bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the diurnal cycle of urban aerosols, black carbon and the occurrence of new particle formation events in springtime São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Backman J. , Rizzo L. V. , Hakala J. , Nieminen T. , Manninen H. E. , Morais F. , Aalto P. P. , Siivola E. , Carbone S. , Hillamo R. , Artaxo P. , Virkkula A. , Petäjä T. , Kulmala M.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Large conurbations are a significant source of the anthropogenic pollution and demographic differences between cities that result in a different pollution burden. The metropolitan area of São Paulo (MASP, population 20 million) accounts for one fifth of the Brazilian vehicular fleet. A feature of MASP is the amount of ethanol used by the vehicular fleet, known to exacerbate air quality. The study describes the diurnal behaviour of the submicron aerosol and relies on total particle number concentration, particle number size distribution, light scattering and light absorption measurements. Modelled planetary boundary layer (PBL) depth and air mass movement data were used to aid the interpretation. During morning rush-hour, stagnant air and a shallow PBL height favour the accumulation of aerosol pollution. During clear-sky conditions, there was a wind shift towards the edge of the city indicating a heat island effect with implications on particulate pollution levels at the site. The median total particle number concentration for the submicron aerosol typically varied in the range 1.6 × 104–3.2 × 104 cm−3 frequently exceeding 4 × 104 cm−3 during the day. During weekdays, nucleation-mode particles are responsible for most of the particles by numbers. The highest concentrations of total particle number concentrations and black carbon (BC) were observed on Fridays. Median diurnal values for light absorption and light scattering (at 637 nm wavelength) varied in the range 12–33 Mm−1 and 21–64 Mm−1, respectively. The former one is equal to 1.8–5.0 μg m−3 of BC. The growth of the PBL, from the morning rush-hour until noon, is consistent with the diurnal cycle of BC mass concentrations. Weekday hourly median single-scattering albedo (ω0) varied in the range 0.59–0.76. Overall, this suggests a top of atmosphere (TOA) warming effect. However, considering the low surface reflectance of urban areas, for the given range of ω0, the TOA radiative forcing can be either positive or negative for the sources within the MASP. On the average, weekend ω0 values were 0.074 higher than during weekdays. During 11% of the days, new particle formation (NPF) events occurred. The analysed events growth rates ranged between 9 and 25 nm h−1. Sulphuric acid proxy concentrations calculated for the site were less than 5% of the concentration needed to explain the observed growth. Thus, other vapours are likely contributors to the observed growth.
A case study of the highly time-resolved evolution of aerosol chemical and optical properties in urban Shanghai, China
Authors: Huang Y. , Li L. , Li J. , Wang X. , Chen H. , Chen J. , Yang X. , Gross D. S. , Wang H. , Qiao L. , Chen C.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Characteristics of the chemical and optical properties of aerosols in urban Shanghai and their relationship were studied over a three-day period in October 2011. A suite of real-time instruments, including an Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS), a Monitor for AeRosols and GAses (MARGA), a Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer (CRDS), a nephelometer and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), was employed to follow the quick changes of the aerosol properties within the 72-h sampling period. The origin of the air mass arriving in Shanghai during this period shifted from the East China Sea to the northwest area of China, offering a unique opportunity to observe the evolution of aerosols influenced by regional transport from the most polluted areas in China. According to the meteorological conditions and temporal characterizations of the chemical and optical properties, the sampling period was divided into three periods. During Period 1 (00:00–23:00, 13 October), the aerosols in urban Shanghai were mainly fresh and the single scattering albedo varied negatively with the emission of elemental carbon, indicating that local sources dominated. Period 2 (23:00 on 13 October to 10:00 on 15 October) was impacted by regionally transported pollutants and had the highest particulate matter (PM) mass loading and the lowest particle acidity, characterized by large fractions of aged particles and high secondary ion (nitrate, sulfate and ammonium) mass concentrations. Two sub-periods were identified in Period 2 based on the scattering efficiency of PM1 mass. The comparison of these sub-periods highlights the influence of particle mixing state on aerosol optical properties. Period 3 (from 10:00 on 15 October to 00:00 on 16 October) had a low PM1/PM10 ratio and a new particle formation event. We directly observed the influence of regionally transported pollutants on local aerosol properties and demonstrate that the PM mass extinction efficiency is largely determined by the chemical components and mixing states of the aerosol.
Snow accumulation of a high alpine catchment derived from LiDAR measurements
