bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real‐world use of Control‐IQ™ technology automated insulin delivery in pregnancy: A case series with qualitative interviews
Authors: Wang Xinye Serena , Dunlop Amy D. , McKeen Julie A. , Feig Denice S. , Donovan Lois E.
Published: March 2023

Background

Most commercially available automated insulin delivery (AID) systems are not approved for pregnancy use. Information regarding use of the Tandem t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control‐IQ™ technology in pregnancy is lacking.

Aims

This case series aimed to explore glycaemic and qualitative experiences of four early adopters of Control‐IQ technology in pregnancy.

Methods

Participants used Control‐IQ technology in pregnancy and postpartum and consented to analysis of glycaemic data and semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Case 1 began Control‐IQ technology at 10 weeks gestation. Her pregnancy glucose time‐in‐range (3.5–7.8 mmol/L [63–140 mg/dL]) increased from 58.7% to 73.3% by third trimester. Cases 2–4 began using Control‐IQ technology 0–2 months preconception. Pregnancy time‐in‐range glucose increased from 73.4% to 78.7%, 78% to 83.6%, and 46.5% to 71.9% between first and third trimesters, respectively. A mid‐pregnancy decline in time‐in‐range glucose was observed in two of the four participants related to suboptimal pump setting adjustments and delays in sensor and infusion set replacement. No diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycaemia occurred. All participants reported reduced diabetes management burden and improved sleep with Control‐IQ technology use.

Conclusions

Early adopters of Control‐IQ technology safely used this system off‐label in pregnancy and reported reduced diabetes management burden and improved sleep. The largest glycaemic improvements were observed among those with the lowest pregnancy time‐in‐range glucose at the beginning of pregnancy. Participants with low pregnancy glucose time‐in‐range increased their time‐in‐range with Control‐IQ technology use and participants with high pregnancy glucose time‐in‐range maintained and increased their time‐in‐range with less diabetes management burden.
Head injuries caused by contact with teeth during sports and exercise activities in Japanese schools during the period 2012–2018
Authors: Kanemitsu Anna , Nakajima Kazunori , Tsutsui Arata , Sakaue Takahiro , Togo Shinji , Takeda Tomotaka , Fukuda Kenichi
Published: March 2023

Background/Aim

During sports activities, teeth‐related contact can cause injury to both ally and opponent players, which can lead to potential infections and aesthetic problems. However, the extent of such injuries remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the frequency and situation of head injuries caused by teeth (HICBT) occurring under the supervision of schools in Japan.

Material and Methods

HICBT records were extracted from the Japan Sport Council data on head injuries occurring reported during the 7‐year period from 2012 to 2018 under the supervision of schools in Japan.

Results

Of the total 463,527 head injury cases during the study period, 4495 cases (approximately 1%) were HICBT. Of the HICBT cases, 3650 (81.20%) were related to sports and athletic activity. Such injuries were reported to occur most often during basketball with a rate of 57.07% and 50.43%; soccer/futsal was the next most common sport with a rate of 13.38% and 24.01% in junior high school and high school students. Tag games were responsible for a similar number of HICBT cases at 22.73% and 39.03% in kindergartens and elementary school students.

Conclusions

A total of 4495 cases of HICBT were identified, accounting for about 1% of all head injuries under the supervision of schools in Japan during the study period. This result reminds us that our teeth could be the weapon against the players during sports events. HICBTs occurring during basketball and soccer/futsal, in which mouthguards are not mandatory, were conspicuous among junior and senior high school students. Active use of mouthguards in various sports will protect players as well as their teammates and opponents. Sports dentists should encourage the revision of rules, such as mandating the use of mouthguards, in popular sports with a high incidence of HICBT, such as basketball and soccer/futsal.
Molecular 14C evidence for contrasting turnover and temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter components
Authors: Jia Juan , Liu Zongguang , Haghipour Negar , Wacker Lukas , Zhang Hailong , Sierra Carlos A. , Ma Tian , Wang Yiyun , Chen Litong , Luo Ao , Wang Zhiheng , He Jin‐Sheng , Zhao Meixun , Eglinton Timothy I. , Feng Xiaojuan
Published: March 2023

Climate projection requires an accurate understanding for soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and its response to warming. An emergent view considers that environmental constraints rather than chemical structure alone control SOC turnover and its temperature sensitivity (i.e., Q10), but direct long‐term evidence is lacking. Here, using compound‐specific radiocarbon analysis of soil profiles along a 3300‐km grassland transect, we provide direct evidence for the rapid turnover of lignin‐derived phenols compared with slower‐cycling molecular components of SOC (i.e., long‐chain lipids and black carbon). Furthermore, in contrast to the slow‐cycling components whose turnover is strongly modulated by mineral association and exhibits low Q10, lignin turnover is mainly regulated by temperature and has a high Q10. Such contrasts resemble those between fast‐cycling (i.e., light) and mineral‐associated slow‐cycling fractions from globally distributed soils. Collectively, our results suggest that warming may greatly accelerate the decomposition of lignin, especially in soils with relatively weak mineral associations.
Bilevel Topic Model‐Based Multitask Learning for Constructed‐Responses Multidimensional Automated Scoring and Interpretation
Authors: Xiong Jiawei , Li Feiming
Published: March 2023

