bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of magnetic enrichment for detection of carcinoma cells in fluid specimens
Authors: Kielhorn Eric , Schofield Kevin , Rimm David L.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Ascites fluid or a pleural effusion are common events in metastatic carcinoma, but they also can be associated with several other medical conditions. The standard for determination of malignancy in these situations is cytologic evaluation of these fluids. Although this method is frequently successful, there are times when it fails, even when the patient has a malignancy, either because of insufficient cells in the fluid or for other reasons. This study addresses this problem taking advantage of the recent advances in technology for detection of rare epithelial cells in liquid specimens.

METHODS

The authors examined fluid specimens from 59 patients to determine the frequency of recovery of epithelial cells compared with that achieved by conventional cytopathology. The Dynal CELLection Epithelial Enrich (Dynal AS, Oslo, Norway) method was used. This method is based on immunomagnetic selection of cells binding to EpCAM antibodies. Carcinoma cells were confirmed by morphology and, when there was sufficient material, by E‐cadherin staining.

RESULTS

Grouping the cases by cytologic diagnosis, the authors found malignant cells using the cell enrichment assay in 11 of 12 malignant cases, 2 of 5 atypical cases, and 3 of 42 negative cases. Further investigations were conducted on the five cases that were cytologically negative or atypical but yielded epithelial cells after immunomagnetic enrichment. Four cases ultimately were proven malignant by other methods and one had incomplete follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

The new methods available for epithelial cell enrichment in liquids may be used successfully on cytologic fluid specimens and may lead to increased sensitivity for detection of malignancy, and consequently more accurate staging. Cancer 2002;94:205–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Changing patient perceptions of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Carelle Nadége , Piotto Estelle , Bellanger Agnés , Germanaud Jerome , Thuillier Alain , Khayat David
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Quality‐of‐life (QoL) issues have become increasingly important as the number of newly diagnosed patients with cancer increases and survival improves. In 1983, Coates et al. reported a survey of patient perceptions of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy and showed the importance of including patient feedback for the accurate assessment of QoL (Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1983;19:203–208.). The authors carried out a similar survey in 100 patients with cancer with the objectives of 1) investigating the changes in patient perceptions that have occurred and 2) evaluating the impact of new treatments on the profile of chemotherapy side effects among patients receiving anticancer drugs.

METHODS

One hundred patients attending the outpatient Medical Oncology Department of the Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital Group were surveyed between August 1998 and February 2000 by trained interviewers who were blinded to the patients' treatment. Patients identified all side effects associated with their treatment using a set of 45 cards that named physical side effects (Group A) and a set of 27 cards that named nonphysical side effects (Group B), and the patients ranked these side effects according to severity. The top 5 cards from each group were then combined, and the resulting 10 cards were rated again by severity, regardless of group. Results were analyzed for the entire cohort and for demographic, social, and clinical subgroups.

RESULTS

The participants included 65 women and 35 men; the most common malignancies were breast carcinoma (40 patients), gastrointestinal carcinoma (19 patients), lung carcinoma (7 patients), and ovarian carcinoma (9 patients). Patients rated affects my family or partner as the most severe side effect, alopecia was second, and fatigue was the third most severe. Effects on work or home responsibilities, effects on social activities, and loss of interest in sex were ranked fourth, fifth, and sixth, respectively. The results contrasted with those of Coates et al., in which affects my family or partner was ranked 10th, and fatigue was ranked 8th.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient perceptions of the side effects of cancer chemotherapy have changed markedly. In the current study, fatigue and psychosocial QoL concerns predominated, compared with emesis, nausea, and negative reactions to the treatment visit in the original survey. The current findings are consistent with the progress that has been made in reducing certain chemotherapy‐associated toxicities. Fatigue, however, although it often is related to anemia and is treatable with recombinant human erythropoietin, remains a major concern. The emotional, social, and sexual consequences of cancer treatment present continuing challenges in efforts to optimize QoL and to develop effective supportive care. Cancer 2002;95:155–63. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10630
Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT1 in the retinas of humans, monkeys, rabbits, rats, cats, and chickens
Authors: Reye Peter , Sullivan Robert , Fletcher Erica L. , Pow David V.
Published: August 2002

