bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrative Multi-View Regression: Bridging Group-Sparse and Low-Rank Models
Authors: Li Gen , Liu Xiaokang , Chen Kun
Published: November 2018

Multi-view data have been routinely collected in various fields of science and engineering. A general problem is to study the predictive association between multivariate responses and multi-view predictor sets, all of which can be of high dimensionality. It is likely that only a few views are relevant to prediction, and the predictors within each relevant view contribute to the prediction collectively rather than sparsely. We cast this new problem under the familiar multivariate regression framework and propose an integrative reduced-rank regression (iRRR), where each view has its own low-rank coefficient matrix. As such, latent features are extracted from each view in a supervised fashion. For model estimation, we develop a convex composite nuclear norm penalization approach, which admits an efficient algorithm via alternating direction method of multipliers. Extensions to non-Gaussian and incomplete data are discussed. Theoretically, we derive non-asymptotic oracle bounds of iRRR under a restricted eigenvalue condition. Our results recover oracle bounds of several special cases of iRRR including Lasso, group Lasso, and nuclear norm penalized regression. Therefore, iRRR seamlessly bridges group-sparse and low-rank methods and can achieve substantially faster convergence rate under realistic settings of multi-view learning. Simulation studies and an application in the Longitudinal Studies of Aging further showcase the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Nonparametric Group Sequential Methods for Evaluating Survival Benefit from Multiple Short-Term Follow-up Windows
Authors: Xia Meng , Murray Susan , Tayob Nabihah
Published: November 2018

This article takes a fresh look at group sequential methods applied to two-sample tests of censored survival data and proposes an alternative method of defining and evaluating treatment benefit. Our method re-purposes traditional censored event time data into a sequence of short-term outcomes taken from (potentially overlapping) follow-up windows. A new two-sample restricted means test based on this restructured follow-up data is proposed along with group sequential methods for its use in the clinical trial setting. This method compares favorably with existing methods for group sequential monitoring of time-to-event outcomes, including methods for monitoring the restricted means test and the logrank test. Our method performs particularly well in cases where there is a delayed treatment effect and/or a subset of cured patients. As part of developing group sequential methods for these analyses, we consider asymmetric error spending approaches that differentially limit the chances of stopping incorrectly for perceived efficacy versus perceived harm attributed to the investigational arm of the trial. Recommendations for how to choose proper group sequential stopping boundaries are given, with supporting simulations and an example from the AIDS Clinical Trial Group.
REAL INTEREST RATE PARITY AND FOURIER QUANTILE UNIT ROOT TEST
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen , Chang Tsangyao , Elmi Zahra (Mila) , Ranjbar Omid
Published: November 2018

Real interest rate differentials usually exhibit two properties; structural breaks and asymmetric dynamics. In this paper, we use various types of Quantile Unit Root Test (QURT) which accounts for both properties. Unlike previous research, we reject the unit root in the real interest rate differentials in 18 out of 21 OECD countries as well as in 4 out of 5 BRICS countries using QURT with sharp and smooth breaks.
Along‐strike variability in shelf‐margin morphology and accretion pattern: An example from the northern margin of the South China Sea
Authors: Zhuo Haiteng , Wang Yingmin , Sun Zhen , Wang Ying , Xu Qiang , Hou Pengfei , Wang Xingxing , Zhao Zhongxian , Zhou Wei , Xu Shang
Published: November 2018

Interplays among diachronous tectonism, uneven sediment supply, and local marine hydraulic processes make the northern margin of the South China Sea (SCS) an ideal location to investigate the complexity of along‐strike variability in shelf margins. This study examines shelf‐margin morphology, stratigraphy, and sedimentation from the northern SCS using multichannel seismic reflection profiles complemented with the data from commercial and ocean drilling sites. Analysis of seismic reflection profiles reveals three categories of shelf‐margin cross‐sectional profiles, the concave‐up, linear, and sigmoidal, according to which five margin sectors were recognized. Results show that these margin segments differ in relief, shelf‐edge trajectory, submarine canyon development, and long‐term accretion pattern. The westernmost margin sector, or the Yinggehai (YGH)‐western Qiongdongnan (QDN) margin, has appeared to be supply dominated since its commencement at ca. 10.5 Ma, which is characterized by well‐developed prograding clinoforms, low‐angle shelf‐edge trajectories, and an absence of canyons. Presence of concave‐up profiles is also suggestive of high sediment influx. In contrast, the eastern QDN margin was primarily regulated by local subsidence and faulting, leading to a stationary shelf‐edge migrating pattern and linear upper‐slope morphology. Densely distributed slope‐confined gullies indicate the margin’s disequilibrium and erosive nature. Further east, the Pearl River Mouth (PRM) margin formed much earlier (ca. 30 Ma) and experienced a more complicated accretion history, including three phases which were dominated by sequential marginal faulting (before ca. 30 Ma), basement structure (ca. 30–23 Ma), and sediment supply (ca. 23 Ma to the present). The overall sigmoidal morphology and truncated stratigraphy of this margin probably resulted from the sculpting of local marine processes, especially ocean currents and internal waves. The exception of the central PRM margin where concave‐up profiles develop is mainly related to canyon erosion. Overall, this study highlights the vital role of local forcing factors in controlling along‐margin variations and determining the final fates of different margin segments. A comparison between the northern SCS and other well‐established examples reveals that concave‐upward shelf‐margin shapes, which are usually associated with high sediment supply, little influence from hydraulic regimes, or sometimes, high degree of canyon development, may be an indicator of good reservoir potential beyond the shelf edge.
Increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pool promotes colon cancer progression by suppressing reactive oxygen species level
Authors: Hong Sun M. , Hwang Sung W. , Wang Taejun , Park Chang W. , Ryu Yeon‐Mi , Jung Jin‐Hak , Shin Ji H. , Kim Sang‐Yeob , Lee Jong L. , Kim Chan W. , Yoon Gyesoon , Kim Ki H. , Myung Seung‐Jae , Choi Kwan Y.
Published: November 2018

