bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The RNA‐binding protein Imp2 regulates oxidative phosporylation that is key to glioblastoma cancer stem cell maintenance
Authors: Janiszewska Michalina , Suva Mario-Luca , Houtkooper Riekelt H. , Clement-Schatlo Virginie , Stamenkovic Ivan
Published: June 2021

Insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (Imp2, IGF2BP2) is expressed during embryonic brain development and associated with several types of cancer. We have found that 75% cases of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant type of glioma, express Imp2, whereas low grade gliomas and normal adult brain do not. Interestingly expression of Imp2 was particularly elevated in GBM cancer stem cells (CSC). Immunoprecipitation of Imp2‐containing ribonucleoprotein complexes from CSC spheroids revealed that mRNAs as well as proteins bound by Imp2, including the respiratory complex I protein NDUFS3, play a role in mitochondrial energy production. Imp2 depletion severely reduced GBM CSC ability to form spheroids and to initiate tumor growth. Proliferation, ATP content and oxygen consumption rate were also diminished in GBM CSC depleted of Imp2 due to an Imp2 depletion‐dependent defect in complex I assembly and activity. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in GBM CSC with the selective respiratory complex I inhibitor rotenone, mimicked the effect of Imp2 silencing. By contrast, GBM CSC‐derived non tumorigenic cells were not affected by rotenone, but were sensitive to the anaerobic glycolysis inhibitor oxamic acid. Our observations provide evidence for an unsuspected function of Imp2 in the control of OxPhos and demonstrate its key role in GBM CSC maintenance.
Attenuation of Retinal Neovascularization and Endothelial Cells Proangiogenic Activity in Endoglin Deficient Mice
Authors: Park SunYoung , Sorenson Christine M , Sheibani Nader
Published: June 2021

Endoglin (Eng) is an auxiliary receptor for TGF‐β. TGF‐β regulates angiogenesis through balancing the pro‐proliferative and pro‐differentiation signaling pathways of endothelial cells (EC). However, the exact contribution of endoglin to TGF‐β activities, and more specifically, modulation of EC phenotype is unclear. Mutations in endoglin cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia‐1. Endoglin null mice fail to undergo proper vascular remodeling and maturation, and die early. Eng +/− mice exhibit some of the vascular defects seen in humans with endoglin haploinsufficiency. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of endoglin results in attenuation of retinal neovascularization during oxygen‐induced ischemic retinopathy. To gain detailed insight into the regulatory mechanisms which impact proangiogenic properties of EC, we prepared retinal EC from Eng+/+ and Eng+/− mice. Eng +/− retinal EC exhibited alterations in expression of EC markers including PECAM‐1, ICAM‐2, and VE‐cadherin. Eng +/− EC were less migratory and more adherent, and failed to undergo capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel. These changes were concomitant with decreased levels of eNOS and NO production. Eng +/− EC also proliferated at a faster rate and were less apoptotic. Together our results demonstrate an important autonomous role for endoglin expression in regulation of EC phenotype and angiogenesis. Supported by EY016695
Collaborative Group Testing (CGT): Perceptions of Students in a Biotechnology Course for Non‐Majors
Authors: Roberts Tina M , Siegel Marcelle A , Freyermuth Sharyn K
Published: June 2021

Collaborative group testing (CGT) is an assessment approach where individuals work together on examinations to discuss questions and formulate responses together. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to examine the benefits of using CGT in an introductory undergraduate biotechnology course for non‐majors. This study compared students’ scores on group tests vs. individual tests and how peer communication within groups affected students’ perceptions of CGT. Participants included 115 students enrolled in a large biotechnology course focused on the scientific background of biotechnology applications relevant to citizens. Surveys were given after Exams 1 and 2 to explore student ideas about peer communication. There were significantly higher exam scores on the group exam questions compared to individual questions for Exams 1, 2 and 3 (p < .001, N = 115). Students rated group and personal participation (3.64/3.55 and 4.09/3.96 during Exams 1 and 2, respectively) in group discussions. A majority of students reported that the ability to communicate was the biggest advantage of collaborative group testing. They were also able to recognize their role and the role of their peer groups in the quality of the experience. Findings suggest that collaborative group testing can be used as a novel, alternative assessment strategy in college classrooms by allowing students to work and communicate together effectively.
Decreasing morbidity and improving workflow with point‐of‐care ultrasound in the Emergency Department
Authors: Halm Brunhild M
Published: June 2021

Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound (POC US) has been increasingly performed in emergency medicine for a variety of indications. However, pediatric emergency physicians have been slower to understand the importance of POC US in the diagnosis of critical care cases.

Here I report a case of a two year‐old male that presented to the emergency department (ED) with vomiting and abdominal pain. On arrival to the ED, an immediate diagnosis of intussusception was made using real‐time POC US by a pediatric emergency attending well trained in pediatric US. This illustrates the impact that POC US can make with an early diagnosis of intussusception. This diagnosis is best made by an experienced sonographer, such as the radiologist. However, in some pediatric hospitals, radiology department US may not be readily available. The intussusception mass is a large structure and characteristically does not contain any bowel gas, which makes it readily identifiable with US. Studies have shown that extensive training and experience is not necessary for high accuracy in diagnosing intussusception.

