bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movies of Molecular Motions and Reactions: The Single‐Molecule, Real‐Time Transmission Electron Microscope Imaging Technique
Authors: Nakamura Eiichi
Published: December 2012

“The truth is, the Science of Nature has been already too long made only a work of the Brain and the Fancy: It is now high time that it should return to the plainness and soundness of Observations on material and obvious things,” proudly declared Robert Hooke in his highly successful picture book of microscopic and telescopic images, “Micrographia” in 1665. Hooke’s statement has remained true in chemistry, where a considerable work of the brain and the fancy is still necessary. Single‐molecule, real‐time transmission electron microscope (SMRT‐TEM) imaging at an atomic resolution now allows us to learn about molecules simply by watching movies of them. Like any dream come true, the new analytical technique challenged the old common sense of the communities, and offers new research opportunities that are unavailable by conventional methods. With its capacity to visualize the motions and the reactions of individual molecules and molecular clusters, the SMRT‐TEM technique will become an indispensable tool in molecular science and the engineering of natural and synthetic substances, as well as in science education.
Decontamination of tannery industry wastewater containing high organic load along with Cr3+: a comparative study
Authors: Ghosh Prabir , Kumar R. , Samanta A. N. , Ray S.
Published: December 2012

The applicability of different advance oxidation processes (UV, H2O2/UV, Fe2+/H2O2/UV and Fe3+/H2O2/UV, Fe2+/H2O2) to treat real tannery wastewater was investigated in this work, and their efficiency was compared. Reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and removal of chromium was envisaged through two consecutive processes: COD reduction followed by chromium removal. Comparisons of the specific energy consumption between UV, UV/H2O2 system, UV/H2O2/Fe2+, UV/H2O2/Fe3+ system were also reported. The chemical precipitation processes with different precipitating agents, CaO, MgO and NaOH, for the removal of chromium was investigated. Chromium removal and sludge volume at different pH values for three precipitating agents were assessed. The sludge generated during chemical precipitation has been characterized. The experimental results show that optimum conditions for Fe2+/H2O2 are 2 M H2O2, 0.04 M Fe2+, pH 3 and for Fe2+/H2O2/UV these are 0.5 M H2O2, 0.04 M Fe2+. The photo‐Fenton system with lower H2O2 dosage (0.5 M) and lower duration (60 min) could achieve same extent of COD reduction (97%) achieved in Fenton's treatment with higher (2 M) H2O2 dosage and longer duration (90 min) of treatment.

The results demonstrated that the photo‐Fenton process was superior over other processes. The wastewater treated with CaO and MgO met the stringent discharge limit of below 1 mg/L for total chromium. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospun polyaniline nanofibers web electrodes for supercapacitors
Authors: Chaudhari Sudeshna , Sharma Yogesh , Archana Panikar Sathyaseelan , Jose Rajan , Ramakrishna Seeram , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: December 2012

Polyaniline nanofibers (PANI‐NFs) web are fabricated by electrospinning and used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Field‐emission scanning electron microscope micrographs reveal nanofibers web were made up of high aspect ratio (>50) nanofibers of length ∼30 μm and average diameter ∼200 nm. Their electrochemical performance in aqueous (1M H2SO4 and Na2SO4) and organic (1M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate) electrolytes is compared with PANI powder prepared by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. The electrochemical properties of PANI‐NFs web and PANI powder are studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. PANI‐NFs web show higher specific capacitance (∼267 F g−1) than chemically synthesized PANI powder (∼208 F g−1) in 1M H2SO4. Further, PANI‐NFs web demonstrated very stable and superior performance than its counterpart due to interconnected fibrous morphology facilitating the faster Faradic reaction toward electrolyte and delivered specific capacitance ∼230 F g−1 at 1000th cycle. Capacitance retention of PANI‐NFs web (86%) is higher than that observed for PANI powder (48%) indicating the feasibility of electro spun PANI‐NFs web as superior electrode materials for supercapacitors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Polyurethane–attapulgite porous material: Preparation, characterization, and application for dye adsorption
Authors: Dong Ke , Qiu Fengxian , Guo Xiaorui , Xu Jicheng , Yang Dongya , He Kaichen
Published: December 2012

A series of polyurethane–attapulgite porous (HATT/PU) materials were prepared from polyether polyol (NJ‐330), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), acid activated attapulgite (HATT), sodium bicarbonate as foaming agent, dibutylbis (lauroyloxy) tin (DBLT) as catalyst and silicon oil as stabilizer by foaming technique. The materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The polyurethane–attapulgite porous material as adsorbent was applied to malachite green (MG) dye wastewater treatment. Effects of attapulgite content, time, temperature, pH, and adsorbent dosage have been studied. The experimental results show that the maximum adsorption efficiency occurred at an attapulgite content of 6.0%, a time of 2.5 h, a temperature of 35°C, a pH >5 and a HATT/PU dosage of 40 mg/mL. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of the dye have been measured experimentally. Results were analyzed by the Freundlich and Langmuir equation and the characteristics parameters for each adsorption isotherm were determined: Gibb's free energy (ΔG°), change in enthalpy (ΔH°) and change in entropy (ΔS°) have been calculated. The results indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneously an endothermic reaction and kinetically proceeded according to the pseudo‐second‐order model. The experimental results suggest that the prepared polyurethane–attapulgite porous materials have potential application for the wastewater treatment containing MG dye. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Design, Synthesis, and Anticonvulsant Activity Evaluation of 4‐(3‐Alkoxy‐phenyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐[1,2,4]triazol‐3‐ones
Authors: Shu Bing , Zheng Yan , Wang Shi‐Ben , Deng Xian‐Qing , Quan Zhe‐Shan
Published: December 2012

