bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical investigation of inertial particles in underexpanded jets
Authors: Patel Meet , Rubio Juan Sebastian , Shekhtman David , Parziale Nick , Rabinovitch Jason , Ni Rui , Capecelatro Jesse
Published: November 2024

Experiments and numerical simulations of inertial particles in underexpanded jets are performed. The structure of the jet is controlled by varying the nozzle pressure ratio, while the influence of particles on emerging shocks and rarefaction patterns is controlled by varying the particle size and mass loading. Ultra-high-speed schlieren and Lagrangian particle tracking are used to experimentally determine the two-phase flow quantities. Three-dimensional simulations are performed using a high-order, low-dissipative discretization of the gas phase while particles are tracked individually in a Lagrangian manner. A simple two-way coupling strategy is proposed to handle interphase exchange in the vicinity of shocks. Velocity statistics of each phase are reported for a wide range of pressure ratios, particle sizes and volume fractions. An upstream shift of the Mach disk in the presence of particles reveals significant two-way coupling even at low mass loading. A semi-analytic model that predicts the extent of the Mach disk shift is presented based on a one-dimensional Fanno flow that takes into account volume displacement by particles and interphase exchange due to drag and heat transfer. The per cent shift in Mach disk is found to scale with the mass loading, nozzle pressure ratio and interphase slip velocity and inversely with the particle diameter.
Keplerian turbulence in Taylor–Couette flow of dilute polymeric solutions
Authors: Lin Fenghui , Song Jiaxing , Liu Nansheng , Liu Luoqin , Lu Xi-Yun , Khomami Bamin
Published: November 2024

Turbulent flow induced by elastorotational instability in viscoelastic Taylor–Couette flow (TCF) with Keplerian rotation is analogous to a turbulent accretion disk destabilized by magnetorotational instability. We examine this novel viscoelastic Keplerian turbulence via direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the shear Reynolds number (

$Re$

) ranging from

$10^2$

to

$10^4$

. The observed characteristic flow structure consists of penetrating streamwise vortices with axial length scales much smaller than the gap width, distinct from the classic centrifugally induced Taylor vortices, which have axial lengths of the gap width. These intriguing vortices persist for the wide

$Re$

range considered and give rise to intriguing scaling behaviour in key flow quantities. Specifically, the characteristic axial length of the penetrating vortices is shown to scale as

$Re^{-0.22}$

; the angular momentum transport scales as

$Re^{0.42}$

; the kinetic and elastic boundary-layer thicknesses based on angular velocity and hoop stress near the inner cylinder wall scale as

$Re^{-0.48}$

and

$Re^{-0.49}$

, respectively. This implies that the viscoelastic Keplerian turbulence belongs to the classical turbulent regime of TCF with the Prandtl–Blasius-type boundary layer. Furthermore, we present an analytical relation between the viscous and elastic dissipation rates of kinetic energy and the angular momentum transport and in turn demonstrate its validity using our DNS data. This study has paved the way for future research to explore astrophysics-related Keplerian turbulence and angular momentum transport via the scaling relations of the analogous TCF of dilute polymeric solutions.
Energetics of mode-1 internal waves interacting with topographic ridges of varying height and slope
Authors: Klema Matthew R. , Venayagamoorthy Subhas K.
Published: November 2024

Energetics of mode-1 internal waves interacting with topographic ridges are investigated using high-resolution two-dimensional simulations at spatial scales of

$O(100)$

m that span between classical laboratory-scale (

$O(10)$

m) and field-scale simulations (

$O(1000\unicode{x2013}10\,000)$

m). This paper focuses on the energetics of wave–topography interaction, with emphasis on systematically examining the partitioning of the incident wave energy as a function of wave forcing and topographic parameters. Partitioning of energy into the transmitted, reflected and dissipated components is quantified as a function of wave Froude number

$Fr=U_0/c_{ph}$

(

$U_0=$

velocity amplitude of forcing and

$c_{ph}=$

internal wave celerity), slope criticality

$=\gamma /s$

, where

$\gamma =$

topographic slope and

$s=$

wave characteristic slope, and the ratio of topographic height

$h_t$

to water depth

$d$

. As

$Fr$

increases, dense fluid from the base of the stratified water column surges upslope with significant vertical inertia, leading to the formation of internal boluses that plunge over and onto the downstream side of the ridge, resulting in elevated dissipation. Results show that non-hydrostatic contributions to the total energy flux are significant (up to 50 %). Analysis of the energy flux budget shows that transmitted energy flux decreases monotonically as

$\gamma /s$

increases for any given

$Fr$

and

$h_t/d$

. At critical slopes (

$\gamma /s=1$

), the transmitted energy flux scales as a linear function of

$h_t/d$

, with a mild dependence on

$Fr$

, a key result that can be useful in energy flux parameterizations. Reflected energy flux exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the ridge height, increasing sharply when

$h_t/d > 0.5$

. Dissipation is enhanced at critical slopes, with a plateau evident for

$\gamma /s \ge 1$

and

$h_t/d = 0.5$

for all

$Fr$

.
Instability of standing waves for fractional NLS with combined nonlinearities
Authors: Li Zaizheng , Luo Haijun , Zhang Zhitao
Published: November 2024