With thorough knowledge of the US features characteristic of intussusception, its accurate diagnosis using POC US has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality as well as improve patient flow, work flow and throughput time in the ED. Training of pediatric emergency physicians in POC US is highly advised.
Integrating Online Lessons for Learning in the Anatomy Laboratory
Authors: Petrik Erin , Doubleday Alison F.
Published: June 2021

Although dissection is the primary vehicle for learning in the gross anatomy laboratory, students often find that integrating functional information about anatomical structures into the dissection experience is particularly challenging. At University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, the anatomy faculty has started incorporating online lessons and videos into the anatomy curriculum. These online resources are viewed by students in advance of the relevant dissection lab and serve as a way to bridge functional information with the structures identified during lab.

Upper‐level students play a leading role in resource development and appropriate clinicians provide peer review prior to implementation.

Objective

In this poster we highlight the process of development for a specific online lesson that examines the anatomy and clinical relevancy of the trigeminal nerve. We also report results of student surveys investigating usage data after implementation, as well as the results of pre and post tests to gauge student understanding and retention of lesson content.

Grant Funding Source: AAA
3D Atlas of the developing human
Authors: de Bakker Bernadette S. , de Jong Kees H. , Hagoort Jaco , Oostra Roelof-Jan , Moorman Antoon F.M.
Published: June 2021

Knowledge of complex morphogenetic processes that occur during embryonic development is essential for understanding the anatomy of the (human) body and to get insight in the pathogenesis of various congenital malformations. Understanding these processes, which are difficult to comprehend for (bio)medical students, can be facilitated by using a three‐dimensional (3D) developmental series of the different organ systems of human embryos. In this project we aim to create such a 3D atlas of human development.

Serial sections of 33 human embryos between Carnegie stages 7 (16 days) and 23 (56 days) are used to create 3D reconstructions of different organ systems. Digital images of the first series of sections were received from the Computer Imaging Laboratory of the Louisiana State University in New Orleans and additional images of a second series of sections were captured at the Carnegie Collection of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C.. Amira version 5.3 is used to align the sections and to create the 3D reconstructions. The reconstructed organ systems are: Central Nervous system/Peripheral Nervous system/Eyes and Ears/Cardiovascular system/Intestines/Lungs, Liver, Spleen/Urogenital system/Somites and Skeleton/and the Coelom.

Since January 2010, 25 (bio)medical students of the University of Amsterdam have been involved in this project via different educational projects. Each student focused on an individual organ system of interest (OOI). They studied the development of their OOI from textbooks and learned to understand embryology from serial sections, after which they produced 3D reconstructions of different stages of their OOI and presented their data to each other and to the department staff. In this way the students learned a great deal about human organogenesis and additionally produced a large amount of 3D reconstructions that will be included in the atlas and be used for both future education and for research purposes.

Grant Funding Source: Academic Medical Center
Soy Protein Isolate Mediated the Wnt/ β‐Catenin Signaling Pathway and Alleviated Fat Accumulation in the Liver of Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Zhou Dan , Davis Jeremy , Banz William , Chen Hong
Published: June 2021

Excessive fat accumulation in liver can lead to chronic liver diseases. Managing this situation in obese population is critical to the improvement of overall health. Dietary soy protein isolate (SPI) possess beneficial effects of anti‐obesity. Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway, a crucial mediator of adipogenesis, was repressed by obesity. However, the interaction between SPI and Wnt/β‐Catenin in the obese population is elusive. The current study aimed to investigate the dietary effects of SPI on Wnt/β‐Catenin in the liver of obese rats. Obese Zucker rats were fed with isocaloric diets containing SPI or casein for 17 weeks. Lean rats were included as the reference group. Histology analysis of the liver demonstrated structural change and difference in fat content by dietary treatments. Triglyceride (TAG) and non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents were significantly lower in the liver of SPI‐fed obese rats compared with casein‐fed obese rats. SREBP1‐c gene expression was also reduced by SPI treatment indicating reduced fat synthesis. β‐Catenin protein abundance in the liver was upregulated in obese rats by SPI comparing to casein. In vitro cell culture studies further confirmed the interaction between fat accumulation and Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling. Taken together, our results suggested that SPI restored the Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling pathway and alleviated the fat accumulation in the liver of obese rats.
The role of cellular energy levels in the calcium‐mediated regulation of the Ran nuclear transport gradient.
Authors: Batzel Kaci , Resendes Karen
Published: June 2021

