bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Device for Teaching the Extraction of Roots
Authors: Sample P. A.
Published: January 2021

The following is an exposition of a formulary procedure for the extraction of roots of the nth degree, where n is any positive integer. While this procedure may not have great practical value beyond its application to square and cube roots, standard categorical rules for which are to be found in most texts of advanced arithmetic and algebra, it is nevertheless the belief of the author of this article that all students of pure, as contradistinguished from applied, mathematics will be interested in this exposition, since it is but a logical extension and application of a universally known and used algebraic formula—the Binomial Theorem.
Interpretation of “College Preparation” by Individual Teachers of High School Mathematics
Authors: Trimble H. C.
Published: January 2021

The idea that pressure from the colleges has been a serious obstacle in the way of curriculum reform in the high school is a familiar one. Last spring I had an opportunity to visit a representative sample of Iowa high schools. Because I am employed in college teaching, and because I have heard so much about college domination of high school curriculum, I kept looking for evidences of the influence of the college in shaping the thinking of high school people.
Division by a Fraction Made Meaningful
Authors: Christofferson H. C.
Published: January 2021

Division by a fraction or by a mixed number is an operation in arithmetic which many teachers find difficult to make meaningful. Then too, its social usefulness has been questioned by curriculum experts and administrators until teachers now seem less concerned with the process. While not so commonly used as many other operations, division by a fraction is important and essential and does provide an unusually effective thinking situation.
The Art of Teaching: Approximate Square Roots
Authors: Jurgensen R. C.
Published: January 2021

The Final step in the computing of a square root correct to a certain number of figures can be done by a method which is simpler than that usually presented in elementary text books
Criteria for Aims in Mathematics
Authors: Kinney Lucien
Published: January 2021

Teaching aims have always held an important place in the literature of secondary school mathematics. In any given period they clearly reveal the current psychological theories, social problems, and schools of educational thought. At the turn of the century, for example, we discern the influence of faculty psychology and the theory of mental discipline. In the analytical ‘twenties the point of view of the job analysis was reflected in detailed and cumbersome lists of aims that broke down of their own weight. Since the early ‘thirties our society has been threatened by economic forces from within and totalitarian forces from without. Accordingly we find that educational aims are preoccupied by definition of an increased responsibility of education in a free society. This is all to the good if we can close the gap between the expressed aims and the implications for classroom activity.
A Laboratory for Meaningful Arithmetic
Authors: Grossnickle Foster E.
Published: January 2021

The arithmetic classroom of today does not fit into any one pattern. In some cases it is primarily a “recitation period.” In this case the teacher checks on the accuracy of the work of the pupil. In some cases the classroom is a period for assigning work and for a discussion of problems or processes which are not understood. Finally, the classroom is a laboratory in which the pupils manipulate material to discover principles and to arrive at valid conclusions. In this case the teacher asks leading questions but the pupil finds the answers by using his materials and equipment. He does not memorize a series of unrelated facts and give answers which are meaningless to him. After he understands or discovers a principle, he may use several periods practicing the application of that principle. The classroom takes on the appearance of a workshop. Under such conditions the pupils may be working in groups which have a common problem or interest for them. The work is largely individualized as each pupil must discover for himself the underlying principle to be learned.
The Place of Mathematics in General Education
Authors: Cameron Edward A.
Published: January 2021

The place of mathematics in general education was discussed at least as long ago as some 2500 years, when the Pythagoreans established the quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music, subjects which were to be considered the heart of a liberal education for many centuries. That the subject is still being discussed today can be readily verified by consulting almost any recent issue of The Mathematics Teacher. The Eleventh and Fifteenth Yearbooks of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics contain much valuable information on the subject under discussion, and I heartily recommend them to any teacher of mathematics who has not yet read them.
Keeping Ahead Professionally
Authors: Hildebrandt E. H. C.
Published: January 2021

A short time ago, I inquired of my dentist about the new method for preventing some of the tooth decay in children by the application of a weak sodium fluoride solution, whether this treatment would benefit my children, and whether he administered such treatments. He replied that experiments had shown that 40 per cent of tooth decay could be eliminated by applying this solution and that if I wished, he would be willing to apply this treatment to my children.
Teaching Mathematics as a System of Understandings
Authors: Breslich E. R.
Published: January 2021

Competence has always been a major objective of the teaching of mathematics, but the method by which the pupil is to attain it has varied. In arithmetic the teachers have tried such methods as drill, practical applications, social utility, life situations, incidental teaching, and recently the meaning theory. Each was highly endorsed by educators and school administrators. Each enjoyed a period of popularity in the schools, only to be abandoned when its advocates had to admit that it was inadequate.
Fundamentals and Engineering Mathematics
Authors: Nielsen Kaj L.
Published: January 2021

