bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in Adsorptive Removal of Water Pollutants by Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Beydaghdari Mohammadreza , Saboor Fahimeh Hooriabad , Babapoor Aziz , Asgari Mehrdad
Published: December 2021

Difficulty in accessing drinkable water resources, mostly originating from water pollution, has become a serious challenge for humans and the environment. Increasing population, growth of industrial activities, and the increasing demand for the agricultural sector have generated various pollutants into the environment, especially water resources. Thus, treatment of industrial effluents before discharging them into the environment is necessary to reduce the pollutants, maintain the quality of drinkable water, recycle wastewater sources to save water consumption, and minimize water resource supplied. Among the new materials applied for the adsorptive removal of pollutants from aquatic environments, metal‐organic frameworks have become a promising candidate to optimize wastewater treatment process. This is mainly due to their unique properties such as structural diversity, high specific surface area, and high adsorption capacity. This article aims to review the highlights and challenges of MOFs when are being used to remove heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and herbicides from polluted water resources. The relationship between the properties of MOFs and their performance for adsorption of pollutants as well as the key mechanisms of adsorbing water pollutants using MOFs are presented. The use of water‐stable MOFs such as MOF‐235, MIL‐53, MIL‐100, MIL‐101, UiO‐66, ZIF‐67, and ZIF‐8 will be discussed for removing various pollutants. The adsorption efficiency of functionalized MOFs, magnetic MOFs, MOF‐polymer, graphene oxide‐MOF, and CNT‐MOF composites will be reviewed in comparison with commercial adsorbents such as zeolites and activated carbon. As for the conclusion, the challenges and outlooks of applying MOFs and MOF‐based materials for the adsorptive separation of water pollutants are summarized.
Central Limit Theorem for Linear Eigenvalue Statistics of Non‐Hermitian Random Matrices
Authors: Cipolloni Giorgio , Erdős László , Schröder Dominik
Published: December 2021

We consider large non‐Hermitian random matrices X with complex, independent, identically distributed centred entries and show that the linear statistics of their eigenvalues are asymptotically Gaussian for test functions having derivatives. Previously this result was known only for a few special cases; either the test functions were required to be analytic [72], or the distribution of the matrix elements needed to be Gaussian [73], or at least match the Gaussian up to the first four moments [82, 56]. We find the exact dependence of the limiting variance on the fourth cumulant that was not known before. The proof relies on two novel ingredients: (i) a local law for a product of two resolvents of the Hermitisation of X with different spectral parameters and (ii) a coupling of several weakly dependent Dyson Brownian motions. These methods are also the key inputs for our analogous results on the linear eigenvalue statistics of real matrices X that are presented in the companion paper [32]. © 2021 The Authors. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
High performance oversampling technique considering intra‐class and inter‐class distances
Authors: Keskes Nesrine , Fakhfakh Sameh , Kanoun Olfa , Derbel Nabil
Published: December 2021

Oversampling methods are among the most widely used methods to solve imbalanced data analysis due to their simplicity and flexibility. Multi‐class imbalanced problems involve critical issues related to synthetic samples and corresponding consequences on the classification results. The over‐fitting phenomenon, the overlapping regions between classes, and the existence of noisy original samples may lead to a non‐optimal data distribution, which inadequately affects the classifier performance. To avoid these limitations, we propose a novel oversampling technique based on the intra‐distance‐matrix (IntraDM) and the inter‐distance‐matrix (InterDM). The new samples are created to decrease over‐fitting, decline the generation of outliers, and minimize the overlap areas. Applying the proposed method on 14 available datasets shows that it outperforms common oversampling techniques in terms of classification evaluation metrics.
A novel single source multilevel inverter with hybrid switching technique
Authors: Nageswar Rao Bhukya , Suresh Yellasiri , Shiva Naik Banavath , Venkataramanaiah Jammala , Aditya Kancharapu , Kumar Panda Anup
Published: December 2021

A novel multilevel inverter (MLI) configuration with the hybrid switching technique is presented in this paper. The proposed MLI consists of the H‐bridge combination with unidirectional switches, half‐bridges, and transformers. The suggested MLI with the additional cascaded connection increases to higher voltage levels. The number of employed components in this topology is drastically minimized. Therefore, the complexity, cost, and volume of the proposed topology are also reduced. The operation of the suggested topology is tested through the improved novel switching technique. This modulation method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) and produces high root mean square (RMS) voltage. Further, a comprehensive comparison with the recent MLI topologies is performed to validate the merits of the suggested inverter. Simulation and experimental results verify the suggested topology performance using the new modulation technique at different loading conditions and modulation indices.
Introduction to atopic dermatitis
Authors: Matin Taraneh , Logas Christopher M. , Glick Brad P. , Del Rosso James Q.
Published: December 2021

Currently, in the United States, atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder with an even greater surge of cases reported with the current COVID‐19 pandemic. Due to its significant impact on quality of life, a proper understanding of AD, as well as proper disease management, is essential for both patients and providers. The following section looks at the prevalence, pathophysiology, and psychosocial impact of atopic dermatitis.
Robust and efficient cooperative spectrum sensing against probabilistic hard Byzantine attack
Authors: Chen Zehao , Wu Jun , Gan Jipeng , Chen Ze , Zhang Jia , He Jiangtao
Published: December 2021

