bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
À propos d'une prétendue distinction entre la chimie et l'alchimie au xviie siècle : Questions d'histoire et de méthode
Authors: Joly Bernard
Published: April 2010

Résumé La chimie moderne, loin de s’être constituée en rupture avec la tradition alchimique, s’est au contraire nourrie des travaux d’une « philosophie chimique » d’inspiration paracelsienne qui produit encore ses effets dans les travaux des chimistes de l’Académie royale des sciences au début du xviii e siècle. C’est ce que montre en particulier l’analyse de la querelle qui opposa Louis Lémery et Étienne-François Geoffroy à propos de la fabrication artiﬁcielle du fer. Les arguments que Geoffroy oppose aux conceptions mécanistes de Lémery sont tirés de travaux alchimiques sur la teinture des métaux et les principes métalliques à l’œuvre dans les opérations de transmutation. Son attaque contre les supercheries des alchimistes vise les charlatans, mais non pas les travaux de ses prédécesseurs, dont il tirera la célèbre table des affinités chimiques, qui constitue l’un des piliers de la chimie du xviii e siècle.
Fouchy et ses travaux en astronomie
Authors: Dumont Simone , Débarbat Suzanne
Published: April 2010

Résumé Jean-Paul Grandjean – devenu de Fouchy en 1743, lorsqu’il est nommé secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie des sciences – s’est formé à l’astronomie auprès de Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, avant le départ de ce dernier pour la Russie. Fouchy installe bientôt chez lui un observatoire qu’il équipe d’instruments du constructeur Claude Langlois, et où il mène différentes observations. Le domaine d’intérêt principal de Fouchy concerne les « machines » ; il s’agit entre autres d’appareils venant équiper les quarts-de-cercle pour en faciliter l’emploi. Comme secrétaire perpétuel, il demeure en fonction jusqu’en 1776 et, à ce titre, il prononce de nombreux éloges dont une dizaine sont relatifs à des astronomes.
L'aspect gnomonique de l'œuvre de Fouchy : La méridienne de temps moyen
Authors: Savoie Denis
Published: April 2010

Résumé Grandjean de Fouchy a eu l’idée d’incorporer l’équation du temps dans le calcul de la méridienne d’un cadran solaire, lui donnant alors une forme de huit. Cette invention essentielle a permis dès 1730 de lire directement sur un tel cadran le temps solaire moyen, et plus tard par extension le Temps universel.
Safety Concerns of Hospital-Based New-to-Practice Registered Nurses and Their Preceptors
Authors: Myers Sue , Reidy Patricia , French Brian , McHale Jeanne , Chisholm Margery , Griffin Martha
Published: April 2010

Background:

On graduation, nursing students enter a critical transition process to become professional registered nurses (RNs).

Methods:

Six new-to-practice RN groups and seven preceptor groups convened to explore their views of the safety concerns of new-to-practice RNs.

Results:

The main learning needs of new-to-practice RNs identified by both preceptors and new-to-practice RNs centered on perceptions of uncertainty about technical aspects of nursing care. Lack of critical thinking and inability to think holistically contributed to increased stress. Preceptors who provided frequent feedback in a positive manner were rated as important to the developmental process of becoming a skilled RN.

Conclusion:

Safety and learning needs identified in this study are amenable to teaching solutions, both in academia and in the hospital work setting.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2010;41(4):163–171.
Creating Tomorrow's Leaders Today: The Emerging Nurse Leaders Program of the Texas Nurses Association
Authors: Sportsman Susan , Wieck K. Lynn , Yoder-Wise Patricia S. , Light Kathleen M. , Jordan Clair
Published: April 2010

The Texas Nurses Association initiated an Emerging Nurse Leaders Program as an approach to engaging new nurses in the leadership of the professional association. This article explains the program's origin, the commitment of the Texas Nurses Association to this process, the implementation of the plan, and the discussions that launched a new way of connecting leaders across generations. Further, it is an approach that any professional organization can use to encourage the involvement of new leaders.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2010;41(6):259–266.
What Do Nurses Need to Know About the Quality Enterprise?
Authors: Farquhar Marybeth , Kurtzman Ellen T. , Thomas Kimberly Arrington
Published: April 2010

Significant and ongoing lapses in health care quality and safety, the growing number of uninsured and underinsured, and the economic crisis have ignited interest in health care reform. As the single largest group of health care professionals, nurses will be affected by and will have influence on these reforms. This article provides a primer on the administration's agenda, its historical context, and the way in which it is likely to affect nursing. It reviews current policy directions aimed at improving quality, driving consumer selection of health care providers, and holding providers accountable for the care delivered. Specifically, this article (1) reviews the fundamentals of transparency, accountability, financial incentives, and collaborative networks; (2) illustrates these policies with real-world examples; (3) provides a road map for nurses; and (4) offers recommendations for the role of continuing education.
J Contin Educ Nurs
2010;41(6):246–256.
Pharmacotherapy for Pediatric Major Depression
Authors: Tao Rongrong , Emslie Graham , Mayes Taryn
Published: April 2010

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Identify the most up-to-date empirical evidence in the treatment of pediatric depression.

2.

