bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Soybean Loopers on Soybean, 1989
Authors: Wier A. T. , Mink J. S. , Boethel D. J. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E.
Published: March 2022

Six tests were conducted to examine selected insecticides for soybean looper control. In Test I at Natchitoches, La., plots measuring 50 ft × 8 rows (36 inch row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 24 Aug to R6 growth stage Delta Pine 415 soybeans with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 21 psi through 8003 flat fan tips. Insecticides were evaluated by taking 2, 25 sweep samples/plot (15 inch diam sweep net) at 2 and 7 DAT. In Test II, test plots at Locust Ridge, La., measuring 50 ft × 8 rows (40 inch row spacing) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Application equipment and posttreatment sample interval were the same as in Test I. Insecticides were applied on 29 Aug to late R6 growth stage Delta Pine 105 soybeans. In Test III at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., plots measuring 24 × 50 ft (7 inch row spacing) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre through 8001 flat fan tips on 9 Sep to R5 growth stage, drill-planted Davis soybeans. Insecticide evaluation was performed as in Experiment I. In Test IV at Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., plots measured 65 ft × 8 rows (40 inch row spacing). Application equipment, experimental design, replication number, and sample interval were the same as in Test III. Insecticides were applied on 31 Aug to R6 growth stage Asgrow 5980 soybeans. In Test V and VI at Hamburg, La., plots measured 45 ft × 8 rows (30 inch row spacing). Application equipment, experimental design, replication number, and sample interval were the same as in Test I. Insecticides were applied on 7 Sep to R5 growth stage Terra Vig 708 soybeans.
Control of Chinch Bug Using an Insecticide Treatment of a Trap Crop of Sudax, 1990
Authors: Spike B. , Wright R. , Danielson S.
Published: March 2022

A 1000 × 30 ft strip of sudax was planted on 1 May between commercial wheat and sorghum fields near Odell, Nebr. This 1000-ft strip of sudax was subdivided into 5 replicates (200 × 30 ft each), and Sevin XLR Plus was applied on 18 Jun to half of each replicate at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre with a ground sprayer delivering 25 gpa of liquid. Live CB inside a 1.1 ft2 frame were counted on 11 Jun (pretreatment) and 21 Jun (posttreatment). For each date, the CB counts from 4 frames for each treated area were averaged. After the insecticide treatment, the number of sorghum plants in 0.001 acre that were located 5 and 15 rows away from the sudax were counted adjacent to each plot.
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Schexnayder H. P. , White C. A. , Bessin R. T. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticide treatments were tested for season long control of SCB in a block of 'CP76-331' variety plant cane (SCB-susceptible sugarcane) located in St. Charles Parish on the Lannaux Plantation near Kilona, La. Plots were 3 rows (1.8 m centers) wide × 7.3 m long (0.004 ha/plot) and were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replications. Spray treatment mixtures were applied to the sugarcane canopy of all 3 rows in each plot with knapsack sprayers (pressure and output approximately 1.41 kg/cm2 and 250 liters/ha, respectively). Insecticide applications were made on 22 Aug and 10 Sep when infestations of the SCB exceeded economic threshold levels of 5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths. Season long control was evaluated on 19 Oct by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from the center row of each plot for SCB entrance and exit holes. Data on the percentage of bored internodes were analyzed using a weighted logistic analysis and where significant differences among treatments were detected, least squares separation of means was used.
Tobacco Budworm Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1990
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett M. L. , Googe L.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cure tobacco 'Var. NC NF37 was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., on 26 Mar. Plots 4 rows wide (36 in apart) × 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments were separated by single untreated border rows with the center 2 rows of each plot being sprayed. Blocks were separated on each end by 4 ft vacant alleys. Seven insecticide treatments were applied on 18 May, 25 May, and 1 Jun to control small tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae which had increased to a density of 2.5 per 8 plants (economic threshold is 1 per 10 plants). The foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 23.6 GPA of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 nozzles were arranged directly over each treated row. TBW populations/8 plants were determined prior to treatment and 3 and 7 DAT after the first spray, 3 and 6 DAT after the second application and 4 DAT after the final spray. Plants were examined for TBW defoliation 10 days after the last application, and each plot was harvested during mid-Jun to early Jul.
Aphid and Flea Beetle Control with Bay NTN 33893 Applied as Soil Drench and Foliar Treatments, 1990
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Komm Dean A.
Published: March 2022

Various rates and application methods for BAY NTN 33893 were tested for TA and TFB control on tobacco at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Balckstone, Va. Tobacco was transplanting into a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 3 May. Experimental plots, 20 ft (12 plants) × 4 ft (1 row), were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Soil drench treatments were applied at 4 fl oz of mixture/plant (204 gal/acre) using a measuring cup to simulate transplant water applications. Foliar band treatments (Fol-band) were applied over the row immediately after transplanting using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 36 gal/acre through a 8004E tip at 40 psi. TA were counted on 4 upper leaves of 5 plants/plot once every 8-13 days through 19 Jul. TFB feeding holes were counted on 5 leaves/plot on 21 May. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1985) and significant means (P - 0.05) were separated using DMRT. TA data were transformed to Log10(X + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented.
Seed and Rescue Treatments, 1990
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Anderson T. L. , Kieckhefer R. W. , Wang T. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: March 2022

