bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of strength characteristics for sandy soils by polypropylene fibers (PPF)
Authors: Al-Saray Noor A , Shafiqu Qassun S , Ibrahim Mohammed A
Published: June 2021

Sandy soil contains many geotechnical problems, including high permeability, less shear strength, sand dunes, and liquefaction. Therefore, it is necessary to stabilize the sandy soil to improve its engineering properties, either through mechanical or chemical fixations. The mechanical one is done by changing the classification of the soil by mixing it with other types of soils and additives in various gradients. While the chemical fixation is related to the modification of soil properties by adding chemically active substances. In this research, polypropylene fiber PPF with proportions (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1%) was used to study its effect on the physical properties of sandy soils, such as the angle of internal friction ϕ, shear strength τ, California Bearing Ratio CBR, and permeability k. In this paper the value of ϕ, τ, and CBR for improved sandy soil increases by 24%, 20%, and 182.2% respectively with adding 0.6% PPF, and decrease in permeability which is estimated to be 26% for 0.1% PPF.
Effect of metakaolin and silica fume on the engineering properties of expansive soil
Authors: Al-Khalili Ahmed M , Ali Ahmed S , Al-Taie Abbas J
Published: June 2021

Characteristics of the expansive soil should be studied due to the effects and problems of this soil on the structures that build on it, also, its spread in large areas in the world. Some of these problems are the cracks and large damages on the structures due to the differential settlement of the soil. These problems occur due to the swelling and shrinkage characteristics of the soil when it is affected by changeable water content. The need for the stabilizers to overcome these problems appears due to a large amount of loses money caused by the expansive soil’s problems. This study used silica fume and metakaolin which considers stabilizer agents that used to treat the expansive soil. Silica fume is an industrial material obtained by condensation operation to the smoke that produced from the production process of the ferrosilicon metal. While metakaolin is a a pozzolanic material obtained from the burning of kaolin rock to (700-800) °C. The soil used in this study classified as CH soil. The treated samples were prepared by mixing the soil with (5%, 10%, and 15%) of the two additives. From the results, it was found that Atterberg limits were increased with the adding silica fume and decreased with Metakaolin. Specific gravity decreased with silica fume while it is increased with Metakaolin. The maximum dry unit weight decreased, and the optimum water content increased with silica fume and the opposite occur with metakaolin. The results showed that the swelling present improved with both additives.
Investigating the preparation and characterization of nano-clay modified asphalts
Authors: Zghair Hussein H , Mohammed Humam H
Published: June 2021

In order to extend the lifespan of flexible pavements materials, a binder quality requests to be modified. The aim of the present research is to assess the physical features of original and modified asphalts with nanoclay materials. These features including; softening point values, penetration grades, viscosity values, penetration index values, and ductility. Three percentages of nanoclay contents (3, 5, and 7) % by of the asphalt weight were blended by a shear blender set at (4000) rpm., and mixing time set about 45 min. at 140 °C. Physical tests results showed that adding nanoclay material as a modifier was beneficial in enhancing the asphalts features. For example, viscosity values and softening point values increase when increase in the nanoclay content. Consequently, the mixing temperatures and compaction temperatures of the modified asphalts increase with increase the nanoclay content to reach (170 °C). While the penetration and ductility values decrease when increase the modifier content. Regarding the penetration index of the modified asphalts, it is enhanced by increase in the nanoclay proportions. Hence, the modified asphalt with 7% of nanoclay produces the greater value of penetration index accordingly, it has a positive influence on the rutting resistance.
Comparative evaluation for the effect of particles size of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the properties of HMA
Authors: Al-Ghurabi Sahar B. , Al-Humeidawi Basim H.
Published: June 2021

The construction of highway pavement usually consumes a huge amount of aggregate and binder, and at the same time, big quantities of these materials are removed from the old and damaged roads. The disposal of these materials is costing money and effort. The current study aims to investigate the effect of particle size of RAP on the volumetric and mechanical properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). The study involved replacement of coarse aggregate and fine in wearing layer of the pavement by different percentages up to 40 %. The mechanical tests (Marshall Test and indirect tensile strength test) were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of the obtained mixes. Also, the economical evaluation was conducted to explain the effect of using RAP on the total cost of HMA. The results of the study showed that the replacement of fine aggregate with RAP can be adopted up to 20% of the total aggregate, while the replacement of coarse aggregate is conducted up to 40 % which represents the most coarse aggregate quantity in the mix. Also, the use of RAP in HMA can significantly reduce the cost of obtained HMA compared with that produces with virgin materials.
Hot spot analysis of the crash locations at the roundabouts through the application of GIS
Authors: Zubaidi H , Obaid I , Mohammed H A , Das S , Al-Bdairi N S.S
Published: June 2021