As was pointed out by the chairman, Professor Zant, I am a research scientist. You may therefore be skeptical about what a research scientist can have to say that would hold the interest of a group which is primarily interested in the teaching of high school mathematics. I shall try to put you at ease by informing you that I taught in a number of universities for eight years and that I do hold a Life Teacher's Certificate for the State of Michigan. Furthermore, I have a great personal interest in the problems connected with secondary education.
Demonstration of Acceptance Sampling Plans
Authors: Wescott Mason E.
Published: January 2021

Most people think of “sampling as a technique whereby some useful inference can be made concerning a whole by considering evidence observed in a portion, or sample, from the whole. From the simple act of cutting a plug from a watermelon all the way up to the more complicated procedures of a Hooper Rating, Hit Parade, or Gallup Public Opinion Poll we see and are familiar with this attempt to estimate the nature of things unseen on the basis of a peek at, or sample of, these things.
For Non–Geniuses Only
Authors: Trimble H. C.
Published: January 2021

The belief, either expressed or implied, that their most important job is the location of budding scientists is widespread among teachers of mathematics. That this task is a socially significant one, I shall not question let alone deny. The thesis explored here concerns another group of students. The “second track” group, as we have learned to call them, can be led to find in mathematics a language which extends their analytical powers.
Miscellanea—Mathematical, Historical, Pedagogical
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

Calling contributors! Have you some interesting items? some short squibs? some apt anecdotes? This department will attempt to provide a “swapping post” for all kinds of notes which add interest and enrichment to mathematics teaching or provide references and helpful hints for mathematics teachers. Won't you send me notes of all types—on your own devices, on little-publicized information items, or the name and address of a friend who should contribute but is too self deprecatory to do so? Please? Of course we will acknowledge the sources of all notes published.
Dramatizing Junior Mathematics
Authors: Diggins Julia E.
Published: January 2021

Children of the 7th and 8th grades are very active. They are spontaneous—they lack self-consciousness—their humor is refreshing and they enjoy the “make believe.”
Miscellanea—Mathematical, Historical, Pedagogical
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

Anyone interested in mathematics enjoys meeting mathematical allusions in non-mathematical settings even when irked by their inaccuracy or lack of true aptness. Such allusions may often be used to enliven a class, to illustrate a point, or to motivate a more serious discussion, as well as to indicate that the concepts and vocabulary of mathematics are a part of our culture and appropriate material for the general education of all intelligent citizens.
A Program for Determining the Mathematical Needs of Engineering Students
Authors: Zant James H.
Published: January 2021

The curriculum of our high schools, including the part dealing with mathematics, I might say, especially the part dealing with mathematics, is largely traditional. It is true that there have been new courses introduced in some places and old courses have been reorganized in some schools but one who attended a high school 25 or 35 years ago would have little difficulty recognizing the material being taught if he were to go back to the classroom. This is especially true in mathematics. Without having statistical data on the subject we would be safe in saying that the majority of high schools, small and large, teach about the same algebra, geometry, etc. as has been taught for many years. In fact, it is not difficult to recognize the geometry of today in a copy of Playfair's Euclid written in 1813 and still in use in some schools in this country less than 75 years ago. This is not necessarily bad. If students need the mathematics that was taught 75 years ago or 2,000 years ago, as in the case of Euclid's geometry, there is every reason that such subject matter should continue to be in cluded in our school curriculum. The important thing is the pupils’ needs now and in the future. We should find what those needs are for all citizens and for special groups who are segregated for special training.
Group Affiliation with the National Council
Authors: Charlesworth H. W.
Published: January 2021

Below are listed the groups that have affiiliated during the year of 1949 up to December 1, also a separate listing of groups which have renewed their affiliation. We have given the name of the group, time of original affiliation, number of members as reported in November, name and address of the president and of the secretary.
Group Affiliation with the National Council
Authors: Charlesworth H. W.
Published: January 2021

By the time this article appears, the Chicago convention will be over and the first meeting of the Delegate Assembly will have put added vigor into affiliation matters. The effectiveness of the work of this assembly will depend upon how well their decisions are carried out cooperatively by the affiliated groups and the National Council. We hope that the delegates will make known to their respective groups as soon as possible, what transpired at this delegate assembly meeting. We trust that the accomplishments of this assembly will prove to be definitely helpful and inspirational to all groups.
Have You Heard?
Authors: Woolsey Edith
Published: January 2021

This is the last issue of The Mathematics Teacher for this school year. Suppose we look ahead and see what the Council has in store for us. On July 3 there will be a meeting in St. Louis in cooperation with the N.E.A. Prof. C. H. Butler, of Western Michigan College of Education in Kalamazoo, is preparing the program. Miss Ella Marth, of Harris Teachers College in St. Louis, is the local chairman. With these people in charge, the program will surely be excellent. If you attend it, you will also have the opportunity of going to the N.E.A. meetings and of seeing the city itself. St. Louis is full of places and things of historic interest. Have you seen the Eads bridge? That made bridge history as well as United States history. It was completed about 1870 and was the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi river that far north. It made it possible for the railroad to cross the river and go on out west, which resulted in the eventual disappearance of the covered wagon. The Lindbergh museum is there, too, and Shaw's gardens, and many other places worth seeing.
Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: January 2021

