bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Shot Peening Process on the Residual Stress and Microstructure in Deformed Surface Layer of S30432 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Zhan Ke , Jiang Chuan Hai , Pan Henry
Published: September 2013

Shot peening is an important surface treatment which can induce compressive residual stress and refine micro-structure in the deformed surface layer. In this paper, the conventional shot peening, dual shot peening and triple shot peening have been applied to S30432 austenitic stainless steel. The residual stress and micro-structure in the deformed layer were investigated by X-ray diffraction method. The results revealed that a compressive residual stress field was induced in the deformed layer for all shot peening conditions. As the shot peening step increased, the compressive residual stresses increased in near surface layer, and then deceased faster in deeper deformed layer. In terms of microstructure, the domain size increased, while the micro-strain decreased with the depth increasing in the deformed layer. Compare with the effect of three different shot peening method, triple shot peenng is more effective to optimize the compressive residual stress, microstructure and micro-hardness of S30432 austenitic stainless steel.
The Evolution of Residual Stress and Microstructure in Shot Peened S30432 Austenitic Stainless Steel at High Temperatures
Authors: Zhan Ke , Jiang Chuan Hai , Pan Henry
Published: September 2013

The thermal relaxation behavior of residual stress and microstructure at high temperatures in S30432 austenitic stainless steel after shot peening was investigated by X-ray residual stress analyzer. The effects of exposure time and applied temperature on the residual stress and microstructure relaxation were particularly analyzed and discussed. A significant decrease of the residual stress values were observed in the first period of exposure time, followed by slowing down and then stabilization. It was also observed that a higher applied temperature produced greater relaxation. In terms of microstructure, the domain size and micro-strain were calculated by Voigt method, the results showed that the refined domain size and high micro-strain induced by shot peening were greatly relaxed at the first stage of annealing, then stabilized. With higher annealing temperature, the recrystallization behavior in the shot peened deformed layer was more obvious. Based on the results of line profile analysis, the recrystallization activation energy and micro-strain relaxation energy were calculated, respectively.
Welding Residual Stresses in Tubular Joints
Authors: Farajian Majid , Nitschke-Pagel Thomas , Dilger Klaus
Published: September 2013

In spite of an increased awareness of welding residual stress threat to structural integrity, the extent of its influence on fatigue especially under multiaxial loading is still unclear and is a matter of debate. One important reason for this lack of clarities is that the determination of the initial welding residual stress field in welded structures even at the fatigue crack initiation sites is difficult and requires complementary instruments. Since the fatigue crack initiation in sound welds almost always occurs on the surface, the determination of surface residual stresses could increase the awareness of the extent of their threat to the structural safety. In this paper the development of residual stresses in different TIG-welded tubular specimens out of S355J2H and S690QL steel is studied and compared. The mechanisms of the development of residual stresses based on heat input and cooling rate are discussed. The welding parameters and thus heat inputs are varied and the mechanisms leading to different residual stress states are investigated. X-ray method was used for residual stress state characterization.
Predicting Residual Stresses in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6061 Using an Integrated Multiphysics Model
Authors: Nourani Mohamadreza , Milani Abbas S. , Yannacopoulos Spiro , Yan Claire Yu
Published: September 2013

Experimental results in the literature show that there are two flow areas of material during the friction stir welding (FSW) process [1]; namely the “pin-driven flow” and the “shoulder-driven flow”. These areas should completely join together to create a weld with no defect. First, in order to numerically predict the local distribution of flow stress around the pin as well as the temperature, strain, and strain rate fields during FSW, a two-dimensional steady-state Eulerian multiphysics finite element model has been employed in this work for aluminum alloy 6061using the COMSOL software. In this model, the non-Newtonian flow mode of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module, general heat transfer mode of the heat transfer module, and the plain stress mode of the structural mechanics module of the software have been coupled. Slip/stick condition between the tool and workpiece, frictional and deformation heat sources, the convectional heat transfer in the workpiece, the solid mechanics-based viscosity definition, the temperature-dependent physical properties and the Zener-Hollomon- based thermo-visco-plastic mechanical properties with a cut-off temperature of 582oC were considered. Next, the thermal history during the process predicted by the model was used as input for an elasto-visco-plastic analysis to estimate the local residual stresses distribution due to the workpiece thermal expansion effect. Finally, the predicted longitudinal and transverse residual stresses were verified by comparing to experimental data.
Neutron Diffraction Investigation of Residual Stresses Induced in Niobium-Steel Bilayer Pipe Manufactured by Explosive Welding
Authors: Taran Yury , Balagurov Anatoly M. , Sabirov Basar , Davydov Vadim , Venter Andrew M.
Published: September 2013

Recently, reliable and hermetic joining of stainless steel to niobium pipes has been achieved with the explosive bonding technique. Joining of these two materials are essential to ensure production of a bimetallic transition element of pipe-type for its further use as a part of charged beam acceleration systems of the new generation. A non-destructive neutron diffraction investigation of the tri-axial strains along a radial cross-sectional line through the joint section has been performed. Residual stress results indicate inherently different natures in the residual stress values within the respective pipe sections. In the external stainless steel pipe the residual stresses are tensile, showing a sudden increase to 600 MPa as the interface is approached, whilst being compressive in the internal niobium pipe, not exceeding 650 MPa. A characteristic abrupt stress discontinuity exits at the interface region.
Residual Stresses in Roller Bearing Components
Authors: Schlicht Hans , Vetters Hermann
Published: September 2013