A series of 4‐(3‐alkoxy‐phenyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐[1,2,4]triazol‐3‐ones were synthesized using the appropriate synthetic route and evaluated experimentally in the maximal electroshock test; their neurotoxicities were evaluated by the rotarod neurotoxicity test. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by IR, MS, 1H‐NMR, and elementary analysis. All target compounds exhibited anticonvulsant activity to varying degrees in the maximal electroshock test. 4‐(3‐Benzyloxy‐phenyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐[1,2,4]triazol‐3‐one (4i) was the most promising compound with an ED50 value of 30.5 mg/kg and a protective index (PI) of 18.63, showing a higher safety than the standard carbamazepine (PI = 6.45). In addition, the potency of compound 4i against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole and 3‐mercaptopropionic acid suggested its broad‐spectrum activity, and the mechanisms of action including inhibition of voltage‐gated ion channels and modulation of GABAergic activity might be involved in its anticonvulsant activity.
Fluorescence quenching studies on the interaction of riboflavin with tryptophan and its analytical application
Authors: Li Pingping , Liu Shaopu , Wang Xiaodan , Liu Zhengqing , He Youqiu
Published: December 2012

The ineraction between riboflavin (RBF) and tryptophan (Trp) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy under physiological conditions. The fluorescence of Trp was quenched by RBF via dynamic quenching, which was analyzed using the Stern–Volmer relation. The value of the Forster distance R0 (2.31 nm) was obtained according to the Forster's theory of nonradiative energy transfer. Under physiological conditions, a linear relationship could be established between the quenched fluorescence intensity of Trp and the concentration of RBF in the range of 5.8 × 10‐7–2.0 × 10‐5 mol/L. The detection limit was 1.8 × 10‐7 mol/L. The method was successfully applied to determine riboflavin concentrations in pharmaceutical samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brushite cement additives inhibit attachment to cell culture beads
Authors: Jamshidi Parastoo , Bridson Rachel H. , Wright Adrian J. , Grover Liam M.
Published: December 2012

Brushite‐forming calcium phosphate cements are of great interest as bone replacement materials because they are resorbable in physiological conditions. Cell‐attached culture beads formed from this material could be of great use for cell therapy. Despite a significant amount of work on optimizing the physicochemical properties of these materials, there are very few studies that have evaluated the capacity of the materials to facilitate cell adhesion. In this study, we have formed resorbable calcium phosphate (brushite) culture beads and for the first time we showed that cell attachment to the surface of the brushite cement (BC) could be inhibited by the presence of an intermediate dicalcium phosphate–citrate complex, formed in the cement as a result of using citric acid, a retardant and viscosity modifier used in many cement formulations. The BC beads formed from the mixture of β‐TCP/orthophosphoric acid using citric acid did not allow cell attachment without further treatment. Ageing of BC beads in serum‐free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) solution at 37°C for 1 week greatly enhanced the cell adhesion capacity of the material. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and confocal Raman microspectrometry indicated the increased capacity for cell adhesion was due to the changes in phase composition of BC. XRD patterns collected before and after ageing in aqueous solution and a high initial mass loss, suggest the formation of a dicalcium phosphate–citrate complex within the matrix. Since compacts formed from brushite powder supported cell attachment, it was hypothesized that the dicalcium phosphate–citrate complex prevented attachment to the cement surface. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1487–1494. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introduction
Authors: Hlava Marjorie M. K.
Published: December 2012

Editor's Summary

As demands for knowledge management have broadened the use of taxonomies, taxonomists are finding more applications for their work and seeking ways to ensure the products are implemented well for added value. This special section provides a brief guide to building taxonomies for standardized use by multiple work groups. A case study in taxonomy maintenance traces the process of updating and expanding a vocabulary to serve the burgeoning world of science. One article addresses practical methods for evaluating taxonomy schemes and the decision making involved in applying terms to classify content. Another explores taxonomies as navigational tools and as the basis for automatic classification and ways those specialized uses influence taxonomy design. The importance of integrating and coordinating taxonomy construction in the developmental phase of website architecture is explained as being key to maximizing the taxonomy's value and contribution to user experience. The application of taxonomies and automated indexing in the health domain is presented, discussing their innovative implementation for coding electronic medical records.
On what assumptions do you base your thinking? Contextual challenges and strategic possibilities
Authors: Haller Thom
Published: December 2012

Editor's Summary

The author's experience over years shows how the transience of shifting contexts and the desire to rush into new information structures can easily lead to failure. In one instance, midlevel managers understood the value and possibilities of structuring information to serve end users, but they were overridden by executives who insisted on developing a portal, the current trend, at the expense of a public facing website. Strategic decisions made without full understanding of the problem are doomed. Information architects must take an active role helping clients navigate the structure of information. They must communicate the importance of asking strategic questions to understand the audience, purpose and context of a website under development and then clarify the priorities and necessary actions to achieve the goal.
Deep fat of the face revisited
Authors: Cho Kwang Ho , Lee Hak Seung , Katori Yukio , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Murakami Gen , Abe Shin‐Ichi
Published: December 2012

