bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basic Philosophical Questions
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on Buddhist philosophy, which involves thinking hard, often in detailed terms, about what reality is really like. What is there? This is the most basic question one can ask when trying to figure out what reality is really like. Another important task is figuring out which things are fundamental, that is, which things depend on other things? The whole point of examining philosophical questions is to help solve the problem of how to live. However, even though knowledge plays an important role in Buddhism, not all knowledge is equally useful. This is not particular to Buddhism: There are lots of things we might know that will not make a difference to life. The central Buddhist idea is that solving the problem in a sustainable way involves forming and executing a plan in light of how the world really is. For Buddhists, a large part of this project involves finding and removing distorting ways of relating to the world.
Buddhist Psychology
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies the importance of examining the nature of mental habits—the normal ways of perceiving, thinking, and feeling. The source of the problem is a mismatch between the usual way of relating to the world and how it really is, so it is important to closely examine mental habits and understand how exactly they obscure reality. Some Buddhists take this even further: It is not that one's mental projections do not match reality, they will say, but it is that there is no reality aside from an individual’s projections. For them, the problem is not a mismatch. The projections themselves are defective, obscuring not an external reality but the nature of the mind itself. The mental habits that distort reality are often called hindrances or poisons. These are things that the mind does that prevent an individual from seeing reality clearly.
Exchanging Self and Other
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at the technique of exchanging the self and other. This technique originates from Shantideva, an important Buddhist thinker from eighth-century India and was later developed in the Tibetan tradition. It involves imagining the self from different points of view and cultivating certain responses from those imagined perspectives. It aims at changing an individual’s fundamental orientation to the self and others to combat feelings of envy, jealousy, and insecurity at their source. More importantly, the central aim of this exercise is a simple one: to make the self more compassionate. Imaginatively, adopting these different points of view forces the individual to stop and take other people's experiences seriously. Rather than simply accepting the personal take on situations, the individual starts to see more clearly that other people see the same situation very differently.
Sending and Receiving
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses the technique of sending and receiving. Sending and receiving, sometimes also translated as giving and taking, is an imaginative visualization technique developed in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. It aims at altering how an individual responds to negativity and helps that individual to see themselves as a transformational force, one that changes hostility into compassion. In it, the individual imaginatively receives the badness out in the world and changes it into goodwill and compassion, which they send back out. When a person mentally visualizes things, it can change a lot about how that individual feels and what they notice. This technique uses this psychological fact as a tool to deliberately bring about certain changes. In particular, this technique will help to change that individual’s relation to others and the negativity they face every day.
Patience
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses the practice of patience in Buddhism. Some techniques cannot be practiced alone in a quiet place but have to be done on the ground in day-to-day life. Here, the individual works on developing patience not through visualization or imagination but when confronted with real-life people and obstacles. Patience in a Buddhist context is not just about waiting for stuff; it is an attitude toward a much wider range of difficulties. In its most basic sense, it means not getting upset when things do not go to plan, a calm acceptance of frustrating things. What does it mean to respond with patience when people are aggressive or hostile to an individual? At the very least, it means not getting angry or aggravated. Ideally, it also involves responding with compassion and understanding. This does not mean that the individual has to relent and submit to their abuse. Nor does it mean that they smugly respond in a gentle voice with sanctimonious platitudes. Instead, the individual responds with genuine concern for the other individual and their feelings and feels an impulse to help them rather than lash out.
Reading, Writing, and Reciting
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores Buddhist literary practices. A huge number of Buddhist practices focus on the written word. Though early Buddhist teachings were passed on orally, they eventually took the form of written texts, which began to occupy a special place in Buddhist practice. Buddhist texts often function as tools to help us reorient the mental life. We interact with books in many ways; they are things we create, use, neglect, admire, destroy, and contemplate. Buddhists in particular spend huge amounts of time and energy reading, reciting, memorizing, studying, interpreting, and translating texts. These are widespread Buddhist practices and can function not only to preserve and spread Buddhist ideas and techniques but as distinctive practices of their own.
Getting Over Yourself
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas
Published: June 2020

This concluding chapter presents some recommendations and advice regarding Buddhism. For Dogen, a famous Japanese Buddhist philosopher, anything the individual does can be a form of Buddhist practice as long as they do it with the right mindset. This counters a temptation to think of practice as something formal, something that happens only at a meditation center or a temple. But ideally, Buddhist practice is not limited in these sacred domains; it is everything that individual does in their life. This can sound overwhelming, but Dogen's insight is that practice is not something the individual does in order to reach enlightenment; it is enlightenment. Ultimately, the heart of Buddhism is recalibrating how the individual relates to themself and to the world. It is about confronting unpleasant realities directly, with an attitude of problem solving.
Reign of Arrows
Authors: Overtoom Nikolaus Leo
Published: June 2020

