bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music in the Universities
Authors: Rootham Cyril B.
Published: January 2007

On Friday last I received from Sir Hugh Allen a prepaid telegram in regard to this meeting. Although I do not come to the meetings as often as I should like—mainly because of the difficulty of getting away in term time—I intended to come on this particular occasion; and I replied to this effect. Sir Hugh Allen then sent me this sheaf of pencilled notes, which I received by the second post on Saturday. Well, those of you who have had to read Sir Hugh Allen's writing, especially when he has written in a hurry, will know that it requires leisure to decipher his notes; and even I find it difficult to decipher them, although we have worked together for years. With this sheaf came the message: “Here are my notes and you say what you think fit.” But it was the beginning of the Cambridge term last week; and those of you who know what term time is like at Cambridge will know there is very little leisure. In the circumstances I know you will feel sorry for me, and that you will do your best to overlook all imperfections. Then, further, Sir Hugh Allen went to Brighton yesterday to recoup, so I have not been able to see him. He calls his Paper “Music in the Universities.” I do not know what his intention was. All he has been able to do has been to go into the question of Oxford and occasionally to touch upon Cambridge. Whether he meant to touch upon the question of Music at all the Universities I do not know. I wrote to him on the subject, but no answer has reached me, and, as I have said, I have not been able to see him.
The Northumbrian Small-Pipes
Authors: North S. Kennedy
Published: January 2007

The musical instrument known as a bag-pipe consists of a reeded chanter with holes for the performer's fingers to make the melody, one or more reeded drones to provide a continuous harmony, and a bag containing a supply of air.

Ancient Egypt in 1000 B.C. provides the earliest known example of the double reeded pipe. There is a Chinese tradition stating the discovery of a reeded pipe in B.C. 2585 by the Prime Minister to the Emperor Hoang-Ty. Even ancient Peruvian art has given us illustrations of the bagpipes.
The Secular Music of John Blow
Authors: Shaw Harold Watkins
Published: January 2007

Of all English composers of the late seventeenth century, the name of John Blow is, with the sole exception of Purcell, the most familiar to musicians not specially versed or interested in the period. The eminence of his professional position, the superlatives commonly applied to him by his contemporaries, his intriguing but somewhat mysterious relations with Purcell, and his uncommon name have united to contribute to a tradition of greatness and an attitude of reverence. Yet our actual knowledge of his music is confined within noticeably narrow limits. In the field of Church Music, for example, in which Blow was especially active, only approximately a quarter of his output is available in modern editions: and in performing such anthems as are available, how often does the range of choice extend beyond I beheld and lo or I was in the Spirit?
Old English Keyboard Music
Authors: Henderson A. M.
Published: January 2007

The period we are to consider to-day—from the last of the Tudors to the first of the Georges—covers roughly some 200 years. During this time a large library of keyboard music was composed, much of it characteristic and beautiful, and still too little known and played. My endeavour this afternoon will be to stimulate a more active and practical interest in this repertoire, especially for purposes of practical use and performance.
The Teaching of Singing in Eighteenth Century England
Authors: Sands Mollie
Published: January 2007

To regard the teaching of singing in eighteenth century England as a self-sufficient subject of research would be to lack all sense of proportion or historical perspective. It is only an aspect of the vast subject of bel canto, whose origins probably go back to the very dawn of ecclesiastical music. W. J. Henderson in his Early History of Singing goes so far as to say that the entire system of florid singing can be found in embryo in the records of Church singing from the time of Gregory onwards. This system survived with modifications into the nineteenth century, and is not dead yet, although its dirge is frequently sung. But it came to its zenith in the eighteenth century, and then declined, with the decline of the Italian opera. Its home was Italy, yet it may profitably be studied in England, since the very fact that it was a foreign importation makes it stand out in bolder relief. And England was the artists' Eldorado in those days; the great performers and teachers came here on long or short visits, as they have gone in recent years to the United States, to make money. Many of them settled in this country. Much of what I shall have to say applies not only to the eighteenth century, but to the seventeenth, nineteenth and even the twentieth, and to other countries besides England. Eighteenth century England is a microcosm.
Music Studies
Authors: Middleton Hubert S.
Published: January 2007

“… once we have recognised that knowledge in itself is good for man, we shall need to invent no pretexts for studying this subject or that; we shall import no extraneous considerations of use or ornament to justify us in learning one thing rather than another.”

