bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration of Women to Cities: The Asian Situation in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Khoo Siew-Ean , Smith Peter C. , Fawcett James T.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the participation of women in rural-to-urban migration, with a special focus on patterns in Asia. Most studies of migration have focused on male migrants or heads of households (See, reviews by Simmons et al., 1977; Yap, 1977 for example) on the assumption that females frequently migrate only as part of families and therefore the causes and consequences of their migration are those of their spouses and families. Recently, however, studies of migration in some Asian countries have reported indications of increasing numbers of young women joining the migrant flow to the cities, many of them going on their own to find work in the service, manufacturing and informal sectors (Fawcett et al., 1984). The causes and consequences of female migration appear to be different from those of male migration because women have different social and economic roles in the family and in the economy.
The Political Adaptation Process of Cubans and Other Ethnic Minorities in the United States: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Mozo Rafael
Published: June 2018

This article examines the patterns of naturalization, voting registration, turnout, and political orientation of this minority and compares them with those of other groups. This exercise is significant for three reasons: First, the number of Cubans already living in the United States makes the analysis of their political integration important. Second, little research has been conducted on naturalization and voting patterns of recent immigrant groups; in particular no one has examined, to our knowledge, how political refugees and other immigrants compare in this respect. Third, a comparative analysis of different minorities focused on naturalization patterns and elected behavior may offer some practical guides for those interested in promoting their participation in the political process.
The Influence of Legal Status on the Labor Market Impact of Immigration
Authors: Bailey Thomas
Published: June 2018

This article explores the labor market changes that would take place as a result of an amnesty that would regularize the status of undocumented workers without changing the total size of the alien workforce. The theoretical analysis suggests that the influence of legal status on market wage rates and on minimum wage enforcement is weak and that to the extent that there is an effect, it depends on particular institutional arrangements. Although data are not adequate for a definite measurement of these effects, those data that are available support this conclusion. It does appear that the presence of undocumented as opposed to resident aliens can weaken union organizing efforts.
Resistance to the Political Representation of a lien Populations: The European Paradox
Authors: Moulier-Boutang Yann
Published: June 2018

This article addresses the issue of resistance of European nations to granting unnaturalized citizens the right to vote in local, regional, and national elections. It argues that this political inflexibility contrasts with the economic flexibility these nations demonstrated when they made a call for labor to overseas populations, former colonies, and other countries and which they exhibit now as they work to modernize production systems in their industries. Because of this lack of political representation, local authorities have proven disinterested in migrants’ concerns and migrants have become subjects of the labor market, rather than of the law. The author concludes that “political underdevelopment” will only intensify the turbulence projected for Europe's economy.
The Guests who Stayed — The Debate on ‘Foreigners Policy’ in the German Federal Republic
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: June 2018

The recruitment of “guest workers” between 1956 and 1973 by West German employers has given rise to new ethnic minorities. Despite the presence of over 4 million foreign residents (over a third of them Turks), the Federal Republic is still officially regarded as “not a country of immigration”. The legal and administrative framework set up to recruit “guest workers” is still in force. It is inappropriate for the current phase of settlement, denying basic rights, and causing social isolation of immigrants. The status of foreign residents is a major political issue, but no solution is yet in sight, leaving immigrants in a state of insecurity.
The Law, Immigration and Human Rights: Changing the Australian Immigration Control System
Authors: Ozdowski Sev A.
Published: June 2018

The structure of the present system of immigration control in Australia is examined here in the context of its origin, evolution and responses to current human rights and anti-discrimination standards. This article argues that the system has serious shortcomings because it confers broad discretionary powers on immigration officials and provides no comprehensive system of judicial review. Since the 1970s the system has been gradually losing its legitimacy and has become a subject of challenges by various groups. Its efficiency has been undermined and it breeds social conflict and systematic human rights violations. The suggestion is made for development of a new immigration control system, based upon legislation that incorporates all objectives and principles pertaining to immigration policy, procedure, and review.
Basic Humanitarian Principles Applicable to Non-Nationals
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S. , Jenny R.K. , Perruchoud Richard
Published: June 2018

This article seeks to: 1) examine the general status in international law of certain fundamental human rights, to determine the minimum “no derogation” standards; and 2) survey briefly a number of formal agreements between states governing migration matters, while examining some of the standard-setting work undertaken by the International Labor Organization and other institutions. Finally, certain conclusions will be drawn regarding the content and administration of the relevant law, in the light of the requirement to ensure the effective and efficient implementation of international legal obligations.
Migration from Jamaica in the 1970s: Political Protest or Economic Pull?
Authors: Cooper Dereck W.
Published: June 2018

