bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of autoantibodies to heat‐shock protein 60 with arterial vascular events in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies
Authors: Dieudé Mélanie , Correa José A. , Neville Carolyn , Pineau Christian , Levine Jerrold S. , Subang Rebecca , Landolt‐Marticorena Carolina , Su Jiandong , Kassis Jeannine , Solymoss Susan , Fortin Paul R. , Rauch Joyce
Published: April 2011

Objective

Anti–heat shock protein 60 autoantibodies (anti‐Hsp60) are associated with cardiovascular disease and are known to affect endothelial cells in vitro, and we have recently shown that anti‐Hsp60 promote thrombosis in a murine model of arterial injury. Based on those findings, we undertook the present study to investigate the hypothesis that the presence of anti‐Hsp60, alone or in combination with other thrombogenic risk factors, is associated with an elevated risk of vascular events.

Methods

The study population was derived from 3 ongoing cohort studies: 2 independent systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) registries and 1 cohort comprising SLE patients and non‐SLE patients. Data from a total of 402 participants were captured; 199 of these participants had had confirmed vascular events (arterial vascular events in 102, venous vascular events in 76, and both arterial and venous vascular events in 21). Anti‐Hsp60 were detected by enzyme‐linked immunoassay, and association with vascular events was assessed by regression analysis.

Results

Multiple regression analysis revealed that arterial vascular events were associated with male sex, age, and hypertension. Analyses of the vascular events according to their origin showed an association of anti‐Hsp60 with arterial vascular events (odds ratio 2.26 [95% confidence interval 1.13–4.52]), but not with venous vascular events. Anti‐Hsp60 increased the risk of arterial vascular events (odds ratio 5.54 [95% confidence interval 1.89–16.25]) in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)–positive, but not aPL‐negative, individuals.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that anti‐Hsp60 are associated with an increased risk of arterial vascular events, but not venous vascular events, in aPL‐positive individuals. These data suggest that anti‐Hsp60 may serve as a useful biomarker to distinguish risk of arterial and venous vascular events in patients with aPL.
Probing Structures of Small Gold Cluster Cations with Dinitrogen
Authors: Patwari G. Naresh , Ito Tomonori , Egashira Kazuhiro , Terasaki Akira
Published: April 2011

Small gold cluster cations, Aun+, adsorb N2 molecules effectively under multiple collision conditions. The saturation number for N2 adsorption on a gold cluster cation depends on the number of dangling gold atoms and the triangular apexes. The saturation numbers were interpreted to arrive at the geometrical structures of gold cluster cations. The gold cluster cations of sizes 3 and 6 have single isomers, whilst cluster cations with 4, 5, and 7 atoms have two isomers. For the gold cluster cation with six atoms, a higher‐energy and lower‐symmetry structure was observed. The gold cluster cations with eight or more atoms do not adsorb N2, which can be attributed to a two‐dimensional to three‐dimensional structural transition at n=8.
1,3‐Alternate Calix[4]arene as a Homobinuclear Ditopic Fluorescent Chemosensor for Ag+ Ions
Authors: Ho I‐Ting , Haung Kuan‐Chang , Chung Wen‐Sheng
Published: April 2011

A novel 1,3‐alternate calix‐[4]arene L, containing two different cationic binding sites of bis‐triazoles and bis‐enaminone groups, was synthesized and shown to be a homobinuclear ditopic fluorescent chemosensor for Ag+ ions. The fluorescence intensity of L was selectively enhanced by binding with Ag+ ions in methanol/chloroform (49:1, v/v) cosolvent. In the presence of most competing metal ions, L retains its selectivity toward Ag+ ion. The binding constants K1 and K2 of the successive complexation of L with the first and second Ag+ ions were calculated to be 4.46×103 and 9.20×104 M−1, respectively. The higher K2 value revealed that a positive allosteric effect participated in the complexation of L with the second equivalent of Ag+. Based on 1H NMR titration results, we inferred that the two distal bis‐enaminone and bis‐triazole groups on L cooperatively coordinated to Ag+ ions with the help of cation–π interactions from the phenoxy rings. Furthermore, the ESI‐MS spectrometry clearly proved the formation of the homobinuclear complex L⋅(Ag+)2, because a base peak at m/z of 750.1701 was detected and its isotope pattern was in excellent agreement with the calculated one.
Design of a two‐level controller for an active suspension system
Authors: Gáspár P. , Szabó Z. , Szederkényi G. , Bokor J.
Published: April 2011

The paper focuses on a control design for a vehicle suspension system in which a balance between different performance demands is achieved. The starting point of the control design is a full–car model which contains nonlinear components, i.e. the dynamics of the dampers and springs and nonlinear actuator dynamics. In order to handle the high complexity of the problem this paper proposes the design of a two‐level controller of an active suspension system. The required control force is computed by applying a high‐level controller, which is designed using a linear parameter varying (LPV) method. For the control design the model is augmented with weighting functions specified by the performance demands and the uncertainty assumptions. The actuator generating the necessary control force is modelled as a nonlinear system for which a low‐level force‐tracking controller is designed. To obtain the low‐level controller a backstepping method is proposed. As an alternative solution a feedback linearization method is also presented. The operation of the controller is illustrated through simulation examples.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Estimate of Domain of Attraction for a Class of Port‐Controlled Hamiltonian Systems Subject to Both Actuator Saturation and Disturbances
Authors: Wei Airong , Wang Yuzhen , Hu Xiaoming
Published: April 2011

