bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
µ2‐Diiodotetrakis(2‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐methyl‐1‐imidazole‐N3)dicadmium(II) bis[triiodo(2‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐methyl‐1‐imidazole‐N3)cadmate(II)] dihydrate
Authors: Yang Yang‐Yi , Szeto Lap , Ouyang Gang‐Feng , Huang Zhong‐Qi , Wong Wing‐Tak , Weng Ng Seik
Published: February 2005

There are two types of Cd in the title compound, the six‐coordinated Cd atom in the cation is in a distorted octahedral geometry while the four‐coordinated Cd in the anion shows a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diiodobis(2‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐methyl‐1‐imidazole‐N3)cadmium(II)
Authors: Yang Yang‐Yi , Huang Zhong‐Qi , Chen Xiao‐Ming , Wong Wing‐Tak , Ng Seik Weng
Published: February 2005

The Cd atom in Cd(Hmmi)2I2 is five‐coordinate with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which the apical sites are occupied by I and O atoms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis[tris(cyclohexyl)tin] azide hydroxide, (Cy3Sn)2N3(OH): X‐ray structure determination and comparison with analogous compounds
Authors: Alan Howie R. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V.
Published: February 2005

The structure of bis[tris(cyclohexyl)tin] azide hydroxide, (Cy3Sn)2N3(OH) (1), contains infinite chains of molecules linked by regularly alternating and µ2 bridging azide and hydroxide groups that create trigonal bipyramidal tin centres. The bridges, with SnN 2.436(11) and 2.385(11) Å and SnO 2.199(8) and 2.197(8) Å, are relatively symmetrical. This structure is similar to that of catena bis(trimethyltin) azide hydroxide, (Me3Sn)2N3(OH) (2). In the structure of 1, each terminal nitrogen atom of the azide is bonded to a different tin atom (1,3 or α,γ bridge formation). In the structure of 2, however, only one nitrogen atom of each azide is involved in bridging and bonds to two different tin atoms (1,1 or α,α bridge formation). In this case, the remaining terminal nitrogen atoms act as acceptors for OHN hydrogen bonds that link the chains to form infinite sheets. It appears then, from these two examples, that in such compounds the size of the organic species bonded to tin can affect the azide bridging mode and also the packing of the polymeric chains Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The germanium(II) ate complex [Ph3PiPr][Ge(OCOMe)3]: the first structurally characterized compound containing a discrete [E14(II)O3](−) (E14(II) = Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) anion
Authors: Khrustalev Victor N. , Antipin Mikhail Yu. , Zemlyansky Nikolay N. , Borisova Irina V. , Ustynyuk Yuri A. , Lunin Valery V. , Izod Keith
Published: February 2005

An X‐ray diffraction study reveals an unusual structure of the new thermally stable germanium(II) ate complex [Ph3PiPr][Ge(OAc)3] (4) containing a discrete [Ge(OAc)3](−) anion containing monodentate acetate ligands with a trigonal pyramidal germanium centre. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of mild extraction procedures for determination of arsenic compounds in different parts of pepper plants (Capsicum annum, L.)
Authors: Száková Jiřina , Tlustoš Pavel , Goessler Walter , Pavlíková Daniela , Balík Jiří
Published: February 2005

Eight extraction agents (water, methanol–water mixtures in various ratios, methanol, a 20 mmol l−1 ammonium phosphate buffer, and a methanol–phosphate buffer) were tested for the extraction of arsenic compounds from fruits, stems + leaves, and roots of pepper plants grown on soil containing 17.2 mg kg−1 of total arsenic. The arsenic compounds in the extracts were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography–hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Whereas pure water was the most effective extraction agent for fruits (87 ± 3.3% extraction yield) and roots (96 ± 0.6% extraction yield), the 20 mM ammonium phosphate buffer at pH 6 extracted about 50% of the arsenic from stems + leaves. Decreasing extractability of the arsenic compounds was observed with increasing methanol concentrations for all parts of the pepper plant. In pepper fruits, arsenic(III), arsenic(V), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were present (25%, 37%, and 39% respectively of the extractable arsenic). Arsenic(V) was the major compound in stems + leaves and roots (63% and 53% respectively), followed by arsenic(III) representing 33% and 42% respectively, and small amounts (not exceeding 5%) of DMA and methylarsonic acid were also detected. Hence, for a quantitative extraction of arsenic compounds from different plant tissues the extractant has to be optimized individually. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Trimethylaminedibromopropoxycarbonylborane
Authors: Shalom Eli , Takrouri Khuloud , Goldberg Israel , Katzhendler Jehoshua , Srebnik Morris
Published: February 2005

The conformation around the boron atom is nearly tetrahedral, with BrBBr bond angles of 109.14(19)° and slightly wider NBC bond angles up to 113.6(3)°. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Benzilate of diaquabis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) dihydrate and benzilate of aquabenzylatobis(ethylenediamine)copper(II)
Authors: Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , García‐Martínez Emilia , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M.
Published: February 2005

Compounds [Cu(en)2(OH2)2](HB)2· 2H2O (1) and [Cu(HB)(en)2(OH2)](HB) (2) (HB = benzilate; en = ethylenediamine) present the Cu(II) atom coordinated by different N4O2 donor sets, with 4 + 2 and 4 + 1 + 1 coordination geometries, respectively. In compound 1 the Cu(II) atom is located on a centre of inversion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Bis{µ‐[O‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl) dithiophosphonato]1κ:S,2κ:S‐[O‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato]1κ2S,S′} dizinc(II)
Authors: Karakus Mehmet , Yilmaz Hamza , Bulak Ece , Lönnecke Peter
Published: February 2005

