bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicultural Identity and Experiences
Authors: Benet-Martínez Verónica
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the cultural and social–personality psychological processes involved in multicultural experiences and identities and the societal factors that influence these phenomena. To do so, relevant findings and theories from the subfields of acculturation, sociology, cultural, social, and personality psychologies are reviewed and integrated. The chapter includes sections devoted to defining multiculturalism and its components at the individual, group, and societal levels, explaining the links between multiculturalism and related constructs, such as acculturation and interculturalism, and synthesizing the fast-growing literatures on cultural frame switching, individual differences in multicultural identity, and outcomes resulting from multicultural identities and experiences. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future challenges and needed directions in the psychological study of multiculturalism.
Work and Organizations
Authors: Schleicher Deidra J. , Day David V.
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the relevance of personality and social psychology to the central life domain of work and organizations. It begins with a general discussion of how the field of organizational psychology is distinct from, yet has been informed by, theory and research in personality and social psychology, distinguishing between horizontal and vertical theory borrowing in this regard. It then summarizes research on four key organizational topics that have particularly strong theoretical and empirical records for integrating across personality and social psychology: person–environment fit, job attitudes, leadership, and teams. Within each of these organizational research areas, examples of horizontal and vertical theory borrowing are discussed as well as new theoretical frameworks with the potential to contribute back to the fields of personality and social psychology.
A Person × Intervention Strategy Approach to Understanding Health Behavior
Authors: Rothman Alexander J. , Baldwin Austin S.
Published: October 2018

This chapter suggests that an integration of perspectives from personality and social psychology (i.e., a Person × Intervention strategy framework) provides a rich context to explore precise specifications of the mediators and moderators that guide health behavior and decision-making. First discussed is how conceptualizations of moderated mediation and mediated moderation can enrich theory and serve to enumerate specific principles to guide the development and dissemination of more effective health behavior interventions. Second, research is reviewed from four different literatures that rely on a similar Person × Intervention strategy framework (i.e., the effectiveness of an intervention strategy depends on the degree to which it matches features of the target person) to examine evidence for the processes that mediate the effect of this moderated intervention approach. Finally described is how a more systematic analysis of the interplay between mediating and moderating processes can stimulate advances in theory, intervention research, and practice of health behavior.
The Psychology of Collective Action
Authors: Duncan Lauren E.
Published: October 2018

Personality and social psychology research on motivation for collective action is reviewed and integrated into a model. Integrating individual difference variables into the study of motivation for collective action allows a deeper, more complex understanding of this motivation and can explain why some group members develop group consciousness and become politically active whereas others do not. The personality work effectively identifies correlates of collective action without necessarily providing explanations of motivation. The social psychological work provides convincing motives for collective action but downplays individual difference variables. The integration of these two traditions addresses these gaps and allows for a deeper, more complex understanding of the phenomenological experience of the development of group consciousness and links to collective action. Promising areas for potential future research are discussed.
Team Training in the Organizational Context
Authors: Semmer Norbert K. , Tschan Franziska
Published: October 2018

Many formal and informal units at various levels provide a heterogeneous organizational context for team training. Consolidating and adapting newly acquired knowledge and skills needs time and resources, encouragement, and feedback. It also requires supportive messages that are consistent over time, across sources, and in terms of content (e.g., general value statements as compared to specific messages). Our chapter focuses on “transfer climate,” characterized by transfer-related cues and consequences, supportive behaviors, and opportunities to perform. Discussing structural aspects, we emphasize aligning messages and actions with the goal of supporting transfer. Next we discuss the role of episodes, which unfold over time and give meaning to trainings. Finally, we discuss configurations, that is, specific constellations of influences not captured by studying the contribution of individual variables; we advocate focusing more strongly on the trainee perspective; and we emphasize fairness and appreciation as an overarching issue that may be decisive for transfer success.
Control of Locomotion in Annelids
Authors: Kristan William
Published: October 2018

This article reviews the status of research on locomotion in segmented worms. It focuses on three major groups (leeches, earthworms, and nereid polychaetes) that have attracted the most research attention. All three groups show two types of locomotion: crawling (moving over a solid substrate) and swimming (moving through a liquid). The adults of all three groups form a hydroskeleton by controlling the pressure within the segments, and they locomote by controlling the shapes of the individual segments in coordinated spatial and temporal patterns. Many annelid larvae use cilia to move through water. Four aspects of the locomotory patterns are considered: the kinematics (the movement patterns), biomechanics (how muscle contractions produce movement), the neuronal basis of the movement patterns, and efforts to produce robots that move like annelid worms.
The Past and Future of Communication Research
Authors: González-Bailón Sandra , Foucault Welles Brooke
Published: October 2018

