bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mindfulness supports emotional resilience in children during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Treves Isaac N. , Li Cindy E. , Wang Kimberly L. , Ozernov-Palchik Ola , Olson Halie A. , Gabrieli John D.E.
Published: November 2022

An important aspect of mental health in children is emotional resilience, the capacity to adapt to, and recover from, stressors and emotional challenges. Variation in trait mindfulness, one’s disposition to attend to experiences with an open and nonjudgmental attitude, may be an important individual difference in children that supports emotional resilience. In this study, we investigated whether trait mindfulness was related to emotional resilience in response to stressful changes in education and home-life during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. We conducted a correlational study examining self-report data from July 2020 to February 2021, from 163 eight-to-ten-year-old children living in the US. Higher trait mindfulness scores correlated with less stress, anxiety, depression, and negative affect in children, and lower ratings of COVID-19 impact on their lives. Mindfulness moderated the relationship between COVID-19 child impact and negative affect. Children scoring high on mindfulness showed no correlation between rated COVID-19 impact and negative affect, whereas those who scored low on mindfulness showed a positive correlation between child COVID-19 impact and negative affect. Higher levels of trait mindfulness may have helped children to better cope with a wide range of COVID-19 stressors. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms by which trait mindfulness supports emotional resilience in children.
Dementia diagnosis and prevalence in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 using medical data linkage
Authors: Mullin Donncha S. , Stirland Lucy E. , Buchanan Emily , Convery Catherine-Anne , Cox Simon R. , Deary Ian J. , Giuntoli Cinzia , Greer Holly , Page Danielle , Robertson Elizabeth , Shenkin Susan D. , Szalek Anna , Taylor Adele , Weatherdon Georgina , Wilkinson Tim , Russ Tom C.
Published: November 2022

Background

The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) is a longitudinal study of ageing with well-characterised assessments, but until now, it has relied on self-report or proxies for dementia outcomes. This report describes a framework for clinical dementia ascertainment and its implementation. We report the prevalence of all-cause dementia and dementia subtypes in 865 individuals aged 70 years and older from the LBC1936.

Methods

Electronic Health Records (EHR) of all participants were reviewed, and relevant information was extracted to form case vignettes for everyone with any record of cognitive dysfunction. The EHR data sources include hospital and clinic letters, general practitioner and hospital referrals, prescribed medications, imaging and laboratory results. Death certificate data were obtained separately. Clinician assessments were performed when there was concern about a participant’s cognition. A diagnosis of probable dementia, possible dementia, or no dementia was agreed upon by a consensus diagnostic review board, comprised of a multidisciplinary team of clinical dementia experts who reviewed case vignettes and clinician assessment letters. For those with probable dementia, a subtype was also determined, where possible. Finally, we compared the agreement between our newly ascertained dementia outcomes with the existing self-reported dementia outcomes.

Results

The EHR review identified 163 out of 865 (18.8%) individuals as having cognitive dysfunction. At the consensus diagnostic review board, 118/163 were diagnosed with probable all-cause dementia, a prevalence of 13.6%. Age-specific dementia prevalence increased with age from 0.8% (65-74.9 years) to 9.93% (85-89.9 years). Prevalence rates for women were higher in nearly all age groups. The most common subtype was dementia due to Alzheimer disease (49.2%), followed by mixed Alzheimer and cerebrovascular disease (17.0%), dementia of unknown or unspecified cause (16.1%), and dementia due to vascular disease (8.5%). Self-reported dementia outcomes were positive in only 17.8% of ascertained dementia outcomes.

Conclusions

Dementia outcomes have been clinically ascertained in the LBC1936 using a robust systematic approach that closely aligns with diagnosing dementia in practice. This provides useful detailed outcomes for further analyses of LBC1936 to allow exploration of lifecourse predictors of dementia.
Rearrangement of hydrogen bonds in dehydrated raffinose tetrahydrate: a time-of-flight neutron diffraction study
Authors: Kawasaki Takuro , Takahashi Miwako , Kiyanagi Ryoji , Ohhara Takashi
Published: November 2022

Structural changes of the raffinose crystal on dehydration from the pentahydrate to the tetrahydrate were investigated by single-crystal time-of-flight neutron diffraction. It was revealed that during the dehydration, rearrangement occurs in the hydrogen bonds related to the lost water molecule, while the symmetry of the crystal structure is retained. The hydrogen-bonding status of raffinose pentahydrate and tetrahydrate were discussed comprehensively according to Jeffrey's hydrogen-bonding classification. It was shown that the water molecules are hydrogen bonded to the surrounding molecules by moderate O—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and the number of these two types of hydrogen bonds determines the water molecules that are removed by dehydration. The lattice constant c showed a significant decrease on dehydration and further dehydration leads to loss of crystallinity of the raffinose crystals.
Seizing the moment in the flux of Industry 4.0: technological opportunism, innovativeness and new product performance in international markets
Authors: Cho Jinwan , Jeong Insik , Kim Eunmi , Cho Hyo Eun
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Recent technological turbulence stemming from Industry 4.0 provides managerial opportunities and challenges simultaneously. In this context, the purpose of this study is to explore the role of technological opportunism on innovativeness and discover the impact of innovativeness on new products performance in international markets.

