bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hybrid approach to the compliance testing of training shoes
Authors: Walker Colin
Published: October 2008

There is, as yet, no totally rational method for testing training shoes. The situation is complicated by the coupling that exists between the physical characteristics of the shoes and the biomechanical response to them. This paper sets out to establish a basis for the physical aspects of testing, and shows how the biomechanical response may be integrated into a suitable model. The basic assessment of the compliance properties of training shoes was carried out by the measurement of load‐deflection curves. The analysis of these curves was based on the McMahon/Green two mass, two spring model of limb‐ground interaction, which defines the tangent modulus of the load‐deflection curve as the relevant quality parameter. For a selection of 30 shoe types, the load‐deflection curves were analysed to show how a systematic approach may be developed to understanding the variances in the shoe characteristics.

It has also been shown how these findings may in part explain why running shoes which have apparently widely differing load‐deflection characteristics have been found to perform rather similarly insofar as the measured level of ground reaction is concerned.
Shear stress distribution on a solid circular plate embedded in an elastic halfspace
Authors: Antony S. Joseph
Published: October 2008

The present investigation deals with the analysis of an axisymmetrically loaded elastic halfspace containing a solid circular plate. The elastic halfspace and the embedded plate has been idealised together as a layered system. Layered theory has been used to determine the shear stress distribution on the embedded plate. Results have been presented for the shear stress distribution on the embedded plate for different values of the relative rigidity parameter.
Evaluation of stress intensity factor under pure shear stress in orthotropic material
Authors: Shimamoto A. , Umezaki E.
Published: October 2008

Various types of composite materials are currently being developed and used for automobiles, airplanes, ships and other structures in response to required service conditions which are getting increasingly more severe. Of growing importance under such circumstances is the study of stress analysis and fracture mechanics for these composite material structures. Particularly, the primary concern in design of structures and machines should be the initiation of cracks due to excessive deformation, delamination in material or other material defects. In evaluating safety, it is indispensable from the structural design point of view that K value should be known by an analysis conducted in advance. In this study, stress intensity factor (mode II) under a pure shear stress was obtained using the photoelastic method and caustic method and applying an isotropic material and orthotropic material (copper fibre epoxy composite (CFEC) developed by the authors), each containing the crack. Results were compared with theoretical values. As a result, this method was found useful and the effect of the direction of the primary axis of this material on the stress intensity factor was clarified.
Laminated beams subjected to transverse load
Authors: Allison I.M.
Published: October 2008

A simple elastic solution has been developed for predicting the shear stress distribution in a laminated beam subjected to a variety of transverse loading conditions. Photoelastic tests on composite models involving a single bonding layer have been used to validate the theory, and also to comment upon the significance of these results in interpreting the interlaminar shear strength and bending modulus of the simplest form of laminated strip.
Experimental analysis of acrylic models
Authors: Paloto J.C. , Ortega N.F.
Published: October 2008

Strain gauge application has been used to study the mechanical behaviour of shell models. Application has been made directly to acrylic devices designed by means of the homeostatic model technique. The testing procedure of one such model made with the aim of assessing the anticipated membrane status is detailed. This has resulted in an interesting experience of strain gauge application to this type of material.
Optically enhanced tiling (OET) in digital fringe pattern analysis
Authors: Ramesh K. , Sreedhar D.
Published: October 2008

In digital fringe pattern analysis information is usually lost in high fringe density zones due to digitisation and quantisation errors. A generic approach namely optically enhanced tiling (OET) is presented to construct a composite picture from multiple optically zoomed images. The procedure is explained with the help of the problem of data acquisition in digital photoelasticity using phase shifting technique.
Measurement of residual stresses in a multi‐layer explosive welded joint with successive milling technique
Authors: Yasheng Wang , Hongneng Cai , Ninxu Ma
Published: October 2008

In the multi‐layer welded joint of titanium‐tantalum (Ti‐5Ta/Ti‐5Ta/Ta/substrate of stainless steel (SUS304) the second layer of plate Ti‐5Ta is 4mm thick, and the third plate Ta is only 1 mm thick. It is almost impossible to measure the stresses near the weld with cutting strip technique. Using a successive milling technique the inplane elastic strain releases normal to the thickness direction are measured. With the finite element method (FEM) inherent strain distribution along thickness z‐direction is evaluated according to the elastic strain releases. Subsequently, assuming that the inherent strains (plastic strains resulting from the welding process) are the initial strains of the FEM analysis for the welded residual stresses, these are used further to evaluate the residual stress distributions along the thickness z‐direction in the multi‐layer explosive welding joint.
Use of multiple loads to extract continuous isoclinic fringes by phase shifting technique
Authors: Mangal S. K. , Ramesh K.
Published: October 2008

