bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Covenant Paradox
Authors: Sniderman Paul M. , Petersen Michael Bang , Slothuus Rune , Stubager Rune
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a theory of the covenant paradox, i.e., the moral covenant underpinning the welfare state that simultaneously promotes equal treatment for (some) immigrants and provides a platform for discrimination against (other) immigrants. It first discusses under what conditions and why the moral premises of the welfare state favor the equal treatment of immigrants. It then considers under what conditions and why the very same moral premises open the door to discrimination against immigrants. It shows that the key to these contradictory outcomes is the temporal logic of evaluative judgments. Prospective judgments of benefits and obligations favor equal treatment. Retrospective judgments, again of benefits and obligations, pave the way for discriminatory treatment.
Conclusion: The Birth of Hedonism
Authors: Lampe Kurt
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter argues for a new understanding of ancient Cyrenaic ethics, including the development of the movement from Aristippus through to the mainstream Cyrenaics, Hegesiacs, Annicereans, and Theodoreans. Such a comprehensive study would need not only to reconstruct the surviving doctrines and arguments, but also to understand the behavioral and cultural contexts within which Cyrenaic theories seemed both cogent and attractive, at least to certain individuals. The chapter also seeks to illuminate the philosophical significance of Cyrenaic ethics. This significance is sometimes spelled out by making the Cyrenaics the originators of the hedonistic tradition in Western philosophy. While all hedonists organize their beliefs around the high valuation of pleasure, those beliefs are also shaped by many other contexts, among them intellectual history, popular ethics, and the practices and institutions which define philosophy in any given era.
The American Revolution: The People as Constituent Power
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the American Revolution was a political movement, concerned with liberty, and power. Most of the ideas involved were by no means distinctively American. There was nothing peculiarly American in the concepts, purely as concepts, of natural liberty and equality. They were admitted by conservatives, and were taught in the theological faculty at the Sorbonne. Nor could Americans claim any exclusive understanding of the ideas of government by contract or consent, or the sovereignty of the people, or political representation, or the desirability of independence from foreign rule, or natural rights, or the difference between natural law and positive law, or between certain fundamental laws and ordinary legislation, or the separation of powers, or the federal union of separate states. All these ideas were perfectly familiar in Europe, and that is why the American Revolution was of such interest to Europeans.
The French Revolution: The Aristocratic Resurgence
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the conflict which developed in France between a reforming monarchy and a resurgent aristocracy, and traces the beginnings of the French Revolution. The French Revolution had points of resemblance to movements of the time in other countries is the central theme of this book. Like them, it arose out of circumstances characteristic of Western Civilization, and it was to merge with them, especially with the war that began in 1792, into a great struggle that no political borders could contain. From the beginning, however, there was much that was unique about the revolution in France. The French Revolution remained primarily political, but in its effects on society and social and moral attitudes it went far beyond the merely political. It changed the very nature and definition of property, and to some extent its distribution; it transformed, or attempted to transform, the church, the army, the educational system, institutions of public relief, the legal system, the market economy, and the relationship of employers and employees.
The French Revolution: The Explosion of 1789
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

Instead of attempting the hopeless task of a full and rounded account of the French Revolution, this chapter selects a few points for more detailed treatment: how the year 1789 opened with a fully developed revolutionary psychology, what the Revolution essentially consisted of, and why the French Revolution, though inspired by much the same principles as the American Revolution, adopted different constitutional forms and took on a magnitude unknown to the upheavals of Western Civilization since the time of the Protestant Reformation. The chapter brings the story, for all countries, to about the year 1791, to the eve of the great war in which all these national and social developments were to be gathered together into one tremendous struggle.
The Revolution comes to Italy
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

The year 1796 was marked by Napoleon Bonaparte's brilliant victories in North Italy. The French victories in Italy made possible the creation of the Cisalpine Republic in the Po valley. Milan immediately became, in 1796, a center to which patriots and revolutionaries congregated from all parts of Italy. Other Italian republics were soon set up on the model of the Cisalpine, and in fact, by the turn of 1797–1798, there was a general alarm at the prospect of a “Cisalpinization” of Europe. The Cisalpine Republic is best understood in a broad perspective. This chapter begins with a view of “world revolution” as seen in 1796 from Paris. It then turns to the French attitude to revolution in Italy, then shifts the point of observation to Italy itself, in an attempt to describe the sources of revolutionary agitation in that country from an Italian standpoint. The closing section presents an account of the Kingdom of Corsica.
