bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiomics-based machine learning differentiates “ground-glass” opacities due to COVID-19 from acute non-COVID-19 lung disease
Authors: Delli Pizzi Andrea , Chiarelli Antonio Maria , Chiacchiaretta Piero , Valdesi Cristina , Croce Pierpaolo , Mastrodicasa Domenico , Villani Michela , Trebeschi Stefano , Serafini Francesco Lorenzo , Rosa Consuelo , Cocco Giulio , Luberti Riccardo , Conte Sabrina , Mazzamurro Lucia , Mereu Manuela , Patea Rosa Lucia , Panara Valentina , Marinari Stefano , Vecchiet Jacopo , Caulo Massimo
Published: August 2021

Ground-glass opacities (GGOs) are a non-specific high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) finding tipically observed in early Coronavirus disesase 19 (COVID-19) pneumonia. However, GGOs are also seen in other acute lung diseases, thus making challenging the differential diagnosis. To this aim, we investigated the performance of a radiomics-based machine learning method to discriminate GGOs due to COVID-19 from those due to other acute lung diseases. Two sets of patients were included: a first set of 28 patients (COVID) diagnosed with COVID-19 infection confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) between March and April 2020 having (a) baseline HRCT at hospital admission and (b) predominant GGOs pattern on HRCT; a second set of 30 patients (nCOVID) showing (a) predominant GGOs pattern on HRCT performed between August 2019 and April 2020 and (b) availability of final diagnosis. Two readers independently segmented GGOs on HRCTs using a semi-automated approach, and radiomics features were extracted using a standard open source software (PyRadiomics). Partial least square (PLS) regression was used as the multivariate machine-learning algorithm. A leave-one-out nested cross-validation was implemented. PLS β-weights of radiomics features, including the 5% features with the largest β-weights in magnitude (top 5%), were obtained. The diagnostic performance of the radiomics model was assessed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The Youden’s test assessed sensitivity and specificity of the classification. A null hypothesis probability threshold of 5% was chosen (p < 0.05). The predictive model delivered an AUC of 0.868 (Youden’s index = 0.68, sensitivity = 93%, specificity 75%, p = 4.2 × 10–7). Of the seven features included in the top 5% features, five were texture-related. A radiomics-based machine learning signature showed the potential to accurately differentiate GGOs due to COVID-19 pneumonia from those due to other acute lung diseases. Most of the discriminant radiomics features were texture-related. This approach may assist clinician to adopt the appropriate management early, while improving the triage of patients.
Multilocus sequence analysis reveals genetic diversity in Staphylococcus aureus isolate of goat with mastitis persistent after treatment with enrofloxacin
Authors: Polveiro Richard Costa , Granja Manuela Maria Cavalcante , Roldão Thais Coimbra Borba , Da Silva Lopes Ilderlane , Vidigal Pedro Marcus Pereira , Lima Magna Coroa , Moreira Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo
Published: August 2021

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main bacterial agents responsible for cases of mastitis in ruminants, playing an important role in the persistence and chronicity of diseases treated with antimicrobials. Using the multilocus sequence typing technique, network approaches and study of the population diversity of microorganisms, we performed analyzes of S. aureus (ES-GPM) isolated from goats with persistent mastitis (GPM). The most strains of ES-GPM were categorically different phylogenetically from the others and could be divided into two lineages: one with a majority belonging to ES-GPM and the other to varied strains. These two lineages were separated by 27 nuclear polymorphisms. The 43 strains comprised 22 clonal complexes (CCs), of which the ES-GPM strains were present in CC133, CC5 and a new complex formed by the sequence type 4966. The genetic diversity of some alleles showed be greater diversity and polymorphism than others, such as of the aroE and yqiL genes less than glpF gene. In addition, the sequences ES-GPM to the arc gene and glpF alleles showed the greatest number of mutations for ES-GPM in relation to non-ES-GPM. Therefore, this study identified genetic polymorphisms characteristic of S. aureus isolated from milk of goats diagnosed with persistent mastitis after the failed treatment with the antibiotic enrofloxacin. This study may help in the future to identify and discriminate this agent in cases of mastitis, and with that, the most appropriate antibiotic treatment can be performed in advance of the appearance of persistent mastitis caused by the agent, reducing the chances of premature culling and animal suffering.
Central venous-to-arterial PCO2 difference as a marker to identify fluid responsiveness in septic shock
Authors: Nassar Boulos , Badr Mohamed , Van Grunderbeeck Nicolas , Temime Johanna , Pepy Florent , Gasan Gaelle , Tronchon Laurent , Thevenin Didier , Mallat Jihad
Published: August 2021

