bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Vaccinated Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Challenged with Virulent B. abortus Strain during Pregnancy
Authors: Adesiyun Abiodun Adewale , Ramnanan Anil , Campbell Mervyn , Asgarali Zinora , Diptee Michael
Published: September 2018

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (RB51) vaccine in preventing abortion in pregnant water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) experimentally challenged using the intravenous route, with a local pathogenic strain of B. abortus biovar 1 (Trinidad 1). Thirty-two female water buffalo calves aged 6-10 months were randomly divided into three groups for the vaccination trial using the subcutaneous route: Group I animals received recommended dose (RD) vaccine twice 4 weeks apart, Group II was vaccinated twice 18 weeks apart and Group III (control) received saline once. At approximately 6 months of pregnancy following natural breeding, the animals were challenged by the intravenous route with 2.5 x 108 to 4.4 x 108 colony forming units of a local strain of B. abortus, Trinidad 1. Blood samples were collected, pre-challenge and post-challenge, for serological assay using the BPAT and the animals were monitored for clinical signs. The bacteriological study was also performed on tissues of the dams and their calves. The frequency of abortion/stillbirths/early neonatal deaths was 55.6% (5/9), 42.9% (3/7) and 40.0% (2/5) for Groups I, II and III dams respectively (P>0.05; χ2). For calves from infected dams, the frequency of isolation of B. abortus Trinidad 1 from the abomasal and rectal swabs was 100.0%, 80.0% and 100.0% for Groups I, II and III animals respectively (P>0.05). It was concluded that vaccination of water buffalo with the RB51 vaccine using the recommended dose was ineffective in preventing infection, abortion, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths.
Introduction: From Republic to Restoration
Authors: Clare Janet
Published: September 2018

FROM Republic to Restoration brings together the work of historians, literary scholars, cultural and music historians with a shared interest in the crossing of the common period boundary of 1660. While recent, more inclusive studies of the seventeenth century have dislodged 1660 as a rigid historiographical divide, relatively few critics have examined the continuum of Republic to Restoration, investigating the features of the Restoration in the context of the legacies, traumas and achievements of the Republic....
Monarchy and commonwealth: ‘republican’ defences of monarchy at the Restoration
Authors: Burgess Glenn
Published: September 2018

For a short time following the Restoration of the Stuarts in 1660 there were writers who used republican ideas to defend and understand the newly restored monarchy. This chapter explores these ideas. It examines the ways in which the ‘commonwealth’ principles used to defend the republican governments of the Interregnum, and the ideas of James Harrington and his Rota club, could be re-directed in 1660-61 to identify monarch as the best form of a commonwealth. In doing this, these writers were also defending a view of limited as opposed to absolute monarchy. The constellation of ideas explored in the chapter is a reminder of the long-term continuity of the view that England was a ‘commonwealth’, as well as reminding us how the concept of ‘commonwealth’ could have multiple applications.
Couplets, commonplaces and the creation of history in The Famous Tragedie of King Charles I (1649) and Cromwell’s Conspiracy (1660)
Authors: Nicosia Marissa
Published: September 2018

This essay tracks the shift from Republic to Restoration through two play pamphlets, The Famous Tragedie (1649) and Cromwell’s Conspiracy (1660). As short plays retelling current events, these play pamphlets are like brief history plays that document the Stuart reign in an era of crisis. Moreover, these playbooks include typographically distinct couplets that encapsulate parliamentarian and royalist positions on history and governance. In particular, the royalist couplets in The Famous Tragedie mourn Charles I and gesture to future readers. These couplets are also marked as commonplaces, or sententious material intended for later use in other contexts. This chapter argues that these plays use couplets and commonplaces to create a royalist political history of the mid-seventeenth century.
‘Plots’ and dissent: the abortive Northern Rebellion of 1663
Authors: Marshall Alan
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines, in the significant contexts of contemporary plot mentalité and plot literature, a supposed plot to stage an armed rising on 12 October 1663, a rising in North-East England that would begin across the counties of Yorkshire, Durham and Westmorland, and erupt into a nationwide rebellion. It raises questions as to whether the 1663 plot was — as it has been frequently depicted — a dangerous threat to the government by some ‘desperate men’, supporters of the ‘good old cause’, who wanted to bring back the English Republic. Or, can it be seen as a mere folie du jour from a few scattered and disgruntled dissenters? Or was it, as some thought at the time, a conveniently manufactured and exaggerated affair designed for public consumption by a government who were scaremongering for their own reasons? In effect, the chapter asks just how serious was this plot and its potential Northern rebellion.
The battle of the books: the Authorized Version and the Book of Common Prayer at the Restoration
Authors: Bagchi David
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the theme of disruption and continuity in English religious life at the Restoration with reference to the differing fortunes of those twin pillars of the Anglican establishment, the Authorized Version of the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer. The AV had commanded broad acceptance under the Commonwealth and its re-authorization in 1660 was unproblematic. The BCP, by contrast, had long been reviled by hotter Protestants for its conservatism, especially in Archbishop William Laud’s 1637 version which had helped trigger civil war. Its re-introduction in 1662 occasioned the resignation of one-fifth of the clergy. This chapter challenges the characterization of the 1662 Prayer Book (in contrast with the AV) as solely divisive, however. It argues that universal acceptance of the book was impossible under the circumstances but that, by rejecting the most offensive Laudian innovations, Convocation successfully minimized the inevitable backlash and avoided any larger-scale secession or civil unrest.
Acts of oblivion: reframing drama, 1649–65
Authors: Clare Janet
Published: September 2018

