bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Implants on the Blood
Authors: Sears D. A.
Published: September 2009

The effects on the blood of prostheses implanted in the heart or blood vessels are discussed. Particular attention is paid to red cell damage. Intracardiac prosthetic devices may be associated with hemolytic anemia which is characterized by red cell fragmentation and intravascular hemolysis. Red cell destruction probably results from the mechanical effects of altered circulatory dynamics in which abnormal velocity and turbulence of flow are generated.

In vitro systems have provided some insight into the mechanisms of mechanical damage to red cells, but many basic questions are still unanswered. Prevention of the syndrome depends on durable prostheses and optimal surgical correction of the anatomical and physiological abnormalities. No direct chemical effects of prosthetic materials on the red cells have been identified. Whether prosthetic devices can result in alteration of the antigenic structure of red cells through mechanical or other trauma remains to be determined.

Thrombosis continues to be a frequent complication of the use of intravascular prostheses. Here, too, mechanical problems of blood flow are significant. Areas of low pressure and stagnation of flow predispose to thrombosis. Surface properties of implants are undoubtedly important, but present in vitro tests correlate rather poorly with in vivo results. Direct platelet damage due to prosthetic devices has not been demonstrated.

No clinical problems have arisen that suggest any direct effects of implants on white cells or plasma.
Embrittlement of Zircaloy-2 Pressure Tubes
Authors: Watkins B. , Cowan A. , Parry G. W. , Pickles B. W.
Published: September 2009

Previous work on hydrogen absorption has been extended to cover the effect of radial hydrides and greater hydrogen concentrations, and the effect of neutron irradiation on Zircaloy-2 pressure tubes. Specimens with radial hydrides were produced by modification of tube-manufacturing route and by hydriding under pressure in lithiated water. Both series of tests showed that the effect of the hydrides was marked at 20 C but was small at 300 C. Thus, at design condition, the critical crack length is of the order of 3 to 4 in. Critical crack-length tests on irradiated tubes show that, up to doses of 1021 n/cm2 (>1 MeV), there is no decrease in critical crack length on irradiation.

Results from small specimens and tube behavior have been correlated. This has permitted assessing the effect of a large number of material variables (for example, H2 content, hydride orientation, neutron dose, etc.). For example, the effect of irradiation up to doses of 2 × 1021 n/cm2 (Ni) has been assessed on the basis of both tension and notched specimens. These show that the effect on impact specimens saturates at 1020 n/cm2 but there is a progressive but small increase in tensile strength over the range of neutron dose examined.

This work shows that the critical crack length of through-thickness defects under reactor-design conditions is of the order of 3 to 4 in. Leakage can be expected to occur when the through-thickness crack is of the order of 0.5 in. and failure due to instability is not, therefore, considered feasible.
The Corrosion Behavior of 2.5Nb Zirconium Alloy
Authors: LeSurf J. E.
Published: September 2009

The heat-treatable 2.5Nb zirconium alloy is of interest to nuclear-reactor designers because it has greater strength than the Zircaloys. Its corrosion behavior is affected by its metallurgical structure, the chemical composition of the environment, and the presence of reactor radiation.

Desirable mechanical properties are obtained by quenching from a temperature high in the (α + β)-phase region (generally 850 to 880 C) and stabilizing the structure by aging in the α-phase region (500 to 575 C). Cold work between quenching and aging enhances some properties, notably corrosion resistance. This is illustrated by results of corrosion experiments in aqueous and gaseous media. The corrosion resistance after different amounts of cold work and aging may be correlated with the sub-microstructure developed, as shown by electron microscopy. Evidence from several independent experiments shows that the alloy is much less sensitive to radiation enhancement of corrosion than is Zircaloy, even under strongly oxidizing conditions, such as neutral boiling water. In many cases the oxidation in-flux is less than that out-of-flux in the same coolant stream.

The 2.5Nb zirconium alloy has found nuclear application as pressure tubes for heavy-water moderated reactors, both with pressurized water and boiling water coolant, and as fuel cladding in organic coolant. Results of irradiation experiments suggest it would be useful as fuel cladding in boiling-water-cooled reactors and for conditions which exceed the upper temperature limit of Zircaloy cladding.
The Use of Visco-Elastic Stress-Strain Laws in Soil Testing
Authors: Schiffman Robert L.
Published: September 2009

Most soil testing is either of an inferential nature or an environmental nature. The inferential tests investigate empirical properties of the soil in the belief that correlations of empirical parameters with field performance can be extrapolated to embrace simple general laws. Such broad correlations have proven to be inaccurate and extremely limited in use. The environmental tests, in their simplest application, are designed to be of direct use in the determination of specific design criteria for specific problems. This type of testing is highly restrictive and comprises highly specialized specific purpose tests.

In order to avoid the fundamental deficiencies of two testing methods referred to above, a basic postulation of stress-strain-time behavior must be made. With a given behavior postulation, the soil tests take on two purposes. The first purpose is to confirm the stress-strain-time laws previously proposed and then to ascertain numerical values for the controlling soil properties. At this stage the applications are completely general. It still remains that specific soils be tested for specific properties.

