bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of excessive screen time and associated factors in a school from a city in the northeast of brazil
Authors: Munaro Hector Luiz Rodrigues , Silva Diego Augusto Santos , Lopes Adair Da Silva
Published: November 2016

Introduction: Studies about screen time and its correlates are generally determined by the sum of the duration of several behaviours. Studies that analysed behaviours separately highlighted different correlates. Objective: Estimate the prevalence of excessive screen time, through watching television and using computers or video games, and its correlates, in students in a city in North-eastern Brazil. Methods: An investigation in a high school located in the city of Jequie, Bahia state, Brazil, with a sample of 1163 students between 14 and 20 years. The dependent variables were excessive time watching television and using computers or video games, and the independent ones were socio-demographic and lifestyle variables. The magnitude of the association was determined by the Odds Ratio (OR) and by 95% of con fi dence intervals (CI). Results: The prevalence of excessive time watching television was estimated at 32.8% (95% CI: 29.9% - 35.5%) and using computer/videogames was 27.3% (95%CI: 24.5% - 29.5%). Those who did not work (OR = 1.940; 95%CI: 1.365 - 2.758); those students whose mothers had less than eight years of schooling (OR = 1.324; 95%CI: 1.023 - 1.714); and who did not regularly eat vegetables (OR = 1.423; 95%CI: 1.082-1.871) were more likely to be exposed to excessive television. On the other hand, those who had not reached the minimum consumption of fruits (OR = 0.712; 95% CI: 0.245 - 0.929) showed lower odds. Female students (OR = 0.694; 95%CI: 0.528 - 0.912) and students with family income lower than two minimum wages (OR = 0.630; 95%CI: 0.474 - 0.838) had lower chances of exposure to excessive time using computer/video games, while the insufficiently active (OR = 0.631; 95% CI: 0.438 - 0.911) showed higher chances. Conclusions: About 1/3 of the students spent too much time in front of the television and computer/video games, with a different correlation relative to each of these behaviours.
Reference values for respiratory muscle strength in brazilian children: a review
Authors: Schivinski Camila Isabel Santos , Gonçalves Renata Maba , Castilho Tayná
Published: November 2016

Introduction: Reference values and equations show strong variability and regional differences, despite a well-established role of the assessment of respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in children, with the objective to follow up on diseases that affect the function of respiratory muscles and enable adequate growth and development. Objective: To describe reference values and prediction equations of maximal respiratory pressures for Brazilian children. Methods: Literature review was conducted using databases LILACS, MEDLINE and Science Direct, and descriptors established by DeCS of the Virtual Health Library: reference values, child, respiratory muscle strength, predictive equations and their respective synonyms in English. Results: Six clinical trials were carried out, which determined reference values for children in various Brazilian regions. There was a relationship among RMS values and other factors, such as age, height and body mass. However, there was a significant difference among the data in the Brazilian states and divergence among the predicted values. Conclusion: There is a consensus on the relationship among RMS, anthropometric factors and regional influences. The articles studied reported diverging predicted values and reference equations.
Associations between motor coordination and BMI in normal weight and overweight/obese adolescents
Authors: Chagas Daniel Das Virgens , Batista Luiz Alberto
Published: November 2016

Introduction: While evidence suggests that the levels of motor coordination and body mass index (BMI) are positively correlated, little is known about the influence of levels of physical activity on associations between these variables among adolescents. Objective: To analyse the relationships between levels of motor coordination and BMI in normal weight and overweight/obese adolescents, controlling for physical activity levels. Methods: Fifty-six students (50% overweight/obese adolescents), aged 12–14 years old, participated in this study. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children and the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder were used in order to assess the levels of physical activity and motor coordination, respectively. Bivariate and partial correlations were used to analyse the interrelationships among motor coordination, BMI and physical activity. The analysis of covariance test was used in order to compare the levels of motor coordination between normal weight and overweight adolescents, considering the physical activity level as a covariate. Results: Weak to moderate negative correlations (p < 0.05) were found between motor coordination and BMI in the sample as a whole, normal weight and overweight/obese groups. However, when controlled for physical activity levels. no significant correlation was observed in the normal weight group. Further, overweight/obese adolescents showed lower levels of motor coordination than their normal weight peers Conclusion: Physical activity levels infl uence the association between levels of motor coordination and BMI in normal weight adolescents, but not in their overweight/obese peers.
Structure of the germline genome of Tetrahymena thermophila and relationship to the massively rearranged somatic genome
Authors: Hamilton Eileen P , Kapusta Aurélie , Huvos Piroska E , Bidwell Shelby L , Zafar Nikhat , Tang Haibao , Hadjithomas Michalis , Krishnakumar Vivek , Badger Jonathan H , Caler Elisabet V , Russ Carsten , Zeng Qiandong , Fan Lin , Levin Joshua Z , Shea Terrance , Young Sarah K , Hegarty Ryan , Daza Riza , Gujja Sharvari , Wortman Jennifer R , Birren Bruce W , Nusbaum Chad , Thomas Jainy , Carey Clayton M , Pritham Ellen J , Feschotte Cédric , Noto Tomoko , Mochizuki Kazufumi , Papazyan Romeo , Taverna Sean D , Dear Paul H , Cassidy-Hanley Donna M , Xiong Jie , Miao Wei , Orias Eduardo , Coyne Robert S
Published: November 2016

