bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Judicial Application of Behavioral Concepts
Authors: Nash Michael M.
Published: September 2011

Examples of judicial application of fundamental behavioral concepts are described.
Perhaps Mode of Response Does Not Explain Intra-Individual Variability
Authors: Berdie Ralph F.
Published: September 2011

The correlations between intra-individual variability indices based on repeated testings with the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory range from –.53 to .88. The distribution of correlation coefficients suggests that they reflect co-variation of personality characteristics to a greater extent than variations related to mode of response.
Reexamination of Test-Retest Reliability of AVA Placement Analysis Scores
Authors: Hasler Kermit R. , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

The test-retest reliability was studied for the 3 4-factor profile shapes yielded by the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA), along with the 6 primary scores associated with them, using a heterogeneous sample of business and industrial employees. The time interval between test administrations was typically 1 mo. Distributions of Pearsonian correlations between profiles of the original and subsequent administrations were examined and compared with results obtained in an earlier study. Test-retest coefficients and standard errors of scores were reported for total responsivity (Activity) and vector measures of Image, Role and Self concepts. The findings showed that the AVA produces highly stable profiles and scores on retesting.
Performance Errors on Ravens Progressive Matrices (1938) by Sociopathic and Schizotypic Personality Types
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Fiorentino Diane , Collins Lois , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to identify the existence of reasoning errors in psychiatric patients, the performance of male narcotic users defined as sociopathic ( N = 36) and schizotypic ( N = 34) by MMPI profile patterns was analyzed for avoidable errors on the Ravens Progressive Matrices (RPM). An avoidable error was defined as a failure to solve an item whose difficulty level was within the testee's range of ability as measured by his performance. Construct validity was defined in terms of the intercorrelations of Ravens centile and item difficulty levels. Parametric and non-parametric tests of significance indicated that the schizotypic group commit significantly more identifiable reasoning errors than the sociopathic group.
Water Requirements of Gerbils and Kangaroo Rats in the Laboratory
Authors: Boice Robert , Arledge Janet G.
Published: September 2011

Both gerbils ( Meriones unquiculates) and kangaroo rats ( Dipodymus ordii) consumed free water (0.088 and 0.107 cc./gm. body weight/day; respectively) at reliable daily rates irrespective of two food types. When drinking water was withheld, sunflower seeds retarded body weight loss more than Lab Blox but Ss were dead or near death by the 19th day when weights were down approximately 30%.
Encoding of Nonsense Syllables for Meaning
Authors: Saltz Eli , Felton Mark
Published: September 2011

The present study was concerned with the characteristics of the encoded Rs to nonsense syllables. 35 Ss responded under Glaze-type instructions to CVCs at 5 different association value (A.V.) levels, then attempted to recall their own Rs to the same stimuli. High A.V. stimuli elicted Rs which were more uniquely tied to the stimulus CVCs than did low A.V. items. Ss' ability to recall their own Rs to stimuli was directly related to the A.V. of the stimuli. Results were related to recent theories of the relationship between A.V. and learning.
Inhibition Effects with Abbreviated Training
Authors: Spivey James E. , Hess David T. , Black Diane
Published: September 2011

In an experiment in which 3 groups of albino rats were given abbreviated training in a straight alley runway, both the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PRE) and its opposite, a “reversed PRE,” were obtained.
Yoked Group Comparison of Selection and Reception Paradigms of Concept Attainment: A Biased Procedure
Authors: Lowenkron Barry , Johnson Peder J.
Published: September 2011

Concept attainment in the selection (SEL) and reception (REC) paradigms was compared with a modified reception (M-REC) condition in which Ss were provided appropriate hypotheses based on yoked-SEL Ss' verbalizations. M-REC performance was inferior to the SEL condition; no other differences were significant. The absence of a SEL-REC difference was not in agreement with findings of previous studies which have shown, in one instance, the REC groups superior (Huttenlocher, 1962) and in another the SEL group superior (Hunt, 1965). The instability of these findings was discussed in terms of an inherent bias in the yoked- Ss design, which acts against REC paradigms. REC performance was found to be contingent upon the nature of the SEL sequence assigned. When a nonsolved SEL sequence was assigned there was a decreased probability of REC- Ss solving.
Relationship of Scores on the Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in a Vocational Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Dickinson Thomas C. , Neubert Joan , McDermott Dorothy
Published: September 2011

The relationship between IQ scores on the Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test (FRPV) of Amnions and Amnions and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was investigated using a random sample of clients at a hospital-based vocational rehabilitation center. As predicted, correlations of FRPV and WAIS were significant, but decreased in magnitude for WAIS Vocabulary subtest, Verbal IQ, Full-scale IQ, and Performance IQ scores. These data extend previous research in applying the FRPV to different populations and suggest that it can be usefully applied as a quick screening measure of intelligence with a heterogeneous rehabilitation clientele.
Changes in Semantic Differential Responses over Two Years
Authors: Walkey Frank H. , Boshier Roger
Published: September 2011

