bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is it True That the Normal Valence‐Length Correlation Is Irrelevant for Metal–Metal Bonds?
Authors: Singh Vijay , Dixit Mudit , Kosa Monica , Major Dan Thomas , Levi Elena , Aurbach Doron
Published: March 2016

The most intriguing feature of metal–metal bonds in inorganic compounds is an apparent lack of correlation between the bond order and the bond length. In this study, we combine a variety of literature data obtained by quantum chemistry and our results based on the empirical bond valence model (BVM), to confirm for the first time the existence of a normal exponential correlation between the effective bond order (EBO) and the length of the metal–metal bonds. The difference between the EBO and the formal bond order is attributed to steric conflict between the (TM)n cluster (TM=transition metal) and its environment. This conflict, affected mainly by structural type, should cause high lattice strains, but electron redistribution around TM atoms, evident from the BVM calculations, results in a full or partial strain relaxation.
Design of an Os Complex‐Modified Hydrogel with Optimized Redox Potential for Biosensors and Biofuel Cells
Authors: Pinyou Piyanut , Ruff Adrian , Pöller Sascha , Ma Su , Ludwig Roland , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: March 2016

Multistep synthesis and electrochemical characterization of an Os complex‐modified redox hydrogel exhibiting a redox potential ≈+30 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl 3 m KCl) is demonstrated. The careful selection of bipyridine‐based ligands bearing N,N‐dimethylamino moieties and an amino‐linker for the covalent attachment to the polymer backbone ensures the formation of a stable redox polymer with an envisaged redox potential close to 0 V. Most importantly, the formation of an octahedral N6‐coordination sphere around the Os central atoms provides improved stability concomitantly with the low formal potential, a low reorganization energy during the Os3+/2+ redox conversion and a negligible impact on oxygen reduction. By wiring a variety of enzymes such as pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase and the FAD‐dependent dehydrogenase domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase, low‐potential glucose biosensors could be obtained with negligible co‐oxidation of common interfering compounds such as uric acid or ascorbic acid. In combination with a bilirubin oxidase‐based biocathode, enzymatic biofuel cells with open‐circuit voltages of up to 0.54 V were obtained.
Highly Active Cobalt Sulfide/Carbon Nanotube Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution at Soft Interfaces
Authors: Aslan Emre , Akin Ilker , Patir Imren Hatay
Published: March 2016

Hydrogen evolution at polarized liquid–liquid interfaces [water/1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE)] by the electron donor decamethylferrocene (DMFc) is catalyzed efficiently by the fabricated cobalt sulfide (CoS) nanoparticles and nanocomposites of CoS nanoparticles formed on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CoS/CNT). The suspended CoS/CNT nanocomposite catalysts at the interface show a higher catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) than the CoS nanoparticles due to the high dispersity and conductivity of the CNT materials, which can serve as the main charge transport pathways for the injection of electrons to attain the catalytic sites of the nanoparticles. The reaction rate increased more than 1000‐fold and 300‐fold by using CoS/CNT and CoS catalysts, respectively, when compared to a non‐catalyzed reaction.
Robust Benzo[g, h, i ]perylenetriimide Dye‐Sensitized Electrodes in Air‐Saturated Aqueous Buffer Solution
Authors: Chen Hung‐Cheng , Williams René M. , Reek Joost N. H. , Brouwer Albert M.
Published: March 2016

Highly electron deficient benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide (BPTI) chromophores were persistently anchored to a metal oxide electrode surface and reversible formation of their radical anions was shown in air‐saturated aqueous buffer solution. Our results show a very low reaction‐rate constant of BPTI.− with O2 (k=1.92±0.05×10−2 s−1). BPTI is a robust chromophore that can be used as the electron acceptor in molecule‐based artificial photosynthetic devices for direct water splitting in aqueous phase.
A generalized theorem of Reichert for biquadratic minimum functions
Authors: Chen Michael Z. Q. , Wang Kai , Zou Yun
Published: March 2016

This paper is concerned with a generalized theorem of Reichert for biquadratic minimum functions, which states that any biquadratic minimum function realizable as the impedance of networks with n reactive elements and an arbitrary number of resistors can be realized with n reactive elements and two resistors. First, a series of constraints on networks realizing minimum functions are presented. Furthermore, by discussing the possible resistor edges incident with vertices of the reactive‐element graphs, it is proved that any minimum function realizable as the impedance of networks with three reactive elements and an arbitrary number of resistors can be realized with three reactive elements and two resistors, from which the validity of the case of n = 3 follows. Similarly, the validity of the case of n = 4 is proved. Together with the Bott–Duffin realizations, the generalized theorem of Reichert for biquadratic minimum functions is finally proved. The results of this paper are motivated by passive mechanical control. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discontinuities concentrate mobile predators: quantifying organism–environment interactions at a seascape scale
Authors: Kennedy Cristina G. , Mather Martha E. , Smith Joseph M. , Finn John T. , Deegan Linda A.
Published: March 2016