This chapter offers an overview of the theoretical ideas that helped consolidate the field of communication and relates those ideas to the current media environment, where digital technologies and online networks mediate most exposure to information. The chapter offers a summary of research achievements and future challenges through the lens of the work discussed in the six parts that form this Handbook. Special attention is given to the question of how new data sources and recent methodological developments can help communication evolve as a field and adapt its research agenda to the demands of digital data, both in terms of analyzing that data with the right theoretical motivations and protecting the privacy of users to cement trust and a sustainable research agenda.
Political Consumerism
Authors: Boström Magnus , Micheletti Michele , Oosterveer Peter
Published: October 2018

This chapter highlights The Oxford Handbook of Political Consumerism’s most interesting findings and identifies major characteristics and conceptual/methodological topics for advancing research on the phenomenon of political consumerism. It emphasizes how scholars study the phenomenon’s multidimensionality in a more fragmented context and explains differences in the forms and spread of political consumerism across industry sectors. The wide diversity in the forms and spread of political consumerism across countries and regions is related to political and cultural traditions, levels of economic development, and the role of social media. The Handbook also puts stress on how all four forms of political consumerism are involved in democratically problematic types of political consumerism. Political consumerism’s effectiveness is evaluated from several perspectives along with a recommendation for further study of input, output, and outcome aspects. The chapter encourages new studies on undemocratic types of political consumerism as well as investigations into the absence of political consumerism in certain countries and industry sectors. All this requires innovative methodology, new theoretical conceptualization, and cross-disciplinary work.” through innovative methodology, conceptualization, and cross-disciplinary work.
Ethereal Timbres
Authors: Dolan Emily I. , Patteson Thomas
Published: October 2018

The notion of the “ethereal” has a long and surprisingly continuous history in Western art music. From the Aeolian harp to early electronic music, listeners have identified certain instruments as producing otherworldly and supernatural sounds. This essay considers the diverse range of technologies that have been frequently identified as “ethereal,” while also delving into the use of the idea of the ethereal within writing about music. This phenomenon is found to be unsurprisingly elusive, in some cases seeming to correlate to certain timbral qualities, such as sustained tones with shimmering upper harmonics or slowly fading envelopes, while in other instances relating instead to circumstances of audition, most famously in the case of the unseen sound sources of “acousmatic” listening. The study of ethereal timbres thus occupies a nexus between the topics of sound technology, listening practices, musical aesthetics, and experimental art.
Global Wheat Value Chains
Authors: Ahmed Ghada
Published: October 2018

The globalization of agrifoods systems is transforming the value chain of multiple food commodities, including wheat. Demand for grains will continue to rise amidst challenges such as water stress and price volatilities. The wheat global value chain is complex and depends on a handful of exporters and international trading houses. International lead firms in the chain are the primary buyers and they link production to consumption regions. Their role has implications for food security and grain trade. This chapter uses the global value chain (GVC) lens to examine the global wheat industry, its governance structure, and the key value chain dynamics that drive power in the chain. GVCs refer to the sequence of value-added activities that comprise the creation, delivery, and end use of a given product or service and the role of actors in the chain.
Political Culture and Israeli Politics
Authors: Ariely Gal
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides a broad overview of the political culture in Israel. It begins by discussing whether a single Israeli political culture can indeed be identified. It then surveys the principal factors that shape political culture and the key changes from the early days of nation-building attempts to Israel’s current, more multicultural character. Making use of a cultural-value map, the chapter then addresses the question of whether Israel’s political culture is indeed “Western” and compares the principal Israeli political orientations with those of other societies. Finally, it analyzes aspects of system support and democratic norms via the use of national and cross-national survey data. The analysis presented concludes that Israeli political culture is dominated by countervailing forces that create a combination of assertive and allegiant forms of citizenship.
The Political Economy of Israeli Neoliberalism
Authors: Mandelkern Ronen , Shalev Michael
Published: October 2018

Israel’s political economy has been transformed since the 1980s from a developmental to a neoliberal model. This chapter describes and explains this transformation, emphasizing the unevenness and incompleteness of liberalization and its impact on socioeconomic inequality. Adopting a historical-institutionalist perspective to explain both the rise of Israeli neoliberalism and its unevenness, the chapter argues that liberalization was led by economic technocrats in state agencies, who were guided by liberal economic ideas and simultaneously pursuing their interest in greater authority and autonomy. The technocrats were empowered by re-engineering economic policy institutions and cooperating with other political actors. However, their ability to fulfill the goal of technocratic management of a competition-driven economy was limited by the continuing power of some sectors of both business and labor and the continuing vibrancy of the state’s national and military projects. The conclusion discusses recent challenges to neoliberalism in Israel as a result of public discontent and conflict between state actors.
Daily Positive Experiences and Health: Biobehavioral Pathways and Resilience to Daily Stress
Authors: Sin Nancy L. , Almeida David M.
Published: October 2018

