bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating Annualized Earthquake Losses for the Conterminous United States
Authors: Jaiswal Kishor S. , Bausch Douglas , Chen Rui , Bouabid Jawhar , Seligson Hope
Published: September 2015

We make use of the most recent National Seismic Hazard Maps (the years 2008 and 2014 cycles), updated Census data on population, and economic exposure estimates of general building stock to quantify annualized earthquake loss (AEL) for the conterminous United States. The AEL analyses were performed using the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Hazus software, which facilitated a systematic comparison of the influence of the 2014 National Seismic Hazard Maps in terms of annualized loss estimates in different parts of the country. The losses from an individual earthquake could easily exceed many tens of billions of dollars, and the long-term averaged value of losses from all earthquakes within the conterminous United States has been estimated to be a few billion dollars per year. This study estimated nationwide losses to be approximately $4.5 billion per year (in 2012 dollars), roughly 80%of which can be attributed to the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. We document the change in estimated AELs arising solely from the change in the assumed hazard map. The change from the 2008 map to the 2014 map results in a 10% to 20% reduction in AELs for the highly seismic states of the Western United States, whereas the reduction is even more significant for the Central and Eastern United States.
Teaching How to Write Better Essays at the Middle School
Authors: Воителева  , Voiteleva T. , Обернихина  , Obyernikhina Galina , Марченко  , Marchenko O.
Published: September 2015

The paper considers methods of teaching school students how to write essays, given that it is the basic form of writing activities in the process of teaching

the Russian language and literature at the middle school. Emphasized are the different kinds of essays in terms of types of speech, such as narration,

description, discourse.
Contract Preferences and Performance for the Loss-Averse Supplier: Buyback vs. Revenue Sharing
Authors: Zhang Yinghao , Donohue Karen , Cui Tony Haitao
Published: September 2015

Prior theory claims that buyback and revenue-sharing contracts achieve equivalent channel-coordinating solutions when applied in a dyadic supplier–retailer setting. This suggests that a supplier should be indifferent between the two contracts. However, the sequence and magnitude of costs and revenues (i.e., losses and gains) vary significantly between the contracts, suggesting the supplier’s preference of contract type, and associated contract parameter values, may vary with the level of loss aversion. We investigate this phenomenon through two studies. The first is a preliminary study investigating whether human suppliers are indeed indifferent between these two contracts. Using a controlled laboratory experiment, with human subjects taking on the role of the supplier having to choose between contracts, we find that contract preferences change with the ratio of overage and underage costs for the channel (i.e., the newsvendor critical ratio). In particular, a buyback contract is preferred for products with low critical ratio, whereas revenue sharing is preferred for products with high critical ratio. We show these results are consistent with the behavioral tendency of loss aversion and are more significant for subjects who exhibit higher loss aversion tendencies in an out of context task. In the second (main) study, we examine differences in the performance of buyback and revenue-sharing contracts when suppliers have the authority to set contract parameters. We find that the contract frame influences the way parameters are set and the critical ratio again plays an important role. More specifically, revenue-sharing contracts are more profitable for the supplier than buyback contracts in a high critical ratio environment when accounting for the supplier’s parameter-specification behavior. Also, there is little difference in performance between the two contracts in a low critical ratio environment. These results can help inform supply managers on what types of contracts to use in different critical ratio settings.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2182 .

This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
Intraspecific Molecular Variation of Allium ursinum (Amaryllidaceae) Across the Border of Two Subspecies Distribution Ranges
Authors: Rola Kaja , Lenart-Boroń Anna , Boroń Piotr , Osyczka Piotr
Published: September 2015

The study investigates the genetic differentiation among two subspecies ofAllium ursinumL., namelyA. ursinumsubsp.ursinumand subsp.ucrainicumas well as their putative hybrid that is represented by individuals with intermediate morphology. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) were applied to determine the status of intermediate morphotypes in terms of their genetic pattern and to assess the level of genetic variability within and between various populations ofA. ursinum. The study comprises 144 specimens from nine populations along the east-west transect in Poland, which includes localities of both subspecies and their putative hybrid. Among the examined populations, 48 bands were amplified, of which 45 were found to be polymorphic. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), the neighbour-net analysis and Mantel test showed a strong correlation between genetic variability and geographic distance. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that a greater proportion of total genetic variation resided within populations rather than among them. The Structure Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the presence of three distinct genetic groups within studied populations, where ‘eastern’ genotypes correspond toA. ursinumsubsp.ucrainicum, and ‘western’ to subsp.ursinum; whereas the third genetic group has the largest share in the individuals occurring at the border of the distribution ranges of both subspecies. The emergence of the third genetic group is probably an effect of hybridization events occurring within the secondary contact zone. Typical morphologically intermediate populations occur only in a relatively narrow geographical zone, but the hybrid zone revealed by molecular markers is actually much wider than it is suggested by the morphological pattern of individuals. The current distribution pattern of both subspecies ofA. ursinumand their hybrid zone is related to the two main directions of postglacial migration ofFagus sylvaticato the area of Poland. The hybrid zone arose as an effect of the secondary contact of two divergent lineages ofA. ursinum.
Arabidopsis thaliana Tolerates Iron Deficiency more than Thellungiella Salsuginea by Inducing Metabolic Changes at the Root Level
Authors: Msilini Najoua , Ferhi Jihed , Chebbi Mohamed , Lachaâl Mokhtar , Ouerghi Zeineb
Published: September 2015

