bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Bandwagons Bring: Effects of Popular Management Techniques on Corporate Performance, Reputation, and CEO Pay
Authors: Staw Barry M. , Epstein Lisa D.
Published: April 2006

This paper examines some of the important organizational consequences of popular management techniques. Using informational reports on quality, empowerment, and teams, as well as a measure of the implementation of total quality management programs, we found that companies associated with popular management techniques did not have higher economic performance. Nevertheless, these same companies were more admired, perceived to be more innovative, and rated higher in management quality. Higher pay was also given to chief executives when their companies were associated with these management trends. These results provide strong support for institutional theory, demonstrating how both internal and external legitimacy can be gained by using popular management techniques. They also extend institutional theory from its usual emphasis on organization-environment relations to new within-firm dynamics.
A Quiackeson House in Eastern Maryland
Authors: Marye William B.
Published: April 2006

In the July, 1936 and January, 1937 numbers of American Antiquity, under the head of “Correspondence,” there were published certain data, bearing mostly on the subject of the burial customs of the Indians of eastern Maryland, which I had gathered together from several contemporary sources. In this connection I called attention to the occurrence in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina of place-names of more or less ancient date which embody the word “quiackeson,” or another of its various forms, giving this as evidence of the former existence of the mortuary temples called “quiackeson houses” in those places.
Excavations at Valshni Village, a Site on the Papago Indian Reservation
Authors: Withers Arnold M.
Published: April 2006

Valshni Village is a surface ruin fourteen miles southwest of Sells, Arizona, in the Sells District of the Papago Indian Reservation. The site is located on the adobe flats of the Baboquivari Valley near the confluence of the Valshni and Fresnal Washes. It is approximately ten miles north of the International Boundary and one-half mile east of the Papago village of Burro Pond. Its distinguishing features are five trash mounds above the desert level and many sherd concentrations.

Prior to 1938 no archaeological investigations had been carried on within the Papago Reservation other than surveys conducted by Gila Pueblo2 and the Arizona State Museum. During the winter of 1938-39, the first excavation in the area was completed at the Jackrabbit ruin under the supervision of Frederick H. Scantling. This work served to define what was called the Sells phase, which has been placed at 1250- 1400 A.D. and thus occupies a relatively late position in the local chronology.
Some Problems in Northeastern Archaeology
Authors: Gjessing Gutorm
Published: April 2006

In the exceedingly important symposium, “Man in Northeastern North America,” edited by Frederick Johnson, Frederica de Laguna has published a very interesting and elucidative paper, “The Importance of the Eskimo in Northeastern Archeology,” dealing chiefly with the relations between the Dorset Eskimo and the prehistoric Indians of the Northeast. The subject is fascinating, indeed, partly because the Dorset culture has a rather peculiar position within the prehistoric Eskimo cultures, and partly because even the Indian cultures of the Northeast coast in many respects have cultural traits alien to other prehistoric Indian cultures. In fact, the dissimilarity between Dorset and the neighboring Thule culture is so striking that the Eskimo origin of the Dorset culture has been seriously doubted by Therkel Mathiassen and Henry B. Collins. Collins, however, later agreed in the opinion, originally expressed by Diamond Jenness, that Dorset, in spite of the Indian-like features, may be an Eskimo culture.
Beads of Meteoric Iron from an Indian Mound Near Havana, Illinois
Authors: Grogan Robert M.
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1945, members of the Illinois State Museum under the direction of Thorne Deuel, Director of the Museum, excavated a group of Indian burial mounds in the Havana, Mason County area. Burial No. 10 in Mound No. 9 of this group yielded 22 rounded bead-like objects, composed of strongly oxidized iron, together with slightly more than 1000 ground shell and pearl or pearl slug beads. As the burial was evidently prehistoric and of Hopewellian age, it was at once conjectured that the iron might be of meteoric origin. In January, 1946, several of these supposed iron beads were sent to the State Geological Survey, with the request that the nature and source of the iron be determined if possible. In addition, Dr. Deuel kindly made available the data presented herein on the nature of the discovery and on the size, shape, and arrangement of the supposed beads.
Chichen Itza Inscriptions and the Maya Correlation Problem
Authors: Weitzel R. B.
Published: April 2006

Numerous calendric hieroglyphs of inscriptions at Chichen Itza have been deciphered, with the result that a large body of new material is available for a fresh approach to a solution of the Maya correlation problem. Furthermore, there has appeared a new method of interpreting native time counts which will necessitate revised ideas concerning the chronology of inscriptions, of architecture, of cultural changes, and of historical events at Chichen Itza.

Formerly it was thought that the Maya date 9 Lamat 11 Yax, 13 Tun 1 Ahau meant that the calendar round date 9 Lamat 11 Yax, with a positional determinant 13 Tun 1 Ahau, fell n 13 Tun ending on a day 1 Ahau. This Tun-Ahau method of interpreting a date rested on a fallacy and produced a result irreconcilable with the data. According to the new Katun-Ahau method, the given date, 9 Lamat 11 Yax, fell in a current 13 Tun of a current Katun ending on a day 1 Ahau; this is thoroughly consistent.
Photographing Translucent, Transparent, and Multicolored Artifacts
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

Projectile points and other small artifacts chipped from cryptocrystalline silicate minerals constitute a rather difficult photographic problem, for which there is no single solution. Reviews of both photographic and archaeological literature disclose little information on the subject, but show that better photographic methods are badly needed.

