bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Missing Link in the Islamic Renaissance
Authors: Amin Ahmad
Published: December 2020

There is a missing link in Egypt. Although it is one of the strongestpillars upon which we are building our renaissance, we hardly ever perceiveits presence in our academic circles. This absence is one of the reasons forthe poverty of our scientific and intellectual production.And what is this missing link? To be precise, it is scholars who combinein their persons elements of both Arab-Islamic culture and the precise scientificEuropean culture. We are in need of more people like them, for we cannotregenerate ourselves without them, and we can only follow this path by makinguse of their light.Most of our scholars have only been educated in Arab-Islamic culture.As a result, they are totally ignorant of what is happening in the modemworld in relation to the opinions and views being expressed in science,literature, and philosophy. They have not heard of Kant and Bergson, or ofEurope’s authors and poets, scientists and researchers. At best, these namesare mentioned in insignificant magazines, newspapers, and books devoid ofany scientifichtellectual value. The other group of our scholars is madeup of those who have been educated solely in a foreign culture. They knowall about the latest theories in the fields of physics, chemistry, and mathematicswhich have reached them, and they follow the developments in modemEuropean literature as well as the books and poetry written by Europeans.They are also familiar with the development of philosophical views and theirprogress up to our time, but, they are totally ignorant of Arab-Islamic culture.If you tell them of Jarir, al Farazdaq, and al Akhtal, they turn their facesaway and avoid you-as if you were talking about a world not our own. Ifyou mention al Kindi, al Farabi, and Ibn Sina, they say that they have heardthe names but have no more knowledge of them, and that all we receivefrom them are ambiguous sentences and profound concepts which neitherhave scientific or intellectual benefit nor enrich or revitalize life.Yesterday I was talking with a group of these educated people about alBiruni, the Muslim mathematician who died in 440 AH, and the mathematicaland astronomical theories he had discovered. I also mentioned that the Germanorientalist Sachau had decided that al Biruni was the most brilliant man theworld has ever known, and that this orientalist had called for the establishmentof the al Biruni Society to honor him and to revitalize his memory. The people ...
EDITORIAL
Authors: Syeed Sayyid M.
Published: December 2020

Once again it is our pleasure to have the “Guiding Light” from AbdulHm-d AbiiSulaymh under a specific title. He has arranged relevant versesfrom the Qur’an and the sayings of the Prophet to discuss the civilizationalvalue of cleanliness. This approach has been appreciated by our readership.In this issue of AJISS, Ghulam-Haider Aasi sketches the relativelyunknown contribution of Muslim scholars to the history of religions and theirrole as the true founders of this discipline. It is important for present-dayMuslim historians and social scientists to realize how their predecessorsconceived the reality of sociohistorical phenomenon, a view which was basedupon religious ideas and practices. The history of humanity for Muslim scholarswas the history of ideas and values, for they saw religion as the core andbasis of all human culture and civilization and all other branches of knowledgeas being directly related to and dependent upon the science of religion. Inhis brief paper, Aasi has brought to our attention an unexplored legacy which,if mentioned at all, is only done so casually and very briefly by the Westernscholars of Islam. This unique and volumnious literature, Aasi says, still awaitsits readers, analysts, critics, and translators.Khalid Blankinship, writing on the periodization of history, shows howthe supposedly “world” history taught in the West has a strong Eurocentricbias, which is reflected in the currently acceptable division of history intoancient, medieval, and modem times based on what was happening in theWest (i.e., Europe) at that time. He shows through his analysis of this three partperiodization of history how the narrow parochial origins of the Westernvision of history goes back to the idea that only Western European civilizationis worthy of study. He also shows the limitations of the traditional Muslimhistorians, who tended to be largely isolationist in their accounts, and ofthe assimilating Muslim modernizers, who have accepted the subordinationof their history and ideas to materialist viewpoints of the West.Blankinship argues that in light of the universality of tawhid, based onhis assertion that the history of humanity is essentially a quest to know God,all human traditions contain elements that are more or less close to Islamand therefore worthy of study. He demonstrates that from an Islamic pointof view, history is the universal property of everyone. As an alternative tothe current Eumcentric periodhation, Blankinship postulates dividmg historicaleras based on the approximate date of 600 CE, which he claims is a watershed ...
The Quran and the Sunnah on the Civilization Value of Cleanliness
Authors: AbuSulayman AbdulHamid A.
Published: December 2020

TranslationIn the name of Allah, Most Gracious,Most Merciful.1. And He it is Who sendsThe Winds as heraldsOf glad tidings, going beforeHis Mercy, and We send downPure water from the sky.Al Furqan (25:48)2. Remember He covered youWith drowsiness,To give you calm as fromHimself, and He causedRain to descend on youFrom Heaven, to clean youTherewith, to remove from youThe Stain of Satan,To strengthen your hearts,And to plant your feetFirmly therewith.Al Anfal (8:11)3. O thou wrapped up(In a mantle)!Arise and deliver thy warning! 

And thy Lord

Do thou magnify!

And thy garments

Keep free from satin!

And all abomination shun!