This short extract from Professor Housman's Introductory Lecture delivered before the Faculties of Arts and Laws and of Science in University College, London, in the year 1892, is set down here to help me to disencumber my mind and to tell a plain tale in simple words; indeed, you too will have pondered upon those things which appertain to Music Studies. Throughout this Paper “I tell you that which you yourselves do know,” and I shall hope to be instructed in the Discussion.
Music and Action
Authors: Wood Thomas
Published: January 2007

Everybody here will remember something about Drake, and his drum, and the way he took Nombre de Dios, that town in Panama. It was on July 31st, 1572. In 1626—forty-four years later—the first account of it was published in a pamphlet called ‘Sir Francis Drake Reviv'd.’ Philip Nichols, preacher, wrote it; the editor was Drake's own nephew, who says that his uncle—our Francis Drake—read it while he was still alive, and made notes ‘with his own hand’ that have been ‘here and there inserted.’ So the facts will be right, and the tale is vivid enough. I should like to read you one passage.
Modal Harmony—Western and Indian
Authors: Hutchings Arthur
Published: January 2007

A few months ago I held that modal harmony—chords and progressions distinct from those of diatonic harmony—consisted only of a few idioms beloved by nationalist composers, who spiced diatonic progression by making scales modal; as in the practice of musica ficta the polyphonists eased modal progression by making the modes scalar. Last September, when Dr. Andrews came to Durham to examine, I somewhat rudely pooh-poohed his appreciation of modal writing in Palestrina, declaring that, though Palestrina observed the authentic or plagal range of a vocal part, it was churchly reverence, melodic and rhythmic restraint rather than any harmonic procedure, that distinguished him from such a composer as Byrd. Strip Byrd of his “changing notes,” his modulations, his bold accents and basses, and what difference is there between Palestrina in the Dorian mode and Byrd in D minor? Dr. Andrews was gentle in his reproof, which amounted to “Look again.” Let any material in this paper that results from my looking again express my apology and thanks.
Music Librarianship
Authors: Davies J.H.
Published: January 2007

In offering the subject of Musical Librarianship to you this afternoon I have had to decide which of its several aspects I should attempt to describe, for there are several kinds of music librarians, with somewhat differing functions. The librarian of the Music Room of a great national library, such as the British Museum or the Vienna Hofbibliothek, will manage his collections differently from the librarians of private collections or teaching institutions, whose jobs again will bear only passing likeness to the librarian of an established orchestra or light music unit, while an assistant running the music and gramophone sections of a municipal or county library may scarcely be on nodding terms with any of these. There is ample matter to fill my time in describing my own job of servicing the materials of music for radio, but I have no wish to exacerbate your nerves with an essay on “a day at the B.B.C.”
Pre-Reformation Organ Music in England
Authors: Stevens Denis
Published: January 2007

The word ‘pre-Reformation’ is almost sufficiently sweeping and spacious to provoke hasty calculations about the true bulk and vastness of the unseen part, the submerged part of the English musical iceberg. As a nation, we are certainly insular; the greater part of our traditions lies beneath the surface; and we often refer in terms of icy contempt to the noble efforts of our musical forefathers, who were intent upon outstripping their continental rivals. Writers on early organ music are frequently out of sympathy with, and consequently unkind to, our English composers. Gabrieli and Titelouze are lauded to the loft, if not to the skies; while the works of our hempen homespuns—Allwood, Burton, Coxsun, Farrant, Kyrton, Preston, Redford, Rhys, Shelbye, Shepherd, Strowger, Tallis, Taverner, Thorne, and Wynslate—are passed over with scarcely a mention. The reason is not hard to seek.
The Music Room of the British Museum 1753–1953: Its History and Organization
Authors: King A. Hyatt
Published: January 2007

Let me begin by confessing that the first date in the title of this paper is unintentionally but unavoidably misleading. For when, on June 7, 1753, the British Museum was incorporated by an Act authorizing the purchase of Sir Hans Sloane's collections of books, manuscripts, prints, medals and other curiosities, the library material contained little or no music. The latter part of the 18th century did indeed see the uncertain beginnings of the copyright deposit of music, and several purchases for the general library included a small quantity of antiquarian works, but the Music Room did not coalesce into something like its present shape until well into the reign of Victoria.
On the Arrangement of the Stops, Pedals, and Swell in the Organ
Authors: Bosanquet R. H. M.
Published: January 2007

My attention was recently drawn to this subject in designing a small organ of three manuals, which has been built for me by Messrs. Gray and Davison. After the organ was so far completed that the design could not be altered, my attention was drawn to certain Resolutions and Recommendations put forward by the College of Organists. These have the most desirable object of securing uniformity in the arrangements under consideration. They differ in many essential points from the arrangements I have adopted, and, considering the great authority with which they come to us, I have, with some diffidence, desired to secure a little further discussion of some of the points at issue, that we may consider whether the Resolutions and Recommendations in question may not be susceptible of some amendment.
Songs and Song-Writers
Authors: Breakspeare Eustace J.
Published: January 2007

Wishing to economise time and space as much as possible, seeing that the materials of my paper offer a little difficulty in their proper selection and arrangement within the limits afforded me, I prefer, to any extended preambulum, briefly to make you acquainted with the exact line upon which I endeavour to approach the subject of “Songs and Song-Writers.” As this is a theme which might be led up to from so many directions, your attention being otherwise taxed throughout much of the time to discover from which I set out, I will simply state that I propose treating the subject from what may be termed the musical-literary point of view—regarding the mutual bearing of music and poetry—strictly, be it understood, in the field of song-composition. I take the German lied in particular (for reasons which I will give) as a model, and in support of a theory I presume to put forward; next, I would consider the formal structure of songs—as affected by the style of the accompanying poetry; then, the words of songs considered separately; the translation of foreign songs; the question of art-songs in the concert-room: these, with one or two subsidiary matters, are the branches of the subject I undertake to deal with.
‘Baptist's Vein’—French Orchestral Music and its Influence, from 1650 to 1750
Authors: Cudworth C. L.
Published: January 2007

‘The master of the Court musick in France was Baptista (an Italian frenchified). The Entrys of Baptist ever were … valued as most stately and compleat harmony; and all the compositions of the town were strained to imitate Baptist's vein.’

