bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real time power management strategy for an all‐electric ship using a predictive control model
Authors: Wang Bo , Peng Xiuyan , Zhang Lanyong , Su Peng
Published: February 2022

This study proposes a power management strategy (PMS) that can efficiently and accurately address the nonlinear dynamics of ship power systems for all‐electric ships (AESs). The design of a PMS can be considered naturally in a model predictive control framework. However, the control error caused by a model mismatch is a challenge of the PMS for physical system implementation. The proposed PMS is based on a complex system‐level nonlinear model that ensures a minimum mismatch. In addition, an efficient optimization algorithm is proposed to efficiently apply the PMS. The proposed method is verified using real‐time simulations with physical systems in various scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate the superior efficiency of the proposed optimization algorithm and the accuracy of the developed PMS for physical system implementation.
Construction and validation of m6A RNA methylation regulators associated prognostic model for gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Miao Yandong , Su Bin , Tang Xiaolong , Wang Jiangtao , Quan Wuxia , Chen Yonggang , Mi Denghai
Published: February 2022

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is correlated with carcinogenesis and dynamically possessed through the m6A RNA methylation regulators. This paper aimed to explore 13 m6A RNA methylation regulators' role in gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) and determine the risk model and prognosis value of m6A RNA methylation regulators in GIC. We used several bioinformatics methods to identify the differential expression of m6A RNA methylation regulators in GIC, constructed a prognostic model, and carried out functional enrichment analysis. Eleven of 13 m6A RNA methylation regulators were differentially expressed in different clinicopathological characteristics of GIC, and m6A RNA methylation regulators were nearly associated with GIC. We constructed a risk model based on five m6A RNA methylation regulators (METTL3, FTO, YTHDF1, ZC3H13, and WTAP); the risk score is an independent prognosis biomarker. Moreover, the five m6A RNA methylation regulators can also forecast the 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year overall survival through a nomogram. Furthermore, four hallmarks of oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and cholesterol homoeostasis gene sets were significantly enriched in GIC. m6A RNA methylation regulators were related to the malignant clinicopathological characteristics of GIC and may be used for prognostic stratification and development of therapeutic strategies.
Disordered transmission-line networks with and without parity symmetry
Authors: Jiang Tianshu , Chan Che Ting
Published: February 2022

Topological states are useful because they are robust against disorder and imperfection. In this study, we consider the effect of disorder and the breaking of parity symmetry on a topological network system in which the edge states are protected by Chern numbers. In the absence of periodicity, the local Chern number is adopted to characterize the topological features of the network. Our numerical results show that the local Chern number and the edge states are very robust against onsite disorder as long as the gap of the bulk state continuum remains open and survives even when the bulk band gap is closed. Breaking the parity symmetry can destroy the quantization of local Chern numbers, compromising the existence of edge modes. We observed non-integer local Chern number peaks that are non-zero inside the bulk bands but these non-zero non-integral local Chern numbers are not associated with the existence of robust edge states.
Water quality in three potential drought refuges in an arid-land river: assessing habitat suitability for at-risk fish species
Authors: Van Horn David J. , Reale Justin K. , Archdeacon Thomas P.
Published: February 2022

Drought is a common disturbance in arid-land streams and rivers. The survival of aquatic species depends on access to refuge habitats where water quality remains high. Over the past century, modified flow regimes and altered watershed and instream characteristics have led to the extinction and endangerment of numerous fish species endemic to the southwestern United States. We assessed the water quality of potential drought refuges in the Middle Rio Grande (MRG), with an emphasis on suitability for the endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (RGSM). We examined three types of potential drought refuges: three agricultural return drain outfalls; three isolated pools that remained during streamflow intermittency; and a reach with perennial flow below an agricultural diversion dam. All potential refuges are known to contain RGSM and other fishes. Two out of three drain outfalls, one out of three isolated pools, and three out of ten kilometers of perennially wetted stream below a dam met basic water quality criteria necessary to support RGSM populations. These findings suggest that refuge habitability is context dependent, that generalizations regarding the suitability of a specific refuge type should be avoided, and that careful assessment is required to determine if a specific location will support fish assemblages. Although some areas may contain water, they may represent ecological traps if fish are exposed to poor water quality conditions compared to other potential refuge habitats.
Analytical modeling of residual stress in end-milling with minimum quantity lubrication
Authors: Cai Linger , Feng Yixuan , Liang Steven Y.
Published: February 2022

Milling with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is now a commonly used machining technique in industry. This paper proposed an analytical model for residual stress prediction in milling with MQL based on chip formation orthogonal cutting model and boundary lubrication effect. The effect of lubrication is considered to the change of friction coefficients and the heat loss at the flank surface, which would further affect the prediction of the cutting force and temperature. The proposed model is validated with experimental data done to AZ61A magnesium alloy and obtained a reasonable validation result. The predictive results show at the case investigated, neither feed per tooth nor depth of cut has a significant influence to the general trend of residual stress, where at the surface the residual stress is highly tensile and come to compressive at deeper depth. However, the application of MQL is shown to be able to significantly reduce the average magnitude of the residual stress.
Shear buckling of ship plates with different holes
Authors: Zhu Zhaoyi , Li Xiaowen , Chen Qinglin , Cai Yingqiang
Published: February 2022