Nuclear protein transport is regulated by karyopherin receptors and their interaction with the Ran gradient, which regulates their functional directionality. Ran is a small GTPase that can be found either in its GTP‐bound state within in the nucleus or its GDP‐bound state within the cytoplasm. Treatment of HeLa cells with thapsigargin or ionomycin causes cellular stress by increasing intracellular calcium levels, which can cause Ran to accumulate in the cytoplasm in its GDP bound state. Since GTP levels within the cell are inherently dependent to the presence of ATP, this study sought to determine whether the collapse of the Ran gradient was caused by a decrease in cellular ATP levels. We hypothesize that a drop in ATP occurs with drug treatment, which leads to a decrease in the amount of GTP present, thus resulting in the collapse in the overall gradient. Interestingly, localization of the Ran‐independent receptor for mRNA export, Tap (NXF1), is not affected by drug treatment, indicating that the GTP independent export of mRNA is not disrupted under these circumstances. The amount of ATP present within the cells was then quantified in relation to the amount of light produced by using a luciferin‐luciferase assay. Thus, we intend to determine the relationship between increased intracellular calcium levels and the disruption of the Ran gradient in terms of cellular ATP levels.
Effects of calpain inhibition in excitation‐contraction coupling properties in dystrophic muscle exposed to fatiguing contractions
Authors: Mazala Davi Augusto Garcia , Chen Dapeng , English Sam A , Grange Robert W , Chin Eva R
Published: June 2021

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most severe type of muscular dystrophy affecting humans. Alterations in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) are thought to play an important role in skeletal muscle weakness in DMD due to the activation of Ca2+‐regulated proteases (calpains).

Purpose

to evaluate if impairments in Ca2+ regulation are exacerbated in muscle from three mouse models of DMD and if calpain inhibition could attenuate the muscle weakness induced by fatiguing contractions.

Methods

control (C57BL10/ScSn; n=3), mdx (n=5), mdx/Utr+/− (n=6), and mdx/Utr−/− (n=4) mice were used in the present study. The flexor digitorum brevis single muscle fibres (SMF) were obtained by collagenase digestion and loaded with Fura‐2 AM to evaluate resting [Ca2+]i, peak [Ca2+]i, and time to fatigue with and without a calpain inhibitor (ALLN).

Results

resting [Ca2+]i was higher in two dystrophic mouse models (mdx and mdx/Utr+/−) compared to the control (CON) group (p<0.05). No differences were reported in peak [Ca2+]i or time to fatigue. However, dystrophic fibres (all groups) exposed to ALLN were able to maintain their pre‐fatigue [Ca2+]i levels compared to Vehicle‐treated fibres (p<0.05). These data suggest that calpain activation leads to the reduction in [Ca2+]i observed after fatiguing tetani and therefore likely contributes to muscle weakness following a bout of muscle contractions in DMD.
Plexin, small GTPases and their interactions with the calcium binding protein, Calmodulin: a possible mechanism for calcium to influence cell motility
Authors: Ahmed Ismail , Buck Matthias
Published: June 2021

The plexin family is a group of transmembrane receptor proteins that are activated and function in cell motility by binding to small GTPases at their intracellular region. The interactions between plexin and the small GTPases such as Rac‐1 and Ras are well documented. The small GTPases regulate the activity of plexin by cooperating with extracellular semaphorin ligands to initiate a cellular response. However, there is evidence that the small GTPases are not the sole regulators of plexin. Plexin signaling is known to be sensitive to calcium and thus it is possible that a calcium binding protein, such as calmodulin, may have a role in regulating plexin's activity. We have found several putative calmodulin binding sites in plexins based on predictions from the calmodulin Target Database. Even if binding of calmodulin to plexin is not direct, but calmodulin is known to bind several of the plexin associated GTPases. Thus, it is possible that calmodulin regulates plexin by inhibiting the GTPases in their binding to plexin. In order to resolve the mode of calmodulin influence, we are currently studying the interaction of calmodulin with plexins and GTPases using isothermal titration calorimetry.
Molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase derived reactive oxygen species in white blood cells – implications for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Steven Sebastian , Schuhmacher Swenja , Wenzel Philip , Oelze Matthias , Daub Steffen , Scholz Alexander , Xia Ning , Schulz Eberhard , Li Huige , Lackner Karl J. , Münzel Thomas , Daiber Andreas
Published: June 2021

Background

Oxidants and antioxidant enzymes are involved in the development of many disease such as atherosclerosis. There are reports on a crosstalk between different sources of oxidative stress. With the present study we sought to determine the underlying mechanism of this crosstalk.

Methods and results

Complex III inhibitors were used to induce the Nox‐dependent oxidative burst by mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) in human neutrophils. Nox2 derived ROS were measured by a chemiluminescence assay. Inhibitors for the involved signaling cascade such as cyclosporine A (effects mitochondrial permeability transition pore [mPTP]), chelerythine (effects protein kinase C) and apocynin (effects Nox) were used. This crosstalk between mtROS and Nox was absent in white blood cells from p47phox deficient mice (Nox2 subunit) or from cyclophilin D knockout mice (mPTP subunit), whereas this crosstalk was amplified in white blood cells from MnSOD+/− mice. We observed that increases in blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction or Nox activity were more pronounced in MnSOD+/− mice as compared to wild type‐mice.