Defining the hemodynamic response to volume therapy is integral to managing critically ill patients with acute circulatory failure, especially in the absence of cardiac index (CI) measurement. This study aimed at investigating whether changes in central venous-to-arterial CO2 difference (Δ-ΔPCO2) and central venous oxygen saturation (ΔScvO2) induced by volume expansion (VE) are reliable parameters to define fluid responsiveness in sedated and mechanically ventilated septic patients. We prospectively studied 49 critically ill septic patients in whom VE was indicated because of circulatory failure and clinical indices. CI, ΔPCO2, ScvO2, and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured before and after VE. Responders were defined as patients with a > 10% increase in CI (transpulmonary thermodilution) after VE. We calculated areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for Δ-ΔPCO2, ΔScvO2, and changes in CI (ΔCI) after VE in the whole population and in the subgroup of patients with an increase in VO2 (ΔVO2) ≤ 10% after VE (oxygen-supply independency). Twenty-five patients were fluid responders. In the whole population, Δ-ΔPCO2 and ΔScvO2 were significantly correlated with ΔCI after VE (r =  − 0.30, p = 0.03 and r = 0.42, p = 0.003, respectively). The AUCs for Δ-ΔPCO2 and ΔScvO2 to define fluid responsiveness (increase in CI > 10% after VE) were 0.76 (p < 0.001) and 0.68 (p = 0.02), respectively. In patients with ΔVO2 ≤ 10% (n = 36) after VE, the correlation between ΔScvO2 and ΔCI was 0.62 (p < 0.001), and between Δ-ΔPCO2 and ΔCI was − 0.47 (p = 0.004). The AUCs for Δ-ΔPCO2 and ΔScvO2 were 0.83 (p < 0.001) and 0.73 (p = 0.006), respectively. In these patients, Δ-ΔPCO2 ≤ -37.5% after VE allowed the categorization between responders and non-responders with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 60%. In sedated and mechanically ventilated septic patients with no signs of tissue hypoxia (oxygen-supply independency), Δ-ΔPCO2 is a reliable parameter to define fluid responsiveness.
A facile method for high-throughput screening of drug-eluting coatings in droplet microarrays based on ultrasonic spray deposition
Authors: Wang Cong , Xue Yunfan , Huang Junjie , Ren Kefeng , Greiner A. , Agarwal S. , Ji Jian
Published: August 2021

Droplet microarrays are fabricated for the high-throughput screening of drug-eluting coatings via ultrasonic spray deposition technique.
Investigation of antimony adsorption on a zirconium-porphyrin-based metal–organic framework
Authors: Guo Ying , Zhang Xinyue , Xie Nianyi , Guo Rongxiu , Wang Yao , Sun Zejun , Li Hong , Jia Hongna , Niu Dun , Sun Hong-bin
Published: August 2021

The porphyrin ring and the zirconium cluster contribute to the rapid, efficient and pH-dependent adsorption of antimony by PCN-222.
On-chip rapid drug screening of leukemia cells by acoustic streaming
Authors: Zhao Shu-Kun , Hu Xue-Jia , Zhu Jiao-Meng , Luo Zi-Yi , Liang Li , Yang Dong-Yong , Chen Yan-Ling , Chen Long-Fei , Zheng Ya-Jing , Hu Qing-Hao , Zheng Jing-Jing , Guo Shi-Shang , Cheng Yan-Xiang , Zhou Fu-Ling , Yang Yi
Published: August 2021

An acoustic streaming based rapid single-cell drug screening microfluidic device is developed. It is achieved by acoustic streaming non-invasively changing cell membrane permeability to accelerate drug absorption in drug concentration gradient field.
In situ coupling of Ag nanoparticles with high-entropy oxides as highly stable bifunctional catalysts for wearable Zn–Ag/Zn–air hybrid batteries
Authors: Zhang Yanyi , Lyu Juan , Zhao Yi-Lu , Hu Kailong , Chen Zuhuang , Lin Xi , Xie Guoqiang , Liu Xingjun , Qiu Hua-Jun
Published: August 2021

High entropy oxides (AlNiCoFeCr)3O4 with imbedded Ag nanoparticles exhibit high OER/ORR bifunctional activity, leading to high power density and energy density and long cycle life when used in Zn–Ag/Zn–air hybrid batteries.
Selective difunctionalization of electron-deficient alkynes: access to (E)-2-iodo-3-(methylthio)acrylate
Authors: Lu Ling-Hui , Ou Guangchuan , Zhao Xiongjie , Wang Yufei , Chen Xuelian , Liao Wenjun , Li Shundan , Wu Chao
Published: August 2021

A convenient and efficient approach to (E)-2-iodo-3-(methylthio)acrylate has been developed through direct iodothiomethylation of electron-deficient alkynes with aqueous HI and DMSO under mild conditions.
Vinyl sulfone synthesis via copper-catalyzed three-component decarboxylative addition
Authors: An Seunghwan , Song Kwang Ho , Lee Sunwoo
Published: August 2021

The synthesis of vinyl sulfone derivatives via the reaction of arylpropiolic acids, K2S2O5, and aryl boronic acids is reported.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of α-aryl acetophenones from styryl ethers and aryl diazonium salts via regioselective Heck arylation at room temperature
Authors: Venkatesh Rapelly , Singh Adesh Kumar , Lee Yong Rok , Kandasamy Jeyakumar
Published: August 2021

Synthesis of α-aryl acetophenones from styryl ethers and aryldiazonium salts is described at room temperature. The reaction is catalyzed by palladium acetate in the absence of ligands and base.
A three-step enantioselective synthesis of (+)- and (−)-α-thujone
Authors: Weeks Kellie L. , Williams Jack D. , Boyce Gregory R.
Published: August 2021

An asymmetric synthesis of α-thujone was achieved with a gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization as the key step. The route provides access either enantiomer of the natural product without the use of protecting groups or redox manipulations.
Benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol bearing 2-oxo-2-substituted-phenylethan-1-yl as potent selectivelasBquorum sensing inhibitors of Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Thanh Tung Truong , Xuan Huy Luong , Quoc Thang Nguyen
Published: August 2021

Benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol bearing 2-oxo-2-substituted-phenylethan-1-yl as potent selectivelasBquorum sensing inhibitors and anti-biofilm formation ofPseudomonas aeruginosa.
Hemorheology: the critical role of flow type in blood viscosity measurements
Authors: Javadi Elahe , Jamali Safa
Published: August 2021

The choice of flow type has an appreciable effect on hemorheological measurements.
The antigenicity of silk-based biomaterials: sources, influential factors and applications
Authors: Long Yanlin , Cheng Xian , Tang Qingming , Chen Lili
Published: August 2021

This review focuses on the antigenicity of silk-based materials applied in biomedical applications. It summarizes the immunomodulatory applications of silk, including bone regeneration, vascularization, and protection from inflammation.
Mesoporous polydopamine-coated hydroxyapatite nano-composites for ROS-triggered nitric oxide-enhanced photothermal therapy of osteosarcoma
Authors: Wang Yong-Chao , Dai Hong-Lian , Li Ze-Hao , Meng Zhi-Yuan , Xiao Yao , Zhao Zheng
Published: August 2021

A multifunctional therapeutic nanoplatform for ROS-triggered NO-enhanced photothermal therapy of osteosarcoma.
Epitaxial growth of ZrSe2nanosheets on sapphireviachemical vapor deposition for optoelectronic application
Authors: Tian Yan , Zheng Maoyuan , Cheng Yong , Yin Zhigang , Jiang Ji , Wang Gaokai , Chen Jingren , Li Xingxing , Qi Jing , Zhang Xingwang
Published: August 2021

For the first time the epitaxial growth of ZrSe2layers is realized on sapphireviaCVD, and the ZrSe2photodetector exhibits a stable and appreciable photoresponse in the visible-light region due to the direct band gap transition.
Theoretical computations on the efficiency of acetaldehyde formation on interstellar icy grains
Authors: Enrique-Romero Joan , Ceccarelli Cecilia , Rimola Albert , Skouteris Dimitrios , Balucani Nadia , Ugliengo Piero
Published: August 2021

Context. Interstellar grains are known to be important actors in the formation of interstellar molecules such as H2, water, ammonia, and methanol. It has been suggested that the so-called interstellar complex organic molecules (iCOMs) are also formed on the interstellar grain icy surfaces by the combination of radicals via reactions assumed to have an efficiency equal to unity.

Aims. In this work, we aim to investigate the robustness or weakness of this assumption. In particular, we consider the case of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), one of the most abundant and commonly identified iCOMs, as a starting study case. In the literature, it has been postulated that acetaldehyde is formed on the icy surfaces via the combination of HCO and CH3. Here we report new theoretical computations on the efficiency of its formation.

Methods. To this end, we coupled quantum chemical calculations of the energetics and kinetics of the reaction CH3 + HCO, which can lead to the formation of CH3CHO or CO + CH4. Specifically, we combined reaction kinetics computed with the Rice-Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory (tunneling included) method with diffusion and desorption competitive channels. We provide the results of our computations in the format used by astrochemical models to facilitate their exploitation.

Results. Our new computations indicate that the efficiency of acetaldehyde formation on the icy surfaces is a complex function of the temperature and, more importantly, of the assumed diffusion over binding energy ratio f of the CH3 radical. If the ratio f is ≥0.4, the efficiency is equal to unity in the range where the reaction can occur, namely between 12 and 30 K. However, if f is smaller, the efficiency dramatically crashes: with f = 0.3, it is at most 0.01. In addition, the formation of acetaldehyde is always in competition with that of CO + CH4.

Conclusions. Given the poor understanding of the diffusion over binding energy ratio f and the dramatic effect it has on the formation, or not, of acetaldehyde via the combination of HCO and CH3 on icy surfaces, model predictions based on the formation efficiency equal to one should to be taken with precaution. The latest measurements of f suggest f = 0.3 and, if confirmed for CH3, this would rule out the formation of acetaldehyde on the interstellar icy surfaces. We recall the alternative possibility, which was recently reviewed, that acetaldehyde could be synthesized in the gas phase starting from ethanol. Finally, our computations show the paramount importance played by the micro-physics involved in the interstellar surface chemistry and call for extensive similar studies on different systems believed to form iCOMs on the interstellar icy surfaces.
The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS)
Authors: Toba Yoshiki , Liu Teng , Urrutia Tanya , Salvato Mara , Li Junyao , Ueda Yoshihiro , Brusa Marcella , Yutani Naomichi , Wada Keiichi , Nishizawa Atsushi J. , Buchner Johannes , Nagao Tohru , Merloni Andrea , Akiyama Masayuki , Arcodia Riccardo , Hsieh Bau-Ching , Ichikawa Kohei , Imanishi Masatoshi , Inoue Kaiki T. , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Lamer Georg , Nandra Kirpal , Silverman John D. , Terashima Yuichi
Published: August 2021

Aims.We investigate the physical properties – such as the stellar mass (M*), star-formation rate, infrared (IR) luminosity (LIR), X-ray luminosity (LX), and hydrogen column density (NH) – of mid-IR (MIR) galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) atz< 4 in the 140 deg2field observed by eROSITA on SRG using the Performance-and-Verification-Phase program named the eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS).