Positive emotions and minor positive events are more likely to occur in people’s daily lives than negative emotions and stressors. This chapter provides an overview of theoretical perspectives and previous research linking positive experiences with stress and health. A conceptual framework is proposed that describes constructs within the realm of “daily positive experiences.” The framework posits that daily positive experiences contribute to health through biological, behavioral, and stress-buffering pathways. The sociodemographic patterning of daily positive experiences by age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status is described. Multidisciplinary work is presented linking between-person differences and within-person (day-to-day) variations in daily positive experiences to stressor reactivity, inflammation, and diurnal cortisol rhythms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of unanswered questions and key areas for future discovery and innovation. The study of everyday positive experiences provides insights into health and well-being that go beyond what can be learned from focusing solely on negative experiences.
Behind the Scenes in Integrative Health Science: Understanding and Negotiating Data Management Challenges
Authors: Radler Barry T. , Love Gayle D.
Published: October 2018

The complexities of managing the data collection and data products in multidisciplinary, population-based longitudinal research on health are not readily apparent to those who use publicly available data. This chapter explores the behind-the-scenes details involved in conducting the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. The objective is to explicate how such a complex investigation involving comprehensive biopsychosocial assessments, obtained on the same individuals followed repeatedly over time, is carried out. The MIDUS study includes multiple data collection projects, covering different domains of science. Such extensive data collection must be carefully sequenced and distributed across different data collection sites, while recognizing that the longitudinal research data life cycle is iterative in nature. The overarching goals are to ensure the integrity of the data collection process while generating data products that are discoverable, understandable, and well documented to promote robust primary and secondary usage of publicly available datasets.
Personality as a Determinant of Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases: Review of Meta-Analytic Evidence
Authors: Jokela Markus
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews the meta-analytic evidence on how personality traits of the Five-Factor Model (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) are associated with health behaviors (e.g., smoking, physical activity); chronic physical diseases (e.g., Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease); and all-cause mortality. A systematic literature identified 22 meta-analyses investigating the topic. The evidence suggests multiple associations between personality traits and health behaviors. By contrast, only conscientiousness was systematically associated with chronic diseases and mortality across multiple studies and disease end points, including all-cause mortality. While associations between personality and health outcomes are well established, the pathways connecting them remain largely unknown. Future studies need to focus on study designs that can better address the developmental patterns, mediating pathways, and causality in explaining why personality traits are associated with health.
The Road to Positive Health: Behavioral and Biological Pathways Linking Positive Psychological Functioning With Health Outcomes
Authors: Boehm Julia K.
Published: October 2018

Evidence suggests that positive psychological functioning is related to health and longevity. The underlying pathways that link positive psychological functioning with health and longevity are less clear, but behavioral and biological processes may be likely candidates. Well-characterized measures of positive psychological functioning, combined with assessments of health behaviors and biological markers, make data from the MIDUS study particularly well suited for investigating these topics. This chapter reviews evidence from MIDUS linking positive psychological functioning with health outcomes and longevity, focused particularly on cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death. Mechanistic pathways related to stress buffering, biological processes, and health behaviors are explored. Both restorative and deteriorative processes are considered so as to provide a comprehensive understanding of what health entails. The chapter concludes with suggested directions for future research.
Early Life Adversity and Adult Health
Authors: Levine Cynthia S. , Miller Gregory E. , Lachman Margie E. , Seeman Teresa E. , Chen Edith
Published: October 2018

Research has shown that early life adversity can have implications for health later in life. Specifically, socioeconomic disadvantage, parental maltreatment, and parent divorce and death in childhood have been linked to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and mortality in adulthood. Increasingly, recent research has focused on which factors can protect against these poor health outcomes and what promotes resilience, despite early life adversity. This chapter reviews research linking early life adversity to health, with a focus on highlighting the psychosocial factors that play this type of protective role. These factors include social and relational ones, such as maternal nurturance, as well as beliefs and coping strategies. The chapter concludes by suggesting areas of future research, including additional investigation of which psychosocial factors protect health, how multiple psychosocial factors might interact to protect health, and how early life adversity might affect adult health across different groups throughout the life span.
Distinguishing Between Enduring and Fragile Positive Affect: Implications for Health and Well-Being in Midlife
Authors: Ong Anthony D. , Sin Nancy L. , Ram Nilam
Published: October 2018

