bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the material basis and mechanism of Jianwei Xiaoshi tablet against functional dyspepsia using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry and network pharmacology
Authors: Cheng Xiaoxu , Zhang Wanqiao , Huang Chaodong , Hu Pei , Li Hongchang , Li Yiguang , Xiong Yanxia , Liu Wenjun
Published: August 2024

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common digestive disease. Jianwei Xiaoshi (JWXS) tablet is composed of Radix Pseudostellariae (TZS), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (CP), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (SY), fired Hordei Fructus Germinatus (CMY) and Crataegi Fructus (SZ). It is a commonly used drug in the treatment of FD in China and has good therapeutic effects. However, there is very little research about the substance basis and action mechanism of JWXS tablet. In this research, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS) and network pharmacology were used to explore the substance basis and action mechanism of the JWXS tablet. Finally, 19, 79, 22, 22 and 39 constituents were identified in the extracts of TZS, CP, SY, CMY and SZ, respectively. Based on these findings, a total of 104 ingredients were identified in JWXS tablet and 29 potentially absorbed ingredients were detected in rat plasma. The results of network pharmacology indicated that the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, the regulation of gastrointestinal motility, inflammation and immune response were the key approaches for treating FD with JWXS tablet. The material basis and potential action mechanism of JWXS tablet in treating FD were comprehensively clarified for the first time. This study will improve our understanding of JWXS tablet.
Motivating factors affecting formalization of small informal enterprises: Evidence from an emerging economy
Authors: Mehjabeen Melita , Khan Sadia Noor
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the motivating factors behind the formalization of small informal enterprises in Bangladesh, an emerging economy, employing the lens of institutional theory. It emphasizes how regulatory structures, normative pressures, and cognitive understandings shape the decisions of SME owners in emerging economies like Bangladesh. A significant portion of small enterprises in Bangladesh remain informal, leading to concerns over economic development, productivity, and efficiency. Informal enterprises often face challenges such as limited access to finance, market entry barriers, and regulatory hurdles. Recognizing the need for formalization, this research aims to understand the drivers behind this transition. A questionnaire survey of 304 informal enterprises reveals that streamlined regulatory systems, particularly one‐stop solutions and simplified registration processes, are primary motivators for formalization. Additionally, flexible collateral requirements for financing and lower levels of technological adoption also significantly influence this transition. These findings contribute to the academic discourse on informal businesses in emerging economies and provide key policy implications for fostering formalization through targeted strategies and policies.
Characterizing prostate zonal shape changes associated with 5α‐reductase inhibitors using MRI
Authors: Vatansever Alper , Yetemen Melih , Öngen Gökhan , Ocakoğlu Gökhan , Coşkun Burhan
Published: August 2024

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent medical disorder that primarily affects elderly males. It is distinguished by enhanced angiogenesis of the prostate, aggravating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and diminishing overall quality of life. Dutasteride, a 5α‐reductase inhibitor, has emerged as a significant therapeutic choice for BPH owing to its efficacy in reducing prostate volume. The objective of this study is to analyze alterations in the shapes of prostate zones resulting from dutasteride treatment of BPH, using MRI. We examined 19 drug‐administered patients and 33 non‐drug‐administered patients. MRI sections of all participants before and after drug treatment were collected retrospectively. The transition zone and peripheral zone of the prostate were marked with selected landmarks using TPSDIG v2.04. Generalized Procrustes Analysis was used to analyze shapes statistically. Our results showed that the 5α‐reductase inhibitor significantly altered the shape of the transition zone by narrowing its posterior part. There were significant statistical differences between the drug‐administered and non‐drug‐administered groups in the initial and final shapes of the transition zone. These findings indicate that the use of 5α‐reductase inhibitors yielded favorable outcomes in terms of prostate size reduction and amelioration of symptoms associated with BPH.
Alkali Metal Iridates as Oxygen Evolution Catalysts Via Thermal Transformation of Amorphous Iridium (oxy)hydroxides.
Authors: Falsaperna Mario , Arrigo Rosa , Marken Frank , Freakley Simon J.
Published: August 2024

Efficient water‐splitting is severely limited by the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Iridium oxides remain one of the only viable catalysts under acidic conditions due to their corrosion resistance. We have previously shown that heat‐treating high‐activity amorphous iridium oxyhydroxide in the presence of residual lithium carbonate leads to the formation of lithium‐layered iridium oxide, suppressing the formation of low‐activity crystalline rutile IrO2. We now report the synthesis of Na‐IrOx and K‐IrOx featuring similarly layered crystalline structures. Electrocatalytic tests confirm Li‐IrOx retains similar electrocatalytic activity to commercial amorphous IrO2 ⋅ 2H2O and with increasing size of the intercalated cation, the activity towards the OER decreases. However, the synthesised electrocatalysts that contain layers show greater stability than crystalline rutile IrO2 and amorphous IrO2 ⋅ 2H2O, suggesting these compounds could be viable alternatives for industrial PEM electrolysers where durability is a key performance measure.
Improving reaction uniformity of high‐loading lithium‐sulfur pouch batteries
Authors: Kim Hun , Kim Jae‐Min , Choi Ha‐Neul , Min Kyeong‐Jun , Kansara Shivam , Hwang Jang‐Yeon , Kim Jung Ho , Jung Hun‐Gi , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: August 2024

Lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) have garnered attention from both academia and industry because they can achieve high energy densities (>400 Wh kg–1), which are difficult to achieve in commercially available lithium‐ion batteries. As a preparation step for practically utilizing LSBs, there is a problem, wherein battery cycle life rapidly reduces as the loading level of the sulfur cathode increases and the electrode area expands. In this study, a separator coated with boehmite on both sides of polyethylene (hereinafter denoted as boehmite separator) is incorporated into a high‐loading Li‐S pouch battery to suppress sudden capacity drops and achieve a longer cycle life. We explore a phenomenon by which inequality is generated in regions where an electrochemical reaction occurs in the sulfur cathode during the discharging and charging of a high‐capacity Li‐S pouch battery. The boehmite separator inhibits the accumulation of sulfur‐related species on the surface of the sulfur cathode to induce an even reaction across the entire cathode and suppresses the degradation of the Li metal anode, allowing the pouch battery with an areal capacity of 8 mAh cm–2 to operate stably for 300 cycles. These results demonstrate the importance of customizing separators for the practical use of LSBs.
Visible Light Promoted Site‐Specific Functionalization of α‐Acyloxy Carboxamides: Unlocking a Forbidden Chemical Space in the Passerini Reaction
Authors: Brunelli Francesca , Quartieri Francesca , Miletto Ivana , Pulici Maurizio , Papeo Gianluca , Tron Gian Cesare
Published: August 2024

The facile generation of the α‐acyloxy carboxamide radical is hereby reported for the first time, utilizing a photoredox catalyzed reaction of Passerini adducts synthesized using a 4‐formyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridine as the carbonyl component. This radical effectively engages in a Giese reaction with a range of olefins, ultimately leading to the synthesis of novel Passerini‐derived products not previously amenable to direct aldehyde‐based transformations. Consequently, the resulting strategy, developed both in batch and in flow, offers a promising opportunity to expand the chemical space accessible through the Passerini reaction, virtually incorporating “impossible” aldehydes.
Integral morphology and structure design of poly (heptazine imide) for efficient utilization of visible light generated charge carriers in proton reduction reactions
Authors: Zhai Boyin , He Jiarui , Li Hongguan , Li Xinglong , Nurmanov Suvonkul , Ruzimuradov Olim , Niu Ping , Chun Sangeun , Wang Shulan , Li Li
Published: August 2024

Sufficient utilization of visible‐light generated charge carriers in proton reduction reactions is of great significance for the development of effective solar‐fuel technologies. Achieving simultaneous bulk rapid transfer and surface efficient extraction of charge carriers is still very challenging. Herein, it is found for the first time ammonium persulfate (APS) can significantly influence polymerization processes of C3N4 (CN) from melamine to poly (heptazine imide) (PHI) under the simultaneous oxygen doping and etching effect of SO42−. PHI with high crystallinity, porous structure, and in‐situ oxygen doping was therefore obtained through one‐step APS‐assisted salt strategy. Benefiting from sufficient visible‐light absorption and upshifted conduction band originating from regulated electronic structure and optimized morphology through APS modification, the as‐prepared PHI achieved a H2 evolution activity of 3274.23 μmol h−1 g−1 (λ  > 420 nm), which is appropriately 148 and 19 times that of conventional and crystalline CN. This work opens up new opportunities for efficient photocatalysis.
Non‐Reductive CO2 Valorization into Oxazolidinones via Cycloaddition to Aziridines: A Personal Insight
Authors: Damiano Caterina , Cavalleri Matteo , Invernizzi Lucia , Gallo Emma
Published: August 2024

This perspective discusses bibliography data that has been published since 2018 on the synthesis of oxazolidinones by reacting corresponding aziridines with CO2. The versatility and viability of various procedures have been analyzed by considering the variety of tested substrates as well as experimental conditions and catalytic systems used. Collected data highlights that the reaction can be effectively promoted by several homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems that have been optimized in order to conjugate the process sustainability and productivity with convenient procedural costs.
Antioxidative properties, phenolic compounds, and in vitro protective efficacy of multi‐herbal hydro‐alcoholic extracts of ginger, turmeric, and thyme against the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 on mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line
Authors: Nazdar Nina , Imani Ahmad , Abtahi Froushani Seyyed Meysam , Farzaneh Mohsen , Sarvi Moghanlou Kourosh
Published: August 2024