The midfacial deep fatty tissue has been divided into the buccal and parapharyngeal fat pads although the former carries several extensions in adults. Using histological sections of 15 large human fetuses, we demonstrated that the parapharyngeal fat pad corresponds to the major content of the prestyloid compartment of the parapharyngeal space or, simply, the prestyloid fat. The buccal and prestyloid fatty tissues were separated by the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. In these tissues, superficial parts, corresponding to the lower body and the masseteric extension of the adult buccal fat pad, were well encapsulated and showed the most advanced stage of histogenesis. As the sphenoid bone was not fully developed even in the largest specimens, the temporal, infratemporal, and pterygopalatine fossae joined to provide a large space for a single, large upper extension of the buccal fat pad. In the intermediate part of the extension course, the larger specimens carried a narrower part between the maxilla and the temporalis muscle. The single, upper extension appeared to divide into several extensions, as seen in adults. The periocular fat was clearly separated from the upper extension of the buccal fat pad by the sheet‐like orbitalis muscle. A communication between the prestyloid fat and the buccal fat pad likely occurred through a potential space along the lingual nerve immediately superior to the deep part of the submandibular gland. At this site, therefore, the prestyloid fat may be injured or infected when the buccal fat pad is treated surgically. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left atrial inflow and outflow obstruction as a complication of retrograde approach for chronic total occlusion
Authors: Aggarwal Chhaya , Varghese Joji , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: December 2012

Retrograde recanalization of a chronic coronary total occlusion has become an increasingly utilized method to increase success from percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Retrograde wire passage using a septal collateral is the preferred route as the consequences of vessel perforation are more benign than epicardial collateral perforation which may produce cardiac tamponade. Tamponade risk is thought to be lessened by previous coronary bypass surgery due to adhesions preventing free flow of blood throughout the pericardial space. We report the first case of the retrograde approach producing epicardial collateral perforation resulting in a localized epicardial hematoma, which in turn, produced left atrial (LA) inflow and outflow obstruction, with the former producing localized pulmonary edema and pleural effusion. We review reported cases of LA hematoma as a consequence of the antegrade PCI approach and describe a unified explanation for the development of this phenomenon. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long term follow‐up of drug eluting versus bare metal stents in the treatment of saphenous vein graft lesions
Authors: Ybarra Luiz F. , Ribeiro Henrique B. , Pozetti Antonio H. , Campos Carlos A. , Esper Rodrigo B. , Lemos Pedro A. , Lopes Augusto C. , Kalil‐Filho Roberto , Ellis Stephen G. , Ribeiro Expedito E.
Published: December 2012

Introduction

The safety and effectiveness of drug‐eluting stent (DES) compared with bare metal stents (BMS) for the treatment of saphenous vein graft (SVG) disease is controversial, especially because of the lack of long‐term follow‐up. The aim of this study was to address the late outcome of DES versus BMS for the treatment of SVG lesions.

Methods

A matched, case‐control study included 82 patients in each group. Patients groups were matched by gender, age, clinical presentation, and diabetes. The primary study end point was occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary end points included death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR).

Results

Clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between the groups. At 6 months, TVR (hazard ratio [HR] 6.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39 to 26.93, P = 0.05), and MACE (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.98, P = 0.04) were higher in the BMS group. At 4 years the risks of MI (P = 0.21), TVR (P = 0.99), and MACE (P = 0.21) were similar between both groups. However, the rates of death (HR 2.74, 95% CI 1.11 to 6.74, P = 0.04) and cardiac death (HR 4.26, 95% CI 1.59 to 11.35, P = 0.01) were significantly higher in the BMS group.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the use of DES compared with BMS in the treatment of SVG lesions reduces TVR and MACE at 6 months of follow‐up, a benefit that was lost over the next 3–4 years. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: The New Complex Barium Mercurid Ba20Hg103 and Its Ternary Zinc and Cadmium Variants.
Authors: Wendorff Marco , Roehr Caroline
Published: December 2012

Ba20Hg103, Ba20Cd4Hg99, and Ba20Zn5Hg99 are synthesized from melts of the elements.
ChemInform Abstract: Na2Ge2Se5: A Highly Nonlinear Optical Material.
Authors: Chung In , Song Jung‐Hwan , Jang Joon I. , Freeman Arthur J. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: December 2012

The title compound exhibits strong nonlinear optical second harmonic generation response in the visible and IR region.
ChemInform Abstract: New Compounds and Phase Equilibria in the Zr—Ti—P System.
Authors: Oliynyk A. O. , Oryshchyn S. V. , Lomnytska Ya. F.
Published: December 2012

The isothermal section of the title system at 1070 K and up to 67 at.% P is characterized by XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies of Rubidium Selenate with Secondary Phase of RbOH under Humidified Reducing Atmosphere.
Authors: Beyribey Berceste , Hallinder Jonathan , Poulsen Finn Willy , Bonanos Nikolaos , Mogensen Mogens
Published: December 2012