Conclusions

Dikalov et al. have demonstrated that Nox derived ROS increases mtROS contributing to overall angiotensin‐II dependent cellular dysfunction. Our data show that mtROS trigger the activation of Nox, which may have severe effects on progression of cardiovascular diseases since it represents a feedback loop.
Simultaneous EGF receptor and thrombin receptor activation synergistically induces pro‐angiogenic immediate early genes in endothelial cells
Authors: Waitkus Matthew , Chandrasekharan Unni , DiCorleto Paul
Published: June 2021

Signaling interactions between G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) function in a number of pathophysiological processes, including cellular proliferation, invasion, and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we examine the consequences of simultaneous EGF receptor (EGFR) and thrombin receptor (protease‐activated receptor‐1, PAR‐1) activation in human endothelial cells (EC). We observe that concurrent EGFR and PAR‐1 activation causes the synergistic induction of at least six pro‐angiogenic immediate early genes (IEGs), including the transcription factor early growth response‐1 (EGR‐1). In contrast to other cell types, matrix metalloprotease‐mediated transactivation of EGFR by PAR‐1 does not appear to be a major signaling mechanism in EC. Instead, an intracellular mechanism involving glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3α/β) mediates receptor crosstalk by integrating signals from EGFR and PAR‐1. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for how cells integrate information of concurrent receptor activation to enhance EGR‐1 expression in EC.

This study was supported by grant HL29582 from the National Institutes of Health (Dr. DiCorleto).
Detection of antibodies to HPV vaccine types using a multiplexed immunoassay
Authors: Panicker Gitika , Rajbhandari Ira , Unger Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Measurement of HPV antibodies in unvaccinated individuals has been used as measure of lifetime exposure to HPV. With the implementation of HPV vaccines, reliable assays are needed to evaluate the impact of altered dosing schemes or of new vaccine formulations. An ideal assay platform would allow multiplex type‐specific detection with minimal sample requirement.

We used the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence ECL based detection platform to develop a multiplex direct‐ virus‐like particles (VLP) assay. HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 VLPs were produced in mammalian cell‐culture and purified using Optiprep™ gradient followed by agarose gel filtration. MSD prepared the plates in the 7‐spot/well format, using the purified VLPs (4 spots) and PBS pH 7.4 as blank (one spot). We used four different coating conditions, varying VLP concentrations with and without bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results were evaluated using a set of 17 sera, WHO International Standard for HPV 16, and an optimized ELISA protocol for MSD plates on the SI6000 imager. Three point titrations and the parallel line method was used to calculate antibody titers. Stability of the plates was evaluated by comparing results after varying times of storage.

The use of BSA in spot‐coating allowed for increased stability of the VLPs on the plate as indicated by similar RLUs on plates tested 1 month apart. The intra and inter‐assay CVs between PLL values calculated for each type was less than 8% and 17% respectively. No cross‐reactivity was observed between HPV types. The MSD platform shows promise for simultaneous quantitation of the antibody responses to several HPV types in a high‐ throughput manner. Funding for this project was provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding agency
Investigation on the Optimal Hemocompatible Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Kwon TaeWoo , Kim Young Ha , Youn BuHyun , Park Kang Hyun
Published: June 2021

Several recent researches in biological sciences have been focused on nanotechnology and nanomaterials due to their potential convergence in biomedicine. Drug delivery system is one of the examples of biomedical application utilizing nanoparticles. Therefore, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be used in a drug delivery system. However, the effect of cytotoxicity caused by AgNPs is not fully understood. Therefore, determining the optimal characteristics to facilitate the biocompatibility of AgNPs is an important subject for application. In this study, the human erythrocytes were used as an in vitro model to examine the size, dose, and coating surfactant dependent cytotoxicity of AgNPs. Our results demonstrated that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was a more suitable surfactant than polyethylene glycol (PEG) for capping AgNPs. In addition, we found the existence of particular size and dosage of AgNPs to reduce hemolysis of human erythrocytes. Membrane damage including hemolysis, potassium efflux, protein leakage, and alterations in cell shape and membrane fragility were minimized with 100 nm AgNP particles. This study provides novel insights into AgNPs cytotoxicity and a basis for the utilization of AgNPs for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Chemical Imaging of Cholesterol and Sphingolipid Distribution in the Plasma Membranes of Fibroblast Cells
Authors: Kraft Mary L , Frisz Jessica F. , Klitzing Haley A. , Lou Kaiyan , Lizunov Vladimir , Zimmerberg Joshua , Weber Peter K.
Published: June 2021

Cholesterol‐ and sphingolipid‐enriched membrane microdomains, which are referred to as lipid rafts, appear to mediate important biological functions. Yet, the distributions of cholesterol and sphingolipids within the plasma membrane remain poorly defined. The goal of this work is to use high‐resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to directly image the distributions of cholesterol and sphingolipids within the plasma membranes of fibroblast cells. In our approach, we metabolically labeled the cells so that the cellular sphingolipids contained nitrogen‐15, and the cellular cholesterol contained oxygen‐18. We then employed a SIMS instrument designed for high‐resolution isotopic imaging of surfaces (Cameca NanoSIMS 50) to visualize the distributions of 18O‐cholesterol and 15N‐sphingolipids in the plasma membrane by mapping the 18O‐enrichment and 15N‐enrichment, respectively, on the cell surface (top <5 nm) with a lateral resolution of approximately 90 nm. Whether the cholesterol and sphingolipids were heterogeneously distributed and co‐localized within the plasma membrane was quantitatively assessed. Our data demonstrates that lipids within the plasma membrane are spatially organized on length scales that range from two hundred nanometers to a few micrometers.

