bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Siedmiu braci Machabejskich z Czwartej Księgi Machabejskiej jako typ Chrystusa. Próba zastosowania egzegezy typologicznej do tekstu 4 Mch
Authors: Baran Grzegorz Mariusz
Published: August 2019

W niniejszym artykule została przedstawiona swego rodzaju próba zastosowania egzegezy typologicznej do tekstu 4 Mch. W świetle przeprowadzonych analiz widać wyraźnie, że siedmiu braci męczenników może być postrzeganych jako typ Chrystusa: liczba siedem, określająca ich ilość -  typem doskonałości osoby Chrystusa; pochodzenie siedmiu braci od Abrahama - typem pochodzenia Chrystusa; kierowanie się przez braci „pobożnym rozumem” - typem poddania się woli Ojca przez Chrystusa; namowy Antiocha IV - typem kuszenia Chrystusa przez diabła; męczeńska ofiara braci - typem ofiary zbawczej Chrystusa; „utwierdzeni w niebie” braci - typem wniebowstąpienia Chrystusa. Posługując się cytowanym wyżej stwierdzeniem św. Ireneusza, można powiedzieć, że rzeczywiście w 4 Mch ukryty jest Chrystus za pomocą typów, które związane są z postaciami siedmiu braci machabejskich.  Mając natomiast na uwadze fakt, że 4 Mch czerpała z 2 Mch lub z tych samych źródeł, można stwierdzić, iż sposób przedstawienia przez autora z I w. po Chr. siedmiu braci, których historia rozegrała się w II w. przed Chr., jeszcze bardziej - w perspektywie typologicznej  - przybliżył ich do Osoby Chrystusa. W tym kontekście na uwagę zasługuje także matka siedmiu braci, której osobę można byłoby zinterpretować  jako typ Maryi - Matki Chrystusa.
Między Rzymem a opozycją antychalcedońską.
Authors: Sadurska Katarzyna
Published: August 2019

Z jednej strony, stosunki z Rzymem i opozycją anty-chalcedońską, a z drugiej stosunki z patriarchą Konstantynopola i troska o prawowierność poddanych to cztery podstawowe kierunki polityki religijnej cesarza Leona I. Bilans jego panowania w tym zakresie wydaje się być pozytywny. Cesarz zdołał utrzymać dobre stosunki z papieżem Leo I Wielkim i z jego następcami, mimo że niekiedy musiał iść na kompromis z przeciwnikami decyzji, które zostały przyjęte w roku 451 przez Sobór Chalcedoński. Z kolei papież, mimo że 28 kanon tegoż soboru przyznał mu w hierarchii patriarchów tylko prymat honoru, był w stanie współpracować z Konstantynopolem w celu było zachowania jedności Kościoła. W ten sposób cesarz Leon I i papież Leon I udowodnili nie tylko wysoką kulturę osobistą, ale przede wszystkim dalekowzroczność swej polityki religijnej. Z kolei ważnym momentem w stosunkach cesarza z patriarchą Konstantynopola była koronacja cesarska Leona, w której patriarcha odegrał bardzo ważną rolę. Cesarz poświęcał również wiele uwagi życiu duchowemu swych poddanych, o czym świadczy m.in. sprowadzenie relikwii Matki Bożej do stolicy i propagowanie jej kultu, co dla z punktu widzenia postanowień Soboru Chalcedońskiego było niezwykle ważne. Działania te stawiają w dobrym świetle nie tylko Leona I, lecz także politykę religijną dworu cesarskiego i patriarchatu Konstantynopola za jego panowania. Napięcia religijne i polityczne powstały dopiero kilka lat po śmierci cesarza, a ich wyrazem była tzw. schizma akacjańska (484-519).
Geneza herezji i postawa wobec heretyków na podstawie "Konstytucji apostolskich"
Authors: Kieling Michał
Published: August 2019

Źródłem podstawowym powyższego opracowania jest tekst Konstytucji apostolskich (Consitutiones Apostolorum). Przedmiotem naszej analizy jest przede wszystkim VI księga tego dzieła zatytułowana: O schizmach i herezjach. Konstytucje apostolskie stanowią kompilację wcześniejszych tekstów jak: Didaskalia, Didache, Traditio Apostolica (nazwy te mogą zostać po łacinie). Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie poglądów na temat genezy herezji oraz postawy wobec heretyków.  Dzieło to składa się z ośmiu ksiąg i posiada przede wszystkim charakter prawno-liturgiczny. Zawiera ono również wiele wskazówek o charakterze doktrynalnym (teologicznym) i praktycznym, skierowanych do duchownych i świeckich. Konstytucje Apostolskie powstały w Antiochii ok. 380 roku. W tym czasie miasto to posiadało charakter wielokulturowy i przeżywało wielki rozwój, będąc silnym ośrodkiem kultury hellenistycznej, chrześcijańskiej i judaistycznej. Powyższy artykuł został poprzedzony wprowadzeniem i składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej części przedstawiono genezę herezji w Starym Testamencie. W drugiej  części ukazano początki herezji w chrześcijaństwie. Natomiast w trzeciej części zaprezentowano praktyczne wskazówki dotyczące postawy i relacji chrześcijan wobec herezji i heretyków. Analiza tekstu prowadzi do konkluzji, że odrzucenie Prawa i proroków, nauczania apostolskiego i prawowiernej doktryny Kościoła prowadzi do herezji. Konstytucje apostolskie  podkreślają szczególny autorytet św. Piotra jako biskupa Rzymu i nauczyciela wiary oraz apostolskość doktryny chrześcijańskiej.
Postulat animacji biblijnej duszpasterstwa w dokumencie Papieskiej Komisji Biblijnej "Interpretacja Biblii w Kościele" i w adhortacji apostolskiej Benedykta XVI "Verbum Domini"
Authors: Pikor Wojciech
Published: August 2019

