bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jingle-Jangle Fallacies in Motivation Science
Authors: Pekrun Reinhard
Published: January 2023

The term “motivation” is used in a myriad of different ways. This is unfortunate because divergent use of words can lead to misunderstandings and confusion. The jingle-jangle fallacy occurs when one uses the same word to refer to different things (jingle) or uses different words to refer to the same thing (jangle). Nevertheless, despite differences in the range of processes considered, there seems to be a common denominator in the usage of “motivation.” According to this denominator, motivation denotes mental processes that shape the goal direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior. The nature of these processes is left undefined, so a more concrete definition is needed. Thus, core motivation is the mental representation of desired states and actions combined with the feeling of desire.
Academic Self-Concept
Authors: Basarkod Geetanjali , Marsh Herbert W.
Published: January 2023

Academic self-concept is a person’s perceived competence and sense of their own abilities and skills in academic subjects. In an educational setting, having a positive academic self-concept leads to improvements in a host of educational outcomes such as achievement, attainment, persistence, and course selection. Academic self-concept even predicts these outcomes after controlling for previous levels of achievement. Importantly, research has shown academic self-concept to be a stronger predictor of achievement than other motivational constructs, suggesting that it might be one of the most important motivational constructs. The importance of academic self-concept as a central motivation construct in educational settings distinguishes it from related self-belief constructs.
Where Will Michelle Go to College? Culture and Context in the Study of Motivation
Authors: Schutz Paul A.
Published: January 2023

The question, “Are motivational processes universal across cultures and contexts?,” leads motivation researchers to adopt one of three views: absolutist—motivation is cross-culturally generalizable; relativistic—motivation is culturally specific; or universalism—some motivations are generalizable while others are culturally specific. In the latter two views, culture and context are especially important to understanding the nature of motivational processes. The author discusses how, in these cases, it is important to investigate transactions among individuals’ self-systems (e.g., competency, agency, and relatedness), their immediate context (e.g., family, classroom, and school contexts), and the social-historical influences that create and recreate various school contexts (e.g., systemic racism).
Vitamins for Psychological Growth
Authors: Soenens Bart , Vansteenkiste Maarten
Published: January 2023

Whether a universal recipe exists for motivating others is an intriguing question. Most people would probably doubt this possibility, instead arguing that one needs to adjust one’s motivational approach according to the person and situation at hand (i.e., motivational tailoring). To be effective, a motivational practice first needs to nurture the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. These three needs serve as essential nutrients for every person’s long-term motivation, engagement, and well-being regardless of age, cultural background, gender, or personality. These needs represent the critical “vitamins” for individuals’ psychological growth and flourishing. Although the satisfaction of these psychological needs is said to be universally important, people differ in their perception of contextual support and in the way they deal with contexts that thwart their needs.
Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect
Authors: Marsh Herbert W. , Basarkod Geetanjali
Published: January 2023

Self-concepts are based on objective accomplishments evaluated in relation to frames of reference. In the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE), equally able students have lower academic self-concepts in high-average ability schools, but higher academic self-concepts in low-average ability schools. The authors of this essay note the existence of additional psychological comparison processes that influence self-concept formation, including temporal (“I am getting better”) and dimensional (“I am better at math than verbal subjects”) comparisons. By employing increasingly sophisticated theoretical and statistical models, motivation scientists have integrated multiple frame-of-reference effects into a unified framework and shown support for the universality of the BFLPE.
Controlling Your Own Motivation Is an Acquired Skill
Authors: Wolters Christopher A.
Published: January 2023

Motivation is a critical influence on achievement and success. Increased and more adaptive forms of motivation help explain differences in performance outcomes for students, athletes, artists, and employees. Regrettably, people often lack sufficient motivation even within contexts central to their long-term goals. In this essay, the author argues that the capacity to understand and improve one’s own motivation is an instrumental skill that people can acquire and use to their own advantage. The ability to control one’s own motivation is a malleable skill, and four examples are presented to illustrate the effective use of deliberate control in response to common motivational problems.
A Key to Motivation Is Thinking and Acting Like You Can Change Things
Authors: Patall Erika A.
Published: January 2023

People occasionally have days when they feel like a pawn, responding to the pushes and pulls of the environment or their own biological urges. Years of psychological research suggests this is partly accurate. People do engage in behaviors outside of their awareness and personal control because of habit or to conform, and sometimes they simply do not know why they are doing things. However, this is not the entire story. When it comes to controlling personal motivation, a critical step is believing in one’s own agency—to think and act like things can change. People who believe that they can shape the environment and their own behavior to meet their needs and goals tend to change things for the better.
Dissecting the Elephant
Authors: Pekrun Reinhard
Published: January 2023

