned by their experience on previous days. The results led to the conclusion that time-averaged atmospheric concentrations of the synthetic pheromone as high as 20 ng/m3 are necessary to achieve effective disruption of the orientation of male spruce budworm moths to calling female moths.
EFFECTS OFBACILLUS THURINGIENSISBERLINER VAR.KURSTAKIAND DEFOLIATION BY THE GYPSY MOTH [LYMANTRIA DISPAR(L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)] ON NATIVE ARTHROPODS IN WEST VIRGINIA
Authors: Sample Bradley E. , Butler Linda , Zivkovich Cathy , Whitmore Robert C. , Reardon Richard
Published: November 2009

Impacts ofBacillus thuringiensisvar.kurstaki(Btk) and defoliation by gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar(L.)] on native, non-target arthropods were evaluated in eastern West Virginia from 1990 to 1992. Adult and larval arthropods were collected by foliage sampling and light-trapping at 24 20-ha (50-acre) plots, representing six replicates of four treatments: unsprayed, gypsy moth absent (control); unsprayed, gypsy moth present (defoliation); sprayed, gypsy moth absent; and sprayed, gypsy moth present. Pre-treatment data were collected in 1990. In May 1991, one application ofBtkwas made to 12 plots at a dosage of 14.4 BIU/ha (36 BIU/acre). Post-treatment data were collected in 1991 and 1992. With few exceptions, detectable effects fromBtkapplication were restricted to Lepidoptera. Although abundance and species richness of larval and adult non-target Lepidoptera decreased at all plots between 1990 and 1992, abundance and species richness were reduced atBtk-treated plots relative to untreated plots. Richness and abundance of some larval and adult Lepidoptera declined at defoliation plots. Although the short-term (< 1 year) impacts ofBtkapplication on non-target Lepidoptera are negative, the long-term effects (> 1 year) of reduced abundance of gypsy moth larvae may be beneficial for some native species. AlthoughBtkapplication and defoliation reduce abundance of native Lepidoptera, environmental conditions such as weather may have a greater influence on population fluctuations.
IDENTIFICATION KEYS FORAPHTHONAFLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) INTRODUCED IN CANADA FOR THE CONTROL OF SPURGE (EUPHORBIASPP., EUPHORBIACEAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent , Paquin Pierre
Published: November 2009

Five species ofAphthona[A.cyparissiae(Koch),A.czwalinae(Weise),A.flavaGuillebeau,A.lacertosa(Rosenhauer), andA.nigriscutisFoudras] were introduced into Canada for the biocontrol of spurge. Four identification keys are provided to determine these species: a field key based on the coloration of the body and appendages, a key for males using characters of the aedeagi, and two keys for females, the first based on features of the spermathecae, the second based on those of the styli.
REVISION OF NORTH AMERICANAGABUSLEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): THEOPACUS-GROUP
Authors: Larson D.J.
Published: November 2009

Species of theAgabus opacus- andlineellus-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are combined and revised as members of theA.opacus-group. TheA.opacus-group contains 13 species, namely:A.hypomelasMannerheim,A.vancouverensisLeech,A.verisimilisBrown,A.vandykeiLeech,A.wasastjernae(Sahlberg),A.opacusAubé,A.confertusLeConte,A.euryomussp.nov.,A.walsinghami(Crotch),A.jimzimsp.nov.,A.lineellusLeConte,A.discorsLeConte, andA.austrodiscorssp.nov.Agabus wasastjernaeandA.opacusare Holarctic and boreal; the remaining 11 species are confined to the Cordilleran region of western North America. Character distribution does not support recognition of subspecies ofA.hypomelas, thereforeA.hypomelas irregularisMannerheim is regarded as a synonym ofA.hypomelas. A lectotype is designated forA.discorsLeConte. A phylogenetic tree of the hypothesized relationships between the species is presented.

A key to the species of the group is included. For each species, the following information is provided: synonymy; description and illustration of taxonomically important characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities.
A NEW GENUS OF TETRASTICHINAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) FROM JAPAN
Authors: Ikeda Eiji , Kamijo Kazuaki , Huber John T.
Published: November 2009

A new genus and species, Stipecarinata striata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), is described from Japan. Its relationship to other tetrastichine genera is discussed.
TIMEMA DOUGLASI (PHASMATOPTERA: TIMEMATODEA), ANEW PARTHENOGENETIC SPECIES FROM SOUTHWESTERN OREGON AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES
Authors: Sandoval Cristina P. , Vickery Vernon R.
Published: November 2009

Timema douglasi sp.nov. is described from southwestern Oregon and northern California, USA. It is the third parthenogenetic species in the genus and is a specialist feeder on old-growth Douglas fir, occasionally causing serious defoliation. Timema knulli Strohecker is synonymized with Timema californicum Scudder.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF IDRIS FOERSTER. PART I: THE MELLEUS-GROUP (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner L. , Denis J.
Published: November 2009

