bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holding onto Moments in The Age of Innocence
Authors: Peacock Steven
Published: March 2015

This article offers an alternative to the predominant and pervasive theoretical approaches to discussing time in film. It adheres to ordinary language, and moves away from a ‘mapping’ of theoretical models or contextual analysis to concentrate on a films specifics. It considers the particular handling of time in a particular film: The Age of Innocence (Martin Scorsese, 1993). Fixing on specific points of style, the article examines the interplay of time and gesture, and the editing techniques of ellipses and dissolves. Both the article and the film hold their attention on the intricacy and intimacy afforded by moments, as they pass. Both explore how the intensity of a lovers relationship over decades is expressed in fleeting passages of shared time. In doing so, the article advances a vocabulary of criticism to match the rhetoric of the film, to appreciate the works handling of time. Detailed consideration of this achievement allows for a greater understanding of the designs and possibilities of time in cinema.
The Days Do Not End: Film Music, Time and Bernard Herrmann
Authors: Butler David
Published: March 2015

The tendency in most writing on the temporal properties of film music has been to note music‘s ability to establish, quickly and efficiently, a films historical setting. Although acknowledging this important function, this paper seeks to explore a wider range of temporal properties fulfilled by film music. Three aspects of musics temporality are discussed: anachronism (whereby choices of anachronistic music can provide the spectator with ways of making sense of a films subtext or its characters’ state of mind), navigation (the ability of music to help the spectator understand where and when they are in a films narrative) and expansion (musics ability to expand our experience of film time). The paper focuses on Bernard Herrmann, and his score for Taxi Driver (1976), and argues that Herrmann was particularly sensitive to the temporal possibilities of film music.
Neurofibromin controls macropinocytosis and phagocytosis in Dictyostelium
Authors: Bloomfield Gareth , Traynor David , Sander Sophia P , Veltman Douwe M , Pachebat Justin A , Kay Robert R
Published: March 2015

Cells use phagocytosis and macropinocytosis to internalise bulk material, which in phagotrophic organisms supplies the nutrients necessary for growth. Wildtype Dictyostelium amoebae feed on bacteria, but for decades laboratory work has relied on axenic mutants that can also grow on liquid media. We used forward genetics to identify the causative gene underlying this phenotype. This gene encodes the RasGAP Neurofibromin (NF1). Loss of NF1 enables axenic growth by increasing fluid uptake. Mutants form outsized macropinosomes which are promoted by greater Ras and PI3K activity at sites of endocytosis. Relatedly, NF1 mutants can ingest larger-than-normal particles using phagocytosis. An NF1 reporter is recruited to nascent macropinosomes, suggesting that NF1 limits their size by locally inhibiting Ras signalling. Our results link NF1 with macropinocytosis and phagocytosis for the first time, and we propose that NF1 evolved in early phagotrophs to spatially modulate Ras activity, thereby constraining and shaping their feeding structures.
Does the electromotive force (always) represent work?
Authors: Papachristou C. J. , Magoulas A. N.
Published: March 2015

In the literature of Electromagnetism, the electromotive force of a "circuit" is often defined as work done on a unit charge during a complete tour of the latter around the circuit. We explain why this statement cannot be generally regarded as true, although it is indeed true in certain simple cases. Several examples are used to illustrate these points.
Interdépendance du logement et des services: une étude qualitative sur l'interdépendance des conditions de logement et des services pour la réinsertion sociale en santé mentale, avec une approche Logement d'abord implantée dans une petite ville canadienne
Authors: Nolin Danielle , Jetté Jonathan
Published: March 2015

Dans le cadre du projet At Home / Chez Soi visant à évaluer l'efficacité de l'approche Logement d'abord, un volet a été consacré à une recherche qualitative basée sur le récit de vie en vue de mieux comprendre les impacts du projet au niveau du mode de vie et des perceptions des participants. Deux groupes de participants, expérimental (n = 10) et de comparaison (n = 10), ont été interviewés au début de l’étude ainsi qu'après 18 mois (groupe expérimental, n = 9; groupe de comparaison, n = 8). L’étude tend à montrer que ce modèle d'intervention contribue à des changements significatifs dans la perception des participants d'eux-mêmes et de leur condition de santé mentale.
Azimuthal anisotropy beneath north central Africa from shear wave splitting analyses
Authors: Lemnifi Awad A. , Liu Kelly H. , Gao Stephen S. , Reed Cory A. , Elsheikh Ahmed A. , Yu Youqiang , Elmelade Abdala A.
Published: March 2015

