bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Portraiture of Stockholm Syndrome: Cultural Dislocation in Phillis Wheatley’s Poetry Collection and Selected African American Texts
Authors: Adeniyi Emmanuel
Published: March 2019

One of the tropes that have often been glossed over in African American literature is the concept of Stockholm Syndrome. The syndrome emphasises irrationality and abnormal psychological or mental disposition of Stockholm Syndrome sufferers towards individuals responsible for their pitiable conditions. This article examines the conception and its nexus with slavery and the use of religion (Christianity) as an ideological tool for the indoctrination or brainwashing of African slaves and their descendants in the United States of America. I argue that the syndrome, though conceived as a correlate of Freudian ego-defence mechanism, operates like a psychedelic or hallucinogenic drug which, according to Karl Marx, dulls the reasoning capacity and cerebration of the sufferers and prevents them from thinking rationally. Besides, it alters their perception of reality forcing them to accept abnormality as normality in a bid to create an escapist route for their fears, hurt feelings and pent-up wounds.
Education in Localization: How language service providers benefit from educational partnerships
Authors: Schroeder Carreen
Published: March 2019

The purpose of the research was to examine whether or not partnerships between language services organizations and institutions of higher education have a positive impact on students, the educational institutions, partnering companies, and on the language services industry as a whole. We interviewed key educational institutions within the United States as well as a select few in Europe who closely partner with organizations within the language services sector to determine whether or not their partnering experiences had a positive effect on student enrolment, student participation, post-graduate success, and appropriate job placement within the language services industry. Likewise, we interviewed leaders in the language services industry to better understand whether or not they found the partnerships to be beneficial for their own organization, and for the industry as a whole. With regard to the key players we researched, all seemed to be in favor of partnerships, and all shared tangible reasons why these partnerships are a win for all involved. Although our research seems to indicate that – at least at present – there are only a limited number of these partnerships around the globe, there is a growing interest and desire for this number to grow in the years ahead.
Teknologi Pengolahan Dodol dan Peningkatan Kandungan Gizinya
Authors: Setiavani Gusti , Sugiyono Sugiyono , Ahza Adil Basuki , Suyatma Nugraha Edi
Published: March 2019

Dodol merupakan salah satu makanan tradisional Indonesia yang menggunakan tepung beras ketan sebagai bahan baku utamanya.  Proses pengolahan dodol secara tradisional memiliki keunggulan dapat menghasilkan dodol dengan tekstur dan umur simpan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dodol komersial. Namun membutuhkan waktu yang lama dalam proses pengolahannya, tenaga kerja yang banyak, dan biaya produksi yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk memodifikasi pembuatan dodol guna mempersingkat proses pemasakan, menghemat biaya dan memperbaiki kualitas dodol.  Termasuk juga mengendalikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas dodol seperti bahan baku, proses pengolahan dan pengemasan. Dodol juga merupakan produk yang memiliki kandungan gizi yang relatif rendah dengan kadar gula yang tinggi sehingga tidak direkomendasikan bagi penderita diabetes melitus. Berbagai penelitian yang mengarah pada upaya perbaikan nilai gizi dalam mewujudkan dodol sebagai pangan yang sehat telah banyak dilakukan.  Tulisan ini menyajikan review berbagai upaya dan penelitian untuk berbagai tujuan di atas.Kata kunci : Dodol, makanan tradisional, nilai gizi, teknologi pengolahan
Agroalimentaire : les voies contrastées de l’innovation
Authors: Touzard Jean-Marc
Published: March 2019

L’agriculture et l’alimentation sont aujourd’hui l’objet de nombreux débats qui interrogent la manière dont se développent les innovations dans ce secteur. Sont en jeu les rapports des sociétés avec la nature, la santé, la culture, le territoire. Pour mieux comprendre ces évolutions, il faut dépasser une vision qui oppose un modèle agroindustriel et des modèles alternatifs, comme le bio et les circuits courts. L’innovation dans l’agroalimentaire se construit à travers la co-existence d’une diversité de systèmes alimentaires.
La commensalité familiale sous tension
Authors: Cardon Philippe
Published: March 2019

La commensalité familiale, c’est-à-dire le fait de partager quotidiennement les repas en famille, reste une norme sociale forte. De plus, le contenu des repas reste fortement marqué par la structure sociale. Autrement dit, on ne mange pas la même chose selon les milieux sociaux. Dans le même temps, partager un repas signifie-t-il consommer la même chose ? Car, dans les faits, la commensalité familiale met en tensions des habitus et des goûts alimentaires qui varient selon les membres du ménage, renvoyant souvent à une hiérarchisation selon le sexe et l’âge.
Viollet-le-Duc et Pierrefonds
Authors: Timbert Arnaud
Published: March 2019