Cognitive radio (CR) is regarded as a powerful technology to solve the problem of spectrum shortage and underutilization. As a key function of CR technology, cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) allows secondary users (SUs) to detect the primary user (PU)'s signal so that they identify and opportunistically access the available spectrum. However, the openness of CSS paradigm makes cognitive radio networks (CRNs) suffer from Byzantine attack, thereby undermining the premise of CR framework. To this aim, we formulate a probabilistic hard Byzantine attack model, in which malicious users (MUs) can conduct various attack strategies, and make an in‐depth investigation on the blind scenario. On the one hand, in order to ensure the robustness of CSS, a method to evaluate the reliability of the secondary user (SU)'s sensing result based on the channel status detection is proposed and an innovative weight coefficient is considered to selectively utilize the sensing information from MUs. On the other hand, we design a sequential fusion method based on reputation value (RV) and differential mechanism, with the aim of improving the efficiency of CSS. According to above methods and mechanism, the weighted differential sequential symbol (WDS2) algorithm is designed, which integrates the weight evaluation into sequential method to make the global decision for CSS. Finally, compared to the existing various data fusion algorithms, simulation results show that the proposed WDS2 not only defends against various Byzantine attacks to secure the robustness of CSS, but also requires less samples in support of an accurate global decision to improve the efficiency of CSS.
Recurrence of preterm births: A population‐based linkage with 3.5 million live births from the CIDACS Birth Cohort
Authors: Rocha Aline S. , de Cássia Ribeiro‐Silva Rita , Paixao Enny S. , Falcão Ila R. , Alves Flavia Jôse. O. , Ortelan Naiá , de Almeida Marcia F. , Fiaccone Rosemeire L. , Rodrigues Laura C. , Ichihara Maria Yury , Barreto Mauricio L.
Published: December 2021

Objective

To investigate the recurrence of preterm birth (PTB) among the poorest half of the Brazilian population.

Methods

A population‐based retrospective study was conducted in Brazil with the live births of multiparous women extracted from the CIDACS Birth Cohort between 2001 and 2015. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the odds of recurrent PTB in second and third births.

Results

A total of 3 528 050 live births from 1 764 025 multiparous women were analyzed. The adjusted odds for the occurrence of a PTB given a previous PTB was 2.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.53–2.62). Lower gestational age increased the odds of a subsequent PTB (<28 weeks: adjusted OR [aOR] 3.61, 95% CI 3.41–3.83; 28–31 weeks: aOR 3.34, 95% CI 3.19–3.49; and 32–36 weeks: aOR 2.42, 95% CI 2.38–2.47). Women who had two previous PTBs were at high risk of having a third (aOR 4.98, 95% CI 4.70–5.27). Recurrence of PTB was more likely when the inter‐birth interval was less than 12 months.

Conclusion

In Brazil, a middle‐income country, women with a previous PTB had an increased risk of a subsequent one. This association was affected by gestational age, the number of PTBs, severity of previous PTBs, and a short interval between births.
Breviscapine promotes functional recovery in rats with traumatic brain injury associated with netrin‐1 upregulation
Authors: Zhang Lang‐Chun , Dan Qi‐Qin , Zou Yu , Xia Qing‐Jie , Yuan Hao
Published: December 2021

Objective

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) usually induces cognitive impairments, including motor and neuropsychiatric deficits. Breviscapine shows broad pharmacological effects and facilitates functional recovery from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular insults, such as brain ischemia and myocardial ischemia. However, the role of Breviscapine in TBI remains vague. In this study, we investigated whether Breviscapine can improve functional deficits in rats with TBI, and explained the associated molecular mechnism.

Method

Thirty adult female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, TBI group, Breviscapine treatment group (Breviscapine + TBI). TBI was initiated using an electromagnetic‐controlled cortical impact device. Breviscapine (0.375 mg/kg) were administrated into lateral ventricles one time after TBI induction. Behavioral evaluation was conducted after TBI by mNSS tests. Western blotting analysis, immunofluorescent staining and Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction were performed to evaluate the protein and mRNA level of Netrin‐1 in the brain tissues, respectively.

Results

Compared with the sham rats, TBI group had a deteriorated behavioral function at 2 days, 6 days, 10 days and 14 days post TBI. However, Breviscapine administration showed a neurobehavioral improvement compared with TBI group at day 10 and day 14 after TBI, in addition, the levels was decreased in TBI rats compared with the sham group while Breviscapine treatment upregulated the expression of Netrin‐1.

