bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haplotype Misclassification Resulting from Statistical Reconstruction and Genotype Error, and Its Impact on Association Estimates
Authors: Lamina Claudia , Küchenhoff Helmut , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Paulweber Bernhard , Wichmann H.‐Erich , Illig Thomas , Hoehe Margret R. , Kronenberg Florian , Heid Iris M.
Published: July 2010

Haplotypes are an important concept for genetic association studies, but involve uncertainty due to statistical reconstruction from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and genotype error. We developed a re‐sampling approach to quantify haplotype misclassification probabilities and implemented the MC‐SIMEX approach to tackle this as a 3 × 3 misclassification problem. Using a previously published approach as a benchmark for comparison, we evaluated the performance of our approach by simulations and exemplified it on real data from 15 SNPs of the APM1 gene. Misclassification due to reconstruction error was small for most, but notable for some, especially rarer haplotypes. Genotype error added misclassification to all haplotypes resulting in a non‐negligible drop in sensitivity. In our real data example, the bias of association estimates due to reconstruction error alone reached −48.2% for a 1% genotype error, indicating that haplotype misclassification should not be ignored if high genotype error can be expected. Our 3 × 3 misclassification view of haplotype error adds a novel perspective to currently used methods based on genotype intensities and expected number of haplotype copies. Our findings give a sense of the impact of haplotype error under realistic scenarios and underscore the importance of high‐quality genotyping, in which case the bias in haplotype association estimates is negligible.
CHARACTERIZING THE SEDIMENTARY HISTORY OF CAVE DEPOSITS, USING ARCHAEOMAGNETISM AND ROCK MAGNETISM, ATAPUERCA (NORTHERN SPAIN)
Authors: PARÉS J. M. , PÉREZ‐GONZÁLEZ A. , ARSUAGA J. L. , BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO J. M. , CARBONELL E. , ORTEGA A. I.
Published: July 2010

We use a combination of rock magnetism (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, AMS) and magnetic polarity to characterize cave deposits and as a proxy for sedimentary fabric. In three localities at the Atapuerca archaeological site (Galeria, Gran Dolina and Sala de los Cíclopes), magnetic foliation (Kmax/Kint) is always greater than lineation (Kint/Kmin), consistent with a primary, depositional, sedimentary fabric. Our results, although preliminary, reveal a higher degree of anisotropy in autochtonous deposits compared to allochthonous deposits, possibly indicative of a higher hydrodynamic regime in the former. At two localities the magnetic lineation (Kmax) defines a cluster, which is thought to be antipodal to the palaeocurrent direction. Hence we are able to retrieve palaeoflow directions in deposits that otherwise lack any other sedimentary structure. We conclude that AMS is a powerful tool for determining the hydrodynamic character of depositional environments in cave sediments at the Atapuerca archaeological site. A better understanding of the depositional environment and how sedimentation occurred allows reconstruction of the karst evolution and ultimately a better definition of human interaction with the environment.
THE USE OF POLYNOMIALS FOR ADJUSTING STRIPS TO CONTROL
Authors: Arthur D. W. G.
Published: July 2010

The following article and correspondence have been reproduced from ‘The Photogrammetric Review,’ the journal of the Ordnance Survey Photogrammetric Society, by permission of the editor, as it is relevant to the paper by Professor Thompson, published in ‘The Photogrammetric Record,’ Vol. 1, No. 1, of March, 1953.
THE GEOMETRICAL THEORY OF THE CAMERA AND ITS APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Thompson E. H.
Published: July 2010

The conventional treatment of lens theory in photogrammetric textbooks is based upon over‐simplified notions of how an objective functions. Modifications to take account of distortion inevitably lead to the introduction of an arbitrary parameter, the calibrated principal distance, which prevents the adoption of universal specifications for cameras and leads to confusion about the meaning of lens distortion. This paper sets out a treatment that confines itself to the geometrical characteristics of the picture and, with one minor exception (Appendix 3), avoids discussion of the mechanism of image formation. This enables a logical theory to be built up, independent of arbitrary parameters and the design of particular lenses, and, furthermore, allows constructional defects and errors of observation in calibration to be included naturally.

The paper falls into two parts, camera calibration and the problem of internal orientation, the successful solution of which is the ultimate object of calibration. The paper ends with a general treatment of transformation printers.
A NOTE ON CORRELATION IN STEREOCOMPARATOR OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Arthur D. W. G.
Published: July 2010

A reference in a recent publication points to strong positive error‐correlations for neighbouring points in stereocomparator measures. An examination of modern Ordnance Survey observations shows that the correlations now present are of a residual and erratic nature, and are therefore not such that they can be taken into account conveniently in any scheme of statistical control. Some non‐physical sources of correlation are noted in the data‐reduction processes.
STEREOSCOPY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Palmer D. A.
Published: July 2010

Recent developments in stereoscopy are reviewed, and their relevance to photogrammetry discussed.
ANALYTICAL AERIAL TRIANGULATION BLOCK ADJUSTMENT; THE DIRECT HEIGHT SOLUTION INCORPORATING TIE‐STRIPS
Authors: Smith A. D. N. , Miles M. J. , Verrall P.
Published: July 2010