The germline genome of the binucleated ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila undergoes programmed chromosome breakage and massive DNA elimination to generate the somatic genome. Here, we present a complete sequence assembly of the germline genome and analyze multiple features of its structure and its relationship to the somatic genome, shedding light on the mechanisms of genome rearrangement as well as the evolutionary history of this remarkable germline/soma differentiation. Our results strengthen the notion that a complex, dynamic, and ongoing interplay between mobile DNA elements and the host genome have shaped Tetrahymena chromosome structure, locally and globally. Non-standard outcomes of rearrangement events, including the generation of short-lived somatic chromosomes and excision of DNA interrupting protein-coding regions, may represent novel forms of developmental gene regulation. We also compare Tetrahymena’s germline/soma differentiation to that of other characterized ciliates, illustrating the wide diversity of adaptations that have occurred within this phylum.
A comprehensive excitatory input map of the striatum reveals novel functional organization
Authors: Hunnicutt Barbara J , Jongbloets Bart C , Birdsong William T , Gertz Katrina J , Zhong Haining , Mao Tianyi
Published: November 2016

The striatum integrates excitatory inputs from the cortex and the thalamus to control diverse functions. Although the striatum is thought to consist of sensorimotor, associative and limbic domains, their precise demarcations and whether additional functional subdivisions exist remain unclear. How striatal inputs are differentially segregated into each domain is also poorly understood. This study presents a comprehensive map of the excitatory inputs to the mouse striatum. The input patterns reveal boundaries between the known striatal domains. The most posterior striatum likely represents the 4th functional subdivision, and the dorsomedial striatum integrates highly heterogeneous, multimodal inputs. The complete thalamo-cortico-striatal loop is also presented, which reveals that the thalamic subregions innervated by the basal ganglia preferentially interconnect with motor-related cortical areas. Optogenetic experiments show the subregion-specific heterogeneity in the synaptic properties of striatal inputs from both the cortex and the thalamus. This projectome will guide functional studies investigating diverse striatal functions.
Association Between WIC Enrollment and Exclusive Breastfeeding at 3 Months Postpartum Among Low-Income Mothers
Authors: Francescon John , Haile Zelalem T. , Kling David , Chertok Ilana
Published: November 2016

Context: Existing literature suggests participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in the prenatal and postnatal periods is associated with lower rates of breastfeeding among WIC-eligible mothers. However, minimal research has been published on the association between WIC enrollment and exclusive breastfeeding.

Objective: To examine the association between WIC exposure and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum.

Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis using information on 784 low-income women who participated in the longitudinal population-based Infant Feeding Practices Study II between May 2005 and June 2007. The main outcome of interest was exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate OR and 95% CI for exclusive breastfeeding relative to WIC enrollment status, controlling for the confounding effects of other maternal characteristics. We further conducted a subgroup analysis among those participating in WIC prenatally to examine the association between receipt of information about infant feeding from WIC and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum.

Results: The crude prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum was 18.1% of women enrolled in WIC and 41.1% of WIC-eligible nonparticipants (P<.0001). After adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and anthropometric factors, the odds of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months were lower for women enrolled in WIC (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37-0.88) when compared with women not enrolled in WIC. In the subgroup analysis, receipt of information from WIC about feeding infants during the prenatal period was not significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.39-1.89).

Conclusion: Women who were enrolled in WIC and who received information about feeding infants were less likely to exclusively breastfeed than women not in WIC. Continued improvement and adjustment to the existing WIC breastfeeding program could potentially improve these rates. Additional studies that examine the quality of WIC services provided, especially those pertaining to breastfeeding programs, are warranted.
Alternative Scheduling Models: Improving Continuity of Care, Medical Outcomes, and Graduate Medical Education in Resident Ambulatory Training
Authors: Hussain Ali J.
Published: November 2016

An association has been consistently made about continuity of care with improved quality of care and improved medical outcomes. However, resident ambulatory block scheduling prevents the optimization of continuity of care in ambulatory clinical education. The author performed a PubMed search for studies examining continuity of care and curriculum scheduling in US primary care residency clinics. These studies indicate the success of an X + Y scheduling model in resident ambulatory training. Additional benefits have also been noted, including improved clinical teaching and learning, increased sense of teamwork, increased resident satisfaction, improved recruitment and retention, improved patient satisfaction, and elimination of year-end patient care issues after graduation. Many allopathic institutions have begun to implement such curricular changes with demonstrated success. The author argues that osteopathic graduate medical education should embrace the X + Y scheduling model.
Dominance of grain size impacts on seasonal snow albedo at open sites in New Hampshire
Authors: Adolph Alden C. , Albert Mary R. , Lazarcik James , Dibb Jack E. , Amante Jacqueline M. , Price Andrea
Published: November 2016

