bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Interventions to Enhance Adherence to Secondary Preventive Medication after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses
Authors: Al AlShaikh Sukainah , Quinn Terry , Dunn William , Walters Matthew , Dawson Jesse
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Nonadherence to secondary preventative medications after stroke is common and is associated with poor outcomes. Numerous strategies exist to promote adherence. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to describe the efficacy of strategies to improve adherence to stroke secondary prevention.

Methods

We created a sensitive search strategy and searched multiple electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and Web of Knowledge) for studies of interventions that aimed to enhance adherence to secondary preventative medication after stroke. We assessed quality of included studies using the Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias. We performed narrative review and performed meta‐analysis where data allowed.

Results

From 12,237 titles, we included seventeen studies in our review. Eleven studies were considered to have high risk of bias, 3 with unclear risk, and 3 of low risk. Meta‐analysis of available data suggested that these interventions improved adherence to individual medication classes (blood pressure‐lowering drugs – OR, 2.21; 95% CI (1.63, 2.98), [P < 0.001], lipid‐lowering drugs – OR, 2.11; 95% CI (1.00, 4.46), [P = 0.049], and antithrombotic drugs – OR, 2.32; 95% CI (1.18, 4.56, [P = 0.014]) but did not improve adherence to an overall secondary preventative medication regimen (OR, 1.96; 95% CI (0.50, 7.67), [P = 0.332]).

Conclusion

Interventions can lead to improvement in adherence to secondary preventative medication after stroke. However, existing data is limited as several interventions, duration of follow‐up, and various definitions were used. These findings need to be interpreted with caution.
Violet and blue light‐induced green fluorescence emissions from dental caries
Authors: Shakibaie F , Walsh LJ
Published: January 2016

Background

The objective of this laboratory study was to compare violet and visible blue LED light‐elicited green fluorescence emissions from enamel and dentine in healthy or carious states.

Methods

Microscopic digital photography was undertaken using violet and blue LED illumination (405 nm and 455 nm wavelengths) of tooth surfaces, which were photographed through a custom‐made stack of green compensating filters which removed the excitation light and allowed green fluorescence emissions to pass. Green channel pixel data were analysed.

Results

Dry sound enamel and sound root surfaces showed strong green fluorescence when excited by violet or blue lights. Regions of cavitated dental caries gave lower green fluorescence, and this was similar whether the dentine in the lesions was the same colour as normal dentine or was darkly coloured. The presence of saliva on the surface did not significantly change the green fluorescence, while the presence of blood diluted in saliva depressed green fluorescence.

Conclusions

Using violet or blue illumination in combination with green compensating filters could potentially aid in the assessment of areas of mineral loss.
Single institution experience of paediatric melanoma in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Le Quynh , Norris Diana , McClean Catriona A , Mcguiness Myra , Meani Rowena , Kelly John W , Pan Yan
Published: January 2016

Background/Objectives

Paediatric melanoma is an uncommon presentation of melanoma that accounts for 3% of all paediatric cancers. The objective was to describe a series of paediatric melanoma cases presenting to a state‐wide tertiary referral service over the past 19 years.

Methods

A search of the Victorian Melanoma Service database was performed to identify all patients under the age of 20 years diagnosed with melanoma from 1994 to 2013. Histological, demographic and phenotypical information for each patient was collected. Patients were matched against the Victorian Death Registry to identify those who had died. Fisher's exact test was used to examine associations. Melanoma‐specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

A total of 65 paediatric melanoma patients were included for analysis, in whom 72.3% of melanomas were diagnosed when they were 16–19 years of age with a mean age at diagnosis of 16 years. The mean Breslow thickness was 1.4 mm. It was greatest (3.4 mm) in the youngest age group (< 12 years of age). Ten patients developed nodal metastatic disease, eight of which progressed to visceral metastatic disease. The 5‐year melanoma‐specific survival rate was 96.8%.

Conclusion

This is the first descriptive epidemiological study of paediatric melanoma in Victoria. Further large, population‐based, multi‐institutional studies of paediatric melanoma are warranted to provide a clearer understanding of this group of melanoma patients.
The Multifaceted Actions of Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor in Mediating Uterine Receptivity and Embryo Implantation
Authors: Rosario Gracy Xavier , Stewart Colin L
Published: January 2016

Embryo implantation is mediated by the combined actions of the ovarian hormones E2 and P4 on the uterus. In addition, the pro‐inflammatory cytokine, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), plays a pivotal role in regulating uterine receptivity. LIF is expressed in the endometrial glands and has a robust action on the uterine luminal epithelium (LE). In mice, LIF is induced by nidatory E2 and functions to convert the LE from a non‐receptive to an embryo‐responsive state. LIF mediates its actions by activating the JAK‐STAT pathway specifically in the LE. Activation of JAK‐STAT pathway results in the induction of many additional pathways, including some 40 +  transcription factors, many of which initiate a cascade of changes affecting epithelial polarity, epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, angiogenesis, stromal cell decidualization, and inhibiting cell proliferation. This review discusses the role of LIF and the recent analysis of its action on the uterine LE in regulating endometrial receptivity and implantation.
Chinese are more loss averse than British
Authors: Guo Tieyuan , Spina Roy
Published: January 2016

