bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulating Mechanistic Reasoning in Physics Using Student-Constructed Stop-Motion Animations
Authors: Bachtiar Rayendra Wahyu , Meulenbroeks Ralph F. G. , van Joolingen Wouter R.
Published: April 2021

This article reports on a case study that aims to help students develop mechanistic reasoning through constructing a model based stop-motion animation of a physical phenomenon. Mechanistic reasoning is a valuable thinking strategy for students in trying to make sense of scientific phenomena. Ten ninth-grade students used stop-motion software to create an animation of projectile motion. Retrospective think-aloud interviews were conducted to investigate how the construction of a stop-motion animation induced the students’ mechanistic reasoning. Mechanistic reasoning did occur while the students engaged in creating the animation, in particular chunking and sequencing. Moreover, all students eventually exhibited mechanistic reasoning including abstract concepts, e.g., not directly observable agents. Students who reached the highest level of mechanistic reasoning, i.e., chaining, demonstrated deeper conceptual understanding of content.
Detection of dynamical regime transitions with lacunarity as a multiscale recurrence quantification measure
Authors: Braun Tobias , Unni Vishnu R. , Sujith R. I. , Kurths Juergen , Marwan Norbert
Published: April 2021

We propose lacunarity as a novel recurrence quantification measure and illustrate its efficacy to detect dynamical regime transitions which are exhibited by many complex real-world systems. We carry out a recurrence plot-based analysis for different paradigmatic systems and nonlinear empirical data in order to demonstrate the ability of our method to detect dynamical transitions ranging across different temporal scales. It succeeds to distinguish states of varying dynamical complexity in the presence of noise and non-stationarity, even when the time series is of short length. In contrast to traditional recurrence quantifiers, no specification of minimal line lengths is required and geometric features beyond linear structures in the recurrence plot can be accounted for. This makes lacunarity more broadly applicable as a recurrence quantification measure. Lacunarity is usually interpreted as a measure of heterogeneity or translational invariance of an arbitrary spatial pattern. In application to recurrence plots, it quantifies the degree of heterogeneity in the temporal recurrence patterns at all relevant time scales. We demonstrate the potential of the proposed method when applied to empirical data, namely time series of acoustic pressure fluctuations from a turbulent combustor. Recurrence lacunarity captures both the rich variability in dynamical complexity of acoustic pressure fluctuations and shifting time scales encoded in the recurrence plots. Furthermore, it contributes to a better distinction between stable operation and near blowout states of combustors.
Distance and Trust: An Examination of the Two Opposing Factors Impacting Adoption of Postal Voting Among Citizens Living Abroad
Authors: Nemčok Miroslav , Peltoniemi Johanna
Published: April 2021

Postal voting intends to provide citizens residing abroad with a convenient voting technique to influence political representation in their country of origin. However, its adoption among individuals is dependent on two opposing factors. On the one hand, voting via post helps to overcome the increasingdistancebetween a voter’s residency abroad and the nearest polling station organized by a diplomatic mission (mostly at an embassy or a consulate). On the other hand, this way of voting also requires enoughtrustthat the postal service and designated state office will successfully deliver one’s vote to the ballot box because the result cannot be effectively verified without violation of the ballot secrecy. We examine the interaction of these two factors in an originally conducted survey among Finnish citizens residing abroad fielded shortly after the 2019 Parliamentary elections—the first occasion after Finland put postal voting into effect. Altogether, 664 respondents responded to all questions required for our specification of binomial logistic regression models controlling for various potential confounders. The results demonstrate that trust in postal voting moderates the impact of distance on one’s probability to adopt postal voting. While low-trusting emigrant voters remain largely indifferent regardless of the distance to the nearest polling station, medium-trusting non-resident citizens increasingly mail their ballots when the nearest polling station is more than 100 km away. High-trusting individuals begin to increasingly do so when they are ten to 30 km away.
The Role of Composition and Phase upon the Lattice Nitrogen Reactivity of Ternary Molybdenum Nitrides
Authors: Daisley Angela , Costley-Wood Lucy , Hargreaves Justin S. J.
Published: April 2021

The reactivity of the lattice nitrogen in the filled β-Mn structured Co2Mo3N and the η-carbide structured Co3Mo3N and Fe3Mo3N has been investigated under 3:1 H2/Ar at temperatures up to 900 °C. The lattice nitrogen in Co3Mo3N was found to be reactive, as reported previously, whereas Co2Mo3N was shown to be stable up to 800 °C. Upon H2/Ar treatment at 900 °C, the Co2Mo3N, Co3Mo3N and Fe3Mo3N phases decomposed. These results suggest that both metal composition and phase have an influence on the bulk lattice nitrogen reactivity of the ternary nitrides.
Invariant Gibbs measures for the three-dimensional wave equation with a Hartree nonlinearity I: measures
Authors: Bringmann Bjoern
Published: April 2021

