bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Makalah layang layang_MUH.HAJRIM
Authors: Muh.hajrim
Published: August 2022

Makalah tentang layang layang mata kuliah geometri dan pengukuran
Hesti Meliana makalah kubus
Authors: Muh.hajrim
Published: August 2022

Makalah kubus mata kuliah geometri dan pengukuran
THE FUTURE FOR HEALTH: AAROGYA BHARAT- TRANSFORMING INDIA’S HEALTH SYSTEM- MOVING FROM HEALTH TO HOLISTIC WELLBEING
Authors: Gopal K Madan
Published: August 2022

Health is crucial to human capital development and the key to national development and social wellbeing. India has been ranked 129 among 189 countries in 2019 in the United Nations of Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Index report. India is the world’s second-most populous nation (1.3 billion people in 2011) and is expected to reach 1.54 billion by 2035 and 1.6 billion by 2050. To cater to the needs, the Health System needs to evolve rapidly. There are significant interstate and intrastate differentials in health outcomes, with socio-economically disadvantaged groups particularly vulnerable to gaps in access in quality to healthcare access. India’s health system reveals a story of multiple fragmentations: a fragmentation of payers and risk pools, providers of healthcare services, and the digital backbone running it. India has a mixed healthcare system, inclusive of the public –which evolved in rural areas as a three-tier system- Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary based on the population norms and driven mainly by vertical programs. Private healthcare providers mostly care in urban India, providing secondary and tertiary care health-care services. Both these systems suffer from inadequate and fragmented delivery of healthcare services. India now needs to build on its many opportunities to achieve further progress in the health of its citizens and respond to the growing aspirations and needs of a new India. The future vision for health in India in the next fifteen years is to develop further the initiatives like Ayushman Bharat, National Health Mission, National Nutrition Mission, National digital health blueprint, National Medical commission, and inter-alia as envisioned in NHP 2017, and deliver on the unfinished agenda about population, health, nutrition and transform the delivery of health services, both public and private sectors across levels of care, in a way that health outcomes improve at a much greater pace, without financial burden on the citizens and create a healthy society and nation.The future vision for the Country needs to set the agenda for change by laying out Two Strategic/thematic goals and enablers. It supports achieving health impact through achieving outcomes through aggregating healthcare financing systems and service delivery. It provides a strategic direction for the alignment of the different stakeholders toward reaching these milestones.
Analisis Yuridis terhadap Perkawinan Perempuan Muallaf dengan Wali Nikah Tokoh Agama
Authors: Bakari Makbul , Darwis Rizal
Published: August 2022

This research discusses to study and analyze the legal considerations of the Panel of Judges' judgments in Stipulation Number 20/Pdt.P/2012/PA.Smi and Stipulation Number 6/Pdt.P/2013/PA.Sgr. about itsbāt nikah in marriage of muallaf women with marriage guardians of religious leaders, then comparing the results of the two determinations. This research is a type of library research that acts descriptive-analytical-comparative. The choices used are juridical-normative and syara. The results of this study indicate that the contextual interpretation of the legal text more fulfills a sense of justice in favor of textual interpretation. Stipulation Number 6/Pdt.P/2013/PA.Sgr. which departs from contextual interpretation by considering socio-cultural and legal awareness of the community and contra legem by way of questioning the meaning (supported legal interpretation) of terminology). Honower Stipulation Number 20/Pdt.P/ 2012/PA.Smi which starts from textual-legalistic interpretation cannot fulfill the sense of justice of the community, but can only fulfill procedural demands.
Reinforcement learning under uncertainty: expected versus unexpected uncertainty and state versus reward uncertainty
Authors: Ez-zizi Adnane , Farrell Simon , Leslie David , Malhotra Gaurav , Ludwig Casimir Johannes Hendrikus
Published: August 2022

Two prominent types of uncertainty that have been studied extensively are expected and unexpected uncertainty. Studies suggest that humans are capable of learning from reward under both expected and unexpected uncertainty when the source of variability is the reward. How do people learn when the source of uncertainty is the environment's state and rewards themselves are deterministic? How does their learning compare with the case of reward uncertainty? The present study addressed these questions using behavioural experimentation and computational modelling. Experiment 1 showed that human subjects were generally able to use reward feedback to successfully learn the task rules under state uncertainty, and were able to detect a non-signalled reversal of stimulus-response contingencies. Experiment 2, which combined all four types of uncertainties—expected versus unexpected uncertainty, and state versus reward uncertainty—highlighted key similarities and differences in learning between state and reward uncertainties. We found that subjects performed significantly better in the state uncertainty condition, primarily because they explored less and improved their state disambiguation. We also show that a simple reinforcement learning mechanism that ignores state uncertainty and updates the state-action value of only the identified state accounted for the behavioural data better than both a Bayesian reinforcement learning model that keeps track of belief states and a model that acts based on sampling from past experiences. Our findings suggest a common mechanism supports reward-based learning under state and reward uncertainty.
Penerapan online & offline marketing terstruktur serta perbaikan desain kemasan guna meningkatkan daya saing UMKM King Keripik di Kabupaten Batang
Authors: Hidayatulloh Alpin Hidayatulloh , Kristiana Rita Dewi , Prabowo Aziz , Geza H Andre , Muflihati Iffah , Suhendriani Sari
Published: August 2022

