bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O E-CIDADANIA E A LEGALIZAÇÃO DA MACONHA NO SENADO FEDERAL / THE E-CIDADANIA AND THE LEGALIZATION OF THE MARIJUANA IN THE FEDERAL SENATE
Authors: Rocha Maria Neblina Orrico
Published: December 2020

A proposta central desse trabalho é examinar como o Senado Federal estimula a participação direta da sociedade nos trabalhos legislativos, a partir do estudo da ideia legislativa cadastrada por um cidadão no portal e-Cidadania que visa legalizar o uso industrial, medicinal e de lazer da maconha no Brasil. No texto, é apresentado um debate a respeito de como as ferramentas on-line de participação podem ter trazido para a política brasileira a possibilidade de tratar diferentes temas de interesse coletivo com olhares e abordagens mais amplas, indo além das temáticas tradicionais que dominam o cenário político brasileiro.
CULTURA POLÍTICA E ABSTENÇÃO ELEITORAL / POLITICAL CULTURE AND ELECTORAL ABSTENTION
Authors: Pase Hemerson Luiz , Silva Luis Gustavo Teixeira , Santos Everton Rodrigo
Published: December 2020

Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar em que medida as categorias analíticas oriundas da cultura política podem contribuir para a explicação do fenômeno da abstenção eleitoral. O problema de pesquisa é: qual a relação entre a abstenção eleitoral e a avaliação do sistema político e do regime democrático? A metodologia relaciona os dados sobre a abstenção eleitoral disponível no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), com dados de surveys que avaliam a satisfação com a democracia.  A hipótese, comprovada parcialmente, é que a abstenção eleitoral é um dos efeitos da insatisfação dos cidadãos com o regime democrático e da desconfiança das instituições políticas, particularmente dos partidos e do Congresso.
A LEITURA DO DESEMPENHO: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA PARA A DISCUSSÃO DE PROJETOS/PROGRAMAS CORPORATIVOS NA CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS
Authors: Medeiros Valério Augusto Soares de
Published: December 2020

O artigo apresenta ações para a análise de projetos/programas corporativos na Câmara dos Deputados, conforme experiência realizada na disciplina Tópicos Especiais do Curso de Especialização em Gestão Pública Legislativa do Centro de Formação, Treinamento e Aperfeiçoamento, em 2010. A pesquisa narra os procedimentos desenvolvidos e apresenta os resultados alcançados, pretendendo contribuir para o debate sobre o planejamento estratégico da Casa Legislativa.
Plano de Contingência, como o Brasil se organizou frente à chegada da Covid-19
Authors: De Sousa Martins Gabriela , Martins de Oliveira Clara , Souza da Silva Graziele , Ribeiro Rosa Jenyffer , Cordeiro Corrêa Izabel , Rodrigues Cabral Yasmim , Amarante de Oliveira Jéssica
Published: December 2020

Introdução: O Sars-CoV-2, identificado como agente causador da Covid-19, disseminou-se rapidamente, fazendo com que a Organização Mundial da Saúde (o Ministério da Saúde) definisse a situação como pandemia. Para conter sua disseminação, o Brasil buscou adotar as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, criando o Plano de Contingência Nacional para Infecção Humana (PCNIH). Objetivo: caracterizar a evolução das ações de políticas de saúde pública no enfrentamento da Covid-19, o avanço da doença nas regiões brasileiras e o impacto no SUS. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados: PubMed, SciELO, ClinicalKey e nos principais sites governamentais, no período entre dezembro de 2019 e 16 de maio de 2020. Resultados: O PCNIH foi publicado em fevereiro de 2020 e estabeleceu as estratégias e as comissões de enfrentamento. Foram encontradas 37 portarias/resoluções e cinco comitês diretamente relacionadas ao PCNIH. Cerca de 10 medidas e ações para disseminação do coronavírus foram encontradas. No entanto, observou-se que houve a disseminação do vírus em todo o território nacional. Visando suprir essas demandas, o governo federal buscou investimento de leitos, contratação e capacitação de profissionais da saúde, ampliação dos atendimentos da atenção básica e canais de atendimento eletrônico. Conclusão: Apesar da confecção do PCNIH, observou-se que houve dificuldades na implementação das medidas encontradas para conter a disseminação do vírus em função da diversidade geopolítica brasileira. Assim são necessárias a adoção de medidas governamentais uniformes, que estimulem a população a segui-las, tendo em vista que a polarização política faz com que haja rupturas no engajamento contra a Pandemia.
Intervenções fisioterapêuticas em pacientes com DPOC descompensado
Authors: Martins e Silva Sara , Mariano Valverde Thalita , Gontijo Ribeiro Thaís
Published: December 2020