From minor nomadic tribe to major world empire, the story of the Parthians’ success in the ancient world is nothing short of remarkable. In their early history, the Parthians benefited from strong leadership, a flexible and accommodating cultural identity, and innovative military characteristics that allowed them to compete against and indeed eventually overcome Greek, Persian, Central Asian, and eventually Roman rivals who were often more powerful. Reign of Arrows provides the first comprehensive study dedicated entirely to early Parthian history within the Hellenistic world prior to contact with Rome and the first comprehensive effort since 1938 to evaluate early Parthian political history. It is a major effort to synthesize a wide array of especially recent scholarship across numerous fields of study in order to present the reader with the most cogent, well-rounded, and up-to-date account of the intersections of Hellenistic and Parthian history possible. It draws on a wide variety of sources to explain the political and military encounters that shaped the international environment of the Hellenistic Middle East from the middle third to the early first centuries bce. This study treats broader issues of international relations in the ancient world, state decision-making, royal identity and ideology, evolving spatial perspectives and power relations, and state security concerns. It combines traditional historical approaches, such as source criticism and the integration of material evidence, with the incorporation of modern international relations theory to better examine the rise of the Parthians to dominance over the ancient Middle East.
The Fall of Bactria, the Rise of Parthia
Authors: Overtoom Nikolaus Leo
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the decline of Greek rule in Bactria under the mounting weight of external and internal pressures. Antiochus III successfully subdued Bactria as another subordinate allied kingdom; however, the devastation of nomadic incursions and growing Parthian aggression further undermined the power and authority of the Bactrian kings. The decline of Bactria was in stark contrast to the recovery and consolidation of Parthian power in the first half of the second century. By the latter half of the century, these factors and the sudden decline of Seleucid power to the west once again facilitated the rapid expansion of the Parthian state under a new ambitious ruler, Mithridates I. The efforts of the Seleucid king, Demetrius II, in the early 130s to quell the rising threat of the Parthians failed spectacularly, and for the first time the Parthian realm extended into Mesopotamia. The Parthians established an empire and emerged as the only major rival to Seleucid power in the Hellenistic Middle East.
Histories
Authors: Michael Arnold
Published: June 2020

This chapter tracks both the processes of change as they have unfolded in the home and the implications of socio-technical change across a wide range of domestic media technologies, as they flow through the home and ripple out through home life. This chapter situates this longer global history within more recent and local contexts that initiated our research agenda. This historical account presents previous scholarship on the domestication of media technologies, as well as mapping the shifting and accumulating hardware devices, software systems, and infrastructural layers of technology shaping contemporary digital domesticity. The domestic sphere is seen not only as a significant context for technology consumption but as a significant, multifaceted site for making meaning of technologies and for postmarket innovation in technology application.
Tablets of Memory
Authors: Frampton Stephanie Ann
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on one of the foundational images in Western epistemology: that memory is like a wax tablet. Charting the origins of the figure in the theories of mind of Plato and Aristotle through its development in the Roman practice of an oratorical ars memoriae (“art of memory”) as described by the Auctor ad Herennium, Cicero, and Quintilian, it recovers a variety of ways that writing and thinking were connected in the ancient imagination. Especially within theoretical handbooks of the discipline of Roman oratory, memory was understood fundamentally to be a practice dependent upon and at the service of written texts. From the tabula rasa to the “memory palace,” the tablet functioned as both tool and metaphor for Roman thought.
Ovid and the Inscriptions
Authors: Frampton Stephanie Ann
Published: June 2020

In the year 8 CE, Ovid was exiled to the Black Sea for “a song and a mistake.” This chapter explores a series of iconic poems from the Tristia in which Ovid imagines the state of exile through a variety of textual media: his own books of poetry sent back to the city and rejected from the public libraries; the lapidary inscriptions of Augustus he imagines them to encounter; and, several times over, his own funerary epitaph, formulated in explicit competition with Augustus’s own monumental list of deeds, the Res gestae. It is an examination of the challenges presented to the poet by exile and how he uses writing itself and written forms, real and imagined, to overcome that distance and disgrace, becoming increasingly aware that it was at the level of written language, and only at that level, that he and the emperor were “on the same page.”
32-Bar ABAC Compositions
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 4 examines all of Parker’s complete 32-bar compositions that are in ABAC form. There are only four of these, and one of them (“Ornithology”) is generally credited as a co-composition to Parker and Benny Harris. It is based on the form and harmonies of “How High the Moon” (Hamilton-Lewis). Parker performed “Ornithology” consistently through his career, perhaps because the conjunction of “Bird” and “Ornithology” was too tempting to ignore. “Donna Lee,” while credited to Parker, is widely considered to have been written by Miles Davis. One of the most popular compositions associated with Parker, “Donna Lee” is based on “Back Home in Indiana” (MacDonald-Hanley). The final two works, “Quasimodo” and “Cardboard,” are less known, but are fine compositions.
Transcending Root Motion
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2020

