bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Encyclopædia Britannica
Online
Authors: Živić Tihomir
Published: April 2021

Sa svrhom što potpunijega razumijevanja i donošenja bitnih navedenih zaključaka o
općenitome predmetnom pitanju mrežnih priručničkih izdanja, ovaj rad,
oprimjeren provedbom i ishodom postupka kakvoćnoga istraživanja Encyclopædije
Britannice, daje njezin kraći razvojni pregled i opis glavnih značajka njezinih
odabranih izdanja, uz njihovu usporedbu s drugim sličnim priručnicima. Uvodni dio stoga sažeto iznosi gotovo desetljetnu povijest postupnoga Britanničina prijelaza u mrežno okruženje. Raščlanjujući njezine sastavnice, Macropaediju, Micropaediju i Propaediju, i njezino uredničko usmjerenje, središnji pak dio podrobnije razmatra Britanničin put od knjižnične police do računalnoga zaslona te ju dovodi u poredbeni
suodnos s ostalim priopćilima na zahtjevnome poslovnom tržištu, poglavito s
Wikipedijom. Time je također zaključno ukazano i na neke mogućnosti uporabe
takvih suvremenih mrežnih priručničkih sadržaja, koji obavijesnim i priopćajnim
proširenjem dosadašnjih granica nedvojbeno postavljaju i nove sustavske
razvojne zadatke.
So Exact His Text: Reading into the Margins of Sejanus
Authors: MacLeod Brock
Published: April 2021

Since its 1605 quarto publication, Ben Jonson's Sejanus has inspired much critical commentary. Although criticism credits Jonson with a compositorial role in the Quarto's production, critics continue to assess its marginalia as a defense against application, finding in Sejanus, the play, evidence of parallelography, whether it be ideologically instructional, in the mirror of princes tradition, or threateningly Republican. More benignly, they view the Quarto's bountiful margins as a scholarly pretext, a manifestation and awkward defense of Jonson's unorthodox education. Generically, they view the play as a Juvenalian satire, an imperfect tragedy, or a Machiavellian history and, sometimes, all three. As a satire, it suffers charges of application, of pointing too directly to contemporary events. As a tragedy, it fails to supply the necessary tragic error that leads to the hero's fall, not to mention the necessary hero. As a history, it takes too many liberties with the truth of argument. Editors have pared down the marginalia, setting them as footnotes or endnotes; others have relegated them to appendices; still others have abandoned then entirely. Neither critics nor editors have weighed Jonson's marginalia beside the dramatic text they inform. Reading the Quarto Sejanus as a composite of margins and center, within its bibliographical, theoretical, and literary contexts, shows it to be a learned study in emergent theories of historiography. In its innovations, the composite redresses the inefficacies of contemporary historians and editors.
‘We get all sealed up’: An Essay in Five Deaths
Authors: Coughlan Patricia
Published: April 2021

In January 1941 Elizabeth Bowen, struggling to complete Bowen's Court, wrote to Virginia Woolf: ‘the last chapter seems to, or ought to re-write retrospectively all the rest of the book’, and also that she felt ‘despair about my own generation … we don't really suffer much but we get all sealed up’. I approach these two remarks as structuring ideas and as connected. Drawing on recent research on the affective dimensions of history, I examine the management of emotion in Bowen's elite class and period, entailing the systematic blockage of conscious suffering and outward displays of feeling. In this frozen war midwinter, she saw that the conclusion of her family history must decisively reject the trajectory of what had gone before. Would this painfully break the ‘seal’ of this last Bowen's tacit acceptance of settler values?

The essay is in five episodes, four about a death in or near Bowen's experience, one in her fiction. Each adds a layer to my analysis of these associated questions and their significance.
Elizabeth Bowen and the Politics of Consent
Authors: Sullivan Kelly
Published: April 2021

As a novelist preoccupied with the sexualized gothic conventions haunting Irish fiction since the eighteenth century, Bowen persistently turns to the fraught concept of British and Irish women's consent during periods of twentieth-century political violence. This article considers Bowen's use of gothic tropes of consent in The Last September (1929) as well as a more sustained engagement with the Irish gothic, citizen-subjecthood, and the political valence of consent in her WWII thriller, The Heat of the Day (1948). It argues that in formulating consent in relation to knowledge, and in articulating the necessarily contractual nature of consent, Bowen seeks to define the ethics of individual rights and responsibility during and after World War Two.
The Heroic Today: Elizabeth Bowen and the Technique of the Novel
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: April 2021

Over her career, Elizabeth Bowen published ten novels, yet she left no comprehensive theory of the novel. This essay draws especially upon ‘Notes on Writing a Novel’ (1945), ‘The Technique of the Novel’ (1953), and ‘Truth and Fiction’ (1956), as well as opinions that Bowen expressed in her weekly book columns for The Tatler, to formulate her key perceptions of, and rules for, writing a novel. Bowen defined her ideas by drawing upon the empirical evidence of novels by Elizabeth Taylor, Olivia Manning, H.E. Bates, Jane Austen, Gustave Flaubert, and numerous others. She gave particular thought to ‘situation’, by which she means the central problematic or the crux of the story. The situation precedes and fuels plot. The Second World War, Bowen claimed in her essays and reviews, had a decisive influence on heroism and contemporary fiction by heightening its scale and its repertory of situations.
‘Homesick for the North American Continent’: Elizabeth Bowen's Postwar Transatlantic Crossings
Authors: Bryant Heather Corbally
Published: April 2021

