bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EGF‐induced ERK‐activation downstream of FAK requires rac1‐NADPH oxidase
Authors: Flinder Liv Ingrid , Timofeeva Olga A. , Rosseland Carola M. , Wierød Lene , Huitfeldt Henrik S. , Skarpen Ellen
Published: December 2010

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules mainly by reversible oxidation of redox‐sensitive target proteins. ROS can be produced in response to integrin ligation and growth factor stimulation through Rac1 and its effector protein NADPH oxidase. One of the central roles of Rac1‐NADPH oxidase is actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, which is essential for cell spreading and migration. Another important regulator of cell spread is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a coordinator of integrin and growth factor signaling. Here, we propose a novel role for NADPH oxidase as a modulator of the FAK autophosphorylation site. We found that Rac1‐NADPH oxidase enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK at Y397. This site regulates FAK's ability to act as a scaffold for EGF‐mediated signaling, including activation of ERK. Accordingly, we found that EGF‐induced activation of FAK at Y925, the following activation of ERK, and phosphorylation of FAK at the ERK‐regulated S910‐site depended upon NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, the inhibition of NADPH oxidase caused excessive focal adhesions, which is in accordance with ERK and FAK being modulators of focal adhesion dissociation. Our data suggest that Rac1 through NADPH oxidase is part of the signaling pathway constituted by FAK, Rac1, and ERK that regulates focal adhesion disassembly during cell spreading. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2267–2278, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trail down‐regulates the release of osteoprotegerin (OPG) by primary stromal cells
Authors: Corallini Federica , Celeghini Claudio , Rimondi Erika , di Iasio Maria Grazia , Gonelli Arianna , Secchiero Paola , Zauli Giorgio
Published: December 2010

The soluble member of the TNF‐R superfamily osteoprotegerin (OPG) is abundantly released under basal conditions by both mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and fibroblasts and by endothelial cells upon stimulation with inflammatory cytokines. Since MSC, fibroblasts and endothelial cells represent key elements of the normal and tumor microenvironment and express detectable levels of surface TRAIL receptors, we investigated the effect of TRAIL on OPG release. Unexpectedly, recombinant TRAIL decreased the spontaneous OPG release in all cell types examined. Moreover, TRAIL decreased OPG release also in stromal cells co‐cultured with lymphoma cells and counteracted the OPG induction by ${\rm TNF} \hbox{-} {\tilde {\alpha }}$ in HUVEC and MSC. Such down‐regulation was not due to a masking effect in the ELISA quantification of the OPG released in the culture supernatants due to binding of OPG to its ligands (TRAIL and RANKL), as demonstrated by competition experiments with recombinant TRAIL and by the lack of RANKL release/induction. In addition, OPG down‐regulation was not due to induction of cytotoxic effects by TRAIL, since the degree of apoptosis in response to TRAIL was negligible in all primary cell types. With regards to the possible molecular mechanism accounting for the down‐regulation of OPG release by TRAIL, we found that treatment of MSC with TRAIL significantly decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38/MAPK. There is a suggestion that this pathway is involved in the stabilization of OPG mRNA. In this respect, the ability of TRAIL to decrease the release of OPG, in the absence of cell cytotoxicity, was mimicked by the p38/MAPK inhibitor SB203580. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 2279–2286, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suckermouth armored catfish resolve the paradox of simultaneous respiration and suction attachment: a kinematic study of Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
Authors: Geerinckx Tom , Herrel Anthony , Adriaens Dominique
Published: December 2010

Suckermouth armored catfishes (Loricariidae) use their suckermouth for inspiration, feeding, and attachment to substrates. The sucker consists of a pre‐valvular cavity, formed by a modified lip disc, and is separated from the larger post‐valvular buccal cavity by a muscular oral valve. The combination of respiration and suction attachment seems paradoxal, as a properly functioning suction device would need a sucker without leakage (yet inspiration must occur via the sucker), and continuous subambient pressure in the sucker cavity (even during expiratory mouth floor elevation). In the loricariid Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, the anatomy of the suckermouth structures was examined, and a kinematic analysis was performed to acquire insights into how respiration and attachment are combined. High‐speed external and X‐ray recordings show that suckermouth attachment influences respiratory parameters such as decreasing excursion amplitudes of mouth floor elements, and the way water enters the mouth via furrows in the lip disc. Respiration, however, continues during attachment and is not blocked. Our data show that the muscular oral valve actively separates the post‐valvular buccal cavity from the pre‐valvular sucker cavity. Volume changes of this pre‐valvular cavity are opposite to those of the post‐valvular cavity and assure sucker function even during expiration. These volume changes are caused by movements of the lower lip, the lower jaws, and the oral valve. The lateral inflow furrow openings, controlled by the maxillary barbels, can occur unilaterally. Morphological and kinematic data also show that the opercle is anatomically and functionally decoupled from the gill opening. J. Exp. Zool. 315:121–131, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental transcriptome ofAplysia californica'
Authors: Heyland Andreas , Vue Zer , Voolstra Christian R. , Medina Mónica , Moroz Leonid L.
Published: December 2010