Multidimensional scoring evaluates each constructed‐response answer from more than one rating dimension and/or trait such as lexicon, organization, and supporting ideas instead of only one holistic score, to help students distinguish between various dimensions of writing quality. In this work, we present a bilevel learning model for combining two objectives, the multidimensional automated scoring, and the students’ writing structure analysis and interpretation. The dual objectives are enabled by a supervised model, called Latent Dirichlet Allocation Multitask Learning (LDAMTL), integrating a topic model and a multitask learning model with an attention mechanism. Two empirical data sets were employed to indicate LDAMTL model performance. On one hand, results suggested that LDAMTL owns better scoring and QW‐κ values than two other competitor models, the supervised latent Dirichlet allocation, and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers at the 5% significance level. On the other hand, extracted topic structures revealed that students with a higher language score tended to employ more compelling words to support the argument in their answers. This study suggested that LDAMTL not only demonstrates the model performance by conjugating the underlying shared representation of each topic and learned representation from the neural networks but also helps understand students’ writing.
Human papilloma virus‐16‐specificCD8+ T‐cell expansions characterize different clinical forms of lichen planus and not lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
Authors: Viguier Manuelle , Pérals Corine , Poirier Béatrice , Battistella Maxime , Aubin François , Bachelez Hervé , Prétet Jean‐Luc , Gheit Tarik , Tommasino Massimo , Touzé Antoine , Gougeon Marie‐Lise , Fazilleau Nicolas
Published: March 2023

Lichen planus (LP) is a cutaneomucosal chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a CD8+cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTL) infiltrate. In erosive oral LP, we found HPV16‐specific activated CTL in lesions, supporting a pathogenic contribution of HPV16. Here, we investigated whether a similar scenario occurs in other clinical forms of LP and in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA), another chronic disease also affecting the mucosa and/or the skin. Blood CTL from LP and LSA patients expressed significant higher levels of granzyme B, perforin and CD107a proteins than healthy donors. Expansions of TCRVß3+CTL, with presence of TCR clonotypes identical to those previously detected in erosive oral LP, were found both in blood and mucosal/skin lesions of LP, and not of LSA patients. These expansions were enriched with HPV16‐specific CD8+T‐cells as shown by their recognition of the E711‐20immunodominant epitope. In LSA patients, the peripheral repertoire of CTL was oligoclonal for TCRVß6+CTL. Finally, although patients with LP and LSA have developed antibodies against HPV16 capsid L1, antibodies against HPV16 E6 were only observed in patients with LP. Overall, our data collectively suggest an involvement of HPV16‐specific CTL in different clinical forms of LP, not only in erosive oral LP, while a different scenario operates in LSA.
Simulation research on knowledge flow in a collaborative innovation network
Authors: Su Yi , Jiang Xuesong
Published: March 2023

This study takes diffusion capacity, absorptive capacity, and relationship strength as the main influencing factors, constructs models of knowledge flow in small‐world networks and scale‐free networks, and uses numerical simulation to observe the flow characteristics of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge in different networks. The knowledge of explicit flow in different networks exhibits the phenomenon of knowledge emergence, but this phenomenon is more obvious in a small‐world network. The flow of tacit knowledge in a small‐world network has a better effect. In a scale‐free network, the quantity and frequency of knowledge flow are significantly higher than those in a small‐world network. The reason for this phenomenon is the differences in the response, connection and structure of different networks. The quantity and frequency of the flow of explicit knowledge in the same network are significantly higher than those of tacit knowledge. The reason for this phenomenon is the different types of knowledge flow in different modes, with different levels of flow difficulty and flow sustainability. First, this study visually compares the differences in flow between the two types of knowledge. Second, flow models of the two types of knowledge are constructed, and the flow characteristics of the two types of knowledge in different networks are simulated. Finally, the reasons for the differences in flow between the two types of knowledge are explained by using loosely coupled theory.
PriMed: Private federated training and encrypted inference on medical images in healthcare
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Aparna , Kulkarni Narayan P. , Raghavendra Chethan B. , Manjappa Raghavendra , Honnavalli Prasad , Eswaran Sivaraman
Published: March 2023

In healthcare, patient information is a sparse critical asset considered as private data and is often protected by law. It is also the domain which is least explored in the field of Machine Learning. The main reason for this is to build efficient artificial intelligence (AI) based models for preliminary diagnosis of various diseases, it would require a large corpus of data which can be obtained by pooling in patient information from multiple sources. However, for these sources to agree to sharing their data across distributed systems for training algorithms and models, there has to be an assurance that there will be no disclosure of the personally identifiable information (PII) of the respective Data Owners. This paper proposes PriMed, an approach to build robust privacy preserving additions to convolutional neural networks (CNN) for training and performing inference on medical images without compromising privacy. Since privacy of the data is preserved, large amounts of data can be effectively accumulated to increase the accuracy and efficiency of AI models in the field of healthcare. This involves implementing a hybrid of privacy‐enhancing techniques like Federated Learning, Differential Privacy, and Homomorphic Encryption to provide a private and secure environment for learning through data.
Effect of kidney bean extract on phytohaemagglutinin activity, functional properties, and the estimated glycaemic index in‐vitro
Authors: AL‐Ansi Waleed , Wang Yunji , Fan Mingcong , Li Yan , Qian Haifeng , Wang Li
Published: March 2023