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) exists in an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH). NAD+ plays crucial roles in cancer metabolism, including in cellular signaling, energy production and redox regulation. However, it remains unclear whether NAD(H) pool size (NAD+ and NADH) could be used as biomarker for colon cancer progression. Here, we showed that the NAD(H) pool size and NAD+/NADH ratio both increased during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression due to activation of the NAD+ salvage pathway mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). The NAMPT expression was upregulated in adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissues from CRC patients. The NADH fluorescence intensity measured by two‐photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy was consistently increased in CRC cell lines, azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)‐induced CRC tissues and tumor tissues from CRC patients. The increases in the NAD(H) pool inhibited the accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and FK866, a specific inhibitor of NAMPT, treatment decreased the CRC nodule size by increasing ROS levels in AOM/DSS mice. Collectively, our results suggest that NAMPT‐mediated upregulation of the NAD(H) pool protects cancer cells against detrimental oxidative stress and that detecting NADH fluorescence by TPEF microscopy could be a potential method for monitoring CRC progression.
Chewing function, general health and the dentition of older Australian men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project
Authors: Wright Fredrick A. C. , Law Garry G. , Milledge Kate L. , Chu Steven K.‐Y. , Hsu Benjumin , Valdez Eduardo , Naganathan Vasi , Hirani Vasant , Blyth Fiona M. , LeCouteur David G. , Waite Louise M. , Handelsman David J. , Seibel Markus J. , Cumming Robert G.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To describe the associations between chewing function with oral health and certain general health characteristics, in a population of community‐dwelling older Australian men.

Methods

Analysis of data obtained from a cross‐sectional analysis of the 4th wave of the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project cohort of 614 participants, 524 whom were dentate, aged 78 years and over. Their chewing capacity was assessed using three main indicators: capacity to chew eleven food items ranging from boiled eggs through to fresh carrots and nuts; discomfort when eating; and interruption of meals. Associations with chewing were tested for dentate vs edentate participants, numbers of teeth present, active dental disease and key general health conditions such as disabilities, comorbidities and cognitive status. Log binomial regression models adjusted for age, country of birth, income, education and marital status. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated.

Results

Twenty‐one per cent of participants could not eat hard foods, while 23.1% reported discomfort when eating, and 8.8% reported interrupted meals when eating. There was a threefold difference in the capacity of dentate men to chew firm meat over that of edentulous men (95% CI, 2.0‐4.9); a 2.5 times greater likelihood of edentate men reporting discomfort when eating (95% CI: 1.5‐4.3); and 1.9 times greater likelihood of edentate participants reporting having meals interrupted (95% CI: 1.4‐2.6). Chewing/eating difficulties were associated with both dental status (number of teeth, active dental caries) and self‐rated dental health. Fewer than 20 teeth and the presence of active coronal or root decay were associated with more discomfort when eating. General health conditions associated with chewing function included disability, physical activity, comorbidities, cognitive status and depression. Older men's self‐rated oral health and general health perceptions were also associated with aspects of chewing function. Poorer self‐reported oral health was associated with inability to eat hard foods (95% CI: 1.3‐2.7) and with discomfort when eating (95% CI: 2.6‐5.1), while poorer self‐reported general health was associated with discomfort when eating (95% CI: 1.2‐2.2).

Conclusions

Falling rates of edentulism may lead to improved chewing and eating function in older men. Maintaining 20 or more natural teeth, and preventing active coronal and root caries should enhance chewing function and promote self‐reported health and oral health. Lower capacity to chew hard foods and a higher reporting of discomfort when eating is associated with co‐morbidity in older Australian men.
Leukoderma induced by rhododendrol is different from leukoderma of vitiligo in pathogenesis: A novel comparative morphological study
Authors: Tsutsumi Reiko , Sugita Kazunari , Abe Yuko , Hozumi Yutaka , Suzuki Tamio , Yamada Nanako , Yoshida Yuichi , Yamamoto Osamu
Published: November 2018

Background

Rhododendrol (rhododenol), an inhibitor of tyrosinase activity, is used as a skin‐whitening component. Many cases of leukoderma after the application have been reported, termed rhododenol‐induced leukoderma (RIL). The aim of this study was to clarify the pathogenesis of RIL morphologically through comparison with vitiligo.

Methods

We examined 14 cases of RIL and 15 cases of vitiligo using routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Thirteen cases of RIL, six cases of vitiligo and specimens of the RIL mouse model were evaluated by electron microscopy.

