bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drosophila astrocytes cover specific territories of CNS neuropil and are instructed to differentiate by Prospero, a key effector of Notch
Authors: Peco Emilie , Davla Sejal , Camp Darius , Stacey Stephanie , Landgraf Matthias , van Meyel Don
Published: February 2016

Astrocytes are recognized as critical elements in the formation, fine-tuning, function and plasticity of neural circuits in the central nervous system. However, important questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms instructing astrocyte cell fate. We studied astrogenesis in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila larvae, where astrocytes have remarkable morphological and molecular similarities to astrocytes in mammals. We reveal the births of larval astrocytes from a multi-glial lineage, their allocation to reproducible positions, and their deployment of ramified arbors to cover specific neuropil territories to form a stereotyped astroglial map. Finally, we unraveled a molecular pathway for astrocyte differentiation in which the Ets protein Pointed and Notch signaling pathway are required for astrogenesis; however, only Notch is sufficient to direct non-astrocytic progenitors toward astrocytic fate. We found that Prospero is a key effector of Notch in this process. Our data identify an instructive astrogenic program that acts as a binary switch to distinguish astrocytes from other glial cells.
Neurodegeneration in aDrosophilamodel of Adrenoleukodystrophy: the roles of the bubblegum and double bubble acyl-CoA synthetases
Authors: Sivachenko Anna , Gordon Hannah B. , Kimball Suzanne S. , Gavin Erin J. , Bonkowsky Joshua L. , Letsou Anthea
Published: February 2016

Debilitating neurodegenerative conditions with metabolic origins affect millions of individuals worldwide. Still, for most of these neurometabolic disorders there are neither cures nor disease- modifying therapies, and novel animal models are needed for elucidation of disease pathology and identification of potential therapeutic agents. To date, metabolic neurodegenerative disease has been modeled in animals with only limited success, in part because existing models constitute analyses of single mutants and have thus overlooked potential redundancy within metabolic gene pathways associated with disease. Here we present the first analysis of a very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase double mutant. We show that the Drosophila bubblegum (bgm) and double bubble (dbb) genes have overlapping functions, and that the consequences of bubblegum double bubble double knockout in the fly brain are profound, affecting behavior and brain morphology, and providing the best paradigm to date for an animal model of Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a fatal childhood neurodegenerative disease associated with the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. Using this more fully penetrant model of disease to interrogate brain morphology at the level of electron microscopy, we show that dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism via disruption of ACS function in vivo is causal of neurodegenerative pathologies evident in both neuronal cells and their support cell populations, and leads ultimately to lytic cell death in affected areas of the brain. Finally, in an extension of our model system to the study of human disease, we describe our identification of a leukodystrophy patient who harbors a rare mutation in a human homologue of Bgm and Dbb: the SLC27a6-encoded very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase.
The ESCRT-II proteins are involved in shaping the sarcoplasmic reticulum in C. elegans
Authors: Lefebvre Christophe , Largeau Céline , Michelet Xavier , Fourrage Cécile , Maniere Xavier , Matic Ivan , Legouis Renaud , Culetto Emmanuel
Published: February 2016

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and cisternae localized in close association with the contractile apparatus, and regulates Ca2+ dynamics within striated muscle cell. The sarcoplasmic reticulum maintains its shape and organization despite repeated muscle cell contractions, through mechanisms which are still under investigation. The ESCRT complexes are essential to organize membrane subdomains and modify membrane topology in multiple cellular processes. Here, we report for the first time that ESCRT-II proteins play a role in the maintenance of sarcoplasmic reticulum integrity in C. elegans. ESCRT-II proteins colocalize with the sarcoplasmic reticulum marker ryanodine receptor UNC-68. The localization at the sarcoplasmic reticulum of ESCRT-II and UNC-68 are mutually dependent. Furthermore, the characterization of ESCRT-II mutants revealed a fragmentation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum network, associated with an alteration of Ca2+ dynamics. Our data provide evidence that ESCRT-II proteins are involved in sarcoplasmic reticulum shaping.
Temporal control of bidirectional lipid-droplet motion in Drosophila depends on the ratio of kinesin-1 and its co-factor Halo
Authors: Arora Gurpreet K. , Tran Susan L. , Rizzo Nicholas , Jain Ankit , Welte Michael A.
Published: February 2016

During bidirectional transport, individual cargoes move continuously back and forth along microtubule tracks, yet the cargo population overall displays directed net transport. How such transport is controlled temporally is not well understood. We analyzed this issue for bidirectionally moving lipid droplets in Drosophila embryos, a system in which net transport direction is developmentally controlled. By quantifying how the droplet distribution changes as embryos develop, we characterize temporal transitions in net droplet transport and identify the crucial contribution of the previously identified, but poorly characterized, transacting regulator Halo. In particular, we find that Halo is transiently expressed; rising and falling Halo levels control the switches in global distribution. Rising Halo levels have to pass a threshold before net plus-end transport is initiated. This threshold level depends on the amount of the motor kinesin-1: the more kinesin-1 is present, the more Halo is needed before net plus-end transport commences. Because Halo and kinesin-1 are present in common protein complexes, we propose that Halo acts as a rate-limiting co-factor of kinesin-1.
Underwater flight by the planktonic sea butterfly
Authors: Murphy David W. , Adhikari Deepak , Webster Donald R. , Yen Jeannette
Published: February 2016