Understanding environmental drivers of spatial patterns is an enduring ecological problem that is critical for effective biological conservation. Discontinuities (ecologically meaningful habitat breaks), both naturally occurring (e.g., river confluence, forest edge, drop‐off) and anthropogenic (e.g., dams, roads), can influence the distribution of highly mobile organisms that have land‐ or seascape scale ranges. A geomorphic discontinuity framework, expanded to include ecological patterns, provides a way to incorporate important but irregularly distributed physical features into organism–environment relationships. Here, we test if migratory striped bass (Morone saxatilis) are consistently concentrated by spatial discontinuities and why. We quantified the distribution of 50 acoustically tagged striped bass at 40 sites within Plum Island Estuary, Massachusetts during four‐monthly surveys relative to four physical discontinuities (sandbar, confluence, channel network, drop‐off), one continuous physical feature (depth variation), and a geographic location variable (region). Despite moving throughout the estuary, striped bass were consistently clustered in the middle geographic region at sites with high sandbar area, close to channel networks, adjacent to complex confluences, with intermediate levels of bottom unevenness, and medium sized drop‐offs. In addition, the highest striped bass concentrations occurred at sites with the greatest additive physical heterogeneity (i.e., where multiple discontinuities co‐occurred). The need to incorporate irregularly distributed features in organism–environment relationships will increase as high‐quality telemetry andGISdata accumulate for mobile organisms. The spatially explicit approach we used to address this challenge can aid both researchers who seek to understand the impact of predators on ecosystems and resource managers who require new approaches for biological conservation.
Assessing modularity in genetic networks to manage spatially structured metapopulations
Authors: Peterman William E. , Ousterhout Brittany H. , Anderson Thomas L. , Drake Dana L. , Semlitsch Raymond D. , Eggert Lori S.
Published: March 2016

As habitats and landscapes are becoming increasingly fragmented, it is more important than ever that the conservationists understand how organisms move across the landscape and to assess connectivity. Functional connectivity is necessary to maintain metapopulation dynamics, minimize genetic drift, maintain genetic diversity on the landscape, and ultimately for the preservation of future evolutionary potential. Graph theory and network analyses have proven to be exceptional tools for assessing functional connections among habitat patches. Ecological studies have recently begun incorporating modularity into analyses of networks. Modularity arises in networks when nodes (habitat patches) form clusters or modules wherein patches within a module interact extensively with each other, but rarely interact with patches from different modules. The goals of this study were to assess modularity in a genetic network, determine the critical scales that functional connections occur among populations, assess the contributions of populations to connectivity, and to identify habitat and landscape connectivity variables affecting network modularity. We constructed a network of genetic covariance to determine functional connections among breeding populations of Ambystoma annulatum (Ringed Salamander) at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, United States. From this network, we tested for the presence of modularity after accounting for the effects of distance between each breeding population, assessed the relative importance of each breeding population in contributing to within‐ and among‐module movements, and tested the effects of habitat and landscape connectivity on network parameters using linear models. The genetic network consisted of four modules, and modularity was significant after accounting for distance. Individual populations generally contributed to within‐ or among‐module movements, but not both. As within‐module strength decreased, among‐module connectivity increased. Habitat and connectivity parameters were generally poor predictor network parameters, suggesting that modularity may be a result of biotic or abiotic factors that affect successful recruitment from local populations. Our study highlights the importance of fully understanding the functional connections among populations on the landscape. The scale at which connections occur and the role of each population in contributing to connectivity are invaluable to making effective management and conservation decisions. Ultimately, analyses of network modularity have tremendous potential to inform these decisions.
Development and validation of a novel non‐contact monitor of nocturnal respiration for identifying sleep‐disordered breathing in patients with heart failure
Authors: Savage Henry Oluwasefunmi , Khushaba Rami N. , Zaffaroni Alberto , Colefax Michael , Farrugia Steven , Schindhelm Klaus , Teschler Helmut , Weinreich Gerhard , Grueger Hartmut , Neddermann Martina , Heneghan Conor , Simonds Anita , Cowie Martin R.
Published: March 2016

Aims

At least 50% of patients with heart failure (HF) may have sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). Overnight in‐hospital polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, but a lack of access to such testing contributes to under‐diagnosis of SDB. Therefore, there is a need for simple and reliable validated methods to aid diagnosis in patients with HF. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of a non‐contact type IV screening device, SleepMinderTM (SM), compared with in‐hospital PSG for detecting SDB in patients with HF.

Methods and results

The study included 75 adult patients with systolic HF and suspected SDB who underwent simultaneous PSG and SM recordings. An algorithm was developed from the SM signals, using digital signal processing and pattern recognition techniques to calculate the SM apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI). This was then compared with expert‐scored PSGAHI. The SM algorithm had 70% sensitivity and 89% specificity for identifying patients with clinically significant SDB (AHI ≥ 15/h). At this threshold, it had a positive likelihood ratio of 6.3 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.16. The overall accuracy of the SMAHI algorithm was 85.8% as shown by the area under a receiver operator characteristic curve. The mean AHI with SM was 3.8/h (95% confidence interval 0.5–7.1) lower than that with PSG.