Considerable theory and research on positive affect (PA) reveals that high PA relates to adaptive outcomes. Increasingly, however, it has become clear that high PA also has a costly side, as it sometimes relates to adverse outcomes, such as intense psychological distress, risky health behaviors, and even early mortality. This chapter appraises the existing body of empirical evidence and discusses how frameworks that consider both stable and dynamic forms of PA can help reconcile conflicting evidence concerning the association between PA and diverse health outcomes. Drawing on survey, daily diary, and biological data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, empirical findings and ongoing studies of middle-aged adults are summarized. The chapter concludes with a discussion of integrative research opportunities afforded by MIDUS.
Baroque Discourse
Authors: Johnson Christopher D.
Published: October 2018

This entry describes how discourse in the Baroque period variously functioned as a sophisticated, often subtle, and sometimes exorbitant means of mediating between words and things, between emergent, conflicted selves, and a world perceived as illusory. Such discourse tended to prize ingenuity, learning, difficulty, and novelty. Comprising many nonfictional prose genres, from the essay to the aphorism, Baroque discourse saw the cultivation of pointed, conceited, paratactic, and digressive prose styles. Vehicles for retrospective and prospective, deductive, and inductive modes of thought, such styles drew on the classical and humanist legacy even as they helped writers express novel cultural, political, epistemological, and metaphysical concerns. Such heterogeneity aside, exemplary writers such as Burton, Browne, Marino, Balzac, Pascal, Kircher, Leibniz, Quevedo, Gracián, Sor Juana, and Sigüenza y Góngora, all cultivated versions of a prosaic “I,” a self that tried to negotiate coincidentia oppositorum and mediate information overload.
FMRP and MicroRNAs in Neuronal Protein Synthesis
Authors: Lannom Monica C. , Ceman Stephanie
Published: October 2018

New protein synthesis is critical for learning and memory. The discovery of ribosomes at synapses indicated the potential for local protein synthesis in response to stimulation. miRNAs play a key role in this process as evidenced by their role in normal neuronal development and function and in neurological disease. miRNA production is regulated and once bound by AGO2, the ensuing RISC complex is able to bind mRNAs and direct their translation suppression and degradation. However, other RNA binding proteins, including FMRP and MOV10, regulate AGO2 association with the miRNA recognition element (MRE) in target mRNAs. AGO2 itself is regulated by post-translational modifications, and neuronal activity controls post-translational modifications of FMRP and MOV10 that lead to their regulation and degradation. In addition, RNA localization at the synapse is a critical regulated event that depends on both cis sequences in the mRNA and the identity of the bound RNA binding proteins.
Latino Philosophy
Authors: Nuccetelli Susana
Published: October 2018

Latino philosophy and Latin American philosophy, in spite of their close relation, are taking different paths on foundational questions about their own significance, prospects, and even existence. Furthermore, Latino philosophy must continue to avoid two extreme positions that figure prominently in Latin American philosophy, radical skepticism and overconfident optimism. By resting on exceedingly narrow conceptions of the nature of this type of philosophy, neither of them can help to overcome the challenges facing these fields. But Latino philosophy may have a brighter future, provided it expands the use of reasoned argument beyond the issues discussed in this essay. Some concern the nature of Latino philosophy and its closest relatives. Others involve Latino philosophy’s contribution to solving a recurrent puzzle about which ethnic-group term (if any) is best for talking about US residents who are from the officially Spanish-speaking nations of Latin America by birth or ancestry.
The Bilingualisms of Latino/a Literatures
Authors: Pérez Rolando
Published: October 2018

This essay deals with the multiple languages of Latino/a literature: English, English and Spanish (code-switching), Spanglish, and Spanish. It traces the linguistically and thematically diverse Latino/a literatures of today back to the Nuyorican literary movement of the late 1960s and 1970s. The argument here is that Latino/a writers like Sandra Cisneros, Judith Ortiz Cofer, and Cristina García, and even those who write exclusively in Spanish today, as for example, Tina Escaja, Marta López Luaces, and Miguel Ángel Zapata are the literary heirs of Miguel Algarín, Sandra María Esteves, Pedro Pietri, Miguel Piñero, and Tato Laviera, the writers who bravely paved the way for them.
Ethical Consumption
Authors: Brown Keith
Published: October 2018

