bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Postoperative Ileus after Small Intestinal Surgery in Two Hundred and Thirty‐Three Horses
Authors: HOLCOMBE SUSAN J. , RODRIGUEZ KATIE M. , HAUPT JENNIFER L. , CAMPBELL JAMES O. , CHANEY KRISTIN P. , SPARKS HOLLY D. , HAUPTMAN JOE G.
Published: April 2009

Objectives— To determine the incidence of postoperative ileus (POI) in a population of horses after small intestinal surgery and the effect of multiple variables on development of POI.

Study Design— Case series.

Animals— Horses (n=233) aged ≥1 year that had exploratory celiotomy for small intestinal disease that recovered from surgery from 1995 to 2005.

Methods— Sixty‐eight variables were collected from medical records (1995–2005) for each horse. POI was defined as nasogastric reflux volume >20 L over 24 hours or >8 L at any single time after surgery.

Results— Twenty‐seven percent (64/233) of horses developed POI; 29 of 64 (46%) horses with POI had duodenitis proximal jejunitis (DPJ). When no intestinal resection was required at surgery, excluding horses with DPJ, 15% of horses had POI; 30% horses had POI after intestinal resection. Ten percent of horses had POI for >24 hours. When horses with DPJ were excluded, factors associated with increased risk of POI included high packed cell volume at hospital admission (P=.024), increasing age (P=.0004), and length of intestinal resection (P=.05).

Conclusions— Risk factors for POI in this study were nonspecific although horses with intestinal resection are at higher risk compared with horses without intestinal resection.

Clinical Relevance— Predicting with certainty which cases will develop POI remains elusive.
Laparoscopic Splenectomy in Goats
Authors: ZHANG JIAN‐TAO , WANG HONG‐BIN , LIU YUN‐FENG , SUN YU‐GUO , SHAO JING‐TAO , SHI JIAO
Published: April 2009

Objective— To report laparoscopic splenectomy in goats.

Study Design— Experimental study.

Animals— Healthy female goats (n=9); aged, 10–18 months; weighing, 22–30 kg.

Methods— Food was withheld for 24 hours and water for 10 hours. Anesthetized right laterally recumbent goats had a laparoscopic portal and 3 instrumental portals created in the left flank. Splenic attachments were dissected with monopolar electrocautery and blunt dissection through 2 instrument portals. Exposure and isolation of splenic vessels was performed with laparoscopic “right‐angle” preparation forceps. Vessels were ligated with a medium‐titanium clip and 2 silk sutures and then transected between the silk sutures. The detached spleen was manipulated into a specimen retrieval bag, morcellated, and the bag retrieved through an enlarged portal. Repeat laparoscopic examination was performed at 1 month.

Results— Laparoscopic splenectomy required 70 minutes (range, 52–88 minutes) and was successful without major intraoperative and postoperative complications. Postoperatively, all goats had signs of mild abdominal discomfort. On repeat laparoscopy, with the exception of 1 goat that had a focal omental adhesion to the enlarged portal site, no other abnormalities were identified.

Conclusions— Laparoscopic splenectomy can be accomplished in goats using 4 portals in the left flank and a combination of monopolar cautery dissection of splenic attachments, ligation of vessels using metal clips and intracorporeal ligatures, and intra‐abdominal morcellation of the detached spleen in a specimen retrieval bag.

Clinical Relevance— Laparoscopic splenectomy is an effective and safe technique in goats.
Molecular analysis of inactive and activeRHDalleles in native Congolese cohorts
Authors: Touinssi Mhammed , Chapel‐Fernandes Sylvie , Granier Thomas , Bokilo Amelia , Bailly Pascal , Chiaroni Jacques
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND:In Africa,RHDalleles have not been fully characterized. The purpose of this study was to identify inactive and activeRHDalleles at the molecular level in Congolese cohorts.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Blood samples were collected from people living in central Congo populated by Teke ethnic group. A total of 110 D− and 40 D+ samples from Congo‐Brazzaville and Teke groups, respectively, were selected forRHDgenotyping using allele‐specific primer polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.

RESULTS:In the 110 D− samples,RHDexon amplifications were observed in 7 samples that were subsequently identified by sequencing as weak D type 4 variants. In the remaining 103 D− samples, the frequencies ofRHDgene deletion,RHDψpseudogene, andRHD‐CE‐Dshybrid gene were 0.75685, 0.20560, and 0.04468, respectively. In the D+ samples, 26 individuals carried at least a regularRHDgene; 9 carried aberrantRHDalleles belonging to the African D clusters, that is, DAU, DIVa, and weak D type 4; 3 carriedRHDψin trans with aDAUallele including one novelRHDallele (V279M, S333N, T379M) namedDAU‐7; and 2 others were partially determined.

