bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live and formulated diet evaluation through initial growth and survival of jundiá larvae, Rhamdia quelen
Authors: Carneiro Paulo César Falanghe , Mikos Jorge Daniel , Schorer Marianne , Oliveira Filho Paulo Roberto Campagnoli , Bendhack Fabiano
Published: April 2005

Live diet (LD) dependence and the lack of suitable formulated diets (FD) are major constraints for the expansion of larviculture of many fish species. The low digestibility and nutritional quality of FD are factors that might explain their failure as a stand-alone starter food. To determine whether FD in combination with LD (zooplankton) may efficiently increase larval growth and survival of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), when compared to fish fed by either types of diet alone, jundiá larvae (5.57 mm; 1.41 mg) were initially stocked into 12 10-L aquaria (100 larvae per aquarium). Replicate groups (n=4) were fed ad libitum one of the three diets for 20 (when fed FD) or 48 days (when fed LD or the combined diets). Larvae fed FD alone presented significantly lower survival and growth rates as compared to larvae fed LD or a combination of both (co-fed). In addition, co-fed larvae grew better (170 mg) in relation to those fed solely with LD (110 mg). Such better performance of combined feeding indicates that most of the required nutrients are in balance when both diet sources are included. More can be learned about fish larvae nutrition by further testing the effect of feeding combined diets, which include zooplankton, than only testing new ingredients or protein sources commonly used in the elaboration of juvenile or adult fish feeds.
Rhipsalis grandiflora Haw. (Cactaceae) propagation by setem cuttings
Authors: Stancato Giulio Cesare , Aguiar Francismar Francisco Alves , Kanashiro Shoey , Tavares Armando Reis , Catharino Eduardo Luís Martins , Silveira Rosiris Bergemann de Aguiar
Published: April 2005

The genus Rhipsalis is being cultivated as a potted plant since the view of the pendant branches with coloured flowers and fruit is very appreciated. Considering that there is no information about the production of rooted propagules of these species, the goal of this work was to evaluate the development of stem cuttings, stimulated by the application of plant growth regulators. The indolebutyric acid (IBA) was tested at 0; 4.07; 5.81, and 11.63 mmol L-1 and the naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0; 4.53; 6.47, and 12.94 mmol L-1 for their activity in promoting roots on apical stem segments of Rhipsalis grandiflora Raw. The base of stem cuttings was dipped into auxin solutions mixed with talc and each one was partially embedded in fir bark (Pinus sp) and fern fiber (1:1) in polystyrene propagation flats, placed throughout the rooting period in a greenhouse (50% shading), at 60-90% of relative humidity and temperatures from 20 to 25ºC. The experimental design was a completely randomised with eight treatments (twelve replicates), with samplings at 0; 20; 50; 80, and 150 days. The results indicate no differences between IBA and NAA regarding the dry mass of roots, but an increase in for concentrations of 0 and 4.07 mmol L-1 of IBA and 0 and 4.53 mmol L-1 of NAA, in relation to treatments with auxins. Stem cuttings treated with 4.07 mmol L-1 of IBA and 4.53 mmol L-1 of NAA, had greater dry mass of shoot bud differentiation in relation to those treated with 0 mmol L-1.
Intermittent warming of 'Tahiti' lime to prevent chilling injury during cold storage
Authors: Kluge Ricardo Alfredo , Jomori Maria Luiza Lye , Jacomino Angelo Pedro , Vitti Maria Carolina Dario , Vitti Daniela Cristina Clemente
Published: April 2005

Storage of 'Tahiti' limes (Citrus latifolia) at low temperature allows the marketing period to be extended. However, the loss of the green skin color and the occurrence of chilling injury (CI) prevent this extension. The purpose of this work was to verify the efficiency of intermittent warming (IW) in 'Tahiti' lime quality maintenance during cold storage. Fruit were submitted to IW (20ºC for 48 hours every 7 or 14 days or 38ºC for 24 hours every 14 days) during cold storage at 5ºC. Fruit were also stored at 5 and 10ºC continuously. The evaluations were carried out after 30 and 60 days of storage (+ 3 days of simulated marketing at 20ºC). CI occurrence on fruit was not verified after 30 days of storage. However, after 60 days of storage 60% of the fruit kept continuously at 5ºC presented CI, while fruit intermittently warmed had 10 to 12.5% CI. Fruit stored at 10ºC did not present CI, but they showed high degreening after 30 days of storage. Fruit warmed at 38ºC for 24 hours every 14 days developed rot, loss of green skin color and vitamin C, high respiratory rates, as well as high levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the juice. Fruit can be stored at 5ºC during 30 days, without risk of CI, while IW can be used to reduce CI after 60 days of storage.
Oxisol subsurface chemical attributes related to sugarcane productivity
Authors: Landell Marcos Guimarães de Andrade , Prado Hélio do , Vasconcelos Antônio Carlos Machado de , Perecin Dilermando , Rossetto Raffaella , Bidoia Márcio Aurélio Pitta , Silva Marcelo de Almeida , Xavier Mauro Alexandre
Published: April 2005

