bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the dolls house?
Authors: Smith Robert , Nadin Sara , Jones Sally
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the concepts of gendered, entrepreneurial identity and fetishism through an analysis of images of Barbie entrepreneur. It draws on the literature of entrepreneurial identity and fetishism to examine how such identity is socially constructed from childhood and how exposure to such dolls can shape and influence perceptions of entrepreneurial identity.

Design/methodology/approach

Using semiotic analysis the authors conduct a visual analysis of the Barbie to make observations and inferences on gendered entrepreneurial identity and fetishism from the dolls and artifacts.

Findings

The gendered images of Barbie dolls were influenced by societal perceptions of what an entrepreneur should look like, reflecting the fetishisation of entrepreneurship, especially for women. Mirroring and exaggerating gendered perceptions, the dolls express hyper-femininity reflected in both the physical embodiment of the doll and their adornments/accessories. This includes handbags, high-heeled shoes, short skirts, haute-couture and designer clothes. Such items and the dolls themselves become fetishised objects, making context and culture of vital importance.

Research limitations/implications

There are positive and negative implications in relation to how the authors might, as a society, present unrealistic gendered images and role models of entrepreneurship to children. The obvious limitation is that the methodology limits what can be said or understood, albeit the imagery mirrors socially constructed reality for the context examined.

Originality/value

This is original research in that no previous published studies have tackled gendered entrepreneurial identity in relation to fetishism. The value of the work lies in discussing the concepts and embeds them in the expanding conversation surrounding gendered entrepreneurial identities.
“I got the power!”: An exploration of contemporary fetishism
Authors: Guelmami Ziyed
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss the concept of fetishism as an important but understudied kind of magical relationship to objects. Fetishism in the context of contemporary consumption is conceptualized as a multilayered construct underlining the attribution of an aura and magical power to a product to achieve personal goals.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted to highlight contextual factors influencing the emergence of fetishism in contemporary consumption, to underline the instrumental and aspirational dimensions of fetishism and to provide a definition of contemporary product fetishism.

Findings

The results show that fetishism appears as fragmented and unstable magical beliefs toward products related to a need to cope with uncertain and important aspirational situations.

Originality/value

The paper provides a multidisciplinary approach of fetishism to provide insights regarding this phenomenon and its manifestations in the context of contemporary consumption.
‘Who were those People?’: The Labour Party and the Invisibility of the Working Class
Authors: Hayhurst Mark
Published: December 2019

Labour’s historic cross‐class alliance of ‘workers by hand and by brain’ has endured a hundred years, but it has never looked so vulnerable as today. Brexit, in particular, has spectacularly exposed—and widened—a crack in the alliance. On opposite sides of the argument sits a high proportion of the Labour party’s working‐class supporters (the so‐called ‘left behinds’) and the liberal and relatively affluent middle classes (the so‐called ‘metropolitan elites’). Much of the traction in the Brexit debate was, and still is, achieved through ‘identity politics’. But where the question of class is concerned, this is not as new as it can sometimes seem. No one used the term ‘identity politics’ in the early twentieth century, but Labour representation, from the very start, had an important psychological dimension to it. It exploited a formidable and tenacious working class desire ‘to be counted’ and not be pushed into the shadows of public life. The notions of respect and humiliation (or outraged respect) continued to provide vital sources of fuel in the growth of the Labour Party for the next fifty years, and beyond. If the party is to have a future, it will need to get to grips with the feeling of many of its traditional supporters that they do not count anymore. And to better understand that feeling, it could look with profit to its own past for guidance.
What Are You Saying? Using topic to Detect Financial Misreporting
Authors: BROWN NERISSA C. , CROWLEY RICHARD M. , ELLIOTT W. BROOKE
Published: December 2019

We use a machine learning technique to assess whether the thematic content of financial statement disclosures (labeled topic) is incrementally informative in predicting intentional misreporting. Using a Bayesian topic modeling algorithm, we determine and empirically quantify the topic content of a large collection of 10‐K narratives spanning 1994 to 2012. We find that the algorithm produces a valid set of semantically meaningful topics that predict financial misreporting, based on samples of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement actions (Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases [AAERs]) and irregularities identified from financial restatements and 10‐K filing amendments. Our out‐of‐sample tests indicate that topic significantly improves the detection of financial misreporting by as much as 59% when added to models based on commonly used financial and textual style variables. Furthermore, models that incorporate topic significantly outperform traditional models when detecting serious revenue recognition and core expense errors. Taken together, our results suggest that the topics discussed in annual report filings and the attention devoted to each topic are useful signals in detecting financial misreporting.
Acacia seed proteins: Low or high quality? A comprehensive review
Authors: Adiamo Oladipupo Q. , Netzel Michael E. , Hoffman Louwrens C. , Sultanbawa Yasmina
Published: December 2019