Authors: Helfricht K. , Schöber J. , Seiser B. , Fischer A. , Stötter J. , Kuhn M.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The spatial distribution of snow accumulation substantially affects the seasonal course of water storage and runoff generation in high mountain catchments. Whereas the areal extent of snow cover can be recorded by satellite data, spatial distribution of snow depth and hence snow water equivalent (SWE) is difficult to measure on catchment scale. In this study we present the application of airborne LiDAR (Light Detecting And Ranging) data to extract snow depths and accumulation distribution in an alpine catchment. Airborne LiDAR measurements were performed in a glacierized catchment in the Ötztal Alps at the beginning and the end of three accumulation seasons. The resulting digital elevation models (DEMs) were used to calculate surface elevation changes throughout the winter season. These surface elevation changes were primarily referred to as snow depths and are discussed concerning measured precipitation and the spatial characteristics of the accumulation distribution in glacierized and unglacierized areas. To determine the redistribution of catchment precipitation, snow depths were converted into SWE using a simple regression model. Snow accumulation gradients and snow redistribution were evaluated for 100 m elevation bands. Mean surface elevation changes of the whole catchment ranges from 1.97 m to 2.65 m within the analyzed accumulation seasons. By analyzing the distribution of the snow depths, elevation dependent patterns were obtained as a function of the topography in terms of aspect and slope. The high resolution DEMs show clearly the higher variation of snow depths in rough unglacierized areas compared to snow depths on smooth glacier surfaces. Mean snow depths in glacierized areas are higher than in unglacierized areas. Maximum mean snow depths of 100 m elevation bands are found between 2900 m and 3000 m a.s.l. in unglacierized areas and between 2800 m and 2900 m a.s.l. in glacierized areas, respectively. Calculated accumulation gradients range from 8% to 13% per 100 m elevation band in the observed catchment. Elevation distribution of accumulation calculated by applying these seasonal gradients in comparison to elevation distribution of SWE obtained from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data show the total redistribution of snow from higher to lower elevation bands. Revealing both, information about the spatial distribution of snow depths and hence the volume of the snow pack, ALS data are an important source for extensive snow accumulation measurements in high alpine catchments. These information about the spatial characteristics of snow distribution are crucial for calibrating hydrological models in order to realistically compute temporal runoff generation by snow melt.
Modeling the water demand on farms
Authors: Drastig K. , Prochnow A. , Kraatz S. , Libra J. , Krauß M. , Döring K. , Müller D. , Hunstock U.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The decreasing availability of water caused by depletion and climate change combined with a growing world population requires the productive use of water now and in the future. The young researcher group "AgroHyd" at the Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB) is currently modeling the water demand for agricultural processes at the farm scale and developing indicators to link the hydrological and agricultural perspectives. The aim of the group is to increase productivity in agriculture by raising water productivity in plant production and livestock farming. The effects of various agronomic measures, individual and in combination, on water productivity are assessed using several indicators. Scenarios of agricultural measures, climate and diets are used to test to what extent the water demand for food production will increase due to growing global change in different regions of the world.
Environmental variations in a semi-enclosed embayment (Amvrakikos Gulf, Greece) – reconstructions based on benthic foraminifera abundance and lipid biomarker pattern
Authors: Naeher S. , Geraga M. , Papatheodorou G. , Ferentinos G. , Kaberi H. , Schubert C. J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The evolution of environmental changes during the last decades and the impact on the living biomass in the western part of Amvrakikos Gulf was investigated using abundances and species distributions of benthic foraminifera and lipid biomarker concentrations. These proxies indicated that the gulf has markedly changed due to eutrophication. Eutrophication has led to a higher productivity, a higher bacterial biomass, shifts towards opportunistic and tolerant benthic foraminifera species (e.g. Bulimina elongata, Nonionella turgida, Textularia agglutinans, Ammonia tepida) and a lower benthic species density. Close to the Preveza Strait (connection between the gulf and the Ionian Sea), the benthic assemblages were more diversified under more oxygenated conditions. Sea grass meadows largely contributed to the organic matter at this sampling site. The occurrence of isorenieratane, chlorobactane and lycopane supported by oxygen monitoring data indicated that anoxic (and partly euxinic) conditions prevailed seasonally throughout the western part of the gulf with more severe oxygen depletion towards the east. Increased surface water temperatures have led to a higher stratification, which reduced oxygen resupply to bottom waters. Altogether, these developments led to mass mortality events and ecosystem decline in Amvrakikos Gulf.
Modeling agriculture in the Community Land Model
Authors: Drewniak B. , Song J. , Prell J. , Kotamarthi V. R. , Jacob R.