List evidence-based, step-by step recommendations for the pharmacologic treatment of pediatric depression.

3.

Discuss switching versus augmentation strategies for non-responsive or partially responsive pediatric depression.
Identifying and Managing Sources of Pain and Distress in Children with Neurological Impairment
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: April 2010

CME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.

Identify typical sources of pain and discomfort experienced by children with severe neurological impairment (NI) who are nonverbal.

2.

Discuss a systematic approach to assessing pain and discomfort in children who are neurologically impaired and nonverbal.

3.

Explain symptom management strategies into a medical plan for a child with NI.
Pulmonary Complications of Pediatric Neurological Diseases
Authors: Healy Fiona , Panitch Howard B.
Published: April 2010

CME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

1.

Outline the pathophysiology of the respiratory complications associated with neurological disease in children.

2.

List the treatment options for these respiratory complications, including methods of secretion management, cough augmentation, and ventilatory support.

3.

Explain the indications for, and risks and benefits of, commencing invasive or non-invasive ventilation in children with neurological disabilities.
Integrating Evidence-Based Practice into RN-to-BSN Clinical Nursing Education
Authors: Oh Eui Geum , Kim Sunah , Kim So Sun , Kim Sue , Cho Eun Yong , Yoo Ji-Soo , Kim Hee Soon , Lee Ju Hee , You Mi Ae , Lee Hyejung
Published: April 2010

This study examines the effects of integrating evidence-based practice (EBP) into clinical practicum on EBP efficacy and barriers to research utilization among Korean RN-to-BSN students. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. Eighty-one students were recruited from a school of nursing in Korea. Evidence-based practice clinical practicum was composed of two consecutive programs during one semester. Lectures, individual mentoring on EBP practicum, small group, and wrap-up conferences were provided. Outcomes of EBP efficacy and barriers to research utilization were analyzed using paired
t
tests for 74 final participants. Evidence-based practice efficacy scores increased significantly (
p
< 0.05), and the barriers to research utilization scores decreased significantly after the EBP clinical practicum. The results highlight the effectiveness of EBP education among RN-to-BSN students. These results may help health educators develop effective educational strategies to integrate EBP concepts into a clinical practicum.
Nursing Students’ Self-Evaluation Using a Video Recording of Foley Catheterization: Effects on Students’ Competence, Communication Skills, and Learning Motivation
Authors: Yoo Moon Sook , Yoo Il Young , Lee Hyejung
Published: April 2010

An opportunity for a student to evaluate his or her own performance enhances self-awareness and promotes self-directed learning. Using three outcome measures of competency of procedure, communication skills, and learning motivation, the effects of self-evaluation using a video recording of the student’s Foley catheterization was investigated in this study. The students in the experimental group (
n
= 20) evaluated their Foley catheterization performance by reviewing the video recordings of their own performance, whereas students in the control group (
n
= 20) received written evaluation guidelines only. The results showed that the students in the experimental group had better scores on competency (
p
< 0.001), communication skills (
p
< 0.001), and learning motivation (
p
= 0.018) than the control group at the post-test, which was conducted 8 weeks after the pretest. Self-awareness of one’s own performance developed by reviewing a videotape appears to increase the competency of clinical skills in nursing students.
The Effect of Inferior Oblique Muscle Z Myotomy in Patients with Inferior Oblique Overaction
Authors: Lee Se Yup , Cho Hyun Kyung , Kim Hyun Kyung , Lee Young Chun
Published: April 2010

Purpose:

To investigate the surgical outcomes of inferior oblique muscle Z myotomy in patients with inferior oblique overaction (IOOA).

Methods:

A prospective study was performed in 21 patients (primary IOOA in 13 patients, secondary IOOA in 8 patients) who underwent inferior oblique muscle Z myotomy. Patients with IOOA under the degree of +2 were included. Seventy percent of Z myotomies were performed at 6 mm along the physiological path after identifying the inferior oblique muscle through an inferotemporal fornix incision. A comparison was made before the operation and 3 months postoperatively on the degree of IOOA, vertical deviation, and cyclotorsion.

Results:

Simultaneous horizontal rectus surgery was performed with inferior oblique muscle Z myotomy because all patients had combined horizontal deviation. The mean degrees of preoperative and postoperative IOOA were +1.9 ± 0.32 and +0.7 ± 0.67 in the primary IOOA group and +1.83 ± 0.41 and +0.17 ± 0.41 in the secondary IOOA group. Six of 7 patients in the primary IOOA group showed V-pattern strabismus, which was improved in all cases after the operation. In the secondary IOOA group, changes of preoperative and postoperative hypertropia and cyclodeviation were from 7.75 ± 6.64 prism diopters and 8.6 ± 2.31° to 1.2 ± 3.35 prism diopters and 4.7 ± 2.02°, respectively. Inadvertent complete myotomy occurred in 1 patient due to excessive traction by an assistant during the procedure.