Al Muddaththir (74:1-5)

4. O ye who believe!when Ye PrepareFor prayer, washYour faces, and your hands(And arms) to the elbows;Rub your heads (with water); ...
An Islamic Perspective on the Expectancy-Valence Theory
Authors: Abdel-kawi Ola , Kole James
Published: December 2020

The most commonly used classification of motivation theories amongorganizational behavior scholars is the content and process theories (Altman,Valenzi, and Hodgetts 1985). While content theories address what motivatesemployees, process theories speculate about how to motivate them (Bedeian1980).When Muslim scholars have discussed motivation theories, they haveexplained the Islamic perspective on the content approach. For example,Sharafeldin (1988) compared content theories with the socialist approach ofmotivation. He emphasized the extrinsic motives of Islamic values andconcluded that these values are alternative motivators for Muslims to achievebetter performance. Ahmad (1988,3) also reviewed content theories and arguedthat the ritual aspect of the human personality is an intrinsic motive otherthan the “materialistic-orientation”o f the content theories. In addition, Shareef(1988, 11) noted that while certain Islamic actions will fulfill the selfactualizationneeds, “economic incentives are motivators only in life-threateningsituations.”Despite this focus on the content approach of motivation theories, Muslimscholars have given less attention to how to motivate employees. They alsohave not provided sufficient conceptualization for an Islamic process by whichMuslim employees make their motivational choices within an Islamic context.This paper addresses this gap in Islamic organizational behavioml literatureby a) presenting an Islamic model of motivation process dmwn from the @fan;b) discussing the model’s dynamics in relation to both social learning theoryand Vroom’s expectancy theory; and c) introducing an Islamic expectancyand exploring its instrumentalities and implications ...
Merchant Capital and Islam
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Q.
Published: December 2020

This book, based substantially on the author's doctoral dissertation(UCLA, 1981), presents an economic interpretation of the early history ofIslam. By studying the trends and consequences of pre-Islamic Makkah'scommercial activities, it seeks to bring out both the material bases of therise of Islam and the element of continuity between pre-Islamic Makkah andearly Islamic history.The author bases his work on the following postulate: the developmentof merchant capital in sixth-century Makkah allowed it to become the dominantpolitical and economic power in Arabia. The most successful wielder of thisstatus, the Banii Umayyah, eventually consolidated its position as the wielderof authority. The growth of commercial capitalism, which caused social transformations within Makkah and made the effective regulation of its externalrelations a necessity so as to safeguard its commercial interests, resulted inthe development of several institutions, such as sadaqah (charitable offerings),rifadah (support), siqayah (providing water to the pilgrims to Makkah), ilaf(a pact guaranteeing safety and safe-conduct), hums (those people inhabitingthe haram at the time of the Prophet’s appearance who observed rigorousreligious taboos), and hilf (confederacy). However, institutional developmentin Makkah proved inadequate to the demands created by rapid economicprogress.The resultant problems gradually formed the material basis which causedthe advent of Islam. Islam, in turn, sought to promote Makkah’s commercialcapitalism through, for example, the concept of a monotheistic God’s absoluteand everlasting authority, which solved the problems associated with thebreakdown of pre-Islamic Makkah’s tribal authority, and through its conceptof an ummah which transcended tribal barriers and made social and economicmobility possible ...
The Importance of 'llm al Khilaf to North America
Authors: Kavakci Yusuf Ziya
Published: December 2020

'llm al khilaf is a science which deals with the Islamically sound argumentsused by Muslim jurists (fuqaha') to reach their various legal opinions. Assuch, it can also be known as comparative Islamic law. Historically, the variousmadhahib of Islam shared and benefitted from this science, and there is noreason why we also cannot benefit from it.We know that there were differences of opinion and practice even duringthe time of the Prophet Muhammad, for his Companions did not vieweverything the same way. This state of affairs naturally continued after theProphet’s death. The suhuf ascribed to some of the Companions and theinfixmation given in the relevant biographical literature were studied for details.The fiqh-related issues debated by the Companions increased in number andcomplexity during the time of the Successors (Tabi’un), when the developmentof Islamic jurisprudence was just getting started.The judicial and juristic opinions expressed in Majmu ‘al Fiqh by Zaydibn ‘Ali (d. l22/740), in al Muwatta’ by Imam Malik (d. 179/795), byMuhammad ibn al Hasan al Shaybani (d. 189/805) which he ascribed.to hismaster Abu Hanifah, and by Abu Yusuf Ya‘qub (d. 182/769), especially inhis Kitiib al Kharaj, a1 Radd ala Siyar al Awza'i, and Ikhtilaf Abi Hanifahwa Ibn Abi Layla may be cited here as the first scholarly sources of ‘ilmal khilaf. The related literature on differences between thefuqahii’ is fullof points which may be studied for further information.With the spread of Islam and the incorporation of many non-Muslimsubjects into its domains, new legal questions were raised. The resultingdecisions led to the profound and scholarly development of Ilm al khilafand the establishment of the methodological principles of Islamic law in severalbranches. However, it was not until the beginning of the fifth hijri centurythat comparative Islamic law was scientifically established as an independentbranch of Islamic law by Abu Zayd ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar ibn ‘Isa ...
Islam, the West, and Ethnonationalism
Authors: Malik Iftikhar
Published: December 2020

