bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All Competition Is Not Alike: Neural Mechanisms for Resolving Underdetermined and Prepotent Competition
Authors: Snyder Hannah R. , Banich Marie T. , Munakata Yuko
Published: April 2014

People must constantly select among potential thoughts and actions in the face of competition from (a) multiple task-relevant options (underdetermined competition) and (b) strongly dominant options that are not appropriate in the current context (prepotent competition). These types of competition are ubiquitous during language production. In this work, we investigate the neural mechanisms that allow individuals to effectively manage these cognitive control demands and to quickly choose words with few errors. Using fMRI, we directly contrast underdetermined and prepotent competition within the same task (verb generation) for the first time, allowing localization of the neural substrates supporting the resolution of these two types of competition. Using a neural network model, we investigate the possible mechanisms by which these brain regions support selection. Together, our findings demonstrate that all competition is not alike: resolving prepotent competition and resolving underdetermined competition rely on partly dissociable neural substrates and mechanisms. Specifically, activation of left ventrolateral pFC is specific to resolving underdetermined competition between multiple appropriate responses, most likely via competitive lateral inhibition. In contrast, activation of left dorsolateral pFC is sensitive to both underdetermined competition and prepotent competition from response options that are inappropriate in the current context. This region likely provides top–down support for task-relevant responses, which enables them to out-compete prepotent responses in the selection process that occurs in left ventrolateral pFC.
Bursaphelenchus posterovulvus sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) in packaging wood from Singapore
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Wang Ning , He Jie , Wang Jiangling , Chen Xianfeng , Wang Xuan
Published: April 2014

Bursaphelenchus posterovulvussp. n., isolated in Ningbo, P.R. China, from non-coniferous packaging wood from Singapore is described. It is characterised by a slim body (a = 24-43), lip region strongly offset, stylet with prominent and strongly sclerotised basal swellings, lateral field with four lines, excretory pore located at level of median bulb, hemizonid 30-40 μm posterior to excretory pore, vulva at 82-86% of total body length, post-uterine branch extending forcatwo-thirds of vulva-anus distance, female tail conical and short (c′ = 2.3-3.0) with a pointed terminus, spicules short (11-16 μm) and slightly arcuate, rostrum blunt and relatively short, dorsal and ventral limbs conspicuous and their distal ends separated, three pairs of ventro-sublateral papillae and a single precloacal papilla. The new species is distinguished from otherBursaphelenchusspecies by morphology, ITS-RFLP patterns and phylogenetic analyses.
Nematicidal activity of Auxarthron reticulatum DY-2 against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus mucronatus
Authors: Oh In-Jae , Ju Wan-Taek , Kim Young-Ju , Jung Woo-Jin , Kim Kil-Yong , Park Ro-Dong
Published: April 2014

Auxarthron reticulatumDY-2 was isolated from field soils in Jeonnam Province, South Korea, and its culture filtrate was active as a bionematicide agent against the pine wood nematodeBursaphelenchus mucronatus. The nematicidal activity againstB. mucronatuswas proportional to the concentration of the culture filtrate. The nematicidal compounds, dimethyl fumarate and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, were isolated and identified fromA. reticulatumDY-2 culture filtrate using silica gel column chromatography combined with high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bioassays on nematicidal activity revealed that bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and dimethyl fumarate at 1% concentration resulted in 70 and 100% mortality ofB. mucronatus, respectively, after 48 h exposure. This is the first report that these two compounds exhibit a property of nematicidal activity, especially onBursaphelenchusspp.
A new classification for Lipocarpha and Volkiella as infrageneric taxa of Cyperus s.l. (Cypereae, Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae): insights from species tree reconstruction supplemented with morphological and floral developmental data
Authors: BAUTERS KENNETH , LARRIDON ISABEL , REYNDERS MARC , ASSELMAN PIETER , VRIJDAGHS ALEXANDER , MUASYA A. MUTHAMA , SIMPSON DAVID A. A. , GOETGHEBEUR PAUL
Published: April 2014

Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that Lipocarpha and Volkiella are nested in a paraphyletic Cyperus s.s. and therefore should be viewed as part of a broadly circumscribed genus Cyperus (Cyperaceae). In this paper, molecular phylogenetic analyses of Lipocarpha and Volkiella based on nuclear ribosomal ETS1f and plastid rpl32-trnL and trnH-psbA markers are presented. Separate gene trees as well as a species tree were constructed. Results indicate a polyphyletic Lipocarpha s.l. consisting of a paraphyletic core Lipocarpha s.s in which the monotypic Volkiella is included, and a small non-related clade with species formerly placed in the genus Rikliella. Core Lipocarpha s.s. encompasses six clades, which can be distinguished based on morphological characters. Floral developmental data for Lipocarpha rehmannii (the type of Rikliella) confirms that this species is not a true Lipocarpha s.s. Based on our findings, Lipocarpha s.l. and Volkiella are here included in Cyperus subg. Cyperus. New names and combinations for Lipocarpha s.l. and Volkiella species and a new sectional classification for these species are proposed.
Taxonomic changes in C4 Cyperus (Cypereae, Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae): combining the sedge genera Ascolepis, Kyllinga and Pycreus into Cyperus s.l.
Authors: LARRIDON ISABEL , BAUTERS KENNETH , REYNDERS MARC , HUYGH WIM , GOETGHEBEUR PAUL
Published: April 2014

