bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing capillary trapping effectiveness through proper time scheduling of injection of supercritical CO2 in heterogeneous formations
Authors: González‐Nicolás Ana , Trevisan Luca , Illangasekare Tissa H. , Cihan Abdullah , Birkholzer Jens T.
Published: November 2016

The impact of geologic heterogeneity on capillary trapping of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) has been recognized and appraised through laboratory experimentation and modeling. However, how different injection strategies can be optimized to improve capillary trapping has not received adequate attention. We present a study based on stochastic analysis to show the impact of injection scheduling on capillary trapping of scCO2 in heterogeneous geological formations. Improvement of trapping efficiency consists of maximizing the trapped volume within a predefined secure zone of the storage formation with the goal of avoiding plume intersection with potential leakage pathways. Using knowledge acquired from physical experiments in intermediate‐scale tanks with controlled heterogeneity, we conduct numerical simulations following a stochastic approach to extend the observed outcomes to a series of equally probable permeability scenarios. Our simulations involve the same combination of surrogate fluids that are used in the experiments to mimic viscosity and density contrasts between scCO2 and brine. To account for uncertainty of formation heterogeneity, several permeability fields with three different variances and two horizontal correlation lengths are generated. The same volume of scCO2 is emplaced using four different modes of injection scheduling. Results suggest that injection strategies aimed at enhancing capillary trapping of scCO2 and increasing the probability of constraining the plume within a secure zone are strictly related to the specific heterogeneity of the reservoir. This preliminary theoretical finding suggests the potential for maximizing secure capillary trapping through the proper selection of injection schedule to fit the formation heterogeneity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osseointegrated implants into a variety of composite free flaps: A comparative analysis
Authors: Burgess Michael , Leung Matthew , Chellapah Anthony , Clark Jonathan R. , Batstone Martin D.
Published: November 2016

Background

Significant oral function is often lost after surgical therapy for head and neck cancer. The use of osseointegrated implants for reconstruction in patients with head and neck surgery has shown to significantly improve the quality of life for these patients. Variable success rates range from 99% to 70%.

Methods

A retrospective audit of patient records was performed looking at cumulative survival of implants. Inclusion criteria were patients who were treated at 1 of 2 designated Australian Head and Neck Units and received oral osseointegrated implants.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients were included for analysis. One hundred ninety‐nine implants were placed into vascularized bone grafts (VBGs). There were 11 implant failures with an overall success rate of 94.5%. There was 1 significant adverse outcome with a pathological fracture of a flap after implant placement. Implant success in scapula and iliac crest flaps was comparable to fibula flaps.

Conclusion

Implants placed into VBGs have a reasonable success rate in well‐selected patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 443–447, 2017
Neurite extension and neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cells on polyethylene glycol hydrogels containing a continuous Young's Modulus gradient
Authors: Mosley Matthew C. , Lim Hyun Ju , Chen Jing , Yang Yueh‐Hsun , Li Shenglan , Liu Ying , Smith Callahan Laura A.
Published: November 2016

Mechanotransduction in neural cells involves multiple signaling pathways that are not fully understood. Differences in lineage and maturation state are suggested causes for conflicting reports on neural cell mechanosensitivity. To optimize matrices for use in stem cell therapy treatments transplanting human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cells (hNSC) into lesions after spinal cord injury, the effects of Young's Modulus changes on hNSC behavior must be understood. The present study utilizes polyethylene glycol hydrogels containing a continuous gradient in Young's modulus to examine changes in the Young's Modulus of the culture substrate on hNSC neurite extension and neural differentiation. Changes in the Young's Modulus of the polyethylene glycol hydrogels was found to affect neurite extension and cellular organization on the matrices. hNSC cultured on 907 Pa hydrogels were found to extend longer neurites than hNSC cultured on other tested Young's Moduli hydrogels. The gene expression of β tubulin III and microtubule‐associated protein 2 in hNSC was affected by changes in the Young's Modulus of the hydrogel. The combinatory method approach used in the present study demonstrates that hNSC are mechanosensitive and the matrix Young's Modulus should be a design consideration for hNSC transplant applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 824–833, 2017.
List‐Coloring the Squares of Planar Graphs without 4‐Cycles and 5‐Cycles
Authors: Cranston Daniel W. , Jaeger Bobby
Published: November 2016

Let G be a planar graph without 4‐cycles and 5‐cycles and with maximum degree . We prove that . For arbitrarily large maximum degree Δ, there exist planar graphs of girth 6 with . Thus, our bound is within 1 of being optimal. Further, our bound comes from coloring greedily in a good order, so the bound immediately extends to online list‐coloring. In addition, we prove bounds for ‐labeling. Specifically, and, more generally, , for positive integers p and q with . Again, these bounds come from a greedy coloring, so they immediately extend to the list‐coloring and online list‐coloring variants of this problem.
Risk factors for latent distant organ metastasis detected by staging laparoscopy in patients with radiologically defined locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Karabicak Ilhan , Satoi Sohei , Yanagimoto Hiroaki , Yamamoto Tomohisa , Hirooka Satoshi , Yamaki So , Kosaka Hisashi , Inoue Kentaro , Matsui Yoichi , Kon Masanori
Published: November 2016

Objectives

We aimed to identify risk factors for latent distant organ metastasis in patients with radiographically defined locally advanced (RDLA) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Methods

RDLA disease was defined as unresectable disease without distant organ metastasis based on resectability status by NCCN guidelines. Between January 2005 and November 2015, 110 consecutive patients underwent staging laparoscopy to rule out latent distant metastasis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for latent distant organ metastasis or peritoneal metastasis (PM), defined as peritoneal dissemination and/or positive peritoneal lavage cytology (PPC).