In this two-paper series, we prove the invariance of the Gibbs measure for a three-dimensional wave equation with a Hartree nonlinearity. The main novelty is the singularity of the Gibbs measure with respect to the Gaussian free field. The singularity has several consequences in both measure-theoretic and dynamical aspects of our argument. In this paper, we construct and study the Gibbs measure. Our approach is based on earlier work of Barashkov and Gubinelli for the$$\Phi ^4_3$$Φ34-model. Most importantly, our truncated Gibbs measures are tailored towards the dynamical aspects in the second part of the series. In addition, we develop new tools dealing with the non-locality of the Hartree interaction. We also determine the exact threshold between singularity and absolute continuity of the Gibbs measure depending on the regularity of the interaction potential.
Angebot, Nutzung und Ertrag von Konzeptwechseltexten zu Neuromythen bei angehenden Biologielehrkräften
Authors: Grospietsch Finja , Mayer Jürgen
Published: April 2021

Lehrkräftebildung hat das Ziel, Studierende zu Fachleuten für das Lehren und Lernen auszubilden. Empirische Studien zeigen jedoch sowohl bei angehenden als auch praktizierenden Lehrkräften eine hohe Zustimmung zu Fehlvorstellungen zum Thema Gehirn und Lernen – sogenannten Neuromythen. In der vorliegenden Studie wird in einem Mixed-Model-Design (N = 40) mit quantitativen und qualitativen Forschungsmethoden und vor dem theoretischen Hintergrund eines Angebots-Nutzungs-Modells untersucht, inwiefern sich durch eine universitäre Lehrveranstaltung mit Konzeptwechseltexten die Zustimmung angehender Biologielehrkräfte zu Neuromythen verändern lässt. Dazu wurde ein Seminar entwickelt und durchgeführt, in dem neun Konzeptwechseltexte eingesetzt wurden. Quantitative Daten wurden zu drei Messzeitpunkten mittels Fragebogen erhoben, qualitative Daten semesterbegleitend mittels offener Aufgaben zu Konzeptwechseltexten. Durch die systematische Verschränkung der Daten wurden Gelingensbedingungen für den Ertrag des Lernangebots geprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass angehende Biologielehrkräfte Neuromythen nicht nur zustimmen, sondern fachlich nicht angemessene und subjektiv-biografische Argumente für Neuromythen nennen. Trotz identifizierter Optimierungsmöglichkeiten bei Angebot und Nutzung der Konzeptwechseltexte für/durch die Studierenden zeigen die quantitativen Ergebnisse, dass sich die Zustimmung zu Neuromythen durch das Seminar mit Konzeptwechseltexten nachhaltig und mit mittleren bis hohen Effektstärken reduzieren lässt. Die qualitativen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Argumente angehender Lehrkräfte für Neuromythen breit gestreut sind und nur zu 37–76 % mit den Inhalten der konzipierten Konzeptwechseltexte übereinstimmen. Die Nachbereitung der Konzeptwechseltexte durch die Studierenden verblieb in vielen Fällen auf niedrigem Niveau. Passung des Lehr-Lern-Materials sowie Nachbereitungsniveau erwiesen sich jedoch nicht als Gelingensbedingungen für den Ertrag des Lernangebots. Insgesamt stützen die Ergebnisse, dass das Aufgreifen und Reflektieren von Fehlvorstellungen eine gewinnbringende Perspektive für die Lehrkräftebildung darstellt.
Development and evaluation of demonstration information recording approach for wheelchair mounted robotic arm
Authors: Chi Mingshan , Liu Yaxin , Yao Yufeng , Liu Yan , Li Shouqiang , Zeng Chao , Zhong Ming
Published: April 2021

To offer simple and convenient assistance for the elderly and disabled, researchers focus on programming by demonstration approach to improve the intelligence and adaptability of wheelchair mounted robotic arm assistive robot. But how to easily and quickly obtain the demonstration information is still an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the systematic analysis of the daily living tasks in need of robot assistance, this paper proposes the key-point-based programming by demonstration recording approach to quickly obtain the demonstration information and develops a specified demonstration interface to simplify the operation process. A corresponding evaluation approach is also proposed from the demonstration trajectories and demonstration process two aspects. Additionally, tasks of “holding water glass task”, “eating task”, and “opening door task” are carried out and experimental results, as well as comparative evaluations confirm the validity of the proposed approach with high efficiency. This study can not only offer a convenient and feasible way to obtain the demonstration information of daily living tasks, but also lay a good foundation for the assistive robot to learn relative motion skills, especially for the demonstrated dexterous manipulation skills, and semi-autonomously accomplish complex, multi-step tasks following the user’s instructions in the daily home environment.
Fidelity Assessment of Real-Time Hybrid Substructure Testing: a Review and the Application of Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Insam C. , Rixen D. J.
Published: April 2021