MSMEs have an important role in various aspects, both economic, social, and cultural, in the lives of Indonesian people. However, some MSMEs such as the “King Keripik” MSME in Batang Regency still have some shortcomings in the marketing, packaging, and labeling systems. Based on these various shortcomings, it is necessary to assist to improve the quality of these MSMEs. The method used is through focus group discussion activities, conducting interviews with MSME owners, marketing strategy assistance, as well as packaging and labeling assistance. The outputs or results obtained include structured online and offline marketing systems obtained products with K-Pack packaging with a layer of aluminum foil on the inside, attractive labeling that has been adjusted to product labeling rules.
Inovasi pembuatan sirup Jahe Merah sebagai minuman herbal kesehatan pada masa pandemi Covid-19 di Desa Pao Kecamatan Tombolopao Kabupaten Gowa
Authors: Lestari Nunik , Novitasari Ervi , Rahman Khaidir , Samsuar Samsuar
Published: August 2022

Poa village is one of the villages where red ginger is widely cultivated. Red ginger products have the potential to be further developed, considering that Pao village is close to tourist attractions, and is also supported by the high demand for red ginger products during the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide training on innovation in making red ginger syrup as a health herbal drink during the Covid-19 pandemic in Pao Village. Through this activity, the community, especially housewives, are expected to increase their knowledge so that they can then make red ginger syrup for their daily needs, as well as potential business opportunities. This service activity is carried out using lecture methods and direct practice. The results showed success in increasing the knowledge and skills of the participants. This success rate is indicated by the increase in the average pretest score, which was originally 50.26, then increased to 84.38 in post-test. The success rate is also measured by the partner's initiative to make red ginger products a creative economic activity in Pao Village.
Participatory action research for rural women’s empowerment: Household production of herbal dish soap
Authors: Suryaneta Suryaneta , Handayani Kiki Yuli , Rezki Amelia Sri , Fahmi Achmad Gus , Saputra Iwan Syahjoko
Published: August 2022

This article aimed to do research on the economic empowerment of rural women using Participatory Action Research approach. PAR required performing research to define a problem or implement information as solutions to problems that have been defined. PAR is "research by, with, and for people" as opposed to "research on person." Participatory action research is participatory in the sense that it is a necessary condition that people play a key role and have relevant information about the existing social system (community) under review, and that they participate in the design and implementation of the action plan based on the findings of the research. This research was preceded in the search for problems faced by women in Jatisari Village, Lampung Province. The solutions obtained were in the form of providing knowledge, entrepreneurial skills, and examples of how to produce innovative products by utilizing the natural resources around them. Empowerment activities include three stages, namely: (1) Providing counseling about the possible benefits of natural resources in the environment as products for women’s needs by providing examples of the use of plants that are easy to obtain and grow, for example aloe vera which is easily found in the yard to produce a product; (2) Provide counseling on how to become a woman entrepreneur and analyze household products with high demand for daily needs (eg liquid dish soap); and (3) Demonstrating how to use aloe vera as a component in the manufacture of liquid dish soap.
Biology and Bioassay of Spotted Beetle in Bitter gourd in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Mishra R. , Regmi R
Published: August 2022

Biological study of Epilachna dodecastigma revealed that a female laid average of 283.25 ± 25.88 eggs in different clusters; each cluster contained 25-65 eggs on the surface of the leaves and the ovi-position period was 10.13 ± 3.33 days. The eggs of E. dodecastigma were bright yellow, elongate, oval and usually lay on the undersurface of the leaves with size of 54.8 ± 0.37μm length and 15.26 ± 0.6 μm in breadth. The larva of E. dodecastigma was yellow in color, elongate and elliptical in shape with moderately long legs and a well-developed head and mandibles. The length and breadth of first, second, third and four instars were 1.41 ± 0.24 mm and 0.56 ± 0.06 mm; 4.2 ± 0.2 mm and 1.9 ± 0.1 mm; 6.2 ± 0.2 mm and 3.2 ± 0.2 mm and 7.8 ± 0.2 mm and 3.4 ± 0.24 mm, respectively. Total duration of larvae was 11.54 ± 0.43 days. The average length and breadth of pupae was measured 7 ± 0.3 mm and 5.4 ± 0.24 mm in the field condition with pupal duration of 5.50 ± 0.24 days. The average length and breadth of the male adult measured 7.2 ± 0.24 mm and 5.8±0.2 mm and average length and breadth of female adult 7.6±0.24 mm and 6 ± 0.0 mm respectively in the field condition. The results of the bioassay experiments showed the highest larval mortality with chloropyriphos & cypermethrin followed by spinosad, derisom, margosom, B. bassiana and water spray (control).
Knowledge and Practices of Vegetables Insect Pest Managements in Banganga Municipality of Kapilvastu District
Authors: Ghimire P , Sah L P , Gyawali S
Published: August 2022

