bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investimentos em tecnologia da informação e impactos na produtividade empresarial: uma análise empírica à luz do paradoxo da produtividade
Authors: Gartner Ivan Ricardo , Zwicker Ronaldo , Rödder Wilhelm
Published: July 2009

Este trabalho objetivou testar a ocorrência do Paradoxo da Produtividade em uma amostra de empresas brasileiras; este Paradoxo estabelece que os acréscimos nos investimentos em tecnologia da informação não são acompanhados por acréscimos na produtividade das empresas. A partir de uma amostra de 429 observações de 98 empresas brasileiras que, no período de 2000 a 2006, faturaram cerca de US$ 856 bilhões e operaram investimentos em tecnologia da informação de US$ 12,9 bilhões, foi testado um modelo baseado na função de produção de Cobb-Douglas, que apresentou indícios de que o acréscimo neste tipo de investimento foi acompanhado de um acréscimo positivo nas receitas. O trabalho mostrou, ainda, indícios de que houve eficiência marginal nos investimentos em tecnologia da informação e de que a relação entre as receitas e o número de funcionários empregados em TI alcançou um aparente ponto de saturação. Na análise dos resultados foram identificados comportamentos distintos entre os setores analisados e nas conclusões foram apresentados exemplos de como os resultados poderiam ser aplicados no suporte ao processo decisório do planejamento de investimentos e de estratégias de negócios em tecnologia da informação.
Tempo e espaço na contemporaneidade: uma análise a partir de uma revista popular de negócios
Authors: Frezza Marcia , Grisci Carmem Ligia Iochins , Kessler Cristiano Keller
Published: July 2009

A humanidade vive contínuas transformações no que diz respeito às formas de experimentar o tempo - cada vez mais acelerado - e o espaço - cada vez mais flexibilizado. Esse artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa exploratória de enfoque qualitativo que buscou apontar como a compressão espaciotemporal se efetiva a partir de indicadores dos modos de trabalhar e de viver contemporâneos, veiculados numa revista popular de negócios, no período de julho de 2005 a junho de 2006. Conceitos desenvolvidos por Bauman, Harvey e Virilio, em especial, mostraram-se profícuos à análise do objeto de estudo. Dentre os resultados observados, destaca-se o uso intenso de tecnologias da informação, que contribui para a percepção de se estar ininterruptamente conectado, de não haver barreiras ou distâncias intransponíveis. A relação funcionário-empresa se transforma em relações pessoais e com elas se confunde. A distinção entre tempo e espaço de trabalho e tempo e espaço de família/lazer se mostra fragilizada. Os modos de trabalhar na contemporaneidade impõem padrões de autogestão para lidar com os fluxos acelerados. A era da compressão espaciotemporal mostra-se um contexto que gera diferentes impressões, sofrimentos e incertezas.
Triagem auditiva neonatal universal: índice de efetividade no reteste de neonatos de um hospital da rede pública de Campinas
Authors: Berni Paloma Savioli , Almeida Elizabeth Oliveira Crepaldi de , Amado Bárbara Carolina Teixeira , Almeida Filho Nelson de
Published: July 2009

OBJETIVOS: conhecer o índice de bebês avaliados na Triagem Auditiva Neonatal Universal de um hospital da rede pública de Campinas - São Paulo que concluíram o processo diagnóstico tendo falhado no teste de Emissões Otoacústicas Evocadas Transientes. MÉTODOS: a amostra é composta por 1146 protocolos de bebês avaliados no Programa de Triagem Auditiva Neonatal Universal desse hospital, no período de julho de 2007 a abril de 2008. RESULTADOS: a Triagem Auditiva Neonatal Universal mostrou efetividade de 69,4%, porém, a partir do reteste dos bebês que falharam, o índice de sucesso no seguimento cai acentuadamente. Do total da amostra, 11 bebês apresentaram suspeita de perda auditiva, dos quais quatro apresentaram alteração. CONCLUSÃO: os dados sugerem a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento do programa.
Perfil audiológico do usuário implante coclear e aparelho de amplificação sonora individual na orelha contralateral: resultados preliminares
Authors: Yamaguchi Cíntia Tizue , Goffi-Gomez Maria Valéria Schmidt
Published: July 2009

OBJETIVO: conhecer o perfil residual audiológico dos usuários e não usuários de Aparelho de Amplificação Sonora Individual (AASI) contralateral ao Implante Coclear (IC) no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP). MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 18 pacientes adultos, pós-linguais que preencheram os critérios estipulados, respondendo à pergunta "Você usa ou já usou AASI na orelha contralateral ao IC. Foi realizada a análise de média tonal liminar dos 18 pacientes. RESULTADOS: os pacientes do Grupo de Implante Coclear da Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, que não usam AASI contralateral ao IC, têm perfil residual audiológico médio de 122.5 dB. Os pacientes que se beneficiam do uso de AASI associado ao IC tem perfil residual audiológico médio de 101.25 dB. CONCLUSÃO: os pacientes não usuários de AASI contralateral têm audição residual significativamente pior do ponto de vista clínico que os pacientes que usam AASI contralateral associado ao IC na Divisão de Otorrinolaringologia do HCFMUSP.
Síndrome de woakes e suas manifestações audiológicas: relato de caso
Authors: Hanazumi Aline , Carvalho Laura Maria Araújo de , Gil Daniela
Published: July 2009