Introdução: a DPOC é definida como uma doença prevenível e tratável, caracterizada por limitação progressiva do fluxo aéreo. Calcula-se que no Brasil seja a doença respiratória que causa maior morbimortalidade em adultos. Pacientes que realizam reabilitação pulmonar necessitam de menos visitas ao médico ocasionadas por exacerbações e, quando ficam internados, permanecem por menos tempo. Há, consequentemente, aumento da qualidade de vida e melhora na capacidade de realizar exercícios físicos. Objetivos: descrever as intervenções fisioterapêuticas e seus desfechos em pacientes com DPOC. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo observacional retrospectivo, por meio da análise de prontuários com dados de janeiro a dezembro de 2019 em um hospital terciário do DF. Resultados: o resultado demonstrou maioria de indivíduos do sexo masculino (63%) com idade média de 72,4 anos. Além disso, a média do tempo de internação foi de 5,56 dias e 44,4% dos indivíduos apresentavam outras comorbidades associadas à DPOC. A maioria dos pacientes utilizaram VMNI (18,5%) e 14,8% utilizaram VM. Cerca de 11% dos pacientes admitidos no Pronto Socorro evoluíram a óbito. A VMNI foi utilizada como principal recurso fisioterapêutico juntamente mobilização precoce. Conclusão: A VMNI foi utilizada como principal recurso fisioterapêutico aliada à mobilização precoce, e a maior ocorrência de insucesso pode ser justificada pelo fato de os pacientes serem mais graves, com comorbidades associadas e idade mais avançada.
Effect of Certification on Adoption and Sustainability of Organic Agricultural Practices
Authors: Gikunda Raphael , Lawver David
Published: December 2020

This study highlights the importance of certification on the adoption and sustainability of organic agriculture (OA). The research took place in four counties of Central Kenya; Nyeri, Muranga, Kirinyaga, and Kiambu. Data were gathered from 329 farmers selected through stratified random sampling. A valid and a reliable (sustainability, α = .96; adoption, α = .84) semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. MANOVA followed with discriminant analysis was used to establish the differences between certified and non-certified farmers. The adoption levels of pest and disease control, weed, soil, and water management practices were higher among the certified farmers compared to non-certified farmers. Certified farmers also reported higher scores in the three dimensions of sustainability; ecological, social, and economic sustainability. Certification accounted for 15% of the variance in the adoption and sustainability of OA, Ʌ = .85, F (7, 313) = 7.87, p < .05, ηp2 = .15. Certification had a large effect on the adoption and sustainability of OA. This can be attributed to need to meet certification and market requirements, better access to extension information, and premium prices attracted by certified produce. Therefore, non-certified farmers should be encouraged to certify their production systems. Increased contacts between farmers and extension agents is also a basic necessity.
Keywords: adoption; certification; organic agriculture; diffusion of innovations; sustainability
Beyond Diffusion of Improved Technologies to Promoting Innovation Creation and Information Sharing for Increased Agricultural Productivity: A Case Study of Malawi and Kenya
Authors: Masambuka-Kanchewa Fallys , Lamm Kevan , Lamm Alexa
Published: December 2020

For several decades, various sub-Saharan Africa governments have been proactive in revamping their agricultural extension service delivery systems through establishment and revisions of their agricultural extension policies. Despite the existence and implementation of these policies, productivity in small holder farms in these countries is still low several years later. The need to enhance agricultural production is still cited as a challenge, with low adoption of improved technologies being found as the major contributing factor. This study used a qualitative approach to examine farmers’ perceptions regarding the role of extension agents in the diffusion of innovations and its implications on sustainable agricultural development in Malawi and Kenya. Increased focus on using agricultural extension as an improved technology dissemination tool was found to be one of the factors contributing to low agricultural productivity. This among others was as result of failure by extension to tap valuable information, useful knowledge, skills and resources which was found to be available among farmers in both countries. The findings imply farmers no longer value their local knowledge and are uncomfortable sharing it amongst themselves. However, addressing the challenge of low agricultural productivity (heavily impacted by climate change) in these countries requires a shift in approach when delivering agricultural extension services. These changes include the use of interactive Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to solicit feedback and input from farmers and to enhance the two-way communication process.

Keywords: diffusion of innovations; extension education; improved technologies; policy
Improving Livelihoods through Youth-Adult Partnerships involving School-based, Agripreneurship Projects: The Experiences of Adult Partners in Uganda
Authors: Mukembo Stephen , Edwards Craig
Published: December 2020