Winter wheat 'Arapahoe' was planted (10 Sep) in a Lismore silty clay loam soil in 17.5 cm rows using a ten-row International drill near the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, Brookings, S. Dak. The experiment was setup using a complete randomized design with 4 replications of each treatment. One m2 screen cages were placed over wheat which was then artificially infested (25 Sep) with laboratory reared Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Pretreatment counts indicated 19.2 RWA/tiller (individual leaf blade) were present. Rescue applications (16 Oct) were applied using a hand held spray boom with 6 nozzles (Teejet 8002), 12 inch spacing, 25 psi and 20 gal/acre delivery rate. The 7 DAT RWA count was made by randomly selecting 4 tillers from each quadrant within the meter square cage. Additionally, a 21 DAT count (6 Nov) of RAW/16 tillers was made in the same manner from each cage to determine residual control or RWA resurgence.
Application Timing of two Insecticides for White Grub Control, 1990
Authors: Baxendale P. , Weinhold A. P. , Horst G. L.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, Nebr., on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough. Topography of the plot area was level. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%) with a thatch accumulation (finger compressed) of 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. There was no prior history of Oftanol or Triumph use in the treatment area. Plots were 5 × 5 ft, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Liquid formulations of Oftanol and Triumph were applied 18 Jun, 3 Jul, 2 Aug and 17 Aug, corresponding to 30 and 15 d before, and 15 and 30 d after the anticipated date of 95% completion of the SMC beetle flight period (18 Jul, based on light trapping records from the last 4 years). Subsequent light trap collections indicated that 95% beetle flight actually occurred on 17 Jul at the study site. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.75 inches of water. A total of 12.9 inches of rain fell during the study period (18 Jun to 30 Aug). Product efficacy was evaluated 30 Aug (14 days following the last application) by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turfsoil cores (2.0 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Cotoneaster, Tropical and Foliar Spray Applications Evaluated Against Japanese Beetle Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Cotonester growing in 1-gal (3.9 1) containers were used to evaluate selected insecticides against Japanese beetle adults. A COa compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to runoff. Topical and foliar sprays were applied 18 Jul under sunny skies, 29°C, and 16-24 kph winds. Plants were watered by hand every Mon, Wed, and Fri and received 5 cm of rainfall during the test period. Treatment procedures were as follows; TOPICAL—3, 10-15 cm twigs were placed upright in culture tubes with the cut end in water to keep sprigs fresh. Five, field collected adults were placed on each twig, and sprays were applied. Adults and twigs were immediatly transferred to 1-liter fonda containers fitted with mesh tops. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 48 h later by assessing beetle mortality. FOLIAR—2, 10-15 cm twigs were removed from each of the 3, single-plant replicates/treatment, at specified intervals after spraying, and, along with 5 field collected adults, were placed in 1-liter fonda containers with mesh tops. Residual efficacy of insecticides was evaluated 1, 3, 7, and 14 DAT by allowing adults to feed on treated foliage for 48 h. After 48 h, moribund adults were placed on untreated foliage, and final percent mortality was assessed 48 h later.
Evaluation of Various Candidate Insecticides for Quarantine Treatments Against Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis Invicta Buren, 1990
Authors: Lockley T. C.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated at Gulfport, Miss., for quarantine treatments of nursery potting media capable of harboring imported fire ant (IFA) colonies. Treatments for this media are required to prevent accidental introduction of IFA into uninfested areas via shipment of commercial nursery stock. Candidate insecticides were incorporated into a commonly used potting media (Strong-lite, 382 lb/cu yd) at 11.35 g AI (theoretical dose rate ca. 65 ppm) in a 2 cu ft capacity electric cement mixer for 1 h to assure a uniform mix. Treated media were placed in trade 1 gal plastic pots and aged out of doors under ambient conditions. After 30 d exposure to natural rainfall and temperature (no irrigation added), 3 pots from each treatment were bioassayed by confining 5 field collected alate IFA queens (4 replicates) to 25 cc each of treated media for 7 d. Treatments that allowed any survival were considered ineffective. Subsequent bioassays of effective treatments were carried out at 30 d intervals.
Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil, 1990
Authors: Miller Fredri.
Published: March 2022