The state of taxonomy of Idris, egg parasitoids of spiders, in Nearctic North America is reviewed. The concept of Idris is discussed and Ceralobaeus Ashmead is considered a junior synonym (new synonymy). The melleus-group of Idris is defined and 11 Nearctic species are keyed and described: I. castaneus sp.nov. (south and southeastern USA), I. chrysion sp.nov. (southeastern USA), I. costatus sp.nov. (eastern USA), I. lacunatus (Baja California, Mexico). I. leedsi sp.nov. (midsouthem USA), I. melleus (Ashrnead) (south and southeastern USA and southern Canada), I. onychion sp.nov. (southeastern USA), I. ornatus sp.nov. (eastern USA), I. pulvinus sp.nov. (south and southeastern USA), I. spartinae sp.nov. (southeastern USA), and I. triticola sp.nov. (midwestern USA). Extra-limital Nearctic members of the melleus-group are briefly discussed.
A RAPID AND SIMPLE FLOUR-DISK BIOASSAY FOR TESTING SUBSTANCES ACTIVE AGAINST STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
Authors: Xie Y.S. , Bodnaryk R.P. , Fields P.G.
Published: November 2009

A rapid and simple flour-disk bioassay was developed to assay biologically active substances on several species of stored-products insects. The speed, simplicity, and parsimony of the bioassay derive from a single-step mixing of the test substance in aqueous solution with flour. Aliquots (100 μL) of the stirred suspension are then pipetted onto a polystyrene Petri dish using an Eppendorf pipettor and allowed to dry at room temperature overnight to produce uniform flour disks containing the test substance. After equilibration at 30 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity for 24 h, the disks are individually weighed and transferred to Petri dishes with weighed stored-products insects. After 3 days, the remainder of the disk and the living insects are weighed again for calculations of food consumption, utilization, growth, and mortality. Based on the flour-disk bioassay, the neem-based insecticide, Margosan-O®, significantly reduced consumption, growth, feeding, and dietary utilization in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in a dose-dependent manner. Margosan-O® also caused mortality, but the species differed widely in sensitivity, C. ferrugineus being the most sensitive and T. castaneum the least. The mortality of C. ferrugineus and S. oryzae was a consequence of both toxic and antifeedant (starvation) effects, but mortality of T. castaneum was caused entirely by its toxic action. Using a whole-kernel bioassay, it was found that Margosan-O® caused a dramatic reduction in the F1 progeny of all three species.
NEOTROPICALPANDELETEIUS(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) WITH IRREGULAR ELYTRAL STRIAE
Authors: Howden Anne T.
Published: November 2009

Seven species-groups comprising 20 species in the New World genusPandeleteiusare described or redescribed; they are recognized by their irregular elytral striae and their well-developed stylus on the coxite of the female genitalia. The species-groups and their composition are as follows:P.biseriatusspecies-group—P.biseriatus(Kirsch),P.confinissp.nov.,P.subtilissp.nov.,P.thomasisp.nov.;P.pollinosusspecies-group—P.pollinosussp.nov.,P.mesosternalissp.nov.;P.porosusspecies-group—P.porosus(Boheman) (P.aspericollisHustache, new synonymy),P.spinipennissp.nov.,P.scorpioidessp.nov.,P.semiconnatussp.nov.,P.connatussp.nov.,P.torosussp.nov.;P.upsilonspecies-group—P.upsilonHowden,P.penaisp.nov.,P.baccatussp.nov.,P.cornellisp.nov.,P.smithsonisp.nov.;P.assimilisVoss (monobasic species-group);P.colatussp.nov. (monobasic species-group); andP.latirostris(Hustache) (monobasic species-group).

Lectotypes are designated forMenetypus aspericollisHustache andPandeleteius assimilisVoss.

All species are South American exceptP.thomasi, which is Mesoamerican.

Host plants are unknown but adults of five species are recorded as feeding on leaves of various Caesalpinaceae and Mimosaceae.
THE FIDELITY OF COMMERCIALLY REARED COLONIES OF BOMBUS IMPATIENS CRESSON (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) TO LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY IN SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Whidden Troy L.
Published: November 2009

Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., V. myrtilloides Michx.) growers often use colonies of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) to supplement native bee populations for pollination. Native bee fauna is thought to be insufficient in number and too unpredictable, in terms of numbers, from year to year to be relied on for adequate crop pollination (Kevan and LaBerge 1978; Mackenzie and Winston 1984; Mohr and Kevan 1987; Kevan 1988; Eck 1988).
POTENTIAL OF FOUR SPECIES OF PREDATORY MITES AS BIOLOGICALCONTROL AGENTS OF THE TOMATO RUSSET MITE, ACULOPS LYCOPERSICI (MASSEE) (ERIOPHYIDAE)
Authors: Brodeur Jacques , Bouchard André , Turcotte Gilles
Published: November 2009

Predation experiments were conducted to identify a predator with the capacity to control the tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Eriophyidae), in greenhouse tomato crops. The efficiency of four predatory mites species was evaluated at the individual level in the laboratory: the tydeid Homeopronematus anconai (Baker) and the phytoseiids Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans, and A. fallacis Garman. The first three species had already been suggested as potential control agents. Predation by P. persimilis was essentially zero on tomato russet mite, whereas H. homeopronematus failed to develop to the adult stage when fed solely with this prey. Amblyseius cucumeris developed successfully on tomato russet mite but failed to reproduce. Only A. fallacis appears to possess several of the biological attributes required to control the tomato russet mite. This species attacks all stages of the pest and displays excellent survival (.92%), adequate rate of development (6.3 days at 22 °C), and good reproductive capacity in the presence of A. lycopersici.