bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Techno‐economics of the production of mixed alcohols from lignocellulosic biomass via high‐temperature gasification
Authors: Dutta Abhijit , Bain Richard L. , Biddy Mary J.
Published: May 2010

This techno‐economic study investigates the production of mixed alcohols from lignocellulosic biomass using an entrained flow slagging gasifier. Similar analyses for 2000 dry tonne per day plants have been performed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory using indirect, and direct dry ash gasifiers. The use of a high‐temperature entrained flow gasifier differs from the previous studies because it eliminates equipment for tar and methane reformation. The conversion targets for tar reforming in the previous studies, and for alcohol synthesis in all of the studies, are based on DOE's research goals for 2012. The conversion cost increased compared to both of the previous studies, assuming the achievement of the 2012 research targets. Feed handling, high oxygen demand, and a high gasifier capital cost are primarily responsible for the high cost projected by this study. It is understood that the achievement of research targets, maturity, reliability, relative complexities, and redundancy requirements will be the other keys to commercialization. The effect of key assumptions and uncertainties were evaluated using sensitivity analysis. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Detailed kinetic modeling to predict syngas composition from biomass gasification in a PBFB reactor
Authors: Evans Paul , Paskach Thomas , Reardon John
Published: May 2010

A method is presented for predicting syngas composition from a pressurized bubbling fluidized bed (PBFB) gasifier. Cantera is used to perform 1D kinetic calculations based on detailed kinetic mechanisms of combustion. Empirical data from a 5‐TPD pilot scale biomass gasifier operating at 1.2 and 4.4 bar are compared with the model calculated results. Multiple kinetic models are compared including: MIT's soot model, Gas Research Institute's GRI 3.0 mechanism, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's (LLNL) Cyclohexane model, LLNL's Reduced Heptane mechanism, and Creck Modelling's Biomass 0810 mechanism. Reasonable agreement is achieved with the kinetic models and the empirical data. The effects of various operating parameters on product yields, heat loss, and thermal efficiency in a 30‐cm inner diameter gasifier are studied. Results indicate that product gas heating value and chemical energy efficiency are both improved with elevated pressure operation. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Comparing chloride and water isotopes as hydrological tracers in two Scottish catchments
Authors: Kirchner James W. , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Soulsby Chris
Published: May 2010

Time series of chloride concentrations and oxygen‐18 isotopic ratios are widely used for tracing catchment storage and mixing processes and for inferring catchment travel‐time distributions. However, neither chloride nor oxygen‐18 is an ideal hydrologic tracer: chloride concentrations in streamwater can be affected by dry deposition, evapoconcentration and biogeochemical cycling, and water isotopes can be fractionated by evaporation. One way to test the reliability of these tracers is to determine whether, despite artifacts such as these, both tracers lead to similar inferences when measured in the same catchment. Here, we compare chloride and oxygen‐18 time series in the Girnock and Allt' a Mharcaidh catchments in Scotland. Semivariograms and power spectra for both tracers exhibit similar patterns of fluctuation damping, implying that the travel‐time distributions of the two tracers have similar shapes. Fluctuations of both tracers are strongly damped in streamflow compared to precipitation, implying that these catchments integrate tracer signatures over many different storm events. Streamflow fluctuations of both tracers are more strongly damped at the Allt' a Mharcaidh catchment, implying longer storage and greater mixing of waters of different ages, compared to the Girnock catchment. At both sites, streamflow fluctuations of oxygen‐18 are more strongly damped, relative to precipitation, than those of chloride, leading to estimates of mean travel times that are longer, by a factor of 2–3, for oxygen‐18 than for chloride. The greater variability of chloride compared to oxygen‐18 may arise from spatially and temporally varying occult deposition and evapoconcentration. Nonetheless, the similarities in the behaviour of the two tracers imply that the strong tracer damping and long travel times that have been observed in many catchment studies are not artifacts, but instead reflect storage and mixing of waters over long time scales. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of outcomes based on treatment algorithms for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder/prostate: Combined results from the Children's Oncology Group, German Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study, Italian Cooperative Group, and International Society of Pediatric Oncology Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors Committee
Authors: Rodeberg David A. , Anderson James R. , Arndt Carola A. , Ferrer Fernando A. , Raney Richard Beverly , Jenney Meriel E. , Brecht Ines B. , Koscielniak Ewa , Carli Modesto , Bisogno Gianni , Oberlin Odile , Rey Annie , Ullrich Fred , Stevens Michael C. G. , Meyer William H.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine patient characteristics and outcomes for bladder/prostate (BP) rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) using an international cohort of prospectively treated patients comparing different treatment algorithms. Data were collected from 379 patients (1979–1998) treated on protocol; Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study, IRS‐IV (n = 239 patients), International Society of Pediatric Oncology Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors (MMT) Committee MMT‐84 and ‐89 (n = 74), Italian Cooperative Group, RMS‐79 and RMS‐88 Studies (n = 37) or German Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study CWS‐91 protocols (n = 29). A total of 322 (85%) patients had localized embryonal RMS (ERMS) and 27 had metastatic disease. Thirty patients (21 local disease; 9 metastatic) had nonembryonal BP RMS. Patients with localized ERMS had large tumors (64% >5 cm) that were invasive (54%) with uninvolved regional lymph nodes (N0, 93%). The 5‐year failure‐free survival (FFS) was 75% and the overall survival (OS) was 84%, with 89% of deaths attributed to disease. Treatment failures were usually local disease recurrence (60%). Predictors of FFS included T‐stage (invasiveness), size, and histology. FFS was decreased for patients not receiving initial radiotherapy but this did not translate into a decreased OS. The 21 patients with localized nonembryonal BP RMS had a FFS and OS of 47%. The 36 patients with metastatic disease were more likely to be older and had large tumors that were invasive with alveolar histology and regional lymph node involvement. The 5‐year FFS and OS were 41 and 44%, respectively. In conclusion, the majority of BP RMS patients had localized ERMS with a resultant good prognosis using current treatment algorithms. There were differences in FFS between treatment protocols but this did not result in an altered OS.
A distinct role of RhoB in gastric cancer suppression
Authors: Zhou Jitao , Zhu Yajie , Zhang Guoyun , Liu Na , Sun Lijun , Liu Ming , Qiu Meng , Luo Deyun , Tang Qiulin , Liao Zhengyin , Zheng Yi , Bi Feng
Published: May 2010

