bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide analyses of human noroviruses provide insights on evolutionary dynamics and evidence of coexisting viral populations evolving under recombination constraints
Authors: Tohma Kentaro , Lepore Cara J. , Martinez Magaly , Degiuseppe Juan I. , Khamrin Pattara , Saito Mayuko , Mayta Holger , Nwaba Amy U. Amanda , Ford-Siltz Lauren A. , Green Kim Y. , Galeano Maria E. , Zimic Mirko , Stupka Juan A. , Gilman Robert H. , Maneekarn Niwat , Ushijima Hiroshi , Parra Gabriel I.
Published: July 2021

Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Over 30 different genotypes, mostly from genogroup I (GI) and II (GII), have been shown to infect humans. Despite three decades of genome sequencing, our understanding of the role of genomic diversification across continents and time is incomplete. To close the spatiotemporal gap of genomic information of human noroviruses, we conducted a large-scale genome-wide analyses that included the nearly full-length sequencing of 281 archival viruses circulating since the 1970s in over 10 countries from four continents, with a major emphasis on norovirus genotypes that are currently underrepresented in public genome databases. We provided new genome information for 24 distinct genotypes, including the oldest genome information from 12 norovirus genotypes. Analyses of this new genomic information, together with those publicly available, showed that (i) noroviruses evolve at similar rates across genomic regions and genotypes; (ii) emerging viruses evolved from transiently-circulating intermediate viruses; (iii) diversifying selection on the VP1 protein was recorded in genotypes with multiple variants; (iv) non-structural proteins showed a similar branching on their phylogenetic trees; and (v) contrary to the current understanding, there are restrictions on the ability to recombine different genomic regions, which results in co-circulating populations of viruses evolving independently in human communities. This study provides a comprehensive genetic analysis of diverse norovirus genotypes and the role of non-structural proteins on viral diversification, shedding new light on the mechanisms of norovirus evolution and transmission.
Impacto de la Covid-19 en las personas con discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo, sus familiares y los profesionales y organizaciones de apoyo
Authors: Crespo Cuadrado Manuela , Verdugo Alonso Miguel Ángel , Navas Macho Patricia , Martínez Torres Sergio , Amor González Antonio Manuel
Published: July 2021

Nuestro mundo se ha visto transformado por el coronavirus y la infección que provoca. La gravedad de la enfermedad y las consecuencias del estado de alarma no afectan a todos por igual, siendo las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo uno de los colectivos más vulnerables. El INICO y Plena inclusión realizaron un estudio con la finalidad de analizar el impacto de la COVID-19 y el confinamiento durante la primera ola en 2020 en las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo, sus familiares, personal de atención directa y organizaciones. Para ello, se elaboraron y aplicaron en España cuatro encuestas en línea, participando cerca de 1.500 personas. Los resultados indican que, a pesar del esfuerzo realizado por el tercer sector, la crisis sanitaria ha dejado al descubierto las carencias de nuestro sistema de apoyos, lo que lleva a reflexionar sobre tres aspectos fundamentales: el grado en que se trabaja en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de redes naturales de apoyo cuando la persona vive en un entorno específico; la medida en que los apoyos ofrecidos desde el tercer sector llegan a contextosque se encuentran fuera de la red de servicios ofertados por el movimiento asociativo; y el papel de nuestro sistema educativo a la hora de garantizar el derecho a la educación de personas con necesidades especiales de apoyo.
Situación de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y sus familias frente a la crisis generada por Covid-19
Authors: González Aguilar Juan Antonio
Published: July 2021

La situación generada por la crisis sanitaria ha desajustado todo el sistema social y las dinámicas habituales de comportamiento de la ciudadanía. Por supuesto, de igual manera, también ha afectado a las personas con discapacidad intelectual y a los sistemas de apoyos para estas. En este artículo queremos describir cómo las personas con discapacidad intelectual a las que Futuro Singular Córdoba presta apoyos vivieron la situación durante el confinamiento, con qué recursos contaban y cómo las familias valoraron el trabajo realizado desde la fundación. Por otra parte, queremos realizar una observación sobre cómo una cuestión de salud pública como la que hemos vivido puede afectar a los modelos de prestación de apoyos a las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Llegando a ponerse en riesgo los avances logrados gracias a enfoques centrados en la persona y de desarrollo comunitario frente a las propuestas de los modelos sociosanitarios que no se ajustan a la realidad de la mayoría de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Esto supone un claro retroceso en las prácticas de prestación de apoyos centradas en modelos de ciudadanía e impacto en calidad de vida.
Respuesta de la atención temprana española a la situación de confinamiento por Covid-19
Authors: García-Sánchez Francisco Alberto , Pacheco Molero Manuel , Orcajada Sánchez Noelia
Published: July 2021