Antibodies have been generated against two carboxyl‐terminal splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT1, namely, the originally described version of GLT1 and GLT1‐B, and labelling has been examined in multiple species, including chickens and humans. Although strong specific labelling was observed in each species, divergent patterns of expression were noted. Moreover, each antibody was sensitive to the phosphorylation state of the appropriate protein, because chemical removal of phosphates using alkaline phosphatase revealed a broader range of labelled elements in most cases. In general, GLT1‐B was present in cone photoreceptors and in rod and cone bipolar cells in the retinas of rabbits, rats, and cats. In the cone‐dominated retinas of chickens and in marmosets, GLT1‐B was associated only with cone photoreceptors, whereas, in macaque and human retinas, GLT1‐B was associated with bipolar cells and terminals of photoreceptors. In some species, such as cats, GLT‐B was also present in horizontal cells. By contrast, GLT1 distribution varied. GLT1 was associated with amacrine cells in chickens, rats, cats, and rabbits and with bipolar cells in marmosets and macaques. In the rat retina, rod photoreceptor terminals also contained GLT1, but this was evident only in enzymatically dephosphorylated tissues. We conclude that the two variants of GLT1 are present in all species examined but are differentially distributed in a species‐specific manner. Moreover, each cell type generally expresses only one splice variant of GLT1. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:1–12, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metathoracic neurons integrating intersegmental sensory information in the locust
Authors: Matheson Tom
Published: August 2002

This paper describes the morphology and physiology of five types of local interneurons and three types of ascending intersegmental interneurons in the locust metathoracic ganglion that are points of convergence of sensory information from the wings. Four types of spiking local interneurons are members of a population with somata at the ventral midline. They are depolarised by stimulation of a metathoracic wing nerve, suggesting that they encode a sensory representation of this appendage. Some are also depolarised with short latencies following stimulation of a mesothoracic wing nerve, indicating that they collate intersegmental as well as local information. All the local interneurons have branches in the anterior ventral association centre or around the roots of the nerve that carries wing sensory neurons. This distinguishes them from other interneurons in the population. A fifth type of local interneuron that has unusual bilateral branching and is not a member of this population is described for the first time. The ascending interneurons are members of three populations. Neurons of each population have a characteristic pattern of responses to stimulation of the mesothoracic or metathoracic wing nerves, and some respond to tactile stimulation or movements of a hind leg. These latter interneurons thus collate information from both wings and legs. All three types of intersegmental interneurons have branches in the anterior ventral association centre or around the roots of the wing nerve. The responses of the interneurons described here shed new light on both local and intersegmental network function in this model system. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:95–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GDNF gene delivery to injured adult CNS motor neurons promotes axonal growth, expression of the trophic neuropeptide CGRP, and cellular protection
Authors: Blesch Armin , Tuszynski Mark H.
Published: August 2002

Glial‐cell‐line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been identified as a potent survival and differentiation factor for several neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS), but to date, distinct effects of GDNF on motor axon growth and regeneration in the adult have not been demonstrated. In the present study, ex vivo gene delivery was used to directly examine whether GDNF can influence axonal growth, expression of neuronal regeneration‐related genes, and sustain the motor neuronal phenotype after adult CNS injury. Adult Fischer 344 rats underwent unilateral transections of the hypoglossal nerve, followed by intramedullary grafts of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete GDNF. Control animals received lesions and grafts of cells expressing a reporter gene. Two weeks later, GDNF gene delivery (1) robustly promoted the growth of lesioned hypoglossal motor axons, (2) altered the expression and intracellular trafficking of the growth‐related protein calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and (3) significantly sustained the cholinergic phenotype in 84 ± 6% of hypoglossal neurons compared with 39 ± 6% in control animals (P < 0.001). This is the first neurotrophic factor identified to increase the in vivo expression of the trophic peptide CGRP and the first report that GDNF promotes motor axonal growth in vivo in the adult CNS. Taken together with previous in vitro studies, these findings serve as the foundation for a model wherein GDNF and CGRP interact in a paracrine manner to regulate neuromuscular development and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:399–410, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thalamic terminal morphology and distribution of single corticothalamic axons originating from layers 5 and 6 of the cat motor cortex
Authors: Kakei Shinji , Na Jie , Shinoda Yoshikazu
Published: August 2002