A number of commentators in both newspapers and journals have implied that the high rates of out-migration from Jamaica in the late 70s were essentially a response to the democratic socialist policies of the Manley administration in that country. However, a more detailed examination of the data on patterns of migration in previous years reveals not only that the high rates were part of an on-going trend set soon after World War II, but also that the various fluctuations in rates from year to year correspond more to the immigration policies of receiving countries than to the policies of the sending nation.
Troubled Communication: Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings in the Asylum-Hearing
Authors: Kälin Walter
Published: June 2018

This article demonstrates how misunderstandings rooted in the differences between the asylum-seeker's and the official's cultural background can seriously distort the process of communication during the asylum-hearing and thus impair the ability of refugees from Third World countries to make their asylum-claims credible.
Spontaneously Settled Refugees in Northwestern Province, Zambia
Authors: Freund Paul J. , Kalumba Katele
Published: June 2018

Recently, the UNHCR commissioned researchers from the University of Zambia to conduct a socioeconomic survey and census of ‘spontaneously settled’ Zairean and Angolan refugees in the Northwestern Province. After a brief description of the methodological issues and logistic difficulties of the research the major results of the survey are presented.
Flight into Despair: A Profile of Recent Haitian Refugees in South Florida
Authors: Stepick Alex , Portes Alejandro
Published: June 2018

Based on a random sample survey of recently arrived Haitians, participant observation, and intensive interviewing, this article examines the following areas: a) individual background characteristics of Haitian immigrants; b) their arrival and early resettlement experiences; c) their education, knowledge of English and information about the United States; d) current employment status and occupation; e) income and use of public assistance; f) predictors of employment, occupation, and income; and g) beliefs and orientations. These results are presented after discussion of the methodology of the study and the context of out-migration from Haiti.
Family Reunification and Philippine Migration to the United States: The Immigrants’ Perspective
Authors: DeJong Gordon F. , Root Brenda Davis , Abad Ricardo G.
Published: June 2018

This article focuses on the impact of the family reunification provisions in the United States immigration policy for legal immigration from the Philippines. Immigration and Naturalization Service data on the changing pattern of Philippine immigration to the United States between 1971 and 1984 show an increase of nearly two-and-a-half times in the number of immediate family members exempt from numerical limitations, a doubling in the number of immigrants entering under family preference categories, but a marked decline in the number of occupational preference immigrants. Immigration-related plans, behavior, and characteristics from the immigrants’ perspective are also analyzed. A family reunification policy-based typology has been constructed to categorize intended and actual immigrants to the United States. Using this typology, systematic differences are reported for out-migration plans, family contacts, the immigrant process, and the characteristics of intended and actual immigrants.
Changes in the Characteristics of Puerto Rican Migrants from 1955 to 1980
Authors: Ortiz Vilma
Published: June 2018

This article tests the assumption that recent cohorts of migrants from Puerto Rico to the United States are a more select portion of the population, i.e., more educated and professional, than earlier cohorts. In this analysis, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of three cohorts of Puerto Rican migrants over the last 30 years are compared utilizing data from the 1960, 1970, and 1980 censuses.
Arab Americans: Migration, Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Nigem Elias T.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the status of Arab Americans in the United States in light of their migration history and selected demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Using the “Ancestry question” to define this group, and data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census and other secondary sources, the findings indicate that Arab Americans, although a recent group, share similar migratory forces with other emigrant groups. However, they are above the national average in terms of socioeconomic status. Also, there appears to be a difference with respect to socioeconomic and demographic characteristics between those of single- and multiple-ancestry groups.
The Paths of the Trade: Italian Stonemasons in the United States
Authors: Audenino Patrizia
Published: June 2018

This article examines the history of Italian stonecutters from Valle Cervo, an alpine village in Piedmont, Italy. These migrants comprised a wave of temporary emigration to the United States between 1870 and 1915. The migration paths followed by these artisans demonstrates the close connection among their various migrations, settlements and opportunities for employment in the eastern United States. The reconstruction of the histories of individual emigrants, utilizing Italian and American sources, census records, trade-union press and private documents, provides some insight into the experiences of these stonecutters and their social networks.
Migrant Workers in the Arab Gulf: The Impact of Declining Oil Revenues
Authors: Birks J.S. , Seccombe I.J. , Sinclair C.A.
Published: June 2018