This Quotation Concerning Lully, from North's Memoirs of Musick, is the key to a whole century of musical history, for it was not only London town which was ‘strained to imitate Baptist's vein’ but almost the whole of Europe as well, and in this paper I hope to trace the influence of Lully's ‘vein’ in the development of the modern orchestra. Our story begins just before his time, when the Italians were composing the first operas, when the English were experimenting with the masque and the French had already made a very good beginning with their Ballet de Cour.
Some Early London Concerts and Music Clubs, 1670–1720
Authors: Tilmouth Michael
Published: January 2007

The growth of the public concert was, perhaps, one of the most important factors which influenced the course of music in England towards the close of the seventeenth century. A number of music clubs were in existence before the Restoration as we know from Pepys and Anthony à Wood, but these, one gathers, were principally for the mutual delight of their mainly amateur participants. Cromwell, too, invited the members of the House of Commons to hear ‘rare music’ at Whitehall in 1657, but this was a State rather than a public occasion. The public concert, as we understand the term, did not come into existence until after the Restoration, when social conditions were established which were conducive to its success. The centralization of social life in London which followed the resumption of Court activities there created a large new audience, eager for all forms of entertainment. The influence of the King's personal preferences has perhaps been overstressed, but it cannot be denied that his hedonistic inclinations set a pattern of behaviour which was only too readily followed by London society. The theatres, closed during the greater part of the Commonwealth period, flourished once again, and in 1672 John Banister established a series of public concerts at Whitefriars which became the model for many similar ventures, at York Buildings and elsewhere.
Compromises with Serialism
Authors: Evans Peter
Published: January 2007

Until a few years ago, my title could have stood without any need for further clarification: serialism, however mistrustfully it might be received in precept or example, was clearly understood to be that method of pitch relationship devised by Schoenberg. The emergence with the post-war generation of methods that treat many other musical properties as equally susceptible to a serial ordering has favoured the relegation of the earlier techniques to a class known variously as twelve-note music, or more elaborately dodecatonicism, or with dubious etymological justification dodecaphony.
The Aria in Opera Seria, 1725–1780
Authors: Robinson M. F.
Published: January 2007

Of the two types of Italian opera, ‘opera seria’ and ‘opera buffa’, that existed in the eighteenth century, opera seria is the one which has received more adverse comments from modern historians. The artificial division of its text and music into arias and recitative, its stereotyped plots, its concert-like and undramatic character, are easily recognised weaknesses. Musicians, moreover, have not only admired Gluck but sympathised with the sentiments expressed in his preface to Alceste and have therefore concluded that the conditions and standards he rebelled against promoted a decidedly inferior art. Perhaps for this reason a comprehensive study of the aria in opera seria has rarely been undertaken.
The English Chapel Royal Before 1300
Authors: Bent Ian
Published: January 2007

Until quite recently music historians thought that the Chapel Royal was founded in the fifteenth century. In 1895, Henry Davey wrote: ‘We may … date the rise of English music about 1400–20, and suppose that a Chapel Royal was first set up by Henry IV or Henry V’. Since then, much pioneering archive work has been done by Mr. John Harvey, Dr. Frank Harrison and Dr. Brian Trowell. It was Grattan Flood who, in 1924, first revealed to musical scholars what the medieval historian had long known: that the Chapel Royal in England dates back at least a further three centuries. Taking his cue from Flood, Stanley Roper delivered a paper to this Association three years later, which he called ‘Music at the English Chapels Royal c. 1135–Present Day’.
Couperin Motets at Tenbury
Authors: Oboussier Philippe
Published: January 2007

On Francois Couperin's own evidence we know of the loss of the six Leçons de Ténèbres required to complete the set of nine. How much more of his occasional music remains to be found is beyond conjecture, but the identification by the author of a number of his motets, hitherto unknown, in the library at St. Michael's College at Tenbury considerably augments the corpus of Couperin's sacred music. The six volumes containing these motets form part of the rich collection of some 450 volumes of music copied by Philidor and his team for the Comte de Toulouse, son of Louis XIV and Mme. de Montespan, in the first years of the eighteenth century. The greater part of the collection passed into the hands of the founder of St. Michael's College, the Reverend Sir Frederick Gore Ouseley, in the 1850s, while some 60 books from the original Toulouse collection were added in 1934, too late to be listed in the published catalogue. Among this second acquisition was the set of Couperin volumes, and their absence from the catalogue is no doubt the reason for their long obscurity. Furthermore, Fellowes's manuscript catalogue of additions at the library gives an incomplete list of contents.
Vitamin E reduces glomerulosclerosis, restores renal neuronal NOS, and suppresses oxidative stress in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat
Authors: Tain You-Lin , Freshour Gary , Dikalova Anna , Griendling Kathy , Baylis Chris
Published: January 2007