The centrosymmetric [Zn2{CH3OC6H4P(OC5H9)S2}4], features an eight‐membered Zn2S4P2 ring as a result of two bidentate bridging thiolate ligands; the remaining ligands are chelating. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trinuclear tin salicylaldoximate cluster‐catalyzed selective acylation of alcohols
Authors: Camacho‐Camacho Carlos , Biesemans Monique , Verbruggen Ingrid , Willem Rudolph
Published: February 2005

The reactivity and catalytic potential of the tin salicylaldoximate cluster [(Me2Sn)2(Me2SnO)(OCH3) (HONZO)(ONZO)] (1), with HONZOH = o‐HONCHC6H4OH, on the acylation reaction of various alcohols with ethyl acetate is reported. The catalyst is active toward primary and unhindered secondary alcohols, but inefficient toward tertiary and secondary bulky alcohols and phenols. A possible mechanism for the transesterification reaction catalyzed by 1, accounting for the influence of steric factors, is proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and ab initio structural study of the ketotin compounds, X3SnCR2CH2COMe: crystal structures of X3SnCMe2CH2COMe (X = Cl and I)
Authors: Milne Bruce F. , Pereira Robson P. , Rocco Ana Maria , Skakle Janet M. S. , Travis Anthony J. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V.
Published: February 2005

The MeCOCH2CMe2 ligand in X3SnCMe2CH2COMe (2; X = halide) acts as a C,O‐chelating group both in the solid state and in non‐coordinating solutions. The intramolecular SnO bond lengths in trigonal bipyramidal 2 (X = Cl and I), as determined by X‐ray crystallography, indicate that the stronger interaction occurs in 2 X = Cl. Comparisons with the SnO bond lengths in the estertin trihalides, X3SnCH2CH2CO2R (1; R = Me), suggest that the latter form stronger chelates than do 2. In chlorocarbon solution, 2 (X = Cl, I) undergoes exchange reactions, as shown by NMR spectra, to give all possible halide derivatives, ∑(ClnI3−nSnCMe2CH2COMe) (n = 0–3). Various ab initio calculations on 2 and X3SnCH2CH2COMe (3) have been carried out. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental structures of 2 for X = Cl or I are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Crystal structure of a homoleptic lanthanide guanidinate complex: [Ph2NC(NCy)2]3Yb·2PhCH3
Authors: Zhou Liying , Yao Yingming , Zhang Yong , Sheng Hongting , Xue Mingqiang , Shen Qi
Published: February 2005

The title complex, [Ph2NC(NCy)2]3Yb·2PhCH3 is a monomer with a six‐coordinate ytterbium center ligated by six nitrogen atoms of three chelating bidentate guanidinate ligands. The coordination geometry around the lanthanide ion is best described as a distorted trigonal prism. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imposex and organotin contamination in Nassarius reticulatus (L.) along the Portuguese coast
Authors: Sousa Ana , Mendo Sónia , Barroso Carlos
Published: February 2005

Nassarius reticulatus (whelk) imposex levels and organotin body burden (b.b.) were surveyed along the Portuguese coast, from Vila Praia de Âncora (northern limit) to Lagos (southern limit), between May and August 2003. The percentage of females affected with imposex (%I), the relative penis length index (RPLI), the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) and the degree of female oviduct convolution index (AOS) were used to assess the level of imposex at each site. These imposex indices were determined for 23 sampling stations throughout the coast and were in the range 0.0–100%, 0.0–90%, 0.0–5.0 and 0.0–1.3 respectively. Sterile females (i.e. females carrying aborted egg capsules inside the capsule gland) were found inside the harbours of Viana do Castelo (8.5%) and Aveiro (3.7%). Organotin compounds were assessed at 10 sampling sites spread along the coast. Tributyltin (TBT) b.b. in females varied between 39 and 1679 ng g−1 (as tin) dry weight, and dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) varied in the ranges 23–1084 ng g−1 (as tin) d and 18–939 ng g−1 dry wt respectively. Among the butyltins, the major fraction corresponded to TBT (47.4%), followed by DBT (27.6%) and MBT (25.0%), which indicates recent TBT inputs. Triphenyltin (TPT) levels ranged from <5 to 21 ng g−1 (as tin), and, when quantifiable, represented on average 10% of that of TBT. TPT was the dominant phenyltin and was detected in 60% of the sampling stations. The imposex was significantly correlated to ln (TBT) (Spearman r = 0.918, p < 0.001 for RPLI; r = 0.864, p < 0.001 for VDSI; r = 0.828, p < 0.01 for AOS). The higher levels of imposex and TBT contamination occurred inside or close to harbours, which we identified as ‘hotspots’ of pollution along the coast. Comparing the results obtained in the current work with those reported in a similar survey in 2000, imposex and TBT b.b. varied locally but did not reveal any global trend in the variation of TBT pollution along the Portuguese coast over the 3 year period. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Bis[(nitro)bis(dithiotetrahydropyrrolocarbamato) bismuth(III)]
Authors: Yin Han Dong , Wang Chuan Hua
Published: February 2005

