bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Primary Care and Public Health: Learning from the Community-Oriented Primary Care Model
Authors: Iliffe Steve , Lenihan Penny
Published: May 2005

Community-oriented primary care (COPC), a 50-year-old widely applied innovative approach to primary care development, seems to be the same combination of public health and general practice perspectives currently sought in the formation of primary care trusts in Britain's NHS. The article reviews the experience of implementing COPC methods, the outcomes, and the applicability to and implications for primary care policy, taking the current British reforms as an example. The COPC model has been developed mainly in underserved populations to integrate public health objectives and primary care through interdisciplinary approaches, with active involvement of the target population. COPC methods are time consuming, can create problems with professional boundaries, and are vulnerable to socioeconomic changes. They can also deliver complex packages of care for target populations, particularly in poor areas underserved by traditional medical services. British primary care reforms may be seen as an unplanned, uncontrolled, nationwide experiment in applying COPC methods. They differ from COPC as applied elsewhere because change has been introduced from above rather than below, into a well-developed primary care system rather than underserved communities. International experience suggests the need for attention to factors promoting and impeding success and to reliable outcome measures. If this experiment succeeds, COPC methodology may facilitate similar changes in other health care systems.
Promoting the Use of Insecticide Treated Materials at the Community Level: Experience from the ITN-Oriade Initiative
Authors: Dare O. O. , Badru O. B.
Published: May 2005

A survey of 4,309 respondents from the local community was conducted. There was a high level of poor access to sanitary methods of refuse disposal with 63.1 percent disposing their refuse in open dumps and 35.3 percent obtained their water from streams, rivers, and rain. More than two-thirds of respondents accepted environmental control methods as a feasible strategy for organized community participation in malaria control. Insecticide treated bed nets (ITN) were introduced for personal protection. Although the nets were accepted, the high cost of initial purchase limits its use. local strategies for participatory control of malaria include environmental methods, home based management of simple malaria, with referral capacity for the management of complicated and severe malaria built and/or strengthened at facility level. Furthermore, personal protection using ITN may be enhanced with higher subsidy for the initial purchase of the nets and the establishment of community-managed treatment centers.
Mania Operativa: Surgical Addiction
Authors: Chertok Leon
Published: May 2005

The problem of the surgically addicted patient has been recognized in clinical practice for nearly a century, but very few psychiatric investigations have been undertaken on such cases. Distinctions can be made between two types of multi-operated patients-the neurotic and the psychopathic; case examples illustrate both types. The psychopathic type has received some attention in the literature describing Munchausen's syndrome, and some parallels can be drawn. More important, however, than the artificial classification of such patients is the consideration of the psychodynamic aspects of the behavior of both the surgically addicted patient and surgeon. Psychiatric liaison and the psychological training of physicians will aid in the early recognition and treatment of the patient who compulsively seeks surgical mutilation.
The Importance of Individual Student Conferences in Technical Writing Courses
Authors: Mancuso Joseph C.
Published: May 2005

Both the instructor and student of technical writing benefit from an individual conference held in the instructor's office. Scheduled at the beginning of the academic semester, these structured conferences allow for the exchange of information which may not surface in the traditional classroom setting.
Perceived Affective Symptoms: A New Approach to Affect Patterning and Response
Authors: Gould Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

This article develops a new construct, perceived affective symptoms, and investigates it in relation to emotions and response to television commercials. These symptoms, a part of affect structure having to with the somatic symptoms that individuals perceive, were operationalized in terms of a body location framework (i.e. head, throat, heart, navel and genital area), derived both from Asian ‘chakra’ and Western psychosomatic theories. Results of the study support the proposed concept of the differentiation of patterns of symptoms by individuals in response to various emotion-keyed commercials. Moreover, various symptoms for various commercials were found to be related to two dependent advertising variables: 1) attitude toward the ad and 2) the ad's ability to make one want to try the product. Finally, implications for future research are drawn.
The East Cumbria Community Health Project
Authors: French Jeff , Cunning Frances
Published: May 2005

The East Cumbria Health Project is in its second year and aims to encourage and support groups and individuals to explore, identify and action their own health education needs. The project is a unique joint venture between a local health authority, the United Kingdom's Open University and the Manpower Services Commission, who fund the project. The project employs one full-time co-ordinator and fourteen part-time community health facilitators. All facilitators were previously unemployed local residents. The project serves a mixed rural and urban community of approximately 180,000 in the North West of England between the Lake District and the Scottish Border. The project to date has demonstrated that non-professional health workers with appropriate training can work effectively to complement existing professional community health workers. The project has also demonstrated that workers drawn from the local population can be effective in stimulating local communities and groups of people to become more involved with health and health care issues. Finally, the project has demonstrated that community health workers drawn from the local population can act as useful links between the statutory and voluntary health services and local communities.
Research in a Strategy for Health Improvement
Authors: Breslow L.
Published: May 2005