This article investigates the influence of North America on Bowen's later work. After the war, Bowen traveled to America, at least once a year, until her last illness. Yet her time in the United States has often been overlooked. In the States, she lectured at colleges and universities across the country, and taught at several prestigious schools. She also wrote articles and essays for the more lucrative American journals and periodicals. In addition to touring the country, she was able to see her many American friends, such as Eudora Welty, and her publishers, the Knopfs, as well as her lover, Charles Ritchie. This new continent allowed Bowen to confront old traumas on new grounds, especially in the American element of Eva Trout, in which she displaces the central question of the relationship between mother and child onto American soil to interrogate the (literally, in Jeremy's case) unspeakable nature of trauma.
THE STOMA REVERSAL AFTER HARTMANN PROCEDURE IN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER OPERATED IN EMERGENCY
Authors: Constantin Georgiana Bianca , Firescu D. , Voicu D. , Ștefănescu B. , Mihailov R. , Șerban Cristina , Bîrlă Rodica , Constantinoiu S.
Published: April 2021

The Hartmann procedure still has an important place in the surgical therapy of complicated colorectal cancers. The morbidity rate can be very high and many patients never undergo the stoma reversal. We conducted a retrospective study on 431 patients with colorectal cancer operated in the second clinic of General Surgery of the Clinical Emergency County Hospital Galati between 2008-2017. 42,53 % of the patients with Hartmann operation had a stoma reversal after a medium period of 5,7 months. The 5-years survival rate in patients with stoma reversal was 4,9 %. The reversal rate in our study is similar to those found in the literature in recent studies, that report percentages of 23,3 %-55,17 %. In our study, the medium period between the emergency Hartmann procedure and the reversal of the stoma was 5,7 months, which is also similar to the data in the literature. We found a 5-years survival rate of 4,9 % in patients with Hartmann reversal, much lower than others’ results. Many stomas initially intended to be temporary, may not be reversed. It is important to optimize the timing of stoma closure. A period of approximately 6 months between the initial operation and the reversal seem to be adequate.
SUBCAPSULAR LIVER HEMATOMA – A COMPLICATION AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECISTECTOMY
Authors: Tudorache Adriana , Bica M. , Săndulescu Larisa , Lazăr M.
Published: April 2021

Subcapsular liver haematoma is among the most severe complications after laparoscopic cholecistectomy, but occurs rarely. The hematoma is usually located around the right lobe of the liver (in 75% of patients). We report the case of a 71 year old patient who underwent laparoscopic cholecistectomy for acute colecistitis. Initial postoperative evolution was favorable. On postoperative day 3 patient presents intense abdominal pain and decreased hemoglobin. The CT shows subcapsular hepatic hematoma. Emergency surgery is performed for signs of hemorragic shock with evacuation of the hematoma and hemostasis. Postoperative evolution is good. There are several theories proposed for the occurance of a subcapsular hematoma of the liver after laparoscopic cholecistectomy. Among these, the presence of a hemangioma, the use of NSAIDs or low molecular weight heparin. No clear mecanism is known and the only clinical sign can be abdominal pain. This case reminds us that we must take abdominal pain seriously after cholecystectomy in order to identify severe complications that can occur, such as hepatic subcapsular hematoma.
A RARE FORM OF PRESENTATION OF A SMALL INTESTINE GIST IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Păduraru Dan Nicolae , Daniel Ion , Bolocan Alexandra , Mușat Florentina , Palcău Cosmin Alexandru , Artamonov Andrada , Andronic Octavian
Published: April 2021

Gastro-intestinal stromal tumors are a form of mesenchymal tumors most commonly located in the gastro-intestinal tract, as the name suggests. The symptoms that might occur can be abdominal pain or discomfort, early satiety, bloating, jaundice, fatigue, hematemesis or melena. Most of GISTs (>95%) are positive for the KIT protein. Surgery remains the only curative treatment for GIST amenable for resection. High risk tumors can receive adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment with Imatinib Mesylate, a tyrosin-kinase inhibitor. We present the case of a 59-years old patient that presented with rectal bleeding and abdominal diffuse pain. Blood tests shows leukocytosis and moderate anemia. CT scan describes an expansive, polycyclic process projected at the limit between the mesogastric region and the left flank, in close contact with the small intestine without any clear demarcation line between them and at the superior pole of the tumor, located in an enteral loop, a band of hyperdensity with net contour. Intraoperative, an extraluminal jejunal tumor was found, located at 15 cm from the duodeno-jejunal flexure, with intraluminal active bleeding, which lead us to suspect a GIST based on the macroscopic aspect. We performed segmental enterectomy of 10 cm of the small intestine containing the tumor with entero-enteral anastomosis end to end. The histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations correlated with the macroscopic aspect have confirmed the diagnosis of GIST.
UTERINE RUPTURE DURING PREGNANCY – CASE REPORT
Authors: Dumitrașcu Mihai Cristian , Fodoroiu Răzvan , Nenciu George Cătălin , Petca Aida , Petca Răzvan , Șandru Flori , Cîrstoiu Monica Mihaela
Published: April 2021

