bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assimilation of transformed retrievals obtained from clear‐sky IASI measurements
Authors: Prates Cristina , Migliorini Stefano , Stewart Laura , Eyre John
Published: February 2016

A recent study, which provided theoretical justifications to show that the assimilation of radiances and retrievals can be equivalent when some key requirements are met – namely when remote‐sounding data are related to model variable perturbations in an approximately linear way and when the same prior constraints are used to solve the inverse problem – has brought new insight into the problem of how to assimilate satellite measurements in numerical weather prediction. In this article, we explore this new theoretical framework in practical terms and investigate the viability of assimilating transformed retrievals from hyperspectral infrared sounders such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) in an optimal way. First, the dependence of a measure of information content of temperature‐ and humidity‐sensitive observations from IASI in clear‐sky conditions on the forecast (or ‘background’) uncertainty used to constrain the retrievals is assessed. Subsequently, numerical comparisons between profiles obtained from direct radiance assimilation and those obtained from assimilating appropriately transformed retrievals are performed, for different atmospheric conditions. By making use of the new concept of degrees‐of‐freedom (DFS) weighting function, it is shown that the background error covariance matrix plays a crucial role in determining the conditions for equivalence between assimilation of radiances and transformed retrievals. The numerical comparisons confirm the theoretical results stating that the temperature and humidity profiles obtained from both the direct assimilation of radiances and the assimilation of transformed retrievals are equal within the analysis error as long as the same prior constraints are used. Finally, when the prior differs, it is shown how the characteristics of background error matrices are crucial to guarantee the numerical equivalence between the two methods; the best is when the background matrix utilised to calculate the transformed retrievals is characterised by larger variances than the one utilised in the assimilation.
Active actuator fault‐tolerant control of a wind turbine benchmark model
Authors: Simani S. , Castaldi P.
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the design of an active fault‐tolerant control scheme that is applied to the actuator of a wind turbine benchmark. The methodology is based on adaptive filters obtained via the nonlinear geometric approach, which allows to obtain interesting decoupling property with respect to uncertainty affecting the wind turbine system. The controller accommodation scheme exploits the on‐line estimate of the actuator fault signal generated by the adaptive filters. The nonlinearity of the wind turbine model is described by the mapping to the power conversion ratio from tip‐speed ratio and blade pitch angles. This mapping represents the aerodynamic uncertainty, and usually is not known in analytical form, but in general represented by approximated two‐dimensional maps (i.e. look‐up tables). Therefore, this paper suggests a scheme to estimate this power conversion ratio in an analytical form by means of a two‐dimensional polynomial, which is subsequently used for designing the active fault‐tolerant control scheme. The wind turbine power generating unit of a grid is considered as a benchmark to show the design procedure, including the aspects of the nonlinear disturbance decoupling method, as well as the viability of the proposed approach. Extensive simulations of the benchmark process are practical tools for assessing experimentally the features of the developed actuator fault‐tolerant control scheme, in the presence of modelling and measurement errors. Comparisons with different fault‐tolerant schemes serve to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian reclassification statistics for assessing improvements in diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Huang Zhipeng , Li Jialiang , Cheng Ching‐Yu , Cheung Carol , Wong Tien‐Yin
Published: February 2016

We propose a Bayesian approach to the estimation of the net reclassification improvement (NRI) and three versions of the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) under the logistic regression model. Both NRI and IDI were proposed as numerical characterizations of accuracy improvement for diagnostic tests and were shown to retain certain practical advantage over analysis based on ROC curves and offer complementary information to the changes in area under the curve. Our development is a new contribution towards Bayesian solution for the estimation of NRI and IDI, which eases computational burden and increases flexibility. Our simulation results indicate that Bayesian estimation enjoys satisfactory performance comparable with frequentist estimation and achieves point estimation and credible interval construction simultaneously. We adopt the methodology to analyze a real data from the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ATRP grafting of poly(N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethyl methacrylate) onto the fatty‐acid‐modified agarose backbone via the “grafting‐from” technique
Authors: Seidi Farzad , Zarei Armin
Published: February 2016

In this research, we prepared hydrophobically modified agarose‐g‐poly(N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethyl methacrylate) via the “grafting from” ATRP technique. First, agarose was hydrophobically modified by acylation of some of its OH groups with palmitoyl chloride. Then, the macroinitiator for ATRP was prepared by acylation of some remaining hydroxyl groups of agarose palmitate with 2‐bromopropionyl bromide. Finally, graft copolymerization of N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethyl methacrylate from agarose macroinitiator was carried out homogenously in dioxane and in the presence of CuCl/PMDETA as a catalyst. All products were characterized by taking FT‐IR and H‐NMR spectra. Kinetic study showed that the ATRP polymerization was first order up to nearly 75% conversion. Investigation of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the graft copolymers in different pH revealed that the solubility and aggregation behavior is completely pH and temperature dependent.
Lgr5 Marks Neural Crest Derived Multipotent Oral Stromal Stem Cells
Authors: Boddupally Keerthi , Wang Guangfang , Chen Yibu , Kobielak Agnieszka
Published: February 2016