This research investigates how culture might influence loss aversion. Chinese were expected to be more loss averse than British because of cultural differences in regulatory focus. Study 1 reveals that compared with British participants, Chinese participants were less likely to give up gifts they had received in exchange for new gifts. In Study 2, Chinese and British participants imagined buying a computer which either had a high specification and a high price tag (high reference), or a basic specification and a low price tag (low reference). Participants were informed that the (reference) computer was unavailable, and they had to choose between two available computers, which were both cheaper and less powerful than the high reference computer, and more expensive and more powerful than the low reference computer. The results reveal that the difference in price tag between the two available computers had a bigger impact on Chinese buying decisions than on British buying decisions when it was viewed as a loss. Furthermore, both promotion focus and prevention focus mediated the influence of culture on buying decisions in the low reference condition. No cross‐cultural difference was found in the high reference condition.
Utility of next‐generationRNA‐sequencing in identifying chimeric transcription involving human endogenous retroviruses
Authors: Sokol Martin , Jessen Karen Margrethe , Pedersen Finn Skou
Published: January 2016

Several studies have shown that human endogenous retroviruses and endogenous retrovirus‐like repeats (here collectivelyHERVs) impose direct regulation on human genes through enhancer and promoter motifs present in their long terminal repeats (LTRs). Although chimeric transcription in which novel gene isoforms containing retroviral and human sequence are transcribed from viral promoters are commonly associated with disease, regulation byHERVs is beneficial in other settings; for example, in human testis chimeric isoforms ofTP63 induced by anERV9LTRprotect the male germ line uponDNAdamage by inducing apoptosis, whereas in the human globin locus the γ‐ and β‐globin switch during normal hematopoiesis is mediated by complex interactions of anERV9LTRand surrounding human sequence. The advent of deep sequencing or next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the way researchers solve important scientific questions and develop novel hypotheses in relation to human genome regulation. We recently applied next‐generation paired‐end RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) together with chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP‐seq) to examine ERV9 chimeric transcription in human reference cell lines from Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE). This led to the discovery of advanced regulation mechanisms by ERV9s and other HERVs across numerous human loci including transcription of large gene‐unannotated genomic regions, as well as cooperative regulation by multiple HERVs and non‐LTR repeats such as Alu elements. In this article, well‐established examples of human gene regulation by HERVs are reviewed followed by a description of paired‐end RNA‐seq, and its application in identifying chimeric transcription genome‐widely. Based on integrative analyses of RNA‐seq and ChIP‐seq, data we then present novel examples of regulation by ERV9s of tumor suppressor genesCADM2andSEMA3A, as well as transcription of an unannotated region. Taken together, this article highlights the high suitability of contemporary sequencing methods in future analyses of human biology in relation to evolutionary acquired retroviruses in the human genome.
Viruses and the placenta: the essential virus first view
Authors: Villarreal Luis P.
Published: January 2016

A virus first perspective is presented as an alternative hypothesis to explain the role of various endogenized retroviruses in the origin of the mammalian placenta. It is argued that virus–host persistence is a key determinant of host survival and the various ERVs involved have directly affected virus–host persistence.
On the classification and evolution of endogenous retrovirus: human endogenous retroviruses may not be ‘human’ after all
Authors: Escalera‐Zamudio Marina , Greenwood Alex D.
Published: January 2016

Retroviruses, as part of their replication cycle, become integrated into the genome of their host. When this occurs in the germline the integrated proviruses can become an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) which may eventually become fixed in the population. ERVs are present in the genomes of all vertebrates including humans, where more than 50 groups of human endogenous retrovirus (HERVs) have been described within the last 30 years. Despite state‐of‐the‐art genomic tools available for retroviral discovery and the large number of retroviral sequences described to date, there are still gaps in understanding retroviral macroevolutionary patterns and host–retrovirus interactions and a lack of a coherent systematic classification particularly for HERVs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on ERV (and HERV) classification, distribution and origins focusing on the role of cross‐species transmission in retroviral diversity.
The place of viscoelastic testing in clinical practice
Authors: Hans Gregory A. , Besser Martin W.
Published: January 2016

Hellmut Hartert was the first person to exploit the viscoelastic properties of clotting blood to measure blood coagulation in 1948. Since then, the technology has improved, allowing these analyses to be performed as point‐of‐care tests with immediately‐available results. The addition of several activators and inhibitors to the original assay creates a panel of tests able to quantify the different aspects of blood clotting that can rival conventional laboratory assays. However, although much progress has been made, the standardization and validation of these tests still need improvement. Viscoelastic analyses of blood coagulation are mainly used to guide haemostatic therapy in bleeding patients and have proven superior to standard clotting tests in some circumstances. There is potential to extend their use to other areas, such as drug monitoring, and diagnosis and management of congenital bleeding disorders. The forthcoming cartridge‐based assays are expected to improve the reliability and usability of viscoelastic assays of blood coagulation but high quality clinical trials remain urgently needed to determine their exact place, benefit and cost effectiveness.
Generalist Species Have a Central Role In a Highly Diverse Plant–Frugivore Network
Authors: Palacio Rubén Darío , Valderrama‐Ardila Carlos , Kattan Gustavo H.
Published: January 2016