A study was carried out in Banganga Municipality of Kapilvastu district to know the farmer's knowledge, practices, and management method used in insect pests of vegetables. The survey involved 160 randomly selected farmers who were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and also evaluated based on direct field observation. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft-Excel. Tomato, potato, chili, cauliflower, cabbage, garlic, and onion were major vegetables grown by the farmers during the winter season and cucumber, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, tomato, chili, brinjal during the summer season. Aphids, cabbage butterfly, pumpkin beetle, tomato leaf miner, cutworm, and tomato fruit borer were the major pests in vegetable field. Knowledge of vegetable farmers regarding insect pest identification was also observed i.e., 86% of respondents identified insect pest by the help of Junior Technical Assistance and agro-vets, and 10% of respondents identified insects by their own knowledge. About 60% of respondents were found using chemical pesticides such as; chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, alphamethrin etc. to control pests, 4% of respondents were using botanical plant extract i.e., jholmal, neem extract, cow urine and 24% were using cultural methods such as crop rotation, mulching, tillage operation. Only a few farmers' groups were found to know about IPM, biological pest management practices, and conservation of natural enemies.
Farmers' Management Practices against Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Myrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Surkhet, Nepal
Authors: Lamsal K , Shapkota R , Dahal K C , Upadhaya N , Khanal D
Published: August 2022

Tuta absoluta (Myrick) is one of the most destructive pests of tomato globally. In order to study its current status and management practices adopted by farmers, a household survey was conducted in February 2019 at three road corridors (Surkhet-Jumla, Surkhet-Dailekh and Surkhet-Jajarkot) and Birendranagar valley of Surkhet district. Amongst the tomato growers listed at the government offices and local key informants, a purposive random sampling method was employed to select the 60 tomato producers, 30 from Birendranagar Municipality, 15 from Barahatal Municipality (Surkhet-Jumla), 10 from Bheriganga Municipality (Surkhet-Jajarkot) and 5 from Gurans Municipality (Surkhet-Dailekh). Majority of tomato growers (52%) claimed T. absoluta as their major pest and most of them well aware about the symptoms of the pest in leaves as well as fruits. Majority of the farmers were found to be (33%) relied on chemical means while 27% on cultural methods, 18% used tomato leaf miner lure (TLM lure), 13% used botanicals, 5% used physical, and 3% used mechanical method for the management of T. absoluta. Chemicals means being very quick and more effective to other techniques in solitary were practiced by many but without reading the label, without measuring before use (57%), without any protective wear (53%) and lack of know-how on waiting period (78%). Most of the farmers having dependent on Agrovets (85%) for technical assistance were bound to continue the false practices. The efficacy of extension was found to be very poor exhibiting the urgency of pesticide use literacy for the farmers and the knowledge of IPM for pest management. Farmers should be taught about the harmful effects of chemical pesticides, methods of handling pesticides, use of protective gears and keep chemical as last resort. Other alternative means like use of TLM lures, botanical pesticides, use of nets etc. should be encouraged.
Concept Optimization for Coating Application and Quality of APS Applied TBC on Gas Turbine Blades and Vanes
Authors: Tobias Buecklers , Thomas Duda
Published: August 2022

There are different concepts for thermal barrier coating (TBC) application that vary in the method of applying the coating layers. An analysis of the existing part portfolio sprayed with different coating concepts shows that there is a 75% difference in spray performance, depending on which concept is used. Optimizing performance can significantly reduce costs and time. This paper shows the effective use of offline programming tools in combination with a detailed coating process analysis to develop a time-optimized coating concept for vanes and blades. The validation of this optimized coating concept shows an improvement of more than 75% in spray performance leading to a coating time improvement of up to 40%.
Development of a Two-Stage Hybrid Technology for Repairing Turbine Blades
Authors: Nicolaus M. , Möhwald K. , Maier H.J.
Published: August 2022

In this research project a hybrid technology is developed to repair turbine blades. This technology incorporates procedural and manufacturing aspects like raising the degree of automation or lowering the effort of machining and includes materials mechanisms (e.g. diffusion processes) as well. Taking into account these aspects it is possible to shorten the process chain for regenerating turbine blades. In this study the turbine blades of the high pressure turbine are considered and therefore nickel-based alloys are regarded. To repair or regenerate turbine blades the following methods are employed: welding and brazing and a subsequent aluminizing CVD-process. The focus in this work lies on the brazing method and the required filler-metal is applied together with the hot-gas corrosion protective coating by means of thermal spraying and represents the first stage of this hybrid technology. In the second stage of this hybrid technology the brazing process is integrated into the aluminizing CVD-process and a first effort is presented here.
Improving the Adhesion of Wear-Resistant Coatings on Aerospace Polymer Composites
Authors: Elrikh Axelle , Goutier Simon , Bignon Romain , Vardelle Armelle , Armstrong Gordon
Published: August 2022

