bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corn Earworm, Fall Armyworm, and European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Kouskolekas C.A. , Harper J.D. , Hollingsworth M.H.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Test 1. This experiment was conducted to provide information for commercial production. Each plot was six rows (44-inch centers) by 50 ft. A randomized complete block design with four replicatigons per treatment was used. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 50 lb/in2. and delivering 82 gal/acre through 3 TX26 hollow cone nozzles per row, one over-the-top, and two on drops at the level of , and directed toward the ears. Sprays were initiated on 19 July at initial silking and were applied on alternate days through 31 July (7 sprays). On 3 Aug., 50 ears were harvested frothe middle four rows for observations. Test 2. This test was conducted to obtain information for use in home gardens. Plots consisted of three rows (44-in. centers) by 15 ft. A randomized complete block design with four replications per treatment was used. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized B & G sprayer equipped with a TX28 nozzle, operating at 40 lb/in2 and delivering 50 gal/acre2. Sprays were applied on the same days as in Test 1. On 3 Aug., 10 ears were collected from the middle row of each plot. In both tests, treatment efficacy was determined through damage ratings. Ears were shucked, examined for larval damage and rated according to the following 1 to 6 scale: 1, clean; 2, slight silk or tip damage; 3, tip damage of <1.5 in.; 4, tip damage of >1.5 in.; 5, side damage; 6, tip and side damage. Ears rated four or higher were considered unmarketable.
Efficacy of Temik, 1982
Authors: Dripps James E. , Smilowitz Zane , Yocum John O. , Wallace Jean
Published: March 2022