La situación extraordinaria de pandemia COVID-19 llevó al confinamiento y a la interrupción de los servicios habituales de Atención Temprana (AT), aunque familias y niños seguían necesitando apoyo. Los profesionales españoles reaccionaron rápidamente, reorganizando la intervención, experimentando con las posibilidades de teleintervención y compartiendo conocimientos y experiencias. Este trabajo revisa los recursos generados, en relación con AT, durante las cinco primeras semanas de confinamiento (desde del 13 de marzo), así como opiniones y sentimientos compartidos por los profesionales. Se identificaron un total de 72 recursos, facilitados a través de redes sociales: documentos (33), videoconferencias y seminarios online (32) y aplicaciones o recursos web (8). Se analizan sus características, temporización, orientación hacia familias oprofesionales y su alineación con un paradigma de intervención centrado en la familia o en el niño. Las opiniones y sentimientos de los profesionales se analizan en referencia a los recursos facilitados, las necesidades observadas en las familias, los problemas en la teleintervención y ante el planteamiento de vuelta a una ‘nueva normalidad’. Los resultados obtenidos complementan la visión de las familias sobre la situación generada por el confinamiento, que ha quedado recogida en otros trabajos. Se concluye sobre la buena salud de la AT en España y la necesidad de profundizar en la implicación proactiva de la familia en el equipo de intervención.
Preservar el gobierno de la Monarquía española a inicios del siglo XVII. El proceso contra el III duque de Osuna
Authors: Galván Desvaux Daniel
Published: July 2021

La muerte de Felipe III inició una etapa que tradicionalmente se ha interpretado más desde la ruptura que desde la continuidad. Desde esta perspectiva, lo que Felipe IV y sus ministros emprendieron en 1621 fue una justificación de su proyecto a través del alejamiento respecto del reinado anterior. Sin embargo, los procesos desarrollados contra los Sandoval ofrecen una imagen diferente de esta realidad, especialmente el de Pedro Téllez Girón de Velasco, III duque de Osuna y antiguo virrey de Sicilia y Nápoles. La reconstrucción de este pleito permite caracterizar de forma novedosa el período que abarca entre 1618 y 1626 como una etapa con claras similitudes, pero también comprender mejor la evolución de los virreinatos italianos o el protagonismo ejercido por Felipe III durante el valimiento del duque de Uceda. En conclusión, el análisis de esta causa proporciona múltiples ideas sobre las decisiones que ambos monarcas tomaron para preservar el gobierno de la Monarquía a comienzos del siglo XVII.
Las familias de negocios de la ciudad de Burgos a finales del antiguo régimen: patrimonios y dinámicas (1700-1850)
Authors: Bartolomé Bartolomé Juan Manuel
Published: July 2021

Estudio de las familias de negocios, comerciantes y financieros, de la ciudad castellana de Burgos a finales del Antiguo Régimen (1700-1850), analizando sus patrimonios, deudas y sus trayectorias económicas y familiares. De este modo, utilizando una variada documentación, donde destacan sobre todo los protocolos notariales, se ha podido apreciar la importancia de los negocios, particularmente en el siglo XVIII, segunda mitad, revitalizando incluso el floreciente comercio de la lana. No obstante, esta visión más dinámica, a pesar la excelente coyuntura demográfica y económica, se quiebra en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, dando lugar a un panorama más desolador, con predominio de negocios más tradicionales y modestos en su cuantía económica. Entre las causas de esta decadencia hay que tener en cuenta las decisiones familiares hereditarias.
El transporte de maderas para los departamentos navales españoles en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII
Authors: Reichert Rafal
Published: July 2021

En este artículo se presenta uno de los aspectos poco conocidos en la historiografía española, que toca la organización logística de suministros de madera para los departamentos navales de España en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Mediante el estudio de casos sobre transportes y fletes se puede observar su importancia desde los enfoques legislativo, operativo y práctico. Finalmente es posible presentar las diferencias en estrategias empleadas por el Estado borbónico para mantener constante suministro de materias primas provenientes del Báltico y de las Indias.
La construcción naval española en el Pacífico sur: explotación laboral, recursos madereros y transferencia industrial entre Nueva España, Filipinas, India y Camboya (siglos XVI y XVII)
Authors: Valdez-Bubnov Iván
Published: July 2021

El presente estudio tiene por objetivo ofrecer una interpretación estructural del funcionamiento de la industria de construcción naval española en el sureste asiático, desde la perspectiva específica del uso de sus recursos madereros y su vínculo con la explotación del trabajo indígena, así como comprender las causas de la progresiva transferencia de esta industria, desde los astilleros americanos a las islas Filipinas y, posteriormente, también a otras regiones del Pacífico sur. Estos propósitos intersectan con otros temas estructurales, directamente vinculados con la industria de construcción naval en Filipinas y con el régimen establecido por la administración española para la explotación de sus recursos forestales: la estructura administrativa, civil y religiosa del establecimiento hispano en ese archipiélago, su vinculación con las reducciones a poblado de sus habitantes, y las diversas tentativas, tanto teóricas como prácticas, por integrarlo más profundamente en las estructuras políticas y mercantiles del Pacífico sur.
A mesterséges intelligencia lehetséges hatása(i) a „munka világára”
Authors: Nagy Valéria , Hajdu Vanda
Published: July 2021