The popularity of adding value to indigenous plant protein sources has increased due to the rise in the world population, high costs of animal protein as compared to plant proteins, and an increase in the consumer awareness of the nutritional and functional roles of dietary plant protein. Seeds of acacia plants (containing over 1,350 species) have considerable amount of protein (18.25% to 35.5%) and nutritionists have shown great interest in assessing the quality and functionality of proteins from these protein‐rich plants. In this review, the overall nutritional and health‐promoting properties of acacia seed (AS) species are introduced. Extraction, quality, and functional properties of proteins from different AS species are discussed. Furthermore, anti‐nutritional components and protease inhibitors present in AS species and the effects of processing methods applied to lower the levels of anti‐nutrients are also discussed. Previous applications of AS in food formulations are highlighted. This review aims to provide updated findings that have been reported on AS proteins and to highlight areas for further studies in order to increase the utilization potential of the seeds.
Transfusion errors — can they be eliminated?
Authors: Bolton‐Maggs Paula H. B. , Watt Alison
Published: December 2019

The Serious Hazards of Transfusion haemovigilance scheme has documented adverse transfusion incidents for 22 years. Transmission of infection (three in 2018), transfusion‐related lung injury (one in 2018) and transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (none since 2012) are rare. Despite national recommendations, guidelines and protocols, most incidents more than 85% of incidents are still due to errors in the transfusion process. European regulation and mandatory competency assessments have been associated with a reduction in ABO‐incompatible transfusion, but errors continue to put patients at risk. What can be done? Errors are reduced by the use of electronic identification systems. Exploration of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) results in amended approaches away from blaming individuals to a full review of the systems and environment. Research examining how transfusion is performed (work‐as‐done) compared to work‐as‐imagined (set out in protocols and guidelines) discovers where variability results in either resilience or error. All staff require HFE training, but this should be alongside employment of suitably qualified and experienced HFE professionals. Good teamwork is key and is undermined by insufficient staffing and poor morale. The five choosing wisely recommendations for transfusion (to ensure appropriate use) need to be widely disseminated to medical staff in all specialties to ensure patients participate in the decision‐making.
Insects and light interact to mediate vine colonization of fast growing Microberlinia bisulcata tree seedlings in gaps of an African rain forest
Authors: Norghauer Julian M.
Published: December 2019

Vines thrive in lowland tropical forests, yet the biotic factors underlying their colonization of host tree seedlings and saplings remain surprisingly understudied. Insect herbivores presumably could influence this process, especially where disturbance has opened the canopy (i.e., gaps)—temporary areas of higher primary productivity favoring the recruitment of vines and trees and invertebrates in forests—but their impact on vine colonization has never been experimentally tested. Using data from an insect herbivore exclusion (mesh‐netting cages) experiment conducted in an African rain forest (Korup, Cameroon), I logistically modeled the probability of vines colonizing seedlings of three co‐dominant species (Microberlinia bisulcata vs. Tetraberlinia bifoliolata and T. korupensis) in paired shaded understory and sunny gap locations (41 blocks across 80 ha, starting n = 664 seedlings) in a 1–2‐yr period (2008–2009). Vine colonization occurred almost exclusively in gaps, occurring on 16% of seedlings there. Excluding herbivores in gaps doubled colonization of the light‐demanding and faster growing M. bisulcata but had negligible effects on the two shade‐tolerant, slower growing and less palatable Tetraberlinia species, which together were twice as susceptible to vines under natural forest gap conditions (controls). When protected from herbivores in gaps, more light to individual seedlings strongly increased vine colonization of M. bisulcata whereas its well‐lit control individuals supported significantly fewer vines. These results suggest vines preferably colonize taller seedlings, and because light‐demanding tree species grow faster in height with more light, they are more prone to being colonized in gaps; however, insect herbivores can mediate this process by stunting fast growing individuals so that colonization rates becomes more similar between co‐occurring slow and fast growing tree species. Further influencing this process might be associational resistance or susceptibility to herbivores linked to host species’ leaf traits conferring shade‐tolerant ability as seedlings or saplings. A richer understanding of how vines differentially influence forest regeneration and species composition may come from investigating vine–tree–herbivore interactions across light gradients, ideally via long‐term studies and intercontinental comparisons.

Abstract in French is available with online material.
The rise of supplemental lending at the World Bank
Authors: Kersting Erasmus , Kilby Christopher
Published: December 2019

World Bank projects sometimes receive supplemental loans months or years after initial project approval. Largely unnoticed, supplemental lending has mushroomed in the last decade, accounting for nearly 30% of all new loans in some years. These loans can serve important functions, as they come without the bureaucratic delays associated with new projects. We argue that supplemental loans are potentially useful foreign policy tools for powerful donors in settings where time is of the essence. Consistent with this, we find that countries receive significantly larger supplemental loans while serving a two‐year term on the geopolitically important United Nations Security Council.
Understanding parental concerns related to their child's development and factors influencing their decisions to seek help from health care professionals: Results of a qualitative study
Authors: Camden Chantal , Dostie Rosalie , Heguy Lea , Gauvin Cheyenne , Hudon Catherine , Rivard Lisa , Gaboury Isabelle
Published: December 2019

Background

Early identification of children at risk of developmental delay is crucial to promote healthy development. Assessing parental concerns about development is often part of identification processes. However, we currently do not understand well how and why parents become concerned and how and why they access early identification and intervention services. The purpose of this study was to explore parental perceptions about their child's development and the factors influencing their reported professional help‐seeking behaviours.