This paper is directed towards establishing an analytical basis for setting up certain stress-strain-time laws for soil materials. Based on the conditions of visco-elastic stress-strain-time properties, the test behavior is analyzed for hydrostatic compression, torsion, and for viscometer tests. In addition the unconfined and triaxial test stress-strain-time laws are postulated for various types of visco-elasticity and test conditions.
Use of a One-Point Liquid Limit Procedure
Authors: Eden W. J.
Published: September 2009

The Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Division of Building Research has used a 1-point liquid limit procedure for most routine tests since 1955. The decision to use the shortened method was based on a statistical study of 390 previous tests made by the 3-point method. This paper reviews the analysis of the test records available to the author along with the results of three other independent investigations on 1-point methods. After considering the variability which can be expected in the liquid limit test, the conclusion is reached that no additional significant errors are introduced through a 1-point method. A detailed 1-point test procedure is appended to the paper.
Recommendations for Changes in the Liquid Limit Test
Authors: Morris M. D. , Ulp R. B. , Spinna R. J.
Published: September 2009

In 1957 the first author, as part of a development program to improve the liquid limit apparatus, approached the civil engineering faculties of Cornell University and Manhattan College independently (and unknown to each other) for assistance to study on a quantitative basis, the variations introduced in the liquid limit test resulting from modifications of equipment and variations in the procedures now used. It is known that in the extreme of variables the liquid limit on the same sample can vary as much as 30 per cent. This program sought to find and hold constant some practical combination of these variables to secure some standardization of procedure and insure repetitive results. It was also desired to find this combination from existing commercially available equipment without creating any new parts. Each college was given brand new sets of ASTM and Casagrande liquid limit test machines, grooving tools, and soil samples. They were instructed to use the ASTM Standard Method for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Grain-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants (D 421-58) and the ASTM Tentative Method of Test for Liquid Limit of Soils (D 423-54 T) with some stipulated variations.
Measurement of Excess Hydrostatic Pressures in Soils
Authors: Weber William G.
Published: September 2009

The California Division of Highways has been using the nonmetallic type piezometer developed by Arthur Casagrande for use at the Logan International Airport. Many of these piezometers have been in place for several years. The factors affecting the installation and operation of the piezometers are presented. Several typical examples are given illustrating the type of data being obtained.
Application of the (n,α) Reaction
Authors: Bushey A. H. , Thompson B. A.
Published: September 2009

Analytical procedures involving neutron irradiation most commonly employ the (n,γ) reaction. In this case a neutron is added to the nucleus of the parent nuclide; a “prompt gamma” ray is simultaneously emitted and a radioactive isotope of the original atom remains. A less commonly employed reaction is the (n,α), in which the parent atom takes up a neutron and simultaneously emits an alpha particle, thereby undergoing transmutation.
Load Transfer in Spot Welds: A Preliminary Investigation with Photoelastic Coating
Authors: Freytag Norman A.
Published: September 2009

Principal strain directions as well as principal strain differences have been determined on a cross-section of a single lapped spot weld using photoelastic coating techniques in this preliminary study.

The highest stressed areas on the specimen investigated occur on the interface surface of the welded joint somewhat away from the forged area surrounding the spot weld within the range of loading investigated and not on the edge of this area as previously expected.

Due to the nature of the spot-weld tensile shear test, bending in the legs of the specimen tends to diminish with respect to the tensile load applied as load increases. This is indicated by a shift in the neutral axis toward the outer surface of the weld specimen.

Yielding on the interface surfaces of the spot-weld specimen occurred in a direction corresponding to the maximum shear-strain direction at that area.

At the particular section of the load-carrying leg that was studied, the effects of “funneling” the load from the entire cross-section of the leg down through the two spot welds were noticed.
Method for Fire Tests of Floor and Ceiling Assemblies
Authors: Bono J
Published: September 2009

A typical fire test sequence is described, primarily by illustrations of the facilities and equipment. The fabrication of the specimen, its preparation for test, and the character and control of the exposure fire are depicted. Although unexpected and bizarre results are occasionally recorded, the majority of tests result in the development of fire-resistance ratings, with the end point being reached in the surface temperature. Details of construction of the test specimen that appear of little significance will often influence the performance in the fire test. Examples of this condition are described, confirming the necessity for careful examination of the report of such tests.