Western analysis, due to its dangerous oversimplification of Islam and othermatters in the Muslim world, has traditionally seen the appearance of anyindigenous movement calling for change and improvement in the name of Islamas a major threat. Muslims continue to be viewed in the stereotypical perspectiveof the “us-against-them” syndrome, a practice which prevents a propercomprehension of the dynamics and dilemmas faced by Muslims in thepostcolonial era. The Western media and, to some extent, academia thrive onsuch themes as minority rights, nuclear proliferation, human rights, anddemocracy, which they use as barometers. Based on the data which they collect,they then pass sweeping decrees about Muslim countries. Internal diversity andconflict receive a great deal of attention, whereas human achievements andcivilizational artifacts are considered as “foreign” to the Muslim ethos. Islamas a religion is reduced to so-called “fundamentalism” and a mere puritanicaland/or coercive theological orthodoxy. Moreover, no distinction is made betweenIslam as a religion and Muslim cultures and societies, nor between Muslimaspirations for unity and the realities of national and ethnic differentiation. Theresult is a Western view which both distorts and demonizes a large part of theMuslim world.As if this were not enough, Muslims in the post-Cold War era are now beingpresented and “imagined” as the next enemy. Among the factors responsible forthis are a) the multiple nature of the Muslim world, given its geostrategic locationright next to Europe; b) Islam as the second major religion in the West; and c)the assertion of a new generation of Muslim expatriate communities at a time ...
The Islamic Theory of International Relations
Authors: Perry Glenn E.
Published: December 2020

This book provides a remarkable reformist approach to Islam in generaland to the Islamic theory of international relations in particular. The authorbegins by attributing the tragic condition of the modem Islamic world to itsstagnation, brought about by the predominance of taqlid. Only with a resolutionof the ”time-place issue” p. 4), a phrase that recurs throughout the book in relationto the necessity of distinguishing between what is permanent and what isa mere dated application in another time and place, does AbQSulaymzin believethat “the badly needed original dynamic and realistic policies” (p. 4) can befound.The author distinguishes between the Shari’ah and fiqh (writings of Islamicjurists), which he maintains has been inaccumtely considered to be “law in itselfand not a secondary source of Islamic law” p. 4). The siyar (i.e., juristic writingsrelated to international relations), AbuSulayman argues, is not “an Islamic lawamong nations’’ that constitutes “a sort of unified classical legal code” (p. 7).He also criticizes some writers for overlooking the diversity of classical opinion,saying that Majid Khadduri in particular presented only the “strict position”of al Shifi‘i while ignoring “the equally authoritative opinion of Abu Hanifah”AbuSulayman insists that it is necessary to understand the Qur’an and theSunnah “in the context of conditions at a time when the early Muslims wereconfronted by unceasing aggression and persecution” (p. 35) and criticizes theuse of abrogation (naskh) to exclude a more tolerant outlook. It is necessaryfor today‘s Muslims, the author says, ”to go back to the origins of Muslim thought. . . . and reexamine and reform their methods and approaches” (p. 49). Thetask of developing the required new methodology, he argues, must not be leftto the ulama alone, because they “no longer represent the mainstream of Muslimintellectual and public involvement” and are not educated in “the changes. . . inthe world today” (p. 76).Characterizing “modern Muslim thought in the field of external affairs”- particularly an “aggressive attitude involved in the classically militant approachto jihad” in the case of “a people who are [now] weak and backward ...
The Concept of Islamic Tradition in Fazlur Rahman’s Thought
Authors: Ozdemir Ibrahim
Published: December 2020

When one considers the thought of the late Fazlur Rahman, it can be seenthat his main endeavors are confined to “a true understanding of the Qur’an andthe Sunnah” - in other words, a “recourse to the Qur’an and the Sunnah in orderto get from there an understanding of and a guidance for solving our newproblems.”l This point cannot be ignored by contemporary Muslims strivingto overcome their social, political, legal, and religiomoral problems. However,it is not a simple and easy task to return to the Qur’an in order to have a trueunderstanding of it, for there are many obstacles which ensue from history ortraditional Islam itself.I will therefore elucidate and discuss what Rahman means by the conceptof tradition and, more specifically, the Islamic tradition or, as he sometimesprefers to call it, the Muslim tradition. We cannot appreciate his views on hisQur‘anic methodology and on contemporary issues unless we sufficiently acquaintourselves with what he means by Islamic tradition and the problems hund withinIslamic civilization, by which he means the influence that Islamic tradition thathad on Islamic civilization and its ultimate consequences on that civilization’soutcome.When we confront the Islamic heritage as a whole, it is important to elicitand bring into the open what “Islamic” and ”un-Islamic” meant at that particularpoint in the past, for this would appear to be crucial for a better understandingof the problem at hand. Once we identify those un-Islamic elements and theneliminate them from our way to development and modernization, we can confineour attention to solving our current problems in light of the Qur‘an and the Sunnah.We cannot find adequate answers to our current problems if we are incarceratedin a tradition which is, according to Rahman, contrary to the Qur’an’s dynamicand ongoing spirit. On the other hand, there is the naive view which claims that ...
Islamic Theology and Philosophy
Authors: Haq Nomanul
Published: December 2020