TEMA: manifestações audiológicas na síndrome de Woakes. PROCEDIMENTOS: A.A.R., uma paciente adulta com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Woakes foi submetida a anamnese, audiometria tonal, logoaudiometria, medidas de imitância acústica e reavaliação das próteses auditivas. Além disso, realizou-se um levantamento do prontuário da paciente. RESULTADOS: a análise dos resultados audiológicos em três oportunidades indicou: configuração audiométrica plana, sendo que nos dois primeiros registros foi verificada uma perda auditiva do tipo mista, e, em 2006, uma perda auditiva do tipo neurossensorial de grau moderadamente severo, com curva timpanométrica tipo B, ausência de reflexos acústicos bilateralmente e IPRF compatível com o tipo e grau da perda auditiva. Houve piora de aproximadamente 15 a 20dB nos limiares auditivos por via aérea, e, de 15 a 30 dB via óssea, entre 1996 e 2006. CONCLUSÃO: a avaliação audiológica revelou perda auditiva bilateral com alteração das medidas de imitância acústica, sendo que o estudo das manifestações clínicas da Síndrome de Woakes permitiu aceitar a coexistência entre a perda auditiva neurossensorial e curva timpanométrica tipo B.
Mineral composition and dry mass production of the corn plants in response to phosphorus sources and aluminum concentration
Authors: Batista Marcelo Augusto , Pintro José Carlos , Costa Antonio Carlos Saraiva da , Tormena Cássio Antonio , Bonato Carlos Moacir , Batista Michelli Fernandes
Published: July 2009

The corn plants were evaluated with different phosphate fertilizer sources and aluminum (Al) concentrations in a sandy substrate. A totally randomized experiment design was set up with two corn plants in the pots containing 2 kg of a sandy substrate, two phosphate sources (Triple Super Phosphate - TSP or Arad Phosphate - AP) and four Al concentrations. When Al concentrations increased, pH (CaCl2) substrate values decreased. There was an increase in the calcium and phosphorus contents in the sandy substrates that received the TSP and AP sources. The calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations of the corn plant's shoot were higher in the TSP than without P and AP sources. When the Al concentration increased, the concentration values of the former elements decreased. The dry mass production of the corn plants responded positively to P sources. As the Al concentration increased, the dry mass values decreased significantly in the TSP source.
Production of pectinases by A. niger: influence of fermentation conditions
Authors: Martos María A. , Martinez Vazquez Francisco , Benassi Fernando O. , Hours Roque A.
Published: July 2009

Response surface methodology was used for optimization of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinesterase (PE) production in submerged fermentation by A.niger. A Central Composite Experimental Design was applied, consisting of 22 experiments, including eight central points. Variables studied were: fermentation time (24 to 120 h), pH (3.5 to 6.5) and initial concentration of pectin (5 to 20 g/l). Maximum PE production was 220 U/l, after 74 h of culture, in a medium containing 20 g/l of pectin (pH 6.5). The optimal conditions for PG production were pH: 4.1, 20 g/l of pectin and 94 h of fermentation with a maximum value of 1032 U/l. Under these conditions, the PE production was low (15 U/l). A liquid extract with high PG activity and low PE activity could be suitable to be used in food processing in order to reduce the production of methanol.
Variation in the ureide content of Jack Bean during the reproductive stages in response to nitrate
Authors: Camargos Liliane Santos , Aguiar Leandro Ferreira , Carmezini José Antônio , Azevedo Ricardo Antunes
Published: July 2009

Nitrogen is frequently the limiting mineral nutrient for plant productivity and it is essential to obtain an understanding of how this element is assimilated and its metabolism regulated, in crop plants. The objective of this work was to study nitrogen metabolism in the tropical legume Canavalia ensiformis, a plant species used as a green manure. The nitrate dose provided changed the concentrations of ureides exported via the xylem, whilst the developmental stage alterations demonstrated to influence the form of ureide exported via the xylem. Considering the content of ureides as an indicator of N-fixation status, it could be concluded that N-fixation was affected in the presence of nitrate in C. ensiformis.
Hydrology, plankton, and corals of the Maracajaú reefs (Northeastern Brazil): an ecosystem under severe thermal stress
Authors: Mayal Elga Miranda , Neumann-Leitão Sigrid , Feitosa Fernando Antônio do Nascimento , Schwamborn Ralf , Silva Tâmara de Almeida e , Silva-Cunha Maria da Glória Gonçalves da
Published: July 2009