Despite the use of this test method for many years, a number of features are still being studied and discussed by various groups. Curing practices for the concrete used in the fire-resistance assemblies, restraint of the test specimen, load calculations, deflection limits, and temperature limits for structural members are current topics for consideration with a view to further revision and refinement of the test method.
The Building Official's Point of View on Fire Tests
Authors: Carter T H
Published: September 2009

The views presented here reflect the policies and attitudes of the International Conference of Building Officials' Research Committee and its technical staff. The Research Committee is comprised of active building officials from jurisdictions representing a cross-section of the United States.
Quality Control of High-Temperature Solid Rocket Control Components
Authors: Ahearn Richard L.
Published: September 2009

Some of the problems encountered in establishing quality requirements for jet vanes used in solid propellant rockets will be described as well as the processing techniques used to assure a reliable product. The development and testing of jet vanes was described in a previous paper.
Electron Spin Resonance Spectra of Radiation — Damaged Inorganic Crystals
Authors: Morton J. R.
Published: September 2009

Irradiation of inorganic materials frequently causes paramagnetic fragments to be trapped in the crystalline matrix. These fragments (radicals) may be studied by ESR. This technique is described briefly and isoelectronic radicals are compared with each other. The discussion of the diatomic radicals trapped in irradiated alkalihalides is followed by that of the more complex species which may be trapped in irradiated oxy- and fluoro-salts.
The Radiation-Induced Decomposition of Some Inorganic Sulfates
Authors: Huang Suei-rong , Johnson Everett R.
Published: September 2009

The radiation-induced decomposition of Na2SO4, Na2 SO410H20, MgSO47H2O, ZnSO46H2O, CuSO25H2O, Cr2SO415H20, Cr2SO4 aq., NiSO46H20, MnSO4H20 and CoSO47H20 has been studied. Oxidation of the cation occurs only in NiSO46H20 and MnSO4H20. Reduction of the SO4−− occurs only in NiSO46H20. The remaining sulfate hydrates decompose to yield H2 and O2 only in very low yields. A mechanism is given to explain the observed results.
Softwood Plywood Adhesive Bonds for Construction Uses
Authors: Cone C. N.
Published: September 2009

For construction uses plywood adhesive bonds need a degree of resistance to the action of water, weather, and microorganisms but need not be capable of withstanding permanent exterior exposure. A test method for reliably determining the resistance of such bonds to the action of microorganisms is presented, along with data showing a close correlation between results of this microbe resistance test, and of weather fence exposure, and outdoor ground exposure tests. These three tests encompass all of the degradative influences to which construction grade plywood adhesive bonds will be exposed. Therefore, because of its close correlation with weather and outdoor ground exposure tests, and because it can be made under controlled conditions the microbe resistance test by itself is well suited for predicting the adequacy of plywood glue bonds for construction use.
Fire Load, Fire Severity, and Fire Endurance
Authors: Robertson A F , Gross D
Published: September 2009

A review is presented of fire studies beginning with the work of Ingberg at the National Bureau of Standards, who attempted to relate the severity of a fire endurance test in the laboratory to the conditions existing during actual building fires. He showed the importance of weight of combustibles per unit floor area as a major factor. He recognized the importance of ventilation in controlling fire behavior but did not specify it as a separate variable. Fujita in Japan is credited with emphasizing the importance of ventilation. His work has been followed and enlarged by others around the world. Ventilation parameters, compartment geometry, and fuel arrangement have been shown to exert a powerful influence. The radiance from a burning building is dependent to a large extent on the nature of the ventilating openings. Fire severity is not well defined, since it depends on the interaction of the temperature-time curve developed during a fire and the thermophysical properties of the materials exposed. There is a great need for further research on the influence of fuel arrangement, building geometry, and ventilation on fires in buildings.
Fire Test Standard in the Light of Fire Research
Authors: Harmathy T Z , Lie T T
Published: September 2009

Because of the inadequacy of the fire load concept and of the large subject area covered by ASTM Methods E 119, the results of standard fire tests do not represent either the times for which building elements actually withstand building fires, or “rating” values expressing the “fire endurance quality” of the various building elements on a unique scale. Several areas of the standard are discussed where fire research indicates the need for urgent revisions. To achieve higher economy in design for fire endurance it will become necessary to replace the temperature-time curve by realistic heat flux-time relations characteristic of the specific conditions. For some decades to come progress in fire endurance research will be measured by progress in understanding the behavior of building materials at elevated temperatures.
A Building Official's View Concerning Fire Test Standards
Authors: Goldberg A
Published: September 2009

The use of ASTM standards by building officials and others who are not familiar with the details involved in the evolution of the standards nor the tests presents problems. On the other hand, the preparation and development of standards without recognizing the requirements of modern construction is unrealistic. An outline of certain of these areas of inadequacy is presented and suggestions made to improve the communication problem between standard making organizations and the user regarding fire test standards.

I hope my remarks might emphasize those made by several other authors.

Some of my comments may be a rehash of things said by others; however, I believe it is essential that ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction recognize its obligation not only to ASTM but also to the public that relies upon the ASTM standards for safety.
Contribution of Hydraulic Fluids to System Contamination
Authors: Kirnbauer E. A.
Published: September 2009

In the continuing investigation of causes of contamination in hydraulic systems, two types of contaminants attributable to hydraulic oils have been observed. The first is the reaction of some hydraulic fluids with water and the forming of precipitates. The second is the inability of some hydraulic oils as delivered to the customers to be filterable. Since this phenomenon is not consistent with all the oils meeting general categories of specifications, more needs to be learned about why some oils generate this type of contamination while others do not.

