bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychoanalytic and Biological Approaches to Mental Illness: Schizophrenia
Authors: Robbins Michael
Published: July 2017

Biological psychiatrists tend to look upon the phenomena of mind and meaning, which are the data of psychoanalysis, as meaningless epiphenomena, and propose reductive explanations of complex mental states, whereas psychoanalysis tend to ignore the proliferation of neurobiological data indicating the importance of constitutional factors in mental illness. Interactive models which confuse biological causes and psychological consequences, or vice-versa, are theoretically unsound. A scientific model hierarchy is proposed, along with some principles for coexistence and collaboration between neurobiology and psychoanalysis. The problem is illustrated with schizophrenia, a condition whose probable biological underpinnings are now generally considered to remove it from the realm of psychoanalysis. Schizophrenia-vulnerable phenotypes consistent with organic findings and clinical observations are hypothesized, and some ideas about their development in the context of early object relations, leading to pathological forms of symbiosis, are elaborated. A neurobiological rationale for the psychoanalytic treatment of schizophrenia is presented, and special problems related to the biological and symbiotic substrate are examined.
A Variation on Freud's Theme in “A Child is Being Beaten”—Mother's Role: Some Implications for Superego Development in Women
Authors: Lax Ruth F.
Published: July 2017

Clinical material is presented leading to a discussion of beating fantasies which varies from Freud's model. Analysis shows that the fantasied role girls assign to mother as the punisher in the oedipal drama is equivalent to the fantasied role boys ascribe to father as castrator. For both sexes, castration anxiety spurs the internalization of parental prohibitions, the repression of oedipal wishes, and the subsequent structuralization of the superego. Mother establishes the “oedipal law” for the girl analogously to father's doing the same for the boy. The role that such fantasies play in the formation of the female superego is examined.
A Research-Based Reconsideration of the Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreaming
Authors: Greenberg Ramon , Katz Howard , Schwartz Wynn , Pearlman Chester
Published: July 2017

We present a brief review of sleep research which, when combined with psychoanalytic experience, has led to the hypothesis that REM sleep and dreaming serve the function of adaptation by the process of integration of information. We then report the results of a study of dreams, based on this hypothesis. We studied dreams and their relation to waking mental activity and found a correlation between problems in manifest dreams and those in pre- and postsleep waking life. Dreams can be understood on the basis of problems that appear in them. We also found evidence for a relation between the solution of problems in dreams and the fate of those problems the next day. We discuss these findings in relation to some of the controversies about dreaming, and then present suggestions for future research.
Brahmo Samaj, Unitarians and Canada: A forgotten chapter in Indo-Canadian religious history
Authors: Mullick Sunrit
Published: July 2017

In the afternoon I had to speak at the Philosophical Club of the University [of Toronto] on "Present-day Currents of Religious Thought in India." It was a hard task to present the subject in an intelligible shape in one hour's discourse to a Canadian audience, and so it was a great gratification to me, when at the end of the lecture Dr. Abbott, President of the Club, observed that the discourse gave him a clearer grasp of the conditions of religious thought in India than he had heard from anything he had read or heard before, and Dr. Hume, Professor of Philosophy in the University, suggested in his short speech that an interchange of professors on the principle recently adopted by the German Emperor, might help India and Canada to understand each other better in the future.

The same night I had to speak again at the Unitarian Club on "India and the Brahmo Samaj.... 1
Three-Dimensional Stress Distribution In A Unidirectional Composite
Authors: Haener Juan , Ashbaugh Noel
Published: July 2017

Displacement potentials have been used to express the stress distributions in a unidirectional multifiber composite under ex ternal and residual shrinkage loads. Continuity of displacements and normal and shear stresses was assumed at the fiber-matrix interface. The geometric arrangement of the fibers was hexagonal. The hexagon boundary between the fibers was assumed to change size under axial and shrinkage load yet remain regular. The com puted results show the stress distributions in the fibers and in the matrix in the axial, radial, and hoop directions.
Observations on the Fracture of Viscoelastic Bodies
Authors: Halpin J.C. , Polley H.W.
Published: July 2017

The Bueche-Halpin theory for the fracture of viscoelastic bodies is extended to predict the statistical variability of rupture data for both uniform and nonuniform excitation histories. The concept of cumulative damage is examined in light of some critical experimentation. It is shown that the geometry of the distribution is a sensitive "functional" of the excitation history and that the solution of this problem is the key step in the develop ment of a general theory for fatigue.
Stress Fields Around Parallel Edge Cracks
Authors: Chen Paul E.
Published: July 2017

The finite-difference method is applied to the plane elastic problem of stress fields around two parallel edge cracks in a tensile specimen. The theoretical approach is based on the solu tion of a biharmonic equation of the stress function. The results of two typical cases are included and the theoretical results are compared with the experimental.
Statistical Theory of Strength of Laminated Composites
Authors: Scop Peter M. , Argon Ali S.
Published: July 2017