This article explores the relationship between government expenditure and labor immigration in the Arab Gulf states. This relationship was close and positive during the rapid growth of the 1970s. Using Kuwait as a case study, trends in immigrant labor movements over the period 1981–85 are considered in detail. This analysis shows that the current economic downturn, reflecting the collapse of the world oil prices, has not resulted in the large scale re-export of foreign labor which was envisaged. The reasons for this foreign labor retention are considered and the authors speculate on future migration trends in the region.
The Causes of International Labor Migrations — A Demand-Determined Approach
Authors: Straubhaar Thomas
Published: June 2018

The empirical results for the causes of the migration flows from Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal and Turkey to the EC-destination countries show that determinants which are used to explain migration flows inside a given country can be applied to the migration flows within a Common Market, but not to international migration flows. International migration flows are demand-determined by the existence of restrictive immigration control systems. The demand for immigrants in the destination country is the decisive condition for the phenomenon of international labor migration, and the supply of migration-willing workers is only a necessary condition.
The Role of Foreign Workers in the Seasonal Fluctuations of the French Economy
Authors: Verhaeren Raphaël-Emmanuel
Published: June 2018

The few studies which have been carried out on foreign seasonal workers in France, only take into account the annual inflows of seasonal immigrants. This present article covers two other aspects of the problem: the seasonal nature of immigration in general, and above all the role of permanent immigrant workers in certain sectors influenced by seasonal changes.
Peasants in Reserve: Temporary West Indian Labor in the U.S. Farm Labor Market
Authors: Griffith David
Published: June 2018

In the past ten years, the British West Indies Temporary Alien Labor Program has received widespread judicial and legislative support and criticism. While sugar and apple producers who import West Indians argue that domestic labor is insufficient to harvest their crops, labor organizations and their supporters maintain that domestic labor is adequate. The resulting legal disputes focus primarily on the issue of whether or not West Indians are displacing U.S. workers or undermining wage rates and working conditions. This article examines the relationships among legal issues surrounding the program, the U.S. farm labor market, and the Jamaican peasantry. It argues that continued imports of foreign labor during times of high domestic unemployment, as well as the varied factors which underlie the continued willingness and ability of Jamaican peasant households to supply workers to U.S. producers, can be most clearly understood from an international and historical perspective, rather than focussing on the needs and problems of any one nation.
The “Albatross” of Immigration Reform: Temporary Worker Policy in the United States
Authors: Briggs Vernon M.
Published: June 2018

Temporary worker policy in the United States traditionally has been advocated as a means to meet shortages for labor — a demand problem. Over the past decade, however, there has been support for the use of such policies as a means of addressing illegal immigration — a supply problem. Despite the fact that experiences show that such endeavors actually foster illegal immigration, the drive for immigration reform in the 1980s was seriously encumbered with a variety of attempts both to expand existing and to add new temporary worker programs. This article reviews the evolution of temporary worker policy and indicates how efforts to admit more temporary workers complicated the immigration reform process. Indeed, it was not until the major temporary worker proposals were finally removed from the Simpson-Rodino Act — by the adoption of a highly controversial “second amnesty” program (i.e., the Schumer Amendment) — that passage of legislation was achieved. Because this program functioned as a bargaining chip in the effort to establish a system of employer sanctions, it is unlikely that this expedient measure will set a precedent for future replication. Hence, it can be anticipated that efforts will eventually be made to revive temporary worker policy and, in the process, rekindle the debate over this contentious issue.
Social Science Literature and the Naturalization Process
Authors: DeSipio Louis
Published: June 2018

This article examines social science research into the socioeconomic and cultural factors associated with immigrants who naturalize. Few of the studies in this review use statistical methodologies and many of the findings are highly impressionistic. Yet, several of the studies find common factors to explain the decision to naturalize. These include: length of residence in the United States, varied potentials for acculturation among different national origin groups, motivation for immigration and formal education and language skills. However, no single study is found that examines all of the variables influencing the naturalization decision.
Refugees and Human Rights in Costa Rica: The Mariel Cubans
Authors: Fernández Gastón , Narváez León
Published: June 2018