This study aimed to decrease the activity of phytohaemagglutinins and kidney bean α‐amylase activity in some selected stable foods. Kidney bean α‐amylase inhibitors may inhibit mammalian α‐amylase, reducing the estimated glycaemic index (eGI). The effect of temperature, pH and protease pretreatment on PHA activity in the crude extract was investigated. Besides, the inhibitory effect of kidney bean extract on α‐amylase activity and properties was assessed. Results showed that the PHA activity was decreased to 6.97% from the aqueous extract of kidney beans, while the α‐AI activity was retained by 85.89% by acid protease treatment. The extract's α‐amylase inhibitory activity remained at 87.37% following simulation in a gastric environment, whereas no effect was observed in a simulated intestinal environment. Adding 3% of the extract decreased the eGI of bread, rice, steamed bread, and steamed corn bread from 65.00, 71.65, 68.17, and 63.41 to 30.69, 39.51, 22.30, and 19.69, respectively. The processing method of crude kidney bean extract examined in this study has significant reference value for the development of kidney bean α‐amylase inhibitors and can enhance the intensive processing level and industrial development value of kidney beans worldwide. This discovery suggests that kidney bean extracts can be used to develop foods with a low GI.
What can stop the ‘pester power’? A longitudinal study on the impact of children's audiovisual media consumption on media‐motivated food purchase requests
Authors: Binder Alice , Matthes Jörg
Published: March 2023

Background

In modern audiovisual media, children are confronted with an endless stream of food advertising. Thus, companies can undermine parents' best efforts to feed their children healthy foods. Indeed, parents often describe that their children request specific foods depicted in media, most of which are high in fat, salt, and/or sugar.

Objectives

Longitudinal research on the factors influencing media‐motivated food purchase requests remains scarce.

Methods

In a panel study, pairing data of N = 529 children (6–11 years) and one of their parents (N = 529), we examined how children's individual factors (i.e., age and body mass index [BMI]), their audiovisual media consumption, and different parental mediation styles are associated with parents' perceptions of children's media‐motivated food purchase requests.

Results

While age was negatively related and children's BMI positively related to children's media‐motivated food purchase requests, we found no overall effect of children's audiovisual media consumption. Interestingly, talking with children about foods during or after viewing (i.e., conversation‐oriented communication about foods depicted in media) increased media‐motivated food purchase requests, most likely by fostering the cognitive availability of food products. Restrictive media mediation exerted a negative effect (i.e., reduced purchase requests).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that restricting exposure to food advertising in the media may be more powerful in stopping the ‘pester power’ than previously thought. Thus, policy‐supporting restrictions on depicting unhealthy foods in media content targeted at children may be helpful.
Blockchain adoption and application in closed‐loop production under information asymmetry
Authors: Li Jian , Li Yongming , Lai Kin Keung
Published: March 2023

Although the decentralization and traceability features of blockchain technology are crucial for fostering closed‐loop production, there are numerous obstacles and insufficient incentives for its implementation. This paper constructs the analysis framework of blockchain adoption and application in closed‐loop production, including four parts: blockchain adoption incentive contract, condition analysis of blockchain application, revenue analysis of blockchain application, and information screening analysis of blockchain application. It is found that the adoption incentive contract is an important driving force to promote manufacturer to apply blockchain technology, and the manufacturer needs to pay information rent to the consumer under information asymmetry. The manufacturer can obtain consumer traceability preference and realize information screening between the manufacturer and consumer. Consumer traceability preference for new products can better promote traceable information technology level and closed‐loop revenue. This research is of great significance in promoting sustainable closed‐loop production.
Mining the potential therapeutic targets for COVID‐19 infection in patients with severe burn injuries via bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Cai Xueyao , Deng Jing , Shi Wenjun , Cai Yuchen , Ma Zhengzheng
Published: March 2023