This is the first of a series of articles describing mathematical devices which teachers and students can make for themselves. Student produced materials are often more helpful in facilitating understanding than commercially finished devices, because student construction in itself provides an exceptionally fine learning opportunity. It is with this thought in mind that The Mathematics Teacher is introducing this special section as a regular feature. Since printed material on the production of learning aids is scarce, the success of this department will depend to a great extent on reader contributions. Anyone who has a favorite device which be would like to share with fellow teachers is invited to submit a drawing and description, similar to those below, to the department editor. Drawings sent in should be unmistakable in every detail and completely labeled, but they need not be drawn to any particular scale nor finished in any special way. Drawings submitted will be prepared for publication by this department. Send all materials to Emil J. Berger, Monroe High School, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Notes On the History of Mathematics
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

One of the difficulties we meet in teaching mathematics is the conviction which many people have that mathematics is a finished body of knowledge. Our pupils tend to take for granted that mathematics has always been as it now is and that it will always remain in that state. The use of materials from the history of mathematics helps to meet this situation, and class discussions become more interesting when it is realized that mathematical concepts, notations, and processes are the product of an evolution that is not yet complete, and that will probably continue to advance as our civilization becomes even more complex. Students are annoyed when they are introduced to fractional exponents when radical signs seem an adequate way to indicate roots. Why not choose one method and stay with it? It is a matter of surprise to discover that today 3.50 means the product of 3 and 50 in England and that the number an American writes as 3,500 would be written as 3.500 by a Frenchman. Apparently even ordinary notations are not entirely international. The topic of weights and measures becomes much more alive when a class discusses the social and economic importance of standardized units and then brings the subject down to earth by investigating the ways in which people have coped with this problem.
Mathematics an Essential of Culture
Authors: Carnahan Walter H.
Published: January 2021

About 500 B. C. Phidias carved some statues, and ever since that time men of culture have been expected to know something about him. Four hundred fifty years ago Raphael painted some pictures, and it is now an accepted mark of culture to know a little about him. About the time the United States had its painful national birth, Mozart composed music, and to admit complete ignorance of Mozart today would be culturally humiliating.
Some classroom problems from the field of atomic energy
Authors: Manheimer Wallace
Published: January 2021

The rapidly growing field of atomic energy offers striking opportunities to mathematics teachers for motivation and application of their subject. Our pupils are vitally interested in this field, not only because of its awesome possibilities for good or evil, but also because of its great vocational opportunities. Atomic energy has already become one of the greatest industries in the nation; and one that demands of its workers a high degree of mathematical understanding and technical training.
The Fifth Delegate Assembly
Authors: Lloyd Daniel B.
Published: January 2021

The Fifth Delegate Assembly of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics will be held at Hotel Sheraton-Gibson, in Cincinnati, Ohio, on Thursday, April 22, 1954. This is the opening morning of the three-day annual meeting of the Council. The entire program of the Delegate Assembly will be completed on that first day, starting with a three-hour session, 8 to 11 a.m., and closing with a dinner program from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. This will avoid conflicts with other scheduled meetings and thus do “the greatest good for the greatest number.”
Probability theory of a simple card game
Authors: Kirkpatrick Paul
Published: January 2021

How many cards do you have to remember to play a perfect game of concentration? Paul Kirkpatrick analyzes the game to provide the answer. Teachers and students in advanced algebra classes will find this an interesting application of some elementary probability theory.
The function concept in secondary school mathematics
Authors: Banks J. Houston
Published: January 2021

A needed discussion of an important concept in mathematics. The editor would welcome other discussions of important ideas to be studied in secondary mathetmatics.
Historically Speaking,—: Tying mathematics to its history
Authors: Krueger Raymond L.
Published: January 2021

Mathematics is so often accused of being dry and uninteresting. To me this is a real challenge for the teacher. Most of the content material can be taught by just a lot of good hard drill and practice. But as such it's no wonder students “moan and wail.”
Points and Viewpoints: A column of unofficial comment
Authors: Wilcox Marie S.
Published: January 2021

The yearbook planning committee
The Five Platonic Bodies
Authors: Weaver James H.
Published: January 2021

Pappus, Book III., Propositions 43 to 58, discusses the inscription of the five regular polyhedrons in a sphere.
Report of the Arithmetic Committee
Authors: Babb Maurice J. , Brown J. C. , Curtis Arthur W. , Grove Charles C. , Wolfenden Emma , Rorer Jonathan T.
Published: January 2021

Perhaps no subject in the school curriculum, with a possible exception of English, has received as much attention as arithmetic. There is a wealth of text-books of wide variety on the topic, as well as an abundance of pedagogical and philosophical works. If we add to this, the multitude of articles published in the various journals, we are at once convinced of the diffculty of properly evaluating the results thus far attained and of making correct deductions from them.
Reversal Equations
Authors: Merritt H. T.
Published: January 2021

