bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The potential of high molecular chitosan nanohydroxyapatite as an irrigant in improving fracture resistance after root canal treatment (In Vitro)
Authors: FINANTI Ertha Dini , ABIDIN Trimurni
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT Teeth after root canal treatment are at a higher risk of fracture than vital teeth. After root canaltreatment, the causes of tooth fracture are multifactorial, both iatrogenic and non iatrogenic. One of them isirrigants, although very useful for disinfection. Irrigants are known to change the chemical components andstructure of the root canal surface dentin by modifying the proportion of calcium and phosphate minerals. Thisresearch is an experimental laboratory study with a post-test-only group research design to analyze the effect ofirrigating solutions of nanohydroxyapatite, high molecular chitosan, NaOCl, and EDTA with their appropriatecombination for the test group on the fracture resistance of teeth after root canal treatment. Root canal treatment wasperformed on 24 mandibular premolars, with the group I; irrigating solution of nanohydroxyapatite, group II;irrigation of nanohydroxyapatite solution with the addition of 0.2% chitosan, group III; irrigation with 2.5% NaOClsolution and 0.2% chitosan solution, group IV; irrigation solution of 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. ANOVA testshowed a significant difference in fracture resistance (p0.05) between each group. The highest average fractureresistance was seen in group II, namely the irrigation group using a solution of nanohydroxyapatite with theaddition of 0.2% chitosan, which was 363.644 ± 10,896 N. fracture after root canal treatment.KEYWORDS: nanohydroxyapatite, irrigation solution, fracture resistance
WINE MARKETING THROUGH SENSORY PERCEPTION
Authors:   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, DUCMAN Anca Alexandra
Published: October 2022

This article aims to investigate wine marketing studies in connection with multisensory experiences. The study was conducted using a funnel-type search on Web of Science and Scopus indexed papers, following the indications from the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. The purpose of the metaanalyses was to answer the following questions: (1) Who is the most influential author in wine-related crossmodal perception? (2) Are there proofs regarding the impact of multisensorial experience during wine tastings? (3) Are there proofs regarding the impact of multisensorial experience on wine sales?
THE EVOLUTION OF THE RESEARCH INTERESTS AT THE FACULTY OF AGRI-FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
Authors:   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, CONSTANTIN Marius , PĂTĂRLĂGEANU Simona Roxana ,   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, DINU Mihai ,   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania
Published: October 2022

The Faculty of Agri-food and Environmental Economics is a well-established educational and research leader in Romania in the field of economics, focused on agri-food and environmental sciences. Part of the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, the Faculty provides higher education according to the Bologna Process, consisting of three-cycle higher education systems: bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral studies. With many economists professionally trained over the years and with a group of professors focused on research activities with impactful contributions in the field of agri-food and environmental economics, it has become important to study the evolution of research interests manifested in the research papers elaborated by the tenured teaching staff of the Faculty of Agri-food and Environmental Economics. This research paper aims at highlighting the emerging research interests using a quantitative method: bibliometry, a branch of scientometry, based on the scientific papers indexed in the Web of Science until 20 September 2020. The main findings in this paper refer to the fact that waste management, food safety, carbon emissions and decision-making are the topics most frequently approached in the scientific papers indexed in the 2018-2020 period, while topics such as: land-use, agricultural insurance, ecosystems, water, marketing-research are specific to the 2012-2014 period.
THE IMAGE OF THE ROMANIAN TRADE BALANCE EVOLUTION BETWEEN 2009 AND 2019
Authors:   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, BOBOC Dan , DIACONEASA Maria Claudia ,   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, PĂUNA Valentin ,   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, POTÂRNICHE Marilena ,   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania
Published: October 2022

The objectives of sustainable development in agriculture are emphasizing the worries related to the possibility of ensuring food security at national levels caused by the climate change and agricultural productivity. These worries reflect directly on the international trading partnerships and affect the trading especially with agricultural and food supplies. The current research aims at providing a clear image of the modifications in the trade balance of Romania, recognised mostly as an exporter of raw agricultural products, such as cereals or live animals, at low prices. Romanian agricultural productivity is characterized by an acute weather dependency, due to the low levels of irrigation systems and extensive agricultural systems, combined with extreme heat during summers and low precipitation in winters and springs. Even so, the exports and imports of a country are a key factor in its economic development so they cannot be reduced only to food security and sustainability aspects. In this context, a clear image of Romania’s trade balance offers some insight for the designing of future policy related both to the possibilities of economic and sustainable development.
PROCESSING OF PORK MEAT IN THE FUNCTION OF VALUE-ADDED CREATION AT THE FAMILY FARMS
Authors:   Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade, Serbia, JELOČNIK Marko , NASTIĆ Lana ,   Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade, Serbia, SUBIĆ Jonel ,   Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade, Serbia
Published: October 2022