Snow cover serves as a major control on the surface energy budget in temperate regions due to its high reflectivity compared to underlying surfaces. Winter in the northeastern United States has changed over the last several decades, resulting in shallower snowpacks, fewer days of snow cover, and increasing precipitation falling as rain in the winter. As these climatic changes occur, it is imperative that we understand current controls on the evolution of seasonal snow albedo in the region. Over three winter seasons between 2013 and 2015, snow characterization measurements were made at three open sites across New Hampshire. These near‐daily measurements include spectral albedo, snow optical grain size determined through contact spectroscopy, snow depth, snow density, black carbon content, local meteorological parameters, and analysis of storm trajectories using the Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model. Using analysis of variance, we determine that land‐based winter storms result in marginally higher albedo than coastal storms or storms from the Atlantic Ocean. Through multiple regression analysis, we determine that snow grain size is significantly more important in albedo reduction than black carbon content or snow density. And finally, we present a parameterization of albedo based on days since snowfall and temperature that accounts for 52% of variance in albedo over all three sites and years. Our improved understanding of current controls on snow albedo in the region will allow for better assessment of potential response of seasonal snow albedo and snow cover to changing climate.
Torrential rainfall responses of Typhoon Fitow (2013) to radiative processes: A three‐dimensional WRF modeling study
Authors: Xu Huiyan , Liu Rui , Zhai Guoqing , Li Xiaofan
Published: November 2016

The three‐dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to conduct sensitivity experiments of Typhoon Fitow in 2013 during its landfall. Surface rainfall and heat budgets as well as the vertical profiles of stability and vertical velocity are analyzed to examine physical processes responsible for radiative effects on rainfall. The inclusion of radiative effects of liquid clouds suppresses radiative cooling in liquid cloud layers via reducing outgoing radiation to ice cloud layers, whereas it enhances radiative cooling in ice cloud layers through trapping less radiation from liquid cloud layers. The enhanced radiative cooling decreases from ice cloud layers to liquid cloud layers. The suppressed stability and vertical mass convergence increase. Thus, heat divergence is weakened to warm the atmosphere, which reduces net condensation and rainfall. The inclusion of radiative effects of ice clouds suppressed radiative cooling by reducing outgoing radiation. The suppressed radiative cooling reduces from ice cloud layers to liquid cloud layers, and the suppressed instability and vertical mass convergence decrease when radiative effects of liquid clouds are present. As a result, heat divergence is strengthened to cool the atmosphere, which increases net condensation and rainfall. The suppressed radiative cooling increases temperature and reduces net condensation and rainfall when radiative effects of liquid clouds are absent.
Dynamical downscaling simulation and future projection of summer rainfall in Taiwan: Contributions from different types of rain events
Authors: Huang Wan‐Ru , Chang Ya‐Hui , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung , Cheng Chao‐Tzuen , Tu Chia‐Ying
Published: November 2016

Summer rainfall in Taiwan is composed of four types of rain events: tropical cyclone (TC), frontal convection (FC), diurnal convection (DC), and other southerly convection (SC) that propagates from the nearby ocean. In this study, we accessed the present‐day simulation (1979–2003) and future projection (2075–2099, the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario) of rainfall in Taiwan by using the regional Weather Research and Forecasting model driven by the global High Resolution Atmospheric Model. The results indicated that the dynamical downscaling process adds value to the present‐day simulation of summer rainfall in Taiwan and the contribution of different types of rain events. It was found that summer rainfall in Taiwan will increase in a warmer future and that this change was mainly due to an increase in SC rainfall (i.e., light rainfall event). The following trends in Taiwan rainfall were also predicted in a warmer future: (1) SC rainy days will increase because the intensified monsoonal flow facilitates the propagation of more SC toward Taiwan, (2) TC rainy days will decrease as the Western North Pacific subtropical high extends southwestward and prevents TC systems from passing over Taiwan, (3) DC rainy days will decrease in response to the increased local thermal stability, and (4) FC rainy days will show no significant changes. Moreover, all types of rainfall are projected to become more intense in the future due to the increased moisture supply in a warmer climate. These findings highlight how the rainfall characteristics in East Asia may change in response to climate change.
Measurements of δ13C in CH4 and using particle dispersion modeling to characterize sources of Arctic methane within an air mass
Authors: France J. L. , Cain M. , Fisher R. E. , Lowry D. , Allen G. , O'Shea S. J. , Illingworth S. , Pyle J. , Warwick N. , Jones B. T. , Gallagher M. W. , Bower K. , Le Breton M. , Percival C. , Muller J. , Welpott A. , Bauguitte S. , George C. , Hayman G. D. , Manning A. J. , Myhre C. Lund , Lanoisellé M. , Nisbet E. G.
Published: November 2016

