bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3‐Year clinical evaluation of posterior packable composite resin restorations
Authors: LOGUERCIO A. D. , REIS A. , HERNANDEZ P. A. G. , MACEDO R. P. , BUSATO A. L. S.
Published: February 2006

summary  This study evaluated the clinical performance of four packable resin composite restorative materials in posterior teeth (Class I and II) compared with one hybrid composite after 3 years. Eighty‐four restorations were placed in 16 patients. The tested materials were: (i) Solitaire + Solid Bond; (ii) ALERT + Bond‐1; (iii) Surefil + Prime & Bond NT; (iv) Filtek P60 + Single Bond and (v) TPH Spectrum + Prime & Bond 2.1. All restorations were made using rubber dam isolation, and the cavity design was restricted to the elimination of carious tissue. Deeper cavities were covered with calcium hydroxide and/or glass–ionomer cement. Each adhesive system and composite resin was placed according to the manufacturer's instructions. One week later, the restorations were finished/polished and evaluated according USPHS modified criteria. Fourteen patients attended the 3‐year recall and 75 restorations were evaluated at that time based on the same evaluation criteria. Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance by rank and Wilcoxon sign‐ranked test for pair‐wise comparison was used for data analysis (α = 0·05). The analysis was performed only for the baseline and for the 3‐year period. Solitaire showed some fractures at marginal ridges in 25% of the cases. Solitaire and ALERT showed some concerns related to colour match (43 and 77%, respectively) and surface texture (86 and 77%, respectively). TPH Spectrum showed a great percentage of colour mismatch after 3 years, around 50%. Surefil and Filtek P60 showed an excellent clinical performance after 3 years, similar to the hybrid resin tested, TPH Spectrum. Solitaire did not fulfil the ADA acceptance criteria for restorative materials and, therefore, is not recommended for use in posterior restorations.
Prevalence of root caries in a selected population of older adults in Japan
Authors: IMAZATO S. , IKEBE K. , NOKUBI T. , EBISU S. , WALLS A. W. G.
Published: February 2006

summary  In this study, the prevalence of root caries in a sample of Japanese elders was investigated along with various aetiological factors. Two hundred and eighty‐seven independently living elderly people over the age of 60 years were examined for the prevalence of active, inactive, and filled root lesions as well as the number of teeth. General health, oral status and brushing habits were surveyed, and salivary flow was determined in terms of flow rate and subjective feeling of dry mouth during eating. About 39% of the subjects had one or more decayed roots and 53·3% had at least one decayed or filled lesion. Root caries was seen most frequently on canine teeth followed by the first premolar. The number of decayed or filled lesions increased with increasing number of residual teeth (Kruskal–Wallis test, P = 0·033), however, there was no association between the proportion of teeth with root decay and the number of teeth. For subjects with 20 or more teeth, the number of decayed roots is likely to be lower in subjects who reported brushing frequently (P = 0·058), and higher in subjects with low salivary flow (P = 0·059) or subjective feeling of dry mouth (P = 0·052) (Chi‐squared). The presence of decayed lesions is likely to be related to dry mouth (P = 0·057, odds ratio 3·13) and brushing frequency (P = 0·088, odds ratio 1·76) (Multiple logistic regression analysis). The results indicate a high frequency of root surface caries in this Japanese community‐dwelling older population. Oral hygiene status and low salivary flow or perceived dry mouth were potential risk factors for disease.
Bending resistance of unit cast posts‐and‐cores compared with noble posts following molten cast core attachment
Authors: PFEIFFER P. , SCHMAGE P. , SCHULZ A. , NERGIZ I.
Published: February 2006

summary  The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bending resistance of unit cast posts‐and‐cores (UPC) and prefabricated high noble posts with cast‐on cores. Tapered posts (ER post‐restoring system) of three sizes in diameter (ISO 50, 90, 110) were investigated: UPC were cast of three different alloys (Au‐Pt‐Pd, Au‐Ag‐Pt, Co‐Cr‐Mo). Also, prefabricated tapered noble posts (Heraplat and Pt‐Ir) were cast over with metal cores of the different alloys. Prefabricated titanium posts of each size were precision fit into the central core channels of the Co‐Cr‐Mo cores to serve as control specimens. The 0·2% yield strengths (R0·2) of all specimens were tested on a universal testing machine. One‐way and three‐way anova and Bonferroni‐Dunn's multiple comparison tests were performed for the statistical analysis. The mean bending resistance R0·2 of the unit cast posts‐and‐cores was 45 ± 4–46 ± 5 N for ISO 50 (control group: 54 ± 3 N), 91 ± 9–93 ± 7N for ISO 90 (control group: 117 ± 11 N) and 115 ± 13–130 ± 12 N for ISO 110 (control group: 141 ± 12 N). Except for the Au‐Pt‐Pd UPC of ISO 110, the yield strengths of the control groups were significantly superior to all unit cast alloy combinations (P < 0·05). Significantly lower bending resistance was found for Co‐Cr‐Mo cores cast over Heraplat and Pt‐Ir posts compared with the corresponding Heraplat/Au‐Ag‐Pt, Heraplat/Au‐Pt‐Pd and Pt‐Ir/Au‐Ag‐Pt posts‐and‐cores.
Influence of lip support on the soft‐tissue profile of complete denture wearers
Authors: KAMASHITA Y. , KAMADA Y. , KAWAHATA N. , NAGAOKA E.
Published: February 2006