In spite of the great homogeneity found in the morphological characteristics of Oxisols, there is great chemical diversity in subsurface layers of these soils. Studies indicate that crop yield presents significant correlation with the chemical attributes of the subsurface, which, are more stable than attributes found in the plough layer, subject to greater alterations as a consequence of agricultural exploration. This work evaluated the effects of subsurface chemical attributes of Oxisols of the South Central region of Brazil, on the yield of sugarcane clones and of variety RB72454, during the first, second and third cropping cycles. Productivity data were obtained between 1993 and 1998. Soils were characterized in terms of their mechanical analysis and chemical traits at 0.8 to 1.0 m; correlation studies between these attributes and mean daily productivity as well as multiple regression analysis were also carried out; variables were selected based on their R² values by means of the stepwise procedure. The subsurface chemical traits of the Oxisols influenced sugarcane productivity, especially the 3rd harvest; the clone productivity model for the 3rd harvest as a function of base saturation and phosphorus content presented R² = 0.31, i.e., 31% of the variation in sugarcane yield (t ha-1 day-1) can be explained by these two attributes. For variety RB72454, 47% of that variation is explained by the sum of bases and contents of calcium and organic matter. Variations on productivity at 1st and 2nd harvests can be better explained by pHwater.
Ballistic model to estimate microsprinkler droplet distribution
Authors: Conceição Marco Antônio Fonseca , Coelho Rubens Duarte
Published: April 2005

Experimental determination of microsprinkler droplets is difficult and time-consuming. This determination, however, could be achieved using ballistic models. The present study aimed to compare simulated and measured values of microsprinkler droplet diameters. Experimental measurements were made using the flour method, and simulations using a ballistic model adopted by the SIRIAS computational software. Drop diameters quantified in the experiment varied between 0.30 mm and 1.30 mm, while the simulated between 0.28 mm and 1.06 mm. The greatest differences between simulated and measured values were registered at the highest radial distance from the emitter. The model presented a performance classified as excellent for simulating microsprinkler drop distribution.
Cold tolerance at the germination stage of rice: methods of evaluation and characterization of genotypes
Authors: Cruz Renata Pereira da , Milach Sandra Cristina Kothe
Published: April 2005

Rice cold tolerance at the germination stage is important in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) where temperatures below 15°C prevent or reduce germination and plant establishment in early sowings. The present study aimed at identifying an adequate method for cold tolerance evaluation of the rice germination stage and at verifying the variability among 24 rice genotypes of different origins. Cold tolerance was evaluated in experiment I, germination under two conditions: 13°C for 28 days and 28°C for seven days, and in experiment II, germination under 28°C for 72 hours, 13°C for 96 hours and again 28°C for 72 hours. In experiment I measured characteristics were germination index, percentage of seeds with coleoptile length superior to 5 mm and percentage of reduction in coleoptile length due to cold. In experiment II the measured characteristic was coleoptile regrowth after the cold period. Cold tolerance varied among genotypes studied in both experiments, but only the percentage of reduction in coleoptile length and coleoptile regrowth allowed a better distinction between the tolerant checks and the susceptible one. In general, genotypes belonging to the Japonica subspecies presented higher cold tolerance than Indica, but there was variability within subspecies. The most adequate method of evaluation of cold tolerance is through percentage of reduction in coleoptile length and coleoptile regrowth. Among Japonica genotypes, Quilla 64117 and Diamante presented the highest cold tolerance, and among Indica, cultivars BR-IRGA 410 and IRGA 416 were the most cold tolerant at the germination stage.
Alternation of cowpea genotypes affects the biology of Callosobruchus maculatus (fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Lima Marcileyne Pessôa Leite de , Oliveira José Vargas de , Barros Reginaldo , Torres Jorge Braz
Published: April 2005

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) is an important pest in stored cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., with ample distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. The effect of alternation of cowpea genotypes, susceptible (S) and resistant (R), on the biology of (C. maculatus) was studied after four generations. A no-choice test was carried out in a completely randomized design, factorial scheme, with five treatments, four host combinations (RR, RS, SR and SS) and five replications. Each replication consisted of 30 grains of each genotype infested by two insect couples. The number of eggs per female was not different within or between combinations, evidencing that the genotypes and their alternation did not affect C. maculatus fecundity. Egg viability, however, varied between genotypes and between combinations. In combination RR, the longest duration of the immature stage was verified for genotype IT89KD-245; in addition, all genotypes presented the smallest survival for the same stage, resulting in a higher mortality of the pest. The resistance index categorized combination RR as moderately resistant for genotypes IT89KD-245, BR14-Mulato and BR17-Gurguéia, and as susceptible (S) only for IT89KD-260, demonstrating that these combinations were not very adequate for the development of C. maculatus, a fact that was confirmed by the better performance of the pest on the genotype from combination SS, and because of a reduction in its performance when it returned to resistant genotypes.
Leaf area prediction models for Zinnia elegans Jacq., Zinnia haageana regel and 'profusion cherry'
Authors: Pinto Ana Christina Rossini , Rodrigues Teresinha de Jesus Deléo , Barbosa José Carlos , Leite Izabel Cristina
Published: April 2005