Methods.By cross-matching the WISE 22 μm (W4)-detected sample and the eFEDS X-ray point-source catalog, we find that 692 extragalactic objects are detected by eROSITA. We have compiled a multiwavelength dataset extending from X-ray to far-IR wavelengths. We have also performed (i) an X-ray spectral analysis, (ii) spectral-energy-distribution fitting usingX-CIGALE, (iii) 2D image-decomposition analysis using Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam images, and (iv) optical spectral fitting with QSFit to investigate the AGN and host-galaxy properties. For 7088 WISE 22 μm objects that are undetected by eROSITA, we have performed an X-ray stacking analysis to examine the typical physical properties of these X-ray faint and probably obscured objects.

Results.We find that (i) 82% of the eFEDS–W4 sources are classified as X-ray AGN with logLX> 42 erg s−1; (ii) 67 and 24% of the objects have log(LIR/L⊙) > 12 and 13, respectively; (iii) the relationship betweenLXand the 6 μm luminosity is consistent with that reported in previous works; and (iv) the relationship between the Eddington ratio andNHfor the eFEDS–W4 sample and a comparison with a model prediction from a galaxy-merger simulation indicates that approximately 5.0% of the eFEDS–W4 sources in our sample are likely to be in an AGN-feedback phase, in which strong radiation pressure from the AGN blows out the surrounding material from the nuclear region.

Conclusions.Thanks to the wide area coverage of eFEDS, we have been able to constrain the ranges of the physical properties of the WISE 22 μm-selected sample of AGNs atz< 4, providing a benchmark for forthcoming studies on a complete census of MIR galaxies selected from the full-depth eROSITA all-sky survey.
Combined local flap and antrostomy in recurrent oroantral fistula and chronic maxillary atelectasis: a case report
Authors: Bouthenet Franklin , Amroun Samy , Zwetyenga Narcisse
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Chronic maxillary atelectasis refers to a persistent volume decrease of the maxillary sinus by inward bowing of its walls. When associated with hypoglobus or enophthalmos, some authors use the term “silent sinus syndrome”. We aimed to report a case of accidental diagnosis of chronic maxillary atelectasis while investigating and treating a recurrent oroantral fistula. Observation: CT imaging showed a large bone defect and stage II chronic maxillary atelectasis. Closure of the oroantral fistula was performed with a combined surgical approach: functional endoscopic surgery and buccal fat pad flap. The follow up at 2 months showed no signs of recurrent oroantral fistula. Commentaries: Chronic maxillary atelectasis is separated into three stages, membranous deformity (stage I), bony deformity (stage II), and clinical deformity (stage III). The term silent sinus syndrome should be abandoned for stage III chronic maxillary atelectasis to allow for better collaboration between medical practitioners. Recurrent oroantral fistulas should be treated with a combined approach including endoscopic antrostomy and local flap. Conclusion: The association of functional endoscopic surgery and buccal fat pad flap were the key to success in this case allowing for oroantral fistula closure and treatment of chronic maxillary atelectasis.
Numerical study of new techniques drag reduction: application to aerodynamic devices
Authors: Agriss Amine , Agouzoul Mohamed , Ettaouil Abdeslem , Mehdari Abdessamad
Published: August 2021

In the present study, new drag reduction techniques applied to aerodynamic structures have been developed. The test cases have been numerically performed using three simplified models. Simulations have been performed by using the CFD software Ansys fluent. The first case deals with a laminar flow over a flat plate. Drag reduction is obtained by corrugating the shape of the plate. The second case treats a laminar flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil. By the addition of a device fixed on the flow separation point, the drag could be reduced. The last case concerns a turbulent flow over the Ahmed body. Drag reduction is obtained by the perforation of a conduit leading a part of the flow from the front to be injected at the rear of the body.
Highly flexible CH3NH3PbI3 micro- and nanowires
Authors: Ćirić L. , Fontenlos M. , Nussbaumer V. , Spina M. , Foschia R. , Rossi L. , Kollár M. , Horváth E. , Forró L.
Published: August 2021

CH3NH3PbI3 is known to be very efficient in photon to electron conversion, which makes it extremely popular in opto-electronic applications ranging from solar cells to photodetectors. The material is very brittle in bulk, single crystalline, and thin film forms. Here, we report a high flexibility of it in micro- and nanowires' (marked as NWs) shapes contrary to thin films. This result represents an important step toward applications of this highly performant perovskite in flexible optoelectronic devices. The great suppleness originates from the highly crystalline form of these NWs.
Molecular dynamics-guided material model for the simulation of shock-induced pore collapse in β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (β-HMX)
Authors: Das Pratik , Zhao Puhan , Perera Dilki , Sewell Tommy , Udaykumar H. S.
Published: August 2021