CONCLUSION:This study revealed a high frequency ofweak D type 4alleles that confirmed the need to use indirect antiglobulin test to improve transfusion safety in the Congo and in countries hosting Congolese people. Findings also indicated that there is a geographic variation inRHDallele distribution and showed thatRHDgene deletion is the most prevalent cause of the D− phenotype in the Congolese population.
Encainide for the Treatment of Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients Undergoing Programmed Electrical Stimulation
Authors: COLUCCI ROBERT D. , KLUGER JEFFREY , FISHER JANE , ZHAO HONG , CHOW MOSES S.S.
Published: April 2009

Encainide was evaluated in 26 patients undergoing programmed electrical stimulation (PES) for ventricular arrhythmias. These patients had inducible symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmias during baseline PES and had previously failed a mean of 3.2 antiarrhythmic agents. Encainide was discontinued in six patients prior to PES because of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (VT) (five patients) and adverse effect (one patient). Encainide increased, the PR, QRS, QTc intervals, and right ventricular effective refractory period (RVERP) significantly from baseline (P < 0.05) in 16 patients who were extensive metabolizers. Encainide, at a mean dose of 110 ± 28 mg/day increased the ventricular tachycardia cycle length (VTCL) from 278 ± 77.1 msec to 334 ± 68.8 msec (P < 0.05). Encainide alone was effective (< 15 beats induced) or partially effective (converting inducible sustained VT to < 15 beats asymptomatic nonsustained VT or increasing the VTCL < 100 msec with no symptoms) in two and seven patients respectively. In seven patients, encainide was also reevaluated at a higher dose (mean dose 148 ± 22 mg/day), but this dose did not significantly alter the overall response or measured parameters. Seven patients were subsequently evaluated on combination of encainide and another antiarrhythmic agent. The combination was effective in three patients and partially effective in three patients. Serum concentrations were measured during each testing period; a moderate correlation was observed between the PR and RR intervals and total concentrations in patients who were extensive metabolizers. Eleven patients who were effective or partially effective during acute testing were placed on long‐term encainide therapy (three patients alone and eight patients on combination therapy). In a mean follow‐up of 8.9 months (1–25 months) encainide was discontinued in five patients (two patients due to nonsudden cardiac death, one patient due to recurrent nonfatal VT, and two patients due to side effects of combination therapy.) Conclusion: Encainide alone is minimally effective (7.7%) for preventing inducible ventricular tachycardia, but partially effective in 38.9%. Retesting at a higher dose does not offer any additional benefit. However, encainide in combination with another antiarrhythmic agent may improve the response in patients who remain inducible on encainide alone. Further studies are needed to verify this observation.
Propafenone: A New Anti arrhythmic for Treatment of Chronic Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: DINH HA , MURPHY MARVIN L. , BAKER BONNIE J. , DE SOYZA NEIL
Published: April 2009

Propafenone is a new anti arrhythmic agent with primarily membrane‐stabilizing action. Three U.S. controlled double‐blind cross‐over studies demonstrated the efficacy of propafenone in suppressing ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), including repetitive forms: 67–83% of patients had greater than 80% reduction of VPCs, 62% achieved greater than 90% reduction of couplets and 80%–100% achieved 200% abolition of ventricular tachycardia runs. Other studies showed that propafenone is effective in controlling ventricular arrhythmias refractory to conventional anti arrhythmic agents. Propafenone is at least as effective as these agents. Long‐term sustained efficacy of propafenone was shown in some preliminary studies. Because of the variation in individual response to the drug, therapy should be individualized for each patient. Propafenone is well tolerated: side effects of propafenone are few and involve mostly the cardiac conduction system. Propafenone would be a significant addition to the anti arrhythmic armamentarium.
Antiarrhythmic Efficacy of Oral Sotalol in Patients with Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia or Ventricular Fibrillation Postmyocardial Infarction
Authors: TRAPPE HANS‐JOACHIM , KLEIN HELMUT , LICHTLEN PAUL R.
Published: April 2009

In order to assess the antiarrhythmic efficacy of oral sotalol we studied 46 patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (n = 40) or ventricular fibrillation (n = 6) by programmed ventricular stimulation. All patients had coronary artery disease with a history of myocardial infarction. Prior to sotalol, patients were treated with a mean of 3.4 ± 1.4 antiarrhythmic Class I drugs. None of these drugs prevented sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. During control programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS 1) ventricular fibrillation was induced in 7 patients (15%), sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in 30 patients (65%), and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 9 patients (20%). After loading with oral sotalol (320 mg/day) programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS 2) was repeated 4.2 ± 3.3 weeks after PVS 1. Ventricular fibrillation was not inducible in any of the patients; in 10 patients (22%) sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was induced, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 10 patients (22%). In 26 patients (57%) either no response or a short ventricular response was inducible. Our data show that oral sotalol is an effective antiarrhythmic agent in patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation following myocardial infarction.
Single‐Chamber Rate Adaptive Pacing
Authors: CAMM A. JOHN , GARRATT CLIFFORD , PAUL VINCE
Published: April 2009