The sedge genera Alinula, Ascolepis, Kyllinga, Lipocarpha, Pycreus, Queenslandiella, Remirea, Sphaerocyperus and Volkiella (Cyperaceae) were recognised at generic level because they possess specialised inflorescence and/or flower characters. However, recent molecular phylogenetic analyses show that these genera are all nested in a paraphyletic Cyperus s.s. and therefore should be viewed as part of a broadly circumscribed genus Cyperus. For all species of Alinula and for the single species of Queenslandiella, Remirea and Sphaerocyperus, Cyperus names were already published by other authors. For the species of Lipocarpha and Volkiella, Cyperus names and a new sectional classification are published in a separate paper including a detailed molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for these taxa. Based on a study of herbarium specimens and literature, in this paper, twenty species of Ascolepis, seventeen species of Kyllinga, and six species of Pycreus, which do not yet have a validly published and legitimate name in Cyperus, are formally included into Cyperus as new combinations or new names. Notes on the synonymy of an African Pycreus species are also included.
Three new species in Calamus sect. Podocephalus (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) from the Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
Authors: FERNANDO EDWINO SAMSON
Published: April 2014

Three new species in Calamus sect. Podocephalus (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) are described and illustrated: Calamus daemonoropoides from the Philippines, Calamus parutan from East Java and Bali, Indonesia, and Calamus zieckii from Papua and West Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.  These are compared with similar species in the section.
Liparis funingensis (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Malaxidae), a new species from Yunnan, China: evidence from morphology and DNA
Authors: SU YONG-YU , MENG YUAN , SHI YU , TANG GUANG-DA , Liu Zhong-Jian
Published: April 2014

A new orchid species, Liparis funingensis, from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated in this study based on morphological and molecular analyses. A detailed comparison between the newly discovered orchid and other members of Liparis was performed. This new plant is characterized by an obovate lip and is trilobed. The sidelobes are semiorbicular and fleshy, and the midlobe is short and bilobed with triangular lobes. The disc has a deeply bilobed basal callus and two longitudinal lamellae from the base extending to above the middle. There are four pollinia in two pairs, with each pair exhibiting long caudicles without a viscidium. The rostellum also has a bursa synovialis. These features distinguish this new orchid from all other known species of Liparis. A phylogenetic analysis was subsequently performed to determine the systematic position of this enigmatic species. A molecular study based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data indicates that L. funingensis is a member of L. layardii subclade.
Checklist of Braconinae species of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: BEYARSLAN AHMET
Published: April 2014

The Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species recorded from Turkey are listed, the present total number being 195. Changes with respect to the previous Turkish fauna are briefly annotated and the distributions for all the species in each of the 68 biogeographical provinces are presented. After the publication of our previous fauna, 173 species have been recorded as new to Turkey. Of these, 96 species are distributed only in Asian Turkey and 14 species are distributed only in European Turkey, while 85 species occure in both. The presented checklist covers synonyms, zoogeographical region(s), hosts, host plants of host species and parasitoid data for the species.        In total, 195 species belonging 9 genera are reported for the studied regions of Turkey. The number of species of each genus is represented by: Atanycolus Foester, 1862: 4, Baryproctus Ashmead, 1900: 1, Bracon Fabricius, 1804: 149, Ceratobracon Telenga, 1936: 1, Coeloides Wesmael,1838: 2, Glyptomorpha Holmgren, 1868: 7, Iphiaulax Foerster, 1862: 9, Pseudovipio Szépligeti, 1896: 9, Vipio Latreille, 1804: 13 species. Bracon (Asiabracon) amaculatus Beyarslan, 1988 is synonymized with B. (A.) quadrimaculatus Telenga, 1936.
A Compact Model for the Stability Dependency of TKE Production–Destruction–Conversion Terms Valid for the Whole Range of Richardson Numbers
Authors: Ďurán Ivan Bašták , Geleyn Jean-François , Váňa Filip
Published: April 2014