Historically, Costa Rican refugee policies have reflected a broad human rights perspective consistent with international principles. However, the reception and subsequent treatment of Mariel Cubans took place in an increasingly negative context, namely a substantial increase in the number of Salvadorans and Nicaraguans requiring assistance. As a result, the skills, educational levels and occupational experiences of the Mariel Cubans were not considered assets for Costa Rican development. Costa Rica, the host society for hundreds of Mariel Cubans, raised obstacles to the effective utilization of those assets. These obstacles raise questions about aspects of Costa Rica's longstanding commitment to human rights.
Comparative Studies of Acculturative Stress
Authors: Berry J.W. , Kim Uichol , Minde Thomas , Mok Doris
Published: June 2018

A series of studies of acculturative stress is reported, involving immigrants, refugees, Native peoples, sojourners and ethnic groups in Canada. Acculturative stress is defined as a reduction in health status (including psychological, somatic and social aspects) of individuals who are undergoing acculturation, and for which there is evidence that these health phenomena are related systematically to acculturation phenomena. A theoretical model and a comparative framework are presented within which the empirical studies were conducted. A total of 1,197 individuals were studied in the last decade and a half, using a common indicator of acculturative stress, for which reliability and validity indices are presented. Results indicate substantial variation in stress phenomena across types of acculturating groups, and across a number of individual difference variables (such as sex, age, education, attitudes and cognitive style), and across a number of social variables (such as contact, social support and status). A need for further comparative studies is identified so that acculturation phenomena may be understood in terms of their origins in variations across host societies, across acculturating groups and their interactions.
Health Effects of Migration: U.S. Chinese in and outside the Chinatown
Authors: King Haitung , Locke Frances B.
Published: June 2018

Previous studies on health effects of migration at the international level have seldom been directed to those concentrated in segregated enclaves. This study hypothesizes that in spite of the known deviations in certain demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Chinatown (San Francisco-N.Y.C.) residents from the U.S. Chinese population, no consistent relationship seems to exist between these attributes and health risks, as reflected in the mortality levels of the two populations. A convergence in mortality was observed for a noticeable number of causes of deaths, with but a few disease-cause sets of non-convergence with statistical significance. The study results were interpreted in terms of varying degree of acculturation experience.
Reproductive Health: Caribbean Women in New York City, 1980–1984
Authors: Chavkin Wendy , Busner Carey , McLaughlin Margaret
Published: June 2018

People from the Caribbean represent one of the largest immigrant groups in New York City. This study focuses on the reproductive health of first generation Caribbean immigrants. Birth and death certificate data were used to generate descriptive profiles of risk-factor prevalence and reproductive outcomes to Caribbean and comparison populations.
Type a Personalty: Hispanic and Anglo Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Nanjundappa G. , Friis Robert , Taladrid Beatrix
Published: June 2018

Type A personality among Anglo and Hispanic diabetes and cardiovascular disease patients was assessed. The specific objectives were to relate differences in Type A personality to Anglo and Hispanic ethnicity and to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases — hypertension and heart disease. The subjects for this research were consecutive patients selected from the patient population of a primary care internal medicine clinic affiliated with the University of California, Irvine Medical Center. A total of 162 currently active diabetes and cardiovascular disease patients and a comparison group of 74 patients who did not have diabetes and cardiovascular disease were included. Type A personality was measured by the 10 item Framigham Type A Questionnaire.
Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers in the United States: A Review of Health Hazards, Status, and Policy
Authors: Sakala Carol
Published: June 2018

Although the occupation and associated living conditions of migrant and seasonal agricultural workers in the U.S. pose exceptional health hazards to the workers and their dependents, relatively few occupational health professionals have been involved with this group. This article examines the basis for this neglect and proposes a definition of the population that should be considered in farmworker health policy. It then reviews existing evidence regarding hazards of four major occupational exposures — pesticides, the sun, injuries, and poor field sanitation — and policies that have been developed to address these hazards. The extremely negative health consequences of farmworker living conditions, which are indirect occupational hazards, are also summarized. Numerous policy, planning, and research recommendations are made. Adequate solutions for this impoverished and powerless group, however, will require significant sociopolitical advances, such as are developing with unionization and other forms of political organization.
Refugees ‘in Transit’: Vietnamese in a Refugee Camp in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Kwok B. , Loveridge David
Published: June 2018

Drawing upon data from field work in a refugee transit camp in Hong Kong, this article attempts to focus on one phase of the refugee experience often overlooked by refugee research scholars and governments charged with the task of refugee resettlement: the phase between flight from persecution and resettlement. The article examines the relationship between culture shock, conditions of life and culture in refugee transit camps, and the emotional and psychological life of the refugees. Implications of the study's data for refugee resettlement are also formulated.
Measuring International Migration: Theory and Practice
Authors: Zlotnick Hania
Published: June 2018