In a remarkable example of convergent evolution, we show that the zooplanktonic sea butterfly Limacina helicina ‘flies’ underwater in the same way that very small insects fly in the air. Both sea butterflies and flying insects stroke their wings in a characteristic figure-of-eight pattern to produce lift, and both generate extra lift by peeling their wings apart at the beginning of the power stroke (the well-known Weis-Fogh ‘clap-and-fling’ mechanism). It is highly surprising to find a zooplankter ‘mimicking’ insect flight as almost all zooplankton swim in this intermediate Reynolds number range (Re=10–100) by using their appendages as paddles rather than wings. The sea butterfly is also unique in that it accomplishes its insect-like figure-of-eight wing stroke by extreme rotation of its body (what we call ‘hyper-pitching’), a paradigm that has implications for micro aerial vehicle (MAV) design. No other animal, to our knowledge, pitches to this extent under normal locomotion.
Para onde vai o federalismo? Notas sobre o que foi e o que poderá vir a ser o Estado Federal
Authors: Minhoto Antonio Celso Baeta
Published: February 2016

O ideal federalista é admirado desde há muito. É um modelo que, em teoria, traz unidade e autonomia ao mesmo tempo para qualquer tipo de Estado. Mas, ao longo da moderna história humana, podemos ver modificações neste modelo que, algumas vezes, representaram maior centralização e perda de autonomia. Todos incensam a ideia de descentralização e concordam com a valorização da localidade, mas a prática mostra que há ainda um longo trajeto entre o discurso e a prática. Where the federalism are going to? Jottings about what federalism were and what it could be The federalist ideal is admired since many years. It’s a model that, in its theory, brings unit and autonomy at the same time for any kind of State. But, all long from the modern human history, we can see changes in this model, that, sometimes, represented more centralization and autonomy lose. Everybody supports the decentralization idea, but the facts shows us that there’s a long path between the speech and the real life.
Inconstitucionalidade no regime especial de pagamento de precatórios pelos estados, Distrito Federal e municípios
Authors: Britto Ministro Ayres
Published: February 2016

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Educação para o consumo consciente: um dever do Estado
Authors: Efing Antônio Carlos , Resende Augusto César Leite de
Published: February 2016

O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal demonstrar que é dever do Estado promover políticas públicas educacionais voltadas ao consumo consciente, como meio necessário a dar efetividade ao direito fundamental ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Procurou-se ainda analisar a relação existente entre desenvolvimento sustentável e consumo consciente, a necessidade da educação como agente transformador de comportamentos de consumo e a possibilidade de o Poder Judiciário determinar ao Estado a implementação dessas políticas públicas. Education for conscious consumption: a duty of the State This article aims to demonstrate that it is the main duty of the State to promote educational policies aimed at conscious consumption as a means necessary to give effect to the fundamental right to sustainable development. We also sought to examine the relationship between sustainable development and consumption, the need for education as a transforming agent of consumer behavior and the ability of the judiciary to determine the State to implement these policies.
O exercício do poder de polícia por particulares
Authors: Marrara Thiago
Published: February 2016

O presente artigo aborda o poder de polícia e sua execução por particulares. Para tanto, parte de breves considerações sobre o conteúdo da atividade de polícia, como expressão da administração restritiva. Em seguida, examina a delegação dessa atividade a particulares e diferencia a delegação quanto ao conteúdo e ao executor. Trata também de argumentos favoráveis e desfavoráveis à delegação e, ao final, examina o posicionamento do Superior Tribunal de Justiça no caso BHTRANS. The enforcement of police powers by non-estate bodies This article examines the police power in Brazilian Law and its enforcement by non-state persons. For that, it presents some initial considerations on the content of police actions as a type of restrictive public administration. Following that, it focuses on the delegation of police powers and differentiates its variations according to the police act and the executors. It also brings a systematization of arguments favorable and contrary to delegation strategies. At the end, it discusses the decision of the Superior Tribunal of Justice in the case BHTRANS.
Teoria da regulação administrativa sustentável
Authors: Freitas Juarez
Published: February 2016

O desempenho sustentável da função regulatória é imperativo. As recentes crises econômico-financeiras e ambientais só têm mostrado a importância de encontrar a medida certa de intervenção estatal na arena do mercado para induzir o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste artigo, apresentam-se as condições para uma teoria da regulação compatível com o princípio da sustentabilidade, especialmente para superar as falhas de mercado e de governo. Theory of sustainable administrative regulation The sustainable performance of the regulatory function is imperative. The recent economic-financial and environmental crises have only shown the importance of finding the right measure of state intervention in the market arena to induce sustainable development. In this article, the conditions are presented for a theory of regulation compatible with the principle of sustainability, especially to overcome market failures and government failures.
Advocacia pública e sua atuação no procedimento licitatório: fundamentos, limites e responsabilização
Authors: Di Pietro Maria Sylvia Zanella , Motta Fabrício
Published: February 2016

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Complexidade na resolução de tratados pela organização internacional do trabalho
Authors: Barbosa Ministro Joaquim
Published: February 2016

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Cotas raciais para concurso de ingresso na magistratura
Authors: Silveira Conselheiro Fabiano
Published: February 2016