Material models for single-crystal β-HMX are systematically examined in the context of continuum pore-collapse simulations. Continuum predictions using five different isotropic material models are compared head-to-head with molecular dynamics (MD) predictions for a 50 nm cylindrical pore in β-HMX subject to a range of shock strengths. Shock waves were generated using a reverse-ballistic configuration, propagating along [010] in the MD simulations. The continuum models are improved hierarchically, drawing on temperature- and pressure-dependent MD-derived material parameters. This procedure reveals the sensitivity of the continuum predictions of pore collapse to the underlying thermophysical models. The study culminates in an MD-calibrated isotropic rate- and temperature-dependent strength model, which includes appropriate submodels for the temperature-dependent melting point of β-HMX [M. P. Kroonblawd and R. A. Austin, Mech. Mater. 152, 103644 (2021)], pressure-dependent shear modulus [A. Pereverzev and T. Sewell, Crystals 10, 1123 (2020)], and temperature-dependent specific heat, that produces continuum pore-collapse results similar to those predicted by MD. The resulting MD-informed model should improve the fidelity of simulations to predict the detonation initiation of HMX-based energetic materials containing micrometer-scale pores.
Impeding the charge recombination through modifying the electron–phonon coupling in organic charge transfer complexes
Authors: Chen Zhiyan , Yang Yuying , Gao Mingsheng , Qin Wei
Published: August 2021

The third component doping is considered as an effective method to improve the performance of organic photovoltaics and to understand the role of the third component on the charge dissociation in ternary complexes. In this work, through changing the doping ratio of the third component, the electron–phonon (e–p) coupling coefficient is tuned, where the e–p coupling dependence of charge recombination is studied in ternary charge transfer complexes. Modifying the e–p coupling by an optimized doping ratio of the third component will effectively suppress charge recombination in ternary charge transfer complexes. Furthermore, the e–p coupling coefficient is tightly dependent on the external light intensity and temperature. Overall, the insights gained from this study may be of assistance to provide further information for improvement in the organic photovoltaics.
Tuning the metal insulator transition of vanadium dioxide on oxide nanosheets
Authors: Le Phu Tran Phong , Huang Sizhao , Nguyen Minh Duc , ten Elshof Johan E. , Koster Gertjan
Published: August 2021

For practical applications, tuning the metal-insulator transition (MIT) behavior of high-quality vanadium dioxide (VO2) on arbitrary substrates, such as Si and glass, is desirable. Here, we demonstrate the ability to tune the MIT temperature (TMIT) of VO2 films by growing them on NbWO6 (NWO) nanosheets on arbitrary substrates and varying the film thicknesses. The oxidation and crystal structure of VO2 films are determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction, respectively. It is observed that as the film thickness increases, the TMIT also increases to the bulk value, 341 K, because of the increase in the rutile c-axis of VO2. The strain effect accompanying with the film thickness variation on NWO nanosheets contribute to the shortening of the rutile cR axis in thin films and, hence, the lowering of TMIT of VO2. Furthermore, the arbitrary underlying substrates have negligible influence on the MIT behavior of VO2 on NWO nanosheets. These results open up the possibility to more freely choose a technical substrate material for functional VO2 films and tune its MIT.
Investigation of the impacts of the refill valve diameter on prestrike occurrence in gas circuit breakers
Authors: Homaee Omid , Kazempour Ali , Gholami Ahmad
Published: August 2021

In puffer type Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers (CBs), the refill valve is the main inlet duct for the SF6 gas to enter the puffer volume. When the CB is closing and moving contacts and the nozzle are moving toward fixed contacts, the SF6 gas enters the puffer volume via the refill valve. Since changing the refill valve diameter can alter the direction of the SF6 gas motion in the closing operation of CBs, understanding its effects on CBs' function and performance may help to improve the CB design. This paper has focused on the effects of refill valve diameter on prestrike occurrence in the closing operation of puffer type SF6 CBs. In order to accurately study these effects, some equations are used in the developed multiphysics model, including the Navier–Stokes equations and standard K–ε turbulent model for modeling the motion of the SF6 gas, heat equation for calculation of the gas temperature, Maxwell equations for electromagnetic fields modeling, and gas state equation for taking into account the severe dependence of the SF6 gas properties on temperature. Numerical studies have been performed on a 72.5 kV CB. Performance and functionality of this CB have been investigated for four different refill valves from several physical aspects. Numerical studies show that the refill valve diameter has a considerable influence on the prestrike occurrence instant.
A cryogenic memory array based on superconducting memristors
Authors: Alam Shamiul , Hossain Md Shafayat , Aziz Ahmedullah
Published: August 2021

A scalable cryogenic memory system is one of the prime requirements for the implementation of practical quantum computers, large-scale single flux quantum circuits, and space electronics. Here, we leverage the memristive behavior of a conductance-asymmetric superconducting quantum interference device (CA SQUID) to design an ultra-fast and low-power memory system. We develop a physics-based circuit-compatible model for CA-SQUID-based superconducting memristors (ScMs). Using this compact model, we design and test an ScM-based nonvolatile cryogenic memory system and explore the design space. Via analyzing the sensitivity and tunability of the device hysteresis up to the array level, we provide a comprehensive guideline for its experimental realization. The ScM-based memory system has the potential to solve the scalability issue of the state-of-the-art superconducting data storage systems and may trigger rapid advancement in quantum computing, space electronics, and cryogenic neuromorphic systems.
Type-II GeC/ZnTe heterostructure with high-efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Cao Moyun , Luan Lijun , Wang Zhu , Zhang Yan , Yang Yun , Liu Jian , Tian Ye , Wei Xing , Fan Jibin , Xie Yafei , Duan Li
Published: August 2021