The historical development of analytical aerial triangulation block adjustment is mentioned by way of introduction. The advantages of separating the plan and height adjustments are given and the observation equations of a typical adjustment section are analysed to show that this convenient practice is justified in normal circumstances. The principles of a direct solution of the normal equations suitable for a moderate‐sized computer, are explained and developed in detail for the height adjustment. The advantages of tie‐strips in the height adjustment are demonstrated and the difficulties which then arise are discussed. An approximate method which overcomes these difficulties is developed. Details of the computer programmes used are given in Appendix B.
A METHOD OF BLOCK ADJUSTMENT
Authors: King C. W. B.
Published: July 2010

A three‐dimensional block adjustment method is explained, where blocks of any size can be solved; the least squares normal equations only occupy the core storage space of those for two models.
ANALYTICAL TRIANGULATION USING A STEREO‐PLOTTER AND RÉSEAU PLATE‐HOLDERS
Authors: Boniface P. R. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses a method of analytical aerial triangulation which may be carried out on the majority of stereo‐plotters. A precise réseau engraved on each plate‐holder glass enables a plotter to be used as a réseau stereocomparator. Since the plotter is used merely to measure distances of 1 cm. or less, the projection errors are, to all intents and purposes, eliminated. Test area results indicate an accuracy similar to that obtained with a stereo‐comparator. There is no reason why similar results should not be achieved on relatively simple plotters such as the Kern PG2 or the Wild B8.
PERSPECTIVE CENTRE CO‐ORDINATES: A STUDY OF CALCULATION METHODS
Authors: Fereday D. L.
Published: July 2010

Various methods of calculating the perspective centre co‐ordinates prior to independent model aerial triangulation are described and test results are used in the adjustment of a strip of photography in order to study the effect on residual errors. Although brief, the experiment suggests that the simplest and quickest method, involving a few grid intersection readings at one Z level, should be sufficiently accurate for normal production mapping.
SOME EXPERIENCES OF AIR SURVEY IN ENGLAND BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS
Authors: Eden J. A.
Published: July 2010

The author was involved in the early stages of commercial air survey in England. He recounts some of his experiences of this formative period.

L'auteur a participé récemment à des stages de formation au levé aérien commercial en Angleterre. Il livre son sentiment la dessus.

Der Autor war zu Beginn der kommerziellen Luftbildmessung in England engagiert. Er rekapituliert einige seiner Erfahrungen aus dieser Pionierzeit.
WORKING WITH PROFESSOR E. H. THOMPSON
Authors: Ross H. F.
Published: July 2010

The author describes his experiences of working with Professor E. H. Thompson on the design and construction of the Thompson‐Watts plotter and he relates several anecdotes of incidents which took place at the Hilger and Watts factory.

Où on décrit l'expérience d'années passées à travailler avec le professeur Thompson sur le projet du restituteur Thompson‐ Watts avec de nombreuses anecdotes sur la vie à l'usine Hilger and Watts.

Der Autor schreibt über seine Erfahrungen, die er bei der Zusammenarbeit mit Professor E. H. Thompson beim Entwurf und der Konstruktion des Thompson–Watts‐Plotters sammelte. Er erwähnt dabei einige Anekdoten über Vorfälle, die sich bei der Firma Hilger und Watts ereigneten.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORD
Authors: Atkinson K. B.
Published: July 2010

In 1976 the author succeeded the late Professor E. H. Thompson as editor of The Photogrammetric Record, having been assistant editor since 1965. Here he sets out, on the occasion of its 50th issue, some of the details which fashion the content and appearance of the Record.

En 1976 l'auteur devient, après feu le professeur Thompson, rédacteur en chef du Photogrammetric Record; il était son adjoint depuis 1965. A l'occasion du 50eme numéro, il expose les conceptions qui président au contenu et à l'aspect de la revue.

Im Jahre 1976 wurde der Autor Nachfolger von Professor E. H. Thompson als Redakteur der Zeitschrift Photogrammetric Record, nachdem er schon seit 1965 als stellvertretender Herausgeber tätig war. Anlässlich des Erscheinens des 50. Heftes beleuchtet er einige Einzelheiten, die Inhalt und Aufmachung des Record formen.
THE POTENTIAL OF 16 MM AND 35 MM TIME LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY TAKEN FROM A HELICOPTER FOR TRAFFIC STUDIES AT COMPLEX INTERSECTIONS
Authors: Garner J. B. , Mountain L. J.
Published: July 2010

Many attempts have been made to use various types of photography for traffic studies. The problems most frequently encountered are the expense involved in obtaining the photography and the time consuming and, hence, expensive operation of collecting the required data from the photography. This paper discusses the problems associated with various types of photography and describes a study which has been carried out to evaluate the potential of 16 mm and 35 mm time lapse photography taken from a helicopter. The accuracy of two dimensional co‐ordinate transformation systems for collecting the required data from the photography is also described. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the most suitable type of photography and the most convenient and accurate transformation system to use when it is required to analyse the traffic flow data at complex urban and suburban intersections.

Beaucoup de tentatives ont déjàété faites pour étudier les problèmes de circulation par photographie: les difficultés sont le coût de la photographie, les délais d'obtention et le coût du dépouillement. On examine ici les possibilités offertes par divers types de photographies et on donne les résultats d'une étude entreprise pour évaluer l'intérêt de la solution; camera 16 mm ou 35 mm plus hélicoptère. On précise ici l'exactitude requise pour les transformations de coordonnées. On conclut par toute une série de recommandations.