Rolling contact fatigue is a very complex process. The mechanism can only be described by speculative considerations. Because the loading conditions during the elastic- hydro- dynamical contact are not clearly described. The loading cycle runs within extremely short rates and structural alterations occur under high hydrostatic pressure. Widely unknown is therefore, how the materials conditions are influenced by these processes. But by means of simplified considerations an approach to the rolling contact fatigue process can be obtained. Following these conceptions simplifying quasi-static conditions are drawn. A lubricant film inhibits the metallic contact of the revolved bearing components. A HERTZian load stress will be accumulated over an elliptical contact area and within and beneath this contact area three dimensional stresses are acting. The materials strengthening can be described by the hypothesis of alteration of shape. During the fatigue period, the microstructure will be changed by micro- and macro- plastically deformation. By this residual stresses occur. These are superimposed to the operational -loading –stresses which change the distressing conditions of the material. The progressive plastically deformations accompanying the growing fatigue procedure cause perpetually alterations in the distress- conditions of the material. Structural alterations of the rolling contact fatigue process are shown by means of metallography as followed: by dark etching areas (DEA), and by white etching areas (WEA) showing bands, which are positioned beneath the contact area at an angle of 30° (30°WEB) and for instance at 80° (80°WEB), and furthermore by so called butterfly structures (butterflies with “white etched” flanks). All these white etching areas, regarding their morphological structure and the etching conditions, are commonly originated by two axial distressing. The three dimensional materials distressing within the roller-bearing component on the one hand and the two dimensionally originating of the WEA on the other seem to be an antagonism. But when the changes of residual stresses during the contact rolling fatigue process are to be analyzed, it is clear that this antagonism rises only virtually because there exists a real tri-axial stress condition, which tolerates a two axial distressing of the material. By the concept, that the growing plastically deformations cause residual stresses superposing the operational load stresses, the temporary cycle of the structural alterations and the local and angular positions of the 30° WEB can be explained.
A flame of sacred love: Mission involvement of women in the 19th century
Authors: Kommers Johan
Published: September 2013

In the 19th century, women missionaries found acceptance in the public domain and opportunities for achievement that they were denied at home. Whilst they spearheaded movements for Christianising and modernising Asian (the focus of this article) and African societies through the evangelisation, education and physical care of women, many questions were raised about their motives and the way they executed their work. We need to rediscover the sacrificial dedication women had that made the 19th century the greatest century of Christian expansion. These were remarkable women who left everything behind − many of them leaving a permanent impression upon the people in whose cities they eventually resided − and who stand as examples to the present generation. Having lost most of the things the world prizes, they gained one thing they esteemed so highly. For them, the relative value of things temporal might go, provided that they could forever settle the eternal values. They lived out the words of Paul: ‘I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus’ (Phlp 3:14).Vroue-sendelinge het in die negentiende eeu geleenthede vir prestasie en aanvaarding in die publieke domein gevind wat hulle andersins misgun is. Hoewel hulle die voortou geneem het met bewegings vir die kerstening en modernisering van gemeenskappe in Asië en Afrika deur middel van die evangelisasie, opvoeding en fisiese versorging van vrouens, is hulle motiewe en die manier waarop hulle te werk gegaan het, bevraagteken. Dit is dus nodig om die opoffering en toewyding van hierdie vroue, wat die negentiende e eeu uitgesonder het as die belangrikste eeu vir Christelike uitbreiding, te herontdek. Hierdie merkwaardige vroue het alles opgeoffer en vele van hulle het ’n onuitwisbare indruk gemaak het op die mense in wie se stede hulle uiteindelik tuisgegaan het. Hulle staan uit as voorbeelde vir die huidige generasie. Al het hulle soveel dinge verloor wat deur die wêreld as belangrik geag is, het hulle veel gekry uit dit wat hulle persoonlik hoog geag het. Vir hulle het die relatiewe waarde van tydelike dinge min beteken, solank hulle die ewige waardes kon vestig. Hulle het voorwaar Paulus se woorde uitgeleef: ‘Ek span my in om by die wenstreep te kom, sodat ek die hemelse prys kan behaal waartoe God my geroep het in Christus Jesus’ (Fil 3:14).
A confirmatory factor analytical study of a servant leadership measure in South Africa
Authors: Mahembe Bright , Engelbrecht Amos S.
Published: September 2013