The test used to differentiate between the (2) types of fluid contaminants is described, and typical data is presented for petroleum based fluids, including single grade and multigrade motor oils, automatic transmission fluids, and hydraulic fluids. Photographs of some of the unusually shaped contaminants are included. The author suggests a test method which will allow the oil manufacturer and oil users to screen oils to eliminate those which may have undesirable characteristics. The author concludes with a request that the oil manufacturers and oil users work together to learn more about the cause of this phenomenon and its elimination.
Coordinating Research Council Research Techniques for Automatic Transmission Fluids
Authors: Calish S. R.
Published: September 2009

This report covers the significant CRC work on passenger car automatic transmission fluid test techniques, including photographs of test equipment and a brief summary of cooperative test results.
Laboratory Study of Time-of-Tooling Effects on Mortar Joint Color
Authors: Erlin Bernard , Conway Tim
Published: September 2009

Early tooling results in laitance at tooled surfaces. The laitance consists of smooth, soft, and optically continuous high water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) paste that contains fines that bled to the surface from the cementitious materials and aggregate. The cement is extensively hydrated. Late tooling results in discontinuous, fine, chatter-marked surfaces. These discontinuities create surface shadows. Portland cement hydration is very poor due to a low w/cm. Normal tooling results in surface textures between those from early and late tooling along with cement hydration close to that associated with late tooling. In normal- and late-tooled joints, the portland cement evidences restricted hydration due to water “squeezed” from the relatively stiff surfaces, which creates a low w/cm. Significant color differences from light to dark result when joints are, respectively, struck and tooled early, normal, and late. Overall lower w/cm results because masonry units absorb some of the mix water. Wetted bricks extend curing. Affecting the time of mortar stiffening, which controls the time of tooling, is loss of water from joint surfaces and water absorbed by masonry units. The rate of water loss from joint surfaces is a function of the water retention properties of the mortar and ambient atmospheric conditions. Pigment properties of the mortar-making materials, and particularly the portland cement, plus surface textures, establish the color and color tone of joints. A primary contributor to darker surfaces is the degree of cement hydration: the poorer the hydration, the darker the color and color tone. Affecting the degree of cement hydration is the w/cm and the curing period: higher w/cm and longer curing increases hydration and lightens color. A secondary contributor to color tone is surface texture: the greater the number of surface discontinuities the darker the color tone. Cementitious materials components that generally contribute to lighter color tones include hydrated lime and the inert material in masonry cements.
Introduction: Modernism at Night
Authors: Love Heather
Published: September 2009

Is Queer modernism simply another name for modernism?

As Douglas Mao and Rebecca L. Walkowitz note in their introduction to the 2006 collection Bad Modernisms, “[T]here were numerous ways of being outside in the early twentieth century” (7). Efforts over the past several decades to imagine modernism as an expanded field have been remarkably successful. Female modernism, African American modernism, queer modernism, sentimental modernism, low- and middlebrow modernism, and colonial, postcolonial, and anticolonial modernism have all been integrated into a renewed understanding of modernism (or modernisms, as it is often written). In addition, the rethinking of modernism as a set of aesthetic movements in relation to a larger context of global modernity and modernization has turned the inside out. Since few modernists, on closer inspection, appear to have stayed high or dry, bad modernism, outsider modernism, and marginal modernism begin to look more and more like modernism itself.
Academic Activism
Authors: Martin Randy
Published: September 2009

Academic. Not leading to a decision; unpractical; theoretical, formal, or conventional.

Active. Opposed tocontemplativeorspeculative:Given to outward action rather than inward contemplation or speculation; practical; esp. with “life.”

—Oxford English Dictionary

Tendentious as these definitions are, they refer to the colliding conceptions from which academic activism issues. The often reductive contrast between theory and practice, thinking and doing, has been used to regulate what is admissible as campus politics as if it were apparent in advance which actions were insufficiently imbued with reflection and which worldly commitments compromised disciplinary or institutional loyalty. Suffice it to say that drawing the boundary between activity appropriately inside and outside the academy has always been anxiously freighted. The pursuit of practically engaged knowledge has been constituted in a taut exchange with the very powers it has been called on to serve—persistently but not exclusively those of the state, of industry, and of professional associations (Newfield,Ivy; Readings; Chomsky; Starr). In the lineage of the Western university, degrees of critical separation from these authorities were hard-won and were conceived of as autonomy or academic freedom (Kant). The emergent disciplinary formations of the late nineteenth century made activist claims for equality in a self-designated professional cohort under the rubric of peer review. This compact, advanced by the American Association of University Professors, ceded institutional control to administrators in exchange for noninterference with the pursuit of specialized knowledge (even if manifest as political speech), which was apportioned to those elevated to the peerage through conferral of tenure (O'Neil; Thelin).
Aesthetics and the New Ethics: Theorizing the Novel in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hale Dorothy J.
Published: September 2009