summary  Complete dentures change the soft‐tissue profile, although the exact relationship remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between the presence and degree of lip support provided by dentures and the lateral views of the facial appearance of edentulous patients. The subjects were five edentulous patients (three men and two women). Their facial appearances with experimental record blocks, with and without their complete dentures, were measured using a three‐dimensional laser measuring system. The experimental record block for each subject had different conditions in the anteroposterior direction anteriorly but the same vertical dimensions posteriorly. The lateral digital facial images were displayed on a computer monitor, and the linear and angular measurements were analysed using image analysis software. The nasolabial angle was smaller and the labial points projected more with excessive lip support versus with deficient support. Moreover, the counter of the nose was affected by the labial flange of the record base, particularly in the facial appearance of one subject with highly atrophic residual ridges. The lip support affected the lower facial soft‐tissue profile, including the lower part of the nose; the nasolabial angle and positional relationship between the lips and Ricketts's esthetic plane (E plane) are useful indexes for examining lip support.
An XMM—Newton observation of the young open cluster NGC 2547: coronal activity at 30 Myr
Authors: Jeffries R. D. , Evans P. A. , Pye J. P. , Briggs K. R.
Published: February 2006

We report on XMM—Newton observations of the young open cluster NGC 2547 which allow us to characterize coronal activity in solar-type stars, and stars of lower mass, at an age of 30 Myr. X-ray emission is seen from stars at all spectral types, peaking among G stars at luminosities (0.3-3 keV) of Lx≃ 1030.5 erg s−1 and declining to Lx≤ 1029.0 erg s−1 among M stars with masses ≥0.2 M⊙. Coronal spectra show evidence for multi-temperature differential emission measures and low coronal metal abundances of Z≃ 0.3. The G- and K-type stars of NGC 2547 follow the same relationship between X-ray activity and Rossby number established in older clusters and field stars, although most of the solar-type stars in NGC 2547 exhibit saturated or even supersaturated X-ray activity levels. The median levels of Lx and Lx/Lbol in the solar-type stars of NGC 2547 are very similar to those in T-Tauri stars of the Orion Nebula cluster (ONC), but an order of magnitude higher than in the older Pleiades. The spread in X-ray activity levels among solar-type stars in NGC 2547 is much smaller than in older or younger clusters.

Coronal temperatures increase with Lx, Lx/Lbol and surface X-ray flux. The most active solar-type stars in NGC 2547 have coronal temperatures intermediate between those in the ONC and the most active older zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) stars. We show that simple scaling arguments predict higher coronal temperature in coronally saturated stars with lower gravities. A number of candidate flares were identified among the low-mass members and a flaring rate [for total flare energies (0.3-3 keV) > 1034 erg] of one every 350+350−120 ks was found for solar-type stars, which is similar to rates found in the ONC and Pleiades. Comparison with ROSAT High Resolution Imager (HRI) data taken 7 yr earlier reveals that only 10-15 per cent of solar-type stars or stars with Lx > 3 × 1029 erg s−1 exhibit X-ray variability by more than a factor of 2. This is comparable with clusters of similar age but less than in both older and younger clusters. The similar median levels of X-ray activity and rate of occurrence for large flares in NGC 2547 and the ONC demonstrate that the X-ray radiation environment around young solar-type stars remains relatively constant over their first 30 Myr.
Composition of brines in halite‐hosted fluid inclusions in the Upper Ordovician, Canning Basin, Western Australia: new data on seawater chemistry
Authors: Kovalevych Volodymyr M. , Peryt Tadeusz Marek , Zang Wenlong , Vovnyuk Serhiy V.
Published: February 2006

Analyses of primary and early diagenetic fluid inclusions in the halite from the Late Ordovician Mallowa Salt, Canning Basin, Western Australia indicate a Ca‐rich composition and high concentration of parent brines in the basin which were close to sylvite and carnallite precipitation. The salt‐bearing series in the sampled interval was overheated up to 62 °C. The recorded differences in gas compositions result from the input of several gas sources including dispersed organic matter in the salt series and hydrocarbon deposits in the underlying rocks. The high concentration of the brines in fluid inclusions does not allow quantitative reconstruction of the chemical composition of Late Ordovician parent seawater. Using the information from Early Cambrian and Late Silurian basins as a proxy, however, the new data indicate that Late Ordovician seawater was undoubtedly Ca‐rich and, in comparison with modern seawater, had a similar K content, considerably lower Mg content (c. 30%), approximately three times the Ca content and one‐third the SO4 content.
Assessment of Predacity and Efficacy of Arthrobotrys dactyloides for Biological Control of Root Knot Disease of Tomato
Authors: Kumar D. , Singh K. P.
Published: February 2006