Orientation: Servant leadership is a value-based leadership practice that plays a critical role in team effectiveness and organisational success.Research purpose: The goal of the study was to validate the Servant Leadership Questionnaire(SLQ), which Barbuto and Wheeler developed, on a South African sample.Motivation for the study: The literature is replete with evidence of the role of follower focused leadership practices in improving team effectiveness, employee engagement and organisational success. We need to complement these efforts with psychometrically sound measuring instruments.Research design, approach and method: The authors drew a convenience sample of 288 school teachers from schools in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. They used the SLQ that Barbuto and Wheeler developed to measure servant leadership.Main findings: The authors found high levels of reliability for the sub-scales of the latent variables. They found good fit with the data for the measurement model of the five latent servant leadership dimensions (altruistic calling, persuasive mapping, emotional healing, wisdom and organisational stewardship) through confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). They obtained reasonable fit for the first- and second-order servant leadership CFA. The authors concluded that the SLQ shows reasonable fit.Practical/managerial implications: The SLQ showed evidence of reliability and construct validity. It can contribute to the scientific selection and development of education leaders in South African schools.Contribution/value add: Servant leadership incorporates a service ethic that fosters participatory management, teacher development and team building. The department of education should increase team effectiveness in schools by selecting and developing servant leadership.
Isolated Tuberculous Tenosynovitis of the Anterior Tibial and Extensor Digitorum Longus Tendons
Authors: Genç Berhan , Solak Aynur , Mayda Aslan , Şen Nazime
Published: September 2013

Musculoskeletal system is involved in 1-5% of extrapulmonary cases of tuberculosis. Tuberculous tenosynovitis is a rare form of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis of the tendon sheath in the hand has been seen in a few cases. Involvement of the tendons of the leg is less common. Diagnosis is not easy as there are no specific clinical symptoms or signs. A 33-year-old male presented with painful swelling in the distal right lower limb that caused restriction of movement. Imaging studies showed inflammation and infection of the extensor digitorium longus and tibialis anterior tendons. Histopathological studies showed a necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in the synovial tissue. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was made and medical treatment was initiated that proved successful. Patient remained infection-free at 26-month follow-up examination.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Upper Trachea: A Rare Neoplasm
Authors: Choudhury Binoy Kumar , Barman Geetanjali , Singh Shobhit , Ahmed Kuddush
Published: September 2013

Primary malignant tracheal tumors are not common and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of trachea is rare. We report an extremely rare case of ACC of proximal trachea, which was diagnosed in a 42-year-old male who presents with 6-month history of dyspnea. Lateral skiagram of neck, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a broad-based polypoidal soft tissue mass arising from posterior wall of the proximal trachea. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ACC. The patient was treated by surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and is on regular follow-up. Follow-up at 18 months post-treatment showed no local recurrence or distant metastases. The literature on tracheal ACC is reviewed. Image findings are briefly discussed.
Teleoperated Road Vehicles: A Novel Study on the Effect of Blur on Speed Perception
Authors: Tang Tito , Kurkowski Jan , Lienkamp Markus
Published: September 2013

The future mobility of urban areas is changing constantly; ideally, vehicles should be able to drive autonomously through traffic. Unfortunately, autonomous vehicles are not yet fully capable of matching human performance. Therefore, the teleoperation of vehicles presents a solution for this task. During teleoperation, a human driver is responsible for driving the vehicle using information transmitted from the vehicle to a working station. Unfortunately, because of the artificial environment in which the operator is located, it is very difficult to achieve high telepresence and accurate speed estimation. It is known that in order to safely drive a vehicle, it is very important to be able to correctly estimate the vehicle's speed. This paper presents a study conducted to quantify the speed perception tendency of a human operator at the working station. Additionally, it is shown that a training process can at least temporarily improve speed perception. Furthermore, the implementation of zoom blur to increase optical flow is shown to positively influence speed perception. Four hypotheses are defined and analysed to study speed perception at an operator's working station. The results are presented and discussed.
Feedback Linearization Control of a Shunt Active Power Filter Using a Fuzzy Controller
Authors: Li Tianhua , Fei Juntao
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a novel feedback linearization based sliding mode controlled parallel active power filter using a fuzzy controller is presented in a three-phase three-wire grid. A feedback linearization control with fuzzy parameter self-tuning is used to implement the DC side voltage regulation while a novel integral sliding mode controller is applied to reduce the total harmonic distortion of the supply current. Since traditional unit synchronous sinusoidal signal calculation methods are not applicable when the supply voltage contains harmonics, a novel unit synchronous sinusoidal signal computing method based on synchronous frame transforming theory is presented to overcome this disadvantage. The simulation results verify that the DC side voltage is very stable for the given value and responds quickly to the external disturbance. A comparison is also made to show the advantages of the novel unit sinusoidal signal calculating method and the super harmonic treatment property of the designed active power filter.
Developing an Interactive Intervention Planner - A Systems Engineering Perspective
Authors: Fabry Thomas , Vanherpe Liesbeth , Feral Bruno , Braesch Christian
Published: September 2013