A strategy for health improvement should include personal health care, environmental control measures, and means of influencing health–related behavior. All three of these ways of improving health are applicable in the present state of knowledge to most major health problems, including trauma from automobile accidents, dental caries, myocardial infarction, lung cancer, and infant deaths. Research as an integral part of this strategy should be directed toward both what to do and how to do it. The problems of dental caries and lung cancer are examined in some detail to indicate the role of research in a strategy for health improvement.
Simplified Technical Training—A New Challenge for Effective Communications
Authors: Barton Theodore W.
Published: May 2005

With the increasing technological advances in our society, we are developing a substantial gap between the demand for, and the supply of, technically trained people. If the present training philosophy persists, this gap will continue to widen as our increased knowledge allows us to advance even more rapidly.

What can be done to alleviate this situation? The answer is certainly not a simple one… or is it? One of the solutions to the problem may well be simplification, in training and in documentation.

The following discussion relates primarily to training and documentation (communication) in the technical fields. An extension of these basic principles, however, can be applied to many other educational areas.
Cheating History: The Rhetorics of Art Forgery
Authors: Fine Gary Alan
Published: May 2005

Art forgery is a curious crime. If aesthetic appreciation is based only upon the beauty of the work itself, forgery should not be considered a crime. However, art appreciation may be defined to include more than the form and content of the work itself. Appreciation can be connected to historical, biographical, legal, and economic issues which create the context of the work of art. I examine how art forgery is viewed by various participants in the art world and by the general public. Typically, forgers emphasize the beauty of the symbol abstracted from its circumstance, claiming that the value of the art work is not a function of its history. The establishment art critic insists on seeing the art symbol in its social and historical context, and defines a forgery as a work which cheats history. In order to examine the sociological nature of art appreciation and deviant art creation, I examine three case studies of forgers: 1) Han van Meegeren, the Dutch forger of Vermeer and De Hooch, 2) Elmyr de Hory, the Hungarian-born forger of modern French art, and 3) Tom Keating, the Cockney forger of Samuel Palmer and other artists. In these case studies I describe how the forger entered his trade, his attitude to the art world, the extent to which his works were accepted, his justifications for forgery, and the rhetorical strategies used by others to define his “crime.”
“This Self of All the other Selves:” Part I
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

In the Principles, James provided a lead with regard to which totality of mental-occurrence instances make up the person's conscious being (one of the common meanings of the word consciousness). That is, this totality may amount to a certain kind of mental occurrence, the kind James called “the self of selves,” “the central active self,” and “the innermost sanctuary of our life” in his chapter “The Consciousness of Self.” The present article pursues the character and nature of “this self of all the other selves” according to James's firsthand account of it. Also, this article provides replies from James's perspective to six objections brought by Stout against James's account of the self of selves. These objections pertain mainly to the latter's dimension of “spontaneity,” or activity.
Early Childhood and Maternal Antecedents to Drug Use
Authors: Friedman Alfred S. , Bransfield Shirley A. , Tomko Lynn A. , Katz Solomon
Published: May 2005

In a longitudinal study, the substance use/abuse histories were obtained on a community sample of 640, (mean age of 24.9 years) randomly selected from the 8,000 Philadelphia black subjects who had been studied comprehensively from birth to seven years of age in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP). Among other conclusions, it is postulated from some of the many significant associations found between early life variables and substance use/abuse in early adulthood, that an infant is at risk who has the following combination of characteristics and family situation: outgoing, responsive, assertive or impulsive, or willful, and who is in an unfavorable family environment, with a mother who is generally negative toward the infant, has a larger number of small children and has had more fetal deaths, in a generally poor social environment.
Commentary: A New Role for Technical Communication
Authors: Treadwell D. F.
Published: May 2005

Increasing public involvement in science and technology suggests a new role for technical communication in which conventional skills of adapting technical content to audience needs may be replaced by skills that facilitate audiences' own information search activities. This article outlines the reasons for the emergence of this new role, and some of the practical implications.
The International Political Economy of Food: A Global Crisis
Authors: Friedmann Harriet
Published: May 2005