Genome‐wide transcriptional changes in development provide important insight into mechanisms underlying growth, differentiation, and patterning. However, such large‐scale developmental studies have been limited to a few representatives of Ecdysozoans and Chordates. Here, we characterize transcriptomes of embryonic, larval, and metamorphic development in the marine molluscAplysia californicaand reveal novel molecular components associated with life history transitions. Specifically, we identify more than 20 signal peptides, putative hormones, and transcription factors in association with early development and metamorphic stages—many of which seem to be evolutionarily conserved elements of signal transduction pathways. We also characterize genes related to biomineralization—a critical process of molluscan development. In summary, our experiment provides the first large‐scale survey of gene expression in mollusc development, and complements previous studies on the regulatory mechanisms underlying body plan patterning and the formation of larval and juvenile structures. This study serves as a resource for further functional annotation of transcripts and genes inAplysia, specifically and molluscs in general. A comparison of theAplysiadevelopmental transcriptome with similar studies in the zebra fishDanio rerio, the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, and other studies on molluscs suggests an overall highly divergent pattern of gene regulatory mechanisms that are likely a consequence of the different developmental modes of these organisms.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:113–134, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prophylactic, therapeutic and immune enhancement effect of liposome‐encapsulated PolyICLC on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza infection
Authors: Li Yi , Hu Yanxin , Jin Yi , Zhang Guozhong , Wong Jonathan , Sun Lun‐Quan , Wang Ming
Published: December 2010

Background

In view of the magnitude and severity of outbreaks of the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus (H5N1‐HPIV) and the threat to public health, there is an urgent need to develop broad‐spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic agents against infection by H5N1‐HPIV and other subtypes.

Methods and Results

In the present study, we explored the use of LE‐PolyICLC, a liposome encapsulated double‐stranded RNA, as a possible prophylactic, therapeutic and immune enhancement agent. In a mouse infection model, we showed that the administration of LE‐PolyICLC intranasally before or shortly after infection could inhibit virus replication, leading to a significant reduction in pulmonary viral titres and a higher survival rate of infected mice. When used as a molecular adjuvant, LE‐PolyICLC significantly enhanced both the humoral and cellular responses elicited by inactivated H5N1 vaccine and augmented the protective efficacy provided by vaccination. Most importantly, the data also demonstrate that LE‐PolyICLC could effectively attenuate the development of pulmonary fibrosis during the restoration period at day 14 after H5N1 infection.

Conclusions

Taken together, the data obtained in the present study suggest that strong consideration should be given for the use of LE‐PolyICLC as prophylactic and therapeutic agents and also as a vaccination adjuvant to combat highly pathogenic influenza infection and its associated complications such as pulmonary fibrosis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of destination attributes on Muslim tourist's choice
Authors: Battour Mohamed , Ismail Mohd Nazari , Battor Moustafa
Published: December 2010

The success of marketing destinations for Muslim tourists could be guided by observing Islamic teachings in tourism activities. This study is a trial to explore which Islamic attributes of destinations could be used a base for tailoring Halal tourist packages. Qualitative data were collected by conducting two focus group discussions and fifty three interviews in Malaysia. Two major aspects are identified which may attract Muslim tourists. Some suggestions are also presented to satisfy Muslim tourists. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Documented combat‐related mental health problems in military noncombatants
Authors: Peterson Alan L. , Wong Vanessa , Haynes Margaret F. , Bush Anneke C. , Schillerstrom Jason E.
Published: December 2010

Although combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been documented for military combatants, little is known about PTSD in noncombatants. Active‐duty U.S. Air Force noncombatants (N = 5,367) completed a Post‐Deployment Health Assessment upon return from combat zones in Iraq (n = 4,408) or a noncombat zone in Qatar (n = 959). Those deployed to Iraq were significantly more likely to report exposure to someone who was wounded or killed (20.8% vs. 6.3%), feeling in great danger of being killed at some point during deployment (18.9% vs. 3.5%), symptoms of PTSD (4.1% vs. 0.7%), and symptoms of major depression (9.9% vs. 5.4%). These findings suggest that deployment to a war zone is associated with increased mental health problems, even for noncombatants.
DIN 32 625
Authors: Seel Fritz
Published: December 2010

Die Norm DIN 32 625, über die im letzten Heft bereits kurz berichtet wurde, ist nicht auf einhellige Begeisterung der Chemiker gestoßen. Wir bringen hier eine kritische Analyse von Prof. Seel (Saarbrücken), auf die noch einmal eine Darstellung aus der Sicht der verantwortlichen Kommission folgt; dieser Text ist in leicht veränderter Form bereits früher im Mitteilungsblatt der Fachgruppe “Analytische Chemie” der GDCh (Springer–Verlag) erschienen.
Forscher in geheimer Mission
Authors: Neubauer Uta
Published: December 2010

Innovationen verdanken Unternehmen häufig nicht ihren Forschungsmanagern, sondern kreativen Einzelkämpfern, die eigene Ideen verfolgen – oft heimlich oder sogar gegen den ausdrücklichen Willen ihrer Vorgesetzten.
Totalsynthese polyketider mariner Naturstoffe: Amphidinolide (Teil 2)
Authors: Zeitler Kirsten , König Burkhard
Published: December 2010