Intervention planning is crucial for maintenance operations in particle accelerator environments with ionizing radiation, during which the radiation dose received by maintenance workers should be reduced to a minimum. In this context, we discuss the development of a new software tool and the entailed methodology, including the visualization aspects. The software tool integrates interactive exploration of a scene depicting an accelerator facility augmented with residual radiation level simulations, with the visualization of intervention data such as the followed trajectory and maintenance tasks. Its conception allows for future inclusion of measurements performed by mobile robotic devices. In this work, we explore the systems engineering life cycle of the development process of an interactive intervention planner, which includes the needs analysis, specification explicitation, conceptual mathematical modelling, iterative implementation, design and prototype testing and usability testing.
An Analysis of the Effect of Operations Management Practices on Performance
Authors: Battistoni Elisa , Bonacelli Andrea , Colladon Andrea Fronzetti , Schiraldi Massimiliano M.
Published: September 2013

In this paper we investigate the possible relationships among some optimization techniques used in Operations Management and the performance of SMEs that operate in the manufacturing sector. A model based on the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach is used to analyse a dataset of small and medium-sized Italian enterprises. The model is expressed by a system of simultaneous equations and is solved through regression analysis. Taking advantage of the contributions presented previously, we focus our research on the Italian economy, highlighting the importance of Operations Management practices, which are relevant drivers of these firms' performances.
Past, Present and Future of the Innovation Process
Authors: Žižlavský Ondřej
Published: September 2013

In the modern globalized world, innovation is a basic prerequisite for economic development and the preservation of competitiveness. However, there is still no generally accepted definition of innovation or the innovation process; individual authors use their own definitions, often formed from different concepts. This paper compares these definitions using methods of analysis and synthesis, constructing its own conceptual framework of the innovation process reflecting the key characteristics that are identical or similar in many of the compared definitions. When constructing a new definition and model, it is necessary to bear in mind that innovation is not an isolated activity but rather an entire process or even sequence of processes. With true innovation, every partial process must be successfully completed. This process as a whole becomes the starting point for further research, measurement and the management control of innovation performance under the postdoc research project “Innovation Process Performance Assessment: a Management Control System Approach in the Czech Small and Medium-sized Enterprises” No. 13-20123P of the Czech Science Foundation.
An Unexpected Influence on a Quadratic
Authors: Davis Jon D.
Published: September 2013

Using technology to explore the coefficients of a quadratic equation leads to an unexpected result.
Activities for Students: Connecting Spatial Reasoning Ideas in Mathematics and Chemistry
Authors: Raje Sonali , Krach Michael , Kaplan Gail
Published: September 2013

Stereochemistry and three-dimensional analysis constitute significant parts of this student activity.
Politics by other means: Justus von Liebig and
the German translation of John Stuart Mill's Logic
Authors: MUNDAY PAT
Published: July 2002

Compared with other scientists of the nineteenth century, the German
chemist Justus von
Liebig (1803–73) was a complex figure. In part, this was because
Liebig established such
broad borders for his science. Chemical methods, popular and professional
publications
about chemistry, technological applications, promoting the car and even
politics – all were
central concerns stemming from Liebig's notion of chemistry as the
central science.

When Liebig discovered John Stuart Mill's Logic, a work on the
philosophy of science,
it struck a deep chord within him. Mill's high praise for Liebig's
chemistry certainly
provided Liebig with a means to promote his own reputation. In addition,
Mill's Logic
presented science as a central method for the general reform of society,
a goal Liebig was
himself struggling to define in the early 1840s. In the scientific method,
Mill discovered a
‘rule by the elite’, which he could never find nor justify
in his political philosophy. This
was a rule that greatly appealed to Liebig, and he set out to ensure that
Mill's work was
translated and published in German. Though many details of this transaction
are known,
this paper seeks to investigate the relationship between Liebig and Mill's
book, and the
significance of this relationship for understanding Liebig's role
as a gatekeeper and inter-relations between science and politics.
THE GLIMM IDEAL SPACE OF A TWO-STEP NILPOTENT LOCALLY COMPACT GROUP
Authors: Kaniuth Eberhard , Moran William
Published: July 2002

For a two-step nilpotent locally compact group $G$, we determine the Glimm ideal space of the group $C^*$-algebra $C^*(G)$ and its topology. This leads to necessary and sufficient conditions for $C^*(G)$ to be quasi-standard. Moreover, some results about the Glimm classes of points in the primitive ideal space $\mathrm{Prim}(C^*(G))$ are obtained.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 22D25. Secondary 22D10
RISK ANALYSIS OF A RAINFED RICE PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN TARLAC, CENTRAL LUZON, PHILIPPINES
Authors: PANDEY S. , MASICAT P. , VELASCO L. , VILLANO R.
Published: July 2002

Under rainfed conditions in Tarlac, Central Luzon, Philippines, risk was characterized using field and household panel data for 46 rice farmers over the period 1990–93. Measures of risk at the field level were calculated using pooled time-series cross-sectional data. Field-level risk was found to be quite high, with the average coefficient of variation of yield being 45% and 30% for fields with low and moderate elevations respectively. Farmers applied less nitrogen in fields with higher yield variability, and adjusted the quantity of nitrogen in order to reduce losses in poor years and benefit from greater potential in good years. Farmers with higher levels of education had lower variability of rice income than farmers with a lower level of education. Non-crop income helped reduce total income variability, especially for farmers with high variability of crop income. Implications for technology design and policy improvements are derived from these results.
Epistatic and environmental interactions for quantitative
trait loci involved in maize evolution
Authors: LUKENS LEWIS N. , DOEBLEY JOHN
Published: July 2002