Conclusion

Breviscapine can improve neurological function in rats with TBI and the mechanism is probably associated with Netrin‐1 upregulation. The current study therefor provides a potential therapeutical drug for therapy of TBI and underlying mechanism is involved in Netrin‐1.
Hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury and narcotic drugs administration
Authors: Xiong Liu‐Lin , Zhou Hong‐Su , Li Ting‐Ting , Xiao Qiu‐Xia , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong
Published: December 2021

Following cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, disorders in brain metabolism, histological pathology, and neural function commonly could result in different nerve injuries, to some degree. Many researchers have revealed that some narcotic drugs hold a prominent effect of prevention and therapy on cerebral ischemic‐hypoxic injury and ischemia‐reperfusion injury. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this paper, we summarized narcotic drugs’ roles in antagonizing the neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acid, reducing excitatory injury and activating intracellular signaling cascade channel, adjusting the balance of Ca2+, increasing the expression of protective genes, reducing the generation of NO and free radical and anti‐lipid peroxidation, and discussed and elucidated their relations.
Effect of ultrasound‐guided stellate ganglion block combined with acupuncture in the treatment of nervous tinnitus and earache: a case report
Authors: Wen Song , You Min‐Fu , Xiong Liu‐Lin , Hu Qiao , Liu En
Published: December 2021

Nervous tinnitus is one of the most common hearing impairments, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. We describe a case of a 31‐year‐old female with nervous tinnitus in this report. She suffered from bilateral tinnitus for more than 8 months with the symptoms of earache, anxiety, and sleep disorders at admission. Under the combined treatment of ultrasound‐guided stellate ganglion block and acupuncture at acupoints of the Ermen, Tinggong, Tinghui, and Yifeng, the patient recovered well and the symptoms such as tinnitus and earache disappeared gradually. This case may provide a reference for the subsequent clinical treatment of tinnitus.
The expanded effects of sevoflurane on the nervous system: the harmful effect of residual concentration of sevoflurane on the respiratory system through neurogenic inflammation
Authors: Wang Feng‐Lin , Zhang Guang‐Ting , Zhou Yan‐Nan , Yang Xin‐Xin , Zhou Lin , Yuan Jie , Fei Xia , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong , Liu De‐Xing
Published: December 2021

Background

Neurogenic inflammation caused by sevoflurane may not only limite to the nervous system, but also expand to the respiratory system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression changes of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in 14, 21 and 42‐day‐old rats after inhaling 0.4% sevoflurane, in order to evaluate whether the residual sevoflurane be harmful to the respiratory system through neurogenic inflammation.

Methods

The anesthetic inhalation device was designed to allow 14, 21 and 42‐day‐old rats inhale 0.4% sevoflurane, while rats in the control group inhaled 40% O2 for 1h. Rats in the antagonist group inhaled 0.4% sevoflurane or 40% O2 for 1 h after Capsazepine (CPZ) pretreatment. The expression of TRPV1 in lung tissue was detected by western blot, and the expression of NKA, NKB, CGRP and SP in trachea was detected by immunohistochemistry.

Results

After inhaling 0.4% sevoflurane, the expression of TRPV1 in lung tissue of 14 and 21‐day‐old rats was significantly higher than that of the control group, as well as increased the expression of CGRP and SP in the trachea of 14‐day‐old rats and NKA, NKB, CGRP and SP in the trachea of 21‐day‐old rats. CPZ pretreatment could antagonize these effects.

Conclusion

Residual sevoflurane during resuscitation of inhalation anesthesia could induce neurogenic inflammation by activating TRPV1, which damaged to the developing respiratory system, but has no significant effect on the respiratory system in adulthood.
ApoE transiently regulates hippocampus amyloid‐beta deposition to stable learning and memory ability in adult rats exposed in sevoflurane
Authors: Xu Shan , Jiang Jun‐Li , Zhang Chao , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong
Published: December 2021

Objective

Post‐operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common central nervous system complication after surgery. Inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane is thought to have harmful effects on the developing and aged nerves, but its effects on adults’ nervous system are less studied and the mechanism is not clear.

Methods

Male adult rats were divided into control group and sevoflurane group. Rats from sevoflurane group were received 3.2% sevoflurane + carrier gas (1 L/min O2+1 L/min air) for 2 h, while control group received carrier gas for 2 h. Each group was subsequently divided into 3 subgroups according to the Day 1, Day 3, Day 7 after sevoflurane anesthesia. Morris Water Maze, amyloid‐beita (Abeta) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mRNA in hippocampus were analyzed. Then, adult ApoE‐/‐ rats were also divided into control group and sevoflurane group. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups according to Day 1, Day 3 and Day 7. Abeta mRNA and protein expression in hippocampus were analyzed.

Results

Compared with the control group, hippocampal Abeta mRNA and protein expression in rats from sevoflurane group significantly increased in hippocampus on Day 7, while ApoE mRNA and protein expression increased on Day 1 and Day 3. There was no difference in times of crossing platforms, time during platform, times across platform quadrant and time percent during platform quadrant between each group. Compared with the control group, hippocampal Abeta and ApoE‐/‐ rats in sevoflurane group did not change.

Conclusion

ApoE modulates hippocampal Abeta deposition and stabilizes learning and memory ability in adult rats after sevoflurane exposure, but this effect is not constant.
Small‐diameter artery decellularization: Effects of anionic detergent concentration and treatment duration on porcine internal thoracic arteries
Authors: Kostelnik Colton , Hohn Julia , Escoto‐Diaz Carlos E. , Kooistra Jesse B. , Stern Matthew , Swinton Derrick E. , Richardson William , Carver Wayne , Eberth John
Published: December 2021