Although Rho family GTPases RhoA, RhoB and RhoC share more than 85% amino acid sequence identity, they may play distinct roles in tumor progression. RhoA and RhoC have been suggested to have positive effects on tumor progression, but the role of RhoB in cancer, particularly in gastric cancer, remains unclear. In our study, we have examined the expression levels of these three Rho GTPases in a large panel of specimens from gastric cancer patients by immunohistochemistry. We found that RhoA and RhoC expression were significantly elevated, while RhoB was reduced or absent, in surgically removed gastric cancer tissues when compared to normal gastric tissues. The significant reduction of RhoB expression was confirmed in another group of gastric cancer samples in comparison to the adjacent non‐neoplastic tissues. Then we transfected the plasmids containing RhoA, RhoB or RhoC cDNA into two gastric cancer cell lines, SGC7901 and AGS cells, respectively. By overexpression experiments, we found that RhoA promoted the gastric cancer cell proliferation and RhoC stimulated migration and invasion of the cancer cell. RhoB expression, however, significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of the gastric cancer cells and also enhanced the chemosensitivity of these cells to anticancer drugs. It appears that RhoB plays an opposing role from that of RhoA and/or RhoC in gastric cancer cells. Our work suggests that RhoB may play a tumor suppressor role and subsequently may have potential implications in future targeted therapy.
The history of the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Authors: Friedman Liana
Published: May 2010

The Australian Biochemical Society was established in 1955 and has played a crucial role in nurturing science in Australia. In 1990, the Society underwent a name change to become the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB). Today, the majority of ASBMB's members (1,000) work in universities and research institutes, although many also come from industry, hospitals, and government agencies. The Society is also strongly supported by its Sustaining Members, which are science‐related companies and other commercial entities. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life 62(7): 486–491, 2010
The treatment of acute liver failure with fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: Experience in 85 applications
Authors: Şentürk Evren , Esen Figen , Özcan Perihan E. , Rifai Kinan , Pinarbaşi Binnur , Çakar Nahit , Telci Lutfi
Published: May 2010

Introduction: Artificial liver support systems represent a potential useful option for the treatment of liver failure. The outcomes of patients treated with the fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (FPSA) system are presented. Patients and methods: FPSA was performed 85 times for 27 patients (median 3 treatments/patient) with liver failure [85.2% acute liver failure (ALF) and 14.8% acute‐on‐chronic liver failure] using the Prometheus 4008H (Fresenius Medical Care) unit. Citrate was used for anticoagulation. A variety of clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed. Comparisons between pretreatment and post‐treatment data were performed using paired t‐test. Results: The 85 sessions had a mean duration of 6 h. There were significant decreases in total bilirubin (13.18 ± 9.46 mg/dL vs. 9.76 ± 7.05 mg/dL; P < 0.0001), ammonia (167.6 ± 75 mg/dL vs. 120 ± 43.8 mg/dL; P < 0.0001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN; 12.55 ± 13.03 mg/dL vs. 8.18 ± 8.15 mg/dL; P < 0.0001), creatinine (0.54 ± 0.47 mg/dL vs. 0.46 ± 0.37 mg/dL; P = 0.0022) levels, and in pH (7.48 ± 0.05 vs. 7.44 ± 0.08; P = 0.0045). Four patients (14.8%) received liver transplantation after the treatments; in nine patients, transplantation was not necessary anymore (33%); the remaining 14 patients did not receive a transplantation because they were either not appropriate candidates or no organ was available. Overall survival was 48.1% (4 transplanted and 9 treated patients). No hematological complications related to FPSA were observed. Conclusions: FPSA system is a safe and effective detoxification method for patients with liver dysfunction, including ALF. The system is useful as a symptomatic treatment before liver transplantation; in up to 1/3 of the cases, it can even be used as a sole method of treatment. J. Clin. Apheresis 25:195–201, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mode of action of ferric and ferrous iron salts in activated sludge
Authors: Oikonomidis Ioannis , Burrows Laura J. , Carliell‐Marquet Cynthia M.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: Both ferric iron Fe(III) and ferrous iron Fe(II) salts are commonly used for chemical phosphorus removal (CPR) in the activated sludge (AS) process but only a few studies have compared Fe(III) and Fe(II) salts regarding their effect on the physical and biological properties of AS. In this research, the units of a continuous flow laboratory‐scale AS plant were dosed with Fe(III) and Fe(II) salts at a concentration of 25 mg Fe dm−3 feed and changes in the AS properties were measured as Fe accumulated or washed out during startup, normal operation and withdrawal of dosing.

