bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Digital Holography
Authors: Yaroslavsky Leonid
Published: November 2009

This eBook is a collection of comprehensive and cutting edge book articles written by leading experts on digital signal and image processing in general, and specifically book written by one of pioneers of digital holography, one of the foremost branches of the image sciences and modern information technology. It covers all the basic aspects of digital synthesis and numerical reconstruction of holograms, beginning from digital holographic transforms, going on to fast numerical algorithms for reconstruction of digitally recorded holograms, and then to computer generated holograms and their applications in hybrid digital-optical image processing and 3D visualization and communication. It also offers a comprehensive review of image digital processing methods most relevant to digital holography. The volume appears at an appropriate time, i.e. while the field of optics is mutating from micro to nano and advanced optical technologies are becoming digital. It is written for researchers and advanced graduate and PhD students in the field of optics, photonics, electrical engineering, and biomedical engineering and related branches of experimental physics and natural sciences and should prove to be of great value to them. It can also be used as a text book for one-semester course.
Computer Generated Holograms (CGH): Principles
Authors: Yaroslavsky Leonid , Astola Jaakko
Published: November 2009

This chapter introduces basic principles and mathematical models of computer-generated
holography and reviews spatial light modulators for recording of computer-generated holograms.
Approximate D-optimal designs of experiments on the convex hull of a finite set of information matrices
Authors: Harman Radoslav , Trnovská Mária
Published: November 2009

In the paper we solve the problem of D
ℋ-optimal design on a discrete experimental domain, which is formally equivalent to maximizing determinant on the convex hull of a finite set of positive semidefinite matrices. The problem of D
ℋ-optimality covers many special design settings, e.g., the D-optimal experimental design for multivariate regression models. For D
ℋ-optimal designs we prove several theorems generalizing known properties of standard D-optimality. Moreover, we show that D
ℋ-optimal designs can be numerically computed using a multiplicative algorithm, for which we give a proof of convergence. We illustrate the results on the problem of D-optimal augmentation of independent regression trials for the quadratic model on a rectangular grid of points in the plane.
Pseudo-rank functions on certain lattices
Authors: Wasadikar M. , Nimbhorkar S.
Published: November 2009

Pseudo-rank functions on bounded lattices are introduced and their properties are studied. It is shown that if the set of all pseudo-rank functions on a Boolean lattice is nonempty then it is a Choquet simplex.
The Use of Ideas of Information Theory for Studying “Language” and Intelligence in Ants
Authors: Ryabko Boris , Reznikova Zhanna
Published: November 2009

In this review we integrate results of long term experimental study on ant “language” and intelligence which were fully based on fundamental ideas of Information Theory, such as the Shannon entropy, the Kolmogorov complexity, and the Shannon’s equation connecting the length of a message (l) and its frequency (p), i.e., l = –log p for rational communication systems. This approach enabled us to obtain the following important results on ants’ communication and intelligence: (i) to reveal “distant homing” in ants, that is, their ability to transfer information about remote events; (ii) to estimate the rate of information transmission; (iii) to reveal that ants are able to grasp regularities and to use them for “compression” of information; (iv) to reveal that ants are able to transfer to each other the information about the number of objects; (v) to discover that ants can add and subtract small numbers. The obtained results show that information theory is not only excellent mathematical theory, but many of its results may be considered as Nature laws.
Path Integrals for Electronic Densities, Reactivity Indices, and Localization Functions in Quantum Systems
Authors: Putz Mihai V.
Published: November 2009

The density matrix theory, the ancestor of density functional theory, provides the immediate framework for Path Integral (PI) development, allowing the canonical density be extended for the many-electronic systems through the density functional closure relationship. Yet, the use of path integral formalism for electronic density prescription presents several advantages: assures the inner quantum mechanical description of the system by parameterized paths; averages the quantum fluctuations; behaves as the propagator for time-space evolution of quantum information; resembles Schrödinger equation; allows quantum statistical description of the system through partition function computing. In this framework, four levels of path integral formalism were presented: the Feynman quantum mechanical, the semiclassical, the Feynman-Kleinert effective classical, and the Fokker-Planck non-equilibrium ones. In each case the density matrix or/and the canonical density were rigorously defined and presented. The practical specializations for quantum free and harmonic motions, for statistical high and low temperature limits, the smearing justification for the Bohr’s quantum stability postulate with the paradigmatic Hydrogen atomic excursion, along the quantum chemical calculation of semiclassical electronegativity and hardness, of chemical action and Mulliken electronegativity, as well as by the Markovian generalizations of Becke-Edgecombe electronic focalization functions – all advocate for the reliability of assuming PI formalism of quantum mechanics as a versatile one, suited for analytically and/or computationally modeling of a variety of fundamental physical and chemical reactivity concepts characterizing the (density driving) many-electronic systems.
Antioxidant Effects of Some Drugs on Immobilization Stress Combined with Cold Restraint Stress
Authors: Popovic Mira , Janicijevic-Hudomal Snezana , Kaurinovic Biljana , Rasic Julijana , Trivic Svetlana , Vojnović Matilda
Published: November 2009