A stratified air mass enriched in methane (CH4) was sampled at ~600 m to ~2000 m altitude, between the north coast of Norway and Svalbard as part of the Methane in the Arctic: Measurements and Modelling campaign on board the UK's BAe‐146‐301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft. The approach used here, which combines interpretation of multiple tracers with transport modeling, enables better understanding of the emission sources that contribute to the background mixing ratios of CH4 in the Arctic. Importantly, it allows constraints to be placed on the location and isotopic bulk signature of the emission source(s). Measurements of δ13C in CH4 in whole air samples taken while traversing the air mass identified that the source(s) had a strongly depleted bulk δ13C CH4 isotopic signature of −70 (±2.1)‰. Combined Numerical Atmospheric‐dispersion Modeling Environment and inventory analysis indicates that the air mass was recently in the planetary boundary layer over northwest Russia and the Barents Sea, with the likely dominant source of methane being from wetlands in that region.
Improving the accuracy of the gradient method for determining soil carbon dioxide efflux
Authors: Sánchez‐Cañete Enrique P. , Scott Russell L. , van Haren Joost , Barron‐Gafford Greg A.
Published: November 2016

Soil CO2 efflux (Fsoil) represents a significant source of ecosystem CO2 emissions that is rarely quantified with high‐temporal‐resolution data in carbon flux studies. Fsoil estimates can be obtained by the low‐cost gradient method (GM), but the utility of the method is hindered by uncertainties in the application of published models for the diffusion coefficient. Therefore, to address and resolve these uncertainties, we compared Fsoil measured by 2 soil CO2 efflux chambers and Fsoil estimated by 16 gas transport models using the GM across 1 year. We used 14 published empirical gas diffusion models and 2 in situ models: (1) a gas transfer model called “Chamber model” obtained using a calibration between the chamber and the gradient method and (2) a diffusion model called “SF6 model” obtained through an interwell conservative tracer experiment. Most of the published models using the GM underestimated cumulative annual Fsoil by 55% to 361%, while the Chamber model closely approximated cumulative Fsoil (0.6% error). Surprisingly, the SF6 model combined with the GM underestimated Fsoil by 32%. Differences between in situ models could stem from the Chamber model implicitly accounting for production of soil CO2, while the conservative tracer model does not. Therefore, we recommend using the GM only after calibration with chamber measurements to generate reliable long‐term ecosystem Fsoil measurements. Accurate estimates of Fsoil will improve our understanding of soil respiration's contribution to ecosystem fluxes.
More Evidence for Three Types of Cognitive Style: Validating the Object‐Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire Using Eye Tracking when Learning with Texts and Pictures
Authors: Höffler Tim N. , Koć‐Januchta Marta , Leutner Detlev
Published: November 2016

There is some indication that people differ regarding their visual and verbal cognitive style. The Object‐Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ) assumes a three‐dimensional cognitive style model, which distinguishes between object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal dimensions. Using eye tracking as a means to observe actual gaze behaviours when learning with text–picture combinations, the current study aims to validate this three‐dimensional assumption by linking the OSIVQ to learning behaviour. The results largely confirm the model in that they show the expected correlations between results on the OSIVQ, visuo‐spatial ability and learning behaviour. Distinct differences between object visualizers, spatial visualizers and verbalizers could be demonstrated.© 2016 The Authors Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Electron Beam Lithography on Irregular Surface Using Grafted PMMA Monolayer as Resist
Authors: Dey Ripon Kumar , Aydinoglu Ferhat , Cui Bo
Published: November 2016

An electron beam resist is usually coated by conventional coating methods such as spin‐coating, which cannot be reliably applied on irregular surfaces. Here, it is demonstrated that a monolayer resist can be grafted on nonflat surface to enable nanofabrication on it. As a proof‐of‐concept of patterning on irregular surfaces, poly(methyl methacrylate) (contains 1.6% methacrylic acid that has the carboxyl group needed for grafting) is chosen and is grafted on irregular surfaces by thermal treatment which induces a chemical reaction of the carboxyl group with the hydroxyl group on substrate. Subsequently, nanostructures are patterned by electron beam lithography on this monolayer resist grafted on nonflat surface such as atomic force mocroscopy (AFM) cantilevers, and then the patterns are transferred to the layer underneath. A high resolution of 30 nm line width is achieved using this monolayer resist. Nanofabrication on irregular surfaces may have applications in the fields of tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy for chemical analysis and lab‐on‐fiber technology for sensor applications.
3D Graphene Oxide Micropatterns Achieved by Roller‐Assisted Microcontact Printing Induced Interface Integral Peel and Transfer
Authors: Xiao Peng , Du Shiyu , Zhang Tao , Qiu Nianxiang , Zhang Jiawei , Huang Youju , Wan Changjin , Jordan Rainer , Huang Qing , Liu Zhaoping , Chen Tao
Published: December 2016

