bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of a second triclinic polymorph of 2-methylpyridinium picrate
Authors: Gomathi Jeganathan , Kalaivani Doraisamyraja
Published: October 2015

The title molecular salt, C6H8N+·C6H2N3O7−(systematic name: 2-methylpyridinium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate), crystallizes with two cations and two anions in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, the cations are linked to the anionsviabifurcated N—H...(O,O) hydrogen bonds, generatingR12(6) graph-set motifs. Numerous C—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed between these cation–anion pairs, which result in a three-dimensional network. In addition, weak aromatic π–π stacking between the 2-methylpyridinium rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.8334 (19) Å] and very weak stacking [inter-centroid distance = 4.0281 (16) Å] between inversion-related pairs of picrate anions is observed. The title salt is a second triclinic polymorph of the structure (also withZ′ = 2) reported earlier [Anitaet al.(2006).Acta Cryst.C62, o567–o570; Chanet al.(2014).CrystEngComm,16, 4508–4538]. In the title compound, the cations and anions display a chequerboard arrangement when viewed down [100], whereas in the first polymorph, (010) layers of alternating cations and anions are apparent in a [100] view. It is interesting that the unit-cell lengths are almost identical for the two polymorphs, although the inter-axial angles are quite different.
Crystal structure of 2-cyano-1-methylpyridinium perchlorate
Authors: Nguyen Vu D. , McCormick Cameron A. , Mague Joel T. , Koplitz Lynn V.
Published: October 2015

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C7H7N2+·ClO4−, comprises two independent formula units. The solid-state structure comprises corrugated layers of cations and of anions, approximately parallel to (010). The supramolecular layers are stabilized and connected by C—H...O hydrogen bonding to consolidate a three-dimensional architecture. A close pyridinium–perchlorate N...O contact [2.867 (5) Å] is noted. The crystal was refined as an inversion twin.
Crystal structure of 2-cyano-1-methylpyridinium bromide
Authors: Nguyen Vu D. , McCormick Cameron A. , Pascal Robert A. , Mague Joel T. , Koplitz Lynn V.
Published: October 2015

In the title molecular salt, C7H7N2+·Br−, all the non-H atoms lie on crystallographic mirror planes. The packing consists of (010) cation–anion layers, with the cations forming dimeric unitsviavery weak pairwise C—H...N interactions. Weak C—H...Br interactions link the cations to the anions.
Crystal structure of morpholin-4-ium cinnamate
Authors: Smith Graham
Published: October 2015

In the anhydrous salt formed from the reaction of morpholine with cinnamic acid, C4H10NO+·C9H7O2−, the acid side chain in thetrans-cinnamate anion is significantly rotated out of the benzene plane [C—C—C— C torsion angle = 158.54 (17)°]. In the crystal, one of the the aminium H atoms is involved in an asymmetric three-centre cation–anion N—H...(O,O′)R12(4) hydrogen-bonding interaction with the two carboxylate O-atom acceptors of the anion. The second aminium-H atom forms an inter-species N—H...Ocarboxylatehydrogen bond. The result of the hydrogen bonding is the formation of a chain structure extending along [100]. Chains are linked by C—H...O interactions, forming a supramolecular layer parallel to (01-1).
Crystal structure of [butane-2,3-dione bis(4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)-κ4S,N1,N1′,S′](pyridine-κN)zinc(II)
Authors: Brown Oliver C. , Tocher Derek A. , Blower Philip J. , Went Michael J.
Published: October 2015

In the structure of the title complex, [Zn(C8H14N6S2)(C5H5N)], the ZnIIion has a pseudo-square-pyramidal coordination environment and is displaced by 0.490 Å from the plane of best fit defined by the bis(thiosemicarbazonate) N2S2donor atoms. Chains sustained by intermolecular N—H...N and N—H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions extend parallel to [10-1].
Crystal structure of an organic–inorganic hybrid compound based on morpholinium cations and a β-type Anderson polyanion
Authors: Lukianova Tamara J. , Kinzhybalo Vasyl , Pietraszko Adam
Published: October 2015

A new organic–inorganic hybrid compound, pentamorpholinium hexahydrogen hexamolybdoferrate(III) sulfate 3.5-hydrate, (C4H10NO)5[FeIII(OH)6Mo6O18](SO4)·3.5H2O, was obtained from an aqueous solution. The polyoxidomolybdate (POM) anion is of the Anderson β-type with a central FeIIIion. Three of five crystallographically independent morpholinium cations are disordered over two sets of sites. An intricate network of intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O interactions between cations, POMs, sulfate anions and non-coordinating water molecules creates a three-dimensional network structure.
Crystal structure of hexakis(urea-κO)chromium(III) dichromate bromide monohydrate from synchrotron X-ray data
Authors: Moon Dohyun , Tanaka Shinnosuke , Akitsu Takashiro , Choi Jong-Ha
Published: October 2015