This study provides baseline information on the hydrological conditions and on the coral and plankton communities at the Maracajaú reef ecosystem (Northeastern Brazil). Studies were performed from February to June 2000, covering the transition from dry to rainy season. In this area, there is an offshore coral reef formation, where corals were observed in loco; the water samples were collected to obtain the hydrological and plankton data. Six scleractinian species were identified. Stable isotope analysis on the carbonate fraction of Favia gravida fragments showed that these corals were under severe thermal stress. Chlorophyll-a varied from 1.1 to 9.3 mg m-3, with higher values during the rainy season. Average zooplankton wet weight biomass were 117.0 (microzooplankton) and 15.7 mg m -3(mesozooplankton). A total of 136 Phytoplankton and 61 zooplankton taxa were identified. Seasonal forcing determined the phyto-micro-and mesozooplankton community structure, rather than the coastal-offshore gradient.
Thermal and spectroscopic analyses on the molecular interaction between eucalyptus kraft pulp components and offset printing inks
Authors: Alves Ericka Figueiredo , Oliveira Rubens Chaves de , Silva Luis Henrique Mendes da , Colodette Jorge Luiz
Published: July 2009

Thermal and infrared spectroscopic analyzes were carried out in order to study the kind of interaction between the anatomical components of the bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp with offset inks. A Bauer-McNett fiber classifier was used in order to obtain the anatomical components of the pulp, separately. The determinations of the enthalpy of the processes occurring in the samples of inks and pulp, as well as the enthalpy of these components interactions were obtained by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. In the interaction between pulp and offset ink, the reduced enthalpy values of the endothermic peak were interpreted as due to the released energy for adhesion of the ink pigment to the substratum. The low enthalpy value, 58 to 121 cal.g -, ¹indicated that the settling of the ink occurs by physical interactions. The pulp fraction enriched with vessel elements caused a higher energy release during the adherence of the pigment into the pulp.
Characterization of native and oxidized starches of two varieties of Peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza, B.) from two production areas of Paraná state, Brazil
Authors: Matsuguma Luciana Shizue , Lacerda Luiz Gustavo , Schnitzler Egon , Carvalho Filho Marco Aurélio da Silva , Franco Célia Maria Landi , Demiate Ivo Mottin
Published: July 2009

Two commercial varieties of Peruvian carrot ('Amarela de Carandaí' and 'Senador Amaral') were processed into flour, starch and bagasse and chemically evaluated. The starch was extracted, modified with H2O2 and characterized by the physicochemical methods. By using the methylene blue dyeing, the granules of the modified starches showed intense blue color. The carboxyl content, the reducing power and the amount of the water liberated from the pastes after the freeze-thawing were higher for the oxidized starches and their pastes were clearer than those of the native starches of the two varieties from the two production areas. The RVA viscoamylography showed that the modified starches had lower viscosities with differences between the varieties. In the thermal analysis, the temperatures of the pyrolysis were higher for the native (310.37, 299.08, 311.18 ºC) than for the modified starches (294.16, 296.65 e 293.29 ºC) for both the varieties. This difference could be related with the larger surface of the granules due to the partial degradation promoted by the chemical modification. In almost all results, the differences were evident between the varieties but not for the cultivation places.
Comparison of proximate chemical composition and texture of cupim, Rhomboideus m. and lombo, Longissimus dorsi m. of Nelore (Bos indicus)
Authors: Pedrão Mayka Reghiany , Lassance Fernanda , Souza Nilson Evelazio de , Matsushita Makoto , Telles Paulo , Shimokomaki Massami
Published: July 2009

The proximate chemical composition of hump, known in Brazil as cupim, Rhomboideus m. (RB), of Nelore (Bos indicus) aged 24 months revealed it to be a unique beef muscle. It presents a lipid fraction 14-fold as high as that of Longissimus dorsi m. (LD) taken from the same animal (p<0.05), the highest value reported so far. This was unequivocally observed by the histological evaluation. Proportionally more protein fraction and conversely less moisture were also observed in RB. Analysis of collagen and its crosslinking with hydroxylysylpyridinium (HP) showed there to be 22.9% more collagen and 14-fold as much HP in RB as in LD. Contrary to the expectations, the tenderness of fresh samples evaluated by Warner Bratzler shear force measurements led to values of 8.05 and 5.81 kgf for LD and RB, respectively (p<0.05). These results showed that the abundant fat in fresh RB acted as a lubricant for the needle penetration, irrespective of the quantity and quality of collagen fibres present.
Influence of vitamin E supplemented diet on charque quality and lipid stabilization
Authors: Facco Elizete Maria Pesamosca , Lage Moacir Evandro , Godoy Helena Teixeira
Published: July 2009

The present work evaluated and compared the lipid oxidation of charque, taken from, the semi-tendinosus muscle of animals from the Nelore breed (Bos taurus indicus), supplemented with α-tocopherol. Charque was produced submitting the samples to salt moisture, salt drying and exposition to the sun for dehydration until water activity values (Aw) reached 0.75. The statistical analysis of the results showed that there were no significant differences in the values of cholesterol, total lipids, fatty acids and substances relative to tiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and tocopherol as the samples were controlled and supplemented, respectively. Despite this, the values of TBARS and cholesterol were lower in the samples with the supplement of α-tocopherol. The supplementation, at the levels used showed no significant result in the addition of α-tocopherol in the feeding of animals destined for the processing of charque.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus xylosus: technological potential for use in fermented sausage
Authors: Fiorentini Ângela Maria , Sawitzki Maristela Cortez , Bertol Teresinha Marisa , Brod Fábio Cristiano Angonesi , Pelisser Márcia Regina , Arisi Ana Carolina Maisonnave , Sant'Anna Ernani Sebastião
Published: July 2009