Cognition, emotion, and motivation are mental processes that can be conceptually separated but nevertheless overlap considerably. Most motivational processes involve cognition, and that cognition typically is motivated. Similarly, motivation often comprises emotion, and emotions can include motivational components. Nevertheless, given that they represent different facets of the mental system, it is still useful to distinguish between the three constructs. The potential intersection also presents a problem for any research on the relations between cognition, emotion, and motivation variables—to the extent that they measure the same phenomena, empirical relations between the measures may be boosted by overlap rather than reflecting relations between independent constructs. These distinctions and points of overlap have implications for the assessment of motivation and for motivation interventions.
Is a Focus on Looking Smart Beneficial for Students’ Engagement, Learning, and Achievement?
Authors: Linnenbrink-Garcia Lisa
Published: January 2023

An achievement goal refers to the underlying reason or purpose for engaging in an achievement-related situation such as school, work, or sports. For the past several decades, achievement goal theorists have debated whether there are benefits when students focus on demonstrating their competence while also trying to learn and understand. The debate has largely focused on the potential achievement benefits of trying to look smart. On the positive side, performance-oriented goals such as trying to look smart do tend to boost performance, but this comes at a cost, such as a threat to self-worth. In trying to answer this question, achievement goal theories emphasize and recommend the utility of mastery goals, multiple goals, and adaptive goal profiles.
Should Theoretical Integration Occur in the Motivation Literature?
Authors: Koenka Alison C. , Wigfield Allan
Published: January 2023

Theoretical integration in motivation science brings both potential benefits and important shortcomings. For the past several years, motivation theories and constructs have proliferated. Given this growth, is integration within and across theoretical perspectives necessary? Rather than simply asking whether such integration should occur, scholars should consider a more nuanced set of questions: theoretical integration of what, for whom, and when? In asking these more nuanced questions, it becomes apparent that some integration of highly similar constructs may be advantageous at this juncture. However, prior to considering such large-scale integration, motivation scholars should first more directly and critically assess their theoretical assumptions.
How Do We Motivate People? Connecting to People’s Existing Goals and Values
Authors: Dweck Carol S.
Published: January 2023

Recent successful interventions work by capitalizing on motivations that already exist within individuals, particularly within the field of adolescent behavior change. This approach is illustrated through interventions that taught adolescents a growth mindset about their abilities, encouraged healthy eating, infused schoolwork with more personal interest and meaning, and fostered “empathic discipline” among teachers of adolescents. In all of these cases, it was the connection to existing goals and values that appeared to help newly learned (or newly activated) beliefs and behaviors take root and bear fruit. This successful approach can be contrasted against the more common unsuccessful approach that tells people what they should think or do.
Easy to Get People to Do Things, More Challenging to Facilitate Their Motivation
Authors: Grolnick Wendy S.
Published: January 2023

People use extrinsic incentives such as rewards, threats, and punishments to stir others to act and change their behavior. Such incentives can be immediately effective, but they have drawbacks. For interesting activities, extrinsic incentives can undermine motivation, making the person feel that they are behaving only because of the incentive. For uninteresting activities, extrinsic incentives prevent people from appreciating the value and importance of the activity. In both cases, when the incentive is no longer available, the person’s motivation is at risk. In contrast, providing rationales and choices are two alternatives that facilitate both behavior and long-term motivation. Rationales and choices also allow for the person’s input and for student–teacher opinion exchange regarding the behavior.
How Do We Motivate People? By Working with Their Self-Beliefs
Authors: Usher Ellen L.
Published: January 2023

“Can I do this?” People’s response to this question provides a strong clue to how they will behave toward a task. Feeling a sense of personal efficacy guides how people think, what they choose, and ultimately what they do. In contrast, people who doubt their capabilities typically expect less of themselves, choose easier tasks, or give up entirely. Those with high personal efficacy beliefs expect better outcomes, choose more challenging pursuits, and optimize their performance. Four building blocks of a healthy sense of efficacy have been identified. Recommendations are offered for how professionals in education, work, sports, and health can use these insights to support self-efficacy development of those in their care.
Is Academic Motivation a Tree Trunk, a Fan, a Wall, a Rope, a Snake, or a Spear?
Authors: Skinner Ellen A.
Published: January 2023