This paper investigates the estimate of domain of attraction for a class of nonlinear port‐controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) systems subject to both actuator saturation and disturbances. Firstly, two conditions are established to determine whether an ellipsoid is contractively invariant for the systems only with actuator saturation, with which the biggest ellipsoid contained in the domain of attraction can be found. Secondly, the obtained conditions are extended to estimate the domain of attraction of the systems subject to both actuator saturation and disturbances. Study of illustrative example shows the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Robust statistical modeling using the Birnbaum‐Saunders‐t distribution applied to insurance
Authors: Paula Gilberto A. , Leiva Víctor , Barros Michelli , Liu Shuangzhe
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we carry out robust modeling and influence diagnostics in Birnbaum‐Saunders (BS) regression models. Specifically, we present some aspects related to BS and log‐BS distributions and their generalizations from the Student‐t distribution, and develop BS‐t regression models, including maximum likelihood estimation based on the EM algorithm and diagnostic tools. In addition, we apply the obtained results to real data from insurance, which shows the uses of the proposed model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arginine controls heat‐induced cluster–cluster aggregation of lysozyme at around the isoelectric point
Authors: Tomita Shunsuke , Yoshikawa Hiroki , Shiraki Kentaro
Published: April 2011

The process of protein aggregation has attracted a great deal of research attention, as aggregates are first of all a nuisance to preparation of high quality protein and secondly used as novel materials. In the latter case, the process of protein aggregation needs to be controlled. Here, we show how arginine (Arg) regulates the process of heat‐induced protein aggregation. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy revealed that heat‐induced aggregation of lysozyme at around the isoelectric point occurred in a two‐step process: formation of start aggregates, followed by further growth mediated by their sticking with diffusion‐limited cluster–cluster aggregation. In the presence of Arg, the diffusion‐limited regime changed to reaction‐limited cluster–cluster aggregation. The data indicated that the solution additives that coexisted with proteins would affect the property of the formed product, such as morphology and mechanic strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 695–701, 2011.
Design, synthesis, in vitro stability and cytostatic effect of multifunctional anticancer drug‐bioconjugates containing GnRH‐III as a targeting moiety
Authors: Leurs Ulrike , Mező Gábor , Orbán Erika , Öhlschläger Peter , Marquardt Andreas , Manea Marilena
Published: April 2011

Bioconjugates containing the GnRH‐III hormone decapeptide as a targeting moiety are able to deliver chemotherapeutic agents specifically to cancer cells expressing GnRH receptors, thereby increasing their local efficacy while limiting the peripheral toxicity. However, the number of GnRH receptors on cancer cells is limited and they desensitize under continuous hormone treatment. A possible approach to increase the receptor mediated tumor targeting and consequently the cytostatic effect of the bioconjugates would be the attachment of more than one chemotherapeutic agent to one GnRH‐III molecule. Here we report on the design, synthesis and biochemical characterization of multifunctional bioconjugates containing GnRH‐III as a targeting moiety and daunorubicin as a chemotherapeutic agent. Two different drug design approaches were pursued. The first one was based on the bifunctional [4Lys]‐GnRH‐III (Glp‐His‐Trp‐Lys‐His‐Asp‐Trp‐Lys‐Pro‐Gly‐NH2) containing two lysine residues in positions 4 and 8, whose ϵ‐amino groups were used for the coupling of daunorubicin. In the second drug design, the native GnRH‐III (Glp‐His‐Trp‐Ser‐His‐Asp‐Trp‐Lys‐Pro‐Gly‐NH2) was used as a scaffold; an additional lysine residue was coupled to the ϵ‐amino group of 8Lys in order to generate two free amino groups available for conjugation of daunorubicin. The in vitro stability/degradation of all synthesized compounds was investigated in human serum, as well as in the presence of rat liver lysosomal homogenate. Their cellular uptake was determined on human breast cancer cells and the cytostatic effect was evaluated on human breast, colon and prostate cancer cell lines. Compared with a monofunctional compound, both drug design approaches resulted in multifunctional bioconjugates with increased cytostatic effect. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 1–10, 2012.
Impact of concentration of oesophageal and gastric cardia cancer surgery on long-term population-based survival
Authors: van de Poll-Franse L V , Lemmens V E P P , Roukema J A , Coebergh J W W , Nieuwenhuijzen G A P
Published: April 2011

Background

The objective was to evaluate the impact of concentration of surgery for oesophageal and gastric cardia cancer on long-term survival in the population-based Eindhoven Cancer Registry area. In contrast to most previous studies, this study aimed to evaluate both surgically and non-surgically treated patients, to avoid the confounding effect of selective referral.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included all patients diagnosed with oesophageal or gastric cardia cancer between 1995 and 2006. Results for the period 1995–1998 were compared with those for 1999–2006, after concentration of surgery.