Design/methodology/approach

To empirically test the hypotheses, the authors have collected survey data from 237 Korean exporting firms and applied structural equation modeling.

Findings

Empirical results indicate that technological opportunism, which represents technology sensing and responding capability, has a positive and significant influence on both exploratory and exploitative innovativeness. Also, explorative and exploitative innovativeness have positive and significant effects on new product performance in international markets.

Practical implications

This study highlighted the importance of technology sensing and responding capabilities to capture emerging opportunities, which may arise from Industry 4.0 technologies. In addition, sensing and responding capabilities will help a firm create a culture that values innovative proclivity, and in turn, will lead to superior new product performance in international markets.

Originality/value

Despite extensive scholarly interest in Industry 4.0, previous studies have neglected to address the potential impact of Industry 4.0 within the domain of new product development and its performance. Also, there have been several calls from the literature to address the managerial and strategic issues surrounding the Industry 4.0 phenomenon. In this study, the authors attempted to fill the research gaps in Industry 4.0 research studies through empirical examination.
Assessing brand performance consistency from consumer-generated media: the US hotel industry
Authors: Jeong Miyoung , Shin Hyejo Hailey , Lee Minwoo , Lee Jongseo
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Given the importance of performance consistency of chain hotels in customers’ decision-making and service evaluation, this study aims to explore how consistently chain hotel brands offer quality service and carry out their performance from the eyes of customers through online reviews on TripAdvisor of the top five US hotel chains (i.e. Choice, Hilton, InterContinental, Marriott and Wyndham) and their brands.

Design/methodology/approach

The research objectives were achieved through methodological triangulation: business intelligence, data visualization analytics and statistical analyses. First, the data collection and pre-processing of consumer-generated media (CGM) (i.e. TripAdvisor online reviews) were performed using business intelligence for further analyses. Using data visualization analytics (i.e. box-and-whisker plot by region and brand), the geographic patterns of performance attributes (i.e. online review ratings, including location, sleep, cleanliness, room and service) were depicted. Using a series of analyses of variance and regression analyses, the results were further assessed for the impacts of brand performance inconsistency on consumers’ perceived value, sentiment and satisfaction.

Findings

The empirical results demonstrate that there are significant performance inconsistencies in performance attributes (location, sleep, cleanliness, room and service) by brands throughout the six regions in the US hotel market. More importantly, the findings confirm that brand performance consistency significantly influences consumers’ perceived service quality (i.e. perceived value, satisfaction and sentiment).

Originality

This study is one of the first attempts to empirically explore hotel brand performance consistency in the US hotel market from customer reviews on CGM. To measure hotel brand performance in the US hotel market, this study collected and analyzed user-generated big data for the top 5 US hotel chains through business intelligence, visualization analytics and statistical analysis. These integrated and novel research methods would help tourism and hospitality researchers analyze big data in an innovative data analytics approach. The findings of the study contribute to the tourism and hospitality field by confirming hotel brand performance inconsistency and such inconsistent performance affected customers’ service evaluations.

Practical Implications

This study demonstrates the significant impact of hotel brand performance consistency on consumers’ perceived value, emotion and satisfaction. Considering that online reviews are perceived as a credible source of information, the findings suggest that the hotel industry pays special attention to brand performance consistency to improve consumers’ perceived value, emotion and satisfaction.
The effect of telework on emotional exhaustion and task performance via work overload: the moderating role of self-leadership
Authors: Junça Silva Ana , Almeida Alexandra , Rebelo Carla
Published: November 2022

Purpose

This study aims to develop a framework that explains how and when telework is related to emotional exhaustion and task performance, by conceiving work overload as a mediator and self-leadership as a moderator. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. Study 1 aims to understand whether telework would be related to emotional exhaustion and task performance and if work overload would mediate such relationships. Study 2 aims to analyze whether self-leadership was a significant moderator of the mediated relations found in Study 1.

Design/methodology/approach

The hypotheses were tested in a sample of 207 (in Study 1) and 272 (in Study 2) participants, which were exclusively teleworking. The results were analyzed using PROCESS macro in SPSS.

Findings

The results of Study 1 showed that telework dimensions were negatively related to work overload, which consequently decreased emotional exhaustion and increased task performance. In Study 2, self-leadership moderated the indirect effect of work overload on the relationship between telework and emotional exhaustion, such that the indirect effect was stronger for those who scored higher in self-leadership. However, it was not significant for task performance.

