bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machining Digital Twin using real-time model-based simulations and lookahead function for closed loop machining control
Authors: Ward Rob , Sun Chao , Dominguez-Caballero Javier , Ojo Seun , Ayvar-Soberanis Sabino , Curtis David , Ozturk Erdem
Published: September 2021

The future of machining lies in the fully autonomous machine tool. New technologies must be developed that predict, sense and action intelligent decisions autonomously. Digital twins are one component on this journey and are already having significant impact in the manufacturing industries. Despite this, the implementation of machining Digital Twins has been slow due to the computational burden of simulating cutting forces online resulting in no commercially available Digital Twin that can automatically control the machining process in real time. Addressing this problem, this research presents a machining Digital Twin capable of real-time adaptive control of intelligent machining operations. The computational bottleneck of calculating cutter workpiece engagements online has been overcome using a novel method which combines a priori calculation with real-time tool centre point position data. For the first time, a novel online machine-induced residual stress control system is presented which integrates real-time model-based simulations with online feedback for closed loop residual stress control. Autonomous Digital Twin technologies presented also include chatter prediction and control and adaptive feed rate control. The proposed machining Digital Twin system has been implemented on a large-scale CNC machine tool designed for high-speed machining of aerostructure parts. Validation case studies have been conducted and are presented for each of the machining Digital Twin applications.
The KSBA compactification of the moduli space of $$D_{1,6}$$-polarized Enriques surfaces
Authors: Schaffler Luca
Published: September 2021

We describe a compactification by stable pairs (also known as KSBA compactification) of the 4-dimensional family of Enriques surfaces which arise as the $${\mathbb {Z}}_2^2$$

Z
2
2

-covers of the blow up of $${\mathbb {P}}^2$$

P

2

at three general points branched along a configuration of three pairs of lines. Up to a finite group action, we show that this compactification is isomorphic to the toric variety associated to the secondary polytope of the unit cube. We relate the KSBA compactification considered to the Baily–Borel compactification of the same family of Enriques surfaces. Part of the KSBA boundary has a toroidal behavior, another part is isomorphic to the Baily–Borel compactification, and what remains is a mixture of these two. We relate the stable pair compactification studied here with Looijenga’s semitoric compactifications.
Benefit of [18F]-FDG PET/CT for treatment-naïve nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yang Shan-Shan , Wu Yi-Shan , Chen Wei-Chao , Zhang Jun , Xiao Su-Ming , Zhang Bao-Yu , Liu Zhi-Qiao , Chen En-Ni , Zhang Xu , OuYang Pu-Yun , Xie Fang-Yun
Published: September 2021

Background

To test the advantages of positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) for diagnosing lymph nodes and staging nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to investigate its benefits for survival and treatment decisions.

Methods

The performance of PET/CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosis was compared based on 460 biopsied lymph nodes. Using the propensity matching method, survival differences of T3N1M0 patients with (n = 1093) and without (n = 1377) PET/CT were compared in diverse manners. A radiologic score model was developed and tested in a subset of T3N1M0 patients.

Results

PET/CT performed better than MRI with higher sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (96.7% vs. 88.5%, p < 0.001; 88.0% vs. 81.1%, p < 0.001; 0.863 vs. 0.796, p < 0.05) in diagnosing lymph nodes. Accordingly, MRI-staged T3N0-3M0 patients showed nondifferent survival rates, as they were the same T3N1M0 if staged by PET/CT. In addition, patients staged by PET/CT and MRI showed higher survival rates than those staged by MRI alone (p < 0.05), regardless of the Epstein-Barr virus DNA load. Interestingly, SUVmax-N, nodal necrosis, and extranodal extension were highly predictive of survival. The radiologic score model based on these factors performed well in risk stratification with a C-index of 0.72. Finally, induction chemotherapy showed an added benefit (p = 0.006) for the high-risk patients selected by the model but not for those without risk stratification (p = 0.78).

Conclusion

PET/CT showed advantages in staging nasopharyngeal carcinoma due to a more accurate diagnosis of lymph nodes and this contributed to a survival benefit. PET/CT combined with MRI provided prognostic factors that could identify high-risk patients and guide individualized treatment.
Entwicklung von Affiliation während der Psychotherapieausbildung
Authors: Thanbichler Eric , Evers Oliver , Möller Heidi , Taubner Svenja
Published: September 2021

Fragestellung

Die Studie untersuchte die Entwicklung von Affiliation bei psychotherapeutischen Ausbildungskandidat:innen in Bezug auf ihr therapeutisches Handeln, ihre Selbstwahrnehmung und ihre Wahrnehmung von Klient:innen. Zudem wurde der Einfluss von Bindungsrepräsentationen und Selbsterfahrung auf die Affiliation betrachtet.

Material und Methode

In einem naturalistischen Prä-Post-Design bewerteten Ausbildungskandidat:innen unterschiedlicher therapeutischer Orientierungen (n = 126) verschiedene Affiliationsdimensionen in schwierigen Therapiesituationen (Intrex Questionnaire Short Form) über den Abstand von 3 Jahren. Bindungsangst und Bindungsvermeidung wurden zu Beginn (Experiences in Close Relationships, ECR-RD), Länge und Zufriedenheit der Selbsterfahrung am Ende des Erhebungszeitraums erfasst. Die Zusammenhangsanalysen wurden in Mehrebenenmodellen realisiert.

