bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of activated platelet‐derived growth factor receptor in stromal cells of human colon carcinomas is associated with metastatic potential
Authors: Kitadai Yasuhiko , Sasaki Takamitsu , Kuwai Toshio , Nakamura Toru , Bucana Corazon D. , Hamilton Stanley R. , Fidler Isaiah J.
Published: September 2006

Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGF‐R) expression has been reported in a variety of cancers, including colorectal, breast, lung, ovarian and pancreatic cancers, but the role of PDGF‐R expression in the development and progression of colon carcinoma has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PDGF and PDGF‐R in human colon carcinomas. The expression of PDGF, PDGF‐R and phosphorylated PDGF‐R (p‐PDGF‐R) was examined by immunofluorescence in 12 surgical specimens of colon carcinoma and in human colon carcinoma cells growing in the subcutis (ectopic site) and the cecal wall (orthotopic site) of nude mice. In most surgical specimens, tumor cells expressed PDGF‐A and ‐B subunits, without corresponding levels of PDGF‐Rα and PDGF‐Rβ. PDGF‐Rβ was predominantly expressed by tumor‐associated stromal cells and pericytes of tumor vasculature. The expression of PDGF‐Rβ in the stroma was associated with advanced stage disease. Under culture conditions, human colon carcinoma cell lines expressed PDGF‐A and ‐B, but not PDGF‐R. In orthotopic tumors, the KM12 cells (Duke's stage B) expressed PDGF‐A and ‐B, but PDGF‐Rβ was expressed only by stromal cells and pericytes in the tumor vasculature. This expression of PDGF‐Rβ by stromal cells and pericytes was higher in tumors growing at the orthotopic site than in those at the ectopic site. The expression of PDGF‐Rβ in the stroma was higher in highly metastatic KM12SM tumors than in low metastatic KM12C tumors. In conclusion, the expression of PDGF‐Rβ in stromal cells is influenced by the organ‐specific microenvironment and is associated with metastatic potential. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rethinking the political economy of development: back to basics and beyond
Authors: Nixson Frederick
Published: September 2006

This paper explores a number of key issues in Development Economics which should be central concerns of contemporary development debates but which rarely attract the attention they deserve. It argues that there were fundamental insights in much of the early theoretical work of the ‘first generation’ of development economists, including the Latin American structuralists, that remain important. It then discusses the view that much of this earlier work is in danger of being ignored, forgotten or for various ideological reasons, airbrushed out of history. Recent examples include the omission of Latin American structuralism from recent editions of otherwise highly regarded texts, the omission of any reference to Harrod or to Domar in another recently published book which purports to discuss the evolution of growth theory, and a third book focussing on Economic Growth which excludes both Harrod and Domar and gives Arthur Lewis only one mention. The main conclusion is that Development Economics has moved too far away from its core competencies, and that a move ‘back to basics’ is long overdue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finance for small enterprise growth and poverty reduction in developing countries
Authors: Green Christopher J. , Kirkpatrick Colin H. , Murinde Victor
Published: September 2006

This paper examines the ways in which financial sector development policy might contribute to poverty reduction, particularly by supporting the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Specifically, the paper draws on case studies and empirical work on the changing role of MSEs in the development process and the access of MSEs to informal and formal finance, including the role of microfinance. A number of research priorities relating to the links among financial policy, small enterprise development and poverty reduction are identified for the immediate attention of researchers engaged in contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving global poverty by 2015. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controversies over the impact of development aid: it works; it doesn't; it can, but that depends …
Authors: McGillivray Mark , Feeny Simon , Hermes Niels , Lensink Robert
Published: September 2006

This paper surveys five decades of empirical research on the macroeconomic impact of aid, looking mainly at studies examining the link between aid and growth. It argues that studies dating until the late 1990s produced either contradictory or inconclusive results. Aid either worked, or it didn't, according to this research. The paper then highlights a major shift in the literature that coincided with the release of the World Bank's Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn't and Why. Practically, all research published since that report agrees with its general finding that aid works to the extent that in its absence, growth would be lower. One controversy may therefore have been settled. Yet, as shown in this paper, the report has set‐off an intense debate over the context in which aid works. That debate centres on whether the effectiveness of these inflows depends on the policy regime of recipient countries. Some possible avenues through which the heat might be taken out of this debate are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman imaging of ancient rust scales on archaeological iron artefacts for long‐term atmospheric corrosion mechanisms study
Authors: Neff Delphine , Bellot‐Gurlet Ludovic , Dillmann Philippe , Reguer Solenn , Legrand Ludovic
Published: September 2006