Leaf area measurements are of value in physiological and agronomic studies. The use of prediction models to estimate leaf area is a simple, accurate and nondestructive method. The present work suggests leaf area prediction models for Zinnia elegans ('Liliput' and 'Thumbelina'), Z. haageana ('Carpet Persa') and Z. elegans x Z. angustifolia ('Profusion Cherry'), potential flower potplant cultivars. At the stages of visible apical flower bud and flowering, 250 and 300 leaves were collected from greenhouse grown plants, respectively, at each season (fall, winter, spring and summer), totaling 1,000 and 1,200 leaves, for each developmental stage. The maximum length (L), maximum width (W) and real leaf area (RLA) were measured with a Digital Image Analysis System - Delta T Devices. The relation between RLA and the product of length by width (LW), was studied through linear models, for each cultivar, at each developmental stage. The models for the flower bud stage were: RLA = 0.0009 + 0.7765 LW ('Profusion Cherry'), RLA = 0.0021 + 0.8156 LW ('Thumbelina'), RLA = 0.0031 + 0.8003 LW ('Liliput'), RLA = 0.0036 + 0.7719 LW ('Carpet Persa'), and for flowering stage: RLA = 0.0029 + 0.7899 LW ('Profusion Cherry'), RLA = 0.8318 LW ('Thumbelina'), RLA = 0.001 + 0.8417 LW ('Liliput'), RLA = 0.0042 + 0.723 LW ('Carpet Persa'). Models were considered adequate to estimate leaf area.
Root distribution of rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime
Authors: Neves Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro , Murata Ives Massanori , Stenzel Neusa Maria Colauto , Medina Cristiane de Conti , Borges Andrey Vetorelli , Okumoto Sergio Hideki , Lee Roberto Huo Chian , Kanai Hernandes Takeshi
Published: April 2005

Field studies on citrus roots are important for genetic selection of cultivars and for management practices such as localized irrigation and fertilization. To characterize root systems of six rootstocks, taking into consideration chemical and physical characteristics of a clayey Typic Hapludox of the Northern State of Paraná, this study was performed having as scion the 'IAC-5 Tahiti' lime [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka)]. The rootstocks 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia Osbeck), 'Africa Rough' lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.), 'Sunki' mandarin [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tan.], Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., 'C13' citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf] and 'Catânia 2' Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.) were used applying the trench profile method and the SIARCS® 3.0 software to determine root distribution. 'C-13' citrange had the largest root system. 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Africa Rough' lemon presented the smallest amount of roots. The effective depth for 80 % of roots was 31-53 cm in rows and 67-68 cm in inter-rows. The effective distance of 80 % of roots measured from the tree trunk exceeded the tree canopy for P. trifoliata, 'Sunki' mandarin, and 'Volkamer' and 'Africa Rough' lemons.
Ethylene evolution and endo-beta-mannanase activity during lettuce seed germination at high temperature
Authors: Nascimento Warley Marcos , Cantliffe Daniel James , Huber Donald John
Published: April 2005

High temperatures during lettuce seed imbibition can delay or completely inhibit germination and the endosperm layer appears to restrict the radicle protrusion. The role of endo-beta-mannanase during lettuce seed germination at 35°C and the influence of ethylene in endo-beta-mannanase regulation were investigated. Seeds of 'Dark Green Boston' (DGB) and 'Everglades' (EVE) were germinated in water, or 10 mmol L-1 of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), or 10 mmol L-1 of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), or 20 mmol L-1 of silver thiosulphate (STS). Seeds were also primed in polyethylene glycol (PEG), or PEG + ACC, PEG + AVG, or PEG + STS. Untreated seeds germinated 100% at 20°C. At 35°C, EVE seeds germinated 100%, whereas DGB seeds germinated only 33%. Seed priming or adding ACC during incubation increased germination at 35°C. Higher ethylene evolution was detected in EVE than in DGB during germination at 35°C. AVG did not inhibit seed germination of DGB at 35°C, but STS did. Higher endo-beta-mannanase activity was observed in EVE compared with DGB seeds. Providing ACC either during priming or during germination increased endo-beta-mannanase activity, whereas AVG and STS led to decreased or no activity. Ethylene may overcome the inhibitory effect of high temperature in thermosensitive lettuce seeds due to increased endo-beta-mannanase, possibly leading to weakening of the endosperm.
Common bean cultivars and lines interactions with environments
Authors: Carbonell Sérgio Augusto Morais , Azevedo Filho Joaquim Adelino de , Dias Luiz Antônio dos Santos , Garcia Antonio Augusto Franco , Morais Lizz Kezzy de
Published: April 2005

The performance of bean lines brought forth in breeding programs or of cultivars in use can be affected by environmental variability. The adaptability and stability of grain yield of 18 common bean cultivars and lines in 23 environments (combinations of seasons, years and locations) were evaluated in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. 'IAC-Carioca' and 'IAC-Carioca Eté' were used as standard cultivars for the carioca grain type, while 'FT-Nobre' and 'IAC-Una' represented the standard for black grains. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with four replications and plots consisting of two, two central five meters rows flanked by border rows. Stability parameters were estimated by the methods Maximum Yield Deviations (MYD) and by the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Analysis (AMMI). For the identification of the most stable cultivars, the two methods led to consistent results, although by MYD the highest stability was always associated to the highest yield. 'MAC-733327' and 'LP 9637' were the most suitable cultivars and lines for the joint seasons, while 'LP 9637' and 'FT-Nobre' were the most suitable for the dry season. The MYD method combined a simple procedure, easiness of result interpretation, uniqueness of parameters, and association between stability and yield. On the other hand, the AMMI method simplified the identification of stable cultivars by visual inspection, also providing information on the environments. However, the complex nature which combines uni-and multivariate techniques hampers its widespread use in breeding programs.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza and kinetic parameters of phosphorus absorption by bean plants
Authors: Silveira Adriana Parada Dias da , Cardoso Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira
Published: April 2005