The loosely associated centrosymmetric structure of [Bi(S2CNC4H8)2(NO3)]2 features chelating dithiocarbamate and nitrate ligands, as well as weak intermolecular BiS interactions, so that a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal S5O2 coordination geometry results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: Di(t‐butyl)tin(IV) ester of pyruvic acid isonicotinyl hydrazone
Authors: Yin Han Dong , Hong Min
Published: February 2005

The tin atom is in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the t‐butyl groups in equatorial positions within a C2NO2 donor set. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of polyoctenamer with WCl6e−AlCH2Cl2 catalyst system via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization
Authors: Çetinkaya Sevil , Karabulut Solmaz , Düz Bülent , Ïmamoǧlu Yavuz
Published: February 2005

A typical low‐strain monomer, cyclooctene, was polymerized via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization with electrochemically produced active species. The structural properties of the polyoctenamer were determined by NMR, gel‐permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Analysis of the polyoctenamer microstructure by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy indicates that the polymer contains a highly cis stereoconfiguration of the double bonds (σc = 0.75). The resulting polymer is of low molecular weight and has a reasonably broad molecular weight distribution (Mw = 18 000, PDI = 1.9). The glass transition temperature and melting point of the polyoctenamer are −11.3 °C and 36.5 °C respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heteroaryl substituted ansa‐titanocene anti‐cancer drugs derived from fulvenes and titanium dichloride
Authors: Rehmann Franz‐Josef K. , Cuffe Laurence P. , Mendoza Oscar , Rai Dilip K. , Sweeney Nigel , Strohfeldt Katja , Gallagher William M. , Tacke Matthias
Published: February 2005

Starting from 2‐furylfulvene (1a), 2‐thiophenylfulvene (1b), and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolylfulvene (1c), [1,2‐di(cyclopentadienyl)‐1,2‐di‐(2‐furyl)ethanediyl] titanium dichloride (2a), [1,2‐di(cyclopentadienyl)‐1,2‐di‐(2‐thiophenyl)ethanediyl] titanium dichloride (2b), and [1,2‐di(cyclopentadienyl)‐1,2‐bis‐(1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolyl)ethanediyl] titanium dichloride (2c) were synthesized. When titanocenes (2a–c) were tested against pig kidney carcinoma cells (LLC‐PK), inhibitory concentrations (50%) of 4.5 × 10−4 M, 2.9 × 10−4 M and 2.0 × 10−4 M respectively were observed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a calix[4]crown modified with germanium‐containing side chains
Authors: Sakurai Takayuki , Takeuchi Yoshito
Published: February 2005

A germacalix‐crown, 25,27‐bis[1‐(3‐trimethylgermylpropyl)oxy]calix[4]arene‐crown‐6, 1,3‐alternate (1a), and its carbon analog, 25,27‐bis‐[1‐(4,4‐dimethylpentyl)oxy]calix[4]arene‐crown‐6, 1,3‐alternate (1b), were prepared and their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. A cation transport test indicated that both compounds exhibited much the same cation transport ability, so that the role of the germanium moiety in capturing and transporting counteranions is not yet clear. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic report: {[Zn(O2CC6H4NO2‐m)(1,10‐phenanthroline)2] O2CC6H4NO2‐m}·2H2O·HO2CC6H4NO2‐m
Authors: Yin Han‐Dong , Wang Chuan‐Hua , Xing Qiu‐Ju
Published: February 2005

The structure of {[Zn(O2CC6H4NO2‐m)(1,10‐phenanthroline)2]O2CC6H4NO2‐m}·2H2O·HO2CC6H4NO2‐m features chelating m‐nitrobenzoate and 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands so that a distorted octahedron N4O2 coordination geometry results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,1‐Ethylboration of alkyn‐1‐yl‐chloro(methyl)silanes: alkenes with chloro(methyl)silyl and diethylboryl groups in cis positions
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Shahid Khadija , Ali Saqib
Published: February 2005

The 1,1‐ethylboration of alkyn‐1‐yl‐chloro(methyl)silanes, Me2Si(Cl)CCR (1) and Me(H)Si(Cl)CCR (2) [R = Bu (2a), CH2NMe2 (2b)] requires harsh reaction conditions (up to 20 days in boiling triethylborane), and leads to alkenes in which the boryl and silyl groups occupy cis ((E)‐isomers: 3a, 3b, 5a, 5b) or trans positions ((Z)‐isomers in smaller quantities: 4b and 6b). The alkenes are destabilized in the presence of SiH(Cl) and CH2NMe2 units (5b, 6b). NMR data indicate hyper‐coordinated silicon by intramolecular NSi coordination in 3b and 5b, by which, at the same time, weak SiClB bridges are favoured. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the acute toxicity of tributyltin and copper to veliger larvae of Nassarius reticulatus (L.)
Authors: Sousa Ana , Génio Luciana , Mendo Sónia , Barrosoi Carlos
Published: February 2005

The ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) is promoting an increasing use of copper as an active biocide in antifouling paints, with consequent rising levels of this metal in the environment. This study assesses the acute toxicity of copper and tributyltin to the larvae of the mollusc gastropod Nassarius reticulatus. Recently hatched veligers were exposed to nominal TBT‐Sn concentrations of 0.9, 1.4, 1.9, 2.8, 3.8, 4.7 and 5.6 µg l−1 and nominal copper concentrations of 9.4, 23.4, 46.9, 70.3, 93.8, 117.2, 140.6 and 164.1 µg l−1 for up to 96 h, under static conditions (17 ± 1 °C and 33 ± 1 psu). The percentage of larval mortality was determined for each organometal/metal concentration and exposure time (1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Both TBT and copper had a highly significant effect on larvae survival (p < 0.001) for all times of exposure, except for the first hour in the particular case of TBT. The lowest observed effect concentration for TBT‐Sn decreased over time from 3.8 µg l−1 at 24 h to 1.9 µg l−1 at 96 h, whereas for copper it remained constant over time (46.9 µg l−1). The median lethal concentration (LC50) for TBT‐Sn decreased from 4.87 µg l−1 at 24 h to 1.78 µg l−1 at 96 h, and the LC50 for copper decreased from 83.08 µg l−1 at 24 h to 58.84 µg l−1 at 96 h. TBT is far more toxic to N. reticulatus larvae than copper. However, owing to the higher copper environmental concentrations, the risk factors of the two biocides may approach each other. This stresses the need to find adequate substitutes for organotin biocides in future antifouling paints. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution Reactions of Propargylic Alcohols with Oxygen‐, Nitrogen‐, and Phosphorus‐Centered Nucleophiles (Chem. Eur. J. 5/2005)
Authors: Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Milton Marilyn Daisy , Inada Youichi , Yoshikawa Masato , Wakiji Issei , Hidai Masanobu , Uemura Sakae
Published: February 2005

The pair of statues of the Nio (Agyo and Ungyo), or Heavenly Kings, were made in 1203 AD and stand at the entrance gate of Todaiji temple (a world culture heritage) in Nara, Japan; Agyo (left) represents the beginning of the universe with its mouth open, while Ungyo (right) represents the end of the universe with its mouth tightly closed. Conceived as a pair they complement each other in protecting the temple from demons and keeping it in the good spirits. In a similar manner, the two Ru atoms in the thiolate‐bridged diruthenium complex work cooperatively to catalyse the propargylic substitution reactions of propargylic alcohols with heteroatom‐centred nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines, amides, and phosphine oxide. Y. Nishibayashi, M. Hidai, S. Uemura, and their co‐workers describe the scope and limitations of the reactions on page 1433 ff.
Thyroid hormone and breast carcinoma
Authors: Cristofanilli Massimo , Yamamura Yuko , Kau Shu‐Wan , Bevers Therese , Strom Sara , Patangan Modesto , Hsu Limin , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Theriault Richard L. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

To investigate the role of primary hypothyroidism (HYPT) on breast carcinogenesis, the authors evaluated 1) the association between HYPT and a diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma and 2) the clinicopathologic characteristics of breast carcinoma in patients with HYPT.

METHODS

For this retrospective chart review study, 1136 women with primary breast carcinoma (PBC) were identified from the authors' departmental data base. These women (cases) were frequency‐matched for age (± 5 years) and ethnicity with 1088 healthy participants (controls) who attended a breast carcinona screening clinic. Women with HYPT who were receiving thyroid‐replacement therapy before they were diagnosed with breast carcinoma or before the screening visit were identified.

RESULTS

The mean ages of cases and controls (51.6 years vs. 51.0 years, respectively; P = 0.30) and their menopausal status (65.4% premenopausal vs. 62% postmenopausal; P = 0.10) were comparable. Two hundred forty‐two women in the case group (10.9%) with HYPT were identified. The prevalence of this condition was significantly greater the control group compared with the case group (14.9% vs. 7.0%, respectively; P < 0.001). PBC patients were 57% less likely to have HYPT compared with their healthy counterparts (odds ratio, 0.43l 95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.57). Seventy‐eight white patients with PBC had HYPT and, compared with women who were euthyroid, they were older at the time of diagnosis (58.8 years vs. 51.1 years; P < 0.001), were more likely to have localized disease (95.0% vs. 85.9% clinical T1 or T2 disease, respectively; P = 0.025), and were more likely to have no pathologic lymph node involvement (62.8% vs. 54.4%; P = 0.15).

CONCLUSIONS

Primary HYPT was associated with a reduced risk for PBC and a more indolent invasive disease. These data suggest a possible biologic role for thyroid hormone in the etiology of breast carcinoma and indicate areas of research for the prevention and treatment of breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Tamoxifen‐treated breast carcinoma patients and the risk of acute myocardial infarction and newly‐diagnosed angina
Authors: Bradbury Brian D. , Lash Timothy L. , Kaye James A. , Jick Susan S.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

It is known that tamoxifen therapy favorably affects blood cholesterol levels and other cardiovascular disease risk factors; however, to our knowledge, few studies to date have reported a lower risk of heart disease for breast carcinoma patients who are treated with tamoxifen.

METHODS

A nested, matched, case–control study design was used with data from the General Practice Research Database to examine whether patients with breast carcinoma who had been treated with tamoxifen were at reduced risk of having a first acute myocardial infarction (MI) or of developing angina compared with unexposed women. All women between age 30 years and age 85 years who had been diagnosed with breast carcinoma and treated with tamoxifen, or who had been diagnosed with carcinoma of the bladder or colorectum, or nonmelanoma skin cancer between January 1991 and December 1999 were identified. From this population, all women were identified who had newly diagnosed acute MI or angina that occurred at least 1 year after their cancer diagnosis. Four female control participants were matched to each case based on age (± 1 year), date of MI or angina diagnosis (corresponding date for matched controls), and date of cancer diagnosis (± 6 months). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were generated using conditional logistic regression, controlling for the matching factors, and adjusting for important risk factors, including body mass index, use of hormone replacement therapy, smoking status, and treated hypertension.