Engineered replacement materials have tremendous potential for vascular applications where over 400,000 damaged and diseased blood vessels are replaced annually in the United States alone. Unlike large diameter blood vessels, which are effectively replaced by synthetic materials, prosthetic small‐diameter vessels are prone to early failure, restenosis, and reintervention surgery. We investigated the differential response of varying 0%–6% sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate anionic detergent concentrations after 24 and 72 h in the presence of DNase using biochemical, histological, and biaxial mechanical analyses to optimize the decellularization process for xenogeneic vascular tissue sources, specifically the porcine internal thoracic artery (ITA). Detergent concentrations greater than 1% were successful at removing cytoplasmic and cell surface proteins but not DNA content after 24 h. A progressive increase in porosity and decrease in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was observed with detergent concentration. Augmented porosity was likely due to the removal of both cells and GAGs and could influence recellularization strategies. The treatment duration on the other hand, significantly improved decellularization by reducing DNA content to trace amounts after 72 h. Prolonged treatment times reduced laminin content and influenced the vessel's mechanical behavior in terms of altered circumferential stress and stretch while further increasing porosity. Collectively, DNase with 1% detergent for 72 h provided an effective and efficient decellularization strategy to be employed in the preparation of porcine ITAs as bypass graft scaffolding materials with minor biomechanical and histological penalties.
A novel methacrylate derivative polymer that resists bacterial cell‐mediated biodegradation
Authors: Kumar Dhiraj , Ghose Debarati , Bolskar Robert D. , Mutreja Isha , Jones Robert S.
Published: December 2021

This study tests biodegradation resistance of a custom synthesized novel ethylene glycol ethyl methacrylate (EGEMA) with ester bond linkages that are external to the central polymer backbone when polymerized. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with internal ester bond linkages and EGEMA discs were prepared in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) mold using 40 μl macromer and photo/co‐initiator mixture cured for 40 s at 1000 mW/cm2. The discs were stored in the constant presence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in Todd Hewitt Yeast + Glucose (THYE+G) media up to 9 weeks (n = 8 for each macromer type) and physical/mechanical properties were assessed. Initial measurements EGEMA versus EGDMA polymer discs showed equivalent degree of conversion (45.69% ± 2.38 vs. 46.79% ± 4.64), diametral tensile stress (DTS; 8.12± 2.92 MPa vs. 6.02 ± 1.48 MPa), and low subsurface optical defects (0.41% ± 0.254% vs. 0.11% ± 0.074%). The initial surface wettability (contact angle) was slightly higher (p ≤ .012) for EGEMA (62.02° ± 3.56) than EGDMA (53.86° ± 5.61°). EGDMA showed higher initial Vicker's hardness than EGEMA (8.03 ± 0.88 HV vs. 5.93 ± 0.69 HV; p ≤ .001). After 9 weeks of S. mutans exposure, EGEMA (ΔDTS—1.30 MPa) showed higher resistance to biodegradation effects with a superior DTS than EGDMA (ΔDTS—6.39 MPa) (p = .0039). Visible and scanning electron microscopy images of EGEMA show less surface cracking and defects than EGDMA. EGDMA had higher loss of material (18.9% vs. 8.5%, p = .0009), relative changes to fracture toughness (92.5% vs. 49.2%, p = .0022) and increased water sorption (6.1% vs. 1.9%, p = .0022) compared to EGEMA discs. The flipped external ester group linkage design is attributed to EGEMA showing higher resistance to bacterial degradation effects than an internal ester group linkage design methacrylate.
Extracellular lipidome change by an SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, contributes to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy in db/db mice
Authors: Bamba Ryo , Okamura Takuro , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Majima Saori , Senmaru Takafumi , Ushigome Emi , Nakanishi Naoko , Asano Mai , Yamazaki Masahiro , Takakuwa Hiroshi , Hamaguchi Masahide , Fukui Michiaki
Published: December 2021

Background

Diabetes mellitus increases the excretion of urinary glucose from the renal glomeruli due to elevated blood glucose levels. In the renal tubules, SGLT2 is expressed and reabsorbs the excreted urinary glucose. In the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, glucose reabsorption by SGLT2 is increased, and SGLT2 inhibitors improve hyperglycaemia by inhibiting this reabsorption. When urinary glucose excretion is enhanced, glucose supply to skeletal muscle may be insufficient and muscle protein catabolism may be accelerated. On the other hand, SGLT2 inhibitors not only ameliorate hyperglycaemia but also improve fatty acid metabolism in muscle, which may prevent muscle atrophy.

Methods

Eight‐week‐old male db/m mice or db/db mice were fed a standard diet with or without the SGLT2i luseogliflozin (0.01% w/w in chow) for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age, and skeletal muscle and serum lipidomes, as well as skeletal muscle transcriptome, were analysed.

Results

Administration of SGLT2i led to not only decreased visceral fat accumulation (P = 0.004) but also increased soleus muscle weight (P = 0.010) and grip strength (P = 0.0001). The levels of saturated fatty acids, especially palmitic acid, decreased in both muscles (P = 0.017) and sera (P = 0.041) upon administration of SGLT2i, while the content of monosaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, increased in both muscle (P < 0.0001) and sera (P = 0.009). Finally, the accumulation of transcripts associated with fatty acid metabolism, such as Scd1, Fasn, and Elovl6, and of muscle atrophy‐associated transcripts, such as Foxo1, Mstn, Trim63, and Fbxo32, decreased following SGLT2i administration.