The mechanisms that determine greater P absorption by mycorrhizal plants are still not completely clear, and are attributed, in part, to an increase in the number of absorption sites promoted by the hyphae, and/or to a greater affinity of the colonized hypha or root carriers to P. The effect of mycorrhizae formed by Glomus etunicatum on the kinetic parameters of P absorption by the roots and on P influx in bean plants of the IAC-Carioca cultivar was evaluated, in two distinct plant development periods: at the onset of flowering and at the pod-filling stage (35 and 50 days after sowing, respectively). A mixture of sand and silica (9:1) was utilized as substrate and irrigated with nutrient solution. The kinetics assay was performed by the method of 32P depletion from the solution (depletion curve), using intact plants. Mycorrhization promoted greater growth and P absorption by bean plants, which was more conspicuously observed at the pod-filling stage. Mycorrhizal plants showed higher values of maximum ion uptake rate (Vmax) and net P influx at the flowering stage. Lower minimum ion concentration (Cmin) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values were verified in mycorrhizal plants at the pod-filling stage. Mycorrhizal plants also presented higher net P influx per plant, in both stages. Cmin was the kinetic parameter more intimately related to P absorption, and a significant correlation was obtained between this parameter and shoot P content and accumulation in bean plants.
Fate of nitrogen (15N) from velvet bean in the soil-plant system
Authors: Scivittaro Walkyria Bueno , Muraoka Takashi , Boaretto Antonio Enedi , Trivelin Paulo César Ocheuze
Published: April 2005

Because of their potential for N2 biological fixation, legumes are an alternative source of nitrogen to crops, and can even replace or supplement mineral fertilization. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate temporal patterns of velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) green manure release of nitrogen to rice plants, and to study the fate of nitrogen from velvet bean in rice cultivation. The isotopic dilution methodology was used. Treatments consisted of a control and 10 incubation periods of soil fertilized with 15N-labeled velvet bean (0, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 days). The plant material was previously chopped, sifted (10 mm mesh sieve) and oven-dried (65ºC). Incubation of the plant material (2.2 g kg-1 soil) was initiated by the longest period, in order to synchronize the planting of the test crop, rice (Oryza sativa), at time zero for all treatments. Green manure incorporation promoted increases in rice dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake. These variables showed maximum values at incubation periods of 38 and 169 days, respectively. Green manure nitrogen utilization by rice plants was highest at an incubation period corresponding to 151 days. More than 60% of the green manure nitrogen remained in the soil after rice cultivation. The highest green manure nitrogen recovery from the soil-plant system occurred at an incubation period equivalent to 77 days.
Ruminal degradability of hard or soft texture corn grain at three maturity stages
Authors: Pereira Marcos Neves , Von Pinho Renzo Garcia , Bruno Ralph Guilherme da Silva , Calestine Gabriela Arruda
Published: April 2005

The predominance of vitreous endosperm in hard texture flint corn (Zea mays L.) can decrease ruminal starch digestion comparatively to the farinaceous endosperm of dent corn, reducing energy content of the grain. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of texture and maturity stage on ruminal degradability of corn grain. Two dent and two flint hybrids were harvested at the early dent, half milk line, and black layer stages. The proportion of vitreous endosperm (vitreousness) in dent hybrids was 44.3%, while in flint it was 67.0%. There was a linear increase in vitreousness with advancing maturity. Flint hybrids at the early dent stage were more vitreous than dent at the black layer stage. The increase in vitreousness per maturation day was greater for flint hybrids. Grains were incubated in situ in the rumen of 6 cows. The 24-hour ruminal dry matter degradation was 63.3% for dent corn and 52.4% for flint corn. The 72-hour incubation residues of dent and flint hybrids were 7.6% and 15.6%, respectively. Ruminal degradability was similar between hybrids at the early dent and half milk line stages. There was a marked texture effect on ruminal degradability at the black layer stage (quadratic effect of maturity stage and interaction between texture and maturity stage). Use of dent hybrids, compared to flint hybrids, may result in smaller relative reduction in ruminal starch digestion in situations of late grain harvesting.
Bulk density and relationship air/water of horticultural substrate
Authors: Fernandes Carolina , Corá José Eduardo
Published: April 2005

Change on substrate bulk density during the growing period may negatively affect other substrate physical properties and, consequently, plant growth. The objectives of this research were 1) to characterize physical properties of two horticultural substrates (S1 and S2), 2) to evaluate the effect of different bulk densities values of those substrates on their air/water relationship, and 3) to develop mathematical functions to estimate the air/water relationship by increasing substrates bulk density value. First, the distribution of particles size, the bulk density, and the water release curve of the substrates were determined. Then, substrates were packed with three different bulk density values, i.e. 10% (D1), 20% (D2) and 30% (D3), higher than the bulk density (D) determined in the characterization phase. The water release curves were determined for each bulk density value of both substrates. The effect of increasing substrate bulk density in the total porosity (TP), aeration space (AS), available water (AW), easily available water (EAW), buffering water (BW), and in the remaining water (RW) was evaluated using simple linear regression and polynomial analysis. The particles size distribution and the water release curves were significantly different for the two substrates. Increasing the bulk density value decreased TP and AS, and increased BW and RW. The highest values of AW and EAW were observed for D1. Regression equations obtained can be used to choose the more appropriate air/water relationship for each growing condition.
Lime application methods, water and bottom soil acidity in fresh water fish ponds
Authors: Queiroz Julio Ferraz de , Nicolella Gilberto , Wood Charles Wesley , Boyd Claude Elson
Published: April 2005