We investigated the axonal morphology of single corticothalamic (CT) neurons of the motor cortex (Mx) in the cat thalamus, using a neuronal tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). After localized injection of BDA into the Mx, labeled CT axons were found ipsilaterally in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), the ventroanterior–ventrolateral complex (VA‐VL), the central lateral nucleus (CL), the central medial nucleus, and the centromedian nucleus, but with the primary focus in the VA‐VL. The terminals in the VA‐VL formed a large laminar cluster, which extended approximately in parallel with the internal medullary lamina. The laminar organization mirrored morphologic features of single CT axons. We reconstructed the trajectories of 25 single CT axons that arose from layer V (16 axons) or layer VI (9 axons) and terminated in the VA‐VL. Terminals of single CT axons that originated from both layer V and layer VI were confined within a laminar structure about 700 μm thick, suggesting the existence of laminar input organization in the VA‐VL. Otherwise, the two groups of the CT axons showed contrasting features. All of the CT axons derived from layer VI gave rise to a few short collaterals to the TRN and then formed extensive arborization with numerous small, drumstick‐like terminals in the VA‐VL. On the other hand, the CT axons arising from layer V gave rise to collaterals whose main axons descended into the cerebral peduncle. Each collateral projected to the VA‐VL or CL without projection to the TRN and formed a few small clusters of giant terminals. The two groups of CT neurons in the same cortical column had convergent rather than segregated termination in the VA‐VL. However, the terminals of layer VI CT neurons were distributed diffusely and widely in the VA‐VL, whereas the terminals of layer V CT neurons were much more focused and surrounded by the terminals of the former group. These contrasting features of the two types of CT projections appear to represent their different functional roles in the generation of motor commands and control of movements in the Mx. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:170–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of the central nervous system in obese Zucker rats during food deprivation
Authors: Timofeeva Elena , Richard Denis
Published: August 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the pattern of neuronal activations that occur in the obese fa/fa Zucker rat during food deprivation. The functional activation of neurons was estimated in lean and obese Zucker rats either fed ad libitum or food‐deprived for 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours by assessing the expression of the immediate early gene c‐fos. To identify the neurons instigating the activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in food‐deprived obese rats, the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit was injected in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of obese rats and colocalized with c‐fos mRNA during food deprivation. The expression of c‐fos was barely detectable in food‐deprived lean rats as well as in lean and obese animals fed ad libitum. However, 3 hours of food deprivation were sufficient to significantly induce c‐fos in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus of obese rats. In addition, 6 and 12 hours of food deprivation resulted in the activation of regions that are similarly stimulated in “neurogenic” stresses. These regions include the parvocellular division of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral septum, the basolateral amygdala, and some areas of the cortex. The highest number of neurons projecting to the parvocellular division of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and revealing c‐fos mRNA was, however, located in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. In summary, the present results demonstrate in the obese fa/fa Zucker rats, that food deprivation leads to brain activations, which are in large part, similar to those induced by a “neurogenic” stress and that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus is involved in this response. These changes could contribute to the development of hyperphagia and obesity. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:71–89, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementation of surface tension with wall adhesion effects in a three‐dimensional finite element model for fluid flow
Authors: Bellet Michel
Published: August 2002

This paper addresses the finite element modelling of surface tension. The external stress vectors associated with surface tension are assumed proportional to the average curvature and oriented along the normal vector to the fluid surface. The issue of estimating the average curvature of a discretized surface is then discussed. It is proposed to use the surface divergence of a field of nodal normal vectors. Special attention is devoted to the calculation of the so‐called consistent normal vectors. In the case of a surface composed of linear triangular facets, it is demonstrated that these normals are given at each node by the average of the normals of the surrounding facets, weighted by their surface. In order to account for wall adhesion effects, the method which consists in modifying the normal vectors at nodes in contact is discussed and extended to the three‐dimensional case. In order to validate the approach, the three‐dimensional finite element resolution of the equilibrium of a drop of liquid on a plane is treated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive iteration algorithm for structural modal reanalysis of topological modifications
Authors: Yang Xiaowei , Lian Huadong , Chen Suhuan
Published: August 2002

An adaptive iteration algorithm is presented in this paper for structural modal reanalysis of topological modifications. The rules of adaptation are given. The method is based on matrix perturbation and can be implemented easily on the computer. A little computation effort is involved, which is very important for topological modification with the increase of the joints and the number of degrees of freedom. In order to illustrate the method, three examples are given. The results show that the proposed method is effective for structural modal reanalysis of topological modifications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of additivity‐law failures for an unequal mixing ratio of two chromatic colors
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sobagaki Hiroaki
Published: August 2002

The results of (1) two experiments by Guth et al. and (2) an experiment by Nakano et al. on additivity‐law failure were estimated using a simple formula for predicting the brightness/luminance ratio effect on the variable chromatic color method. The special feature of these experiments was to test additivity‐law failures on mixture colors whose two component colors were mixed at varied mixing ratios. Agreement on additivity‐law failures between the experimental results and the corresponding predictions was found to be remarkably good for trend and fairly good for magnitude for all the experiments analyzed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 32–44, 2002
Regularity of solutions for some variational problems subject to a convexity constraint
Authors: Carlier G. , Lachand‐Robert T.
Published: August 2002

We first study the minimizers, in the class of convex functions, of an elliptic functional with nonhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. We prove C1 regularity of the minimizers under the assumption that the upper envelope of admissible functions is C1. This condition is optimal at least when the functional depends only on the gradient [3].

