bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary electron imaging of embedded defects in carbon nanofiber via interconnects
Authors: Suzuki Makoto , Ominami Yusuke , Sekiguchi Takashi , Yang Cary Y.
Published: January 2009

Carbon nanofiber (CNF) via interconnect test structures are fabricated with the bottom-up process proposed by Li et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2491 (2003)] for next-generation integrated circuit technology. Critical defects in the interconnect structure are examined using scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that secondary electron signal with optimized incident beam energy is useful for detecting embedded defects, including unexposed CNF plugs and voids in the dielectric layer. The defect imaging mechanisms are elucidated based on beam-induced charging of the specimen surface.
In situ strain measurements on GaN/AlGaN Schottky diodes with variable bias
Authors: Mahadik Nadeemullah A. , Qadri Syed B. , Rao Mulpuri V.
Published: January 2009

In situ high resolution x-ray diffraction measurements were performed on AlGaN/GaN Schottky diodes under variable bias conditions. The results show a linear variation in strain for the GaN channel with bias. For forward bias conditions, an in-plane tensile strain was observed, whereas for reverse bias a compressive strain was present. A discontinuity in the strain for the reverse bias measurements was also present because the width of the carrier depletion region exceeds the ∼2 μm GaN layer. The linear variation in the strain caused by variable bias may be due to a change in the piezoelectric charge at the AlGaN/GaN interface.
Whispering gallery mode enhanced optical force with resonant tunneling excitation in the Kretschmann geometry
Authors: Xiao J. J. , Ng Jack , Lin Z. F. , Chan C. T.
Published: January 2009

The boundary element method is applied to investigate the optical forces when whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are excited by a total internally reflected wave. Such evanescent wave is particularly effective in exciting the high-Q WGM, while the low angular or high radial order modes are suppressed relatively. This results in a large contrast between the forces on and off resonance, and thus allows for high size selectivity. We fully incorporate the prism-particle interaction and found that the optical force behaves differently at different separations. Optimal separation is found, which corresponds to a compromise between intensity and Q factor.
Effects of low temperature stress on excitation energy partitioning and photoprotection in Zea mays
Authors: Savitch Leonid V. , Ivanov Alexander G. , Gudynaite-Savitch Loreta , Huner Norman P. A. , Simmonds John
Published: January 2009

Analysis of the partitioning of absorbed light energy within PSII into fractions utilised by PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), thermally dissipated via ΔpH- and zeaxanthin-dependent energy quenching (ΦNPQ) and constitutive non-photochemical energy losses (Φf,D) was performed in control and cold-stressed maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. The estimated energy partitioning of absorbed light to various pathways indicated that the fraction of ΦPSII was twofold lower, whereas the proportion of thermally dissipated energy through ΦNPQ was only 30% higher, in cold-stressed plants compared with control plants. In contrast, Φf,D, the fraction of absorbed light energy dissipated by additional quenching mechanism(s), was twofold higher in cold-stressed leaves. Thermoluminescence measurements revealed that the changes in energy partitioning were accompanied by narrowing of the temperature gap (ΔTM) between S2/3QB− and S2QA− charge recombinations in cold-stressed leaves to 8°C compared with 14.4°C in control maize plants. These observations suggest an increased probability for an alternative non-radiative P680+QA− radical pair recombination pathway for energy dissipation within the reaction centre of PSII in cold-stressed maize plants. This additional quenching mechanism might play an important role in thermal energy dissipation and photoprotection when the capacity for the primary, photochemical (ΦPSII) and zeaxanthin-dependent non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ) pathways are thermodynamically restricted in maize leaves exposed to cold temperatures.
Cancer cell angiogenic capability is regulated by 3D culture and integrin engagement
Authors: Fischbach Claudia , Kong Hyun Joon , Hsiong Susan X. , Evangelista Marta B. , Yuen Will , Mooney David J.
Published: January 2009