A munka mindig is életünk része volt. Fizikai és szellemi tevékenységünk révén nyílik lehetőség társadalmi fejlődésre és a gazdaság átrendezésére (adott esetben gazdasági növekedésre). Az életen át tartó tanulás (LLL = lifelong learning) pedig – akár formális, akár informális vagy éppen non-formális – ahhoz segíti hozzá az emberiséget, hogy olyan teljesítményképes tudásra tegyen szert, amely állandó cselekvésre sarkallja. Mindemellett fontos megjegyezni, hogy a ’munka’ szláv jövevényszó (valószínűleg indoeurópai eredetű) és kín, gyötrelem, vesződség, szenvedés, erőlködés, erőfeszítés jelentésekkel bír. Az ipari forradalmakat megtestesítő folyamatos technikai, technológiai innovációk révén már szükségszerűen megjelent szempontként a monoton emberi munka, illetve az emberre ártalmas munkavégzés kiváltása gépekkel. Napjainkban pedig a munkavállalói élménynek is egyre inkább előtérbe kell kerülnie. A mesterséges intelligenciában rejlő lehetőségek között ez utóbbi is ott húzódik, hiszen e technológia alkalmazásával olyan munkakörök jöhetnek létre, ahol az emberi gondolkodás, a kreativitás, az egyediség a legfontosabb készségek, képességek. Közleményünk e témában enged elmélyedni egy kicsit. Az utóbbi néhány év (tudományos) írásművei, szakpolitikai és statisztikai dokumentumai, valamint egyéb ismeretterjesztő művek alapján reflektív gondolatok formájában felvillantja a mesterséges intelligenciának a munka világában érzékelhető lehetséges hatásait, vagyis a benne rejlő lehetőségeket és kihívásokat. Ezt sejteti a közlemény címe is, lévén hogy előnyökről és hátrányokról még nem beszélhetünk, hiszen nem kiforrott technológiáról van szó, hanem a bevezetési fázisában lévőről.
The History of Pigment’s Studies of the Paleolytic (materials, methods, concepts)
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University, Yu. Gubar , L. Lbova ,   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Published: July 2021

The paper presents an overview and assessment degree of various aspects of research and the use of dyes from archaeological complexes of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic in Africa, Europe, and North Asia. The key aspects of research have been identified: resource sources of raw materials, paint manufacturing technology, their use, and probable purpose. The regional features of the research are highlighted. Pigments from the collections of Africa’s sites are being studied comprehensively, with the consideration of the tool complex of the Middle Paleolithic sites. The studies of European Paleolithic pigments are primarily considered from the point of view of evidence of their use in symbolic activity, in the framework of a discussion about the emergence of symbolic behavior. Modern research on the territory of Eastern Europe and North Asia is focused on the study of the stability of pigments as an element of culture, pigment manufacturing technology based on the study of the structure and chemical composition of paints. Keywords: history of study, pigments, Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, ochre, sign behavior Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (No. 18–78–10079 “Development of Technologies and an Information System for Documenting and Scientific Exchange of Archaeological Data”).
Comparison of two different lung ultrasound imaging protocols in COVID-19 pneumonia
Authors: Ökmen Korgün , Yildiz Durdu Kahraman , Soyaslan Emel , Ceylan İlkay , Sayan Halil Erkan , Aytünür Cihan Sedat
Published: July 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two different lung ultrasonography (LUS) methods that can be used in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to investigate their correlations with computed tomography (CT).Methods: In this prospective, randomized, and single-blind study, 60 patients with COVID-19 were included. The patients were randomized to either the 12-zone LUS group (n=30) or the 14-zone LUS group (n=30). The correlation between LUS and thoracic CT scores was evaluated. As a secondary outcome measure, the characteristic features of the findings of thoracic CT and LUS were examined.Results: The study was completed with a total of 59 patients. Moderate and high correlations were found between the total CT and LUS scores in the 12-zone and 14-zone study groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the lesion types detected in patients using LUS and CT (P>0.05). The left lung lower lobe CT scores were statistically significantly lower in the 14-zone study group than in the 12-zone group (P=0.019). The left lower lobe CT and LUS scores were highly correlated in the 14-zone group (P<0.001, r=0.902).Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that the two different LUS examination methods performed in different patients had similar findings in terms of the diagnosis and their correlations with CT results.
Protocolos de indicação de soluções anestésicas para uso na clínica endodôntica
Authors: Kuga Milton Carlos , Almeida Eran Nair Mesquita de , Bravo Giovanna Righetti , Galvani Lucas David , Jorge Júnior Adirson , Keine Kátia Cristina
Published: July 2021

Introdução: A indicação das soluções anestésicas nos tratamentos endodônticos de rotina deve estar fundamentada nos conhecimentos dos possíveis efeitos que essas substâncias podem desencadear no paciente sistemicamente comprometido. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi priorizar a indicação e discutir os possíveis efeitos secundários ou adversos passíveis de ocorrência com as substâncias que compõem as soluções anestésicas durante a rotina de tratamento dos canais radiculares.
Taxa de publicação de resumos da área de Endodontia apresentados na Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica entre 2013 e 2016
Authors: Furtado Taiane Correa , Silva Carolina Lopes da , De Bem Igor Abreu , Duarte Pedro Henrique Marks , Nascimento Angela Longo do , Só Marcus Vinícius Reis , Rosa Ricardo Abreu da
Published: July 2021

