bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green‐Emissive Zn2+ Complex Supported by a Macrocyclic Schiff‐Base/Calix[4]arene‐Ligand: Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Characterization
Authors: Ullmann Steve , Börner Martin , Kahnt Axel , Abel Bernd , Kersting Berthold
Published: August 2021

The macrocyclic calix[4]arene ligand H2L comprises two non‐fluorescent 2,6‐bis‐(iminomethyl)phenolate chromophores, which show a chelation‐enhanced fluorescence enhancement upon Zn2+ ion complexation. Macrocyclic [ZnL] complexes aggregate in the absence of external coligands via intermolecular Zn−N bonds to give dimeric [ZnL]2 structures comprising two five‐coordinated Zn2+ ions. The absorption and emission wavelengths are bathochromically shifted upon going from the liquid (λmax,abs (CH2Cl2)=404 nm, λmax,em (CH2Cl2)=484 nm) to the solid state (λmax,abs=424 nm (4 wt%, BaSO4 pellet), λmax,em=524 nm (neat solid)). Insights into the electronic nature of the UV‐vis transitions were obtained with time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations for a truncated model complex.
Hierarchical Ni2P@NiFe LDH Heterostructural Nanosheet Arrays for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Jin Xin , Li Jing , Xu Tingting , Cui Yuting , Usoltseva Natalia , An Vladimir , Zhang Xinglai , Liu Baodan
Published: August 2021

Developing efficient and low‐cost electrocatalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been one of the key research topics for overall water splitting due to the increasing demand for regenerated and clean energy. Herein, we report Ni2P@NiFe LDH hierarchical heterostructures in‐situ grown on nickel foam with good conductivity, strong substrate adhesion, special interface engineering and synergistic effects, which enables superior OER performance with a low overpotential of 204 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 33 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH solution. This peculiar hierarchical hybrid electrode also possesses excellent electrochemical stability and long‐term durability at the current density of 50 mA cm−2 in an alkaline medium. More importantly, the proposed synthetic strategy of hierarchical heterostructures in this work will provide a general path to the preparation of various metal hydroxide catalysts for highly efficient OER.
Nickel(II) Dihydrogen and Hydride Complexes as the Intermediates of H2 Heterolytic Splitting by Nickel Diazadiphosphacyclooctane Complexes
Authors: Kireev Nikolay V. , Kiryutin Alexey S. , Pavlov Alexander A. , Yurkovskaya Alexandra V. , Musina Elvira I. , Karasik Andrey A. , Shubina Elena S. , Ivanov Konstantin L. , Belkova Natalia V.
Published: August 2021

The interaction of a series of [Ni(PR12NR22)2]2+ complexes 1–4 (where PR12NR22=1,5‐R2‐3,7‐R1‐1,5‐diaza‐3,7‐diphosphacyclooctane; R1=o‐Py, Ph; R2=CHPh2, p‐Tol) with H2 is reversible yielding the products of heterolytic splitting of dihydrogen in the metal coordination sphere ‐ [NiH(PR12NR22)(PR12NR22H)]2+. Experiments conducted with parahydrogen allowed to see the signal at about −4 ppm corresponding to the metal‐bound H2 in the nickel dihydrogen complex [Ni(η2−H2)(PPh2NCHPh22)2]2+ (3‐H2) – the short‐living non‐classical intermediate, which so far has been revealed only computationally.
Mechanically Interlocked Molecules for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Riebe Jan , Niemeyer Jochen
Published: August 2021

Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) carry great potential in different fields of chemistry, based on their specific structures, their internal dynamics, their stimuli‐responsive behavior, and other unique features of the mechanical bond. This minireview presents some of the most recent developments in their use for medical and biological applications. For example, they have been used to influence, enhance or block the action of therapeutic agents to enable targeted drug delivery. The dynamic structural properties have been used to generate switches and transporters, as well as sensors for various medically relevant species. Building MIMs by incorporating biomolecules like DNA and proteins has served as a novel way to control their properties.
Sustainable Cascades to Difluoroalkylated Polycyclic Imidazoles
Authors: Lin Sheng‐Nan , Chen Yu , Luo Xiao‐Dong , Li Yi
Published: August 2021

We reported herein a visible light promoted difluoroalkylated cascade of imidazoles and alkenes to afford highly functionalized polycyclic imidazoles. This method features a direct radical cyclization of imidazoles with alkenes using BrCF2R as radical sources. The reaction conditions tolerate a wide range of substrate scope and afford the desired products with up to 95 % isolated yield under mild conditions. Radical‐trapping and light‐on/off experiments indicated a photocatalytic radical mechanism.
Dielectrophoresis applications in biomedical field and future perspectives in biomedical technology
Authors: Mohd Maidin Nur Nasyifa , Buyong Muhamad Ramdzan , A. Rahim Ruslinda , Mohamed Mohd Ambri
Published: August 2021