This study represents the first multistation investigation of azimuthal anisotropy beneath the interior of north central Africa, including Libya and adjacent regions, using shear wave splitting (SWS) analysis. Data used in the study include recently available broadband seismic data obtained from 15 stations managed by the Libyan Center for Remote Sensing and Space Science, and those from five other stations at which data are publicly accessible. A total of 583 pairs of high‐quality SWS measurements utilizing the PKS, SKKS, and SKS phases demonstrate primarily N‐S fast orientations with an average splitting delay time of approximately 1.2 s. An absence of periodic azimuthal variation of the observed splitting parameters indicates the presence of simple anisotropy, and lack of correlation between surficial features and the splitting parameters suggests that the origin of the observed anisotropy is primarily asthenospheric. This conclusion is enhanced by nonperiodic azimuthal variation of the splitting parameters observed at one of the stations located near the boundary of areas with different anisotropic properties. We interpret the observed anisotropy to be the consequence of northward movement of the African plate relative to the asthenosphere toward the Hellenic and Calabrian subduction zones. Local variance in fast orientations may be attributable to flow deflection by the northern edge of the African continental root. The observations provide critical and previously lacking constraints on mantle dynamic models in the vicinity of the convergent boundary between the African and Eurasian plates.
Multiscale influences on extreme winter rainfall in the Philippines
Authors: Pullen Julie , Gordon Arnold L. , Flatau Maria , Doyle James D. , Villanoy Cesar , Cabrera Olivia
Published: March 2015

During 2007–2008, the Philippines experienced the greatest rainfall in 40 winters. We use a combination of observations (including 48 meteorological stations distributed throughout the islands, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite‐sensed precipitation, and shipboard measurements) along with a high‐resolution two‐way coupled ocean/atmosphere model (3 km Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)®) to examine this anomalous season. As expected from climatology, rainfall was greatest on the eastern side of the archipelago, with seasonal totals exceeding 4000 mm in some locations. A moderate to strong La Niña increased the rainfall across the region. But discrete precipitation events delivered the bulk of the rain to the area and coincided with intense Madden‐Julian oscillation activity over the archipelago and a late February cold surge. General patterns and magnitudes of rainfall produced by the two‐way coupled model agreed with observations from land and from space. During the discrete events, the 3 km COAMPS also produced high amounts of precipitation in the mountainous parts of central Philippines. Direct observations were limited in this region. However, the government reported river flooding and evacuations in Mindoro during February 2008 as a result of significant rainfall. In addition, shipboard measurements from late January 2008 (collected by the Philippines Straits Dynamics Experiment) reveal a fresh lens of water to the west of the island of Mindoro, consistent with high freshwater discharge (river runoff) into the coastal area.
Investigation of ice cloud microphysical properties of DCSs using aircraft in situ measurements during MC3E over the ARM SGP site
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike
Published: March 2015

Six deep convective systems (DCSs) with a total of 5589 five‐second samples and a range of temperatures from −41°C to 0°C during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) were selected to investigate the ice cloud microphysical properties of DCSs over the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The ice cloud measurements of the DCS cases were made by the University of North Dakota Citation II research aircraft, and the ice cloud properties were derived through the following processes. First, the instances of supercooled liquid water in the ice‐dominated cloud layers of DCSs have been eliminated using multisensor detection, including the Rosemount Icing Detector, King and Cloud Droplet Probes, as well as 2DC and Cloud Imaging Probe images. Then the Nevzorov‐measured ice water contents (IWCs) at maximum diameter Dmax < 4000 µm are used as the best estimation to determine a new mass‐dimensional relationship. Finally, the newly derived mass‐dimensional relationship (a = 0.00365, b = 2.1) has been applied to a full spectrum of particle size distributions (PSDs, 120–30,000 µm) constructed from both 2DC and High‐Volume Precipitation Spectrometer measurements to calculate the best‐estimated IWCs of DCSs during MC3E. The averages of the total number concentrations (Nt), median mass diameter (Dm), maximum diameter (Dmax), and IWC from six selected cases are 0.035 cm−3, 1666 µm, 8841 µm, and 0.45 g m−3, respectively. The gamma‐type‐size distributions are then generated matching the observed PSDs (120–30,000 µm), and the fitted gamma parameters are compared with the observed PSDs through multimoment assessments including first moment (Dm), third moment (IWC), and sixth moment (equivalent radar reflectivity, Ze). For application of observed PSDs to the remote sensing community, a series of empirical relationships between fitted parameters and Ze values has been derived, and the bullet rosette ice crystal backscattering relationship has been suggested for ground‐based remote sensing.
Soil respiration sensitivities to water and temperature in a revegetated desert
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Shan , Dong Xue‐Jun , Xu Bing‐Xin , Chen Yong‐Le , Zhao Yang , Gao Yan‐Hong , Hu Yi‐Gang , Huang Lei
Published: March 2015