The Coronavirus Disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic is posing a serious challenge to human health. Burn victims are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection leading to delayed recovery and even profound debilitation. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying COVID‐19 and severe burn are yet to be elucidated. In our work, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from GSE157852 and GSE19743, and the common DEGs between COVID‐19 and severe burn were extracted. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), protein–protein interactions (PPI), gene coexpression network, and multifactor regulatory network analysis of hub genes were carried out. A total of 44 common DEGs were found between COVID‐19 and severe burn. Functional analyses indicated that the pathways of immune regulation and cytokine response participated collectively in the development of severe burn and progression of COVID‐19. Ten significant hub genes were identified, including MERTK, SIRPA, TLR3, ITGB1, DPP4, PTPRC, LY75, IFIT1, IL4R, and CD2. In addition, the gene coexpression network and regulatory network were constructed containing 42 microRNAs (miRNAs) and 2 transcription factors (TFs). Our study showed the shared pathogenic link between COVID‐19 and severe burn. The identified common genes and pivotal pathways pave a new road for future mechanistic researches in severe burn injuries complicated with COVID‐19.
Acellular fish skin for wound healing
Authors: Esmaeili Ali , Biazar Esmaeil , Ebrahimi Maryam , Heidari Keshel Saeed , Kheilnezhad Bahareh , Saeedi Landi Farzaneh
Published: March 2023

Fish skin grafting as a new skin substitute is currently being used in clinical applications. Acceleration of the wound healing, lack of disease transmission, and low cost of the production process can introduce fish skin as a potential alternative to other grafts. An appropriate decellularization process allows the design of 3D acellular scaffolds for skin regeneration without damaging the morphology and extracellular matrix content. Therefore, the role of decellularization processes is very important to maintain the properties of fish skin. In this review article, recent studies on various decellularization processes as well as biological, physical, and mechanical properties of fish skin and its applications with therapeutic effects in wound healing were investigated.
Effect of small additions of Li2O on phase separation and crystallization of barium‐silicate glasses
Authors: Kajihara Takato , Akatsuka Kosho , Hijiya Hiroyuki , Yoshida Satoshi , Mitsuta Aran , Gao Hongye , Fujino Shigeru , Hata Satoshi
Published: March 2023

It is known that the addition of Li2O to 33.3BaO‐66.7SiO2 glass, whose composition is the same as BaSi2O5, promotes crystallization of BaSi2O5. In this study, in order to clarify the effect of a smaller amount of Li2O, xLi2O‐(30‐x)BaO‐70SiO2[mol%] (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5) glasses were prepared. The main crystalline phases in the heat treatments near the maximum crystallization peak temperature, were high‐BaSi2O5 and low‐BaSi2O5 which transformed from high‐BaSi2O5. It is found that the introduction of only 0.2 mol% and 0.5 mol% Li2O significantly changes the crystallization behavior. In the composition without Li2O, only high‐BaSi2O5 was formed after heat treatment even for 24 h. For compositions containing Li2O, low‐BaSi2O5 was formed within 1 h of heat treatment. In these compositions, it is found that the addition of Li2O enhances phase separation in the early stage of heat treatment, resulting in the formation of Si‐rich droplet phases and Ba‐rich phases. The composition of the Ba rich glass phase would be close to the stoichiometric composition of BaSi2O5, suggesting a significant change in crystallization behavior.
Association of atopic dermatitis with conjunctivitis and other ocular surface diseases: A bidirectional two‐sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Zhou Weixin , Cai Jie , Li Zifan , Lin Ying
Published: March 2023

Background

Observational studies have suggested associations of atopic dermatitis (AD) with conjunctivitis and other ocular surface diseases (OSDs). It is still unclear, however, whether or in which direction causal relationships exist, because these associations could be confounded.

Objective

Our study aims to examine the causal association of AD with conjunctivitis and other OSDs.

Methods

A bidirectional two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was performed with genome‐wide association study (GWAS) summary‐level statistics. Genetic instruments for AD from a GWAS meta‐analysis study conducted by the EArly Genetics & Lifecourse Epidemiology eczema consortium were used to investigate AD's relationships to conjunctivitis and other OSDs among cases from the FinnGen consortium. Genetic correlations were calculated using linkage disequilibrium score regression. Causal estimates were derived by the inverse‐variance weighted method and were verified through a series of sensitivity analyses.

Results

Genetically predicted AD linked to higher risk of conjunctivitis (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.33–1.65; p = 8.65 × 10−13) and allergic conjunctivitis (OR, 1.53; 95%CI, 1.31–1.77; p = 3.77 × 10−8), as well as atopic conjunctivitis (OR, 1.76; 95%CI, 1.24–2.52; p = 1.76 × 10−3). Additionally, suggestive causal effects of AD on chronic conjunctivitis (OR, 1.76; 95%CI, 1.24–2.52; p = 5.78 × 10−3) and keratitis (OR, 1.14; 95%CI, 1.01–1.30; p = 3.58 × 10−2) were found. No significant causal effect of AD was identified in relation to keratitis, keratoconus and pterygium. Concerning the reverse directions, no significant associations were noted.