We study the existence and strong instability of standing wave solutions for the fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation

\begin{equation*}
\begin{cases}
\mathrm{i} \psi_{t}=\left(-\Delta\right)^s \psi-\left(|\psi|^{p-2}\psi+\mu|\psi|^{q-2}\psi\right), & \quad(t,x)\in(0,\infty)\times\mathbb{R}^N,\\
\psi(0,x)=\psi_0(x),&\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^N,
\end{cases}
\end{equation*}

where

$N\geq2$

,

$0 \lt s \lt 1$

,

$2 \lt q \lt p \lt 2_s^*=2N/(N-2s)$

, and

$\mu\in\mathbb{R}$

. The primary challenge lies in the inhomogeneity of the nonlinearity.
We deal with the following three cases: (i) for

$2 \lt q \lt p \lt 2+4s/N$

and µ < 0, there exists a threshold mass a0 for the existence of the least energy normalized solution; (ii) for

$2+4s/N \lt q \lt p \lt 2_s^*$

and µ > 0, we reveal the existence of the ground state solution, explore the strong instability of standing waves, and provide a blow-up criterion; (iii) for

$2 \lt q\leq2+4s/N \lt p \lt 2_s^*$

and µ < 0, the strong instability of standing wave solutions is demonstrated. These findings are illuminated through variational characterizations, the profile decomposition, and the virial estimate.
How to entrap your protector: Reassessing entrapment in light of the Crimean War crisis
Authors: Onea Tudor A.
Published: November 2024

Recent scholarship often dismisses entrapment, arguing that there are hardly any identifiable cases; and that powerful states (protectors) can sidestep it by narrowing the treaty conditions under which they have to intervene to defend their weaker allies (protégés). Consequently, alliances and partnerships are nearly always considered risk-free assets. However, this paper argues that several types of entrapment are present. The paper is foremost concerned with classic entrapment, a type referring to a purposeful effort by the protégé to drag the protector into a conflict serving primarily the protégé’s interests. The protégé entraps the protector by placing itself deliberately in danger of defeat and by manipulating the protector’s domestic audience costs. Classic entrapment is likely to succeed under two conditions: (a) when the protégé’s allegiance confers the protector an advantage in a competition against other powerful states; and (b) in informal arrangements, in which there is no clear cut-off point to the protector’s commitment. The paper provides an illustration in the Ottoman Empire’s entrapment of Britain in the crisis preceding the Crimean War. The conclusion considers classic entrapment’s feasibility in present world politics, particularly in the context of Taiwan.
Three Ways to Track Venusquakes, from Balloons to Satellites
Authors: Scharping Nathaniel
Published: November 2024

The planet’s harsh conditions make studying seismicity challenging, but it is likely possible.
Creep Bursts on the Åknes Landslide, Norway: Detection, Characterization and Possible Mechanisms
Authors: Aspaas Andreas , Lacroix Pascal , Sena Clara , Kristensen Lene , Langet Nadège , Renard François
Published: November 2024

Creeping landslides may fail catastrophically, posing significant threats to infrastructure and lives. Landslides weaken over time through rock mass damage processes that may occur by steady‐state creep or transient accelerations of slip, called creep bursts. Creep bursts may control landslide stability by inducing short‐term damage and strain localization. This study focuses on the Åknes landslide in Norway, which moves up to 6 cm per year and could potentially trigger a large tsunami in the fjord below. An 11‐year data set is compiled and analyzed, including kinematic, seismic, and hydrogeological data acquired at the landslide surface and in a series of boreholes. An annual average of two creep bursts with millimeter amplitude has been recorded within the shear zone in each borehole, accounting for approximately 11% of the total displacement. Creep bursts detected simultaneously in multiple boreholes are preceded by increased seismic activity and rising water pressure. However, most creep bursts are observed in only one or a few boreholes. These bursts often happen during seasonal high and low groundwater levels in autumn and spring, respectively, correlating with local peaks in water pressure. No such correlation is observed during summer. We propose that creep bursts can have different causes and hypothesize that rock degradation leads to some creep bursts independent of water pressure variations. In contrast, the largest creep bursts are correlated with variations in absolute water pressure or gradients of water pressure within the shear zone. Our findings emphasize the complexity of a dense data set requiring multiple mechanisms to explain creep burst dynamics.
Discharge criteria, practices, and decision-making in the transition of preterm infants to home
Authors: Arwehed Sofia , Axelin Anna , Ågren Johan , Blomqvist Ylva Thernström
Published: November 2024

Background

Early discharge to neonatal home care is common practice for preterm infants in Sweden but the evidence base for assessing infant and parent readiness is limited and there are no nationally defined discharge guidelines or criteria. To investigate potential facilitators and barriers in the transition to home, we examined discharge criteria, pre- and post-discharge practices, and staff decision-making.

Methods

All (n = 36) Swedish units participated in this descriptive mixed method study based on semi-structured interviews with one physician and one registered nurse representing each unit.

Results

Discharge criteria and practices varied, both between and within units. Staff were ambivalent about the timing of discharge and postponed giving discharge-related information to parents. The transition process was staff-driven, with limited parental involvement in care planning, and staff discontinuity delayed discharge. Home care combining telemedicine and home visits, adapted to the needs and preference of the family, was considered effective and appraised. Socially vulnerable families or those with limited language proficiency had restricted access to homecare.