Es gibt sehr viele Versuche zur Verwendung verschiedener Arten der Photographie für Verkehrsstudien. Die am häufigsten auftretenden Probleme sind die Kosten und der Zeitaufwand der Photographie, wodurch die Datenerfassung aus Photos teuer wird. Im Artikel werden die Probleme beschrieben, die bei Anwendung verschiedener photographischer Aufnahmen auftraten. Ferner wird ein Versuch mit 16 mm und 35 mm Zeitrafferaufnahmen aus dem Hubschrauber erörtert. Beschreibung der Genauigkeit zweidimensionaler Koordinatentransformationen zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Daten aus Photos. Abschliessend werden Empfehlungen bezüglich der am besten geeigneten photographischen Methode und zur Transformation der Daten gegeben, wenn Verkehrsströme an komplexen Kreuzungen in Städten und Vororten analysiert werden sollen.
THE USE OF SHORT RANGE STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SHOEBILL BILL
Authors: Adams L. P.
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses the application of various short range stereophotogrammetric methods which can be used for the morphological study of skeletal remains, with particular reference to the shoebill bill. The writer recommends the use of X‐ray stereophotogrammetry as being the most appropriate method and which also has the advantage of being within the scope of the ornithologist.

On discute les possibilityés d'application de diverses techniques stéréo‐photogrammétriques à courte distance à l'étude morphologique des vestiges de squelettes. L'auteur recommande vivement le recours à la stéréophotogrammétrie par rayons X, qui a en particulier l'avantage de faire partie des moyens à la disposition de l'ornithologiste.

Beschreibung der Anwendung verschiedener Verfahren der Nahphotogrammetrie, die für morphologische Studien von Skelett‐Überresten angewendet werden können. Der autor empfiehlt als günstigstes Verfahren die Anwendung der Röntgenstereophotogrammetrie, die den Vorteil hat, dass sie den Ornithologen vertraut ist.
COMPUTER AIDED ORIENTATIONS OF TERRESTRIAL MODELS ON THE ZEISS (JENA) TOPOCART B
Authors: Shortis M. R.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes a system for the interior, relative and absolute orientations of steroplotter models, using a minicomputer interfaced to the plotter as an aid to the operator. Both aerial and terrestrial models were included in the evaluation of the system but the emphasis is on close range work where significant improvements in efficiency and precision can be obtained.

On décrit un système d'aide à la restitution (orientation relative et orientation absolue) utilisant un mini‐ordinateur relié par une interface à l'appareil de restitution. II vaut tant pour les couples terrestres que les couples aériens; on a cependant accordé une attention spéciale au cas de la photogrammétrie à courte distance oú certaines dispositions permettent un gain significatif d'exactitude.

In dem Artikel wird ein System zur inneren, relativen und absoluten Orientierung von Stereomodellen unter Benutzung eines Minirechners beschrieben, der zur Unterstützung des Auswerters an das Stereokartiergerät angeschlossen ist. Obwohl bei der Analyse des Systems sowohl Luftbilder als auch terrestrische Bilder betrachtet werden, liegt das Schwergewicht auf der Nahphotogrammetrie, wo dadurch bedeutende Verbesserungen in bezug auf Leistungsfähigkeit und Genauigkeit erhalt en werden können.
UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN THE NORTH SEA
Authors: Leatherdale J. D. , Turner D. J.
Published: July 2010

Underwater photogrammetry is being used in the particularly hostile environment of the North Sea where it has been put into commercially viable operation. The authors discuss underwater photogrammetry related to other means of inspection of oil platforms. They also deal with operational experience of 35 mm and 70 mm cameras, camera calibration, the provision of control and photogrammetric observations and data analysis. The demand for underwater photogrammetry continues to grow.
EVALUATION OF SPACELAB PHOTOGRAPHY FOR SMALL SCALE MAPPING
Authors: Davison M.
Published: July 2010

The paper presents an assessment of the results of a practical investigation into topographic interpretation from photography taken from the Spacelab Mission launched on 28th November, 1983. Hunting Surveys Ltd. had carried out mapping at 1:100 000 scale of part of Oman from photography taken in 1981 and stereoscopic cover of this area from Spacelab was available, so providing the opportunity of a comparison of the interpretation with the existing mapping.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY UNWINDS ARIADNE'S THREAD: RECORDING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF CNOSSOS
Authors: Georgopoulos A. , Monahos N. , Stambouloglou E.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes briefly the survey and photogrammetric work carried out for the detailed recording of the Minoan Palace of Cnossos, a project undertaken by a group of three private survey firms (N. Perdikaris, Dimopoulos and Associates and Stambouloglou and Associates) for the Archaeological Service of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Science.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Macleod A.
Published: July 2010

With the advent of powerful computers and cheap optical devices, photogrammetric methods are now being used in several aspects of medicine. The application of close range photogrammetry to human movement analysis and body shape measurement is described.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INEXPENSIVE ANALYTICAL PLOTTER
Authors: Carson W. W.
Published: July 2010