Introdução: O conceito de Odontologia baseada em evidências requer a produção e publicação de pesquisas de alta qualidade em periódicos internacionais criteriosos. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as taxas de publicação de resumos endodônticos apresentados na reunião da SBPqO nos anos de 2013, 2014, 2015 e 2016. Material e Métodos: O fator de impacto e a classificação Qualis dos periódicos, e o tempo decorrido entre o congresso e a publicação completa também foram avaliados. Em seguida, foram classificados em seis categorias: pesquisa básica endodôntica, revisão de temas endodônticos, estudos clínicos, ensaios clínicos randomizados, pesquisa básica tecnológica ou relatos de caso. Uma pesquisa em bancos de dados eletrônicos usando o mecanismo Medline (PubMed) foi realizada de janeiro de 2018 a julho de 2018, para identificar publicações escritas em inglês com texto completo dos resumos endodônticos previamente selecionados. A identificação da publicação em texto completo dos resumos foi inicialmente realizada utilizando o sobre- nome do primeiro autor e as principais palavras-chave do título do resumo. Após a verificação do artigo em texto completo, informações adicionais foram registradas, tais como: tempo decorrido até a publicação; nome, fator de impacto e classificação Qualis da revista; e o tipo de estudo. Resultados: Após a leitura do conteúdo da reunião, 1.238 resumos (10,2%) foram considerados de interesse endodôn- tico e, em seguida, foi realizada uma busca eletrônica no banco de dados. Conclusão: Um grande número de resu- mos endodônticos não foi publicado como um manuscrito completo. Estudos clínicos e ensaios clínicos randomizados representaram uma pequena parte das publicações.
Efeito do momento de imersão na alteração volumétrica do agregado trióxido mineral HP
Authors: Canali Lyz Cristina Furquim , Zancan Rafaela Fernandes , Vivan Rodrigo Ricci , Tanomaru Filho Mario , Duarte Marco Antonio Hungaro
Published: July 2021

Introdução: A solubilidade é uma propriedade relaciona- da à dissociação dos constituintes do material, pela ação do contato com o líquido circundante. Introdução: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da hidratação durante a varredura com microtomografia (micro-TC) sobre a alteração volumétrica do MTA HP. Métodos: foram utilizados 20 dentes incisivos superiores de acrílico com cavidade retrógrada. O cimento MTA HP foi inserido na cavidade com um condensador Paiva. As amostras foram inspecionadas visualmente com uma lupa de 5x, para garantir que não permanecessem espaços vazios ou lacunas. Os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos (n=10). Os dentes foram escaneados logo após o manuseio do MTA. Para o grupo com imersão em água, Eppendorf hidratado foi mantido com 1mL de água durante a varredura; no outro grupo, os dentes foram escaneados sem água. Nos dois grupos, os dentes foram imersos em água durante sete dias. Em seguida, os dentes foram escaneados novamente em micro-TC usando os mesmos parâmetros e condições de cada grupo. Foi realizada a reconstrução das imagens pelo software Nrecon e o volume de solubilidade, determinado pelo software CTan, analisando-se a variação volumétrica. Resultados: O grupo de corpos de prova escaneados imersos na água apresentou maior variação volumétrica, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação ao grupo escaneado sem imersão. O escaneamento do corpo de prova imerso em água favorece uma maior perda volumétrica do material. Conclusão: Os estudos para avaliar a variação volumétrica de cimentos de silicato de cálcio devem ser feitos com imersão em água.
Widening the Methodological Lens on the Investigation of Diversity in the Transition to Higher Education
Authors: Gijbels David , Esterhazy Rachelle
Published: July 2021

This discussion addresses the methodological approaches used in the special issue on student transitions and diversity. We provide an overview of how the different papers contribute to methodological development in the field, in particular by their use of advanced multi-factor analyses and accounting for diversity in student transitions at several levels. The discussion touches upon challenges concerning (a) the distinction of analytical levels, (b) different conceptualisations and operationalisations of diversity and (c) the types of data collection methodologies. We conclude by discussing future steps to widen the methodological lens in transition research.
Pulse-on-demand laser operation from nanosecond to femtosecond pulses and its application for high-speed processing
Authors: Petelin Jaka , Černe Luka , Mur Jaka , Agrež Vid , Kočica Jernej Jan , Schille Joerg , Loeschner Udo , Petkovšek Rok
Published: July 2021

In this manuscript we present a true pulse-on-demand laser design concept using two different approaches. First, we present a fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) based quasi-continuous wave (CW) laser, working at high modulation bandwidths, for generation of nanosecond pulses. Second, we present a hybrid chirped pulse amplification (CPA)-based laser, combining a chirped-pulse fiber amplifier and an additional solid-state amplifier, for generation of femtosecond pulses. The pulse-on-demand operation is achieved without an external optical modulator/shutter at high-average powers and flexible repetition rates up to 40 MHz, using two variants of the approach for near-constant gain in the amplifier chain. The idler and marker seed sources are combined in the amplifier stages and separated at the out using either wavelength-based separation or second harmonic generation (SHG)-generation-based separation. The nanosecond laser source is further applied to high throughput processing of thin film materials. The laser is combined with a resonant scanner, using the intrinsic pulse-on-demand operation to compensate the scanner’s sinusoidal movement. We applied the setup to processing of indium tin oxide (ITO) and metallic films on flexible substrates.
Volitive Modalverben im Deutschen und im modernen Chinesisch
Authors: Zeng Zhen
Published: July 2021

This article deals with the semantic differences and similarities between the volitive modal verbs in German and modern Chinese. The research questions of the article are: How is the intentionality of volitive modal verbs located in modern Chinese? What are the differences in their location in German and in modern Chinese? The four Chinese modal verbs xiǎng 想, yào 要, kĕn 肯 and yuànyì 愿意 are contrasted with the German volitive modal verbs wollen and mögen by numerous examples from the CCL corpus (The Corpus of Center of Chinese Linguistics at the University of Peking) with a corresponding translation. In this way, it enables a deeper understanding of the volitive modal verbs in both languages. In this respect, the contribution can be helpful both for language teachers who teach Chinese as a foreign language and for researchers in the field of contrastive linguistics.
Biochemical characterization of eight Greek algae as candidate species for local seaweed cultivation
Authors: Trikka Fotini , Israel Pauline , Koukaras Konstantinos , Argiriou Anagnostis
Published: July 2021

