bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Pasteurized Milk Available in Sylhet City of Bangladesh
Authors: Saha S , Ara A
Published: December 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate the chemical and microbiological quality of pasteurized milk samples belonging to five brands: Milk vita, Tatka, Farm Fresh, Aarong and RD milk. Pasteurized milk of different brands were collected from the retail store of Sylhet city and the laboratory examination was conducted at Dairy Science Laboratory under the Dept. of Dairy and Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh during January to march 2012. The average fat contents were 3.51, 3.06, 3.26, 3.41 and 3.33 for Milk vita, Tatka, Farm Fresh, Aarong and RD milk brands respectively. There was significant difference among the different brands pasteurized milk in respect of fat%. The protein contents were 4.07, 4.14, 4.14, 4.03 and 4.10 respectively in Milk vita, Tatka, Farm Fresh, Aarong and RD milk brands, though the difference was not significant. The equivalent SNF contents were 8.13, 8.54, 8.15, 8.11 and 8.02%, whereas total solids were 11.46, 11.58, 11.41, 11.53 and 11.35%, respectively. Acidity content of different brands of pasteurized milk was highly significant (p<0.001). The standard plate counts were significantly (p<0.001) different while coliform counts were similar among the different brands of pasteurized milk. It was found that the Milk vita brand pasteurized milk maintained standard levels for chemical composition and microbiological quality because it follow the BSTI (2002) as per as possible. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i2.13147 The Agriculturists 2012; 10(2) 104-108
Foliar anatomy of Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae) from north Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Akçin Öznur Ergen , Çoskunçelebi Kamil , Senel Gülcan
Published: December 2012

Bracts, basal and cauline leaves of North Anatolian representatives of Cynoglossum, viz., C. creticum Miller, C. officinale L., C. montanum L. and C. glochidiatum Wall. were investigated anatomically. Foliar thickness, trichome length and types, stomata types, stomata index, the presence of collenchyma and sclerenchyma were found to be important for delimitation of Cynoglossum species. All examined species have isobilateral leaf. Stomata were anisocytic and anomocytic. All the studied species had trichomes. Simple long and short trichomes were seen in leaves of C. creticum. Long and short trichomes with cystoliths at the base were seen in all leaves of C. montanum. Unicellular and multicellular unbranched trichomes and glandular trichomes were found in leaves of C. officinale. Short and adpressed trichomes were seen in leaves of C. glochidiatum.
Determinants of Arts Festival Participation: An Investigation of Macao Residents
Authors: Lei Wengsi , Zhao Weibing
Published: December 2012

Arts festivals target a diverse body of audience, and the participation of local residents to a large extent defines the event success. However, little has been known regarding what local attendees expect, how they perceive the value or benefits, and in which way they get involved in
these festivals. Based on a survey on 159 local respondents attending the 2009 Macao Arts Festival, this study has examined a range of factors that may have pulled and pushed local resident of Macao to attend and participate in the annual festival. For comparative purposes, up to 379 local
respondents who did not attend the festival were also investigated. It is found that local attendees' participation is largely determined by festival participation frequency, convenience of purchasing tickets, personal curiosity about unique performances, and interest in arts appreciation.
In addition, there exists a significant, positive relationship between the overall satisfaction of local festival attendees and their intention to return in future. Local nonattendees in general have poorer perception of the festival's pull factors. They are interested in arts, but their participation
is constrained by a number of external barriers. The information revealed is helpful to improving the current practices of governments and organizers in the program design and marketing of urban arts festivals. Important research implications of the results are also drawn.
Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat
Authors: Dall'Asta C. , Dall'Erta A. , Mantovani P. , Massi A. , Galaverna G.
Published: December 2012

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat samples (n=150; 25 lines × 2 reps × 3 environments) collected in 2010 from 3 areas located in north-central Italy was evaluated. In addition, the co-occurrence of other trichothecenes was considered. An optimised extraction method based on the use of salts followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used for the quantification of the mycotoxins. All samples were found positive for deoxynivalenol at concentrations ranging between 47 and 3,715 μg/kg. A ubiquitous occurrence of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was found; 85% of the analysed samples contained this masked mycotoxin at concentrations varying between 46 and 842 μg/kg. In addition to glycosylated deoxynivalenol, acetylated forms of deoxynivalenol (3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol) were also found in most of the durum wheat samples. The deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside/deoxynivalenol ratio, reaching up to 30% in many samples, was similar to that already found in other cereals such as soft wheat and barley. These data open the way for further investigations on the role of glycosylating activity as a possible Fusarium head blight-resistance mechanism in durum wheat, as already proved in the case of soft wheat.
The User Driven Learning Environment
Authors: Biswas Rakesh , Sturmberg Joachim , Martin Carmel M.
Published: December 2012