Five isolates of Arthrobotrys dactyloides were isolated from different locations of India and their in vitro predacity was tested against Meloidogyne incognita (J2), Tylenchorhynchus brassicae and Hoplolaimus indicus. All isolates of A. dactyloides captured and killed M. incognita and T. brassicae but not H. indicus. The isolates also differed in their predacity of the first two nematode species. The application of mass culture of A. dactyloides in soil infested with 2000 juveniles of M. incognita per ‘kg’ before planting of tomato seedlings reduced the number of root knots by 5.6–45.6%, of females by 44.7–72.9%, of egg masses by 44.5–51.3% and of juveniles by 37.9–81.8% and increased the plant growth in a pot experiment. The effect of this fungus as biocontrol agent was enhanced when its mass culture was applied with cow dung manure, which reduced the number of root knots by 61.7–66.6%, of females by 80.6–94.7%, of egg masses by 80.3–89.6% and of juveniles by 68.1–88.0%.
Ultrastructural and Immunocytochemical Studies on Effects of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus – Infection on Fusarium Head Blight, Caused by Fusarium graminearum, in Wheat Plants
Authors: Liu Y. , Kang Z. , Buchenauer H.
Published: February 2006

The interactions between barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, were studied in the two winter wheat cultivars (cvs.), Agent (susceptible to FHB) and Petrus (moderately resistant to FHB), using ultrastructural and immunocytochemical methods. Infections of wheat plants of both cvs. by BYDV increased susceptibility to FHB. BYDV infection caused numerous cytological changes in lemma tissue of both cvs. such as formation of vesicles in the cytoplasm, degradation of fine structures of chloroplasts of both cvs. and accumulation of large starch grains in the chloroplasts. Electron microscopical studies showed that the development of F. graminearum on spike surfaces was not affected in BYDV‐infected plants. After penetration and intercellular growth in lemma tissue, defence responses to Fusarium infections were markedly reduced in BYDV‐diseased plants compared to the tissue of virus‐free plants. At sites of contact of fungal cells with host tissue, depositions of cell wall material were distinctly less pronounced than in tissues of virus‐free plants of cv. Petrus. Detection of β‐1,3‐glucanases and chitinases in lemma tissue of cv. Agent revealed no appreciably increased accumulation of both defence enzymes in F. graminearum‐infected virus‐free and BYDV‐infected tissues compared to the non‐infected control tissue. On the other hand, in cv. Petrus, infection with F. graminearum induced a markedly enhanced activity of both enzymes 3 days after inoculation. The increase of both enzyme activities was less pronounced in BYDV‐infected plants than in tissue exclusively infected with F. graminearum. Cytological studies suggest that in contrast to the susceptible cv. Agent postinfectional defence responses may play still an important role in the resistance of the moderately resistant cv. Petrus to FHB.
Progress in Wheat Resistance to Spot Blotch in Bangladesh
Authors: Siddique A. B. , Hossain M. H. , Duveiller E. , Sharma R. C.
Published: February 2006

Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is considered one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the warm areas of South Asia. Over the past 20 years, wheat breeding efforts in the region have improved spot blotch resistance in susceptible commercial cultivars. This study assessed resistance and spot blotch‐induced yield losses in newly released wheat cultivars developed in Bangladesh since the release of the landmark wheat variety ‘Kanchan’. Replicated field studies were conducted during the 2003 and 2004 wheat seasons at two sites: a farmer's field and a research station in a warm region of Bangladesh where spot blotch has been a serious problem. Spot blotch affected 60% of the crop and caused yield losses of from 2% to 22%. Disease severity and disease‐induced grain yield reductions were less in wheat genotypes developed since 1983, with a corresponding trend towards higher yield in newly developed varieties. The level of resistance to spot blotch in the new cultivars and advanced breeding lines represents considerable progress in breeding for resistance over the past two decades.
Podosphaera pannosa (syn. Sphaerotheca pannosa) on Rosa and Prunus spp.: Characterization of Pathotypes by Differential Plant Reactions and ITS Sequences
Authors: Leus L. , Dewitte A. , Van Huylenbroeck J. , Vanhoutte N. , Van Bockstaele E. , Höfte M.
Published: February 2006

The powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.: Fr.) de Bary (syn. Sphaerotheca pannosa) is a major problem on roses worldwide. Twenty‐six monoconidial isolates of Podosphaera collected on roses and Prunus spp. in Belgium, Germany, France, Denmark, Israel and The Netherlands were characterized on the basis of differential reactions on in vitro rose genotypes and Prunus avium L. and by DNA sequence analysis of the rDNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. Twenty‐four isolates were determined as P. pannosa. Amongst these, different groups could be distinguished. A first group of 18 isolates was highly virulent on rose and avirulent or very weakly virulent on P. avium. A second group of four isolates was highly virulent on both rose and P. avium. Analysis of the ITS sequence could discriminate these two groups of P. pannosa strains by a one base pair difference. Finally, two isolates of powdery mildew collected on Prunus sp. could be classified as P. pannosa based on their ITS sequence, which was identical to the ITS sequence of the isolates only highly virulent on roses. However, these two isolates were not able to infect roses. These results indicate that different strains of P. pannosa exist with varying host specificity. We demonstrated by ITS sequencing and plant reactions that the host range of P. pannosa comprises roses and Prunus spp.
Aberrant Growth and Conidiation in Wild‐Type Cultures of Fusarium Species from Wheat
Authors: Kwaśna H. , Bateman G. L.
Published: February 2006