Przedmiotem analizy jest dokument Papieskiej Komisji Biblijnej „Interpretacja Biblii w Kościele”. Jest on najpierw odczytany w kontekście odnowy biblijnej, jaka miała miejsce w Kościele katolickim w XX wieku, w szczególności w związku z konstytucją Dei Verbum Soboru Watykańskiego II. Nowością dokumenty PKB jest położenie większego akcentu na kwestię aktualizacji i inkulturacji Biblii, jak również zwrócenie uwagi na duszpasterską rolę wspólnot podstawowych podejmujących lekturę Pisma Świętego. Pewną słabością dokumentu „Interpretacja Biblii w Kościele” jest zauważalny w nim brak współpracy biblistów z teologiami pastoralnymi. Ten mankament jest przezwyciężony w adhortacji Verbum Domini, której główny postulat zawiera się w „ubiblijnieniu całego duszpasterstwa”. W konsekwencji adhortacja stwarza nowe możliwości animacji biblijnej duszpasterstwa, rozwijając i pogłębiając postulaty wysunięte wcześniej w dokumencie „Interpretacji Biblii w Kościele”.
Znaczenie terminu ὥρα („godzina”) w Apokalipsie Janowej
Authors: Karczewski Marek
Published: August 2019

Sposób rozumienia terminu ὥρα  w Ap jest zależny od kontekstu  literackiego i teologicznego księgi. W pierwszym punkcie artykułu omówiono teksty z Listów do Kościołów. W kontekście przesłania Chrystusa do Kościołów „godzina” wiąże się z kondycją wspólnoty wierzących. W Liście do Kościoła w Sardach (3,3) brak czujności może spowodować, że nie będzie on zdolny rozpoznać czasu nadejścia swojego Pana. W Liście do Kościoła w Filadelfii (3,10) otrzymuje on od Chrystusa obietnicę zachowania w godzinie próby. W punkcie drugim omówiono pozostałe teksty znajdujące się w kontekście głównej części Ap 4,1-22,5. W Ap 17–18 odniesienia do „godziny” posiadają dwa różne znaczenia. W kontekście Ap 17,12 „jedna godzina” symbolizuje ograniczony okres władzy skierowanej przeciwko Bogu, Barankowi i Kościołowi. W pieśni żałobnej w Ap 18 „jedna godzina” stanowi stały element lamentu królów, kupców i właścicieli statków (18,10.17.19). Wyrażenie „jedna godzina” podkreśla nagły i szybki upadek Babilonu. W Ap 11,13 „godzina” to precyzyjny moment realizacji planu Boga (11,13). W Ap 9,15; 14,7.15 jest to dokładnie  zaplanowany jest moment sądu Bożego.  W punkcie trzecim omówiono znaczenie wyrażenia „pół godziny” W przypadku „półgodziny” w Ap 8,1 prawdopodobnie chodzi o bardzo krótki okres czasu. W kontekście Ap godzina  może oznaczać zarówno konkretny moment historyczny, jak i  bardzo krótki, ograniczony okres czasu. W jednym i drugim przypadku czas ten jest zaplanowany przez Boga.
Dawid Mielnik, Motyw wskrzeszenia w biblijnych tradycjach o Eliaszu i Elizeuszu. Porównawcze studium historyczno-krytyczne 1Krl 17,8-24 i 2Krl 4,8-37 (Studia Biblica Lublinensia 17; Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL 2018)
Authors: Podeszwa Paweł Adam
Published: August 2019

Recenzja książki: Dawid Mielnik, Motyw wskrzeszenia w biblijnych tradycjach o Eliaszu i Elizeuszu. Porównawcze studium historyczno-krytyczne 1Krl 17,8-24 i 2Krl 4,8-37 (Studia Biblica Lublinensia 17; Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL 2018).
Pokolenie polskich milenialsów. Studium socjologiczno-pastoralne
Authors: Pawlina Krzysztof
Published: August 2019

Generacja młodych Polaków, jak nigdy dotąd, przeżywa duże przeobrażenia w sferze religijnej, kulturowej i obyczajowej. Choć określają się oni jako osoby wierzące, nie potwierdza się to w ich deklaracjach dotyczących praktyk religijnych ani życia moralnego. Wyczuwa się spore napięcie między wymaganiami stawianymi przez Kościół a pragnieniem wolności. Wolność staje się wartością absolutną, zaś kryterium wartościowania są zachcianka, użyteczność i ulotność chwili. Mimo że jako swoje cele życiowe wskazują rodzinę, odwzajemnioną miłość i bezpieczeństwo, to jednak w praktyce poszerza się grono ludzi żyjących bez jakiegokolwiek związku, a na pewno - bez sakramentu małżeństwa. Obniża się wpływ Kościoła na życie młodych Polaków i pomniejsza się wychowawcza rola rodziny. Rodzice wobec swoich dzieci często są bezradni, wielu nawet nie próbuje ich przynaglać do chodzenia na lekcje religii czy do kościoła. Za cenę zachowania relacji ze swoimi dziećmi milczeniem pomijają kwestie moralności i religijności. Młodzi ludzie przełomu wieków odznaczają się dużym poczuciem pewności siebie, są dobrze wykształceni, znają języki obce, czują się obywatelami świata.
Czas w kapłańskim opowiadaniu o stworzeniu: dzień pierwszy (Rdz 1,3-5)
Authors: Napora Krzysztof
Published: August 2019

W artykule tym autor  porusza zagadnienie temporalnego wymiaru stworzonego świata w kapłańskim opowiadaniu o stworzeniu (Rdz 1,1-2,4a). Swoją uwagę koncentruje przede wszystkim na pierwszym dniu stworzenia (Rdz 1,3-5). Stworzenie światła, oddzielenie go od ciemności, wreszcie nazwanie światła dniem, a ciemności nocą wydaje się uruchamiać kosmiczny zegar i tworzyć zręby struktury czasowej stworzonego świata. Jednym z elementów tej struktury wydaje się być sekwencja wieczór – poranek, która określać może granice poszczególnych dni i czasów. Zagadnienie to wydaje się nabierać szczególnego znaczenia w kontekście obrzędów religijnych, zwłaszcza szabatu.
Scott Hahn, Czwarty Kielich. Odkrywanie tajemnicy Ostatniej Wieczerzy i krzyża (Kraków: Esprit 2019)
Authors: Kubiś Adam
Published: August 2019