Semantic differential scales with high loadings on the evaluation, activity and potency factors were administered twice to 54 12- to 15-yr.-old boys with an interval of 2 yr. between administrations. Semantic ratings varied in a negative direction at a significant level but variability of responses did not diminish to the degree found previously in younger children.
Manifest and Projective Anxiety
Authors: Ong Jin
Published: September 2011

When the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale and the Cassel and Kahn Group Personality Projective Test were administered to 92 college students, no significant correlations among scores were found. Between the Tension Reduction Quotient and the Total score of the GPPT r = .84 (Class I), .98 (Class II). The freshmen scored significantly higher on both tests than the normative groups or the upper classmen. There was no significant difference in MAS variance for the students and the normative group, but 5 of 8 GPPT variances were significantly different for the students and the normative group. Thus, manifest and projective anxiety are different measures. TRQ predicts the Total score of the GPPT pretty well, and freshmen have higher anxiety but not more heterogeneous anxiety than the other groups.
Hospital and Community Ratings of Factors Related to Psychiatric Patient Discharge Readiness
Authors: Ravensborg Milton R.
Published: September 2011

The Discharge Readiness Questionnaire was factor analyzed, yielding five factor scales. Comparisons of hospital social workers', county welfare departments', and nursing and boarding homes' expectations of the discharged mental patient disclosed significant differences.
Effects of Racial and Expressive Cues on Probability Learning in Children
Authors: Bloom Richard
Published: September 2011

Four groups of Ss were exposed to a probability-learning task in which they were to guess which of two stimuli would appear. The stimuli were either pictures of angry or smiling faces which were either distinctively white or Negro in appearance. When the input ratio was 70% angry to 30% smiling faces, Ss underestimated the dominant input. When the input ratio was reversed (70% smiling, 30% angry), expectancies for dominant stimulus more closely approximated the input ratio. Racial cues were not a determinant for choice responses even though such cues were apparently highly visible for most Ss.
Further Evidence regarding the R Scale of the MMPI as a Measure of Acquiescence
Authors: Edwards Allen L. , Abbott Robert D.
Published: September 2011

High- and low-scoring groups on the R scale of the MMPI were selected For each group the mean probability of a True response, P(T), on 26 scales was obtained. The social desirability scale values of the items increased from scale to scale. On all 26 scales, low scorers on the R scale had a higher mean probability of a True response than high scorers. The regression lines of P(T) on SDSV for the two groups had approximately the same slopes and differed only in terms of their intercepts. The study was replicated with three additional samples and comparable results were obtained in each case.
Display Aspects of Algebra
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

Attention is called to the visual display features of algebraic expressions and the relevance of human engineering principles. The argument is pursued in connection with a simple equation and solution drawn from an introductory course.
Hippocampal Theta and Learning: Some Further Comments
Authors: Bennett Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Douglas' reply to Bennett's criticism is discussed. The author concluded that Douglas may be correct in questioning Adey's hypothesis that hippocampal theta activity reflects the role of this structure in mediating the learning process but not on the basis of many of the arguments Douglas has made.
Test of the Unimportance of Particular Item Content Using the HTP and the MMPI
Authors: Pryor Felicia A. , Butler Joel R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated Berg's hypothesis concerning the unimportance of particular item content in the assessment of personality. 50 Ss of both sexes ranging in age from 18 to 40 yr. were administered the HTP and the MMPI in group sessions. A significant contingency correlation of .47 ( p = .01) was obtained which supports Berg's Deviation Hypothesis.
Inter-Scorer Reliability of Davids' Three Projective Measures of Alienation
Authors: Clark Edward T. , Propper Martin M.
Published: September 2011

Inter-scorer reliability of 3 projective measures of alienation was determined by computing the percentages agreement and Pearsonian correlations between 2 independent scorers. A random sample of high school seniors' protocols of Davids' Word Association and Sentence Completion Tests, and the TAT were rated in accord with Davids' scoring schemes for these measures. For the 3 instruments percentages agreement between scorers ranged from 72% to 92% and Pearsonian correlations ranged from .84 to .91 ( p < .01). These results compare favorably with levels of agreement previously repotted and indicate the utility of appropriately delineated scoring schemes for projective instruments.
Discrepancy of Self and Ideal-Self and Frequency of Hero, Sexual and Hostile Daydreams Reported by Males
Authors: Windholz George
Published: September 2011

