bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Management Practices and Herd-level Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) Infection on US Dairy Operations
Authors: Lombard J. E. , Capsel R. T. , Wagner B. A. , Payeur J. B. , Fossler C. P.
Published: February 2023

A voluntary control program for Johne's disease has been in place in the US since 2002. Although participation in the program by producers has been lower than expected, veterinarians and producers have gained access to information and new testing methods to address the disease. Previous National Animal Health Monitoring System dairy studies were compared to the most recent study conducted in 2007, and results indicate that since 1996, producers are much more familiar with Johne's disease and have implemented control measures to reduce the prevalence of disease. However, the herd-level prevalence on dairy operations in the US is much higher than previously reported.
Assessing Epidemiologic Risk of the Quantity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus found to be Associated with in vivo-derived Bovine Embryos
Authors: Gard J. A. , Givens M. D. , Galik P. K. , Stringfellow D. A. , Riddell K. P. , Marley S. E.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been shown to be associated with single transferable in vivo-derived and in vitro-produced bovine embryos despite washing. However, a thorough risk assessment of the potential for transmission of BVDV via transfer of in vivo-derived embryos has not been undertaken. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of BVDV to be transmitted during the transfer of in vivo-derived embryos.
Testing and Removal of Feeder Calves Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus at the Time of Feedlot Arrival and Outcome on Health, Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Stevens Elliot T. , Thomson Daniel U. , Lindberg Nels
Published: February 2023

In a previous study we determined the effects of testing and removing cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) at revaccination. We found that there were no statistical differences for mortality, retreatment, performance or carcass characteristics. However, we did find morbidity to be statistically different between the two cohorts (19 % for non- PI exposure vs 30 % for PI exposure). In light of our previous findings, a new research trial was completed to determine the effect of testing and removing PI-BVDV cattle on arrival to the feedlot and the outcome on health, performance and carcass characteristics.
Testing Frequency and Results of Cases of Feedlot Cattle Submitted to Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Wetzel A. May , Thomson D. U. , Wileman B. W.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease of cattle that results in large economic losses to the cattle industry. BRD results from various factors leading to susceptibility of cattle to respiratory tract infection by one or more bacterial and viral pathogens. These pathogens include M. haemolytica, H.somni, P multocida, Pseudomonas spp, A. pyogenes, Mycoplasma bovis, bovine coronavirus, BRSV, BVDV, IBR and PI-3. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency in which type of diagnostic tests were being requested by practitioners for BRD submissions and the results of these tests.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in the United States and Europe
Authors: Djuranovic Nevena , Winslow Frank
Published: February 2023

IDEXX Laboratories manufactures and sells test kits for detecting bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in beef and dairy cattle. IDEXX wanted to understand BVDV vaccination and testing practices among veterinarians in US and Europe, including a better understanding of similarities and differences between the two regions; use and cost of BVDV tests; BVDV impact on productivity; and satisfaction with current diagnostic methods.
Effect of OmniGen-AF on Immune Markers and Neutrophil Function in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Corbett R. B. , Chapman J. D. , Wang Y. Q.
Published: February 2023

The immune system of the lactating dairy cow is significantly compromised at the time of calving and for several weeks thereafter. Animals in early lactation are frequently exposed to additional stress factors that result in immunosuppression, such as metabolic disease, metritis, environmental conditions, cow comfort, overcrowding, etc. Good transition cow management involves minimizing stress factors in order to improve immunity. In previous studies, the feeding of a proprietary ingredient blend, OmniGen AF (Prince-Agri Products) has been observed to increase the expression of markers of innate immunity and neutrophil function. This study was conducted in order to determine if OmniGen AF could augment the production of the immune markers L-Selectin (CD62L) and Interleukin 8 Receptor (IL8R), as well as improve neutrophil function by enhancing the in vitro phagocytosis of Streptococcus uberis.
Evaluation of Bacteriological Culture for the Diagnosis of Clinical Salmonellosis in Dairy Cattle Using a Latent Class Model
Authors: Aubry P. , Bigras-Poulin M. , Cripps C. J. , Warnick L. D. , Nydam D. V. , Grohn Y. T.
Published: February 2023

The diagnosis of clinical salmonellosis in dairy cattle is usually based on clinical examination of the animal and bacteriological culture of the feces. Bacteriological culture is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of salmonellosis, but the few studies that have evaluated its performance have indicated that it might suffer from a less than ideal sensitivity.
Survey of "Standards of Surgery" in Veterinary Practice
Authors: Anderson D. E. , Linden D. L.
Published: February 2023

Standards of surgical practice are not well defined in veterinary medicine as a profession. These issues are largely addressed in the course of litigation and often hinge upon the personal opinion of board certified experts working in controlled settings. We expect that the standards of surgical practice in an idealized setting bear little resemblance to that utilized in field settings in bovine practice. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into current "standards of surgery" among veterinarians in private practice.
Apparent Efficacy of Blanket Clinical Mastitis Treatment
Authors: Roberson J. R.
Published: February 2023

