bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Queen's Parks in Queensland
Authors: Sim Jean
Published: September 2012

Queen's Park in Maryborough is one of many public gardens established in the nineteenth century in Queensland: in Brisbane, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Warwick, Rockhampton, Mackay, Townsville, Cairns and Cooktown. They were created primarily as places of horticultural experimentation, as well as for recreational purposes. They formed a local area network, with the Brisbane Botanic Garden and the Government Botanist, Walter Hill, at the centre – at least in the 1870s. From here, the links extended to other botanic gardens in Australia, and beyond Australia to the British colonial network managed through the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Kew. It was an informal network, supplying a knowledge of basic economic botany that founded many tropical agricultural industries and also provided much-needed recreational, educational and inspirational opportunities for colonial newcomers and residents. The story of these parks, from the time when they were first set aside as public reserves by the government surveyors to the present day, is central to the history of urban planning in regional centres. This article provides a statewide overview together with a more in-depth examination of Maryborough's own historic Queen's Park.
From K'gari to World Heritage
Authors: Lennon Jane
Published: September 2012

The blue crane fishing in Cooloola’s twilightHas fished there longer than our centuriesHe is the certain heir of lake and evening,And he will wear their colour till he dies;But I’m a stranger, come of a conquering people . . .And walking on clean sand among the printsof bird and animal, I am challenged by a driftwood spearthrust from the water . . .

These lines from Judith Wright's poem At Cooloola (1955) remind us that Fraser Island is not just the world's largest sand island, but has a human presence. However, it is the largest sand island in the world, covering 1,840 square kilometres, and in 1992 it was inscribed on the World Heritage List in recognition of its outstanding and universal natural values.
Acclimatisation
Authors: Coleby-Williams Jerry
Published: September 2012

With the right breeding and care, food plants have – so far – fed and sustained human civilisation. But how much can be grown, where and how reliably are emerging themes in the food security debate. Forty years ago, a non-patented gene from a quaint old grain saved the world-leading, multi-billion dollar US corn industry. It was fortunate for the multinational seed, fertiliser and pesticide conglomerates that someone in China had the foresight to conserve it.
A House of Sticks
Authors: Watson Donald
Published: September 2012

Some years ago, when South-East Queensland was threatened with being overrun with Tuscan villas, the Brisbane architect John Simpson proposed that revenge should be taken on Italy by exporting timber and tin shacks in large numbers to Tuscany. The Queenslanders would be going home – albeit as colonial cousins – taking with them their experience of the sub-tropics. Without their verandahs but with their pediments intact, the form and planning, fenestration and detailing can be interpreted as Palladian, translated into timber, the material originally available in abundance for building construction. ‘High-set’, the local term for South-East Queensland's raised houses, denotes a feature that is very much the traditional Italian piano nobile [‘noble floor’]: the principal living areas on a first floor with a rusticated façade of battens infilling between stumps and shaped on the principal elevation as a superfluous arcade to a non-existent basement storey. Queensland houses were very Italianate.
Brennan and Geraghty, Maryborough Nurserymen, 1875–1900
Authors: Brooks Ken
Published: September 2012

Brennan and Geraghty's Store Museum, owned by the National Trust, is a museum about itself, interpreting its own place within the community of Maryborough from 1871 to 1972. The museum exhibits its own collection of over 100,000 items, including business letters and trading records from the 1870s, curry powder from the 1890s, soap from the 1920s, and advertising material and other commercial items – all of which are provenanced to the store.
RATOONED LOWLAND NERICA RICE VARIETIES AS AN OPTION FOR TRIPLE CROPPING IN INLAND VALLEYS OF DERIVED SAVANNAH IN NIGERIA
Authors: ADIGBO S. O. , OLOJEDE M. O. , HARRIS P. J. C. , AJAYI O.
Published: September 2012

Although triple cropping in inland valleys of Nigeria is technically feasible, the third crop between the main crop and dry season non-rice crop has been considered not to be economically viable because of poor crop establishment due to soil inundation. The identification of an appropriate technology with low input, such as ratooning, would allow this niche to be utilized. Field experiments were conducted at the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 cropping seasons to evaluate the performance of the main and ratooned crops of lowland NERICA (New Rice for Africa) rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in a lowland rice–ratooned rice–fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.) sequence. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The lowland rice varieties used were NERICA-L 19, NERICA-L 20, NERICA-L 22, NERICA-L 24, OFADA, NERICA-L 26, NERICA-L 41, NERICA-L 42, NERICA-L 44 and NERICA-L 47. The grain yield of the main rice crop ranged from 5.0 to 7.3 t ha−1 in 2007–2008 cropping season and from 4.1 to 9.1 t ha−1 in 2008–2009. The ratooned rice had a grain yield of 1.0–4.7 t ha−1 in 2007–2008 and 1.2–3.4 t ha−1 in 2008–2009. The total grain yield obtained in 2007–2008 from the main and ratooned rice crops in seven months was 6.7–11.6 t ha−1, while in 2008–2009 it was 5.3–2.6 t ha−1. The fresh leaf yield of fluted pumpkin ranged from 14.6 to 16.9 t ha−1 in 2007–2008 and from 18.3 to 19.8 t ha−1 in 2008–2009, similar to previously reported rainy season unfertilized yields. Thus, a ratooned rice crop appears to be a feasible technology capable of boosting rice production and consequently increasing the overall productivity of the inland valley in a rice–rice–vegetable cropping sequence.
MANAGEMENT OF RED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) AND BARNYARDGRASS (ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI) GROWN WITH SORGHUM WITH REDUCED RATE OF ATRAZINE AND MECHANICAL METHODS
Authors: ANDRES ANDRÉ , CONCENÇO GERMANI , THEISEN GIOVANI , GALON LEANDRO , TESIO FRANCO
Published: September 2012