Rb2SeO4 is synthesized by slow evaporation of aqueous solutions of Rb2CO3 and H2SeO4 (50 °C, 2 d) and characterized by calorimetry, impedance spectroscopy, and powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Growth and Properties of a Novel Polar Material, KSr4B3O9.
Authors: Zhao Wenwu , Pan Shilie , Wang Yongjiang , Yang Zhihua , Wang Xian , Han Jian
Published: December 2012

The new polar title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of K2CO3, SrCO3, and H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 900 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling Reaction of Allylic Ethers with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Kiuchi Hiroyoshi , Takahashi Dai , Funaki Kenji , Sato Tetsuo , Oi Shuichi
Published: December 2012

In the presence of an optimized catalytic system and an optimized ether leaving group, optically active branched alkenes are obtained with excellent regioselectivities and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Laccase‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Cyclic β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Pietruszka Joerg , Wang Chuan
Published: December 2012

An oxidation/Michael addition sequence permits the synthesis of α‐arylated cyclic β‐dicarbonyl compounds employing various catechols as precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: 3,5‐Dioxopimelates as New Synthetic Building Blocks. Cyclocondensation with 1,2‐, 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Dinucleophiles.
Authors: Bendrath Franziska , Specowius Verena , Michalik Dirk , Langer Peter
Published: December 2012

The regioselective cyclocondensation of 3,5‐dioxopimelates with 1,2‐, 1,3‐, and 1,4‐dinucleophiles affords a variety of functionalized heterocycles, which are not readily available by other methods.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Electron Transfer Reduction of Lactones Using SmI2—H2O.
Authors: Szostak Michal , Collins Karl D. , Fazakerley Neal J. , Spain Malcolm , Procter David J.
Published: December 2012

A wide range of lactones with different ring size and substitution pattern is reduced in the system SmI2—Et3N—water to give the ring‐opened diols in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative ipso‐Rearrangement Performed by a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent and Its Application.
Authors: Jacquemot Guillaume , Canesi Sylvain
Published: December 2012

In the presence of Ph‐I(O‐Ac)2 and (CF3)2CH‐OH, phenols like (I), (VI), and (X) as well as anilines such as (VIII) undergo novel ipso rearrangement to afford dienones of type (III) and (XI) bearing a quaternary center.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploration of Forbidden Povarov Processes as a Source of Unexpected Reactivity: A Multicomponent Mannich—Ritter Transformation.
Authors: Preciado Sara , Vicente‐Garcia Esther , Llabres Salome , Luque F. Javier , Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: December 2012

Imines not suitable for the classical Povarov reaction undergo a Mannich/Ritter sequence under these reaction conditions leading to a variety of fused pyrimidine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Symmetrical Bisamides Catalyzed by Molecular Iodine under Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Wang Hongshe , Zeng June
Published: December 2012

Iodine is a highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of various symmetrical bisamides (III) (23 examples) from amides and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Superbase‐Promoted Stereoselective α‐Vinylation of Ketones with Arylacetylenes: A General Strategy for Synthesis of β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Zorina Nadezhda V. , Ivanova Elena V. , Ushakov Igor A.
Published: December 2012

The (E) isomers are formed selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C—H Activation of Arenes Using a Versatile and Removable Triazene Directing Group.
Authors: Wang Chengming , Chen Hu , Wang Zhaofeng , Chen Jiean , Huang Yong
Published: December 2012

Arenes are selectively olefinated by acrylates or acrylonitrile at the ortho‐position to the piperidine‐, pyrrolidine‐, or dibenzylamine‐derived triazene directing group.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious and Novel Synthesis of α‐Hydroxyesters via Rhodium—NHC Catalyzed Arylation of Ethyl Glyoxalate.
Authors: Marques Carolina S. , Burke Anthony J.
Published: December 2012

The presented chiral NHC based catalytic system has proved more efficacious than some commercial achiral NHC precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of α‐Amido‐indanones via Formal Allenamide Hydroacylation—Nazarov Cyclization.
Authors: Wu Yen‐Ku , Niu Tianmin , West F. G.
Published: December 2012

A novel approach to amido‐substituted Nazarov precursors (III), (VI) and (IX) through hydroacylation of aldehydes (II), (V) and (VIII) and a lithiated allenamide (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Oxazolination of C702‐ and Formation of cis‐1 C70 Adduct with Respect to the Apical Pentagon.
Authors: Ni Ling , Yang Wei‐Wei , Li Zong‐Jun , Wu Di , Gao Xiang
Published: December 2012

It is found that treatment of the fullerene anion with PhCN and air results in formation of the oxazoline (III) with unusual regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3,4‐Trisubstituted Furans via Cascade Reactions of Aryloxy‐enynes with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Li Ende , Cheng Xingcan , Wang Chengyu , Shao Yushang , Li Yanzhong
Published: December 2012

It allows a mild and efficient access to various 2,3,4‐trisubstituted furans.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver Acetate Catalyzed Hydroamination of 1‐(2‐(Sulfonylamino)phenyl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ols to (Z)‐2‐Methylene‐1‐sulfonylindolin‐3‐ols.
Authors: Susanti Dewi , Koh Fujiet , Kusuma Jeffrey Antonius , Kothandaraman Prasath , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: December 2012