Conclusions

The accuracy of the non‐contact type IV screening device SM is good for clinically significant SDB in patients with systolic HF and could be considered as a simple first step in the diagnostic pathway.
Effects of biochar application on fluxes of three biogenic greenhouse gases: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Song Xinzhang , Pan Genxing , Zhang Chao , Zhang Lu , Wang Hailong
Published: March 2016

Biochar application to cropland has been recommended as a strategy to reduce increasing atmospheric
2
concentrations and mitigate climate change. However, the direction and magnitude of responses of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes to biochar application to cropland remain unclear. Our meta‐analysis of 296 observations across 61 studies for the first time quantitatively estimated the effects of biochar amendment on fluxes of three s
2
, N
2
O, and
4
. The results showed that biochar application led to a significant change in soil s emissions: in general, 19% for
2
, −16% for N
2
O (
P
< 0.05), but no pronounced change in
4
emissions; in paddy, −5% for
2
, −20% for N
2
O, but +19% for
4
(
P
< 0.05); in upland, −18% for N
2
O, +12% for
2
, and high uncertainty for
4
. The responses of soil fluxes to biochar application were regulated mainly by experiment length, biochar application rate, biochar properties, providing a new perspective for more comprehensive understanding on biochar. The biochar derived from husk was recommended to apply to cropland with an application rate of 20–30 t·ha
−1
.
Supramolecular Agent–Simulant Correlations for the Luminescence Based Detection of V‐Series Chemical Warfare Agents with Trivalent Lanthanide Complexes
Authors: Dennison Genevieve H. , Bochet Christian G. , Curty Christophe , Ducry Julien , Nielsen David J. , Sambrook Mark R. , Zaugg Andreas , Johnston Martin R.
Published: March 2016

Solution spectroscopic investigations into the interactions of eight potential bidentate V‐series organophosphorus chemical warfare agent (OP CWA) simulants with [Eu(phen)2(NO3)3]·2H2O demonstrated that the chemical and structural composition of the secondary binding site within the simulant was of paramount importance. Only simulants containing both phosphoryl/phosphonyl and amine moieties generated analogous spectroscopic behaviours to V‐series OP CWAs seen in previous studies. The results demonstrated that the bidentate chelation mechanism was driven by the phosphoryl/phosphonyl moieties and that the presence of the amine moieties induced a significant secondary dynamic luminescence quenching mechanism. The binding modes of the simulants VO and TEEP to trivalent lanthanides (Eu and La) were further investigated using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic titrations and kinetic IR experiments. VO, with both the phosphonyl and amine binding sites was found to be the most appropriate simulant for V‐series OP CWAs in supramolecular studies with trivalent lanthanide ions and we recommend VO for use in supramolecular studies of this type.
Elucidation of degradation mechanism of reactive blue 171 dye by ceric ammonium nitrate
Authors: Patil Namata N. , Shukla Sanjeev R.
Published: March 2016

Oxidative degradation of azo chromophore based C. I. Reactive Blue 171 dye having recalcitrant triazine and naphthalene rings in the structure was attempted using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an oxidant. The extent of decolorization was evaluated, which was found to be maximum (93.1%) at pH 6.5 and CAN dosage 0.19 mM for 50 mg/L dye solution in 1 h. The COD removal was 30.9%. The kinetic study of dye degradation exhibited pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. The effect of temperature was described by the Arrhenius equation and the activation energy was found to be 33.8 kJ/mol. The intermediates formed by the CAN treatment were analyzed by TLC, FTIR and HPLC, which indicated the breaking of bonds of the dye. GC/MS analysis indicated formation of smaller sulfonate fragments by azo bond cleavage. The degradation pathway for the dye pollutant has been predicted based on the characterization of the degradation products formed. Phytotoxicity, as analyzed by ANOVA, indicated results comparable with distilled water, revealing extensive reduction in toxicity of the dye upon CAN treatment. Thus, oxidative treatment with CAN gives effective decolorization, partial mineralization and extensive reduction in the toxicity of the dye RB 171, which allows safe reuse of the treated dye solution for irrigation purpose. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1254–1264, 2016
Probabilistic economic seismic loss estimation in steel buildings using post‐tensioned moment‐resisting frames and viscous dampers
Authors: Dimopoulos Athanasios I. , Tzimas Angelos S. , Karavasilis Theodore L. , Vamvatsikos Dimitrios
Published: March 2016