Temik 15G applied at planting and post planting, was evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam at the Southeastern Field Research Station at Landisville, Lancaster, Pa. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Plots consisted of eight 20-ft rows planted 34 in apart. Certified Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted 6 May, 1982, with a 9-in spacing between plants. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 7-day schedule for potato late blight control. Three application techniques were evaluated: Temik applied once in-furrow at planting, as a split application in furrow followed by a side dress application on 25 Jun, and as a single layby application after plants had emerged on 16 Jun. Light cultivations preceeded and followed the layby and side dress applications. Forty stems were sampled each week for all stages of the Colorado potato beetle from 21 Jun until 19 Jul. A subjective damage estimate was also assessed. Two rows per plot were harvested 16 Sep, 1982 and graded by size. Rainfall totalled 8.36 inches in Jun, 2.74 inches in Jul, 1.10 inches in Aug and 3.17 inches in Sep. Average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) were 78.2 and 56.7 for Jun, 86.0 and 62.3 for Jul, and 82.5 and 56.2 for Aug, and 77.1 and 51.7 for Sep.
Soil Treatments with Systemic Insecticides for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1983
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Norchip’ seed pieces were planted in open furrows in State sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludult) on 13 Apr. at our research station near Painter, Va. Each plot was three rows wide (36-inch rows) and 25 ft long with each treatment replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. For furrow application, the granular insecticides were spread with a handheld shaker over the seed pieces and the seed pieces covered. Band treatments were made on 12 May at plant emergence by dribbling the granular insecticide in a 7-inch band over the center of the row and lightly incorporating the granules with a garden hand rake. Evaluation criteria included counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae per 10 plants and foliage damage ratings. Foliage damage ratings were on a scale of 0 to 5 as follows: 0, no damage; 1, slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2, visible feeding with 5 to 10% defoliation; 3 moderate damage, 10 to 25% defoliation; 4, heavy damage, 25 to 50% defoliation; 5, severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.
Foliar Sprays to Control the Tomato Fruitworm on Tomatoes, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘UC-134-1-21’ tomatoes were direct seeded in single row plots, 25 ft in length, on 10 Jun. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2 to 3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of three tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loam sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by three drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2 . Treatments were applied 30 Aug., 7, 15, and 26 Sept. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments 50 fruit/treatment/replication were examined for injury on 21 Oct. Yields were also taken on 21 Oct. from a 10-ft section of row.
Apple, Plant Bug Control, 1982
Authors: Forsythe H.Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 21-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 100 lbs/in2 at 300 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 13 May (pre-pink), 18 May (pink), 3 June (petal fall), and 17 June (first cover). The various materials were applied on the dates noted in the table. The standard pesticide program consisted of Captan 80W (0.45 kg) on five dates, and Imidan 50W (0.56 kg) on 3 June and 10 June. There were seven single-tree replications in a randomized complete block design, with two ‘McIntosh,’ one ‘Red Delicious,’ and four ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars per treatment. On 25 Aug. three-fourths of a box of apples was picked from each tree and from 840 to 880 apples were examined per treatment from 12 to 18 September for typical injuries caused by feeding of the tarnished plant bug.
Influence of Alfalfa Weevil Control on Hay Yield and Perentage of Dry Matter, 1983
Authors: Luna John M.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of insecticides in controlling alfalfa weevil and resulting yield impact was evaluated in 4-year-old alfalfa stand in Blacksburg, Va. Five insecticide treatments and two unsprayed checks were arranged in five-replicate randomized block design with 20 by 20 ft plots. Insecticides were applied 6 May, in 25 gal water/acre at 18 lb/in2 using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 6-ft boom. Alfalfa weevil larvae were sampled as follows: 10 plant stems per sample were randomly selected within each plot, pulled and placed into a plastic bag. These samples were returned to the lab and refrigerated (up to 4 days) until the tips could be dissected and weevil larvae sorted and counted. Three size categories were used: small, 1st and 2nd instar; medium, 3rd instar, and large, 4th instar. Separation among instars was based both on physical size and color. Insect count data were transformed before statistical analysis using square root (X + 0.5). Six stem lengths were measured in each plot on each sampling date. Yields were obtained by moving a 3-ft wide swath through the center of all plots with a sickle bar mower. The hay within each plot was immediately raked and weighed using a spring scale hung from a portable tripod. Subsamples (about 3 lb) were taken from each treatment, placed into cloth bags and buried under the piles of raked hay until field yield measurements were completed. The subsamples were then taken immediately to the lab where a wet weight was obtained. Samples were then placed in a 40°C drying chamber for 48 h. A dry weight measurement of the sample was then taken. Percent dry matter of the sample was calculated by dividing the dry weight by the wet weight. Adjusted yields were obtained by multiplying the field weight (wet weight) by the percent dry weight. Plots were harvested 25 May.
Alfalfa Weevil Larvae Control, Kentucky 1983
Authors: Parr J.C. , Pass B.C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 3-year-old stand of ‘Buffalo’ variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 by 36 ft and each treatment and the untreatred control were replicated three times in a completely random design. Treatments were applied on 5 May with a low-pressure, low-volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 TeeJet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 lb/in2 delivering 20 gal/acre total volume. Population densities of larvae were determined 4, 17, 13, and 18 days following treatment by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-in. diam. beating net. A damage rating was made on 23 May and was based on a scale of 1 to 9 where 1, no damage; 9, 100% of leaves consumed. A standard treatment of Furadan 4F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1983
Authors: Jarvi K. , Witkowski J. F.
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides to control larvae of the corn rootworm were evaluated at two locations in northeast Nebraska. Corn was planted on 9 and 13 May, Belden and Royal respectively. The Belden plots were nonirrigated and the Royal plots were irrigated with an overhead center pivot irrigation system. All treatments were applied in a 7-in. band over the row (1.2 oz (AD/1,000 ft row). Planting time treatments were incorporated with a six-prong harrow mounted on rear of applicator. Cultivation treatments were incorporated immediately by a tractor mounted cultivator. Each treatment consisted of one row 75 ft long replicated four times. Insecticide treatments were evaluated for root damage in late July by digging five equally spaced plants from each row (20 plants total per treatment) and rating the roots for rootworm feeding damage using a 1 to 6 damage scale (1, no damage; 6, three or more nodes of roots destroyed).
Field Corn, Wireworm Larvae Control, 1983
Authors: Karr L. L. , Gray M. E. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design for these trials consisted of a randomized complete block with four replicatiogns. Insecticides were applied as single-row treatments, 50 ft long. Corn was replanted at Coin, Iowa (28 May, 30-in. row spacing) in a field where damage was sufficient to require replanting. Granular soil insecticides were placed in the furrow or in a 7-in. band ahead of, or behind, the closing wheels. Two seed treatments were also evaluated. Laboratory-calibrated Nobel metering units, mounted on a two-row John Deere model 7100 planter, were used to apply the compounds. Treatments were evaluated (21 June) by digging three, 1-m trenches 10 cm deep in each treatment row in every plot. Seeds were rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: 1, seed undamaged; 2, seed damaged, but plant established; 3, seed damaged and plant showing some signs of stress; and 4, seed damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Percent damaged seeds and seedlings were also used to compare treatments.
Second Brood European Corn Borer Chemigation Trial, Wray, Colorado, 1983
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Plots were 10-acre sectors. Treatments were injected into a Gifford Hill sprinkler with 30° Rainbird nozzles with an Agri-inject injection system on 16 Aug. Water per acre was 0.26 in. The field had received 0.05 lb (AI)/acre of Pydrin for Western bean cutworm prior to the trial. Evaluations were made on 12 Sept. by splitting the stalks of 4 groups of 10 plants and counting live larvae.
Western Bean Cutworm Hand Plot Trial, 1983
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Plots were two 50-ft rows separated by one border row arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug. with a CO2 hand sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 23 lb/in2. The granular was spread by hand. Evaluations were made on 18 Aug., by counting the larvae in the ear zone of 25 plants per plot. Yields were obtained by hand-harvesting 20 plants per plot and converting to bu/acre.
Effect of Lannate in Varying Volumes of Finished Spray on Control of Fall Armyworm in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1983
Authors: Pless C.D. , Shamiyeh N.B.
Published: March 2022