This chapter challenges conventional and critically resilient scholarly periodization of theatre in which 1660 is seen as inaugurating innovative theatre practice. It demonstrates that the reframing of the drama by William Davenant and Richard Flecknoe during the 1650s left a legacy to the Restoration, a legacy that in texts of the 1660s Davenant and Flecknoe attempted to obviate. Theatre historians have been subsequently reluctant to acknowledge continuities in dramatic practice and theatre production. This chapter argues that the influence of the drama of the 1650s was wide-ranging. Reformed aesthetics, the scenic stage, the female performer, political satire and the representation of love and honour in new world contexts, all aspects of the production of Commonwealth drama, are variously reconstituted in plays of the Restoration stage.
Projecting the Experiment: science and the Restoration
Authors: McCormick Ted
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the fate of Commonwealth-era science during the Restoration through two connected examples: Thomas Sprat’s History of the Royal-Society (1667), and William Petty’s naval project, the ‘Double Bottom’ (1662-1664). In different ways, both examples reveal a similar set of deep ambiguities in the Restoration’s reception of the scientific legacy of the Civil War, Commonwealth, and Protectorate (and in particular of work associated with the Hartlib Circle). In each case, a deliberate excision of political radicalism from the pursuit of productive scientific work is in tension with essential continuities in the nature of the scientific work undertaken, in the articulation of its practical potential, as well as in the problems besetting their execution and preventing their success.
‘The Sport of Bishop-Hunting’: Marvell and the neo-Laudians
Authors: Dzelzainis Martin
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the narratives and counter-narratives about the Civil War that developed after the Restoration. The most contested figure in these narratives was Archbishop William Laud, regarded by Thomas Hobbes and others as personally responsible for the outbreak of the conflict in the 1630s. Laud’s legacy – embraced by the so-called neo-Laudians at Oxford – was debated in a pamphlet exchange between two of the period’s major satirists: Andrew Marvell and Samuel Butler. Their disagreement was at its sharpest concerning a pre-Civil War controversy over licensing a sermon in favour of the Forced Loan by an absolutist cleric, Robert Sibthorp. Marvell’s version of events in The Rehearsal Transpros’d (1672) proved influential in opposition Whig circles, eventually being taken up by the Earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke.
Choosing a captain back for Egypt: Milton and the Restoration
Authors: Chernaik Warren
Published: September 2018

Milton as a republican viewed the restoration of kingship in 1660 with dread. Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes, like the last two books of Paradise Lost, have a specific Restoration historical context, at a time of persecution of former commonwealthsmen and religious Dissenters. In Samson Agonistes, Milton’s protagonist struggles against despair, the feeling that he has been abandoned by God, while recognizing his own responsibility for the humiliating slavery into which he has been plunged. Samson Agonistes and Paradise Regained, published in a single volume in 1671, in their different ways both concern themselves with the problems and temptations facing those who seek to serve God in a hostile, unjust society. The two works explore alternative paths for ‘the spirits of just men long opprest’: in the one case, patience, suffering, bearing ‘tribulations, injuries, insults’ courageously, not expecting redress, and in the other, violent resistance, the slaughter of one’s enemies, in an ending of Milton’s tragedy which has often puzzled and disturbed readers.
‘A Child of Heathen Hobbs’:1 political prints of the Popish Plot and Exclusion Crisis – the revision of a republican mode
Authors: Carlson Christina M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines political prints that responded to the Popish Plot and Exclusion Crisis (1679–82). It compares the political prints of the “Tory” Sir Roger L’Estrange, Licenser to the Press, with that of the “Whig” Stephen College, a “Protestant Joiner”. College was executed for his political cartoon, “A Ra-ree Show”, in 1682. This chapter uses these satirical engravings in order to contextualize the so-called “Tory Reaction” of 1681. It argues that one of the reasons why the Tories were so successful, by most accounts, in their efforts to discredit the Whigs has to do with the concept of loyalism. As the Whig agenda became increasingly tied to republican and non-conformist aims, their connection to loyalism began to dissolve. This made the Whigs vulnerable to challenges to their beliefs and practices both from without (by Tories) and from within (by the mainline elements from inside the Whig party itself).
Introduction: ‘Un paese tutto poetico’ – Byron in Italy, Italy in Byron
Authors: Rawes Alan , Saglia Diego
Published: September 2018