A statistical theory for the strength of laminar composites is presented. The tensile strength of a laminate is closer to the ideal strength of the sheet material than individual sheets. This is be cause the effects of bad flaws, which drastically lower the strength of single sheets, are substantially reduced in a laminate. The strength enhancement may be as high as 50% for a laminate with as few as five sheets. The theory also shows the dependence of strength on such factors as sheet dimensions and glue shear strength. The essential features of the theory have been con firmed by experiment. The work suggests that the results are not restricted to uniaxial stress. They may be applied to optimize the biaxial and multi-directional tensile strength properties of the laminated material.
Mechanical Properties of Particulate-Filled Systems
Authors: Nielsen Lawrence E.
Published: July 2017

The theory of the elastic moduli of filled systems is reviewed from the interests of the experimental scientist rather than that of the theoretician. From the many theories and equations to be found in the literature, only those which fit closest to what is considered to be the best experimental data are selected for dis cussion. The effects of filler concentration, size, shape, and agglomeration are reviewed as well as the effects of interfacial adhesion. Based largely on experimental experience rather than theory, the general behavior of the stress-strain and dynamic mechanical properties of filled systems are summarized. Theoret ical equations are presented which cover the wide variations found in experimental determinations of thermal coefficients of expansion. To give some perspective to the scientist interested in all types of composite materials, a comparison is made between the modulus of an isotropic composite filled with spherical par ticles and the moduli of anisotropic composite containing uni axially oriented fibers.
Response of Reinforcing Wires to Compressive States of Stress
Authors: Herrmann Leonard R. , Mason William E. , Chan S.T.K.
Published: July 2017

A theoretical investigation of the compressive response of a wire embedded in an elastic matrix is reported. In the first section con sideration is given to the beam-column behavior of an initially crooked wire embedded in a matrix which is subjected to a state of uniaxial stress. A plot of the effective stiffness of the wire as a function of the wire's initial crookedness is given. Secondly, con sideration is given to the possibility of buckling, within the matrix, of a compressively loaded straight wire. A plot of the buckling load of the wire as a function of the ratio of the wire's and matrix's shear moduli is given. Two procedures are developed for the pre diction of the lateral support offered to the wire by the matrix. Both procedures are developed by treating the matrix as a three- dimensional elastic solid, however, only the first of the two meth ods completely satisfies the displacement continuity requirements between the wire and the matrix.

This research was supported under subcontract to the Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, under prime contract no. N123 ( 60530)-55641A with the U. S. Naval Ordinance Test Station, China Lake, California.
Stress Analysis of Viscoelastic Composite Materials
Authors: Schapery R.A.
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with foundations and methods of linear visco elastic analysis of anisotropic composites, including temperature effects. Earlier work on mathematical and thermodynamic bases of constitutive equations and the corresponding principle is re viewed. This principle is then used to relate effective viscoelastic moduli for composites to constituent properties. It is shown that all results from elasticity theory, including upper and lower bounds on moduli, are applicable to viscoelastic materials. Three ap proximate methods of viscoelastic analysis are reviewed and ap plied to three problems: pressurization of an orthotropic cylinder, cooling of a glass fiber embedded in resin, and upper and lower bounds on operational and relaxation shear moduli for a fiber- reinforced composite. Although realistic material properties are used, these methods enable explicit solutions to be derived with out difficulty.
Effect of Fiber-Matrix Interphase Defects on Microlevel Stress States at Neighboring Fibers
Authors: Zhu H. , Achenbach J. D.
Published: July 2017

A fiber with inferior interphase properties generates higher stresses at the fiber matrix interfaces of neighboring fibers. In this paper detailed calculations are presented for this effect. The mechanical behavior of the interphase between fibers and matrix is modelled by continuity of tractions and a linear relation between displacement differences across the interphase and the conjugate tractions. The proportionality constants characterize the stiffness and the strength of the interphase. For a cell of the composite which contains a cluster of fibers, calculations have been carried out by the use of the boundary element method. Four cases have been considered: (1) perfect composite. (2) a single fiber in the composite with lower interphase stiffness, (3) a single fiber in the composite with interphase cracks and lower interphase stiffness, and (4) a missing fiber in the composite. The interface stresses for neighboring fibers have been calculated. Also, for the case of the fiber with an interphase crack the strain energy density near the crack tip has been calculated and the condition for crack propagation has been discussed.
‘Near PVS’: A New Medico-Legal Syndrome?
Authors: Cusack Denis A , Sheikh Asim A , Hyslop-Westrup Jennifer L
Published: July 2017