The largest gap between national regulation and transnational economic organization is in the agro-food sector. This gap is the legacy of the post-World War II food regime, whose implicit rules gave priority to national farm programs (including import controls and export subsidies); placed the United States at the center; generated chronic surpluses; and allowed international power to take the unusual form of subsidized exports of surplus commodities, particularly wheat. The author analyzes the emergence and contradictions of the postwar food regime as a tension between replication and integration of national agro-food sectors, often interpreted as “export of the U.S. model.” By the early 1970s, replication led to international economic conflict, while transnational corporations found national regulatory frameworks to be obstacles to further integration of a potentially global agro-food sector. A new axis between Asian import countries and new agricultural countries, such as Brazil, has destabilized the Atlantic-centered food regime, without creating a new regime. Alternative future regimes are identified, based on the shift from agriculture to food, employment, and land use as political issues: private global regulation or democratic regulation of nested, regional agro-food economies, federated at the international level.
Sociopolitics or Social Policy: Bulgarian Welfare in Transition?
Authors: Deacon Bob
Published: May 2005

In this article, the author reviews the achievements and limitations of postwar Bulgarian social policy. A number of crisis points in contemporary social policy are identified. These include the worsening mortality rates of working people, the sharpening debate between allocation according to need or merit, and controversy surrounding subordination of family policy to economic and demographic considerations. The central irony of social policy in state socialist societies is well exemplified in Bulgaria. The more the official ideology of the regime regards the main purpose of social and political organization as being the meeting of human needs, the more easily and unashamedly any particular social policy can be an instrument of some wider economic, demographic, or other political purpose. The prospect for the emergence of an independent social policy is considered.
Computer Generated Rhetorical Simulations for Business and Report Writing Courses
Authors: Orth Michael , Brown Carl R. V.
Published: May 2005

We have developed a method of using simple, commercially available computer simulations to create productive writing cases. Students working with the simulations easily understand their data, audience, and objectives, and they revise intelligently and successfully. We have used The Farm Game, simulating frontier farming in Nebraska, Fur Trader, simulating the life of a Canadian courier du bois, Hamurabi, simulating government problems in a Sumerian city state, King, simulating economic decisions on a Caribbean island, and Stock Market, simulating trading of amplified stocks. We are expanding our library of programs, and we will be happy to serve as a clearinghouse for exchanges of simulations useful to writing teachers.
Problems in the Management of a Patient with Advanced Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Beigler Jerome S.
Published: May 2005

The case of a 35-year-old woman who “knew” of her advanced metastatic carcinoma of the breast was presented. The realistic problems of medical and psychological management were discussed, with emphasis on the impact of such a task on her helpers.
Procedures, Instructions, and Specifications: A Challenge in Audience Analysis
Authors: Lay Mary M.
Published: May 2005

Procedures, instructions, and specifications demand precise and imaginative audience analysis. Although these three communications tasks ask an audience to participate in an operation, the specific purpose and audience of each is unique. Recognizing this uniqueness provides the technical communications teacher with challenging student assignments and the technical writer and editor with useful questions to ask in analyzing these audiences. This article describes the audiences that read procedures, instructions, and specifications, provides examples of each communication task, suggests assignments in each for technical communications teachers, and lists questions for technical writers and editors to ask about audiences of each task.
Clinical Notes regarding the Experience of ‘Presences’ in Mourning
Authors: Hoyt Michael F.
Published: May 2005

Several cases are described in which ‘presences’ or ‘energies’ were experienced as part of relinquishing attachments to lost persons. In each case, the experience occurred at the time of letting go, and all appeared to be critical and beneficial in the resolution of the mourning process. The evidence does not support any ready ‘scientific’ account; and it is emphasized that such experiences should be recognized and not discounted for lack of a clear theoretical explanation. Finally, some preliminary suggestions are made regarding therapeutic approaches to such experiences in the clinical situation.
A Response to Sharpe's Comments
Authors: Mangano Joseph J.
Published: May 2005

In an earlier issue of the International Journal of Health Services, the author described a statistical link between cancer mortality increases in the area near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and radioactive emissions from the nuclear weapons plant located in that city. Excess increases in local cancer death rates occurred in Anderson County and in rural, mountainous, and downwind counties, each of which received levels of radioactivity above those received elsewhere in the local area. C. McRae Sharpe of Tennessee Medical Management in Oak Ridge has questioned the validity of some of the findings and introduced new data to support an opposing contention that no excess cancer occurred near Oak Ridge. In this response, the author shows how each issue raised by Sharpe does not alter the original article's conclusions, and how the data Sharpe introduced actually support those conclusions.
Modernizing Approaches to Public Health Training: A Case Example
Authors: Miller Robert A.
Published: May 2005