Real-Time Hybrid Substructure (RTHS) testing is a commonly used method to investigate the dynamical influence of a component on a mechanical system. In RTHS, a part of the dynamical system is tested experimentally, while the remaining structure is simulated numerically in a co-simulation. There are several error sources in the RTHS loop that distort the test outcome. To investigate the reliability of the test, the fidelity of the test must be quantified. In many engineering applications, however, there is no reference solution available to which the test outcome can be validated against. This work reviews currently existing accuracy measures used in RTHS. Furthermore, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict the fidelity of the RTHS test outcome when no reference solution is available is proposed. Appropriate input features for the network, such as dynamic properties of the system and existing error indicators, are discussed. ANN training was performed on a data set from a virtual RTHS (vRTHS) simulation of a dynamical system with contact. The training process was successful, meaning that the correlation between the ANN prediction and the true fidelity value was > 99%. Then, the network was applied to data of experimental RTHS tests of the same dynamical system and achieved a correlation of 98%, which proves that the relation found by the ANN captured the relation between the chosen input features and the error measure. The application of the trained ANN to data from a linear vRTHS test revealed that further improvement of the network and the choice of input features is necessary. This work suggests that ANNs could be a meaningful tool to predict the fidelity of the RTHS test outcome in the absence of a reference solution, especially if more data from different RTHS tests were aggregated to train them.
The homotopy types of $$\mathrm{SO}(4)$$-gauge groups
Authors: Kishimoto Daisuke , Membrillo-Solis Ingrid , Theriault Stephen
Published: April 2021

The homotopy types of gauge groups of principal $$\mathrm{SO}(4)$$

SO
(
4
)

-bundles over $$S^{4}$$

S
4

are classified p-locally for every prime p, and partial results are obtained integrally. The method generalizes to deal with any quotient of the form $$(S^{3})^{n}/Z$$

(

S
3

)

n

/
Z

where Z is a subgroup generated by $$(-1,\ldots ,-1)$$

(
-
1
,
…
,
-
1
)

.
Spiking neural P systems: matrix representation and formal verification
Authors: Gheorghe Marian , Lefticaru Raluca , Konur Savas , Niculescu Ionuţ Mihai , Adorna Henry N.
Published: April 2021

Structural and behavioural properties of models are very important in development of complex systems and applications. In this paper, we investigate such properties for some classes of SN P systems. First, a class of SN P systems associated to a set of routing problems are investigated through their matrix representation. This allows to make certain connections amongst some of these problems. Secondly, the behavioural properties of these SN P systems are formally verified through a natural and direct mapping of these models into kP systems which are equipped with adequate formal verification methods and tools. Some examples are used to prove the effectiveness of the verification approach.
The Discovery and Interpretation of Evidence Accumulation Stages
Authors: van Maanen Leendert , Portoles Oscar , Borst Jelmer P.
Published: April 2021

To improve the understanding of cognitive processing stages, we combined two prominent traditions in cognitive science: evidence accumulation models and stage discovery methods. While evidence accumulation models have been applied to a wide variety of tasks, they are limited to tasks in which decision-making effects can be attributed to a single processing stage. Here, we propose a new method that first uses machine learning to discover processing stages in EEG data and then applies evidence accumulation models to characterize the duration effects in the identified stages. To evaluate this method, we applied it to a previously published associative recognition task (Application 1) and a previously published random dot motion task with a speed-accuracy trade-off manipulation (Application 2). In both applications, the evidence accumulation models accounted better for the data when we first applied the stage-discovery method, and the resulting parameter estimates where generally in line with psychological theories. In addition, in Application 1 the results shed new light on target-foil effects in associative recognition, while in Application 2 the stage discovery method identified an additional stage in the accuracy-focused condition — challenging standard evidence accumulation accounts. We conclude that the new framework provides a powerful new tool to investigate processing stages.
‘Go fish’: Conceptualising the challenges of engaging national web archives for digital research
Authors: Ogden Jessica , Maemura Emily
Published: April 2021

Our work considers the sociotechnical and organisational constraints of web archiving in order to understand how these factors and contingencies influence research engagement with national web collections. In this article, we compare and contrast our experiences of undertaking web archival research at two national web archives: the UK Web Archive located at the British Library and the Netarchive at the Royal Danish Library. Based on personal interactions with the collections, interviews with library staff and observations of web archiving activities, we invoke three conceptual devices (orientating, auditingandconstructing) to describe common research practices and associated challenges in the context of each national web archive. Through this framework we centre the early stages of the research process that are often only given cursory attention in methodological descriptions of web archival research, to discuss the epistemological entanglements of researcher practices, instruments, tools and methods that create the conditions of possibility for new knowledge and scholarship in this space. In this analysis, we highlight the significant time and energy required on the part of researchers to begin using national web archives, as well as the value of engaging with the curatorial infrastructure that enables web archiving in practice. Focusing an analysis on these research infrastructures facilitates a discussion of how these web archival interfaces both enable and foreclose on particular forms of researcher engagement with the past Web and in turn contributes to critical ongoing debates surrounding the opportunities and constraints of digital sources, methodologies and claims within the Digital Humanities.
Factors influencing the negotiation of ethnic identity among 1.5 and second‐generation Asian migrants: A mixed methods systematic review
Authors: Dizon Lovely , Selak Vanessa , Ramalho Rodrigo , Peiris‐John Roshini
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Whilst positive ethnic identity is associated with higher self‐esteem, prosocial tendencies and peer acceptance, it is inversely associated with depressive symptoms and drug use among ethnic minority individuals. Negotiating ethnic identity is particularly challenging for 1.5‐and second‐generation migrant populations, finding themselves positioned between host culture and culture of origin. To inform positive youth development policies and practices, this systematic literature review aimed to identify factors influencing the negotiation of ethnic identity for 1.5‐and second‐generation Asian migrants living in high‐income countries.