Analysis of plant–frugivore interactions provides a quantitative framework for integrating community structure and ecosystem function in terms of how the roles and attributes of individual species contribute to network structure and resilience. In this study, we used centrality metrics to rank and detect the most important species in a mutualistic network of fruit‐eating birds and plants in a cloud forest in the Colombian Andes. We identified a central core of ten bird and seven plant species in a network of 135 species that perform dual roles as local hubs and connectors. The birds were mostly large forest frugivores, such as cracids, cotingas, and toucans, which consume fruits of all sizes. The plants were species of intermediate successional stages with small‐ to medium‐sized seeds that persist in mature forest or forest borders (e.g., Miconia, Cecropia, Ficus). We found the resilience of our network depends on super‐generalist species, because their elimination makes the network more prone to disassemble than random extinctions, potentially disrupting seed‐dispersal processes. At our study site, extirpation of large frugivores has already been documented, and if this continues, the network might collapse despite its high diversity. Our results suggest that generalist species play critical roles in ecosystem function and should be incorporated into conservation and monitoring programs.
Using geovisualization to assess lead sediment contamination in Lake St. Clair
Authors: Forsythe K. Wayne , Marvin Chris H. , Valancius Christine J. , Watt James P. , Swales Stephen J. , Aversa Joseph M. , Jakubek Daniel J.
Published: January 2016

Key Messages

Geovisualization of contaminated sediment patterns is improved when bathymetry data are included.

Lead contamination in Lake St. Clair decreased from 1970 to 2001.

Visual interpretation of 3D surfaces highlights contaminated areas and provides additional information that could be used for remediation planning.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel CNS 7056 Derivatives as Sedatives in Rats and Rabbits
Authors: Liu Yan , Xu Xiangqing , Xie Jianyong , Ma Huan , Wang Tao , Zhang Guisen , Li Qingeng
Published: January 2016

A new water‐soluble benzodiazepine derivative, CNS 7056 (named as remimazolam), has been undergoing many reactions in recent years to provide an intravenous agent with a predictable fast‐onset, short duration of action, and rapid recovery profile. Based on the structure of CNS 7056 with proven activity, seven new CNS 7056 derivatives were designed, and their sedative activities upon mouse, rats, and rabbits were examined. Sedative activities of EL‐001˜007 were screened. The results indicated that the shorter the side chain at C3 position is, the higher the sedative activity is. EL‐001 was chosen as the optimal compound for studies of ED50, LD50, latency to LRR and the duration of LRR, and its anesthetic activity was compared with that of CNS 7056 in rats and rabbits. Studies showed that EL‐001 is a potent sedative in rodent and lagomorpha, with a short duration of action. Compared with CNS 7056, EL‐001 has a shorter period of induction despite a slightly longer sedative duration and recovery time.
The Gewald reaction in dye chemistry
Authors: Sabnis Ram W.
Published: January 2016

This review presents the most elegant and promising set of synthetic routes for the synthesis of 2‐aminothiophenes by the Gewald reaction. This reaction has applications in several applied fields, such as pharmaceuticals/biomedicine, agrochemicals, carbohydrate conjugates, sugar cane ripeners, peptide analogues, dyestuffs, and electronic materials; however, the present review will focus on the use of Gewald chemistry in the synthesis of conventional and functional colourants. The Gewald reaction produces 2‐aminothiophene, which is a key intermediate for the diazotisation reaction and for the synthesis of azo dyes, and thus opened the door for new dye chemistry. The reaction produces electron‐withdrawing groups such as CN, COOEt, COOMe, CONH2, and COPh in the 3‐ and/or 5‐position, resulting in bathochromic shifts for the deeper colours of the dyes. The review further reveals the importance of this reaction in the synthesis of azo dyes, fluorescent dyes (coumarin dyes, styryl dyes, thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine dyes, bithiophene dyes), thiophene analogues of phthalocyanines, and fluorescent whitening agents.
The effect of plasma treatment on the dyeing properties of silk fabric
Authors: Kan Chi‐Wai , Lam Y L , Li M Y
Published: January 2016

This paper examines the effects of modifying the surface of silk fabric by oxygen plasma treatment on its dyeability. Both raw and degummed silk fabrics were plasma treated. The effects of oxygen flow rate, exposure time, and jet‐to‐substrate distance were determined. All plasma‐treated and untreated raw and degummed silk fabrics were tested, and the effect of plasma treatment on dyeability was evaluated. Dyeability was analysed in terms of reflectance curve, K/S value, and CIE L*a*b* values. Experimental results revealed that oxygen plasma treatment could improve the dye absorption of silk fabrics. Surface analysis based on scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the silk fibre surface was affected physically and chemically by plasma treatment.
The adsorption performance of Vat Scarlet R on natural superfine needle down particles
Authors: Chen Fengxiang , Liu Xin , Liu Keshuai , Xiao Xinfang , Zhang Chunhua , Cheng Fan , Xia Liangjun , Zhou Yinshan , Dong Binghai , Wan Li , Wang Shimin , Xu Weilin
Published: January 2016

