bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who’s Who in Introductory Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Griggs Richard A. , Christopher Andrew N.
Published: March 2016

It is important to assess periodically how introductory textbooks portray our discipline because introductory psychology is the most popular psychology course, almost all teachers use textbooks for it, and textbooks play a major role in defining the course for students. To do so, past studies have used textbook citation analyses. We analyzed current textbooks to update the citation findings of these studies for the most cited articles, books, and psychologists. Many highly cited articles and books have decreased in citation frequency, likely due to a currency bias and authors’ citation preferences. Freud had the highest citation page count, reinforcing students’ misconception of his importance in contemporary scientific psychology. Our findings should help teachers in making choices about course content and emphases.
Austerity and old-age mortality in England: a longitudinal cross-local area analysis, 2007–2013
Authors: Loopstra Rachel , McKee Martin , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Taylor-Robinson David , Barr Ben , Stuckler David
Published: March 2016

Objective

There has been significant concern that austerity measures have negatively impacted health in the UK. We examined whether budgetary reductions in Pension Credit and social care have been associated with recent rises in mortality rates among pensioners aged 85 years and over.

Design

Cross-local authority longitudinal study.

Setting

Three hundred and twenty-four lower tier local authorities in England.

Main outcome measure

Annual percentage changes in mortality rates among pensioners aged 85 years or over.

Results

Between 2007 and 2013, each 1% decline in Pension Credit spending (support for low income pensioners) per beneficiary was associated with an increase in 0.68% in old-age mortality (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.95). Each reduction in the number of beneficiaries per 1000 pensioners was associated with an increase in 0.20% (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.24). Each 1% decline in social care spending was associated with a significant rise in old-age mortality (0.08%, 95% CI: 0.0006–0.12) but not after adjusting for Pension Credit spending. Similar patterns were seen in both men and women. Weaker associations observed for those aged 75 to 84 years, and none among those 65 to 74 years. Categories of service expenditure not expected to affect old-age mortality, such as transportation, showed no association.

Conclusions

Rising mortality rates among pensioners aged 85 years and over were linked to reductions in spending on income support for poor pensioners and social care. Findings suggest austerity measures in England have affected vulnerable old-age adults.
Hearing the Word and Seeing the Light: Voice and Vision in Acts
Authors: Wilson Brittany E.
Published: March 2016

The theme of sight plays a central role throughout the book of Acts. While some scholars have identiﬁed this theme, especially with respect to visions, they typically overlook the intersection of sight and audition. This article argues that Luke pairs seeing with hearing and emphasizes the sense of hearing to an even greater degree. The article ﬁrst addresses sight and visions in Acts and then focuses on Stephen’s vision in Acts 7. This is the one vision in Acts that does not involve divinely bestowed words, yet it still betrays Luke’s preference for hearing – and speaking – God’s word. The article then explores key themes that emerge from Stephen’s vision regarding the visual and verbal modes of perception in Acts as a whole. Overall, Luke’s emphasis on the spoken ‘word’ reﬂects his reliance on Jewish scriptural traditions that likewise highlight listening as a key epistemological posture.
Using wavelet denoising in automatic online efficiency estimation of a hydraulic excavator
Authors: Zhu Qingyuan , Liu Yuanhui , Hu Huosheng , Hou Liang , Guan Mingjie
Published: March 2016

A hydraulic excavator has a number of devices attached, the operating speeds of which are important performance indicators for performance evaluation and end-of-line inspection. This paper proposes an online and low-cost detection method to estimate the operating speed based on the peak detection of the main pump outlet pressure. A pressure sensor is installed on the main pump discharge point of a hydraulic excavator to collect real-time pressure data during operation. Then the wavelet method is deployed to denoise the obtained pressure data so that two special peak points are captured as start and end points for accurately estimating the operating time and speed of excavator devices. The proposed system is used for end-of-line inspection and performance evaluation of hydraulic excavators. Experimental results from 510 groups of data show that the proposed method can achieve a high success rate of 95.1%, and a high detection efficiency that is 60% faster than manual measurement.
Operational quantities and new approach by ICRU
Authors:   A. Endo on behalf of ICRU Report Committee 26 on Operational Radiation Protection Quantities for External Radiation
Published: March 2016

The protection quantities, equivalent dose in a tissue or organ and effective dose, were developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to allow quantification of the extent of exposure of the human body to ionising radiation. These quantities are used for the implementation of limitation and optimisation principles. Body-related protection quantities are not measurable in practice. Therefore, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) developed a set of operational dose quantities for use in radiation measurements for external exposure that can assess the protection quantities. The current ICRU operational quantities were defined more than 30 years ago. ICRU Report Committee 26 examined the rationale for the operational quantities, taking account of changes in the definitions of the protection quantities in ICRP’s 2007 Recommendations. The considerations included the range of types and energies of particles contributing to exposure of workers and members of the public. ICRU Report Committee 26 investigated a set of alternative definitions for the operational quantities. The major change to the currently favoured set of quantities is redefinition of the operational quantities, from being based on doses at specific points in the ICRU sphere and soft tissue, to being based on particle fluence and conversion coefficients for effective dose and absorbed dose to the lens of the eye and local skin.
Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rubber Packaging Materials and in Parenteral Formulations Stored in Bottles With Rubber Stoppers
Authors: Bohrer Denise , Viana Carine , Barichello Marcia M. , de Moura Juliane F. , de Carvalho Leandro M. , Nascimento Paulo C.
Published: March 2016