RESULTS: The morphological characteristics of the flocs showed marked differences depending on the type of ion used. Fe(II) dosed flocs were more compact, less filamentous and smaller in size than Fe(III) dosed flocs. The settleability index of the Fe(II) dosed sludge was lower than that of the Fe(III) dosed sludge. The activity of ammonium (NH4+‐N) and nitrite (NO2−‐N) oxidizing bacteria was found to be affected by the accumulation of Fe relating products into the sludge.

CONCLUSIONS: Fe(II) was a more effective flocculent than Fe(III) and this was attributed to its ability to form stronger ionic bonds with the flocs prior to its oxidation to Fe(III). A hypothesis explaining the mode of action of Fe(II) is proposed. Floc surface properties were enhanced, this being beneficial to the morphological characteristics and settleability with further implications for the operation of AS. However, the effect may be reversed at high Fe contents. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrochemical oxidation of 1,4‐dioxane at boron‐doped diamond electrode
Authors: De Clercq Jeriffa , Van de Steene Evelien , Verbeken Kim , Verhaege Marc
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: The electrochemical oxidation of 1,4‐dioxane at a boron doped diamond (BDD) surface on a niobium substrate anode was studied because (i) 1,4 dioxane is a resistant contaminant in waste‐waters and ground‐waters which needs to be removed/oxidized and (ii) most of the currently applied techniques for removal/oxidation require chemicals.

RESULTS: Results show that in the potential region supporting electrolyte stability 1,4‐dioxane can be oxidized directly. Adhesive products, which cause electrode fouling, are also formed during oxidation in this potential region. The BDD anode can be restored to its initial activity by simple anodic treatment in the potential region of electrolyte decomposition. In this region, oxidation reactions leading to complete oxidation of 1,4‐dioxane, can take place due to electro‐generated hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, dioxane can only be effectively oxidized at these potentials. The effect of current density on the oxidation of 1,4‐dioxane has been investigated. The experimental results have also been compared with a theoretical chemical oxygen demand (COD)–instantaneous current efficiency (ICE) model. At a current density above 32 mA cm−2, the oxidation process is completely controlled by mass transfer and no intermediates are formed. 92% of the COD can be removed with a total consumption of 7 Ah L−1.

CONCLUSIONS: Results show that dioxane can be effectively and completely oxidized at a BDD anode. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
An efficient microwave‐assisted synthesis of 6,8‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a] [1,3,5] triazine derivatives
Authors: Matloobi Mitra , Schramm Hans Wolfgang
Published: May 2010

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A simple, efficient, and general method has been developed for the synthesis of various 4‐substituted 2‐amino‐6,6‐diphenyl‐8‐aryl‐6,8‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a] [1,3,5] triazine‐7(4‐H)ones3a,3b,3c,3d,3e,3f,3g,3h,3i,3j,3k,3l,3m,3n,3o,3p,3q,3r,3s,3t,3v. This involved condensation of 1‐(5‐oxo‐4,4‐diphenyl‐1‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)guanidines 2a and 2b, themselves obtained from the reaction of aryl biguanides 1a/b with benzil, with the requisite carbonyl compounds. Both steps were performed using microwave heating in sealed vessels. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Sensitive and specific detection of α‐synuclein in human plasma
Authors: Tinsley R.B. , Kotschet K. , Modesto D. , Ng H. , Wang Y. , Nagley P. , Shaw G. , Horne M.K.
Published: May 2010

α‐Synuclein (αsyn) mutations, overexpression, misfolding, and aggregation are associated with Parkinson's disease. This protein has been intensively studied in neuronal systems. However, αsyn is also present in extracellular fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma. Recent studies have attempted to quantify its levels and compare these in various extracellular fluids of control and Parkinson's disease subjects. Data from these studies have been difficult to interpret, suggesting that more sensitive, standardized, and well‐characterized assays of larger cohorts are required. Here, we describe the development of a new ELISA specifically for quantifying αsyn in human plasma. An initial assay, using a commercial anti‐αsyn monoclonal antibody (211; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and based on a published protocol, was adapted for use in human plasma. In addition, we have developed a novel αsyn‐specific antibody for the assay that has very high sensitivity and signal:noise characteristics. Assays with either antibody showed high specificity for αsyn, and detected it in a variety of sample types, including plasma. These assays can now be employed on large cohorts of patients and control subjects to determine whether plasma levels are altered in disease. Although measuring extracellular αsyn levels may prove to be a useful biomarker of Parkinson's disease, it should also be a powerful tool for basic research aimed at understanding the normal and pathological physiology of αsyn secretion. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of Dicer impairs Schwann cell differentiation and myelination
Authors: Verrier Jonathan D. , Semple‐Rowland Susan , Madorsky Irina , Papin Joseph E. , Notterpek Lucia
Published: May 2010