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under CHE – 1058809 and a Career Award at the Scientific Interface from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.
Antiproliferative Factor Regulates Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) Expression in T24 Bladder Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Planey Sonia Lobo , Matika Christina A. , Arnott John A , Wasilewski Melissa
Published: June 2021

Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a sialoglycopeptide elevated in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis—a chronic, painful bladder disease. APF inhibits the proliferation of normal bladder epithelial and T24 bladder carcinoma cells in vitro by binding to cytoskeleton associated protein 4 (CKAP4) and altering the transcription of genes involved in proliferation, adhesion, and tumorigenesis; however, specific molecular mechanisms and effector genes that control APF's antiproliferative effects are unknown. In this study, we found that there was a 7.5‐fold upregulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression in T24 bladder carcinoma cells treated with APF, and Western blot revealed a dose‐dependent increase in CCN2 protein levels with secretion into the culture medium following APF treatment. CCN2 overexpression enhanced APF's antiproliferative activity while CCN2 knockdown by siRNA diminished it. Using a luciferase reporter construct, we found that APF treatment resulted in a 5‐fold activation of the CCN2 proximal promoter and that siRNA‐mediated knockdown of CKAP4 inhibited CCN2 upregulation. Additionally, we show that CKAP4 translocates to the nucleus and binds to the CCN2 proximal promoter in an APF‐dependent manner, providing evidence that CCN2 regulation by APF involves CKAP4 nuclear translocation and binding to the CCN2 promoter. NIH 1R03AR057193‐01; KIZ grant
Myth Busters: 10 Things You Don't Know That You Think You Know About Launching a Career at a Predominantly Undergraduate Institution
Authors: Rowlett Roger S , Parson Kathleen A.
Published: June 2021

Faculty face special challenges in establishing and sustaining successful teaching and research careers at predominantly undergraduate institutions. One of the challenges in competing for a faculty position at a PUI is understanding the nature of faculty expectations and workload, and avoiding stereotypes when applying. In this session, ten “myths” concerning faculty careers at a PUI will be used as a springboard for discussion to help participants better understand the PUI career environment, and help participants increase their marketability to PUIs. Topics to be discussed will include professional training, faculty workload and expectations, and adapting research to the PUI environment.
A laboratory course exploring the relationship between structure and function of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1)
Authors: Huff Mary OˈMalley , Plapp Bryce V.
Published: June 2021

Project‐based (research‐driven) laboratory courses stimulate student involvement, improve critical thinking and initiate cooperative learning. To this end, a 10‐week laboratory project (or 7 sessions for a shorter version) was designed to accompany a second semester biochemistry course to reinforce the fundamental relationship between protein structure and function and cell physiology using yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH1). Working in small groups, students reviewed the scientific literature, proposed a specific amino acid change in the ADH1 sequence, and hypothesized how this change might alter the kinetics and structure of the enzyme. Host yeast expressing no ADH activity and a YEp13 shuttle vector containing the ADH1 gene were used. Students designed primers and performed site‐directed mutagenesis to generate a mutated form of ADH1. These plasmids were propagated in E. coli, sequenced, and reintroduced into yeast. Growth patterns on selective media were determined. Yeast cell lysates were separated by native gel electrophoresis for staining of enzyme activity and analysis of mobility changes. Kinetic values (Km) with ethanol and NAD as substrates were compared for mutated and wild type ADHs. For further analysis, ADH can be purified to homogeneity by chromatography and turnover numbers can be determined. Each group was required to submit a formal lab report resembling a journal publication. Student performance was evaluated based on the quality of the formal lab report, individual lab notebooks, and weekly participation. Funding to MOH from the TEAGLE Foundation.
Self‐Efficacy Ratings of URM Students who Return to a STEM Summer Research Program
Authors: Shadding Cherilynn Reynolds , Whittington Dawayne
Published: June 2021

The Opportunities in Genomics Research (OGR): Undergraduate Scholars program is a comprehensive, research‐intensive summer program focuses on increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in genomics and related areas. To assess the unique features of OGR, students were given pre‐ and post‐ evaluations at the start and end of the 8‐week program (n=44). Focus groups were conducted to address specific program components. Students were also tracked yearly using an online tracking system, iBiosketch. The groups of students were defined as return students (more than one summer with OGR), first‐time students (first research experience was OGR) or non‐return (only one summer with OGR). Our data shows that students who were return or first‐time students served as co‐authors of publications at 11.4 % compared to 4.5% non‐return students. Using a Likert scale, confidence ratings in areas such as: interpreting data, communicating scientific findings orally, reading and interpreting literature, trended toward an increase in confidence for return students compared to others. While these studies are ongoing, our data indicate that there may be tangible benefits for URM students to return to a summer program that helps retain them in the STEM pipeline.
An automated method to quantify milk fat globules and sources of RNA in milk
Authors: Hartono Stella R , Ventimiglia Frank , Smilowitz Jennifer T , German J Bruce , Korf Ian , Lemay Danielle G
Published: June 2021

