bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When and how is depression associated with ostracism among college students? The mediating role of interpretation bias and the moderating role of awareness rather than acceptance
Authors: Chen Jing , Lin Xiaoxiao , Wang Ning , Wang Yuzheng , Wang Jinyan , Luo Fei
Published: July 2024

Depression is closely related to individual social functions. The current study aimed to examine whether depression is associated with ostracism, whether interpretation bias mediates this relationship, and whether trait mindfulness moderates direct and indirect relationships between depression and ostracism. Overall, 389 Chinese college students completed the Center for Epidemiological Survey, Depression Scale, Interpretation Bias Questionnaire, Philadelphia mindfulness scale, and perceived ostracism scale at two‐time points. Latent Profile analysis and moderated mediation analysis were performed. After controlling for sex and age, depression (t1) was positively correlated to perceived ostracism, with this relationship being partially mediated by negative interpretation bias (IBN, t2). The effect of IBN on perceived ostracism was weak when awareness was high at time 2. Acceptance had a non‐significant moderating role in the relationship between IBN and perceived ostracism at time 2. LPA delineated three profiles: high awareness, high acceptance, and medium mindfulness. The moderating role of the different profiles in the relationship between IBN (t2) and perceived ostracism (t2) was significant. Depressed individuals appear to experience more ostracism because of IBN. Awareness might alleviate the effect of IBN on perceived ostracism.
Metabolic Labeling and Digital Microfluidic Single‐Cell Sequencing for Single Bacterial Genotypic‐Phenotypic Analysis
Authors: Guo Junnan , Sun Di , Li Kunjie , Dai Qi , Geng Shichen , Yang Yuanyuan , Mo Mengwu , Zhu Zhi , Shao Chen , Wang Wei , Song Jia , Yang Chaoyong , Zhang Huimin
Published: July 2024

Accurate assessment of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of bacteria can facilitate comprehensive cataloguing of all the resistance factors for better understanding of antibiotic resistance. However, current methods primarily focus on individual phenotypic or genotypic profiles across different colonies. Here, a Digital microfluidic‐based automated assay for whole‐genome sequencing of single‐antibiotic‐resistant bacteria is reported, enabling Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis of antibiotic‐resistant strains (Digital‐GPA). Digital‐GPA can efficiently isolate and sequence antibiotic‐resistant bacteria illuminated by fluorescent D‐amino acid (FDAA)‐labeling, producing high‐quality single‐cell amplified genomes (SAGs). This enables identifications of both minor and major mutations, pinpointing substrains with distinctive resistance mechanisms. Digital‐GPA can directly process clinical samples to detect and sequence resistant pathogens without bacterial culture, subsequently provide genetic profiles of antibiotic susceptibility, promising to expedite the analysis of hard‐to‐culture or slow‐growing bacteria. Overall, Digital‐GPA opens a new avenue for antibiotic resistance analysis by providing accurate and comprehensive molecular profiles of antibiotic resistance at single‐cell resolution.
Ion Dynamics in Nanocrystalline Li2S‐LiI – on the Influence of Local Disorder on Short‐Range Hopping and Long‐Range Ion Transport
Authors: Jodlbauer Anna , Hogrefe Katharina , Gadermaier Bernhard , Wilkening H. Martin R.
Published: July 2024

The enormous interest in developing powerful Li‐based batteries leads to a boost in materials research. Though Li–sulfur batteries offer very high energy densities, the nature of Li‐ion dynamics in the final discharge product has not been fully understood yet. While nanocrystalline shows enhanced ion dynamics compared to its coarse‐grained counterpart, the interaction of with another binary such as LiI seems to be rather unexplored. Herein, an equimolar mixture of and LiI is treated in a high‐energy ball mill, and both the overall and local structural changes are studied by X‐ray powder diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively . Besides the formation of amorphous regions, evidences are found for the generation of anion‐mixed sites that give rise to facile Li exchange on the 2D exchange NMR timescale. Compared to a coarse‐grained reference sample, the overall (bulk) ionic conductivity of nanocrystalline ‐LiI increases by two orders of magnitude. Besides the anion‐mixing effect, this increase benefits from nanosize effects that include the formation of defect‐rich interfacial regions. NMR relaxation measurements fully support this result and reveal heterogeneous dynamics with lower activation energies for both the localized hopping processes and long‐range ion transport in nm‐sized ‐LiI.
Application of data element mapping and analysis for system definition to enable model‐based systems engineering
Authors: Ledford Allison , Harris Gregory , Askew Susan , Purdy Gregory
Published: July 2024