Efficacy of a mastitis treatment depends largely upon the mastitis agent. Yet, a standard mastitis treatment protocol is used on many dairies to decrease the risk of drug residues in milk and because of logistical problems associated with obtaining culture results in a timely manner. However, blanket mastitis treatment regimens result in cases of clinical mastitis being improperly treated. The hypothesis is that over 50% of clinical mastitis cases are treated inappropriately.
National Cohort of Dairy Farms
Authors: Reyher K. K. , Scholl D. L.
Published: February 2023

Individual mastitis management, planning and control research projects are often limited in impact and scope by the high costs of extensive field data collection and processing. To mitigate this, the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network (CBMRN) has created a single mastitis research platform - the National Cohort of Dairy Farms (NCDF) - to optimize data collection for several different research endeavours simultaneously. The platform is multi-institutional and national in scope and supports the collection, archiving and distribution of data for the applied and fundamental mastitis research projects currently forming the CBMRN research program.
Testing of Cattle Ear Notch Samples Using a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus NS3 Antigen ELISA Kit for Detection of Persistently Infected Animals
Authors: Guillossou S. , Thomson D. , Thomson C. , Stevens E.
Published: February 2023

Identification and elimination of persistently infected (PI) cattle is important to controlling bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in herds. Compared to many diagnostic laboratory techniques, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) is convenient due to the ability to test large number of samples rapidly and consistently. A virus can be detected by probing for a specific nonstructural antigen like the NS3 (p80 in former nomenclature) or a structural antigen like the glycoprotein Erns (E0 or gp48 in former nomenclatures). Ear notch samples can be obtained easily and quickly from cattle. Another important advantage of ear notch skin biopsy samples is that they contain a high concentration of BVDV antigen. Few publications can be found describing the detection of NS3 in ear notches from cattle. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of a current commercial ELISA which specifically detects the NS3 antigen on ear notches from cattle to other tests utilized in diagnostic laboratories.
Prescriptions and Drug Distribution
Authors: Arck Shirley
Published: February 2023

Laws concerning drug distribution involving veterinarians vary from state to state. The best ones are created when both veterinarians and pharmacists creating the laws understand each other. This manuscript discusses how state pharmacy statutes and regulations pertain to veterinarians and veterinary practice, and how to make sure veterinarians have a voice in the process.
Mycoplasmas and the Dairy Industry
Authors: Rosenbusch Ricardo F.
Published: February 2023

Mycoplasmal infections are of significant concern to dairy producers, and their concerns have energized changes in diagnosis, control, and prevention of the infections. Since management practices have significant impact on these infections, these practices need to be evaluated and adjustments made to coordinate them with the health measures to be applied.

In this presentation, a historical and current review of health measures applied to mycoplasmal infections is extended with a look forward to future needs in this area. Deficiencies in the application of control measures are highlighted, and opportunities for better interventions are surveyed.
Surgery of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Camelids
Authors: Newman Kenneth D. , Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

South American camelids (llamas, alpacas) may represent a significant financial investment for the owner, but they are viewed most commonly a.s pets, companions, or valued friends. Veterinarians should be aware of potential life-threatening lesions associated with the acute abdomen (colic). Camelids demonstrate clinical signs of abdominal pain similar to those seen in true-ruminants (depression, recumbency, abnormal posture) and horses (kicking at the abdomen, rolling). Clinicians working with camelids must become familiar with the normal activity, anatomy, physiology, and diseases common to these interesting patients.
Periapical Tooth Root Infections in Llamas and Alpacas
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Abscesses around the head and neck are increasingly recognized in South American camelids residing on farms in North America. Although many abscesses are confined to the soft tissues, some originate from the mandibular or maxillary bones. Mandibular and maxillary bone infections may be caused by trauma (e.g. resulting in bone sequestra), infection of a tooth, or hematogenous spread of bacteria (e.g. mandibular osteomyelitis).
Lameness in Dairy Cattle: A Debilitating Disease or a Disease of Debilitated Cattle?
Authors: Bicalho R. C. , Caixeta L. S. , Machado V. S.
Published: February 2023

Lameness is the most significant challenge for the dairy industry to overcome given its obvious disruption of animal welfare and severe economic losses. Sole ulcers and white line abscesses are ubiquitous diseases with chronic nature and with the highest associated economic losses amongst all foot lesions. Their underlying causes are still not fully understood. The objectives of the study were to assess the association of digital cushion thickness (DCT), the risk of claw horn disruption lesions, and to assess the dynamics of DCT by stage of lactation and body condition score (BCS). It was hypothesized that DCT would be negatively associated with the risk of digital lesions and that DCT would be positively associated with BCS.
Bilingual, Digital, Audio-visual Training Modules Improve Technical Knowledge of Feedlot Workers
Authors: Reinhardt C. D. , Thomson D. U. , Retzlaff D. D. , Valles J. A.
Published: February 2023