The title bromide salt, [Cr{CO(NH2)2}6](Cr2O7)Br·H2O, is isotypic to the corresponding chloride salt. Within the complex cation, the CrIIIatom is coordinated by six O atoms of six urea ligands, displaying a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment. The Cr—O bond lengths involving the urea ligands are in the range 1.9534 (13)–1.9776 (12) Å. The Cr2O72−anion has a nearly staggered conformation, with a bridging angle of 130.26 (10)°. The individual components are arranged in rows extending parallel to [100]. The Br−anion links the complex cation, as well as the solvent water molecule, through N—H...Br and O—H...Br hydrogen-bonding interactions. The supramolecular architecture also includes N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonding between urea N—H and water O—H donor groups and the O atoms of the Cr2O72−anion as acceptor atoms, leading to a three-dimensional network structure.
(4Z)-4-Benzylidene-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-5(4H)-one. Corrigendum
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Faidallah Hassan M. , Sobahi Tariq R. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: October 2015

In the paper by Asiriet al.[Acta Cryst.(2012), E68, o1154], the title and the chemical name of one of the reagents used in the synthesis are corrected.
Crystal structure of (E)-1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-[(E)-5-phenyl-1-(p-tolyl)pent-2-en-4-yn-1-ylidene]hydrazine
Authors: Golovanov Alexander A. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Voronova Evgeniya D. , Bekin Vadim V. , Naumov Sergey V.
Published: October 2015

In the title compound, C24H18N4O4, the plane of the phenyl ring is inclined to those of the toluene ring and the dinitro-substituted benzene ring by 66.96 (19) and 47.06 (18)°, respectively, while the planes of the two benzene rings are inclined to one another by 36.26 (19)°. There is an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond between the NH group and the O atom of a nitro group, forming anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional network. There are also weak π–π interactions present involving the phenyl ring and the dinitro-substituted benzene ring [inter-centroid distance = 3.741 (2) Å].
Crystal structures of three co-crystals of 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane with 4-alkoxybenzoic acids: 4-ethoxybenzoic acid–1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1), 4-n-propoxybenzoic acid–1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1) and 4-n-butoxybenzoic acid–1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1)
Authors: Tabuchi Yohei , Gotoh Kazuma , Ishida Hiroyuki
Published: October 2015

The crystal structures of three hydrogen-bonded co-crystals of 4-alkoxybenzoic acid–1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane (2/1), namely, 2C9H10O3·C12H12N2, (I), 2C10H12O3·C12H12N2, (II), and 2C11H14O3·C12H12N2, (III), have been determined at 93, 290 and 93 K, respectively. In (I), the asymmetric unit consists of one 4-ethoxybenzoic acid molecule and one half-molecule of 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane, which lies on an inversion centre. In (II) and (III), the asymmetric units each comprise two crystallographically independent 4-alkoxybenzoic acid molecules and one 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethane molecule. In each crystal, the two components are linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming a linear hydrogen-bonded 2:1unit of the acid and the base. Similar to the structure of 2:1 unit of (I), the units of (II) and (III) adopt nearly pseudo-inversion symmetry. The 2:1 units of (I), (II) and (III) are linkedviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming tape structures.
Crystal structure of {[2-hydroxy-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]methyl}dimethylammonium benzoate
Authors: Sheshadri S. N. , Nagendra P. , Siddaraju B. P. , Hemakumar K. H. , Byrappa K. , Lokanath N. K. , Madan Kumar S.
Published: October 2015

The title compound, C16H26NO2+·C7H5O2−, is a benzoate salt of the painkiller Tramadol. The six-membered cyclohexane ring of the cation adopts a slightly distorted chair conformation and carries OH and 3-methoxyphenyl substituents at the 2-position and a protonated methylazaniumylmethyl group at the 3-position. In addition, a weak intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond is observed in the cation. In the crystal, weak O—H...O, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the components into chains along [010]. A C—H...π contact is also observed.
Crystal structure of bis[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycinato-κ3O1,N,O2]cobalt(II) monohydrate
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhou Dan , Liu Hai-Hui , He Chen-Cong
Published: October 2015

The title compound, [Co(C6H12O4)2]·H2O, was prepared by mild heating of an aqueous solution. The CoIIion has a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment which is defined by two N atoms occupying the apical position, while the equatorial plane is furnished by two hydroxy O atoms and two carboxylate O atoms. The four hydroxy O atoms from two distinctN,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (bicH2−) ligands act as hydrogen-bond donors with two carboxylate O atoms as acceptors to form O—H...O hydrogen-bonded layers extending parallel to (100). In addition, the guest water molecule acts as both a hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor, so that each Co(bicH2)2molecule is connected simultaneously to six neighbouring Co(bicH2)2and two guest water molecules by hydrogen bonding.
Designing to engage a television audience: how are different media used in TV ident creation?
Authors: Macdonald Iain
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how designers attempt to engage audiences through different media in TV idents; and to explore how the human mark (such as drawing and model making) in a hybrid with digital media can not only revitalise traditions in design, but also the reception of illusion in this context.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study focuses on the work of RedBee Media, a company that has a global market and reputation. The phenomenology of how BBC Three and BBC 2 Christmas were rebranded was examined through interviews with the designers and animators involved. Taking a media industry studies lens to examine an art/technology divide the author will expand the visual culture theory of Manovich’s (2007) metamedium.