Creation of value-added at the farms could play great role in strengthening of their economic sustainability. Serbia has long tradition in pig farming. This subsector of agriculture in last few decades is facing the negative trend in production capacities (decrease in active farms and number of pigs) and it is mainly based on economically weak family farms characterized by small number of pigs. On the other hand it is obvious the strengthening of their specialization to pig farming. This line of agricultural production is specifically under the higher production risks mainly influenced by pork cycle and some market risks. Thus, the often and expressed price oscillation affects primarily the sustainability of small farms, disabling the proper planning of production and endangering their survival. Processing of pork meat at small family farms could be a good solution for income stabilization, where created value added could induce better competitiveness of the farms. The main goal of the paper is to present the economic potential of the conduction of pork meat processing at small family farms, in scenarios with or without of employment of external labour. In this context, it was used the analytical calculations based on variable costs (contribution margin). Gained results show that comparing to pig growing, organization of mentioned activity will significantly increase the farm incomes in both cases, impacting the many positive effects on farm sustainability.
THE RURAL POPULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ROMANIA'S REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, CUCU Marian Cătălin
Published: October 2022

The Romanian rural area has experienced numerous changes from 1989 to the present. The development in an accelerated rhythm of the urban area compared to the rural area encouraged the migration of the population, this action being influenced by the discrepancies registered at regional level. Lately, the rural space is characterized by heterogeneity determined by the unequal process of village development. This paper presents the analysis of the number of inhabitants in rural areas in accordance with a series of indicators with a significant impact on living standards. The research results reflect the current dynamics of rural population migration and the related trend in each region. The concentration of the population in the highly developed areas leads to the depopulation of villages with a low pace of development.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRESH AGRI-FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN – Case study about fruit and vegetables market from Romania
Authors:   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, PANAIT Ioana
Published: October 2022

Fruits and vegetables have a high importance from two points of view: for the consumer it represents a healthy and nutritious food and for the national economy it represents a key sector that gives added value to the agricultural sector. The importance of the paper comes from the dominant position of the fruit and vegetable in agriculture, but also their need to be consumed daily, so a comprehensive statistical analysis was performed to identify the evolution and main qualitative aspects that describe the state of this market. The purpose of the paper is to determine the level of the fruit and vegetable market, both in quantitative and value terms. The study focuses on the available quantities that address to human consumption, to which are added the imports necessary to cover the constant needs of consumers throughout the year, considering the seasonal aspect of Romanian agriculture. The applicative part of the paper involves a statistical analysis to determine the evolution and size of fruit and vegetable categories on the Romanian and international agricultural trade. The main conclusions aim that the sector is characterized by volatility, production and price fluctuate, and supply stability is achieved through imports that have increased annually
PORK MEAT MARKET BEHAVIOR SINCE 2018 UNTIL NOW IN ROMANIA
Authors:   Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania, MARTIN Dorin
Published: October 2022

This period was chosen due to the occurrence during this time interval of some phenomena that disturbed a pork market, at the same time and a challenge for the pig farmers forced to adapt to the new situation. In the context of the appearance in Romania and in other EU countries of the African Swine Fever epidemic which led to the drastic reduction of the pig herds and subsequently of the COVID 19 epidemic the pork market suffered several fluctuations during this period. Due to the specific situation of Romania with a large number of pigs raised in households, the epidemic has a significant impact on the number of pigs, who drastically reduced during this period. For this purpose, we performed for the period 2018 - 2020 an analysis of pork prices, pig herds, imports and exports and pork market behaviour for this period. Main objective is to provide an overview of the Romanian economic situation in terms of livestock, in order to highlight the importance of local farms and, therefore, its major impact on the economy.
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a male adolescent using e-cigarettes
Authors: Abuzeyad Feras , Aljawder Naser , Ghriw Emad
Published: October 2022

Background: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (PM) is a rare benign disease entity in children with several predisposing factors. This study reports a case of spontaneous PM related to the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in a 17-year-old adolescent.
Case Presentation: A 17-year-old male, user of e-cigarettes, with no underlying pulmonary disease presented to the emergency department with acute chest pain, without any preceding events including trauma. His physical examination was unremarkable apart from positive Hamman's crunch. A plain chest X-ray showed PM and left-sided apical pneumothorax. Chest computed tomography confirmed the presence of PM, accompanied by pneumopericardium and bilateral apical pneumothoraces. The patient reported the use of e-cigarettes, and he was admitted and conservatively managed in the hospital and discharged after three uneventful days. In this case, smoking e-cigarettes was the only predisposing factor found to be associated with the development of spontaneous PM.
Conclusion: Emergency physicians should consider the diagnosis of spontaneous PM in adolescents who are presenting with acute chest pain, and e-cigarette smoking could be a precipitating factor.
Astropharmacy: Roles for the Pharmacist in Space
Authors: Aziz Shireen , Raza Muhammad Ahmer , Noreen Misbah , Iqbal Muhammad Zain , Raza Shahid Masood
Published: October 2022