Metallkatalysierte Transformationen stehen im Zentrum der Totalsynthesen von Amphidinolid W, P und X.
Erfolgsfaktor Qualität in der Pharmaforschung
Authors: Kramer Peter‐Jürgen , Kgaa Merck , Pohl Barbara
Published: December 2010

Ein Qualitätsmanagementsystem in der präklinischen Forschung hilft dabei, Ressourcen optimal zu nutzen. 2005 hat Merck ein solches System in Kraft gesetzt, bis Ende 2006 soll es vollständig implementiert sein.
Hochdurchsatz‐Kristallisation von Proteinen
Authors: Honisch Ulrike , Gottschlich Norbert , Jehle Heinrich
Published: December 2010

Erster Schritt bei der Strukturaufklärung von Proteinen mit Röntgenstrukturanalyse ist die Züchtung von Proteinkristallen. Hochdurchsatz‐Techniken sowie spezialisierte Mikroplatten tragen entscheidend dazu bei, sowohl den zeitlichen als auch den finanziellen Aufwand zu reduzieren.
Mehrstufige Enzymprozesse in Graz
Authors: Griengl Herfried , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

Eine Gesamtschau der komplexen Transformationen in der industriellen Biotechnologie hatte sich das Symposium „Multistep Enzyme Catalysed Processes”︁ zum Ziel gesetzt, das Mitte April in Graz stattfand. Etwa 200 Teilnehmer aus Hochschule und Industrie, darunter zahlreiche aus nichteuropäischen Ländern, waren dem Ruf der Organisatoren, dem Kompetenzzentrum Angewandte Biokatalyse in Graz und der Section of Applied Biocatalysis (ESAB) der European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) gefolgt. 32 Vorträge und 80 Poster deckten den breiten Themenbereich ab.
From here to Bologna
Authors: Mitchell Terence
Published: December 2010

The Bologna process promises to create a unified education system in 45 countries by 2010. Is this an achievable goal? Terry Mitchell looks at the ins and outs of Bologna.
Fluoreszierende Proteine zeigen den Weg durch die Zelle
Authors: Michaelis Jens , Ruthardt Nadia , Sterzel Eva
Published: December 2010

Die Fluoreszenzmikroskopie ist heute in der Lage, die Dynamik einzelner Biomoleküle zu verfolgen. Fluoreszierende Proteine machen Transportprozesse in lebenden Zellen sichtbar.
Radical Polymerization: Kinetics and Mechanism
Authors: Braun Dietrich
Published: December 2010

Im September fand in Il Ciocco in den Bergen der Toskana das vierte „International Symposium on Free‐Radical Polymerization”︁ statt. Zu der von Michael Buback, Göttingen, und Alex M. van Herk, Eindhoven, vorbereiteten Tagung waren aus insgesamt 25 Ländern etwa 180 Teilnehmer, davon etwa 30 aus der Industrie, gekommen.
42. Symposium für Theoretische Chemie
Authors: Heine Thomas
Published: December 2010

Quantum Chemistry – Methods and Applications war das Thema des 42. Symposiums für Theoretische Chemie (STC), das im September in Erkner bei Berlin stattfand. 280 Theoretiker aus 20 Ländern nahmen teil; mit Englisch als Konferenzsprache hat die Konferenz auch international an Anziehungskraft gewonnen.
EChemTest: The Assessment of Chemistry Knowledge
Authors: Laganà Antonio
Published: December 2010

EChemTest aims to evaluate knowledge and skills in Chemistry.
Efficient block preconditioners for the coupled equations of pressure and deformation in highly discontinuous media
Authors: Haga Joachim Berdal , Osnes Harald , Langtangen Hans Petter
Published: December 2010

Large‐scale simulations of flow in deformable porous media require efficient iterative methods for solving the involved systems of linear algebraic equations. Construction of efficient iterative methods is particularly challenging in problems with large jumps in material properties, which is often the case in geological applications, such as basin evolution at regional scales. The success of iterative methods for this type of problems depends strongly on finding effective preconditioners. This paper investigates how the block‐structured matrix system arising from single‐phase flow in elastic porous media should be preconditioned, in particular for highly discontinuous permeability and significant jumps in elastic properties. The most promising preconditioner combines algebraic multigrid with a Schur complement‐based exact block decomposition. The paper compares numerous block preconditioners with the aim of providing guidelines on how to formulate efficient preconditioners. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the fogg intent‐to‐screen for HIV (ITS HIV) questionnaire
Authors: Fogg Catherine J. , Mawn Barbara Ellen , Porell Frank
Published: December 2010

In this paper, we describe the development and psychometric properties of the Fogg Intent‐to‐Screen for HIV questionnaire (ITS HIV), which measures peoples' beliefs and intentions toward HIV screening. The ITS HIV was developed using the Theory of Planned Behavior as the framework for a developmental process that included qualitative interviews, a validation phase, two pilot tests, and a field test of the final 55‐item questionnaire. The field test involved 312 homeless persons from five New England states. Cronbach alphas of the direct measures scales ranged from .72 to .90. Findings from a path analysis verified the construct validity. The psychometric estimates from these analyses suggest the ITS HIV questionnaire is appropriate for use in clinical practice or to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:73–84, 2011
The use of functionalized nanoparticles as non‐specific compatibilizers for polymer blends
Authors: Zhang W. , Lin M. , Winesett A. , Dhez O. , Kilcoyne A. LD. , Ade H. , Rubinstein M. , Shafi K. V. P. M. , Ulman A. , Gersappe D. , Tenne R. , Rafailovich M. , Sokolov J. , Frisch H. L.
Published: December 2010

