bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State Public Policies and the Racial/Ethnic Stratification of College Access and Choice in the State of Maryland
Authors: Perna Laura W , Steele Patricia , Woda Susan , Hibbert Taifa
Published: January 2007

This study uses descriptive analyses of data from multiple sources to examine changes during the 1990s in the racial/ethnic stratification of college access and choice in Maryland and to explore state public policies that may have influenced changes in the demand for and supply of higher education for students of different racial/ethnic groups during this period. We also discuss the potential implications of recent state policies on future enrollment stratification in the state.
Financial Changes and Optimal Spending Rates among Top Liberal Arts Colleges, 1996-2001
Authors: Kaufman Roger T , Woglom Geoffrey
Published: January 2007

This article documents the changes in financial status among the top 49 liberal arts colleges between 1996 and 2001 by using Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) financial and enrollment data. These data show large disparities in net assets per student, expenses per student, and the subsidies per full-paying student and the average student. Differences in comprehensive fees are considerably smaller. In addition the six wealthiest institutions have maintained relatively greater spending while still increasing their net assets faster than their peer institutions. Two views of the optimal rates of spending are then presented, and spending rates are calculated for each institution. Most of these institutions have spending rates well below the rate that would be required to achieve intergenerational equity.
Toward a Cultural Advancement of Tinto's Theory
Authors: Guiffrida Douglas A
Published: January 2007

Despite the broad appeal of Tinto's (1993) theory, it is not well supported by empirical research, especially when applied to minority students. While prior critiques of the theory indicate the need to modify Tinto's concept of "breaking away" when applying the theory to diverse students, research suggests a need for additional refinements. In addition to recognizing the need for students to maintain cultural and familial connections to succeed at college, the author contends that the theory can be advanced by integrating research from social and cross-cultural psychology that has investigated relationships among cultural norms, motivational orientation, and academic achievement and persistence.
"Joy! Rapture! I've Got a Brain!"
Authors: Hallock Thomas
Published: January 2007

The following essay was originally published in The Chronicle of Higher Education on14 May 2004. The essay examines the motivation, and the
self-doubt, that propels much academic writing. Drawing upon personal experience (and with a nod to The Wizard of Oz), author Thomas Hallock maintains that many scholars write in order to overcome their own
insecurities.
Authoritarian Medicalization and Gynephobia under Franco
Authors: Mitchell Timothy (Timothy J.)
Published: January 2007

In the early years of the twentieth century, numerous Spanish doctors were in the forefront of a protofeminist sexual discourse that sought to replace moral doctrine with hygiene. But devoutly Catholic provincial families numbered in the millions, and they were the major repository of Spain's military-hierarchical ethos and what Reich called "the system of sexual dictatorship." The ineptitude of the Second Republic led to General Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), and for many decades thereafter the normative unfolding of Western medicalization was effectively stymied. This article examines the efforts of Francoist gynecologists to remove all traces of "sexual communism" from the women of Spain and to bring medical procedures into line with Church-sanctioned modes of truth production. As Foucault predicted, the most stubborn form of resistance to a modernizing medical subjectivity was found in the variety of folk medicine known as curanderismo.
"Desirable Immigrants": The Assimilation of Transplanted Yankees in Page and Tourgee
Authors: Myers Robert M.
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the literary representation of Yankees who have moved to the South in two novels: Albion Tourg�e A Fool's Errand (1879) and Thomas Nelson Page's Red Rock (1898). Tourg�e was a northern liberal, and Page was a southern conservative, yet both novelists depict Yankees who successfully integrate into southern culture. The similarities between Page's and Tourg�e's constructions of the assimilated Yankee suggest a shared ideology that transcends any sectional differences over Reconstruction. Their novels reflect the ambivalence felt by many late nineteenth-century Americans about the massive influx of foreign immigrants. As they attempt to define the "desirable" immigrant, Page and Tourg�e contribute to the consolidation of a racial ideology that would structure the American imperialist agenda of the early twentieth century.
Voltaire's Zaïre: Fantasies of Infidelity, Ideologies of Faith
Authors: Weber Caroline
Published: January 2007