It has been suggested that multipotent stem cells with neural crest (NC) origin persist into adulthood in oral mucosa. However their exact localization and role in normal homeostasis is unknown. In this study, we discovered that Lgr5 is expressed in NC cells during embryonic development, which give rise to the dormant stem cells in the adult tongue and oral mucosa. Those Lgr5 positive oral stromal stem cells display properties of NC stem cells including clonal growth and multipotent differentiation. RNA sequencing revealed that adult Lgr5+ oral stromal stem cells express high number of neural crest related markers like Sox9, Twist1, Snai1, Myc, Ets1, Crabp1, Epha2, and Itgb1. Using lineage-tracing experiments, we show that these cells persist more than a year in the ventral tongue and some areas of the oral mucosa and give rise to stromal progeny. In vivo transplantation demonstrated that these cells reconstitute the stroma. Our studies show for the first time that Lgr5 is expressed in the NC cells at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) and is maintained during embryonic development and postnataly in the stroma of the ventral tongue, and some areas of the oral mucosa and that Lgr5+ cells participate in the maintenance of the stroma.
Peroxiredoxin II Is Essential for Maintaining Stemness by Redox Regulation in Liver Cancer Cells
Authors: Kwon Taeho , Bak Yesol , Park Young-Ho , Jang Gyu-Beom , Nam Jeong-Seok , Yoo Jeong Eun , Park Young Nyun , Bak In Seon , Kim Jin-Man , Yoon Do-Young , Yu Dae-Yeul
Published: February 2016

Redox regulation in cancer stem cells (CSCs) is viewed as a good target for cancer therapy because redox status plays an important role in cancer stem-cell maintenance. Here, we investigated the role of Peroxiredoxin II (Prx II), an antioxidant enzyme, in association with maintenance of liver CSCs. Our study demonstrates that Prx II overexpressed in liver cancer cells has high potential for self-renewal activity. Prx II expression significantly corelated with expression of epithelial-cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and cytokerain 19 in liver cancer tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Downregulation of Prx II in Huh7 cells with treatment of siRNA reduced expression of EpCAM and CD133 as well as Sox2 in accordance with increased ROS and apoptosis, which were reversed in Huh7-hPrx II cells. Huh7-hPrx II cells exhibited strong sphere-formation activity compared with mock cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exposure enhanced sphere formation, cell-surface expression of EpCAM and CD133, and pSTAT3 along with activation of VEGF receptor 2 in Huh7-hPrx II cells. The result also emerged in Huh7-H-rasG12V and SK-HEP-1-H-rasG12V cells with high-level expression of Prx II. Prx II was involved in regulation of VEGF driving cancer stem cells through VEGFR-2/STAT3 signaling to upregulate Bmi1 and Sox2. In addition, knockdown of Prx II in Huh7-H-rasG12V cells showed significant reduction in cell migration in vitro and in tumorigenic potential in vivo. Taken together, all the results demonstrated that Prx II plays a key role in the CSC self-renewal of HCC cells through redox regulation.
Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured in Microfluidic Chambers Take Control of Their Fate by Producing Endogenous Signals Including LIF
Authors: Guild Joshua , Haque Amranul , Gheibi Pantea , Gao Yandong , Son Kyung Jin , Foster Elena , Dumont Sophie , Revzin Alexander
Published: February 2016

It is important to understand the role played by endogenous signals in shaping stem cell fate decisions to develop better culture systems and to improve understanding of development processes. In this study, we describe the behavior of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) inside microfluidic chambers (microchambers) operated under conditions of minimal perfusion. mESCs inside microchambers formed colonies and expressed markers of pluripotency in the absence of feeders or pluripotency-inducing signals such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), while mESCs in standard cultureware differentiated rapidly. In a series of experiments, we demonstrate that remarkable differences in stem cell phenotype are due to endogenous production of LIF and other growth factors brought upon by cultivation in confines of a microchamber in the absence of perfusion (dilution). At the protein level, mESCs produced ∼140 times more LIF inside microchambers than under standard culture conditions. In addition, we demonstrate that pluripotent phenotype of stem cells could be degraded by increasing the height (volume) of the microchamber. Furthermore, we show that inhibition of LIF in microchambers, via the JAK/STAT3 pathway, leads to preferential differentiation into mesoderm that is driven by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to design a cell culture system where stem cell fate is controlled solely by the endogenous signals. Our study may help shift the paradigm of stem cell cultivation away from relying on expensive exogenous molecules such as growth factors and toward designing culture chambers for harnessing endogenous signals.
Plant Homeo Domain Finger Protein 8 Regulates Mesodermal and Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells Through Mediating the Histone Demethylation of pmaip1
Authors: Tang Yan , Hong Ya-Zhen , Bai Hua-Jun , Wu Qiang , Chen Charlie Degui , Lang Jing-Yu , Boheler Kenneth R. , Yang Huang-Tian
Published: February 2016