Natural superfine needle down particles were successfully prepared on a self‐made machine and applied to remove hazardous dye Vat Scarlet R from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and temperature on dye adsorption on natural superfine needle down particles were discussed. Equilibrium adsorption studies revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model gave the best fit to experimental data, which indicates monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The monolayer adsorption capacity increased with increasing temperature in the range 298–318 K for Vat Scarlet R adsorption, and the maximum obtained adsorption capacity was 76.823 mg g−1 at 318 K. The present study suggested that natural superfine needle down particles could be used as a good and cheaper adsorbent for dye effluent treatment.
Insights on How Museum Objects Mediate Recall of Nostalgic Life Episodes at a Shōwa Era Museum in Japan
Authors: Anderson David , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Campbell Chris
Published: January 2016

Understanding visitors' nostalgic experiences in museums as they make connections between museum objects and their life histories is of considerable interest to the museum field. This study employed a qualitative multiple‐case narrative approach to understand the common characteristic themes about the nature of visitors' nostalgic recall, mediated though exhibits at a Shōwa era social history museum in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Five sustaining characteristic themes about visitors' nostalgic recall are exemplified through five visitor cases in this study, including, a) Objects tied to collective identity and values perceived to be lost; b) Objects used or consumed as part of visitors' life‐scripts; c) Objects associated with individuals dear to the visitor; d) Objects associated with childhood; and e) Objects that invoke vicarious nostalgia. The outcomes of this study contribute to the broader understandings of the power of museum objects to incite strong nostalgic recollections and more broadly to our understanding of visitors' long‐term memories through their encounters with museum objects.
BAC recommended code of practice for cytology laboratories participating in the UK cervical screening programmes 2015: a secondary publication
Authors: Smart L. M. , Buchan M. , Cropper A. J. , Cross P. A. , Denton K. J. , Mutch A. F. , Wilson A.
Published: January 2016

Produced by the British Association for Cytopathology October 2015.
Biomarker value and pitfalls of serum S100B in the follow‐up of high‐risk melanoma patients
Authors: Gebhardt Christoffer , Lichtenberger Ramtin , Utikal Jochen
Published: January 2016

Background and objectives

Serum levels of S100B are standard in monitoring advanced malignant melanoma patients in order to discriminate progressive from non‐progressive disease. False‐positive results lead to distress among patients and increase the amount of cost‐intensive diagnostics. We therefore analyzed reported comorbid diseases as putative sources of excessive S100B release.

Patients and methods

Here, we report a single‐center experience on serum S100B levels in 2,664 blood samples from 1,113 stage IB to IV melanoma patients (AJCC) who presented for follow‐up examinations over a period of 24 months.

Results

Overall, 295 (11 %) of patients developed disease progression. In patients with a high tumor load, the rate of false‐negative results was 30/185 (16 %). The rate of false‐positive results was 247/2369 (12 %). One hundred and six false‐positive results (69 %) compared to 46 true‐positive results (31 %) were found in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmia (50/32) or previous myocardial infarction (22/14). Moreover, obesity (85/14), liver cirrhosis (31/10), migraine (18/2), chronic kidney disease (13/2), and previous stroke (11/1) were found to be associated with false‐positive S100B levels.

Conclusions

Serum S100B is a useful quantitative biomarker in routine follow‐up of high‐risk melanoma patients. While false‐negative results are frequent in patients with low tumor load, false‐positive results are associated with several comorbid diseases and warrant careful reevaluation.
Trauma‐induced pemphigus: a case series of 36 patients
Authors: Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Fatehnejad Mina , Rahbar Ziba , Balighi Kamran , Ghandi Narges , Ghiasi Maryam , Abedini Robabeh , Lajevardi Vahideh , Chams‐Davatchi Cheyda
Published: January 2016

Background and objectives

Pemphigus is a group of autoimmune diseases characterized by intraepidermal acantholytic blisters. Isomorphic responses, or Koebner phenomenon (KP), defined as the appearance of typical lesions of a disease following trauma are rarely reported in pemphigus. Our aim was to present patients who developed new pemphigus lesions as a result of skin trauma.

Patients and methods

The medical files of pemphigus patients from the Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, who had a history of trauma before the onset or flare of their disease, between 1999 and 2013 were reviewed.

Results

Thirty‐six pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients had a history of trauma. Thirteen patients developed new‐onset PV and the other 23 had previously been diagnosed with PV. Pemphigus lesions developed most often following major surgeries including abdominal, orthopedic, and chest surgeries as well as dental procedures, blunt physical trauma, and skin surgeries. Moreover, post‐cataract laser surgery, burns, radiation therapy, and physiotherapy were also shown to induce pemphigus. Mean time between trauma and lesions was 4.7 weeks for recurrent PV and 15.0 weeks for new‐onset PV.