Most fascinating applications of graphene‐based devices are highly dependent on the precise fabrication of patterned graphene microstructures. While considerable progress of 2D patterning of graphene has been achieved with various lithographic techniques, the realization of patterned 3D graphene microstructures still remains a significant challenge. Here, a rapid and highly scalable roller‐assisted microcontact printing (RAμCP) strategy for the fabrication of 3D graphene oxide micropatterns is reported. The facile RAμCP allows for the robust negative duplication of 3D topologies of the microstructured stamp using chemically modified graphene as the inks. The patterned 3D graphene microstructures exhibit interesting properties of graphene itself and allow for further functionalization of polymers to enable the potential integration of the 3D patterned microstructures into next‐generation 2D Janus hybrid thin film for chemical sensors and other electronic devices.
Extreme Refractive Index Wing Scale Beads Containing Dense Pterin Pigments Cause the Bright Colors of Pierid Butterflies
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , Wijnen Bas , Leertouwer Hein L. , Steiner Ullrich , Stavenga Doekele G.
Published: November 2016

Butterflies of the family Pieridae are brightly colored, ranging from white to red, caused by various pterin pigments concentrated in scattering spheroidal beads in the wing scales. Given the sparsity of the beads in the wing scales, the high brightness suggests a scattering strength of the beads that significantly surpasses that of typical cuticular chitin beads with the areal density found in the wing scales. To elucidate this apparent contradiction, the optical signature of the pierids' highly saturated pigmentary colors are analyzed by using Jamin–Lebedeff interference microscopy combined with Kramers–Kronig theory and light scattering modeling. This study shows that extreme pterin pigment concentrations cause a very high refractive index of the beads with values above 2 across the visible wavelength range, thus creating one of the most highly light scattering media thus far discovered in the animal kingdom.
Sociodemographic correlates and family aggregation of leukocyte telomere length in adults and children from Mesoamerica
Authors: Flannagan Kerry S. , Jansen Erica C. , Rozek Laura S. , Rentschler Katie M. , Roman Ana Victoria , Ramirez‐Zea Manuel , Villamor Eduardo ,   For the Nine Mesoamerican Countries Metabolic Syndrome Study (NiMeCoMeS) Group
Published: November 2016

Objective

Telomere length is a biomarker of cumulative stress and inflammation related to chronic disease risk. We examined the associations of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables and estimated LTL family aggregation in Central America, a region with a high burden of chronic disease where LTL has not been studied.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 174 school age children and their parents in the capital cities of Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and the city of Tuxtla‐Gutierrez in Mexico. We measured LTL by quantitative PCR in DNA extracted from whole blood. We compared the distribution of LTL by categories of sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics using linear regression. Family aggregation was estimated with correlation coefficients and intraclass correlations.

Results

In mothers, LTL was inversely associated with age (P, trend < .0001) and positively associated with height (P = .0002). Among fathers, LTL was inversely associated with food insecurity (P, trend = .0004). In children, boys had 0.10 log units shorter LTL than girls (95% CI: −0.17, −0.03; P = .004). LTL was inversely associated with parental education (P, trend = .01) and positively associated with paternal age at birth (P, trend < .0001), maternal LTL (P, trend = .007), and paternal LTL (P, trend = .02). LTL varied significantly by country of origin among all family members. Aggregation was greatest between children and their mothers, and mostly occurred at the country, rather than family, level.

Conclusion

LTL is associated with age and height in women; food insecurity in men; and sex, parental education, parental LTL, and paternal age at birth among children.
Chimpanzee uses manipulative gaze cues to conceal and reveal information to foraging competitor
Authors: Hall Katie , Oram Mike W. , Campbell Matthew W. , Eppley Timothy M. , Byrne Richard W. , de Waal Frans B.M.
Published: November 2016

Tactical deception has been widely reported in primates on a functional basis, but details of behavioral mechanisms are usually unspecified. We tested a pair of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the informed forager paradigm, in which the subordinate saw the location of hidden food and the dominant did not. We employed cross‐correlations to examine temporal contingencies between chimpanzees’ behavior: specifically how the direction of the subordinate's gaze and movement functioned to manipulate the dominant's searching behavior through two tactics, withholding, and misleading information. In Experiment 1, not only did the informed subordinate tend to stop walking toward a single high value food, but she also refrained from gazing toward it, thus, withholding potentially revealing cues from her searching competitor. In a second experiment, in which a moderate value food was hidden in addition to the high value food, whenever the subordinate alternated her gaze between the dominant and the moderate value food, she often paused walking for 5 s; this frequently recruited the dominant to the inferior food, functioning as a “decoy.” The subordinate flexibly concealed and revealed gaze toward a goal, which suggests that not only can chimpanzees use visual cues to make predictions about behavior, but also that chimpanzees may understand that other individuals can exploit their gaze direction. These results substantiate descriptive reports of how chimpanzees use gaze to manipulate others, and to our knowledge are the first quantitative data to identify behavioral mechanisms of tactical deception.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Cross correlations show a subordinate chimpanzee tactically deceived a dominant by not gazing toward a valuable food (withholding), and recruiting to a “decoy” food (misleading). Chimpanzees understand that others can exploit their gaze direction.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Allylic Alkylation Reactions with Crotyl Chloride
Authors: Hethcox J. Caleb , Shockley Samantha E. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: November 2016