We then give various extensions of this result. In Particular, we consider a problem without boundary conditions arising in an economic model introduced by Rochet and Choné in [4]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of the τ‐function theory of Painlevé equations to random matrices: PV, PIII, the LUE, JUE, and CUE
Authors: Forrester P. J. , Witte N. S.
Published: August 2002

With 〈·〉 denoting an average with respect to the eigenvalue PDF for the Laguerre unitary ensemble, the object of our study is

for I = (0, s) and I = (s, ∞), where χ = 1 for λl ∈ I and χ = 0 otherwise. Using Okamoto's development of the theory of the Painlevé V equation, it is shown that ẼN(I; a, μ) is a τ‐function associated with the Hamiltonian therein, and so can be characterized as the solution of a certain second‐order second‐degree differential equation, or in terms of the solution of certain difference equations. The cases μ = 0 and μ = 2 are of particular interest, because they correspond to the cumulative distribution and density function, respectively, for the smallest and largest eigenvalue. In the case I = (s, ∞), ẼN(I; a, μ) is simply related to an average in the Jacobi unitary ensemble, and this in turn is simply related to certain averages over the orthogonal group, the unitary symplectic group, and the circular unitary ensemble. The latter integrals are of interest for their combinatorial content. Also considered are the hard‐edge and soft‐edge scaled limits of ẼN(I; a, μ). In particular, in the hard‐edge scaled limit it is shown that the limiting quantity Ẽhard((O, s); a, μ) can be evaluated as a τ‐function associated with the Hamiltonian in Okamoto's theory of the Painlevé III equation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prime number selection of cycles in a predator‐prey model
Authors: Goles Eric , Schulz Oliver , Markus Mario
Published: August 2002

The fact that some species of cicadas appear every 7, 13, or 17 years and that these periods are prime numbers has been regarded as a coincidence. We found a simple evolutionary predator‐prey model that yields prime‐periodic preys having cycles predominantly around the observed values. An evolutionary game on a spatial array leads to travelling waves reminiscent of those observed in excitable systems. The model marks an encounter of two seemingly unrelated disciplines: biology and number theory. A restriction to the latter, provides an evolutionary generator of arbitrarily large prime numbers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exercising for the wrong reasons: relationships among eating disorder beliefs, dysfunctional exercise beliefs and coping
Authors: Loumidis Konstantinos , Wells Adrian
Published: August 2002

Physical exercise is both a healthy and a maladaptive behaviour—yet, it is often unquestionably recommended as a coping strategy, due to its anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. This study examines maladaptive beliefs associated with eating disorders and to the clinical condition of exercise dependence (or addiction) in relation to coping. One hundred exercisers completed measures of eating disorder beliefs, dysfunctional exercise beliefs, types of coping and level of exercise. Eating disorder beliefs were related to dysfunctional exercise beliefs concerning physical appearance, social desirability and inability to function mentally or emotionally. Eating disorder beliefs were positively associated with emotional coping and negatively correlated with task‐oriented coping. Exercise beliefs were associated with avoidance coping (distraction). On some components of eating disorder beliefs, between 2 and 15% of exercisers held scored within a clinical range. Unless clinicians exclude the presence of dysfunctional exercise beliefs, eating disorder beliefs and maladaptive coping, they might be paradoxically encouraging exercise for the wrong reasons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometry used for the analysis of calcium signaling induced by antigen‐specific T‐cell activation
Authors: Réthi Bence , Detre Cynthia , Gogolák Péter , Kolonics Attila , Magócsi Mária , Rajnavölgyi Éva
Published: August 2002

Background

In this study, the effect of antigen‐presenting cells (APC), peptide concentration, and CD28 costimulation on calcium signaling, induced by antigen‐specific T‐cell activation, was studied by flow cytometry.

Methods

We used two experimental approaches, which differed in their time scale and in the duration of the T cell‐APC interaction, to measure the increase of intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) in activated T cells: (1) Fluo‐3–loaded T cells were activated by cocentrifugation with peptide‐loaded APC and the kinetics of fluorescence intensity changes was monitored continuously and (2) peptide‐loaded APC and T cells were mixed, cocultured, and the fluorescence intensity was measured at various time intervals.

Results

The calcium signal of T cells was dependent on the APC as demonstrated by the ratio of cells exhibiting high versus low fluorescence intensity and by the magnitude of the calcium signal in the activated population. Short‐term interaction of T cells with less potent APC or with efficient APC in the presence of low antigen concentration resulted in decreased calcium signaling. CD28‐mediated costimulation enhanced the magnitude and sustained the increase of intracellular calcium levels. In line with the strong and sustained calcium signals, the activation of the calcium‐dependent transcription factors NF‐AT, AP‐1, and NF‐κB was induced.

Conclusions

Flow cytometric methods, feasible for the rapid and flexible analysis of calcium signaling upon antigen‐specific T‐cell activation, were established. Kinetics of the increase of mean fluorescence intensity reflected the calcium response of the total cell population whereas statistical analysis of fluorescence intensity at selected time points provided information on the activation state of single cells. Cytometry 47:207–216, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stable expression of Anthozoa fluorescent proteins in mammalian cells
Authors: Richards Burt , Zharkikh Ludmilla , Hsu Forrest , Dunn Christine , Kamb Alexander , Teng David H.‐F.
Published: August 2002

Background

Fluorescent proteins have become invaluable reporters in many areas of cellular and developmental biology. An enhanced version of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (AvEGFP) is the most widely used fluorescent protein. For a variety of reasons, it is useful to have alternative fluorescent proteins to AvEGFP.