Given the recent use of milk RNA to assay the mammary gland transcriptome, there is a need to visualize and quantify the sources of milk RNA in an unbiased, accurate, efficient manner. We developed a method to quantify globules and RNA sources from whole milk stained with acridine orange (AO). Three channels—a differential interference contrast image, a fluorescence channel to capture AO‐RNA, and a second fluorescence channel to capture AO‐DNA—were captured from slides using an Olympus VS110 whole slide scanner. Software was developed to identify sizes and locations of globules, cytoplasmic crescents, and nucleated cells and to compute summary statistics. A 300MB image containing 20,000 globules can be processed in under a minute and multiple images can be processed in batch. The method's accuracy was checked by manually comparing processed and original images. Whole milk samples from three human subjects were tested. Crescents were associated with 6.92%, 8.06%, and 6.76% of milk fat globules, respectively; 14.1%, 14.2% and 0.8% of the whole milk RNA was estimated to be of nucleated cell origin. When milk from the first subject (14.1% cells) was centrifuged into fat and skim fractions, the percentage of RNA attributable to nucleated cells in the milk fat fraction dropped to 8.7%. This method of quantification is expected to be generally applicable to other lactation stages and species. Funded by NIH P51RR000169.
Effects of a Low‐carbohydrate vs. High‐carbohydrate, Highfiber Diet on Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules and Endothelial Function in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Angadi Siddhartha , Weltman Nathan , Patrie James , Barrett Eugene , Weltman Arthur , Brock David , Irving Brian , Davis Christopher , Rodriguez Jessica , Gaesser Glenn
Published: June 2021

Twenty‐three adults (6 males) with the metabolic syndrome participated in a randomized cross‐over study to assess the effects of a low‐carbohydrate diet [LC: 15–20% carbohydrate (fiber ≤ 10 g/day), 55–60% fat, 25–30% protein] and a high‐carbohydrate, high‐fiber diet [HCHF: 55–60% carbohydrate (fiber ~45g/day), 20–25% fat,15–20% protein] on serum biomarkers of endothelial function and brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (BAFMD). Each ad libitum diet lasted 4 weeks, with a 4‐week washout. sE‐selectin was reduced (P < 0.02) by 10–15% after both diets. Inter‐cellular adhesion molecule 1 was reduced only after LC (6.6%; P < 0.03); vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 was unchanged by either diet. After HCHF, adiponectin decreased by 8.3% (P < 0.01), with a trend for increased fibrinogen (5.3%, P = 0.075). For BAFMD a significant (P = 0.01) diet interaction was observed for pre vs. post diet changes (LC: 10.1 ± 1.4% vs. 7.2 ± 1.1%, P = 0.06; HCHF: 9.5 ± 1.3% vs. 10.4 ± 1.5%, P = 0.61). Despite greater improvements in circulating adhesion molecules following LC, BAFMD was impaired relative to a HCHF diet. This may be due in part to significant elevations in plasma free fatty acids after LC (±16.7%, P < 0.02). Biomarkers of endothelial function may not accurately reflect the vascular dysfunction that results after following a LC diet in adults with metabolic syndrome.

Funded by NIH RR MO100847 and a grant from the Wheat Foods Council.
An Obesity Prevention and Treatment Worksite Intervention by a Faculty Directed Student Research Team
Authors: Haley-Zitlin Vivian , Surapaneni Lahari , Brodland Dana , Musarra Alexandra , Wiles Amber , Carney Shannon , Challenger Eric
Published: June 2021

This Service Learning project was undertaken by an undergraduate research team, educated on research principles followed by knowledge application in a community setting. The objective of this project was to create and implement an obesity prevention and treatment intervention in a worksite setting. A program of six nutrition education sessions was delivered. Pre‐ and post‐assessments and surveys were used to identify the program's effect on participants’ food choices and anthropometric measurements. Waist circumference, height, weight, BMI, and body composition measurements (InBody 520) were assessed. The education topics included: calories, fats and oils, carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, water & minerals. Weekly goals, based upon the weekly lessons, were encouraged. Sixty‐three individuals (30 male/33 females), 76% ages 30–59, began the program. Males had the greatest average weight loss, 11.5 lbs. compared to women, 3.7 lbs. and had a greater improvement in percentage of individuals of normal BMI, post assessment. No significant average improvement in percent body fat was exhibited by males or females. Improvements were made in food choice selections by both genders. Results suggest a positive impact of an on‐site worksite intervention and provide insight into means by which future improvements may be made.
Baseline vitamin D status in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Wright Breanne N , Coakley Kathryn , Alvarez Jessica , Tangpricha Vin
Published: June 2021