Results

Latent distant organ metastasis was diagnosed by staging laparoscopy in 62 patients. PPC was found in 23%, peritoneal dissemination in 19%, and liver metastasis in 15%. Univariate analysis showed tumor location, preoperative CA 19‐9 level and tumor size, and multivariate analysis revealed tumor size >55 mm and CA 19‐9 level >60 IU/ml as risk factors for latent distant metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed pancreas body‐tail tumors and tumor size >42 mm as risk factors for PM; 65.4% of pancreas body‐tail tumors >42 mm had PM.

Conclusions

Patients with large pancreas body‐tail tumors and high CA 19‐9 level are at greater risk for latent distant organ metastasis or PM, and should undergo staging laparoscopy routinely for accurate diagnosis (UMIN000023125).
Abnormal baseline brain activity in Parkinson's disease with and without REM sleep behavior disorder: A resting‐state functional MRI study
Authors: Li Dan , Huang Peiyu , Zang Yufeng , Lou Yuting , Cen Zhidong , Gu Quanquan , Xuan Min , Xie Fei , Ouyang Zhiyuan , Wang Bo , Zhang Minming , Luo Wei
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To investigate the differences in spontaneous brain activity between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), PD patients without RBD, and normal controls, which may shed new light on the neural mechanism of RBD.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen PD patients with RBD, 16 patients without RBD, and 19 age‐ and gender‐matched normal controls underwent clinical assessment and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a 3.0T scanner. Resting‐state fMRI scans were collected using an echo planar imaging sequence. Amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF) were calculated to measure spontaneous brain activity in each subject.

Results

Compared with PD patients without RBD, patients with RBD exhibited significantly decreased ALFF values (P < 0.001, cluster level) in primary motor cortex extending to premotor cortex. Compared with normal controls, PD patients exhibited decreased ALFF values (P < 0.001, cluster level) in caudate and putamen (P < 0.001, cluster level), and increased ALFF values (P = 0.03, cluster level) in prefrontal cortex.

Conclusion

The altered spontaneous brain activity in motor cortex may contribute to the pathogenesis of RBD in PD patients, which further supports the idea that the pathophysiology of RBD involves not only midbrain dysfunction but also cerebral cortex abnormalities. Our findings provide additional insight into the neural mechanism of RBD and may drive future research to develop better treatment.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:697–703
Liver transplantation for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: A national perspective
Authors: Atienza Leonardo Garcia , Berger Jonathan , Mei Xiaonan , Shah Malay B. , Daily Michael F. , Grigorian Alla , Gedaly Roberto
Published: November 2016

Background

Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma (FL‐HCC) is a rare primary liver tumor that usually presents in younger patients without underlying liver disease.

Methods

We queried the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database between October 1988 and January 2013 to evaluate outcomes in patients with FL‐HCC undergoing liver transplantation in the United States compared to patients with conventional Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC).

Results

Sixty‐three patients were identified (57% female, mean age 30 years). Only one patient (2%) had an associated Hepatitis C Virus. Mean Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at the time of transplantation was 11.3. Mean waiting time was 325 days and mean cold ischemic time was 6 hr. Overall survival of FL‐HCC patients at 1, 3, and 5 years was 96%, 80%, and 48% as compared to HCC patients whose rates were 89%, 77%, and 68%. Six patients had tumor recurrence (10%). The Cox Model demonstrated that MELD and cold ischemic time are the strongest predictors of overall survival in FL‐HCC patients. Age and wait time were not associated with poor patient survival in this series.

Conclusions

Good results can be obtained in selected patients transplanted for FL‐HCC. FL‐HCC patients had similar survival compared to those transplanted for HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:319–323. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐Dose Lipopolysaccharide Causes Biliary Injury by Blood Biliary Barrier Impairment in a Rat Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Model
Authors: Reiling Janske , Bridle Kim R. , Gijbels Marion , Schaap Frank G. , Jaskowski Lesley , Santrampurwala Nishreen , Britton Laurence J. , Campbell Catherine M. , Olde Damink Steven W. M. , Crawford Darrell H. G. , Dejong Cornelius H. C. , Fawcett Jonathan
Published: November 2016