Intersection safety is a critical issue as it accounts high percent of the total fatal and injury crashes combined. One of the safe alternatives is to convert the typical intersections into roundabouts to enhance the capacity and reduce crashes. Despite the advantages in the roundabout geometric design, there is a clear gap in understanding the relationship among crash types, injury severity, and roundabout configurations. As such, this research used five years (2011 to 2015) of traffic crash data collected from Oregon’s Department of Transportation (ODOT). In this study, the Geographic information system tool (GIS) and the incident analysis tools have been used to identify hazardous location occurrence areas, hot spots, and factors that lead to roundabout accidents and decide how, when, and where accident countermeasures can be performed. The results indicated many cities with high crashes are not considered a hot spot area and the reverse. Besides, more driver injury crashes when the driver enters the roundabout at an angle, and more crashes are in four legs roundabout and three legs roundabout types. Several factors lead to roundabout crashes resulting in an injury, like drivers who did not yield right of way is the dominant crash, an improper change of traffic lanes, and followed too closely. Female drivers have more likelihood to involve in roundabout crashes than male drivers. With these findings, the current study would be useful for safety practitioners to select effective safety measures to avoid and minimize the incidence of accidents at the highest crash site.
Performance of temperature changes and dosage for enhancement of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater: A comparative study
Authors: Ghawi Ali Hadi , Tisti Habeeb Jafer Mahrath
Published: June 2021

The development in Iraq, in addition to the increase in the population and the increase in the standard of living, has led to a marked increase in the demand for water, as the shortage of fresh water resources has become a problem that concerns specialists and decision-makers as it affects the water deficit, especially in the provision of drinking water (the basis of life) in addition to other requirements such as agriculture. Which led to the search for other possible solutions available. One of these solutions is the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture or any other uses to save fresh water and expand agricultural areas after removing high concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. The aim of the study is to improve the performance of the treatment method used by the sewage treatment plant to achieve the removal of nutrients from the treated water. The dual use of a biological treatment and chemical precipitation process to remove phosphorous compounds from wastewater was studied. To avoid instability in the biological treatment method due to temperature changes during the year, especially in the summer. The obtained wastewater treatment plant validation was verified by applying the existing plant planning in GPS-X 8.0 modeling and simulation software, by combining biological and chemical removal methods to improve the performance of a wastewater treatment plant in Khairy in Al Diwaniyah, Iraq (KWWTP). The results showed that a series of conditions for anaerobic, oxygen and aerobic reactors help to remove biological nutrients efficiently. The concentration of COD, BOD and TSS were below the permissible environmental parameters. The removal rate of nitrogen as N-NH3 is 92.96; 94.93; 97.60% respectively. The phosphorous removal rate is 80.22, 86.55, 92.30 respectively Except for the release of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds during the summer (July and August) due to the sensitivity of phosphorous-containing organisms to the influence of temperature. The increasing concentrations of phosphorous produced in the summer were treated by adding doses of chemicals (alum) at different stages of the wastewater treatment plant, and the required dose of Alum ranges in the range of 0.5-0.9 kgAl / kg P, according to the dose strategy that achieves the highest efficiency of the KWWTP.
Air pollution assessment at University of Al-Qadisiyah associated with traffic from neighbouring roads
Authors: Shaheed Shaimaa Haider , Ghawi Ali Hadi , Al-Obaedi Jalal Taqi Shaker
Published: June 2021

Air pollution is one of the most complex environmental problems, and transportation is one of the most important factors that contribute to air pollution in urban areas. This study aims to examine the relationship between traffic volumes and air pollution, the effect of emissions according to the type of vehicle and the effect of the presence of bumps, and the change in vehicle driving speed. The University of Al-Qadisiyah street has been selected as a study area that faces frequent traffic congestion on neighboring roads and does not have an air quality monitoring system Therefore, mathematical models are useful for assessing the environmental impact of air pollution. Sidra Trip software is used to calculate the vehicle’s source emission rate while Arc GIS software is used to represent pollutant maps based on geographical statistical models using a digital city model. The traffic volumes have been also calculated in the peak times. The receivers are identified from weather, topography, and emission data sources. The air pollutants resulting from traffic movement were measured in the study area (PM2.5, PM10, NOX, SOX, CO, CO2, and other gases). It is found that the air quality index (AQI) within the range of 150-249 is completely unhealthy. The simulations results showed the weather and topographical conditions of the campus district in favour of dispersal of the air pollutants, as the vehicles greatly affect the air quality in the area. The simulation results showed a good agreement between the modelling results and the developed mathematical models.
Degradation of soil polluted with petroleum products using enzymatic accelerating reagent
Authors: Al-khateeb Tala A. , Mahdi Ayat H.
Published: June 2021