The development of the first enantio‐, diastereo‐, and regioselective iridium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction of prochiral enolates to form an all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center with an aliphatic‐substituted allylic electrophile is disclosed. The reaction proceeds with good to excellent selectivity with a range of substituted tetralone‐derived nucleophiles furnishing products bearing a newly formed vicinal tertiary and all‐carbon quaternary stereodyad. The utility of this protocol is further demonstrated via a number of synthetically diverse product transformations.
Fabrication of starch‐g‐poly(l‐lactic acid) biocomposite films: Effects of the shear‐mixing and reactive‐extrusion conditions
Authors: Salimi Kouroush , Şen Selin Cansu , Ersan Hülya Yavuz , Pişkin Erhan
Published: November 2016

In this study, we developed a new approach for the fabrication of a green poly(l‐lactic acid)‐grafted starch (St‐g‐PLA) copolymer and nanocomposite (St‐g‐PLA/organoclay)‐based films via shear‐mixing and reactive‐extrusion systems. The chemical and physical structures, thermal behavior, and morphology of the synthesized blends and some other parameters were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Significant increases in the mechanical and permeability properties were evident in the high value of grafted poly(lactic acid) molar percentages and high exfoliation of organoclay. The biodegradability of films were investigated under aerobic composting conditions through the measurement of the temperature, moisture, pH, consumed O2 value, and carbon dioxide produced. This new strategy mainly improved the good adhesion between both phases, and it was an interesting method for the production of environmentally friendly biocomposites that could easily be scaled up for commercial production with the potential for replacing petroleum‐based plastics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44490.
Parameter Identification and Adaptive Control Of Carbon Nanotube Resonators
Authors: Jamshidifar Hamed , Askari Hassan , Fidan Baris
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we exploit an adaptive control scheme to adjust highly sensitive oscillations of fluid conveying carbon nanotube (CNT) resonators. Firstly, we focus on the nonlinear vibrations of the fluid conveying CNTs, considering an added mass using nonlocal Euler‐Bernoulli beam theory. CNT rests on nonlinear Winkler and Pasternak foundations. We use the Galerkin method to extract the nonlinear ordinary differential equation models of the CNT oscillations. We elicit a linear parametric model for estimating the added mass and other parameters of the system. Numerical simulations delineate that the developed model has sensitivity to added mass at the yoctogram level. It is known that CNT vibrations are very sensitive to small perturbations. Accordingly, a small perturbation results in significantly abrupt changes in the vibrational parameters of the targeted system. For that reason, it is crucial to have a potent apparatus for identifying the system parameters in case of sudden changes in the vibrational parameters. For such parameter identification, a least squares (LS) parameter identification algorithm and an extended Luenberger observer are integrated to a pole placement controller for online estimation of the system parameters as well as vibration control of the objective system. It is well‐known that CNTs are potentially ideal atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes, and accordingly, the proposed method is potentially beneficial for identifying highly sensitive motions in AFM. In addition, numerical simulations are presented, showing that the proposed adaptive controller has the potential to be used for vibration control of the CNT resonators even in the case of chaotic motions.
Autism and emotional face‐viewing
Authors: Åsberg Johnels Jakob , Hovey Daniel , Zürcher Nicole , Hippolyte Loyse , Lemonnier Eric , Gillberg Christopher , Hadjikhani Nouchine
Published: November 2016

Atypical patterns of face‐scanning in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may contribute to difficulties in social interactions, but there is little agreement regarding what exactly characterizes face‐viewing in ASD. In addition, little research has examined how face‐viewing is modulated by the emotional expression of the stimuli, in individuals with or without ASD. We used eye‐tracking to explore viewing patterns during perception of dynamic emotional facial expressions in relatively large groups of individuals with (n = 57) and without ASD (n = 58) and examined diagnostic‐ and age‐related effects, after subgrouping children and adolescents (≤18 years), on the one hand, and adults (>18 years), on the other. Results showed that children/adolescents with ASD fixated the mouth of happy and angry faces less than their typically developing (TD) peers, and conversely looked more to the eyes of happy faces. Moreover, while all groups fixated the mouth in happy faces more than in other expressions, children/adolescents with ASD did relatively less so. Correlation analysis showed a similar lack of relative orientation towards the mouth of smiling faces in TD children/adolescents with high autistic traits, as measured by the Autism‐Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Among adults, participants with ASD only attended less to the eyes for neutral faces. Our study shows that the emotional content of a face influences gaze behaviour, and that this effect is not fully developed in children/adolescents with ASD. Interestingly, this lack of differentiation observed in the younger ASD group was also seen in younger TD individuals with higher AQ scores. Autism Res 2017, 10: 901–910. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paternal and joint parental occupational pesticide exposure and spina bifida in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 to 2002
Authors: Pettigrew Stacy M. , Bell Erin M. , Van Zutphen Alissa R. , Rocheleau Carissa M. , Shaw Gary M. , Romitti Paul A. , Olshan Andrew , Lupo Philip J. , Soim Aida , Makelarski Jennifer A. , Michalski Adrian M. , Sanderson Wayne ,   and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: November 2016

Background

Because of persistent concerns over the association between pesticides and spina bifida, we examined the role of paternal and combined parental occupational pesticide exposures in spina bifida in offspring using data from a large population‐based study of birth defects.