Background: Rubber closures are the primary packaging material for sterile preparations intended for repeated use. Important features of rubber closures are achieved after additives are added to the elastomeric material that compounds the rubber. Among these additives is carbon black. Because of its origin, carbon black may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has identified 16 priority PAHs on the basis of concerns that they cause or might cause cancer in animals and humans. Regulatory agencies impose carbon black purity specifications based on limits for total PAHs (0.5 mg/kg) and benzo[a]pyrene (5 μg/kg) or benzo[a]pyrene only (250 μg/kg). PAHs in rubber packaging used for pharmaceutical formulations and in parenteral products stored in containers with rubber stoppers were investigated. Methods: To this end, the method proposed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health—based on high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection—was adapted to determine the levels of PAHs in rubber stoppers (gray and red) and in lipid emulsions and amino acid solutions stored in bottles with rubber stoppers. Results: The rubber materials were shown to contain 12 PAHs, in concentrations ranging from 0.25–3.31 µg/g. Only 1 of 18 samples (11 amino acid solutions and 7 lipid emulsions) was uncontaminated. The most prevalent contaminants were pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and fluoranthene. The total PAH concentrations in the samples ranged from 0.11–5.96 µg/mL. Conclusion: Components of parenteral nutrition may be contaminated with PAHs, and rubber stoppers represent a potential source of these contaminants.
Approximation of Resting Energy Expenditure in Intensive Care Unit Patients Using the SenseWear Bracelet: A Comparison With Indirect Calorimetry
Authors: Sundström Martin , Mehrabi Mahboubeh , Tjäder Inga , Rooyackers Olav , Hammarqvist Folke
Published: March 2016

Background and Aims: Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard for determining energy expenditure in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Metabolic armbands using data derived from dermal measurements have been proposed as an alternative to IC in healthy subjects, but their utility during critical illness is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between the SenseWear armband and the Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods: Adult ICU patients requiring invasive ventilator therapy were eligible for inclusion. Simultaneous measurements were performed with the SenseWear Armband and Deltatrac under stable conditions. Resting energy expenditure (REE) values were registered for both instruments and compared with Bland‐Altman plots. Results: Forty‐two measurements were performed in 30 patients. The SenseWear Armband measured significantly higher REE values as compared with IC (mean bias, 85 kcal/24 h; P = .027). Less variability was noted between individual SenseWear measurements and REE as predicted by the Harris‐Benedict equation (2 SD, ±327 kcal/24 h) than when IC was compared with SenseWear and Harris‐Benedict (2 SD, ±473 and ±543 kcal/24 h, respectively). Conclusions: The systematic bias and large variability of the SenseWear armband when compared with gas exchange measurements confer limited benefits over the Harris Benedict equation in determining caloric requirements of ICU patients.
Impact of Sensory and Motor Defects on Oral Function in an Animal Model
Authors: Doyle Edward J. , Gratton Michael Anne , Varvares Mark A.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To evaluate the combined functional impact on swallowing of tongue sensory and motor loss using a rat model.

Study Design

Rats underwent selective neurectomies with transection of the motor (hypoglossal) nerve or motor and sensory (lingual) nerves. Postoperative functional parameters were followed for 2 weeks.

Setting

Translational research.

Subjects and Methods

Thirty‐six adolescent male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: anesthetic (n = 6), sham surgery (n = 8), hypoglossal transection (n = 10), and hypoglossal and lingual transection (n = 12). Each morning on postoperative days 1 to 14, the water and food intake were quantified and the animal weighed. Two‐way analyses of variance (SigmaPlot; SYSTAT, San Jose, California) were performed with factors of “group” and “postoperative day” (POD) to analyze whether a significant difference existed between water intake, pellet consumption, and weight change.

Results

The hypoglossal and lingual group consumed significantly less water during PODs 1 to 2 and significantly less food during PODs 1 to 3 than any other group. This established a significant difference in body weight between the hypoglossal and lingual group and all other groups for the duration of the study. Measured parameters in the hypoglossal group better approximated those of the control anesthetic and sham groups.