In the connected age of the model‐based enterprise and model‐based systems engineering (MBSE), new systems engineering tools are needed to move from a functional, document‐centric, hierarchical view of data and information to the individual units of data or data element level view. Data element mapping and analysis (DEMA) is a technology‐agnostic analytical methodology that combines traditional functional analysis techniques, systems engineering elicitation practices, and novel data mapping techniques to provide a holistic view of a system's data and information flows at the individual units of data (data element level). In this research, DEMA was utilized to enable an enhanced system definition for the development of a verification and validation process as applied to a modeling and simulation environment. DEMA uncovered and visually mapped the hidden flow of approximately 1600 data vessel occurrences as inputs or outputs to 79 functional activities in 23 disparate storage locations. The results reveal that DEMA is a practical tool for both improving existing systems and defining new systems. The data element level view captured by DEMA can be used to define the interconnections between the system elements that are input to systems modeling language (SysML) models. Therefore, DEMA is a necessary and novel tool that can be used to enable system digitalization.
Private Tutoring as a Relief or Burden? Changes in Parental Beliefs About Young Children's English Learning in China
Authors: Zeng Chun , Yung Kevin Wai‐Ho
Published: July 2024

The increasing trend of early English education has promoted the rapid growth of English private tutoring (EPT) for children, which garners attention in research as a global educational phenomenon. In China, EPT for children experienced a fervent expansion under neoliberalism. However, a recent policy (Double‐Reduction Policy) has banned EPT for preschoolers (age 3–6), creating a unique context where state‐led neoliberalism prevails. This study employs narrative inquiry to investigate the changes in beliefs about young children's English learning among three Chinese parents who enrolled their children in EPT. Data were gleaned through interviews, observations, informal conversations, and collection of parent‐recorded videos and artifacts over a year of fieldwork. The findings reveal that parents hold contradictory beliefs at different times, and the belief changes were interacted inextricably with the tensions experienced by these parents, including pressure from EPT and challenges from the policy. EPT was initially perceived as relief but eventually became burdensome. This study sheds light on the dynamic and intricate nature of parental beliefs, as well as the tensions arising from the interplay between neoliberalism and policy shifts in China. The findings have implications for parents, TESOL practitioners, and policymakers who involved in English education decisions for young children.
Artificial urinary sphincter for post‐prostatectomy incontinence
Authors: Newman Thomas H , Sharma Davendra , Seth Jai
Published: July 2024

Post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence can be a debilitating condition that negatively affects physical and psychological health and quality of life. The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is a gold standard treatment for post‐prostatectomy incontinence but is not without its considerations. In this article, the authors review current practice and evidence, and discuss the future of the AUS.
The injection of maternal B complex vitamin during the transition period: The impact on performance, thyroid hormones levels and immunological parameters in the Sannen goats and their kids, as well as the faeces status of newborn kids
Authors: Asadi Mohammad , Hatami Maryam , Fard Homa Mohammadi
Published: July 2024

Background

It is proven that B vitamins through promote a wide range of metabolic pathways in animals as cofactors improve animal performance.

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of maternal B complex vitamin injection on performance and plasma parameters in goats and their offspring, as well as the faeces status of newborn kids.

Methods

In this research, the pregnant goats (3 years old) were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (without B complex vitamin injection) and the B complex vitamin group (5 mL B complex vitamin injection per animal). The animals were injected with 5 mL B complex vitamin twice during the transition period (5 weeks pre‐ and 5 weeks post‐kidding). The goats during the transition period and kids on days 10, 20 and 30 were weighed. Feed intake by goats and consumption of milk and starter in kids were recorded daily. The dry matter digestibility by kids was tested by collecting samples of faeces and feed for 5 days in the last week. Chemical analysis was determined using the AOAC method. The kids’ faeces were prepared daily during the study. The blood samples of goats and newborn kids were taken 7 days after kidding. Then, levels of B group vitamin, as well as concentrations of liver enzymes, thyroid hormones and immunological parameters, were determined in plasma of goat and their offspring. In addition, concentrations of glucose and insulin were measured in goat plasma (Asadi et al., 2024).

Results

According to results, the performances of goats and their offspring, as well as kids’ faeces status, were improved by maternal B complex vitamin injection (p < 0.0001). The levels of cobalamin, pyridoxine, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic, pantothenic and unconjugated pteridine increased in the plasma of goats and their kids in the B complex vitamin group compared with the control group during the transition period (p < 0.0001). Injection of maternal B complex vitamin raised the plasma levels of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in goats and their offspring (p < 0.0001). Higher levels of glucose and lower levels of insulin were determined in the goats injected with B complex vitamin (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that maternal B complex vitamin injection is required for the improvement of performance, health status and the blood plasma parameters in pregnant goats and their kids.
A new flow path: eDNA connecting hydrology and biology
Authors: URycki Dawn R. , Kirtane Anish A. , Aronoff Rachel , Avila Colton C. , Blackman Rosetta C. , Carraro Luca , Evrard Olivier , Good Stephen P. , Hoyos J. Diana C. , López‐Rodríguez Nieves , Mora Demetrio , Schadewell Yvonne , Schilling Oliver S. , Ceperley Natalie C.
Published: July 2024