Recenzja książki: Scott Hahn, Czwarty Kielich. Odkrywanie tajemnicy Ostatniej Wieczerzy i krzyża (Kraków: Esprit 2019). Ss. 191. PLN 21,90. ISBN 978-83-66061-68-2
KANONİK KORELASYON ANALİZİ İLE KONTROL ODAĞI VE İŞE YÖNELİK UMUT ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: DEMİRHAN Ayşe , DOĞAN Altan , BOZKURT Serdar
Published: August 2019

Çalışmada; kontrol odakları (dışsal-içsel) ile

işe yönelik umutları ve bunun boyutları arasındaki ilişki üniversite

öğrencileri bağlamında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca kontrol odağı değişkeninin

cinsiyet ve çalışma durumu gibi demografik değişkenlere göre farklılıkları ele

alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda kontrol odağı ile işe yönelik umut arasında

ilişki olduğu ve işe yönelik umut değişkeni ve boyutlarının kontrol odaklarına

göre farklılaştığı bulunmuştur. Yine kontrol odağının demografik

değişkenlerden, cinsiyet ve çalışma durumuna göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit

edilmiştir. 
Analisis Perencanaan Electronic Learning Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Lembaga Administrasi Negara Bandung
Authors: Abubakar Rodlial Ramdhan Tackbir
Published: August 2019

Abstrak Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis sejauh mana perencanaan E-Learning Di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Sekolah Lembaga Administrasi Negara Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perencanaan e-learning telah didasarkan pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, sedangkan perencanaan e-learning ditinjau dari aspek Sumber Daya Manusia sudah sangat baik karena memiliki tim pengelola dengan kompetensi yang mumpuni, selain itu perencanaan e-learning dari ditinjau dari bahan ajar sudah terdapat upaya yang sistematis dan terencana, dan perencanaan e-learning ditinjau dari sarana prasarana sudah cukup baik namun perlu adanya pengembangan-pengembangan aplikasi dan penyediaan ruang studio yang berfungsi untuk menunjang efektifitas penerapan e-learning. Kata Kunci: analisis perencanaan, e-learning, pembelajaran elektronik
THE RELATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP STYLE ON WORK MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEES IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF COMPLETE SYSTEMATIC LAND REGISTRATION TARGETS (CASE STUDY OF KEBUMEN DISTRICT LAND OFFICE)
Authors: Arnowo Hadi Arnowo
Published: August 2019

Target achievement of Complete Systematic Land Registration in Kebumen Regency in 2017 as many as 50,000 fields have been completely completed (100%). The success is inseparable from the role of the leadership and employees of the Land Office of Kebumen Regency. The success of achieving the targets of Complete Systematic Land Registration activities (PTSL) is determined by employee motivation. Factors that play a role in employee motivation include the leadership style and organizational culture. Scientific Writing Research aims to determine the relationship between leadership style and organizational culture on employee work motivation associated with achieving PTS targets. The results of data processing using the correlation test show that there are significant influences and strong influences from each and collectively the factors of leadership style and organizational culture on the work motivation of the Kebumen Regency Land Office employees. This influence proves that the success of achieving the target activities must involve all elements of the employee to be responsible and professionally complete the task. The role of leaders in mobilizing and motivating employees is very important in order to create a positive organizational culture.
CREATIVE STRATEGY IN PRODUCTION OF PROMOTION VIDEO FOR THE RATTAN TOURISM VILLAGE OF TRANGSAN
Authors: Morgana Daniel Andhika , Rizal H Sigit , Bilankawa Firdana , Ramadhian Alpin , Ardi Candra D.A Nur Rahmat
Published: August 2019

One aspect that affects the speed of development of a tourist village is the promotion of the village. Promotion of village tourism is very important especially for villages that are pioneering. Village promotion can be carried out by internal elements who carry out promotions and information intensively. Therefore, it is necessary to involve the village youth group "Susilo Bhakti" of Trangsan Village. Research methods with a focus on creative strategies implemented in the preproduction, production and post-production stages. The results of the study showed that 1) village youth group were able to make creative videos that highlighted the uniqueness of the Rattan Tourism Village of Trangsan; 2) Strategy in the preproduction stage is to emphasize the importance in determining ideas and concepts that are the main theme, 3) Strategy in the production phase is to focus on understanding about the several types of shooting of local village tourism objects, and 4) Strategy in the post-production stage is focus on image editing and publication on social media Youtube and Instagram.
Commitment of Political Communication in the Mayor of Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Nurdin Zahari
Published: August 2019

The development of political communication relies on multidisciplinary based on concepts in communication, political science, journalism, sociology, psychology, history, rhetoric, and others. This study deals with commitment of political communication in the mayor of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Constructivism paradigm is used in this study to discuss the perceptions on truth, explanation, beliefs and views about the world. The result shows that the mayor paradigm in building the Banda Aceh city area referred to the concept of the Prophet's development in Medina, and the Aceh Sultanates in building the area. Success in building the country and region are basically fully committed to carrying out and enforcing Islamic law in order to be strong and reside in the souls of the people. Therefore the mayor believes and is committed to continuing to build the city of Banda Aceh as a civil city model that is inseparable from building Islamic law in a consistent manner.
The larvae of two closely-related blowfly species of the genus Chrysomya (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Erzinclioglu Zakaria
Published: August 2019

The third instar larvae of two closely-related blowfly species, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and Chrysomya regalis Robineau-Desvoidy (=marginalis Wiedemann) are described and illustrated, and a simple key is given to separate them. As with some other blowfly larvae, it was found that the structure of the spines was a most useful diagnostic feature. Although the natural ranges of these two species do not overlap to any extent, the recent introduction of Ch. megacephala into Africa (part of the range of Ch. regalis) makes it desirable to separate these two species in the larval stage.
Notes on Finnish Sepsidae and Muscidae (Diptera)
Authors: Pont Adrian
Published: August 2019

