bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tectonics of the Central Part of the Adycha-Taryn Fault Zone (Verkhoyansk-Kolyma Orogenic Belt, NE Asia)
Authors: Vasiliev D.A. , Prokopiev A.V. , Ermakov N.N.
Published: December 2021

The study area is located in the central part of the regional-scale Adycha-Taryn fault zone separating the Adycha-El’gi and Nera anticlinoria in the hinterland of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt (central part of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogenic belt). Detailed structural studies were conducted in large quarries in the lower reaches of the El’gi River (Indigirka R. basin). In the Adycha-El’gi anticlinorium, several generations of folds, faults, and cleavage are recorded. The intensity of deformation here is found to gradually increase in NE direction. The NE wall of the Adycha-Taryn fault is thought to be more strongly deformed. The results of our investigations revealed three structural parageneses. The first paragenesis includes thrusts, reverse faults, and intense NW-striking folds of the first generation. The second paragenesis consists of less intense superposed folds of the second generation, with subvertical axes, as well as sinistral strike-slip faults. The previously made assumption is confirmed about manifestation in the study area of at least two deformation stages. We also presuppose the existence of the third deformation stage in which dextral strike-slip faults were formed. A change in the intensity of tectonic deformations both along and across the Adycha-Taryn fault zone is first established. On the southwestern side of the fault zone, the intensity of deformation structures decreases from NW to SE. On the northeastern side, the deformation intensity first increases in that same direction but then tends to diminish. An assumption is made about a growing importance of reverse faults in NW direction, along the Adycha-Taryn fault zone. Orientation of paleostress axes responsible for the formation of tectonic structures in the study area is first determined. Folds and thrusts of the first deformation stage were formed under subhorizontal compression in NE direction. Sinistral strike slips and associated folds of the second deformation stage resulted from WE-oriented subhorizontal compression. The following dextral strike-slip motions occurred in the conditions of NW-directed subhorizontal compression and NE-oriented subhorizontal extension. The studied tectonic deformations were formed in Late Mesozoic time as a result of collision-accretion events in the central part of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogenic belt.
Using Heat Flow Density Values Obtained in the Gulf of Cadiz and Gorringe Bank, Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Duque Maria Rosa
Published: December 2021

The geothermal heat flow measured at the surface of the Earth is originated by different heat sources located at different depths of the planet. The main sources of heat flow in the crust are associated with radioactive decay of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium, in rocks. In some regions, additional heat sources must be considered such as exothermic chemical reactions. The value of the heat flow coming from deep regions, designated by “heat from the mantle”, must be obtained using indirect methods. In this work, the geoid height was used as indicator of alterations “in heat from the mantle” values, considering that the density decrease in regions with geoid height increase is related to high temperature values in the upper part of the mantle. The region on study is located in the Atlantic Ocean, SW of Cape St. Vincent and Cadiz Gulf. Temperature-depth values were obtained in twelve points of the region considering heat flow by conduction in the vertical direction, using published heat flow and thermal conductivity data. Layered models were made using data obtained in published seismic profiles. Moho depth values were used as lower boundary of the crust and mantle heat flow variations were made according geoid height increases. Ocean depth values between 2.5 and 4.3 km were used. A value of 5°C was used for temperature at the upper boundary (ocean bottom) of the models. Temperature calculus stops when a value of 1350 °C was attained. Lithosphere thickness is obtained considering this temperature value as temperature at the bottom of the lithosphere. Heat flow density values from 36 to 65.8 mW m−2 were used in the work with “heat from the mantle” values from 33 to 35 mw m−2. Curie Point Temperature (600°C) depths from 33 to 36 km were obtained. Lithosphere thickness values about 97 km were obtained in all the models.
Petrography of the Mesozoic Alkaline Rocks of the Taezhniy Massif (South Yakutia, Aldan-Stanovoy Shield, Leglier Ore Cluster)
Authors: Ivanov Michil , Ivanov Aleksey , Zhuravlev Anatolii
Published: December 2021