Histone demethylases have emerged as key regulators of biological processes. The H3K9me2 demethylase plant homeo domain finger protein 8(PHF8), for example, is involved in neuronal differentiation, but its potential function in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of PHF8 during mesodermal and cardiac lineage commitment of mouse ESCs (mESCs). Using a phf8 knockout (ph8-/Y) model, we found that deletion of phf8 in ESCs did not affect self-renewal, proliferation or early ectodermal/endodermal differentiation, but it did promote the mesodermal lineage commitment with the enhanced cardiomyocyte differentiation. The effects were accompanied by a reduction in apoptosis through a caspase 3-independent pathway during early ESC differentiation, without significant differences between differentiating wide-type (ph8+/Y) and ph8-/Y ESCs in cell cycle progression or proliferation. Functionally, PHF8 promoted the loss of a repressive mark H3K9me2 from the transcription start site of a proapoptotic gene pmaip1 and activated its transcription. Furthermore, knockdown of pmaip1 mimicked the phenotype of ph8-/Y by showing the decreased apoptosis during early differentiation of ESCs and promoted mesodermal and cardiac commitment, while overexpression of pmaip1 or phf8 rescued the phenotype of ph8-/Y ESCs by increasing the apoptosis and weakening the mesodermal and cardiac differentiation. These results reveal that the histone demethylase PHF8 regulates mesodermal lineage and cell fate decisions in differentiating mESCs through epigenetic control of the gene critical to programmed cell death pathways.
β-Globin-Expressing Definitive Erythroid Progenitor Cells Generated from Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Sacs
Authors: Fujita Atsushi , Uchida Naoya , Haro-Mora Juan J. , Winkler Thomas , Tisdale John
Published: February 2016

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represent a potential alternative source for red blood cell transfusion. However, when using traditional methods with embryoid bodies, ES cell-derived erythroid cells predominantly express embryonic type ε-globin, with lesser fetal type γ-globin and very little adult type β-globin. Furthermore, no β-globin expression is detected in iPS cell-derived erythroid cells. ES cell-derived sacs (ES sacs) have been recently used to generate functional platelets. Due to its unique structure, we hypothesized that ES sacs serve as hemangioblast-like progenitors capable to generate definitive erythroid cells that express β-globin. With our ES sac-derived erythroid differentiation protocol, we obtained ∼120 erythroid cells per single ES cell. Both primitive (ε-globin expressing) and definitive (γ- and β-globin expressing) erythroid cells were generated from not only ES cells but also iPS cells. Primitive erythropoiesis is gradually switched to definitive erythropoiesis during prolonged ES sac maturation, concurrent with the emergence of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Primitive and definitive erythroid progenitor cells were selected on the basis of glycophorin A or CD34 expression from cells within the ES sacs before erythroid differentiation. This selection and differentiation strategy represents an important step toward the development of in vitro erythroid cell production systems from pluripotent stem cells. Further optimization to improve expansion should be required for clinical application.
Selection of tree roosts by male Indiana bats during the autumn swarm in the Ozark Highlands, USA
Authors: Perry Roger W. , Brandebura Stephen C. , Risch Thomas S.
Published: February 2016

We identified 162 roosts for 36 male Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) across 3 study areas in the Ozarks of northern Arkansas, USA, during the autumn swarm (late Aug to late Oct, 2005 and 2006). Bats utilized 14 tree species; snags of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were the most utilized (30% of roosts) and pines were selected over hardwoods. Diameter of trees and snags used for roosting ranged from 7.8 cm to 68.6 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), but bats used trees ≥20 cm dbh at a greater proportion than their availability. Roosts were located in a number of different forested cover classes, including shelterwood and group selection stands that had undergone partial harvesting. Roosts in 2 of 3 study areas showed no differences in proportional use of forest cover classes versus availability of those classes. However, in one study area, mature forests (≥50 yr old) that had been burned once recently and stands burned multiple times over the past 10 years were used at a greater proportion than their availability, whereas mature forests that were not burned were used at a lower proportion than their availability. An examination of stand age data indicated that 98% of all roosts were located in stands ≥38 years old, suggesting that this is an important age threshold for roost selection in the Ozark Mountains. Bats in 2 study areas roosted at lower slopes in the higher elevation portions of the study areas, whereas no selection for topographic aspect were observed in all 3 study areas. Our data indicate that perceived habitat selection by a species may differ within the same geographic region and these differences could be due to factors such as differing selection among individuals, differences in juxtaposition of landscape components and cover types, and differing biological components such as the distribution of predators and predator densities. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Visible and thermal infrared remote sensing for the detection of white‐tailed deer using an unmanned aerial system
Authors: Chrétien Louis‐Philippe , Théau Jérôme , Ménard Patrick
Published: February 2016