This chapter is an introduction to user driven learning that initially dwells on features that are unchanged such as the role of collaborative social interactions in human learning and certain aspects that are evolving and helping create a learning transformation through web based technologies. The chapter is interspersed with user driven learning narrative examples taken from the authors’ own experience of sharing data over the web to accumulate learning points as well as the experience of a significant population of other web based learners in discussion forums, blogs and other networking sites. This is an attempt to create a background that may help illustrate the evolution of user driven health care, which is another form of user driven learning on the web with particular reference to individual user clinical problem solving, be it initiated by patients, health professionals or other actors in a care giving collaborative network across a web interface.
Human-Centered Design for Health Information Technology
Authors: Tang Charlotte , Carpendale Sheelagh
Published: December 2012

This chapter presents issues that may arise in human-centered research in health care environments. The authors first discuss why human-centered approach is increasingly employed to study and to design health care technology. They then present some practical concerns that may arise when conducting qualitative research in medical settings, from research design, to data collection and data analysis, and to technology design. Many of these concerns were also experienced in their own human-centered field studies conducted in the last few years. The authors conclude the chapter by illustrating some of these issues using their own research case study that investigated nurses’ information flow in a hospital ward.
Cyber Physical Security Solutions for Pervasive Health Monitoring Systems
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Krishna K. , Nabar Sidharth , Gupta Sandeep K. S. , Poovendran Radha
Published: December 2012

With a rapidly aging population, the healthcare community will soon face severe medical personnel shortage and rising costs. Pervasive Health Monitoring Systems (PHMS) can help alleviate this situation. PHMS provides continuous real-time monitoring of a person’s health using a (usually wireless) network of medical and ambient sensors/devices on the host (patients), called Body Area Networks (BANs). The sensitive nature of health information collected by PHMS mandates that patient’s privacy be protected by securing the medical data from any unauthorized access. The authors’ approach for addressing these issues focuses on a key observation that PHMS are cyber-physical systems (CPS). Cyber-physical systems are networked, computational platforms, deeply embedded in specific physical processes for monitoring and actuation purposes. In this work, they therefore present a novel perspective on securing PHMS, called Cyber Physical Security (CYPSec) solutions. CYPSec solutions are environmentally-coupled security solutions, which operate by combining traditional security primitives along with environmental features. Its use results in not only secure operation of a system but also the emergence of additional “allied” properties which enhance its overall capabilities. The principal focus of this chapter is the development of a new security approach for PHMS called CYPsec that leverages their cyber-physical nature. The authors illustrate the design issues and principals of CYPSec through two specific examples of this generic approach: (a) Physiological Signal based key Agreement (PSKA) is designed to enable automated key agreement between sensors in the BAN based on physiological signals from the body; and (b) Criticality Aware Access Control (CAAC) which has the ability to provide controlled opening of the system for emergency management. Further, they also discuss aspects such as altered threat-model, increased complexity, non-determinism, and mixed critical systems, that must be addressed to make CYPSec a reality.
User Diversity as a Challenge for the Integration of Medical Technology into Future Smart Home Environments
Authors: Wilkowska Wiktoria , Ziefle Martina
Published: December 2012

Facing the growing aging population in many countries of the world, healthcare-related technologies become increasingly important, representing a possible solution to the soaring overstrained health care systems and dwindling number of caregivers. Though a user-centred and sensible integration of medical technology in home environments is highly challenging, especially when focusing on the group of old and frail users. Their specific needs and wants, their (dis)abilities and limitations have to be carefully considered, in order to reach full acceptance and a successful rollout of e-health applications in home environments. As the knowledge about acceptance in the medical sector is still limited, an elaborate research is needed in order to understand and respect aged persons’ specific demands. In an empirical approach, the role of age, technology generation, technical expertise, and gender are determining for the acceptance of medical technologies. As the acceptance of medical technologies might be also biased by social norms and the way aging and age-related consequences are evaluated within a society, individual ageing concepts as well as economic and educational levels were considered for the evaluation of the perceived benefits and drawbacks of medical technologies. Outcomes show the importance of understanding users’ needs and wants in order to develop user-centred medical technology concepts and to allow a successful rollout.
Developing Community Ontologies in User Driven Healthcare
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jane , Ako Willie
Published: December 2012