Methods

The cDNA sequences for enhanced variants of the Anemonia cyan fluorescent protein (AmCyan1), as well as the Zoanthus green (ZsGreen1) and yellow (ZsYellow1) fluorescent proteins, were cloned downstream of a constitutive cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter within a retroviral expression vector. NIH3T3, HEK293, SW620, and WM35 cells were transduced with recombinant retroviruses at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) to bias for single‐copy integration. Both unselected and stably selected cells transduced with the retroviral expression constructs were characterized. Expression of each fluorescent protein in cells was detected using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with filter sets typically used for AvEGFP/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) detection and was compared with the expression of AvEGFP. In addition, a fluorescence plate reader with several excitation and emission filter sets was used for detection.

Results

Expression of each protein was observable by fluorescence microscopy. Under given conditions of flow cytometry, the ZsGreen1 mean fluorescence was approximately 3‐fold, 10‐fold, and 50‐fold greater than that of AvEGFP, ZsYellow1, and AmCyan1, respectively. AmCyan1, ZsGreen1, and AvEGFP were detected by a fluorescence plate reader.

Conclusion

We determined that fluorescent proteins from Anthozoa species are detectable using a standard flow cytometer and fluorescence microscope. All of the mammalian cell lines tested expressed detectable levels of fluorescent proteins from stable integrated provirus. In cell lines where the AvEGFP protein is toxic or poorly expressed, these Anthozoa fluorescent proteins may serve as alternative fluorescent reporters. Cytometry 48:106–112, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enabling scalable multicast protocols using dynamic overlap tree path
Authors: Xu Sheng , Ng Chee Hock , Zhang Liren
Published: August 2002

The scalability of a multicast protocol is a very critical issue when it is implemented on a global scale. The number of forwarding states that are maintained at each multicast router explodes when the number of multicast groups grows exponentially as in the case of global Internet. In this paper we describe a technique, called dynamic overlap tree path (DOTP), to reduce the forwarding states that need to be maintained in multicast routers and hence improve the scalability of existing multicast protocols. This technique, which can be incorporated in both the dense and sparse modes of multicast protocols, dynamically finds overlapped unbranched tree paths and merges their corresponding forwarding states to reduce the storage requirement in multicast routers. It does not introduce any additional control‐message overheads through the reduction process. OPNET simulation results show that the overall average forwarding‐state table size of the simulated networks can be reduced by about 30 per cent on the average. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new charging scheme for ATM based on QoS
Authors: Miah B. , Scharf E. M. , Cuthbert L. G. , Schormans J. A.
Published: August 2002

This paper describes a new approach to charging for ATM called the ‘quality of service (QoS)‐based charging scheme’. In this scheme, traffic resources are distributed among buffers established to support combinations of ATM transfer capabilities and qualities of service. The buffers are dimensioned according to M/D/1/K and ND/D/1 queuing analysis to determine the buffer efficiency and quality of service requirements. This dimensioning provides the basis for fixing the price per unit of resource and time. The actual resource used by a connection is based on the volume of cells transmitted or peak cell rate allocation in combination with traffic shapers if appropriate. Shapers are also dimensioned using the quality of service parameters. Since the buffer efficiency is dependent on the quality of service requirements, customers of ATM networks buy quality of service. The actual price of a connection is also related to the amount of the resource purchased as well as the time of the day at which a connection is made, and the geographical location of the destination switch.

The QoS‐based charging scheme meets the requirements of customers and of network operators. Its performance compares very favourably with that of a number of well‐known existing ATM charging schemes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parathyromatosis as cause of recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism: A cytologic diagnosis
Authors: Baloch Zubair W. , Fraker Douglas , LiVolsi Virginia A.
Published: August 2002

Parathyromatosis is a rare cause of hyperparathyroidism. It can be divided into two types: primary and secondary. The pathologic lesion consists of multiple small nodules of hypercellular parathyroid tissue strewn in soft tissue (fat, skeletal muscle, fibrous tissue) of the neck. We present a case of parathyromatosis occurring in a patient with recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism 4 yr after parathyroidectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed preoperatively by fine‐needle aspiration of one of several neck masses. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:403–405, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Institutional review of outside cytology materials: A retrospective analysis of two institutions' experiences
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Jones Claudia , Rowe Leslie , Gopez Evelyn V.
Published: August 2002