Freud's view that dissatisfaction is related to daydreams was tested for male Ss. It was hypothesized that the greater dissatisfaction, established by obtaining discrepancy between self and ideal-self, the greater the frequency of hero, sexual, and hostile daydreams. In the final analysis, it was found that Ss' dissatisfaction was positively related to daydreams of hostile content.
Role of Memory in Divergent Thinking
Authors: Pollert Leslie H. , Feldhusen John F. , Van Mondfrans Adrian P. , Treffinger Donald J.
Published: September 2011

Tests involving word span, memory for verbal details, memory for visual details, and the Minnesota Tests of Creative Thinking (MTCT) were administered to 63 Ss in grades 4, 5, and 6. IQs were obtained from school records. Only 1 of 8 correlations between IQ and divergent thinking (DT) scores was significant, but 11 of 48 correlations between memory and DT were significant. In stepwise multiple correlation of the memory scores on each DT score, 17 of 19 predictor variables in reduced sets were memory scores. Canonical correlation of the memory and the DT scores yielded an R of .61. Results were interpreted to support the hypothesis that certain memory abilities may play important roles in DT.
Symmetry of the Paired-Associate Bond
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

The nature of the paired associates bond was discussed in terms of the following hypotheses which were confirmed by experiment. Unidirectional lists are learned more rapidly than bidirectional ones, and this is related to greater item learning in the latter. A unidirectional transfer series A-B, B-A requires as many total trials for mastery as does a bidirectional list, and recall following transfer is equal to recall following bidirectional learning. The usual anticipation method yields greater availability for recall of B members. The association value of the syllables is important in item learning. The bond was made symmetrical or asymmetrical depending upon the task set for S.
Bodyweight and Food and Water Consumption in Septal Lesioned and Operated Control Rats
Authors: Donovick Peter J. , Burright Richard G. , Gittelson Paul L.
Published: September 2011

Food and water consumption were measured daily for 10 wk. in both light (60 day) and heavy (90 day) septal and control rats. Septal lesions increased water consumption and both the water/bodyweight and food/bodyweight measures but decreased the food/water ratio. These effects persisted in both heavy and light groups although lesion-control differences remained most marked in light animals. Despite these results, the rate at which weight was gained was similar for both lesioned and control rats. Finally, light Ss, regardless of surgical group, consumed more food/bodyweight and water/bodyweight than heavy rats.
Personality Dimensions and Extreme Response Tendency
Authors: Iwawaki Saburo , Zax Melvin
Published: September 2011

In a study of the relationship between pathology and rating style, 68 Ss rated 10 Rorschach inkblots on 15 semantic differential scales. Ss were selected from a total of 158 Japanese college students as extreme neuroticism and/or extraversion scorers based on the Japanese version of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. It was found that neurotics made significantly more extreme ratings than non-neurotic Ss and that stable introverts had significantly fewer extreme ratings than neurotic extraverts. No significant differences were found in intermediate and neutral ratings.
Relationship of Time Focus to Distribution of Verb Tenses
Authors: Krauss Herbert H. , Persons Roy W.
Published: September 2011

The distribution of verb tenses in written and oral productions has been used as an index of temporal orientation. To investigate whether such distribution can, indeed, be used to indicate time orientation, 81 college students were asked to write one story about an important past event, another on an important future event, and the third on an important present event. Differentiation among the essays was accomplished on the basis of the distribution of verb tenses.
Response Mode and Irrelevant Items as Factors in Stimulus Familiarization Effects
Authors: Salafia W. Ronald , Walsh John F.
Published: September 2011

The direction and magnitude of transfer from stimulus familiarization (SF) training to a subsequent paired-associate (PA) task were assessed under 18 variations of 3 factors, namely, presence or absence of irrelevant items in the SF task, frequency of presentation of items in SF, and mode of responding (articulation or nonarticulation) to the words both during the SF task and when they appeared as stimulus terms in the subsequent PA task. When only relevant words were familiarized, both positive and negative transfer were obtained and systematically related to response mode and frequency. Introduction of irrelevant items to control for total amount of SF time abolished the consistency and predictability of SF effects. Positive transfer was discussed as the expected outcome of SF and negative transfer as an artifact of certain experimental procedures.
Effect of Mental Hospital Volunteer Work on Career Choice
Authors: Dowds Murdo M. , Kulik James A. , Scheibe Karl E.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effect of participation in a mental hospital volunteer program on students' subsequent career plans and activities. Responses of the volunteers on follow-up questionnaires were compared with those of two control groups of college students not in the program. The number of volunteers planning careers in mental health professions increased significantly after participation in the program while the control groups showed little change in career plans. The volunteers also evaluated their summer's experience as highly important for their future vocational plans, and a high percentage planned to spend their next summer engaged in mental health activities. The program had only limited effects, however, on the academic-year behaviors of the volunteers.
Personality Correlates of Children's Self-Esteem and Parental Identification
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Stanford George H.
Published: September 2011