The increasing number of unemployed and underemployed youth across the globe, especially in developing countries, has reached alarming levels. In Africa, for example, this phenomenon has led to some youth making treacherous journeys across the Mediterranean Sea to Europe and other parts of the world in search of better livelihoods. Such an influx of immigrants, primarily to Europe and North America, has caused resentment and outcries by many citizens of the affected nations. Some of these challenges, however, could be allayed by engaging youth in income-generating projects, including agricultural entrepreneurship, i.e., agripreneurship, to create jobs and improve livelihoods. This may be achieved through Youth-Adult Partnerships (YAPs) by which youth and adults work together on agricultural projects of mutual interest. This study explored the experiences of adult partners in Uganda who collaborated with youth on their school-based, agripreneurial projects (SAPs) involving the raising of broiler chickens. Because of their partnership working on SAPs, both the youths’ and adults’ knowledge and understanding of concepts related to agripreneurship and raising of broilers chickens improved. The need exists to provide an enabling environment to promote an agripreneurial culture among youth through Y-APs if we seek to inspire them to pursue agripreneurship and related opportunities for job creation while also enabling the food security of communities and improved livelihoods for their citizens. Keywords: agripreneurship; improving livelihoods; project-based learning; school-based agripreneurial projects; youth unemployment; youth-adult partnerships
Impact of Lagrangian transport on lower-stratospheric transport timescales in a climate model
Authors: Charlesworth Edward J. , Dugstad Ann-Kristin , Fritsch Frauke , Jöckel Patrick , Plöger Felix
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We investigate the impact of model trace gas transport schemes on the
representation of transport processes in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere.
Towards this end, the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS)
was coupled to the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model
and results from the two transport schemes (Lagrangian critical Lyapunov
scheme and flux-form semi-Lagrangian, respectively) were compared.
Advection in CLaMS was driven by the EMAC simulation winds, and
thereby the only differences in transport between the two sets of
results were caused by differences in the transport schemes.
To analyze the timescales of large-scale transport, multiple
tropical-surface-emitted tracer pulses were performed to calculate age of
air spectra, while smaller-scale transport was analyzed via idealized,
radioactively decaying tracers emitted in smaller regions (nine
grid cells) within the stratosphere.
The results show that stratospheric transport barriers are significantly
stronger for Lagrangian EMAC-CLaMS transport due to reduced numerical
diffusion.
In particular, stronger tracer gradients emerge around the polar
vortex, at the subtropical jets, and at the edge of the tropical
pipe.
Inside the polar vortex, the more diffusive EMAC flux-form semi-Lagrangian
transport scheme results in a substantially higher amount of air with ages
from 0 to 2 years (up to a factor of 5 higher).
In the lowermost stratosphere, mean age of air is much smaller in EMAC,
owing to stronger diffusive cross-tropopause transport.
Conversely, EMAC-CLaMS shows a summertime lowermost stratosphere
age inversion – a layer of older air residing below younger air
(an “eave”).
This pattern is caused by strong poleward transport above the
subtropical jet and is entirely blurred by diffusive
cross-tropopause transport in EMAC.
Potential consequences from the choice of the transport scheme on
chemistry–climate and geoengineering simulations are discussed.
Weaker cooling by aerosols due to dust–pollution interactions
Authors: Klingmüller Klaus , Karydis Vlassis A. , Bacer Sara , Stenchikov Georgiy L. , Lelieveld Jos
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The interactions between aeolian dust and anthropogenic air pollution, notably chemical ageing of mineral dust and coagulation of dust and pollution
particles, modify the atmospheric aerosol composition and burden. Since the
aerosol particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei, this affects the radiative transfer not only directly via aerosol–radiation interactions, but also indirectly through cloud adjustments. We study both radiative effects using
the global ECHAM/MESSy atmospheric chemistry-climate model (EMAC) which
combines the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) with the European
Centre/Hamburg (ECHAM) climate model. Our simulations show that
dust–pollution–cloud interactions reduce the condensed water path and hence the reflection of solar radiation. The associated climate warming outweighs
the cooling that the dust–pollution interactions exert through the direct radiative effect. In total, this results in a net warming by dust–pollution
interactions which moderates the negative global anthropogenic aerosol forcing
at the top of the atmosphere by (0.2 ± 0.1) W m−2.
Long-term measurements (2009–2015) of non-methane hydrocarbons
(NMHCs) in a megacity of China: implication for emission validation
and source control
Authors: Peng Yarong , Wang Hongli , Wang Qian , Jing Shengao , An Jingyu , Gao Yaqin , Huang Cheng , Yan Rusha , Dai Haixia , Cheng Tiantao , Zhang Qiang , Li Meng , Li Li , Lou Shengrong , Tao Shikang , Hu Qinyao , Lu Jun , Chen Changhong
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Long term measurements of air pollutants represented the footprints of emissions to some extent, which could provide useful and consecutive evolution of emissions. Both atmospheric concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been reported decreasing in the past decade due to the implement of various control measures in China, which were different for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) with increasing emissions as reported previously. The present study employed the long-term (2009–2015) NMHCs measurements as well as the related social and economic activities data in Shanghai, a megacity in eastern China, to explore the evolution of NMHCs emissions during the periods. The meteorology and photochemistry which might impact the NMHCs measurements were tested as negligible effects on an annual scale. As a result, NMHCs mixing ratio showed no statistic interannual changes, of which compositions varied significantly. This resulted a statistically decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8 % yr−1 (p
Neutral air turbulence in the mesosphere and associated polar
mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs)
Authors: Mahmoudian Alireza , Kosch Mike J. , Scales Wayne A. , Rietveld Michael T. , Pinedo Henry
Published: December 2020