Methods

A mixed‐methods systematic review was conducted of peer‐reviewed literature in four databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo and Scopus. Articles were screened by title, abstract and full text to ascertain whether they met the inclusion criteria. Quality of studies were assessed using MMAT Version 2011. Mixed‐method thematic analysis was used to synthesis the data according to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model.

Results

Forty‐seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The review findings confirm a wide range of factors influencing the negotiation of ethnic identity from three systems in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, most commonly from the macrosystem (e.g stereotyping), followed by microsystem (e.g family) and individual factors (e.g heritage language use).

Conclusions

Results indicate negotiating ethnic identity can be challenging and difficult, where the culture/norms of country of origin and host country play a significant role. Positive youth development policies and practices need to reflect these wide range of factors. More research is needed in countries where data is not available to facilitate greater response to needs of this increasing population group.
Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Sport- and Non-Sport-Related Concussions
Authors: Ballinger Karen , McGuinty Duncan , Girardin Richard , Zerkee Leanne , Ellis Michael J. , Russell Kelly
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

The objectives were to examine clinical characteristics, length of recovery, and the prevalence of delayed physician-documented recovery, compare clinical outcomes among those with sport-related concussion (SRC) and non-sport-related concussion (nSRC), and identify risk factors for delayed recovery.

Methods:

Included patients (8–18 years) were assessed ≤14 days post-injury at a multidisciplinary concussion program and diagnosed with an acute SRC or nSRC. Physician-documented clinical recovery was defined as returning to pre-injury symptom status, attending full-time school without symptoms, completing Return-to-Sport strategy as needed, and normal physical examination. Delayed physician-documented recovery was defined as >28 days post-injury.

Results:

Four hundred and fifteen patients were included (77.8% SRC). There was no difference in loss of consciousness (SRC: 9.9% vs nSRC: 13.0%,p= 0.39) or post-traumatic amnesia (SRC: 24.1% vs SRC: 31.5%,p= 0.15) at the time of injury or any differences in median Post-Concussion Symptom Scale scores (SRC: 20 vs nSRC: 23,p= 0.15) at initial assessment. Among those with complete clinical follow-up, the median physician-documented clinical recovery was 20 days (SRC: 19 vs nSRC: 23;p= 0.37). There was no difference in the proportion of patients who developed delayed physician-documented recovery (SRC: 27.7% vs nSRC: 36.1%;p= 0.19). Higher initial symptom score increased the risk of delayed physician-documented recovery (IRR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.49). Greater material deprivation and social deprivation were associated with an increased risk of delayed physician-documented recovery.

Conclusions:

Most pediatric concussion patients who undergo early medical assessment and complete follow-up appear to make a complete clinical recovery within 4 weeks, regardless of mechanism.
“Racist-Blind, Not Color-Blind” by Design: Confronting Systemic Racism in Our Educational Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Pak Yoon K.
Published: April 2021

This History of Education Society Presidential Address comes at the society's sixtieth anniversary and provides a new conceptual framework that foregrounds recognizing a “racist-blind,” and not a color-blind, ideology in the intentional and unequal design our educational past and present. It highlights systemic racism brought on by the dual pandemic moments of COVID-19 and global racial unrest, with a call to action for educational historians to lead in promoting systemic, institutional changes.
A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom
Authors: Danson Colin N. , White Malcolm , Barr John R. M. , Bett Thomas , Blyth Peter , Bowley David , Brenner Ceri , Collins Robert J. , Croxford Neal , Dangor A. E. Bucker , Devereux Laurence , Dyer Peter E. , Dymoke-Bradshaw Anthony , Edwards Christopher B. , Ewart Paul , Ferguson Allister I. , Girkin John M. , Hall Denis R. , Hanna David C. , Harris Wayne , Hillier David I. , Hooker Christopher J. , Hooker Simon M. , Hopps Nicholas , Hull Janet , Hunt David , Jaroszynski Dino A. , Kempenaars Mark , Kessler Helmut , Knight Sir Peter L. , Knight Steve , Knowles Adrian , Lewis Ciaran L. S. , Lipton Ken S. , Littlechild Abby , Littlechild John , Maggs Peter , Malcolm Graeme P. A. , Mangles Stuart P. D. , Martin William , McKenna Paul , Moore Richard O. , Morrison Clive , Najmudin Zulfikar , Neely David , New Geoff H. C. , Norman Michael J. , Paine Ted , Parker Anthony W. , Penman Rory R. , Pert Geoff J. , Pietraszewski Chris , Randewich Andrew , Rizvi Nadeem H. , Seddon Nigel , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Slater David , Smith Roland A. , Spindloe Christopher , Taylor Roy , Thomas Gary , Tisch John W. G. , Wark Justin S. , Webb Colin , Wiggins S. Mark , Willford Dave , Winstone Trevor
Published: April 2021