Seaweeds cover a wide range of applications, e.g. as food supplements, in animal feed, as biofuels or as sources of bioactive compounds. The Greek coast in the East Mediterranean is rich in various seaweeds that remain unexploited because their chemical and nutritional content has not yet been characterized. In the present study, eight seaweeds belonging to the Rhodophyta, Ochrophyta (class Phaeophyceae) and Chlorophyta were biochemically characterized and evaluated as potential food sources. Total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, fatty acids and elemental composition were measured. Acanthophora nayadiformis, Ceramium sp. (Rhodophyta), Codium fragile (Chlorophyta), Cystoseira foeniculacea and Gongolaria barbata (formerly Cystoseira barbata) (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) had the highest phenolic content and strongest antioxidant activity. Both brown and red seaweeds were rich in minerals, with G. barbata, Dictyopteris polypodioides (formerly Dictyopteris membranacea) (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae) and A. nayadiformis being the richest in macro- and microelements. The low Na/K ratio in most seaweeds (0.03–3.49) and the high iron content of red and brown algae (1.01–52.40 mg 100 g−1 of wet tissue) make algal consumption an attractive option. Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae had the lowest n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, with α-linolenic acid being the most abundant n-3 PUFA. The green algae Codium fragile and Ulva lactuca had the highest oleic and docosahexaenoic acid content, respectively. Finally, Rhodophyta were the highest producers of eicosapentaenoic acid. The findings confirmed the nutritional value of all seaweeds, highlighting brown seaweeds Cystoseira foeniculacea, G. barbata, and D. polypodioides as potential sources for food supplements and candidate species for seaweed cultivation in Mediterranean coastal waters.
Zukunftshoffnung und Gegenwartsdeutung
Authors: Tilly Michael
Published: July 2021

In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst gezeigt, wie die hellenistisch-jüdische Geistesbewegung der Apokalyptik die prophetische Tradition neu interpretiert und damit die Voraussetzungen dessen geschaffen hat, was die ersten Christen unter Prophetie in Geschichte und Gegenwart verstanden. Auf dieser Grundlage werden prägnante Beispiele für apokalyptisch motivierte und prophetisch geprägte Existenzwahrnehmungen und Zukunftshoffnungen in verschiedenen Textsegmenten des Neuen Testaments (Paulusbriefe, Markusevangelium, Matthäusevangelium und Johannesoffenbarung) beleuchtet. Zu zeigen ist, dass das frühe Christentum die prophetischen Traditionen durchweg eschatologisch kontextualisieren und in kreativer Weise innovativ und aktualisierend deuten konnte.
Prädiktion und Prävention in der Onkologie am Beispiel Brustkrebs
Authors: Schmutzler Rita , Rhiem Kerstin , Tüchler Anja
Published: July 2021

Die Präzision der Risikoprädiktion nimmt immer weiter zu. Eine Herausforderung ist dabei, zu garantieren, dass alle Patientinnen und Patienten davon profitieren. Dazu gehört, die Verständlichkeit der Risikokommunikation zu verbessern und Einflussfaktoren auf die Risikoperzeption zu erfassen. Zusätzlich ist es notwendig, sich mit der ungleichen Inanspruchnahme vulnerabler Gruppen sowie mit ihren Folgen für Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft zu befassen.
From principles to practice: embedding clinical reasoning as a longitudinal curriculum theme in a medical school programme
Authors: Singh Mini , Collins Lisa , Farrington Rebecca , Jones Matthew , Thampy Harish , Watson Pippa , Warner Christian , Wilson Kurt , Grundy Jessica
Published: July 2021

There is consensus that clinical reasoning (CR) is crucial for increasing the value of diagnosis, medical decision-making and error reduction. These skills should be developed throughout medical education, starting with undergraduate study. International guidance provides principles for CR curricula but interventions to date, are short term in nature. In this report, we describe the creation of a longitudinal, spiral CR curriculum within a large UK medical school programme (2500 students). A working group drove systematic evidence-based reform of existing structures. We utilised recognised models for curriculum development and mapping, relating learning outcomes to competency frameworks. Application of multiple teaching methodologies, rooted in enquiry-based learning and reported in CR literature, encourage metacognition for information-processing and illness script development. Development of CR is emphasised with recurrent, progressive learning opportunities, each stage purposefully building upon previous experiences. Formative and summative assessment approaches to drive learning, encouraging students’ ability to apply and articulate CR, is constructed via Miller’s Prism of Clinical Competence. Implementation of pedagogy is contingent on faculty development. Whilst many clinicians practice sound CR, the ability to articulate it to students is often a novel skill. Engagement in faculty development was strengthened through cross-institutional recognition of teaching workload and flexibility of delivery. We report lessons learned from the implementation phase and plans for measuring impact.
The Physical Internet: A means towards achieving global logistics sustainability
Authors: Moshood Taofeeq D. , Sorooshian Shahryar
Published: July 2021