Efficient carrier separation and suitable band edge position are necessary conditions for photocatalytic water splitting. Based on density functional theory, the electronic properties and optical performance of the GeC/ZnTe vdW heterostructure are systematically explored. The heterostructure with inherent type-II band arrangement is conducive to constantly separate the hole–electron pairs, thus improving the utilization of solar energy. Meanwhile, an excellent optical absorption coefficient has been proved in the heterostructure with large carrier mobility. Within the strain range of –4% to +3%, the heterostructure possesses appropriate band edges for photocatalytic water splitting and the light absorption performance is obviously improved. High solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (26.81%) means that the heterostructure can effectively convert photon energy into water splitting. These findings predict the possibility of GeC/ZnTe heterostructures as photocatalysts for water splitting and other optoelectronic devices.
Monitoring bent-wing bats at Bat Cleft in Central Queensland
Authors: Augusteyn John , Matthews Dennis , Richards Samuel
Published: August 2021

Undertaking accurate counts is an important part of managing cave-dwelling bats species such as the little bent-wing bat (Miniopterus australis) population at Mt Etna. A thermal camera and automated counting system were trialled to see if the technology would work at Mt Etna with the goal of producing accurate counts of bats. Although the heat radiating from the rock meant that the background at Mt Etna was not perfect, the automated system was able to recognise and count the bats as they emerged. The number of bats emerging from the cave varied from 82 677 in 2017/18 through to 139 783 in 2018/19. These estimates are within the range of those made in the 1960 to 1980s, which suggests that the population is stable, but we are unsure of the accuracy of these previous counts. These results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain accurate counts of reasonably large bat populations such as Bat Cleft and the methodology may have application for other gregarious and nocturnal species whose numbers can be difficult to count at night.
Potential fluctuation of δ
Authors: Ohshimo Seiji , Kodama Taketoshi , Yasuda Tohya , Kitajima Satoshi , Tsuji Toshihiro , Kidokoro Hideaki , Tanaka Hiroshige
Published: August 2021

Many studies have used stable isotope ratios in marine organisms to infer ecology, but few studies have considered potential temporal changes of baseline isotopic values. Such changes can reflect natural and anthropogenic changes in regional nutrient cycling and food-web ecology. This study evaluated changes in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N respectively) of three small pelagic forage fish species (sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)) in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea over 22 years (1998–2019). We calculated annual means of both stable isotope ratios with a generalised linear model (GLM) and time-series analysis (multivariate autoregressive state-space, MARSS) to account for environmental and anthropogenic effects. The highest and lowest least-square means of δ13C on the basis of the GLM were –17.2‰ (in 2005) and –18.5‰ (in 2013) respectively, and values declined drastically from 2005 to 2006. δ15N values decreased gradually on the basis of MARSS time-series, or were stable on the basis of the GLM analysis. Trends of δ13C and δ15N of forage fish species can be affected by the changes in baseline values, and changes in baseline values should, therefore, be taken into consideration when stable isotope ratios are used to infer food-web structures.
Acute effect of high-intensity interval training exercise on redox status in the ovaries of rats fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Furtado Rodrigo L. , Martins Jonathan Elias R. , Oliveira Maria Alice F. , Guerreiro Denise D. , de Sá Naiza A. R. , Ferraz Alex S. M. , Ceccatto Vânia M. , Rodrigues Ana Paula R. , Araújo Valdevane R.
Published: August 2021

This study demonstrates the effect of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on the redox status of rat ovaries with excess adiposity. Forty Wistar female rats (mean (±s.e.m.) weight 94.40 ± 13.40 g) were divided into two groups and fed either a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 62 days. At the end of this period, the rats were subjected to a single HIIT session and were killed 24 h after exercise. Both groups subjected to exercise (SDex and HFDex) generated a significantly higher antioxidant environment by presenting a higher thiol content, which represents a lower oxidation rate of GSH than their respective controls (SD and HFD). The percentage of morphologically normal primary follicles decreased, whereas that of antral follicles increased, in the SDex group. In addition, the HFD group had a higher percentage of degenerated antral follicles than the SD and SDex groups. Cells immunoreactive for α-smooth muscle actin were seen in the cortical stroma and thecal layer enclosing late secondary and tertiary follicles in all groups. Moreover, heme oxygenase and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp19A1) labelling was seen in all antral follicles. Progesterone concentrations were significantly higher in the HFDex than SDex group. In conclusion, this study indicates that a single session of HIIT may result in an improvement in ovary redox status because of metabolic muscle activity by inducing physiological adaptation after exercise in a paracrine manner.
Phytoplankton biodiversity is more important for ecosystem functioning in highly variable thermal environments
Authors: Bestion Elvire , Haegeman Bart , Alvarez Codesal Soraya , Garreau Alexandre , Huet Michèle , Barton Samuel , Montoya José M.
Published: August 2021