RESULTS

Current users of tamoxifen had a reduced rate ratio of acute MI or angina (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.7) compared with nonusers. The effect persisted with increasing cumulative dose and length of use.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment of breast carcinoma with tamoxifen was found to reduce a woman's risk of acute MI or angina during the 5 years of recommended therapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Alteration of the E‐cadherin/β‐catenin cell adhesion system is common in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors and is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis in atypical carcinoids
Authors: Pelosi Giuseppe , Scarpa Aldo , Puppa Giacomo , Veronesi Giulia , Spaggiari Lorenzo , Pasini Felice , Maisonneuve Patrick , Iannucci Antonio , Arrigoni Gianluigi , Viale Giuseppe
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

To the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding the role of E‐cadherin/β‐catenin system dysregulation in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.

METHODS

E‐cadherin and β‐catenin immunoreactivity was evaluated in 10 hyperplastic neuroendocrine tumorlets and 210 neuroendocrine tumors, including 96 typical carcinoids (CTs), 35 atypical carcinoids (ACTs), 49 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs), and 30 small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs).

RESULTS

Normal and hyperplastic bronchial neuroendocrine cells expressed E‐cadherin/β‐catenin with an orderly distribution along the cell membrane. Neuroendocrine tumors retained β‐catenin expression in all tumors and E‐cadherin in most tumors, with the exception of 2% of LCNECs, 3% of SCLCs and 9% of ACTs. E‐cadherin showed a prevalent membrane‐associated, linear immunoreactivity in CTs, whereas membrane‐disarrayed and cytoplasmic staining was seen in most ACTs, LCNECs, and SCLCs (P < 0.001). β‐Catenin exhibited similar immunoreactivity patterns according to tumor type and a close association with E‐cadherin subcellular distribution (P < 0.001). Nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin was found only in seven LCNECs and in two SCLCs. In ACTs, disarrayed immunoreactivity for E‐cadherin and/or β‐catenin was associated with a nontrabecular growth pattern, altered expression of the cell‐motility marker fascin, and lymph node metastases. Furthermore, a disarrayed E‐cadherin distribution pattern was associated with the pathologic lymph node classification and the number of involved lymph nodes. Multivariate analysis confirmed that a disarrayed E‐cadherin or β‐catenin pattern was an independent predictor of lymph node metastases in patients with ACT.

CONCLUSIONS

The subcellular compartmentalization of the E‐cadherin/β‐catenin complex was altered in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. This likely affects the tumor growth pattern and cell motility of ACT and was correlated with the occurrence of lymph node metastases. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Combined c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 expression in human prostate carcinoma predicts prostate carcinoma progression
Authors: Yang Guang , Timme Terry L. , Frolov Anna , Wheeler Thomas M. , Thompson Timothy C.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

Over‐expression of the oncogene c‐Myc has been implicated in the development and progression of human prostate carcinoma. However, previous assessments of c‐Myc expression have not revealed its potential for predicting prostate carcinoma progression. Caveolin‐1 is associated with prostate carcinoma progression and is a downstream target gene of c‐Myc. The observation that caveolin‐1 can suppress c‐Myc‐induced apoptosis suggested the potential for cooperation between c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 in malignant progression. In this study, the authors evaluated the prognostic potential of combined c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 expression in human prostate carcinoma progression.

METHODS

Immunostaining with c‐Myc and caveolin‐1‐specific antibodies was performed on paraffin sections from 104 radical prostatectomy specimens from men with lymph node negative prostate carcinoma. Combined c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 immunostaining scores were related with the clinical and pathologic features and the probability of prostate‐specific antigen recurrence after surgery.

RESULTS

The combination of c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 immunopositivity correlated positively with Gleason score (ρ = 0.219;P= 0.0253) and positive surgical margin (ρ = 0.333;P= 0.0006). The combination of positive c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 in patients with clinically confined prostate carcinoma was a significant prognostic marker for the time to disease progression after surgery in both univariate analysis (P= 0.0039; hazard ratio, 3.035) and multivariate analysis (P= 0.0114; hazard ratio, 2.916).

CONCLUSIONS

The coexpression of c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 showed potential as a useful prognostic marker for human prostate carcinoma. The current results suggest interactions between c‐Myc and caveolin‐1 in the progression of human prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Protein overexpression and gene amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas
Authors: Suzuki Shioto , Dobashi Yoh , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Nishikawa Keiichi , Hanawa Mitsuhiko , Ooi Akishi
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

Recently, molecular therapies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been developed for clinical use. The current study was conducted to determine 1) the exact frequency of EGFR protein overexpression, 2) the correlation between protein overexpression and EGFR amplification, and 3) the correlation between the status of the genetic and clinicopathologic features in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC).