Le château de Pierrefonds, restauré par l'architecte Viollet-le-Duc à la demande de Napoléon iii, est l’un des chantiers les plus prestigieux de la seconde moitié du xixe siècle. L’abondance des sources permet d’en relater l’histoire en décrivant les hommes du bâtiment, ceux de la pierre (tailleurs, bardeurs, appareilleurs, sculpteurs), du métal (serruriers, plombiers, couvreurs), du bois (charpentiers, menuisiers) et de la couleur (peintres).L’ouvrage s’attache également à définir la place de Viollet-le-Duc, son rôle, ses méthodes, ses rapports avec le commanditaire, avec les artisans et ses collaborateurs directs (inspecteurs, entrepreneurs, vérificateurs).L’objectif est donc d’analyser le processus de restauration dans ses choix pratiques comme dans ses orientations technologiques et d’apprécier comment la culture matérielle du chantier façonne la mémoire et l’identité collective d’un groupe.
Les réformes empilées de la fiscalité locale en France depuis le milieu du XXe siècle
Authors: Gilbert Guy
Published: March 2019

Les deux chocs subis, en 1975 puis en 2009, par la fiscalité locale française masquent l’évolution permanente mais « en creux » du système fiscal local entre ces deux dates. Les chocs résultent d’abord de l’intensification des échanges internationaux qui fragilise partout les fiscalités et notamment les fiscalités locales assises sur des bases immobiles. Ils résultent aussi de l’effet en retour sur les collectivités locales de l’impéritie financière des États nations. Seule une analyse dynamique combinant le « temps long », celui des finances publiques, les « régulations croisées » entre niveaux de gouvernements permet de donner sens aux évolutions fiscales constatées, en parfaite cohérence avec l’approche thématique adoptée dans cet ouvrage.
L’école a-t-elle peur de former des citoyens ?
Authors: Audigier François
Published: March 2019

Depuis plus d’un siècle en France, l’École a pour mission première la formation du citoyen. Celle-ci a longtemps été pensée comme l’application des orientations et décisions des autorités scolaires centrales par les enseignants et autres acteurs éducatifs. Compte tenu des débats et tensions dont cette formation a toujours été l’objet, sa régulation selon les normes habituelles du système scolaire s’est avérée de plus en plus difficile. Les contenus et méthodes définis par les autorités centrales ont constamment évolué exprimant la volonté d’adapter et ainsi de mieux réguler la formation des citoyens. Mais, les acteurs dans les établissements font de plus en plus preuve d’autonomie mettant en œuvre ce qui leur paraît le plus adapté aux contextes dans lesquels ils travaillent. Ils construisent ainsi un mode de régulation de moins en moins dépendant du centre. Toutefois, la liberté des acteurs doit toujours se référer aux fondamentaux de cette formation que constituent les droits humains et la démocratie.
Métamorphoses de la justice et nouveaux régimes de régulation sociale et politique des sociétés contemporaines
Authors: Commaille Jacques
Published: March 2019

Dans un contexte de bouleversements des régimes de régulation des sociétés contemporaines, la justice est considérée ici comme un révélateur de ces bouleversements et comme une entrée privilégiée pour en saisir le sens. En effet, dans les façons dont évoluent et se transforment l’exercice des formes de justice, se donnent particulièrement à voir trois traits importants : la relativisation d’un modèle de régulation top down ; les incertitudes d’une régulation politique fondée sur le modèle de la démocratie représentative ; la redéfinition des territoires de la régulation politique. De l’analyse de ces trois traits découle le constat de l’affirmation d’un régime de régulation polycentrique, riche de tensions et de contradictions, remettant en cause les théories totalisantes qui reposent sur l’idée d’une cohérence des régimes de régulation des sociétés contemporaines dans leurs évolutions.
Le droit comme « agent thérapeutique » ?
Authors: Bernheim Emmanuelle , Ouellet Guillaume , Silverman Max
Published: March 2019

Instruments de régulation au service du pouvoir politique, droit et clinique sont étudiés par les chercheurs des sciences sociales en tant que techniques disciplinaires, violence symbolique, moyens de reproduction sociale. Les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault ou Georges Canguilhem constituent les fondements épistémiques de décennies de travaux se situant dans ce paradigme. Or la doctrine de la « jurisprudence thérapeutique » a pour ambition de le remettre en question : d’instruments de régulation, droit et clinique sont devenus des leviers d’empowerment individuel et de démocratisation des soins. L’examen de l’interface droit-clinique, au sein de l’institution judiciaire, montre cependant que le glissement d’un droit prescriptif et régulatoire à un droit individualisé, visant le traitement ou la résolution des problèmes sociaux, masque insidieusement le caractère coercitif et contrôlant de ces dispositifs.
Authentic Inquiry With Undergraduate Preservice Teachers in Synchronous Interactive Video Conferencing Courses
Authors: Robertson Marla K. , Piotrowski Amy
Published: March 2019

This chapter reports how two teacher educators at a land-grant public university in the Intermountain West region of the United States used video conferencing and project-based learning to engage preservice teachers taking classes over interactive video conferencing. The preservice teachers in these courses had to choose a topic related to teaching writing they wanted to learn more about, research this topic, and then create a website with pieces written in multiple genres that shared what they learned from their research. Preservice teachers then shared their websites with their classmates. Data analysis suggests that preservice teachers found opportunities to engage with others on video conferencing in both whole class and small group settings to be beneficial. The authors share ways that instructors in all disciplines can incorporate project-based learning and video conferencing in their courses.
Electric Robotized Organic Technology for Livestock Production on a Pasture Field
Authors: Krausp Valentin , Ovik Grigoryan Bagdasar
Published: March 2019