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolite, has frequently been reported in food/feed. Nowadays, herbal extracts are considered safe dietary additives to reduce the toxicity of such compounds. The protective capability of various combinations of hydro‐alcoholic extracts (HAEs) of ginger, turmeric, and Shirazi thyme, against the toxicity of AFB1 on the RAW264.7 cell line was investigated. The RAW264.7 cells were exposed to six different concentrations of AFB1 (0.09, 0.18, 0.37, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 μg mL−1) for 48 h to determine the IC50 of AFB1. AFB1 was estimated to have an IC50 of 1.5 μg mL−1 for RAW264.7 cells. Then, the cells were simultaneously incubated with 1.5 μg mL−1 AFB1 and the HAEs for 24 h. The HAEs significantly reduced the toxicity of AFB1 in RAW264.7 cells. HAE of Shirazi thyme showed the highest amount of total phenol content (TPC) and the highest DPPH• activity. In addition, a combination of ginger, turmeric, and Shirazi thyme extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. Rutin, quercetin, and apigenin were the main phenolic components of ginger HAE. A significantly positive correlation was observed between TPC of hydro‐alcoholic extract with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) values. Consequently, the simultaneous consumption of such extracts is recommended to protect the cells against dietary toxins.
Percutaneous versus surgical closure of paravalvular leaks in prosthetic valves: A cross‐sectional comparison of clinical outcomes
Authors: Baghi Mohammadsaleh , Kohansal Erfan , Akbarian Mahsa , Adimi Sara , Bakhshandeh Hooman , Firoozi Ata , Salehi Pegah , Mehdizadeh Kasra , Hesami Hamed , Yousefi Mina , Erami Sajjad , Dehghani Yeganeh , Hosseini Zahra , Shojaeifard Maryam
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims

Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a serious complication of prosthetic valve replacement. Both surgical and percutaneous closure techniques are used for PVL closure, but optimal strategies and comparative outcomes are uncertain. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of percutaneous versus surgical PVL closure by analyzing changes in leak severity, functional status, echocardiographic parameters, and clinical outcomes.

Methods

A total of 72 patients were included in this retrospective cross‐sectional single‐center study comparing percutaneous (n = 25) and surgical (n = 47) PVL closure from 2015 to 2022. Demographics, medical history, echocardiograms, laboratory data, complications, and mortality data were extracted from the records. Changes in leak severity, NYHA class, echocardiographic parameters, and clinical outcomes were compared between the percutaneous and surgical groups.

Results

Both percutaneous and surgical PVL closure significantly reduced leak severity and improved NYHA class (both p < 0.01), with no difference between the quantity of changes in each group. The 30‐day mortality was 4% after percutaneous and 6.4% after surgical closure (p = 0.65). At 90 days, mortality was 24% percutaneous versus 17% surgical (p = 0.48). The length of stay in the hospital and post‐procedural decrease in hemoglobin were considerably lower in the percutaneous group. The rate of complication rates was similar between the groups. Echocardiographic changes were also comparable.

Conclusion

Percutaneous and surgical PVL closure had similar efficacy in reducing leaks and improving symptoms, with no significant difference in early outcomes. Both options should be considered viable for PVL repair after heart team evaluation.
Protecting the health of the most vulnerable in the overlooked Democratic Republic of Congo crisis
Authors: Phiri Sandra S. , George Nsikakabasi S. , Iseghehi Lucky
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is facing a humanitarian crisis due to prolonged conflicts, human rights abuses, and gender‐based violence. This perspective article aims to discuss the challenges faced by vulnerable populations in the DRC, including the impact of interventions and broader humanitarian strategies.

Methods

A search on Google Scholar was carried out to identify relevant journal articles. Additionally, relevant reports and data on the DR Congo crisis were sourced from the websites of international and humanitarian organizations including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, World Health Organization, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, and the Norwegian Refugee Council.

Results

The crisis has led to 6.1 million displaced individuals and 1 million seeking asylum in neighboring countries. Insecurity and displacement further exacerbate the crisis, exacerbating health issues and malnutrition, particularly among women and children. The deterioration of water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure in the region facilitates the spread of infectious diseases. The UN has appealed for $8.3 billion in humanitarian assistance in West and Central Africa, including DRC. However, more attention and efforts are needed to curb the menace of the conflict.

Conclusions

Addressing root causes like political volatility, economic disparity, and social unrest is crucial for sustained health protection. Tailoring humanitarian assistance to the context of conflict is essential, prioritizing mental health support and psychosocial services. Improving access to healthcare is crucial. Addressing food insecurity is essential, involving targeted food assistance programs, improving agricultural practices, and establishing income‐generating activities. Sustaining international assistance and investments are needed to address the health needs of the most vulnerable populations.
Preparation of naphthalenes via Pd‐catalyzed annulation of 5‐(2‐bromophenyl)pent‐3‐en‐1‐ynes under Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling conditions
Authors: Hsu Cheng‐Kai , Liu Yi‐Hung , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: August 2024

Highly substituted naphthalene derivatives were prepared via palladium‐catalyzed reaction of 5‐(2‐bromophenyl)pent‐3‐en‐1‐ynes with arylboronic acids. Typically, reaction of 3‐bromo‐4‐(3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1‐(p‐tolyl)pent‐2‐en‐4‐yn‐1‐yl)‐N‐methylaniline (1a) with PhB(OH)2 in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 as the catalyst under basic conditions provided 8‐benzhydryl‐7‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methyl‐5‐(p‐tolyl)naphthalen‐2‐amine (2a) quantitatively. Overall, 19 new naphthalene compounds were obtained by this methodology and their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods. In addition, crystal structure of 2j was determined to confirm the structural details. Reaction pathway leading to the desired product is also discussed.
Cross‐cultural validation of the genetic counseling outcome scale in Korea
Authors: Yang Sojin , Chang Yoon Jung , Kim Kyung Ok , Lee Beom Hee , Kong Sun‐Young , McAllister Marion , Choi In Hee
Published: August 2024