Conclusions

The addition of a sensory loss to a motor deficit involving the oral tongue results in a measurably significant difference in weight gain, a marker of function, compared with rats with only a motor deficit. Additional studies are needed to determine if there would be similar findings in a model of sensate vs asensate oral tongue reconstruction.
Use of Pericranial Flap Coverage in Cochlear Implantation of the Radical Cavity
Authors: Nieman Carrie L. , Weinreich Heather M. , Sharon Jeffrey D. , Chien Wade W. , Francis Howard W.
Published: March 2016

Cochlear implant (CI) surgery in the setting of an open mastoid cavity is evolving. Two strategies are commonly pursued: a staged approach, clearing the disease, closing the meatus or the external auditory canal (EAC), and reevaluating in 3 to 6 months prior to implantation, or a single‐stage procedure with mastoid obliteration without EAC closure. Meatal closure is often employed in the setting of an open mastoid cavity to reduce the risk of electrode extrusion and infection. An open cavity offers the advantages of being a single‐stage procedure, permitting direct surveillance for recurrent cholesteatoma, and reducing the need for repeat computed tomography scans. We describe an approach to the coverage of a CI within a dry, open mastoid cavity using an anteriorly‐based postauricular pericranial flap.
Salivary Duct Carcinoma of the Parotid
Authors: Mifsud Matthew , Sharma Saurabh , Leon Marino , Padhya Tapan , Otto Kristen , Caudell Jimmy
Published: March 2016

Objective

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy for which an optimal treatment algorithm is lacking. We endeavored to assess the current treatment outcomes for SDC with a multimodality treatment approach combining surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy ± concurrent chemotherapy.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

A National Cancer Institute–designated comprehensive cancer center.

Subjects and Methods

The clinical record of 17 patients with salivary duct carcinoma were analyzed to assess locoregional control, recurrence‐free survival, and overall survival.

Results

All SDC cases (n = 17) were managed with surgical resection, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (47.1%) or concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (52.9%). Median patient follow up was 37 months. An aggressive disease course was generally observed, with 3‐year recurrence‐free survival and overall survival of 34.4% and 35.5%, respectively. The majority of recurrences were distant. Intensification with adjuvant concurrent chemotherapy was not associated with improved outcomes on univariate survival analysis.

Conclusion

For salivary duct carcinoma, a multimodality treatment approach is associated with acceptable locoregional control rates but poor distant control and overall survival. Novel systemic therapies may be needed to optimize clinical outcomes.
Agreement between ACT and aPTT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation shows intra- and inter-individual variation
Authors: Cunningham David , Besser Martin W , Giraud Kimberly , Gerrard Caroline , Vuylsteke Alain
Published: March 2016

Aim:

We explored the relationship between activated clotting time (ACT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) when used to monitor anticoagulation in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support.

Methods:

Data obtained in patients undergoing ECMO support between October 2012 and August 2013 in a single centre were reviewed. Clinical data were extracted from our Clinical Information System and ECMO database. ACT and aPTT values were paired when taken from the same patient, with the ACT preceding the aPTT and the heparin infusion rate was kept constant between samples. The aPTT and ACT were normalized by dividing by the mean of their respective reference ranges and are referred to as APR and N-ACT, respectively. Bivariate analysis and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess correlation and agreement. Mixed effects regression was used to model the effects of variables, including platelet count, creatinine and urea levels, plasma free haemoglobin, white cell count and ECMO flow rate on concordance between APR and N-ACT measurements.

Results:

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient in 15 patients was calculated as r=0.55. The Bland-Altman plot shows a mean difference between the APR and the N-ACT of −0.08. The 95% limits of agreement were −0.67 to 0.51. Results from mixed effects regression analysis on data from the 15 patients identified platelet count (and thrombocytopenia) and urea as significant independent predictors of concordance between APR and N-ACT.

Conclusion:

We report a moderate degree of positive correlation between APR and N-ACT. We conclude that there is poor agreement between the ACT and aPTT for the heparin concentrations in patients supported with ECMO. Our results indicate that platelet count and urea are significant independent variables affecting concordance between ACT and aPTT measurements.
The Inverted Discoid Meniscus Segment
Authors: LaMont Lauren , Ellis Henry , Wise Kelsey , Wilson Philip
Published: March 2016

Background:

A flipped, or inverted, meniscus segment is easily visualized in the normal meniscus. However, an inverted discoid meniscus segment may be difficult to appreciate because the tear occurs more centrally and leaves more meniscal rim; thus, it may be undertreated if not addressed during arthroscopy.

Purpose:

To describe findings on clinical history, radiographs, MRI, and arthroscopy of a lateral discoid meniscus with an inverted segment and compare them with characteristics of a lateral discoid meniscus without an inverted segment.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Between 2009 and 2012, a retrospective series of 121 consecutive knee arthroscopies for symptomatic lateral discoid meniscus were reviewed for the presence of an inverted fragment. Chart review of clinical presentation, operative reports, radiographic images, and arthroscopic images was performed. Comparative analysis of the clinical presentation between lateral discoid menisci with an inverted segment and noninverted lateral discoid menisci was performed by use of Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney test.