Three-dimensional culture alters cancer cell signaling; however, the underlying mechanisms and importance of these changes on tumor vascularization remain unclear. A hydrogel system was used to examine the role of the transition from 2D to 3D culture, with and without integrin engagement, on cancer cell angiogenic capability. Three-dimensional culture recreated tumor microenvironmental cues and led to enhanced interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion that depended on integrin engagement with adhesion peptides coupled to the polymer. In contrast, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion was unaffected by 3D culture with or without substrate adhesion. IL-8 diffused greater distances and was present in higher concentrations in the systemic circulation, relative to VEGF. Implantation of a polymeric IL-8 delivery system into GFP bone marrow-transplanted mice revealed that localized IL-8 up-regulation was critical to both the local and systemic control of tumor vascularization in vivo. In summary, 3D integrin engagement within tumor microenvironments regulates cancer cell angiogenic signaling, and controlled local and systemic blockade of both IL-8 and VEGF signaling may improve antiangiogenic therapies.
Soluble epoxide hydrolase plays an essential role in angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Ai Ding , Pang Wei , Li Nan , Xu Ming , Jones Paul D. , Yang Jun , Zhang Youyi , Chiamvimonvat Nipavan , Shyy John Y.-J. , Hammock Bruce D. , Zhu Yi
Published: January 2009

Pathophysiological cardiac hypertrophy is one of the most common causes of heart failure. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydrolyzed and degraded by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), can function as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors to induce dilation of coronary arteries and thus are cardioprotective. In this study, we investigated the role of sEH in two rodent models of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The protein level of sEH was elevated in the heart of both spontaneously hypertensive rats and Ang II-infused Wistar rats. Blocking the Ang II type 1 receptor with losartan could abolish this induction. Administration of a potent sEH inhibitor (sEHI) prevented the pathogenesis of the Ang II-induced hypertrophy, as demonstrated by decreased left-ventricular hypertrophy assessed by echocardiography, reduced cardiomyocyte size, and attenuated expression of hypertrophy markers, including atrial natriuretic factor and β-myosin heavy chain. Because sEH elevation was not observed in exercise- or norepinephrine-induced hypertrophy, the sEH induction was closely associated with Ang II-induced hypertrophy.
In vitro
, Ang II upregulated sEH and hypertrophy markers in neonatal cardiomyocytes isolated from rat and mouse. Expression of these marker genes was elevated with adenovirus-mediated sEH overexpression but decreased with sEHI treatment. These results were supported by studies in neonatal cardiomyocytes from sEH
−/−
mice. Our results suggest that sEH is specifically upregulated by Ang II, which directly mediates Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of sEH would be a useful approach to prevent and treat Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
A systematic approach to estimating ecological risks in marine fisheries.
Authors: Astles K. L.
Published: January 2009

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a tool used in the development of management plans for fisheries. These plans are a means for implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) that is now the global paradigm in fishery management. EAF requires fisheries to be managed within the context of their ecological, social and economic relationships. Therefore, the risk to the sustainability of all three of these spheres from the potential impacts of fishing activities needs to be assessed. The risk assessment of the ecological components of an ecosystem, including target species, bycatch and byproduct species, habitats, species assemblages and ecological processes is the focus of this review. The paper reviews, in a marine fisheries context, the methods used to estimate ecological risks and highlights essential aspects needed for any approach for estimating ecological risk in marine fisheries. A generalized risk-assessment framework consists of three parts: risk context, risk identification and risk characterization. The estimation of risk levels occurs in risk characterization. Quantitative and qualitative methods have been developed to estimate risk in fisheries. Quantitative methods, such as stock assessments, focus on target species. With the introduction of an EAF, there arose a need to assess the potential impacts to sustainability of all ecological components that can be affected by a fishery. Qualitative ecological risk-assessment methods were developed for this purpose. Diverse methods have largely been driven by differences in the legislative requirements of different countries. An overview of the methods currently in use for ERA is given and the principles they use to estimate risk is discussed. In particular, four Australian hazard-exposure methods are reviewed as these constitute the main qualitative methods developed so far. Eleven essential elements needed for any method for estimating ecological risk in marine fisheries are identified.
Cardiovascular health benefits of tomatoes.
Authors: Duttaroy A. K.
Published: January 2009

Emerging epidemiological and intervention data support the connection between increased tomato consumption and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Tomato contains several anti-oxidants including lycopene, polyphenols, trace elements and vitamins, and these are known to inhibit atherosclerotic processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that tomato also contains several potent antiplatelet compounds. The ingestion of these tomato components significantly affects ex
vivo
platelet function when supplemented in human volunteers. The reported cardioprotective effects of tomatoes are therefore also potentially linked to a modulation of platelet function. Platelet aggregation is a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes, including myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Since tomato may reduce both platelet hyperactivity and atherosclerosis process, it makes an ideal food for the cardiovascular system. This review primarily addresses the recently discovered antiplatelet factors in tomatoes and their possible role in the maintenance of the cardiovascular health.
Breeding of coconut palm (
Cocos nucifera
L.).
Authors: Arunachalam V. , Rajesh M. K.
Published: January 2009