Soil respiration in water‐limited ecosystems is affected intricately by soil water content (SWC), temperature, and soil properties. Eight sites on sand‐fixed dunes that revegetated in different years since 1950s, with several topographical positions and various biological soil crusts (BSCs) and soil properties, were selected, as well as a moving sand dune (MSD) and a reference steppe in the Tengger Desert of China. Intact soil samples of 20 cm in depth were taken and incubated randomly at 12 levels of SWC (0 to 0.4 m3 m−3) and at 9 levels of temperature (5 to 45°C) in a growth chamber; additionally, cryptogamic and microbial respirations (RM) were measured. Total soil respiration (RT, including cryptogamic, microbial, and root respiration) was measured for 2 years at the MSD and five sites of sand‐fixed dunes. The relationship between RM and SWC under the optimal SWC condition (0.25 m3 m−3) is linear, as is the entire range of RT and SWC. The slope of linear function describes sensitivity of soil respiration to water (SRW) and reflects to soil water availability, which is related significantly to soil physical properties, BSCs, and soil chemical properties, in decreasing importance. Inversely, Q10 for RM is related significantly to abovementioned factors in increasing importance. However, Q10 for RT and respiration rate at 20°C are related significantly to soil texture and depth of BSCs and subsoil only. In conclusion, through affecting SRW, soil physical properties produce significant influences on soil respiration, especially for RT. This indicates that a definition of the biophysical meaning of SRW is necessary, considering the water‐limited and coarse‐textured soil in most desert ecosystems.
Isotopic evidence for the turnover of biological reactive nitrogen in the Pearl River Estuary, south China
Authors: Ye Feng , Ni Zhixin , Xie Luhua , Wei Gangjian , Jia Guodong
Published: March 2015

Nitrate (NO3−) concentrations and the isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) of water samples from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), south China, were measured to constrain N sources and processing in springtime. Nitrate concentrations decreased at higher salinities, and dual isotopic values were correlated with 1/[NO3−], both of which suggest mixing of eutrophic freshwater and oligotrophic seawater. However, δ15N and δ18O values did not closely follow the expected mixing lines. At low salinities (0–3.0), some samples exhibited high δ15N and low δ18O values compared with those of the riverine end‐member, indicating that sewage is a significant source of nitrate (up to 19.0% calculated from δ15N). At salinities of >3.0, Δδ15N and Δδ18O values are linearly correlated with lnƒ (the fraction of NO3− remaining in the system), which is attributable to isotopic Rayleigh fractionation during phytoplankton uptake of nitrate. However, the linear relationship between Δδ15N and Δδ18O is different between the west and east PRE, with a slope of 1.18 in the west and 1.59 in the east. This difference most likely resulted from varying degrees of nitrification due to different water velocities and residence times in the two areas. Our data therefore indicate that dual nitrate isotopic signatures are a valuable way to constrain the sources and behavior of nitrate in river‐dominated estuaries.
Influences of the day‐night differences of ionospheric variability on the estimation of GPS differential code bias
Authors: Li L. X. , Zhang D. H. , Zhang S. R. , Coster A. J. , Hao Y. Q. , Xiao Z.
Published: March 2015

The estimation of differential code bias (DCB) of GPS system is one of the necessary steps for total electron content (TEC) derivation from GPS measurements. Usually, the method for estimating the GPS DCBs follows the assumption of the gentle temporal and spatial variation of the ionosphere, but this assumption is just an approximation because of the ionosphere's inherent variability. It has been indicated that the estimated GPS satellite DCBs are sometimes influenced by the ionospheric conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate a possible influence of ionospheric variability that differs between day and night on the estimated DCBs from measurements of a single GPS station. It is found that the average standard deviations (STDs) of the satellite DCBs estimated with daytime data are higher than that with the nighttime data. To reduce this day‐night difference effect on GPS DCB determination, we use an improved estimation method based on the primary features of the ionospheric variability with local time. A local time dependent weighting function was introduced into the original least squares DCBs estimation algorithm. A test with data for BJFS station (39.60°N, 115.89°E) in 2001 indicates that the STD of the DCBs decreases from 2.533 TECU (total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) to 2.308 TECU, or by 8.9%, after the improved method was applied. For comparison, another test for the same station in 2009 indicates that the STD decreases from 1.344 TECU to 1.295 TECU. The amplitude of the 2009 improvement is very limited, only about 3.6%. The difference of the percentage improvements can probably be attributed to the different ionospheric conditions between 2001 and 2009.
Impact of cross‐polarization isolation on polarimetric target decomposition and target detection
Authors: Xu Feng , Wang Haipeng , Jin Ya‐Qiu , Liu Xiuqing , Wang Robert , Deng Yunkai
Published: March 2015

Cross‐polarization isolation is one of the key engineering parameters for a polarimetric radar system. Previous studies focused more on the calibration of cross‐talk contamination. This paper presents a numerical evaluation of the requirement for cross‐polarization isolation from the data users' perspective, i.e., the quantitative impact of polarization cross talk on polarimetric target decomposition and the associated applications such as classification and detection. Sensitivity analyses of several commonly used target decomposition parameters suggest that a theoretical lower bound of −32 dB isolation level is preferred to avoid any significant impact on these parameters. Our analyses with both simulated and real synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data show that a level of −25 dB would be acceptable for general terrain surface classification. This requirement is also true for man‐made target detection application. Using simulated SAR images of man‐made targets in natural environment, sensitivity analyses on two polarimetric detectors, Yang and Marino, both suggest that target detection performance would break down rapidly if isolation deteriorates from −25 dB to −20 dB.
Adsorptive uptake of water by semisolid secondary organic aerosols
Authors: Pajunoja Aki , Lambe Andrew T. , Hakala Jani , Rastak Narges , Cummings Molly J. , Brogan James F. , Hao Liqing , Paramonov Mikhail , Hong Juan , Prisle Nønne L. , Malila Jussi , Romakkaniemi Sami , Lehtinen Kari E. J. , Laaksonen Ari , Kulmala Markku , Massoli Paola , Onasch Timothy B. , Donahue Neil M. , Riipinen Ilona , Davidovits Paul , Worsnop Douglas R. , Petäjä Tuukka , Virtanen Annele
Published: March 2015