In developing equitable health systems, the World Health Organisation (2005) advocates strengthening the repository of social science research to inform policy decisions affecting health care. The players include the patient, family and community members and health care professionals. This requires a genuine engagement with community perspective on health issues. This chapter examines how health care professionals can engage in understanding user perspectives in order to develop effective health care policies and programs. This case study explores how involving an indigenous community enabled them to develop an effective health promotion and malaria prevention initiative in a remote rural community in PNG It draws on participant narratives to explore user perspectives and understandings of the health impact of a focused health promotion and malaria prevention initiative. It illustrates that poverty dominates their health experiences. The chapter illustrates how the development of a collaborative empowerment approach to research can have a significant impact on the strategies members of indigenous communities can develop in order to optimise their health experiences. It argues that in order to develop effective approaches to health care policy and design health needs to be appreciated in the context of lived experiences of those affected.
Key Health Information Systems Outsourcing Issues from Six Hospital Cases
Authors: Lin Chad , Huang Yu-An , Li Chien-Fa , Jalleh Geoffrey
Published: December 2012

Traditionally, little attention has been paid by hospitals to the key issues in the health information systems (HIS) outsourcing decision-making process. This is important given that the HIS outsourcing can play a key role in assisting hospitals in achieving its business objectives. However, the decision-making process of HIS outsourcing in hospitals is under-studied, especially in the management of their HIS outsourcing contracts. Therefore, the main objectives of this book chapter are to: (1) examine key issues surrounding the management and implementation of HIS outsourcing in Taiwanese hospitals; and (2) identify issues that are crucial in managing and implementing HIS outsourcing in hospitals. Four key issues and problems were identified in the HIS outsourcing process: lack of implementation in IS investment evaluation process, problems in managing HIS outsourcing contracts, lack of user involvement and participation in HIS outsourcing process, and failure to retain critical HIS contract management skills and project management capabilities in-house. Solutions and recommendations are provided to deal with key issues that are critical in the management and implementation of HIS outsourcing in hospitals.
Australian Patient Organizations
Authors: Dugdale Anni
Published: December 2012

Three citizen health organizations in Australia are examined for how they are consuming information and communication technologies. In particular, how they are actively domesticating and taming the internet as part of their everyday practices and how this is transforming participation, citizenship, and civil society in the health sector are explored. The organizations, Diabetes ACT, Health Care Consumers’ Association of the ACT, and AIDS Action Council of the ACT are all located in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The chapter focuses on how each organization imagines and configures their communities and how this leads to differences in their ways of interacting with the internet.
A Novel GS1 Data Standard Adoption Roadmap for Healthcare Providers
Authors: Buyurgan Nebil , Rardin Ronald L. , Jayaraman Raja , Varghese Vijith M. , Burbano Angelica
Published: December 2012

The use of GS1 Data Standards is envisioned to improve the efficiency of the healthcare supply chain as it did for the retail supply chain. The healthcare industry, especially providers, acknowledges their potentials; however, there are misconceptions and lack of understanding the associated costs and expected benefits. This study presents an adoption roadmap for GS1 Data Standards at the provider level in healthcare industry. The developed roadmap is a result of systematic efforts at conducting extensive studies, examining the best practices, and interacting with industry leaders. The adoption roadmap includes different levels and sublevels to provide a flexible foundation for healthcare providers where alternative adoption paths will be available for their immediate needs and requirements. Sublevels have a recommended precedence structure to realize maximum gains from the adoptions. The feasibility and practicality of the developed roadmap has been validated by two pilot studies, which were conducted in collaboration with two hospital provider partners. The pilot studies helped identify potential benefits as well as roadblocks and barriers for different levels of GS1 Data Standards adoption. The results indicate that the adoption is not an easy process and may require many workarounds; however, the potential gains are significant.
Organizational Factors Associated with Health Information Technology Adoption and Utilization Among Home Health/Hospice Agencies
Authors: Mitchell Jordan , Bennett Kevin J. , Probst Janice
Published: December 2012

Health information technology (HIT) adoption has been recommended as a method to improve care coordination and promote patient safety. Home health agencies can use HIT to improve coordination of care provided in multiple locations. The purposes of this study are: 1) to determine the EMR adoption rate and use of point of care technology among a US sample of 1,036 home health/hospice facilities, and 2) to identify the organizational factors associated with EMR adoption. Analyses were performed using SAS and SAS-callable SUDAAN. The study found that not-for-profit agencies, regardless of services offered, were more likely to have an EMR system. Use of point of care documentation was associated with not-for-profit status, large patient panels, and having been in business for less than 10 years. This study extends population ecology theory into innovation adoption theories by explaining possible competitive advantages of EMR adoption within home health care.
Transformation of the Hospital Supply Chain
Authors: Mettler Tobias
Published: December 2012

Increased competition and market dynamics in healthcare have led to a stronger need for a strategy to amend customer relationships and for a clear understanding of how healthcare providers can improve their collaboration with key suppliers. Under the label of ‘supplier relationship management’, more research is conducted to study this phenomenon either on a social system or technical system perspective. In this paper, the author presents a maturity model that links metrics for both ‘worlds’ to prescribe the evolution of key practices, IT-services, and people skills. The proposed model can be used to examine the maturity of supplier relationship management of a particular hospital, identifying performance gaps and systematizing improvement initiatives. When used across a health system, it can be applied to benchmark the performance of the participating members, facilitating new ways for collaborative learning.
Multivariate Optimization of the Cutting Parameters when Turning Slender Components
Authors: Filho A.R. Silva , Abrão A.M. , Paiva A.P. , Ferreira J.R.
Published: December 2012