The field of achievement motivation is concept and data rich, populated by well-articulated and well-researched theories. However, these tens of thousands of studies have largely proceeded within separate, siloed theoretical territories. The result is a splintered, complex, and confusing picture of student motivation. Little attention has been devoted to sorting out, comparing, or integrating constructs from different theories. Hence, despite the breadth, depth, and differentiation of achievement motivation research to date, its complexity and lack of coherence threaten to impede theoretical and empirical progress and interfere with the design of comprehensive interventions in the classroom. This fragmentation represents the most fundamental limitation in contemporary motivation theory and research today.
Gaps in Contemporary Motivation Research
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Burns Emma C.
Published: January 2023

Traditional self-report surveys of motivation, such as questionnaires, may not be specific enough to provide valid and precise measurement of motivation. These limitations can significantly hamper motivation assessment, research, and practical interventions. While currently underutilized, biopsychology can inform and supplement traditional motivation research to better explain how and why students go about their schoolwork. This essay explores two areas of biopsychological research in the context of student motivation: psychophysiology (e.g., via heart rate, cortisol, electrodermal activity) and neuroscience (e.g., via electroencephalogram). Psychophysiological and neuropsychological perspectives can augment current research and practice in all of the following ways: motivation assessment; motivation theory; motivation intervention; and expanded breadth, reach, and relevance of motivation in schools.
Identifying the Role of Social Relationships in Motivating Students to Learn
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R.
Published: January 2023

Understanding motivation at school has grown exponentially over past decades. Advances include learning about the role of students’ achievement-related self-beliefs, as manifest in values, goal orientations, perceived efficacy, and a sense of autonomy and self-determination. However, these intrapersonal processes tell only half the story. Researchers do not yet have a clear understanding of how beliefs concerning the social context interact with these intrapersonal processes to motivate academic engagement. What is needed to gain a new and deeper understanding in students’ motivation to learn is a discussion about the potential role of the interpersonal contexts that are most central to children’s lives, including relationships with family, peers, and teachers.
Most Motivation Research in Education Is Not Yet Useful for Teachers
Authors: Patrick Helen
Published: January 2023

Despite a long history of research on student motivation, it often seems that research has not influenced practice. This situation is frustrating for researchers and teachers alike. In general, researchers feel that teachers do not follow research-based recommendations, while teachers view research as not being applicable to them, their students, or their classrooms. Reasons for this impasse include differences in assumptions about motivation, assumptions about the role of theory in guiding classroom practice, the plethora of motivational theories and related jargon, and the generalizability of research results to actual classroom outcomes. These issues arise from researchers’ insufficient attention to ecological validity and an inadequate understanding of educational contexts. Therefore, the major responsibility for overcoming the chasm between teachers and researchers lies with researchers.
The Most Fundamental Limitation in Motivation Theory and Research Is Our Theories
Authors: Anderman Eric M.
Published: January 2023

The past two decades have seen growth in theoretical development and empirical support for self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, achievement goal theory, attribution theory, and social cognitive theory. Whereas these developments have created numerous opportunities for the field, they may at times limit the bounds of new scholarship. Motivation science offers abundant opportunities for researchers to focus their efforts on contemporary issues. However, a fundamental limitation in motivation science is framing a program of research within one particular theoretical framework. Using a narrow theoretical focus jeopardizes the opportunities to support student motivation. Instead, what is most needed and what is most beneficial in motivation science is to adopt a broader theoretical perspective in one’s program of motivation research.
The Next Decade
Authors: Dweck Carol S.
Published: January 2023

Researchers must recognize anew that motivation is the foundation of psychology. Currently, the field of psychology tends to carve people into different pieces according to subdisciplines that focus separately on cognition, emotion, social behavior, personality traits, psychopathology, and so on. Sharing a vision of neuroscience and personality psychology, this author argues for motivation as the animating and organizing force behind behavior and as the basis for a unified perspective on psychological processes. The centrality of motivation will produce two new future developments. First, in neuroscience, motivation will better explain how the brain works, as during goal pursuit and intelligent decision-making. Second, motivation will better explain how children develop their personality, as new needs emerge and through the motivations these produce and the choices they present.
Harnessing Biopsychology and Mobile Technology to Develop Motivation Science in the Next Decade
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Burns Emma C. , Kennett Roger , Pearson Joel
Published: January 2023

Benefits arise from adding “new generation” biopsychological indicators of motivation to “classic” motivation assessments. With the rise of mobile technology (smartphones, wristbands), researchers are now better positioned to capture real-time biopsychological motivation markers and to conduct more ecologically valid motivation research in the classroom setting. Such psychophysiology indicators include heart rate, heart rate variability, electrodermal activity, and eye gaze, and these measures can be paired with traditional motivation assessments such as surveys and observations. The authors of this essay discuss how complementing classic research methods with new-generation biopsychological indicators is the next exciting empirical frontier in both educational psychology and motivation science.
Assessing Motivation Dynamically
Authors: Schunk Dale H.
Published: January 2023