Ventricular rate adaptiie pacemaker are the pacing systems of choice in patients with atrioventricular block and permanent or persistent atrial arrhythmias. A number of different pacemaker models are available, relying on different sensors of activity or metabolic demand. None of the sensors are perfect, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Rate adaptive pacing is possible in the atrium as well as the ventricle, and at rial systems have a role in the management of patients with a poor sinus node response to exercise (chronotropic incompetence). The major groups of rate adaptive pacemakers are discussed in the following article, together with indications for use and possible future developments.
Model for Ultrasound‐Assisted Lumbar Puncture Training
Authors: Bollinger Melissa , Schofer Joel , Bauman Michael , Sierzenski Paul , Nomura Jason
Published: April 2009

Lumbar puncture is an important diagnostic procedure in emergency medicine. Data have been published showing improved success rate with ultrasound assistance and the ability of emergency medicine physicians to recognize sonographic lumbar spinous anatomy. However, with educational models and the push for improved patient safety, procedural skills should be practiced on phantoms rather than the “see one, do one, teach one” of the past. There are no currently available phantoms for ultrasound‐assisted lumbar puncture training. We have produced a phantom that can be used to train physicians on ultrasound‐assisted lumbar puncture with respect to both imaging and procedural competency. A plastic fluid‐filled bladder was immersed in gelled opacified mineral oil, a safe and easily used tissue mimic that obscures direct visualization of structures. Spinous anatomy is replicated with the use of wooden struts supporting wooden disks that mimic lumbar spinous processes. The spine analog was mounted over the plastic bladder and surrounded with gelled mineral oil. The phantom produces images similar to human lumbar anatomy. The phantom allows insertion of spinal needles into the “interspinous spaces” with inability to pass the needle outside of those locations. Fluid collection and repeated punctures can be performed on the phantom. Appearance and performance of the phantom were evaluated by physicians with expertise in ultrasound‐assisted lumbar puncture. The only limitation is that external appearance is not realistic. This model performs well, is made from readily available materials, and can be used to train physicians in ultrasound‐assisted lumbar puncture.
An insert in theHpyregion ofhscpinHeliothis virescens(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reveals a possibleCORE‐SINEof insects
Authors: Park Sujin , Brown Thomas M. , Kim Sam‐Kyu , Lim Chunkeun , Hur Jang Hyun , Park Yong Chul , Cho Saeyoull
Published: April 2009

Abstract A new putative transposon was identified in the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens. This transposon was characterized as a full lengthCORE‐SINE(65 bp of “CORE” core specific nucleotide short interspersed elements) that resembled sequences from three other lepidopterans and humans. In particular, the A‐box and B‐box regions of this sequence most closely conformed to the signature ofCORE‐SINEsfrom widely divergent species. ThisCORE‐SINEwas present as a polymorphism in a hypervariable region of the genehscp, which is the target of pyrethroid insecticides and other xenobiotics in the nerve axon. We described this new putative transposon asNoct‐1due to its presence in a noctuid moth. This is the first description of a full‐lengthCORE‐SINEwith the A‐box, B‐box, target site duplication, and candidate core domain from an insect.
Why Don't Households Have a Checking Account?
Authors: HOGARTH JEANNE M. , ANGUELOV CHRIS E. , LEE JINKOOK
Published: April 2009

Using the Surveys of Consumer Finance from 1989 to 2001, this study expolres households’ reasons for not having a checking account. Reasons havechanged over time, shifting away from account features and toward human capital and institutional reasons. We also find that reasons for not having an account are related to income, race/ethnicity, marital status/gender, planning horizon, education, previous account experience, and credit history. We suggest potential responses for community educators, firms, and policy makers.
The Economic Burden of Health Care, Funeral, and Burial Expenditures at the End of Life
Authors: FAN JESSIE X. , ZICK CATHLEEN D.
Published: April 2009

Research suggests that widows and wodowers experience substantial economic vulnerability. Using nationally representative data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys 1980–2000, we describe pre‐widowhood shifts in medical and funeral/burial expenditures and discuss how these changes may affect post‐widowhood economic well‐being. Our analyses suggest that funeral/burial and medical expenditures, when combined, typically constitute a 63.1% income share for recently widowed households. Discussion focuses on what role consumer educators can play in helping families better manage end‐of‐life expenditures.
A REVIEW OF HYDROCARBON HABITATS IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Imam M. Badrul , Hussain M.
Published: April 2009

Bangladesh, with approximately 25 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas initially in place and 15.52 TCF of initial recoverable reserves, and an average success ratio of 3:1, has emerged as a new hydrocarbon exploration frontier. The country occupies the major part of the Bengal Basin and is essentially located in a convergent‐margin basin that owes its origin to the Early Cretaceous rifting of the Indian Plate away from Antarctica, the formation of the Indian Ocean (part of Palaeo‐Tethys), and ultimately the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. The Bengal Basin is filled with approximately 20km of mostly Tertiary siliciclastic sediments comprising a spectrum of facies including deep‐ to shallow‐marine, deltaic and fluvial types. The presence of thick sequences of reservoir‐quality sandstones coupled with organic‐rich shales, and of different kinds of traps including broad anticlinal structures, makes the basin highly prospective for hydrocarbon exploration. Of the exploration wells (52 onshore; 12 offshore) so far drilled in Bangladesh, a total of 22 reported commercial discoveries of natural gas from sandstones in the Miocene‐Pliocene Surma Group. The hydrocarbon potential of older sequences, especially the Eocene Sylhet Limestone and the Oligocene Barail Group, are not adequately known at present. However, initial indications (e.g. the presence of suitable source rocks, high‐pressure zones, “dim” and “flat” spots and velocity sag in reef complexes in the Sylhet Limestone) tend to favour the hydrocarbon prospectivity of these sequences.
Trauma‐Centered Psychoanalysis
Authors: Brothers Doris
Published: April 2009