Conclusions

Unnecessary surgery and blunt trauma should be avoided in pemphigus patients. Furthermore, posttraumatic pemphigus should be suspected in poorly healing surgical wounds and confirmatory biopsies are mandatory.
The use of dermatoscopy in diagnosis and therapy of nonmelanocytic skin cancer
Authors: Deinlein Teresa , Richtig Georg , Schwab Christoph , Scarfi Federica , Arzberger Edith , Wolf Ingrid , Hofmann‐Wellenhof Rainer , Zalaudek Iris
Published: January 2016

Today, dermatoscopy is an integral part of every clinical skin examination, as it markedly enhances the early detection of melanocytic and nonmelanocytic skin cancer (NMSC) compared to naked‐eye inspection. Besides its diagnostic use, this noninvasive method is increasingly important in the selection of as well as the response assessment to various therapies used for NMSC, including basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma, and also rare tumors such as Merkel cell carcinoma, angiosarcoma, or dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Thus, dermatoscopy is a valid tool for the preoperative assessment of tumor margins in basal cell carcinoma, but also for follow‐up of actinic keratoses after topical treatment. The present article presents an overview on the use of dermatoscopy in the diagnosis and therapy of various types of NMSC.
Palmoplantar keratodermas: clinical and genetic aspects
Authors: Has Cristina , Technau‐Hafsi Kristin
Published: January 2016

Palmoplantar keratodermas comprise a diverse group of acquired and hereditary disorders marked by excessive thickening of the epidermis of palms and soles. Early onset and positive family history suggest a genetic cause. While hereditary forms of palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) may represent the sole or dominant clinical feature, they may also be associated with other ectodermal defects or extracutaneous manifestations. In recent years, much progress has been made in deciphering the genetic basis of PPK, which has led to the emergence of new disorders and syndromes. The elucidation of disease mechanisms has opened new avenues for specific therapies, increasingly sparking interest in this field. Given the high heterogeneity with respect to clinical features, genetic defects, and disease mechanisms, the classification of PPK is based on various criteria. These include extent of disease manifestations, morphology of palmoplantar skin involvement, inheritance patterns, and molecular pathogenesis. Though not always feasible, the clinical distinction of various PPK entities is based on fine‐tuned criteria or clues. Remarkably, apparently distinct disorders have been shown to be allelic, as they are caused by mutations in the same gene. By contrast, similar clinical pictures may result from mutations in different genes. Because of this complexity, mutation analysis is required to determine the precise type of PPK. The best‐defined entities are described in this review.
Trauma‐induzierter Pemphigus: eine Fallserie von 36 Patienten
Authors: Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Fatehnejad Mina , Rahbar Ziba , Balighi Kamran , Ghandi Narges , Ghiasi Maryam , Abedini Robabeh , Lajevardi Vahideh , Chams‐Davatchi Cheyda
Published: January 2016

Hintergrund und Ziele

Unter dem Begriff Pemphigus wird eine Gruppe von Autoimmunkrankheiten zusammengefasst, die durch intraepidermale akantholytische Blasen gekennzeichnet sind. Der isomorphe Reizeffekt, auch als Köbner‐Phänomen (KP) bezeichnet, ist definiert als das Auftreten typischer Läsionen einer bestehenden Krankheit nach einem Trauma. Dies wird bei Pemphigus selten beobachtet. Unser Ziel war es, Patienten vorzustellen, die infolge einer Hautverletzung neue Pemphigus‐Läsionen entwickelten.

Patienten und Methoden

Es wurden die Krankenakten von Patienten durchgesehen, die vor dem Ausbruch oder einem Erkrankungsschub ein Trauma erlitten hatten und in den Jahren 1999 bis 2003 am Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center in Behandlung waren.

Ergebnisse

Bei 36 Patienten mit Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) lag in der Anamnese ein Trauma vor. Bei 13 Patienten trat der PV erstmals auf, bei den anderen 23 Patienten war der PV bereits früher diagnostiziert worden. Die Pemphigus‐Läsionen entwickelten sich in den meisten Fällen nach großen Operationen, darunter abdominale, orthopädische und thorakale Eingriffe, sowie nach zahnärztlichen Behandlungen, stumpfen Traumata und nach dermatologischen Operationen. Darüber hinaus lösten auch Laserbehandlungen bei Katarakt‐Operation, Verbrennungen, Strahlentherapie und Physiotherapie einen Pemphigus aus. Die mittlere Zeitspanne zwischen dem Trauma und dem Auftreten der Läsionen betrug 4,7 Wochen bei rezidiviertem PV und 15,0 Wochen bei erstmals ausgebrochenem PV.