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Ανδρούσου, Α., & Αυγητίδου, Σ. (Επιμ.) (2013). Η πρακτική άσκηση στην αρχική εκπαίδευση των εκπαιδευτικών: Ερευνητικές προσεγγίσεις. Αθήνα: Δίκτυο Πρακτικών Ασκήσεων & ΤΕΑΠΗ, ΕΚΠΑ
Authors: Karalis Thanassis
Published: February 2016

Βιβλιοπαρουσίαση
Η διακρίβωση του αυτοπροσδιορισμού μαθητών πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης σε επικινδυνότητα για μαθησιακές δυσκολίες: η συμβολή των γνωστικών και μεταγνωστικών ικανοτήτων και των ευκαιριών πλαισίου
Authors: Vouyoukas Konstantinos
Published: February 2016

Εισαγωγή

Οι μαθητές σε επικινδυνότητα για μαθησιακές δυσκολίες διακρίνονται από περιορισμένες μεταγνωστικές δεξιότητες και αρνητικό αυτοσυναίσθημα, χαρακτηριστικά που επηρεάζουν αρνητικά την παρώθηση και τον αυτοπροσδιορισμό τους.

Στόχος της έρευνας

Η σκιαγράφηση του επιπέδου του αυτοπροσδιορισμού μαθητών πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης σε επικινδυνότητα για μαθησιακές δυσκολίες, έτσι όπως αυτό αποτυπώνεται από τους ίδιους τους μαθητές και τις μητέρες τους.

Μέθοδοι

Το δείγμα της έρευνας αποτελούσαν 70 μαθητές της ΣΤ΄ τάξης δημοτικού και οι μητέρες τους.  Τριανταεπτά μαθητές ήταν μαθητές τυπικής ανάπτυξης και 33 ήταν μαθητές σε επικινδυνότητα για μαθησιακές δυσκολίες, σύμφωνα με την ελληνική στάθμιση του κριτηρίου μαθησιακής επάρκειας Detroit, DTLA-4. Για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η κλίμακα αυτοπροσδιορισμού AIR Self-Determination Scale.

Αποτελέσματα

Οι μαθητές σε επικινδυνότητα για μαθησιακές δυσκολίες εκτίμησαν ότι είναι λιγότερο αυτοπροσδιορισμένοι από τους τυπικής ανάπτυξης συμμαθητές τους. Όλες οι μητέρες θεώρησαν ότι το επίπεδο αυτοπροσδιορισμού των παιδιών τους βρίσκεται σε υψηλότερο επίπεδο από αυτό που θεωρούν τα ίδια τα παιδιά τους. Όλοι οι μαθητές είχαν την άποψη ότι οι ευκαιρίες για την καλλιέργεια του αυτοπροσδιορισμού δίνονται περισσότερο στην οικογένεια παρά στο σχολείο, σε αντίθεση με τις μητέρες τους.

Συμπεράσματα

Απαιτείται συνεργασία σχολείου-οικογένειας προς την κατεύθυνση της διδασκαλίας μεταγνωστικών δεξιοτήτων και της ανάπτυξης κινήτρων προκειμένου να καλλιεργηθεί ο αυτοπροσδιορισμός των μαθητών.
Visual Messages Accompanied by Music: Preschool Children’s Interpretations
Authors: Dogani Konstantina , Constandinidou-Semoglou Ourania
Published: February 2016

Within current visual culture children are continuously exposed to varieties of visual messages accompanied by music which could contribute towards their aesthetic development. However, the interaction between music and image is not always as simple as in animation where music has direct relationship to the visual message to be easily interpreted by the preschool child. Taking a semiotic approach the current paper investigates preschool child’s reception of a more sophisticated interaction between music and visual messages, when the function of music is in mismatch to the visual message. The sample consists of 125 preschool children from Greece, divided into two groups that watched images with, and without, music. Their drawings, comments and explanations in response to our questions were presented as a form of personal interview, which provided rich material for qualitative observations, followed by statistical analysis. It appeared that, during the process of reception and within the specific context of the current investigation, it is the informative part of the visual message, and the child’s experiential relationship with it, that reinforces the receiver’s involvement more than the connotations transmitted by music.
Expression of the retina-specific flippase, ABCA4, in epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Wiley Luke A. , Kaalberg Emily E. , Penticoff Jessica A. , Mullins Robert F. , Stone Edwin M. , Tucker Budd A.
Published: February 2016

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 4 (ABCA4) is a photoreceptor transmembrane protein that is responsible for flipping N-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine, a key intermediate in the visual cycle, from the lumen to the cytoplasmic leaflet of photoreceptor outer segment disks. Mutations in ABCA4 cause a build-up of toxic retinoids resulting in a variety of retinal degenerative phenotypes, including Stargardt disease, cone-rod dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa. Since many of the ABCA4 variants are rare and non-exomic, their pathogenicity is often difficult to demonstrate statistically. Given that the neural retina is inaccessible to molecular analysis in living patients, we use patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal neurons to identify and model disease-causing mutations. Here we demonstrate that a truncated version of the retinal-specific transmembrane enzyme ABCA4 is expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and is required for cellular proliferation and viability at late passage. This finding is of great importance for labs that wish to investigate the pathophysiology of novel ABCA4-variants, without having to incur the added expense and scientific expertise associated with iPSC generation, culture and differentiation. Likewise, this finding is also important for those intending to generate iPSCs from patient specific keratinocytes, which can prove difficult when ABCA4 mutations are present.
Surface quality of tungstenfree hard alloys after diamond machining
Authors: Лосев Е. , Losev E. , Попов В. , Popov V. , Лобанов Д. , Lobanov D. , Архипов П. , Arkhipov P. , Янюшкин А. , Yanyushkin A.
Published: February 2016