Based on the first-order shear deformation theory, numerical methods and mechanical experiments, the shear buckling characteristics of hull plates with different holes are investigated. Through eigenvalue buckling analysis, the critical buckling stress of square plate with hole under uniform shear load on four edges was calculated. The relationship between the critical shear stress and the hole type, hole size and plate thickness was obtained by parameterization. The reduction coefficient (ki) was defined to characterize the effect of the hole on the plate, and the reduction effect of circular hole, square hole and fillet square hole was simplified by graph and fitting polynomial. The results show that the critical buckling shear stress obtained from numerical simulation is in good agreement with the experimental value. For different types of holes, the critical buckling shear stress of the square plate has the same trend with the plate thickness. Both plate thickness and hole size have great influence on the shear stability of the perforated square plate. When the hole size is constant, the critical shear stress increases with the increase of plate thickness. The smaller the hole size is, the greater the influence of plate thickness. The critical shear stress decreases with the increase of hole size, and there is a similar linear relationship. The smaller the plate thickness, the more obvious the linear relationship. In addition, based on the reduction coefficient curve or fitting polynomial proposed in this paper, the influence rules of the three different holes on the shear stability of hull plates can be obtained quickly and effectively, thus providing a useful reference for the design optimization and mechanical property evaluation of ship structures with holes.
Gesundheitskompetenz von Menschen mit und ohne Behinderung und
chronischer Erkrankung in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der Studie „Gesundheit
in Deutschland Aktuell“ 2014/2015-EHIS
Authors: Rathmann Katharina , Wetzel Lorena Denise , Jordan Susanne
Published: February 2022

Hintergrund Menschen mit Behinderung und chronischer Erkrankung sind eine
Bevölkerungsgruppe in vulnerablen Lebenslagen, die häufig
Schwierigkeiten beim Finden, Verstehen, Beurteilen und Anwenden von
Gesundheitsinformationen aufweisen. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die
Gesundheitskompetenz von Menschen mit doppelter Exposition (d. h.
Behinderung und chronischer Erkrankung) im Vergleich zu Menschen mit einfacher
Exposition (d. h. Behinderung oder chronischer Erkrankung) und Menschen
ohne Beeinträchtigung, zu untersuchen.

Material und Methoden Datenbasis ist der Survey „Gesundheit in
Deutschland Aktuell“ 2014/2015-EHIS. Die Stichprobe umfasst
n=21 647 Personen, mit 2875 (13,3%) Menschen mit
Behinderung und chronischer Erkrankung, 7598 Personen (35,1%) mit
Behinderung oder chronischer Erkrankung sowie 11 174 (51,6%)
Personen ohne Beeinträchtigung. Die Gesundheitskompetenz wurde mit dem
HLS-EU-Q16-Fragebogen erhoben. Es wurden uni-, bi- und multivariate Analysen
durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse 43,7% der Befragten mit Behinderung und chronischer
Erkrankung berichten sehr bzw. ziemliche Schwierigkeiten beim Umgang mit
Gesundheitsinformationen im Vergleich zu 37,7% der Personen mit
Behinderung oder chronischer Erkrankung bzw. 33,0% ohne
Beeinträchtigung. Menschen mit einer doppelten Exposition weisen eine
1,22-fach (KI: 1,10–1,35; p<0,001) und Menschen mit einer
einfachen Exposition eine 1,08-fach (KI: 1,01–1,16; p=0,031)
erhöhte Chance auf, es ziemlich bzw. sehr schwierig zu finden,
gesundheitsbezogene Informationen zu finden, verstehen, beurteilen und
anzuwenden im Vergleich zu Menschen ohne Beeinträchtigung.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen einen Gradienten in der
Gesundheitskompetenz zu Ungunsten von Menschen mit Beeinträchtigung. Die
Gesundheitskompetenz von Menschen mit Behinderung und/oder chronischen
Erkrankung sollte zielgruppenspezifisch gefördert werden, um ihre
Gesundheit, Teilhabe sowie die Qualität, Effizienz und den Abbau von
Barrieren beim Zugang zur Gesundheitsversorgung zu unterstützen.
Decipher the inhibitory potential of phytocompounds from Leptadenia reticulata on dopamine D2 receptor to enhance prolactin secretion
Authors: Sharma Roshan Kumar , Jalalpure Sunil S , Chouhan Mahendra Kumar , Deshpande Sanjay , Acharya Rabinarayan , Hegde Satisha
Published: February 2022