Pollution with petroleum wastes is a serious environmental problem that must be treated considerably. Artificially polluted soil with oily contaminants mixtures was treated biologically using aerated bioreactor. The used oily mixtures used in this study are petroleum sludge, lubricating oil and crude oil. Crude oil and petroleum sludge were obtained from oil refinery of Al-Romayla at Al-Basrah governorate, tests were examined at the Ministry of Science and Technology. These wastes were mixed separately with soil in a ratio 7(pollutant):100 (soil) and treated by using the bioreactor. The degradation ability of microorganisms existed in the soil had been examined in low weather temperature with the aid of enzymatic reagent. The efficiency of removing the organic hydrocarbons after five weeks of treatment was 68.2 %, 74.4 % and 77.7 % for the petroleum sludge, lubricating and crude oil, respectively. The obtained results show the ability of the enzymatic reagent in the activation of micoorganisms to degrade heavy hydrocarbons substances even in cold weather.
Performance application of ultraviolet disinfection technique for raw water
Authors: Nazar Zainab Osama , Al-Musawi Nawar O.A.
Published: June 2021

Microbial water disinfection with UV rays is a universal technology. Disinfection is a method used to treat drinking water. This can be accomplished using physical and/or chemical processes. Physical Methods: Heating and UV rays are two main methods - UV rays to destroy cells and kill bacteria. The physical process generally gives drinking water an instant purification without producing harmful substances. However, there is no pollution in the water to ensure continuous cleaning. This study’s primary goal is to obtain environmentally safe drinking water in situations of water shortages and homes that lack clean water. Therefore, resort to appropriate home treatment. Therefore, an experimental laboratory has been established to test the ceramic filter’s efficiency in removing turbidity and plankton and everything that would change the properties of drinking water. Thus, several stages in water purification are shortened, as in the case of water treatment plants. To determine the efficiency of UV sterilization in killing bacteria, especially fecal coliform bacteria and E-coli bacteria. Work has taken place by taking samples of river water near Al Wahda water treatment plant. This technique works on water according to special criteria before entering the sterilizer. A commercially available ceramic filter was used for this. The ceramic filter is excellent at reducing turbidity with removal efficiency (96 ∼ 97%), suspended solids removal efficiency (99 ∼ 100%), iron removal efficiency (100%), bacteria removal efficiency (45 ∼ 50 %) which is good removal rate because it is a commercial filter. The efficiency of the UV sterilizer in killing bacteria reached (100%). This technique is very excellent as it does not produce secondary substances and does not change color, taste, or smell.
The management of water distribution network using GIS application case study: AL-Karada area
Authors: Kadhim Noor Riyadh , Abdulrazzaq Khalid A. , Mohammed Athraa Hashim
Published: June 2021

Clean water supply is one of the major factors contributing significantly to society’s socio-economic transformation by improving living standards, health, and increasing productivity. It is imperative to plan and construct appropriate water supply systems in modern society, which supply various segments of society with safe drinking water according to their requirements to ensure adequate and quality water supply. In the current study, here was an attempt to develop a model for geographic information systems to manage the assets of the water distribution networks in the Karrada region and to evaluate the network geometrically, and from the results of the engineering analysis of the network it was found that the network does not contain engineering errors and depends on scientific and engineering foundations, and many tools have been used and a number of orders to manage the water distribution networks, inquire about their assets in full, and explain the importance of using these tools in order to inquire about the possibility of malfunctions in the network and help maintenance professionals in this and take immediate action to identify problems (for example, in the case of broken pipes, service areas ) In the system followed by rapid solutions to optimize network maintenance work, providing a framework for continuous improvement.Finally, the study recommended the authorities to establish a comprehensive central database for water networks with continuous updating of it, and to take advantage of new updates of water distribution networks management programs to help maintenance professionals to monitor faults in the network.
Cadmium ions adsorption from aqueous solutions by Bentonite clay, fixed bed column
Authors: Hawal Laith Hamdan , Allah Serror Atta , Karbol Maryam Salih
Published: June 2021

Cadmium metal is discharged to the water from different industries. It can cause serious troubles for human being and aquatic ecosystems. The adsorption technique applied in this study to remove cadmium from simulated aqueous solutions onto bentonite clay by various experiments. Fixed bed system was implemented to verify the Impact of pH, initial cadmium concentration, adsorbent bed height, flow rates and the treatment time on cadmium ions removal. The results show up that when the pH of the aqueous solution was lowered, the cadmium removal efficiency increased. The cadmium removal efficiency decreased due to the increased initial cadmium concentration. Experiments have shown that increasing the contact time and the adsorbent medium in the column lead to more removal efficiency. Removal efficiency increased when the flow rate decreased. The best removal efficacy was (80%) when the pH of (3), initials cadmium concentration (3mg/l), height of the adsorbent bed (50 cm), flow rates (10 ml/min.) and the treatment time of (120 min.). Finally, the bentonite clay can be used for cadmium ions removal instead of more expensive adsorbents, because of its low cost, availability and perfect adsorption property..
Study the relationship between bacterial growth, Congo red dye removal and voltage production using single chamber microbial fuel cell
Authors: Mahdi Nabea Muneer , Ali Ahmed Hassoon
Published: June 2021