The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years.
Clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized for psychiatric disorders: a French multi-centered prospective observational study
Authors: Dobre Daniela , Schwan Raymund , Jansen Claire , Schwitzer Thomas , Martin Olivier , Ligier Fabienne , Rolland Benjamin , Ahad Pierre Abdel , Capdevielle Delphine , Corruble Emmanuelle , Delamillieure Pascal , Dollfus Sonia , Drapier Dominique , Bennabi Djamila , Joubert Fabien , Lecoeur William , Massoubre Catherine , Pelissolo Antoine , Roser Mathilde , Schmitt Christophe , Teboul Noé , Vansteene Clément , Yekhlef Wanda , Yrondi Antoine , Haoui Radoine , Gaillard Raphaël , Leboyer Marion , Thomas Pierre , Gorwood Philip , Laprevote Vincent
Published: April 2021

Background

Patients with psychiatric disorders are exposed to high risk of COVID-19 and increased mortality. In this study, we set out to assess the clinical features and outcomes of patients with current psychiatric disorders exposed to COVID-19.

Methods

This multi-center prospective study was conducted in 22 psychiatric wards dedicated to COVID-19 inpatients between 28 February and 30 May 2020. The main outcomes were the number of patients transferred to somatic care units, the number of deaths, and the number of patients developing a confusional state. The risk factors of confusional state and transfer to somatic care units were assessed by a multivariate logistic model. The risk of death was analyzed by a univariate analysis.

Results

In total, 350 patients were included in the study. Overall, 24 (7%) were transferred to medicine units, 7 (2%) died, and 51 (15%) patients presented a confusional state. Severe respiratory symptoms predicted the transfer to a medicine unit [odds ratio (OR) 17.1; confidence interval (CI) 4.9–59.3]. Older age, an organic mental disorder, a confusional state, and severe respiratory symptoms predicted mortality in univariate analysis. Age >55 (OR 4.9; CI 2.1–11.4), an affective disorder (OR 4.1; CI 1.6–10.9), and severe respiratory symptoms (OR 4.6; CI 2.2–9.7) predicted a higher risk, whereas smoking (OR 0.3; CI 0.1–0.9) predicted a lower risk of a confusional state.

Conclusion

COVID-19 patients with severe psychiatric disorders have multiple somatic comorbidities and have a risk of developing a confusional state. These data underline the need for extreme caution given the risks of COVID-19 in patients hospitalized for psychiatric disorders.
Using life histories to explore the complexities of internal and international migration
Authors: Pooley Colin G.
Published: April 2021

Residential migration is one of the most problematic demographic variables. In Britain there are no sources that routinely record all moves, and the motives behind relocation are rarely recorded. In this paper I argue that the use of life histories can add important depth and clarity to the study of residential moves. The paper focuses on two themes: the ways in which internal and international migration may be linked together over the life course, and the complex mix of reasons why a move may take place. Used sensitively, life histories and life writing can enhance the study of migration history.
Women, town councils, and the organisation of work in Bilbao and Antwerp: a north-south comparison (1400–1560)
Authors: Vandeweerdt Nena
Published: April 2021

In this article, I compare women's work opportunities in Bilbao, in northern Castile, and Antwerp, in the Low Countries, from 1400 to 1560. I argue that the different organisation of work in the two towns had a great influence on women's economic opportunities. Whereas women in Antwerp often worked alongside other members of their household because of the town's dominant craft guilds, Bilbao's informal trades were open to women on their own, independent of their husband or another male relative. As a result, women in Bilbao are more visible in the sources and were able to exert more influence on the town council.
The potential nutrition-, physical- and health-related benefits of cow’s milk for primary-school-aged children
Authors: Rumbold Penny , McCullogh Nicola , Boldon Ruth , Haskell-Ramsay Crystal , James Lewis , Stevenson Emma , Green Benjamin
Published: April 2021

Cow’s milk is a naturally nutrient-dense foodstuff. A significant source of many essential nutrients, its inclusion as a component of a healthy balanced diet has been long recommended. Beyond milk’s nutritional value, an increasing body of evidence illustrates cow’s milk may confer numerous benefits related to health. Evidence from adult populations suggests that cow’s milk may have a role in overall dietary quality, appetite control, hydration and cognitive function. Although evidence is limited compared with the adult literature, these benefits may be echoed in recent paediatric studies. This article, therefore, reviews the scientific literature to provide an evidence-based evaluation of the associated health benefits of cow’s milk consumption in primary-school-aged children (4–11 years). We focus on seven key areas related to nutrition and health comprising nutritional status, hydration, dental and bone health, physical stature, cognitive function, and appetite control. The evidence consistently demonstrates cow’s milk (plain and flavoured) improves nutritional status in primary-school-aged children. With some confidence, cow’s milk also appears beneficial for hydration, dental and bone health and beneficial to neutral concerning physical stature and appetite. Due to conflicting studies, reaching a conclusion has proven difficult concerning cow’s milk and cognitive function; therefore, a level of caution should be exercised when interpreting these results. All areas, however, would benefit from further robust investigation, especially in free-living school settings, to verify conclusions. Nonetheless, when the nutritional-, physical- and health-related impact of cow’s milk avoidance is considered, the evidence highlights the importance of increasing cow’s milk consumption.
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Authors: Lingiah Jason
Published: April 2021