The weedy variety ofOryza sativaoccurs in several rice cultivation areas reducing both grain yield and quality. Prevention and crop rotation are considered the basic means to reduce its presence. Weed control in sorghum is generally attained with atrazine. In this study, the efficacy of both chemical and mechanical methods for control, under different soil tillage conditions, of weedy rice and barnyardgrass during sorghum cultivation was evaluated with the aim to reduce the application rate of atrazine. In the case of chemical control, the atrazine rate (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 ga.i.ha−1) and application timing (pre- and post-emergence) were assessed. With the mechanical control method, the number of interventions (inter-row hoeing with sorghum at 3, 4–5 and 6–8 leaves) to avoid weed competition was determined. The effect of the tillage system on weed population was investigated comparing conventional (ploughing), minimum-tillage (disc harrowing) and sod seeding (no-tillage) in combination with pre- and post-emergence herbicide treatments. The results showed that efficient control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass was achieved in lowlands with sorghum in rotation with rice. Both chemical and mechanical methods of weed control in sorghum gave a level of efficiency higher than 60%. The application of atrazine was more efficient in pre-emergence application, rather than in post-emergence treatments, in all soil tillage systems tested. On both weed species, the most suitable application rate was the pre-emergence treatment with 1500 ga.i.ha−1, and the adoption of higher rates did not significantly increase the herbicidal efficacy. The adoption of two or three mechanical interventions resulted in sorghum yield higher than the chemical post-emergence application, and similar to the application of atrazine in pre-emergence. Higher yield results were in accordance to greater weed control, being obtained in the conventional tillage system.
UNSUCCESSFUL PRIOR ATTEMPTS TO TERMINATE PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN SEEKING FIRST TRIMESTER ABORTION AT REGISTERED FACILITIES IN BIHAR AND JHARKHAND, INDIA
Authors: KUMAR RAJESH , ZAVIER A. J. FRANCIS , KALYANWALA SHVETA , JEJEEBHOY SHIREEN J.
Published: September 2012

Many abortion seekers in India attempt to induce abortion on their own, by accessing oral medication/preparations from a chemist without a prescription or from an unauthorized provider, and present at registered facilities if these attempts fail. However, little is known about those whose efforts fail or the ways in which programmes and policies may address the needs of such women. This paper explores the experiences of women whose efforts failed, including their socio-demographic profile, the preparations they used, and the extent to which they experienced serious complications, delayed seeking care from an authorized provider, or delayed abortion until the second trimester of pregnancy. Data come from a larger study assessing the feasibility of the provision of medical abortion by non-physicians; a total of 3394 women who sought medical abortion from selected clinical settings in Bihar and Jharkhand between 2008 and 2010 constitute the sample. Prior to visiting the clinic, nearly a third of these women (31%) had made at least one unsuccessful attempt to terminate the unwanted pregnancy by using a range of oral medications/preparations available over-the-counter in medical shops. Logistic regression analysis suggests that educated women (OR 1.6–1.7), those from urban areas (OR 6.2) and those from Bihar (OR 1.6) were significantly more likely than women with no education, rural women and those from Jharkhand to have used such medication. Also notable is that the average gestational age of women who had made a previous attempt to terminate their pregnancy was almost identical to that of women who had not done so when they presented at the registered facility. These findings may inform policies and programmes that seek to identify and reduce the potential risks associated with unauthorized abortion-seeking practices, and highlight the need to fully inform women, chemists and providers about oral medications, what works and what does not, and how effective medication must be taken.
RELATIONSHIP OF FERTILITY WITH INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION IN TAIWAN: A BRIEF REPORT
Authors: CHEN HSIN-YI , CHEN YUNG-HUA , LIAO YUNG-KUN , CHEN HSIN-PING
Published: September 2012

This study estimates the effect of dysgenic trends in Taiwan by exploring the relationships among intelligence, education and fertility. Based on a representative adult sample, education and intelligence were negatively correlated with the number of children born. These correlations were stronger for females. The decline of genotypic intelligence was estimated as 0.82 to 1.33 IQ points per generation for the Taiwanese population.
Resilin-like protein in the clamp sclerites of the gill monogeneanDiplozoon paradoxumNordmann, 1832
Authors: WONG WEY LIM , MICHELS JAN , GORB STANISLAV N.
Published: September 2012