The author continues the discussion of a Norwegian project to develop a stereoscopic instrument which will reduce the cost of analytical photogrammetry. Parts I and II of the project were presented at the 1984 Thompson Symposium; the objective at that stage was to build an image space plotter. This paper covers Part III of the project and the extended objective to develop an inexpensive analytical plotter which links with a modern microcomputer.
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING
Authors: Cooper M. A. R. , Cross P. A.
Published: July 2010

This paper was prepared as supporting documentation for a tutorial given by the authors under Photogrammetric Society auspices. The authors do not make any claims of novelty or innovation but they feel that the information contained in the paper will provide useful study material, especially for practitioners of photogrammetry and surveying. The following topics are covered: functional and stochastic models; the least squares process; statistical testing; optimal design methods; and numerical examples in the design of a horizontal control network and of a close range photogrammetric survey.
STORING AND CATALOGUING ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY MATERIAL
Authors: Dallas R. W. A.
Published: July 2010

The paper describes the material generated in carrying out architectural photogrammetric surveys. The importance of the archival nature of this material is highlighted and reference is made to the indexing and storing of the records.
THE USE OF OPTICAL TRIANGULATION FOR HIGH SPEED ACQUISITION OF CROSS SECTIONS OR PROFILES OF STRUCTURES
Authors: Clarke T. A.
Published: July 2010

Optical triangulation is used in the human visual system and surveying tacheometers to estimate distance. This method is now used in systems with solid state sensors which enable fast measurement of distance with sufficiently high accuracy for many applications. City University has built on past experience to develop the optical triangulation technique to gather data appertaining to cross sections or profiles of structures in the range 0.2 m to 20 m radius from the measurement axis. Results obtained using three prototypes are given.
IMAGE MOTION IN PANORAMIC PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Piteri S.
Published: July 2010

The effect of sweep positional distortion on the quality of images of panoramic photographs is evaluated for vertical, forward looking oblique and tilted panoramic photography. It is shown that an image motion compensation mechanism will not eliminate sweep positional distortion completely, and a residual displacement will exist, which is greater for image co‐ordinates parallel to the central axis of the panoramic cylinder of the vertical and forward looking oblique photography.
WOODLAND ECOLOGY IN RECENT AND HISTORIC AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Rackham O.
Published: July 2010

Woodland ecology necessarily involves a time dimension. It is seldom possible to understand the ecology of a wood without knowing its history. Although the history of many woods extends back far beyond the invention of photography, aerial photographs come at a period when the written record of woodland is often poor. They are also of great help in mapping woods as they are today. Some historic details can be learnt from recent photographs, others from historic aerial photographs. Photographs taken in the Second World War, such as those of England taken by the Germans and preserved in the United States, record an important and otherwise ill‐documented period. This paper reviews the kinds of information that can be extracted from present and past aerial photographs and discusses the limitations of aerial survey and other forms of remote sensing as a means of measuring past and future changes.

Ľécologie sylvestre comprend la dimension du temps. Onne pent guère s'entendre àľéecologie ďun bois sans connaître son histoire. Bien que ľ histoire ďun grand nombre de bois s'étende longuement avant la découverte de la photographie, la photographie aérienne commence à une époque où il y à souvent des lacunes à la documentation écrite des bois. Elle est très utile, aussi, pour la cartographie des bois comme ils existent aujourd'hui. Des particulariés historiques s'apprennent ďaprès des photographies récentes, des autres ďaprès des photographies aériennes historiques. Parmi les photos les plus utiles sont celles de la IIe guerre mondiale, comme celles de la France prises par la Royal Air Force et conservées àľUniversité de Keele. Cette communication passe en revue les informations qu'on peut extraire des photographies aériennes du présent et du passé, et discute les bornes des levés aériens et spatiaux comme moyen de contrôler les changements du passé et du futur.

Die Waldökologie enthalt eine Zeitdimension. Selten ist es moglich, die Ökologie eines Waldes zu begreifen, ohne mit seiner Geschichte getraut zu sein. Obwohl die Geschichte mancher Wälder weit vor die Entdeckung der Photographie sich ausdehnt, die Luftphotographie kommt zu einer Zeit, wo schriftliche Urkunden der Wälder oft fehlen. Luftbilder sind auch sehr nutzvoll für die Kartographie von dem heutigen Zustandder Wälder. Einige historische Angaben werden von jungeren, andere von historischen Luftaufnahmen geschöpft. Unter den wertvollsten Luftbildern sind die von dem zweiten Weltkrieg, z. B. die britische Aufnahmen von Deutschland und Österreich, die jetzt in der Universität Keele aufbewahrt sind. Diese Abhandlung rezensiert die Auskünfte, die aus jüngere und historische Luftphotographie ausgeschöpft werden können, und diskutiert die Beschrankungen der Luft‐ und Weltraumvermessung als Zeugnis vergangener und zukünftiger Veranderungen.
Rational function model for sensor orientation of IRS‐P6 LISS‐4 imagery
Authors: Nagasubramanian V. , Radhadevi P. V. , Ramachandran R. , Krishnan R.
Published: July 2010