Results

Between 1995 and 2006, 2212 patients were registered with the diagnosis, of whom 638 underwent resection. Before 1999, 73·4 per cent of surgically treated patients underwent a resection in a low-volume hospital (fewer than 4 resections per year) and 23·2 per cent were referred to an academic hospital. After concentration, 63·2 per cent of surgically treated patients underwent resection in one of two regional high-volume centres (15–20 resections per year) and 13·8 per cent were referred to an academic hospital. Three-year survival rates increased from 32·0 to 45·1 per cent for patients who had surgery (P = 0·004), and from 13·1 to 17·9 per cent for all included patients (P = 0·026). These improvements remained after adjustment for case mix or (neo)adjuvant treatments, and were similar for patients with squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. However, adjustment for annual hospital volume attenuated this association for patients who had surgery.

Conclusion

Concentration of oesophageal and gastric cardia cancer surgery was associated with improvements in long-term, population-based overall survival for surgically as well as non-surgically treated patients, apparently mediated by an increase in volume.
In vitro cell culture pO2 is significantly different from incubator pO2
Authors: Bambrick L. L. , Kostov Y. , Rao G.
Published: April 2011

Continuous noninvasive monitoring of peri‐cellular liquid phase pO2 in adherent cultures is described. For neurons and astrocytes, this approach demonstrates that there is a significant difference between predicted and observed liquid phase pO2. Particularly at low gas phase pO2s, cell metabolism shifts liquid phase pO2 significantly lower than would be predicted from the O2 gas/air equilibrium coefficient, indicating that the cellular oxygen uptake rate exceeds the oxygen diffusion rate. The results demonstrate the need for direct pO2 measurements at the peri‐cellular level, and question the widely adopted current practice of relying on setting the incubator gas phase level as means of controlling pericellular oxygen tension, particularly in static culture systems that are oxygen mass transfer limited. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Microfibrous carriers for cell culture: A comparative study
Authors: Wen Yuan , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: April 2011

Small patches of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nonwoven microfibrous matrices have excellent properties and can be used as carriers for culturing cells in agitated bioreactors. The microfibrous carriers are highly porous and can provide large surface areas and three‐dimensional space for high‐density cell growth. In this work, the microfibrous carriers and several commercial microcarriers were used to study cell attachment kinetics, growth, and monoclonal antibody production with Chinese hamster ovary cells. Compared with commercial solid and macroporous microcarriers, the microfibrous carriers showed better or similar performances. In addition, the microfibrous carriers provided a wider operable range for agitation rate than commercial microcarriers, effectively protecting cells from shear stress and carrier collisions. In addition, the microfibrous carriers are available at a much lower cost than commercial microcarriers, providing an attractive alternative to microcarrier‐based large‐scale cell cultures. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Application of electrochemically produced aluminum hydroxide gel for prepurification of recombinant synthetic green fluorescent protein produced in tobacco leaves
Authors: Robić Goran , Lacorte Cristiano , Rech Elibio L. , Miranda Everson A.
Published: April 2011

The use of recombinant proteins has increased greatly in recent years, as also have increased the number of techniques and materials used for their production and purification. Among the different types of bioreactors being studied, there is a general consensus among scientists that production in green plant tissues such as leaves is more feasible. However, the presence of chlorophyll and phenolic compounds in plant extracts, which can precipitate and denature the proteins besides damaging separation membranes and gels, makes this technology impracticable on a commercial scale. In the present work, the adsorption to electrochemically produced aluminum hydroxide gel was applied as a prepurification step for recombinant synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP), also referred to as enhanced green fluorescent protein, produced in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Removal efficiencies of 99.7% of chlorophyll, 88.5% of phenolic compounds, and 38.5% of native proteins from the N. benthamiana extracts were achieved without removing sGFP from the extracts. As electrochemical preparation of aluminum hydroxide gel is a cost‐effective technique, its use can substantially contribute to the development of future production platforms for recombinant proteins produced in green plant tissues of pharmaceutical and industrial interest. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog.,, 2011
Drug loading into and drug release from pH‐ and temperature‐responsive cylindrical hydrogels
Authors: Ninawe Pravin R. , Parulekar Satish J.
Published: April 2011

Hydrogels that undergo deformation upon appropriate changes in pH or temperature have considerable promise as drug delivery vehicles. Drug uptake in swelling and nonswelling cylindrical hydrogels and drug release from these into a target fluid are investigated here. A mathematical model for hydrogel‐solution composite, a composite of a distributed parameter system (cylindrical hydrogel) and a lumped parameter system (surrounding solution), is developed. The polymer network displacement in a swelling/deswelling hydrogel is described by a stress diffusion coupling model. The analytical solution for network displacement is used to predict solvent intake by swelling hydrogels, solvent efflux from deswelling hydrogels, and changes in pressure, porosity, and effective drug diffusivity. These in turn influence drug uptake during and after hydrogel swelling and drug release from hydrogel during and after deswelling. Numerical results illustrate benefits of hydrogel swelling for drug loading and merits of different modes of drug release. Drug uptake and drug release by temperature‐responsive hydrogels are compared with those by hydrogels not subject to deformation. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Performance of high intensity fed‐batch mammalian cell cultures in disposable bioreactor systems
Authors: Paul Smelko John , Rae Wiltberger Kelly , Francis Hickman Eric , Janey Morris Beverly , James Blackburn Tobias , Ryll Thomas
Published: April 2011