Iron archaeological artefacts were studied to understand long‐term corrosion by the atmosphere. Indeed, these samples collected on the construction elements of ancient monuments present ancient rust layers formed during their exposure over centuries to the indoor atmosphere. Thanks to Raman spectroscopy and the acquisition of hyperspectral images of the corrosion scales, several zones of the samples observed on cross sections could be characterised. It has been shown on six dated samples that the main phase is goethite (α‐FeOOH). Lepidocrocite and akaganeite (γ‐FeOOH and β‐FeOOH) occur locally in the corroded products, often correlated with cracks. A less crystallised phase, a hydrated oxy‐hydroxide, has been identified abundantly in more or less extended zones inside the layer. This phase could play an important role in atmospheric corrosion mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering techniques to the ultrasensitive identification of natural dyes in works of art
Authors: Leona Marco , Stenger Jens , Ferloni Elena
Published: September 2006

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful technique for the detection of natural dyes found in archeological and historical textiles, in paintings, and in other works of art. Natural organic products historically used as textile dyes or lake pigments are often fluorescent under normal dispersive Raman measurement conditions. To add to the fluorescence problem, the amount of dye actually present on works of art is minimal, requiring extremely sensitive analytical techniques. The enhancement of the Raman signal and the quenching of the background fluorescence resulting from the adsorption of dye molecules on metal nanoparticles in SERS concur to solve the problems encountered when studying dyes by Raman spectroscopy. Reproducible spectra of several reference dyes were obtained, and extraction and adsorption protocols to optimize the analysis of samples from actual work of art were developed. SERS supports evaluated include citrate‐reduced and hydroxylamine‐reduced Ag colloids, as well as Tollens mirrors and silver nanoisland films. Dyes for which SERS spectra were observed include: alizarin, purpurin, laccaic acid, carminic acid, kermesic acid, shikonin, juglone, lawsone, brazilin and brazilein, haematoxylin and haematein, fisetin, quercitrin, quercetin, rutin, and morin. The incompatibility with SERS of techniques traditionally used to extract dyes from artwork samples was demonstrated, and a nonextractive hydrolysis technique specially suited to prepare SERS microscopic samples was developed. Finally, SERS was successfully used to identify alizarin in a 1mm by 50 µm (diameter) single fiber sample form a sixteenth‐century tapestry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of acrylic consolidants in wood by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ohlídalová Martina , Kučerová Irena , Novotná Miroslava
Published: September 2006

Consolidation is an important conservation treatment of damaged wooden historical monuments. Successful consolidation is based on sufficient penetration of the consolidant into the wood. For this reason, it is very important to prove the presence of the consolidant in wood.

In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used for identification of acrylic consolidants in wood. Prior to the measurement, it was necessary to find the most suitable settings of instrumental parameters of the Raman spectrometer. It was necessary to suppress the fluorescence of the wood itself, as well as the fluorescence of the acrylic consolidants used, as much as possible. Another task was to find the most suitable measuring area from the point of view of the wooden microstructure. This study deals with developing a methodology that examines acrylates in wood that can be successfully used to examine the penetration of acrylate consolidants in wood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence and Raman spectra on painting materials: reconstruction of spectra with mathematical methods
Authors: Osticioli Iacopo , Zoppi Angela , Castellucci Emilio Mario
Published: September 2006

SERDS (shift excitation difference spectroscopy) and SSRS (subtracted shifted Raman spectroscopy) methods were applied for fluorescence‐background rejection in the Raman spectra of colored materials. These techniques are based on the assumption that the fluorescence contribution can be completely eliminated by subtracting two Raman spectra acquired at two shifted laser excitation frequencies. For the SERDS method a micro‐Raman experimental apparatus coupled with a tunable diode laser (central emission at 684 nm) was set up. SSRS measurements were made on a commercial micro‐Raman instrument; in this case the shifted spectrum was obtained by moving the spectrometer grating. Raman spectra were then reconstructed by applying the difference deconvolution method that automatically converts the difference signals in Raman peaks through a deconvolution operation. These techniques were tested on two reference colors (ultramarine and 6,6′‐dibromoindigotine) and two colored samples of unknown composition (a Pompeian pink powder and a blue paint from a XVII century painting). Fluorescence‐background subtraction and the following operation of spectra reconstruction took place successfully with no errors in Raman peaks, width and wavenumber position. In addition, even weak spectral details were revealed favoring the comparison with reference data for a molecular identification. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigment identification of a XIV/XV c. wooden crucifix by means of the Raman spectroscopic technique
Authors: Kamińska A. , Sawczak M. , Oujja M. , Domingo C. , Castillejo M. , Śliwiński G.
Published: September 2006