The article is concerned with the petrographie compositions of the Mesozoic alkaline igneous rocks of the Taezhniy massif and its small bodies (dikes). The Taezhniy massif is located in the central part of the Nimnyr block (Aldan-Stanovoy shield). According to our field observations, it was first determined that the Taezhniy massif has a two-phase structure, its rocks of contain syenite-porphyry and leucocratic syenites. The rocks of the massif intrude the Archean granites, and are themselves intruded by late dikes of bostonites and vogesites. Based on petrographic studies, we also identified two phases of intrusion in the Taezhniy massif – syenite-porphyry and leucocratic syenites. The difference of them is as follows: in the syenite-porphyry rocks, plagioclase predominates over K-feldspar, and the content of dark-colored minerals reaches 10%. The rocks of the second phase are characterized by the predominance of K-feldspar over plagioclase, with the content of dark-colored minerals up to 5%. The order of intrusion of the massif formations is determined by the presence of xenoliths of syenite-porphyry rocks in leucocratic syenites. The rocks of the bostonite dike cutting the massif are characterized by the absence of amphibole and an increased content of pyroxene. This is most likely due to the fact that, the rock contains xenoliths of the host rocks of biotite-pyroxene composition. The dikes also conyain xenoliths of the second phase rocks, which indicates a later age of this dike. The bostonite dike located in the immediate vicinity of the massif is almost identical to the dike found in the massif, except an amphibole in the composition of the rocks. The only dike of vogesites that intersects the body of the massif is characterized by the presence of two varieties of amphibole: common hornblende and a sufficient amount of barkevikite, which phenocrysts stand out clearly against the background of the total microcrystalline mass. Also, in the course of crystal-optical studies, it was noted that in the structure of the massif there is an increase in the leucocratic magmatism from the early phase to the late, but with a decrease in this indicator, taking into account the introduction of vogesite dikes at the late stages of magmatism development. Based on this, the conclusion is made about the antidromic development of the rocks of the Taezhniy massif. When comparing the evolution of magmatism of the Taezhniy massif with the Ryabinoviy massif, a possible gold-ore specialization of the studied object is suggested.
Effect of Energy Dissipation on Scour Hole Development Downstream of the Chute
Authors: Hladík Martin , Králík Martin , Ouhel Jan , Sýs Vojtěch , Zukal Milan
Published: December 2021

An energy dissipation on hydraulic structures is a scientifically highly examined field of study. Gained knowledge can be used to ensure the safety of the hydraulic structures and the channels which is crucial during floods. Above that, those structures are also part of the critical infrastructure therefore their function is necessary. It is assumed that in the Czech Republic the precipitation distribution is changing due to climate change thus episodes of extreme floods may be observed more often. The paper brings brand new knowledge on the kinetic energy dissipation on the chute and in the stilling basin and its impact on the riverbed scour hole development. The presented research was conducted in the Water Management Experimental Centre of Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering. The research aimed to examine the energy dissipation mechanism on different geometric modifications of the construction of spillway chute and stilling basin and its impact on the process of scour hole development. These various types of dams’ flood safety equipment were examined in the hydraulic laboratory: an elementary form of the spillway without any stilling basin; the elementary form of the spillway and the stilling basin (crest and spillway channel had the same width); the chute width was reduced, and the stilling basin had the full width; steps were added on the narrowed chute and the and stilling basin had the full width; only the spillway crest was reduced to a half-width; only the stilling basin width was smoothly reduced; the chute’s width was smoothly reduced along the chute and the stilling basin had full width; the chute’s width was smoothly reduced along the chute and the stilling basin had the width reduced to a half. The flow, water levels, scour hole and deposit dimensions were measured. Then the amount of energy dissipated was computed. The correlation and connection between energy dissipation and scour hole development was investigated. These outcomes can be used as a recommendation of an appropriate construction design to provide better flood safety of the hydraulic structure.
Geo-hydrological Risk Awareness and Disaster Preparedness in a Mountainous Area of Southern Peru Vulnerable to Disaster
Authors: Alfaro-Alejo Roberto , Paredes-Mamani Rene P. , Montenegro-Gambini Julio , Belizario-Quispe Germán , Flores-Condori Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Disaster risk management involves reducing disaster damage to homes, critical infrastructure and the interruption of basic services and developing their resilience. This work analyzes the perception of geohydrological risk by the population living or working in the town of Cuyocuyo (southern Peru), which was affected in previous years by events of landslides, debris flow and floods. In order to analyze the effect of the social perception of geohydrological risk on disaster preparedness in areas under threat from landslides and debris flow, a survey was applied to 65 adult heads of household. The method for estimating results was logit regression. The results show the following: First, the preparation through the acquisition of items necessary to avoid the impact of the disaster is related to indicators of perception of disaster risk and the age of the population. Second, the knowledge and prevention of disaster mitigation significantly depends on indicators of dependency of the place and the affection of the place. Third, the participation of households in trainings and drills to prevent disasters organized by the government depends significantly on the indicators of the perception of probability of the disaster, threat of disaster risk and the identity of the place and Fourth, the modification and reinforcement of the buildings of the settlers depends positively on the dependence of the place.
Impact of Data Processing and DTM Resolution on Determining of Small Erosional Landforms
Authors: Nikolova Valentina , Gospodinova Veselina , Kamburov Asparuh
Published: December 2021