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) are increasingly used in aerospace for weight-sensitive applications. However, they are subjected to degradation from the erosive forces of solid particles and water droplets. This degradation results in a decreased service life of composite components and increased repair costs. A coating can protect the CFRP surface against wear and plasma spraying could be a candidate technique to achieve this coating. However, an issue is the thermal and mechanical damage to the composite surface by the plasma-sprayed particles. Another issue is the coating adhesion, because of the low wettability of polymer surface to liquid metal and ceramic and different atomistic properties between substrate and coating material. A possible solution to both issues is the use of a primary layer deposited by a “softer” technique than thermal spraying. This study deals with the deposition of this primary layer by three methods (magnetron sputtering, air gun spraying and sol-gel) and the deposition of topcoat layer by plasma spraying. The effectiveness of the protection of the CRFP by the primary layer during topcoat plasma spraying is investigated as well as the interfaces of the duplex coatings.
Influence of Pretreatment on the Growth Behavior of TGO on MCrAlY Bond Coat Surface
Authors: Zhang Bang-Yan , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Chang-Jiu
Published: August 2022

The thermally grown oxide (TGO), formed on the bond coat (BC) surface of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), has a significant impact on the TBCs life time. In order to reduce growth kinetics of TGO, vacuum pre-treatment was taken for some bond coats before pre-oxidation and isothermal oxidation in air. The other bond coats were directly subjected to pre-oxidation and isothermal oxidation. The grain size and grain boundary distribution of the TGO were analyzed by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Element diffusion was taken into account to analyze growth kinetics of the TGO. Results indicate that the change of Al2O3 TGO thickness with isothermal oxidation duration doesn’t fit well to conventional oxidation theory, i.e. exponential function. It is attributed to the change of the grain structure during the pre-treatment. This mechanism would benefit the development of long-life and highly reliable TBCs.
Preparation of Inorganic Phosphate Ceramic Coatings on γ-TiAl Based Alloys
Authors: Kong Lingyan , Yang Yang , Wang Jiqiang , Jia Qing , Xu Lei , Xiong Tianying , Yue Xin
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we reported our investigation on preparing inorganic phosphate ceramic coatings on the surface of γ-TiAl based alloy by air spray. The high temperature performance of the coatings was tested by thermal shock test, cyclic oxidation and isothermal oxidation at 950 °C. The results showed that the coatings exhibited significant improvement on high temperature anti-oxidation performance of the base alloy. No obvious cracks or spalling of the coatings occurred after oxidation experiment under isothermal oxidation condition at 950 °C for 1000 h. The characterization was carried out to analyze the microstructure of the coatings before and after oxidation test.
The Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Thermally Sprayed Sandwich Structure Beams
Authors: Salavati Saeid , Pershin Larry , Coyle Thomas W. , Mostaghimi Javad
Published: August 2022

The application of metallic foam core sandwich structures in engineering components has been of particular interest in recent years because of their unique mechanical and thermal properties. Thermal spraying of the skin on the foam structure has recently been employed as a novel cost-efficient method for fabrication of these structures from refractory materials with complex shapes that could not otherwise be easily fabricated. The mechanical behavior of these structures under flexural loading is important in most applications. Previous studies have suggested that heat treatment of the thermally sprayed sandwich structures could improve the ductility of the skins and so affect the failure mode. In the present study the mechanical behavior of sandwich beams prepared from arc sprayed alloy 625 skin on 40 ppi nickel foam was characterized under four point bending. The ductility of the arc sprayed alloy 625 coatings was improved after heat treatment at 1100°C and 900°C while the yield point was reduced. Heat treatment of the sandwich beams reduced the danger of catastrophic failure.
Thermal Barrier Coatings Performed by Suspension Plasma Spraying—Development and Characterization
Authors: Bernard Benjamin , Bianchi Luc , Malié André , Schick Vincent , Remy Benjamin
Published: August 2022

For many years, the aeronautics industry has been actively engaged in the development of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to enhance the performance of hot section components in aerospace engines, such as turbine blades or nozzle guide vanes. The electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) process has been widely utilized for high-performance TBCs on metallic substrates, primarily due to its extended lifespan. However, the drawbacks of EB-PVD TBCs, including their cost, relatively high thermal conductivity, and susceptibility to chemical attack, pose challenges for the next generation of turbine engines. To address these issues, suspension plasma spraying (SPS) has been investigated in this study as an alternative for TBC application. It has been demonstrated that the SPS process enables the production of a columnar microstructure that can be easily adjusted in terms of size, distribution, and morphology.
Application Mist Cooling Technique Various Type Thermal Spraying Guns
Authors: Kumai Takashi , Nishiura Yusuke , Omori Yasuhiro , Shin Yoshio , Morimoto Toshiharu
Published: August 2022

The mist cooling technique was developed and applied to various thermal spraying guns. For example, aluminum-magnesium coatings prepared using a gas flame thermal spraying gun with mist cooling had superior anticorrosion characteristics. Stellite coating thermally sprayed with mist cooling had higher anti-cavitation-erosion characteristics. Next, we endeavored to develop high velocity oxygen fuel guns with mist gas cooling to improve high-temperature toughness.
Critical Velocity Window for the Deposition of Iron-Based Metallic Glass Particles Using Cold Spray
Authors: Cipoletti D.E. , Ziemian C.W. , Wright W.J. , Haile K.V. , Okwara M.N. , Hetherington K.A. , Helfritch D.J.
Published: August 2022