Motivation has a long history in psychology and other disciplines, becoming, by the mid-twentieth century, an active field of inquiry. When psychological theories began to increasingly incorporate cognition, beginning in the 1960s, motivation theories broadened their focus as well. Motivation is a dynamic, changing construct. Unfortunately, most research assesses motivation in static ways, as with the use of questionnaires. A significant development in motivation science in the next decade will be refinements in assessment methods to reflect fine-grained, real-time measures of motivation. Such measures will show moment-to-moment changes in motivation as a function of motivational outcomes and environmental influences. The future will also bring better integration of motivation research with neuroscience research to investigate how motivational processes are represented neurally.
Community-Engaged Research
Authors: Gray DeLeon L. , Harris-Thomas Brooke
Published: January 2023

In the opinion of the authors of this essay, the biggest shift in motivation science will be to bring an increased focus on community-engaged research methodologies. In an effort to establish motivation science as science, researchers have maintained distance between researchers and participants as an acceptable, valid, and correct way of gaining research-based insights. However, this distance has contributed to the continued need to translate scholarship from theory to practice after research has been conducted. Community-engaged research approaches help researchers overcome this theory–practice gap by ensuring that research is inclusive of participants, contextually based, and thus inherently relevant to educational communities.
Liberal Left Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip , Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

By focusing on nativist tendencies among the liberal left, this chapter contributes to the understanding of an important but neglected manifestation of nativism. The chapter shows that leftist nativism can be seen as sharing traits with right nativism: It regards the right as a minority that threatens the national community. The chapter argues that this depiction of the right has a long history in the Netherlands. It acknowledges that the line between liberal universalist forms of exclusion and liberal nativism is murky but, pushing through the paradox of toleration, the chapter attempts to theoretically distinguish between these before undertaking empirical examination of key cases.
How Can Liberals Counter Nativism?
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip , Stacey Timothy
Published: January 2023

This chapter draws on insights as to how and why nativism has returned, as well as other research on the narratives that motivate liberally oriented people to take action in the world, to offer the basis of alternative narratives that can counter nativism. The aim is to recognize the human need to belong without conceding that belonging must be framed in nativist ways. Instead, the chapter offers a liberal politics of belonging that places diversity, equality, and progressiveness at its core. A narrative to counter nativism would have to be attentive to the ideas of the past and present that dominate in the context into which it is being pitched. Such a narrative would offer equal dignity to all regardless of background, partly through reflection on how to recognize the sense of cultural longing that all people experience and partly on the basis of the cultural landscape that has revealed itself through the widespread acceptance of nativism.
Overview
Authors: Dybicz Phillip
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris begins by introducing the broad question to be investigated: “Are we as a profession progressing morally in our endeavors to provide social welfare services to those in need?” It then begins making comparisons to previous books on social welfare history—from traditional histories to cultural histories to critical histories—in order to distinguish how this book’s use of the genealogical method marks it as both unique when compared to prior contributions and particularly suited to answer this question. Lastly, it thoroughly describes the various elements that comprise a Discourse as envisioned in this book: conditions of society (geographic, economic, political, and social), the urgent need, intellectual thought, defining cultural feature, philosophical paradigm (ontology, epistemology, and causality), conceptions of the self, rules of right, and overarching theme.
The Colonial American Discourse (c. 1620–1820)
Authors: Dybicz Phillip
Published: January 2023

Chapter 2 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris describes the Colonial Discourse (1620–1820) on social welfare and begins by offering three anecdotes of social welfare practices that occurred in colonial America, specifically chosen for their shock value when viewed from present understandings of social welfare: auctioning off the poor, corporal punishment for crime, and the wearing of a red letter “P” to qualify for relief at an almshouse. The claim is then made that once the reader learns of the Discourse operating during that era, these practices, which upon first glance seemed very strange and even barbaric, will be understood to be quite humane. The chapter then proceeds to thoroughly describe the Colonial Discourse, periodically referring back to the previous anecdotes as the means to illustrate how such practices arose. The urgent need of this Discourse is identified as that of maintaining the social hierarchy.
Social Welfare Practices in the Modern Era (c. 1920–Present)
Authors: Dybicz Phillip
Published: January 2023