By destroying the certainties that pattern psychological life, trauma plunges a relational system into chaos and exposes its victims to experiences of unbearable uncertainty. When viewed from this perspective, trauma regains its original position at the heart of psychoanalysis. To show how this conceptualization grows out of and improves upon her earlier writings, the author traces the evolution of three ideas that have informed her work for over 20 years: (1) trauma is relational, (2) trauma is a complex phenomenon involving both a shattering experience and efforts at restoration, and (3) trauma goes hand in hand with dissociation. The chapter focuses on ways in which the systemic transformation of experiences of existential uncertainty affects posttraumatic life. Special attention is paid to reductions of complexity by means of relational patterns involving denials of sameness and difference and the emergence of rigid dualities. Insofar as analysts are no more strangers to trauma than are their patients, these patterns often come to organize treatment. An illustrative clinical example describes the treatment of a woman who was severely traumatized by incestuous abuse and emotional abandonment in early life. A crisis in the analytic relationship arose when the patient's pattern of relating to men revived painful memories of trauma in the author's own life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of analytic treatment as a “a tyranny of hope” and the bilateral nature of healing.
Empathic Understanding
Authors: Geist Richard A.
Published: April 2009

Empathy is the theoretical and philosophical foundation of self‐psychological treatment. By emphasizing empathy as the primary methodology for collecting data about our patients, Kohut subtly, but dramatically, shifted psychoanalysis from Freud's theory‐based treatment to a patient‐centered treatment in which there is a profound shift in the analyst's listening perspective. This chapter explores the implications of such a shift in our listening perspective for both psychoanalytic treatment and developmental understanding. Using verbatim dialogue from both patient–therapist interactions and parent–child interactions, it delineates empathy's important role in therapeutic healing as well as its growth‐promoting functions in a child's development.
DANCING WITH DEATH
Authors: Welldon Estela V.
Published: April 2009

abstract

The author reviews her 40‐year professional career in forensic psychotherapy. She describes her formation at medical school in Argentina, the Menninger School of Psychiatry in Topeka, Kansas, and the Henderson Hospital in Surrey. She reflects on her work, for 30 years, at the Portman Clinic. ‘Dancing with death’ is a metaphor for seeking serious danger, and she offers an extensive clinical vignette from her early career to illustrate the complexities involved in the assessment and treatment of perversion, reviewing the case in the light of her more recent thinking. Perversion is seen as a manic defence against the dreaded black hole of depression but, as well as being associated with the death instinct, perversion secures survival. Both features have to be born in mind in therapeutic work, and she considers both technical and transference/countertransference aspects of treatment, emphasizing the particular advantages of group‐analytic psychotherapy. The context in which Mother, Madonna, Whore was written is reprised. Lastly, she surveys the work of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy and our developing understanding of severe female psychopathology.
THE THEORY OF THE BASIC ASSUMPTION OF INCOHESION: AGGREGATION/MASSIFICATION OR (BA) I:A/M
Authors: Hopper Earl
Published: April 2009

abstract

Presented in honour of Dr Estela Welldon as a friend and colleague, and in acknowledgement of her contributions to forensic psychotherapy and group analysis for people who suffer from extreme anxieties associated with confused sex and gender identifications and choices, sado‐masochism and criminality, this article integrates Bionian and Foulkesian perspectives in group analysis by conceptualizing a fourth basic assumption in the unconscious life of social systems. The basic assumption of Incohesion: Aggregation/Massification or (ba) I:A/M is derived from a relational rather than an instinctual metapsychology, and assumes that helplessness and the fear of annihilation precede the emergence of envy, thus emphasizing the importance of traumatogenic processes. Traumatized people with crustacean and amoeboid defences/protections against the fear of annihilation are likely to personify aggregation and massification processes, respectively. This theory can be applied in the group treatments of our most disturbed patients, and in understanding the dynamics of traumatized social systems, ranging from families to organizations and even societies.
Isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite loci in the mangrove crab, Ucides cordatus (Ocypodidae: Ucidinae)
Authors: VARELA EDUARDO SOUSA , GONÇALVES EVONNILDO DA COSTA , SANTOS MELISSA DE OLIVEIRA , SAMPAIO IRACILDA , SCHNEIDER HORACIO
Published: April 2009

Eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci were described for the mangrove crab, Ucides cordatus, an important fishery resource on the Brazilian coast. The number of alleles observed at each locus varied between eight and 23. Observed and expected mean heterozygosities were 0.791 and 0.893 respectively. Amplification of all loci was highly successful, under the same polymerase chain reaction conditions. With the exception of P2D3, all loci adhered to the assumptions of the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and did not present deviations reflecting linkage disequilibrium. Given this, these markers will be extremely useful in future management programmes for U. cordatus stocks.
Isolation and description of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the winged‐kelp Alaria nana
Authors: COLLENS JULIE D.
Published: April 2009

Here I report on the isolation of eight microsatellites from the winged‐kelp, Alaria nana, using an enrichment protocol. Using 55 individuals from Tatoosh, WA and complete data at all loci, loci displayed 6–11 alleles with observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.396–0.754, and 0.769–0.872 respectively. Using an isolated, randomly breeding subset, six of the eight loci were determined to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These markers will be useful in assessing population structure in the intertidal and inferring patterns of dispersal.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the symbiotic fungi cultivated by leaf cutter ants (Attini, Formicidae)
Authors: SCOTT JARROD J. , WESKIN MATTHEW K. , COOPER MICHAEL , MUELLER ULRICH G.
Published: April 2009

We developed 23 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the symbiotic fungi cultivated by leaf cutter ants, then assessed allelic variation in North American leafcutter‐fungus populations (Mexico, Cuba, USA). Polyploidy was indicated by 21 of the 23 loci, consistent with the multinucleate nature of leafcutter fungi. Microsatellite fingerprinting can now assess fungal genetic variation within leafcutter nests to test for monoculture of the cultivated fungi.
Asymptotic Homogenization of Composite Materials and Structures
Authors: Kalamkarov Alexander L. , Andrianov Igor V. , Danishevs’kyy Vladyslav V.
Published: April 2009

The present paper provides details on the new trends in application of asymptotic homogenization techniques to the analysis of composite materials and thin-walled composite structures and their effective properties. The problems under consideration are important from both fundamental and applied points of view. We review a state-of-the-art in asymptotic homogenization of composites by presenting the variety of existing methods, by pointing out their advantages and shortcomings, and by discussing their applications. In addition to the review of existing results, some new original approaches are also introduced. In particular, we analyze a possibility of analytical solution of the unit cell problems obtained as a result of the homogenization procedure. Asymptotic homogenization of 3D thin-walled composite reinforced structures is considered, and the general homogenization model for a composite shell is introduced. In particular, analytical formulas for the effective stiffness moduli of wafer-reinforced shell and sandwich composite shell with a honeycomb filler are presented. We also consider random composites; use of two-point Padé approximants and asymptotically equivalent functions; correlation between conductivity and elastic properties of composites; and strength, damage, and boundary effects in composites. This article is based on a review of 205 references.
Evidence for prolonged mid-Paleozoic plutonism and ages of crustal sources in east-central Alaska from SHRIMP U–Pb dating of syn-magmatic, inherited, and detrital zircon
Authors: Dusel-Bacon Cynthia , Williams Ian S.
Published: April 2009

Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb analyses of igneous zircons from the Lake George assemblage in the eastern Yukon–Tanana Upland (Tanacross quadrangle) indicate both Late Devonian (∼370 Ma) and Early Mississippian (∼350 Ma) magmatic pulses. The zircons occur in four textural variants of granitic orthogneiss from a large area of muscovite–biotite augen gneiss. Granitic orthogneiss from the nearby Fiftymile batholith, which straddles the Alaska–Yukon border, yielded a similar range in zircon U–Pb ages, suggesting that both the Fiftymile batholith and the Tanacross orthogneiss body consist of multiple intrusions. We interpret the overall tectonic setting for the Late Devonian and Early Mississippian magmatism as an extending continental margin (broad back-arc region) inboard of a northeast-dipping (present coordinates) subduction zone. New SHRIMP U–Pb ages of inherited zircon cores in the Tanacross orthogneisses and of detrital zircons from quartzite from the Jarvis belt in the Alaska Range (Mount Hayes quadrangle) include major 2.0–1.7 Ga clusters and lesser 2.7–2.3 Ga clusters, with subordinate 3.2, 1.4, and 1.1 Ga clusters in some orthogneiss samples. For the most part, these inherited and core U–Pb ages match those of basement provinces of the western Canadian Shield and indicate widespread potential sources within western Laurentia for most grain populations; these ages also match the detrital zircon reference for the northern North American miogeocline and support a correlation between the two areas.
Some Procedures for use in Cohort Analysis and Other Population Simulations
Authors: Allen K. Radway , Hearn W. S.
Published: April 2009