Results

There were common findings in RIL and vitiligo at the light‐microscopic level: (a) vacuolar changes in the dermo‐epidermal junction, (b) melanophages in the papillary dermis, (c) perifollicular lymphocyte infiltration, (d) loss or decrease of basal melanin pigment and (e) decrease of melanocytes in the lesions. The ultrastructural observations showed specific findings of RIL: (a) remaining melanocytes in depigmented lesions, (b) inhomogeneous melanization in melanocytes and (c) degenerated melanosomes in melanocytes. Some of the findings were observed in a RIL mouse model. Furthermore, it is notable that cell organelles of melanocytes were intact in our RIL cases.

Conclusion

Morphological changes of RIL targeting melanosomes in melanocytes without degeneration of organelles reflect the reversible clinical course of most cases.
Urinary glucose excretion after dapagliflozin treatment: An exposure‐response modelling comparison between Japanese and non‐Japanese patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sokolov Victor , Yakovleva Tatiana , Ueda Shinya , Parkinson Joanna , Boulton David W. , Penland Robert C. , Tang Weifeng
Published: November 2018

Aims

To assess the dapagliflozin exposure‐response relationship in Japanese and non‐Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and investigate if a dose adjustment is required in Japanese patients.

Materials and Methods

Data from two clinical studies were used to develop a non‐linear mixed effects model describing the relationship between dapagliflozin exposure (area under the concentration curve) and response (24‐hour urinary glucose excretion [UGE]) in Japanese and non‐Japanese patients with T1DM. The effects of patient‐level characteristics (covariates; identified using a stepwise procedure) on response was also assessed. Simulations were performed using median‐normalized covariate values.

Results

Data from 84 patients were included. Average self‐monitored blood glucose (SMBG) at day 7, change from baseline in total insulin dose at day 7, and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) all had a significant effect on 24‐hours UGE, with SMBG being the most influential. Dapagliflozin systemic exposure for matching doses and baseline eGFR was similar between Japanese and non‐Japanese patients; however, higher SMBG and a greater reduction in total insulin dose was observed in the Japanese population. When the significant covariates were included, the model fit the data well for both populations, and accurately predicted exposure‐response in the Japanese and non‐Japanese populations, in agreement with the observed data.

Conclusions

There was no difference in dapagliflozin exposure‐response in Japanese and non‐Japanese patients with T1DM once differences in renal function, glycaemic control and insulin dose reductions between studies were considered. Therefore, no dose adjustment is recommended in Japanese patients with T1DM.
Architecture and organization of mouse posterior parietal cortex relative to extrastriate areas
Authors: Hovde Karoline , Gianatti Michele , Witter Menno P. , Whitlock Jonathan R.
Published: November 2018

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a multifaceted region of cortex, contributing to several cognitive processes, including sensorimotor integration and spatial navigation. Although recent years have seen a considerable rise in the use of rodents, particularly mice, to investigate PPC and related networks, a coherent anatomical definition of PPC in the mouse is still lacking. To address this, we delineated the mouse PPC, using cyto‐ and chemoarchitectural markers from Nissl‐, parvalbumin‐and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2‐staining. Additionally, we performed bilateral triple anterograde tracer injections in primary visual cortex (V1) and prepared flattened tangential sections from one hemisphere and coronal sections from the other, allowing us to co‐register the cytoarchitectural features of PPC with V1 projections. This revealed that extrastriate area A was largely contained within lateral PPC, that medial PPC overlapped with the anterior portion of area AM, and that anterior RL overlapped partially with area PtP. Furthermore, triple anterograde tracer injections in PPC showed strong projections to associative thalamic nuclei as well as higher visual areas, orbitofrontal, cingulate and secondary motor cortices. Retrograde circuit mapping with rabies virus further showed that all cortical connections were reciprocal. These combined approaches provide a coherent definition of mouse PPC that incorporates laminar architecture, extrastriate projections, thalamic, and cortico–cortical connections.
Interactions between monoamine oxidase A rs1137070 and smoking on brain structure and function in male smokers
Authors: Shen Zhujing , Huang Peiyu , Wang Chao , Qian Wei , Luo Xiao , Gu Quanquan , Chen Huan , Wang Hongjuan , Yang Yihong , Zhang Minming
Published: November 2018

The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) enzyme metabolizes monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, and its genetic polymorphism (rs1137070) influences its activity level and is associated with smoking behaviors. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of the gene × environment interactions remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the interactive effects of the rs1137070 and cigarette smoking on gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity strength (FCS). A total of 81 smokers and 42 nonsmokers were enrolled in the present study. Voxel‐based morphometry analysis showed a significant rs1137070 genotype × smoking effect on the GMV of the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), such that individuals with risk allele had greater GMV among nonsmokers but not smokers. Meanwhile, rs1137070 variant and nicotine dependence interactively altered the FCS of the right hippocampus, the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral OFC. In addition, the FCS in the left IPL was correlated with smoking initiation and smoking years in smokers with the risk allele. These findings suggest that MAOA rs1137070 contributes to the susceptibility to nicotine dependence through its influence on brain circuits involved in reward and attention, and interacts with smoking in the progression.
Equus caballus papillomavirus 8 (EcPV8) associated with multiple viral plaques, viral papillomas, and squamous cell carcinoma in a horse
Authors: Peters‐Kennedy J. , Lange C. E. , Rine S. L. , Hackett R. P.
Published: November 2018

Background

Equus caballus papillomavirus 8, a recently discovered virus, has been reported to cause generalised papillomavirus in horses.