Comparing Evangelicals in the United States and Canada
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces two Baptist churches and two Pentecostal churches, matched on either side of the U.S.–Canada border. It conducts participant observation in two evangelical churches located in Buffalo, New York—one Baptist and one Pentecostal. Since 2004, it has become increasingly obvious to American observers that the Christian Right is in a struggle with alternative evangelical voices. As a loose coalition, conservative Protestants have never had a centralized religious authority who could speak for the religious tradition, as the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops speaks for Catholics. Christian Right leaders like Charles McVety represent themselves as the political arm of evangelicalism, characterizing this group's values and policy priorities in the public sphere.
Two Canadian Churches: Civil Religion in Exile
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter compares two American churches—Northtown Baptist and Lifeway Assembly of God—with two similar congregations just across the border in Canada: Highpoint Baptist and Grace Assembly of God. Both Canadian churches constructed their subcultural identity in ways that sounded similar to the two American churches. Like their American counterparts, Canadian evangelicals identified themselves as defenders of their nation's embattled Christian heritage and emphasized shared moral stances on abortion and sexuality. However, Canadian evangelicals used Christian nationalism in more broadly civic and nonpartisan ways: to draw strong subcultural boundaries, but also to express solidarity with Canadians across cultural, religious, and partisan divides. Because Canadian evangelicals drew on different narratives of Christian nationalism, they also talked differently about poverty and the welfare state in church contexts.
Practicing Civility in Two Canadian Congregations
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter contrasts the role of opinion leaders in the two Canadian churches. As in both American churches, Canadian lay leaders were expected to model orthodox positions on theology and moral issues, as part of their leadership role. But, unlike in the American churches, this moral conformity was combined with an acceptance of political diversity within the church. Both Canadian churches contained networks of conservative Christian activists who wished to mobilize the congregation around abortion and homosexuality. But politically conservative activists were unable to set the tone for the church's public life, since other prominent members held other political views. As a result, less politically engaged members did not receive clear cues about partisanship from the opinion leaders around them.
Conclusion
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter discusses how the Christian Right is no longer the only public voice speaking for American evangelicals. Since 2004, alternative leaders and advocacy groups have stepped out of the shadows to broaden the evangelical agenda. New voices appeal to evangelicals to consider poverty, creation care, and racial reconciliation as important moral issues. But this broadened political agenda will only gain traction with rank-and-file evangelicals if it becomes part of local religious practice. It is not enough to engage in top-down messaging about moral values. If these elites seek to challenge the hegemony of the Christian Right, they need to find substitutes for the powerful identity-work that goes on every week in evangelical congregations.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of citizenship. Citizenship, in most contemporary formulations, is a relationship between a state and individuals. Two of its features make it a particularly volatile framework. First, it defines inclusion—in a formal sense of membership in a polity and a more subjective sense of belonging—and therefore it also defines exclusion. Second, citizenship melds a person's rights and his or her obligations to a state, so that a state that wishes to enforce obligations faces the fact that the same set of expectations and rhetorics on which its power is based also underscore the claims of individuals to certain rights. One of the great debates of the postwar years among politicians and intellectuals in European and African France was how to reconcile a universalistic, egalitarian conception of citizenship with the particularity of African culture or cultures.
Unity and Division in Africa and France, 1958–1959
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the unity and division in Africa and France in the years 1958–1959. All the territories of French West and Equatorial Africa, with the exception of Guinea, were by late 1958 Member States of the French Community. Africans insisted they wanted unity but were divided over what it meant. With more capacity for self-government, the debate between those who advocated strong territories within a French Community and those who sought a strong African federation within a French Community became more immediate. France had accepted that the price of maintaining a “Community” was that it give up the notion that it was indivisible. However, its leaders still believed that whatever the Community had become, it had to be held together. In 1959, the question of what sort or unit would constitute the subjective and juridical basis of political belonging was being debated in both African and European France.
The Hodge Theory of Maps
Authors: de Cataldo Mark Andrea , Lectures 1–3 Luca Migliorini , Migliorini Luca
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the classical results of Hodge theory concerning algebraic maps. Hodge theory gives nontrivial restrictions on the topology of a nonsingular projective variety, or, more generally, of a compact Kähler manifold: the odd Betti numbers are even, the hard Lefschetz theorem, the formality theorem, stating that the real homotopy type of such a variety is, if simply connected, determined by the cohomology ring. Similarly, Hodge theory gives nontrivial topological constraints on algebraic maps. This chapter focuses on the latter, as it considers how the existence of an algebraic map f : X → Y of complex algebraic varieties is reflected in the topological invariants of X.