This study explored whether bacterial endotoxins, in the form of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), could have an injurious effect on the biliary tract in conjunction with ischemia. A total of 64 rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: sham operation (sham group), 1 mg/kg LPS intraperitoneal (LPS group), hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR; IR group), and IR combined with LPS (IR+LPS group). Following 1 or 6 hours of reperfusion, serum liver tests, bile duct histology, immunofluorescence microscopy (zonula occludens‐1 [ZO‐1]), bile composition (bile salts, phospholipids, lactate dehydrogenase), hepatic gene expression (bile salt transporters and inflammatory mediators), as well as serum and biliary cytokine concentrations were quantified and compared between the study groups. In addition, the integrity of the blood biliary barrier (BBB) was assayed in vivo using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). LPS administration induced severe small bile duct injury following 6 hours of reperfusion. Furthermore, total bile salts and bilirubin concentrations in serum were increased in the LPS groups compared with sham controls (LPS, + 3.3‐fold and +1.9‐fold; IR+LPS, + 3.8‐fold and +1.7‐fold, respectively). The BBB was impaired in the LPS groups as evidenced by elevated levels of HRP in bile (+4.9‐fold), and decreased expression of claudin 1 (–6.7‐fold) and claudin 3 (–3.6‐fold). LPS was found to be a potent inducer of small bile duct injury following hepatic ischemia and 6 hours of reperfusion. This injury was associated with increased permeability of the BBB and impaired hepatic bile salt clearance. Liver Transplantation 23 194–206 2017 AASLD
Vascular complications in living donor liver transplantation at a high‐volume center: Evolving protocols and trends observed over 10 years
Authors: Rather Shiraz Ahmad , Nayeem Mohammed A. , Agarwal Shaleen , Goyal Neerav , Gupta Subash
Published: November 2016

Vascular complications continue to have a devastating effect on liver transplantation recipients, even though their nature, incidence, and outcome might have actually changed with increasing experience and proficiency in high‐volume centers. The aim of this study was to analyze the trends observed in vascular complications with changing protocols in adult and pediatric living donor liver transplantation over 10 years in 2 time frames in terms of nature, incidence, and outcome. It is a retrospective analysis of 391 (group 1, January 2006 to December 2010) and 741 (group 2, January 2011 to October 2013) patients. With a minimum follow‐up of 2 years, incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) in adults has reduced significantly from 2.2% in group 1 to 0.5% in group 2 (P = 0.02). In group 2, nonsignificantly, more adult patients (75% with HAT) could be salvaged compared with only 25% patients in group 1 (P = 0.12). However, HAT in children had 100% mortality. Incidence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in complicated transplants in 2 eras remained the same (P = 0.2) and so has its mortality. The thrombosis rate of the neo‐middle hepatic vein was significantly reduced in group 2 (P = 0.01). The incidence of HAT, particularly in adults, has decreased significantly though PVT has continued to puzzle surgeons in complicated transplants. In high‐volume centers, increasing proficiency, technical modifications, early diagnosis, and multimodality of treatment is the key to decrease overall morbidity and mortality due to vascular complications. Liver Transplantation 23 457–464 2017 AASLD.
Effect of sintering temperature on the corrosion properties of nanostructured Fe‐18Cr‐2Si alloy prepared by SPS
Authors: Ahmed J. , Toor I. H. , Al‐Aqeeli N.
Published: November 2016

Nanostructured Fe‐18Cr‐2Si alloys were developed by a combination of mechanically alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. SPS was carried out in vacuum at three different temperatures (900, 1000, and 1100 °C) with a fixed holding time of 10 min and an applied pressure of 50 MPa. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the effect of sintering temperature on the electrochemical properties of newly developed nanostructured ferritic Fe‐18Cr‐2Si alloy. XRD results showed that, after sintering, crystallite size increased with increasing sintering temperature and maximum crystallite size was 23.64 nm. The results showed that with increasing sintering temperature, corrosion resistance was increased in terms of pitting potential (Epit), passive current density (ip), and polarization resistance (Rp). The improved corrosion resistance was found to be closely related with the densification of the sintered alloys.
CLN8 disease caused by large genomic deletions
Authors: Beesley Clare , Guerreiro Rita J. , Bras Jose T. , Williams Ruth E. , Taratuto Ana Lia , Eltze Christin , Mole Sara E.
Published: November 2016

Background

The presence of deletions can complicate genetic diagnosis of autosomal recessive disease.

Method

The DNA of patients was analyzed in a diagnostic setting.

Results

We present three unrelated patients each carrying deletions that encompass the 37 kb CLN8 gene and discuss their phenotype. Two of the cases were hemizygous for a mutant allele – their deletions unmasked a mutation in CLN8 on the other chromosome.

Conclusion

Microarray analysis is recommended in any patient suspected of NCL who is apparently homozygous for a mutation that is not present in one of the parents or when the family has no known consanguinity.
Comparison of the outcomes of free jejunal flap reconstructions of pharyngoesophageal defects in hypopharyngeal cancer and corrosive injury patients
Authors: Hsieh Mu‐Han , Yang Yun‐Tai , Tsai Yueh‐Ju , Kuo Yur‐Ren , Lin Pao‐Yuan
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Free jejunal flap is one of the optimal choices for restoring upper digestive tract. The purpose of this study was to introduce the treatment strategies and to compare the outcomes of free jejunal flap for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction between hypopharyngeal cancer and chemical corrosive injured esophagus.