Objectives

To describe a case in which multiple viral plaques, viral papillomas, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ISCC) were associated with EcPV8 in a horse.

Study design

Case report.

Methods

A 16‐year‐old mixed breed horse presented with dozens of raised crusted papular to nodular lesions over a course of 4 years. Masses had been surgically excised four times and cisplatin beads and emulsion were implanted on three different occasions; however new masses continue to develop in sites of previous masses as well as new sites.

Results

Multiple viral plaques, viral papillomas, SCC in situ and ISCC, localised to the inguinal region, were diagnosed via histopathology. EcPV8 DNA was detected via PCR.

Main limitations

Since only a few cases have been reported, we do not know the incidence of EcPV8 nor how often it may be associated with SCC in situ or ISCC without further study.

Conclusions

This is the fourth reported case of viral papillomatosis in the context of an EcPV8 infection in a horse. This is the first case in which SCC has been associated with EcPV8.
The soft spot of hard code: blockchain technology, network governance and pitfalls of technological utopianism
Authors: HÜTTEN MORITZ
Published: November 2018

The emerging blockchain technology is expected to contribute to the transformation of ownership, government services and global supply chains. By analysing a crisis that occurred with one of its frontrunners, Ethereum, in this article I explore the discrepancies between the purported governance of blockchains and the de facto control of them through expertise and reputation. Ethereum is also thought to exemplify libertarian techno‐utopianism. When ‘The DAO’, a highly publicized but faulty crowd‐funded venture fund was deployed on the Ethereum blockchain, the techno‐utopianism was suspended, and developers fell back on strong network ties. Now that the blockchain technology is seeing an increasing uptake, I shall also seek to unearth broader implications of the blockchain for the proliferation or blockage of global finance and beyond. Contrasting claims about the disruptive nature of the technology, in this article I show that, by redeeming the positive utopia of ontic, individualized debt, blockchains reinforce our belief in a crisis‐ridden, financialized capitalism.
Inequalities in HIV testing uptake and needs among men who have sex with men living in Ireland: findings from an internet survey
Authors: O'Donnell K , Fitzgerald M , Quinlan M , Hickson F , Keogh P , Schmidt AJ , McCartney D , Barrett P , O'Dea S , Igoe D
Published: November 2018

Objectives

HIV disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM) in Ireland. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of HIV testing among MSM living in Ireland to inform prevention and testing initiatives.

Methods

We used data from the MSM Internet Survey Ireland 2015 (MISI 2015), a cross‐sectional survey of MSM living in Ireland. We identified factors associated with never having tested for HIV using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. We identified preferred sites for future tests and examined the relationships between unmet HIV testing needs and socio‐demographic groups.

Results

More than one‐third (n = 1006; 36%) of MSM had never tested for HIV. Multivariable logistic regression showed that untested men were more likely to be aged 18–24 years, live outside Dublin, have a lower level of education, be born in Ireland, identify as bisexual, be out to fewer people, and not have had sex with a man in the previous 12 months. The same groups of men also had the least knowledge about HIV and were least confident in accessing an HIV test. Men who had never tested for HIV were more likely to prefer testing by their general practitioner (GP) or using home sampling HIV kits and less likely to prefer testing in a sexual health clinic.

Conclusions

HIV prevention and testing programmes for MSM should be targeted towards younger men, those living outside Dublin and those with lower levels of education. We recommend increased promotion and availability of free HIV testing services in a range of clinical and nonclinical settings (including self‐sampling and home testing).
Amorphous SiCNO hollow nanofibers with mesoporous walls
Authors: Yang Wenyou , Wang Wei , Xie Chunxiao
Published: November 2018

In this work, for the first time, we reported the fabrication of polymer‐derived amorphous SiCNO ceramics via electrospinning of tetraethoxysilane (TBOS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), and urea combined with subsequent air calcination. The resultant products exhibited a well‐defined one‐dimensional (1D) hollow fiber nanostructure with mesoporous walls. The BET surface area of SiCNO hollow nanofibers is ~95.6 m2/g, and the average pore diameter is sized in ~9 nm. The movement of urea within the core of the as‐spun polymeric fibers accounted for the formation of hollow nanofibers, and the thermal decomposition of polymers such as PVP, TEOS, and urea responded for the formation of mesopores within the walls. In addition, it was found that the contents of urea within the raw materials played a critically important role in the formation of SiCNO mesoporous hollow nanofibers, making their growth in a controlled manner.
When safety climate is not enough: Examining the moderating effects of psychosocial hazards on nurse safety performance
Authors: Manapragada Archana , Bruk‐Lee Valentina , Thompson Arieana H. , Heron Laura M.
Published: November 2018

Aim

To examine the association between components of safety climate and psychosocial hazards with safe work behaviours and test the moderating effects of psychosocial hazards on the safety climate‐safety performance relationships.