The geometric features of the work piece and the cutting parameters considerably affect the quality of a finished part subjected to any machining operation owing to the imposed elastic and plastic deformations, especially when slender components are produced. This work is focused on the influence of the work piece slenderness ratio and cutting parameters on the quality of the machined part, assessed in terms of surface roughness and both geometric (run-out) and dimensional (diameter) deviations. Turning tests with coated tungsten carbide tools were performed using AISI 1045 medium carbon steel as work material. Differently from the published literature, a statistical analysis based on the multivariate one-way analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to the data obtained using a Box-Behnken experimental design. In order to identify the combination of parameters (slenderness ratio, cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) levels which simultaneously optimize the responses of interest (surface roughness, run-out and diameter deviation), a multivariate optimization method based on principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized reduced gradient (GRG) was employed.
Japanese Individualized Family as a Form of Risk Protection and Adaptation to Rural Life
Authors: Kataoka Yoshimi
Published: December 2012

This article discusses “individualization within families” in a rural area by using the qualitative data from a case study in the hilly and mountainous areas of Shimane Prefecture. In most families in this case study, an individual’s freedom was respected by the other family members. When “individualization within families” is defined as increasingly free discretion of each family member, such a tendency is often found. On the other hand, each family member considered the family group important. The data suggested that family group is regarded as a means of risk protection and adaptation to rural life, and each family member may have a sense of obligation to maintain the family group. This obligation is fulfilled by considering the freedom of other family members. To discuss the dynamics and a good balance between respecting individual freedom and maintaining the family group, this study found that additional studies of families in rural areas are necessary. Furthermore, this research adds to an understanding on the roles of family and individual in the context of changing Japanese society and different risks facing both the individuals and the whole way of life in rural areas.
Protective Factors in Family Relationships
Authors: Buchanan Ann
Published: December 2012

Professor Sir Michael Rutter, the distinguished UK child psychiatrist, was one of the first to highlight that although there are many risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, there are also ‘protective’ factors which can mitigate the risks. Rutter’s ideas, together with those of Bronfenbrenner (1979) who highlighted the importance of the wider ecology on children’s development, have been at the core of the research at the Centre for Research into Parenting and Children in Oxford for over 20 years. This paper focuses on one domain of the Ecological framework: protective factors in family relationships. It discusses new brain research that shows that positive relationships in the early years have a measurable impact on the child’s cognitive and emotional development and hypothesises that relationships with the wider family may also support better child outcomes. In Confucian societies, intergenerational family relationships are crucial in providing care for the elderly. As the ‘One child’ norm extends (not only in China) but across many Asian societies, the challenges for young people in supporting their parents and grandparents may become overwhelming. This article suggests families need state support to carry out their protective role in mitigating the risks experienced by both the young and the old. A state/family partnership approach is likely to be more acceptable, more effective, and more economic than state care alone.
Using Simulation for Enhanced Accounting Learning
Authors: Silva Pedro Sá , Trigo António , Varajão João
Published: December 2012

The increasing focus of government institutions, such as the Tax Administration or Social Security, e-government has introduced a new paradigm that is the obligation of fulfilling obligations to these institutions through online channels. In the case of tax compliance by businesses, there is another requirement, only authorized persons, such as chartered certified accountants, can interact with the system of e-government. The latter requirement precludes the students of accounting and business management, some of them future chartered certified accountants, to get to know the system. This inability lead to the idea of ??creating applications (simulators) that mimic the official e-government applications for use in educational environment. This paper presents the developed VAT form submission process simulator and a case study of its application in Coimbra Institute of Accounting and Administration (ISCAC) to assess its effectiveness in practice. The results of experimentation show that simulators of official e-government applications, such as VAT Simulator, are extremely helpful in the process of learning e-government official tools, without taking risks.
Higher Education Scenario from a Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Serradell-López Enric , Lara-Navarra Pablo , Casado-Lumbreras Cristina
Published: December 2012

Higher education institutions are crucial in the present. Universities play a role that varies with time and evolves with society. Globalization is changing the world and affecting higher education institutions in all their intrinsic characteristics: personnel, programs, infrastructures and students. Analyzed is the relevant research on cultural dimensions and applies it to higher education institutions focusing the analysis of the impact on eLearning setups. To do so, variables related to organizational strategy, design of curricula and teaching tools are proposed and analyzed from a set of cultural dimensions. Results show that higher education institutions are facing big challenges in their adaptation to multi-cultural arrangements.
A System for Governmental Virtual Institutions based on Ontologies and Interaction Protocols
Authors: Abrão de Araújo Cláudia J. , Corrêa da Silva Flávio S.
Published: December 2012