Using a monochromatic light source for illumination, a new approach is proposed which uses two different loads to get continuous isoclinic fringes. A new set of optical arrangements in a plane polariscope setup is proposed for this purpose. The intensity equations are obtained by Jones calculus. The methodology is verified for the problem of a disc under diametral compression.
Applications of thermoelastic stress analysis to composite materials
Authors: Dulieu‐Barton J.M. , Stanley P.
Published: October 2008

A number of applied thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) studies on composite components and assemblies are described, for the purpose of illustrating the potential of the technique for use with composite materials.
A rapid method for stress separation in two dimensional photoelastic models
Authors: Allison I M
Published: October 2008

Obtaining the individual stress components at internal points in a two dimensional photoelastic model is time consuming and requires considerable expertise. A rapid method has been developed for calculating the stress distribution along an axis of symmetry. An example is given to show that the results are sufficiently accurate for engineerng design purposes.
Error analysis and method of accuracy evaluation of strain gauge factor testing apparatus based on pure bending moment beams
Authors: Zubin Deng
Published: October 2008

For the appraisal of accuracy of strain gauge factor testing apparatus based on pure bending moment beams, the common means adopted since the 1960s and still in use internationally today are by application of the strain definition to measure directly the strain on the calibration beam surfaces. However, because of the imperfect measuring principle and inadequate resolution and accuracy of instruments available, etc., this problem has not been solved satisfactorily. This paper proposes a unique way by introducing two new concepts, i.e. the shape errors of the cylindrical surfaces and deflection errors of the bent calibration beam, in accordance with the features of the forces acting on the beam, and the geometric shape and dimensions of the beam in operation, to analyse and classify the various accidental and systematic errors involved. Through the two concepts, the task of appraisal of accuracy is simplified as the appraisal of the cylindricality of the cylindrical surfaces of the bent calibration beam and the appraisal of the three main parameters in the strain formula.
The Donostia method for the stress measurements in architectural heritage
Authors: Barrallo J. , Zulueta A. , Beitia S. Sánchez
Published: October 2008

When structural damage appears in architecture, as in civil engineering, one of the first things to do is to analyse the level of stresses supported by the structural elements of the building. In most of the cases, the deduction of these stresses is carried out by means of one verification of the “design loads”, using analytic methods based (or not) on standardised computer assisted applications. Nowadays, there is not one experimental method close enough to deduce the loads really supported by the structural elements. This article deals precisely about the resolution of this problem by means of the hole drilling technique applied on stone constructions as this is very common in architectural heritage. The particular use of the hole drilling technique in architectural heritage is named Donostia method by the authors, and allows both the deduction of the principal stress values and their directions. This is a very important aspect when the structural damages are generated by anomalous loads.
Biological strain/stress sensing power in plants and modelling mechanisms
Authors: Nogata Fumio
Published: October 2008

This paper describes a cell based mechanosensing power and adapting modelling mechanisms found in plants. Biological structures consist of mechanical load carriers, which are strongly optimised in terms of mechanical strength and minimum mass. It is shown that bamboo structures are designed to have uniform stresses at all positions, applying various sizes of bamboo fibre at the optimal locations. As a significant biological design system, a biological sensing power for detecting the strain/stress induced by external loads can be accepted. The mechanosensing system can be regarded as that in which live cells detect the external mechanical strain/stress as biological electric signals generated by the motions of various ions throughout and/or into the channels of the cell membrane. The modelling mechanism is a cell based mechanosensor that depends on the kind of plant. Three types for detecting the mechanical strain/stress (tension sensitive, compression sensitive, and tension and compression sensitive types) are investigated. Changes in electrical signals at the local portion of a plant body due to the mechanical deformation of cell membranes, affect the modelling of a plant's tissue to fit external mechanical environments.
The hole drilling method in photoelasticity ‐application of an optimisation approach
Authors: Cárdenas‐García Jaime F.
Published: October 2008

This paper presents a least squares inverse problem solution for the case of photoelastic fringes around a hole in a biaxially loaded plate for two problems. Problem 1 relates to an infinite plate in which the circular hole is drilled first and then the loads are applied. Problem 2 is the residual stress problem in which the hole is drilled after the biaxial load is applied to the infinite plate. This hybrid experimental numerical approach permits utilisation of as many points of information as desired, away from the edge of the hole and the axes of symmetry. Also, no a priori knowledge is needed as to the orientation of the principal axes of symmetry. Its implementation, using simulated photoelastic fringes, yields accurate predictions of the magnitude and orientation of the far field stresses.
Leak detection in steam pipework
Authors: Lyon R. , Holt A. , Wilson B.
Published: October 2008

A large number of power stations worldwide contain steam pipework where welded joints can be susceptible to circumferential cracking close to or in the heat affected zone between the weld metal and the parent material. On occasions, cracks have grown significantly around the circumference of the welds and have penetrated through the pipework wall to produce small leaks. Although these leaks were detected before significant damage could occur, there is concern that violent failures could occur from undetected cracks.