Dopamine is secreted by the hypothalamus, which inhibits the proliferation and effectiveness of lactotroph cells that release prolactin via dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). D2R activation inhibits lactotroph cell prolactin synthesis and regulates prolactin gene expression. Although, commercial medications are available for hypogalactia and agalactia, various plant sources significantly alleviate these problems. Leptadenia reticulata (Jivanti) is one of the important medicinal plants often consumed by nursing mothers to improve breast milk production. However, mechanism and chemical constituents involved in the inhibition of D2R by Jivanti is unclear. Therefore, in this study the phytocompounds reported from Jivanti were used for in-silico analysis to predict D2R inhibitory potential. The binding affinity value of campesterol and β-sitosterol (− 10.1 and −10.0 kcal/mol) with D2R has high revealed by molecular docking and stable interaction reveled by molecular dynamics simulation. Thus, these lead compounds could exert more D2R inhibitory activity resulting into prolactin release, which may lead to an increase in breast milk production. Although all selected compounds had fine permeation, non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic characteristics predicted by ADMET, campesterol had good solubility, absorption characteristics compared to other. Therefore, Jivanti, which is traditionally known medicinal plant, could be explored as a medication candidate to boost breast milk production.
Audibility and Spectral-Ripple Discrimination Thresholds as Predictors of Word Recognition with Nonlinear Frequency Compression
Authors: Brennan Marc A. , McCreery Ryan W.
Published: February 2022

Abstract Background Nonlinear frequency compression (NFC) lowers high-frequency sounds to a lower frequency and is used to improve high-frequency audibility. However, the efficacy of NFC varies widely—while some individuals benefit from NFC, many do not.
Spectral resolution is one factor that might explain individual benefit from NFC. Because individuals with better spectral resolution understand more speech than those with poorer spectral resolution, it was hypothesized that individual benefit from NFC could be predicted from the change in
spectral resolution measured with NFC relative to a condition without NFC. Purpose This study aimed to determine the impact of NFC on access to spectral information and whether these changes predict individual benefit from NFC for adults with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).
Research Design Present study is a quasi-experimental cohort study. Participants used a pair of hearing aids set to the Desired Sensation Level algorithm (DSL m[i/o]). Study Sample Participants were 19 adults with SNHL, recruited from the Boys Town National Research
Hospital Participant Registry. Data Collection and Analysis Participants were seated in a sound-attenuating booth and then percent-correct recognition of words, and spectral-ripple discrimination thresholds were measured for two different conditions, with and without NFC. Because
audibility is known to influence spectral-ripple thresholds and benefit from NFC, audibility was quantified using the aided speech intelligibility index (SII). Linear mixed models were generated to predict word recognition using the aided SII and spectral-ripple discrimination thresholds.
Results While NFC did not influence percent-correct word recognition, participants with higher (better) aided SII and spectral-ripple discrimination thresholds understood more words than those with either a lower aided SII or spectral-ripple discrimination threshold. Benefit from
NFC was not predictable from a participant's aided SII or spectral-ripple discrimination threshold. Conclusion We have extended previous work on the effect of audibility on benefit from NFC to include a measure of spectral resolution, the spectral-ripple discrimination threshold.
Clinically, these results suggest that patients with better audibility and spectral resolution will understand speech better than those with poorer audibility or spectral resolution; however, these results are inconsistent with the notion that individual benefit from NFC is predictable from
aided audibility or spectral resolution.
Design of InAs nanosheet arrays with ultrawide polarization-independent high absorption for infrared photodetection
Authors: Zuo Xinrong , Li Ziyuan , Wong Wei Wen , Yu Yang , Li Xi , He Jun , Fu Lan , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati , Yuan Xiaoming
Published: February 2022

InAs nanowires have been considered as good candidates for infrared photodetection. However, one-dimensional geometry of a nanowire makes it unsuitable for broadband light absorption. In this work, we propose and design InAs nanosheet arrays to achieve polarization-independent, angle-insensitive, and ultrawide infrared absorption. Simulations demonstrate that two-dimensional InAs nanosheets can support multiple resonance modes, thus leading to a strong and broadband absorption from visible light to mid-wave infrared. Moreover, we can tune polarization-dependent property in InAs nanosheets to be polarization-insensitive by forming a nanosheet based clover-like and snowflake-like nanostructures. We further optimized the design of InAs nanosheet arrays based on such structures and achieved high absorption (up to 99.6%) covering a broad wavelength range from 500 to 3200 nm. These absorption properties are much superior to their nanowire and planar film counterparts, making it attractive for infrared photodetection applications. The architecture of such nanostructures can provide a promising route for the development of high-performance room-temperature broadband infrared photodetectors.
Insulin aspart dimer dissociation in water
Authors: Chaudhary Yagya , Bhimalapuram Prabhakar
Published: February 2022