Abstract. This paper presents the first simultaneous four radar frequency observations of the PMSE region under varying neutral air turbulence conditions. Radar frequencies of 8, 56, 224, and 930 MHz are used in this study. Three days of experimental observations associated with EISCAT are presented. Numerical simulations of mesospheric dusty/ice plasma associated with the observed radar frequencies are presented. The effect of neutral air turbulence on the generation and strength of plasma density perturbations associated with PMSE using four radar frequencies and in the presence of various dust parameters is investigated. Using the model it is shown that the well-known neutral air turbulence in presence of heavy dust particles, so-called fossil turbulence, can largely explain the observed radar cross-section at four radar frequencies. The effect of initial turbulence amplitude along with dust charging and diffusion in the presence of various dust parameters is investigated using the computational model. Specifically, the response of diffusion to charging time scales, plasma density fluctuation amplitude to the background dusty plasma parameters are discussed. Several key parameters in dusty plasma responsible for the PMSE observations are determined.
Development of a standard database of reference sites for validating global burned area products
Authors: Franquesa Magí , Vanderhoof Melanie K. , Stavrakoudis Dimitris , Gitas Ioannis Z. , Roteta Ekhi , Padilla Marc , Chuvieco Emilio
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Over the past 2 decades, several global burned area
products have been produced and released to the public. However, the
accuracy assessment of such products largely depends on the availability of
reliable reference data that currently do not exist on a global scale or
whose production require a high level of dedication of project resources.
The important lack of reference data for the validation of burned area
products is addressed in this paper. We provide the Burned Area Reference Database (BARD), the first publicly available database created by compiling existing
reference BA (burned area) datasets from different international projects. BARD contains a
total of 2661 reference files derived from Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery.
All those files have been checked for internal quality and are freely
provided by the authors. To ensure database consistency, all files were
transformed to a common format and were properly documented by following
metadata standards. The goal of generating this database was to give
BA algorithm developers and product testers reference information that would
help them to develop or validate new BA products. BARD is freely available at
https://doi.org/10.21950/BBQQU7 (Franquesa
et al., 2020).
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes: 3. Entropy
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Williams Sarah G. W. , Doane Tyler H.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Theoretical and experimental work (Furbish et al., 2020a, 2020b) indicates that the travel distances of rarefied particle motions on rough hillslope surfaces are described by a generalized Pareto distribution. The form of this distribution varies with the balance between gravitational heating, due to conversion of potential to kinetic energy, and frictional cooling, due to particle-surface collisions; it varies from a bounded form associated with rapid thermal collapse to an exponential form representing isothermal conditions to a heavy-tailed form associated with net heating of particles. The generalized Pareto distribution in this problem is a maximum entropy distribution constrained by a fixed energetic cost – the total cumulative energy extracted by collisional friction per unit kinetic energy available during particle motions. That is, among all possible accessible microstates – the many different ways to arrange a great number of particles into distance states where each arrangement satisfies the same fixed total energetic cost – the generalized Pareto distribution represents the most probable arrangement. Because this idea applies equally to the accessible microstates associated with net cooling, isothermal conditions and net heating, the fixed energetic cost provides a unifying interpretation for these distinctive behaviors, including the abrupt transition in the form of the generalized Pareto distribution in crossing isothermal conditions. The analysis therefore represents a novel generalization of an energy-based constraint in using the maximum entropy method to infer non-exponential distributions of particle motions. Moreover, the energetic costs of individual particle motions follow an extreme-value distribution that is heavy-tailed for net cooling and light-tailed for net heating. The relative contribution of different travel distances to the total energetic cost is reflected by the product of the travel distance distribution and the cost of individual particle motions – effectively a frequency-magnitude product.
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes: 1. Theory
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Roering Joshua J. , Doane Tyler H. , Roth Danica L. , Williams Sarah G. W. , Abbott Angel M.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We describe the probabilistic physics of rarefied particle motions and deposition on rough hillslope surfaces. The particle energy balance involves gravitational heating with conversion of potential to kinetic energy, frictional cooling associated with particle-surface collisions, and an apparent heating associated with preferential deposition of low energy particles. Deposition probabilistically occurs with frictional cooling in relation to the distribution of particle energy states whose spatial evolution is described by a Fokker-Planck equation. The Kirkby number Ki – defined as the ratio of gravitational heating to frictional cooling – sets the basic deposition behavior and the form of the probability distribution fr(r) of particle travel distances r, a generalized Pareto distribution. The shape and scale parameters of the distribution are well-defined mechanically. For isothermal conditions where frictional cooling matches gravitational heating plus the apparent heating due to deposition, the distribution fr(r) is exponential. With non-isothermal conditions and small Ki this distribution is bounded and represents rapid thermal collapse. With increasing Ki the distribution fr(r) becomes heavy-tailed and represents net particle heating. It may possess a finite mean and finite variance, or the mean and variance may be undefined with sufficiently large Ki. The formulation provides key elements of the entrainment forms of the particle flux and the Exner equation, and it clarifies the mechanisms of particle-size sorting on large talus and scree slopes. Namely, with conversion of translational to rotational kinetic energy, large spinning particles are less likely to be stopped by collisional friction than are small or angular particles for the same surface roughness.
Evolution of events before and after the 17 June 2017 rock avalanche at Karrat Fjord, West Greenland – a multidisciplinary approach to detecting and locating unstable rock slopes in a remote Arctic area
Authors: Svennevig Kristian , Dahl-Jensen Trine , Keiding Marie , Merryman Boncori John Peter , Larsen Tine B. , Salehi Sara , Munck Solgaard Anne , Voss Peter H.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The 17 June 2017 rock avalanche in the Karrat Fjord, West Greenland, caused a
tsunami that flooded the nearby village of Nuugaatsiaq and killed four
people. The disaster was entirely unexpected since no previous records of
large rock slope failures were known in the region, and it highlighted the
need for better knowledge of potentially hazardous rock slopes in remote
Arctic regions. The aim of the paper is to explore our ability to detect and locate unstable
rock slopes in remote Arctic regions with difficult access. We test this by
examining the case of the 17 June 2017 Karrat rock avalanche. The workflow
we apply is based on a multidisciplinary analysis of freely available data
comprising seismological records, Sentinel-1 spaceborne synthetic-aperture
radar (SAR) data, and Landsat and Sentinel-2 optical satellite imagery,
ground-truthed with limited fieldwork. Using this workflow enables us to
reconstruct a timeline of rock slope failures on the coastal slope here
collectively termed the Karrat Landslide Complex. Our analyses show that at least three recent rock avalanches occurred in the
Karrat Landslide Complex: Karrat 2009, Karrat 2016, and Karrat 2017. The
latter is the source of the abovementioned tsunami, whereas the first two
are described here in detail for the first time. All three are interpreted
as having initiated as dip-slope failures. In addition to the recent rock
avalanches, older rock avalanche deposits are observed, demonstrating older
(Holocene) periods of activity. Furthermore, three larger unstable rock
slopes that may pose a future hazard are described. A number of non-tectonic
seismic events confined to the area are interpreted as recording rock slope
failures. The structural setting of the Karrat Landslide Complex, namely
dip slope, is probably the main conditioning factor for the past and present
activity, and, based on the temporal distribution of events in the area, we
speculate that the possible trigger for rock slope failures is permafrost
degradation caused by climate warming. The results of the present work highlight the benefits of a
multidisciplinary approach, based on freely available data, to studying unstable
rock slopes in remote Arctic areas under difficult logistical field
conditions and demonstrate the importance of identifying minor precursor
events to identify areas of future hazard.
High-sensitivity Gd3+–Gd3+ EPR distance measurements that eliminate artefacts seen at short distances
Authors: EL Mkami Hassane , Hunter Robert I. , Cruickshank Paul A. S. , Taylor Michael J. , Lovett Janet E. , Feintuch Akiva , Qi Mian , Godt Adelheid , Smith Graham M.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Gadolinium complexes are attracting increasing attention
as spin labels for EPR dipolar distance measurements in biomolecules and
particularly for in-cell measurements. It has been shown that flip-flop
transitions within the central transition of the high-spin Gd3+ ion
can introduce artefacts in dipolar distance measurements, particularly when
measuring distances less than 3 nm. Previous work has shown some reduction
of these artefacts through increasing the frequency separation between the
two frequencies required for the double electron–electron resonance (DEER)
experiment. Here we use a high-power (1 kW), wideband, non-resonant system
operating at 94 GHz to evaluate DEER measurement protocols using two stiff
Gd(III) rulers, consisting of two bis-Gd3+–PyMTA complexes, with
separations of 2.1 nm and 6.0 nm, respectively. We show that by avoiding
the -12→12 central transition completely, and placing
both the pump and the observer pulses on either side of the central
transition, we can now observe apparently artefact-free spectra and narrow
distance distributions, even for a Gd–Gd distance of 2.1 nm. Importantly we
still maintain excellent signal-to-noise ratio and relatively high
modulation depths. These results have implications for in-cell EPR
measurements at naturally occurring biomolecule concentrations.
A 2600-year-long paleoseismic record for the Himalayan Main Frontal Thrust (western Bhutan)
Authors: Le Roux-Mallouf Romain , Ferry Matthieu , Cattin Rodolphe , Ritz Jean-François , Drukpa Dowchu , Pelgay Phuntsho
Published: December 2020