Recently, observational and numerical evidence has accumulated against the concept of a critical Richardson number Ricr beyond which too-stable stratification would extinguish turbulence. It also appeared that the characteristics of the “weak turbulent regime” where the Prandtl number σt increases proportionally to the Richardson number Ri can be explained via the conservation of total turbulent energy in a strongly anisotropic flow. Having a “No Ri(cr)” situation together with due consideration of the anisotropy thus leads to the correct asymptotic behavior at high stabilities in several recent proposals [revisit of the Mellor–Yamada basic system, non-Reynolds-type quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE) theory, and energy and flux budget (EFB) theory leading to a fully self-consistent hierarchy of increasingly prognostic schemes]. The present work derives a simple unique analytical framework for these various alternatives, simplifying, in two complementary but surprisingly converging ways, the revisited Mellor–Yamada formulation and emulating with high accuracy the relevant solutions within QNSE and EFB. The simplification or emulation steps differ from one case to the next, but the obtained common framework is very compact, valid for Ri going from −∞ to +∞, depending only on four free parameters and on three “functional dependencies.” Each functional dependency corresponds either to a constant value or to a regular function of the flux Richardson number Rif depending on the complexity of the considered hypotheses. Four realizations of this codification are representative of all related possibilities, the analytical scheme thus possessing high transversal validity. Extension toward higher-order solutions and/or moist turbulence can be envisaged in such a unified framework.
Evaluation of Trigger Functions for Convective Parameterization Schemes Using Observations
Authors: Suhas E. , Zhang Guang J.
Published: April 2014

Realistic simulation of different modes of atmospheric variability ranging from diurnal cycle to interannual variation in global climate models (GCMs) depends crucially on the convection trigger criteria. In this study, using the data from constrained variational analysis by the Atmospheric System Research program for single-column models (SCM), the performance of the commonly used convective trigger functions in GCMs is evaluated based on the equitable threat score (ETS) value, a widely used forecast verification metric. From the ETS score, three consistently better-performing trigger functions were identified. They are based on the dilute and undilute convective available potential energy (CAPE) generation rate from large-scale forcing in the free troposphere (hereafter dCAPE) and parcel buoyancy at the lifting condensation level (Bechtold scheme). The key variables used to define these trigger functions are examined in detail. It is found that the dilute dCAPE trigger function performs the best consistently in both the tropical and midlatitude convective environment. Analysis of the composite fields of key variables of the trigger functions, based on the correct prediction, overprediction and underprediction of convection, and correct prediction of no-convection cases for convective onset, brings to light some critical factors responsible for the performance of the trigger functions. The lower-tropospheric advective forcing in dilute dCAPE trigger and vertical velocity in Bechtold trigger are identified to be the most importance ones. Suggestions are offered for further improvements.
Relation of the South China Sea Precipitation Variability to Tropical Indo-Pacific SST Anomalies during Spring-to-Summer Transition
Authors: Hu Wenting , Wu Renguang , Liu Yong
Published: April 2014

The present study investigates the relationship of South China Sea (SCS) precipitation to tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) during April–June (AMJ), which is the transition season from spring to summer. It is revealed that SCS rainfall anomalies in AMJ are influenced by SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific (EP), tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), and western North Pacific (WNP). Three types of SST-influenced cases are obtained based on different combinations of SST anomalies in the above three regions. When same-sign EP and TIO SST anomalies are accompanied by opposite WNP SST anomalies, both anomalous cross-equatorial flows from the southwestern TIO induced by negative SST anomalies there and an anomalous Walker circulation forced by negative EP SST anomalies contribute to enhanced convection over the SCS and the surrounding regions with additional contribution from positive WNP SST anomalies via a Rossby wave–type response. In the cases of combined effects of EP and WNP SST anomalies, above-normal SST in the WNP is a direct cause of above-normal SCS rainfall though the WNP SST anomalies are induced by EP SST forcing. In the cases of combined impacts of TIO and EP SST anomalies, the accompanying coastal Sumatra SST anomalies contribute to the SCS rainfall variability via an anomalous cross-equatorial vertical circulation. The negative SST anomalies near the Sumatra coast induce descent over the southeastern TIO and ascent over the SCS and WNP. Model experiments with an atmospheric model confirm the impacts of southern TIO and EP SST anomalies on AMJ rainfall variation over the SCS.
Influencing Preferences for Different Types of Causal Explanation of Complex Events
Authors: Klein Gary , Rasmussen Louise , Lin Mei-Hua , Hoffman Robert R. , Case Jason
Published: April 2014

Objective:

We examined preferences for different forms of causal explanations for indeterminate situations.

Background:

Klein and Hoffman distinguished several forms of causal explanations for indeterminate, complex situations: single-cause explanations, lists of causes, and explanations that interrelate several causes. What governs our preferences for single-cause (simple) versus multiple-cause (complex) explanations?

Method:

In three experiments, we examined the effect of target audience, explanatory context, participant nationality, and explanation type. All participants were college students. Participants were given two scenarios, one regarding the U.S. economic collapse in 2007 to 2008 and the other about the sudden success of the U.S. military in Iraq in 2007. The participants were asked to assess various types of causal explanations for each of the scenarios, with reference to one or more purposes or audience for the explanations.

Results:

Participants preferred simple explanations for presentation to less sophisticated audiences. Malaysian students of Chinese ethnicity preferred complex explanations more than did American students. The form of presentation made a difference: Participants preferred complex to simple explanations when given a chance to compare the two, but the preference for simple explanations increased when there was no chance for comparison, and the difference between Americans and Malaysians disappeared.