Although some methods for determining lime requirement of pond soils are available and commonly used, there is still no consensus on whether it is more effective to apply liming materials to the bottoms of empty ponds or to wait and apply them over the water surface after ponds are filled. There is also little information on how deep lime reacts in pond sediment over time, and whether the depth of reaction is different when liming materials are applied to the water or to the soil. Therefore, three techniques for treating fish ponds with agricultural limestone were evaluated in ponds with clayey soils at a commercial fish farm. Amounts of agricultural limestone equal to the lime requirement of bottom soils were applied to each of three ponds by: direct application over the pond water surface; spread uniformly over the bottom of the empty pond; spread uniformly over the bottom of the empty pond followed by tilling of the bottom. Effectiveness of agricultural limestone applications did not differ among treatment methods. Agricultural limestone also reacted quickly to increase total alkalinity and total hardness of pond water to acceptable concentrations within 2 weeks after application. The reaction of lime to increase soil pH was essentially complete after one to two months, and lime had no effect below a soil depth of 8 cm. Tilling of pond bottoms to incorporate liming materials is unnecessary, and tilling consumes time and is an expensive practice; filled ponds can be limed effectively.
Truths and myths about the mushroom Agaricus blazei
Authors: Dias Eustáquio Souza , Abe Carlos , Schwan Rosane Freitas
Published: April 2005

The mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill was discovered in Piedade, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and sent to Japan to be studied for its medicinal properties. Studies in guinea pigs revealed antitumor properties, triggering Japanese importation of A. blazei from Brazil. Because of its high price on the international market, many companies and rural growers produce A. blazei as alternative crop to increase income, but because interest in this mushroom occurred suddenly there has not been enough time for the scientific community to investigate it and, technology used for its cultivation is still based on empirical rules. There are also some contradicting data regarding the classification of this mushroom, and its antitumor properties still need to be confirmed in humans.
Drought sress and the distribution of vegetative and reproductive traits of a bean cultivar
Authors: Nuñez Barrios Abelardo , Hoogenboom Gerrit , Nesmith Dennis Scott
Published: April 2005

Soil water deficits may affect the location and pattern of flower and pod production on different stem axes of a bean plant. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of drought stress on the distribution of flowers and pods on the main stem and on branches of bean plants. The experiment was conducted in a shelter field facility. Water stress was imposed from the end of the vegetative stage to physiological maturity and soil water was measured with a neutron probe every two weeks. Formation of flowers at each node of the main stem was monitored at 44 days after planting (DAP) and formation of pods at 55DAP and 65 DAP. Dry weight of stems and leaves as well leaf area were measured during the middle of the pod filling stage (55DAP). The total number of flowers reached maxima of 32 and 44 flowers per plant for the drought and irrigated treatments, respectively. Number of flowers on branches decreased 50% in the stress treatment when compared to the control. Pod setting was also reduced on the branches of the lower nodes of the main stems. Under drought, the leaf area diminished by 60.1% and 10.4% on branches and main stem, respectively. The field drought conditions of this experiment had a greater effect on the vegetative and reproductive growth of branches as compared to the main stem affecting the final yield.
Growth indices ans productivity in sugarcane
Authors: Simões Maurício dos Santos , Rocha Jansle Vieira , Lamparelli Rubens Augusto Camargo
Published: April 2005

A knowledge about the temporal development of agronomic variables in sugarcane is a very important aspect for the development of crop yield prediction models using remote sensing, and further studies are still needed. This paper describes the temporal evolution of sugarcane biophysical parameters, such as total biomass, leaf area index, number of plants per meter, and productivity. During two seasons, a commercial field in Araras/SP, planted with variety SP80-1842, on the 4th and 5th cuts, was monitored on eight different dates, and data were obtained for 2 m of sugarcane in three crop rows at 18 sampling points. Linear and multiple regression analyses were used to study growth analysis and to correlate agronomic variables (leaf area index and number of plants per meter) with biomass and productivity. Gompertz model, a sigmoidal curve, was the best adjustment curve for total biomass and yield in relation to days after cutting (r² = 0.8987 and r² = 0.9682, respectively); number of plants and leaf area index showed best fit with a cubic exponential model and a quadratic exponential model, respectively. Total biomass and cane productivity were well correlated with LAI in the first two stages of the sugarcane cycle using linear regression. At the end of the cycle, total biomass and cane productivity were more related to number of plants, and lower r² values than in other stages were obtained by the models.
Genetic similarity of Brazilian hull-less and malting barley varieties evaluated by RAPD markers
Authors: Kroth Mariela Aparecida , Ramella Micheline Sandra , Tagliari Caroline , Francisco Alicia de , Arisi Ana Carolina Maisonnave
Published: April 2005