Resilin is a soft and elastic protein, which is found in many exoskeletal structures of arthropods. Proteins with similar chemical properties have been described for other invertebrates including monogenean fish parasites. However, for the latter taxon no clear microscopic evidence for a resilin-like protein has been shown so far. Here, we present the results of detailed microscopic analyses of the clamp sclerites (attachment devices) of the monogeneanDiplozoon paradoxum. Toluidine blue, which is known to stain resilin, selectively stained the material in the clamp sclerites. In addition, when exposed to UV light, this material exhibited an intense blue autofluorescence. The emission spectrum of this autofluorescence has its maximum at 424 nm and is nearly identical to emission spectra of blue autofluorescences observed in 2 well-studied structures containing high proportions of resilin in the exoskeleton of the locustSchistocerca gregaria. The results strongly indicate that the sclerite material ofD. paradoxumcontains a resilin-like protein. The presence of such a protein likely enhances the attachment efficiency of the clamp sclerites and increases their lifetime.
The inscriptions of the Aleppo temple
Authors: Hawkins J.D.
Published: September 2012

The location of the Temple of the Storm-God of Aleppo, one of the most famous cult-centres of antiquity, has long been a matter of speculation, but was finally revealed by excavations on Aleppo citadel begun in 1996. These have gradually uncovered the central cult-room of the temple with a rich inventory of sculptures datable to several phases of the construction. In 2003 came the dramatic exposure of a substantial Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription recording a dedication to the Storm-God by a ruler, Taita King of Palistin, incised alongside his own image standing in an attitude of reverence before the deity. This was followed in 2004–2005 by the discovery of a further, but broken, inscription on portal figures of the entrance, attributable to the same ruler. These inscriptions are datable by their palaeography approximately to the 11th century BC, a period previously regarded as a dark age lacking written records. They suggest the existence of a large and powerful kingdom in an area where the increasingly known archaeology shows an influx of people of Aegean connections bringing with them the distinctive Mycenaean IIIC pottery. A combination of the archaeological data and the evidence of the inscriptions begins to offer an outline history for this little-known age. This paper presents the first full publication of the inscriptions together with some comments on their background and implications.
ISTANBUL 2: a hieroglyphic fragment from Tabal in the Haluk Perk Collection
Authors: Taş İlknur , Weeden Mark
Published: September 2012

The article publishes an unprovenanced fragment of a stele housed in the Haluk Perk Museum in Istanbul. Palaeography and manner of inscription suggest an origin in the eighth century BC in the region known to the Neo-Assyrians as Tabal. The new text is largely incomprehensible due to its fragmentary state, as well as the fact that it contains otherwise unattested words and signs. However, in one case, a rare combination of signs persuades us to revise the reading of part of another recently published hieroglyphic document from the same period and area. The Istanbul text appears to contain a historical narrative relating to a warlike encounter. The article presents the text in hand-copy, photo, transliteration and translation, as well as supplying a detailed philological commentary.
Settlement history and material culture in southwest Turkey: report on the 2008–2010 survey at Çaltılar Höyük (northern Lycia)
Authors: Momigliano N. , Greaves A. , Hodos T. , Aksoy B. , Brown A. , Kibaroğlu M. , Carter T.
Published: September 2012

This report presents the main results of research activities carried out at Çaltılar Höyük, northern Lycia, southwest Turkey, between 2008 and 2010. During this period, an international team undertook topographic, archaeological and geophysical surveys, together with artefact studies and analyses, aimed at determining the nature and extent of occupation at the site, and offering new data about the settlement history and material culture of this region in pre-Classical times. The results of this work suggest that the site was occupied from at least the fourth millennium (Late Chalcolithic) to the middle of the sixth century BC, a date that coincides with the Persian conquest of Lycia, with only scant evidence of use/occupation after this phase. In addition, the nature of our finds suggests that the site, despite its location in the summer pastures (yayla) and at a considerable altitude (1,250m), was well-connected to other Anatolian and Aegean regions, and probably served as more than just a minor seasonal agro-pastoral settlement, particularly during its Early Bronze Age and Late Iron Age periods of occupation. The evidence relevant to the second millennium BC is too limited at present to allow further interpretation about the nature of occupation at the site, but is significant per se, especially in view of the scanty archaeological remains of this period in the region, and despite the numerous references to the Lukka people and settlements available in documentary sources.
Evaluation of the pooling of swabs for real-time PCR detection of low titre shedding of low pathogenicity avian influenza in turkeys
Authors: ARNOLD M. E. , SLOMKA M. J. , COWARD V. J. , MAHMOOD S. , RALEIGH P. J. , BROWN I. H.
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pooling avian influenza (AI)-positive swabs with negative swabs has a detrimental effect on the sensitivity of AI real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reactions (rRT–PCRs). Cloacal and buccal swabs were sampled daily from 12 turkeys infected with A/goose/England/07(H2N2). For half the turkeys, each swab was mixed with four swabs from known AI-negative turkeys, and for the other half the swabs were tested individually. Bayesian modelling was used to (i) determine whether pooling the positive swabs compromised the cycle threshold (Ct) value obtained from the rRT–PCRs, and (ii) estimate the likelihood of detection of an H2N2 infected turkey flock via rRT–PCR for pooled and individually tested swabs (cloacal and buccal)vs. the number of days post-infection of the flock. Results indicated that there was no significant effect of compromising AI rRT–PCR sensitivity by pooling a weak positive swab with negative swabs on the Ctvalues which were obtained. Pooled sampling was able to widen the detection window compared to individual sampling, for the same number of rRT–PCR tests. This indicates that pooled sampling would be an effective method of reducing the number of tests to be performed to determine flock status during an AI outbreak and for surveillance.
THE LIMITS OF A NONCONSEQUENTIALIST APPROACH TO TORTS
Authors: Fried Barbara H.
Published: September 2012