Uterine rupture is a life-threatening complication in pregnancy with no specific signs and symptoms, that requires fast diagnosis and surgical treatment. The main risk factors for uterine rupture are previous caesarean section deliveries and myomectomies, which can lead to improper uterine wall healing. We report a case of a 37-year-old secundigravida in 29 weeks of pregnancy, with prior caesarian delivery that was admitted in our ward for altered general status and abdominal pain. The patient underwent emergency laparotomy during which we found a massive 3500ml hemoperitoneum, 1000 g dead fetus and a rupture in the posterolateral uterine wall. The uterine scar from the previous caesarian section was intact. Uterine rupture is a complication with a growing incidence in past years that is very difficult to predict, which can occur at any time during pregnancy, especially during labour, but also in the second or early third trimester. Fast diagnosis and proper management is imperious because of the catastrophic outcomes uterine rupture is associated with.
GOOD HOOK AS ATTENTION GRABBER IN EFL STUDENT’S ESSAYS: A REVIEW FROM READER’S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Mubarak Zia Hisni , Rudianto Gaguk
Published: April 2021

This article provides a review from the reader's point of view of essays’ hook written by EFL students in Putera Batam University. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the effectiveness of the opening sentence which is able to attract readers to read the entire essay or perhaps ignore it altogether. By acting as a reader, the researcher then provides a review of the opening sentence in the introductory paragraph. This research uses descriptive research method. The data is taken from the student's writing task. The data are then grouped based on how to make a good hook and analyzed based on how to write a good hook. The researchers act as the reader and uses their point of view to judge an interesting hook. The results obtained from this study are 23 data hooks using questions, 17 data hooks with interesting observations, 11 data hooks had unique scenarios, 4 data hooks using famous quotes and 3 data with statistics. Furthermore, the remaining 6 data were identified not to write hooks using these five methods. From this review, it can be concluded that writing hooks is not as easy as it seems, because to attract readers' interest the writer should be able to see the hook from the reader's point of view.
REPRESENTATION OF BANGKA BELITUNG’S WOMEN ON NOVELS WRITTEN BY BANGKA BELITUNG’S FEMALE AUTHORS: FEMINISIM STUDIES
Authors: Fernanda Andri , Ranto Ranto
Published: April 2021

The goal of this study was to break down gender issues and stereotypes towards women constructed in Bangka Belitung society from the perspective of female authors. In analyzing the data, researchers carried out a qualitative descriptive method with feminist theory. The researchers also conducted critical discourse analysis on writings that have been published by Bangka Belitung’s female authors. The results showed that there were still gender inequality and inferiority of women in society. The identity crisis faced by women when they are not married since marriage is seen as an ideal as well as a complement to their life as real women in society. On the other hand, the picture of how women had no rights over themselves was demonstrated in a situation when matchmaking and marriage were performed one-sidedly and suddenly, women did not have enough power to question these, even refused them. Besides, how strong a patriarchal system and culture was shaped by women, their closest people and the community was proven in the novels of the Bangka Belitung’s female authors.
CODE SWITCHING USED BY PUBLIC FIGURES IN DEDDY CORBUZIER'S PODCAST: SOCIOLINGUISTICS APPROACH
Authors: Fiorensera Rika , Handayani Nurma Dhona
Published: April 2021

Sociolinguistics is a joint scientific discipline between sociology and linguistics which means the relationship between society and language. In this case, sociolinguistics is the relationship and mutual influence between language behavior and social behavior. A language is an object of study of the social structures in society as means of communication and group identity. The ability of each human being in the language is different. Some people use two languages in their daily life which is called bilingual. most people like to switch languages with their interlocutors as needed. In sociolinguistics, there is code-switching which is related to bilingualism. Code-switching refers to a kind of code to switch between two languages of the same language at the same time. Code-switching here is a necessary ability to build in an ever-evolving multicultural environment. From social media, people can learn many languages ​​and explore various languages ​​used by others. Almost everyone uses social media. One famous artist who has a YouTube channel with many subscribers is Deddy Corbuzier. In Deddy Corbuzier's podcast, Deddy Corbuzier tends to switch Indonesian English with the other public figures. Therefore, this research aims to describe the types of code-switching using in Deddy Corbuzier podcast. There are three types such as tag switching, intersentential switching, and intrasentential switching. The data was analyzed by using Stockwell (2002) theory. The researchers used descriptive qualitative research methods to research by using (Sudaryanto, 2015). The results of this research, researchers found 3 data for tag switching, 1 data for intersentential switching, and 5 data for intrasentential switching.
POSITIVE POLITENESS IN “OPRAH’S 2020 VISION TOUR” HOW REASONS AND FACTORS INFLUENCED THE CHOOSING OF STRATEGY
Authors: Damayanti Anda , Mubarak Zia Hisni
Published: April 2021