The adoption of disposable bioreactor technology as an alternate to traditional nondisposable technology is gaining momentum in the biotechnology industry. Evaluation of current disposable bioreactors systems to sustain high intensity fed‐batch mammalian cell culture processes needs to be explored. In this study, an assessment was performed comparing single‐use bioreactors (SUBs) systems of 50‐, 250‐, and 1,000‐L operating scales with traditional stainless steel (SS) and glass vessels using four distinct mammalian cell culture processes. This comparison focuses on expansion and production stage performance. The SUB performance was evaluated based on three main areas: operability, process scalability, and process performance. The process performance and operability aspects were assessed over time and product quality performance was compared at the day of harvest. Expansion stage results showed disposable bioreactors mirror traditional bioreactors in terms of cellular growth and metabolism. Set‐up and disposal times were dramatically reduced using the SUB systems when compared with traditional systems. Production stage runs for both Chinese hamster ovary and NS0 cell lines in the SUB system were able to model SS bioreactors runs at 100‐, 200‐, 2,000‐, and 15,000‐L scales. A single 1,000‐L SUB run applying a high intensity fed‐batch process was able to generate 7.5 kg of antibody with comparable product quality. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Clinical anatomy as practiced by ancient Egyptians
Authors: Loukas Marios , Hanna Michael , Alsaiegh Nada , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: April 2011

Egypt is famously known for its Nile and pyramids, yet not many people know that Egypt made possible the origin of the anatomical sciences. Several ancient papyri guide us through the Egyptians' exploration of the human body and how they applied anatomical knowledge to clinical medicine to the best of their knowledge. It is through records, such as the Edwin Smith, Ebers, and Kahun papyri and other literature detailing the work of the Egyptian embalmers, physicians, and Greek anatomists, that we are able to take a glimpse into the evolution of the anatomical sciences from 3000 B.C. to 250 B.C. It is through the Egyptian embalmer that we were able to learn of some of the first interactions with human organs and their detailed observation. The Egyptian physician's knowledge, being transcribed into the Ebers and Edwin Smith papyri, enabled future physicians to seek reference to common ailments for diagnosing and treating a variety of conditions ranging from head injuries to procedures, such as trans‐sphenoidal surgery. In Alexandria, Herophilus, and Erasistratus made substantial contributions to the anatomical sciences by beginning the practice of human dissection. For instance, Herophilus described the anatomy of the heart valves along with Erasistratus who demonstrated how blood was prevented from flowing retrograde under normal conditions. Hence, from various records, we are able to unravel how Egypt paved the road for study of the anatomical sciences. Clin. Anat. 24:409–415, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of ankyrin repeat and suppressor of cytokine signalling box protein 4 expression in the immortalized murine endothelial cell lines MS1 and SVR: a role for tumour necrosis factor alpha and oxygen
Authors: Bode Michael , Wu Yaxu , Pi Xinchun , Lockyer Pamela , Dechyapirom Weeranun , Portbury Andrea L. , Patterson Cam
Published: April 2011

During vascular development, endothelial cells are exposed to a variety of rapidly changing factors, including fluctuating oxygen levels. We have previously shown that ankyrin repeat and suppressor of cytokine signalling box protein 4 (ASB4) is the most highly differentially expressed gene in the vascular lineage during early differentiation and is expressed in the embryonic vasculature at a time when oxygen tension is rising because of the onset of placental blood flow. To further our understanding of the regulation of ASB4 expression in endothelial cells, we tested the effect of various stressors for their ability to alter ASB4 expression in the immortalized murine endothelial cell lines MS1 and SVR. ASB4 expression is decreased during hypoxic insult and shear stress, whereas it is increased in response to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). Further investigation indicated that nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) is the responsible transcription factor involved in the TNF‐α‐induced upregulation of ASB4, placing ASB4 downstream of NF‐κB in the TNF‐αsignalling cascade and identifying it as a potential regulator for TNF‐α's numerous functions associated with inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein Engineering of α/β‐Hydrolase Fold Enzymes
Authors: Jochens Helge , Hesseler Martin , Stiba Konstanze , Padhi Santosh Kumar , Kazlauskas Romas J. , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: April 2011

The superfamily of α/β‐hydrolase fold enzymes is one of the largest known protein families, including a broad range of synthetically useful enzymes such as lipases, esterases, amidases, hydroxynitrile lyases, epoxide hydrolases and dehalogenases. This minireview covers methods developed for efficient protein engineering of these enzymes. Special emphasis is placed on the alteration of enzyme properties such as substrate range, thermostability and enantioselectivity for their application in biocatalysis. In addition, concepts for the investigation of the evolutionary relationship between the different members of this protein superfamily are covered, together with successful examples.
Desulfation Followed by Sulfation: Metabolism of Benzylglucosinolate in Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Opitz Sebastian E. W. , Mix Andreas , Winde Inis B. , Müller Caroline
Published: April 2011