Discrepancy rates between original and review histopathologic diagnoses have been well‐studied, and range as high as 30% in some studies. While the sensitivity and specificity rates for a variety of cytologic specimens are well‐known, few data exist as to the discrepancy rates associated with in‐house, second‐opinion reviews of outside material. We studied the 2‐yr experience of two university‐based medical centers' reviews of outside cytology materials. A total of 146 cases underwent second‐opinion review. The majority were fine‐needle aspiration specimens obtained from the breast, thyroid, lung, and hematobiliary system. Nine cases were cervical vaginal specimens, 19 were bronchial brushes, washings, or lavage specimens, 13 were pleural fluid specimens, 5 were bile duct brushings, and the remainder were exfoliative cytologies, including those from the cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and pelvis. In all, 24 disagreements were encountered, 11 of which were considered major in that a significant change in therapy occurred due to an alteration in diagnosis, while 13 were considered minor in that a different diagnosis or subclassification was given by the consultant pathologist, but this diagnostic change did not significantly alter therapy. The overall diagnosis disagreement rate of 16% is similar to the diagnostic discrepancy rate encountered in second‐opinion reviews of surgical pathology specimens. The 8% major discrepancy rate is slightly higher than that seen in similar studies of surgical pathology material. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:45–48. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between antithrombotic activities of fucans and their structure
Authors: Boisson‐Vidal Catherine , Chaubet Frederic , Chevolot Lionel , Sinquin Corinne , Theveniaux Jocelyne , Millet Jean , Sternberg Claude , Mulloy Barbara , Fischer Anne Marie
Published: August 2002

A low molecular weight fucan fraction extracted from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum was previously shown to exhibit dose‐related venous antithrombotic activity with an ED80 of about 20 mg/kg, 2 h after a single subcutaneous injection HCII (Colliec et al. [1991] Thromb Res 64:143–154; Mauray et al. [1995] Thromb Haemast 74:1280–1285). Its activity was comparable to that of a low molecular weight heparin (Dalteparin®). This fucan fraction is one of several, with a range of different structure parameters, prepared by degradation of the whole native fucan. These low molecular weight fractions were compared using a Wessler stasis thrombosis model in rabbits and by determination of their in vitro and ex vivo anticoagulant activities. Intravenous administrations of these fractions reduced thrombosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Partial removal of sulfate groups and/or partial degradation lead to a significant decrease in their anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. The integrity of the regular pattern of sulphation of the fucoidan is necessary for antithrombotic activity. Drug Dev. Res. 51:216–224, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age differences in arousal and vigilance in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)
Authors: Hanson Mark T. , Coss Richard G.
Published: August 2002

Newly emerged pup, juvenile, and adult California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi douglasii) were videorecorded at a seminatural field site in northern California. Video data revealed age differences in the budgeting of ground squirrel behavior, habitat use, and physiological arousal as indicated by morphometric analyses of tail piloerection. Adults and juveniles devoted their time to foraging in the open at feeding stations while displaying low to moderate levels of arousal, respectively. Pups remained vigilant on the fringe of covered habitats while displaying comparatively higher levels of arousal. Higher pup arousal may facilitate memory formation during early stages of development. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 199–206, 2001
Isolation and expression analysis of three zebrafish angiopoietin genes
Authors: Pham Van N. , Roman Beth L. , Weinstein Brant M.
Published: August 2002

The Tie1 and Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinases and the Tie2 ligands, the angiopoietins, play critical roles in vertebrate vascular embryogenesis, helping to mediate the interaction between endothelial cells and the pericytes or vascular smooth muscle cells that envelop and support them. We have obtained full‐length cDNA sequences for zebrafish orthologs of angiopoietin‐1 (ang1), angiopoietin‐2 (ang2), and angiopoietin‐like‐3 (angptl3). Ang1 is expressed in head ventral mesenchyme, in the ventromedial region of somites, in mesenchyme surrounding trunk axial vessels, and in the hypochord, a transient embryonic structure of endodermal origin that has been implicated in dorsal aorta assembly in both zebrafish and Xenopus. Ang2 is expressed in head and anterior trunk ventral mesenchyme and the developing pronephric glomeruli. Angptl3 is expressed in the yolk syncytial layer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of Lutheran, a novel laminin receptor, in normal, knockout, and transgenic mice suggests an interaction with laminin α5 in vivo
Authors: Moulson Casey L. , Li Cong , Miner Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2002