The insulin hormone is stored in the hexameric form and dissociates to the dimeric form and finally to the active monomeric form. When insulin secretion is impaired, thereby affecting various metabolic processes, as a final response, insulin analogs are subcutaneously injected before meals to facilitate glucose metabolism. Depending on the molecular details, analogs are rapid or slow acting based on the dissociation rate of the dimer to monomer. Insulin aspart is a recombinant human insulin analog, acting faster than regular human insulin. Despite its practical and elementary importance, the process of insulin aspart dimer dissociation is relatively unknown. Here, we combined molecular dynamics simulations and umbrella sampling to characterize the energetic and structural features of dissociation of the insulin aspart dimer. Like previous studies on human insulin (another well studied analog), insulin aspart can also display a wide spectrum of pathways for dimer dissociation from dissociation happening without a major change in the monomer structure to dissociation that is coupled with unfolding of a protein. Additionally, water plays a vital role in the dissociation of the insulin aspart by stabilizing the monomers in the dissociated state. Our study shows the molecular details, such as the variation in the structure and orientation and conformational changes along the minimum energy pathways in the process of dissociation of the insulin aspart dimer.
The influence of premixed interlayers on the reaction propagation in Al–Ni multilayers —An MD approach
Authors: Schwarz Fabian , Spolenak Ralph
Published: February 2022

The existence of a premixed interlayer has a direct influence on the reaction kinetics in reactive multilayers. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are used as a tool to study the influence of premixed interlayers on the front propagation and diffusion in Al–Ni multilayers. For this, premixed interlayers with different, namely, homogeneous, gradient, and s-shaped profiles are studied. Comparison with existing experimental results further increases the understanding of the nature and importance of the premixed interlayer. Moreover, this study shows how this premixed interlayer can be used as a reaction barrier to decrease and thus control the front propagation velocity. Diffusion of Al and Ni atoms through the interlayer takes place, even if the interlayer has partially crystallized, which means the front propagation is driven by a combination of diffusion and crystallization of the interlayer. Furthermore, it is shown that the heat of crystallization of amorphous AlNi to B2-AlNi alone is high enough for a self-propagating reaction to occur.
Surface defect detection of Si3N4 ceramic bearing ball based on improved homomorphic filter-Gaussian filter coupling algorithm
Authors: Liao Dahai , Cui Zhihui , Li Jun , Li Wenjie , Wang Wei
Published: February 2022

Considering the tiny surface defects of Si3N4 ceramic bearing balls and the low accuracy of defect detection using a single traditional algorithm, we find that the performance of the aerospace mechanical power system is poor. A coupling algorithm based on the improved homomorphic filter and Gaussian filter is proposed. The Si3N4 ceramic bearing ball nondestructive testing platform is established, by which the surface defect images of Si3N4 ceramic bearing balls are collected. The image acquisition card obtains the image information and then transmits it to the image storage module. The image processing module handles surface defect images. The gray transformation algorithm is used to complete image preprocessing. Gaussian noise in images is filtered out using the Gaussian filter algorithm. The homomorphic filtering algorithm is used to enhance the high frequency component, compress the low frequency component, and filter out the convolution noise and promiscuous signal. The contrast of the defect part has been reinforced using the coupling algorithm. It turns out that the accuracy of the coupling algorithm is 100%, 96.7%, 98.9%, and 94.4%.
Carcass characteristics, colour and eating quality of beef from late maturing suckler bulls finished at pasture with or without concentrate supplementation or indoors on a high concentrate ration
Authors: Moloney A. P. , O’Riordan E. G. , McGee M. , O’Sullivan M. G. , Kerry J. P. , Wilson S. S. , Monahan F. J. , Kelly A. K. , McMenamin K. , Moran L.
Published: February 2022

Context Their growth and feed efficiency advantages make bull beef production systems attractive alternatives for producers of beef from steers. Finishing bulls from pasture is less costly and would allow bull beef to be marketed as ‘grass-fed’. However, such carcasses may not meet the minimum fatness classification of 6.0 (on a 15-point scale) required for some beef markets. This is based in part on a perception that meat from bulls with a lower fatness classification per se is inferior in some quality characteristics. Aim To determine the comparative carcass and beef quality characteristics of grass-fed and concentrate-fed bulls. Methods Spring-born, late-maturing breed suckler bull weanlings sourced from commercial beef suckler herds were assigned after their first winter to one of four experimental treatments until they were slaughtered 199 days later at an average age of 19.3 months. Treatments were: (1) grazed grass for 98 days (G), then housed and offered concentrates + grass silage ad libitum indoors for 101 days (G-HC), (2) grazed grass supplemented with concentrates (target 500 g/kg total daily dietary dry matter intake) for 199 days (GC-GC), (3) grazed grass for 98 days, then supplemented with concentrates (target 500 g/kg total daily dietary dry matter intake) at pasture for 101 days (G-GC), or (4) grazed grass only for 199 days (G-G). After slaughter, carcasses were weighed and graded for conformation and fatness. After 72 h, longissimus thoracis (LT) colour was measured. After 14 days ageing, LT was assessed for eating quality characteristics. Results Carcass weight averaged 399, 381, 374 and 361 kg for G-HC, GC-GC, G-GC and G-G bulls, respectively. Corresponding carcass fat scores were 7.5, 5.1, 5.5 and 4.8, only G-HC exceeded the minimum fat score specification. Meat from bulls finished at pasture was less red but the differences were small. After ageing for 14 days at 2°C, there was no difference in tenderness, flavour or acceptability between striploin steaks from any of the treatment groups. Conclusions Although none of the grazing groups achieved the current market specification for carcass fat score, this was not reflected in inferior eating quality. Implications Carcass fat score is a poor indicator of the eating quality of grass-fed bull beef. There is therefore an opportunity for suckler bull producers to access the growing market for ‘grass-fed’ beef.
Cryptic diversity down under: defining species in the subterranean amphipod genus
Authors: King Rachael A. , Fagan-Jeffries Erinn P. , Bradford Tessa M. , Stringer Danielle N. , Finston Terrie L. , Halse Stuart A. , Eberhard Stefan M. , Humphreys Garth , Humphreys Bill F. , Austin Andrew D. , Cooper Steven J. B.
Published: February 2022