The potential of post‐tensioned self‐centering moment‐resisting frames (SC‐MRFs) and viscous dampers to reduce the economic seismic losses in steel buildings is evaluated. The evaluation is based on a prototype steel building designed using four different seismic‐resistant frames: (i) conventional moment resisting frames (MRFs); (ii) MRFs with viscous dampers; (iii) SC‐MRFs; or (iv) SC‐MRFs with viscous dampers. All frames are designed according to Eurocode 8 and have the same column/beam cross sections and similar periods of vibration. Viscous dampers are designed to reduce the peak story drift under the design basis earthquake (DBE) from 1.8% to 1.2%. Losses are estimated by developing vulnerability functions according to the FEMA P‐58 methodology, which considers uncertainties in earthquake ground motion, structural response, and repair costs. Both the probability of collapse and the probability of demolition because of excessive residual story drifts are taken into account. Incremental dynamic analyses are conducted using models capable to simulate all limit states up to collapse. A parametric study on the effect of the residual story drift threshold beyond which is less expensive to rebuild a structure than to repair is also conducted. It is shown that viscous dampers are more effective than post‐tensioning for seismic intensities equal or lower than the maximum considered earthquake (MCE). Post‐tensioning is effective in reducing repair costs only for seismic intensities higher than the DBE. The paper also highlights the effectiveness of combining post‐tensioning and supplemental viscous damping by showing that the SC‐MRF with viscous dampers achieves significant repair cost reductions compared to the conventional MRF. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogeomorphology of the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows
Authors: Vacchi Matteo , De Falco Giovanni , Simeone Simone , Montefalcone Monica , Morri Carla , Ferrari Marco , Bianchi Carlo Nike
Published: March 2016

Here we review the multiple interactions between the endemic Mediterranean seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, and coastal geomorphologic processes as an outstanding example of biogeomorphology, taking into account recent advances in the field. Seagrass meadows are among the most important elements for the functioning of marine coastal ecosystems, and represent a major focus for research and conservation. Being considered a priority habitat, P. oceanica meadows are protected by several European Union directives and national laws. In this paper we examine: the role of sedimentary features in controlling the development of the meadows; the interplay between P. oceanica leaf litter (i.e. beached necromass) cast ashore and erosional‐depositional processes on the beaches; the interactions between meadows and nearshore hydrodynamics, and; possible linkages between geomorphological features of the seafloor and the architecture of meadows. Finally, we provide perspectives for future research on P. oceanica and other Mediterranean seagrass meadows in a biogeomorphological context with specific reference to climate change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indigenous African soil enrichment as a climate‐smart sustainable agriculture alternative
Authors: Solomon Dawit , Lehmann Johannes , Fraser James A , Leach Melissa , Amanor Kojo , Frausin Victoria , Kristiansen Søren M , Millimouno Dominique , Fairhead James
Published: March 2016

We describe for the first time a current indigenous soil management system in West Africa, in which targeted waste deposition transforms highly weathered, nutrient‐ and carbon‐poor tropical soils into enduringly fertile, carbon‐rich black soils, hereafter “African Dark Earths” (AfDE). In comparisons between AfDE and adjacent soils (AS), AfDE store 200–300% more organic carbon and contain 2–26 times greater pyrogenic carbon (PyC). PyC persists much longer in soil as compared with other types of organic carbon, making it important for long‐term carbon storage and soil fertility. In contrast with the nutrient‐poor and strongly acidic (pH 4.3–5.3) AS, AfDE exhibit slightly acidic (pH 5.6–6.4) conditions ideal for plant growth, 1.4–3.6 times greater cation exchange capacity, and 1.3–2.2 and 5–270 times more plant‐available nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Anthropological investigations reveal that AfDE make a disproportionately large contribution (24%) to total farm household income despite its limited spatial extent. Radiocarbon (14C) aging of PyC indicates the recent development of these soils (115–692 years before present). AfDE provide a model for improving the fertility of highly degraded soils in an environmentally and socially appropriate way, in resource‐poor and food‐insecure regions of the world. The method is also “climate‐smart”, as these soils sequester carbon and enhance the climate‐change mitigation potential of carbon‐poor tropical soils.
Sentinel responses to droughts, wildfires, and floods: effects of UV radiation on lakes and their ecosystem services
Authors: Williamson Craig E , Overholt Erin P , Brentrup Jennifer A , Pilla Rachel M , Leach Taylor H , Schladow S Geoffrey , Warren Joseph D , Urmy Samuel S , Sadro Steven , Chandra Sudeep , Neale Patrick J
Published: March 2016

Environmental drivers such as climate change are responsible for extreme events that are critically altering freshwater resources across the planet. In the continental US, these events range from increases in the frequency and duration of droughts and wildfires in the West, to increasing precipitation and floods that are turning lakes and reservoirs brown in the East. Such events transform and transport organic carbon in ways that affect the exposure of ecosystems to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and visible light, with important implications for ecosystem services. Organic matter dissolved in storm runoff or released as black carbon in smoke selectively reduces UV radiation exposure. In contrast, droughts generally increase water transparency, so that UV radiation and visible light penetrate to greater depths. These shifts in water transparency alter the potential for solar disinfection of waterborne parasites, the production of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts in drinking water, and the vertical distribution of zooplankton that are a critical link in aquatic food webs.
Using Soil Magnetic Properties to Determine the Onset of Pleistocene Human Settlement at Gledswood Shelter 1, Northern Australia
Authors: Lowe Kelsey M. , Shulmeister James , Feinberg Joshua M. , Manne Tiina , Wallis Lynley A. , Welsh Kevin
Published: March 2016