In this work single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC) incorporating agar salt bridge pipe were used to investigate the interaction mechanisms between bacterial growth, Congo red decolorization, and bioelectricity generation. After 20 days of SCMFC operation in a batch test using a mixture of Congo red (CR) and sucrose as fuel, graphite plates electrodes, temperature 32ºC and under anaerobic working condition results showed that 98% decoloraization at dye concentration 300 mg\l demonstrated at UV-Visible Spectrophotometer ( wavelength 500 nm) and maximum voltage output of approximately 263.9 mv. Microbial community analysis showed the high species of bacteria Shigella dysenteria and Salmonella sp. (23×109 and 19×109 Count CFU/mL respectively). The bacterial growth activates start to decrease due to substrate reduction for metabolic process and pH automatically dropping from 8.2 to 6.9 as a result of the reaction. This study offered a feasible option for the dye wastewater treatment and electricity generation by using single chamber microbial fuel cells.
Using the integration of GIS and RS in the initial selection of the site for the construction of the new Al Diwaniyah city and its alternatives in Iraq
Authors: Elsheikh Asser , Albo – Hassan Ali. S. , Al – Zayadi Sora. K. , Alamedy Shaimaa. Gh. , Alzamili Hadeal H.
Published: June 2021

Sustainable development has the highest priority in all parts of the world and developing countries, and one of the most important issues in the field of urban planning is the correct and proper planning for urban expansion and the establishment of new cities and the correct use of land use in these cities and obtaining the best sustainable situation. As Al Diwaniyah Governorate in Iraq suffers from a severe shortage of urban and residential areas, with a significant increase in random growth and encroachment on other lands. From this logic, the integration of both remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems data and the overlap of these programs between them and the production of analyzes, images and results in this work was made to propose a new city in the Al Diwaniyah governorate for the governorate center with an area of 129 km2. Where more than one area has been studied according to criteria, the most important of which is the lack of transgressions and encroachments in the proposed area and taking into consideration not to overtake agricultural areas, as Al Diwaniyah Governorate is one of the agricultural governorates and it was important to choose areas with the least vegetation cover, and through geographic information systems, an area was chosen Northeast of the old city, with an area of 49 km2, which represents 38% of the area of the old city. And use vegetation indicators to map and define vegetation cover and cultivated land versus urban and barren areas. This indicator is the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), The results obtained indicated that the area of the proposed area is 49 km2 and about 5 km2 of green and cultivated lands are 10.2% of the total area of the proposed area. The size of the proposed area, which constitutes a suitable and good proportion for a new city.
The effect of subgrade reaction modulus on the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete plates
Authors: Tozy Hameed Stephan , Naaom Dr. Emad Noel
Published: June 2021

The research investigates the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete plates based on soil by using the finite elements method. This investigation has done by using computer program (DARC3) that mean Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete in 3D which is written in (FORTRAN) language and it is modified in this study to include the effect of elastic subgrade reaction soil using Winkler’s method under effect of different static loads. 20-node isoparametric brick elements are used to represent the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete plate, the reinforcement idealized by smeared layer within brick elements, assuming perfect bond between the steel and the concrete. The finite elements results are obtained the load-deflection response. The effects of boundary conditions, plate thickness, type of load and the modulus of vertical subgrade reaction of the soil layer are studied, it is shown that in case of increasing the subgrade reaction values and plate thickness lead to decreasing in the deflection and vice versa. Also it is shown that the fixed boundaries give less deflection than that in case of simply supported boundaries. The results obtained from this study are compared with the previous study, and good agreements results are obtained with percentage (1.52%).
Rehabilitation and strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete columns: review
Authors: Naji Alaa Jaleel , Al-Jelawy Haider M. , Saadoon Sura A. , Ejel Ahmed Taresh
Published: June 2021

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are the primary load-bearing structural components in the building which makes them most likely vulnerable to deterioration. Capacity deterioration of RC columns may result from dynamic loads, impact loads, poor maintenance, creep, non-standard design, corrosion of steel reinforcement and incorrect quality control. Therefore, RC columns should be always monitored for signs of deterioration. Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing reinforced concrete facilities have become an essential part of the construction work. This study aims to review and evaluate methods of strengthening RC columns. Steel jacketing, concrete jacketing, ferrocement jacketing, CFRP jacketing and GFRP jacketing are the most common techniques which have been used for rehabilitation of RC columns. Each method of strengthening is reviewed with emphasis on its performance, advantages, disadvantages, application details, and factors that influence the design and scope of applicability.
Simulation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints under cyclic loading
Authors: Al-Jumaily Ghaith A , Abdul Rahman Ammar A.
Published: June 2021

