bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comunicação e exposição museológica:
Authors: Santos Neco Douglas
Published: May 2024

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar a exposição de longa duração do Museu Afro-Brasileiro de Sergipe (MABS) observando as contradições do discurso expográfico ao apresentar aspectos histórico-culturais da população negra de Sergipe. A instituição museológica localiza-se na cidade de Laranjeiras-SE, no Vale do Contiguiba, região que teve grande concentração de negros escravizados devido à produção de açúcar e que, na atualidade, possui uma população declarada majoritariamente como negra. Observa-se no estudo a necessidade de uma renovação de discurso expográfico a fim de evidenciar o protagonismo da população negra da região.
‘Managing’ tech and a growing family
Authors: Flatman David , Flatman Freya
Published: May 2024

David and Freya Flatman have four daughters – 14, 11 and 2 years old and a 6-month-old baby – and live in the UK. Their older two daughters are from David’s first marriage and the younger two are from his marriage to Freya. For part of the week, the two older girls live with David and Freya and their younger sisters. In the interview, David reflects on how his older daughters use tech, with contributions from Freya and prompted by questions from the interviewer.
Queer theory, sex work and the European Union: on the constitutive exclusion of sex work from the European Union’s lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersexual policies
Authors: Rubio Grundell Lucrecia
Published: May 2024

In this article, I analyse the constitutive effects of the exclusion of sex work for the European Union’s (EU’s) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersexual (LGBTI) policies. I combine queer theory, the literature on EU LGBTI politics and approaches that address sex work from a queer perspective and develop a discursive analysis of the EU’s LGBTI policies between 1984 and 2020. I argue that the EU’s LGBTI policies exclude sex work in various ways and that such exclusion is constitutive of the EU’s LGBTI policies themselves, in particular, when sex work is framed in neo-abolitionist terms. Specifically, the EU’s LGBTI policies exclude sex work as a constitutive other against which the neoliberal and homonormative sexual subject of rights and new sexual respectability that structures such policies are constructed. The exclusion of sex work from the EU’s LGBTI policies is thus indispensable to disciplining political subjectivity and sexuality in line with heteronormativity and neoliberalism in such terms.
Three-dimensional freeform reflector design with a microfacet surface roughness model
Authors: Kronberg Vì C. E. , Anthonissen Martijn J. H. , ten Thije Boonkkamp Jan H. M. , IJzerman Wilbert L.
Published: May 2024

This paper proposes a methodology for the design of freeform reflectors with scattering surfaces. We use microfacets, which are small, tilted mirrors superimposed on a smooth surface. We form a simple model of surface roughness and light scattering based on the orientations of the microfacets. Using a least-squares solver to compute the smooth reflector as a starting point, we can subsequently alter the surface using an optimization procedure to account for the scattering. After optimization, the resulting reflector surface produces the desired scattered light distribution. We verify the resulting reflector using raytracing. This study focuses on freeform systems with a collimated incident beam and a far-field target intensity.
Geometric-phase-based phase-knife mask for stellar nulling and coronagraphy
Authors: Serabyn Eugene , Liewer Kurt , Ruane Garreth
Published: May 2024

Exoplanets can be detected very close to stars using single-mode cross-aperture nulling interferometry, a photonic technique that relies on the inability of an anti-symmetric stellar point-spread function to couple to the symmetric mode of a single-mode fiber. We prepared an asymmetric field distribution from a laboratory point source using a flat geometric-phase-based pupil-plane phase-knife mask comprised of a planar liquid crystal polymer layer with orthogonal optical axes on opposite sides of a linear pupil bisector. Our mask yielded an on-axis laboratory point-source rejection (i.e., an interferometric “null depth”) of 2.2 × 10−5. Potential mask modifications to better reject starlight are described that incorporate additional phase regions to spatially broaden the rejection area, and additional layers to spectrally broaden the rejection. Also discussed is a topological correspondence between the spatial configurations of separated-aperture nullers, cross-aperture nullers and full-aperture phase coronagraphs.
On-chip silicon photonic nanohole metamaterials enabled high-density waveguide arrays
Authors: Yi Xiaogen , Zhang Yibo , Chen Yu , Zhan Hengjie , Li Yunjie , Qiu Ciyuan
Published: May 2024

High-density silicon waveguide arrays manufactured on a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-foundry platform hold great promise for optical information processing and photonic integration. However, evanescent waves arising from nanoscale confinement would cause significant optical crosstalk in waveguide arrays, which remains a vital issue in various applications. Here, by utilizing silicon photonic nanohole metamaterials, we propose a scheme to greatly suppress the crosstalk in the devices and then demonstrate ultra-compact low-crosstalk waveguide arrays. For a 100-µm-long waveguide array at a half-wavelength pitch, low crosstalk of −19 dB can be obtained in a wide range of wavelengths (1500 nm–1580 nm). In the experimental demonstrations, our approach exhibits the ability to suppress the crosstalk over a broad bandwidth without substantially increasing the propagation loss as well as the promising design flexibility, which shall pave the way for metamaterials enabled high-density waveguide arrays.
Pulse interaction induced systematic errors in dual comb spectroscopy
Authors: Walsh Mathieu , Baumann Esther , Malarich Nathan , Egbert Scott , Cole Ryan K. , Rieker Gregory B. , Newbury Nathan R. , Coddington Ian , Cossel Kevin , Genest Jérôme
Published: May 2024