In the September issue of this magazine Prof. W. R. Ransom has called attention in his article on “The Mathematical Pessimist” to a class of equations not recognized in our algebras, and says in this connection: “I consider that in calling attention to the claim of reversal equations to recognition as a class of equal importance with linears and quadratics, I have made my chief contribution to algebraic progress.”
The Reorganization of the Mathematical Curriculum in Secondary Schools
Authors: Pitcher Arthur D.
Published: January 2021

It is with considerable diffidence that I speak to you on the subject of the mathematical curriculum in the secondary schools. I am neither a teacher of secondary mathematics, nor an expert in the pedagogy of mathematics. However I have a permanent interest in the subject and its progress, and in the whole people to whom I believe the advancement of mathematics and mathematical instruction is fundamentally important. It is from this point of view that I speak. I cannot hope to give you an expert opinion on the curriculum, for I am not that kind of an expert. I can only register here my reaction on the subject in hand. It may well be doubted if my opinions are worth while. In fact I would not give them if I thought they would be accepted as given. I shall be thoroughly satisfied if I can emphasize a few well-known points of view, and perhaps stimulate a reasonable amount of criticism and thought.
A Study of the Reliability of Test Questions
Authors: Rogers C. E.
Published: January 2021

This paper is in the nature of a supplement to “A Study of the Reliability of Test Questions,” by Professor George Gailey Chambers, in the March number of THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER. It includes results from five groups of students secured by the use of the same questions upon which Professor Chambers’s study was based, except in the case of one group, where I added two questions to the original list for a purpose which I shall point out later.
One Task, Multiple Proportional Reasoning Strategies
Authors: Brakoniecki Aaron , M. Amador Julie , M. Glassmeyer David
Published: January 2021

Tasks and materials that allow for different approaches can help teachers incorporate student reasoning and can promote connections across different mathematical ideas.
Guiding Questions for Selecting Mathematical Examples
Authors: Snider Rachel B.
Published: January 2021

Examples are an essential part of mathematics teaching and learning, used on a daily basis to teach and practice content. Yet, selecting good examples for teaching is complex and challenging. This article presents ideas to consider when selecting examples, drawn from a research study with algebra 2 teachers.
GPS: Investigating Variability
Authors: Shafer Kathryn , Asli Özgün-Koca S.
Published: January 2021

Growing Problem Solvers provides four original, related, classroom-ready mathematical tasks, one for each grade band. Together, these tasks illustrate the trajectory of learners’ growth as problem solvers across their years of school mathematics.
We Can Do This!
Authors: Lamoreaux Nikki
Published: January 2021

This department provides a space for current and past PK–12 teachers of mathematics to connect with other teachers of mathematics through their stories that lend personal and professional support.
Empowering Native Adolescents: Responsibility for Their Health Behaviors
Authors: Chambers Rachel A. , Hautala Dane , Kenney Anne , Rosenstock Summer , Begay Marissa , Neault Nicole , Nelson Leonela , Reid Raymond , Richards Jennifer , Goklish Novalene , Van De Mheen Dike , Barlow Allison , Walls Melissa
Published: January 2021

Objectives: In this study, we assess the impact of a home-based diabetes prevention program, Together on Diabetes (TOD), on adolescent responsibility-taking for tasks related to diabetes risk. Methods: Participants were Native American youth ages 10-19 with or at risk
of type 2 diabetes who participated in a 12-session, 6-month diabetes prevention program with an adult caretaker. Assessments completed at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up include demographics and the Diabetes and Obesity Task Sharing (DOTS) Questionnaire. We used latent class analysis
(LCA) at baseline to examine heterogeneity in DOTS responses. We identified 3 classes (adolescent, shared, caretaker). We used latent transition analysis to examine stability and change in latent status at baseline, 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results: At baseline, the mean age of participants
was 13.6 years and 55.9% were boys. From baseline to 6-month follow-up, the adolescent class was most stable, whereas the shared and caretaker classes were less stable. For participants who transition from the adolescent class, most transition to shared class compared to caretaker class. Conclusions:
TOD helps to empower Native American adolescents to take responsibility for their health and engage with their caregivers in these decisions.
Fear of Cancer Progression and Health Behaviors in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ocalewski Jarosław , Michalska Patrycja , Izdebski Paweł , Jankowski Michał , Zegarski Wojciech
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Preparation of patients for colon tumor resection, which involves giving up smoking, reducing alcohol intake, having a proper diet, and increasing physical activity, significantly shortens the hospitalization period. In this study, we aimed at determining the relationship
between the fear of cancer progression (FoP) and health behaviors among people with colon cancer. Methods: Participants were patients a week before a colon tumor surgery and 6 months after. Measured variables included smoking, alcohol intake, anti-health products intake (anti-health
behaviors), physical activity, pro-health products intake (pro-health behaviors), and fear of progression cancer. Results: Comparing the week before the surgery and 6 months after revealed a decrease in smoking (η2 = .02), alcohol intake (η2 = .03), anti-health
products intake (η2 = .06) and physical activity (η2 = .06). A higher level of fear of cancer progression is related to decrease in anti-health behaviors, but does not affect the change in health-promoting behaviors among patients with colorectal cancer. Conclusions:
FoP is an important factor facilitating the limitation of anti-health behaviors such as alcohol and anti-health products intake. Symptoms of colorectal cancer have negative influence on physical activity and intake of pro-health products.
Elderly Black Non-Hispanic Patients With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Have the Worst Survival Outcomes
Authors: McDermott Jessica D. , Eguchi Megan , Morgan Rustain , Amini Arya , Goddard Julie A. , Borrayo Evelinn A. , Karam Sana D.
Published: January 2021