Amphipod crustaceans comprise a significant and enigmatic component of Australian groundwater ecosystems, particularly in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Many amphipod species in the Pilbara, including species in the genus Nedsia Barnard & Williams, 1995, are considered short range endemics, poorly or contentiously defined by taxonomic treatments based on morphology alone and have uncertain distributions as a consequence of this taxonomy. A modern systematic revision of Nedsia is presented here, utilising both molecular and morphological analyses alongside distributional data to delineate species. We describe 13 new species of Nedsia, confirm three existing species and synonymise eight previously described species. Nedsia species are confirmed to be functionally morphologically cryptic, with COI divergences at the 5–20% level. We present comparatively reduced taxonomic descriptions for these cryptic amphipod species in an effort to provide an accelerated pathway for future taxonomic work. The research provides the basis for future environmental impact assessments involving Nedsia species and ongoing monitoring of the groundwater communities these form part of in the resource-rich Pilbara region.
Molecular basis of force-pCa relation in
MYL2
cardiomyopathy mice: Role of the super-relaxed state of myosin
Authors: Yuan Chen-Ching , Kazmierczak Katarzyna , Liang Jingsheng , Ma Weikang , Irving Thomas C. , Szczesna-Cordary Danuta
Published: February 2022

Significance

Many forms of cardiomyopathy manifest with changes in sarcomeric structure, function, and energetics. We used small-angle X-ray diffraction and myosin super-relaxed (SRX) state approaches to investigate the mechanisms underlying the clinical phenotypes associated with HCM-related D166V (aspartate-to-valine) and DCM-linked D94A (aspartate-to-alanine) mutations in the cardiac myosin RLC (
MYL2
gene). Modulation of myosin function through dysregulation of the SRX state was closely coupled with structural rearrangements and the Ca
2+
dependence of force development in HCM–D166V mice. The DCM–D94A model favored the SRX state without altering structure/force–pCa relationships. Understanding the regulation of SRX ↔ DRX equilibrium in the normal heart and how it is changed in heart disease may advance future therapeutics of patients suffering from the mutated
MYL2
gene.
Strong influenza-induced T
FH
generation requires CD4 effectors to recognize antigen locally and receive signals from continuing infection
Authors: Devarajan Priyadharshini , Vong Allen M. , Castonguay Catherine H. , Kugler-Umana Olivia , Bautista Bianca L. , Jones Michael C. , Kelly Karen A. , Xia Jingya , Swain Susan L.
Published: February 2022

Significance

Influenza infection elicits strong, long-lived protective antibodies, but most current influenza vaccines give weaker, short-lived protection. We noted that live virus is still replicating, making antigen and causing inflammation at 7 d postinfection (dpi), while an inactivated vaccine provides antigen for at most 4 dpi. We show that the generation of key T follicular helper cells (T
FH
) requires they recognize antigen locally at 6 dpi in the presence of ongoing viral infection. This creates a checkpoint that restricts T
FH
responses to dangerous infections that persist through the checkpoint. Using a live attenuated vaccine, akin to Flumist, we found that adding a second dose at 6 d generated a strong T
FH
response, suggesting an approach to improve vaccine strategies.
The association of end‐spurt behaviour with seasonal best time in long‐distance freestyle pool swimming
Authors: Neuloh Joshua E. , Venhorst Andreas , Forster Sabrina , Mauger Alexis R. , Meyer Tim
Published: February 2022