This study investigates the feasibility of forming amorphous iron-based coatings using the cold spray deposition process. Splat tests of cold-sprayed SAM1651 (Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6 at.%) particles impacting a mild steel substrate were performed using varying gas temperatures and particle diameters. Specimen inspection by scanning electron microscopy revealed splat morphologies that varied from well-adhered particles to substrate craters formed by rebounded particles. Particle flow was analyzed using a finite element model, and impact conditions were predicted using an experimentally validated analytical model, in empirically generating a temperature/velocity window of successful particle deposition as a framework for ongoing work on the formation of cold-sprayed SAM1651 coatings. The results indicate that the unique characteristics of the cold spray process offer a promising means for the formation of metallic glass coatings that successfully retain the amorphous structure, as well as the superior corrosion and wear resistant properties of the feedstock powder.
Deformation Behavior of Alumina Particles in Compression for Room Temperature Solid-State Deposition
Authors: Sarobol Pylin , Chandross Michael , Carroll Jay D. , Mook William M. , Bufford Daniel C. , Kotula Paul G. , McKenzie Bonnie B. , Boyce Brad L. , Hattar Khalid , Hall Aaron C.
Published: August 2022

In this work, the fundamental mechanisms for ceramic particle deformation in aerosol deposition were investigated. We hypothesized that pre-existing defects affect ceramic particle deformation under compression. Preliminary results showed that near defect-free, sub-micron, single crystal alumina (Al2O3) particles exhibited dislocation nucleation and motion along with significant plastic deformation, shape change, and cracking in compression at room temperature. In contrast, highly defected, micron-sized alumina particles exhibit no observable change in shape before fracture and fragmentation. Particle deformation mechanisms, identified through this work, provide insight into feedstock design for solid state alumina deposition using the aerosol deposition process.
Effect of Spraying Parameters on the Strain of Plasma Sprayed YSZ Coatings Measured by the Digital Image Correlation Method during the Tensile Test
Authors: Ruan Lele , Yu Zexin , Wang Weize , Chen Yufan
Published: August 2022

Effect of plasma spraying parameter on the strain of plasma sprayed YSZ coatings is investigated by changing the spraying power and spraying distance. The porosity is measured through using image processing method. The strain of coatings is calculated and characterized through using the digital image correlation (DIC) software system. It can be found that the porosity of YSZ coatings increases with the increment of spraying distance and the decrement of spraying power. The strain on the far field of the cracking tip shows a fluctuation tendency when the tensile forces increase. The slope of strain-force is related with the coating porosity. DIC method can be used to characterize the coating deformation in 2-dimension.
Effect of Substrate Roughness on the Cratering Phenomenon on the Surface of Cold Sprayed Coating
Authors: Gojon S. , Kromer R. , Costil S. , Douchy G. , Verdy C. , Liao H.
Published: August 2022

Cold Spray is a material deposition process where the effects of substrate roughness on cratering phenomenon are often observed. In order to understand and explain crater formation on cold sprayed coatings, the laser surface texturing technique is used. This innovative process allows to control the substrate surface roughness and to create a controlled topography. In this study, five hole sizes from 20 to 100 μm diameters with an angle of 45° were drilled to obtain different working craters. Subsequent, build up of the coating was investigated. Aluminum powder and nitrogen were used for this study. The main gas temperature and pressure were respectively 500°C and 3MPa. The morphology and the microstructure of aluminum coatings were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Surface improperly filled crater affects bond strength. The objective is to determine the effect of surface morphology on craterisation weakening the bond strength. The erosion velocity creates locally a hydrodynamic penetration leading to strong erosion.
Fatigue Crack Growth in Thermal Spray Coated Parts
Authors: Kovářík O. , Haušild P. , Medřický J. , Tomek L. , Siegl J. , Mušálek R. , Curry N. , Bjorklund S.
Published: August 2022

Many applications of thermally sprayed coatings call for increased fatigue resistance of coated parts. Despite the intensive research in this area, the influence of coating on fatigue is still not completely understood. In this paper, the spatiotemporal localization of crack initiation and the dynamics of crack propagation are studied. The resonance bending fatigue test is employed to test flat specimens with both sides coated. Hastelloy-X substrates coated with classical TBC YSZ/NiCoCrAlY composites were tested. The strain distribution on the coating surface is evaluated by the digital image correlation method (DIC) through the whole duration of the fatigue test. Localization of crack initiation sites and the mode of crack propagation in the coated specimen are related to the observed resonance frequency. The individual phases of specimen degradation, i.e. the changes of material properties, crack initiation, and crack propagation are identified. The tested coatings strongly influenced the first two phases, the influence on the crack propagation was less significant.
High Dense Fe-Al Composites Made by Annealing of Cold-Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Leshchinsky Evgeny , Maeva Elena , Bielousova Oleksandra
Published: August 2022

The main goal of the combined Cold Spray – Sintering technology development is to obtain high density ductile Fe- Al intermetallics based thermal barrier coatings as an alternative to conventional ZrO2 coatings widely applied in industry. The task of this paper is to examine the structural changes of cold sprayed Al-AISI 316L composite coatings due to synthesis of Fe-Al intermetallics during annealing and find the conditions of high density composite formation. A dense Fe/Al intermetallic-Al composite coating is obtained. Three factors are found to play the main role in the structure formation of dense Fe-Al intermetallic composite coating: i) layered structure, ii) particle size and thickness of Fe and Al layers, iii) annealing temperature.
Influence of Process Parameter on Grit Blasting as a Pretreatment Process for Thermal Spraying
Authors: Bobzin K. , Öte M. , Linke T. F. , Liao X.
Published: August 2022