The California Test of Personality (CTP) with 15 subscales, the Sears Self-concept Inventory which measures self-esteem, and an Identification Inventory were administered to 34 girls and 37 boys ranging in age from 9 to 15 yr. The subscores of the CTP were correlated with both self-esteem and level of identification for both males and females. The self-esteem of males but not females was related to the personality measures, and the level of identification of females but not males was related to the personality subscales.
Ability of the Army GT Score to Predict College Grades
Authors: Maxwell William
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to test the predictive validity of the U. S. Army's GT score with college course grades as the criterion measure. The 59 Ss had completed 196 college courses. The relationship between the GT score and grades earned was found to be significant.
Development of a Creativity Scale for the Adjective Check List
Authors: Smith James M. , Schaefer Charles E.
Published: September 2011

Creativity scales for the Adjective Check List (ACL) were developed and cross-validated. First, through the use of item analyses, separate creativity scales were developed for each of 4 sex by specialty field groups in an initial sample of adolescents. Each of these scales successfully discriminated creative and control Ss in the cross-validation sample. Subsequently, 2 general creativity scales were formed from the data of the initial sample by selecting only those adjectives which differentiated creative and control Ss across sex and specialty field. The 2 general scales, an 8-item scale and a 27-item scale, also proved successful in discriminating creative and control Ss in the cross-validation sample. In general, the use of the ACL creativity scales developed in this study proved more effective in differentiating creative and control Ss than did a select group of currently available ACL scales. A comparison of the validity of these new creativity scales indicated that the 27-item scale appears to be most promising.
Harvey's “This I Believe” Test: Studies of Reliability
Authors: Greaves George
Published: September 2011

The items and administration of Harvey's “This I Believe” test, an instrument designed for assessing level of conceptual system functioning, are briefly described, and a number of studies relating to reliability factors suggest that the test is reliable and stable.
Personality Characteristics of Female Homosexuals
Authors: Wilson Marilyn L. , Greene Roger L.
Published: September 2011

Several writers have suggested that female homosexuals have personality profiles that differ from those of female heterosexuals, but these profiles are not pathological in nature. This hypothesis was tested on 46 “normal” female homosexuals using the California Psychological Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. There was only a slight personality pattern difference between the groups and neither group showed a pathological personality patttern.
Prenatal Exposure to an ELF Rotating Magnetic Field, Ambulatory Behavior, and Lunar Distance at Birth: A Correlation
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

A significant correlation of 877 between lunar distance at the time of birth and the number of squares traversed in a open-field situation 21 to 25 days later was found for 19 litters that had been exposed continuously during their prenatal development to a 0.5 Hz, 3 to 30 gauss Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF), over a year. RMF-exposed litters that were born on or near lunar perigees traversed fewer squares in an open field than those born on or near apogees. RMF-exposed litters tested “blind” also showed the relationship between lunar distance at time of birth and later open-field activity. 12 control litters did not show a significant correlation (.101).
Abnormal Orientations: A Revision of Nomenclature
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

Suggestions are made for revising psychiatric terminology in line with current criticisms of the medical model. “Orientation” is substituted, where possible, for terms such as “disorder,” “illness,” “disturbance,” “reaction,” and “behavior.” Other psychological terms are suggested as substitutions for psychiatric terms in cases where “orientation” seems inappropriate.
Alcoholics Name Fewer Mixed Drinks than Social Drinkers
Authors: Sobell Linda C. , Sobell Mark B. , Schaefer Halmuth H.
Published: September 2011

Gamma alcoholics ( N = 25) were found to be deficient in a basic response repertoire for names of types of mixed alcoholic drinks as compared with a matched sample of social drinkers ( N = 25) and a sample of alcoholic bartenders ( N = 10). The deficiency is interpreted as a learning deficit.
Attraction toward Another as a Function of Similarity and Commonality of Attitudes
Authors: Kaplan Martin F. , Olczak Paul V.
Published: September 2011

One approach in accounting for the direct relationship between attitude similarity and attraction is to treat agreement as a reinforcer, providing reward through consensual validation. It was hypothesized that agreement should therefore lead to greater attraction in minority opinion Ss than in majority Ss. Minority or majority Ss compared attitudinal responses on an important or unimportant topic with a confederate who agreed with either 25% or 75% of responses. Further, regardless of initial position, half the Ss were told they were in a minority, half, a majority. Confirming the hypothesis, increased agreement led to greater attraction for actual minority Ss on both topics, and for actual majority Ss only when given minority feedback on an important topic.
Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Attraction, and Empathy
Authors: Phares E. Jerry , Wilson Kenneth G.
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that internal Ss would show greater interpersonal attraction scores for an internal stranger than for an external stranger while external Ss would show a greater preference for an external stranger. Similar results were expected from an empathy measure. Results suggested that 30 internals were more attracted to an internal stranger than to an external stranger and that internals showed a greater preference for the internal stranger than did external Ss. Contrary to prediction, 30 external Ss did not show a greater attraction toward an external stranger. Data in the empathy area were in general agreement. Various implications of these results were discussed.
Passive-Avoidance Learning in Mice following Methamphetamine or Nembutal Injection during Inescapable Exposure to Shock
Authors: Anisman Hymie
Published: September 2011