Originality/value

This paper adds to research on telework by focusing on the employee's mental health and performance, in the context of mandatory confinement. The authors identified telework dimensions that may act as resources to cope with the increased work overload inherent to telework, as well as the importance of personal resources in these relationships.
Chosen, trusted and disillusioned – an autoethnographic account of university–society collaboration from an academic's point
Authors: Nylén Ulrica
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the dynamic and power-laden nature of university–society collaboration from the individual academic's point of view.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper applies an autoethnographic approach in following a specific collaboration process through detailed fieldnotes and continuous reflections.

Findings

This research presents university–society collaboration as an emergent, volatile and fairly unpredictable process, involving a multitude of actors on both sides. The interactions among actors shape the emerging process and power relationships. The academic's situation could be understood in terms of multiple and shifting subject positions that could be embraced, accepted, resisted or surrendered to by the academic.

Practical implications

These findings may help academics with own experiences of collaboration to shed light on their observations. Novice academics, interested in collaborating with society, should be aware of the possibility of tensions and exercise of power in interactions with societal actors. When setting up collaboration agreements, academic and societal actors are advised to openly discuss potential problems and how to handle those.

Originality/value

This unique, in-depth testimony of a single collaboration process from the individual academic's point of view uncovers previously unobserved dynamic and political attributes of the process.
Towards a circular economy: a knowledge-attitude gap between demand and supply-side operators on green building construction in Ghana
Authors: Dadzoe Florence , Addy Michael , Duah Daniel Yaw Addai , Adesi Michael
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To be able to achieve the uptake and usage of green buildings requires various actors within the construction value chain to be engaged. Despite its global uptake, green building construction is still at its nascent stage in Ghana. Most studies in sub-Saharan Africa point to the lack of knowledge as one of the mitigating factors against its development. However, there is a dearth of studies assessing the level of knowledge of stakeholders. The terms “knowledge” and “awareness” of green building construction are often used interchangeably in the Ghanaian Construction Industry (GCI). This study seeks to unearth the level of knowledge of stakeholders on green building construction through a comparative analysis of construction professionals and demand-side operators.

Design/methodology/approach

A structured questionnaire was issued to professionals in the various recognised bodies in the construction industry and public and private institutions in Ghana. Frequency, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, median statistics and Mann–Whitney U-Test were used to rank and analyse the level of knowledge of stakeholders.

Findings

Construction professionals were more aware of green building construction than the demand-side operators. It was further identified that only a few of these stakeholders had hands-on experience as the majority of them have gained their awareness through research studies. Based on the findings of the study, it was revealed that the concept of green building construction is more abstract to stakeholders than practical despite their positive attitude towards its adoption.

Practical implications

Contextually, the study has aided in showing the level of knowledge of stakeholders on green building construction. The findings of the study aside from it aiding policymakers have also helped in identifying the perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders, their strengths and weakness in green building construction. It is recommended that due to the differences in socio-political structures and construction methods, a clear definition of green building based on the availability of resources in the GCI will encourage its adoption.

Originality/value

The study used two stakeholder groupings in the GCI as the unit of analysis. This enabled insightful discoveries into the knowledge-attitude gap of Ghanaian stakeholders that are driving the adoption of green building.
ANN-based performance prediction of electrical discharge machining of Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys
Authors: Xames Md Doulotuzzaman , Torsha Fariha Kabir , Sarwar Ferdous
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to predict the machining performance of electrical discharge machining of Ti-13Nb-13Zr (TNZ) alloy, a promising biomedical alloy, using artificial neural networks (ANN) models.

Design/methodology/approach

In the research, three major performance characteristics, i.e. the material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR), were chosen for the study. The input parameters for machining were the voltage, current, pulse-on time and pulse-off time. For the ANN model, a two-layer feedforward network with sigmoid hidden neurons and linear output neurons were chosen. Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm was used to train the neural networks.

Findings

The optimal ANN structure comprises four neurons in input layer, ten neurons in hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer (4–10-1). In predicting MRR, the 60–20-20 data split provides the lowest MSE (0.0021179) and highest R-value for training (0.99976). On the contrary, the 70–15-15 data split results in the best performance in predicting both TWR and SR. The model achieves the lowest MSE and highest R-value for training in predicting TWR as 1.17E-06 and 0.84488, respectively. Increasing the number of hidden neurons of the network further deteriorates the performance. In predicting SR, the authors find the best MSE and R-value as 0.86748 and 0.94024, respectively.