Theory of Economic Interdependence and War
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter constitutes a more in-depth look at both the existing literature on interdependence and war and the theory of trade expectations itself. After briefly reviewing the current state of the field on the link between economic interdependence and war, the bulk of this chapter is spent elucidating the deductive logic of the trade expectations approach. It attempts to show the advantages of viewing the world through the lens of the trade expectations logic in order to demonstrate that it clears up most of the logical problems that have bedeviled current scholarship. The chapter argues that it is only by capturing how leaders really think—something that necessarily involves estimates and assessments of future possibilities and probabilities—that we can build causal theories that actually work in the real world.
Non-Archimedean Tame Topology and Stably Dominated Types (AM-192)
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

Over the field of real numbers, analytic geometry has long been in deep interaction with algebraic geometry, bringing the latter subject many of its topological insights. In recent decades, model theory has joined this work through the theory of o-minimality, providing finiteness and uniformity statements and new structural tools. For non-archimedean fields, such as the p-adics, the Berkovich analytification provides a connected topology with many thoroughgoing analogies to the real topology on the set of complex points, and it has become an important tool in algebraic dynamics and many other areas of geometry. This book lays down model-theoretic foundations for non-archimedean geometry. The methods combine o-minimality and stability theory. Definable types play a central role, serving first to define the notion of a point and then properties such as definable compactness. Beyond the foundations, the main theorem constructs a deformation retraction from the full non-archimedean space of an algebraic variety to a rational polytope. This generalizes previous results of V. Berkovich, who used resolution of singularities methods. No previous knowledge of non-archimedean geometry is assumed and model-theoretic prerequisites are reviewed in the first sections.
The space of stably dominated types
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the space unit vector V of stably dominated types on a definable set V. It first endows unit vector V with a canonical structure of a (strict) pro-definable set before providing some examples of stably dominated types. It then endows unit vector V with the structure of a definable topological space, and the properties of this definable topology are discussed. It also examines the canonical embedding of V in unit vector V as the set of simple points. An essential feature in the approach used in this chapter is the existence of a canonical extension for a definable function on V to unit vector V. This is considered in the next section where continuity criteria are given. The chapter concludes by describing basic notions of (generalized) paths and homotopies, along with good metrics, Zariski topology, and schematic distance.
Strongly stably dominated points
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the properties of strongly stably dominated types over valued fields bases. In this setting, strong stability corresponds to a strong form of the Abhyankar property for valuations: the transcendence degrees of the extension coincide with those of the residue field extension. The chapter proves a Bertini type result and shows that the strongly stable points form a strict ind-definable subset Vsuperscript Number Sign of unit vector V. It then proves a rigidity statement for iso-definable Γ‎-internal subsets of maximal o-minimal dimension of unit vector V, namely that they cannot be deformed by any homotopy leaving appropriate functions invariant. The chapter also describes the closure of iso-definable Γ‎-internal sets in Vsuperscript Number Sign and proves that Vsuperscript Number Sign is exactly the union of all skeleta.
Memorial Narratives as Salvation for the Feminine Self
Authors: Zim Rivkah
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a reading of Marie-Jeanne Roland's Memoirs (1793) and Anne Frank's The Diary and Tales from the Secret Annexe (1942–44). Both writers wrote memorial narratives to preserve details of their lives because they believed that writing about their ideas, experiences, and feelings would help to sustain them in the exceptional circumstances of confinement. Both writers also became popular heroines: their prison writings have been continuously in print since shortly after their deaths. Yet their personal memoirs of different kinds have been read and valued as historic witness accounts of wider, catastrophic events: the French Revolution and the Holocaust. Both writers were conscious of their roles as historic witnesses, but the chapter seeks to refocus attention on their ideas of themselves as writers and the primary functions of their texts as literary testimony to unique personal identities rather than the historic victims of terror they came to represent for later readers.