Chronic kidney disease is accompanied by nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and oxidative stress, which contribute to progression. We investigated whether the antioxidant vitamin E could preserve renal function and NO bioavailability and reduce oxidative stress in the 5/6th nephrectomy (NX) rat model. We studied the following three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats: sham ( n = 6), 5/6 NX control ( n = 6), and 5/6 NX treated with vitamin E (5,000 IU/kg chow; n = 5). The 5/6 NX group showed increased severity of glomerulosclerosis vs. sham, and this was ameliorated by vitamin E therapy. Both 5/6 NX groups showed similar elevations in plasma creatinine and proteinuria and decreased 24-h creatinine clearance compared with sham. There was increased NADPH-dependent superoxide production in 5/6 NX rats vs. sham that was prevented by vitamin E. Total NO production was similarly reduced in both 5/6 NX groups. There was unchanged abundance of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis (NOS) in renal cortex and medulla and neuronal (n) NOS in medulla. However, in kidney cortex, 5/6 NX rats had lower nNOS abundance than sham, which was restored by vitamin E. An increased plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine occurred with 5/6 NX associated with decreased renal dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity and increased type 1 protein arginine methyltransferase expression.
Clinical and In vitro Studies of Imatinib in Advanced Carcinoid Tumors
Authors: Yao James C. , Zhang Jun X. , Rashid Asif , Yeung Sai-Ching J. , Szklaruk Janio , Hess Kenneth , Xie Keping , Ellis Lee , Abbruzzese James L. , Ajani Jaffer A.
Published: January 2007

Purpose: Effective systemic therapy options for carcinoid tumors are lacking. We conducted in vitro studies and a phase II clinical trial to explore the activity of imatinib in carcinoid tumors.

Experimental Design: Cells of the human bronchial carcinoid cell line NCI-H727 and the human pancreatic carcinoid cell line BON-1 were treated with increasing concentrations of imatinib using standard procedures to assess in vitro growth-inhibitory activity. A clinical trial using a two-stage phase II design to assess the response rate and safety profile of imatinib at a dose of 400 mg given twice daily in patients with advanced carcinoid tumors was completed.

Results: In both cell lines, there was a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect. The clinical trial enrolled 27 evaluable patients. Median duration on trial was 16 weeks. One patient had a partial response, 17 had stable disease, and 9 had progressive disease by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. Median progression-free survival time was 24 weeks. Median overall survival is 36 months. Seven patients who achieved a biochemical response had a superior progression-free survival time compared with patients without biochemical response (115 weeks compared with 24 weeks; P = 0.003). An increase in plasma basic fibroblast growth factor was associated with a shorter progression-free survival duration (P = 0.02).

Conclusions: Our data suggest that imatinib is active in vitro and has a modest clinical activity in carcinoid patients. Changes in tumor markers may help select patients who are likely to benefit from therapy.
Compatibilization of polypropylene/molecular sieves type 13X based on carboxyled polypropylene
Authors: Ma Zhi‐Ling , Guo Hua‐Ying
Published: January 2007

Molecular sieves type 13X (13X) was selected as a filler of polypropylene (PP). The effect of carboxyled polypropylene (EPP) on mechanical properties, melting behavior, morphology and rheology behavior of PP/13X composites was studied. Mechanical properties tests showed that when 4% EPP added, the impact strength and tensile strength increased 65.6 and 4.6% than PP/13X composites, respectively. It was suggested that the EPP activated the heterogeneous nucleation centers on the filler surface, and made 13X dispersed in PP matrix homogeneously by POM. SEM illustrated that EPP improved the adhesion and the compatibility between 13X and PP. Flow tests indicated that the EPP played the role of lubricant in PP/13X. All the investigations showed EPP was a true coupling agent for PP/13X composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Factors affecting outcomes after radical cystectomy in African Americans
Authors: Konety Badrinath R. , Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Carroll Peter R.
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND.

Previous studies indicate that African Americans with bladder cancer have a worse outcome than Caucasians. Delay in seeking care and higher stage at presentation have been cited as possible reasons for the observed differences. The authors hypothesized that differences in hospital volume where patients undergo radical cystectomy may be responsible for race‐based differences in outcomes after the procedure.

METHODS.

The authors analyzed data from the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project and identified 4862 patients who had undergone radical cystectomy between 1998 and 2002. In‐hospital mortality, complications, and length of stay (LOS) in hospital were compared between patients grouped by race. Hospitals were categorized into tertiles by the average number of radical cystectomies performed per year (1–4 radical cystectomies, 5–10 radical cystectomies, and >10 radical cystectomies). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predictors of mortality, complications, LOS, and the likelihood that patients would undergo cystectomy at a high/medium‐volume hospital.

RESULTS.