Several studies have used A. thaliana as a model to identify the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying iron deficiency tolerance in plants. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella salsuginea were used to investigate the differential responses to iron deficiency of these two species. Plants were cultivated in hydroponic medium containing 5 or 0 μM Fe, for 10 days. Results showed that rosette biomass was more reduced in T. salsuginea than in A. thaliana when grown on Fe-deficient medium. As a marker for iron deficiency tolerance, the induction of ferric chelate reductase (FCR) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activities was observed only in A. thaliana roots. In addition, we found that the accumulation of phenolic acids in roots of N1438 ecotype of A. thaliana was stimulated by Fe deficiency. Furthermore, an increase of flavonoids content in the root and exudates was observed under Fe-deficiency in this ecotype. Unlike other abiotic stresses, it appears that iron deficiency effects were more pronounced in Thellungiella than in Arabidopsis. The higher tolerance of the Arabidopsis plant to iron deficiency may be due to the metabolic changes occurring in the roots.
Zur historischen Einordnung von Jakob Brückers Interpunktionslehre
Authors: Rinas Karsten
Published: September 2015

This article offers an analysis of the punctuation theory of Jakob Brücker, published in his ›Teutsche Grammatic‹ (1620). It is shown that this is the first German theory which adds semantic and syntactic conditions to the theory of the period developed within the framework of classical rhetoric. It is likely that Brücker’s approach is, directly or indirectly, indebted to the theory of Aldus Manutius, the Younger (1566). Furthermore, this article deals with the question to what extent Brücker’s theory influenced later approaches (by Gueintz, Harsdörffer, Schottel, Bödiker).
Selbstüberschreitung der Religion ­in der Mystik
Authors: Hasebrink Burkhard
Published: September 2015

At the beginning of the 14
The Theory of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Mishra Chandra S. , Zachary Ramona K.
Published: September 2015

The theory of entrepreneurship, namely the entrepreneurial value creation theory, explains the entrepreneurial experience in its fullest form, from the entrepreneurial intention and the discovery of an entrepreneurial opportunity, to the development of the entrepreneurial competence, and the appropriation of the entrepreneurial reward (
The effects of educating mothers and girls on the girls’ attitudes toward puberty health: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Afsari Atousa , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Valizadeh Sousan , Abbasnezhadeh Massomeh , Galeshi Mina , Fatahi Samira
Published: September 2015

Introduction:

The attitude of a girl toward her menstruation and puberty has a considerable impact on her role during motherhood, social adjustment, and future marital life. This study was conducted in 2014 with the aim of comparing the effects of educating mothers and girls on the attitudes of adolescent girls of Tabriz City, Iran, towards puberty health.

Methods:

This randomized control clinical trial was conducted on 364 adolescent girls who experienced menstruation. Twelve schools were selected randomly among 107 secondary schools for girls. One-third of the students of each school were selected randomly using a table of random numbers and socio-demographic and each participant was asked to answer the attitude questionnaires. The schools were randomly allocated to the groups of mother’s education, girl’s education, and no-intervention. The attitude questionnaire was filled out by the participants again 2 months after intervention. The general linear model, in which the baseline values were controlled, was employed to compare the scores of the three groups after the intervention.

Results:

No significant differences were observed among the three groups in terms of the attitude score before intervention (p>0.05). Attitude score improvement after intervention in the girl’s education group was significantly higher than the one of both mother’s education (adjusted mean difference [AMD]: 1.8; [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4–1.3]) and no-intervention groups (AMD: 1.3; [95% CI: 0.0–2.6]) by controlling the attitude score before intervention.

Conclusion:

Based on the findings, it is more effective to educate girls directly about puberty health to improve adolescent girls’ attitudes than educating mothers and asking them to transfer information to the girls. Nevertheless, studies with longer training period and follow-up are proposed to determine the effects of educating girls (through their mothers) on their attitudes about puberty health.
Remote Monitoring for Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Rural Application Using GSM Network
Authors: Ahmad Tanveer , Hasan Qadeer Ul , Malik A. , Awan N. S.
Published: September 2015