The connection between Byron and Italy is one of the most familiar facts about British Romanticism.1 The poet’s many pronouncements about the country (where he lived between 1816 and 1823), its history, culture and people, as well as about his own experiences in Italy and among Italians, are well known and part of his legend. More particularly, Byron’s debauchery in Venice and would-be heroics in Ravenna are often known even to those acquainted with the poet’s biography only in its most simplified versions. In contrast, though the critical panorama has been changing in recent years, serious attention to Byron’s literary engagement with Italy has tended to be discontinuous. Yet he wrote much of his greatest poetry in Italy, and under its influence, poetry that would have a profound bearing not only on the literature but also the wider culture, history and politics of the whole of Europe, and not least Italy itself....
The literature of Italy in Byron’s poems of 1817–20
Authors: Halmi Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Byron’s The Lament of Tasso and The Prophecy of Dante alongside his translations of Filicaja in the fourth canto of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and Pulci’s Morgante Maggiore. It begins by exploring the ways in which Byron ‘exploited both the writings and the figures of Italian writers (especially the exiled Dante and imprisoned Tasso) to construct his own cosmopolitan poetic identity’, reinventing himself as simultaneously – and ambiguously – an English and an Italian poet. In the translation of Pulci, however, Byron stresses his foreignness to both British and Italian poetic traditions, cutting a cosmopolitan figure not through identity but difference. While in his letters – and, of course, many of his poems – Byron is both British and Italian, Italian literature could also offer the poet a way of being neither.
Byron’s ethnographic eye: the poet among the Italians
Authors: Angeletti Gioia
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Gioia Angeletti examines Byron’s letters to his British correspondents and his journals from the Italian years in order to throw into relief their ‘ethnographic observation of the human and cultural geography of Italy’. Insisting on the contingent reality of the country, rather than an idealised ‘Italy’, these documents show Byron as a cultural mediator between Italy and Britain as he immerses himself in, and offers an insider’s view of, the country’s quotidian life, its ‘anthropological and ethnographic marginalia or minutiae’. However, this chapter also indicates that Byron’s letters home perform a delicate balancing act between immersion and difference, as he retains his Britishness even as he acquires Italianness – an Anglo-Italian doubleness that is a recurrent feature in his more specifically literary writings, too.
The garden of the world: Byron and the geography of Italy
Authors: Pala Mauro
Published: September 2018

This chapter concentrates on Byron’s relation to Italy as geography and landscape. It demonstrates that, while reading his poetry confronts us repeatedly with the poet’s digressive, fluid mobilité, studying his relationship to Italy repeatedly confronts us with his capacity for sustained attention to the given. Yet, as this chapter contends, in Canto IV of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, attending to the given is not simply a matter of ‘seizing’ the ‘colouring of the scenes which fleet along’ for Byron. By contrast, his depictions of Italian cityscapes and landscapes are ‘complex, heterogeneous and personal negotiations’ not just with ‘real places’ but also ‘their attendant histories’. In Byron’s poetry about Italy, these negotiations not only cast place as an essential component in the consciousness that observes it, but also make that consciousness ‘an essential element of place’.
‘Something I have seen or think it possible to see’: Byron and Italian art in Ravenna
Authors: Stabler Jane
Published: September 2018

This chapter centres on the problematic theme of Byron’s relation to the visual arts and Italian art in particular. It offers possible keys for reading Byron’s response to the art of Italy by concentrating not so much on familiar Classical and Renaissance paintings and sculptures, but instead by focusing on the relationship between Byron’s Cain and the church art of Ravenna – its Byzantine mosaics. As there is no evidence that Byron actually saw any of these mosaics, the chapter takes an openly speculative approach to suggest a whole range of ways in which Ravennese visual art might have shaped Cain. In particular, as the chapter intimates, if ‘the form of Cain departs from all Byron’s previously stated aesthetic preferences’, it does not depart ‘from what he could see around him in Ravenna’s religious art’. Thus, the chapter’s speculative method raises some important and fundamental questions about Byron’s possible absorption of all sorts of Italian art works that he never mentions but certainly did see, the creative role of memory in Byron’s poetic responses to the art he encountered in Italy, and the poet’s more general fascination with different ways of seeing and knowing.
‘Something sensible to grasp at’: Byron and Italian Catholicism
Authors: Beatty Bernard
Published: September 2018