Conclusions:

Preferences for explanation forms can vary with the context and with the audience, and they depend on the nature of the alternatives that are provided.

Application:

Guidance for decision-aiding technology and training systems that provide explanations need to involve consideration of the form and depth of the accounts provided as well as the intended audience.
‘In my end is my beginning’: Lumen gentium and the Priority of Doxology
Authors: Ruddy Christopher
Published: April 2014

Essential to the full reception of Lumen gentium is a recovery of that document’s doxological ecclesiology, which presents the Church—even on earth—as most fully itself when it praises God. This article proposes that acknowledging the priority of doxology in the life of the Church will foster a more effective evangelization, service, and mission. It first surveys Lumen gentium’s context, achievements, seeds, and incomplete reception. It then argues for the centrality of holiness and doxology in ecclesiology, looking at both several theologians (Frans Jozef van Beeck, Khaled Anatolios, Joseph Ratzinger) and exemplary passages from Lumen gentium. The article concludes with a brief reflection on the importance of Lumen gentium’s doxological ecclesiology for addressing contemporary challenges.
Mathematical analysis of hepatitis C model for intravenous drug misusers: Impact of antiviral therapy, abstinence and relapse
Authors: Mushayabasa Steady , Bhunu Claver P
Published: April 2014

Despite advances in hepatitis C therapy and better knowledge of viral/host factors related to disease progression, hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains the leading cause of chronic liver disease, causing progression to end-stage liver disease (ESLD) as well as the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this paper a mathematical model for assessing the impact of antiviral therapy, abstinence and relapse on the transmission dynamics of HCV is formulated and analyzed. A threshold quantity known as the reproductive number has been computed, and the stability of the steady states has been investigated. The dynamical analysis reveals that the model has globally asymptotically stable steady states. The impacts of antiviral therapy, abstinence and relapse on the transmission dynamics of HCV are discussed through the basic reproductive number and numerical simulations.
Who Says “No to Modern Football?” Italian Supporters, Reflexivity, and Neo-Liberalism
Authors: Numerato Dino
Published: April 2014

This study explores the complexities and ambiguities of the recent increase in criticism among football supporters of so-called “modern football.” Drawing on existing elaborations of the concept of reflexivity in sociology, this contribution theoretically extends the hegemony/resistance analytical framework that has commonly been used to portray the criticism of football supporters in strict opposition to neo-liberal trends. The examination of the social and symbolic mechanisms surrounding anti-neo-liberal campaigning suggests that the slogan has been embraced by heterogeneous actors with contrasting topics, values, beliefs, and opinions. Considering the different reactions of contested anti-neo-liberal institutions and the context in which these processes take place, it has been demonstrated that protests and reflexive discursive practices can both inhibit and enhance the transformative potential of the “Against modern football” slogan.
Intranasal Drainage for Pediatric Nasal Abscesses
Authors: Cheng Jeffrey , Smith Lee P.
Published: April 2014

Nasal abscesses of the tip or soft tissues are uncommon in children. We describe an endonasal surgical approach for nasal abscesses based on our experience with 3 children at our tertiary care, academic children's hospital. All presented with significant nasal pain out of proportion to the physical examination findings, along with edema, induration, and some intermittent bleeding and discharge of sebaceous and/or keratinous debris. Parenteral antibiotics were administered for an initial period of at least 24 hours in all cases, without any significant improvement in the patients’ symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) with intravenous contrast was diagnostic in all cases. Symptomatic relief was achieved immediately postoperatively. No child required a second drainage procedure, and all children had an uneventful recovery.
Speech analysis and visual image
Authors: Loo Alfred , Chung CW , Lam Alan
Published: April 2014

Students will speak a second language with an accent if they learn the language after the age of six. It does not matter how motivated and clever they are, the accent will not go away. Only a few gifted students can speak a second language flawlessly. The exact reasons for this phenomenon are unknown. Although a large number of hypotheses have been put forward, the phenomenon is still a puzzle to most language educators. We have conducted some preliminary studies with a computer system to verify some of the hypotheses and determine the relationship between listening abilities and language learning. These efforts will form the basis upon which to obtain a better understanding of the process of learning languages and, over the longer term, to devise better methods for learning languages.
The Influence of Disease Risk on the Optimal Time Interval between Screens for the Early Detection of Cancer
Authors: O’Mahony James F. , van Rosmalen Joost , Mushkudiani Nino A. , Goudsmit Frans-Willem , Eijkemans Marinus J. C. , Heijnsdijk Eveline A. M. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Habbema J. Dik F.
Published: April 2014