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect on antioxidant potential of some commonly used drugs (morphine, tramadol, bromocriptine, haloperidol and azithromycin) on immobilization stress (IS) combined with cold restraint stress (CRS) in the rat. After the drug treatment the animals were kept immobilized in the cold chamber at 4±0.3ºC for 3 hours and then decapitaed and the livers were extracted. The following parameters were determined in the liver homogenate: content of reduced glutathione, activities of catalase, xanthine oxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation intensity. A battery of biochemical assays was used and the resulting data were statistically analyzed. Combined stress exhibited a prooxidative action (increased catalase activity, lowered content of reduced glutathione). Significantly enhanced catalase activity that was observed in all groups compared to the control indicates that the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolite is hydrogen peroxide, which decomposes very rapidly (very high catalase activity), thus hindering formation of OH radicals as the most toxic ROS. None of the tested drugs showed a protective effect on combined IS and CRS. The intensity of lipid peroxidation did not change either in the combined stress or under additional influence of the drugs. Probably, under our experimental conditions, the time was not sufficiently long to observe damage of lipid membrane by ROS.
The Trypanocidal Activity of Naphthoquinones: A Review
Authors: Ventura Pinto Antônio , Lisboa de Castro Solange
Published: November 2009

Naphthoquinones are compounds present in several families of higher plants. Their molecular structures confer redox properties, and they are involved in multiple biological oxidative processes. In folk medicine, especially among Indian populations, plants containing naphthoquinones have been employed for the treatment of various diseases. The biological redox cycle of quinones can be initiated by one electron reduction leading to the formation of semiquinones, unstable intermediates that react rapidly with molecular oxygen, generating free radicals. Alternatively, the reduction by two electrons, mediated by DT-diphorase, leads to the formation of hydroquinone. Lapachol, α-lapachone and β-lapachone, which are isolated from the heartwood of trees of the Bignoniaceae family, are examples of bioactive naphthoquinones. In this review, we will discuss studies investigating the activity of these natural products and their derivatives in the context of the search for alternative drugs for Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a neglected illness that is endemic in Latin America.
Adsorption of zearalenone by Aspergillus japonicus conidia: new trends for biological decontamination in animal feed
Authors: Jard G. , Liboz T. , Mathieu F. , Guyonvarc'h A. , Lebrihi A.
Published: November 2009

Zearalenone (ZEA) is an oestrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. on a wide variety of grains. The presence
of ZEA impairs farm animal health. In this study, the ability to remove ZEA by conidia of Aspergilli was evaluated
in vitro. This mycotoxin was successfully eliminated in vitro by living and heat-treated conidia just after conidial
inoculation, especially by Aspergillus japonicus Mu541 (IMI389204) conidia. Consequently, components involved in
adsorption are not affected by heat-treatment. The influence of pH on ZEA removal was also determined. Results
have shown that ZEA removal was 53% at pH 2 while 2% removal was observed at pH 11. Then, the adsorption
capacity was evaluated in vitro in porcine gastrointestinal tract conditions. We observed that there was better
adsorption in acidic stomach conditions. Finally, the phenomenon has been modelled using Hill's equation. This
model was very suitable and confirmed better adsorption at acidic pH. Aspergilli section Nigri conidia were able to
adsorb ZEA instantaneously especially in acidic conditions as in the stomach. The use of heat-treated conidia could
be a very interesting means of decreasing ZEA levels in animal feed. It must now be assessed directly on naturally
contaminated feed and on animals.
Evaluation of high-grade sodium bentonite on performance and immune status of broilers, fed ochratoxin and aflatoxin
Authors: Manafi M. , Umakantha B. , Narayana Swamy H. , Mohan K.
Published: November 2009

An experimental trial with 2×2×2 factorial design was conducted to assess the individual and combined effects of
mycotoxins including ochratoxin A (OTA) (0 and 1.0 mg/kg), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (0 and 0.5 mg/kg) and high-grade
sodium bentonite (HGSB) (0 and 1.0%) in broilers. Significant depression of body weight, feed consumption, serum
protein and serum albumin were noticed due to OTA, AFB1 and OTA+AFB1. The relative weights of pancreas, spleen
and bursa were not altered significantly either by inclusion of OTA, AFB1, OTA+AFB1 or HGSB. Increases in the
relative weights of liver and gizzard were observed in OTA, AFB1 and OTA+AFB1. Decreases in serum protein levels
and increases in gamma glutamyl transferase were noticed in the OTA+AFB1 group. Also decreases in serum protein
levels for alanine amino transferase and thymus were observed. The antibody titres against Newcastle Disease and
Infectious Bursal Disease were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in all the treatment groups compared to control.
HGSB reduced the toxicity of aflatoxin and marginally ameliorated the effect of OTA+AFB1 on some parameters.
Dichloran rose-bengal chloramphenicol agar: preferred medium for isolating mycotoxigenic fungal contaminants in silage
Authors: Pamel E. Van , Daeseleire E. , De Boever J. , Heyndrickx M. , Herman L. , Verbeken A. , Vlaemynck G.
Published: November 2009