The historical polychrome pigments used originally and those applied for later restoration were identified on a wooden crucifix (about 1400 A.D.) from the collection of the National Museum in Gdansk by means of the Raman spectroscopic technique. Characteristic bands associated with the pigments on different areas of the object were observed in the spectra of the paint layers and also on their cross sections. Sets of bands corresponding to the original white, red and green pigments allowed the identification of chalk (283, 1087 cm−1), vermilion (253, 284, 343 cm−1) and red lead (313, 390, 548 cm−1), and also numerous bands ascribed to malachite and azurite. Bands corresponding to the pigments Prussian blue, (Fe[Fe3+Fe2+(CN)6]3) (282, 538 cm−1), and chrome yellow, (PbCrO4) (338, 360, 403 cm−1), were also observed. As these pigments have been known since 1704 and 1803, respectively, it is concluded that partial retouching of some areas of the statue had taken place. For confirmation, elemental analysis was performed using LIBS (laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy) and recorded for the green paint retouching after excitation at 248 nm by a KrF laser. In the plasma emission, the elements Cu, Pb, Cr, Fe, CN, C2, Ca were identified, supporting the pigment assignment based on the Raman spectra. Results of this work enabled the mapping of the polychrome pigments and also the layer stratigraphy, contributing in this way to the restoration of the statue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of copper nitrate‐based patinas
Authors: Hayez V. , Segato T. , Hubin A. , Terryn H.
Published: September 2006

Artificial patination is mostly based on empirical recipes for which the result is difficult to forecast. Little is known about the final corrosion compound formed on the patinated object. Therefore, different patinas based on copper nitrate—an ingredient recurrent in numerous references—were realized according to traditional recipes. Their characteristics of morphology and molecular composition were studied using various methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). A better understanding of artificial patinas will not only allow developing appropriate methods of conservation and restoration, but also differentiating between natural and artificial patinas. An example of a patina present on an ancient artifact is discussed and compared with the studied artificial patinas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scientific investigations of the Tokhung‐Ri tomb mural paintings (408 A.D.) of the Koguryo era, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Authors: Mazzeo R. , Joseph E. , Minguzzi V. , Grillini G. , Baraldi P. , Prandstraller D.
Published: September 2006

In the framework of the UNESCO workshops on the Conservation and Preservation of the Koguryo mural paintings, which were held in Pyongyang in 2004 and 2005, paint samples were collected from the Tokhung‐Ri tomb located in suburban Pyongyang and analyzed by optical, polarized and FTIR microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM‐EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) as well as Raman spectroscopy, in order to characterize the composition of pigments, the execution technique adopted and the state of conservation of the murals. The first scientific results seem to confirm the suggestion of local conservators about the adoption of a fresco technique, even though it is not yet clear whether this was intentionally achieved by the North Korean painters. As regards this, analyses of more samples as well as confirmations from a survey of the historical literature are needed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman study of synthetic organic pigments and dyes in early lithographic inks (1890–1920)
Authors: Centeno Silvia A. , Buisan Virginia Lladó , Ropret Polonca
Published: September 2006

The colorants and additives present in lithographic inks used in a group of posters manufactured during the period between 1890 and 1920, an extremely fruitful period regarding the development of the synthetic dye and pigment industry, were identified by Raman spectroscopy. Synthetic organic pigments and dyes were detected along with inorganic pigments. Red, blue and yellow synthetic organic pigments were more frequently observed in posters manufactured by the end of the 1890–1920 period, reflecting that lithographers were actively experimenting to achieve hues not accessible using inorganic pigments alone. The water‐sensitivity of the inks containing synthetic organic colorants is discussed in relation to the potential application of aqueous conservation treatments to early posters. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of Japanese artists' materials: The Tale of Genji by Tosa Mitsunobu
Authors: Eremin Katherine , Stenger Jens , Li Green Melanie
Published: September 2006

Micro‐samples from the earliest complete copy of the Japanese masterpiece The Tale of Genji were analyzed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy to determine the materials used. The album was commissioned in 1509 and consists of 54 illustrations by Tosa Mitsunobu with matching calligraphic pages painted by six different court calligraphers. The pages were originally pasted onto a folding screen but were remounted in an album in the 17th century and a frontispiece and finispiece illustration painted by Tosa Mitsuoki. The illustration for chapter 52 is a replacement of unknown date.

The following materials were identified in the illustrations: azurite, indigo, malachite, atacamite, botallackite, chrysocolla, gamboge, vermilion, lead(II,IV) oxide (red lead), red ochre/haematite, calcite and basic lead carbonate (lead white). A smaller range was used on the calligraphic pages: vermilion, lead(II,IV) oxide (red lead), indigo, gamboge, yellow ochre and calcite.

Most of the materials identified are part of the traditional Japanese palette, and a wide range of tones was created by mixing pigments from this relatively restricted set. The hydrated copper chlorides, atacamite and botallackite, may be alteration products of original malachite. The chrysocolla, a natural amorphous copper silicate, was probably incorporated accidentally with the malachite, as the two can occur together in nature. Chrysocolla occurs with malachite only on the replacement illustration for chapter 52, which lacks copper chlorides.