The intervals between screens for the early detection of diseases such as breast and colon cancer suggested by screening guidelines are typically based on the average population risk of disease. With the emergence of ever more biomarkers for cancer risk prediction and the development of personalized medicine, there is a need for risk-specific screening intervals. The interval between successive screens should be shorter with increasing cancer risk. A risk-dependent optimal interval is ideally derived from a cost-effectiveness analysis using a validated simulation model. However, this is time-consuming and costly. We propose a simplified mathematical approach for the exploratory analysis of the implications of risk level on optimal screening interval. We develop a mathematical model of the optimal screening interval for breast cancer screening. We verified the results by programming the simplified model in the MISCAN-Breast microsimulation model and comparing the results. We validated the results by comparing them with the results of a full, published MISCAN-Breast cost-effectiveness model for a number of different risk levels. The results of both the verification and validation were satisfactory. We conclude that the mathematical approach can indicate the impact of disease risk on the optimal screening interval.
The Balance Beam Metaphor
Authors: Hamm Robert M. , Beasley William Howard
Published: April 2014

Understanding the impact of clinical findings in discriminating between possible causes of a patient’s presentation is essential in clinical judgment. A balance beam is a natural physical analogue that can accurately represent the combination of several pieces of evidence with varying ability to discriminate between disease hypotheses. Calculation of Bayes’ theorem using log(posterior odds) as a function of log(prior odds) and the logarithms of the evidence’s likelihood ratios maps onto the physical forces affecting objects placed on a balance beam. We describe the rules governing the functioning of tokens representing clinical findings in the comparison of 2 competing diseases. The likelihood ratios corresponding to positive (LR+) or negative (LR−) observations for each symptom determine the lateral position at which the symptom’s token is placed on the beam, using a weight if the finding is present and a helium balloon if it is absent. We discuss how a balance beam could represent concepts of dynamic specificity (due to changes in competitor diseases’ probabilities) and dynamic sensitivity (due to class-conditional independence). Utility-based thresholds for acting on a diagnosis could be represented by moving the balance beam’s fulcrum. It is suggested that a balance beam can be a useful aid for students learning clinical diagnosis, allowing them to build on existing intuitive understanding to develop an appreciation of how evidence combines to influence degree of belief. The balance beam could also facilitate exploration of the potential impact of available questions or investigations.
Comparison of 4 Pediatric Health-Related Quality-of-Life Instruments
Authors: Kenzik Kelly M. , Tuli Sanjeev Y. , Revicki Dennis A. , Shenkman Elizabeth A. , Huang I-Chan
Published: April 2014

Background. Few studies have compared multiple health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) instruments simultaneously for pediatric populations. This study aimed to test psychometric properties of 4 legacy pediatric HRQOL instruments: the Child Health and Illness Profile (CHIP), the KIDSCREEN-52, the KINDL, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Methods. This study used data from 908 parents whose children (ages 2–19 years) were enrolled in Florida Medicaid. Parents were asked via telephone interview to complete each instrument appropriate to the age of their children. Structural, convergent/discriminant, and known-group validities were investigated. We examined structural validity using confirmatory factor analyses. We examined convergent/discriminant validity by comparing Spearman rank correlation coefficients of homogeneous (physical functioning and physical well-being) versus heterogeneous (physical and psychological functioning) domains of the instruments. We assessed known-groups validity by examining the extent to which HRQOL differed by the status of children with special health needs (CSHCN). Results. Domain scores of the 4 instruments were not normally distributed, and ceiling effects were significant in most domains. The KIDSCREEN-52 demonstrates the best structural validity, followed by the CHIP, KINDL, and PedsQL. The PedsQL and the KIDSCREEN-52 show better convergent/discriminant validity than the other instruments. Known-groups validity in discriminating CSHCN versus no needs was the best for the PedsQL, followed by the KIDSCREEN-52, the CHIP, and the KINDL. Conclusion. No one instrument was fully satisfactory in all psychometric properties. Strategies are recommended for future comparison of item content and measurement properties across different HRQOL instruments for research and clinical use.
Stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion in intractable cluster headache: Expert consensus on patient selection and standards of care
Authors: Jürgens Tim P , Schoenen Jean , Rostgaard Jørgen , Hillerup Søren , Láinez Miguel JA , Assaf Alexandre T , May Arne , Jensen Rigmor H
Published: April 2014

Context and overview

Chronic cluster headache (CCH) is a debilitating headache disorder with a significant impairment of the patients' lives. Within the past decade, various invasive neuromodulatory approaches have been proposed for the treatment of CCH refractory to standard preventive drug, but only very few randomized controlled studies exist in the field of neuromodulation for the treatment of drug-refractory headaches. Based on the prominent role of the cranial parasympathetic system in acute cluster headache attacks, high-frequency sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) stimulation has been shown to abort ongoing attacks in some patients in a first small study. As preventive effects of SPG-stimulation have been suggested and the rate of long-term side effects was moderate, SPG stimulation appears to be a promising new treatment strategy.