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has revolutionized ecological research, particularly for biodiversity assessment in various environments, most notably aquatic media. Environmental DNA analysis allows for non‐invasive and rapid species detection across multiple taxonomic groups within a single sample, making it especially useful for identifying rare or invasive species. Due to dynamic hydrological processes, eDNA samples from running waters may represent biodiversity from broad contributing areas, which is convenient from a biomonitoring perspective but also challenging, as hydrological knowledge is required for meaningful biological interpretation. Hydrologists could also benefit from eDNA to address unsolved questions, particularly concerning water movement through catchments. While naturally occurring abiotic tracers have advanced our understanding of water age distribution in catchments, for example, current geochemical tracers cannot fully elucidate the timing and flow paths of water through landscapes. Conversely, biological tracers, owing to their immense diversity and interactions with the environment, could offer more detailed information on the sources and flow paths of water to the stream. The informational capacity of eDNA as a tracer, however, is determined by the ability to interpret the complex biological heterogeneity at a study site, which arguably requires both biological and hydrological expertise. As eDNA data has become increasingly available as part of biomonitoring campaigns, we argue that accompanying eDNA surveys with hydrological observations could enhance our understanding of both biological and hydrological processes; we identify opportunities, challenges, and needs for further interdisciplinary collaboration; and we highlight eDNA's potential as a bridge between hydrology and biology, which could foster both domains.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Methods

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Introducing Business Model Innovation and the Game Changers of Tomorrow
Authors: Aagaard Annabeth
Published: July 2024

This chapter delves into the transformative influence of game changers on business model innovation, emphasizing the critical role of the business model as a strategic management tool for generating customer value and competitive advantage. Grounded in the seminal perspectives and contributions of key authors in the BMI field, it explores the multifaceted nature of business models as architectures of value creation, delivery, and capture. The chapter critically reviews the existing literature, highlighting the diverse interpretations and the lack of consensus on a definitive business model definition. It underscores the business model’s responsiveness to external environmental factors, technological advancements, demands for sustainability and circularity, demographic shifts, and grand challenges, illustrating its pivotal role in strategic agility and business model innovation. This discussion sets the stage for a deeper exploration in the following chapters of how the individual game changers are reshaping business models, urging businesses to adapt and innovate continuously in an ever-evolving landscape.
Study on Mechanical Performance Evolution Law of the Friction Pendulum Bearing Under the Influence of Friction Characteristics of Sliding Interface
Authors: Dong Zhenhua , Chen Li , Li Yi , Wang Zuohu
Published: July 2024

At present, it is difficult to acquire the internal state of sliding friction bearing, so the assessment indexes and quantitative evaluation standard for service state of friction pendulum bearing (FPB) is lack. In order to propose the relationship between service state and mechanical performance, the key components of FPB affecting the seismic response is as the research subject. The 3D solid refinement finite element numerical model of FPB is established, and its rationality of and simulated results reliability is verified by experimental results. Combined the mechanical performance theory calculation models of FPB and friction characteristics of sliding interface, the simulated results of mechanical performance including effective stiffness, total energy consumption, effective period, effective damping ratio of FPB under the influence of sensitive parameters is analyzed. The results show that the compressive stress is the most sensitive factor. With the increase of compressive stress, the equivalent stiffness increases exponentially, but the equivalent period increases and the equivalent damping ratio decreases, which obviously deteriorates the seismic performance of the seismic isolation bridge. When the compressive stress is constant, the cumulative sliding distance and sliding velocity can obviously affect the mechanical performance of the bearing, but the variation range of the equivalent damping ratio is less than 10%. In addition, when the friction characteristics of the upper and lower sliding interfaces of the FPB are not consistent, the condition of the lower sliding interface has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the FPB. The research results provide data and method support for further quantitative evaluation of the seismic performance for the serviced FPB and seismic isolation bridges.
The role of Pim-1 kinases in inflammatory signaling pathways
Authors: Baek Hye Suk , Kim Nacksung , Park Jong Wook , Kwon Taeg Kyu , Kim Shin
Published: July 2024

Objective and design

This observational study investigated the regulatory mechanism of Pim-1 in inflammatory signaling pathways.

Materials

THP-1, RAW 264.7, BV2, and Jurkat human T cell lines were used.

Treatment

None.

Methods

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation, followed by PIM1 knockdown. Western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR assays were used to assess the effect of PIM1 knockdown on LPS-induced inflammation.

Results

PIM1 knockdown in macrophage-like THP-1 cells suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, phosphorylated Janus kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65). It also suppressed upregulation of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α/β and enhanced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Moreover, it inhibited the upregulation of Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and cleavage of caspase-1 induced by co-treatment of LPS with adenosine triphosphate. Additionally, p-transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) interacted with Pim-1. All three members of Pim kinases (Pim-1, Pim-2, and Pim-3) were required for LPS-mediated inflammation in macrophages; however, unlike Pim-1 and Pim-3, Pim-2 functioned as a negative regulator of T cell activity.