Michael Marmura, the editor of this volume, has brought to his readersa valuable collection of highly respected authors, from van Ess and Frank toAnawati in part one, and from Makarem, Nasr, and Mahdi to Shehadi in parttwo. Each contributor to this seventeen-essay volume is an authority on his/hertopic. Indeed, what we have here is a collection of essays in which by someof today 's most competent and respected lslamicists inform the readers of theresults of their scholarly research into various aspects of their discipline andthereby producing a resounding tribute worthy of a scholar of the stature ofGeorge Hourani, to whom the volume is dedicated.To be sure, not only is this work written by experts, but it is also meantfor the experts. The essays are thus quite naturally extremely narrow in scopeand perspective and are also self-contained and therefore independent of eachother. As a result, each essay is tightly packed, and reviewing this book wouldmean reviewing each essay separately. Alternatively, and this would be muchmore desirable, the reviewer can present a general account of the problematicsof Islamic theology and philosophy in which each contribution coheres to formsome kind of an overall picture. But, in fairness, this is the task of the editor,not of the reviewer. Thus one wonders why Marmura, given his standing inand familiarity with the field, did not write general introductory articles foreach of the volume's two sections: "Islamic Theology" and "Islamic Philosophy."For example, it is not clear to the reader as to how and in what way van Ess'spowerful analysis of a kalam anecdote is related to Frank's penetrating studyof the kalam doctrine of bodies and atoms. For the reader, unless he/shepossesses the same degree of expertise as the two authors, the only thing incommon between them is that they both talk about the mutakallimun. Similarly,in more general terms, the reader legitimately wonders if there are any broadconcerns, or if there are any shared methodological approaches, which bindall of those different Islamic philosophers whose thought forms the subjectmatter of the book's second part. These questions could have been dealt within an editorial panorama. Indeed, one may argue that a general account ispossible only after the basic data have been collected, and since much of theclassical literature of Islam still lies unstudied, a survey article would bepremature. But a survey need not be definitive - it can always be tentative ...
Symposium on Muslims in Europe
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz
Published: December 2020

The question of a Muslim minority in the Western context has become animportant one in view of some h-and-hysteria literatu~th at continues to depictthis minority as a threat to Western liberal values and sociopolitical systems.The conference papers were structured around a basic theme of “Muslims, Islam,and Diaspora,” which reveals the difficulty of European scholars as well asgovernment officials in accurately conceptualizing the Muslim experience ofimmigration in the West.To be sure, there is no concept of an eschatological ”promised land” or “holyland” in the Qur’an to suggest “diaspora” - the dispersion of its adherents fromit - even in the remotest sense of the term. The entire earth, according to theQur’an, belongs to God and has been created for humanity to seek its ownadvancement towards the moral and spiritual goals wherever it so chooses, aslong as no injustices are committed against fellow humans beings. The conceptof dZir al hijrah, on the other hand, captures the spirit of Muslim emigrationto the West. It is a journey undertaken to overcome spiritual and moral“homelessness,” a physical transferral to the sphere which holds out the promiseof deviatiog the unfavorable conditions prevalent in one’s awn place of domicile.To this early meaning of emigration (hijrah) of a person from a particular placeor set of surroundings to seek protection is added emigration for the sake ofeconomic advantage, either temporanly or permanently, somewhere else. In otherwords, for Muslims this sphere of emigration is not what Europe wants toperceive, namely, a “diaspora” that would make them endeavor to return fromthe “diaspora” to their “holy land” located somewhere in Arabia.Apart from this lack of conceptual clarity in categorizing the Muslims’perception of their spatial relationship in the West, European scholars andadministrators are faced with another difficulty. This was discussed by ReinhardSchulze following his paper on ”International Organization and Muslims inEurope.” Schulze pointed out the inadequacy with which Europe defines the word“religion” and then imposes it on Islam, expecting to discover a central Islamic“church” headed by a Muslim “bishop” with whom the government can establishadministrative relations. Even more difficult for homogenous European nationslike France, where the majority is Catholic, is to recognize the existence of other“religions“ besides Christianity for administrative purposes. This difficulty isself-created, because such recognition entails empowering the followers of other ...
Islam, Modern Scientific Discourse, and Cultural Modernity
Authors: Basha Ahmad Fouad
Published: December 2020

Thank you for sending me Bassan Tibi’s paper, entitled “Islam, ModernScientific Discourse and Cultural Modernity: The Politics of Islamizationof Knowledge as a Claim to Dewesternization,” which was presented at the1990 MESA conference. I read it with great interest and would like to makethe following observations.The main focus of this paper is the presentation of a critique of theIslamization of scientific thought adopted by contemporary Muslimintellectuals, with special attention paid to its reliability for the establishmentof an authentic Islamic sociology. A comparison is made with the so-calledEuropean project of cultural modernity, a project based on the purely secularconcept of knowledge.While engaging in this comparison, Tibi raises a number of issues thatare strongly related to the influence of various partial truths and secularideological perspectives prevalent in the modern West. However, in hismethodological approach, the author is basically ignoring, either consciouslyor otherwise, the viewpoint of history and the philosophy of human civilization.These factors dictated my choice of the following three points for discussion.The first point relates to the so-called “Weberian demagnification of theworld,” a concept developed in Europe during the seventeenth century thatrests on the modern understanding of objectivity in the sciences. However,this statement is completely false, for the earliest claim of demagnificationof the world dates back to the emergence of Islam. The first divine commandfrom Allah to His Prophet Muhammad and to all humanity was:Read in the name of your Lord, the Creator . . . Read, for yourLord is the most gracious. He taught the art of writing. He taughtman what man never knew before (Qur’an 96:1, 3-5).Many other Qur’anic and prophetic texts prompt Muslims to accumulatepositive knowledge and to make the acquisition of scientific comprehensionpart of the community’s life. The Qur‘an emphasizes the superiority of scientists ...
Malik Bennabi and the Intellectual Problems of the Muslim Ummah
Authors: Bariun Fawzia
Published: December 2020

