bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone resorption in vitro induced by products of human gingival cells in culture
Authors: Jacobsen N. , Goldhaber P.
Published: July 2006

Resorption of bone in tissue culture has previously proved to be initiated by a combined cultivation with gingival tissues. In the present experiments bone resorption stimulating activity (BRS‐activity) was recovered in sonicates of fibroblastlike cells from human gingiva. BRS‐activity was also recovered from a transformed cell line previously reported by Smulow and Glickman (1966) to be derived from human gingival epithelium. The maximum activity was comparable to that of parathyroid extract. The BRS‐activity of the Smulow‐Glickman epithelial cell line was present both in the culture medium, in salt solution after incubation with the cells, and in cell sonicate. There was a positive dose response between the concentration of cell products and bone resorption up to a level, after which inhibition of the bone resorption occurred. The activity was stable at 56°C, resistant to trypsin, but labile at 100°C and partly dialyzable. He‐La cells were negative as regards BRS‐activity.
Clinical, endocrinological, and histopathological findings in allergic gingivostomatitis
Authors: Hamner James E. , Croft Lloyd K.
Published: July 2006

The 3 year clinical, endocrinological, and histopathological findings in 2 case reports (and 4 patients followed clinically) of cyclic allergic gingivostomatitis characterized by a fiery‐red inflammation of the gingiva, angular cheilitis, and loss of the filiform papillae have been presented and discussed. Five of the 6 patients were females, and all 6 suffered from a hormonal imbalance. The histological appearance was characterized by both thinned and hyperplastic epithelium, dilated capillaries near the surface, and an intense, mature plasma cell infiltrate which obliterated the normal architecture of the lamina propria. Multiple myeloma was ruled out by physical, radiographic, hematologic, microscopic, protein electrophoresis, and urinalysis studies. It was verified, clinically and histologically following a 4 month abstention from the habit, that the gingivostomatitis was produced by an allergic response to chewing gum ‐ most likely the essential oils used as flavoring agents. There is also a strong possibility that hormonal imbalance may play a role in the inducement of this unusual clinical phenomenon.
Rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in vitro in response to dental plaque
Authors: Kraal J. H. , Loesche W. J.
Published: July 2006

Human dental plaque extracts in Gey's medium and whole human saliva were tested in the Boyden Chamber system for chemotactic activity against rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Positive controls were a semipurified bacterial chemotactic factor and a complement derived chemotactic factor, Gey's medium alone served as a negative control. The method appeared to be very sensitive as concentrations of less than one mg plaque per ml medium gave a clear chemotactic response. Whole human saliva was less chemotactic than dental plaque. Incubation of equal concentrations of plaque extract in both the upper and lower compartments of the Boyden Chamber did not result in a large increase in cell migration, indicating that most cell migration in reaction to dental plaque extract in this system depends on a concentration gradient. The chemotactic factor or factors were present in plaque at the time it was collected, they were readily dissolvable in water, and they were heat stable. The dose range in which dental plaque extract would evoke a chemotactic response was variable and usually very narrow. Replicate tests. yielded highly variable results indicating that this method is not suitable for quantitative comparisons. Extracts of the same dilution were prepared from dental plaque samples from a small population with varying degrees of gingivitis. Differences in chemotactic response to those samples could not be related to the intensity of gingivitis.
Biochemical aspects of calculus formation
Authors: Mandel I. D.
Published: July 2006

As a means of elucidating the mechanisms involved In the formation of salivary calculus and to delineate the factors responsible for individual variation, comparative studies were conducted on developing deposits in heavy calculus formers and light formers.

Three‐day deposits from a) lingual surfaces of lower anterior teeth and b) facial surfaces of maxillary teeth were analysed for calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, protein, hexose, methylpentose, hexosamine and fructose. The lingual deposits from heavy formers contained much higher levels of calcium (9 vs. 5.5 %) and phosphorus (5 vs. 1.4 %) and lower levels of potassium, methylpentose and hexosamine than light formers. In the maxillary deposits calcium and phosphorus levels were much lower than in the lower lingual. The differences between heavy and light formers were in. the same direction as in lingual deposits but not nearly as pronounced. When the plaques were extracted with water and the soluble (about 30 %) and insoluble fractions (about 70 %) were analysed separately, the insoluble fraction reflected the differences in calcium, phosphorus, potassium and carbohydrate noted for the total plaque. In the soluble fraction heavy formers exhibited more calcium, magnesium and sodium (not phosphorus) and less potassium and carbohydrate. Mineralization of plaque appears no be associated with loss of carbohydrate.
The effects of hormonal contraceptives on the human periodontium
Authors: Knight G. M. , Bryan Wade A.
Published: July 2006