This paper presents design and development of solar power monitoring and control through GSM network in rural application. This system includes a GSM mobile and GSM hardware installed at solar system with 12VDC power for solar power monitoring along with temperatures (ambient and battery). This system is designed to conceptualizing how much solar power transferred to batteries and temperature conditions for that instant of time. Hardware is developed for the continuous update to the targeted station using GSM. The developed hardware gets the signal from the installed location calculate the real time power and temperature parameters. This information transferred to targeted mobile station through GSM interface using texting service (SMS). At the receiving end, power monitoring system is used to maintain the power to batteries profile locally. An easy, cost proficient and consistent working model of whole system has been developed which may be incorporated for data acquisition. Also the same system can use for uninterrupted power supply (UPS) systems.
A brief illustrated history on sunscreens and sun protection
Authors: Svarc Federico
Published: September 2015

Nobody exactly knows when human beings begun protecting their skin from the sun. Our dark-skinned ancestors in Africa had the benefit of natural melanin to avoid sunburn. With migration to cooler regions, humans clothed themselves to avoid frost, losing their protective pigmentation. For cultural reasons, occidentals continued to cover their body up to the XIXthcentury. After World War I fashion wanted tanned bodies. Oils without protection to UV radiation were used. In 1935 Eugène Schueller, founder of L’Oreal, formulated the first radiation filtering product,“Ambre Solaire Huile”. Benjamin Green produced for the soldiers battling in the Pacific a red jelly substance as a physical blocker. The hazards of sun overexposure were already apparent. The product boomed under the brand Coppertone. In 1946 Franz Greiter developed the“Gletscher Créme”. In 1956 R. Schulz introduced the concept of the sun protection factor (SPF). All those products protected only against UVB radiation, whose main visible result is erythema. There was still no concern on the more penetrating UVA radiation, and skin cancer prevention nor on several other contemporary issues. Today we benefit from very high SPF products with broad UV protection. Solubility limitations and sensorial properties make them difficult to formulate and stabilize.
Crowdsourcing-Based Business Models: How to Create and Capture Value
Authors: Kohler Thomas
Published: September 2015

Technology has transformed individuals from mere consumers of products to empowered participants in value co-creation. While numerous firms experiment with involving a crowd in value creation, few companies turn crowdsourcing projects into thriving platforms with a powerful business model. To address this challenge, this article analyzes successful platforms to identify patterns of effective crowdsourcing-based business models. The results provide guidance for managers who need to create new (or adapt existing) business models.
Identidades e formação nos percursos de vida de jovens e adultos trabalhadores: desafios ao Proeja
Authors: Coelho Maria Inês De Matos
Published: September 2015

O objetivo principal deste artigo é analisar o Programa de Integração da Educação Profissional com a Educação
Básica na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos – Proeja, no contexto das recentes transformações do capitalismo
e de sua expressão no Brasil, chamando a atenção para as construções tensas de cidadania e de identidades
de trabalhadores, jovens e adultos, em processos de exclusão social. Inicialmente, analisamos a construção
histórica do discurso político do Proeja identificando suas bases nos estudos da relação entre trabalho e educação.
Em seguida, considerando estatísticas brasileiras, analisamos quais são as condições de educação, trabalho e vida
de jovens e adultos identificados como possíveis alunos do Proeja e os limites e desafios que implicam os processos
educativos e de formação profissional.
The urban harvest approach as framework and planning tool for improved water and resource cycles
Authors: Leusbrock I. , Nanninga T. A. , Lieberg K. , Agudelo-Vera C. M. , Keesman K. J. , Zeeman G. , Rijnaarts H. H. M.
Published: September 2015

Water and resource availability in sufficient quantity and quality for anthropogenic needs represents one of the main challenges in the coming decades. To prepare for upcoming challenges such as increased urbanization and climate change related consequences, innovative and improved resource management concepts are indispensable. In recent years we have developed and applied the urban harvest approach (UHA). The UHA aims to model and quantify the urban water cycle on different temporal and spatial scales. This approach allowed us to quantify the impact of the implementation of water saving measures and new water treatment concepts in cities. In this paper we will introduce the UHA and its application for urban water cycles. Furthermore, we will show first results for an extension to energy cycles and highlight future research items (e.g. nutrients, water–energy–nexus).
Topology of the elliptical billiard with the Hooke's potential
Authors: Radnovic Milena
Published: September 2015

Using Fomenko graphs, we present a topological description of the elliptical
billiard with Hooke's potential.
Entropy generation in Poiseuille flow through a channel partially filled with a porous material
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Jain Shalini , Sharma Kalpna , Sharma Pooja
Published: September 2015

In the present paper, a theoretical analysis of entropy generation due to
fully developed flow and heat transfer through a parallel plate channel
partially filled with a porous medium under the effect of transverse magnetic
field and radiation is presented. Both horizontal plates of the channel are
kept at constant and equal temperature. An exact solution of governing
equation for both porous and clear fluid regions has been obtained in closed
form. The entropy generation number and the Bejan number are also calculated.
The effects of various parameters such as magnetic field parameter, radiation
parameter, Brinkman number, permeability parameter, ratios of viscosities and
thermal conductivities are examined on velocity, temperature, entropy
generation rate.
Adaptive Immune Responses in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient with Acute Varicella-Zoster Virus Reactivation during Treatment with Fingolimod
Authors: Harrer Andrea , Wipfler Peter , Pilz Georg , Oppermann Katrin , Haschke-Becher Elisabeth , Afazel Shahrzad , Kraus Jörg , Trinka Eugen , Sellner Johann
Published: September 2015