Conclusion:

Inferior oblique muscle Z myotomy was an effective surgical procedure in patients with primary and secondary IOOA under the degree of +2.
Struggling to Maintain Occupation While Dealing with Risk: The Experiences of Older Adults with Low Vision
Authors: Rudman Debbie Laliberte , Huot Suzanne , Klinger Lisa , Leipert Beverly D. , Spafford Marlee M.
Published: April 2010

The primary aim of this descriptive phenomenological study was to describe the core aspects of living with low vision in later life among older adults (aged 70 years and older) who had not accessed rehabilitation services for low vision. Thirty-four older adults from urban and rural areas participated in a semi-structured qualitative interview and a telephone follow-up. Drawing on an occupational science perspective and using Giorgi and Giorgi's (2003) method of analysis, the essence of the experience of living with low vision was identified as struggling to maintain valued and necessary occupations while dealing with risk. Additional themes included enhanced sense of risk, striving for independence, and shrinking physical and social life spaces. Findings are interpreted in relation to occupational adaptation and environmental influences on occupation, and implications for the role of occupational therapists are discussed.
Causas sociales de la depresión. Una revisión crítica del modelo atributivo de la depresión
Authors: Álvaro-Estramiana José Luis , Garrido-Luque Alicia , Schweiger-Gallo Inge
Published: April 2010

La depresión es la principal causa de deterioro en el bienestar psicológico en el mundo. la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo abordar el estudio de la depresión desde una perspectiva psicosociológica, analizando el papel que desempeñan las atribuciones causales en su génesis. Para ello, se propone un modelo explicativo de la depresión que tiene en cuenta el papel de factores de naturaleza social, como los acontecimientos vitales estresantes y los recursos de afrontamiento, el apoyo social, la alienación y la autoestima. Los resultados obtenidos son consistentes con la hipótesis de un estilo atributivo característico, así como con el modelo atributivo de la depresión. Sin embargo, también apuntan a que el estilo atributivo no está significativamente asociado a la depresión cuando tenemos en cuenta el papel de otras variables sociales. estos resultados indican la necesidad de una perspectiva más amplia, y específicamente sociológica, en los estudios sobre la depresión.
Género y vocación científica. Un estudio de caso basado en mecanismos
Authors: León Francisco José , Mora Enrico
Published: April 2010

A pesar de los avances hacia la igualdad, la plantilla del personal académico de las universidades españolas continua siendo fundamentalmente masculina. De los distintos filtros que actúan impidiendo el progreso académico de las mujeres hacia categorías superiores, aquellos que tienen lugar en el periodo de solicitud y disfrute de las becas de investigación son especialmente importantes. En ese periodo tiene lugar un proceso diferencial de construcción de subjetividades para mujeres y hombres cuyo efecto principal es una elaboración diferencial de las expectativas y preferencias profesionales para el futuro. Basándonos en el análisis de 40 entrevistas (18 realizadas al personal becario y 22 al profesorado de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona) y de una encuesta online realizada a 258 becarios/as de la UAB, tratamos de identificar algunos mecanismos causales que pueden ayudarnos a explicar por qué se produce una diferencia en las probabilidades de formación de un orden de preferencias que sitúe a la actividad científica como objetivo profesional prioritario, es decir, por qué los hombres desarrollan más frecuentemente que las mujeres una vocación científica.
Migración irregular y aislamiento social. Los jornaleros tamaulipecos indocumentados en los Estados Unidos
Authors: Izcara-Palacios Simón Pedro
Published: April 2010

El concepto de “aislamiento social” ha sido insuficientemente utilizado en el análisis de la pobreza. “Exclusión social” y “marginalidad” son dos conceptos más desarrollados. El “aislamiento social” hace referencia a una erosión de las esferas relacionales del individuo (esto es, a una falta de soporte familiar y/o redes sociales, y a una ausencia de actividad social e interacción recreacional). Más aún, el “aislamiento social” está asociado a síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. Este artículo analiza la situación de aislamiento social de los jornaleros indocumentados tamaulipecos empleados en los Estados Unidos.
Improving Teacher Preparation Through an Electronic Data Management System
Authors: Hyatt Kim J.
Published: April 2010

The focus of this article is how technology, specifically, the utilization of an electronic data management system, can be integrated into the college classroom as a lens for reflective practice on teacher preparation. In addition to using a traditional Teacher Evaluation Questionnaire (TEQ) for feedback, the instructor documented the impact of instructional practices by entering assessment rubrics as fields in the electronic data management system. Teacher candidate scores were collected and analyzed over multiple semesters in order to make improvements to instruction. The changes to instructional practices were evidenced in higher scores on assessment rubrics following course revisions. Using an electronic data management system offers the instructor an additional resource to engage in reflective practice.
Identifying Strategies for Geo-Information Utilization – A Case Study of Ratnapura Municipality of Sri Lanka
Authors: Divithura H
Published: April 2010