Conclusions

There is a need for improved standardization of, and parental involvement in discharge planning for preterm infants. Earlier transfer of care responsibilities to parents should facilitate transition to home and shorten length of hospital stay.

Impact

Our findings provide insight into facilitators and barriers in preterm infants’ transition from hospital to home.

Staff were ambivalent about timing of discharge, and criteria and practices varied between and within units depending on local routines and staff preferences.

The transition process was staff-driven, with limited parental involvement in care planning, and staff discontinuity caused delay.

Home care models combining telemedicine and home visits, adapted to the needs of the family, was described as effective and appraised.

Empowering parents by earlier transfer of care responsibilities and involvement in care planning, could facilitate transition to home and reduce length of stay.
Incidence of traumatic dental injuries associated with orotracheal intubation in general anesthesia in children during mixed dentition in Damascus, Syria: a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Al-Shiekh Mohammed N. , Altinawi Mohamed , Darwish Bana , Karkoutly Mawia
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Endotracheal tube intubation by laryngoscope during general anesthesia is a safe procedure with a few complications. However, it may cause some damage to the oral cavity structures, which leads to postoperative pain and discomfort. Traumatic dental injuries associated with endotracheal tube intubation are one of the most common complications. The study aimed to determine the incidence of traumatic dental injuries during oral-endotracheal tube intubation in general anesthesia among children receiving surgery at the Children’s Hospital in Damascus City during 2022–2023.

Methods

It was a prospective longitudinal study which investigated the incidence of traumatic dental injuries during oral-endotracheal tube intubation under general anesthesia in 110 children aged 6–12 years old at the University Children’s Hospital in Damascus City in 2022. After ensuring that the child met inclusion criteria and obtained written consent. Each child was examined before, during, and after 12–24 h of entering the operation room. Personal information (gender – age), information related to anesthesia procedures, and some oral cavity characters were collected.

Results

The incidence of traumatic dental injuries during general anesthesia was 9.1%. Most of them intra-oral soft tissue injuries. The concussion is the most common injury related to teeth damage. In addition, the tongue was the most common-place. There is a correlation between the incidence of traumatic dental injuries and the difficulty of intubation, the number of intubation attempts, Mallampati score (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The anesthesiologist should evaluate the condition of each patient carefully. Document every detail in their record and inform the patient of the possibility of dental damage during the procedures especially in the case that has difficulty intubation.
Expanding clinical spectrum of PAICS deficiency: Comprehensive analysis of two sibling cases
Authors: Weng Wen-Chin , Skopova Vaclava , Baresova Veronika , Liu Yao-Lin , Hsueh Hsueh-Wen , Chien Yin-Hsiu , Hwu Wuh-Liang , Souckova Olga , Hnizda Ales , Kmoch Stanislav , Lee Ni-Chung , Zikanova Marie
Published: November 2024

De novo synthesis of purines (DNPS) is a biochemical pathway that provides the purine bases for synthesis of essential biomolecules such as nucleic acids, energy transfer molecules, signaling molecules and various cofactors. Inborn errors of DNPS enzymes present with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neuromuscular abnormalities and accumulation of characteristic metabolic intermediates of the DNPS in body fluids and tissues. In this study, we present the second case of PAICS deficiency due to bi-allelic variants of PAICS gene encoding for a missense p.Ser179Pro and truncated p.Arg403Ter forms of the PAICS proteins. Two affected individuals were born at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery and presented later in life with progressive cerebral atrophy, epileptic encephalopathy, psychomotor retardation, and retinopathy. Plasma and urinary concentrations of dephosphorylated substrates of PAICS, AIr and CAIr were elevated, though they remained undetectable in skin fibroblasts. Both variants affect structural domains in SAICARs catalytic site and the oligomerization interface. In silico modeling predicted negative effects on PAICS oligomerization, enzyme stability and enzymatic activity. Consistent with these findings, affected skin fibroblasts were devoid of PAICS protein and enzyme activity. This was accompanied by alterations in contents of other DNPS proteins, which had co-localized in granular structures that are characteristic of purinosome formation. Our observation expands the clinical spectrum of PAICS deficiency from recurrent abortions and fatal neonatal form to later onset neurodevelopmental disorders. The rarity of this condition may be based on poor clinical recognition and limited access to specialized laboratory tests diagnostic for PAICS deficiency.
CLSY docking to Pol IV requires a conserved domain critical for small RNA biogenesis and transposon silencing
Authors: Felgines Luisa , Rymen Bart , Martins Laura M. , Xu Guanghui , Matteoli Calvin , Himber Christophe , Zhou Ming , Eis Josh , Coruh Ceyda , Böhrer Marcel , Kuhn Lauriane , Chicher Johana , Pandey Vijaya , Hammann Philippe , Wohlschlegel James , Waltz Florent , Law Julie A. , Blevins Todd
Published: November 2024