Originality/value

This is a novel approach in performance prediction of electrical discharge machining in terms of new workpiece material (TNZ alloys).
Environmental Performance Feedback and Timing of Reshoring: Perspectives from the Behavioural Theory of the Firm
Authors: Zhang Minhao , Shui Xiaolong , Smart Palie , Wang Xiaojun , Chen Jing
Published: November 2022

The behavioural theory of the firm (BTOF) claims that firms’ performance feedback is significant for strategic decision‐making. Building upon this, we shift our focus from the widely researched topic of financial performance to sustainability performance. We theorize that firms’ environmental performance feedback (i.e. performance relative to aspirations) influences their reshoring decisions. Based on a sample of publicly traded manufacturing multinational enterprises (MNEs) from 15 developed countries, we find that firms with below‐aspiration environmental performance (BEP) are slower to engage in reshoring activity. In contrast, firms with above‐aspiration environmental performance (AEP) are quicker to engage in reshoring. Moreover, we substantiate the moderating role of financial performance feedback: positive financial performance feedback enables firms with higher BEP to engage in reshoring activity even more slowly. Nevertheless, the moderating role of positive financial performance feedback has not been confirmed in the relationship between higher AEP and the timing of reshoring.
The Everyday Economy: Introduction
Authors: Killick Anna , Mabbett Deborah
Published: November 2022

This introduction to the everyday economy collection provides a brief summary of the concept as advanced by Julie Froud, Karel Williams and their collaborators at Manchester's Centre for Research on Socio‐Cultural Change, followed by an overview of articles by Anna Coote, Tess Lanning and Rachel Laurence, Sarah Longlands, Alex Colás and Jason Edwards, David Edgerton, Christine Berry, Luke Raikes and Anna Killick.
The problem with faith-based carve-outs: RSE policy, religion and educational goods
Authors: Wareham Ruth J
Published: November 2022

In September 2020, relationships and sex education (RSE) became compulsory in all English secondary schools, and relationships education became compulsory in all English primary schools, marking a significant step forward in the fight to establish children's rights. Although the new RSE regime will help to ensure that many English schools provide pupils with a far more comprehensive RSE curriculum than ever before, the statutory guidance underpinning it includes a number of caveats that mean, although the subject is compulsory, not all children will receive the same content. Arguably, along with the right to withdraw (which is often exercised on religious grounds), the most insidious of these ‘carve-outs’ allows faith schools to teach RSE according to their ‘distinctive religious character’. This exemption has been used to defend the use of religious RSE resources that critics maintain are misogynistic, homophobic and often draw heavily on pseudoscience, as well as to justify leaving certain topics (such as same-sex relationships or trans rights) out of classroom discussion altogether. Drawing on empirically informed normative case studies and recent reforms to the curriculum in Wales, I argue that faith-based carve-outs to RSE policy imperil children's access to a distinct package of educational goods. Using a recent framework for educational decision-making based on these goods developed by Brighouse et al. I go on to conclude that such policies are politically and morally unjustifiable (at least if one agrees that the relevant package of goods is desirable). I further maintain that, even when considered from the perspective of human rights law—which is often given as a pragmatic reason to allow more permissive policies with respect to teaching topics that may impinge upon parents’ deeply held convictions—there are no necessary grounds for governments to legislate for the subject to be circumscribed by the religious beliefs of parents or the faith ethos of the schools children attend.
Global Value Chains and Exchange Rate Disconnect*
Authors: Jangam Bhushan Praveen , Venkatesh Hari
Published: November 2022

This study examines the effect of global value chains (GVCs) on the association between gross exports and the exchange rate. To do so, we quantify the composition of the GVCs using output‐related measures for sixty‐one countries from 2007 to 2020. This approach is better than the existing measures in capturing all the linkages of GVCs. Second, we analyse the importance of GVCs on the link between gross exports and the exchange rate using an econometric technique – the generalised method of moments. Our results show that GVC participation disconnects the exchange rate elasticity of exports. The empirical findings are robust and consistent across the sectors and income groups. Therefore, it is vital for policy‐makers to consider the implications of GVCs while devising any policy related to exports.
The influence of partners' known preferences on auditors' sceptical judgements: The moderating role of perceived social influence pressure
Authors: Ying Sammy Xiaoyan , Patel Chris , Dela Cruz Aeson Luiz
Published: November 2022

We examine the moderating effect of auditors' perceived social influence pressure on the influence of partners' known preferences on auditors' sceptical judgements in China. We invoke social influence theory to provide complementary insights into the driving forces behind auditors' judgements, over and above the pressure arising from accountability. We hypothesise that the influence of partners' known preferences on auditors' sceptical judgements is stronger for auditors who perceive higher social influence pressure than those who perceive lower pressure. Our results support the hypothesis and establish the value of understanding auditors' perceived social influence pressure in managing partners' communication with audit teams.
Impacts of the New York State COVID‐19 disaster emergency orders on prescription dispensing for opioids and medication for opioid use disorder
Authors: Suri Abhinav , Feaster Daniel J. , Balise Raymond R. , Quinn James , Nunes Edward V. , Gilbert Louisa , El‐Bassel Nabila , Rundle Andrew G.
Published: November 2022

Aims

The aim of this study is to examine whether the March 2020 New York State (NYS) SARS‐CoV‐2 emergency orders were associated with an initial surge in opioid dispensing and a longer‐term reduction in access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD).