Aims and conclusion

As SPG stimulation is effective in some patients and the first commercially available CE-marked SPG neurostimulator system has been introduced for cluster headache, patient selection and care should be standardized to ensure maximal efficacy and safety. As only limited data have been published on SPG stimulation, standards of care based on expert consensus are proposed to ensure homogeneous patient selection and treatment across international headache centres. Given that SPG stimulation is still a novel approach, all expert-based consensus on patient selection and standards of care should be re-reviewed when more long-term data are available.
Using Curriculum-Based Measures With Postsecondary Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Hosp John L. , Hensley Kiersten , Huddle Sally M. , Ford Jeremy W.
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary evidence of the criterion-related validity of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) for reading, mathematics, and written expression with postsecondary students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID). The participants included 41 postsecondary students with ID enrolled in a 2-year certificate program at a large Midwestern university. CBMs were administered to participants using standardized procedures, and results were compared with performance on the Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Achievement. Descriptive statistics were calculated as were bivariate correlations between CBM measures and the content-appropriate criterion measure. Results are discussed in terms of the potential use of CBMs as indicators of academic performance for postsecondary students with ID.
Characterization of Adults With a Self‐Diagnosis of Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity
Authors: Biesiekierski Jessica R. , Newnham Evan D. , Shepherd Susan J. , Muir Jane G. , Gibson Peter R.
Published: April 2014

Background: Nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), occurring in patients without celiac disease yet whose gastrointestinal symptoms improve on a gluten‐free diet (GFD), is largely a self‐reported diagnosis and would appear to be very common. The aims of this study were to characterize patients who believe they have NCGS. Materials and Methods: Advertising was directed toward adults who believed they had NCGS and were willing to participate in a clinical trial. Respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire about symptoms, diet, and celiac investigation. Results: Of 248 respondents, 147 completed the survey. Mean age was 43.5 years, and 130 were women. Seventy‐two percent did not meet the description of NCGS due to inadequate exclusion of celiac disease (62%), uncontrolled symptoms despite gluten restriction (24%), and not following a GFD (27%), alone or in combination. The GFD was self‐initiated in 44% of respondents; in other respondents it was prescribed by alternative health professionals (21%), dietitians (19%), and general practitioners (16%). No celiac investigations had been performed in 15% of respondents. Of 75 respondents who had duodenal biopsies, 29% had no or inadequate gluten intake at the time of endoscopy. Inadequate celiac investigation was common if the GFD was initiated by self (69%), alternative health professionals (70%), general practitioners (46%), or dietitians (43%). In 40 respondents who fulfilled the criteria for NCGS, their knowledge of and adherence to the GFD were excellent, and 65% identified other food intolerances. Conclusions: Just over 1 in 4 respondents self‐reporting as NCGS fulfill criteria for its diagnosis. Initiation of a GFD without adequate exclusion of celiac disease is common. In 1 of 4 respondents, symptoms are poorly controlled despite gluten avoidance.
Nutrition Algorithms and Bedside Nutrient Delivery Practices in Pediatric Intensive Care Units
Authors: Martinez Enid E. , Bechard Lori J. , Mehta Nilesh M.
Published: April 2014

Background: Enteral nutrition (EN) delivery is associated with improved outcomes in critically ill patients. We aimed to describe EN practices, including details of algorithms and individual bedside practices, in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Methods: Available EN algorithm details from 31 international PICUs were obtained. Daily nutrient intake data from 524 mechanically ventilated patients, 1 month to 18 years old, were prospectively documented, including EN delivery, adjunct therapies, and energy prescription. Practices associated with higher percentage adequacy of EN delivery were determined by regression analysis. Results: Nine EN algorithms were available. All algorithms defined advancement and EN intolerance; 7 of 9 defined intolerance by gastric residual volume; 3 of 9 recommended nutrition screening and fasting guidelines. Few elements were in agreement with the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines. Of the 341 patients who received EN exclusively 32.9% received ≥66.6% of prescribed energy on day 7. Percentage adequacy of EN delivered was inversely associated with days to EN initiation (–8.92; P < .001) and hours per EN interruption (–1.65; P = .001) and was not associated with the use of algorithms, promotility agents, or postpyloric feeding. Conclusions: A minority of PICUs employ EN algorithms; recommendations were variable and not in agreement with national guidelines. Optimal EN delivery was achieved in less than one‐third of our cohort. EN adjunct therapies were not associated with increased EN delivery. Studies aimed at promoting early EN and decreasing interruptions may optimize energy delivery in the PICU.
Using occupation-based social classifications
Authors: Lambert Paul S , Bihagen Erik
Published: April 2014

Occupation-based social classifications are important social indicators, but are easily misunderstood. Using survey data from the UK and Sweden, we summarize the empirical relations between a number of alternative occupation-based social classifications. Results indicate similarity between most measures, though there are often quite considerable differences in the properties of related classifications according to the level of detail at which they have been operationalized (such as the number of categories). While these findings may seem unsurprising, they are in conflict with canonical theoretical interpretations attributed to occupation-based measures, where the level of detail is often overlooked, whereas the concepts associated with different measures are emphasized.
Experimental investigations on thermo-hydraulic behaviour of triple concentric-tube heat exchanger
Authors: Singh Sanjay K , Mishra Manish , Jha PK
Published: April 2014