When the artifacts to be photographed are opaque, dull-surfaced, and of a single color, standard photographic methods, skilfully used, will produce satisfactory illustrations. General discussions of these methods are numerous in photographic literature: a good summary is given in Ridgway's Scientific Illustration.

Many small artifacts are translucent at the edges or elsewhere, transparent, multicolored, or have shiny surfaces. Good figures cannot be secured from these by “straight” photographic methods. Several special techniques, largely adopted from other branches of science, will be outlined here.
Excavation of Tommy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, California
Authors: Fenenga Franklin , Riddell Francis A.
Published: April 2006

The following is a brief account of the partial excavation of a cave on the east side of Honey Lake Valley, near Wendel in Lassen County, California. Although the materials recovered are not extensive, these notes seem warranted by the fact that this is the only dry cave archaeology done south of Oregon on this extreme western periphery of the Great Basin. Ninety miles to the east, work has been done in Lovelock Cave and Humboldt Cave. Some 150 miles north of our area the University of Oregon, under the direction of L. S. Cressman, has devoted nearly seven years (1935–42) to excavating the dry caves of south-central Oregon.

Honey Lake is the remnant of the westernmost arm of extinct Lake Lahontan. Its surface is 3,950 feet above sea level at the present time. The lake is bounded on the northeastern corner by Hot Springs Peak, a mountain of Miocene volcanics. Tommy Tucker Cave, circa 200 feet above the valley floor, is a fissure on a fault line near the foot of this peak.
Thoughts on Utah Archaeology
Authors: Malouf Carling
Published: April 2006

Utah is nearly bisected north-south by the Wasatch Mountains. Between Ogden and Nephi, Utah, these mountains have undergone extensive folding and faulting and reach a maximum height of 12,000 feet at Mt. Timpanogas. South of Nephi this range branches into three great fingers with narrow valleys between. Flanking the Wasatch, east of Salt Lake City, are the lofty Uintah Mountains. These, unlike other ranges in North America, have an east-west axis forming a barrier between Pueblo-dominated lands to the south and the territory of nomads living in the Wyoming Basin to the north. Little evidence of Pueblo occupation has been observed in southeast Wyoming, though there are a number of passes through which occasional hunting parties from the plateaus to the south may have ventured north into the plains of southern Wyoming. This, of course, could only have occurred in the summer, as the area is free from snow for only three or four months of the year.
The San José Non-Ceramic Culture and Its Relation to a Puebloan Culture in New Mexico
Authors: Bryan Kirk , Toulouse Joseph H.
Published: April 2006

The archaeology of the Puebloan or Anasazi people of the Southwest has been the subject of many investigations, to the neglect of partly contemporaneous peoples of different cultural background. However, the existence of a non-agricultural people as predecessors and contemporaries of the Puebloans has been postulated on general, theoretical grounds. It comes, therefore, with something of an expected surprise to realize that in the heart of the Puebloan area of central New Mexico at least one non-ceramic cultural complex existed. The present investigation gives only faint clues to the antiquity of this complex and to possible relations of the people represented by these artifacts with the Puebloans. A later and derivative Lobo complex is associated with Pueblo I and Pueblo II pottery and represents a close association or perhaps a fusion of a hunting people with the Puebloans. The present paper deals with the location of the sites, the artifacts found in them, and the general archaeology. The following paper, by Bryan and McCann, describes the local geology and makes a geological and archaeological correlation with other areas in the Southwest. The two papers should be regarded as a mere introduction to a field of archaeological research that has heretofore been much neglected.
The Origin and Authenticity of an Atlatl and an Atlatl Dart from Lassen County, California
Authors: Fenenga Franklin , Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

In October, 1939, an atlatl and an atlatl dart were brought from Lassen County, California, to the Lillard Museum for examination. These pieces had been found in Susanville in the collection of Mrs. McDow, whose husband had obtained them from an Indian, Charlie Paiute, formerly a resident of the Susanville area.

The atlatl is made apparently of willow; is 75 cm. long; averages 21 mm. in width; is 10 mm. thick at the distal end and increases to 13 mm. at the handle. The wood has been stained with a red pigment (a very similar stain may be obtained by grinding hematite, adding water to it and daubing it on wood). It is black and greasy, apparently from dirty hands, at the handle and along the edges paralleling the groove.
An Authentic “Problematical” from the Ozarks
Authors: Tong Marvin E.
Published: April 2006

In the spring of 1948 during an archaeological survey of the headwaters of the Lake Norfork Reservoir Area on the North Fork of White River in Ozark County, Missouri, an unusual flint object was found. This artifact, illustrated as Figure 35A, was picked up on the surface of a prehistoric Indian village on the left bank of the North Fork of the White River about 1/4 mile below Tecumseh, Missouri. The only other object found on this site, other than flint chips, flakes, and spalls, was what appears to be a long slender projectile point, B in Figure 35. The owner of the land, since deceased, had picked up a fragment of a full-grooved limestone ax while cultivating the field many years before.