The process of Schwann cell myelination requires precisely coordinated gene expression. At the onset of myelination, there is an increase in the expression of differentiation‐promoting transcription factors that regulate key Schwann cell genes. Further control of myelin gene expression occurs at the posttranscriptional level and, in part, is mediated by RNA binding proteins and micro‐RNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small, endogenously derived RNA molecules that repress gene expression by specifically binding to their mRNA targets. In the experiments described here, we tested whether miRNAs were essential in controlling myelination by reducing the levels of Dicer, an essential endoribonuclease in miRNA biogenesis. We decreased the expression of Dicer by about 60% within Schwann cells using a lentiviral vector expressing an shRNA against Dicer. The reduced levels of Dicer led to a decrease in the steady‐state expression of selected miRNAs and of the transcription factors Oct6 and Egr2/Krox20, both of which are critical for Schwann cells differentiation and myelination. In contrast, the levels of c‐jun and Sox2 were up‐regulated by the reduction in Dicer and were associated with an increase in Schwann cell proliferation. In dorsal root ganglion cocultures, Schwann cells transduced with Dicer shRNA synthesized less myelin, which was accompanied by significant reductions in the levels of myelin basic protein and protein zero. These findings support a critical role for Dicer and miRNAs in Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral purinergic receptor modulation influences the trigeminal ganglia nitroxidergic system in an experimental murine model of inflammatory orofacial pain
Authors: Borsani Elisa , Albertini Roberta , Labanca Mauro , Lonati Claudio , Rezzani Rita , Rodella Luigi F.
Published: May 2010

ATP plays an important role as an endogenous pain mediator generating and/or modulating pain signaling from the periphery to the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of peripheral purinergic receptors in modulation of the nitroxidergic system at a trigeminal ganglia level by monitoring changes in nitric oxide synthase isoforms. We also evaluated Fos‐positive neurons in brainstem (spinal trigeminal nucleus) and pain‐related behavior. We found that local administration of the P2 purinergic receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS) decreased face‐rubbing activity, nitric oxide synthase isoform expression in trigeminal ganglia, and Fos expression in spinal trigeminal nucleus after subcutaneous injection of formalin. These results suggest a role for peripheral P2 purinergic receptors in orofacial pain transmission through modulation of the nitroxidergic system. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods and Tools for the Prediction of Hydrodynamic Coefficients and Other Solution Properties of Flexible Macromolecules in Solution. A Tutorial Minireview
Authors: de la Torre José García , Ortega Álvaro , Amorós Diego , Schmidt Ricardo Rodríguez , Cifre José G. Hernández
Published: May 2010

The calculation of solution properties of flexible macromolecules and other nanoparticles requires, in addition to the hydrodynamic formalisms needed for the sedimentation coefficient and other transport properties, the consideration of the conformational statistics and internal dynamics. The latter aspects can be handled with simulation methods like Monte Carlo and Brownian dynamics. An example of a Monte Carlo simulation for a model specific of DNA is illustrated with results for the several solution properties over an extremely wide range of molecular weight. The convenience of having computational tools of a quite general applicability has prompted us to implement the simulation and hydrodynamic treatments in software packages, MONTEHYDRO for Monte Carlo, and SIMUFLEX for Brownian dynamics which—with a scope similar to the HYDRO suite for rigid particles—can handle a variety of situations. As an application of the new methodology to a yet unclear problem in analytical ultracentrifugation, in a simple application of the SIMUFLEX software, we present a simulation of the so‐called anomalous sedimentation of very long DNA molecules, obtaining results for the experimentally observable rotor‐speed‐dependence of the sedimentation coefficient.

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Luminescent Coordination Polymers Built Upon Cu4X4 (X=Br,I) Clusters and Mono‐ and Dithioethers
Authors: Harvey Pierre D. , Knorr Michael
Published: May 2010

This paper focuses on the syntheses, structures, and luminescence properties of 1D, 2D, and 3D coordination polymers built upon the tetranuclear Cu4X4 clusters and mono‐ and dithioether assembling ligands. A review of the relevant literature is presented along with our own results stressing on the salient features of the interactions between the CuI salt as the starting material and the thioethers. Among the features, the solvato‐ (lost or gain of a monothioether or solvent molecule) and luminescence thermochromism (temperature dependence of the emission) of the solids, and the enhanced versatility of the CuI salt to form clusters of different nuclearity (Cu2I2, Cu4I4, Cu6I6) and structures (closed cubane, partially open “flower‐basket‐like” cubane, and open cubane) upon the reaction conditions and ligands, are described. The steady state and time‐resolved solid‐state emission and excitation spectra (at 298 and 77 K) as well as the emission lifetimes are examined. Simple and apparently “innocent” modification may have a drastic effect on the polymer network and cluster structures, but this paper finds no obvious trend for the moment except for the ligand rigidity. The rhombic Cu2I2 and closed‐cubane Cu4I4 clusters are the most encountered motifs whereas the open‐flower‐basket Cu4I4 cubane and the hexagonal Cu6I6 clusters are scarce.