The authors believe that the adoption of virtual worlds is suitable for electronic government applications as it can increase the capillarity of public services, facilitate the access to government services and provide citizens with a natural and immersive experience. They present a Government Virtual Institution Model (GVI) for the provision of public services that satisfies relevant issues such as: adaptability to different citizen education level and to heterogeneous government systems; alignment with government services requirements related to security, privacy, reliability and scalability; and government interoperability requirements. The model of the GVI, the government services and the information flow across the GVI are formally described using the JamSession platform (Correa da Silva, 2011). The model of the GVI uses an architecture based on governmental patterns (including ontologies for information representation) to deal with the connections to the governmental systems, and 3D virtual world simulation systems to interact with citizens.
Mining Medical Data to Develop Clinical Decision Making Tools in Hemodialysis
Authors: Titapiccolo Jasmine Ion , Ferrario Manuela , Cerutti Sergio , Barbieri Carlo , Mari Flavio , Gatti Emanuele , Signorini Maria G.
Published: December 2012

The main objective of this work is to develop machine learning models for the prediction of patient outcome in nephrology care as well as to validate and optimize the models with a feature selection approach. Cardiovascular events are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients and have an incidence of 20% in the first year of renal replacement therapy. Real data routinely collected during HD administration were extracted from the Fresenius Medical Care database EuCliD (39 independent variables) and used to develop a random forest predictive model to forecast cardiovascular events in the first year of HD treatment. Two feature selection methods were applied. Results of these models in an independent cohort of patients showed a significant predictive ability. The authors’ results were obtained with a random forest built on 6 variables only (AUC: 77.1% ± 2.9%; MCE: 31.6% ± 3.5%), identified by the variable importance out of bag (OOB) estimate.
Online Grocery Shopping in Developing Countries
Authors: Al Nawayseh Mohammad , Balachandran Wamadeva
Published: December 2012

This study investigated customer willingness towards online grocery shopping in the Jordanian context, chosen as a case of a developing country. It explores the customers’ general attitudes towards buying groceries on the Internet with respect to promoting and inhibiting factors. Online grocery shopping has grown rapidly in developed countries, for the benefit and convenience of customers there. Such services remain in their infancy in developing countries. This study was conducted by formulating hypotheses. These hypotheses were investigated by designing an appropriate questionnaire, and then the collected data was analyzed using SPSS. The data analysis clearly shows that customers’ attitudes are favorable towards online grocery shopping for the long term. Moreover, the majority of respondents agreed with the statements used to identify the promoting factors as well as the inhibiting factors of online grocery shopping.
Web-based Technologies Integration for Distributed Manufacturing Scheduling in a Virtual Enterprise
Authors: Varela Maria Leonilde R. , Putnik Goran D. , Cruz-Cunha Maria Manuela
Published: December 2012

Today’s manufacturing enterprises face enormous competitive pressures stemming from the current dynamic and open business context. Global competition and market demand for customized products and services, delivered ‘just in time’, exert real stress on businesses. Recently, new production paradigms, such as the extended enterprise, as well as agile, virtual and networked manufacturing, have appeared in response to the increasingly dynamic conditions of the marketplace. These new concepts prompt geographically dispersed manufacturers to build alliances with their suppliers and customers in order to work more closely with them. They need to work to build manufacturing networks which bridge large sections of the supply chain. In this context distributed scheduling problems are challenging tasks to researchers and practitioners that have been gaining increasing popularity over the years. This is partly attributed to the fact that multi-site production and networked manufacturing environments are increasing as a consequence of globalization. In this paper a web based system for technologies integration for supporting distributed scheduling in a Virtual Enterprise, by combining a simulation-based approach, with the Hungarian algorithm, for solving job-shop scheduling problems is presented, in order to show how the authors can benefit from this technologies integration for supporting collaborative distributed manufacturing scheduling.
The Systematic Consideration of Human Factors in Vessel Collision Investigations
Authors: Emond Bryan R.
Published: December 2012