This paper addresses the current medico-legal issues surrounding PVS (Permanent Vegetative State), including: the lack of a unified definition of the acronym PVS, the varying criteria for diagnosis of PVS, and the issue of patients who maintain a minimal degree of consciousness and cannot be categorized as PVS patients. First, we analyse the differing medical definitions and criteria for diagnosis in vegetative conditions. We also ask what part ‘consciousness’ plays in treatment decisions made by the family, the healthcare team, and the courts, by analysing a unique Irish case of a patient in a state deemed by the courts as ‘near PVS’. The paper demonstrates that there is now a legal dichotomy in vegetative patients. However, the manner in which the court treated these patients is the same. Underlying this discussion we hope to demonstrate how medical practice is subject to legal decisions and thus the importance of establishing uniform medical guidelines to assist the nonmedical professional.
Prediction of Violence on a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Eaton Scott , Ghannam Mohammed , Hunt Neil
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present study was to identify patients who were at particular risk of violent behaviour, over a period of one month in a psychiatric high dependency unit, and to examine whether particular patients could be identified at admission who would subsequently be violent.

Medical records, and other documents for 52 inpatients were included. Demographic, historical and clinical data available at admission were noted. All violent incidents were recorded and classified. Seventeen of 52 patients committed physical violence, usually to the staff. Most incidents were carried out by a small number of individuals. Identifying the violent, using variables available at admission, was not possible.

The ward admitted a group with a subsequent high rate of violence. Prediction within this high-risk group was not possible. Measures aimed at preventing violence on a local secure ward should apply to all patients and should not be targeted just at those that would appear to be the most likely to be violent.
Detention of Elderly Psychiatric Inpatients under Section 5(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Salib Emab , Tadros George , Ambrose Angela , Allington Mark
Published: July 2017

Emergency detention of elderly psychiatric inpatients appears to have attracted very little or no attention in published studies. In this retrospective review, all applications of sections 5(2) and 5(4) of the Mental Health Act 1983, detaining elderly inpatients in North Cheshire between 1985 and 1997 were reviewed.

Forty-three percent of elderly inpatients under s.5(2) regained their voluntary status, while 57% were detained under another section by the end of the 72 hours (p<0.05). Duration in hospital prior to applying s.5(2), clinical diagnosis of functional mental illness and use of s.5(4) appear to increase the likelihood of converting s.5(2) into other sections.

The high rate of non-conversion of s.5(2) in the elderly to s.2 or 3 may imply that in almost half of the cases, emergency detention may have been used to control isolated incidents of disturbed behaviour in otherwise co-operative patients.

Educating doctors and nurses in guidance put forward by the Code of Practice (1993) remains, probably, the main key to a better use of emergency holding powers.
1. An Autopsy Case of Sudden Death in a Patient with Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Hitosugi Masahito , Shigeta Akio , Takatsu Akihiro
Published: July 2017

A 38-year-old woman with idiopathic scoliosis (right convex thoracic scoliosis, 78°; left convex lumbar curvature, 75°) died suddenly. Forensic autopsy and histopathologic examination revealed chronic congestive oedema, numerous cavities and atrophic changes of heart.

These changes, including both respiratory changes and biventricular failure caused by hypoplastic cardiac changes, were due to a deformed thoracic cage. This case illustrates that not only abnormalities of respiratory function and cor pulmonare, but also hypoplastic cardiac changes, may cause sudden death in a patient with untreated scoliosis.
2. Importance of Examination of Buccal Cavity, Trachea, Hand and all Injuries
Authors: Wankhede Ashesh Gunwantrao
Published: July 2017

Four cases are discussed, with the point in view that examination of oral cavity, trachea, hands and all injuries is a vital part of post-mortem examination for the administration of justice. The cases are as follows. 1. Alleged case of death due to faulty treatment by physician, in which the death was due to choking by a medicinal tablet given forcefully to the child by his grandmother. 2. A case of hanging in which examination of the left palm revealed a ball pen testing mark on the hypothenar region. 3. In a case of homicidal death, a metal fragment was found in an incised wound which became an important piece of evidence for the administration of justice. 4. A case of hanging in which the suicide note was found in the oral cavity.
The Medical Investigation of Fatal Aircraft Accidents
Authors: Stevens P. J.
Published: July 2017

The occurrence of an aircraft accident wholly devoid of medical interest is a rarity. It is important that a full pathological investigation should be made of every accident at the scene and in the mortuary so that lessons may be learnt from which safety measures can be devised.
Pathological Findings in Fatal Sub-Atmospheric Decompression Sickness
Authors: Fryer D. I.
Published: July 2017

This paper studies decompression sickness, which is one of the problems facing those who fly at very high altitudes. Whilst the condition is rare and intractable, understanding of it may come from close collaboration between physician, pathologist and physiologist.
The Identification of Mutilated and Decomposed Bodies (With Special Reference to Air Crash Victims)
Authors: Mant A. Keith
Published: July 2017

During the war a number of prisoners were shot by the Germans and buried in communal graves. The identification of the bodies was a matter of some importance for the subsequent war crime trials that took place. The methods of identification then used are of considerable assistance in identifying the victims of air crashes.
Changes in Shed Epithelial Cells
Authors: Hunt A. C.
Published: July 2017