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a technique to manipulate trajectories of polarisable particles in nonuniform electric fields by utilizing unique dielectric properties. The manipulation of a cell using DEP has been demonstrated in various modes, thereby indicating potential applications in the biomedical field. In this review, recent DEP applications in the biomedical field are discussed. This review is intended to highlight research work that shows significant approach related to DEP application in biomedical field reported between 2016 and 2020. First, single‐shell model and multiple‐shell model of cells are introduced. Current device structures and recently introduced electrode patterns for DEP applications are discussed. Second, the biomedical uses of DEP in liquid biopsies, stem cell‐based therapies, and diagnosis of infectious diseases due to bacteria and viruses are presented. Finally, the challenges in DEP research are discussed, and the reported solutions are explained. DEP's potential research directions are mentioned.
The Weight-of-Evidence Approach and the Need for Greater International Acceptance of Its Use in Tackling Questions of Chemical Harm to the Environment
Authors: Johnson Andrew C. , Sumpter John P. , Depledge Michael H.
Published: August 2021

As we attempt to manage chemicals in the environment we need to be sure that our research efforts are being directed at the substances of greatest threat. All too often we focus on a chemical of concern and then cast around for evidence of its effects in an unstructured way. Risk assessment based on laboratory ecotoxicity studies, combined with field chemical measurements, can only take us so far. Uncertainty about the range and sufficiency of evidence required to take restorative action often puts policymakers in a difficult situation. We review this conundrum and reflect on how the “Hill criteria,” used widely by epidemiologists, have been applied to a weight-of-evidence approach (a term sometimes used interchangeably with ecoepidemiology) to build a case for causation. While using a set of such criteria to address sites of local environmental distress has been embraced by the US Environmental Protection Agency, we urge a wider adoption of weight-of-evidence approaches by policymakers, regulators, and scientists worldwide. A simplified series of criteria is offered. Progress will require a sustained commitment to long-term wildlife and chemical monitoring over a sufficient geographic spread. Development of a comprehensive monitoring network, coupled with assembling evidence of harm in a structured manner, should be the foundation for protecting our ecosystems and human health. This will enable us to not only judge the success or failure of our efforts but also diagnose underlying causes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2968–2977. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Abstract

Weight of evidence.
Energetic and endurance constraints on great ape quadrupedalism and the benefits of hominin bipedalism
Authors: Raichlen David A. , Pontzer Herman
Published: August 2021

Bipedal walking was one of the first key behavioral traits that defined the evolution of early hominins. While it is not possible to identify specific selection pressures underlying bipedal evolution, we can better understand how the adoption of bipedalism may have benefited our hominin ancestors. Here, we focus on how bipedalism relaxes constraints on nonhuman primate quadrupedal limb mechanics, providing key advantages during hominin evolution. Nonhuman primate quadrupedal kinematics, especially in our closest living relatives, the great apes, are dominated by highly flexed limb joints, often associated with high energy costs, and are constrained by the need to reduce loads on mobile, but less stable forelimb joints. Bipedal walking would have allowed greater hind limb joint extension, which is associated with reduced energy costs and increased endurance. We suggest that relaxing these constraints provided bipedal hominins important benefits associated with long distance foraging and mobility.
Thrombolites and ichnofossils in the Middle Cambrian of south North China Block: Implications for the environmental controls on the evolution of microbes and metazoans
Authors: Wang Min , Guo Wenfei , Yang Wentao , Qi Yong'an , Dai Mingyue , Chang Yuguang
Published: August 2021

Thrombolites and ichnofossils are well‐preserved in a carbonate succession of the Cambrian (Miaolingian Series) Zhangxia Formation, south North China Block. This provides a chance to investigate the factors controlling the distributions of thrombolites and metazoans. Three types of thrombolites are identified, on the basis of clot shape and their array styles, namely, bushy, columnar, and blocky thrombolites. Bushy thrombolites occur in the lower part of the study unit, columnar thrombolites in the middle, and blocky thrombolites in the upper. Thrombolitic intervals alternate with bioturbated limestones, with the latter including two ichnogenera: Balanoglossites triadicus Mägdefrau, 1932 and Sulcolithos variabilis Knaust, 2019. Both thrombolites and bioturbated limestones are covered by oolitic limestones. The facies analysis indicates depositional environments from deep to shallow subtidal, then to oolitic shoals upwards. Such a sequence represents an overall shallowing‐upward trend. Thrombolites generally flourished during transgressions, whereas bioturbated and oolitic limestones represent regressive systems. Thus, relative sea level was a main factor controlling the alternations of thrombolites and ichnofossils in the Zhangxia Formation. Although there is no clear evidence that bioturbation can directly destroy thrombolites, exploration of new habitats by benthic animals and the increasing mixing degree of substrates could have destroyed the previous firmground substrate required for thrombolite development. The alternations of thrombolites and bioturbated limestones demonstrate that ecological conditions frequently fluctuated in the neritic environment during the Middle Cambrian.
Investigation on the antimicrobial properties of cerium‐doped bioactive glasses
Authors: Raimondi Stefano , Zambon Alfonso , Ranieri Raffaella , Fraulini Francesca , Amaretti Alberto , Rossi Maddalena , Lusvardi Gigliola
Published: August 2021