Aerosol climate effects are intimately tied to interactions with water. Here we combine hygroscopicity measurements with direct observations about the phase of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles to show that water uptake by slightly oxygenated SOA is an adsorption‐dominated process under subsaturated conditions, where low solubility inhibits water uptake until the humidity is high enough for dissolution to occur. This reconciles reported discrepancies in previous hygroscopicity closure studies. We demonstrate that the difference in SOA hygroscopic behavior in subsaturated and supersaturated conditions can lead to an effect up to about 30% in the direct aerosol forcing—highlighting the need to implement correct descriptions of these processes in atmospheric models. Obtaining closure across the water saturation point is therefore a critical issue for accurate climate modeling.
Comparison of the mass circulation and AO indices as indicators of cold air outbreaks in northern winter
Authors: Yu Yueyue , Ren Rongcai , Cai Ming
Published: March 2015

Using the daily ERA‐Interim reanalysis data set for the 32 winters in 1979–2011, we find that midlatitude cold air outbreaks (CAOs) tend to preferentially occur within a week after simultaneously stronger mass circulations into the Arctic region in upper levels and out of the Arctic region below. The relationship of CAOs with Arctic Oscillation (AO) is less robust because temporal changes of AO are resulted from a small imbalance between the poleward and equatorward branches of the mass circulation. Results indicate that only when the poleward branch leads the equatorward branch (44% of all cases), CAOs tend to take place within a week after a negative phase of AO, whereas when the equatorward branch leads (19%), CAOs tend to occur after a positive phase of AO. In the remaining cases when the two branches are almost in phase, CAOs can be observed during either negative (24%) or positive (13%) phase of AO.
Paleomagnetic tests of tectonic reconstructions of the India‐Asia collision zone
Authors: Huang Wentao , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Lippert Peter C. , Guo Zhaojie , Dupont‐Nivet Guillaume
Published: March 2015

Several solutions have been proposed to explain the long‐standing kinematic observation that postcollisional upper crustal shortening within the Himalaya and Asia is much less than the magnitude of India‐Asia convergence. Here we implement these hypotheses in global plate reconstructions and test paleolatitudes predicted by the global apparent polar wander path against independent, and the most robust paleomagnetic data. Our tests demonstrate that (1) reconstructed 600–750 km postcollisional intra‐Asian shortening is a minimum value; (2) a 52 Ma collision age is only consistent with paleomagnetic data if intra‐Asian shortening was ~900 km; a ~56–58 Ma collision age requires greater intra‐Asian shortening; (3) collision ages of 34 or 65 Ma incorrectly predict Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleolatitudes of the Tibetan Himalaya (TH); and (4) Cretaceous counterclockwise rotation of India cannot explain the paleolatitudinal divergence between the TH and India. All hypotheses, regardless of collision age, require major Cretaceous extension within Greater India.
Turbulent mixing and its impact on lower tropospheric moisture over tropical ocean
Authors: Bellenger Hugo , Katsumata Masaki , Yoneyama Kunio
Published: March 2015

The variability of lower tropospheric humidity is a crucial feature of the tropical climate. Among the processes that impact moisture budget, the vertical transport by turbulent mixing is generally overlooked. Using observations from Cooperative Indian Ocean experiment on intraseasonal variability/Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), CINDY/DYNAMO, campaign, this is a first attempt to quantify it over the tropical ocean. Turbulent patches of ~100 m depth are observed in relation with large vertical gradients of specific humidity. Intense mixing is diagnosed within these intermittent patches. Three approaches are used to diagnose the overall effect of this intermittent turbulence. Large uncertainties on the corresponding eddy diffusivity coefficient arise from parameters hard to experimentally constrain. However, dry conditions are associated with steep moisture vertical gradients above the boundary layers. Owing to the uncertainties on the eddy diffusivity, these gradients can correspond to negligible or to significant moisture tendencies (~0.5–1 g kg−1 d−1) during the recovery following a dry intrusion or the preconditioning stage of an MJO.
Gold‐Catalyzed and Gold‐Mediated Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Vilhelmsen Mie HØjer , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: March 2015

This chapter will review the vast synthetic methods available in homogeneous gold catalysis towards the preparation of heterocycles. Particularly, reactions in which the gold catalyst activates a carbon‐carbon multiple bond have received attention over the past three decades, but also rearrangements, cycloadditions, coupling reactions, and oxidative cyclizations have found use in the field. Each of these methodologies will be discussed through reactions in which the gold catalyst plays a central role in the cyclization by a carbon‐heteroatom bond formation. Reactions in which the heterocycles are formed by a gold catalyzed carbon‐carbon bond formation will not be included here. Finally, the general reaction mechanisms of the catalysis will be given and where appropriate specific reaction pathways will be reviewed.
Gold‐Catalyzed Reactions of Cyclopropenes
Authors: Archambeau Alexis , Miege Frederic , Cossy Janine , Meyer Christophe
Published: March 2015