In regions that lack built structures or stratified open archaeological sites, such as precolonial Australia, rockshelters are a major source of detailed information for understanding the nature and timing of human occupation. A key concern is that the proposed ages for the earliest archaeological sites are based on luminescence dating of sediments, rather than directly of cultural materials, leaving the association between the sediments and evidence of human activity questionable. Here, we present evidence of magnetic enhancement associated with cultural horizons within the deposits of a Pleistocene rockshelter in interior northern Queensland. Soil magnetic studies combined with experimental burning show that magnetically enhanced sediments in Gledswood Shelter 1 are the result of anthropogenic burning of hearth fires, which burn hotter and for a longer time than natural wild fires. These techniques appear to work in this setting because of the nature of the local geology and the geological antiquity of the landscape. Susceptibility and frequency dependence of susceptibility signatures provide a critical tool to resolve that human occupation starts at 2.2 m depth within a stratigraphic section. In conjunction with luminescence dating, soil magnetic studies provide an opportunity for archaeologists to resolve the timing of human settlement in Australia and other intracratonic plate settings.
Modelling of surface settlements induced by a non‐uniformly deforming tunnel
Authors: Fu Jinyang , Klapperich Herbert , Azzam Rafig , Yang Junsheng
Published: March 2016

The design of tunnels requires the proper prediction of surface settlements for estimating the potential impact on adjacent structures. In computational methods, accurate prediction of the tunnelling‐induced surface settlements should consider the features of the non‐linear elastic soil behaviour, the tunnel deformation boundary condition and the tunnelling details. In this paper the tunnel‐deforming mechanism is modelled by an analytical approach to account for the three different tunnel‐deforming components, i.e. ground loss, ovalization and vertical translation. The deformation around the tunnel profile was shown to be highly non‐uniform. Such a tunnel deformation model was then integrated into the numerical analysis to investigate how the influences affect the predicted surface settlement profile. The capacity and applicability of the proposed procedure were explored by means of a parametric study. Results indicate that a realistic tunnel‐deforming pattern combined with a soil model that can take account of stiffness decay at small strains can lead to a more accurate prediction of tunnelling‐induced settlement profiles.

Modellierung von Oberflächensenkungen durch ungleichmäßige Verformungen eines Tunnels. Der Entwurf von Tunneln erfordert eine genaue Vorhersage von Oberflächensenkungen zur Abschätzung der möglichen Auswirkungen auf angrenzende Bauwerke. Im Rechenverfahren sollte eine genaue Vorhersage der durch den Tunnelbau hervorgerufenen Oberflächensenkungen die Eigenschaften des nichtlinearen, elastischen Bodenverhaltens, die Randbedingungen der Tunneldeformation und Einzelheiten des Tunnelbaus berücksichtigen. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Tunnelverformungsmechanismus durch eine analytische Herangehensweise dargestellt, um drei verschiedene Tunnelverformungskomponenten, d. h. Masseverlust, Ovalisierung und vertikale Translation, zu berücksichtigen. Die Verformung rund um das Tunnelprofil erwies sich als höchst uneinheitlich. Ein solches Tunnelverformungsmodell wurde dann in der numerischen Analyse angewandt, um die Auswirkungen der Einflussfaktoren auf das vorhergesagte Profil der Oberflächensenkung zu erforschen. Die Kapazität und die Anwendbarkeit des vorgeschlagenen Verfahrens wurden von einer Parameterstudie untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein realistisches Tunneldeformationsmuster zusammen mit einem Bodenmodell, welches Festigkeitsverlust bei kleiner Belastung berücksichtigen konnte, zu einer genaueren Vorhersage des durch den Tunnelbau verursachten Bodensenkungsprofils führen können.
Die Methode der kinematischen Elemente in der Geotechnik – aktuelle Entwicklungen und Anwendungen
Authors: Gußmann Peter , König Diethard , Schanz Tom
Published: March 2016

Die Berechnung von Grenzzuständen in Böden und Fels im Hinblick auf die Tragfähigkeitsbestimmung und Standsicherheitsanalysen ist eine klassische Aufgabe des Grundbaus. Eine leistungs‐ und anpassungsfähige Methode zur Lösung solcher Probleme ist die Kinematische‐Element‐Methode (KEM), welche vom ersten Verfasser vor etwa 30 Jahren vorgestellt wurde. Diese wurde seitdem kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt und auf ein immer breiteres Aufgabenfeld angewendet. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Grundlagen der KEM wird in diesem Beitrag deren Anwendung auf komplexe Fragestellungen anhand von Beispielen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Behandelt werden die Bestimmung von Grundbruchlasten bei tief liegender Fundamentsohle und benachbarten Fundamenten, das Trapdoor‐Problem und die Berechnung der Tragfähigkeit von Plattenankern. Die Möglichkeit der Optimierung einer Böschungsgeometrie wird aufgezeigt sowie ein Konzept zur Berücksichtigung teilgesättigter Bodenverhältnisse und räumlicher Einflüsse beschrieben.