Methods

From 2001 to 2012, patients who had been received esophageal reconstruction by free jejunal flap for pharyngoesophageal defect were divided into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) group and corrosive chemical injury (CCI) group. All data on outcomes and complications including relevant radiographic investigations were collected retrospectively.

Results

Sixteen patients were in SCC group and 9 patients in CCI group underwent free jejunal flap reconstruction. Two cases of flap failure were noted in SCC group, and no flap failure in CCI group—the total failure rate was 8% (2/25 patients). In SCC group, 5 of 16 patients (31.3%) developed fistula; however, no fistula in CCI group. One patient in SCC group and 3 patients in CCI group developed esophageal strictures. Other than early stricture (stricture <1 year) which reached significant difference, all of other complications were not statistically significant between two groups. The average follow‐up time was 42 months.

Conclusions

Postoperative early stricture but lower fistula occurrence is expected in patients with corrosively injured esophagi. This helpful preliminary findings could not only early‐check complication, but also better explanation and prepare were taken placed before operation.
Clustering according to urolithin metabotype explains the interindividual variability in the improvement of cardiovascular risk biomarkers in overweight‐obese individuals consuming pomegranate: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: González‐Sarrías Antonio , García‐Villalba Rocío , Romo‐Vaquero María , Alasalvar Cesarettin , Örem Asim , Zafrilla Pilar , Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A. , Selma María V. , Espín Juan Carlos
Published: November 2016

Scope

The pomegranate lipid‐lowering properties remain controversial, probably due to the interindividual variability in polyphenol (ellagitannins) metabolism.

Objective

We aimed at investigating whether the microbially derived ellagitannin‐metabolizing phenotypes, i.e. urolithin metabotypes A, (UM‐A), B (UM‐B), and 0 (UM‐0), influence the effects of pomegranate extract (PE) consumption on 18 cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy overweight‐obese individuals.

Methods and results

A double‐blind, crossover, dose–response, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted. The study (POMEcardio) consisted of two test phases (dose‐1 and dose‐2, lasting 3 weeks each) and a 3‐week washout period between each phase. Forty‐nine participants (BMI > 27 kg/m2) daily consumed one (dose‐1, 160 mg phenolics/day) or four (dose‐2, 640 mg phenolics/day) PE or placebo capsules. Notably, UM‐B individuals showed the highest baseline cardiovascular risk. After dose‐2, total cholesterol (–15.5 ± 3.7%), LDL‐cholesterol (–14.9 ± 2.1%), small LDL‐cholesterol (–47 ± 7%), non‐HDL‐cholesterol (–11.3 ± 2.5%), apolipoprotein‐B (–12 ± 2.2%), and oxidized LDL‐cholesterol –24 ± 2.5%) dose dependently decreased (P < 0.05) but only in UM‐B subjects. These effects were partially correlated with urolithin production and the increase in Gordonibacter levels. Three (50%) nonproducers (UM‐0) became producers following PE consumption.

Conclusions

UM clustering suggests a personalized effect of ellagitannin‐containing foods and could explain the controversial pomegranate benefits. Research on the specific role of urolithins and the microbiota associated with each UM is warranted.
Translocation of Tektin 3 to the equatorial segment of heads in bull spermatozoa exposed to dibutyryl cAMP and calyculin A
Authors: Tsukamoto Mariko , Hiyama Erina , Hirotani Karen , Gotoh Takafumi , Inai Tetsuichiro , Iida Hiroshi
Published: November 2016

Tektins (TEKTs) are filamentous proteins associated with microtubules in cilia, flagella, basal bodies, and centrioles. Five TEKTs (TEKT1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐4, and ‐5) have been identified as components of mammalian sperm flagella. We previously reported that TKET1 and ‐3 are also present in the heads of rodent spermatozoa. The present study clearly demonstrates that TEKT2 is present at the acrosome cap whereas TEKT3 resides just beneath the plasma membrane of the post‐acrosomal region of sperm heads in unactivated bull spermatozoa, and builds on the distributional differences of TEKT1, ‐2, and ‐3 on sperm heads. We also discovered that hyperactivation of bull spermatozoa by cell‐permeable cAMP and calyculin A, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, promoted translocation of TEKT3 from the post‐acrosomal region to the equatorial segment in sperm heads, and that TEKT3 accumulated at the equatorial segment is lost upon acrosome reaction. Thus, translocation of TEKT3 to the equatorial segment may be a capacitation‐ or hyperactivation‐associated phenomenon in bull spermatozoa. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 84: 30–43, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The budgeted minimum cost flow problem with unit upgrading cost
Authors: Büsing Christina , Koster Arie , Kirchner Sarah , Thome Annika
Published: November 2016