Ergebnisse

Die Affiliation im eigenen therapeutischen Verhalten und in der Wahrnehmung des Klient:innenverhaltens zeigte Steigerungen kleiner Effektgröße, wobei Bindungsvermeidung eine geringere Affiliation im eigenen Verhalten voraussagte. Die selbstbezogene Affiliation nahm mit einer mittleren Effektgröße ab; hierbei war Bindungsangst mit einer niedrigeren Affiliation assoziiert. Die Selbsterfahrungsdauer wies einen negativen Zusammenhang mit der Wahrnehmung des Klient:innenverhaltens auf; dieser Effekt kehrte sich bei hoher Bindungsvermeidung um. Die Zufriedenheit mit Selbsterfahrung hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Affiliationsentwicklung.

Schlussfolgerung

Die interpersonelle und intrapsychische Affiliation von angehenden Psychotherapeut:innen ist z. T. durch Bindungsrepräsentationen geprägt, unterliegt aber Entwicklungsprozessen. Die Abnahme selbstbezogener Affiliation zeigt die Notwendigkeit für kompensatorische und ressourcenstärkende Maßnahmen in der Psychotherapieausbildung.
Coding of interceptive saccades in parietal cortex of macaque monkeys
Authors: Churan Jan , Kaminiarz Andre , Schwenk Jakob C. B. , Bremmer Frank
Published: September 2021

The oculomotor system can initiate remarkably accurate saccades towards moving targets (interceptive saccades) the processing of which is still under debate. The generation of these saccades requires the oculomotor centers to have information about the motion parameters of the target that then must be extrapolated to bridge the inherent processing delays. We investigated to what degree the information about motion of a saccade target is available in the lateral intra-parietal area (area LIP) of macaque monkeys for generation of accurate interceptive saccades. When a multi-layer neural network was trained based on neural discharges from area LIP around the time of saccades towards stationary targets, it was also able to predict the end points of saccades directed towards moving targets. This prediction, however, lagged behind the actual post-saccadic position of the moving target by ~ 80 ms when the whole neuronal sample of 105 neurons was used. We further found that single neurons differentially code for the motion of the target. Selecting neurons with the strongest representation of target motion reduced this lag to ~ 30 ms which represents the position of the moving target approximately at the onset of the interceptive saccade. We conclude that—similarly to recent findings from the Superior Colliculus (Goffart et al. J Neurophysiol 118(5):2890–2901)—there is a continuum of contributions of individual LIP neurons to the accuracy of interceptive saccades. A contribution of other gaze control centers (like the cerebellum or the frontal eye field) that further increase the saccadic accuracy is, however, likely.
Influence of the activation mode on long-term bond strength and endogenous enzymatic activity of dual-cure resin cements
Authors: Mazzitelli Claudia , Maravic Tatjana , Mancuso Edoardo , Josic Uros , Generali Luigi , Comba Allegra , Mazzoni Annalisa , Breschi Lorenzo
Published: September 2021

Objective

To investigate the long-term microtensile bond strength (µTBS), interfacial nanoleakage expression (NL), and adhesive stability of dual-cure resin cements with/out light activation to dentin.

Materials and methods

Composite overlays (N = 20) were luted to deep dentin surfaces with RelyX Ultimate (RXU, 3M) or Variolink EstheticDC (VAR, Ivoclar-Vivadent). A universal adhesive was used for bonding procedures (iBond universal, Heraeus Kulzer). The resin cements were either self-cured (SC; 1 h at 37 °C) or dual-cured (DC; 20s light-cure followed by 15 min self-cure at 37 °C). Specimens were submitted to µTBS immediately (T0) or after 1 year of laboratory storage (T12). The fracture pattern was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA/Tukey test. Further, the NL was quantified and analyzed (chi-square test) and in situ zymography was performed to evaluate the endogenous enzymatic activity within the hybrid layer (HL) at T0 and T12 (Mann–Whitney test). The significance level for all statistical tests was set at p = 0.05.

Results

DC resulted in higher bond strength and decreased fluorescence at the adhesive interface, irrespective of the material and the storage period (p < 0.05). Significantly lower bonding performances (p < 0.05) and higher endogenous enzymatic activity (p < 0.05) were observed within the HL at T12 compared to T0 in all tested groups.

Conclusions

Light-curing the dual-cure resin cements, more than the cement materials, accounted for good bonding performances and higher HL stability over time when used with a universal adhesive.

Clinical significance

The curing condition influences the bonding performances of dual-cure resin cements to dentin when used with a universal adhesive.
Medizinische Ereignisse auf Windenergieanlagen offshore – retrospektive Analyse der Behandlungsdaten 2017–2020
Authors: Warnecke Tobias , Neumann Dennis , Book Malte , Franz Rüdiger , Jacobsen Nils , Kleinhäntz Wolfgang , Warnking Eva , Overheu Daniel
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund

Insgesamt arbeiten täglich mehrere Tausend Menschen im Offshore-Bereich. Die Arbeit findet regelhaft unter beengten Bedingungen, in Höhen und Tiefen statt, woraus ein erhöhtes Gefahrenpotenzial mit spezifischen Verletzungen resultiert. Weiterhin müssen die Arbeiter in ihren mehrwöchigen Einsätzen allgemeinmedizinisch versorgt werden. Nach erfolgter Digitalisierung der medizinischen Einsatzdokumentation sollen nun die ersten Jahre ausgewertet und vor allem Art und Inzidenz der Notfälle analysiert werden.

