bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Taxonomic Study of the Algae Confused Under the Name Gomontia Polyrhiza
Authors: Wilkinson M. , Burrows E. M.
Published: May 2009

Culture studies on the morphology, development and, in some cases, on the life-histories of green shell-boring algae, have shown that in Britain there are at least six species which could be confused under the name Gomontia polyrhiza Born, et Flah. Of these six species it has been possible to identify only four, namely Eugomontia sacculata and Entocladia perforans and Codiolum stages in the life-histories of Codiolum polyrhizum and Monostroma grevillei. The possibility that there are as yet unidentified life-histories involving more shell-boring Codiolum stages has been suggested.
Depth Distribution of the Carotenoid Pigments and Lipids of Some Oceanic Animals 1. Mixed Zooplankton, Copepods and Euphausiids
Authors: Herring Peter J.
Published: May 2009

Analysis of the carotenoid pigment and lipid concentrations of groups of the smaller zooplankton organisms from different depths has suggested a midwater maximum for carotenoid concentrations and a slight depth-related increase in lipid content. Similar analysis of seventeen species of euphausiid has not indicated similar trends, but has shown a close relationship between size and pigment content in all species other than those ofStylocheiron,which have significantly lower pigment concentrations. Comparisons of the data of Fisher, Kon & Thompson (1964) on the pigment and lipid concentrations of copepods with the known depth ranges of the various species have suggested a midwater maximum in pigment concentrations, but no consistent trends in the lipid concentrations. A midwater pigment peak is explicable in terms of pigment accessibility and requirement for protective coloration, and the significance of the pigments is discussed.
The vertical distributions and diurnal migrations of calanoid copepods collected on the SOND Cruise, 1965. I I . Systematic account: families Calanidae up to and including the Aetideidae
Authors: Roe H. S. J.
Published: May 2009

This paper is the second of four dealing with the calanoid copepods taken with a modified Indian Ocean Standard Net (N113H) on the R.R.S. 'Discovery' SOND cruise of 1965. Details of the cruise are given by Currie, Boden & Kampa (1969), and the sampling methods used in the N113H series are described by Foxton (1969) and by Angel (1969).
The Biochemical Composition of the Cement of two Barnacle Species,Balanus HameriandBalanus Crenatus
Authors: Walker G.
Published: May 2009

Adult barnacles adhere to surfaces by a secretion released on to or forced beneath the bases. This secretion has been called barnacle cement. Carderelli (1968) calculated from crude experiments that the tensile strength ofBalanus eburneusexceeded 50,000 p.si., but apart from this work no other data exist on the adhesive properties of barnacle cement. More studies have been undertaken on the biochemical composition of cement (Carderelli, 1968; Saroyan et al., 1970; Cook, 1970), but the results are somewhat contradictory.
Some Observations on Living Rhabdopveura Compacta [Hemichordata]
Authors: Stebbing A. R. D. , DillY P. N.
Published: May 2009

Few observations on living pterobranch hemichordates have been published. Gilchrist (1915) and Andersson (1907) have observed living zooids of Cephalodiscus; while Sars (1874), Schepotieff (1907) and Burdon-Jones (1954, 1957) have observed living Rhabdopleura. No observations appear to have been published on living Atubaria. Recently R. compacta Hincks was discovered near the Plymouth Laboratory (Stebbing, 1968) and during our work (Dilly, 1971, 1972a, b; Stebbing, 1970a, b) we have made some observations on living specimens. Attempts to keep R. compacta alive for long periods have not been completely successful (Stebbing, 1970), although Burdon-Jones (1954) managed to study the salinity tolerances of/?, normani Allman for more than 2 months in the laboratory. He has also studied feeding behaviour in living zooids (Burdon-Jones, 1957) Our observations have been made on specimens maintained in recirculation systems over periods of up to 12 weeks.
Mortality of Scallops on a Manx Scallop Bed Due to Fishing
Authors: Gruffydd Ll. D.
Published: May 2009

Mortality resulting from fishing of scallops (Pecten maximus L.) can be divided into the loss caused by their removal for marketing and the indirect damage inflicted during the operation both by the dredges on the sea bed and the rough handling of undersized discards on board the boat (Medcof & Bourne, 1964; Caddy, 1968). Direct fishing mortality is easily measured if both the relevant biological information and catch data are available. Indirect fishing mortality is more difficult to estimate. Deaths due to damage by the dredges cannot easily be distinguished from natural deaths, and although damage to discards can be assessed before they are thrown back (Medcof & Bourne, 1964), the correlation between such damage and subsequent mortality is almost impossible to obtain in the field.
The Biology of Laminaria Hyperborea. VIII. Growth on Cleared Areas
Authors: Kain Joanna M. , Jones N. S.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Studies of established populations of Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Fosl. have indicated that there is often less change of growth rate with depth than might be expected to result from the decrease in irradiance (Kain, 1967; Lüming, 1969; Jupp & Drew, 1974). This has been attributed to self-limitation by the canopy of Laminaria fronds (Lüning, 1969; Kain et al. 1976). The removal of this canopy can result in fast growth in shallow water (Kitching, 1941; Svendsen, 1972) and a marked differential in growth rate over a small depth range (Svendsen, personal communication). A series of rocky subtidal areas at two depths off the Isle of Man was cleared of vegetation at various times (Kain, 1975a). This provided an opportunity to make growth measurements on individuals of known age in the absence of a canopy formed by older plants.
Sabellaria Alveolata (L.) At Duckpool, North Cornwall, 1975
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Between 4 May 1973 and 29 March 1975 we did not visit Duckpool. Indeed after the 1973 visit (Wilson, 1974, pp. 429–30) the intention had been to discontinue observations on colony formation and growth, for it seemed unlikely that much more data of value were obtainable, and that is still true. However, at Easter 1975 Monsieur Yves Gruet, who has done much excellent work on Sabellaria associations on the coast of France (references in Wilson, 1974), visited Plymouth with his family and wished to see Duckpool. We went there on 29 March and arising out of that visit my wife and I were again there the following October, with one main object in view as explained below, and this in turn led to a further visit in November. This paper records observations made during those visits.
The Influence of water flow rate on Pumping Rate in Mytilus Edulis using a Refined Direct Measurement Apparatus
Authors: Hildreth D. I.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Work on pumping and filtration rates of bivalve molluscs was initially concerned with the physiological concept of pumping water through the mantle cavity. Comprehensive reviews are given by Winter (1970) and Ali (1971). The methods are of two kinds; direct, in which the flow of exhaled water itself is measured, and indirect, in which the rate of clearance of food particles is used to calculate water flow through the gills.