In this article, Weber reads Voltaire's 1732 tragedy Zaïre, in which a young Christian slave is killed by her lover, the Muslim sultan of Jerusalem, as a commentary on the epistemological similarities between sexual jealousy and religious fanaticism. From the eighteenth century on, critics and audiences have conventionally seen the play as a masterpiece of tear-jerking sentimentality: pious Zaïre is slain by the sultan who loves her deeply, but who mistakes her secret assignation with a Christian priest for a romantic rendezvous and, in a jealous rage, stabs her to death, only to realize after the fact that his beloved was blameless. An emphasis on the text's bittersweet affective charge misses, however, Voltaire's own insistence on a vocabulary of "infidelity" whose double register of erotics and belief poses serious questions about the stringent, destructive aspects of the ideology of virtue that subtends both domains. Weber revisits Zaïre in order to highlight its timely meditation on the harmful effects of intolerance and suspicion in matters amorous and religious alike.
Transnational Cinema and the Mexican State in Alfonso Cuaron's Y tu mama tambien
Authors: Baer Hester , Long Ryan Fred
Published: January 2007

Our analysis of Y tu mama también foregrounds contemporary tendencies of transnational cinematic production, the history of film production in Mexico, and the recent political and economic transformations of the Mexican nation-state. We demonstrate how Cuarón's film share certain cinematic traits, such as an emphasis on contingency and coincidence, with other successful international co-productions and how it responds specifically to national concerns. Our analysis of the film's production context also addresses the history of the state support for cinema in Mexico. In our interpretation of the film's form and content, we focus on its use of a disembodied male voice-over as well as its portrayal of gender roles and homosexuality. We argue that the film ultimately reinforces a conventional, oppressive representation of Mexican society, foreclosing upon its potentially progressive narrative trajectories. Though Cuarón's film is definitely a product of globalized era of film production, it exhibits we conclude, a marked nostalgia for a more properly national framework for defining Mexico.
Hegel in Mexico: Memory and Alienation in the Posthumous Writings by Jose Revueltas
Authors: Bosteels Bruno
Published: January 2007

José Revueltas devoted much of his time spent in the Lecumberri prison of Mexico City, where he was incarcerated for is alleged role as an intellectual instigator behind the student-popular movement of 1968, reflecting on the role of the dialectic in the wake of Hegel and Marx. Especially in the two collections of essays, diar entreries and personal reading notes published posthumously as Dialéctica de la conciencia (Dialectic of the Consciousness) and México 68: Juventud y Revolución (Mexico 68: Youth and Revolution), Revueltas develops an original framework for the understanding of social consciousness in a tense struggle with its intrinsic outside—the unconscious, negativity, or madness pure and simple. Key to this renewal of the materialist dialectic is the notion of a collective and nearly ontological reserve of popular uprisings, the memory of which can be awakened in those rare and profound theoretical "acts," such as the 1968 movements, that mark the political history of the Left in Mexico.
Making History: Subcomandante Marcos in the Mexican Chronicle
Authors: Jorgensen Beth Ellen
Published: January 2007

The January 1, 1994 Mayan uprising in Chiapas led by the Ejército Zapatista de Leberación Nacional (Zapatista Army of National Liberation, or EZLN) and the ten years of struggle that have ensued since then are a key chapter in the long, fraught history of the Mexican nation's relationship to its indigenous populations. The chronicles written by Mexican journalists since 1994 about the EZLN and its spokesperson Subcomandante Marcos are an important part of the interpretive record that writes and rewrites history as it unfolds. This essay looks at chronicles by Carlos Monsiváis, Elena Ponitowaska, Juan Villoro, and Alma Guillermoprieto, and asks how they inscribe the figure of Marcos into a broader cultural narrative in which the motifs of masks, theatricality, and spectacle are frequently employed in debates ove the "national character" and over the role of messianic leadership in Mexican Politics. I also show that the texts under study resonate with Octavio Paz's seminal essay The Labyrinth of Solitude and challenge its thesis in important ways.
Ethics and Politics in Hector Aguilar Camin's Morir en el Golfo and La guerra de Galio
Authors: Moreiras Alberto
Published: January 2007