Additions and corrections to the Finnish list of Sepsidae.
Review: Behavior-modifying chemicals for insect management
Authors: Tuovinen Tuomo
Published: August 2019

Ridgway, R. L., Silverstein, R. M. & Inscoe, M. N. (eds.) 1990: Behavior-modifying chemicals for insect management. Applications of pheromones and other attractants. - Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA. 761 pp.ISBN 0-8247 -8156-2. USD 195 in the USA and Canada, and USD 234 elsewhere.
Records of Galerucinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from the lndian subcontinent. Part 1.
Authors: Silfverberg Hans
Published: August 2019

Records are given for 29 species of Oidini, Galerucini, Metacyclini and Hylaspini from Pakistan, northern India, Nepal and Bhutan. Meristata quadrifasciata interrupta (Kollar & Redtenbacher) is considered subspecifically distinct, Galerucella placida Baly is considered separate from G. grisescens (Joann.), and the status of Nepalogaleruca elegans angustilineafa Kimoto & Takizawa is discussed.
Maps of the provincial distribution of Finnish Heteroptera
Authors: Lammes Tapio , Rinne Veikko
Published: August 2019

The distribution of Finnish Heteroptera (475 species) in biogeographical provinces is mapped, and their phenological pattern is presented, together with notes on the biology of some of the species. The most important faunistic literature on Finnish Heteroptera is listed.
Balancing sampling effort in pitfall trapping of carabid beetles
Authors: Niemelä Jari , Halme Eero , Haila Yrjö
Published: August 2019

Samples of carabids were collected from two study areas in southern Finnish coniferous forest using continuous pitfall trapping throughout the breeding season. These were compared with samples from combinations of early and late season sampling periods (5+5, 10+10 or 14+14 days in each combination). The same species were abundart in both the smaller samples from combinations of periods and in the whole season samples. There was considerable variation in the total catch of carabids among the 10-day samples (5+5 days) which mainly reflected fluctuation in catch of the abundant species in the early season. About 42% of the total number of species was caught in every 10-day sample, 52% in every 20-day sample, and 61% and 77% in every 28-day sample. Most species not caught during the shorter trapping periods were scarce in the whole season sample (<10 individuals). We suggest that samples obtained by trapping periods of 20 days or more were similar enough to the whole season sample to be used in several types of ecoiogical studies.
First record of Chrysomela vigintipunctata from Finland (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Biström Olof
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. Vol. 2:18. 9.IV.1991
Coelambus polonicus (Aube) and C. parallelogrammus (Ahrens) new to the Finnish fauna (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)
Authors: Rutanen Ilpo , Rassi Pertti
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. Vol. 2:23. 9.IV.1991
lchneumonidae new to Finland (Hymenoptera). l.
Authors: Jussila Reijo
Published: August 2019

Records are presented of 20 ichneumonids new to Finland: Adelognathus stelfoxi Fitton, Gauld & Gupta, Campodorus hamulus (Gravenhorst), C. hyperboreus (Holmgren), C. rubidus (Thomson) comb. n., C. suspicax (Holmgren), Mesoleius immarginatus Thomson, M. sinuatus Thomson, Saofis dorsatus (Thomson), S. nigriventris (Thomson), Syndipnus atricornis (Thomson), Campoplexferinus (Holmgren) comb. n., Bathyplectes stenostigma (Thomson), Callidora albovincta (Holmgren, 1960), C. analis (Gravenhorst), Delopia baueri (Hinz) comb.n., D. carpathica (Szépligeti) comb.n., Hyposoter tricolor (Ratzeburg), Olesicampe curtigena (Thomson), Diaparsis carinifer (Thomson) and Probles tenuicornis Horstmann. Delopia carpathica is rcported for the first time from Sweden. Finnish records of Echthronomas ochrostoma (Holmgren) refer to E. tricincta (Gravenhorst). E. ochrostomahas not been found in Finland.
Description of the male of Campodorus hyperboreus (Holmgren, 1855) (lchneumonidae, Hymenoptera)
Authors: Jussila Reijo
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. Vol. 2:43. 9.IV.1991
Review: Population Dynamics of Forest Insects
Authors: Selander Jukka
Published: August 2019

Watt, A. D., Leather, S. R., Hunter, M. D. & Kidd, N. A. C. (eds.) 1990. Population Dynamics of Forest Insects. 408 pp. - Intercept Ltd. Hampshire. ISBN 0-946707-28-6. Price GBP 40.00.
The male genitalia of Monochamus sutor (L.), M. galloprovincialis (Olivier) and M. urussovi (Fischer von Waldheim) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
Authors: Tomminen Jyrki , Leppänen Pirjo
Published: August 2019

Comparison of the male genitalia of the three Monochamus species occurring in Finland revealed differences in the structure and size of the median lobe: the shape of the apex is rounded in M. sutor, whereas in M. galloprovincialis it is slightly concave. M. urussovi has a completely flattened apex and the uppermost part of the basal struts extends far upward, almost reaching the apex. The length of the median lobe is distinctly larger in M. urussovi than in the two other species.
Review: Bruchids and legumes: economics, ecology and coevolution
Authors: Silfverberg Hans
Published: August 2019

Fujii, K., Gatehouse, A. M. R., Johnson, C. D., Mitchell, R. & Yoshida, T. (eds.) 1990: Bruchids and legumes: economics, ecology and coevolution. - Series Entomologica 46. 407 pp. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-0701-1. Price 175 USD.
Distribution and phenology of the Ancistrocerus and Symmorphus species in eastern Fennoscandia (Hymenoptera, Eumenidae)¹
Authors: Pekkarinen Antti , Huldén Larry
Published: August 2019

Distribution and phenology of ten Ancistrocerus and eight Symmorphus species in Finland and the northwestern U.S.S.R. are presented on the basis of 8495 specimens from public and private collections. A. nigricornis, S. fuscipes and S. murarius are shown to have retreated during the last few decades from a large area of their former range in Finland. The proportions of A. antilope, A. parietum, S. allobrogus and S. crassicornis have decreased, while the proportion of A. parietinus has considerably increased in the area after the year 1970. Decrease of dead deciduous trees is one possible reason. A. parietum and A. trifasciatus are possibly bivoltine in southern Finland.
Review: Safer insecticides - Development and use
Authors: Turunen Seppo , Huldén Larry , Roos Christophe
Published: August 2019

Hodgson, E. & Kuhr, R. J. (eds.) 1990: Safer insecticides. Development and use. 593 pp. --Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel. ISBN 0-8241-1884-7.Price USD 135 in USA and Canada, LSD 162 elsewhere.