Conclusions

Intramuscular fatty acid metabolism and gene expression were influenced by the extracellular lipidome, which was modified by SGLT2i. Hence, secondary effects, other than the hypoglycaemic effects of SGLT2i, might lead to the alleviation of sarcopenia.
Alterations of the endocannabinoid system and circulating and peripheral tissue levels of endocannabinoids in sarcopenic rats
Authors: Le Bacquer Olivier , Salles Jérôme , Piscitelli Fabiana , Sanchez Phelipe , Martin Vincent , Montaurier Christophe , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Walrand Stéphane
Published: December 2021

Background

Activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and with perturbed skeletal muscle development. Age‐related sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder involving an accelerated loss of muscle mass and function, with changes in skeletal muscle protein homeostasis due to lipid accumulation and anabolic resistance. Hence, both obesity and sarcopenia share a common set of pathophysiological alterations leading to skeletal muscle impairment. The aim of this study was to characterize how sarcopenia impacts the ECS and if these modifications were related to the loss of muscle mass and function associated with aging in rats.

Methods

Six‐month‐old and 24‐month‐old male rats were used to measure the contractile properties of the plantarflexors (isometric torque–frequency relationship & concentric power–velocity relationship) and to evaluate locomotor activity, motor coordination, and voluntary gait by open field, rotarod, and catwalk tests, respectively. Levels of endocannabinoids (AEA & 2‐AG) and endocannabinoid‐like molecules (OEA & PEA) were measured by LCF‐MS/MS in plasma, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, while the expression of genes coding for the ECS were investigated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR).

Results

Sarcopenia in old rats was exemplified by a 49% decrease in hindlimb muscle mass (P < 0.01), which was associated with severe impairment of isometric torque, power, voluntary locomotor activity, motor coordination, and gait quality. Sarcopenia was associated with (1) increased 2‐AG (+32%, P = 0.07) and reduced PEA and OEA levels in the plasma (−25% and −40%, respectively, P < 0.01); (2) an increased content of AEA, PEA, and OEA in subcutaneous adipose tissue (P < 0.01); and (3) a four‐fold increase of 2‐AG content in the soleus (P < 0.01) and a reduced OEA content in EDL (−80%, P < 0.01). These alterations were associated with profound modifications in the expression of the ECS genes in the adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

Conclusions

Taken together, these findings demonstrate that circulating and peripheral tissue endocannabinoid tone are altered in sarcopenia. They also demonstrate that OEA plasma levels are associated with skeletal muscle function and loss of locomotor activity in rats, suggesting OEA could be used as a circulating biomarker for sarcopenia.
Hydrogen and organic acid production from dark fermentation of sugarcane vinasse without buffers in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions
Authors: Cardoso Ribeiro Jaqueline , Mota Vera Tainá , Maia de Oliveira Valéria , Dacanal Gustavo Cesar , Zaiat Marcelo
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Sugarcane vinasse has a low pH and several studies report that alkalinity supplementation is essential to the stability of its dark fermentation (DF). In the context of biorefineries, the reduction, or even elimination, of alkalinizing agents could be extremely environmentally and economically advantageous. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the valorisation of vinasse DF through bioH2 and value‐added metabolite production without buffers in two similar Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) under mesophilic (U30) and thermophilic (U55) conditions.

RESULTS

Average organic acid yields of 376 ± 52 and 248 ± 122 mg‐CODOA.g−1CODtin, and productivities of 17 396 ± 5220 and 14 024 ± 1642 mg‐CODOA.L−1 day−1 were obtained for U30 and U55 reactors, respectively, with only vinasse as substrate (CODOA stands for organic acids chemical oxygen demand (COD) and CODin influent COD). BioH2 production was feasible with sucrose as substrate and pH below 3.0, but it ceased with substrate replacement by vinasse along with a natural pH increase. A change in microbial community was also observed: Ethanoligenens, Clostridium sensu stricto 12, and Liquorilactobacillus (using sucrose and with a pH <3.0) were replaced by Prevotella, Megasphaera, Pectinatus, Clostridium sensu stricto 11, and Lactobacillus using vinasse (with a pH > 4.0).

CONCLUSION

Results showed that DF of sugarcane vinasse without any buffering addition might be a promising approach for the valorization of real wastewater through the production of organic acids. Nevertheless, bioH2 production was not favored and further strategies would be needed to maintain hydrogen‐producing bacteria when sucrose is replaced by real effluent with a natural pH increase. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Identification and characterization of homeobox gene clusters in harpacticoid and calanoid copepods
Authors: Kim Duck‐Hyun , Jeong Haksoo , Kim Min‐Sub , Kim Sanghee , Souissi Sami , Park Heum Gi , Hagiwara Atsushi , Lee Jae‐Seong
Published: December 2021