The nonconsequentialist revival in tort theory has focused almost exclusively on one issue: showing that the rules governing compensation for “wrongful” acts reflect corrective justice rather than welfarist norms. The literature either is silent on what makes an act wrongful in the first place or suggests criteria that seem indistinguishable from some version of cost/benefit analysis. As a result, cost/benefit analysis is currently the only game in town for determining appropriate standards of conduct for socially useful but risky acts. This is no small omission, and the failure of nonconsequentialists to acknowledge it or cure it can be traced to a number of recurring problems in the nonconsequentialist tort literature. Chief among them is the tendency to conflate prohibition and compensation, and to treat imposition of risk and imposition of harm as if they were distinct forms of conduct rather than the same conduct viewed from different temporal perspectives.
MONETARY POLICY, HOUSING BOOMS, AND FINANCIAL (IM)BALANCES
Authors: Eickmeier Sandra , Hofmann Boris
Published: September 2012

This paper applies a factor-augmented vector autoregressive model to U.S. data with the aim of analyzing monetary transmission via private sector balance sheets, credit risk spreads, and house prices and of exploring the role of monetary policy in the housing and credit boom prior to the global financial crisis. We find that monetary policy shocks have a persistent effect on house prices, real estate wealth, and private sector debt and a strong short-lived effect on risk spreads in money and mortgage markets. Moreover, the results suggest that monetary policy contributed considerably to the unsustainable precrisis developments in housing and credit markets. Although monetary policy shocks contributed discernibly at a late stage of the boom, feedback effects of other (macroeconomic and financial) shocks via lower policy rates kicked in earlier and appear to have been considerable.
Superconductivity in Bundles of Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Shi Wu , Wang Zhe , Zhang Qiucen , Zheng Yuan , Ieong Chao , He Mingquan , Lortz Rolf , Cai Yuan , Wang Ning , Zhang Ting , Zhang Haijing , Tang Zikang , Sheng Ping , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Kim Yoong Ahm , Endo Morinobu , Araujo Paulo T. , Dresselhaus Mildred S.
Published: September 2012

We present electrical and thermal specific heat measurements that show superconductivity in double-wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT) bundles. Clear evidence, comprising a resistance drop as a function of temperature, magnetoresistance and differential resistance signature of the supercurrent, suggest an intrinsic superconducting transition below 6.8 K for one particular sample. Additional electrical data not only confirm the existence of superconductivity, but also indicate the Tc distribution that can arise from the diversity in the diameter and chirality of the DWCNTs. A broad superconducting anomaly is observed in the specific heat of a bulk DWCNT sample, which yields a Tc distribution that correlates well with the range of the distribution obtained from the electrical data. As quasi one dimensionality of the DWCNTs dictates the existence of electronic density of state peaks, confirmation of superconductivity in this material system opens the exciting possibility of tuning the Tc through the application of a gate voltage.
Retracted Article: Enhanced adsorption of Eu(iii) on mesoporous Al2O3/expanded graphite composites investigated by macroscopic and microscopic techniques
Authors: Sun Yubing , Chen Changlun , Tan Xiaoli , Shao Dadong , Li Jiaxing , Zhao Guixia , Yang Shubin , Wang Qi , Wang Xiangke
Published: September 2012

The adsorption mechanism between Eu(iii) and mesoporous Al2O3/EG composites shifts from outer-sphere to inner-sphere surface complexation with increasing pH.
Interaction of Depth Probes and Style of Depiction
Authors: van Doorn Andrea J. , Koenderink Jan J. , Leyssen Mieke H. R. , Wagemans Johan
Published: September 2012