Steinmann, H. 1989: World catalogue of Dermaptera. - (Series Entomologica. Vol. 43. Ed. K. A. Spencer). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht - Boston - London. 934 pp. ISBN 0-7923-0096-3. Price DFL 500, USD 265, GBP 164.

Gilbert, L. I. & Miller, T. A. (eds.) 1988: Immunological Techniques in Insect Biology. -284pp. 71 figs. 15 tabs. Springer Verlag, New-York, Berlin, Heidelberg, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong. ISBN 3-540-96630-7. Price DEM 110.
Records of Microlepidoptera from Finland 1990 (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Kaila Lauri , Kerppola Sakari
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. 30.IV.1992
On the identity of Quedius limbatus (Heer) and Q. limbatoides Coiffait (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) and their distribution in Fennoscandian countries
Authors: Clayhills Tom
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. Vol. 3:14. 30.IV.1992
Further information on the oribatid fauna (Acarina, Oribatei) of the northern palearctic region: Ukraina and Czechoslovakia
Authors: Karppinen Eero , Melamud V. , Miko Ladislav , Krivolutsky Dimitri
Published: August 2019

A list of the oribatids of Ukraina and Czechoslovakia, with find localities, has been compiled from published reports and new collecting data. Altogether 453 species or subspecies are now known from Ukraina and 186 from Czechoslovakia.
Review: Scale Insects of Central Europe
Authors: Huldén Larry
Published: August 2019

Kosztarab, M. & Kozar, F. 1988: Scale Insects of Central Europe. - 456 pp., 16 colour plates. Dr. WJunk Publishers. Dordrecht-Boston-Lancaster. ISBN-9061936233 . Ptice DFL 225 .-.
Cynaeus opacus Champion, a new tenebrionid beetle in Finland (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Mannerkoski Ilpo , Ferrer Julio
Published: August 2019

From1989 on Cynaeus opacus Champion has been found in waste heaps and similar localities in southern Finland together with other synanthropic beetles. Cynaeus is an American genus spreading with man; another species, C. angustus (LeConte), has recently been recorded from Sweden.
Neue und wenig bekannte Arten der Lepidopteren-Fauna Lettlands. 13. Mitteilung
Authors: Šulcs Ivars
Published: August 2019

Faunistic and ecological notes are given on 66 Latvian species of Lepidoptera, 31 of which are new to the fauna. Of these, 13 are also new to Estonia and Lithuania: Ectoedemia albibimaculella (Larsen), E. longicaudella Klimesch, Tinea pallescentella Stainton, Bucculatrix noltei Petry , Agonopterix bipunctosa (Cuttis), Coleophora conyzae Zeller, C. gardesanella Toll, Metzneria aestivella (Zeller), Scrobipalpa nitentella (Fuchs), Epinotia indecorana (Zetterstedt), Pammene clanculana (Tengström), Dichrorampha uralensis (Danilevsky), Eupithecia ochridata Pinker. 2341 species of Lepidoptera are now known from Latvia.
Eurygaster maurus (L.) excluded from the fauna of Finland (Heteroptera, Scutelleridae)
Authors: Lammes Tapio
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. Vol. 3:111. 31.VIII.1992
lnfluence of temperature on survival and emergence of diapausing Peristenus stenodemae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Varis Anna-Liisa , Bilewicz-Pawińska Teresa
Published: August 2019

Cocoons of Peristenus stenodemae Loan, a nymphal parasitoid of Stenodema virens (L.), were exposed to varying degrees of cold during diapause and tested for survival and emergence time. Survival of pupae was highest at temperatures above zero. Mortality increased with decreasing temperature reaching 100% at bout -20°C. Three to four weeks were needed to reach 50% emergence after cold storage.
Spiders (Araneae) from Central Yakutia, Siberia
Authors: Koponen Seppo , Marusik Yuri
Published: August 2019

A spider collection from the central parts of Yakutia, Siberia, includes 183 species, of which 130 have not been previously recorded from Yakutia. The species are listed together with collecting localities and with the first published record from Yakutia.
The identity of the Spinola Collection Corixidae (Heteroptera)
Authors: Jansson Antti
Published: August 2019

In a catalogue prepared on the Hemiptera of the Massimiliano Spinola Collection in the Torino Museum, Italy, 16 species were placed under the generic name Corixa, and two under the generic name Sigara. In ten of the taxa, the author was claimed to have been Spinola himself. However, only two valid taxa have been generally accepted, and the rest are either synonymic or only collection names. The present paper reveals the true identity of all the species of the Corixidae in the Spinola Collection.
Review: Whiteflies - their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management
Authors: Huldén Larry
Published: August 2019

Gerling, Dan (ed.) 1990: Whiteflies: their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management. Intercept Ltd, Andover, Hants, UK. 348 pp. ISBN 0-946707-16-2. Price GBP 40.
Index to genera and species, Volume 2 (1991)
Authors: Jansson Antti
Published: August 2019

Vol. 2 No. 4 1991
Contents, Volume 3 (1992)
Authors: Jansson Antti
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. 3.XII.1992
Short reports
Authors: Jansson Antti
Published: August 2019