The Genetic Counseling Outcome Scale (GCOS‐24) was developed to measure patient‐reported outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of genetic counseling and testing services. In the current study, the Korean version of GCOS (K‐GCOS) was developed to reflect the sociocultural characteristics of Korea, and its clinical applicability was assessed. Overall, 231 Koreans, including patients with genetic diseases and their family members, participated and completed the K‐GCOS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Validity was examined by assessing the correlations between K‐GCOS scores and other relevant scale scores. Reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and test–retest scores, measured over 2 weeks. We performed exploratory factor analysis of the five structures of GCOS‐24. For K‐GCOS, four‐factor structures were identified: “cognitive–behavioral control,” “uncertainty about control,” “hope,” and “emotional regulation.” Four original GCOS‐24 items were removed because of low factor loadings and small inter‐item correlations. K‐GCOS‐20 scores were positively correlated with SWLS (r = 0.456) and MHLC‐internal (r = 0.213) scores but negatively correlated with HADS (anxiety r = −0.428, depression r = −0.469) and MHLC‐internal (r = −0.278) scores. These findings demonstrate that K‐GCOS‐20 is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating genetic counseling services in Korea.
A simple nomogram to predict dengue shock syndrome: A study of 4522 south east Asian children
Authors: Tran Phu Nguyen Trong , Siranart Noppachai , Sukmark Theerapon , Limothai Umaporn , Tachaboon Sasipha , Tantawichien Terapong , Thisyakorn Chule , Thisyakorn Usa , Srisawat Nattachai
Published: August 2024

Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) substantially worsens the prognosis of children with dengue infection. This study aimed to develop a simple clinical tool to predict the risk of DSS. A cohort of 2221 Thai children with a confirmed dengue infection who were admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital between 1987 and 2007 was conducted. Another data set from a previous publication comprising 2,301 Vietnamese children with dengue infection was employed to create a pooled data set, which was randomly split into training (n = 3182), testing (n = 697) and validating (n = 643) datasets. Logistic regression was compared to alternative machine learning algorithms to derive the most predictive model for DSS. 4522 children, including 899 DSS cases (758 Thai and 143 Vietnamese children) with a mean age of 9.8 ± 3.4 years, were analyzed. Among the 12 candidate clinical parameters, the Bayesian Model Averaging algorithm retained the most predictive subset of five covariates, including body weight, history of vomiting, liver size, hematocrit levels, and platelet counts. At an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81–0.90) in testing data set, logistic regression outperformed random forest, XGBoost and support vector machine algorithms, with AUC values being 0.82 (0.77–0.88), 0.82 (0.76–0.88), and 0.848 (0.81–0.89), respectively. At its optimal threshold, this model had a sensitivity of 0.71 (0.62–0.80), a specificity of 0.84 (0.81–0.88), and an accuracy of 0.82 (0.78–0.85) on validating data set with consistent performance across subgroup analyses by age and gender. A logistic regression‐based nomogram was developed to facilitate the application of this model. This work introduces a simple and robust clinical model for DSS prediction that is well‐tailored for children in resource‐limited settings.
Predictors of computed tomography imaging in patients presenting with sudden hearing loss
Authors: Sieben Owen , Reid Jonathan , Ho Allan , Cooper Timothy
Published: August 2024

Objective

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a rare presentation requiring timely diagnosis and treatment. Despite recommendations against obtaining computed tomography (CT) imaging of the head in clinical practice guidelines, this investigation is often completed in patients with sudden hearing loss. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of patients undergoing CT imaging of the head for SSNHL at our center and identify predictive factors for the use of CT imaging.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of adult patients referred for SSNHL to two academic otology/neurotology practices between January 2018 and May 2021. Patient demographics, comorbid medical conditions, associated symptoms, location of initial presentation, audiologic results, and completed imaging studies were collected. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software.

Results

Ninety‐eight patients with audiologically confirmed SSNHL were included. Twenty‐two patients (22.4%) underwent CT imaging as an investigation for SSNHL. The presence of vertigo (odds ratio 6.90; 95% confidence interval 2.43, 19.56) and presentation to the emergency room (odds ratio 8.71; 95% confidence interval 3.02, 25.16) were significantly associated with undergoing CT imaging. These two variables were statistically significant independent predictors of CT imaging on multivariate regression analysis (p = .01, p = .001, respectively).

Conclusion

A significant proportion of patients with SSNHL undergo low‐yield CT imaging of the head, particularly patients presenting to the emergency room with vertigo. These results highlight an opportunity for focused education and quality improvement initiatives.