The problematical form appears to have been made from a short, stubby projectile point of quartzite, a stone commonly utilized by the prehistoric Indians of Ozark County.
The Hohokam Canals at Pueblo Grande, Arizona
Authors: Woodbury Richard B.
Published: April 2006

A cross section of the surviving traces of two large prehistoric canals near Pueblo Grande, Phoenix, shows one to have originally been V-shaped in profile, about 6 m. wide and 4 m. deep, and the other U-shaped in profile, about 10 m. wide and 3 m. deep. Both were dug into coarse gravel and the broader (north) canal had been lined with brown clay subsequent to its construction and initial period of use. There is a possibility that the V-shaped South Canal was built first and perhaps abandoned when the North Canal was built. Both canals show evidence of repeated filling and clearing out, either by natural erosion due to a periodically swifter current or by the efforts of the Indians using the canals. Sherds under the banks and in the canals were too few for conclusive dating of construction and use, but suggest that this took place during the Soho phase of the Hohokam Classic period, that is, during the late 12th and the 13th centuries. Hohokam canals much older than this are known, and the occupation of nearby Pueblo Grande began earlier and lasted later than the Soho phase.
A Pleistocene Campsite near Lewisville, Texas
Authors: Crook Wilson W. , Harris R. K.
Published: April 2006

Evidence of human occupation has been found in Pleistocene river terrace strata near Lewisville, Texas, over the past 7 years. Noteworthy finds include a Clovis projectile point in place in the site, an extensive faunal collection, and charcoal which has produced 2 radiocarbon age determinations in excess of 37,000 years B.P. The following article is a condensation of a detailed account appearing in the Texas Archeological Society Bulletin for 1957.
Estimated Correlations and Dating of South and Central American Culture Sequences
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

The correlation of culture sequences provides the basic framework of archaeology, the essential understructure of any interpretations which may follow. In the New World, prehistoric sequence correlations seldom are projected for territories of greater size than the conventional culture area. The southwestern United States, Peru, or, at the largest, eastern North America are classic examples. The reason for such a restriction seems to be that native American cultures but rarely outrun the boundaries of their natural environmental settings, and it is difficult to effect alignments of culture phases or units on an interareal basis.
A Stratigraphic Trench at Sitio Conte, Panama
Authors: Ladd John
Published: April 2006

Until recently Panamanian archaeology has been essentially descriptive with little attempt at chronological ordering. Outstanding monographs and writings of this nature are those by Holmes (1888), MacCurdy (1911), and Osgood (1935), on the Province of Chiriquí, and Linné (1929) on Darien. In the 1930's the Peabody Museum (Harvard) excavations at Sitio Conte in Coclée Province, central Panama, were devoted largely to the careful uncovering of graves and their contents; but analyses of these collections were not made with an eye to cultural sequence (Lothrop 1937, 1942).
A “Graver” Site in Wisconsin
Authors: Nero Robert W.
Published: April 2006

The subject of this report is a group of 70 gravers collected in 1954 and 1955 from the surface of a village site about 12 miles southeast of Madison, Wisconsin. The finding of this number of gravers at a single site is unusual and is also of special interest since gravers have usually been associated with Archaic and earlier horizons. A separate report (Nero 1955) has been published on the total assemblage of artifacts from the site, material which represents a conglomeration of several cultures, though an Archaic-like complex predominates.
The Moffatt Archaeological Collection from the Dubawnt Country, Canada
Authors: Harp Elmer
Published: April 2006

On July 3, 1955, six men in three canoes shoved out into Black Lake, Saskatchewan, and began a long journey northward toward the great Barren Grounds. The party consisted of Peter Franck of Woodside, California; George Grinnell of New York City; J. Edward Lanouette of São Paulo, Brazil; Bruce LeFavour of Amsterdam, New York; Fred Pessl, Jr., of Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan; and the leader and organizer of the expedition, Arthur R. Moffatt of Norwich, Vermont.
Lanceolate Points and Fossil Beaches in the Upper Great Lakes Region
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Lanceolate points, formerly called “Yuma,” but now designated by specific type names such as Plainview, Milnesand, Eden, Browns Valley, and others, seem to have been various expressions of a common pattern or tradition that has been called "Piano" by Jennings (Griffin 1957: 23). The Piano tradition in the West represents an ancient hunting stage of culture that followed an earlier stage manifested by the paleo-Indians who used fluted points and hunted elephants of types now extinct.
Notes on the Adena Aspect
Authors: Kercher Robert A.
Published: April 2006

A new material trait of the Adena Aspect has recently been discovered in two mound sites in Ross County, Ohio, viz., tubular pottery pipes with a constricted mouthpiece. Similar specimens in stone are diagnostic of the aspect but pipes made of pottery are unreported in either comprehensive analyses of Adena or the site reports in their bibliographies.