Fusarium avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. poae and F. tricinctum showed abnormal growth, morphology and conidiation, and a tendency to produce crystals, inclusion bodies and sclerotia when freshly isolated from wheat stem bases or kernels onto low‐carbon potato dextrose agar (PDA). Observations of alterations in conidiation and conidium morphology are particularly significant, as these are the principal morphological diagnostic characteristics for Fusarium species. The fungi had normal growth when sub‐cultured onto standard PDA, suggesting that a balance of nutrients was responsible for the effects. Specific causes are discussed in detail in relation to published information. The importance of standard media in the identification of Fusarium species is emphasized, whilst non‐standard media may be useful for specific purposes, including routine isolation of fungi from mixed communities of species with different nutrient requirements.
Genotypic Characterization of the Common Bean Bacterial Blight Pathogens, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans by rep‐PCR and PCR–RFLP of the Ribosomal Genes
Authors: Mahuku G. S. , Jara C. , Henriquez M. A. , Castellanos G. , Cuasquer J.
Published: February 2006

Common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans is one of the most destructive diseases of common bean worldwide. The interrelatedness, genetic diversity and geographical distribution of the CBB pathogens was assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified 16S ribosomal gene, including the 16S–23S intergenic spacer region and repetitive element PCR (rep‐PCR). RFLP profiles generated by the restriction endonucleases MboI, RsaI and HaeIII differentiated X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli from X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans and non‐pathogenic Xanthomonas species associated with common bean. Cluster analysis of rep‐PCR profiles revealed a high level of genetic differentiation (GST = 0.56) between the two CBB pathogens, showing that they are genetically distinct. Significant levels of genetic diversity were observed within each strain, indicating that the two bacteria are not clonal. More genetic diversity was observed in X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli (H = 0.134; I = 0.223) than X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (H = 0.108; I = 0.184). However, no geographical differentiation was evident for either X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (GST = 0.013) or X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli (GST = 0.017). This lack of geographical differentiation has important practical implications, as available host resistance genes are likely to be effective in controlling the disease in diverse geographical areas.
Pathogenic and genetic variability among Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from different yam hosts in the agroecological zones in Nigeria
Authors: Abang M. M. , Asiedu R. , Hoffmann P. , Wolf G. A. , Mignouna H. D. , Winter S.
Published: February 2006

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., is the most severe foliar disease of water yam (Dioscorea alata) worldwide. Population genetic analyses can yield useful insights into the evolutionary potential of C. gloeosporioides and thus lead to the development of appropriate disease management strategies. The genetic structure of C. gloeosporioides populations from yam and non‐yam hosts in three agroecological zones of Nigeria was investigated. Microsatellite‐primed polymerase chain reaction (MP‐PCR), virulence phenotyping using five putative D. alata differentials, cross‐inoculation tests, and the presence/absence of a Glomerella teleomorph in yam fields were used to infer the evolutionary potential of C. gloeosporioides on yam. We observed high genotypic diversity (GD = 0.99 to 1.00) for populations from all hosts and agroecological zones, with multiple pathogen genotypes in individual anthracnose lesions. Genetic differentiation was low among pathogen populations from different hosts (GST = 0.10, θ = 0.034), and agroecological zones (GST = 0.04, θ = 0.018), indicating limited host differentiation and significant gene flow. No evidence was found for the existence of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. alatae reported in previous studies. The fungus was recovered from several non‐yam host species commonly found in yam fields but non‐yam isolates caused only mild to moderate symptoms on yam. Eighteen C. gloeosporioides virulence phenotypes were identified among 217 isolates but there was a weak correlation (r = 0.02, P = 0.40) between virulence phenotype and MP‐PCR haplotype. Consistent with the above findings, we observed for the first time the Glomerella teleomorph on anthracnose‐infected yam plants in Nigeria, indicating that sexual recombination might play an important role in anthracnose epidemics on yam. The implications of these findings for C. gloeosporioides evolutionary potential and anthracnose resistance breeding are discussed.
Impact of a New Source of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea
Authors: Gwata E. T. , Silim S. N. , Mgonja M.
Published: February 2006