Wildlife management is based on various measurements representative of the health of populations and their habitats. Some agencies are focusing on animal surveys to manage species such as white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Current survey methods are faced with the challenge of reduced operating costs as well as estimating and correcting detection biases. Our pilot study (data collected on 6 Nov 2012 at Saint‐David‐de‐Falardeau, QC, Canada) assessed the potential of a new approach detect and count deer based on visible and thermal infrared image processing at very‐high spatial resolutions using an unmanned aerial system (UAS). Supervised and unsupervised pixel‐based image classification approaches as well as object‐based image analysis (OBIA) were assessed for different spatial resolutions and with different combinations of spectral bands. None of the pixel‐based approaches were effective for detecting deer. The OBIA approach detected deer with a rate of up to 100% under the best conditions by using a combination of visible and thermal infrared imagery at a spatial resolution of 0.8 cm/pixel. Overall, this approach had an average detection rate of 0.5, which is comparable to conventional aerial surveys. Visual obstructions by coniferous canopy and the spectral confusion associated with certain elements (e.g., bare soil, rocks) are problems that remain unresolved. Using UASs with image processing for surveys of deer and other species of large mammals is promising, but currently limited by the flight range of unmanned aerial vehicles and the associated regulations. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Groundwater Sustainability Indicators in Parts of Tiruppur and Coimbatore Districts, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Anbazhagan S. , Jothibasu A.
Published: February 2016

The present study emphasizes the use of groundwater sustainability indicators, developed to assess the sustainability of the aquifer in Uppar Odai sub-basin located in part of Tiruppur and Coimbatore districts, Tamil Nadu. There are seven indicators discussed based on their relevance in groundwater sustainability. In most parts of the sub-basin, groundwater development already exceeds 80% of the groundwater recharge. The results have shown that the sub-basin area has been contaminated with low hazard pollutant such as nitrate and fluoride. In addition, about 28% and 32% of the sub-basin area respectively is not suitable for irrigation. The analysis of water level data for the last 42 years has shown decline in water table. However, the water level condition has improved in the recent years due to water conservation measures. The basin requires necessary groundwater planning and management to maintain sustainable aquifer condition.
Identification of Chrysotile in Local Soil at Beypinari Village (Sivas-Turkey) Regarding Mine and Health Issue
Authors: Önal Yunus , Depci Tolga , Önal Ayten , Önal Ali , Üner Tijen
Published: February 2016

Asbestos is dangerous for health and is forbidden to use in Turkey, but villagers who live in rural eastern part still use it especially for their home for insulation purposes and even as a substitute for baby powder. Therefore, geological and chemical properties of this type of soil, which is near the settlement, should be characterized and identified from the point of view of health. Beypinari asbestos deposits are located at Beypinari village, about 90 km southeast of Sivas, Turkey within Central Anatolian Ophiolites. Therefore, in the present study, the existence of chrysotile in Beypinari asbestos deposit were characterized and identified by mineralogical analysis and by major, trace, REE analysis. The results show that the samples contain different amount of calcite mineral, the main mineral being chrysotile.
Undrained Saturated Expansive Soil: A Case Study of Awgu Shale in Oji-Agu Akpugo Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Henry Nnamani Chidiebere , Igwe Ogbonnaya
Published: February 2016

Buildings constructed on the expansive soil of Oji-Agu Akpugo area exposed to natural factors such as water, temperature and surface run off. Effect caused by these factors on the soil has a negative impact on the built structures in the area.

Geotechnical results of the expansive soil of the area show that the average bearing capacity, specific gravity, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content are 101KNM-2, 2.52, 1.79 kgm−3 and 11% respectively. Maximum values for the liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of the soil were found to be 55%, 16.67% and 38.33% respectively. Vertical electrical sounding technique was employed to determine depth of the expansive soil in the area and electric profiling to determine boundary of the clay deposit. Hydro-geochemical results of water samples collected from a well in the soil were analyzed to determine the impact of chemistry of the soil on ground water. The analytical results obtained together with field observations showed how far an undrained and saturated soil can impact on the engineering structures. Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide technical awareness to practitioners on the negative impact caused by the expansive soil of Oji-Agu Akpugo area due to pore water.
Spatial Variability of Fluorine in Agricultural Soils around Sidhi District, Central India
Authors: Kumar Bijendra , Naaz Asmaa , Shukla Kriti , Narayan Chandravir , Singh Govind , Kumar Alok , Ramanathan Al , Anshumali
Published: February 2016