In this study, we have identified the entire complement of typical homeobox (Hox) genes (Lab, Pb, Dfd, Scr, Antp, Ubx, Abd‐A, and Abd‐B) in harpacticoid and calanoid copepods and compared them with the cyclopoid copepod Paracyclopina nana. The harpacticoid copepods Tigriopus japonicus and Tigriopus kingsejongensis have seven Hox genes (Lab, Dfd, Scr, Antp, Ubx, Abd‐A, and Abd‐B) and the Pb and Ftz genes are also present in the cyclopoid copepod P. nana. In the Hox gene cluster of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis, all the Hox genes were present linearly in the genome but the Antp gene was duplicated. Of the three representative copepods, the P. nana Hox gene cluster was the most compact due to its small genome size. The Hox gene expression profile patterns in the three representative copepods were stage‐specific. The Lab, Dfd, Scr, Pb, Ftz, and Hox3 genes showed a high expression in early developmental stages but Antp, Ubx, Abd‐A, and Abd‐B genes were mostly expressed in later developmental stages, implying that these Hox genes may be closely associated with the development of segment identity during early development.
Building a foundation in self‐awareness: Genetic counseling students’ experiences with self‐care, reflection, and mindfulness
Authors: Bulmer Laura , Stanley Christy , Loffredo Lauren , Mills Rachel , Doyle Lauren
Published: December 2021

Stress and anxiety are significant concerns for practicing genetic counselors as well as genetic counseling students and can have downstream effects on patient care. Prior research suggests graduate‐level training in self‐awareness practices such as self‐care, reflection, and mindfulness could have lasting effects for genetic counselors, their patients, and the profession as a whole. This mixed‐methods study assessed self‐awareness among 154 genetic counseling graduate students using the Self‐Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS), the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and self‐described experiences with self‐awareness practice. Genetic counseling students had significantly lower mean scores on the MAAS and the Insight subscale of the SRIS compared with other health professionals, indicating that genetic counseling students have lower levels of mindfulness and may lack insight into their thoughts and feelings. After starting genetic counseling graduate programs, students were more likely to reduce participation in active self‐awareness practices such as physical activity and mental health counseling. Most students reported having structured practice in self‐care (n = 97, 63%), reflection (n = 125, 81.2%), and mindfulness (n = 77, 50%) as a part of their training programs. Second‐year genetic counseling students reporting mindfulness practices had significantly higher scores on the Insight subscale of the SRIS than those who did not, indicating that students engaged in mindfulness practice are better able to understand their thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The majority of students reported benefitting from structured practice in self‐care (n = 63, 64.9%), reflection (n = 101, 80%), and mindfulness (n = 54, 70.1%). Open‐ended responses regarding students’ perceived benefits and limitations of structured practice were analyzed for recurrent themes. Students reported improved self‐awareness which enhanced their counseling relationships during clinical rotations. However, they also perceived that implementation of self‐awareness practices may have been inconsistent. Findings from this study have implications for integrating self‐awareness practices into genetic counseling graduate curriculum.
Design of a new cell penetrating peptide for DNA, siRNA and mRNA delivery
Authors: Ali Salif , Dussouillez Candice , Padilla Beatriz , Frisch Benoît , Mason A. James , Kichler Antoine
Published: December 2021

Background

Delivery systems, including peptide‐based ones, that destabilize endosomes in a pH‐dependent manner are increasingly used to deliver cargoes of therapeutic interest, such as nucleic acids and proteins into mammalian cells.

Methods

The negatively charged amphipathic alpha‐helicoidal forming peptide named HELP (Helical Erythrocyte Lysing Peptide) is a derivative from the bee venom melittin and was shown to have a pH‐dependent activity with the highest lytic activity at pH 5.0 at the same time as becoming inactive when the pH is increased. The present study aimed to determine whether replacement in the HELP peptide of the glutamic acid residues by histidines, for which the protonation state is sensitive to the pH changes that occur during endosomal acidification, can transform this fusogenic peptide into a carrier able to deliver different nucleic acids into mammalian cells.

Results

The resulting HELP‐4H peptide displays high plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA and mRNA delivery capabilities. Importantly, in contrast to other cationic peptides, its transfection activity was only marginally affected by the presence of serum. Using circular dichroism, we found that acidic pH did not induce significant conformational changes for HELP‐4H.

Conclusions

In summary, we were able to develop a new cationic histidine rich peptide able to efficiently deliver various nucleic acids into cells.
Early‐Onset Micromorphological Changes of Neuronal Fiber Bundles During Radiotherapy
Authors: Liu Jin , Wang Wenjuan , Zhou Yanfei , Gan Chen , Wang Tengfei , Hu Zongtao , Lou Jianjun , Wang Hongzhi , Yang Li‐Zhuang , Wong Stephen T.C. , Li Hai
Published: December 2021

Background

Patients receiving cranial radiation face the risk of delayed brain dysfunction. However, an early medical imaging marker is not available until irreversible morphological changes emerge.

Purpose

To explore the micromorphological white matter changes during the radiotherapy session by utilizing an along‐tract analysis framework.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Eighteen nasopharyngeal carcinoma (two female) patients receiving cranial radiation.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T; Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and T1‐ and T2‐weighted images (T1W, T2W); computed tomography (CT).

Assessment

Patients received three DTI imaging scans during the radiotherapy (RT), namely the baseline scan (1–2 days before RT began), the middle scan (the middle of the RT session), and the end scan (1–2 days after RT ended). Twelve fibers were segmented after whole‐brain tractography. Then, the fractional anisotropy (FA) values and the cumulative radiation dose received for each fiber streamline were resampled and projected into their center fiber.