Chapter 7 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris first examines the various twentieth-century psychological and sociological theories developed to inform social welfare practices. Then, social scientific investigation in the human services is looked at more broadly, along with providing a cautionary warning as to the predilection toward pseudoscience and the inherent limitations of the neurotic paradox (the idea that rigor works in opposition to relevance). Next, the evolution of social work into three broad categories—casework/psychotherapy, group work, and community organizing—is described. The recent emergence of a Postmodern discourse is discussed in terms of how the present time period may be indicative of a transition period between discourses. Moral blind spots take the form of a natural predilection toward social control. Lastly, reflections are offered as to how the insights can be applied to improve one’s practice.
Social Welfare at a Crossroads
Authors: Dybicz Phillip
Published: January 2023

Chapter 10 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris offers concluding comments and revisits the question posed in Chapter 1, “Are we morally progressing as a profession?” The answer contains nuanced “yes” and “no” aspects. The nature of moral blind spots is more thoroughly examined and the conclusion drawn that one must vigilantly maintain a critical awareness of one’s practice in order to avoid such pitfalls. Falling prey to hubris is seen as retarding one’s ability to maintain such critical awareness. Nurturing a strong sense of cultural humility is offered as the best means to maintain it. Finally, the profession of social work is depicted as being at a crossroads: Various scenarios are offered as to the path that could be taken: either continuing for some time down the present path of practice informed by the Modern Discourse or beginning to proceed down a path of practice informed by the Postmodern discourse.
Springboks and the Swastika
Authors: Simpson Thula
Published: January 2023

South Africa fought the Second World War as an Allied Power, but a powerful anti-war movement emerged domestically. The resistance included the Ossewabrandwag and Robey Liebrandt, but their efforts at armed rebellion were crushed. South Africa's military involvement in East Africa, North Africa, and Italy is discussed, with El Wak, Tobruk, Sidi Rezegh, and Monte Pastore among the battles considered. The chapter also discusses the ANC's growth into a mass movement during the war, as new branches were established, notably the Women's and Youth Leagues. In the process, young leaders like Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Walter Sisulu emerged onto the South African political stage for the first time.
Tar Baby
Authors: Simpson Thula
Published: January 2023

The wind of change following Portugal's imperial retreat from Africa informs the subject matter of this paper. The changes led South Africa to recalibrate its regional policy and pursue "détente". This diplomatic effort failed after the outbreak of civil war in Angola induced South Africa to invade in support of the FNLA and UNITA, to prevent SWAPO from operating in the country. Cuba successfully countered South Africa's intervention by sending combat troops to bolster the MPLA. South Africa's defeat overlapped with growing ferment over the application of the Bantu Education Act, passed in 1953, which decreed that half of high school subjects in black schools had to be taught in English and the other in Afrikaans. The clause had not been enforced until the mid-1970s. Mass student protests against the language clauses resulted in the Soweto massacre on 16 June 1976.
Adapt or Die
Authors: Simpson Thula
Published: January 2023

The chapter discusses the protests coordinated by the Soweto Students' Representative Council in the immediate aftermath of the June 1976 uprisings, and the ANC's attempts to capitalize on the ferment by establishing itself in Soweto. Both initiatives were crushed, but the ANC was able to regroup in exile, benefiting from the recent independence of Angola and Mozambique, which respectively granted the South African movement military camps and transit routes. Steve Biko's murder in 1977 saw South Africa targeted for fresh international outrage, while Britain, France, West Germany, the United States, and Canada launched an initiative to pave a non-revolutionary path toward Namibian independence. Their intervention resulted in the passage of UN Resolution 435. The chapter ends by considering the collapse of the industrial color bar amid the growing strength of black workers, as was manifested by the flourishing of African trade unions.
The World Turned Upside Down
Authors: Simpson Thula
Published: January 2023

The chapter considers the behind-the-scenes talks between Nelson Mandela and government representatives over his possible release. Mandela insisted on an unconditional release. South Africa became embroiled in a succession crisis early in 1989 when P.W. Botha suffered a stroke, after which he resigned as National Party leader to focus on his responsibilities as state president. The resulting power struggle between Botha and the new party leader, F.W. de Klerk, was won by the latter, who pursued negotiations with the ANC. De Klerk was bolstered by the fall of the Berlin Wall. The ANC meanwhile laid out its negotiating position in the Harare Declaration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the successful completion of Namibia's peace process, as SWAPO acceded to power.
Born Free
Authors: Simpson Thula
Published: January 2023