METHODS

In total, 181 NSCLC samples were examined immunohistochemically using an antibody against EGFR, and tumor cells that exhibited overexpression were examined further for EGFR amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

RESULTS

Overexpression of EGFR protein was found in 34% of the tumors. Among these, EGFR amplification was demonstrated in 74%. High‐level gene amplification was found exclusively in tumors cells with high protein expression. In most of these tumors, cells that exhibited EGFR overexpression and gene amplification were distributed heterogeneously, even within a single tumor nodule. Statistically, EGFR overexpression was correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis and with a more advanced pathologic stage. Moreover, in adenocarcinomas, gene amplification was correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis and tended to be correlated with a more advanced pathologic stage.

CONCLUSIONS

The overexpression of EGFR in NSCLC was accompanied predominantly, but not exclusively, by gene amplification. It is important to evaluate not only protein overexpression but also the EGFR status to design adjuvant therapies for patients with NSCLC, because specimens that exhibit both protein overexpression and gene amplification may predict eventual lymph node metastasis and, possibly, aggressive tumor behavior. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
International Classification of Childhood Cancer, third edition
Authors: Steliarova‐Foucher Eva , Stiller Charles , Lacour Brigitte , Kaatsch Peter
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

The third edition of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD‐O‐3), which was published in 2000, introduced major changes in coding and classification of neoplasms, notably for leukemias and lymphomas, which are important groups of cancer types that occur in childhood. This necessitated a third revision of the 1996 International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC‐3).

METHODS

The tumor categories for the ICCC‐3 were designed to respect several principles: agreement with current international standards, integration of the entities defined by newly developed diagnostic techniques, continuity with previous childhood classifications, and exhaustiveness.

RESULTS

The ICCC‐3 classifies tumors coded according to the ICD‐O‐3 into 12 main groups, which are split further into 47 subgroups. These 2 levels of the ICCC‐3 allow standardized comparisons of the broad categories of childhood neoplasms in continuity with the previous classifications. The 16 most heterogeneous subgroups are broken down further into 2–11 divisions to allow study of important entities or homogeneous collections of tumors characterized at the cytogenetic or molecular level. Some divisions may be combined across the higher‐level categories, such as the B‐cell neoplasms within leukemias and lymphomas.

CONCLUSIONS

The ICCC‐3 respects currently existing international standards and was designed for use in international, population‐based, epidemiological studies and cancer registries. The use of an international classification system is especially important in the field of pediatric oncology, in which the low frequency of cases requires rigorous procedures to ensure data comparability. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Malignant melanoma in pregnancy
Authors: O'Meara Anne T. , Cress Rosemary , Xing Guibo , Danielsen Beate , Smith Lloyd H.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

For many years, there has been controversy in the medical community regarding the correlation of female hormonal factors with the outcome of women with malignant melanoma. There have been multiple reports that women with high hormone states, such as pregnancy, had thicker tumors and/or a worse prognosis compared with a group of control women.

METHODS

The authors used a database that contained maternal and neonatal discharge records from the entire state of California from 1991 to 1999 and linked those records to the California Cancer Registry, which maintains legally mandated records of all cancers reported in California during the same time period. Four hundred twelve women with malignant melanoma diagnosed during or within 1 year after pregnancy were identified (145 antepartum, 4 at delivery, and 263 postpartum) and were compared with a group of age‐matched, nonpregnant women with melanoma (controls). The database captured only pregnancies at ≥ 20 weeks of gestation.

RESULTS

When comparing women who had pregnancy‐associated melanoma with the control group, the authors found no difference in the distribution of disease stage (82.0% of pregnant and postpartum women had localized melanoma vs. 81.9% of control women) or the tumor thickness (mean: 0.77 mm for pregnant women, 0.90 mm for postpartum women, and 0.81 mm for the control group). In a multiple regression model that controlled for age, race, stage, and tumor thickness, pregnancy had no impact on survival in women with melanoma. Lymph node assessment and positivity of lymph nodes also were equivalent between the two groups. Maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between pregnant women with melanoma and control women who were pregnant and had no history of malignancy. Small numbers of women with advanced melanoma and the inability to capture melanoma that occurred in pregnancies that were lost or were terminated prior to 20 weeks limited the conclusions primarily to women with localized melanoma.

CONCLUSIONS

In this large, population‐based study of pregnant women in California from 1991 to 1999 with malignant melanoma, there were no data found to support a more advanced stage, thicker tumors, increased metastases to lymph nodes, or a worsened survival. The outcome for women with localized melanoma associated with pregnancy was excellent. Maternal and neonatal outcomes also were equivalent to those of pregnant women without melanoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Making tubes in the Drosophila embryo
Authors: Myat Monn Monn
Published: February 2005

Epithelial and endothelial tubes come in various shapes and sizes and form the basic units of many tubular organs. During embryonic development, single unbranched tubes as well as highly branched networks of tubes form from simple sheets of cells by several morphogenic movements. Studies of tube formation in the Drosophila embryo have greatly advanced our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which tubes are formed. This review highlights recent progress on formation of the hindgut, Malpighian tubules, proventriculus, salivary gland, and trachea of the Drosophila embryo, focusing on the cellular events that form each tube and their genetic requirements. Developmental Dynamics 232:617–632, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal‐less functions in subdividing the Drosophila thoracic limb primordium
Authors: Bolinger Reese A. , Boekhoff‐Falk Grace
Published: February 2005