The catch equation [Formula: see text] must often be solved either forwards or backwards. Because Ft is an implicit function of catch, population size, and M, the solution must be either iterative or approximate. In this paper an improved approximation to Nt+1 is developed of the form[Formula: see text]for the forward solution and a corresponding equation for backward solution. Appropriate values of A are presented for a range of combinations of M and F; and A = 0.585 gives approximations to Nt+1 with an error of less than 1% provided that (Ft + M) is less than about 1.5. Much closer approximations are obtained if A is calculated for each case as a polynomial in M and either Ct/Nt for the forward solution or Ct−1/Nt for the backward solution. The appropriate coefficients for these polynomials are derived both by truncating Taylor's expansion and by statistical methods, and are presented here. One such polynomial for A gives errors of less than 0.02% where (F + M) is less than 1.1. Similarly good approximations can also be obtained by interpolating into a table of Nt+1/Nt against M and C/N.
Scaled quantum mechanical force fields for trifluoromethyl selenium derivatives. II. The (CF3)2Se and (CF3Se)2 molecules.
Authors: Fernández L. E. , Varetti E. L.
Published: April 2009

Force fields and vibrational properties of bis(trifluoromethyl)selenide, (CF3)2Se, and bis(trifluoromethyl)diselenide, (CF3Se)2, were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) techniques. The previously available experimental data and assignments for these molecules were confirmed by the theoretical results. These data were subsequently used in the definition of the corresponding scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force fields. The obtained internal force constants are compared with results previously published for related selenium compounds.
Permanence of a Discrete Periodic Volterra Model with Mutual Interference
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Chen Liujuan
Published: April 2009

This paper discusses a discrete periodic Volterra model with mutual interference and Holling II type functional response. Firstly, sufficient conditions are obtained for the permanence of the system. After that, we give an example to show the feasibility of our main results.
Activation of DNA Methyltransferase 1 by EBV Latent Membrane Protein 2A Leads to Promoter Hypermethylation of PTEN Gene in Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Hino Rumi , Uozaki Hiroshi , Murakami Noriko , Ushiku Tetsuo , Shinozaki Aya , Ishikawa Shumpei , Morikawa Teppei , Nakaya Takeo , Sakatani Takashi , Takada Kenzo , Fukayama Masashi
Published: April 2009

CpG island promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes is one of the most characteristic abnormalities in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (GC). Aberrant promoter methylation and expression loss of PTEN were evaluated in cancer tissues of GC by methylation-specific PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, showing that both abnormalities occurred concurrently in EBV-associated GC. PTEN abnormalities were reiterated in GC cell lines MKN-1 and MKN-7 infected with recombinant EBV, and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was commonly overexpressed in both cell lines. Stable and transient transfection systems in MKN-1 similarly showed that viral latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) up-regulated DNMT1, leading to an increase in methylation of the PTEN promoter. Importantly, the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) increased in the nuclei of LMP2A-expressing GC cells, and knockdown of STAT3 counteracted LMP2A-mediated DNMT1 overexpression. Immunohistochemistry for both pSTAT3 and DNMT1 showed diffuse labeling in the nuclei of the cancer cells in GC tissues, especially in EBV-associated GC. Taken together, LMP2A induces the phosphorylation of STAT3, which activates DNMT1 transcription and causes PTEN expression loss through CpG island methylation of the PTEN promoter in EBV-associated GC. LMP2A plays an essential role in the epigenetic abnormalities in host stomach cells and in the development and maintenance of EBV-associated cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2766–74]
Phosphorylated 4E-BP1 Is Associated with Poor Survival in Melanoma
Authors: O'Reilly Kathryn E. , Warycha Melanie , Davies Michael A. , Rodrik Vanessa , Zhou Xi K. , Yee Herman , Polsky David , Pavlick Anna C. , Rosen Neal , Bhardwaj Nina , Mills Gordon , Osman Iman
Published: April 2009

Purpose: Both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways mediate 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, releasing 4E-BP1 from the mRNA cap and permitting translation initiation. Given the prevalence of PTEN and BRAF mutations in melanoma, we first examined translation initiation, as measured by phosphorylated 4E-BP1 (p-4E-BP1), in metastatic melanoma tissues and cell lines. We then tested the association between amounts of total and p-4E-BP1 and patient survival.

Experimental Design: Seven human metastatic melanoma cells lines and 72 metastatic melanoma patients with accessible metastatic tumor tissues and extended follow-up information were studied. Expression of 4E-BP1 transcript, total 4E-BP1 protein, and p-4E-BP1 was examined. The relationship between 4E-BP1 transcript and protein expression was assessed in a subset of patient tumors (n = 41). The association between total and p-4E-BP1 levels and survival was examined in the larger cohort of patients (n = 72).

Results: 4E-BP1 was hyperphosphorylated in 4 of 7 melanoma cell lines harboring both BRAF and PTEN mutations compared with untransformed melanocytes or RAS/RAF/PTEN wild-type melanoma cells. 4E-BP1 transcript correlated with 4E-BP1 total protein levels as measured by the semiquantitative reverse-phase protein array (P = 0.012). High levels of p-4E-BP1 were associated with worse overall and post-recurrence survival (P = 0.02 and 0.0003, respectively).