Cerium‐doped bioactive glasses (Ce‐BGs) are implant materials that present high biocompatibility, modulate the levels of reactive oxygen species, and exert antimicrobial activity. The potential of BGs, 45S5, and K50S derived glasses doped with CeO2 (1.2, 3.6, and 5.3 mol%) to inhibit the growth of pathogen microbes was thoroughly investigated according to the ISO 22196:2011 method properly adapted. A significant reduction of the E. coli charge was detected in all glasses, including the BGs without cerium. The evolution of pH of the medium not inoculated following the immersion of the Ce‐BGs was monitored. The presence of cerium did not affect markedly the pH trend, which increased rapidly for both compositions. The change of pH was strongly mitigated by the presence of 200 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 (PB) in the medium. In media buffered by PB, the growth of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and C. albicans was not affected by the presence of BGs doped or not with cerium, suggesting that the antibacterial activity of Ce‐BGs is linked to the increase of environmental pH rather than to specific ion effects. However, Ce‐BGs resulted promising biomaterials that associate low toxicity to normal cells to a considerable antimicrobial effect, albeit the latter is not directly associated with the presence of cerium.
The biotin interference within interference suppressed immunoassays
Authors: Kabiri Payam , Weiskirchen Ralf , van Helden Josef
Published: August 2021

Background

Reports of false laboratory findings due to a biotin supplementation have raised concerns about the safety of immunoassays. According to current research, biotin is known to cause interference in immunoassays. Since up to 70% of medical decisions are based on laboratory results and the significantly increased intake of biotin supplements in the recent years, the reliability of immunoassays is essential.

Methods

To evaluate this reliability two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment 59 interference suppressed immunoassays of the manufacturer Roche Diagnostics were examined regarding their sensitivity to a biotin interference. In the second experiment the pharmacokinetic of biotin was examined by supplementing volunteers with biotin.

Results

A combination of the results of both experiments suggests that a biotin interference in laboratory findings is probable. Contrary to the current state of research on sandwich immunoassays, falsely elevated test results occur more frequently than falsely low results.

Conclusion

The interference suppressed immunoassays have shown in the experiment that they are susceptible to a biotin interference. Therefore, laboratory institutions, medical staff and patients must be aware of the possibility of a biotin interference. As a result, Roche Diagnostics may consider reviewing the interference suppression and their indications of the tests.
Electrochemical recovery of low concentration of palladium from palladium(II) chloride of electroplating wastewater
Authors: Mansor Nadia , Mohamed Norita , Mohd Suah Faiz B
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

An electrochemical recovery of low concentration of palladium from a diluted palladium(II) chloride electroplating wastewater is presented. The electrochemical method used was an electrogenerative system which operated with a batch reactor.

RESULTS

A three‐dimensional cathode material of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) appeared to give the reactor less polarization compared to a three‐dimensional porous graphite and two‐dimensional stainless steel. Mass transport study confirmed RVC as the most suitable cathode in this electrogenerative system. The generated flow current of this system was supported by high performance of zinc as anode, compared to aluminium. Sulfuric acid served as the best cathode activation solution, having the highest recovery rate, with >90% of palladium being recovered in 5 h. Low concentrations of palladium(II) chloride solutions (100–500 mg L−1) were recovered at pH 5. Scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of deposited palladium on the cathode. It was shown that a pure metallic palladium deposits from chloride solution were obtained. Finally, the developed electrochemical reactor was also used to recover palladium from diluted electroplating wastewaters, and the results were satisfactory (>90% recovery).

CONCLUSION

This research shows that the electrogenerative system has the potential to recover palladium from diluted electroplating wastewaters.
Offering preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT‐M) for conditions with reduced penetrance or variants of uncertain significance: Ethical insight from U.S. laboratory genetic counselors
Authors: Porto Anthony , Gaber Caffrey Rikki , Crowley‐Matoka Megan , Spencer Sara , Li Mindy , Propst Lauren
Published: August 2021

Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT‐M) was originally developed to identify embryos affected with serious childhood‐onset disorders, but its use has recently broadened. Guidance on the use of PGT‐M in the United States (U.S.) is currently limited, with no formal laws or guidelines established on its use. The goals of this study were to determine for which types of conditions U.S. laboratories currently do not offer PGT‐M, to explore ethical considerations U.S. laboratory genetic counselors (GCs) take into consideration when deciding to accept or reject a PGT‐M request, and to explore whether U.S. laboratory GCs believe PGT‐M should be offered for conditions with reduced penetrance or for variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Qualitative analysis of semi‐structured interviews with nine genetic counselors, from five different PGT‐M laboratories, was conducted. Participants were required to be GCs working at a PGT‐M laboratory in the U.S. and either actively counsel patients on PGT‐M or determine a patient's eligibility for PGT‐M. Two participants reported their separate laboratories have no limitations for allowable PGT‐M testing, while the other seven participants representing three other laboratories reported having limitations. The main ethical consideration GCs reported considering when deciding to accept or reject a PGT‐M request was patient autonomy, with a focus on the patient understanding risks of the testing. All participants reported believing PGT‐M should be allowable for conditions with reduced penetrance and VUS, with all participants stating their respective laboratories allow for this currently. However, all participants reported a lack of sufficient guidelines and that having guidelines from a professional organization would be beneficial to their practice. In conclusion, lack of current guidelines in the United States has created discrepancies between PGT‐M laboratories. PGT‐M laboratory GCs support the use of PGT‐M for conditions with reduced penetrance and VUS with informed consent. The need for guidelines is supported.
Facile synthesis of benzobisimidazole and bibenzimidazole‐based bisnitriles as potential precursors for DNA minor groove binders
Authors: Farahat Abdelbasset A. , Iwamoto Satori , Roche Michael , Boykin David W.
Published: August 2021