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Bond‐dissociation energies of cations—Pushing the limits to quantum state resolution
Authors: Weitzel Karl‐Michael
Published: May 2010

Currently available concepts for measuring the bond‐dissociation energy of cations Do are reviewed. Starting from the traditional approach of directly measuring the threshold energy for the appearance of fragment ions, attention is directed towards indirect measurements, where threshold energies are obtained by extrapolation of, for example, rate constants k(E) or kinetic energy release (KER) data to the threshold of interest. More recent high precision techniques again utilize direct measurements, for example, of the disappearance energy of the parent ion. Most precise data are obtained from quantum state resolved measurements of the dissociation energy, where the threshold energy is bracketed by the existing quantum states above and below the threshold. Ultimately the limits can even be pushed beyond the bracketing limit, by investigating steps on the lineshape of homogeneously broadened single rotational transitions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:221–235, 2011
Resveratrol inhibits human lung adenocarcinoma cell metastasis by suppressing heme oxygenase 1‐mediated nuclear factor‐κB pathway and subsequently downregulating expression of matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Liu Po‐Len , Tsai Jong‐Rung , Charles Albert Linton , Hwang Jhi‐Jhu , Chou Shah‐Hwa , Ping Yueh‐Hsin , Lin Feng‐Yen , Chen Yuh‐Lien , Hung Chun‐Ying , Chen Wen‐Chi , Chen Yung‐Hsiang , Chong Inn‐Wen
Published: May 2010

Resveratrol exhibits potential anti‐carcinogenic activities. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is involved in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes in the degradation of extracellular matrix, and their expression may be dysregulated in lung cancer metastasis. In this study, we investigated the anti‐invasive mechanism of resveratrol in lung cancer cells. HO‐1 was shown to be elevated (∼4.7‐fold) in lung cancer tumor samples as compared with matched normal tissues. After treatment of lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells with resveratrol (50 μM) for 24 h, the migratory and invasive abilities (38 and 30% inhibition, respectively) of A549 cells were significantly reduced. Resveratrol significantly inhibited HO‐1‐mediated MMP‐9 (35% inhibition) and MMP‐2 (28% inhibition) expression in lung cancer cells. Nuclear factor (NF)‐κB inhibitor induced a marked reduction in MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 expression, suggesting NF‐κB pathway could play an important role. Furthermore, HO‐1 inhibition and silencing significantly suppressed MMPs and invasion of lung cancer cells. Our results suggest that resveratrol inhibited HO‐1 and subsequently MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 expression in lung cancer cells. The inhibitory effects of resveratrol on MMP expression and invasion of lung cancer cells are, in part, associated with the HO‐1‐mediated NF‐κB pathway.
Pelvic stress injuries in a small‐bodied forager
Authors: Pfeiffer S.
Published: May 2010

The assumption of natural selection for obstetric adequacy would predict the occasional discovery of skeletal evidence for inadequacy, yet such cases are rare. Here stress injuries to the pelvic ring are associated with an asymmetrical pelvis caused by partial agenesis of the right sacral costal process. The small, middle‐aged woman lived about 2000 years ago and pursued a physically vigorous life as a coastal forager on the South African Cape coast. The right sacral costal process (ala) is about 5 mm narrower than the left. This sacral hemiagenesis led to pelvic asymmetry, and concomitant instability. The six articular faces of the pelvis show the normal surfaces replaced by disorganised, porous new bone and extensive eburnation. The left pubic face shifted dorsally, making contact with the ventral aspect of the right pubis. The most distinctive aspect is the presence of osteitis pubis, or pubic symphysis stress injury, which is clinically associated both with difficult childbirth and with vigorous athletic activities. Adjustments to the altered pelvis include erosions and osteophytes at sites of ligament attachment, and prominent bilateral insertion areas on the tibiae for the stabilising iliotibial band. While habitual activities may explain some pelvic features, such as the bilateral bevelling of the acetabular borders, it is postulated that childbirth exacerbated the joint instability and the subsequent deterioration. This case joins a small literature on the condition of pubic symphysis stress injury, and illustrates the mechanisms through which natural selection for pelvic size and shape characteristics may have occurred. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene amplification of the transcription factor DP1 and CTNND1 in human lung cancer
Authors: Castillo Sandra D. , Angulo Barbara , Suarez‐Gauthier Ana , Melchor Lorenzo , Medina Pedro P. , Sanchez‐Verde Lydia , Torres‐Lanzas Juan , Pita Guillermo , Benitez Javier , Sanchez‐Cespedes Montse
Published: May 2010

The search for novel oncogenes is important because they could be the target of future specific anticancer therapies. In the present paper we report the identification of novel amplified genes in lung cancer by means of global gene expression analysis. To screen for amplicons, we aligned the gene expression data according to the position of transcripts in the human genome and searched for clusters of over‐expressed genes. We found several clusters with gene over‐expression, suggesting an underlying genomic amplification. FISH and microarray analysis for DNA copy number in two clusters, at chromosomes 11q12 and 13q34, confirmed the presence of amplifications spanning about 0.4 and 1 Mb for 11q12 and 13q34, respectively. Amplification at these regions each occurred at a frequency of 3%. Moreover, quantitative RT–PCR of each individual transcript within the amplicons allowed us to verify the increased in gene expression of several genes. The p120ctn and DP1 proteins, encoded by two candidate oncogenes, CTNND1 and TFDP1, at 11q12 and 13q amplicons, respectively, showed very strong immunostaining in lung tumours with gene amplification. We then focused on the 13q34 amplicon and in the TFDP1 candidate oncogene. To further determine the oncogenic properties of DP1, we searched for lung cancer cell lines carrying TFDP1 amplification. Depletion of TFDP1 expression by small interference RNA in a lung cancer cell line (HCC33) with TFDP1 amplification and protein over‐expression reduced cell viability by 50%. In conclusion, we report the identification of two novel amplicons, at 13q34 and 11q12, each occurring at a frequency of 3% of non‐small cell lung cancers. TFDP1, which encodes the E2F‐associated transcription factor DP1 is a candidate oncogene at 13q34. The data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBIs Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and are accessible through GEO Series Accession No. GSE21168. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imatinib mesylate for children with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)
Authors: Gooskens Saskia L.M. , Oranje Arnold P. , van Adrichem Leon N.A. , de Waard‐van der Spek Flora B. , den Hollander Jan C. , van de Ven Cees P. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M.
Published: May 2010