Following injection of methamphetamine, nembutal or saline, 24 hybrid mice were given 10 inescapable 2-sec. shocks. 22 hr. after initial training Ss were tested on a passive-avoidance task. This task was not acquired as readily by methamphetamine Ss as by Ss treated with nembutal or saline. Results were interpreted to indicate that prior shock-exposure results in the acquisition of a freezing response which subsequently facilitates passive-avoidance responding.
Influence of Social Desirability upon the Group Personality Projective Test
Authors: Ogston Don , Thompson Angus
Published: September 2011

The probability of endorsing each multiple-choice item alternative of the Group Personality Projective Test was correlated with the probability of endorsing the alternative as the most socially desirable. The results indicate that about 53% of the measured variance of the test can be attributed to the influence of social desirability. A possible reason for the finding that social desirability has less influence on the test than has been demonstrated with True-False type inventories was discussed. The results suggest caution in evaluating the discriminative validity of the test.
Training in Human Relations for Dormitory Resident Assistants
Authors: Quirk Michael P.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to determine whether resident assistants could develop the human relations skill of affective sensitivity within a short period through a teaching program integrating didactic and experiential techniques. Two groups of 16 randomly assigned resident assistants were placed in experimental and control groups. The trained group participated in a 4-hr. workshop composed of exercises structured to enhance accurate identification of expressed affect, while the control group received no training. Posttest data demonstrated significant improvement by the group who received training. The value of teaching affective sensitivity for informal counseling and the application of integrated training programs for other populations were discussed.
Experimental Performance and Self-Evaluation of Subjects Sampled Early, Middle, and Late in an Academic Term: Sex and Task
Authors: Richert Alphons J. , Ward Eric F.
Published: September 2011

Student volunteers from introductory psychology classes who received credit for participation were sampled near the beginning, middle, and end of the quarter. Half the subjects were given a hidden-figures task; half a visual-search task. All 174 subjects then rated several concepts using a semantic differential and completed a social desirability and an authoritarianism scale. A significant performance decrement was found for later samples on the visual-search task but not on the hidden-figures task. There was a significant decline in favorableness of self-evaluation over quarters for subjects given the visual-search task but not for those given the hidden-figures task. Females evaluated themselves more favorably when given the hidden-figures task; males did not. The hidden-figures task was rated more favorably, and females rated research more favorably. Results are discussed in terms of varying motivations in early vs late volunteers and in terms of the level of interest evoked by the tasks.
Correlations between Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory and the California Test of Personality for Children in Grades Four and Six
Authors: Dorr Darwin , Rummer Christine Berg , Green Russel F.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between scores on Coopersmith's self-esteem inventory and a measure of emotional adjustment, the California Test of Personality, for 214 fourth and 213 sixth grade children, contrary to expectations, were not curvilinear. For n = 427 Coopersmith scores correlated .62, .49, and .59 with the California Personal, Social and Total scores respectively, rs by grade and sex were not substantially different However, for fourth graders, self-esteem scores were more strongly related to Personal Adjustment scores than they were to the Social Adjustment scores, whereas for sixth graders, these rs were about the same.
Political Stereotypes as a Form of Concept-Mediated Generalization
Authors: Udolf Roy
Published: September 2011

This study tested the application of the learning concepts of response hierarchies, and concept-mediated generalization to stereotypes, using political stereotypes as prototypes. The training phase of this study endowed a CVC with a political label of either “conservative” or “liberal.” A paired-associate, anticipation, concept-formation paradigm was used. The training stimuli were sets of six adjectives contained in the previously measured stereotypes. The sets were varied in terms of their hierarchical value or saliency. In a sample of 123 college students, training stimuli with high saliency were associated with greater learning on five dependent measures. When the same subjects were tested for generalization, they generalized all of the belief components comprising either a liberal or conservative stereotype to the nonsense syllable which had been used in earlier training. The original hierarchical arrangements of component beliefs were also present in the generalization data.
A Formula for Computing Inter-Observer Agreement
Authors: Clement Paul W.
Published: September 2011

A method is presented for calculating amount of inter-observer agreement which takes into account agreements on both occurrences and nonoccurrences of the target behavior while making an adjustment for the frequencies of each.
A Multidimensional Look at Sex and Target Differences in Disclosure
Authors: Chelune Gordon J.
Published: September 2011