This paper explores the application of a rational function model (RFM) as a replacement sensor model for IRS‐P6 LISS‐4 imagery. The rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs), initially generated using a rigorous sensor model (RSM) through direct georeferencing, are bias‐compensated with a minimum number of ground control points and are used for various photogrammetric applications such as digital elevation model and ortho‐image generation. The performance of RFM and RSM is compared in the sensor modelling of LISS‐4 imagery over long strips. Results show that accuracies achieved using RFM are within 1 pixel (worst case) of the accuracies derived using RSM. Error variation as a function of the number of quasi‐control points (anchor points) used for RFM fitting as well as model errors with respect to the length of the image strip are analysed. System‐level accuracy does not deteriorate when the RFM is fitted up to a length of 1200 km. Absolute positioning accuracy of 1·5 pixels (∼9 m) is achieved from bias‐compensated RPCs. The results demonstrate the potential of RFM as a replacement sensor model. This allows standardisation of product generation packages to handle multiple sensors.
A sub‐pixel location method for interest points by means of the Harris interest strength
Authors: Zhu Qing , Wu Bo , Wan Neng
Published: July 2010

The sub‐pixel location of interest points is one of the most important tasks in refined image‐based 3D reconstruction in digital photogrammetry. The interest point detectors based on the Harris principles are generally used for stereoscopic image matching and subsequent 3D reconstruction. However, the locations of the interest points detected in this way can only be obtained to 1 pixel accuracy. The Harris detector has the following characteristics: (1) the Harris interest strength, which denotes the distinctiveness of an interest point, is a grey scale descriptor which computes the gradient at each sample point in a region around the point, and (2) the Harris interest strengths of the pixels in a template window centred on the interest point exhibit an approximately paraboloid distribution. This paper proposes a precise location method to improve the precision of the interest points on the basis of these characteristics of the Harris interest strength. Firstly, a least squares fit of a paraboloid function to the image grey scale surface using the Harris interest strength is designed in a template window and a Gaussian‐distance algorithm is employed to determine the weight. Then, the precise coordinates of this interest point are obtained by calculating the extremities of the fitting surface. The location accuracy of this method is studied both from the theoretical and the practical point of view. Experimental analysis is illustrated with synthetic images as well as actual images, which yielded a location accuracy of 0·15 pixels. Furthermore, experimental results also indicate that this method has the desired anti‐image‐noise and efficiency characteristics.
Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wong Chun‐Ming , Ng Irene O. L.
Published: July 2010

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process evolving from normal through chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis and dysplastic nodules to HCC. With advances in molecular methods, there is a growing understanding of the molecular mechanisms in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatocarcinogenesis is strongly linked to increases in allelic losses, chromosomal changes, gene mutations, epigenetic alterations and alterations in molecular cellular pathways. Some of these alterations are accompanied by a stepwise increase in the different pathological disease stages in hepatocarcinogenesis. Overall, a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of HCC is of fundamental importance to the development of effective prevention and treatment regimes for HCC.
Stadial subdivisions of early Pleistocene glaciations in central United States ‐ a developing chronology
Authors: DORT WAKEFIELD
Published: July 2010

Recently recognized field evidence clearly indicates that both the Nebraskan and Kansan Glaciations are divisible into stades on the basis of a stratigraphic record of ice‐margin fluctuations. Two Nebraskan stades and three Kansan stades have been identified; it is suggested that others will be found. Recognition of multiple stades requires a thorough review of all Early Pleistocene stratigraphic and paleontologic age assignments applied in the American Midwest.
Late Glacial environmental changes indicated by a coleopteran succession from North Wales
Authors: COOPE G. RUSSELL , BROPHY JOHN A.
Published: July 2010

This investigation was designed to compare the environmental inferences that can be made from fossil Coleoptera with those that can be made from palynological data. In the Glanllynnau kettle hole, sedimentation began at 14,000 BP and continued until about 10,000 BP. The Coleoptera from these deposits show that during this period there was only one climatic oscillation and that this differed in both timing and intensity from oscillations inferred from palynological evidence. Thus, at about 13,000 BP, an intensely cold continental climate suddenly gave place to a period with summer temperatures at least as warm as those at the present day, but during this episode the landscape was entirely without trees. From 12,000 BP to about 10,000 BP there was a progressive deterioration in the temperature, and the period of Betula forest, broadly equivalent to the Allerød, is shown to have a less thermophilous fauna than that of the previous pollen Zone I. An attempt is made to explain this anomaly in terms of the differential rate of response of the plants and animals to rapid climatic changes.
A diagnostic technique to differentiate between buried gleysolic and chernozemic B horizons
Authors: DORMAAR JOHAN F.
Published: July 2010

It is often difficult to establish in the field the origin of the B horizon of buried truncated palaeosols. However, infrared spectral configurations of electrodialyzed humic acids can be used as a diagnostic tool. Decreased absorption on passing from 2500 to 1800 cm‐1 indicates the presence of a chernozemic B horizon. The difference was explained on the basis of the conditions that existed at the time of the formation of these horizons. Burial did not change the structure of the humic substances responsible for the infrared spectral configurations.
The subfossil occurrence of Mytilus edulis L. in central East Greenland
Authors: HJORT CHRISTIAN , FUNDER SVEND
Published: July 2010

The subfossil occurrence of Mytilus edulis in central East Greenland has been C14‐dated to roughly between 8000 B.P. and 5500 B.P.; compared with other areas this is a short period. Its immigration coincides with the final deglaciation of the innermost fjords, and its disappearance is contemporaneous with an increase in cold‐climate plants, as shown by pollen spectra. It is suggested that it immigrated from the Svalbard area rather than from southeast Greenland, and that the central East Greenland fjord zone forms an isolated oasis, where more southerly species like Mytilus and Chlamys islandica can or could live, even if this was not possible along the surrounding and more hostile outer coasts. The reason for the absence of Mytilus edalis from the region today is probably not the local climate.
Lateglacial and postglacial shorelines in western Scotland
Authors: GRAY J. MURRAY
Published: July 2010