The sawfly species Athalia rosae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is phytophagous on plants of the family Brassicaceae and thus needs to cope with the plant defence, the glucosinolate–myrosinase system. The larvae sequester glucosinolates in their haemolymph. We investigated how these compounds are metabolized by this specialist. When larvae were fed with ([14C]‐labelled) benzylglucosinolate, one major degradation metabolite, with the same sum formula as benzylglucosinolate, was defecated. This metabolite was also found in the haemolymph along with desulfobenzylglucosinolate, which continuously increased in concentration. NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with LC‐TOF‐MS measurements revealed the major degradation metabolite to be desulfobenzylglucosinolate‐3‐sulfate, probably converted from desulfobenzylglucosinolate after sulfation at the sugar moiety. The enzymes responsible must be located in the haemolymph. Additionally, a putative sulfotransferase forms benzylglucosinolate sulfate in the gut from intact, non‐sequestered glucosinolate. The corresponding desulfoglucosinolate sulfates were also detected in faeces after feeding experiments with phenylethylglucosinolate and prop‐2‐enylglucosinolate, which indicates a similar degradation mechanism for various glucosinolates in the larvae. This is the first report on glucosinolate metabolism of a glucosinolate‐sequestering insect species.
Connection probabilities and RSW‐type bounds for the two‐dimensional FK Ising model
Authors: Duminil‐Copin Hugo , Hongler Clément , Nolin Pierre
Published: April 2011

We prove Russo‐Seymour‐Welsh‐type uniform bounds on crossing probabilities for the FK Ising (FK percolation with cluster weight q = 2) model at criticality, independent of the boundary conditions. Our proof relies mainly on Smirnov's fermionic observable for the FK Ising model [24], which allows us to get precise estimates on boundary connection probabilities. We stay in a discrete setting; in particular, we do not make use of any continuum limit, and our result can be used to derive directly several noteworthy properties—including some new ones—among which are the fact that there is no infinite cluster at criticality, tightness properties for the interfaces, and the existence of several critical exponents, in particular the half‐plane, one‐arm exponent. Such crossing bounds are also instrumental for important applications such as constructing the scaling limit of the Ising spin field [6] and deriving polynomial bounds for the mixing time of the Glauber dynamics at criticality [17]. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Channels to Singlet and Triplet Phenylcarbenes in Phenyldiazomethane: A CASSCF and MRCI Study
Authors: Cui Ganglong , Fang Weihai
Published: April 2011

Diazo compounds such as phenyldiazomethane (C6H5C(H)N2) exhibit intriguing phenomena including the ultrafast formation of singlet carbene and the excited‐state rearrangement reaction (RIES). In this work, we have used multi‐reference configuration interaction with single and double excitations (MRCI‐SD) and complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) methods to study the photodissociation dynamics of C6H5C(H)N2. The equilibrium structures, transition states in the lowest three electronic states (S1, T1, and S0), and S1/S0 and T1/S0 minimum‐energy crossing points both in the Franck–Condon region and on the pathway of the CN bond dissociation have been optimized. On the basis of the calculated S1, T1, and S0 potential energy surfaces, we have uncovered the most efficient pathways to the lowest singlet and triplet phenylcarbenes (C6H5CH) in irradiated C6H5C(H)N2.
Multiphoton Ionization and Circular Dichroism: New Experimental Approach and Application to Natural Products
Authors: Logé Christoph , Boesl Ulrich
Published: April 2011

Enantio‐sensitive laser mass spectrometry is the combination of multiphoton ionization by circularly polarized laser light with mass spectrometric detection of ions. The method has been developed as a tool for the fast investigation of chiral molecules in sample mixtures without any preceding separation and offers many new experimental possibilities. The main difficulties of the detection of circular dichroism in this way arise from systematic and statistical deviations. Herein, we report the newest approach to overcome these problems using a so‐called twin‐peak ion source, back‐reflection of the laser light, and reference substances. By these means, the detection limit for circular dichroism can be lowered from the percent to the per‐mill range. The capabilities of the new setup are demonstrated by the investigation of several natural products.
Glycosylated synaptomatrix regulation of trans‐synaptic signaling
Authors: Dani Neil , Broadie Kendal
Published: April 2011