In the introduction to a 2002 special issue ofdiacriticson ethics and interdisciplinarity, mark sanders asks us to consider, “What points of contact, if any, are there between the current investment in ethics in literary theory, and the elaboration of ethics in contemporary philosophy?” (3). Yet the question behind this question—the one that motivates his selection of essays for the issue—is why literary critics and theorists have drawn their ideas about ethics from Emmanuel Levinas, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Alain Badiou but have felt little or no need to consult past or present moral philosophers. As Sanders goes on to note, while “in North America and the Anglophone world generally, the tendency in ethics has been to bring moral reflection to bear on questions in political theory,” there “has been relatively little attention among literary theorists to developments in disciplinary philosophy” (4).
Gender-Specific Modulation of the Response to Arterial Injury by Soluble Guanylate Cyclase α1
Authors: Vermeersch Pieter , Buys Emmanuel , Sips Patrick , Pokreisz Peter , Marsboom Glenn , Gillijns Hilde , Pellens Marijke , Dewerchin Mieke , Bloch Kenneth D , Brouckaert Peter , Janssens Stefan
Published: September 2009

Objective:

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimer composed of α and β subunits, synthesizes cGMP in response to nitric oxide (NO). NO modulates vascular tone and structure but the relative contributions of cGMP-dependent versus cGMP-independent mechanisms remain uncertain. We studied the response to vascular injury in male (M) and female (F) mice with targeted deletion of exon 6 of the sGCα1 subunit (sGCα1-/-), resulting in a non-functional heterodimer.

Methods:

We measured aortic cGMP levels and mRNA transcripts encoding sGC α1, α2, and β1 subunits in wild type (WT) and sGCa1-/- mice. To study the response to vascular injury, BrdU-incorporation and neointima formation (maximum intima to media (I/M) ratio) were determined 5 and 28 days after carotid artery ligation, respectively.

Results:

Aortic cGMP levels were 4-fold higher in F than in M mice in both genotypes, and, within each gender, 4-fold higher in WT than in sGCa1-/-. In contrast, sGCα1, sGCα2, and sGCβ1 mRNA expression did not differ between groups. 3H-thymidine incorporation in cultured sGCa1-/- smooth muscle cells (SMC) was 27%±12% lower than in WT SMC and BrdU-incorporation in carotid arteries 5 days after ligation was significantly less in sGCa1-/- M than in WT M. Neointima area and I/M 28 days after ligation were 65% and 62% lower in sGCa1-/- M than in WT M mice (p<0,05 for both) but were not different in F mice.

Conclusion:

Functional deletion of sGCa1 resulted in reduced cGMP levels in male sGCa1-/- mice and a gender-specific effect on the adaptive response to vascular injury.
Riverbed-material texture and composition of Bishnumati River, Kathmandu, Nepal; implications in provenance analysis
Authors: Tamrakar Naresh Kazi
Published: September 2009

The Bishnumati River, a major tributary of the Bagmati River in the Kathmandu Basin, is a low-gradient, low-sinuosity river with a short high-gradient head. The tributaries contributing the Bishnumati River supply sediments from granite-gneiss sources located towards the north of the river area, and from sedimentary rocks of the Phulchoki Group from the northwest and the west of the Bishnumati watershed. Four representative segments each from third, fourth, fifth and sixth order stretches were sampled and analysed for riverbed-material size, and gravel shape and composition, to characterise riverbed materials, to understand downstream distribution of shape, size and composition of sediments, and to understand provenance of riverbed materials. The D50 of the segments 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 25.11 mm, 0.871 mm, 3.75 mm and 27.86 mm, respectively. The riverbed materials are classified as Gravel, muddy sandy Gravel and muddy Gravel, which are very poorly sorted indicating textural immaturity. Gravels are compact bladed in form. Oblate prolate index (OPI) shows more oblate nature of gravels from downstream segments (sixth order stream). Gravels have high settling sphericity (0.6-0.8) and slightly higher flatness index (0.51-0.54). They are subrounded to rounded although there exist some angular to well rounded gravels. Downstream changes in shape parameters are not remarkable perhaps because of short distance of transport, insufficient abrasion, or durability of gneissic and granitic clasts, or quick transport of gravels during floods. Shape also seems to be influenced more by inherited properties of parent rocks. The gravels from sedimentary rocks increase from the upstream to downstream sites of the river at the expense of reduction of gneissic and granitic gravels. Existence of siltstone and sandstone gravels in the fifth (Segment 2) and forth order (Segment 3) mainstreams is remarkable as there is no primary parent source upstream of these segments. Existence of sedimentary gravels shows local provenance (fluvio-deltaic terrace deposits) and perhaps suggests existence of paleodrainage system different from the present   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2250 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 55-62
Safe bearing capacity evaluation of the bridge site along Syafrubesi-Rasuwagadhi road, Central Nepal
Authors: Manandhar Suman , Shrestha Uttam Bol , Yasufuku Noriyuki , Omine Kiyoshi , Kobayashi Taizo
Published: September 2009