This volume is the result of the collaboration between the International Migration Review 2 and two of the scientific committees of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP). The Committee on International Migration and the Committee on Data Collection and Processing in LDC's jointly organized a Workshop entitled “International Migration Statistics: Their Problems and Use” that took place in Ottawa, Canada from 11 to 13 November 1987. Preliminary versions of about half of the articles contained in this volume were presented at that Workshop. A full report of the discussions that took place at the Workshop is also included.
The United Nations Recommendations and Data Efforts: International Migration Statistics
Authors: Simmons Alan B.
Published: June 2018

This article provides a critical review of the United Nations’ efforts to improve international migration statistics. The review addresses the challenges faced by the U.N. effort, the direction in which this effort is going, gaps in the current approach, and priorities for future action.
International Migration Statistics in Mexico
Authors: Griego Manuel García y
Published: June 2018

During the past decade Mexico has experienced both large-scale emigration, directed mostly to the United States, and the mass immigration of Central American refugees. The implementation of the United States Immigration and Control Act of 1986 and the possible escalation of armed conflicts in Central America may result in expanded inflows either of returning citizens or of new refugee waves. To develop appropriate policy responses, Mexico would need reliable information on international migration flows. This note reviews available sources of that information and evaluates their strengths and limitations.
The Nature and Scope of International Migration Data in Nigeria
Authors: Makinwa-Adebusoye Paulina
Published: June 2018

Nigeria, the largest country in Western Africa, has been attracting migrants from neighboring countries for the past decade or so. Although most of the movement of African migrants has occurred outside the regulatory framework set up to control migration, it is important to know the main elements of the latter to understand the likely limitations of the data collection systems currently in operation. This note briefly reviews the legal basis for the control of migration in Nigeria and the scope of the ECOWAS Protocol on Freedom of Movement. It also focuses on the available sources of data on migration, discussing their nature and scope.
New Approaches to the Estimation of Migration Flows from Census and Administrative Data Sources
Authors: Hill Kenneth
Published: June 2018

Two methods for estimating migration flows from census data are proposed and illustrated by applications to recent U.S. data. The first method is a simplification of existing intercensal projection methods, and will be affected by changes in census coverage. The second method incorporates independent information on the age pattern of intercensal migration and estimates consistent adjustment factors for census coverage and the scale of the migration schedule. Interpretation of the results of the two methods is discussed.
Change in the Undocumented Alien Population in the United States, 1979–1983
Authors: Passel Jeffrey S. , Woodrow Karen A.
Published: June 2018

This article presents estimates of the number of undocumented aliens included in the April 1983 Current Population Survey (CPS) derived by subtracting an estimate of the legally resident foreign born population from the survey estimate of all foreign born residents. The methodology is similar to that used by Warren and Passel (1987) with the 1980 census. Also presented are similar estimates for the November 1979 CPS — reestimates following the work of Warren (1982). Estimates are presented by period of entry for Mexico and other groups of countries. Comparison of the April 1983 estimate with the census-based estimate and the November 1979 survey-based estimate provide an indication of growth in the undocumented alien population for 1980–83. For this recent period, the implied annual growth in the undocumented alien population is in the range of 100,000 to 300,000 — a range lower than has usually been offered in speculative assessments.
The Ethnosurvey in Theory and Practice
Authors: Massey Douglas S.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a research approach designed to overcome the limitations of federal immigration statistics and to illuminate the social processes underlying aggregate patterns of migration. The principal weaknesses of existing data sources are that they underenumerate and imperfectly measure undocumented migration; they do not reflect the widespread circularity of modern international movements; they omit variables central to the immigration process; and their cross-sectional collection and tabulation precludes the analysis of immigration as a dynamic process. The ethnosurvey is a research design that ameliorates these problems through five specific design features: multimethod data collection, representative multisite sampling, multilevel data compilation, life history collection, and parallel sampling. These design features are described, justified, and tied to the broader methodological literature in social science. The ethnosurvey design is illustrated by its recent application to study Mexican migration to the United States, and empirical evidence is presented to show how it corrects the limitations of federal data on immigration.
Immigrant and Native Ethnic Enterprises in Mexican American Neighborhoods: Differing Perceptions of Mexican Immigrant Workers
Authors: Hansen Niles , Cardenas Gilberto
Published: June 2018