This chapter documents the evolution of Byron’s personal and poetic relationship with Catholicism from what was presumably his first real encounter with it at Newstead Abbey in 1798 through to the final cantos of Don Juan and the figure of Aurora Raby. Detailing and exploring Byron’s experience of Italian friars, priests, cardinal legates, a pope and, most importantly, Italian Catholic women, the chapter suggests that, in Catholic Italy, spiritually, Byron found ‘something sensible to grasp at’. Ranging across Byron’s poetic career, the chapter sees the poet begin as a John Knox in response to Catholicism but progressively become not only a thinker of theological precision but also a ‘sympathetic outsider’ and, indeed, even an insider to Italian Catholic experience.
Parisina, Mazeppa and Anglo-Italian displacement
Authors: Graham Peter W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines Parisina (written in England but on an Italian topic) and Mazeppa (written in Italy but on a non-Italian topic) as exemplary instances of Byron’s creation of an Anglo-Italian poetics based on displacement in his narrative verse. It considers them separately and together as a useful way of understanding the ‘intricate fabrication of Byron’s Anglo-Italian identity’. It also considers them ‘in dialogue’ and in relation to Italy in order to throw new light on two works that are generally sidelined in the Byron canon. In Parisina, Byron offers an Italian cautionary tale to Regency England,one in which he can ‘poetically release’ things in his own life that he had to publicly suppress in England. In Mazeppa, instead, Byron explores key aspects of his life in Italy in an imagined location that is displaced from Italy rather than to it. As this essay shows, both narrative poems demonstrate, in contradiction to much critical thinking about Byron, the importance of ‘not being on the spot’ to both the poet’s narrative method and his poetic self-fashioning.
Playing with history: Byron’s Italian dramas
Authors: Horová Mirka
Published: September 2018

This chapter concentrates on Byron’s dramatic representations of Italian history – Marino Faliero, The Two Foscari and The Deformed Transformed. It demonstrates the extent to which ‘play’ – in its performative and sportive, but also competitive and manipulative senses – underpins Byron’s dramatic rendering of Italy in these works. It also highlights how these works combine the carnivalesque and the grotesque to paint a profoundly disturbing picture of Italy’s past. Indeed, Byron’s Italian dramas use Italian history to reflect on the ways in which European historical progress more generally, and the humanising role of art in that progress, repeatedly, endlessly and inevitably descend into sheer violence. As this chapter contends, Byron’s Italian dramas set up a distinctive, coherent and relentless reading of Italian history through particular episodes of it, a reading that places his ideas about the nature of, and the forces ruling, Italian history, but also history more generally, centre-stage.
The politics of international co-operation: neutrality and crisis
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the debates over the meanings of co-operation in the ICA and its members during the inter-war period, tracing their evolution from the end of the First World War throughout the 1920s and 1930s, as the ICA struggled to respond to economic and political challenges of the Great Depression and its aftermath. While many members staunchly defended the principle of co-operative neutrality against those who would align the movement with left or right, the crisis also highlighted the need for the co-operative movement to develop its own ideology and programme, especially if co-operation were to realise its idealistic ambitions to defend peace and democracy. The chapter examines how the ICA responded to the challenges of Bolshevism and Nazism, and considers especially the role of representatives of the Nordic countries, not only in defending political neutrality, but also shaping an idealistic vision of co-operation, based on the legacy of the Rochdale Pioneers.
Nordisk Andelsforbund (NAF), co-operative trade and Nordic co-operation during the interwar period
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

For the vast majority of men and women who joined co-operative societies and used their services, co-operation was ultimately about goods - especially daily staples such as tea, coffee, bread, flour, sugar. The co-operative movement inherited the liberal internationalist belief that trade between nations was the best means to guarantee peace and after 1918 many in the movement continued to defend the principle of free trade, while also arguing however for a new vision of international trade organised on co-operative, rather than competitive principles. The challenge for co-operators was to put this vision into practice. Attempts to establish an International Co-operative Wholesale Society (ICWS) under the auspices of the ICA proved difficult, but there was one conspicuous success in international co-operative trading, namely the Nordic Co-operative Wholesale (NAF), founded in 1918. The NAF was often cited in the ICA as a model, but attempts to emulate it were largely unsuccessful. The chapter considers why this was the case and what it can tell us about relations between different co-operative organisations.
Introduction
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

The central argument of the book is introduced; that the counter-tradition Jeff Wall helped develop with other artists in Vancouver has included a gendered bifurcation of space since its earliest incarnation in 1970 as the "defeatured landscape." The introduction contains brief descriptions of Wall and his peers’ early work in relation to Wall’s international position as leader of the Vancouver School of Photo-Conceptualism; a brief discussion of existing theory about the development of avant-garde movements; and the necessity of understanding the avant-garde in the context of wider social contests of power, in particular settler colonial control over land and male control over women’s bodies and representations of them. The introduction also summarizes the need to intervene in current histories of avant-garde practice, dominant narratives that continue to frame male artists achievements in formal terms divested of the power dynamics that engender them or result from them.
Myth and the ‘home culture concept’
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