Schlussfolgerungen

Bei Pemphigus‐Patienten sollten unnötige Operationen und stumpfe Traumata vermieden werden. Darüber hinaus sollte bei schlecht heilenden Operationswunden an posttraumatischen Pemphigus gedacht werden; Biopsien zur Bestätigung sind obligatorisch.
Therapeutic potential of Takeda‐G‐protein‐receptor‐5 (TGR5) agonists. Hope or hype?
Authors: Hodge R. J. , Nunez D. J.
Published: January 2016

The gastrointestinal tract regulates glucose and energy metabolism, and there is increasing recognition that bile acids function as key signalling molecules in these processes. For example, bile acid changes that occur after bariatric surgery have been implicated in the effects on satiety, lipid and cholesterol regulation, glucose and energy metabolism, and the gut microbiome. In recent years, Takeda‐G‐protein‐receptor‐5 (TGR5), a bile acid receptor found in widely dispersed tissues, has been the target of significant drug discovery efforts in the hope of identifying effective treatments for metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease and cancer. Although the benefits of targeting the TGR5 receptor are potentially great, drug development work to date has identified risks that include histopathological changes, tumorigenesis, gender differences, and questions about the translation of animal data to humans. The present article reviews the noteworthy challenges that must be addressed along the path of development of a safe and effective TGR5 agonist therapy.
Effects of eucalypt nutritional quality on the Bog gum‐Victorian metapopulation of Ctenarytaina bipartita and implications for host and range expansion
Authors: STEINBAUER MARTIN J. , FARNIER KEVIN , TAYLOR GARY S. , SALMINEN JUHA‐PEKKA
Published: January 2016

1. Novel hosts present phytophagous insects with nutritional challenges which can cause host‐associated divergence.

2. The performance of the Bog gum‐Victorian metapopulation of Ctenarytaina bipartita Burckhardt et al. (Psylloidea:Aphalaridae), a psyllid whose range is being expanded by tree planting, on five species and genotypes of Eucalyptus endemic to south‐eastern Australia was quantified. Settling of females on two non‐hosts was also tested.

3. Female C. bipartita exhibited significant host‐associated plasticity in proctiger length (the body part used for oviposition into apical buds). Psyllids with longer wings and proctigers arose from a primary host. Fecundity varied significantly among hosts and was highest on a novel host. Hosts did not differ significantly in free amino acids (FAAs) but did differ in concentrations of essential amino acids (EAAs). However, nymphs did not differ significantly in EAAs. Surprisingly, fecundity was not related to total FAAs, availability of EAAs or concentrations of EAAs but was related to concentrations of four non‐EAAs. Mean fecundity per host was also positively related to the relative abundance of galloyl groups (associated with hydrolysable tannins).

4. Leaf age was more important to settling than eucalypt species; females settled on young leaves but this response was not related to leaf water content.

5. Planting the rare Eucalyptus kitsoniana in new habitats will expand the range of Bog gum‐Victorian C. bipartita and provide a bridge for the colonisation of novel eucalypts with buds suitable for oviposition. Host expansion by this metapopulation is not constrained by nutritional quality and may result in morphological divergence.
Ethnic identity, racial discrimination and attenuated psychotic symptoms in an urban population of emerging adults
Authors: Anglin Deidre M. , Lui Florence , Espinosa Adriana , Tikhonov Aleksandr , Ellman Lauren
Published: January 2016

Aim

Studies suggest strong ethnic identity generally protects against negative mental health outcomes associated with racial discrimination. In light of evidence suggesting racial discrimination may enhance psychosis risk in racial and ethnic minority (REM) populations, the present study explored the relationship between ethnic identity and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms (APPS) and whether ethnic identity moderates the association between racial discrimination and these symptoms.

Methods

A sample of 644 non‐help‐seeking REM emerging adults was administered self‐report inventories for psychosis risk, experiences of discrimination and ethnic identity. Latent class analysis was applied to determine the nature and number of ethnic identity types in this population. The direct association between ethnic identity and APPS and the interaction between ethnic identity and racial discrimination on APPS were determined in linear regression analyses.

Results

Results indicated three ethnic identity classes (very low, moderate to high and very high). Ethnic identity was not directly related to APPS; however, it was related to APPS under racially discriminating conditions. Specifically, participants who experienced discrimination in the moderate to high or very high ethnic identity classes reported fewer symptoms than participants who experienced discrimination in the very low ethnic identity class.

Conclusions

Strong ethnic group affiliation and connection may serve a protective function for psychosis risk in racially discriminating environments and contexts among REM young adults. The possible social benefits of strong ethnic identification among REM youth who face racial discrimination should be explored further in clinical high‐risk studies.
Species co‐occurrence and phylogenetic structure of terrestrial vertebrates at regional scales
Authors: Yan Chuan , Xie Yan , Li Xinhai , Holyoak Marcel , Zhang Zhibin
Published: January 2016

Aim

To determine how taxonomic level and spatial scale affect the phylogenetic structure of species assemblages across four classes of terrestrial vertebrates.

Location

Mainland China.

Methods

Using species distribution data from Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia and Amphibia, including 2153 species from 2105 counties and 1632 species from 295 nature reserves across mainland China, we analysed the phylogenetic structure of co‐occurring species at multiple taxonomic levels (class, order, family and genus) and spatial scales.

Results

We found that phylogenetic clustering and unstructured patterns were more frequent than phylogenetic overdispersion in all groups. There was a higher frequency of phylogenetic clustering within classes and orders than within families and genera, while spatial scale had little effect on the frequency of phylogenetic clustering. Birds and mammals showed less frequent clustering patterns than amphibians and reptiles.