Background: In this population study, we compared head and neck cancer (HNC) prognosis and risk factors in 2 underserved minority groups (Hispanic and Black non-Hispanic patients) with those in other racial/ethnicity groups. Methods: In this SEER-Medicare database study in patients with HNC diagnosed in 2006 through 2015, we evaluated cancer-specific survival (CSS) between different racial/ethnic cohorts as the main outcome. Patient demographics, tumor factors, socioeconomic status, and treatments were analyzed in relation to the primary outcomes between racial/ethnic groups. Results: Black non-Hispanic patients had significantly worse CSS than all other racial/ethnic groups, including Hispanic patients, in unadjusted univariate analysis (Black non-Hispanic patients: hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.33–1.65; Hispanic patients: hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99–1.28). To investigate the association of several variables with CSS, data were stratified for multivariate analysis using forward Cox regression. This identified socioeconomic status, cancer stage, and receipt of treatment as predictive factors for the survival differences. Black non-Hispanic patients were most likely to present at a later stage (odds ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.38–1.90) and to receive less treatment (odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55–0.81). Unmarried status, high poverty areas, increased emergency department visits, and receipt of healthcare at non-NCI/nonteaching hospitals also significantly impacted stage and treatment. Conclusions: Black non-Hispanic patients have a worse HNC prognosis than patients in all other racial/ethnic groups, including Hispanic patients. Modifiable risk factors include access to nonemergent care and prevention measures, such as tobacco cessation; presence of social support; communication barriers; and access to tertiary centers for appropriate treatment of their cancers.
Comparative Analysis of Red Wine Produced from Hibiscus sabdariffa l. and Citrus sinensis Juice Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Palm Wine and Different Brands of Commercial Wine
Authors: Ire Francis Sopuruchukwu
Published: January 2021

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) grows abundantly in some parts of Nigeria and the plant has high nutritional value to all ages. Over the years, Nigeria has depended on imported wines to satisfy the demands for wine consumption by her citizens and this has placed huge economic burden on her economy. Hence, the need to exploit the commercial availability of Hibiscus sabdariffa for wine production. This study was aimed at comparative evaluation of red wine produced from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Citrus sinensis juice using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine and brands of commercial wine. The Roselle calyx extract and sweet orange juice in the ratio of 3:1 was inoculated with the palm wine yeast and allowed to ferment for 14 days at 28±2°C. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the fermenting ‘must’ were monitored at intervals using standard methods. Culturable microorganisms was not detected in the ‘must’ at Day 0, but only yeast cells which have a mean count of 2.77 x 104 Cfu/ml and 2.25 x 104 Cfu/ml were present in the fermenting ‘must’ at Day 7 and 14, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the parameters monitored in this study except pH and specific gravity (SG) of the fermenting ‘must’. The data obtained demonstrated that there was a decline in pH, reducing sugar, and SG of the fermenting ‘must’ which ranged from 3.8-3.5, 23-2.10 g/L and 1.08-1.00 oBrix % w/w, respectively. However, this study reported increase in alcohol content (0 - 10.87% v/v), titratable acidity (0.45 - 0.68 g/mL), and temperature (26.0 - 30.7°C) during the fermentation of the ‘must’. The wine produced had a bright red colour, pH of 3.5, alcohol content of 10.87% v/v, SG of 1.00 oBrix % w/w, and titratable acidity (TA) of 0.68%. The outcome of this study indicated that the wine produced is slightly more preferable than some commercialized brands of wine based on sensory scores. Since, the alcoholic beverage developed during fermentation process is in generally of acceptable quality as a good table wine thus, it can be concluded that our wine is a good product recommendable.
Markets, ancient Near East
Authors: Monroe Christopher M.
Published: January 2021

While cuneiform records preserve Sumerian and Akkadian words for “marketplace,” the meaning of market in Preclassical contexts is a more complex problem than identifying a physical space.
Ships, shipping, ancient Near East
Authors: Monroe Christopher M.
Published: January 2021

Mesopotamia has produced little iconographic or artifactual evidence for perhaps its most indispensable technology.
Salt tax
Authors: Clarysse Willy
Published: January 2021