Eukaryotes must balance the need for gene transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) against the danger of mutations caused by transposable element (TE) proliferation. In plants, these gene expression and TE silencing activities are divided between different RNA polymerases. Specifically, RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV), which evolved from Pol II, transcribes TEs to generate small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that guide DNA methylation and block TE transcription by Pol II. While the Pol IV complex is recruited to TEs via SNF2-like CLASSY (CLSY) proteins, how Pol IV partners with the CLSYs remains unknown. Here, we identified a conserved CYC-YPMF motif that is specific to Pol IV and is positioned on the complex exterior. Furthermore, we found that this motif is essential for the co-purification of all four CLSYs with Pol IV, but that only one CLSY is present in any given Pol IV complex. These findings support a “one CLSY per Pol IV” model where the CYC-YPMF motif acts as a CLSY-docking site. Indeed, mutations in and around this motif phenocopy pol iv null and clsy quadruple mutants. Together, these findings provide structural and functional insights into a critical protein feature that distinguishes Pol IV from other RNA polymerases, allowing it to promote genome stability by targeting TEs for silencing.
Near-field acoustic imaging with a caged bubble
Authors: Bouchet Dorian , Stephan Olivier , Dollet Benjamin , Marmottant Philippe , Bossy Emmanuel
Published: November 2024

Bubbles are ubiquitous in many research applications ranging from ultrasound imaging and drug delivery to the understanding of volcanic eruptions and water circulation in vascular plants. From an acoustic perspective, bubbles are resonant scatterers with remarkable properties, including a large scattering cross-section and strongly sub-wavelength dimensions. While it is known that the resonance properties of bubbles depend on their local environment, it remains challenging to probe this interaction at the single-bubble level due to the difficulty of manipulating a single resonating bubble in a liquid. Here, we confine a cubic bubble inside a cage using 3D printing technology, and we use this bubble as a local probe to perform scanning near-field acoustic microscopy—an acoustic analog of scanning near-field optical microscopy. By probing the acoustic interaction between a single resonating bubble and its local environment, we demonstrate near-field imaging of complex structures with a resolution that is two orders of magnitudes smaller than the wavelength of the acoustic field. As a potential application, our approach paves the way for the development of low-cost acoustic microscopes based on caged bubbles.
Multimorbidity is associated with myocardial DNA damage, nucleolar stress, dysregulated energy metabolism, and senescence in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Tomkova Kristina , Roman Marius , Adebayo Adewale S. , Sheikh Sophia , Yusoff Syabira , Gulston Melanie , Joel-David Lathishia , Lai Florence Y. , Murgia Antonio , Eagle-Hemming Bryony , Aujla Hardeep , Chad Tom , Richardson Gavin D. , Griffin Julian L. , Murphy Gavin J. , Woźniak Marcin J.
Published: November 2024

This study investigates why individuals with multimorbidity—two or more chronic conditions—are more prone to adverse outcomes after surgery. In our cohort, ninety-eight of 144 participants had multimorbidity. The myocardial transcriptome and metabolites involved in energy production were measured in 53 and 57 sequential participants, respectively. Untargeted analysis of the metabolome in blood and myocardium was performed in 30 sequential participants. Mitochondrial respiration in circulating mononuclear cells was measured in 70 participants. Results highlighted four main biological processes associated with multimorbidity: DNA damage with epigenetic changes, mitochondrial energy disruption, cellular aging (senescence) and innate immune response. Histone 2B, its ubiquitination enzymes and AKT3 were upregulated in the multimorbid group. Plasma senescence-associated proteins (IL-1β, GM-CSF) increased with more comorbidities. DNA damage and nucleolar instability were specifically apparent in multimorbid myocardium. We conclude that multimorbidity in cardiovascular patients accelerates biological aging, making them more vulnerable to metabolic stress.
Native learning ability and not age determines the effects of brain stimulation
Authors: Maceira-Elvira Pablo , Popa Traian , Schmid Anne-Christine , Cadic-Melchior Andéol , Müller Henning , Schaer Roger , Cohen Leonardo G. , Hummel Friedhelm C.
Published: November 2024

Healthy aging often entails a decline in cognitive and motor functions, affecting independence and quality of life in older adults. Brain stimulation shows potential to enhance these functions, but studies show variable effects. Previous studies have tried to identify responders and non-responders through correlations between behavioral change and baseline parameters, but results lack generalization to independent cohorts. We propose a method to predict an individual’s likelihood of benefiting from stimulation, based on baseline performance of a sequential motor task. Our results show that individuals with less efficient learning mechanisms benefit from stimulation, while those with optimal learning strategies experience none or even detrimental effects. This differential effect, first identified in a public dataset and replicated here in an independent cohort, was linked to one’s ability to integrate task-relevant information and not age. This study constitutes a further step towards personalized clinical-translational interventions based on brain stimulation.
Large language models surpass human experts in predicting neuroscience results
Authors: Luo Xiaoliang , Rechardt Akilles , Sun Guangzhi , Nejad Kevin K. , Yáñez Felipe , Yilmaz Bati , Lee Kangjoo , Cohen Alexandra O. , Borghesani Valentina , Pashkov Anton , Marinazzo Daniele , Nicholas Jonathan , Salatiello Alessandro , Sucholutsky Ilia , Minervini Pasquale , Razavi Sepehr , Rocca Roberta , Yusifov Elkhan , Okalova Tereza , Gu Nianlong , Ferianc Martin , Khona Mikail , Patil Kaustubh R. , Lee Pui-Shee , Mata Rui , Myers Nicholas E. , Bizley Jennifer K. , Musslick Sebastian , Bilgin Isil Poyraz , Niso Guiomar , Ales Justin M. , Gaebler Michael , Ratan Murty N. Apurva , Loued-Khenissi Leyla , Behler Anna , Hall Chloe M. , Dafflon Jessica , Bao Sherry Dongqi , Love Bradley C.
Published: November 2024