Methods

This exploratory study was part of a larger study describing child development in children aged 2–5 in a small Canadian city. We conducted semistructured interviews with 16 parents whose children were at risk of developmental delay to examine their perceptions of their child's development, their use of community services promoting development, and their recommendations to optimize those services.

Results

Four themes were identified: (a) Vision of child development influencing help‐seeking behaviours: Natural or Supported?, (b) Internal and external sources contributing to parents' level of developmental concern, (c) Using internal resources and struggling to access external resources, and (d) Satisfaction with services accessed and recommendations to access more support. Parents' vision of child development along with sources of parental concern appeared to influence the level of concern, enhancing our understanding of how parents become concerned. The level of concern and parents' knowledge and perceived access to resources seemed to influence their decision whether or not to consult health care professionals. Parents provided many suggestions to improve services to promote child development and support families.

Discussion

Results highlight the importance of supporting parents in recognizing if their child is at risk of delay and increasing awareness of available resources. It appears particularly important to ensure that health care professionals and community‐based support services are accessible to provide parents with the support they need, especially when they have concerns.
A case report of right atrial epithelioid hemangioendothelioma with multiple pulmonary metastases
Authors: Zhou Xiaoming , Li Peng , Gu Xiu , Zheng Fushuang , Zhao Jungang , Zhao Li
Published: December 2019

Cardiac epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a very rare tumour of endothelial origin with the lung and liver as the most easily metastatic organs. We describe herein a patient with hemoptysis, severe anaemia, and diffuse pulmonary nodules with halo signs that represented metastasis of cardiac EHE; these radiologic manifestations are relatively uncommon. During the initial workup for the patient’s pulmonary nodules, echocardiography missed the cardiac mass. However, positron emission tomography‐computed tomography revealed increased fluorodeoxyglucose intake in the right atrial wall, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an irregular nodule with normal T1‐weighted signal intensity and hyperintense T2‐weighted signal intensity. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed micronodular liver metastases. Video‐assisted thoracic surgery was performed to make a definitive diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry staining proved the diagnosis of EHE with positive results for cluster of differentiation (CD) 34, CD31, erythroblast transformation‐specific‐related gene and Ki‐67. The patient started chemotherapy with docetaxel (75 mg/m2) and gemcitabine (900 mg/m2), but this failed to control his disease and he died from an opportunistic infection related to his immunocompromised status 5 months later. For the work out process of bilateral diffuse pulmonary nodules suspicious for cardiac origin, especially with atrial deviation, echocardiography alone is not sufficient to exclude atrial origin. Cardiac CT or MRI might be a better choice.
Participation in diverse life situations for people with disability: a vision for the future
Authors: Imms Christine
Published: December 2019

Video Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ST6oGRiKtA
Vein of Galen malformation: beyond life or death
Authors: Ganesan Vijeya
Published: December 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Taffin et al. on pages 729–734 of this issue.
Developmental duration as an organizer of the evolving mammalian brain: scaling, adaptations, and exceptions
Authors: Finlay Barbara L. , Huang Kexin
Published: December 2019

Neurodevelopmental duration plays a central role in the evolution of the retina and neocortex in mammals. In the diurnal primate eye and retina, it is necessary to scale the number of cones versus the number of rods with different exponents to defend their respective functions of spatial acuity and sensitivity in eyes of different sizes. The order of photoreceptor precursor specification, cones specified first, rods second, couples their respective cell numbers at maturity to the kinetics of embryonic stem cell proliferation. Different durations of retinogenesis change the ratio of rods to cones produced so as to defend both functions over a range of eye diameters. In the evolution of nocturnality, the same coupling of photoreceptor specification to neurogenesis is altered to fewer cones and many more rods in nocturnal eyes, by delaying the onset of retinogenesis. Similarly, the neocortex also shows coupling of the specification of laminar position with duration of neurogenesis. Overall, duration of neurogenesis directly predicts neocortex volume in most mammalian clades. In larger brains with longer neocortical neurogenesis, its organization changes progressively, differentiating the frontal pole from the occipital pole in volume of connectivity and number of neurons per unit column. This permits greater, hierarchically organized information abstraction with increasing neocortex volume. Exceptions do exist, however, in species of three separate taxa, marsupials, naked mole rats, and bats, which break the correlation of neurodevelopmental duration and brain size. Naked mole rats and bats both have small brains and unusual longevity, coupled with neurodevelopmental periods characteristic of much bigger‐brained animals, raising the possibility that developmental duration and lifespan have some genetic or mechanistic control in common. The role of duration of development in mediating between the mechanistic levels of construction of retinal and cortical organization, and the different life histories associated with larger brains, such as duration of parental care, learning and overall longevity are discussed.
Autistic traits modulate cortical responses to affective but not discriminative touch
Authors: Haggarty Connor J. , Malinowski Peter , McGlone Francis P. , Walker Susannah C.
Published: December 2019