The concept and principle solutions create breakthrough electro-robotized technology organic food ECO-1m used in plants for the production of ecologically clean meat and dairy food. Breakthrough technology overcomes competition and international sanctions, providing export expansion due to the novelty of domestic solutions, supported by patents for new robotic machines and equipment. ECO-1m for the first time used highly reliable, technically advanced serial technique of the sectors of the defense industrial complex, aerospace, and electrified railways. The stages and results of fundamental research on the improvement of technical solutions and a list of implemented automated farms, where the parameters of breakthrough technology ECO-1m. Technology is a modular plant consisting of 12 departments placed on 2500ga of arable land, and 3000 head of mixed aged cattle, which contains on cultural pastures. According to the indicators of the developed business plan, the plant has 3-3.5 times higher productivity, with a profitability of 30-40%.
Electro-Impulse Irreversible Plant Tissue Damage as Highly Efficient Agricultural Technology
Authors: Yudaev Igor Viktorovich , Daus Yuliia , Kokurin Ruslan , Prokofyev Petr Victorovich , Gamaga Varvara , Armenyanov Nikola
Published: March 2019

The object of research in the chapter is the plant tissue of weeds, fruits, vegetables, melons, etc. The purpose of the presented research is to study the process of electro-impulsive irreversible damage of plant tissue as the basis for energy saving, efficient electro-technologies with minimal negative effects of chemical components on the environment and food products. The chapter presents the results of experiments carried out by the team of researchers that allowed it to determine the technological indices of the irreversible electro-impulse damage of plant tissue (weeds, fruits, vegetables, melons, etc.), which is the basis for developing the technology of electro-impulse destruction of weeds, electro-impulse plasmolysis of fruits and melons cultures. This research was conducted in the southern region of the country and combined the efforts of several scientific groups of researchers.
Designing Caring and Inclusive Online Classroom Environments for Non-Traditional Learners
Authors: Akella Nirupama
Published: March 2019

Does andragogy successfully satisfy non-traditional learning needs and demands of a contemporary knowledge and performance-oriented economy? In her chapter on designing caring and inclusive online classrooms for non-traditional learners, the author explores the adult learning theory of andragogy supplementing it with an autoethnographic case study listing andragogical teaching strategies and then questions the need and validity of andragogy as the comprehensive holistic adult learning theory and model to design, develop, and implement online learning environments based on the three focal elements of caring, diversity, and cultural inclusivity for non-traditional learners. The author argues for the contemporary learning theory of heutagogy as the mantra of the knowledge and performance-oriented society.
Toward Culturally Restorative
Authors: Re'vell Mike
Published: March 2019

This mixed-method study examines the interaction between teacher sense of efficacy (TSE) in the use of culturally responsive teaching practices (CRTP). Framework analysis confirms a significant relationship between the affective dimensions of a teacher's sense of efficacy in using the methods of culturally responsive teaching. The achievement orientation of teaching efficacy mediates the use of culturally sensitive teaching practices. Accumulated teaching efficacy in using non-indigenous cultural practices interrupts the fractal interconnectedness of culturally responsive teaching practices.
Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Ismar Ezgi , Sarac A.Sezai
Published: March 2019

Development of materials always plays a key role in the civilization of the societies. After the industrial revolution, material-based technologies received attention. Nanotechnology has a revolutionary part in the development of industries. Developing technologies cannot be considered without the usage of nanomaterials. Nano-sized materials have different properties than their bulk forms basically because of the increased surface area, surface reactivity, and energy according to decreased size. Carbon-based nanomaterials have a variety of possible application areas from biosensors to aviation. This compact review put a great deal of emphasis on the position of carbon nanomaterials: CNTs, graphene, and carbon nanofibers together with their main synthesis methods and their application areas. The reader can get a quick idea about the basics of CNTs, graphene, and carbon nanofibers and their fabrication techniques.
Synthesis of Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Irzhak Tamara F. , Irzhak Vadim I.
Published: March 2019

The formation processes of epoxy nanocomposites with carbon (nanotubes, graphene, and graphite), metal-containing, and aluminosilicate (montmorillonite and halloysite tubes) fillers are considered. A high reactivity of epoxy groups and a thermodynamic miscibility of epoxy oligomers with many substances make it possible to use diverse curing agents and to accomplish curing reactions under various technological conditions. Epoxy nanocomposites are designed to realize to the same extent the unique functional properties of nanoparticles: electric, magnetic, optical, chemical, and biological. The mutual effect of both a matrix and nanoparticles on the composite formation is discussed.
Positive vs. Negative Emotions and Network Size
Authors: Al-Saggaf Yeslam
Published: March 2019