Findings

– The influence of technology on television graphic design is contested and continual. Designers might begin to question rather than rely on technology through the process of design. They can confront generic software solutions and apply more critical skills to explore fusions of heritage and digital processes in a metamedium.

Research limitations/implications

– This research was focused on a UK broadcaster and a single UK creative agency with a global influence. Future research should examine leading creative practice in other international markets.

Practical implications

– The significance of this research is in understanding the materiality and creativity in the artform of TV idents and how designers attempt to engage audiences through different media.

Originality/value

– Academics in media and design history are acknowledging the cultural significance of television branding. Design practitioners need to understand why and how in the work of others.
“Show us your moves”: trade rituals of television marketing
Authors: Grainge Paul , Johnson Catherine
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the professional culture of television marketing in the UK, the sector of arts marketing responsible for the vast majority of programme trailers and channel promos seen on British television screens.

Design/methodology/approach

– In research approach, it draws on participant observation at Promax UK, the main trade conference and award ceremony of the television marketing community. Developing John Caldwell’s analysis of the cultural practices of worker groups, it uses Promax as a site of study itself, exploring how a key trade gathering forges, legitimates and ritualizes the identity and practice of those involved in television marketing.

Findings

– Its findings show how Promax transmits industrial lore, not only about “how to do” the job of television marketing but also “how to be” in the professional field. If trade gatherings enable professional communities to express their own values to themselves, Promax members are constructed as “TV people” rather than just “marketing people”; the creative work of television marketing is seen as akin to the creative work of television production and positioned as part of the television industry.

Originality/value

– The value of the paper is the exploration of television marketing as a professional and creative discipline. This is especially relevant to marketing and media academics who have tended to overlook, or dismiss, the sector and skills of television promotion.
The comfort zone of the value circumplex for entrepreneurship: a structural analysis
Authors: Yang Kuo-Pin , Hsiung Hsin-Hua , Chiu Yu-Jen
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to extend the attitudinal approach to entrepreneurial intentions by using a structural analysis to explore overlooked personal values as the antecedents of entrepreneurial attitude. Based on the widely adopted value system proposed by Schwartz, this study argues that while one cluster of personal values is positively correlated with entrepreneurial attitude that leads to entrepreneurial intention, another cluster of personal values is negatively correlated with entrepreneurial attitude.

Design/methodology/approach

– Questionnaire responses obtained from a sample of 276 MBA were analyzed using structural equation models to examine the influences of values on entrepreneurial intentions via entrepreneurial attitude.

Findings

– The results of this study demonstrate that personal values of self-direction, stimulation, achievement, and universalism are all positively correlated with entrepreneurial attitude, which together constitute a comfort zone for entrepreneurship, whereas values in the opposite end of the circumplex including benevolence, tradition, conformity, security, and power are negatively correlated with entrepreneurial attitude. The values that discourage the formation of an entrepreneurial attitude also counter the positive effect of entrepreneurial attitude on intention, making the relationship between entrepreneurial attitude and intention contingent upon value conflicts.

Originality/value

– This study regards entrepreneurship as a career development and contributes to the entrepreneurship study by differentiating the influences of a vital construct, i.e., personal values, which should not be regarded as a universalism. The value circumplex with a comfort and discomfort zone developed by this study can serve as a platform to help build the view on entrepreneurial intentions in terms of personal values.
Goethean pedagogy
Authors: Franses Philip , Wride Mike
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the profound learning associated with the Goethean methodology in the Holistic Science MSc at Schumacher College, Devon, UK. This is presented as a case study in profound pedagogy and as an exploration of the implications for workplace learning. Some comparisons are also made with reflective practice.

Design/methodology/approach

– Background is provided on Goethe’s “way of science” and Barfield’s “participation”. Students were also interviewed about their learning and reflect on their experiences and challenges in learning the Goethean methodology, particularly regarding perceptions and participation, on their altered modes of thinking and feelings about learning, as well as on an “immediate”, corporeal and potentially co-operative mode of knowing in a “community of practice”, which can be extrapolated to the workplace.