Homeric Effects in Vergil's Narrative
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro , Hardie Philip
Published: November 2017

The study of Homeric imitations in Vergil has one of the longest traditions in Western culture, starting from the very moment the Aeneid was circulated. This is the first English translation of one of the most important and influential modern studies in this tradition. As a revised and expanded edition it advances innovative approaches even as it recuperates significant earlier interpretations, from Servius to G. N. Knauer. Approaching Homeric allusions in the Aeneid as “narrative effects” rather than glimpses of the creative mind of the author at work, the book demonstrates how these allusions generate hesitations and questions, as well as insights and guidance, and how they participate in the creation of narrative meaning. The book also examines how layers of competing interpretations in Homer are relevant to the Aeneid, revealing again the richness of the Homeric tradition as a component of meaning in the Aeneid. Finally, the book goes beyond previous studies of the Aeneid by distinguishing between two forms of Homeric intertextuality: reusing a text as an individual model or as a generic matrix. For this edition, a new chapter has been added, and in a new afterword the author puts the book in the context of changes in the study of Latin literature and intertextuality. The book has valuable insights for the wider study of imitation, allusion, intertextuality, epic, and literary theory.
The algebra of quaternions
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter concerns (scalar) quaternions and the basic properties of quaternion algebra, with emphasis on solution of equations such as axb = c and ax − xb = c. It studies the Sylvester equation ax − xb = y; x,y ∈ H; and the corresponding real linear transformation S
a,b(x) = ax − xb; x ∈ H. Descriptions of all automorphisms and antiautomoprhisms of quaternions are then given. The chapter also considers quadratic maps of the form x ↦ φ‎(x)α‎x, where α‎ ∈ H∖{0} is such that either φ‎(α‎) = α‎ or φ‎(α‎) = −α‎ for a fixed involution φ‎. The chapter also introduces representations of quaternions in terms of 2 × 2 complex matrices and 4 × 4 real matrices.
Indefinite inner products: Conjugation
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies matrices (or linear transformations) that are selfadjoint or skewadjoint with respect to a nondegenerate hermitian or skewhermitian inner product. As an application of the canonical forms obtained in chapters 8 and 9, canonical forms for such matrices are derived in this chapter. Matrices that are skewadjoint with respect to skewhermitian inner products are known as Hamiltonian matrices; they play a key role in many applications such as linear control systems. The canonical forms reveal invariant Lagrangian subspaces; in particular, they give criteria for existence of such subspaces. Another application involves boundedness and stable boundedness of linear systems of differential equations with constant coefficients under suitable symmetry requirements.
Inside Paradise Lost
Authors: Quint David
Published: November 2017

Inside “Paradise Lost” opens up new readings and ways of reading John Milton's epic poem by mapping out the intricacies of its narrative and symbolic designs and by revealing and exploring the deeply allusive texture of its verse. This book demonstrates how systematic patterns of allusion and keywords give structure and coherence both to individual books of Paradise Lost and to the overarching relationship among its books and episodes. Looking at poems within the poem, the book provides new interpretations as he takes readers through the major subjects of Paradise Lost—its relationship to epic tradition and the Bible, its cosmology and politics, and its dramas of human choice. The book shows how Milton radically revises the epic tradition and the Genesis story itself by arguing that it is better to create than destroy, by telling the reader to make love, not war, and by appearing to ratify Adam's decision to fall and die with his wife. The Milton of this Paradise Lost is a Christian humanist who believes in the power and freedom of human moral agency. As this indispensable guide and reference takes us inside the poetry of Milton's masterpiece, Paradise Lost reveals itself in new formal configurations and unsuspected levels of meaning and design.
Milton’s Book of Numbers: Book 1 and Its Catalog
Authors: Quint David
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how book 1 of Paradise Lost metaphorically depicts the role of the devil in raising the rebel angels out of their “bottomless perdition,” an act of poetic creation analogous to the divine creation of the universe described in the invocation—“how the heavens and earth/Rose out of chaos.” The chief devils described in the catalog that occupies the center of book 1 and organizes its poetic figures and symbolic geography—Carthage, Sodom, Egypt, Babel-Babylon, Rome—are precisely those who will come to inhabit the pagan shrines that human idolatry will build next to or even inside the Jerusalem temple, profaning God's house. This catalog—whose traditional epic function is to size up military force—instead suggests the force of spiritual falsehood, and it corresponds to the defeated devils' own reluctance to pursue another direct war against God; they would rather resort to satanic fraud.
Austen’s Innovations
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Jane Austen's four innovations in game theory as seen in her six novels. First, Austen explores how two people form an intimate relationship by strategically acting in concert to manipulate a third. Strategic thinking does not assume atomistic individuals; indeed, Austen argues that strategic thinking in concert forms the basis of the closest human relationships. Her dubious as well as heroic couples are cemented through strategic partnership that leads to manipulation not only of horses but also of people. Second, Austen considers how the relationship between a person's multiple selves can be more complex than a simple chain of command. She asserts that self-management strategies are a matter of choice rather than temperament. Third, she looks at how a person's preferences change and finally, she insists that true constancy is not the same as stubbornness and views it as a strategic process.