Methods

Occupational information from fathers of 291 spina bifida cases and 2745 unaffected live born control infants with estimated dates of delivery from 1997 to 2002 were collected by means of maternal report. Two expert industrial hygienists estimated exposure intensity and frequency to insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for exposure to any pesticide and to any class of pesticide (yes/no; and by median), and exposure to combinations of pesticides (yes/no) and risk of spina bifida. Adjusted odds ratios were also estimated by parent exposed to pesticides (neither, mother only, father only, both parents).

RESULTS

Joint parental occupational pesticide exposure was positively associated with spina bifida (aOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9–2.4) when compared with infants with neither maternal nor paternal exposures; a similar association was not observed when only one parent was exposed. There was a suggested positive association between combined paternal insecticide and fungicide exposures and spina bifida (aOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.8–2.8), however, nearly all other aORs were close to unity.

Conclusion

Overall, there was little evidence paternal occupational pesticide exposure was associated with spina bifida. However, the small numbers make it difficult to precisely evaluate the role of pesticide classes, individually and in combination. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:963–971, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acardiac twin pregnancies part IV: Acardiac onset from unequal embryonic splitting simulated by a fetoplacental resistance model
Authors: Gemert Martin J.C. van , Wijngaard Jeroen P.H.M. van den , Paarlberg K. Marieke , Gardiner Helena M. , Nikkels Peter G.J.
Published: November 2016

Background

Benirschke postulated that acardiac twinning occurs when markedly unequal embryonic splitting combines with arterioarterial (AA) and venovenous placental anastomoses. We tested this hypothesis by model simulations and by comparison of outcomes with 18 “pseudo‐” (twin fetus with beating heart but otherwise with clear signs of an acardiac) and 3 “normal” acardiac cases.

Methods

The smaller/larger cell volume ratio at embryonic splitting becomes the smaller/larger embryonic/fetal blood volume ratio (a). From a, we derived nonpulsating blood pressures using normal values (larger twin) and normal values at an appropriate earlier gestational age (smaller twin). These unequal pressure sources were used in a linear resistance fetoplacental network to calculate umbilical venous diameter ratios. Acardiac onset occurs when the smaller twin has 50% left of its normal, singleton placenta. Comparison with clinical cases approximated a by crown‐rump‐length‐ratio to the 3rd power. Input parameters are a and the AA‐radius at 40 weeks.

Results

Acardiacs can be small or large, can occur early or late, earlier at smaller a and larger AA, with larger umbilical venous diameter ratios at smaller a and smaller AA. Comparison with the 21 clinical cases was good, except for 2.

Conclusion

Our analysis supports Benirschke's hypothesis. The smaller twin has to share its placental perfusion with the larger twin, which is a novel finding. The AA size is essential for the future of both fetuses but complicates easy understanding of (pseudo‐)acardiac clinical presentations. Late acardiac onset occurs infrequently. Using nonpulsating circulations may have caused our extensive predictions of late onset. An improved model requires including hypoxemia in the smaller twin from chronic placental hypoperfusion. Birth Defects Research 109:211–223, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Editorial brain malformation surveillance in the Zika era
Authors: Trevathan Edwin
Published: November 2016

The current surveillance systems for congenital microcephaly are necessary to monitor the impact of Zika virus (ZIKV) on the developing human brain, as well as the ZIKV prevention efforts. However, these congenital microcephaly surveillance systems are insufficient. Abnormalities of neuronal differentiation, development and migration may occur among infants with normal head circumference who have intrauterine exposure to ZIKV. Therefore, surveillance for congenital microcephaly does not ascertain many of the infants seriously impacted by congenital ZIKV infection. Furthermore, many infants with normal head circumference and with malformations of the brain cortex do not have clinical manifestations of their congenital malformations until several months to many years after birth, when they present with clinical manifestations such as seizures/epilepsy, developmental delays with or without developmental regression, and/or motor impairment.

In response to the ZIKV threat, public health surveillance systems must be enhanced to ascertain a wide variety of congenital brain malformations, as well as their clinical manifestations that lead to diagnostic brain imaging. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:869–874, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative T1‐mapping detects cloudy‐enhancing tumor compartments predicting outcome of patients with glioblastoma
Authors: Müller Andreas , Jurcoane Alina , Kebir Sied , Ditter Philip , Schrader Felix , Herrlinger Ulrich , Tzaridis Theophilos , Mädler Burkhard , Schild Hans H. , Glas Martin , Hattingen Elke
Published: November 2016