This chapter looks at the relationship between the expression of positive and negative emotions in Twitter and users' network size. The questions that guided this study are: Do users who tweet twice or more “I am bored,” “I am excited,” “I feel lonely,” “I feel loved,” “I feel sad,” and “I feel happy” gain more followers and friends or lose them? Do users who express positive emotions twice or more have more followers and friends compared to users who express negative emotions or less? Do users who express boredom, excitement, loneliness, feeling loved, sadness, and happiness twice or more interact more with their networks or less? To address these questions, the study collected 35,096 English tweets in 2016. The findings indicate that users who tweeted these emotions, their number of followers and number of friends have increased, not decreased and that only users who expressed excitement had more followers and friends than users who expressed boredom. The study contributes to the literature on the benefits that lonely, sad, and bored users can reap from expressing emotions in Twitter.
Hot Deformation Behaviour and Processing Maps of an as-Cast Mg-6.8Y-2.5Zn-0.4Zr Alloy
Authors: Ullmann Madlen , Schmidtchen Matthias , Kittner Kristina , Henseler Thorsten , Kawalla Rudolf , Prahl Ulrich
Published: March 2019

Deformation behavior of an as-cast Mg-6.8Y-2.5Zn-0.4Zr alloy during plane strain compression was characterized in present work by high-temperature testing. Based on the experimental data, the values of strain rate sensitivity, efficiency of power dissipation and the instability parameter under the condition of various hot working parameters were investigated. Processing maps were established by superimposing the instability map over the power dissipation map, this being connected with microstructural evolution analysis in the hot deformation processes. Accompanied microstructure characterization of the binary α-Mg/ Long Period Stacking Ordered (LPSO) microstructure reveals that the flow behavior is related to the deformation mechanisms. At lower temperatures (350 – 400 °C) formation of kink bands is observed, which normally occur when deformation twinning is inhibited and other slip systems are strongly hindered by the complex LPSO structures. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was initiated at higher temperatures above 400 °C, influencing the softening behavior of the material significantly. DRX was the main softening mechanism when deformation takes place at 500 °C and the kink band deformation decreased.
Daytime atmospheric oxidation capacity in four Chinese megacities during the photochemically polluted season: a case study based on box model simulation
Authors: Tan Zhaofeng , Lu Keding , Jiang Meiqing , Su Rong , Wang Hongli , Lou Shengrong , Fu Qingyan , Zhai Chongzhi , Tan Qinwen , Yue Dingli , Chen Duohong , Wang Zhanshan , Xie Shaodong , Zeng Limin , Zhang Yuanhang
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric oxidation capacity is the basis for
converting freshly emitted substances into secondary products and is
dominated by reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH) during daytime. In
this study, we present in situ measurements of ROx radical (hydroxy OH,
hydroperoxy HO2, and organic peroxy RO2) precursors and products;
the measurements are carried out in four Chinese megacities (Beijing,
Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chongqing) during photochemically polluted seasons.
The atmospheric oxidation capacity is evaluated using an observation-based
model and radical chemistry precursor measurements as input. The radical
budget analysis illustrates the importance of HONO and HCHO photolysis,
which account for ∼50 % of the total primary radical
sources. The radical propagation is efficient due to abundant NO in urban
environments. Hence, the production rate of secondary pollutants, that is,
ozone (and fine-particle precursors (H2SO4, HNO3, and
extremely low volatility organic compounds, ELVOCs) is rapid, resulting in
secondary air pollution. The ozone budget demonstrates its high production
in urban areas; also, its rapid transport to downwind areas results in rapid
increase in local ozone concentrations. The O3–NOx–VOC (volatile
organic compound) sensitivity tests show that ozone production is
VOC-limited and that alkenes and aromatics should be mitigated first for
ozone pollution control in the four studied megacities. In contrast,
NOx emission control (that is, a decrease in NOx) leads to more
severe ozone pollution. With respect to fine-particle pollution, the role of
the HNO3–NO3 partitioning system is investigated using a thermal
dynamic model (ISORROPIA 2). Under high relative humidity (RH) and
ammonia-rich conditions, nitric acid converts into nitrates. This study
highlights the efficient radical chemistry that maintains the atmospheric
oxidation capacity in Chinese megacities and results in secondary pollution
characterized by ozone and fine particles.
Exploring the impacts of anthropogenic emission sectors on PM2.5 and human health in South and East Asia
Authors: Reddington Carly L. , Conibear Luke , Knote Christoph , Silver Ben J. , Arnold Steve R. , Spracklen Dominick V.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. To improve poor air quality in Asia and inform effective emission-reduction strategies, it is vital to understand the contributions of different pollution sources and their associated human health burdens. In this study, we use the WRF-Chem regional atmospheric model to explore the air quality and human health benefits of eliminating emissions from seven different anthropogenic sectors (transport, industry, shipping, agriculture, energy generation, residential combustion and open biomass burning) over South and East Asia in 2014. We evaluate WRF-Chem against measurements from air quality monitoring stations across the region and find the model captures the spatial distribution and magnitude of PM2.5 (particulate matter
Calibration of a 35 GHz airborne cloud radar: lessons learned and intercomparisons with 94 GHz cloud radars
Authors: Ewald Florian , Groß Silke , Hagen Martin , Hirsch Lutz , Delanoë Julien , Bauer-Pfundstein Matthias
Published: March 2019