The quality parameters of TN-20 hard alloy after the diamond machining are determined. The technology of combined electro-diamond grinding, which allows resolving the problems of equipment modernization and definition of optimal machining conditions of tungstenfree hard alloys, is developed. The methods of metallographic and spectral analysis, which determined the reasons of low quality of surfaces of tungstenfree hard alloys after abrasive machining, are used. Based on the analysis of the research results, the combined electro-diamond grinding technology for improving the machining performance of parts from tungstenfree hard alloys, is recommended.
Gas forming of body embossing-stringer panels at short-term creep
Authors: Чудин В. , Chudin V.
Published: February 2016

The technology andanalysis of hot shape-forming mode by gas pressure of embossing-stringer panelsare suggested. Thecreep state of a deformable materialis assumed. The assessments of gas pressure, local stability of strain, material damageability and process duration are given.The technological data and samples of productsare presented.
Tax Aspect of Federal Budget 2016
Authors: Смирнов  , Smirnov E.
Published: February 2016

Th e federal budget for 2016 adopted by the Russian Parliament in December is focused on the stability of the

tax system.
Questions of External Quality Control in the Audit Activities
Authors: Массарыгина  , Massarygina V.
Published: February 2016

Th e article treats the problems of quality control of auditing in Russia. Author emphasizes the forms, objects and

results of quality control of auditing in Russia.
Impact of Production Factors on Labour Income in Modern Russia
Authors: Басовская  , Basovskaya Elena
Published: February 2016

The paper builds econometric models that allow us to evaluate the influence

of the main productionfactors, defining the level of labour income in the country.

Capital/labour ratio, human capital and new technology explain over 70%

of earned income. The effect of changes in the level of human capital on labor

income surpasses the effect of changes in capital/labour ratio.The impact

of capital/labour ratio has been steadily declining, whereas the influence of human

capital and new technologies has been increasing. These arenew factors, the

most important ones for the development of post-industrial economy. The growth

of their influence shows that the economic system of the country adapts to the

prevailing institutional conditionsunfavorable for Russia’s industrial economy.
Formation of wear resistant coatings on aluminum alloys by chromium deposition from gas-phase organometallic compounds
Authors: Александров В , Aleksandrov V , Морщилов М. , Morshchilov M.
Published: February 2016

The method of coatings producing by chemical vapor deposition from gas phase by pyrolysis of organometallic com-pounds of chromium on the aluminum alloy AL9 is described. For the research the “Barhos” liquid with bis-arene chromium organic compounds, containing bis-ethylbenzene chromium (322 ºC boiling point, decomposition temperature of the metal is

330 ºC), was selected. The chromium content in the liquid is not less than 16%.The deposition process depends on the gas-phase chromium: substrate temperature, reactor pressure, evaporator temperature, process duration. The deposition temperature (substrate temperature) is one of the major factors in the formation of coatings. It is determined, that the pyrolytic chromium coatings are characterized by high hardness (up to 16000 MPa) and wear resistance due to the amorphous structure, which allows them to improve the wear resistance of rubbing parts.
Research Note—Cloud Computing Spot Pricing Dynamics: Latency and Limits to Arbitrage
Authors: Cheng Hsing Kenneth , Li Zhi , Naranjo Andy
Published: February 2016

This study examines cloud computing spot pricing dynamics and the influence of latency on those pricing dynamics. Using the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud U.S. East and West market spot instance pricing and latency intraday data from April 9, 2010, to May 22, 2011, we find considerable time variation in spot instance prices, and prices are often persistently higher in the West. Bivariate vector autoregressive model results show that within-market autoregressive pricing effects are larger than across-market effects. We also document that over 70% of the relative price discovery occurs in the East market. Our regression results further show that East–West latency differentials have a significantly positive effect on East–West pricing differentials. Latency creates a dynamic pricing wedge that widens or narrows conditional on the latency differentials. Using an error correction model, the speed of adjustment from long-run pricing convergence errors causes the short-run price differential to narrow, but the adjustment does not completely offset the price differential.
La prehistórica cultura de las Motillas: nuevas propuestas para un viejo problema
Authors: Benítez de Lugo Enrich Luis , Mejías Moreno Miguel
Published: February 2016

Los inicios de la caracterización de la Cultura de las Motillas se sitúan hace cuatro décadas. Desde entonces diversas universidades y expertos han intentado encontrar explicación a las causas del origen, evolución y desaparición de este singular grupo humano que habitó La Mancha durante la Prehistoria Reciente. Los últimos avances en la investigación permiten plantear tres datos de importancia para el tema. En primer lugar, las motillas pueden ser en realidad el más antiguo sistema de captación de agua subterránea a nivel comarcal establecido en Europa. En segundo lugar, la implantación de esta red de pozos pudo estar relacionada con una crisis climática que hizo desaparecer de forma generalizada las aguas superficiales durante un largo periodo de tiempo, relacionado con el Evento Climático 4.2 ka BP. En tercer lugar, las motillas formantellsmuy similares en lo formal a los túmulos funerarios. Acaba de ser definido un horizonte funerario tumular asociado a la Cultura de las Motillas que era desconocido por completo. Este trabajo aporta, además, el inventario actualizado de todas las motillas conocidas.
De nuevo sobre la lectura de la escritura monumental tartesia o sudlusitana
Authors: Rodríguez Ramos Jesús
Published: February 2016