The plans, materials, content, methods, evaluation and conceptual foundations of a “training of trainers” session in a S. E. Asian country are presented in an unusual simulation format. The session was designed to create interest, awareness, and positive attitudes toward using alternatives to lecturing among ninety participating public health trainers. This article illustrates how individual self-study, group discussion, facilitation and handouts are used to create experiential-based learning. The “modern” approach to training is contrasted with more “traditional” ones. Evaluations indicate that participants reacted favorably to the session and that the majority demonstrated achievement of the specific behavioral objectives. Potential uses for the material are suggested.
Signaling Effects: Increased Content Retention and New Answers—Part II
Authors: Spyridakis Jan H.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the role of signaling in helping good readers comprehend expository text. As the existing literature on signaling, reviewed in the last issue of this Journal, pointed to deficiencies in previous studies' methodologies, one goal of this study was to refine prose research methods. Two passages were designed in one of eight signaled versions each. The design was constructed to assess the individual and combined effects of headings, previews, and logical connectives. The study also assessed the effect of passage length, familiarity, and difficulty. The results showed that signals do improve a reader's comprehension, particularly comprehension two weeks after the reading of a passage and comprehension of superordinate and superordinate inferential information. This study supports the hypothesis that signals can influence retention of text-based information, particularly with long, unfamiliar, or difficult passages.
Work and Health in Mexico
Authors: Laurell Asa Cristina
Published: May 2005

It is suggested that the relationship between work and health and disease traditionally has been analyzed in a limited way in that work has been considered only as a situational factor which puts workers in contact with environmental risks. It is proposed that work is an essential category for the understanding of disease, if one tries to study disease not as an individual biological phenomenon but as a social (and biological) phenomenon that occurs to the collectivity. Furthermore, it is suggested that the relation between disease and work should be analyzed in terms of the elements of the work process, understood as a technical and social process, and the capacity of different social groups to realize their interests.

Reviewing the general trends of development of the work process in Mexico, it is shown that a transformation in the causes of death among men of working age has occurred during the last 20 years and there has been an increase in the number and the rate of work accidents and occupational diseases, despite a significant under-registration factor. Finally, the labor legislation on health and safety is contrasted with its actual implementation. This problem is interpreted in the context of traditional Mexican trade unionism. It is shown that trade unions which have become democratic and have gained their independence have struggled more vigorously on occupational health and safety issues.
Firearm Suicide in the Home Setting
Authors: Danto Bruce L.
Published: May 2005

All gunshot deaths determined to be suicide were studied in Wayne County, Michigan, over a three-month period during the summer of 1969. Only gunshot deaths in the home setting were included in the study. Data were gathered by attendance at medical examiner hearings as well as conferences with local police and the prosecuting attorney's office. The obtained sample involved 29 suicides.

The suicide group consisted of persons who were predominantly white, male, and over 45 years of age. Their level of education and employment was fairly good. The suicide group had a fairly high incidence of registered hand guns when used. The suicide group had a high incidence of birth in the state, and those bom elsewhere had lived in the county for a minimum of 3 years.

Limitations of the research method are discussed both in terms of the large number of “unknown” responses as well as the shortsightedness of both police and medical examiner investigations of suicide. It is suggested that public agencies should expand their investigations to provide greater insight and understanding about suicide.
Through the Looking Glass: Phenomenological Reports of Advanced Meditators at Visual Threshold
Authors: Forte Michael , Brown Daniel , Dysart Michael
Published: May 2005

A tachistoscopic paradigm was used to explore the perceptual experiences of advanced meditators. Phenomenological reports from the meditators differed from those of non-meditating simulators, and indicated that mindfulness practice enabled meditation practitioners to become aware of some of the usually preattentive processes involved in visual detection and in reporting detection decisions during the experimental trials. Unusual perceptual effects were also reported. The phenomenological reports tend to support the claims found in the classical Buddhist texts on meditation concerning the changes in perception encountered during the practice of mindfulness. The ability to become aware of preattentive perceptual mechanisms has important implications for the psychological study of perception and affect.
Guest Editorial: Writing in the Computer Industry
Authors: Sides Charles H.
Published: May 2005

Writing in the computer industry most likely provides the greatest challenges for technical communicators. The technology changes rapidly, and there are few established models of how communication products should be written. There are even fewer established models of how communication departments should be run. This article looks at the frustrations, challenges, and rewards of writing in such an environment.
Idiopathic Anejaculation Treated by Electroejaculation
Authors: Stewart Donna E. , Ohl Dana A.
Published: May 2005