The sense of touch is primarily considered a discriminative and exteroceptive sense, facilitating the detection, manipulation and exploration of objects, via an array of low‐threshold mechanoreceptors and fast conducting A‐beta (Aβ) afferents. However, a class of unmyelinated, low‐threshold mechanoreceptors identified in the hairy skin of mammals have been proposed to constitute a second, anatomically distinct system coding the affective qualities of touch. Unlike Aβs, which increase their firing rate linearly with the velocity of a stimulus moving across their receptive field, the response of these C‐tactile afferents (CTs) is described by an inverted ‘U’ curve fit, responding optimally to a skin temperature stimulus moving at between 1 and 10 cm/s. Given the distinct velocity tuning of these fast and slow touch fibres, here we used event‐related potentials to compare the time course of neural responses to 1st (fast) and 2nd (slow) touch systems. We identified a higher amplitude P300 in response to fast, Aβ‐targeted, versus slow CT‐targeted, stroking touch. In contrast, we identified a previously described, C‐fibre specific, ultra‐late potential (ULP) associated with CT‐targeted input. Of special note as regards the function of CTs is that the amplitude of the ULP was negatively correlated with self‐reported levels of autistic traits, which is consistent with the hypothesized affective and social significance of this response. Taken together, these findings provide further support for distinct discriminative and affective touch systems and suggests the temporal resolution of EEG provides an as yet underutilized tool for exploring individual differences in response sensitivity to CT‐targeted touch.
Prospective validation study of an epilepsy seizure risk system for outpatient evaluation
Authors: Chiang Sharon , Goldenholz Daniel M. , Moss Robert , Rao Vikram R. , Haneef Zulfi , Theodore William H. , Kleen Jonathan K. , Gavvala Jay , Vannucci Marina , Stern John M.
Published: December 2019

Objective

We conducted clinical testing of an automated Bayesian machine learning algorithm (Epilepsy Seizure Assessment Tool [EpiSAT]) for outpatient seizure risk assessment using seizure counting data, and validated performance against specialized epilepsy clinician experts.

Methods

We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of EpiSAT performance against 24 specialized clinician experts at three tertiary referral epilepsy centers in the United States. Accuracy, interrater reliability, and intra‐rater reliability of EpiSAT for correctly identifying changes in seizure risk (improvements, worsening, or no change) were evaluated using 120 seizures from four synthetic seizure diaries (seizure risk known) and 120 seizures from four real seizure diaries (seizure risk unknown). The proportion of observed agreement between EpiSAT and clinicians was evaluated to assess compatibility of EpiSAT with clinical decision patterns by epilepsy experts.

Results

EpiSAT exhibited substantial observed agreement (75.4%) with clinicians for assessing seizure risk. The mean accuracy of epilepsy providers for correctly assessing seizure risk was 74.7%. EpiSAT accurately identified seizure risk in 87.5% of seizure diary entries, corresponding to a significant improvement of 17.4% (P = .002). Clinicians exhibited low‐to‐moderate interrater reliability for seizure risk assessment (Krippendorff's α = 0.46) with good intrarater reliability across a 4‐ to 12‐week evaluation period (Scott's π = 0.89).

Significance

These results validate the ability of EpiSAT to yield objective clinical recommendations on seizure risk which follow decision patterns similar to those from specialized epilepsy providers, but with improved accuracy and reproducibility. This algorithm may serve as a useful clinical decision support system for quantitative analysis of clinical seizure frequency in clinical epilepsy practice.
Evaluation of histamine‐provoked changes in airflow using electrical impedance tomography in horses
Authors: Secombe Cristy , Waldmann Andreas D. , Hosgood Giselle , Mosing Martina
Published: December 2019

Background

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) generates thoracic impedance images of the lungs and has been used to assess ventilation in horses. This technique may have application in the detection of changes in airflow associated with equine asthma.

Objectives

The objective was to determine if histamine‐induced airflow changes observed with flowmetric plethysmography (Δflow) could also be explained using global and regional respiratory gas flow signals calculated from EIT signals.

Study design

Experimental in vivo study.

Methods

Six horses, sedated using detomidine were fitted with a thoracic EIT belt and flowmetric plethysmography hardware. Saline (baseline = BL) and increasing concentrations of histamine (C1‐4) were nebulised into the face mask until a change in breathing pattern was clinically confirmed and Δflow increased greater or equal to 50%. After nebulisation Δflow and EIT images were recorded over 3 minutes and peak global inspiratory (InFglobal) and expiratory (ExFglobal) flow as well as peak regional expiratory and inspiratory flow for the dorsal and the ventral area of the right and left lungs were evaluated. Delta flow, InFglobaland ExFglobalat subsequent concentrations were indexed to baseline (yi = Ci/BL−1). Indexed and nonindexed variables were evaluated for a difference from baseline at sequential histamine doses (time). Multiple linear regression assessment of variance in delta flow was also investigated.