Reinforced Concrete buildings with 3 to 5 stories are common structures in Iraq. Recently and due to several earthquakes taking place at the borders and/or even inside Iraq, these structures are under the action of long-term cyclic loadings from these earthquakes. A major structural element in these RC structures is the beam-column connection which observes the energy from the earthquake shocks. Consequently, understanding the performance of these joints under reversed cyclic loading produced from repeating earthquake became necessary to understand the real capacity and behavior of these connections. One model is developed using the finite element software ABAQUS to represent a possible type of beam-column joint in any typical structure undergoing reversed-cyclic load from earthquakes. The suggested model offers a simple demonstration of the plastic mechanisms which determines joint behavior under shear loading created from repeating seismic actions. The model is subjected to reversed cyclic loading made from the peak value of actual earthquake applied at different timings after the joint reach yielding in the longitudinal reinforcement. The purpose of the study is to determine the energy and the remaining shear strength that the joint holds after it reaches the yield point after such reversed cycles. Shear capacity and deformations of the columns are calculated after each applied cycle gained from the earthquake and accumulated to know the total deformation after the cycles and to understand the response of that joint after each cycle and at the end. The results of this particular model indicate that it is suitable to be used in demonstrating the response of such type of joint undergoing cyclic loading.
A state of the art review on transverse web opening for reinforced concrete beams with and without strengthening method
Authors: Abbas Oday Hashim , Numan Hesham A.
Published: June 2021

To erect modern constructions needs many ducts and pipes to accommodate essential services such as telephone, electricity, air conditioning, and computer network. Transverse web openings throughout the Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams enable the installation of these services. In recent decades, the researchers suggested several strategies for improving the structural behavior for deep, continuous, and simply-supported beams; involving transverse web-holes underwent shear forces, bending, torsion, and cyclic loads by utilizing supplementary internal steel reinforcing bars, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) rods or plates, steel fiber, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets. The current paper presents the previous investigations on the structural action of the RC-beams with the transverse web-openings. The effect of the shape, size, position of the opening, and type of strengthening on the structural performance of RC beams highlight and discussed in this paper. It found when the diameter of circle opening equal or greater than 40% of the depth of beam attributed by reducing in beam strength and earlier cracks occurred. Besides, the deflection of beams was rose when the openings settled below the centroid of the section. Finally, this study proves that the few previous studies discussed the RC beam’s behavior with openings under cyclic loading. However, this paper aims to develop insights for future studies about assessing and strengthening methods for the RC beams with the transverse web opening.
Experimental study of encased composite corrugated steel webs under shear loading
Authors: Kadhim Ahmad W. , Ammash Haider K.
Published: June 2021

This paper focuses on enhancing the shear strength of steel I-girder using different types of corrugation filled by concrete. This study used three types of corrugation shape (triangular, trapezoidal, and rectangular). Corrugation shapes had the same depth (60 mm). All specimens used in the study had equal weight, which is approximately (38) kilograms per specimen. The specimens were categorized into two groups, the first group without encasing by concrete while the second group contains self-compacted concrete to encase the corrugated steel web for two faces of I-girder. The experimental work included measuring the ultimate load capacities and load -deflection curves . The experimental results showed that the concrete filled corrugated web girders have high shear strength compared to the specimens that don’t have concrete encasing. Also, the shape of the corrugation was found to have an impact on the shear strength of the steel girders encased with concrete.
Effect of geometrical properties on slenderness ratio of concrete filled multi-skins steel tube column
Authors: Salim Nagham M. , Al-Khekany Alaa M
Published: June 2021

An experimental and numerical investigation was adopted to estimate the slenderness ratio of concrete filled multi-skin steel tube (CFMST). In this study, 55 specimens composite columns with various heights were fabricated and tested experimentally under axial load. The specimens divided into two main groups depending on the cross-section shape (circular and square cross-section). Both sections have the same external dimension. A new equation was suggested for the predicted slender limit of a composite column with the various number of steel tubes. Some geometrical parameters were studied experimentally and numerically to explain their effect on the slender limit. A number of steel layers, the dimension of cross-section, the thickness of the steel tube, and another parameter were investigated numerically by using the ABAQUS program. It observed that slender limit increase with an increasing number of steel layers and increase of dimension of the column.
Causes of dependence between extreme floods
Authors: Deidda Cristina , Rahimi Leila , De Michele Carlo
Published: June 2021