The periodontal status of the six teeth of the Ramfjord P. D. J. in 89 women aged 17–23 years who were taking an oral contraceptive was compared with a group of 72 in the same age bracket practising other forms of contraception. Mean plaque scores for the two groups showed no significant difference, but were slightly lower in the hormonal group. G.I. scores for the hormonal group were slightly higher than for the other group, but the difference was not significant. Those who had been on oral contraceptives for more than 1.5 years (mean 3.0 years) had a lower plaque score than those who had taken them for less than 1.5 years (mean 0.7 years) but their G. I. was greater, and their mean amount of periodontal destruction significantly greater than in the shorter time group and in those of comparable age using other forms of contraception.
Use of wounds in the parietal bone of the rat for evaluating bone marrow for grafting into periodontal defects
Authors: Turnbull R. S. , Freeman E.
Published: July 2006

The value of autogenous marrow as a bone graft material was examined. Holes ∼ 2 mm in diameter were made in. the right and left parietal bones of 9 middle –aged Wistar‐strain albino rats weighing ∼ 500 g. Bone marrow was obtained from the medullary cavity of the femur and immediately placed into the left hole, while the right served as a control. All animals were killed 12 weeks postoperatively. Their calvaria were examined radio graphically and by routine histological methods. It was found that whereas the control defects never healed, those grafted with autogenous marrow were consistently filled with a bone ossicle. These findings suggest that bone marrow grafts, may be of value in periodontal therapy.
Effect of tooth cleaning procedures on gingival sulcus depth
Authors: Wolfram Klaus , Egelbeeg Jan , Hornbuckle Conrad , Oliver Richard , Rathbun Eugene
Published: July 2006

The effect of tooth cleaning procedures on the gingival sulcus has been investigated. Clinically healthy gingivae from thirty‐two maxillary anterior teeth of eight individuals served as experimental sites. Measurements were obtained from zinc‐oxide eugenol impressions of the sulcular area. Subsequent to periods of tooth‐brushing, the presence of a gingival sulcus could generally be demonstrated. This was observed for the Roll as well as for the Bass method of brushing. Following no‐brushing periods, during which chlorhexidine plaque control was exercised, a reduction in sulcus depths and often a disappearance of the sulcus was noted. It is suggested that the presence of a gingival sulcus may be the consequence of mechanical agitation from toothbrushing.
The time factor in periodontal therapy
Authors: Bellini H. T.
Published: July 2006

Correlations between time required for periodontal treatment and the amount of plaque and calculus, pocket depth, and number of teeth were investigated. Forty‐one patients were treated by the same dentist and three basic therapeutic procedures were adopted: motivation and instruction in oral hygiene (OH), scaling and elimination of overhangs (Sc) and surgery (Su). The average time needed for each of the procedures was. determined. The OH time did not seem to be associated with any of the single variables considered. The Sc time tended to increase with increasing amount of calculus and the Su time with increasing pocket depth. The difficulties in using the numerical epidemiologic parameters for time estimations were pointed out since no reliable association between these factors and treatment time was found.
The assessment of periodontal disease for public health purposes
Authors: Davies G. N. , Horowitz H. S. , Wada W.
Published: July 2006

The results of an oral health survey in five countries by four examiners showed marked between‐examiner variation in the interpretation of diagnostic criteria for the assessment of periodontal disease. A new method for the assessment of periodontal disease is described. It is a modification of the Periodontal Screening Examination of O'Leary and is designed to distinguish four degrees of periodontal disease in terms of preventive or curative action required for the problem. In a second survey using this method two examiners obtained closely comparable results in their assessment of calculus, gingivitis and periodontal pockets.
The effect of topical antigen on the gingiva of sensitized rabbits
Authors: McDougall W. A.
Published: July 2006

In contrast to the typical Arthus reactions produced in immunized rabbits by the injection of the antigen (peroxidase) into the palate or skin, topical application to the gingiva induced a severe but non‐specific inflammation. In non‐immunized control animals peroxidase had spread evenly through the intercellular spaces of the epithelium and the nearby connective tissue by 15 min but by 45 min it was no longer detectable. In immunized animals by 15 min peroxidase was found mainly as discrete, coarse clumps in the widened intercellular spaces in the outer half of the crevicular epithelium. Little gained access to the connective tissues. Little precipitate remained after 90 min and none by 24 hr. It appeared that antibody reacting with antigen in the intercellular spaces of the crevicular epithelium was largely successful in preventing access of antigen into the connective tissue. However in immunized animals, numerous neutrophils migrated into the region of antigen‐antibody precipitate and the number reached a maximum by 4 hr and then declined. Most of the neutrophils were partially degranulated.
Effect of decomplementation by carragheenan on the emigration of neutrophils and monocytes into dog gingival crevices
Authors: Attström Rolf , Larsson Ulf
Published: July 2006

The role of complement in the emigration of blood neutrophils and monocytes into gingival crevices has been studied in dogs by experimental decomplementation.

Blood neutrophils and monocytes were labelled by intravenously injected colloidal carbon. At various time intervals after labelling and decomplementation by carragheenan cellular samples were taken from the gingival crevices. Labelled neutrophils and monocytes were found in both healthy and inflamed gingival crevices indicating a continuous migration of these cells in spite of decomplementation.