At present the problem is contained by conducting rigorous but selective NDT at each shutdown on a representative sample of the critical welds. However, numbers of steam leaks have been successfully reduced, but it has not proved possible to eliminate them completely. Consequently, there remains a need to detect, and respond to those leaks which do occur as quickly as possible.

A programme of work was commissioned to investigate leak detection systems with the aim of devising a suitable system for power station use.
Measuring Strain Using Optical Fibres
Authors: Culshaw B.
Published: October 2008

Abstract: Optical fibres have emerged as versatile strain transducers. They can function as direct but topologically simple replacements for a range of strain gauges or can implement new measurements in distributed and integrating formats. Like all strain measurement techniques the properties of the transducer dictate its suitability for specific applications. In the case of optical fibres some of these applications are entirely new and in particular facilitate the techniques of “smart structures” fabricated from new advanced materials. This paper presents an overview of the principal approaches to optical fibre strain measurement and endeavours to set these into an applications context. In particular we shall highlight some of the more novel applications which are enabled through the use of fibre optic strain transducers.
High Temperature Gratings for the Moiré and Moiré Interferometry Methods and their Application to Deformation Measurement ‐ A Review
Authors: Hyde T. H. , Xie H. , Sun W. , Dai F. , Zou D.
Published: October 2008

Abstract: This paper gives a general review of the production of high temperature gratings and their application to deformation measurement. The fabrication techniques for gratings and deformation measurement methods using the gratings are discussed. The review is confined to in‐plane moiré and moiré interferometry methods. Some typical applications in high temperature deformation measurement are briefly discussed.
Near‐Term Organic Mine Countermeasures Ship (NMCM): Ship Conversion Feasibility Study
Authors: Rechel A. A. , Lavallé J. J. G. , Gooding T. R. , Chrisospathis A.
Published: October 2008

The recent proliferation of regional conflicts and the shift in naval operational theaters from the open ocean to the littoral environment has accentuated the danger of asymmetric threats to U.S. forces. One of the more effective of these threats has been waterborne mines. The historical approach to a mine threat has involved special purpose systems that are very effective, but slow to respond to developing crises. The accelerated pace of modern and future operations calls for a mine countermeasures (MCM) system that can rapidly respond to changing operational conditions. This study evaluates the feasibility of converting FFG 7 class frigates into MCM platforms that can deploy with battle groups to provide instantly available MCM capability. This conversion would be an interim solution, until a new platform can be developed, so it is called the Near‐Term Mine Countermeasures Ship (NMCM). The study determined that such a conversion would be feasible, with an estimated cost of $67.3 million per ship.
Technologies and Sociotechnical Systems For Future Destroyers
Authors: Desclèves E. , Letot L.
Published: October 2008

Beginning in 2010 most of the French Navy's Surface Combatants will have to be replaced. This major investment is being actively prepared through detailed analysis in which technological developments are major considerations that have to be optimally selected and combined. However, many of the assumptions that guided planners in the past no longer apply. Constrained defence budgets, a wide range of military scenarios, and significant changes in possible threats, as well as sociological evolutions require solutions marking a disruption with current technologies, which have not fundamentally changed since the Second World War. The aim of this paper is to develop different operational requirements and their technological answers, which are currently being investigated.
Salvaging of USS La Moure County (LST 1194) in Cinfuncho Bay, Chile
Authors: Baumann G. W. , Dean M. S.
Published: October 2008

On September 12, 2000 USS La Moure County (LST 1194) ran aground in Cifuncho Bay, Chile during a joint USMC amphibious assault exercise. While transiting to the intended anchorage site in the early morning hours, the ship struck an outcropping of rocks and was unable to free herself. Hard aground and in the surf zone, the ship pounded further onto the rocks and into a perilous situation. Fortunately for the crew, a Chilean ATF was in the vicinity and quickly pulled the vessel free and into a safe haven.

The damage that resulted from the initial impact and the subsequent pounding in the surf while aground was extremely serious. Numerous holes, dents, tears, and areas of severe structural damage were scattered from the bow to amidships. Further aft, both propeller hubs each lost a blade while both rudders incurred impact damage with one completely inoperable. Flooding was rampant and affected 29 tanks and spaces. Thousands of gallons of diesel fuel spilled and polluted the waters of Cifuncho Bay. However, the worst and most serious damage was a 40‐foot hole amidships which spanned from bilge radius to bilge radius and encompassed shell plating, all structural members, and numerous piping systems. With the hull in a critical hogging condition, the 4TH deck was now the bottom most longitudinal strength structure amidships. USS La Moure County was definitely in need of immediate salvage assistance.

