bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron transfer in proton‐hydrogen collisions in dense semi‐classical hydrogen plasma
Authors: Das Kamalika , Das Biswajit , Rej Pramit , Ghoshal Arijit
Published: January 2021

Quantum mechanical calculations have been accomplished to study the dynamics of the reaction: p + H(1s) → H(nlm) + p in dense semi‐classical hydrogen plasma. Interactions among the charged particles in plasma are represented by a pseudopotential which takes care of the collective effects at large distances and quantum effect of diffraction at small distances. Various capture cross sections are computed for the incident proton energy lying within 10 to 500 keV by applying a distorted wave method which uses a variationally determined closed‐form wave function of hydrogen atom. Moreover, an inclusive study is made to explore the effects of screening of plasma and quantum diffraction on various capture cross sections for a wide range of thermal Debye length and de Broglie wave length. It has been found that various cross sections suffer considerable changes due to varying Debye length and de Broglie wave length.
Not a cakewalk: Insights into movement of large carnivores in human‐dominated landscapes in India
Authors: Habib Bilal , Ghaskadbi Pallavi , Khan Shaheer , Hussain Zehidul , Nigam Parag
Published: January 2021

Large carnivores play an important role in the functioning of ecosystems, yet their conservation remains a massive challenge across the world. Owing to wide‐ranging habits, they encounter various anthropogenic pressures, affecting their movement in different landscape. Therefore, studying how large carnivores adapt their movement to dynamic landscape conditions is vital for management and conservation policy.

A total of 26 individuals across 4 species of large carnivores of different sex and age classes (14 Panthera tigris, 3 Panthera pardus, 5 Cuon alpinus, and 4 Canis lupus pallipes) were GPS collared and monitored from 2014–19. We quantified movement parameters (step length and net squared displacement) of four large carnivores in and outside protected areas in India. We tested the effects of human pressures such as human density, road network, and landuse types on the movement of the species. We also examined the configuration of core areas as a strategy to subsist in a human‐dominated landscape using BBMM.

Mean displacement of large carnivores varied from 99.35 m/hr for leopards to 637.7 m/hr for wolves. Tigers outside PAs exhibited higher displacement than tigers inside PAs. Moreover, displacement during day–night was significantly different for tigers inside and outside PAs. Similarly, wolf also showed significant difference between day‐night movement. However, no difference in day–night movement was found for leopard and dholes. Anthropogenic factors such as road length and proportion of agriculture within the home range of tigers outside PAs were found to be significantly different. All the habitat variables in the home range showed significant difference between the social canids. The core area size for tiger outside PA and wolf was found greater than PAs.

The study on movement of large carnivore species across landscapes is crucial for conservation planning. Our findings can be a starting point for interlinking animal movement and landscape management of large carnivore conservation in the current Anthropocene.
Positive early‐late life‐history trait correlations in elephant seals
Authors: Oosthuizen W. Chris , Péron Guillaume , Pradel Roger , Bester Marthán N. , de Bruyn P. J. Nico
Published: January 2021

Correlations between early‐ and late‐life performance are a major prediction of life‐history theory. Negative early–late correlations can emerge because biological processes are optimized for early but not late life (e.g., rapid development may accelerate the onset of senescence; “developmental theory of aging”) or because allocation to early‐life performance comes at a cost in terms of late‐life performance (as in the disposable soma theory). But variation in genetic and environmental challenges that each individual has to cope with during early life may also lead to positive early–late life‐history trait correlations (the “fixed heterogeneity” or “individual quality” hypothesis). We analyzed individual life‐history trajectories of 7,420 known‐age female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) monitored over 36 yr to determine how actuarial senescence (a proxy for late‐life performance) correlate with age at first reproduction (a proxy for early‐life performance). As some breeding events may not be detected in this field study, we used a custom “multievent” hierarchical model to estimate the age at first reproduction and correlate it to other life‐history traits. The probability of first reproduction was 0.34 at age 3, with most females breeding for the first time at age 4, and comparatively few at older ages. Females with an early age of first reproduction outperformed delayed breeders in all aspects we considered (survival, rate of senescence, net reproductive output) but one: early breeders appeared to have an onset of actuarial senescence 1 yr earlier compared to late breeders. Genetics and environmental conditions during early life likely explain the positive correlation between early‐ and late‐life performance. Our results provide the first evidence of actuarial senescence in female southern elephant seals.
Can we use a functional trait to construct a generalized model for ungulate populations?
Authors: Traill Lochran W. , Plard Floriane , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Coulson Tim
Published: January 2021