Laminins are major components of all basement membranes. One laminin that has garnered particular interest, due to its widespread expression pattern and importance during development, is the laminin α5 chain. In vitro studies have suggested that the Lutheran blood group glycoprotein/basal cell adhesion molecule (Lu), an Ig superfamily transmembrane protein, is a receptor for laminins containing the α5 chain. However, there are no in vivo studies showing that these proteins are capable of interacting in tissues. We have isolated the mouse ortholog of Lu and characterized its expression and localization in mouse tissues. Lu was primarily found on the basal surface of epithelial cells and on muscle cells adjacent to basement membranes containing laminin α5. In addition, there was both a dramatic reduction in the basal concentration of Lu in mice lacking laminin α5, and a significant increase in Lu protein in transgenic mice overexpressing laminin α5. Together, these data provide the first in vivo evidence for an interaction between Lu and laminin α5 and support the hypothesis that Lu is a laminin α5 receptor. We propose that laminin α5 is involved in concentrating Lu on the basal surface of epithelial cells. This may be one mechanism by which basement membrane signals are transmitted to the cell. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coarseness error and wall process near conductor corner in the FDTD method
Authors: Iida Yukio
Published: August 2002

This paper investigates the errors in the FDTD method due to the mesh coarseness from the point of view of mesh arrangement. A cavity with an inductive window is chosen as an object for analysis. When the aperture width is small and the external Q is large, the numerical accuracy of the electromagnetic field near the conductor corner in the inductive window is strongly reflected in the external Q. This fact is used for the investigation. A new mesh arrangement applicable to the conductor corner is proposed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(3): 9–15, 2002
Coupling Characteristics of Microstrip Lines through an Elliptical Slot
Authors: Kobayashi Hiromi , Wakabayashi Toshio
Published: August 2002

Monolithic microwave integrated circuits are useful for miniaturization, weight reduction, and performance enhancement of components at microwave and millimeter‐wave frequencies. In this paper, a simple method is proposed for analysis of the coupling characteristics of laminated microstrip lines through an elliptical slot in the common ground plane. The results of the analysis by this method are presented and are compared with experimental values, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method. In this method, an elliptical slot is subdivided into infinitesimal rectangular slots. The characteristics of individual infinitesimally small rectangular slots are synthesized by means of the theory of multihole directional couplers to allow analysis of the coupling characteristics by an elliptical slot. The characteristics by individual slots are derived by means of the conventional theory. In this paper, the derivation is made more rigorous. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(1): 13–21, 2002
Reducing the Numerical Dispersion in the FDTD Analysis by Modifying Anisotropically the Speed of Light
Authors: Suzuki Kosuke , Kashiwa Tatsuya , Hosoya Yoshio
Published: August 2002

In FDTD analysis, one of the problems is numerical dispersion caused by the discretization of time and space. In a previous publication, the present authors generalized a speed‐of‐light correction method previously applied only to isotropic meshes so that it could be applied to an anisotropic mesh. However, in the previously reported correction method the speed of light was corrected isotropically. Therefore, the error compression was small in the aniso‐tropic mesh. In this paper, a correction method is proposed in which more compression of the phase error than in the previous method is possible in an anisotropic lattice. By applying the new method to a two‐dimensional nonuniform mesh, the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(1): 50–58, 2002
Development of a 3D display system for surgical navigation
Authors: Nakajima Susumu , Masamune Ken , Sakuma Ichiro , Dohi Takeyoshi
Published: August 2002

For image‐guided surgery using 3D medical images, we have developed a 3D display system employing the principle of integral photography (IP). This system consists only of an AT‐compatible computer, a liquid‐crystal display (LCD), and a lens array. The image for display is constructed by an algorithm for high‐speed rendering based on the principle of IP.

The 3D image is projected and displayed in space and can be seen by multiple observers in accordance with the observing position without using special glasses or position sensors. Moreover, since the projected 3D image can be moved by manipulation by the observer, the preoperative information operation can be grasped intuitively during the operation by aligning the preoperative 3D image with the observing direction of the patient. The 2D resolution and depth‐direction resolution of the projected image based on this system are both in proportion to the resolution of the LCD that is used, which at the present stage is insufficient. However, in this system, since it is in principle possible to display a 3D image accurately with a simple device and to change the direction of observation, this system may be usable in image‐navigated surgery when higher‐precision LCDs become available in the future. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(10): 15–24, 2001
Resonance of elliptical muffler chamber having a nonuniformly perforated pipe
Authors: Nishimura Tsuyoshi , Ando Tadashi , Ikeda Tatsuyu
Published: August 2002

Perforated pipe is an essential component in contemporary automotive mufflers, since such a pipe reduces the acoustic power of the flow noise, which is significantly influenced by its velocity. Nonuniformly perforated pipes, the orifices of which are arranged in a belt configuration, are widely used in muffler systems. The resonance of such perforated pipe when located inside the elliptic cavity is investigated experimentally in this paper. The results obtained are also compared with the predictions of our method of theoretical analysis for a uniformly perforated pipe in order to clarify the resonance mechanism. It was found that the difference between the measured and theoretical values is less than 5 Hz for a short pipe. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(7): 22–28, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1104
Measurement of negative ion mobilities at atmospheric pressure in O2/O3 mixtures
Authors: Hayashi Takahisa , Itoh Haruo
Published: August 2002