Small erosional landforms are characterised by a dynamics closely related to the occurrence and changes in precipitation and water flowing down the slopes. Triggered by water, the erosion processes are controlled by the other environmental conditions like slope gradient, lithology, land cover and land use. Studying the changes in the topography gives information about the spatiotemporal dynamics of erosion and can contribute to a more effective assessment of erosion susceptibility and mitigation measures at the earliest stage of the process development. Usually in the initial stages, the changes in the topography are hardly noticeable and using high resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) is of high importance. In this relation, the aim of the current research is to determine to what extent the resolution of the models influences the results of delineating the flow lines, rills and gullies. For this purpose, a terrain survey was carried out and data was acquired by UAS (uncrewed aerial system) DJI Phantom 4RTK. DTMs in horizontal resolution of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 m are created and analysed. Special attention is given to the analysis of surface curvature as an indicator for flow convergence and divergence. The research is done on a slope area covered mainly by grass and some rare bushes and trees. Despite the observed variations, the results show a general trend of decrease in the flow length with decreasing DTMs resolution. Considering the plan curvature and concave areas, the differences are smallest between the models with cell size 0.1 and 0.2 m.
The Improvement of Picric Acid Synthesis Methodology
Authors: Chikhradze Nikoloz , Nadirashvili Merab , Iashvili Tamar , Gigineishvili Akaki , Beinashvili Giorgi
Published: December 2021

Explosives have the greatest importance in human practical activities, not only at time of war, but at tranquility as well. Nowadays, huge amount different type of explosives is synthesized, and fabricated for military and civilian applications. Nevertheless, this fact doesn’t exclude necessity of synthesis of new explosives for optimization of their characteristics, such as prime cost, power, safety during production, storage, transfer and etc. Picric acid is a fairly strong and energetic explosive, at the same time, beside to its explosive properties, it is characterized with antibacterial nature and it is the best yellow dye, especially for dyeing animal and plant tissues. The synthesis of picric acid structural analogues, is the main purpose of the research. One of the reasons of synthesis picric acid and further preparation of its structural analogues is safe nature of substances of this group, which makes them safe to various manipulations. On the other hand, it is well known that the synthesis and production of explosives is classified as high risk and costly technology. Therefore, even a small increase of their production productivity, is interesting from the economic effect point of view. During an investigation, changing of reaction conditions (temperature, concentrations and dosage of reagents) the improved method for syntheses of picric acid was developed. As result the significant increase of practical yield of picric acid, from 46% to 86% was achieved. Synthesized picric acid was placed in steel tube and tested on initiation of detonation in explosive camera. The description of modified method, comparisons to conventional technology, as well as explosion testing results is described in the paper.
On the Applicability of Laser Scanning for Evaluation of the Pavement Serviceability Parameters
Authors: Valaskova Veronika , Vlcek Jozef , Kowalska-Koczwara Alicja
Published: December 2021

Pavement performance is influenced by man factors such as climate and environmental conditions, traffic and operational conditions and type of pavement. These factors cause a pavement deterioration what leads to the restriction of the pavement serviceability or pavement efficiency. The pavement serviceability is the ability of the pavement to fulfil the service function represented by the actual values of variable parameters such as pavement surface roughness, surface evenness, pavement surface condition. The state of the pavement is assessed using different performance indicators when International Roughness Index (IRI) is most used. This approach allows to classify the state of the pavement in the pavement management system as a most used indexing, generalizes the pavement surface to the response of the testing car tire and the pavement. Laser scanning presented in this paper is able to bring the knowledge about the real pavement surface considering the accuracy of the method and equipment. Realized laser scanning proved the applicability of this method for the measurement of the pavement surface. Because of the complex knowledge of the pavement surface morphology, we can evaluate the pavement serviceability in terms of roughness, surface evenness or even pavement surface condition (rutting or cracks).
Linkages of Active and Weakening MJO events to Seasonal Variations over the Maritime Continent
Authors: Lumbangaol A , Radjawane I M , Furqon A
Published: December 2021

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a large-scale phenomenon of air-sea intra-seasonal variability in the equatorial area, particularly in the Maritime Continent (MC). This research focused on the analysis of the MJO propagation process in association with rainfall events and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) during seasonal variations, i.e., November, December, January February, and March (NDJFM), and May, June, July, August September (MJJAS). MJO events from 2010 to 2019 were classified as MJO active or MJO weakening according to propagation characteristics and amplitude changes in the RMM index. This research uses a dataset of 10-year series of daily Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) (3B42 V7 derived) measurements for detecting rain rates. Daily OLR data from the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory and SSTA daily data from Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Centre (PODAAC) NOAA are considered for analysing MJO propagation. Composites of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) were also identified differences between the two events; active MJO events had consistently higher negative OLR anomalies than weakening MJO events. Active MJO events during NDJFM had a higher rain rate and positive SSTA than weakening MJO events. Furthermore, composite rain rates distribution over MC during NDJFM are mainly located in the south of the equator, contrarily when MJJAS are north of the equator.
Modelling sea surface currents in the eastern coast of Bawean Island, East Java
Authors: Hidayah Zainul , Wirayuhanto Harish , Norma Sari Zafa Roga , Wardhani Maulinna Kusumo
Published: December 2021