The synthesis of bisnitrile derivatives of benzobisimidazole and bibenzimidazole in a good yield is described in detail for the first time. Nucleophilic substitution of 1,5‐difluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene using different amines produced the intermediate diamines that were reduced using sodium borohydride/Pd(C) to produce the tetramines. These tetramines were allowed to couple with different aldehydes to produce the final benzimidazoles. In a different investigation, these bisnitrile derivatives will be used to make benzimidazole diamidines that could be used as potential mixed sequence minor groove binders.
Improved detection and management of advanced HIV disease through a community adult TB‐contact tracing intervention with same‐day provision of the WHO‐recommended package of care including ART initiation in a rural district of Mozambique
Authors: Izco Santiago , Murias‐Closas Adrià , Jordan Alexander M , Greene Gregory , Catorze Nteruma , Chiconela Helio , Garcia Juan Ignacio , Blanco‐Arevalo Alejandro , Febrer Anna , Casellas Aina , Saavedra Belén , Chiller Tom , Nhampossa Tacilta , Garcia‐Basteiro Alberto , Letang Emilio
Published: August 2021

Introduction

AIDS‐mortality remains unacceptably high in sub‐Saharan Africa, largely driven by advanced HIV disease (AHD). We nested a study in an existing tuberculosis (TB) contact‐tracing intervention (Xpatial‐TB). The aim was to assess the burden of AHD among high‐risk people living with HIV (PLHIV) identified and to evaluate the provision of the WHO‐recommended package of care to this population.

Methods

All PLHIV ≥14 years old identified between June and December 2018 in Manhiça District by Xpatial‐TB were offered to participate in the study if ART naïve or had suboptimal ART adherence. Consenting individuals were screened for AHD. Patients with AHD (CD4 < 200 cells/μL or WHO stage 3 or 4) were offered a package of interventions in a single visit, including testing for cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) and TB‐lipoarabinomannan (TB‐LAM), prophylaxis and treatment for opportunistic infections, adherence support or accelerated ART initiation. We collected information on follow‐up visits carried out under routine programmatic conditions for six months.

Results

A total of 2881 adults were identified in the Xpatial TB‐contact intervention. Overall, 23% (673/2881) were HIV positive, including 351 TB index (64.2%) and 322 TB contacts (13.8%). Overall, 159/673 PLHIV (24%) were ART naïve or had suboptimal ART adherence, of whom 155 (97%, 124 TB index and 31 TB‐contacts) consented to the study and were screened for AHD. Seventy percent of TB index‐patients (87/124) and 16% of TB contacts (5/31) had CD4 < 200 cells/µL. Four (13%) of the TB contacts had TB, giving an overall AHD prevalence among TB contacts of 29% (9/31). Serum‐CrAg was positive in 4.6% (4/87) of TB‐index patients and in zero TB contacts. All ART naïve TB contacts without TB initiated ART within 48 hours of HIV diagnosis. Among TB cases, ART timing was tailored to the presence of TB and cryptococcosis. Six‐month mortality was 21% among TB‐index cases and zero in TB contacts.

Conclusions

A TB contact‐tracing outreach intervention identified undiagnosed HIV and AHD in TB patients and their contacts, undiagnosed cryptococcosis among TB patients, and resulted in an adequate provision of the WHO‐recommended package of care in this rural Mozambican population. Same‐day and accelerated ART initiation was feasible and safe in this population including among those with AHD.
Prevalence and correlates of COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy in the general public in Iraqi Kurdistan: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Abdulah Deldar Morad
Published: August 2021

Low vaccine acceptance is a major barrier to vaccination coverage in every health system. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and associated factors of the COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy in a sample of the general population in Iraqi Kurdistan. The general population with both genders with different educational levels and sociodemographic characteristics from the Duhok governorate was eligible to participate in this cross‐sectional study in 2021. Therefore, an online Google form was sent to main pages and social groups through two main social media platforms. To obtain a representative sample of individuals with different educational levels, the author visited the main shopping center in Duhok city to collect the information from illiterate and low‐level education individuals. The study found that 83.5% (n = 773) of the participants have not received and 51.4% (n = 476) did not intend to receive the COVID‐19 vaccine. A small percentage has not decided to receive a COVID‐19 vaccine yet (n = 17, 1.8%). The intention to receive a COVID‐19 vaccine was increased with increasing level of education; 25.9%, 26.7%, 39.8%, and 53.6% in illiterate, under high school, high school, and college and higher, respectively (p < 0.0001). Healthcare workers were more likely to intend to receive a COVID‐19, 57.5% vs 40.1%, p < 0.0001. Individuals who had concerns about the side effects of a COVID‐19 vaccine were more likely to not receive and not intend to receive the COVID‐19 vaccine. Prevalence of COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy was high in this region and was correlated with lower education and concerns about side effects.
Resveratrol regulates intestinal barrier function in cyclophosphamide‐induced immunosuppressed mice
Authors: Song Xu , Liu Lin , Peng Shuwei , Liu Tao , Chen Yaqin , Jia Renyong , Zou Yuanfeng , Li Lixia , Zhao Xinghong , Liang Xiaoxia , Tang Huaqiao , Yin Zhongqiong
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol, a kind of polyphenolic phytoalexin, can be obtained from numerous natural foods. Although resveratrol is demonstrated to have various bioactivities, little is known about the regulation of intestinal barrier function under immunosuppression. The present study is aimed at investigating the regulatory effect of resveratrol on intestinal barrier function in immunosuppression in mice induced by cyclophosphamide.