There is a disadvantage in the indirect method when used to calculate volumes of water pumped because it involves the assumption that a fixed percentage (often 100% with large particles) of the particulate matter passing through the gill system is retained. Pumping rate is thus estimated as a function of the particle collecting properties of the latero-frontal cirri, whereas the water current is produced by the lateral cilia. Although the structure of the latero-frontal cirri is now well documented (Moore, 1971), their efficiency in particle retention can alter under certain conditions (Dral, 1967). There is need, therefore, for direct measurement of the quantity of water pumped. Recent advances in the understanding of branchial innervation and the control of lateral ciliary activity also reinforce this point (Aiello, 1960, 1962, 1970; Paparo, 1972, 1973).

The constant level chamber for direct measurement of pumping rate was devised by Galtsoff (1926), to ensure that separation of the exhalant water current from the bivalve was not interfered with by pressure differences produced by the process of separation. The apparatus has been used in various forms by Galtsoff (1926, 1928, 1946), Nelson (1935, 1936), Collier & Ray (1948), Loosanoff & Engle (1947), Loosanoff & Nomejko (1946) and more recently by Drinnan (1964) and Davids (1964).
The Feeding Apparatus of the Barnacle Nauplius Larva: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Rainbow P. S. , Walker G.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The nauplius stages of many barnacle species have been described at the light microscope level (Bassindale, 1936; Knight-Jones & Waugh, 1949; Costlow & Bookhout, 1957; Karande, 1974), including those of the British barnaclesBalanus balanoides(L.) andBalanus hameri(Ascanius) (Crisp, 1962a,b). Although these studies have included full descriptions of limb structure, it is not possible with the light microscope to resolve the topographical relationship of the limbs and other structures associated with feeding. Attempts to describe the feeding process of barnacle nauplii (Lochhead, 1936; Norris & Crisp, 1953; Gauld, 1959; Moyse & Knight-Jones, 1967) have necessarily been limited for this reason.
The Vertical Distribution and Diurnal Migration of the Crustacea Amphipoda Collected during the SOND Cruise, 1965 II. The Hyperiidea and General Discussion
Authors: Thurston Michael H.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

This paper forms the second and last part of a study of the vertical distribution and migration of pelagic Amphipoda based on material collected off Fuertaventura, Canary Islands, during the SOND Cruise in 1965. The first part (Thurston, 1976b) dealt with the Gammaridea. The data presented herein deal with the Hyperiidea, to which is added a general discussion.

The background to the cruise has been given by Currie, Boden & Kampa (1969), and Foxton (1969) has described the gear and methods used. This analysis is based primarily on samples obtained from a series of 1 m2ring-net (N 113) hauls, but has been supplemented by selected materials from modified 3 m Isaacs-Kidd Mid-water Trawl (IKMT), neuston net and 1 m2Rectangular Mid-water Trawl (RMT 1) hauls. Thurston (1976b) has discussed the limitations of the sampling techniques as they affect the present results.
Gigantism and Partial Parasitic Castration of Chaetognatha Infected with Larval Trematodes
Authors: Pearre Sifford
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Parasite-induced excess growth, or gigantism, has been reported in several mammals (reviewed by Cheng, 1971) and a fish (Summerfelt & Warner, 1970). Work on invertebrates has centred on size increase in gastropod molluscs associated with infections by larval trematodes (reviewed by Cheng, 1967, 1971). Among these the results have been variable, with some host species showing real gains in body size (soft tissue) (Rothschild & Rothschild, 1939), others initial gains with later stunting (Pan, 1965), and still others gains only in shell thickness (Cheng, 1967). Parasitic castration in other invertebrate groups, not necessarily accompanied by gigantism, has been reviewed by Kuris (1974).
Biochemical Studies on Marine Zooplankton V. The Composition of the Major Biochemical Fractions inNeomysis Integer
Authors: Raymont J. E. G. , Austin J. , Linford E.
Published: May 2009