Conclusions

Findings of this MR study support a causal effect between AD and conjunctivitis, but not vice versa. These findings have clinical implications for the management of AD and conjunctivitis.
Stockpiling intentions and customer well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Singh Gurmeet , Slack Neale J. , Sharma Shavneet , Dhir Amandeep
Published: March 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic and associated factors influence customers' stockpiling intentions. This study examines the impact of various factors on customers' stockpiling intentions. It develops a model combining threat severity and fear of COVID‐19, customer well‐being dimensions, and constructs relating to the theories of planned behavior and competitive arousal to explain the effect of these on stockpiling intentions. Adopting a quantitative design, we analyzed data from 476 respondents using covariance‐based structural equation modeling. The empirical results confirm that threat severity (with the fear of COVID‐19 as a mediator) and fear of COVID‐19 positively influenced individuals' attitudes toward stockpiling. Additionally, a positive attitude toward stockpiling, subjective norms that support stockpiling, the degree of perceived behavioral control, perceived scarcity, and time pressure positively influence stockpiling intentions. This study's findings thus contribute to a better understanding of customers' stockpiling intentions during a crisis and assist policymakers in developing effective COVID‐19 response and recovery strategies.
Advanced imaging of head and neck infections
Authors: Baba Akira , Kurokawa Ryo , Kurokawa Mariko , Reifeiss Scott , Policeni Bruno A , Ota Yoshiaki , Srinivasan Ashok
Published: March 2023

When head and neck infection is suspected, appropriate imaging contributes to treatment decisions and prognosis. While contrast‐enhanced CT is the standard imaging modality for evaluating head and neck infections, MRI can better characterize the skull base, intracranial involvement, and osteomyelitis, implying that these are complementary techniques for a comprehensive assessment. Both CT and MRI are useful in the evaluation of abscesses and thrombophlebitis, while MRI is especially useful in the evaluation of intracranial inflammatory spread/abscess formation, differentiation of abscess from other conditions, evaluation of the presence and activity of inflammation and osteomyelitis, evaluation of mastoid extension in middle ear cholesteatoma, and evaluation of facial neuritis and labyrinthitis. Apparent diffusion coefficient derived from diffusion‐weighted imaging is useful for differential diagnosis and treatment response of head and neck infections in various anatomical sites. Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI perfusion may be useful in assessing the activity of skull base osteomyelitis. MR bone imaging may be of additional value in evaluating bony structures of the skull base and jaw. Dual‐energy CT is helpful in reducing metal artifacts, evaluating deep neck abscess, and detecting salivary stones. Subtraction CT techniques are used to detect progressive bone‐destructive changes and to reduce dental amalgam artifacts. This article provides a region‐based approach to the imaging evaluation of head and neck infections, using both conventional and advanced imaging techniques.
Development and validation of the Benevolent Sexism in the Workplace scale
Authors: Warren Catherine , Wax Amy , Brush Olivia T. , Magalona Joie , Galvez Gino
Published: March 2023

Benevolent sexism is a set of attitudes towards women that are paternalistic and condescending but superficially kind, resulting in a host of negative intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences for its targets. While researchers have investigated benevolent sexism in general contexts for decades, only recently have researchers begun to explore the context of the workplace. This new focus on the workplace requires scale development and validation to appropriately measure the construct in this context. In line with this goal, the purpose of the study was to develop and validate the Benevolent Sexism in the Workplace (BSW) scale. Results from three studies indicated that the 19‐item BSW scale demonstrated robust initial evidence of reliability and validity. Specifically, Study 1 indicated that the BSW demonstrated the evidence of internal consistency and reliability across time, confirmed the predicted two‐factor structure through exploratory factor analysis and demonstrated that the scale predicted theoretically‐linked criterion variables. In Study 2, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the BSW factor structure found in Study 1 among a sample of working students, as well as examined additional, theoretically‐linked workplace criterion variables. Finally, in Study 3, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis and concurrent validity analyses provided additional support for the BSW factor structure and validity in a sample of working adults. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
How dental teams can help patients with temporomandibular disorders receive general dental care: An International Delphi process
Authors: Allison James R. , Offen Elizabeth , Cowley Terrie , Clare Deanne , Bergman Suzie , Feldman Jennifer Ginsburg , Schmidt Lisa Marie , Kalinowski Tricia , Türp Jens C. , Manfredini Daniele , Nixdorf Donald R. , DePalma Ann‐Marie C. , Durham Justin ,   International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology (INfORM)
Published: March 2023

Background

Many patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) find it difficult to undergo dental care due to challenges caused by their condition, previous temporomandibular joint surgery or invasive dental procedures, and the impact of comorbid conditions. Managing routine dental care for some patients with TMD can be seen as challenging by some dental practitioners.

Objective

The objective of this study was to work with patients experiencing TMD and clinicians to co‐produce recommendations aimed at helping general dentists to provide routine dental care for patients with TMD.

Methods

A modified Delphi process was used to co‐produce recommendations. Six patients experiencing TMD, patient advocates and seven clinicians took part, including international TMD clinicians. Two meetings were held with patient participants, mediated by a trained facilitator. Recommendations suggested by patient participants were distributed to clinicians who were asked to add additional suggestions, but not to modify patients' recommendations unless to aid clarity. Additional themes were identified from the existing literature, and the recommendations were then reviewed by the International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology (INfORM) consortium.

Results

Recommendations were given to support patients before, during and after dental treatment. Participants identified specific and practical recommendations to help patients with TMD receive routine dental care, but also emphasised the need for professionals to listen sensitively to patients' concerns and work with patients in an empathetic and non‐judgmental way.