Many organizations in Sri Lanka have been involved in spatial data collection and distribution. However, most of the local authorities have not been using the available spatial data optimally. This can be identified as one of the major reasons contributing to poor performance of the local authorities in the country. The major functions of local authorities fall within the categories of public health and environmental sanitation, public thoroughfare and public utilities. But, at present, the effectiveness and efficiency of local authorities operating under these fields are not up to the expected level. Problems/constraints that come up regarding the usage of Geo-information within the local authorities are one of the identified reasons for the inefficiency and the non-effectiveness. It also has major implications on the current operational practices within the local authorities. This paper discusses this issue in detail by considering Ratnapura Municipality as a case study. The data was collected by using questionnaires, interviews, physical observations and available supported documents. Data analysis aims to identify Geo-information providers related to the Ratnapura Municipality and District Planning Office and compare the requirements, perceptions and activities in acquiring Geo-information between the above two organizations. Comparison between these two administrative levels will help to identify the improvement strategies to utilize Geo-information within the Municipality. This analysis utilizes a technique of Strategic Grids, including grids with Interest vs. Awareness. Such grids identify the improvement strategies for effective and efficient process of Geo-information exchange, targeting to improve present Geo-information usage in the Ratnapura municipality. Major findings can be summarized as: (a) lack of the required capacity of the municipality to cope with Geo-information related work; (b) lack of motivation of the municipality staff from the management level for Geo-information related activities. This situation has been further aggravated due to the lack of an effective linkage between the major Geoinformation providers and the municipality. Key Words: Geo-information Management; Capacity Building; Local Authorities; Disaster Mitigation DOI: 10.4038/suslj.v8i1.1850 Sabaramuwa University Journal Vol. 8(1); December 2008, pp 49-60
The Absence of Serum IgM Enhances the Susceptibility of Mice to Pulmonary Challenge withCryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Subramaniam Krishanthi S. , Datta Kausik , Quintero Eric , Manix Catherine , Marks Matthew S. , Pirofski Liise-anne
Published: April 2010

The importance of T cell-mediated immunity for resistance to the disease (cryptococcal disease) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans is incontrovertible, but whether Ab immunity also contributes to resistance remains uncertain. To investigate the role of IgM in resistance to C. neoformans, we compared the survival, fungal burden, lung and brain inflammatory responses, and lung phagocytic response of sIgM−/− mice, which lack secreted IgM, to that of IgM sufficient C57BL6x129Sv (heretofore, control) mice at different times after intranasal infection with C. neoformans (24067). sIgM−/− mice had higher mortality and higher blood and brain CFUs 28 d postinfection, but lung CFUs were comparable. Lungs of control mice manifested exuberant histiocytic inflammation with visible C. neoformans, findings that were not observed in sIgM−/− mice, whereas in brain sections, sIgM−/− mice had marked inflammation with visible C. neoformans that was not observed in control mice. Cytokine responses were significant for higher levels of lung IL-1β and IL-12 24 h postinfection in control mice and higher levels of lung and brain IL-17 28 d postinfection in sIgM−/− mice. Alveolar macrophage phagocytosis was significantly higher for control than for sIgM−/− mice 24 h postinfection; however, phagocytic indices of sIgM−/− mice increased after reconstitution of sIgM−/− mice with polyclonal IgM. These data establish a previously unrecognized role for IgM in resistance to intranasal infection with C. neoformans in mice and suggest that the mechanism by which it mediates a host benefit is by augmenting Th1 polarization, macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis of C. neoformans.
Tumor Immunoediting by NKp46
Authors: Elboim Moran , Gazit Roi , Gur Chamutal , Ghadially Hormas , Betser-Cohen Gili , Mandelboim Ofer
Published: April 2010

NK cells interact with a wide variety of hazardous cells including pathogen-infected and tumor cells. NKp46 is a specific NK killer receptor that recognizes various influenza hemagglutinins and unknown tumor ligands. It was recently shown that NKp46 plays a significant role in the in vivo eradication of tumor cells; however, the role played by NKp46 in vivo with regard to tumor development is still unclear. In this study, we used the 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced fibrosarcoma model in NKp46-deficient mice to test the NKp46 recognition of carcinogen-induced tumors. We show that although the rate of MCA-induced tumor formation was similar in the presence and in the absence of NKp46, the expression of its unknown ligands was NKp46 dependent. The unknown NKp46 ligands were nearly absent in tumors that originated in wild-type mice, whereas they were detected in tumors that originated in the NKp46-deficient mice. We demonstrate that the interactions between NKp46 and its MCA tumor-derived ligands lead to the secretion of IFN-γ but not to the elimination of the MCA-derived tumor cells. In addition, we show that the in vivo growth of MCA-derived tumor cells expressing high levels of the NKp46 ligands is NKp46 and IFN-γ dependent. Thus, we present in this study a novel NKp46-mediated mechanism of tumor editing.
Activation of T Lymphocytes in Response to Persistent Bacterial Infection: Induction of CD11b and of Toll-Like Receptors on T Cells
Authors: Kotsougiani Dimitra , Pioch Marco , Prior Birgit , Heppert Volkmar , Hänsch G. Maria , Wagner Christof
Published: April 2010