Results:

Nineteen patients with an inverted discoid meniscus segment (14 males, 5 females; average age, 15.0 years; range, 9.5-17.0 years) were compared with 102 patients with a noninverted discoid meniscus (53 males, 49 females; average age, 12.3 years; range, 5-17.0 years) ( P = .011 for sex and P < .001 for age). All 19 discoid meniscus patients with an inverted segment had activity-related knee pain. Only 4 patients (21.0%) reported mechanical symptoms. Patients with an inverted discoid segment, compared with patients with discoid menisci without inverted segments, were more likely to have instability and effusion ( P = .012 and P < .001, respectively). Eighteen discoid meniscus patients with an inverted segment (94.7%) had an injury, while only 41.2% of patients with noninverted symptomatic discoid menisci had an injury ( P < .001). On MRI, an inverted discoid segment was seen as a horizontal longitudinal tear, a free fragment, or a double meniscus. During arthroscopy, the inverted discoid segment appeared normal, without a tear; upon probing, however, the inverted segment could be exposed.

Conclusion:

An inverted discoid segment occurs during adolescence, and it is more likely to occur in male patients and more likely to be associated with activity-related pain and injury compared with a noninverted symptomatic discoid meniscus. A discoid meniscus with an inverted segment does not have the standard radiographic and arthroscopic features normally associated with a discoid meniscus.
Contribution of the Mission in Afghanistan to the Burden of Past-Year Mental Disorders in Canadian Armed Forces Personnel, 2013
Authors: Boulos David , Zamorski Mark A.
Published: March 2016

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to estimate the contribution of the mission in Afghanistan to the burden of mental health problems in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF).

Methods:

Data were obtained from the 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey, which assessed mental disorders using the World Health Organization’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The sample consisted of 6696 Regular Force (RegF) personnel, 3384 of whom had deployed in support of the mission. We estimated the association of past-year mental health problems with Afghanistan deployment status, adjusting for covariates using logistic regression; population attributable fractions (PAFs) were also calculated.

Results:

Indication of a past-year mental disorder was identified in 18.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.0% to 19.7%) of Afghanistan deployers compared with 14.6% (95% CI, 13.3% to 15.8%) in others. Afghanistan-related deployments contributed to the burden of a past-year disorder (PAF = 8.7%; 95% CI, 3.0% to 14.2%), with the highest PAFs being seen for panic disorder (34.7%) and posttraumatic stress disorder (32.1%). The PAFs for individual alcohol use disorders and suicide ideation were not different from zero. Child abuse, however, had a much greater PAF for any past-year disorder (28.7%; 95% CI, 23.4% to 33.7%) than did the Afghanistan mission.

Conclusions:

The mission in Afghanistan contributed significantly to the burden of mental disorders in the CAF RegF in 2013. However, the much stronger contribution of child abuse highlights the need for strong military mental health systems, even in peacetime, and the need to target the full range of determinants of mental health in prevention and control efforts.
How Do Students Evaluate Computer Use for Learning?
Authors: Lu Jiamei , Li Daqi , Stevens Carla , Ye Renmin
Published: March 2016

Using Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012, an international education database, this study analyzed the evaluations of computer use for academic learning by 15-year-old students from seven Edu-systems (unit in PISA) in Eastern Asia. Six variables were identified in association with students' evaluations of computer use including whether it is (a) useful, (b) fun, (c) resourceful, (d) troublesome, (e) unsuitable, and (f) unreliable. The results revealed differences not only among the Edu-systems but also between males and females. In addition, differences related to students' access to computer and Internet at home and family education levels were also noted in the study. Some aspects of the evaluations were significantly correlated with students' abilities, attitudes, interests, popularity, achievements, time spent on information technology (IT) at home, and use of IT at school. The results showed how middle and high school students in these countries and regions perceived the use of computer for learning. It was hoped that the findings would provide meaningful implications for practitioners in the fields of education, computer and IT, and instructional equipment development.
Calcified and mechanically debilitated three-dimensional hydrogel environment induces hypertrophic trend in chondrocytes
Authors: Çelik Ekin , Bayram Cem , Akçapınar Rümeysa , Türk Mustafa , Denkbaş Emir Baki
Published: March 2016

Currently, the main focus on tissue engineering strategies is to mimic the extracellular matrix of the related tissues. Many studies accomplished to build tissue scaffolds to act as the natural surroundings of the specific interest, which can be established to behave like either healthy or unhealthy tissues. The latter one of these conditions is a quite new approach and crucial for the design of three-dimensional in vitro disease models. This study investigates the potential of a composite scaffold consisting hydroxyapatite-integrated fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine hydrogels by focusing on the optimization of this hybrid scaffold for the development of an in vitro model of degenerative cartilage. Cell growth, chondrocyte proliferation, extracellular matrix production, hypertrophy marker monitoring, scaffold mechanical properties, and morphological analysis were evaluated. Fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine dipeptides were dissolved in null cell culture media and pH decreased sequentially to compel peptides to self-organize into fibrous hydrogel scaffolds. Nano-hydroxyapatite crystals were incorporated into fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine hydrogels during the gelation to investigate the effect on chondrocytes. It is observed that hydroxyapatite incorporation into peptide hydrogels significantly increased the alkaline phosphatase activity and assymetrical cell divisions, which is appraised as an outcome of chondrocyte hypertrophy. It is concluded that chondrocytes develop a hypertrophic potential when they are cultured in a media with nano-hydroxyapatites in a three-dimensional cell culture matrix mimicking the extracellular matrix conditions of degenerative cartilage.
Thermal degradation kinetics of poly(arylene ether nitrile) and its cross-linked polymer
Authors: Zhong Jiachun , Guo Heng , Yang Jian , Liu Xiaobo
Published: March 2016