The efficient and straightforward approach allows access to a wide range of indolinols and related compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Electrophilic Trifluoromethanesulfanylation—Cyclization of Tryptamine Derivatives: Synthesis of C(3)‐Trifluoromethanesulfanylated Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indoles.
Authors: Yang Yi , Jiang Xueliang , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: December 2012

TosOH‐mediated treatment of some tryptamine derivatives with the sulfanylamide (II) allows a practical and efficient access to hexahydropyrroloindoles of type (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzisoxazolones from Benzohydroxamic Acids via C—H Activation.
Authors: Gao Xi‐Ai , Yan Ru‐Long , Wang Xian‐Xue , Yan Hao , Li Jian , Guo Han , Huang Guo‐Sheng
Published: December 2012

The method provides an efficient approach to various benzisoxazolones and related compounds such as (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Benzothiazoles via K2S2O8‐Mediated Oxidative Condensation of Benzothiazoles with Aryl Aldehydes.
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Chen Xiang , Wang Sizhuo , Liu Jidan , Xie Kai , Wang Anwei , Tan Ze
Published: December 2012

It provides a new approach to various 2‐arylated benzothiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Highly Reactive Pyridine‐ and Pyrimidine‐Containing Diarylamine Antioxidants.
Authors: Hanthorn Jason J. , Valgimigli Luca , Pratt Derek A.
Published: December 2012

A number of title compounds are prepared in order to get information about structure‐reactivity relationships.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Synthesis of Polysubstituted Dihydroquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Yu Yan , Tu Man‐Su , Jiang Bo , Wang Shu‐Liang , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: December 2012

The domino construction of the desired heterocyclic scaffold (26 examples) proceeds with concomitant formation of 2 new cycles in a one‐pot operation.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Electron‐Rich Arene‐Fused Hexahydroquinolizinones Through a Gold‐Catalysis‐Initiated Cascade Process.
Authors: Liu Lianzhu , Zhang Liming
Published: December 2012

The cascade reaction of amides tethered with a terminal alkyne moiety proceeds via a gold‐catalyzed amide cyclization followed by a Ferrier rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Cleavage of C—C Bond: Conversion of Pyrane Derivatives to 1,3‐Oxazin Derivative.
Authors: Lin Zhilan , Zhang Xueli , You Xinkui , Gao Yuan
Published: December 2012

A novel, unusual, and mild method for the synthesis of the compounds (III) and (V) is discovered.
ChemInform Abstract: Potassium Boc‐Protected Secondary Aminomethyltrifluoroborates: Synthesis and Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Shin Inji
Published: December 2012

The title borates represent a new class of nucleophiles which can be coupled with a number of aryl/heteroaryl chlorides to give the corresponding aminomethylated arenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Room Temperature, Palladium‐Mediated P—Arylation of Secondary Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Bloomfield Aaron J. , Herzon Seth B.
Published: December 2012

The reaction proceeds without stereoerosion and can be applied to the synthesis of optically active tertiary phosphines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Method for Palladium‐Catalyzed Stannylation at the 5‐ and 6‐Benzo Positions of Indoles.
Authors: Corcoran Emily B. , Williams Anna B. , Hanson Robert N.
Published: December 2012

In contrast to previous methods, the present method eliminates the need for high catalyst loading and protection of the indolic nitrogen.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials and Their Application in Energy‐Related and Environmental‐Related Areas
Authors: Zhao Guixia , Wen Tao , Chen Changlun , Wang Xiangke
Published: December 2012

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Complexes Containing the Dinucleating Tetra‐N‐Dentate 3,5‐Bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole (Hbpp) Ligand — A Robust Scaffold for Multiple Applications Including the Catalytic Oxidation of Water to Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Garcia‐Anton Jordi , Bofill Roger , Escriche Lluis , Llobet Antoni , Sala Xavier
Published: December 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of π‐Extended Porphyrins via Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling
Authors: Lewtak Jan P. , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: December 2012

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical and Biological Sensors Based on Metal Oxide Nanostructures
Authors: Hahn Yoon‐Bong , Ahmad Rafiq , Tripathy Nirmalya
Published: December 2012

Review: 184 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Quantitative FRET‐Based Methods for Studying Nucleic Acids
Authors: Preus Soeren , Wilhelmsson L. Marcus
Published: December 2012

Review: ca. 200 refs.
Novel Organic Dyes Based on Bulky Tri(triphenylamine)‐Substituted Styrene for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhiyun , Han Jinlong , Li Xin , Cai Shengyun , Su Jianhua
Published: December 2012

Three novel donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) metal‐free organic dyes (TB, TS and TF) based on tri(triphenylamine)‐substituted styrene as donor with various conjugated linkers (benzene, thiophene and furan) were synthesized, characterized and used for the application of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Under the same condition, The photo‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency of the DSSCs sensitized with TB, TS and TF reach 1.84%, 4.10% and 4.52%, respectively, which are lower than that sensitized with R1 (5.02%) with one triphenylamine unit. The results suggest that these bulky donor‐based sensitizers are unfavorable to DSSCs.
A New Synthetic Method of (Z)‐4‐Aryl‐but‐2‐en‐1‐ols via Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 4‐Substituted 1,2‐Oxaborol‐2(5H)‐ols with Benzyl Bromides
Authors: Yu Tao , Wu Xinyan , Yang Jun
Published: December 2012