As best management practices evolve and technologies are updated across the beef industry, a rapid method of implementing the updates in knowledge would facilitate more rapid and complete industry-wide compliance.
Preliminary Investigation of the Association between Feeding Starch-based Ethanol Co-Products and Salmonella Species Shedding in Commercial Feedlots
Authors: Osterstock J. B. , Kahl J. E. , Lawhon S. D.
Published: February 2023

Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp in feedlot cattle is an important component of pre-harvest food safety. Prevalence of salmonella in feedlot cattle varies and may be influenced by factors affecting hindgut and environmental ecology. Feedlots in the Texas Panhandle have begun to incorporate wet corn distiller's grains (WDGS) in their rations due to the increase in starch-based ethanol production in the region. Previous research has identified an association between feeding distiller's grains and shedding of E.coli O157:H7. These findings indicate that changes in starch, fiber, and fat composition of rations containing WDGS may impact hindgut ecology favoring the colonization and shedding of specific microorganisms. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between feeding WDGS and fecal shedding of Salmonella spp in feedlot cattle.
Association of Level of Milk Production with Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Campbell M. S. , Hand K. , Kelton D. F. , Miglior F. , LeBlanc S. J.
Published: February 2023

There is debate about possible antagonism between high milk production and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. However, many studies have used biased measures of reproduction or inappropriate statistical methods. The objectives were to examine the association of the level of production with reproductive performance at the herd and individual cow levels.
Risk of New Intramammary Infections during the Dry Period in Holstein Dairy Cattle Enrolled in the CBMRN National Cohort of Dairy Farms
Authors: Calloway C. D. , Dohoo I. R. , Keefe G. P.
Published: February 2023

Intramammary infections acquired during the dry period are difficult to diagnosis and tend to lead to decreased production in the subsequent lactation. In addition, the use of dry cow therapies (DCT) have virtually eliminated major pathogens, such as Streptococcus agalactiae. However, use of dry cow therapy or teat sealants may have questionable efficacy against other pathogens. Selective dry cow therapy, based on farm- or cow-specific pathogen profiles, tend to decrease usage of antimicrobial products. However, to generate farm-specific pathogen profiles, knowledge of incidence of intramammary pathogens is needed.

The objectives of this observational study were to determine the incidence of new intramammary infections (NIMI) in dairy cattle during the dry period and risk factors associated with NIMI incidence risk.
Efficacy of Two Fresh Cow Subclinical Mastitis Treatment Programs on Antibiotic Use, Days out of Tank, Bacteriological Cure, Clinical Mastitis, Somatic Cell Count, Milk Yield, Reproduction, and Culling
Authors: Lago A. , Godden S. , Bey R. , Ruegg P. , Leslie K.
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) alone, or the CMT and on-farm culture (OFC) in series, to diagnose and treat subclinical mastitis after calving.
Effect of Energy and Protein Density in the Diet and Milking Frequency on Milk Production in Early Lactation Dairy Cows
Authors: Aghaziarati N. , Amanlou H. , Zahmatkesh D. , Zahmatkesh E.
Published: February 2023

A priority for the dairy industry is to optimize milk production while improving animal welfare, and more frequent milking is of interest for the dairy industries aiming to maximize milk production by technologies such as automatic milking systems to meet domestic demands for milk products. Cows in early lactation, especially when milked more than twice daily, will benefit from increased dietary energy density, thus reducing metabolic imbalances resulting in over-mobilized body tissues to sustain increased milk production. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of increasing dietary energy, protein density, and milking frequency (6x vs 3x) on performance of fresh lactating dairy cows.
Assessing and Predicting Feedlot Mortality and Culling Using Standard Feedlot Arrival Data
Authors: Babcock A. H. , Renter D. G. , White B. J. , Scott H. M.
Published: February 2023

Economic losses due to mortality and out-cattle (any animal that died or was culled prior to harvest) are substantial in commercial feedlots, and the ability to estimate potential losses at arrival would be a valuable tool. Our objectives were to quantify effects of arrival risk factors on cumulative mortality and out-cattle risk and assess the resulting models' performance at predicting these risks in commercial feedlots.
Approaches to Enhancing the Gastrointestinal Health of Calves
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M.
Published: February 2023

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT), as the largest immunological organ of the body, plays a pivotal role in calf health, growth, and long-term productivity. Important contributors to optimal gastrointestinal function of calves include colostrum status, a balanced intestinal flora, nutrition, intestinal immune factors, motility, and transport of nutrients. The promotion of GIT health of young calves through dietary manipulations, nutritional supplements, addition of immune components, oral antibiotics, and vaccinations are discussed. Antibiotic alternatives to improve growth and reduce enteric disease are plasma proteins, immunoglobulins, probiotic bacteria, yeast cultures, and oligosaccharides. To ascertain health, growth, and profitability from measures taken to improve intestinal immune function, outcome measurements, intestinal health parameters, and dietary composition should be monitored closely.
Understanding a Diversified Livestock Veterinary Business
Authors: Olsen Daryl
Published: February 2023