The Renick group of mounds are situated 0.4 mile southeast of Chillicothe on the second terrace overlooking the Scioto River, and are on the property of the Aluminum Company of America. Mound I was 9 feet 1 inch high, had a diameter of 74 feet, and contained 32 burials, 2 subfloor tombs, and a house site. The skeletal remains were generally in an extreme state of decay, in some cases being discernible only as a discoloration in the soil. Mound II, 80 feet to the northeast, was 15 inches high and 30 feet in diameter.
A Note on the Lake El'gytkhyn Finds
Authors: Okladnikov A. P.
Published: April 2006

Two Russian publications provide new information about the sites on Lake El'gytkhyn in the Chukchi Peninsula: a detailed description of the lake, a discussion of its origin, summary description of 33 blades from the craftsman"s hoard, and 13 objects from the campsite. The fine classification of the blades is criticized and the identification of some of the other tools is questioned.
A Unique Hopewellian Mask — Headdress
Authors: Baby Raymond S.
Published: April 2006

During the analysis of the cremated remains from 4 Ohio Hopewellian sites, burial associations, including utilitarian tools and ornaments, were recorded with 52 of 128 burials. Approximately half of the artifacts were burned with the deceased, while the remainder were placed with the calcined remains at the time of interment (Baby 1954:3).

The cremated remains from a “shell-grave” burial (No. 13) on the floor of Mound Seven of the Mound City group, Ross County, Ohio, excavated by William C. Mills in 1921 (Mills 1922: 491), contained, in addition to other objects, fragments of an artifact fashioned from a human skull.
A Current Synthesis of New York Prehistory
Authors: Ritchie William A.
Published: April 2006

Since my synthesis (Ritchie, 1944) additional chronological and other data (Smith, 1950; Bullen, 1949) have accumulated for the New York area from interrelated field (Ritchie, 1946; also excavations of 1950 on same site) and laboratory (Ritchie and MacNeish, 1949; MacNeish, n.d.) researches. Among the significant sites recently excavated by the writer, which have contributed to the problem of cultural continuity are the Jack's Reef site, to be further excavated and reported on in 1951; the East Sugar Island site (Ritchie, 1949, pp. 3-24); and a group of Owasco and early Mohawk sites in eastern New York, excavated in 1949-1950 (Ritchie, Lenig and Miller, n.d.; Ritchie, n.d.). The Piffard site in western New York, excavated by Robert R. Hill of Rochester, N. Y., is another site showing transitional features. The chronological data accrue from the radiocarbon analyses of Arnold and Libby (1950, p. 7) made from charcoal samples obtained from hearths and graves on certain Archaic and early Woodland period sites in central New York.
The Development of Folk and Complex Cultures in the Southern Maya Area
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. de
Published: April 2006

Two generations of intensive archaeological work conducted in great part by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the Southern Maya area have resulted in a wealth of factual information and the establishment of a fairly comprehensive and continuous cultural sequence. In spite of the many facts, few attempts have been made by Middle American archaeologists to synthesize this data and present it within a coherent conceptual framework. The reluctance of Middle Americanists to extract from the factual data theories regarding the recurring regularities of human behavior may be due in part to the feeling that such “theorizing” is purely speculative and unscientific. The picture is further complicated by the fact that in the Maya area the great bulk of the archaeological material collected and studied consists of artifacts from the excavations of mounds and tombs in the large ceremonial and urban centers. This material understandably does not represent the totality of the culture concerned.
Additional Data on the Woodruff Ossuary, Kansas
Authors: Wedel Waldo R. , Kivett Marvin F.
Published: April 2006

The Woodruff ossuary (14PH4), a prehistoric communal burial site situated just south of the Nebraska line in Phillips County, Kansas, was excavated for the Smithsonian River Basin Surveys in the late summer and fall of 1946. In the report on this work (Kivett 1953) the findings were correlated with earlier observations in Nebraska and the site was assigned to a recurring complex called the Keith focus. The Keith focus is but one of several variants — and perhaps an early one — of the widespread Woodland culture of the Central Plains. It is distinguished chiefly by the following: calcite-tempered pottery designated as Harlan Cord-Roughened; small to large stemmed and barbed projectile points, often serrated; small chipped celts; triangular and crescentic shell pendants as grave offerings, along with great numbers of shell disc beads and bead blanks; perforated canine teeth and unperforated rodent teeth; incised tubular bone beads; and secondary burial of disarticulated bodies in communal pits.
The Archaic Culture in the Middle South
Authors: Lewis T. M. N. , Kneberg Madeline
Published: April 2006

Data from 22 Archaic sites in four ecologically similar regions in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia are compared to provide a synthesis of Archaic materials dating from the Anathermal to the first centuries of the Christian era in the Middle South. Stratigraphic evidence and radiocarbon dates make possible the establishment of two local sequences in western Tennessee where 15 components from ten sites can be assigned to six phases. These components are compared in terms of 83 traits through the use of the Z-coefficient described by Kroeber. Both the archaeological and the statistical analyses suggest the presence of two contemporaneous Archaic traditions in the area. The validity of this interpretation is tested by comparing the Tennessee materials with those from the Kentucky, Alabama, and Georgia regions, again with the aid of the Z-coefficient. The Archaic phases of all four regions are assigned to the two traditions: Midcontinent tradition—Eva, Three Mile, Big Sandy (Tenn.), Indian Knoll, unnamed phase which includes the Parish, Ward, and Chiggerville sites (Ky.); Eastern tradition—Stallings Island (Ga.), Lauderdale (Ala.), Kays, Weldon, Ledbetter (Tenn.). The contacts between the Archaic and Woodland traditions and the lack of contact with Early Lithic cultures are discussed.
The Fremont Culture: Internal Dimensions and External Relationships
Authors: Gunnerson James H.
Published: April 2006