RESULTS

The effects of resveratrol on intestinal biological barrier were evaluated by 16S rRNA and metagenome sequencing analysis. The results showed that resveratrol could improve diversity of the intestinal microbiota and intestinal flora structure by increasing the abundance of probiotics, and resveratrol regulated the function of gut microbiota to resist immunosuppression. Resveratrol could significantly upregulate the secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and promote the transcriptional levels of test cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, interleukin 4 and interleukin 6 in jejunum and ileum mucosa, suggesting improved intestinal immune barrier by resveratrol. The mRNA and protein levels of tight junction proteins involved in intestinal physical barrier function, including zonula occludens 1 (ZO‐1), claudin 1 and occludin, were increased after resveratrol treatment. The protein levels of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylation nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB‐p65) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa‐B kinase α were decreased by resveratrol treatment when compared with the untreated group, indicating inhibition of the TLR4/NF‐ĸB signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

These results provide new insights into regulation of the intestinal barrier function by resveratrol under immunosuppression and potential applications of resveratrol in recovering intestinal function. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Erosion–corrosion behavior of aluminum in a 50°C ethylene glycol aqueous solution simulating cooling water in HVDC transmission
Authors: Tian Yingfu , Li Huixi , Wang Shengping , Fan Youping
Published: August 2021

The erosion–corrosion of aluminum in a 50 °C ethylene glycol aqueous solution (EGAS) was studied. Compared with that in deionized water, the corrosion of aluminum in an EGAS was inhibited to a certain extent. The corrosion potential, corrosion current, and charge transfer impedance of aluminum changed from −1.5776 V, 380.4 nA cm−2, and 1.924 × 10−4 Ω cm−2in deionized water to −1.3127 V, 285.5 nA cm−2, and 4.041 × 10−4 Ω cm−2in a 45.3 vt% EGAS, respectively. Ethylene glycol did not ionize in deionized water and the ionic conductivity of the EGAS was low, effectively restraining the corrosion of aluminum. However, a test with aluminum in an EGAS after long‐term storage (9 days) showed that ethylene glycol gradually oxidized to glycolic acid, oxalic acid, and other substances, which slowly corroded the aluminum surface. Analysis results showed that the corrosion products on the surface of aluminum were Al(OH)3and Al2O3. The pitting hole formation mechanism of aluminum occurs via an aluminum–alcohol phase formed on the aluminum surface, which can inhibit the dissolution of the oxide film. Therefore, a suitably concentrated EGAS with a high heat capacity and low ionic conductivity similar to that of deionized water can be used as a coolant in airtight valve cooling systems for high‐voltage direct‐current transmission.
Effect of AC interference on the corrosion behavior of cathodically protected mild steel in an artificial soil solution. Part I: Investigation on formed corrosion product layer
Authors: Markić Mario , Arat Serkan , Fürbeth Wolfram
Published: August 2021

AC‐induced corrosion is a big threat even for cathodically protected pipelines nowadays. While this phenomenon was intensively investigated in the last decades, the corrosion mechanisms due to AC interference remain unclear. In the present work, investigations on the surface processes on cathodically protected mild steel during AC polarization have been performed. They utilized high‐speed potential measurements that have demonstrated the influence of the polarization parameters on the resulting alternating voltage. The corrosion product layer was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and Raman spectroscopy, which clearly show the effect of the parameters of the applied alternating current on the surface under different cathodic protection (CP) conditions. It was demonstrated that the properties of the formed corrosion product layer, meaning the layer thickness, amount of oxygen, and so on, is not only dependent on the AC polarization parameters but also on the CP potential itself.
Rapid Fabrication of Patterned Gels via Microchannel‐Conformal Frontal Polymerization
Authors: Shen Haixia , Wang Hao‐Peng , Wang Cai‐Feng , Zhu Liangliang , Li Qing , Chen Su
Published: August 2021