This study focuses on selecting an optimal growth medium for isolating mycotoxigenic moulds mainly from maize
silage. Therefore, both visually non-mouldy and mouldy samples of maize silage were collected from three farms
in Belgium. Additionally, the media were evaluated for one grass silo (mouldy and non-mouldy sample) and two
beet pulp silos (mouldy). A statistically significant difference (0.01<P<0.05) between the counts of colony-forming
units of moulds on the media was observed for the mouldy maize samples. Dichloran rose-bengal chloramphenicol
(DRBC) agar gave high colony count results and high macromorphological diversity for all three silage types.
Microscopical and molecular identification experiments showed that Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium paneum
and Aspergillus fumigatus were the most prevalent species, which are all potentially toxigenic fungi. The mycotoxins
(roquefortin C, patulin, mycophenolic acid, etc.) impose high risks for animal health and production, as well as for
carry-over into animal derived products. In conclusion, DRBC was found to be the medium of choice for isolating
and enumerating moulds present in maize silage. The results of this study may serve as a foundation for further
research on the increasing problem of mould contamination in silage and may indicate which moulds to focus on
in further research regarding mycotoxin contamination of this feed commodity.
PARASITOIDS OF A LOOPER COMPLEX (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN WEST VIRGINIA
Authors: Butler Linda
Published: November 2009

From 1981 to 1984, a “looper” complex was responsible for the defoliation of approximately 648 000 ha of hardwood forests in several counties of eastern West Virginia. The complex consisted primarily of four species of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with larval composition at three study sites in 1983 ranging from 77 to 94% for the half-wing geometer, Phigalia titea (Cramer); 2-13% for the linden looper, Erannis tiliaria (Harris); 8% for Phigalia strigataria (Minot); and 1–2% for the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris) (Butler 1985a, 1985b, 1986).
DESCRIPTION OF SINOPHORUS WUSHENSIS, A NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDAE FROM TAIWAN (HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Sanborne Michael
Published: November 2009

Sinophorus wushensis sp.nov. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is described from Taiwan. This is the first verified record of Sinophorus from Taiwan.
FACTORS AFFECTING CATCH IN PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN
Authors: Sweeney J.D. , McLean J.A. , Shepherd R.F.
Published: November 2009

The effects of trap design, lure concentration, lure age, and trap maintenance on the catch of western spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, in pheromone traps were tested in light to moderate infestations near Ashcroft, B.C. High cumulative moth catches reduced the trapping efficiency of both the sticky traps and the non-sticky Uni-traps relative to traps from which the moths were removed every 2 days. Correlations between the total season’s catch and larval density per plot in the same and following generations were not significant (P>0.05) for any of the eight combinations of trap design, lure concentration, and maintenance regimen tested. However, by dividing the mean moth catch in Uni-traps by either the basal area or foliage biomass per hectare in each plot, correlations with the following year’s larval density were significant (r2 = 0.77–0.98; P<0.05; n=5).
HOST UTILIZATION BY COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN A POTATO/WEED (SOLANUM SARRACHOIDES SENDT.) SYSTEM
Authors: Horton David R. , Capinera John L.
Published: November 2009

A non-pest population of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was monitored in the field and in the laboratory to define some cultural and host plant factors that might prompt increased use of potato by a population locally adapted to a wild host species (Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.). This study tested whether elimination of the beetle’s natural host from plots of potato would result in increased densities of beetles on potato, and examined whether beetles showed differences in performance on and in preference for S. sarrachoides or potato. In 2 years of study, egg densities on potato were higher in weed-free than weedy plots; paired preference tests in the laboratory also indicated that beetles deposited the most egg masses (92%) on S. sarrachoides. Densities of larvae and adults on potato were not affected by weed density. Growth rates of larvae were significantly faster on S. sarrachoides than on potato for both early-season (pre 7 July) and late-season (post 21 July) foliage. Survival and adult size were not affected by host species. In choice tests, late-instar larvae preferred S. sarrachoides to potato. Host preference of larvae varied with age of foliage, and S. sarrachoides became increasingly preferred later in the growing season.
CYTOTAXONOMY OF CONOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: de Groot Peter , Ennis Terry J.
Published: November 2009

The male meiotic karyotypic formula of Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is 9AA + XY. This karyotype differs from C. resinosae Hopkins and C. banksianae McPherson, both of which have the karyotypic formula of 8AA + XY. Supernumerary chromosomes were found in different populations of C. resinosae and C. banksianae but were absent in C. coniperda. No geographic variation in the karyotypes of the three species was observed. The karyotypic formulae confirm the designations of C. coniperda and C. resinosae by morphological characters, but do not support the designation of C. banksianae as a distinct species.
ALLOMETRY IN THE LAST LARVAL INSTARS OF SIMULIUM TRUNCATUM (LUNDSTRÖM) AND S. ROSTRATUM (LUNDSTRÖM) (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: McCreadie John W. , Colbo Murray H.
Published: November 2009