Héctor Aguilar Camín's Morir en el golfo (Dying in the gulf) and La guerra de Galio (Gallio's War) are two superb political novels whose basic strategy borders on what Roberto Esposito would call the "unpolitic." In these two texts literature is at the service of the political in the sense of claiming a radical privilege to exist "democratically," which means, to be able to think the possibility of a decision beyond every pragmatic or "political" reason. One could even talk of an infrapolitical or non-militant decision, upon which Aguilar Camín makes the very possibility of a radically anti-utopian writing depend. One should talk about these novels as examples of a literature against civilizing elites, infrequent in a cultural context that still oscillates between the two sides of Sarmientism, and that can only endlessly redefine the dualism between civilization and barbarism without ever displacing it.
The Real Live, Invisible Languages of A Different Drummer: A Response to Trudier Harris
Authors: Anderson Eric Gary
Published: January 2007

Trudier Harris's essay raises many important questions about the past, present, and future of southern literary studies, chief among them the nagging questions of how and why particular texts and writers come to be both formative and neglected. My response to Harris begins by affirming that the novel she places under discussion, William Melvin Kelley's A Different Drummer, has been unduly overlooked by critics and teachers alike. Then I join with her in arguing that this deceptively Anglo-centered novel finds ways of making very telling points about African American identity in the South and, analogously, about African American literature as a driving force in southern U.S. literature. Kelley chooses to tell a story of black resistance by focusing much of his narrative on white resistance: how various white characters react to the complete, unanimous, and remarkably efficient black migration that happens before their eyes. Along with Harris, I address this paradox of a powerfully present African American absence; I also speak to other, related questions of personal, regional, racial, and cultural identity, such as the roles of problematic patriarchs and feminized male precursors in the novel. And I argue that the novel, finally and paradoxically, broadcasts the real live, invisible sounds of a different drummer, the words we never hear, the words African Americans use to make African American migration, resistance, and survival possible for themselves.
Patricia Yaeger's Southern Hauntology: Response to "Ghosts and Shattered Bodies, or What Does it Mean to Still Be Haunted by Southern Literature?"
Authors: Matthews Pamela R
Published: January 2007

Patricia Yaeger's refreshing impatience with standard approaches to southern studies continues to inform her exploration of black and white southern women's writing in "Ghosts and Shattered Bodies." In the current essay, Yaeger argues that black and white southern women's writing registers very differently the ghosts of lost promise and possibility. In readings that range from short stories to novels to a Baptist pamphlet and other cultural texts, Yaeger explores the ghostly slippages that expose what she calls the "conditions of racial haunting" that still organize our thinking about race in southern writing as in these United States.
While it is obvious that "Ghosts and Shattered Bodies" takes as a given its investigation of southern women's writing, there remain opportunities for thinking more about the implications of gender in the various texts Yaeger examines. Several and various textual moments cited in this essay are haunted by the twin conditions of gender and race, and occasionally by sexuality as well. Yaeger's fineness as a critic of literature and culture makes me want to see more often what she makes of these intersections.
One of Yaeger's great strengths in this essay as elsewhere, her powerful writing style, shows the same acute attention to language that she notices in other writers. Her work seems driven by what annoys her--what haunts her, if I may--and an observant, unflinching prose is part of her head-on analysis. I'd like to read more such academic writing. Yaeger's turns of phrase, questions, and lists all speak of engagement with the texts, the reader, and her own evolving thoughts in a methodology that's generous and dialogic as well as consistently insightful.
Reading Coryats Crudities (1611)
Authors: Craik Katharine A
Published: January 2007

Coryats Crudities, Thomas Coryat's account of his five-month tour
of Europe, was published in 1611. This article argues that Coryat's
"crudities" resist ideals of humanist pedagogy, where rhetorical digestio
involved the proper organization and assimilation of knowledge. Coryat and
his mock panegyrists explore connections between writing and intemperance,
discussing the painful effects of pleasurable reading experiences on
the bodies of aristocratic men. In so doing, they coin a new generic
position for Crudities as a travelogue that resists truth telling but
is nevertheless not quite a traveler's tall tale.
Reason, Faith, and Shipwreck in Sidney's New Arcadia
Authors: Mentz Steve
Published: January 2007