From the perspective of both fundamental and applied science, it is extremely advisable to develop a facile and feasible strategy for fabricating gels with defined structures. Herein, the authors report the rapid synthesis of patterned gels by conducting frontal polymerization (FP) at millimeter‐scale (2 mm), where a series of microchannels, including linear‐, parallel‐, divergent‐, snakelike‐, circular‐ and concentric circular channels, were used. They have investigated the effect of various factors (monomer mass ratio, channel size, initiator concentration, and solvent content) on FP at millimeter‐scale, along with the propagating rule of the front during FP in these microchannels. In addition, we developed a new microfluidic‐assisted FP (MFP) strategy by combining the FP and microfluidic technique. Interestingly, the MFP can realize the production of hollow‐structured gel in a rapid and continuous fashion, which have never been reported. Our work not only offers an effective pathway towards patterned gels by the microchannel‐conformal FP, but also gives new insight into the continuous production of hollow‐structured materials. Such a method will be beneficial for fabricating vessel and scaffold materials in a flexible, easy‐to‐perform, time and energy saving way.
Age and Growth of Yellowfin Tuna in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and Western Atlantic
Authors: Pacicco Ashley E. , Allman Robert J. , Lang Erik T. , Murie Debra J. , Falterman Brett J. , Ahrens Robert , Walter John F.
Published: August 2021

Age, growth, and mortality were estimated for Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus albacares from the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean. During 2004–2017, 3,443 Yellowfin Tuna were sampled, primarily from recreational landings off the coast of Louisiana (90%). Based on reading otoliths, ages ranged from 1 to 18 years, with younger fish (<4 years) representing the majority (78%) of the age-classes. Otolith weight was allometrically related to fish age (r2 = 0.91), which suggests that it may be a useful tool in indirectly estimating age given the challenges associated with directly aging tropical tunas. Based on Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), the Richards growth model had the most parsimonious fit to the length-at-age data (average maximum length L∞ = 1,658 mm, growth coefficient k = 0.23 year−1, a = 1.04, b = 0.45) compared to the von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞ = 1,589 mm, k = 0.36 year−1, theoretical age at zero length t0 = −0.8 year; AIC difference = 26.21), which had a relatively poor fit. The size-modified Richards model, which assumed a truncated error structure at the minimum size limit (686 mm curved fork length [CFL]) in fishery-dependent collections, improved the fit in the smallest individuals and was therefore the preferred model. Males and females had similar maximum ages (18 and 17 years, respectively) but showed significant differences in growth, with males reaching a larger L∞ than females (size-modified Richards: 1,706 versus 1,568 mm CFL, respectively). Baseline natural mortality (M) using a maximum age of 18 years was 0.346 and was then scaled across age-classes. These growth and mortality estimates and the individual age data have been used in improving stock assessments for Yellowfin Tuna to support scientific management.
Learning‐by‐lending and learning‐by‐repaying: A two‐sided learning model for defaults on Small Business Administration loans
Authors: Patel Pankaj C. , Tsionas Mike G.
Published: August 2021

Drawing on a sample of Small Business Administration (SBA) loans, we develop and test for a two‐sided dynamic learning model to assess the degree of learning‐by‐lending in bank branches and learning‐by‐repaying for borrowers. The results show that learning‐by‐lending is negligible; however, learning‐by‐repaying is small but meaningful, with a shallow learning curve slope of 0.2. The findings have implications for two‐sided learning and for policymakers aiming to lower defaults in SBA loans.
Exome sequencing identifies a disease variant of the mitochondrial ATP‐Mg/Pi carrier SLC25A25 in two families with kidney stones
Authors: Jabalameli M. Reza , Fitzpatrick Fiona M. , Colombo Roberto , Howles Sarah A. , Leggatt Gary , Walker Valerie , Wiberg Akira , Kunji Edmund R. S. , Ennis Sarah
Published: August 2021

Background

Calcium kidney stones are common and recurrences are often not preventable by available empiric remedies. Their etiology is multifactorial and polygenic, and an increasing number of genes are implicated. Their identification will enable improved management.

Methods

DNA from three stone‐formers in a Southampton family (UK) and two from an Italian family were analyzed independently by whole exome sequencing and selected variants were genotyped across all available members of both pedigrees. A disease variant of SLC25A25 (OMIM 608745), encoding the mitochondrial ATP‐Mg/Pi carrier 3 (APC3) was identified, and analyzed structurally and functionally with respect to its calcium‐regulated transport activity.

Results

All five patients had a heterozygous dominant SLC25A25 variant (rs140777921; GRCh37.p13: chr 9 130868670 G>C; p.Gln349His; Reference Sequence NM_001006641.3). Non‐stone formers also carried the variant indicating incomplete penetrance. Modeling suggests that the variant lacks a conserved polar interaction, which may cause structural instability. Calcium‐regulated ATP transport was reduced to ~20% of the wild type, showing a large reduction in function.

Conclusion

The transporter is important in regulating mitochondrial ATP production. This rare variant may increase urine lithogenicity through impaired provision of ATP for solute transport processes in the kidney, and/or for purinergic signaling. Variants found in other genes may compound this abnormality.
Poly(Ethylene Glycol‐block‐2‐Ethyl‐2‐Oxazoline) as Cathode Binder in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chien Yu‐Chuan , Jang Hohyoun , Brandell Daniel , Lacey Matthew J.
Published: August 2021