Idiopathic anejaculation is a relatively rare cause of sexual dysfunction that usually presents as an infertility problem. When such patients have nocturnal emissions the problem is usually considered psychogenic and referral is made to a psychiatrist. Various treatments for this condition have been described including psychotherapy, sexual, marital and behavioral therapy, vibratory stimulation of the penis and pharmacotherapy. A patient with idiopathic anejaculation referred by an infertility clinic is described in which all of the above treatments failed over a five-year period. A newly described procedure in humans, electroejaculation, was employed to obtain semen which was used to artificially inseminate the wife resulting in the first reported successful pregnancy by electroejaculation done for idiopathic anejaculation.
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Adaptation of the Death Obsession Scale (DOS)
Authors: Tomás-Sábado Joaquín , Gómez-Benito Juana
Published: May 2005

The aim of this work was first to translate into Spanish and then to adapt Abdel-Khalek's Death Obsession Scale (DOS) for Spanish subjects, and to establish the scale's psychometric properties. The scale was translated from its Arabic and English forms and administered, along with other instruments, to a sample of 344 Spanish university students. The results obtained indicate high coefficients of internal consistency and stability, as well as adequate concurrent validity and a factor structure which is meaningful and significant, such outcomes being similar to those obtained in previous studies with Arab or English samples. These results justify the use of the Death Obsession Scale in evaluating preoccupation with death among Spanish-speaking subjects.
Monitoring the Health Consequences of Welfare Reform
Authors: Pappas Gregory
Published: May 2005

Recent changes in welfare legislation place responsibility for support of the poor on states, dramatically decrease funding, create work requirements, and impose a number of other restrictions. Many predict adverse consequences of “welfare repeal” however, the legislation does not provide for monitoring the health consequences of these changes. This article summarizes the provisions of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, reviews initial criticism, and makes a series of suggestions for monitoring activities.
Observational Studies as Human Experimentation: The Uranium Mining Experience in the Navajo Nation (1947–66)
Authors: Moure-Eraso Rafael
Published: May 2005

This article evaluates how an observational epidemiologic study of federal agencies in uranium miners became an experiment of opportunity for radiation effects. Navajo miners and communities suffered environmental exposures caused by the practices of uranium mining and milling in the Navajo reservation during the 1947 to 1966 period. A historical review of the state-of-the-art knowledge of the health effects of uranium mining and milling during the years prior to 1947 was conducted. Contemporary prevention and remediation practices also were assessed. An appraisal of the summary of findings of a comprehensive evaluation of radiation human experimentation conducted by the U.S. federal government in 1995–96 (ACHRE) demonstrates that uranium miners, including Navajo miners, were the single group that was put more seriously at risk of harm from radiation exposures, with inadequate disclosure and often with fatal consequences. Uranium miners were unwilling and unaware victims of human experimentation to evaluate the health effects of radiation. The failure of the State and U.S. Governments to issue regulations or demand installation of known mine-dust exposure control measures caused widespread environmental damage in the Navajo Nation.
The Heated and the Broken: Thermally Altered Stone, Human Behavior, and Archaeological Site Formation
Authors: Petraglia Michael D.
Published: May 2005

Thermally altered stone is commonly found in archaeological contexts, but it remains an under-appreciated artifact class for deciphering many aspects of site formation. Thermally altered stone can be used to provide information about site-use intensity and the sorting effects of natural processes and modern plowing. Different types of thermally altered stone arrangements may be conceptualized, including single- and multi-state evident features and latent patterns. Thermally altered stone features and patterns from a set of hunter-gatherer sites in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern United States are analyzed relative to the hypothetical conceptualizations. The construction and formation of thermally altered stone features provide a comparative basis for the examination of evolutionary behaviors.
Using the Computer to Improve Unit Teaching
Authors: Stewart William J.
Published: May 2005

Dr. Robert S. Harnack and associates have developed a revolutionary method designed to eliminate the disadvantages, but to retain and improve the advantages of unit teaching. The electronic computer is applied to provide teachers with pre-planning suggestions from a large Computer-Based Resource Unit coded to the students' individual characteristics and objectives.
Are We Winning or Losing the War on Cancer? Deciphering the Propaganda of NCI's 33-Year War
Authors: Howe Genevieve K. , Clapp Richard W.
Published: May 2005