Micrococcaceae strains are applied to fermented sausage as starter cultures, where several members of this family are naturally found. The aim of the present work was to isolate and characterize Staphylococcus xylosus from artisanal sausages produced in South Region of Brazil. From 89 isolates presenting catalase positive and coagulase negative activities, 25 strains were selected for phenotypic characterization. Nine strains identified as Staphylococcus xylosus by API-STAPH were evaluated for their nitrate reduction capacity, which showed satisfactory growth of the strains in the presence of nitrite and sodium chloride, demonstrating their potential for use as starter cultures in fermented sausage. The strains were also evaluated through genus and species-specific PCR, which showed only two as S. xylosus, differing from results found in phenotypic characterization.
Limnological patterns in northern pantanal lagoons
Authors: Bleich Monica Elisa , Silveira Roberto Moraes Lima , Nogueira Flávia Maria Barros
Published: July 2009

The aim of this work was to correlate the limnological patterns recorded among ten lagoons in the northern part of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso with some aspects of the lagoons related to their physical and biological characteristics. Some lagoon characteristics, such as connection with the river and the presence of floating macrophytes were important to group similar lagoons into categories. Attempts were also made to determine which kind of the nutrients could be limiting phytoplankton productivity in the lagoons of the northern Pantanal. Data was collected in nine lagoons during the flooding stage in January 2004, and nutrient and chlorophyll a was followed in a tenth lagoon from June 2004 to October 2004. The phytoplankton biomass was significantly associated with the nitrogen concentration during the flooding and drought periods. All the studied lagoons were potentially limited by the nitrogen concentration with a strong negative relationship between the chlorophyll a biomass and ammonium concentration during the drought season. The drought season also had nearly three times more chlorophyll a biomass when compared to the flooding period.
Treatment of shrimp effluent by sedimentation and oyster filtration using Crassostrea gigas and C. rhizophorae
Authors: Ramos Roberto , Vinatea Luis , Seiffert Walter , Beltrame Elpídio , Silva Júlia Santos , Costa Rejane Helena Ribeiro da
Published: July 2009

Efficiency in removing particulate matter from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp culture effluent was assessed in laboratory scale employing sedimentation and oysters Crassostrea gigas and C. rhizophorae filtration processes. Cylindroconical tanks (100 L) were used in duplicate for sedimentation and 50-L in triplicate for oyster filtration. Fifteen oysters of each species weighing 76-80 g were stocked in each of the filtration treatment experimental units (biomass of 1065 - 1174 g oyster per unit). The control treatment was a tank similar to those used in the filtration treatment but with empty oyster shells. Hydraulic retention time of the effluent was of 6 hours in each treatment. First, effluent went through sedimentation, and then the supernatant went through the filtration tanks. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile solids, chlorophyll a and BOD5 were evaluated. During sedimentation and filtration, temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration remained stable. Sedimentation removed 18, 5.6, 27.5, 45.40 and 23.2% of turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile solids, chlorophyll a and BOD5, respectively. Chlorophyll a and BOD5 after sedimentation presented significant difference (P<0.05) from the farm crude effluent. For the filtration treatment, C. rhizophorae was more efficient removing 62.1, 70.6, 36.1, 100 and 17.2% of turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile solids, chlorophyll a and BOD5, respectively, whereas C. gigas removed 56.3, 41.2, 27.8, 51.4 and 8.0% of the same parameters. Statistically comparing C. rhizophorae and C. gigas performances, there were differences (P<0.05) in removing total suspended solids, total volatile solids and chlorophyll a.
Challenges in current adult fish laboratory reproductive tests: Suggestions for refinement using a mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) case study
Authors: Bosker Thus , Munkittrick Kelly R. , MacLatchy Deborah L.
Published: July 2009

Concerns about screening endocrine-active contaminants have led to the development of a number of short-term fish reproductive tests. A review conducted of 62 published adult fish reproductive papers using various fish species found low samples sizes (mean of 5.7 replicates with a median of 5 replicates) and high variance (an average coefficient of variance of 43.8%). The high variances and low sample sizes allow only relatively large differences to be detected with the current protocols; the average significant difference detected was a 68.7% reduction in egg production, while only differences above 50% were detected with confidence. This result indicates low power to detect more subtle differences and a high probability of type II errors in interpretation. The present study identifies several ways to increase the power of the adult fish reproductive test in the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). By identifying the peak timing of egg production (before and after the new moon), extending the duration of the experiment (increased from 7 to 14 d), and determining that a sample size of eight replicate tanks per treatment accurately predicts variance in the sample population (based on pre-exposure variation calculations of replicate tanks), the power of the test has been significantly increased. The present study demonstrates that weaknesses in the current adult fish reproductive tests can easily be addressed by focusing on improved understanding of the reproductive behavior of the test species and developing study designs that include calculating desired variability levels and increasing replicates.
Comparative aquatic toxicity of propranolol and its photodegraded mixtures: Algae and rotifer screening
Authors: Liu Qin-Tao , Williams Tim D. , Cumming Rob I. , Holm Gisela , Hetheridge Malcolm J. , Murray-Smith Richard
Published: July 2009