Since disease is a natural aspect of life, human deep space missions will largely depend on preventing disease, diagnosis, and treatment. Pharmaceuticals are used to identify, treat, prevent, or cure illnesses, but they are unstable on Earth and even more so in space. What if the pharmacist could prepare small quantities of medicines in space, on site, as needed? The alteration in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) and pharmacogenomics with flying and medications will need to be customised for each person individually and specifically at the point of need because of drug stability issues. We can't meet the expense of bringging everything we might need, so pharmacists must devise ways to manufacture medications in-situ and on-demand. With this skill, pharmacists would be able to fulfill the demand of any exploration mission that involved spaceflight with robust pharmaceuticals that would be stable enough to last the duration of the mission, comprehensive enough to treat all potential medical events, safe, and effective, notwithstanding the known PK-PD and pharmacogenetic alterations that take place during spaceflight. The purpose of this article was to review topics related with Astropharmacy. The topics include: the need of Astropharmacy in space, health-related problems caused by hostile space conditions, storage problems in space, methods to establish the stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products in space, and alteration in human physiology including PK-PD and pharmacogenomics and highlight the pharmacist's potential roles in the pharmacies orbiting the space.
Peculiarities and results of infrared signature measurement on 4-slot disk target and absolutely black body at wavelengths 7–14 μm
Authors:   Krylov State Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia, Zenchenko S.S.
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses infrared signature measurements for test targets. The purpose of the study was to control and investigate infrared signature and its dynamics in different conditions of its generation by a simulator of an absolutely black body. Subject matter and methods. The measurement was performed with a set of automatically rotating 4-slot targets. From one side, these targets were subject to the radiation from an absolutely black body and a 7–14 μm IR thermal imager. On the other side, the targets had the instrumentation that recorded infrared signals. Main results. The study yielded infrared signature estimates for six different targets. It also yielded the expressions linking the parameters of the target field, the field around target slots and the initial field generated by the absolutely black body. It was also possible to obtain the parameters that determine the efficiency of IR imager in the detection of targets of different size. The study established the boundaries for 50 % loss of target structure detection and investigated the methods that maintain the applicability of this technique. Conclusion. The study yielded the data about acceptable resolution parameters of the IR imager, as well as the methods for maintaining its capabilities and further development paths for this control technology based on test targets.
Novelties in the international policy towards mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from ships and necessary measures in marine industry. Part 1. Analysis of regulatory documents governing the new policy of greenhouse gas emission mitigation
Authors:   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Magarovsky V.V. , Polovinkin V.N. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Pustoshny A.V. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Savchenko O.V. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. This paper is intended to analyse new provisions of IMO policy towards reduction of greenhouse gas emission from international ship traffic, as well as Russian and EU documents governing the environmental policy in the marine industry towards implementation of the Paris Agreement of 2015. This publication is the first in the series of three articles tackling various aspects of new shipbuilding policy and tasks that have to be accomplished to meet IMO directives. Subject matter and methods. This paper is an analytical review of documentation and publications on this topic. It relies on IMO documents, EU directives and governing documents of the Russian Federation. Main results. This paper analyses the novelties in the IMO policy towards mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in the light of the set-out task, i.e. to achieve 70% reduction in the emissions from marine ship traffic by the year 2050 as compared to 2008. To this effect, it is suggested to introduce power efficiency indexes not only for newbuildings, as it was before, but also for the ships already in service. Along with this, another novelty was the introduction of Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) understood as the result of year-toyear fuel consumption monitoring and assigned as per the rating system. In the new system, CII rating requirements will progressively become more and more stringent so as to create a stimulus for ship owners to take new measures towards reduction of ship emissions every several years. The analysis has shown that emission reduction for both newbuildings and in-service ships requires more research and development. Conclusion. The analysis has shown that the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from marine traffic stipulated in the new governing documents of IMO and European Union prescribes emission reduction to the levels several times lower than those currently achieved through considerable efforts of shipbuilders and used as reference points in ship design progress in the years 2010–2025. Newly introduced actual emission ratings for each given ship enforced by the threat of its banning from international voyages requires periodic upgrade of the ships in service, with implementation of new technical measures. At this stage, shipbuilding industry must identify above-mentioned measures (they will be analysed in Part II and Part III of this series) and prepare their implementation.
Climatic risks in electric power industry
Authors:   Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System (FGC UES), Moscow, Russia, Zhilkina Yu.V.
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. Weather factor is relevant for almost all branches of economy. In electric power industry, the demand for energy becomes higher in autumn and winter because houses need heating. In the last decades, the topic of climate change and its implications for various industries has evolved from a theoretical question to one of the most important factors in global agenda. This paper will discuss climatic risks and their implications for the activities of FGC UES. Subject matter and methods. The organizational part of this work analyses and classifies climatic risks and discusses their contribution. Data analysis and development of analytical relationships were based on the calculation principles for technical parameters and integrated reliability indicators. Main results. The analysis of climatic effects upon electric power industry delineates the mechanism for finding the events that ensure trouble-free operation of power grid components. Climatic risks are tackled not only as hazards but also as opportunities. Conclusion. The analysis of climatic risks enables the adjustment of FGC UES power saving strategy, as well as adaptation of its power generation assets to consumer demands.
Overview of Popular Raw Materials in Ship Building and a Sustainable approach for this Industry in Bangladesh
Authors:   Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh, Anjum Naveed , Rahman Muhammad Ashikur ,   Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh, Islam Md. Mynul ,   Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh, Hasan Md. Munir ,   Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh
Published: October 2022