Scientific discoveries often hinge on synthesizing decades of research, a task that potentially outstrips human information processing capacities. Large language models (LLMs) offer a solution. LLMs trained on the vast scientific literature could potentially integrate noisy yet interrelated findings to forecast novel results better than human experts. Here, to evaluate this possibility, we created BrainBench, a forward-looking benchmark for predicting neuroscience results. We find that LLMs surpass experts in predicting experimental outcomes. BrainGPT, an LLM we tuned on the neuroscience literature, performed better yet. Like human experts, when LLMs indicated high confidence in their predictions, their responses were more likely to be correct, which presages a future where LLMs assist humans in making discoveries. Our approach is not neuroscience specific and is transferable to other knowledge-intensive endeavours.
Soil microbiomes show consistent and predictable responses to extreme events
Authors: Knight Christopher G. , Nicolitch Océane , Griffiths Rob I. , Goodall Tim , Jones Briony , Weser Carolin , Langridge Holly , Davison John , Dellavalle Ariane , Eisenhauer Nico , Gongalsky Konstantin B. , Hector Andrew , Jardine Emma , Kardol Paul , Maestre Fernando T. , Schädler Martin , Semchenko Marina , Stevens Carly , Tsiafouli Maria Α. , Vilhelmsson Oddur , Wanek Wolfgang , de Vries Franciska T.
Published: November 2024

Increasing extreme climatic events threaten the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems1,2. Because soil microbes govern key biogeochemical processes, understanding their response to climate extremes is crucial in predicting the consequences for ecosystem functioning3,4. Here we subjected soils from 30 grasslands across Europe to four contrasting extreme climatic events under common controlled conditions (drought, flood, freezing and heat), and compared the response of soil microbial communities and their functioning with those of undisturbed soils. Soil microbiomes exhibited a small, but highly consistent and phylogenetically conserved, response under the imposed extreme events. Heat treatment most strongly impacted soil microbiomes, enhancing dormancy and sporulation genes and decreasing metabolic versatility. Microbiome response to heat in particular could be predicted by local climatic conditions and soil properties, with soils that do not normally experience the extreme conditions being imposed being most vulnerable. Our results suggest that soil microbiomes from different climates share unified responses to extreme climatic events, but that predicting the extent of community change may require knowledge of the local microbiome. These findings advance our understanding of soil microbial responses to extreme events, and provide a first step for making general predictions about the impact of extreme climatic events on soil functioning.
Microplastics in sea ice drifted to the Shiretoko Peninsula, the southern end of the Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Ohno Hiroshi , Iizuka Yoshinori
Published: November 2024

Sea ice is regarded as a temporal sink and carrier of microplastics (MPs). Nevertheless, knowledge and understanding of MPs in sea ice remain sparse. This study investigated the abundance, composition, size (> 30 μm), and shape of MPs in four sea-ice cores retrieved at the southern end of the Sea of Okhotsk. Nine microplastic (MP) types, mostly with fragmentary shapes, were detected among ice-core sections. Most fragmentary MPs were smaller than 120 μm, but all fiber MPs were in the largest size class (> 210 μm). MP concentrations were 0–60 particles/L, with an average of 21 particles/L. Higher occurrences of MPs observed in the lower ice layers are attributable to heavier MP contamination in the southern part of the sea and/or relocation of MPs in the ice matrix. No significant correlation was found between the distributions of MP and inorganic particle (sediment) abundances, implying difference in their kinetics of suspension freezing. Taken together, these findings suggest important implications for elucidating the nature and distribution of MPs in sea ice.
Comparative study of quantitative identification methods for peri-urban areas based on a multi-indicator system
Authors: Shi Zhen , Liu Manshu , Wang Ying , Kovács Krisztina Filepné
Published: November 2024

As peri-urbanisation becomes widespread, quantitative methods for identifying peri-urban areas (PUAs) are increasingly abundant. This study aims to quantitatively compare the differences in the results obtained from multiple PUA identification methods within the same study area and to analyse the spatial patterns of the PUAs. The Threshold Method, Breakpoint Clustering, and Multilayer Perceptron were chosen to compare the identification results of PUAs in Zhengzhou City, China. The results show that the Threshold method identified the most PUAs but with the lowest accuracy. The accuracy of the Breakpoint Clustering was slightly lower than that of the Multilayer Perceptron. Regarding spatial layout, these identification results all show that the PUAs in the northeastern plains of Zhengzhou are more numerous than in the southwestern mountainous regions. Moreover, PUAs can generally be categorised into ring-shaped, belt-shaped, and patch-shaped forms. The spatial evolution of PUAs is influenced by urban expansion, geographical factors, and urban planning, and it can also provide timely reflections on urban development dynamics. These findings can provide valuable references for future research in selecting PUA identification methods, promoting in-depth longitudinal studies and cross-regional research, and enhancing the attention given to PUAs in urban planning and policy-making.
Unravelling the role of mitochondrial DNA in hybrid incompatibility within species of the Anopheles gambiae complex
Authors: Kriezis Antonios , Vitale Matteo , Morselli Giulia , Crisanti Andrea , Bernardini Federica
Published: November 2024