In the last several decades, Muslim and non-Muslim scholars havestudied the causes of the Muslim ummah‘s decline. As thes scholars havedifferent frames of reference and different political and cultural orientations,each group tends to view the issue according to its own understanding.However, the outcome of these studies are marred by major methadologicaldefects that have made it impossible for the authors to move beyond a merecategorization of the multiple symptoms of that malady.Most non-Muslim scholars ascribe the Muslim world’s backwatdness toIslam. Such a conclusion mflects the confmntational stand of the West towardsthe Muslim world. Although the numerous writings on the subject havebeen called ”scientific” and "academic,” in reality they are mostly defensiveand far fmm truly objective.’Muslim thinkers and reformers, while admitting the fact of the ummah’sdisintegration, have reached a different conclusion: Muslims, not Islam, haveto change? Questions as to how and why this change should take place, aswell as to who should undertake it, have remained largely incomplete andinconclusive for a variety of political and cultural circumstances. One majorweakness was that most of the studies were descriptive, as opposed to analytical,in nature. If there were any analysis at all, it was mainly theoretical andsuperficial. The lack of freedom on different levels also interfered with ...
Business and Accounting Ethics in Islam
Authors: Khan Muhammad Akram
Published: December 2020

The present book represents the first serious attempt to explore Islamicbusiness and accounting ethics. After placing their subject in a broad Islamicframework, which they have documented quite ably, they then compare thedistinctive features of Islamic business and accounting principles with Westerntheory and practice. While the book has several strong points and breaks newground in a number of areas, it also lacks clarity and specific authority fromIslamic sources on quite a few points.To begin with, the authors argue quite convincingly that the logical corollaryof prohibiting riba (interest) is the negation of any time value for money.Thus the theory and practice of capital budgeting, which feature in the use discountedcash flow techniques in the West, become redundant. This point,seemingly so obvious to economists, has not found favor with the economicthinking of the Islamic establishment. Rather, many Muslim economists andaccountants have been busy justifying it on one pretext or another. This is thefitst time that somebody has come out with a compelling discussion of this question.The authos have also argued that Islam absolutely forbids the nonrepaymentof a debt. Thus the concept of limited liability, one of mainsprings ofeconomic power in a capitalist society, is not recognized by Islam. However,the related theory of incorporation, the legal mechanism for justifying limitedliability, is found in Islamic societies. Again, such an obvious and sensiblepoint remains unacceptable to Muslim economists. They continue looking forexcuses to accept these ideas, thereby betraying their intellectual poverty.Although the authors do not devote a single chapter to the state’s economicrole in Islam, they discuss this question throughout the book Theyargue for a strong regulatory and framework role for the Islamic state.Gambling and Abdel Karim deal with several other important issues. Forinstance, they argue that the Islamic concept of economic development revolvesaround the development of human resources rather than capital formation,as is the main focus of the popular theory of development in the West.In their discussion of the Islamic concept of shura (consultation) and khilafa(vice-gerency), they also bteak new ground. They opine that these conceptsquestion ...
Muslims in the Canadian Mosaic
Authors: Hashem Mazen
Published: December 2020

This book is a focused study on the Muslims in Canada with special teferenceto Muslims in the pmvince of Alberta. The study is both quantitative(it consists of the qudonnaire responses of 115 participants in Alberta) andqualitative (it develops discussions relevant to Canadian Muslims in general).One of the aims of the study is to highlight the extreme diversity of Muslimsin Canada while showing that all of them have something very basic incommon: their Islamic ideals. This diversity is adequately illustrated by detailingtheir multiple ethnicities and home countries, their different occupations,and their internal variations in identifying with Islam. The study further emphasizes this diversity is being positively integrated into mainstream Canadian society,contributing to it while preserving certain special traits. The discussionof how Muslims in Alberta maintain extensive links With Muslim landsas regads trade and socioreligious and humanitarian concerns is especially impressive.This study is more descriptive than analytical. It does not answer the questionof how integration is possible without losing the essence of Islam. In thebrief conceptual framework, the dynamics between religion and ethnicity is notas clear, i.e., which subsumes the other? In general, the study is very helpfulto those who do not know much about Muslims in Canada. It also raises pointsthat can help Muslims better present themselves collectively.
Approaches to the Study of Islam and Muslim Societies
Authors: Tayob A. I.
Published: December 2020