AbstractHistorically, human factors have caused or contributed to the cause of nearly every vessel collision. However, given the vast number and type of human factors that can possibly be involved, the typical marine investigator risks either considering these factors only
superficially or becoming bogged down in an academic exercise. Beyond just saying the collision was caused by “human error,” the marine investigator should understand the role of human factors in the causal chain of events. Some human factor issues can be difficult to parse from
the available information. This is particularly the case for historical events but is also true even where witnesses are available. Nonetheless, there are a number of key areas where hard facts can reveal human factor issues that directly caused or contributed to the collision or somehow exacerbate
the results. This paper divides that consideration into three parts, (1) human factors that affect the risk of the collision occurring, (2) human factors that affect the response once risk of collision is perceived, and (3) human factors that affect witness perception and recollection after
the accident. The construct described in this paper can be used by the investigator to ensure a systematic consideration of key human factors relevant to a collision.
The Loss of Andrea Doria: A Marine Forensic Analysis1
Authors: Garzke William H. , Simpson Pierette Domenica
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe loss of Andrea Doria during July 1956 is still of interest to naval architects and historians. It involves the most catastrophic and the most recent collision in history between two ocean liners. One of the most controversial aspects of the event is the
sinking of the Italian luxury liner. This report’s main goal is to delve into the reasons for the sinking with help from an eyewitness to the collision aboard Stockholm. After much research done by author-survivor Pierette Simpson, who was provided with substantial data from findings
of marine experts in both Italy and the United States that included members of the SNAME Marine Forensics Committee, she conducted her own inquiry, along with dialogue with divers and crewmembers of the Andrea Doria. This paper presents definitive conclusions on the sinking based on
information from Ms. Simpson, Dr. Alfred Pearson, and Italian naval architects familiar with the ship’s design, as well as insights on a marine forensics investigation by coauthor and Chairman of the SNAME Marine Forensics Committee William Garzke.
Does Erosion Corrosion Account for Intriguing Damage to the Civil War Submarine H.L. Hunley?1
Authors: Jacobsen Maria , Blouin Vincent Y. , Shirley William
Published: December 2012

AbstractExcavation of the Civil War submarine H.L. Hunley, raised from the seabed off Charleston, South Carolina, has revealed large hull breaches in the fore and aft sections of the vessel. Initially, the damage was thought to have occurred the night the pioneering
submarine sank in 1864, but recent hull forensic studies indicate that the two largest breaches in the submarine’s ballast tanks occurred due to natural and site-specific seabed conditions and did not contribute to the submarine’s demise. To reconstruct and interpret these conditions,
a new methodology has been developed that utilizes forensic data embedded in the marine concretion covering the iron hull. Results from an experiment conducted to test the theory further support the notion that the largest breaches were likely caused by the combined effects of erosion and
corrosion of the iron hull in the marine environment.
U.S. Navy World War II War Damage Reports
Authors: Sims Philip
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe damaged and sunken ships of Pearl Harbor contained information on the response of ships and their damage control teams to modern weapons. As they were raised to be repaired, the physical evidence of damaged areas was carefully recorded. The Navy’s ship design
organization, the Bureau of Ships (Buships), combined the physical evidence with crew action reports to determine what worked and what did not. Buships published the results in almost 70 War Damage Reports, which were illustrated with photographs and newly prepared extent-of-damage drawings.
This paper is a high-level introduction to that massive body of work.The customers of the reports were the damage control schools, the operational fleet (needing to ruthlessly remove flammable materials), the naval repair yards (installing ship alterations to overcome deficiencies), and
the designers of new construction warships. The report series was continued covering ships damaged or lost in the Pacific battles. Modern warship features that are now thought of as “good practice,” such as ring fire mains with one line high and the other low on the opposite side
of the ship, are a result of “lessons learned” from the war damage surveys. The paper compares the 1938 design Iowa class battleships and the war design Des Moines class heavy cruisers, which incorporated the lessons learned. The differences in compartmentation and
damage control fittings of the two classes are described.
The Scientific Investigation of Marine Fires and Explosions
Authors: Atherton John G.
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe forensic investigation of a marine fire or explosion must be carried out using a structured methodology such as the scientific method. The investigation will include a preliminary inspection to establish the area of origin of the fire or explosion, followed by
a detailed examination using various techniques to identify the fuel first ignited and the ignition source. Explosion calculations, fire modeling, and testing should also be carried out to validate the conclusions, where appropriate. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the
subject with references for those who wish to pursue particular areas. It is not intended as a manual for fire and explosion investigation.
A Forensic Investigation of the Sinking of USS Monitor Using Modern Naval Architecture Tools and Technologies
Authors: Broadwater John D. , Kery Sean M. , Eaton Michael , Hanley Gerry , Henderson Shawn , Johnston Jeff , Krop David , Nordgren Eric , Quigley Caitlin , Vada Torgeir
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Union ironclad warship USS Monitor foundered in heavy seas off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on December 31, 1862. This paper focuses on the development and validation of numerical models of a ship foundering using USS Monitor as a test subject.
It begins with a brief account of the vessel’s history and the circumstances leading up to the sinking, then presents the best estimate available for the vessel’s loading condition and hydrostatics. The ingress of water into the ship at a number of locations was described by the
survivors, some of whom speculated that the upper and lower hulls began to separate forward due to repeated impact with waves. However, the degraded condition of the wreckage after 149 years on the seafloor prevented an examination of that portion of the hull. Several linear and nonlinear
seakeeping models were run on this hull form, including both under tow and after the anchor was dropped just prior to the sinking. The seakeeping models provide time histories of hydrostatic head at each of the down flooding locations along with estimates of the slamming of the overhanging
bow in moderate to large waves as reported in survivor testimony. The numerical tools developed to support this analysis will be able to support the analysis of other vessel-foundering events.
The Herald of Free Enterprise Casualty and Its Effect on Maritime Safety Philosophy
Authors: Gill Geoffrey W. , Wahner Christoph M.
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlthough few maritime endeavors are more prosaic than point-to-point ferry operations, on March 6, 1987, the ro-ro (roll on/roll off) passenger ferry Herald of Free Enterprise capsized 4 min after leaving port, with the loss of at least 188 lives. This paper
reviews onboard as well as shoreside human factor issues that contributed to the casualty and discusses how the loss triggered a shift in international maritime safety from reactive response to a “safety culture”-oriented philosophy currently imposed through the International Safety
Management Code (“ISM Code”). While full particulars have yet to be disclosed, certain similarities with the January 13, 2012 Costa Concordia casualty suggest the maritime industry is slow to apply lessons expensively learned in lost lives and property.
The Sinking of the Ethan Allen: A Fresh Look at the Investigation and Cause
Authors: D’Angelo Mark P. , Hains Drew B. , Miller Aaron D.
Published: December 2012