African Americans had the highest in‐patient mortality, complications, and LOS after radical cystectomy. They also were the least likely to undergo radical cystectomy at a high/medium‐volume hospital. When the analyses were controlled for potential confounding factors, there was no difference in in‐hospital mortality by race, but differences persisted in the other 3 outcome variables. African Americans had higher odds of complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.57; P = .001), longer LOS (25%; P = .001), and lower odds of undergoing cystectomy at a high/medium‐volume hospital (OR, 0.74; P = .03) compared with Caucasians.

CONCLUSIONS.

Race was an important factor in determining outcomes after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. African Americans were less likely to undergo cystectomy at a high‐volume hospital, thereby placing them at a higher risk of postoperative complications which ultimately may affect their survival. Cancer 2007;109:542–549. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A highly efficient method for solvent‐free synthesis of bisarylmethylidenes of pyranones and thiopyranones
Authors: Abaee M. Saeed , Mojtahedi Mohammad M. , Zahedi M. Mehdi , Sharifi Roholah
Published: January 2007

A remarkable efficient double crossed aldol condensation of heterocyclic ketones with a variety of aromatic aldehydes is described at room temperature in the presence of magnesium bromide ethyl etherate, triethylamine, and methanol under solvent‐free conditions. Excellent yields of 3,5‐bisarylmethylidenes of pyranones and thiopyranones are achieved in a facile one‐pot general procedure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:44–49, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20252
The role of nonlinear hardening/softening in probabilistic elasto‐plasticity
Authors: Sett Kallol , Jeremić Boris , Levent Kavvas M.
Published: January 2007

The elastic–plastic modelling and simulations have been studied extensively in the last century. However, one crucial area of material modelling has received very little attention. The uncertainties in material properties probably have the largest influence on many aspects of structural and solids behaviour. Despite its importance, effects of uncertainties of material properties on overall response of structures and solids have rarely been studied. Most of the small number of studies on effects of material variabilities have used repetitive deterministic models through Monte‐Carlo‐type simulations. While this approach might appear sound, it cannot be both computationally efficient and statistically accurate (have statistically appropriate number of data points).

Recently, we have developed a methodology to solve the probabilistic elastic–plastic differential equations. The methodology is based on Eulerian–Lagrangian form of the Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov equation and provides for full description of the probability density function (PDF) of stress response for a given strain.

In this paper we describe our development in some details. In particular, we investigate the effects of nonlinear hardening/softening on predicted PDF of stress. As it will be shown, the nonlinear hardening/softening will create a discrepancy between the most likely stress solution and the deterministic solution. This discrepancy, in fact, means that the deterministic solution is not the most likely outcome of the corresponding probabilistic solution if material parameters are uncertain (and they always are, we just tend to simplify that fact and use, for example, mean values for deterministic simulations).

A number of examples will be presented, illustrating methodology and main results, some of which are quite surprising as mentioned above. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of InGaN light‐emitting diodes on GaN substrates with low threading dislocation densities
Authors: Akita Katsushi , Kyono Takashi , Yoshizumi Yusuke , Kitabayashi Hiroyuki , Katayama Koji
Published: January 2007

InGaN light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) on GaN substrates with low threading dislocation densities (TDDs) were fabricated, and the characteristics of the LEDs were compared with those on sapphire substrates. LEDs with 3 nm‐thick‐quantum‐wells (QWs) grown on GaN as well as on sapphire substrates showed a decrease of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) with increasing forward current, indicating that carrier localization is in play in both cases. The decrease in the EQE was, however, suppressed in LEDs grown on GaN substrates by adopting thicker QWs. The LED with 5 nm‐thick‐QWs on GaN substrate mounted p‐side down and molded with epoxy showed EQE as high as 26% at 125 A/cm2. Cathodo luminescence (CL) observations revealed the formation of dark areas related to TDDs, and the dark areas deteriorated the EQE of the LED on the sapphire substrate. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural analysis of ELO‐GaN grown on a sapphire substrate as the underlying layer of a GaN‐based laser diode
Authors: Miyajima Takao , Takeda Shingo , Tsusaka Yoshiyuki , Matsui Junji , Kudo Yoshihiro , Tomiya Shigetaka , Hino Tomonori , Goto Shu , Ikeda Masao , Narui Hironobu
Published: January 2007

Using micro‐beam X‐ray diffraction (XRD), small c‐axis tilting was observed in maskless epitaxially laterally overgrown GaN (ELO‐GaN), which is a suitable underlying layer for realizing a reliable GaN‐based blue‐violet laser diode. By analyzing the micro‐scale structure of ELO‐GaN without coalescence and the ambient‐temperature dependence of the tilting angle, we conclude that the small c‐axis tilting is caused by compressive stress in the seed region of ELO‐GaN. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of roxatidine in human plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry and application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Shin Beom Soo , Choi Jin Won , Balthasar Joseph P. , Hong Deok Ki , Kim Jung Jun , Yoo Sun Dong
Published: January 2007