The Fremont culture of northeastern Utah is predominately Anasazi in character, but has a few distinctive traits. It exhibits great variability, especially in ceramics and architecture. The total time span of this complex may be the 250-year period from A.D. 950 to 1200. The Fremont culture, and probably the very similar Sevier culture of western Utah, represent a rather sudden northward movement of traits, and perhaps people, from the independently-developed, but Kayenta-influenced Virgin branch of the Anasazi.
Cultural Continuities of Eskimos
Authors: Giddings J. L.
Published: April 2006

Although the archaeology of the “Eskimo” area need not be that of Eskimos, groups of people, by whatever name they are called, have lived continuously for at least 4000 years in Greenland, around the northern rim of Hudson Bay, on the American side of Bering Strait, and probably around the Pacific shores of Southwest Alaska. Shorter sequences of continuous occupation are known in many parts of the range, including St. Lawrence Island. Meaningful cross-analyses may be made from the coastal or near-coastal sites in which are preserved house, tent, burial, and cache remains, and sometimes whole villages. Sites of the interior are usually accumulations of projectile points and cutting-tools at game crossings, though some, for example, Firth River, Anaktuvuk Pass, and Dismal Lake, afford limited stratigraphy or means of seriation.

A sequence of cultural phases, perhaps those of two regional traditions, is emerging in the Bering Strait region. With this region as a focus, nine horizons are considered, beginning with the earliest: (1) Palisades I and British Mountain; (2) Palisades II, Tuktu, and Denali Highway; (3) Denbigh Flint complex and other microblade sites; (4) Old Whaling culture; (5) Choris, Early Aleut, Kachemak Bay I, and Sarqaq; (6) Norton and Dorset; (7) Okvik, Ipiutak, and Kachemak Bay II; (8) Old Bering Sea and Birnirk; (9) Punuk, Western Thule, and Thule. The two traditions are: (1) Palisades I, Palisades II, to Old Whaling culture, based on a distinctive flint-working technique, and later, the hafting of notched flints to wooden shafts; (2) Denbigh Flint complex, Battle Rock, Ipiutak, to Birnirk, based on side blading and engraving styles. The second of these American traditions parallels in its later period at least the Okvik to Birnirk tradition of the Asian side of the Bering Strait.

The earliest evidence consists of crude chopper-tools and percussion bifacing, followed much later by notched points, then successively by the combination of micro-blades, side-blades, and burins; whaling and deep-house building; pottery and the first midden mounds; elaboration of engraved art and ceremony; and finally by a specialized but utilitarian “Eskimo” form of culture. Minor climatic changes and related shifts in the food supply account for some of the shifts of cultural emphasis through time.
Rubbings from Chavin de Huántar, Peru
Authors: Ayres Fred D.
Published: April 2006

The inked-roller technique used to obtain “surface prints” of Chavín carvings, many of which have been discovered only recently, is described, and twelve prints or rubbings of these carvings and one of the Raimondi stela are illustrated.
Guicciardini, Machiavelli, Valori on Lorenzo Magnifico
Authors: Gilbert Felix
Published: April 2006

In an appendix to his biography of Francesco Guicciardini published in 1862, Eugène Benoist printed a brief piece by Guicciardini which the editors of Guicciardini's Opere Inedite had overlooked. The piece is a ‘Portrait of Lorenzo Magnifico de' Medici’. About its authenticity there can be no doubt; the manuscript on which Benoist's publication was based, was written in Guicciardini's own hand. Thus Palmarocchi, the editor of the most recent critical edition of Guicciardini's works, printed it in the volume containing Guicciardini's Saitti Politici e Ricordi. In an explanatory note Palmarocchi tried to date the manuscript and suggested that it was written in Spain during the last months of the year 1512 and the first of 1513.
Thomas Dekker, the Restoration of St. Paul's, and J. P. Collier, the Forger
Authors: Hoeniger F. David
Published: April 2006

This article concerns two seventeenth-century poems that have not been printed before except for brief extracts. They occupy pages 26–36 in a commonplace book in the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D. C., known as MS.V.a.160 (formerly MS.452.1). The poems are there attributed to Thomas Dekker, one of the better-known Jacobean dramatists, author of The Shoemakers' Holiday and other middle-class comedies, and of a large number of pamphlets of ‘London life’ which are of great interest to the student of colloquial speech in the Jacobean period. Though the commonplace book includes other interesting material, my discussion will confine itself to the two Dekker items, their import and their claim to genuineness, with one slight exception only. The exception is a version of a little-known epitaph attributed, though not very persuasively, to Shakespeare, which I cite in a footnote since it has apparently not been printed for over a hundred years. Of the two Dekker poems, the second one is a bawdy song which probably refers to a special popular entertainment of the day.
Desportes and the Civil Wars
Authors: Graham Victor E.
Published: April 2006

The secular poetry of Philippe Desportes (1546-1606) is most often characterized as précieux. One may wish to distinguish between préciosité as an historical phenomenon and précieux as a recurring literary tendency, and one may quarrel about the exact definition of the term, but when examples are needed none are any better than those chosen from the works of Desportes. This no one would deny, but when the extreme view is taken that Desportes is nothing but an insincere and clever versifier who crassly imitates Italian models and hawks his wares to the highest bidder, then one must protest.
In Foraminibus Petrae: A Note on Leonardo's ‘Virgin of the Rocks’
Authors: Robertson D. W.
Published: April 2006