The three shipwrecks of the New Arcadia are key structural moments
in this complex work, each one signaling a major transition in the
narrative's plot. This article considers shipwreck as a trope through
which Sidney's fiction explores the relative merits of reason and faith
in understanding human experience. Shipwreck provides a critical lens
to reconsider both Sidney's humanist Neo-Platonism and his religious
faith. While Sidney's romance clearly treats faith as superior to reason,
he also imagines the two conceptual systems as interactive, a position
which allows him to qualify the Reformation's attack on this-worldly
values with his hopes for human intellect.
Milton, Hobbes, and the Liturgical Subject
Authors: Rosendale Timothy
Published: January 2007

It is difficult to imagine two more diametrically opposed figures
than John Milton and Thomas Hobbes. In this essay, though, I argue that
they share some surprising commonalities. Setting these two figures
in the contentious liturgical, religious, and political aftermath of
the Reformation, I examine each author's treatment of representation,
reading, and the relation of private and public, and argue that some
startling overlaps and ambivalences emerge: Milton is in some ways very
cautious about the prospect of reading, while Hobbes is at once dismissive
and deeply protective of a Reformed sort of interior authority.
Literary Taste as Counter-Enlightenment in Hume's History of England
Authors: Noggle James
Published: January 2007

In David Hume's History of England, cultural achievement plays an ambiguous role in a larger narrative framework meant to demonstrate the nation's gradual progress toward refinement, liberty, and commercial success. Not only does culture, especially literary culture, seem oddly independent of political and economic advancement, it also exposes points where the dichotomies that organize what we understand as Enlightenment history itself—rationality versus irrationality, the modern versus the archaic, the general versus the particular, theory versus anomaly—break down. Hume's literary achievement in the History is to allow his understanding of England's progress to be conditioned by these collapses.
David Simple and the Fallacy of Friendship
Authors: Terry Richard (Richard G.)
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the relation between Sarah Fielding's novel The Adventures of David Simple (1744) and its sequel Volume the Last (1753). It argues that the later book should be seen as qualifying some of the ideas put forward in the earlier one, especially in connection with two related issues: the value of sentimentality as a way of apprehending the world, and the rewards and dangers of friendship. In the pessimistic views about friendship expressed in Volume the Last, Fielding shows herself to have been influenced by her brother Henry and other eighteenth-century moral commentators such as Samuel Johnson in their treatment of "Loss of Friends" as a topic of Christian consolation.
Recent Studies in the Restoration and Eighteenth Century
Authors: Zwicker Steven N
Published: January 2007

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
"The One Poor Word" in Middlemarch
Authors: Purdy Dwight H. (Dwight Hilliard)
Published: January 2007

George Eliot's ethic of sympathy informs every aspect of her art, from plot to diction. In Middlemarch, the humble adjective, "poor," provides an especially revelatory example of her ethic suffusing a text. Used as an epithet connoting sympathy, "poor" appears in Middlemarch 145 times. For "poor Dorothea," "poor Casaubon," and "poor Lydgate," the contextual nuances of this simple modifier imply subtle shifts and distinctions in the narrator's moral valuations. Applied to Rosamond, the adjective engages and challenges the ethic of sympathy in George Eliot's reader. "Poor Rosamond," "poor" more often than anyone else in Middlemarch, is the novel's most exacting test of a reader's compassion.
Semantic Counterpoint, Hopkins, and The Wreck of the Deutschland
Authors: Sobolev Dennis
Published: January 2007

This article addresses the problem of the general semantic structure of Gerard Manley Hopkins's poetry; it focuses on the analysis of one of the most difficult poems in the Hopkins canon, The Wreck of the Deutschland. The essay begins with a brief description of the two major semantic dimensions of his poetry, which have been brought to the fore by previous studies, and suggests that Hopkins's poetry as a whole may be conceptualized by means of the notion of "counterpoint." The main part of the essay applies this notion in the detailed analysis of The Wreck, foregrounding Hopkins's sophisticated theological argument, complex rhetorical strategies, and passionate faith, along with diverse hermeneutic difficulties that Hopkins underscores, such as indeterminacy, historicity, and the resistant materiality of the existential.
Literary Property and the Single Woman in Isabella Whitney's A Sweet Nosgay
Authors: Ellinghausen Laurie
Published: January 2007