In light of the COVID-19 situation, a decision was taken in March 2020 by the Assembly Business Committee to hold a Commission of the General Assembly to agree ‘straightforward, time-critical and non-controversial decisions’ – with which the Legal Questions Committee concurred under Act VI 1997.
Musical Æsthetics
Authors: Breakspeare Eustace J.
Published: April 2021

Many writers, nowadays, in treating of any subject, have the greatest difficulty in finding something new to say, so much having been said before them upon almost every variety of theme. In the subject of this paper I am, to some extent, free of this embarrassment; but my task is, I feel, not the less difficult on that account. When I say that writers have not given much attention to the subject of musical æsthetics, I allude more especially to English writers. The Germans have, indeed, busied themselves more than we have in this way, as might, perhaps, be well supposed from the somewhat abstract nature of the subject. But even they have not done so much with the particular branch of æsthetics relating to the musical art as one would have expected. If I myself enter this field, it is not, by any means, that I consider myself one most fitted for the labour; but I do so rather in the hope of inducing those to follow better able than I am to clear the ground of its difficulties.
The impact of a produce prescription programme on healthy food purchasing and diabetes-related health outcomes
Authors: Xie Julian , Price Ashley , Curran Neal , Østbye Truls
Published: April 2021

Objective:

To evaluate a Produce Prescription Programme’s utilisation and its effects on healthy food purchasing and diabetes control among participants with type 2 diabetes.

Design:

Prospective cohort study using participants’ electronic health records and food transaction data. Participants were categorised as ‘Frequent Spenders’ and ‘Sometimes Spenders’ based on utilisation frequency. Multivariate regressions assessed utilisation predictors and programme effects on fruit/vegetable purchasing (spending, expenditure share and variety) and on diabetes-related outcomes (HbA1c, BMI and blood pressure).

Setting:

Patients enrolled by clinics in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Participants received $40 monthly for fruits and vegetables at a grocery store chain.

Participants:

A total of 699 food-insecure participants (353 with diabetes).

Results:

Being female and older was associated with higher programme utilisation; hospitalisations were negatively associated with programme utilisation. Frequent Spender status was associated with $8·77 more in fruit/vegetable spending (P < 0·001), 3·3 % increase in expenditure share (P = 0·007) and variety increase of 2·52 fruits and vegetables (P < 0·001). For $10 of Produce Prescription Dollars spent, there was an $8·00 increase in fruit/vegetable spending (P < 0·001), 4·1 % increase in expenditure share and variety increase of 2·3 fruits/vegetables (P < 0·001). For the 353 participants with diabetes, there were no statistically significant relationships between programme utilisation and diabetes control.

Conclusions:

Programme utilisation was associated with healthier food purchasing, but the relatively short study period and modest intervention prevent making conclusions about health outcomes. Produce Prescription Programmes can increase healthy food purchasing among food-insecure people, which may improve chronic disease care.
Informing professional practice: (Future) Teachers' choice, use, and evaluation of (non-)scientific sources of educational topics
Authors: Thomm Eva , Seifried Eva , Bauer Johannes
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Understanding processes of selecting, evaluating, and using relevant information sources to inform oneself about scientific topics, that is, sourcing, is a current topic within educational psychology. This special issue combines recent research about sourcing with a particular focus on its role in the reception of educational research by (future) teachers. Recent debates about standards of teacher professionalism emphasize that teachers should be able to inform and justify their professional actions and decisions on the basis of scientific evidence. Thus, sourcing is an essential competence in retrieving and using relevant research knowledge. The contributions of this special issue shed light on different processes, requirements, and consequences of sourcing in the context of teacher education and teachers' work. They study potential factors and criteria that may affect teachers' selection, evaluation, and use of (non-)scientific information sources even in the pre-service stage of their development. Moreover, the studies analyze the impact of source preferences and accessibility of scientific sources on pre-service and in-service teachers' conceptions of educational topics and perceptions of educational research knowledge. Together with the two subsequent critical discussions, the contributions of this special issue point to challenges and obstacles that research usage by teachers and its preparation in teacher education face.
Konflikt-Coaching
Authors: ten Hoedt Francine
Published: April 2021