We study the effect of stylistic differences on the nature of pictorial spaces as they appear to an observer when looking into a picture. Four pictures chosen from diverse styles of depiction were studied by 2 different methods. Each method addresses pictorial depth but draws on a different bouquet of depth cues. We find that the depth structures are very similar for 8 observers, apart from an idiosyncratic depth scaling (up to a factor of 3). The differences between observers generalize over (very different) pictures and (very different) methods. They are apparently characteristic of the person. The differences between depths as sampled by the 2 methods depend upon the style of the picture. This is the case for all observers except one.
Mitochondrial treason: a driver of pH decline rate in post-mortem muscle?
Authors: Hudson Nicholas J.
Published: September 2012

The rate and extent of post-mortem pH decline is an important determinant of meat quality, influencing among other things the incidence of pale, soft, exudative meat. In this perspective I argue two things. First, the accuracy of our modelling of pH decline rates might be improved by incorporation of a muscle mitochondrial content parameter. Second, that high mitochondrial content might help explain the surprisingly rapid pH decline that has sometimes been reported in red, oxidative muscles. The proposed physiological mechanism relates to the fact that mitochondria are known to act as net consumers, rather than producers, of ATP during periods of anoxia – a process called mitochondrial treason. To the best of my knowledge, the implications of the phenomenon of mitochondrial treason have never previously been applied or discussed in a meat science context.
Introducing the D4 Diagnostic Quadrant as a targeting tool: developing a framework for the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions in Tanzania and beyond
Authors: Renzaho Andre M. N. , Clarke Matthew
Published: September 2012

The current study develops and evaluates a tool to distinguish four different categories of educators for the effective delivery of HIV/AIDS health education using data from 548 randomly selected participants aged 16 years. The D4 Diagnostic Quadrant is based on HIV knowledge and sexual practice behaviours and indicates four distinct typologies of educator. The discerning educator has high HIV/AIDS knowledge and healthy sexual practices. The dissolute educator has high HIV/AIDS knowledge but employs unhealthy or risky sexual practices. The decorous educator has low HIV/AIDS knowledge but practices healthy sexual practices. The disempowered educator has low HIV/AIDS knowledge and employs unhealthy or risky sexual practices. The study found that the two categories that will result in the most effective behaviour-change interventions are those that target ‘discerning’ and ‘decorous’ individuals as the educators. Both these categories have underlying healthy practices that minimise the risk of HIV transmission. The D4 Diagnostic Quadrant tool provides information as to existing knowledge and beliefs about HIV/AIDS that can inform decisions relating to the allocation of scarce resources. The tool will be very useful in the selection process of would-be educators particularly in health-promotion interventions.
The mechanism underlying lexical selection: Evidence from the picture–picture interference paradigm
Authors: Geng Jingyi , Kirchgessner Megan , Schnur Tatiana
Published: September 2012

In two experiments using the picture–picture and picture–word interference paradigms, we compared predictions from the swinging lexical network and the response exclusion hypothesis to determine whether the process of word selection is competitive. Further, we suggest that previous categorical effects in the picture–picture interference paradigm were due to stimuli confounds, thus readdressing the debate concerning categorical effects in the paradigm. Consistent with both hypotheses, in Experiment 1 we found faster picture naming times when distractor pictures were associatively related than when they were unrelated, explained as a result of a spread of activation at the conceptual level with little (swinging lexical network) or no (response exclusion hypothesis) contribution from lexical competition. In Experiment 2, we found a significant categorical interference effect in the picture–word interference paradigm, and this effect significantly decreased but was not facilitatory when distractors were pictures. We discuss how these results are consistent with the swinging lexical network and conclude that the process to select a word is a competitive one.
Learned predictiveness influences automatic evaluations in human contingency learning
Authors: Le Pelley M.E. , Calvini G. , Spears R.
Published: September 2012

Experiments used an affective priming procedure to investigate whether evaluative conditioning in humans is subject to bias as a consequence of differences in the learned predictiveness of the cues involved. Experiment 1, using brief prime presentation, demonstrated stronger affective priming for cues that had been predictive of a neutral attribute prior to evaluative conditioning than for those that had been nonpredictive. Experiment 2, using longer prime presentation, found a reversed priming effect for previously predictive cues but not for previously nonpredictive cues. The implication is that the effect observed with brief prime presentation reflects the operation of fast-acting, automatic evaluation mechanisms and hence that evaluative conditioning can be biased by our previous learning about the predictiveness of cues.
Encoding and updating spatial information presented in narratives
Authors: Avraamides Marios N. , Galati Alexia , Pazzaglia Francesca , Meneghetti Chiara , Denis Michel
Published: September 2012

Four experiments investigated whether directional spatial relations encoded by reading narratives are updated following described protagonist rotations. Participants memorized locations of objects described in short stories that placed them, as the protagonist, in remote settings. After reading a description that the protagonist rotated to the left or the right of the initial orientation, participants made judgements about object relations in the described environment (Experiment 1). Before making these judgements, participants were instructed to physically rotate to match (Experiment 2) or mismatch (Experiment 4) the protagonist's described rotation and in Experiments 3 and 4 to also visualize the changed relations following rotation. Participants' performance suggested that they relied on the initial representation they constructed during encoding rather than on the updated protagonist-to-object relations. Participants' physical movement to match the described rotation and additional visualization instructions did not facilitate updating through a sensorimotor process. In these respects, updating spatial relations in situation models constructed from narratives differs from updating in perceptually experienced environments.
The consequences of virtual embodiment for the mental representation of proximity
Authors: Miles Gareth E. , Howes Andrew
Published: September 2012