AbstractOn October 2, 2005, the New York State Certified Passenger vessel Ethan Allen heeled to port, capsized, and later sank as it rounded Cramer Point on Lake George. Tragically, 20 passengers died and several others were injured. A National Transportation Safety
Board (NTSB) investigation ensued which focused on aspects of the intact stability and seakeeping characteristics of the vessel. This article includes a new examination of the NTSB’s lightship determination and an interestingly fundamental analysis of the turn-induced heel and its impact
on the resulting capsize. The accident has resulted in a renewed focus on how the stability of small passenger vessels is regulated. As a result, this paper specifically addresses two major findings, the increase in the weight of the average passenger and the lesser reported management of
vessel modifications.
Mapping RMS Titanic With GIS: Implications for Forensic Investigations
Authors: Vrana Kenneth J. , Nargeolet Paul-Henry , Sauder William , Klingelhofer Alexandra , King Rebecca , Pasch Laura , AcMoody Sarah J. , Goodwin Robert F. , Lusch David P. , Abbott Brian , Sherrell Andy
Published: December 2012

AbstractSince its loss 100 years ago, RMS Titanic continues to captivate people worldwide as an epic story of tragedy at sea and as an iconic shipwreck with many mysteries still to be unraveled from its physical remains on the ocean bottom. RMS Titanic, Inc., has completed
eight expeditions to RMS Titanic in its capacity as salvor-in-possession. These efforts include the first comprehensive remote-sensing survey of the shipwreck site in 2010. During this time, the company’s focus has evolved from marine salvage to treatment of RMS Titanic
as an archaeological site. An important tool in archaeological interpretation of historic shipwrecks is a geographic information system (GIS).In 2006, RMS Titanic, Inc., formally initiated the GIS-based Titanic Mapping Project. Components of the Titanic Mapping Project include data
rescue, digital transfer of film media, design of GIS methodology, verification and rectification of positioning data from original field records, preparation of detailed profiles for all recovered artifacts, development of GIS attribute tables for recovered artifacts and key in situ
site features, and integration of remote-sensing data from Titanic Expedition 2010. With information on over 5,500 accessioned artifacts organized within the GIS, the company looks forward to making substantive contributions to deepwater archaeological research and forensic investigations
of the shipwreck site. In combination with current architectural- and engineering-related knowledge of RMS Titanic, new light can be cast on such topics as the wrecking event during that fateful night in 1912.
Aeroallergen Challenge Promotes Dendritic Cell Proliferation in the Airways
Authors: Veres Tibor Z. , Voedisch Sabrina , Spies Emma , Valtonen Joona , Prenzler Frauke , Braun Armin
Published: December 2012