Background

The effects of a strong safety climate on safety performance are well cited, however, the conditions that have an impact on this relationship warrant attention. While the psychosocial hazards commonly reported by nurses are predictors of well‐being and job attitudes, evidence suggests that these may also place boundaries on the effects of safety climate on safe work practices.

Design

This study used a cross‐sectional design to collect data from 146 nurses.

Methods

Participants were recruited through convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods in 2017. Nurses completed an online questionnaire and received a $5 e‐gift card as compensation. SPSS v.23 and PROCESS v3.0 were used to analyse the data.

Results/Findings

A strong safety climate was positively associated with nurses' safety performance. While psychosocial hazards did not predict safety performance, they did moderate the safety climate‐performance relationship. High levels of perceived stressors weakened the association between promoting two‐way safety communication, the use and implementation of procedures to promote safe work practices and management's endorsement of health and safety with safe work performance.

Conclusion

The positive effects of safety climate on nurses' safety performance are contingent on the levels of psychosocial hazards nurses experience. When aiming to improve safety performance among nurses, it is important for efforts to also focus on the psychosocial conditions of the work environment.
Tongguan capsule‐derived herb reduces susceptibility to atrial fibrillation by inhibiting left atrial fibrosis via modulating cardiac fibroblasts
Authors: Ma Shiyu , Ma Jin , Guo Liheng , Bai Junqi , Mao Shuai , Zhang Minzhou
Published: November 2018

Tongguan capsule is a compound Chinese medicine used to treat ischaemic heart diseases. This study aimed to investigate whether Tongguan capsule‐derived herb (TGD) has a preventive effect on atrial fibrillation (AF) in post‐myocardial infarction (MI) rats and to determine the underlying mechanisms. MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. TGD was administered to the post‐MI rats over a 4‐week period. The TGD‐treated rats had lower rates of AF inducibility and shorter AF durations than the MI rats. TGD improved the left atrial (LA) conduction velocity and homogeneity. It reduced the fibrosis‐positive areas and the protein levels of collagen types I and III in the left atrium. In vitro, it inhibited the expression of collagen types I and III by inhibiting the proliferation, migration, differentiation and cytokine secretion of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that TGD reduces susceptibility to AF and improves LA conduction function in rats with post‐MI by inhibiting left atrial fibrosis and modulating CFs. Targeting the CF population may be a novel antiarrhythmic therapeutic approach.
Electronic medical record documentation of tobacco cessation support at eight community safety‐net clinics with a high prevalence of tobacco use
Authors: Flocke Susan A. , Lewis Steve , Seeholzer Eileen , Gill India , Antognoli Elizabeth , Rose Jeanmarie C. , Love Thomas E.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

The high prevalence of tobacco use at primary care safety‐net clinics represents an opportunity to offer assistance with cessation. Documentation of smoking status, offering advice and medications, and referral to cessation services are important steps in supporting cessation attempts and are required elements by payors and accrediting agencies to demonstrate care quality. This study examines tobacco cessation support rates and patient characteristics using electronic medical record (EMR) data.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study engaged eight community health centers affiliated with a county hospital system in NE Ohio where adult tobacco use rates exceed 30%. EMR data from June 2014 through May 2016 were analysed to assess rates of tobacco cessation counselling, order of cessation medications, or both. The association of tobacco cessation support with patient characteristics and quit attempts was assessed using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

Among 21 702 current tobacco users, 74% had no intervention documented; 15.4% had counselling documented, 6.4% were prescribed tobacco cessation medication, and 4.2% had both documented. Males, those aged 18 to 34, and African Americans were more likely to have no documented intervention. Of current tobacco users with at least two visits, 5.6% had a quit attempt. Medication alone was associated with a greater likelihood of a quit attempt (AOR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.36‐2.17]) as well as counselling and medication combined (AOR: 1.95 [95% CI: 1.48‐2.56]).

Conclusions

Tobacco cessation support was lacking for 74% of current smokers and was less likely in subgroups including males, younger adults, and African Americans. Ordering tobacco cessation medication combined with counselling nearly doubled the likelihood of a quit attempt.
A method of ultrafiltration membrane to treatment garlic processing wastewater
Authors: Ding He , Li Ningyang , Lu Xiaoming , Guo Jiawen , Yi Yingjing , Qiao Xuguang
Published: November 2018

In this study, ultrafiltration membranes were used to treat garlic processing wastewater, because the treatment methods for general wastewater cannot meet the demand of garlic processing wastewater. The results showed that the molecular weight of polysaccharides in garlic wastewater was mainly between 3 and 5 kD. This part of polysaccharides accounted for 60.21% of total polysaccharides. While the molecular weight of acidic polysaccharides in garlic wastewater was mainly between 10 and 30 kD, which was 7.73% of total sugar. The molecular weight of the proteins in garlic wastewater exceeds 45 kD. Two kinds of garlic slice wastewater ultrafiltration treatment systems, S1 and S2, were established based on the distribution range of neutral polysaccharides, acidic polysaccharides, and proteins in garlic wastewater. S1 can effectively recover polysaccharides and proteins in wastewater; S2 was superior to S1, the treated wastewater could reach the standard for discharge. This study provided two garlic wastewater treatment models for the factory to solve the problem of wastewater treatment based on their specific situations.