Bawean Island is located in the middle of the Java Sea, approximately 80 km north of Gresik Regency, East Java Province. The coastal area of Bawean Island is famous for its potential as a marine tourism area because it has a well-preserved coral reef ecosystem. The potential for tourism development on this island requires the support of environmental suitability. The dynamics of ocean currents as an important parameter for small island development is important to be analyzed. This study aims to determine the characteristics of currents in the eastern coast of Bawean Island through the hydro-oceanographic model. The data used in this modelling was hourly wind and tide data from the period of 2020-2021. The results showed that the velocity of surface current speed in the study area was weak (<0,5 m/s). There was a significant difference of current direction during the west monsoon season and the first transitional season. Validation of model simulation and ADCP measurements produce MAE values 0,014 and 0,035 as well as MAPE values 12,75% and 27,48%.
Sea surface temperature variability in Indonesia and its relation to regional climate indices
Authors: Habibullah A. D. , Tarya A
Published: December 2021

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an essential indicator of ocean condition. It can reveal many physical processes interacting with it. The present study aims to investigate the spatial-temporal pattern of significant SST variability in Indonesia seas. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) are used to analyze monthly SST data from 1979 to 2021. These two methods are combined with correlation analysis to verify the underlying phenomena and their spatiotemporal distribution pattern using regional climate indices as the reference signal. The result shows that the most prominent feature is the annual and semi-annual oscillation due to the Asia-Australia monsoon system. The annual oscillation signature is found almost in the entire Indonesian seas, with an exception in the low-latitude area and the western Pacific region. The signature of semi-annual oscillation is also protrusive, extending across Indonesia from the Timor Sea to the South China Sea. There is also a variation of SST in correlation with Dipole Mode Index (DMI), localized on the western coast of Sumatra.
The Momentum Conserving Scheme Implementation for Simulating Dambreak Flow in a Channel with Various Contractions
Authors: Swastika P V , Pudjaprasetya S R
Published: December 2021

Rapid flow downstream due to dambreak has a detrimental effect on the surrounding environment or, more dangerously, can be life-threatening. From a practical point of view, these flows are important to studies due to the limited dambreak real case data. This paper discusses the numerical modelling of the dambreak flow through a channel with three different contractions. Our goal here is to investigate the performance of a numerical model for solving the Saint-Venant equations using a momentum conserving staggered grid scheme (MCS). The scheme is the conservative formulation of the governing equations. Flows across channels of various widths and depths have been successfully simulated using a version of this scheme. In this work, we extend our previous work by simulating dambreak flow in a wave tank through several forms of contraction; trapezoidal and triangular. Our simulation results show good agreement with the experimental data in the literature. This assessment shows the merit of the scheme, which is suitable for dambreak flows in channels of varying width.
Spatial Modeling of Sediment Export Rate with Rainfall Variability Scenario in Peusangan Watershed, Aceh Province
Authors: Djunarsjah E , Julian M M , Baskoro A A , Alfandi N R
Published: December 2021

The rainfall affects the environmental interaction of watersheds and coastal areas. The high intensity of rain and water runoff will lift and carry particles in the watershed environment in the erosion process. This study estimates the total exports of sediment in Peusangan Watershed in the period 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2018 with rainfall variability scenarios. Total sediment exports are calculated from the erosion rate and sediment delivery ratio (SDR). Erosion rate modeling uses the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) that takes into account erosivity of rainfall, soil erodiability, topography, land cover, and land-use practices. While SDR is calculated based on its function as watershed area so that homogeneous value that causes the value of sediment export rate is directly proportional to the erosion rate value. The correlation between rainfall variability and sediment export rates is calculated based on rainfall variability correlation to erosion rate change. There is a direct relationship between rainfall variability and sediment export rates because the correlation coefficient is close to one. The rate of erosion in Peusangan watersheds falls into the light category based on the classification of erosion hazard levels according to the Ministry of Forestry in 1998. Based on the estimated rate of erosion and SDR, the total annual number of sediment exports obtained in the Peusangan watershed in 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2018 amounted to 1,066,027,426 tons, 909,914,623 tons, 1,075,759,133 tons, and 1,085,490,841 tons, respectively. Based on the spatial distribution of sediment export, Peusangan Watershed falls into the category of normal erosion.
Exposures of Building and Population to Tsunami Hazard in Pangandaran Beach, Indonesia
Authors: Alvianingsih Martha , Pradipta Willy Ivander , Hayatiningsih Intan , Hanifa Nuraini Rahma
Published: December 2021