Abstract. In spite of an increasing number of paleoseismic studies carried out over
the last decade along the Himalayan Arc, the chronology of historical and
prehistorical earthquakes is still poorly constrained. In this paper, we
present geomorphologic and paleoseismic studies conducted over a large
river-cut exposure along the Main Fontal Thrust in southwestern Bhutan. The
Piping site reveals a 30 m high fault-propagation fold deforming late
Holocene alluvial deposits. There, we carried out detailed paleoseismic
investigations and built a chronological framework on the basis of 22
detrital charcoal samples submitted to radiocarbon dating. Our analysis
reveals the occurrence of at least five large and great earthquakes between
485±125 BCE and 1714 CE with an average recurrence interval of 550±211 years. Coseismic slip values for most events reach at least 12 m
and suggest associated magnitudes are in the range of Mw 8.5–9. The
cumulative deformation yields an average slip rate of 24.9±10.4 mm yr−1 along the Main Frontal Thrust over the last 2600 years, in agreement with
geodetic and geomorphological results obtained nearby.
The role of electrical conductivity in radar wave reflection from glacier beds
Authors: Tulaczyk Slawek M. , Foley Neil T.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We have examined a general expression giving the specular
reflection coefficient for a radar wave approaching a reflecting interface
with normal incidence. The reflecting interface separates two homogeneous
isotropic media, the properties of which are fully described by three scalar
quantities: dielectric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and electrical
conductivity. The derived relationship indicates that electrical
conductivity should not be neglected a priori in glaciological investigations of
subglacial materials and in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) studies of saturated sediments and bedrock,
even at the high end of typical linear radar frequencies used in such
investigations (e.g., 100–400 MHz). Our own experience in resistivity
surveying in Antarctica, combined with a literature review, suggests that a
wide range of geologic materials can have electrical conductivity that is
high enough to significantly impact the value of radar reflectivity.
Furthermore, we have given two examples of prior studies in which inclusion
of electrical conductivity in calculation of the radar bed reflectivity may
provide an explanation for results that may be considered surprising if the
impact of electrical conductivity on radar reflection is neglected. The
commonly made assumption that only dielectric permittivity of the two media
needs to be considered in interpretation of radar reflectivity can lead to
erroneous conclusions.
Patient Satisfaction with Telehealth in Rural Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Harkey Loriana C. , Jung Sadie M. , Newton Elizabeth R , Patterson Angela
Published: December 2020