Conclusion

These recommendations, co‐developed with patients experiencing TMD, should help dental professionals to provide supportive general dental care for patients with TMD.
The development of professional identity in clinical psychologists: A scoping review
Authors: Schubert Samantha , Buus Niels , Monrouxe Lynn V. , Hunt Caroline
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Our professional identity refers to our sense of who we are and how we should behave as professionals. Professional identities are developed through socialisation processes: Established ways of knowing and doing are acquired and reproduced. The professional identities of health care professionals have implications for the realisation of health care reforms that require new ways of being and doing from clinicians. Tension and frustration can arise when professional identities are incongruent with reform directions. More knowledge is required about the professional identities of mental health care professionals—including clinical psychologists—so that they can be supported to develop professional identities that align with health care system reforms.

Method

We undertook a scoping review of existing literature aiming to (i) identify the relevant literature; (ii) review the literature quality; (iii) thematically summarise the literature findings; (iv) consult with clinical psychologists; and (v) identify recommendations for research, training and practice.

Results

A systematic database search (PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science) identified 24 relevant published articles and dissertations. Quantitative studies were excluded due to their markedly different research focus. Included studies were independently reviewed and findings summarised. Findings were organised around three themes: ‘integration of personal and professional identities’, ‘intersectionality’ and ‘changes in professional identity over time’. Research quality issues were identified. The trustworthiness of the findings was corroborated in consultation with clinical psychologists.

Discussion

Clinical psychologists recognise their professional identities as being interrelated with their personal identities and changing over time. They recognised professional identity as important yet inadequately considered in the profession. The research area is emerging yet remains undertheorised and requires improved research methodologies. Future theoretically informed research is required to build up a credible research base to better understand the development of clinical psychologists' professional identities so that this process can be facilitated to enable the realisation of health care reforms.
Joint pricing and inventory management under minimax regret
Authors: Li Chengzhang , Lu Mengshi
Published: March 2023

We study the problem of jointly optimizing the price and order quantity for a perishable product in a single selling period, also known as the pricing newsvendor problem, under demand ambiguity. Specifically, the demand is a function of the selling price and a random factor of which the distribution is unknown. We employ the minimax regret decision criterion to minimize the worst‐case regret, where the regret is defined as the difference between the optimal profit that could be obtained with perfect/complete information and the realized profit using the decision made with ambiguous demand information. First, given the interval in which the random factor lies with high probability, we characterize the optimal pricing and ordering decisions under the minimax regret criterion and compare their properties with those in the classical models that seek to maximize the expected profit. Specifically, we explore the impact of inventory risk by comparing the optimal price and the risk‐free price and study comparative statics with respect to the degree of demand ambiguity and the unit ordering cost. We further show that the minimax regret approach avoids the high degree of conservativeness that is often incurred in the application of the commonly used max–min robust optimization approach. Second, when partial distributional information of the random factor is available, we adopt the Wasserstein distance to depict the distributional ambiguity and characterize the set of worst‐case distributions and the maximum regret given the selling price and order quantity. Third, we compare the minimax regret approaches with the traditional profit‐maximization approach in a data‐driven setting. We show via a numerical study that the minimax regret approaches outperform the traditional profit‐maximization approach, especially when the data are scarce, the demand has high volatility, and the number of exercised prices is small. Furthermore, leveraging the partial distributional information of the random factor can further improve the performance of the minimax regret approach.
Developing seed‐ and shoot‐based restoration approaches for the seagrass, Zostera muelleri
Authors: Tan Yi Mei , Coleman Rhys A. , Biro Peter A. , Dalby Oliver , Jackson Emma L. , Govers Laura L. , Heusinkveld Jannes H. T. , Macreadie Peter I. , Flindt Mogens R. , Dewhurst Jack , Sherman Craig D. H.
Published: March 2023

The restoration of seagrass habitats is a relatively young field with several successful restoration attempts highlighting the feasibility of large‐scale restoration. Successful restoration of seagrass habitats requires an understanding of the most appropriate techniques to use for the target species and local conditions of restoration sites, however, there are currently limited studies on Zostera muelleri. Here, we conduct field trials to explore the use of seed‐ and shoot‐based restoration approaches for Z. muelleri in Victoria, Australia. We assessed the feasibility of collecting and germinating seeds in the field for restoration purposes and trialed the success of four shoot‐based transplanting techniques. We found that seed collections for Z. muelleri were highly successful and scalable, with seed collection rates improving from 489 to 1,939 seeds/hour over 2 years. In addition, in situ seedling germination increased from a maximum of 10.80–25.25% over 2 years. In contrast, shoot‐based restoration approaches were more variable, with plants transplanted with their sediment‐intact outperforming all bare‐rooted approaches. Shoot‐based transplanting approaches appear to have more limited application, but may be appropriate for some restoration sites, or used in combination with seeds to achieve the best restoration outcome. Seed‐based approaches have the potential to be viable and scalable for Z. muelleri given that large numbers of seeds can be collected and stored for at least 7 months before successfully germinating in the field. However, further studies are required to overcome the seedling survival bottleneck (approximately 4 months from emergence) and further increase in situ germination rates.
Government social protection programme spending and household welfare in Lesotho
Authors: Boko Joachim , Raju Dhushyanth , Younger Stephen D.
Published: March 2023