This review provides a detailed outline of the developments in the field of coconut breeding. Emphasis is laid on research on both classical and molecular genetic tools for improving the coconut palm. The review begins with a short description of origin of coconut, with mention of fossil data. Cytological studies of the palm, with emphasis on karyomorphology and polyploidy, is provided. Methods of genetic improvement, selection, hybridization and use of spontaneous mutations as applied to coconut are highlighted. This review also tries to explore the aspects of breeding in coconut for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress with emphasis on mites, phytoplasma and drought. The need to develop cultivars suitable for product diversification for changing markets is emphasized. A compilation of the genetic architecture of the traits known so far is also made. Important morphometric traits with potential to understand diversity are listed. A sketch of recent efforts in utilizing molecular markers for understanding diversity, developing linkage maps and marker-assisted selection is also made.
Detection of GMOs in food and feed.
Authors: Vodret B. , Milia M. , Mancuso M. R.
Published: January 2009

Some people are anxious about genetically modified (GM) foods and feed and do not trust them. The need to monitor the presence and the amount of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agricultural crops and in products derived from them has generated a demand for analytical methods capable of detecting, identifying and quantifying GMOs. Several laboratories have developed methods based on proteins [enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISA)] or DNA [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. A large number of protocols for other emerging analytical technologies are currently available, such as microarrays and various sensor technologies. Since reference samples are an indispensable part of any analytical protocol, criteria for manufacturing standard reference material are considered. This review examines the various methodologies employed to detect and/or quantify GMOs in food and feed and the critical points for ensuring a correct detection.
Energy requirement - factors that influence variation in basal metabolic rate.
Authors: Johnstone A. M. , Visockiene Z.
Published: January 2009

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) can be simply defined as the minimum amount of energy the body requires at rest and is commonly measured using indirect calorimetry techniques. Factors that can influence metabolic rate can be technical in nature, owing to the limitations and constraints of the precision of the equipment, or can be biological, linked to the physiology and behaviour of the subject. The principles and assumptions of indirect calorimetry are discussed. It is well documented that body size and composition are the main determinants of resting energy requirements, whereas the influence of chronic or acute changes in disease state is less well documented. Aside from the clinical perspective, accurate measurement of BMR is important as it is used in epidemiological or public health nutrition to calculate total daily requirements and to classify energy intakes. Many factors, such as body composition, age, gender, food amount and composition, diseases, medications, hormonal status and genetic differences, can affect the variability in BMR and thus can lead to errors in classification of population data.
Practicalities of using recycled water.
Authors: Toze S.
Published: January 2009

Growing urbanization, rising population numbers and climate change are increasingly placing demands on global freshwater resources. This is leading to a realization that there is an increased need for alternative water sources to reduce these pressures on the available freshwater. Among the most common of the alternative water sources considered is the recycling of wastewaters. Recycled water can potentially make up a large proportion of the sustainable water available for use in both urban and agricultural regions in many countries. Water recycling can provide environmental, social and economic benefits for both developed and poor nations by providing a reliable supply of good-quality water. However, there are a range of issues where more research and effort to increase the knowledge base are required, including: social acceptance of water recycling schemes; the protection of human and environmental health; assessment of the effectiveness and economics of different treatment barriers; and the development of appropriate and meaningful guidelines to control and maximize the use of recycled water. This paper discusses recent developments in water recycling and relates this to the ongoing practicality, benefits and risks of using recycled water.
Effects of global environmental changes on weeds.
Authors: Wang X. Z. , Mohan J. E.
Published: January 2009

The global environment is projected to change significantly by the end of the 21st century, mainly as a result of intensifying human activities. Important environmental changes include rising carbon dioxide (CO
2
) in the atmosphere, higher global average temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. As we strive to feed the rapidly increasing human population, it is of socioeconomic and ecological significance to understand the effects of environmental changes on the serious weeds that cause significant crop losses. This paper reviews the responses of 12 of the world's most serious agricultural weeds in response to global environmental changes. The weeds include species of a variety of growth forms as well as C
3
and C
4
photosynthetic pathways. In addition, we used meta-analytical techniques to synthesize the effects of elevated CO
2
on total biomass production for six of the most studied weeds. Our review found non-uniform biomass and reproductive responses to global changes among weeds. Consequently, the injuriousness of weeds to crops is likely to increase in some weeds, e.g.,
Chenopodium album
, but decrease in others, e.g.,
Sorghum halepense
. Because many of these agricultural weeds are also found in non-agricultural habitats, their differential responses to global changes will bear implications on community structure and species interactions in future natural ecosystems.
Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusStrains as a Cause of Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Korea
Authors: Park Sun Hee , Park Chulmin , Yoo Jin-Hong , Choi Su-Mi , Choi Jung-Hyun , Shin Hyun-Ho , Lee Dong-Gun , Lee Seungok , Kim JaYoung , Choi So Eun , Kwon Young-Mi , Shin Wan-Shik
Published: January 2009

Background.

The prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) strains causing bloodstream infection (BSI) has not been studied in Korea.

Objective.

We sought to determine the prevalence of CA-MRSA strains among isolates recovered from patients with MRSA BSIs and to explore epidemiological changes in Korea. We also sought to evaluate clinical characteristics relevant to the development of healthcare-associated BSIs.

Methods.

We prospectively collected consecutive MRSA isolates from patients with BSI at 4 hospitals from July 1 through November 30, 2007, and we also included MRSA isolates recovered from culture of blood samples collected during a previous year (October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005) at a different hospital. Molecular typing studies were performed, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing,Staphylococcusprotein A (spa) typing, and staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) typing. We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with healthcare-associated BSI due to CA-MRSA strains with those of patients with healthcare-associated BSI due to healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains.

Results.

There were 76 cases of MRSA BSI, of which 4 (5.3%) were community-associated and 72 (94.7%) were healthcare-associated. Among the 72 HA-MRSA BSIs, 18 (25%) were community onset, and 54 (75%) were hospital onset. PFGE type D-ST72–spaB-SCCmectype IVA MRSA, the predominant genotype of CA-MRSA in Korea, accounted for 19 (25%) of all 76 MRSA BSIs, including 17 (23.6%) of 72 HA-MRSA BSIs and 11 (20.8%) of 53 hospital-onset HA-MRSA BSIs. Patients with healthcare-associated BSIs due to CA-MRSA strains carrying SCCmectype IVA tended to have fewer healthcare-associated risk factors, compared with patients with healthcare-associated BSIs due to HA-MRSA strains carrying other SCCmectypes. The presence of a central venous catheter or other invasive device was the only independent factor differentiating patients infected with hospital-associated genotype strains from patients infected with other strains. Clinical outcomes were similar between both groups.

Conclusions.

CA-MRSA strains are emerging as a major cause of BSI in healthcare settings in Korea. This changing epidemiology of MRSA poses a challenge to public health and infection control in hospital settings.
Recovery of Both Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusFrom Culture of a Single Clinical Specimen From Colonized or Infected Patients
Authors: Han Sang Hoon , Chin Bum Sik , Lee Han Sung , Jeong Su Jin , Choi Hee Kyung , Kim Chang Ki , Kim Chang Oh , Yong Dongeun , Choi Jun Yong , Song Young Goo , Lee Kyungwon , Kim June Myung
Published: January 2009

Objective.

To describe the incidence of recovery of both vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) from culture of a single clinical specimen, to describe the clinical characteristics of patients from whom these specimens were recovered, and to identify the risk factors of these patients.

Design.

A retrospective cohort and case-control study.

Setting.

A tertiary care university hospital and referral center in Seoul, Korea.

Methods.

We identified 61 case patients for whom a single clinical specimen yielded both VRE and MRSA on culture, and 122 control patients for whom any clinical specimen yielded only VRE on culture. The control patients were selected by matching 2 :1 with the case patients for age, sex, and first date of sampling that led to isolation of VRE or both VRE and MRSA among 1,536 VRE-colonized patients from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2006. To identify patient risk factors for the recovery of both VRE and MRSA in a single clinical specimen, we performed univariate comparisons between the 2 groups and then multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results.

The incidence of recovery of both VRE and MRSA from culture of a single clinical specimen was 3.97% (for 61 of 1,536 VRE-colonized patients) over 4 years. Among these 82 single clinical specimens, the most common type was wound specimens (26.8%), followed by lower respiratory tract specimens (18.3%), urine specimens (17.1%), and catheter tips (15.9%). Of the 61 case patients, 14 (23.0%) had 2 or more single clinical specimens that yielded both VRE and MRSA on culture, and the longest interval from the first sampling that yielded both organisms to the last sampling that yielded both was 174 days. Independent patient risk factors for the presence of both VRE and MRSA in a single clinical specimen were chronic renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 7.00;P= .012), urinary catheterization (OR, 3.36;P= .026), and longer total cumulative duration of hospital stay within the previous year (OR, 1.03;P< .001).