En este artículo se revisan algunos problemas concretos de la lectura de la escritura de las estelas llamadas tartesias a partir de las novedades epigráficas de los últimos años. Los principales puntos analizados son cuatro: 1) una revisión de la variante algarveña de la escritura, en concreto sobre el uso de signos en forma de «heth» para la letrata; 2) el nuevo apoyo a mi propuesta de lectura sobre los signoskuypu; 3) las novedades sobre la certeza en la existencia de un cuarto signo asociado a la vocalu; 4) una revisión sobre el problema de la notación o no del fonema /m/ en la escritura, tanto tomando en cuenta los signos similares any a la «my» griega, como al posible valor digráfico de los gruposnp, sea para representar /m/ o para otro valor.
Magistri or magistratvs? A problem in hispano-latin epigraphy
Authors: Curchin Leonard A.
Published: February 2016

La abreviatura epigráficaMAG, cuando se refiere a los líderes políticos degentesy de comunidades no privilegiadas, ha sido interpretada de manera inconsecuente comomag(ister),mag(istratus)omag(isterium) por varios autores. Un estudio del uso y de la significación de los términosmagistriymagistratusconcluye que los responsables devici,pagiycastellase llamabanmagistri, mientras que los dirigentes degentesy de comunidades no privilegiadas (oppida,civitates) se llamabanmagistratus.Este resultado proporciona criterios fiables para establecer la significación deMAGen determinados casos.
Evaluation of the training objectives with surface electromyography
Authors: Trybek Paulina , Nowakowski Michał , Machura Lukasz
Published: February 2016

In this work, the multifractal analysis of the kinesiological surface electromyographic signal is proposed. The goal was to investigate the level of neuromuscular activation during complex movements on the laparoscopic trainer. The basic issue of this work concerns the changes observed in the signal obtained from the complete beginner in the field of using laparoscopic tools and the same person subjected to the series of training. To quantify the complexity of the kinesiological surface electromyography, the nonlinear analysis technique, namely, the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis, was adopted. The analysis was based on the parameters describing the multifractal spectrum – the Hurst exponent – and the spectrum width. The statistically significant differences for a selected group of muscles at the different states (before and after training) are presented. In addition, as the base case, the relaxation state was considered and compared with the working states.
Steam Explosion for Wheat Straw Pretreatment for Sugars Production
Authors: Alvira Pablo , Negro María José , Ballesteros Ignacio , González Alberto , Ballesteros Mercedes
Published: February 2016

Development of biofuels such as lignocellulosic ethanol represents a sustainable alternative in the transport sector. Wheat straw is a promising feedstock for bioethanol production in Europe due to its large production and high carbohydrates content. In a process to produce cellulosic ethanol, previous to the enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain fermentable sugars and the subsequent fermentation, a pretreatment step to break down the recalcitrance of lignocellulose fiber is essential. In this work, a range of steam explosion pretreatment conditions were evaluated according to different parameters: sugars recovery, degradation products generation, and enzymatic hydrolysis yields. Moreover, the enzymatic hydrolysis process was also studied at high substrate loadings, since operating at high solids loading is crucial for large scale development of ethanol production. Pretreatment at 200°C - 10 min resulted in higher enzymatic hydrolysis yield (91.7%) and overall glucose yields (35.4 g glucose/100 g wheat straw) but also higher production of toxic compound. In turn, the characteristics of the pretreated wheat straw at lower severity (Log R0=3.65) correspond to 190°C and 10 min, with minimal sugars degradation and toxics formation indicated a great potential for maximizing total sugars production by using optimal enzyme combinations including accessory enzymes in the enzymatic hydrolysis step.
The phosphoric acid industry: equipment, materials, and corrosion
Authors: Schorr Michael , Valdez Benjamin
Published: February 2016

Phosphoric acid (PA) is an important industrial chemical used as an intermediate in the fertilizer industry, for metal surface treatment in the metallurgical industry, and as an additive in the food industry. Wet-process PA (WPA) is produced by the attack of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on phosphate rock (PR). Other wet processes use HCl and posterior solvent extraction technology. The corrosivity of phosphate ores, during the production of WPA, depends on two main factors: the chloride content and the interaction between HF formed in the WPA reaction slurry with SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO present in the ore. Many forms of corrosion, mainly localized, are encountered in the PA production plants and facilities such as erosion-corrosion (EC), selective corrosion, pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, intergranular corrosion, and corrosion at high temperature. Laboratory and plant corrosion tests were performed to recognize the corrosion types; EC measuring instruments were developed, built, and applied. The PA industry is spread out worldwide in Europe, Asia, Africa and America, including countries that operate PR mines and produces PA, phosphatic fertilizers, and phosphate-based products. Cases of corrosion in PA industrial equipment and plants are presented and discussed, based on the authors’ experience and knowledge.
A new locality of Pilosella cymosa (Asteraceae) in Poland
Authors: Pliszko Artur
Published: February 2016