Fingolimod, an oral sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, is approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The interference with S1P signaling leads to retention particularly of chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) expressing T cells in lymph nodes. The immunological basis of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections during fingolimod treatment is unclear. Here, we studied the dynamics of systemic and intrathecal immune responses associated with symptomatic VZV reactivation including cessation of fingolimod and initiation of antiviral therapy. Key features in peripheral blood were an about two-fold increase of VZV-specific IgG at diagnosis of VZV reactivation as compared to the previous months, a relative enrichment of effector CD4+ T cells (36% versus mean 12% in controls), and an accelerated reconstitution of absolute lymphocytes counts including a normalized CD4+/CD8+ ratio and reappearance of CCR7+ T cells. In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the lymphocytic pleocytosis and CD4+/CD8+ ratios at diagnosis of reactivation and after nine days of fingolimod discontinuation remained unchanged. During this time CCR7+ T cells were not observed in CSF. Further research into fingolimod-associated VZV reactivation and immune reconstitution is mandatory to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with this potentially life-threatening condition.
HERDING IN STYLE ALLOCATIONS
Authors: Andreu Laura , Ortiz Cristina , Sarto José Luis
Published: September 2015

The study examines herding behavior in the strategic allocations of UK pension plans. The results show that UK pension managers are involved in cross-sectional herd behavior. The study also examines herding from a quantitative perspective considering the number of managers changing their style allocations and from an intertemporal perspec- tive to examine the tendency of UK pension plans to imitate others over time. Finally, a robustness analysis considering passive style portfolios is applied to eliminate artificial herding. Hence, the paper contributes to the literature by analyzing herding at strategic allocations instead of at the individual stock level as well as by improving the methodol- ogy used to capture the herding phenomenon. The results have practical implications to design managers’ compensation schemes due to their influence on manager behavior.
A Gamification Mechanism for Advertising in Mobile Cloud
Authors: Luo Zongwei , Zhuang Qixing , Jiang Tao , Liu Yang , Yi Feng
Published: September 2015

In this chapter, we introduce a gamification mechanism for advertising in mobile cloud. Gamification for advertising uses game thinking and mechanism in non-game contexts to engage users in developing and deliver advertising content suitable for mobile devices. To support this gamification advertising mechanism, we develop a cloud based service platform for media integration and distribution, supporting flexible interactions and collaboration among media content providers, advertisers, and developers. Contribution of this chapter is it introduces game theory and mechanism design into gamification for advertising which is demonstrated as feasible and just in time. And the gamifiation for advertising is the first in the literature ever discussed as we know in the context of mechanism design. A layering solution with introduction of an advertising layer for developing gamified applications for mobile devices is also the first ever in the literature as we know.
A Comparison of “Inclusiveness” in Two Liberal Arts Catholic Universities
Authors: Ford Theron N. , Glimps Blanche Jackson
Published: September 2015

The Catholic Church has been a major player in the field of education, both nationally and internationally. Numerous religious orders, such as the Jesuits, Felicians, created higher education institutions. Such institutions afforded college education to first-generation students and were a ladder for upward mobility. A perception lingers of Catholic institutions being an exemplar of Christian values of love, acceptance and social justice. In reality, some institutions are far more successful in actualizing those values. This chapter looks retrospectively at Madonna University and compares it to John Carroll University to highlight differences in how each has dealt with the issue of inclusiveness. While each of the institutions is a single instance within the Catholic higher education community, there are still lessons we may take from this examination that intersect with issues related to religion, gender and inclusiveness.
Women, Faith, and Social Cohesion
Authors: Lawler John Anthony , Mir Ghazala
Published: September 2015

This chapter presents findings from a research study examining the relationship between faith communities, social cohesion activity and the leadership role of women. The study examined women's exercise of leadership or influence in small intercultural, interfaith projects, which they had developed to improve social cohesion in their local communities. Data were gathered using qualitative interviews and participatory research methods, predominantly with women from a range of religious backgrounds. Findings indicated that women involved in interfaith activity often occupied roles with relatively little power within their communities. Despite this they were at times able to affect considerable influence within their own contexts. Contrary to expectations from existing evidence, changes resulting from the interfaith activities under consideration occurred despite rather than because of formal leadership. The concept and practice of leadership in interfaith activity and how this might relate to different conceptualizations of social cohesion and leadership within faith communities are discussed.
The Role of Women in the Development of New Religious Movements in Latin America
Authors: Eraso Angel Belzunegui , Cid David Dueñas
Published: September 2015