In thermal spraying uncoated substrates usually require roughening. As the most common roughening method, grit blasting increases the surface area and produces undercuts, which facilitate mechanical interlocking and thus promote the bonding between the substrate and coating. The effects of grit blasting parameters, i.e. the particle size, the blasting angle, the stand-off distance and the pressure, on the resulting surface topography are investigated. Furthermore the efficiency and wear behavior of the blasting media are analyzed. Influences of three different blasting media, corundum, alumina zirconia and steel shot, on the surface roughening are compared.
Residual Stresses in WC-Co Coatings in As-Sprayed and Surface-Ground Conditions
Authors: Luzin Vladimir , Valarezo Alfredo , Vackel Andrew , Sampath Sanjay
Published: August 2022

The mechanical integrity of WC-Co coatings is critical for their performance in wear, corrosion, and impact resistance applications. Residual stress, with its role in development of cracking, micro-cracking, and delamination, is another integral part of the mechanical characterization of the coated systems. In the given study, the residual stress of the WC-Co coatings on steel and stainless steel substrates was examined in two conditions, after deposition and after subsequent surface grinding. Several experimental techniques, including bi-layer curvature, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction, were used to assess residual stress in the coatings and to enable comparison between the methods. Residual stresses induced by deposition are mostly due to rapid particle quenching and solidification upon impact, as well as any cold working induced by high velocity particle impact, but for the WC ceramic particles both effects are insignificant and result in small deposition stress. Thermal mismatch between materials of coating and substrate is the major source of stress and scale accordingly to the CTE of the substrate and coating materials and deposition temperature. It was demonstrated that the grinding applied to surface does not modify the as-sprayed residual stresses in the coatings significantly therefore assuming absence of microcracking that could have potentially affect the residual stresses.
Spatial Mapping of Plasma Sprayed Coating Thickness Using X-Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Hollis Kendall J. , Summa Deborah A. , Lopez Velma M. , Havrilla George J.
Published: August 2022

The measurement of the spatial distribution of coating thickness of thin coatings applied by thermal spraying can be challenging. For non-magnetic metallic substrates and coatings, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was employed for measuring coating thicknesses in the range of 15 to 60 μm. XRF is used to measure the ratio of atomic fluorescence peaks for an element in the substrate to an element in the coating. With appropriate calibration, the ratio of peak intensities gives the coating thickness for the spot sampled. Mass gain and cross sectional metallography are compared to XRF to determine accuracies and sensitivities of the techniques for plasma sprayed coatings.
Examination of the Thermal Stability of Plasma-Sprayed La2Ce2O7/YSZ Composite Coating
Authors: Xu Ya-Xin , Liu Tao , Li Chang-Jiu
Published: August 2022

LCO (La2Ce2O7), a solid solution of La2O3 in CeO2, is a promising top coating in TBCs. However, it is generally necessary to use LCO as a top coat on YSZ coating to construct a multilayer TBC due to poor mechanical properties of LCO. Therefore, the thermal and chemical stability of LCO/YSZ at high temperature environment become important issue. In this paper, the 50LCO-50YSZ composite coating was deposited using blend powders of YSZ and LCO. The LCO powders used have a nominal particle size range from 10 to 44μm. The LCO/YSZ deposits were exposed at 1300 ¢XC for different durations. The microstructure evolution at the LCO/YSZ interface was investigated by quasi-in-situ SEM and EDS examination. At an exposure temperature of 1300°C, it was observed that some LCO splats in contact with YSZ splats experienced the grain morphology change from columnar one to quasi-axial grains with interface healing and however some grains tended to disappear with thermal exposure. Results indicated that LCO-YSZ composite coating is not phase stable at 1300 °C. Diffusion of La element from LCO splat towards the adjacent YSZ splat occurred during sintering, leading to the formation of La2Zr2O7 within YSZ splat.
Influence of Substrate Temperature on Adhesive Strength of SS 316L Cold Spray Coatings
Authors: Xie Yingchun , Planche Marie-Pierre , Raoelison Rija , Liao Hanlin , Hervé Philippe , Suo Xinkun
Published: August 2022

This paper aims at improving the adhesive strength of SS 316L coating by substrate preheating (400, 600 and 700°C). The relationships between the adhesive strength of coating/substrate interface and the substrate preheating temperature are discussed. It was found that stronger adhesion is able to occur despite the presence of a thick oxide film on the substrate surface. The preheated substrate surface undergoes a stronger plastic deformation that disrupts the oxide films for obtaining an intimate contact between particle and substrate material. In addition, the oxide films on the substrate surface can prevent the generation of material jet of the substrate. The effects of substrate preheating on the microstructure and hardness were also investigated.
Preparation and Characterization of Super-Hydrophobic Silica Coating by HVOF
Authors: Li J. , Zhang Y. , Li C.-X. , Pan X.-D. , Yang G.-J. , Li C.-J.
Published: August 2022