The third chapter studies the third movement (“The Alcotts”) of Charles Ives’s Piano Sonata No. 2, Concord, Mass., 1840–1860, and demonstrates how Ives's harmony short-circuits the philosophies of the New England Transcendentalists, anticipating post-Lacanian psychological complexity. Along with Ives’s transcendental project, the chapter looks to Copland’s opera The Tender Land, which exchanges static octatonic minor-third cycles with major-third cycles (as in Ives), but this now expands in scale, exhibited in two key scenes from the work. The expanding harmonic rotation portrays the sexual awakening of the naïve young subject of the opera, Laurie Moss. In their broader function the cycles speak of the regeneration of the American landscape and the families who settle on it. Taking a cue from Lacan, who became influenced by the emerging American meta-discipline of “cybernetics” we interrogate the operations of these cycles as feedback-loops that propel desire forwards through constant rotation and exploration.
Conclusion
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

The modern knowledge economy had its start in the United States when, for the first time in world history, an intellectual property clause was included in a national Constitution. This strong endorsement for property rights and decentralized markets in ideas reflected a revolution in thinking about the sources of creativity and economic progress, which conventional economic theories about innovation and growth have yet to fully capture. European administered innovation systems assumed that elites, scarce knowledge, and costly human capital inputs were the primary sources of useful ideas and productivity advances. Administered arrangements failed to induce inventions at appropriate prices, perpetuated errors because of a lack of monitoring and feedback, and were associated with rent-seeking and significant deadweight losses. By contrast, market-oriented policies in the United States generated increasing returns associated with its larger and more diverse population of inventors and useful ideas, which encouraged self-sustaining endogenous growth and a global technological advantage that has persisted for well over a century.
Introduction
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces the Concert for Piano and Orchestra—its physical and musical characteristics—the circumstances of its commission by Elaine de Kooning, and its relationships to a range of other pieces by Cage, including Music for Piano, Winter Music, Fontana Mix, Aria, Solos for Voice I and II, WBAI, the Rozart Mix, and Song Books, alongside some of which it can simultaneously be performed and many of which appear literally as notational resources within the Solo for Piano. It discusses the centrality of its notations to various histories of post-war music as well as the comparative lack of understanding about what (at least some of) those notations connote. It sketches out, too, in headline form, the various concerns of the subsequent chapters of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood
Published: June 2020

The spiritual biography of Margarito Bautista (1878–1961), a Mexican cultural nationalist and Mormon evangelizer of Mexican and Mexican Americans in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, this book follows Bautista’s journey into and out of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and his subsequent founding of a polygamist utopia in Central Mexico. It argues that Bautista’s insistence on indigenous ecclesiastical self-governance led to his estrangement from the Mormon Church. Bautista’s prolific writings allow a view of his life and thought in his own voice. The book embeds Bautista’s experience in the religious history of the borderlands by devoting beginning chapters to the loss of indigenous spiritual authority at the time of the Spanish Conquest and the arrival of Mormonism in Mexico in 1875. Subsequent chapters follow Bautista’s preaching of a Mexican exceptionalism founded on the Book of Mormon, for which he was ultimately excommunicated in 1936.
Bautista’s Repatriation to Mexico, 1935
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood
Published: June 2020

Bautista repatriated to Mexico in 1935 where he hoped to participate in the political, cultural, and spiritual evolution of Mexico. The chapter argues that despite disappointments in Salt Lake City, Bautista found purpose as he proselytized Mexicans, gave readings of his tome, and won the admiration of Mexican Mormons. The chapter follows Bautista’s efforts to publish and market his magnum opus, La evolución de México, including his attendance at Mexico’s Second National Congress of History, where he hoped to connect with Mexicans shaping the nation’s future. Though this attempt failed, Bautista’s authorship afforded him celebrity among Mexican Mormons, who financed the publication of his book. This celebrity waned when Harold W. Pratt informed Mexican members that the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints would not endorse Bautista’s book. The chapter also discusses Bautista’s covert wooing of young women he hoped to make polygamous wives.
Creating Utopia
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood
Published: June 2020