The lead carbonate and red lead are both discolored in many areas. Lead sulfate was identified in some altered areas of red lead and probably represents a secondary alteration product. The primary alteration product of both lead pigments is assumed to be lead(II) sulfide, as silver in the manuscript has altered to silver sulfide. The alternative alteration product, lead(IV) oxide, is considered less likely. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of degraded papers by non‐destructive spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Bicchieri Marina , Sodo Armida , Piantanida Giovanna , Coluzza Carlo
Published: September 2006

Scientific approach to cultural heritage conservation is very important for cultural reasons and also in order to avoid mistakes in restoration work. Acidity and oxidation play a very important role in paper conservation. Deacidification is a widely used method to remove acidity on aged papers, but if a large amount of carbonyl groups is present in the paper, a strong deacidification can promote an alkali‐catalysed β‐alkoxy elimination, leading to the breaking of the anhydroglucose ring in the cellulose chain.

In this case, and also in the case of non‐acidic but oxidised papers, a reduction treatment is necessary. Because of the high costs of restoration procedures, it is essential to determine whether the reduction treatment is a primary need.

In this work we report a study, based on micron‐scale space resolved Raman microscopy, infrared reflectance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, of differently degraded samples of paper.

Non‐treated and oxidised samples were investigated, as well as original ancient documents.

The aim of this work is to achieve a better understanding of the degradation pattern of historical samples in order to be able to choose the most appropriate restoration treatment using non‐destructive spectroscopic techniques.

Analysis of the samples demonstrates that degradation processes occur mainly on fibrils and on the fibre wall, as shown also by atomic force microscopy measurements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro validation of a mobile Raman–XRF micro‐analytical instrument's capabilities on the diagnosis of Byzantine icons
Authors: Andrikopoulos K. S. , Daniilia Sister , Roussel B. , Janssens K.
Published: September 2006

A new mobile instrumentation that takes advantage of the simultaneous utilisation of two micro‐analytical techniques (Raman and XRF) has already been effected within the PRAXIS European project (Competitive and Sustainable growth programme, PRAXIS: A portable Raman–X‐Ray instrument. No G6RD‐CT‐2001‐00602). The instrument permits structural characterisation of the pigments incorporated in a painting under study by evaluation of the Raman spectra together with elemental analysis of the same materials provided by XRF spectra. Although direct structural characterisation with great specificity is directly accomplished by Raman spectroscopy, the signal is often masked by strong fluorescence, a fact that imposes time consumption. On the other hand, the average signal offered by XRF over larger volumes enables unique information to be obtained from invisible under‐layers. Moreover, the detection of trace elements by XRF, not influencing the Raman spectra, renders the characterisation of painting materials more comprehensive. Validation of the instrument's in situ and non‐destructive capabilities was performed after its in vitro application on an experimental icon (painted with traditional Byzantine techniques). The data acquired by the two techniques from the same spots on the painting offer complementary results, which enable the identification of almost all pigments even in the case of over‐painted art objects. Finally, the instrument's abilities on the identification of materials on specimen's cross sections are revealed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of Cellulite with optical devices: An overview with practical considerations
Authors: Alster Tina S. , Tehrani Mahsa
Published: September 2006

Cellulite is a common condition in women for which treatment is frequently requested. Its etiology is unknown, but a myriad of factors including genetics, hormones, and inflammation appear to contribute to its formation. Despite the popularity of therapies touting their effectiveness for this pervasive condition, few have proven long‐lasting benefits. Lasers and light sources are the latest devices to have entered the cellulite therapeutic market. This paper describes these optical devices and provides an overview of their published effectiveness. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:727–730, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Novel Biodegradable Cationic Dendrimers
Authors: Lee Jin‐Seong , Huh June , Ahn Cheol‐Hee , Lee Minhyung , Park Tae Gwan
Published: September 2006

Summary: Dendrons and dendrimers with cationic amino groups at their periphery were successfully synthesized up to the third and second generation, respectively. The results obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography analysis supported the formation of the targeted dendrons and dendrimers. The dendrons were grown via ester linkages, which endowed them with biodegradability in D2O at 37 °C. The degradation rate depends upon the steric hindrance and reactivity caused by the bulkiness and compact structure of the dendrons. All of the synthesized dendrons were degraded within a month, while 60% of the ester groups in the sterically crowded dendrimers were degraded over the same time period. The cytotoxicity of the dendrons was evaluated by the MTT assay on a 293T cell line which indicated that the obtained dendrons were completely non‐toxic. These non‐toxic, biodegradable cationic dendrons and dendrimers are believed to have potential applications in the biomedical field.

Synthetic procedure of dendrons and dendrimers.

magnified image

Synthetic procedure of dendrons and dendrimers.
External anal sphincter contraction during cough: Not a simple spinal reflex
Authors: Deffieux Xavier , Raibaut Patrick , Rene‐Corail Patrick , Katz Rose , Perrigot Michel , Ismael Samer Sheikh , Thoumie Philippe , Amarenco Gérard
Published: September 2006

Aims:

To assess whether the anal contraction during voluntary coughing is a simple spinal reflex‐mediated activity or not. To address this question we studied the external intercostal (EIC) muscle activity and external anal sphincter (EAS) response to cough.