The earlier investigations (Raymont, Austin & Linford, 1964, 1966) on the brackish-water, semi-planktonic mysid,Neomysis integer(Leach), dealt with the total protein, lipid and carbohydrate fractions, together with chitin and ash. Results showed that a relatively high protein content (mean 71 % dry weight) was typical ofNeomysis; the protein showed very little change throughout the year. Lipid was much lower and more variable (7–15%; mean 13 % dry weight), and carbohydrate was especially low (mean 2.5 % dry weight). Ash and chitin together amounted to some 14 % dry weight (Raymontet al., 1966).
The Antibacterial Activity of Haemocyte Clumps in the Gills of the Shore Crab,Carcinus Maenas
Authors: White K. N. , Ratcliffe N. A. , Rossa M.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The shore crab,Carcinus maenas(L.), rapidly clears bacteria from the circulation to the tissues by virtue of the phagocytic and clumping capacity of circulating haemocytes and fixed phagocytic cells (Smith & Ratcliffe, 1978, 1980a,b; White & Ratcliffe, 1982). If re-infection resulting from the re-entry of sequestered micro-organisms into the circulation is to be prevented then the host must eliminate or incapacitate the foreign particles in some way. The migration of laden host cells to the exterior does not appear to be an important means of disposal of segregated non-self material in the Crustacea (Merril, Mongeon & Fisher, 1979; White & Ratcliffe, 1982), so that the ability to resist infection must reside with the cellular killing capacity, perhaps augmented by humoral antibacterial activity. Indeed, our earlier observations on the disappearance of bacteria fromC. maenasgills seem to indicate that their loss resulted from the lytic action of host haemocytes (White & Ratcliffe, 1982), as does the elimination of micro-organisms from the hepatopancreas of the crayfish,Parachaeraps bicarinatus(McKay & Jenkin, 1970a).
Growth and Reproduction of Convoluta Roscoffensis Containing Different Naturally Occurring Algal Symbionts
Authors: Douglas A. E.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

A common characteristic of alga-invertebrate symbioses is their specificity; in general, a given symbiotic invertebrate species forms a stable association with just one species or genus of alga. One approach to examine the basis and significance of the specificity is to compare the performance (i.e. survival, growth and reproduction) of invertebrates experimentally infected with a range of algae. To date, such investigations have been made almost exclusively with algae which do not naturally form an association with the host species (e.g. Schoenberg & Trench, 1980; Mews & Smith, 1982; Douglas, 1983), and the relevance of the conclusions to the natural situation is not always clear.
The Effects of Proximity to the Continental Slope Sea-Bed on Pelagic Halocyprid Ostracods at 49°N, 13°W
Authors: Ellis Celia J.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In the deep oceans where the water depths are in excess of 4000 m the benthic environment is widely separated from the productive euphotic zone and there is an exponential decline in pelagic biomass with increasing depth (Vinogradov, 1968; Wishner, 1980; Angel & Baker, 1982). The sea-bed acts as a sediment trap stopping the downward drift of particulates. Here resuspension and biological and geochemical processes in the benthic boundary layer cause enrichment of the waters above the sediments. Wishner (1980) has noted some of the evidence for near-bottom increases in phosphorus, nitrogen, ATP and sediment resuspension in the deep sea. In parallel with this enrichment and probably related to it, the pelagic macroplankton biomass is increased, at least to distances up to 100 m off bottom (Wishner, 1980; Angel & Baker, 1982). This suprabenthic zone seems to be inhabited by a distinct community of nektonic and planktonic species quite different to that inhabiting comparable depths in the abyssopelagic zone. Marshall & Merrett (1977) reviewed what was known of this community, with special reference to the fishes. Grice & Hulsemann (1970) and Grice (1972) have described new suprabenthic copepod species and Angel & Baker (1982) recorded an entirely novel pelagic ostracod fauna of 25 new species in a 5–20 m off bottom haul at 20°N, 21°W in 4005 m of water.
Annual Variation in the Recruitment ofSemibalanus Balanoideson the North Yorkshire Coast 1969–1981
Authors: Kendall M. A. , Bowman R. S. , Williamson P. , Lewis J. R.
Published: May 2009

Recruitment ofSemibalanus balanoidesat Robin Hood Bay, North Yorkshire, between 1969 and 1981 ranged from almost total failure toca.30 spat/cm2. A similar annual pattern over 100 km of adjacent coast appears to implicate climatic or hydrographic factors. Adult fecundity did not vary greatly, but as there was substantial variation in the number of cyprids reaching the shore, events during the planktonic phase (particularly wind-driven larval dispersion) appeared to be of prime importance.

Thereafter, settlement density was modified by cyprid behaviour, except when larvae were very abundant, by the availability of space and the temporal pattern of the settlement. Mortality during early shore life was highly variable, photographic studies in 1981 showing between 1% and 92% of settlers dying within ten days. Under highly desiccating conditions 70% of a single day's input to the upper shore died in the first 24h. Such severe mortality could be compensated for by later inputs as settlement extended over 4 weeks or more, primarily as a result of unexpectedly long and asynchronous release.
Photosynthesis and Pigments Influenced By Light Intensity and Salinity in the HalophileDunaliella Salina(Chlorophyta)
Authors: Loeblich Laurel A.
Published: May 2009