Main conclusions

Phylogenetic clustering in terrestrial vertebrates was predominant over overdispersion at regional scales and higher taxonomic levels. Our results suggest that regional ecological and evolutionary factors, such as environmental filtering and speciation relative to extinction or colonization rates, are important in determining species assemblages of animals.
Global meta‐analysis of the impacts of terrestrial invertebrate invaders on species, communities and ecosystems
Authors: Cameron Erin K. , Vilà Montserrat , Cabeza Mar
Published: January 2016

Aim

Terrestrial invertebrates comprise a large proportion of alien species world‐wide, yet a quantitative global synthesis of their effects on native species and ecosystems has not been explored. We conducted a meta‐analysis to examine the ecological impacts of terrestrial invertebrate invaders and to test how impacts are modulated by the invader's trophic position, habitat attributes (i.e. insularity and disturbance) and the study methodology (observational versus experimental).

Location

Global.

Methods

We investigated the effects of terrestrial invertebrate invaders on populations, communities and ecosystems by conducting a random effects meta‐analysis using 112 articles reporting data from 710 field and laboratory studies. The analysis included 16 insect, 11 earthworm, 7 slug and 1 nematode invaders.

Results

On average, across invaders, the presence of invaders reduced plant fitness (52%), animal diversity (33%) and animal abundance (29%). Leaf litter decomposition was 41% higher in the presence of invaders, while other ecosystem‐level variables such as nutrient cycling were not affected in a consistent direction. Invasive predators and detritivores decreased animal abundance, whereas herbivores and omnivores had limited impacts. Single invaders increased soil nitrogen pools while multiple species did not. Insularity and disturbance did not affect the magnitude of the impacts significantly, mainly because there was a large variation among studies.

Main conclusions

Overall, our study indicates that terrestrial invertebrate invaders have significant consistent effects on populations, communities and ecosystems, with islands and disturbed sites not being more prone to impacts. However, effects vary considerably depending on the type of impact being examined and the trophic position of the invader. There is no evidence that invaders cause larger impacts when multiple species of invaders, rather than single invaders, are involved.
Beyond Fortress Europe. Unbounding European Normative Power and the Neighbourhood Policy
Authors: Celata Filippo , Coletti Raffaella
Published: January 2016

The article critically scrutinizes the geographical assumptions which pervade most accounts of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Both the policy's proponents and opponents often rely on a too restrictive inside/outside distinction and do not properly acknowledge the peculiar territorialities which ‘EU'rope projects within and beyond its borders. While this limit has at times been perpetrated in scholarly debates on the topic, this article presents a review of recent research which, from different disciplinary backgrounds, converges in proposing more decentered and ‘unbounded’ perspectives for inquiring into EU's approach towards its neighbouring countries. EU external policies are a peculiar assemblage of inclusion and exclusion, cooperation and securitization, approximation and distantiation which cannot be properly captured by metaphors such as that of the “wider Europe” or “fortress Europe”. We discuss recent perspectives about European normative power, external governance and Europeanization, policy transfer and diffusion which show how regionalization and bordering processes are neither contradictory nor divergent but proceed side‐by‐side in an attempt to construct a selective, fragmented and mobile EU external frontier. These perspectives are crucial for renovating our understanding of EU's external relations and the Neighbourhood Policy both theoretically and methodologically, particularly in light of the EU's decreasing leverage and ongoing transformations in ‘EU'rope and its neighbourhood.
Mistimed wheel running interferes with re‐entrainment of circadian Per1 rhythms in the mouse skeletal muscle and lung
Authors: Yamanaka Yujiro , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi
Published: January 2016

Previously, we showed the acceleration of re‐entrainment to 8‐h phase‐advanced light/dark cycles (LD) in the circadian Per1 expression rhythms of the mouse lung and skeletal muscle by 3‐h wheel running (WR) at the beginning of shifted dark phase. In the present study, the effects of WR at the end of shifted dark phase were examined on the re‐entrainment in mice. LD was advanced by shortening and was delayed by lengthening the first light period in the phase‐advance and phase‐delay protocol, respectively. Shifted LD was continued for 4 days, which was followed by constant darkness (DD). Per1 expression was measured in the cultured tissues obtained on the first day of DD from mice carrying a bioluminescence reporter of Per1 expression. In the phase‐advance protocol, re‐entrainment was not influenced by WR in any circadian rhythm examined. In the phase‐delay protocol, re‐entrainment of the circadian locomotor rhythm was not affected by WR. However, re‐entrainment of circadian Per1 rhythm was significantly decelerated in the skeletal muscle and lung. These findings indicate that the effects of WR on re‐entrainment depend on the time of day and the peripheral tissues. Mistimed WR interferes with re‐entrainment of circadian rhythms in the lung and skeletal muscle.
SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite from the Kanto Mountains, Japan: Implications for late Paleozoic granitic activity in Japanese Islands
Authors: Ogasawara Masatsugu , Fukuyama Mayuko , Horie Kenji
Published: January 2016