Compound events, like compound floods, have rapidly aroused interest due to the strong impacts associated with them. The spatial dependence has a fundamental role in the dynamics of these events, and causative investigations of their origins could contribute to elucidate their dynamics. Here, we addressed the pairwise spatial dependence between annual maximum (instantaneous) discharges occurring in river stations located in the United Kingdom. First, we tested the hypothesis that the dependence comes from the co-occurrence of annual maxima using Kendall’s tau measure of association and its conditional version, calculated from the non-co-occurrent values. This hypothesis, commonly accepted in literature, would attribute to the co-occurrence of the origin of the spatial dependence between extreme floods. The analysis showed how there is also dependence between annual maxima pertaining to catchments located very far from one another, and where the co-occurrence of annual maxima is small, if not zero. We formulated a general hypothesis to explain the spatial dependence between annual maxima: dependence is the compound result of co-occurrences, and climatological and hydrological similarities. The origin of dependence is more complex than what is presently stated in the literature. Thus, not only is synchronization a cause, but similarities in climate and hydrological response may also play a role. We introduced three dissimilarity indices and dependence-dissimilarity maps to illustrate this general hypothesis.
Natural and semi-natural land dynamics under water resource change from 1990 to 2015 in the Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Liu Fang , Yu Zhuxiao , Xu Erqi , Li Dajing , Zhang Hongqi , Qin Yuanwei
Published: June 2021

The Tarim Basin is a typical arid area and has the world’s most severe desertification of natural and semi-natural land due to limited water resources. However, knowledge about the impacts of changes in water resources on the spatio-temporal dynamics of natural and semi-natural land is still limited. We analyzed the spatio-temporal changes in natural and semi-natural land and the associations with desertification in the Tarim Basin during the period 1990–2015. We then investigated the changes in water resources and the consequent impacts on the spatio-temporal changes of natural and semi-natural land by integrating Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment territorial water storage data and field observations. The results showed that a total area of 10.32 × 103 km2 of natural and semi-natural land was converted to desert during the period 1990–2015. Desert vegetation type and saline type were the natural and semi-natural land types most sensitive to conversion to desert. The area of natural and semi-natural land decreased by 0.83% every year, and the proportion of desertified land was 34.79% on average during the period 2000–2010; this is less than for the period 1990–2000 (1.14% yr−1 and 52.01%) due to increased availability of water resources from the water conveyance program. However, the rate of decrease of natural and semi-natural land area (0.93% yr−1) and the proportion of desertified land (58.88%) rose again during the period 2010–2015 due to the rapid decrease in water resources. During the period 2000–2015, the rate of loss of natural and semi-natural land area (7.89%) in the region with decreased water resources was about twice that in the region with increased water resources (3.88%), highlighting the critical role of water resources in maintaining natural and semi-natural land and slowing desertification.
A coral reef health study and its problem in Leti, Moa and Wetar Island, Mollucas Province
Authors: Pelasula D D , Alik R , Ruli F , Hukom F D , La Pay  , Hehuat J
Published: June 2021

A study on coral reefs status was conducted on the island of Wetar, Leti, and Moa of Southwest Maluku District. Nine stations were assigned as sampling stations to analyze the coral reefs’ condition of these three islands. The Underwater Photo Transect method was applied to analyze the percentage of biotic and abiotic components of coral reef communities with Coral Point Count Excel (CPCe) software, whilst the underwater visual census for reef fish data. Coral reef health indices were determined based on benthic lifeform components and reef fish biomass. Our findings showed that the coral cover in Wetar, Moa, and Letti island consists of 124 species that belong to 44 genera and 15 families of hard coral. The condition of coral reefs was considered at category 3 due to the high percentage of coral cover that range between 20.85 – 71.55 % with an average of 42.87 %. The average biomass of target fish in the waters of Wetar, Letti, Moa, and its surrounding areas was 129.309 g/m2 or 3,694 kg/ha. The Kaiwatu site (BWI03) was recorded to have the highest biomass of 305,487 g/m2 or 8,728 kg/ha and the lowest was the Klis site ((BWI 08) with a value of 1285 g/m2 or 36,70 kg/ha. The coral reef health index values of nine study sites ranged between grade 5 and 10, of which two locations got a score of 10 (very good) categories, five locations got a good category and two locations got a low score. The overall results indicate that the coral reef is in a healthy condition, yet, the use of non-environmental friendly fishing gears partly damages coral reef beds.
Size, spatial distribution and potential of anchovy in Inner Ambon Bay
Authors: Latumeten J , Latumeten V D V
Published: June 2021

Inner Ambon Bay is a small pelagic fish fishing ground, especially anchovy. Anchovy plays important role in the skipjack fishery as live bait in Ambon city. Nevertheless, research for its resource management is rarely done. The aim of the research is to obtain information of population size, spatial distribution of densities and Maximum Sustainable Yield of anchovy. Densities data of fish were obtained using hydro acoustics device at six parallel transect lines and one cross parallel transect line in October 2015. Three fish species caught by beach seine, comprise Encrasicholina heteroloba (96.3%), Sardinella spp.(2.8%) and Rastrelliger spp.(0.9%). Mean value of total length of E. heteroloba was 5.30 cm shorter than the length of same fish noted in October 2005 was 5.48cm. Spatial distribution of anchovy densities shows that low density (0-2 fish/m2) occupy wider space, evenly distributed in north, east, and south of the bay. The fish density of 2-4 fish/m2 were in small groups occupy smaller space distributed in the middle to west of the bay. The density 4–6 fish/m2 to high density 28–30 fish/m2 occupy only very small space in the west near bay mouth. Maximum sustainable yield of anchovy in inner Ambon Bay was estimated 6.9±4.3 tons.
Variability of chlorophyll-a concentration relation to fish catch of Indian mackerel in West Halmahera waters
Authors: Tangke U , Laisouw R , Umagap W A , Darmawaty
Published: June 2021