Z and E configuration 4‐aryl‐but‐2‐en‐1‐ols were isolated from several terrestrial plants, and (Z)‐4‐aryl‐but‐2en‐1‐ols were found to have choleretic activity. Strategies have been reported to synthesize (E)‐4‐aryl‐but‐2‐en‐1ols with high selectivity. However, there is no method to obtain (Z)‐4‐aryl‐but‐2‐en‐1‐ols with high selectivity now. We developed a Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of 1,2‐oxaborol‐2(5H)‐ols with benzyl bromides to synthesize (Z)‐4‐aryl‐but‐2‐en‐1‐ols, the products were obtained in up to 94% isolated yield.
Androgen receptors mediate masculinization of astrocytes in the rat posterodorsal medial amygdala during puberty
Authors: Johnson Ryan T. , Breedlove S. Marc , Jordan Cynthia L.
Published: December 2012

Astrocytes in the posterodorsal portion of the medial amygdala (MePD) are sexually dimorphic in adult rats: males have more astrocytes in the right MePD and more elaborate processes in the left MePD than do females. Functional androgen receptors (ARs) are required for masculinization of MePD astrocytes, as these measures are demasculinized in adult males carrying the testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) of the AR gene, which renders AR dysfunctional. We now report that the number of astrocytes is already sexually dimorphic in the right MePD of juvenile 25‐day‐old (P25) rats. Because Tfm males have as many astrocytes as wild‐type males at this age, this prepubertal sexual dimorphism is independent of ARs. After P25, astrocyte number increases in the MePD of all groups, but activation of ARs augments this increase in the right MePD, where more astrocytes are added in males than in Tfm males. Consequently, by adulthood, females and Tfm males have equivalent numbers of astrocytes in the right MePD. Sexual dimorphism in astrocyte arbor complexity in the left MePD arises after P25, and is entirely AR‐dependent. Thus, masculinization of MePD astrocytes is a result of both AR‐independent processes before the juvenile period and AR‐dependent processes afterward. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2298–2309, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accounting for patient variability in finite element analysis of the intact and implanted hip and knee: A review
Authors: Taylor Mark , Bryan Rebecca , Galloway Francis
Published: December 2012

It is becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate the performance of new joint replacement designs using available preclinical test methods. Finite element analysis is commonly used and the majority of published studies are performed on representative anatomy, assuming optimal implant placement, subjected to idealised loading conditions. There are significant differences between patients and accounting for this variability will lead to better assessment of the risk of failure. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques available to account for patient variability. There is a brief overview of patient‐specific model generation techniques, followed by a review of multisubject patient‐specific studies performed on the intact and implanted femur and tibia. In particular, the challenges and limitations of manually generating models for such studies are discussed. To efficiently account for patient variability, the application of statistical shape and intensity models (SSIM) are being developed. Such models have the potential to synthetically generate thousands of representative models generated from a much smaller training set. Combined with the automation of the prosthesis implantation process, SSIM provides a potentially powerful tool for assessing the next generation of implant designs. The potential application of SSIM are discussed along with their limitations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anchoring Transition Induced by Gelation in a Liquid Crystal System
Authors: Bhargavi R. , Nair Geetha G. , Prasad S. Krishna
Published: December 2012

We report a novel type of anchoring transition (ANT) in a liquid crystal driven by the physical gelation of the system. The ANT manifests as anomaly in the thermal behaviour of the dielectric permittivity. Data from X‐ray studies suggest that ANT is caused by the ability of the gel fibres to compete with the substrate‐driven orientation conditions. It is further found that the molecular reorientation is possible only in cases where the gel is weak, the difference between weak and strong gels being established by rheological measurements.
Blue‐Emitting Nanocrystals, Microcrystals, and Highly Oriented Nanofibers Prepared by Reprecipitation and Solvent Drop‐Casting of 2‐Phenyl‐naphthoxazoles
Authors: Ghodbane Abdelhamid , Colléaux Jérémy , Saffon Nathalie , Mahiou Rachid , Galaup Jean‐Pierre , Fery‐Forgues Suzanne
Published: December 2012

Three 2‐phenyl‐naphth[2,3‐d]oxazole derivatives, one of them being unsubstituted (1) and the two others bearing a methyl (2) and a tert‐butyl group (3) in the para position of the phenyl ring, were prepared. In the crystalline state, all compounds adopted a crossed‐stacking mode that favors fluorescence emission. They emitted in the blue region and their photoluminescence quantum yield ranged between 25 and 59 %. The preparation of micro/nanoparticles by simple methods was optimized. By using a solvent‐exchange method, the compounds readily gave microcrystals, the size and shape of which closely depend on the nature of the substituent, as well as nanocrystals that measured around 200 nm. The proportion of micro‐ and nanocrystals was modulated by the experimental conditions and the two populations could be separated by filtration for subsequent use. For unsubstituted compound 1, drop‐casting from a solution in tetrahydrofuran spontaneously generated an array of parallel and almost perpendicularly oriented nanofibers that exhibited efficient waveguiding properties. Owing to their robustness, good solid‐state optical properties, and to the simplicity of particle preparation, these naphthoxazole derivatives appear as promising candidates for the fabrication of blue‐emitting tracers and nanofibers.
Syntheses of Chiral 1,8‐Cineole Metabolites and Determination of Their Enantiomeric Composition in Human Urine After Ingestion of 1,8‐Cineole‐Containing Capsules
Authors: Schaffarczyk Monika , Balaban Teodor Silviu , Rychlik Michael , Buettner Andrea
Published: December 2012