Isolation mechanisms between mosquito species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, which includes major malaria vectors, remain poorly understood. In some cases, pre-zygotic barriers have been shown to limit gene flow between species of the complex, leading to a low level of hybridisation in nature. Post-zygotic mechanisms manifest with F1 hybrid males fully sterile and F1 hybrid females with reduced fertility. Genetic approaches combined with DNA sequencing techniques have highlighted the involvement of genomic regions in hybrid incompatibility with a predominant role of the X chromosome. In addition, differences in the phenotype of F1 hybrid males have been identified depending on the directionality of the parental cross used to generate them. All these studies have focused on the interaction of nuclear DNA elements in hybrid individuals. Given the role that mitochondrial DNA plays in genetic incompatibilities within other organisms and its unique inheritance pattern, commonly maternal, we conducted a genetic study that relied on the introgression of mitochondrial DNA between Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. The findings indicate that the mitochondrial switch does not appear to restore the fertility of F1 hybrid males, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA may not play a role in hybrid incompatibilities in these Anopheles species.
Enhanced operation of PVWPS based on advanced soft computing optimization techniques
Authors: Elymany Mahmoud M. , Enany Mohamed A. , Metwally Hamid , Shaier Ahmed A.
Published: November 2024

This study introduces three soft computing (SC) optimization algorithms aimed at enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPS). These algorithms include the Gorilla Troop Algorithm (GTO), Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA), and Snake Algorithm (SAO). The goal of the SC optimizers is to maximize the output power of the PV array (PPV) and enhance the efficiency of the DC motor (η), thereby optimizing the water flow rate (Q) of the pumping system. The analytical modeling approach proposed in this study involves forecasting the optimal duty cycle (Dop) for a buck-boost converter, taking into account variables such as solar radiation (G) and ambient temperature (T). A comparative analysis is conducted between the suggested SC optimizers and analytical modeling. MATLAB simulation is employed to explore an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) trained for the proposed system. The objective is to assess system performance and accuracy. Findings indicate a strong convergence between the analytical model and the simulation model utilizing SC optimizers. Moreover, the neuro-fuzzy system trained offline, coupled with the proposed SC optimizers, demonstrates superior performance compared to traditional control methods like perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (IC). This superiority is evident across various metrics including motor efficiency (η), photovoltaic (PV) output power (PPV), water flow rate (Q), and time response.
Integrating artificial neural networks, multi-objective metaheuristic optimization, and multi-criteria decision-making for improving MXene-based ionanofluids applicable in PV/T solar systems
Authors: Hai Tao , Basem Ali , Alizadeh As’ad , Sharma Kamal , jasim Dheyaa J. , Rajab Husam , Mabrouk Abdelkader , Kolsi Lioua , Rajhi Wajdi , Maleki Hamid , Sawaran Singh Narinderjit Singh
Published: November 2024

Optimization of thermophysical properties (TPPs) of MXene-based nanofluids is essential to increase the performance of hybrid solar photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) systems. This study proposes a hybrid approach to optimize the TPPs of MXene-based Ionanofluids. The input variables are the MXene mass fraction (MF) and temperature. The optimization objectives include three TPPs: specific heat capacity (SHC), dynamic viscosity (DV), and thermal conductivity (TC). In the proposed hybrid approach, the powerful group method of data handling (GMDH)-type ANN technique is used to model TPPs in terms of input variables. The obtained models are integrated into the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and multi-objective thermal exchange optimization (MOTEO) algorithms, forming a three-objective optimization problem. In the final step, the TOPSIS technique, one of the well-known multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches, is employed to identify the desirable Pareto points. Modeling results showed that the developed models for TC, DV, and SHC demonstrate a strong performance by R-values of 0.9984, 0.9985, and 0.9987, respectively. The outputs of MOPSO revealed that the Pareto points dispersed a broad range of MXene MFs (0-0.4%). However, the temperature of these optimal points was found to be constrained within a narrow range near the maximum value (75 °C). In scenarios where TC precedes other objectives, the TOPSIS method recommended utilizing an MF of over 0.2%. Alternatively, when DV holds greater importance, decision-makers can opt for an MF ranging from 0.15 to 0.17%. Also, when SHC becomes the primary concern, TOPSIS advised utilizing the base fluid without any MXene additive.
Exposure of gut bacterial isolates to the anthelminthic drugs, ivermectin and moxidectin, leads to antibiotic-like phenotypes of growth inhibition and adaptation
Authors: Dommann Julian , Keiser Jennifer , Garneau Julian , Gandelin Alison , Casanova Carlo , Keller Peter M. , Sayasone Somphou , Vonaesch Pascale , Schneeberger Pierre H. H.
Published: November 2024

Due to their broad-spectrum activities, ivermectin and moxidectin are widely used anthelminthics in veterinary and human medicine. However, ivermectin has recently been shown to perturbate bacterial growth. Given the macrolide-like structure of both ivermectin and moxidectin, there is a need to characterize the antibiotic spectrum of these anthelminthics and their potential implications in the development of cross-resistance to macrolides and other families of antibiotics. Here, we characterize growth dynamics of 59 bacterial isolates in presence of ivermectin and moxidectin. Further, we assessed the effect of repeated anthelminthic exposure in 5 bacterial isolates on sensitivity to different antibiotics, both via growth dynamics and minimal inhibitory concentration. We found, that anthelminthic growth phenotypes are comparable to a selection of tested antibiotics. Bacterial anthelminthic challenging resulted in decreased anthelminthic sensitivity, and to some extent, decreased antibiotic sensitivity. Hence, potential off-target effects of large-scale administration of ivermectin and moxidectin should be carefully monitored.
Electrochemistry in the service of forensic science: fundamentals and applications
Authors: Trachioti Maria G. , Lazanas Alexandros Ch.
Published: November 2024