The research work was carried out at the proposed bridge site along Syafrubesi-Rasuwagadhi Road, Central Nepal. The study was based on field SPT/DCPT and laboratory tests. N values were determined from SPT/DCPT test. The index and mechanical properties of granular soils were computed in laboratory. Then, ultimate and allowable bearing capacities with safety factor 3 for maximum tolerable limit of 40 mm settlement was estimated by empirical equations provided by Teng (1988) and Terzaghi and Peck (1978). It is recommended that safe bearing capacity for 6 m size open square foundation at left and right abutments are suitable within 4.5 to 6 m depth.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2254 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 95-100
True posterior communicating artery aneurysms: are they more prone to rupture? A biomorphometric analysis
Authors: He Wenzhuan , Hauptman Jason , Pasupuleti Latha , Setton Avi , Farrow Maria G. , Kasper Lydia , Karimi Reza , Gandhi Chirag D. , Catrambone Jeffrey E. , Prestigiacomo Charles J.
Published: September 2009

Object

Posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms can occur at the junction with the internal carotid artery, posterior cerebral artery (PCA), or the proximal PCoA itself. Hemodynamic stressors contribute to aneurysm formation and may be associated with parent vessel size and aneurysm location. This study evaluates the correlation of various biomorphometric characteristics in 2 of the aforementioned types of PCoA aneurysms.

Methods

Patients with PCoA aneurysms were analyzed using CT angiography. Source images and reconstructions were used to determine which aneurysms originated purely from the PCoA and those that originated from the internal carotid artery/PCoA junction. Morphometric analysis was performed on the aneurysm, the precommunicating segment of the PCA (P1), the ambient segment of the PCA (P2), and both PCoA arteries and were correlated to clinical presentation. Parametric and nonparametric analyses were performed to test for significance.

Results

A total of 77 PCoA aneurysms were analyzed, and 10 were found to be true PCoA aneurysms (13.0%). The ipsilateral PCoA/P1 ratio (1.77 ± 0.44 vs 0.82 ± 0.46, p = 0.0001) and ipsilateral P2/P1 ratio (1.73 ± 0.40 vs 1.22 ± 0.41, p = 0.0003) were significantly larger in true PCoA aneurysms. Interestingly, aneurysm size was statistically larger in the junctional aneurysms (0.14 ± 0.1 vs 0.072 ± 0.04 cm3, p = 0.03). The prevalence of ruptured aneurysms was similar in both groups (~ 80%, p value not significant).

Conclusions

These data suggest that true PCoA aneurysms have a larger PCoA relative to the ipsilateral P1 segment. To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first such biomorphometric comparison of these different types of PCoA aneurysms. Although statistically smaller in size, true PCoA aneurysms also have a similar prevalence of presenting as a ruptured aneurysm, suggesting that they might be more prone to rupture than a junctional aneurysms of similar size. Further analysis will be required to determine the biophysical factors affecting rupture rates.
The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and outcome in severe traumatic brain injury treated by an intracranial pressure–targeted therapy
Authors: Olivecrona Magnus , Wildemyr Zandra , Koskinen Lars-Owe D.
Published: September 2009

Object

In this paper, the authors' goal was to study the influence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele on the clinical outcome in patients treated for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with an intracranial pressure (ICP)–targeted therapy based on the Lund concept.

Methods

The authors conducted a prospective double-blinded randomized trial in which they examined patients with severe TBI. Inclusion criteria consisted of a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ≤ 8 at the time of intubation and sedation, patient age between 15 and 70 years, an initial cerebral perfusion pressure > 10 mm Hg, and arrival to the hospital < 24 hours after trauma. Blood samples for the analysis of apolipoprotein E allele types were collected. Independent staff members evaluated outcomes by obtaining Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at 3, 12, and 24 months.

Results

The occurrence of the ε4 allele was analyzed in 46 patients (mean age 35 ± 2.2 years with a median GCS score of 6 [range 3–8]). The ε4 allele was present in 39.1% of the patients. The ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure, and injury severity score were not statistically significantly different between the groups. The median GOS score at 3 months was 3.5, and at 12 and 24 months was 4 (range 1–5). Except for the GOS score at 3 months, which was dichotomized as favorable (GOS Score 4 or 5) and unfavorable (GOS Scores 1–3), no statistically significant differences in outcome, irrespective of GOS dichotomization used, were found between the patients with the ε4 allele and those without. The presence of the ε4 allele did not predict for clinical outcome, but GCS and ICP did.