One of the key driving factors of Human development has been our ability to traverse and conquer new ground. The Shipbuilding industry has played a significant role in this aspect by providing the aptest mode of transportation, our floating vessels, which has served us well throughout history and partaken in many revolutions. The materials for building such vessels have seen many variations and iterations stretching from Tree barks & wood to the modern use of Alloy and other synthetic materials. Many supplementary materials are also used nowadays for building a well-functioning vessel and the trade of these materials among various nations also plays a key part in moving its industry forward. The prices of these materials also see many variations, as many contributing factors allocate in their procurement and handling. But, the recent outbreak of the Corona virus pandemic has created many implications with the shipbuilding industry also being largely affected in many ways. In these trying times, Bangladesh has remained strong with a solid base and good initiatives could play a significant role in further enhancing this country’s shipbuilding industry. This paper tries to highlight the popular trends in the Shipbuilding market and plot a series of sustainable approaches which could ensure Bangladesh’s progress in the long run.
Bow shape design for river-sea vessels with increased seakeeping performance
Authors:   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Magarovsky V.V. , Kurchukov K.V. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Platonov V.G. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Sokolov V.P. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Rudenko M.S. ,   Nevskoe CDB, St. Petersburg, Russia
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. The purpose of this study was to develop a bow shape with increased block coefficient for river-sea vessels so as to improve their seakeeping at high sea states. Subject matter and methods. This paper qualitatively analyses the physics of wave effects upon a moving ship, ranking the contribution of specific factors and solving the task of improving the seakeeping performance through optimization of hull lines. Main results. The study highlighted the peculiarities of intense wave effects upon ship bow and suggested the hull lines offering a good seakeeping performance for a hull with high block coefficient. Seakeeping tests of initial and modified hull models at Krylov State Research Centre Seakeeping Basin have confirmed the theoretical results. Conclusion. The study outlined one of the ways to improve seakeeping performance of river-sea ships with increased block coefficient at high sea states.
Blade number effect upon high-frequency marine propulsor noise: model test data
Authors:   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bushkovsky V.A. , Yegorov Yu.A. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses blade systems of propellers and water jets. The purpose of the study was to outline the ways to mitigation of high-frequency non-cavitation noise of marine propulsors. Subject matter and methods. The study analyses Russian and foreign publications on aero- and hydroacoustics of propellers and foil systems. It also determines the parameters of turbulent boundary layer on propeller blades with respect to its effect upon propeller noise radiation. Noise assessment methods obtained for aerodynamics of foil systems have been applied to marine propulsors. Main results. Theoretical studies have shown that marine propellers with fewer blades tend to have lower radiation of high-frequency noise. Direct noise measurements of propulsor models performed under this study have confirmed this trend. Conclusion. In contrast to the low-frequency propeller noise, high-frequency acoustic radiation can be achieved through reduction of propeller blade number.
Relevant challenges in crash-stop studies
Authors:   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Sazonov K.E. , Kanevsky G.I. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Klubnichkin A.M. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Dobrodeev A.A. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses crash-stop of ship propellers. The puspose of the study was to investigate a number of relevant challenges in this process, i.e. to refine the methods of crash-stop distance calculation, to update the scenarios for which crash-stop strength of propeller blades has to be verified, as well as to determine operational parameters and algorithms for automatic control systems of electric power plants in crash-stop conditions. Subject matter and methods. The study was based on the results of quasi-crash-stop model tests, as well as on previous publications about crash-stop maneuvers of ships and operations of their propulsion systems in these conditions. Main results. To obtain more accurate crash-stop distance estimates, it was suggested to use an alternative, bollard-pull system of propeller-hull interaction coefficients for crash-stop conditions. It was also suggested to perform crash-stop strength check of propellers not only for the scenarios with maximum hydrodynamic load, but also for the moment of propeller rotation direction reversal because it might be accompanied by considerable inertial loads. It is shown that model testing is not helpful in determination of operational parameters and automatic control system algorithms for electric power plants because shaft lines cannot be simulated correctly. These parameters can be obtained through calculations, but this will require more refined expressions for shaft line friction moments. Conclusion. The actual problems of ship reverse propulsion theory is presented in the paper. The possible approaches to their solution are proposed.
Analytical and experimental assessment of household extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) practicability for sandwich hull panels of small craft
Authors:   St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Tsyvarev M.V. , Vetlugina A.S. ,   St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia, Mironov M.Yu. ,   St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. This paper is an integrated study of extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) practicability for three-layered composite hull structures of small craft. Subject matter and methods. Mechanical properties of composite materials and their components are determined experimentally (three-point bending, longitudinal tension/compression). Elastic properties and limit-state characteristics are obtained from beam theory, mixed model of composite beam, finite-element method, as well as solution of geometrically non-linear contact problems as per Newton-Raphson iterative technique. Main results. The study illustrates final diagrams for structural responses of investigated composite beam, filler and binder as functions of pre-defined displacement of test rigging. It also gives the estimates for equivalent Young’s moduli, as well as preliminary positive opinion about the practicability of XPS as a substitute for the conventional wood veneer in composite structures of small ships. The paper also presents a structurally similar FE model suitable for prediction calculations of large complex structures that can be tested only when the whole full-scale hull is available. Conclusion. This study formulates and solves the elastic problem for the investigated XPS-based sandwich panels. The results give an idea about the practicability of this material for shipbuilding applications.
Transom interceptor for towing resistance reduction of fast displacement ships
Authors:   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, Sverchkov А.V. , Galushina M.V. ,   Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
Published: October 2022

Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses three models of fast monohull displacement ships of various purpose and one model of fast passenger catamaran. The purpose of the study was to experimentally verify the efficiency of transom interceptor in towing resistance reduction. Subject matter and methods. The study was based on the test results available with Krylov State Research Centre Deepwater Towing Tank. Main results. This study was performed on four models and showed how their towing resistance depended on interceptor advance and static trim angle. Conclusion. The tests have confirmed the efficiency of transom interceptor in towing resistance reduction of fast displacement monohulls and catamarans with operational speeds corresponding to Froude numbers 0,4–0,6. Transom interceptor reduces towing resistance by 4,5–6,5 %.
FREQUENCIES AND FUNCTIONS OF REPORTING VERBS USED IN TESOL RESEARCH ARTICLES BY VIETNAMESE WRITERS
Authors: Thi Kim Loan Bui
Published: October 2022

Using proper reporting verbs (RVs) in academic writing is too difficult for Vietnamese research writers. This corpus-based study aimed to investigate frequencies and functions of RVs in TESOL research articles written by Vietnamese writers. The corpus consisted of 35 TESOL research articles collected from a PDF book of TESOL international conference proceedings. The data were processed using Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. The findings revealed that TESOL research Vietnamese writers had a tendency to use group of RVs with neutral position. The results of the functional analysis of RVS indicated eleven functions of RVs including agreement, argument/persuasion, believing, conclusion, disagreement/ questioning, discussion, emphasis, evaluation/examination, explanation, presentation, and discussion. The results will provide TESOL research Vietnamese writers, research scholars as well as students from all disciplines at higher education with more knowledge of RVs that they will use for their future academic writing and international publishing.
Phytochemical profile and toxicity of thyme-derived (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil against the exotic rugose spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin) infesting coconut
Authors: Saneera E.K. , Raguraman S. , Suganthi A. , Venkatesan K.
Published: October 2022

Microwave-assisted heat extraction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) yielded 1.64 per cent w/v of yellow to amber coloured and less viscous oil with a peculiar aroma. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 20 compounds, out of which thymol (51.94%), p-cymene (14.5%), γ-terpinene (10.09%), linalool (3.48%), and endo-borneol (3.95%) were the major compounds. Eggs, second instar nymphs and pupae of rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) were subjected to contact toxicity assessment by complete immersion (dip method) in various concentrations of thyme oil. The results showed that essential oils at 0.35 per cent concentration exhibited 100 per cent mortality in the second instar nymphs. Thyme oil (0.5%) inhibited egg hatching and adult emergence to the tune of 100 per cent when the eggs and pupal stages were treated. Probit analysis indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of thyme oil to eggs, second instar nymph sand pupal stages were 0.19, 0.13 and 0.21 per cent, respectively. Thyme oil proved to be an excellent toxicant to different developmental life stages of RSW; hence it can be successfully incorporated into the integrated pest management (IPM) programme for whitefly management in the coconut ecosystem.
Homotopies in Multiway (Nondeterministic) Rewriting Systems as n-Fold Categories
Authors:   Pompeu Fabra University, Arsiwalla Xerxes D. ,   Wolfram Research, Gorard Jonathan ,   University of Cambridge,   Wolfram Research, Elshatlawy Hatem ,   RWTH Aachen University,   Wolfram Research
Published: October 2022

We investigate algebraic and compositional properties of abstract multiway rewriting systems, which are archetypical structures underlying the formalism of the Wolfram model. We demonstrate the existence of higher homotopies in this class of rewriting systems, where homotopical maps are induced by the inclusion of appropriate rewriting rules taken from an abstract rulial space of all possible such rules. Furthermore, we show that a multiway rewriting system with homotopies up to order n may naturally be formalized as an n-fold category, such that (upon inclusion of appropriate inverse morphisms via invertible rewriting relations) the infinite limit of this structure yields an ∞-groupoid. Via Grothendieck’s homotopy hypothesis, this ∞-groupoid thus inherits the structure of a formal homotopy space. We conclude with some comments on how this computational framework of homotopical multiway systems may potentially be used for making formal connections to homotopy spaces upon which models relevant to physics may be instantiated.
Infinitely Growing Configurations in Emil Post’s Tag System Problem
Authors:   Department of Mechanics and Mathematics Moscow State University, Kurilenko Nikita V.
Published: October 2022