This chapter follows the history of Bautista’s polygamous utopia, Colonia Industrial/Nueva Jerusalén, from the purchase of property in 1942 to Bautista’s death in 1961. The chapter argues that after his excommunication from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church) and his expulsion from the Third Convention in 1937, Bautista’s vision of Mexican chosen-ness accompanied by the responsibility he felt to prepare Mexicans for their millennial duties, catapulted him into the role of a utopian founder. The colony’s establishment involved backbreaking labor and years of austere living. Bautista enforced rules to regulate communalism and to govern the acquisition and behavior of wives, often very young girls. The chapter includes a discussion of Bautista’s theological pillars: polygamy, communalism, and indigenous priesthood. He continued to send missionaries from his colony to proselytize, and he continued to publish tracts and pamphlets he authored until two years before his death in 1961.
The Origin of Jaws and Paired Fins
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn
Published: June 2020

Between 450 and 500 million years ago, some vertebrates evolved paired fins and jaws, which made them more efficient swimmers and fiercer predators. These jawed vertebrates (i.e., gnathostomes) diversified in the Devonian period, but most died out during the end-Devonian mass extinction. The surviving gnathostomes had a more complex vestibular apparatus than their jawless ancestors, an expanded set of olfactory receptor genes, and vomeronasal receptors. A major innovation in the brains of gnathostomes was the emergence of a cerebellum that is distinct from the cerebellum-like areas found in all vertebrates. The telencephalon of early vertebrates processed primarily olfactory information, but this olfactory dominance was independently reduced in three later lineages, namely in cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, and tetrapods. In concert with the reduction in olfactory dominance, these lineages enlarged their telencephalon, relative to other brain regions, and evolved a telencephalic “dorsal pallium” that receives non-olfactory sensory information from the diencephalon.
The Conquest of Land
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn
Published: June 2020

Early amniotes evolved water-resistant skin and eggs, which allowed them to live and reproduce entirely on land. Roughly 300 million years ago, amniotes split into synapsids (including mammals) and sauropsids (“reptiles” and birds). The sauropsid lineage includes squamates (lizards and snakes), turtles, and archosaurs (crocodilians and dinosaurs, including birds). Tympanic ears and more complex auditory systems evolved at least twice within the various amniote lineages. Amniotes also evolved a separate vomeronasal epithelium and more diverse modes of locomotion and feeding. Brain size relative to body size increased in early amniotes and then increased further in several amniote lineages, notably mammals and birds. The most enlarged regions were the cerebellum and the telencephalon. Within the telencephalon, sauropsids enlarged mainly the ventral pallium, whereas mammals enlarged the dorsal pallium (aka neocortex). Although these regions are not homologous to one another, they both receive unimodal auditory, visual, and somatosensory input from the thalamus.
The Rise of Endothermy
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn
Published: June 2020

Mammals and birds exhibit many examples of convergent evolution, including endothermy and related traits that helped them survive the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. The subsequent diversification of both lineages was accompanied by multiple expansions in relative and (often) absolute brain size. Examples of convergent evolution in the brain include complex folding of the cerebellar cortex, complex auditory circuits, and highly laminar areas within the telencephalon. Of course, birds and mammals also diverged in numerous respects. In particular, early mammals (but not birds!) shifted into a nocturnal niche, which was accompanied by an expansion of the olfactory system and the evolution of highly light-sensitive eyes. In the process, early mammals became “color-blind,” but excellent color vision re-evolved in some diurnal lineages, notably platyrrhine primates. Mammalian brains are also unusual for having strong reciprocal connections between thalamus and dorsal pallium (i.e., neocortex) and extensive commissural connections between the left and right neocortex.
The “Othering” of Latin Jazz
Authors: Washburne Christopher
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses various ways the Caribbean and Latin American music styles continued to share a common history with jazz from the 1940s to the 1960s, intersecting, cross-influencing, and at times seeming inseparable, as each has played seminal roles in the other’s development. Three case studies are discussed: the collaboration of Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo, the Jazz Samba recording by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz, and Mongo Santamaría’s “Watermelon Man” recording. In much of the jazz literature, these musicians and their seminal roles have been diminished or downright ignored. This chapter explores the reasons for these omissions and the systematic “othering” of Latin jazz. It examines the forces at play in their continued exclusion; explores how this omission is tied to the economic marginalization of jazz, racism, nationalism, tensions between art and popular music, and canon construction; and identifies what is at stake when Latin jazz is included.
“More Cowbell”
Authors: Washburne Christopher
Published: June 2020