For comparison the migration of leukocytes into skin window lesions was studied. Early leukocyte emigration was found to be inhibited in the decomplemented animals, but could be initiated by the application of dental plaque to the lesions.

The results suggest that complement activation by immune complexes is not necessary for the continuous migration of leukocytes into gingival crevices. Other factors such as chemotactic substances present in dental plaque may be responsible for the continuous migration of leukocytes into gingival crevices.
The effects of oral administration of chlorhexidine on the rate of regeneration of epithelia of the oral mucosa and skin of mice
Authors: Mackenzie Ian C.
Published: July 2006

Using injection of tritiated thymidine and autoradiography, the labelling index, rate of migration of labelled cells and width of epithelia of the oral mucosa and skin of mice was examined after either (a) 2 % chlorhexidine solution or (b) distilled water, was instilled twice daily for 7 days into the oral cavity. A small but consistent reduction in the rate of regeneration of epithelia in chlorhexidine‐treated animals was attributed to the added stress to which the experimental group was exposed. It was anticipated that a direct irritant effect of chlorhexidine on the oral mucosa would produce a locally increased rate of epithelial regeneration: no such change was observed. No change in the labelling index of the liver or in the rate of gain of weight in experimental animals was detected during the experimental period.
Mast cell population density in hamster gingiva
Authors: Coleman Edward J.
Published: July 2006

Mast cell population density was determined for the gingiva of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Using thirty normal, untreated hamsters, equal males and females, the population density was found to be ca 5,200 mast cells per cubic millimeter. The counts had high precision. The method of counting mast cells was explained, and its utility noted. The relation of mast cells to oral disease was discussed.
Immunological aspects of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis)
Authors: Lehner T. , Wilton J. M. A. , Ivanyi L. , Manson J. D.
Published: July 2006

Cell‐mediated and humoral immunological investigations were carried out in 34 patients with advanced destructive periodontal disease. In 23 of these patients, 14 to 21 years old, juvenile periodontitis was diagnosed by clinical and radiological criteria. Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation by autologous plaque, Veillonella alcalescens, Fusobacterium fusiforme and Bacteroides melaninogenicus was impaired, the response to Actinomyces viscosus was intact, but those to unrelated antigens, such as purified protein derivative (PPD) or Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), were enhanced. However, lymphocytes stimulated by these antigens relased a factor causing macrophage migration inhibition in up to 65 % of patients. Substititution of autologous serum by homologous or fetal calf serum did not increase lymphocyte transformation, but was associated with conversion of the negative to positive macrophage migration inhibition activity, so that the latter was found in 80 % to 100 % of patients. Serum IgM, IgG and IgA concentrations were significantly increased and the haemagglutinating titres to related bacteria were higher than those found in controls.

Comparable cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses were found in 11 patients, 22 to 29 years old, whose clinical and radiological features were similar to those in patients with juvenile periodontitis; the disease in these patients can be referred to as ‘post‐juvenile periodontitis’. The results suggest that in juvenile periodontitis a selective impairment of antigen induced DNA synthesis of lymphocytes to plaque and some Gramnegative organisms, is associated with release of macrophage migration inhibition factor.
Relationship between histological degree of inflammation and epithelial proliferation in macaque gingiva
Authors: Hopps R. M. , Johnson N. W.
Published: July 2006

Epithelial proliferation of various regions of macaque gingival epithelium, as measured by uptake of locally injected H3‐thymidine, showed regional differences which could be explained in part by the size and nature of the inflammatory infiltrate invariably found in gingival biopsies. The proliferative activity of oral sulcular epithelium was greater than that of oral epithelium and was negatively correlated with the size of the area of infiltrated connective tissue. On the other hand labelling of oral epithelium was positively correlated with size of infiltrate, the effect decreasing with distance of the epithelium from the infiltrate
The organisation of the gingival vasculature
Authors: Nuki Klaus , Hock Janet
Published: July 2006

Vascular perfusion, vital microscopy and conventional histologic techniques were applied to a study of the structure and organisation of vessels in gingiva with no previous history of inflammation. The gingival vasculature around deciduous teeth of cats and dogs was found to be classifiable as a microvascular bed, containing arterioles, precapillary venules and venules less than 501974m in width. Capillaries predominated within crestal gingiva and within the superficial buccal and crevicular networks. Precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules were most common in the mid gingival region. Small arterioles and venules were present in apical gingiva.