This conference was convened by J. H. Dreyer of the Department ofSemitic Studies at the University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, andthe Department of Religious Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,South Africa. It was preceded by a banquet, during which the Islamic Studiesprogram of the Department of Religious Studies was introduced to the peopleof Cape Town. Approximately 250 invited guests attended the conference,which was well received by local Muslims and set the parameters for ahealthy relationship between the department and the Muslim community.The conference was attended by a fluctuating audience of eighty to 150individuals from the University of Cape Town and various Muslim communities.This provided an ideal opportunity for the emergence of a varietyof lively and critical ideas. Issues affecting Muslims living in South Africaalso generated a lot of discussion.The keynote guest speaker was Richard Martin, Arizona State University,Tucson, Arizona. The rest of the papers were presented by scholars fromSouth African universities who have been involved in the study of Islam andArabic. The following broad areas were covered: early Islamic history;Qur'anic hermeneutics in traditional and modem scholarship; revivalism;Islam in South Africa; and Muslim personal law in South Africa.The first session dealt with early Islam and featured two presentations.The first, Martin's paper on "Public Theology in Medieval Islam: The Roleof Kalam in Conflict Definition and Resolution," set the pace with aninteresting and innovative approach to the study of early theological disputes.In addition, he presented kalam disputes to illustrate how modem discussionsand debates on fundamentalism have produced a kind of public theologyinvolving both the media and academia in North America. He was followedby Abdul Kader I. Tayob, University of Cape Town, who dealt with themeaning and significance of the masjid as a sacred space as reflected in theQur'an and si'rah literature of the thirteenth hijri century.Two papers on Qur'anic hermeneutics made up the second session. A. K. ...
Muslim Development at Risk
Authors: Haniff Ghulam M.
Published: December 2020

Regardless of the definitions chosen, the conceptual frameworksadopted, or the analytical schemes utilized, many social analysts wouldagree that, even after decades of struggle for national development andmodernization, the state of underdevelopment in Muslim countries has notchanged significantly.' on most of the standad measures conventionallyused to make international comparisons as regards national development,Muslim countries occupy a disproportionate share of the bottom positions.While they languish there, the rest of the world thrusts forwad2 Despitethe oil wealth of the Muslim world, most Muslim countties remain on theperiphery of the emerging global economy and 8tp: becoming incteasinglymarginalized as newly industrialized Third World countries enter thecompetitive international marketplace. The Muslims' failure to transformtheir societies and become productive is due to their lack of knowledge,skills, and capabilities in most areas of intellectual endeavor, especiallyin the scientific and technical fields. More specifically, their inability touse the tools, techniques, and procedures of modem science for developmentalchanges is the result of deficiencies in their human resources.This paper examines the present status of human resoutces in theMuslim world and Assesses their prospects for the future direction of developmentand modernization. Its analysis is confined to the relationship ...
The State of Research on Islamic Spain
Authors: Ahsani S. A.H.
Published: December 2020

The era of Muslim rule in Spain (711-1491 CE) witnessed great contributionsin many areas of knowledge and learning. Rapid strides weremade in such diverse fields as art and architecture, agriculture and handicrafts,linguistics and literature, humanities and Social studies, music andpoetry, and the physical and mechanical sciences. In fact, Islamic Spain,known to the Muslim world as al Andalus, served as a bridge for thetransfer of the knowledge and wisdom of Classical Greece to Europe, aprocess that eventually led to the European Renaissance.The achievements of al Andalus will not be discussed in this paper.Rather, a survey of current research activities focusing on al Andaluswill be presented. The areas covered are Europe, North America, NorthAfrica, and parts of Asia. Latin American activities have not been surveyeddue to the nonavailability of sources.EuropeEurope has been the center of research on al Andalus. Various periodicalshave served as major sources of information: Al-Andalus (Madrid1933), Hesperis (Paris 1921-59), Hesperis-Tamuda (Rabat 1960), Miscellanceade Estudios Arabes y Hebraicos (Granda 1952), Revista de InstitutoEgypcio de Studios Islamicos (Madrid 1953), Revue de la OccidentMusulman et la Mediterranee (Aix-en-Provence 1966), Boletin de laAssociation Espaniola de Orientalistas (Madrid 1965), and Cuadernos dela Alhambra (Granada 1965).Certain important books have also appeared, such as Peres: la PoisieAndalousie, which includes a history of that period. Introductions to editionsof texts and translations relate important infonnation about al Andalusunder the al Murabitun and the al Mu’ahhidun dynasties. Hourani(1961) has written an excellent book: Averroes: On the Harmony of Religionand Philosophy. Memorial volumes in honor of E. Levi-Provencal,G. and W. Marcais, Menendes Pidal, Millas Vallicrosa y Parya, A. H. andR. Basset, H. A. R. Gibb and H. Wehr also contain much valuable data.Mention must be made of translations by institutes devoted to thestudy of al Andalus: Dar al Thaqafah (Beirut) has published valuablebooks, as have several Spanish and North African organizations (i.e.,Conjeyo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Madrid], Instituto deStudios Islambs [Madrid], Institute des Haut-Etudes Marocaines Paris ...
International Conference on Social Development and Social Work Education
Authors: Rajah Ibrahim
Published: December 2020