Critics have encountered considerable difficulty in explaining the setting of Leonardo's ‘Virgin of the Rocks'. Thus L. H. Heydenreich asserts, ‘Das Bild schildert kein Ereignis der biblischen Geschichte'. A background of apocryphal or legendary material has been postulated and denied. Although biblical history offers no explanation for the rocks, a very simple and obvious source appears in conventional biblical exegesis. A convention arose in the twelfth century where by the Sponsa in the Canticum could be taken as the Blessed Virgin as well as the Church, and this attitude persisted in Catholic countries well after the time of Leonardo. Thus Cant. 2: 13-14 was read as an injunction to the Virgin: Surge, arnica tnea, speciosa mea, et vent, columba mea, inforaminibuspetrce, in caverna maceriæ.
Spenser, Shakespeare, Honor, and Worship
Authors: Ringler William A.
Published: April 2006

In his letter to Harvey from Leicester House on October 5, 1579, Spenser said he hoped to be employed by a ‘Lorde’, evidently the Earl of Leicester, and intended to devote his time ‘to his Honours service’; and he further reported that ‘gentle M. Sidney, I thanke his good Worship’, had asked for news of Harvey. In a second letter ten days later he said he would follow Harvey's advice to publish various of his writings but was in doubt about their dedication. One work, evidently the Shepheardes Calender, seemed to him ‘too base for his excellent Lordship’. He noted that Gosson had been scorned for dedicating his Schoole of Abuse to Master Sidney, from which he concluded: ‘Suche follie is it, not to regarde aforehand the inclination and qualitie of him, to whome wee dedicate oure Bookes.
New CEOs and Corporate Strategic Refocusing: How Experience as Heir Apparent Influences the Use of Power
Authors: Bigley Gregory A. , Wiersema Margarethe F.
Published: April 2006

This paper integrates corporate governance research on the consequences of executive power and the upper echelons literature on top managers' cognitive orientation to develop a framework in which the characteristics of the chief executive officer (CEO) predict corporate strategic refocusing. With data from a sample of large and diversified firms, we examine the extent to which newly appointed CEOs' strategic orientation determines whether they use their power to maintain the status quo or refocus their firms' business portfolios. We assess CEOs' power with seven widely used indicators and use experience as heir apparent to the prior CEO as a measure of new CEOs' strategic orientation. Overall, results show that CEOs' power use is influenced by heir apparent experience in predicting the level of corporate strategic refocusing. Heir apparent experience interacts with four power indicators—compensation, functional expertise, elite education, and number of outside boards on which the new CEO is seated—but the interaction between heir apparent experience and number of outside boards is contrary to what was hypothesized.
Notes sue le Mariage chez des Païens du Nord-Cameroun
Authors: Léger AD.
Published: April 2006

Dans les notes qui vont suivre je me propose d'exposer les règles coutumières relatives au mariage chez les Guissiga, Moundang et Toubouri. Ces trois peuplades indigènes sont avec maintes autres appelées ‘Kirdi’. Ce terme, d'usage courant, n'a cependant aucune valeur raciale: il est employé par les indigènes islamisés, foulbé ou bororo, pour désigner indistinctement tous les païens.
A Good Village
Authors: Young T. Cullen
Published: April 2006

It is possible to live years m Africa before making the discovery that direct and simple phrases, apparently referable to everyday, material objects with the ordinary surface meanings of the individual words employed, may have totally unexpected values. Indeed, one may live many years in Africa and never make this discovery. Witness the view accepted by so many as to the ‘poverty’ of the African's vocabulary and its ‘incapacity to express abstract thought’. We are too much at the mercy of uninformed opinion crystallized into conventional small talk; uninformed opinion that has accepted and then transmitted through books, or through lectures, or simply through conversation, views that are false, until a body of conventional belief has formed across the surface of the true situation so smotheringly as almost to defeat every effort of the facts to get to the surface. It is like the situation produced by oil on the surface of a pool that so deprives the life within the pool of air that it dwindles and dies beneath the oily curtain. In the home and roadside talk of Africa there lies an unguessed world of meaning, just beneath the surface, waiting to be released.
Modern Developments in African Land Tenure: an Aspect of Culture Change
Authors: Mair L. P.
Published: April 2006

African land tenure is a subject so vast that in dealing with it one hesitates to commit oneself to statements of general application lest particular instances should be found to controvert them. Yet, when it is considered from the point of view of culture change, it is possible to discern a number of general trends, the nature of which is similar because their cause is the same–the impact on African society of the commercial economy of Western Europe with its infinite range of forms of wealth and possibilities of acquiring them. Though other forces too are active in the modern process of culture change, this is the most pervasive, and its influence can be traced in the development of every institution. In the case of land rights, closely bound up as they are with systems of production, the influence is direct and obvious.
A Modern Movement of Witch-finders
Authors: Richards Audrey I.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