Dunal (1837) originally described the taxon now known asDunaliella salina(Dunal) Teodoresco, 1905, as consisting of spherical or elliptical cells, red-orange to rust coloured. Teodoresco, in his definition of the species (1905) stated that the zoospores had a green chromatophore but in aged zoospores the entire body, including chromatophore, was red. Thus, by definition, any isolate ofDunaliellawhich is not capable of turning redorange to rust coloured should not be consideredD. salina. Several strains have been reported in the literature under the nameD. salinabut do not meet the aforementioned criteria. These include UTEX 200 (= Cambridge 19/3), Mil'ko's strain (Mil'ko, 1963a, b) and Strain No. 6 used by Mironyuk (Drokova, 1970; Drokova, Popova & Tupik, 1964; Drokova & Popova, 1973, 1974; Mironyuk 1969a, b; Mironyuk & Einor, 1968).
Macrobenthos of a Sublittoral Sandbank in the Southern Bight of the North Sea
Authors: Vanosmael C. , Willems K. A. , Claeys D. , Vincx M. , Heip C.
Published: May 2009

In the Southern Bight of the North Sea, off the Belgian coast, exists a series of parallel sublittoral sandbanks, the Flemish Banks, situated in a southwest-northeastern direction, 15–25 km long and 3–6 km wide. They are separated by channels, 4–6 km wide, and rise about 25 m above the surrounding sea-floor (Fig. 1). These sandbanks resulted from the accumulation of sandy deposits of glacial origin sedimented by the giant stream draining the waters from the present Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and Thames before the Flandrian marine transgression about 12000 years ago. When from boreal times onwards the North Sea became slowly inundated, a connexion existed with the small English Channel which gradually enlarged, resulting in the very strong tidal currents which are responsible for the present geomorphology of the region.
Replacement of Discharged Cnidae in the Tentacles ofAnemonia Sulcata
Authors: Schmidt G. H.
Published: May 2009

Actinians are equipped with cnidae which function in food capture, defence and aggression (Mariscal, 1974). Cnidae cannot be renewed and after discharge they are extruded from the epithelium. Regulation of the spirocyst and nematocyst population must be important, but as yet no quantitative data about this are available for actinians (Picken & Skaer, 1966).
The Turbellarian Paravortex Parasitic in Scrobiculariid Bivalves: New Records from South-West England
Authors: Gibbs P. E.
Published: May 2009

The rhabdocoele turbellarian Paravortex scrobiculariae (Graff) was first described, but not named, by Villot (1878) who discovered this parasite living in the gut of Abra tennis (Montagu) in Brittany. In naming the species, Graff (1882) did not add to Villot's description. Wahl (1906) erected the genus Paravortex to include this form which he had found in Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) and Venerupis decussata (L.) at Trieste and Naples. The first record of P. scrobiculariae in British waters was supplied by Freeman (1957) who, working at Whitstable, Kent, found 8 specimens in 3 out of a sample of 40 S. plana he examined. No further British record appears to have been made.