Design

Time‐series analyses of the dispensing of non‐MOUD opioid and MOUD prescriptions using IQVIA's longitudinal prescription claims database (n = 16 087 429) in NYS by week, from 1 January 2018 to 31 July 2020. IQVIA is a multi‐national company that provides biopharmaceutical development and commercial outsourcing services.

Setting and Participants

NYS Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP) codes (n = 1218) in which prescriptions were dispensed.

Measurement

For each ZIP code, for each week, the following dispensing measures were calculated: total weekly morphine milligram equivalents/day (MME/day), total weekly MME/day dispensed via prescriptions for ≤ 7 days and the count of MOUD prescriptions dispensed. Differences in dispensing metrics, comparing each week in 2020 with corresponding weeks in 2019, were calculated for each ZIP code.

Results

During the study period, weekly MME/day per ZIP code of dispensed non‐MOUD opioids steadily declined. Compared with the difference in dispensing between 2019 and 2020 during the first week in 2020, there was a significantly larger drop in dispensed weekly total MME/day beginning 21 March 2020, and lasting until the week of 17 April (P < 0.05 for each week). Mean weekly total MME/day dispensed from 21 March to 17 April 2020 was 17.07% lower [95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.97%, 20.17%] than in the 4 weeks before 21 March almost entirely due to a drop in MME/day dispensed for prescriptions of ≤ 7 days. There was not a discernable drop in MOUD dispensing associated with the period of the emergency orders.

Conclusions

New York State emergency orders in March 2020 to reduce SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and preserve hospital capacity appeared to be associated with a decline in dispensing of opioids not used as MOUD. Access to MOUD appeared to be unaffected by the orders, probably because of policy initiatives by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
An exploration of flavours in studies of e‐cigarettes for smoking cessation: secondary analyses of a systematic review with meta‐analyses
Authors: Lindson Nicola , Butler Ailsa R. , Liber Alex , Levy David T. , Barnett Phoebe , Theodoulou Annika , Notley Caitlin , Rigotti Nancy A. , Hartmann‐Boyce Jamie
Published: November 2022

Aims

To estimate associations between e‐cigarette flavour and smoking cessation and study product use at 6 months or longer.

Methods

Secondary analysis of data from a living systematic review, with meta‐analyses and narrative synthesis, incorporating data up to January 2022. Included studies provided people who smoked combustible cigarettes with nicotine e‐cigarettes for the purpose of smoking cessation compared with no treatment or other stop smoking interventions. Measurements included smoking cessation and study product use at 6 months or longer reported as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI); and flavour use at any time‐points.

Results

We included 16 studies (n = 10 336); 14 contributed to subgroup analyses and 10 provided participants with a choice of e‐cigarette flavour. We judged nine, five and two studies at high, low and unclear risk of bias, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed no clear associations between flavour and cessation or product use. In all but one analysis, tests for subgroup differences resulted in I2 values between 0 and 35%. In the comparison between nicotine e‐cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (I2 = 65.2% for subgroup differences), studies offering tobacco flavour e‐cigarettes showed evidence of a greater proportion of participants still using at 6 months or longer (RR = 3.81; 95% CI = 1.45–10.05; n = 1181; I2 = 84%), whereas there was little evidence for greater 6‐month use when studies offered a choice of flavours (RR = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.80–2.56; n = 454; I2 = 82%). However, substantial statistical heterogeneity within subgroups makes interpretation of this result unclear. In the 10 studies where participants had a choice of flavours, and this was tracked over time, some switching between flavours occurred, but there were no clear patterns in flavour preferences.

Conclusions

There does not appear to be a clear association between e‐cigarette flavours and smoking cessation or longer‐term e‐cigarette use, possibly due to a paucity of data. There is evidence that people using e‐cigarettes to quit smoking switch between e‐cigarette flavours.
Illegal behaviors as a consequence of gambling disorder
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Chamberlain Samuel R.
Published: November 2022

Background and Objectives

Gambling disorder has been associated with illegal behaviors; however, research using validated scales and in‐person assessments has been less common.

Methods

Four hundred and twenty‐seven people with gambling disorders taking part in clinical trials completed multiple instruments and select cognitive tasks. Two groups were identified: those with illegal behaviors linked to gambling disorder and those without. Differences between the groups were examined.