This paper summarizes the damage control and salvage efforts that took place after the ship was pulled from the rocks. It addresses some of the immediate damage control measures effected by ships force, the cooperative salvage actions of the U.S. Fleet, the Naval Sea Systems Command Headquarters, and the Chilean Navy, and the joint Navy/contractor repair and oil pollution abatement efforts. Additionally, it addresses the logistic difficulties encountered in mobilizing and demobilizing personnel and equipment in the remote area off the Chilean coastline. Lastly, it discusses the requirements necessary to support a large‐scale salvage crisis in a distant portion of the world, such as the USS La Moure County grounding in Cifuncho Bay, Chile.
Navy Mobile Instrumentation System
Authors: Coussa Michael R.
Published: October 2008

In response to declining DoD budget levels, Strategic Systems Programs (SSP) has drastically reduced the number of live‐fire TRIDENT missile flight tests over the last five to six years. Consequently, the data from each of the remaining flight tests becomes that much more valuable so means have been sought to affordably provide more perceptive information from each of the reduced number of missile tests. In response to this situation, new instrumentation systems have been developed, which collectively are called the Navy mobile instrumentation system (NMIS). These may temporarily be installed on ships of opportunity, provided by the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO) and sailed into broad ocean areas (BOAs) to collect reentry body data. The design of our instrumentation, and our memorandum of agreement (MOA) with NAVO, allows NAVO to continue to conduct their surveys enroute to the terminal (impact) area. The NMIS consists of the following subsystems: (1) C‐band and X‐band radars; (2) optics recording and display; (3) S‐band multi‐object tracking and recording; (4) scoring of reentry impacts; and (5) weather profile collection and recording. The subsystems use commercial off‐the‐shelf (COTS) equipment whenever possible (Buckman and Vetter 1998). This paper will discuss specific technical innovations of the individual NMIS systems and will showcase samples of data that have been obtained from developmental testing during actual Trident missile flight tests. Also, this paper will describe the NMIS operational support concept and maintenance concept.
Commercial Marine Emissions and Life‐Cycle Analysis of Retrofit Controls in a Changing Science and Policy Environment
Authors: Corbett James J. , Fischbeck Paul S.
Published: October 2008

This paper considers the technical feasibility of achieving NOx reductions through engine controls on existing ocean‐ going ships. International transport ships account for most of the NOx emissions from shipping globally and regionally (Corbett and Fischbeck 1997; Corbett et al. 1999). Recently, regulatory efforts to control NOx from ship propulsion have been adopted at the international level (IMO 1998) along with related efforts at national levels (EPA 1998a; Lemieszewski 1999; National Swedish Maritime Administration 1996; Swedish Port and Stevedores Association 1999). The long working life of modern commercial ships, with world fleet averages greater than 20 years (UNCTAD 1995), implies that new‐engine policies have limited value in meeting air‐quality objectives in the near term. This has motivated efforts to control shipboard emissions with retrofit technologies. Nine technologies, demonstrated to control NOx from existing engines, are described in terms of their ability to reduce emissions at the lowest life‐cycle costs. The costs for these technologies are within the cost range of similar controls proposed for new marine engines and within the cost ranges for various land‐based NOx control efforts, suggesting that these are not only technically feasible but also are economically reasonable technologies for pollution control.
In This Special Issue the Naval Engineers Journal Features Reliability‐Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Guidelines for Surface Ship Structures
Authors: Mccarthy Robert H.
Published: October 2008

For many centuries, ship structural design has been accomplished under conditions of uncertainty about materials, loads, structural behavior, and failure modes. Structural engineers traditionally use factors of safety to deal with uncertainty and produce acceptable designs. Existing Navy design practice is documented in design data sheets, the Navy's surface ship structural design manual, and ship specifications. The collection of papers presented in this special issue provides an insight into advancing the state‐of‐the‐art of Navy structural design by rational and purposeful treatment of uncertainty. Partial safety factors are used for various design variables instead of a single safety factor as currently employed. These partial safety factors, that correspond to load and strength variables, permit a rational allocation of a desired safety margin to its source in a proportional manner.

These papers summarize the last decade of work in reliability‐based design methods and provide the basis for future development in this area of design. A Navy design guideline document currently in preparation will ultimately complement the currently used design approaches provided in the U. S. Navy design manual and the Design Data Sheets (DDS). However, this guideline will not necessarily supercede existing DDSs, Naval Sea System Command (NAVSEA) instructions, military standards, or other design criteria and practices documentation.