Methode

4356 Datensätze aus dem Zeitraum Juni 2017 bis Dezember 2020 wurden im Rahmen der Versorgung und Einsatzdokumentation durch das eingesetzte Rettungsfachpersonal mittels digitalem Protokoll erfasst und nun anonymisiert retrospektiv ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Bei den definierten Diagnosegruppen waren am häufigsten die Infektionen (13,2 %) und Atemwegserkrankungen (8,4 %) sowie bei den Unfällen die Traumata der oberen (8,4 %) und unteren (4,6 %) Extremität. Entsprechend zählten 21,2 % der Einsätze zu den traumatologischen Notfällen, 71,1 % zu internistischen und 4,0 % zu sonstigen Erkrankungen. Die meisten Fälle wurden als geringfügige (61,2 %) oder ambulant behandelbare Störungen (23,4 %) eingestuft. Der nur bei vollständigen Datensätzen (n = 884) zu errechnende Schweregrad (Mainz Emergency Evaluation Score) lag im Mittel bei 24,1 ± 2,2 von 28 Punkten. Nur 1,9 % der Patienten wurden per Offshore-Rettungshubschrauber an Land verlegt, 4,0 % konnten mittels „crew transfer vessel“ transportiert werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Bei den meisten medizinischen Notfällen handelte es sich um minderschwere Ereignisse aus dem internistischen Spektrum mit geringfügiger Störung und ambulanter Behandlung. Bei den traumatologischen Notfällen sind Verletzungen an den Extremitäten führend. War eine Landverlegung erforderlich, geschah diese meist mittels „crew transfer vessel“ und nur zu einem Viertel der Fälle via Offshore-Rettungshubschrauber. Auch hier überwogen internistische Erkrankungen als Transportindikation.
High-resolution image-based simulation reveals membrane strain concentration on osteocyte processes caused by tethering elements
Authors: Yokoyama Yuka , Kameo Yoshitaka , Kamioka Hiroshi , Adachi Taiji
Published: September 2021

Osteocytes are vital for regulating bone remodeling by sensing the flow-induced mechanical stimuli applied to their cell processes. In this mechanosensing mechanism, tethering elements (TEs) connecting the osteocyte process with the canalicular wall potentially amplify the strain on the osteocyte processes. The ultrastructure of the osteocyte processes and canaliculi can be visualized at a nanometer scale using high-resolution imaging via ultra-high voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM). Moreover, the irregular shapes of the osteocyte processes and the canaliculi, including the TEs in the canalicular space, should considerably influence the mechanical stimuli applied to the osteocytes. This study aims to characterize the roles of the ultrastructure of osteocyte processes and canaliculi in the mechanism of osteocyte mechanosensing. Thus, we constructed a high-resolution image-based model of an osteocyte process and a canaliculus using UHVEM tomography and investigated the distribution and magnitude of flow-induced local strain on the osteocyte process by performing fluid–structure interaction simulation. The analysis results reveal that local strain concentration in the osteocyte process was induced by a small number of TEs with high tension, which were inclined depending on the irregular shapes of osteocyte processes and canaliculi. Therefore, this study could provide meaningful insights into the effect of ultrastructure of osteocyte processes and canaliculi on the osteocyte mechanosensing mechanism.
A generalized theory of separable effects in competing event settings
Authors: Stensrud Mats J. , Hernán Miguel A. , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J , Robins James M. , Didelez Vanessa , Young Jessica G.
Published: September 2021

In competing event settings, a counterfactual contrast of cause-specific cumulative incidences quantifies the total causal effect of a treatment on the event of interest. However, effects of treatment on the competing event may indirectly contribute to this total effect, complicating its interpretation. We previously proposed the separable effects to define direct and indirect effects of the treatment on the event of interest. This definition was given in a simple setting, where the treatment was decomposed into two components acting along two separate causal pathways. Here we generalize the notion of separable effects, allowing for interpretation, identification and estimation in a wide variety of settings. We propose and discuss a definition of separable effects that is applicable to general time-varying structures, where the separable effects can still be meaningfully interpreted as effects of modified treatments, even when they cannot be regarded as direct and indirect effects. For these settings we derive weaker conditions for identification of separable effects in studies where decomposed, or otherwise modified, treatments are not yet available; in particular, these conditions allow for time-varying common causes of the event of interest, the competing events and loss to follow-up. We also propose semi-parametric weighted estimators that are straightforward to implement. We stress that unlike previous definitions of direct and indirect effects, the separable effects can be subject to empirical scrutiny in future studies.
Why do Spanish households separate their e-waste for proper disposal? An econometric analysis
Authors: Arbués Fernando , Villanúa Inmaculada
Published: September 2021