Jeff Wall and Ian Wallace’s rejection of ‘home’ and ‘homeland,’ and the primacy of the manifesto as an important polemical tool in framing one’s work, are explored in Chapter 3 in relation to Wall’s art history master’s thesis on the Berlin Dada group, which established “myth” as an anti-critical cultural practice that was broadly applied to much of the cultural activity then active in Vancouver. Vancouver’s seeming “lack of history,” the existence of back-to-the-land intentional communities living outside of the urban centre, the proliferation of other performance and media based art groups, and the influence of visiting American artist Robert Smithson’s earthworks are all examined as cultural expressions deemed a-historical or romantic by photo-conceptualists.
Establishing the theory and practice of a defeatured landscape
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 recounts the emergence of the theory and practice of a “Defeatured Landscape,” the name given in 1970 to a new urban semiotic that would constitute photo-conceptual artists self-defined counter tradition to those cultural practices deemed uncritical, expressionist, and mythical that were explored in Chapter 3. NETCO’s Ruins (1968) and Portfolio of Piles (1968) are examined as important precursors to the defeatured landscape. Dennis Wheeler, Jeff Wall, Ian Wallace and Christos Dikeakos’ art and writing are discussed as examples of defeatured landscapes in relation to their influences: American conceptual artist peers like Dan Graham; Concrete Poetry; awareness of the vehicular landscape; and Surrealism and its legacy in the psycho-geography and dérives of the Situationist International. This history is set against two contrasting examples: the real political conflicts of land development and associated financial speculation going on at the same time in the city; and an accounting of the erotic female bodies who often populate the otherwise defeatured landscapes of the photo-conceptualists. These examples show how the social politics of public space in Vancouver are left out of avant-garde representations of the city through the discursive framing of a landscape not so defeatured after-all.
The 1970s and the gendered spaces of the counter tradition
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

Vancouver artists’ concerns with discourses of theatricality and female gendered spaces are argued as important links between the defeatured landscapes of the 1968-1971 period and the development of large narrative photographs after 1975. The importance of Marcel Duchamp’s readymades to this historical thread are covered in detail, including the documented impact of his work Étant donnés: 1. La chute d/eau, 2. Le gaz d’éclairage(1946-66) on Jeff Wall’s transition towards the tableau format. Using Étant donnés as a fruitful formal and conceptual segue, the feminist content in several of Jeff Wall and Ian Wallace’s works from the mid-to-late 1970s are analysed. This demonstrates how both artists actively integrated feminist theory and ideas into their visual work, even as they directed critical attention away from it by instead stressing their works relationship the history of European avant-garde critique within modernism.
Conclusion
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

The historical evidence of a backlash levied against the Vancouver Art Gallery and the perceived hegemony of the Vancouver School that reached a peak in 1989-1990 is addressed in the conclusion. Diverse groups of artists became critical of the very process of discourse formation that this book reflects upon, and became much more vocal about demanding their inclusion in symposia, exhibitions, and critical writing. Unsurprisingly this backlash dovetails with the rise of foreign investment in condominium development and urban gentrification called “Vancouverism” after Expo 86. The discursive territory of Vancouver photo-conceptualism, built upon the image of a defeatured landscape, became ensconced as an international commercial success just as the public spaces of the city were opened up to the ‘global’ reach of neoliberal capitalism, ensuring that the actual features of the city would be less accessible and more expensive to live in for those artists living there.
Introduction
Authors: Met Philippe , Schilling Derek
Published: September 2018

On the heels of the international hit La Haine (Hate, Mathieu Kassovitz, 1995), France at the close of the millennium saw a spate of bold, self-styled ‘hood’ films set in suburban council estates that critics were prompt to name – justifiably so – ‘films de banlieue’ (...
On the origins of the banlieue film, 1930–80
Authors: Fourcaut Annie
Published: September 2018

Retracing the development of working-class suburbia from the 1930s to the 1980s, this overview of French suburb films points to the capital’s mythical, derelict ‘zone’ as a creative matrix from which subsequent production would draw its primary social types and themes. Home to rag-pickers, streetwalkers and petty criminals, the zone outlying the Paris fortifications supplied powerful images and tropes that reinforced the perceived division between city centre and suburb. Against the backdrop of the transformation of the sordid ‘black belt’ of the interwar zone into the post-war ‘red belt’, Fourcaut details the layered quality of the suburban filmic imaginary through reference to scores of mainstream narrative films. Each period supplies its own representational codes to fulfil relatively stable functions of plot and character while actively taking stock of the changing material and demographic realities of greater Paris. Themes of escapism, poverty and dereliction point toward the ethnically diverse banlieue film that would emerge in the 1980s and most significantly in the mid-1990s.
Georges Franju and the grotesque genius of the banlieue
Authors: Jean Tristan
Published: September 2018