The presence of chlorophyll-a is an indicator of water fertility, where the high chlorophyll-a content will be followed by the presence of zooplankton which will then affect other aquatic organisms that form the food chain. The interaction of chlorophyll-a concentration on the presence of mackerel in West Halmahera waters is unknown, so this study was carried out with the aim of examining the relationship between chlorophyll-a concentration in West Halmahera waters and mackerel catch. The use of experimental fishing methods from May to July 2020 and non-linear regression analysis and Generalized Additive Model (GAM) are expected to provide an overview of the relationship between the two research variables. The results showed that the distribution of Indian Mackerel was more in coastal areas with a chlorophyll-a concentration distribution of 0.18 - 0.39 mg/m3 which played a major role in determining the variability of the quantitative distribution of mackerel (α < 0.05) and positively correlated with a value of r = 0.819 and these results supported by predictions using GAM, where the potential fishing area for mackerel in West Halmahera waters is at a chlorophyll-a concentration value of aboutb 0.2 - 0.4 mg/m3.
Multispecies selectivity of line fishing towards sustainability
Authors: Hutubessy B.G.
Published: June 2021

Understanding the selectivity of demersal fish towards different fishing methods is an important contribution to generate fisheries management plan. The purpose of this study is to examine the selectivity of line fishing on reef fishes based on multispecies approached. Coral fishes were caught by hand lines, longlines and trolled lines by fishers from Kotania bay, Maluku-Indonesia. The species and size of fish catch from January 2013 to December 2014 was filled in logbooks. Multispecies selectivity was estimated by the abundance size spectrum according to methods of fishing: handline, longline and trolled line. In total, 30886 reef fishes were collected, representing 147 species and 37 families. By grouping into genus, longline captured 55 genus which selective to genus Epinephelus, Handline caught 54 genus targeting on genus Lethrinus and trolled line caught 24 genus which selective to genus Plectropomus. Size distribution by hook sizes were not normally distributed (P < 0.001). Multispecies approach from multi-gear selectivity analysis resulted that trolled line was the high selective method especially for grouper family. Handline showed equal selectivity among species captured while the selectivity of longline was varied among fish. Fishing method, hook sizes and biodiversity are the important factors affecting multispecies selectivity. Knowledge of multispecies selectivity is important for fisheries management and fishing allocation in supporting balance fishery is recommended to maintain fisheries sustainability.
Risk based framework analysis for sustainable management of mud crab Scylla sp of Kotania Bay, Western Seram, Indonesia
Authors: Tetelepta J M S , Natan Y , Pattikawa J A , Ongkers O T S , Pattisina B
Published: June 2021

The mud crab Scylla sp. fishery of Kotania Bay, Western Seram District has been conducted for many years starting from 1980 with almost no management. Mud crab is one of the economic important fish resources from this area. The mud crab is harvested by local fishermen that are classified as artisanal fishermen. The fishermen depend on the mud crab as their source of income. Economic pressure, available market, and no proper fisheries management create the fishery under extensive exploitation. A study on risk potency and stock parameter of mud crab Scylla sp. was conducted from June to August 2019. The objectives of this study were to analyze the risk potency and stock parameters of this fishery. The productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) approach was used to analyze the risk potency of the mud crab, while Schaefer dynamic model was used to analyze stock parameters of the fishery. The result showed that the risk potency from fishing gear towards Scylla sp., bait-fish, and habitat was unconditionally passed according to MSC criteria with a score of 89, 95, and 85 consecutively. The result on stock parameters showed that there is a strong and negative relationship between effort and CPUE (r = 0.8997), the mud crab production has exceeded MSY as a reference point and tends to decrease, whereas average fishing effort was 198 units and already passed the fMSY of 130. All these stock parameters suggested that the mud crab fishery of Kotania Bay was in overfishing condition.
Human resources competencies of worker in small island and coastal area
Authors: Rampisela T P T , Ayal F W
Published: June 2021