Pangandaran and Pananjung villages are located in the southern coast of Java Island, prone to tsunami hazard originating from a megathrust earthquake off south of Java Island. Those villages experience a tsunami earthquake on 2006 from an M7.8 earthquake. The National Center for Earthquake Studies released a map of the sources and hazards of Indonesia’s earthquake in 2017 with a potential earthquake of magnitude 8.7-9.2 in the megathrust of Java Island. This research aims to estimate the potential number of buildings and the population affected by tsunami inundation from two scenario; first scenario is based on historical event of a M7.8 intraplate earthquake, and second scenario is based on a plausible M8.7 intraplate earthquake. The first scenario tsunami modeling resulted an inundation of 108.606 ha, while in the second scenario estimate an 867.351 ha of inundation area. Building data is obtained by digitizing aerial photographs taken in November 2021. The calculation of potential affected buildings is carried out by overlaying the tsunami inundation data with the existing building data in the study area. Meanwhile, the population data used is obtained from the local government in 2021. To obtain the number of the affected population, population distribution is first carried out in each class of land cover, overlaid with the tsunami inundation data. The estimated number of buildings and population affected by scenario 1 and 2 in Pangandaran Village is 1,040 buildings along with 2,765 people, and 4,216 buildings with 11,209 people respectively. While in Pananjung Village, it is estimated a total of 149 buildings with 350 people affected, and 4,039 buildings with 9,493 people affected respectively. This indicate that scenario 2 impact is potentially 4 times greater than scenario 1 in Pangandaran village, and 27 times greater in Pananjung village, implying a different strategy of tsunami risk reduction should be taken to save more lives. The results of this study can be used as a basis for policymaking by the government in carrying out a more effective tsunami disaster mitigation efforts in Pangandaran and Pananjung Villages. This study also calls for reevaluation of coastal villages tsunami risk based on each plausible scenario.
Identification of Marine Debris and Its Distribution Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on the Cirebon Coastal Area, Indonesia
Authors: Yohanlis A D , Putri M R
Published: December 2021

Marine debris can be a significant problem when it enters the ocean. One of the areas, which has a marine debris problem is Cirebon Coast. Such a problem occurs due to the high human population and activities in this particular coastal area. An effective cleaning method is required to prevent this problem. However, to determine the cleaning method, comprehensive information about the debris condition is required. Therefore, this study aims to identify the dominant types of marine debris and analyze the effect of tides on the characteristics and distribution of debris on the Cirebon Coast. This study carried out marine debris identification by orthophoto obtained from a DJI Phantom 4 Pro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)/drone. The dominant types of marine debris on the Cirebon Coast are plastic and styrofoam. Based on the aerial imagery validation results, plastic and styrofoam larger than Ground Sample Distance (GSD) are easily detected. Visually, debris in Karang Anom more than in Rawa Urip. The change in tidal height can affect debris not visible on the orthophoto at the maximum water level. In addition, the tides can also move marine debris varying from 10 to 50 cm from its previous position. The debris area at Rawa Urip Beach when slack before flood tide (55.53 m2) is larger than the area when slack before ebb tide (52.71 m2). The debris area at Karang Anom Beach at low tide (129.89 m2) is larger than when slack before ebb tide (75.79 m2). This study revelaed that the factors affecting debris area on the Cirebon Coast comprise tidal height, seawater visibility, and the beach structure (slope and coast components).
Littoral drift analysis based on long-term observation of mesotidal beach profile in Kuta Beach, Bali for coastal retreat assessment
Authors: Rahmawati R. R. , Putro A. H.S. , Lee J.L.
Published: December 2021

The beach profile survey in the intertidal zone is crucial for a temporal variability study of shoreline and beach profile change for coastal management. The combination of numerical modelling and field data has proven to be successful in identifying the primary hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes such as littoral and cross-shore drift. Those parameters are relevant to the sandbar migration process and shoreline changes. The purpose of the present study is to analyse the littoral drift that caused temporal variability shoreline change in mesotidal beach for coastal retreat mitigation. Beach profile data of Kuta Beach was analyzed by 7 years of long-term field observation data both east monsoon and west monsoon situation. The shoreline definition used mean sea level (MSL)1.3 m and high water level (HWL) 2.6 m as reference. By using the MeEPASoL program as a graphical user interface program, shoreline changes converging to an equilibrium state can be simulated by taking into account the existing breakwater. Temporal shoreline position resulting from littoral drift and beach width change from its initial position is estimated for coastal erosion analysis. The result showed that dominantly, the littoral drift pattern moved from south to north. Furthermore, this study can be used in the process of identifying the primary hydrodynamic analysis in erosion disaster management as assessment of the beach erosion.
The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Seroja to The Rainfall and Sea Wave Height in East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Kurniawan R , Harsa H , Nurrahmat M H , Sasmito A , Florida N , Makmur E E S , Swarinoto Y S , Habibie M N , Hutapea T F , Sudewi R S , Fitria W , Praja A S , Adrianita F
Published: December 2021