The possible forensic value of the study of shed epithelial cells by using the techniques of exfoliative cytology has received little attention in this country. This communication deals with the sources of such cells, the changes that take place in them after shedding. and the assessment of sex of dried cell nuclei.
Some Histological Findings in Spontaneously Preserved Bodies
Authors: Evans W. E.
Published: July 2017

The identification of human remains has frequently been of considerable importance in our courts. Usually investigations of long-dead human tissues stress the findings in the hard tissues and pay little or no attention to soft tissues. This article presents some of the histological findings in tissues from 33 adipocerous bodies inhumed in a dry environment for periods from 103 to 127 years.
Agar Gel Electrophoresis of Antemortem and Postmortem Serum Proteins
Authors: Bigger John F. , Silverman Jerome L.
Published: July 2017

The recognition of serum protein alterations in disease has firmly established the value of electrophoresis in laboratory diagnosis during life. The diagnostic role of postmortem serum protein electrophoresis has not become so readily established because of the lack of definitive data pertaining to the limits of serum protein change which occur following death and the difficulties inherent in obtaining such data.
Adrenaline and Noradrenaune in Post-Mortem Blood
Authors: Lund Alf
Published: July 2017

There is a significant difference in the adrenaline content of blood from cases of violent (27 μg./L) and natural (55 μg./L) sudden death. This difference is supposed to be due to a difference in duration of the occurrence of death (lowest adrenaline concentration at fastest death).
The Circulating Alcoholic
Authors: Edwards Griffith
Published: July 2017

Whenever alcoholics are treated there is a failure rate. Davies et al. (1956), in a two-year follow-up of fifty alcoholics who had received very full hospital treatment, noted that eleven failed to show any benefit. Little information is available on the subsequent career of patients who fail to respond to treatment, a fact which reflects our general ignorance of the natural history of alcohol addiction (Lemere, 1953; Davies, 1962). A proportion of these patients will drift from hospital to hospital, and a parallel career is seen among those who, instead of embarking on a sequence of hospital admissions, become caught up in a cycle of court sentences.
Levels of Potassium in the Vitreous Humour after Death
Authors: Hughes Wilhelmina M. H.
Published: July 2017

Levels of vitreous potassium were studied in 135 routine post-mortem cases. A rise in the potassium level was found but it could not be correlated with sufficient consistency with the post-mortem interval to make this an accurate method of estimating the time of death.
The Distinction between “Graphology” and “Questioned Document Examination”
Authors: Baxter P. G.
Published: July 2017

A distinction must be drawn between the Various studies associated with the acts of writing, the preparation of documents by other means, and the examinations involved in determining the authorship of a given writing or the genuineness of a particular document.

It is the object of this paper to define certain terms and to give a brief but factual history of the main disciplines involved, thereby making the distinction clear.

The quantity of literature available on the subject of Graphology is enormous, whilst that on Questioned Document Examination is somewhat less. Obviously in a short communication such as this there will be omissions; however, a comprehensive list of references is given where the reader can select for study at length any particular aspect of this work.
Deaths Caused by Animals in Finland
Authors: Karkola K. , Möttönen M. , Raekallio J.
Published: July 2017

An average of five people die annually in Finland of injuries caused by domestic animals. During the years 1957–68 the greatest number of deaths (30) was caused by horses, then by cows (18), and bulls (11). Dogs had killed 2 people and a cat and ram 1 person each. None of these deaths was a result of bites.

Poisonous animals caused 22 deaths during the years 1936–68. Out of these 22, 20 were snake bites (the last one in 1961) and 2 were wasp stings (the last one in 1959).

In 1969, a very unusual death was caused by pigs in Turku. A farmer was found dead in the pigsty among 12 pigs. He had lain there for about six hours. The autopsy showed that he had suffered from severe aortic stenosis. The viscera showed signs of cardiac failure. The pigs had gnawed the soft parts of the face, the eyes, all organs of the neck, and the genitals. Biochemical determination of histamine and serotonin proved that the wounds had been caused before death. Organs of the abdominal cavity had also been crushed. Bites and marks of pigs' feet were observed all over the body. Most likely, the man had fallen into the pigsty because of a heart attack. He had obviously been unable to move and was possibly unconscious when the pigs had savaged him.
Arson: A Twenty-Year Cohort Study
Authors: Soothill K. L. , Pope P. J.
Published: July 2017

All those charged with arson and appearing in the higher courts of England and Wales as shown in the Criminal Statistics England and Wales 1951 (1951) for that year were followed-up in terms of reconviction for a twenty-year period up to the end of 1971. Of the 8 men acquitted of arson in 1951, I had a previous conviction for arson but he did not appear in court again; there is evidence that another of this group became an arson recidivist after his 1951 acquittal. Of the 67 people convicted of arson in 1951 on whom there is complete information, only I had a previous conviction for arson prior to 1951, but he was not reconvicted subsequently for any type of offence. There were, however, 3 men who became arson recidivists during the next 20 years. The importance of a long-term follow-up is stressed, for although I was reconvicted for arson by the end of 1951 the 2 others were reconvicted for the specific offence of arson 13 and 15 years later, in 1964 and 1966 respectively.
Drug Abuse in Britain
Authors: James I. Pierce
Published: July 2017

The pattern of drug abuse by young people in Britain over the past decade or so is described. The London heroin epidemic of the 1960s appears to have been checked by the 1968 regulations and the abuse of amphetamines has declined, with more cautious prescribing habits by British doctors. On the other hand, cannabis and lysergide misuse is more widely prevalent throughout the country.