The ability to form blends of polymers offers the opportunity of creating a new class of materials with enhanced properties. In addition to the polymer components, recent advances in nanoengineering have resulted in the development of nanosized inorganic particles that can be used to improve the properties of the blend, such as the flammability and the mechanical properties. While traditional methods using copolymer compatibilizers have been used to strengthen polymer blends, here, we show that the inorganic nanosized filler additive can also serve as a compatibilizer as it can localize to the interface between the polymers. We use experimental and theoretical studies to show the fundamental mechanisms by which inorganic fillers with large aspect ratio and at least one‐dimension in the nanometer range, can act as non‐specific compatibilizers for polymer blends. We examine a series of nanosized fillers, ranging from nanotubes to nanoclays (with varying aspect ratios) in a model polystyrene (PS)/poly(methylmethacyralate) (PMMA) blend. Using a number of experimental techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning tunneling X‐ray microscopy (STXM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) we postulate that the mechanism of compatibilization occurs as a result of the fillers forming in situ grafts with the immiscible polymers. We also use theoretical studies to show that the aspect ratio and the bending energy of the fillers play a key role in the compatibilization process. Our results indicate that the compatibilization is a general phenomenon, which should occur with all large aspect ratio nanofiller additives to polymer blends. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible Fanconi syndrome in a pediatric patient on deferasirox
Authors: Rheault Michelle N. , Bechtel Heather , Neglia Joseph P. , Kashtan Clifford E.
Published: December 2010

Deferasirox (Exjade®, Novartis) is a widely used oral iron chelator for the treatment of patients with iron overload due to chronic transfusion therapy for diseases such as β‐thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Renal side effects of deferasirox are common and include non‐progressive increases in serum creatinine, however, the effect of deferasirox on proximal tubule function is unclear. We report one pediatric patient with reversible Fanconi syndrome associated with long‐term deferasirox therapy and one patient with mild proximal tubular dysfunction. Kidney and proximal tubular function should be periodically monitored in patients receiving deferasirox throughout their course of therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:674–676. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Association of British Clinical Diabetologists: recommendations following suspension of rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Authors: Goenka Niru , Roberts Aled , Rowles Susannah , Ryder Bob , Winocour Peter
Published: December 2010

For all new prescriptions of thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone must be used

Patients already taking rosiglitazone should have a medication review in order to consider alternative therapy

Replacement therapy should be tailored according to the clinical needs of the individual patient and should be in line with existing NICE guidance when possible.

Those patients whose glycaemic control requires consideration of alternatives to sulphonylureas and metformin should have an assessment of cardiovascular risk status, heart failure, osteoporosis fracture risk, weight, hepatic and renal function, hypoglycaemia and pancreatitis risk

Patients already taking rosiglitazone who do not wish to change to alternative therapy should be advised that it is not possible to continue rosiglitazone as this therapy has been suspended and will be withdrawn

Prior evidence of heart failure or impairment of left ventricular function remains a strict contraindication for the use of any thiazolidinediones. Osteoporosis and previous fracture may also be considered a contraindication to a thiazolidinedione
Controlling the Spatial Distribution of Polymer Surface Treatment Using Atmospheric‐Pressure Microplasma Jets
Authors: Szili Endre J. , Al‐Bataineh Sameer A. , Bryant Paul M. , Short Robert D. , Bradley James W. , Steele David A.
Published: December 2010

This report addresses the challenge of using microplasma jets to modify surfaces with precise chemistries over exact areas. We explore how different treatment conditions (time and distance) and operational parameters (voltage and frequency) influence the spatial modification of a model polymer (polystyrene) in terms of size, degree and nature of the surface modification. At 4.5 kVpk–pk, the visible glow of the microplasma jet was confined to within the capillary tube (tube inner diameter = 0.7 mm) and resulted in a narrower area of treatment compared to when the visible glow extended 3 mm into the ambient atmosphere at 8.0 kVpk–pk. Short treatment times of 15 s or less, longer capillary tube‐sample separation distances of several mm and lower frequencies of 5–10 kHz were also required to reduce expansion of treatment. Low concentrations of carboxylates (<1.5%) incorporated into the surface layer were indicative of ‘stable’ surfaces resistant to washing. The optimised parameters were then applied to produce smaller treated areas of 200 µm in diameter using a 142 µm inner diameter capillary tube microplasma jet assembly. In summary, this study provides an insight into how spatial surface modifications can be controlled using atmospheric‐pressure microplasma jets.