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of roxatidine in human plasma. Roxatidine was extracted by single liquid‐liquid extraction with tert‐butyl methyl ether, and the chromatographic separation was performed on a C8 column. The total analytical run time was relatively short (5 min), and the limit of assay quantification was 2 ng/mL using 0.1 mL of human plasma. Roxatidine and the internal standard, propranolol, were monitored in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z 307.3 and 260.3, respectively. The standard curve was linear over a concentration range from 2–500 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were >0.999. The mean intra‐ and inter‐day assay accuracy ranged from 103.4–108.8% and 102.3–110.0%, respectively, and the mean intra‐ and inter‐day precision was between 3.3–8.8% and 5.3–6.2%, respectively. The developed assay method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers after oral administration of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride at a dose of 75 mg. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time optimization of dynamic systems using multiple units
Authors: Srinivasan B.
Published: January 2007

Model‐free, unconstrained, real‐time optimization of the operating point of a dynamic system involves forcing the gradient of the cost function to zero. In these methods, gradient estimation is a key issue, for which methods that perturb the input over time are used. The main limitation of these methods is that they require the dynamics of the adaptation to be two orders of magnitude slower than the system dynamics. To circumvent this limitation, a novel, simple, yet effective way of estimating the gradient is presented in this paper. Multiple identical units with non‐identical inputs are used and the gradient is computed via finite difference. Thus, the perturbation is along the ‘unit dimension’, thereby allowing a faster adaptation. The convergence of the scheme is rigorously established via Lyapunov analysis. An illustrative example is provided where the proposed scheme resulted in an 100‐fold improvement in the time needed for convergence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbital forced cyclicity of reflector strength in the seismic records of the Cape Basin
Authors: Weigelt Estella , Uenzelmann‐Neben Gabriele
Published: January 2007

A well‐pronounced succession of continuous high‐amplitude reflectors characterises the upper acoustic units off Southwest Africa as revealed in our seismostratigraphic study. We performed spectral analyses over age‐transformed seismic traces. The results suggest a temporal regularity in the variation of reflector strength according to Milankovitch cycles since the early Pliocene. Periods of 100 kyr/cycle between 0–2 Ma correspond to eccentricity modulations. From 2–3 Ma, shorter periods close to obliquity cycles prevail, whereas in even older units periodicity increases again to 100 kyr/cycle. We propose the cyclicity of high‐amplitude reflectors is caused by orbitally driven climate variations, which modulate the sedimentary properties and with it the seismic reflectivity.
Fluorescence Labelling of Phosphatase Activity in Digestive Glands of Carnivorous Plants
Authors: Płachno B. J. , Adamec L. , Lichtscheidl I. K. , Peroutka M. , Adlassnig W. , Vrba J.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: A new ELF (enzyme labelled fluorescence) assay was applied to detect phosphatase activity in glandular structures of 47 carnivorous plant species, especially Lentibulariaceae, in order to understand their digestive activities. We address the following questions: (1) Are phosphatases produced by the plants and/or by inhabitants of the traps? (2) Which type of hairs/glands is involved in the production of phosphatases? (3) Is this phosphatase production a common feature among carnivorous plants or is it restricted to evolutionarily advanced species? Our results showed activity of the phosphatases in glandular structures of the majority of the plants tested, both from the greenhouse and from sterile culture. In addition, extracellular phosphatases can also be produced by trap inhabitants. In Utricularia, activity of phosphatase was detected in internal glands of 27 species from both primitive and advanced sections and different ecological groups. Further positive reactions were found in Genlisea, Pinguicula, Aldrovanda, Dionaea, Drosera, Drosophyllum, Nepenthes, and Cephalotus. In Utricularia and Genlisea, enzymatic secretion was independent of stimulation by prey. Byblis and Roridula are usually considered as “proto‐carnivores”, lacking digestive enzymes. However, we found high activity of phosphatases in both species. Thus, they should be classified as true carnivores. We suggest that the inflorescence of Byblis and some Pinguicula species might also be an additional “carnivorous organ”, which can trap a prey, digest it, and finally absorb available nutrients.
Response to “Comment on ‘Equilibrium, multistability, and chiral asymmetry in rotated mirror plasmas’ ” [Phys. Plasmas 13, 124703 (2006)]
Authors: Valanju P. M. , Quevedo H. , Mahajan S. M.
Published: January 2007

The singular nature of the higher derivative ϵ≠0 terms that are dropped in going from two-fluid to one-fluid MHD can lead to interesting nonperturbative solutions specific to two-fluid MHD.
Pendulum viscometer: A new method for measurement of Miȩsowicz nematic shear viscosity coefficients η1 and η2
Authors: Janik Joanna , Krol-Otwinowska Agnieszka , Sokolowska Dagmara , Moscicki Jozef K.
Published: January 2007

We describe a new viscometer developed for liquid crystals. It has been designed for measurement of the Mięsowicz viscosity coefficient η2 (n̂‖v) in particular, but can be used for measuring η1 (n̂‖∇v) as well. The measurement is based on observation of the damped motion of a pendulum and derivation of the viscosity coefficient from the damping constant.
Far-infrared polarimetric characterization of metallic mirrors exposed to a tokamak plasma
Authors: Giudicotti L. , Brombin M. , Prunty S. L. , De Pasqual L. , Zilli E.
Published: January 2007