Level of evidence: 4.
In situ observations of zooplankton show changes in abundance and swimming speed in response to hypoxia and acidification
Authors: Wyeth Amy C. , Grünbaum Daniel , Keister Julie E. , Crouser Deana , Roberts Paul
Published: August 2024

Zooplankton exhibit diverse swimming behaviors to reposition themselves in the water column, feed, find mates, and avoid predation. Environmental stressors that modify behavior can have cascading effects on population distributions and predator–prey interactions. Understanding zooplankton population dynamics is challenging, largely because traditional methods for quantifying zooplankton distributions are costly, limited in scope, and require extended analysis by trained analysts. We developed a novel methodology that combined remotely deployed camera systems, machine learning‐based identification of zooplankton, and video‐based tracking technology to quantify copepod and amphipod in situ swimming behavior in Hood Canal, WA, USA, a seasonally hypoxic and acidified fjord. Behavioral analysis showed copepods of all sizes swam on average 24% slower in stressful (hypoxic and acidified) waters relative to non‐stressful waters. Copepods exhibited less frequent escape responses in stressful waters, with a 68% decrease in the amount of time spent “jumping” for copepods 1–2 mm in length. Interestingly, abundances of small copepods increased in stressful waters, with 56% more 1–2 mm long copepods in stressful vs. non‐stressful conditions. In contrast, amphipods' average “darting” speeds did not differ between environmental conditions, but the abundance of amphipods significantly decreased in stressful waters relative to non‐stressful waters, suggesting avoidance of stressful conditions. Changes in swimming behavior are informative metrics in understanding ecosystem impacts of environmental stress because swimming speed has individual, population, and community‐level implications. Our results suggest that, among copepods, in situ behaviors may be useful proxies in monitoring the impacts of climate change on coastal ecosystems.
“Good” and “bad” frictions in customer experience: Conceptual foundations and implications
Authors: Padigar Manjunath , Li Yi , Manjunath Chandana N.
Published: August 2024

Businesses often strive for frictionless customer experiences, assuming that customers always desire seamless interactions. However, recent academic and practitioner discussions suggest that not all forms of friction are detrimental. Reconciling the conflicting views, we propose a framework that defines friction as simply the effort customers exert to complete tasks related to their consumption goals. Furthermore, drawing from the goal striving theory and customer experience literature, we identify and propose four types of friction based on dimensions of task desirability and task value: frustrating, constructive, preference‐based, and rewarding. Our framework challenges the prevailing business practice of eliminating all friction, as evidenced by a topic modeling analysis of announcements related to achieving frictionless customer experiences. Instead, we posit that while frustration friction should be minimized, the other three types of friction offer opportunities for businesses to enhance customer value. Particularly, we caution managers that eliminating constructive friction (i.e., customer effort in low‐desirability, high‐value tasks) may hinder value creation. We also recommend that managers find opportunities to infuse rewarding and preference‐based friction to enhance customer experience. By understanding these nuances, businesses can strike a balance between friction reduction and value optimization in their customer experience designs.
Property investigation of functionally graded materials leaf spring plate fabricated through stir casting process by using new gradient evaluation method
Authors: Singh R. K. , Singh R. C.
Published: August 2024

Automobile and aviation industries require lightweight solutions in the suspension system to improve overall performance and payload capacity. This can be achieved by materials having high strength to weight ratio. Fiber composites, known for their lightweight and high strength, face a major issue of delamination, which shortens the lifespan of fiber‐reinforced polymer leaf springs. Current researchers are emphasizing the use of functionally graded materials as a promising alternative to tackle this problem. In the present work, a functionally graded leaf spring plate was fabricated using stir casting technique with five layered gradations in the mid portion. The amount of molten material required for each gradation was ensured using a novel experimental technique. On the other hand, the matrix and reinforcement have been adopted from the output of the analysis conducted using CES EduPack 2019 software. Low density and high fatigue strength were primary focal point for the consideration of matrix and reinforcement materials. Aluminium 7075 and boron carbide were considered as matrix and reinforcement materials respectively. Stir casting technique, used in the present work, is simple, suitable and cost effective technique which creates a gradation at central part of the leaf.
Research progress of highly wear‐resistant and oxidation‐resistant polymer acetabular cup prosthesis
Authors: Yu L. , Wang K. J. , Jin F. B. , Guo Y. B. , Wang S. Q.
Published: August 2024

The polymer‐based acetabular cup prosthesis, a vital component of hip replacement surgery, significantly contributes to the recovery of patients afflicted with osteoarthritic conditions. Nevertheless, the current clinical usage of polymer acetabular cup prostheses commonly encounters the challenge of balancing wear resistance and oxidation resistance, significantly impacting both their lifespan and patients′ quality of life. Consequently, researchers have persistently enhanced the attributes of polymer acetabular cup prosthetic materials. These enhancements, including irradiation and filler modifications, are intended to concurrently bolster both the wear and oxidation resistance of the prosthesis materials. This comprehensive approach aims to address wear‐associated clinical complications like osteolysis and oxidative brittleness, ultimately extending their in vivo service life. For this reason, this paper retrospectively discusses the progress of research on the modification of polymer acetabular cup prosthesis materials for high wear and oxidation resistance and explores potential design methods for optimising artificial acetabular cup materials, with a view to providing new ideas for extending the service life of artificial joint implants.
The influence of the guide vane positioning on the flow field of a turbo air classifier
Authors: Liu K. , Chen W. , Gong Z. , Liu J. , Yu Y.
Published: August 2024