The systematic and comprehensive geochemical analysis of fluoride (F) in twenty agricultural soil samples was carried out to understand spatial variability, mechanism of retention and release, and the areas of potential risk due to high concentrations of F in soil around Sidhi District, Central India. The spatial variations in physico-chemical parameters revealed significant difference in the methods of cultivation due to geomorphological constraints, availability of surface water and ground water etc., in the study area. The north and small pocket in central Sidhi were rich in fertile soils due to availability of surface and ground water. The southern and eastern Sidhi were rainfed areas, hence, the monocropping system by traditional methods showed less impact on the soil physico-chemical parameters. The soil F varied from 366.94 to 1178 mg/kg and 2-4 times greater than the background soil value (320 mg/kg) of the world. The pollution indexes were > 1 indicating prevalence of elevated soil fluorine.
Directional recurrence and directional rigidity for infinite measure preserving actions of nilpotent lattices
Authors: DANILENKO ALEXANDRE I.
Published: February 2016

Let$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$be a lattice in a simply connected nilpotent Lie group$G$. Given an infinite measure-preserving action$T$of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$and a ‘direction’ in$G$(i.e. an element$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$of the projective space$P(\mathfrak{g})$of the Lie algebra$\mathfrak{g}$of$G$), some notions of recurrence and rigidity for$T$along$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$are introduced. It is shown that the set of recurrent directions${\mathcal{R}}(T)$and the set of rigid directions for$T$are both$G_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$. In the case where$G=\mathbb{R}^{d}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=\mathbb{Z}^{d}$, we prove that (a) for each$G_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$-subset$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$of$P(\mathfrak{g})$and a countable subset$D\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$, there is a rank-one action$T$such that$D\subset {\mathcal{R}}(T)\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$and (b)${\mathcal{R}}(T)=P(\mathfrak{g})$for a generic infinite measure-preserving action$T$of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$. This partly answers a question from a recent paper by Johnson and Şahin. Some applications to the directional entropy of Poisson actions are discussed. In the case where$G$is the Heisenberg group$H_{3}(\mathbb{R})$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=H_{3}(\mathbb{Z})$, a rank-one$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}$-action$T$is constructed for which${\mathcal{R}}(T)$is not invariant under the natural ‘adjoint’$G$-action.
On the dual of Rauzy induction
Authors: INOUE KAE , NAKADA HITOSHI
Published: February 2016

We investigate a certain dual relationship between piecewise rotations of a circle and interval exchange maps. In 2005, Cruz and da Rocha [A generalization of the Gauss map and some classical theorems on continued fractions. Nonlinearity18 (2005), 505–525]  introduced a notion of ‘castles’ arising from piecewise rotations of a circle. We extend their idea and introduce a continuum version of castles, which we show to be equivalent to Veech’s zippered rectangles [Gauss measures for transformations on the space of interval exchange maps. Ann. of Math. (2) 115 (1982), 201–242]. We show that a fairly natural map defined on castles represents the inverse of the natural extension of the Rauzy map.
Helical mode interactions and spectral transfer processes in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: Linkmann Moritz , Berera Arjun , McKay Mairi , Jäger Julia
Published: February 2016

Spectral transfer processes in homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence are investigated analytically by decomposition of the velocity and magnetic fields in Fourier space into helical modes. Steady solutions of the dynamical system which governs the evolution of the helical modes are determined, and a stability analysis of these solutions is carried out. The interpretation of the analysis is that unstable solutions lead to energy transfer between the interacting modes while stable solutions do not. From this, a dependence of possible interscale energy and helicity transfers on the helicities of the interacting modes is derived. As expected from the inverse cascade of magnetic helicity in 3-D MHD turbulence, mode interactions with like helicities lead to transfer of energy and magnetic helicity to smaller wavenumbers. However, some interactions of modes with unlike helicities also contribute to an inverse energy transfer. As such, an inverse energy cascade for non-helical magnetic fields is shown to be possible. Furthermore, it is found that high values of the cross-helicity may have an asymmetric effect on forward and reverse transfer of energy, where forward transfer is more quenched in regions of high cross-helicity than reverse transfer. This conforms with recent observations of solar wind turbulence. For specific helical interactions the relation to dynamo action is established. The present analysis provides new theoretical insights into physical processes where inverse cascade and dynamo action are involved, such as the evolution of cosmological and astrophysical magnetic fields and laboratory plasmas.
Insider Trading in Israel and England, Part I.
Authors: Yoran Aharon
Published: February 2016

It is generally assumed that English directors have acarte blancheprivilege to engage at arm's length in transactions involving securities of a corporation which they manage. Thus directors of English corporations may utilize inside information for their personal benefit at the expense of their trading partners. This assumption is derived from the calamitous decision ofPercivalv.Wrightwhich, subject to illusory limitations imposed byAllenv.Hyatt, is still believed to be the law in England today. Israeli directors, it is believed, share thiscarte blancheprivilege with their English counterparts. This belief derives from the fact that Israeli courts resort to English jurisprudence, when necessary to fill in the gaps which are found to exist in Israeli law.