On 28 Jun, cuttings of Taxus media ‘Hatfieldii’ were sprayed until wet with a handheld atomizer. After drying, 2 treated taxus cuttings were placed in 1 liter cardboard containers along with 10 BVW, covered with cheese cloth and secured with a rubber band. Containers were maintained in the laboratory at 22.4°C. There were 5 replications/treatment arranged in a completely randomized design. Weevils were checked daily and the number of weevils alive (very active and feeding), dead, or some activity (SA) (showing some nerve activity, no feeding) were recorded. SA was recorded due to indications that weevils may recover from a sublethal dose of fluvalinate.
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil (BVW) Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus, 2.5-3.0 m tall, growing in a hedge row at OSU-OARDC campus were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against BVW adults. The row was divided into sections consisting of 3 individual plants. Each treatment was applied to a randomly selected section and separated by an unsprayed buffer area. Sprays were applied 19 Sep under sunny skies, with 16—25 kph winds. The treatment area received 10.8 cm rainfall during the test period. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a single SS8004 flat-fan Teejet nozzle was used to apply treatments. Two, 10-15 cm twigs were removed, at specified intervals, from each of the three replicate plants and placed in 1-liter fonda containers fitted with nylon organdy mesh tops along with 3 ovipositing weevils per replicate. Weevils had been collected from a taxus nursery in Lake County, Ohio, and maintained on fresh taxus foliage in the rearing facility at 21-23°C, 80% + RH, and a 16 h photoperiod. Efficacy was evaluated 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 DAT by allowing the weevils to feed on treated foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund weevils were placed on fresh, unsprayed foliage, and percent mortality was assessed 48 h later.
European Chafer Larvae Control, Belmont, Mich., 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A.
Published: March 2022

Curative treatments: A grid of 3 × 3 ft plots separated by 2 ft wide buffer strips was established at Blythefield Country Club. Six replications of 11 treatments were applied on 20 Aug between 9:00 and 11:00 AM. Temperature at application was approximately 70°F with a slight rainfall (0.21 inches) about 9:30 AM followed by sunny weather conditions. The plots were established on an irrigated rough with sandy soil. Irrigation was applied approximately every other day depending on rainfall. Insect parasitic nematodes were applied while the grass was wet with dew and then hand irrigated with (0.25 inch) of water applied through a watering can immediately after application. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle hand held wand CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 nozzle. Insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 137 ml/9 ft2 (175 gal/acre). Granular insecticides were applied with modified “salt” shakers. Evaluations were made on 17 Sep by removing 294 sq. inch (six 7 inch × 7 inch squares) sections of turf, roots, and soil/plot and counting larvae. Preventive treatments: A grid of 4 × 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established in irrigated rough at Blythefield Country Club. Six replications of 4 insecticide treatments were applied on 11 Jun. Granular insecticides were applied the same as described above. Evaluations were made on 17 Sep using the same method described above. The preventive and curative plots were on different fairways.
Birch, Control of Birch Leafminer, Wooster, Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Birch suckers, 1-1.5 m tall, growing at the base of selected birch at an OARDC experimental plot under nursery management conditions, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against birch leafminer. A C02 compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to run-off. Sprays were applied 18 May under sunny skies, 21°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. The treatment area received 6 cm of rainfall during the test period. Only suckers with adult birch leafminer activity were selected; sprays were applied to each of 4 replicates/treatment. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 12 DAT by counting the number of mined leaves of the 10 most apical leaves on 4 sucker twigs from each replicate.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A.
Published: March 2022

Pin Cherry trees with active tent caterpillar colonies were selected among open woodlot trees at the MSU horticulture farm in E. Lansing. Precounts were made on 4 May. Applications were made at 1:00 PM to the tents and to the foliage around the tents. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The insecticides were applied with a R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 flat-fan nozzle at 50 psi. The postcounts were evaluated on 9 May. Caterpillars were counted by walking around each tree and observing the tents and surrounding branches. The larvae were 2nd and 3rd instars at the time of the experiment. Heavy rain (0.78 inch) fell 10 h after application. More rain fell on 9 May (0.5 inch) and 12 May (0.65 inch).
Juniper, Control of Eriophyoid Mite, Lake Co., Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Juniper, 13-25 cm tall, growing in 1 pt containers in a nursery in Lake Co., were used to evaluate selected pesticides against an eriophyoid mite. Plants showing symptoms of mite injury were randomly selected and placed in groups of 3. Sprays were applied 4 Sep under sunny skies, 23°C, and with 24-40 km/h winds. Plants received overhead irrigation every other day or as needed during the test period. A COa compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to runoff to each of 3 single-plant replicates/treatment. Evaluations were made 7 DAT by removing two needles from each of 3 buds from each replicate and counting the number of active mites with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine with Formulations of Insecticidial Soaps, Horticultural Oil, and Conventional Formulations in Westmoreland Co., Pa, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle scale nymphs on moderately infested 8-12 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 8 May and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at the rate of 100 gal/acre (302 ml/tree). At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 74—76°F; water pH, 5.0; and skies were partly cloudy. At 15 DAT, at least 5 infested needle fascicles were removed randomly from each tree at each of 4 cardinal locations. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs (at each cardinal location) observed under a stereo dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fasciles. A total of 400 nymphs were examined from each replicate.
Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ear Tags in South Mississippi, Test 1, 1990
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on five beef cattle farms in Clarke, Jasper, Lauderdale, Newton and Neshoba Counties in south Mississippi. One ear tag per ear (2/animal) was used on all adult cattle. Terminator (diazinon) tags were placed in a herd of 55 cows and two bulls on 27 Apr. Saber tags were placed in a herd of 62 cows and one bull on 30 Apr. Ear Force Ranger tags were placed in a herd of 72 mature heifers on 1 May. Optimizer tags were placed in a herd of 53 cows and one bull on 3 May. Tomahawk tags were placed in a herd of 54 cows and one bull on 4 May. Untreated herds of 10-32 cows were located in the vicinity of each farm. All tags remained in herds for 16 wk. Herds were mixed breeds of beef cattle. Horn fly counts were made visually once each week using binoculars.
Use of Self-Activating Automatic Spray System in Controlling Face Flies and Horn Flies, 1990
Authors: Webb J. D. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