The author addresses the spatial determinations at play in Georges Franju’s French horror masterpiece Les Yeux sans visage (1960), in which a mad scientist bent on reconstructing his daughter’s damaged face tortures and kills the unsuspecting young women he lures to his suburban villa. The author argues for a strong correlation between Franju’s directorial sensibility and the Paris suburbs’ culturally and geographically peripheral status. A locus of untold violence, Dr Génissier’s secluded villa cloaks the extraordinary under the guise of the ordinary to unsettle the film audience in a strong rejection of the nostalgic tones of Jacques Becker’s Casque d’or and of Jacques Tati’s Mon Oncle from the same period. The author relates themes of banishment and disfiguration to the sociological effects of suburban upheaval during the Trente Glorieuses. The story of Dr Génissier’s experiments gone awry – ultimately a story about the duality of victimhood and predatory madness – comes symptomatically to express other social processes at work in French culture of the period.
Tati, suburbia and modernity
Authors: Turvey Malcolm
Published: September 2018

The author reconsiders the commonly held notion that Jacques Tati’s Mon Oncle (1958) adumbrates a negative ‘critique’ of modern suburbia as a space of alienation. The functions given to architectural forms or elements of landscaping on the one hand can be distinguished from the comic uses of these forms onscreen on the other, for instance to satirise bourgeois habits or to reaffirm the prerogatives of childlike creative engagement with the built environment. The director strikes a balance between the mockery of conspicuous consumption and the enchantment of an unruly, unpredictable object world. Attention is paid the narrative of post-war French suburban development, the thunderous reception of Mon Oncle, and the peculiar approach that Tati and chief decorator Jacques Lagrange took to set design and the Arpel villa in particular, which overtly parodies interwar French high modernism. The villa’s stark opposition to the eponymous character’s ramshackle rooming house in suburban St. Maur allows Tati to elicit a specific audience response to shared values of spontaneity and disorder that modernizing tendencies in post-war France were in the process of destroying.
Erasing the suburbs: the grands ensembles in documentary film and television, 1950–80
Authors: Canteux Camille
Published: September 2018

The author explores a three-decade transformation in the audio-visual construction of the grands ensembles, the large-scale housing projects that well before the riots of 2005 had come to typify the blighted French suburb. Analysis is based on films commissioned by the French housing ministry and on television broadcasts aired from the 1950s to the 1980s. The earliest promotional films opposed the grands ensembles to the historic working-class suburbs outlying Paris: where the latter habitat was overcrowded and unhealthy, the rationally planned modern estates promised order, comfort and hygiene. Period documentaries amplified these contrasts the better to ‘erase’ from memory the pre-modern suburb and to make cost-effective mass lodging a national cause. As early as the mid-1960s, the author notes, negative aspects of the grands ensembles – shoddy construction, poor transportation, and scant amenities – came to dominate French screens. From the early 1970s onward, the largest estates were portrayed as immigrant spaces deserted by the middle class and beset with poverty and crime. The state’s attempt to redress the suburb’s image by launching the mixed-use villes nouvelles in the 1970s and 1980s proved unsuccessful, so indelible were these images of suburban blight.
Elusive happiness: screening France’s new towns after 1968
Authors: Schilling Derek
Published: September 2018

Modern French town planning discourse was predicated on the idea that better architecture made for better, happier citizens, with rational architectural principles as the means to a fully realised modernity. After 1968, French filmmakers looked to the suburban new towns to voice the ambiguities and contradictions of rapid urbanisation. In Le Chat (Granier-Deferre, 1972), an ageing couple enter a downward social and psychological spiral as new high-rise construction menaces their decrepit suburban villa. The rough-and-ready La Ville bidon (Jacques Baratier, 1976) shows the struggle of junkmen and their marginalised families to resist expropriation at the hands of a town council that aims to develop a new town on a massive dumpsite. A spoof of streamlined post-modern living, Le Couple témoin (William Klein, 1978) parodies new town rhetoric under the guise of social experiment. The chapter concludes with a double reading of Eric Rohmer’s Les Nuits de la pleine lune (1984) and L’Ami de mon amie (1987) which by turns laud the new towns for their blend of leisure and work and deride their programmed aspect. Dysphoric and euphoric elements of suburban living are related to class-based investments and to the elusive prospect of happiness.
What’s left of the ‘red suburb’? Hervé Le Roux’s Reprise as case study
Authors: Soulez Guillaume
Published: September 2018

On 10 June 1968, in front of the Wonder battery factories in Saint-Ouen, an outraged young woman refuses to return to work despite the trade union’s vote to end the strike. Filmed by an anonymous camera operator, the altercation gives rise to the fabled ten-minute direct film Reprise du travail aux usines Wonder. Tracking down this same woman twenty-five years later, French documentarian Hervé Le Roux makes another film, the aptly titled Reprise (1995), which charts the evolution since 1968 of the working class in the former ‘red belt’ around Paris. His investigation, which results from a negotiation between a place, its inhabitants and a film crew, aims to reconstruct, trace by trace, the relevant places and their social makeup. Arguing for Reprise as a film de banlieue in the strongest possible sense, the author shows how Le Roux weaves working-class left activism back into the site in Saint-Ouen, letting himself be swept along in his depiction by neighbourhood dynamics and popular memory. Rather than trying to revive a more or less faded ‘red suburb’, the film works with the place as it is, providing stark contrast in tone and purpose to its virtual screen contemporary, La Haine (Mathieu Kassovitz, 1995).
Introduction
Authors: Bland Lucy , Carr Richard
Published: September 2018