Multi-parameter Carnot-Carath´eodory Geometry
Authors: Street Brian
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops the theory of multi-parameter Carnot–Carathéodory geometry, which is needed to study singular integral operators. In the case when the balls are of product type, all of the results are simple variants of results in the single-parameter theory. When the balls are not of product type, these ideas become more difficult. What saves the day is the quantitative Frobenius theorem given in Chapter 2. This can be used to estimate certain integrals, as well as develop an appropriate maximal function and an appropriate Littlewood–Paley square function, all of which are essential to our study of singular integral operators.
Multi-parameter Singular Integrals I: Examples
Authors: Street Brian
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses a few special cases where a theory of multi-parameter singular integral operators has already been developed. These include the product theory of singular integrals, convolution with flag kernels on graded groups, convolution with both the left and right invariant Calderón–Zygmund singular integral operators on stratified Lie groups, and composition of standard pseudodifferential operators with certain singular integrals corresponding to non-Euclidean geometries. The chapter outlines these examples and their applications and relates them to the trichotomy discussed in Chapter 1.
Non-Sovereign Freedom in Horace’s Satires 1
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: November 2017

This chapter continues the theme of judgment as it is addressed in the poetic genre devoted to passing judgment on one's fellows: satire. It presents a reading of Horace's first book of Satires, and raises questions about the influence of others over the subject, and the degree to which the subject's desire for, or fantasy of, autonomy is interrupted by his reliance on, and pleasure in, the influence of those around him. The satiric narrator is a complex subject, mercurial, self-divided, and self-critical, highly attentive to his own faults and suspicious of his capacity to render judgment even in the act of doing so.
Dividual Advocacy
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: November 2017

This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen that incorporates both the will to harmony ostensibly adopted by much classical writing and the presence of experiment and self-division that characterizes all our lives. Building from the argument made in Chapter 1 about Cicero's dialogues and speeches, it sketches out the kind of citizen who can live in a world where the drive to achieve concordia or consensus thrives within a framing of politics as conflict. This citizen is a virtuosic speaker of and to an acknowledged multiplicity, and the patterns of thought and action modeled by oratory have consequences for deliberative and judicial political institutions.
Constructing a Free Labor Market
Authors: Ruef Martin
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the extent to which the Freedmen Bureau's effort to reinstate plantation labor for former slaves in the mid-1860s was associated with changes in the valuation of black labor. Despite similarities in coercion and the organization of labor, the valuation of wage labor under the bureau was linked to human capital investments and statistical discrimination in ways that were fundamentally different from the valuations observed in appraisals, purchases, and hires within the antebellum slave market. This shift in the logic of valuation produced uncertainty among bureau agents, employers, and former bondsmen and women themselves as to how black workers would be compensated within the emerging free labor market of the American South.
Giving Islam a German Face
Authors: Özyürek Esra
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the many unique experiences of converted German Muslims. When they convert, they have to deal with a dramatic loss of status in society—something for which they were not prepared. Born Muslims grew up learning the limits that society set for them. Even if they struggle against and challenge them, the marginalization they experience is a routine phenomenon. After being marginalized in the mainstream society to which they once unproblematically belonged, German Muslims face another unwelcome surprise when they realize that they do not fit in or not are welcomed by the existing Muslim communities in Germany, predominantly made up of Turkish and Arab communities that constitute the poorest, least educated segments of German society.
Classical Confucian Political Thought
Authors: El Amine Loubna
Published: November 2017

The intellectual legacy of Confucianism has loomed large in efforts to understand China's past, present, and future. While Confucian ethics has been thoroughly explored, the question remains: what exactly is Confucian political thought? This book returns to the classical texts of the Confucian tradition to answer this vital question. Showing how Confucian ethics and politics diverge, the book argues that Confucian political thought is not a direct application of Confucian moral philosophy. Instead, contrary to the conventional view that Confucian rule aims to instill virtue in all members of society, the book demonstrates that its main aim is to promote political order. It analyzes key aspects of the Confucian political vision, including the relationship between the ruler and the people, the typology of rulers, and the role of ministers and government officials. It also looks at Confucianism's account of the mechanisms through which society is to be regulated, from welfare policies to rituals. The book explains that the Confucian conception of the political leaves space open for the rule of those who are not virtuous if these rulers establish and maintain political order. It also contends that Confucians defend the duty to take part in government based on the benefits that such participation can bring to society. This book brings a new understanding to Confucian political theory by illustrating that it is not chiefly idealistic and centered on virtue, but rather realistic and driven by political concerns.