T cell activation is invariably associated with virus infections, but activation of T cells is also noted, for example, in patients with persistent bacterial infections with intracellular pathogens or localised bacterial biofilms. The latter is characterised by a destructive inflammatory process. Massive infiltration of leukocytes, predominantly of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and of T lymphocytes, is seen. While PMN influx into sites of bacterial infection is in line with their role as “first-line defence” a role of T cells in bacterial infection has not yet been delineated. We now found evidence for activation and expansion of peripheral blood T cells and an upregulation of Toll-like receptors 1, 2, and 4 on small portions of T cells. T cells recovered from the infected site were terminally differentiated and produced interferon gamma, a cytokine known to enhance functions of phagocytic cells, leading to the conclusion that infiltrated T cells support the local immuner defence.
Romance, reverence, research, rights: Writing about elephant hunting and management in southern Africa, c.1830s to 2008
Authors: Carruthers Jane
Published: April 2010

The protection and management of large mammals in Africa’s national parks is not a matter to be left solely for the attention of natural science and scientists. The way in which the natural world is conceptualised by the humanities and social sciences is also significant, because nature is cultural as well as scientific. This article is an interdisciplinary appraisal of the manner in which the writing (e.g. discourse, vocabulary) about elephants in various literary and scientific texts has altered over time. It aims to provide an analysis of some of the literature about elephants in order to examine literate society’s changing responses to the hunting and management of elephants in southern Africa over the past two centuries. The review suggests that new research questions regarding animal cognition and empathy have been generated by these changing attitudes, in conjunction with fresh directions in ecological understanding.Conservation implications: Biodiversity conservation is an inexact science, and even the distinction between conservation research and conservation management is not clear-cut. Moreover, a degree of emotion is evident in scientific and popular discussions around what should be ‘saved’ and how best this might be achieved. Nature is cultural as well as scientific and interdisciplinary insights from the humanities and social sciences may beneficially inform protected area management.
Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their differential use by right‐wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation in support of war
Authors: Jackson Lydia Eckstein , Gaertner Lowell
Published: April 2010

Right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are associated with the approval of war as a political intervention [McFarland, 2005]. We examined whether the effects of RWA and SDO on war support are mediated by moral‐disengagement mechanisms [i.e., responsibility reduction, moral justification, minimizing consequences, and dehumanizing–blaming victims; Bandura, 1999] and whether the ideologies use the mechanisms differently. Our data were consistent with the possibility that minimizing consequences (Study 1) and moral justification (Study 2) mediate the effects of RWA and SDO on approval of war. Both ideologies were positively associated with all moral‐disengagement mechanism though more strongly so for RWA. Comparisons within ideologies suggest that RWA was most strongly associated with moral justification and SDO was most strongly associated with dehumanizing–blaming victims. We discuss implications and limitations. Aggr. Behav. 36:238–250, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Floating limb behaviors and self‐biting are associated in laboratory monkeys
Authors: Bentson Kathy L. , Crockett Carolyn M. , Wahl Kimberly L. , Runeson Erik P. , Bellanca Rita U. , Lee Grace H. , Thom Jinhee P. , Montgomery Heather B. , Yi Monica H. , McComas Julia G. S. , Ha James C.
Published: April 2010

Early descriptions of floating limb behaviors in monkeys were associated with isolation rearing, a practice that ended more than two decades ago. The present authors named various forms of behaviors in which a leg is elevated for no apparent reason: “Floating Limb Suite” (FLS). Floating limb behaviors, identified in laboratory monkeys at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), consist of two subcategories distinguished by whether monkeys seem to react to the elevated leg or ignore it. Given the past association of isolation rearing with both self‐biting (SB) and floating limb, the investigators predicted that SB and FLS would be associated in monkeys not reared in isolation. The investigators tracked, over a period of 3 years, the presence of FLS and SB in macaques (Macaca nemestrina, M. fascicularis, M. mulatta) and Papio cynocephalus at WaNPRC. SB and both subcategories of FLS occurred in mother‐reared and surrogate‐peer‐nursery‐reared monkeys. We analyzed presence of FLS, the two subcategories of FLS, and SB in 1,117 macaques monitored for up to 3 years, and 781 macaques observed for 8 min of structured data collection. The Papio sample size was insufficient for statistical analysis. Both sampling methodologies found FLS and FLS subcategories to be associated with SB. Nearly half the monkeys only engaging in seemingly harmless nonreactive forms of FLS also performed the potentially injurious behavior of self‐biting. The positive association between FLS and SB suggests that monkeys exhibiting one of these behaviors are at a heightened risk for developing the other. One impediment to studying floating limb behaviors is lack of consensus on definitions. This study defined seven forms of apparently functionless elevated limb behaviors. Continued research on factors associated with floating limb behaviors across demographic groups and settings may provide insights into the etiology and treatment of self‐biting. Am. J. Primatol. 72:725–733, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conserving social–ecological systems in Indonesia: human–nonhuman primate interconnections in Bali and Sulawesi
Authors: Riley Erin P. , Fuentes Agustín
Published: April 2010