The kinetics of the thermal degradation of poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN; cross-linked and uncross-linked) was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The corresponding kinetic parameters of PEN were determined using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and the Friedman method. The Satava method was also used to explore the probable degradation mechanisms of PEN. The results showed that the activation energy ( E) obtained from the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method was in good agreement with the value obtained from the Friedman method. The solid-state decomposition mechanisms of uncross-linked and cross-linked PEN were A2 (nucleation and growth) and R2 type (phase boundary–controlled reaction), respectively. The E and initial decomposition temperature of cross-linked PEN were higher than those of uncross-linked PEN, which indicates that cross-linking treatment is effective in enhancing the thermal stability of PEN.
Secure Infant-Mother Attachment Buffers the Effect of Early-Life Stress on Age of Menarche
Authors: Sung Sooyeon , Simpson Jeffry A. , Griskevicius Vladas , Kuo Sally I-Chun , Schlomer Gabriel L. , Belsky Jay
Published: March 2016

Prior research indicates that being reared in stressful environments is associated with earlier onset of menarche in girls. In this research, we examined (a) whether these effects are driven by exposure to certain dimensions of stress (harshness or unpredictability) during the first 5 years of life and (b) whether the negative effects of stress on the timing of menarche are buffered by secure infant-mother attachment. Results revealed that (a) exposure to greater harshness (but not unpredictability) during the first 5 years of life predicted earlier menarche and (b) secure infant-mother attachment buffered girls from this effect of harsh environments. By connecting attachment research to its evolutionary foundations, these results illuminate how environmental stressors and relationships early in life jointly affect pubertal timing.
Response to Dr Brian N. Hall’s Articles on British Wireless in the First World War
Authors: Bullock Mike , Lyons Laurence A.
Published: March 2016

Articles by Dr Brian Hall in War in History and the Journal of Military History cavalierly dismiss the book Missed Signals on the Western Front: How the Slow Adoption of Wireless Restricted British Strategy and Operations in World War I. This rebuttal questions his understanding of continuous wave technology and points out that, in contrast to the British effort, the Americans provided their forces with modern wireless communications. Hall chose to dismiss rather than engage with the book’s disagreement with his assertion that the British army was remarkably successful at recognizing the utility of wireless and exploiting its full military potential.
Learning From Parents of Children With Disabilities
Authors: Taylor Donald M.
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this intrinsic case study was to examine the impact that interactions with parents of children with disabilities might have on 10 graduate students (6 men and 4 women) between the ages of 22 and 32 years ( M = 26.7 years, SD = 3.5) enrolled in a 3-week intensive music education course. Participants attended the course, 5 days a week, 3 hours a day for a total of 13 class sessions, followed by a final examination. In addition to class discussions based on assigned readings, each day included a presentation from a parent of a child with a disability. Data were generated from daily focus group interviews, daily journal submissions, and individual interviews. Throughout the course, students demonstrated a learning process that progressed from sympathetic concern to empathic understanding.
Critical Conversations About Big Ideas in Art Using Paideia Seminar
Authors: Paul Kristina Ayers , Tay Juliana
Published: March 2016

Paideia Seminar is a method for facilitating Socratic discussions about different types of texts, whether they be texts in the literal sense of the word or any other object that represents ideas or values. In this article, we describe how teachers can implement Paideia Seminar to spark deep thinking and rich discussion among early elementary students using works of art as the focus. The value in using images for Socratic discussion with younger students is that the barriers of literacy are removed, allowing students with big ideas to participate regardless of their literacy level. This strategy is especially useful for challenging gifted thinkers who are not yet proficient readers. Here we describe the process of developing and facilitating Paideia Seminars with art in early elementary settings. Resources, ideas, and sample seminar plans are also provided.
Experimental testing and mathematical modelling of diesel particle collection in flow-through monoliths
Authors: Haralampous O , Payne S
Published: March 2016