Functional binders constitute a strategy to overcome several challenges that lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are facing due to soluble reaction intermediates in the positive electrode. Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) are in this context a previously well‐explored binder mixture. Their ether and amide groups possess affinity to the dissolved sulfur species, which enhances the sulfur utilization and mitigates the parasitic redox shuttle. However, the immiscibility of PEO and PVP is a concern for electrode stability. Copolymers comprising ether and amide groups are thus promising candidates to improve the stability the system. Here, a series of poly (ethylene glycol‐block‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) with various block lengths is synthesized and explored as binders in S/C composite electrodes in Li‐S cells. While the electrochemical analyses show that although the sulfur utilization and capacity retention of the tested electrodes are similar, the integrity of the as‐cast electrodes can play a key role for power capability.
Understanding the impact of fiber orientation on mechanical, interlaminar shear strength, and fracture properties of jute–banana hybrid composite laminates
Authors: Prashanth Maruthi , Gouda P. S. Shivakumar , Manjunatha T. S. , Banapurmath N. R. , Edacheriane Abhilash
Published: August 2021

Jute and banana fibers are biodegradable green fibers being increasingly used to replace synthetic fibers in fiber‐reinforced polymer composites. Integration of jute and banana distinct natural fibers has the potential to improve composite performance in secondary structural applications. In this study, an equal quantity of unidirectional jute and banana fibers with four different fiber orientations [(0/0)3s, (0/45)3s, (0/90)3s, and (+45/−45)3s] was embedded in phenol formaldehyde resin to make hybrid laminates using the hot press method. Tensile, flexural, impact, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and single‐end notch bend tests are performed in accordance with the ASTM standards to evaluate the effect of fiber orientation on natural fiber hybrid composites (NFHCs). Experimental results revealed that changing the fiber orientations [(0/0)3s] leads to a major impact on reducing the mechanical properties of NFHC laminates to the extent of 39%. Furthermore, the tensile strength, Young's modulus, impact and ILSSs, and fracture toughness were found to be 37% higher for the (0°/0°)3scomposite. Additionally, tensile, flexural, and impact fractured specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy to understand the fiber–matrix failure behavior due to inter‐ply orientation in NFHCs.
Harmonious personality and work–family conflicts: The multiple mediating roles of social support and self‐control
Authors: Chen Yidi , Gao Lingling , Lippke Sonia , Xiang Zhaohui , Gan Yiqun
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to examine the multiple mediating roles of social support and self‐control in the relationship between harmonious personality and work–family conflict. A total of 143 Chinese adults (137 male, 95.8%; aged 30.25 ± 7.85 years) participated in this longitudinal study. Data were collected at three time points, at intervals of 1 month. Self‐report questionnaires measuring social demographics and harmonious personality (Time 1), self‐control and social support (Time 2), and work–family conflict (Time 3) were administered. Self‐control and work–family conflict were negatively correlated. The relationship between harmony and work–family conflict was mediated by self‐control and social support. Possible paths were self‐control and multiple mediation by social support and self‐control. Our results confirmed the multiple mediating roles of social support and self‐control in the relationship between harmonious personality and work–family conflict. To achieve a better work–family balance, it is important not only to establish a harmonious interpersonal perspective and to enhance the social support from employers, colleagues, and family but also to ensure adequate self‐control resources.
A study on the aromaticity and ring currents of polycyclic neutral oxocarbon isomers
Authors: Yusufujiang Ailizire , Kerim Ablikim
Published: August 2021

In this study, topological resonance energy (TRE) methods and ring current (RC) methods were used to describe the global aromaticity of a series of polycyclic neutral oxocarbon isomers. The observed trends in aromaticity are explained. Our results obtained using the TRE method are compared with those obtained using the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) method as reported in the literature. The bond resonance energy (BRE) and circuit resonance energy (CRE) indices were applied to study the local aromaticity of oxocarbons. The aromaticity of the individual rings of each of the polycyclic neutral oxocarbon isomers studied was assessed using the Hückel–London ring current (RC) model. The results regarding the local aromatic and antiaromatic states of the individual rings as obtained using the BRE and CRE indices show direct correspondence with the RC results, which indicate the strength of the diatropic and paratropic currents within those rings.
TMEM106B in humans and Vac7 and Tag1 in yeast are predicted to be lipid transfer proteins
Authors: Levine Tim P.
Published: August 2021

TMEM106B is an integral membrane protein of late endosomes and lysosomes involved in neuronal function, its overexpression being associated with familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and point mutation linked to hypomyelination. It has also been identified in multiple screens for host proteins required for productive SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Because standard approaches to understand TMEM106B at the sequence level find no homology to other proteins, it has remained a protein of unknown function. Here, the standard tool PSI‐BLAST was used in a nonstandard way to show that the lumenal portion of TMEM106B is a member of the late embryogenesis abundant‐2 (LEA‐2) domain superfamily. More sensitive tools (HMMER, HHpred, and trRosetta) extended this to predict LEA‐2 domains in two yeast proteins. One is Vac7, a regulator of PI(3,5)P2 production in the degradative vacuole, equivalent to the lysosome, which has a LEA‐2 domain in its lumenal domain. The other is Tag1, another vacuolar protein, which signals to terminate autophagy and has three LEA‐2 domains in its lumenal domain. Further analysis of LEA‐2 structures indicated that LEA‐2 domains have a long, conserved lipid‐binding groove. This implies that TMEM106B, Vac7, and Tag1 may all be lipid transfer proteins in the lumen of late endocytic organelles.
Developing a new undergraduate pharmacology core curriculum: The British Pharmacological Society Delphi Method
Authors: Wallace Melisa J. , Zecharia Anna , Guilding Clare , Tucker Steven , McFadzean Ian
Published: August 2021