Transformation products of pharmaceuticals formed by human metabolism within sewage treatment plant or receiving waters are predicted, in most cases, to be less toxic than the parent compound to common aquatic species. However, there is little available data to demonstrate whether this is generally the case. In the present study, a framework was developed to guide testing of transformation products using phototransformation of the β-blocker propranolol to test the hypothesis for this particular transformation route. Phototransformation is an important depletion mechanism of some pharmaceuticals in surface waters with fast reaction rate constants at environmentally relevant conditions. Samples of propranolol in deionized water (DIW) and river water (RW) were exposed to a solar simulator (λ: 295–800 nm) and comparative toxicity of propranolol and its degraded mixtures measured using algal (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) screening tests. Results suggested a reduction of toxicity in photodegraded mixtures compared to the parent active pharmaceutical ingredient in all samples tested. Chemical analysis of effect test solutions supported the hypothesis that propranolol was transformed into compounds that appear to be less toxic to the organisms tested under the study conditions. Although the reactions were much faster in RW than in DIW, profiles of transformation products were similar in both matrices at two starting concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L). Results for propranolol implied that the reduction of toxicity using algal and rotifer screening tests was probably due to the production of more hydrophilic and more polar transformation products. Such results will provide useful insights into the environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals by taking into account their transformation products.
Bayesian multilevel discrete interval hazard analysis to predict dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene mortality inHyalella aztecabased on body residues
Authors: Lee Jong-Hyeon , Stow Craig A. , Landrum Peter F.
Published: July 2009