Conclusions

The presence of ε4 is not associated with long-term clinical outcome in patients with severe TBI treated with an ICP targeted therapy, based on the Lund concept.
Alcohol Consumption and Development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Thakur Lokendra , Kojicic Marija , Thakur Sweta  J. , Pieper Matthew  S. , Kashyap Rahul , Trillo-Alvarez Cesar  A. , Javier Fernandez , Cartin-Ceba Rodrigo , Gajic Ognjen
Published: September 2009

This retrospective population-based study evaluated the effects of alcohol consumption on the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alcohol consumption was quantified based on patient and/or family provided information at the time of hospital admission. ARDS was defined according to American-European consensus conference (AECC). From 1,422 critically ill Olmsted county residents, 1,357 had information about alcohol use in their medical records, 77 (6%) of whom developed ARDS. A history of significant alcohol consumption (more than two drinks per day) was reported in 97 (7%) of patients. When adjusted for underlying ARDS risk factors (aspiration, chemotherapy, high-risk surgery, pancreatitis, sepsis, shock), smoking, cirrhosis and gender, history of significant alcohol consumption was associated with increased risk of ARDS development (odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.2). This population-based study confirmed that excessive alcohol consumption is associated with higher risk of ARDS.
Publisher's Note - Pagination Error, Molecules 2009, 14(3)
Authors: Lin Shu-Kun
Published: September 2009

Publisher's Note added on 10 September 2009: There is a pagination error in Molecules 2009, 14(3) with pages 1134-1144 missing. Thus, pages 1134-1144 are taken as a blank pages.
Electrochemical Reduction of Coumarins at a Film-Modified Electrode and Determination of Their Levels in Essential Oils and Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines
Authors: Wang Lai-Hao , Liu Hsiu-Hua
Published: September 2009

The electrochemical reduction of coumarins on glassy carbon and electrodeposited metal electrodes was investigated in a Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 1.87-11.98). The effects of various factors, such as the deposition material, time, and concentration of mercury, on the precision of the analysis were explored. The possible reaction mechanism of the reduction process with regards to scan rates, peak potentials, and currents is discussed. Electroreduction was used to quantitatively determine the levels of coumarins in some essential oils and traditional Chinese herbal medicines. A comparison with high performance liquid chromatography analysis results shows good agreement.
A Hybrid Adaptive Routing Algorithm for Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Figueiredo Carlos M. S. , Nakamura Eduardo F. , Loureiro Antonio A. F.
Published: September 2009

Routing is a basic function in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). For these networks, routing algorithms depend on the characteristics of the applications and, consequently, there is no self-contained algorithm suitable for every case. In some scenarios, the network behavior (traffic load) may vary a lot, such as an event-driven application, favoring different algorithms at different instants. This work presents a hybrid and adaptive algorithm for routing in WSNs, called Multi-MAF, that adapts its behavior autonomously in response to the variation of network conditions. In particular, the proposed algorithm applies both reactive and proactive strategies for routing infrastructure creation, and uses an event-detection estimation model to change between the strategies and save energy. To show the advantages of the proposed approach, it is evaluated through simulations. Comparisons with independent reactive and proactive algorithms show improvements on energy consumption.
Power Conservation through Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Kandris Dionisis , Tsioumas Panagiotis , Tzes Anthony , Nikolakopoulos George , Vergados Dimitrios D.
Published: September 2009

The power awareness issue is the primary concern within the domain of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Most power dissipation ocurrs during communication, thus routing protocols in WSNs mainly aim at power conservation. Moreover, a routing protocol should be scalable, so that its effectiveness does not degrade as the network size increases. In response to these issues, this work describes the development of an efficient routing protocol, named SHPER (Scaling Hierarchical Power Efficient Routing).
Modelling and Calibration Technique of Laser Triangulation Sensors for Integration in Robot Arms and Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines
Authors: Santolaria Jorge , Guillomía David , Cajal Carlos , Albajez José A. , Aguilar Juan J.
Published: September 2009

A technique for intrinsic and extrinsic calibration of a laser triangulation sensor (LTS) integrated in an articulated arm coordinate measuring machine (AACMM) is presented in this paper. After applying a novel approach to the AACMM kinematic parameter identification problem, by means of a single calibration gauge object, a one-step calibration method to obtain both intrinsic―laser plane, CCD sensor and camera geometry―and extrinsic parameters related to the AACMM main frame has been developed. This allows the integration of LTS and AACMM mathematical models without the need of additional optimization methods after the prior sensor calibration, usually done in a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) before the assembly of the sensor in the arm. The experimental tests results for accuracy and repeatability show the suitable performance of this technique, resulting in a reliable, quick and friendly calibration method for the AACMM final user. The presented method is also valid for sensor integration in robot arms and CMMs.
TRAINING AVIATORS OF THE HIGHEST QUALIFICATION IN INDEPENDENT LITHUANIA (1990–2009)
Authors: Liekis Algimantas
Published: September 2009

The goal of this article is to generalize the analysis carried out by the author of how the preparation of the highest quality aviation specialists was organized after Lithuania re‐established its independence in 1990. It deals with the impact of the then existing system of higher and special studies, the system of education, the operating and newly established civil, military and sports aviation organizations, aviation technology, and other enterprises. The article will serve to further solve the issues relating to the preparation of aviators and other specialists of the highest qualification.