Improving e-waste separate collection rates is of the utmost importance to achieve the environmental targets set in the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the factors influencing the intentions of Spanish households to separate their e-waste for proper disposal. To this end, we carry out an econometric analysis revealing that the preoccupation with environmental issues is an endogenous regressor, so a bivariate model is required to avoid inconsistent results. The analysis shows that environmental concern and the origin of the individuals are relevant factors that influence the e-waste separation decision. Additionally, we observe an interaction between age and city size, so the effect of one of these factors on the probability of separating e-waste depends on the other factor. Another important result is that several socio-economic variables and knowledge of environmental issues only indirectly affect attitudes, by way of environmental concern. In summary, this study offers a useful methodology to policymakers who have to deal with e-waste management, allowing them to identify the priority groups on which should be focused, as well as to design specific measures tailored to their characteristics.
Challenges in using soil carbon modelling in LCA of agricultural products—the devil is in the detail
Authors: Joensuu Katri , Rimhanen Karoliina , Heusala Hannele , Saarinen Merja , Usva Kirsi , Leinonen Ilkka , Palosuo Taru
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Currently, there is no consensus on how the impacts of land use on the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks would be best quantified within life cycle assessments (LCA) of agricultural products. The impacts of different decisions were tested within a model-based assessment of soil carbon changes on the life cycle global warming impact for spring wheat produced in two example regions in Finland (Southwest Finland and Northern Savonia) on mineral fields.

Methods

Global warming impact for spring wheat was assessed, including CO2 emissions due to the SOC change. The SOC change assessment was made with the soil carbon model Yasso07. The effects of assumptions on land use history were tested, i.e. the initialisation of the model and time horizon of the analysis (20 or 100 years) on the SOC change estimates. Other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to the global warming impact of spring wheat production were assessed using general LCA methodology taking into account the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the production of input materials and fuels, as well as direct and indirect N2O emissions from the soil due to fertilising and the decomposition of crop residues and organic matter, nitrogen leaching and volatilisation and lime application.

Results and discussion

The selection of the model initialisation method and timeframe remarkably affected the SOC change estimates. The global warming impact of wheat production, without accounting for SOC changes, was 0.68 and 0.89 kg CO2-eq/kg yield in Southwest Finland and Northern Savonia, respectively. The impact of SOC stock changes on the total global warming impact varied from –4 to 5% in Southwest Finland and from 5 to 21% in Northern Savonia, depending on the assumptions used to initialise the model or the timeframe applied in the analysis. Adding a cover crop as a means to increase the SOC stock removed between –67 and –26% of the total global warming impact in both regions.

Conclusions

It is essential that all the decisions made in the analysis are transparently reported and communicated. The choice of assumptions regarding the reference state, model initialisation and time horizon of the assessment period should be made based on the scope and goal definition of the LCA study.
Human motion capture for movement limitation analysis using an RGB-D camera in spondyloarthritis: a validation study
Authors: Trinidad-Fernández Manuel , Cuesta-Vargas Antonio , Vaes Peter , Beckwée David , Moreno Francisco-Ángel , González-Jiménez Javier , Fernández-Nebro Antonio , Manrique-Arija Sara , Ureña-Garnica Inmaculada , González-Sánchez Manuel
Published: September 2021

A human motion capture system using an RGB-D camera could be a good option to understand the trunk limitations in spondyloarthritis. The aim of this study is to validate a human motion capture system using an RGB-D camera to analyse trunk movement limitations in spondyloarthritis patients. Cross-sectional study was performed where spondyloarthritis patients were diagnosed with a rheumatologist. The RGB-D camera analysed the kinematics of each participant during seven functional tasks based on rheumatologic assessment. The OpenNI2 library collected the depth data, the NiTE2 middleware detected a virtual skeleton and the MRPT library recorded the trunk positions. The gold standard was registered using an inertial measurement unit. The outcome variables were angular displacement, angular velocity and lineal acceleration of the trunk. Criterion validity and the reliability were calculated. Seventeen subjects (54.35 (11.75) years) were measured. The Bending task obtained moderate results in validity (r = 0.55–0.62) and successful results in reliability (ICC = 0.80–0.88) and validity and reliability of angular kinematic results in Chair task were moderate and (r = 0.60–0.74, ICC = 0.61–0.72). The kinematic results in Timed Up and Go test were less consistent. The RGB-D camera was documented to be a reliable tool to assess the movement limitations in spondyloarthritis depending on the functional tasks: Bending task. Chair task needs further research and the TUG analysis was not validated.

Graphical abstract

Comparation of both systems, required software for camera analysis, outcomes and final results of validity and reliability of each test.
Stress bei Studierenden mit und ohne Nebenjob
Authors: Heuse Silke , Risius Uda-Mareke
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund und Fragestellung

Studierende sind mit einer Vielzahl von Herausforderungen konfrontiert und erleben nicht selten ein hohes Maß an Stress. Wie kann das Verständnis von Stress-Mindsets, also verschiedenen Sichtweisen auf Stress, zur Reduktion von Stress beitragen? Dies soll die vorliegende Studie herausfinden. Als besondere Herausforderung wird dabei die Notwendigkeit vieler Studierender, durch einen Nebenjob ihr Studium zu finanzieren, berücksichtigt.

Methoden

Im Rahmen dieser Querschnittsstudie wurden N = 195 Studierende mit einem Onlinefragebogen zu ihrem Stresserleben, Stress-Mindsets und Nebentätigkeit befragt. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels Korrelations- und Moderationsanalysen.

Ergebnisse

Es zeigt sich ein erhöhtes Maß an Stresserleben der Studierenden. Ein Mindset, dass Stress förderlich für die eigene Leistungsfähigkeit und Gesundheit sein kann, ging mit einem geringeren Maß an Stress einher. Nebenjobs erwiesen sich als Puffer für die negativen Auswirkungen eines schädlichen Stress-Mindsets auf das Stresserleben der Studierenden.