Salt is a regular necessity for both humans and animals and, because its extraction from salt pans or quarries can fairly easily be controlled, from an early date governments have been interested in this product. They have either monopolized the sale of salt or have taxed producers and/or consumers. The “gabelle” was one of the most hated taxes in France, lasting up to 1945, and protest against the salt tax in 1930 was a turning point in Gandhi's campaign against British rule.
Slavery, Greece
Authors: Kamen Deborah
Published: January 2021

Slavery is attested in nearly all periods of ancient Greek history and in nearly all parts of the Greek world. Slaves could be owned by a private individual, a god, or apolis; some were acquired through trading networks or captured in war, whereas others represented an entire enslaved community. In mostpoleis, slaves were engaged in every sector of the economy but possessed limited or no rights. Manumission was possible but granted infrequently, and freed slaves occupied a precarious legal and social position.
Illyrian wars
Authors: de Souza Philip
Published: January 2021

The Illyrian wars were a series of conflicts involving Rome and the warlike Illyrian tribes that inhabited some of the Dalmatian islands, much of the eastern coastline of the Adriatic, and parts of its hinterland; they were often accused of piracy.
Lysippos (Lysippus)
Authors: Bobou Olympia
Published: January 2021

Lysippos (active ca. 370–316/300
bce
) was one of the most innovative sculptors of the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, working primarily in bronze and equally adept at portraiture, depictions of deities, heroes, personifications, and even animals, all in different scales. His versatility, innovations, and productivity (more than 1,500 statues) ensured his everlasting fame in antiquity and beyond.
Ezekiel the tragedian
Authors: Atkinson Kenneth
Published: January 2021

Ezekiel the tragedian is a Hellenistic Jewish poet. Nothing is known about Ezekiel's background. The language and content of his play suggest that he may have lived any time from the late third to the mid first centurybce. It is possible that his mention of the mythical Phoenix alludes to Ptolemy III (247–221bce), during whose reign this creature purportedly appeared. Ezekiel's acquaintance with Greek drama, language, mythology, and the Septuagint suggest he lived in Alexandria, Egypt.
Iudicium populi
Authors: Banfi Antonio
Published: January 2021

The Roman
iudicium populi
(literally “popular tribunal” or “popular judgment”) was a criminal trial where the verdict was given by an assembly of the people, the
comitia centuriata
or the
comitia tributa
; in the Archaic age, the ancient
comitia centuriata
had jurisdiction over the most serious criminal offenses.
Kos (Cos)
Authors: Cojocaru Victor
Published: January 2021

Geographically and historically linked to Asia Minor, Kos was, until the fourth century
bce
, an actor of only minor importance in what was called the third Greece beyond Athens and Sparta. After the
metoikismos
of at least two preexisting
poleis
, a new city was founded on the northeastern coast of the island, in 366/5. The unified Koan state rose to great prominence in the eastern Mediterranean, as one of the main maritime and trading centers of the Aegean. The island exported wine, olive oil, and silk. But its worldwide fame is primarily associated with the name of Hippocrates of Kos, the father of medicine.
Armant (Hermonthis)
Authors: Thiers Christophe
Published: January 2021

The ancient city of Armant (ancient Egyptian names: Iuny, Iunu, Iunu‐shema, Iunu‐Montu), the Greek Hermonthis and Coptic Ermont, was located 15 km south of Thebes on the west bank of the Nile.
Glevum (Gloucester)
Authors: Rogers Adam
Published: January 2021

Glevum lies beneath Gloucester in western Britain, at the lowest point at which the River Severn could be bridged in Roman times. It was situated within the territory of the Dobunni on the route from England to southern Wales. A tombstone found in Rome describes M. Ulpius Quintus as Ner(via) Glevi (
CIL
VI 3346), indicating that Colonia Nervia Glevensium was the official city name and that it was probably founded around 96–98
ce
during the reign of Nerva.
Matres/matronae
Authors: Tommasi Chiara
Published: January 2021

More than a thousand inscriptions and altars of the imperial age witness how widespread was the cult of helping goddesses, dispensers of abundance, in both Celtic (from Cisalpine Gaul to Britain, probably in Spain) and Germanic (Rhine valley) areas.
Nerva Augustus
Authors: Barrett Antony A.
Published: January 2021

Nerva became emperor on the assassination of Domitian in
ad
96. He ruled for less than two years. Despite his best efforts, the lack of military support and his own indecisiveness bedeviled his principate.
Agricola, Gnaeus Iulius
Authors: Barrett Antony A.
Published: January 2021

Gnaeus Iulius Agricola was governor of Britain from 77 to 84
ce
, where he enjoyed considerable military success. He was the subject of a biography by his son‐in‐law Tacitus.
Constellations and named stars
Authors: Evans James
Published: January 2021

Several constellations are mentioned by Homer and Hesiod, including Orion, Boötes, and the Bear (Ursa Major), which is also called the Wagon.
Que
Authors: Mora Clelia
Published: January 2021