Capillaries, comprising the network in crestal gingiva, were arranged as interconnecting repetitive units. Changes in the width, length and local morphology of vessels in each unit, with inflammation, resulted in the formation of vessel loops. With continuing inflammation, certain connecting vessels were lost while other vessels became spatially rearranged.
Clinical and stereologic analysis of the course of early gingivitis in dogs
Authors: Llndhe J. , Schroeder H. E. , Page R. C. , Münzel‐Pedrazzoli S. , Hugoson A.
Published: July 2006

In the present investigation an attempt was made to follow the sequence of events occurring in the gingival tissues of dogs reacting to the reaccumulation of microbial plaque. The experiment was performed on 5 young dogs which twice a day during a preparatory period of 5–6 months had been treated with a 2 % chlorhexidine mouthrinse. When the eruption of the permanent teeth was in a final phase a clinical examination (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Gingival exudate measurements) was performed, biopsies sampled from predetermined tooth regions and the chlorhexidine regimen terminated. On days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 the clinical examinations were repeated and biopsies of buccal gingival tissues taken from incisors, canines, and premolars. The gingival tissues were subjected to a stereologic analysis based on morphometric point counting procedures. On day zero small amounts of plaque were detected on most teeth. Following the termination of the chlorhexidine regimen plaque accumulation as well as gingival exudation increased. The morphometric data revealed that (1) all biopsies contained a small portion of ICT (infiltrated connective tissue) which did not increase in size with time (2) the cellular composition of ICT fluctuated but did not change its general pattern with time (3) immunoblasts were rarely seen but an unusual lymphoid cell (X‐lymphocyte) was regularly present in ICT. The possibility was discussed that chlorhexidine not only interferes with plaque formation but also may suppress some aspects of the inflammatory and immunopathologic response of the gingiva.
The structure of subgingival plaque in a beagle dog
Authors: Soames J. V. , Davies R. M.
Published: July 2006

The maxillary canines and second and third premolar teeth, together with supporting bone and gingival tissues, were surgically removed from a nine month old Beagle dog. All the gingival units showed clinical signs of gingivitis. At the orifice of the gingival crevice the plaque comprised a dense, mixed bacterial population. Within the crevice spirochaetes were first observed in association with other Gram‐negative bacteria, but more apically they appeared to be the only organisms present. Coronally the spirochaetes were aligned parallel to one another and at right angles to the tooth surface. More apically the spirochaetes were loosely arranged and randomly orientated within a finely granular material. Occasionally spirochaetes were seen within the widened intercellular spaces of the superficial layers of sulcular epithelium. Beyond the spirochaete zone the attachment of the junctional epithelium to the enamel had been destroyed. It is suggested that the characteristic distribution and arrangement of spirochaetes within the gingival crevice is related to the growth requirements of these organisms.
Cytotoxic effects of soluble plaque extract on cells in vitro
Authors: Mlinek A. , Buchner A. , Hennig S. , Begleiter A.
Published: July 2006

The accumulation of bacterial plaque on teeth is now generally accepted to be the prime etiologic factor in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Various plaque fractions were shown to affect in vitro cell growth and to produce degenerative changes within the cells. In the present work, the effects of a water soluble plaque extract (PE) on cell growth and morphology were studied. Plaque from several patients was pooled and a soluble extract prepared. Various concentrations of PE were added to BHK21 cell cultures at different phases of the normal growth curve. The results indicate that cells grown in the presence of PE show marked cellular damage and inhibition of cell growth. Similar effects were observed when PE was added at different phases of the normal growth curve, even though earlier treatment resulted in increased inhibition. The results support the hypothesis that soluble plaque components may damage crevicular and attachment epithelia, thereby initiating an inflammatory reaction and pocket formation in vivo.
The influence of plasma and serum on the chemotactic response to plaque
Authors: Mary George G. , Folke Lars E. A.
Published: July 2006

The chemotactic response of human PMNL cells to: 1) normal plasma or serum, 2) heat inactivated plasma or serum, 3) autologous plaque mixed with saline, 4) autologous plaque mixed with a complement source (plasma or serum), and 5) autologous plaque mixed with heat inactivated plasma or serum was examined using the Boyden chamber technique. The results indicated serum to be more chemotactic than plasma but that the chemotactic properties of both were heat labile. The addition of autologous plasma to plaque enhanced the chemotactic response in some subjects and inhibited the response in others. Similarly, heat inactivated plasma mixed with autologous plaque suspension strongly inhibited the chemotactic response in 30 % of the subjects tested. The mechanism of this inhibition is unknown but cross matching experiments between individuals indicated that this effect was transferable by plasma.
Mast cells and periodontal disease
Authors: Coleman Edward J. , Schlissel Harvey J. , Gaffar Abdul
Published: July 2006

Two groups of littermated hamsters with polyglucan‐forming streptococci in their oral flora, were set up in identical but separate quarters and fed a cariogenic diet. The control group was untreated, whereas the test group was inoculated orally with polyfructan‐forming streptococci (Strain SS‐2) by swabbing the teeth for four days. After forty‐four days, the animals were evaluated for dental caries, bone resorption and gingival mast cell population density.