Schlussfolgerung

Stress ist aus dem Leben von Studierenden nicht wegzudenken. Daher ist es umso wichtiger zu wissen, wie Stress beeinflusst und genutzt werden kann. Mit einer Sichtweise, dass Stress förderlich ist, werden Stressoren als weniger aversiv erlebt. Dies sollten sich zukünftige Programme zur Stressreduktion von Studierenden zunutze machen.
A Case Study of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Plant on Board a Cruise Ship
Authors: Micoli Luca , Coppola Tommaso , Turco Maria
Published: September 2021

The work is a case study of a cruise ship supplied by liquefied natural gas (LNG) and equipped with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). It is supposed that a 20 MW SOFC plant is installed on-board to supply hotel loads and assisting three dual-fuel (DF) diesel/LNG generator sets. LNG consumption and emissions are estimated both for the SOFC plant and DF generator sets. It results that the use of LNG-SOFC plant in comparison to DF generator sets allows to limit significantly the SOx, CO, NOx, PM emissions and to reduce the emission of CO2 by about 11%. A prediction of the weight and volume of the SOFC plant is conducted and a preliminary modification of the general arrangement of the cruise ship is suggested, according to the latest international rules. It results that the SOFC plant is heavier and occupies more volume on board than a DF gen-set; nevertheless, these features do not affect the floating and the stability of the cruise ship.
Implementation-related research in mathematics education: the search for identity
Authors: Koichu Boris , Aguilar Mario Sánchez , Misfeldt Morten
Published: September 2021

Implementation has always been a paramount concern of mathematics education, but only recently has the conceptualizing and theorizing work on implementation as a phenomenon begun in our field. In this survey paper, we conduct a hermeneutic review of mathematics education research identified as related to the implementation problematics. The first cycle of the review is based on examples of studies published in mathematics education journals during the last 40 years. It is organized according to five reasons for developing implementation research. The second cycle concerns 15 papers included in this special issue and is organized by four themes, as follows: objects of implementation, stakeholders in implementation, implementation vs. scaling up, and implementability of mathematics education research. The paper is concluded with a refined glossary of implementation-related terms and suggestions for future research.
Rare Treatments for Rare Dyslipidemias: New Perspectives in the Treatment of Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) and Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS)
Authors: D’Erasmo Laura , Bini Simone , Arca Marcello
Published: September 2021

Purpose of Review

This review aims to summarize the most recent published literature concerning lomitapide and volanesorsen that are approved for the use in HoFH and FCS patients, respectively. Moreover, it will briefly revise the published evidence on novel, non-approved treatments that are under evaluation for the management of these rare forms of dyslipidemias

Recent Findings

The definition of rare dyslipidemias identifies a large number of severe disorders of lipid metabolism of genetic origin. Among them were homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) (OMIM #143890) and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) (OMIM #238600), which are characterized by a markedly impaired cholesterol- and triglyceride-containing lipoproteins metabolism. They are being particularly associated with poor health outcomes and quality of life. Considering the severity of these diseases, common lipid-lowering drugs are often ineffective or do not allow to achieve the recommended lipid targets to prevent the development of complications. Nowadays, several new drugs have been found to effectively treat HoFH and FCS with an acceptable safety profile.

Treating patients with HoFH and FCS remains very challenging. However, novel treatment options are emerging and might be considered in addition to conventional therapy for managing these diseases. These novel drugs will possibly change the natural history of these two rare and life-threatening diseases.
Performance Evaluation of Policy-Based SQL Query Classification for Data-Privacy Compliance
Authors: Schwab Peter K. , Röckl Jonas , Langohr Maximilian S. , Meyer-Wegener Klaus
Published: September 2021

Data science must respect privacy in many situations. We have built a query repository with automatic SQL query classification according to data-privacy directives. It can intercept queries that violate the directives, since a JDBC proxy driver inserted between the end-users’ SQL tooling and the target data consults the repository for the compliance of each query. Still, this slows down query processing. This paper presents two optimizations implemented to increase classification performance and describes a measurement environment that allows quantifying the induced performance overhead. We present measurement results and show that our optimized implementation significantly reduces classification latency. The query metadata (QM) is stored in both relational and graph-based databases. Whereas query classification can be done in a few ms on average using relational QM, a graph-based classification is orders of magnitude more expensive at 137 ms on average. However, the graphs contain more precise information, and thus in some cases the final decision requires to check them, too. Our optimizations considerably reduce the number of graph-based classifications and, thus, decrease the latency to 0.35 ms in$$87\%$$87%of the classification cases.
From the Material to the Mystical in Late Medieval Piety
Authors: Kirakosian Racha
Published: September 2021

The German mystic Gertrude the Great of Helfta (c.1256–1301) is a globally venerated saint who is still central to the Sacred Heart Devotion. Her visions were first recorded in Latin, and they inspired generations of readers in processes of creative rewriting. The vernacular copies of these redactions challenge the long-standing idea that translations do not bear the same literary or historical weight as the originals upon which they are based. In this study, Racha Kirakosian argues that manuscript transmission reveals how redactors serve as cultural agents. Examining the late medieval vernacular copies of Gertrude's visions, she demonstrates how redactors recast textual materials, reflected changes in piety, and generated new forms of devotional practices. She also shows how these texts served as a bridge between material culture, in the form of textiles and book illumination, and mysticism. Kirakosian's multi-faceted study is an important contribution to current debates on medieval manuscript culture, authorship, and translation as objects of study in their own right.
Trinitarian charity: Aquinas and Lombard on charity and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Ogle Nicholas
Published: September 2021