Materials and Methods:

Electromyographic recordings were made from pre‐gelled disposable surface electrodes. EAS electromyographic recordings were made from the EAS of the pelvic floor in 15 continent women all suffering from urgency and/or frequency without urge or stress urinary incontinence, and referred for urodynamic investigation. Electromyographic signal was immediately integrated (EMGi). The abdominal pressure was recorded with bladder and rectal pressure. EAS EMGi was recorded during successive voluntary cough. In three women, we have also recorded EIC EMGi activity since it is synchronous with diaphragmatic EMG activity during cough initiation.

Results:

In all subjects, EAS EMGi activity precedes the onset of the abdominal pressure increase. The mean latency of EAS EMGi was 615 msec (±278). In the three subjects whose EMGi activity was recorded both on EAS and EIC, the onset of EAS EMGi activity occurred before the EIC EMGi activity (latency ranging from 40 to 780 msec) and before the increase in the abdominal pressure.

Conclusions:

The present study suggests that during coughing, EAS EMG activity increases before external intercostal muscle EMGi activity. The contraction of the EAS preceding the activation of muscles involved in coughing indicates that this response is not a result of a simple spinal reflex, but more likely the result of a more intricate reflex involving complex integrative centers. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:782–787, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of UV‐curable ZnO/polymer nanocomposite films
Authors: Lü Na , Lü Xiaodan , Jin Xin , Lü Changli
Published: September 2006

A series of novel nano‐ZnO/polymer composite films with different ZnO contents was prepared through incorporation of pre‐made colloidal ZnO particles into monomer mixtures of urethane‐methacrylate oligomer and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, followed by ultraviolet (UV) radiation‐initiated polymerization. The colloidal ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter of 3–5 nm were synthesized from zinc acetate and lithium hydroxide in ethanol via a wet chemical method. In order to stabilize and immobilize the ZnO particles into the polymer matrix, the ZnO nanoparticles were further capped using 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. Thermogravimetric analyses show that the ZnO nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into the polymer matrix and these ZnO/polymer composites have a good thermal stability. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicate the ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the polymer and they remained at the original size (3–5 nm) before immobilization. All nanocomposite films with ZnO particle contents from 1 to 15 wt% show good transparency in the visible region and luminescent properties. In addition, composite films with high ZnO content (>7 wt%) are able to absorb UV irradiation below 350 nm, indicating that these composite films exhibit good UV screening effects. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of the nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization conditions for styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate in an automated parallel synthesizer
Authors: Becer C. Remzi , Paulus Renzo M. , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: September 2006

Automated parallel synthesizers provide fast and comparable screening of different polymerization parameters under similar conditions. In addition, these robotic systems eliminate handling errors, which may affect the results of a kinetic experiment more than the effect of an important parameter. The polymerization temperature and N,N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐[1′‐diethylphosphono‐2,2′‐dimethylpropyl]nitroxide concentration were optimized for the homopolymerization of both styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate to improve the control over the polymerization while reasonable polymerization rates were retained. Subsequently, polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) macro initiators were synthesized according to the knowledge obtained from the screening results. These macroinitiators were used for the preparation of block copolymers consisting of styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6202–6213, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic polyamides bearing crown ethers and acyclic ethylene oxide units in the pendant structure. III. Benzo‐18‐crown‐6 systems and their open‐chain counterparts
Authors: Calderón Verónica , Schwarz Gert , García Félix , Tapia María J. , Valente Artur J. M. , Burrows Hugh D. , García José Miguel
Published: September 2006

We report the synthesis and characterization of 10 novel polyamides containing the benzo‐18‐crown‐6 subunit and its dipodal counterpart, along with their properties, and a comparison with homologous polyamides bearing benzo‐12‐crown‐4, benzo‐15‐crown‐5, and the corresponding dipodal systems. The anomalous polymerization of some of the diacid monomers, that leads to insoluble gels under standard Yamazaki polymerization conditions, is described. The gel formation has been attributed to the threading of cyclic oligoamides with a growing polyamide chain to yield rotaxanes, polyrotaxanes, catenanes, or polycatenanes. Polyamide macrocycles have been characterized with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. A route to avoid gel formation, consisting of a lower initial monomer concentration, is also described, along with the polymer properties of the polyamides obtained, including the chemical characterization, mechanical behavior, water sorption, morphology, diffusion data, and permeability of membranes prepared with these polymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6252–6269, 2006
Comparison of carbon monoxide (CO) single breath pulmonary diffusing capacity with non‐rebreathing, open‐circuit CO pulmonary diffusing capacity in healthy children
Authors: Suman Oscar E. , Thomas Suchmor , Beck Kenneth C. , Mlcak Ronald P. , Herndon David N.
Published: September 2006

Introduction

The standard technique for assessing pulmonary diffusing capacity of the lungs (DL) for carbon monoxide (CO) is the single breath (SB) technique. SB_DLco in children can be problematic because it requires a vital capacity >1.5 L. We have developed an open‐circuit technique (OC), which uses the wash‐in of CO over a series of 8–10 normal breaths that does not require rebreathing. In this study, we compared the SB_DLco against the OC_DLco.