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely used for brewing and animal feed. Recently, it has become desirable for human consumption due to its high nutritional significance, specially hull-less or naked barley. There are differences in nutritional and malting characteristics among barley varieties. RAPD procedure is able to separate barley varieties at various similarity levels. The aim of this work was the RAPD analysis of six Brazilian hull-less varieties and seven malting varieties. PCR reactions were performed with eleven random primers. A total of 34 RAPD fragments was obtained with five primers. A dendrogram was constructed based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient. Barley varieties displayed an average similarity coefficient of 0.53. Intravarietal monomorphic fragments allowed differentiation among varieties. The averages of intravarietal similarity coefficients ranged from 0.53 to 0.85. RAPD markers, detected in this work, were suitable for differentiation among Brazilian barley varieties.
Feeding preferences of Microtheca punctigera (Achard) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for some Brassicaceae plants in multiple-choice assays
Authors: Menezes Jr. Ayres Oliveira , Mikami Adriana Yatie , Ide André Keiiti , Ventura Maurício Ursi
Published: April 2005

Host plant feeding preference is important basic information for the development of insect management strategies. Multiple-choice feeding preference assays were conducted in the laboratory for the chrysomelid beetle, Microtheca punctigera (Achard). Feeding was assessed 72 h after onset of experiments. With one larva per Petri dish, food items comprised watercress, Nasturtium officinale L., arugula, Eruca sativa L., mustard, Brassica juncea Cosson, Chinese cabbage, B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). Feeding ranking preferences were Chinese cabbage, mustard, wild radish, arugula and watercress (7.97, 1.85, 0.98, 0.36 and 0.11 mm², respectively). Feeding on Chinese cabbage was 4.31 times more intense than on mustard. The same experiment was repeated with one adult per dish. Responses of males and females were quite similar. Feeding was higher on mustard (87.2 and 142.8 for males and females, respectively). Feeding on arugula (51.5 and 132.7) and Chinese cabbage (51.8 and 89.0) were intermediate. Watercress (22.96 and 39.3) and wild radish (12.03 and 28.4) were the least preferred host plants. In a third experiment, ten larvae per dish were used and spinach, Tetragonia expansa Murr., radish, Raphanus sativus L. and collard, B. oleracea var. acephala L., were also included. Daily larval frequencies on each food were also measured. Feeding was similar on Chinese cabbage and mustard (47.89 and 53.78, respectively). Number of insects was greater on mustard, Chinese cabbage and wild radish. Probable explanations for results and proposals for further investigations are discussed.
Performance of Holstein-Zebu cows under partial replacement of corn by coffee hulls
Authors: Tavares Anamaria Almeida Costa , Pereira Marcos Neves , Tavares Marcelo Rodrigo , Chaves Márcio Luiz
Published: April 2005

Replacement of corn by citrus pulp or coffee hulls explores the potential of dairy cows to digest fiber-rich feedstuffs. However, for the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, replacing citrus pulp by coffee hulls may reduce milk production costs, since citrus pulp needs to be imported from another state, while coffee hulls are highly available at essentially no cost. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of crossbred cows fed concentrates containing 25% coffee hulls (Coffee) or 25% citrus pulp (Pulp) as a replacement for ground corn grain (Corn; 47.4% in the concentrate). Forty-two cows were blocked based on milk yield and allocated to one of the three treatments for 56 days, following a 14-day standardization period. Concentrates were fed twice a day during the milking routine, 1 kg to each 2.5 kg of the average milk yield for the block, determined at the end of the standardization period. The daily 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield was 7.5 kg for Corn, 7.9 kg for Pulp and 6.2 kg for Coffee (P < 0.01). Cows consuming coffee hulls had greater body weight loss (P = 0.03). Feed orts during milking amounted to 30% of the concentrate offered in Coffee, greater than the other treatments throughout the experimental period (P < 0.01). The mean daily intake of coffee hulls was 575 grams. The frequency of cows reluctant to enter the milking parlor yoke was 10% for Coffee and 1% for the other two treatments (P < 0.01). There was no detectable effect of coffee hulls on cow temperament and frequency of defecation during milking, as well as on somatic cell count (P > 0.26). The Pulp concentrate provided the highest financial efficiency, while Coffee was the least efficient (P < 0.01). These data suggest that the potential of use of coffee hulls is low when added at rates equal to or greater than 25% of the concentrate offered during the milking routine.
Simulation model for particle dynamics in rumen of cattle fed sugarcane diet
Authors: Collao-Saenz Edgar Alain , Dijkstra Jan , Paiva Paulo César de Aguiar , Bannink André , Arcuri Pedro Braga , Teixeira Júlio César , Olalquiaga Pérez Juan Ramón , David Flávia Maria
Published: April 2005

Animal simulation models are sets of equations used to describe biological processes. A non-steady state simulation model of cattle digestion is presented in order to represent nutrient availability as a response to feed intake pattern and the kinetics of particle size reduction. Variables representing the particle size reduction and discontinuous voluntary feed intake were included in a mechanistic model created to optimize the supplementation of sugarcane based diets. In general the predicted values were very close to observed values for fibre and nitrogen flows. The model has not shown consistent bias in relation to the behavior of the observed data of duodenal flow of neutral detergent fiber and non-ammonia nitrogen. Milk production simulations were quite close to actual values. Predictions were improved by the non steady-state model, taking into account variable intake rate in relation to the previous steady-state model. The model can be used to select strategies for supplementation of cattle fed sugarcane based diets.
Technological properties of latex and natural rubber of Hevea brasiliensis clones
Authors: Moreno Rogério Manoel Biagi , Ferreira Mariselma , Gonçalves Paulo de Souza , Mattoso Luiz Henrique Capparelli
Published: April 2005