Abstract. This study gives a summary of lessons learned during the absolute calibration
of the airborne, high-power Ka-band cloud radar HAMP MIRA on board
the German research aircraft HALO. The first part covers the internal
calibration of the instrument where individual instrument components are
characterized in the laboratory. In the second part, the internal calibration
is validated with external reference sources like the ocean surface
backscatter and different air- and spaceborne cloud radar instruments. A key component of this work was the characterization of the spectral
response and the transfer function of the receiver. In a wide dynamic range
of 70 dB, the receiver response turned out to be very linear
(residual 0.05 dB). Using different attenuator settings, it covers
a wide input range from −105 to −5 dBm. This
characterization gave valuable new insights into the receiver sensitivity
and additional attenuations which led to a major improvement of the absolute
calibration. The comparison of the measured and the previously estimated
total receiver noise power (−95.3 vs. −98.2 dBm)
revealed an underestimation of 2.9 dB. This underestimation could
be traced back to a larger receiver noise bandwidth of 7.5 MHz
(instead of 5 MHz) and a slightly higher noise figure
(1.1 dB). Measurements confirmed the previously assumed antenna
gain (50.0 dBi) with no obvious asymmetries or increased side lobes.
The calibration used for previous campaigns, however, did not account for a
1.5 dB two-way attenuation by additional waveguides in the airplane
installation. Laboratory measurements also revealed a 2 dB higher
two-way attenuation by the belly pod caused by small deviations during
manufacturing. In total, effective reflectivities measured during previous
campaigns had to be corrected by +7.6 dB. To validate this internal calibration, the well-defined ocean surface
backscatter was used as a calibration reference. With the new absolute
calibration, the ocean surface backscatter measured by HAMP MIRA agrees very
well (<1 dB) with modeled values and values measured by the GPM
satellite. As a further cross-check, flight experiments over Europe and the
tropical North Atlantic were conducted. To that end, a joint flight of
HALO and the French Falcon 20 aircraft, which was equipped with the RASTA cloud
radar at 94 GHz and an underflight of the spaceborne CloudSat at
94 GHz were performed. The intercomparison revealed lower
reflectivities (−1.4 dB) for RASTA but slightly higher
reflectivities (+1.0 dB) for CloudSat. With effective
reflectivities between RASTA and CloudSat and the good agreement with GPM,
the accuracy of the absolute calibration is estimated to be around
1 dB.
A Novel Approach for Simple Statistical Analysis of High-Resolution Mass Spectra
Authors: Zhang Yanjun , Peräkylä Otso , Yan Chao , Heikkinen Liine , Äijälä Mikko , Daellenbach Kaspar R. , Zha Qiaozhi , Riva Matthieu , Garmash Olga , Junninen Heikki , Paatero Pentti , Worsnop Douglas , Ehn Mikael
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Recent advancements in atmospheric mass spectrometry provide huge amounts of new information, but at the same time present considerable challenges for the data analysts. High-resolution (HR) peak identification and separation can be effort- and time-consuming, yet still tricky and inaccurate due to the complexity of overlapping peaks, especially at larger mass-to-charge ratios. This study presents a simple and novel method, mass spectral binning combined with positive matrix factorization (binPMF) to address these problems. Different from unit mass resolution (UMR) analysis or HR peak fitting, which represent the routine data analysis approaches for mass spectrometry datasets, binPMF divides the mass spectra into small bins and takes advantage of PMF’s strength in separating different sources or processes based on different temporal patterns. In this study, we applied the novel approach to both ambient and synthetic datasets to evaluate its performance. It not only succeeded in separating overlapping ions, but was found to be sensitive to subtle variations as well. Being fast and reliable, binPMF has no requirement for a priori peak information and can save much time and effort from conventional HR peak fitting, while still utilizing nearly the full potential of HR mass spectra. In addition, we identify several future improvements and applications for binPMF, and believe it will become a powerful approach in the data analysis of mass spectra.
Recent improvements of Long-Path DOAS measurements: impact
on accuracy and stability of short-term and automated long-term
observations
Authors: Nasse Jan-Marcus , Eger Philipp G. , Pöhler Denis , Schmitt Stefan , Frieß Udo , Platt Ulrich
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Over the last decades, Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) has been used as a common technique to simultaneously measure abundances of a variety of atmospheric trace gases. Exploiting the unique differential absorption cross section of trace gas molecules, mixing ratios can be derived by measuring the optical density along a defined light path and by applying the Beer-Lambert law. Active long-path (LP-DOAS) instruments can detect trace gases along a light path of a few hundred metres up to 20 km with sensitivities for mixing ratios down to ppbv and pptv levels, depending on the trace gas species. To achieve high measurement accuracy and low detection limits, it is crucial to reduce instrumental artefacts that lead to systematic structures in the residual spectra of the analysis. Spectral residual structures can be introduced by most components of a LP-DOAS measurement system, namely by the light source, in the transmission of the measurement signal between the system components or at the level of spectrometer and detector. This article focuses on recent improvements by the first application of a new type of light source and consequent changes to the optical setup to improve measurement accuracy. Most state-of-the-art LP-DOAS instruments are based on fibre optics and use xenon arc lamps or light emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources. Here we present the application of a Laser Driven Light Source (LDLS), which significantly improves the measurement quality compared to conventional light sources. In addition the lifetime of LDLS is about an order of magnitude higher than of typical Xe-arc lamps. The small and very stable plasma discharge spot of the LDLS allows the application of a modified fibre configuration. This enables a better light coupling with higher light throughput, higher transmission homogeneity, and a better suppression of light from disturbing wavelength regions. Furthermore, the mode mixing properties of the optical fibre are enhanced by an improved mechanical treatment. The combined effects lead to spectral residual structures in the range of 5–10 · 10−5 RMS (in units of optical density). This represents a reduction of detection limits of typical trace gas species by a factor of 3–4 compared to previous setups. High temporal stability and reduced operational complexity of this new setup allow the operation of low-maintenance automated LP-DOAS systems as demonstrated here by more than two years of continuous observations in Antarctica.