This study uses original data from a large sample of businesses located in Mexican ethnic neighborhoods (barrios) in Texas and California to analyze how perceptions of the economic roles of Mexican immigrant workers differ among three employer groups: native ethnic, immigrant ethnic and non-ethnic. It was found that the immigrant ethnic employer group depends more on Mexican immigrants as workers and as consumers than does the native ethnic group, which tends in many ways to be more like the non-ethnic group. Differences between results for localities on the border with Mexico and those for non-border localities are also discussed.
Enhancing Interpersonal Skills for Ethnic Diversity in Medical Practice
Authors: Lacey Ella P.
Published: June 2018

Minority groups are overrepresented as patients who present with various diseases treated by the medical care system; they are under-represented as physicians in the same system. In addition, statistical projections consistently predict that there will be increasing proportions of minorities in the student population of higher education as well as in the population at large. Such a scenario suggests that medical education should, at a minimum, prepare students for understanding cultural and ethnic influences of their own health and medical beliefs and practices, and, as well, prepare them to appreciate perspectives that differ from their own cultural and ethnic orientation. A model for such preparation is evolving at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Implementation of the model should be considered for other medical school settings; modifications of the model may be considered appropriate for other educational settings.
The Interurban Mobility of the Foreign Born in Canada, 1976–81
Authors: Trovato Frank
Published: June 2018

This study concerns itself with the relationship between nativity, language affiliation, and interurban mobility in Canada during the intercensal period 1976–81. Three hypotheses are evaluated: a) the urban/ethnic affinity thesis predicts that international immigrants share strong preferences for settling in and relocating toward large urban centers where established ethnic communities exist; b) the sociocultural explanation of mobility posits that variations in the propensity to relocate are a function of nativity and language; and c) the heterogeneity explanation predicts that interurban mobility flows ultimately serve to increase rather than decrease linguistic heterogeneity in large urban areas. A series of crosstabular and logistic regression analyses provide support for all three hypotheses. Theoretical and policy oriented implications are discussed in the context of ethnic community survival in urban Canada.
Continuity and Change in Germany's Treatment of Non-Germans
Authors: O'brien Peter
Published: June 2018

This essay criticizes two conventional approaches to migrants in Germany. One focuses on racism in German history while the second examines the tradition of repressive laws which exploit and dominate foreigners. This essay finds these approaches appropriate until the 1970s. From that point, German governments tend to accept foreigners and develop programs of integration. Yet, the essay concludes with ways future research can uncover in these same policies of integration new and subtle forms of control and domination.
Modelling the Language Shift Process of Hispanic Immigrants
Authors: Veltman Calvin
Published: June 2018

This article provides a longitudinal interpretation of the 1976 Survey of Income and Education data on the linguistic integration of Hispanic immigrants to the United States. The assumptions required to sustain such an analysis are examined, followed by the presentation of data suggesting that age at time of arrival and length of residence in the U.S. largely explain observed patterns of language shift. The analysis shows that movement to English is extremely rapid, occurring within fifteen years of arrival in the U.S. Further, most of the younger immigrants make English their preferred personal language.
Differential Social Integration among First Generation Greeks in New York
Authors: Veglery Anna
Published: June 2018

This study examines differential integration of recent Greek immigrants into the religious structure of the Greek community vis-à-vis the American community of New York City. It also examines the two characteristics of the immigrants: their educational level and their knowledge of English. For data collection, 71 post-1965 Greek immigrants were interviewed in 1982.
The Organization of American States and Legal Protection to Political Refugees in Central America
Authors: Yundt Keith W.
Published: June 2018

Since 1978, massive influxes of asylum seekers have placed great strain upon recipient states in Central America. At the global level, protection and assistance to refugees is entrusted to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). At the regional level, one would expect involvement by the Organization of American States with Central America refugees; either to supplement UNHCR activities or to enforce independent inter-American standards. This article reviews inter-American standards and agencies of concern for asylum seekers and refugees. Special attention is given to the inter-American human rights regime as the mechanism best suited to supplement or complement UNHCR activities in Central America.
Shifts in Grenadian Migration: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Pool Gail R.
Published: June 2018

Migration from Grenada has been varied and large over the past century, reaching levels which even resulted in negative population growth. This article focuses on changes in Grenadian migration over the past eighty years, with emphasis on the Grenada Revolution, 1979 – 1983. After the 1979 revolution there were some changes in the attitudes of Grenadians to migration, although many of the expected socioeconomic and demographic features of migration were still present. Migration may be seen as a means of circumventing low wages and limited opportunities, as a culturally specific pattern of behavior or as a combination of economic, political and cultural factors. After reviewing the pattern of Grenadian migration over the past 80 years, some of the causes of and attitudes to migration are examined and the meaning of migration for Grenadians is discussed.
Social and Economic Context and Attitudes toward Immigrants in Canadian Cities
Authors: Schissel Bernard , Wanner Richard , Frideres James S.
Published: June 2018