This paper questions the validity of the above assumptions. It is an attempt to evaluate whether or not an English or Israeli director, or another insider, may indeed utilize inside information to trade in the securities of his corporation without regard to rules governing fiduciary relationships and other legal principles, which, it is submitted, the English judiciary and bar have thus far overlooked.
The Problem of the Class Differentiation of Disability Benefits: A Case for Going Beyond the No-Fault Principle
Authors: Miller Arye L.
Published: February 2016

In Israeli law eighteen statutes now regulate the legal status of various kinds of disabled persons. These statutes apply to about twice the number of different categories of disabled persons, classified in groups or classes, according to the cause and circumstances of disablement. Ignoring voluntary arrangements, the number of legal statuses or classifications (i.e. the complex of legal rights, pecuniary andin specie, together with the conditions of entitlement) may be put at eleven, which includes groups of people disabledde factowho are not recognised as disabled under law since they do not come within the statutory definition of disablement or otherwise meet the conditions of entitlement. The number of statuses is smaller than the number of statutes because some of the latter merely extend the application of other statutesin pari materia.

If we address ourselves to the substance of the legal status of these disabled persons, the general impression obtained reflects a kind of order of preference among the different groups, sometimes with considerable gaps. At the lowest level are the most deprived, thede factodisabled, who lack all rights as such, and the ordinary disabled (those who do not fall into any specific category but are recognised as disabled—the “new” and “long-standing” invalids of Chapter 6B of the National Insurance Law (Consolidated Version), 1968, in respect of whom a paucity of rights exists, in the nature only ofultimum subsidium. At the upper level stand the most preferred groups under existing law, traffic-accident victims and disabled soldiers.
Shortcomings in the Trust Law, 1979
Authors: Weisman Joshua
Published: February 2016

The Trust Law, 1979, came into force at the beginning of February, 1980, resolving the debate of many years as to whether the institution of private trusts is recognized in the Israeli legal system. The debate was carried on in the cases, and in scholarly articles, but despite all the ink that was spilt, the law remained uncertain. Two views recently expressed on the question, one by Cohn J. in the case ofInzelv.Kugelmas, and the other by experts in the Ministry of Justice in their preamble to the Trust Bill, are clear evidence of the uncertainty. Cohn J. wrote:

The learned advocate was not aware that this Court has already recognized the existence of private trusts in Israeli Law several times, and will not turn the clock back now…

The experts in the Ministry of Justice, on the other hand, stated that—

The courts in Israel ruled, both in the time of the Mandate and after the establishment of the State, that the institution of private trusts has not been incorporated into Israeli law.
You can't pay me to quit: the failure of financial incentives for smoking cessation in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Ghosh A , Philiponis G , Bewley A , Ransom E R , Mirza N
Published: February 2016

Objective:

A prospective randomised study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital to evaluate the effects of financial incentives for smoking cessation targeted at a high-risk population.

Methods:

Patients with a past history of head and neck cancer were voluntarily enrolled over a two-year period. They were randomised to a cash incentives or no incentive group. Subjects were offered enrolment in smoking cessation courses. Smoking by-product levels were assessed at 30 days, 3 months and 6 months. Subjects in the incentive group received $150 if smoking cessation was confirmed.

Results:

Over 2 years, 114 patients with an established diagnosis of head and neck cancer were offered enrolment. Twenty-four enrolled and 14 attended the smoking cessation classes. Only two successfully quit smoking at six months. Both these patients were in the financially incentivised group and received $150 at each test visit.

Conclusion:

Providing a financial incentive for smoking cessation to a population already carrying a diagnosis of head and neck cancer in order to promote a positive behaviour change was unsuccessful.
Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Red Sea reef Al Fahal (Saudi Arabia) with the description of a new species
Authors: Reuscher Michael G.
Published: February 2016

A new species of Ampharetidae,Amphicteis fiegeisp. nov., is described from the Red Sea reef Al Fahal off Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. It is characterized by the possession of prominent nuchal ridges that are elevated from the prostomium, relatively short paleae, which are few in numbers (five on each side), and transverse rows of cilia in one of its branchial pairs. Furthermore,Samytha storchiReuscher & Wehe in Wehe, 2009 is recorded for the first time since its original description.
Translating Coercion Policy into Inter-Organisational Collaboration–the Implementation of Compulsory Community Care for People with Mental Illness
Authors: ZETTERBERG LIV , MARKSTRÖM URBAN , SJÖSTRÖM STEFAN
Published: February 2016

In 2008, compulsory community care (CCC) for people with severe mental illness was introduced in Sweden. CCC requires co-operation between psychiatric and social services, thus further complicating the longstanding difficulties with service coordination in the mental health field.

This article investigates what happens when a new policy is introduced that assumes complex co-operation of two organisations bestowed with high degrees of discretion. The process of institutionalisation will be analysed in terms of how an idea is translated and materialised on local levels. This has been investigated by interviewing key informants within psychiatric and social services at three different locations.