Telehealth provides health care services to clients through telecommunications. Rehabilitation services such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech-language therapy can be delivered via telehealth. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients’ reports of their satisfaction with telehealth compared to standard in-person therapy for patients living in rural areas. Four databases were utilized for this systematic review. The following words were searched: telehealth, rural, and patient satisfaction. Abstract searches identified 251 articles, and 55 were read in full text. Four articles met inclusion criteria. There was high satisfaction for patients in all studies regarding the use of telehealth. Findings showed that overall, telehealth supported increased rates of patient satisfaction for OT, PT, and SLP services delivered to rural communities.
Development and Feasibility Testing of Video Home Based Telerehabilitation for Stroke Survivors in Resource Limited Settings
Authors: Odetunde Marufat O. , Binuyo Overcomer T. , Maruf Fatai A. , Ayenowowon Sunday O. , Okonji Adaobi M. , Odetunde Nurain A. , Mbada Chidozie E.
Published: December 2020

Tele-physiotherapy has been shown to be valuable to improve clinical outcomes after stroke. Yet, home-based interventions for stroke survivors (SSVs) who speak indigenous African languages are sparse. This study developed a video-based home exercise programme (VHEP) for SSV speakers of Yoruba.  A qualitative descriptive pilot study was conducted in two phases: development and feasibility testing. VHEP development followed the American Stroke Association’s recommendations to include demonstrations of task-specific mobility-task and postural training; trunk exercises, and overground walking. The exercise instructions were presented in the Yoruba language. Each exercise was demonstrated for five minutes on video for a total of 30 minutes. The feasibility testing involved ten consenting chronic SSVs.  Each imitated the VHEP twice per week for two weeks and thereafter completed a feasibility questionnaire. Criteria for feasibility were: cost of using VHEP, recruitment rate, retention of participants, adherence to the exercises, and intervention delivery. The ten SSVs were recruited within one week, had prior home access to a video player at no-cost, adhered to the exercises as recorded, completed the 30 minute-duration for two weeks, and confirmed intervention delivery of VHEP. Most participants liked the novel use of Yoruba as the language of instruction on VHEP. The VHEP was feasible and acceptable among the studied sample of SSVs. Video based home telerehabilitation for SSVs therefore has the potential to meet the growing need for tele-physiotherapy in resource limited settings.
Accessible Table of Contents
Authors: Cohn Ellen R.
Published: December 2020

.
Providing menu and shopping toolkits to improve food access and security during a pandemic
Authors: Kunkel Kelly , Gold Abby , Johnson Betsy
Published: December 2020

In response to COVID-19 stay-safe-at-home orders, the University of Minnesota Extension created and disseminated menu and shopping list toolkits for use by consumers and emergency food supply organi­zations. The menus were developed to use items commonly available from food pantries and small rural grocery stores. The menu and shopping toolkits have been useful to provide to consumers who are shelter­ing in place during the pandemic and may be useful to consumers and emergency food providers during other emergencies such as natural and human-made disasters that may limit access to food.
Thracians in the Second Macedonian War (200–197 B.C.)
Authors: Iliev Jordan
Published: December 2020

This article presents and analyzes all of the available evidence on Thracian participation in the Second Macedonian War. It is demonstrated that contingents (lightly armed infantrymen) from Thrace fought (as auxiliaries, and probably as mercenaries) on the side of the Macedonians, remaining reliable allies throughout the war. During the war, Roman diplomacy succeeded in organizing attacks on Macedonia by land from the west, north, and south, but not from the east; this observation proves Philip V’s strong positions in Thrace. Due to incomplete data, it is not possible to determine the exact number of Thracians in the Macedonian army or whether the number varied during the war. The article ends with a suggestion that the good awareness of the Romans about the geopolitical situation in the Balkans, demonstrated by T. Quinctius Flamininus, implies their acquisition (probably for the first time) of information about Thrace and the Thracians.
Between Byzantium and the West: Serbian Marital Policy and Political Orientation (Mid-Eleventh Century – 1371)
Authors: Stojkovski Boris
Published: December 2020

The aim of this article is to present the marital policy of the dynasties of two medieval Serbian lands, Dioclea and Rascia (Serbia), from the mid-eleventh century until the death of King Milutin in 1321. Serbia was situated in the area of the Balkan Peninsula, which was a region of interest for both Western and Central European powers, as well as the Byzantine empire. In a cultural sense, Serbia embraced the Orthodox faith and Byzantine culture, but until the second half of the fourteenth century, Byzantium was its biggest political rival. Serbia had spread its territory and gained its political independence at the expense of Byzantium. In order to reach this political aim, marital policy was of highest importance. Central European and Western Latin princesses brought with them political alliances with the West, which gave Serbia a certain importance in the wider European context of international politics. Princesses came to Serbia from Norman Sicily and Hungary, and at the same time, Serbian female members of the ruling dynasties went abroad. Finally, Byzantine princesses in Serbia were a symbol of truce between the two countries, but also a pledge of the spread of the Byzantine culture and Orthodox faith.
Jewish Ethical Reflections on the Promises and Challenges of Mitochondria Replacement Therapy
Authors: Moise-Silverman Joshua
Published: December 2020