Synapse formation is driven by precisely orchestrated intercellular communication between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic cell, involving a cascade of anterograde and retrograde signals. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), both neuron and muscle secrete signals into the heavily glycosylated synaptic cleft matrix sandwiched between the two synapsing cells. These signals must necessarily traverse and interact with the extracellular environment, for the ligand‐receptor interactions mediating communication to occur. This complex synaptomatrix, rich in glycoproteins and proteoglycans, comprises heterogeneous, compartmentalized domains where specialized glycans modulate trans‐synaptic signaling during synaptogenesis and subsequent synapse modulation. The general importance of glycans during development, homeostasis and disease is well established, but this important molecular class has received less study in the nervous system. Glycan modifications are now understood to play functional and modulatory roles as ligands and co‐receptors in numerous tissues; however, roles at the synapse are relatively unexplored. We highlight here properties of synaptomatrix glycans and glycan‐interacting proteins with key roles in synaptogenesis, with a particular focus on recent advances made in the Drosophila NMJ genetic system. We discuss open questions and interesting new findings driving this investigation of complex, diverse, and largely understudied glycan mechanisms at the synapse. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 2–21, 2012
Identification of spontaneous mutations within the long‐range limb‐specific Sonic hedgehog enhancer (ZRS) that alter Sonic hedgehog expression in the chicken limb mutants oligozeugodactyly and silkie breed
Authors: Maas Sarah A. , Suzuki Takayuki , Fallon John F.
Published: April 2011

The evolutionarily conserved, non‐coding ∼800‐base‐pair (bp) zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) regulatory sequence (ZRS) controls Shh expression in the posterior limb. We report that the chicken mutant oligozeugodactyly (ozd), which lacks limb Shh expression, has a large deletion within the ZRS. Furthermore, the preaxial polydactylous, Silkie Breed chicken, which develops ectopic anterior limb Shh expression, has a single bp change within the ZRS. Using an in vivo reporter assay to examine enhancer function in the chick limb, we demonstrate that the wild‐type ZRS drives β‐galactosidase reporter expression in the ZPA of both wild‐type and ozd limbs. The Silkie ZRS drives β‐galactosidase in both posterior and anterior Shh domains in wild‐type limb buds. These results support the hypothesis that the ZRS integrates positive and negative prepatterned regulatory inputs in the chicken model system and demonstrate the utility of the chicken limb as an efficient genetic system for gene regulatory studies. Developmental Dynamics 240:1212–1222, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of mutants with altered shh activity and posterior digit loss supports a biphasic model for shh function as a morphogen and mitogen
Authors: Zhu Jianjian , Mackem Susan
Published: April 2011

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) controls the number and type of digits formed. Using a conditional genetic approach for timed removal of Shh, we previously proposed a biphasic model of Shh function: a transient patterning phase, during which digit progenitors are specified, and an extended proliferative phase, during which expansion of progenitor pools enables digit formation. Other models favor a close integration of digit patterning and expansion, with sequential promotion to more posterior identity over time, apparently supported by some mutants with selective posterior digit loss. To further test these models, we analyzed the dynamics of Shh activity in several oligodactylous mutants with different types of digit loss. The profile of Shh activity and phenotypic outcome in these mutants supports a biphasic over an integrated temporal model. Eomesodermin expression, as an independent marker of posterior digit identity, confirmed that proper digit 4 specification requires only the transient phase of Shh activity. Developmental Dynamics 240:1303–1310, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The chicken polydactyly (Po) locus causes allelic imbalance and ectopic expression of Shh during limb development
Authors: Dunn Ian C. , Paton I. Robert , Clelland Allyson K. , Sebastian Sujith , Johnson Edward J. , McTeir Lynn , Windsor Dawn , Sherman Adrian , Sang Helen , Burt Dave W. , Tickle Cheryll , Davey Megan G.
Published: April 2011

Variable polydactylous phenotype of Silkie chicken feet, with expression of Shh in the developing limb buds (which is responsible for the polydactyly). From Dunn et al., Developmental Dynamics 240:1163–1172, 2011.
Dynamic lineage analysis of embryonic morphogenesis using transgenic quail and 4D multispectral imaging
Authors: Bower Danielle V. , Sato Yuki , Lansford Rusty
Published: April 2011

We describe the development of transgenic quail that express various fluorescent proteins in targeted manners and their use as a model system that integrates advanced imaging approaches with conventional and emerging molecular genetics technologies. We also review the progression and complications of past fate mapping techniques that led us to generate transgenic quail, which permit dynamic imaging of amniote embryogenesis with unprecedented subcellular resolution. genesis, 49:619‐643, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary of ‘Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis’
Authors: Canadian Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: April 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Patel M, Lee CK. Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001093. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD001093.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Mixed‐Metal d‐f Phosphonate Frameworks – Photoluminescence and Magnetic Properties (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 13/2011)
Authors: Rocha João , Almeida Paz Filipe A. , Shi Fa‐Nian , Ananias Duarte , Silva Nuno J. O. , Carlos Luís D. , Trindade Tito
Published: April 2011