Cyclopropenes have often been used as substrates in transition metal‐promoted or catalyzed reactions. Since the first reports in 2008, gold‐catalyzed reactions of cyclopropenes have rapidly evolved to an active research field. The observed reactivity is essentially related to the ability of cyclopropenes to undergo ring‐opening in the presence of gold(I) complexes and hence generate alkenyl gold carbenoids. These latter organogold species act as key reactive catalytic entities in a wide range of transformations including inter‐ or intramolecular nucleophilic additions of heteroatom or carbon nucleophiles, carbene‐type coupling reactions and olefin cyclopropanations. Additionally, cyclopropenes can also behave as π nucleophiles in gold‐catalyzed enyne cycloisomerizations wherein alkynes are preferentially activated by gold(I) complexes. A wide variety of acyclic and cyclic products can be produced by these gold‐catalyzed reactions of cyclopropenes and the different contributions as well as the theoretical studies in this field have been summarized in this chapter.
The Chemistry of Gold–Metal Bonds
Authors: Silvestru Cristian , Laguna Antonio
Published: March 2015

This chapter summarizes the preparation, structural characterization and properties of heterometallic gold compounds built through metal–metal interactions or bonds. They are mainly synthesized following four different strategies. Two of them use the acid‐base process with gold precursors acting as acids or organoaurates acting as bases, the third one consists of the use of bidentate bridging ligands, and the fourth uses the isolobal relationship between the [(R3P)Au]+cations and the proton in carbonyl clusters. The structural behavior of these complexes has been studied by different methods, mainly Mössbauer spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Their structures show discrete molecules, extended linear chains or even two‐ or three‐dimensional networks. Many of these complexes display luminescence and the emissions are strongly dependent on their structures. Some theoretical calculations are able to show that the formation of metal–metal interactions or bonds, as well as the gold environments, are the main aspects that affect the energy of the emissions. Other very promising areas of research such as the potential applications in electrochemistry, in biology (antiproliferative and antitumoral activity) or as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are also discussed.
Knowledge, assessment, and management of adults with joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type among flemish physiotherapists
Authors: Rombaut Lies , Deane Janet , Simmonds Jane , De Wandele Inge , De Paepe Anne , Malfait Fransiska , Calders Patrick
Published: March 2015

Physiotherapy plays a fundamental role in managing adults with the joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (JHS/EDS‐HT). However, it is a challenge for both the patient and the physiotherapist as the condition is poorly understood and treatment for JHS/EDS‐HT is currently undefined. Insight into current practice is, therefore, necessary in order to establish baseline knowledge in this area and in the long term to improve the standard of patient care. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate current physiotherapists' knowledge of JHS/EDS‐HT and to gain insight into current physiotherapy practice with emphasis on assessment, management, and treatment efficacy. Three hundred twenty‐five Flemish physiotherapists participated in the study by filling out electronically a modified version of the “Hypermobility and Hypermobility Syndrome Questionnaire” (HHQ), which covered theoretical constructs such as general knowledge, assessment, management, and learning in relation to generalized joint hypermobility and JHS/EDS‐HT. The results show that physiotherapists report a low level of confidence with regard to assessment and management of JHS/EDS‐HT. Knowledge of hypermobility and JHS/EDS‐HT is weak, especially regarding the features associated with JHS/EDS‐HT. Many treatment approaches are used by physiotherapists with the majority showing preference for education, reassurance, muscle strengthening, proprioceptive and core stability training. Almost all approaches were perceived as being clinically effective by the physiotherapists, highlighting a lack of consensus. In conclusion, this study in Flemish physiotherapists confirms that JHS/EDS‐HT is under‐recognized, not well known and deemed difficult to treat. Further education is required and sought by the physiotherapists surveyed, and future research is needed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of spatial behavior of a tropical forest seed predator: The roles of optimal foraging, dietary diversification, and home range defense
Authors: Palminteri Suzanne , Powell George V. N. , Peres Carlos A.
Published: March 2015