An important question asked by primatologists and conservationists alike is: what is the relevance of primates and primate conservation for ecosystem conservation? The goal of this article is to contribute to this dialogue by advocating the use of a research perspective that focuses on the dynamics of human–nonhuman primate sympatry and interaction (i.e., ethnoprimatology) in order to better understand complex social–ecological systems and to inform their conservation management. This perspective/approach is based largely on the recognition that human primates are important components of all ecological systems and that niche construction is a fundamental feature of their adaptive success. To demonstrate the relevance of the human–nonhuman primate interface for ecosystem conservation, we provide examples from our research from two islands in the Indonesian archipelago: Bali and Sulawesi. In Bali, humans and long‐tail macaques coexist in a system that creates favorable environments for the macaques. This anthropogenic landscape and the economic and ecological relationships between humans and monkeys on Bali provide insight into sustainable systems of human/nonhuman primate coexistence. In Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi, villagers and Tonkean macaques overlap in their use of both forest and cultivated resources. The finding that the Arenga pinnata palm is extremely important for both villagers and macaques points to a conservation management recommendation that may help protect the overall ecosystem; the cultivation and propagation of mutually important tree species at forest‐agricultural ecotone as a means to curb crop raiding and to alleviate farmer's perceived need to clear additional forest. Am. J. Primatol. 73:62–74, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male mating tactics in spider monkeys: sneaking to compete
Authors: Gibson K. Nicole
Published: April 2010

I investigated the mating system and male mating tactics for a population of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth chamek), to identify the behaviors males used to achieve and maintain access to sexually receptive females, and to examine if some males used more tactics than other males and/or had differential access to females. Results show that the mating system mostly involved scramble competition polygyny and that males used a range of mating tactics and behaviors, previously unreported for spider monkeys. The most unusual feature of spider monkey mating behavior was the secretive nature of copulations—nearly all copulations were clandestine, but a few were in the presence of other group members. Fifteen sexually mature males were observed to copulate 43 times. These data provide the first opportunity to evaluate how female availability influences male–male competition. First, the operational sex ratio was highly skewed toward males because usually only one female was receptive in each community per month. Second, females only mated with a few males in their community in any one mating period, but some females mated over the course of multiple consecutive mating periods, eventually mating with most or all of the males in their community. Across all communities, 9 (21%) of the 43 copulations involved a single male–female partner, 20 (47%) involved four males mating with the same female, and males mated with from one to four different females. Fourteen of the 16 total adult males and 1 subadult male (10 total) copulated. One or two males in each community were successful in monopolizing access to receptive females, and these males did not usually have the highest rates of copulation. In this system, clandestine copulations are one behavioral solution to the complex problem of gaining mating exclusivity and, probably, exercising mate choice. Am. J. Primatol. 72:794–804, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Herbivorous fishes and the potential of Caribbean marine reserves to preserve coral reef ecosystems
Authors: Kopp Dorothée , Bouchon‐Navaro Yolande , Louis Max , Mouillot David , Bouchon Claude
Published: April 2010

The development of macroalgae to the detriment of corals is now one of the major threats to coral reefs. Herbivorous fishes are partly responsible for algal regulation on coral reefs and their overexploitation favours the shift from scleractinian coral‐dominated systems towards macroalgae‐dominated systems.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) that have been established worldwide may benefit coral reefs through the maintenance of high densities of herbivorous fishes which regulate algal growth.

The paper assesses whether small MPAs in the Caribbean are able to enhance herbivorous fish stock and by controlling macroalgae help to maintain reef ecosystems. A visual census using band‐transects was undertaken around Guadeloupe island where marine reserves have been in place since 1979. The effects of MPAs on both benthic communities and herbivorous fishes are examined.

Inside MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass was almost twice as high as outside MPAs and macroalgal cover was significantly lower. Fish size class distributions revealed that large individuals occurred mainly inside MPAs and that few male individuals were found outside MPAs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homogeneous Analysis: Label‐Free and Substrate‐Free Aptasensors
Authors: Li Bingling , Dong Shaojun , Wang Erkang
Published: April 2010

In this Focus Review, we introduce a kind of “label‐free” and “substrate‐free” (LFSF) aptasensor that carries out the whole sensing process in a homogeneous solution. This means that commonly used covalent label; separation, and immobilization steps in biosensors are successfully avoided, which simplifies the sensing operations to the greatest degree. After brief description about the advantages of aptamers and “LFSF” aptasensors, the main content of the review is divided into fluorescent aptasenors, calorimetric aptasensors, and hemin‐aptamer‐DNAzyme “LFSF” aptasensors, which are three most widely developed sensing systems in this field. It is hoped that this review can provide an overall scene about how aptamers function as ideal recognition elements in smart analysis.
Development of a High‐Throughput Screening Platform for DNA 3′‐Phosphatases and Their Inhibitors Based on a Universal Molecular Beacon and Quantitative Real‐time PCR
Authors: Song Chen , Zhang Chen , Zhao Mei‐Ping
Published: April 2010

DNA 3′‐phosphatases play a unique role in the repair of strand breaks induced by DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation or oxidative stress. In this paper, we present an efficient detection system for rapid screening of DNA 3′‐phosphatases and their inhibitors. A unique template substrate has been designed to hybridize with the universal molecular beacon (U‐MB), and the detection process is carried out in a quantitative real‐time PCR. The method is successfully applied to monitor the activity and kinetics of two typical 3′‐phosphatases, that is, T4 polynucleotide kinase phosphatase (PNKP) and calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP). The inhibition effect of heparin on T4 PNKP and theophylline on CIP is also quantitatively characterized. The proposed method is demonstrated to be very useful for sensitive, high‐throughput, and precise measurement of various 3′‐phosphatases and their inhibitors.
The Cygnus X region: XXIII. Is 18P87 galactic or extragalactic?
Authors: Behre O.P. , Wendker H.J. , Higgs L.A. , Landecker T.L.
Published: April 2010