A global delta dataset and the environmental variables that predict
delta formation
Authors: Caldwell Rebecca L. , Edmonds Douglas A. , Baumgardner Sarah , Paola Chris , Roy Samapriya , Nienhuis Jaap H.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. River deltas are sites of sediment accumulation along the coastline that form critical biological habitats, host megacities, and contain significant quantities of hydrocarbons. Despite their importance, we do not know which factors most significantly promote sediment accumulation and dominate delta formation. To investigate this issue, we present a global dataset of 5,399 coastal rivers and data on eight environmental variables. Of these rivers, 40 % (n = 2,174 deltas) have geomorphic deltas, defined either by a protrusion from the regional shoreline, a distributary channel network, or both. Globally, coastlines average one delta for every ~ 300 km of shoreline, but there are hotspots of delta formation. For example, in Southeast Asia there is one delta per 100 km of shoreline. Our analysis shows that the likelihood of a river to form a delta increases with increasing water discharge, sediment discharge, and drainage basin area. On the other hand, delta likelihood decreases with increasing wave height and tidal range. Delta likelihood has a non-monotonic relationship with receiving basin slope: it decreases with steeper slopes but increases for slopes > 0.006. This relationship likely reflects different controls on delta formation on active versus passive margins. Sediment concentration and recent sea-level change do not affect delta likelihood. A logistic regression shows that water discharge, sediment discharge, wave height, and tidal range are most important for delta formation. The logistic regression correctly predicts delta formation 75 % of the time. Our global analysis illustrates that delta formation and morphology represent a balance between constructive and destructive forces, and this framework may help predict tipping points where deltas rapidly shift morphologies.
Exposure-based risk assessment and emergency management associated with the fallout of large clasts at Mount Etna
Authors: Osman Sara , Rossi Eduardo , Bonadonna Costanza , Frischknecht Corine , Andronico Daniele , Cioni Raffaello , Scollo Simona
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Fallout of ballistic blocks and bombs ejected from eruptive vents represents
a well-known hazard in areas
proximal to volcanoes (mostly <5 km from the vent). However, fallout of large clasts sedimenting from
plume margins that extend to medial
areas and have the potential to produce severe injuries to people and cause
damage to infrastructure, is often overlooked. Recent eruptive events at
Mount Etna (Italy) provide a clear example where large-clast fallout from
plume margins (>5 cm) has posed a real threat both to the many
visitors reaching the summit area and to local infrastructure, and,
therefore, has been selected as a case study. To quantify this hazard, a new
particle sedimentation model was calibrated with field data and then used for
probabilistic hazard assessments. For a fully probabilistic scenario the
hazard zone covered 72 km2 and included some 125 km of paths and
roads, as well as 15 buildings. Evacuation on foot to a safe area was
estimated at almost 4 h, but this could be reduced to less than 3 h if two
shelters were provided. Our results show the importance of integrating
probabilistic hazard analysis of large-clast fallout within effective
strategies of risk management and reduction, especially in the case of
volcanoes where visitors can reach the summit areas.
Late Miocene thrusting in the North Alpine foreland: Driven by a
deep-seated process and shaped by the local mechanical stratigraphy
Authors: Mock Samuel , von Hagke Christoph , Schlunegger Fritz , Dunkl István , Herwegh Marco
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Besides classical emplacement and accretion related nappe tectonics, the Oligocene to middle Miocene post-collisional evolution of the central European Alps was also characterized by pronounced vertically directed tectonics. These are expressed by backthrusting along the Insubric Line and the subsequent uplift of the External Crystalline Massifs (ECMs). During late Miocene times, the Central Alps experienced lateral growth when deformation propagated into the external parts of both the pro- and retro-side of the orogen. For the North Alpine foreland, pro-wedge propagation of deformation has been kinematically and spatially linked to the uplift and exhumation of the ECMs. In this paper, we investigate the young exhumation history of the North Alpine foreland. Based on low-temperature apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronometry, we constrain thrusting in the Subalpine Molasse between 12 Ma and 5 Ma, thus occurring coeval to the main deformation phase in the adjacent Jura fold-and-thrust belt (FTB) and late stage exhumation of the ECMs. However, this pattern of tectonic activity is not restricted to areas which are bordered by the ECMs, but is consistent along the entire front of the Central Alps, regardless of its hinterland architecture. The local-scale pattern of strain partitioning and style of deformation is governed by lateral variations in the sedimentary foreland basin architecture. We suggest that the large-scale constant tectonic signal is the response to a shift in tectonic forces caused by a deep-seated geodynamic process. This resulted in a change from dominantly vertical to orogen-scale horizontal tectonics and an associated orogen-perpendicular growth of crustal thickening. We constrain the onset of this major tectonic change to ca. 15 Ma in the Southern Alps and ca. 12 Ma in the North Alpine foreland, where it results in (re-)activation of thrusts in the Subalpine Molasse and folding in the Jura FTB.
Tides of change
Authors: Barkho Jouseph
Published: March 2019