Some recent studies of raised shorelines in western Scotland, which are gaining international acceptance, are assessed in the light of subsequent criticisms. Fieldwork has revealed that there are differences in altitude measurements, interpretations, and conclusions between these studies and the present one in Lorn and eastern Mull. Two short lateglacial shorelines are tentatively suggested, but there is a general abesence of clear, widespread shorelines of this age. The Main Postglacial Shoreline has a gradient of 0.05 m/km, considerably less than found in previous studies in both western and south‐cast Scotland. Subsequently, as relative sea level fell to its present level, two fairly clear shorelines with low gradients were formed together with traces of intermediate ones. The influences of the. Falls of Lora rock bar and of exposure on showline altitude are also examined.
Late Pleistocene Mérida Glaciation, Venezuelan Andes
Authors: SCIIUBERT CARLOS
Published: July 2010

The name Mérida Glaciation is proposed to designate the alpine glaciation which affected the central Veneruelan Andes; during the Late Pleistrocenc. Two main morainie levels have been recognired: one between 2600 and 2700 m, and another between 3000 and 3500 m elevation. The snow line during the last glacial advance was lowered approximately 1200 m below the present snow line (3700 m). Rodiocarbon dating indicates that the moraines are older than 10,000 years B.P., and probahly older than 13,000 years B.P. The lower morainie level probably corresponds to the main Wisconsin glacial advance. The upper level probably represents the last glacial advance (Late Wisconsin).
Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography on the Black Sea coast of Western Caucasus
Authors: MURATOV VASILIY M. , OSTROVSKY ALEXANDR B. , FRIDENBERG EFEONORA O.
Published: July 2010

On the basis of new data a revised stratigraphic scheme for the Anthropogene of the Black Sea region is suggested. Radiological dates are given for the absolute age of the three Black Sea transgressions with a Karangat‐type fauna and two Holocene transgressions. The structure of overdeepened estuarine parts of river valleys and the stratigraphy of slope and cave deposits are discussed.
Non‐glacial cirque formation in southern Africa
Authors: SPARROW GERALD W. A.
Published: July 2010

Expansion of the author's previous work has suggested a multiple developmental sequence of non‐glacial cirques in south‐eastern Lesotho and the adjacent Cape‐Natal Drakeniberg of southern Alrica. This sequence consists of a dry type with predominantly frost‐shattering as its main process and a wet type where solifluction is thought to form a contributory factor in cirque development. Comparative studies are made with other similar landforms where and the palaeoclimatic implications of the succession are discussed.
Rates of peat formation in relation to degree of humification and local environment, as shown by studies of a raised bog in Deninark
Authors: AABY BENT , TAUBER HENRIK
Published: July 2010

In the raised bog Draved Mose, rates of peat formation and degrees of humification were determined in two peat sections. Based on 59 calibrated C‐14 dates, accumulation rates during the last 6500 years of 0.16 to 0.80 mm/year were found. The peat layers were analyscd for Sphagnum species, rhizopods, and pollen and spores. A clear relation between humification degrees and humidity at the time of formation was found, while the relation between measured growth rates and degrees of humification varied throughout the 2.5 m thick peat section. These variations are thought to be mostly a result of autocompaction.
The vertebrate fauna of the type Cromerian
Authors: STUART ANTHONY J.
Published: July 2010

The rich vertebrate fauna of the Upper Freshwater Bed of West Runton, Norfolk. England (pollen assemblage zone Cr II) is described and related to vegetational conditions based on analysis of fossil pollen and macroscopic plant remains. The general picture is of fishes associated with aquatic plants in a slow‐flowing river, amphibious vertebrates living in water‐side habitats, and a terrestrial fauna generally reflecting a regional mixed oak forest cover, but also including grassland voles associated with local herb‐dominated communities on the river floodplain. The fossil assemblage appears to have accumulated largely from the remains of terrestrial vertebrates washed in as the river eroded its banks. A reassessment of the fossil voles indicates that only five species occur, although ten were previously described. The sparse fauna from the overlying marine gravel (zone Cr III) is also discussed. On the basis of vertebrate faunas and other evidence, sites in England and Germany arc correlated with the type Cromerian.
Isopollen maps and principal components analysis of Finnish pollen data for 4000, 6000, and 8000 years ago
Authors: BIRKS H. JOTIN R. , SAARNISTO MATTI
Published: July 2010

Isopollen maps of Betula, Pinus, Alnus, Corylus, and Ulmus for 4000, 6000, and 8000 B.P. and of Picea, Tilia, and Quercus for 4000 and 6000 U.P. are presented for Finland. The maps show the major geographical patterns in pollen composition for these three time intervals. Principal components analysis is used as a means of detecting the major gradients in the data. Over 50% of the total variance in the data for each of the three time intervals can he related to major geographical patterns. These patterns emphasize the distinction in pollen composition between southernmost Finland, central Finland, and the extreme north. Changes in the position of the ecotonal boundaries between these areas with time are discussed on the basis of the numerical analyses.
Distinguishing between lodgement till and flow till in Weichselian deposits
Authors: MARCUSSEN IB
Published: July 2010