As politicians and the general public alike debate the meaning of the First World War in the context of recent centennial anniversaries, this volume contributes to the discussion over what the conflict meant for various facets of British radicalism, broadly interpreted. The book emerges from a public conference held at Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge on 3 May 2014, which saw papers from academics and archivists, and was attended by a divergent range of people from local Labour activists to doctoral students. The discussions seen at this event explored various social, economic and political themes related to Britain’s path between 1914 and 1918 – and thus this book crosses over a number of historiographical debates too. The aim with the following introduction is not to provide a sweeping discussion of all facets of this work, but to draw out the relevant key themes and discussion points....
At the crossroads: the Labour Party, the trade unions and the choices of direction for the democratic left
Authors: Wrigley Chris
Published: September 2018

Wrigley provides a vital sweeping overview of the path the British Labour Party took during the war. Utilising comparative data highlighting the labour movement across Europe, Wrigley shows how the trade union movement played a key role in the growth of Labour Party in a much needed transnational context. Here we see Labour moving from the status of a client of the Liberals in the summer of 1914 to one where it could meaningfully compete to form a government of its own in under a decade.
‘One of the most revolutionary proposals that has ever been put before the House’: the passage of the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918
Authors: Takayanagi Mari
Published: September 2018

Mari Takayanagi’s chapter examines the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act of November 1918 whose significance has been largely overlooked, all attention centring on the Act earlier that year which gave women over thirty (with a small property qualification) the right to vote. Takayanagi convincingly argues that the Act’s radicalism and contribution to gender equality needs greater recognition.
Labour and socialism during the First World War in Bristol and Northampton
Authors: Kidd Matthew
Published: September 2018

In his chapter on the broad labour movements in Bristol and Northampton, Matthew Kidd invites us to re-think our assumptions about the First World War changing everything concerning British capitalism. Piloting wider discussions surrounding the concordats between labour and capital, and indeed between men and women, through the prism of these two local case studies, Kidd provides a valuable discussion of British political culture during the conflict. Refining the work of Patrick Joyce amongst others, Kidd explores questions of class and the degree to which the war changed the way workers conceptualised the world around them.
A stronghold of liberalism? The north-east Lancashire cotton weaving districts and the First World War
Authors: Southern Jack
Published: September 2018

Jack Southern’s chapter explores the impact of the outbreak of war on the weaving districts of north-east Lancashire, with particular reference to Burnley, the ‘world’s weaving centre’, where 40% of male labour and 76% of female labour worked in the cotton industry.
Living through war, waging peace: comparing Mary Macarthur and Sylvia Pankhurst
Authors: Thom Deborah
Published: September 2018

Deborah Thom compares two central figures who were organisers of women during the war: Mary Macarthur and Sylvia Pankhurst. The contrast between them shows some of the problems of historical naturalism assuming that either socialist or feminist is a unitary category. Three main contrasts emerge by comparing their wartime agitation – the question of the state, the role of independent women’s organisation and the idea of what is the legitimate sphere of political action for labouring women.
The unsung heroines of radical wartime activism: gender, militarism and collective action in the British Women’s Corps
Authors: Robert Krisztina
Published: September 2018

Drawing on wartime press articles and photographs, post-war memoirs and oral history interviews, Krisztina Robert identifies two main strategies, both actual and discursive, through which the women constructed the meaning of their work in the British Women’s Corps. The first one, militarisation, entailed working under martial discipline at military sites, wearing service uniforms of khaki (controversial for some) and performing duties previously done by soldiers, sailors and airmen. The second strategy included a strong emphasis on occupational training and/or previous experience as an entry condition into the Corps, with emphasis on the mental and physical difficulty of the jobs and the use of modern technology in the work processes
Charlie Chaplin’s war: a British radical in tumultuous times
Authors: Carr Richard
Published: September 2018