There is evidence that knowledge about space will reflect the details of how that space is experienced and how people interact with it. In two experiments we demonstrate that memory for items is spatially structured after their locations were learnt in a desktop virtual environment (DVE). The structure was measured using interitem priming of recognition. By comparison in Experiment 2, after the same layout had been learnt using a map display, there was no evidence of spatial structuring in memory. It is concluded that the limited view of space afforded by navigation through an environment, as contrasted with the overview afforded by a map, explains the observed differences in the spatial structuring of interitem associations. Navigation through an environment leads to spatial structuring in memory whereas using a map does not.
Tannishtha Reya: Classic pathways, new views on cancer
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: September 2012

Reya studies how the balance between self-renewal and commitment is disrupted in cancer.
Six1 regulates stem cell repair potential and self-renewal during skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Le Grand Fabien , Grifone Raphaëlle , Mourikis Philippos , Houbron Christophe , Gigaud Carine , Pujol Julien , Maillet Marjorie , Pagès Gilles , Rudnicki Michael , Tajbakhsh Shahragim , Maire Pascal
Published: September 2012

Satellite cells (SCs) are stem cells that mediate skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Here, we observe that adult quiescent SCs and their activated descendants expressed the homeodomain transcription factor Six1. Genetic disruption of Six1 specifically in adult SCs impaired myogenic cell differentiation, impaired myofiber repair during regeneration, and perturbed homeostasis of the stem cell niche, as indicated by an increase in SC self-renewal. Six1 regulated the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and Myogenin, but not Myf5, which suggests that Six1 acts on divergent genetic networks in the embryo and in the adult. Moreover, we demonstrate that Six1 regulates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway during regeneration via direct control of Dusp6 transcription. Muscles lacking Dusp6 were able to regenerate properly but showed a marked increase in SC number after regeneration. We conclude that Six1 homeoproteins act as a rheostat system to ensure proper regeneration of the tissue and replenishment of the stem cell pool during the events that follow skeletal muscle trauma.
Polarity and asymmetry in the arrangement of dynein and related structures in the Chlamydomonas axoneme
Authors: Bui Khanh Huy , Yagi Toshiki , Yamamoto Ryosuke , Kamiya Ritsu , Ishikawa Takashi
Published: September 2012

Understanding the molecular architecture of the flagellum is crucial to elucidate the bending mechanism produced by this complex organelle. The current known structure of the flagellum has not yet been fully correlated with the complex composition and localization of flagellar components. Using cryoelectron tomography and subtomogram averaging while distinguishing each one of the nine outer doublet microtubules, we systematically collected and reconstructed the three-dimensional structures in different regions of the Chlamydomonas flagellum. We visualized the radial and longitudinal differences in the flagellum. One doublet showed a distinct structure, whereas the other eight were similar but not identical to each other. In the proximal region, some dyneins were missing or replaced by minor dyneins, and outer–inner arm dynein links were variable among different microtubule doublets. These findings shed light on the intricate organization of Chlamydomonas flagella, provide clues to the mechanism that produces asymmetric flagellar beating, and pose a new challenge for the functional study of the flagella.
CYK4 inhibits Rac1-dependent PAK1 and ARHGEF7 effector pathways during cytokinesis
Authors: Bastos Ricardo Nunes , Penate Xenia , Bates Michelle , Hammond Dean , Barr Francis A.
Published: September 2012

In mitosis, animal cells lose their adhesion to the surrounding surfaces and become rounded. During mitotic exit, they reestablish these adhesions and at the same time physically contract and divide. How these competing processes are spatially segregated at the cell cortex remains mysterious. To address this question, we define the specific effector pathways used by RhoA and Rac1 in mitotic cells. We demonstrate that the MKlp1–CYK4 centralspindlin complex is a guanosine triphosphatase–activating protein (GAP) for Rac1 and not RhoA and that CYK4 negatively regulated Rac1 activity at the cell equator in anaphase. Cells expressing a CYK4 GAP mutant had defects in cytokinesis and showed elevated staining for the cell adhesion marker vinculin. These defects could be rescued by depletion of ARHGEF7 and p21-activated kinase, Rac1-specific effector proteins required for cell adhesion. Based on these findings, we propose that CYK4 GAP activity is required during anaphase to inhibit Rac1-dependent effector pathways associated with control of cell spreading and adhesion.
Stuck in the middle: Rac, adhesion, and cytokinesis
Authors: Davies Tim , Canman Julie C.
Published: September 2012