Pigeonpea is an important grain legume grown by smallholder farmers in Southern Africa. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium udum Butler, is the major disease limiting pigeonpea production in the region. This study was designed to evaluate the reaction to fusarium wilt as well as agronomic performance of new elite pigeonpea germplasm in three different countries during the 2001/2002 cropping season using wilt‐sick plots. Per cent incidence of fusarium wilt (%FW), grain size and yield, were measured. The genotype ICEAP 00040 consistently showed a high (<20.0%) level of resistance to the disease in all three countries. In contrast, %FW score for the susceptible genotype ICEAP 00068 was 87.5, 92.0 and 90.9% in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania, respectively. The grain size obtained for ICEAP 00040 at Ngabu (Malawi) was 25.0% larger than that at each of the remaining locations indicating environmental influence on this trait. At all the three locations, ≥1.5 ton/Ha of grain yield was obtained for ICEAP 00040 compared with <1.0 ton/Ha for ICEAP 00068. In 2003, this improved resistant genotype (ICEAP 00040) was released for commercial production and will be useful as a good source of resistance in pigeonpea genetic improvement programs in the region.
The impact of sleep interruptions on vital measurements and chronic fatigue of female caregivers providing home care in Japan
Authors: Tsukasaki Keiko , Kido Teruhiko , Makimoto Kiyoko , Naganuma Rie , Ohno Masami , Sunaga Kyoko
Published: February 2006

Abstract  The purposes of this study were to examine the impact of sleep interruptions on diurnal changes in blood pressure and chronic fatigue in middle‐aged and elderly caregivers by using a cross‐sectional quantitative method. Thirty‐five female caregivers who were not taking antihypertensive and/or sleeping drugs were recruited for this study. Blood pressure was monitored over a 24 h period. Sleeping or waking periods were monitored with an actigraph. Fatigue was determined from a self‐administered questionnaire. Participants were classified into four groups by cause of sleep interruption. One‐way analysis of variance showed no differences in blood pressure, but hypertension was prevalent (40%). Sleep duration differed significantly, with the longest duration for those scheduled to wake up for care. Substantial variations were identified in the eight subcategories of chronic fatigue, with those without sleep interruption having the worst profile. This suggests that multiple factors in addition to sleep interruption affect the care burden.
Treating Chronic Nightmares of Sexual Assault Survivors with an Intellectual Disability – Two Descriptive Case Studies
Authors: Kroese Biza Stenfert , Thomas Gail
Published: February 2006

Background  Imagery rehearsal therapy for people who suffer from recurring nightmares has been shown to be a successful intervention. Very little research has been conducted on post‐traumatic nightmare sufferers with learning disabilities.

Method  This paper presents two case studies to illustrate the application of an adapted form of imagery rehearsal therapy to adults with learning disabilities.

Results  Both descriptive cases indicated that the intervention resulted in significant reductions in distress because of nightmares and provided some evidence that these positive results were generalized into waking life.

Conclusions  As a short and simple method, imagery rehearsal therapy appears to be very suitable for people with learning disabilities.
Depression, Social Context and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for People who have Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Jahoda Andrew , Dagnan Dave , Jarvie Pamela , Kerr Wendy
Published: February 2006

Background  It is striking that although cognitive behavioural therapy was developed to treat depression in the general population, there remains a paucity of research concerning its application to people with intellectual disabilities. Recent research points to the importance of understanding people's distress in the context of their particular life experience.

Areas to be addressed  This paper examines how the life experience of people with intellectual disabilities may influence the nature of their self‐perceptions and their vulnerability to depression. In addition to considering the impact of experience on the content of participants’ self‐perceptions, evidence concerning the mediating role played by cognitive factors in the genesis and maintenance of depression is also reviewed.

Conclusions  These strands of research are discussed in the light of existing CBT models of depression, along with potential adaptations of interventions for people with intellectual disabilities.
In Response to Lindsay and Emerson
Authors: Sturmey Peter
Published: February 2006

Background  Lindsay's comments related mostly behaviour, analytic conceptions of human behaviour and therapy.

Materials and Method  I argue that radical behaviourism addresses many of his concerns relating to private behaviour and his cognitive analysis of the private behaviour of offenders with intellectual disabilities. Cognitive explanations of behaviour can readily be reformulated in behaviour analytic terms. Emerson's comments mostly concern the external validity of applied behaviour analysis (ABA) research, the cost–benefit analysis of ABA interventions, the relevance of outcome research to public policy and the apparent narrowness of outcome variables used in ABA outcome research. I argue that treatment efficacy is a necessary condition for cost efficacy and the only other approach that currently has evidence of efficacy is anger management, although that is based on a very small literature. Studies have addressed the cost efficacy of ABA interventions for some common problems, but no studies are available for cost efficacy of non‐behavioural research. The limitations in the outcome literature for ABA should be judged against the general absence of evidence from controlled studies for non‐behavioural treatment.

Conclusion  The balance of evidence continues to favour selection of behavioural treatments.
Cognitive Therapy Abilities in People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Sams Kathryn , Collins Suzanne , Reynolds Shirley
Published: February 2006

Background  There is a need to develop and adapt therapies for use with people with learning disabilities who have mental health problems.

Aims  To examine the performance of people with learning disabilities on two cognitive therapy tasks (emotion recognition and discrimination among thoughts, feelings and behaviours). We hypothesized that cognitive therapy task performance would be significantly correlated with IQ and receptive vocabulary, and that providing a visual cue would improve performance.