This chapter is an ethnographic study of New York–based Latin jazz in the twenty-first century. It uses five prominent bandleaders actively shaping the future of Latin jazz as case studies—Eddie Palmieri, Michele Rosewoman, Carlos Henríquez, Miguel Zenón, and Bobby Sanabria—demonstrating how the historical specificities and developments discussed in the preceding chapters continue to reverberate and inform the music made in the present. Their voices and perspectives demonstrate how each of these musicians adopts unique strategies to navigate the terrain of inequity and adversity. They represent significant trends that will assert much influence on generations of musicians to come. Their combined perspectives suggest that Latin jazz is not, nor ever should it have been, an “other jazz.” Its presence can no longer be silenced or erased. All of the music and musicians associated with jazz deserve to be fully embraced and recognized.
Epilogue
Authors: Washburne Christopher
Published: June 2020

This chapter serves as the epilogue and offers a new conception of jazz and Latin jazz that embraces a rhizomic model accentuating the entanglement of the histories of the Caribbean and the Americas (North and South) and how all manifestations of jazz/Latin jazz are intercultural, transnational, and multivocal at their core. Conceived of in this way, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Tito Puente, Machito, Mario Bauzá, Dizzy Gillespie, Chano Pozo, and every other musician discussed in this book are unified and interconnected on the most fundamental and foundational level. The music is a product of the black, brown, tan, mulatto, beige, and white experience throughout the Americas and the Caribbean. By paying tribute to and celebrating the diversity of culture, experience, and perspectives that are foundational to jazz, the music’s legacy is shown to transcend far beyond stylistic distinction, national borders, and the imposition of the black/ white racial divide that has only served to maintain the status quo in the United States.
Self-Control as a Coordination Problem
Authors: Sklar Asael Y. , Fujita Kentaro
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents an analysis of self-control from a motivational perspective, modeling it as the resolution of a conflict between proximal and distal concerns. It briefly reviews “divided-mind” models that suggest that self-control entails competition between opposing elements of the mind, and discusses some of the empirical and conceptual challenges to these conceptual frameworks. The authors then propose an alternative account that addresses these challenges, suggesting that coordination of (rather than competition between) elements of the mind is key to self-control. They review empirical evidence for the new model, and then conclude by outlining some of its implications for future research and theory.
Frankfurt and the Problem of Self-Control
Authors: Cummings Ryan , Roskies Adina L.
Published: June 2020

Frankfurt’s compatibilist account of free will considers an individual to be free when her first- and second-order volitions align. This structural account of the will, this chapter argues, fails to engage with the dynamics of will, resulting in two shortcomings: (1) the problem of directionality, or that Frankfurtian freedom obtains whenever first- and second-order volitions align, regardless of which desire was made to change, and (2) the potential for infinite regress of higher-order desires. The authors propose that a satisfying account of the genesis of second-order volitions can resolve these issues. To provide this they draw from George Ainslie’s mechanistic account of self-control, which relies on intertemporal bargaining wherein an individual’s self-predictions about future decisions affect the value of her current choices. They suggest that second-order volitions emerge from precisely this sort of process, and that a Frankfurt-Ainslie account of free will avoids the objections previously raised.
“Religion always wins” rules are bad for religious liberty
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the First Amendment doctrine that the Supreme Court is now developing. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, the Court’s most important recent decision on accommodation, is no victory for religious liberty. It replaces the sensible regime of balancing with a rule whereby religion will almost always be given special treatment, even if that means that nonadherents suffer enormous harm. If this is now to be the authoritative meaning of freedom of religion, then the consensus that once supported it will inevitably collapse. This chapter shows the destructive implications of the decision for the discrimination question—implications that have already been drawn by several federal courts.
Introduction
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: June 2020

This chapter is an introduction to this book. The author explains the main question of the book, terms and theories. The theoretical explanations are divided into 4 fields, Body-Based Rituals, Materiality, Place, and Landscapes. She goes on to explain the Comparative Analysis and Methods of This Book and the case studies chosen for the analysis of this book.
Landscape
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on female rituals and how are they materialized and encrypted in the Holy Land landscape. The author shows that the debate on ownership of territories is not only integrated with the discourse of motherhood, fertility, maternal feelings, and intimacy but is also associated with local power relations and demands. All the same, human ritualistic performances, whether they are encrypted in sacred caves, holy mountains, enchanted forests, rivers, or trees, mark all their symbolic and physical traces on the landscape. These ritualistic sacred traces create human sacred maps that are alternatives to all other human maps, such as route maps, urban maps, maps of state borders, transportation maps, and other official maps. The power of rituals to create alternative maps, more specifically alternative female sacred maps, and their construction in the landscape is at the heart of this chapter.
The Trials and Tribulations of Nation-Building
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