The Twenty-Sixth Congress of the International Association ofSchools of Social Work (IASSW) and the Seventh International Conferenceof the Inter-University Consortium for International Social Development(IUCISD) was held during 13-19 July 1992, in Washington, DC.These biennial international conferences are held simultaneously in thesame location to encourage interested social work educators to participatein the activities of both conferences.IASSW represents the interests of almost two thousand schools of socialwork and training institutes worldwide. The theme of the 1992 conferencewas "Realities of Global Interdependence: Challenges to SocialWork Education." Papers presented spanned the wide range of interestsof social work educators, from practice theory formulations to curriculumdevelopment to indigenous case materials. They also dealt with many diversefields of social work practice, for example, from family and childwelfare to rural and urban community development. Papers also dealt withclinical practice interests, polity, planning, and social development issues.IUCISD is a younger multidisciplinary organization of social workeducators and other allied professionals with an interest in the broaderarea of international social development. The theme of the IUCISD 1992conference was “Strategies of Social Development for Improving the HumanCondition.” Papers presented covered diverse topics, including socialwelfare provisions in Eastern Europe and countries of the former SovietUnion, peace and development, sustainable agriculture, refugees, socialdevelopment skills, social development and indigenous populations, socialdevelopment and aging populations, social development and children, andmany others ...
USO E COBERTURA DO SOLO NO BAIXO SUL DA BAHIA: A APLICAÇÃO DE SENSORES REMOTOS NA ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL DO PRATIGI ENTRE 1991 e 2010
Authors: Cunha Luis Eduardo , Cseko Nolasco Marjorie , Sousa Gonçalves Rafaela de
Published: December 2020

A Área de Proteção Ambiental do Pratigi, está localizada na sub-região do Baixo Sul no Estado da Bahia. Abrange os municípios de Ibirapitanga, Igrapiúna, Ituberá, Nilo Peçanha e Piraí do Norte, totalizando uma área de 472.455 Km². Na presente extensão, existem cento e sessenta comunidades, algumas delas de ocupação tradicional, além de uma complexa estrutura fundiária e agricultura diversa. Destarte, os estudos de modelagem espacial objetivam a compreensão das transformações identificadas nas imagens processadas. A metodologia estrutura-se na elaboração de mapas históricos com recursos do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) e trabalho de campo. A Geografia realiza a leitura desse processo de uso e ocupação do solo de maneira determinante, por fornecer os devidos atributos para a compreensão das transformações espaciais.
Sistem Monitoring Kualitas Udara dengan Platform Web
Authors: Medina Nadila Prima Putri  , Handayani Ade Silvia , Rose Martinus Mujur
Published: December 2020

Pencemaran udara merupakan suatu masalah yang berdampak buruk bagi kehidupan makhluk hidup, terutama di kota-kota besar dan industri yang semakin hari semakin meningkat pencemaran udaranya. Media dan teknik penyampaian kualitas udara yang kurang informatif menjadi pemicu rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang berdampak terhadap kualitas udara, oleh karena itu diperlukan sistem monitoring kualitas udara. Pada penelitian ini dirancang sebuah web yang berfungsi untuk monitoring serta sebagai media informasi untuk mengetahui kualitas udara, web monitoring tersebut akan digabungkan dengan Wireless Sensor Network sebagai alat perangakat keras (hardware) yang akan membaca dan mengambil data dari node-node sensor yang ada pada hardware wsn tersebut. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu masyarakat mengetahui kualitas udara pada lingkungan sekitar, sehingga bisa melakukan pencegahan dini terhadap kualitas udara yang tidak baik, karena apabila kualitas udara tidak baik maka akan berdampak buruk pada kesehatan masyarakat itu sendiri .
Implementasi Analisa Semantik Pada Webdriver Untuk Otomatisasi Scraping Profil Pengguna Facebook
Authors: Arifin Zainal , Maulidiansyah
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini membahas tentang implementasi Analisa semantik pada webdriver untuk mendapatkan data profil pengguna facebook secara otomatis. Pada era digital ini, data adalah sesuatu yang sangat berharga. Hal ini dikarenakan data dapat di olah menjadi pengetahuan baru yang bisa digunakan dalam semua lini kehidupan seperti pendidikan, ekonomi, bisnis dan lain-lain. Facebook adalah salah satu tempat penyimpanan data dalam jumlah besar. Hanya saja tidak mudah mendapatkan data dari Facebook. Dibutuhkan sebuah teknik yang bisa digunakan oleh sebuah bot untuk bisa menjelajah halaman Facebook, mengambil data profil pengguna dan mengelompokkannya berdasarkan kategori profil. Teknik tersebut adalah membuat bot dari Webdriver dengan mengimplementasikan analisa semantik.