To analyse the association of seasonal best time, distance and different performance levels with end‐spurt behaviour in one swimming season. Race results in 800 and 1500 m pool freestyle swimming in the season 2018/2019 including 14,930 races and 2650 swimmers were obtained. The end‐spurt for each race was determined by means of an End‐Spurt Indicator (ESI). Subsequently, ESI was used as a dependent variable and influences were analysed using a linear mixed model with fixed effects for seasonal best time, distance, and performance level amongst others. In the 800 and 1500 m races swimmers showed a mean ESI of 2.08 (95% CI: 2.02–2.13) and 3.68 (95% CI: 3.59–3.76), respectively. There was a significant association between seasonal best time and ESI, with a better seasonal best time showing a greater ESI (F = 70.5, P < .001, f2 = 0.04). A significant effect on greater ESI was also observed for longer distance (F = 1067.5, P < .001, f2 = 0.06) and higher performance level (F = 91.1, P < .001, f2 = 0.02). Elite swimmers had a mean ESI of 5.47 (95% CI: 4.91–6.03), sub‐elite swimmers of 3.74 (95% CI: 3.53–3.95) and competitive swimmers of 2.41 (95% CI: 2.37–2.46). A more pronounced end‐spurt is associated with seasonal best time in long‐distance pool swimming, higher performance level of the swimmer and longer race distance.
Land cover change and multiple remotely sensed datasets consistency in China
Authors: Wang Hui , Cai Liping , Wen Xiaojin , Fan Donglin , Wang Yuejun
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Although numerous land cover datasets can act as references for understanding land cover change in China, the inconsistencies between the datasets can also provide understanding. Previous studies on the consistency between land cover datasets have mostly focused on land cover type consistencies and have ignored data consistencies in land cover change.

Outcomes

Therefore, we aim to analyse the consistencies in land cover changes through likelihood assessment methods. We compared the spatiotemporal changes in forest, grassland, cropland, and bare land in the Climate Change Initiative land cover dataset (CCI-LC), Moderate-resolution Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land cover dataset (MCD12Q1), China’s National Land Use and Cover Change (CNLUCC), Globeland30 and Global Land Cover Fine Surface Covering 30 (GLC-FCS30) datasets in 2010. The results showed that the percentages and changes in each land cover type in MCD12Q1 were different from those in the other datasets.

Discussion

For example, the proportion of grassland in MCD12Q1 was the highest, reaching 48.04%. The places with high consistency were the places where the land cover types were concentrated, and the bare land had the highest consistency. However, the consistency of China’s land cover change was quite low, and the percentage of low consistency was more than 87% from 2000-2018. Comparison of the data with the global artificial impervious area (GAIA) and Hansen-Global Forest Change (Hansen-GFC) datasets showed that the percentage of high construction gain consistency (38.83%) was higher than the forest change consistency, and the percentage forest loss high consistency (8.85%) was lower than the forest gain high consistency (12.76%).

Conclusion

The results not only provide a basis for the use of land cover datasets but also give a clearer understanding of the pattern of land cover changes.
Plectin pulls it together, coupling the cortical actin and intermediate filament cytoskeletons
Authors: Broussard Joshua A. , Green Kathleen J.
Published: February 2022

The integration of cytoskeletal/adhesive networks is critical to epithelial mechanobiology. In this issue, Prechova et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202105146) demonstrate that the cytolinker protein plectin is essential for the construction of a cortical cytoskeletal architecture required for epithelial tensional homeostasis.
Spin–orbit gravitational locking—an effective potential approach
Authors: Clouse Christopher , Ferroglia Andrea , Fiolhais Miguel C N
Published: February 2022

The objective of this paper is to study the tidally locked 3:2 spin–orbit resonance of Mercury around the Sun. In order to achieve this goal, the effective potential energy that determines the spinning motion of an ellipsoidal planet around its axis is considered. By studying the rotational potential energy of an ellipsoidal planet orbiting a spherical star on an elliptic orbit with fixed eccentricity and semi-major axis, it is shown that the system presents an infinite number of metastable equilibrium configurations. These states correspond to local minima of the rotational potential energy averaged over an orbit, where the ratio between the rotational period of the planet around its axis and the revolution period around the star is fixed. The configurations in which this ratio is an integer or an half integer are of particular interest. Among these configurations, the deepest minimum in the average potential energy corresponds to a situation where the rotational and orbital motion of the planet are synchronous, and the system is tidally locked. The next-to-the deepest minimum corresponds to the case in which the planet rotates three times around its axis in the time that it needs to complete two orbits around the Sun. The latter is indeed the case that describes Mercury’s motion. The method discussed in this work allows one to identify the integer and half-integer ratios that correspond to spin–orbit resonances and to describe the motion of the planet in the resonant orbit.
The art of fitting ordinary differential equations models to experimental results
Authors: Sebastião Pedro José , Beira Maria Jardim , Cordeiro Rui , Kumar Anant , Fernandes João Carlos , Ferraz António , Gonçalves Luís Nobre
Published: February 2022