Conclusions

Pim-1 interacts with TAK1 in LPS-induced inflammatory responses and is involved in MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways. Additionally, considering the negative regulatory role of Pim-2 in T cells, further in-depth studies on their respective functions are needed.
TMEM9 activates Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy through interaction with Beclin1
Authors: Baek Sohyeon , Chang Jae-Woong , Yoo Seung-Min , Choo JeongRim , Jung Sunmin , Nah Jihoon , Jung Yong-Keun
Published: July 2024

Transmembrane protein 9 (TMEM9) is a transmembrane protein that regulates lysosomal acidification by interacting with the v-type ATPase complex. However, the role of TMEM9 in the lysosome-dependent autophagy machinery has yet to be identified. In this study, we demonstrate that the lysosomal protein TMEM9, which is involved in vesicle acidification, regulates Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy through its interaction with Beclin1. The cytosolic domain of TMEM9 interacts with Beclin1 via its Bcl-2-binding domain. This interaction between TMEM9 and Beclin1 dissociates Bcl-2, an autophagy-inhibiting partner, from Beclin1, thereby activating LC3-independent and Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy. Late endosomal and lysosomal TMEM9 apparently colocalizes with Rab9 but not with LC3. Furthermore, we show that multiple glycosylation of TMEM9, essential for lysosomal localization, is essential for its interaction with Beclin1 and the activation of Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy. These findings reveal that TMEM9 recruits and activates the Beclin1 complex at the site of Rab9-dependent autophagosome to induce alternative autophagy.
Clara cell 10 (CC10) protein attenuates allergic airway inflammation by modulating lung dendritic cell functions
Authors: Xu Yu-Dong , Cheng Mi , Mao Jun-Xia , Zhang Xue , Shang Pan-Pan , Long Jie , Chen Yan-Jiao , Wang Yu , Yin Lei-Miao , Yang Yong-Qing
Published: July 2024

Allergic asthma is a complex inflammatory disorder predominantly orchestrated by T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. The anti-inflammatory protein Clara Cell 10-kDa (CC10), also known as secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB1A1), shows promise in modulating respiratory diseases. However, its precise role in asthma remains unclear. This study examines the potential of CC10 to suppress allergic asthma inflammation, specifically assessing its regulatory effects on Th2 cell responses and dendritic cells (DCs). Lower CC10 levels in asthma were observed and correlated with increased IgE and lymphocytes. Cc10−/− mice exhibited exacerbated allergic airway inflammation marked by increased inflammatory cell infiltration, Th2 cytokines, serum antigen-specific IgE levels, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in house dust mite (HDM)-induced models. Conversely, recombinant CC10 significantly attenuated these inflammatory responses. Intriguingly, CC10 did not directly inhibit Th cell activation but significantly downregulated the population of CD11b+CD103− DCs subsets in lungs of asthmatic mice and modulated the immune activation functions of DCs through NF-κB signaling pathway. The mixed lymphocyte response assay revealed that DCs mediated the suppressive effect of CC10 on Th2 cell responses. Collectively, CC10 profoundly mitigates Th2-type allergic inflammation in asthma by modulating lung DC phenotype and functions, highlighting its therapeutic potential for inflammatory airway conditions and other related immunological disorders.
Variations in definitions used for describing restrictive care practices (seclusion and restraint) in adult mental health inpatient units: a systematic review and content analysis
Authors: Muluneh Zelalem Belayneh , Chavulak Jacinta , Lee Den-Ching A. , Petrakis Melissa , Haines Terry P.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The main purpose of this review was to (1) identify thematic elements within definitions used by recently published literature to describe the constructs of physical/mechanical restraint, seclusion and chemical restraint in adult mental health inpatient units.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive literature search of six databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL-Plus). In this review, we conducted content analysis to synthesize evidence to understand and compare the commonalities and discrepancies in conceptual elements that were incorporated within the definitions of different forms of restrictive care practices.

Results

A total of 95 studies that provided definitions for different forms of restrictive care practices [physical/mechanical restraint (n = 72), seclusion (n = 65) and chemical restraint (n = 19)] were included in this review. Significant variations existed in the conceptual domains presented within the applied definitions of physical/mechanical restraint, seclusion, and chemical restraint. Conceptual themes identified in this review were methods of restrictive care practice, reasons and desired outcomes, the extent of patient restriction during restrictive care practice episodes, timing (duration, frequency, and time of the day), the level of patient autonomy, and the personnel implementing these practices.

Conclusions

Inconsistencies in the terminologies and conceptual boundaries used to describe the constructs of different forms of restrictive care practices underscore the need to move forward in endorsing consensus definitions that reflect the diverse perspectives, ensuring clarity and consistency in practice and research. This will assist in validly measuring and comparing the actual trends of restrictive care practice use across different healthcare institutions and jurisdictions.
Saccadic “inhibition” unveils the late influence of image content on oculomotor programming
Authors: Taylor Rebecca , Buonocore Antimo , Fracasso Alessio
Published: July 2024