Politeness can be said to be very sensitive interpersonal act carried out by someone in the form of a threat of the acting politely or not. Positive politeness influence greatly influence the attitudes and behaviors carried out by someone. Attitudes and behaviors in positive politeness are reflection of a person’s character to be good or not to others. The aimed of this research is to give an example in order to prioritize using positive politeness when speaking in any situation, including talk shows. The data were taken from the utterances in every conversation that Oprah Winfrey said with her guests. Conversation data is transcribed into written data. And analyzed qualitatively based on conversations between Oprah Winfrey and her guests Michelle Obama in Oprah’s 2020 Vision Tour Talk Show. The positive politeness strategy aims to minimize the distance between Oprah Winfrey and her guests which is expected to create a sense of comfort when talking on the talk show. There are 8 strategies found in this data that categorized as positive politeness, they are: Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with hearer), intensify interest to the hearer, seek agreement (to find and try to approval by the opponent said), avoid disagreement, presuppose/rise/assert common ground, joke (make a joke), be optimistic, include both the speaker and the hearer in the activity, and give (or ask for) reason. This research also founds that payoff and circumstances become factor on why the speaker use certain positive politeness strategy. Circumstances which are found in this research are relative power and social distance.
DIRECTIVE ACTS IN JAMES CORDEN "SPILL YOUR GUTS" TALKSHOW: PRAGMATICS APPROACH
Authors: Sasanaputra Randy , Mubarak Zia Hisni
Published: April 2021

The aimed of this research is to find out the kind of directive acts in James Corden’s talk show on YouTube channel entitled “Spill Your Guts” and the function of those directives acts that employed by the speaker. This research was categorized as descriptive qualitative research. The data sources of this research are from a talk show on James Corden’s YouTube channel which entitled “Spill Your Guts”. The data of this research was taken from the language used in conversation “Spill Your Guts”. The Researcher used the data script to analyze. The findings of the research show that there are three types of Directives acts, they are command, request, suggestion. There are 21 data that classified as command, 6 data classified as request and 8 data classified as suggestion. It can be shows that command is the most used directive acts employed by the speaker of this talk show. The reason why speaker employs directive acts in this talk show cannot be separated from the context of situations. The function of the directives performed by the speaker can be divided into four namely when the speaker wants to show his/her care about the hearer, wants to direct/instruct the hearer, wants to show his/her authority and also the speaker wants to warn the hearer.
Progress in Stereoselective Construction of C–C Bonds Enabled by Aldolases and Hydroxynitrile Lyases
Authors: Liu Mi , Wei Dan , Wen Zexing , Wang Jian-bo
Published: April 2021

The creation of C–C bonds is an effective strategy for constructing complex compounds from simple synthetic blocks. Although many methods have been developed for C–C bond construction, the stereoselective creation of new C–C bonds remains a challenge. The selectivities (enantioselectivity, regioselectivity, and chemoselectivity) of biocatalysts are higher than those of chemical catalysts, therefore biocatalysts are excellent candidates for use in stereoselective C–C bond formation. Here, we summarize progress made in the past 10 years in stereoselective C–C bond formation enabled by two classic types of enzyme, aldolases and hydroxynitrile lyases. The information in this review will enable the development of new routes to the stereoselective construction of C–C bonds.
Exploring Cross-Modal Influences on the Evaluation of Indoor-Environmental Conditions
Authors: Berger Christiane , Mahdavi Ardeshir
Published: April 2021

The comfort requirements of occupants influence indoor-environmental factors and energy performance of buildings. Occupants are typically exposed to a multitude of indoor-environmental factors, including a variety of different thermal, auditory, visual, and air quality conditions. However, the bulk of past research and derivative indoor-environmental codes and standards concerning the comfort of occupants address the multiple indoor-environmental stimuli in isolation. Starting from a brief review of past research on multi-perceptual indoor-environmental assessments of occupants, the present study pursues an experimental approach to explore the potential cross-modal effects on the evaluation of indoor-environmental thermal, visual, and acoustic aspects. In this context, a laboratory space including two adjacent identical mock-up office rooms was used to conduct multi-aspect parametric studies with human participants. Different thermal, visual, and auditory conditions were maintained in these two units. In the course of the present study, 296 participants were exposed, on a short-term basis, to different combinations of thermal, visual, and auditory conditions. The experiments were intended to explore if the evaluation of one aspect of the indoor environment could be influenced by differences in the values pertaining to the other aspects. The experimental results are presented and discussed, including their limitations.
Cardiac Derived CD51-Positive Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance the Cardiac Repair Through SCF-Mediated Angiogenesis in Mice With Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Xie Dong Mei , Chen Yang , Liao Yan , Lin Wanwen , Dai Gang , Lu Di Han , Zhu Shuanghua , Yang Ke , Wu Bingyuan , Chen Zhihong , Peng Chaoquan , Jiang Mei Hua
Published: April 2021

Objective:Many tissues contained resident mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) that facilitated tissue hemostasis and repair. However, there is no typical marker to identify the resident cardiac MSCs. We aimed to determine if CD51 could be an optimal marker of cardiac MSCs and assess their therapeutic potential for mice with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods:Cardiac-derived CD51+CD31–CD45–Ter119–cells (named CD51+cMSCs) were isolated from C57BL/6 mice(7-day-old) by flow cytometry. The CD51+cMSCs were characterized by proliferation capacity, multi-differentiation potential, and expression of typical MSC-related markers. Adult C57BL/6 mice (12-week-old) were utilized for an AMI model via permanently ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. The therapeutic efficacy of CD51+cMSCs was estimated by echocardiography and pathological staining. To determine the underlying mechanism, lentiviruses were utilized to knock down gene (stem cell factor [SCF]) expression of CD51+cMSCs.