It is widely understood that every business must evolve and change to survive. Veterinary practices are not immune to this normal evolution. The consolidation of the livestock agriculture in the past twenty years has created a client that has new and specialized needs that differ from the needs of past smaller clients. This change has forced large animal veterinarians to develop specialized skills and to provide new and innovative services to survive in a highly competitive environment.
Health Strategies for Organic Dairy Farms
Authors: Karreman Hubert J.
Published: February 2023

The number of dairy farms which manage their livestock as certified organic is increasing. Common animal health conditions that farmers and practitioners see often have a bacterial, viral or parasitic basis. The USDA Certified Organic program specifies livestock feed, living conditions, health care, and pasture standards as well as providing a list of synthetic inputs allowed for use for health care. With restrictions on treatments allowed, it would help farmers, technicians, and practitioners to know how to approach problems on organic farms and also to know what is allowable to use when needing to treat cases. This presentation aims to provide veterinarians and technicians with an awareness of the general philosophy towards raising animals on organic dairy farms as well as utilization of alternative therapies which are understandable to medically trained professionals.
Lameness Wetlab
Authors: Osterstock Jason B.
Published: February 2023

Lameness is one of the most common causes of morbidity in beef and dairy cattle operations and represents an important threat to the well-being of cattle in all types of operations. Critical to the success of lameness management is preventive and therapeutic trimming of the bovine hoof. The purpose of this document is to supplement a lameness and hoof trimming wetlab presented at the 2010 American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP) Annual Conference. This wetlab is presented by the AABP Lameness Committee, and taught by the subject-matter experts represented within this group. This laboratory will focus on review of anatomy of the bovine hoof and approaches to routine hoof trimming.
Relationship between Serum Total Protein and Serum IgG in Holstein Calves Fed Either a Lacteal- or Plasma-derived Colostrum Replacer
Authors: Place N. , Bents A. , Leslie K. , Nelson B. , Haines D. , Godden S.
Published: February 2023

Bovine neonates have a naïve immune system and must initially rely on the absorption and passive transfer of maternally derived immunoglobulins (lg) ingested in colostrum. Acceptable passive transfer (APT) is defined as a serum IgG≥10 mg/mL between 24-48 hours of age. A serum total protein (STP) cutpoint of 5.0 or 5.2 g/dl is commonly used to predict APT for calves fed lacteal-derived whole colostrum (Calloway et al, 2002). However, many producers now feed powdered commercial colostrum replacers (CR). Some CR products contain lacteal-derived (LD) lg while others contain lg derived from spray-dried plasma (PD). Research is needed to determine the best STP cutpoint to predict APT for calves fed either LD or PD CR products. The objectives of this study were to 1) describe levels of passive transfer and 2) determine the relationship between STP and IgG for neonatal calves fed a commercially available LD CR or PD CR product, respectively.
Effect of Injectable Butaphosphan and Cyanocobalamin on Postpartum Serum Beta-Hydroxybutyrate, Calcium, and Phosphorus Concentrations in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Overton M. W. , Rollin E. , Berghaus R. D. , Rapnicki P. , Godden S. M.
Published: February 2023

Catosal® (Bayer, Shawnee Mission, Kansas, USA) is a sterile solution containing 10% butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), and is intended to prevent or treat deficiencies of these nutrients. Supplemental vitamin B12 may enhance gluconeogenesis through its role in methylmalonyl-CoAmutase. Phosphorus plays important roles in the hydrogen buffering system in the blood, is a critical component of nucleic acids, and is clinically important due to its role in postparturient paresis in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of two 25 mL injections of Catosal® on the serum BHBA, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations of cows in the early postparturient period.

(Originally published in J Dairy Sci, Vol 93, No. 3, 2010.)
Characterization of Specific Passive Immunity Stimulated by Vaccination of Beef Cows Grazing Native Range with E. coli 0157:H7-SRP®
Authors: Wileman B. W. , Thomson D. U. , Olson K. C. , Pacheco L. A. , Jaeger J. R. , Burkhardt D. T.
Published: February 2023