The cover picture shows the self‐assembly of modular porous [LnFeIIIFeII6(Hpmida)6]·nH2O [Ln = Nd3+ (1), Gd3+ (2), Tb3+ (3), Er3+] frameworks (isolated as large single crystals) from individual {LnO6} octahedra, [Fe2(Hpmida)2]2– dimeric units and charge‐balancing Fe3+ cations. The simultaneous presence of d‐ and f‐block elements promotes multifunctionality: whereas the magnetic properties of the Gd3+‐based framework are highly sensitive to the local structural disorder, the emission lifetime of the Tb3+‐based material is increased three‐fold when the temperature is lowered. Details of the synthesis and characterization of this series of porous frameworks are given in the article by J. Rocha, F. A. Almeida Paz et al. on p. 2035 ff.
Do people become healthier after being promoted?
Authors: Boyce Christopher J. , Oswald Andrew J.
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the hypothesis that greater job status makes a person healthier. It begins by successfully replicating the well‐known cross‐section association between health and job seniority. Then, however, it turns to longitudinal patterns. Worryingly for the hypothesis, the data–on a large sample of randomly selected British workers through time–suggest that people who start with good health go on later to be promoted. The paper can find relatively little evidence that health improves after promotion. In fact, promoted individuals suffer a significant deterioration in their psychological well‐being (on a standard General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) mental ill‐health measure). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits and costs of substance abuse treatment programs for state prison inmates: results from a lifetime simulation model
Authors: Zarkin Gary A. , Cowell Alexander J. , Hicks Katherine A. , Mills Michael J. , Belenko Steven , Dunlap Laura J. , Houser Kimberly A. , Keyes Vince
Published: April 2011

Reflecting drug use patterns and criminal justice policies throughout the 1990s and 2000s, prisons hold a disproportionate number of society's drug abusers. Approximately 50% of state prisoners meet the criteria for a diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence, but only 10% receive medically based drug treatment. Because of the link between substance abuse and crime, treating substance abusing and dependent state prisoners while incarcerated has the potential to yield substantial economic benefits. In this paper, we simulate the lifetime costs and benefits of improving prison‐based substance abuse treatment and post‐release aftercare for a cohort of state prisoners. Our model captures the dynamics of substance abuse as a chronic disease; estimates the benefits of substance abuse treatment over individuals' lifetimes; and tracks the costs of crime and criminal justice costs related to policing, adjudication, and incarceration. We estimate net societal benefits and cost savings to the criminal justice system of the current treatment system and five policy scenarios. We find that four of the five policy scenarios provide positive net societal benefits and cost savings to the criminal justice system relative to the current treatment system. Our study demonstrates the societal gains to improving the drug treatment system for state prisoners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usability testing in the hospital
Authors: Anderson Judith , Wagner Julia , Bessesen Mary , Williams Linda C.
Published: April 2011

It is not unusual for hospitals to purchase equipment, devices, and materials based on preferences expressed by staff, based on economics and the best offer, or based on the promise of improvement by a new version. However, routinely subjecting potential purchases to basic usability testing provides valuable information upon which to base the decisions. Responsible manufacturers are interested in knowing of needed improvements to their products. Usability testing will also guide training for implementation. Usability testing is included in an introductory human factors engineering (HFE) session as part of a patient safety training course for physicians. Clinicians equipped with this skill are able to build evidence to support purchase decisions, make demands for improved design, and encourage a more thorough HFE evaluation by experts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model for predicting performance of cooling fans for thermal design of electronic equipment (Modeling and evaluation of effects from electronic enclosure and inlet sizes)
Authors: Fukue Takashi , Ishizuka Masaru , Nakagawa Shinji , Hatakeyama Tomoyuki , Koizumi Katsuhiro
Published: April 2011

This study describes the performance of cooling fans in terms of the P–Q curve and the maximum flow rate under various environmental conditions. It focuses on the relationship between fan performance and configuration factors such as the electronic enclosure. The presence of an enclosure wall increased the pressure characteristic of the fan performance. The presence of a narrow inlet decreased the flow rate. When the inlet area of the enclosure became smaller than twice the fan flow area, the flow rate was decreased. The maximum flow rate depended on the ratio of the inlet area to the fan flow area. A model for predicting pressure rise and flow rates in the enclosure is proposed. The model is used in a thermal analysis of a PCB model set in an enclosure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20347
Immunoblot analysis of proteins associated with self‐assembled monolayer surfaces of defined chemistries
Authors: Cornelius Rena M. , Shankar Sucharita P. , Brash John L. , Babensee Julia E.
Published: April 2011

Intact and fragmented proteins, eluted from self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces of alkanethiols of different chemistries (CH3, OH, COOH, NH2), following exposure to human plasma (HP) or human serum (HS), were examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and immunoblotting techniques. The SAM surfaces were incubated for 1 h with 10% (v/v) sterile‐filtered, heat‐inactivated (h.i.) HS or 1% (v/v) sterile‐filtered h.i. HP preparations [both in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)]. Adsorbed proteins were eluted using 10% SDS/2.3% dithioerythritol for characterization of protein profiles. The type of incubating medium may be an important determinant of adsorbed protein profiles, since some variations were observed in eluates from filtered versus control unfiltered h.i. 10% HS or 1% HP. Albumin and apolipoprotein A1 were consistently detected in both filtered h.i 10% HS and 1% HP eluates from all SAM surfaces and from control tissue culture‐treated polystyrene (TCPS). Interestingly, Factor H and Factor I, antithrombin, prothrombin, high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), and IgG were present in eluates from OH, COOH, and NH2 SAM surfaces and in eluates from TCPS but not in eluates from CH3 SAM surfaces, following exposure to filtered h.i. 10% HS. These results suggest that CH3 SAM surfaces were the least proinflammatory of all SAM surfaces. Overall, similar trends were observed in the profiles of proteins eluted from surfaces exposed to filtered 10% HS or 1% HP. However, the unique profiles of adsorbed proteins on different SAM surface chemistries may be related to their differential interactions with cells, including immune/inflammatory cells. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Self-reported weight at birth predicts measures of femoral size but not volumetric BMD in eldery men: MrOS
Authors: Javaid M Kassim , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Lui Li-Yung , Cawthon Peggy , Arden Nigel K , Lang Thomas , Lane Nancy E , Orwoll Eric , Barrett-Conner Elizabeth , Nevitt Michael C , Cooper Cyrus , Cummings Steven R ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group
Published: April 2011