Ecologists have long desired predictive models that allow inference on population dynamics, where detailed demographic data are unavailable. Integral projection models (IPMs) allow both demographic and phenotypic outcomes at the level of the population to be predicted from the distribution of a functional trait, like body mass. In species where body mass markedly influences demographic rates, as is the rule among mammals, then IPMs provide not only opportunity to assess the population responses to a given environment, but also improve our understanding of the complex interplay between traits and demographic outcomes. Here, we develop a body‐mass‐based approach to constructing generalized, predictive IPMs for species of ungulates covering a broad range of body size (25–400 kg). Despite our best efforts, we found that a reliable and general, functional, trait‐based model for ungulates was unattainable even after accounting for among‐species variation in both age at first reproduction and litter size. We attribute this to the diversity of reproductive tactics among similar‐sized species of ungulates, and to the interplay between density‐dependent and environmental factors that shape demographic parameters independent of mass at the local scale. These processes thus drive population dynamics and cannot be ignored. Environmental context generally matters in population ecology, and our study shows this may be the case for functional traits in vertebrate populations.
Electrochemical Modeling of Hierarchically Structured Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Birkholz Oleg , Kamlah Marc
Published: January 2021

Hierarchically structured active materials in lithium‐ion battery (LIB) electrodes with porous secondary particles are promising candidates to increase the gravimetric energy density and rate performance of the cell. However, there are still aspects to this technology which are not fully understood. Herein, a mathematical model for half cells with hierarchically structured electrodes aiming at delivering a better insight and obtaining a deeper knowledge to this matter is presented. First, the classical half‐cell model originating back to Newman and coworkers is revisited and the basic assumptions for the electrochemically based equations are presented. As a next step, the mathematical framework of the volume averaging method is used to consistently extend the classical to the hierarchically structured half‐cell model. For both models, the full set of boundary conditions for the half‐cell setup is presented. Finally, the hierarchically structured half‐cell model is validated by experiments taken from literature and parametric studies are conducted. The results suggest that, while the rate‐limiting factor for the classical half‐cells is the diffusion coefficient of the active material, in case of the hierarchically structured half‐cells, it is the combination of electronic conductivity and inner morphology of the secondary particles.
Characteristic Declination—A Useful Concept for Accelerating 3D Solar Potential Calculations
Authors: Brito Miguel Centeno , Amaro e Silva Rodrigo , Freitas Sara
Published: January 2021

The characteristic declination is the declination for the day on which the daily extraterrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface is identical to its monthly average value. It was introduced as a means to determine monthly average values of irradiation. Herein, its potential usefulness to reduce computing time when mapping solar potential in complex urban areas is explored. This simplification reduces computing demand by a factor of 30× while introducing a +5% to +8% error in the annual monthly irradiation on a typical urban neighborhood for low and midlatitudes. Errors are larger (+10% to +12%) for high latitudes. The magnitude of the errors is comparable to other relevant uncertainties in solar mapping tools, associated with solar radiation modeling, the layout and details of the buildings, or the photovoltaic (PV) energy yield models.
Seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete bridges using capacity‐based inelastic displacement spectra
Authors: Wang Ping‐Hsiung , Chang Kuo‐Chun , Dzeng Dzong‐Chwang , Lin Tzu‐Kang , Hung Hsiao‐Hui , Cheng Wei‐Chung
Published: January 2021

A simplified seismic evaluation method using capacity‐based inelastic displacement spectra is proposed for reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. The proposed method can not only estimate the maximum displacements of bridges, but can also discriminate the damage indices between the bridge columns, where the Park and Ang's damage index () is considered a promising performance indicator due to its good relationship with the strength capacity state and actual visual damage condition of the bridge column regardless of the imposed loading history. To realize the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method, a hypothetical case study bridge was constructed and analyzed using various structural analysis programs and seismic evaluation methods. It was found that the proposed method can receive satisfactory estimates of the maximum displacement and for both far‐field and near‐fault ground motions when compared to the nonlinear time history analysis results of the bridge. In contrast, the AASHTO's and Caltrans’ methods cannot reflect the response amplification effects caused by the frequency‐content characteristics of near‐fault ground motions and would therefore significantly underestimate the inelastic responses of bridges. When applying the proposed method to bridges having unequal‐height columns and subjected to longitudinal seismic actions, it was found that for the short column of the bridge, the AASHTO's regularity criteria (maximum bent/pier stiffness ratio of 4 for the three‐span case study bridge) would lead to a of approximately 3.5 times that of the tall column, resulting in significant damage localization and, hence, decreasing the overall lateral deformation capacity of the bridge.
The use of Stick‐IT model for the prediction of direct economic losses
Authors: Gaetani d'Aragona Marco , Polese Maria , Di Ludovico Marco , Prota Andrea
Published: January 2021