The following reports have been presented during the last year at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), the Lepidopterological Society of Finland (LSF) and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT). For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
A new method for collecting quantitative samples of insects associated with decaying wood or wood fungi
Authors: Kaila Lauri
Published: August 2019

A trapping method for collecting quantitative samples of insects, especially beetles (Coleoptera) associated with decaying wood or wood fungi, is described. The trap is a modification of the window flight trap, attached to dead tree trunks, preferably close to the basidiocarps of polypores. Sampling during the summer of 1990 in southern Finland showed that large numbers of insects living in decaying wood or polypores can be caught with this method without destroying the habitat. Several threatened species were found during this sampling.
Review: Insect-Plant Interaction
Authors: Carlberg Ulf
Published: August 2019

Bernays, E. A. (ed.) 1992: Insect-Plant Interaction. Vol. IV. 248 pp., 37 black-and-white illustrations, 18 tables. Size 17.5 x 25.5 em, bound.- C. R. C. Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo. ISBN 0-8493-4124-8. Price GBP 72. 50.
Review: Rearing and Studying Stick and Leaf-Insects
Authors: Carlberg Ulf
Published: August 2019

Brock, P. D. 1992: Rearing and Studying Stick and Leaf-Insects. The Amateur Entomologists' Society, Handbook no. 22. 79 pp., 37 figs. and 7 black-and-white plates, 1 table. Size 14.5 x 21.0 em. -Can be obtained from: AES Publications, The Hawthorns, Prating Road, Great Bromley, Colcester C07 7JN, England. ISBN 0-900054-54-9. Price GBP 5.00.
Hydraena excisa Ganglbauer (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae) new to Finland
Authors: Hansen Michael , Hämäläinen Heikki
Published: August 2019

Hydraena excisa is reported from four localities in northern Finland: the first records north of the nearest hitherto known find in northern Poland. Notes on the identification are given and the distribution of the species is revised.
Hemiptera of Iraq. IV. Heteroptera, the aquatic and subaquatic families, Saldidae and Leptopodidae
Authors: Linnavuori Rauno
Published: August 2019

A list of the species of the aquatic and subaquatic Heteroptera and Saldidae and Leptopodidae known to occur in Iraq is published. The list contains several new records for Iraq. Hebrus syriacus Horvath from Israel is redescribed.
Elachista adelpha sp. n., E. coeneni titanella ssp. n, and other Elachistidae (Lepidoptera) from North Caucasus
Authors: Kaila Lauri , Jalava Jukka
Published: August 2019

Five species belonging to the Elachistidae are reported from North Caucasus. Three of these species have previously been known only from the mountains of Central and Southeastern Europe. New taxa: Elachista adelpha sp. n. and Elachista coeneni titanella ssp. n.
Review: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships
Authors: Carlberg Ulf
Published: August 2019

Menken, S. B. J., Visser, J. H. & Harrewijn, P. (Eds.) 1992: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. - Series Entomologica, vol. 49. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston & London. 436 pp., 81 figs., 43 tables. Size 15.5 x 24.0 em. ISBN 0- 7923-2099-9. Price DFL 250.00.
Wing variation of Maculinea arion (Linnaeus) in Finland (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
Authors: Väisänen Rauno , Heliövaara Kari , Somerma Päivö
Published: August 2019

Wing variation in the large blue butterfly, Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758), was studied using 22 measurements of the wing shape, venation and coloration in males and females of Finnish and Karelian populations. The results showed that the spots were fewer and smaller in the western populations than in the eastern ones, whereas the black marginal stripe was wider in the west. The samples from the western populations (Lohja, Kangasala, Hattula, Asikkala, etc.) formed a distinctive group differing from the eastern populations (Taipalsaari, Liperi, Isthmus of Karelia). The temporal within-population variation in Asikkala was relatively high compared to the between-population variation within both the western and eastern population groups.
Prosciara didactyla sp. n. and P. megachaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1991 from Thailand (Diptera, Sciaridae)
Authors: Kjærandsen Jostein
Published: August 2019

Prosciara didactyla sp. n. and P. megachaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1991 are reported from Thailand. The description of the genus Prosciara is revised.
Endothenia oblongana and E. marginana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Finland, with description of a new subspecies
Authors: Laasonen Erkki , Laasonen Leena
Published: August 2019

The Finnish Endothenia sp. called E. gentianaeana (Hübner) for more than a hundred years is shown to be E. oblongana (Haworth), a species occurring also in the other Nordic countries. To our knowledge, E. marginana (Haworth) has a discontinuous distribution in Finland, Sweden, and East Karelia. On the basis of the distribution and differences in appearance a new subspecies Endothenia marginana tarandina ssp. n. is described, with data on its biology.
The female of Rhigognostis sibirica (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae)
Authors: Itämies Juhani , Karvonen Jaakko
Published: August 2019

The female of Rhigognostis sibirica Kyrki, 1989, is described. Habitually it is similar to the male. The genitalia are characterized by two signa and a narrow elongated antrum. A key to the identification of female Rhigognostis species on the basis of genitalia is given. R. sibirica is reported as new for the American continent.
Xyletinus tremulicola (Coleoptera, Anobiidae) found in Finland
Authors: Rutanen Ilpo
Published: August 2019

Xyletinus tremulicola Y. Kangas, described and hitherto known only from Sweden, is reported from Finland. The habitat and the most important diagnostic characters are described.
On the Miridae fauna of the Middle East (Heteroptera, Miridae)
Authors: Linnavuori Rauno
Published: August 2019

The taxonomy of the genera Tuponia Reuter, 1875, and Cyrtopeltis Fieber, 1860, is discussed. New species: Tuponia semele and T. filomele spp. n. (Israel). New combination: Tarajala brevicornis (Reuter, 1879) = Tuponia brevicornis (Reuter, 1979). New synonymies: Tuponia annulata Wagner, 1974 = T. carayoni vulnerata Linnavuori, 1961, T. dentifer Wagner, 1974 = T. macedonica Wagner, 1957, T. sodomita Wagner, 1974, = T. guttata Wagner, 1950, and Cyrtopeltis khalafi Seidenstücker, 1964 = C. pygmaea Wagner, 1956.
Oribatid species (Acari, Oribatida) new to the fauna of Finland
Authors: Niemi Ritva
Published: August 2019