Field corn ‘Pioneer 3147’ was planted on 8 Jul. at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greenville. Soil type was Emory silt loam with a 2 to 5% slope. Plots were 30 ft by four rows with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 38 in. apart. Seven treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was thinned to 40 plants per 30 row ft. Lannate insecticide (0.45 lb (AD/acre) was applied in six different finished spray volumes ( 3 to 30 gal/acre) on 16 Aug. when infestation levels averaged three larvae per plant. Formulations were applied using different nozzle sizes with a 2.5 gal compressed air sprayer at a constant tank pressure of 30 lb/in2 . Dead larvae were counted on 19 Aug. and percent mortality was determined.
Insecticide Combinations for Heliothis Spp. Control, 1983
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. , Fleischer S. J. , Walker L.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticide combinations for Heliothis spp. control was conducted on sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn Univ., Tallassee, Ala. Because of earlier stand failure cotton was replanted on 26 May in 40-in. rows. Four replicates of 10 treatments were included in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 18 rows by 100 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer at a rate of 9 gal/acre (2.0 mph, 60 lb/in2, 2 Teejet TX 80° nozzles per row). Plots evaluated for early season insect control were treated 8, 15, 22 and 29 Jul. with Fundal at 0.125 lb (AI)/acre beginning at 6th leaf stage. All plots were treated with test chemicals on 8, 12, 16, 30 Aug., and 12 Sep. Plots were oversprayed on 29 Jul. with methyl parathion to destroy beneficial insects and on 9, 15, 29 Aug., and 3 and 9 Sep. with Guthion to suppress boll weevils. Early season insect numbers were estimated by taking 3 ft by 3 ft drop cloth samples from two randomly selected areas of each plot. Heliothis spp. damage was estimated by examining 25 randomly selected plant terminals from the middle eight rows of each plot and by examining 25 randomly selected squares. Boll counts were taken from 10 row-ft randomly selected in the plot. Heliothis spp. populations were moderate to light during the test period.
Chemical Control of Boll Weevil, 1983
Authors: Lentz Gary L. , Hunkapiller Paul
Published: March 2022

‘Stoneville 213’ variety cotton was planted 24 May at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson. Plots were two rows wide by 20 ft long. Insecticide applications for the caged tests were made 22 Aug. (Test A) and 23 Aug. (Test B) with a CO2-pressurized hand sprayer equipped with two hollow cone tips per row calibrated to deliver 11.6 gal of spray per acre at 34 lb/in2. Weevils were obtained from the Gast Rearing Facility at Mississippi State. In Test A, two sleeve cages were placed over treated plants in each treatment immediately after spraying and also at 24 h. Cages were tied at the base of the stalk. Twenty-five weevils were released into each cage and mortality recorded after 48 h. In Test B, three smaller sleeve cages were placed over the upper half of the plant at 0 and 24 h. Twenty weevils were released into each cage and mortality recorded after 48 h. Mortality was corrected by Abbot’s formula and arc sine transformed data were analyzed by analysis of variance and means separated by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Tarnished Plant Bug Control, 1983
Authors: Maredia Karin M. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

Plant bugs were exposed to insecticides by confining them with organdy sleeve cages (30 cm diam by 65 cm long) on foliar sprayed plants. Tests were arranged in a randomzied complete block design with three replications. Each plot was one row by 20 ft bordered by untreated rows. Prior to insecticide application, two plants per plot were selected at random and their terminals caged. The cages were tied off at bottom, rolled down and completely covered with heavy-duty aluminum foil so that spray would not wet cages. Laboratory reared plant bugs were placed in vials (8 per vial) and transported to field in an ice chest. Insecticides were applied with AZ-CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.4 gal/acre. The aluminum foil then was removed from cages and cages extended upward to enclose plant terminal. Eight plant bugs were put in each of two cages per plot within 8 min after application. Additional cages were put on plants at intervals shown in table. After bugs had been caged 3 days plants were cut and transported to the laboratory where cages were opened and the number of dead and living plant bugs determined.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Spring Oats, 1983
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetles in spring-planted oats. Insecticides were applied at peak oviposition on 11 May on ‘Noble’ oats at the Russell Settle Farm near Warsaw, Va. A randomized block design was utilized with three replications. Individual plots were 8.8 by 1.9 m and spaced 0.91 m apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the oat foliage with a CO2 compressed air sprayer at 29 lb/in2 that delivered 33.7 gal of finished formula per acre. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of eggs and larvae per 0.3 row-m. The two center rows of each plot were harvested for yield estimates which were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer in Sorghum, 1983
Authors: All J. N. , Rogers B. , Javid A.
Published: March 2022