Conclusion.

We confirmed that the recovery of VRE and MRSA from a single clinical specimen occurs continually. Because prolonged cell-to-cell contact can facilitate transfer ofvanA,close observation and surveillance for vancomycin-resistantS. aureus, especially among patients with risk factors for the recovery of both VRE and MRSA from a single clinical specimen, should be continued.
Everyday Practice of Science
Authors: Grinnell Frederick
Published: January 2009

Scientific facts can be so complicated that only specialists in a field fully appreciate the details, but the nature of everyday practice that gives rise to these facts should be understandable by everyone interested in science. This book describes how scientists bring their own interests and passions to their work, illustrates the dynamics between researchers and the research community, and emphasizes a contextual understanding of science in place of the linear model found in textbooks with its singular focus on “scientific method”. This book also introduces readers to issues about science and society. Practice requires value judgments: What should be done? Who should do it? Who should pay for it? How much? Balancing scientific opportunities with societal needs depends on appreciating both the promises and the ambiguities of science. Understanding practice informs discussions about how to manage research integrity, conflict of interest, and the challenge of modern genetics to human research ethics. Society cannot have the benefits of research without the risks. The last chapter contrasts the practices of science and religion as reflective of two different types of faith and describes a holistic framework within which they dynamically interact.
DISCOVERY
Authors: Grinnell Frederick
Published: January 2009

Chapter 2 describes discovery in science: exploration at the frontiers of knowledge, becoming first to know something new, and establishing intellectual ownership by making public a discovery claim. Every scientist faces Plato's paradox — the tendency to find that for which one is looking. Noticing the unexpected frequently provides the key to transcending this paradox, and unintended experiments often provide the opportunities. Each researcher has a unique thought style that depends on education, experience, and temperament and influences every aspect of discovery: what to study, what experiments to do, what distinguishes data from background noise. Thought styles explain the researcher's courage to pursue convictions despite community skepticism and experimental difficulties. Discovery transforms the researcher's thought style and world view. Collaboration among researchers and introduction of new research technologies enhance possibilities for this transformation to occur.
FAITH
Authors: Grinnell Frederick
Published: January 2009

Implicit in human experience are potential insights about how to control the world (the scientific attitude) and about the meaning and purpose of the individual and of life (the religious attitude). Scientific and religious attitudes depend on different types of faith. Science requires faith in the uniformity and continuity of shared sensory space — faith that nature's patterns and structures can be understood (“intelligible design”). Religion requires faith in starting assumptions from outside of shared sensory space — belief in an unseen order to which the individual seeks harmonious adjustment. The scientific attitude defers unchangeable Truth to the future, while the religious attitude unconditionally accepts certain Truths in the present. Scientific and religious attitudes exhibit complementarity — two distinct domains of knowledge that cannot be seen, inferred, or negated from the other's perspective and that merge into a dynamic, holistic framework not possible to resolve further, offering different answers to fundamental questions about the self and the world.
Kinship Care as a Child Welfare Service
Authors: Gleeson James P.
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines kinship care policy development in Illinois. The policy issues and trends that shaped the use of kinship care as a child welfare service are presented. Future trends that will influence the use of kinship care are discussed.
The Case for Kinship Adoption Laws
Authors: Takas Marianne , Hegar Rebecca L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the impact of the new status of “kinship adoption” on family relationships. It reviews how the law regulates parent/child relationships. It argues that kinship adoption could be an effective solution when it is desired by all parties that the child maintain some level of relationship with one or both birth parents after adoption by a relative, family friend, or foster parent.
Kin as a Family and Child Welfare Resource
Authors: Berrick Jill Duerr , Needell Barbara , Barth Richard P.
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses a survey of child care workers in California to determine their views regarding kinship care. The survey asked specific questions about the differences between working with kin and working with foster family parents. Child care workers have indicated that services to kin take more of their time than services to nonkin. The special challenges posed by the nature of kinship homes, the need for system changes in kinship care, and some implications for practice are discussed.
From Welfare to Work
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