In this chapter we focus on the growth of “new religions” and new religious movements in Latin America and attempt to find explanations for this growth. Although other explanations for the increase in religious plurality exist, we focus on the role of women in this development. The expansion of movements such as Pentecostalism is challenging the centrality of Catholicism in many Latin American countries. Basically, we therefore aim to answer the following question: Why has Pentecostalism grown so much in some Latin American countries while Catholicism has experienced a certain decline? One possible explanation for this is the role of women in this expansion, which has fostered greater social cohesion within families and communities. Pentecostalism has led to a certain empowerment of the women living in precarious conditions, affording them greater visibility and importance within their communities and giving them a role in the re-education of behaviours that are rooted in male domination.
Nanohardness of DC Magnetron Sputtered W – C Coatings as a Function of Composition and Residual Stresses
Authors: Novák Michal , Lofaj František , Hviščová Petra , Podoba Rudolf , Haršáni Marián , Sahul Martin , Čaplovič Ľubomír
Published: September 2015

The effects of residual stresses in thin W-C based coatings were investigated with the aim to find their influence on nanohardness and indentation modulus. Ten samples of W-C based coatings were deposited on microslide glass substrates using DC magnetron sputtering at the identical deposition parameters. Their thickness was in the range from 500 to 600 nm. The residual stresses in the coatings varied from 1.5 GPa up to 4.4 GPa. Increase of residual stress caused linear increase of HITfrom 16 to 19.5 GPa. This increase was only the result of the compressive stresses. EITof the studied coatings was not sensitive to residual stresses and corresponded to 185 GPa ± 15 GPa.
Scratch Resistance of the Si3N4-Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites
Authors: Kašiarová Monika , Michalková Monika , Dusza Ján , Šajgalík Pavol
Published: September 2015

The scratch resistance of the silicon nitride with the addition of 1 and 7 wt% of graphene multiplatelets prepared by hot press sintering has been studied. The scratch resistance behaviour of Si3N4-GNP composites were investigated using a Rockwell indenter for normal applied loads ranging from 1-150 N. Si3N4-7-wt%GNP composite behaved differently during the scratch test depending on the normal applied load. The coefficient of friction changed dramatically at higher load and extensive crack propagation resulting in the chipping is observed.
Strain Mapping of Indented Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Using Nano-Diffraction
Authors: Michalikova Jana , Michalik Štefan , Bednarcik Jozef , Hvizdos Pavol , Alfeld Matthias , Franz Hermann
Published: September 2015

The state-of-the-art nano-diffraction technique available at the P06 beamline of the synchrotron radiation source PETRA III was used to observe the strain distribution induced within bulk metallic glass by nano-indentation. Bulk metallic glass (BMG) with nominal composition Zr52.5Ti5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10 at.% was prepared by conventional copper mold injection casting. Using the Berkovich indenter a series of indents forming a line was introduced on to the polished surface of the BMG sample. It has been shown that spatially resolved matrix scans with a nanometer sized beam (600 × 600 nm2) can identify positions of the indents and quantitatively describe the strain state after nano-indentation.
Characterization of Sputter-Deposited NiTi Thin Film by Nanoindentation
Authors: Haušild Petr , Landa Michal
Published: September 2015

NiTi shape memory alloy thin film sputter-deposited on a large scale silicon wafer was characterized by means of instrumented (depth-sensing) indentation technique. Thickness of deposited thin film was measured by calotest device. Microstructure of thin film was observed using differential interference (Nomarski) contrast. It was shown that the local mechanical properties are different in areas containing different phases (austenite and martensite) according to different deposition conditions (kinetic energy of deposited atoms when impacting the substrate surface).
Morphometry and anatomical variations of flexor digitorum superficialis
Authors: Ray B. , Saxena A. , Nayak S. , Pugazhendi B. , Gayathri B.
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) takes its origin by two heads: humero ulnar and radial.. The FDS is considered to be potential flexor of proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalnageal and wrist joints through its insertion to the middle phalanges of lateral 4 fingers. Aim of the study was to conduct a morphometric study on FDS and to evaluate its variants in cadaveric limbs. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 25 right and 23 left upper limbs belonging to formalin fixed adult cadavers. Lengths of humeral, ulnar, radial heads of the muscle as well as its tendons were separately measured using digital caliper. Mean length of muscle bellies of humeral head, tendinous length and musculotendinous length tabulated. Results: A unique muscle belly arising from the deeper surface of left FDS as a tendon, proximal to flexor retinaculum, entering in the palm after passing through the carpal tunnel was observed. The muscle was inserted into the middle phalanx of index finger. Conclusion: Studies on absolute length of FDS are rare. The present study has significant influence on length tension relationship of afore mentioned muscle. The hazardous effects of anomalous belly of FDS and its consequences were also discussed.
Temas clave en la formación de profesores en Chile desde la perspectiva de docentes y directivos
Authors: Díaz Larenas Claudio H. , Solar Rodríguez María I. , Soto Hernández Valentina , Conejeros Solar Marianela , Vergara Morales Jorge
Published: September 2015