In markets around the world, more and more products are being sold with attributes promoting their economic, environmental, political, and social attributes. This growth in ethical consumption reflects increased demand for product narratives describing the ethical implications of shopping. This chapter examines the research in the emerging field of ethical consumption. Although it prioritizes research coming from sociology, it highlights an array of interdisciplinary research. Ultimately, this chapter makes three recommendations: (1) Markets should not be abandoned as a site for social change, (2) Scholars should pay closer attention to the supply chains shaping markets for ethically labeled goods, and (3) Scholars should continue to pursue research on the emotional processes that lead to brand allegiance within these markets.
Taste, Sensation, and Skill in the Sociology of Consumption
Authors: Wright David
Published: October 2018

This chapter re-examines foundational philosophical controversies about the meaning of taste and reflects on how tastes have been understood by sociologists. It argues these insights, while revealing the social patterning of tastes, have also obscured the extent to which tastes are bound up both with sensory experience and with the process of learning the management of the body and its responses to the world. It concludes that, while the substantive weight of the sociological study of tastes has concerned itself with questions of the aesthetic and to the identification of different dispositions held by individuals and groups in relation to aesthetic judgment, there is value, in understanding contemporary cultures, to building up those accounts of taste that are more oriented to questions of the ascetic and to the role of restraint and training in the development and cultivation of tastes.
The Cochlear Nucleus as a Generator of Tinnitus-Related Signals
Authors: Kaltenbach J.A. , Godfrey D.A.
Published: October 2018

Tinnitus most commonly begins with alterations of input from the ear resulting from cochlear trauma or overstimulation of the ear. Because the cochlear nucleus is the first processing center in the brain receiving cochlear input, it is the first brainstem station to adjust to this modified input from the cochlea. Research published over the last 30 years demonstrates changes in neural circuitry and activity in the cochlear nucleus that are associated with and may be the origin of the signals that give rise to tinnitus percepts at the cortical level. This chapter summarizes what is known about these disturbances and their relationships to tinnitus. It also summarizes the mechanisms that trigger tinnitus-related disturbances and the anatomical, chemical, neurophysiological, and biophysical defects that underlie them. It concludes by highlighting some major controversies that research findings have generated and discussing the clinical implications the findings have for the future treatment of tinnitus.
Human Trafficking as a Migration Crisis
Authors: Thiemann Inga K.
Published: October 2018

Human trafficking is considered one of the key humanitarian crises of our time. Public opinion and policymakers alike call for meaningful responses to human trafficking and modern slavery as criminal law problems, which can be remedied through tougher border controls. This chapter argues that human trafficking cannot be solved through border-focused anti-immigration measures, but needs to be approached as a gendered migration problem, which requires greater protections for vulnerable workers, particularly for female workers in private households and in the sex industry. Therefore, this chapter discusses root causes of human trafficking and migrants’ exploitability in gendered immigration and emigration policies, as well as in insufficient labor protections for vulnerable workers. In doing so, it also challenges the role of states in creating migrants’ precarious statuses through insufficient safe migration routes and labor protections in destination countries.
The Crisis of Gulf Migration
Authors: Rajan S. Irudaya
Published: October 2018

The discovery of oil in Gulf countries significantly influenced international migration of workers to the Gulf region as these countries required human resources from other countries to work in oil industry. Due to the nonavailability of nationals, migrant workers, first from Arab-speaking countries and later from Asia, began to be employed. These migrant workers brought change not only to the economy of the Gulf region but also in the age-sex composition of the region. Initially there were no plans to reduce or to stop immigrant workers because of the need for skilled and semiskilled workers for the development of the economy. The respective governments of Gulf countries started implementing nationalist policies to reduce or regulate migration due to high unemployment among nationals. In addition, due to the large-scale presence of undocumented migrant workers or shadow labor forces, Gulf countries faced a crisis which they solved through amnesty schemes introduced from time to time. This chapter explains the role of migration in the Gulf and its implications for migration policy, undocumented workers, and resulting crises brought forth in the economy and society.
Migrants in Crisis in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: October 2018

Most emigration and immigration in Victorian Britain was volitional and economic in character. But recurrent crises, internal and external, often induced episodes of migration, of people under duress seeking relocation or asylum either within Britain or by emigration. Such crises derived, for instance, from food emergencies or industrial downturns, were not of their own making; migrants entangled in these episodes were governed and directed by structural forces at work in the Victorian world. The greatest crisis was the Irish Famine of the 1840s which produced massive flows of migrants; other episodes exposed rifts in the fabric of Victorian society.
Green Comedy
Authors: Mentz Steve
Published: October 2018