This paper examines Aquinas’ reception of Peter Lombard's disputed thesis that the charity with which we love God and neighbour is not a virtue, but rather the Holy Spirit himself. Through a close reading of the four passages where Aquinas engages directly with the thesis, I show how this reception evolved over the course of his career, such that he gradually came to incorporate the trinitarian insight underlying Lombard's thesis into his doctrine of created charity. Although this doctrine is often viewed as an outright rejection of Lombard's thesis, I argue that it is in fact a substantial development of it that was made possible by Aquinas’ assimilation of Aristotelian naturalism.
Are active labour market policies effective for the older unemployed? A meta-evaluation
Authors: Orfao Guillermo , Malo Miguel Á.
Published: September 2021

We present a meta-evaluation of the literature on the impacts of active labour market policies for unemployed people over 50, extracting 82 impacts for analysis. The meta-evaluation includes only impact evaluations that examine both a group of beneficiaries and a control group of comparable non-beneficiaries. On average, we find that active policies have a slightly negative effect (−0.8 percentage points) on the probability of unemployed people over 50 finding a job and that this negative effect disappears 24 months after policy implementation. However, this effect is very different when disaggregated by policy type. Direct job creation policies have a clear negative effect (−3.9 percentage points), and training policies have a positive average effect, either in isolation (2.4 percentage points) or when combined with search assistance or counselling (1.7 percentage points). We also find slight differences by gender, with the effect of active policies being greater for women than for men. These results have important implications, given that the European Commission and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development have made active policies the cornerstone of their efforts to improve the re-employment of older people. Our results support training policies, either in isolation or in combination with search assistance and counselling. The greatest impacts are obtained after 12 months of policy implementation.
Aspects of change in New York City English short-a
Authors: Haddican Bill , Newman Michael , Cutler Cecelia , Tortora Christina
Published: September 2021

This article focuses on change in the “short-a system” of New York City English (NYCE). Recent results suggest that a complex set of tensing rules traditionally described for NYCE are being replaced by several simpler systems. This article reports on a study of this change using a recently developed large audio-aligned parsed speech corpus (CoNYCE). This change is similar to the simplification reported for Philadelphia by Labov et al. (2016). Unlike in the Philadelphia case, however, our results do not show evidence of a single abstract process of change. Our findings, rather, suggest at least two separate changes in the community—one affecting short-a in prenasal contexts and a second affecting pre-oral obstruent contexts. In addition, the results suggest an additional independent process of lowering and retraction affecting short-a sounds in contexts not targeted by the process of phonological reorganization, that is, “trap-backing.”
Les exclamatives en comment dans le cinéma de banlieue: une étude variationniste
Authors: Dekhissi Laurie
Published: September 2021

Dans cet article, nous analysons la variation dans l’emploi des exclamatives en QU-,1 qui ont pour marqueur exclamatif qu’est-ce que, ce que, comme et comment. Pour ce faire, nous adoptons l’approche variationniste et nous avons recours à un corpus de 45 films du cinéma de banlieue dont seulement 24 témoignent de la présence d’exclamatives en QU-. Ces 24 films couvrent la période de 1991 à 2019. Nous avons récolté 75 occurrences de phrases exclamatives correspondant à la variable étudiée, prononcées uniquement par des locuteurs vivant dans des cités HLM. Les résultats obtenus montrent la forte fréquence d’utilisation du marqueur comment (61 occurrences) par rapport aux autres marqueurs plus couramment rencontrés dans le français parlé du quotidien et qui est, par conséquent, au centre de notre attention dans cette étude.
Molecular identification and phylogenetics of local pearl millet cultivars using internal-transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA
Authors: Almutairi Zainab M.
Published: September 2021