Using a case example of how Pennsylvania Blue Shield trained, hired, and retained several hundred welfare recipients on its work force, this book offers a success story and a broad discussion of welfare reform, public policy, and corporate social responsibility. It also offers a practical explanation of the specific steps needed to establish such a program, including corporate tax incentives, business and government collaborations, and the special needs of welfare recipients. The book demonstrates that it is possible for corporate America to combine bottom-line goals with socially responsible goals.
Planning for Success
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents the details that went into the design of the Pennsylvania Blue Shield program. It looks at the program elements as described in the proposal for government funding and the financial considerations that convinced the organization to take on the project.
The Importance of Staff
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

One of the keys to the success of Pennsylvania Blue Shield's program was the competency of the staff selected to work in the training program. This chapter discusses the personnel considerations, and organizational perspectives that went into the preparation and execution of the training program. It describes some of the problems that arose as staff members strove to maintain corporate standards while providing needed support to the trainees to ensure that they would have the opportunity for success.
A Win-Win Game
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes what happened to the trainees who completed the program and program outcomes in terms of costs and savings. Pennsylvania Blue Shield's data showed a dramatic return on investment in training. For an investment in the program of $655,266, more than $2.4 million was saved in welfare support payments between 1989 and 1992, during which the training was conducted and the graduates were employed. Tax credits to which Blue Shield was entitled totalled $430,492. The program gave Blue Shield an avenue to express its civic-mindedness and social responsibility; it also benefited in terms of public relations.
Trainee Perspectives
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the trainees themselves—their motivations, perceptions, and problems. It discusses the obstacles that must be overcome and the supports needed for candidates to be able to participate in the corporate world. Those who were ready to enter into training were already motivated. The availability of jobs was a critical factor in encouraging trainees to complete the program.
Fostering Innovation in Organizations and Creating Innovative Organizations
Authors: ROTHMAN JACK , DAMRON-RODRIGUEZ JOANN
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses innovation from an organizational perspective. It identifies seven organizational factors associated with innovation: external relationships and funding, goals, organizational size, professionalization, leadership and group participation, task environment, and job satisfaction. Innovation is also affected by what has gone before, by the stages of innovations, and by the actors involved in the organization. Six key variables pertaining to organizational dynamics are discussed: previous experience of the organization with innovation, organizational discontent, type of innovation, communication and contact by organization members with the innovation, the innovation actors, and factors associated with the implementation of an innovation.
Exposure to Urban Violence
Authors: LORION RAYMOND P. , BRODSKY ANNE E. , COOLEY-QUILLE MICHELE
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the extent of urban violence and the effects of the exposure of children and adolescents to this violence. It begins with a discussion of literature on the nature, extent, and effects of pervasive community violence on children and adolescents. It presents a framework by which interventions can be categorized and organized, and then reviews literature on some of the more successful intervention programs developed to address this problem. It argues that the nation's mental health services must respond proactively to the threat or urban violence consistent with the ongoing evolution of services toward a merger of mental and public health.
The Evolution of Service Innovations for Adults with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: SOLOMON PHYLLIS
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on service innovations for adults suffering from long-lasting, persistent major mental illnesses that result in social and functional disability. It begins with a discussion of the subpopulation of adults with serious mental illness, including those with a coexisting substance abuse disorder, those who are homeless and mentally ill, and those involved with the criminal justice system. The theoretical underpinnings of intensive case management are then presented. The Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model is discussed, including its effectiveness and the degree to which the model has been implemented in actual case management practice.
Innovations in Institutional Care from a Patient-Responsive Perspective
Authors: KAHANA EVA , KAHANA BOAZ , CHIRAYATH HEIDI T.
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on nursing home care for the elderly. It begins with an overview of the goals, approaches, and types of interventions that characterize special programs in nursing home settings. It then reviews recent programs and practice innovations, focusing on initiatives aimed at improving overall quality of resident life. A conceptual framework for patient-responsive care in nursing homes is developed to guide future initiatives as well as identify neglected areas that require intervention.
Innovations in Managing Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: CAMP CAMERON J. , MATTERN JEANNE M.
Published: January 2009

This chapter reviews interventions for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD). It begins with an overview of AD, including its stages and risk factors. It then discusses innovative interventions including spaced-retrieval focused on individuals with AD; question-asking reading, an intervention for small groups of persons with AD; and an Intergenerational Montessori-based program for dyads of persons with AD and preschool children.
Introduction
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the origins of the author's interest in social work practice within nontraditional settings. It presents the five main goals of this book. It then discusses social work partnerships within nontraditional urban settings and the application of concepts to case studies.
Decision Making, Dating, and Mate Selection Expectations
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