The marriage-driven and reconciliatory structures of Shakespeare’s comic form resemble traditional ecological understandings of the interconnections in nature. Over the past forty years, literary ecocriticism has explored parallels between the way literary texts are formed and ecological structures. One seminal claim that helped launch the ecocritical movement in the 1970s was biologist Joseph Meeker’s assertion that comedy is the genre of ecological harmony. This chapter tests Meeker’s adaptive theory by looking at As You Like It, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, and Two Gentlemen of Verona. Putting Meeker’s sentimental notions of natural harmony in touch with post-equilibrium ecological thinking and twenty-first-century ecocritical work that recognizes catastrophe as a ‘natural’ structure produces a more dynamic notion of comedy. By juxtaposing green pastoral spaces with their blue oceanic opposites, Shakespeare’s comedies offer global and expansive notions of natural order and disorder, ones better suited to an age of ecological disaster.
4E Cognition
Authors: Newen Albert , Gallagher Shaun , De Bruin Leon
Published: October 2018

The Introduction starts with offering definitions of the central 4E features, that is, the features of embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended cognition. To set the stage, we sketch the conceptual distinction that characterizes the role of these features: are they only causally influencing a mental phenomenon or are some of them constituting it? We suggest that we can no longer presuppose a common understanding of X being constitutive for P as X being necessary in all possible worlds for P. This metaphysical understanding is increasingly challenged. We also clarify that the question about the role of mental representations needs an independent answer from the question about the role of the 4E features. After a short outline of the central concepts, we present an overview of the nine sections and outline their importance for the debate concerning the role of 4E features in thinking about the mind.
Critical Note
Authors: Schlicht Tobias
Published: October 2018

This commentary addresses the following points: (1) The compatibility of the predictive processing framework with 4E approaches, in particular by considering the distinction between radical enactivism and more conservative representational 4E approaches. (2) The possible constraints phenomenological characterizations of cognitive phenomena put on modeling and experimentation, illustrated by the debate on social cognition. Froese’s call for interactionist methodology to investigate intersubjectivity and interactive and dynamic mechanisms is assessed. (3) The putative replacement of the classical representationalist approach to cognition by a dynamic and embodied approach. The attempt to explain social understanding only in terms of interaction is doomed to fail since coupling and coordinated interaction must be actively achieved. (4) The contrast between brain-bound and extended or cognitively integrated cognitive systems. It is argued that the investigation of cognitive phenomena calls for a well-defined cognitive system that can actively extend its cognitive capacities, for example, by way of integrating tools.
The Body in Action
Authors: Kirchhoff Michael
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers the possible convergence of predictive processing and embodied cognition. It is argued that the embodied view of cognition comprises a subset (if not all) of the following theses: (1) the constitutive thesis, (2) the nonrepresentational thesis, (3) the cognitive-affective inseparability thesis, and (4) the metaplasticity thesis. It is then argued that predictive processing is prima facie at odds with some (if not all) of these embodied cognition theses. The reason is that predictive processing is often understood in epistemic, inferential, and representational terms, promoting an internalist and skepticism-prone view of the mind-world relation. The chapter proceeds to establish that this perceived tension between predictive processing and embodied cognition can be overcome. The chapter concludes that it is possible to accept predictive processing and endorse all four theses central to the embodied view of cognition.
Extended Cognition
Authors: Kiverstein Julian
Published: October 2018

The debates within 4E cognitive science surrounding extended cognition turn on competing ontological conceptions of cognitive processes. The embedded theory (henceforth EMT) and the family of extended theories of cognition (henceforth EXT) disagree about what it is for a state or process to count as cognitive. Advocates of EMT continue to interpret the concept of cognition along more or less traditional lines as being constituted by computational, rule-based operations carried out on internal representational structures that carry information about the world. EXT by contrast argues that bodily actions, and the environmental resources that agents act upon, can under certain conditions count as constituent parts of a cognitive process. I show how the debate between functionalist EXT and EMT ends in deadlock without any clear winner. I finish up by looking to radical embodied cognitive science for an alternative ontology of cognition that can provide grounds for favoring EXT over EMT.
The Enactive Conception of Life
Authors: Di Paolo Ezequiel
Published: October 2018

Enactivism offers research in embodied cognition an alternative to functionalism. It does so by theorizing the individuation of organic, sensorimotor, and social bodies in their material precariousness. In this chapter, we discuss the concepts of autonomy, agency, and sense-making as they emerge from a dialectical analysis of the notion of autopoiesis. Each of the requirements of self-production and self-distinction in this notion, requirements that an organism must satisfy simultaneously to stay alive, are shown to involve potentialities and tendencies that contradict each other. The overcoming of this dialectical situation is the passage toward a more concrete concept of self-individuation as an open, unfinished operation that extends over time. This is the enactive concept of agency. The implication is that concrete, material self-individuation is always-already, even for the simplest life-forms, the self-individuation of behaving agents that enact a world.
Bringing things to mind
Authors: Malafouris Lambros
Published: October 2018