The method of kinematical elements in geotechnics – new developments and applications. The prediction of limit states in soils and rocks is a classical task in foundation engineering. An efficient and adaptable tool to solve such problems is the kinematical element method (KEM), which has been presented by the first author nearly 30 years ago. This method has been improved continuously and has been applied to a more and more broad field of problems. Following a short introduction to the basic principles of the method a number of applications of KEM to complex topics is presented and discussed. Bearing capacity of deep footings and of two adjacent interfering footings, the trap door problem and the ultimate load of plate anchors are studied. The potential of optimizing the geometry of a slope is demonstrated and approaches to take into account unsaturated soil conditions as well as three dimensional effects are shown.
The Course Development Plan: Macro‐Level Decisions and Micro‐Level Processes
Authors: Franker Karen , James Dennis
Published: March 2016

A key step in distance learning project management is the creation of a course development plan. The plan should account for decisions related to materials, curriculum, delivery methods, staffing, technology applications, resources, reporting lines, and project management—issues that may require administrator involvement and support, particularly for evolving distance learning programs.
Writing Materials: Insights Into Course Design and Writing Processes
Authors: Bronson Aubrey Olsen
Published: March 2016

This chapter explores how course designers and content writers engage with each other, develop materials, and determine a design model, course components, and supporting technology.
Global Expansion and English Language Learning
Authors: Andrade Maureen Snow
Published: March 2016

Demand for higher education is global. As institutions extend opportunities beyond their borders, English language proficiency must be considered. This chapter focuses on considerations related to global expansion, with an emphasis on the role of distance English language courses and the distinct considerations in their development.
On the Cutting Edge: Movements and Institutional Examples of Technological Disruption
Authors: Leon Marjorie Roth , Price Todd Alan
Published: March 2016

This chapter describes technological disruptions in higher education that pose challenges and offer opportunities to college and university students, faculty, and administrators. It provides examples of innovative responses being explored by 2‐year and 4‐year higher education institutions.
Automatic molecular structure perception for the universal force field
Authors: Artemova Svetlana , Jaillet Léonard , Redon Stephane
Published: March 2016

The Universal Force Field (UFF) is a classical force field applicable to almost all atom types of the periodic table. Such a flexibility makes this force field a potential good candidate for simulations involving a large spectrum of systems and, indeed, UFF has been applied to various families of molecules. Unfortunately, initializing UFF, that is, performing molecular structure perception to determine which parameters should be used to compute the UFF energy and forces, appears to be a difficult problem. Although many perception methods exist, they mostly focus on organic molecules, and are thus not well‐adapted to the diversity of systems potentially considered with UFF. In this article, we propose an automatic perception method for initializing UFF that includes the identification of the system's connectivity, the assignment of bond orders as well as UFF atom types. This perception scheme is proposed as a self‐contained UFF implementation integrated in a new module for the SAMSON software platform for computational nanoscience (http://www.samson-connect.net). We validate both the automatic perception method and the UFF implementation on a series of benchmarks.
Conventional Morphology Versus PCR Sequencing, rep‐PCR, and MALDI‐TOF‐MS for Identification of Clinical Aspergillus Isolates Collected Over a 2‐Year Period in a University Hospital at Kayseri, Turkey
Authors: Atalay Altay , Koc Ayse Nedret , Suel Ahmet , Sav Hafize , Demir Gonca , Elmali Ferhan , Cakir Nuri , Seyedmousavi Seyedmojtaba
Published: March 2016

Background

Aspergillus species cause a wide range of diseases in humans, including allergies, localized infections, or fatal disseminated diseases. Rapid detection and identification of Aspergillus spp. facilitate effective patient management. In the current study we compared conventional morphological methods with PCR sequencing, rep‐PCR, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) for the identification of Aspergillus strains.

Materials and Methods

A total of 24 consecutive clinical isolates of Aspergillus were collected during 2012–2014. Conventional morphology and rep‐PCR were performed in our Mycology Laboratory. The identification, evaluation, and reporting of strains using MALDI‐TOF‐MS were performed by BioMérieux Diagnostic, Inc. in Istanbul. DNA sequence analysis of the clinical isolates was performed by the BMLabosis laboratory in Ankara.

Results

Samples consisted of 18 (75%) lower respiratory tract specimens, 3 otomycosis (12.5%) ear tissues, 1 sample from keratitis, and 1 sample from a cutaneous wound. According to DNA sequence analysis, 12 (50%) specimens were identified as A. fumigatus, 8 (33.3%) as A. flavus, 3 (12.5%) as A. niger, and 1 (4.2%) as A. terreus. Statistically, there was good agreement between the conventional morphology and rep‐PCR and MALDI‐TOF methods; kappa values were κ = 0.869, 0.871, and 0.916, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The good level of agreement between the methods included in the present study and sequence method could be due to the identification of Aspergillus strains that were commonly encountered. Therefore, it was concluded that studies conducted with a higher number of isolates, which include other Aspergillus strains, are required.
Investigating Occupational Stress, Racial Identity, and Mentoring for African American Women in Health Care
Authors: Norman Rhonda L. , Tang Mei
Published: March 2016