The budgeted minimum cost flow problem (BMCF(K)) with unit upgrading costs extends the classical minimum cost flow problem by allowing one to reduce the cost of at most K arcs. In this article, we consider complexity and algorithms for the special case of an uncapacitated network with just one source. By a reduction from 3‐SAT we prove strong ‐completeness and inapproximability, even on directed acyclic graphs. On the positive side, we identify three polynomially solvable cases: on arborescences, on so‐called tree‐like graphs, and on instances with a constant number of sinks. Furthermore, we develop dynamic programs with pseudo‐polynomial running time for the BMCF(K) problem on (directed) series‐parallel graphs and (directed) graphs of bounded treewidth. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 69(1), 67–82 2017
Rapid Naked‐Eye Discrimination of Cytochrome P450 Genetic Polymorphism through Non‐Crosslinking Aggregation of DNA‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Akiyama Yoshitsugu , Wang Guoqing , Shiraishi Shota , Kanayama Naoki , Takarada Tohru , Maeda Mizuo
Published: November 2016

Involvement of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping in healthcare should allow for more effective use of pharmacogenomics. However, user‐friendly assays without the requirement of a special instrument still remain unavailable. This study describes naked‐eye SNP discrimination in exon 5 of the human cytochrome P450 2C19 monooxygenase gene, CYP2C19*1 (the wild‐type allele) and CYP2C19*2 (the variant allele with G681A point mutation). The present assay is composed of allele‐specific single‐base primer extension and salt‐induced aggregation of DNA‐modified gold nanoparticles (DNA–AuNPs). Genetic samples extracted from human hair roots are subjected to this assay. The results are verified by direct sequencing. This study should promise the prospective use of DNA–AuNPs in gene diagnosis.
Risk‐adapted stratification for optimally intensive treatment assignment of pediatric patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma is an effective strategy in developing countries
Authors: Belgaumi Asim F. , Anas Mohammed , Siddiqui Khawar S. , Akhter Mohammed F. , Al‐Kofide Amani
Published: November 2016

Background

Pediatric patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in developing countries (DCs) present with greater tumor load even at lower stages and with comorbidities that impact therapy delivery. This causes toxic mortality with “standard” intensive protocols or recurrences with “gentler” treatment.

Objectives

We developed and evaluated a risk stratification schema that guides intensity of therapy.

Design/Methods

Sixty‐nine patients were prospectively assigned to five risk groups (A–E; n = 6, 15, 16, 15, and 17) following staging and treated with protocols of risk‐stratified intensity. Risk stratification utilized St. Jude stage, disease bulk, and sites involved.

Results

Between 2006 and 2011, 69 patients with B‐cell NHL were enrolled. Among these, 72.5% were boys with mean age of 6.9 years (±3.33 [SD]; range 2.4–14.2 years). Eighty‐seven percent had Burkitt lymphoma, 82.6% had advanced stage (25 [36.2%] stage III; 32 [46.4%] stage IV), and 24.6% were central nervous system positive. Mean lactate dehydrogenase increased progressively across the risk strata. Among these, 0/6, 1/15, 3/16, 2/15, and 7/17 patients relapsed/progressed within each risk stratum. Fifteen patients died; three from treatment‐related toxicity. At a median follow‐up of 6.2 years, the overall and event‐free survival (EFS) for all patients was 78.1 and 75.4%, respectively; EFS was related to risk assignment. The frequency of documented infectious and noninfectious toxicities increased with higher risk group assignment causing prolongation of admissions and potential treatment delays.

Conclusions

Reduction in treatment intensity for an identified subset of patients with NHL is feasible, while high‐intensity therapy is required for high‐risk groups. This risk stratification system may be a first step toward improving the outcomes in some DCs.
Decision making in drug safety—a literature review of criteria used to prioritize newly detected safety issues
Authors: Pacurariu Alexandra C. , Coloma Preciosa M. , Gross‐Martirosyan Liana , Sturkenboom Miriam C. , Straus Sabine M.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

In drug safety, there is a lack of guidance on how prioritization of safety issues should be performed. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of criteria used for signal prioritization and of the associated decision support frameworks.

Methods

A search strategy was constructed to identify relevant articles in Medline/Embase databases from the period from 1 January 1995 to 31 August 2015. The prioritization criteria were extracted and classified in relevant categories.

Results

From an initial set of 63 articles, 11 were retained for full review. The articles mentioned 48 criteria used in the prioritization process, with a median of six criteria per study [range: 1–16]. More than half of the criteria (63%), referred to strength of evidence while 19% related to public health impact, 14% to general public and media attention and 4% to novelty of the drug event association. Fifteen criteria were tested for predictive value with 11 showing positive results, most of them from the strength of evidence category. Six decision‐making frameworks are presented, which incorporate criteria from various categories. Five of these frameworks were tested against expert decisions or by other means, but only in one database each and for a limited set of products.