Appreciation for the value of employees has been raised this decade. This leads to change in organizations that emphasize on the competencies-based management. This paper aims to examine and explain the human resource competencies among people that live in coastal and small island area. It is based on the belief that people in coastal area are separated geographically from main island, therefore slower in adapting for rapid changes nowadays. The use of purposive sampling was employed to obtain the sample which consist of 295 samples from workers in Ambon Island. A quantitative analysis used to describe the potential competencies aspects found in this study. The results indicated that opened to a new experience and emotional stability found prior, while other aspects are still below average.
Grow-out of mud crab crablets, Scylla paramamosain in brackishwater pond with different feeding strategy
Authors: Gunarto  , Herlinah  , Syafaat M N , Sulaeman
Published: June 2021

This research aimed to know the crablet growth and survival rate after cultured in brackishwater pond with different feeding strategy. Nine ponds fenced by black plastic net, each size of 100 m2 and pond water level at 60-80 cm. Crablets (weight size of 1.51+0,15 g/ind) from hatchery stocked at the density of 1 ind./ m2. Chopped trash fish at biomas 3-5% was given to the crablets as feed at every day (A), at every two days (B) and at every three days (C). Each treatment in three replications. At the three months of culture the highest final weight (128.23+21.19 g/ind.) in treatment A, then treatment C (107.04+25.24 g/ind.) and treatment B (95.60+5.79 g/ind.). Treatment A with the highest daily growth rate (1.41+0.1 g/day) and significantly different (P<0.05) with the daily growth rate in treatment B (1.04 +0.06 g/day) and treatment C (1.17+0.09 g/day). The highest survival rate (39.7%) after four months cultured was obtained in treatment B. High salinity attained to 54 ppt in the end of third month of culture was caused the high numbers of mud crab mortality in all treatments.
Amino acid profile of tuna (Thunnus albacores) fish sauce fermented by salt and papain enzyme
Authors: Leiwakabessy J , Sormin R B D , Mailoa M N
Published: June 2021

Fish sauce has been long known as a flavoring by many communities in the world, especially in Asia including Indonesia. Fish sauce’s function is to enhance the food taste and the people’s appetite to eat. The aim of this research was to identify the amino acid profile of tuna (Thunnus albacores) fish sauce obtained through salt and enzyme fermented. The research was carried out by fermenting the fish flesh using 8% of salt and 15% of papain enzyme followed by 6 weeks fermentation process. The result showed that 15 amino acids of fish sauce were identified consists of 9 amino acids essential and 6 amino acids non-essential. The total amount of amino acid found on fish sauce was 10.57%, where the largest part was in the form of glutamate acid 1.82%. It was believed that the source of flavoring in the fish sauce was glutamate acid.
Effect of addition of waste vegetable fermented flour rumen fluid on the quality feed
Authors: Murni  , Anwar A , Hamsah  , Septianingsih E
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of fermented vegetable waste flour on the rumen fluid of cows and goats that could improve the quality of feed nutrition. The study used two types of feed containing starch fermented vegetable waste flour and goat flour. The treatments tested were 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30% vegetable waste flour fermented cow rumen fluid (Test feed 1) and 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30% vegetable waste flour fermented goat rumen fluid. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively by comparing various literature. The results of the proximate analysis of amino acids, and test feed fatty acids with the addition of 20% fermented vegetable waste flour in cow rumen fluid showed that the crude protein content was higher, amino acids and fatty acids were higher compared to other treatments. Likewise with the addition of 10% vegetable waste flour fermented goat rumen fluid. The results showed that the crude protein content of feed C (the addition of 20% fermented vegetable rye flour fermented cow rumen fluid) was higher than other test and control feeds. The content of amino acids and fatty acids in the test feed is more optimal based on recommendations. Feed B (addition of 10% goat rumen liquid fermented vegetable waste) obtained 38.33% higher crude protein content, and 4.81% crude fiber. The content of amino acids and fatty acids is more optimal than the control and other test feed. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the addition of 20% fermented vegetable waste flour rumen cow liquid and 10% fermented goat rumen liquid vegetable waste flour can improve the nutritional quality of the test feed.
Analysis of small island environmental carrying capacity in Panggang Island, Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Windupranata W , Rahma A , Chairuniza G , Triargi M , Kusumadewi D , Hayatiningsih I
Published: June 2021

To support continuity of life, information on the availability of natural resources is needed. Natural resources need in a region must not exceed their availability. Panggang Island is a small island with an area of 13.76 ha and a population density up to 4,388 people in 2019. The land use of the island is intended as a residential area. With a small area and dense population, the ability of the environment to support life in Panggang Island is concerning. This study aims to determine the carrying capacity of water and land in Panggang Island. Water carrying capacity analysis is carried out by comparing the amount of water resource availability with standard water needs. The Thornthwaite Mather method is applied to calculate the water resource availability. Land carrying capacity analysis is based on a comparison of the amount of actual residential land with minimum space requirements of each individual according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 03-1733-2004). The results showed that Panggang Island has a very low carrying capacity for water and land. The water and land carrying capacity index reaches 0.12 and 0.98 respectively. This shows that the demands of residential land and water in Panggang Island are higher than the resources.