Sixteen species of oribatids new to Finland are recorded, five of which [Microzetorchestes emeryi (Goggi), Oppiella minidentata (Subias), Quadroppia michaeli Mahunka, Xylobates capucinus (Berlese) and Oribella sexdentata Berlese] have not previously been recorded in the Nordic countries. Included is a short survey of their occurrence in that region, and records from Finnish localities according to the uniform grid system (27 °E) with 10x10 km squares.
Lectotype designation for Hydroporus septemvittatus Régimbart, 1883 (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)
Authors: Nilsson Anders
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. Vol. 6:4 7.IX.l995
Additions and deletions to Syrphidae (Diptera) of Finland
Authors: Ståhls Gunilla
Published: August 2019

Eight species of Syrphidae are reported as new to Finland, and new provincial records are given for four species. Eight species earlier reported are deleted from the fauna of Finland, and the nomenclature of two species is corrected.
Cytotaxonomic characteristics of Chironomus clarus (Diptera, Chironomidae) with completion of the description of morphology of adults and immature stages
Authors: Michailova Paraskeva , Hirvenoja Mauri
Published: August 2019

The karyotype and external morphology of the larva, pupa and female of Chironomus clarus are described here for the first time. Cytologically C. clarus belongs to the thummi complex (chromosome arm combination: AB CD EF G). On the basis of external morphology and karyotype this species should be combined with C. obtusidens Goetghebuer and C. acutiventris Wtilker, Ryser & Scholl in the obtusidens group. C. clarus and C. obtusidens are homosequental sister species (if not even synonyms) with one and the same band sequences. Completions of the male morphology are also given and the species is compared with members of the obtusidens group.
Emergence and upstream flight of lotic mayflies and caddisflies (Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera) in a lake outlet, central Finland
Authors: Bagge Pauli
Published: August 2019

Temporal and spatial occurrence and upstream flight of lotic mayflies and caddisflies were studied by means of kick netting, slit traps and floating emergence traps in Lake Konnevesi and its outlet stream (Siikakoski), mainly in 1983. Twenty species of mayflies and 78 species of caddisflies were recorded. Clearly lotic mayflies in the material were Baetis subalpinus, Heptagenia sulphurea and Ephemerella mucronata, which occurred only in the stream samples. Females of lotic Baetis rhodani had a long distance upstream flight in the area and occurred frequently in the floating emergence traps especially in sandy littoral habitats of L. Konnevesi. Procloeon bifidum and Nixe joernensis, which in some regions occur mainly in streams, were frequently found in the stony littoral belt of L. Konnevesi. Most of the mayflies recorded in the area were univoltine, but Baetis rhodani and Centroptilum luteolum at least had two generations in 1983. Strictly lotic species among caddisflies were Ceratopsyche nevae, Hydropsyche saxonica, Halesus digitatus, Ceraclea perplexa, Ylodes detruncatus, Athripsodes commutatus and Hydroptila forcipata. These were mainly found in stream samples. A short distance upstream flight of females (c. 0.1-0.4 km) was observed in the populations of H. siltalai, Psychomyia pusilla and Oxyethira frici and a moderate distance flight (at least 0.6 km) by females of Hydropsyche pellucidula, Cheumatopsyche lepida and Polycentropus irroratus. The most abundant caddisflies of the stream Siikakoski (Brachycentrus subnubilus, Neureclipsis bimaculata, Rhyacophila nubila, Agapetus ochripes, Micrasema setiferum and Hydroptila cornuta) were frequently found also in floating emergence traps in the lake (3. 7 km from the rapids). Females of Brachycentrus, Neureclipsis and Rhyacophila favoured traps on sandy substrata while females of Hydroptila were usually found in the stony belt. In the trap material of Agapetus ochripes, males were more abundant than females. According to emergence data, all caddisflies recorded in the area were univoltine though the emerging period of several species such as Rhyacophila nubila and Neureclipsis bimaculata was long. Maximum emergence was observed in early June when brachycentrids were swarming and another peak in August when limnephilids and leptocerids were abundant.
Ground-living arthropods along pollution gradient in boreal pine forest
Authors: Koponen Seppo , Niemelä Pekka
Published: August 2019

We studied the occurrence of arthropods in a polluted pine forest at Harjavalta, southwestern Finland. Significantly fewer beetles (Coleoptera) were trapped near (0.5 km) a smelter and fertilizer factory than at sites further away (3, 5, 9 km). No differences in total numbers (inds./trap) along the distance (pollution) gradient were found for spiders (Araneae), ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) or bugs (Heteroptera). Marked differences were observed in diversity and species composition of the studied groups between the most polluted site (0.5 km) and the other sites (3, 5, 9 km). There were permanent arthropod populations (e.g. ants and wolf spiders) living at the most polluted site. Differences in ground-living fauna were explained by changes in ground vegetation due to pollution. The contents of Cu, Fe, Ni and Cr in ants and wolf spiders were clearly highest near the pollution source; those of Cd, Zn and Al were high at all sites.
Contents, Volume 6 (1995)
Authors: Jansson Antti
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. 20 December 1995
Short reports
Authors: Viramo Juha
Published: August 2019

The following reports were presented during 1995 at the meetings of the Entomological Society of Finland (ESF), the Societas Entomologica Helsingforsiensis (SEH), and the Entomological Club of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Turku (ECT); the reports from the meetings of the Lepidopterological Society of Finland have been published in the Society's own journal, Baptria. The present notes do not cover all the reports given in the meetings since some of them were not received in written form, and some reports with information on several species are published separately as scienfitic notes. For biogeographical provinces, Finnish grid coordinates, and UTM squares see inside back cover of annual issues 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
Licinus depressus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) - a new species for Tavastia Australis - Finland
Authors: Kinnunen Heidi
Published: August 2019