Human intelligence and its evolution have always been inextricably linked with the material forms people make. Archaeology and anthropology may well testify that human beings are not merely embedded in a rich and changing universe of things; rather, human cognitive and social life is a process genuinely mediated and often constituted by them. The specific details, varieties, and forms of that process are not well understood and demand a cross-disciplinary approach. This chapter argues for the need to add a strong material culture dimension of research in the area of 4E (embodied–embedded–extended–enactive) cognition. Material engagement theory (MET) is proposed as a framework suitable for bridging the analytical gap between 4E cognition and the study of material culture. The notion of “thing-ing” is used to draw attention to the modes of cognitive life instantiated in acts of thinking and feeling with, through, and about things.
Searching for the conditions of genuine intersubjectivity
Authors: Froese Tom
Published: October 2018

Enactivists are searching for the conditions of genuine intersubjectivity. Theory of mind approaches to social cognition have come a long way from folk psychological theorizing by paying more attention to neuroscientific evidence and phenomenological insights. This has led to hybrid accounts that incorporate automatic processing and allow an instrumental role for perception and interaction. However, two foundational assumptions remain unquestioned. First, the cognitive unconscious: explanations assume there is a privileged domain of subpersonal mechanisms that operate in terms of representational personal-level concepts (belief, desire, inference, pretense, etc.), albeit unconsciously. Second, methodological individualism: explanations of social capacities are limited to mechanisms contained within the individual. The enactive approach breaks free from these representationalist-internalist constraints by integrating personal-level phenomenology with multi-scale dynamics occurring within and between subjects. This formal and empirical research on social interaction supports the possibility of genuine intersubjectivity: we can directly participate in the unfolding of each other’s experience.
The Origins of the Deliberative Turn
Authors: Floridia Antonio
Published: October 2018

This chapter deals with the origins and the building-process of the theoretical field of deliberative democracy (which took place over a very specific period between 1980 and 1993). This history was far from linear: Deliberative Democracy came out of a complex process in which different conceptual elements were gradually elaborated, changed and reworked. The theoretical field was built through several independent approaches. We can pinpoint five different stages: a phase of transition and theoretical innovation compared to the models of participatory democracy that characterized the sixties and seventies; the first formulations and insights, in the early eighties; the constituent phase proper in the late eighties; the phase of articulation of a deliberative field and its overlapping with other intellectual traditions; and finally the consolidation of the philosophical foundations of deliberative democracy, mainly thanks to Jürgen Habermas and John Rawls, with their works of the early nineties.
Deliberation and Framing
Authors: Leeper Thomas , Slothuus Rune
Published: October 2018

Most theories of democracy expect an actively engaged citizenry. We examine the extent to which deliberative forms of democracy provide uniquely valuable opportunities for preference formation and engagement relative to an elite-driven politics we see as prevalent in contemporary democratic societies. Highlighting the claimed advantages of deliberation for democratic health, we then discuss whether and under what conditions citizens are able to form political preferences of similar quality to those formed in a deliberative encounter. Focusing on the concept of framing, and leveraging the evidence for the psychological processes of “elaboration,” we argue that much of the advantages of deliberation can be achieved through citizens’ reasoning over the alternative frames and arguments provided by a competitive party system. A mass democracy centered on elite provision of information and arguments, which citizens may use for largely intrapersonal deliberation, is a viable and, perhaps, the only feasible form of democratic government.
Rhythm, Meter, and Timing: The Heartbeat of Musical Development
Authors: Trainor Laurel J. , Marsh-Rollo Susan
Published: October 2018

Many biological processes have rhythmic organization, including the perception and production of music. Rhythms organize information that unfolds over time; they aid in parsing that information into meaningful hierarchical groupings; and the regularities of rhythms enable prediction of, and preparation for, when important information will occur in the future. Expressive deviations from isochronous timing convey emphasis, emotion, and meaning. Young infants are sensitive to timing and rhythm in music but these abilities become much more sophisticated during childhood. In the beginning, timing characteristics of infant-directed singing relate to the communication of emotional information. Through development, children become enculturated to the rhythmic structures in their environment, develop the oscillatory brain processes to link auditory and motor aspects of entrainment, become able to entrain movements to auditory rhythms, and use the synchronicity of movements between people to help make judgments about social relationships and who to trust and befriend.
Cybercrime and You: How Criminals Attack and the Human Factors That They Seek to Exploit
Authors: Nurse Jason R. C.
Published: October 2018