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The potential impact of climate change on agriculture is uncertain. In addition, agriculture could influence above- and below-ground carbon storage. Development of models that represent agriculture is necessary to address these impacts. We have developed an approach to integrate agriculture representations for three crop types – maize, soybean, and spring wheat – into the coupled carbon-nitrogen version of the Community Land Model (CLM), to help address these questions. Here we present the new model, CLM-Crop, validated against observations from two AmeriFlux sites in the United States, planted with maize and soybean. Seasonal carbon fluxes compared well with field measurements. CLM-Crop yields were comparable with observations in some regions, although the generality of the crop model and its lack of technology and irrigation made direct comparison difficult. CLM-Crop was compared against the standard CLM3.5, which simulates crops as grass. The comparison showed improvement in gross primary productivity in regions where crops are the dominant vegetation cover. Crop yields and productivity were negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with precipitation. In case studies with the new crop model looking at impacts of residue management and planting date on crop yield, we found that increased residue returned to the litter pool increased crop yield, while reduced residue returns resulted in yield decreases. Using climate controls to signal planting date caused different responses in different crops. Maize and soybean had opposite reactions: when low temperature threshold resulted in early planting, maize responded with a loss of yield, but soybean yields increased. Our improvements in CLM demonstrate a new capability in the model – simulating agriculture in a realistic way, complete with fertilizer and residue management practices. Results are encouraging, with improved representation of human influences on the land surface and the potentially resulting climate impacts.
Improving the representation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the MOZART-4 global chemical transport model
Authors: Mahmud A. , Barsanti K. C.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) module in the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) has been updated by replacing existing two-product (2p) parameters with those obtained from two-product volatility basis set (2p-VBS) fits, and by treating SOA formation from the following volatile organic compounds (VOCs): isoprene, propene and lumped alkenes. Strong seasonal and spatial variations in global SOA distributions were demonstrated, with significant differences in the predicted concentrations between the base-case and updated model versions. The base-case MOZART-4 predicted annual average SOA of 0.36 ± 0.50 μg m−3 in South America, 0.31 ± 0.38 μg m−3 in Indonesia, 0.09 ± 0.05 μg m−3 in the USA, and 0.12 ± 0.07 μg m−3 in Europe. Concentrations from the updated versions of the model showed a~marked increase in annual average SOA. Using the updated set of parameters alone (MZ4-v1) increased annual average SOA by ~8%, ~16%, ~56%, and ~108% from the base-case in South America, Indonesia, USA, and Europe, respectively. Treatment of additional parent VOCs (MZ4-v2) resulted in an even more dramatic increase of ~178–406% in annual average SOA for these regions over the base-case. The increases in predicted SOA concentrations further resulted in increases in corresponding SOA contributions to annual average total aerosol optical depth (AOD) by <1% for MZ4-v1 and ~1–6% for MZ4-v2. Estimated global SOA production was ~6.6 Tg yr−1 and ~19.1 Tg yr−1 with corresponding burdens of ~0.24 Tg and ~0.59 Tg using MZ4-v1 and MZ4-v2, respectively. The SOA budgets predicted in the current study fall well within reported ranges for similar modeling studies, 6.7 to 96 Tg yr−1, but are lower than recently reported observationally-constrained values, 50 to 380 Tg yr−1. With MZ4-v2, simulated SOA concentrations at the surface were also in reasonable agreement with comparable modeling studies and observations. Concentrations of estimated organic aerosol (OA) at the surface, however, showed under-prediction in Europe and over-prediction in the Amazonian regions and Malaysian Borneo during certain months of the year. Overall, the updated version of MOZART-4, MZ4-v2, showed consistently better skill in predicting SOA and OA levels and spatial distributions as compared with unmodified MOZART-4. The MZ4-v2 updates may be particularly important when MOZART-4 output is used to generate boundary conditions for regional air quality simulations that require more accurate representation of SOA concentrations and distributions.
Impact of the sea surface temperature forcing on hindcasts of Madden-Julian Oscillation events using the ECMWF model
Authors: de Boisséson E. , Balmaseda M. A. , Vitart F. , Mogensen K.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. This paper explores the sensitivity of hindcasts of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) to the use of different sea surface temperture (SST) products as lower boundary conditions in the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric model. Three sets of monthly hindcast experiments are conducted, starting from initial conditions from the ERA interim reanalysis. First, as a reference, the atmosphere is forced by the SST used to produce ERA interim. In the second and third experiments, the SST is switched to the OSTIA (Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea-Ice Analysis) and the AVHRR-only (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) reanalyses, respectively. Tests on the temporal resolution of the SST show that monthly fields are not optimal, while weekly and daily resolutions provide similar MJO scores. When using either OSTIA or AVHRR, the propagation of the MJO is degraded and the resulting scores are lower than in the reference experiment. Further experiments show that this loss of skill cannot be attributed to either the difference in mean state or temporal variability between the SST products. Additional diagnostics show that the phase relationship between either OSTIA or AVHRR SST and the MJO convection is distorted with respect to satellite observations and the ERA interim reanalysis. This distortion is expected to impact the MJO hindcasts, leading to a relative loss of forecast skill. A realistic representation of ocean–atmosphere interactions is thus needed for MJO hindcasts, but not all SST products – though accurate for other purposes – fulfill this requirement.
Scleral Fixation of a Single-Piece Multifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Can Ertuğrul , Başaran M. Reşat , Gül Adem
Published: December 2012

Purpose.

We describe an ab interno technique for injector implantation of a one-piece multifocal intraocular lens (IOL).

Methods.

Transscleral fixation of multifocal posterior chamber IOL implantation using an injector with ab interno technique was performed in an eye of a 9-year-old girl who had undergone pars plana lensectomy 2 years before for bilateral lens subluxation with unknown etiology.

Results.

No major complications were encountered during a 3-month follow-up of the patient and excellent centration was observed during the follow-up period. Her preoperative best spectacle-corrected distance visual acuity of 20/32 improved to uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/25.

Conclusions.

Closed-loop design of IOL served the function of eyelets and position of the IOL was provided using only a 2-point fixation. Intraoperative position adjustment of the IOL provided an excellent centralization of multifocal IOL.
Gluteal Tumoral Calcinosis
Authors: Del Bravo Valentina , Liuzza Francesco , Perisano Carlo , Chalidis Byron , Marzetti Emanuele , Colelli Pamela , Maccauro Giulio
Published: December 2012

Tumoral calcinosis is an extremely rare benign condition that is characterised by deposits of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in periarticular soft tissues. Although it is mainly located around large joints such as the hips, shoulders and elbows, it may also involve the small joints of hand and wrist. There are multiple types of tumoral calcinosis with divergent clinical characteristics but the exact cause is still unknown. We present a literature review to evaluate the location, clinical features, treatment options and results of surgical excision in this condition. Wide resection appears to lead to a good clinical outcome and a low incidence of local relapse.
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Teenagers: An Alternative to Hip Arthrodesis
Authors: Patel Nirav K. , Luff Thomas , Whittingham-Jones Paul , Gooding Christopher R. , Hashemi-Nejad Aresh
Published: December 2012

Debilitating arthritis in teenage patients is a complex problem with limited surgical options. Hip arthrodesis is unpopular amongst patients, and contemporary total hip arthroplasty (THA) may be a promising alternative. We report on the outcomes of THA in patients less than 20 years of age. All consecutive teenage patients undergoing THA at a tertiary referral centre were reviewed. Mean follow-up was 3.4 years (range 0.6–6.8) and 9 patients had at least 5 years follow-up. There were 51 THAs in 43 patients with a mean age of 17 years (range 12–19). The commonest indication was osteonecrosis (35 cases), mostly secondary to slipped upper femoral epiphysis (15 cases). Forty-six were uncemented and 5 were reverse hybrid THAs of which 7 were computer assisted design/manufacture (CADCAM) components. The commonest bearing surface used was ceramic on ceramic (40 cases). The survival rate was 96% and there were 2 complications. At latest follow-up, the mean Harris hip score was 90 (range 68–99) and UCLA activity score was 6 (range 4–9). Radiological analysis showed 2 patients with lucent lines around the acetabular component, but no signs of osteolysis or wear. We report good short to intermediate term survivorship and outcomes, and feel THA represents a valid alternative option to hip arthrodesis.
Quantitative Descriptors for the Effect of Nature/Mechanical Properties of Solid Substrates on Fibroblast Morphology
Authors: Siani Alessandro , Robert-Nicoud Ghislaine , Cellesi Francesco , Tirelli Nicola
Published: December 2012

Purpose

Cell shape is a powerful indicator of cell activity. This study aimed to validate the use of numeric descriptors for the assessment of the effect of substrate mechanical properties on the morphology of 2d cultured fibroblasts.

Methods

Two fibroblast cell types, the 3t3 murine cell line and primary Human dermal Fibroblasts (HDF) were cultured on substrates (fibrin, silicone, tissue culture PolyStyrene (TCPS)) with modulus values spanning more than six orders of magnitude (<1kPa - > 1 GPa), using cell area, circularity, aspect ratio and solidity (ratio between actual and convex area) as morphologic descriptors of cell shape. In order to reduce differences in chemical composition, silicones and TCPS were pre-treated with fibrinogen.

Results

Cell area and solidity appeared to be the most sensitive indicators of the differential dependency of the cell morphology on the nature of the substrate. They highlighted complex behavior, where the increase in modulus did not correspond to clear trends in cell shape over the complete range of moduli investigated.

Conclusions

The analysis of cell shape descriptors appears to indicate that chemical differences may overwhelm mechanical effects in 2d culture. These indications are partial and purely phenomenologic, but suggest that specific care should be paid to also consider the role of substrate chemistry in the analysis of the dependency of cell behavior on substrate mechanical properties.
Moderate-Intensity Exercise Improves Body Composition and Improves Physiological Markers of Stress in HIV-Infected Men
Authors: Dudgeon Wesley David , Jaggers Jason Reed , Phillips Kenneth Doyle , Durstine John Larry , Burgess Stephanie E. , Lyerly George William , Davis John Mark , Hand Gregory Alan
Published: December 2012

HIV/AIDS and its treatment often alter body composition and result in poorer physical functioning. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate-intensity exercise program on body composition and the hormones and cytokines associated with adverse health outcomes. HIV-infected males (N=111) were randomized to an exercise group (EX) who completed 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training, or to a nonintervention control group (CON). In pre- and postintervention, body composition was estimated via DXA, peak strength was assessed, and resting blood samples were obtained. There was a decrease in salivary cortisol at wake (P=0.025) in the EX and a trend (P=0.07) for a decrease 1 hour after waking. The EX had a significant increase in lean tissue mass (LTM) (P<0.001) following the intervention. Those in the EX below median body fat (20%) increased LTM (P=0.014) only, while those above 20% decreased fat mass (P=0.02), total fat (N=0.009), and trunk fat (P=0.001), while also increasing LTM (P=0.027). Peak strength increased between 14% and 28% on all exercises in the EX group. These data indicate that 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training can decrease salivary cortisol levels, improve physical performance, and improve body composition in HIV-infected men.
Application of HPLC for the Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Chlorzoxazone, and Nimesulide in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: More Snehal J. , Tandulwadkar Suparna S. , Nikam Ajinkya R. , Rathore Atul S. , Sathiyanarayanan L. , Mahadik Kakasaheb R.
Published: December 2012

A simple, precise, and accurate reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PCM), chlorzoxazone (CHZ), and nimesulide (NIM) in pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size). The mobile phase consisted of water : acetonitrile (55 : 45 v/v). The flow rate was set to 1.2 mL min−1 and UV detection was carried out at 275 nm. The retention time () for PCM, CHZ, and NIM was found to be 2.69 ± 0.02, 4.61 ± 0.01, and 9.55 ± 0.02 min, respectively. The validation of the proposed method was carried out for linearity, precision, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, specificity, and accuracy. The linear dynamic ranges were 32.5–65.0 μg mL−1 for PCM, 37.5–75.0 μg mL−1 for CHZ, and 10.0–20.0 μg mL−1 for NIM. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of titled drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form.
Study on Genetic Variance of miR-541 in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Han Bei , Shi Xing , Peng Quan , Gao Wentao
Published: December 2012

Genetic susceptibility plays a key role in type 1 diabetes development. Because miR-541 gene was located within the associated chromosome loci and its target genes include the diabetes-associated gene neurogenin3, this study aimed to investigate whether miR-541 had type 1 diabetes-associated genetic variations. Type 1 diabetes children and healthy volunteers were recruited; direct sequencing was performed in initial 69 patients and 46 volunteers. We identified 1 reported SNP (rs12893725) and 3 novel genetic variations, for the candidate -404 G→T variation, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed in total 247 diabetes children and 212 healthy volunteers, a different distribution trait of allele frequencies was found between the two groups, and further clinical analysis found no significant correlation between clinical parameter and genotypes among patients. In addition, by luciferase reporter assay, -404 was found to be within putative promoter region of pre-miR-541; although mutation of G→T has no effect on promoter activity, a significant secondary structure alteration may possibly influence its processing and transcription. In conclusion, we identified 3 novel genetic variations in putative promoter of miR-541 in type 1 diabetes patients; -404 G→T of miR-541 is a potential T1D-associated genetic variation.
Probability Densities for Fluorescent Photons Emitted by a Two-State Atom Driven by a Laser
Authors: Riehle Robertsen A. , Arnoldus Henk F.
Published: December 2012

Fluorescent photons emitted by a two-state atom in a laser beam are correlated. We have obtained the probability density for the emission of the th photon after a random initial time . It is shown that the correlations between the photons lead to a deviation from the poissonian value for this function (the probability density for independent events), although the deviation is not as significant as one may expect.
Health Beliefs regarding Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity of Surinamese Immigrants of Indian Descent in The Netherlands: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Hendriks A.-M. , Gubbels J. S. , Jansen M. W. J. , Kremers S. P. J.
Published: December 2012

This study explored the health beliefs about eating habits and physical activity (PA) of Surinamese immigrants of Indian (Hindustani) descent to examine how health education messages to prevent obesity can be made more culturally sensitive. Indians are known for their increasing obesity incidence and are highly vulnerable for obesity-related consequences such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Therefore they might benefit from culturally sensitive health education messages that stimulate healthy eating habits and increase PA levels. In order to examine how health education messages aimed at preventing obesity could be adapted to Indian culture, we interviewed eight Hindustanis living in The Netherland, and conducted two focus groups () with members from a Surinamese Hindustani community. Results showed cultural implications that might affect the effectiveness of health education messages: karma has a role in explaining the onset of illness, traditional eating habits are perceived as difficult to change, and PA was generally disliked. We conclude that health education messages aimed at Hindustani immigrants should recognize the role of karma in explaining the onset of illness, include more healthy alternatives for traditional foods, pay attention to the symbolic meaning of food, and suggest more enjoyable and culturally sensitive forms of PA for women.
Pressure Distributions Generated along a Self-Acting
Fluid-Lubricated Herringbone-Grooved Journal Bearing with Trapezoidal Groove
Authors: Liu Jun , Mochimaru Yoshihiro
Published: December 2012

Numerical studies are carried out to investigate pressure distributions of a fluid-lubricated herringbone-grooved journal bearing with trapezoidal grooves of various angles. Additionally, the optimal trapezoidal groove geometry is discussed in terms of the radial load capacity and friction torque.
A Retrospective Analysis of the Results of a Five-Year (2005–2009) Parasitological Examination for Common Intestinal Parasites from Bale-Robe Health Center, Robe Town, Southeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Chala Bayissa
Published: December 2012

A cross-sectional retrospective survey using the past five years clinical records (2005–2009) was conducted. The study was aimed at assessing the status of common intestinal parasites from Bale-Robe Health Center, Southeastern Ethiopia, in 2009/2010. The survey involved collection of data recorded on intestinal parasite from the health center during 2005–2009. Precoded questionnaires and interviews were also supplemented for knowledge attitude practices survey (KAPs survey) to assess awareness level of treatment seekers. Analysis of the various associations and strength of significant variations among qualitative and quantitative variables were assessed. The results revealed that Entamoeba histolytica (36.1%) and Giardia lamblia (11.0%), both being protozoan parasites were found to be the most prevalent intestinal parasites encountered during 2005–2009. The least prevalent intestinal parasite recorded was Strongyloides stercoralis (1.1%). Most intestinal parasites were detected among age group of 15 years and above than 0–4 and 5–14 years as shown in Table 4. There was a significant correlation between intestinal parasites prevalence and the age of treatment seeking individuals (P<0.05). A sharp increasing trend of E. histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides infections was observed owing to low personal and environmental sanitation of the majority of the society. Initiation of health education at different levels could be recommended to mitigate infectious parasites in the area.
Desenvolvimento de novas configurações para misturadores estáticos
Authors: Sant'Anna Mikele Cândida Sousa , Silva Gabrielly Pereira da , Silva Isabelly Pereira da , Paixão Ana Eleonora Almeida , Silva Gabriel Francisco da
Published: December 2012

Os misturadores vortex possuem saliências triangulares em forma de espiral formadas na parede interna da tubulação, quando os fluidos es¬coam através desta região geram um fluxo em redemoinho, promovendo uma forte agitação. Esses fluxos promovem um maior contato entre os fluidos no interior do tubo misturador. Os misturadores vortex podem ser usados para sínteses de produtos alimentícios, fármacos, combustíveis, homogeneizar misturas físicas de compostos ou diluição de substâncias. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar os perfis de mistura pela simulação de 14 configurações maiores do misturador vortex. Misturaram-se o óleo de soja e o etanol, usados na fabricação do biodiesel. O software utilizado foi o Ansys CFX 12.0. Avaliaram-se os valores da perda de carga, o volume total e com estes foram obtidos os gradientes de velocidade (parâmetro responsável por caracterizar o tipo de mistura). As configurações B1 e B4 apresentaram resultados significativos para o valor dos gradiente de velocidade 3926,24 s-1 e 2536,77 s-1, respectivamente.
Analise estratégica na aplicabilidade do vendor managed inventory (VMI) na cadeia de abastecimento
Authors: Pissaia Junior Hugo
Published: December 2012

Neste artigo, apresentam-se os resultados de pesquisa realizada sobre os aspectos estratégicos empresariais na aplicabilidade do Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) para a cadeia de abastecimento. Considerando que os desa¬fios logísticos das empresas estejam relacionados à cadeia de suprimentos, ao gerenciamento, ao planejamento e ao controle da cadeia de abastecimento, a pesquisa qualitativa realizada, por meio da coleta de dados de dez clientes de distribuidores nacionais, permitiu que, os resultados obtidos apontassem para a eficácia dos recursos sistêmicos no setor da cadeia de abastecimento de uma empresa no mercado de reposição. Descrevem-se, de forma integra¬da, os níveis competitivos e os ambientes em que a empresa está inserida e aponta-se para a importância acentuada do planejamento de implementação do Vendor Managed Inventory para amenizar os obstáculos culturais exis¬tentes nas informações, evitando-se assim barreiras na eficácia das trocas de informações e na eficiência de seus resultados.
Uma análise de um sistema produto-serviço no contexto da qualidade
Authors: Franco Alice Cristiano , Häns Beuren Fernanda , Paladini Edson Pacheco , Ferreira Marcelo Gitirana Gomes , Cauchick Miguel Paulo A.
Published: December 2012

Objetiva-se neste trabalho propor a desmaterialização de um produto a par¬tir do sistema produto-serviço e dos conceitos de qualidade, contribuindo para a oferta de novos modelos de negócio que melhorem continuamente, assim como favoreçam a conscientização ambiental, inserção social e de¬senvolvimento econômico. Este trabalho é de caráter exploratório, apresen-tando características de um estudo de caso, embora não tenha um contexto definido. Como resultado principal, busca-se a melhoria de um produto coletor de água de chuva, tornando-o mais adequado às necessidades dos consumidores. Para isso, são oferecidas soluções que incluem serviços ao in¬vés somente do produto, proporcionando ao consumidor um relacionamento contínuo com a organização. Como consequência, em razão de constantes melhorias na oferta de produtos e serviços junto ao consumidor, essa solução tende a ser mais adequada ao uso, princípio básico da qualidade. Assim, o sistema produto-serviço para a coleta de água da chuva apresenta-se como uma melhoria evolutiva na desmaterialização de um produto.
Utilização de sistemas de medição de desempenho em projetos de desenvolvimento de software
Authors: Baptista Gabriel Lara , Vanalle Rosangela Maria , Salles José Antonio Arantes
Published: December 2012

O uso de sistemas de medição de desempenho em projetos de software é ainda pouco explorado, apesar de ser considerado importante para redução de falhas nesses projetos. Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre a percepção e conhecimento de um grupo de profissionais envolvidos com projetos de software, no que diz respeito ao uso de normas e modelos que suportem a medição do desempenho. O resultado da pesquisa sugere que existe li¬mitação de conhecimento das normas e dos modelos apresentados, o que enfatiza a necessidade de novas abordagens para disseminação da medição de desempenho no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos de software. São apresentadas, no fim do trabalho, as diretrizes básicas para a construção de um modelo que atenda as premissas dessa nova abordagem.
Sustained by First Nations: European newcomers' use of Indigenous plant foods in temperate North America
Authors: Turner Nancy J. , Von Aderkas Patrick
Published: December 2012

Indigenous Peoples of North America have collectively used approximately 1800 different native species of plants, algae, lichens and fungi as food. When European explorers, traders and settlers arrived on the continent, these native foods, often identified and offered by Indigenous hosts, gave them sustenance and in some cases saved them from starvation. Over the years, some of these species – particularly various types of berries, such as blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium spp.), wild raspberries and blackberries (Rubus spp.), and wild strawberries (Fragaria spp.), and various types of nuts (Corylus spp., Carya spp., Juglans spp., Pinus spp.), along with wild-rice (Zizania spp.) and maple syrup (from Acer saccharum) – became more widely adopted and remain in use to the present day. Some of these and some other species were used in plant breeding programs, as germplasm for hybridization programs, or to strengthen a crop's resistance to disease. At the same time, many nutritious Indigenous foods fell out of use among Indigenous Peoples themselves, and along with their lessened use came a loss of associated knowledge and cultural identity. Today, for a variety of reasons, from improving people's health and regaining their cultural heritage, to enhancing dietary diversity and enjoyment of diverse foods, some of the species that have dwindled in their use have been “rediscovered” by Indigenous and non-Indigenous Peoples, and indications are that their benefits to humanity will continue into the future.
Lexical decomposition of English prepositions and their fusion with verb lexical classes in motion constructions
Authors: Navarro i Ferrando Ignasi
Published: December 2012

Author/s

Ignasi Navarro i FerrandoUniversitat Jaume I, Spain

 

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we firstly present a tentative formalization of a Lexical Template (LT) and a meta-language for spatial particle semantics within the framework of the Lexical Constructional Model (LCM). The semantic module consists of a set of Lexical Functions, which operate on a semantic primitive in order to produce a hyponym by elaborating topological, dynamic and functional information. The syntactic module expresses situations (positions or states) plus the argument structure. Secondly, we illustrate and discuss several LTs with the purpose of exploring spatial particle subsumption constraints with constructions such as caused motion and intransitive motion, as well as the types of verbal Aktionsart that might fuse with them. The COCA is used as a data source. We conclude that spatial particles contribute meaning to the extent that they partially determine the type of Aktionsart of the verb licensed by the motion construction.
Les préalables à un débat sensé sur l’euthanasie, et la pertinence du document de la Commission de Réforme du droit sur l’euthanasie, considérant le projet de loi C-384
Authors: Giroux Michel T.
Published: December 2012

La Commission de réforme du droit du Canada (CRD) a publié, en 1982, un document de travail intitulé Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption de traitement. En 2009, la députée Francine Lalonde a déposé à la Chambre des communes le projet de loi C-384 intitulé Loi modifiant le Code criminel (droit de mourir dignement). Ce projet de loi a été défait. Une période de près de trente ans sépare ces deux documents. Quelles sont les préoccupations que partagent ces documents ? Le projet de loi envisage-t-il l’aide au suicide d’une manière qui diffère de celle du document de la CRD ? L’examen du document de la CRD, du projet de loi C-384 et des travaux de la Chambre des communes fait ressortir des difficultés persistantes dans nos discussions publiques. Certaines suggestions s’imposent à propos du débat souhaitable dans une matière aussi contentieuse que l’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide.
L’aide médicale à la mort : réflexions et débats en cours au Québec
Authors: Marchand Michèle
Published: December 2012

La réflexion menée au Collège des médecins du Québec concernant la question de l’intensité des soins a sûrement contribué à raviver le débat sur l’euthanasie au Québec. Cet article porte un regard rétrospectif sur cette contribution. L’éthique médicale ayant toujours été un argument majeur pour s’opposer à toute libéralisation de l’euthanasie, on comprend facilement que tout questionnement à cet égard puisse changer la donne. Si le débat s’en est trouvé vraiment modifié cette fois, c’est probablement parce qu’il été relancé dans une autre direction, celle des soins, et que la réflexion était on ne peut plus claire : les soins sont plus appropriés lorsqu’ils sont le fruit d’un processus décisionnel bien mené. L’euthanasie pose de nouveaux défis, lorsque les patients ne sont plus capables de décider pour eux–mêmes notamment. Il reste que du seul fait de s’être déplacé du côté des soins et du processus décisionnel, le débat aura progressé.
Travaux de la Commission fédérale belge de contrôle et d’évaluation de l’application de la loi du 28 mai 2002 relative à l’euthanasie
Authors: Van Neste Fernand
Published: December 2012

La loi relative à l’euthanasie prévoit qu’une commission soit établie afin de contrôler et d’évaluer très attentivement son application. Ce contrôle se fait par un document d’enregistrement que tout médecin, ayant pratiqué une euthanasie, doit remplir et envoyer à la commission. Celle-ci assure ainsi un suivi permanent de l’application de la loi. L’article analyse les travaux de la commission. Il en ressort que, par ces travaux, le législateur est bien informé de l’application de la loi. De plus, ce contrôle et cette évaluation constituent une méthode efficace et constructive pour aider les médecins à agir correctement à l’égard des malades en fin de vie.
Élargir les perspectives interculturelles des futurs enseignants
Authors: Steinbach Marilyn
Published: December 2012

Cet article est une description des interventions lors de la formation des enseignants. L’objectif est de rendre l’éducation interculturelle plus pertinente pour les futurs enseignants et d’élargir leurs perspectives interculturelles afin de mieux agir dans un milieu pluriethnique. Cette étude souligne l’importance des expériences et des contacts personnels, et incite les étudiants à apporter des changements notoires à leur façon de faire, attribuant ainsi une signification particulière à l’éducation interculturelle. Cet article contribue à la didactique de l’éducation interculturelle dans la formation des enseignants.
Les dilemmes moraux exprimés par des intervenants au début d’un projet de changement des pratiques à l’école : portrait de trois équipes
Authors: St-Vincent Lise-Anne
Published: December 2012

Cette recherche vise à identifier des dilemmes moraux émergeant des échanges d’intervenants de trois équipes-écoles dans le cadre d’une recherche-action-formation ayant pour objectif la transformation de pratiques favorisant la réussite et le bien-être de tous les élèves. L’analyse qualitative des discussions des équipes-écoles engagées dans le processus de changement de pratiques révèle que la présence de dilemmes dans les échanges est un indicateur d’ouverture au dialogue chez les participants vers la recherche d’un consensus.
Les déterminants de l’utilisation des recherches en éducation : le cas des conseillers pédagogiques au Québec
Authors: Mehiriz Kaddour , Marceau Richard
Published: December 2012

Dans cet article, nous utilisons le modèle des choix rationnels pour analyser les facteurs expliquant l’utilisation de la recherche en éducation. Basée sur les résultats d’un sondage auprès de 263 conseillers pédagogiques au Québec, l’étude suggère que ces acteurs essentiels du système de l’éducation ont tendance à avoir un comportement rationnel à l’égard de la recherche dans le sens que l’utilisation de celle-ci dépend de son utilité ainsi que du coût d’accès et dans une moindre mesure, d’appropriation de ses résultats. En plus de la rationalité des acteurs, l’étude indique que les facteurs organisationnels ont une influence sur l’utilisation des résultats de la recherche.
Evolution and influence of military adult education
Authors: Persyn John M. , Polson Cheryl J.
Published: December 2012

This chapter reviews the historical relationship between adult education and the military and continuing efforts by the military to emphasize adult learning principles in training and education.
Integrating critical thinking in the U.S. Army: Decision Support Red Teams
Authors: Dietz A. Steven , Schroeder Eric A.
Published: December 2012

This chapter examines the U.S. Army's development and implementation of Decision Support Red Teams. We review the education of Red Team members, the structure of the education and use of adult education principles, and how teams use their training to help make sense of complex military environments.
Understanding the importance of life mission when advising soldiers
Authors: Wilson Kristen , Smith Natesha
Published: December 2012

Most military students take college courses in order to be promotable, learn a new skill, and/or transition into civilian life. This chapter describes the difference between viewing advising through a transient lens (addressing only the immediate needs of enrollment and program completion) and a permanent lens (planning long‐term career and personal aspirations).
Investigating Amorphous Metal Composite Architectures as Spacecraft Shielding
Authors: Davidson Marc , Roberts Scott , Castro Gerhard , Dillon Robert Peter , Kunz Allison , Kozachkov Henry , Demetriou Marios D. , Johnson William L. , Nutt Steve , Hofmann Douglas C.
Published: December 2012

The threat of micro‐meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) collisions with spacecraft and satellites has been increasing with the increasing worldwide use of low earth orbit. Providing low‐areal‐density shielding for the mitigation of these high velocity impacts is essential for ensuring successful and cost effective missions. Here, we report results obtained from hypervelocity impact testing on bulk metallic glass (BMG) matrix composites. Their carbide‐like hardness, low melting temperatures, ultra‐high strength‐to‐weight ratio and the ability to be processed like polymers are material attributes ideally suited for spacecraft shielding, particularly as an outer wall bumper shield.
Rhodium‐Cobalt Bimetallic Nanoparticles: A Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Carbon‐Carbon Bonds with Hydrous Hydrazine
Authors: Lin Jin , Chen Jing , Su Weiping
Published: December 2012

Our studies on the effect of metal compositions on the catalytic activity of the rhodium‐based bimetallic nanocatalysts revealed that the nanoparticles with a 4:1 ratio of rhodium to cobalt, were more active than the rhodium monometallic nanoparticles in the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds with hydrous hydrazine as a hydrogen source. The nanocatalysts effected this hydrogenation process in good‐to‐excellent yields with high functional group tolerance, and could be reused 10 times without the loss of catalytic activity. The catalyst characterization by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and line‐scanning analysis suggested that the coexistence of metallic rhodium and cobalt plays an important role in the enhancement of catalytic activity.