In June 2013, a new locality of nationally vulnerable plant species Pilosella cymosa was discovered in the town of Suwałki, NE Poland (the ATPOL cartogram unit FB08). The plant grows on roadside verge and its population consists of several hundred flowering individuals.
Identification of protein phosphatase 2A as an interacting protein of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
Authors: Athanasopoulos Panagiotis S. , Jacob Wright , Neumann Sebastian , Kutsch Miriam , Wolters Dirk , Tan Eng K. , Bichler Zoë , Herrmann Christian , Heumann Rolf
Published: February 2016

Mutations in the gene coding for the multi-domain protein leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the leading cause of genetically inherited Parkinson’s disease (PD). Two of the common found mutations are the R1441C and G2019S. In this study we identified protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as an interacting partner of LRRK2. We were able to demonstrate that the Ras of complex protein (ROC) domain is sufficient to interact with the three subunits of PP2A in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in HeLa cells. The alpha subunit of PP2A is interacting with LRRK2 in the perinuclear region of HeLa cells. Silencing the catalytic subunit of PP2A by shRNA aggravated cellular degeneration induced by the pathogenic R1441C-LRRK2 mutant expressed in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. A similar enhancement of apoptotic nuclei was observed by downregulation of the catalytic subunit of PP2A in cultured cortical cells derived from neurons overexpressing the pathogenic mutant G2019S-LRRK2. Conversely, pharmacological activation of PP2A by sodium selenate showed a partial neuroprotection from R1441C-LRRK2-induced cellular degeneration. All these data suggest that PP2A is a new interacting partner of LRRK2 and reveal the importance of PP2A as a potential therapeutic target in PD.
Writing-Down Debt with Heterogeneous Creditors: Lock Laws and Late Swaps
Authors: Ghosal Sayantan , Miller Marcus
Published: February 2016

The presence of “holdouts” in recent sovereign debt swaps poses a challenge to bargaining models which assume all creditors to be homogeneous. We modify the Rubinstein “alternating offers” framework so as to accommodate exogenous creditor heterogeneity – specifically holdouts more patient than other bondholders. The “second best” equilibrium derived is an initial offer and an associated “lock-law” sufficient to tempt impatient creditors into a prompt bond exchange. This is followed by a delayed, but more generous, swap with the patient creditors, timed to take place when the lock-law expires. In practice, however, the presence of holdouts may be endogenous: they may be late-comers who buy distressed bonds with a view to litigating for the full face value plus their costs of waiting. Provisions for protecting other bond holders from the negative externality caused by such tactics are briefly discussed. However, where the judge has mandated good faith bargaining with holdout creditors, the bargaining outcome we derive may be useful to indicate a basis for compromise.
Improved molecular diagnosis of patients with neonatal diabetes using a combined next-generation sequencing and MS-MLPA approach
Authors: Alkorta-Aranburu Gorka , Sukhanova Madina , Carmody David , Hoffman Trevor , Wysinger Latrice , Keller-Ramey Jennifer , Li Zejuan , Johnson Amy Knight , Kobiernicki Frances , Botes Shaun , Fitzpatrick Carrie , Das Soma , del Gaudio Daniela
Published: February 2016

: We evaluated a methylation-specific multiplex-ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) assay for the molecular diagnosis of transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) caused by 6q24 abnormalities and assessed the clinical utility of using this assay in combination with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis for diagnosing patients with neonatal diabetes (NDM).

: We performed MS-MLPA in 18 control samples and 42 retrospective NDM cases with normal bi-parental inheritance of chromosome 6. Next, we evaluated 22 prospective patients by combining NGS analysis of 11 NDM genes and the MS-MLPA assay.

: 6q24 aberrations were identified in all controls and in 19% of patients with normal bi-parental inheritance of chromosome 6. The MS-MLPA/NGS combined approach identified a genetic cause in ~64% of patients with NDM of unknown etiology.

MS-MLPA is a reliable method to identify all known 6q24 abnormalities and comprehensive testing of all causes reveals a causal mutation in ~64% of patients.
Crystal structure of hexaaquamanganese(II) bis((E)-4-((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonate), C28H40MnN6O12S2
Authors: Oh In-Hwan , Kim Jee Yeon , Park Seong-Hun
Published: February 2016

C28H40MnN6O12S2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 6.211(5) Å, b = 7.146(5) Å, c = 38.895(5) Å, β = 91.283(5)°, V = 1725.9(19) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0639, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1094, T = 300 K.
Np(V) solubility, speciation and solid phase formation in alkaline CaCl2
solutions. Part II: Thermodynamics and implications for source term estimations of nuclear waste
disposal
Authors: Fellhauer David , Altmaier Marcus , Gaona Xavier , Lützenkirchen Johannes , Fanghänel Thomas
Published: February 2016