A recent survey has shown Paravortex to be common and widespread in S. plana inhabiting the estuaries of south-west England. As noted by previous workers, Paravortex can be readily seen through the semi-transparent gut wall of its host on account of its pinkish colour; observation is facilitated if the bivalve is maintained in clean sea water for 3–4 days to allow evacuation of some of the gut contents and is most easily performed during the winter months when gametes are not present in quantity. In this study, counts of the Paravortex were made by removing the gut from the surrounding foot tissues and releasing the Paravortex by cutting the gut longitudinally. From each locality, 20–30 S. plana, all within the length range of 30–50 mm, were examined. Paravortex is viviparous, the newly-hatched young being 120–150 μm long; at this stage they are transparent and are easily overlooked amongst the gut contents; thus counts relate chiefly to adults 0·5–1·5 mm in length.
Seasonal Changes in Net Phytoplankton of the West-Central North Sea
Authors: Horwood J. W. , Nichols J. H. , Harrop Ruth
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In 1976 the Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, carried out 13 plankton sampling cruises off the north-east coast of England. They spanned the months February-November. From these cruises Harding et al. (1978) described the distributions of surface chlorophyll and nutrients and the production offish eggs and larvae. Reynolds (1978) described in more detail the distributions of chlorophyll and phaeopigments throughout the year, and Horwood (1982) detailed the distribution of zooplankton biomass. This study presents the species composition of the algae from a small region of the survey area illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fine Structure of Small Free-Living Paramoeba (Amoebida) and Taxonomy of the Genus
Authors: Cann J. P. , Page F. C.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Amoebae of the genus Paramoeba Schaudinn, 1896, are among the Gymnamoebia most frequently isolated from marine habitats, and individual species have a wide distribution throughout the world. Unlike many genera of Gymnamoebia, Paramoeba is exclusively marine. The type species, P. eilhardi Schaudinn, 1896, was originally described from a marine aquarium in Berlin with no further information on origin (Schaudinn, 1896); it has been found in the Mediterranean off France (Chatton, 1953; Grell, 1961) and Italy (Grell & Benwitz, 1970) and the Indian Ocean off Madagascar (Grell & Benwitz, 1970). P. schaudinni de Faria, da Cunha & Pinto, 1922, originally described from a sea-water aquarium at Rio de Janeiro, has recently been reported from the Gulf of Mexico (Sawyer, 1980). P. pemaquidensis Page, 1970, has been found on the coasts of Maine, U.S.A. (Page, 1970), Norfolk (Page, 1973), and Essex (Page, unpublished); in open waters off the eastern coast of the U.S.A. (Davis, Caron & Sieburth, 1978); in marine sediments of the western North Atlantic, the Bight of New York, and the Gulf of Mexico (Sawyer, 1980); and in the present study on the shores of North Wales and western Scotland. Paramoeba aestuarina Page, 1970, though not found as often as P. pemaquidensis, is also widely distributed (Page, 1970; Davis et al. 1978; Sawyer, 1980). The first European finding of P. aestuarina is reported in the present paper, but the exact origin of the strain is uncertain. P. perniciosa Sprague, Beckett & Sawyer, 1969, which appears to be an obligate parasite, has thus far been reported only from crustaceans off the eastern coast of the U.S.A. (Sprague, Beckett & Sawyer, 1969; Sawyer, 1976).
The Reproductive Biology of the Deep-Sea AsteroidBathybiaster Vexillifer
Authors: Tyler P. A. , Pain S. L. , Gage J. D.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The reproductive biology of asteroids from a wide variety of ecological niches has been examined (Farmanfarmaianet al.1958; Cognetti & Delavault, i962;Pearse, 1965; Chia, 1968; Crump, 1971; Jangoux & Vloebergh, 1973; Worley, Franz & Hendler, 1977; Barker, 1979; Shick, Taylor & Lamb, 1981). Most of the species within this class appear to show some degree of seasonal reproductive synchrony with very few species showing aseasonal reproduction (Shicket al.1981). Although the seasonally reproducing asteroids show a wide variety of reproductive strategies, from planktotrophic larvae to direct development, they all occur in relatively shallow water and are thus subject to the seasonal fluctuations of the physico-chemical environment. Only two shallow-water species,Ctenodiscus crispatus(Shicket al.1981) andPatiriella exigua(Lawson-Kerr & Anderson, 1978), have aseasonal reproduction in both males and females. However, the deep sea is the only major environment in the world's ocean for which we have no data for the reproductive cycle of asteroids.
Comparison of the Feeding Behaviour of Calanus and Pseudocalanus in two Experimentally Manipulated Enclosed Ecosystems
Authors: Harris Roger P.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Implicit in some recent models of the dynamics of planktonic systems, for example that of Steele & Frost (1977) is the concept that filter-feeding copepods may be scaled by size when considering feeding in relation to the size composition of their paniculate food. For a particular organism ingestion of phytoplankton has been considered to be a function of its own weight and the size composition of the phytoplankton available to it. Such scaling has been assumed to occur both in an intra- and interspecific sense, with model development involving a ‘large’ copepod {Calanus) able to feed and grow more efficiently on ‘large’ cells (diatoms) and a ‘small’ copepod {Pseudocalanus) better adapted to feed on ‘small’ cells (flagellates). However, although the general relationship between growth and metabolic rate and body size is widely accepted (Banse, 1976; Fenchel, 1974) this relationship between dietary particle-size composition and size of organism has remained a working hypothesis with little experimental support..
The Biology of a Population ofEbalia Tuberosa(Crustacea: Decapoda: Leucosiidae) From the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Schembri Patrick J.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Members of the leucosiid genusEbaliaare typical oxystomatous crabs which live on subtidal coarse sediments at depths ranging from a few metres to over 2500 m. Although this genus has an almost worldwide distribution, no studies of the population biology of any species has been made.

Five species ofEbaliaoccur round British coasts (Ingle, 1980), four of which have also been recorded from the Clyde Sea area (Allen, 1967). During dredging surveys in this region, a sizeable population ofEbalia tuberosa(Pennant) was located in the vicinity of the University Marine Biological Station on Great Cumbrae Island, and regular sampling of this population over a period of two years provided the data on which this study is based.

Apart from a few references to the occurrence of female crabs in berry (Lebour, 1928a,b; Marine Biological Association, 1957; Allen, 1967) and to the occurrence of larvae in the plankton (Jorgensen, 1923, 1925; Lebour, 19286; 1947; Rees, 1952; Williamson, 1956; Marine Biological Association, 1957; Bruce, Colman & Jones, 1963; Crothers, 1966), no other information on the population biology ofE. tuberosais available.
Ligamental Structure In Mactracea And Myacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In the Bivalvia the two valves and connecting ligament are parts of a single shell each composed of three layers secreted by continuous surfaces of pallial epithelium as shown in Fig. 1. The superficial periostracum is formed in a groove at the base of the inner side of the outer (secretory) fold of the mantle margin and is continuous around the pallial lobes and within the embayments at each end of the ligament. The outer calcareous (prismatic) layer of the valves and the anterior and posterior outer (lamellar) ligament layers are formed by the outer surface of this outer fold which hypertrophies in the depths of the embayments where ligamental material is secreted. The inner calcareous (usually nacreous or porcellanous) layer of the valves is produced by the general pallial surface except along a mid-dorsal strip, the mantle isthmus (Owen, Trueman & Yonge, 1953; Yonge, 1953) which secretes the inner (fibrillar) ligament layer.
Factors Affecting O2-Uptake in the Cuttlefish,Sepia Officinalis
Authors: Johansen Kjell , Brix Ole , Kornerup Sonja , Lykkeboe Gunnar
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Cephalopods are among the most active and agile animals in the oceans. They are all predators and many pelagic species are capable of high swimming speeds.

The morphology of the gills (ctenidia) and heart and vascular systems in cephalopods are suggestive of a high efficiency in respiratory gas exchange and internal blood gas transport.