To test for epistasis and allele-specific environmental responses among quantitative trait loci (QTL)
involved in the evolution of maize from its ancestor (teosinte), teosinte alleles of two QTL
previously shown to control much of the morphological difference between these plants were
introgressed into an isogenic maize background. Plants of each of the four two-locus homozygous
classes for the two QTL were grown in two environments. Three morphological traits and the level
of mRNA accumulation for one QTL (teosinte branched1, tb1) were measured. tb1 has a large
additive effect on morphology that was correlated with its message level. The second QTL had
only negligible effects on morphology when isolated in an isogenic background, but exhibited a
strong interaction effect on morphology in combination with tb1. This interaction is also evident in
tb1 message levels, suggesting that this second QTL may act as an upstream regulator of tb1. The
combined effect of the maize alleles at the two QTL makes tb1 message levels over fourfold higher.
Plants homozygous for the teosinte allele at tb1 showed greater phenotypic plasticity across
environments than plants homozygous for the maize allele. Our results support two hypotheses.
First, maize plant architecture may have evolved by selection for a gene complex rather than the
additive effects of individual loci alone. Secondly, selection during maize domestication for an
allele of tb1 which lacks environmental plasticity may have led to the fixation of a morphological
form that can be induced in teosinte by environmental conditions.
Late Triassic (Rhaetian) conodonts and ichthyoliths from Chile
Authors: SANSOM IVAN J.
Published: July 2002

The Late Triassic of the back arc Domeyko Basin, Chile is characterized by the onset of
marine sedimentation that persisted throughout the rest of the Mesozoic. Carbonate bulk samples
from the Punta del Viento Limestone Formation have yielded a numerically small, but apparently
widespread, conodont fauna including Epigondolella mosheri, Epigondolella englandi and
Neogondolella steinbergensis. These specimens indicate a Rhaetian (Epigondolella mosheri conodont
Biozone roughly equivalent to the Paracochloceras amoenum ammonoid Biozone) age for this unit.
Their recovery represents the first record of conodonts from Chile, and also indicates a considerable
potential for use in correlating sequence stratigraphic events within the Mesozoic Marginal Sea in
Colombia, Peru and Chile.
EDITORIAL NOTE
Authors: Woodcock Nigel , McCave Nick , Bickle Mike , Holland Jane
Published: July 2002

This issue marks the departure of the longest-serving of the current

editors of Geological Magazine, Dr Chris Hughes,

and his replacement by Dr Tim Palmer (University of Wales, Aberystwyth).
The

Geological Magazine has always had a

strong content of palaeontology and biostratigraphy, and Chris Hughes has

efficiently maintained the quality of these contributions

since 1973. He is moving on from his lectureship in the Cambridge Earth

Sciences Department to head the

Associated Examining Board, based in Guildford. The other editors thank
him

warmly for his experienced guidance over

the past 24 years and wish him success in his new post.

The editors welcome Tim Palmer, whose appointment from outside the

Cambridge department represents a significant

and deliberate departure from custom. Some 13 years ago, the Magazine

broadened its editorial advice in a major way by

appointing an Editorial Board, most of whose members have come not just

from outside Cambridge, but from beyond the

UK. Our new editorial appointment signals an extension of this same policy.

An important advantage of having all the Magazine's editors

under one roof has been the efficiency and speed of communicating

with each other. However, with the Cambridge editors now talking to each

other as much by Email as face-to-face,

geographical proximity has become a less crucial asset. The spread of

Email is changing many other aspects of the

editorial practice and the Geological Magazine office, run by
Jane

Holland, is now on-line at geolmag@esc.cam.ac.uk.

The editors now encourage the use of Email for all business except for

submission of manuscripts, and in particular for

contributors' queries and for referees' reports.
REFORMERS, CONFLICT, AND
REVISIONISM: THE REFORMATION IN
SIXTEENTH-CENTURY HADLEIGH
Authors: CRAIG JOHN
Published: July 2002

The cloth-making town of Hadleigh in Suffolk has often been cited
in the annals of the
English Reformation as a town that early embraced Protestantism apparently
effortlessly. This view
owes much to John Foxe's famous description of this ‘Universitie
of the learned’, yet a closer
examination of the surviving evidence from Hadleigh indicates that the
Reformation was as bitterly
contested here as it was in many another mid-Tudor community. And the nature
of the bitter struggle
between the advocates of reform and a group of conservatives in the town
may have proved so fierce that
the energies for further reform under Elizabeth all but dissipated.
LOUIS XVI AND GUSTAVUS III: SECRET DIPLOMACY AND COUNTER-REVOLUTION, 1791–1792
Authors: PRICE MUNRO
Published: July 2002