Unlike the U.S.A. there is no direct link between drugs and violence or major crime, although a proportion of drug takers are also delinquent. Similarly, there is no particular connexion between drugs and pornography.

It is fashionable to consider that we live in a ‘permissive society’, but it may be more aptly described as a ‘rebellious society’ in which the great majority (but unfortunately not all) of young people is able to handle its emancipation responsibly.
The Heart's Response to the Portrayal of Violence
Authors: Carruthers Malcolm , Taggart Peter , Somerville Walter
Published: July 2017

Observations have been made on the heart-rate and adrenaline and noradrenaline release in people watching films portraying violence.

Contrary to the findings in other emotional situations, the heart-rate slowed during the films suggesting overactivity of the parasympathetic nerve-supply to the heart. Adrenaline excretion in the urine was increased, a finding usually connected with sympathetic overactivity. The suggestion is made that under the conditions of these observations, both sympathetic and parasympathetic overactivity are stimulated, the parasympathetic effect dominating the heart-rate.
The Presentation and Management of Individuals Contaminated with Solutions of Dibenzoxazepine (CR)
Authors: Ballantyne Bryan , Beswick F. W. , Thomas D. Price
Published: July 2017

Dibenz(b. f)-1, 4-oxazepine (CR) is a highly potent irritant to both the eyes and skin of man; it is more potent than the riot control agent chloracetophenone although apparently less toxic. Observations have been made on the effects of CR in weak solutions (up to 0.1 per cent) on more than 150 volunteers. Splashed on to the face these solutions cause pain, blepharospasm, and lacrimation lasting about twenty minutes, a transient injection of conjunctival vessels, and erythema of the lid margins; there is no structural damage to the eye. There is a burning sensation in affected skin, and a well delineated erythema; sensitization does not occur. Solution entering the mouth causes a short-lived burning sensation, excessive salivation, sore throat, and rhinorrhoea. The general acute discomfort causes a transient increase in blood-pressure. These short-lived effects are unaccompanied by the risks for long-term damage, such as may occur with the use of chloracetophenone. Treatment is palliative and includes reassurance, removal of contaminated clothing, washing of the eyes and skin; eye pain can be relieved with amethocaine.
The Dangerousness of Dangerousness
Authors: Shaw S. H.
Published: July 2017

Summary

The etymological problems of ‘dangerousness’ are considered. The fact that the concept is changing is pointed out, while some factors related to violent offenders are enumerated. The question of what sort of man serves a long sentence and the effect a long sentence has upon a man is raised, with particular emphasis upon groups of men and the idea of deterioration. Stress is placed upon the need for further research.
Alcoholic Brain Damage: Implications for Sentencing Policy (With a Note on the Air-Encephalogram)
Authors: Brewer Colin
Published: July 2017

Alcoholic brain damage is often overlooked as a factor in criminal behaviour. Air-encephalography is necessary to demonstrate it. In the case reported, visual evidence of brain damage during the trial of a drunken driver enabled the court to avoid an otherwise mandatory prison sentence and permit medical management instead. The importance of full neuro-psychiatric investigation of potentially brain-damaged offenders is stressed.
On the Difficulty of Defining Suicide
Authors: Virkkunen M.
Published: July 2017

The discussion is made between the present suicide definition based on suicidal intention and the one presented by Stengel (1972) which is based on a subjective risk-taking criterion in the main groups of obscure cases of death. It has been deemed that the previous definition of suicidal intent is the better alternative after all, but preliminary investigations by police authorities and behaviour scientists ought to be intensified in different countries and co-operation between investigators and coroners increased. The definition based on a subjective risk-taking criterion can hardly be applicable alone, although it might have some significance as a supplement to the old definition in certain obscure cases of death.
Doxepin Poisoning
Authors: Oliver John S. , Watson Alan A.
Published: July 2017

A fatal case of doxepin (Sinequan) poisoning is reported. The significant post-mortem findings, the analytical procedure, and results are presented and discussed with respect to available published data.
The Voluntary Act
Authors: O'Connor D.
Published: July 2017

The importance of the actus reus in the analysis of criminal behaviour has only gained ground in recent years. The defence that the act complained of was involuntary raises directly the question ‘What is meant by voluntary conduct?’ In its earliest formulations the general acceptance of the doctrine of free will led to a ready acceptance of voluntary as simply meaning being a product of an exercise of the free will.