Data from larval head capsule measurements are used to determine allometry of size for final-instar siblings Simulium truncatum (Lundström) (= EFG/C) and S. rostratum (Lundström) (= ACD) of the S. venustum/verecundum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae). Measurements were evaluated using principal axis and major reduced axis regression. Isometry of size was accepted for only some ratios and it is argued that a character’s “environmental stability” should be assessed before it is considered as a taxonomic character.
DESCRIPTION AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE PREDATORY BUG PODISUS SAGITTA (FAB.) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Clercq P. De , Degheele D.
Published: November 2009

Podisus sagitta (Fab.) is a small- to medium-sized predatory stink bug, which is distributed from the southern United States into South America. The immature stages and both sexes of the adult insect from a laboratory strain are described and illustrated. Notes on the life history of P. sagitta also are given.
EFFECTS OF SUB-LETHAL EXPOSURES TO MALATHION OR CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL ON OFFSPRING PRODUCTION BY SOME STORED-PRODUCT BEETLES
Authors: White N.D.G. , Sinha R.N.
Published: November 2009

Exposure of adult rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), saw-toothed grain beetles, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to filter papers treated with the organophosphorus insecticides malathion or chlorpyrifos-methyl often affected offspring production in survivors. Groups of five male and five female survivors were placed on ground wheat at 30°C and C. ferrugineus and O. surinamensis adults produced fewer offspring with prolonged exposure to chlorpyrifos-methyl; malathion had no effect. Tribolium castaneum adults produced significantly more offspring with increasing exposure to both malathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl indicating stimulation of oviposition or a selection for increased fitness in survivors.
POPULATION GROWTH OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AND PLANT RESPONSE TO APHID NUMBERS IN COMMERCIALLY GROWN FIELD PEAS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Soroka J.J. , Mackay P.A.
Published: November 2009

Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were sampled weekly or biweekly over the summers of 1985 and 1986 in a total of 15 commercial plantings of Century, Trapper, or Triumph field peas across Manitoba. Pea aphid populations rose more quickly in fields of Trapper than in Century or Triumph fields. The owners of all Trapper fields sampled initiated aerial application of insecticide for pea aphid control; at the time of spraying in 1985, plants in Trapper fields had significantly greater numbers of aphids in sweep samples than such samples from Century or Triumph fields. In 1986, Triumph plants supported greater numbers of aphids than Century or Trapper plants. Triumph plants remained green longer than plants of the other cultivais; in 1985 pea aphid numbers on this cultivar were highest on the last date sampled.

Yield components were measured in sprayed and unsprayed plots within the commercial fields. When data were averaged for each cultivar, there were no significant differences in yield per area or in 1000 seed weight between sprayed and unsprayed plots. Data indicated that existing economic thresholds are too low for Trapper peas. However, one of the fields of Trapper peas that we sampled had significantly reduced numbers of pods per plant, yield per square metre, and weight of 1000 seeds in the unsprayed plot; this field had the largest population of pea aphids of any field sampled, with aphid numbers peaking at 48.5 ± 9.2 (SE) per plant lip during pod formation and filling. Significant yield losses also occurred in unsprayed plots of a Triumph field, which had a peak aphid population of 4.8 ± 1.6 per plant stem at pod maturation.
A METHOD FOR REARING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Mulye Hemendra , Gordon Roger
Published: November 2009

The eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, is the most widely distributed and destructive forest insect pest in North America. Although much is known about the ecology, population dynamics, and impact of C. fumiferana on tree growth (Sanders et al. 1985), there is very little information available on the physiology of this forest pest. Physiological studies are crucial to the development of novel strategies for spruce budworm control.
CENTROPTILUM INFREQUENS MCDUNNOUGH (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE), A JUNIOR SYNONYM OF PSEUDOCENTROPTILUM PENNULATUM (EATON)
Authors: Lowen R.G. , Flannagan J.F.
Published: November 2009

Centroptilum infrequens McDunnough, 1924 was found to be widespread in Canada and was described in detail at the 5th International Ephemeroptera Conference, Marysville, Australia, 1987 (Lowen and Flannagan 1989). At that time, similarities between C. infrequens and published accounts of Pseudocentroptilum pennulatum (Eaton 1870) were noted and it was suggested that these species are conspecific. We have recently compared specimens of C. infrequens with specimens of P. pennulatum from western Europe, and have noted no discernable differences at any life stage. We therefore conclude that Centroptilum infrequens McDumough, 1924 is a junior synonym of Pseudocentroptilum pennulatum (Eaton) 1870. This is the first record of Pseudocentroptilum in North America and the first record of a holarctic Pseudocentroptilum species, as P. pennulatum is also known from the arctic Ural and Pacific Coast regions of the Soviet Union.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF STYGAMERACARUS GEN.NOV. FROM NORTH AMERICA, AND PROPOSAL OF STYGAMERACARINAE SUBFAM.NOV. (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA: ATHIENEMANNIIDAE)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Deutonymphs, and male and female adults, of Stygameracarus cooki sp.nov., and a male adult of S. canadensis sp.nov., are described from interstitial habitats associated with small streams in temperate North America. The genus Stygameracarus and the monobasic subfamily Stygameracarinae are proposed and diagnosed, based primarily on the shape of the capitulum and the highly modified structure of the pedipalps in both deutonymphs and adults, and the distinctive structure of the genital field region in adults. Possible relationships between members of the new genus and other Athienemanniidae are discussed, and a new key to the subfamilies of Athienemanniidae is presented.
THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF IPS GRANDICOLLIS (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN JAMAICA
Authors: Garraway Eric , Freeman B.E.
Published: November 2009

Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) was first recorded from Jamaica in 1978 and has become a potential pest in Pinus plantations in the island. Its distribution there is determined by the occurrence of suitable food, but not by altitude or rainfall. Developmental mortality due to predators, parasites, and resin did not limit population numbers within logs: control resulted ultimately from competition among egg-laying females and among larvae for space in suitable logs. However, when the entire Jamaican population was considered, dispersive loss of adults played a major part in the limitation of numbers. A cyclic budget revealed that a minimum of 44% of the population was lost during dispersal. Dispersive loss in the males (77.3%) was higher than that in the females (35.4%), and this difference may be related to the primary role of the males in finding suitable logs.
PROPOSAL OF NUDOMIDEOPSIDAE FAM.NOV. (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA) WITH A REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN TAXA AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBGENUS AND SPECIES OF NUDOMIDEOPSIS SZALAY, 1945
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

The family Nudomideopsidae fam.nov. is proposed on the basis of an analysis of morphological characters of larvae and adults of species of Nudomideopsis and related genera, and consideration of the zoogeography of the group. The systematics and distribution of North American species are reviewed, and adults of Nudomideopsis (Allomideopsis) wichitaensis subgen.nov., sp.nov. are described.
EFFECTS OF LOW RATES OF PREDATION ON SELECTED LIFE-HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , O’Neil Robert J.
Published: November 2009

Reproductive and survival patterns of the heteropteran predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were measured under low prey inputs. A single prey, mealworm larva (Tenebrio molitor L.), of one of two sizes (120 or 30 mg), was given to predators for a 24-h period every 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days. Additional treatments included: predators provided prey in excess of attack rates; predators given no food; and predators given green bean slices only. Results showed that predators provided with prey survived regardless of feeding interval. When given large prey, predators showed reproductive patterns that were not clearly reflective of feeding interval; only predators fed at 8- and 16-day intervals showed reduced fecundity. When given small prey, the reproductive patterns of predators clearly reflected the feeding intervals. Predators that were fed less frequently laid fewer eggs, less often, and later in life.
BODY WEIGHT OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) UNDER VARIOUS FEEDING REGIMENS
Authors: O’Neil Robert J. , Wiedenmann Robert N.
Published: November 2009

Body weights were measured for Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) given low prey inputs. Predators were fed green bean slices ad lib and a single mealworm larva (Tenebrio molitor L.) of one of two size classes, for a 24-h period every 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days. Other treatments included predators fed to excess of daily attacks, predators given only green bean slices, and predators given no food. Results showed that predators fed bean slices maintained body weight after an initial decline, whereas predators given no food lost weight continually until death. Predators maintained weight when fed prey ad lib, and when fed prey of either size daily. Those fed at longer intervals lost weight between feedings, and weight fluctuations increased as the interfeeding interval increased. Slopes of weight change between feedings did not differ significantly for predators fed at 2- through 16-day intervals. During oviposition, predators lost about 15 mg of body weight. Egg clutches comprised about 60% of the weight lost. Egg weights did not differ among treatments. The results suggest that P. maculiventris can survive long periods without prey, and adjusts its weight loss by reducing reproductive effort when prey become scarce. The importance of these adaptations for P. maculiventris to sustain populations in agricultural systems is discussed.
ALLOZYME SURVEY AND RELATIONSHIPS OFLIMNOPORUSSTÅL SPECIES (HETEROPTERA: GERRIDAE)
Authors: Sperling F.A.H. , Spence J.R.
Published: November 2009

Five species ofLimnoporusStål (L.canaliculatus[Say],L.dissortis[Drake and Harris],L.nearcticus[Kelton],L.notabilis[Drake and Hottes], andL.rufoscutellatus[Latreille]) were each sampled at 20 electrophoretic loci. Twofold differences among species in mean heterozygosity appear to be unrelated to presence of wing dimorphism. Low heterozygosity in some populations within species may reflect geographic isolation. There were substantial differences in allele frequency among, but not within, species.Limnoporus rufoscutellatusfrom western Europe andL.nearcticusfrom Alaska were the most similar pair of species, with a Nei’s standard genetic identity that is generally found only between populations of the same species.Limnoporus canaliculatuswas the most divergent species, and the relationship amongL.dissortis,L.notabilis, and theL.rufoscutellatus–L.nearcticuspair is resolved as a trichotomy.
PREDATORY BEHAVIOR AND PREY-STAGE PREFERENCES OF STIGMAEID AND PHYTOSEIID MITES AND THEIR POTENTIAL COMPATIBILITY IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Authors: Clements David R. , Harmsen Rudolf
Published: November 2009