Results:In this study, CD51 was expressed in the entire layers of the cardiac wall in mice, including endocardium, epicardium, and myocardium, and its expression was decreased with age. Importantly, the CD51+cMSCs possessed potent self-renewal potential and multi-lineage differentiation capacityin vitroand also expressed typical MSC-related surface proteins. Furthermore, CD51+cMSC transplantation significantly improved cardiac function and attenuated cardiac fibrosis through pro-angiogenesis activity after myocardial infarction in mice. Moreover, SCF secreted by CD51+cMSCs played an important role in angiogenesis bothin vivoandin vitro.

Conclusions:Collectively, CD51 is a novel marker of cardiac resident MSCs, and CD51+cMSC therapy enhances cardiac repair at least partly through SCF-mediated angiogenesis.
Crosstalk Between SUMO and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins: Implication for Antiviral Defense
Authors: Chelbi-Alix Mounira K. , Thibault Pierre
Published: April 2021

Interferon (IFN) is a crucial first line of defense against viral infection. This cytokine induces the expression of several IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs), some of which act as restriction factors. Upon IFN stimulation, cells also express ISG15 and SUMO, two key ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers that play important roles in the antiviral response. IFN itself increases the global cellular SUMOylation in a PML-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics enables the large-scale identification of Ubl protein conjugates to determine the sites of modification and the quantitative changes in protein abundance. Importantly, a key difference amongst SUMO paralogs is the ability of SUMO2/3 to form poly-SUMO chains that recruit SUMO ubiquitin ligases such RING finger protein RNF4 and RNF111, thus resulting in the proteasomal degradation of conjugated substrates. Crosstalk between poly-SUMOylation and ISG15 has been reported recently, where increased poly-SUMOylation in response to IFN enhances IFN-induced ISGylation, stabilizes several ISG products in a TRIM25-dependent fashion, and results in enhanced IFN-induced antiviral activities. This contribution will highlight the relevance of the global SUMO proteome and the crosstalk between SUMO, ubiquitin and ISG15 in controlling both the stability and function of specific restriction factors that mediate IFN antiviral defense.
Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Neural Crest Cells
Authors: Yan Shun , Lu Jin , Jiao Kai
Published: April 2021

The cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) is a transient, migratory cell population that contribute to the formation of major arteries and the septa and valves of the heart. Abnormal development of cNCCs leads to a spectrum of congenital heart defects that mainly affect the outflow region of the hearts. Signaling molecules and transcription factors are the best studied regulatory events controlling cNCC development. In recent years, however, accumulated evidence supports that epigenetic regulation also plays an important role in cNCC development. Here, we summarize the functions of epigenetic regulators during cNCC development as well as cNCC related cardiovascular defects. These factors include ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, histone modifiers and DNA methylation modulators. In many cases, mutations in the genes encoding these factors are known to cause inborn heart diseases. A better understanding of epigenetic regulators, their activities and their roles during heart development will ultimately contribute to the development of new clinical applications for patients with congenital heart disease.
Hydrazine-Containing Heterocycle Cytochalasan Derivatives From Hydrazinolysis of Extracts of a Desert Soil-Derived Fungus Chaetomium madrasense 375
Authors: Guo Qingfeng , Chen Jinhua , Ren Yuwei , Yin Zhenhua , Zhang Juanjuan , Yang Baocheng , Wang Xuewei , Yin Wenbing , Zhang Wancun , Ding Gang , Chen Lin
Published: April 2021

“Diversity-enhanced extracts” is an effective method of producing chemical libraries for the purpose of drug discovery. Three rare new cytochalasan derivative chaetoglobosins B1-B3 (1–3) were obtained from chemically engineered crude broth extracts of Chaetomium madrasense 375 prepared by reacting with hydrazine monohydrate and four known metabolite chaetoglobosins (4–7) were also identified from the fungus. The structures were identified by NMR and MS analysis and electronic circular dichroism simulation. In addition, the antiproliferative activities of these compounds were also evaluated, and the drug-resistant activities of cytochalasans were evaluated for the first time. Compound 6 possessed potent activity against four human cancer cells (A549, HCC827, SW620, and MDA-MB-231), and two drug-resistant HCC827 cells (Gefitinib-resistant, Osimertinib-resistant) compared with the positive controls.
Fast Expansion of the Asian-Pacific Genotype of the Chikungunya Virus in Indonesia
Authors: Anggraeni Yusnita Mirna , Garjito Triwibowo Ambar , Prihatin Mega Tyas , Handayani Sri Wahyuni , Negari Kusumaningtyas Sekar , Yanti Ary Oktsari , Hidajat Muhammad Choirul , Prastowo Dhian , Satoto Tri Baskoro Tunggul , Manguin Sylvie , Gavotte Laurent , Frutos Roger
Published: April 2021