The honeycomb monolith is the most prevalent geometry in automotive exhaust aftertreatment, with applications including oxidation catalysts, partial-flow and wall-flow filters. Particle collection mechanisms at the leading edge of honeycomb monoliths and in open channels are usually neglected by engineers of these devices. Under specific conditions however, these phenomena can make an appreciable contribution to overall particle collection and deposits on channel walls may affect catalyst performance. In the current study, experimental measurements of deposit loading, capture efficiency and pressure drop at constant flow conditions are presented for three flow-through monoliths with different cell densities and lengths, while particle distribution is varied in an additional case. The processed results reveal the evolution of deposit distribution at the leading edge, the entry zone inside the channel and the remaining part of the monolith. Next a one-dimensional transient mathematical model is proposed, which takes into account interception at the edge and coupled diffusion–interception inside the channel. After fitting the model parameters, all experimental cases are predicted with sufficient accuracy with the exception of loadings extended beyond 12 hours. Finally, further application of the model reveals the negative effect of flow rate on collection efficiency and the potential to maximize or minimize collection efficiency using various cell designs.
Entering the era of third generation services: A comparative study of reforms in social and health care services
Authors: Laitinen Ilpo , Stenvall Jari
Published: March 2016

This article discusses what kinds of organisational and change processes take place when shifting to customer-oriented service concept, here called ‘third generation services’. Our interest lies in the learning process that produces the development of services in cities and regions in new ways and how to develop services in practice so that the customer is at the centre. Our article is a comparative study with special focus on reforms implemented in social and health care services. The material consists of case studies from cities and regions in several different countries, including Barcelona, Glasgow and Melbourne. The material has been gathered from service development projects in which the aim has been a shift over to services with the customer in the centre.
“Bring Out Your Dead”
Authors: Bey Marquis
Published: March 2016

This essay speaks to the criminalization of Black bodies via the purported “confession” of wrongdoing that Blackness makes through the interpretive White gaze. Blackness operates as a site of always imminently actualized criminality or pathology that must be quelled or eradicated. Using James Baldwin’s meditation on the function of Wayne Williams’s body as a historical anchor, this essay seks to articulate the contemporary ways in which Black bodies are positioned via the White gaze, as well as demonstrate the continuity of anti-Black violence, itself predicated on what Charles Mills calls an “epistemology of ignorance.”
Dyslipidemia Part 2
Authors: Gonzalez Lorena , Helkin Alex , Gahtan Vivian
Published: March 2016

Dyslipidemia is one of the major modifiable risk factors associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Appropriate modification of lipid profiles reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in vessel walls across all vascular beds. The management of dyslipidemia has evolved over the last several decades, especially since the discovery of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, also known as statins. Statin use in atherosclerotic heart disease is well described in observational and prospective placebo-controlled studies, citing both lipid-lowering and pleiotropic effects. However, the effect of statins and other lipid-lowering agents on noncoronary arterial beds (the aorta, arteries to the extremities, renal, and carotid arteries) is less understood. This article is part 2 of a 2-part review, with part 1 having focused on lipid metabolism and the downstream effects of lipids on the development of atherosclerosis. The current review (part 2) will discuss trials, retrospective reviews, and observational cohort studies regarding the use of statins and/or other lipid-lowering drugs for primary and secondary prevention of peripheral noncoronary atherosclerotic disease.
Determinants of Discretionary Investments
Authors: Sujit K. S. , Rajesh B. K.
Published: March 2016

Theoretical and empirical studies have focused on discretionary investments such as research and development (R&D) and advertisement as value-creating activities. This empirical research article examines the determinants of the discretionary investment policy of food sector firms in India. The study aims to analyze the impact of financial policies and firm characteristics on the discretionary investment strategy of the food industry firms. The article uses the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to understand the drivers of discretionary investment policy of food sector firms. The study finds that investment policy of firms is a major determinant of profitability of food sector firms. Higher investments in capital expenditures and working capital result in higher profitability. Management efficiency significantly influences firm profitability. The results suggest that riskier firms in food sector might focus on R&D investments as a strategy to generate more cash flows. Size of firm is negatively related to R&D intensity. Smaller firms in food sector tend to invest more in R&D. The study does not provide evidence to suggest that profitable firms invest more in R&D activities.
The Demographic and Political Composition of Mechanical Turk Samples
Authors: Levay Kevin E. , Freese Jeremy , Druckman James N.
Published: March 2016

One of the most notable recent developments in survey research is the increased usage of online convenience samples drawn from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). While scholars have noted various social and political differences (e.g., age, partisanship) between MTurk and population-based samples, the breadth and depth of these variations remain unclear. We investigate the extent to which MTurk samples differ from population samples, and the underlying nature of these differences. We do so by replicating items from the population-based American National Election Studies (ANES) 2012 Time Series Study in a survey administered to a sample of MTurk respondents. With few exceptions, we not only find that MTurk respondents differ significantly from respondents completing the 2012 ANES via the Web but also that most differences are reduced considerably when controlling for easily measurable sample features. Thus, MTurk respondents do not appear to differ fundamentally from population-based respondents in unmeasurable ways. This suggests that MTurk data can be used to advance research programs, particularly if researchers measure and account for a range of political and demographic variables as needed.
Traumatic Brain Injury in Kenya
Authors: Kinyanjui Benson
Published: March 2016