Results

Consistent with histamine‐provoked increases in Δflow, the global flow indices increased significantly. A significant increase in regional inspiratory flow was seen in the right and left ventral lung and dorsal right lung. Multiple regression revealed that the variance in ExFglobal, and right and left ventral expiratory flow best explained the variance in Δflow (r2 = .82).

Main limitations

Low number of horses and horses were healthy.

Conclusions

Standardised changes in airflow during histamine challenge could be detected using EIT gas flow variables.
Hybrid particle swarm optimization for rule discovery in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease
Authors: Zomorodi‐moghadam Mariam , Abdar Moloud , Davarzani Zohreh , Zhou Xujuan , Pławiak Pawel , Acharya U.Rajendra
Published: December 2019

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Knowledge about risk factors that increase the probability of developing CAD can help to understand the disease better and assist in its treatment. Recently, modern computer‐aided approaches have been used for the prediction and diagnosis of diseases. Swarm intelligence algorithms like particle swarm optimization (PSO) have demonstrated great performance in solving different optimization problems. As rule discovery can be modelled as an optimization problem, it can be mapped to an optimization problem and solved by means of an evolutionary algorithm like PSO. An approach for discovering classification rules of CAD is proposed. The work is based on the real‐world CAD data set and aims at the detection of this disease by producing the accurate and effective rules. The proposed algorithm is a hybrid binary‐real PSO, which includes the combination of categorical and numerical encoding of a particle and a different approach for calculating the velocity of particles. The rules were developed from randomly generated particles, which take random values in the range of each attribute in the rule. Two different feature selection methods based on multi‐objective evolutionary search and PSO were applied on the data set, and the most relevant features were selected by the algorithms. The accuracy of two different rule sets were evaluated. The rule set with 11 features obtained more accurate results than the rule set with 13 features. Our results show that the proposed approach has the ability to produce effective rules with highest accuracy for the detection of CAD.
Cyclization mechanism catalyzed by an ATP‐grasp enzyme essential for d‐cycloserine biosynthesis
Authors: Matoba Yasuyuki , Uda Narutoshi , Kudo Mako , Sugiyama Masanori
Published: December 2019

In the biosynthetic pathway of an antitubercular antibiotic d‐cycloserine (d‐CS), O‐ureido‐d‐serine (d‐OUS) is converted to d‐CS. We have previously demonstrated that DcsG, classified into the ATP‐grasp superfamily enzyme, catalyzes the ring formation to generate d‐CS, which is accompanied by the cleavage of a bond in the urea moiety of d‐OUS to remove a carbamoyl group. Although the general ATP‐grasp enzymes catalyze an ATP‐dependent ligation reaction between two substrates, DcsG catalyzes specifically the generation of an intramolecular covalent bond. In the present study, cyanate was found in the reaction mixture, suggesting that carbamoyl group is eliminated as an isocyanic acid during the reaction. By the crystallographic and mutational investigations of DcsG, we anticipate the residues necessary for the binding of d‐OUS. An acylphosphate intermediate must be bound at the narrow pocket of DcsG in a folded conformation, inducing the bond cleavage and the new bond formation to generate cyanate and d‐CS, respectively.

Database

Structural data are available in Protein Data Bank database under the accession number 6JIL.
Loading‐rate dependence of mode I crack growth in concrete
Authors: Ma Minhua , Wu Zhimin , Hu Xiaozhi , Yu Rena C. , Fei Xiaodong
Published: December 2019

Mode I crack propagation process of concrete under relatively low loading rates which cover four orders of magnitude (0.2 μm/s to 2.0 mm/s) is investigated with three‐point bending (TPB) beams. All measured material properties exhibit rate sensitivity and follow a log‐linear relationship with the loading rate. A rate‐sensitive softening curve is established. The complete load‐crack mouth opening displacement (P‐CMOD) curve, crack propagation length, and fracture process zone (FPZ) length are simulated based on crack growth criterion with the fitted material parameters under those loading rates. Results show that the simulated P‐CMOD curves agree well with those of experimental measurements. It is clear that the peak load increases with the loading rate and so is the critical crack mouth opening displacement. Moreover, under the same load level, the length of the FPZ and the cohesive stress at the initial crack tip also increase with the increasing loading rate.
Can regional collaborative innovation improve innovation efficiency? An empirical study of Chinese cities
Authors: Fan Fei , Lian Huan , Wang Song
Published: December 2019