The present study reports on resting (standard) values of O2-uptake in relation to body size and ambient water O2-tension in the common cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis.
Cholinergic Innervation of Muscle Fibres in Squid
Authors: Bone Q. , Packard A. , Pulsford A. L.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The small squidAlloteuthis, and the largerLoligohave elongate mantles chiefly made up of two distinct types of circular muscle fibres, partitioned by thin sheets of radial muscle fibres (Bone, Pulsford & Chubb, 1981).

Nerve terminals on both types of circular fibre and upon radial fibres contain 50 nm electron-lucent vesicles; preliminary pharmacological investigations (Bone & Howarth, 1980) indicate that L-glutamate is the excitatory transmitter at the terminals upon the circular fibres. In other cephalopods, such asSepia, and the squidsLepidoteuthisandTaningia(Clarke & Maul, 1962; Clarke, 1967) there are in addition to the circular and radial fibres, layers of longitudinal muscle fibres in the mantle. Such longitudinal fibre layers are lacking over the greater part of the mantle inAlloteuthisandLoligo.In this note, we show that they are present only around the anterior margin of the mantle in these two squid, and that both these anterior longitudinal fibres and the radial fibres of the mantle are insensitive to L-glutamate, but contract in response to acetylcholine, as do the retractor muscles of the head and arms, and the siphon muscles.
Nerve Fibre and Receptor Counts in the Sprat Utriculus and Lateral Line
Authors: Best A. C. G. , Gray J. A. B.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

It has long been known that the ears of clupeoid fishes differ from most other fish in that they have a gas-containing bony bulla associated with each ear (for references to early work see Allen, Blaxter & Denton, 1976). The expansion and contraction, with changing pressure, of this gas causes liquid to flow in the ear and lateral line (Gray & Denton, 1979; Denton, Gray & Blaxter, 1979) thus causing displacements (Best & Gray, 1980) and excitation (Denton & Gray, 1980) of the utricular maculae; it also causes excitation of the lateral line neuromasts (unpublished). Only a small fraction of the alternating liquid flow from the bullae passes through the pars inferior of the labyrinth (Gray & Denton, 1979). Furthermore, in larvae, when the utricular structures can be seen to move vigorously with an alternating pressure the saccular otolith is not seen to move (Blaxter, Denton & Gray, 1981).
Exogenous Otoliths of Elasmobranchs
Authors: Fänge R.
Published: May 2009

In cartilaginous fish, holocephalians and elasmobranchs, the endolymphatic system of the inner ear generally communicates with the exterior via the endolymphatic ducts. The openings of the ducts on the dorsal side of the head were known already by eighteenth-century anatomists (Retzius, 1881). In certain elasmobranchs mineral particles from the environment pass into the inner ear through the ducts. Stewart (1906) described presence of sand grains in the membranous labyrinth of the shark,Squatina.Nishio (1926) found black volcanic particles of varying sizes in the endolymphatic duct, the sacculus and the lagena ofSquatina angelusand the ray,Torpedo ocellata, from the gulf of Naples.

I have studied the inner ear of two species of electric rays,Torpedo nobilianaandT. marmorata.Considerable amounts of fine sand grains are found in the endolymphatic system of both species. The mineral particles are kept together by a gelatinous material or occur free in the endolymph. The size of the sand particles varies between 10 and 400μm. The grains are white or transparent, yellow, brownish or black. Mineralogical analysis with a polarizing microscope reveals that 85–90% of the particles consist of quartz, 5–10% of calcium carbonate and less than 5% of an unidentified opaque mineral, possibly corroded felspar. The grains are irregular with rounded or sharp edges. They differ in appearance from the round or lens-shaped concentrically layered aragonite octoconia found in the labyrinth of most elasmobranchs (Retzius, 1881; Nishio, 1926). The present findings seem to be consistent with the results by Stewart (1906) and Nishio (1926) suggesting that certain psammophilous elasmobranchs lack the ability to produce calcium carbonate otoliths and compensate for this by uptake of sand grains through their endolymphatic ducts.
Little Known Amphipoda From the Clyde Deeps
Authors: Moore P. G.
Published: May 2009

During a recent preliminary survey of the Clyde deeps using a 0–5 m D-net (mesh ca. 1 mm, 26 mesh per inch), three little known species of Amphipoda were collected. Amphilochoides boecki Sars (Amphilochidae) was taken over a consolidated sand Dentalium ground inside Sgat Mhor, Ascog Bay, Lower L. Fyne on 3 July 1980 from a depth of 36 m. This species has been recognized as distinct from A. serratipes (Norman) by Lincoln (1979) who noted that no British material of A. boecki had been confirmed to date. This therefore represents the first British record of the species. Eriopisa elongata (Bruzelius) (Melitidae) was taken from 150 m between Cumbrae and Arran in the Clyde in 1885 by Canon A. M. Norman. Earlier (1866) dredgings with Gwyn Jeffreys in the Sound of Skye had first brought this species to light in British waters (Norman, 1889). I am not aware of any published record of E. elongata in the Clyde area since that time and it is not known from anywhere else in Britain (Lincoln, 1979). The species (two individuals) was taken in 118 m over a soft mud bottom off Holy Isle (Arran) on 3 July 1980. Dyopedos monacanthus (Metzger) (Podoceridae) has been taken once previously in the Clyde, from the stomach of a haddock in 1897 (Scott, 1901 as Dulichia monacantha Metzger), a record not included in Lincoln's (1979) latest review. Two individuals were captured on 2 July 1980, over soft mud, from 183 m off Tarbert, Lower L. Fyne.
Burrowing behaviour and anaerobiosis in the bivalveArctica islandica(L.)
Authors: Taylor A. C.
Published: May 2009

In laboratory tanks as well as in the seaArctica islandicashows a pattern of intermittent burrowing activity. Periods spent at the surface of the deposit alternate with periods buried several centimetres beneath the surface of the sand, during which the animals respire anaerobically. There is no obvious rhythmicity to this behaviour; the duration of periods spent beneath the surface is very variable even in the same animal, but normally lasts between 1 and 7 days.