Results

43.3% of people with gambling disorders reported gambling‐related illegal behaviors. Illegal behaviors were associated with earlier gambling symptom onset, higher levels of depressive symptoms, worse quality of life, and higher non‐planning impulsivity. In those with illegal behaviors, the most common activities reported were writing bad checks/paying bills from accounts that no longer had funds (75.1%), and theft (9.6%). People with illegal gambling‐related behaviors did not differ from those without, in terms of levels of symptom severity, or likelihood of responding to treatment in the subsequent clinical trials.

Discussion and Conclusions

Illegal behaviors are commonplace in people with gambling disorders and linked to worse quality of life, but people with gambling‐related illegal behaviors respond to core treatments to the same extent as people without these behaviors.

Scientific Significance

The findings from this study extend previous research and support the novel notion that rather than more intensive treatment being indicated for gambling disorders linked to illegal activities, it may be prudent to consider illegal behaviors as part of a wider profile of gambling‐related harms that merit interventions in their own right.
Temporary phrenic nerve stimulated patients: What is the role of ultrasound examination?
Authors: Soták Michal , Tyll Tomáš , Roubík Karel
Published: November 2022

Background

Prolonged mechanical ventilation caused by ventilator‐induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) is a serious problem in critically ill patients. Identification of patients who will have difficulty weaning from ventilation along with attempts to reduce total time on mechanical ventilation is some of the aims of intensive care medicine.

Observations

This article briefly summarizes current options for temporary phrenic nerve stimulation therapy in an effort to keep the diaphragm active as direct prevention and treatment of ventilator‐associated diaphragmatic dysfunction in patients on mechanical ventilation. The results of feasibility studies using different approaches are promising but so far, the clinical relevance is low. One important question is which tool would reliably identify early signs of diaphragmatic dysfunction and also be useful in guiding therapy. The authors present a brief overview of the current options considering the advantages and disadvantages of the available examination modalities. Despite the fact that current data point out some limitations of ultrasound examination, we believe that it still has a unique position in the bedside examination of critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion

Temporary phrenic nerve stimulation, regardless of the specific approach used, has the potential to directly treat or reverse VIDD, and ultrasound examination plays an important role in the comprehensive care of critically ill patients.
Hemadsorption in patients requiring V‐A ECMO support: Comparison of Cytosorb versus Jafron HA330
Authors: Lesbekov Timur , Nurmykhametova Zhuldyz , Kaliyev Rymbay , Kuanyshbek Aidyn , Faizov Linar , Bekishev Bolat , Jabayeva Nilufar , Samalavicius Robertas , Pya Yuriy
Published: November 2022

Background

ECMO support is associated with the development of a systemic hyper‐inflammatory response, which may become quite significant and extreme in some cases. We hypothesize that Cytosorb or Jafron therapy may benefit patients on V‐A ECMO in terms of levels of inflammatory markers such as IL‐6, complications, and overall outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of prospectively collected data in a single tertiary care center between January 2021 and April 2022. At the time of the analysis of this article, 20 patients on V‐A ECMO had cytokine adsorption while on ECMO support: Cytosorb group (n = 10), Jafron group (n = 10). In 10 ECMO‐supported patients cytokine adsorption was not used, this group served as a control group, which may be quite significant in some cases. Evaluation of the level of inflammatory markers (IL‐1, 6, 8; CRP, Leukocyte, Lactate, PCT, NT‐proBNP, TNF‐α) was performed.

Results

There was statistically significant longer CPB time, aortic cross‐clamp time and ICU stay in cytokine adsorption groups than in the control group, but there were no differences between subgroups with different types of haemoadsorption used. Moreover, in the control group mortality rate was higher than in the cytokine adsorption groups (60% vs. 20%, p = 0.02). All patients had an elevation of inflammatory markers in the perioperative and immediate postoperative periods. After 72 h of intensive care, blood inflammation markers had a tendency to decline.

Conclusion

At the time of writing, hemadsorption in patients requiring V‐A ECMO support represents a good therapeutic effect. This effect is permanent for the whole period of extracorporeal cytokine hemadsorption application for both CytoSorb and Jafron HA330 devices.
Predicting visual outcomes after decompression of pituitary tumours based on stratified inner‐retinal layer thickness and age
Authors: Lee Ga‐In , Park Kyung‐Ah , Lee Dongyoung , Oh Sei Yeul , Kong Doo‐Sik , Hong Sang Duk
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential role of stratified preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and age in predicting postoperative visual field (VF) improvement among adult patients with chiasmal compression due to pituitary tumours after decompression surgery.