This study examined the influence of racial identity and mentoring experiences on occupational stress among African American women in health care (N = 76). The women were surveyed about their occupational stress (role stress, psychological strain, and personal resources), racial identity, demographic information, and mentoring experiences. Results indicated that racial identity was negatively related to role stress and psychological strain, and level of education was closely related to personal resources. Mentoring was not found to have a significant impact on occupational stress as hypothesized. The implications for enhancing occupational satisfaction were discussed in relation to advocacy for career development professionals.
Environmental changes over the past 25 000 years in the southern Middle Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Tabel Jalal , Khater Carla , Rhoujjati Ali , Dezileau Laurent , Bouimetarhan Ilham , Carre Matthieu , Vidal Laurence , Benkaddour Abdelfattah , Nourelbait Majda , Cheddadi Rachid
Published: March 2016

A new fossil record from the southern Middle Atlas spans continuously the last 25 000 years and provides evidence of an increased amount of snow precipitation during the last glacial period and a warm early Holocene with rather dry climate conditions. This environmental reconstruction is based on a multi‐proxy approach that integrates pollen, micro‐charcoals, grain size and geochemical analysis. During the last glacial period we observe a strong presence of aquatic plants species that today flower during late spring and summer. These occurrences are related to an increased amount of snow precipitation on the surrounding mountains which fed the marsh during the summer season. Although the early Holocene reveals a slight and steady expansion of Mediterranean oaks, the semi‐arid Artemisia steppe remained dominant in the landscape until 6.8 ka cal BP. Thus, the early Holocene seems to have been less humid than elsewhere in North Africa. The Atlas cedars began to establish around 6 ka cal BP. This indicates that the amount of annual rainfall increased after the mid‐Holocene. The late Holocene is marked by an increase of fire events, which may be related to a strengthening of the dry season and/or a higher seasonality.
Impact of thyroidectomy on cardiac manifestations of Graves' disease
Authors: Gauthier Jason M. , Mohamed Hossam Eldin , Noureldine Salem I. , Nazari‐Shafti Timo Z. , Thethi Tina K. , Kandil Emad
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Graves' disease (GD) has multiple adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. We aimed to examine the outcome of thyroidectomy in patients with cardiac manifestations of GD and evaluate their associated postoperative complications.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis using a prospectively collected database.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of our prospectively collected thyroid surgery database was performed. Forty patients with hyperthyroidism due to GD were identified, and each was appropriately age matched to a euthyroid patient with multinodular goiter (MNG). All patients underwent total thyroidectomy. Data relating to cardiac comorbidities were collected from preoperative and postoperative clinic notes, hospital admissions, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and blood work. Perioperative biochemical, cardiovascular, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Twenty‐four (60%) GD patients and 14 (35.0%) MNG patients had cardiac manifestations (P = .001). Hypertension resolved in 41.7% of GD patients and 7.7% of MNG patients (P = .00002). Two of the three GD patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) had resolution of CHF with significant improvement in ejection fraction, whereas the one MNG patient with CHF saw no change. Additionally, the majority of GD patients saw a resolution of their tachycardia (68.8%) and atrial fibrillation (100%). Four postoperative complications occurred in both the GD and MNG groups (4/40, 10%).

Conclusions

Surgical treatment of GD in patients with cardiac manifestations offers rapid clinical improvement of hypertension, impaired left ventricular systolic function, and arrhythmias. When performed by a high‐volume surgeon, the complication rate is similar to thyroidectomy for other benign disease.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1256–1259, 2016
Preliminary experiences in trachea scaffold tissue engineering with segmental organ decellularization
Authors: Hung Shih‐Han , Su Chin‐Hui , Lin Sey‐En , Tseng How
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Ideal methods for reconstructing the tracheal structure and restoring tracheal function following damage to the trachea or removal of the trachea have not been developed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using a whole segment decellularized tracheal scaffold to reconstruct the trachea.

Study Design

Prospective experimental design.

Setting

In vivo rabbit model.

Methods

Trachea scaffolds were created using our previously developed freeze‐dry‐sonication‐sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), [FDSS] decellularization process. After histological and mechanical testing, the scaffolds were transplanted orthotopically into segmental defects in New Zealand White Rabbits (n = 9). Another three rabbits receiving the sham operation with autologous trachea transplantations served as the control group. Two weeks after transplantation, the grafts were evaluated endoscopically and histologically.

Results

The mechanical properties of the decellularized trachea segment did not differ significantly from the fresh native trachea. After transplantation, whereas the autograft in the control group showed full integration and functional recovery, all of the rabbits in the decellularized scaffold transplantation group died within 7∼24 days. Although significant collapse of the tracheal tubular structures was noted, full respiratory epithelium regeneration was observed in the rabbits that survived more than 2 weeks.

Conclusion

The FDSS decellularization process is effective in creating whole‐segment, subtotally decellularized trachea scaffolds. However, although the respiratory epithelium regeneration on the inner surface appeared to be satisfactory, the tubular structures were not able to be maintained after transplantation, which ultimately led to the death of the animals.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:2520–2527, 2016
The role of trigeminal function in the sensation of nasal obstruction in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Saliba Joe , Fnais Naif , Tomaszewski Marcel , Carriere Junie S. , Frenkiel Saul , Frasnelli Johannes , Tewfik Marc A.
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Trigeminal sensation (TS) within the nasal cavity is important for the perception of nasal airflow. The objective of this study is to examine whether impaired TS contributes to the sensation of nasal obstruction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Study Design

Prospective case‐control study conducted in a tertiary referral rhinology clinic.