The chiral metabolites in human urine were investigated after ingestion of a 1,8‐cineole (eucalyptol)‐containing entero‐coated capsule (Soledum). For identification of the various enantiomers the enantiomerically pure (−/+)‐α2‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, (−/+)‐β2‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, (−/+)‐9‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, and (−/+)‐2‐oxo‐1,8‐cineole were prepared. To achieve this aim, after acetylation of the synthesized racemic 2‐ and 9‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineoles, pig liver esterase‐ or yeast‐mediated hydrolysis provided the (−)‐alcohols with their antipodal (+)‐acetates with enantiomeric excess of 33–100 %. Dess–Martin periodinane oxidation of the alcohol (+)‐α2‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, obtained by hydrolysis of the resolved acetate, provided the corresponding (+)‐2‐oxo‐1,8‐cineole, meanwhile the oxidation of (−)‐α2‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole gave (−)‐2‐oxo‐1,8‐cineole. Using these standards seven metabolites (+/−)‐α2‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, (+/−)‐β2‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, (+/−)‐α3‐hydroxycineole, (+/−)‐3‐oxo‐1,8‐cineole, 4‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, 7‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, and (+/−)‐9‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole, all liberated from their glucuronides, were identified in urine by GC‐MS on a chiral stationary phase after consumption of 100 mg of 1,8‐cineole. Metabolite screening using 2H3‐1,8‐cineol as the internal standard revealed (+/−)‐α2‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole as the predominant metabolite followed by (+/−)‐9‐hydroxy‐1,8‐cineole. Furthermore, the results showed that one enantiomer is always formed preferentially.
On the recovery of the time average of continuous and discrete time functions from their Laplace and z‐transforms
Authors: Gluskin Emanuel , Miller Shmuel
Published: December 2012

The determination of the time averages of continuous functions or discrete time sequences is important for various problems in physics and engineering, and the generalized final‐value theorems of the Laplace and z‐transforms, relevant to functions and sequences not having a limit at infinity, but having a well‐defined average, can be very helpful in this determination. In the present contribution, we complete the proofs of these theorems and extend them to more general time functions and sequences. Besides formal proofs, some simple examples and heuristic and pedagogical comments on the physical nature of the limiting processes defining the averaging are given. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical‐layer network coding with limited feedback using orthogonal space–time block codes
Authors: Şahin S. , Aygölü Ü.
Published: December 2012

This paper introduces limited feedback technique into physical‐layer network coding (PLNC) scheme, which is the most spectrally efficient protocol in two‐way relay channels, consisted of one relay and two end nodes (sources). Decode‐and‐forward (DF) and partial‐decode‐and‐forward (PDF) strategies are considered for PLNC, and all nodes are assumed to have two antennas to allow transmission by Alamouti's orthogonal space–time block code to provide diversity. In DF, by limited feedback, one of the sources is informed about instantaneous channel state information (CSI) to increase the bit error rate (BER) performance at relay. The closed‐form upper and lower bounds on the bit error probability are derived for binary phase‐shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK) modulations and approved via computer simulations. In PDF strategy, each source has to know CSI between relay and the other source for decoding, which causes extra protocol complexity. Moreover, for the system in which all nodes have two antennas, classical PDF strategy does not satisfy orthogonality at the end nodes. Therefore, in this paper, a modified‐PDF (MPDF) strategy with limited feedback is proposed. In MPDF, for decoding at the end nodes, differential phase information between channel fading coefficients having maximum amplitudes is fed back to the sources by relay. This approach enables single‐symbol decoding, besides full diversity, and sources do not need to know CSI between relay and the other source. It is shown via computer simulations that MPDF strategy provides significantly better BER performance than the classical PDF for BPSK and QPSK modulations.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and natural infections in MyD88‐ and IRAK‐4‐deficient mice and humans
Authors: von Bernuth Horst , Picard Capucine , Puel Anne , Casanova Jean‐Laurent
Published: December 2012

Most Toll‐like‐receptors (TLRs) and interleukin‐1 receptors (IL‐1Rs) signal via myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase 4 (IRAK‐4). The combined roles of these two receptor families in the course of experimental infections have been assessed in MyD88‐ and IRAK‐4‐deficient mice for almost fifteen years. These animals have been shown to be susceptible to 46 pathogens: 27 bacteria, eight viruses, seven parasites, and four fungi. Humans with inborn MyD88 or IRAK‐4 deficiency were first identified in 2003. They suffer from naturally occurring life‐threatening infections caused by a small number of bacterial species, although the incidence and severity of these infections decrease with age. Mouse TLR‐ and IL‐1R‐dependent immunity mediated by MyD88 and IRAK‐4 seems to be vital to combat a wide array of experimentally administered pathogens at most ages. By contrast, human TLR‐ and IL‐1R‐dependent immunity mediated by MyD88 and IRAK‐4 seems to be effective in the natural setting against only a few bacteria and is most important in infancy and early childhood. The roles of TLRs and IL‐1Rs in protective immunity deduced from studies in mutant mice subjected to experimental infections should therefore be reconsidered in the light of findings for natural infections in humans carrying mutations as discussed in this review.
Minority goals for interaction with the majority: Seeking distance from the majority and the effect of rejection on identification
Authors: Ramos Miguel R. , Jetten Jolanda , Zhang Airong , Badea Constantina , Iyer Aarti , Cui Lijuan , Zhang Yuling
Published: December 2012