Conclusion: Our data show that translation initiation is a common event in human metastatic melanoma and correlates with worse prognosis. Therefore, effective inhibition of the pathways responsible for 4E-BP1 phosphorylation should be considered to improve the treatment outcome of metastatic melanoma patients.
Socio-Economic Dimensions of Tibetan Medicine in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China Part One
Authors: Hofer Theresia
Published: April 2009

This article investigates some of the socio-economic dimensions of contemporary Tibetan healing practices in the rural areas of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) in China. It sheds light on the workings and the effects the commodification of the official Chinese health care system, which started in the late 1990s, have had on Tibetan medicine and how these are related to the concurrent re-introduction of the Co-operative Medical Services (CMS) scheme throughout rural China. The contribution to this journal is divided into two parts. Part One predominantly deals with the medical practitioners and the practices within governmental health care in the TAR. Part Two, which will be printed in the next issue of the journal, deals with the private sector of Tibetan medicine. Both parts focus on the situation in the Tsang or Shigatse region of the western and central TAR, hence enabling there to be useful comparisons with medical practices in the capital Lhasa, most of the anthropological literature has focused on so far. Both contributions are based on extensive anthropological fieldwork in Lhasa and the Tsang region of Tibet.
Observational Study of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics during Swell
Authors: Smedman A. , Högström U. , Sahleé E. , Drennan W. M. , Kahma K. K. , Pettersson H. , Zhang F.
Published: April 2009

By combining simultaneous data from an instrumented Air–Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoy and a 30-m tower, profiles of wind and turbulence characteristics have been obtained at several heights from about 1 to 30 m above the water surface during swell conditions. Five cases formed as averages over time periods ranging from 2.5 to 9.5 h, representing quasi-steady conditions, have been selected. They represent a range of typical wave age and include wind-following swell cases and cross-swell cases. For relatively large wave age, the wind profile exhibits a well-defined maximum in the height range 5–10 m; for more modest wave age, this maximum turns into a sharp “knee” in the wind profile. Below the maximum (or knee), the wind increases rapidly with height; above that point the wind is very nearly constant up to the highest measuring level on the tower, 30 m. Analysis of balloon data from one day with swell indicates that the layer with constant wind in fact extends to the top of the boundary layer, in this case ∼200 m. Analysis of the complete swell dataset from the 45 days of the 2003 Baltic Swell experiment shows that the results concerning wind profile shape obtained from the selected cases are generally valid in this experiment. Analysis of the nondimensional wind profile ϕm shows that Monin–Obukhov scaling is not valid during swell. Wind and turbulence characteristics are found not to vary to a significant degree with the wind/swell angle within the range of angles encountered, ±90°.
Freire and Gandhi
Authors: Narayan Lata
Published: April 2009

The author compares the works of Freire and Gandhi in education and relates these to social work education. The areas covered include values such as injustice, non-violence and social responsibility; the political nature of education and the limits of formal education; indigenization of content and the teacher-student relationship.
Women and mental health
Authors: Wetzel Janice Wood
Published: April 2009

This article is based upon the author’s presentation at the UN Third Annual World Mental Health Day, the first Day to be devoted to women and mental health. The author argues that the psychosocial conditions commonly shared by women throughout the world result in their universally high rates of mental illness and emotional distress. Solutions are global in origin, based upon a comprehensive personal, social and economic model for the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.
The victimization of juvenile prostitutes in Ethiopia
Authors: Lalor Kevin J.
Published: April 2009

This article quantifies the victimization experienced by 30 juvenile prostitutes in Addis Ababa. Of these, 73 percent had been raped at least once and 93 percent had been beaten in the course of their work. Only 50 percent used contraception, resulting in a pregnancy rate of 37 percent. Findings indicate that prostitution is a lifestyle highly conducive to victimization, fostered by conditions of extreme deprivation. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Remote, northern communities
Authors: Schmidt Glen G.
Published: April 2009

Existing models of social work practice do not adequately address the needs of people living in remote, northern communities. This article examines the concept of “north” in a Canadian context and the northern application of social work practice models that are forged in industrialized urban settings. Social development is examined as an enabling model, as applicable to Canada’s north as it is to developing countries.
Identifying conduct problems in young children
Authors: Morrison Margaret , Macdonald Grant , LeBlanc Terry
Published: April 2009

Conduct problems in young children, if not addressed, can develop into extremely serious and costly problems by the time adolescence is reached. The findings of this research project indicate that there are effective, affordable interventions for young children. Early identification and intervention are the keys to reducing the personal costs to troubled children and their families as well as the financial costs to health and social service systems.
Helena Radlinska
Authors: Brainerd Mary Deller
Published: April 2009

This article presents the work of Helena Radlinska, one of the founders of social work in Poland. Her work is discussed within the context of Polish history as the early development of social work in Poland is closely allied to the creation of a national identity. Implications for current social work practice, education and research are explored. It is proposed that Radlinska’s model expands current conceptualizations of social work practice and moves the profession towards an empowerment-based model, more effective in serving oppressed and socially underdeveloped populations.
Latino immigrants in the borderlands
Authors: Martínez-Brawley Emilia E. , Zorita Paz M.-B.
Published: April 2009