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a contaminant of beef products and has been associated with food-borne illnesses in humans. Recently an E. coli SRP® vaccine received conditional licensure in the United States for the control of E. coli 0157 in cattle. E. coli is also a common disease agent responsible for causing postnatal calf diarrhea. Colostrum management is recognized as an important factor for calf health and survival. Calves that fail to consume an adequate amount of colostrum within the first 12-24 hours after birth are at a higher risk for disease, death, and decreased performance. The objective of this study was to determine if E. coli O157:H7 SRP®-specific antibodies could be detected in the serum of calves that consumed colostrum from dams that were vaccinated prior to calving with E. coli O157:H7 SRP®-vaccine.
Development of a Bulk-tank Surveillance Program for Johne's Disease in New York Dairy Farms
Authors: Schukken Y. H. , VanSlyke T. M. , Djuranovic N.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease in dairy cattle is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). Diagnostic testing is an important tool to identify infected animals, however individual animal testing is expensive and labor intensive. A screening test to reliably identify herds with a significant MAP problem would be of great value to the industry. To evaluate the value of a bulk-milk screening test, we collected data on MAP infection status based on 1) fecal culture of cows in the herd, and 2) contemporary environmental samples, and compared these two estimates of MAP infection status to a bulk-milk MAP ELISA titer.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Schefers J. M. , Collins J. E. , Goyal S. M. , Ames T. R.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to detect and confirm PI dairy cattle, research the dam's location during the first trimester of gestation, and genetically sequence a portion of the 5' untranslated (UTR) region of viral RNA to determine the prevalence of different genotypes of BVDV PI dairy cattle in the upper midwestern United States.
Time Budgets of Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Gomez A. , Cook N.
Published: February 2023

The freestall barn has emerged as the dominant housing system in North America and, with it, dairy cows face new challenges, trying to adapt their behavior in response to the new environment and management practices. The freestall design has been shown to impact cow performance, and essential activities such as feeding or resting are dependent on it. Deep understanding of how dairy cows distribute their activities during the day can be translated in enhanced facility designs and improved management practices. This study aimed to examine the relationships between the cow's time budget components and the effect of lameness, housing conditions and demographic characteristics such as days-in-milk or lactation number.
Risk Factors, Impacts, and Therapy for Endometritis in Dairy Cows
Authors: Dubuc J. , Duffield T. F. , Leslie K. E. , Walton J. S. , LeBlanc S. J.
Published: February 2023

Endometritis is diagnosed cytologically, as endometrial inflammation, or clinically as purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge. Cytological endometritis (CYTO) is based on an increased proportion of polymorphonuclear cells in endometrial cytology. Purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) has only moderate diagnostic agreement with CYTO. The prevalence of CYTO and PVD have been reported to be as high as 53 and 40%, respectively. Reported risk factors for PVD include dystocia, retained placenta (RP), and metritis. Little information is available on the risk factors for CYTO. Cytological endometritis and PVD were shown independently to have detrimental effects on subsequent reproductive performance. Conflicting results have been reported regarding the effect of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) on uterine health and reproduction. The hypotheses were that CYTO and PVD would have different risk factors because they represent different reproductive diseases, and that treatment with PGF would mitigate the impact of CYTO and PVD. The objectives of this study were to investigate risk factors and impacts of CYTO and PVD in postpartum dairy cows, and to determine the efficacy of PGF for treating CYTO and PVD and for improving reproductive performance.
Bulk Tank Milk Quality in California
Authors: Silva-del-Río N. , Collar C.
Published: February 2023

Bulk tank milk (BTM) is tested to assure compliance with the national, state, and local milk plants. Testing BTM helps to ensure the safety and quality of dairy products. The following tests are routinely performed: somatic cell count (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), laboratory pasteurization count (LPC), and coliform count (Coli). Information about BTM quality parameters can be used by dairy producers to compare their milk quality to industry-wide benchmarks, and to define achievable goals for their operations. The objective of this study is to describe BTM quality for the California dairy industry.
Integrated Marketing Systems
Authors: Goehl Dan
Published: February 2023

Marketing the calf crop is a primary economic driver in the cow-calf business. A year’s worth of work, and the resulting profit or loss can be determined in a matter of minutes in an auction ring. Marketing tends to become less important in some producers’ minds when calf prices are high, and as a result cattle are often less likely to be pre-conditioned, put through marketing programs or other steps taken that may increase the profit margin. As tighter margins return to the cow-calf industry, more attention is diverted to marketing. Producers who historically deliver cattle to an auction barn on the same day of the same month every year may need to re-evaluate their marketing strategy. Advantages can be gained by cooperatively feeding and marketing cattle. Producers can take advantage of economy of scale for cost of production and gain marketing advantages. Data collected after the cattle have left the original farm can also allow producers to modify management to increase efficiency.
Challenges and Rewards of Working with Stocker/ Backgrounders
Authors: Groves John T.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary practitioners and consultants serving stocker/backgrounder clients are faced with many challenges. In an effort to better serve this dynamic segment of the beef industry, veterinarians must understand the unique disease dynamics and business plans associated with these operations. This paper describes some changes made in my central Missouri practice to better serve stocker/backgrounder clients and grow my veterinary business.
Feeding to Reduce your Carbon Footprint
Authors: Hutjens Michael F.
Published: February 2023