Although the role of phytoseiid mites as predators of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), on apple is well established, the role of another family of European red mite predators, the stigmaeids, is not as clearly understood. We compared predatory behavior and prey-stage preferences of the stigmaeid Zetzellia mali (Ewing) and the phytoseiid Typhlodromus caudiglans (Schuster) in the laboratory. The only predator–predator interaction we found to be potentially important was consumption of phytoseiid eggs by stigmaeids. Given a choice of equal numbers of both European red mite eggs and phytoseiid eggs, Z. mali consumed 38% phytoseiid eggs. Eggs and quiescent larval stages of European red mite were preferred by Z. mali, but active larval stages also were consumed. By contrast T. caudiglans preferred active forms to quiescent forms and eggs, and was able to consume adult forms. Although Z. mali was found to be slower, less active, and less voracious than T. caudiglans, Z. mali produced more eggs for a given number of prey consumed than did T. caudiglans. These behavioral and prey-stage preference differences should enable phytoseiids and stigmaeids to be compatible in the short term (within one generation).
HOST DISCRIMINATION BY THE APHID PARASITOID APHELINUS ASYCHIS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE): WHEN SUPERPARASITISM IS NOT ADAPTIVE
Authors: Bai B. , Mackauer M.
Published: November 2009

Females of the solitary parasitoid Aphelinus asychis Walker discriminated between unparasitized and parasitized second-instar nymphs of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Wasps normally avoided superparasitism, except when they were confined with few hosts for a long time. Parasitoid females did not need previous experience with unparasitized aphids (learning) in order to discriminate. They probed with the ovipositor any aphids encountered, a behaviour suggesting that host acceptance and rejection were determined by internal cues. Prolonged ovipositor insertion (>80 s) was correlated with host acceptance and egg deposition, but short insertion times (≤80 s) generally indicated host rejection. Females tended to reject both self- and conspecific-parasitized aphids when provided with two of each kind. We consider hypotheses mat conspecific superparasitism may be adaptive and give examples to show exceptions. We propose that, in egg-limited parasitoid species such as A. asychis, a reproductive strategy based on the regulation of egg production and on oosorption can explain the equal avoidance of self and conspecific superparasitism.
INFLUENCE OF GRANARY TYPE AND FARM PRACTICES ON THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN GRANARY RESIDUES
Authors: Barker P.S. , Smith L.B.
Published: November 2009

The abundance of nine stored-product species found in crop residues in farm granaries in the Prairie Provinces was influenced by farm practices, kinds of crops stored in the granaries, and the materials used in the construction of the granaries.

Some species were found more frequently than expected on farms where there had been previous infestations (Pyralis farinalis L.), or where there was livestock (Cryptolestes ferrugineus [Stephens]).

Fewer samples than expected were found infested with Cryptophagus varus (W. & C.), where insecticidal sprays were used, but more C. ferrugineus than expected were found where fumigants or insecticidal sprays were used.

Fewer samples of canola residues than expected contained insects, but barley residues contained more insects than expected.

Wooden granaries contained more insects than expected, except for C. ferrugineus.

Cole’s coefficient of association showed that some species were often associated but other pairs of species such as Tribolium audax Halstead and Lathridius minutus L. were negatively associated.

These relationships between species and their environments can be used to reduce the abundance of stored-products insects in farm granaries.
ATTRACTION OF HYLOBIUS PALES (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) TO PHEROMONES OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Phillips Thomas W.
Published: November 2009

Results of a field experiment indicate that adults of the pine weevil Hylobius pales (Herbst) respond to pheromones of bark beetles. Each sex of H. pales was more attracted to traps baited with the combination of a pine bolt infested with male Ips calligraphus Germar plus the synthetic Dendroctonus Erichson pheromones frontalin and exo-brevicomin, than to traps baited with pine bolts alone. The combined numbers of male and female H. pales caught in traps baited only with Ips calligraphus-infested bolts were significantly greater than numbers caught in traps baited with uninfested control bolts. The attraction of H. pales to bark beetle pheromones may represent a kairomonal response in which weevils exploit semiochemicals from other species that signify a suitable host resource.
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND GALL INDUCTION BY PEGOMYA CURTICORNIS AND PEGOMYA EUPHORBIAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) WITHIN THE STEMS OF LEAFY SPURGE (EUPHORBIA × PSEUDOVIRGATA) (EUPHORBIACEAE)
Authors: Gassmann Andre , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: November 2009

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia × pseudovirgata [Schur]) is an herbaceous perennial and serious weed of European origin that has been accidently introduced into North America. The European anthomyiid flies Pegomya curticornis (Stein) and Pegomya euphorbiae (Kieffer) are found on several spurge species in Europe and also attack leafy spurge. The two flies induce identical galls on the subterranean stems of their host plants, and the shoots wilt and die. Eggs are laid on the shoot tip, and the larvae bore into the stem by eating pith which is later replaced by callus. This is a rare example of an insect with both boring and gall-inducing feeding strategies. Galls are induced when larvae feed on the ring of vascular tissue. There is no proliferation of nutritive cells but instead thick layers of gall parenchyma are produced. The vascular connections are broken at the gall level and concentric vascular bundles appear in the cortical and gall parenchyma. After pupation an inner periderm differentiates around the chamber surface.
SPRUCE CONE AXIS MIDGE,DASINEURA RACHIPHAGATRIPP (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN CONES OF BLACK SPRUCE,PICEA MARIANA(MILL.) B.S.P.
Authors: Prévost Y.H.
Published: November 2009

The development of spruce cone axis midge,Dasineura rachiphagaTripp, and its parasitoids,Platygaster lucidaFouts andTorymussp., was studied in relation to the availability and development stage of black spruce,Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P., cones.