More recent investigations, and in particular those following the development of ego psychology, have shown that the mechanism precedent to the operation of the will is of considerable complexity.

Perception, cognition and evaluation of data must each be considered in an analysis of voluntary behaviour, so that what may seem voluntary may well flow from a defective capacity in any or all of these functions.

The relationship between defective psychic functions such as those described and the pervasive concept of ‘insanity’ in the criminal law, it is suggested, may have led to the neglect of a study of voluntarism since many cases of psychic malfunction have displayed psychotic symptoms.

It is argued that the distinction between self-induced and other-induced as a basis for attaching responsibility in law, as is strongly suggested in the cases, is unsatisfactory.

The merit of the recent discussions of the nature of voluntary conduct is that the limitations of a pre-Freudian theory of conscious behaviour enshrined in McNaughton will be recognized within the debate on the nature of voluntary and, more particularly, involuntary conduct.
Cot Deaths and Malnutrition: The Role of Dehydration
Authors: Andrews Peter S.
Published: July 2017

In a series of 54 cases of sudden death in infancy, the cerebrospinal fluid urea was raised in 52 cases. It is proposed that dehydration is a significant factor in most of these cases of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy. The suggested biochemical mechanism is a rapid development of acute-on-chronic dehydration when infection supervenes.
Identification of Bodies from Fires
Authors: Stevens P. J.
Published: July 2017

Fire and associated injuries complicate the task of identification by:

Making a body unrecognizable or difficult to identify visually; Destroying clothing and documents; Distorting or destroying external physical features such as hair, skin bearing scars, tattoos or other blemishes and skin from fingers (prints); Causing extensive loss of tissue such that whole members may be missing and internal organs completely destroyed.

The most helpful means of identification of bodies from fires, therefore, tend to be:

Personal property of metal or other fire-resistant material; X-rays; Dental evidence.

The way in which the relative value of various means of identification is influenced by the special circumstances of each accident was demonstrated, and the problems that arise and the ways in which many are solved were exemplified by case histories of a number of aircraft accidents and house fire victims, the majority of which have been previously published.
The Post-Mortem Changes of Corneal Turbidity and its Water Content
Authors: Tsunenari Shigeyuki , Kanda Mizuho
Published: July 2017

An instrumental determination of post-mortem corneal turbidity and the changes of water contents in the post-mortem cornea are reported. The degree of the post-mortem corneal turbidity was expressed in an objective reading of the ammeter in the authors' Laser apparatus. The free water (FW) and the bound water (BW) were separated from the total water (TW) according to the method of Hatschek (1936). The corneal opacity of closed eyes accelerated faster than that of opened eyes. The BW in corneas both of opened and closed eyes decreased with the time elapsed after death, whereas the FW increased steadily. The higher the humidity of the surroundings of a cornea, the greater the amount of TW observed, and vice versa.
Determination of the Time of Death by Continuous Post-Mortem Temperature Measurements
Authors: Simonsen Jørn , Voigt Jorgen , Jeppesen Niels
Published: July 2017

In 20 cases with known times of death continuous post-mortem measurements of the temperature fall in brain, calf, liver, axilla and rectum of the bodies have been made, and, in addition, the environmental temperature has been recorded. The observations were not made under standardized conditions, and the clothing of the bodies was left untouched as far as possible. The measurements of the brain temperatures have given the greatest accuracy in determining the time of death; for temperatures above 25 °C the uncertainty was of the order of magnitude of ±2 1/2 hours, at lower temperatures greater. The other sites of measurement permitted less reliable estimates of the post-mortem time, but none of them were found to be appropriate beyond 20 hours after death.

There is one factor which cannot be calculated. It is the temperature at the moment of death. All investigations show that it may vary enormously. In the present study the difference between the maximum and the minimum starting temperature ranges between 5 °C and 8 °C, dependent on the site of measurement. As the fall in temperature—irrespective of the site of measurement—during the first few hours post mortem is of the magnitude of 1 °C per hour, the above variation gives an inaccuracy which by far exceeds what can be achieved of greater accuracy by the aid of brain temperature measurements.

For this reason the authors feel justified in concluding that the determination of the time of death will always be encumbered with great uncertainty, but that the most reliable estimate within the first 20 hours after death can be based upon the measurement of the brain temperature associated with an evaluation of the development of the signs of death. None of the other methods tested so far appears to have offered a greater reliability.
Needles in a Child's Body (A Case Report)
Authors: Ramu M.
Published: July 2017

The relevant literature concerning the presence of foreign bodies in the human body mainly deals with ear, nose and throat cases or chest and abdomen cases, such as may result from firearm (gun) injuries or abdominal operations. A battered-baby syndrome case is presented here. It is rather unusual in that a number of needles, i.e. ordinary sewing needles, were used to inflict fatal injury on a 1-year-old child.
Legal Changes in Adolescent Psychiatry
Authors: Walshe-Brennan K. S.
Published: July 2017

Juvenile crime has increased considerably in the past decade. The Police Federation and the Justices' Clerks' Society blame the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 and want the law changed for several reasons. The British Association of Social Workers, however, disagrees.