Dekalb BR64 was planted 22 Jul. at the Univ. of Georgia Exp. St., Oconee Co. The soil type was Cecil sandy loam. A randomized complete block design was used with two row plots by 6.5-m long by 1-m row width by 1-m alleys, five replicates. Granules were applied at planting time in a 15-cm band over the row and incorporated in the soil ca. 2 cm deep. Granules were applied in a 15-cm band over emerging seedlings 10 days after planting. All plants in one row of each plot were examined for lesser cornstalk borer damage on 10 Aug. and 18 Aug. Silage yield was determined 108 days after planting by harvesting all plants in one row of each plot.
Orthene Hopper Box Application and Rate Study on Early Season Insects, 1983
Authors: Andrews Gordon L.
Published: March 2022

Soybean plots were planted 6 June with a 7700 Max Merge Planter. The plots were arranged in a randomized block design on the North Plant Sei. Farm at Mississippi State Univ. The insecticide treatments were applied as hopper box treatments. The planting rate of the planter was determined to be 33 lb/acre for the bean seed used in the test. Thrips were sampled with a 3-ft drop cloth and counted. The number of plants on the 3 row-ft was also recorded. Three-cornered alfalfa hopper adults and nymphs were sampled with a 3-ft drop cloth. Girdled plants were determined by bending 10 row-ft of seedlings and counting the plants which broke off. Plants which had leaves which were not formed properly, plants which showed stunted growth, or plants which displayed any discoloration were considered abnormal plants. Abnormal plants were counted in 3 row-ft. Bean leaf beetles and their damage to seedling soybeans were determined shaking 3 row-ft of seedling onto a cloth and counting the beetles and the plants which were shaken. Thrips samples were taken at 11 and 22 days from planting. All other data were taken at 11, 22, and 25 days from planting.
Control of Soybean Loopers and Threecornered Alfalfa Hoppers on Soybeans in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Deighan J. , Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on soybeans planted in Cahaba sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn Univ., Tallassee, Ala. Six treatments and an untreated check were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.012 acre plot was four rows wide (40-in. row spacing) and 40 ft long. Treatments were applied on 8 Sep. with a High-Boy boom sprayer equipped with three TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row operating at 50 lb/in2 and delivering 9 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Soybean looper larvae and threecornered alfalfa hoppers (adults and nymphs combined) were counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken 1, 4, and 7 days postspray (9, 12, and 15 Sep.)
Evaluation of Foliar Insecticide Treatments for Control of Green Cloverworm on Soybeans, 1983
Authors: Higley L. G. , Buntin G. D. , Pedigo L. P.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring four rows (30-in.) by 50 ft. with two border rows between plots, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four blocks, near Ames, Iowa. Treatments were applied on 9 Aug. 1983, when plants were in the full pod stage (R4). Weather conditions at application were sunny, winds 0 to 10 mph, temperature ca. 75°F, and ca. 50% RH. Insecticides were applied with a four-row, CO2-charged (35 lb/in2 ) bicycle-wheel sprayer equipped with Delevan BC 10-70 No. 6 hollow cone spray nozzles. Ground speed was 2 mph which delivered 15.1 gal/acre. Insects were sampled with a 15-in. sweepnet, and each sample consisted of 20 sweeps in one row. Different rows were sampled on each date. Samples were collected 1 day pretreatment and on 1,3, and 7 days posttreatment. No phytotoxic effects were observed in any plots. Plot yields were taken on 17 Oct. by harvesting and threshing 3 row-m per treatment.
Apple Insect Control, Yakima, WA 1982
Authors: Howell J. F.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to apple trees using a handgun with pump pressure of 500 lb/in2. All trees were sprayed to runoff, ca. 400 gal/acre. Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated five times. There were 3 applications, 3 Jun., 1 Jul., and on 2 Aug. Trees were irrigated via a drip system. Codling moth and San Jose Scale control was determined by examining 50 fruit per tree at harvest. Leafhopper populations were estimated 5 Jul. by observing the number of adults migrating from a branch when hit with a piece of garden hose.
Soybean Insecticide Demonstration Trials, 1983
Authors: Nabors Raymond A.
Published: March 2022

An unusual problem occurred in soybeans during 1983. The green cloverworm which is always present here had an extreme population explosion. Approximately one-third of the soybean fields in our area needed a spray application to control this pest. We counted the caterpillars per three row feet 48 h later. We used the drop cloth method for evaluation purposes.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Soybeans, 1983
Authors: Whalen J. , Graustein M.
Published: March 2022

Small plots were established in a commercal field located near Laurel, Del. Four-row plots 20 ft long on 36 in. centers were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Insecitcides were applied with a wheelbarrow design, CO2, pressurized sprayer using three nozzles per row operated at 40 lb/in2 at a rate equivalent to 4 gal of watar/acre. Treatments were applied on 29 July. Insecticidal performance was determined by counting the number of mites per five leaves on 3 Aug.
Armyworm Control on Sugar Beets, 1983
Authors: Baird Craig , Blackmer Jackie , Bishop Guy
Published: March 2022