Findings

– The profoundness of the student experience and personal transformation presented in the interviews reveals that Goethean methodology has a place alongside the more specific analytical knowledge focus of universities. While the method has challenges in reconciling existing modes of knowing with the new approach, the students are able to see and intuit the wholeness and dynamism of phenomena more easily, and they gain a different perspective and learn to participate more fully in the world.

Originality/value

– The paper asks that this template for educational practice be considered more widely relevant to today’s educational landscape in better providing skills and preparing students for the workplace in a world of “super-complexity”.
Lean thinking in the luxury-fashion market
Authors: Carmignani Gionata , Zammori Francesco
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The capability to overcome tradeoffs among costs, quality and time has become a must in high-margin businesses too. Lean thinking may be a solution, but applications in the luxury-fashion market are still rare. In order to shed light on this apparent contradiction, the purpose of this paper is to identify the key features of the luxury-fashion market that may act as barriers for the adoption of lean principles. Next, based on the results of this preliminary analysis, the paper tries to verify, if and how, lean principles can be properly reinterpreted, so as to properly fit the requirements of this market.

Design/methodology/approach

– Due to the operating nature of lean, an empiric approach was followed. From the evidences gathered during a lean project of a world-wide company, critical elements of the luxury-fashion market were identified and used as criteria to select, among lean tools, the most appropriate ones. Lastly, selected tools were integrated in a structured framework (for lean implementation) that was used to analyze and to improve many logistics and manufacturing processes.

Findings

– Developed solutions were implemented as pilot projects, with outstanding preliminary result. Results are case specific and trying to infer general considerations may be hazardous. Nonetheless, due to the relevant dimension of the project, they can be considered more than a clue concerning the robustness of the framework and, most of all, concerning the real potentialities of lean in the luxury-fashion market.

Practical implications

– The framework is extremely operational and, together with the proposed industrial cases, can be used as a guideline to support practitioners during the implementation of similar projects.

Originality/value

– Lean thinking is relatively new in the luxury-fashion market, where the focus on operational costs has been traditionally considered as a marginal issue. Thus, the application of lean principles in this market is the innovative element of the paper.
Exploring replenishment in the luxury fashion Italian firms: evidence from case studies
Authors: d'Avolio Elisa , Bandinelli Romeo , Pero Margherita , Rinaldi Rinaldo
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how luxury Italian fashion companies manage the replenishment process, and how they leverage supply chain (SC) to be able to match supply and demand of fashion products.

Design/methodology/approach

– Literature review was the first step performed; then, a case study research has been conducted in order to have a comprehensive view of the real context of luxury Italian fashion companies concerning merchandise planning and replenishment processes. After the sample was individuated, a questionnaire has guided the interviews and then data have been collected. Analysing data has concerned a primary case analysis and then cross-case patterns have been searched. Finally, several variables coherent to the aim of the study have been pinpointed and a framework has been designed.

Findings

– The paper provides a characterization of the luxury Italian fashion industry concerning merchandise planning constraints and the replenishment processes. To guarantee the flexibility required to match supply and demand when there is a high percentage of seasonal products in the collection, companies leverage on both downstream and upstream SC alignment.

Originality/value

– The enhancement of performance within the fashion SC is a topic not too much examined in depth, in particular referring to the luxury fashion companies and to the Italian context. Aligning upstream and downstream activities, information sharing between vendor and retailer and securing strategic alliances with the suppliers constitute important steps to reach flexibility and reactivity and to be in step with the market needs. The paper provides valuable insights to companies that are trying to decrease their lost sales and to increase their sell-out and customer service through a review of their SC processes.
A luxury brand management framework built from historical review and case study analysis
Authors: Cavender RayeCarol , Kincade Doris H.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop a luxury brand management (LBM) framework that accounts for the changing luxury environment (i.e. heterogeneous consumer populations, operations within markets of varying maturity, need for seamless customer experiences, and Omni-channel retailing). Framework set within this new luxury business environment and environmental phenomena unique to the fashion industry (i.e. fashion adoption, zeitgeist).

Design/methodology/approach

– Case study of leading luxury conglomerate, Louis Vuitton Möet Hennessy (LVMH), combined with in-depth historical review of luxury industry. Primary and secondary data sources yielded thick descriptions of brands in LVMH portfolio and larger luxury industry, in which conglomerate is the predominant organizational structure. Content analysis of data-tracked relationships and emergent patterns. Recontextualization techniques were employed to identify key dimensions of brand management operations for sample company and further explicated indicators, sub-variables, and measurements. Macro and micro dimensions were combined for the final framework.

Findings

– Findings revealed a LBM framework with specific dimensions at the micro or company level that are combined with variables and indicators in the macro-business environment. Strategic management response was also identified as a tool companies can use to synthesize brand management strategies throughout company and remain adaptive to environment.