Systematic errors are observed in dual comb spectroscopy when pulses from the two sources travel in a common fiber before interrogating the sample of interest. When sounding a molecular gas, these errors distort both the line shapes and retrieved concentrations. Simulations of dual comb interferograms based on a generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation highlight two processes for these systematic errors. Self-phase modulation changes the spectral content of the field interrogating the molecular response but affects the recorded spectral baseline and absorption features differently, leading to line intensity errors. Cross-phase modulation modifies the relative inter-pulse delay, thus introducing interferogram sampling errors and creating a characteristic asymmetric distortion on spectral lines. Simulations capture the shape and amplitude of experimental errors which are around 0.1% on spectral transmittance residuals for 10 mW of total average power in 10 meters of common fiber, scaling up to above 0.6% for 20 mW and 60 m.
Optical injection effects in electrically pumped semiconductor nano-laser arrays
Authors: Fan Yuanlong , Shi Teng , Zhang Jing , Shore K. Alan
Published: May 2024

A theoretical analysis is performed on the response of electrically pumped nano-laser arrays to external optical injection. The response to both continuous wave and modulated optical injection is explored. Continuous wave injection is shown to excite several varieties of dynamical behaviour in the array elements including regular dynamics and quasi-periodic behaviour. The strength of the optical injection, the frequency detuning between the injected light and the target laser, and the magnitude of the Purcell spontaneous emission enhancement factor are shown to markedly affect the dynamics. When subject to modulated optical injection, the effects of frequency detuning and optical injection strength are the focus of attention. It is shown that the elements of the array subject to modulated optical injection exhibit oscillatory behaviour over broad regimes determined by the optical injection strength and the frequency detuning.
Dynamic phase-differencing profilometry with number-theoretical phase unwrapping and interleaved projection
Authors: Wei Zhimi , Cao Yiping , Wu Haitao , Xu Cai , Ruan Guoshui , Wu Fang , Li Chengmeng
Published: May 2024

High-speed 3D measurement is receiving increasing attention. However, simultaneously achieving high computational efficiency, algorithmic robustness, and reconstructing ratio is challenging. Therefore, a dynamic phase-differencing profilometry (DPDP) is proposed. By capturing the minimum three phase-shifting sinusoidal deformed patterns and establishing a brand-new model, the phase difference between the object on the reference plane and the reference plane is directly resolved to effectively improve computational efficiency. Although it is wrapped, by using only two auxiliary complementary gratings with a purposely designed lower frequency, a DPDP-based number-theoretical temporal phase unwrapping (NT-TPU) algorithm is also proposed to unwrap the wrapped phase difference rather than the phase itself with high robustness. Furthermore, compared to existing PSP-based NT-TPU, the proposed NT-TPU can normally work under more relaxed restrictions. In order to accomplish a high reconstructing ratio, a pentabasic interleaved projection (PIP) strategy based on time division multiplexing is proposed. It can improve the reconstructing ratio from one reconstruction per every five patterns to an equivalent of one reconstruction per every 1.67 patterns. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high computational efficiency, high algorithmic robustness, and high reconstructing ratio simultaneously and has prospective application in high-speed 3D measurement.
Long-distance and high-precision ranging with dual-comb nonlinear asynchronous optical sampling
Authors: Meng Yun , Shi Yanqing , Zou Kai , Song Youjian , Hu Xiaolong
Published: May 2024

Precise distance metrology and measurements play an important role in many fields of scientific research and industrial manufacture. Dual-comb laser ranging combines sub-wavelength ranging precision, large non-ambiguity range, and high update rate, making it the most promising candidate in precise distance metrology and measurements. However, previous demonstrations of dual-comb ranging suffer from short working distances, limited by the decoherence of lasers in interferometric schemes or by the low sensitivity of the photodetectors in response to the sparse echo photons. Here, we propose and demonstrate time-of-flight laser ranging with dual-comb nonlinear asynchronous optical sampling and photon counting by a fractal superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, achieving ranging precision of 6.2 micrometers with an acquisition time of 100 ms and 0.9 micrometers with an acquisition time of 1 s in measuring the distance of an outdoor target approximately 298 m away.
Fast image-free autofocus method for passive FSPI microscopy
Authors: Ni Mingyang , Cai Yu , Xue Yihao , Deng Huaxia , Gong Xinglong
Published: May 2024