We exposed Hyalella azteca to p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene for intervals of 1 to 4 d and followed mortality out to 10 d. Mortality was determined as the cessation of heartbeat; dead organism body residue was determined daily. To model mortality probability, body residues of the living organisms were estimated using published kinetic data with concentration-dependent rate constants. The estimated residues compared favorably with measured residues in the dead organisms (predicted body residue = 1.302 ± 0.142 measured body residue + 10.351 ± 15.766, r2 = 0.64, n = 50). The response data were collected at discrete intervals; thus, it was not possible to determine the exact time of death for organisms. Consequently, we analyzed the mortality data using discrete interval analysis, in a Bayesian hierarchical framework, with body residue as the dose metric. The predicted body residues to produce mortality were similar across the duration of exposure when postexposure mortality was considered. The concentration for 50% mortality was 0.47 μmol/g (148.6 μg/g, range 0.32–0.66 μmol/g), and predictions of response indicted 95% (range 73–99.9%) mortality at 0.79 μmol/g (250 μg/g) and 4% (range 1.2–9.6%) mortality at 0.16 μmol/g (50 μg/g). The lethal residue for 50% mortality based on interval analysis for short-term exposures with postexposure mortality resulted in values similar to long-term continuous exposures for exposure durations of more than 600 h.
Survival of Greater Sage‐Grouse Chicks and Broods in the Northern Great Basin
Authors: GREGG MICHAEL A. , CRAWFORD JOHN A.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Reduced annual recruitment because of poor habitat quality has been implicated as one of the causative factors in the range‐wide decline of sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations since the 1950s. Because chick and brood survival are directly linked to annual recruitment and may be the primary factors that limit sage‐grouse population growth, we estimated 28‐day survival rates of radiomarked chicks and broods from 2000 to 2003. We examined relationships between survival and several habitat variables measured at brood sites, including food availability (insects and forbs); horizontal cover of sagebrush, grasses, and forbs; and vertical cover of sagebrush and grass. We monitored 506 radiomarked chicks from 94 broods; chick survival was 0.392 (SE = 0.024). We found evidence that both food and cover variables were positively associated with chick survival, including Lepidoptera availability, slender phlox (Phlox gracilis) frequency, total forb cover, and grass cover. The effect of total grass cover on chick survival was dependent on the proportion of short grass. The hazard of an individual chick's death decreased 8.6% (95% CI = −1.0 to 18.3) for each percentage point increase in total grass cover when the proportion of short grass was >70%. Survival of 83 radiomarked broods was 0.673 (SE = 0.055). Lepidoptera availability and slender phlox frequency were the only habitat variables related to brood survival. Risk of total brood loss decreased by 11.8% (95% CI = 1.2–22.5) for each additional Lepidoptera individual and 2.7% (95% CI = −0.4 to 5.8) for each percentage point increase in the frequency of slender phlox found at brood sites. Model selection results revealed that temporal differences in brood survival were associated with variation in the availability of Lepidoptera and slender phlox. Years with high brood survival corresponded with years of high Lepidoptera availability and high slender phlox frequency. These foods likely provided high‐quality nutrition for chicks during early growth and development and enhanced survival. Habitat management that promotes Lepidoptera and slender phlox abundance during May and June (i.e., early brood rearing) should have a positive effect on chick and brood survival in the short term and potentially increase annual recruitment.
Demography of Reintroduced Eastern Bluebirds and Brown‐Headed Nuthatches
Authors: LLOYD JOHN D. , SLATER GARY L. , SNOW SKIP
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Species reintroductions are used commonly as a tool for conservation, but rigorous, quantitative assessments of their outcome rarely occur. Such assessments are critical for determining success of the reintroduction and for identifying management actions needed to ensure persistence of reintroduced populations. We collected 9 years of demographic data on populations of brown‐headed nuthatches (Sitta pusilla) and Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) reintroduced via translocation into Long Pine Key, Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. Realized population growth of brown‐headed nuthatches was positive in the first 3 years after cessation of translocations (λ2002= 1.15, SE = 0.13; λ2003= 1.28, SE = 0.12; λ2005= 1.32, SE = 0.20) but became negative thereafter (λ2006= 0.67, SE = 0.10; λ2007= 0.77, SE = 0.13). Realized growth rate for the Eastern bluebird population did not vary among years and indicated either a stable or a slowly declining population (λ = 0.92, SE = 0.04). Reintroductions were a qualified success; they resulted in the re‐establishment of populations of both species, but neither population grew to the extent expected and both remained at risk of extinction.
Wolf Predation Among Reintroduced Przewalski Horses in Hustai National Park, Mongolia
Authors: VAN DUYNE CAROLINE , RAS ERICA , DE VOS ANNELEEN E. W. , DE BOER WILLEM F. , HENKENS RENÉ J. H. G. , USUKHJARGAL DORJ
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  Depredation by wolves (Canis lupus) could threaten survival of reintroduced wild Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Hustai National Park (HNP), Mongolia. We conducted scat analysis, spatial analyses of kills, and interviews to study prey species selection and temporal and spatial factors that characterize prey choices of wolves. Diet of wolves in HNP was comprised of >50% of livestock. Diet composition varied during the year, with more livestock taken in winter. Wildlife species were selected over livestock species. From available livestock species domestic horses were predated most, whereas red deer (Cervus elaphus) and marmot (Marmota sibirica) were the preferred wildlife species. Our spatial analyses showed an unexpected significant positive relation between number of domestic horses killed and distance to the park, as well as a significant negative relation with number of gers (tents) in the area. Compared to randomly selected comparison sites (n = 36), we found Przewalski foal kills (n = 36) at sites that were closer to the forest, at higher altitudes, with lower shrub cover, higher forest cover, and higher red deer density. If the negative trend of deer numbers continues and if herdsmen protect their livestock more vigorously, depredation of wild Przewalski horses by wolves will rise. Therefore, a large red deer population could be pivotal in improving the conservation status of Przewalski horses.
Factors Influencing Membership of Federal Wildlife Biologists in The Wildlife Society