Rho family small GTPases (Rac, RhoA, and Cdc42) function at the core of cytokinesis, the physical division of one cell into two. In this issue, Bastos et al. (2012. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201204107) identify a new role for Rac inhibition: to release cell adhesion at the division plane and allow efficient constriction of the contractile ring. They show that the GTPase-activating protein, CYK4, suppresses equatorial cell substrate adhesion by inhibiting Rac and therefore its effectors ARFGEF7 and PAK1/2.
Pathological calcifications and selected examples at the medicine–solid-state physics interface
Authors: Bazin D , Daudon M
Published: September 2012

Medical treatments and diagnosis now concern concepts, techniques or nanomaterials previously the domain of solid-state physics. Examples of solid-state physics techniques applied to medicine are magnetism, Auger electron spectroscopy, nanometre-scale metallic clusters and synchrotron radiation. Here, we summarize the research into these phenomena to explain the strong interaction between solid-state physics and medicine, with its current tremendous development.
Aspects of UV-absorption spectroscopy on ozone in effluents of plasma jets operated in air
Authors: Winter J , Dünnbier M , Schmidt-Bleker A , Meshchanov A , Reuter S , Weltmann K-D
Published: September 2012

Cold plasmas operating under atmospheric conditions have been in the focus of scientific attention not only due to their use in plasma medicine. Many of these plasma sources most notably produce ozone. This work presents a detailed ozone analysis on an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet operated in ambient air using ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy. A special focus is placed on the question whether other species are involved, or is the absorption signal due to ozone. For this, the wavelength dependence of the optical depth was measured and compared with the theoretical optical depth including the cross section of ozone. The results show that in the case of a MHz frequency driven atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jet the absorption signal in the UV range is solely due to ozone. Furthermore, this finding is verified by spectroscopic measurements in the IR spectral range. Additional space-resolved ozone density measurements are performed in the effluent of this jet with small oxygen admixtures by means of UV absorption spectroscopy. A funnel-shaped spatial ozone profile is found for all investigated oxygen admixtures. The highest ozone density develops on the effluent axis and in close vicinity to the jet nozzle. The maximal detected value is 1.5 × 1016 cm−3 for an oxygen admixture of 1%. In order to compare the results with non-space-resolved ozone detection methods the ozone net production rate is calculated.
Evaluation of EHD films by electrical capacitance
Authors: Jablonka Karolina , Glovnea Romeo , Bongaerts Jeroen
Published: September 2012

The elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication regime occurs in many machine elements where a combination of hydrodynamic effect, elastic deformation of the loaded surfaces and increase in the viscosity of the lubricant with pressure ensures the formation of a very thin, but continuous film of lubricant separating the contacting surfaces. Electrical methods to determine this film's thickness have preceded optical methods, which are widely used today. Although they generally give more qualitative thickness information, electrical methods have the main advantage that they can be applied to metallic contacts in machines, which makes them useful tools in the study of elastohydrodynamically lubricated contacts. This paper is part of a larger study on the application of electrical capacitance for the evaluation of film formation in EHD contacts. The main focus is on the quantitative measurements of film thickness using electrical capacitance. A new approach allowing the lubricant film thickness to be extracted from the measured capacitance is developed using a chromium-coated glass disc and subsequently applied to a steel-on-steel contact. The results show good agreement with optical measurements and theoretical models over a range of film thickness.
Synthesis and terahertz transmission properties of nano-porous vanadium dioxide films
Authors: Shi Q W , Huang W X , Xu Y J , Zhang Y X , Yue F , Qiao S , Zheng S P , Yan J Z
Published: September 2012

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) films were prepared by the sol–gel method on high-purity silicon substrates, in which cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as a functional additive to form nano-porous structure in the VO2 films. The morphology, crystalline structure and stoichiometry of the films were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of nano-scaled grain size and pores on the THz transmission properties across the phase transition in the VO2 films were studied. The results indicated that the film modified with CTAB can form a nano-porous VO2 structure with a uniform grain size of about 30 nm. The nano-porous VO2 film exhibited significantly broader hysteresis loops and a slight decrease in THz transmission reduction across the phase transition, compared with the common film without a nano-porous structure. A tentative interpretation is given for these phenomena.
Significantly reduced fluorination time needed for suppression of space charge in polyethylene by increasing the fluorination temperature
Authors: An Zhenlian , Chen Xuan , Liu Chenxia , Zheng Feihu , Zhang Yewen
Published: September 2012

Polyethylene samples were surface fluorinated using a F2/N2 mixture under 0.1 MPa at 35, 70 or 95 °C for different times. Space charge accumulation was found to show four basic types for each fluorination temperature with increasing fluorination time. But the fluorination times needed for the formation of the same type of charge accumulation are significantly different between the different temperature treatments. For example, the 60 min fluorination at 95 °C is sufficient to form the fourth type of charge accumulation (almost no space charge in the bulk), while this is not achieved even for the 360 min fluorination at 35 °C. Infrared analyses and scanning electron microscopy cross-section images of the fluorinated samples indicate the increases in the degree of fluorination and thickness of the fluorinated layer with fluorination time. These different types of charge accumulation arise from different blocking abilities between the fluorinated layers to both charge injection and extraction. The fluorinated layers formed at different temperatures with good blocking ability have almost the same high degree of fluorination and large thickness of about 0.70 µm. This indicates that the increase in fluorination temperature has no negative influence on the electrical properties of the formed surface layer.
Growth of atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride films by diffusion through a metal film and precipitation
Authors: Suzuki Satoru , Pallares Roger Molto , Hibino Hiroki
Published: September 2012

Atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride films were grown on both the top and bottom surfaces of a polycrystalline Co or Ni film by annealing a Co (Ni)/amorphous boron nitride/SiO2 structure in vacuum. This method of growing hexagonal boron nitride is much simpler than other methods, such as thermal chemical vapour deposition. B and N atoms diffuse through the metal film, although N is almost completely insoluble in both Co and Ni, and precipitation occurs at the topmost surface. The mass transport is considered to be caused by grain boundary diffusion.
Mode locking phenomena observed near the stability boundary of the ideal interchange mode of LHD
Authors: Takemura Y. , Sakakibara S. , Narushima Y. , Okamoto M. , Watanabe K.Y. , Suzuki Y. , Ohdachi S. , Ida K. , Yoshinuma M. , Tanaka K. , Tokuzawa T. , Narihara K. , Yamada I. , Yamada H.
Published: September 2012

This paper describes the first observation of mode locking phenomena in the Large Helical Device. In the experiments, a rotation of the m/n = 1/1 mode slowed down and stopped when the plasma approached the stability boundary of the ideal interchange mode. The minor collapse was caused by the growth of the mode just after mode locking. The mode before the locking has a radial structure with no inversion around the resonance, which implies that the mode has an interchange-type structure at least before the rotation stops. The location of the mode after the locking depends on that of the error or residual field in reduced error field operations.
Study of chirping toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Podestà M. , Bell R.E. , Bortolon A. , Crocker N.A. , Darrow D.S. , Diallo A. , Fredrickson E.D. , Fu G.-Y. , Gorelenkov N.N. , Heidbrink W.W. , Kramer G.J. , Kubota S. , LeBlanc B.P. , Medley S.S. , Yuh H.
Published: September 2012

Chirping toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) are destabilized during neutral beam injection on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX (Ono M. et al 2000 Nucl. Fusion
40 557)) by super-Alfvénic ions with velocities up to five times larger than the Alfvén velocity. TAEs exhibit repeated bursts in amplitude and down-chirps in frequency. Larger bursts, so-called TAE avalanches, are eventually observed and correlate with a loss of fast ions up to 30% over ∼1 ms. Frequency, amplitude and radial structure of TAEs are characterized via magnetic pickup coils and a multi-channel reflectometer system. The modes have a broad radial structure, which appears to be unaffected by the large frequency and amplitude variations. However, the large mode amplitude does impact the modes' dynamics by favouring the coupling among different modes. In addition, the coupling involves kink-like modes and can therefore degrade the thermal plasma confinement. In spite of the non-linear regime characterizing the TAE dynamics, the measured properties are found to be in reasonable agreement with solutions from the ideal MHD code NOVA.
Convective transport of fast particles in dissipative plasmas near an instability threshold
Authors: Lilley M.K. , Breizman B.N.
Published: September 2012

We demonstrate that a marginally unstable energetic particle population in a dissipative plasma can change globally due to the act of a single wave–particle resonance. The resonance serves as a seed for the continuous production of nonlinear holes and clumps, whose convective motion in phase-space results in substantial flattening of the fast particle distribution function. The holes and clumps can emerge recurrently without any particle source or collisional relaxation process that would restore the particle distribution function at the resonance. A bump-on-tail instability is considered as an example in a single-mode limit as well as in the quasilinear regime. The convective hole-clump transport tends to be more significant near the instability threshold than quasilinear diffusion.
Simulation and theory of spontaneous TAE frequency sweeping
Authors: Wang Ge , Berk H.L.
Published: September 2012

A simulation model, based on the linear tip model of Rosenbluth, Berk and Van Dam (RBV), is developed to study frequency sweeping of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs). The time response of the background wave in the RBV model is given by a Volterra integral equation. This model captures the properties of TAE waves both in the gap and in the continuum. The simulation shows that phase space structures form spontaneously at frequencies close to the linearly predicted frequency, due to resonant particle–wave interactions and background dissipation. The frequency sweeping signals are found to chirp towards the upper and lower continua. However, the chirping signals penetrate only the lower continuum, whereupon the frequency chirps and mode amplitude increases in synchronism to produce an explosive solution. An adiabatic theory describing the evolution of a chirping signal is developed which replicates the chirping dynamics of the simulation in the lower continuum. This theory predicts that a decaying chirping signal will terminate at the upper continuum though in the numerical simulation the hole disintegrates before the upper continuum is reached.