The thoracic limb primordium of Drosophila melanogaster is a useful experimental model in which to study how unique tissue types are specified from multipotent founder cell populations. The second thoracic segment limb primordium gives rise to three structures: the wing imaginal disc, the leg imaginal disc, and a larval mechanosensory structure called Keilin's organ. We report that most of the limb primordium arises within neurogenic ectoderm and demonstrate that the neural and imaginal components of the primordium have distinct developmental potentials. We also provide the first analysis of the genetic pathways that subdivide the progenitor cell population into uniquely imaginal and neural identities. In particular, we demonstrate that the imaginal gene escargot represses Keilin's organ fate and that Keilin's organ is specified by Distal‐less in conjunction with the downstream achaete‐scute complex. This specification involves both the activation of the neural genes cut and couch potato and the repression of escargot. In the absence of achaete‐scute complex function, cells adopt mixed identities and subsequently die. We propose that central cells of the primordium previously thought to contribute to the distal leg are Keilin's organ precursors, while both proximal and distal leg precursors are located more peripherally and within the escargot domain. Developmental Dynamics 232:801‐816, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
dAkt kinase controls follicle cell size during Drosophila oogenesis
Authors: Cavaliere Valeria , Donati Alessandra , Hsouna Anita , Hsu Tien , Gargiulo Giuseppe
Published: February 2005

The Drosophila Akt (dAkt) serine/threonine kinase is a component of the insulin receptor/PI3K signaling pathway that regulates cell growth. Here, we show that this kinase is expressed during Drosophila oogenesis and is required for egg chamber development. Loss of dAkt function in follicle cells causes a cell‐autonomous reduction of cell size while expression of the constitutively active myristylated form of this kinase (dAktmyr) causes increased cell size. Accordingly, expression of the antagonist dPTEN in the same follicular domains causes reduced follicle cell size. Perturbations of dAkt function do not affect follicle cell proliferation or cell death. Of interest, expression of dAktmyr in the posterior domain of the follicular epithelium causes a delay in the posterior movement of follicular epithelium and dumpless‐like egg chambers. It appears that dAkt is required for maintaining the continuity of cell size within the follicular epithelium, which in turn is necessary for its proper morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 232:845–854, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compartmentalized morphogenesis in epithelia: From cell to tissue shape
Authors: Pilot Fanny , Lecuit Thomas
Published: February 2005

During development, embryonic tissues are shaped in a species‐specific manner. Yet, across species, general classes of tissue remodeling events occur, such as tissue infolding and tissue elongation. The spatiotemporal control of these morphogenetic processes is responsible for the organization of different body plans, as well as for organogenesis. Cell morphogenesis in a mesenchyme contributes to the shaping of embryonic tissues. Epithelial cells, despite that they need to maintain an apicobasal organization, play an equally important role during morphogenesis. Moving from apical to basal, we review compartmentalized cellular rearrangements underlying tissue remodeling in Drosophila and compare them with those found in other organisms. Contractile activity at the apical surface triggers tissue folding and invagination. The regulation of adhesion at adherens junctions controls polarized neighbor exchange during intercalation and tissue elongation. Basolateral protrusive activity underlies other cases of intercalation. These localized cell shape changes are spatially regulated by developmental signals. Some signals define a local change in cell behavior (e.g., apical constriction), others orient a dynamic process in the plane of the tissue (e.g., junction remodeling). Developmental Dynamics 232:685–694, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel spatiotemporal patterns of epithelial tumor invasion in Drosophila discs large egg chambers
Authors: Goode Scott , Wei Jun , Kishore Sirish
Published: February 2005

Loss of Discslarge (Dlg) in early Drosophila egg chambers causes invasion of tumor follicle cells from the anterior epithelium, a pattern that resembles developmental border cell migration during mid‐oogenesis. Here, we have analyzed novel spatial and temporal patterns of dlg invasion. Even though Dlg is ubiquitously expressed in all follicle cells, invasions are biased at the anterior and posterior termini. The patterns of invasion correlate with both a higher rate of follicle cell proliferation and with a greater frequency of loss of epithelial polarity at the termini compared with central regions of the egg chamber. Nonetheless, the average number of cells that invade per invasion event from terminal vs. central regions is approximately equal. Of interest, patterns of dlg invasion appear to coincide with boundaries established by proto‐oncogene signals responsible for anterior–posterior patterning. The Drosophila egg chamber may thus be a useful model for exploring how epithelial tumor invasion might be a neomorphogenetic process organized by signals essential for developmental pattern formation. Developmental Dynamics 232:855–864, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activated RIC, a small GTPase, genetically interacts with the Ras pathway and calmodulin during Drosophila development
Authors: Harrison Susan M.W. , Rudolph Jennifer L. , Spencer Michael L. , Wes Paul D. , Montell Craig , Andres Douglas A. , Harrison Douglas A.
Published: February 2005

The mammalian Rit and Rin proteins, along with the Drosophila homologue RIC, comprise a distinct and evolutionarily conserved subfamily of Ras‐related small GTP‐binding proteins. Unlike other Ras superfamily members, these proteins lack a signal for prenylation, contain a conserved but distinct effector domain, and, in the case of Rin and RIC, contain calmodulin‐binding domains. To address the physiological role of this Ras subfamily in vivo, activated forms of the Drosophila Ric gene were introduced into flies. Expression of activated RIC proteins altered the development of well‐characterized adult structures, including wing veins and photoreceptors of the compound eye. The effects of activated RIC could be mitigated by a reduction in dosage of several genes in the Drosophila Ras cascade, including Son of sevenless (Sos), Dsor (MEK), rolled (MAPK), and Ras itself. On the other hand, reduction of calmodulin exacerbated the defects caused by activated RIC, thus providing the first functional evidence for interaction of these molecules. We conclude that the activation of the Ras cascade may be an important in vivo requisite to the transduction of signals through RIC and that the binding of calmodulin to RIC may negatively regulate this small GTPase. Developmental Dynamics 232:817–826, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of individual admixture: Analytical and study design considerations
Authors: Tang Hua , Peng Jie , Wang Pei , Risch Neil J.
Published: February 2005