Emil Post’s tag system problem posed the question of whether or not a tag system {N=3, P(0)=00, P(1)=1101} has a configuration, simulation of which will never halt or end up in a loop. Over the subsequent decades, there were several attempts to find an answer to this question, including a recent study, during which the first 2 84 initial configurations were checked. This paper presents a family of configurations of this type in the form of strings A n ⁢ B ⁢ C m that evolve to A n + 1 ⁢ B ⁢ C m + 1 after a finite number of steps. The proof of this behavior for all non-negative n and m is described later in this paper as a finite verification procedure, which is computationally bounded by 20000 iterations of tag.
موقف الولايات المُتحدة الأمريكية من مُشكلة ولاية كشمير بين الهند وباكستان 1947-1965م
Authors: Al-Samarraie Ahmed Mahmood Alaw
Published: October 2022

تُعد مُشكلة كشمير واحدة من أبرز المُشكلات السياسية التي واجهت الهند وباكستان بعد رحيل الاستعمار البريطاني عن شبه القارة الهندية في 15 آب 1947م, وترجع بدايات مُشكلة كشمير إلى نمو الحركة الوطنية فيها.
      غيرت الولايات المُتحدة الأمريكية سياستها تجاه دول جنوب آسيا, إذ عملت على اتباع سياسة ملء الفراغ وحلت بذلك محل بريطانيا وفرنسا للسيطرة على بعض المستعمرات البريطانية وبعض الدول الأًوربية, وبما إن مُشكلة كشمير واحدة من المُشكلات السياسية التي واجهت المجتمع الدولي بعد أحداث الحرب العالمية الثانية 1939-1945م, لذلك أصبحت من مناطق الصراع السياسي في العالم ومنطقة صراع مرير بين الهند وباكستان, وقد أدى استمرار الصراع إلى توتر العلاقات الهندية- الباكستانية إلى درجة القطيعة، لذلك برز دور الولايات المُتحدة الأمريكية في هذه المُشكلة.
       استمرت العلاقات الهندية- الباكستانية بالتأزم بسبب ولاية كشمير وذلك بسبب ادعاء كل منهما أحقيتها بها, فضلاً عن الصراع السياسي بينهما بسبب الاختلاف الديني بين ((الهندوس والمسلمين)).
       اتخذت الولايات المُتحدة الأمريكية سياسة الابتعاد عن زج نفسها في صراع لا يخدم مصالحها في شيء في بادئ الأمر لأن الصراع الهندي– الباكستاني يوفر لها ضماناً في أن تبقى الدولتان عاجزتان عن النهوض بنفسيهما والبقاء على امتيازاتها الكبيرة  في الدولتين بعد الاستقلال، لذلك أدت الولايات المُتحدة الأمريكية دوراً كبيراً في استمرار الصراع السياسي بين الهند وباكستان حول مُشكلة كشمير وذلك أثناء دعم الحكومة الباكستانية من جهة وحث الحكومة الهندية باستمرار الصراع السياسي من جهة أُخرى, فضلاً عن رغبة الولايات المُتحدة الأمريكية عن طريق ذلك الصراع بالوقوف بوجه المد الشيوعي في المنطقة.
النشاط الفكري للمرأة العربية المسلمة دراسة لكتاب شمس الدين الذهبي(سير أعلام النبلاء)
Authors: SAEED ABEER . E.
Published: October 2022

المرأة نصف المجتمع مصطلح ارتبط  بكثرة بالمرأة ونشاطها منذ العصور القديمة ،  فقد كان لها وظيفة حيوية مهمة  في الحياة  بالإضافة  الى وظيفتها الاسرية والتي سنحاول التأكيد عليها ودراستها  من خلال مناقشة واستعراض ما ورد  في كتاب المؤلف الذهبي ( سير اعلام النبلاء ) والذي تعامل مع ترجمات المشاهير منهن في المجتمع الاسلامي وعلى مساحة سبع قرون ، حيث افرد جانبا للبارزات منهن في مجال المعرفة العلمية والفكرية من تعليم و تعلم وخاصة مجال  الدراسات الدينية  لأنه كان المجال المعرفي الرائج دراسته بتلك الفترة.
التنظيمات المالية في الدولة العربية الاسلامية من خلال كتاب تاريخ الخلفاء لليعقوبي
Authors: Awad Amer Abbas
Published: October 2022