The relationship between collaborative innovation and innovation efficiency has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. However, few studies have integrated intra‐regional and inter‐regional collaborative innovations (IRCI) into a unified framework to analyze the overall impact of regional innovation efficiency. To fill this gap, this paper uses an improved Data Envelopment Analysis Model to measure the innovation efficiency of Chinese cities from 2003 to 2016 based on the regional innovation capability. Using the Coupling Coordination Degree Model to measure the degree of intra‐regional collaborative innovation, we constructed a Capability Structure Model to measure the degree of IRCI, then used the Spatial Durbin Model to empirically analyze the influence of intra‐regional and IRCI on regional innovation efficiency. The results show that: (a) both intra‐regional and IRCI promote regional innovation efficiency, but the internal factors are the primary influences on regional innovation efficiency; (b) intra‐regional collaborative innovation not only promotes local regional innovation efficiency but also promotes innovation efficiency in other regions effectively, although its driving effect on the local region is higher than on other regions; (c) there is a time lag in promoting regional innovation efficiency through the cooperation and interaction among innovation in knowledge, technological, industrial, and service, and environment capabilities. The regional innovation capacities can result in good collaborative innovation effects only after a certain period of cooperation.
Comparability of PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry assays for non‐small‐cell lung cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Koomen Bregje M , Badrising Sushil K , van den Heuvel Michel M , Willems Stefan M
Published: December 2019

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) immunohistochemistry is used to determine which patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) respond best to treatment with PD‐L1 inhibitors. For each inhibitor, a unique immunohistochemical assay was developed. This systematic review gives an up‐to‐date insight into the comparability of standardised immunohistochemical assays and laboratory‐developed tests (LDTs), focusing specifically on tumour cell (TC) staining and scoring. A systematic search was performed identifying publications that assessed interassay, interobserver and/or interlaboratory concordance of PD‐L1 assays and LDTs in tissue of NSCLC patients. Of 4294 publications identified through the systematic search, 27 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were of sufficient methodological quality. Studies assessing interassay concordance found high agreement between assays 22C3, 28‐8 and SP263 and properly validated LDTs, and lower concordance for comparisons involving SP142. A decrease in concordance, however, is seen with use of cut‐offs, which hampers interchangeability of PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry assays and LDTs. Studies assessing interobserver concordance found high agreement for all assays and LDTs, but lower agreement with use of a 1% cut‐off. This may be problematic in clinical practice, as discordance between pathologists at this cut‐off may result in some patients being denied valuable treatment options. Finally, five studies assessed interlaboratory concordance and found moderate to high agreement levels for various assays and LDTs. However, to assess the actual existence of interlaboratory variation in PD‐L1 testing and PD‐L1 positivity in clinical practice, studies using real‐world clinical pathology data are needed.
Errors in egg‐laying by female Common CuckooCuculus canorusin nests of its common host
Authors: Honza Marcel , Požgayová Milica , Procházka Petr , Koleček Jaroslav
Published: December 2019

Dozens of studies have documented that brood parasites are well adapted to a brood parasitic lifestyle but not all parasitism events are successful. Co‐evolution between brood parasites and their hosts is a dynamic process so it is reasonable to expect that a female brood parasite may commit errors during egg deposition by laying her eggs outside the laying period of the host, with consequent impacts on her fitness. Using an extensive dataset from a long‐term study, we evaluated egg‐laying patterns and errors related to the timing of egg‐laying in the Common CuckooCuculus canorus(hereafter ‘Cuckoo’). Specifically, we tested whether the Cuckoo avoids laying before or on the day of host clutch initiation to reduce the risk of rejection of parasitic eggs, whether laying errors will be more frequent in periods with a lack of active host nests, and whether the laying errors will be more frequent in periods with intense Cuckoo parasitism and a consequent lack of suitable host nests. We found that about one‐third of Cuckoo eggs were laid on the host clutch initiation day or 1 day before, and the percentage of Cuckoo eggs laid decreased thereafter. Surprisingly, the probability of Cuckoo egg acceptance by the hosts was not affected by the egg‐laying stage of the host clutch. Errors in the timing of egg‐laying with fatal consequences (i.e. those precluding Cuckoo hatching because of laying in incubated or deserted clutches) were recorded in about 5% of cases. Only laying date of a Cuckoo egg had a significant effect on the probability of errors, which increased during the breeding season. This may be related to the higher number of deserted and incubated host nests at the site at the end of the breeding season. Errors in egg‐laying may be attributed to young and inexperienced females but also impaired body condition or intraspecific competition may cause this behaviour. Future studies, which will test these possible explanations, will help to understand better the mechanism of co‐evolutionary arms races and differences between host specialist and generalist brood parasites in various host–parasite systems.
Clinicopathological features of malignant urachal tumor: A hospital‐based cancer registry data in Japan
Authors: Nagumo Yoshiyuki , Kojima Takahiro , Shiga Masanobu , Kojo Kosuke , Tanaka Ken , Kandori Shuya , Kimura Tomokazu , Kawahara Takashi , Kawai Koji , Okuyama Ayako , Higashi Takahiro , Nishiyama Hiroyuki
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To identify the clinicopathological features of malignant urachal tumor in Japan, and analyze the 5‐year overall survival of malignant urachal tumor patients.