As the important component to guide the airflow in the classifier, installation position of the guide vane determines the width of the classification annular region and influences the flow field distribution. The influence of the guide vane positioning on the flow field in the annular region is analyzed through numerical simulation. The simulation results show the tangential velocities near the inner edge of the guide vanes increase, and the tangential velocity gradient decreases with decrease of the width of the annular region. The increases of turbulent dissipation rate near the guide vanes are beneficial to powder dispersion. However, the increases of turbulent dissipation rate near the rotor cage aren′t conducive to uniformity of the flow field. In case of the narrow annular region, the cut size gradually increases when the width of the annular region increases. However, when the width of the annular region continues to increase, the particle′s residence time become long, and the solid concentration increases significantly to increase the probability of particle aggregation. The reasonable range of the installation diameter of the guide vane in the classifier is between 504 mm and 524 mm.
Exploring Responsiveness to Highly Challenging Balance and Gait Training in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Albrecht Franziska , Johansson Hanna , Poulakis Konstantinos , Westman Eric , Hagströmer Maria , Franzén Erika
Published: August 2024

Background

Exercise potentially improves gait, balance, and habitual physical activity in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, given the heterogeneous nature of the disease, it is likely that people respond differently to exercise interventions. Factors determining responsiveness to exercise interventions remain unclear.

Objectives

To address this uncertainty, we explored the responsiveness to our highly challenging balance and gait intervention (HiBalance) in people with PD.

Methods

Thirty‐nine participants with mild–moderate PD who underwent the HiBalance intervention from our randomized controlled trial were included. We defined response in three domains: (1) balance based on Mini‐BESTest, (2) gait based on gait velocity, and (3) physical activity based on accelerometry‐derived steps per day. In each domain, we explored three responsiveness levels: high, low, or non‐responders according to the change from pre‐ to post‐intervention. Separate Random Forests for each responder domain classified these responsiveness levels and identified variable importance.

Results

Only the Random Forest for the balance domain classified all responsiveness levels above the chance level indicated by a Cohen's kappa of “slight” agreement. Variable importance differed among the responsiveness levels. Slow gait velocity indicated high responders in the balance domain but showed low probabilities for low and non‐responders. For low and non‐responders, fall history or no falls, respectively, were more important.

Conclusions

Among three responder domains and responsiveness levels, we could moderately classify responders in the balance domain, but not for the gait or physical activity domain. This can guide inclusion criteria for balance‐targeted, personalized intervention studies in people with PD.
Critical exponent for global solutions in a fourth‐order hyperbolic equation of p‐Kirchhoff type
Authors: Liu Bingchen , Dou Jiaxin
Published: August 2024

We study a fourth‐order hyperbolic equation involving Kirchhoff type
‐Laplacian and superlinear source, subject to zero Navier boundary condition,

where
is an open bounded domain in
with
;
denotes the maximal existence time; and
and
are constants. For
, using auxiliary function method and Sobolev inequality, we prove that there are only global solutions. For
, we obtain the optimal classification of initial energy and Nehari energy, which guarantees the existence of blow‐up solutions and global solutions. In the critical case
, we find out that the coefficients of the Kirchhoff term and the superlinear source play important role in separating out the property of weak solutions.
Brain volume and microglial density changes are correlated in a juvenile mouse model of cranial radiation and CSF1R inhibitor treatment
Authors: Ayoub Ramy , Yang Sabrina , Ji Helen , Fan Lloyd , De Michino Steven , Mabbott Donald J. , Nieman Brian J.
Published: August 2024

Microglia have been shown to proliferate and become activated following cranial radiotherapy (CRT), resulting in a chronic inflammatory response. We investigated the role of microglia in contributing to widespread volume losses observed in the brain following CRT in juvenile mice. To manipulate microglia, we used low‐dose treatment with a highly selective CSF1R inhibitor called PLX5622 (PLX). We hypothesized that alteration of the post‐CRT microglia population would lead to changes in brain development outcomes, as evaluated by structural MRI. Wild‐type C57BL/6J mice were provided with daily intraperitoneal injections of PLX (25 mg/kg) or vehicle from postnatal day (P)14 to P19. Mice also received whole‐brain irradiation (7 Gy) or sham irradiation (0 Gy) at 16 days of age. In one cohort of mice, immunohistochemical assessment in tissue sections was conducted to assess the impact of the selected PLX and CRT doses as well as their combination. In a separate cohort, mice were imaged using MRI at P14 (pretreatment), P19, P23, P42 and P63 in order to assess induced volume changes, which were measured based on structures from a predefined atlas. We observed that PLX and radiation treatments led to sex‐specific changes in the microglial cell population. Across treatment groups, MRI‐detected anatomical volumes at P19 and P63 were associated with microglia and proliferating microglia densities, respectively. Overall, our study demonstrates that low‐dose PLX treatment produces a sex‐dependent response in juvenile mice, that manipulation of microglia alters CRT‐induced volume changes and that microglia density and MRI‐derived volume changes are correlated in this model.
Revisiting strain localization analysis for elastoplastic constitutive models in geomechanics
Authors: Hofer Paul , Neuner Matthias , Gamnitzer Peter , Hofstetter Günter
Published: August 2024