Sich richtig und produktiv zu streiten, kann Klarheit in Konflikte bringen und so unhaltbare und schmerzliche Situationen beenden. Geraten Konflikte jedoch außer Kontrolle, verlieren alle. In Konfliktsituationen kann man sich selbst kennenlernen, hier zeigen sich individuelle Stärken und Schwächen. Besitzt man die Fähigkeit, sich gegen Angriffe zu wehren? Mit welchen Eigenschaften kann man in Konfliktsituationen punkten? Wer lernt, seine Konfliktkompetenz zu stärken und gezielt einzusetzen, kann Konfliktsituationen aktiv gestalten. Das Buch wendet sich an alle Berufsgruppen, die mit Menschen arbeiten, die ihre Konfliktkompetenz verbessern möchten bzw. die sich aktuell in einer Konfliktsituation befinden.
Konflikt-Coaching ist eine eigene Form des Coachings. Ein Konflikt-Coach begleitet Menschen, die an einem Konflikt beteiligt sind. Er hilft ihnen, den Kern des Konflikts zu finden, und befähigt die Konfliktparteien dazu, den Konflikt selbst zu lösen. Der Band informiert über die vielfältigen Aufgaben eines Konflikt-Coaches und über die Grundhaltung, die er einnehmen muss, um Konfliktparteien unterstützen zu können. Weiterhin wird aufgezeigt, wie Konfliktsituationen analysiert und wie die Konfliktfähigkeit der am Konflikt beteiligten Personen eingeschätzt und gestärkt werden kann. Ein Kapitel beschäftigt sich zudem mit der konfliktfähigen Organisation und damit, wie Führungskräfte die Konfliktkompetenz einzelner Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter aktivieren können.
Safeguarding the microbial water quality from source to tap
Authors: Favere Jorien , Barbosa Raquel G. , Sleutels Tom , Verstraete Willy , De Gusseme Bart , Boon Nico
Published: April 2021

Anthropogenic activities and climate change can deteriorate the freshwater quality and stress its availability. This stress can, in turn, have an impact on the biostability of drinking water. Up to now, the microbiological quality of drinking water has been maintained through the selection of high-quality water sources allied to the use of disinfectants and the removal of organic carbon. But as freshwater becomes richer in other nutrients, strategies used so far may not suffice to keep a steady and high-quality supply of drinking water in the future. This article readdresses the discussion on drinking water biostability. We need to reframe the concept as a dynamic equilibrium that considers the available nutrients and energy sources (potential for growth) relative to the abundance and composition of the bacterial community (potential to consume the available resources).
Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on painful temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Aisaiti Adila , Zhou Yanli , Wen Yue , Zhou Weina , Wang Chen , Zhao Jing , Yu Linfeng , Zhang Jinglu , Wang Kelun , Svensson Peter
Published: April 2021

To evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled manner. Participants were divided into a masseter myalgia group (n = 88) and a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthralgia group (n = 87) according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Both groups randomly received PBMT or placebo treatment once a day for 7 consecutive days, one session. The PBMT was applied with a gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (wavelength = 810 nm) at pre-determined points in the masseter muscle (6 J/cm2, 3 regions, 60 s) or TMJ region (6 J/cm2, 5 points, 30 s) according to their most painful site. Pain intensity was rated on a 0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS) and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and mechanical sensitivity mapping were recorded before and after the treatment on day 1 and day 7. Jaw function was assessed by pain free jaw opening, maximum unassisted jaw opening, maximum assisted jaw opening, maximum protrusion and right and left excursion. Data were analyzed with a mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pain intensity in arthralgia patients decreased over time (P < 0.001) for both types of interventions, however, PBMT caused greater reduction in pain scores than placebo (P = 0.014). For myalgia patients, pain intensity decreased over time (P < 0.001) but without difference between interventions (P = 0.074). PPTs increased in both myalgia (P < 0.001) and TMJ arthralgia patients over time (P < 0.001) but without difference between interventions (P ≥ 0.614). Overall, PBMT was associated with marginally better improvements in range of motion compared to placebo in both myalgia and arthralgia patients. Pain intensity, sensory function and jaw movements improve after both PBMT and placebo treatments in myalgia and arthralgia patients indicating a substantial non-specific effect of PBMT.
Effect of graphite and graphene oxide on thorium carbide microstructural and thermal properties
Authors: Corradetti S. , Carturan S. M. , Ballan M. , Eloirdi R. , Amador Celdran P. , Walter O. , Staicu D. , Dieste Blanco O. , Andrighetto A. , Biasetto L.
Published: April 2021

Thorium carbide to be tested as target material for the production of 225Ac with the ISOL method, was produced via carbothermal reduction of ThO2 nanoparticles by graphite and graphene oxide, respectively. The use of graphene oxide (GO) as carbon source resulted in a reduced reactivity compared to graphite, confirmed by the presence of unreacted ThO2 mainly in the core of the samples. The reacted ThO2 or ThC2–GO showed a faster reactivity in air, mainly observed as ThC2 amorphization. The specific surface area of the ThC2–GO samples was almost doubled compared to ThC2–graphite samples. The effect of these microstructural features was analysed in terms of thermal diffusivity and calculated thermal conductivity that were both reduced in ThC2–GO samples, however the difference with ThC2–graphite samples decreased at increasing temperature. The present study shows that the use of unreduced GO inhibits the solid-state reaction between ThO2 and C; on the other hand, the high reactivity of the ThC2 so produced is expected to be beneficial for the 225Ac production with the ISOL method, affording a high release efficiency. It is expected that the use of reduced GO could represent a good solution for highly efficient ThC2 targets.
Multiple cytochrome P450 genes: conferring high levels of permethrin resistance in mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: Yang Ting , Li Ting , Feng Xuechun , Li Ming , Liu Shikai , Liu Nannan
Published: April 2021