Carbon footprint is a new area for dairy managers, veterinarians, environmentalists, and consumers. Government and industry groups have agreed to reduce the dairy carbon footprint by 20%. While controversy surrounds these discussions, it is a win-win situation for dairy producers and the environment. Dairy managers benefit by capturing more carbon as an energy source for their dairy cattle. An important concept is to express carbon footprint as the amount per unit of product (pounds of milk or milk solids). Three areas will be discussed in the presentation. Feed efficiency provides economic and viable comparisons, monitoring pounds of milk produced per pound of dry matter consumed. Feed efficiency can be calculated and evaluated using on-farm measured values to calculate an adjusted feed efficiency. Feeding strategies and rumen modifiers can reduce the level of methane reducing the dairy farm footprint. Dairy heifer feeding programs that reduce dry matter intake while maintaining growth and optimizing age at first calving can reduce their carbon footprint.
Diagnosis of Congenital Bovine Viral Diarrhea Infection in Beef Cow- Calf Herd from Fence-Line Contact
Authors: Scharko P. B. , Giles R. C. , Vickers M. L. , McCoy M. H.
Published: February 2023

A closed herd of 76 head of Angus and Gelbvieh X commercial cows experienced a series of late gestation abortions, congenital deformities, and weak calves in replacement heifers. History included fence-line contact with a neighboring farm from day 76 to 165 after the beginning of breeding season. The neighbor grazed feeder steers purchased from livestock markets.
Evaluation of Peripartal Calcium Status and Neutrophil Function of Dairy Cows of Low or High Risk of Developing Uterine Diseases
Authors: Martinez N. , Risco C. A. , Maunsell F. , Galvão K. N. , Santos J. E. P.
Published: February 2023

Objectives were to establish the relationships among postpartum serum calcium (Ca) status, neutrophil function, and incidence of uterine diseases in dairy cows considered to be of low (LRM) or high risk (HRM) of developing metritis. Our hypothesis was that subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) impairs in vitro neutrophil function and increases the incidence of metritis in early lactation in both LRM and HRM cows.
Is Thermography a Possible New Method to Evaluate Body Temperature in Fresh Cows?
Authors: Gomez Arturo , Vergara Cristian , Cook Nigel B. , Nordlund Kenneth
Published: February 2023

The period comprising one month postpartum represents the highest risk of disease occurrence in dairy cows. In freestall systems in general, cows are housed in post-fresh pens after calving where intense health surveillance has been recognized as a major determinant of cow performance during the subsequent lactation. Rectal body temperature (RT) and appetite are the most important indicators of health status, but their assessment is sometimes neglected due to time constraints, yielding poor compliance with health surveillance protocols. Thermography has largely shown the capability to accurately and quickly evaluate body temperature in other species such as humans, and widespread usage of this technology has made affordable and manageable thermographic units more available.

With the advantage of a rapid measurement, the objective of the study is to evaluate whether thermography can be comparable to RT as a diagnostic test to identify cows over an established RT threshold.
Drug usage hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)
Authors: Rhoda David A.
Published: February 2023

The Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association has prepared a six-step process for developing an on-farm HACCP plan for drug usage on a dairy. The six steps are to define the roles and responsibilities of the veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR) team, evaluate the complete list of drugs purchased, develop protocols for use of the drugs, consider standard operating procedures used by the dairy, develop the treatment records plan, and establish an oversight strategy for monitoring drugs used on the dairy by the veterinarian.
use of homeopathic remedies for the treatment of calves with diarrhea
Authors: Boldyreva E. M.
Published: February 2023

An experiment conducted to evaluate of the use of homeopathic remedies for the treatment of calves with gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea) was performed on each of two large farms in the Moscow region of Russia. On one farm, complex homeopathic remedies produced by the German company Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH were used, and on the other farm, single homeopathic remedies produced by a local company were used.
Effect of demographic trends in livestock inventory and number of operations on food animal veterinary practices in the United States
Authors: Schuenemann G. M. , Shulaw W. P.
Published: February 2023

Livestock inventory and the number of operations are the main source of income that supports food animal veterinary practices in rural areas. Over time, they provide a description of industry trends and serve as data points or baseline for comparisons for service providers (e.g., veterinarians), input suppliers, producers, and government, among others. Food animal veterinary supply (shortage) has recently been a source of debate in academia and representative organizations. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to estimate the trends of livestock inventory (dairy, beef, sheep, and swine) and the number of operations by size (≤ 99, 100-499, and ≥ 500 head) from 1982 to 2010 in the US and 2) to compare these trends with the designated areas of food animal veterinary shortage for 2010 in the US.
Randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy of two different antimicrobials on cure, milk production, and reproductive performance of dairy cows diagnosed with metritis
Authors: Moore D. A. , Overton M. W. , Sischo W. M.
Published: February 2023