The roles of sex and target differences in behavioral samples of disclosure were examined using a multidimensional procedure for five major parameters: amount, intimacy, rate, affective manner of presentation, and self-disclosure flexibility. Females did not disclose a greater percentage of information than males but did disclose more intimate information and at a higher rate than did males. Significant differences in affective manner of presentation and rate of disclosure were also demonstrated between interview conditions. The multidimensional assessment of disclosure in terms of basic parameters seemed to allow a more meaningful and systematic explanation of the effects of independent variables upon self-disclosure within the context of specific relationships and settings than previous single dimensional approaches.
On the Theoretical Link between Personality and Leisure
Authors: Iso-Ahola Seppo
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this paper is to examine recent developments in personality research and then, on this basis, to enhance the significance of research on personality and leisure. A theoretical relationship between personality and leisure is first examined from the traditional trait approach and then from the point of view of implicit personality, especially in relation to attributional derivations. After discussing these two main approaches and their implications, several basic issues are raised about the relationship between personality and leisure behavior. Cautions are expressed toward taking the trait approach, and an attributional analysis of personality and leisure is supported. A subjective definition of leisure is to underlie the examination of this relationship.
Measurement of Competitive-Cooperative Attitudes
Authors: Martin Harry J. , Larsen Knud S.
Published: September 2011

Competitive attitudes significantly influence various dimensions of human behavior. Studies have largely used games in the collection of data and the usefulness of games as methodological tools may be questioned. To overcome this methodological weakness, a Likert-type attitude-scale measuring attitudes toward competition-cooperation was developed. The scale shows satisfactory internal reliability and correlates significantly with measures of Machiavellianism and need for social approval.
Patterns of Errors in the Reversal Shift and the Overlearning-Reversal Effect
Authors: Lowenkron Barry
Published: September 2011

In two experiments adults ( ns = 90, and 40) learned a two-choke discrimination to eight stimuli. After either initial acquisition training or overtraining a reversal shift was presented. In a subsequent phase post-reversal-shift subjects were instructed to respond, without feedback, to the stimuli in terms of either the acquisition phase or reversal-shift phase patterns of responding. In Exp. I four stimuli, presented without feedback, were interspersed during acquisition and the reversal shift to differentiate between subjects using a conceptual mode of solution based only on values of the relevant dimension and a nonconceptual, rote learning, solution mode. The overlearning-reversal effect and associated error pattern were found only among nonconceptual subjects. Post-reversal-shift test performance indicated that overtraining differentially affected response strategies used in the reversal shift as a function of the mode of solution subjects attained. In Exp. II stimuli were arranged so that a conceptual solution was not possible. The data replicated Exp. I. A response-mediation interpretation of the effects of overtraining on reversal-shift behavior and reversal-shift error pattern is proposed.
Steady and Transition States: Effects of Alternative Activity on Body-Rocking in Retarded Children
Authors: Hollis John H.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported in which steady and transition states were observed for two independent operants (body-rocking and ball-manipulandum). First, stable fixed-ratio response rates were successively obtained for body-rocking and ball-manipulandum responding. Second, transition states were obtained for the two operants simultaneously. The results showed that the independent operants under standardized experimental conditions showed moderately correlated and stable response rates. The method of simultaneous operants provided a valid technique for analysis of transition states, i.e., the functional separation of stereotyped acts (e.g., body-rocking) and alternative activity (ball-manipulandum). Finally, the effects of experimental manipulations were reversible.
Structure of Social Attitudes
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

A quota sample of 1,442 subjects was administered a Wilson-Patterson type questionnaire of social attitudes containing 68 items. Correlations were calculated between items, and a factor analysis carried out. 13 meaningful primary factors were discovered, the correlations between which gave rise to 2 major higher-order factors. These were closely similar in content to the Radicalism and Toughmindedness factors previously isolated in research with more orthodox types of items.
Personality Differences between Prisoners and Controls
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Eysenck Hans J.
Published: September 2011

2,070 male prisoners and 2,442 male controls were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which gives scores on Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie scales. The groups were subdivided into age groups, ranging from 16 to 69 yr. at the extremes. It was found that the Lie scale disclosed little dissimulation in either group. Scores on Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism fell with age for both prisoners and controls. Prisoners had higher scores than controls, as predicted, on all three scales. It is concluded that prisoners show predictable differences in personality as compared with controls.
Young Children's Concepts of Dying and Dead
Authors: Weininger O.
Published: September 2011