It has long been a part of the conventional wisdom among both social scientists and laypersons that periods of unemployment are characterized by higher levels of prejudice and discrimination directed at immigrant groups, particularly those of a minority ethnic or racial background. Yet surprisingly little research has addressed this issue. This article presents a study of the effects of a number of socioeconomic features of Canadian cities, particularly their unemployment rates, on the attitudes toward immigrants of their native-born residents. Using data from a national study of ethnicity and multiculturalism, we estimate several regression models predicting three separate dimensions of attitude toward immigrants and including as independent variables both individual characteristics and structural characteristics of city of residence. We find no evidence of a sizeable effect of local unemployment rate on attitude toward immigrants. Of the other contextual variables included in our models, the only one consistently influencing these attitudes is rate of population growth. Of the individual level variables included in the models, educational attainment and income, along with mother tongue, exhibit the strongest and most consistent effects on the attitude dimensions.
International Law and Human Rights: Trends concerning International Migrants and Refugees
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S.
Published: June 2018

Notwithstanding human rights linkages, migrants and refugees are often on the periphery of effective international protection. State sovereignty and self-regarding notions of community are used to deny or dilute substantive and procedural guarantees. Recently, even nondiscrimination as a fundamental principle has been questioned, as has the system of refugee protection. This article locates both migrants and refugees squarely within the human rights context, contrasting inalienable rights with the demands of sovereignty, and juxtaposing the two in a context of existing and developing international standards. Migration and refugee flows will go on, and the developed world, in particular, must address the consequences — legal, humanitarian, socioeconomic and cultural. Racism and institutionalized denials of basic rights daily challenge the common interest. This article shows how the law must evolve, responding coherently to contemporary problems, if the structure of rights and freedoms is to be maintained.
Effects of International Law on Migration Policy and Practice: The uses of Hypocrisy
Authors: Martin David A.
Published: June 2018

Classical learning recognizes no role for international law in affecting migration policy and practice, but in modern times the salutary effects are increasing, although they remain modest. International law influences migration policy primarily through effective invocation of various forms of “soft law” in internal and international political forums. More limited prospects exist for beneficial changes enforced by international institutions and domestic courts. The article cautions against inflated expectations in the latter settings, however, particularly because overly ambitious claims can be counterproductive. It then offers a few predictions about near-term effects of international law, having to do with departures from a country, refugee law and the integration of migrants into their new homelands.
The Evolution of the International Refugee System
Authors: Gallagher Dennis
Published: June 2018

This article examines the evolution of the current international system for responding to refugee problems and the climate within which the legal and institutional framework has developed. It reviews the background and handling of some of the key refugee movements since World War II and traces the legal and institutional adjustments that have been made to deal with new refugee movements that have occurred predominantly, but not exclusively, in the developing world. Finally, it assesses the adequacy of the present system to meet the challenges ahead.
Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Böröcz Jözsef
Published: June 2018

This article reviews conventional theories about different aspects of labor migration: its origins, stability over time, and patterns of migrant settlement. For each of these aspects, we provide alternative explanatory hypotheses derived from the notions of increasing articulation of the international system and the social embeddedness of its various subprocesses, including labor flows. A typology of sources and outcomes of contemporary immigration is presented as an heuristic device to organize the diversity of such movements as described in the empirical literature.
Estimating the Immigration Multiplier: An Analysis of Recent Korean and Filipino Immigration to the United States
Authors: Arnold Fred , Cariño Benjamin V. , Fawcett James T. , Park Insook Han
Published: June 2018

In recent years, the vast majority of new immigrants to the United States have been admitted under the family reunification provisions of immigration law. Under this system, the potential for future immigration depends primarily on the magnitude of previous immigration and the size and geographic distribution of family networks of previous immigrants. This article explores the effect of “chaining” through the petitioning of relatives on the demand for future immigrant visas. The data for the study come from a 1986 survey of 3, 911 respondents from the Philippines and the Republic of Korea who were interviewed in Manila and Seoul just after they had received their U.S. immigrant visas. Analyses are conducted to derive different types of multipliers that may be used in estimating the effects of chain migration, including a Theoretical Multiplier, an Adjusted Multiplier and a Projected Multiplier. The empirical results for the Philippines and Korea indicate that the potential for future immigration through the family reunification entitlements of the immigration law is lower than has previously been suggested.
The Effect of Maquiladora Employment on the Monthly Flow of Mexican Undocumented Immigration to the U.S., 1978–1982
Authors: Davila Alberto , Saenz Rogelio
Published: June 2018