Spruce cone axis midge inhabiting black spruce cones appeared to undergo an extended diapause. This phenomenon probably was related to the production of cones.Platygaster lucidaalso appeared to undergo extended diapause and the proportion ofP.lucidaextending their diapause paralleled that of spruce cone axis midge which suggested a close dependance to their host.

Spruce cone axis midge,P.lucida, andTorymussp. emerged from mature cones about the same time and were closely synchronized with the availability of black spruce flowers.

External morphological characters of the spruce cone axis midge that separate the two sexes in the pupal stage were described.
A SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR EGGS OF WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), ON WESTERN HEMLOCK, TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA (RAF.) SARG.
Authors: Shepherd R.F. , Gray T.G.
Published: November 2009

Eggs of western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana (Walsingham), are laid on the lower surface of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., needles. A comparison was made of the following measures of sample branch size as a basis for expressing egg density: fresh branch weight, branch area, total twig length, branch volume, and number of buds. The criteria for selection of these measures were as follows: correlations of branch size with dry needle weight, variances of egg density and their relative contribution to sample size, and ease of measurement. Fresh branch weight was the best choice. A sequential sampling system was developed on this basis and was related to a scale of predicted defoliation. In addition, a transformation was provided for use in data analysis.
LIFE HISTORIES, DIET, AND NICHE OVERLAP OF THREE SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF ELMIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN A TEMPERATE STREAM
Authors: Tavares Annette F. , Williams D. Dudley
Published: November 2009

Promoresia elegans (LeConte), Optioservus fastiditus (LeConte), and Stenelmis nr. bicarinata LeConte coexist in Duffin Creek, Ont., making up 3.78–23.92% of the riffle fauna present.

Promoresia elegans and O. fastiditus appeared to have semi-voltine life histories. Stenelmis nr. bicarinata appeared to be univoltine but with overlapping generations and slow recruitment occurring from late summer to fall; growth was slow in winter but fast in spring and summer.

Based on the index of relative importance (Pinkas et al. 1971), detritus was identified as the most important food source for all size classes and all species throughout the year. Microinorganics ranked second, with diatoms, fungal hyphae, and vascular plant material being the least important food sources. There was no indication of ontogenic food switching in any of the species.

The Schoener (1970) niche overlap index indicated almost complete dietary overlap (Cxy = 0.78–0.97) among the three species throughout the year and the Hurlbert (1978) niche overlap index similarly indicated a convergence of diets (L = 1.31–3.54).

Niche breadth values were found to be high for all species on the rock surfaces (generalist diet) but were lower in the hyporheic zone indicating a higher degree of specialization there.
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE INFLUENCE OF FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SURVIVAL OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Elliott N.C. , Lance D.R. , Hanson S.L.
Published: November 2009

Adult corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were maintained at five fluctuating temperature regimens with daily average temperatures of 16.0, 19.5, 23.0, 26.5, and 30.0°C. The mean number of eggs laid per female was greatest (602) at 26.5°C and least (295) at 16.0°C. The median length of life decreased with increasing temperature from 13.8 weeks at 19.5°C to 7.9 weeks at 30.0°C. Parameters were estimated for nonlinear functions relating age-specific fecundity and age-specific survival to physiological age.
LEVELS OF SITKA SPRUCE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (PECK), DAMAGE AMONG SITKA SPRUCE PROVENANCES AND FAMILIES NEAR SAYWARD, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Alfaro Rene I. , Ying Cheng C.
Published: November 2009

Variation in tree height, number of attacks by the Sitka spruce weevil (= white pine weevil) (Pissodes strobi [Peck]), tree form, and stem defect were studied in a 15-year-old Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) provenance test near Sayward, on Vancouver Island, B.C. An aggregated spatial distribution of the attacks was found in the plantation. Average number of attacks, tree form, and total tree height varied significantly among provenances and among families within provenances in both light and severe infestation patches. The number of unattacked trees varied by provenance from 5 to 51%, but in patches of severe infestation it varied from 0 to 64%. The number of attacks per tree had a significant negative effect on tree height. However, at the same level of attack, some provenances grew significantly taller than others. Thirty, 19, and 51% of all trees were classified as having a good, medium, or poor form, respectively. Among provenances located in severe infestation patches, the percentages of trees having good form varied from 4 to 64%. The type of defect that formed after an attack (minor crook, major crook, or fork) varied by provenance. Aggregated weevil attack and genetic differences among provenances may have accounted for this variation.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FIRST-INSTAR CABBAGE MAGGOT,DELIA RADICUM(L.) (ANTHOMYIIDAE: DIPTERA), TO STRAINS OF THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODESSTEINERNEMA FELTIAEFILIPJEV,S.BIBIONIS(BOVIEN),HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORAPOINAR, ANDH.HELIOTHIDIS(KHAN, BROOKS, AND HIRSCHMANN)
Authors: Bracken G.K.
Published: November 2009