Originality/value

– Contributes to company-based luxury research. Holistic findings; framework was constructed from the micro-company level within a macro-environmental context, increasing its relevancy for firms. Potential to be employed in strategic brand management decisions of luxury companies, regardless of their corporate structure, size, or age.
Supply chain strategy for companies in the luxury-fashion market
Authors: Castelli Cecilia Maria , Sianesi Andrea
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to show how it is possible to take into account the objectives that fashion-luxury companies pursue on the final market (i.e. critical success factors (CSF) – of luxury) and propagate them in the upstream steps of the supply chain (SC) in order to understand how the latter can be aligned to the market.

Design/methodology/approach

– An extensive literature review allowed the identification of SC objectives. Case studies were used in order to asses choices and practices applied along the SC of luxury companies were assessed through in depth case studies; hence, the relationship between choices/practices, SC objectives and luxury CSF was explored.

Findings

– The paper documents that success in the luxury market not only depends on branding and marketing but also on the choices made along the SC, to the point that it is possible to identify some SC choices and practices that support the achievement of luxury CSF.

Research limitations/implications

– The results presented represent a useful guideline and offer some methodological suggestions; however, the precise set of SC objectives have to be tailored on each specific brand, according to the uniqueness that characterizes luxury companies.

Practical implications

– The paper suggests which areas of the SC should be mostly targeted in order to achieve success in the luxury market, also indicating some possible concrete choices.

Originality/value

– The main value of this paper consists in shaping a first explicit connection among the world of luxury as it is perceived by the consumers and the world of the SC.
Firm size and the political cycle premium
Authors: Malone Chris B , Anderson Hamish , Cheng Peng
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to use firm-level data to examine whether the political cycle differentially relates to small vs large firms in New Zealand; a country that operates a unicameral political system has a short three-year political term and a right-of-centre stock market premium exists.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using firm-level data from 1972 to 2010, the authors examine monthly returns during right-of-centre National governments and left-of-centre Labour governments. The authors apply Santa Clara and Valkanov (2003) regression analysis approach to examine the political cycle impact on firm returns.

Findings

– Like in the USA, New Zealand’s political cycle premium is driven by small firms; however, the results are opposite. In New Zealand, periods governed by the right of the political spectrum produce significantly higher stock returns than those from the left and this finding is primarily driven by small firms who perform particularly poorly under left-of-centre governments.

Research limitations/implications

– Small firms were relatively heavily affected by the move to an open, deregulated economy; they were also less able to cope with tight monetary conditions, and periods of sharply falling inflation. New Zealand’s three-year political term may encourage newly formed governments to implement relatively fast moving shifts in policy where a more reasoned and steady approach would be warranted.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper to use firm-level data outside of the USA to examine the political cycle impact.
What to expect when you’re electing
Authors: Beyer Scott , Garcia-Feijoo Luis , Jensen Gerry , Johnson Robert R.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyze security-market returns relative to the political party of the president, the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy, the year of the president’s term, and the state of political gridlock. Contrary to prior studies, which evaluated the influences separately, the authors jointly evaluate these variables.

Design/methodology/approach

– The analysis supports the notion that security returns are significantly related to shifts in Fed monetary policy, political gridlock, and the year of the presidential term; however, returns are generally invariant to the president’s political party affiliation. Overall, the findings suggest that investors should focus less attention on the party of the president and instead more closely monitor Fed actions.

Findings

– It appears that political harmony should be welcomed by equity investors, but not debt investors. Finally, regardless of the political outcome, if the past serves as a guide, investors may have to wait until year three of the next presidential term to enjoy the fruits of the current political season.

Originality/value

– The academic literature is rich with studies that consider the aforementioned political effects and the influence that monetary policy have on the markets. To date, however, these factors have not been jointly considered when examining returns. This paper considers several dimensions of the political landscape – the party of the president, the presence or absence of political gridlock, and the presidential term cycle effect – in conjunction with Fed monetary policy in examining long-term security returns. By examining the relationship between security returns and both political and monetary conditions, the authors provide robust evidence regarding the relationships.
Does the revolving door swing both ways? The value of political connections to US firms
Authors: Houston Reza , Ferris Stephen
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the value of corporate political connections resulting from the revolving door of employment between political office and the for-profit corporation. The authors test whether there is value to firms from political connections provided by the appointment of former politicians to corporate boards or management teams. The authors also test to see if passage through the door in the other direction, from the corporate world to public office, generates value for firms. Do firms whose former employees gain public office earn excess returns following their appointment or election to these positions?

Design/methodology/approach

– The methodology used in this study focusses on an empirical analysis of the political connections of US firms over the sample period 1996-2011. The analysis emphasizes the wealth effects associated with the announcement of hiring former politicians to corporate boards or the gaining of political office by former corporate employees.