Plots (0.01 acre) were located on a grower’s field near Nampa, Idaho. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Sprays were applied on 15 Oct. with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at a rate of 50 gal/acre and 30 lb/in . Treatments were evaluated by counting live armyworms per 20 row-ft All insecticides gave excellent control for the 3 weeks of the trial, check plots were significantly reduced by bird predation.
Field Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides in Kentucky, 1983
Authors: Jones G. A.
Published: March 2022

Burley tobacco was transplanted 12 June in Maury silt loam soil at a spacing of 1.5 ft between plants and 3.5 ft between rows. All plots received 1500 lb/acre of 5-10-15 fertilizer broadcast and incorporated 4 days before transplanting. Pebulate at 4.0 lb (AI)/acre pretransplant provided weed control. Prior to spraying, plots were laid out in single 25-ft by 3.5-ft rows with an untreated row adjacent to each treated row. Nine foliar insecticides were tested in a randomized block design replicated three times. Maleic hydrazide at the rate of 3.75 lb (AI)/acre was tank mixed with all treatments. The pesticides were applied to tests 1 and 2 on 3 and 9 Aug., respectively, with a CO2,-backpack sprayer equipped with TX12 nozzles operating at 30 lb/in and delivering 30 gal/acre. Live flea Beetle counts were taken from 5 plants from each plot 2 and 7 days posttreatment to measure efficacy and longevity of the insecticides.
Systemic Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted in plots, 40-ft (24 plants) by 8-ft (two rows), arranged in a randomized complete block design of four replications on 31 May. Plots within blocks were separated by a single untreated row. The soil was a Chesterfield-Maydon-Bourne fine sandy-loam with a pH of 5.8 and less than 2% organic matter. Pretransplant treatments were applied on 13 May, Broadcast granular treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer operated at 20 lb/in2 and delivering 30 gal/acre through flat fan 8004 tips. Treatments were incorporated with a rotary tiller. Gandy 901 was used to apply two Temik and one Furadan treatments in a 12-in. band and incorporated by bedding. Side-dress applications of Di-Syston 15G (21 June) and Temik (6 July) were made with a Gandy 901 and incorporated during cultivation. Transplant water treatments were aplied in 200 gal of water/acre using a manual transplanter. Tobacco flee beetles, aphids on two upper leaves, and flea beetle feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 22 plants per plot. Tobacco was harvested at the appropriate time, cured, and graded.
European White Birch, Birch Leafminer Control, Wooster, OH, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against birch leafminer on 3- to 4-m birch trees growing in an experimental plot under nursery management conditions. Finished sprays were applied to runoff with a CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 lb/in2 with a Teejet SS8004 flat fan nozzle on 10 May, when adults were first active and no mines were present. Conditions on date of application were 13°C (55°F) with overcast skies and a slight breeze. On 20 May, 10 leaves were randomly removed from each of the four single-tree replicates for each treatment and examined for live larvae.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Honesdale, Pa, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were applied 10 Aug. to a hairy chinch bug-infested home lawn. The lawn consisted of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (50%), and fine leafed fescue (20%). Treatment plots were 5 by 5 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied in 0.5 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 85°F; soil temperature, 70°F; soil type, sandy-loam; soil pH, 5.2; percent organic matter, 2.7; soil condition, dry; amount of hatch, 0.25 in. and skies were partly cloudy. A flotation method was ased for sampling, using 6-in. diameter circular cans. Posttreatment counts were made 14 days later (24 Aug.). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10 rain period (per location) was recorded and converted to a ft count. An average of 70 chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft was recorded 10 Aug. prior to treatment.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs in Kentucky, 1983
Authors: Potter D. A. , Gordon F. C. , Cockfield S. D. , Arnold T. S.
Published: March 2022

The main study (Test 1) was conducted in an irrigated Kentucky bluegrass fairway in Lexington, Ky. The initial infestation level was about eight third-stage beetle grubs per ft . Thatch accumulation was negligible and temperature at the time of treatment (9 a.m., 31 Aug.) was 85°C, with sunny skies and almost no wind. The experimental design was a RCB with four replications. Individual plots were 6 by 9 ft with a 1-ft boundary between all plots. Granular materials were mixed with sand and hand shaken over the plots. Liquid formulations were mixed with water at the proper rates and applied with a low volume CO2 sprayer equipped with four Spraying System 730308 Tee Jet nozzles operated at 30 lb/in2. After all treatments were applied, the entire site was irrigated with about 1.5 in. of water using the golf course sprinkler system. The pH of the water used for mixing sprays and for irrigation was 6.2. Surviving grubs were sampled after 9 and 28 days by cutting a 1 by 7-ft strip lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter, and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Because the variances were proportional to the squares of the treatment means, a logarithmic transformation was used before ANOVA. The actual means for the grub counts are reported in the table. To confirm the relative effectiveness of Diazinon vs. Mocap, a second test (Test 2) was conducted in another, heavily infested fairway (ca. 18 grubs/ft2). Plots were 9 by 9 ft and were treated on 12 Sep. Methods of application, irrigation, sampling and data analysis were as described above. The plots were sampled 15 days after treatment (DAT).
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Fushift, 1982
Authors: Davidson John H. , Raupp Michael J. , Wilson Alvin M.
Published: March 2022