Aeroallergen provocation induces the rapid accumulation of CD11c+MHC class II (MHC II)+ dendritic cells (DCs) in the lungs, which is driven by an increased recruitment of blood-derived DC precursors. Recent data show, however, that well-differentiated DCs proliferate in situ in various tissues. This may also contribute to their allergen-induced expansion; therefore, we studied DC proliferation in the airways of mice in the steady state and after local aeroallergen provocation. Confocal whole-mount microscopy was used to visualize proliferating DCs in different microanatomical compartments of the lung. We demonstrate that in the steady state, CD11c+MHC II+ DCs proliferate in both the epithelial and subepithelial layers of the airway mucosa as well as in the lung parenchyma. A 1-h pulse of the nucleotide 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine was sufficient to label 5% of DCs in both layers of the airway mucosa. On the level of whole-lung tissue, 3–5% of both CD11b+ and CD11b− DC populations and 0.3% of CD11c+MHC IIlow lung macrophages incorporated 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine. Aeroallergen provocation caused a 3-fold increase in the frequency of locally proliferating DCs in the airway mucosa. This increase in mucosal DC proliferation was later followed by an elevation in the number of DCs. The recruitment of monocyte-derived inflammatory DCs contributed to the increasing number of DCs in the lung parenchyma, but not in the airway mucosa. We conclude that local proliferation significantly contributes to airway DC homeostasis in the steady state and that it is the major mechanism underlying the expansion of the mucosal epithelial/subepithelial DC network in allergic inflammation.
Aurintricarboxylic Acid Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Blocking Chemokine-Mediated Pathogenic Cell Migration and Infiltration
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Wei Wei , Chai Hui , Xie Xin
Published: December 2012

Multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are autoimmune diseases characterized by the immune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration of the CNS. Overactivation of CD4+ T cells, especially the Th1 and Th17 subpopulations, is thought to be the direct cause of this disease. Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), an inhibitor of protein–nucleic acid interaction, has been reported to block with the JAK/STAT signaling pathway that is critical for Th cell differentiation. In this study, we discovered that ATA treatment significantly reduces the clinical score of EAE, but it does not directly inhibit the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells in vitro. ATA was found to block the chemotaxis and accumulation of dendritic cells in the spleen of EAE mice before the onset of the disease and to reduce the percentage of Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen. Further study revealed that ATA also blocks the infiltration of pathogenic T cells into the CNS and blocks the onset of passive EAE. ATA was found to inhibit the functions of many chemokine receptors. By blocking chemokine-mediated migration of dendritic cells and pathogenic T cells, ATA alleviates the pathogenesis of EAE and might be used to treat autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
Nck Recruitment to the TCR Required for ZAP70 Activation during Thymic Development
Authors: Borroto Aldo , Arellano Irene , Dopfer Elaine P. , Prouza Marek , Suchànek Miloslav , Fuentes Manuel , Orfao Alberto , Schamel Wolfgang W. , Alarcón Balbino
Published: December 2012

The adaptor protein Nck is inducibly recruited through its SH3.1 domain to a proline-rich sequence (PRS) in CD3ε after TCR engagement. However, experiments with a knockin mutant bearing an 8-aa replacement of the PRS have indicated that Nck binding to the TCR is constitutive, and that it promotes the degradation of the TCR in preselection double-positive (DP) CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. To clarify these discrepancies, we have generated a new knockin mouse line (KI-PRS) bearing a conservative mutation in the PRS resulting from the replacement of the two central prolines. Thymocytes of KI-PRS mice are partly arrested at each step at which pre-TCR or TCR signaling is required. The mutation prevents the trigger-dependent inducible recruitment of endogenous Nck to the TCR but does not impair TCR degradation. However, KI-PRS preselection DP thymocytes show impaired tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ, as well as impaired recruitment of ZAP70 to the TCR and impaired ZAP70 activation. Our results indicate that Nck is recruited to the TCR in an inducible manner in DP thymocytes, and that this recruitment is required for the activation of early TCR-dependent events. Differences in the extent of PRS mutation could explain the phenotypic differences in both knockin mice.
Mouse IgM Fc Receptor, FCMR, Promotes B Cell Development and Modulates Antigen-Driven Immune Responses
Authors: Choi Seung-Chul , Wang Hongsheng , Tian Linjie , Murakami Yousuke , Shin Dong-Mi , Borrego Francisco , Morse Herbert C. , Coligan John E.
Published: December 2012

FcR specific for pentameric IgM (FCMR) is expressed at high levels by B cells. Although circulating IgM has profound effects on responses to pathogens, autoimmunity, and B cell homeostasis, the biologic consequences of its binding to FCMR are poorly understood. We interrogated FCMR contributions to B cell function by studying mice that lack FCMR. FCMR transcripts are expressed at different levels by various B cell subsets. FCMR-deficient mice have reduced numbers of developing B cells, splenic follicular and peritoneal B-2 cells, but increased levels of peritoneal B-1a cells and autoantibodies. After immunization, germinal center B cell and plasma cell numbers are increased. FCMR-deficient B cells are sensitive to apoptosis induced by BCR ligation. Our studies demonstrate that FCMR is required for B cell differentiation and homeostasis, the prevention of autoreactive B cells, and responsiveness to antigenic challenge.