Autofocus is crucial for capturing sharp images with imaging devices for information acquisition. Traditional autofocus strategies based on post-processing become less efficient for passive FSPI microscopy of yet low temporal resolution. In this Letter, a fast and image-free autofocus system is proposed for passive FSPI microscopy. Based on the complementary design of an optical path, the system can measure the focus degree at 5000 fps while maintaining a high light efficiency for imaging. The proposed system can be easily combined with existing trinocular microscopes, which provides a welcomed boost to the practicability of passive FSPI microscopy.
Fresnel lens three-dimensionally printed on the facet of a single mode fiber for trapping, manipulation, and spectrum
Authors: Wang Yirui , Li Minglong , Zhu Haodong , Min Qiuhong , Lou Yuanhao , Wu Dan , Ma Jian , Yang Zhenyu , Zhao Ming , Pang Yuanjie
Published: May 2024

Fiber optical tweezers (FOTs) provide a functionality for micro-/nanoparticle manipulation with a slim and flexible optical fiber setup. An added in situ spectroscopic functionality can achieve characterization of the trapped particle, potentially useful for endoscopic, in-vivo studies in an inherently heterogeneous environment if the applicator end is all-fiber-built. Here, we demonstrate all-fiber optical tweezers (a-FOTs) for the trapping and in situ spectral measurement of a single, cell-sized microparticle. The key to ensure the simultaneous bifunctionality is a high numerical aperture (NA) Fresnel lens fabricated by two-photon direct laser writing (DLW) corrected by grid-correction methods. We demonstrate trapping and time-resolved, in situ spectroscopy of a single upconversion particle (UCP), a common fluorescent biomarker in biophotonics. The system achieves a 0.5-s time resolution in the in situ spectral measurement of a trapped UCP. The all-fiber designed system preserves the advantages of flexibility and robustness of the fiber, potentially useful for in-vivo biomedical studies such as cell-to-cell interactions, pH and temperature detection, and nucleic acids detection.
Establishing equivalent circuits of mounted, high-power VCSEL arrays for iToF cameras
Authors: Liu Kangning , Wang Yubing , Zhang Jianwei , Chen Yuqing , Zhang Mingshi , Zhang Xing , Qin Li , Ning Yongqiang , Wang Lijun
Published: May 2024

Solid-state indirect time-of-flight (iToF) cameras are crucial to numerous short-to-medium-range applications, owing to their advantages in terms of system integrability and long-term reliability. However, due to the low light intensity, the sensing range of iToF cameras is generally limited to a few meters, which hinders their wide applications. Further increasing the sensing range requires not only higher-power laser diodes but also well-designed driver circuits, which are based on prior knowledge of the laser diodes’ equivalent circuits (ECs). However, experimental studies on ECs of a mounted, high-power vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array that comprehensively incorporates all parasitic components, especially parasitic stemming from printed circuit boards (PCBs), remain absent. In this Letter, an 850 nm VCSEL array with a 15.3 W peak power and a 581 MHz bandwidth is fabricated, and more importantly, its EC is experimentally established. Leveraging the accurate EC, a compact iToF camera with a sensing range up to 11.50 m is designed. In addition, a modified precision model is proposed to better evaluate the iToF camera’s performance.
High-Q factor terahertz metamaterial sensor based on quasi-BIC
Authors: Li Songtao , Wang Quan , Chen Chen , Liu Ziyi , Ren Guanhua , Ren Zhi , Wang Ruoxing
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we proposed a terahertz (THz) metamaterial sensor, which consists of an array with two mirrored double split ring resonators (DSRRs) in one unit cell deposited on a lossless polyimide substrate. The THz spectral response show that when the two DSRRs in one unit cell are mirror symmetric and center symmetric simultaneously, two types of symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) can be generated with the incident polarization unchanged. When the gaps are on the short or long arms of DSRRs, different modes of BIC can be observed. By breaking the symmetry of the structure with the gaps deviating from the center line of the DSRRs, quasi-BICs can be achieved, which can provide high Q-factors for our designed THz metamaterial sensor. The performance of the sensor is also evaluated, which has the characteristics of high Q-factor, high sensitivity, and high linearity. The integration of quasi-BIC and THz sensing technology will help solve the problems faced in the design of ultra-high Q-factor THz sensors and further expand the applications of terahertz technology.
Ultrafast temporal phase-resolved nonlinear optical spectroscopy in the molecular frame
Authors: Pandey Siddhant , Tan Liang Z. , Walz Francis , Makhija Varun , Shivaram Niranjan
Published: May 2024

In an ultrafast nonlinear optical interaction, the electric field of
the emitted nonlinear signal provides direct access to the induced
nonlinear transient polarization or transient currents and thus
carries signatures of ultrafast dynamics in a medium. Measurement of
the electric field of such signals offers sensitive observables to
track ultrafast electron dynamics in various systems. In this work, we
resolve the real-time phase of the electric field of a femtosecond
third-order nonlinear optical signal in the molecular frame. The
electric field emitted from impulsively pre-aligned gas-phase
molecules at room temperature, in a degenerate four-wave mixing
scheme, is measured using a spectral interferometry technique. The
nonlinear signal is measured around a rotational revival to extract
its molecular-frame angle dependence from pump-probe time-delay scans.
By comparing these measurements for two linear molecules, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen, we show that the measured second-order phase
parameter (temporal chirp) of the signal is sensitive to the valence
electronic symmetry of the molecules, whereas the amplitude of the
signal does not show such sensitivity. We compare measurements to
theoretical calculations of the chirp observable in the molecular
frame. This work is an important step towards using electric field
measurements in nonlinear optical spectroscopy to study ultrafast
dynamics of electronically excited molecules in the molecular
frame.
Three Phase Spectral Interferometry (3PSI) for recording high dynamic range optical waveforms with <1 ps resolution over >2 ns records applied to closed-loop pulse shaping
Authors: Muir Ryan , Mittelberger Daniel , Heebner John
Published: May 2024