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and collaborating agencies have proclaimed great progress in the U.S. “war on cancer,” while at the same time presenting more reasons for concern than celebration. We reviewed various documents and data files and found that incidence and mortality rates for all cancer sites combined remain higher than they were when the “war on cancer” was declared in 1971, despite very recent, modest decreases. The burden of the disease has risen from three million to nearly ten million people. Black Americans, men of all races, and other segments of the population disproportionately bear the burden of cancer. We also looked at data for malignant breast cancer and found that incidence rates increased 36% from 1973 to 2000, while mortality for all population groups combined declined slightly. Breast cancer mortality is 34% higher among black women than among white women, even though white women are generally more likely to get the disease. The $50 billion spent on the “war on cancer” over the last 33 years has yielded few gains. The NCI's resources must be refocused on preventing cancers we know how to prevent.
Anorexia Nervosa: Let's Get Going
Authors: Atchley John Adams
Published: May 2005

A psychiatrist and President of the American Anorexia Nervosa Association presents a personal account of the development of his interest in this disorder. Progress in understanding the etiology of anorexia nervosa has been slow. For the benefit of patients and families, there is a need to organize information on treatment of anorexia nervosa and on the practioners who are qualified to provide such treatment.
The Crisis in U.S. and International Cancer Policy
Authors: Epstein Samuel S. , Ashford Nicholas A. , Blackwelder Brent , Castleman Barry , Cohen Gary , Goldsmith Edward , Mazzocchi Anthony , Young Quentin D.
Published: May 2005

The incidence of cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations has escalated to epidemic proportions over recent decades, and greater increases are expected. While smoking is the single largest cause of cancer, the incidence of childhood cancers and a wide range of predominantly nonsmoking-related cancers in men and women has increased greatly. This modern epidemic does not reflect lack of resources of the U.S. cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society; the NCI budget has increased 20-fold since passage of the 1971 National Cancer Act, while funding for research and public information on primary prevention remains minimal. The cancer establishment bears major responsibility for the cancer epidemic, due to its overwhelming fixation on damage control—screening, diagnosis, treatment, and related molecular research—and indifference to preventing a wide range of avoidable causes of cancer, other than faulty lifestyle, particularly smoking. This mindset is based on a discredited 1981 report by a prominent pro-industry epidemiologist, guesstimating that environmental and occupational exposures were responsible for only 5 percent of cancer mortality, even though a prior chemical industry report admitted that 20 percent was occupational in origin. This report still dominates public policy, despite overwhelming contrary scientific evidence on avoidable causes of cancer from involuntary exposures to a wide range of environmental carcinogens. Since 1998, the ACS has been planning to gain control of national cancer policy, now under federal authority. These plans, developed behind closed doors and under conditions of nontransparency, with recent well-intentioned but mistaken bipartisan Congressional support, pose a major and poorly reversible threat to cancer prevention and to winning the losing war against cancer.
Aging Couples and Disability Management
Authors: Grand A. , Grand-Filaire A. , Pous J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this work is to identify, in an elderly population, couple patterns and to relate this typology to the management of disabilities. Resulting from questions arising from research in gerontology, it utilizes the theoretical contribution of the sociology of the family so as to understand the relationships between the functioning of the couple and the management of disability. Four types of couples have been identified according to the presence or absence of a tacit contract between husband and wife and according to the character of their relationships. In each type, we have studied the conduct of daily life and its negotiation as well as the management of disabilities. The analysis shows that this management is very different according to the type of couple and thus confirms the importance of taking the functioning of the couple into account so as to fully understand the situation of disabled married elderly persons.
Grandparents' Reactions to the Death of a Grandchild: An Exploratory Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Fry P. S.
Published: May 2005

One hundred and fifty-two grandparents who had experienced the death of a grandchild in the preceding three years or so served as subjects for two separate but related studies investigating the multidimensional nature of the grief reactions of grandparents. In Study 1, subjects responded to an open-ended questionnaire which asked for brief descriptions of their grief reactions immediately following the death of the grandchild, and perceived changes in their affective and behavioral responses with the passage of time. A principal component factor analysis procedure was used to identify the major dimensions in the grief reactions of grandparents. Of the six factors that emerged, Factor 1 (Emotional Rupturing) and Factor 2 (Survivor Guilt) accounted for 21.0 percent and 18.6 percent, respectively, of the total variance. In Study 2, a six-month longitudinal follow-up of seventeen grandparents was conducted by means of in-depth interviews. Subjects provided detailed personal accounts of their coping and recovery processes. Interview data were analyzed using a qualitative approach. The results of Study 2 corroborated and supported the factor analysis results obtained in Study 1. Both studies highlight the continuing need for gerontologists to investigate the complexity of grandparents' grief reactions. The studies draw attention to the mental health implications for older adults who have experienced loss and bereavement.
Using Content Structure in Course Design
Authors: Wilson Brent G.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to suggest some strategies for analyzing and organizing concepts in a given content area, following the elaboration theory of instruction. Based on three main kinds of structure — taxonomies, procedures, and models — the following principles are presented: 1) teach content structure explicitly through diagram, figures, and text cues, 2) use content structure in the organization of lessons; that is, course structure should reflect content structure, and 3) sequence instruction in a general-to-detailed order, building upon central constructs in an elaborative cycle. Following these basic principles should enhance the meaningfulness of what is learned, resulting in improved quantity and quality of learning outcomes.
Using the Active and Passive Voice Appropriately in On-the-Job Writing
Authors: Riggle Keith B.
Published: May 2005