The inoculated hamsters showed a 2.24 X increase in dental caries, an 1.82 X increase in bone resorption, and a 1.50 X increase in mast cell numbers. The increases in each of these three parameters was statistically highly significant. The role of polyfructan‐forming streptococci in causing dental caries directly, and increasing numbers of mast cells with accompanying bone resorption along the alveolar crest and other periodontal disease symptoms is discussed.
Surface characteristics of cells from different layers of keratinized and non‐keratinized oral epithelia
Authors: Cleaton‐Jones P.
Published: July 2006

Portions of clinically healthy non‐keratinized and keratinized oral epithelia were removed from adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The epithelium was separated from the underlying lamina propria by trypsin digestion, following which the epithelial cells were separated from the various epithelial layers. These were examined with the light and scanning electron microscope.

Cells from non‐keratinized epithelia have surface microplications while those from keratinized epithelia show microvilli and pits. Two distinct types of cell are therefore present. It is suggested that the different surface appearances are related to different types of mechanical adhesion between the cells.
The fate of vital and devitalized bone grafts in the healing of interradicular lesions
Authors: Ellegaard Birgit , Karring Thorkild , Löe Harald
Published: July 2006

The fate of vital and devitalized grafts of mature cancellous bone from the jaws were studied in interradicular lesions in monkeys. 98 bifurcation defects were produced in premolars and molars and maintained by periodontal dressing inserted for four weeks. Ten to 15 weeks later fresh cancellous bone was transplanted into 32 defects. Other cancellous bone grafts were devitalized by boiling and transplanted into 34 bifurcations. The remaining 32 defects received no grafts. The animals were sacrificed to yield observation periods from 0 to 90 days. After decalcification of the specimens and embedding in paraffin; serial sections were cut at 8 microns and stained. The fate of viable and dead transplants were similar during the healing of the interradicular lesions. Except for a few osteocytes which seemed to survive transplantation in the fresh cancellous bone, the osteocyte lacunae were devoid of cells in both types of transplants after 1 week. The deepest located bone grafts became incorporated in new bone developed from the interradicular septum. The more superficially located grafts were rejected or were surrounded by a cementum‐like substans. The influence of the grafts on bone regeneration was small and based solely on their osteoconductive effect.
Autoradiographic study of 3H‐proline incorporation by rat periodontal ligament, gingival connective tissue and dental pulp
Authors: Kameyama Yoichiro
Published: July 2006

The rates of 3H‐proline incorporation by the rat periodontal ligament, the gingival connective tissue and the dental pulp were studied by autoradiography. The rate of 3H‐proline incorporation by the periodontal ligament was 2.8 times higher than by the gingival connective tissue and 5 times higher than by the dental pulp. These differences were significant (p > 0.01). The pattern of 3H‐proline incorporation by the periodontal ligament was significantly different (p > 0.01) from that by the gingival connective tissue and the dental pulp. The latter two tissues exhibited a similar pattern of 3H‐proline incorporation. The ratio of the rates of 3H‐proline incorporation by the three tissues did not correlate with the ratio of the cellular densities in the same three tissues.
Cell dynamics of experimental gingivitis in macaques
Authors: Johnson N. W. , Hopps R. M.
Published: July 2006

Counts were made of cells present within the inflammatory focus in gingival biopsies from adult macaque monkeys with gingivitis of varying chronicity and severity. Data (Set I) were derived from biopsies taken 3 to 85 days after withdrawal of oral hygiene: during this period the mean gingival index rose from 0.7 to 2.1 but corresponding trends in size and nature of cellular infiltrate were not apparent ‐ the lesions containing 25–40 % macrophages, 20–30 % fibroblasts, 3–30% polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 10 % endothelial cells, 4–9 % lymphocytes and 5–11 % plasma cells. Infiltrates from molar teeth, however, tended to be smaller, to contain relatively more macrophages and fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells than tissue from anterior teeth. These data were compared with those derived from the same animals 5 months later (Set II) and from animals several years older with more severe disease (Set III). With more extensive and more long standing inflammation there were significant increases in plasma cell and polymorphonuclear leucocyte density, and decreases in fibroblasts and macrophages; lymphocyte and endothelial cell densities were relatively stable.

The findings are interpreted as a mixed immune inflammatory response in which delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms may initially play a part but in which, as disease progresses, the humoral arm of the immune response seems to he more extensively deployed.
Cell rests in the periodontal ligament of mouse molars
Authors: Listgarten Max A.
Published: July 2006

Recent reports have indicated that Hertwig's epithelial root sheath in rats and mice becomes trapped between dentin and cementum or within cementum during molar root development. Evidence is presented that well defined cell rests persist nevertheless in the periodontal ligament of mouse molars. These rests are located in close proximity to the cementum surface. They are composed of clumped epithelial cells with typical ultrastructural features. The latter include intracytoplasmic tonofibrils, intercellular desmosomal connections and a limiting basal lamina showing frequent interruptions in its continuity. Hemidesmosomes and occasional anchoring fibrils are associated in the usual manner with the basal lamina.
Plasminogen activator in the normal gingiva of the dog
Authors: Lucas O. N. , Fujita D. , Bremner F.
Published: July 2006