We demonstrate a novel spectral interferometry technique that simultaneously captures three spectral interferograms of a signal waveform with a reference pulse. The measured performance is robust to nonidealities and ambient drifts by implementing a precisely calibrated 3x3 Polarization Maintaining (PM) splitter that provides three phase shift differences nominally spaced 120° apart. The system can achieve long record length by implementing three, high-resolution, Virtually Imaged Phase Array (VIPA) spectrometers. Here, we experimentally implement this technique and demonstrate the measurement of waveforms with >2 ns of record while maintaining <1 ps resolution.
Reflective Signatures of Unresolved Objects
Authors: Brady David , Nero Gregory , Hageman Gordon , Alghamdi Ahmed
Published: May 2024

We present a method for identifying, classifying, and distinguishing unresolved reflective objects. A forward model is developed to predict how the radiance field from a specular surface will be angularly distributed and how samples detected from that field can be used to infer surface profile characteristics. We present lab studies to validate the forward model and demonstrate unresolved object identification and classification. We demonstrate unresolved specular object identification for a 35 mm target at a 4.6 km and 50 mm targets at a 27.6 km range with a 28 cm aperture telescope. Preliminary observations for specular signatures of drones and helicopters are also presented.
Sensitivity of a vector atomic magnetometer based on electromagnetically induced transparency
Authors: Novikova Irina , Mikhailov Eugeniy , Kitching John , Matsko Andrey , McKelvy James , Wang Ying Ju , Gonzalez Mario , Rollins Owen , Toyryla Alex , fan isaac , Li Yang
Published: May 2024

We present a realization of a magnetic sensor based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonances observed in hot Rb vapor using lin$\parallel$lin polarized dichromatic light and evaluate scalar and vector capabilities of the sensor for measuring Earth-like magnetic fields. We demonstrate scalar measurement sensitivity of 2 pT/Hz^1/2 in the 1-100~Hz spectral frequency band using a cm^3 Rb vapor cell, significantly
improving the performance for such a configuration if compared with earlier measurements of large magnetic fields. By using a single linearly polarized dichromatic optical field, we are also able to determine the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the light propagation direction and polarization, taking advantage of the symmetries of the interaction scheme. We accomplish that by combining the polarization-sensitive transmission measurements and sparse sensing machine learning techniques. A path for further improvement of the sensitivity and elimination of systematic effects, such as heading error, is discussed.
Enhancement of phase retrieval accuracy by correcting transmission distance measurement error in the ptychography method based on clarity evaluation
Authors: jiang hongzhen , Liu Xu , Liu Yong , Chen Zhu , Li Dong , Qihua Zhu , Zheng Wanguo
Published: May 2024

Ensuring accurate phase-recovery accuracy in extended ptychography relies on precise measurement of the transmission distance between the sample and diffraction planes. This study proposes a novel method for determining the precise position of the diffraction surface based on the definition evaluation function. By accurately computing the distance between the sample surface and the diffraction surface, this method effectively mitigates phase reconstruction aberrations caused by the measurement error of transmission distances. Consequently, experimental validation was conducted to reconstruct the wavefront of an optical element. The results indicate the technology to be highly effective in suppressing the defocus phase error during the phase reconstruction process of extended ptychography, thereby enhancing the accuracy of phase retrieval.
On the impact of re-mating and residual fertility on the Sterile Insect Technique efficacy: Case study with the medfly, Ceratitis capitata
Authors: Dumont Yves , Oliva Clélia F.
Published: May 2024

The sterile insect technique (SIT) can be an efficient solution for reducing or eliminating certain insect pest populations. It is widely used in agriculture against fruit flies, including the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata. The re-mating tendency of medfly females and the fact that the released sterile males may have some residual fertility could be a challenge for the successful implementation of the SIT. Obtaining the right balance between sterility level and sterile male quality (competitiveness, longevity, etc) is the key to a cost-efficient program. Since field experimental approaches can be impacted by many environmental variables, it is difficult to get a clear understanding on how specific parameters, alone or in combination, may affect the SIT efficiency. The use of models not only helps to gather knowledge, but it allows the simulation of a wide range of scenarios and can be easily adapted to local populations and sterile male production.

In this study, we consider single- and double-mated females. We first show that SIT can be successful only if the residual fertility is less than a threshold value that depends on the basic offspring number of the targeted pest population, the re-mating rates, and the parameters of double-mated females. Then, we show how the sterile male release rate is affected by the parameters of double-mated females and the male residual fertility. Different scenarios are explored with continuous and periodic sterile male releases, with and without ginger aromatherapy, which is known to enhance sterile male competitiveness, and also taking into account some biological parameters related to females that have been mated twice, either first by a wild (sterile) male and then a sterile (wild) male, or by two wild males only. Parameter values were chosen for peach as host fruit to reflect what could be expected in the Corsican context, where SIT against the medfly is under consideration.