Nelson Mandela was released in February 1990, and representatives of the ANC and the National Party initiated "talks about talks". The chapter also considers the spread of the Natal Midlands conflict to the Transvaal's townships as 1990 progressed. The impact of the end of the Cold War on the thinking of the ANC and its alliance partner, the SACP, is also considered. This process saw the ANC opt to abandon its longstanding commitment to a planned economy, and instead embrace a market-based economy. The chapter covers the whites-only referendum of February 1992 in which De Klerk received an explicit mandate from the white population to pursue a negotiated settlement. The chapter concludes with the crisis into which the negotiations were thrown by the Boipatong massacre, which was an extension of the township war between the ANC and Inkatha.
The Reckoning
Authors: Simpson Thula
Published: January 2023

The chapter deals with the impact of the global COVID-19 crisis on South Africa. The country imposed a hard lockdown to control the virus's spread, but this occasioned a huge economic fallout. Also discussed are various corruption scandals associated with the management of the pandemic, including malfeasance in expenditure on personal protective equipment, and in the government's communications strategy. The chapter concludes with the riots that erupted in July 2021 in the provinces of Gauteng and Kwa-Zulu Natal, after the Constitutional Court ordered that president Jacob Zuma be arrested for not cooperating with the Zondo Commission. The book discusses the scale of the damage inflicted by the riots, as ordinary communities were compelled to defend themselves as the state retreated.
The Monarchs’ Pawns?
Authors: Stark Alexandra
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how the various Gulf state monarchies approached proxy warfare in the wake of the Arab Spring. It argues that they at first sought revisionist aims, buoyed by optimism as to proxy war’s effectiveness. But a series of setbacks led the Gulf states to adopt more conservative strategies of proxy warfare aimed at crisis management.
“Partnership” and Multiracialism in the New Africa
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: January 2023

Apartheid had tightened its pernicious tentacles around the heart of South Africa. Farther north, in the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, Britain had imposed a federation on what was to become Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. African opposition was fierce. It exploded into militancy in 1959 and led to the banning of nationalist organizations in all three territories and the imprisonment of indigenous leaders. The resilience of those nascent liberation movements is what this chapter is about, setting the stage for the anti-colonial actions, independence, and successes discussed in later chapters. The assertion of leadership by Kenneth Kaunda in Northern Rhodesia and Kamuzu Banda in Nyasaland is featured. This chapter also discusses the so-called Murder Incorporated plot, and the response of colonial and Federal authorities.
Consummating Zambian Nationhood
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: January 2023

Zambia slowly emerged from the chrysalis of Northern Rhodesia, after a series of elections and demonstrations, becoming independent in 1964 under President Kenneth Kaunda. For the next twenty-seven years Kaunda, a determined humanist, ruled with a heavy hand. Well-meaning, but erring, he restricted civil liberties and incarcerated political prisoners. He created a single-party state and nationalized copper mines. In consequence, Zambian GDP slid downward. Copper production and export revenues slipped dramatically, inflation soared, and social services ebbed. His long years in power achieved too little for the people of Zambia.
The Hijacking of Malawi
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: January 2023

Masauko Chipembere brought a much older Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda back to Malawi to become its popular liberation leader and to take Malawi to independence, which he did in 1964. Very soon, however, Banda behaved autocratically, dismissing cabinet ministers who were more democratically inclined, jailing political prisoners, enforcing dress codes, and persecuting opponents. The twenty-nine years that Banda ruled did little to advance Malawi out of extreme poverty. Even medically and educationally, Malawi remained stunted under Banda’s uncompromisingly restrictive presidency for life. By rejecting the efforts of younger advocates like Chipembere, Banda retarded Malawi’s growth and progress for its many millions of citizens.
The United States and Nuclear Deterrence after the Cold War
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 discusses the beliefs and assumptions behind the language used by scholars (and others) in discussing nuclear war and deterrence. What authors mean by “superiority,” or other related terms, is frequently unclear. But longstanding biases—centered in nuclear capabilities and bargaining tactics—undergird contemporary beliefs that the United States can overcome traditional challenges in the use, or threatened use, of nuclear weapons, to either impose its will or coerce adversaries to achieve favorable outcomes. Consequently, authors highlight capability asymmetries or improvements that only promise to override undesirable deterrence constraints; and they accept too readily that coercive bargaining tactics can compensate, rather than worsen, conditions when capability alone appears insufficient. They thereby neglect assumptions about adversary intent which will determine how the parties act in a conflict, and whether they seek to avoid one. The reasons are found in social scientific works in various disciplines, including psychology and organizational theory.
Nuclear “Superiority” after the Cold War
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: January 2023