Conclusions

There is a wide range of prioritization criteria described in the literature; however, few of them demonstrated predictive value. Many criteria with predictive value were related to strength of evidence category and to novelty. There were few attempts at integrating different criteria in decision support frameworks. Five of the frameworks were tested for validity and showed usefulness, while at least three are already in use for prioritization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study and numerical simulation the air jet flow field of a dual slot sharp blunt die in the melt blowing nonwoven process
Authors: Zhao Bo
Published: November 2016

In this work, the physical model of a polymer in a melt blowing process is established and solved by introducing the numerical computation results of the air jet flow field of the dual slot sharp inset die. The influence of the melt blowing processing parameters and the die design parameters on the fiber diameter is also studied. A lower polymer throughput rate, higher polymer melt initial temperature, higher air initial temperature, higher air initial velocity, smaller angle between slot and axis of the spinneret, smaller width of the die head, and larger width of the slot can all produce finer fibers. At the same time, the air jet flow field model of the dual slot sharp inset die of polypropylene polymer nonwovens fabrics in melt blowing process was also established. The air jet flow field model was solved by using the finite difference method. The computational simulation results of the distributions of the z‐components of air temperature and air velocity along the spinline during melt blowing process are in accordance with the experimental data. The air drawing model of melt blowing process was simulated by means of the numerical simulation results of the air jet flow field. The predicted fiber diameter agree with the experimental data. The effects of the air initial velocity and air initial temperature on the fiber diameter were studied and discussed. The results demonstrate that a higher air initial velocity and a higher air initial temperature are beneficial to the air drawing of the polymer melt and thus to reduced fiber diameter. The results show the great potential of this research for computer assisted design in melt blowing nonwoven process and technology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:417–423, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
A comparative proteomic analysis reveals important proteins for the fertilization and early embryonic development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Huang Xiaohong , Huan Pin , Liu Baozhong
Published: November 2016

Molluscan development involves important features that are important to understanding not only molluscan ontogeny but also animal evolution. To gain insight into the gamete proteome and protein function in fertilization and early development, we analyzed the proteomes of unfertilized oocytes and early embryos (2/4‐cell stage) of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. An oocyte reference map containing 116 protein spots, of which 69 were identified, revealed a high abundance of vitellogenin‐derived protein spots. The differentially regulated protein spots during fertilization were screened using comparative proteomic approaches. In total, 18 differentially regulated protein spots were screened, and 15 of these were identified and divided into three groups. The proteins belonging to the first group function in energy supply and antioxidation and are proposed to ensure successful fertilization by regulating the levels of adenosine triphosphate, resisting oxidative stress, and preventing polyspermy. The proteins of the second group are associated with protein synthesis and modification, reflecting active protein synthesis after fertilization. The three proteins belonging to the final group are hypothesized to function in the regulation of embryonic development through the establishment of cell polarity and modulation of methylation reactions in nuclei. These results will enhance our knowledge of molluscan fertilization and development.
Note: Professionals’ View of Consumers’ Packaging Interactions – A Narrative Analysis
Authors: Ryynänen Toni , Rusko Elina
Published: November 2016

The article from this special issue was previously published in Packaging Technology in Science, Volume 28, Issue 4, 2015. For completeness we are including the title page of the article below. The full text of the article can be read in Issue 28:4 on Wiley Online Library: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pts.2107/abstract
Note: An Affordance‐Based Methodology for Package Design
Authors: de la Fuente Javier , Gustafson Stephanie , Twomey Colleen , Bix Laura
Published: November 2016

The article from this special issue was previously published in Packaging Technology in Science, Volume 28, Issue 2, 2015. For completeness we are including the title page of the article below. The full text of the article can be read in Issue 28:2 on Wiley Online Library: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pts.2087/abstract
Embrace challenges as opportunities to learn, grow, and improve
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: November 2016

Weighing and managing the competing requests of those who report to you and hiring the right staff to lead your departments easily rank among the top challenges facing student affairs administrators.
A survey on security vulnerabilities in channel assignment algorithms of multi‐interface wireless mesh networks
Authors: Kaljahi Maryam Asadzadeh , Jahanshahi Mohsen
Published: November 2016

Wireless mesh network (WMN) has been deployed as a key and progressing technology all around the world to provide the end‐to‐end users with high quality of service. Regarding of its major design concern as network throughput, WMN has been evolved based on multi‐channel multi‐radio strategy to make simultaneous transmissions possible. The advent of this significant improvement has introduced other challenging issues such as channel assignment (CA). Its core strategy applied in multi‐radio multi‐channel WMNs to promote achievable capacity using properly mapping the available channels to the radio interfaces. Although, in recent years, there are a number of research studies on CA's improvement, there are some security drawbacks that should be addressed. Most of CA schemes assume all nodes involved in CA techniques are trustworthy. This unrealistic assumption and misbehavior of those nodes makes the network susceptible to various security attacks which lead to performance degradation. This paper presents an in‐depth survey of the CA's attacks as well as detection or prevention mechanism found in the literature. The attacks are classified into two groups: attacks imposed by the malicious neighbor as well as by the assigner or the assignee. In addition, a comparative and analytical discussion is provided on current solutions and their open problems. According to conducted analysis, the current knowledge gap leading to most of these attacks is lack of accurate verification because of implicit trust in nodes in CA procedure. Although, there are some research studies proposing kinds of case‐specific verification, they cannot close the gap properly, and there is a need to comprehensive approach. Finally, reviewing state‐of‐the‐art of related works shows, there are more possible attacks such as collusion or multistage attacks that have not taken into account so far. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometry of principal stress trajectories for a Mohr‐Coulomb material under plane strain
Authors: Alexandrov Sergei , Harris David
Published: November 2016