Two systemic antimicrobials are currently labeled in the United States for the treatment of metritis, ceftiofur and oxtetracycline. However, veterinarians may choose an alternative to ceftiofur, a third generation cephalosporin, because of concerns about the potential development of antimicrobial resistance. Ampicillin sodium is often used in an extra-label manner in the field to treat metritis in dairy cows, but there is little work published to support its use for this purpose. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of two antimicrobial treatments (ceftiofur hydrochloride versus ampicillin sodium) for resolution of clinical signs, reproductive performance, culling, and milk yield in dairy cows diagnosed with acute puerperal metritis.
association between blood β-hydroxybutyric acid in postparturient dairy cows and the incidence of clinical diseases, milk yield, milk components, reproduction, and culling during early lactation
Authors: Lago Alfonso , Manuel Valle José , Antonio Pico José , Rodríguez Cándido , Morales Manuel , Goris Alfonso
Published: February 2023

The objectives of this study was to a) evaluate the association between subclinical ketosis (SCK) and the subsequent incidence of various clinical diseases; b) evaluate the association between various clinical diseases and the subsequent incidence of SCK; and c) evaluate the association between SCK and milk yield (MILK), fat content (FAT), protein content (PROT), fat:protein ratio (FPR), linear somatic cell count (LSCC) at first test, conception at first breeding (CFB), and culling before 60 DIM (CULL60).
Effect of progesterone concentration at and during ovsynch protocol on conception rate in dairy cows
Authors: Salasel Bahram , Taherkhani Mohammad , Ataee Ourang , Parand Abbas
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various amounts of plasma progesterone (P4) throughout an ovsynch treatment protocol on conception rate in dairy cows.
Help consumers hear what you say
Authors: Opperman Mike
Published: February 2023

In this regard, veterinarians can plan a key role in the communications process because, in general, consumers trust veterinarians, mostly because they are familiar with the care their local veterinarian gives their family pet. Because of this trust, consumers will listen to what veterinarians have to say. By practicing the use of the right communications tools, veterinarians can help consumers have a more positive perception of agricultural practices that will lead to a more favorable climate for all food industry stakeholders.
Beef practice model
Authors: Anderson Arn
Published: February 2023

Rural mixed animal and beef practices are rapidly and continually being challenged to change and meet the needs of rural communities. Cross Timbers Veterinary Hospital (CTVH) in North Texas has attempted to meet this challenge by recognizing, addressing and overcoming five "road blocks" to adaptation. The "road blocks" are self-imposed by most rural practitioners and include "vapor-locking", "clairvoyance", "failing to fail", "blue-lighting" and "not sharing". These limitations lock practices into a cycle of non-adaptation leading to eventual failure. CTVH addressed these problems in a systematic approach determining what the clinicians wanted, what the livestock producers wanted and finding what services could be offered for each to make a profit. The practice continues to move forward, not always smoothly, by expanding and changing services, modernizing their fee schedule and adapting to their new role in the livestock industry.
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, extralabel drug use, and residue avoidance
Authors: Fajt Virginia R.
Published: February 2023

Increased scrutiny of drug use by regulatory agencies and the general public requires dairy animal owners and dairy veterinarians to examine their drug decision-making processes and drug use policies. This presentation will review relevant legislation, regulations, and drug use guidelines to aid practitioners in making good decisions that maximize drug efficacy while maintaining a safe food supply. In addition, the ethical and professional issues underlying many drug selection and use issues will be considered.
Practical pharmacology for the field
Authors: Apley Michael D.
Published: February 2023

The use of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for regimen construction may be useful when clinical data is lacking, but the inputs must be carefully considered for validity. Clinical experience is also useful in determining appropriate therapeutic paths when the multiple components of clinical response are considered in addition to the contribution of the drug. The balancing act of therapeutic intervention is well characterized by a review of the data available to define potential benefits and harm from the use of dexamethasone in cattle. These benefits are poorly defined in the literature in relation to regimens commonly used in practice, while the potential detriments are more clearly defined in relation to adverse reproductive effects, immunosuppression, alteration of treatment efficacy, and the relatively new potential for violative residues when used close to slaughter.
Fecal fluency
Authors: Williamson Lisa H.
Published: February 2023

Gastrointestinal parasites are the greatest threat to the health and productivity of small ruminants and camelids in the United States, and in many other parts of the world. The steadily escalating problem of multi-drug resistant parasites has resulted in an increase in treatment failures, often with lethal consequences. Effective control programs for Haemonchus contortus and other important parasites require knowledge of which parasites are present on farms, the magnitude of the infection among animals, and which anthelmintics are still effective. This presentation will focus on fecal analyses used to detect important nematodes that affect goats, sheep, llamas and alpacas, and methods used to determine anthelmintic resistance.
Using your skills as a herd management consultant
Authors: Mongini Andrea
Published: February 2023

In small ruminant practice, individual animal care can be a large part of a veterinarian's workload. Backyard pet owners use a veterinarian without avail for every hint of bloat, diarrhea, flaky skin, or possible dystocia. Large producers and high-value purebred herds of goats and sheep also have a need for veterinary service. These producers do not demand individual animal care, and often they claim that they know more about their animals than the veterinarian. Although this is often a misconception, there are many cases where we fail to provide what the producer wants. Here is the opportunity waiting to be grasped.
Sample submissions to a diagnostic laboratory
Authors: Clowser Sharon L.
Published: February 2023