The thermo-hydraulic investigations for triple concentric-tube heat exchanger with two-thermal communications have been experimentally carried out at steady state conditions. Water at different temperature was passed through the inner tube, the inner annulus and through the outer annulus. Experiments were performed at all possible flow arrangements for Reynolds number ranging from 2800 to 11,000 of hot water in inner annulus. Validations of experimental results have also been carried out with the established results. Experimental investigations have been carried out to measure the variations in temperature of fluid streams along the length of heat exchanger and variations of friction factor and of Nusselt number with Reynolds number.
How Labour ended up taxing itself and why it matters: The long-term evolution of politics in German labour taxation
Authors: Kemmerling Achim
Published: April 2014

This article argues that the long-term shift in the incidence of taxation from capital to labour has shifted the centre of political conflicts from representatives of capital to those of labour. The fact that most taxation has become an increasing and regressive burden on labour in mature welfare states creates new divides in tax policies among left politicians. To demonstrate this, the article applies the literature on new divides to the case of tax policy. A comparison of German tax policy debates in the late 19th and late 20th centuries reveals that major conflict lines were intra-class, and that over time these lines have shifted from capital to labour. The article concludes that as the origins of new divides are often endogenous to welfare-state politics, the literature on new divides greatly benefits from a historical ‘turn’.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto’s disease associated with systemic lupus erythematous: difficult case report and literature review
Authors: Ruaro B , Sulli A , Alessandri E , Fraternali-Orcioni G , Cutolo M
Published: April 2014

Kikuchi–Fujimoto’s disease (KFD), or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a benign and self-limiting disease of unknown aetiology. KFD tends to affect a young population under 30 years of age and predominantly females. KFD is a rare pathology and its association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not frequent. Herein, we present the case of a male Italian patient with SLE in association with KFD with 5 years of follow-up, where a differential diagnosis from infection or lymphoproliferative disease was problematic.
Mucosal lesions and mortality associated with the use of a ferric sulfate poultry litter amendment product
Authors: Myers Elise A. , Williams Susan M. , Zavala Guillermo , Smith John A. , Berghaus Roy D.
Published: April 2014

Within hours of chick delivery, acute mortality and mucosal lesions were reported on 2 northeast Georgia broiler farms that had applied a ferric sulfate litter amendment product. Histological evaluation of the larynx, tongue, and surrounding stroma revealed multifocal areas of necrosis or degeneration of the oral mucosa, acute focal necrotizing cellulitis, and the presence of a brown-black pigmented material adhered to affected epithelial and mucosal surfaces. Multifocal to diffuse ventricular koilin degeneration and acute hemorrhage was also demonstrated in association with pigmented adherent material on affected surfaces. Perls iron stain revealed that adherent material on affected tissues was strongly positive for iron. An experiment was designed to reproduce clinical signs, lesions, and mortality using the same litter amendment product. The ferric sulfate litter amendment was confirmed as the causative agent.
Use of immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy to aid in diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas associated with the fetlock joint in two horses
Authors: Findley Judith A. , Singer Ellen R. , Milner Peter I. , Leeming Gail H.
Published: April 2014

Soft tissue sarcomas of the equine distal limb associated with joints, sheaths, or bursae have rarely been reported. Accurate diagnosis of these tumors is challenging in both human beings and veterinary species. Immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy have been used in human beings to reduce misdiagnosis. The current report describes 2 mature horses presenting with lameness and swelling associated with the dorsal aspect of the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal joint. In both cases, surgical excision was performed with subsequent histological analysis of the masses to determine the tissue of origin. In both cases, immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy aided the definitive diagnosis of fibrosarcoma associated with the fetlock joints of 2 horses.
Teaching Korean Rhythms in Music Class Through Improvisation, Composition, and Student Performance
Authors: Yoo Hyesoo , Kang Sangmi
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this article is to introduce the characteristics of Korean rhythmic patterns and provide effective ways to teach Korean rhythms based on the theoretical and pedagogical approaches derived from 5,000 years of Korean musical tradition. First, we have provided the fundamental principles of Korean rhythms that represent the culture from which the music originated. Then, we have introduced the pedagogical process of Korean music, which includes the use of gu-em (Korean verbal syllables of music) and improvisatory practice. Finally, we have offered the resource of composition and the schoolwide performance using Korean rhythms that would be suitable to a contemporary educational context. By doing this, music educators will gain an understanding of the characteristics of Korean rhythms and acquire the skills necessary to teach them in the classrooms; as a consequence, they can confidently incorporate Korean rhythms in general music classes.
Voice Use and Self-Reported Voice Health of Preservice Music Educators
Authors: Manternach Jeremy N.
Published: April 2014