The authors of these papers provide us with a window on the future of structural design of surface ships. These papers represent a milestone towards transforming our design practice from working stress design to reliability‐based limit state design.
Reliability‐Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Guidelines for Hull Girder Bending
Authors: Ayyub Bilal M. , Assakkaf Ibrahim A. , Sikora Jerome P. , Adamchak John C. , Atua Khaled , Melton William , Hess Paul E.
Published: October 2008

Future guidelines for ship hull girder design will be developed using reliability methods, which can be expressed in a special format such as the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format. The main objective of this paper is to summarize the development methodology and results of reliability‐based guidelines (i.e., LRFD guidelines) for ship structures that were performed for the U.S. Navy and other government agencies. The methodology for developing the LRFD format for ship hull girder bending used in this paper consists of the following steps: (1) Probabilistic characteristics of basic strength and load random variables that are used in structural design were analyzed. Values for these characteristics were recommended for reliability‐based design purposes. They were determined based on the statistical analysis of data collected on these design parameters, on values recommended in other studies, or sometimes based on personal judgment. (2) Different load combinations were established and presented with combination and correlation factors; these combinations included stillwater, wave‐induced, and wave dynamic bending moments. The correlation between these different load components was accounted for and expressed in the form of correlation factors. (3) Limit states for these load combinations were established based on structural modes of failures. (4) A comparison of different design practices was conducted based on the determination of the nominal values of strength and load values for ship structures to recommend the format required for each design variable. Methods for determining the design (nominal) values of both strength and load variables were presented as detailed calculation procedures. (5) Target reliability levels as used in other studies were summarized and ranges of target reliability levels were selected for the limit states. (6) Partial safety factors for the ranges of target reliability levels were calculated based on level 2 reliability methods.

The paper also includes a detailed description of the methodology and sample guidelines for ship hull girder design with examples demonstrating their use.
Collaborative Engineering Across Organizational Boundaries
Authors: Boyars Art , Kusmik W. Aldo , Yukish Mike
Published: October 2008

The design of next‐generation undersea weapon systems involves optimizing over many competing disciplines and objectives, and requires a broad range of technical expertise that is not resident within a single organization. Thus, the optimization and development of these systems requires the involvement of multiple government, academic, and commercial organizations. This paper provides lessons‐learned as a result of a four‐year effort in the Simulation Based Design (SBD) of undersea weapons. During this time, Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), and Applied Research Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University (ARL/PSU) have explored different methods of collaborating across the organizations, and have identified many sources of friction hindering the collaboration. Some are well known, such as file incompatibility between CAD systems. Others are less studied but more fundamental, such as cultural differences between organizations. In order to facilitate collaboration and ultimately support the change in paradigm of acquisition, each must be addressed and resolved.
Assuring a Sea Vehicles Science and Technology Base for Transforming the 21st‐Century Navy
Authors: Metrey Richard E. , Truver Scott C. , Whitman Edward C. , Wright Mid’n. Ashley
Published: October 2008

With general agreement among the government and commercial sectors on the importance of maintaining both naval supremacy around the world and viable maritime industries at home, the need for developing a “critical mass” of supporting science and relevant engineering practice should be apparent. Moreover, with increasing calls for “partnership” between government and industry as a key element in revitalizing U.S. shipbuilding, the existing public‐sector infrastructure of research and development centers and their associated technology base are unique resources. More urgently, achieving the George W. Bush administration's goal for widespread “transformation” of the U.S. armed services — the Navy and Coast Guard among them — will require creating new, innovative technologies to support advanced naval platforms for the agile, survivable, and affordable sea‐going forces of the 21st century. These factors create an urgent need to reemphasize the importance of a robust technology base in marine engineering for both national and economic security. This paper reviews the arguments for increasing government support for these important disciplines. It further proposes several alternatives — driven by national economic realities — for collaboration between the public and private sectors in creating and sustaining a focal point for maritime technology at the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, currently the Navy's “flagship” facility for naval platform architecture and marine systems engineering.

In his seminal work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History, Alfred Thayer Mahan traced a clear connection between the sea power of ocean‐going nations and their civilian maritime infrastructure—the fishing fleets, merchant marine, shipyards, harbors, port facilities, and experienced manpower that create and maintain traditions of seafaring within the lifeblood of the state. He noted:

While many aspects of Mahan's sea power theories — such as “fleets in being”—have been left behind by the events of the 20th century, this fundamental truth remains: naval power and ocean industries are deeply intertwined, each depending on the other for sustenance and survival. Particularly with growing “globalization” and the beginnings of a “new world order” following the breakup of the Soviet bloc, freedom of the seas both to facilitate ocean commerce and to guarantee access for upholding national interests has never been more important to the United States. But only a world‐class navy that is attuned to technological change and is supported by an industrial base characterized by both innovation and high productivity can maintain freedom of the seas. This paper identifies a growing national deficit in the technologies required to sustain maritime industries responsive to both naval and commercial needs in the 21st century. It further proposes concerted government‐industry measures to redress the current inadequacy.
Patrol Craft Requirements and Technology Predictions Through 2020
Authors: Overman Jack P. , Cohen Steven H. , Hoggard Mark M. , Guilfoyle Jack , McKesson Chris B. , Oakes Mark C. , Scott Robert J.
Published: October 2008

In 1992 a paper was presented entitled “Patrol Craft Requirements and Technology for the Next Century”. This paper updates that information to 2001. Patrol craft have been and will continue to be a part of world wide naval and coast guard inventories for decades. Their unique capabilities and the budget constraints of many navies including the U.S. Navy highlight the need for small surface combatants in future naval activity. This paper surveys patrol craft from 100 to 2,000‐tons displacement with speeds over 20 knots and presents the patrol craft technology in terms of platform configuration, combat systems, and hull‐mechanical‐electrical systems. Evolving platform types and supporting technologies for the future are presented. The initial portion of the paper discusses patrol craft missions and markets based upon data for craft delivered since 1980. The trends for future patrol craft capabilities, design, construction, and operation are presented. The concluding portion of the paper discusses future opportunities for patrol craft design, construction, and for technology advancement of craft subsystems.
Unstructured Grids for Ship Unsteady Airwakes: A Successful Validation
Authors: Ramamurti Ravi , Sandberg William C.
Published: October 2008

The unsteady airflow over the aftdeck of the LPD 17 is computed. The primary goal of this paper is to demonstrate that a computational capability is available to confidently predict the airwake about ship superstructures. The unstructured mesh based incompressible flow solver, FEFLO, is used to compute this unsteady flow. Computed results are compared with wind tunnel model test experimental data at select locations and shows good agreement. The effect of tunnel walls and heading are studied. The unsteady flow field from the computations can serve as input to the Manned Flight Simulator (MFS) and can also be navigated in a virtual immersive environment in the Grotto at the Naval Research Laboratory.
A Lesson from the Greeneville Accident
Authors: Sacks Stephen
Published: October 2008

The court of inquiry into the collision between the submarine Greeneville and the motor vessel Ehime Maru focused on human performance and functioning of equipment at the time of the accident. This commentary addresses whether alternative equipment, particularly equipment addressing communication and interpretation issues, would have made a difference. It also looks at whether generalized equipment of this nature would be of benefit in other hi‐tempo scenarios that could be anticipated in the future.
A Self‐Consistent Context for Unit‐ and Force‐Level Tactical Decision‐Making
Authors: Luessen Lawrence H.
Published: October 2008

As the U.S. Navy and other services continue the transformation to network centric operations, there is a need for a self‐consistent context for describing and understanding the tactical decision‐making process at both the unit and battle force levels. A self‐consistent context will allow the combat systems engineer a framework for allocating “system” combat control functions at the unit level, as well as “system‐of‐system” command and control functions at the battle force level. This paper will recommend the use of a context used for many years by the Navy to describe an engagement or mission sequence: detect, control, and engage (DCE). It will be shown that DCE has as its foundation the observe, orient, decide, act (OODA) loop developed by Colonel John Boyd in the mid‐1980s. Using the OODA‐based DCE sequence, as well as the Department of Defense Joint Directors of Laboratories’ (JDL) Data Fusion Model, a unit‐ and force‐level context can be developed for the tactical decision‐making process and allocation of system functions. Further, the DCE sequence can be extended to the force level within the framework of network centric warfare introduced by VAdm. Arthur Cebrowski in 1998.
USS Annapolis:The Wardroom and The Crews Mess
Authors: Maissian E.D.
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND

USS Annapolis (PG‐10) was the first of four gunboats (Vicksburg, Newport, Princeton) built during the transition period of the maritime world, that is ‐sail to steam, wood to steel.

The Annapolis’ original barkentine rig was of the composite type, typical for the day — steel keel and frames, steel shell plating from main deck to waterline, and wood planking with copper sheathing to the keel. Copper being resistant to barnacles, this method was used, in as much as dry docks were a scarcity in those days.

Rear Admiral Phillip Hichborn, chief constructor of the Bureau of Construction and Repair, designed the hull.

Rear Admiral George Wallace Melville, chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering, designed her power plant. He was one of few survivors of the Jeannette expedition through the Bering Straits to the North Pole.