Image content is prioritized in the visual system. Faces are a paradigmatic example, receiving preferential processing along the visual pathway compared to other visual stimuli. Moreover, face prioritization manifests also in behavior. People tend to look at faces more frequently and for longer periods, and saccadic reaction times can be faster when targeting a face as opposed to a phase-scrambled control. However, it is currently not clear at which stage image content affects oculomotor planning and execution. It can be hypothesized that image content directly influences oculomotor signal generation. Alternatively, the image content could exert its influence on oculomotor planning and execution at a later stage, after the image has been processed. Here we aim to disentangle these two alternative hypotheses by measuring the frequency of saccades toward a visual target when the latter is followed by a visual transient in the central visual field. Behaviorally, this paradigm leads to a reduction in saccade frequency that happens about 90 ms after any visual transient event, also known as saccadic “inhibition”. In two experiments, we measured occurrence of saccades in visually guided saccades as well as microsaccades during fixation, using face and noise-matched visual stimuli. We observed that while the reduction in saccade occurrence was similar for both stimulus types, face stimuli lead to a prolonged reduction in eye movements. Moreover, saccade kinematics were altered by both stimulus types, showing an amplitude reduction without change in peak velocity for the earliest saccades. Taken together, our experiments imply that face stimuli primarily affect the later stages of the behavioral phenomenon of saccadic “inhibition”. We propose that while some stimulus features are processed at an early stage and can quickly influence eye movements, a delayed signal conveying image content information is necessary to further inhibit/delay activity in the oculomotor system to trigger eye movements.
Case-by-case combination of the prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2.1 with the Likert score to reduce the false-positives of prostate MRI: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Girometti Rossano , Peruzzi Valeria , Polizzi Paolo , De Martino Maria , Cereser Lorenzo , Casarotto Letizia , Pizzolitto Stefano , Isola Miriam , Crestani Alessandro , Giannarini Gianluca , Zuiani Chiara
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To retrospectively investigate whether a case-by-case combination of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2.1 (PI-RADS) with the Likert score improves the diagnostic performance of mpMRI for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa), especially by reducing false-positives.

Methods

One hundred men received mpMRI between January 2020 and April 2021, followed by prostate biopsy. Reader 1 (R1) and reader 2 (R2) (experience of > 3000 and < 200 mpMRI readings) independently reviewed mpMRIs with the PI-RADS version 2.1. After unveiling clinical information, they were free to add (or not) a Likert score to upgrade or downgrade or reinforce the level of suspicion of the PI-RADS category attributed to the index lesion or, rather, identify a new index lesion. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of R1/R2 in detecting csPCa when biopsying PI-RADS ≥ 3 index-lesions (strategy 1) versus PI-RADS ≥ 3 or Likert ≥ 3 index-lesions (strategy 2), with decision curve analysis to assess the net benefit. In strategy 2, the Likert score was considered dominant in determining biopsy decisions.

Results

csPCa prevalence was 38%. R1/R2 used combined PI-RADS and Likert categorization in 28%/18% of examinations relying mainly on clinical features such as prostate specific antigen level and digital rectal examination than imaging findings. The specificity/positive predictive values were 66.1/63.1% for R1 (95%CI 52.9–77.6/54.5–70.9) and 50.0/51.6% (95%CI 37.0-63.0/35.5-72.4%) for R2 in the case of PI-RADS-based readings, and 74.2/69.2% for R1 (95%CI 61.5–84.5/59.4–77.5%) and 56.6/54.2% (95%CI 43.3-69.0/37.1-76.6%) for R2 in the case of combined PI-RADS/Likert readings. Sensitivity/negative predictive values were unaffected. Strategy 2 achieved greater net benefit as a trigger of biopsy for R1 only.

Conclusion

Case-by-case combination of the PI-RADS version 2.1 with Likert score translated into a mild but measurable impact in reducing the false-positives of PI-RADS categorization, though greater net benefit in reducing unnecessary biopsies was found in the experienced reader only.

Graphical Abstract
Monitoring the Spatial Distribution of Cover Crops and Tillage Practices Using Machine Learning and Environmental Drivers across Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Jain Khushboo , John Ranjeet , Torbick Nathan , Kolluru Venkatesh , Saraf Sakshi , Chandel Abhinav , Henebry Geoffrey M. , Jarchow Meghann
Published: July 2024