In the mechanics of granular and other materials the system of equations comprising the Mohr‐Coulomb yield criterion together with the stress equilibrium equations under plane strain conditions forms a statically determinate system. The results presented here for this system are consequently independent of any flow rule that may be chosen to calculate the deformation and also independent of whether elastic strains are included. The stress equilibrium equations are written relative to a coordinate system in which the coordinate curves coincide with the trajectories of the principal stress directions. The general solution of the system is constructed relative to this coordinate system. A simple relation connecting the two scale factors for the coordinate curves is derived. In the special case that the angle of internal friction vanishes, this relation reduces to that already available for the Tresca yield criterion. A simple example is presented to illustrate the general solution. Finally, a boundary value problem for the region adjacent to an external boundary which coincides with a principal stress trajectory is formulated and its solution is outlined.
Identification of inhomogeneous elastic properties of isotropic cylinder
Authors: Bogachev Ivan V. , Nedin Rostislav D. , Vatulyan Alexander O. , Yavruyan Oksana V.
Published: November 2016

We propose a scheme of efficient solving an inverse coefficient problem on a reconstruction of unknown laws of variation of mechanical properties of inhomogeneous isotropic cylindrical region. The reconstruction is performed step‐by‐step by means of solving two problems on torsional and radial vibrations of the considered region that provides a formulation of two inverse problems on searching the unknown functions. We build iterative processes of solving the inverse problems stated; in frames of each process, we derive systems of the Fredholm integral equations of the 1st and the 2nd kind in order to find corrections to the unknown functions relative to the corresponding initial approximations. We conduct the computational experiments on a reconstruction of the unknown dimensionless functions.
Public Health
Authors: Laverack Glenn
Published: November 2016

This highly anticipated new edition of Glenn Laverack‘s Public Health: Power, Empowerment and Professional Practice has been fully revised throughout to provide readers with a practical understanding of how to help others to empower themselves in public health practice. The book explores the key concept of power and offers practical solutions for transforming professional power relations; it introduces a methodology to plan, implement and evaluate public health programmes; and it investigates the implications of empowerment on public health practice.
Toward More Efficient Surveillance of Barrett’s Esophagus: Identification and Exclusion of Patients at Low Risk of Cancer
Authors: Lindblad Mats , Bright Tim , Schloithe Ann , Mayne George C. , Chen Gang , Bull Jeff , Bampton Peter A. , Fraser Robert J. L. , Gatenby Piers A. , Gordon Louisa G. , Watson David I.
Published: November 2016

Background

Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is probably not cost‐effective. A sub‐population with BE at increased risk of high‐grade dysplasia (HGD) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) who could be targeted for cost‐effective surveillance was sought.

Methods

The outcome for BE surveillance from 2003 to 2012 in a structured program was reviewed. Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios for developing HGD or EAC were calculated. Risk stratification identified individuals who could be considered for exclusion from surveillance. A health‐state transition Markov cohort model evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of focusing on higher‐risk individuals.

Results

During 2067 person‐years of follow‐up of 640 patients, 17 individuals progressed to HGD or EAC (annual IR 0.8%). Individuals with columnar‐lined esophagus (CLE) ≥2 cm had an annual IR of 1.2% and >8‐fold increased relative risk of HGD or EAC, compared to CLE <2 cm [IR—0.14% (IRR 8.6, 95% CIs 4.5–12.8)]. Limiting the surveillance cohort after the first endoscopy to individuals with CLE ≥2 cm, or dysplasia, followed by a further restriction after the second endoscopy—exclusion of patients without intestinal metaplasia—removed 296 (46%) patients, and 767 (37%) person‐years from surveillance. Limiting surveillance to the remaining individuals reduced the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio from US$60,858 to US$33,807 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY). Further restrictions were tested but failed to improve cost‐effectiveness.