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor in children. DFSP is characterized by a specific fusion of the platelet‐derived growth factor β (PDGFβ) with the collagen type 1α1 (COL1α1) gene which renders these tumors responsive to targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib mesylate, as is reported in adults. In the current report, we describe the first small pediatric DFSP series, in which response to imatinib mesylate contributed to successful treatment outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:369–373. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic analysis of pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Mussolin Lara , Pillon Marta , Bonato Paola , Leszl Anna , Franceschetto Genny , Di Meglio Annamaria , d'Amore Emanuele S.G. , Sainati Laura , Rosolen Angelo
Published: May 2010

Background

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) constitutes approximately 15% of pediatric and 3% of adult non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. Most pediatric cases harbor the reciprocal translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35), involving the alk gene. Cytogenetic studies of ALCL have mostly been published as case‐reports. The aim of this study was to determine the cytogenetic profiles of a series of pediatric ALCL and to compare them with pediatric and adult ALCL from the literature.

Methods

Eighteen children treated at our Institution were studied by standard cytogenetic analysis and RT‐PCR for the specific t(2;5) translocation product. Comparative analysis was performed on our findings and on the karyotypes of 48 pediatric and 39 adult ALCL reported in the literature.

Results

Karyotype was obtained in 16/18 ALCL: 9 showed translocation t(2;5) and 1 an alk variant form. Structural and numeric chromosomal abnormalities were identified in both pediatric and adult series. Trisomies were found preferentially in pediatric patients (P = 0.013) and monosomies in adults (P = 0.038). Trisomy 7 was found in 22% (13/59) of pediatric cases with abnormal karyotype and only in 5% (2/38) of adults; monosomy of chromosome 13 in 13% (5/38) of adults and only in 2% (1/59) of pediatric patients and monosomy of chromosome 15 in 16% (6/38) of adults and in none of the pediatric ALCL.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that pediatric and adult ALCL are characterized by different numerical chromosomal abnormalities. Larger prospective studies may elucidate their potential prognostic impact. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:446–451. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of poly(ε‐caprolactone)/calcium carbonate nanocomposites and nanocomposite foams
Authors: Liu Hao , Han Changyu , Dong Lisong
Published: May 2010

Biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanocomposites were prepared and characterized. Effect of CaCO3 on thermal and mechanical properties of PCL matrix was studied. Results showed that CaCO3 acts as a crystallization nucleating agent and introduction of CaCO3 leads to improved mechanical properties of the PCL matrix. PCL/CaCO3 nanocomposite foams were prepared using chemical foaming method. Cellular parameters such as mean cell size, cell wall thickness, and cell density were collected. The cellular structure of nanocomposite foams changes with different CaCO3 loading. Mean cell size achieved the minimum value at 5 wt% CaCO3 loading, and cell wall thickness increased with CaCO3 content. The changes in cellular structure and improvement of mechanical properties also enhanced the mechanical properties of PCL/CaCO3 nanocomposite foams. Compressive moduli of PCL/CaCO3 nanocomposite foams with similar density increased with increasing CaCO3 loading. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1653–1661, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Invasive prenatal testing decisions in pregnancy after infertility
Authors: Caleshu Colleen , Shiloh Shoshana , Price Cristofer , Sapp Julie , Biesecker Barbara
Published: May 2010

Objective

This study assessed decisional conflict about invasive prenatal testing among women pregnant after infertility.

Methods

We surveyed 180 pregnant women with a history of infertility using a mixed methods cross‐sectional design. Difficulty in deciding whether to have prenatal testing was measured using the Decisional Conflict Scale.

Results

A minority of women (31%) chose to have invasive prenatal testing. Most participants (72%) reported low decisional conflict (score < 25; mean = 22.1; standard deviation = 23.2; range: 0–100). Half (53%) of the participants said that infertility made the testing decision easier. Qualitative data suggest that infertility makes the decision easier by clarifying relevant values and priorities. Most infertility characteristics studied were not significantly associated with decisional conflict. Variables associated with higher decisional conflict included infertility distress due to rejection of a childfree lifestyle, disagreement with others about testing, and choosing to have invasive testing after having had treatment for infertility.