Chikungunya is repeatedly affecting Indonesia through successive outbreaks. The Asian genotype has been present in Asia since the late 1950s while the ECSA-IOL (East/Central/South Africa - Indian Ocean Lineage) genotype invaded Asia in 2005. In order to determine the extension of the circulation of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Indonesia, mosquitoes were collected in 28 different sites from 12 Indonesian provinces in 2016-2017. The E1 subunit of the CHIKV envelope gene was sequenced while mosquitoes were genotyped using the mitochondrial cox1 (cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1) gene to determine whether a specific population was involved in the vectoring of CHIKV. A total of 37 CHIKV samples were found in 28 Aedes aegypti, 8 Aedes albopictus and 1 Aedes butleri out of 15,362 samples collected and tested. These viruses, like all Indonesian CHIKV since 2000, belonged to a genotype we propose to call the Asian-Pacific genotype. It also comprises the Yap isolates and viruses having emerged in Polynesia, the Caribbean and South America. They differ from the CHIKV of the Asian genotype found earlier in Indonesia indicating a replacement. These results raise the question of the mechanisms behind this fast and massive replacement.
Patient-Tailored Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: De Backer Ole , Wong Ivan , Wilkins Ben , Carranza Christian Lildal , Søndergaard Lars
Published: April 2021

Contemporary surgical and transcatheter aortic valve interventions offer effective therapy for a broad range of patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve disease. Both approaches have seen significant advances in recent years. Guidelines have previously emphasized ‘surgical risk’ in the decision between surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), although this delineation becomes increasingly obsolete with more evidence on the effectiveness of TAVR in low surgical risk candidates. More importantly, decisions in tailoring aortic valve interventions should be patient-centered, accounting not only for operative risk, but also anatomy, lifetime management and specific co-morbidities. Aspects to be considered in a patient-tailored aortic valve intervention are discussed in this article.
Petrogenesis of the Cretaceous Intraplate Mafic Intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan Orogen, NW China
Authors: Zhang Weifeng , Deng Xin , Tu Bing , Peng Lianhong , Jin Xinbiao
Published: April 2021

In this study, we conducted zircon U-Pb dating, and whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope analyses on the Late Mesozoic dolerite dykes in the Bailingshan Fe deposit (Eastern Tianshan Orogen, NW China) to unravel their petrogenesis and regional tectonic significance. Zircon U-Pb dating on the dolerite yielded an Early Cretaceous age of 129.7 ± 1.4 Ma. The dolerite is calc-alkaline sodic (Na2O/K2O = 4.71 to 6.80), and enriched in LILEs (Rb, K, Sr, and Pb) but depleted in HFSEs (Nb, Ta, and Ti). The intermediate Nb/U (16.7 to 18.5) and Ce/Pb (6.33 to 6.90) values, and the presence of xenocrystic zircons in these dolerite dykes suggest crustal assimilation during the magma evolution. Petrological modeling suggests fractionation of olivine, pyroxene, garnet, and spinel. All the dolerite samples have low initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.7041 to 0.7043) and positive εNd(t) (+ 4.6 to + 5.1) values, indicative of a depleted asthenospheric mantle source. Partial melting modeling suggests that the melting has occurred in the spinel-garnet stability field. Integrating the data from ore deposit geology, geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopes, we proposed that the Late Cretaceous Eastern Tianshan mafic magmatism was developed in an intraplate extension setting.
Numerical Study on the Performance of a Cogeneration System of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Based on Biomass Gasification
Authors: Dang Zheng , Jiang Zhaoyi , Ma Jinyan , Shen Xin , Xi Guang
Published: April 2021

In order to solve the environmental pollution problem caused by winter heating of rural residential building in northern of China, in this paper a biomass gasification (BG)-solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) combined heat and power (CHP) system has been establishedand numerically investigated. Taking a rural village around Xi’an which is an ancient city and located at central of northern China as the study object, according to heat and electricity output of the system and the heating and electrical load characteristics of the residential building of village, the energy saving ratio and economical efficiency of the CHP system under three different operation schemes compared with the traditional energy system have been analyzed. The results show that the operation scheme for heating designated rooms in rural buildings and meeting the average heat demand of users is the most energy-efficient and economical way. The primary energy saving rate and annual cost saving rate can reach 18.0% and 10.3%, respectively. When the user’s heat and power load demand is clear, the closer the system’s output heat and power ratio to the user’s heat and power load ratio, the more significant the system’s energy saving effect.
Does Energy Poverty Reduce Rural Labor Wages? Evidence From China’s Rural Household Survey
Authors: Wu Wei-ping , Zeng Wei-kang , Gong Si-wen , Chen Zi-gui
Published: April 2021