Methods

We used the hospital‐based cancer registry data to extract malignant urachal tumor cases that were diagnosed in 2008–2009 and 2012–2015, histologically confirmed, and received the first course of treatment. We analyzed the 5‐year overall survival using the 2008–2009 cohort’s data.

Results

We identified 456 patients, and malignant urachal tumor accounted for 0.4% of all malignant bladder cancers. The median age was 61 years (range 2–97), and 66% were men. The most common histology was adenocarcinoma (80%), followed by urothelial carcinoma (11%) and squamous cell carcinoma (3%). The proportions of patients were: 19% Ta/Tis/T1N0M0, 55% T2–3N0M0, 13% T4/N+ and 13% M+. Regarding the initial treatment, the proportions of surgery alone were 79% and 33% in cases of T3 or less N0M0 and T4/N+, respectively. The proportion of combination therapy including surgery and chemotherapy were 13% and 44% in T2–3N0M0 and T4/N+, respectively. Radiation therapy was not common at any stage. In the 2008–2009 cohort, the 5‐year overall survival rate in Ta/Tis/T1N0M0, T2–3N0M0, T4/N+ and M+ were 60%, 64%, 63% and 12%, respectively.

Conclusions

Malignant urachal tumors are quite rare in Japan, and most of those without metastasis are likely to be treated by surgery alone, even at advanced stages. A standard of care must be established for malignant urachal tumor patients at advanced stages or with metastasis, as the prognosis of these patients can be poor.
Re‐identification in the Absence of Common Variables for Matching
Authors: Smith Duncan
Published: December 2019

A basic concern in statistical disclosure limitation is the re‐identification of individuals in anonymised microdata. Linking against a second dataset that contains identifying information can result in a breach of confidentiality. Almost all linkage approaches are based on comparing the values of variables that are common to both datasets. It is tempting to think that if datasets contain no common variables, then there can be no risk of re‐identification. However, linkage has been attempted between such datasets via the extraction of structural information using ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators. Although this approach has been shown to perform better than randomly pairing records, it is debatable whether it demonstrates a practically significant disclosure risk. This paper reviews some of the main aspects of statistical disclosure limitation. It then goes on to show that a relatively simple, supervised Bayesian approach can consistently outperform OWA linkage. Furthermore, the Bayesian approach demonstrates a significant risk of re‐identification for the types of data considered in the OWA record linkage literature.
On variable ordination of modified Cholesky decomposition for estimating time‐varying covariance matrices
Authors: Kang Xiaoning , Deng Xinwei , Tsui Kam‐Wah , Pourahmadi Mohsen
Published: December 2019

Estimating time‐varying covariance matrices of the vector of interest is challenging both computationally and statistically due to a large number of constrained parameters. In this work, we consider an order‐averaged Cholesky‐log‐GARCH (OA‐CLGARCH) model for estimating time‐varying covariance matrices through the orthogonal transformations of the vector based on the modified Cholesky decomposition. The proposed method is to transform the vector at each time as a linear transformation of uncorrelated latent variables and then to use simple univariate GARCH models to model them separately. But the modified Cholesky decomposition relies on a given order of variables, which is often not available, to sequentially orthogonalize the variables. The proposed method develops an order‐averaged strategy for the Cholesky‐GARCH method to alleviate the effect of order of variables. The merits of the proposed method are illustrated through simulations and real‐data studies.
Shared decision making in the social services? Reasons to consider when choosing methods for service user participation
Authors: Nykänen Pia
Published: December 2019

User participation is nowadays a desirable feature of social services work. The International Federation of Social Workers states that staff shall promote the participation of clients so as to “enable them to be empowered in all aspects of decisions and actions affecting their lives.” The statement is codified in various national ethical codes; the Swedish Code of Conduct and Ethical Behaviour for Social Workers specifies that interventions shall build on client participation and common agreement. However, a 2012 Swedish governmental report noted that among 16 methods for user participation in the social services, psychiatry, and abuse and addiction care, only one, shared decision making (SDM), had been evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Given this lack of evaluations, how ought professionals to choose between the various methods? The aim of this article is to introduce distinctions in order to answer the question of how social workers ought to choose between different user participation methods, to suggest how this choice could be made, and to argue that the case for SDM seems to be stronger than for other methods. We can distinguish between justificatory, motivational, and explanatory reasons in order to clarify what types of reasons are relevant when choosing between methods. Another distinction concerns general and specific reasons for user participation. No particular method for user participation can inherit its support only from general reasons, since these ordinarily do not point out any method as better than another one. Rather, specific reasons are needed. Social workers do have good reasons for choosing certain methods for user participation rather than others. These methods can be found by looking at specific justificatory reasons. The case for SDM is strengthened by its having been evaluated in RCTs and also because the SDM components harmonize with relevant components in the presented (Swedish) legislation.
AGS and NIA Bench‐to Bedside Conference Summary: Osteoporosis and Soft Tissue (Muscle and Fat) Disorders
Authors: Colón‐Emeric Cathleen , Whitson Heather E. , Berry Sarah D. , Fielding Roger A. , Houston Denise K. , Kiel Douglas P. , Rosen Clifford J. , Seldeen Kenneth L. , Volpi Elena , White James P. , Troen Bruce R.
Published: December 2019