In view of possible changes in the near future, the development of the 1969 Act is traced from World War II with comments on the social conditions then existing. The results of the legislature are discussed with particular reference to Certificates of Unruliness, accommodation difficulties and the role of psychiatry at the present time.
Further Observations on the Validity of Urine Alcohol Levels in Road Traffic Offences
Authors: Flanagan N. G. , Goff D. K. , Butt W. , Hadlow A. J.
Published: July 2017

In a report which highlighted the decreasing deterrent effect of the breathalyser it was suggested that the police should use the breath test as a screen in high-risk situations.

Urine and blood alcohol estimations were performed on 59 paired samples which had been collected under conditions that may be found in these situations.

The statutory urine/blood conversion factor of 1·33 was applicable in only 2 of these cases. It is concluded that urine alcohol estimation is unreliable in these circumstances.
The Probative Value of Bloodstains on Clothing
Authors: Briggs T. J.
Published: July 2017

The evidential value of the results from grouping bloodstains on clothing connected with crime investigations is normally related to the frequency of occurrence of the bloodgroups which have been identified in these stains. Insufficient account is taken of the probative value of blood occurring on clothing alone. Neither is proper account made of the discriminating value of bloodstaining when this is of a group different from the wearer of that clothing. Two recent large scale murder investigations involving the examination of 1737 articles of clothing for the presence of bloodstaining have allowed a detailed assessment to be made of these factors.
Alcohol Associated Mortality in Newcastle upon Tyne
Authors: Sunter J. P. , Heath A. B. , Ranasinghe H.
Published: July 2017

An autopsy series consisting of 3421 cases over a five year period has been examined retrospectively in order to determine what proportion of the deaths was attributable in some direct way to either the acute or chronic effects of alcohol consumption.

It was found that in 3·27 per cent of all deaths alcohol contributed materially to death. This represents 4·43 per cent of all male deaths and 1·57 per cent of all female deaths. The average age at death was 10 years lower in the alcohol associated group than in the autopsy population as a whole. In males of young middle age a particularly high proportion of deaths was associated with alcohol abuse.
To Sterilize or Not to Sterilize?
Authors: Cusine Douglas J.
Published: July 2017

In this article it is proposed to consider voluntary sterilization and consent to surgery in Scots law but with particular reference to the English case of Re D (a minor) which was first reported in The Times of 17th September, 1975 and is more fully reported in (1976) 1 All E.R. 326.
The Brennan Case: Medicolegal Insanity?
Authors: McLean Angela M. , Harland W. Arthur
Published: July 2017

The law of Scotland in regard to insanity induced by drink or drugs is considered in the context of the opinion of seven judges in Brennan's case. Reference is made to the views expressed in the English House of Lords decision in Majewski, also from seven judges.

An assessment of legal insanity is given and some medical points noted. Tentative conclusions are suggested.
Deaths of Drug Addicts in London during 1970–4: Toxicological, Legal and Demographic Findings
Authors: Stevens Barbara C.
Published: July 2017

138 deaths of persons aged 15–50 years with a Coroner's verdict of ‘Due to Addiction’ were found in the London area between 1.1.70–31.12.74: 107 were male and 31 female. Acute drug reaction to intravenous overdosage was the main cause of death in 68·5 per cent of cases, and only 5·6 per cent died of septicaemia. The annual numbers of deaths of addicts was highest in 1972 and now appears to be decreasing.

The risk of addicts dying a sudden death in which their addiction was not the main cause but a contributory factor was demonstrated by a 10 per cent random sample of all other inquests, irrespective of verdict, during the same calendar period.
The Pathophysics and Pathomechanics of Trauma
Authors: Presswalla Faruk B.
Published: July 2017

The general principles of physics and mechanics are applied to explain injury production. The biomechanical factors which affect their topographical distribution and pathological changes in tissue are discussed. Analogies are drawn with common everyday occurrences to illustrate the application of these principles. Common mechanical terms and standard pathobiological terms for types of traumatic injury are defined. Firearm missile, crash deceleration, blast, thermal and electrically produced injuries are discussed.
Arsonists in Prison
Authors: Sapsford R. J. , Banks Charlotte , Smith D. D.
Published: July 2017

Arsonists in prison serving life sentences were compared with two other samples of arsonists who were serving or had served determinate sentences of 18 months or more. The lifers had little in common with the short-term men but were very like the men serving five years or more, except that their medical records showed a higher incidence of diagnoses of ‘psychopathy’ and ‘sexual abnormality’. For determinate-sentence men these two variables were predictive neither of length of sentence nor of likelihood of reconviction (whether in general or specifically for arson) when multiple-regression techniques were used. The life-sentence arsonists do not form a homogeneous group but include some men whose crimes have a compulsive element and may be sexually motivated; such men are to be found in the determinate-sentence population, but they are less common there.
False Positive Identification
Authors: Hilgendorf E. Linden , Irving B. L.
Published: July 2017