The localization of deformations plays a crucial role in the failure of granular materials. Concerning classical continuum constitutive models, the localization of deformations is considered to be connected to the loss of ellipticity of the governing rate equilibrium equations, and entails mesh sensitivity in finite element simulations. While previous studies are often limited to strain localization analyses of individual tests, the focus of the present contribution lies on studying the localization properties in general constitutive states. For this purpose, a staggered optimization algorithm for determining the loss of ellipticity, considering both extreme values, minimum and maximum, of the determinant of the acoustic tensor, is proposed. Part of this algorithm representing a novel application of spherical Fibonacci lattices for discretizing the feasible domain of the associated optimization problem. In the presented localization study of the widely recognized modified Cam‐clay model, special attention is paid to determining the influence of the individual model parameters. Specifically, three factors favoring strain localization are found, namely (i) a low value of the ratio of the primary compression index and the recompression index, (ii) a large value of the critical state frictional constant, as well as (iii) a large value of Poisson's ratio. Moreover, a structural finite element study is performed, confirming the results of localization analyses at the constitutive level.
Acceptance among the public of weight screening and interventions delivered by dental professionals: observational study
Authors: Large Jessica F. , Roalfe Andrea , Madigan Claire , Daley Amanda J.
Published: August 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to explore the acceptability to the public of receiving weight screening and the offer of support to lose weight from dental teams.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with recruitment of adults from dental practices and community and hospital settings in England and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Be Part of Research initiative.

Results

A total of 3580 participants were recruited across 22 dental sites and the NIHR Be Part of Research initiative. Sixty percent (n = 2055/3430) of participants reported that they would be comfortable with their height and weight being measured at a dental appointment. Male participants and those of non‐White race and ethnicity had significantly increased odds of accepting weight screening (odds ratio [OR]: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.66–2.36; OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.42–3.03). Fifty‐seven percent (n = 1915/3375) of participants reported that it would be acceptable for their dental team to offer support to help with weight management. Male participants and those of non‐White race and ethnicity had significantly increased odds of accepting support (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.49–2.13; OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.11–2.37). The most accepted form of support was provision of information on local weight‐management programs (n = 1989/2379, 83.6%).

Conclusions

The public is largely receptive to receiving weight screening and the offer of weight interventions from dental teams. Feasibility studies to test the implementation of lifestyle weight interventions in dental settings are required.
In‐situ preparation of modified‐halloysite/thermoset nanocomposites via thiol‐epoxy click chemistry
Authors: Bekin Acar Seda
Published: August 2024

In the current study, thermoset nanocomposites including halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have been prepared through thiol‐epoxy click reaction at ambient conditions. Naturally available HNTs are first modified separately by epoxy and thiol groups and used as nanofillers in a mixture of trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether and trimethylolpropane tris(3‐mercaptopropionate) ranging from 0 to 5 wt%. Fourier transformed infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy has been used to observe the characteristic bands of the pure and modified halloysite, neat thermoset, and HNT/thermoset nanocomposites. Thermal properties of epoxide‐modified and thiol‐modified halloysite nanotubes and also final thermoset nanocomposites have been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) by comparing pure halloysite and neat thermoset, respectively. The dispersion of HNT nanotubes in thermoset matrix has been examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to the agglomerated/non‐agglomerated distribution, the present of HNT has been proved by EDX. The effect of HNT‐Epoxide and HNT‐Thiol loadings on mechanical properties has been examined by tensile test. All nanocomposites were found to exhibit better tensile strength than that of neat thermoset, called as reference sample. The most enhanced mechanical properties have been detected in the nanocomposite with 3% modified‐HNTs by weight because of the best dispersion, which promotes effective interactions between the nanotubes and thermoset matrix. Tensile strength of thermoset nanocomposites increased by 43% and 62%, while elongation at break increased by 58% and 149% when 3 wt% HNT‐Epoxide and 3 wt% HNT‐Thiol were added to the matrix, respectively. Further increase of HNT added to the matrix causes agglomeration of nanotubes and thus deterioration of mechanical properties.

Highlights

Pure HNT was modified and successfully converted into HNT‐Epoxide and HNT‐Thiol.

In‐situ preparation of thermoset nanocomposites with modified‐HNTs was effectively achieved via thiol‐epoxy click chemistry.

Mechanical properties increased significantly with both HNT‐Epoxide and HNT‐Thiol loading ratio up to 3 wt%.