A new method to fabricate micro-nano scaled surface with super-hydrophobicity is introduced in the present paper. Micro-nano hierarchical structure coatings based on silica (SiO2) micron particles were successfully deposited on the stainless steel substrates by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying which were modified by 1,1,2,2- Tetrahydroperfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (FAS) to reduce surface energy. The influences of the HVOF process parameters on the wettability of the coatings were investigated. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D laser microscopy (LSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The results show that the as-sprayed surfaces exhibit micro-nano hierarchical structure. The water droplets are strongly adhesive to the as-sprayed surface, while by FAS absorbing treatment, the surfaces exhibit super-hydrophobicity, whose contact angle with water droplets are as high as 150°, and the water droplets tend to roll on the surface with extremely low adhesion with a sliding angle of 3°
A Double Layer Thermal Barrier Concept Made of Gadolinium Zirconate and YSZ
Authors: Bakan Emine , Mack Daniel E. , Mauer Georg , Vaßen Robert
Published: August 2022

Partially yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) approaches limits of performance in long-term operation at 1200°C as a thermal barrier coating (TBC). For the next generation of TBCs, higher temperature capability and longer lifetime of the coatings are essential to boost efficiency of gas turbine engines. In this work, gadolinium zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) (GZO)/YSZ double ceramic layer TBCs are presented enabling to withstand higher temperatures. Processing of the GZO layers by atmospheric plasma spraying with TriplexProTM spray torch, which is complicated due to the different vapour pressures of the feedstock constituents, is described. Furthermore, the influence of varied GZO microstructures in terms of porosity on lifetime and failure modes of the double layers tested at surface temperature of 1400°C is reported.
Assessment of Ni-20 Cr and WC-Co Coatings Applied by Detonation-Gun Process at 900°C
Authors: Kaushal G. , Singh H. , Prakash S.
Published: August 2022

Detonation-gun thermal spray technique was used to deposit commercial available Ni-20Cr and WC-Co coatings on ASTM A213 TP347H boiler steel. The coated specimens were subjected to air environment at 900°C in laboratory furnace to determine high temperature oxidation resistance. Mass change data was recorded to formulate oxidation kinetics of both the coated specimens. The exposed specimens were assessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDS) and XRD analysis. The primary focus of the study is attractive oxidation resistance of Detonation gun sprayed Ni-20 Cr coating over the WC-Co coating on the said steel in the air environment.
Assessment of the Spray Coated Properties for the Thermal Barrier Applied to the Piston Head of an Internal-Combustion Engine
Authors: Keiji Sonoya , Masanobu Nakamura , Masashi Sekine
Published: August 2022

This paper presents an assessment of the properties of three thermal sprayed coatings for a thermal barrier applied to the piston head of an internal combustion engine. Coating (1) has a topcoat of Al2O3 and a bond coat of Ni-Cr. Coating (2) has a topcoat of YSZ and a bond coat of CoNiCrAlY. Coating (3) is 316 stainless steel. The investigators conducted thermal cycle tests and tensile pin tests, and evaluated the thermal barrier effect of the coatings. The results showed that coating (3) had no cracks or delamination after the thermal cycle test, while coatings (1) and (2) had partial cracks and delamination. Coating (2) had the highest adhesion strength, and its thermal barrier property was better than that of coatings (1) and (3). In terms of cost and overall evaluation, coating (3) was considered the most reasonable and appropriate thermal sprayed coating for the piston head application.
Chemical Composition Influence on the FeMnCrSi Alloy Microstructure Deposited by HVOF
Authors: Pukasiewicz Anderson Geraldo Marenda , Vaz Rodolpho Fernando , Sucharski Gustavo Bavaresco
Published: August 2022

Cavitation erosion is a mass loss process that occurs in a component subject to a liquid pressure variation. The mass loss phenomena occurred by extensive microstructure deformation with combination of shock loading and fatigue caused by the impact and collapse of the bubbles at surface. Many studies have been done to evaluate the cavitation resistance of the thermally sprayed coatings. Oxide formation, microstructure and tensile adhesion are important characteristics for coatings against cavitation. In this work some Fe-Mn-Cr-Si alloys, that is a class of steel with strain induced phase transformation, were used to evaluate the chemical composition influence on the microstructure, oxide formation, chemical composition and tensile adhesion of HVOF coatings. It was observed a significant reduction on the porosity, from 3% to 0,1%, and area fraction oxide from 15% to 7%, with Boron and Nickel addition. A combination of Nickel and Boron addition improve the wettability of the splats with increase on the tensile adhesion of the coatings, up to 60MPa, otherwise, higher levels of Boron content reduce the adhesion of the coatings.
Design of Experiment for Advanced Nanostructured WC-12Co Coating HVOF—Dry Solid Particle Erosion Tests
Authors: Al-Hamed A.A. , Hashmi M.S.J. , Stokes J. , Benyounis K.Y. , Al-Fadhli H.Y. , Yilbas B.S.
Published: August 2022