Specialized seed predators in tropical forests may avoid seasonal food scarcity and interspecific feeding competition but may need to diversify their daily diet to limit ingestion of any given toxin. Seed predators may, therefore, adopt foraging strategies that favor dietary diversity and resource monitoring, rather than efficient energy intake, as suggested by optimal foraging theory. We tested whether fine‐scale space use by a small‐group‐living seed predator—the bald‐faced saki monkey (Pithecia irrorata)—reflected optimization of short‐term foraging efficiency, maximization of daily dietary diversity, and/or responses to the threat of territorial encroachment by neighboring groups. Food patches across home ranges of five adjacent saki groups were widely spread, but areas with higher densities of stems or food species were not allocated greater feeding time. Foraging patterns—specifically, relatively long daily travel paths that bypassed available fruiting trees and relatively short feeding bouts in undepleted food patches—suggest a strategy that maximizes dietary diversification, rather than “optimal” foraging. Travel distance was unrelated to the proportion of seeds in the diet. Moreover, while taxonomically diverse, the daily diets of our study groups were no more species‐rich than randomly derived diets based on co‐occurring available food species. Sakis preferentially used overlapping areas of their HRs, within which adjacent groups shared many food trees, yet the density of food plants or food species in these areas was no greater than in other HR areas. The high likelihood of depletion by neighboring groups of otherwise enduring food sources may encourage monitoring of peripheral food patches in overlap areas, even if at the expense of immediate energy intake, suggesting that between‐group competition is a key driver of fine‐scale home range use in sakis. Am. J. Primatol. 78:523–533, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nasal lavage levels of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and chronic nasal hypereosinophilia
Authors: De Corso Eugenio , Baroni Silvia , Lucidi Daniela , Battista Mariapina , Romanello Matteo , Autilio Chiara , Morelli Renato , Di Nardo Walter , Passali Giulio Cesare , Sergi Bruno , Bussu Francesco , Fetoni Anna Rita , Zuppi Cecilia , Paludetti Gaetano
Published: March 2015

Background

The aim of the present study was to measure levels of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) in nasal lavage of patients affected by chronic eosinophilic sinonasal inflammation to clarify the relationship with eosinophilic tissue infiltration and clinical features.

Methods

Between November 2012 and June 2013, we selected 70 patients with chronic eosinophilic inflammation (average age 41.8 years) who were classified into the following groups: persistent allergic rhinitis (group 1), noninfectious non‐allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (group 2) and chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (group 3). Finally, we enrolled 20 healthy subjects as controls (group 4). All patients underwent symptoms score questionnaire based on a visual analogue scale, nasal endoscopy and/or computed tomography (CT) scan, and allergy testing. Nasal cytology by scraping of the mucosa and GM‐CSF assays in nasal lavage were performed in all subjects.

Results

Detectable levels of GM‐CSF were found in 34 of 70 (48.57%) patients, with an average concentration of 2.67 ± 0.8 pg/mL, whereas in controls only 1 of 20 individuals showed detectable GM‐CSF levels. Eosinophil infiltration was significantly higher in patients with detectable GM‐CSF compared to those with undetectable levels (49.4% vs 39.2%, respectively; p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant weakly‐moderate correlation was found between GM‐CSF levels and percentage of eosinophil infiltration in tissue (p < 0.05). Correlation between symptom scores and GM‐CSF levels was significant only in group 2, which showed higher average concentrations of GM‐CSF compared to groups 1 and 3 (2.9 pg/mL vs 1.6 pg/mL and 1.8 pg/mL, respectively; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our data confirm that GM‐CSF is more frequently detectable in nasal lavages of patients affected by chronic sinonasal eosinophilic inflammation than in controls. Statistical analyses revealed a significant weakly‐moderate correlation between GM‐CSF levels in nasal lavage of all patients and percentage of eosinophil infiltration of nasal mucosa.
Oligoclonal bands predict multiple sclerosis in children with optic neuritis
Authors: Heussinger Nicole , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Gburek‐Augustat Janina , Jenke Andreas , Vollrath Gesa , Korinthenberg Rudolf , Hofstetter Peter , Meyer Sascha , Brecht Isabel , Kornek Barbara , Herkenrath Peter , Schimmel Mareike , Wenner Kirsten , Häusler Martin , Lutz Soeren , Karenfort Michael , Blaschek Astrid , Smitka Martin , Karch Stephanie , Piepkorn Martin , Rostasy Kevin , Lücke Thomas , Weber Peter , Trollmann Regina , Klepper Jörg , Häussler Martin , Hofmann Regina , Weissert Robert , Merkenschlager Andreas , Buttmann Mathias ,   for GRACE‐MS (German‐speaking Research Alliance for ChildrEn with Multiple Sclerosis)
Published: March 2015

We retrospectively evaluated predictors of conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS) in 357 children with isolated optic neuritis (ON) as a first demyelinating event who had a median follow‐up of 4.0 years. Multiple Cox proportional‐hazards regressions revealed abnormal cranial magnet resonance imaging (cMRI; hazard ratio [HR] = 5.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.39–10.39, p < 0.001), presence of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands (OCB; HR = 3.69, 95% CI = 2.32–5.86, p < 0.001), and age (HR = 1.08 per year of age, 95% CI = 1.02–1.13, p = 0.003) as independent predictors of conversion, whereas sex and laterality (unilateral vs bilateral) had no influence. Combined cMRI and OCB positivity indicated a 26.84‐fold higher HR for developing MS compared to double negativity (95% CI = 12.26−58.74, p < 0.001). Accordingly, cerebrospinal fluid analysis may supplement cMRI to determine the risk of MS in children with isolated ON. Ann Neurol 2015;77:1076–1082
Simultaneous Capture, Detection, and Inactivation of Bacteria as Enabled by a Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Multifunctional Chip
Authors: Wang Houyu , Zhou Yanfeng , Jiang Xiangxu , Sun Bin , Zhu Ying , Wang Hui , Su Yuanyuan , He Yao
Published: March 2015