Local cultivars of pearl millet in Saudi Arabia are known to tolerate extreme heat and drought stress. In the current study, the sequences of internal-transcribed spacers (ITSs) of six pearl millet cultivars were sequenced and analysed to investigate the genetic diversity among the local cultivars. The nucleotide polymorphism, secondary structures and phylogenetics were analysed for ITS sequences of the six local cultivars. The obtained sequences were 772–774 base pairs (bp) in length, including complete sequences of the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region and partial sequences of 18S and 26S rRNA. The nucleotide diversity among cultivars was higher in ITS2 sequences than ITS1 sequences. The ITS2 had four variable nucleotide sites in three native cultivars, whereas the ITS1 contained one base insertion. The secondary structures of the ITS1 and 5.8S region were highly conserved among the six cultivars and contained some motifs that are conserved across Viridiplantae. However, the ITS2 secondary structure for the two native cultivars, Sayah and Jazan, was distinct from the other cultivars, which confirms the applicability of the ITS2 sequence in distinguishing between genetically close taxa. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of the six investigated cultivars and 31 pearl millet accessions from the NCBI database showed close relationships between the local accessions and NCBI accessions from India and France. However, the local cultivar Sayah appeared to be distinct from the other cultivars in the phylogenetic trees. This study provides insights into the polymorphism within local pearl millet cultivars which is important for the identification and conservation of these cultivars.
CME/Antworten: Achtung, Lamelle! Pilzvergiftungen in der Praxis
Authors: Schenk-Jäger Katharina , Gessler Mirjam , Weiler Stefan
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. In der ärztlichen Praxis die banalen Unverträglichkeiten nach Konsum von Speisepilzen von einer sich anbahnenden Vergiftung mit potenziell tödlichem Ausgang zu unterscheiden ist nicht trivial. Trotzdem gibt es einige Kriterien, an denen man sich orientieren kann: Für eine Vergiftung mit Amatoxinen, den Giftstoffen z.B. im Grünen Knollenblätterpilz (Amanita phalloides) spricht eine Latenz von sechs Stunden oder mehr zwischen dem Konsum von nicht durch Fachpersonen kontrollierten Lamellenpilzen und dem Beginn meist heftiger Brechdurchfälle. Auch wenn die Therapieoptionen kontrovers diskutiert werden, hat sich die zeitnahe antidotale Behandlung mit Silibinin als zielführend erwiesen.
Ambulantes Management des primären Spontanpneumothorax
Authors: Cvetković Dragan , Cvetković Snežana , Giannone Bodo , Dutly André , Minotti Bruno
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Der Pneumothorax (PT) ist als Kollaps der Lunge aufgrund einer Luft-Kollektion im Pleuraspalt definiert. Bei einem primären Spontanpneumothorax (PSP) liegt keine bekannte zugrundeliegende Lungenpathologie vor. Die Therapie kann je nach PT-Grösse, Klinik der/des Betroffenen und Patienteneinstellung/-umgebung entweder konservativ oder invasiv erfolgen. Wie aus der aktuellen Literatur hervorgeht, kann ein primärer unkomplizierter PSP je nach Situation konservativ und/oder ambulant behandelt werden. Das Management mittels Intervention (Nadelaspiration oder Thoraxdrainage) wird historisch oft stationär durchgeführt, jedoch kann bei symptomfreien Personen ohne Komorbiditäten auch ein ambulantes Management erwogen werden. Voraussetzung dafür ist jedoch die entsprechende Compliance der/des Kranken (Motivation, Kognition, Begleitung, Wohnsituation, etc.). Bei ambulantem Management mit Intervention sollte eine kleinkalibrige Thoraxdrainage (<14 F) gewählt und ein Heimlichventil verwendet werden.
Making the Most of Volcanic Eruption Responses
Authors: Fischer Tobias , Moran Seth , Cooper Kari , Roman Diana , LaFemina Peter
Published: September 2021

Last year, a new collaborative initiative conducted a hypothetical volcano response exercise. A month later, they put the knowledge gained to use during an actual eruption.
Chloroform (CHCl3) Emissions From Coastal Antarctic Tundra
Authors: Zhang Wanying , Jiao Yi , Zhu Renbin , Rhew Robert C. , Sun Bowen , Dai Haitao
Published: September 2021

In this study, the first in situ static‐chamber measurements were conducted at coastal Antarctica tundra for CHCl3 fluxes, which showed that CHCl3 was naturally emitted from the Antarctic tundra at 35 ± 27 nmol m−2 d−1, comparable to other reported important natural sources. Significantly, enhanced CHCl3 emission rates (66 ± 20 nmol m−2 d−1) were observed from ornithogenic soil on the island populated with penguins, which was rich in organic matter and halides coming from penguin excrements. It is estimated that Antarctic tundra emits up to 0.1 Gg CHCl3 per year, which is an important source for regional atmospheric CHCl3. Laboratory‐based incubations suggested that organic carbon and chlorine inputs by penguins may stimulate O2 dependent microbial‐mediated CHCl3 emission from the Antarctic tundra, and all tundra soils showed the maximum CHCl3 emission at 4°C. The strength of this CHCl3 source is also expected to change in response to Antarctic warming.
Critical Aquifer Overdraft Accelerates Degradation of Groundwater Quality in California's Central Valley During Drought
Authors: Levy Zeno F. , Jurgens Bryant C. , Burow Karen R. , Voss Stefan A. , Faulkner Kirsten E. , Arroyo‐Lopez Jose A. , Fram Miranda S.
Published: September 2021

Drought‐induced pumpage has precipitated dramatic groundwater‐level declines in California's Central Valley over the past 30 yr, but the impacts of aquifer overdraft on water quality are poorly understood. This study coupled over 160,000 measurements of nitrate from ∼6,000 public‐supply wells with a 30 yr reconstruction of groundwater levels throughout the Central Valley to evaluate dynamic relations between aquifer exploitation and resource quality. We find that long‐term rates of groundwater‐level decline and water‐quality degradation in critically overdrafted basins accelerate by respective factors of 2–3 and 3–5 during drought, followed by brief reversals during wetter periods. Episodic water‐quality degradation can occur during drought where increased pumpage draws shallow, contaminated groundwater down to depth zones tapped by long‐screened production wells. These data show, for the first time, a direct linkage between climate‐mediated aquifer pumpage and groundwater quality on a regional scale.
Advection of Martian Crustal Magnetic Fields by Ionospheric Plasma Flow Observed by the MAVEN Spacecraft
Authors: de Oliveira I. , Fränz M. , Echer E. , Franco A.
Published: September 2021