30 boys and 30 girls, ages 4 to 9 yr., were observed in two play situations involving themes about dying and dead and were asked four questions concerning death. The children's play indicated increasing accuracy in their understanding of the concepts of dying and dead. Their answers to the questions also indicated accuracy increased with age. There were, however, differences between their play understanding and their verbal expressiveness. Children's play frequently contradicts what they say about dying and death, sometimes indicating a more complete understanding than verbal expression would suggest, sometimes reflecting a failure to grasp freely the concepts they speak about. Concepts of dying and death are hard for children to understand and to accept; the data indicate that it is not until 8 or 9 yr. that play and verbal expressions come to terms with each other.
Cues to Decreasing Resistance to Extinction in Successive Acquisitions and Extinctions
Authors: Peters Anne M. , McHale Maureen A.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of rats were used in a successive acquisition and extinction situation to determine which conditions, if any, produce a decrease in resistance to extinction across successive acquisitions and extinctions. Two groups experienced long N-R transitions (time from extinction to the subsequent acquisition) with all remaining transitions being short. The short transitions were: R-R (time between acquisition trials), R-N (time from the end of an acquisition until the subsequent extinction), and N-N (time between extinction trials). Two groups experienced long R-N and short N-R, N-N, and R-R transitions. Rats in one long N-R transition and one long R-N transition group had acquisitions and extinctions delineated by distinctive cues (blinking lights during acquisition or extinction trials). The other two groups had no such cues. The disparity in N-N versus N-R transition times combined with additional visual cues during extinction produced decreasing resistance to extinction across successive extinctions.
Effects of Prenatal Nutritional Deficiency on Discrimination Learning in Rats: Acquisition and Retention
Authors: Peters Douglas P.
Published: September 2011

Infant male rats whose dams received dietary conditions of zinc deficiency or undernutrition during their last trimester of pregnancy showed, as compared to rats from normal-diet mothers, no differences in learning a spatial discrimination, deficits in relearning following a retention interval of 14 days, and no differences in relearning and no evidence of retention (when compared to maturational controls) following a retention interval of 70 days.
Male Teachers and Development of Nursery-School Children
Authors: Gold Dolores , Reis Myrna , Berger Charlene
Published: September 2011

The influence of male teachers on the development of 109 children in nursery classes was examined. Children received better behavior ratings and boys tended to have higher mathematics achievement scores when taught by male-female teaching teams than by female teachers.
Concreteness, Imagery and Meaningfulness Values for 50 Spatial and Temporal Words
Authors: Arnold Paul
Published: September 2011

21 females and 14 males helped to scale 50 spatial and temporal words for abstract-concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness. The procedure followed that of Paivio, Yuille and Madigan (1968).
On Altering Muscle Tensions with Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to condition 6 chronic schizophrenics with high or low baseline (at rest) EMG levels to alter their muscle tensions (EMG levels) using both EMG-biofeedback and reinforcement procedures. Pennies were awarded when the schizophrenics maintained one of two frontalis EMG levels over a period of 10 sec. Feedback concerning the presence of each of the levels was provided via two different colored lights. Results showed that schizophrenics were able to alter their EMG levels as required for penny reinforcements. When increased feedback was provided in the form of auditory clicks which transmitted more information about moment-to-moment changes in EMG levels, the ability to alter EMG levels was enhanced.
Relationships between Assertiveness, Achievement Motivation, Feminist Attitudes, and Locus of Control in the College Population
Authors: Borges Marilyn A. , Laning Beverly
Published: September 2011

Effects of assertiveness, feminist attitudes, and locus of control on achievement motivation were measured for 55 female and 44 male undergraduates tested under either noncompetitive or competitive conditions. Results showed achievement motivation to be higher under conditions of competitiveness for both sexes but not significantly correlated with any other measure.
Wishes of Adolescents
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Gordon Ann Scovell
Published: September 2011

This study examined the wishes of 71 black and 76 white adolescents. Analysis indicated that white adolescents gave fewer concrete and more abstract responses than black adolescents. In the context of studies of younger children our results suggested that abstract responses increase with age.
Emotional Loading in Dyadic Interviews
Authors: Kerkhoff Thomas R. , McCullough James P. , Etkin Michael , Kiesler Donald
Published: September 2011

This experiment represented an exploratory investigation of the effects of the emotional loading (anxiety-arousing potential) of questions in a dyadic interview. 40 male subjects (inmates in a correctional institution) participated as interviewees. The four variables evaluated were: emotional loading, kinesic behavior, paralinguistic behavior, and content of interview question. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 4 nested design incorporating repeated treatments and complete randomization within a Latin square arrangement of treatment presentation was employed. A replication of the study using another interviewer was also conducted. Observational coding and attitudinal posttest questionnaires yielded the experimental data for examination. The results suggest that emotional loading primarily affects indices of verbal anxiety, while tending to override nonverbal responding. Effects of interviewer were evaluated in light of their interactive modification of the interview process.
Alcohol Severity Scores of Inpatients in Treatment vs Detoxification Programs
Authors: Holland Richard A. , Evenson Richard C. , Izadi Bijan
Published: September 2011