Contrast enhancement of glioblastomas (GBM) is caused by the decrease in relaxation time, T1. Here, we demonstrate that the quantitative measurement of T1 (qT1) discovers a subtle enhancement in GBM patients that is invisible in standard MRI. We assessed the volume change of this “cloudy” enhancement during radio‐chemotherapy and its impact on patients’ progression‐free survival (PFS). We enrolled 18 GBM patients in this observational, prospective cohort study and measured 3T‐MRI pre‐ and post contrast agent with standard T1‐weighted (T1w) and with sequences to quantify T1 before radiation, and at 6‐week intervals during radio‐chemotherapy. We measured contrast enhancement by subtracting pre from post contrast contrast images, yielding relative signal increase ∆T1w and relative T1 shortening ∆qT1. On ∆qT1, we identified a solid and a cloudy‐enhancing compartment and evaluated the impact of their therapy‐related volume change upon PFS. In ∆qT1 maps cloudy‐enhancing compartments were found in all but two patients at baseline and in all patients during therapy. The qT1 decrease in the cloudy‐enhancing compartment post contrast was 21.64% versus 1.96% in the contralateral control tissue (P < 0.001). It was located at the margin of solid enhancement which was also seen on T1w. In contrast, the cloudy‐enhancing compartment was visually undetectable on ∆T1w. A volume decrease of more than 21.4% of the cloudy‐enhancing compartment at first follow‐up predicted longer PFS (P = 0.038). Cloudy‐enhancing compartment outside the solid contrast‐enhancing area of GBM is a new observation which is only visually detectable with qT1‐mapping and may represent tumor infiltration. Its early volume decrease predicts a longer PFS in GBM patients during standard radio‐chemotherapy.
The pertinence of new public management in a developing country: The healthcare system in Morocco
Authors: Errami Youssef , Cargnello Charles Emmanuelle
Published: November 2016

Morocco has reformed its health systems according to the New Public Management (NPM) model. Despite several positive results of the refo, our account and analysis of events related to the reform, as a chronological narrative from 2002 to 2012, along with findings of a qualitative study and semi‐structured interviews reveal organizational dysfunction alongside an increase in managerial problems. The Moroccan case is symptomatic of situations in many developing countries. It raises questions about the relevance of NMP in these countries and about the institutional prerequisites for successful public reforms in particular. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer and treatment distress psychometric evaluation over time: A BMT CTN 0902 secondary analysis
Authors: Syrjala Karen L. , Sutton Steven K. , Jim Heather S. L. , Knight Jennifer M. , Wood William A. , Lee Stephanie J. , Jacobsen Paul B. , Abidi Muneer H. , Yi Jean C.
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Routine monitoring of cancer‐related distress is recognized as essential to quality care and mandated by a major accrediting organization. However, to the authors' knowledge, few cancer‐specific measures have been developed to date to assess the multiple cancer‐related factors contributing to this distress. In the current study, the authors examined the psychometric properties of the Cancer and Treatment Distress (CTXD) measure over time in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients.

METHODS

As a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial, adult patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic HCT completed patient‐reported outcomes including the CTXD and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) before transplantation and 100 days and 180 days after HCT.

RESULTS

Across 21 transplantation centers, a total of 701 patients consented, underwent transplantation, and were included in the current analyses, 645 of whom were alive at 100 days and 618 of whom were alive at 180 days. Internal consistency reliability was found to be strong for the overall CTXD at the 3 time points: Cronbach alphas (α) were .94, .95, and .95, respectively. Subscale reliability met hypothesized levels of an α>.70 across time, with the lowest reliability noted for the Identity subscale at 180 days (α = .77). Correlations with the SF‐36 Mental Health subscale were higher than with the Physical Functioning subscale at each time point, thereby supporting convergent and discriminant validity. Strong correlations of the pretransplantation CTXD with the posttransplantation CTXD and SF‐36 Mental Health subscale supported predictive validity.

CONCLUSIONS

The CTXD is reliable and valid as a measure of cancer distress both before and after HCT. It may be a useful tool for measuring dimensions of distress and for defining those patients requiring treatment for distress during and after transplantation. Cancer 2017;123:1416–1423. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
The Effect of Illustration on Improving Text Comprehension in Dyslexic Adults
Authors: Holmqvist Olander Mona , Wennås Brante Eva , Nyström Marcus
Published: November 2016

This study analyses the effect of pictures in reading materials on the viewing patterns of dyslexic adults. By analysing viewing patterns using eye‐tracking, we captured differences in eye movements between young adults with dyslexia and controls based on the influence of reading skill as a continuous variable of the total sample. Both types of participants were assigned randomly to view either text‐only or a text + picture stimuli. The results show that the controls made an early global overview of the material and (when a picture was present) rapid transitions between text and picture. Having text illustrated with a picture decreased scores on questions about the learning material among participants with dyslexia. Controls spent 1.7% and dyslexic participants 1% of their time on the picture. Controls had 24% fewer total fixations; however, 29% more of the control group's fixations than the dyslexic group's fixations were on the picture. We also looked for effects of different types of pictures. Dyslexic subjects exhibited a comparable viewing pattern to controls when scenes were complex, but fewer fixations when scenes were neutral/simple. Individual scan paths are presented as examples of atypical viewing patterns for individuals with dyslexia as compared with controls. © 2016 The Authors. Dyslexia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.