We describe the polarimetric characterization in the far infrared (λ=118.8μm) of a set of metallic mirrors and of a corner cube retroreflector whose surface has been exposed to a tokamak plasma. The objective of the measurements was to investigate possible changes of the polarization state of the incident radiation due to plasma depositions and identify possible sources of errors for the measurement of the ITER q profile by far-infrared (FIR) polarimetry. Tests have been made on Mo and Cu mirrors exposed to the plasma in TEXTOR and Tore Supra. A corner cube retroreflector exposed in Tore Supra was also tested. The thickness and composition of the plasma depositions on these optical elements were known by previous surface analysis and visible ellipsometry studies. Our tests have been carried out in the FIR laboratory of the RFX experiment in Padova, Italy, and in the Laser Research Laboratory of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at University College Cork, Ireland, using a Stokes polarimeter assembled from components of the RFX FIR polarimetric diagnostic. The tests indicate that the plasma depositions on these elements do not affect the polarimetric response of the surface in the FIR, the only noticeable effect being a significant decrease of the reflectivity in a highly damaged region of limited area on the surface of one mirror. No other effect that may prevent the use of mirrors or corner-cube retroreflectors with this kind of surface damage in the poloidal ITER polarimeter has been observed.
Wave propagation in nanofibers
Authors: Wu Xiang-Fa , Dzenis Yuris A.
Published: January 2007

Surface effect on the longitudinal and flexural wave propagation in straight nanofibers/nanowires is studied within the framework of continuum mechanics. Modified Euler-Bernoulli and Rayleigh-Love rod equations and modified Timoshenko beam equation were developed to take into account the surface effect. It was found that surface tension/stress plays appreciable influence on the wave propagation in nanofibers/nanowires at very small diameters. Wave dispersion relations were presented in closed form, and numerical calculations were performed to show the variation of the phase velocity with the wave number at varying surface property and fiber diameter. The given results can be used as the theoretical basis of dynamic characterization of nanofibers/nanowires and nanodevice design and analysis.
Effect of grain alignment on interface trap density of thermally oxidized aligned-crystalline silicon films
Authors: Choi Woong , Lee Jung-Kun , Findikoglu Alp T.
Published: January 2007

The authors report studies of the effect of grain alignment on interface trap density of thermally oxidized aligned-crystalline silicon (ACSi) films by means of capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. C-V curves were measured on metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated on ⟨001⟩-oriented ACSi films on polycrystalline substrates. From high-frequency C-V curves, the authors calculated a decrease of interface trap density from 2×1012to1×1011cm−2eV−1 as the grain mosaic spread in ACSi films improved from 13.7° to 6.5°. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of grain alignment as a process technique to achieve significantly enhanced performance in small-grained (⩽1μm) polycrystalline Si MOS-type devices.
Evanescent wave magnetometer
Authors: Zhao K. F. , Wu Z.
Published: January 2007

The authors describe an atomic magnetometer, the evanescent wave magnetometer, which uses an evanescent wave to measure the Larmor frequency of Rb atoms near the cell surface. The submicron penetration depth of the probe beam allows the evanescent wave magnetometer to achieve a spatial resolution of several tens of microns or better, and greatly reduces the inhomogeneous broadeningdue to magnetic field inhomogeneities. Its noise density in the present experiment is ∼100pT∕Hzfor frequencies between 1 and 10mHz, and decreases to less than 10pT∕Hz as the frequency increases to 25Hz.
Formation mechanism of cerium oxide-doped indium oxide/Ag Ohmic contacts on p-type GaN
Authors: Leem Dong-Seok , Kim Tae-Wook , Lee Takhee , Jang Ja-Soon , Ok Young-Woo , Seong Tae-Yeon
Published: January 2007

The authors report on the formation of cerium oxide-doped indium oxide(2.5nm)∕Ag(250nm) contacts to p-GaN. The contacts become Ohmic with a specific contact resistance of 3.42×10−4Ωcm2 upon annealing at 530°C in air. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) Ga 3d core levels obtained from the interface regions before and after annealing indicate a large band bending of p-GaN (about 1.7–1.8eV), namely, an increase of Schottky barrier height. Based on the XPS, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and capacitance-voltage data, possible transport mechanisms for the annealed contacts are described and discussed.
Adjustable metal-semiconductor transition of FeS thin films by thermal annealing
Authors: Fu Ganhua , Polity Angelika , Volbers Niklas , Meyer Bruno K. , Mogwitz Boris , Janek Jürgen
Published: January 2007

FeS polycrystalline thin films were prepared on float glass at 500°C by radio-frequency reactive sputtering. The influence of vacuum annealing on the metal-semiconductor transition of FeS films was investigated. It has been found that with the increase of the annealing temperature from 360to600°C, the metal-semiconductor transition temperature of FeS films first decreases and then increases, associated with first a reduction and then an enhancement of hysteresis width. The thermal stress is considered to give rise to the abnormal change of the metal-semiconductor transition of the FeS film during annealing.
Near-field scanning optical microscopy and time-resolved optical characterization of epitaxial lateral overgrown c-plane and a-plane GaN
Authors: Özgür Ü. , Ni X. , Fu Y. , Morkoç H. , Everitt H. O.
Published: January 2007

Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) was employed for both c-plane and a-plane GaN layers on sapphire, and a more pronounced optical improvement was observed for the a-plane GaN as evidenced by the significantly increased band edge photoluminescence (PL). Room temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy studies explicitly showed enhanced optical quality in the wing regions of the overgrown GaN due to reduced density of dislocations, and for the a-plane ELO GaN sample the wings and the windows were clearly discernible from PL mapping. Time-resolved PL measurements revealed biexponential decays with time constants that were significantly enhanced for the a-plane ELO GaN (τ1=0.08ns, τ2=0.25ns) when compared to the non-ELO control sample but were still much shorter than those for the c-plane ELO GaN (τ1=0.26ns, τ2=0.90ns).
Low symmetry phase in Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 epitaxial thin films with enhanced ferroelectric properties
Authors: Yan Li , Li Jiefang , Cao Hu , Viehland D.
Published: January 2007

The authors report the structural and ferroelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) epitaxial thin films grown on (001), (110), and (111) SrRuO3∕SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. A monoclinic C (Mc) phase has been found for (101) films, whereas (001) and (111) ones were tetragonal (T) and rhombohedral (R), respectively. The authors find that the ferroelectric polarization of the Mc phase is higher than that in either the T or R ones. These results are consistent with predictions (i) of epitaxial phase diagrams and (ii) that the enhanced ferroelectric properties of morphotropic phase boundary PZT are related to a low symmetry monoclinic phase.
Catalyst-free growth of uniform ZnO nanowire arrays on prepatterned substrate
Authors: Wang Y. D. , Zang K. Y. , Chua S. J. , Fonstad C. G.
Published: January 2007

Uniform and ordered ZnO nanowire arrays have been fabricated on the nanopatterned SiO2∕GaN substrate without metal catalysts using hydrothermal synthesis. The nanopatterns on SiO2∕GaN substrate with an average diameter of 65nm are produced by inductively coupled plasma etching using anodic alumina template as a mask, which provides nucleation sites for the vertical ZnO nanowires growth. High quality of the aligned uniform ZnO nanowire arrays grown on GaN substrate was confirmed by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence. This growth technique provides a cost-effective approach to fabricate ordered nanowire arrays with controlled size, which may benefit the nanowire device applications.
Beam splitting with a modified metallic nano-optic lens
Authors: Sun Zhijun
Published: January 2007

In this letter, the authors show with finite-difference time-domain simulations the beam splitting of a metallic nano-optic lens structure modified by loading a metal block adjacent to the nanoslits. A model that considers the nearby space between the metal block and metallic lens as an equivalent surface-plasmon-waves-coupled subwavelength cavity is proposed. In the model, bound surface plasmon mode evolves into unbound free space mode with widening of the cavity, and conditional diffraction of optical wave through the lateral openings (size ∼ wavelength) of the cavity leads to shaping of split beams in the intermediate zone.
Temperament; or, the Division of the Octave
Authors: Bosanquet R. H. M.
Published: January 2007

In a previous paper read before the Musical Association on November 2, 1874, a method was developed for the derivation and treatment of a class of systems of tuning, to which the term ‘regular’ was applied—this term being taken to imply that the notes of any such system can be arranged in a continuous series of equal fifths. A notation was described, applicable to written music, by which the position of the notes of such systems in the fundamental series of fifths is defined; and a brief sketch was given of a ‘Generalised Keyboard,’ founded on a principle of ‘symmetrical arrangement,’ by means of which the notes of any such system can be controlled, the fingering of any passage being the same in whatever key it is taken.
The Evolution of Trumpet Music up to Fantini
Authors: Baines Anthony
Published: January 2007

It is well known that the sounds of the natural trumpet before the Classical period present themselves to us on two distinct planes of pitch, each associated with a particular musical character and technical requirement, or in a word, style. One style involves the diatonic range supplied by high harmonics of the instrument from the 8th upwards, and was described by German trumpeters as Clarin. This is also the register of the English ‘Trumpet Tune’, and we now tend largely to identify the old natural trumpet with this style, which was produced on the whole fairly softly and with, as Johann Ernst Altenburg wrote, as close an approach as possible to the expressions of other musical instruments. Below this in range, where the trumpet was confined to the sounds of a common chord, falls the register of the Principal and also of the cavalry calls. It was produced in an esoteric trumpet style, robust and with strong emphasis on rapid articulation of single notes with the tongue.
New Light on John Stanley's Organ Music
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: January 2007

The bulk of Stanley's organ music was published in three sets of ten voluntaries, Opp. 5–7 (1748–54, reprinted c.1765, again c. 1784 and a third time c. 1809). Their popularity was unrivalled in their day, and Stanley is still regarded as the greatest English organ composer of the eighteenth century. All but five of the 30 voluntaries have two movements (the rest have three or four), and these invariably consist of a short slow movement followed by a longer fast one. The slow movements are strongly influenced by Corelli but the quick ones owe more to Handel and especially Vivaldi in their great rhythmic energy and frequent use of a rudimentary ritornello form. These quick movements are either fugues for full organ or else they make use of a particular solo stop, usually the cornet or trumpet.