Natural events following the activity of the Tropical Cyclone Seroja in April 2021 are investigated. During its active phase, Tropical Cyclone Seroja generated extreme rainfall events in some sub-provinces of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT): Ngada, Alor, Belu, Rote Ndao on 4 April, 2021, Kupang on 4 to 5 April, 2021, East Sumba on 4 to 6 April, 2021. Moreover, these extreme rainfall events triggered flood in Alor, East Flores, Lembata, The City of Kupang, Kupang, East Sumba, Malaka, Belu, and North Central Timor. The maximum sea wave height of the Indian Ocean at the Southern part of NTT was also increasing, from 4 meters on 1 to 2 April, 2021 up to 6 meters on 3 April, 2021, and rose to higher than 7 meters on 4 to 6 April, 2021. On 7 to 9 April, 2021, the sea wave height declined as the Tropical Cyclone Seroja moved to the Southwest of NTT.
Design and analysis of low-cost underwater glider for shallow water
Authors: Inprasetyobudi H , Darma Y Y E , Rinanto N , Wibowo G H , Utomo R E P
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to design a low-cost underwater glider to operate in shallow water. The proposed design was developed by manufacturing engineering software. Analysis of the hull using manufacturing engineering software and 3D computer-aided design (CAD). The analysis of hydrodynamics using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This glider was designed to operate in shallow water, coastal, lake and river for a maximum depth of 10 m and a maximum speed of current 12,96 km/h, or 3,6 m/s. To reduce and minimize the cost to manufacture this underwater glider, the mechanics, electrical, electronics, and power source were using common tools on the market, not on demand. Based on numerical model, the hull pressure had 30,127 psi or 0,2077162 MPa for maximum depth 10 m and max speed 12,96 km/h. Maximum pressure occurs on the nose and behind the wings. This unmanned vehicle was designed to be in 9 compartments. The first compartment and 8th compartment are used for ballast tanks. The others for: mechanics of ballast system, altimeter and attitude controller, payload, battery pack, main controller part, propulsion system, and propulsor.
Temporal Distribution and Characteristic Analysis of Oil Spill in Balikpapan Bay
Authors: Widiawan D A
Published: December 2021

Balikpapan Bay has an oil spill case that attracts many people because it is considered a serious environmental problem and is detrimental to the environment. One of the cases that occurred was the leak of an oil pipeline in Balikpapan Bay due to the wrong anchorage of a ship that occurred on March 31, 2018. Detection of oil spills for three months using Sentinel 1-A satellite data to determine the distribution and analysis of the same oil characteristics from the source of pipe leaks in the Gulf of Balikpapan. The multi-temporal distribution of oil spills in Balikpapan Bay in March, April, and May 2018 has a significant difference in the upstream and mouth of the bay due to a pipe leak on March 31, 2018. Characteristics of upstream oil spills represented by stations 4 and 5 have the anisotropy value is lower than at the mouth of the bay which is represented by stations 1 and 2. The characteristics of the oil spill in Balikpapan Bay have differences before and after the oil spill due to pipe leakage as indicated by the decrease in the anisotropy value.
Site productivity indices for native forests in southeast Queensland
Authors: Jay V A , Neumann M
Published: December 2021

Site productivity, or site quality, describes the potential biomass growth and yield of vegetation at a given location. Land managers have devised indices for site productivity using attributes related to plant yields or growth rates, and these have great utility when available spatially in maps. The main factors determining site productivity include climate, soil and terrain characteristics. Here we analysed four productivity indices (two based on remote sensing only, two based on modelling and algorithms using spatial datasets). The tested indices were available over a 150,000 km2 area of southeast Queensland Australia, a region dominated by Eucalyptus and Acacia species. We were interested in comparing the indices regarding underlying drivers, effects on vegetation types and the general distribution of site productivity across our study region. Our methods included histograms of spatial attribute intersection, and multivariate linear regression. Remote sensing has clear advantages in capturing current conditions, which potential productivity algorithms cannot depict. On the other hand, maps with productivity algorithms provide large-scale robust information on biomass growth/yield that is sensitive to the main drivers of plant growth (e.g. climate, soil).
Methods of using ecological sources of clean energy in the cultivation of bell pepper seedlings
Authors: Baizakov T , Yunusov R , Yusupov Sh , Kilichev Z , Xasanova Yu
Published: December 2021

Development of ways to use solar energy as a source of clean energy. Development of scientific foundations for the widespread use of solar cells, their new capabilities, development of methods for increasing efficiency. With the development of new innovative technologies, it is necessary to study the operating conditions of autonomous power sources that can be used by consumers, their period of operation, and their in-depth structure. This article describes the role of greenhouses in agricultural production and the structure of autonomous power sources and their principles of operation.
Study on modeling of the air ionization process in the technology of long-term storage of fruit and grape
Authors: Rakhmatov A , Sanbetova A
Published: December 2021

This article presents the results of modeling the process of air ionization in the technology of long-term storage of fruits and grapes in fruit storage facilities.Also was determined the main forces acting on ions in the ionization zone, in the volume of the fruit storage and on the surface of the processed product in order to establish the ionization modes and design the discharge gap of the ionizer. Based on the results of the research, the issues of the ionizer placement in the volume of the fruit storage have been resolved. The results of theoretical studies have been verified experimentally and the corresponding dependencies of the parameters of ionized air was obtained.
Study on electric pulse destruction of diseased nematodes
Authors: Tashpulatov N T , Zakhidov R A
Published: December 2021