The aim of our research is to understand the role of vitamin D status in the prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our previous study concluded that weekly cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplementation was an effective treatment to correct vitamin D status in patients with CKD stages III/IV. Aiming to prevent rather than treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, we designed a double‐blind, randomized study to determine whether supplementation with vitamin D3 would improve and maintain vitamin D status in CKD patients stage II/III in 12 months. Overall, we hypothesized that earlier intervention with vitamin D3 would prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD patients stages II/III. The first integral step in understanding the prevention of secondary hyperparathyroidism was determining the baseline vitamin D status of each patient. We analyzed patient demographic information, diet records and blood serum to determine baseline vitamin D status. We found that more than half or our patients had insufficient baseline serum vitamin D levels. On average, patients consumed less than the recommended values of vitamin D and calcium, and roughly double the recommended amount of phosphorus. This work was funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute under Grant No. 52006923, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (Emory University) and MARC U*STAR (University of Maryland, Baltimore County).
Neuronal MCP‐1 Mediates Microglia Recruitment and Neurodegeneration Induced by Thiamine Deficiency
Authors: Yang Guang , Ke Zunji
Published: June 2021

Chemokines are implicated in the neuroinflammation of several chronic neurodegenerative disorders. However, the precise role of chemokines in neurodegeneration is unknown. Thiamine deficiency (TD) causes abnormal oxidative metabolism in the brain as well as a well‐defined microglia activation and neurodegeneration in the submedial thalamus nucleus (SmTN). We evaluated the role of chemokines in neurodegeneration and the underlying mechanism in a TD model. TD selectively induced neuronal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in the SmTN prior to microglia activation and neurodegeneration. we showed that MCP‐1‐induced neurotoxicity required the presence of microglia. A MCP‐1 neutralizing antibody inhibited MCP‐1‐induced microglia activation and neuronal death in culture and in the thalamus. MCP‐1 knock‐out mice were resistant to TD‐induced neuronal death in SmTN. TD selectively induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in neurons, and antioxidants blocked TD‐induced MCP‐1 expression. Together, our results indicated an induction of neuronal MCP‐1 during TD caused microglia recruitment/activation, which exacerbated neurodegeneration.
Effects of blueberry vs. carrot juice supplementation on muscle strength and performance of psychomotor tasks in older persons
Authors: Schrager Matthew A. , Darnell Lauren H. , Kelly John F. , Wood Bryan M.
Published: June 2021

Maintaining functional mobility is critical for preserving quality of life in old age. Previous studies suggest an age‐associated reduced ability to mount an adequate antioxidant response to protect muscle and neural cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Research in humans is limited regarding antioxidant status/supplementation and motor, psychomotor, and cognitive function with aging, though studies in rats suggest that blueberries, which are high in antioxidant activity, are most successful in mitigating age‐associated deficits in psychomotor tasks. The purpose of this study was to test whether persons over 60 yr (n = 12; mean age=65.7±3.4 yr) benefited from 6 weeks of dietary supplementation of 2 cups per day of blueberries or 12 ounces per day of carrot juice. Paired sample t‐tests indicated a 12% increase in self‐selected walking speed; a 72% decrease in step errors during a challenging walking task; a 15% increase in walking speed during a dual‐task walking/talking test; and a 12.8% improvement in reaction time with blueberry supplementation (p<0.05). No similar improvements were found with carrot juice. These results are consistent with previous findings that blueberries have high antioxidant potential and possibly key compounds such as anthocyanins that carrots do not, and suggest that properties of blueberries may be beneficial for older persons in preserving motor and psychomotor function.
Applying the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to the foods actually consumed in the US: Why are so many SoFAS on MyPlate?
Authors: Carr Noelle , Kranz Sibylle , Jahns Lisa M
Published: June 2021

The US national dietary guidance, depicted in “MyPlate” encourages Americans to “cut back on foods high in discretionary solid fats, added sugars, and salt”. The first two of the three items are associated with total energy intake and were selected for this study on the comparison of the foods reportedly consumed by Americans two years and older in the NHANES 2007–08 and the recommendations to answer the question: “Which proportion of foods Americans consume contain discretionary solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS)?” We calculated the weighted proportion of the foods consumed from each of the 5 main food groups that had SoFAS and results indicated that more than 60% of all foods consumed contained SoFAS. While 91% of fruits and 62% of vegetables contained no SoFAS, only 6% of the items in the dairy group met that requirement. In the latter group, 92% contained discretionary fat and 28% had added sugar. Approximately half of the foods in the grains group had both SoFAS and 74% of the protein group had added fat (31% had added sugar). Thus, the DGA has recommended reduction in added sugars and discretionary solid fats for several decades; apparently, Americans need help and better guidance to select foods that contribute to having better diet quality.
Calcium intake, restrained eating, physical activity and bone health in college‐aged Caucasian women
Authors: Joyeux Danielle , Durham Holiday , Zanovec Michael , Tuuri Georgianna
Published: June 2021