Methods

Postoperative visual outcomes were analysed using mean deviation of the VF test. Eyes were divided into three groups based on preoperative OCT parameters including peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness: groups 1, 2 and 3 with pRNFL thickness <65 μm, 65 μm or more but <85 μm, and 85 μm or more, respectively. The GCIPL thickness was also divided into three groups based on values ranging from 55 to 77 μm. Each group was further categorized according to age: 20 years or older but younger than 40 years, 40 years or older but younger than 60, and 60 years or older.

Results

This study included 197 eyes of 197 patients with chiasmal compression due to pituitary tumours. No patient showed complete VF recovery in group 1 with a preoperative pRNFL thickness <65 μm or a GCIPL thickness <55 μm regardless of age. These groups showed the worst VF outcome (pRNFL, p = 0.0001; GCIPL, p < 0.0001). However, a significant recovery in VF (greater than 2 dB) was observed in 45% of group 1 patients based on pRNFL thickness and in 61.54% of group 1 patients according to GCIPL thickness. In groups 2 and 3 with a preoperative pRNFL thickness of 65 μm or more and a GCIPL thickness of 55 μm or more, the rate of complete VF recovery decreased as subjects' ages increased. Group 3 with a preoperative pRNFL thickness of 85 μm or more and a GCIPL thickness of 77 μm or more were 2.5‐fold and 4.0‐fold more likely to completely recover VF, respectively, compared with group 2.

Conclusions

Stratified preoperative pRNFL and GCIPL thicknesses measured via OCT in different age categories are effective biomarkers for predicting visual functional outcomes.
Pharmacological cognitive enhancement and the value of achievements: An intervention
Authors: Gordon Emma C. , Willis Rebecca J.
Published: November 2022

Pharmacological cognitive enhancements nontherapeutically improve cognitive functioning, though recent critics have challenged their use by claiming that cognitive success, aided by the use of cognitive enhancement, is less valuable than otherwise. We criticize two recent responses to this objection, due to Carter and Pritchard and Wang, and propose a different response on behalf of proponents of cognitive enhancement that is shown to be more promising.
Never trust a stranger: Effects of explicit belief statements from strangers on children's reality status beliefs and beliefs about consensus
Authors: Dore Rebecca A. , Woolley Jacqueline , Nissel Jenny , Hixon John G.
Published: November 2022

Children learn about much of the world through testimony and may hear explicit belief statements (e.g., “I believe in God” or “climate change is real”) about entities whose existence is controversial. Prior research has shown that these statements, when spoken by a parent, influence children's beliefs about the reality status of the entity and their beliefs about societal consensus surrounding that reality status, in contrast to statements that only imply belief (e.g., “God lives in heaven”; Dore et al., 2019, Journal of Cognition and Development, 20, 35), suggesting that children are attuned to the nature of parental statements about reality. In the current study, we tested whether explicit versus implicit belief statements from strangers differentially affect children's beliefs. We followed procedures by Dore et al. (2019, Journal of Cognition and Development, 20, 35) but used strangers to provide testimony rather than parents. Results showed that explicit belief statements from strangers did not influence children's beliefs. This lack of an effect of explicit belief statements relative to implicit ones suggests that, despite being attuned to these statements when spoken by parents, children may not be attuned to explicit statements about reality that they hear from strangers. Although even very young children often learn words and other facts from unfamiliar speakers, these findings suggest that nuances perceived in parent speech about reality may not be picked up in the speech of strangers.
Deconstructing the liquid architecture of human herpesvirus 8 diseases
Authors: Polizzotto Mark N.
Published: November 2022

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8), also called Kaposi sarcoma herspesvirus (KSHV), causes several human tumours, which may be associated with systemic inflammation and body cavity effusions, including a form of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) and a novel inflammatory syndrome, KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). In this issue, Zhou et al. demonstrate that HHV‐8‐infected lambda‐restricted plasmablasts can be detected in these effusions and can be used to distinguish MCD from other HHV‐8 tumours as well as to categorise KICS into distinct clinicopathological groups. These findings open a path to an integrated clinicopathological approach to HHV‐8‐associated inflammatory diseases and may have clinical implications.