Plasminogen activator in gingival tissue was histochemically identified using a fibrin filmslide technique. Microscopic examination clearly revealed the lytic areas induced in the fibrin background; therefore, they were topographically related to the overlaying gingival section, thus facilitating the localization of plasminogen activator in the gingival tissue. Fibrinolysis was observed only on the plasminogen‐rich fibrin clot; there was no activity in the plasminogen‐free fibrin clot. This is a clear indication that the lytic areas observed were due to activation of plasminogen by tissue activator and not due to other proteolytic enzymes. Lytic activity was always associated with blood vessels and the crevice area. The degree of activity was related to the time of incubation of the tissue section with the fibrin clot.
Elective medium for the direct count of vibrio (campylobacter) fusobacteria, bacteroides, selenomonas and veillonella in the gingival crevice flora
Authors: van Palenstein Helderman W. H. , Winkler K. C.
Published: July 2006

A modified reinforced clostridial agar with blood and china blue permitted the recognition of Vibrio(Campylobacter)sputorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides ochraceus, Selenomonas sputigena and Veillonella species by colony form and colour. Microscopy and biochemical tests confirmed the relation between colonial morphology and species. The medium facilitates identification and permits differential counts of these five gram‐negative anaerobes in the gingival crevice flora.
Dietetically provoked general and alveolar osteopenia in rats and its prevention or cure by calcium and fluoride
Authors: Ericsson Y. , Ekberg O.
Published: July 2006

Male rats, 21‐100 days old at the start of different experiments, were kept for several weeks on synthetic diets, either adequate, or deficient in calcium (Ca) and at the same time low in protein and high in sucrose.

For varying parts of the experimental periods the rats were given either dist. water, or water supplied with 2000 ppm Ca, 40 ppm fluoride (F), or both in a compatible form.

Assessment was made of several parameters of the femoral bone density and of two histometric parameters of the alveolar bone density.

The bone density in animals on Ca‐deficient diet was greatly improved by supplying either Ca or Ca+F with the drinking water. There was a tendency to higher mineral density with Ca+F supply than with Ca alone. Rats that had been on a high F, adequate diet were much more resistant to bone mineral depletion by a subsequent Ca‐deficient diet than were control rats that had been on the same diet without F.

The alveolar bone generally reacted more strongly than the femoral bone to both deprivation and supplementation, and the tissue between the roots of one molar (M 2) more than the tissue between two molars (M 1–2).

The correlations of alveolar bone parameters to femoral weight, ash, Ca and P content were all positive, in most cases statistically significant, and generally stronger for the M 2 than for the M 1–2 tissue. In an experiment where the deficient diet was supplied either as powder or as bread the results seemed to support the concept of an influence of masticatory force, particularly on the interdental bone septa.

The connection between generalized osteopenia and alveolar bone loss and the roles of Ca and F are discussed.
Hydroxyproline content in gingival exudate before and after periodontal surgery
Authors: Hara Kohji , Takahashi Tokuya
Published: July 2006

In the present study the hydroxyproline content in gingival exudate and serum obtained from individuals with periodontal disease was determined at three times; before, one month and six months after periodontal surgery. The gingival exudate was collected with filter paper strips according to the intracrevicular method. The hydrolysates of gingival exudate and serum were assayed colorimetrically for hydroxyproline.

Although the hydroxyproline content of the exudate and of serum one month after surgery was higher than the values before surgery, the differences were not statistically significant. The values for exudate and serum at six months, however, were significantly lower than at one month; exudate 23.45 ± 13.13 μg/g vs. 39.85 ± 18.63, P < 0.05; serum 17.05 ± 2.22 μg/g ml vs. 19.34 ± 2.19, P < 0.05. These decreased values at six months postoperatively may reflect a decrease of collagen degradation in the course of gingival tissue repair.
The demonstration and automatic quantitation of mast cells by image analyzing computer
Authors: Farnoush Ali , Nuki Klaus
Published: July 2006

In order to investigate the significance and possible modes of action of mast cells in gingiva, it was necessary to have available consistent methods for their identification and quantitation in tissue samples. It was found that the Padawer (1959) technique known as a highly selective method for staining mast cells in various vertebrate sdid not consistently stain these cells in rhesus monkey gingiva. An attempt was made to modify and control the different steps of the technique to stain mast cells consistently, to shorten the time necessary and to have as little background stain as possible in order to utilize a Quantimet 720 Image Analyzer for automatic quantitation of mast cells. The staining system adopted has the following advantages over other methods. The results consist of an intense metachromasia of mast cell granules with a very faint orthochromatic background; the final product is produced in 2.5 hours and furnishes an intense contrast between mast cell granules and all other constituents of the tissue. Having established the technique, the accuracy and applicability of automatic counts using a Quantimet 720 Image Analyzing Computer was investigated. Results revealed that the mean counts of mast cells of two hundred sections obtained by manual and Quantimet methods were comparable.
The inhibition of mast cell degranulation in monkey gingiva by disodium cromoglycate
Authors: Nuki Klaus , Farnoush Ali
Published: July 2006

The effect of Syrijet applied disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on mast cell degranulation and on gingivitis was investigated in rhesus monkeys. Mast cell counts were obtained by tracing representative areas from specially stained tissue sections and visually counting mast cells per unit area. Results revealed that while the drug inhibited mast cell degranulation, this was not associated with any detectable change in gingivitis in the time period studied.