Practical applications

The membrane separation method can be used to separate small molecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides. Membrane filtration treatment system for garlic processing wastewater was established, and it was found that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of garlic wastewater was reduced from 50,000 to 80 mg O2/L by using membrane intercepting substances with different molecular weights. Finally, the nutrient substances were recovered from garlic processing wastewater with ultrafiltration membrane while ensuring the discharge of wastewater conforming to the national standards.
Physical and chemical stability of sweet walnut oil emulsion: Influence of homogenization conditions and stabilizer ratio
Authors: Baysan Ulaş , Yıldırım Aslı , Konuk Takma Dilara , Koç Mehmet
Published: November 2018

In the present study, the effect of homogenization conditions (homogenization rate: 10,000–17,500 rpm; homogenization time: 5–10 min) and stabilizer (polyglycerol polyricinoleate [PGPR]: 1–3% oil content) ratio on the physical and chemical stability of walnut oil in water emulsions was investigated based on CCRD experimental design. Results showed that the incorporation of PGPR led to a decrease in the yield stress, viscosity, centrifuge, and kinetic stabilities up to center point (~2% oil content) and increased after that. The increase in homogenization rate and time, on the other side, brought about an increase in parameters as mentioned above. The induction time of refined walnut oil was 5.46 ± 0.37 hr, while the induction time of prepared emulsions ranged between 6.45 ± 0.29 and 8.29 ± 0.05 hr, which implicitly demonstrated that emulsification led to an outstanding increase in oxidative stability of the emulsion. General acceptance in terms of homogenization rate and time, increased up to center point (~13,750 rpm/7.5 min).

Practical applications

Walnut oil is valuable by‐product of the food industry. It is also a functional food ingredient with its minor bioactive components including tocopherols and phytosterols. However, walnut oil is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well. In this sense, extreme care needs to be taken in order to prevent walnut oil oxidation. In order to meet this challenge, walnut oil was incorporated into o/w emulsion formulation within the present study to retard lipid oxidation and prolong the shelf life of walnut oil by increasing its overall stability. Therefore, the effect of the independent variables selected as homogenization rate, time and stabilizer (PGPR) ratio on physical and chemical properties of the emulsion were investigated.
SIG‐1273 protects skin against urban air pollution and when formulated in AgeIQ™ Night Cream anti‐aging benefits clinically demonstrated
Authors: Fernández José R. , Webb Corey , Rouzard Karl , Voronkov Michael , Huber Kristen L. , Stock Jeffry B. , Healy Jason , Tamura Masanori , Stock Maxwell , Armbrister Wendi , Gordon Joel S. , Pérez Eduardo
Published: November 2018

Background

SIG‐1273 is a novel cosmetic active that provides a broad spectrum of benefits to the skin. Considering the chronic skin exposure to pollution in urban areas, we sought to determine if SIG‐1273 could provide additional protection against skin aging by inhibiting pollutant‐induced cytotoxicity and inflammation.

Objective

Determine if SIG‐1273 possesses antipollution properties in vitro and evaluate the potential anti‐aging benefits of Age IQ™ Night Cream clinically in human subjects.

Methods

In vitro studies utilizing normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), were co‐treated with urban dust (SRM 1649b) and SIG‐1273 (toxicity protection measured by MTS assay). A water‐soluble fraction of urban dust (UD‐WS) induces pro‐inflammatory cytokine release (IL‐8) from NHEKs (measured via ELISA). An 8‐week, 37‐subject clinical trial was performed with 0.05% SIG‐1273 formulated in Age IQ™ Night Cream and applied topically to assess its potential to reduce the appearance of aging.

Results

In vitro studies using NHEKs demonstrate SIG‐1273 protects against urban dust‐induced cell toxicity, reducing cell death by 66% and concentration dependently inhibits UD‐WS‐induced IL‐8 production (IC50 = 20 nmol/L), outperforming niacinamide, ascorbic acid, and α‐tocopherol, commonly used actives in antipollution skin‐care products. Clinical assessment of Age IQ™ Night Cream shows it is effective in improving the appearance of facial skin aging including fine lines and wrinkles, skin texture, skin clarity/brightness, and firmness/elasticity.

Conclusions

SIG‐1273, is demonstrated here for the first time to possess antipollution properties. Included as a key active ingredient in Age IQ™ Night Cream, this novel topical formulation provides benefits to individuals with aging skin.
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis: A comprehensive review and proposal for diagnostic criteria
Authors: Azzi Lorenzo , Cerati Michele , Lombardo Maurizio , Pellilli Maria , Croveri Fabio , Maurino Vittorio , Tagliabue Angelo , Tettamanti Lucia , Olszewska Malgorzata
Published: November 2018

Chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS) is an immune‐mediated disorder characterized by oral erosions and ulcers usually refractory to conventional treatments. The disease often involves middle‐aged and older women with painful lesions sometimes resembling those of erosive oral lichen planus (OLP). The most affected sites are the buccal mucosa, the gingiva and the tongue, but the skin is involved in 22.5% of cases. Histopathologic features in CUS are non‐specific and indistinguishable from those of OLP, with the exception of the presence of a mixed infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) analysis reveals the presence of stratified epithelium‐specific antinuclear antibodies (SES‐ANA) in the lower third of the epithelium. The IgG antibodies detected on DIF are directed against the ∆Np63α isoform of p63 expressed in the nuclei of the epithelial basal cells. A distinguishing feature of CUS is the low response to conventional corticosteroid therapy and the good outcome with hydroxychloroquine at the dosage of 200 mg/day or higher dosages. This paper presents a comprehensive review of CUS and is accompanied by a new case report (the 73rd case) and a proposal for updated diagnostic criteria.
Photobleaching of pheomelanin increases its phototoxic potential: Physicochemical studies of synthetic pheomelanin subjected to aerobic photolysis
Authors: Zadlo Andrzej , Szewczyk Grzegorz , Sarna Michal , Camenisch Theodore G. , Sidabras Jason W. , Ito Shosuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Sagan Filip , Mitoraj Mariusz , Sarna Tadeusz
Published: November 2018

Although melanin is a photoprotective pigment, its elevated photochemical reactivity could lead to various phototoxic processes. Photoreactivity of synthetic pheomelanin, derived from 5‐S‐cysteinyldopa (5SCD‐M) and its photodegradation products obtained by subjecting the melanin to aerobic irradiation with UV‐visible light, was examined employing an array of advanced physicochemical methods. Extensive photolysis of 5SCD‐M was accompanied by partial bleaching of the melanin, modification of its paramagnetic properties, and significant increase in the ability to photogenerate singlet oxygen. The changes correlated with a substantial decrease in the melanin content of benzothiazine (BT) units and increase of modified benzothiazole (BZ) units. Synthetically prepared BZ exhibited higher efficiency to photogenerate singlet oxygen than the synthetic BT, and the free radical form of BZ, unlike that of BT, did not show measurable spin density on nitrogen atom, which was confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. Formation of modified BZ units in the photobleached 5SCD‐M is responsible for the paramagnetic and photochemical changes of the melanin and its elevated phototoxic potential. Given a relatively constant pheomelanin–eumelanin ratio, such undesirable changes could occur in individual of all skin types.
A missense mutation in TYRP1 causes the chocolate plumage color in chicken and alters melanosome structure
Authors: Li Jingyi , Bed’hom Bertrand , Marthey Sylvain , Valade Mathieu , Dureux Audrey , Moroldo Marco , Péchoux Christine , Coville Jean‐Luc , Gourichon David , Vieaud Agathe , Dorshorst Ben , Andersson Leif , Tixier‐Boichard Michèle
Published: November 2018

The chocolate plumage color in chickens is due to a sex‐linked recessive mutation, choc, which dilutes eumelanin pigmentation. Because TYRP1 is sex‐linked in chickens, and TYRP1 mutations determine brown coat color in mammals, TYRP1 appeared as the obvious candidate gene for the choc mutation. By combining gene mapping with gene capture, a complete association was identified between the chocolate phenotype and a missense mutation leading to a His214Asn change in the ZnA zinc‐binding domain of the protein. A diagnostic test confirmed complete association by screening 428 non‐chocolate chickens of various origins. This is the first TYRP1 mutation described in the chicken. Electron microscopy analysis showed that melanosomes were more numerous in feather follicles of chocolate chickens but exhibited an abnormal structure characterized by a granular content and an irregular shape. A similar altered morphology was observed on melanosomes of another TYRP1 mutant in birds, the roux mutation of the quail.
Ethos, authority and worldly reputation in the Erasmian Republic of Letters
Authors: Havu Kaarlo
Published: November 2018

The Erasmian Republic of Letters has often been portrayed as a place of retreat where intellectual qualities could be cultivated among the learned. This article argues that Erasmian humanists thought that the Republic of Letters could make a decisive contribution to a life of active engagement (negotium). The article claims that Erasmian humanists understood that the reputation forged within the Republic of Letters could be turned into intellectual authority and rhetorical ethos, which were deemed decisive for a successful life of negotium. This was visible in rhetorical theory which, despite the insistence on virtue as the only source of true authority, underscored the importance of one’s social reputation as a potential source of rhetorical ethos. This was equally perceivable in actual discussions within the Republic of Letters (most notably in the discussion between Erasmus and Guillaume Budé), where the importance attributed to reciprocal relations as a source of public visibility, reputation and, ultimately, authority, was explicitly recognized. In the long history of the Republic of Letters, Erasmian humanism represented the emergence of a new form of non‐institutional authority which, however, proved inefficient in the attainment of specific reforms, because it was often appropriated by the powerful for their own purposes.
Flood Risk Perceptions and Insurance Choice: Do Decisions in the Floodplain Reflect Overoptimism?
Authors: Royal Andrew , Walls Margaret
Published: November 2018