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Cardiovascular proteomics: Translational studies to develop novel biomarkers in heart failure and left ventricular remodeling
Authors: Dubois Emilie , Fertin Marie , Burdese Justine , Amouyel Philippe , Bauters Christophe , Pinet Florence
Published: December 2010

Heart failure (HF) remains a severe disease with a poor prognosis. HF biomarkers may include demographic features, cardiac imaging, or genetic polymorphisms but this term is commonly applied to circulating serum or plasma analytes. Biomarkers may have at least three clinical uses in the context of HF: diagnosis, risk stratification, and guidance in the selection of therapy. Proteomic studies on HF biomarkers can be designed as case/control using clinical endpoints; alternatively, left ventricular remodeling can be used as a surrogate endpoint. The type of samples (tissue, cells, serum or plasma) used for proteomic analysis is a key factor in the research of biomarkers. Since the final aim is the discovery of circulating biomarkers, and since plasma and serum samples are easily accessible, proteomic analysis is frequently used for blood samples. However, standardization of sampling and access to low‐abundance proteins remains problematic. Although, proteomics is playing a major role in the discovery phase of biomarkers, validation in independent populations is necessary by using more specific methods. The knowledge of new HF biomarkers may allow a more personalized medicine in the future.
Anti‐angiogenic effects and mechanism of prazosin
Authors: Liao Chun‐Hou , Guh Jih‐Hwa , Chueh Shih‐Chieh , Yu Hong‐Jeng
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND

Alpha1‐adrenoceptors antagonists (doxazosin, terazosin, prazosin) are commonly prescribed for benign prostate hyperplasia and hypertension. Doxazosin and terazosin exhibit anti‐angiogenic effects and apoptotic activities against multiple cell types and are potential preventive agents for prostate cancer. Prazosin induces apoptosis in three prostate cancer cell lines. We hypothesized that prazosin, a more potent alpha1‐adrenoceptor antagonist with a distinct mechanism, exhibits anti‐angiogenic activity.

METHODS

We examined the effect of prazosin on growth and tube formation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). We used flow cytometry to assess the effect of prazosin on cell cycle progression and Western blotting to assess its effect on the expression of various apoptotic proteins.

RESULTS

Prazosin inhibited the growth of HUVEC with an IC50 of 6.53 µM and suppressed tube formation in a dose‐dependent manner. Unlike prostate cancer cells, prazosin did not arrest cell cycle progression at the G2/M checkpoint. We used rhodamine 123 staining to show that prazosin (20 µM) treatment induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential by 12 hr. Prazosin treatment of HUVECs resulted in reduced MCL‐1 expression, increased Bad, and Bcl‐xL expression, cytochrome c release, and induction of apoptosis via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Prazosin induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and normal HUVEC cells via different mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that prazosin exhibits anti‐angiogenic activity and differentially modulates apoptotic pathways depending on the cell type. Prostate 71: 976–984, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternatives to simply forgiving and forgetting: Comparing techniques in hypnosis, NLP and time line therapy™ in reducing the intensity of memories of stressful events
Authors: Bin Ahmad Kamarul Zaman
Published: December 2010

‘Forgive and forget’ is a commonly prescribed way of reducing the intensity of negative emotions attached to memories of stressful events. Many people, however, are not able to simply forgive and forget. This research looks at the effectiveness of the alternative techniques of Hypnosis, Neuro Linguistic Programming and Time Line Therapy™ as means of reducing the intensity of negative emotions attached to memories of stressful events. This experimental research involved 32 test subjects and 32 control group subjects. Statistical t‐tests revealed that with the test group, there were significant reductions in intensity levels of negative emotions after undergoing the procedures compared with before, with all three methods. There were no significant changes in the control group. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigation of wind‐induced response of Shanghai Center Tower by tuned mass damper
Authors: Lu Xilin , Chen Junru
Published: December 2010

With a height of 632 m, the Shanghai Center Tower, located in Lujiazui district of Shanghai, will be the highest building in China. A tuned mass damper (TMD) system will be set in the upper part of the tower to control the structural wind‐induced response. A brief description of fluctuating wind speed simulation is given first. Secondly, analysis of along‐wind response of the Shanghai Center Tower was carried out in frequency domain and time domain, through which the wind‐induced vibrating comfort of the Shanghai Center Tower and the TMD control performance can be evaluated. Then, the approach that a TMD is installed in the upper part of structure to control the structural wind‐induced response and to increase resident comfort of super high‐rise building proves to be effective through the analysis results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of industrial facilities in the Chilean earthquake of 27 February 2010
Authors: Cruz Ernesto F. , Valdivia Dania
Published: December 2010

A sample of the effects of the Chile earthquake of 27 February 2010 in industrial structures is presented. A collection of pictures taken throughout the affected area are used to show examples of the typical damage observed. The causes of the damage are not studied in detail, but basic observations are provided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The global reach of zoos and aquariums in visitor numbers and conservation expenditures
Authors: Gusset Markus , Dick Gerald
Published: December 2010

A survey conducted by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, in collaboration with national and regional zoo and aquarium associations, showed that annually more than 700 million people visit zoos and aquariums worldwide and are thus potentially exposed to environmental education. Furthermore, the world zoo and aquarium community reportedly spends about US$350 million on wildlife conservation each year. Therefore, the world zoo and aquarium community has the potential to play an important role in both environmental education and wildlife conservation. Systematic reviews are encouraged to provide further evidence for the effectiveness of zoos and aquariums as centers of education and conservation. Zoo Biol 30:566–569, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of an increase in environmental temperature on testicular androgenesis and spermatogenesis in toad (Bufo melanostictus) during hibernating season
Authors: Parua (Mondal) Saswati , Debnath, Jogendra Mohan , Ghosh Debidas
Published: December 2010