Utilizing a severity scale from the Alcohol History Form, 90 patients admitted to an alcohol treatment program were unexpectedly found to have higher scores than 492 patients admitted to a transient detoxification program. The findings, however, are consonant with recent studies suggesting that long stay in alcohol Treatment programs is associated with social and psychological deterioration. The difference in severity scores could not be attributed to differences in “binge” drinking.
Dogmatism and Attained Educational Level: A Field Study
Authors: Close M. John , Bergmann Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

A short form of Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale was administered to 445 managers in an agri-product industry. The managers represented four levels of education. Controlling for the possible effects of age, organizational level, function, years in present position, years with present company, years as a manager, years of full-time work experience, staff-line role, span of control, order of birth, and family size, a significant inverse relationship was found between educational attainment and dogmatism. The results point to the desirability of considering the relationship between education and personality structure (dogmatism) in future research.
Effect of Need for Help and Type of Help Needed on Willingness to Agree with False Judgments
Authors: Smitherman H. O'Neal
Published: September 2011

The present study undertook to discover whether individuals would lie to help someone as a function of the size of the lie and the need or dependency of the person needing help. Subjects were confronted with an opportunity to help another person (a confederate of the researcher) by agreeing to his judgments of the distance which a point of light moved in an otherwise dark room. Although the light was stationary, the confederate made guesses ranging between 0 and 26 in. The results indicate that the size of the lie had little effect on whether the subject helped but the subject did not help when the confederate had nothing to lose. The subjects appeared willing to lie when it would help another person.
Impulsivity and its Relationship to Risk Taking
Authors: O'Keefe Edward J.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to demonstrate a relationship between impulsivity and risk taking, the risk-taking behavior of 40 highly impulsive institutionalized children was compared with that of 40 children rated low on impulsivity. Analysis yielded 35 comparisons, only one of which was significant at .05. As none of the seven Pearson correlations was significant data did not support the often assumed relationship between impulsivity and risk taking.
Awareness in Verbal Conditioning: Increasing Subject's Attention or Creating a Problem-Solving Attitude?
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Mercier Pierre , Barnabé Michèle
Published: September 2011

Additional support for the role of awareness in verbal conditioning experiments with 50 students is reported. The presence of problem-solving instructions was crucial in increasing subjects' performance.
Plants as “Children” in Introductory Child Psychology
Authors: Roweton William E.
Published: September 2011

Some instructional advantages of growing vegetable seedlings in an introductory child psychology course are discussed. The project signaled students' attention to the importance of nutrition in child development plus the popularity and practicalities of urban gardening. Also, the activity of “raising” plants proved a provocative analogy to “rearing” children.
Effects of Height, Physique and Cranial Hair on Job-Related Attributes
Authors: Hankins Norman E. , McKinnie Willie T. , Bailey Roger C.
Published: September 2011

For a scenario describing a slender male 160 male students indicated more favorable ratings as more assertive, better supervisor, and more acceptable to others.
Creativity as a Predictor of Teachers' Effectiveness
Authors: Milgram Roberta M. , Feldman Nitzah Oren
Published: September 2011

Two predictors of effective teaching, creative activity and creative thinking, were investigated in elementary school teachers ( N = 27). Instruments were two self-report measures of participation in a wide variety of hobbies, interests, and activities in personal life and in the classroom situation; the Wallach and Kogan Creativity Battery and the Tel-Aviv Educational Incidents Test, which measured ideational fluency in general and in classroom situations, respectively. The criterion of teachers' effectiveness was degree of job satisfaction. Classroom and nonclassroom creative activity were highly correlated and were both predictors of teacher effectiveness. The corresponding scales of creative thinking were also highly correlated but neither predicted teachers' effectiveness. Findings were interpreted as supporting the use of questionnaires on personal creative activity in screening and selection batteries of candidates for teachers' training programs.
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory Reexamined
Authors: Sassenrath J. M. , Yonge George D.
Published: September 2011

533 women and 361 men undergraduates were administered the 20-item masculine and the 20-item feminine scales of the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Factor analyses of the 40 items produced for both men and women 6 interpretable factors: nurturance, dominance, autonomy, bipolar M-F, competition, and leadership. Thus the inventory appears to be very complex. Nevertheless, multiple correlations ( R) of the 40 items with the total masculinity and femininity scores separately produced an R = .75 for the masculinity scale and R = .86 for the femininity scale. Most of the items with significant contributions to each of the scales were consistent with the original scoring used by Bem.
Stability of Self-Esteem of Filipino Girls
Authors: Watkins David , Astilla Estela
Published: September 2011

For 193 Filipino girls the test-retest reliability over a 9-mo. period of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory was .61. Neither level of self-esteem nor field-dependence/independence was related to stability of self-esteem.