Five, 6-in pots containing five, 24-in Fushia shoots were heavily infested with the greenhouse whitefly. Each plot was randomly assigned to one of five treatments and the whiteflies were counted on the terminal five leaves of each shoot. Sprays were applied with a compressed air sprayer until the plants dripped. The ambient temperature at the time of the spray was 82°F. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse for 1 week and the number of living whiteflies on the terminal five leaves were recounted.
Oak Lecanium Control on Pin Oak, 1982
Authors: Davidson John A. , Raupp Michael J. , Wilson Alvin M.
Published: March 2022

Five pin oaks 20 ft high, heavily infested with the oak lecanium were selected for this test. One leaf was randomly selected at each of six points around each tree. The settled nymphs were counted on each leaf and each leaf was marked for postspray count recognition. Applications were made on 4 Sep., between 3:00 and 6:00 p.m. The ambient temperature was 80°F with clear sky. Foliar spray was applied to run-off with a compression sprayer. Postspray counts were made on 25 Sep. Marked leaves were examined in the lab with a stereomicroscope. Brown, shriveled, easily removed nymphs were considered dead. Live nymphs are light green with a dark median stripe.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Larvicide Drench Test, Wooster, Ohio, 1983
Authors: Dunlap M. J. , Nielsen D. G.
Published: March 2022

Rooted taxiis cuttings were obtained from an Ohio nursery and planted in 1-gal pots containing three parts peat and one part sand on 6 Sep. Pots were moved to a greenhouse on 23 Sep. to maintain good root growth. Two months later, black vine weevil eggs were collected from adults held in a rearing room at 22°C and 90% RH. One-hundred brown eggs were placed near the root systems one in. below the soil surface. One pint of insecticidal solution was applied to each previously irrigated pot on 11 Mar. 1983. Some treatments included a low (8 oz) or high (32 oz/100 gal water) rate of Aqua Gro, a spreader-sticker. Before and after treatment, each pot was watered Mon., Wed., and Fri. until 18 and 19 Apr. , when containers were inspected for larvae.
Phytotoxicity Tests on Wandering Jew Plants, Massachusetts Greenhouse, 1983
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R.A.S.
Published: March 2022

“Variegata” wandering Jew plants were treated on 12 Jan. and again on 16 Feb. with five different insecticides (two or three rates of each). Plants were grown in 10-cm pots and had been trimmed so no shoot exceeded 20 cm in length. Four plants were treated for each material (and rate) tested, and plants were then placed randomly on a greenhouse bench. All materials except oxamyl were applied as foliar sprays and applied to runoff with a CO2 powered sprayer delivering 38 lb/in2. Oxamyl was preweighed in the laboratory and applied directly to the soil with a small spoon.
Apple, Poll Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1983
Authors: Townsend H. G. , Millington W. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied with a handgun on 26 Apr., 16 May, 25 May, 9 Jun., 29 Jun., 11 Aug., and 6 Sept. Single-tree treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Mites were evaluated by brushing 10 leaf samples onto glass plates. WAA was evaluated by counting infested shoots per tree on 24 Aug. All other insect damage was evaluated from harvest samples of 200 fruit taken on 5 Oct.
Efficacy of Hydroprene on Field Populations of German Cockroaches, 1982
Authors: Runstrom E. S. , Bennett S. G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were aimed at determining the effectiveness of EC and total release aerosol formulations of Hydroprene, an insect growth regulator, as used alone and in combination with insecticides for German cockroaches. Low-income apartments were treated and monitored from May 1982 to August 1983. Aqueous formulations were applied at 1 gal/1,000 ft2 using a compressed air sprayer. Total release aerosols were applied at 2 oz/1,000 ft3 and 1 oz/1,000 ft3 for hydroprene and Fogasect insecticide fogger formulations, respectively. Populations were monitored over the course of the experiment by assessing visual and trap counts in the kitchen and all bathrooms at each evaluation period. All treatments were monitored for 1 year after the initial application.
Activity of Insecticides Against the Smokybrown Cockroach, 1983
Authors: Appel A. G. , Rust M. K. , Reierson D. A.
Published: March 2022