Chapter One, entitled “The Trials and Tribulations of Nation Building” analyses long and complex nation building process in North Africa. It emphasizes the extent to which national cohesion was, right from independence, a major concern for the countries’ rulers, whose ambition was to build strong states capable of controlling their populations.
Algeria
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

Chapter Six entitled “Algeria: A Society on the Brink” analyses how Algeria, considered a country on the edge of a precipice, has been able to overcome the threats it faces. From civil war in the 1990s to the Arab revolts and AQIM terrorism, the state, owing to its oil revenue, has managed to develop instruments that have contributed immensely to the country’s stability. Questions are raised, however, as to the durability of a system whose stability depends on the international oil market.
The Deconstruction of Nation-States
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

Chapter Seven entitled “The Deconstruction of Nation States: The Jihadis’ Revenge” shows how jihadi groups have taken advantage of the Arab revolts that are undermining political regimes, giving them a chance to take revenge. Many groups took refuge in the sanctuary offered by post Qadhafi Libya, reformed there, and set out to destroy the nation state and replace it with an Islamic state. Jihadi networks straddle national borders to such an extent that the fight against jihadi groups has become a regional and international imperative.
A Woman's Place
Authors: Cook Joana
Published: June 2020

The 9/11 attacks fundamentally transformed how the U.S. approached terrorism, and led to the unprecedented expansion of counterterrorism strategies, policies, and practices. While the analysis of these developments is rich and vast, there remains a significant void. The diverse actors contributing to counterterrorism increasingly consider, engage and impact women as agents, partners, and targets of their work. Yet, flawed assumptions and stereotypes remain prevalent, and it remains undocumented and unclear how and why counterterrorism efforts evolved as they did in relation to women.
This book examines how, where and why women have become visible in the discourses and practices related to counterterrorism through the lens of US efforts since 2001. Drawing on extensive primary source interviews and documents, A Woman's Place traces the evolution of women's place in U.S. counterterrorism efforts through the administrations of Presidents Bush, Obama, and Trump, examining key agencies like the U.S. Department of Defense, the Department of State, and USAID.
In their own words, Joana Cook investigates how and why women have developed the roles they have, and interrogates U.S. counterterrorism practices in key countries like Iraq, Afghanistan, and Yemen. Analysing conceptions of and responses to terrorists, she also considers how the roles of women in Al-Qaeda and ISIS have evolved and impacted on U.S. counterterrorism considerations. It argues that it is imperative to meaningfully engage and consider women in every aspect of counterterrorism as actors, partners and targets of this work.
The Department of Defense
Authors: Cook Joana
Published: June 2020

This chapter is one of three which examines a key U.S. department or agency which played a fundamental role in an 'all-of-government' approach to countering terrorism. The Department of Defense engages most visibly in direct action and is the US agency most often associated with counterterrorism-specific and broader security efforts abroad. This chapter considers women first as U.S. security actors in Iraq in units such as Team Lioness, and discusses controversy around women. Women in relation to counterinsurgency stabilization efforts counterterrorism and the National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security are discussed, as are specific initiatives such as Human Terrain Systems Provincial Reconstruction Teams Female Engagement Teams and Cultural Support Teams. Second, it examines female security personnel the U.S. trained, equipped and otherwise supported in Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan. Finally, it considers women's militant roles in al-Qaeda and ISIS to consider if or how these impacted on defense efforts.
The Department of State
Authors: Cook Joana
Published: June 2020

This chapter is one of three which examines a key U.S. department or agency which played a fundamental role in an 'all-of-government' approach to countering terrorism. The US Department of State is the designated lead agency on all foreign policy matters. This chapter looks at democracy promotion in the GWOT and the rights and empowerment of women to challenge extremism. It highlights increasing efforts in State to consider and integrate women into its counterterrorism strategy, and broader initiatives such as the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, and the National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security. It highlights the growth CVE initiatives, as well as how State had to increasingly respond to sexual and gender-based violence committed by terrorist groups. Finally it considers how key discourses emphasized in State around women's rights and victimhood were also being utilized by terrorist groups.
Artistic Creation and Ethical Criticism
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