This article re-examines a crucial aspect of French history between 1789 and 1793,
and one which remains controversial : the attitude of Louis XVI towards the Revolution. It does this
by exploiting an important and unpublished source, the letters of the king's secret plenipotentiary to the
European powers, the baron de Breteuil, to the foreign monarch most trusted by the French royal
family, Gustavus III of Sweden. Since Louis XVI's precarious position in Paris from the October
Days until his death prevented him from expressing his true feelings except very rarely, historians since
have found it difficult to reach firm conclusions on his political views and motivation during the
Revolution, and the result has often been partisan judgements from left and right. The issue has been
further clouded by persistent claims for over a century that several of Louis's most important letters of
this period are forgeries. While they do not resolve all these problems, the letters of Breteuil to
Gustavus III, which are incontestably genuine, reveal Louis XVI's views on critical events between
1791 and 1792 as represented by the politician closest to his real policy, to the fellow-ruler in whom
he had the most faith. The most important subjects covered are Breteuil's interpretation of Louis
XVI's true attitude to the constitution of September 1791, his distrust of his brothers, the comtes de
Provence and d'Artois, and the plan for an armed congress of the European powers to put pressure on
revolutionary France. These letters, and Gustavus III's replies to them, are published at the end of the
article in an appendix.
ONN WINCKLER, Demographic Developments and Population Policies in Ba⊂thist Syria (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999). Pp. 223. $100.00 cloth.
Authors: Rabo Annika
Published: July 2002

The globe is estimated to have 6 billion people today. The rapid increase of the human population has for decades been a common Western bogeyman. Now, at the turn of the millennium, the threat is brought out again. Today “the human time bomb” connotes uncontrolled fecundity in the Other, the non-Western or non-European. Demographic research shows that many countries in the Middle East and North Africa have among the highest rates of population growth in the contemporary world. Unlike Europe, where the nightmare of demographers and politicians is the aging and decreasing population, the Middle East still has a rapidly increasing and young population. Quite clearly, many politicians in the European Union are worried about the “uncontrollable overflow” of populations over its borders from the southern and eastern Mediterranean shores.
NUR BILGE CRISS, Istanbul under Allied Occupation 1918–1923, Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage: Politics, Society and Economy (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999). Pp. 195. $62.00 cloth.
Authors: Aksan Virginia H.
Published: July 2002

For once, the title of a book matches its contents. Criss sets out to describe the conditions of occupied Istanbul immediately upon the surrender of the Ottomans to the Allies at the end of World War I. Acknowledging the contribution of other scholars to the general history of the immediate post-war period, Criss declares her intention to trace the underground resistance movement to British and French occupation in Istanbul. To do so, she has drawn on a tremendous range of secondary sources, English and Turkish, including memoirs, personal interviews, and documentary materials, public and private, from United States, British, French, and Turkish archives, although much archival material for the period is still inaccessible in Turkey. She is particularly to be commended for making information that is found exclusively in Turkish sources available to English-speaking readers.
Response to divergent selection for stolon characters in

white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: COLLINS R. P. , ABBERTON M. T. , MICHAELSON-YEATES T. P. T. , RHODES I.
Published: July 2002

Stolon death, often caused by grazing or winter-kill, is a major

factor determining the survival and

persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), the most

important forage legume in UK agriculture.

Since stolon morphology apparently affects stolon survival, this study

was designed to assess the

genetic variation for stolon characters within a white clover population

from Switzerland and to

assess the effects of two generations of selection for stolon

characteristics on that population.

Bidirectional selection was carried out simultaneously for stolon

diameter (as the primary criterion

of selection) and total stolon length i.e. the product of the length of

the longest stolon and stolon

number. Four selection lines were established: (a) plants with

thick sparse stolons, (b) plants with

thick profuse stolons, (c) plants with thin sparse stolons and

(d) plants with thin profuse stolons.

Realised heritabilities for stolon diameter, estimated in both directions

and over both generations of

selection, were found to lie within the range 0·28–0·44;

significant shifts in population means for

stolon diameter were demonstrated. Selection for thin profuse stolons and
for

thick sparse stolons

was effective, but because of negative correlations between stolon diameter

and both stolon length

and number, selection for thin sparse stolons or thick profuse stolons
was

ineffective.
The response to fertilizer nitrogen of cereals grown on sandy soils
Authors: WEBB J. , SEENEY F. M. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R.
Published: July 2002

The responses to fertilizer N of winter wheat and winter barley

grown on sandy soils were measured
in 74 experiments in England from 1991 to 1994. A series of curves was

fitted to the data from each
of the experiments to determine which best described the yield response
to
fertilizer N. The linear plus
exponential model, adopted for data from a range of other soil types, with

the rate parameter (r)
determined for each experiment, proved to be the most satisfactory for
these
data. The median value
of r at 0·987 was less than has usually been determined
for
other soil types, and was reduced by
increasing moisture stress in June, suggesting that the reduced efficiency

with which recovered N
produces assimilate is partly a result of moisture stress. The model produced
a mean
Nopt of 143 kg/ha following cereals.