Statistical Tests

The contrast among the three scans (P1: middle scan–baseline scan; P2: end scan–middle scan; P3: end scan–baseline scan) were compared using the linear mixed model for each of the 12 center fibers. Then, a dose–responsiveness relationship was performed using Pearson correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Six of the 12 center fibers showed significant changes of FA values during the RT but with heterogeneous patterns. The significant changes along a specific center fiber were associated with their cumulative dose received (Genu: P1 r = −0.6182, P2 r = −0.5907; Splenium: P1 r = 0.4055, P = 0.1063, P2 r = 0.6742; right uncinate fasciculus: P1 r = −0.3865, P2 r = −0.4912, P = 0.0533; right corticospinal tract: P1 r = 0.4273, P = 0.1122, P2 r = −0.6885).

Data Conclusion

The along‐tract analysis might provide sensitive measures on the early‐onset micromorphological changes.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Fabrication and evaluation of antimicrobial biomimetic nanofiber coating for improved dental implant bioseal: An in vitro study
Authors: Mathur Apoorva , Kharbanda Om Prakash , Koul Veena , Dinda Amit Kumar , Anwar Mohammad Faiyaz , Singh Suchita
Published: December 2021

Background

A weak implant‐soft tissue interface may lead to bacterial ingression, breakdown of underlying tissues, and eventually implant failure. This study proposes a surface modification technique of titanium alloy (Ti), using a nano‐biopolymer scaffold to enhance soft tissue attachment in dental implants.

Methods

Gelatin (20% w/v) embedded with 10 ± 2 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was electrospun to form a gelatin electrospun mat (GEM) scaffold, bonded to Ti alloy surface using chemical surface functionalization. Antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was tested against representative Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) at 4, 24, and 48 hours and after embedding in scaffold at 48 hours. Cytotoxicity analysis (MTT assay) was performed using the 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line at 24 and 72 hours for two groups: control (unmodified Ti disc) and experimental (GEM embedded with AgNPs); and further validated by scanning electron microscopy.

Results

The AgNPs‐embedded GEM showed good antimicrobial activity at 48 hours, with the AgNPs showing complete (99.99%) inhibition of bacterial colony counts at 24 and 48 hours. Cell viability and proliferation over the GEM modified Ti discs were seen to be significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 72 hours as compared with control. SEM images revealed intimate spreading of fibroblasts, with differentiated cell morphology and pseudopodial processes, indicative of enhanced fibroblastic adhesion, growth, and differentiation over the scaffold.

Conclusion

Results show good antifouling properties and biocompatibility of the fabricated coating, making it a promising strategy to reduce postoperative infections and peri‐implant diseases in Ti dental implants.
An in vitro comparison of four antibacterial agents with and without nicotine and their effects on human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Batra Chandni , Alalshaikh Marwa , Gregory Richard L. , Windsor L. Jack , Blanchard Steven B. , Hamada Yusuke
Published: December 2021

Background

The purpose of the study was to compare anti‐bacterial activity of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), 10% povidone iodine (PVD), Vega oral care gel (VEGA), and antioxidant gel (AO) on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis with and without nicotine and to evaluate their effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).

Methods

S. mutans, S. sanguis, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum were incubated with serial dilutions (1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64) of anti‐bacterial agents in media (with and without nicotine). Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were measured, and confocal microscopy was performed.  HGFs were exposed to serial dilutions (1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, and 1/10,000) of antibacterial agents with media. Water‐soluble tetrazolium‐1 (WST‐1) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay were used to assess proliferation and cytotoxicity towards HGFs.

Results

CHX and PVD significantly inhibited growth of all bacterial species (P < 0.0001) at all dilutions. AO and VEGA inhibited growth of all bacterial species up to only the 1/4 dilution. CHX and PVD decreased HGF proliferation at 1/10 and 1/100 dilution, whereas AO at all dilutions (P < 0.05). CHX and AO were cytotoxic at all dilutions (P < 0.05). VEGA was not cytotoxic to HGFs and did not affect HGF proliferation at any dilution (P > 0.05). An increased bacterial growth was seen for all species except P. gingivalis with addition of nicotine.

Conclusion

CHX and PVD demonstrate superior antibacterial properties, but significantly reduce HGF proliferation. AO is bacteriostatic at lower dilutions but is highly toxic to HGFs. VEGA was bacteriostatic and demonstrated no detrimental effects on HGF's.
Potential use of plant‐based by‐products and waste to improve the quality of gluten‐free foods
Authors: Difonzo Graziana , de Gennaro Giuditta , Pasqualone Antonella , Caponio Francesco
Published: December 2021

The food industry generates a large amount of waste and by‐products, the disposal of which has a negative impact on the environment and the economy. Plant‐based waste and by‐products are rich in bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber, proteins, essential fatty acids, antioxidant compounds, vitamin, and minerals, which can be exploited to reduce the nutritional deficiencies of gluten‐free products. The latter are known to be rich in fats and carbohydrates but lacking in bioactive compounds; the absence of gluten also has a negative effect on textural and sensory properties. Several attempts have been made to improve the quality of gluten‐free products using alternative flours and additives, or by adopting innovative technologies. The exploitation of plant‐based by‐products would represent a chance to improve both the nutritional profile and the overall quality of gluten‐free foods by further enhancing the sustainability of the agri‐food system. After examining in detail the composition of plant‐based by‐products and waste, the objective of this review was to provide an overview of the effects of their inclusion on the quality of gluten‐free products (bread, pasta, cake/muffins, biscuits and snacks). The advantages and drawbacks regarding the physical, sensory, and nutritional properties were critically evaluated. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy expands stromal populations that predict poor prognosis in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Brechbuhl Heather M. , Xie Mengyu , Kopin Etana G. , Han Amy L. , Vinod‐Paul Kiran , Hagen Jaime , Edgerton Susan , Owens Philip , Sams Sharon , Elias Anthony , Sartorius Carol A. , Tan Aik‐Choon , Kabos Peter
Published: December 2021