The spray apparatus consisted of a self-contained automatic system with a 30-gal reservoir powered by a 12-volt, battery operated, spray pump. The sprayer was housed in a walkin mineral station mounted on skids to facilitate transport. The mineral box, located at one end of the station, required cattle to walk inside and lift a wooden lid to access the mineral. When a cow lifted the lid over the mineral box and held it open for 10 s or more, 2 spray nozzles above the animal's back were activated for 3 s. As the animal backed out of the sprayer, it was treated with the insecticide mixture contained in the reservoir. For this experiment, a 0.5% water mixture of Vapona feedlot spray was used in the automatic spray system. Before evaluating the automated spray system for horn fly control, horn flies from the experimental herds were tested for resistance against both permethrin and diazinon. The horn fly populations were susceptible to diazinon, but exhibited a 48-fold resistance to permethrin. Prior to treatment and at 2-wk intervals thereafter, horn fly densities were estimated on one side of ten mature animals while face flies were counted on the head and face of these same animals. Untreated cattle within a 1-km radius were used as a control. The test was repeated in two similar herds.
Permethrin Sprays for Fly Control on Horses, 1990
Authors: Burg J. G. , Knapp F. W. , Estienne M. J.
Published: March 2022

Three permethrin insecticide products, ThroughCare Power Plus (plus R-ll), ThroughCare Power Plus (minus R-ll), and Tri-Tec 14, were tested for fly control using 12 pastured thoroughbred mares. Three mares were randomly assigned to each treatment group and 3 mares were used as untreated controls. On 25 Jun, all mares were brushed and a 0.25 m2 area on each side of the treatment mares was sprayed with 15 ml of a test product: to wet the hair thoroughly without runoff. Mares were pastured by treatment groups. Twenty house flies and 30 stable flies were confined to the sides of each mare for 10 min using tea strainers (12.7 cm diam) held in place with elastic straps. Separate sets of straps and tea strainers were used for each treatment group. House flies were confined on one side and stable flies were confined on the other side of each mare 2 h prior to treatment, 1 h and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 DAT. Numbers of house flies and stable flies resting on each mare and knocked down were recorded after 1, 5, and 10 min. After exposure, flies were transferred to paper cages (473 ml) with screen tops and supplied with cotton soaked in 15% glucose. Mortality was determined 24 h after the exposure period. Temperature and relative humidity ranged from 10-35°C and 30-84%, respectively. Precipitation was limited to 0.3 cm on 5 Jul.
The Effect of Compensol on the Potency of Meta-Systox, 1988
Authors: Herron G. A.
Published: March 2022

Compehsol is a mixture of 20 organic esters and was supplied by Bayer Australia Ltd. as an odour masking agent for Meta-Systox (i) 250 g/L EC. The masking agent was added at the rate of 25% v/v of the proprietary product. A population of Myzus persicae, which had been kept under insecticide-free conditions for several years, was used for all testing. Insects were exposed to a range of concentrations by spraying with a Potter tower producing a spray deposit of 1.6 mg/cm2. Solutions were sprayed directly onto test animals and the response assessed after a 24 h holding period on cabbage leaves. Log dose probability curves were calculated using probit regressions and were compared using relative potency and residual deviance. The following models were fitted: 1. single probit regression line for Meta-Systox (i) and Meta- Systox (i) plus compensol; 2. parallel probit regression lines for Meta-Systox (i) and Meta-Systox (i) puis compensol; 3. nonparallel probit regression lines for Meta-Systox (i) and Meta-Systox (i) plus compensol. The changes in deviance were calculated and compared to the relevant 5% value of X2.
Laboratory Study of Susceptibility of Cattle Biting Louse to Permethrin, 1990
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Lloyd J.E.
Published: March 2022