The quality and appropriateness of samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory have a significant effect on the quality of the test results obtained. A veterinary technician can be of valuable assistance with veterinary diagnostic sample submission. Specimens that are properly collected and preserved are beneficial in helping to establish a diagnosis. Prior to collecting samples, it is important to know what type of sample is needed for the suspected diagnostic differentials, size or quantity of sample needed, type of storage container, shipping requirements, and any special handling recommendations. The technician may assist the veterinarian in collecting specimens, consult with animal owners on sample collection, contact the diagnostic laboratory if needed, complete submission forms, and pack and ship samples.
Association between calving difficulty score and intrapelvic dimensions, calf hoof circumference, and calf birth weight in Holstein-Friesian cattle
Authors: Hiew M. H. W. , Megahed A. , Horstman L. A. , Constable P. D.
Published: February 2023

Dystocia in cattle results in pain and suffering, and is an important cause of calf mortality and economic loss in the dairy and beef industries. Accurate prediction of dystocia will facilitate earlier intervention in cattle undergoing parturition. The objective of this study was to determine associations between calving difficulty score and intra pelvic dimensions, calf hoof circumference, and calf birth weight in Holstein-Friesian cattle.
Randomized clinical field trial on the effects of butaphosphancyanocobalamin and propylene glycol on ketosis resolution and milk production in dairy cows
Authors: Gordon J. L. , Duffield T. F. , Kelton D. F. , Herdt T. H. , Neuder L. , LeBlanc S. J.
Published: February 2023

Ketosis, generally measured as increased concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in the blood, is common in dairy cattle and caused by a period of negative energy balance that is nearly ubiquitous at the beginning of lactation. The consequences of ketosis include increased risk of other diseases and decreased production and reproductive performance. Propylene glycol (PG) has been recommended for treatment of ketosis because of its role in gluconeogenesis, and has recently been shown to be effective for the treatment of subclinical ketosis in a large-scale clinical field trial. It has been hypothesized that administration of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) may increase gluconeogenesis by increasing the activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, a vitamin B12-dependent enzyme and important component of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Results of a recent study conducted on 1 herd suggested that a combination of butaphosphan-cyanocobalamin (B+C; Catosal®, Bayer Animal Health) was efficacious for the treatment of cows with ketosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of B+C and the duration of PG treatment (3 vs 5 days) on ketosis resolution and early lactation milk yield in dairy cows.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission from persistently infected cattle to non-persistently infected cattle when commingled
Authors: Foster K. A. , Hesse R. A. , Peddireddi L. , Oberst R. D. , Poulsen E. G. , Thomson D. U.
Published: February 2023

Worldwide, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects cattle of all ages, resulting in huge economic loss due to ensuing morbidity and death. Persistent infection (Pl) of calves results from in utero infection of a fetus with a non-cytopathic strain of BVDV prior to the development of immunocompetency. A PI calf is infected for life and constantly sheds virus in its mucosal secretions. Exposure of naïve cattle to BVDV results in a transient infection (Tl), in which the virus is cleared within weeks of infection. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of BVDV in cattle following direct exposure to PI cattle.
Assessment of vaccine efficacy in early-weaned beef calves challenged with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)
Authors: Chamorro Manuel F. , Walz Paul H. , Passler Thomas , Rodning Soren , Gard Julie , Riddell Kay
Published: February 2023

Early weaning of beef calves is a management strategy that beef cattle producers can implement to reduce their forage needs and maintain the cow herd during severe drought. To ensure the economic success of early weaning, adequate vaccination protocols must be implemented. Vaccination of young calves against BVDV is a key management strategy to prevent economic losses associated with disease caused by BVDV in beef herds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different BVDV vaccines for protecting calves against virulent BVDV challenge 45 days after vaccination, and the effect of BVDV vaccination on weight gain of early-weaned beef calves that become acutely infected with BVDV.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral firocoxib in preweaned calves and evaluation of perioperative analgesia following cautery dehorning
Authors: Stock Matthew L. , Gehring Ronette , Millman Suzanne T. , Barth Laura A. , Wulf Larry W. , Coetzee Johann F. (Hans)
Published: February 2023

The pharmacokinetics of firocoxib after IV and PO administration to preweaned calves and perioperative analgesic effects following cautery dehorning were investigated.
Assessment of events occurring during the previous lactation, the dry period, and peripartum as risk factors for early lactation mastitis in cows administered different intramammary dry-cow treatments
Authors: Pinedo P. J. , Fleming C. , Risco C. A.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of events occurring during the previous lactation, the dry period, and the peripartum period with the incidence of early lactation mastitis in cows administered intramammary ceftiofur hydrochloride or penicillin dihydrostreptomycin dry-cow treatment.