Artistic Creation and Ethical Criticism advances a new, production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. Its overarching arguments are these: (1) Judgments of an artwork’s ethical value are often made in terms of how it was created, and, furthermore, this is in part because some art forms more readily lend themselves to this form of ethical appraisal. (2) Among the ways in which art is ethically criticized, this production-oriented approach more often leads to practical consequences (censure, dismissal, prosecution, shifts in policy, legislation) because its claim to objectivity is less contested than that of other sorts of ethical criticism. (3) Together, (1) and (2) constitute an approach to the ethical criticism of art that is not only tacit in many art appreciative practices, but which is rationally warranted and defensible. In short, there are many cases in which one should ethically critique artworks in terms of how they are created because this approach encompasses cases that other approaches cannot and results in plausible judgments about the works’ ethical merits and flaws.
Animals in Contemporary Art
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

With reference to a number of contemporary cases, such as that surrounding the Guggenheim’s Art and China after 1989: Theater of the World exhibition, this chapter argues that some important controversies about the ethics of art can be explained in terms of a disconnect between people who tacitly adopt the perspectivist (or another interpretation-oriented) approach to ethical criticism and people who tacitly adopt a production-oriented approach to ethical criticism. The chapter argues that perspectivism tends to be favored not only in philosophical aesthetics, but also in art criticism and in many art world institutions. In contrast, non-specialists tend to tacitly adopt the production-oriented approach. In the case of the use of animals in contemporary art, current controversies are further explained by the fact that, given some fairly uncontroversial premises about the moral respect that we owe to non-human animals, people who evaluate such work from a production-oriented approach are likely to find much that is prima facie ethically blameworthy. Moreover, they are rationally warranted in doing so.
The geological setting, cave formation, and stratigraphy of the fossil-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein Caves
Authors: Stratford Dominic
Published: June 2020

Understanding the formation of the Sterkfontein Caves is critical for interpreting the geologic age and patterns of accumulation of the fossils found there. The complex stratigraphy of the caves has been investigated for decades, often yielding conflicting interpretation. Current research at Sterkfontein aims to apply new mutlidisciplinary stratigraphic analyses to new stratigraphically sensitive excavations, thereby providing high-resolution contextual support to recovered assemblages and attempts to increase our understanding of excavated deposit morphology through identification and study of sedimentary and stratigraphic features preserved in the remnants of previous excavations. The Sterkfontein deposits separated into six members, Member 1 to Member 6, of which Member 2, 4, and 5 have yielded hominin remains. Partial collapses and localized erosion of deposits are common, and the spaces created are often filled with sediments from distinct sources, complicating interpretation. This is especially the case with Members 4 and 5. Characterizing taxonomic, morphological, or cultural variability from excavated deposits where no stratigraphy was recognized is difficult but is the subject of ongoing work.
Carpals
Authors: Tocheri Matthew W. , Kibii Job
Published: June 2020

A capitate and scaphoid are the only carpal bones known from Sterkfontein, and are described here. These bones lack the derived features that characterize the wrist of modern humans and Neandertals solely on the geological and paleontological context of where these specimens were recovered. These elements are attributed to Australopithecus africanus because of where they were recovered, but recent discoveries of A. sediba and Homo naledi from the same geographical region underscore the complexity and diversity of hominin evolution in southern Africa throughout the Pleistocene and suggest extreme caution is needed in attributing isolated hominin elements to particular taxa. Functional interpretations based on single fossil carpals also must be treated cautiously until more reasonably complete fossil hominin hand skeletons are recovered. That said, however, the comparative morphology of these bones suggests that they belonged to hominins in which hand functional morphology was likely broadly similar to that of other early hominins, such as australopiths and Homo floresiensis.
Femur
Authors: DeSilva Jeremy M. , Grabowski Mark W.
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides a detailed description of the Sterkfontein hominin femora and additional comparative and functional interpretations of these fossils, all of which are incomplete but still provide important information. While some have postulated that the differences among Sterkfontein femora reflect taxonomic differences, we regard these as large and small versions of the same general morphology. Multiple taxa may have been present at Sterkfontein; we just do not see evidence for it in the femora. However, while the distal femur of Australopithecus africanus is similar to that found in A. afarensis, the proximal femur is not. Sterkfontein Member 4 femora have relatively longer and more compressed femoral necks than their east African comparators, and a large femoral head to femoral neck ratio. Whether these subtle morphological differences reflect differences in substrate use, reflect differences in locomotor kinematics, or result in functional equivalency remains unclear.
Long bone cross-sectional geometry
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Higgins Ryan W. , Carlson Kristian J.
Published: June 2020