Cybercrime is a significant challenge to society, but it can be particularly harmful to the individuals who become victims. This chapter engages in a comprehensive and topical analysis of the cybercrimes that target individuals. It also examines the motivation of criminals that perpetrate such attacks and the key human factors and psychological aspects that help to make cybercriminals successful. Key areas assessed include social engineering (e.g., phishing, romance scams, catfishing), online harassment (e.g., cyberbullying, trolling, revenge porn, hate crimes), identity-related crimes (e.g., identity theft, doxing), hacking (e.g., malware, cryptojacking, account hacking), and denial-of-service crimes. As a part of its contribution, the chapter introduces a summary taxonomy of cybercrimes against individuals and a case for why they will continue to occur if concerted interdisciplinary efforts are not pursued.
Territories of Positive Life Span Development
Authors: Scheibe Susanne , Kunzmann Ute
Published: October 2018

In search of concepts that help us understand how individuals strive for growth and perfection within the boundaries and constraints of human lives, we describe theory and research on the concepts of wisdom, or expert knowledge about human nature and the life course, and Sehnsucht (life longings), the recurring and strong desire for ideal (utopian) alternative states and expressions of life. Both represent concepts on the agenda of life span research that originate from an interest in identifying major topics of public and humanist discourse about the potentials and constraints of life span development and finding ways to measure them with the methods of normative psychological science. Despite their complexity and multiple meanings, progress has been made in the theory-driven operationalization of wisdom and life longings, allowing insights into their life span development and role for positive development. Existing research shows that wisdom and life longings do not directly promote a hedonic life orientation or happiness: neither the insight that life is incomplete (wisdom) nor the experience of this incompleteness (Sehnsucht) is compatible with feelings of unequivocal joy and pleasure. Yet there is evidence that they can contribute to other aspects of positive development, emphasizing personal growth and maturity, meaning, and the aligning of one’s own and others’ well-being.
Romanticism Before 1789
Authors: Groom Nick
Published: October 2018

This chapter explains that the movement that eventually came to be known as Romanticism had its origins in politicized canon-formation. A particular literary taste was developed by Whig writers as a reflection of commercial, Protestant, and constitutional values that was focused on the sublime, originality and creativity, the power of the imagination, and anti-classicism. These ‘cultures of Whiggism’ became increasingly influential and blossomed in the 1760s—most notably in the work of literary forgers such as Macpherson and Chatterton—by which time they had combined with equally political eighteenth-century reactions to the medieval past, most powerfully expressed through the cultural movement of the Gothic. Gothicism provided the new aesthetics with a progressive model of history and national identity, as well as with a lexicon of supernatural imagery. Ironically, then, Romanticism was a consequence of the literary agenda of establishment party politics.
Freedom of Speech
Authors: Worrall David
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that systems of government suppression and surveillance of written and vocal expression were present in Britain before, as well as after, the French Revolution and war with France. The chapter rebalances dominant accounts in Romantic studies of a small coterie of radical writers and poets by examining how suppression was embedded at a provincial and regional level, where enforcement agencies and legal authorities enjoyed a large degree of autonomy. Surveillance sometimes involved the use of directed informants (spies), typically persons holding local minor public offices. The chapter also examines how legal case histories created an often unpredictable series of precedents. The chapter shows how presecutions were often directed at publishers and booksellers rather than authors, and how assembly, rather than utterance, triggered government crackdowns, the venue of assembly being an important factor.
Trial Literature
Authors: Myers Victoria
Published: October 2018

The increasing visibility of trials in the press, at a time when changes in trial procedures and dispute over political reform occupied national attention, stimulated Romantic-era writers to give trials a prominent place in fictional works. The need for defence against law’s invidious fictions encouraged the incorporation of fictional strategies into trial writings, and into legal proceedings themselves. Scepticism about institutions, allied with a crisis in epistemological trust, encouraged writers like William Godwin to challenge inadequate representation of the accused, reliance on circumstantial evidence, and dominance of judges. Thomas Holcroft, William Hone, and Robert Watt used fictional techniques in their defence writings to recover control over representation of their intentions. Other writers such as Percy Shelley, Walter Scott, and Joanna Baillie, using a historical perspective in their fictions, attempted to avert revolutionary crisis by making trials the focus for training sympathetic discernment and thus promoting gradual reform.