This report summarizes the presentations and recommendations of the eleventh annual American Geriatrics Society and National Institute on Aging research conference, “Osteoporosis and Soft Tissue (Muscle/Fat) Disorders,” on March 11‐12, 2019, in Bethesda, Maryland. Falls, fractures, and sarcopenia have a major impact on health in older adults, and they are interconnected by known risk factors. The link between osteoporosis, which is common in older adults, and the risk of falls is well known. Sarcopenia, the age‐related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, is also associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures because it reduces strength and leads to functional limitations. In addition to increasing the risk of falls, sarcopenia and osteoporosis can lead to frailty, reduced quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. The conference highlighted the impact of bone and soft tissue disorders on quality of life, morbidity, and mortality in older adults. Presenters described factors that contribute to these disorders; health disparities experienced by various subpopulations; and promising biological, pharmacologic, and behavioral interventions to prevent or treat these disorders. The workshop identified many research gaps and questions along with research recommendations that have the potential to enhance the prospect of healthy aging and improved quality of life for older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:31–38, 2019
Down‐regulation of miR‐3068‐3p enhances kcnip4‐regulated A‐type potassium current to protect against glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity
Authors: Su Zi‐Jun , Wang Xu‐Yi , Zhou Chen , Chai Zhen
Published: December 2019

The main cause of excitotoxic neuronal death in ischemic stroke is the massive release of glutamate. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play an essential role in stroke pathology, although the molecular mechanisms remain to be investigated. Here, to identify potential candidate miRNAs involved in excitotoxicity, we treated rat primary cortical neurons with glutamate and found that miR‐3068‐3p, a novel miRNA, was up‐regulated. We hypothesized that restoring miR‐3068‐3p expression might influence the neuronal injury outcomes. The inhibition of miR‐3068‐3p, using tough decoy lentiviruses, significantly attenuated the effects of glutamate on neuronal viability and intracellular calcium overload. To unravel the mechanisms, we employed bioinformatics analysis and RNA sequencing to identify downstream target genes. Additional luciferase assays and western blots validated kcnip4, a Kv4‐mediated A‐type potassium current (IA) regulator, as a direct target of miR‐3068‐3p. The inhibition of miR‐3068‐3p increased kcnip4 expression and vice versa. In addition, the knockdown of kcnip4 by shRNA abolished the protective effect of miR‐3068‐3p, and over‐expressing kcnip4 alone was sufficient to play a neuroprotective role in excitotoxicity. Moreover the inhibition of miR‐3068‐3p enhanced the IA density, and the pharmacological inhibition of IA abrogated the protective role of miR‐3068‐3p inhibition and kcnip4 over‐expression. Therefore, we conclude that inhibition of miR‐3068‐3p protects against excitotoxicity via its target gene, kcnip4, and kcnip4‐regulated IA. Our data suggest that the miR‐3068‐3p/kcnip4 axis may serve as a novel target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

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A context analysis on how oral care is delivered in hospitalised patients: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: van Noort Harm H. J. , Witteman Ben J. M. , den Hertog‐Voortman Ria , Everaars Babette , Vermeulen Hester , Huisman‐de Waal Getty
Published: December 2019

Aims and Objectives

To analyse oral care delivery in one hospital through exploring experiences from both nurses’ and patients’ perspectives and examining patients’ oral health.

Background

Oral health problems are associated with undernutrition and other general health outcomes. Although oral care belongs to the essentials of nursing, it is often neglected. Improving oral health may require behaviour change of both nurses and patients. Defining tailored strategies need a clear view on the context.

Design

A context analysis in one hospital using a convergent parallel mixed‐methods design was reported following the EQUATOR guidelines using two checklists: COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (qualitative research) and STROBE (observational research).

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 19 nurses and 11 patients. The topic list was based on the Integrated Change Model. Prospective oral examination was performed among 91 surgical patients using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT).

Results

Nurses acknowledged that they did not prioritise oral care in daily practice. Furthermore, they lacked knowledge and skills to identify and provide care for oral problems. Nurses mentioned helpful resources to perform oral care, like standardised language and instruments. However, they had no access to or were unaware of them. Patients admitted that they did not prioritise oral care due to their sickness during hospitalisation, were unaware of the importance of oral care, but felt responsible for their oral care. The most prominent oral problems identified with the OHAT were unclean mouths (n = 75, 82%), unhealthy gum and tissues (n = 55, 60%) and dry mouth (n = 42, 46%).

Conclusions

This context analysis identified inadequate oral care due to lack of positive attitude and knowledge in both nurses and patients, skills for nurses, and resources.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The behavioural factors indicate strategies for development of a multicomponent intervention to improve oral care in this hospital, nutritional status and general health outcomes.