Significance

The combined acceleration of climate change and biodiversity loss necessitates understanding how ecosystem functions and services will be affected. Most studies focus on the effects of increasing mean temperatures, but climate change will increase temperature fluctuations too. We performed an experiment and developed a model to understand how increased temperature fluctuations affected the importance of biodiversity for ecosystem functioning in phytoplankton communities. Increased temperature fluctuations led to steeper biodiversity–ecosystem functioning slopes, which indicates that biodiversity loss has a stronger negative effect on ecosystem functioning than when conditions are more stable. Our model suggests that steeper slopes are associated with variation in thermal tolerances across species, as species-rich systems contained species able to resist the thermally fluctuating environments.
A poplar short-chain dehydrogenase reductase plays a potential key role in biphenyl detoxification
Authors: Contreras Ángela , Merino Irene , Álvarez Enrique , Bolonio David , Ortiz José-Eugenio , Oñate-Sánchez Luis , Gómez Luis
Published: August 2021

Significance

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls, represent a major environmental threat. Besides affecting human health, they negatively affect food security, pest and disease spread, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and the resilience of ecosystems. Plant-based remediation offers important advantages over conventional remediation. However, limited knowledge of POP metabolism in planta can delay the application of molecular tools to genetically improve cleanup efficiency. By integrating functional and structural studies, we define here a plant-specific pathway which is activated by and possibly contributes to detoxifying biphenyl-derived toxicants. This pathway exhibits common features with bacterial biphenyl/PCB degradation but also significant differences. Our results open avenues to improve the success of phytoremediation technologies.
Dynamically structured bubbling in vibrated gas-fluidized granular materials
Authors: Guo Qiang , Zhang Yuxuan , Padash Azin , Xi Kenan , Kovar Thomas M. , Boyce Christopher M.
Published: August 2021

Significance

The motion of granular materials, e.g., sand or catalytic particles, underlies many natural and industrial processes. Granular dynamics are difficult to understand and model because of transitions between solid-, liquid-, and gas-like behavior, and prior continuum models have struggled to capture these transitions. Bubble-like voids normally rise chaotically through grains suspended by upward gas flow. We create structured bubble formations by vibrating the system at a resonant frequency, independent of particle properties or system size, and we identify salient physics using a harmonic oscillator model. We propose a constitutive relationship that enables continuum models to predict structured bubbling a priori by capturing fluid–solid transitions. The continuum model and controlled bubble patterning can advance scale-up and optimization of industrial processes.
Bromodomain containing 9 (BRD9) regulates macrophage inflammatory responses by potentiating glucocorticoid receptor activity
Authors: Wang Liu , Oh Tae Gyu , Magida Jason , Estepa Gabriela , Obayomi S. M. Bukola , Chong Ling-Wa , Gatchalian Jovylyn , Yu Ruth T. , Atkins Annette R. , Hargreaves Diana , Downes Michael , Wei Zong , Evans Ronald M.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Glucocorticoids are widely prescribed antiinflammatory drugs that suppress inflammatory gene expression through activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR); however, the mechanisms of GR-mediated repression are not fully understood. We show here that bromodomain containing 9 (BRD9), a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, modulates GR activity in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Loss of BRD9 activity in macrophages attenuated the response to liposaccharides and interferon inflammatory stimuli. Notably, BRD9 inhibition synergized with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to suppress the inflammatory response in macrophages. Our data support a model in which BRD9 restricts GR binding at a subset of inflammatory related genes, and suggests that BRD9 inhibitors may increase the efficacy of glucocorticoids.
Imatinib augments standard malaria combination therapy without added toxicity
Authors: Chien Huynh Dinh , Pantaleo Antonella , Kesely Kristina R. , Noomuna Panae , Putt Karson S. , Tuan Tran Anh , Low Philip S. , Turrini Francesco M.
Published: August 2021

To egress from its erythrocyte host, the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, must destabilize the erythrocyte membrane by activating an erythrocyte tyrosine kinase. Because imatinib inhibits erythrocyte tyrosine kinases and because imatinib has a good safety profile, we elected to determine whether coadministration of imatinib with standard of care (SOC) might be both well tolerated and therapeutically efficacious in malaria patients. Patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria from a region in Vietnam where one third of patients experience delayed parasite clearance (DPC; continued parasitemia after 3 d of therapy) were treated for 3 d with either the region’s SOC (40 mg dihydroartemisinin + 320 mg piperaquine/d) or imatinib (400 mg/d) + SOC. Imatinib + SOC–treated participants exhibited no increase in number or severity of adverse events, a significantly accelerated decline in parasite density and pyrexia, and no DPC. Surprisingly, these improvements were most pronounced in patients with the highest parasite density, where serious complications and death are most frequent. Imatinib therefore appears to improve SOC therapy, with no obvious drug-related toxicities.
Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ga-67 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 67Ga to include the 2010 result of the PTB (Germany) and the 2010 result of the NIST (United States)
Authors: Michotte C , Courte S , Nonis M , Coulon R , Judge S , Ratel G , Fitzgerald R , Kossert K , Nähle O
Published: August 2021

Main text

Since 1978, 10 laboratories have submitted 17 samples of 67Ga to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ga-67. The PTB (Germany) and the NIST (United States) participated in the comparison. The key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been re-calculated using the power-moderated weighted mean. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical presentation is also given.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Irradiation-induced hardening in fusion relevant tungsten grades with different initial microstructures
Authors: Chang Chih-Cheng , Terentyev Dmitry , Zinovev Aleksandr , Van Renterghem Wouter , Yin Chao , Verleysen Patricia , Pardoen Thomas , Vilémová Monika , Matějíček Jiri
Published: August 2021