The Stick‐IT model (Stick for Infilled frames Typologies), that is a MDOF system consisting of a series of lumped masses connected by nonlinear shear link elements, was introduced to predict the response, in terms of interstory drift ratio (IDR) and peak floor acceleration (PFA), for infilled RC building typologies. Stick model parameters can be defined starting from low level building geometrical features, easily retrievable at the large scale, such as in plan dimensions, number of stories or the percentage of infills openings and considering the infills consistency. This paper investigates the applicability of Stick‐IT to predict the performance and direct economic losses for existing RC infilled frame type buildings. In the framework of a performance‐based assessment, the comparison of seismic‐loss outcomes provided by using either a detailed finite element model (FEM) (L1) or simplified Stick‐IT structural models (L2) are illustrated and discussed. The potential of Stick‐IT model is investigated referring to a real building damaged and repaired after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake and adopting as earthquake input records registered in the proximity of the building. Story‐level building damage simulated by L1 and L2 models is compared to real damage, showing satisfactory prediction. The comparison of the real repair costs with those evaluated using L1 and L2 models provides encouraging validation. The application suggests that simplified models such as Stick‐IT, despite the low level of information required for its application, can be usefully applied to perform damage and loss scenarios at the large scale. Matlab code to generate the Stick‐IT, as well as the example code for the present study, are openly shared through the repository https://github.com/marcogaetanidaragona/Stick-IT.
Deformation and damage of cement sheath in gas storage wells under cyclic loading
Authors: Li Juan , Su Donghua , Tang Shizhong , Li Zaoyuan , Wu Hua , Huang Sheng , Sun Jinfei
Published: January 2021

The mechanical damage and failure of cement sheaths in gas storage wells under cyclic loading have been studied extensively. However, because the test device cannot restore the wellbore condition, most studies have been theoretical or regular experimental. If the load‐bearing mode and stress environment in a test device differ from those in a wellbore, then the damage and failure modes will deviate from what occurs in the actual wellbore. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a method that restores the wellbore condition and design a wellbore simulation device that reveals the deformation and damage of the cement sheath. In this study, the development laws of microannulus and microcracks in the cement sheath were studied by triaxial cyclic loading, low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and scanning electron microscopy. A device to evaluate cement sheath integrity was then developed. A stress equivalence method was proposed, based on the principle that the stresses at the first and second interfaces of the device are equal to those of the wellbore cement sheath. This method was used to design material, size, and experimental conditions to simulate the load‐deformation law of a cement sheath in a gas storage well. The damage failure mechanism was investigated using the simulation results and computed tomography. Micropores and microcracks in the cement sheath increased continuously under cyclic loading. Damage accumulated, causing strength failure as the period of the cyclic loading increased. Plastic deformation of the cement sheath occurred under cyclic loading, but interfacial peeling did not. The reason is that the cement sheath is under compressive stress during loading and unloading, and the interface between the cement sheath and the outer wall is not damaged. This study provides a new method for studying the mechanical failure of a cement sheath under complex wellbore conditions.
Effects of different modified atmosphere treatments on lipid oxidation in spiced beef at different storage temperatures
Authors: Hai Dan , Huang Xianqing , Song Lianjun
Published: January 2021

The high moisture and nutrient contents of spiced beef make it popular with consumers but present challenges for its storage, as spoilage is a common phenomenon. Therefore, for identifying packaging methods to reduce spoilage during storage, this study investigated the effects of 5% O2 (low oxygen), 70% CO2 (high carbon dioxide), and 5% O2/70% CO2/25% N2 (compound group) on lipid oxidation in spiced beef in the test groups and a vacuum‐packed group (control) at storage temperatures of 4, 25, and 60°C. The pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), anisidine value (AV), and peroxide value (POV) of the spiced beef were determined. Results indicated that 70% CO2 and storage at 4 and 25°C showed the strongest ability to inhibit the rancidity in spiced beef. The 5% O2 group delayed both initial oxidation and secondary oxidation of lipids. Although the compound group significantly inhibited the rancidity in spiced beef at 60°C, it could not maintain such inhibition for long. Among all the groups, the 70% CO2 group demonstrated maximum inhibition of initial lipid oxidation and suppressed the secondary oxidation of lipids for the longest time. Thus, the modified atmosphere packaging with O2 and CO2 can regulate the fat oxidation in meat products and effectively improve their flavor maintenance.
Occurrence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on hydroponically grown butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata)
Authors: Srichamnong Warangkana , Kalambaheti Natcha , Woskie Susan , Kongtip Pornpimol , Sirivarasai Jintana , Matthews Karl R.
Published: January 2021