Method  Fifty‐nine people with learning disabilities were assessed on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), the British Picture Vocabulary Scale‐II (BPVS‐II), a test of emotion recognition and a task requiring participants to discriminate among thoughts, feelings and behaviours. In the discrimination task, participants were randomly assigned to a visual cue condition or a no‐cue condition.

Results  There was considerable variability in performance. Emotion recognition was significantly associated with receptive vocabulary, and discriminating among thoughts, feelings and behaviours was significantly associated with vocabulary and IQ. There was no effect of the cue on the discrimination task.

Conclusion  People with learning disabilities with higher IQs and good receptive vocabulary were more likely to be able to identify different emotions and to discriminate among thoughts, feelings and behaviours. This implies that they may more easily understand the cognitive model. Structured ways of simplifying the concepts used in cognitive therapy and methods of socialization and education in the cognitive model are required to aid participation of people with learning disabilities.
That Poor Laddie Cannae Tell His Thoughts Fae His Actions: A Reply to Sturmey
Authors: Lindsay William R.
Published: February 2006

It is good that Peter Sturmey is scrutinizing the basis of cognitive therapy for people with intellectual disabilities. This response argues that behavioural therapies have always employed cognitive techniques and produced cognitive change but have omitted to measure them. It is further argued that unobservable variables are germane to scientific advance. I agree that the science in cognitive therapy studies should be of a higher standard.
Science, Stewardship, and Spirituality: The Human Body as a Model for Ecological Restoration
Authors: Schaefer Valentin
Published: February 2006

Ecological restoration is practiced by people of diverse backgrounds working at many different levels in a variety of settings. Portraying the human body as a metaphor of a natural ecosystem can be useful in identifying the breadth of strategies used to restore the natural environment. A technical approach, environmental stewardship, and more spiritual traditional attitudes to ecological restoration can be viewed as analogous to restoring health to the human body through an operation in a hospital, administering remedies to oneself from the medicine cabinet, and taking a broader holistic/preventative approach to cultivate the mind–body connection through, e.g., yoga.
Recommendations for Integrating Restoration Ecology and Conservation Biology in Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Southwestern United States
Authors: Noss Reed F. , Beier Paul , Wallace Covington W. , Edward Grumbine R. , Lindenmayer David B. , Prather John W. , Schmiegelow Fiona , Sisk Thomas D. , Vosick Diane J.
Published: February 2006

Over the past century, ponderosa pine–dominated landscapes of the southwestern United States have been altered by human activities such as grazing, timber harvest, road building, and fire exclusion. Most forested areas within these landscapes now show increased susceptibility to stand‐replacing fires, insect outbreaks, and drought‐related mortality. Recent large wildfires in the region have spurred public interest in large‐scale fuel reduction and restoration programs, which create perceived and real conflicts with the conservation of biodiversity. Conservation concerns include the potential for larger road networks, soil and understory disturbance, exotic plant invasion, and the removal of large trees in treated areas. Pursuing prescribed burning, thinning, or other treatments on the broad scale that many scientists and managers envision requires the reconciliation of ecological restoration with biodiversity conservation. This study presents recommendations from a workshop for integrating the principles and practices of restoration ecology and conservation biology, toward the objective of restoring the composition, structure, and function of dry ponderosa pine forests. Planning on the scale of hundreds of thousands of hectares offers opportunities to achieve multiple objectives (e.g., rare species protection and restoration of ecological structures and processes) that cannot easily be addressed on a site‐by‐site basis. However, restoration must be coordinated with conservation planning to achieve mutual objectives and should include strict guidelines for protection of rare, declining, and sensitive habitats and species.
Variation in Growth Rates under Saline Conditions of Pascopyrum smithii (Western Wheatgrass) and Distichlis spicata (Inland Saltgrass) from Different Source Populations in Kansas and Nebraska: Implications for the Restoration of Salt‐Affected Plant Communities
Authors: Aschenbach Todd A.
Published: February 2006

Soil salinization resulting from agricultural and oil‐ and gas‐production activities can impact habitats of native flora and fauna and reduce production on agricultural lands. Restoration of saline areas with salt‐tolerant vegetation may alleviate impacts. However, differences in how the growth rate under saline conditions varies between species and source populations must first be evaluated before recommending species for restoration. Plant material of Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and Inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) collected from Cheyenne Bottoms Preserve, Kansas and Little Salt Fork Marsh, Nebraska was propagated to evaluate variation in growth rates between these species under saline conditions and determine if differences exist between populations within these species. Ten transplants of each species from each location were grown in sand culture in a greenhouse for 51 days and watered with one of five different saltwater solutions (0.86 dS/m, 9.85 dS/m, 17.85 dS/m, 32.5 dS/m, and 57.7 dS/m). Results indicate that P. smithii grew faster than D. spicata at all comparable salinity levels. Only D. spicata exhibited significant differences in growth rate under saline conditions between populations. Results suggest that P. smithii is equivalent to D. spicata in salt tolerance and should be regarded as an appropriate halophyte for restoration of salt‐affected plant environments. Results for D. spicata suggest that differences between source populations should be considered when evaluating plant material for plant community restoration.
State‐and‐Transition Successional Model for Bauxite Mining Rehabilitation in the Jarrah Forest of Western Australia
Authors: Grant Carl D.
Published: February 2006