The adoption of conservation agriculture methods, such as conservation tillage and cover cropping, is a viable alternative to conventional farming practices for improving soil health and reducing soil carbon losses. Despite their significance in mitigating climate change, there are very few studies that have assessed the overall spatial distribution of cover crops and tillage practices based on the farm’s pedoclimatic and topographic characteristics. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to use multiple satellite-derived indices and environmental drivers to infer the level of tillage intensity and identify the presence of cover crops in eastern South Dakota (SD). We used a machine learning classifier trained with in situ field samples and environmental drivers acquired from different remote sensing datasets for 2022 and 2023 to map the conservation agriculture practices. Our classification accuracies (>80%) indicate that the employed satellite spectral indices and environmental variables could successfully detect the presence of cover crops and the tillage intensity in the study region. Our analysis revealed that 4% of the corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) fields in eastern SD had a cover crop during either the fall of 2022 or the spring of 2023. We also found that environmental factors, specifically seasonal precipitation, growing degree days, and surface texture, significantly impacted the use of conservation practices. The methods developed through this research may provide a viable means for tracking and documenting farmers’ agricultural management techniques. Our study contributes to developing a measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) solution that could help used to monitor various climate-smart agricultural practices.
The Neck-Persistency-Net: a three-dimensional, convolution, deep neural network aids in distinguishing vital from non-vital persistent cervical lymph nodes in advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after primary concurrent radiochemotherapy
Authors: Santer Matthias , Zelger Philipp , Schmutzhard Joachim , Freysinger Wolfgang , Runge Annette , Gottfried Timo Maria , Tröger Andrea , Vorbach Samuel , Mangesius Julian , Widmann Gerlig , Graf Simone , Hofauer Benedikt Gabriel , Dejaco Daniel
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic performance (DP) of the high-resolution contrast computed tomography (HR-contrast-CT) based Neck-Persistency-Net in distinguishing vital from non-vital persistent cervical lymph nodes (pcLNs) in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) following primary concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and high-resolution contrast-enhanced computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET-CT). Furthermore, the Neck-Persistency-Net’s potential to justify omitting post-CRT neck dissection (ND) without risking treatment delays or preventing unnecessary surgery was explored.

Methods

All HNSCC patients undergoing primary CRT followed by post-CRT-ND for pcLNs recorded in the institutional HNSCC registry were analyzed. The Neck-Persistency-Net DP was explored for three scenarios: balanced performance (BalPerf), optimized sensitivity (OptSens), and optimized specificity (OptSpec). Histopathology of post-CRT-ND served as a reference.

Results

Among 68 included patients, 11 were female and 32 had vital pcLNs. The Neck-Persistency-Net demonstrated good DP with an area under the curve of 0.82. For BalPerf, both sensitivity and specificity were 78%; for OptSens (90%), specificity was 62%; for OptSpec (95%), sensitivity was 54%. Limiting post-CRT-ND to negative results would have delayed treatment in 27%, 40%, and 7% for BalPerf, OptSens and OptSpec, respectively, versus 23% for [18F]FDG-PET-CT. Conversely, restricting post-CRT-ND to positive results would have prevented unnecessary post-CRT-ND in 78%, 60%, and 95% for BalPerf, OptSens and OptSpec, respectively, versus 55% for [18F]FDG-PET-CT.

Conclusion

The DP of the Neck-Persistency-Net was comparable to [18F]-FDG-PET-CT. Depending on the chosen decision boundary, the potential to justify the omission of post-CRT-ND without risking treatment delays in false negative findings or reliably prevent unnecessary surgery in false positive findings outperforms the [18F]-FDG-PET-CT.
A real-life experience with eculizumab and efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis patients
Authors: Pane Chiara , Di Stefano Vincenzo , Cuomo Nunzia , Sarnataro Alessio , Vinciguerra Claudia , Bevilacqua Liliana , Brighina Filippo , Rini Nicasio , Puorro Giorgia , Marsili Angela , Garibaldi Matteo , Fionda Laura , Saccà Francesco
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Eculizumab, a complement active antibody, and efgartigimod, an Fc fragment that blocks neonatal Fc receptor, are both approved to treat generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) patients. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical response to both treatments in a real-life setting.

Methods

We collected baseline and follow-up clinical data using the Myasthenia Gravis-Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL), and Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG). We included 63 patients, 32 treated with eculizumab and 31 with efgartigimod. Of the efgartigimod-treated patients, 22 were anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR-Ab +) and 9 were AChR-Ab- (3 MuSK-Ab + and 6 seronegative).

Results

Both treatments showed similar efficacy relative to the MG-ADL scale reduction (p = 0.237). Efgartigimod had a similar effect on both AChR-Ab + and AChR-Ab- (p = 0.280). Eculizumab was superior to efgartigimod relative to the QMG score reduction for the entire dataset (p = 0.003) and was more likely to achieve a clinical response at the QMG compared to efgartigimod (OR 1.373; p = 0.016). Steroid-sparing effect was higher for eculizumab than efgartigimod ( – 16.7 vs  – 5.2 mg of the baseline daily dose at follow-up; p = 0.001). Mean speed of prednisone reduction was  – 13.1 mg of the daily dose for each month of follow-up for eculizumab-treated patients and  – 3.2 for efgartigimod (p = 0.001). We found three serious events, all not related to treatment in the investigator’s opinion. One eculizumab-treated patient experienced a severe pneumonia and died despite treatment.