The activity of 18 insecticides was determined in continuous exposure tests against P. fuliginosa. Discs of Whatman No. 1 filter paper inserted inside 9-cm diam glass petri dishes were treated with 0.5 ml of liquid or 1 cc of dust. All deposits were dried 24 h before being tested. The inside walls of the dishes were coated with Teflon T-30B emulsion to confine the insects to the deposits. Four replicates of 10 males each were evaluated for each insecticide. Tests were conducted at 25°C, 40 ± 10% RH. Knockdown (KD) in each replicate was observed periodically to calculate the mean KT-100. The insects were considered KD when they could not right themselves within 2 min.
Comparison of Ficam and Ectrin Ear Tags for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control, 1983
Authors: Herald F. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Five cow-calf herds were used for comparing the effectiveness of 10, 15 and 20% Ficam (bendiocarb) ear tags with 8% Ectrin ear tags in controlling face flies and horn flies on pastured cattle. Cows in each treatment herd were tagged with 2 tags/hd during the first wk of June; calves were not tagged. Face flies were counted on the face of 10 cows/herd and horn fly numbers on one side of the same cows were estimated. The 20% Ficam treatment was terminated prematurely because of a change in the management of the cattle.
Guardian Ear Tags and Ectrin Ear Tags for Horn Fly Control in Wyoming, 1983
Authors: Watson D. W. , Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental cattle were 60 Hereford cows, 19 heifers, and 52 calves divided into three groups: (1) the untreated group of 10 cows, 10 calves, and 4 yearling heifers; (2) 10 cows and 5 heifers treated with 2 Ectrin ear tags plus 10 untreated calves; and (3) 40 cows and 10 heifers treated with 2 Guardian ear tags plus 32 untreated calves. Ectrin ear tags were 10-g tags containing 8% fenvalerate; Guardian tags wre 10-g tags made of PVC impregnated with 7.5% flucythrinate.
Pear: Pest Control, 1983
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Twenty-year-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 lb/in2 to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of five two-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-week intervals. Adults were counted by taking five beating-tray samples per rep. Nymphs were counted from 50-leaf samples per rep. The proximal, distal, and three leaves from between were collected from each of 10 randomly selected shoots. Phytophagous mites were counted from the same leaf samples but mite data are presented for only those dates when populations were dense enough to show differences between treatments. Leaf samples were brushed and resulting slides were examined using a dissecting microscope. Two 10-fruit samples per rep were weighed and tested for firmness with a penetrometer. Soluble solids were measured with a refractometer on samples of the combined juice of each lot of 10 fruit. Pear psylla russet and pear rust mite russet were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett pears on samples of 25 fruit per rep. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray date.
Control of Leafhopper on Concord Grapes, 1983
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Muza Andrew J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard in North East, Pa. Plots consisted of three vines in a row replicated four times in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Sprays were applied on 12 Aug. using a 6-gal True-Test plant sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 lb/in2. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in approximately 200 gal of spray per acre. Triton AG-98 was the spreader sticker used at a rate of 2 oz per 100 gal in all treatments. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected at random per plot.
Apple, Plant Bug Control, 1983
Authors: Forsythe H.Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 22-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 100 lbs/in2 at 250 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 12 May (pre-pink) and 14 May (pink). Materials were applied on dates as noted in table. The standard fungicide program consisted of Captan 80W (1.4 lb) on 6 May, and Polyram 80W (1.4-2 lb) on 12 May, 19 May, and 5 June. There were four single-tree replications. A randomized complete block design was used. On 11 Sept. 0.75 box of apples was picked from each tree and about 410 apples were examined per treatment on 17 Sept. for typical feeding injuries by the tarnished plant bug.
Candidate Fumigants for Control of Caribbean Fruit Fly, 1981-1982
Authors: Benschoter C. A. , King J. R.
Published: March 2022