Methods

Nineteen healthy children between 7 and 18 years performed SB_DLco and OC_DLco tests. The mean SB_DLco was significantly larger than the mean OC_DLco. The mean difference OC_DLco minus SB_ DLco was: −2.92 ± 4.21 ml/min/mm Hg, though the difference was negatively correlated with the mean of the two (r = 0.73). The lower mean OC_DLco was in part due to lower lung volume (as measured by alveolar volume (VA)) during the maneuver. In both groups there was a positive correlation between VA and DLco, and the mean VA was −2.17 ± 1.07 L lower using OC compared to SB. The difference was again negatively correlated with the mean (r = 0.82). The mean OC minus SB difference in DLco/VA was: 6.06 ± 1.98 ml/min/mm Hg/L, though this difference was positively correlated with the mean, r = 0.76.

Conclusions

We found a good correlation between both techniques for DLco, VA, and DLco/VA. The OC offers the advantage of minimal subject cooperation, and may be preferable to use in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41:1095–1102. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic and structural properties of inorganic pyrophosphatase from the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Chao Ti‐Chun , Huang Haimei , Tsai Jia‐Yin , Huang Chung‐Yu , Sun Yuh‐Ju
Published: September 2006

Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) to orthophosphate (Pi) and controls the level of PPi in cells. PPase plays an essential role in energy conservation and provides the energy for many biosynthetic pathways. The Helicobacter pylori pyrophosphatase (HpPPase) gene was cloned, expressed, purified, and found to have a molecular weight of 20 kDa. The Km and V
max of HpPPase were determined as 214.4 μM and 594 μmol Pi min−1 mg−1, respectively. PPi binds Mg2+ to form a true substrate that activates the enzyme. However, free PPi could be a potent inhibitor for HpPPase. The effects of the inhibitors NaF, ATP, iminodiphosphate, and N‐ethylmaleimide on HpPPase activity were evaluated. NaF showed the highest inhibition of the enzyme. Crystal structures of HpPPase and the PPi‐HpPPase complex were determined. HpPPase comprises three α‐helices and nine β‐strands and folds as a barrel structure. HpPPase forms a hexamer in both the solution and crystal states, and each monomer has its own PPi‐binding site. The PPi binding does not cause a significant conformational change in the PPi‐HpPPase complex, which might represent an inhibition state for HpPPase in the absence of a divalent metal ion. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural dynamics of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier revealed by molecular dynamics simulation studies
Authors: Falconi M. , Chillemi G. , Di Marino D. , D'Annessa I. , Morozzo della Rocca B. , Palmieri L. , Desideri A.
Published: September 2006

The mitochondrial adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate (ADP/ATP) carrier has been recently crystallized in complex with its specific inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR). In the crystal structure, the six‐transmembrane helix bundle that defines the nucleotide translocation pathway is closed on the matrix side due to sharp kinks in the odd‐numbered helices. The closed conformation is further sealed by the loops protruding into the matrix that interact through an intricate network of charge‐pairs. To gain insight into its structural dynamics we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of the ADP/ATP carrier with and without its cocrystallized inhibitor. The two trajectories sampled a conformational space around two different configurations characterized by distinct salt‐bridge networks with a significant shift from inter‐ to intrarepeat bonding on the matrix side in the absence of CATR. Analysis of the geometrical parameters defining the transmembrane helices showed that even‐numbered helices can undergo a face rotation, whereas odd‐numbered helices can undergo a change in the wobble angle with a conserved proline acting as molecular hinge. Our results provide new information on the dynamical properties of the ADP/ATP carrier and for the first time yield a detailed picture of a stable carrier conformation in absence of the inhibitor. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative structural analysis of a novel glutathioneS‐transferase (ATU5508) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens at 2.0 Å resolution
Authors: Kosloff Mickey , Han Gye Won , Krishna S. Sri , Schwarzenbacher Robert , Fasnacht Marc , Elsliger Marc‐André , Abdubek Polat , Agarwalla Sanjay , Ambing Eileen , Astakhova Tamara , Axelrod Herbert L. , Canaves Jaume M. , Carlton Dennis , Chiu Hsiu‐Ju , Clayton Thomas , DiDonato Michael , Duan Lian , Feuerhelm Julie , Grittini Carina , Grzechnik Slawomir K. , Hale Joanna , Hampton Eric , Haugen Justin , Jaroszewski Lukasz , Jin Kevin K. , Johnson Hope , Klock Heath E. , Knuth Mark W. , Koesema Eric , Kreusch Andreas , Kuhn Peter , Levin Inna , McMullan Daniel , Miller Mitchell D. , Morse Andrew T. , Moy Kin , Nigoghossian Edward , Okach Linda , Oommachen Silvya , Page Rebecca , Paulsen Jessica , Quijano Kevin , Reyes Ron , Rife Christopher L. , Sims Eric , Spraggon Glen , Sridhar Vandana , Stevens Raymond C. , van den Bedem Henry , Velasquez Jeff , White Aprilfawn , Wolf Guenter , Xu Qingping , Hodgson Keith O. , Wooley John , Deacon Ashley M. , Godzik Adam , Lesley Scott A. , Wilson Ian A.
Published: September 2006

Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) comprise a diverse superfamily of enzymes found in organisms from all kingdoms of life. GSTs are involved in diverse processes, notably small‐molecule biosynthesis or detoxification, and are frequently also used in protein engineering studies or as biotechnology tools. Here, we report the high‐resolution X‐ray structure of Atu5508 from the pathogenic soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (atGST1). Through use of comparative sequence and structural analysis of the GST superfamily, we identified local sequence and structural signatures, which allowed us to distinguish between different GST classes. This approach enables GST classification based on structure, without requiring additional biochemical or immunological data. Consequently, analysis of the atGST1 crystal structure suggests a new GST class, distinct from previously characterized GSTs, which would make it an attractive target for further biochemical studies. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of glyphosate on Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rot in sugar beet
Authors: Larson Rebecca L , Hill Amy L , Fenwick Ann , Kniss Andrew R , Hanson Linda E , Miller Stephen D
Published: September 2006

This study tests the effect of glyphosate application on disease severity in glyphosate‐resistant sugar beet, and examines whether the increase in disease is fungal or plant mediated. In greenhouse studies of glyphosate‐resistant sugar beet, increased disease severity was observed following glyphosate application and inoculation with certain isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. betae Snyd. & Hans. Significant increases in disease severity were noted for R. solani AG‐2‐2 isolate R‐9 and moderately virulent F. oxysporum isolate FOB13 on both cultivars tested, regardless of the duration between glyphosate application and pathogen challenge, but not with highly virulent F. oxysporum isolate F‐19 or an isolate of R. solani AG‐4. The increase in disease does not appear to be fungal mediated, since in vitro studies showed no positive impact of glyphosate on fungal growth or overwintering structure production or germination for either pathogen. Studies of glyphosate impact on sugar beet physiology showed that shikimic acid accumulation is tissue specific and the rate of accumulation is greatly reduced in resistant cultivars when compared with a susceptible cultivar. The results indicate that precautions need to be taken when certain soil‐borne diseases are present if weed management for sugar beet is to include post‐emergence glyphosate treatments. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Packaging and logistics interactions in retail supply chains
Authors: Hellström Daniel , Saghir Mazen
Published: September 2006

The impact of the packaging system on logistics processes along the supply chain is often implicitly and fragmentally recognized. In order to increase understanding of the impact of packaging on logistics, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the interactions between the packaging system and logistics processes in the retail supply chain. Four case studies involving Swedish and Dutch retail supply chains were conducted to identify, describe and understand in depth the logistics activities related to packaging within these retail supply chains. The comprehensive overview provided in this paper serves as an elementary step towards understanding the role of packaging systems in logistics, which is a prerequisite for taking packaging and logistics decisions based on a supply chain perspective. Moreover, the paper provides a process‐orientated description of what a packaging system must fulfil and perform along the retail supply chain. It also provides a means for evaluating packaging systems, with emphasis on logistics aspects. The interactions between the packaging system and the logistics processes identified in this research can be used to bridge the gap between logisticians and packaging engineers/designers/technicians/managers by enabling them to engage in a dialogue and understand where and how packaging and logistics decisions can impact the performance of packaging system and logistics processes in the retail supply chain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteome profile of the MCF7 cancer cell line: a mass spectrometric evaluation
Authors: Sarvaiya Hetal A. , Yoon Jung H. , Lazar Iulia M.
Published: September 2006

The development of novel proteomic technologies that will enable the discovery of disease specific biomarkers is essential in the clinical setting to facilitate early diagnosis and increase survivability rates. We are reporting a shotgun two‐dimensional (2D) strong cationic exchange/reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (SCX/RPLC/ESI‐MS/MS) protocol for the analysis of proteomic constituents in cancerous cells. The MCF7 breast cancer cell line was chosen as a model system. A series of optimization steps were performed to improve the LC/MS experimental setup, sample preparation, data acquisition and database search protocols, and a data filtering strategy was developed to enable confident identification of a large number of proteins and potential biomarkers. This research has resulted in the identification of >2000 proteins using multiple filtering and p‐value sorting. Approximately 1600–1900 proteins had p < 0.001, and, of these, ∼60% were matched by ≥2 unique peptides. Alternatively, >99% of the proteins identified by ≥2 unique peptides had p < 0.001. When searching the data against a reversed database of proteins, the rate of false positive identifications was 0.1% at the peptide level and 0.4% at the protein level. The typical reproducibility in detecting overlapping proteins across replicate runs exceeded 90% for proteins matched by ≥2 unique peptides. According to their biological function, approximately 200 proteins were involved in cancer‐relevant cellular processes, and over 25 proteins were previously described in the literature as putative cancer biomarkers, as they were found to be differentially expressed between normal and cancerous cell states. Among these, biomarkers such PCNA, cathepsin D, E‐cadherin, 14‐3‐3‐sigma, antigen Ki‐67, TP53RK, and calreticulin were identified. These data were generated by subjecting to MS analysis ∼42 µg of sample, analyzing 16 SCX peptide fractions, and interpreting ∼55 000 MS2 spectra. Total MS time required for analysis was 40 h. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzyl ions from 1,1‐(2,2′‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐substituted 2‐methylpropanes under electron ionization
Authors: Bongiorno David , Ceraulo Leopoldo , Filizzola Felice , Fontana Gianfranco , Natoli Maria Concetta
Published: September 2006