The development of advanced tungsten grades able to tolerate irradiation damage combined with thermo-mechanical loads is important for design of plasma-facing components for DEMO. The material microstructure (i.e. grain size, dislocation density, sub grains, texture) is defined by manufacturing and post heat treatment processes. In turn, the initial microstructure might have an important influence on the accumulation of neutron damage because irradiation defects interact with microstructural defects evolving into a new microstructural state. In this work, the microstructure and hardness of four tungsten grades is assessed before and after neutron irradiation performed at 600, 1000 and 1200 °C, up to a dose of ∼1.2 dpa. Experimental characterization involves hardness testing, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The investigated grades include Plansee and AT&M ITER specification tungsten, as well as fine grain tungsten produced by spark plasma sintering, and ultra-fine grain tungsten reinforced with 0.5 wt% ZrC particles.
Deep decarbonization impacts on electric load shapes and peak demand
Authors: Bistline John E T , Roney Christopher W , McCollum David L , Blanford Geoffrey J
Published: August 2021

The existing literature has shown the important role of electrification in deep decarbonization pathways, increasing electricity demand as end uses decarbonize. However, studies have not focused on the effects of electrification on aggregate load shapes and peak demand, which influence power sector investments, operations, and costs. Here we investigate potential impacts of deep decarbonization on regional load shapes and peak electricity demand using a detailed end-use simulation model linked to an electric sector capacity planning model. Scenario results suggest that electrification may contribute to peak load increases and shifts from summer peaks to winter ones, especially in cooler climates due to space heating electrification. We illustrate how net-zero emissions goals can amplify electrification and may entail 120%–165% increases in electric system capacity by 2050 due to a combination of electrification and high renewables deployment. The intensity and frequency of peak demand can be limited by load flexibility (providing incentives for electric end uses to shift away from periods of high demand, e.g. through deferrable electric vehicle charging), alternate end-use technology configurations (deploying higher efficiency end-use equipment to lower electricity consumption during peaks or using dual-fuel systems such as heat pumps paired with gas furnaces), and carbon removal (displacing higher marginal abatement cost electrification while reaching an equivalent emissions cap). This analysis is a first step toward systematically exploring load curves for electrified and decarbonized energy systems, and the results highlight opportunities for future research to better understand load shape impacts and flexibility.
Plastic transport in a complex confluence of the Mekong River in Cambodia
Authors: Haberstroh Charlotte J , Arias Mauricio E , Yin Zhewen , Sok Ty , Wang Michael C
Published: August 2021

Field data on plastic pollution is extremely limited in Southeast Asian rivers. Here we present the first field measurements of plastic transport in the Mekong, based on a comprehensive monitoring campaign during the monsoon season in the confluence of the Mekong, Tonle Sap, and Bassac rivers around Cambodia’s capital (Phnom Penh). For improved accuracy in the estimation of plastic loads and distribution, we combined Neuston net multipoint cross-sectional water sampling with acoustic Doppler current profiler high resolution measurements. During the wet season, around 2.03 × 105 kg d−1 of plastic were released from Phnom Penh into the Mekong, equivalent to 89 g d−1 capita−1, or 42% of all plastic waste generated in the city. Most plastic mass moved downstream at the surface. A smaller portion of plastics is mixed deep into the water column, potentially retained in the rivers, breaking down and resuspending over time. Overall, plastic waste from Phnom Penh and transported by the Mekong is a significant contribution to Southeast Asia’s plastic release into the ocean. This pollution represents a crucial risk to people in the region, as their livelihoods depend on fisheries from these water bodies.
Progressive Collapse Behaviour Assessment of Steel Frame Structures – A Review
Authors: Lavendra Samrat , Kumar Pawan , Raghavendra T
Published: August 2021

In building construction, steel structures are favoured as they have some advantageous properties, such as high strength, light weight and high construction performance. However, there are few disadvantages since steel structures are prone to incremental collapse caused by accidental scenarios in which structural components are weakened or eliminated, leading to structural failure. Many research studies have been carried out on steel frames are generally for single column removal scenario. Since more than single structural members may be affected during accidents, numerous column removal scenarios need to be investigated to assess the progressive collapse of steel frame. This reviews study on how the steel frame structures can be simulated numerically using various finite element software to determine progressive collapse resistance for steel frames for different Progressive Collapse scenarios. It is found that Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR), Dynamic Amplification Factor (DAF) and Robustness Index for the critical points are some of the parameters to check the stability of the steel structures due to Progressive collapse scenario.
Review on the correlation between mixing, microstructure and strength of cementitious products with nanoparticles
Authors: Adithya S N , Sachin K C , Radhakrishna  , Meda Ujwal Shreenag
Published: August 2021

Concrete is manmade multiphase composite where coarse granular materials are embedded in a hard matrix of binder, filling the space between the aggregate particles and gluing them all together that strengthens with time on hydration. Addition of nanoparticles further enhances the properties of the concrete such as early strength, refined micro structure and enhanced durability. Nanoparticles are added to cementitious composites by dry mixing with cement or dispersion in water. The challenge associated with it is the uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix of the composite. The type of mixer and the mixing pattern affect the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. This article reviews the effect of dispersion of nano particles, type of mixer and mixing pattern on the properties of cementitious composites.