Herein, we present a multifunctional chip based on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) that effectively captures, discriminates, and inactivates pathogenic bacteria. The developed SERS chip is made of a silicon wafer decorated with silver nanoparticles and modified with 4‐mercaptophenylboronic acid (4‐MPBA). It was prepared in a straightforward manner by chemical reduction assisted by hydrogen fluoride etching, followed by the conjugation of 4‐MPBA through AgS bonds. The dominant merits of the fabricated SERS chip include excellent reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) value smaller than 11.0 %, adaptable bacterial‐capture efficiency (ca. 60 %) at low concentrations (500–2000 CFU mL−1), a low detection limit (down to a concentration of 1.0×102 cells mL−1), and high antibacterial activity (an antibacterial rate of ca. 97 %). The SERS chip enabled sensitive and specific discrimination of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from human blood.
Synthesis, crystal structure, electrochemistry and antioxidative activity of copper(II), manganese(II) and nickel(II) complexes containing bis(N‐ethylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline
Authors: Wu Huilu , Peng Hongping , Zhang Yanhui , Wang Fei , Zhang Han , Wang Cuiping , Yang Zaihui
Published: March 2015

Bis(N‐ethylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)aniline (Etbba) and its transition metal complexes, [Cu(Etbba)(Cl)2]⋅DMF (1), [Mn(Etbba)(Cl)2] (2) and [Ni(Etbba)(Cl)2] (3), have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductivity, UV–visible, infrared and NMR spectroscopies and X‐ray crystallography. The coordination environment of complex 1 can be described as distorted square‐based pyramidal, while complexes 2 and 3 each have a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Cyclic voltammograms of complex 1 indicate an electrochemically quasi‐reversible Cu2+/Cu+ couple. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the free ligand and its complexes were investigated using the superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods in vitro. Complexes 1, 2, 3 are found to possess potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and to be better than standard antioxidants like vitamin C and mannitol. Furthermore, complexes 1 and 2 exhibit significant superoxide radical activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption behavior of herbicide paraquat from aqueous solutions using starfish particles: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Hao Han , Feng Jianguo , Chen Weitao , Xiang Sheng , Liu Wenjun , Wu Xuemin
Published: March 2015

The adsorption of paraquat (PQ) on starfish particles was investigated to calculate the kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic parameters. The experiments were carried out as a function of particle size of adsorbent, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial PQ concentration, stirring speed, and temperature. The kinetic data followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, and the equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model with the maximum adsorption amount of 10.235 mg g−1 at 288 K. Thermodynamic parameters, including standard Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG0), standard entropy changes (ΔS0), and standard enthalpy changes (ΔH0) were also calculated. The results demonstrated that PQ was adsorbed onto starfish particles spontaneously and exothermically in nature. The adsorption process followed a physisorption mechanism. In addition, the starfish particles were successfully utilized to real sample. Hence, starfish particles are eligible for treating the wastewater containing PQ as an effective and low‐cost adsorbent. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffuse color patterning using blended electrochromic polymers for proof‐of‐concept adaptive camouflage plaques
Authors: Brooke Robert , Fabretto Manrico , Pering Samuel , Switalska Eliza , Reeks Lachlan , Evans Drew , Murphy Peter
Published: March 2015

A study using three different pairs of electrochromic polymers (ECPs) synthesized onto plaques by means of a modified vapor phase polymerization (VPP) technique is presented. Restriction of the respective polymerization times, allowed both faster and slower polymerizing monomers to be controlled, and produced blended plaques with visually diffuse interfaces. The ECPs within the blended plaques retain their individual electrochromic behavior and when encapsulated into an electrochromic device, show outstanding optical switching performance with little degradation evident over 10,000 cycles, coupled with a switching time of the order of 1 second. Blends also allow multiple diffuse color changes within an electrochromic device, due to the difference in oxidation potentials of the individual ECPs, making them candidates for adaptive camouflage use. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42158.
Understanding tourists' collaborative information retrieval behavior to inform design
Authors: Mohammad Arif Abu Shamim , Du Jia Tina , Lee Ivan
Published: March 2015

With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, people are increasingly referring to web information to assist in their travel planning and decision making. Research shows that people conduct collaborative information searches while planning their travel activities online. However, little is known in depth about tourists' online collaborative search. This study examines tourists' collaborative information search behavior in detail, including their search stages, online search strategies, and information flow breakdowns. The data for analysis included pre‐ and postsearch questionnaires, web search and chat logs, and postsearch interviews. A model of tourist collaborative information retrieval was developed. The model identified collaborative planning, collaborative information searching, sharing of information, and collaborative decision making as four stages of tourists' collaborative search. The results show that tourists collaborated by planning their search strategies, dividing search tasks into subtasks and allocating workload, using search queries and URL links recommended by teammates, and discussing search results together. Related personal knowledge and experiences appeared important in trip planning and collaborative information search. During the collaborative search, tourists also encountered various information flow breakdowns in different search stages. These were classified and their effects on collaborative information search were reported. Implications for system design in support of collaborative information retrieval in travel contexts are also discussed.
Coauthorship networks: A directed network approach considering the order and number of coauthors
Authors: Kim Jinseok , Diesner Jana
Published: March 2015