Authors: LAUBER T. BRUCE , TAYLOR ERIC J. , DECKER DANIEL J.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  Membership in scientific societies is an avenue wildlife professionals may use to maintain and enhance their professional capabilities. We studied factors influencing United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and United States Geological Survey (USGS) biologists’ membership in scientific societies in general and The Wildlife Society (TWS) in particular. We conducted an internet census survey of 3,755 USFWS professionals and 932 USGS Biological Resource Division professionals. The survey collected data on membership and participation in scientific societies as well as other variables that we theorized could influence membership. We used logistic regressions to identify factors correlated with the membership of wildlife biologists in TWS. A greater proportion of USGS biologists (90.2%) than USFWS biologists (51.8%) were members of scientific societies, and the likelihood of wildlife biologists belonging to TWS was higher in USGS. Factors most consistently correlated with membership in TWS included minimal external constraints (e.g., family responsibilities and costs), supervisor support for membership, and membership of friends, peers, and supervisors in scientific societies. Our results suggest that membership in scientific societies is heavily influenced by the organizational culture of employing agencies. Agencies seeking to increase their employees’ membership, and thus benefits from participation, in scientific societies will be most successful if they create a culture in which involvement in scientific societies is expected and in which peers and supervisors also participate.
Effects of Hunting on Response Behaviors of Wild Reindeer
Authors: REIMERS EIGIL , LOE LEIF E. , EFTESTØL SINDRE , COLMAN JONATHAN E. , DAHLE BJØRN
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  Because wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are hunted in southern Norway, reindeer may perceive all recreationists as threats. Potential adverse effects of hunting on reindeer behavior may be exacerbated by other forms of recreation because the number of skiers and hikers in areas inhabited by reindeer has also increased. The Norefjell‐Reinsjøfjell wild reindeer area is used extensively for recreation and tourism. Reindeer hunting was introduced in the area in 1992, and harvest rate has been stable at about 38% of winter herd size. We recorded behavioral responses of reindeer to a person approaching directly on foot or skis during 1992 and again in 2002–2006. Compared to 1992, flight‐initiation distance increased and fewer groups assessed the observer before taking flight during 2002–2006. In winter, when reindeer are usually comparably more vigilant than in other seasons, flight‐initiation distance increased from only 60 m to 115 m and escape distance decreased from 400 m to 210 m. Neither alert distance, calf carcass weights (23.6 ± 0.7 [SE] kg to 22.4 ± 0.2 kg), nor reindeer herd size (661 ± 73 to 579 ± 15) changed during the 15 years of our study. Reindeer appeared to habituate to the observer because they initiated flight at shorter distances as the number of approaches on the same day increased. In Norefjell‐Reinsjøfjell, encounters with a person on foot or skis did not result in behavioral responses likely to entail substantial energy costs for reindeer; therefore, hunting at current levels appears compatible with other recreational activities.
Feeding Preferences in Greylag Geese and the Effect of Activated Charcoal
Authors: VAN LIERE DIEDERIK W. , VAN EEKEREN NICK J. M. , LOONEN MAARTEN J. J. E.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  Greylag geese (Anser anser) can cause serious damage to agricultural fields near wetlands that are attractive for resting and nesting but not for feeding. Alternative plantings or spraying fields may prevent goose damage. We randomly designed 64 plots in spring 2004 and prepared plantings of white clover (Trifolium repens), white clover with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne; mixture), fertilized perennial ryegrass (grass), or unfertilized perennial ryegrass. We measured goose‐dropping densities in plots as a measure of feeding preference in autumn 2004 (7 weeks), spring 2005 (6 weeks), and autumn 2005 (7 weeks) following removal of a protective fence and vegetation sampling for content analysis in 2004. We also sprayed activated charcoal (20 kg/ha) in a suspension on 32 plots (8/planting) to deter geese in autumn 2004 only. In a second experiment we examined pairs of greylag geese in cages for preferences between grass treated with or without activated charcoal. Charcoal did not deter geese in either experiment. However, dropping density averaged highest for clover (1.01/m2), followed by the mixture (0.65/m2), then fertilized (0.23/m2) and unfertilized grass (0.16/m2). Preferences were consistent in all 3 experimental periods. Fertilized grass reached 31.8 cm in height on average in spring, whereas clover measured 15.4 cm. Crude protein and water‐soluble carbohydrate content (g/kg dry matter) was 294 and 49, respectively, in white clover and 183 and 139, respectively, in fertilized grass. We found a positive partial correlation independent of vegetation type between dropping densities and crude protein and a negative correlation with water‐soluble carbohydrate content. Thus, to prevent grazing damage to agricultural fields, we recommend planting white clover, strongly preferred by feeding geese, in areas (fallow agricultural or nonagricultural) adjacent to their habitat and not in agricultural fields under production.
Variation in Breeding Season Survival of Female Harlequin Ducks
Authors: BOND JEANINE C. , IVERSON SAMUEL A. , MACCALLUM N. BETH , SMITH CYNDI M. , BRUNER HOWARD J. , ESLER DANIEL
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  Quantifying sources of variation in demographic rates can provide insight into processes underlying population dynamics and subsequently direct wildlife conservation. In the context of avian life history, understanding patterns of variation in survival rates of breeding females is particularly relevant because this cohort often has a disproportionately large effect on population dynamics. We estimated survival probability for 144 adult female harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) that we marked with radiotransmitters and tracked at 4 breeding areas in western North America. Model selection results indicated both regional and temporal variation in survival rates, with most mortality attributed to predation. Cumulative survival probability (±SE) during the 100‐day study period was lower at 2 sites in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada (AB1 and AB2: 0.75 ± 0.11) than in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada (BC: 0.88 ± 0.08) or the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, USA (OR: 0.89 ± 0.08). Survival also was lower during incubation than nest‐initiation or brood‐rearing stages at all 4 study areas. In comparison to other annual cycle stages and locations, harlequin duck mortality rates were highest on the breeding grounds, suggesting that management actions designed to reduce mortality during breeding would achieve meaningful population‐level benefits.
Understanding Fluctuations in Bobcat Harvest at the Northern Limit of Their Range
Authors: LAVOIE MAXIME , COLLIN PIERRE‐YVES , LEMIEUX FLORENT , JOLICOEUR HÉLÈNE , CANAC‐MARQUIS PIERRE , LARIVIÈRE SERGE