The results of comprehensive solubility experiments with Np(V) in dilute to concentrated
CaCl2 solutions which included the spectroscopic investigation of the predominant aqueous
Np(V) species and the thorough analysis of the solubility controlling Np(V) solid
phases [1](Fellhauer, D., Rothe, J., Altmaier, M., Neck, V., Runke, J., Wiss, T.,
Fanghänel, Th., Np(V) solubility, speciation and solid phase formation in alkaline
CaCl2 solutions. Part I: Experimental solubility (Radiochim. Acta, DOI 10.1515/ract-2015-2489), in the
following referred to as “Part I”), showed that the concentration of Np(V) in these
systems is limited by equilibrium reactions between previously unknown (qua)ternary solid
compounds, CaNpO2(OH)2.6Cl0.4 · 2H2O(s) (I),
Ca0.5NpO2(OH)2 · 1.3H2O(s) (II) and Ca0.5NpO2(OH)2(s) (III), and ternary aqueous complexes of Np(V) with
the general formulae Ca
x
[NpO2(OH)2]2x–1, Ca
y
[NpO2(OH)5]2y–4 with y ≈ 2.4 ± 1.5 (EXAFS result) and innersphere Np(V) chloro complexes,
Ca
z
[NpO2Cl]2z+ with z = 0 and 1 (EXAFS result). A systematic thermodynamic
evaluation of the experimental solubility data based on the specific ion interaction theory (SIT)
and the Pitzer approach is performed. The stoichiometries of the ternary hydrolysis complexes are
assessed as Ca[NpO2(OH)2]+ and Ca3[NpO2(OH)5]2+. The corresponding
thermodynamic solubility and complex formation constants at I = 0 as well as the ion interaction
parameters (SIT and Pitzer) were derived yielding a comprehensive geochemical model for the
Np(V) solubility behavior in pH neutral and alkaline CaCl2 solutions over a large
range of ionic strengths. This significantly improves source term estimations for scenarios with
calcium dominated aquatic systems. The principally different behavior of Np(V) in
NaCl and CaCl2 solutions is highlighted, and the impact of the new findings on
geochemical modelling of systems relevant for nuclear waste disposal is discussed.
Study of Decay Characteristics of Hexagonal and Square Supersonic Jet
Authors: Mohanta Prasanta Kumar , Sridhar B. T. N.
Published: February 2016

Experiments were carried on nozzles with different exit geometry to study their impact on supersonic core length. Circular, hexagonal, and square exit geometries were considered for the study. Numerical simulations and schlieren image study were performed. The supersonic core decay was found to be of different length for different exit geometries, though the throat to exit area ratio was kept constant. The impact of nozzle exit geometry is to enhance the mixing of primary flow with ambient air, without requiring tab, wire or secondary method to increase the mixing characteristics. The non-circular mixing is faster comparative to circular geometry, which leads to reduction in supersonic core length. The results depict that shorter the hydraulic diameter, the jet mixing is faster. To avoid the losses in divergent section, the cross section of throat was maintained at same geometry as the exit geometry. Investigation shows that the supersonic core region is dependent on the hydraulic diameter and the diagonal. In addition, it has been observed that number of shock cells remain the same irrespective of exit geometry shape for the given nozzle pressure ratio.
Explosive Resistance Training Increases Rate of Force Development in Ankle Dorsiflexors and Gait Function in Adults With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Kirk Henrik , Geertsen Svend S. , Lorentzen Jakob , Krarup Kasper B. , Bandholm Thomas , Nielsen Jens B.
Published: February 2016

Kirk, H, Geertsen, SS, Lorentzen, J, Krarup, KB, Bandholm, T, and Nielsen, JB. Explosive resistance training increases rate of force development in ankle dorsiflexors and gait function in adults with cerebral palsy. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2749–2760, 2016—Alterations in passive elastic properties of muscles and reduced ability to quickly generate muscle force contribute to impaired gait function in adults with cerebral palsy (CP). In this study, we investigated whether 12 weeks of explosive and progressive heavy-resistance training (PRT) increases rate of force development of ankle dorsiflexors (RFDdf), improves gait function, and affects passive ankle joint stiffness in adults with CP. Thirty-five adults (age: 36.5; range: 18–59 years) with CP were nonrandomly assigned to a PRT or nontraining control (CON) group in this explorative trial. The PRT group trained ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, leg press, hamstring curls, abdominal curls, and back extension 3 days per week for 12 weeks, with 3 sets per exercise and progressing during the training period from 12 to 6 repetition maximums. RFDdf, 3-dimensional gait analysis, functional performance, and ankle joint passive and reflex-mediated muscle stiffness were evaluated before and after. RFDdf increased significantly after PRT compared to CON. PRT also caused a significant increase in toe lift late in swing and a significantly more dorsiflexed ankle joint at ground contact and during stance. The increased toe-lift amplitude was correlated to the increased RFDdf (r = 0.73). No other between-group differences were observed. These findings suggest that explosive PRT may increase RFDdf and facilitate larger range of movement in the ankle joint during gait. Explosive PRT should be tested in clinical practice as part of a long-term training program for adults with CP.
Effect of Coffee and Caffeine Ingestion on Resistance Exercise Performance
Authors: Richardson Darren L. , Clarke Neil D.
Published: February 2016

Richardson, DL and Clarke, ND. Effect of coffee and caffeine ingestion on resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2892–2900, 2016—The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of ingesting caffeine dose-matched anhydrous caffeine, coffee, or decaffeinated coffee plus anhydrous caffeine during resistance exercise on performance. Nine resistance-trained men (mean ± SD: age, 24 ± 2 years; weight, 84 ± 8 kg; height, 180 ± 8 cm) completed a squat and bench press exercise protocol at 60% 1 repetition maximum until failure on 5 occasions consuming 0.15 g·kg−1 caffeinated coffee (COF), 0.15 g·kg−1 decaffeinated coffee (DEC), 0.15 g·kg−1 decaffeinated coffee plus 5 mg·kg−1 anhydrous caffeine (D + C), 5 mg·kg−1 anhydrous caffeine (CAF), or a placebo (PLA). Felt arousal and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to assess perceptual variables and heart rate (HR) to assess physiological responses between trials. There were significant differences in total weight lifted for the squat between conditions (p < 0.01;