Our results suggest that ginger aromatherapy can be a decisive factor determining the success of SIT against medfly. We also emphasize the importance of estimating the duration of the refractory period between matings depending on whether a wild female has mated with a wild or sterile male. Further, we show the importance of parameters, like the (hatched) eggs deposit rate and the death-rate related to all fertile double-mated females. In general, re-mating is considered to be detrimental to SIT programs. However, our results show that, depending on the parameter values of double-mated females, re-mating may also be beneficial for SIT.

Our model can be easily adapted to different contexts and species, for a broader understanding of release strategies and management options.
Removing direct photocurrent artifacts in optogenetic connectivity mapping data via constrained matrix factorization
Authors: Antin Benjamin , Sadahiro Masato , Gajowa Marta , Triplett Marcus A. , Adesnik Hillel , Paninski Liam
Published: May 2024

Monosynaptic connectivity mapping is crucial for building circuit-level models of neural computation. Two-photon optogenetic stimulation, when combined with whole-cell recording, enables large-scale mapping of physiological circuit parameters. In this experimental setup, recorded postsynaptic currents are used to infer the presence and strength of connections. For many cell types, nearby connections are those we expect to be strongest. However, when the postsynaptic cell expresses opsin, optical excitation of nearby cells can induce direct photocurrents in the postsynaptic cell. These photocurrent artifacts contaminate synaptic currents, making it difficult or impossible to probe connectivity for nearby cells. To overcome this problem, we developed a computational tool, Photocurrent Removal with Constraints (PhoRC). Our method is based on a constrained matrix factorization model which leverages the fact that photocurrent kinetics are less variable than those of synaptic currents. We demonstrate on real and simulated data that PhoRC consistently removes photocurrents while preserving synaptic currents, despite variations in photocurrent kinetics across datasets. Our method allows the discovery of synaptic connections which would have been otherwise obscured by photocurrent artifacts, and may thus reveal a more complete picture of synaptic connectivity. PhoRC runs faster than real time and is available as open source software.
Differential disruptions in population coding along the dorsal-ventral axis of CA1 in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Aβ pathology
Authors: Chockanathan Udaysankar , Padmanabhan Krishnan
Published: May 2024

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized by a range of behavioral alterations, including memory loss and psychiatric symptoms. While there is evidence that molecular pathologies, such as amyloid beta (Aβ), contribute to AD, it remains unclear how this histopathology gives rise to such disparate behavioral deficits. One hypothesis is that Aβ exerts differential effects on neuronal circuits across brain regions, depending on the neurophysiology and connectivity of different areas. To test this, we recorded from large neuronal populations in dorsal CA1 (dCA1) and ventral CA1 (vCA1), two hippocampal areas known to be structurally and functionally diverse, in the APP/PS1 mouse model of amyloidosis. Despite similar levels of Aβ pathology, dCA1 and vCA1 showed distinct disruptions in neuronal population activity as animals navigated a virtual reality environment. In dCA1, pairwise correlations and entropy, a measure of the diversity of activity patterns, were decreased in APP/PS1 mice relative to age-matched C57BL/6 controls. However, in vCA1, APP/PS1 mice had increased pair-wise correlations and entropy as compared to age matched controls. Finally, using maximum entropy models, we connected the microscopic features of population activity (correlations) to the macroscopic features of the population code (entropy). We found that the models’ performance increased in predicting dCA1 activity, but decreased in predicting vCA1 activity, in APP/PS1 mice relative to the controls. Taken together, we found that Aβ exerts distinct effects across different hippocampal regions, suggesting that the various behavioral deficits of AD may reflect underlying heterogeneities in neuronal circuits and the different disruptions that Aβ pathology causes in those circuits.
Exploring the human dimensions of harmful algal blooms through a well-being framework to increase resilience in a changing world
Authors: Moore Stephanie K. , Broadwater Maggie , Cha Curtis , Dortch Quay , Harvey Chris J. , Norman Karma C. , Pearce Justin , Pomeroy Carrie , Samhouri Jameal F.
Published: May 2024