The chemical compounds listed below were tested for effectiveness as fumigants against mature fruit fly larvae. Ethylene dibromide was used as the standard for comparison. All compounds were reagent grade (99% pure) or better. Fumigation containers were 3.8 liter widemouth glass jars with teflon-lined, screw-cap lids. An open petri dish containing 200 naked larvae was placed in each jar. Test chemicals were then pipetted onto 11-cm filter papers, placed in the jars with the insects. The lids were fastened in place. Jars were placed on their sides to minimize settling effects. All tests were conducted at 24°C and 50% RH. After exposure, larvae were placed in moist vermiculite, held at 27°C, and allowed to complete development. Survival was based on the number of insects that reached the adult stage. A two-phase testing procedure was used to evaluate the chemicals. The first phase was designed to eliminate compounds that were not effective at high dosage-time combinations, and involved exposure of larvae to 16, 32, and 64 g/m3 for 4 h. High mortality in the initial tests qualified compounds for second-phase testing. This involved exposing larvae to a series of lower dosages for only 2 h, so LD values could be determined. Data were first corrected for natural mortality in the controls by Abbott’s formula. Then probit mortality was plotted against the logarithm of dosage and examined by eye to determine that linear regression was appropriate. Data were subjected to a computer programmed probit analysis to estimate LD50, LD95, and LD99 dosages.
Citrus Red Mite Control (CRM) 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated four times on single-potted trees in the greenhouse. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand sprayer at 40 to 50 lb/in2 on 12 Apr. Three leaves from the spring flush on each potted tree were flagged and total leaf counts of living motile spider mites were taken. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower surfaces of each attached leaf. The count of each attached leaf was recorded as one observation. Water pH was 7.4.
Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1983
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Experimental SLJ-0312, MK-936 + Gulf Spray Oil, Advantage, and Advantage + Ethion were compared to several standard acaricides for efficacy against citrus rust mite (CRM). A 22-year-old grapefruit orchard (16 by 22 ft spacing) was utilized; treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with two replicates, each consisting of 2 rows of 13 trees, i.e. 52 trees per treatment. Applications were made on 17 May by commercial air blast sprayer at 1 mph with nozzling and pressure adjusted for a spray volume of 250 gal/acre. At each count date 50 fruit per replicate were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10X hand lens. All CRM were counted in two, 1 cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. At harvest, 100 fruit per replicate were evaluated for CRM damage and expressed as percent russet, i.e. fruit surface damage severe enough to be downgraded to US #2 fresh or process fruit.
Broad Mite Control on Lemons in California, 1983
Authors: Morse J.G. , Nishio-Wong J.Y.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were tested for control of broad mite populations in a 15-year-old commercial lemon grove (120 trees per acre) in Oxnard, Calif. Treatments were applied 27 July to 6 by 6 tree plots, using a Hardie hand-gun at 450 lb/in2 and approximately 1,000 gal/acre. Larger plots were treated 29 July with an AgTec 6013-5 speed sprayer (double head) at 100 gal/acre. The trees were sampled on each sample date by picking four small fruits (less than 1.5 in. diam.) from each of 16 trees in each plot and examining one field’s width of a 14X hand lens down the interior facing side of the fruit parallel to the stem for all motile life stages.
Apple, Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Hall F. R. , Alm S. R.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 19-year-old ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonathan’, and ‘Staymen’ apple trees planted 40 ft by 40 ft apart, as dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre). We used a randomized design with three replications. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 lbs/in2 on 17 Aug. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, and brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms in Lima Beans, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Lima beans were planted in four-row plots, 35 ft long on 29 Jun. 1983. Each two-row treatment plot was buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Spray treatments were applied on 30 Aug.; 6, 12, and 19 Sept. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center two rows was covered by three drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in3. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Plots were rated on 13 Sept. by harvesting 100 pods per treatment per replication and recording the percent pods with corn earworm injury. Yields were also taken 22 Sept. by harvesting a 20 ft section of row for each treatment in each replication. The beans were run through a commercial viner and the pounds shelled weight were recorded.
Reimagining diaspora diplomacy during the COVID-19 crisis in India
Authors: Jindal Rahul M , Baines Lyndsay S , Mehjabeen Deena
Published: March 2022

Diasporas are organized groups motivated by common cultural, ideological, political and religious values and common concerns for their countries of origin. Diaspora diplomacy has gained prominence worldwide, particularly in India, spurred by harrowing images of deaths and devastation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A new generation of diaspora professionals modeled as social entrepreneurs uses collaborative and non-profit models to establish relationships with their counterparts to facilitate medical services and research. Teleradiology and telepsychiatry facilitate communication between diaspora members and their counterparts. We propose a common telehealth platform to standardize advice given by the Indian diaspora in the Global North as protocols change rapidly in acute pandemics. Consideration should be given to the well-known digital divide in India and other low- and middle-income countries. We advocate for diaspora members to train themselves in the art of global health diplomacy, to promote transparency and accountability in the collection of funds and a mandatory provision of outcome measurement by independent monitors rather than through social media. In the long run, Indian-Americans should play an active role in strengthening the domain of public health, which has historically been neglected in India, by focusing on the country's long-term infrastructure needs. The lessons learned from various diaspora efforts should be independently evaluated and recorded as best practice for future pandemics and humanitarian crises.
Iteratively Digitizing an Analogue Syllable-Based Reading Intervention
Authors: Riedmann Anna , Schaper Philipp , Donnermann Melissa , Lein Martina , Steinhaeusser Sophia C , Karageorgos Panagiotis , Müller Bettina , Richter Tobias , Lugrin Birgit
Published: March 2022

Reading is an essential ability and a cornerstone of education. However, learning to read can be challenging for children. To scaffold young learners, a number of reading interventions were developed, including a syllable-based approach in German, which has proven to be successful, but resource and time consuming through individual interaction by educators. To improve the reach of the reading intervention, we present the first step towards a digital intervention, following an iterative design approach. In this contribution, we present the implementation of a digital prototype, developed with the feedback of expert evaluations, as well as an interview study with second graders. The results of interviews with children showed that the app is suitable to be applied in the target age group, that children had fun using it and were motivated to further do so. In a next step towards a meaningful digitalization of the analogue intervention, we extended the application based on the evaluation results and conducted a usability evaluation of the extended app. The study as well as the usability evaluation provides design implications for iteratively transferring the analogue concept into a digital application.