The mechanism whereby poor intrauterine growth increases risk of adult hip fracture is unclear. We report the association between birth weight and proximal femoral geometry and density in community-dwelling elderly men. We used self-reported birth weight, measured adult height and weight and proximal femoral quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measurements of femoral neck axis length, cross-sectional area, and volumetric BMD (vBMD) among the participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS), a cohort study of community-dwelling US men aged 65 and older. We compared men with birth weight <7 pounds (lower birth weight [LBW]; n = 501) and ≥9 pounds (higher birth weight [HBW]; n = 262) with those weighing 7–8.9 pounds (medium birth weight [MBW], referent group; n = 1068) using linear regression adjusting for current age, height, and BMI. The mean age of the 1831 men who had both birth weight and QCT measurements was 73 years (SD 5.9). Compared with the referent MBW, HBW men had concordantly longer femoral neck (+0.16 SD; p = .028) and cross-sectional area (+0.24 SD, p = .001). LBW men had a smaller cross-sectional (–0.26 SD, p < .001) but longer femoral neck for their height (+0.11 SD, p = .05). Neither cortical nor trabecular vBMD at the femoral neck was associated with birth weight. These findings support the hypothesis that the skeletal envelope, but not density, is set, in part, at birth. Further research exploring the association between early developmental factors and lifetime fracture risk is needed and may inform primary preventative strategies for fracture prevention. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Auditors and risk: Eight new standards
Authors: Bettinghaus Bruce , Lindquist Stanton C.
Published: April 2011

On December 23, 2010, the Securities and Exchange Commission approved eight new Auditing Standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. These standards all focus on the auditor's assessment of and responses to risk in an audit. The authors of this article explain that while the eight standards are primarily fresh codification of existing interim standards, they make a few substantive changes as well. However, not everyone believes the new standards are an improvement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sarbanes‐Oxley Act: Was the “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach justified?
Authors: Nogler George , Jang Inwon
Published: April 2011

Does the level of discovered fraud in publicly traded companies justify the “one‐size‐fits‐all” philosophy of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act? Especially considering the costs to implement Section 404? We know that Congress has made attempts to exempt firms with market capitalization below $75 million. Given the relatively low discovered financial fraud in companies at this level, the authors of this article believe the change may be justified. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic conferencing: Understanding computer‐mediated systems
Authors: Lynch Antoinette L. , Zhu Xiaoyuan
Published: April 2011

Electronic meeting or conferencing systems have many advantages over traditional company meetings. But how many CEOs, CFOs, and other top managers choose the right one for the company? The authors explain the features and workings of these systems, and give valuable tips on selecting one. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructural and histochemical analysis reveals ethylene‐induced responses underlying reduced peel collapse in detached citrus fruit
Authors: Cajuste Jacques F. , García‐Breijo Francisco J. , Reig‐Armiñana José , Lafuente María T.
Published: April 2011

Fruits from many citrus cultivars develop depressed areas in the flavedo (outer part of the peel) and albedo (inner part) following detachment. Although ultrastructural analysis may provide important information about multiple plant responses to stresses and external stimuli at the cell and tissue levels, and despite the proved efficacy of ethylene in reducing peel damage in citrus fruit, cytological responses of this horticultural crop to protective ethylene concentrations have not yet been reported. We show that applying high ethylene levels (2 μL L−1 for 14 days) causes sublethal stress as it favored the alteration of cuticle, vacuole, middle lamella and primary wall, especially in the albedo cells, but reduced peel collapse in detached mature “Navelate” oranges (C. sinensis, L. Osbeck) held under nonstressful environmental conditions (22°C and 90–95% RH). Ethylene did not induce relevant changes in lignification but favored the deposition of pectic exudates and the release of sugars from degradation of cell polysaccharides including starch, cellulose, and pectins. In contrast, inhibiting ethylene perception by applying 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) reduced these ethylene‐related responses and favored degradation of cell membranes and peel damage. The overall results reflect that mature oranges tolerate high ethylene levels that might favor the activation of defense responses involving oxidative‐stress related mechanisms and recycling of nutrients and carbon supply to enable cells to sustain respiration and cope with carbon deprivation stress caused by detachment. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.