In many scientific fields, the order of coauthors on a paper conveys information about each individual's contribution to a piece of joint work. We argue that in prior network analyses of coauthorship networks, the information on ordering has been insufficiently considered because ties between authors are typically symmetrized. This is basically the same as assuming that each coauthor has contributed equally to a paper. We introduce a solution to this problem by adopting a coauthorship credit allocation model proposed by Kim and Diesner (2014), which in its core conceptualizes coauthoring as a directed, weighted, and self‐looped network. We test and validate our application of the adopted framework based on a sample data of 861 authors who have published in the journal Psychometrika. The results suggest that this novel sociometric approach can complement traditional measures based on undirected networks and expand insights into coauthoring patterns such as the hierarchy of collaboration among scholars. As another form of validation, we also show how our approach accurately detects prominent scholars in the Psychometric Society affiliated with the journal.
The congruity between linkage‐based factors and content‐based clusters—an experimental study using multiple document corpora
Authors: Chen Tsung Teng
Published: March 2015

Intellectual Structure (IS) is a bibliometric method that is widely applied in knowledge domain analysis and in science mapping. An intellectual structure consists of clusters of related documents ascribed to individual factors. Documents ascribed to a factor are generally associated with a common research theme. As such, the contents of documents ascribed to a factor are theorized to be similar to each other. This study shows that the link‐based relatedness implies content‐based similarity. The intellectual structures of two research domains were derived from data sets retrieved from the Microsoft Academic Search database. The collection of documents ascribed to a factor is referred to as a factor‐based document cluster, which the content‐based document clusters are compared with. All documents in an intellectual structure are re‐clustered based on their content similarity, which is derived from the cosine of their vector form encoded in documents' term frequency inverse document frequency (TF‐IDF) weighted terms. The factor‐based document clusters are then compared with the content‐based clusters for congruity. We used the Rand index and kappa coefficient to check the congruity between the factor‐based and content‐based document clusters. The kappa coefficient indicates that there is fair to moderate agreement between the clusters derived from these two different bases.
The twist measure for IR evaluation: Taking user's effort into account
Authors: Ferro Nicola , Silvello Gianmaria , Keskustalo Heikki , Pirkola Ari , Järvelin Kalervo
Published: March 2015

We present a novel measure for ranking evaluation, called Twist (τ). It is a measure for informational intents, which handles both binary and graded relevance. τ stems from the observation that searching is currently a that searching is currently taken for granted and it is natural for users to assume that search engines are available and work well. As a consequence, users may assume the utility they have in finding relevant documents, which is the focus of traditional measures, as granted. On the contrary, they may feel uneasy when the system returns nonrelevant documents because they are then forced to do additional work to get the desired information, and this causes avoidable effort. The latter is the focus of τ, which evaluates the effectiveness of a system from the point of view of the effort required to the users to retrieve the desired information. We provide a formal definition of τ, a demonstration of its properties, and introduce the notion of effort/gain plots, which complement traditional utility‐based measures. By means of an extensive experimental evaluation, τ is shown to grasp different aspects of system performances, to not require extensive and costly assessments, and to be a robust tool for detecting differences between systems.
The scientific impact of mexican steroid research 1935–1965: A bibliometric and historiographic analysis
Authors: Hernandez‐Garcia Yoscelina I. , Chamizo José Antonio , Kleiche‐Dray Mina , Russell Jane M.
Published: March 2015

We studied steroid research from 1935 to 1965 that led to the discovery of the contraceptive pill and cortisone. Bibliometric and patent file searches indicate that the Syntex industrial laboratory located in Mexico and the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) produced about 54% of the relevant papers published in mainstream journals, which in turn generated over 80% of the citations and in the case of Syntex, all industrial patents in the field between 1950 and 1965. This course of events, which was unprecedented at that time in a developing country, was interrupted when Syntex moved its research division to the US, leaving Mexico with a small but productive research group in the chemistry of natural products.
Straight‐Line Tracking Control of an Agricultural Vehicle with Finite‐Time Control Technique
Authors: Jiang Yuexia , Ding Shihong , Zhao Dean , Ji Wei
Published: March 2015

For the agricultural vehicle straight‐line tracking system, three control algorithms based upon the finite‐time control technique have been proposed to force the vehicle to track a straight line. Without considering the lumped disturbance, a backstepping‐like finite‐time state‐feedback controller is first developed. On this basis, an adaptive state‐feedback controller in conjunction with integral sliding mode is further developed in the presence of the lumped disturbance. Finally, a sliding mode disturbance observer is given to estimate the lumped disturbance, and the composite control scheme is presented. Under the composite controller, the lumped disturbance can be compensated and thus the disturbance rejection property has been significantly improved. Simulation results verify the proposed control algorithms.