D.S.C.G. should provide an invaluable tool for the continued investigation of the role of mast cells in gingivitis.
Subgingival microflora and periodontitis
Authors: Williams B. L. , Pantalone R. M. , Sherris J. C.
Published: July 2006

Predominant bacterial flora resident in subgingival plaque was characterized and evaluated in relation to the etiology of periodontal disease. Small groups of clinically and radiographically identified periodontal patients and control subjects were studied. A comprehensive inventory of cultivable flora was made. The most common group of organisms were the Gram‐positive rods, the majority of which were Actinomyces. A larger proportion of anaerobic Gram‐negative rods were isolated than indicated in the results of previous studies. Considerable variability in floral content was found in different sites in the same patient. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the flora between clinically normal and pathological sites of the same patients. A significantly greater number of facultative Actinomyces was present in the flora of periodontal patients as compared to control subjects.

Sera from the same nine subjects were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence for circulating antibodies to 12 strains of plaque bacteria. No differences in antibody titers were observed between sera from periodontal patients and control subjects.
A crevicular washing method for investigating immune components of crevicular fluid in man
Authors: Skapski Hania , Lehner T.
Published: July 2006

A technique was developed to collect crevicular fluid from clinically normal gingiva by washing out the gingival crevices with a microsyringe. The leucocytes were well preserved and sequential washings 12 times showed that the viability, determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, increased from a mean (±SE) of 81.4(±6.8)% to 99.3 (±0.7)%. Whilst the viability increased the total number of leucocytes decreased from 805 (±188) to 95 (±25) cells after 11‐12 washings. The minimal rest period required for the leucocyte count to exceed 50% of the initial value was about 25 minutes and this was decreased to about 5 minutes on biting. Differential leucocyte counts showed 91.5 (±1.1)% neutrophils and 8.5 (±1.2)% mononuclear cells which included monocytes, lymphocytes and blast cells. It is suggested that this technique enables the functional cellular and humoral immune components to be investigated.
Bacterial enzymes and viable counts in crevices of noninflamed and inflamed gingiva
Authors: Palenstein Helderman W. H. , Hoogeveen C. J. C. M.
Published: July 2006

A quantitative assay for hyaluronidase and chondroitinase in the gingival crevice is described measuring the diffusion zone in agar plates from standardized paperpoint samples. The mean hyaluronidase concentration in 24 samples from moderately inflamed sites was 8 times higher than in 24 samples from non inflamed sites. The chondroitinase activity in inflamed sites was also significantly higher. Samples from the oral mucosal surface in persons with inflamed gingiva only contained low hyaluronidase activities in 2 out 8 persons. An increasing proportion of V. (C.)sputorum, F. nucleatum, B. ochraceus, S. sputigena and Veillonella strains was seen with increasing gingival index score but these organisms did not produce any hyaluronidase. The increase of hyaluronidase concentration closely followed the increase in the number of gram‐positive organisms, suggesting that no selection of hyaluronidase producing gram‐positive organisms occurred.
Distal oxidative metabolic responses induced by epidermal injury
Authors: Fine A. S. , Egnor R. , Stahl S. S. , Scopp I. W.
Published: July 2006

Gingival wounds were created at the left maxillary molar region in young rats. Following injury, contralateral and gingival wound specimens were removed over a 7 day experimental period. Distal (contralateral) and wound gingival oxidative metabolism was activated within two days' after injury. Cytochrome oxidase (mitochondrial), NADH cytochrome c reductase (mitochondrial, microsomal) and NADPH cytochrome c reductase (soluble) activities were significantly greater at the distal site two days after injury than at the control sham site. Similar trends were also noted at the wound site at the same time intervals. The enzymatic activities returned to normal levels between the (2‐3) days postoperatively at the distal site and between (2‐5) days postoperatively at the wound site.
The effects of dentifrices on the appearance of the tooth surface observed with the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Saxton C. A.
Published: July 2006

The changes which occur on the surfaces of teeth during the use of different types of toothpaste have been studied by the use of replicas and scanning electron microscopy. Two studies were conducted in which non‐abrasive pastes were compared with conventional dentifrices. The conventional dentifrices contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate or aluminium trihydrate as the abrasives, while the non‐abrasive dentifrices contained acrylic spheres or particles of polyethylene.