This essay offers a new perspective on the Tudor poet and maidservant Isabella Whitney's way of constructing herself as a female author in the early modern literary marketplace. While Whitney is most often read as a writer desiring textual communities through patronage and the exchange of letters, I note that throughout her miscellany A Sweet Nosgay (1573) she continually emphasizes her isolation from family and community. This stance, I argue, helps Whitney develop a sense of herself as a professional writer who must, after losing her post as a servant, achieve economic independence through the sale of her own verse.
Skepticism and Poetry in Milton's Infernal Conclave
Authors: Weinfield Henry
Published: January 2007

This essay challenges Stanley Fish's influential reading of the conclave in hell. While Fish's devils are mere rhetoricians, the essay argues that the devils' speeches eloquently express Milton's wrestling with questions of being. Faced with the possibility of annihilation, Moloch and Belial ask fundamental questions about being and nothingness. A believing Christian, Milton can express these questions only by putting them into the mouths of devils. Their speeches reveal aporiae that call into question the ontological perspective Milton develops in Christian Doctrine. Mammon's speech responds to this impasse by rejecting speculative reason—in the manner of Enlightenment thought. What remains unshaken is the poetry of book 2.
Spatial Patterns of Surface Soil Magnetism and Soil Redistribution Across a Fallow Field, Northern Alabama
Authors: Landgraf Chad E , Royall Dan
Published: January 2007

Distributed assessments of total soil loss from agricultural fields are important for understanding both on-site and off-site consequences of historical and current erosion. In this study, the potential for using cheap and rapid measurements of soil magnetism to identify relative degrees of total soil loss is tested in a fallow field in northern Alabama. This is accomplished by defining and mapping erosion categories based on two different magnetic measurements, and an existing soil magnetism model describing soil loss in a nearby field. Surface soil magnetism patterns generally accord with Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation soil loss estimates, but may contain more useful information regarding historical soil redistribution (mass balance at a point) for the fallow field tested. Due to current limitations of the technique and the intrinsic complexity of soilscapes, the best use of magnetic surveying at this time is likely to be in rapid erosion reconnaissance.
Lukasz Barczyk's Hamlet (2004), a "Pearl of the Millennium" for a New Millennium Audience
Authors: Cieslak Magdalena
Published: January 2007

On March 29, 2004 Polish national television's "Channel 1" presented a television theatre production of Hamlet directed by the young and promising Łukasz Barczyk. The production was part of an artistic project "Pearls of the Millennium," featuring a selection of outstanding works of art considered to be specifically meaningful for the new millennium. With an established cast and crew (Janusz Gajos, Grażyna Szapołowska, Paweł Edelman), shot in an ancient salt mine in Wieliczka near Kraków, a famous tourist site, this TV theatre production can be seen as exemplifying some methods in which Shakespeare is made a marketable commodity for contemporary audiences. The production presents a fragmentary story set in an undefined historical period against an abstract and eerie background, its temporal and spatial indeterminacy suggesting an attempt at building a bridge between the past and the new millennium. Shot in experimental, almost art-house way, it visually offers a universal, timeless space evocative of cyberspace. The director claims that for him Hamlet is a story of becoming an individual human being. In Barczyk's production the slightly hysterical Hamlet , forced by external circumstances to grow mature, is lost in a world where an old-fashioned politician marries into an exquisitely modern state, and where the dead are cremated and the living walk on their ashes. The tragedy is in that he fails to effectively confront the chaotic, inconsistent, illogical and irrational world, and is replaced by a very young and frighteningly mature Fortinbras.
"Methinks you are my glass": Looking for The Comedy of Errors in Performance
Authors: Ford John R
Published: January 2007