The electron ionization (EI)‐induced fragmentations of a series of 1,1‐(2,2′‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐substituted 2‐methylpropanes (1–20) in both 70 eV and mass‐analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectra have been investigated. The EI‐MS spectra of these compounds are characterized by the presence of abundant benzyl ions. These ions result from competitive hydrogen migration from the 2‐ and 2′‐methoxy groups on the carbenium center of the diphenylmethyl cations formed by benzylic cleavage of the molecular ions. The relative abundances of the benzyl ions arising from such competitive processes are discussed and rationalized. The steric effect of the 3‐ or 3′‐substituents is the main discriminating factor between the two competitive processes. The structural information, arising either from the 70 eV or the MIKE spectra, is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analyses of indoloquinazoline alkaloids in Fructus Evodiae by high‐performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Yan , Li Sheng‐Hong , Jiang Ren‐Wang , Cai Min , Liu Xin , Ding Li‐Sheng , Xu Hong‐Xi , But Paul Pui‐Hay , Shaw Pang‐Chui
Published: September 2006

Fructus Evodiae (Wuzhuyu), the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa and related varieties, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. The bioactive constituents include the indoloquinazoline alkaloids rutaecarpine, evodiamine and dehydroevodiamine. A new assay based on high‐performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/UV/APCI‐MS/MS) was developed for the measurement of the indoloquinazoline alkaloids in commercial Fructus Evodiae products. Initially, the MS/MS fragmentation pathways of indoloquinazoline alkaloids were investigated to identify fragment ions that might be useful for the sensitive and selective detection of trace indoloquinazoline alkaloids during LC/MS/MS. Then, quantitative MS analysis of five indoloquinazoline alkaloids in 12 commercial Fructus Evodiae products from different geographical sources was performed. Analyte recovery was in the range of 97.5–105.3% for all with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 6%, the intra‐assay and inter‐assay RSDs were less than 7%, and good linear relationships were shown with correlation coefficients for the analytes exceeding 0.999. Therefore, this LC/MS/MS assay facilitated the rapid quantitative analysis of rutaecarpine, evodiamine, evodiamide, 14‐formyldihydrorutaecarpine and dehydroevodiamine in 12 commercial Fructus Evodiae products with excellent recovery, repeatability, accuracy and sensitivity. This method is simple and specific and can be used for identification and quality control of this traditional Chinese remedy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly efficient enrichment and subsequent digestion of proteins in the mesoporous molecular sieve silicate SBA‐15 for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight analyzer peptide mapping
Authors: Zuo Chao , Yu Wenjia , Zhou Xufeng , Zhao Dongyuan , Yang Pengyuan
Published: September 2006

Based on a previous study of protein digestion inside the nanoreactor channels of the mesoporous molecular sieve silicate SBA‐15 (Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11: 5391), we have developed a highly efficient enrichment and subsequent tryptic digestion of proteins in SBA‐15 for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight analyzer (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) peptide mapping. The performance of the method is exemplified with myoglobin and cytochrome c. First, protein adsorption isotherms for two standard proteins with a range of initial concentration of proteins were investigated at room temperature. The results revealed that the kinetic adsorption rate of a protein within SBA‐15 was independent of initial protein concentration, and a 15‐min protein enrichment within SBA‐15 could be enough for protein identification in biological samples. It was noticed that no washing steps were needed to avoid protein loss due to desorption from the mesochannels into solution. Second, protein digestion inside the channels of SBA‐15 was also optimized. After adsorption of proteins into SBA‐15 in 15 min, the trypsin solution (pH 8) was directly added to the SBA‐15 beads with immobilized proteins by centrifugation, and then the digestion was performed for 15 min at 37°C. It was observed that a higher peptide sequence covering of 98% for myoglobin was obtained by MALDI‐TOF/TOF analysis, compared to in‐solution digestion. So the protein digestion inside SBA‐15 was proved to be significantly faster and yielded a better sequence coverage. The new procedure allows for rapid protein enrichment and digestion inside SBA‐15, and has great potential for protein analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.