Antibiotics used during production of food crops to control plant diseases may result in selection of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and occurrence of antibiotic residues. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of antibiotics used in butterhead lettuce production on persistence of commensal microbiota. Butterhead lettuce were treated with antibiotics (oxytetracycline, gentamicin, and streptomycin) at different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm) starting at 5 weeks’ growth by spraying once daily for 4 weeks and harvesting 7 days after the final spray application. The population of total aerobic bacteria and antibiotic‐resistant bacteria were determined. The results showed antibiotic usage significantly decreased bacterial populations on lettuce. Moreover, increased concentration of antibiotics resulted in significantly greater decrease in bacterial populations. At a concentration of 500 ppm, all antibiotics achieved an approximate 2 log CFU/g decrease in bacterial populations. A stable population (4 log CFU/g) of potentially antibiotic‐resistant commensal microbiota were maintained throughout production. Screening for level of susceptibility indicated that bacteria exhibited greater resistance to oxytetracycline than gentamicin. In conclusion, application of antibiotics failed to eliminate commensal microbiota, demonstrating large populations of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria reside on lettuce grown under conditions used in the present study. This is the first study focused on antibiotic usage on hydroponic systems. Results of this study suggest regulations directed at antibiotic use on food crops must be developed and implemented to control the selection and spread of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria that present a global health concern.
Comparative profiling of lactic acid bacteria isolates in optimized and spontaneous fermentation of cowpea leaves
Authors: Owade Joshua Ombaka , Abong' George Ooko , Okoth Michael Wandayi , Mwang'ombe Agnes Wakesho , Jobor Jared Omondi
Published: January 2021

In as much as spontaneous fermentation of cowpea leaves enhances product diversification, the process is rather slow with poor product quality. Limited work has been undertaken to provide input toward standardization of the process and enhancing of product quality. The current study sought to evaluate the in‐process fermentative bacteria profile changes due to the effect of optimization of fermentation process of cowpea leaves. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates from spontaneous and optimized fermentation were characterized using biochemical tests, whereby optimization was done using the Response Surface Methodology model of the central composite design in the Design Expert Software. The RSM models accounted for 89% and 60% variability in the response variables of pH and titratable acidity, respectively (p < .001). Increasing the sugar concentration and period of fermentation significantly (p < .05) increased the titratable acidity, while reducing the pH. The optimal fermentation parameters were established as sugar and salt concentrations of 5% and 2%, respectively, 16 days of fermentation, pH of 3.8 and titratable acidity of 1.22% with a desirability of 0.859. Of the 13 identified LAB isolates, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactococcus lactis dominated the onset stage of spontaneous fermentation whereas only Lactobacillus brevis dominated the onset stage of optimized fermentation. Additionally, the final stage with the dominant isolates of L. plantarum was longer in the spontaneous fermentation process than in the optimized process. Evidently, optimizing the fermentation process resulted in increasing dominance by heterofermenters in the production of soured cowpea leaves, with the yielded product having enhanced acidity.
Appendectomy in the surgical management of women with endometriosis and pelvic pain
Authors: Ross Whitney Trotter , Chu Amanda , Li Linda , Kunselman Allen R. , Harkins Gerald J. , Deimling Timothy A. , Benton Andrea S.
Published: January 2021

Objective

To evaluate the role of appendectomy in surgical excision of endometriosis and to assess complications associated with appendectomy.

Methods

Retrospective study of women undergoing appendectomy for pelvic pain and/or endometriosis during a primary gynecologic procedure.

Results

Record review was performed for 609 women who underwent appendectomy between 2013 and 2019 for pelvic pain (6.9%, 42/609), stage I–II endometriosis (63.7%, 388/609), or stage III–IV endometriosis (29.4%, 179/609). Appendiceal endometriosis (AppE) was present in 14.9% (91/609); 2.4% without endometriosis (1/42, reference group), 7.0% with stage I–II endometriosis (27/388, odds ratio [OR] 3.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41–23.11, P = 0.278), and 35.2% with stage III–IV endometriosis (63/179, OR 22.24, 95% CI 2.99–165.40, P = 0.002). AppE was significantly associated with endometriosis present in other locations (OR 5.27, 95% CI 2.66–10.43, P < 0.001). The predicted probability of identifying AppE ranged from 6% with 0 positive endometriosis sites to 56% when 4 or more sites were identified. There were no complications related to the performance of an appendectomy.

Conclusion

Women with chronic pelvic pain and/or endometriosis have an increased risk of AppE. Modern appendectomy at the time of gynecologic surgery is safe, with no associated complications in this study. Our findings support the consideration of appendectomy as part of the comprehensive surgical management of endometriosis.
Bangladeshi ready‐made garment development via ubiquitous and mobile computing
Authors: Ahad Taimur , Busch Peter , Blount Yvette , Picoto Winnie
Published: January 2021

Little is known about mobile‐based information system (hereafter MbUS) affordances in the manufacturing sector, particularly in the Bangladeshi ready‐made garment (hereafter RMG) industry ‐ the major contributor to the national economy. However, the sector faces challenges in communication, worker disempowerment, and long lead times to produce finished goods. Research suggests that MbUS has potential development impact to improve communication, co‐ordination, and empowerment. This study narrows the gap through utilizing affordance theory as a theoretical lens to examine MbUS affordance applied to Bangladeshi RMGs. Using 39 interviews, this research explores five MbUS affordances ‐ connectivity, mobility, agility, empowerment and governance, and their relationship to Bangladeshi RMGs. Furthermore, we identify empowerment as a crucial affordance rarely identified in prior RMG literature. Our findings have potential value to RMGs, government, and mobile telecommunications.
Histone deacetylase 10 exerts antitumor effects on cervical cancer via a novel microRNA‐223/TXNIP/Wnt/β‐catenin pathway
Authors: Zhu Jinming , Han Shichao
Published: January 2021