Climate change is expected to alter harmful algal bloom (HAB) dynamics in marine and freshwater systems around the world, with some regions already experiencing significant increases in HAB events. There has been considerable investment of effort to identify, characterize, track, and predict the direction and magnitude of HAB response to climate variability and change. In comparison, far less effort has been devoted to understanding how human communities respond to HABs in a changing world. Harmful algal blooms alter social-ecological interactions and can have negative consequences for human well-being. This is especially true for fishing communities because their resource-based economies operate at the interface of the natural environment and society. Identifying the components of human well-being that are most affected by HABs can advance ecosystem assessment and inform choices about climate-ready management strategies in and across complex systems. This study uses a framework for considering human well-being in management contexts to explore the effects of HABs of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. on US West Coast fishing communities. We find that HABs, and the management strategies to address them, affect almost every domain of human well-being; however, less than half of these effects meet the criteria to be considered by federal disaster response and recovery programs that provide relief to impacted communities. Moreover, much of the data used to measure the effects of HABs that are eligible for consideration by these programs are not consistently collected, which could lead to inequitable access to disaster relief. Our analysis provides a starting point for communities to develop a suite of high-quality indicators of human well-being to evaluate HAB impacts, assess the effectiveness of management actions and the equity of management outcomes, and track adaptation to system dynamics and external pressures.
Genetically dissecting the electron transport chain of a soil bacterium reveals a generalizable mechanism for biological phenazine-1-carboxylic acid oxidation
Authors: Tsypin Lev M. Z. , Saunders Scott H. , Chen Allen W. , Newman Dianne K.
Published: May 2024

The capacity for bacterial extracellular electron transfer via secreted metabolites is widespread in natural, clinical, and industrial environments. Recently, we discovered the biological oxidation of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), the first example of biological regeneration of a naturally produced extracellular electron shuttle. However, it remained unclear how PCA oxidation was catalyzed. Here, we report the mechanism, which we uncovered by genetically perturbing the branched electron transport chain (ETC) of the soil isolate Citrobacter portucalensis MBL. Biological PCA oxidation is coupled to anaerobic respiration with nitrate, fumarate, dimethyl sulfoxide, or trimethylamine-N-oxide as terminal electron acceptors. Genetically inactivating the catalytic subunits for all redundant complexes for a given terminal electron acceptor abolishes PCA oxidation. In the absence of quinones, PCA can still donate electrons to certain terminal reductases, albeit much less efficiently. In C. portucalensis MBL, PCA oxidation is largely driven by flux through the ETC, which suggests a generalizable mechanism that may be employed by any anaerobically respiring bacterium with an accessible cytoplasmic membrane. This model is supported by analogous genetic experiments during nitrate respiration by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Community interventions for pandemic preparedness: A scoping review of pandemic preparedness lessons from HIV, COVID-19, and other public health emergencies of international concern
Authors: Hafez Sali , Ismail Sharif A. , Zibwowa Zandile , Alhamshary Nadin , Elsayed Reem , Dhaliwal Mandeep , Samuels Fiona , Fakoya Ade
Published: May 2024

Community action is broadly recognised as central to comprehensive and effective system responses to pandemics. However, there is uncertainty about how and where communities can be best supported to bolster long-term resilience and preparedness. We applied a typology of community interventions (Community Informing, Consulting, Involving, Collaborating or Empowering–or CICICE) to cover the diverse range of interventions identified across the literature and used this to structure a scoping review addressing three linked topics: (i) how CICICE interventions have been understood and applied in the literature on epidemic and pandemic preparedness; (ii) the spectrum of interventions that have been implemented to strengthen CICICE and (iii) what evidence is available on their effectiveness in influencing preparedness for current and future emergencies. We drew on peer-reviewed and grey literature from the HIV (from 2000) and COVID-19 pandemics and recent public health emergencies of international concern (from 2008), identified through systematic searches in MEDLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Collaboration database, supplemented by keyword-structured searches in GoogleScholar and websites of relevant global health organisations. Following screening and extraction, key themes were identified using a combined inductive/deductive approach. 130 papers met the criteria for inclusion. Interventions for preparedness were identified across the spectrum of CICICE. Most work on COVID-19 focused on informing and consulting rather than capacity building and empowerment. The literature on HIV was more likely to report interventions emphasising human rights perspectives and empowerment. There was little robust evidence on the role of CICICE interventions in building preparedness. Evidence of effect was most robust for multi-component interventions for HIV prevention and control. Much of the reporting focused on intermediate outcomes, including measures of health service utilisation. We put forward a series of recommendations to help address evidence shortfalls, including clarifying definitions, organising and stratifying interventions by several parameters and strengthening evaluation methods for CICICE.
Understanding The Mimicker: Epidemiological Pattern and Determinant of Melioidosis Mortality in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Authors: Md Hanif Shahrul Azhar , Hassan Mohd Rohaizat , Rafi’i Muhammad Ridzwan , Abdul Halim Ahmad Farid Nazmi , Ahmad Zamzuri Mohd ‘Ammar Ihsan , Ismail Muhammad , Ibrahim Siti Salwa , Mihat Massitah , Rejali Lokman , Zubir Muhammad Habiruddin , Mahadi Muhammad Salihin , Ahmad Ismail Shazwanis , Ganesan Veshny , Mohd Fadzil Muhammad Fahmi
Published: May 2024

Background

Melioidosis, a tropical infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is epidemic in most region in Southeast Asia with high case fatality. However, there is scanty information regarding the disease’s epidemiological pattern, demographics, and underlying risk factors.

Method

This 5-year retrospective study of 185 confirmed cases which were taken from the Negeri Sembilan Melioidosis Registry between 2018 and 2022. We aim to describe the incidence, mortality rate, case fatality, relationship with meteorology, and factors that influence mortality in this central region of Peninsular Malaysia.