Forensic chemistry is the employment of analytical methods and techniques to analyse and investigate evidence in forensic science. In the past years an unofficial subsection of forensic chemistry, termed as “Forensic Electrochemistry” has become a prominent topic in scientific literature, reflecting the rapid growth of forensic analysis. Electrochemistry, in favour of its intrinsic characteristics, has been considered an advantageous tool in this expanding field. The aim of this chapter is to outline key principles, landmarks and recent developments of forensic electrochemistry, focusing on fingerprints, gunshot residues, explosives, illicit and date-rape drugs.
Electroanalytical overview: the sensing of rutin
Authors: Crapnell Robert D. , Adarakatti Prashanth S. , Banks Craig E.
Published: November 2024

Rutin is a well-known flavonoid found in a plethora of fruits and vegetables and has powerful biological activities which includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective, antithrombic, cardioprotective, renal protective, and hepatoprotective to name just a few. In this chapter, we highlight the recent endeavours over the five past years for the sensing of rutin and offer insights to future research.
Transistor based electrochemical devices: fundamentals to applications
Authors: Rai Harshita , Singh Kshitij RB , Pandey Shyam S.
Published: November 2024

Transistor-based electrochemical devices play a vital role in advanced applications, namely fuel cells, supercapacitor, batteries, sensors/biosensors, etc. This chapter delves into integration of transistors with electrochemical devices, by initially highlighting the fundamental components of transistors and electrochemical devices, setting the stage for understanding their combined applications. Further, the synergy of transistor with electrochemical devices are explored in detail by providing the fundamentals and applications, particularly of various field-effect transistors, namely organic electrochemical transistors, ion-sensitive field-effect transistor, metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, etc. Despite advancements in this field, challenges exist, such as stability and scalability, and overcoming these challenges can help in creating next-generation of technologies for applications in field of biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Further, development in integration of flexible and miniaturized transistors with electrochemical devices is the emerging trend, which can offer enhanced performance and new capabilities driving significant progress in various advanced applications and improving quality of life.
Electrochemical eyes: exploring forensic mysteries with electrochemical sensor technologies
Authors: Mohamed Mona A. , Mousavi Maral P. S.
Published: November 2024

Electrochemistry, a vast scientific discipline, finds application across numerous fields and has the potential to surpass traditional analytical methods. Surprisingly, one area that may not immediately come to mind for electrochemical application is forensic science. Forensic science encompasses various subfields, including the detection of illicit drugs, crime scene investigation, and DNA evidence analysis. This chapter delves into the fascinating world of forensic science, where electrochemical sensor technologies serve as invaluable tools in unraveling mysteries. From analyzing crime scene evidence to detecting trace amounts of substances, these sensors offer a unique perspective, akin to “electrochemical eyes,” enabling investigators to uncover crucial clues and piece together intricate puzzles. Through case studies and innovative applications, this chapter highlights the pivotal role of electrochemical sensors in forensic investigations, shedding light on hidden truths and bringing justice to the forefront.
Atomically modulated Cu single-atom catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions towards high-power density Zn– and Al–air batteries
Authors: Wagh Nayantara K. , Shinde Sambhaji S. , Lee Jung-Ho
Published: November 2024

CuSA@CNS displays an ORR half-wave potential of 0.95 V, surpassing Pt/C. The assembled Zn–air and Al–air batteries show highest power densities of 371 and 289 mW cm−2 and energy densities of 1080 and 4290 W h kg−1, respectively.
Sulfurization of transition metal inorganic electrocatalysts in Li–S batteries
Authors: Guo Manchuan , Chen Zhijie , Ren Tao , Chen Xiyong , Zhu Jinliang
Published: November 2024

This review focuses on the sulfurization of transition metal inorganic compounds and the effect of sulfurization on redox reactions in Li-S batteries, examining the current developments and providing insights into the prospects of the sulfurization.
Oxamate-based potassium–organic assembly with the uncommon binodal (6,12)-coordinated alb topology
Authors: Simosono Cintia A. , Flores Leonã S. , Simões Tatiana R. G. , do Pim Walace D. , Julve Miguel , Marinho Maria Vanda
Published: November 2024

K2H2mpba forms a (6,12)-connected alb topology, with H2mpba2− acting as a 12-c molecular building block (MBB) at the vertices of the double six-membered “d6R” ring and KI ions at trigonal prism vertices, creating a highly coordinated structure.
A multi-state supramolecular switch realized via a [π⋯π] dimer
Authors: Hao Hua , Li Honghao , Jia Ting , Zheng Xiaohong
Published: November 2024

Introducing a multi-state molecular switch with a [π⋯π] dimer as the functional unit, in which four distinct conductance states can be achieved by mechanically stretching and compressing the dimer in the conformations C1, C2(C3), C4 and C5.
Design of 3d transition metal-embedded asymmetric HMo2CF for electrocatalytic conversion of N2 to NH3
Authors: Deng Lu , Wu Fei , Guan Wanbing , Lu Zhiyi , Zhang Qiuju
Published: November 2024

The electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 (NRR) is challenging due to the lack of efficient catalysts under mild conditions.
Role of radicals in the reaction of oxygen difluoride with monohydrogenated silicon
Authors: Thake Henry , Jenkins Stephen J.
Published: November 2024

Dissociative adsorption of oxygen difluoride on a hydrogenated silicon surface is investigated through first-principles molecular dynamics. Reactive trajectories are found to involve an oxygen monofluoride radical as a short-lived intermediate.
Theoretical investigations of transition metal atom-doped MoSi2N4 monolayers as catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions
Authors: Ding Guoqiang , Gao Yiwen , Zhang Hetong , Yang Na , Niu Xiaobin , Wang Jianwei
Published: November 2024

The catalytic mechanisms for conversion of CO2 to CO using transition metals on the MoSi2N4-Nv monolayer surface as active sites were investigated theoretically.
Refining siliceous zeolite framework structures with 29Si 2D J-resolved NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Srivastava Deepansh J. , Venetos Maxwell C. , McCarthy-Carney Lexi , Baltisberger Jay H. , Grandinetti Philip J. , Brouwer Darren
Published: November 2024

A modified shifted-echo PIETA pulse sequence is developed to acquire natural abundance 29Si 2D J-resolved spectra in crystalline silicates.
Organic redox flow batteries in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions
Authors: Ahn Seongmo , Yun Ariyeong , Ko Donghwi , Singh Vikram , Joo Jung Min , Byon Hye Ryung
Published: November 2024

This review explores progress in non-aqueous electrolyte solution-based organic RFBs (NRFBs) using redox-active organic molecules (ROMs), highlighting their potential for high-energy storage and unique applications compared to aqueous systems.
Effect of pretreatment conditions on Fe-ZSM-5 properties and performance for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
Authors: Agwara Jane N. , Leshchev Denis , Perera Sinhara M. H. D. , Bauer Alexis K. , Neidig Michael L. , Porosoff Marc D.
Published: November 2024

Our findings provide important insight into how pretreatment conditions on Fe-ZSM-5 affect iron particle size, phase, zeolite properties, and in turn, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), guiding the selection of pretreatment conditions for Fe-ZSM-5.
Enhancement of carbamazepine photodegradation using hybrid of phosphorescent carbon dots coupled with highly porous TiO2 photocatalyst
Authors: Kujawa Daniela , Grzegórska Anna , Zielińska-Jurek Anna , Fandzloch Marzena , Bezkrovnyi Oleksii , Głuchowski Paweł
Published: November 2024

Thanks to the use of phosphorescent carbon dots, the efficiency of the hybrid photocatalyst can be effectively increased, thereby enabling the degradation of organic compounds.
Correction: Human milk oligosaccharides and milk fat globule membrane reduce allergic reactions in mice through the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic functions
Authors: Chen Xinzhang , Yang Shengjun , Guo Zhengtao , Li Bailiang , Wang Zhongjiang , Jiang Lianzhou
Published: November 2024

Correction for ‘Human milk oligosaccharides and milk fat globule membrane reduce allergic reactions in mice through the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic functions’ by Xinzhang Chen et al., Food Funct., 2024, 15, 11252–11265, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4FO03851G.
Extrapolative machine learning models for copolymers
Authors: Hashmi Israrul H. , Himanshu  , Karmakar Rahul , Patra Tarak K.
Published: November 2024

ML models extrapolate better when trained on large data sets.
Molecular interactions driving the complexation of rose bengal by triazine-carbosilane dendrons
Authors: Zizzi E. A. , Sztandera K. , Gorzkiewicz M. , Buczkowski A. , Apartsin E. , Deriu M. A. , Klajnert-Maculewicz B.
Published: November 2024

Formation of complexes between triazine-carbosilane dendrons and rose bengal is based on electrostatic interactions.
Free standing epitaxial oxides through remote epitaxy: the role of the evolving graphene microstructure
Authors: Haque Asraful , Mandal Suman Kumar , Parate Shubham Kumar , D′souza Harshal Jason , Nukala Pavan , Raghavan Srinivasan
Published: November 2024

Epitaxial BaTiO3 (BTO) was grown via remote epitaxy using CVD graphene, and freestanding membranes were transferred to Si. It correlates graphene microstructure, defect formation during pulsed laser deposition, and BTO crystallinity.
Tailoring reactive handles on the surface of nanoparticles for covalent conjugation of biomolecules
Authors: Mazzotta Francesca , Chali Sharafudheen Pottanam , Lieberwirth Ingo , Ferguson Calum T. J. , Landfester Katharina
Published: November 2024

Surface modification of nanoparticles involves numerous types of active molecules such as DNA, antibodies, enzymes or carbohydrates.
Nanogels with tailored hydrophobicity and their behavior at air/water interfaces
Authors: Cui Ruiguang , Ickler Maret , Menath Johannes , Vogel Nicolas , Klinger Daniel
Published: November 2024

We investigate the interfacial morphology of colloidal nanogels with increasing hydrophobicity. The transition from deformable to solid-like characteristics occurs suddenly above a threshold in hydrophobicity.