لقد ركزت الدراسات التي تناولت الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية في الدولة العربية الإسلامية على كتب الفقه، والخراج، والأموال، وعزفت عن كتب التاريخ التي جمعت وحوت في طياتها نصوصاً كثيرة ونادرة في غاية الأهمية، تشير إلى الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية، ومن هذه الكتب كتاب تاريخ اليعقوبي لأحمد بن أبي يعقوب الكاتب العباسي المعروف باليعقوبي، الذي وجدته ذا قيمة كبيرة في التاريخ الإسلامي، لأن هذا الكتاب يعد من الكتب الشاملة، إذ نهج مؤلفه نهجاً متميزاً، فحرص على جمع المقالات ودراستها ومقارنتها واختيار ما أجمع عليه الرواة فمنهجه إذا قائم على الاختيار والتأليف لا على النقل والسرد، وعليه فاليعقوبي كان دقيقاً في معلوماته، صادقاً في رواياته، مما أعطى لمؤلفاته القيمة العلمية ولرواياته التقدير من قبل الباحثين والمؤلفين, وتكمن أهمية هذا الكتاب أيضاً إن اليعقوبي أظهر اهتماماً بالجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية، والتي كانت في معظمها تعتمد على الرحلات التي قام بها، فكان مصدره الأساسي يعتمد على روايات أهل الأمصار التي ذكرها، فضلاً عن اطلاعه على سجلات المؤسسات الرسمية في هذا المركز، هذا فضلاً عن انه أراد تتبع تطور الإجراءات التي قام بها الخلفاء فيما يتعلق بالأمور الاقتصادية عبر الحقبة التي غطاها تاريخه  إلى سنة 259هـ، وبالتالي فإن هذه المكانة المتميزة لكتاب "تاريخ اليعقوبي" هي التي حفزتني لتناول الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية في الدولة العربية الإسلامية، والتي عرضها اليعقوبي في كتابه هذا.
التحفيز الذاتي وعلاقتهِ بمهارات المذاكرة الفَعَّالة لدى طلبة الجامعة
Authors: Jassem Al-Tikriti Raghad Saadi Nassif , Al-Obaidi Sabah Morshoud Manoukh
Published: October 2022

يهدف البحث الحالي التعرف على :
1- مستوى التحفيز الذاتي لدى طلبة الجامعة .
2- مستوى مهارات المذاكرة الفَعَّالة لدى طلبة الجامعة .
3- العلاقة بين التحفيز الذاتي ومهارات المذاكرة الفَعَّالة .
   تكونت عينة البحث من (600) طالب وطالبة من طلبة جامعة تكريت ، بواقع (300) طالب من المرحلة الاولى والتخصص العلمي والإنساني و(300) طالبة من المرحلة الرابعة التخصص العلمي والإنساني، قام الباحثان ببناء مقياسين الاول لقياس التحفيز الذاتي والثاني لقياس مهارات المذاكرة الفَعَّالة ، وباستخدام برنامج التحليل الاحصائي الــSPSS ، اظهرت النتائج الآتي :

ضعف مستوى طلبة الجامعة في متغيري التحفيز الذاتي ومهارات المذاكرة الفَعَّالة .
وجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبة بين التحفيز الذاتي ومهارات المذاكرة الفَعَّالة.

وفي ضوء نتائج البحث صاغ الباحثان عدداً من التوصيات والمقترحات
An Evaluation of the English Teacher-Made Tests for the Fifth Preparatory Class of Iraqi Schools
Authors: Majeed Nahida Taha , Jasim Jasim Khalaf
Published: October 2022

Evaluation plays an enormous role in the teaching-learning process. It helps teachers and learners to improve teaching and learning. Evaluation is a continuous process and a periodic exercise. In learning, it contributes to formulation of objectives, designing of learning experiences and assessment of learners‟ performance. It is very useful to bring improvement in teaching and curriculum. It also provides accountability to the society, parents, and to the education system.A teacher-made test is one of the most valuable instruments in the hands of the teacher to achieve his purpose. It is designed to solve the problem or requirements of the class for which it is prepared and to measure the outcomes and content of local curriculum. It is very much flexible so that, it can be adopted to any procedure and material. It does not require any sophisticated technique for preparation. This study aims at: 1- identifying a set of criteria for efficient English teacher-made tests. 2- evaluating English teacher-made tests of the fifth preparatory class in the light of the criteria developed. The following procedures are followed in order to achieve these aims: 1.Designing a checklist which includes the most important criteria of efficient tests, namely: validity, reliability, practicality (scorability) and accuracy. 2-Selecting a sample of eighteen teacher-made tests for the fifth preparatory class.3-Evaluating the efficiency of the selected sample of teacher-made tests in terms of the identified criteria. 4-Interviewing a sample of EFL preparatory school teachers for revealing the reasons behind the errors that have been found in the evaluated test papers.The findings of the study identify a number of defects in teacher-made tests including, invalid questions, questions of low validity, affected reliability, affected scorability and inaccurate questions in punctuation and in grammar. Then the study ends up with some conclusions and recommendations for improving teacher-made tests.
A Cognitive Study of Prototypes in the American Family Feud And Iraqi 'A'ilati Turbah TV Shows
Authors: Ghanim Omar Adeeb , Salman Muhammed Barjes
Published: October 2022