The plasma environment of Mars is highly influenced by its crustal magnetic fields. In this work, we investigate whether the crustal magnetic fields can be displaced from their original positions due to advection by ionospheric plasma flow. The ranges of interest are altitudes between km and solar zenith angles between . We examine magnetic field data using measurements from the Magnetometer (MAG) onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. We conduct statistical analyses ( years of data) in order to investigate if horizontal shifts are observed between the data and the crustal magnetic field model by Langlais et al. (2019), https://doi.org/10.1029/2018je005854. We also show two case studies of individual measurements within a specific region of Mars. The results show statistical and observational evidence that the crustal magnetic fields are often being advected towards the night‐side of the planet. The displacement seems to increase exponentially as a function of altitude, reaching a horizontal shift of 100 km at 650 km altitude. Moreover, we use measurements from the SupraThermal And Thermal Ion Composition (STATIC) instrument in order to compare the dynamic pressure of ionospheric plasma flow to the magnetic pressure of the crustal magnetic fields. There are two possible causes for the displacement: a forcing by external magnetic pressure or an advection of the field to the electron fluid, which follows the ion fluid. In this paper, we argue that by the observed relation between ion fluid and displacement, the latter explanation is more probable.
High Mach Number Quasi‐Perpendicular Shocks: Spatial Versus Temporal Structure
Authors: Omidi N. , Desai M. , Russell C. T. , Howes G. G.
Published: September 2021

Planetary bow shocks are a natural laboratory for investigating the physics of collisionless shocks. Given that spacecraft observations provide us with information regarding the temporal structure of the shock, often multi‐spacecraft missions and kinetic simulations are needed to discern the nature of the dissipation processes at the shock and the resulting spatial structure. Such an approach through the ISEE mission and 1.5‐D hybrid (kinetic ions and fluid electrons) simulations led to an understanding of supercritical quasi‐perpendicular shocks. In such shocks, the reflection of a fraction of incident ions and their gyration back into the shock is part of the dissipation process resulting in the formation of a foot, ramp, overshoot, and undershoot. More recently, observations of high Mach number quasi‐perpendicular shocks show a seemingly turbulent structure in time series data. In this study, we use the results of 2.5‐D global hybrid simulation of a high Mach number quasi‐perpendicular shock to demonstrate the major differences between the spatial and temporal structure of such shocks. The spatial structure of the shock is the same as that of supercritical shocks while the temporal structure consists of fast magnetosonic pulses. The reason for this difference is attributed to the generation of surface waves at the shock which results in partial encounters between the shock and spacecraft. The surface waves are shown to be generated by large velocity shears present at the shock due to ion reflection and gyration into the upstream.
New Paleointensities From the Skinner Cove Formation, Newfoundland, Suggest a Changing State of the Geomagnetic Field at the Ediacaran‐Cambrian Transition
Authors: Thallner Daniele , Biggin Andrew J. , McCausland Phil J. A. , Fu Roger R.
Published: September 2021

The geomagnetic field in the Ediacaran period appears to be characterized by anomalous directions, high reversal frequencies, and ultra‐low field strength. At the Ediacaran‐Cambrian transition, apparent polar wander paths become less controversial, but hyper‐reversing fields with reversal frequencies similar to earlier in the Ediacaran have been reported until the mid‐Cambrian. To understand the long‐term behavior of the magnetic field during this transitional interval, information about the field strength is vital but currently lacking. To improve the intensity record at that time, samples of volcanic rocks from the 550 Ma Skinner Cove Formation, western Newfoundland, have been used for paleointensity determination. This multi‐method paleointensity study, utilizing thermal and microwave Thellier as well as double‐heating Shaw and pseudo‐Thellier experiments produces paleointensity estimates of 2.6–10.3 μT, corresponding to virtual dipole moments of 0.65–2.25 × 1022 Am2. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy and rock magnetic measurements, as well as a positive intraformational conglomerate test, suggest that the remanence is primary. These intensity estimates are higher than earlier Ediacaran intensities and could point to the geomagnetic field entering into a stronger, more dipole‐dominated state at the Ediacaran‐Cambrian boundary.
Hydrate Formation on Marine Seep Bubbles and the Implications for Water Column Methane Dissolution
Authors: Fu X. , Waite W. F. , Ruppel C. D.
Published: September 2021

Methane released from seafloor seeps contributes to a number of benthic, water column, and atmospheric processes. At seafloor seeps within the methane hydrate stability zone, crystalline gas hydrate shells can form on methane bubbles while the bubbles are still in contact with the seafloor or as the bubbles begin ascending through the water column. These shells reduce methane dissolution rates, allowing hydrate‐coated bubbles to deliver methane to shallower depths in the water column than hydrate‐free bubbles. Here, we analyze seafloor videos from six deepwater seep sites associated with a diverse range of bubble‐release processes involving hydrate formation. Bubbles that grow rapidly are often hydrate‐free when released from the seafloor. As bubble growth slows and seafloor residence time increases, a hydrate coating can form on the bubble's gas‐water interface, fully coating most bubbles within ∼10 s of the onset of hydrate formation at the seafloor. This finding agrees with water‐column observations that most bubbles become hydrate‐coated after their initial ∼150 cm of rise, which takes about 10 s. Whether a bubble is coated or not at the seafloor affects how much methane a bubble contains and how quickly that methane dissolves during the bubble's rise through the water column. A simplified model shows that, after rising 150 cm above the seafloor, a bubble that grew a hydrate shell before releasing from the seafloor will have ∼5% more methane than a bubble of initial equal volume that did not grow a hydrate shell after it traveled to the same height.