Activities of key testicular androgenic enzymes [Δ5, 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Δ5, 3β‐HSD) and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β‐HSD)], plasma levels of testosterone, and testicular gametogenic activities were studied in heat‐exposed adult male toads during hibernating season for two consecutive years. Exposure of toads to an elevated environmental temperature for 14 and 21 days resulted in significant elevation of testicular Δ5, 3β‐HSD and 17β‐HSD activities, along with plasma levels of testosterone. Testicular gametogenic activity, by means of quantity of all stages of spermatogenic cycle, were elevated significantly at the same experimental schedule, but 7 days of heat exposure resulted in significant elevation only in stage IV. The results indicated that environmental temperature is an important modulator of breeding activities of male toads. It also demonstrated that testicular activities in seasonally breeding toads are probably not linked to hibernating cycle. Zoo Biol 30:681–688, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oral bioavailability of ATP after prolonged administration
Authors: Coolen Erik J. C. M. , Arts Ilja C. W. , Bekers Otto , Vervaet Chris , Bast Aalt , Dagnelie Pieter C.
Published: December 2010

Purinergic receptors are important for the regulation of inflammation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission and nociception. Extracellular ATP and its metabolites are the main ligands for these receptors. Occasional reports on beneficial results of ATP administration in human and animal studies have suggested the bioavailability of oral ATP supplements. We investigated whether prolonged daily intake of oral ATP is indeed bioavailable. Thirty-two healthy subjects were randomised to receive 0, 250, 1250 or 5000 mg ATP per d for 28 d by means of enteric-coated pellets. In addition, on days 0 and 28, all thirty-two subjects received 5000 mg ATP to determine whether prolonged administration would induce adaptations in the bioavailability of ATP. ATP supplementation for 4 weeks did not lead to changes in blood or plasma ATP concentrations. Of all ATP metabolites, only plasma uric acid levels increased significantly after the administration of 5000 mg of ATP. Prolonged administration of ATP was safe as evidenced from liver and kidney parameters. We conclude that oral administration of ATP only resulted in increased uric acid concentrations. On the basis of these findings, we seriously question the claimed efficacy of oral ATP at dosages even lower than that used in the present study.
Supplementation with a low–moderate dose ofn-3 long-chain PUFA has no short-term effect on bone resorption in human adults
Authors: Appleton K. M. , Fraser W. D. , Rogers P. J. , Ness A. R. , Tobias J. H.
Published: December 2010

Previous research suggests thatn-3 PUFA may play a role in bone health. The present analysis aimed to investigate the impact ofn-3 PUFA supplementation on bone resorption in adult men and women. Serum samples from 113 mild–moderately depressed individuals (twenty-six males and eighty-seven females, aged 18–67 years) randomised to receive 1·48 g EPA+DHA/d (n53) or placebo (n60) for 12 weeks as part of a large recent randomised controlled trial were assayed forn-3 PUFA status and a bone resorption marker, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX). Regression analyses revealed thatn-3 PUFA status following supplementation was associated with randomisation (placebo/n-3 PUFA) (B = 3·25, 95 % CI 2·60, 3·91,P < 0·01). However, β-CTX status following supplementation was not associated with randomisation (B = − 0·01, 95 % CI − 0·03, 0·04). Change in β-CTX status was also not associated with change inn-3 PUFA status (B = − 0·002, 95 % CI − 0·01, 0·01). These findings provide no evidence for an association betweenn-3 PUFA supplementation (1·48 g EPA+DHA/d) for 12 weeks and bone resorption in humans assessed by β-CTX, and suggest thatn-3 PUFA supplementation may be unlikely to be of benefit in preventing bone loss.
Are There Real Rules for Adding?
Authors: Woodrow Jennifer L.
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT: I argue that mathematical norms are real. Semantic norms, including mathematical norms for adding, are governed by social practices of undertaking and attributing meaning, and this fact has obscured the objectivity of norms from view. However, a conception of human normativity that takes as its starting point that humans are part of the world undercuts the misconception that our practices are not sufficient to ground real meaning.
La critique néokantienne de Kant et l’instauration d’une théorie conceptualiste de la perception
Authors: Dewalque Arnaud
Published: December 2010

RÉSUMÉ : L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à l’exploration de l’arrière-plan historique du conceptualisme contemporain. Il suggère qu’un pas en avant peut être fait en direction d’une compréhension plus prometteuse de cet arrière-plan historique si nous portons notre attention, non pas sur la position ambiguë et controversée de Kant, mais sur la position non ambiguë de certains représentants du néokantisme classique. L’hypothèse défendue ici est que les critiques de l’esthétique transcendantale formulées par les néokantiens Paul Natorp (1854–1924) et Bruno Bauch (1877–1942) peuvent être considérées comme une source historique importante de ce que l’on appelle aujourd’hui le «content conceptualism» (en particulier dans la version qu’en a donnée McDowell), dans la mesure où elles impliquent directement l’idée que les contenus de la perception sont des contenus conceptuels.
Hume et les «Lumières radicales»
Authors: Simon Alexandre
Published: December 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Dans son livreRadical Enlightenment,J. I. Israel ne fait aucune place à la critique de la religion menée par Hume dans la deuxième moitié duxviiiesiècle. Pourtant, en effectuant cette critique sur le terrain méthodologique privilégié des «Lumières modérées», celui de l’expérience, Hume donna à la critique de la religion un fondement philosophique sans précédent au sein des «Lumières radicales». En outre, la conclusion desDialogues sur la religion naturelleconduit à se demander si les «Lumières radicales» ne restaient pas prisonnières de la dialectique théologique dans leur opposition à la religion chrétienne.
Action, content and identity in applied genre analysis for ESP
Authors: Flowerdew John
Published: December 2010