On the return to aerobic conditions both the heart rate and oxygen consumption areincreased but decline gradually during the following 20–25 h. This increased oxygen uptake is caused primarily by an increase in oxygen utilization but there is little change in ventilation rate. Both the initial rate of oxygen consumption and the duration of the recovery period show a correlation with the duration of the period of anaerobiosis. The concentration of alaninc in the blood ofArcticais high immediately after the return to aerobic conditions but declines during the recovery period. The similarity in the time taken for the concentration of alanine in the blood and the oxygen consumption ofArcticato return to normal levels suggests that at least part of this increased oxygen demand is associated with the metabolism of end-products of anaerobiosis.
A corrected formula for calculation of filtration rate of bivalve molluscs in an experimental flowing system
Authors: Hildreth D. I. , D. J. Crisp
Published: May 2009

The filtration rate of Mytilus edulis was measured in a flowing system by estimating the particulate matter concentrations at the inflow (C1) and outflow (C2) of the experimental chamber and immediately surrounding the bivalve (C0). Filtration rate was calculated as R1 = F(C1 – C2)/C0…(1), where F = flow rate through chamber. This formula differs from that previously used in flowing systems (R"t = F(C1 – C1/C2)…(2), by accounting for dilution of inflowing water as it enters the experimental chamber. Formula (1) was used to show that flow rate through the experimental chamber has a negligible effect on filtration rate whereas the use of formula (2) indicates erroneously that flow rate and filtration rate are positively correlated. The particulate matter concentration around the bivalve is also shown to have a negligible effect on filtration rate within the limits tested of approximately 2000–20000 particles ml-1.
The spatial pattern of Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850)(Crustacea: Ostracoda)
Authors: Heip Carlo
Published: May 2009

The spatial pattern of the ostracod Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) is aggregated and can be described by the negative binomial distribution. The fit of the observed distribution to the negative binomial is less well for the total number of females because females that are not carrying eggs tend to be independently distributed from both females carrying eggs and males. The aggregations are roughly circular with a radius of about 13 cm and may be themselves aggregated. A method to picture the aggregations is described.
The life-cycle of Sagitta elegans Verrill And Sagitta setosa J. Müller in Galway Bay, west coast of Ireland, 1972–1973
Authors: O'Brien F. I.
Published: May 2009

An oceanographic survey of Galway Bay was initiated in 1972. Plankton samples were collected on monthly cruises at selected areas in the bay.

Sagitta elegans and Sagitta setosa were found not to be entirely resident in the bay and recruitment of all stages occurred from outside the bay several times during the study. It has also been suggested that the younger stages, especially of S. elegans, were washed out of the bay in the upper layers.

S. elegans was breeding in Galway Bay in July, August and September 1972 and possibly April and May 1973. Breeding was observed in the S. setosa population in September 1972 and from August to November 1973.
A study on the structure of the whiting integument (Merlangius merlangusL.)
Authors: Bullock Alistair M. , Roberts Ronald J. , Gordon John D. M.
Published: May 2009

The histology and histochemistry of whiting skin was studied in larval, juvenile and adult fish. The adult specimens were obtained throughout the year but there was no evidence of seasonal variation in the areas of the body sampled. The skin of the whiting is considerably more complex than that of any other teleost fish which has been described in detail. The epidermis of the mature fish comprises five layers, consisting of Malpighian cells and a variety of other structures including large cystic bullae, which ultrastructurally and histochemically are relatively amorphous but comprise a major proportion of the epidermis. A reticulum of epidermal melanocytes occurs above these structures and two types of mucous cell are described. The major histochemical feature of the epidermis was the alkaline phosphatase reaction, similar to that found in higher animals. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was found at all levels. The epithelial mucins were mainly acid mucopolysaccharide with a small sialic acid component and a greater proportion of sulphated muco-substance. The dermis was morphologically similar to that of other scaled fishes. Mast cells were particularly prominent and occasional non-pigmented ‘melanophores’ were seen.
On the integument and photophores of the alepocephalid fishesXenodermichthysandPhotostylus
Authors: Best A. C. G. , Bone Q.
Published: May 2009

The mesopelagic alepocephalid fishesXenodermichthysandPhotostylushave unusual compartmented sub-dermal spaces filled with a fluid more dilute than sea water. The fluid is probably lymph, and contributes to the low density of the fish. The external layer superficial to these subdermal spaces consists of cells containing large intracellular paracrystals which form tubular arrays. This external layer is interrupted by numerous photophores (inPhotostylusborne on stalks) which have a reddish-violet central core, and are backed by a reflecting layer. The reflector does not contain guanine, it is made up of a series of flattened cells, and reflects blue-green light. The cells of the central core are assumed to be photocytes and are in connexion with apparent nerve terminals, but in neither fish has luminescence of the photophores been observed.
Haematological studies on the blue shark,Prionace glaucaL.
Authors: Johansson-Sjöbeck Maj-Lis , Stevens J. D.
Published: May 2009