Dysfunction of histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10) has been suggested in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer (CC). However, its association with microRNAs (miRNAs) in CC remains exclusive. Hence, this study aims to probe the role of HDAC10 in regulating CC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and its correlation with the screened‐out miRNA target. Microarray analysis and RT‐qPCR revealed that HDAC10 expressed poorly in CC cells relative to human immortalized endocervical cells (End1/E6E7). Moreover, HDAC10 downregulation predicted poor survival for patients with CC. Overexpression of HDAC10 reduced CC cell biological activities in vitro and tumor growth and lung metastases in vivo. miR‐223, upregulated in CC, was regulated by HDAC10 through histone acetylation, while miR‐223 inhibited the effects of HDAC10 overexpression in CC. miR‐223 targeted the 3′‐UTR of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) and suppressed its expression, leading to increased CC development in vitro and in vivo. TXNIP overexpression impaired Wnt/β‐catenin pathway activity in CC cells.
Practical vs theoretical ethics: A response to Cox
Authors: Bailey Jon S.
Published: January 2021

In the recent article, “Descriptive and Normative Ethical Behavior Appear to be Functionally Distinct,” the case was presented for an analysis of ethical conduct based on the Western philosophical approach derived from descriptive and normative ethics (Cox, 2020). The author conducted two experiments with graduate students evaluating whether these two approaches were functionally related. Participants gave forced‐choice as well as free responses that were later hand‐coded. Cox concluded that descriptive and normative ethics are functionally distinct. A critique of this general approach is offered based on a concern that this approach may not be steering the field in a direction that is ultimately useful for practitioners or relevant in therapeutic settings. Suggestions for future directions for practical ethical research are offered which, we might hope, should provide us with a better understanding of the variables controlling ethical conduct in practical situations.
A systematic review of preclinical in vivo testing of 3D printed porous Ti6Al4V for orthopedic applications, part I: Animal models and bone ingrowth outcome measures
Authors: Spece Hannah , Basgul Cemile , Andrews Caleb E. , MacDonald Daniel W. , Taheri Mitra L. , Kurtz Steven M.
Published: January 2021

For Ti6Al4V orthopedic and spinal implants, osseointegration is often achieved using complex porous geometries created via additive manufacturing (AM). While AM porous titanium (pTi) has shown clinical success, concerns regarding metallic implants have spurred interest in alternative AM biomaterials for osseointegration. Insights regarding the evaluation of these new materials may be supported by better understanding the role of preclinical testing for AM pTi. We therefore asked: (a) What animal models have been most commonly used to evaluate AM porous Ti6Al4V for orthopedic bone ingrowth; (b) What were the primary reported quantitative outcome measures for these models; and (c) What were the bone ingrowth outcomes associated with the most frequently used models? We performed a systematic literature search and identified 58 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. We found that AM pTi was evaluated most often using rabbit and sheep femoral condyle defect (FCD) models. Additional ingrowth models including transcortical and segmental defects, spinal fusions, and calvarial defects were also used with various animals based on the study goals. Quantitative outcome measures determined via histomorphometry including ''bone ingrowth'' (range: 3.92–53.4% for rabbit/sheep FCD) and bone‐implant contact (range: 9.9–59.7% for rabbit/sheep FCD) were the most common. Studies also used 3D imaging to report outcomes such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV, range: 4.4–61.1% for rabbit/sheep FCD), and push‐out testing for outcomes such as maximum removal force (range: 46.6–3092 N for rabbit/sheep FCD). Though there were many commonalities among the study methods, we also found significant heterogeneity in the outcome terms and definitions. The considerable diversity in testing and reporting may no longer be necessary considering the reported success of AM pTi across all model types and the ample literature supporting the rabbit and sheep as suitable small and large animal models, respectively. Ultimately, more standardized animal models and reporting of bone ingrowth for porous AM materials will be useful for future studies.
Cisplatin‐conjugated gold nanoparticles‐based drug delivery system for targeting hepatic tumors
Authors: Hassanen Eman I. , Korany Reda M. S. , Bakeer Adel M.
Published: January 2021