Many current technical writing handbooks still advise writers to avoid the passive voice except in certain limited situations, primarily when the agent is unknown, understood, unimportant, or better left unnamed. However, a growing body of research indicates that the passive voice has a broader array of rhetorical functions. To identify some of the functions of the passive, as well as the active, voice, the frequencies of active and passive verbs were determined in 185 documents written by twenty-eight civilian and military members of the U.S. Air Force. The frequencies were similar to those in similar types of documents written by nonacademic writers in previous studies. In addition, writers were queried about their reasons for choosing active or passive verbs. While the results of the study confirmed the importance of agency in the choice of active or passive, they also revealed numerous other factors that were significant in writers' choices. The most significant reasons for choosing one type of verb over another were the voice of the verb, organizational requirements, audience awareness, efficiency, genre, euphony, personal preference, agency, emphasis, and topic-comment flow. These results suggest that technical writing instruction and handbooks should promote general principles for the use of both active and passive verbs rather than advising against the use of passive verbs.
Comparison of Web and Mail Surveys in Collecting Illicit Drug Use Data: A Randomized Experiment
Authors: McCabe Sean Esteban
Published: May 2005

This randomized experiment examined survey mode effects for self-reporting illicit drug use by comparing prevalence estimates between a Web-based survey and a mail-based survey. A random sample of 7,000 traditional-aged undergraduate students attending a large public university in the United States was selected to participate in the spring of 2001. Students were randomly assigned to self-administer a survey via the Web or U.S. mail. The Web survey produced a significantly higher response rate than the U.S. mail survey. The prevalence estimates of illicit drug use (lifetime and past year) did not differ significantly between the two survey modes. The findings provide preliminary evidence that Web and U.S. mail surveys produce similar results regarding illicit drug use among undergraduate students. Although additional research is needed involving more diverse samples, these findings bode well for using Web surveys in college-based research.
The Origins of Health Insurance for the Aged
Authors: Berliner Howard S.
Published: May 2005

The evolution of the movement to enact a program of health insurance for the aged in the United States is examined in this article. The most popular conception of the origins and intent of Medicare is compared with empirical data drawn from the Medicare experience, and it is found to be wanting. The author presents political-economic theory to explain the origins and actual operation of the Medicare program. The dynamics of this social innovation, as seen from the political-economic perspective, are then discussed and their relevance to health policy is shown.
Jargon and the Passive Voice: Prescriptions and Proscriptions for Scientific Writing
Authors: Wilkinson A.M.
Published: May 2005

Prescriptions for scientific writing about jargon and the passive voice are based on principles of writing presumed to be universal. They do not take into account that language varies with rhetorical setting, that scientists report their research to peer scientists, and that simplification of scientific language is more often translation than synonymy. Jargon, i.e., scientific terminology, is essential for designating new entities for which the language has no name. It makes for economy and for the accuracy and precision required in scientific research. The passive voice is unavoidable because scientists focus on the subject of their research as objects. The proscription of the passive voice and scientific jargon is rooted in the expectation that scientists write so as to be understood by the general reader.
Meeting Learning Styles through the Computer
Authors: Stewart William J.
Published: May 2005

This article describes how the computer can be combined with unit teaching to effectively match instruction to the pupils' learning styles. Essentially, the computer first compiles pupil information into a data bank, then interacts with the data bank and generates individual and group learning style profiles and finally interacts with the learning style profiles and produces instructional units with suggestions matched to the pupils' learning styles. This process can also accommodate new information, as it becomes available, such as the possible implications that research findings, concerning the brain or blood chemistry, might have for meeting the pupils' learning styles.
Learning Rationales and Virtual Reality Technology in Education
Authors: Chiou Guey-Fa
Published: May 2005