Orthodox Judaism is an ever-evolving religion, responding to changes in science, technology, medicine, etc. The evolution of thought within this religious tradition can be clearly examined in halakhic responses to assisted reproductive technology and the adoption of these technologies and procedures by the Orthodox Jewish community. A relatively new reproductive technology of great interest to the Orthodox community is mitochondrial replacement therapies (MRT). This article examines past and current decisions regarding reproductive technologies that are used when examining a new assisted reproductive technology. Additionally, close examination of these sources will elucidate whether MRT results in the conception and delivery of children who are “Jewish by birth” or how a child born via MRT can be considered Jewish, post-parturition.
Seeing Ourselves in Books: A Children's Book about Transracial Adoption and the Common Sense of Jewish Family and Identity in the United States
Authors: Mbuvi Amanda Beckenstein
Published: December 2020

In the children's book Rebecca's Journey Home, an American family's experience adopting a baby from Vietnam and navigating issues of race, religion, and nationality illuminates each of those modes of identity, as well as Jewish identity's distinctive relationship to them. Highlighting the parent-child dialogues within the book and among its readers, this article foregrounds the social processes involved in identity construction that are obscured by the view of identity as simply inhering in bodies. Although the book's portrayal of Jewish identity remains within the confines of American racial logic, it also points to the potential of Jewish tradition as a basis for reimagining belonging in ways that transcend the limitations of that approach to communal identity so that any body can be seen, without qualification, as a Jewish body.
La inseguridad en México : ¿qué sabemos y qué hacer?
Authors: Romero León Vidal Fernando
Published: December 2020

The crisis of insecurity that Mexico is going through considers different types of crimes and violence. The drug prohibition regime and a security policy biased towards the coercive combat of drug trafficking to the detriment of other crimes of greater incidence, have proven to be ineffective. This essay analyzes the existing knowledge on these issues and outlines three concrete actions to improve the situation.
Desinformação e mensagens sobre a hidroxicloroquina no Twitter: da pressão política à disputa científica
Authors: Araujo Ronaldo Ferreira , Oliveira Thaiane Moreira de
Published: December 2020

Introdução: A pandemia do novo coronavirus trouxe consigo um forte aliado responsável por tornar cada vez mais difícil o enfrentamento da doença, a desinformação científica. Opiniões negacionistas, teorias conspiratórias, oportunismo político são alguns exemplos de uso malicioso por trás da disseminação de informação sobre o vírus, seus efeitos, formas de tratamento e prevenção. Método: por meio de um estudo infodemiológico a pesquisa analisa o compartilhamento de informações no Twitter sobre a hidroxicloroquina, o medicamento que tem ganhado destaque quando se fala de um possível tratamento farmacológico da doença. Os dados foram coletados via Netlytic por meio do monitoramento da hashtag #hidroxicloroquinaja entre os dias 11 a 30 de maio e são analisados a partir da análise da rede de interação em torno do compartilhamento, compreensão dos termos frequentes e categorização das postagens. Resultados: Foram analisados 3.714 tweets e identificados 2.089 usuários, dos quais apenas 678 (32,4%) mantiveram algum tipo de conexão com outros usuários na rede. Os termos frequentes e sua distribuição indicam que a questão é protagonizada mais por aspectos políticos do que de saúde, com maior concentração de mensagens em poucos usuários e um grande número responsável por sua viralização. As categorias mais comuns foram “Ataque a agentes políticos” e “Descrença nas instituições epistêmicas”. Conclusão: No contexto estudado percebe-se que os valores da própria cultura científica, como reconhecimento e autoridade, vão ganhando novas camadas informacionais em disputa política em um momento no qual as instituições epistêmicas estão em declínio.
The Impact of Burnout on the Academic Achievement of Saudi Female Students Enrolled in the Colleges of Health Sciences
Authors: Alshobaili Alanoud M , Alshallan Hadeel A , Alruwaili Shahad H , Alqarni Amal F , Alanazi Maha M , Alshinqeeti Tmadhur A , Awad Salwa S
Published: December 2020

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate the impact of burnout on the academic achievement of female students in the colleges of health sciences and to explore on their educational levels of study regarding burnout.Methods: Purposive sampling technique was used in this study and a sample size of 540 Saudi female students was chosen to participate in this study. The tools used were Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey for Students MBI–GS (S) to measure the level of burnout and a socio-demographic questionnaire were administered on participants. The MBI–GS (S) proved internal consistency reliability at 0.86 across many samples.Results: The level of burnout among participants was 51.9%. Some 27.2% of the participants experienced mild burnout, while 14.4% showed moderate levels of burnout. Only 6.5% of participants displayed a high level of burnout, and they were among the Colleges of Pharmacy (25.0%) and Dentistry (10.1%).Conclusions: The study findings showed no association between burnout and academic achievement and no relationship between burnout and the academic level of study. Only the students of the College of Pharmacy suffered from high levels of burnout.
Happiness, Subjective Well-Being, and Life Satisfaction: A Compared Study between Long-Lived Elderly People in Northeast and Southeast Brazil
Authors: Simões Raisa F. M. , Nóbrega Júlia C. L. , Barbosa Juliana , Santos Tácila T. M. , Olinda Ricardo A. , Menezes Tarciana N. , Duarte Yeda A. O. , Zatz Mayana , Alves Leandro U. , Santos Silvana
Published: December 2020