The paradigm of medical resident duty hours is currently undergoing vast changes, as research has demonstrated the negative effects of sleep deprivation on the wellbeing of both patients and residents alike. These changes began in the United States, where reduced work hour schedules for residents have been implemented within the past decade. However, the effectiveness of these changes has been debated in the literature. In Canada, this issue has only recently come into spotlight. Under the guidance of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, a task force was assembled in 2012 with two main objectives: gather all evidence related to resident duty hours, fatigue, and patient safety, and to create a national Canadian consensus on resident duty hours.
Radiation in the treatment of liver cancer
Authors: Callan Laura , Breech Benjamin , Wong Eugene
Published: March 2019

Radiation therapy (RT) is a newly evolving option in the treatment of both primary and metastatic liver cancer. To understand how RT can be applied to liver cancer and potential future directions of treatments, a review of the literature was performed.
The role of vaccination in global health
Authors: Guidolin Keegan , Meglei Gaby
Published: March 2019

Perhaps the greatest medical advancement in history was the development of the vaccine. While previously helpless to stop the spread of deadly infectious diseases, humanity has since harnessed the power of vaccination and decreased the incidence of infectious disease across the globe. Smallpox was the first disease to be eradicated—the greatest of our triumphs. This success was due to the global coordinated effort of the Intensified Smallpox Eradication Program. Presently, measles is the top cause of vaccine-preventable death in the world, and despite enormous vaccination efforts, eradication is still distant. This is due in part to the antivaccination movement, which was fueled by an article by Wakefield, published in the Lancet in 1998. The future of vaccination is an ambitious and unclear one—with tremendous financial support and involvement, the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) aims to eliminate vaccine preventable illness within what they call the “Decade of Vaccines”.
Cover art
Authors: Arifin Andrew
Published: March 2019

Cover art by Andrew Arifin.
Optogenetics
Authors: Williams Phillip , Wong Steven
Published: March 2019

The nature of the brain presents many challenges to its study, from the intricacy of its structure to the minute timescale at which it functions. Traditional research techniques, such as electrophysiological manipulation and pharmacologic intervention, are limited by their inability to operate with both high temporal and spatial resolution. Optogenetics is a novel technology that provides unparalleled specificity in this regard. It allows for control of neural activity with high temporospatial resolution in a manner that does not disrupt the normal physiology of the system. It is an elegant research tool that uses light to control the electrical activity of genetically defined neuron populations with millisecond precision in systems as complex as freely moving live animals. First demonstrated in 2005, it was identified by Nature as the Scientific Method of the Year in 2010 and is currently used by thousands of labs across the world. It has already yielded new discoveries in a variety of neuroscience subfields and will undoubtedly continue to do so. The technology currently exists in a basic science capacity, but has potential for therapeutic application. It is not without its own limitations, but has advantages over more crude alternatives and has proven to be a powerful tool in the hand of the neuroscientist.
Conversations with a neurosurgeon
Authors: Yan Han , Neferu Ramona
Published: March 2019

In the third of three interviews in this issue, we speak to Dr Fawaz Siddiqi. Dr Siddiqi is an Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedics at Western University. He is the president of the Professional Service Organization and sits on the Medical Advisory Committee as well as the London Health Sciences Centre Board of Directors. He is also the course chair for the Healthcare Systems course at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry.
Cover art
Authors: Hetzel Roni
Published: March 2019

Cover art by Roni Hetzel

Description: The cover art is a portrait of Blackie (Herman Lee) Wall, grandfather of Roni Hetzel, Meds 2018. This work captures the phenomenon of aging, demonstrating that although the physical body transforms, the elderly man has the same unique and defining human spirit as his younger self. This idea shapes the way we interact with our aging patient population, as we treat our patients with revered dignity that appreciates their personhood, past but also equally present.
The implantable miniature telescope
Authors: Williams Phillip , Wong Steven
Published: March 2019

Bilateral, end-stage, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating condition of the eye. As the leading cause of blindness worldwide in the elderly, it leads to poor quality of life. While antivascular endothelium growth factor agents are used as front-line treatment for wet AMD, no current treatment exists for bilateral, end-stage AMD in Canada. The implantable miniature telescope (IMT), approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2010, is a treatment option available for those over the age of 65 in the United States with stable severe to profound vision impairment (best-corrected visual acuity 20/160 to 20/800) caused by bilateral central scotomas associated with bilateral, end-stage AMD. Combining the fields of engineering and ophthalmology, intraocular implantation of the IMT provides improvements in patients’ functional vision and quality of life. As a relatively new treatment targeting the elderly, there are strict inclusion criteria as well as risks associated with the procedure. However, research and continuing development in this field is ongoing to minimize these risks.
Cover art
Authors: Woo Stephen
Published: March 2019