The supply chains that make up the distribution networks are becoming more diverse as companies respond to global markets’ rigorous demands. Today, the immediate need for sustainable growth is to design, manufacture, and deliver the right product to experience drastic improvements in the right place, at the right price, and at the right time. As a massively distributed, integrated logistics infrastructure, a new “Physical Internet” (PI) model has been implemented to make the existing logistics structures more scalable and sustainable. This article discusses resource control in the PI’s modern supply chain and logistics systems while addressing the potential disruptions between the hubs during the transfer of goods. This article attempts to establish how companies will benefit from introducing the PI to optimise their strategic supply chain. This article used ATLAS.ti 9 automated tool to save, classify, and evaluate the data for this analysis to review the literature systematically. For PI, an increasing number of plans, blueprints, and requirements have been established. Still, minimal models are currently developed, explaining how the transformation from the strengthened logistics business models to the PI could occur. There is a lack of awareness of the necessary market structures that can include crucial players and allow the PI model to be embraced. Therefore, this research brings a new viewpoint on logistic operations through the PI idea, guarantees the present situation’s view, and presents a solution to the society–business–technology framework.
Synthesis and characterization of different soybean oil-based polyols with fatty alcohol and aromatic alcohol
Authors: Yang Fukai , Yu Hao , Deng Yuyuan , Xu Xinyu
Published: July 2021

In this article, five kinds of soybean oil-based polyols (polyol-E, polyol-P, polyol-I, polyol-B, and polyol-M) were prepared by ring-opening the epoxy groups in epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with ethyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, p-tert-butylphenol, and 4-methoxyphenol in the presence of tetrafluoroboric acid as the catalyst. The SOPs were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, viscosity, and hydroxyl numbers. Compared with ESO, the retention time of SOPs is shortened, indicating that the molecular weight of SOPs is increased. The structure of different monomers can significantly affect the hydroxyl numbers of SOPs. Due to the large steric hindrance of isoamyl alcohol, p-hydroxyanisole, and p-tert-butylphenol, SOPs prepared by these three monomers often undergo further dehydration to ether reactions, which consumes the hydroxyl of polyols, thus forming dimers and multimers; therefore, the hydroxyl numbers are much lower than polyol-E and polyol-P. The viscosity of polyol-E and polyol-P is much lower than that of polyol-I, polyol-B, and polyol-M. A longer distance between the molecules and the smaller intermolecular force makes the SOPs dehydrate to ether again. This generates dimer or polymers and makes the viscosity of these SOPs larger, and the molecular weight greatly increases.
“No One is Ever Ready for Something Like This.” – On the Dialectic of the Holocaust in First-Person Shooters as Exemplified by Wolfenstein: The New Order
Authors: Pfister Eugen , Zimmermann Felix
Published: July 2021

For almost three decades, the depiction of the Holocaust was considered taboo in digital games. While World War II became a popular historicizing setting for digital games, the crimes of the Nazi regime and the Holocaust in particular remained conspicuously absent. In this article we show that discussions about the fundamental suitability of specific media or media forms for dealing responsibly with the memory of the Nazi regime’s crimes have already taken place several times and that similar arguments can now be applied to the digital game. With this in mind, we pursue the question of whether only so-called serious games are suitable for this purpose, or whether, on the contrary, mainstream blockbuster games – here specifically the first-person shooter Wolfenstein: The New Order – can find ways to maintain the memory of the Holocaust without trivializing it. We approach this question by analyzing chapter 8 of Wolfenstein: The New Order, in which protagonist William “B.J.” Blazkowicz allows himself to be deported to a Nazi concentration camp. We discuss this camp scene dialectically, on the one hand, as an encouragement to rethink the first-person shooter and, on the other hand, as a reproduction of a superficial iconography of the Holocaust.
U.S. medical school admissions and enrollment practices: status of LGBTQ inclusivity
Authors: Gamble Reid M. , Pregnall Andrew M. , Deng Angie , Ehrenfeld Jesse M. , Talley Jan
Published: July 2021

Context

The failure to collect information on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) identity in healthcare and medical education is a part of a systemic problem that limits academic medical institutions’ ability to address LGBTQ health disparities.

Objectives

To determine whether accurate sexual and gender minority (SGM) demographic data is being consistently collected for all US medical schools during admissions and enrollment, and whether differences exist between collection practices at osteopathic and allopathic schools.

Methods

Secure, confidential electronic were sent via email in July 2019 to 180 osteopathic (n=42) and allopathic (n=138) medical schools identified through the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Student Guide to Osteopathic Medical Colleges database and the American Association of Medical Colleges Medical School Admissions Requirements database. The nine question survey remained open through October 2019 and queried for; (1) the ability of students to self report SGM status during admissions and enrollment; and (2) availability of SGM specific resources and support services for students. Chi square analysis and the test for equality of proportions were performed.

Results

Seventy five of 180 (41.7%) programs responded to the survey; 74 provided at least partial data. Of the 75 respondent schools, 55 (73.3%) allowed applicants to self report a gender identity other than male or female, with 49 (87.5%) of those being allopathic schools compared with 6 (31.6%) osteopathic schools. Similarly, 15 (20.0%) allowed applicants to report sexual orientation, with 14 (25.5%) of those being allopathic schools compared with one (5.3%) osteopathic school. Fifty four of 74 (73.0%) programs allowed matriculants to self report a gender identity other than male or female; 11 of 74 (14.7%) allowed matriculants to report sexual orientation.