Kenya has a disproportionately high rate of road traffic accidents each year, many of them resulting in traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). A review of articles written on issues pertaining to the medical treatment of people with TBI in the past 15 years in Kenya indicates a significantly high incidence of TBIs and a high mortality rate. This article reviews the available literature as a first step in exploring the status of rehabilitation of Kenyans with cognitive impairments and other disabilities resulting from TBIs. From this preliminary review, it is apparent that despite TBI being a pervasive public health problem in Kenya, it has not received due attention in the public and private sectors as evidenced by a serious lack of post-acute rehabilitation services for people with TBIs. Implications for this lack of services are discussed and recommendations are made for potential approaches to this problem.
Alcohol Craving and Consumption in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Lane Sean P. , Carpenter Ryan W. , Sher Kenneth J. , Trull Timothy J.
Published: March 2016

Substance use is highly prevalent in our society, and substance use disorders are comorbid with most psychiatric disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Craving is a fundamental feature of addiction and disorder, yet the contexts in which craving occurs and is associated with substance use is still underresearched. We examined alcohol craving and consumption in a sample of 56 BPD individuals and a comparison group of community drinkers (COM; n = 60) who carried electronic diaries for approximately 21 days. BPD individuals reported more craving than COM individuals in most contexts. Compared with COM individuals, elevated craving in BPD individuals was paralleled by more drinking when at work, at home, and with romantic partners, coworkers, and children. These findings identify contexts of particular relevance to those with BPD and other mood/anxiety disorders in which craving may lead to risky and maladaptive alcohol use.
A Systematic Summary of Systematic Reviews on the Topic of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Anderson Michael J. , Browning William M. , Urband Christopher E. , Kluczynski Melissa A. , Bisson Leslie J.
Published: March 2016

Background:

There has been a substantial increase in the amount of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

Purpose:

To quantify the number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published on the ACL in the past decade and to provide an overall summary of this literature.

Study Design:

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A systematic review of all ACL-related systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between January 2004 and September 2014 was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database. Narrative reviews and non-English articles were excluded.

Results:

A total of 1031 articles were found, of which 240 met the inclusion criteria. Included articles were summarized and divided into 17 topics: anatomy, epidemiology, prevention, associated injuries, diagnosis, operative versus nonoperative management, graft choice, surgical technique, fixation methods, computer-assisted surgery, platelet-rich plasma, rehabilitation, return to play, outcomes assessment, arthritis, complications, and miscellaneous.

Conclusion:

A summary of systematic reviews on the ACL can supply the surgeon with a single source for the most up-to-date synthesis of the literature.
The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms
Authors: Swerdlow Steven H. , Campo Elias , Pileri Stefano A. , Harris Nancy Lee , Stein Harald , Siebert Reiner , Advani Ranjana , Ghielmini Michele , Salles Gilles A. , Zelenetz Andrew D. , Jaffe Elaine S.
Published: March 2016

A revision of the nearly 8-year-old World Health Organization classification of the lymphoid neoplasms and the accompanying monograph is being published. It reflects a consensus among hematopathologists, geneticists, and clinicians regarding both updates to current entities as well as the addition of a limited number of new provisional entities. The revision clarifies the diagnosis and management of lesions at the very early stages of lymphomagenesis, refines the diagnostic criteria for some entities, details the expanding genetic/molecular landscape of numerous lymphoid neoplasms and their clinical correlates, and refers to investigations leading to more targeted therapeutic strategies. The major changes are reviewed with an emphasis on the most important advances in our understanding that impact our diagnostic approach, clinical expectations, and therapeutic strategies for the lymphoid neoplasms.
MRSA eradication of newly acquired lower respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Vallières Emilie , Rendall Jacqueline C. , Moore John E. , McCaughan John , Hoeritzauer Anne I. , Tunney Michael M. , Elborn Joseph Stuart , Downey Damian G.
Published: March 2016

UK cystic fibrosis (CF) guidelines recommend eradication of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) when cultured from respiratory samples. As there is no clear consensus as to which eradication regimen is most effective, we determined the efficacy of eradication regimens used in our CF centre and long-term clinical outcome.

All new MRSA positive sputum cultures (n=37) that occurred between 2000 and 2014 were reviewed. Eradication regimen characteristics and clinical, microbiological and long-term outcome data were collected.

Rifampicin plus fusidic acid was the most frequently used regimen (24 (65%) out of 37 patients), with an overall success rate of 79% (19 out of 24 patients). Eradication failure was more likely in patients with an additional MRSA-positive peripheral screening swab (p=0.03) and was associated with worse survival (p=0.04).