Entomologica Fennica. 19 June 1996
A new species of Coelinidea (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Myanmar
Authors: Gannota Ekaterina
Published: August 2019

Coelinidea peculiaris sp.n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) is described from Kambaiti, Myanmar. Odd characteristics of radius and stigma of the fore wing readily separate the new species from all previously known representatives of the genus. This is also the first record of the genus from the Oriental Region.
Changes 1991-1995 in the list of Finnish insects
Authors: Silfverberg Hans
Published: August 2019

During the period 119 species have been deleted from the list of Finnish insects, and 455 species have been added to it. At the end of 1995 a total of 19 549 insect species were known from Finland.
Book Review
Authors: Heliövaara Kari
Published: August 2019

Pfeffer, A. 1995: Zentral- und westpaläarktische Borken- und Kernkäfer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae,Platypodidae ). -Pro Entomologica, c/o Naturhistorisches Museum Basel. 310 pp. ISBN 3-9520840-6-9.CHF 45.
Faunistic records on Buprestidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from Greece
Authors: Somerma Päivö , Väisänen Rauno , Mehl Ole , Bíly Svatopluk
Published: August 2019

Faunistic records are given for 17 species of Buprestidae and 40 species of Cerambycidae from Greece, mostly from the northern Pindus range, and from Mt. Pilion and the island of Skiathos.
lncurvariidae and Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera) from Siberia and the Russian Far East, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail
Published: August 2019

The Incurvariidae and Prodoxidae of eastern Russia total 19 species in eight genera. Phylloporia bistrigella (Haworth), now reported from Yukon, is tentatively included in the list, although it has not yet been discovered in the Eastern Palaearctic. Four species previously known only from Europe, lncurvaria vetulella (Zetterstedt), I. circulella (Zetterstedt), Lampronia luzella (Hubner), and L. provectella (Heyden) are reported from Siberia; lncurvaria kivatshella Kutenkova is synonymized with I. vetulella. Lampronia sakhalinella sp. n. is described from Sakhalin. L. altaica Zagulajev is reported from North Korea; the female postabdomen and genitalia of this species are described and figured. The genus Greya Busck, previously known only from North America, is reported from the Palaearctic, with G. variabilis Davis & Pellmyr and G. kononenkoi sp. n. recorded from the Chukchi Peninsula, and G. marginimaculata (Issiki) comb. n. originally described from Japan is expected from the Russian Far East. Among the nine species not known from Europe, one species is reported from Altai only; two show a Beringian distribution; six species are associated with the southern areas of the Far East and Japan, and one is distributed from the Irkutsk region to Sakhalin and Primorye.
The larva of Autographa buraetica (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: Ahola Matti , Ryrholm Nils
Published: August 2019

The larva of Autographa buraetica (Staudinger, 1892) is described from materials based on ex ovo rearings carried out in Sweden in the summers 1989 and 1991. Description of mouthparts, chaetotaxy and ornaments are given with drawings and photographs. The larva can be separated from other species of Autographa, also from the sister species A. pulchrina (Haworth, 1809). The so-called "intermediate form" belongs to A. buraetica (not to A. pulchrina), but, based on a limited material, the "intermediate" larvae seem to show slight average differences to those of the "typical" A. buraetica.
lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera) new to Finland. IV
Authors: Jussila Reijo
Published: August 2019

Five ichneumonids new to Finland are reported: Syrphoctonus megaspis (Thomson), Woldstedtius holarcticus (Diller), Diplazon pallicoxa Manykian, Chorinaeus flavipes Bridgman and Trieces dinianae Aeschlieman.
THE EFFECT OF STUDENT TEAMS-ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION (STAD) TECHNIQUE TOWARD STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL AND CLASS PARTICIPATION
Authors: Kurniawan Ildi , . Mukhaiyar , Rozimela Yenni
Published: August 2019

This quasi-experimental research was aimed to find out the effect of STAD technique toward students’ speaking skill and class participation at grade XI of SMAN 5 Kota Bengkulu in academic year of 2011/2012. The population of this research was the students at grade XI of SMAN 5 Kota Bengkulu in academic year of 2010/2011 that consisted of 168 students. The sample of this research was IPA 4 which comprised 27 students and IPA 5 which comprised 27 students and the two classes were cluster randomly selected as a research sample. The data were collected through speaking test and observation sheet of class participation. The data were then analyzed by using t-test and analysis of variances.  The findings of this research showed that (1) the students who were taught by using STAD technique gave significant effect toward their speaking skill achievement. (2) The students who were taught by using STAD technique gave significant effect toward their class participation. (3) The students who were taught by using STAD technique gave significant effect toward students’ speaking skill and class participation. Thus, it can be concluded that STAD technique gave significant effect toward students’ speaking skill and class participation at grade XI of SMAN 5 Kota Bengkulu in academic year of 2011/2012.
VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES APPLIED BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM OF BENGKULU UNIVERSITY
Authors: Sihotang Robenna , Afriazi Rudi , . Imranuddin
Published: August 2019

The aims of this research were to find out vocabulary learning strategies applied by the students of English Education Study Program of Bengkulu University and also the most and the least frequently applied strategies. This research was designed as a descriptive quantitative. The population was 343 students of English Education Study Program of Bengkulu University. The sample of this research was 86 students chosen randomly from the population. The instrument was questionnaire adapted from Schmitt’s Vocabulary Learning Strategies Taxonomy (1997). The result of this study showed that the students applied the six groups of vocabulary learning strategies. However, the mean score of overall strategies indicated that the students applied the strategies in the frequency of “Sometimes”. Moreover, Determination strategy was the most frequently applied by the students, followed by Metacognitive strategy, Cognitive Strategy, Memory strategy, Social (Discovery) strategy, and Social (Consolidation) as the least frequently applied by the students. It can be concluded that the students of English Education Study Program preferred to learn and deal with new word individually to ask people’s helps.