Rubber industry has increased the requirements for quality and uniformity of natural rubber produced in Brazil. Technological properties of latex and natural rubber of clones GT 1, PB 235, IAN 873 and RRIM 600 [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Former Adr. de Juss.) Muell.- Arg] were evaluated by standard methods of the dry rubber content (DRC%), percentage of nitrogen (N%) and percentage of ashes (ASH%) in two consecutive years; data were correlated with temperature and precipitation. Properties of latex and natural rubber varied (P < 0.01) as a function of clone type and among tappings. DRC decreased in the beginning of the dry season (May to June) and N% and ASH% increased in the same period. April to June was a critical period, when N% was above 0.60%, out of standards established by the technical standard ABNT/NBR in Brazil. Clone RRIM 600 was less susceptible to climatic variations.
Gafsa rock phosphate and triple superphosphate for dry matter production and P uptake by corn
Authors: Corrêa Rossini Mattos , Nascimento Clístenes Williams Araújo do , Souza Silvana Keely de Sá , Freire Fernando José , Silva Gleibson Barbosa da
Published: April 2005

Crops in general make poor use of phosphorous fertilizer and, as a result, recommended rates and production costs are very high. Phosphorus can be made more readily available to plants by proper management of phosphate fertilization, selecting both, type of fertilizer and application method. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the natural Gafsa rock phosphate and the triple superphosphate on dry matter production and P uptake by corn plants cultivated in a greenhouse. Fertilizers were applied localized and broadcast/incorporated on to two soils with contrasting phosphorus capacity factors (PCF). Rock phosphate broadcast application was as efficient as triple superphosphate in increasing corn plant dry matter in the Tropudult, with lower PCF. This effect was not observed on the Haplustox, owing to the lower P solubility due to the higher Ca concentration in this soil. Triple superphosphate rates increased plant P uptake in both soils and for both application forms. Rock phosphate resulted in higher P-content in plants, but only for broadcast application on the Ultisol.
A política de cotas na América Latina
Authors: HTUN MALA
Published: April 2005

Tendo como pano de fundo o avanço na liderança das mulheres na América Latina, marcado pelo aumento do número de mulheres em cargos eletivos, pela adoção da política de cotas em muitos países e pelo crescimento do tema da igualdade entre mulheres e homens nos programas políticos, analisa-se a variação dos efeitos das políticas de cotas. Entre os fatores determinantes para os resultados destas políticas estão: a natureza do sistema eleitoral, com base em listas abertas ou listas fechadas; a existência ou não da norma de obrigatoriedade de posição competitiva das mulheres na lista partidária; e, finalmente, o compromisso partidário, no qual as políticas de cotas estão inseridas.
De uma política de idéias a uma política de presença?
Authors: PHILLIPS ANNE
Published: April 2005

A crescente preocupação com o tema da exclusão política desafia o entendimento tradicional sobre os mecanismos representativos, em especial a percepção arraigada de que a chave da boa representação política está no programa e nas idéias compartilhadas entre representantes e representadas/os - sem qualquer referência à identidade das/os representantes. Contra isso, cada vez mais é afirmada a necessidade de presença física dos grupos excluídos nos locais de decisão, o que se traduz freqüentemente na adoção de cotas eleitorais. Mas não se trata de escolher uma ou outra forma de representação e sim de, compreendendo os limites de cada uma, buscar um sistema mais justo que incorpore tanto idéias quanto presença.
"La querelle des femmes" no final do século XX
Authors: SCOTT JOAN W.
Published: April 2005

O texto analisa o debate feminista sobre a representação política das mulheres a partir das lutas feministas pela paridade na década de 90 na França. Mostra como francesas/es e norte-americanas/os percebem de forma estereotipada posições teóricas e práticas feministas de ambos os países, e usam estes estereótipos como argumentos pró ou contra a luta pela paridade. Comparando o debate contemporâneo com debates históricos que remontam ao início da República na França, em torno da exclusão das mulheres da representação política, a autora centra seu olhar sobre duas grandes correntes, a do movimento pela paridade e a de seus diferentes críticos -- entre eles, um grupo significativo de teóricas/os feministas contemporâneas/os (algumas/ns identificadas/os com a esquerda e outras/os com pensamento liberal) -- mostrando como ambas utilizam-se de argumentos que remetem a oposições como "igualdade/diferença", "comunitarismo/universalidade"
Derechos de propiedad, herencia de las esposas e igualdad de género: aspectos comparativos entre Brasil e Hispanoamérica
Authors: DEERE CARMEN DIANA , LEÓN MAGDALENA
Published: April 2005

En América Latina durante el curso del siglo XX se lograron considerables avances para fortalecer los derechos de propiedad de la mujer casada. Sin embargo, se ha prestado atención limitada a los derechos de herencia de las esposas. La revisión de las normas legales en doce países permite argumentar que las viudas están a menudo en una posición de desventaja en comparación con las hijas/os de la pareja. Las normas sobre herencia no fueron diseñadas para dar a las viudas la posibilidad de autonomía económica, por medio del control de la finca familiar o los negocios. Si se tiene en cuenta la diferencia de género a favor de la mujer en la expectativa de vida y la cobertura limitada de las mujeres en la seguridad social (especialmente las rurales) en la mayoría de los países, las mujeres son particularmente vulnerables cuando enviudan. Es urgente que el movimiento de mujeres tenga en cuenta en su agenda el tema de los derechos de herencia, en razón de que su fortalecimiento es necesario para el logro de la redistribución de la propiedad y de una al igualdad de género
Angelita La Escapía e a fotografia viva de Marx: feminismo e passados presentes em Almanac of the Dead
Authors: VILELA LÚCIA HELENA DE AZEVEDO
Published: April 2005