Lodgement till and flow till are depositcd in quite different environments. In Weichselian depmits, they can be distinguishcd by the setting of the sediments, the fabric, geotechnical characters, and the morphological appearance. These indications support each other. Of the outlined methods, the morphological is the most convenient in practice. Since flow till normally exists together with meltwater sediments it is suggested that systematic morphological mapping will be time‐saving and most profitable for the prospecting of economically important clay, sand, and gravel deposits.
A standard profile for Littorina transgressions in western Skåne, South Sweden
Authors: DIGERFELDT GUNNAR
Published: July 2010

The investigation is based on diatem‐ and pollen analyses of a main profile from the ancient lagoon Barsebäcksmossen. The chronology is bared on C14‐‐dating.

Seven transgressions are indicated, viz. 5200–4800 B.C., 4600–4400 R.C., 4150–3900 B.C., 3800–3700 B.C., 3600–3500 B.C., 3100–2950 H.C. and 2050–1850 B.C. Thc trangressions 4150–3900 B.C., 3800–3700 B.C. and 3600–3500 B.C. may only represent fluctuations during a ‘complex’ transgresssion. The transgresssion in Barsebäcksmtrssen are correlated with the transgresssion established by Berglund in the Baltic Sea and by Mörner in the Kattegatt sea.

A change in the date of the pollen‐zone boundary AT 1/AT 2 from 4500–4600 B.C. to 5200 B.C. is proposed.
The highest coastline in south‐eastern Sweden
Authors: AGRELL HARALD
Published: July 2010

Data on the highest level of the Baltic Ice Lake in south‐eastern Sweden have been compiled from various modern investigations and a survey map has been drawn on the basis of the new topographical maps. The level regularly rises from c. 40 m a.s.l. in eastern Skåne to c. 1SS m a.s.l. in northern Östergötland, immediately before the final drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake at the Billingen Hill. The gradients of the oldest synchronous shorelines suggest that the outlet of the Ice Lake was situated all the time in the south, on Öresund, or south of the Danish islands.
Immigration of glacial relicts into northern Europe
Authors: SEGERSTRALE SVEN G.
Published: July 2010

On the basis of opinions held by leading Soviet geologists the author, in a paper of 1957, concluded that the immigration started from an ice‐dammed lake in the valley of R. Onega, emptying into the White Sea, from which the animals had been sluiced up in front of the advancing ice‐sheet. Recent geological work suggests that the Würm ice‐cap of northern Europe (and adjacent Arctic regions) extended in northern Russia as far eastwards as the Urals, creating a continuous network of ice‐dammed waters along the ice‐front. Consequently, the relicts may have come from considerably more eastern regions than the Onega Ice Lake. The presence of relicts in lakes of the Kola Peninsula is also discussed. It is shown that these once enigmatic relict localities can be explained in the light of recent geological research, which suggests that the White Sea basin experienced a freshwater phase during the Würm deglaciation, thus allowing the relicts, which do not tolerate higher salinities, to reach even the Kola Peninsula.
Palaeoecological study on the Holocene valley development of the River Main, southern Germany
Authors: BECKER BERND , SCHIRMER WOLFGANG
Published: July 2010

Tree‐ring studies carried out on subfossil oak trunk deposits within the Holocene valley fills of the River Main can reconstruct phases of increased fluvial activities. These phases have been dated on the base of two absolutely tree‐ring dated chronologies and in addition by 11C‐datings of eleven floating tree‐ring scries of subfossil oaks.

Geological‐pedological investigations reveal an alternation between increased and reduced fluvial activity during the Holocene.

Periods of increased gravel redeposition are dated by dendrochronology, and by 14C and cultural findings. Increased fluvial activity becomes more frequent towards Modern Times with culminations in the Middle Atlantic, the Subboreal, the Iron‐Roman Age, the Main Middle Ages till earliest Modern Times, and in the last century.

On the sequence of Holocene river deposits there developed specific soil types as indicators for the age of the river deposits since the Last Glacial.

Among other palaeoecological results an important finding is the correlation between tree‐ring width, flood‐loam sedimentation, and soil development.
Some properties of Norwegian tills
Authors: JØKGENSEN PER
Published: July 2010

Grain size distribution data for a large number of basal tills from different areas are presented. The Norwegian tills can be divided in two major groups: Tills derived from Precambrian bedrock and tills derived from Cambro‐Silurian sedimentary rocks. Both types are significantly different from Danish tills where unconsolidated sediments are incorporatcd. Chemical and mineralogical composition of the 125–250 μm fraction of tills derived from Precambrian rocks and tills derived from phyllites are presented. These data are used to determine transport distances for the till material.

Due to a marked relief and short distances from the ice‐divides to the coast, the tills found in the Norwegian mountains have generally had a short transport and are, unless large amounts of unconsolidated sediments are incorporated, strongly influenced by the underlying bedrock.
Geochemistry of till in perennially frozen terrain of the Canadian shield— application to prospecting
Authors: SHILTS WILLIAM W.
Published: July 2010

Shilts, W. W. 1977 06 01: Geochemistry of till in perennially frozen terrain of the Canadian shield ‐ application to prospecting.