Nuclear superiority suggests, at the very least, that a nuclear edge yields coercive payoffs. The superior party can supposedly achieve success, when throwing its weight around, because it can better handle the consequences of war—nuclear or otherwise. Chapter 3 evaluates the underlying logic by seeking answers to basic questions. What constitutes nuclear superiority? Does superiority matter, given the shared costs of a nuclear conflict? Does nuclear superiority offer meaningful damage-limitation capability? Does ostensible nuclear superiority offer actual deterrence advantages given that China “settled” for nuclear “inferiority,” the actual requirements for “extended deterrence,” and the challenges presented by so-called rogue states?
Introduction
Authors: García-Carpintero Manuel , Guillot Marie
Published: January 2023

When a subject has a phenomenally conscious experience (as of a bouncing red ball, for example), she is aware of the world as being presented in a certain way (a bouncy, reddish, roundish way in this case). Many philosophers, from Aristotle and Kant to Husserl and Sartre, have argued that in such conscious experiences, whatever the specific qualities the subject is aware of, she is also phenomenally aware of the fact that the experience is presented to her. This view is attracting a new surge of attention at the crossroads of phenomenology, analytic philosophy of mind and the philosophy of cognitive science, but also intense controversy. The book explores some of the questions running through the debate on this putative self-experience: Does it exist?, the existence question; What is it?, the essence question; What is it for?, the function question; and What else does it explain?, the explanation question. In this Introduction, we elaborate on the first two questions, and then move on to providing a brief presentation of the chapters to follow.
Mineness and Introspective Data
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: January 2023

This chapter raises questions about the evidence and inference to the existence of a phenomenal property that we can call “mineness.” I raise concerns about the power of introspection in providing the needed evidence. Further, I raise specific challenges to discussion of mineness (ownership) in the rubber hand illusion. Despite widespread acceptance that the illusion establishes a phenomenal sense of ownership/mineness toward the rubber hand, I argue that the evidence fails to establish that claim. The negative case is further pursued in the role of loss of mineness in delusion of control in schizophrenia where I argue that the standard mechanism for this symptom does not explain loss of mineness.
Fertility and Collective Responsibility
Authors: Williams Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the appropriate site for decision-making relating to the design of institutions and rates of saving and fertility. David Miller’s view allocates responsibility for such decisions to self-governing states rather than a single global planner, and holds state members collectively liable for their distributive consequences. Such approaches are normally thought to conflict with the pursuit of global equality. However, Williams argues that Miller’s model of national self-determination, resting on the idea of collective liability, can in fact be accurately described as a form of global egalitarianism. The chapter extends T. M. Scanlon’s contractualist ‘Value of Choice’ account from individual cases to collective choices made through cooperative practices. Williams argues that his ‘Value of Membership’ account can show how some of the reasons to value membership in self-determining political communities can be used to argue for collective liability for relative disadvantage, without appealing to ideas of shared national cultures.
An Interview with David Miller
Authors: Fine Sarah
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Sarah Fine interviews David Miller about his life and work. They discuss his childhood, family, school days, university education, and academic career. Miller talks about his research interests and practices, as well as his teaching experience. He charts the course of the development of his own political theory, from his work on anarchism and market socialism, to his most recent books on migration and refuge. Miller discusses significant intellectual influences and events, and speaks of the paths he expects to explore in the future, reflecting on both the state of the discipline and of the profession as a whole.
Doing Political Philosophy
Authors: Miller David
Published: January 2023

This chapter draws together the author’s methodological writings to develop a model of theorizing that sees political philosophy as a normative enterprise that provides its audience with reasons for actions. Such reasons must make sense to their audience. They are subject to a feasibility constraint. Finally, there is no reason to believe they are timeless. This approach takes the political beliefs of lay people seriously, but is still open to radical proposals, grounded in the best reading of real people’s values and principles. This can be defended on epistemic grounds, if one is sceptical that political philosophers have some special insight such that they can set aside popular beliefs as mere opinion. It can also be defended in terms of the legitimacy of coercive social institutions, so that those subject to the coercive power of state institutions are given reasons to accept this coercion that make sense to them.
The Universality of Physical Law
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

The Universality of Physical Law begins to explore the breadth of nature’s laws that, like gravitation, extend beyond the confines of Earth; they are truly universal. An aspect of our Solar System that Copernicus, Kepler, and even Newton could not resolve was its absolute size; the first section moves past relative sizes to determining actual distances. The second and third sections consider the first measurements of two of nature’s fundamental constants, the speed of light and the strength of gravity as described by the universal gravitational constant while the fourth section considers the powerful conservation laws of linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy. The principal way by which information from the cosmos reaches Earth is via light; the fifth, sixth, and seventh sections begin to explore the properties of light. Finally, the eight section introduces the reader to the idea of heat as a form of energy.
Revealing Secrets Hidden in Light and Matter
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