Building peak bone mass through young adulthood is important in the prevention of osteoporosis. This study examined if bone quality was associated with calcium (Ca) intake, restrained eating and physical activity in a group of 99 young adult women. Caucasian volunteers, 20–29 years of age completed a Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Heights and weights were measured using standard procedures, and calcaneus stiffness index (SI) scores were recorded using an Achilles Insight GE quantitative ultrasound. Participants had a mean ± SD age, height, weight, BMI, bone quality, restrained eating and physical activity of 21.5 ± 1.7 yrs, 164.0 ± 6.4 cm, 61.4 ± 9.2 kg, 22.8 ± 2.7 g/m2, 100.5 ± 15.7 SI, 26.6 ± 7.4 restrained eating DEBQ score and 1523.4 ±1346.8 MET‐min/wk, respectively. Mean ± SE Ca intake was higher among women who supplemented versus those who consumed only dietary Ca (980.11 ± 488.4 mg and 932.2 ± 487.2 mg, respectively (P=0.04)). Based on the EAR, neither group was at risk for inadequate Ca intake. Multiple linear regression controlled for body weight indicated that SI score was not associated with Ca intake, restrained eating or physical activity. Bone quality in this group of young adults was not related to behavioral factors commonly associated with bone health.

Funded in part by Federal Hatch Act Funds # LAB 93846
Attitudes and Behaviors Related to Locally Grown and Sustainable Foods in a Multiethnic Population
Authors: Spieckerman Alisa , McEligot Archana
Published: June 2021

We investigated the feasibility and attitudes/behaviors of sustainable produce at a farmer's market in a multi‐ethnic [White (n=40.4%), Hispanic (n=26.2%), Asian (n=20.6%), and other (n=8.5%)] college campus. Our farmer's market pilot test held at California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) not only demonstrated that having a farmer's market on a college campus is feasible, but 77.3% of students, faculty, and staff rated it as very beneficial. Knowledge surrounding local and organic foods, purchasing behaviors, and demographics were also recorded to investigate potential factors related to preference for local and/or organic produce. The number of meals prepared at home per week was associated with interest in attending a farmer's market (r=.232, p=.003), as well as favoring organic produce (r=.154, p=.035). Although 85.1% of subjects have attended a farmer's market off campus, 90.8% CSUF students, 95.8% faculty, and 94.4% staff highly favor having a farmer's market on campus offering local and/or organic produce. Our data suggests that behaviors such as cooking at home and purchasing organic foods are correlated with attending a farmer's market, and a majority are interested in increasing availability to healthful, sustainable produce at a multiethnic campus. A further study of factors associated with preference for local/organic produce is essential to progress movement towards a healthful population.
Buffets and obesity: is there a connection?
Authors: Temple Norman Joseph , Nowrouzi Behdin
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine whether buffets have become more common over the last 30 years in Greater Toronto.

Methods

We measured advertising for buffets (newspapers and Yellow Pages) as a proxy measure of buffet restaurants. Searches were done in two time periods: 1963–1988, and 2011 (up to September).

Results

Between 1963 and 1988, we found 6 advertisements for buffet restaurants in Toronto (4 in the Yellow Pages and 2 in newspapers). In 2011 we found 16 advertisements (all in the Yellow Pages).

Comment

Buffets are restaurants that allow unlimited amounts of varied food to be eaten at a fixed price. They combine together several factors that encourage an excessive intake of food energy: they are a fast‐food restaurant, customers can take large portions, and (in most cases) they supply unlimited amounts of energy‐dense food at a relatively low price. Virtually no research has been conducted on the relationship between buffets, energy intake, and weight gain. Our findings indicate that there has been a large growth in the number of restaurants in Toronto offering buffets during the time period that obesity rates were climbing rapidly. These findings are consistent with the possibility that buffets are a factor involved in the epidemic of obesity. Future studies should measure actual food intake when customers eat at a buffet.
Intake, Knowledge, Beliefs and Perception Regarding the Benefits and Barriers of Nuts Intake Among Individuals with or at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and/or Diabetes
Authors: Pawlak Roman , London Hilary , Colby Sarah , Wall-Bassett Elizabeth , Sira Natalia
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the knowledge regarding health effect and nutrient content of nuts and to assess intake of nuts. Also, assess perceptions regarding benefits and barriers of nuts intake among individuals with or at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or diabetes.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was administered to 85 participants (Caucasians ‐77.6% and African Americans ‐ 22.4%, mean (SD) age = 62.91 (9.40).

Results

About one‐third of the participants had been diagnosed with diabetes and two‐thirds with one or more forms of CVD; heart disease (61.4%), heart attack (56.4%), angina (51.8%), and stroke (50.0%). About 40% of individuals were not aware nuts could help lower the risk for heart attack or diabetes. Approximately 33% were unsure of the impact of nuts on cholesterol level and additional 21% disagreed that nuts can decrease cholesterol. Only 27.1% agreed or strongly agreed that their doctor advises them to eat nuts. However, 63.5% agreed or strongly agreed that they would consume nuts on most days of the week if the doctor made such a recommendation.

Conclusion

Results indicate low intake and knowledge regarding the health benefits of nuts.

Research was not funded.