In the presence of rare disasters, risk perceptions may not always align with actual risks. These perceptions can nevertheless influence an individual's willingness to mitigate risks through activities such as purchasing flood insurance. In a survey of Maryland floodplain residents, we find that stated risk perceptions predict voluntary flood insurance take‐up, while perceptions themselves varied widely among surveyed residents, owing in large part to differences in past flood experience. We use a formal test for overoptimism in risk perceptions and find that, on aggregate, floodplain residents are overly optimistic about flood risks.
Imbalance of tyrosine by modulating TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: de Oliveira Marcos V. V. , Jin Xing , Chen Xuan , Griffith Daniel , Batchu Sai , Maeda Hiroshi A.
Published: November 2018

l‐Tyrosine is an essential aromatic amino acid required for the synthesis of proteins and a diverse array of plant natural products; however, little is known on how the levels of tyrosine are controlled in planta and linked to overall growth and development. Most plants synthesize tyrosine by TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases, which are strongly feedback‐inhibited by tyrosine and encoded by TyrA1 and TyrA2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. While TyrA enzymes have been extensively characterized at biochemical levels, their in planta functions remain uncertain. Here we found that TyrA1 suppression reduces seed yield due to impaired anther dehiscence, whereas TyrA2 knockout leads to slow growth with reticulate leaves. The tyra2 mutant phenotypes were exacerbated by TyrA1 suppression and rescued by the expression of TyrA2, TyrA1 or tyrosine feeding. Low‐light conditions synchronized the tyra2 and wild‐type growth, and ameliorated the tyra2 leaf reticulation. After shifting to normal light, tyra2 transiently decreased tyrosine and subsequently increased aspartate before the appearance of the leaf phenotypes. Overexpression of the deregulated TyrA enzymes led to hyper‐accumulation of tyrosine, which was also accompanied by elevated aspartate and reticulate leaves. These results revealed that TyrA1 and TyrA2 have distinct and overlapping functions in flower and leaf development, respectively, and that imbalance of tyrosine, caused by altered TyrA activity and regulation, impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis. The findings provide critical bases for improving the production of tyrosine and its derived natural products, and further elucidating the coordinated metabolic and physiological processes to maintain tyrosine levels in plants.
Evidence for protein kinase involvement in the 5‐HT–[Ca2+]i–pannexin‐1 signalling pathway in type II glial cells of the rat carotid body
Authors: Leonard Erin M. , Zhang Min , Nurse Colin A.
Published: November 2018

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The mammalian carotid body (CB) is a peripheral chemoreceptor organ involved in O2 and CO2/H+ homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that 5‐HT, released from CB receptor cells, can stimulate adjacent glial‐like type II cells, leading to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ (Δ[Ca2+]i) and activation of ATP‐permeable pannexin‐1 (Panx‐1) channels. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of protein kinases in the 5‐HT–[Ca2+]i–Panx‐1 signalling pathway.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Src family kinase and protein kinase A, acting downstream from Δ[Ca2+]i, played central roles in 5‐HT‐mediated Panx‐1 channel activation. This provides new insight into mechanisms regulating CB excitation, especially in pathophysiological conditions.

Chemoreceptor (type I) cells of the rodent carotid body (CB) synthesize and release several neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, including 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), implicated in enhanced CB excitation after exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia, e.g. sleep apnoea. However, recent studies suggest that 5‐HT can robustly stimulate adjacent glial‐like type II cells via ketanserin‐sensitive 5‐HT2 receptors, leading to intracellular Ca2+ elevation (Δ[Ca2+]i) and activation of ATP‐permeable pannexin‐1 (Panx‐1) channels. Using dissociated rat CB cultures, we investigated the role of protein kinases in the intracellular signalling pathways in type II cells. In isolated type II cells, 5‐HT activated a Panx‐1‐like inward current (I5‐HT) that was reversibly inhibited by the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 (1 μm), but not by its inactive analogue, PP3 (1 μm). Moreover, I5‐HT was reversibly inhibited (>90%) by H89 (1 μm), a protein kinase A blocker, whereas the protein kinase C blocker GF109203X (2 μm) was largely ineffective. In contrast, the P2Y2R agonist UTP (100 μm) activated Panx‐1‐like currents that were reversibly inhibited (∼60%) by either H89 or GF109203X. Using fura‐2 spectrofluorimetry, the 5‐HT‐induced Δ[Ca2+]i was unaffected by PP2, H89 and GF109293X, suggesting that the kinases acted downstream of the Ca2+ rise. Given that intracellular Ca2+ chelation was previously shown to block receptor‐mediated Panx‐1 current activation in type II cells, these data suggest that CB neuromodulators use overlapping, but not necessarily identical, signalling pathways to activate Panx‐1 channels and release ATP, a CB excitatory neurotransmitter. In conclusion, these studies provide new mechanistic insight into 5‐HT signalling in the CB that has pathophysiological relevance.
An apparatus for measuring a material's photomechanical response
Authors: Bernhardt Elizabeth A. , Garrison Chad M. , Rasmussen Nathan F. , Lanska Joseph T. , Kuzyk Mark G.
Published: November 2018

This paper describes a simple and inexpensive apparatus for measuring the light-induced shape change of a material, which can be implemented in a high school or undergraduate laboratory. The key components of the apparatus are a laser pointer to actuate the material, a force sensor from an inexpensive jeweler's balance to measure the response, an Arduino for data acquisition, and a means for mechanically mounting the setup. The apparatus described here was used by high school students and teachers in a summer program to characterize liquid crystal elastomer samples. The theory of photomechanical response is used to interpret the gathered data, from which material parameters related to this theory are determined.