Cisplatin is a highly cytotoxic anticarcinogenic drug used to treat several kinds of solid tumors such as liver tumors. With the increase in the incidences associated with hepatic tumors and a lack of selectivity of cisplatin to cancer cells, it is important to explore new therapeutic strategies against them. The present study was designed to verify the ability of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to improve the hepatotherapeutic effect of cisplatin against DENA‐induced hepatic tumors and to declare its ability to reduce the renal toxicity induced by cisplatin. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 20): Group (A)—negative control and group (B)—model of hepatocellular tumor induction. After 4 months, each group was subdivided into four subgroups as the following: Group (1) received normal saline, Group (2) was treated by cisplatin, Group (3) was treated by GNPs, Group (4) was treated by GNPs–cisplatin conjugates. Our results revealed a marked elevation in liver and kidney function tests and oxidant levels with a reduction in antioxidant levels in the DENA‐administrated group. Remarkable histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney tissue sections were observed and confirmed by the overexpression of the immunohistochemical staining of placental glutathione S‐transferase, Hep Par 1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Noticeable improvements in all the measurable toxicological parameters were recorded in the group treated with either GNPs or GNPs–cisplatin conjugate not observed in the group treated with cisplatin. We can conclude that GNPs not only improve the distribution of cisplatin, targeting it to the site of tumors, but it also reduces the renal toxicity induced by cisplatin, which are the primary concerns in cancer therapy.
Mandatory audit partner's rotation and corporate tax avoidance: Early evidence from form AP disclosure
Authors: Liu Chenyong , Xu Chunhao , Wang Xiaohong (Sara)
Published: January 2021

This study examines the impact of mandatory audit partner's rotation on corporate tax avoidance. Using audit partners’ information disclosed in Form AP, we find that companies generally increase their effective tax rates (ETRs) after audit partner's mandatory rotation, and the increase is specifically driven by companies hiring non‐Big four auditors. This implies that incoming auditors, especially those from non‐Big four accounting firms, are more conservative in tax issues. Further analysis suggests that companies engaging in less tax avoidance before and simultaneously purchasing tax services from their auditors have less increase in ETRs after an audit partner's rotation. The findings of this study assist both audit practitioners and tax regulators to better understand the impact of audit partner rotation on firm's tax behaviors.
Structural, spectroscopic, and theoretical investigations of (E)–methyl–3–(3,5–di–tert–butyl–2–hydroxybenzylideneamino)–4–methylbenzoate
Authors: Bingöl Alpaslan Yelda , Gökce Halil , Macit Mustafa , Kaya Serdal , Alpaslan Gökhan
Published: January 2021

A novel Schiff base ((E)–methyl–3–(3,5–di–tert–butyl–2–hydroxybenzylideneamino)–4–methylbenzoate (MDM), C24H31NO3) at phenol–imine form with the OH⋯N intra–molecular hydrogen bond was synthesized. Its structural and spectroscopic characterizations were performed by using experimental (single crystal X–ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared [FT–IR], NMR chemical shift, and UV–vis spectroscopies) and theoretical (DFT/B3LYP/6‐311+G[2d,p] computational level) methods. X–ray diffraction investigation shows that the MDM crystallized in phenol–imine form with OH⋯N intra–molecular hydrogen bond. Detailed investigations of the presence and nature of the inter–molecular contacts within solid state crystal packing form of MDM were examined by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The intra–molecular electronic transitions in the compound were investigated and determined by UV–vis electronic absorption wavelengths and FMOs analyses. The structural, vibrational, and NMR chemical shift analyses of azomethine (CHN) and phenolic hydroxyl (OH) groups in MDM supported its phenol–imine structural formation.
Towards action research with trans women sex workers: Policy, space and social challenges
Authors: Zoli Anna , Johnson Katherine , Cingolani Giorgio , Pulcini Gianmarco
Published: January 2021

Trans women face multiple social, economic and health inequalities and the impact of gender oppression and violence is even more profoundly experienced by trans women sex workers, although in culturally specific ways. This paper presents a pilot study conducted to explore and engage with the context of trans women sex workers in Lido Tre Archi, Italy. In line with the community psychology values of social justice, social change and participation, we outline our engagement process and key challenges observed when attempting action research with such a highly marginalised group. Data were collected in the form of ethnographic notes from informal consultations with different stakeholders and participant observations, and of documents (newspaper articles, picture captions) and were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings are organised in three themes relating to the social, policy and physical context in Lido Tre Archi demonstrating evidence of the contextual challenges and how they intertwine to generate a spiral of marginalisation and social exclusion for the participants. We take a collaborative and reflexive stance in our work and conclude with recommended steps and potential limitations to initiate an action research project.
An evaluation of My Strengths Training for Life™ for improving resilience and well‐being of young people experiencing homelessness
Authors: Quinton Mary L. , Clarke Fiona J. , Parry Benjamin J. , Cumming Jennifer
Published: January 2021

This community‐based study investigated whether (1) a novel sport psychology informed positive youth development program, My Strengths Training for Life™, improved resilience and well‐being and (2) young people differed in outcomes according to demographics (gender, ethnicity, social inclusion, and learning difficulty). A total of 246 young people (Mage = 19.74,SD = 2.31) living in a large housing service completed questionnaires on demographics, mental skills, and pre and postprogram resilience and well‐being. Baseline differences in resilience and well‐being existed for ethnicity and learning difficulty status but did not influence MST4Life™ outcomes. There was a significant improvement in resilience and well‐being over time, which was associated with mental skills development. Implications apply for policy, program commissioners, and research: (1) novel sport psychology interventions can improve the well‐being of disadvantaged youth, and (2) demographics at baseline should be considered in intervention planning and evaluation with this population.
miR‐21‐regulated M2 polarization of macrophage is involved in arsenicosis‐induced hepatic fibrosis through the activation of hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Xue Junchao , Xiao Tian , Wei Shaofeng , Sun Jing , Zou Zhonglan , Shi Ming , Sun Qian , Dai Xiangyu , Wu Lu , Li Junjie , Xia Haibo , Tang Huanwen , Zhang Aihua , Liu Qizhan
Published: January 2021