A Theory of Indirect Election
Authors: Schiller Wendy J. , Stewart Charles
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the indirect elections of U.S. senators in state legislatures within a broader theoretical framework of how parties interact with institutional and electoral settings to affect electoral and policy outcomes. It identifies key participants in Senate campaigns during this period—candidates for U.S. Senate, business interests, political party organizations, and state legislators—and constructs a model for how these stakeholders interacted with each other within the structure of legislative choice for U.S. senator along four dimensions—candidate identification, candidate nomination, election criteria, and system responsiveness. It also discusses how an anticipated indirect Senate election might have affected voter turnout in the preceding state legislative election.
Party as Gatekeeper
Authors: Schiller Wendy J. , Stewart Charles
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the role of the party as a gatekeeper to running for U.S. Senate and delves more deeply into the role of the political party as an organization in the state legislature. It measures the function of partisanship in structuring the organization of state legislatures as well as examines how partisanship influenced the dynamics of Senate elections. It explains the role of party caucuses in the nomination and election stages of indirect elections; shows how party leaders identified and rallied around Senate candidates; and identifies the set of incentives that party leaders used to pressure state legislators to back their preferred Senate candidate. Furthermore, it discusses how candidates for U.S. Senate tried to consolidate support among key party leaders, and how regional party factionalism made that task more difficult. To illustrate these behaviors, the chapter includes case studies from a range of years and states, including New York, Kentucky, Washington State, Florida, and Illinois.
Religion
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents an account of what makes religious claims of conscience distinctive. If there is a special reason to tolerate religion it has to be because there are features of religion that warrant toleration, and these features are either: (1) features that all and only religious beliefs have, either as a matter of (conceptual or other) necessity or as a contingent matter of fact; or (2) features that other beliefs have, or might have, but which in these other cases possession of the features would not warrant principled toleration. The chapter asks: Are there features of religious belief that, either necessarily or simply contingently, distinguish religious beliefs from other kinds of belief that might warrant toleration?
Change They Can't Believe In
Authors: Parker Christopher S. , Barreto Matt A.
Published: November 2017

Are Tea Party supporters merely a group of conservative citizens concerned about government spending? Or are they racists who refuse to accept Barack Obama as their president because he's not white? This book offers an alternative argument—that the Tea Party is driven by the reemergence of a reactionary movement in American politics that is fueled by a fear that America has changed for the worse. Providing a range of original evidence and rich portraits of party sympathizers as well as activists, the book shows that the perception that America is in danger directly informs how Tea Party supporters think and act. The afterword reflects on the Tea Party's recent initiatives, including the 2013 government shutdown, and evaluates their prospects for the 2016 election.
The Experience of Drugs
Authors: Willis Paul E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the role of drugs in hippy culture. Drugs were used massively by the hippies, and there was a wide and well-used range of terms for types and sub-types of various drugs. There was also avid discussion about the effects of various drugs, and great interest taken in their supposed different properties. It was common for drug experiences to be recounted, marked over, and analysed at great length. Weird or unusual experiences were given particular attention. Here, the chapter contends that the essence of the dialectical role of drugs in hippy culture is that they supplied the raw material of open and exceptional experience which could be interpreted in appropriate social and cultural ways to reflect and develop other aspects of consciousness and activity so as to further modify the drug experience, and so on.
Conclusions
Authors: Willis Paul E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers some final insights on the dialectic relationships performed by both the motor-bike and hippy cultures, and identifies what constitutes as their cultural politics. Both cultures took the unexplored side, the double edge, of commodities and cultural items around them to express and develop their own meanings. In the course of this cultural development they were also, however, exploring some of the massive contradictions and tensions in modern society. These cultures do not follow the guidelines of official culture, nor do they obey rules provided from outside or above. They are not even often recognized as unified cultures by agencies who pick up various fragmented aspects as ‘social problems’. They have rejected or never received what is known, valued, and revered. They live amid provided, cheap commodities. For all this, they have the essential, rare, irreverent gift of profanity: creativity.
Epilogue
Authors: Willis Paul E.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter contains some responses to this volume, as formulated by a hippy acquaintance of the author. It begins with a list of people the respondent has known, as well as the manner of their deaths. From here, the chapter embarks on a meditation of the value of existence, particularly of those living on society's margins. This chapter also details some considerations made near Christmas-time, as the same respondent looks back over the past seven years and then returns to the present, directly addressing the author and offering their own thoughts on the subjects explored in this book. Finally, the chapter closes with some concluding insights as well as an anecdote.
1989
Authors: Sarotte Mary Elise
Published: November 2017

This book explores the momentous events following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the effects they have had on the world ever since. Based on documents, interviews, and television broadcasts from Washington, London, Paris, Bonn, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow, and a dozen other locations, the book describes how Germany unified, NATO expansion began, and Russia got left on the periphery of the new Europe. Chapters cover changes in the Summer and Autumn of 1989, including the stepping back of Americans and rise in East German's confidence; the restoration of the rights of the Four Powers, including the night of November 9 and the Portugalov Push; heroic aspirations in 1990, including the emerging controversy over reparations and NATO; security, political and economic solutions; the securing of building permits, including money and NATO reform; and the legacy of 1989 and 1990. This updated edition contains a new afterword with the most recent evidence on the 1990 origins of NATO's post-Cold War expansion.
What Changes in Summer and Autumn 1989?
Authors: Sarotte Mary Elise
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses why November 1989 became the moment that the models for the future were launched. By the night of November 9, five developments had permanently altered the Cold War and produced a causal chain that resulted in the unintentional opening of the Berlin Wall. The nature of this causal chain suggests that theorists of power and theorists of ideas need to pay attention to each other to understand what happened. On the one hand, some developments were based on old-fashioned realist calculations. On the other hand, some developments were ones of attitude rather than capability, of ideas rather than material abilities. In the course of 1989, half of Europe had come to the conclusion that it need not continue to live under nondemocratic regimes in the interest of maintaining the stability of the whole.
The Legacy of 1989 and 1990
Authors: Sarotte Mary Elise
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter looks at the legacy of the contest of 1989 and 1990. The legacy of 1989–90 shows the power of chance and contingency. At many points, all state leaders, superpower and otherwise, were simply reacting to change. They had to propose models of order for the future precisely because they were overwhelmed by disorder. Often they were not so much designing events as simply surviving them. The challenge was to make the best use of events, no matter how unexpected they might be. The most unexpected was the opening of the Berlin wall on November 9, 1989, which shocked everyone, and might easily not have happened at all. Indeed, the collapse of the Berlin wall and the subsequent struggle to co-create order in post-Cold War Europe represent truly major turning points in modern history.
The China Institute in America
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the institutionalization of Sino-American collaboration through the China Institute in America. Meng Zhi (1901–1990) directed this organization for thirty-seven years and helped the Chinese government gain greater influence over the selection and training of Chinese students in the United States. In so doing, he became a valued participant in the development of America's international education establishment as spearheaded by the Institute for International Education (IIE) under the leadership of Stephen Duggan. Meng effectively advocated on behalf of Nationalist Chinese agendas and Chinese students to claim growing levels of support and accommodation from entities such as the IIE and later the Department of State. This shifting balance resulted partly from rising tides of Chinese nationalism, as well as rising hostilities with Japan.
“The Best Type of Chinese”
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the enactment of political agendas under the guise of humanitarian outreach through the operations of the CIA-funded Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. (ARCI). This ostensibly nongovernmental agency targeted intellectual Chinese for assistance and migration, first to aid the Nationalists on Taiwan and then to the United States in fulfillment of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. Despite the limits of U.S. assistance, the Department of State, through the Office of Refugee and Migration Affairs (ORM) and the U.S. Information Agency (USIA), sought to maximize the impact of such symbolic relief programs. Cold War propaganda proclaimed American friendship and concern for Chinese overseas while reassuring Americans domestically that applicants vetted not only for political views but also for prearranged employment.
“Economic and Humanitarian”
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the mandate for refugee relief and widespread publicity that magnified the merits of Chinese applied further pressures for U.S. immigration reform. Hong Kong's refugee crisis of 1962 provided opportunity to affirm the transformed image of Chinese with White House authorization of parole for over fifteen thousand with popular and congressional support. Committee hearings promoted the deserving traits of Chinese as refugees but also as immigrants, described culturally as highly employable and self-sufficient, politically conforming, and with family values that minimized social burdens on the public so that whether admitted on the basis of individual merit, family reunification, or refugee status, their likely success as Americans demanded more general immigration reform based on such criteria rather than race and national origin.