Eliminating energy poverty is helpful to get rid of the vicious circle between the lack of adequate and affordable energy services and low income in rural areas. We deconstruct energy poverty into extensive energy poverty and intensive energy poverty and analyze the net effect and its heterogeneity of energy poverty on rural labor wages with micrometric methods, as well as further investigate the impact mechanism from education effect and health effect. The results show that both extensive energy poverty and intensive energy poverty have a significant negative effect on the wages of rural workers, and the marginal effect of extensive energy poverty on the wages of rural workers is lower than that of intensive energy poverty. In addition, the net effect of energy poverty on the wages of rural workers shows labor heterogeneity and regional heterogeneity, and the inhibition effect to low skilled workers and workers with middle wage and in the Western region is the most obvious. Furthermore, energy poverty will limit the access of rural workers to education and damage their health, and then inhibit their productivity and wage. Our results suggest that enhancing the accessibility of energy consumption in rural areas and reducing the incidence of energy poverty are critically essential, and the implementation and optimization of energy poverty alleviation policy should give full consideration to labor force heterogeneity and regional heterogeneity.
Governing Personalized Health: A Scoping Review
Authors: Trein Philipp , Wagner Joël
Published: April 2021

Genetic research is advancing rapidly. One important area for the application of the results from this work is personalized health. These are treatments and preventive interventions tailored to the genetic profile of specific groups or individuals. The inclusion of personalized health in existing health systems is a challenge for policymakers. In this article, we present the results of a thematic scoping review of the literature dealing with governance and policy of personalized health. Our analysis points to four governance challenges that decisionmakers face against the background of personalized health. First, researchers have highlighted the need to further extend and harmonize existing research infrastructures in order to combine different types of genetic data. Second, decisionmakers face the challenge to create trust in personalized health applications, such as genetic tests. Third, scholars have pointed to the importance of the regulation of data production and sharing to avoid discrimination of disadvantaged groups and to facilitate collaboration. Fourth, researchers have discussed the challenge to integrate personalized health into regulatory-, financing-, and service provision structures of existing health systems. Our findings summarize existing research and help to guide further policymaking and research in the field of personalized health governance.
COVID-19-Related Changes to Pregnant People's Work-Plans Increase Prenatal Depression
Authors: Sherin Margaret , Gildner Theresa E. , Thayer Zaneta M.
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented rates of unemployment in the United States. Pregnant workers may be especially affected as they are over-represented in low-wage service and hospitality industries impacted by the pandemic. We surveyed an online convenience sample of currently working pregnant people living in the U.S. (n = 1,417) to determine whether COVID-19-related changes to how long individuals planned to work during their pregnancy, and uncertainty about these changes, were associated with prenatal depression. As hypothesized, both COVID-19-related work-plan changes (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.36–2.42, p < 0.001) and uncertainty about the precise nature of these changes (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.14–6.0, p = 0.022) were associated with significantly higher odds of a clinically-significant depression score. These effects appeared to be even greater among individuals who continued working outside the home during the pandemic. Since the U.S. is one of the few countries in the world that does not guarantee paid parental leave, pregnant people may be forced to choose between keeping their jobs and risking infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results demonstrate a need for immediate suspension of the eligibility requirements for the Family and Medical Leave Act and/or universal access to both paid family leave and prenatal depression screening. This would help to alleviate these concerns and provide pregnant people with more options while preserving their employment status and financial security.
The Role of CD4+ Resident Memory T Cells in Local Immunity in the Mucosal Tissue – Protection Versus Pathology –
Authors: Hirahara Kiyoshi , Kokubo Kota , Aoki Ami , Kiuchi Masahiro , Nakayama Toshinori
Published: April 2021

Memory T cells are crucial for both local and systemic protection against pathogens over a long period of time. Three major subsets of memory T cells; effector memory T (TEM) cells, central memory T (TCM) cells, and tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been identified. The most recently identified subset, TRM cells, is characterized by the expression of the C-type lectin CD69 and/or the integrin CD103. TRM cells persist locally at sites of mucosal tissue, such as the lung, where they provide frontline defense against various pathogens. Importantly, however, TRM cells are also involved in shaping the pathology of inflammatory diseases. A number of pioneering studies revealed important roles of CD8+ TRM cells, particularly those in the local control of viral infection. However, the protective function and pathogenic role of CD4+ TRM cells that reside within the mucosal tissue remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the ambivalent feature of CD4+ TRM cells in the protective and pathological immune responses. We also review the transcriptional and epigenetic characteristics of CD4+ TRM cells in the lung that have been elucidated by recent technical approaches. A better understanding of the function of CD4+ TRM cells is crucial for the development of both effective vaccination against pathogens and new therapeutic strategies for intractable inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and chronic allergic diseases.
Tetraspanins as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Targeting Flaviviruses
Authors: Ahmed Waqas , Neelakanta Girish , Sultana Hameeda
Published: April 2021