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  In Quebec, Canada, harvest of bobcats (Lynx rufus) started to decline in 1985 and by 1991, harvest seasons were closed due to concerns of a perceived population decline. Since the closing of harvest season in 1991, the average temperature has increased, snow quantity has decreased, and important changes in agriculture and forest management have occurred. In light of changing conditions, the situation of Quebec bobcats needed reassessment. Thus, we analyzed harvest data to clarify the current status of bobcat populations in Quebec. From 1980 to 1991, bobcat harvest in Quebec was strongly correlated with bobcat harvest in Maine (USA), Nova Scotia (Canada), Ontario (Canada), and Vermont (USA). Extrapolations of harvest in Quebec relative to harvest in Maine, Ontario, Vermont, and Nova Scotia suggested an increase in number of bobcats after 1991. Mass of male and female bobcats before 1991 was less than mass of animals captured after 1991. Percentage of juveniles in the reported harvest before 1991 was higher than after 1991. However, percentage of males and litter sizes in the harvest did not differ before and after 1991. The geographic distribution of bobcats captured has gradually expanded after the closure of the harvest season. Our findings suggest that bobcat populations in Quebec have recovered from the 1985–1991 decline, and that the harvest season for this species could resume. This study also illustrates how managers can rely on data from neighboring jurisdiction to manage species when local harvest data is unavailable.
Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Population and Habitat Response to Reservoir Inundation
Authors: ELLIS LISA A. , STUMP SHAYLON D. , WEDDLE DOMINIQUE M.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  One of the largest known populations of the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) occurs at Roosevelt Lake, Arizona, USA. Modifications to Roosevelt Dam, completed in 1996, raised the height of the dam and resulted in a high probability of willow flycatcher habitat inundation within the reservoir's conservation pool. We collected habitat measurements and monitored 922 willow flycatcher nests from 1996 to 2006 to investigate effects of inundation on willow flycatcher habitat and subsequent changes in nest success, productivity, and distribution. Inundation of willow flycatcher habitat at Roosevelt Lake occurred in 2005, changing the location and amount of suitable breeding habitat and significantly altering habitat structure (e.g., thinner vegetation, more canopy gaps) of formally occupied nest sites. The willow flycatcher population at Roosevelt Lake decreased 47% from 209 territories in 2004 to 111 territories in 2006 in response to habitat changes. Willow flycatchers made fewer nesting attempts and nest success rates were significantly lower during inundation (2005 and 2006: 45%) than preinundation (1996–2004: 57%). Combined, these factors negatively affected the population's productivity during inundation. Although inundation caused extensive vegetation die‐off, we did observe regeneration of vegetation in some areas at Roosevelt Lake in 2006. The Roosevelt Lake population remains one of the largest willow flycatcher populations in the state and territory numbers remain high enough that the population may not suffer long‐term effects if sufficient suitable habitat continues to exist during the cycle of inundation and regeneration. Reservoir managers may be able to develop dam management guidelines that reduce damage to habitat, encourage habitat growth, and mimic the dynamic nature of unaltered riparian habitat. These guidelines can be implemented, as appropriate, at reservoirs throughout the willow flycatcher's range.
Stability of Avian Fecal Corticosterone Metabolite Levels in Frozen Avian Feces
Authors: HERRING GARTH , GAWLIK DALE E.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT Fecal corticosterone metabolites are commonly used in avian ecology as a measure of response to stress. Recent research on mammals suggested that the manner in which samples are stored could be critical to alleviating any storage handling bias. Cross‐reacting metabolites can increase glucocorticoid metabolites even after samples are frozen and, thus, result in an overestimation of hormone levels as the time increases between when samples were collected and when levels are measured. We examined effects of sample storage time on fecal corticosterone metabolites for 2 avian species across 165 days. We observed no change in fecal corticosterone metabolites across the sampling periods in either fulvous whistling‐ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) or white ibis (Eudocimus albus). Results suggest that avian fecal corticosterone metabolite levels do not change when samples are frozen for long periods of time and that there were no differences in the response between the 2 species we compared. This study demonstrated that avian fecal corticosterone samples are accurate even after freezing and, thus, studies that seek to address conservation questions may rely on these data. Studies of additional bird species are needed to generalize our findings to other avian taxa.
Separating Components of Variation in Survival of Mule Deer in Colorado
Authors: LUKACS PAUL M. , WHITE GARY C. , WATKINS BRUCE E. , KAHN RICHARD H. , BANULIS BRADLEY A. , FINLEY DARBY J. , HOLLAND A. ANDREW , MARTENS JUSTIN A. , VAYHINGER JACK
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT  Survival is an important parameter for understanding population dynamics of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and other large herbivores. To understand long‐term dynamics it is important to separate sampling and biological process variation in survival. Moreover, knowledge of correlations in survival across space and between young and adults can provide more informed predictions of survival in unsampled areas. We estimated survival of fawn, yearling, and adult mule deer from 4 spatially separated regions of Colorado, USA, from 1997 to 2008. We also estimated process variance in survival across time for each age and site using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Finally, we estimated correlations in survival among sites and ages with MCMC methods. Average winter fawn survival was 0.721 (SD = 0.024) for the 4 regions. Average winter adult female survival was 0.935 (SD = 0.007). Annual adult female survival ranged from 0.803 (SD = 0.017) to 0.900 (SD = 0.028) for the 4 regions, excluding hunting mortality. The correlation between fawn and adult female survival was high, 0.563 (SD = 0.253). Correlations in winter fawn survival were higher between populations at the same latitude than they were for populations to the north and south. We used survival estimates from our analysis to inform prior distributions for a Bayesian population dynamics model from one population in Colorado and compared that model to one with noninformative prior distributions. Population models including informative prior distributions based on our results performed better than those noninformative prior distributions on survival, providing more biologically defensible results when data were sparse. Knowledge of process distributions of survival can help wildlife managers better predict future population status and understand the likely range of survival rates.