Results

Incidence rate (IR) of melioidosis in Negeri Sembilan is varied at 1.9 to 5.1 with mean of 3.1 in 100,000 population per year. IR varied between districts in the state from zero to 22.01 in 100,000 population per year. Mortality rate were ranged from 0.17 to 0.74 cases with mean of 0.44 cases in 100,000 population per year. The case fatality rate of this state scattered from 8.70% to 16.67%. There were no significant linear associations between cases and deaths with monthly rainfall and humidity. The mean age of patients was 52.8 years, predominated with age around 41–60 years old. Males (77.8%) predominated, and the majority of cases were Malays (88.9%) and had exposed to soil related activities (74.6%). Mortality from melioidosis was more likely in Bumiputera and non-Malaysians (p<0.05). Patients who had at least one comorbidity were at a higher risk of death from melioidosis (p<0.05). Diabetes mellitus was found in 41.1% of all identified cases, making it a major underlying risk factor for both developing and dying from melioidosis (aOR:19.32, 95%CI:1.91–195.59, p<0.05). Hypertension and mortality status in melioidosis are also significantly correlated (aOR: 7.75, 95% CI: 2.26–26.61, p<0.05).

Conclusion

The epidemiological patterns of cases reported from Negeri Sembilan are consistent for the most part from previous studies in other states in Malaysia and global with regard to its incidence, case fatality, demographic and predisposing chronic diseases. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were significantly linked to increased mortality among all determinants.
Fuzhengjiedu San inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Chang Kexin , Fan Kuangshi , Zhang Hua , Wu Qiong , Zhang Yonghong , Wang Le , Chen Hongcen , Tong Jinjin , Cui Defeng
Published: May 2024

Background

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been garnering ever-increasing worldwide attention as the herbal extracts and formulas prove to have potency against disease. Fuzhengjiedu San (FZJDS), has been extensively used to treat viral diseases in pigs, but its bioactive components and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods

In this study, we conducted an integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental study to elucidate the mechanisms underlying FZJDS’s action in treating porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). We constructed PPI network and screened the core targets according to their degree of value. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were also carried out to identify relevant pathways. Lastly, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blotting were used to determine the effects of FZJDS on core gene expression in PRRSV-infected monkey kidney (MARC-145) cells to further expand the results of network pharmacological analysis.

Results

Network pharmacology data revealed that quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin were the main active compounds of FZJDS. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway was deemed the cellular target as it has been shown to participate most in PRRSV replication and other PRRSV-related functions. Analysis by qRT-PCR and western blotting demonstrated that FZJDS significantly reduced the expression of P65, JNK, TLR4, N protein, Bax and IĸBa in MARC-145 cells, and increased the expression of Bcl-2, consistent with network pharmacology results. This study provides that FZJDS has significant antiviral activity through its effects on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Conclusion

We conclude that FZJDS is a promising candidate herbal formulation for treating PRRSV and deserves further investigation.
Annotation of nuclear lncRNAs based on chromatin interactions
Authors: Agrawal Saumya , Buyan Andrey , Severin Jessica , Koido Masaru , Alam Tanvir , Abugessaisa Imad , Chang Howard Y. , Dostie Josée , Itoh Masayoshi , Kere Juha , Kondo Naoto , Li Yunjing , Makeev Vsevolod J. , Mendez Mickaël , Okazaki Yasushi , Ramilowski Jordan A. , Sigorskikh Andrey I. , Strug Lisa J. , Yagi Ken , Yasuzawa Kayoko , Yip Chi Wai , Hon Chung Chau , Hoffman Michael M. , Terao Chikashi , Kulakovskiy Ivan V. , Kasukawa Takeya , Shin Jay W. , Carninci Piero , de Hoon Michiel J. L.
Published: May 2024

The human genome is pervasively transcribed and produces a wide variety of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), constituting the majority of transcripts across human cell types. Some specific nuclear lncRNAs have been shown to be important regulatory components acting locally. As RNA-chromatin interaction and Hi-C chromatin conformation data showed that chromatin interactions of nuclear lncRNAs are determined by the local chromatin 3D conformation, we used Hi-C data to identify potential target genes of lncRNAs. RNA-protein interaction data suggested that nuclear lncRNAs act as scaffolds to recruit regulatory proteins to target promoters and enhancers. Nuclear lncRNAs may therefore play a role in directing regulatory factors to locations spatially close to the lncRNA gene. We provide the analysis results through an interactive visualization web portal at https://fantom.gsc.riken.jp/zenbu/reports/#F6_3D_lncRNA.
Gender-based heterogeneity of FAHFAs in trained runners
Authors: Nelson Alisa B. , Chow Lisa S. , Dengel Donald R. , Pan Meixia , Hughey Curtis C. , Han Xianlin , Puchalska Patrycja , Crawford Peter A.
Published: May 2024

Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) are anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory lipokines. Recently FAHFAs were also found to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in a cross-sectional study of recreationally trained runners. Here we report the influences of body composition and gender on static FAHFA abundances in circulation. We compared the association between circulating FAHFA concentrations and body composition, determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry, in female recreational runners who were lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 6), to those who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n = 7). To characterize the effect of gender we also compared circulating FAHFAs in lean male recreational runners (n = 8) to recreationally trained lean female (n = 6) runner group. Circulating FAHFAs were increased in females in a manner that was modulated by specific adipose depot sizes, blood glucose, and lean body mass. As expected, circulating FAHFAs were diminished in the overweight group, but strikingly, within the lean cohort, increases in circulating FAHFAs were promoted by increased fat mass, relative to lean mass, while the overweight group showed a significantly attenuated relationship. These studies suggest multimodal regulation of circulating FAHFAs and raise hypotheses to test endogenous FAHFA dynamic sources and sinks in health and disease, which will be essential for therapeutic target development. Baseline circulating FAHFA concentrations could signal sub-clinical metabolic dysfunction in metabolically healthy obesity.
The hatred of all against all? Evidence from online community platforms in South Korea
Authors: Koo Jeong-Woo , Suh Chan S. , Chung Jin Won , Sohn Kyung-Ah , Han Kyungsik
Published: May 2024

Background

Over several years of recent efforts to make sense and detect online hate speech, we still know relatively little about how hateful expressions enter online platforms and whether there are patterns and features characterizing the corpus of hateful speech.

Objective

In this research, we introduce a new conceptual framework suitable for better capturing the overall scope and dynamics of the current forms of online hateful speech.

Methods

We adopt several Python-based crawlers to collect a comprehensive data set covering a variety of subjects from a multiplicity of online communities in South Korea. We apply the notions of marginalization and polarization in identifying patterns and dynamics of online hateful speech.

Results

Our analyses suggest that polarization driven by political orientation and age difference predominates in the hateful speech in most communities, while marginalization of social minority groups is also salient in other communities. Furthermore, we identify a temporal shift in the trends of online hate from gender to age based, reflecting the changing sociopolitical conditions within the polarization dynamics in South Korea.

Conclusion

By expanding our understanding of how hatred shifts and evolves in online communities, our study provides theoretical and practical implications for both researchers and policy-makers.
The spatiotemporal evolution of rural landscape patterns in Chinese metropolises under rapid urbanization
Authors: Xu Ninghan , Zeng Peng , Guo Yuanyuan , Siddique Muhammad Amir , Li Jinxuan , Ren Xiaotong , Tang Fengliang , Zhang Ran
Published: May 2024

Understanding the evolution of rural landscapes in metropolises during rapid urbanization is crucial for formulating policies to protect the rural ecological environment. In this study, remote sensing and geographical information system data, as well as applied landscape index analysis, are used to examine the spatiotemporal evolution of rural landscape patterns in the Beijing-Tianjin region of China, which has experienced rapid urbanization. The relationships between land use/land cover changes and changes in rural landscape patterns are explored. The results revealed significant spatial differences in the rural landscapes in the Beijing-Tianjin region; farmland and forestland were the main types of landscapes, creating a "mountain-field-sea" natural landscape pattern. The conversion of rural landscapes in the Beijing-Tianjin region involved mainly the conversion of farmland to urban areas, with few exchanges between other landscape types. The urban areas in the Beijing-Tianjin region increased by 3% per decade; farmland decreased at the same rate. Additionally, the rural landscape patterns in the Beijing-Tianjin region were dominated by fragmentation, dispersion, and heterogeneity and moved from complex to regular. Water bodies displayed the most fragmented natural landscape; their number of patches increased by 36%, though their network characteristics were maintained. Forestland was the most concentrated natural landscape. In this study, theoretical support and a scientific reference for the optimization of rural landscape patterns and the improvement in rural living environments in rapidly urbanizing areas are provided.
Cognitive and neural mechanisms of learning and interventions for improvement across the adult lifespan: A systematic review protocol
Authors: Privitera Adam John , Ng Siew Hiang Sally , Chen S. H. Annabel
Published: May 2024

Background

There continues to be growing interest in the Science of Learning including identifying applications for findings from this work outside the laboratory to support learning. Presently, there exists a gap in our understanding of learning during healthy adulthood as well as effective ways in which that learning can be improved. Developing a more comprehensive understanding of learning during adulthood, and effective ways of improving that learning, are crucial goals given the impact of a rapidly aging global population. The main objective of the proposed systematic review is to identify and synthesize all recent cognitive and brain research investigating learning across the adult lifespan.

Methods

Searches will be performed across Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases. Both published and unpublished literature will be screened for inclusion. Included articles will be limited to research in healthy adult samples reporting measures of learning-related cognition, brain structure or function and their relationship with age, or the impact of interventions to improve learning. All steps of the review will be performed by three trained reviewers. Tabular, narrative, and quantitative syntheses will be provided based on the characteristics of included studies.

Discussion

Findings from the proposed review will contribute to our understanding of learning in adulthood. Additionally, this review will identify research gaps in need of further investigation and relevant findings for translation, informing the scope of future funding priorities in the Science of Learning.