Insecticides, especially pyrethroids, are the most important in the insect pest control and preventing insect vector-borne human diseases. However, insect pests, including mosquitoes, have developed resistance in the insecticides that used against them. Cytochrome P450s are associated with insecticide resistance through overexpression and detoxification mechanisms in insect species. In this study, we utilized a powerful tool, the RNAi technique, to determine the roles of key P450 genes overexpressed in permethrin resistant mosquitoes that confer insecticide resistance to unravel the molecular basis of resistance mechanisms in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The results showed that knockdown of 8 key P450 genes using RNAi techniques significantly decreased resistance to permethrin in resistant mosquitoes. In silico modeling and docking analysis further revealed the potential metabolic function of overexpressed P450 genes in the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. These findings not only highlighted the functional importance of these P450 genes in insecticide resistance, but also revealed that overexpression of multiple P450 genes was responsible for the high levels of insecticide resistance in a mosquito population of Culex quinquefasciatus.
A computational approach to aid clinicians in selecting anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 trials
Authors: Mongia Aanchal , Saha Sanjay Kr. , Chouzenoux Emilie , Majumdar Angshul
Published: April 2021

The year 2020 witnessed a heavy death toll due to COVID-19, calling for a global emergency. The continuous ongoing research and clinical trials paved the way for vaccines. But, the vaccine efficacy in the long run is still questionable due to the mutating coronavirus, which makes drug re-positioning a reasonable alternative. COVID-19 has hence fast-paced drug re-positioning for the treatment of COVID-19 and its symptoms. This work builds computational models using matrix completion techniques to predict drug-virus association for drug re-positioning. The aim is to assist clinicians with a tool for selecting prospective antiviral treatments. Since the virus is known to mutate fast, the tool is likely to help clinicians in selecting the right set of antivirals for the mutated isolate. The main contribution of this work is a manually curated database publicly shared, comprising of existing associations between viruses and their corresponding antivirals. The database gathers similarity information using the chemical structure of drugs and the genomic structure of viruses. Along with this database, we make available a set of state-of-the-art computational drug re-positioning tools based on matrix completion. The tools are first analysed on a standard set of experimental protocols for drug target interactions. The best performing ones are applied for the task of re-positioning antivirals for COVID-19. These tools select six drugs out of which four are currently under various stages of trial, namely Remdesivir (as a cure), Ribavarin (in combination with others for cure), Umifenovir (as a prophylactic and cure) and Sofosbuvir (as a cure). Another unanimous prediction is Tenofovir alafenamide, which is a novel Tenofovir prodrug developed in order to improve renal safety when compared to its original counterpart (older version) Tenofovir disoproxil. Both are under trail, the former as a cure and the latter as a prophylactic. These results establish that the computational methods are in sync with the state-of-practice. We also demonstrate how the drugs to be used against the virus would vary as SARS-Cov-2 mutates over time by predicting the drugs for the mutated strains, suggesting the importance of such a tool in drug prediction. We believe this work would open up possibilities for applying machine learning models to clinical research for drug-virus association prediction and other similar biological problems.
Daily gender expression is associated with psychological adjustment for some people, but mainly men
Authors: Beltz Adriene M. , Loviska Amy M. , Weigard Alexander
Published: April 2021

To what extent does gender expression vary day-to-day? Are daily changes related to psychological adjustment in the same way for all individuals? A person-specific approach was used to answer these questions in a 75-day intensive longitudinal study. Fifty-seven cisgender adults (27 women) provided over 4000 reports of daily masculinity and femininity and of three indices of internalizing problems. Results revealed: (a) substantial daily fluctuations in gender expression, especially in women; (b) sample-level links between daily increases in femininity or reductions in masculinity and heightened anxiety, depression, and self-reproach for men, but no apparent links for women; and (c) person-specific links between gender expression and psychological adjustment, such that some women reported internalizing problems with reduced masculinity (average male pattern) and some men reported problems with heightened masculinity (opposite the average male pattern). Findings highlight how intensive longitudinal research can illuminate the uniqueness of gender-related daily experiences, and their implications for the wellbeing of individuals.
Absorption modes of Möbius strip resonators
Authors: Hamilton Joshua K. , Hooper Ian R. , Lawrence Christopher R.
Published: April 2021

In this work, the electromagnetic response of a mathematically interesting shape—a Möbius strip—is presented, along with a ring resonator for comparison. Both resonators consist of a central lossy dielectric layer bounded by perfectly conducting layers. For the case of the Möbius strips, the computational results show that there are a family of half-integer wavelength modes within the dielectric layer. These additional modes result in increased absorption, and a corresponding reduction in the radar cross section. Interestingly, rotational scans show that these modes can be excited over a large angular range. This investigation gives an understanding of the electromagnetic response of these structures, paving the way for future experiments on Möbius strip resonators.