Alcoa World Alumina Australia has been rehabilitating bauxite mines in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of western Australia for more than 35 years. Completion criteria were developed in the 1990s for native species rehabilitation, with various desirable characteristics described as the rehabilitation ages. Successional models can be useful in mining rehabilitation for predicting whether sites are developing along the desired trajectory toward the rehabilitation objective. The current rehabilitation objective is to establish a self‐sustaining jarrah forest ecosystem, planned to enhance or maintain water, timber, recreation, and conservation values. The major objective of this study was to present a state‐and‐transition successional model that assists Alcoa to identify sites that will and will not meet identified completion criteria. Agreed completion criteria and vegetation data collected from native species rehabilitation from 9 months to 15 years old were used to construct a state‐and‐transition model. The model identified the various desired and deviated successional states and factors that cause transitions between these states. Five desirable and nine deviated states were identified and described in detail. Key indicators relating to desired and deviated states include eucalypt density, species richness, legume density, topsoil cover, vegetation structure, ripping depth, and tree health and form. Identified management manipulations to return deviated states to the desired successional trajectory include ripping, reseeding, replanting, weed control, and tree thinning. Some of the identified thresholds between desired and deviated states will require significant management input (e.g., reripping), whereas others require little or no input (e.g., recovery following wildfire). Of the 6,429 ha of native species rehabilitation undertaken between 1991 and 2002, 98% is on or above the desired successional trajectory. More than half of the rehabilitated area is regarded as being above the desired trajectory because of high tree density. Although these sites meet the existing completion criteria, management input may be required in the future, emphasizing the importance of identifying maximum and minimum completion criteria. The state‐and‐transition model of successional development is a practical but rigorous land management tool that has the potential to be applied in a wide variety of ecosystems and wide range of land uses.
Factors Affecting the Use of Reforested Sites by Reptiles in Cleared Rainforest Landscapes in Tropical and Subtropical Australia
Authors: Kanowski John J. , Reis Terry M. , Catterall Carla P. , Piper Scott D.
Published: February 2006

Despite recent efforts to reforest cleared rainforest landscapes, in Australia and elsewhere, the value of reforested sites for rainforest‐dependent reptiles is unknown. We surveyed the occurrence of reptiles in a range of reforestation types (monoculture and mixed‐species timber plantations, diverse “ecological restoration” plantings and regrowth), as well as reference sites in pasture and rainforest, in tropical and subtropical Australia. We recorded 29 species of reptiles from 104 sites, including 15 rainforest‐dependent species. Most rainforest reptiles were strongly associated with complex microhabitats (tree trunks, logs, rocks). The richness and abundance of rainforest‐dependent reptiles varied between the different types of reforestation and between regions. In the tropics, rainforest reptiles were recorded in old timber plantations and ecological restoration plantings but not in young timber plantations or regrowth. Rainforest reptiles were recorded in few reforested sites in the subtropics. The occurrence of rainforest‐dependent reptiles in reforested sites appears to be influenced by (1) habitat structure; (2) proximity to source populations in rainforest; and (3) biogeography and historical differences in the extent of rainforest. Restoration of cleared land for rainforest‐dependent reptiles may require the development, or deliberate creation, of complex structural attributes and microhabitats in reforested sites. Where reforested sites are located away from rainforest, recolonization by rainforest reptiles may require the construction of corridors of suitable habitat between reforested sites and rainforest or the translocation of reptiles to reforested sites.
Physical Sheltering and Liming Improve Survival and Performance of Mountain Birch Seedlings: A 5‐Year Study in a Heavily Polluted Industrial Barren
Authors: Eränen Janne K. , Kozlov Mikhail V.
Published: February 2006

Denuded landscapes adjacent to big polluters represent an extremely harsh environment for plants due to a unique combination of soil toxicity and physical stress. In a 5‐year experiment we tested whether survival and performance of seedlings of Mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) planted in two barren sites around the nickel–copper smelter at Monchegorsk, northwestern Russia, can be enhanced by physical sheltering and how large the supposed benefits to survival and performance are in relation to liming. Seedling performance was assessed by measuring growth parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence. Physical sheltering was found to be beneficial in some conditions: when soil characteristics were not so harsh as to cause 100% mortality, sheltering increased both survival and performance of birch seedlings. Although the benefits of liming on seedling performance and survival were stronger than the benefits of sheltering, sheltering may still have its uses in restoration when large‐scale liming is not applicable, for example, when the ecological side effects of liming are to be avoided.
Restoration of a Restinga Sandy Coastal Plain in Brazil: Survival and Growth of Planted Woody Species
Authors: Zamith Luiz R. , Scarano Fábio R.
Published: February 2006