Our results demonstrate the feasibility and clinical benefits of MRSA eradication. As peripheral colonisation was associated with lower eradication success, strategies combining systemic and topical treatments should be considered to optimise outcomes in CF patients.
Mortality rates for chronic lower respiratory diseases in Italy from 1979 to 2010: an age–period–cohort analysis
Authors: Pesce Giancarlo
Published: March 2016

Chronic lower respiratory diseases (CLRDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The objectives of this study were to estimate the trends in CLRD mortality in Italy, and the specific contributions of age, time period and birth cohort in driving these trends.

Population and cause-of-death data in Italy between 1979 and 2010 were collected from the World Health Organization website. Age-specific mortality rates for CLRDs, and effects for age, time period and birth cohort on mortality trends were estimated using age–period–cohort models.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis represent nearly 98% of the deaths from CLRDs. Despite the overall number of deaths have been stable (in men) or increasing (in women), the age-standardised rates have been steadily decreasing from 1979 to 2010, passing from 104.3 to 55.4 per 100 000 person-years in men and from 32.2 to 19.6 per 100 000 person-years in women. The average relative annual decrease was −3.6% in men and −2.7% in women. Since the end of the 1990s, the decreasing trend of CLRD mortality has started to level off, in particular in women. The decrease in CLRD mortality rates has been more accentuated in more recent cohorts and in younger age groups.

Both birth cohort and time period significantly affected the CLRD mortality rates, suggesting that changes in the spread of risk factors (smoking habits, early-life and occupational exposures) across different birth cohorts, as well as in advanced in healthcare and medical practice, may have played a major role in secular changes in COPD mortality rates in Italy.
Retinoic acid-primed human dendritic cells inhibit Th9 cells and induce Th1/Th17 cell differentiation
Authors: Rampal Ritika , Awasthi Amit , Ahuja Vineet
Published: March 2016

All-trans-retinoic acid plays a central role in mucosal immunity, where it promotes its synthesis by up-regulating CD103 expression on dendritic cells, induces gut tropic (α4β7+ and CCR9+) T cells, and inhibits Th1/Th17 differentiation. Recently, murine studies have highlighted the proinflammatory role of retinoic acid in maintaining inflammation under a variety of pathologic conditions. However, as a result of limited human data, we investigated the effect of retinoic acid on human dendritic cells and CD4+ T cell responses in the presence of polarizing (Th1/Th9/Th17) and inflammatory (LPS-induced dendritic cells) conditions. We report a novel role of retinoic acid in an inflammatory setup, where retinoic acid-primed dendritic cells (retinoic acid-monocyte-derived dendritic cells) up-regulated CCR9+T cells, which were observed to express high levels of IFN-γ in the presence of Th1/Th17 conditions. Retinoic acid-monocyte-derived dendritic cells, under Th17 conditions, also favored the induction of IL-17+ T cells. Furthermore, in the presence of TGF-β1 and IL-4, retinoic acid-monocyte-derived dendritic cells inhibited IL-9 and induced IFN-γ expression on T cells. Experiments with naïve CD4+ T cells, activated in the presence of Th1/Th17 conditions and absence of DCs, indicated that retinoic acid inhibited IFN-γ and IL-17 expression on T cells. These data revealed that in the face of inflammatory conditions, retinoic acid, in contrast from its anti-inflammatory role, could maintain or aggravate the intestinal inflammation.
The i6A37 tRNA modification is essential for proper decoding of UUX-Leucine codons during rpoS and iraP translation
Authors: Aubee Joseph I. , Olu Morenike , Thompson Karl M.
Published: March 2016

The translation of rpoS (σS), the general stress/stationary phase sigma factor, is tightly regulated at the post-transcriptional level by several factors via mechanisms that are not clearly defined. One of these factors is MiaA, the enzyme necessary for the first step in the N6-isopentyl-2-thiomethyladenosinemethyladenosine 37 (ms2i6A37) tRNA modification. We tested the hypothesis that an elevated UUX-Leucine/total leucine codon ratio can be used to identify transcripts whose translation would be sensitive to loss of the MiaA-dependent modification. We identified iraP as another candidate MiaA-sensitive gene, based on the UUX-Leucine/total leucine codon ratio. An iraP-lacZ fusion was significantly decreased in the absence of MiaA, consistent with our predictive model. To determine the role of MiaA in UUX-Leucine decoding in rpoS and iraP, we measured β-galactosidase-specific activity of miaA−rpoS and iraP translational fusions upon overexpression of leucine tRNAs. We observed suppression of the MiaA effect on rpoS, and not iraP, via overexpression of tRNALeuX but not tRNALeuZ. We also tested the hypothesis that the MiaA requirement for rpoS and iraP translation is due to decoding of UUX-Leucine codons within the rpoS and iraP transcripts, respectively. We observed a partial suppression of the MiaA requirement for rpoS and iraP translational fusions containing one or both UUX-Leucine codons removed. Taken together, this suggests that MiaA is necessary for rpoS and iraP translation through proper decoding of UUX-Leucine codons and that rpoS and iraP mRNAs are both modification tunable transcripts (MoTTs) via the presence of the modification.