The genome of an admixed individual represents a mixture of alleles from different ancestries. In the United States, the two largest minority groups, African‐Americans and Hispanics, are both admixed. An understanding of the admixture proportion at an individual level (individual admixture, or IA) is valuable for both population geneticists and epidemiologists who conduct case‐control association studies in these groups. Here we present an extension of a previously described frequentist (maximum likelihood or ML) approach to estimate individual admixture that allows for uncertainty in ancestral allele frequencies. We compare this approach both to prior partial likelihood based methods as well as more recently described Bayesian MCMC methods. Our full ML method demonstrates increased robustness when compared to an existing partial ML approach. Simulations also suggest that this frequentist estimator achieves similar efficiency, measured by the mean squared error criterion, as Bayesian methods but requires just a fraction of the computational time to produce point estimates, allowing for extensive analysis (e.g., simulations) not possible by Bayesian methods. Our simulation results demonstrate that inclusion of ancestral populations or their surrogates in the analysis is required by any method of IA estimation to obtain reasonable results. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms and risk of low birth weight
Authors: Chen Dafang , Hu Yonghua , Yang Fan , Li Zhiping , Wu Baiyan , Fang Zhian , Li Jianping , Wang Lihua
Published: February 2005

This study investigated the association between polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 genes (CYP1A1MspI, CYP1A1HincII, and CYP2E1) and low birth weight. Between July 1999 and June 2002, we conducted a study using infant‐parents triads in Anqing, China. The analyses included the families of 248 normal birth weight, full‐term infants, and 248 low‐birth‐weight infants. Genotyping was performed for the polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 genes using standard techniques. We used log‐linear modeling to analyze the association of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms with the risk of low birth weight. In the analysis of children's genotypes, the relative risk was 1.92 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 3.52, p=0.034) for CYP1A1MspI C/C6235 compared with CYP1A1 MspI T/T6235. In the analysis of mothers' genotypes, an association was also seen for maternal CYP1A1MspI C/C6235 compared with CYP1A1MspI T/T6235 (relative risk: 1.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 2.68, p=0.029). We did not observe a joint effect between mother's and children's genotypes. Analysis of control triads suggests Mendelian transmissions of the variant alleles of CYP1A1MspI, CYP1A1HincII, and CYP2E1. In conclusion, both infant and maternal CYP1A1MspI C/C6235 genotypes were associated with increased risk of low birth weight in our study population. This suggests a possible role for human cytochrome P450 variability in the etiology of low birth weight. Genet. Epidemiol. 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increasing socio‐economic inequalities in life expectancy and QALYs in Sweden 1980–1997
Authors: Burström Kristina , Johannesson Magnus , Diderichsen Finn
Published: February 2005

The aim of this study was to estimate the change in socio‐economic differences in life expectancy and in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), for men and women at different ages, in Sweden 1980 to 1997. We used data from the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions (the ULF survey), which is linked to mortality data, to estimate the life expectancy in different socio‐economic groups in 1980 and 1997 (n=100 868). Health state scores were obtained by mapping responses to selected ULF survey interview questions into the generic health‐related quality of life measure EQ‐5D, using the UK EQ‐5D index tariff (n=34 447). For 20‐year‐old men the difference in life expectancy between the highest (higher non‐manual) and the lowest socio‐economic group (unskilled manual) was 2.11 years in 1980 and 3.79 years in 1997. The corresponding figures for 20‐year‐old women were 1.56 in 1980 and 2.15 in 1997. The difference in QALYs between the highest and the lowest socio‐economic group increased from 5.76 QALYs in 1980 to 7.06 QALYs in 1997 for 20‐year‐old men, and from 4.14 QALYs in 1980 to 5.66 QALYs in 1997 for 20‐year‐old women. The widening socio‐economic inequalities over time were more stable for men than for women. We conclude that our results suggest that the socio‐economic inequality in health has increased between 1980 and 1997 in Sweden. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal mixing to improve the performance of batch and continuous fermentations with recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Ganduri Venkata SRK , Ghosh Sanjoy , Patnaik Pratap R
Published: February 2005

Fermentations with genetically altered bacteria tend to lose plasmids as the fermentation progresses. Methods such as two‐stage cultivation, cell recycle and the addition of antibiotics are commonly used to enhance plasmid stability. Here we examine a different method, the regulation of mixing in the bioreactor. In particular, large bioreactors are considered where uniform mixing is difficult to achieve and the probability of plasmid loss varies with the specific growth rate. For both batch and continuous cultivations of Escherichia coli C600 gal K containing the plasmid pBR Eco gap, it is seen through a model that both modes of operation exhibit high plasmid stability and cell growth when the broth is incompletely mixed, and mixing near and away from the point of inoculation are unequal. Thus, the natural incomplete mixing in large bioreactors may be utilized to improve plasmid stability. A practical method to implement this idea is suggested. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry