bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Coulon Dwayne
Published: March 2022

Two insecticidal baits and two sprays were applied to an extremely heavy infestation (99%) of fall armyworm on corn planted 22 July. Plots were single 80 ft rows (48-in. spacing) with 10-ft alleys separating treatments on the same row. A completely randomized design with four replications of each treatment was used. Insecticides were applied 26 Aug. (35 days postplant) to 12 to 18 in plants. UCSF-26 bait (granular formulation) was applied with a Gandy applicator equipped with a 7-in Ro-Bander directed over the center of the row. UCSF-45 (pellet formulation) was applied by administering two to four pellets per plant by hand (ca 65 g/100 ft row). Sprays were applied with a tractor-drawn CO2 system equipped with an adjustable cone nozzle calibrated to deliver 18 gal/acre into the whorls at 50 lb/in2 and a speed of 3 mph. Treatments were evaluated 48 h postapplication by counting the number of plants per 25 in in each plot infested with live larvae (3rd instar or larger).
European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Johnston Richard L. , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

The experimental plot was planted 27 May at the Rosemount Agric. Exp. Stn., Rosemount, Dakota Co., Minn. Plants were spaced at 7 to 8 in intervals in rows 30 in apart. Fertilizer was applied at 200 lb/acre of 34-0-0 on 2 May and 200 lb/acre of 8-10-30 on 17 May. Herbicide, Lasso 4EC at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied 14 June and Banvel 4S at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was applied 8 July. Insecticidal sprays were applied 9, 16, and 23 Aug. to 2-row plots, 100 ft long, replicated two times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied to the silk area of the ears with the first sprays applied 1 day following a second generation European corn borer alert issued by the Minn. State Dept. of Agric. Sprays were applied using a CO2 sprayer delivering 46 gal of water/acre at 20 lb/in2. Evaluations were made 30 Aug. by scoring 35 ears per plot for number of ears with European corn borer (ECB) tunneling, total numbers of ECB larvae, and numbers of ears with live ECB larvae.
Control of Corn Earworm in Fall, 1982
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Various treatments and rates were applied to sweet corn during Oct. 1982. The corn was planted 18 Aug. at 10 lb seed per acre. Plots consisted of four rows measuring 70 feet per row and replicated four times. Seven applications were made at the beginning of silking (10%) on 18, 20, 22, 24, 26. 29, and 31 Oct. Finished sprays were applied with two-row small-plot sprayer at 20 gal/acre and 40 lb/in2. Results shown in the table represent the harvest samples (100 ears, 25/plot) picked at random on 5 Nov.
Corn Earworm Control in Fall, 1983
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

The materials and rates in this experiment are a repeat of the test conducted during June. It differs in that treatments commenced just before 10% silking and that the initial four treatments were at 1-day intervals; also the corn earworm pressure is greater during Sept. compared with June. The seed corn was planted 18 July at 10 lb/acre with a four-row planter on 40-in moist seed bed. Each treatment was replicated four times and the plot size was four rows by 70 ft (1,120 ft of row or 0.086 acre). Sprays were applied 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, and 23 Sept. with a two-row small plot sprayer at a rate of 20 gal/acre and 40 lb/in2. The boom set-up consisted of three nozzles per row (Tx6) on drops. The harvest on 3 Oct. represented 20 ears per plot (20x4 ears/treatment). Rating system was as follows: 1, % clean (no evidence of worms); 2, % slight (tip damage only (usually no live worms)); 3, % unmarketable (extensive tip damage or further down the ear, frequently with worms present).
Beet Armyworm Control on Eggplant in West-Central Florida, 1982
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 16 Sept., 18 in apart on 2.5-ft wide by 8-in high beds of Myakka fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch, plots consisted of 10 staked plants and were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 1, 6, 11, 18, and 25 Oct., 1, 8, 16, 22, and 29 Nov., 8, 14, 21, and 28 Dec. 1982, and 6 Jan. 1983 with a 2.5-gal, handheld CO2-powered sprayer which was operated at 40 lb/in2 and delivered 65 to 120 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew, but averaged 105 gal/acre). On 12 Oct., the foliage of all plants was examined and the number of beet armyworm larvae was recorded. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by lepidopterous larvae (principally the beet armyworm) were totaled over harvests taken 1, 7, 13, and 27 Dec, and 7, 9, 11, and 24 Jan. Percentage data were transformed arc sine %/100 before analysis, but data are presented in the original scale.
Efficacy of Lorsban on Kale for Control of Cabbage Maggot, 1981
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates Blue Curled’ kale was seeded into 25-ft, 2-row beds having 22-in row and 16-in interplant spacing on 20 May. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls ) soil had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2 Lorsban was spray banded over the planted row at 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 fluid oz/1,000 ft of row on 20 May, and again on 17 June, 30 days preharvest. The seeder and tractor mounted TEEJET 8005E nozzles applied 80 gal/acre at 60 lb/in2 while moving at 2.1 mph. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots were sprinkler irrigated as needed with a rate of 0.375 acre-in/h. Efficacy was determined at harvest by examining 16 roots/plot for insect damage. Phytotoxicity (stand loss) was determined at thinning, ca 4 weeks after planting.
Cabbage Looper and Greenpeach Aphid Control on Lettuce, 1983
Authors: Robbins P.S. , Hessney M.L. , Eckenrode C.J.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment consisted of two 30-ft rows replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The plot was planted 28 July and later thinned to ca 12 in. Row spacing was 36 in. Treatment applications were made 12 and 19 Sept., using a two-row, tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 35 gal/acre through three flat fan SS110015 TeeJet nozzles per row. Counts were made 21 Sept. by dissecting three heads per plot and counting aphids and cabbage loopers.
Apple, Early Season Insecticide Treatments, 1983
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L.J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental materials were applied to 8-year-old semi-dwarf ‘York’ trees using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 lbs/in2. Trees were sprayed until the spray ran off. A randomized block design was used and each treatment was replicated four times. Treatments were applied at the periods of delayed dormancy (18 April) and/or petal-fall (13 May). For one treatment a 3-in band of Cygon was applied with a paint brush to tree trunks 18 in above ground level using undiluted 4E formulation. White apple leafhopper density was estimated on 18 May by counting nymphs and adults on 10 leaves per replicate. European red mite density was estimated on 23 May by randomly selecting 10 leaves per tree and counting motile mites with the aid of a hand lens.
Cowpea Curculio Control on Southern Peas in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Auburn Univ.N. Ala. Hortic. Subst., Cullman. Plots were six rows (44-in centers) by 25 ft and were separated by 5-ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with four replications per treatment was used. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 50 lb/in2 and delivering 82 gal/acre through three TX26 hollow cone nozzles per row. Two sprays were applied 20 and 27 July. Pods were harvested from the two middle rows of each plot 4 Aug. and data were taken from 20 pods per plot. The number of cowpea curculio punctures per pod and the number of punctured pods were recorded. The pods were then shelled and observations were made on seed damage.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Potatoes, 1983
Authors: Blackmer Jackie , Bishop Guy , Baird Craig , Sandvol Larry
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 21 Apr. at Parma, Idaho in Greenleaf-Owyhee silt loam soil. Each plot consisted of a single row 15 ft long, and treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied on 30 Jun. with a CO2 pressurized hand sprayer at 50 lb/in2 that applied 40 gal spray per acre. Pre- and posttreatment counts were made by walking along the row and recording adults and larvae that could be seen without moving foliage.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, 1982
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted on the K. W. Christensen & Son farm near Barnesville, Minn., and the R. Keller farm near Crookston, Minn., using ‘Red Pontiac’ and ‘Norland’ potatoes, respectively. Treatments were applied to single row plots, 20 ft long, with 38-inch row spacing using a handheld CO2 pressurized sprayer at 35 lb/in2 delivering 60 gal of water/acre. Experiements were in a randomized complete block with three replications. Counts were made of 2nd to 4th stage larvae on all plants until a minimum of 50 larvae were reached in each replication. These same plants were then counted posttreatment to determine control. Treatments were applied to the entire plot. Counts were made before 24 h, 48 h, and 12 days posttreatment on the Christensen farm and 24h, 4 days, 6 days, and 13 days posttreatment on the Keller farm.
Critical Timing for Control of Potato Leafhopper Injury, 1982
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 20 May, at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Dakota Col, Minn. Treatments were applied to 4-row plots, 60 ft .ong, with 40-inch row spacing, randomized in complete blocks with four replications. Two untreated rows separated each plot. Bravo fungicide was applied weekly per label recommendations from 2 Jun. to the end of the season. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer with 3 drop nozzles per row delivering ca 72 gal water/acre at ca 250 lb/in2 . Potato leafhopper and other potentially injurious insects were suppressed at various stages of plant development by application of sprays of the insecticide Guthion applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Six treatment schedules were employed: (1) (V-I) from the period of vegetative growth (V) until the initiation of tuber formation (I); (2) (V-B) from the period of vegetative growth through the period of mid-tuber bulking (B); (3) from the period of vegetative growth until maturity (M); (4) (I-B) from the period of tuber-initiation until the period of mid-tuber bulking; (5) (I-M) from the period of tuber-initiation until harvest; and (6) (B-M) from the period of mid-tuber bulking until harvest. Spray applicatigons were made on 2 Jul., 16 Jul., 30 Jul., 13 Aug., 27 Aug. and 10 Sep. Counts were made from the center two rows of each plot by sampling 35 mid-plant leaves per plot or potato leafhopper nymphs.
Control of Insects and Fungal Diseases Using Insecticides and Fungicides, 1983
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Johnston Richard L.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 25 May at the Rosemount Agric. Res. St., Dakota Co., Minn. Plots were six rows, 50 ft long with 40-inch row spacing in a randomized block design with four replications. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer with three drop nozzles per row delivering 60 gal water/acre at 150 lb/in2 Granular soil treatments were applied at planting using a Hassia planter-mounted granular applicator. Treatments were applied to the entire plot but only the two middle rows were dug and yields taken. Bravo fungicide was applied weekly per label recommendations to appropriate plots 5 Jul. through 14 Sept.
Sprinkler Irrigation System Applied “

Bacillus Thuringiensis

” Control Colorado Potato Beetle, 1983
Authors: Sandvol Larry , Longley T. S.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 5 May, in 36-inch rows in Declo silt loam soil. Plots were 80-ft-diameter circles centered on single sprinkler heads applying 3.37 gal/min. Beetles were allowed to invade and multiply naturally. Injection time was 10 min with clearing time of 25 min from Rep I to Rep IV. Beetles were present mostly as adults and eggs at treatment time. Counts were made by recording total number of beetles observed in 80 ft of row.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1983
Authors: Voss R. H. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ potatoes were planted on 19 May in Sunderland, Mass. Fertilizer (1,000 lb 10:10:10/acre) was broadcast and incorporated before planting. The soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of ca. 5.5. Dinoseb was applied at 2 lb (AI)/acre prior to plant emergence. Treatment blocks were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of 2-30 ft rows with a 3 ft fallow area between each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2 pressurized sprayers at 40 lb/in2 with a delivery rate of ca 65 gal/acre. Spray applications were made on 29 Jun., 6, 19 and 26 Jul., and 2 Aug. Temik (3.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in the seed furrow at planting while Temik (2.0 lb (AI)/acre) was sidedressed on 21 June. By late July the Temik 15G at planting (3.0) and control plots were 100% defoliated, these two treatments were not included in 29 July analysis.
Control of Sweetpotato Flea Beetle Larvae on Sweet Potatoes, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J. , Bouwkamp John C.
Published: March 2022

Maryland white line sweet potato sprouts (Md-7257) were planted in single row plots (36-inch row spacing), 45-ft in length, on 24 May. The spacing between plants within the row was 12 inches. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Ganular treatments were applied in a 6- to 8-inch band using a shaker can and then incorporated 2 to 4 inches into the soil on 24 May. Soil temperatures at the 4-inch depth at the time of preplant application was 28°C. Yield data were taken from the entire 45 ft of row. All roots were examined for flea beetle larvae injury (shallow writing on the roots).
Insect Control on Tomato, 1983
Authors: Edelson Jonathan V.
Published: March 2022

Flora-Dade tomato was direct seeded into 2-row beds on 80-inch centers 24 Feb. at the Tex. Agric. Exp. St., Weslaco, Tex. The experimental design was complete randomized block with three blocks and six treatments. Plots were 1-bed wide and 50 ft long. Pesticides were applied 2, 10, and 16 May with a tractor-mounted sprayer operated at 4 mph with a boom pressure of 30 lb/in2. Flat-fan nozzles ca 12 inches above the plants were directed downward spraying a broadcast pattern at a rate of 5.5 gal per acre. Control plots were not sprayed. Insects were monitored on 3 and 19 May by inspecting three plants per plot and counting numbers present on one upper and one lower leaf. When flower or fruit clusters were present, one cluster per plant was examined and number of flowers or fruit, damaged fruit and insects recorded.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Tomatoes with Combinations of Pydrin and Difolatan, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J. , Kantzes James G.
Published: March 2022

UC-134-1-2 tomato transplants were set in single row plots, 30 ft in length on 16 May. The distance between rows was 64 inches. The distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. Each treatment row was buffered on one side by an untreated guard row. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed with 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by three drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2. On 25 May, 1, 8, and 30 Jun. treatments 2, 4, 5, and 6 were applied. However, on 25 May, 1 and 8 Jun. only Pydrin was applied on treatments 5 and 6. On 30 Jun. treatments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were sprayed. On 13, 20, and 27 Jul. treatments 6 and 7 were sprayed. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults/10 ft of row and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 12 Aug.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Electrostatic and Conventional Sprayer, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J. , Schales F. D. , Bagley P. C.
Published: March 2022

‘UC-134-1-2’ tomato seeds were planted in 45-foot rows on 27 May. Plots consisted of a treatment row buffered on one side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 72 inches. When the plants were in the two to three true leaf stage they were thinned so as to provide a spacing of 12 inches between plants within the row. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Conventional spray treatments were applied at a rate of 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2 . Treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer equipped with six drop nozzles per row. Electrostatic sprays were applied with a hand-held Electrodyn sprayer made by ICI. All the bozzles (nozzles plus bottle) were calibrated to deliver 0.10 ml/sec. of formulation which, when traveling at a speed of 2 mph delivers 0.8 pt/acre of formulation. The flow rate cannot be altered, so rate changes were accomplished by altering the speed of travel. Treatments were applied on 30 Jun., 3 and 29 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae per 10 ft of row and the percentage of defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 12 Sep.
Alfalfa Insect Control Studies, 1983
Authors: Bacheler Jack S. , Arnett W. Harold
Published: March 2022

An 8-year-old stand of alfalfa located at the Main Station Field Lab, Reno, NV, was used for this study. Treatments were applied when alfalfa was 12 to 15 in. tall with 2 to 25% of plants showing alfalfa weevil damage. Plots were 25 by 50 ft with treatments replicated four times in a randomized complete blcok design. Sprayers were applied with a CO2 activated plot sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 lb/in2. Treatments were made on 28 May. pfetreatment samples were taken on 27 May and posttreatment samples were taken on 31 May, and 4, 11, 18 June and consisted of 1Q sweeps of a standard net taken at random from each replicate. Alfalfa yield was determined from 80 ft2 sample taken from each replicate. Yield samples were taken 3 days after the last insect samples were taken.
Apple, Timing of Pydrin for Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Meagher Robert L.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was designed to determine the optimum period for using Pydrin, to control second brood tufted apple budmoth. Sprays were applied to four- or five-tree plots arranged in a randomized block design consisting of five replicates of each treatment. Each plot consisted of alternating ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘York Imperial’ trees. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gal/acre per alternate side at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts per acre per both sides (50 gal/acre). Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury fruit sample at harvest (Golds and Yorks). Apple samples averaged 210 fruits per replicate and 1,050 per treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Louisiana, 1983
Authors: Wilson Howard K. , Quisenberry Sharron S.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a 2-year-old stand of alfalfa near Shreveport, La. Treatments were applied during the vegetative growth stage when alfalfa was ca 28 cm tall. Plots were 6.1 by 12.2 m arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Treatments were made on 28 Mar. Sprays were applied with a CO2 backpacker sprayer calibrated to 21.1 gal/acre and 22 lb/in2 using 11004 flat-fan nozzles on a 2.1 m boom. Temperature at treatment was ca. 17.2° C, and 1.5 cm of rain fell during the 2 weeks following treatment. Samples were obtained by taking 10 pendulum-sweeps with 38-cm diam. sweep net on each sampling date. Sample dates were pretreatment, and 3, 6, and 13 days posttreatment. Each sample was bagged and frozen for later separation and counting.
Topical Toxicity of Insecticides to Western Corn Rootworm Adults in Nebraska, 1983
Authors: Ball Harold J.
Published: March 2022

Western corn rootworm adults were collected between 18 July and 4 Aug. from corn at 19 geographical sites throughout Nebraska and returned to the laboratory in Lincoln for testing. Mean weights for beetles from each collection site were determined prior to treatment. Unsexed beetles were individually treated by topical application of 1 ul of an acetone solution of the test insecticides to the posterior ventral abdominal area. Beetles were anesthesized with CO2 before treatment. Treatment solutions were prepared with reagent grade acetone using technical grade insecticides. Six to eight dosages, plus an acetone check, were used to determine 2-h LD50 values for all insecticides from all collection sites; two replicates of 10 insects each were used for each dosage rate tested. Insects were declared dead if they could not regain their footing 2 h posttreatment. Dosage-mortality data were calculated in ug/g of insect weight using a probit analysis FORTRAN computer program.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1983
Authors: Levine Eli
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides to control corn rootworm larvae were evaluated at two locations in Illinois. Corn was planted in 30-in. rows in 12 May in a reduced tilled (spring disced) field at Bloomington and in a reduced tilled (spring chisel plowed) field at Urbana on the same date. The latter field contained little crop residue, because the corn crop from the preceding year was harvested for silage. Both fields had very high corn rootworm beetle counts during the preceding summer. Varieties planted were Funks G-4646 at Bloomington and Funks G-4507 at Urbana. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7-in. band over the row 5 days after planting with Noble metering units attached to a bicycle-wheeled applicator equipped with drag chains. Pydrin 2.4E and the entomophagus nematodes (Neoaplectana carpocapsae; Colorado Insectory) were also applied in a 7-in. band over the row 5 days after planting with a CO2 back pack sprayer equipped with a 1 nozzle wand (8002 even flat fan nozzle, 3.0 ft/sec, 20 lb/in2 , 10 gal water/acre). These sprays were lightly covered with soil with a hand rake. The seed treatments (CGA-73102) were planted at the same time the remainder of the plot was planted. Each insecticide treatment consisted of a 1 by 50-ft row. The Bloomington and Urbana experiments were arranged in randomized complete block designs with four replications per treatment (the seed treatments, however, were arranged on one side of the Urbana plot to facilitate planting). Previously, Counter had been applied at a rate of 1.0 lb (AD/acre on the Urbana field in 1982. No soil insecticides were used at the Bloomington location in 1982. Root systems were evaluated for rootworm damage in mid-July by digging and washing 20 plants from each treatment (5 roots per row by 4 reps) and examining the roots for rootworm feeding damage. The standard Iowa 1 to 6 damage rating scale (1, little or no damage and 6, 3 or more nodes of roots destroyed) was used to measure damage.
European Corn Borer First Brood Control, 1983
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticidal treatments were examined to determine efficacy on first brood European corn borer in field corn. Materials were applied as foliar sprays on 27 May using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 32 lb/in2 delivering 33.7 gal/acre. Plots were six rows, 25 feet long with the midddle four rows sprayed. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with four replicates in ‘Pioneer 3780’ corn grown on the Sabine Hall farm in Richmond county, Va. Individual plots were evaluated periodically by examining all plants in 25 ft of row for the presence of borer larvae. After tasseling was complete, plant heights were obtained by measuring three plants in each plot. At harvest, plant stalks were observed for the incidence of larval tunnelling.
Second Brood European Corn Borer Hand Plot Trial, Wray, Colorado, 1983
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Plots were two 50-ft rows, separated by 1 border row and arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2 hand sprayer, delivering 20 gal/acre at 23 lb/in2, on 17 Aug. Evaluations were made by splitting the stalks of 10 plants and counting live larvae on 12 Sept. Mite damage was evaluated on a 0 to 4 scale, with 0, no damage and 4, plant completely browned. The field received ca 0.05 lb (All/acre Pydrin for Western bean cutworm control prior to the trial.
Western Bean Cutworm Chemigation Trial, Wray, Colorado, 1983
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were injected into sprinklers at two sites with an Agri-Inject injector. Site 1 was planted to ‘Stauffer Super 4’ and irrigated with a Gifford Hill sprinkler with 30° Rainbird nozzles. Treatments were applied in 0.38 in. water/acre on 1 to 2 Aug., and evaluated 18 Aug. Site 2 was planted to ‘DeKalb T 1100’ and irrigated with a Lockwood sprinkler with 180° nozzles. Treatments were applied in 0.32 in. water/acre on 4 to 5 Aug., and evaluated on 19 Aug. plots were ca. 10 acre sectors at both sites. Evaluations were made by counting the larvae in the ear zones of 3 groups of 25 plants.
Field Corn, Preemergence Treatments for True Armyworm Control, 1983
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated in Jun., 1983, in Montgomery County, Va., for their effectiveness in controlling the true armyworm in no-till field corn when applied as preemergence tank mix treatments with recommended herbicides and 30% liquid nitrogen. Corn was planted no-till in 30-in. rows 10 May. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design measuring four rows by 50 ft by four replicates. The insecticides, herbicides, and liquid nitrogen were applied 11 May. A compressed air sprayer equipped with two fan type nozzles (Teejet 8004) and delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 lb/in2. was used to place the treatments over each plot. Two 5-ft adjacent swath runs were made through each plot to assure uniform coverage of the rye cover. Plant stand counts were recorded 20 June by counting the number of armyworm damaged plants from the two center rows per plot. Yields were determined 14 Sept. Whole stalks were harvested as for ensilage from 0.0023 acre per plot.
Control of Boll Weevil, 1983
Authors: Conley Jim , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

A caged boll weevil study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various insecticides in control of the cotton boll weevil. Plots were two rows by 45 ft with two buffer rows separating plots. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Insecticide applications were made through a CO2 back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 7 gal/acre volume through two TX-4 nozzles (equipped with 100 mesh screens) per row. Adult boll weevils were obtained from the Gast Rearing Facility at MSU. Nylon cloth bags, ca. 12 by 12 in. were used to cage the weevils on individual plants within plots. The weevils were placed into the bag which was then inverted over the treated plant and the open end of the bag secured on the stalk. Mortality was evaluated after the weevils had been caged for 24 h. Residual activity of five treatments was evaluated by caging weevils on the plants on 3 consecutive days (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h posttreatment), and evaluating mortality after the weevils had been caged for 24 h.
Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton with Chemical Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Conley Jim , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

A full Season study was conducted at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. St., Mississippi State, to determine the efficacy of various insecticides for control of Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 7 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 21.34 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre total volume at 30 lb/in2. through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Applications were made at ca. weekly intervals. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul., 1, 8, 16, 19 and 22 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 30 June, 8, 18, 22, 29 July, 10, 22 and 24 Aug. with Guthion (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). One row within six of the plots was artificially infested with 2nd instar H. virescens larvae by use of a bazooka type insect dispenser. Infestations were made on 2 days during the insect application period at the rate of two larvae per ft of row. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 4 and 9 Aug. by randomly examining 25 squares and 25 terminals per plot. Yield data were taken on 10 and 31 Oct. by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.
Control of Cotton Aphid with Chemical Insecticides, Glen Allen, Miss. 1983
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Conley Jim
Published: March 2022

A small plot experiment was conducted near Glen Allen, Miss., to measure the efficacy of several insecticide for control of cotton aphid. Plots were located in a production field with pretreatment densities of >100 cotton aphids (adults and immatures) per upper leaf. Treatments were applied with a CO2 power backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre at 30 lb/in2 of pressure. Plots were one row (38-in rows) by 50 ft with six buffer rows between plots. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block with four replicates. Pre-and posttreatment observations were made by counting the number of aphids present on 10 randomly selected upper leaves per plot. Because the density of aphids was extremely high in some plots at 10 days posttreatment, data were categorized as % upper leaves with 0 aphids/leaf, % upper leaves with 1 to 25 aphids/leaf, and % upper leaves with >25 aphids per leaf.
Long-Term Effects of Pesticides on A Predator in Cotton, 1983
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria J. , Pritchard Jane
Published: March 2022

Pestcides with low acute toxicity to the western bigeyed bug were tested at sublethal doses to determine long-term effects on female survival, fecundity, and egg viability. Adults were collected with a vacuum insect net from July to Aug. in cotton fields located at Wheeler Ridge, Calif. The purified compounds were purchased from Chem Service, West Chester, Pa. Each pesticide was tested at two sublethal doses determined from LD50 values in previous tests. One ml of each dose was applied in a methanol solution except Kelthane which was applied in benzene to both sides of a ca. 9-cm diam cotton leaf. Leaves used for controls were treated with solvent alone. The petiole of the leaf was wrapped with cotton and placed in a 9-ml glass vial (1.7 cm diam by 6.0 cm long) filled with water. The treated leaf and water vial were placed in a 150-ml glass bottle (5 cm diam by 10 cm high) with six raw sunflower seeds. An average of 55 unsexed adult western bigeyed bugs were aspirated into each bottle. The top of the bottle was covered with a 100% cotton organdy square (12 by 12 cm) and fastened with a rubber band. After a 24-h period of exposure survivors were transferred to a one-liter glass bottle (9 cm diam by 17 cm high) which was used as an ovipositional and rearing cage. Water in a cotton plugged 17-ml glass vial (2 cm diam by 7 cm long), 10 raw sunflower seeds, and 3 paper wipers (11 cm wide by 12.5 cm long) for ovispositional surfaces were placed in each cage. The insects were fed live aphids for prey every 48 h. All procedures were replicated four to six times for each dose tested. The cages were held at 25°C, 75% RH, and 18-h photoperiod. After 192 h all adults were removed, and female mortality was determined. Eggs were allowed to incubate in the cages for an additional 168 h. The tests were terminated by freezing at -25°C. All eggs and nymphs in each cage were counted.
Control of Hop Pests with Foliar Sprays, 1983
Authors: Baird Craig , Bishop Guy , Blackmer Jackie
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a commercial hop yard near Greenleaf, Idaho. Each plot consisted of eight hills. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block with four replicates. Aphid treatments were applied 11 July with a truck mounted sprayer with hose and handgun that applied 75 gal/acre at 100 lb/in2 . Miticide treatments were applied 30 Aug. with a Solo Air Blast Mist Blower at 50 gal/acre. Mite numbers were estimated by taking 10 leaves from the top of plants in each plot. Leaves were processed through a brushing machine and mites were counted under a compound microscope. Aphids were counted on 25 leaves from each plot.
Rice Stink Bug and Rice Water Weevil Control, 1982
Authors: Abdallah Fahmy El , Morgan D. R. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested on heading rice at the Rice Res. and Ext. Cent, at Stuttgart, Arz., for control of rice stink bug and rice water weevil adults. Both insect species were exposed to insecticides by confining them together on rice panicles with organdy sleeve cages (30 cm diam. by 55 cm long). First, cages were placed over panicles, tied off at bottom, rolled down and covered with aluminum foil. Then after each insecticide was applied at 10 gal/acre with a compressed air single nozzle sprayer, foil was removed and insects put into cages within 10 minutes after application. A total of 42 insects of each species were used per treatment, i.e., seven of each species in each of two cages per plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. After 4 days, caged plants were cut and transported to the laboratory where cages were opened and the number of dead and living insects were determined.
Control and Duration of Control of Selected Soybean Pest by Commonly Used Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Andrews Gordon L.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on the White Sands Exp. Farm of the South Miss. Br. St. of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. St. in Poplarville, Miss. The plots were eight 40-in. rows wide and 100 ft long, or ca. 0.06 acre. Each plot was sampled with 25 sweeps of a 15-in. sweep net and samples were counted under laboratory conditions. Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Applications were applied on 24 Aug. with a John Deer Hi-boy using CO2 as a propellant at 5 gal total volume per acre. The most interesting results from this test is the variation among insecticides in their duration of control.
Apple, Mite Control, 1982
Authors: Forsythe H.Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 17-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays, using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 100 lbs/in2 and at 300 to 350 gal/acre. Spray dates were 7 May (early tight cluster), 18 May (pink), 6 June (petal fall), 17 June (first cover), 9 July (third cover), and 19 July (fourth cover). The standard pesticide program during the course of this test consisted of Captan 80W (0.45 kg) on ten dates and Imidan 50W (0.45 kg) on five dates after blooming and Sevin 50W (0.91 kg) on 2 and 14 July. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were four single-tree replications in a randomized complete block design with four ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars per treatment in Test 1, and two ‘Cortland’ and two ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars in Test 2. From each tree, 25 leaves were collected, mostly at chest-height around the periphery. The leaves were brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20/alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day.
Dingy Cutworm Control in Soybeans, 1983
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Gill James
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested at a soybean field near Cannon Falls, Minn., which were being damaged by dingy cutworms. Six-row plots were established, 30 ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 27 May, using a hand operated compressed air sprayer delivering ca. 27 gal of water per acre as a banded spray over the plants. Plots were evaluated 2 June by counting all cut plants, plants which showed leaf injury, and living larvae.
Corn Earworm Control in Soybean Using Aerial and Ground Equipment, 1983
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy on corn earworms on soybean. Pydrin, Orthene, and Larvin were applied with a Cessna Agric. Wagon 188 aircraft delivering a total of 2 gal/acre formulation. Pydrin was applied on 30 Aug. to ‘Essex’ soybean grown on the Wilson Davis farm in Haynesville, Va. Orthene was applied 30 Aug. to several soybean varieties grown on the Eastern Virginia Research Station at Warsaw, and Larvin was sprayed 12 Sep. on the James Crittenden farm on ‘Essex’ soybean. Pounce was applied 31 Aug. in 9 gal of total spray per acre with a John Deere 6000 High-cycle sprayer. This test was conducted on ‘Essex’ soybean grown on the Louis Packett farm in Richmond County, Va. All fields were sampled before insecticide application by taking 25-sweep samples in 10 random sites. Posttreatment observations were made using the same sampling techniques 1 and 7 days after application.
Grasshopper Controls on Soybean in Mississippi, 1983
Authors: Thead L. G. , Pitre H. N. , Hamer J. L.
Published: March 2022

Populations of Orthoptera (adults only, ca. 83% Melanoplus spp.) were observed on 28 Sep. feeding on soybean, cv. Davis, (R5-R6 stage) planted broadcast on 9 July in Monroe County, Miss. Populations exceeded 74 grasshoppers (all species) per 20 sweeps (100 sq ft) using a standard 15-in. sweep net on 29 Sep. Eight insecticide treatments were evaluated for grasshopper control. Plots were 50 by 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block with three replicates. Insecticides were applied in 10 gal of water/acre with a hand-held compressed air sprayer equipped with a solid cone nozzle using 30 lb/in2. The time of application was between 7 and 8 a.m., when grasshoppers were inactive. The temperature was ca. 55°F and the leaves were heavy with dew. Insecticides were applied throughout treatment plots with only minimal movement of the grasshopper population. On 30 Sep. (24 h postapplication) treatment plots were sampled using the 15-in. sweepnet (20 sweeps per plot). Sample time was between 6 and 7 a.m., and conditions were similar to those at application. Air temperatures reached a high of 83°F during the 24 h postapplication.
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Lampert E. P.
Published: March 2022

On 5 May, tobacco was transplanted into plots 80 by 15 ft (4 rows) on a Dothan loamy sand soil at the Central Crops Res. Stn., Clayton, N.C. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with three replicates. On 8 June, 15 uniform sized plants were tagged and infested with one, 2-day-old laboratory-reared budworm larva each. The two left-most rows in each plot were treated and the right-most two rows served as a buffer. Treatments were applied on 9 June. Sprays were applied to the two test rows per plot with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 boom sprayer fitted with one D2-33FC nozzle per row. Sprays were applied with a 60 lb/in2 at 1.4 mph to apply ca. 25 gal/acre. CME treatments were applied via a CO2, powered backpack sprayer fitted with two D2-33FC nozzles (one per row) under 60 lb/in attached to the spray rig traveling at 1.4 mph. Baits were applied directly into the bud using a teaspoon. At 3 and 8 days posttreatment, the tagged plants were examined and budworms counted. The number of leaves consumed on these plants (measured in 1/10 leaf equivalents per plant and summed over all 30 plants) was estimated after 14 days. Approximately 1 month after the first application, all plants in the buffer rows were cut to leave 3 to 4 leaves and the debris hauled from the field. Suckers grew from the leaf axils and ca. 2 weeks later, all were removed except one healthy sucker per plant. On 27 July, 15 uniform sized plants having one small natural infestation budworm larva were tagged in each row. If more larvae were present, all but one were removed. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul. as described above. Natural budworm and hornworm counts were made 5 and 9 days posttreatment. Leaf consumption by both insects was estimated after 15 days. Data were transformed by square root of count+0.5 before performing the analysis of variance.
Hornworm and Budworm Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco that had been used in a previous study was cut off ca. 6 in. above the soil surface on 29 Jul. and single suckers were encouraged to develop on each plant. Plots, 12-ft (three rows) by 20-ft (12 plants), were separated by single border rows and 5-ft vacant alleys. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block of four replications. Hornworms and budworms were counted on 11 plants in each plot on 2 Sep. (pretreatraent) and 6 and 15 Sep. Insecticides were applied 3 Sep. Proxol 80 SP, Orthene 75SP, and Dipel WP were mixed with cornmeal to prepare the desired bait formulations. Some bait treatments were applied manually to the bud. Other baits were applied with a manual duster. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-powered back-pack sprayer that delivered 10 gal of finished spray/acre through a TX-18 tip.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetles on Dark Fire-Cured and Burley Tobacco with Transplant Solution Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco ‘Madole’ and ‘Va 509’ was transplanted on 8 Jun. at the Highland Rim Exp. St., Springfield. Insecticides were applied in transplant water at the rate of 400 gal for 8,000 plants of burley per acre, and 200 gal for 4,000 plants of the dark tobacco per acre. Plots were 200 ft long, four rows wide, arranged in three randomized complete blocks. Rows were spaced 42 in. apart; plants were spaced 18 in. within rows for burley and 36 in. for dark. Flea beetle damage was evaluated on 20 June and 12 July as number of feeding holes per plant.
Control of Wireworms and Flea Beetles in Flue-Cored Tobacco with Soil-Applied Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Southern P. S.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted on commercially grown tobacco in Stokes Co., N.C. Plots were 0.025 acre (24 by 45 ft), six rows wide, separated laterally by a vacant row and on each end by a 12-ft turn alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with three replications. Broadcast sprays were applied 1 May using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 23.25 gal/acre of finished spray through 8004 flat fan nozzles at 25 lb/in2. Granular broadcast applications were made on the same date using two electrically driven tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicators. All broadcast applications were incorporated by discing twice in opposite directions with a small finishing disc. A transplant water treatment was made 18 May using the farmers one-row tractor-drawn transplanter (180 gal/acre). Forty additional plants were set in the middle four rows using hand setters. On 2 Jun., these plants, or adjacent mechanically set plants in the case of the transplant water treatment, were removed and evaluated for wireworm damage on the following scale: 0, no damage; 1, surface feeding not reaching pith; 2, feeding reaching pith but vertical tunneling not over 0.5 in, 3; vertical tunneling in excess of 0.5 in; 4, extensive tunneling, plant obviously dead or dying. Flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 10 plants per plot on 2 and 15 Jun. (Feeding holes were counted on the entire plant in 2 Jun. and on the uppermost three leaves over 4 in. long on 15 Jun.) On 15 Jun., possible phytotoxic effects were observed in some plots. Each plot was rated for overall vigor (1 to 5, 5 best) and two types of possible phytotoxicity (1 to 3, 3 most extensive). Leaves over 4 in. long were counted on 20 plants per plot. After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot per priming was weighed and graded. Government grades were converted to a quality index and weighted average computed. All variables were subjected to an analysis of variance and means separated using the Waller-Duncan K ratio t test (K ratio = 100). For analysis, the number of flea beetles and number of flea beetle holes were transformed to the square root of n + 0.5.
Army Cutworm Control on Wheat, 1982
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in a dryland wheat field at Tribune, Greeley Co., Kans. Seven insecticidal treatments and an untreated check were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 10.06 m by 10.06 m with a 1.5-m wide unsprayed buffer separating each plot. Materials were applied as broadcast sprays 20 Apr., with a 9.46-liter compressed air backpack sprayer having a 45.72-cm boom with 3 no. 6X hollow cone nozzles (Spraying Systems). Portable air tanks with a pressure regulator valve supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2 which delivered 159.02 liters of finished spray per ha. Wind velocity was 8 kg/h and air temperature 12.8°C at application. Treatments were evaluated 3 and 7 days posttreatment by counting live cutworms from four 0.09 m2 soil samples to a depth of 10.16 cm in each plot. Soil samples were sifted to increase counting accuracy. Yield determinations were not made because of low army cutworm numbers and severe plant stress from summer drought.
Aphid and Virus Control in Winter Wheat, Washington, 1982-83
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied at planting on 3 Sep. to two varieties of winter wheat (‘Wanser’ a hard red, ‘Daws’ a soft white) grown at the Washington State Univ., Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, Wash. A tractor-mounted, four-row belt seeder with double disc openers was used to place the seed and the insecticide together in the furrow. Plots for each variety consisted of four rows (12 in. between rows) 18 ft in length, replicated six times in a randomized complete block design. Aphid control in the fall was determined from visual counts of 10 randomly selected plants per plot at different posttreatment intervals. The % BYDV infection was determined through ELISA evaluation of 20 culms/plot sampled at random in the spring (11 Apr.). Plots were harvested on 20 Jul. 1983 with a Hege 125B combine.
Simulated Aerial Test on Western Spruce Budworm, 1981
Authors: Richmond Charles E.
Published: March 2022

Fenitrothion was sprayed at two concentrations on 4th and 5th stage spruce budworm larvae on individual, small, Douglas-fir, in western Montana, 1 to 8 July. The concentrations were: 18 oz/gal and 9.15 oz/gal. Application was with a simulated aerial sprayer which was constructed to produce insecticide spray patterns which have the same characteristics as typical aircraft sprays. Forty-five trees were used in the test, 15 trees for each dosage and 15 controls. The mean volume of spray for each concentration was 2 m/per tree. This was calculated to be approximately equivalent to 0.4 gal/acre delivered to the ground. Percent mortality was calculated by assessing the difference in larvae per 100 buds between pretreatment and 10 days posttreatment. Pretreatment population densities were determined by sampling the larvae per 100 buds from randomly selected 15 in. branches from the midcrown of each tree just before spraying. Posttreatment population levels were assessed by again sampling 4 randomly selected 15 in. branches from the midcrown of the same tree 10 days after treatment. Four Kromekote spray cards were positioned next to each tree just prior to spraying, to determine both droplet size and droplet density.