Findings

– The authors find that politicians becoming corporate directors is 2.5 times more common than corporate executives gaining public office. The authors determine that industries with extensive government regulation most often hire former politicians. The authors find that the office held by former politicians matters. The authors find that longevity in a cabinet position is important while formal Congressional or Senate leadership positions are not. Surprisingly, the authors determine the longer politicians are out of office, the more value they are able to provide to the firm. Finally, the authors discover that firms which hire former politicians have significantly positive long-term abnormal returns, but firms whose managers enter politics do not.

Originality/value

– This study is highly original in its examination of political connections resulting from door swing in both directions. Further, the analysis of longevity, time out of office, and position held adds to the contributions made by this study.
Tunisian revolution and stock market volatility: evidence from FIEGARCH model
Authors: Jeribi Ahmed , Fakhfekh Mohamed , Jarboui Anis
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– Previously elaborated research works, dealing with the political uncertainty effect on stock market, have been primarily concerned with such political events as terrorist attacks, elections, wars, natural catastrophes and financial crashes. Such little research has been concerned with civil uprisings and revolutionary movements, as crucial sources of political uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of political uncertainty (resulting from the Tunisian Revolution) on the volatility of major sectorial stock indices in the Tunisian Stock Exchange (TSE).

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors apply the fractionally integrated exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model (FIEGARCH), which helps maintain a direct shock-persistence as well as a shock asymmetric volatility measurement. This model is applied to the daily returns relevant to nine sectorial stock indices and to the Tunisian benchmark index (TUNINDEX) with respect to three sub-periods (before, during and follows the Tunisian Revolution).

Findings

– The reached findings suggest that the shock impact throughout the Revolution period on construction, industries, consumer services, financial services, financial companies indices’ sectorial and the TUNINDEX return volatilities have proven to be permanent, while its persistence on the other indices has been discovered to be transitory. In addition, the achieved results appear to reveal a low leverage effect on all indices. This result seems to be very important since the Tunisian Revolution turns out to have a very important effect on the TSE.

Originality/value

– The paper’s empirical contribution lies in using the FIEGARCH approach to model the Tunisian sectorial indices’ volatility dynamics, persistence degree and leverage effect. This contribution goes a long way in helping regulators and international investors to further recognize the extent to which political instability does participate in affecting the TSE.
A novel route for ethanol oxidation in the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii: the acetaldehyde/ethanol dehydrogenase pathway
Authors: Bertsch Johannes , Siemund Anna Lena , Kremp Florian , Müller Volker
Published: October 2015

Ethanol is a common substrate for anaerobic microorganisms despite its high redox potential ( etha‐ nol/acetaldehyde = −190mV), which does not allow for NAD+ reduction. How this thermodynamic barrier is overcome is largely unknown. The acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii can also grow on ethanol. The genome harbours 11 genes encoding putative alcohol dehydrogenases, but only one, adhE, was upregulated during growth on ethanol. The bifunctional acetaldehyde/ethanol dehydrogenase (AdhE) was purified from ethanol‐grown cells. It catalysed the NAD+‐ and CoA‐dependent oxidation of ethanol via acetaldehyde to acetyl‐CoA. The enzyme was regulated by free coenzyme A: in the absence of coenzyme A, the Km value for ethanol was shifted from 3.4 to 40 mM. The alcohol dehydrogenase domain could also oxidize 1‐propanol and 1‐butanol; however, the aldehyde dehydrogenase domain was highly specific for acetaldehyde as substrate. Apparently, the bifunctional AdhE allows for NAD+ reduction by lowering the concentration of acetaldehyde, which makes the first oxidation reaction thermodynamically feasible.
Metagenomic analysis provides insights into functional capacity in a hyperarid desert soil niche community
Authors: Vikram Surendra , Guerrero Leandro D. , Makhalanyane Thulani P. , Le Phuong T. , Seely Mary , Cowan Don A.
Published: October 2015

In hyperarid ecosystems, macroscopic communities are often restricted to cryptic niches, such as hypoliths (microbial communities found beneath translucent rocks), which are widely distributed in hyperarid desert environments. While hypolithic communities are considered to play a major role in productivity, the functional guilds implicated in these processes remain unclear. Here, we describe the metagenomic sequencing, assembly and analysis of hypolithic microbial communities from the Namib Desert. Taxonomic analyses using Small Subunit phylogenetic markers showed that bacterial phylotypes (93%) dominated the communities, with relatively small proportions of archaea (0.43%) and fungi (5.6%). Refseq‐viral database analysis showed the presence of double stranded DNA viruses (7.8% contigs), dominated by Caudovirales (59.2%). Analysis of functional genes and metabolic pathways revealed that cyanobacteria were primarily responsible for photosynthesis with the presence of multiple copies of genes for both photosystems I and II, with a smaller but significant fraction of proteobacterial anoxic photosystem II genes. Hypolithons demonstrated an extensive genetic capacity for the degradation of phosphonates and mineralization of organic sulphur. Surprisingly, we were unable to show the presence of genes representative of complete nitrogen cycles. Taken together, our analyses suggest an extensive capacity for carbon, phosphate and sulphate cycling but only limited nitrogen biogeochemistry.
Major contribution of the type II beta carbonic anhydrase CanB (Cj0237) to the capnophilic growth phenotype of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Al‐Haideri Halah , White Michael A. , Kelly David J.
Published: October 2015

Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis, requires low environmental oxygen and high carbon dioxide for optimum growth, but the molecular basis for the carbon dioxide requirement is unclear. One factor may be inefficient conversion of gaseous CO2 to bicarbonate, the required substrate of various carboxylases. Two putative carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are encoded in the genome of C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168 (Cj0229 and Cj0237). Here, we show that the deletion of the cj0237 (canB) gene alone prevents growth in complex media at low (1% v/v) CO2 and significantly reduces the growth rate at high (5% v/v) CO2. In minimal media incubated under high CO2, the canB mutant grew on L‐aspartate but not on the key C3 compounds L‐serine, pyruvate and L‐lactate, showing that CanB is crucial in bicarbonate provision for pyruvate carboxylase‐mediated oxaloacetate synthesis. Nevertheless, purified CanB (a dimeric, anion and acetazolamide sensitive, zinc‐containing type II beta‐class enzyme) hydrates CO2 actively only above pH 8 and with a high Km (∼34 mM). At typical cytoplasmic pH values and low CO2, these kinetic properties might limit intracellular bicarbonate availability. Taken together, our data suggest CanB is a major contributor to the capnophilic growth phenotype of C. jejuni.
Rock geochemistry induces stress and starvation responses in the bacterial proteome
Authors: Bryce Casey C. , Le Bihan Thierry , Martin Sarah F. , Harrison Jesse P. , Bush Timothy , Spears Bryan , Moore Alanna , Leys Natalie , Byloos Bo , Cockell Charles S.
Published: October 2015

Interactions between microorganisms and rocks play an important role in Earth system processes. However, little is known about the molecular capabilities microorganisms require to live in rocky environments. Using a quantitative label‐free proteomics approach, we show that a model bacterium (Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34) can use volcanic rock to satisfy some elemental requirements, resulting in increased rates of cell division in both magnesium‐ and iron‐limited media. However, the rocks also introduced multiple new stresses via chemical changes associated with pH, elemental leaching and surface adsorption of nutrients that were reflected in the proteome. For example, the loss of bioavailable phosphorus was observed and resulted in the upregulation of diverse phosphate limitation proteins, which facilitate increase phosphate uptake and scavenging within the cell. Our results revealed that despite the provision of essential elements, rock chemistry drives complex metabolic reorganization within rock‐dwelling organisms, requiring tight regulation of cellular processes at the protein level. This study advances our ability to identify key microbial responses that enable life to persist in rock environments.
Equivocal locations: being ‘red’ in ‘Red Bologna’
Authors: Heywood Paolo
Published: October 2015

This article addresses a classic ethnographic problem in the study of Italy: how is it that people can subscribe simultaneously to seemingly contradictory ideologies, such as Catholicism and Communism? It does so by describing examples from Italy's ‘showcase city’ of the left, ‘Red Bologna’, in which to be ‘red’ is ubiquitous but each person's ‘red’ is a different thing: being ‘red’ (differently) is the idiom in which real political distinctions are expressed over issues like religion or immigration. In parallel, I discuss the relationship between the ‘field’ as a location and the ‘field’ as a conceptual topic. My account replicates internal ethnographic differences at the analytical level by highlighting the differences between being left‐wing in Bologna and its meaning as a concept in anthropology. Hence the ‘equivocal location’: a field‐site that is productively different, from what an inexperienced ethnographer expected from it, from conceptual discussions in anthropology, and from itself.
To see that which cannot be seen: ontological differences and public health policies in Southern Chile
Authors: Bonelli Cristóbal
Published: October 2015

In this article, I explore different visual practices performed by Pehuenche Indigenous healers and state public health professionals in Southern Chile. While non‐Indigenous health workers seek to make ‘traditional’ Pehuenche healing visible within or alongside their own ‘modern’ practices, Pehuenche people are concerned with making visible the evil spirits whose ‘eating’ of persons produces illness. Focusing in particular on different healing practices triggered by the existence of Pehuenche spiritual illnesses that are ‘seen’ by both Indigenous healers and state professionals, this article discusses how different ontologies ground differences between the Indigenous healers and what they ‘see’; as well as how a broader and substantive binary between Pehuenche and non‐Pehuenche realities goes above and beyond these multiplicities. By exploring and discussing the endurance of Pehuenche cosmo‐political relations in a world inhabited by visible and invisible eaters, I hope to create awareness about how a failure to recognize these different realities limits current multicultural policies in Southern Chile, and Indigenous health policies more broadly. At a more theoretical level, the following ethnographic account sheds light on unresolved tensions between the ways ontological difference has been conceptualized within the so‐called ‘ontological turn’ in anthropology and within the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS).
EHR Adoption and Hospital Performance: Time‐Related Effects
Authors: Adler‐Milstein Julia , Everson Jordan , Lee Shoou‐Yih D.
Published: October 2015

Objective

To assess whether, 5 years into the HITECH programs, national data reflect a consistent relationship between EHR adoption and hospital outcomes across three important dimensions of hospital performance.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Secondary data from the American Hospital Association and CMS (Hospital Compare and EHR Incentive Programs) for nonfederal, acute‐care hospitals (2009–2012).