Bovicola bovis collected from a naturally infested castrate bovine at the University of Wyoming Livestock Farm were transported to the laboratory at the University of Wyoming in Laramie. Appropriate serial dilutions of analytical standard (9.2%) trans-permethrin were prepared in reagent grade acetone. Acetone solutions were pipetted onto Whatman no. 1, 9.0 cm filter papers which were then allowed to air dry. Filter papers were placed into separate 100 × 15 mm Pyrex petri dish bottoms; 0.01 g of fresh, bovine skin scurf was distributed evenly over the surface of the filter paper. Randomly selected adult female B. bovis were placed directly on the treated filter paper in the petri dishes at the rate of ca. 25 ± 3 per dish. Polystyrene petri dish bottoms (100 × 20 mm) with air holes were inverted and placed over the filter papers to prevent louse escape and ensure continuous contact of lice with the upper surface of the treated paper. Petri dishes were placed in a growth chamber at 35.0°C and 75.5% RH. Mortality was determined after 24 h. Lice incapable of walking were considered dead. Data were analyzed by probit analysis using POLO-PC (LeOra Software, Berkely, Calif.).
Residual Film Bioassay, 1990
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V. , Plapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

The responses of 24-48 h old fed (10% honey solution) diamondback moth (DBM) adults, from a susceptible laboratory population, to technical grade permethrin, methomyl, abamectin and MK-243 were measured in laboratory bioassays. Twenty ml glass scintillation vials were treated with desired amounts of technical grade insecticides dispersed in acetone. When dry, 10 moths were placed inside each vial and vials plugged with cotton. Doses in a geometric series and an acetone check were used for each insecticide. Each dose was replicated twice. Vials were held under ambient conditions 25°C ± 2°C and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D). Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Moths were considered dead if they did not respond when probed. Mortality data were analyzed using the probit option of POLO-PC. LD50 and LD90 values for each insecticide are reported herein.
Time Response to Direct Vs. Indirect Exposure to Aphicides, 1990
Authors: O'Brien P. J. , Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

A colony of the cotton aphid was established from aphids collected at Stoneville, MS, and was bioassayed after 3 mo in culture. Individual greenhouse-grown cotton leaves (DES-119, nontreated seed) were sprayed with formulated insecticides at recommended field rates using a laboratory spray chamber calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 30 psi with a TX6 cone nozzle moving at 2 mph. Each leaf was sprayed either on the top surface or on the underside of the leaf and allowed to' dry. Controls consisted of leaves sprayed with water only. Aphids were then caged in ventillated clip cages on the underside only of leaves, so that aphids recieved either indirect or direct exposure to insecticides, depending on which side of the leaf was sprayed. Cumulative mortality was determined for 24 and 48 h of exposure, during which time treated leaves and aphids were held in a laboratory chamber at 80°F, 14:10 L:D and 50% RH. For each insecticide tested, 6 leaves (replications) were treated and 10 adult female aphids were caged on each leaf. Statistical comparisons were made for percent mortality within a chemical treatment for time and method of exposure. All tests were not conducted on the same day, so statistical comparisons were not made among chemicals.
Rice Bloodworm, Toxicity of Fatty Acids, 1981
Authors: Treverrow N. L.
Published: March 2022