La formación de profesores en Chile y los puntos que la intersectan, están hoy en día en el debate público de la sociedad chilena. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar temas clave de la formación de profesores- investigación, innovación, formación continua, relación universidad-establecimiento educacional, y gestión- desde la perspectiva de profesores universitarios, profesores del sistema escolar y directivos. Para esto, el estudio se realizó con una muestra de 222 participantes de establecimientos educacionales y universidades chilenas en el contexto de un diseño investigativo de carácter no experimental y de tipo transeccional descriptivo. Los resultados de las encuestas y entrevistas aplicadas revelan que es necesario fortalecer la relación establecimiento educacional y universidad, formar profesores que tengan un desempeño efectivo en los contextos socio-educativos actuales y crear las condiciones para que los profesores puedan realizar investigaciones de sus propias prácticas pedagógicas.
Effects of Language Learning Strategies and Learners’ Motivation on Students’ Learning Achievement
Authors: Cheng Hao-Yuan , Chang Nai-Ying
Published: September 2015

This study investigated whether learning strategies had made any impact on learners’ achievement and explored whether learning motivation was correlated with learning strategies. The participants of this study were the students from the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) intermediate level course at a college in Taiwan. The students were given a pretest and a posttest. The mean scores of these tests were compared with a SILL survey (Strategies Inventory for Language Learning) at the end of the investigation. The participants’ course performance was compared with their use of learning strategies. The assumption of the relationship between learning strategies and motivation is that motivated learners have a greater desire to seek out solutions or support from others and employ more strategies to process the new information. The results of this investigation revealed that only the memory strategies had a significant difference in the posttest of Group A on the independent sample t-test analysis.
Stress Management and Peak Performance Crash Course for Ninth Graders in a Charter School Setting
Authors: Kassel Steven C.
Published: September 2015

Seventeen 9th-grade students at a charter school were selected to participate in a 3-week stress management/peak performance training program that integrated biofeedback into the overall educational schedule. The training program included a weekly visit by the facilitator, who discussed with the students the psychophysiology of stress and neuropsychology of attention, as well as the beneficial aspects of relaxation on the mind and body. These factors have been studied with peripheral biofeedback and EEG biofeedback for over 30 years and are known to facilitate peak performance during tests, social interaction, and various other performance scenarios, such as general academic performance, sports, and music. Students were guided through relaxation exercises and were then asked to think about how and why these exercises fit in to their own personal goals as students and performers. They were instructed to practice at home with an audio CD and worked with the emWave PC®, a heart rate variability biofeedback instrument. The Test Anxiety Quiz was administered pre- and posttraining, and the Behavioral Change Survey was administered posttraining. The students showed mild to moderate improvement on test anxiety and behavioral measures. Overall, significant gains were made in reduction of test anxiety and other behavioral measures. This study suggests that, consistent with the peak performance literature, integration of relaxation techniques into a secondary school setting can improve important measures of students' scholastic achievement.
Management of Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Sculco Peter K. , Abdel Matthew P. , Lewallen David G.
Published: September 2015

Femoral bone loss is frequently encountered during revision total hip arthroplasty. The quality and quantity of remaining bone helps determine the best method for reconstruction. Extensively porous-coated cylindrical stems or titanium fluted tapered devices that achieve fixation in the diaphysis have both demonstrated excellent long-term survivorship. Titanium fluted tapered stems with a modular proximal body allow for more accurate leg length, offset, and version adjustments independent of the distal stem which may optimise hip biomechanics. Intraoperative fractures are more common with cylindrical stems and subsidence with tapered stems, particularly monoblock designs and in both dislocation continues to be one of the most common postoperative complications. In salvage situations in which an ectatic femoral canal is unable to support an uncemented device, impaction bone grafting, allograft-prosthetic composite, or a segmental proximal femoral replacement may be required.
Custom 3D-Printed Acetabular Implants in hip Surgery–Innovative Breakthrough or Expensive Bespoke Upgrade?
Authors: Wyatt Michael C.
Published: September 2015

Custom 3D-printed triflange acetabular cages are a new option in the armamentarium of the revision hip surgeon. This review article defines this technology, its indications, surgical method, advantages, disadvantages, use, current published literature and future applications.
Hypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, Clinical Signs, and Emergent Treatment
Authors: Daniels Erin , Sakakeeny Catherine
Published: September 2015