Virtual reality technology has many potentials to be applied to help learning. Learning rationales are required to guide the design of virtual reality technology-based learning (VR-Based Learning). Constructionism, case-based learning, problem-based learning, and situated learning are considered as appropriate rationales. An integrated learning rationale and design models based on the integrated learning rationale for VR-based learning are needed. Beliefs about information technology in education were used as guidelines to discuss the application of virtual reality technology to design virtual learning environment, virtual learning material, and virtual learning tool. Virtual reality technology is a modeling technology, education is a modeling process, combining these two modeling approaches is natural and necessary.
Laws of Motion in the for-Profit Health Industry: A Theory and Three Examples
Authors: Stevenson Gelvin
Published: May 2005

The dynamics generated in the for-profit health industry by the drive for accumulation combine with the life cycle of a product to produce, within a given political framework, tendencies toward certain types of industry structure. The evolution of this structure is characterized by increased concentration of economic activity in diversified multinational corporations which combine health and non-health products.

Three industries representing different stages of product and market development are analyzed in this article. The pharmaceutical industry is a mature industry dominated by large diversified multinational corporations which grow mainly through expansion abroad and diversification. The medical and dental instruments and supplies industry is newer, smaller, and faster growing. Its growth potential is attracting many companies and increasing competition. The newest industry, investor-owned hospitals and hospital chains, is characterized by rapidly growing but still relatively small companies. The appendix, included to illustrate certain social, economic, and political issues, focuses on Medtronics, a highly scientific, fast-growing firm which produces electronic pacemakers.
Evaluation of an Educational Intervention upon Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior concerning Drinking/Drugged Driving
Authors: Kooler James M. , Bruvold William H.
Published: May 2005

The Contra Costa County educational program for juveniles found guilty of driving under the influence (DUI) was evaluated. Over 600 juveniles convicted of DUI from 1983 to 1988 formed the study group for this research and of these over 100 participated in the educational program. Assessment of program participants was conducted for knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Participants demonstrated increased knowledge, stronger attitudes against driving under the influence, and less risky alcohol and automobile related behaviors. County juvenile records analyzed by the logit procedure showed that class participants had a significantly lower number of repeat offenses compared to non-program participants that could not be explained by race, offense severity, age or gender.
Women, Health and the Sexual Division of Labor: A Case Study of the Women's Health Movement in Britain
Authors: Doyal Lesley
Published: May 2005

The women's health movement in Britain can be divided into three main stages. During the first period, most activities took place outside the National Health Service (NHS) and the emphasis was on women as consumers of medical care. Feminists exposed the sexism inherent in most medical practice and stressed the need for women to gain control of reproductive technology. During the second phase, these priorities shifted toward a greater concern with the need to defend the NHS against reductions in resources and to oppose the increasing privatization of medical care. These campaigns involved women not only as users of medical services but also as health workers, thereby bringing the women's health movement into the wider political arena. They also led to the growth of a socialist feminist analysis of women's health issues and a recognition that feminist participation in health struggles is essential if the NHS is to be not merely defended but qualitatively changed to meet the real needs of consumers and workers. During the third (and current) stage of the women's health movement, feminists have moved beyond a concern with medical care alone toward the development of a socialist feminist epidemiology—toward the identification and eventual elimination of those aspects of contemporary society that make women sick.
Self-Initiated Imaginal and Cognitive Components: Evaluation of Differential Effectiveness in Altering Unpleasant Moods
Authors: Means John R. , Wilson Gregory L. , Dlugokinski Lesley J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differential effectiveness of brief cognitive and imaginal techniques in the alleviation of experientially induced anger and sadness. Thirty-two male and female undergraduates recruited from an introductory psychology course were randomly assigned to one of two mood groups (i.e., anger or sadness) and either of two treatment orders (i.e., cognitive-imagery; imagery-cognitive). Likert-type scales were used to assess mood level at pre and posttreatments. Results indicate: self-initiated statements and self-generated images were both effective in altering unpleasant moods. Moreover, a significant order by repeated measures interaction suggests that treatment effectiveness is enhanced when personal images precede personal cognitions. Categorical analyses of imaginal and cognitive themes suggested that some classes of imaginal and cognitive themes were superior to others in reducing unpleasant affect.
Surveys in Two-Year Technical Communication Curriculum Development
Authors: Brockmann R. John
Published: May 2005

Mail survey research exists which can provide guidelines in the development of two-year college technical communications curriculum. This paper describes what surveys exist; where they have been reported; and what they have found. Close examination reveals that there are areas of research saturation and areas of research deficiency. By developing new types of questions to cover these areas of research deficiency, future researchers will be able to analyze vital new areas of knowledge.