Conclusions

Demographics collection practices among American medical education programs that responded to our survey indicated that they undervalued sexual orientation and gender identity, with osteopathic programs being less likely than allopathic programs to report inclusive best practices in several areas. American medical education programs, and their supervising bodies, must update their practices with respect to the collection of sexual orientation and gender identity demographics as part of a holistic effort to address SGM health disparities.
Nanofocusing: reaching out
Authors: Zenin Vladimir A. , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I.
Published: July 2021

Nanofocusing, the term coined by Mark Stockman, has been observed in many different tapered waveguide configurations, demonstrating the possibility for optical modes to be efficiently delivered to and concentrated into nanoscale regions far beyond the diffraction limit in dielectric media. Strong and broadband local field enhancement and slowdown effects associated with the nanofocusing have been exploited for enhancing linear and nonlinear optical phenomena and reaching out to a broad spectrum of diverse applications, from electron generation to water vaporization. Starting with the historical background, we carefully elaborate on the basic concepts and mechanisms involved. We then provide examples of the latest developments in this exciting quest for bringing the fundamental physical phenomenon of nanofocusing into the realm of practical applications in modern nanotechnology.
The crystal structure of cis-diaqua-bis (N-butyl-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine-κ
2
N,N′)cobalt(II)] dichloride trihydrate, C28H44Cl2N6O5Co
Authors: Alexander Orbett T. , Alberto Roger , Roodt Andreas
Published: July 2021

C28H44Cl2N6O5Co, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P‾{1}$

(no. 2), a = 11.20(2) Å, b = 12.70(3) Å, c = 12.80(4) Å, α = 100.30(12)°, β = 103.18(9)°, γ = 106.77(6)°, V = 1638(8) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0372, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0890, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of (E)-2-((3-fluoropyridin-4-yl)methylene)-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one, C17H14FNO2
Authors: Wang Chen , Wang Lei , Meng Qing-Guo , Huang Zhi-Xin , Ma Nuan-Nuan , Wang Chun-Hua
Published: July 2021

C17H14FNO2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 8.0937(8) Å, b = 7.1326(6) Å, c = 22.367(2) Å, β = 90.863(9)°, V = 1291.1(2) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0404, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0974, T = 99.97(16) K.
Glossary of methods and terms used in analytical spectroscopy (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)
Authors: Goenaga Infante Heidi , Warren John , Chalmers John , Dent Geoffrey , Todoli Jose Luis , Collingwood Joanna , Telling Neil , Resano Martin , Limbeck Andreas , Schoenberger Torsten , Hibbert D. Brynn , LeGresley Adam , Adams Kristie , Craston Derek
Published: July 2021

Recommendations are given concerning the terminology of concepts and methods used in spectroscopy in analytical chemistry, covering nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, and vibrational spectroscopy.
Organocatalysis emerging as a technology
Authors: Aukland Miles H. , List Benjamin
Published: July 2021

During the last 20 years, organocatalysis has significantly advanced as a field. Thanks to contributions from hundreds of groups and companies around the world, the area has risen from a few mechanistically ill-defined niche reactions, to one of the most vibrant and innovative fields in chemistry, providing several well-defined generic activation modes for selective catalysis. Organocatalysis is also on the rise in industrial settings, especially for the production of enantiomers, which are of use in fine chemistry, pharma, crop-protection, and fragrance chemistry. Here we will look at some of the specific elements of organocatalysis that we think are particularly attractive and contribute to this successful development.
Small Size of Recorded Neuronal Structures Confines the Accuracy in Direct Axonal Voltage Measurements
Authors: Oláh Viktor János , Tarcsay Gergely , Brunner János
Published: July 2021

Patch-clamp instruments including amplifier circuits and pipettes affect the recorded voltage signals. We hypothesized that realistic and completein silicorepresentation of recording instruments together with detailed morphology and biophysics of small recorded structures will reveal signal distortions and provide a tool that predicts native, instrument-free electrical signals from distorted voltage recordings. Therefore, we built a model that was verified by small axonal recordings. The model accurately recreated actual action potential (AP) measurements with typical recording artefacts and predicted the native electrical behavior. The simulations verified that recording instruments substantially filter voltage recordings. Moreover, we revealed that instrumentation directly interferes with local signal generation depending on the size of the recorded structures, which complicates the interpretation of recordings from smaller structures, such as axons. However, our model offers a straightforward approach that predicts the native waveforms of fast voltage signals and the underlying conductances even from the smallest neuronal structures.
Toward environmentally sustainable aquafeeds
Authors: Gamble Madilyn M. , Sarker Pallab K. , Kapuscinski Anne R. , Kelson Suzanne , Fitzgerald Devin S. , Schelling Benjamin , De Souza Antonio Vitor Berganton , Tsukui Takayuki
Published: July 2021