Análise de Almanac of the Dead à luz de teorias feministas e de uma perspectiva pós-moderna segundo a qual a noção de passados presentes é enfatizada através da exploração da metáfora da fotografia viva de Marx, mostrada no romance. A paixão da personagem Angelita pela fotografia de Marx é vista como uma forma de síntese entre a percepção indígena do tempo como eternos presentes - que é também resistência à opressão, uma vez que o passado não é jamais esquecido - e os conceitos marxistas de tempo e história.
Preconceito e discriminação como expressões de violência
Authors: BANDEIRA LOURDES , BATISTA ANALÍA SORIA
Published: April 2005

Neste ensaio discutem-se a construção do preconceito e a visibilidade das discriminações decorrentes, duplamente associadas à condição de emergência das diferenças: seja pela afirmação e manipulação da condição da diferença, seja por sua insistente negação ou dissimulação. Em ambos os casos, o não-reconhecimento das diferenças ou a falta de respeito a elas se fazem presentes, criando novos padrões de violência. A reflexão constrói uma ponte entre o preconceito e a violência, enfatiza as diversas formas de discriminação e exclusão, e compreende os seguintes aspectos: os parâmetros jurídicos em relação a co-existir e a re-conhecer; as ciências sociais diante da construção das diferenças/dis-semelhanças; os fundamentos conceituais da categoria 'preconceito' e suas derivantes em relação às de discriminação e exclusão social; os mecanismos do preconceito; a relação diferença¾ preconceito, imagem e racionalização do outro.
A batalha de Durban
Authors: CARNEIRO SUELI
Published: April 2005

O artigo registra as principais iniciativas de organização do movimento negro para a III Conferência contra o Racismo. Especial destaque é dado à Articulação de Organizações de Mulheres Negras Brasileiras pró-Durban, cuja presença marcante no processo garantiu conquistas importantes nos documentos finais, tanto da Conferência das Américas (em dezembro de 2000) como da Conferência de Durban (agosto/setembro de 2001). A partir da participação nessa Articulação, a autora discute as contradições e conflitos que emergiram no debate entre as nações presentes à Conferência, evidenciando seus nexos com o racismo, o colonialismo e a expansão econômica do Ocidente. Ao mesmo tempo, esboça sua visão sobre os ganhos políticos que a Conferência representou para mulheres e homens negros da diáspora, especialmente na América Latina, e os desafios que se colocam para a superação do fosso que os separa dos brancos no Brasil.
A medicalização do parto e suas conseqüências: o exemplo da França no período entre as duas guerras
Authors: Thébaud Françoise
Published: April 2005

Na história da medicalização do parto, o período entre as duas guerras (1919-1939) aparece na França como um período de transição. Em um contexto de fraca natalidade, produziu-se nesse período, notadamente nas grandes cidades, a transferência de um número crescente de parturientes para as maternidades hospitalares que ofereciam cada vez mais segurança. Desenvolve-se aí então uma rede de consultas pré e pós-natais para acompanhar a gravidez e os cuidados com os bebês. O objetivo era salvar as mães e sobretudo as crianças. Enquanto que as parteiras temiam o declínio de sua profissão, o objetivo foi apenas parcialmente alcançado, porque a medicalização do parto e da função materna encontrou resistências e limites: o peso dos hábitos sociais e culturais, a insuficiência da proteção social da maternidade, as dificuldades das condições de vida de certas camadas da população, a ausência de uma rede coordenada de consultas para mulheres grávidas e recém-nascidos, uma distribuição muito desigual no território francês desses serviços, o apego das profissões de saúde ao exercício liberal e o medo da influência do Estado...
Vivências cotidianas de parteiras e 'experientes' do Tocantins
Authors: Pinto Benedita Celeste de Moraes
Published: April 2005

Através dos relatos orais, mediante as lembranças do passado de descendentes de antigos quilombolas, o presente artigo analisa as práticas cotidianas de parteiras, curandeiras e suas descendentes na região do Tocantins, no Pará - norte da Amazônia. Ao lado da assistência ao parto, essas mulheres desempenharam uma série de atividades relacionadas aos processos de curas e manipulação de plantas medicinais, bem como trabalhos para sobrevivência, muitos deles nem sempre considerados em outras regiões e culturas como sendo atividades compatíveis com o sexo feminino. Este artigo contribui, assim, para repensar a importância do estudo das práticas cotidianas para o conhecimento dos diferentes papéis exercidos por mulheres e homens, e também para repensar como se dá a relação entre gêneros, inclusive as formas de dominação em determinada sociedade.
Armadilhas da Nova Era: natureza e maternidade no ideário da humanização do parto
Authors: Tornquist Carmen Susana
Published: April 2005

RESUMO Este artigo trata de caracterizar brevemente o Movimento pela Humanização do Parto e do Nascimento no Brasil, o qual tem buscado promover modificações na assistência ao parto e ao nascimento, sobretudo no âmbito da saúde coletiva. Busca também refletir sobre as noções de Natureza e Maternidade, centrais no ideário do Movimento, bem como os limites de uma noção de empoderamento das mulheres nesse contexto.