Lesotho has notably high levels of poverty and inequality despite a high level of government spending on social protection programmes. We assess the performance of this spending in reducing consumption poverty and inequality, applying benefit incidence and microsimulation methods to 2017/2018 household survey data. We investigate the distributional effects of actual spending as well as those of a hypothetical alternative in which the spending is targeted through a proxy means test (PMT) formula used by the government for some programmes. We find that government spending on social protection programmes in Lesotho substantially reduces poverty and inequality. For most programmes, the hypothetical alternative of targeting spending to poorer households through the government's PMT formula would have no better distributional effects than current programme spending. The exception is postsecondary education bursaries, which are costly and regressive. Retaining bursaries only for poorer students, and reallocating the outlay this saves to a transfer targeted to poorer households through the government's PMT formula, could reduce poverty and inequality significantly.
Sophie de Grouchy on the Problem of Economic Inequality
Authors: Lustila Getty L.
Published: March 2023

In this article, I consider Grouchy's critique of economic inequality and her proposed solution to what she perceives as this grave social ill. On her view, economic inequality chips away at the bonds of accountability in society and prevents people from seeing one another as moral equals. As a step toward restoring these bonds between people, Grouchy argues that: first, we should expand property ownership, thereby giving each person a stake in the community; second, we should ensure access to education and redirect its aims, to provide people with the necessary tools to reason about the common good. In so doing, Grouchy claims, we can reawaken the sense of accountability that people have to one another in community.
Experimental deformation analysis of an adhesively bonded multi‐material joint for marine applications
Authors: Jaiswal Pankaj R. , Kumar R. Iyer , Juwet Thibault , Luyckx Geert , Verhaeghe Cedric , De Waele Wim
Published: March 2023

The strength and deformation of full‐scale adhesively bonded multi‐material joints is studied in this paper. Four joints with a thick layer of methyl methacrylate adhesive (MMA) have been manufactured in shipyard conditions. In two specimens, cracks have been introduced at steel–adhesive and composite–adhesive interfaces. One cracked and one un‐cracked specimen were subjected to quasi‐static tensile testing; the two remaining specimens were stepwise loaded/unloaded with increasing load until failure. The strain in the adhesive layers was measured with digital image correlation (DIC). This showed a predominant shear deformation and dissimilar shear strain patterns for different bond lines. Fibre Bragg (FBG) sensors were used to monitor strains at steel and composite constituents and to detect the onset and evolution of damage in the un‐cracked specimen. Strains measured by FBG sensors correspond well with DIC results at nearby regions. All specimens failed by delamination of the composite panel near the composite–adhesive interface.
Post‐activation depression from primary afferent depolarization (PAD) produces extensor H‐reflex suppression following flexor afferent conditioning
Authors: Metz Krista , Matos Isabel Concha , Hari Krishnapriya , Bseis Omayma , Afsharipour Babak , Lin Shihao , Singla Rahul , Fenrich Keith K. , Li Yaqing , Bennett David J. , Gorassini Monica A.
Published: March 2023

Suppression of the extensor H‐reflex by flexor afferent conditioning is thought to be produced by a long‐lasting inhibition of extensor Ia afferent terminals via GABAA receptor‐activated primary afferent depolarization (PAD). Given the recent finding that PAD does not produce presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferent terminals, we examined in 28 participants if H‐reflex suppression is instead mediated by post‐activation depression of the extensor Ia afferents triggered by PAD‐evoked spikes and/or by a long‐lasting inhibition of the extensor motoneurons. A brief conditioning vibration of the flexor tendon suppressed both the extensor soleus H‐reflex and the tonic discharge of soleus motor units out to 150 ms following the vibration, suggesting that part of the H‐reflex suppression during this period was mediated by postsynaptic inhibition of the extensor motoneurons. When activating the flexor afferents electrically to produce conditioning, the soleus H‐reflex was also suppressed but only when a short‐latency reflex was evoked in the soleus muscle by the conditioning input itself. In mice, a similar short‐latency reflex was evoked when optogenetic or afferent activation of GABAergic (GAD2+) neurons produced a large enough PAD to evoke orthodromic spikes in the test Ia afferents, causing post‐activation depression of subsequent monosynaptic EPSPs. The long duration of this post‐activation depression and related H‐reflex suppression (seconds) was similar to rate‐dependent depression that is also due to post‐activation depression. We conclude that extensor H‐reflex inhibition by brief flexor afferent conditioning is produced by both post‐activation depression of extensor Ia afferents and long‐lasting inhibition of extensor motoneurons, rather than from PAD inhibiting Ia afferent terminals.