All over present-day Africa witch-finders seem to appear, as it were from nowhere, flourish for a time, and then disappear. Either it is some individual of unusual personality in his community who announces a magic remedy for human sufferings, and so obtains a following, or else it is a more or less organized band of wonderworkers which crosses the border from some neighbouring territory with all the kudos attached to the foreign and the strange. Among these latter the celebrated Bamucapi, who recently swept from Nyasaland into Northern Rhodesia and later reached Southern Rhodesia and the Congo, are an interesting example. The actual origin of this movement is difficult to discover, but I watched it at its height in the Bemba country of N.E. Rhodesia in the summer of 1934, and I want in this article to describe very shortly the methods of these witch-finders, and to try to account for their success.
A Quarter-Century in the Life of a Falasha Prayer
Authors: Shelemay Kay Kaufman
Published: April 2006

The liturgy of the Falasha of Ethiopia has existed as an oral tradition throughout its history. Although the source and date of origin of the liturgy are the subject of frequent speculation, there is no evidence that a system of musical notation has ever been used. Therefore, when studying this liturgy, the researcher is confined to the experiences of living informants and to the current liturgy.
Zum Gegenwärtigen Stand der Volksliedanalyse und Volksliedklassifikation: Ein Forschungsbericht der Study Group for Analysis and Systematization of Folk Music der I.F.M.C.
Authors: Elschek von Oskár
Published: April 2006

Wenn zu Recht behauptet wird, dass die Ethnomusikologie erst durch den Phonographen und seine Möglichkeit, das in der Zeit ablaufende Musikphänomen festzuhalten und zu fixieren, um es immer von neuem einer Untersuchung unterziehen zu können, zur Wissenschaft wurde, so kann man ebenfalls die These aufstellen, dass die Ethnomusikologie sich erst dann zu einer modernen sozial-und musikwissenschaftlichen Disziplin entwickelte, als sie sich geeignete Mittel zur analytischen und systematisierenden Erfassung des Musikphänomens geschaffen hatte. Ja man könnte sogar soweit gehen und die Behauptung aufstellen, dass das wissenschaftliche Niveau der jeweiligen ethnomusikologischen Forschungen vom Stand der ethnomusikologischen Klassifikation und Systematisierung abhängt, d.h. von der Fähigkeit, in den musikalischen Organismus einzudringen, sich seiner inneren Beziehungen und Komponenten bewusst zu werden und anderseits die analytischen Ergebnisse zu sichten und zu vergleichen, sie im Zusammenhang zu sehen und in stilgeschichtliche, regionale, ethnische und interethnische Bezugssynthesen zusammenzufassen. Ohne eine solche Arbeitsweise wären weder die hervorragenden Ergebnisse etwa der finnischen und ungarischen ethnomusikologischen Schulen noch die umfangreichen und grundlegenden ethnomusikologischen Werke z.B. von I. Krohn, Fr. Densmore, B. Bartók und F. Kolessa entstanden.
Stick Dances
Authors: Baké Arnold
Published: April 2006

It seems strange that a contribution on the subject of stick dances should be offered at a symposium that concerns itself with music and history. This strangeness persists, however, only so long as one contemplates modern developments in art music. During earlier periods, even in Europe, the term music referred to dance as well, and in the context of folk music the two aspects are largely inseparable even now. In its constitution the International Folk Music Council stresses the fact that folk music includes dance. From what could be called the “ethnomusicological” point of view, there would consequently be no surprise at all at the choice of this subject. As far as India is concerned, a paper on dance is even less surprising, as the word for music in India, Sangita, designates vocal and instrumental music, as well as dance, by definition. While it is true that in India the historical development of vocal and instrumental music as autonomous forms of art has removed them just as far from dance as has been the case in the West, the definition of Sangita stands and, what is more, is not considered irrelevant.
Folk Music in Soviet Russia: Some Recent Publications
Authors: Krader Barbara
Published: April 2006

In recent years, some very interesting octavo volumes of Russian regional folk-song repertoires have been published, containing melodies and texts unarranged and without artificial accompaniment, with introductions giving relevant dates and data and something of the state of preservation of folk tradition in the given area. The following comments emphasize these aspects rather than the nature of the musical material.
Jamaica's Folk Music
Authors: Lewin Olive
Published: April 2006

The written history of Jamaica goes back only 477 years, starting with the coming of the Spaniards under Christopher Columbus in 1494. Columbus and his men were greeted on arrival by a party of Arawak Indians, including a Chief and musicians. The Arawaks were gentle peace-loving people who had lived in Jamaica for about 800 years before Columbus came. However, they were unable to endure the enslavement and the harsh treatment which they suffered at the hands of the Spaniards and by the 16th century, with the help of European diseases against which they had no resistance, they seemed to have become extinct. They left no written records that have yet been discovered and very little of their way of life survived. No sure remains of their music culture have been found. We have looked for our remote roots from other sources. The Spaniards replaced the Arawaks with enslaved Africans, the first of whom arrived in about the year 1517. These people formed the beginning of the present day population of Jamaica, and when the Spaniards were driven out by the English, (between 1655 – 1660) they and a handful of Portuguese Jews, were all that remained. Under the English the island quickly became a slave colony dedicated to the production of sugar. Increasing numbers of Africans were brought in as slaves, and continued to be until 1807 when the slave trade was abolished. The Africans came mostly from the West Coast of Africa and were made up mostly of Fans, Akims, Ashanties, Ebos, Pawpaws and Mandingoes.
“Ludaya” – A Transverse Flute From Eastern Uganda
Authors: Cooke Peter R.
Published: April 2006