The presence and agglomerated/non‐agglomerated dispersion of modified‐HNTs in the thermoset matrix were verified by SEM–EDX analysis.
Ballistic impact performance of aramid fabrics impregnated with single‐phase shear thickening fluids STFs and SiC additive multi‐phase shear thickening fluids
Authors: Ercümen Kadir Münir , Aydin Murat
Published: August 2024

This study presents STF/Fabric composite configurations by impregnating single‐phase shear thickening fluids (S‐STF) and multi‐phase shear thickening fluids (M‐STF) into aramid fabrics. S‐STFs were first prepared at different concentrations by weight (25%, 40%, 55%, and 65%). In addition, M‐STFs were produced by adding silicon carbide (SiC) additive to S‐STFs. As a result of the impregnation of the produced STFs on Aramid fabrics, 30‐layer composite samples were prepared. To determine the ballistic performance of the produced samples, tests were carried out with a single‐stage gas gun system. The shots were performed at an average velocity of 670 m/s. Ballistic tests show that STF‐impregnated fabric samples have better ballistic performance compared to fabric without STF. The STF65/Aramid sample is notable for a 238% increase in energy absorption. In addition, the STF40SiC10/Aramid composite sample produced with M‐STF was found to absorb 18.7% more energy compared to the STF40/Aramid sample. It has been confirmed that keeping the weight ratio of the additive at an optimum level will contribute to ballistic performance. These results contributed to determining the optimum concentration amount for STF/Aramid composites at high speed.

Highlights

S‐STF and SiC additive M‐STFs were produced.

STFs were impregnated into 30‐layer Aramid fabrics.

Ballistics tests were performed on S‐STF/Aramid and M‐STF/Aramid composite samples with a single‐stage gas gun system.

The effects of S‐STF and M‐STF on ballistic performance were investigated.

The addition of STF enhanced ballistic performance by increasing energy absorption.
Bending fatigue performance of three‐dimensional woven composites—A review
Authors: Zhao Shibo , Chen Li , Gao Ziyue , Wang Jingjing
Published: August 2024

Three‐dimensional woven composites (3DWCs) are gradually used in marine, transportation, military, and other applications owing to their high interlayer properties, load‐bearing capacity, and good near‐net‐shape forming abilities. 3DWCs are often subjected to bending fatigue loads, which negatively affect the lives of structural parts. In this review, typical types of preform structures and their evolution characteristics are described, and the micro‐modeling methods for 3DWCs are discussed. The effect of the warp yarn paths on the bending properties and the preform structure on the bending fatigue properties of 3DWCs are summarized, and the application and current status of microstructural models in the study of bending fatigue properties are summarized. In addition, the bending fatigue mechanical properties, damage evolution process, and modes of failure in 3DWCs are discussed. The study status and development of the fatigue life models of the laminated composites and 3DWCs are summarized, and future research work is prospected. This review may be beneficial to preform structural design and contribute to the study bending fatigue properties of 3DWCs.

Highlights

The microstructural modeling methods for 3DWCs.

Types and variation patterns of 3D woven preform structures are described.

Effects of the structure on the bending performance are discussed.

Bending fatigue properties of 3DWCs are summarized.

The development trends of predicting the lifespans of composites.
Forgetfulness in adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder masks transient epileptic amnesia: a case report
Authors: Fukao Takashi , Fujiwara Masaki , Yamada Yuto , Sakamoto Shinji , Matsumoto Yosuke , Takaki Manabu
Published: August 2024

Background

Inattention due to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can lead to forgetfulness. Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) can cause forgetfulness, similar to ADHD. We report a patient with ADHD who developed TEA.

Case Presentation

The patient was a 40‐year‐old woman with ADHD. She has been prone to forgetfulness since childhood. Two years before visiting our outpatient clinic, she had begun to occasionally forget events that had occurred several days earlier. However, she was largely unaware of the emergence of new amnestic symptoms. She had also begun to experience various other amnestic symptoms 2 months before she visited our clinic, which prompted her to visit our outpatient clinic. The combination of a detailed interview, electroencephalography (EEG) examination, and consideration of TEA enabled us to diagnose her with TEA and provide treatment accordingly. In our patient, daily forgetfulness due to ADHD delayed the recognition of new additional forgetfulness attributed to TEA.

Conclusion

Psychiatrists need to consider TEA when patients with ADHD present with changes in or exacerbation of forgetfulness.
The platform policy matrix: Promotion and regulation
Authors: Kim Junic , Ahn Shanghe
Published: August 2024

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of policy measures adopted by countries in response to the rapid growth of digital platforms, which significantly impact various sectors and national economies. It examines the delicate balance between regulation and innovation, offering nuanced policy recommendations. Central to this study is the introduction of the “Platform Policy Matrix,” a strategic framework that explores the relationship between innovation encouragement and regulatory stringency in platform economies. The matrix is divided into four quadrants: “Regulatory Innovation,” “Accelerated Innovation,” “Laissez‐Faire,” and “Stringent Regulation.” This framework aims to guide policymakers in achieving a balance that protects consumers while fostering a competitive and innovative environment. The study advocates for a multifaceted approach that recognizes the unique characteristics of digital platforms. It underscores the necessity for policies that simultaneously promote innovation and enforce necessary regulations in rapidly evolving platform ecosystems. This approach ensures that innovation thrives while maintaining essential regulatory oversight, adapting policy frameworks to the dynamic nature of digital platforms.