Conclusions

Our study provides evidence that eculizumab and efgartigimod can be used in clinical practice to reduce disability in gMG patients. Eculizumab-treated patients had a higher QMG response and steroid sparing effect. Efgartigimod may offer a more flexible schedule due to its cyclical use, no need for vaccination, and efficacy in AChR-Ab- patients.
Distribution and morphologic characterization of telocytes in rat ovary and uterus: insights from ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Purelku Merjem , Sahin Hakan , Erkanli Senturk Gozde , Tanriverdi Gamze
Published: July 2024

Telocytes (TCs) are characterized by a small oval-shaped cell body with long prolongations that are called telopods (Tps). PDGFR-β and c-kit markers may assist for the immunohistochemical identification of TCs; however, by these means they cannot be identified with absolute specificity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is considered as a gold standard method for TCs observation. Studies on TCs in the female reproductive system are limited, and there is a lack of awareness regarding TCs in rat ovaries. We aimed to demonstrate the existence and morphology of TCs in rat ovaries, alongside previously studied TCs in rat uteri. Thus, ovaries and uteri from young adult Sprague–Dawley female rats (n = 8) with regular estrous cycles were collected. Then, left ovaries and uteri were proccessed for TEM analysis, while the right ones were used for immunohistochemistry. As a result, TCs were seen throughout the rat’s ovarian stroma with their characteristic cell bodies, Tps, podomes (Pds) and podomers (Pdms). Tps were situated within the thecal layer of the follicles, surrounding the corpus luteum and blood vessels. Ovarian TCs were recognized to have relationship with other TCs/stromal cells. Subsequently, TCs were seen in stroma of endometrium with surrounding blood vessels and uterine glands, myometrium and perimetrium in rat uteri. There was also no statistical significance between the number of c-kit+ and PDGFR-β+ telocyte-like cells in both rat ovarian (p = 0.137) and endometrial stroma (p = 0.450). Further investigation of the roles and functions of TCs in the female reproductive system is needed.
Testing the joint effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ants on insect herbivory on potato plants
Authors: Moreira Xoaquín , Martín-Cacheda Lucía , Quiroga Gabriela , Lago-Núñez Beatriz , Röder Gregory , Abdala-Roberts Luis
Published: July 2024

Main conclusion

Ants, but not mycorrhizae, significantly affected insect leaf-chewing herbivory on potato plants. However, there was no evidence of mutualistic interactive effects on herbivory.

Plants associate with both aboveground and belowground mutualists, two prominent examples being ants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), respectively. While both of these mutualisms have been extensively studied, joint manipulations testing their independent and interactive (non-additive) effects on plants are rare. To address this gap, we conducted a joint test of ant and AMF effects on herbivory by leaf-chewing insects attacking potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants, and further measured plant traits likely mediating mutualist effects on herbivory. In a field experiment, we factorially manipulated the presence of AMF (two levels: control and mycorrhization) and ants (two levels: exclusion and presence) and quantified the concentration of leaf phenolic compounds acting as direct defenses, as well as plant volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions potentially mediating direct (e.g., herbivore repellents) or indirect (e.g., ant attractants) defense. Moreover, we measured ant abundance and performed a dual-choice greenhouse experiment testing for effects of VOC blends (mimicking those emitted by control vs. AMF-inoculated plants) on ant attraction as a mechanism for indirect defense. Ant presence significantly reduced herbivory whereas mycorrhization had no detectable influence on herbivory and mutualist effects operated independently. Plant trait measurements indicated that mycorrhization had no effect on leaf phenolics but significantly increased VOC emissions. However, mycorrhization did not affect ant abundance and there was no evidence of AMF effects on herbivory operating via ant-mediated defense. Consistently, the dual-choice assay showed no effect of AMF-induced volatile blends on ant attraction. Together, these results suggest that herbivory on potato plants responds mainly to top-down (ant-mediated) rather than bottom-up (AMF-mediated) control, an asymmetry in effects which could have precluded mutualist non-additive effects on herbivory. Further research on this, as well as other plant systems, is needed to examine the ecological contexts under which mutualist interactive effects are more or less likely to emerge and their impacts on plant fitness and associated communities.
Identifying regional hotspots of heatwaves, droughts, floods, and their co-occurrences
Authors: Vieira Passos Marlon , Kan Jung-Ching , Destouni Georgia , Barquet Karina , Kalantari Zahra
Published: July 2024

In this paper we present a framework to aid in the selection of optimal environmental indicators for detecting and mapping extreme events and analyzing trends in heatwaves, meteorological and hydrological droughts, floods, and their compound occurrence. The framework uses temperature, precipitation, river discharge, and derived climate indices to characterize the spatial distribution of hazard intensity, frequency, duration, co-occurrence, and dependence. The relevant climate indices applied are Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Streamflow Index, heatwave indices based on fixed (HWI$$_\textrm{S}$$

S

) and anomalous temperatures (HWI$$_\textrm{E}$$

E

), and Daily Flood Index (DFI). We selected suitable environmental indicators and corresponding thresholds for each hazard based on estimated extreme event detection performance using receiver operating characteristics (ROC), area under curve (AUC), and accuracy, which is defined as the proportion of correct detections. We assessed compound hazard dependence using a Likelihood Multiplication Factor (LMF). We tested the framework for the case of Sweden, using daily data for the period 1922–2021. The ROC results showed that HWI$$_\textrm{S}$$