Santrauka

Dar tarpukario nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje rengti planai isteigti Lietuvoje aukštaja aeronautikos mokykla. Bet tik 1990 m. Lietuvai atkūrus nepriklausomybe susidare galimybes tuos planus igyvendinti: tuometinio VTU prof. Jono Stankūno, rektoriaus prof. Edmundo Kazimiero Zavadsko pastangu deka, o taip pat remiant daugeliui Lietuvos aviatoriu, Susisiekimo ministerijai ir kitu instituciju specialistams 1993 m. pradžioje VTU buvo ikurtas Aviacijos institutas, veliau pavadintas žinomo aviakonstruktoriaus, buvusio Lietuvos Kariuomenes generolo Antano Gustaičio vardu. Straipsnyje pateikiama instituto isteigimo istorija, suformuotu studiju ir praktikos programu ir kaip jos atitinka tarptautini lygmeni analize. Straipsnyje pateikta analize pasitarnaus toliau tobulinant aukščiausios kvalifikacijos specialistu rengima, sprendžiant aviacijos organizavimo ir valdymo klausimus.
"Introduction to Japanese horror film," by Colette Balmain
Authors: Alfieroni Alessia
Published: September 2009

Review of Colette Balmain. Introduction to Japanese horror film. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008. Paperback, £16.99 (232p) ISBN 978-0-7486-2475-1.
Pattern recognition: A dialogue on racism in fan communities
Authors: Editor TWC
Published: September 2009

In early 2009, science fiction fandom's online landscape erupted with discussions of race. A post regarding cultural appropriation on author Elizabeth Bear's blog sparked a wide-ranging conversation that soon became acrimonious, with professional science fiction and fantasy writers and fans of science fiction literature and media weighing in. More recently, criticisms of Patricia C. Wrede's decision to set her young adult novel, The Thirteenth Child (2009), in an America empty of indigenous people have spearheaded new waves of discussion. Often the more widely read summaries of these debates have focused on what they mean for writers and aspiring writers who plan to represent minority cultures in their works. But what has their significance been for members of fan communities?
Study of Nanocrystalline SnO2 Particles Formed during the Corrosion Processes of Ancient Amalgam Mirrors
Authors: Herrera L. Karen , Justo A. , Pérez-Rodríguez J.L.
Published: September 2009

The ancient mirror amalgam is a two-phase system: crystals of tin-mercury compounds surrounded by a mercury-rich liquid phase. Corrosion of the amalgam mirrors produces tin dioxide and tin monoxide and releases liquid mercury from the solid phase. The objectives of this study were to characterise the formation of the SnO2 nanometric particles in the alteration processes of ancient amalgam mirrors. Using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, a depth profile analysis of the sample was performed. The morphology of the amalgam layer was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the size and morphology of the particles. Elemental analysis of the amalgam was done by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The SnO2 phase was straightforwardly identified by XRD using different incidence angles. The average crystalline size of the nanoparticles was evaluated using the Scherrer formula and was estimated in the range of 4 to 5 nm, which was in good agreement with the size estimated by TEM. The electron diffraction pattern of the nanoparticles could be indexed to the cassiterite (SnO2) structure, which is the most typical and stable corrosion product of tin.
A note on the consensus time of mean-field majority-rule dynamics
Authors: Zanette Damián H.
Published: September 2009

In this work, it is pointed out that in the mean-field version of majority-rule opinion dynamics the dependence of the consensus time on the population size exhibits two regimes. This is determined by the size distribution of the groups that, at each evolution step, gather to reach agreement. When the group size distribution has a finite mean value, the previously known logarithmic dependence on the population size holds. On the other hand, when the mean group size diverges, the consensus time and the population size are related through a power law. Numerical simulations validate this semi-quantitative analytical prediction.Received: 6 July 2009, Accepted: 2 September 2009; Edited by: M. C. Barbosa; Reviewed by: H. Fort, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; DOI: 10.4279/PIP.010002
Research on Advanced Materials for Li‐ion Batteries
Authors: Li Hong , Wang Zhaoxiang , Chen Liquan , Huang Xuejie
Published: September 2009

In order to address power and energy demands of mobile electronics and electric cars, Li‐ion technology is urgently being optimized by using alternative materials. This article presents a review of our recent progress dedicated to the anode and cathode materials that have the potential to fulfil the crucial factors of cost, safety, lifetime, durability, power density, and energy density. Nanostructured inorganic compounds have been extensively investigated. Size effects revealed in the storage of lithium through micropores (hard carbon spheres), alloys (Si, SnSb), and conversion reactions (Cr2O3, MnO) are studied. The formation of nano/micro core–shell, dispersed composite, and surface pinning structures can improve their cycling performance. Surface coating on LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 was found to be an effective way to enhance their thermal and chemical stability and the mechanisms are discussed. Theoretical simulations and experiments on LiFePO4 reveal that alkali metal ions and nitrogen doping into the LiFePO4 lattice are possible approaches to increase its electronic conductivity and does not block transport of lithium ion along the 1D channel.