Methods

Cases consisted of CRS patients with subjective nasal obstruction, not previously treated with oral corticoids. Controls consisted of patients without CRS. Neither group demonstrated obvious anatomical obstructions. Both groups underwent peak nasal inspiratory flows (PNIF), olfactory testing (quick eight‐item odor identification test), and trigeminal testing (lateralization task using eucalyptol and odorless solvent).

Results

A total of 28 subjects (14 CRS patients and 14 controls) were recruited. Analyses revealed no statistical differences in age (P = .93), gender (P = .47), or PNIF (P = .82) between the two groups, but they differed in Lund‐Mackay scores (P < .001). There was no significant difference in olfactory testing (P = .15). CRS patients had significantly lower scores on trigeminal lateralization testing than controls (P = .007). Linear regression revealed that Lund‐Mackay scores contributed a significant amount of variance to trigeminal lateralization scores, controlling for age and sex (F = 5.93, P = .004, R2 = 0.43).

Conclusions

This is the first study to demonstrate that patients with CRS have lower TS than healthy controls. Our results suggest defective TS could play a role in the sensation of nasal obstruction in CRS.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 126:E174–E178, 2016
Spatial distribution of climate indices in the Emilia‐Romagna region
Authors: Nistor Mărgărit M.
Published: March 2016

The spatial distribution of precipitation, temperature and climate indices has been represented in the Emilia‐Romagna region with an aim to characterize its climate. The Johansson Continentality Index, the Kerner Oceanity Index, the De Martonne Aridity Index and the Pinna Combinative Index are the climate indices used in the present report based on data from 21 meteorological stations located in Emilia‐Romagna and its surroundings. The analysed climate data are from the 1961–1990 period. Monthly precipitation and temperature diagrams from the Borgo Panigale station were computed for use in agricultural fields, hydrological sciences and climatology applications. Based on the findings of the climate analysis, the spatial variation of climate indices was estimated using the Kriging ordinary function, available in ArcGIS 10.2.2 environment.
Temperature effects in end milling carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Jia Zhenyuan , Fu Rao , Wang Fuji , Qian Baowei , He Chunling
Published: March 2016

The temperatures at the cutting area rise excessively in machining of CFRP due to the low thermal conductivity of the material. And machining damages become aggravated with cutting‐area temperatures approaching to the glass transition temperature of resin matrix. Therefore, controlling the cutting‐area temperature at the suitable range is remarkably important for improving machining qualities. This article presented experimental investigations into cutting‐area temperature influences on cutting force, surface integrity, as well as subsurface quality in end milling of multi‐directional CFRP composites, and further discussed cutting mechanism variations. The cutting‐area temperatures were controlled under three ranges by employing pressured cryogenic nitrogen gas and no coolants. The machining quality under low temperature in general was better than that under high temperature. Particularly, morphologies under high temperatures indicated fibers were bended to fracture resulting in severe subsurface damages. In contrast, the hardened matrix at low temperatures offered fibers better support, and the composites were easily squeezed to rupture which led to superior cutting performance. However, as the temperature reached extremely low, the cutting force increased dramatically and then could reduce tool life. Thus the suitable temperature range is proposed for the first time in machining CFRP. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:437–447, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Adequacy of Rifampin Absorption after Jejunostomy Tube Administration
Authors: Stott Katharine E. , Singh Bhagteshwar , Beadsworth Mike B.J. , Vaudrey Kate , Khoo Saye H. , Davies Geraint
Published: March 2016

It is not always possible to administer antituberculosis pharmacotherapy orally for reasons that may be a direct consequence of tuberculosis itself. To our knowledge, no published literature is available regarding antituberculosis drug absorption via feeding tube. We present the case of a patient with tuberculosis meningitis who required medication administration via percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) tube. Blood samples were collected during the continuation phase of antituberculosis therapy, immediately before dose administration, and then at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after dose administration for quantification of serum rifampin concentrations. Assaying these concentrations by high‐pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated a peak serum rifampin level (Cmax) of 18 μg/ml and total rifampin exposure (area under the curve from 0–6 hours [AUC0–6]) of 50.1 μg/ml. These are high compared with rifampin Cmax and AUC0–6 values reported in patients after oral rifampin administration; Cmax tends to range between 4.0–10.5 μg/ml and AUC0–6 7.0–52.9 μg/ml after oral administration of 600 mg at steady state. Based on our patient's results, therefore, rifampin administered by PEJ tube appears to be well absorbed, with preservation of adequate Cmax and AUC values. It is worth noting that this was in the context of drug administration in the fasted state. In the absence of any published evidence of adequate absorption via jejunal feeding tube in the nonfasted state, it would seem prudent to ensure that patients are fasted when rifampin is administered via PEJ tube, just as patients are when oral rifampin is administered. This report represents the first documented evidence, to our knowledge, of adequate rifampin absorption when administered via PEJ tube and provides important reassurance for health care providers, patients, and families facing similar clinical scenarios.