The radio source 18P87, previously thought to be a point source, has been serendipitously found to be resolved into a core‐jet geometry in VLA maps. H I absorption of continuum emission (in data from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey) appears in gas with radial velocities >+2 km/s but not in brightly emitting gas at lower radial velocity. Examination of further archival observations at radio, infrared and optical wavelengths suggests that the “obvious” interpretation as a radio galaxy requires a rather unusual object of this kind and a highly unusual local line of sight. We argue that 18P87 may be a Galactic object, a local astrophysical jet. If this is correct it could have arisen from outbursts of a microquasar (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Eastern filament of W50
Authors: Abolmasov P. , Maryeva O. , Burenkov A.N.
Published: April 2010

We present new spectral (FPI and long‐slit) data on the Eastern optical filament of the well known radionebula W50 associated with SS433. We find that on sub‐parsec scales different emission lines are emitted by different regions with evidently different physical conditions. Kinematical properties of the ionized gas show evidence for moderately high (V ∼ 100 km s–1) supersonic motions. [O III]λ 5007 emission is found to be multi‐component and differs from lowerexcitation [S II]λ 6717 line both in spatial and kinematical properties. Indirect evidence for very low characteristic densities of the gas (n ∼ 0.1 cm–3) is found. We propose radiative (possibly incomplete) shock waves in low‐density, moderately high metallicity gas as the most probable candidate for the power source of the optical filament. Apparent nitrogen overabundance is better understood if the location of W50 in the Galaxy is taken into account (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Masses and luminosities of O‐ and B‐type stars and red supergiants
Authors: Hohle M.M. , Neuhäuser R. , Schutz B.F.
Published: April 2010

Massive stars are of interest as progenitors of supernovae, i.e. neutron stars and black holes, which can be sources of gravitational waves. Recent population synthesis models can predict neutron star and gravitational wave observations but deal with a fixed supernova rate or an assumed initial mass function for the population of massive stars. Here we investigate those massive stars, which are supernova progenitors, i.e. with O‐ and early B‐type stars, and also all supergiants within 3 kpc. We restrict our sample to those massive stars detected both in 2MASS and observed by Hipparcos, i.e. only those stars with parallax and precise photometry. To determine the luminosities we calculated the extinctions from published multi‐colour photometry, spectral types, luminosity class, all corrected for multiplicity and recently revised Hipparcos distances. We use luminosities and temperatures to estimate the masses and ages of these stars using different models from different authors. Having estimated the luminosities of all our stars within 3 kpc, in particular for all O‐ and early B‐type stars, we have determined the median and mean luminosities for all spectral types for luminosity classes I, III, and V. Our luminosity values for supergiants deviate from earlier results: Previous work generally overestimates distances and luminosities compared to our data, this is likely due to Hipparcos parallaxes (generally more accurate and larger than previous ground‐based data) and the fact that many massive stars have recently been resolved into multiples of lower masses and luminosities. From luminosities and effective temperatures we derived masses and ages using mass tracks and isochrones from different authors. From masses and ages we estimated lifetimes and derived a lower limit for the supernova rate of ≈20 events/Myr averaged over the next 10 Myr within 600 pc from the sun. These data are then used to search for areas in the sky with higher likelihood for a supernova or gravitational wave event (like OB associations) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A uvbyβ photometric analysis of the Monoceros star‐forming field
Authors: Kaltcheva N. , Kuchera A. , Hathaway C.
Published: April 2010

This investigation presents a new analysis of the spatial distribution of the bright early‐type stars in the field of Northern Monoceros. A database of all O–B9 stars with available uvbyβ photometry is collated and a homogeneous distance scale is established for the clusters and layers of field stars. We provide revised distances for NGC 2264 and NGC 2244 of 833±38 (s.e.) pc and 1585±60 (s.e.) pc, respectively. We present arguments that there might be substructures in the clusters projected along the line of sight. According to the present sample the classical Mon OB2 association at 1.6 kpc is represented by a relatively compact group at 1.26 kpc in the vicinity of NGC 2244 and a layer of massive stars located between 1.5 and 3 kpc (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Messergebnisse und bauphysikalische Lösungsansätze zur Problematik der Holzbalkenköpfe in Außenwänden mit Innendämmung
Authors: Stopp Horst , Strangfeld Peter , Toepel Torsten , Anlauft Eva
Published: April 2010

Erstaunlich lange bestehen Unsicherheiten in der Beurteilung der bauphysikalischen Situation von Holzbalkenköpfen in Außenwänden mit Innendämmung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die gegenwärtige Situation sowie laufende Messungen in Verbindung mit verschiedenen Lösungsansätzen in mehreren Objekten einschließlich erster neuer Messergebnisse dargelegt. Mittels laufender und zukünftiger Projekte sollen messtechnisch und rechnerisch belegte Grundlagen sowie Bemessungshilfen für die Praxis erarbeitet werden.