This study documented over contiguous 7-day periods the phonation time dose (Dt) percentages, sleep patterns, and self-reported voice health of preservice music educators ( N = 8). Among primary findings, (a) Dt percentages were highest during voice lessons (38.51%), voice practice (34.54%), and choral rehearsals (30.33%) and lowest during nonperformance music classes (6.19%) and nonmusic classes (3.21%); (b) participant Dt percentages ranged from 6.87% to 13.52% overall and 5.93% to 16.93% during school activities; (c) participant daily Dt percentages ranged from 2.36% to 23.95%, (d) self-reported sleep hours displayed a statistically significant, low-positive correlation to self-reported overall singing voice quality; (e) 7 of 10 self-reported voice health indicator statements showed significant correlations to self-reported overall singing voice quality; and (f) participants reported better voice care on the weekend than on weekdays. Results were discussed in terms of comparisons with practicing educators, vocal rest, and implications for music teacher curricula.
Inquiry-Based Learning Through Birdsong
Authors: Younker Betty Anne , Bracken Jillian
Published: April 2014

Birdsong as a phenomenon falls at the intersection of two disciplines: ecology and music. The shared space includes bird vocalizations and musical patterns that comprise these vocalizations. The connection between natural sounds and human music has recently garnered attention from both scientists and musicians; however, thematic-based curricular connections between the science of birdsong and musical concepts have yet to be fully explored in research settings. To address this, a fifth-grade curriculum unit combining ecology and music was developed within the organizing theme of Birdsong. Inquiry-based learning guided engagement of students and teachers; the culminating project was student-composed birdsongs. The researchers examined what issues arose when integrating two disciplines, what issues arose when integrating two disciplines, how a curriculum unit based on birdsong differs when students experience problems from dissimilar viewpoints, and how projects can require inquiry-based learning. Implications for teacher preparation are included.
Cerebrovascular Accident in a High-Risk Patient During the Early Initiation Phase With Canagliflozin
Authors: Foushee Jaime A. , Goodbar Nancy H. , Kelly Jason L. , Clarke S. Lindsey
Published: April 2014

Objective: To report a case of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in a high-risk patient following initiation of canagliflozin, the first-in-class sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Case Summary: We describe a 62-year-old woman, with multiple clinical risk factors for stroke, who began canagliflozin 300 mg daily in addition to basal insulin therapy for diabetes management. The patient developed expressive aphasia 15 days following initiation of canagliflozin. Neuroimaging revealed acute infarcts of the left basal ganglia and temporal and parietal lobes. The patient was diagnosed with a CVA. Canagliflozin therapy was discontinued, metformin therapy was reinitiated in addition to the patient’s basal insulin, and the patient was treated with antiplatelet, statin, and speech therapies. Discussion: Assessment of the cardiovascular (CV) safety of canagliflozin is currently being investigated. A numerical increase in CV events, including nonfatal stroke, has been noted in preliminary data from ongoing analyses of canagliflozin in patients with preexisting CV risk factors. Although significant clinical risk factors were present in the patient described, a workup for routine causality came back negative. According to the Naranjo probability score, initiation of canagliflozin had a possible to probable association with the patient’s CVA. Conclusions: This case suggests a potential association between the timing of canagliflozin initiation and development of stroke in patients with multiple clinical risk factors. We advise practitioners to use caution when initiating this new agent in patients at high risk for stroke while long-term CV safety surveillance is ongoing.
Diffuse Desquamating Rash Following Exposure to Vancomycin-Impregnated Bone Cement
Authors: Williams Brett , Hanson Amy , Sha Beverly
Published: April 2014

Objective: To describe a case of systemic desquamating dermatitis following implantation of vancomycin antibiotic–laden cement (ABLC) in a patient with prior history of Stevens-Johnson (SJS) reaction to vancomycin. Case Summary: A 59-year-old man with a history of SJS reaction to systemic vancomycin and recurrent methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic knee infection developed a painful, blistering rash after implantation of bone cement that had been mixed with 2 g of vancomycin. He was started empirically on steroids by his primary care provider and had desquamation about 1 week later. Discussion: Systemic absorption of antibiotics from ABLC has been well documented in the literature. Reports of systemic toxicity are rare, and none have described systemic allergic reactions to vancomycin. This patient’s prior episode of SJS was diagnosed at another academic medical center 6 years ago, and records are unavailable. Following low-level reexposure to vancomycin, he developed a diffuse painful desquamating rash. Application of the Naranjo nomogram yielded a score of 8 (probable adverse reaction). Although he did not experience fever, sore throat, or mucous membrane involvement to fulfill classic features of SJS, we believe that his severe rash represented a less-severe form of a systemic hypersensitivity reaction to vancomycin. Conclusion: Antibiotics contained in ABLC are systemically absorbed, though at low levels, and have been associated with systemic toxicities. Antibiotics to which a patient has had a potentially life-threatening reaction should not be used in ABLC. Particular attention should be paid to an individual’s antibiotic allergy history prior to implantation of any ABLC.