Conclusions

For some women, infertility may make the invasive prenatal testing decision easier. Women with the greatest need for decisional support were those who have had treatment and choose invasive testing, who disagree with others about their testing choice, or who are particularly distressed about being childless. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐assembly of ABA triblock copolymers based on functionalized polydimethylsiloxane and polymethyloxazoline
Authors: Theogarajan Luke , Li Hangsheng , Busse Karsten , Desai Salil , Kressler Jörg , Scholz Carmen
Published: May 2010

This study describes the responsive behavior of modified amphiphilic ABA triblock copolymers of polymethyloxazoline‐block‐poly(methylhydrosiloxane‐co‐dimethylsiloxane)‐block‐polymethyloxazoline (PMOX‐b‐P(MHS‐co‐DMS)‐b‐PMOX) when subjected to compression on the water surface or to ions in the water bulk phase. The hydrophobic middle block was functionalized with spacers bearing methyl 2‐hydroxybenzoate (Bz) or 18‐crown‐6 ether (Ce) groups. The behavior at the air–water interface was studied by measuring surface pressure versus mean molecular area (π–mmA) isotherms, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to investigate the morphology of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films after transfer to solid supports. Ion‐responsive self‐assembly was followed using light microscopy and can be understood on a molecular level by employing 1H NMR spectroscopy. The π‐mmA isotherm of PMOX‐b‐P(MHS‐co‐DMS)‐b‐PMOX‐44Bz at the air–water interface had an extended pseudo‐plateau at a surface pressure of ca 22 mN m−1 reflecting the coil to loop transformation of the hydrophobic middle block which was absent for the crown ether‐functionalized triblock copolymer. AFM images of LB films of PMOX‐b‐P(MHS‐co‐DMS)‐b‐PMOX‐44Bz showed dewetting effects of the polymer film after transfer to a silicon wafer. LB films of PMOX‐b‐P(MHS‐co‐DMS)‐b‐PMOX‐8Ce formed surface micelles having a size of ca 50–100 nm on the solid support. The ion sensitivities of the crown ether‐derivatized copolymers in solution were investigated by exposing polymeric vesicles to potassium, sodium and magnesium ions. Exposure to K+ and Na+ led to vesicle rupture and the formation of micro‐tubular structures, while Mg2+ had no effect on the vesicular structures as confirmed using light microscopy. Specific interactions between the crown ether‐derivatized polymer and ions were further elucidated from 1H NMR experiments that indicated that K+ coordinated with the crown ether causing the dense packing to subside and leading to solubilization of the polymer in water. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteomic analysis of colonic mucosa in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Ding Ying , Lu Bin , Chen Dongbo , Meng Lina , Shen Yan , Chen Shuo
Published: May 2010

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. Various studies have investigated the pathophysiologic processes underlying IBS, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, we established an IBS model and identified differentially expressed proteins in colon tissue of IBS rats compared with healthy controls by 2‐D gel electrophoresis, MALDI‐TOF‐MS, and Western blot analysis. Our results showed that 13 of the 1396 protein spots on 2‐D gel were differently expressed between the IBS and control groups. Ontological analysis of these proteins revealed primary roles in catalytic activity (protein disulfide‐isomerase A3, glyoxalase I, cathepsin S, α‐enolase), structural support (cytokeratin 8), antioxidant activity (peroxiredoxin‐6), protein binding (transgelin, serpin peptidase inhibitor B5), and signal transduction (40S ribosomal protein SA). Protein disulfide‐isomerase A3 and cytokeratin 8 overexpression in IBS were confirmed by Western blot. The findings indicate that multiple proteins are involved in IBS processes that influence intestinal tract immunity, inflammation, and nerve regulation. Our study provides useful candidate genes and proteins for further investigation.
Identification of candidate nasopharyngeal carcinoma serum biomarkers by cancer cell secretome and tissue transcriptome analysis: Potential usage of cystatin A for predicting nodal stage and poor prognosis
Authors: Chang Kai‐Ping , Wu Chih‐Ching , Chen Hua‐Chien , Chen Shu‐Jen , Peng Pei‐Hua , Tsang Ngan‐Ming , Lee Li‐Yu , Liu Shiau‐Chin , Liang Ying , Lee Yun‐Shien , Hao Sheng‐Po , Chang Yu‐Sun , Yu Jau‐Song
Published: May 2010

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is usually diagnosed at advanced clinical stages, resulting in poor outcomes. To discover serum biomarkers for improved NPC diagnosis and/or management, we simultaneously analyzed the NPC cell secretome and tissue transcriptome to identify candidate genes/proteins that are highly upregulated in NPC tissues and also secreted/released from NPC cells. Among the 30 candidates identified, 11 proteins were chosen for further validation using the serum samples from NPC patients and healthy controls, including cystatin A, cathepsin B, manganese superoxide dismutase and matrix metalloproteinase 2. The results showed that serum levels of all the four proteins were indeed higher in NPC patients versus healthy controls and that the use of a three‐marker panel (cystatin A, manganese superoxide dismutase and matrix metalloproteinase 2) can contribute to a better NPC detection than each marker alone. In addition, a higher pretreated serum level of cystatin A was found to be associated with a higher nodal stage and poorer prognosis of NPC patients and cystatin A could modulate the migration and invasion of NPC cells in vitro. Altogether, our results indicate that analysis of both the cancer cell secretome and tissue transcriptome is a feasible strategy for efficient identification of novel NPC serum marker panel.
The Commitment of Polar Expedition Members to a Project: Declared Motivation or in Situ Mobilization?
Authors: Récopé Michel , Lièvre Pascal , Rix-Lièvre Géraldine
Published: May 2010