Conclusions

Based on stratification of risk, the number of patients requiring surveillance can be reduced by at least a third. At a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of US$50,000 per QALY, surveillance of higher‐risk individuals becomes cost‐effective.
Residual bone growth after lengthening procedures
Authors: Journeau Pierre , Lascombes Pierre , Barbier Dominique , Popkov Dmitry
Published: November 2016

The prognosis of limb length discrepancy is a major subject in paediatric orthopaedic surgery. The strategy depends on the prognosis and must be adapted to each patient. The residual growth of the lengthened segment often remains unknown, but is dependent on age, the percentage of lengthening and other factors. Using a large cohort of 150 children who had undergone bone lengthening procedures, we describe five patterns of post-intervention growth and identify factors that are favourable for normal residual growth. The criteria for bone lengthening which should maintain good residual growth are—bone age at lengthening should be before the pubertal growth spurt; the interval between two lengthening procedures should be over three years; the percentage of lengthening should be <30% of the initial segment; and no more than two lengthening procedures should be carried out during infancy.
Planungstheorie und Planungswissenschaft im Praxistest: Arbeitsalltag und Perspektiven von Regionalplanern in Deutschland
Authors: Hellmich Meike , Lamker Christian Wilhelm , Lange Linda
Published: November 2016

Spatial planning challenges increasingly cross local boundaries. Statutory planning, which is organized along all different levels of government, is very complex and with its mix of informal and formal instruments difficult to put into fixed categories. It acts between local self-autonomy and large-scale spatial changes. Available empirical evidence about how and whereby planning is currently done, is often unclear or weak. This article is grounded on a survey of practitioners within regional planning administrations in Germany to investigate the development and use of theories and the perspectives of practitioners on these theories. Theories and their understanding prove to be as diverse as practice itself. The challenge to translate scientific evidence into working progresses of practitioners, the understanding of theories and the self-perception of planning practitioners has also been addressed. One main aim of this article is to show perspectives on the daily work in practice, the transfer of expertise between research and practice, the emergence and use of theories as well as the perception of planning theories by practitioners. Results reveal a highly diverse landscape of planning practices and a duality between a vested interest in research evidence and planning theories, but also deficiencies in communication and mutual understanding.
Unexpected hosts: imaging parasitic diseases
Authors: Rodríguez Carnero Pablo , Hernández Mateo Paula , Martín-Garre Susana , García Pérez Ángela , del Campo Lourdes
Published: November 2016

Radiologists seldom encounter parasitic diseases in their daily practice in most of Europe, although the incidence of these diseases is increasing due to migration and tourism from/to endemic areas. Moreover, some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain European regions, and immunocompromised individuals also pose a higher risk of developing these conditions. This article reviews and summarises the imaging findings of some of the most important and frequent human parasitic diseases, including information about the parasite’s life cycle, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment. We include malaria, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, ascariasis, anisakiasis, dracunculiasis, and strongyloidiasis. The aim of this review is to help radiologists when dealing with these diseases or in cases where they are suspected.

Teaching Points

• Incidence of parasitic diseases is increasing due to migratory movements and travelling.

• Some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain regions in Europe.

• Parasitic diseases can have complex life cycles often involving different hosts.

• Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential for patient management in parasitic diseases.

• Radiologists should be able to recognise and suspect the most relevant parasitic diseases.
An Improved Methodology to Overcome Key Issues in Human Fecal Metagenomic DNA Extraction
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , Kumar Manoj , Gupta Shashank , Ahmed Vasim , Bhambi Manu , Pandey Rajesh , Chauhan Nar Singh
Published: November 2016

Microbes are ubiquitously distributed in nature, and recent culture-independent studies have highlighted the significance of gut microbiota in human health and disease. Fecal DNA is the primary source for the majority of human gut microbiome studies. However, further improvement is needed to obtain fecal metagenomic DNA with sufficient amount and good quality but low host genomic DNA contamination. In the current study, we demonstrate a quick, robust, unbiased, and cost-effective method for the isolation of high molecular weight (>23 kb) metagenomic DNA (260/280 ratio >1.8) with a good yield (55.8 ± 3.8 ng/mg of feces). We also confirm that there is very low human genomic DNA contamination (eubacterial: human genomic DNA marker genes = 227.9:1) in the human feces. The newly-developed method robustly performs for fresh as well as stored fecal samples as demonstrated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using 454 FLX+. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that compared to other DNA extraction methods tested, the fecal metagenomic DNA isolated with current methodology retains species richness and does not show microbial diversity biases, which is further confirmed by qPCR with a known quantity of spike-in genomes. Overall, our data highlight a protocol with a balance between quality, amount, user-friendliness, and cost effectiveness for its suitability toward usage for culture-independent analysis of the human gut microbiome, which provides a robust solution to overcome key issues associated with fecal metagenomic DNA isolation in human gut microbiome studies.
Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform
Authors: BUI Thiem Hai
Published: November 2016

The supremacy of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) has been the basic norm in Vietnam’s constitution since 1980. While it was not changed in the final constitutional amendments in 2013, thisgrundnormwas seriously debated during the constitutional reform process between 2010-2013, thus indicating a shift in the constitutional dialogue in Vietnam. This article traces the history of this basic norm throughout constitutional amendments of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) and assesses how the basic norm has become increasingly contested. Contestations over this basic norm have played out markedly over the recent constitutional reform process. The discursive power in these contestations has shaken the rationality-based legitimacy of this basic norm to its root. The continuing dominance of this norm depends to a large extent on how the Vietnamese party-state’s practical policy-making and policy implementation initiatives address the increasing tension between the supremacy of the CPV and other principles in the constitution.