This chapter investigates questions of pubertal development noting that age marks key transitions relative to cognitive processes, socioemotional processes, and reproductive maturity. Unquestionably, decision making competencies will affect choices made about romantic attachments, whether to have sex and with whom to have sex; such issues are fully explored in this chapter. The maturational task of decision making is to grow in problem solving competencies in coping with daily problems in living, including anticipation and planning for future goals.
A Social Work Practice Model: Core Principles of Intervention
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a model of psychosocial intervention that aims to demonstrate counselling techniques to help adolescents and their families deal with stress and problems in living. It explicates how the PPC paradigm and seven developmental domains frame therapeutic encounters; four unique intervention principles are enumerated and clarified. Acknowledging a psychotherapeutic integrationist approach, the chapter also identifies other principles common to most psychological therapies.
Setting the Context for Urban Community Social Work Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a context for understanding urban-based macro practice. It begins by defining the meaning of urban. It then discusses the urban-political economic context, the importance of belonging to and having a sense of community in urban areas, and the role of “open space”, and how macro practice is urban specific.
Four Types of Urban Capacity-Enhancement Projects (Murals, Gardens, Playgrounds, and Sculptures)
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes four community capacity-enhancement projects and places them within a historical context to provide a better appreciation of their significance in the lives of urban communities. The concept of community-built projects is defined, and data related to these types of projects are presented to highlight their importance to urban-based communities across the United States. The various dimensions and tasks associated with each project are also defined and described in detail.
Analysis of Common and Unique Development Tasks
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter analyzes what makes an urban setting attractive for macro social work practice using an assets paradigm. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section analyzes what makes murals, gardens, community-built playgrounds, and sculptures important to urban communities and identifies the common developmental aspects of these community capacity-enhancement projects. The second section addresses the unique developmental tasks associated with each of the four community capacity-enhancement projects and highlights their key conceptual and practice differences, and discusses what makes them important to the community, any aspects that are culture specific to a group, and the implications for social work education and practice.
Application of the Framework to Practice: Engagement
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the engagement phase of the community capacity-enhancement framework. Engagement refers to the sociopolitical process of developing relationships, eliciting commitments from community residents, and helping to ensure a harmonious working agreement between all significant parties. The process of engagement is critical to the ultimate success of any community capacity-enhancement effort. It takes on added significance when it involves population groups that have historically been ignored in setting agendas for change.
Application of the Framework to Practice: Intervention
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the intervention phase of the community capacity-enhancement framework. The phase is often categorized as the “bottom line” for most social agencies. It represents the ultimate benefits of much hard work and preparation, as evidenced during the initial three phases. The nature of intervention (goals, type of project, target group, complexity, extent of resource allocation, and time) greatly depends on local circumstances. Thus, practitioners must always be prepared to modify the intervention to take into account local issues and priorities.
Reflections on Practice (Lessons and Recommendations)
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a synthesis of the lessons learned in undertaking urban-based community capacity-enhancement practice. The rewards, challenges, hopes, and despair that are often associated with practice in urban areas must energize social workers in their quest for economic and social justice for undervalued groups that often face multiple jeopardies in their lives. Recommendations for future work are discussed. These recommendations cover a variety of arenas regarding practice and social work education as a means of bringing these two “worlds” together.
A Working Life for People with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

The history of mental health service delivery has been marked by an emphasis on clients’ vulnerabilities and deficits. As treatment programs have moved out of hospitals and into communities, however, the need to work with clients in developing real-world, practical skills, such as job training, has never been more important. Versions of this approach traditionally include skills training classes, job clubs, and sheltered employment, but have not been successful in helping people with severe mental illness gain competitive employment. This book describes the theory, empirical support, and practice of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. IPS is the most widely studied and validated approach to supported employment for people with severe mental illness. The overall goals of IPS are to assist clients in finding jobs that are consistent with their preferences and skills, and to support their efforts in working. The book is divided into three sections: 1) Conceptual and Empirical Support for Individual Placement and Support; 2) Practice Guidelines for Implementing Supported Employment; and 3) Special Issues. Many vignettes and sample documents that provide practical information are included.
The Structure of IPS in the Mental Health Agency
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