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important modulator of response and resistance to endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor alpha (ER) positive breast cancer. Endocrine therapy is highly effective at reducing tumor burden and preventing recurrence in most estrogen receptor alpha (ER) positive breast cancers. Existing drugs work either directly by targeting tumor‐cell ER or indirectly by inhibiting estrogen production in stromal cells with aromatase inhibitors (AI). However, many stromal cells also express ER and the direct impact of endocrine therapies on ER + stromal cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated how neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) directly effects stromal cells by measuring changes in stomal components of the TME that favor tumor progression. We previously defined two major subsets of tumor‐associated stromal cells (TASCs): CD146 positive/CDCP1 negative (TASCCD146), CD146 negative/CDCP1 positive (TASCCDCP1), and generated a differentially expressed genes list associated with each type. Here, we applied the TASC gene list for classification and an algorithm that estimates immune cell abundance (TIMEx) to METABRIC transcriptomic data for ER + breast cancer patients coupled with multiplex imaging and analysis of paired tissue samples pre‐ and post‐ NET with the AI exemestane. TASCCDCP1 composition predicted for decreased patient survival in the METABRIC cohort. Exemestane treatment significantly increased expression of TASCCDCP1 and decreased expression of TASCCD146. The posttreatment shift toward TASCCDCP1 composition correlated with increased macrophage infiltration and increased CD8+ T‐cell, B cell, and general stromal components. The effectiveness of NET is currently based solely on the reduction of ER+ breast cancer cells. Here, we show NET displays clear TME effects that promote the expansion of the less favorable TASCCDCP1 population which are correlated with TME remodeling and reshaping immune infiltration supportive of tumor progression. Our findings highlight the need to further understand the role of endocrine therapy on TME remodeling, tumor progression, and patient outcomes.
Developing a Standardized Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Panel for Rangewide Genetic Monitoring of Bull Trout
Authors: Bohling Justin , Von Bargen Jennifer , Piteo Matthew , Louden Amelia , Small Maureen , Delomas Thomas A. , Kovach Ryan
Published: December 2021

Conservation of threatened and endangered species often involves large-scale collaboration across jurisdictional boundaries, but such efforts are typically hampered by a lack of consistent monitoring data at local, regional, and species-distributional scales. Contemporary methods of genetic monitoring that are grounded in sequencing-based approaches offer a powerful means to achieve the data consistency necessary for conservation of high-profile species. Here, we describe the collaborative, multiagency development of a genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing panel for genetic monitoring of threatened Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus across its range in North America. The resulting panel consists of 266 single nucleotide polymorphisms, a subset of which differentiate Salvelinus species (Arctic Char S. alpinus, Brook Trout S. fontinalis, Bull Trout, Dolly Varden S. malma, Lake Trout S. namaycush, and Whitespotted Char S. leucomaenis), as well as one sex ID locus. We then used case studies from the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains to demonstrate the efficacy of the panel for addressing local conservation needs (e.g., genetic variation, genetic differentiation, genetic assignment tests, and number of effective breeders) and compatibility with legacy data sets. Future genotyping with this panel will provide opportunities for improved conservation prioritization across the species range and collaboration among the numerous agencies charged with conserving this species. This effort provides framework to develop population genetic tools that will contribute to robust and efficient monitoring of biodiversity.
Sharing psychosocial risk screening information with pediatric oncology healthcare providers: Service utilization and related factors
Authors: Etkin‐Spigelman Laurel , Hancock Kelly , Nathan Paul C. , Barrera Maru
Published: December 2021

Background

Psychosocial morbidity in pediatric oncology patients and their caregivers is widely recognized. Although routine systematic psychosocial screening has been proposed as a standard of care, screening is still limited. The present study assessed whether supplying the patient's treating team of healthcare providers with psychosocial risk screening information near diagnosis would increase the rate of documented psychosocial contacts, particularly for patients/families with elevated risk. The effect of demographic and clinical factors was also examined.

Procedures

Ninety‐three families with a child/youth newly diagnosed with cancer participated. Families were randomly assigned to a care as usual control group (n = 44) or an intervention group (n = 49) where the treating team was provided with a summary of family psychosocial risk, measured by the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT). The PAT was completed by the primary caregiver, who also provided demographic information. The number of psychosocial intervention contacts documented in the medical charts was examined.

Results

The rate of psychosocial intervention did not significantly differ between the groups (P > 0.05). The intensity of the child's cancer treatment was found to be the only significant predictor of the number of documented psychosocial intervention contacts (β = 0.396, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Clinical factors appear to be more predictive of the rate of psychosocial intervention provided to pediatric oncology patients and their families than informing the treating team of family psychosocial risk. Additional research is required to address the gap between psychosocial risk screening, psychosocial intervention, and family outcomes.