In a previous work, we measured the negative ion mobilities in O2 at atmospheric pressure. The obtained zero‐field mobility of $\hbox{O}^{-}_{2}$ in O2 agreed well with the results of Snuggs and co‐workers. However, we mentioned that the apparent zero‐field mobility tended to small values with increase of the drift length. This paper describes experimental results for the negative ion mobilities in O2/O3 mixtures. Ozone was generated in a silent discharge tube and the ozone concentration was varied from 10 ppm up to 1200 ppm. It was found that the negative ion mobilities become smaller with increases of the ozone concentration. When ozone was mixed above 10 ppm in O2, the mobility decreased rapidly. The apparent zero‐field mobility was 1.69 cm2/V·s at 300 ppm O3 and 1.52 cm2V·s at 1200 ppm O3. Within this range from 300 to 1200 ppm O3, the apparent zero‐field mobility decreased linearly with increases of the ozone concentration. This suggests that cluster ions are formed by some ion‐molecule reactions in the drift space. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 26–33, 2002
Suggestion and feasibility study for a massively parallel back‐to‐back system
Authors: Sato Tadashi , Matsushita Yoshinao , Temma Koji , Iyoda Isao
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a new concept for back‐to‐back (BTB) dc systems. The main feature of the proposed BTB is referred to as “massively parallel.” This massively parallel BTB system consists of a number of small or mediumcapacity inverter units that are connected in parallel. The concept of transmission power control using the massively parallel BTB is investigated using MATLAB for a case where a fault occurs. In addition, a method for modeling the proposed BTB in EMTP is investigated. The work presented in this paper shows that the proposed BTB system is very promising for large power system applications because the losses of the system are very small compared to conventional BTB using VSC (voltage source converter). The massively parallel BTB can keep operating even if an inverter unit fails, thus improving overall power transmission capability. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 34–42, 2002
On the measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm: norms as moderators of the expression of intergroup bias
Authors: Gaertner Lowell , Insko Chester A.
Published: August 2002

Contrary to most other research conducted in the minimal group paradigm tradition, Bornstein, Crum, Wittenbraker, Harring, Insko and Thibaut (1983a) found little evidence of ingroup favoritism when they employed a revised measurement system (i.e. the Multiple Alternative Matrices; MAMs). The current experiment examined whether Bornstein et al.'s effects could be attributed to norms that prohibit intergroup discrimination, which are made salient by framing the outcome values in the intergroup allocation task as monetary payment. We manipulated the salience of prohibitive norms by varying whether participants allocated on the MAMs monetary payment, bonus money or feelings. Participants more strongly associated ‘having to be fair and equal’ with payment than with bonus or feelings and category members made fewer allocations that maximized the ingroup's relative and absolute profit and more allocations that minimized intergroup differences when allocating monetary payment than when allocating bonus money or feelings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of theoretical derivations, simple linear regressions, multiple linear regression and principal components for analysis of fish mortality, growth and environmental temperature data
Authors: Jensen A. L.
Published: August 2002

Natural mortality of fish populations is difficult to estimate, and parameters for growth and environmental temperature, which are easier to estimate, have been applied to predict fish natural mortality using multiple linear regression. There are theoretical relations among all of the variables applied in the multiple linear regression, and there is high multicollinearity; the results of the multiple regression differ considerably from the theoretical relations among the variables. Simple linear regression results agree with the theoretical results but they are not as precise for prediction of mortality as multiple linear regression. A principal components analysis correctly identifies the important variables and the relations among variables but it is more complex than multiple linear regression and yet is not any more precise for predictions. A plot of the first two principal components separated the data into two groups: one was temperate water species and one was warmer water species. The analysis confirms the limitations and advantages of different data analysis methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nonlinear numerical model for sloped‐bottom tuned liquid dampers
Authors: Olson D. E. , Reed D. A.
Published: August 2002

Shaking‐table data for a tuned liquid damper with a sloped bottom of 30° with the horizontal are investigated using a non‐linear numerical model previously developed by Yu, Jin‐kyu, Nonlinear characteristics of tuned liquid dampers. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 (1997). Stiffness and damping parameters for this model are obtained and compared with those previously derived for box‐shaped tanks. The values for these parameters reflect the softening spring behaviour of the sloped‐bottom system in contrast to the hardening system evident for the box‐shaped TLD. Consequently, the sloped‐bottom tank should be tuned slightly higher than the fundamental structural frequency in order to obtain the most effective damping. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Swedish eating disorder services—a brief modern history
Authors: Norring Claes , Engström Ingemar , Enzell Karin
Published: August 2002

This brief account of the history of eating disorder services in Sweden is divided into two sections, one covering the history and present design of clinical eating disorder services, and the other depicting the scientific development of the eating disorders field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.