The commitment of participants to a project especially under extreme conditions, such as a polar expedition, has a vital bearing on its end result. But how can one apprehend the very notion of commitment? First, we distinguish the actors’ “declared” motivations from what actually mobilizes them in the situation. Second, we use notions of mobilization, norms, and sensibilities in order to understand this phenomenon. They throw a light on the participants’ behavior throughout the polar expedition and the project's progress. Our conclusions lead to a reconsideration of how to recruit for project teams, highlighting as they do, on the one hand, the importance of commitment not just in terms on intensity but also of meaning, and on the other, the difficulty of using this criterion for recruiting insofar as this commitment may be separate from the motivation expressed.
Performance of ZDOCK and ZRANK in CAPRI rounds 13–19
Authors: Hwang Howook , Vreven Thom , Pierce Brian G. , Hung Jui‐Hung , Weng Zhiping
Published: May 2010

We report the performance of the ZDOCK and ZRANK algorithms in CAPRI rounds 13–19 and introduce a novel measure atom contact frequency (ACF). To compute ACF, we identify the residues that most often make contact with the binding partner in the complete set of ZDOCK predictions for each target. We used ACF to predict the interface of the proteins, which, in combination with the biological data available in the literature, is a valuable addition to our docking pipeline. Furthermore, we incorporated a straightforward and efficient clustering algorithm with two purposes: (1) to determine clusters of similar docking poses (corresponding to energy funnels) and (2) to remove redundancies from the final set of predictions. With these new developments, we achieved at least one acceptable prediction for targets 29 and 36, at least one medium‐quality prediction for targets 41 and 42, and at least one high‐quality prediction for targets 37 and 40; thus, we succeeded for six out of a total of 12 targets. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulations of laser diodes with nonpolar InGaN multi‐quantum‐wells
Authors: Li Z. Q. , Li Z. M. Simon , Piprek Joachim
Published: May 2010

Simulations of the characteristics of laser diodes (LD) with non‐polar and InGaN multi‐quantum‐wells (MQW) have been conducted in multi‐dimensional drift‐diffusion model. The strain coefficients of the QWs of arbitrary crystal‐orientations are obtained by minimizing the total strain energy. Electronic structure and optical gain of non‐polar InGaN QWs are calculated by the 6x6 k.p theory. Finally by integrating the gain and effective mass models of non‐polar InGaN QW into our LASTIP software package, we simulated the performance of the laser diodes with non‐polar MQWs, and the results are compared with the experiments. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling of cubic AlxGa1–xN/GaN resonant tunnel diode structures
Authors: Zainal N. , Walker P. , Kent A. J.
Published: May 2010

The current‐voltage characteristics of a cubic AlxGa1‐xN/GaN double‐barrier resonant tunnelling diode (DBRTD) have been calculated with the variation of band offset, well width, barrier composition and barrier thickness parameters. Using the ratio of the current magnitude at the resonant peak to the width of the resonance as a figure of merit for the device, the optimum barrier thickness for a given composition is determined. Finally, a promising cubic AlxGa1‐xN/GaN DBRTD structure with optimum parameters is proposed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In situ bow monitoring: towards uniform blue and green InGaN/GaN quantum well structures grown on 100 mm sapphire substrates by MOVPE
Authors: Cheng Kai , Degroote S. , Leys M. , Zhang L.Y. , Derluyn J. , Germain M. , Borghs G.
Published: May 2010

In this work, a home‐made curvature measurement tool is used to monitor the wafer bow evolution during epitaxy of blue‐green quantum well structures grown on 100 mm sapphire substrates. A single position detector is installed to real‐time record both the surface reflectance and the wafer bowing simultaneously. Due to the low thermal conductivity of sapphire, a very large wafer bow was observed during high temperature thermal annealing before growth. The large wafer bow may lead to non‐uniformity of both GaN buffer layers and InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQW). Careful temperature profile tuning and control of wafer bowing are critical to improve the layer uniformity. With the assistance of this in‐situ bow monitoring tool, uniform and high efficiency blue/green InGaN/GaN quantum well structures have been demonstrated on 100 mm sapphire substrates by Metal Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the blue MQW structure is as high as 76%. This is deduced from temperature dependent (4 K‐300 K) and power dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
HVPE growth of a ‐plane GaN on a GaN template (110)Si substrate
Authors: Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Suzuki Noriyuki , Honda Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masahito , Sawaki Nobuhiko
Published: May 2010

HVPE growth of a‐plane (11‐20)GaN was demonstrated. GaN growth was initiated from template GaN stripes, and each GaN stripes coalesced to get uniform crystal. At conventional growth temperature of 1000 °C, melt back etching was observed in GaN and surface morphology was poor. By lowering growth temperature to 870 °C, this phenomenon did not occur and morphology was also improved. NH3 flow rate was not effective on the morphology. RMS value was 0.78 nm to show the stability of the formation of surface. The dark spot density was as low as 107 cm‐2. We found that most of dislocations were attributed to the coalescence of template stripes. CL spectrum showed the strong DBE peak. DAP emission and yellow luminescence were much weaker than DBE peak. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)