Hypercalcemia is uncommonly encountered in veterinary patients. When it does occur, the effects can be severe, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized and addressed in a timely manner. Causes of hypercalcemia are varied and include pituitary-dependent and pituitary-independent causes. A diagnosis of hypercalcemia should be made based on documentation of ionized hypercalcemia. The mainstay of emergency treatment usually involves aggressive IV fluid diuresis, the use of diuretics, and, often, glucocorticoids. The use of bisphosphonates has become increasingly more common in veterinary medicine.
Assessment of Upgrading Strategies to Improve Regional Food Systems in Tanzania
Authors: Graef F. , Schneider I. , Fasse A. , Germer J.U. , Gevorgyan E. , Haule F. , Hoffmann H. , Kahimba F.C. , Kashaga L. , Kissoly L. , Lambert C. , Lana M. , Mahoo H.F. , Makoko B. , Mbaga S.H. , Mmbughu A. , Mkangwa S. , Mrosso L. , Mutabazi K.D. , Mwinuka L. , Ngazi H. , Nkonya E. , Said S. , Schaffert A. , Schäfer M.P. , Schindler J. , Sieber S. , Swamila M. , Welp H.M. , William L. , Yustas Y.M.
Published: September 2015

Food security is one of the main goals of rural poor people. To enhance food security in this context, participatory action research can help to ensure sustained success while considering entire food value chains (FVC). This paper assesses the feasibility and potential success of upgrading strategies (UPS) as well as their assessment criteria as developed by German and Tanzanian agricultural scientists. The results form part of a larger participatory research project conducted in two climatically representative regions of Tanzania: semi-arid Dodoma and subhumid Morogoro. This paper presents the findings with respect to food processing, waste management and bioenergy, along with income generation and market participation. Assessments on other components of the FVC, including natural resource management, crop production and consumption, are reported by Graef et al (2015). The assessments for food processing revealed preferences for preservation techniques, oil extraction processes and food storage devices for the semi-arid region. In contrast, in the subhumid region, the experts favoured food storage devices and preservation techniques. Assessments of waste management and bioenergy UPS for both regions indicated the importance of animal feed from crop residues, crop residues as mulch and compost from food waste, although with somewhat different priorities. Assessments on income generation and markets in both regions revealed preferences for savings and credit cooperatives and communication techniques, but also indicated that warehouse receipt systems and guarantee systems had a high impact. Assessments differed between the two different climatic regions, and to some extent also between the nationality of experts and their gender. The authors therefore attach importance to integrating different South–North and female–male awareness in assessments among scientists. Moreover, local and/or regional stakeholders and experts should be involved in developing site-adapted UPS for enhancing FVCs.
The N'Dama Dilemma: Ethnogenetics and Small Ruminant Breed Dynamics in the Tsetse Zone, the Gambia
Authors: Brown Tad
Published: September 2015

Livestock breeds serve as the organizational unit for animal genetic resource (AnGR) conservation. Farmers' knowledge has been recognized for its contribution to the identity and characterization of local breeds, yet if farmers are to contribute to in situ AnGR conservation, their own ideas about livestock biology need to be included in breed assessments. The objective of this study was to understand how Gambian farmers' classification of sheep and goats related to local ideas about phenotypic inheritance. While farmers trace breed membership to the nanny, trait dominance is attributed to the sire line. This distinction allows farmers to depict outcrossing as a form of breed diversification while underreporting its occurrence within village flocks. The study findings suggest that farmers' understanding of trait transmission has relevance for in situ AnGR conservation, as saving a breed by name may not ensure the persistence of its associated trait profile.
Assessing the Fluctuation Characteristics of Grain Output in China
Authors: Liu Yu , Gao Bingbo , Pan Yuchun
Published: September 2015