The toxicities of solutions of saturated straight chain fatty acids and the potassium soaps of 2 of them to RB larvae were evaluated in the laboratory. Fatty acids with 1-8 and 10 carbon atoms were bioassayed at concentrations of 50, 10 and 1 mg/liter in distilled water. Additionally, solutions of formic, butyric, propionic and capric acids and the potassium soaps of the last 2 acids were made up in water collected from a 2 wk previously flooded rice bay. The pH of the solutions ranged from 5.0-5.5. Each treatment consisted of a 25 ml aliquot of fatty acid solution in 25 mm diameter glass tube and was replicated 4 times. Ten late instar RB larvae from a laboratory colony were placed in each tube, capped and held at 25°C ± 2°C and assessed for mortality after 24 h. Appropriate untreated controls were maintained for each assay and all treatment results were corrected for control mortality. Larvae were counted as dead if they failed to respond to a jet of water.
Safer'S Insecticidal Soap for Pear Psylla Control, 1989
Authors: Hollingsworth Craig , Coli William
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to adjacent unreplicated rows of 15 trees. Chemical applications were made with a John Bean 400 gal speed sprayer at 300 psi with a delivery rate of 50 gal/acre. Materials were applied to runoff. In both treatments, oil at 1 gal/100, was applied on 25 Apr and 23 May. Polyram 80 WP at 1-1.5 lb/100, was applied on 14 Apr, 25 Apr, 23 May, 5 Jun, 27 Jun, 17 Jul, 24 Jul and 9 Aug. Guthion 35 WP at 0.63 lb/100 was applied at petal fall (23 May). In the standard block, Imidan 50 WP at 1 lb/100 was applied on 5 Jun and 27 Jun for plum curculio control and Mitac 1.5 EC was applied at 1.5 pt/100 on 17 Jul, 24 Jul and 9 Aug for pear psylla control. Safer's Insecticidal Soap at 2 gal/100 was applied to the treatment block on 26 May, 24 Jul, 9 Aug and 22 Aug for psylla control. Early instar and late instar pear psylla nymphs were counted from the first fully expanded leaf from 5 succulent terminals (as available) on 10 trees in each block. At harvest, 300 pears from each treatment were examined for phytotoxicity, and insect and disease damage.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control with a Juvenile Hormone Mimic, Pyriproxyfen, 1990
Authors: Yamamoto Haruyasu , Manzanares Pere
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 7- yr-old trees with a hand-operated backpack sprayer in an experimental farm in Lerida, Spain. Plots consisted of three 4-tree replicates in a randomized block design. Dates of application were 26 Apr and 7 May. Approximately 0.40 gal/plot of spray was applied. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of eggs and nymphs under a stereo microscope at 10-day intervals. Counts were made by sampling 20 leaves from 20 terminals/plot.
Control of Variegated Grape Leafhopper (VGL) in San Joaquin Valley, Calif., 1988
Authors: Stern Vernon M.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied to fresh market table grapes on 27 May. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and with 5 replicates for each treatment and check. Each replicate was a single row and extended into the vineyard to include the 15th vine from the field edge. Spray materials were applied with a hand gun at 175 gal/acre 200 psi. Both sides of all vine rows were sprayed to runoff. Leafhoppers were sampled with a D-Vac suction sampler with a ft2 nose cone. The leafhoppers from each replicate were placed in a 1-pt Mason jar containing a water solution at 70% alcohol and the VGL were counted in the laboratory.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1989
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias
Published: March 2022

Experimental EL-436 alone, and tank mixed with NR 440 spray oil, were compared to standard acaricides for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 3 × 3 (9 tree) plots and replicated 2 times in a 4-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 18 ft × 24 ft spacing. All treatment applications were made on 30 May with an FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with nozzeling, pressure and speed adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. All live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10 × on the shaded side of each of 50 fruit randomly selected in the middle tree row of each test plot. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as on observation.
Citrus Blackfly Control on Nursery Citrus, 1990
Authors: Victor French J. , Meagher R. L.
Published: March 2022

Talstar, Dursban, and Orthene were compared to petroleum oil (Sunspray 6 N) for efficacy against CBF on container grown citrus in a nursery at Monte Alto, Tex. CBF-infested trees, 3-4 ft tall, were selected and each treatment replicated 4 times on groups of 5 trees each. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff, with control trees receiving a water spray, using a TQ-40 Koke Kap backpack COa Sprayer at 30 psi. At intervals prespray and postspray, mature young leaves (20/treatment) were randomly sampled and lst-4th stage CBF (minimum of 500/ treatment) were examined under a binocular microscope. CBF were recorded as dead by the absence of body fluid when probed with a needle. Percent mortality of all immature stage CBF was determined for each treatment.
Oil Treatments for Leafminer and Associated Parasitoids on Snap Beans, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Meadows Michael R. , Hood Larry
Published: March 2022

Four oils and a insecticide-oil treatment were applied on 22 Oct with a prototype electrostatic sprayer (Terronics, Inc., Elwood, Ind.). Beans were planted 31 Aug in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers at the Bruce Church of Arizona, Inc. farm located near Poston, Ariz. Two rows of each variety were planted side by side in the 4 row block. Beans, especially the 04' variety, were heavily infested with leafminers and much defoliation and leaf drop had occurred with the lower leaves prior to the 16 Oct treatment. Plants were very heavily infested with sweetpotato whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennedius). Plots were 25 ft long by one bed wide and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomzied complete block design. Plots were sampled on 19 Oct for leafminer parasitoids. Parasitoid complex was comprised of mostly Diglyphus spp., Chrysocharis spp., as well as other similar parasitoids. Other parasitoids also included about 1% Opius and 3% Chrysonotomyia. Three samples were taken per plot. Samples consisted of placing a 8.5 inch × 17 inch × 1.5 inch deep styrofoam food tray between bed rows, shaking the foliage, and counting the parasitic wasps on the trays. Leafminer samples were obtained by leaving 3 trays/plot between rows from 3-8 DAT. Leafminer pupae that had emerged from leaves and collected in trays were counted.
Seed Maggot Control, 1990
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each treatment row. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition. Each plot consisted of single row treatments 15 ft long, 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seeds were treated 20-21 Jun and plots planted 25-26 Jun. Damage counts were made 13 Jul for both beans and corn. Emerged seedlings in each row of the snap bean plot were counted and an avg % damage was calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. In the corn plot, an avg % damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row after they were dug and washed. Both plots received heavy damage from SM larvae.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, Spring, 1990
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