Some controversy has surrounded the extent to which employment in maquiladoras (assembly plants located along the Mexican border) has stimulated undocumented immigration to the United States. This study uses monthly data of maquiladora employment and INS apprehensions in a “push-pull” migration framework to study the association between these two variables during the April 1978 to January 1982 period. The findings suggest that there is a significantly negative relationship between the one month lag of maquiladora employment and INS apprehensions. Employment growth in the maquiladora sector tends to be followed by a reduction of apprehensions one month later. The study also finds that male and female apprehensions appear to respond to relatively similar economic factors.
The Status of the Spanish Language in the United States at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Veltman Calvin
Published: June 2018

This study presents population projections for different linguistic components of the Spanish language group, that is, for English dominant bilinguals, Spanish dominant bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals. The population model combines parameters obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the Census for nonlinguistic characteristics with linguistic parameters estimated from the 1976 Survey of Income and Education. The number of persons speaking Spanish on a regular basis will climb to an estimated 16.6 million persons at the turn of the century. Further analysis reveals, however, that an additional 4.5 million persons will have left the group by ceasing to speak Spanish. In fact, in the absence of continued immigration, this language minority cannot maintain its current size and will undergo progressively more rapid decline over the course of time.
The Reorganization of Mine Labor Recruitment in Southern Africa: Evidence from Botswana
Authors: Taylor John
Published: June 2018

The past decade has been one of unprecedented change in the pattern and organization of mine labor recruitment in Southern Africa. Using detailed data on recruitment patterns in Botswana, this article supports the view that recent changes have initiated a self-sustaining trend whereby certain flows of foreign labor into South Africa will decline unabated into the foreseeable future. This results from a shift in general recruiting policy from one of encouraging external migrant labor flows—by expanding recruitment networks and employing a variable and transient workforce—to one of retrenchment and labor stabilization biased in favor of internalized labor supplies.
Adaptation Stages and Mental Health of Korean Male Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Hurh Won Moo , Kim Kwang Chung
Published: June 2018

This study examines the variation patterns of Korean male immigrants’ mental health in relation to their length of residence in the United States and identifies significant factors related to the variations. The main hypothesis suggests two critical stages in which Korean immigrants’ mental health would become highly vulnerable—the early exigency stage (1–2 years after immigration) and the later marginality stage (11–15 years after immigration). Hence, the hypothesis predicts a curvilinear (the inverted J-curve) relationship between length of residence and life satisfaction. This hypothesis is tested through an epidemiological survey of 334 Korean male immigrants (20 years and older) in the Chicago area. Results of data analyses generally confirm the hypothesis: 1) the immigrants’ mental health is most highly vulnerable at the early exigency stage, 2) the degree of their mental well-being generally increases with length of residence, 3) the rate of increase in mental well-being tends to stagnate after the resolution stage, confirming the inverted J-curve hypothesis and 4) job satisfaction is the most significant variable accounting for the mental health patterns of the Korean male immigrants. Theoretical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed in the conclusion.
Urban Ties of Rural Thais
Authors: Fuller Theodore D. , Kamnuansilpa Peerasit , Lightfoot Paul
Published: June 2018

Sponsorship plays an important role in influencing migration decisions and shaping migration streams. Therefore, it is important to document the nature and extent of interpersonal linkages between villagers and urban dwellers. This article presents such an analysis for Thailand, in a context dominated by circular mobility. Using data from Northeast Thailand, it examines the prevalence of urban social contacts, selectivities involved in such linkages, the characteristics of the urban contacts themselves, the salience of the interpersonal relationships, and the potential for the urban contact to act as a sponsor for the villagers. Furthermore, using a prospective research design, the impact of social contacts on subsequent rural-urban mobility of villagers is examined. Given the dominance of Bangkok in the Thai urban hierarchy and given the interest of decentralized urbanization expressed by Thai policymakers, it is important to distinguish between Bangkok and regional centers. Therefore, the article systematically distinguishes between Bangkok and Northeast Thai centers. By so doing, the study clarifies some of the obstacles hindering the decentralized urbanization program in Thailand.