Tetraspanin family of proteins participates in numerous fundamental signaling pathways involved in viral transmission, virus-specific immunity, and virus-mediated vesicular trafficking. Studies in the identification of novel therapeutic candidates and strategies to target West Nile virus, dengue and Zika viruses are highly warranted due to the failure in development of vaccines. Recent evidences have shown that the widely distributed tetraspanin proteins may provide a platform for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we discuss the diversified and important functions of tetraspanins in exosome/extracellular vesicle biology, virus-host interactions, virus-mediated vesicular trafficking, modulation of immune mechanism(s), and their possible role(s) in host antiviral defense mechanism(s) through interactions with noncoding RNAs. We also highlight the role of tetraspanins in the development of novel therapeutics to target arthropod-borne flaviviral diseases.
Transcriptional Profiles of Genes Related to Stress and Immune Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Symptomatically or Asymptomatically Infected With Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Hou Zhi-Shuai , Xin Yuan-Ru , Yang Xiao-Dong , Zeng Chu , Zhao Hong-Kui , Liu Meng-Qun , Zhang Mei-Zhao , Daniel Jeffrey G. , Li Ji-Fang , Wen Hai-Shen
Published: April 2021

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most common aquaculture fish species worldwide. Vibriosis disease outbreaks cause significant setbacks to aquaculture. The stress and immune responses are bidirectionally modulated in response to the health challenges. Therefore, an investigation into the regulatory mechanisms of the stress and immune responses in trout is invaluable for identifying potential vibriosis treatments. We investigated the transcriptional profiles of genes associated with stress and trout immune functions after Vibrio anguillarum infection. We compared the control trout (CT, 0.9% saline injection), asymptomatic trout (AT, surviving trout with minor or no symptoms after bacteria injection), and symptomatic trout (ST, moribund trout with severe symptoms after bacteria injection). Our results showed activated immunomodulatory genes in the cytokine network and downregulated glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in both AT and ST, indicating activation of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade as a common response in AT and ST. Moreover, the AT specifically activated the complement- and TNF-associated immune defenses in response to V. anguillarum infection. However, the complement and coagulation cascades, as well as steroid hormone homeostasis in ST, were disturbed by V. anguillarum. Our studies provide new insights toward understanding regulatory mechanisms in stress and immune functions in response to diseases.
Tumor Mutation Burden and Immune Invasion Characteristics in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Genome High-Throughput Data Analysis
Authors: Gao Chundi , Li Huayao , Liu Cun , Xu Xiaowei , Zhuang Jing , Zhou Chao , Liu Lijuan , Feng Fubin , Sun Changgang
Published: April 2021

In recent years, the emergence of immunotherapy has provided a new perspective for the treatment and management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the relationship between tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration and the prognosis of TNBC remains unclear. In this study, to explore the immunogenicity of TNBC, we divided patients with TNBC into high and low TMB groups based on the somatic mutation data of TNBC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and screened out genes with mutation rate ≥10. Then, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the 5-year survival rate of the high TMB group was much higher than that of the low TMB group and the two groups also showed differences in immune cell infiltration. Further exploration found that the FAT3 gene, which displays significant difference and a higher mutation rate between the two groups, is not only significantly related to the prognosis of TNBC patients but also exhibits difference in immune cell infiltration between the wild group and the mutant group of the FAT3 gene. The results of gene set enrichment analysis and drug sensitivity analysis further support the importance of the FAT3 gene in TNBC. This study reveals the characteristics of TMB and immune cell infiltration in triple-negative breast cancer and their relationship with prognosis, to provide new biomarkers and potential treatment options for the future treatment of TNBC. The FAT3 gene, as a risk predictor gene of TNBC, is considered a potential biological target and may provide new insight for the treatment of TNBC.
IgG4-Related Disease With Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Retrospective Review of Patients in a Single Center
Authors: Qing Pingying , Lu Chenyang , Liu Zhihui , Wen Xiuzhen , Chen Bo , Lin Zhiguo , Ma Yingbing , Zhao Yi , Liu Yi , Tan Chunyu
Published: April 2021

Background

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized systemic fibro-inflammatory disease of unknown cause involving many organs including pancreas, salivary glands, and lymph nodes. Chronic tuberculosis (TB) infection has been reported in IgG4-RD, but the prevalence of TB infection has not been evaluated in IgG4-RD.

Methods

Characterization of a patient with IgG4-RD by physical examination, laboratory tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological examination. TB infection was evaluated by medical history, radiological examinations, sputum examinations, tubercular skin test (TST) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay test (IGRA). Medical records of IgG4-RD patients were reviewed in our institute from February 2015 to September 2020 to explore the prevalence of TB infection in IgG4-RD.

Results

We described a 40-year-old Chinese man presented with headache and diplopia. Physical examination revealed bitemporal hemianopsia and limited abduction of both eyes. MRI revealed uniformly enhancing mass overlying clivus with dural tail sign. Laboratory data revealed elevation of IgG4 (1.9g/L), and TB-IGRA demonstrated significantly elevated IFN-γ (414.21 pg/ml). The clivus lesion was subtotally removed and IgG4 was strongly positive on immunohistochemical staining. The diagnosis of IgG4-RD was established, and the patient received treatment of corticosteroids, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide with isoniazid prophylaxis. Consequently, the mass shrank remarkably within 3 months. A similar concurrence of TB disease or latent TB infection (LTBI) and IgG4-RD was present in 17/47 (36.2%) patients in our institute.

Conclusion

High frequency of TB/LTBI presented in patients with IgG4-RD. Patients with IgG4-RD and LTBI should be closely monitored for resurgence of TB. Whether TB represents a risk for IgG4-RD should be further investigated in prospective cohort.