Soil N supply in spring (SNSs) was small at c. 45
kg/ha
and commensurate with a large
requirement for fertilizer N. Apparent fertilizer recovery (AFR) at
0·70 was greater than that
previously measured on clay or chalk soils, suggesting that AFR was
not restricted by lack of soil
moisture. The larger AFR is considered to be a consequence of more
rapid remobilization of fertilizer
N in these sandy soils. The greater recovery of fertilizer N
reduced the optimum requirement for
fertilizer N. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) was decreased from
0·76 to 0·70 as fertilizer N increased
from 0 to 300 kg/ha, whereas dry matter harvest index (HI)
decreased from 0·53 to 0·50. The
economic optimum requirement for fertilizer N, at 143 kg/ha, was
less than reported for other soil types.

The increase in grain yield from applied fertilizer N was less
in these experiments than in those
reported on other soil types in the UK. However, this overall observation

masks two counterbalancing
differences. Fertilizer N was recovered more efficiently on these soils;

the recovered fertilizer N was
used with similar efficiency to produce grain dry matter. The
explanation proposed is that on these
soils a large proportion of soil water is readily available to crops,
and this was taken up rapidly in
May accompanied by fertilizer N. However, shortage of water in June
restricted the ability of the crop
to produce assimilate from fertilizer N applications >c. 150
kg/ha.
Irrigation of spring field beans (Vicia faba): response
to timing at different crop growth stages
Authors: KNOTT C. M.
Published: July 2002

The response of spring field beans (Vicia faba) (cv. Victor) to irrigation applied before, during and
after flowering and in combinations was studied on sandy soils, overlying sand, in Nottinghamshire,
England in three years, 1993, 1994 and 1995. Irrigation was only needed pre-flowering in 1995, thus
the opportunity to evaluate the effect at this timing was limited. Seasonal rainfall was higher than the
long-term 30-year mean in 1993, but lower in 1994 and much lower in 1995.

Irrigation increased spring field bean yield in all three years, even in 1993 when a period of drought
post-flowering caused a yield depression of 2 t/ha on unirrigated plots. The yield response for fully
irrigated, compared with unirrigated field beans per 25 mm water was 0·34, 0·28 and 0·36 t/ha in 1993,
1994 and 1995 respectively. Irrigation applied during or post-flowering gave statistically significant
yield increases and there were indications of greater efficiency of water use from post-flowering
applications.
Meat production from female goat kids compared with males
Authors: EL MUOLA I. H. A. , BABIKER S. A. , EL KHIDIR O. A. , IBRAHIM S. E.
Published: July 2002

Twelve female desert goat kids and an equal number of males were used to study meat production
potential of desert goats at Kuku Research Station, Khartoum North, Sudan. The kids were kept in
two separate groups according to sex. Kids were fed ad libitum a complete diet (a concentrate mix and
green lucerne) for 147 days from 12 July to 10 Oct 1997.

Male kids consumed more dry matter, had significantly greater liveweight gain and had heavier
slaughter weight and superior feed conversion efficiency than females. Carcass weight was significantly
greater in males than females but females dressed out heavier than males. Male carcasses had more
muscles and bone while female carcasses had more fat and trimmings.

Male goat kid carcasses yielded significantly (P<0·001) heavier wholesale cuts as single short
forequarter and neck while female kid carcasses yielded heavier wholesale cuts as leg and chump, best
end of neck as well as significantly (P<0·01) heavier loin and breast.
Effects of mycorrhizae and phosphorus on growth and
nutrient uptake of millet, cowpea and sorghum on a
West African soil
Authors: BAGAYOKO M. , GEORGE E. , RÖMHELD V. , BUERKERT A.
Published: July 2002

Despite numerous reports on the positive effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) on plant
growth in temperate soils, surprisingly little data exist on the importance of VAM for crop growth
on acid sandy soils of West Africa. A pot experiment conducted with local genotypes of pearl millet
(Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
with and without phosphorus (P) application in a sterilized sandy soil from a farmer's field in Niger
showed large growth-enhancing effects of VAM. Phosphorus application led to 18- and 24-fold
increases in pearl millet root and shoot dry matter independently of VAM, whereas the shoot and
root dry matter of sorghum and cowpea depended largely on the interaction between P application
and VAM. With P, VAM increased total uptake of P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn by 2·5- to 6-fold in sorghum
and cowpea. On severely P deficient West African soils P application can lead to large increases in
early root growth, a prerequisite for early mycorrhizal infection and a subsequent significant
contribution of VAM to enhanced plant growth and nutrient uptake.
The Revolting American Elites: Christopher Lasch and his Enemies
Authors: HEALE M. J.
Published: July 2002

Christopher Lasch completed this book under “trying
circumstances,” which
presumably included the knowledge that he was dying from leukemia. Its final
sardonic section is entitled “The Dark Night of the Soul,” and
contemplates the pitiable plight of modern and secularized man, who denies himself
the discipline of religion and is compelled to seek security in the easier and
probably falser gods of science or therapy or identity politics. Lasch's last,
racking examination of the
human condition as it is displayed in the United States is not exactly despairing,
because the human agency means that there is always hope, but his subjects are
unfulfilled beings in a dysfunctional society. In short, Lasch has not used his
farewell address to reprieve his fellow intellectuals of the charges he has
previously levelled against them; rather, the indictment has been intensified. In
many ways this a perfect Parthian shaft, gathering together and synthesising into
one compelling critique the many misgivings that Lasch had long been
developing about American life.
Rapid and sensitive immunomagnetic separation–polymerase
chain reaction method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7

in raw milk and ice-cream
Authors: GOODING CHRISTOPHER M. , CHOUDARY PRABHAKARA V.
Published: July 2002

Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 in spiked
samples of raw milk and ice-cream was
enriched in tryptic soy broth for 4 h, captured by immunomagnetic separation,

subjected to amplification by polymerase chain reaction of parts of the
verotoxin
genes (SLT-I and SLT-II), and detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Using this
method, as few as 1 cfu Esch. coli O157[ratio ]H7/g
food could be detected in <10 h.
Metabolic and productive responses of dairy cows to increased ion
supplementation at early lactation in warm weather
Authors: SILANIKOVE NISSIM , MALTZ EPHRAIM , SHINDER DIMITRY , BOGIN EITAN , BASTHOLM THORKILD , CHRISTENSEN NIELS J. , NORGGARRD PEDER
Published: July 2002

We found previously that the current recommendations for Na+,
K+, and Cl−
contents in the diet do not meet the needs of lactating cows. The responses
of
cows receiving a ration with increased amounts of Na+,
K+, and Cl− (E cows) were
compared with those of cows consuming the same ration with a fixed concentration
of these ions (C cows) between weeks 2 and 8 post partum (PP). Milk, protein,
fat and
lactose yields, and dry matter intake between weeks 2 and 4 PP were higher
in E
than in C cows. These differences did not occur between weeks 4 and 8 PP,
mainly
because of a higher incidence of PP complications in E cows. A greater
increase in
plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration in E than in C animals
during
weeks 2 and 3 PP was consistent with the milk responses. A reduction in
aldosterone
concentration in E cows in weeks 2 and 3 PP was a consequence of their
Na+
requirements being satisfied as a result of their enhanced Na+
intake. A subsequent
elevation in aldosterone concentration in E animals was probably related
to a
moderate excess in K+
intake. This increase in aldosterone explains the urinary
potassium loss that was detected at week 6 PP. The absence of differences
between
E and C cows in plasma renin activity was consistent with an absence of
differences
in urine volume and with the apparent utilization of the enhanced ion intake
for body
functions.
Influence of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria strains on
propionibacteria growth and lactate consumption in an Emmental
juice-like medium
Authors: THIERRY ANNE , SALVAT-BRUNAUD DELPHINE , MAUBOIS JEAN-LOUIS
Published: July 2002

Swiss-type cheeses such as Emmental are characterized by the successive
development of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria (TLAB) and propionibacteria.
The
aim of this study was to determine whether the choice of TLAB strain influenced
propionibacteria. TLAB and propionibacteria were cultured sequentially
under the
conditions prevailing in cheese. Firstly, 11 Emmental juice-like media
were prepared
by fermenting casein-enriched milk with pure or mixed cultures of TLAB
(Lactobacillus helveticus, Lb. delbrueckii subsp.
lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus),
differing in their proteolytic activities. TLAB cells were then removed
by
microfiltration. Finally, five strains of Propionibacterium freudenreichii
were grown
on these media at 24°C under anaerobiosis and their growth characteristics
and
lactate consumption determined. The media mainly differed in their contents
of
peptides (1·9–5·3 g/kg) and free amino acids
(1·0–5·6 g/kg) and the proportions of
lactate isomers (42–92% of the L(+) isomer).
Propionibacteria were significantly
(P<0·05) influenced by TLAB strains
(differences in doubling times of up to 20% and
differences in lactate consumption after 600 h culture of up to 52%). The
influence
of TLAB was similar for all the propionibacteria tested, depended on the
TLAB
strains and could not be generalized to the TLAB species. Propionibacteria
were
stimulated by high peptide levels, low levels of free amino acids and NaCl,
a low
proportion of L(+)-lactate and other undetermined factors. However,
variations due
to TLAB were less than those between propionibacteria strains.
The Registers of Common Letters of Pope Urban V (1362–1370) and
Pope Gregory XI (1370–1378)
Authors: ZUTSHI P. N. R.
Published: July 2002

The importance to scholars of the papal registers and other records
in the Vatican Archives as a source for later medieval history
scarcely needs to be emphasised. From the thirteenth century
onwards, the different series of records proliferated. They begin with
registers of outgoing correspondence, known as the Vatican Registers, in
the pontificate of Innocent III (1198–1216) and financial accounts of the
apostolic chamber under Nicholas III (1277–80). For the fourteenth
century, there are new series of registers of outgoing letters (the Avignon
Registers and the Lateran Registers) and a vast increase in the quantity
of surviving records of the apostolic chamber. However, with the
increasing abundance of such records, the proportion to have been
published diminishes. It is in the fourteenth century that the sheer wealth
of the surviving sources (there are, for instance, sixty registers of papal
letters from the pontificate of Gregory XI, which lasted seven years and
three months) first becomes a serious problem for those pursuing the
publication of papal records.