Four studies investigated the conditions under which minority group members respond to group‐based discrimination with increased identification with their group. We propose that minorities' interaction goals should serve as a moderator: seeking distance from the majority might keep minority identification alive in the face of perceived discrimination. These predictions were tested correlationally in Study 1 among Chinese immigrants in Australia (sample 1a) and children of rural migrant workers in a Chinese city (sample 1b). In Studies 2 and 3, perceived discrimination was manipulated among Romanian immigrants in France and Polish immigrants in Scotland. In Study 4, both minority goals and perceived discrimination were manipulated among a sample of international students in Australia. Results showed that only for those who were inclined to seek distance from the majority, minority group identification increased when discrimination was high compared with low. Discussion focuses on the way that seeking distance might be an important strategy for coping with discrimination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosensor Based on Electrocodeposition of Carbon Nanotubes/Polypyrrole/Laccase for Neurotransmitter Detection
Authors: Cesarino Ivana , Galesco Heloisa V. , Moraes Fernando C. , Lanza Marcos R. V. , Machado Sergio A. S.
Published: December 2012

A new biosensor has been developed by a simple electrocodeposition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), polypyrrole (PPy) and laccase (Lac) on the platinum (Pt) electrode surface. The neurotransmitter biosensor was applied to the detection of dopamine in urine samples using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The Pt/MWCNT/PPy/Lac biosensor exhibited a detection limit of 0.14 µM, which is an adequate level for monitoring dopamine in urine. Reproducibility and repeatability values of 2.9 % and 1.7 %, respectively, were obtained compared to the conventional procedure. The proposed biosensor was successfully applied in the determination of dopamine in urine, and the obtained results were in full agreement with those from the HPLC procedure.
Effect of Initial Sludge Loading Rate on the Formation of Ethanol Type Fermentation for Hydrogen Production in a Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactor
Authors: Li Jianzheng , Ai Binling , Ren Nanqi
Published: December 2012

Ethanol type fermentation has attracted an increasing interest because of its high hydrogen yield. A continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) was introduced and the effect of sludge loading rate (SLR) on formation of ethanol type fermentation for hydrogen production was investigated in this research. It was found that the initial SLR influenced the formation process of ethanol type fermentation remarkably. When the CSTR was started up with an initial SLR of 0.63 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/kg mixed liquor volatile suspend solid (MLVSS)/d (COD: COD, MLVSS: mixed liquor volatile suspended solids), ethanol type fermentation was recognized within 16 days that was 7 and 14 days prior than the earlier SLR of 0.75 and 1.47 kg COD/kg MLVSS/d, respectively. However, the highest hydrogen‐producing rate of the activated sludge came up to 0.102 m3/kg MLVSS/d when initial SLR of 1.47 kg COD/kg MLVSS/d. A succession of acidogenic fermentation types had occurred during the formation process of ethanol type fermentation, they were mixed acid fermentation, propionic acid type fermentation, butyric acid type fermentation and ethanol type fermentation in a sequence. Moreover, it was also found that ethanol type fermentation could occur within a pH range of 4.0–5.3, much wider than that have been reported previously. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1271–1279, 2013
Mechanical resistance of coppice stems derived from full‐scale impact tests
Authors: Jancke Oliver , Berger Frédéric , Dorren Luuk K. A.
Published: December 2012

Broadleaf coppice forests have the capacity to mitigate the threat posed by rockfall in many mountainous regions. Other forest types alike the rockfall protective effect is determined by the mechanical resistance of the coppice tree stems. In addition, the rockfall protective function of coppice forests is enhanced by specific stem aggregations (clumps) that have a rock interception and retention effect difficult to evaluate. The main objectives of this study are to quantify the mechanical resistance of small diameter coppice stems and to gain qualitative insight on breakage behavior. The aim is to supply data for more reliable assessments of the rockfall protective function of coppice forests with rockfall simulation models and to provide a basis for better estimating the rockfall protective effect of coppice clumps. To achieve these objectives we assessed the mechanical resistance of 73 beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) coppice stems using an impact pendulum device. We found an exponential relationship between the stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and mechanical resistance (loss of momentum or kinetic energy of the impactor during impact). Moreover, the results show that the high flexibility of the stems leads to relatively long lasting impacts and only negligible damage at the point of impact on the stem. As a result, the mechanical resistance of the stems is partly determined by impactor velocity and mass. These findings question the practicality of defining mechanical resistance by means of the change of momentum or energy of the impactor. Moreover, the results highlight the limits of upscaling or downscaling the data of this study to conclude for the mechanical resistance of beech trees of other than the tested dimensions. For the target DBH range the obtained dataset is nevertheless more reliable than data of previous studies, because the DBH specific impact process could be considered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.