Minimalist Approaches to Figurative Maze Design
Authors: Bosch Robert , Chartier Tim , Rowan Michael
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates that simple mathematical methods can be used to design mazes that resemble user-supplied target images. The first approach discussed here is the TSP method, which involves converting the target image into a stipple drawing, and then treating the dots as the cities of a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Another approach involves replacing the TSP with a much easier optimization problem—the problem of finding a minimum spanning tree (MST). The chapter then introduces a hybrid approach that produces mazes that have both the random textures of the original TSP Art and MST Art mazes and also the directional textures of the phyllotactic mazes. Finally, the chapter describes how to form a maze by constructing an image mosaic out of the vortex tiles.
Groups Associated to Tetraflexagons
Authors: Beier Julie , Yackel Carolyn
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents an example of the way groups are associated to flexagons, along with several other groups admitted by the actions of tetraflexagons. These tetraflexagons yield rich group structures that are unexpected from such simple objects. Throughout this chapter, a generators and relations approach is used to determine the appropriate group corresponding to each flexagon. For each example, the chapter presents the structure diagrams, discusses particular choices in mathematizing, compares these choices to the previous literature, and reports the associated group. Each example employs slightly different choices in the generator assignment, which serves to capture different aspects of the physical nature of the flexagon itself.
Analysis of Crossword Puzzle Difficulty Using a Random Graph Process
Authors: McSweeney John K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter quantifies the dynamics of a crossword puzzle by using a network structure to model it. Specifically, the chapter determines how the interaction between the structure of cells in the puzzle and the difficulty of the clues affects the puzzle's solvability. It first builds an iterative stochastic process that exactly describes the solution and obtains its deterministic approximation, which gives a very simple fixed-point equation to solve for the final solution proportion. The chapter then shows via simulation on actual crosswords from the Sunday edition of The New York Times that certain network properties inherent to actual crossword networks are important predictors of the final solution size of the puzzle.
The Political Kingdom in Independent Africa
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the most revolutionary aspect of Africa’s independence: the attempt to build a large number of states during peace, with particular emphasis on the boundaries and state system that the Africans constructed for themselves. After gaining independence in the early 1960s, African leaders were faced with a major dilemma. If the states, with their colonial power gradients, were to change, the new leaders would have to give up many of the newly tasted benefits of power and face considerable uncertainty about their own fate and the fate of their nations. The chapter considers how leaders in independent Africa confronted the problem of how to extend power over their territories given the incomplete and highly variable administrative systems they inherited from the Europeans.
Bringing Moral Culture into the Fray
Authors: Farrell Justin
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter briefly presents the conflict in Yellowstone, elaborates on the book's theoretical argument, and specifies its substantive and theoretical contributions to the social scientific study of environment, culture, religion, and morality. The chapter argues that the environmental conflict in Yellowstone is not—as it would appear on the surface—ultimately all about scientific, economic, legal, or other technical evidence and arguments, but an underlying struggle over deeply held “faith” commitments, feelings, and desires that define what people find sacred, good, and meaningful in life at a most basic level. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Drilling Our Soul: Moral Boundary Work in an Unlikely Old-West Fight against Fracking
Authors: Farrell Justin
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates an “outlier” case of environmental conflict, where things did not follow the same social patterns observed elsewhere in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). The case study involves conflict over a plan to drill 136 natural gas wells just to the south of Yellowstone, in Sublette County, Wyoming. This plan is not unusual, given that this county includes two of the largest gas fields in the United States and that most residents of this county and state support this economically beneficial activity. But in a radical reversal, a large group of miners, outfitters, ranchers, and other old-westerners acted against their own economic and cultural traditions, starting an environmental movement to oppose drilling in this particular area. The chapter shows that the intense negative reaction to drilling in this area is caused by a violation of strong moral boundaries linked to old-west place attachment.
The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation and Weak KAM Theory
Authors: Sorrentino Alfonso
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes another interesting approach to the study of invariant sets provided by the so-called weak KAM theory, developed by Albert Fathi. This approach can be considered as the functional analytic counterpart of the variational methods discussed in the previous chapters. The starting point is the relation between KAM tori (or more generally, invariant Lagrangian graphs) and classical solutions and subsolutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. It introduces the notion of weak (non-classical) solutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation and a special class of subsolutions (critical subsolutions). In particular, it highlights their relation to Aubry–Mather theory.