On 14 May 1990, 'Express' cabbage transplants were planted into sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, Okla. Test plots were 20 ft long, single-row with 3 ft between rows. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart with one unplanted row between planted rows. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Fertilizer was applied at recommended levels before planting and through a trickle irrigation system. The initial insecticide treatment was applied on 20 Jun using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer which delivered 23 gal/acre. Ten randomly selected plants/plot were sampled for CL and DBM one d before treatment, 2 DAT, 7 DAT and 13 DAT. A second insecticide application was made on 9 Jul with samples taken as before at 3 DAT and 7 DAT.
Control of Melon Aphids on Cantaloupe, Fall, 1990
Authors: Citty S. , Cartwright B. , Soto P. J.
Published: March 2022

'Mission' hybrid cantaloupe were seeded into 10.2 cm pots using standard potting soil and placed in a greenhouse located at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, Okla., on 17 Sep. Each pot was placed in a vinyl saucer to facilitate watering and spaced approximately 6-8 cm apart. A randomized complete block design was used with seven replications. At the 2-3 leaf stage on 8 Oct, the plants were staked and tied to provide support. The plants were infested with melon aphids at the 4-5 leaf stage on 10 Oct. A CO2-powered backpack with a single nozzle (TX-10) was used to spray plants until saturated on 12 Oct. Ten treatments were used consisting of 1) Eucalyptus oil 2) Pine oil 3) Lemon oil 4) Citronella oil 5) Castor oil and Pomance [Resinol, S.A., Guatemala City, Guatemala, C.A.] 6) Surfactant Alone 7) Codacide (Canola oil) [IAT, St. Joseph, MO] 8) Cottonseed oil [Valco oil, Harlingen, TX] 9) Metasystox-R and 10) a H2O spray used as a check. Oils for treatments 1-4 were obtained from Distribuidora Richard, Guatemala City, Guatemala, C.A. The oils were applied at a 1% dilution in H2O with 1.5 ml liquid soap used as a surfactant. Metasystox-R was applied at a 0.5% dilution (0.25 lb [AI]/acre, assuming 25 gal/acre). Plants were moved outdoors and isolated by treatment before spraying to prevent drift, then returned to greenhouse. Efficacy of treatments was assessed by counting live melon aphids on each plant. Counts were made prior to treatment application, as well as 3 and 5 DAT. Phytotoxicity ratings were also recorded with 1 = no damage and 5 = severe damage.
Control of Spider Mites on Celery, 1989
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Anciso Juan , Chambers Cliff
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected acaricides for control of spider mites on celery. Experimental plots measuring 2 beds (4 rows) on 40 inch centers by 25 ft were established in a commercial field in La Grulla, Tex. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were treated on 20 Nov (first application) and 26 Nov (second application for treatments with 2 applications). Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer in a total volume of 50 gal/acre (one 10 × hollow cone nozzle/row, 60 psi). Adult mite populations were monitored by counting all adults on the underside of 20 randomly selected trifoliates per plot. Immature stages (larvae and nymphs) were monitored by randomly selecting 10 trifoliates/plot and counting the number of immatures in one lens field (ca. 2.25 square cm) on each leaf of each trifoliate (total of 30 lens fields/plot). Nymphs were not sampled on 1 Dec because of environmental conditions.
Microbial Control of First-Generation Ecb on Whorl Stage Corn, 1990
Authors: Bartels David W. , Hutchison William D.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minn. 'Green Giant Code 40' sweet corn was planted on 7 Jun. Plots consisted of a single 30-ft row on 36-inch centers and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were infested with first instar ECB larvae on 24 Jun to simulate heavy pest pressure. Approximately 50 larvae were placed into each whorl with a “bazooka” applicator. The corn was 20—25 inches tall with no tassels visible from above. Insecticide applications were delayed by heavy rains (2.15 inches) until 30 Jun. At the time of application, the percent of larvae in each of the following instars was I, 9.6%; early II, 42.3%; and late II, 48.1%. Granular formulations were banded (7-inch) over the whorl with a battery powered Gandy applicator mounted on a two-wheeled, hand pushed frame. Liquid formulations were applied using an R&D CO2-pressurized (35 psi) backpack sprayer. A single, hand held nozzle (LF-3) delivering 20 GPA was used to direct the spray over the whorl. Evaluations of the number of live larvae found on the entire plant were made 21 Aug.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Bishop B. , Grafius E. , Boylan-Pett W. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Merritt S. , Potter M. , Korpal K.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 5 Jul with a White (Seed Boss) 4-row planter at the Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm. Plots were one row wide (30 inch row spacing, 9 inches between plants within rows) and 30 ft long. Two untreated buffer rows seaprated adjacent plots and 5 ft of row was left untreated, as a buffer, on each end of the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks)/treatment. Herbicide was applied to the field (Bladex 90 DF @ 2 # AI/Acre and Dual 8 EC @ 8 # AI/Acre) at 33 gal/acre on 20 Jun. Three European corn borer (ECB) pheromone traps were placed near the corn to identify peak adult flight and help plan timing of treatments and sampling. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer (30 gal/acre, and 40 psi) on 31 Aug, 10 and 18 Sep. The sprayer boom had 3 nozzles, one directed down over the top of the plant, and the other 2 directed toward each side of the plant. Insects were counted on 5 plants/ block on 28 Aug, (prespray sample). Insects were counted, and the presence of ECB damage holes noted, on 2 plants in each plot on 4 and 12 Sep. On 19 Sep, 10 ears were harvested from each plot and inspected for caterpillars.