The article presents the results of research on the use of electric discharges of current for the destruction of worms, larvae and galls of pathogenic nematodes. Nematodes consisting of round worms in the process of their vital activity penetrates the roots, stems and leaves of the plant, disrupting the integrity of tissues, cells and cellular structures, feeding on plant sap leads to lagging behind growth and development, contributes to the spread of various diseases, causes rot and infection. They can be found even in fruits and seeds of plants. Most often, worms form a kind of swelling growth in the roots, in the stems in the leaves and in the fruits, the growths of which are called galls. When unfavorable conditions arise, they move at an accelerated rate in the soil, maintaining their vitality. Therefore, their destruction using well-known methods such as agro technical, thermal biological, chemical, etc. is laborious and ineffective. The article describes an alternative electro technological method for the destruction of nematodes using electric current discharges, which provides the required destruction effect at the lowest cost.
Determination of the Optimal Parameters of the Jet Aeration
Authors: Radkevich M , Abdukodirova M , Shipilova K , Abdullaev B
Published: December 2021

To ensure effective aeration of the biological wastewater treatment process, easy-to-operate and not too energy-intensive units are needed. Jet aerators have such capabilities. In this study, the authors searched for the best hole shape for the aeration nozzles. It was determined that a nozzle with an elongated hole has the largest size of the actively aerated zone. Experimental studies of nozzles of a diameter of 56 mm with nozzles of elongated shape showed that the best characteristics of mass transfer are provided by nozzles with a total area of holes of 356 mm2 at a flow rate of 10 … 12 m/s. For practical calculations, an equation was obtained for the dependence of the oxygen transfer coefficient KLa(20) on the complex criterion vn, and a method for calculating aeration units was developed, which is applicable for aerators with elongated holes.
Representatives of lepidoptera groups in plant biotocenosis and their effective parasite-entomophage types
Authors: Sulaymonov B A
Published: December 2021

The article highlights interesting parts of ten years of scientific research, the development of fauna and bioecology and populations of more than 50 species of the main family Lepidoptera, which are found in the biocenosis of agricultural crops in Uzbekistan. Also, the species composition of representatives of the family Trichogrammatidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Pteromalidae, Tachinidae from the main entomophagous species that effectively control the number of members of the family Lepidoptera was identified and systematically analyzed.
Scientific significance of using protective devices in pear storage in refrigerated warehouses (in the case of Uzbekistan)
Authors: Sh Azizov A , Sultonov K S , Gafurov J A
Published: December 2021

In this article, a scientific study on the long-term storage of Santa Maria pears in refrigerated warehouses through using modern protective equipment, special bags and ethylene-absorbing absorbers, was conducted. Accordingly, the main factor influencing the long shelf life of pears was the natural loss during the storage. It was considered that calculation and analysis of effects inducing the natural loss were pivotal to improve the preservation of the fruit, maintain freshness and all useful elements of the fruit, and prolong the storage period. Ethylene absorber and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) packages were used in the initial research step, and collected pears were placed in the refrigerator at a temperature of 0-2°C in 8 different Options. Results showed that the higher natural loss in the fruit stored without employing any means (in option 1) was 5.45% equal to 193.9 gram, whereas the best result was in Option 7 used the MAP special plastic bag and two pieces of absorbers, and compared to the initial weight, 4099 grams, the natural loss in the fruit was 1.20% equal to 47.7 gram.
Flow of simple superphosphate using two-stage decomposition of phosphorite
Authors: Otaboev Kh , Sherkuziev D , Namazov Sh , Radjabov R , Seytnazarov A
Published: December 2021

The methods for producing simple superphosphate by two-stage sulfuric acid decomposition of natural phosphates are analyzed. For the first stage, the process of decomposition of high-carbonate powdered phosphorite is studied depending on the rate of sulfuric acid from stoichiometry to the formation of H3PO4, its concentration and the reaction time of the starting components. For the second stage, the process of neutralization of phosphoric acid is studied, depending on the norm of phosphate rock for the formation of Ca(H2PO4)2. The drying process of superphosphate is carried out, in which granular superphosphate is obtained, and P2O5total. - 12%, P2O5free. - 4.6%, P2O5dig : P2O5total = 90%, P2O5 water : P2O5total = 79%.
Study on the improvement of the device for cleaning low-grade cotton with high- moisture
Authors: Khodjiev M T , Isaev Sh Sh
Published: December 2021

This article analyzes the importance of the process of ginning cotton with high pollution before ginning, the operation of the ginning device before ginning, the impact of the device nodes with the raw cotton. At the same time, the cleaning efficiency of the machine in the cleaning equipment from small and large contaminants, the basic control developments and calculation processes in the selection of the technological parameters of the cleaners are considered. It was suggested and analyzed that before the cotton was ginned, the cleaning device should be replaced with cone-tipped piles and a new belt extension to remove impurities instead of fine-grained drum piles. The impact strength and impact of the proposed conical-tipped pile drums on cotton have been studied.
Research of the reasons of increased drop in cotton seeds after generation with reduced density of raw roller
Authors: Agzamov M , Radjabov I , Yuldashev D
Published: December 2021