This study deals with the prototype theory of categorization from a cognitive perspective by applying it to the famous American ''Family Feud '' and Iraqi '' 'A'ialti Turbah" TV shows. It examines cognitive Linguistics and its main principles. The cognitive process of categorization enables people to classify events , information , and objects that they meet in their region . It is worth mentioning that the current study is a new trend in analyzing the questions of the two shows by pointing the prototype and the factors or reasons that form the prototype. Hence , it aims at finding out the reasons or criteria that form the typical category member in different areas or countries. This study hypothesizes that prototypes formation process is influenced by the social contexts where prototypes are used . Prototypes are not one hundred percent agreed upon in a society. Each culture has its own prototype( the most representative member of a category) depending on different factors.
Trajectory Optimization and Cost Estimation of Laser Propulsion Systems Considering Transmission Losses
Authors: Takano Seiichiro , Ishikawa Kazuyoshi , Matsui Makoto
Published: October 2022

We optimized the launch trajectory of an laser-sustained-plasma-type (LSP) laser propulsion rocket at an altitude of 500 km by considering transmission efficiency. The launch cost was calculated based on the results of trajectory calculations. The transmission loss was considered to be the effect of atmospheric turbulence and focusing the performance of the lens. In the optimization problem, the Legendre–Gauss–Lobatto (LGL) method was used for discretization, and the sequential quadratic programming method was used to solve the optimization problem. The payload ratio was 18.0% with a laser power of 200 kW. In the launch calculation, the costs of the laser, electricity, propellant, and airframe were considered for the experience curve effect. The calculation indicated the cost of 267,000 launches was 29.1% of the cost of chemical propulsion.
O CRISTÃO E O SER COMO CRIANÇA: UMA ANÁLISE TEOPOÉTICA DO DISCURSO METAFÓRICO DE CRISTO NO EVANGELHO DE MATEUS
Authors: Machado Ismaile Barragan , Torres Milton Luiz
Published: October 2022

O estudo presente propõe-se a analisar o resultado prático para o cristão em seguir o imperativo de Cristo de tornar-se como criança. Uma vez que a grande parte dos teólogos afirma que Cristo queria ressaltar a sensibilidade, o presente estudo traz a poesia como uma possibilidade de resultado dessa sensibilidade. Nesse sentido, o trabalho analisará os efeitos da poesia para a vida do seguidor de Jesus.
Units of lexicographic description in the dictionary of the olonkho language
Authors: РОББЕК Л.В.
Published: October 2022

Актуальность специального, расширенного и углубленного исследования языка устно-поэтического творчества любого народа определяется ценностью, представляемой качеством языка, который в пространстве фольклора приобретает особую функциональную свободу и тем самым в некоторых случаях обнаруживает в рамках народно-поэтических произведений абсолютно интересные лингвистические законы. Целью данной статьи является выявление, выделение, определение и обоснование единиц лексикографического описания в словаре языка якутского героического эпоса олонхо, разработка которого в настоящее время находится на стадии теоретического конструирования. Для достижения указанной цели решены следующие задачи: 1) с отмеченной точки зрения проанализирован весь корпус текста олонхо «Нюргун Боотур Стремительный» К. Г. Оросина (1947). В отдельных случаях, по необходимости, привлечены тексты олонхо «Строптивый Кулун Куллустуур» И. Г. Теплоухова-Тимофеева и «Нюргун Боотур Стремительный» П. А. Ойунского; 2) исходя из теоретических положений ведущих российских лингвофольклористов, а также фольклорных лексикографов обоснованы 4 вида единиц лексикографического описания, подходящих для словарного отображения своеобразия языка и стиля якутских олонхо. Были использованы методы классификации, контекстного анализа, индукции, моделирования, а также, отчасти, интроспективный. В результате проведённого анализа сформулированы следующие выводы: 1) своеобразие языка и стиля якутского эпоса предполагает выявление единиц лексикографического описания, которые отличаются от представленных в словарях языка русского фольклора, а также в словаре языка калмыцкого эпоса «Джангар»; 2) в словаре языка олонхо целесообразны 4 вида единиц лексикографического описания: а) формулы и формульные конструкции олонхо; б) синкретичные конструкции; в) единичные лексемы; г) эпические периоды; 3) первоначальные результаты проведённого исследования выявили один существенный вопрос, требующий дальнейшего решения – проблему сведения указанных единиц лексикографического описания в форму словарных вокабул. Дальнейшие исследования необходимо проводить в отмеченном направлении. Исходя из этого, планируется более детально рассмотреть природу эпических формул, периодов, а также синкретичных конструкций, которые, по нашему мнению, являются переходной формой между удачным высказыванием законченной мысли в народном эпосе и окончательно сформированной эпической формулой.