In this article we report the results of an experiment introducing 17 native shrub and tree species into a Brazilian restinga (i.e., coastal sandy plain vegetation). Restingas have been affected by human impact for about 8,000 years, and human occupation for housing, tourism, and land speculation has recently increased in such a way that there is a need for conservation of remnant patches and restoration of degraded areas throughout the coast to protect biodiversity. Our study site is a remnant located in Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in the country, and has been subjected in the past to deforestation, man‐made fire, and sand extraction. Although trees and shrubs predominantly compose natural restinga vegetation, local vegetation after impact was replaced by an exotic grass cover, which meant a drastic reduction in species richness. Thus, in this experiment we removed the grass cover, introduced shrub and tree species, and monitored survival and growth of 20 plants per species for 2 years. Despite the adversities imposed by the nutrient‐poor sandy soil, 70% of the species showed high survival percentage and considerable growth. This report on restoration initiatives in the restingas points out the viability of shrub and tree plantation following exotic grass removal as a strategy to restore Brazilian coastal vegetation.
Leaf‐Litter Arthropods in Restored Forests in the Colombian Andes: A Comparison Between Secondary Forest and Tree Plantations
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H. , Correa Darío , Escobar Federico , Medina Claudia
Published: February 2006

Tree monocultures of native and exotic species are frequently used as tools to catalyze forest recovery throughout the tropics. Although plantations may rapidly develop a canopy cover, they need to be evaluated as habitat for other organisms. We compared samples of leaf‐litter arthropods from two elevations in restored forest in the Colombian Andes. At the upper elevation (2,430 m), we compared native Andean alder (Alnus acuminata) plantation and secondary forest, and at the lower elevation (1,900 m) exotic Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis) plantation and secondary forest. Samples were obtained in two periods, March–April and September 1995. Species richness and abundance of arthropods were highest in secondary forest at the lower elevation. There were no differences in richness between both plantations and high‐elevation forest. Arthropod richness and abundance increased in the second sampling period in both secondary forest types and the ash plantation but not in the alder plantation, reflecting population recovery after the dry season. Alder leaf litter apparently buffered seasonal variations in arthropod richness and abundance. Composition of morphospecies was different among forest types. Although arthropod richness was lower in ash plantations compared to secondary forest, plantations still provided habitat for these organisms. On the other hand, the alder plantation was not different from secondary forest at the same elevation. At our site, plantations are embedded in a forested landscape. Whether our results apply to different landscape configurations and at different spatial scales needs to be established. The use of plantations as a restoration tool depends on the objectives of the project and on local conditions of forest cover and soils.
Biodiversity—The Appreciation of Different Thought Styles and Values Helps to Clarify the Term
Authors: Mayer Philipp
Published: February 2006

In restoration ecology the term biodiversity is widely used to define endpoints, to assess restoration needs, and to monitor restoration success. However, the term is far from clear because different uses of it result in ambiguities and misunderstandings. The appreciation of different thought styles, which are types of worldviews, and different values is crucial for a clearer and more consistent understanding of “biodiversity.” Three groups of thought styles with different uses of the term biodiversity can be distinguished. (1) Natural history perceives biodiversity as biotic elements of nature that can be described and classified. (2) Science considers biodiversity as a measurable parameter that is relevant for ecosystem processes and functions. (3) In environmentalism, biodiversity is used in the context of concerns about species extinctions and habitat destructions. Values play a strong role in some perceptions of biodiversity but are negligible in others. Much confusion arises from some people considering biodiversity as something valuable per se and others seeing it as a virtually value‐free parameter for the description of ecosystems. Because of different thought styles and values the term biodiversity should be used as a general concept, not as a specific element of nature. Biodiversity is a framework for the variety of life on Earth. Biodiversity in this sense is not measurable. However, specific features of biodiversity, e.g., the species richness of vascular plants, can be quantified. The selection of these features depends on thought styles and values. This implies that “biodiversity as general concept” should be distinguished from measurable “features of biodiversity.” Explicit declarations of selected biodiversity features, in every case quantities are in the focus, are inevitable for an unambiguous use of the term.
Establishing Baseline Indices for the Quality of the Biodiversity of Restored Habitats Using a Standardized Sampling Process
Authors: Feest Alan
Published: February 2006

The need for standardized biodiversity assessment methods to enable biodiversity quality to be measured is outlined. A general approach to sampling is suggested. The results of the use of this sampling process are given for two case studies of different taxonomic groups. The data assessment is made easier by the use of a bespoke computer program. Examples of the program output are presented. The advantage of this standardized measurement of biodiversity compared to species lists and the use of indicator species are outlined in the case studies macrofungi and butterflies. It was shown that the biodiversity quality of sites can be compared by the use of a range of measured biodiversity indices in a way that allows sites to be compared through time or between sites/treatments. In one case (butterflies), data that have been collected systematically in a recording scheme have been analyzed retrospectively and yielded valuable information on changes in biodiversity quality. The uses of this method in establishing baselines in restoration ecology are discussed. The importance of restoration ecology in the conservation of biodiversity could be underlined by the use of the methods presented in this article.