Que is the name the Neo‐Assyrian sources give to an Iron Age kingdom in the Cilician plain; Que became an Assyrian province during the reign of Sargon II (late eighth centurybce). The most important sources from the Que territory are the bilingual inscriptionskaratepeandçineköy.
Hostis
/
hostis
‐declaration
Authors: Lundgreen Christoph
Published: January 2021

The Romans semantically distinguished between personal
inimici
(as opposed to
amici
), and foreign
hostes
, who were encountered on the battlefield. In spite of that, in the course of the late Republic, Roman citizens too could be made to be viewed as
hostes
via the so‐called
hostis
‐declaration by the Senate. Notwithstanding the terminology, this powerful instrument for the exclusion of certain individuals was less of a legal process with clear juridical consequences and more of a rhetorical creation of enemies.
Design Principles for Cation‐Mixed Sodium Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Zhu Zhuoying , Tang Hanmei , Qi Ji , Li Xiang‐Guo , Ong Shyue Ping
Published: January 2021

All‐solid‐state sodium‐ion batteries are highly promising for next generation grid energy storage with improved safety. Among the known sodium superionic conductors, the Na3PnS4 family and the recently discovered Na11Sn2PnS12 (Pn = P, Sb) have garnered major interest due to their extremely high ionic conductivities. In this work, comprehensive investigation of the Na3PnS4‐Na4TtS4 (Pn = P/As/Sb, Tt = Si/Ge/Sn) phase space of superionic conductors using density functional theory calculations, as well as AIMD simulations on the promising new Na11Sn2PnS12 (Pn=P/As/Sb) structures are presented. Crucial design rules on the effect of cation mixing are extracted on relative phase stability, electrochemical stability, moisture stability, and ionic conductivity. In particular, it is shown that while larger cations can substantially improve the ionic conductivity and moisture stability in these structures, there is an inherent trade‐off in terms of electrochemical stability. Na11Sn2AsS12 is also identified as a hitherto unexplored stable sodium superionic conductor with higher Na+ conductivity and better moisture stability than the Na11Sn2PS12 and Na11Sn2SbS12 phases already reported experimentally.
Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of N‐Phosphinoyl Aldimines with Acetone Cyanohydrin by Cooperative Lewis Acid/Onium Salt/Brønsted Base Catalysis
Authors: Junge Thorsten , Titze Marvin , Frey Wolfgang , Peters René
Published: January 2021

α‐Amino acids are of fundamental importance for life. Both natural and artificial α‐amino acids also play a crucial role for pharmaceutical purposes. The catalytic asymmetric Strecker reaction still provides one of the most attractive strategies to prepare scalemic α‐amino acids. Here we disclose a new concept for Strecker reactions, in which an achiral Brønsted base cooperates with a Lewis acid and an aprotic ammonium salt, which are both arranged in the same chiral catalyst entity. The described method could successfully address various long‐standing practical issues of this reaction type. The major practical advantages are that (1) the N‐protecting group is readily removable, (2) acetone cyanohydrin is attractive as cyanation reagent in terms of atom economy and cost efficiency, (3) an excess of the cyanation reagent is not necessary, (4) the new method does not require additives and (5) is performed at ambient temperature.
Comparison of workload consolidation algorithms for cloud data centers
Authors: Ponto René , Kecskeméti Gábor , Mann Zoltán Á.
Published: January 2021

Workload consolidation is an important method for the efficient operation of cloud data centers, impacting important quality attributes such as resource utilization and power consumption. Many different approaches have been proposed for workload consolidation, but few comparative studies were executed to date. Therefore, it is unclear which of the proposed approaches work best in which situation. In this article, we present a comprehensive simulation‐based comparison of five workload consolidation techniques. We introduce a general framework for workload consolidation techniques to the DISSECT‐CF simulator to foster the development and comparison of efficient data center consolidation algorithms. We use this framework to evaluate the effectiveness of a first fit best fit decreasing heuristic, a custom heuristic, and three population‐based metaheuristics (genetic algorithm, artificial bee colony, and particle swarm optimization). The evaluation is based on a wide variety of real‐world workload traces. The five algorithms are compared in terms of total energy consumption, the duration of the simulation, and the number of migrations. Based on the results, there is no generally best consolidation technique. The results deliver insight into the pros and cons of the algorithms as well as the impact of different parameters. In particular, the results show that population‐based metaheuristics do not offer a significant gain in terms of solution quality to compensate for the increased simulation time.
Platelet mass cytometry: Optimization of sample, reagent, and analysis parameters
Authors: Spurgeon Benjamin E. J. , Michelson Alan D. , Frelinger Andrew L.
Published: January 2021