The haematocrit forPrionacewas found to be 22.3%, which is similar to values reported for other carcharhinid and sphyrnid species. Haemoglobin content and mean haemoglobin concentration were respectively 57 g/100 ml and 257%. Erythrocytes were generally larger than reported for other carcharhinids.
The biology Of Laminaria hyperborea IX. Growth pattern of fronds
Authors: Kain Joanna M. , Jones N.S.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In the genus Laminaria the origin of the growth of the frond (blade, lamina) is known to be the meristematic transition zone between frond and stipe. Parke (1948) showed, by observing holes punched in the frond, that the fastest rate of growth in length in L. saccharina (L.) Lamour. was in the proximal 25 mm. However, during measurements of the rate of growth of fronds of plants of known age on previously cleared areas (Kain, 1976), it was noted that in L. hyperborea (Gunn.) Fosl. the maximum rate of elongation occurred at some distance from the transition zone. This led to an investigation of the whole pattern of growth, in terms of elongation, increase in area, decrease in thickness and change in cell size and numbers over the surface of the frond at different stages.
The nitrogen concentration requirement of D-glucosamine for supporting effective growth of marine microalgae
Authors: Berland B. R. , Bonin D. J. , Maestrini S. Y. , Lizárraga-Partida M. L. , Antia N. J.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

A comparative survey on the capacity of several nitrogenous compounds to support marine phytoplankton growth showed urea as the best and D-glucosamine as the poorest supplier of organic-nitrogen at a concentration of 500 /g-at. N per litre (Antiaet al., 1975a). The quality and degree of growth on glucosamine was always so inferior that the evidence appeared insufficient to establish whether this compound was actually being metabolized by the algae. By analogy with the substrate-utilization kinetics reported for growth of other micro-organisms such as yeast (e.g. Tseng & Wayman, 1975), the probability was considered that the glucosamine concentration used in the above survey may have been too low for adequate uptake under the test conditions chosen and that elevated concentrations, in facilitating such uptake, may provide unequivocal evidence of algal capacity for metabolism and utilization of this substrate. However, such concentration elevation would require to be below levels that may become inhibitory to growth, and these inhibitory levels may themselves vary from one species to another. Antia & Chorney (1968) reported 5 mM glucosamine to be toxic to growth of the cryptomonadHemiselmis virescens, whereas McLachlan & Craigie (1966) observed growth of the diatomsCyclotella crypticaandThalassiosira fluviatilison five times this level of concentration.
Cephalopod remains from sperm whales caught off Iceland
Authors: Clarke M. R. , Macleod N.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

This analysis of cephalopod remains, particularly the mandibles or beaks, from sperm whales caught off Iceland is one of a series made by the authors on remains from various geographical regions including Madeira (Clarke, 1962a), Spain (Clarke & MacLeod, 1974), Western South America (Clarke, MacLeod & Paliza, 1976, South Africa, Western Australia, the Antarctic and the South Atlantic (Clarke, 1976, 1977). Other workers have described similar collections from New Zealand (Gaskell & Cawthorne, 1967; see also Clarke, 1976, 1977) and the North Pacific (Akimushkin, 1954; Betesheva & Akimushkin, 1955; Tarasevich, 1963). The present analysis has depended upon a development in the technique of identification of cephalopod lower beaks from an early search for criteria (Clarke, 19626) to a point where many species can be identified from lower beaks (Mangold & Fioroni, 1966; Iversen & Pinkas, 1971; Clarke, 1977).
Skin impulses and locomotion in an ascidian tadpole
Authors: Mackie G. O. , Bone Q.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Ascidian tadpoles are short-lived, actively swimming larvae. On attachment to their preferred substrates they absorb the tail, and with it all their locomotory equipment. The behaviour is in general geared to the short-term problems of dispersion and settlement (Crisp & Ghobashy, 1971).

The small size of these tadpoles (2 mm inDendrodoa grossularia, van Beneden, the species used) makes them difficult to handle. Surgical operations on the nervous system (Kasas, 1940), such as we were able to perform on the tadpole-like but largerOikopleura(Bone & Mackie, 1975) are scarcely feasible here. Nevertheless, it is desirable to know more about the tadpoles’ locomotory organization if only because their possession of the chordate type of locomotory equipment raises interesting questions concerning possible functional parallels and evolutionary origins.
Reduction of the intestinal parasite fauna of marine fishes in captivity
Authors: Möller H.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Several authors (Cable & Hunninen, 1942; Dogiel, Petrushevski & Polyanski, 1958) noted that fishes while being kept in aquaria, lose the intestinal parasites with which they had become infested in nature. Up to now no quantitative examinations have been made on this subject. A better knowledge of the behaviour of parasites of fish in captivity seems to be of interest for several reasons.

The possible elimination of intestinal parasites by quarantining the host fish would be of importance in case of parasites which are able to complete their life-cycle in the aquarium and which might provoke mass-infection.
The mechanical relationships between the clupeid swimbladder, inner ear and lateral line
Authors: Denton E. J. , Blaxter J. H. S.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

In earlier papers (Allen, Blaxter & Denton, 1976; Blaxter & Denton, 1976) an account was given of the development and structure of the swimbladder-bulla-lateral line system of the herring Clupea harengus L. and sprat Clupea sprattus (L.) and its function in the larval stage. In this paper we describe experiments on juveniles of these species in which the system is fully developed.