Revealing Secrets Hidden in Light and Matter presents the growing body of evidence, theory, and tools that ultimately allow scientists to study objects that are otherwise beyond human reach. The wave-like nature of light means that diffraction gratings can be used to separate light into its constituent colors, revealing hidden complexity and unique signatures of each element. General characteristics of objects, their temperatures, and their environments can produce continuous blackbody radiation, emission lines, or absorption lines. The chemical properties of the elements reveal patterns that can be represented by the periodic table. Atomic spectra even led to the discovery of helium in the Sun’s spectrum. The production of cathode rays in vacuum tubes led to the discovery of electrons and the fact that they have an elementary charge. The discovery of radioactivity also led to further insights into matter and provided a means for estimating ages through radiometric dating.
The Giant Planet Systems
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

The Giant Planet Systems explores the gas giants, the ice giants, their vast collections of moons, and their ring systems. By far the most massive of the Sun’s children is Jupiter, with Saturn coming in a distant second. Both planets have very deep atmospheres and small rocky cores. The gas giants also have compositions that are very similar to the composition of the Sun. The ice giants on the other hand, while huge by the standards of the rocky planets, are very small relative to the gas giants. The giant planets have large collections of typically ice-covered moons and ring systems. There must be differences between how these planets formed relative to the rocky planets, but what are those differences? And why are most of the moons in synchronous rotation with their host planets, just like our Moon is? The many questions that are raised demand answers from science.
Equality
Authors: Fredman FBA KC Sandra
Published: January 2023

Equality as an ideal shines brightly in the galaxy of liberal aspirations. It is also a central pillar of international and domestic human rights instruments. Yet the more closely we examine it, the more its meaning shifts. This chapter examines these basic controversies. It begins with a critical assessment of different bases of the right to equality, including the principles of treating likes alike, equality of results, equality of opportunity, dignity, and autonomy. It then constructs a four-dimensional conception of substantive equality, which captures the strengths of each of these conceptions and aims to overcome their weaknesses. The first dimension reflects the insight that the problem is not simply the classification of a person according to their race, gender, or other protected characteristic. Instead, it is the disadvantage attached to that classification that matters. The right to equality should therefore redress disadvantage. But discrimination is also about stigma and prejudice. The second dimension therefore requires redress of stigma, stereotyping, prejudice, and violence. The third dimension addresses political and social exclusion, recognizing that it is those who have little voice who paradigmatically need the protection of the right to equality. The fourth dimension requires structural change and accommodation of difference, recognizing that inequality extends well beyond individual acts of prejudice and is built into the structures of society, and that equality embraces difference rather than requiring conformity.
The Mental Disorder Defence in Scots law
Authors: Maher Gerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the defence in Scots law which was formerly known as insanity but has been replaced by a statutory-based defence which deals with the criminal responsibility of a person who has certain forms of mental disorder. The chapter traces the historical development of the insanity defence, examines a reform project by the Scottish Law Commission which led to significant changes to the law, and offers detailed comments on the new provisions. It also examines the sentencing (or 'disposal') consequences of a person being acquitted of a crime because of the mental disorder defence.
The Insanity Defence in Irish Law
Authors: McCutcheon Paul
Published: January 2023

The defence of insanity in Irish law was originally based on the M’Naghten Rules. However, by the 1970s the Supreme Court confirmed that insanity extends beyond the Rules when it recognized a defence of volitional insanity. While the courts engineered a broadening of the defence, legislative intervention was slow in coming. Reform was recommended by an Interdepartmental Committee in 1978 but was not implemented at the time. The Trial of Lunatics Act 1883 continued to govern the form of verdict and disposition of defendants found insane. The release of a detainee remained an executive matter, but the courts established basic procedural requirements in respect of the question of release. The law was eventually overhauled by the Criminal Law (Insanity) Act 2006. The Act codified the judicial development of the plea and confirmed its extension beyond the M’Naghten Rules. The 2006 Act also overhauled other aspects of the law: the form of verdict was altered to ‘not guilty by reason of insanity’ (NGRI); dispositional arrangements were liberalised; appeals are allowed against verdicts of NGRI; independent and regular review of those detained in consequence of an insanity verdict is required; and the Mental Health (Criminal Law) Review Board was established. The operation of the Review Board has featured in recent cases and further legislation, in the form of the Criminal Law (Insanity) Act 2010, was required to clarify doubts concerning the conditional release of detainees.