The implementation was perceived as relatively successful and occurred without major conflict. The main effect of the new legislation was improvement in the coordination of services, where designing a template form for a coordinated care plan was central. The inter-organisational discussions about service coordination that arose had a spill-over effect on services for other patient groups.

In essence, respondents describe CCC as a pedagogical reform to promote the coordination of services, rather than a reform to increase coercive powers over patients. This raises concerns about the legitimacy of the reform.
HOSPITAL MANAGERS’ NEED FOR INFORMATION ON HEALTH TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENTS
Authors: Ølholm Anne Mette , Kidholm Kristian , Birk-Olsen Mette , Christensen Janne Buck
Published: February 2016

Objectives: There is growing interest in implementing hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA) as a tool to facilitate decision making based on a systematic and multidisciplinary assessment of evidence. However, the decision-making process, including the informational needs of hospital decision makers, is not well described. The objective was to review empirical studies analysing the information that hospital decision makers need when deciding about health technology (HT) investments.

Methods: A systematic review of empirical studies published in English or Danish from 2000 to 2012 was carried out. The literature was assessed by two reviewers working independently. The identified informational needs were assessed with regard to their agreement with the nine domains of EUnetHTA's Core Model.

Results: A total of 2,689 articles were identified and assessed. The review process resulted in 14 relevant studies containing 74 types of information that hospital decision makers found relevant. In addition to information covered by the Core Model, other types of information dealing with political and strategic aspects were identified. The most frequently mentioned types of information in the literature related to clinical, economic and political/strategic aspects. Legal, social, and ethical aspects were seldom considered most important.

Conclusions: Hospital decision makers are able to describe their information needs when deciding on HT investments. The different types of information were not of equal importance to hospital decision makers, however, and full agreement between EUnetHTA's Core Model and the hospital decision-makers’ informational needs was not observed. They also need information on political and strategic aspects not covered by the Core Model.
The log-canonical threshold of a plane curve
Authors: GALINDO CARLOS , HERNANDO FERNANDO , MONSERRAT FRANCISCO
Published: February 2016

We give an explicit formula for the log-canonical threshold of a reduced germ of plane curve. The formula depends only on the first two maximal contact values of the branches and their intersection multiplicities. We also improve the two branches formula given in [27].
A relative Grace Theorem for complex polynomials
Authors: PLAUMANN DANIEL , PUTINAR MIHAI
Published: February 2016

We study the pullback of the apolarity invariant of complex polynomials in one variable under a polynomial map on the complex plane. As a consequence, we obtain variations of the classical results of Grace and Walsh in which the unit disk, or a circular domain, is replaced by its image under the given polynomial map.
Adolescent coping: differences in the styles and strategies used by learning disabled compared to non learning disabled adolescents
Authors: Cheshire Gregory Lloyd , Campbell Marilyn Anne
Published: February 2016

This study compared the coping strategies and styles of 30 learning disabled adolescents with 30 non learning disabled adolescents matched in age, gender and ethnicity from a large urban high school in Queensland. Results showed that the learning disabled adolescents use some different coping styles and strategies to their non learning disabled peers. The learning disabled group showed less tendency to relax, or work to achieve goals. They tended not to focus on the positive and not to attempt to solve problems. Rather they exhibited a higher tendency to use wishful thinking and believed that they could not cope. Cognitive and social skills deficits are proposed as the likely contributors to the differences. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Perceptions of guidance officers and senior guidance officers about clinical supervision: a preliminary study
Authors: McMahon Mary , Solas John
Published: February 2016

Clinical supervision of counsellors is linked to accountable practice and the quality of service to clients. Despite this, there is a gap between the rhetoric of the literature and the practice of clinical supervision. This study, set in the context of the Queensland Department of Education, examined the perceptions of guidance officers and senior guidance officers about the clinical supervision provided for guidance officers by senior guidance officers in relation to their counselling practices. The findings echo concerns expressed in the literature that supervisors have received little training in supervision, and the provision of supervision outside of training settings is less than adequate.
The coping strategies used by adolescents in intact and in separated families
Authors: Frydenberg Erica , Lewis Ramon
Published: February 2016

While for some young people family life is smooth sailing, for many others it is fraught with turbulence. In this study of secondary students in metropolitan Melbourne the major concerns of children in intact and separated families were compared. The study also compared how young people cope according to their family circumstances. The 238 young people who live in intact households reported fights with parents and happiness as their major concerns. The major concern of the 114 young people in separated households was lack of access to the non-residential parent.