Platelets mediate key biological processes, including hemostasis, immunity, and inflammation. Although platelets are often treated as a homogeneous cell population, they are known to be heterogeneous in size, age, surface receptor expression, and response to agonist stimulation, raising the possibility that distinct platelet subsets perform specialized functions and that such subsets may be altered in disease settings. Attempts to identify platelet subsets by flow cytometry have had limited success due in part to limits on the number of probes that can be used at the same time and due to the challenges of compensating for probes that have large spectral overlap. We recently reported a method to identify platelet subsets by mass cytometry using a panel of 14 metal‐tagged antibodies directed at platelet surface markers. Here, we describe the technical considerations and best practices for platelet sample preparation, processing, and analysis by mass cytometry. Specifically, we show that anticoagulant choice alters platelet phenotype and function and that antibody cocktail storage and sample processing are critical for reproducibility. Additionally, we optimize sample density and instrument setup for maximal platelet transmission. Lastly, we demonstrate the importance of panel design and compensation and the use of clustering and dimension reduction to map platelet heterogeneity across resting and stimulated samples.
Prognostic value of cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging for predicting cardiac events after transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Kadoya Yoshito , Zen Kan , Tamaki Nagara , Yashige Masaki , Takamatsu Kazuaki , Ito Nobuyasu , Kuwabara Kensuke , Yamano Michiyo , Yamano Tetsuhiro , Nakamura Takeshi , Yaku Hitoshi , Matoba Satoaki
Published: January 2021

Aims

In patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS), cardiac sympathetic nervous (CSN) dysfunction and its improvement after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have been reported. The prognostic impact of CSN function remains unclear. This study investigated the prognostic value of cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging for predicting cardiac events after TAVR.

Methods and results

This single‐centre prospective observational study enrolled patients with AS between July 2017 and May 2019. MIBG scintigraphy was performed before and soon after TAVR to evaluate the late heart–mediastinum ratio (L‐H/M). Patients were classified into three pairs of groups based on the baseline and post‐TAVR L‐H/M (≥2.0 or <2.0) and on the presence of TAVR‐related improvement in L‐H/M. The study endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as a composite of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization due to heart failure. Among the 187 consecutive patients who underwent TAVR, 107 (27 men; median age: 86 years) were evaluated. Over a median follow‐up of 366 days, 15 (14.0%) patients had MACE. The incidence of MACE was significantly low in patients with L‐H/M improvement and/or high post‐TAVR L‐H/M (≥2.0). Baseline L‐H/M and frailty were associated with poor response of L‐H/M to TAVR treatment. TAVR‐related improvement in L‐H/M had significant effects on MACE, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.233 (95% confidence interval, 0.064–0.856; P = 0.028).

Conclusions

TAVR‐related improvement in L‐H/M was an independent predictor of cardiac events, 1 year after TAVR. Cardiac MIBG imaging is useful for predicting cardiac events after TAVR.
Role of oxygen vacancy in metal oxide based photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Wang Zhiliang , Wang Lianzhou
Published: January 2021

Photoelectrochemial (PEC) water splitting relies on the optoelectric property of the photoelectrodes. Oxygen vacancy (VO) has attracted increasing attention in tailoring photoelectrodes in the following three aspects: light harvest, charge separation and transfer, and surface reaction kinetics. Even though the VO may increase the recombination as a kind of defects in metal oxide based photoelectrode, a number of recent researches have revealed the beneficial feature of VO in PEC, which is controversial to the former understanding. Thus, a comprehensive analysis about the oxygen vacancy in the metal oxide photoelectrodes will be important for applying VO in achieving high PEC performance. Herein, we contribute a critical review on the role of oxygen vacancy including its formation mechanism, characterization methods, and the influence on the semiconductor and surface catalytic properties. The knowledge will help to clarify the effect of VO in terms of the structure‐performance relationship in the PEC process.

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An evolutionary computation‐based privacy‐preserving data mining model under a multithreshold constraint
Authors: Wu Jimmy Ming‐Tai , Srivastava Gautam , Yun Unil , Tayeb Shahab , Lin Jerry Chun‐Wei
Published: January 2021

Privacy‐preserving data mining (PPDM) is a popular research topic in the data mining field. For individual information protection, it is vital to protect sensitive information during data mining procedures. Furthermore, it is also a serious offense to spill sensitive private knowledge. Recently, many PPDM data mining algorithms have been proposed to conceal sensitive items in a given database to disclose high‐frequency items. These recent methods have already proven to be excellent in protecting confidential information and maintaining the integrity of the input database. All prior techniques, however, ignored a crucial problem in setting minimum support thresholds. If a sensitive itemset includes more items, it will cause it the become more likely to be found. Before performing mining processes, a fixed value of the minimum support threshold will be set. In this paper, a new concept of minimal support for solving this issue is proposed. In compliance with a given threshold function, the proposed approach would set a tighter threshold for an object containing several items. The results of the experiments show the performance of the traditional Greedy PPDM approach, Genetic algorithm (GA)‐based PPDM approaches, and the proposed particle swarm optimization‐based algorithm with the new minimal support function. The results show that the proposed method performs similarly to conventional algorithms and offers higher protection than previous methods.