Genres are staged, structured, communicative events, motivated by various communicative purposes, and performed by members of specific discourse communities (Swales 1990; Bhatia 1993, 2004; Berkenkotter & Huckin 1995). Since its inception, with the two seminal works on the topic by Swales (1990) and Bhatia (1993), genre analysis has taken pride of place in much of the ongoing research in languages for specific purposes (LSP). The goal of much of this research is pedagogic, the understanding being that good genre descriptions can feed into pedagogy in the form of syllabus and materials design. Whereas genre analysis usually focuses on language as action, this paper argues that analysis needs to focus also on content and identity. The discussion sketches out what this might mean in terms of pedagogic application.
The symbolic dimensions of the intercultural
Authors: Kramsch Claire
Published: December 2010

While communicative competence is characterized by the negotiation of intended meanings in authentic contexts of language use, intercultural competence has to do with far less negotiable discourse worlds, the ‘circulation of values and identities across cultures, the inversions, even inventions of meaning, often hidden behind a common illusion of effective communication’ (Kramsch, Lévy & Zarate 2008: 15). The self that is engaged in intercultural communication is a symbolic self that is constituted by symbolic systems like language as well as by systems of thought and their symbolic power. This symbolic self is the most sacred part of our personal and social identity; it demands for its well-being careful positioning, delicate facework, and the ability to frame and re-frame events. The symbolic dimension of intercultural competence calls for an approach to research and teaching that is discourse-based, historically grounded, aesthetically sensitive, and that takes into account the actual, the imagined and the virtual worlds in which we live. With the help of concrete examples from the real world and foreign language classrooms, the paper attempts to redefine the notion of third place (Kramsch 1993) as symbolic competence.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY, INDIVIDUAL AGENCY, AND GOTHIC TERROR IN RICHARD MARSH'STHE BEETLE, OR, WHAT'S SCARIER THAN AN ANCIENT, EVIL, SHAPE-SHIFTING BUG?
Authors: Jones Anna Maria
Published: December 2010

There is a familiar critical narrativeabout the fin de siècle, into which gothic fiction fits very neatly. It is the story of the gradual decay of Victorian values, especially their faith in progress and in the empire. The self-satisfied (middle-class) builders of empire were superseded by the doubters and decadents. As Patrick Brantlinger writes, “After the mid-Victorian years the British found it increasingly difficult to think of themselves as inevitably progressive; they began worrying instead about the degeneration of their institutions, their culture, their racial ‘stock’” (230). And this late-Victorian anomie expressed itself in the move away from realism and toward romance, decadence, naturalism, and especially gothic horror. No wonder, then, that the 1880s and 1890s saw a surge of gothic fiction paranoiacally concerned with the disintegration of identity into bestiality (Stevenson'sThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1886), the loss of British identity through overpowering foreign influence (du Maurier'sTrilby, 1894), the vulnerability of the empire to monstrous and predatory sexualities (Stoker'sDracula, 1897), the death of humanity itself in the twilight of everything (Orwell'sThe Time Machine, 1895). The Victorian Gothic, thus, may be read as an index of its culture's anxieties, especially its repressed, displaced, disavowed fears and desires. But this narrative tends to overlook the Victorians’ concerns with the terrifying possibilities of progress, energy, and self-assertion. In this essay I consider two oppositions that shape critical discussions of the fin-de-siècle Gothic – horror and terror, and entropy and energy – and I argue that critics’ exploration of the Victorians’ seeming preoccupation with the horrors of entropic decline has obscured that culture's persistent anxiety about the terrors of energy. I examine mid- to late-Victorian accounts of human energy in relation to the first law of thermodynamics – the conservation of energy – in both scientific and social discourses, and then I turn to Richard Marsh's 1897 gothic novelThe Beetleas an illustration of my point: the conservation of energy might have been at least as scary as entropy to the Victorians.
BLANC: Implementing the Rand index for coreference evaluation
Authors: RECASENS M. , HOVY E.
Published: December 2010

This paper addresses the current state of coreference resolution evaluation, in which different measures (notably, MUC, B3, CEAF, and ACE-value) are applied in different studies. None of them is fully adequate, and their measures are not commensurate. We enumerate the desiderata for a coreference scoring measure, discuss the strong and weak points of the existing measures, and propose the BiLateral Assessment of Noun-Phrase Coreference, a variation of the Rand index created to suit the coreference task. The BiLateral Assessment of Noun-Phrase Coreference rewards both coreference and non-coreference links by averaging the F-scores of the two types, does not ignore singletons – the main problem with the MUC score – and does not inflate the score in their presence – a problem with the B3 and CEAF scores. In addition, its fine granularity is consistent over the whole range of scores and affords better discrimination between systems.
Changes in food consumption among the Programa Bolsa Família participant families in Brazil
Authors: de Bem Lignani Juliana , Sichieri Rosely , Burlandy Luciene , Salles-Costa Rosana
Published: December 2010

Objective

To analyse changes and predictors of change in self-reported food intake among Brazilian families that benefitted from conditional cash transfer (CCT) implemented in the Programa Bolsa Família of the Brazilian Federal Government.