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector and currently supplies almost 50% of fish for human consumption worldwide. There are significant barriers to the continued growth of industrial aquaculture, including high production costs and harmful environmental impacts associated with the production of aquaculture feed. Most commercial aquaculture feeds are based on fish meal, fish oil, and terrestrial plant ingredients, which contain indigestible forms of phosphorus. Phosphorus loading from aquaculture effluent can lead to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. Formulating fish feeds using ingredients that contain highly bioavailable forms of phosphorus in nutritionally appropriate quantities will reduce phosphorus loading. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we examined the digestibility of phosphorus in three experimental tilapia feeds supplemented with two freshwater microalgae (Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp.) and one marine microalga, Schizochytrium sp., relative to a reference diet containing fish meal and fish oil. We also calculated a phosphorus budget to quantify metabolic phosphorus waste outputs. The marine Schizochytrium-supplemented diet had the highest phosphorus digestibility and the lowest solid phosphorus discharge compared to the reference diet and the other experimental diets. The Schizochytrium ingredient also had the highest phosphorus digestibility among the three microalgae tested in vitro experiments. These results suggest that Schizochytrium sp. is a highly digestible source of phosphorus and findings on metabolic phosphorus waste outputs have implications for the formulation of sustainable diets for tilapia. Further research must examine the economic feasibility and environmental impacts of producing Schizochytrium sp. as an aquafeed ingredient.
Tailoring the approach to radioactive iodine treatment in thyroid cancer
Authors: Mayson Sarah E , Chan Christine M , Haugen Bryan R
Published: July 2021

The treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer continues to move away from a ‘one size fits all’ approach to a process of tailored therapeutic decision-making that incorporates disease-specific factors and individual patient preferences. Management options range from active surveillance to thyroid lobectomy to total thyroidectomy with or without the use of postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI). RAI may be administered for one or more reasons: Thyroid remnant ablation, adjuvant therapy, or therapy for persistent structural disease. It is important to be cognizant of the therapeutic intent of RAI and weigh the risks and benefits of treatment for each individual patient. Risk stratification should be used to identify those patients who are most likely to benefit from RAI and guide therapeutic choices. Available data suggest that RAI can be safely deferred for most patients considered at low risk for structural recurrence, while adjuvant RAI is associated with improved disease-free survival in patients with higher-risk disease. Although progress has been made, many areas of uncertainty related to the use of RAI remain. These include: (1) The appropriate selection of intermediate-risk patients to receive adjuvant RAI, (2) the superiority or inferiority of different RAI dosing activities, (3) the optimal approach to the use of RAI in special populations, including patients with end-stage renal disease and children, and (4) the management of patients with RAI-refractory disease.
Filosofar en nuestra época. Una invitación para pensar la situación espiritual de nuestra época
Authors: Fornet-Betancourt Raúl
Published: July 2021

Quien siga las noticias de la actualidad europea y mundial en general notará sin duda de que desde hace meses, es decir, desde que sufrimos la pandemia de la Covid 19 se negocian y aprueban “paquetes históricos” de ayuda económica para socorrer los más diferentes sectores productivos y de servicios de la sociedad. Y es bueno que esto ocurra. Pues es, sin duda, una buena noticia para mucha gente, ya que la crisis económica que ha causado y causa la actual pandemia pone en serio peligro la base de supervivencia material de millones y millones de personas en todo el mundo.
Ciencia, ideología y educación
Authors: Tomasini Bassols Alejandro
Published: July 2021

Sin duda, la determinación de límites no físicos, establecer dónde termina algo y a partir de dónde empieza algo nuevo es uno de los retos intelectuales más difíciles de responder. Dónde en la construcción logicista de las matemáticas terminan la lógica y la teoría de conjuntos y en dónde empiezan las matemáticas o, en el terreno del lenguaje hasta dónde llega el reino de la significatividad y dónde empieza el del sinsentido, son buenos ejemplos de ello. E, igualmente, intentar fijar a priori los límites del conocimiento y del pseudo-conocimiento es una labor que por lo menos al día de hoy ha desembocado en un fracaso casi total. Pasaron ya los eufóricos días del positivismo lógico y sus secuelas filosóficas en los que confiadamente se pensaba que la verificación empírica era la clave para distinguir por lo menos entre ciencia y metafísica y si no podía serlo la verificación lo sería entonces la refutabilidad. Nada de eso funcionó. No funcionó tampoco el apelar a métodos ni a esquemas explicativos, como el nomológico-deductivo. El intento de deslindar mediante un procedimiento a priori entre el genuino conocimiento y el pseudo-conocimiento parecía ser un problema simplemente insoluble.
Pozzolanic activity of corn straw leaf ash produced at different temperatures and treated with portlandite solution
Authors: Qi Tingye , Feng Guorui , Wang Haochen
Published: July 2021

The effect of calcination temperature on the pozzolanic activity of corn straw leaf ash (CSLA) was evaluated. The CSLA samples calcined at temperatures of 500, 700, and 850 °C were mixed in a portlandite solution for 6 h, and residual samples were obtained. The CSLA and residual samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and a contact angle goniometer to determine the vibration bonds, minerals, phase composition, microstructure, Si 2p transformation behavior, and wetting behavior. The conductivity and loss of conductivity with mixing time of the CSLA-portlandite mixed solution was determined. The loss of conductivity of the CSLA prepared at 500 °C was high compared to that of the other calcination temperatures at the same mixing time, which was attributed to the higher amorphous SiO2 content in the CSLA at 500 °C. Calcium silicate hydrate was easily identified in the CSLA residual samples, and some dense small cubic and nearly spherical shaped calcium silicate hydrate particles were found in the CSLA residual samples at 500 °C. Based on the findings, it is recommended that CSLA be calcined at 500 °C using the cement system in view of higher pozzolanic activity but avoiding excessive agglomeration.