The susceptibility of first-instar cabbage maggot,Delia radicum(L.), to parasitism by seven strains or species of entomogenous nematodes was compared in Petri dishes lined with moist filter paper. The effective doses for 50% mortality (ED50) of the Mexican, Breton, and All strains ofSteinernema feltiaeFilipjev, ofS.bibionis(Bovien), and ofHeterorhabditis heliothidis(Khan, Brooks, and Hirschmann) ranged from 98 to 341 infective juveniles per host larva with overlapping 95% confidence intervals; the slopes ranged from 1.36 to 1.07. The DD136 strain ofS.feltiaeand the speciesH.bacteriophoraPoinar were significantly less lethal with ED50values of 1113 and 1719 nematodes per host larva, respectively. The addition of a thin disc of rutabaga into the test dishes increased ED50values by a factor of 20 or more. Application of the Mexican strain ofS.feltiaeat 5 × 105nematodes per plant to small caged field plots of rutabaga artificially infested with eggs ofD radicumprovided control similar to that with diazinon applied at 1.4 L AI per hectare. Practical control ofD.radicumon rutabaga with entomogenous nematodes would require strains or species considerably more lethal than those tested here.
REDUNDANCY IN THE SEMIOCHEMICAL MESSAGE REQUIRED TO INDUCE ATTACK ON LODGEPOLE PINES BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Borden J.H. , Chong L.J. , Lindgren B.S.
Published: November 2009

Baited tree experiments confirmed the hypothesis that frontalin is a multifunctional pheromone that can induce the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to aggregate on and mass-attack lodgepole pine, Pinus conforta var. latifolia Engelmann. A re-examination was undertaken of the role of four known semiochemicals, myrcene, trans-verbenol, exo-brevicomin, and frontalin, tested as tree baits alone (with the exception of myrcene) and in all possible combinations. There was considerable redundancy evident in the semiochemical signal. For example, myrcene + frontalin and trans-verbenol + exo-brevicomin induced attack on baited trees at similar levels of intensity. The results suggest that beetles of either sex could initiate a mass attack. During the most attractive phase of host colonization, redundancy in the semiochemical signal could act as a fail-safe mechanism to ensure perception of and response to odors from an attacked tree. In addition the standard, commercial, tree bait containing myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin might be modified by deleting myrcene, making a more acceptable and cost-effective operational bait.
REVISION OF THE GENUSMACRONEURAWALKER IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: EUPELMIDAE)
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P.
Published: November 2009

The species ofMacroneuraWalker are revised for America north of Mexico. Seven species are recognized, of whichM.camptoptera,M.cerasma,M.chrysosinamora, andM.tanyarisare described as new;M.meteori(Gahan) is removed from synonymy withM.epicaste(Walker) and accorded specific status.Eupelmus melanderiBrues is synonymized withEupelmus dryorhizoxeniAshmead and the taxa are reassigned toEupelmusDalman fromMacroneura. Diagnostic features are given to distinguish females and males ofMacroneurafrom members of other eupelmine genera; putative phylogenetic relationships ofMacroneuraare discussed, and a key is presented to distinguish females and known males of the North American species.
REDEFINITION OF MEGEREMAEUS (ACARI: MEGEREMAEIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES, AND NYMPHS OF M. MONTANUS HIGGINS AND WOOLLEY
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: November 2009

The oribatid mite genus Megeremaeus is redefined, with the addition of information on leg chaetotaxy and immature instars. Three new species are described, Megeremaeus hylaius from northeastern North America, and M. keewatin and M. kootenai from northwestern North America. Descriptions of the former two species are based on adults and immatures, the latter species on adults only. Nymphs of M. montanus Higgins and Woolley are described. A key is given for the six known species in the genus.
NEWLY DETECTED EXOTIC SPECIES OF XYLEBORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH A REVISED KEY TO SPECIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Atkinson Thomas H. , Rabaglia Robert J. , Bright Donald E.
Published: November 2009

Two exotic species of Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of Asian origin have recently been detected in the United States. Xyleborus pelliculosus Eichhoff has been collected in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and X. atratus Eichhoff from Tennessee, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Descriptions of both species and a revised, illustrated key to members of the genus Xyleborus in eastern North America are presented. An explanation is proposed for the large numbers of recent introductions of exotic ambrosia beetles from eastern Asia into eastern North America.
PSALLUS SALICICOLA, A NEW SPECIES, WITH ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF RECENTLY DISCOVERED PALEARCTIC PSALLUS FIEBER FROM CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: PHYLINAE)
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Kelton Leonard A.
Published: November 2009

Psallus salicicola sp.nov. is described from northern Canada. Dorsal habitus and male genitalia illustrations are included. Psallus aethiops Zetterstedt is considered to be the senior synonym of P. drakei Knight. Additional distributional records are given for P. aethiops and P. betuleti (Fallén) from Alaska and northern and maritime Canada, which indicate that these two species are genuinely Holarctic taxa.