One of the economical and fast solutions for failure against erosive wear in oil and gas industries is the deposition of cermets using HVOF thermal spray. Recently, especially with the new development of bimodal feedstock powders, the composition percentages of the mixed powders have played a key factor in the final coating performance. In the present study, a design of experiment (DOE) software was implemented to study the influence of different powder percentages on the coating performance. The coating mechanical properties and its performance were investigated via dry solid particle erosion tests, hardness measurement and SEM respectively. The results showed that both the hardness and erosion resistance of the coating increases as the composition percentage of the nanostructured WC-12Co increased due to the strong adhesion of WC nano size grains at the substrate/coating interface as a result of improved mechanical interlocking.
Effects of Powder Characteristics and High Velocity Flame Spray Processes on Cr3C2-NiCr-Coatings
Authors: Trache R. , Toma F.-L. , Leyens C. , Berger L.-M. , Thiele S. , Michaelis A.
Published: August 2022

Wear protection is one of the major applications of thermally sprayed hardmetal coatings. This paper presents the latest results of a systematic study on the influence of Cr3C2-NiCr feedstock powder characteristics on coating microstructures and economic parameters like deposition rate and deposition efficiency. Four commercial Cr3C2-NiCr powders with spherically shaped particles but different structural features were characterized and deposited by a liquid-fueled and a gas-fueled HVOF and a HVAF process. Deposition rates and efficiencies were determined; all coatings were analyzed in as-sprayed condition and selected samples were heat-treated at 800 °C in argon atmosphere. The effects of the feedstock powders and spray processes on the coating characteristics (microstructure, hardness, Young’s modulus and diffusion processes during heat treatment) were studied.
Optimizing Cavitation Resistance—An Approach by Cold Spraying of Several Bronze Materials
Authors: Krebs Sebastian , Gärtner Frank , Klassen Thomas
Published: August 2022

Fast streaming fluid media causes cavitation-erosion in pumps, ship-propellers and rudders. To avoid severe damage, materials with high resistance against plastic deformation and a high fatigue strength should be used. Bronzes fulfill these criteria, but as-cast bulk parts are rather costly. A promising alternative is cold-spray deposition of dense and oxide-free coatings onto exposed surfaces. To achieve high quality bronze coatings by cold-spraying, parameter optimization has to tackle the high hardness of the feedstock powder materials. Additionally, practical limits due to nozzle clogging have to be considered, which may occur at gas temperatures above 700 °C. The present study investigates possible solutions by systematic process parameter and feedstock material optimization, including variation of bronze compositions. Thus, dense coating microstructures and - in consequence - high hardness and good cavitation resistance were obtained. Cold-spray coatings reach up to 8 times better cavitation resistance as compared to conventional ship-building steel (GL-A).
Performance of Pyramidal Fin Arrays Using Streamwise Anisotropy Material Manufactured by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray
Authors: Cormier Y. , Dupuis P. , Jodoin B. , Corbeil A.
Published: August 2022

This work studies the thermal and hydrodynamic performances of pyramidal fin arrays produced using the cold spray process as an additive manufacturing process. Near-net shaped pyramidal fin arrays of various materials were manufactured (pure aluminum, pure nickel and stainless steel 304). Fin array characterization such as fin porosity level and surface roughness evaluation was performed. The nickel pyramidal fin array is shown to be rougher compared to the two other materials used in this study. The results obtained show a lower thermal efficiency for stainless steel 304 whereas the performances of the aluminum and nickel fin arrays are similar. The multi-material sample has a better thermal efficiency than stainless steel 304, which constitutes the proof of concept of using a streamwise anisotropic fin array.
Application of 3-D Transmission Electron Microscopy in Semiconductor Device Analysis
Authors: Wang Nathan , Li Susan
Published: August 2022

A new and improved sample preparation technique was developed by Wang. This technique uses an FIB instrument for the 90° rotation of a small portion of the specimen on the original grid by taking advantage of static force. All sample preparation steps, including thin-section creation and sample tilting, can be accomplished in a single process. The procedure is monitored in a high-resolution FIB instrument to assure a 100% success rate. Figure 1 shows a scanning electron microscope image of a 3D TEM sample with two rotated sections. The original TEM sample is a lift-out sample laid on carbon film.
Automated Backside Silicon Polishing for Die Encapsulated in a Package
Authors: Gannon Bonnie
Published: August 2022

An optically polished silicon surface with controlled sample thickness is the key to successful backside imaging. Achieving that manually can be very difficult in cases where ICs are encapsulated in packaging materials. This article describes the challenges involved with traditional (manual) backside silicon sample preparation techniques and the improvements obtainable with automation.
Can FIB Circuit Edit Successfully Address Interconnect Trends?
Authors: Lundquist Ted , Thompson Mark , Makarov Vladimir
Published: August 2022

FIB circuit edit tools and techniques have thus far kept pace with the evolution of interconnect materials in ICs and downward scaling of device dimensions. This article assesses the coming challenges for FIB circuit edit technology and the changes that will be necessary to keep FIB-based etching, milling, and deposition viable in the future.
Pitfalls and Traps of Failure Analysis
Authors: Burgess David
Published: August 2022

Diagnostic failure analysis tools provide essential information about where a defect is located and what materials are present, but that information must be combined with other data to establish cause and corrective action. Mistakes made at this stage of the investigation can be extremely costly. This article identifies some of the pitfalls and traps that failure analysts can fall into and explains how to avoid them. It provides three examples of misdiagnosed failures and helps readers to see what led analysts astray.