S

, SPEI12 and DFI are suitable indices for representing heatwaves, droughts, and floods, respectively (AUC > 0.83). Application of these indices revealed increasing heatwave and flood occurrence in large areas of Sweden, but no significant change trend for droughts. Hotspots with LMF > 1, mostly concentrated in Northern Sweden from June to August, indicated that compound drought-heatwave and drought-flood events are positively correlated in those areas, which can exacerbate their impacts. The novel framework presented here adds to existing hydroclimatic hazard research by (1) using local data and historical records of extremes to validate indicator-based hazard hotspots, (2) evaluating compound hazards at regional scale, (3) being transferable and streamlined, (4) attaining satisfactory performance for indicator-based hazard detection as demonstrated by the ROC method, and (5) being generalizable to various hazard types.
Evaluating changes in flood frequency due to climate change in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Pillay Kamleshan , Simatele Mulala Danny
Published: July 2024

This study assesses the impact of climate change on flood frequency across seven sites in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The calibrated Water Resources Simulation Model (WRSM)/Pitman hydrological model was run using precipitation inputs from two representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) using a combination of eight global circulatory models (GCM) for the two periods (2030–2060 and 2070–2100). GCMs were statistically downscaled using the delta change (DC), linear scaling (LS) and quantile delta mapping (QDM) approaches. Average daily discharge was estimated from each downscaled daily precipitation dataset using the Pitman/WRSM model with the Fuller and Sangal estimation methods used to calculate daily instantaneous peak flows. Flood frequency curves (FFC) were generated using the annual maximum series (AMS) for the GCM ensemble mean and individual GCMs for the return periods between 2 and 100 years. FFCs generated based on LS and QDM downscaling methods were aligned for the GCM ensemble mean in terms of the direction of FFCs. Further analysis was conducted using outputs based on the QDM approach, given its suitability in projecting peak flows. Under this method, both Fuller and Sangal FFCs exhibited a decreasing trend across the Jonkershoek and Little Berg River sites; however, estimated quantiles for low-probability events were higher under the Fuller method. This study noted the variation in FFCs from individual GCMs compared to the FFC representing the GCM ensemble mean. Further research on climate change flood frequency analysis (FFA) in South Africa should incorporate other advanced downscaling and instantaneous peak flow estimation (IPF) methods.
Orthodontic findings in adults with Trisomy 21
Authors: Wriedt Susanne , Service Fabienne , Schmidtmann Irene , Erbe Christina
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Objective of this study was to describe orthodontic findings in adults with Down’s syndrome, a matter insufficiently regarded in literature.

Materials and methods

A group of 104 adults (33.8 ± 15 years) with trisomy 21 had an orthodontic check-up in their accustomed environment. Anamnestic and dental findings completed the examination and descriptive analysis was performed using SPSS23. Relative frequencies with 95% confidence intervals were compared to the average population (SHIP-study, 2003; DMS IV, 2006).

Results

Among the participants 46.2% (36.3–56.2%) (SHIP 36.7%) had already undergone orthodontic treatment. In 87.5% (79.6–93%) of the patients, less than 25.6 properly functioning permanent teeth (DMS IV’s mean) were found. Gingival bleeding and recessions, as well as periodontal disease, were increasingly found in older affected persons. Patients with Down’s syndrome showed less crowding, e.g., maxillary incisors 28% (19.3–39%) versus 41.9% (SHIP). Frontal open bite (35.2% (25.3–46.1%) versus 3.6% (SHIP)) and frontal crossbite (40.9% (30.5–51.9%) versus 4.2% (SHIP)) were more often observed. No considerable differences in frequencies of orthodontic findings were detected in the comparison of the subgroups “18–28 years” versus “>28 years”, “with” versus “without orthodontic treatment”, “male” versus “female”, “with” versus “without periodontal problems”, or “with” versus “without orofacial disturbances”.

Conclusions

Within the bounds of this study, we gathered orthodontic findings in adults with trisomy 21 for the first time. In comparison to the average population, the subject group showed a greater number of complex orthodontic findings.

Clinical relevance

These persisting dental and orofacial problems must be considered when treating patients with Down’s syndrome.
Effector and regulatory B-cell imbalance in systemic sclerosis: cooperation or competition?
Authors: Liu Mengguo
Published: July 2024

B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Most B-cell studies have focused on their pathological role as antibody producers. However, in addition to immunoglobulin secretion, these cells have a wide range of functions in the immune response, including antigen presentation to T cells and cytokine production. Importantly, not all B-cell subsets promote the immune response. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) attenuate inflammation and contribute to the maintenance of immune tolerance. However, effector B cells (Beffs) positively modulate the immune response through the production of various cytokines. In SSc, Bregs are insufficient and/or dysfunctional. B-cell-targeting biologics have been trialled with promising results in the treatment of SSc. These therapies can affect Bregs or Beffs, which can potentially limit their long-term efficacy. Future strategies might involve the modulation of effector B cells in combination with the stimulation of regulatory subsets. Additionally, the monitoring of individual B-cell subsets in patients may lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers that could help predict disease relapse or progression. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant literatures and explain how Bregs and Beffs jointly participate in the pathogenesis of SSc.