Her power plant was a triple expansion reciprocating steam engine, better known as an “Up‐n‐Downer”. Steam was supplied by two watertube boilers at 180 psi. These gunboats were pioneers in the use of watertube boilers.
Mechanical Inventions for Navigating Without Sails or Oars
Authors: Molina Ricardo Hernández
Published: October 2008

The following study looks into some of the research efforts that were carried out in Spain during the eighteenth century around the subject of naval propulsion with the aim of replacing oars and sails as a means of powering seafaring vessels. Such efforts reflect a profound interest in inventing auto‐mechanically driven vessels.
Designing Navy Hull Forms for Fuel Economy
Authors: Karafiath Gabor , McCallum Donald , Hendrix Dane
Published: October 2008

During initial hull form design, a multitude of requirements need to be met. Among these are mission, ship size, armament, communications, stability, speed, sea keeping, etc. Tools such as ASSET are used to arrive at a design solution that will satisfy all these requirements. However, at this early design stage, attention needs to be given to the hull form shape, and its impact upon fuel consumption. Rising fuel costs and the need to conserve energy have mandated that Navy designs become more “energy efficient.”

This paper documents a new design metric “CPE” for evaluating the resistance of any hull design. A CPE database is developed from historic model test data residing in the U.S. Navy Hull Design Database System (HDDS). CPE compares the resistance of a hull form to that of a similar Taylor Standard Series hull form. The paper also introduces a new hull form optimization computer program developed by Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) and applies this program to show the potential for hull form improvement and fuel cost savings.
An Integrated Lean Implementation Model for Fleet Repair and Maintenance
Authors: Verma Alok K. , Ghadmode Anand
Published: October 2008

This paper develops a model for fleet repair and maintenance based upon lean principles and current best practices. A few generalized implementation models are discussed first. A survey of existing lean implementation models for ship repair and maintenance is done to assess their effectiveness. A new implementation model is presented at the end of this paper. This model incorporates current best practices as well as Lean and Six Sigma principles.
The A‐RCI Process — Leadership and Management Principles
Authors: Johnson William M.
Published: October 2008

In the mid 1990s, it became clear that the U.S. submarine force had lost the acoustic advantage over contemporary Soviet new construction submarines. At the same time, investment in undersea warfare suffered a marked reduction as the total obligation authority within the services continually eroded the means to develop capabilities in the traditional manner. New acquisition processes had to be created to grapple with the need to rapidly increase warfighting performance while continuously decreasing cost. The keys to solving this dilemma are based on three fundamental truths. First, meaningful competition for ideas always yields a better product at reduced cost. Second, the commercial marketplace readily provides low cost, high performance general purpose processing technologies. Third, the U.S. forward deployed naval forces can provide rapid, hands‐on customer feedback. These three elements are the centerpiece of the Submarine Acoustic‐Rapid Commercial‐Off‐the‐Shelf Insertion (A‐RCI) Program, which provided the vision and strategy to institutionalize a rapid acquisition process through new leader‐ship and management approaches, that has delivered to the Fleet a seven‐fold increase in submarine towed array sensor performance, while realizing a 60‐fold decrease in real processing costs.
A Military Effectiveness Analysis and Decision Making Framework for Naval Ship Design and Acquisition
Authors: Hootman John C. , Whitcomb Cliff
Published: October 2008

This paper describes research that develops a new framework for performing military effectiveness analyses and design tradeoff decisions. It provides an extensive survey of literature for effectiveness analysis and multi‐criteria decision making to develop a single consistent philosophy for such analyses. This philosophy is applied to a requirements and effectiveness analysis case study of a conventional submarine that is performed using response surface methods to facilitate design space visualization and decision maker interaction. Measures of merit are developed and applied to the case study. The resulting requirements space and methods to visualize and explore it in a decision making context are presented and discussed. Lastly, a framework is proposed that would facilitate the concurrent consideration of requirements and effectiveness analyses with design and technology forecasting to create a unified tradeoff environment that would provide decision makers with pertinent information to facilitate better informed requirements derivation and design selection.
Operating Speed Profles and the Ship Design Cycle
Authors: Surko Steve , Osborne Michael
Published: October 2008

One key, but little documented and empirically supported, input in the ship design cycle is the expected operating speed profile. This real‐world constraint affects many decisions regarding hull form and power systems, from fuel tanks to main propulsion and ship's service machinery selection and operation. These decisions, in turn, ripple through the design of a ship in ways that are often hard to discern, but clearly impact acquisition and life cycle costs. Recent studies of DDG 51 operating speed profiles demonstrate that the Navy regularly operates with speed profiles considerably different than used to design the ship. In general, warships operate in standard engine order telegraph increments (e.g., Ahead 2/3) and at lower speeds than designed for.
Environmentally Sound Ships of the 21st Century
Authors: Koss Larry
Published: October 2008