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Key points

Suppression of extensor H‐reflexes by flexor afferent conditioning was thought to be mediated by GABAA receptor‐mediated primary afferent depolarization (PAD) shunting action potentials in the Ia afferent terminal.

In line with recent findings that PAD has a facilitatory role in Ia afferent conduction, we show here that when large enough, PAD can evoke orthodromic spikes that travel to the Ia afferent terminal to evoke EPSPs in the motoneuron.

These PAD‐evoked spikes also produce post‐activation depression of Ia afferent terminals and may mediate the short‐ and long‐lasting suppression of extensor H‐reflexes in response to flexor afferent conditioning.

Our findings highlight that we must re‐examine how changes in the activation of GABAergic interneurons and PAD following nervous system injury or disease affects the regulation of Ia afferent transmission to spinal neurons and ultimately motor dysfunction in these disorders.
Energy Dissipation on an Elastic Interface as a Metric for Evaluating Three Friction Models
Authors: Lawal Iyabo G. , Brake Matthew R. W.
Published: March 2023

The effect of three different friction interface models on an elastic half-space is presented. Three constitutive friction models are studied: Coulomb, soil–concrete interface, and Bouc–Wen, using a computational mechanics framework that can represent the contact patch's material response to static and dynamic surface tractions. This response is observed as strains and stresses present from reciprocating sliding using an elastoplastic friction (EPF) algorithm that also captures energy dissipation and hysteresis due to friction sliding. Additionally, the use of the four-parameter Bouc–Wen model represents a new development in contact mechanics that allows micro-slip of the contact interface to be modeled. Hysteresis loops are generated for the three friction models based on a quasi-static assumption. This algorithm is built into a mesoscale finite element method solver that is able to simulate different loading conditions and provide insight into how the friction models respond to load conditions and inform on experimental data. The energy dissipation from reciprocating friction sliding will be generated for each friction model as a metric that captures surface wear and potential material damage.
Rheo-electric measurements of carbon black suspensions containing polyvinylidene difluoride in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
Authors: Liu Qingsong , Richards Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2023

Lithium-ion battery cathode slurries have a microstructure that depends sensitively on how they are processed due to carbon black's (CB) evolving structure when subjected coating flows. While polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), one of the main components of the cathode slurry, plays an important role in modifying the structure and rheology of CB, a quantitative understanding is lacking. In this work, we explore the role of PVDF in determining the structural evolution of Super C65 CB in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) with rheo-electric measurements. We find that PVDF enhances the viscosity of NMP resulting in a more extensive structural erosion of CB agglomerates with increasing polymer concentration and molecular weight. We also show that the relative viscosity of all suspensions can be collapsed by the fluid Mason number (Mnf), which compares the hydrodynamic forces imposed by the medium to cohesive forces holding CB agglomerates together. Using simultaneous rheo-electric measurements, we find at high Mnf, the dielectric strength (Δε) scales with Mnf, and the power-law scaling can be quantitatively predicted by considering the self-similar break up of CB agglomerates. The collapse of the relative viscosity and scaling of Δε both suggest that PVDF increases the hydrodynamic force of the suspending medium without directly changing the CB agglomerate structure. These findings are valuable for optimizing the rheology of lithium ion battery cathode slurries. We also anticipate that these findings can be extended to understand the microstructure of similar systems under flow.
Bacteria require phase separation for fitness in the mammalian gut
Authors: Krypotou Emilia , Townsend Guy E. , Gao Xiaohui , Tachiyama Shoichi , Liu Jun , Pokorzynski Nick D. , Goodman Andrew L. , Groisman Eduardo A.
Published: March 2023

Therapeutic manipulation of the gut microbiota holds great potential for human health. The mechanisms bacteria use to colonize the gut therefore present valuable targets for clinical intervention. We now report that bacteria use phase separation to enhance fitness in the mammalian gut. We establish that the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of the broadly and highly conserved transcription termination factor Rho is necessary and sufficient for phase separation in vivo and in vitro in the human commensal
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
. Phase separation increases transcription termination by Rho in an IDR-dependent manner. Moreover, the IDR is critical for gene regulation in the gut. Our findings expose phase separation as vital for host-commensal bacteria interactions and relevant for novel clinical applications.
A cryptic clue to neurodegeneration?
Authors: O’Brien Niamh , Mizielinska Sarah
Published: March 2023

Antisense oligonucleotides rescue cryptic RNA splicing and neuron regeneration
In Science Journals
Authors: Funk Michael A. , Malo Courtney S. , Lavine Marc S. , Papoutsakis Eleftherios T. , Gagné Michel R. , Simonti Corinne , Hurtley Stella M. , Alderton Gemma , Osborne Ian S. , Scanlon Seth Thomas , Ferrarelli Leslie K. , Olingy Claire
Published: March 2023

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Authors: Uzogara Ekeoma , Maroso Mattia , Hurtley Stella M. , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Funk Michael A. , Yeston Jake , Stajic Jelena
Published: March 2023

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Shadowed by past, gene-editing summit looks to future
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: March 2023

London meeting touts sickle cell success, but questions about embryo editing linger