The investigation utilised the Adolescent Coping Scale (Frydenberg & Lewis, 1993a), an 80-item instrument developed and validated over a five-year period as an instrument to measure adolescent coping. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant variation in coping according to gender and a significant relationship between coping and family status. There were significant gender differences regardless of whether the families were intact or separated.
Children and Adolescents: The Impact of the Internet
Authors: Pelling Nadine J.
Published: February 2016

The Internet provides access to electronic mail (e-mail), chat rooms, visually represented social interactions, voice and video connections, games, and general Word Wide Web (www or web) surfing. For children and adolescents the Internet has three main uses: information-gathering, entertainment, and interpersonal communication. Many adults fear that youth Internet use will result in negative consequences. Other individuals promote the use of the Internet as supporting positive growth in children and adolescents. This article presents an overview of some of the main areas of concern regarding Internet use as well as its possible benefits. It is hoped that this information will assist school counsellors and psychologists support positive youth Internet use while avoiding negative aspects of Internet involvement.
Enhancing the Training of Counselling Professionals: A Process Approach
Authors: Barletta John , Vecchione Thomas P.
Published: February 2016

This article reflects on the issues associated with how a trainee counsellor develops as a result of their training and highlights the need for training programs to organise a formal process to establish or integrate policies and practices for the selection, induction, training, supervision and evaluation of postgraduate students. It considers issues relevant to program development and proposes a model that addresses issues for counsellor education. A comprehensive model for the components of counsellor training to become more systematic and integrated is outlined.
How Adolescents Cope With Bullying
Authors: Martin Jodie , Gillies Robyn M.
Published: February 2016

Bullying is a stressful event for adolescents at school and was the fourth most common reason for calls to Kids Help Line in 2002. This study sought to examine coping styles used by students affected by bullying in Years 8 and 10 attending three Queensland high schools. Eighty-eight students completed the Bully Survey containing questions about bullying experiences and the way they coped in those situations. No year level differences were found in terms of the type of bullying experienced or the way in which students coped with these experiences. A significant interaction was found between duration of bullying and perceived control for the proportional use of disengagement coping (i.e., denial, avoidance and wishful thinking strategies). A significant simple main effect was found between perceived stressfulness and proportional use of involuntary engagement coping (i.e., rumination, intrusive thoughts, emotional arousal, physiological arousal and impulsive actions). Implications of these findings for schools are discussed.
The Value of Using Sandplay as a Tool for Counselling Within a School Setting
Authors: Tunnecliff Sheryl , O'Brien Patrick
Published: February 2016

This paper proposes that sandplay can be a useful tool for counsellors within the school setting. It follows previous work by O'Brien and Burnett (2000a, 2000b; O'Brien, 1999), who proposed that sandplay allows the counsellor to integrate all eight intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner (1983). A short historical account of sandplay therapy is followed by a discussion of its therapeutic value, aims and client–therapist relationship. The authors propose that sandplay uses a combination of spoken language, deductive reasoning, art and music therapy, symbols, narratives, and social and intrapersonal skills. This combination is inclusive of children with disabilities and appreciates the diversity all learners bring into the counselling sessions. Constraints on its effective use in schools are also discussed. The conclusion encourages counsellors to overcome the constraints and use sandplay on a regular basis within the school setting.
Making Sense of Resilience: A Useful Step on the Road to Creating and Maintaining Resilient Students and School Communities
Authors: Murray Judith A.
Published: February 2016

Resilience is a concept used frequently among researchers and educational and health authorities in discussions of attempts aimed at reducing social, emotional and educational problems among our children and young people. The central role of schools in the lives of children has logically meant the involvement of schools in any programs aimed at building resilience in children and adolescents. However, those who would be most intimately involved in implementing such programs are often confused by the concept and what is expected of them to build resilience on a daily basis. This paper seeks to clarify some of this confusion by highlighting some of the main findings about resilience in the existing literature. It then seeks to consider how this knowledge can be considered within each of the areas that will be needed to work as an integrated whole to achieve lasting results, as well as considering some of the issues that may hinder that goal.
The Relationship Between Parents' Enjoyment of Parenting and Children's School Motivation
Authors: Martin Andrew J.
Published: February 2016

This paper examines parents' perceptions of their child's school-related motivation and their enjoyment of parenting. Drawing on Martins (2003a) Student Motivation Wheel, 10 facets of motivation were explored among a sample of 481 parents. These facets comprised six motivation boosters (self-belief, value of schooling, learning/mastery focus, planning, study management, persistence), two motivation mufflers (anxiety, failure avoidance), and two motivation guzzlers (uncertain control, self-sabotage/self-handicapping). Parents rated girls significantly higher than boys in value of schooling, learning focus, planning, and study management. Of the boosters, children's persistence was the strongest predictor of respondents' enjoyment of parenting. Of the mufflers, failure avoidance was the strongest (negative) predictor of parenting satisfaction. In terms of guzzlers, uncertain control was the strongest (negative) predictor of respondents' enjoyment of parenting. Compared with mothers' enjoyment of parenting, fathers' satisfaction in their role was more strongly related to their children's school-related motivation.