Cover art by Stephen Woo.
Mesenteric chylous lymphangioma in the adult patient: a case report
Authors: Mykytyshyn Chris , Pepe Daniel
Published: March 2019

Mesenteric lymphangiomas are a rare cause of intra-abdominal mass in the adult population. The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 100 000 to 1 in 500 000 patients. For this reason, the diagnosis of mesenteric lymphangioma is often overlooked on the differential diagnosis of abdominal mass. We describe the case of a 29-year-old Caucasian male who presented with abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and constipation, who was ultimately diagnosed with mesenteric lymphangioma. Furthermore, we discuss the etiology and epidemiology, presentation and diagnosis, and treatment of mesenteric lymphangioma.
Improvement in refractory psychosis after initiating management for underlying ADHD
Authors: Blaszak Michael , Brister Danica , Charlebois Jordon , Hoe Erica , Siu Maggie
Published: March 2019

We report on a unique clinical case of psychosis precipitated by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and explore its implications for clinical practice as well as our understanding of these conditions. We describe a clinical case of a 46-year-old male presenting with auditory, olfactory, tactile, and visual hallucinations. We reviewed the literature on reported cases in which psychotic symptoms were treated with stimulant medications for ADHD comorbidity. This case report reveals the potential for properly selected patients to benefit from a consideration of ADHD comorbidity and a trial of treatment with that focus. In addition, the literature reveals a pathophysiologic association between psychosis and ADHD supported by neurobiological data. However, far more research is required to fully understand these conditions and their relationship. We conclude that ADHD and psychosis have some related pathophysiologic mechanisms but their connection has not been adequately explored. This case adds support to literature suggesting that in refractory psychosis, clinicians should re-evaluate the diagnosis and one of the considerations should be ADHD. In certain cases, the presence of psychotic symptoms with ADHD should not exclude the use of stimulants.
Back to the drawing board
Authors: Ruicci Kara
Published: March 2019

A significant limitation of genomically-guided targeted cancer therapies is the inevitability of innate or evolved resistance. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous and anatomically complex cancer in which both the disease and available treatments carry considerable toxicity with lasting effects on patient quality of life; therapies with increased efficacy and decreased toxicity are needed. The therapeutic focus for HNSCC is shifting towards targeted inhibition of specific, frequently altered genes or pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) network, which is the most frequently altered pathway in HNSCC. Agents targeting this network have demonstrated preclinical and clinical efficacy; however, as in most solid tumour malignancies, response to therapy is temporary and systems become refractory following prolonged treatment.

In this review, I examine the role of emerged resistance with particular regard to targeted PI3K inhibitors in HNSCC and describe targetable mutations, pathway reactivation and bypass mechanisms as mediators of resistance. I conclude by emphasizing the value of combinatorial therapies and the value in re-evaluation of response to therapy over time to prevent or delay the onset of resistance. PI3K inhibitors and other targeted therapies have already begun transforming cancer care, providing improved patient responses and quality of life benefits. Characterizing resistance mechanisms will help guide the application of such agents, as well as the design of combination treatments to improve outcomes for cancer patients.
Antidepressant use during pregnancy
Authors: Scime Natalie V
Published: March 2019

Antidepressant use during pregnancy is a widely debated and controversial topic among researchers and clinicians. Despite a wealth of studies examining the adverse outcomes and relative safety of these prescription medications, inconsistencies in study design and methodology make it challenging to draw conclusions and translate findings into clinical practice. Consequently, healthcare professionals are often uncertain about how to counsel pregnant women regarding antidepressant use, leading patients to feel unsupported and conflicted about where to receive information and how to make an informed decision. To remedy this clinical issue, many knowledge translation initiatives exist in Canada, including the Motherisk program, patient decision aids, professional handbooks, and critically appraised summaries of evidence published in scholarly journals. These endeavours represent important progress in knowledge dissemination and uptake among patients and healthcare professionals. However, further implementation and evaluation of targeted knowledge translation strategies are warranted to improve the knowledge and support necessary in making decisions regarding antidepressant use during pregnancy.
Addressing the diverging public and physician perceptions on the topic of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Su Hong Yu (Andrew) , Douglas-Vail Matt
Published: March 2019

Antibiotics are a powerful tool in fighting bacterial infections but with overuse and misuse, resistance is emerging at an alarming rate. To better understand the root causes of resistance, studying the perceptions of both physicians and the general populace may prove beneficial from a health promotion standpoint. Research reveals that diverging views of these 2 groups remain significant, which proves concerning especially in the face of increasingly resistant bacteria and associated mortality. The issue at large, therefore, requires a better understandifrom both parties with regard to antibiotic guidelines, prescription habits and public awareness campaigns.