The borderlands of any country offer special challenges and opportunities not only to their residents but also for immigrants who arrive in the new lands. The southwestern border of the USA, with its bicultural heritage and history, offers particular stresses and opportunities; for Latino immigrants in the academy, those challenges are felt in very specific ways. This paper addresses the experiences of the authors, as Latino academics in the southwestern USA. Lessons for transcultural understanding in other countries of the world are drawn from those experiences.
How green is the environment in social work?
Authors: Marlow Christine , Van Rooyen Colin
Published: April 2009

This research explores environmental issues in social work practice in New Mexico, USA and KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. A total of 113 social workers responded to a mailed questionnaire. The majority of respondents from both regions thought that environmental issues are important personally and professionally and are relevant to the social work profession. However, approaches to practice concerning environmental issues differ between the two regions.
The children’s streets
Authors: Trussell Robert P.
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to observe behaviors of street children in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico in an effort to gain a better understanding of their conditions. The study’s aims were to discover street children’s perceptions of trust, hostility, and aggression between and among peers, gangs, police, and children “of” and “in” the street. The study also tried to discover the characteristics of street children with regard to conventional and unconventional families, and drug use.
Victim-offender mediation in Canada
Authors: Umbreit Mark S.
Published: April 2009

Four victim-offender mediation programs in Canada were evaluated. Victims and offenders who participated in mediation were significantly more likely to be satisfied than similar victims and offenders who were referred to mediation but did not participate. Victims of crime were less fearful of being revictimized by the offender after participating in a mediation than those victims in the comparison group. Broader use of this emerging area of social work practice in North America and Europe should be considered, along with more rigorous studies.
Cross-cultural practice
Authors: Nimmagadda Jayashree , Cowger Charles D.
Published: April 2009

Social work practitioners in developing countries have difficulty in comprehending Western knowledge in day-to-day practice. This study examined by interpretive methods how Indian social workers in an alcohol treatment center, which was patterned after an American treatment model, deal with technology transfer. Dharma, karma and making pragmatic judgements as to “what works” were found to be the predominant influences in the social worker’s utilization of knowledge and everyday practice.
What does social welfare produce?
Authors: Dolgoff Ralph
Published: April 2009

In many parts of the world unemployment and budget concerns militate against the humane goals of social welfare. International economic competition fosters increased reliance on the market. In this era, social welfare cannot be defended or advocated solely on the basis of social justice. Along with social welfare’s “fairness”, additional societal benefits are proposed: human capital; social and economic benefits; societal morale and cohesion; and civility and aesthetics.
H.G. Wells's ‘Liberal Fascism’
Authors: Coupland Philip
Published: April 2009

During the 1930s H.G. Wells's theory of revolutionary praxis centred around a concept of ‘liberal fascism’ whereby the Wellsian ‘liberal’ utopia would be achieved by an authoritarian élite. Taking inspiration from the militarized political movements of the 1930s, this marked a development in the Wellsian theory of revolution from the ‘open conspiracy’ of the 1920s. Although both communist and fascist movements evinced some of the desired qualities of a Wellsian vanguard, it was fascism rather than communism which came closest to Wells's ideal. However, in practice, despite the failure of approaches to parties of the left and centre as possible agents of revolution, Wells rejected the British Union of Fascists. The disparity between Wells's theory and his actions when faced by the reality of fascism echoes the unresolved tension between ends and means at the heart of the concept of ‘liberal fascism’.
Decolonization: The Ultimate Diaspora
Authors: Kirk-Greene Anthony
Published: April 2009

Among the numerous aspects of decolonization (mostly political and economic) studied during the half-century since the beginning of the end of the British Empire, one major social phenomenon has received very little attention in the literature. This is the diaspora of the expatriate career civil servants who were still employed by HM government when independence was granted. Between the transfer of power in India in 1947 and that of Hong Kong in 1997, it is estimated that at least 25,000 prematurely retired British officials of the Indian Civil Service, the All-India Services, the Colonial Service (administration and departmental), the Sudan Political Service and the Sudan Civil Service engaged on permanent and pensionable terms returned to Britain in search of relocation and further employment. Many took up a ‘second career’ with the help of the three ad hoc ex-Service Resettlement Bureaux set up by the British government; others found employment under their own steam; a few, especially in the 45+ age group, looked for voluntary work rather than further paid employment.

Based on largely unpublished material and statistics, this article summarizes and analyses the kinds of second careers secured by Britain's former imperial officials. It also invites further research, both into the comparative French, Dutch, Portuguese and Belgian Colonial Service experience and into the impact of this considerable body of experienced and able men and women on Britain's economy and society in the past half-century.
Anatomy of a Rumour: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narratives of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917–20
Authors: Smith Michael G.
Published: April 2009

Using the case study of an infamous murder scandal, this article uncovers some of the more complex relations and misleading perceptions about the Bolshevik and Musavat parties in Baku, Azerbaijan, during the Russian Revolution and civil war. It explores the power of rumour-making to configure and emplot their competing narratives of the revolution: informed either by the imperatives for social polarization and all-Russian socialism, or by the imperatives for class co-operation and Azerbaijani national socialism.