Advanced fitting of ordinary differential equations models to experimental results is presented within the context of different academic levels of students and diverse research fields. In many areas, the analysis of experimental results cannot be restricted to cases where particular solutions of the models’ differential equations, valid only for specific limit conditions, apply. In those cases, analytical mathematical equations are not available and a complete description of the systems extends beyond the numerical minimization of statistical estimators, like the chi-square, because it requires solving numerically the models’ differential equations. Dedicated fitting procedures that involve the interdependent processes of solving the ordinary differential equations and fitting the numerical solutions to the experimental results are required to obtain the best fitting sets of parameters with consistent physical meaning. A simple, but powerful, web-based ordinary differential equations solver and fitter is presented, and used to analyse both the complete motion of a rigid pendulum and the dynamics of a viral infection.
The three R’s of reasonable in radiological protection: relationships, rationale, and resources
Authors: Wieder Jessica S , Schneider Thierry , Martinez Nicole E
Published: February 2022

Central to applying the principle of optimisation in the system of radiological protection is the evaluation of what level of radiation exposure should be considered ‘as low as reasonably achievable’ (ALARA), after taking into account the prevailing circumstances. Determining what is ‘reasonable’ is an abstract, although somewhat intuitive concept with many potential interpretations depending on both the situation and those involved, whether individuals or organisations. There are common themes in the types of considerations that need to be addressed to determine ‘reasonableness’ regardless of the exposure situation. However, despite the consistent and agreeable nature of these themes, there remains a gap in how to apply them in real situations. For example, without measurable goalposts (or a clear process for setting such goalposts) for determining what constitutes ALARA, we can find ourselves misinterpreting the optimisation process as keeping exposures ‘as low as possible’. We propose herein, by consolidating and building on existing ideas, an easily understandable and actionable ‘reasonableness’ framework. This simple, yet broadly applicable tool is intended to help radiation protection experts in the systematic, deliberative, and collaborative reflection on all of the factors that make up ‘reasonable’ before making a decision—whether it be a proposed medical treatment or clean-up of a contaminated site. Each process execution and decision itself will necessarily retain the complexity of the prevailing circumstance. The proposed ‘Rs’ of Reasonable represent Relationships (stakeholders, empathy, and trust), Rationale (contextual, technical, and ethical), and Resources (technological, financial, and time).
Planetary Nebulae: Sources of Enlightenment
Authors: Kwitter Karen B. , Henry R. B. C.
Published: February 2022

In this review/tutorial we explore planetary nebulae as a stage in the evolution of low-to-intermediate-mass stars, as major contributors to the mass and chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium, and as astrophysical laboratories. We discuss many observed properties of planetary nebulae, placing particular emphasis on element abundance determinations and comparisons with theoretical predictions. Dust and molecules associated with planetary nebulae are considered as well. We then examine distances, binarity, and planetary nebula morphology and evolution. We end with mention of some of the advances that will be enabled by future observing capabilities.
Structural and optical properties of AlN sputtering deposited on sapphire substrates with various orientations
Authors: Peng Xianchun , Sun Jie , Liu Huan , Li Liang , Wang Qikun , Wu Liang , Guo Wei , Meng Fanping , Chen Li , Huang Feng , Ye Jichun
Published: February 2022

AlN thin films were deposited on c-, a- and r-plane sapphire substrates by the magnetron sputtering technique. The influence of high-temperature thermal annealing (HTTA) on the structural, optical properties as well as surface stoichiometry were comprehensively investigated. The significant narrowing of the (0002) diffraction peak to as low as 68 arcsec of AlN after HTTA implies a reduction of tilt component inside the AlN thin films, and consequently much-reduced dislocation densities. This is also supported by the appearance of E
2(high) Raman peak and better Al–N stoichiometry after HTTA. Furthermore, the increased absorption edge after HTTA suggests a reduction of point defects acting as the absorption centers. It is concluded that HTTA is a universal post-treatment technique in improving the crystalline quality of sputtered AlN regardless of sapphire orientation.
Innovative feed preparation solutions
Authors: Sergeyeva N V , Ivakina E G , Ovsyannikova E A , Vasilchenko T A , Chukhacheva E V
Published: February 2022

Sustainable fodder production, feeding capacity, and high animal productivity are the basis of effective animal husbandry. Nutritious, high-quality feed additives and vitamin premixes have been delivered to Russia from Denmark, France, Belgium and other countries for many years. However, it is possible to improve the feeding value of grains and their accessibility for animals through innovative solutions in using balanced concentrates or dry feed technologies. Regarding current conditions, it is only innovation-oriented development of dairy farming that will reduce milk production cost, ensure profit increase, and consequently production profitability, by means of technological, organizational and economic innovation, an optimal combination of primary, auxiliary and service production. The article discusses new approaches to organizing the use of grain fodder on farms enabling them to provide dairy cattle with more nutritious feeds, realise animal genetic potential, reduce feed costs by about 7-10%, thus improving animal husbandry profitability. An organizational and technological innovation has been proposed in the case of Limited Liability Company «Agribusiness Firm «YUMA» in Krasnodar Territory. Introducing feed preparation unit extruder KMZ-2U will increase milk production profitability from 11 to 16.3%.
Powdered Concentrate of Rosehip-Based Extract for Soft Drink
Authors: Pasechny D S , Smotraeva I V , Balanov P E
Published: February 2022