Early Season ECB Control, 1990
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm located in Madbury, N.H. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 insecticide treatments applied at 2 different growth stages of corn (total of 18 treatments) and an untreated control replicated 4 times. 'Honeymoon' sweet corn was hand-planted 16 May in rows on 36 inch centers. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. Each insecticide treatment was applied 2 times 7 d apart starting at either the whorl growth stage (15-20 inches tall with no tassel growth visible in the whorls) or the pretassel growth stage (most of the plants with tassel growth visibly emerging from the whorls). The insecticide treatments were applied using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand held sprayer. Each treatment was applied in a single pass over the row directed into the whorls at a delivery rate of 14.4 gal/acre. Evaluation of the percentage of plants showing ECB leaf feeding injury prior to the first whorl treatment was made on 2 Jul. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (14 Aug) by examining all the plants in each replicate for ECB feeding injury.
Fall Armyworm Control on Sweet Corn in Arkansas, 1990
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Field trials were conducted near Jonesboro in northeastern Ark. The experiment was repeated 2 times with dates of planting on 25 Jul and 23 Aug on a Dubbs fine sandly loam soil. Each trial was arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 2 rows wide (40 inch row spacing) and 40 ft long with 1 row separating adjacent plots. Each trial was initiated 12 d after planting, and it continued for 8 d. Applications were made on day 1 and 4 using a backpack sprayer equipped with TX-SS3 hollow cone nozzles situated directly over the whorl and calibrated to deliver 7 gpa at 45 psi. FAW population density and plant damage were determined by dissecting 10 randomly selected plants/plot on day 1 and 4 just prior to applications and on day 8. Larvae were categorized as small (<0.5 cm) or large (>0.5 cm). Damage was rated for each plant as follows: (1) very little to no damage, (2) slight damage to outside leaves and whorl, (3) moderate damage to outside leaves with whorl damage fresh and very apparent, (4) heavy damage throughout plant, and (5) complete decimation. All data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1990
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates, except experiment CPB-A which had 4 replicates. Experiment CPB-A was planted 17 May; experiments CPB-B, CPB-C, and CPB-D were planted 29 May; and experiment CPB-E was planted 31 May at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1989. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots was bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and cultivation practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 5 foliar applications of Manex 4 L (2338 ml/ha on 27 Jul; 2806 ml/ha on 3, 9, 16, and 23 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1), except experiment CPB-A where no transformations were done. Means of all larval stages and adult beetles were compared using DMRT. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 7.3, 10.2, and 14.8 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 mo was 17.6, 19.5 and 19.7 deg C.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with Dimilin, 1991
Authors: Alston D. G.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 four-tree replicates. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and with an output rate of 3800 liters/ha. The date of first consistent CM catch as determined by pheromone traps placed in the block was 16 May. Cover sprays were timed using a temperature-driven CM model of development. First applications were timed to coincide with beginning of egg hatch. First applications of Dimilin + Guthion on 6 Jun were followed with Dimilin alone on 27 Jun and 19 Jul. Refer to the table for specific dates of application. Five fruit per tree and 5 fruit from the ground underneath each tree were sampled for CM damage (external stings + internal worms) by cutting fruit on 27 Jun, 19 Jul, and 8 Aug. Twenty fruit per tree and 20 fruit from the ground underneath each tree were sampled for CM damage on 30 Aug and 20 Sep. CM pressure was heavy.
Second Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1991
Authors: Bessin R. , Townsend L. H.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for control of second generation European corn borer larvae. The.corn was planted on 5 Jun as a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 30 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied in a band over the wborl stage corn using a Gandy applicator driven by electric motor and mounted on a Hi-Boy. Liquid insecticides were applied using Solo backpack sprayer at 25 psi. Insecticide applications were made on 16 Jul. Ten stalks were destructively sampled and the number of European corn borer larvae recorded on 24-26 Jul. Ten stalks were split from each plot and the number of cavities recorded on 16 Aug. At harvest, the number of larvae per ear was counted in fifteen ears from each plot. Data were subjected to ANOVA and treatment means were compared to the control by Dunnett's test (SAS Institute).