Results of researches on definition of influence of density of the raw roller on pubescence of cotton seeds are given in article. The received mathematical model for calculation of contact pressure and movement of the raw roller in the form of a system from six equations with six unknown. The numerical results calculated on the computer. Sizes of shift and contact pressure for the set physic-mechanical and geometrical parameters of a system are determined. It is established that contact pressure significantly depends on elasticity (density) and angular speed of the raw roller. On the basis of the graphic data of contact pressure and contact movement of the raw roller received results of calculations the conclusion that with reduction of density of the raw roller conditions of capture of a short cotton slice worsen. The fact that the contact pressure and movement fluctuate during time is the reason of it, i.e. in the beginning the short cotton slice contacts to a saw, but during fractions of a second this contact is lost, also contact pressure similarly changes. Results of theoretical researches proved increase in a full pubescence of seeds after gin with reduction of density of the raw roller, i.e. one of the reasons of it is deterioration in conditions of capture of short cotton slices a saw - fluctuations of contact pressure and contact movement of the raw roller.
Search for ways to increase yield and improve product quality in the process of saw ginning
Authors: Agzamov M , Rakhmatov M , Agzamov M , Olimov O , Nosirov K
Published: December 2021

This article presents the results of research on increasing fiber yield and improving product quality by using a new design of the vas deferens from the working chamber. It has been experimentally established that the most rational in terms of yield and quality of fiber, seeds and gin productivity is the position of the seed comb when the axes of its pegs are directed 5-10 degrees above the axis of the saw cylinder. The smallest value of complete hairiness of seeds after gin was obtained when installing a lamellar seed comb. Its average value was 13.8%. At the same time, the fiber yield was maximum - 34.66%, and the highest productivity - 8.5 kg of fiber per saw per hour. The influence of the distance between the ends of the seed comb pegs and grates at their values of 10, 20, 30 mm on the ginning indices was investigated. A distance of 20 mm is recognized as optimal taking into account all indicators - fiber yield, complete pubescence, productivity, quality of fiber and seeds. An experimental working chamber equipped with lamellar combs was made. It has been tested in the production conditions of a pilot cotton mill.
Study on the perspectives of application of eco-friendly laser biotechnology for environmental protection in Uzbekistan
Authors: Tursunov O , Dobrowolski J W , Khujaev O , Abduganiev N , Nazarova O J , Yuldosheva D J
Published: December 2021

Since few decades, the world is encountering unusual and daunting environmental challenges like global warming, climate change, pollution of the atmosphere and water, an emerging international crisis in water availability, long-term damage to ecosystems and substantial loss of biodiversity, waste production and disposal, damaged aquatic ecosystems, impacts of chemicals use and toxic substance disposal, as well as land degradation and deforestation. Accordingly, Uzbekistan has also been encountering some environmental issues, such as global Aral Sea crisis, soil erosion and desertification, wastewater, air pollution and a growing amount of municipal solid waste. Hence, this paper illustrates the major environmental challenges and risks in Uzbekistan, as well as, the possible application of environmentally friendly laser biotechnology for more efficient and rationale protection of ecosystems and wide-scale reclamation of deteriorated areas. Comprehensive use of laser irradiation can be effectively applied in environmental protection engineering and technologies for sustainable development in selected regions. Laser irradiation or photostimulation is a neoteric area and process of environmental biotechnology. In this process, coherent laser light is employed to optimize the natural processes involved in the bioremediation of xenobiotics or bioaccumulation of metals. Additionally, laser biotechnology could be broadly used for more efficient reclamation of contaminated soil, wastewater treatment, as well as for increasing the growth rate of irradiated plants and their resistance to various macro- and micro pollutants in the air, soil, and water.
Formulation of mayonnaise recipe enriched with biological active compounds of sesame cake
Authors: Gaipova Sh , Ruzibayev A , Khakimova Z , Salijanova Sh , Fayzullayev A
Published: December 2021

Today, scientific schools have been formed to improve the recipe and technology of mayonnaise. In the present study, a byproduct of an oilseed source, namely sesame cake, containing unique antioxidant compounds, such as lignans, is studied as a biologically active additive that can be used in the place of starch and synthetic antioxidants in mayonnaise. Sesame seed purchased from local markets. Sesamol standard was obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (USA). The experimental results have shown that regarding the taste, color, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability, the samples containing 10% sesame cake powder obtained the highest score. It is therefore recommended to use sesame cake powder at the concentration of 8-10% in mayonnaise formulation. The findings of this research could be useful for food industries to improve their products qualitatively.