The British Pharmacological Society (BPS) developed a new core curriculum for undergraduate pharmacology degrees. To do this, a modification of the Delphi Process was used. Initially, a pharmacology educator workshop was hosted to explore the core attributes expected of pharmacology graduates. We then developed these discussions into knowledge, skills, and attitudes statements and sent them, in the form of a questionnaire, to our Expert Group, which included pharmacology professionals from across academia and industry. In an iterative process, the Expert Group were asked to rank each statement according to how much they agreed it was a core graduate attribute. Where there was disagreement, statements were modified according to feedback. After three rounds of questionnaires, we had a draft core curriculum which was then finalized through a discussion workshop with the education community. In this workshop, practical aspects of curriculum implementation were discussed and the potential for the Society to develop resources to support it considered. The revised core curriculum is freely available on the Society website: https://www.bps.ac.uk/media‐library‐assets/library/undergraduate‐pharmacology‐core‐curriculum. Several examples exist of the curriculum making an impact within and beyond the United Kingdom, where it has been utilized in a quality assurance context, as a tool for curriculum review and also to guide building new programs. Through a series of further expert workshops, the BPS Education and Training committee is currently developing more granular learning outcomes to accompany the core curriculum alongside recommended resources to enable delivery. In addition, this expanded curriculum is also being reviewed and updated to ensure it is fully inclusive and represents the diversity of pharmacology educators and learners worldwide.
Operational characteristics of generalized pairwise comparisons for hierarchically ordered endpoints
Authors: Deltuvaite‐Thomas Vaiva , Burzykowski Tomasz
Published: August 2021

The method of generalized pairwise comparisons (GPC) is a multivariate extension of the well‐known non‐parametric Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. It allows comparing two groups of observations based on multiple hierarchically ordered endpoints, regardless of the number or type of the latter. The summary measure, “net benefit,” quantifies the difference between the probabilities that a random observation from one group is doing better than an observation from the opposite group. The method takes into account the correlations between the endpoints. We have performed a simulation study for the case of two hierarchical endpoints to evaluate the impact of their correlation on the type‐I error probability and power of the test based on GPC. The simulations show that the power of the GPC test for the primary endpoint is modified if the secondary endpoint is included in the hierarchical GPC analysis. The change in power depends on the correlation between the endpoints. Interestingly, a decrease in power can occur, regardless of whether there is any marginal treatment effect on the secondary endpoint. It appears that the overall power of the hierarchical GPC procedure depends, in a complex manner, on the entire variance–covariance structure of the set of outcomes. Any additional factors (such as thresholds of clinical relevance, drop out, or censoring scheme) will also affect the power and will have to be taken into account when designing a trial based on the hierarchical GPC procedure.
Counterfactual mediation analysis in the multistate model framework for surrogate and clinical time‐to‐event outcomes in randomized controlled trials
Authors: Weir Isabelle R. , Rider Jennifer R. , Trinquart Ludovic
Published: August 2021

In cancer randomized controlled trials, surrogate endpoints are frequently time‐to‐event endpoints, subject to the competing risk from the time‐to‐event clinical outcome. In this context, we introduce a counterfactual‐based mediation analysis for a causal assessment of surrogacy. We use a multistate model for risk prediction to account for both direct transitions towards the clinical outcome and indirect transitions through the surrogate outcome. Within the counterfactual framework, we define natural direct and indirect effects with a causal interpretation. Based on these measures, we define the proportion of the treatment effect on the clinical outcome mediated by the surrogate outcome. We estimate the proportion for both the cumulative risk and restricted mean time lost. We illustrate our approach by using 18‐year follow‐up data from the SPCG‐4 randomized trial of radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. We assess time to metastasis as a surrogate outcome for prostate cancer‐specific mortality.
Bergapten: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity
Authors: Liang Youdan , Xie Long , Liu Kai , Cao Yi , Dai Xiaolin , Wang Xian , Lu Jing , Zhang Xumin , Li Xiaofang
Published: August 2021

Bergapten is a natural furocoumarin, also known as 5‐methoxypsoralen, and its medicinal value has been paid more and more attention. By sorting out the pharmacological literature of bergapten, we found that bergapten has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including neuroprotection, organ protection, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetes effects. However，bergapten has complex impacts on the hepatic metabolic enzyme. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies showed that bergapten has higher absolute bioavailability and can cross the blood–brain barrier and has a great potential for treating brain disease, but the mechanism needs further clarification to make greater use of its ability to treat brain diseases. Furthermore, the phototoxicity of bergapten combined with ultraviolet light has always been mentioned. In view of its wide range of pharmacological activities, bergapten is expected to be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes‐induced osteoporosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and cancer. However, further studies are needed to elucidate its molecular mechanisms and targets. The phototoxicity of bergapten as a side effect should be further avoided. On the other hand, the photoactivation of bergapten in the anticancer aspect can be better utilized.