The characteristics of gross grain output between 1949 and 2012 and the effects of different crops and production regions on fluctuations between 1978 and 2012 in China were analysed using empirical mode decomposition and variance decomposition methods. Grain output has shown a tendency to increase since 1970. Rice, wheat and corn were the primary crops contributing to gross grain output fluctuation, with rice playing the most significant role. The middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River contributed most to output fluctuation, followed by the northeast and Huang-Huai-Hai regions. The findings provide important evidence concerning trends in grain production in China.
Profitability of Goat Production in the Mexico Highlands
Authors: Pinos-Rodríguez Juan Manuel , Gómez-Ruiz Walter Jorge , Aguirre-Rivera Juan Rogelio , García-López Juan Carlos , Álvarez-Fuentes Gregorio
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to assess the profitability of extensive goat production through on-farm research. Eleven goat farms were used; purchased inputs and sales were recorded for two years and total gross margin was calculated, excluding family labour. Labour intensity and labour efficiency were compared. Univariate analyses and correlations were used to explain the producers' profitability. All sources of income per farm were assessed, compared and contrasted with official poverty indexes. The area of land used for cultivation and grazing and producers' knowledge of agriculture most limited productivity. The weakest producers were limited by these factors and earned a fifth of the regular per hour wage in the region. Management aspects determined profitability. Family labour-intensive producers were the most profitable. Business-oriented producers were more productive but less profitable. In the dry year, milk production per doe declined by 30%, external inputs doubled, and unwanted sales of animals increased; thus the gross margin per doe decreased by 10%. Goat husbandry is not a profitable activity since most of its profits only compensate the labour employed. In the Mexican highlands, non-farm income is necessary to avoid poverty; the main sources were government aid (29% on average) and remittances (25% on average).
Predicting ICU length of stay using APACHE-IV in persons with severe sepsis – a pilot study
Authors: Chattopadhyay Amit , Chatterjee Sharmila
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Accurate length of stay (LOS) prediction of severe sepsis patients in intensive care unit (ICU) is critical for resource management. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-IV (APACHE-IV) model is commonly used forpredicting LOS. This study assesses the ICU-LOS predictability of APACHE-IV system for severe sepsis patients.Methods: Following ethical clearance, we used ICU data (06/2006 – 08/2008: from a hospital in India) to compare APACHE-IV score and predicted LOS of severe sepsis patients with actual observed ICU-LOS. We employed t-test, correlations, ANOVA andlinear regression of suitably transformed variables as needed.Results: Out of 3,949 ICU admissions, 198 were severe sepsis admissions where 134 patients (80%) had usable data. Of these 75 had verifiable APACHE-IV scores (final sample) with 55% men; median age: 67 years (IQR: 21) 53% did not have dialysis; 87% were on mechanical ventilation (MV). Mean ICU-LOS (10.1 days + 6.4) was significantly greater than predicted ICU-LOS (5.6days + 1.8 ; p<.001). ICU-LOS was very strongly correlated with days on MV (r=0.9). Mean ICU-LOS was significantly greaterfor those receiving blood transfusion (p<.001); on MV (p<.001); having surgery (p<.001) and having high frequency of dialysis (p<.001) – differences not predicted by APACHE-IV. Overall, the predicted ICU-LOS underestimation was by 4.5 days.Conclusions: The results provide a preliminary indication that APACHE-IV model may be a poor predictor of ICU-LOS insevere sepsis cases.
Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked MK801
Authors: Yang Yunlei , Lee Peter , Sternson Scott M
Published: September 2015

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) are ion channels that are important for synaptic plasticity, which is involved in learning and drug addiction. We show enzymatic targeting of an NMDA-R antagonist, MK801, to a molecularly defined neuronal population with the cell-type-selectivity of genetic methods and the temporal control of pharmacology. We find that NMDA-Rs on dopamine neurons are necessary for cocaine-induced synaptic potentiation, demonstrating that cell type-specific pharmacology can be used to dissect signaling pathways within complex brain circuits.
Why the Viking descent probes found only one ionospheric layer at Mars
Authors: Mayyasi Majd , Mendillo Michael
Published: September 2015

Radio wave transmissions from satellites revealed that Mars had two relatively distinct layers of ionization: a maximum electron density near 130 km, and a secondary layer near 110 km. When the Viking descent probes—with their in situ observing capabilities—passed through the ionosphere, the peak electron density was found, with no indication of a secondary layer below. Here we use an ionospheric model to show that profiles of electron density versus height have shapes that favor the detection of two layers at local times near dawn and dusk (where many thousands of radio occultation observations have been made), but that the two layers essentially merge into one during midday hours (when Viking measurements were made). The profile shapes are attributed to ionizing geometry of solar photons and to chemical processes that affect the profile shapes in a way that favors secondary peak formation near sunrise and sunset.
Magnetic islands formed due to the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in the outflow region of collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Huang Can , Lu Quanming , Guo Fan , Wu Mingyu , Du Aimin , Wang Shui
Published: September 2015

We carry out large‐scale particle‐in‐cell kinetic simulations to demonstrate that a super‐Alfvénic electron shear flow across the current layer can be spontaneously generated in the outflow region of magnetic reconnection, which is unstable to the electron Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability. The resulted K‐H vortex structures continuously drive the secondary magnetic reconnection and formation of secondary magnetic islands, which leads to strong electron energization in the outflow region.
Participant roles in peer‐victimization among young children in South Korea: Peer‐, self‐, and teacher‐nominations
Authors: Lee Seung‐Ha , Smith Peter K. , Monks Claire P.
Published: September 2015

This study explored participant roles in aggressive behavior among 95 children aged five to seven years, in a collectivistic culture, South Korea. Using a short‐term longitudinal design, three types of nomination (peer, self, and teacher) were obtained for four participant roles (aggressor, victim, defender‐stop, and defender‐tell) and for four types of aggression (physical, verbal, social exclusion and rumor spreading). Assessments were made of stability of participant roles over time; inter‐rater concordance among informants; discriminability; and relationships with sex, and likeability. Children tended to report themselves as victim and their peers as aggressors, especially for social exclusion. Nominations for aggressor showed highest stability over time and inter‐rater concordance. Social exclusion showed different characteristics from other types of aggressive behavior in terms of its frequency and inter‐rater concordance of role nominations. The type of defender (defender‐stop or defender‐tell) had different correlates with likeability. Findings are discussed in relation to different perspectives on social exclusion, and the defender role. Some different findings related specifically to social exclusion may be related to the particular nature of aggression or wang‐ta in South Korea. Aggr. Behav. 42:287–298, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.