Long bone diaphyseal cross-sectional geometries reflect the mechanical properties of the bones, and can be used to aid in inferences of locomotor behavior in extinct hominins. This chapter considers all available long bone diaphyseal and femoral neck cross-sections of specimens from Sterkfontein Member 4, and presents comparisons of these section properties and other cross-sectional dimensions with those of other early hominins as well as modern samples. The cross-sectional geometry of the Sterkfontein Member 4 long bone specimens suggests some similarities to, but also interesting differences in, mechanical loading of these elements relative to modern humans. The less asymmetric cortical bone distribution in the Sterkfontein femoral necks is consistent with other evidence above indicating an altered gait pattern involving lateral displacement of the body center of mass over the stance limb. The relatively very strong upper limb of StW 431 implies that arboreal behavior formed a significant component of its locomotor repertoire. Bipedal gait may have been less efficient and arboreal climbing more prevalent in the Sterkfontein hominins.
To Tarry or Not to Tarry
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

For a long time, due to a lack of episcopal supervision, puritans such as William Brewster were able to implement practices they favored in their local communities. In Scrooby, Brewster and fellow puritans met in what was called a conventicle, where they prayed together, discussed the meaning of sermons they had heard and of the scripture, and shared their religious experiences. When the church authorities began to crack down on conventicles and ceremonial nonconformity, puritans faced the choice of obeying the authorities and working to reform the church from within, or separating and setting up their own, illegal, churches. Brewster and those gathered around him chose the latter course and bound themselves together by covenant as a new congregation. Joining them were the clergymen Richard Clifton and John Robinson, who had been deprived of their church posts.
Small Beginnings
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

The colonists’ relief at surviving the dangerous Atlantic passage was followed by the challenges of surviving in their new world. After they decided to settle along Cape Cod, they spent time exploring the region in search of a suitable harbor. During these expeditions they encountered Native encampments abandoned for the season, and took corn that the inhabitants had put aside for spring planting. Though only one passenger had died in the crossing, cold, food shortages, disease, and the debilitating work of cutting down trees and building shelters took their toll, and half of the settlers died over the winter and early spring. Fears of Native attacks added to anxiety. In March an English-speaking native, Samoset, entered the village as a spokesman for the Wampanoag Massasoit Ousamequin, leading to a mutual defense pact and Native aid in understanding and managing the land.
The Godly Community
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

Not all of the members of the Leiden congregation had come to Plymouth in the initial settlement attempt. John Robinson remained with those in the Netherlands for the time, leaving lay elder William Brewster as the spiritual guide for the Plymouth congregation. Sunday services consisted of a morning session of prayer, scripture readings, and a sermon and discussion of those texts, concluding with psalm singing. The afternoon service was similar but with a session of prophesying that allowed the congregants to focus on a particular issue. Sermons frequently urged a social gospel upon the listeners, encouraging them to put the needs of others above their selfish interests. During much of the 1620s there was no provision for baptism or the Lord’s Supper because there was no ordained minister and it was determined that Brewster as elder could not officiate at the sacraments. Following the Dutch model, marriage was a civil rather than a religious ceremony.
Introduction
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael
Published: June 2020

This chapter states, and briefly explains, the main claims of the book: that early evangelicalism must be understood as a central aesthetic movement of the eighteenth century; and that to understand early evangelicalism as it first took shape requires sustained attention to its prolific poetry. The chapter situates the book, which is the first history of early American non-hymnal poetry, within the current scholarship of early American culture and poetry, early evangelical history and hymnody, and British eighteenth-century enthusiasm. The author defines evangelicalism (as primarily a way of feeling and doing “authentic” Christianity) and then three new terms this study introduces: revival poetry (a constellation of verse forms, which addresses the tendency to associate evangelical poetry soley with hymnody); poet-minister (a revitalized role at the nexus of the affective sermon and aesthetic oriented conversion); and print itinerant (an evangelical conception of print within the new practices of itinerancy). The author concludes with a narrative summary of the book and each of the chapters.
Public Support for Political Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

This chapter develops what it means to compromise in politics and how political compromise is distinctive from other ways of resolving political differences. The virtues of compromise are discussed as well as its perils. The reasons why we might see Americans as wary about compromise are outlined. While people’s ideological motivations may discourage the pursuit of compromise, this chapter argues that people think about compromise in both partisan and principled ways. Compromise is a democratic norm, one Americans support not because it benefits their personal stakes, but also because they believe it is a desirable way to resolve political disputes.
The Bounds of Public Support for Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes the degree to which people are willing to endorse compromise in specific settings. In reviewing evidence from multiple surveys, people prefer politicians who are willing to compromise to those who stand firm to their convictions. While we might worry that people dislike compromises on issues that they care about, people endorse compromises across a wide range of policy domains. This suggests that citizens want more from politics than just ideological representation. Because citizens are strongly supportive of compromise in politics, it creates electoral incentives for elected officials to seek out legislative compromises.