This paper reports the results of a simulation of an identification parade using recommended procedures. The parade was held three days after subjects had been incidental observers of a man in a waiting room. The Parade included ‘a suspect’ who was not the man Previously seen. Of the 68 subjects, 21 made a false Positive identification on the parade, including 6 who made an identification with a high level of certainty. All these 6 high certainty identifications were of ‘the suspect’. A group of subjects also saw a set of photographs prior to the parade. The findings suggest that, When the man previously seen was not included, subjects were more likely to make a false positive identification on photographs than on a parade. In addition, subjects who had seen the photographs Wade a significantly greater proportion of false positive identifications on the subsequent parade.
Head Injury and the CT Scanner
Authors: Ward Peter
Published: July 2017

The principles of the EMI Scanner are explained and its role in the management of head injuries illustrated by several cases.

The dynamic changes that occur almost daily in the evolution of damaged brain, which are faithfully recorded by the EMI Scanner, are emphasized, together with features which may be of interest to forensic pathologists.
The Evidential Value of Multiple Continuous Measurements — A Simplified Approach to Data Analysis
Authors: Smalldon K.W. , Brown C.
Published: July 2017

A conceptually simple approach is described for the interpretation of all types of multidimensional continuously variable data. Items which reflect the problem being investigated are collected and two independent representative samples are taken from each item for analysis. A single calculated test variable is used, in conjunction with a computer and the analyst's intuitive judgment, to interpret the data. Although optimum performance cannot be guaranteed the method is flexible and allows assessment of two samples for similarity, the calculation of discriminating power for any set of measurements and estimation of the discrimination achieved from the analysis of a particular item. Since formal statistical tests and tables are not used at any stage, analysts are competent to investigate their own data after only a little practice. The system is equally suited to research and operational requirements. Some applications and potential developments of the system are discussed.
The Characterization of Motor Vehicle Body Fillers
Authors: Home Janet M. , Twibell J. D. , Smalldon K. W.
Published: July 2017

The compositions of typical British motor vehicle body fillers are reviewed and a systematic scheme is presented for their characterization, which routinely employs sample colour and analysis by pyrolysis gas chromatography and occasionally employs X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in addition.

Eighteen samples obtained from manufacturers were all distinguishable and, from the examination of 121 casework samples, the discriminating power of colour and pyrolysis gas chromatography was estimated to be at least 0·92. Twenty-three samples in the casework collection were all similar in colour and produced similar pyrograms. A brief examination of this large group of samples, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, indicated that inorganic analysis provided a useful increase in discrimination.

The pyrolysis products of polythene were used to calibrate the retention scale of the gas chromatograms (in methylene units) and peak heights were recorded relative to the height of the largest peak (usually styrene). Using data recorded in this manner a computer based system was developed for the comparison of pyrograms and for establishing the evidential value of a particular analysis. It is suggested that a similar approach could be used for the interpretation of pyrograms from a wide variety of other materials.
The Analysis and Discrimination of Copper Wires Using Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Locke J. , Boase D. R. , Smalldon K. W.
Published: July 2017

Spark source mass spectrometry has been used for the analysis of high purity copper wires taken from electrical cables. The characteristic elements were in the concentration range 0·1 to 35 ppm, with Ag, Fe, Pb and Zn being most prominent. The elements Mn, Ni, As, Se, Sb and Bi were also frequently detectable. The precision of determination was in the region of 18 per cent and calibration using the silver concentration, determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, permitted the calculation of absolute concentrations of some of the impurities.

A survey of 20 modern British cables established the experimental and sample variations within and between various electrical conductors. A mathematical routine for comparing the multi-elemental concentrations permitted the objective comparison of cable samples. A criterion for testing for similarity was established and the discriminating power for the pairs of different samples in the survey was estimated to be 0·96. The effect of using data for a limited number of elements, which can be determined by other methods, is discussed.
Penetrating Injury to Chest by Knitting Needle — A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Heath Michael John
Published: July 2017

A case of penetrating injury to the chest by a knitting needle is reported.
Some Legal and Medical Problems in Aircraft Accident Investigations
Authors: Pile Flying Officer R. L. C. , Hill Squadron Leader I. R.
Published: July 2017

The legal and medical problems associated with the aftermath of an aircraft accident are complex and the difficulties are accentuated by the international nature of flight. Early in the history of civil aviation attempts were made to legislate for potential difficulties, but newer situations such as air piracy, changes in domestic laws and inflation have complicated the picture. Forensic pathologists involved in such medico-legal investigations may have a considerable workload thrust upon them.