The new result of SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite from the Kanto Mountains, Japan, provides 281.5 ± 1.8 Ma. The age is 30 m.y. older than the available age of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite obtained by hornblende K–Ar method. The new U–Pb zircon age represents the time of crystallization of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite. The hornblende K–Ar age indicates the time that the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite cooled down to 500 °C which is the closure temperature of the systematics. Permian granites are found in small exposures in Japan, and frequently referred to as 250 Ma granites. The Kinshozan Quartz Diorite is considered as a type of the 250 Ma granites, and the age was influential in establishing a model of Paleozoic tectonic evolution for the Japanese Islands. The new age of the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite provides the opportunity to re‐examine the model. The Kinshozan Quartz Diorite and other Permian granites in the south of the Median Tectonic Line of Japan were constituents of the Paleo‐Ryoke Belt. The geochemical characteristics of the granitic rocks in the Paleo‐Ryoke Belt indicated that the granitic rocks were formed in a primitive island arc environment, and the new trace element data also support this interpretation. Examination of the available data and results of the present study suggests the late Paleozoic granitic activity in Japan as follows. At about 310–290 Ma, arc magmatism generated adakitic granites and other granites in the South Kitakami Belt. Quartz diorite and tonalites of primitive characteristic, such as the Kinshozan Quartz Diorite and granites in the Maizuru Belt appear to have been formed at the immature island arc, and accreted to the Japanese Islands at the end of Paleozoic or early Mesozoic era. During 260–240 Ma, granitic activity took place in the Hida and Maizuru Belts as a part of the Asian continent.
Low Incident Light Combined with Partial Waterlogging Impairs Photosynthesis and Imposes a Yield Penalty in Cotton
Authors: Najeeb U. , Bange M. P. , Atwell B. J. , Tan D. K. Y.
Published: January 2016

Through field studies, cotton responses to dual stresses – waterlogging and low light (shade) were investigated. The hypothesis was that shade would amplify yield losses in waterlogged (WL) cotton. Either early or late in the reproductive phase, the crop was WL (96 h and 120 h, in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively) and/or shaded (6 days or 9 days in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively). Waterlogging at early reproductive phase significantly reduced lint yield (17 % averaged across both years) of cotton, although shade‐induced yield losses (18 %) were only significant in 2013–2014. Shade significantly exacerbated yield losses only when the impact of waterlogging damage was modest (2013–2014). More intense waterlogging impaired lint yield independently of the light levels. Yield reductions in these experiments were the consequence of both accelerated fruit abscission and fewer fruiting nodes produced. Plants had lower leaf nitrogen levels and photosynthetic rates after waterlogging and/or shade treatments and produced fewer fruiting nodes. Although long‐term shade increased specific leaf area (30 %) and leaf N (20 %) immediately following 5 days of waterlogging, it did not restore shoot growth, node formation or lint yield because of suppressed photosynthetic performance (area basis) and carbohydrate supply.
The Effects of Corporate and Country Sustainability Characteristics on The Cost of Debt: An International Investigation
Authors: Hoepner Andreas , Oikonomou Ioannis , Scholtens Bert , Schröder Michael
Published: January 2016

We investigate the relationship between corporate and country sustainability on the cost of bank loans. We look into 470 loan agreements signed between 2005 and 2012 with borrowers based in 28 different countries across the world and operating in all major industries. Our principal findings reveal that country sustainability, relating to both social and environmental frameworks, has a statistically and economically impactful effect on direct financing of economic activity. An increase of one unit in a country's sustainability score is associated with an average decrease in the cost of debt by 64 basis points. Our international analysis shows that the environmental dimension of a country's institutional framework is approximately twice as impactful as the social dimension, when it comes to determining the cost of corporate loans. On the other hand, we find no conclusive evidence that firm‐level sustainability influences the interest rates charged to borrowing firms by banks. Our main findings survive a battery of robustness tests and additional analyses concerning subsamples, alternative sustainability metrics and the effects of financial crisis.
Effects of triclosan on host response and microbial biomarkers during experimental gingivitis
Authors: Pancer Brooke A. , Kott Diana , Sugai James V. , Panagakos Fotinos S. , Braun Thomas M. , Teles Ricardo P. , Giannobile William V. , Kinney Janet S.
Published: January 2016

Aim

This exploratory randomized, controlled clinical trial sought to evaluate anti‐inflammatory and ‐microbial effects of triclosan during experimental gingivitis as assessed by host response biomarkers and biofilm microbial pathogens.

Materials and Methods

Thirty participants were randomized to triclosan or control dentifrice groups who ceased homecare for 21 days in an experimental gingivitis (EG) protocol. Plaque and gingival indices and saliva, plaque, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed/collected at days 0, 14, 21 and 35. Levels and proportions of 40 bacterial species from plaque samples were determined using checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization. Ten biomarkers associated with inflammation, matrix degradation, and host protection were measured from GCF and saliva and analysed using a multiplex array. Participants were stratified as “high” or “low” responders based on gingival index and GCF biomarkers and bacterial biofilm were combined to generate receiver operating characteristic curves and predict gingivitis susceptibility.

Results

No differences in mean PI and GI values were observed between groups and non‐significant trends of reduction of host response biomarkers with triclosan treatment. Triclosan significantly reduced levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis during induction of gingivitis.

Conclusions

Triclosan reduced microbial levels during gingivitis development (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01799226).