Most of the many different ethnic groups living within Uganda have some use for flutes of one kind or another. With very few exceptions, however, the flutes are all endblown instruments either with a straight-cut sharp rim (blown across the rim obliquely) or of the notched variety. Wachsmann (1953) gives informative descriptions of most of these together with the few exceptions; the globular (ocarina type) instruments and a long transverse flute (Vern. Ludaya or Lusweje) played among the upland Gisu in Eastern Uganda. Elsewhere in East Africa transverse flutes — presumably of Arab origin — are played among coastal tribes in Kenya and possibly among the Pogoro of East Central Tanzania. Culwick's illustration of a three-stop flute played by the latter people shows two of the stops at one end and the third at the other – thus suggesting that it is a side blown flute. What he means, however, when he writes that “it is played in the normal manner” is not clear, since apart from the instances cited, indigenous transverse flutes can be found nowhere else in East Africa.
The Diffusion of Musical Instruments as an Interethnic Process of Communication
Authors: Stockmann Erich
Published: April 2006

The scientific exploration of musical instruments of non-European peoples and of European folk music instruments began in the second half of the nineteenth century and was intensified in this century. The purpose of its initial phase was to make some kind of inventory in order to have the necessary scientific sources at hand, which would serve as a basis for further investigations of musical instruments. Field research among the world's most varied peoples has yielded even more data concerning a substantial number of new instruments, which hitherto have remained unknown.
A Comparison of Certain Aspects of Colombian and Spanish Folksong
Authors: List George
Published: April 2006

As an aspect of my research in Colombian folksong I examined a number of published Spanish sources in an attempt to find analogues for the texts and melodies of songs I had recorded in Colombia. By this means I hoped to determine that a particular text or melody had been diffused from Spain to Latin America. This proved feasible in the case of a small number of song texts but very difficult in the case of the melodies associated with these song texts.
Échelles Equiheptaphoniques des Flutes de Pan chez les ‘Are’ Are (Malaita, Iles Salomon)
Authors: Zemp Hugo , Schwarz Jean
Published: April 2006

Des échelles à sept intervalles équidistants n'étaient connues des ethnomusicologues, il y a encore peu de temps, que dans deux grandes régions: Asie du Sud-Est et Afrique noire (cf. Stumpf, 1901; Hornbostel, 1911; Tracey, 1948; Duriyanga, 1948; Jones, 1964; Morton, 1968; Rouget et Schwarz, 1969). Récemment, l'existence de cette échelle a été signalée chez les Indiens Tepehua du Mexique. Notre but est d'apporter du matériel nouveau pour une quatrième région du monde, la Mélanésie, dont on ne pensait pas jusqu'à présent qu'elle pouvait avoir des échelles de ce type.
Method and Theory in Dance Research: An Anthropological Approach
Authors: Youngerman Suzanne
Published: April 2006

Dance research is a rapidly expanding field. Because a detailed overview and categorization of dance studies has been published recently, I will not dwell on the historical background of dance research here. My aim rather is to emphasize some areas that have not been adequately discussed in other papers, and to offer some positive suggestions for future research.
Validation empirique de la méthode sémiologique en musique: le cas des indicatifs de tambour dans les cérémonies Indiennes en Martinique
Authors: Desroches Monique
Published: April 2006

Suite à l'abolition de l'esclavage en 1848, la Martinique dut faire appel à une main-d'oeuvre étrangère afin de poursuivre le travail des anciens esclaves noirs dans les grandes plantations sucrières du nord de l'île. C'est ainsi que de 1854 à 1883, près de 26,000 Indiens furent introduits en Martinique. La majorité de ces immigrants étaient recrutés dans la région du Sud-Est de l'Inde et appartenaient au groupe dravidien de langue tamoule. Bien qu'aujourd'hui leur langue parlée soit le créole, cette relative homogénéité de provenance a permis la conservation de certains traits tamouls, tant culturels que religieux, dont les cérémonies du culte. Ces ‘Bon Dié Coolie’ on lieu les dimanches, dès qu'une famille (créole ou indienne) en fait la demande à un prête appelé aussi ‘abbé-coolie’.
Acculturation in Hawaiian Dance
Authors: Kaeppler Adrienne L.
Published: April 2006

Dance in Hawaii, before the coming of the Europeans, was an extension of poetry that honored the gods and chiefs, in the form of stylized visual accompaniment. Trained under the religious restrictions imposed by Laka, patron goddess of the hula, dancers were often part of the retinue of chiefly households. Hula schools (halau hula) were under the tutelage of a kumu hula (hula teacher) who was a kahuna (priest). Schools and hula troupes were subsidized by chiefs who maintained them for their own entertainment and the enhancement of their prestige. The main function of the hula was to honor the gods and to praise the chiefs and their ancestors in this highly stratified society.
Shona Urban Music and the Problem of Acculturation
Authors: Kauffman Robert
Published: April 2006

Musical scholars often have great difficulty in studying acculturated music. It is somehow easier to deal with an older tradition which has been purified from spurious external influences over a period of years and can now be studied as a product of a particular culture. When we encounter acculturation, and there are few areas of the world where strong acculturative influences are not at work, we tend to ignore it, and retreat, instead into an ethnocentric idealism which will allow us to retain our image of what a music should be.