From the morphological appearance of the surface, it was demonstrated that the pellicle was present within 24 hours of cleaning with pumice and that its thickness increased with time. Relatively thicker pellicles were formed during the use of the non‐abrasive paste. This observation was confirmed by measurement of grooves made in the pellicle, which showed that the pellicle thickness could be as much as 10 μm during the use of the non‐abrasive paste. Comparison of colour photographs with replicas of the same teeth revealed that areas of cosmetic stain were correlated with a characteristic morphology of the pellicle as observed in the scanning electron microscope. Preliminary micro‐probe analysis revealed that heavily‐stained pellicles were highly mineralised. It is concluded that an abrasive is necessary to control the thickness of pellicle and to prevent the build up of cosmetic stain. During the maturation of undisturbed pellicle, changes in its physical properties occur which render its removal more difficult.
Leukocyte migration inhibition by dental plaque antigens as indicated by the capillary tube and the agarose plate technique
Authors: Budtz‐Jörgensen E. , Kelstrup J. , Budtz‐Jörgensen A.
Published: July 2006

The response of peripheral blood leukocytes to various concentrations of whole cells of Candida albicans (particulate antigen), and of PPD and ultrasonicates of Veillonella parvula, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum (soluble antigens) was studied in vitro by means of two different leukocyte migration tests: The capillary tube technique and the agarose plate technique. Using the capillary tube technique migration inhibition to Candida cells was significant in persons with a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to this antigen; however, migration inhibition to PPD or the soluble antigens of dental plaque bacteria was not detected in persons with mild periodontal inflammation. With the agarose plate technique the migration of leukocytes from tuberculin positive persons was inhibited by PPD, while no inhibition of cells from tuberculin negative persons was found. Migration inhibition to soluble V. parvula antigen was significant in persons with mild gingivitis as compared with edentulous persons. Migration inhibition to antigens from the other dental plaque bacteria was not significant. Blocking of protein synthesis by means of puromycin prevented migration inhibition by PPD and V. parvula. The results suggest that the leukocyte migration test in agarose is suitable faor detection of cell‐mediated immunity to bacteria involved in periodontal disease.
The Incorporation of H3‐proline into the collagen of the periodontium of a rat
Authors: Orlowski WalterA.
Published: July 2006

H3‐proline has been extensively used in the study of collagen metabolism of the periodontium. 1B order to determine what proportion of H3‐proline is actually incorporated into collagen, 24 hour incorporation of proline and its conversion to hydroxyproline was measured using microchemical techniques. The periodontal ligament of incisors, the gingivae, the palatal mucosa and the skin were collected and the specific activity of proline and hydroxyproline was determined. The results indicated that the specific activity of hydroxyproline was highest in the periodontal ligament, lower in gingivae and palatal mucosa, and lowest in skin. Most of the activity, however, was recovered in proline. The difference was mainly in the specific activity of the two amino acids. The proportion of radioactivity recovered in hydroxyproline varied from 13.9% in periodontal ligament, 8.3% in gingivae, to 6.6% in palatal mucosa. There appears to be a high rate of incorporation of H3‐proline into oral tissues, as previously reported. However, after 24 hours most of the H3‐proline is found in non‐collagenous proteins and not in collagen.
Effects of amalgam corrosion products on human cells
Authors: Goldschmidt PaulR. , Cogen RonaldB. , Taubman SheldonB.
Published: July 2006

Using three independent criteria, we have found that 10−4‐10−6M concentrations of ions presumably liberated from the corrosion of dental amalgam produce injurious effects on either human gingival fibroblasts or HeLa cells when the cells are grown in culture. Release of 51Cr and uptake of trypan blue dye were seen with 10−5M Hg++ and Ag+. Inhibition of amino acid incorporation into protein‐like material was seen with eluates of amalgam and with ionic solutions of most metals comprising dental amalgam. Stannous ion showed little if any cytotoxic potential. These results suggest that corrosion products of amalgam are capable of causing cellular injury or destruction.
Microbial succession in subgingival plaque of man
Authors: ÖSterberg Stic K‐Å. , Sudo Sara Z. , Folke Lars E. A.
Published: July 2006

A model system allowing study of microbial succession on a single tooth root is described. Three levels of the root were studied: the supragingival surface, an area of the root immediately apical to the gingival margin, and the apical one‐third of the root. Distinct differences among these three levels were noted with respect to microbial composition and microbial succession. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that environmental factors (oxygen tension, availability of certain growth factors, etc.) were the primary ecological determinants governing the development of plaque beneath the gingival margin.
A radiochemical assay for glycolytic activity in dental plaque
Authors: Williams R. A. D. , Nuki Klaus , Nanda Veena , Schlenker R.
Published: July 2006

A radiochemical technique for the rapid and precise measurement of glucose utilization of fresh samples of dental plaque is described. The method appears to be a sensitive indicator of the actual glycolytic ability of an organized microbial plaque including activity in the Embden‐Meyerhof pathway as well as heterolactic fermentation and the Entner‐Doudoroff pathway.

It was found that the glycolytic rate of plaque associated with periodontal pockets was significantly higher than that for plaque not so associated.