Study Design

We examined the relationship between EHR adoption and three hospital outcomes (process adherence, patient satisfaction, efficiency) using ordinary least squares models with hospital fixed effects. Time‐related effects were assessed through comparing the impact of EHR adoption pre (2008/2009) versus post (2010/2011) meaningful use and by meaningful use attestation cohort (2011, 2012, 2013, Never). We used a continuous measure of hospital EHR adoption based on the proportion of electronic functions implemented.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

We created a panel dataset with hospital‐year observations.

Principal Findings

Higher levels of EHR adoption were associated with better performance on process adherence (0.147; p < .001) and patient satisfaction (0.118; p < .001), but not efficiency (0.01; p = .78). For all three outcomes, there was a stronger, positive relationship between EHR adoption and performance in 2010/2011 compared to 2008/2009. We found mixed results based on meaningful use attestation cohort.

Conclusions

Performance gains associated with EHR adoption are apparent in more recent years. The large national investment in EHRs appears to be delivering more consistent benefits than indicated by earlier national studies.
Bioactive Compounds and Fruit Quality of Green Sweet Pepper Grown under Different Colored Shade Netting during Postharvest Storage
Authors: Mashabela Madonna N. , Selahle Kamogelo M. , Soundy Puffy , Crosby Kevin M. , Sivakumar Dharini
Published: October 2015

In this study, influence of 3 types of photo‐selective nets (pearl, red and yellow) and a standard black net on marketable yield, fruit quality and bioactive compounds after postharvest storage was investigated. Percentage marketable fruits were higher in green sweet peppers produced under the pearl nets. Fruits produced under the pearl nets showed higher fruit mass, firmness, chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content, antioxidant scavenging activity after postharvest storage. Red/far red photon ratio under the pearl net could have improved the ascorbic acid content and the antioxidant scavenging activity in green peppers. Green sweet peppers grown under the pearl nets had higher hue values and maintained green color longer. Our results showed the impact of modified light quality on the bioactive compounds of green sweet pepper during postharvest storage.
A National Evaluation of the Scholarly Activity Requirement in Residency Programs: A Survey of Emergency Medicine Program Directors
Authors: Geyer Brian C. , Kaji Amy H. , Katz Eric D. , Jones Alan E. , Bebarta Vikhyat S.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The Review Committee for Emergency Medicine (RC‐EM) requirement for scholarly activity, which programs may define as an original research project or some other form of scholarly activity, applies to all EM residents. The objectives of this study were to: 1) describe the percentage of residency programs that require an original research project to meet the RC‐EM requirement for scholarly activity, 2) describe specific challenges and resources for residents completing the RC‐EM scholarly activity requirement, and 3) identify associations between the interpretation of the requirement and early career outcomes.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional online survey of program or research directors from all U.S. allopathic EM residency programs. Respondents were queried about key demographics and domains relating to research curriculum, resources, expectations, outcomes, challenges, and future opportunities. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

The overall response rate was 113 of 156 (72%) EM residency programs. Respondents were more likely to represent university‐based programs, but otherwise did not differ from nonrespondents across key demographic criteria. An original research project was required by 39% of responding programs, with a minimum deliverable in 93% of these programs. Program directors listed data collection and study design as the principle challenges residents face while completing their scholarly activities. Faculty mentorship, biostatistical support, and travel support were common resources reportedly available to residents. Comparison of programs with an original research requirement to those without revealed many differences in outcomes. Programs with a research requirement were more likely to have residents with oral or poster presentations (46% vs. 25%, mean difference = 21%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 16% to 28%), published manuscripts (25% vs. 18%, mean difference = 7%, 95% CI = 2% to 10%), entering fellowship training after residency (27% vs. 20%, mean difference = 7%, 95% CI = 4% to 10%), and using a biostatistician (64% vs. 28%, median difference = 26%, 95% CI = 24% to 28%). There were no statistically significant differences in other evaluations of resources or outcome measures, including resident choice of academic career after leaving residency.

Conclusions

There is no consistent interpretation and implementation of the RC‐EM requirement for scholarly activity among EM residency programs. Residency programs requiring an original research project were more likely to have residents with accepted oral or poster presentations, published manuscripts, and entering fellowships after residency training.