This cross-sectional study aims to investigate and compare factors associated with happiness, subjective well-being, and life satisfaction in elderly people aged 80 and older in two different regions of Brazil. Face-to-face interviews were performed with 417 Brazilians aged 80 years and older, 179 from Northeast and 238 from the Southeast. The prevalence of feelings of happiness, subjective well-being, and overall life satisfaction were very similar for the older elderly in both regions. While in the Southeast, the predictive factors were literacy, higher income, and better economic situation, with many elderly people living alone; in the Northeast, the affective ties with more people seem to predominate, as well as having a more frequent and diverse support network, and practice leisure activities. Our findings support a view of social bonds and family support enables the older elderly people to feel more satisfied with life, performing activities that bring happiness and subjective well-being.
‘Ik verblijf in een gevangenis, daar is niets moreels aan.’ Ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid bij binnenkomst in vreemdelingenbewaring.
Authors: de Gier Nicolien , Kox Mieke , Boone Miranda , Vanderveen Gabry
Published: December 2020

‘Ik verblijf in een gevangenis, daar is niets moreels aan.’ Ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid bij binnenkomst in vreemdelingenbewaring.

Qualitative research in an immigration detention center in the Netherlands shows that detained unauthorized migrants consider the entry procedure in Immigration Centre Rotterdam procedurally just. These migrants are generally positive on the fairness of the entry procedure as their safety and welfare are guaranteed and existing procedural justice criteria are respected. However, they believe that immigration detention in itself is illegitimate and that they do not deserve to be detained. This shows that the focus on procedures and interactions is insufficient to understand the perceived legitimacy of immigration detention if shared values and consent with the legal basis of immigration detention are lacking.
Vrijheidsontneming, penitentiaire beginselen en de eendentest
Authors: Verbaas Frans-Willem
Published: December 2020

Vrijheidsontneming, penitentiaire beginselen en de eendentest – Over de aard van vreemdelingenbewaring

In the Netherlands, immigration detention is classified under administrative law. More precisely: it is a form of administrative coercion. But immigration detention is also deprivation of liberty, or a habeas corpus measure. This makes it the most far-reaching form of administrative coercion you can think of. The regime and house rules of immigration detention differ just a little from those of criminal deprivation of liberty. The draft bill on the Return and Detention Act provides some improvements. For asylum seekers that cause nuisance, there is the Enforcement and Supervision Location, where the foreign national is given an area restriction and must remain within the municipal boundaries. Due to the liberty restrictions, immigration detention should always be the last resort.
Europäisches Vertragsrecht
Authors: Schulze Reiner , Zoll Fryderyk
Published: December 2020

Die umfassende überabeitete und aktualisierte 3. Auflage behandelt das neue europäische Vertragsrecht unter den Vorzeichen der Digitalisierung: die Digitale Inhalte-RL, Warenkauf-RL, Modernisierungs-RL und Plattform-VO sind Schwerpunkte.

Das Lehrbuch bietet eine Gesamtdarstellung des europäischen Vertragsrechts unter Einschluss der neuesten Entwicklungen und behält dabei stets die Bedürfnisse der Praxis im Blick.
Vertragsgestaltung
Authors: Aderhold Lutz , Koch Raphael , Lenkaitis Karlheinz
Published: December 2020

Vertragsgestaltung in Theorie und Praxis: Das Werk verbindet wissenschaftliche Methodik und praxisgerechte Gestaltung. Diese Verbindung wird durch die Autoren aus Wissenschaft und Praxis sichergestellt. Nach der Erarbeitung der Methodik und Struktur der Vertragsgestaltung folgt die Darstellung praxisrelevanter Gestaltungssituationen unter anderem im Kaufrecht, Werkvertragsrecht, Gesellschaftsrecht, Familienrecht und Erbrecht. Dabei werden konstruktiv-gestalterische Überlegungen vorgestellt, um die Leitlinien einer sachgerechten Gestaltung – wissenschaftlich reflektiert und untermauert – zu erlernen. Die Charakteristika der Arbeitsweise des Vertragsgestalters, insbesondere die Zukunfts- und Zweckorientierung sowie die Umsetzung der Interessenwahrnehmung, werden verdeutlicht. Durch die Kombination eines allgemeinen und besonderen Teils ergibt sich ein im Lernprozess gewünschter Wiederholungseffekt. Innerhalb des besonderen Teils erfolgt eine Hervorhebung der Wiederholungssequenzen. Die Gestaltungssituationen sind zur schnellen Orientierung in Sachverhalt, Erarbeitung der Gestaltung sowie grundlegende Muster eingeteilt. Abgerundet wird das Werk durch eine Einführung in die Kunst der Vertragsverhandlung.

Die 4. Auflage berücksichtigt die Reform des Bauvertragsrechts nunmehr unmittelbar im Text zu § 12 (Werkvertragsrecht). Sie wurde durchgehend aktualisiert.