Design

A cross-sectional survey.

Setting

The study was conducted from September to October 2007 in a nationwide representative household sample of families included in the CCT. Socio-economic variables, perception of food consumption and food insecurity were evaluated via questionnaire, which was completed during face-to-face interviews.

Subjects

Five thousand households were selected from the CCT registry.

Results

Families reported increased consumption of all food groups analysed, mainly cereals, processed foods, meat, milk and dairy, beans and sugar. The degree of dependence on income from the CCT was positively associated with increased self-reported intake of food items such as sugar and soft drinks. A Poisson regression revealed that the fourth quartile of CCT dependence demonstrated a twofold increase in the self-reported intake of soft drinks (relative risk (RR) = 2·3, 95 % CI 1·8, 2·9) and sugar (RR = 2·5, 95 % CI 2·1, 3·1) compared with the first quartile of CCT dependence.

Conclusions

Greater purchasing power of poor families increases unhealthy food choices; thus public policies should emphasise the availability of healthy food.
Spatial filtering using dielectric photonic crystals at beam-type excitation
Authors: Colak Evrim , Cakmak Atilla Ozgur , Serebryannikov Andriy E. , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: December 2010

Spatial filtering is demonstrated at beam-type excitations by utilizing finite thickness slabs of two-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals (PCs) showing exotic Fabry–Perot resonances that are preserved over a wide range of variation of the incidence angle. Bandstop and dual-bandpass filtering effects are illustrated theoretically and the corresponding filters are validated in the microwave experiments by using square-lattice PCs. It is shown that the basic transmission features that were observed earlier for a plane-wave illumination are also recognizable at beam-type excitations. The proposed spatial filtering mechanism exhibits directional beaming. The desired widths and the locations of the passbands and stopbands are attainable in the angle domain with a proper choice of the operating frequency for the given excitation characteristics.
Scattering processes in terahertz InGaAs/InAlAs quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Fischer M. , Scalari G. , Celebi K. , Amanti M. , Walther Ch. , Beck M. , Faist J.
Published: December 2010

We report InGaAs/InAlAs based terahertz quantum cascade lasers with a short, bound-to-continuum design. These lasers operate at 3.1 THz up to a 115 K and emit 19 mW of peak optical power at 10 K. Devices with a modified waveguide lase up to 122 K with reduced power of 4 mW. The upper state lifetime was computed assuming alloy, interface roughness and longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon scatterings. Comparison with experiment suggests that the elastic scattering processes limit the lifetime at low temperature while the inelastic LO-phonon scattering becomes the dominant scattering mechanism at elevated temperature. Magnetotransport measurements provide additional evidence which supports the role of elastic scattering processes at low temperatures.
A van der Waals density functional study of ice Ih
Authors: Hamada Ikutaro
Published: December 2010

Density functional theory with the van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) is used to calculate equilibrium crystal structure, binding energy, and bulk modulus of ice Ih. It is found that although it overestimates the equilibrium volume, vdW-DF predicts accurate binding energy of ice Ih, as compared with high level quantum chemistry calculations and experiment. Inclusion of the nonlocal correlation, i.e., van der Waals interaction, leads to an overall improvement over the standard generalized gradient approximation in describing water ice.
Copper-phthalocyanine based metal–organic interfaces: The effect of fluorination, the substrate, and its symmetry
Authors: de Oteyza D. G. , El-Sayed A. , Garcia-Lastra J. M. , Goiri E. , Krauss T. N. , Turak A. , Barrena E. , Dosch H. , Zegenhagen J. , Rubio A. , Wakayama Y. , Ortega J. E.
Published: December 2010

Metal–organic interfaces based on copper-phthalocyanine monolayers are studied in dependence of the metal substrate (Au versus Cu), of its symmetry [hexagonal (111) surfaces versus fourfold (100) surfaces], as well as of the donor or acceptor semiconducting character associated with the nonfluorinated or perfluorinated molecules, respectively. Comparison of the properties of these systematically varied metal–organic interfaces provides new insight into the effect of each of the previously mentioned parameters on the molecule–substrate interactions.
Dielectric gratings for wide-angle, broadband absorption by thin film photovoltaic cells
Authors: Esteban R. , Laroche M. , Greffet J. J.
Published: December 2010

Optical management is essential to increase absorption in thin photovoltaic cells. In this article, full electromagnetic simulations show that a back mirror and a one-dimensional front SiC sawtooth grating of ∼1 μm dimensions can significantly increase absorption in a thin layer under light concentration. A 50 nm thick GaSb active layer in the described configuration absorbs ∼66% of the incident solar photons above the band gap for a concentration equivalent to a numerical aperture NA=1/2. This absorption represents a ∼76% or 26% increase over the same structure but with the grating removed or substituted by an ideal antireflection coating, respectively.