Geomorphological (drumlins, ribbed moraine) and geochemical features associated with till in the District of Keewatin are arranged in belts or dispersal trains paralleling the main direction of ice flow. Both types of features can be related to chemical and physical characteristics of specific types of source rocks.

For dispersal studies in perennially frozen terrain, till samples were collected from mudboils at spacings of approximately 1.6 km. The texture of till samples varies significantly from sample site to sample site because of varying source‐rock lithologies and periglacial processes. Thus, because fractions coarser than clay are mostly quartz and feldspar and contain very little metal after weathering in the active layer, they were removed by centrifugation so as not to mask the ‘true’ relative metal contents of samples. The clay‐sized fraction was separated from till samples and analyzed on the assumption that it contained scavenging phases that adsorb cations in proportion to those released by weathering of mineralized particles that were originally physically dispersed by glacial action.

Dispersal patterns of copper, zinc, nickel, and uranium were derived for approximately 1000 samples evenly distributed over a 2500 km2 grid. From these maps, large dispersal trains of copper and nickel were found, and known areas of high potential for uranium and Cu‐Zn mineralization were clearly indicated.
Sequence of till deposition and erosion in drumlins
Authors: WHITTECAR G. RICHARD , MICKELSON DAVID M.
Published: July 2010

Whittecar, G.R. & Mickelson, D. M. 1977 06 01: Sequence of till deposition and erosion in drumlins.

Extensive sand and gravel workings have exposed structural and compositional features of 17 gravel‐cored drumlins of late Wisconsin age in eastern Wisconsin. The drumlins are blanketed by 3 m of sandy basal till which truncates lower tills of earlier advanccs, outwash gravels, and an overlying till which is conformable to the gravel bedding and indistinguishable in composition from the surface till. Sands and gravels in the interior of some drumlins are deformed into large overturned folds, and into elastic dikes of fine sand and silt which penetrate to the top of the drumlin and warp overlying gravels. Both the folds and horizontal bedding are truncated by either the drumlin edge or the till blanket.

We interpret the conformable, truncated, and in some cases folded, till as a basal till deposited during glacial advance. The capping, truncating till is viewed as a basal till left by retreating ice.

The following sequence of events is suggested: (1) advance of ice over outwash, and deposition of till in a zone mar the margin; (2) thickening of the ice and erosion of the drumlin shapes; (3) local folding of the gravels and continued erosion; (4) retreat of ice and deposition of basal till under thin ice; (5) deposition of localized ablation till and stratified deposits.
Grain‐size distribution and grain‐size parameters of different till types on Hardangervidda, south Norway
Authors: VORREN TORE O.
Published: July 2010

Vorren, T. O. 1977 06 01: Grain‐size distribution and grain‐size parameters of differcnt till type on Hardangervidda, south Norway.

Grain‐size characteristics for different till types on Hardangervidda havc been studied: Basal tills are finer grained than ablation tills: phyllitic basal tills are relatively rich in gravel and clay: basal tills derived from a semiporphyritic granite are poor in clay and have a deficiency of very coarse sand. Of the Folk a Ward's (1957) grain‐size distribution parameters, sorting and kurtosis seem to he the most diagnostic parameters for distinguishing between different types of till. A linear corrclation betwen sorting and the other grain‐size parameters is indicated for the basal tills.
Avian predators as accumulators of fossil mammal material
Authors: MAYHEW DAVID F.
Published: July 2010

Differences between the remains of mammalian prey in pellets of diurnal and nocturnal avian predators are discussed on the basis of recent material and in relation to probable fossil occurrences. The ability of diurnal predators to digest bone reduces the value of their pellets for quantitative or qualitative indications of the regional mammalian fauna. However, the remaining partially digested fragments in pellets of diurnal predators appear to have a characteristic morphology which may be recognised in a sample of fossil mammalian teeth from the type Cromerian Upper Freshwater Bed sediments at West Runton, England. The implications of such an origin for faunal analysis are briefly considered.

This is believed to be the first time that the role of diurnal predatory birds in accumulation of fossil vertebrate material has been recognised. The characteristically digested teeth from diurnal predator pellets may provide the only direct indication of the origin of at least a part of the mammalian material contained in deposits formed in open sedimentary environments where skeletal parts have been dissociated.
Winter turbidity current deposits in Late Pleistocene glaciolacustrine varves, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: SHAW JOHN , ARCHER JOHN
Published: July 2010

Sand units within the winter clay components of distal, glaciolacustrine varves of Kickininee Park, British Columbia show a common sequence of cross‐lamination, and a similarity in grain size. A lower division of micro‐cross‐lamination is succeeded by two divisions of climbing ripple drift cross‐lamination. The two upper divisions are differentiated on the basis of angle of climb, a marked increase occurring in the top division. The sequence is related to turbidity currents which swept down lake during winter. It is possible that the B division of some turbidite sequences may have formed under conditions of low relief bedforms similar to those which generated the lower division of the glaciolacustrine sands. Stratigraphic position and varve thickness are used to support the conclusion that the distal turbidite sands are down lake equivalents of proximal grain‐flow deposits. The appearance of coarse grained deposits within winter layers of varves may cause two years of deposition to be allocated to a single varve. This may introduce large errors when varves are used as time indicators.