Carr’s chapter builds on his recent biography of the filmmaker Charlie Chaplin, who rose to become the most famous man in cinema, and one of the famous in the world, all told. British born Chaplin would view the war from the comfortable surroundings of Los Angeles, California, but he would be profoundly shaped by its developments. This essay teases out his reaction to the conflict, and the controversy his reluctance to serve at the front generated. It then moves on to discuss how the conflict affected his own left wing politics, which were always of a radical nature but did not universally subscribe to the increasing consensus that the big state was a force for good.
Russia’s war and revolutions as seen by Morgan Philips Price and Arthur Henderson
Authors: Davis Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Davis recounts how 1917 served as a formative moment in the development of two influential left-leaning voices, and by extension, the Labour Party itself. Through analysing the then liberal journalist Morgan Phillips Price – later to join Labour and, from 1929, serve as an MP – and Arthur Henderson, then Labour leader and a member of the Lloyd George Cabinet, we gain a new perspective on Labour’s shifting sands. Charting the shift such men made from being uncomfortable opposing the Liberals to, by 1918, being willing to back Clause IV and all the nationalising elements there within, Davis reconfigures the Russian Revolution as a significant influence in the development of the British Labour Party.
John of Salisbury and the medieval Roman renaissance
Authors: O'Daly Irene
Published: September 2018

John of Salisbury (c. 1120–80) is a key figure of the twelfth-century renaissance. A student at the cosmopolitan schools of medieval Paris, an associate of Thomas Becket and an acute commentator on society and rulership, his works and letters give unique insights into the political culture of this period. This volume reassesses the influence of classical sources on John’s political writings, investigating how he accessed and used the ideas of his ancient predecessors. By looking at his quotations from and allusions to classical works, O’Daly shows that John not only borrowed the vocabulary of his classical forbears, but explicitly aligned himself with their philosophical positions. She illustrates John’s profound debt to Roman Stoicism, derived from the writings of Seneca and Cicero, and shows how he made Stoic theories on duties, virtuous rulership and moderation relevant to the medieval context. She also examines how John’s classical learning was filtered through patristic sources, arguing that this led to a unique synthesis between his political and theological views. The book places famous elements of John’s political theory - such as his model of the body-politic, his views on tyranny - in the context of the intellectual foment of the classical revival and the dramatic social changes afoot in Europe in the twelfth century. In so doing, it offers students and researchers of this period a novel investigation of how Stoicism comprises a ‘third way’ for medieval political philosophy, interacting with – and at times dominating – neo-Platonism and proto-Aristotelianism.
Introduction
Authors: O'Daly Irene
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the life and works of John of Salisbury, as well as an overview of existing scholarship on this key figure of the twelfth-century Renaissance. It presents the method of the study, namely to look at John of Salisbury’s writings in the context in which they were produced, as well as introducing the principal argument of the monograph - that John’s works were influenced by Roman Stoic writing to a degree that has thus far been underestimated. It concludes by investigating annotations appended to early examples of John’s Policraticus, suggesting they provide an insight into how the text was first read.
Defining duties: the cooperative model of the polity
Authors: O'Daly Irene
Published: September 2018

This chapter brings the question of appropriate duties to the fore, looking at their implications for life in the polity. It introduces the concept ofoikeiosis, illustrating how it was a fundamental aspect of the works of the Roman Stoics that ensured the performance of reciprocal duties throughout the polity. It argues that John’s account of political relationships was influenced by this concept, suggesting that he transformed aspects of it to suit a Christian model of ethics. It introduces the metaphor of the body politic, with particular reference to its Ciceronian roots, and argues that it demonstrates reciprocal political relationships in action.
Political relationships in context: the body politic
Authors: O'Daly Irene
Published: September 2018

This chapter takes an indepth look at John’s famous metaphor of the body politic. After comparing his model to those of his contemporaries, it notes that John takes the metaphor a step further by exploiting its physiology to suit his political theory. It looks in detail at John’s alleged letter from Plutarch to Trajan, examining the offices of the polity in turn. It looks first at internal, decision-making, offices of the body politic, then at it external, active, offices, before turning to the contested relationship between the prince and priesthood, its head and its soul.
The princely head
Authors: O'Daly Irene
Published: September 2018

This chapter opens with a treatment of two of the cardinal virtues - fortitude and justice - virtues which have particular relevance for the prince. It suggests that, just as the good prince is obliged to be virtuous, so the tyrant is defined by his lack of respect for the virtues and moderation. It investigates John’s account of tyranny in detail, looking at his grounds for validating tyrannicide. It situates John’s political theories in their context of production by looking his presentation of three contemporary political events - the reign of King Stephen, the activities of Frederick Barbarossa, and the exile and subsequent murder of Thomas Becket.
The politics of identity: making and disrupting identity
Authors: Agius Christine , Keep Dean
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the ways in which identity claims and identity fragmentation have played a significant role in reshaping the global political agenda. The disruptions to the post-Cold War international order and increased insecurity and political unrest have also impacted the way we debate and conceptualise identity. Globalisation and critiques of ‘identity politics’, however, have important effects for understanding the ‘politics of identity’ and the ways in which ideas about identity constitute not only subjects but states and organisations. This chapter examines some of the contours of these debates with a view to refocussing attention on the politics of identity, specifically regarding how identity works, and the effects (and affects) it produces.