The preservation of useful properties and components in finished products is imperative for the food industry. The choice of technology is a responsible decision, as some heat treatments and improper storage conditions do not allow to achieve the desired result. Many food systems lose their useful properties and required level of organoleptic parameters when exposed to various factors, including high temperature. Drying of raw materials and finished products along with the cold storage and freezing is one of the most effective ways to implement a long shelf life in various food industry branches. The current technical base allows to obtain concentrated products in low temperature conditions. There are two options of moisture removal used in practice: freeze drying and vacuum concentration. The latter method requires no additional economic costs for pre-freezing and allows to preserve useful properties and components of a finished. This article studies the concentration temperature lowering by the use of vacuum. The article represents the developed basic technological scheme, which can be implemented both in laboratory and industrial scale. The technological parameters effects on the product sample quality are experimentally studied and discussed.
Analysis of the influence of varietal characteristics of blackberries on quantitative traits in connection with further breeding in Russia
Authors: Ladyzhenskaya O V , Aniskina T S , Kryuchkova V A
Published: February 2022

Blackberry is a berry culture of the genus Rubus L., which is just beginning to spread in Russia. At the moment, the only domestic variety has been registered, in connection with which there is a need to study foreign varieties as donors of valuable traits. The aim of the study is to assess the influence of varietal characteristics on the quantitative traits of blackberries for further breeding. The article discusses eight varieties of blackberries ('Karaka Black', 'Natches', 'Loch Tay', 'Columbia Star', 'Ark Prime Freedom', 'Black Gem', 'Black Magic', 'Heaven Can Wait'), which were grown in the Rostov region (Russia). To determine the effect, the method of one-way statistical analysis was used. High proportions of factorial influence on berry weight (84%), berry length (81%), amount of sugars (96%), average number of drupes per fruit (76%), average number of replacement shoots (80%), total length of replacement shoots were revealed. (77%), potential number of cuttings from one bush (77%), number of fruits on the lateral (64%), length (67%) and width of the central leaflet (47%), length of the petiole (54%), yield (60% ). No significant influence of the cultivar on the thickness of the petiole, the number of leaves and the average height of the replacement shoots was found. Since the characteristics of a variety make a significant contribution to the variability of traits, a number of varieties with a high or low value of the variable for a trait can become their donors.
Features of technology for producing bread and bakery products from frozen semi-finished products
Authors: Terentyev S E , Labutina N V
Published: February 2022

The article provides an in-depth study of one of the most promising areas in modern bakery - the production of bread and bakery products from frozen semi-finished products. The authors highlight the retrospective aspect of the problem, note the peculiarities of the development of this technology in the domestic bakery industry. The article summarizes all known methods of obtaining frozen dough semi-finished products, taking into account the type of product and the manufacturer's capabilities. Frozen semi-finished products are intended for application of the “delayed baking” technology. The authors summarized a huge amount of factual material, scientific recommendations of domestic and foreign scientists and proposed the author's classification of the varieties of the delayed baking technology, indicating the advantages, disadvantages and conditions of use of each variety. The positive effect of low and negative temperatures consists in slowing down or completely stopping the fermentation process in frozen semi-finished products and keeping it for a sufficiently long time, which is described in sufficient detail in an article based on scientific research by technologists of the bakery industry. The article convincingly proves the priority opportunities for the development of the world market of frozen semi-finished products, notes the risks and threats in connection with the pandemic. The authors assessed the current level of use of frozen semi-finished products by domestic bakers. For the Russian food market, baked goods made from frozen dough pieces are still a relatively new product, and in comparison with economically developed countries of the world, their share in the total consumption is rather low. At the same time, the clear advantages of this innovative technology in comparison with the traditional one allow us to expect in the future an annual growth rate of at least 10%.
Agro-ecological testing of varieties and qualitative characteristics of potato tubers in the conditions of the Ryazan region
Authors: Pityurina I S , Vinogradov D V , Musaev F A , Goncharuk D V
Published: February 2022

The article presents the results of the analysis of the cultivation of potato varieties for yield and quality data. The aim of the study was to determine the technological and consumer characteristics of various varieties of potato grown in the Ryazan region. During the experiments were used potato varieties of domestic and foreign selection, which were approved for zoning in the Ryazan region. Potato was cultivated at the experimental agrotechnology station of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University in 2019-2020. As a result of research, it was revealed that only the varieties “Gala”, “Queen Anna” and “Kolobok” are classified as type C, which is suitable for cooking most culinary dishes, and accordingly they are universal. According to the quality indicators “taste and smell” and “darkening of the pulp”, the tubers of the “Gala”, “Queen Anna”, “Red Scarlett” and “Kolobok” varieties showed themselves worthily. According to the number of tubers on the bush, varieties “Queen Anna” and “Kolobok” also performed best. The highest average mass of tubers was given by the varieties “Rodrigo” and “Kolobok”.