Naval ships operating in the 21st century will be expected to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations. The U.S. Navy has a comprehensive shipboard pollution abatement program underway that will enable ships of the 21st century to be environmentally sound. The goal is to enable ships to operate worldwide with minimal potential for regulatory constraints, without inappropriate dependence on shore facilities, and without unreasonable costs imposed by environmental regulations. The basic strategy is to (1) design and operate ships to minimize waste generation and optimize waste management, and (2) develop shipboard systems that will destroy or appropriately treat the wastes generated on board. If wastes are unavoidable and cannot be destroyed or retained on board for recycling ashore, they must be sufficiently treated so that overboard discharges are not considered environmentally significant. Although the ultimate solution for on board destruction has not been achieved for any shipboard wastestream, considerable progress has been made toward developing onboard capabilities for treating or processing solid wastes, oily wastes, hazardous materials, and medical wastes. Satisfactory interim or long‐term solutions for treating blackwater and greywater are still being sought. International cooperation efforts directed toward achieving environmentally sound ships are underway among NATO navies to share information and technologies, and to save time and money.
The U. S. Navy's Shipboard Solid Waste Program: Managing a Highly Accelerated Fleet‐wide Ship System Integration Program
Authors: Wang Ye‐ling
Published: October 2008

The FY‐94 and FY‐97 National Defense Authorization Acts amended the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) to require fleet‐wide installation of Plastics Waste Processors by December 1998, and installation of Pulpers and Shredders by December 2000. These requirements translate to an acquisition program, which could rapidly develop, procure and deploy processing equipment on about 200 surface ships (over 24 ship classes) within three years. To date, this program has successfully completed the ship integration of the Plastic Waste Processor and is in the stages of implementing the Pulpers and Shredders. » A previous paper on this subject broadly described the development of the acquisition strategy, the development of the equipment and the fleet integration plan. This paper focuses on the ownership issues of the program and how they affect program decisions. It reviews how the Navy selected its current compliance strategy, including the consideration of its effects on marine environment through the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) studies. It details the various processes NAVSEA implemented to ensure the delivery of quality and affordable “turn‐key” system to the fleet. These processes included a comprehensive installation design and review; rapid incorporation of lessons learned; timely deployment of Integrated Logistics Support to meet fleet operations to meet fleet introduction which included establishing interim spares; and instituting a comprehensive In‐Service Engineering Agent assist and inspection program.
An Experimental Study on Nonisothermal Deep Drawing Process Using Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Kaya Serhat , Spampinato Giovanni , Altan Taylan
Published: October 2008

Weight reduction is one of the major goals in the automotive, appliance, and electronics industries. One way of achieving this goal is to use lightweight alloys such as aluminum and magnesium that have high strength to weight ratios. However, due to their limited formability at room temperature, forming needs to take place at elevated temperatures and mostly under nonisothermal conditions. In this study, nonisothermal deep drawing process using aluminum and magnesium alloys was investigated using a servo motor driven press and a heated tool set. Using the flexibility of the servo press kinematics, blanks were heated in the tool set prior to forming. Temperature-time measurements were made at various blank holder interface pressures in order to determine the required dwell time to heat the blank to the forming temperature. Several lubricants for elevated temperature forming were evaluated using the deep draw test, and a PTFE based film was found to be the best performing lubricant. Deep drawing tests were conducted to determine the process window (maximum punch velocity as functions of blank size and temperature) for Al 5754-O and Mg AZ31-O. Maximum punch velocities of 35 mm/s and 300 mm/s were obtained for the Al and Mg alloys, respectively. Comparisons for the Mg alloy sheets from two different suppliers were made and significant differences in formability were found. Experiments were conducted in order to understand the effect of constant and variable punch velocity and the temperature on the mechanics of deformation. Variable punch velocity is found to improve the thickness distribution of the formed part.
Pseudolagarobasidium (Basidiomycota): on the reinstatement of a genus of parasitic, saprophytic, and endophytic resupinate fungi
Authors: Hallenberg Nils , Ryberg Martin , Nilsson R. Henrik , Wood Alan R. , Wu Sheng-Hua
Published: October 2008

The small resupinate genus Pseudolagarobasidium (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) presently comprises less than five species, all of which were described from tropical to subtropical regions, and two of which are root parasites on leguminous trees. The genus has recently been synonymized with Radulodon on morphological grounds, and the present study evaluates this proposal in a molecular context. Pseudolagarobasidium was found to constitute a well supported, monophyletic group excluding Radulodon and this synonymy is rejected. The ecological range of the genus spans saprotrophy to parasitism, and this study presents evidence that at least one lineage in Pseudolagarobasidium is endophytic in the cacao tree ( Theobroma cacao L.).