Measurement results and building physics solutions for dealing with the problem of joist ends in external walls with internal insulation. Uncertainty regarding the assessment of the building physics situation of joist ends in external walls with internal insulation has existed for a surprisingly long time. This article takes a look at the current situation and presents current test scenarios set up for different solutions in several properties, including the first new measurement results. On the basis of ongoing and future projects, it is intended to establish tested and calculated principles and design aids for practical applications.
Abhängigkeiten des Raumklimas im jahreszeitlichen Verlauf
Authors: Kornadt Oliver , Geyer Christoph , Hofmann Markus
Published: April 2010

Für eine Vielzahl von bauphysikalischen Untersuchungen zur Behaglichkeit, zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz oder zum Mindestwärmeschutz sind dynamische, also zeitabhängige Simulationen erforderlich. Diese Berechnungen benötigen als Eingabegrößen neben den zeitabhängigen Außenklimabedingungen auch die Jahresverläufe der Raumklimadaten von Gebäuden. In diesem Beitrag werden Messungen des Raumklimas über einen Zeitraum von vier Jahren in einem natürlich belüfteten Bad vorgestellt. Die Messergebnisse sollen die vorhandenen Messergebnisse zu Raumklimadaten in Gebäuden erweitern. Für die Messergebnisse werden Tages‐ und Jahresgängen der Temperatur‐ und Feuchteverläufe in Form von statistischen Ausgleichsfunktionen abgeleitet. Darüber hinaus werden Abhängigkeiten des Raumklimas von dem Außenklima bestimmt. Schließlich wird untersucht, inwieweit die Messergebnisse mit vorhandenen Raumklimamodellen übereinstimmen.

Indoor climate as a function of seasonal effects. Dynamic, timedependent, construction‐physical simulations are necessary for a variety of studies on comfort, summer heat or minimum heat insulation. The values for these calculations need to be taken in timedependent outdoor climate conditions as well as the yearly cycles of the buildings’ indoor climate conditions. This article introduces indoor climate measurements over a period of four years in a naturally ventilated bathroom. The results of the measurements are meant to be added to the existing measurements to provide the most accurate results for indoor climate data in buildings. To acquire the most accurate data, daily and yearly cycles of temperature and humidity behaviors were derived in the form of statistical equations. Furthermore, the indoor climate’s dependencies on the outdoor climate are also acquired. Finally, the conformity of the measuring results with the existing indoor climate models is examined.
Analytisch hergeleitete Anforderungen an den Luftschallschutz zwischen Wohnräumen nach Entwurf VDI 4100
Authors: Moll Wolfgang
Published: April 2010

In Heft 4 der Bauphysik vom August 2009 hat der Verfasser eine Alternative zur bisher üblichen Art der Festlegung von Anforderungen an den Luftschallschutz zwischen Wohnungen empfohlen. Die Aufnahme dieses Vorschlages in die neue VDI 4100 wurde beschlossen und zum Entwurf (Gelbdruck) verabschiedet.

Requirements for airborne sound insulation between rooms analytical derivated according to VDI 4100. In BAUPHYSIK No. 4, August 2009, the author recommended a new method to determine the requirements for airborne sound insulation between rooms. It has been decided to integrate this proposal into the new draft of the German standard VDI 4100.
Schulsanierung
Authors: Gertis Karl , Sedlbauer Klaus
Published: April 2010

Die Modernisierung von Schulgebäuden ist eine dringende Zukunftsaufgabe, weil der Zustand der ca. 40.000 deutschen Schulen in vielen Fällen von ihrem Zuschnitt, ihrer Bauqualität, ihrem Raumklima und ihrer Ausstattung her nicht mehr zeitgemäß ist. Dabei gibt es kein allgemein gültiges Patentrezept; viele Verbesserungsmaßnahmen stehen zur Verfügung, die sehr erfolgreich sein können, z. B. Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz, der Luftqualität in den Klassenräumen, der Raumakustik und Sprachverständlichkeit, des Grundrisses, der Erschließungs‐ und Kommunikationsflächen. Bei der Modernisierung müssen die Investitionskosten der Baumaßnahme gemeinsam mit den künftigen Betriebskosten betrachtet werden. Bei der Kostenkalkulation für Modernisierungen hat sich die Methode der “Kostenpotential‐Polygone” bewährt. Sie zeigt dem Investor auf, bis wohin sich Investitionen bei bestimmten Zukunftsszenarien lohnen.

School refurbishment. The modernisation of school buildings is an urgent task for the future because the condition of the approx. 40,000 German schools is in many cases no longer appropriate with regards to their layout, the quality of the built fabric, the interior climate, and furniture and equipment. No generally applicable blueprint is available; many upgrade measures can be employed which can be very successful in achieving an improvement in e.g. energy efficiency, classroom air quality, acoustic conditions and audibility, layout, circulation and communication spaces. When carrying out modernisation works, the capital cost of the works has to be considered together with future operating costs. When carrying out cost calculations for modernisation projects, the ‘cost‐potential curve’ method has proven useful. This method shows the investor to what degree investments are viable given certain future scenarios.