This chapter covers what is required to set up an IPS program in a mental health agency. Two methods are described. In one way, IPS is added to the current menu of services. In the other way, IPS replaces another service such as rehabilitative day treatment. Organizationally, mental health services are provided by treatment teams, and employment specialists join one or two teams. The teams meet weekly to discuss client situations and make recommendations on the clients’ service plans. Vignettes are provided to illustrate examples of team support. Careful planning is required when deciding to implement IPS. Specific steps are outlined, for example incorporating employment in the agency’s mission statement, determining financing, anticipating effects of IPS on other programs, determining the staffing pattern and training needs, tracking employment outcomes, and monitoring fidelity to the model.
Getting Started
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes some of the first steps agencies take when starting to implement IPS. All clients who have interest in competitive employment are typically referred to IPS. The agency encourages everyone to think about the possibility of working. The employment coordinator assigns clients to employment specialists’ caseloads to receive IPS services. The goal is to build a collaborative and trusting relationship between the client and employment specialist that is directed toward obtaining competitive employment, part-time or full-time. Employment specialists need good interviewing skills to develop the alliance with the client and provide effective services. Interviewing skills are briefly reviewed. When starting an IPS program, the employment specialists establish relationships with the local Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) office. Some clients who are receiving IPS services may also be eligible for VR services. Coordinating services with other agencies, such as VR, promotes effective service delivery. During the first few meetings, the employment specialist discusses benefits planning, the meaning of disclosure of disability to employers, and interest in family involvement.
Comprehensive, Work-Based Assessment
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

Developing a comprehensive picture of a client’s strengths, interests, experiences, and challenges informs the job search in terms of job type and employment setting. Instead of conducting traditional vocational assessment that is characterized by office-based assessment, testing, work adjustment activities, and set-aside jobs, the employment specialist seeks to gather information about the person over the first few meetings. Using information from the vocational profile, the employment specialist and client develop an individualized employment plan. The vocational assessment is ongoing. New information about the client is gleaned from regular work experiences and is added to the vocational profile.
Finding Jobs
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

The goal of IPS supported employment is helping people with severe mental illness find competitive jobs that are consistent with their preferences, skills, and experiences. After the employment specialist and client have developed a vocational profile and individual employment plan, the focus turns to finding a part-time or full-time competitive job, typically within one month of starting IPS. Other members of the treatment team (e.g., psychiatrist, mental health worker, nurse, residential worker) provide input on job types, work environments, coping strategies and supports based on their understanding of the client. Clients are encouraged to conduct as much of the job search as they feel capable and comfortable doing. Different strategies for locating jobs and employers are described.
Conclusions
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

In the last ten years, there have been many refinements made to the implementation of IPS supported employment. Access to theses services has increased nationally and internationally. Improvements have been developed from the experiences of many employment specialists who implement IPS supported employment coupled with the strong evidence base regarding effectiveness. However, administrative barriers still exist. People with severe mental illness should not have to risk losing health insurance, health care, housing; and financial security when they gain competitive employment. Organizational rigidity between mental health and vocational agencies restricts the delivery of integrated and seamless services. Continued research, including long-term studies, will advance our understanding of rehabilitation and career development.
The Wraparound Approach
Authors: Burchard John D. , Bruns Eric J. , Burchard Sara N.
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on a wraparound approach for children displaying emotional disorders. It discusses the wraparound theory of change and wraparound intervention parameters. It presents a case example that illustrates the application of the ten principles of the wraparound model. Wraparound program development, training, and research are described.
Integrated Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Substance Abuse
Authors: Fairbank John A. , Booth Sharon R. , Curry John F.
Published: January 2009

Many adolescents with substance-use disorder (SUD) have a history of trauma and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Integrated cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for co-occurring PTSD and SUD in adolescents is a phased intervention approach in which the same clinician or team of clinicians provides treatment for both disorders at the same time. This chapter discusses psychosocial conceptual models of the etiology of PTSD and the role of substance abuse, theory of change, target population, and CBT intervention parameters for integrated PTSD and SUD treatment programs.
An Annotated Bibliography of Evidence for Diagnostic-Specific Psychosocial and Psychopharmacological Interventions
Authors: Burns Barbara J. , Compton Scott N. , Egger Helen L. , Farmer Elizabeth M. Z. , Robertson Elizabeth B.
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents the evidence base for clinic and school-based interventions for four common childhood disorders or related symptom patterns: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), disruptive behavior disorders, and anxiety disorders and related symptoms. It shows that within the existing base for each disorder, psychosocial interventions include an array of behavioral approaches. The psychopharmacology evidence base is strongest for ADHD, weaker for other disorders, and virtually nonexistent for anxiety disorders. Adjunctive studies examining a combination of psychosocial and psychopharmacological interventions were rare, with the largest and most sophisticated one for ADHD.