Tahapan proses dalam penelitian ini adalah : Memahami struktur HTML pada halaman Facebook untuk mengetahui pola data profil pada Facebook. Kemudian Bot akan dikembangkan agar bisa membuka halaman profil pengguna, mengambil data profil dan kemudian menganalisanya berdasarkan pola pada struktur HTML halaman Facebook. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba pada internet dengan kecepatan 20Mbps, bot ini dapat mendapatkan 100 data profil penguna Facebook dalam waktu ± 20 menit.
Disaster Knowledge and Household Preparations of Selected Communities in Central Luzon, Philippines: Basis for Enhanced Community Disaster Education Program
Authors: Asio John Mark
Published: December 2020

Disaster is nature’s worst event that can happen anytime and anywhere. It creates unfathomable destruction to everything. This study aimed to analyse and explore the disaster knowledge and household preparations of individuals in selected communities located in Central Luzon, Philippines. The study used a descriptive research design with the survey as the primary data gathering tool. One hundred thirty (130) respondents took part in the survey from two identified communities in Central Luzon using purposive sampling technique. This study also adopted and modified a research instrument which was subjected to validity and reliability test. The researcher subjected the data gathered with the following statistical tools: weighted mean, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson-r with the help of SPSS 20. The study then generated the following findings (1) the respondents were knowledgeable about disasters and the households were prepared in time of a disaster. In addition, there was a significant difference in the disaster knowledge respondents when grouped according to the community. Also, there exists a relationship between the community of the respondents and their disaster knowledge. Furthermore, a moderate and direct relationship also exists between disaster knowledge and household preparations. Based on the findings the researcher provided a suggestion for an enhanced community disaster education program.
Enfermedad de Niemann-Pick en biopsias hepáticas
Authors: De la Rosa Márquez Emerson Salomón , Ovalle Quiñonez Julia Milagro
Published: December 2020

La enfermedad de Niemann-Pick es un trastorno provocado por la deficiencia de la esfingomielinasa ácida. Ocurre un caso por cada 80,000 recién nacidos vivos de cualquier grupo étnico. Debido a la complejidad del abordaje y diagnóstico de esta entidad, presentamos dos casos de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico histopatológico de enfermedad de Niemann-Pick por biopsia hepática.
Hemorragia del primer trimestre en pacientes con Zika
Authors: López Bryan Emanuel
Published: December 2020

Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas de las pacientes embarazadas con hemorragia del primer trimestre, infectadas con el virus de ZIKA, que acuden al Hospital Nacional de Chiquimula, durante el período de enero a diciembre de 2017.

Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado en el lugar y fechas descritas, en  52  pacientes  que  cumplen criterios de caso confirmado de ZIKA durante el embarazo;  datos  recabados  por  la  boleta  de recolección elaborada por el autor.

Resultados: Se evaluaron 213 pacientes que asistieron al Hospital Nacional de Chiquimula, en donde 52 tuvieron diagnóstico de Zika; se caracterizó el rango de edad, procedencia y cantidad de gestas de las pacientes que acudieron por hemorragia del primer trimestre. Se determinó que el número de abortos fue del 38% y además se evidenció dentro las patologías perinatales la microcefalia en la mitad de las pacientes embarazadas con diagnóstico de Zika.

Conclusión: Las pacientes embarazadas con Zika, jóvenes entre 21 y 30 años,  del departamento de Chiquimula, primigestas, tienen mayor riesgo de presentar hemorragia obstétrica por aborto completo.
Semantic Ontology Alignment: Survey and Analysis
Authors: Boudaoud Lakhdar El Amine
Published: December 2020

Ontology alignment is an important part in the semantic web to reach its full potential, Recently, ontologies have become competitive common on the World Wide Web where they generic semantics for annotations in Web pages, This paper aims at counting all works of the ontology alignment field and analyzing the approaches according to different techniques (terminological, structural, extensional and semantic). This can clear the way and help researchers to choose the appropriate solution to their issue. They can see the insufficiency, so they can propose new approaches for stronger alignment and also He determines possible inconsistencies in the state of the ontology, which result from the user’s actions, and suggests ways to remedy these inconsistencies.
A VIA CRUCIS DO PRAZER: NECROFILIA EM OS CORDEIROS DO ABISMO, DE MARIA RIBEIRO
Authors: Borges Fábio Júlio de Paula , Neto José Elias Pinheiro
Published: December 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho é o de discutir a relação que a linguagem, pelo viés psicanalista freudiano, contribui na formação de subjetividades culturais e na compreensão dos casos de necrofilia praticados por Leopoldo, personagem protagonista do romance Os cordeiros do abismo, bem como as suas consequências psíquicas. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, e para isso, recorre-se ao seguinte corpus teórico: Freud (2019), Moscatello (2010), Lopes (2017), Hall (2006), Costa (1992), Laraia (2004) Iser (1983) e Aristóteles (2001). Verdadeira ou fantasiada, a necrofilia em Leopoldo evidencia mais do que uma patologia, esboça em seus delírios toda uma desestrutura familiar que teria influenciado os seus comportamentos sádicos. Na caminhada final de Leopoldo, existem avaliações internas e externas a serem feitas, pontos de interrogação que permanecem sobre o fardo da vida. A cruz como símbolo de tudo aquilo que não se quer carregar, daquilo que se quer negar para transcender a um lugar maior, talvez seja o treinamento para a elevação da consciência na purificação dos erros cometidos. Leopoldo e as demais personagens se fizeram humanos na medida em que serviram à encenação narrativa deixando à mostra ao leitor, todos os seus crimes e perversões.

 

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Literatura; Romance; Cultura; Necrofilia