Arsenicosis induced by chronic exposure to arsenic is recognized as one of the main damaging effects on public health. Exposure to arsenic can cause hepatic fibrosis, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are complex and elusive. It is not known if miRNAs are involved in arsenic‐induced liver fibrosis. We found that in the livers of mice exposed to arsenite, there were elevated levels of microRNA‐21 (miR‐21), phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p‐mTOR), and arginase 1 (Arg1); low levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); and more extensive liver fibrosis. For cultured cells, arsenite‐induced miR‐21, p‐mTOR, and Arg1; decreased PTEN; and promoted M2 polarization of macrophages derived from THP‐1 monocytes (THP‐M), which caused secretion of fibrogenic cytokines, including transforming growth factor‐β1. Coculture of arsenite‐treated, THP‐M with LX‐2 cells induced α‐SMA and collagen I in the LX‐2 cells and resulted in the activation of these cells. Downregulation of miR‐21 in THP‐M inhibited arsenite‐induced M2 polarization and activation of LX‐2 cells, but cotransfection with PTEN siRNA or a miR‐21 inhibitor reversed this inhibition. Moreover, knockout of miR‐21 in mice attenuated liver fibrosis and M2 polarization compared with WT mice exposed to arsenite. Additionally, LN, PCIII, and HA levels were higher in patients with higher hair arsenic levels, and levels of miR‐21 were higher than controls and positively correlated with PCIII, LN, and HA levels. Thus, arsenite induces the M2 polarization of macrophages via miR‐21 regulation of PTEN, which is involved in the activation of hepatic stellate cells and hepatic fibrosis. The results establish a previously unknown mechanism for arsenicosis‐induced fibrosis.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell exosome delivered Zinc Finger Protein activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Authors: Villamizar Olga , Waters Shafagh A. , Scott Tristan , Grepo Nicole , Jaffe Adam , Morris Kevin V.
Published: January 2021

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results in a multi‐organ disease with progressive respiratory decline which leads to premature death. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene disrupts the capacity of the protein to function as a channel, transporting chloride ions and bicarbonate across epithelial cell membranes. Small molecule treatments targeted at potentiating or correcting CFTR have shown clinical benefits, but are only effective for a small percentage of individuals with specific CFTR mutations. To overcome this limitation, we engineered stromal‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and HEK293 cells to produce exosomes containing a novel CFTR Zinc Finger Protein fusion with transcriptional activation domains VP64, P65 and Rta to target the CFTR promoter (CFZF‐VPR) and activate transcription. Treatment with CFZF‐VPR results in robust activation of CFTR transcription in patient derived Human Bronchial Epithelial cells (HuBEC). We also find that CFZF‐VPR can be packaged into MSC and HEK293 cell exosomes and delivered to HuBEC cells to potently activate CFTR expression. Connexin 43 appeared to be required for functional release of CFZF‐VPR from exosomes. The observations presented here demonstrate that MSC derived exosomes can be used to deliver a packaged zinc finger activator to target cells and activate CFTR. The novel approach presented here offers a next‐generation genetic therapy that may one day prove effective in treating patients afflicted with Cystic fibrosis.
Landmarks to identify segmental borders of the liver: A review prepared for PAM‐HBP expert consensus meeting 2021
Authors: Wakabayashi Taiga , Benedetti Cacciaguerra Andrea , Ciria Ruben , Ariizumi Shunichi , Durán Manuel , Golse Nicolas , Ogiso Satoshi , Abe Yuta , Aoki Takeshi , Hatano Etsuro , Itano Osamu , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Yamamoto Masakazu , Wakabayashi Go ,   Study Group of Precision Anatomy for Minimally Invasive Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic surgery (PAM‐HBP surgery)
Published: January 2021

Background

In preparation for the upcoming consensus meeting in Tokyo in 2021, this systematic review aimed to analyze the current available evidence regarding surgical anatomy of the liver, focusing on useful landmarks, strategies and technical tools to perform precise anatomic liver resection (ALR).

Methods

A systematic review was conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed for English articles and on Ichushi database for Japanese articles until September 2020. The quality assessment of the articles was performed in accordance with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN).