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201610000-00027/inline-formula1/v/2023-08-19T002708Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.54) with a greater amount lifted during D + C compared with DEC (p < 0.01), CAF (p ≤ 0.05), and PLA (p ≤ 0.05) conditions. Total weight lifted during the COF condition was significantly greater than that lifted under PLA (p < 0.01), although not significantly greater than the amount of weight lifted during the DEC condition (p = 0.082). No significant differences were observed in total weight lifted in the bench press protocol between conditions (p = 0.186;

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201610000-00027/inline-formula2/v/2023-08-19T002708Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.17). Significant differences in HR (p < 0.01;

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201610000-00027/inline-formula3/v/2023-08-19T002708Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.39) but not RPE (squat: p = 0.690;

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201610000-00027/inline-formula4/v/2023-08-19T002708Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.07; bench press: p = 0.165;

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201610000-00027/inline-formula5/v/2023-08-19T002708Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.18) and felt arousal (p = 0.056;

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201610000-00027/inline-formula6/v/2023-08-19T002708Z/r/image-tiff

= 0.24) were observed between conditions. Coffee and decaffeinated coffee plus caffeine have the ability to improve performance during a resistance exercise protocol, although possibly not over multiple bouts.
Crowdfunding in Europe: Determinants of Platform Creation across Countries
Authors: Dushnitsky Gary , Guerini Massimiliano , Piva Evila , Rossi-Lamastra Cristina
Published: February 2016

While the crowdfunding phenomenon has attracted considerable practitioner and scholarly attention, existing research predominantly reflects a U.S.-centric perspective. This article examines crowdfunding platform creation in 15 European countries. Despite the omnipresent reach of the internet, national boundaries shape the evolution of the European crowdfunding industry. Specifically, crowdfunding platform creation varies across countries and distinct national patterns emerge for crowdfunding activity in general. Moreover, econometric analyses suggest that country-level factors influence platform creation in European countries, with interesting variations across four crowdfunding models: Donation, Reward, Lending, and Equity.
Financing by and for the Masses: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Crowdfunding
Authors: Fleming Lee , Sorenson Olav
Published: February 2016

This introduction to the special issue on crowdfunding begins by providing some information about the history and nature of the phenomenon. It then summarizes some of the key advantages and disadvantages of crowd-funding for entrepreneurs and for investors, introducing the various articles in the issue that explore these topics in greater depth. It concludes with some speculations regarding the possible future of the industry and its effects on entrepreneurship, innovation, and inequality.
Democratizing Innovation and Capital Access: The Role of Crowdfunding
Authors: Mollick Ethan , Robb Alicia
Published: February 2016

This article focuses on how crowdfunding might democratize the commercialization of innovation as well as financing. First, it examines how crowdfunders decide what effort to support and asks how do crowd and expert decisions differ? Second, it investigates whether crowdfunding democratizes access to capital by asking whether groups that have historically been underrepresented in capital markets gain additional access to capital markets through crowdfunding. Finally, it investigates whether crowdfunding leads to the growth of new firms in the same way that traditional funding does. Taken together, these questions point at a potentially vast alternative infrastructure for developing, funding, and commercializing innovation.
What Goes around Comes Around? Rewards as Strategic Assets in Crowdfunding
Authors: Thürridl Carina , Kamleitner Bernadette
Published: February 2016

In crowdfunding, rewards can make or break success. Yet reward design, choice, and planning still occur based on availability rather than strategy. To address this challenge, this article provides an empirically derived crowd-funding reward toolbox offering guidance in strategically selecting rewards. Based on a large-scale analysis of successful and unsuccessful Kickstarter projects, this article classifies rewards that are currently offered along eight dimensions. It identifies emerging patterns and derives five strategic core tools and two add-on tools. Finally, it delivers exploratory insights into the relative effectiveness of different tools that can facilitate decision making and strategic planning for entrepreneurs and individuals who plan to launch a crowdfunding project and who seek ways to reward their supporters.
La existencia como diferencia ontológica: el descubrimiento del cuerpo como nuevo existenciario
Authors: Cornejo S. José Pedro
Published: February 2016

De la destrucción fenomenológica resulta que el ser-hacia-la-muerte, como ser-desde-la-vida, es el fenómeno originario que abre todas las posibilidades de la existencia: la existencia es vida. También de ahí resulta que el mundo es una totalidad comprensiva que “gravita” en torno a un determinado “centro”. El modo en que estos dos resultados se relacionan, constituyendo así un nuevo entendimiento del fenómeno de la comprensión de ser, se elabora a través de la construcción fenomenológica, ya echada anteriormente en falta en este punto en la teoría heideggeriana. Dicho vacío es el cuerpo, puesto que la autodeterminación dada entre proyección y facticidad solo puede darse y comprenderse realmente si ambas son concebidas como corporales. Finalmente, la reducción mostrará que la existencia, al ejecutarse comprensivo-corporalmente, es en y es la diferencia ontológica. Es la secuencia en que este artículo aborda el tema de la diferencia ontológica desde una fenomenología hermenéutica.