Commentary on: Zhou et al. A novel approach for characterisation of KSHV‐associated multicentric Castleman disease from effusions. Br J Haematol 2023;200:462‐475.
The ‘virtuous’ cycle of parental empowerment: Partnering with parents to safeguard young people from exploitation
Authors: Hickle Kristine , Shuker Lucie
Published: November 2022

When young people are sexually exploited, parents and professionals alike can feel uncertain about how to balance the need to protect the child's rights to agency and autonomy while also reducing the risk of harm. Despite the shared interest in keeping young people safe, there remains a substantial gap in the research literature about how practitioners engage parents to increase capacity to safeguard their children, particularly within the context of a child protection system ill‐equipped to address forms of extrafamilial harm such as child sexual exploitation. This paper aims to contribute to understanding how professionals effectively engage parents by drawing upon evidence from research evaluations of two programmes in rural/urban North and urban South locations in England, both providing specialist support to parents/carers of sexually exploited children and young people. Through interrogating elements of effective support work evidenced across both programmes, a set of emerging key themes are presented, proposing that parent support and engagement can create a ‘virtuous’ cycle, whereby families are strengthened and are better able to protect their children from sexual exploitation and other forms of extrafamilial harm.
The use of carvone in consecutive patch testing
Authors: Enberg Johanna , Hamnerius Nils , Kroona Liv , Svedman Cecilia
Published: November 2022

Background

Carvone (l‐carvone) is a mint‐tasting flavour additive that most of us is exposed to and can cause allergic contact reactions.

Objectives

To analyse the frequency and the relevance of positive carvone reactions in a dermatitis population.

Method

A retrospective analysis of dermatitis patients consecutively tested with carvone from 2017 to 2021. Data were retrieved from the department's patch‐test database.

Results

Of 3554 patients tested with carvone, 28 (0.79%) had a positive reaction. Carvone‐positive patients had higher mean age, were significantly more likely female (p < 0.001) and had often an intraoral/lip involvement (p < 0.001). In the carvone‐positive group, 50% (n = 14) had a relevant reaction, and in 4 of 14, the relevance was first revealed after test reading. Of the carvone‐positive patients, 18 of 28 did not have a coexisting allergy to a fragrance/flavour allergen and of these 44% had a relevant allergy.

Conclusions

The study suggests that a significant fraction of relevant carvone contact allergies may be overlooked if the allergen is not tested. Furthermore, as the exposure is widespread, inclusion of carvone in the Swedish baseline series may be justified even if the contact allergy prevalence is below 1%.
Understanding the What and When of Analogical Reasoning Across Analogy Formats: An Eye‐Tracking and Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Thibaut Jean‐Pierre , Glady Yannick , French Robert M.
Published: November 2022

Starting with the hypothesis that analogical reasoning consists of a search of semantic space, we used eye‐tracking to study the time course of information integration in adults in various formats of analogies. The two main questions we asked were whether adults would follow the same search strategies for different types of analogical problems and levels of complexity and how they would adapt their search to the difficulty of the task. We compared these results to predictions from the literature. Machine learning techniques, in particular support vector machines (SVMs), processed the data to find out which sets of transitions best predicted the output of a trial (error or correct) or the type of analogy (simple or complex). Results revealed common search patterns, but with local adaptations to the specifics of each type of problem, both in terms of looking‐time durations and the number and types of saccades. In general, participants organized their search around source‐domain relations that they generalized to the target domain. However, somewhat surprisingly, over the course of the entire trial, their search included, not only semantically related distractors, but also unrelated distractors, depending on the difficulty of the trial. An SVM analysis revealed which types of transitions are able to discriminate between analogy tasks. We discuss these results in light of existing models of analogical reasoning.
Features of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy‐diagnosed fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Zhan Xi , Du Yingzhen , Luo Jiang , Que Yifan , Hu Chao , Xu Lili , Wang Zhen , Wu Yanbing , Jin Mulan , Zheng Chunming , Gao Yanhong , Chang Christopher , Li Hongxia , Tong Zhaohui , Xu Guogang
Published: November 2022

Background

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a common type among all the interstitial lung diseases, and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy is an alternative diagnostic technique for interstitial lung diseases. In this study, we describe the clinical and pathological features of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis diagnosed with transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC).

Methods

A total of 46 diffused parenchyma lung disease (DPLD) patients received TBLC were included in this study. Medical records including medical history spirometry examinations, 6‐min walk test (6MWT) results, high resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) scans, BAL, and histopathology were collected. Results of HRCT and histopathology were compared and classified, especially.

Results

Sixteen patients were diagnosed with fibrotic HP, the mean age of whom was 56.3 ± 12.1 years, and 62.5% of them were male. Three of the 16 patients had been misdiagnosed as tuberculosis and received antituberculosis medications, five patients had been diagnosed as unclassifiable pulmonary fibrosis, and five patients had been diagnosed as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Thirteen (81.3%) patients had a normal lymphocyte count in BAL. The pathological features of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) were detected in 11 (68.8%) of the cases, poor defined granulomatous was detected in nine (56.3%) of the cases, and bronchiolocentric fibrosis was detected in two (12.5%) of the 16 cases.

Conclusions

Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis should be included in differential diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis. Pathological characteristics of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis could be demonstrated from cryobiopsy lung tissue. TBLC is recommended as an alternative diagnostic technique, which may improve the specificity of hypersensitivity pneumonia detection, and UIP is the most frequent pathological finding.