Results

A total of 3169 manuscripts were obtained, 1993 in English and 1176 in Japanese literature. Subsequently, 63 English and 20 Japanese articles were selected and reviewed. The quality assessment of comparative series and case series was revealed to be usually low; only six articles were qualified as high quality. Forty‐two articles focused on analyzing intersegmental/sectional planes and their relationship with specific hepatic landmark veins. In 12 articles, the authors aimed to investigate liver surface anatomic structures, while 36 articles aimed to study technological tools and contrast agents for surgical segmentation during ALR. Although Couinaud's classification has remained the cornerstone in daily diagnostic/surgical practices, it does not always portray the realistic liver segmentation and there has been no standardization on which a single strategy should be followed to perform precise ALR.

Conclusions

A global consensus should be pursued in order to establish clear guidelines and proper recommendations to perform ALR in the era of minimally invasive surgery.
Preference for using a variety of future HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis products among men who have sex with men in three US cities
Authors: Mansergh Gordon , Kota Krishna Kiran , Stephenson Rob , Hirshfield Sabina , Sullivan Patrick
Published: January 2021

Background

Daily oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is available and recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM) at risk for HIV infection. Other HIV prevention products are being developed, including long‐acting injectable (LAI) and event‐based oral and topical formulations. Understanding preferences for potential products by MSM can help direct further development of prevention messaging.

Methods

We present baseline data from HIV‐negative participants enrolled in the US Mobile Messaging for Men (M‐cubed) Study. Participants were asked their likelihood of and rank order preference for using daily oral PrEP and various potential prevention products (one‐ to ‐three‐month injections, 2‐1‐1 sexual event oral dosing, anal or penile gel, or anal suppository), and their sociodemographic characteristics. Bivariate and multivariable logistics regression assessed demographic associations with likelihood of use and rank order preference.

Results

Overall, most MSM reported a likelihood of using LAI (74%), sexual event‐based pills (67%) and penile gel (64%). Men who reported recent unprotected (condomless and PrEPless) anal sex most preferred a penile gel formulation (74%), followed closely by LAI and event‐based pills (73% each). Current PrEP users (vs. non‐users) had greater odds of reporting likelihood to use LAI (AOR = 3.29, 95% CI = 2.12 to 5.11), whereas men reporting recent unprotected anal sex had a greater odds of likelihood to use a penile gel (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.27 to 2.52) and an anal suppository (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.08 to 2.02). Hispanic/Latino (vs. White) MSM (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.40 to 3.73) and, marginally, Black MSM (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.00 to 2.38) had greater odds of reporting likelihood to use penile gel. Similar patterns were found for rank ordering preference of products, including condoms.

Conclusions

Most MSM were interested in using various potential future HIV prevention products, especially LAI. However, two typologies of potential users emerged: men who prefer sexual event‐based methods (condoms, event‐based pill, sexual gels and suppositories) and men who prefer non‐sexual event‐based methods (daily pill, LAI). Men who reported recent unprotected anal sex preferred a penile gel product most, followed closely by sexual event‐based pills and LAI. Racial/ethnic differences were noted as well. These findings on product preferences can help in formulation development and messaging.
Characterizing the transient response of knee cartilage to running: Decreases in cartilage T2 of female recreational runners
Authors: Crowder Hollis A. , Mazzoli Valentina , Black Marianne S. , Watkins Lauren E. , Kogan Feliks , Hargreaves Brian A. , Levenston Marc E. , Gold Garry E.
Published: January 2021

Cartilage transmits and redistributes biomechanical loads in the knee joint during exercise. Exercise‐induced loading alters cartilage hydration and is detectable using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), where T2 relaxation time (T2) is influenced by cartilage collagen composition, fiber orientation, and changes in the extracellular matrix. This study characterized short‐term transient responses of healthy knee cartilage to running‐induced loading using bilateral scans and image registration. Eleven healthy female recreational runners (33.73 ± 4.22 years) and four healthy female controls (27.25 ± 1.38 years) were scanned on a 3T GE MRI scanner with quantitative 3D double‐echo in steady‐state before running over‐ground (runner group) or resting (control group) for 40 min. Subjects were scanned immediately post‐activity at 5‐min intervals for 60 min. T2 times were calculated for femoral, tibial, and patellar cartilage at each time point and analyzed using a mixed‐effects model and Bonferroni post hoc. There were immediate decreases in T2 (mean ± SEM) post‐run in superficial femoral cartilage of at least 3.3% ± 0.3% (p = .002) between baseline and Time 0 that remained for 25 min, a decrease in superficial tibial cartilage T2 of 2.9% ± 0.4% (p = .041) between baseline and Time 0, and a decrease in superficial patellar cartilage T2 of 3.6% ± 0.3% (p = .020) 15 min post‐run. There were decreases in the medial posterior region of superficial femoral cartilage T2 of at least 5.3 ± 0.2% (p = .022) within 5 min post‐run that remained at 60 min post‐run. These results increase understanding of transient responses of healthy cartilage to repetitive, exercise‐induced loading and establish preliminary recommendations for future definitive studies of cartilage response to running.