This article offers a survey of twentieth-century performances of  The Comedy of Errors , a play notable only by its absence from the four-hundred year performance history of Shakespeare's works. Having long been supplanted, adapted, and rewritten in the three centuries after it was first performed, the play, the article suggests, was restored to something of its original identity by the four productions under examination: the 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1972 Clifford Williams productions for the RSC, the 1976 Trevor Nunn production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, the 1996 Tim Supple RSC production at The Other Place, and the 2004 Cecil MacKinnon Shakespeare & Company production in Lenox, Massachusetts. The study is particularly concerned with how each of the productions retain a faithfulness, not to the letter of Shakespeare's play, but to its liquidity, by employing precisely those tactics that earlier productions had used to supplant the play: free experimentation with additional music, tone, setting, and textual cuts. While measurably different from one another in directorial vision and performance style, the four productions, the article seeks to demonstrate, while measurably different from one another in vision and style, nonetheless share two seemingly antithetical characteristics: an attentiveness to Shakespeare's language and yet a willingness to adapt that language freely, taking it as a cue for wandering adaptations. In so doing, the article is ultimately concerned with illustrating how the productions, through adaptation, recovered a range of voices in The Comedy of Errors  that centuries of production choices and critical judgments had muted.
Rough Magic In America
Authors: Mulrooney Jonathan
Published: January 2007

Though The Tempest deploys magic as a means to resolve conflict, our sympathy for both Prospero and those under his spell forces us to consider the ethics of enchantment. This essay examines the ways in which Jim Sheridan's 2002 film In America uses this aspect of The Tempest to frame its own debate over the use of fantasy to overcome trauma. Though the film is not an adaptation, it appropriates elements to suit its purposes, including a camera-wielding child protagonist in the Prospero role, and the soothing balm of magic embodied in the sentimental ending of E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial , in which the struggling central family try to take solace. As its characters deal with various hardships, the film illustrates fantasy's power to acknowledge trauma by paradoxically recognising its inability to erase that trauma or render it forgettable. The film's ending mirrors Prospero's guilty rejection of magic and plea to the audience - though here we too are implicated in a desire for narrative closure that can only be satisfied by delusion. Instead, we are left with the "rough magic" of real life.
Between Institutional Survival and Intellectual Commitment: The Case of the Argentine Society of Writers during Perón’s Rule (1945–1955)
Authors: Fiorucci Flavia
Published: January 2007

An analysis of Peronism constitutes an obligatory point of departure of any study of Argentina’s history since 1945. The advancement of the popular masses toward the Plaza de Mayo on 17 October 1945, clamoring for their new leader (the Colonel Juan Domingo Perón) inaugurated a new era for this nation. For some, especially for those who marched on that day, it represented the beginning of a period of hope. For others, those who looked with stupor at the crowds “invading” the city, this was the start of a decade of undemocratic practices and populist pseudo-fascist reforms. Perón’s rise to the presidency in 1946 would find the majority of the Argentine intelligentsia in the ranks of the opposition. The intellectuals were particularly worried by the emergence of this political movement which, in their eyes, was a combination of a local incarnation of European fascism and the ‘barbaric’ regime of the caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. In 1956, the writer Ezequiel Martínez Estrada summarized the horror that this march signified for the “decent people.” He declared it the threat of a “San Bartolomé del Barrio Norte” (an affluent neighborhood in Buenos Aires) and characterized the Peronists as “those sinister demons of the plains which Sarmiento described in El Facundo.” In his description Perón was depicted as a local Franco, a Mussolini or a Hitler. Only those intellectuals who defended different versions of local nationalism joined the enterprise of the colonel-turned-popular-politician and put their hopes in him.
“Immigrants with Money Are No Use To Us” Race and Ethnicity in the Zona Portuária of Rio de Janeiro, 1903–1912
Authors: McPhee Kit
Published: January 2007

On a steamy mid-summer day in December 1901, a “clearly inebriated” 105-year-old Afro-Brazilian, Rita Lobo, leaned heavily on a walking stick as she made her way up Rua General Pedra. Known to all as “Pereréca” (“frog”), not for the first time had she been the victim of cruel taunts by a group of Portuguese youths and, in particular, Luís Nascimento, the seven year-old son of a local hardware and pottery shop owner, Luís Antônio Pereira do Nascimento. That afternoon, however, Rita decided that it was time to fight back and began beating the young boy with her cane.
Crossbows for the King: The Crossbow during the Reigns of John and Henry III of England
Authors: Bachrach David Steward
Published: January 2007

Although the crossbow served as the primary hand-held missile weapon in the armies of England during the thirteenth century, very little is known currently about the types and designs that were available for use. This study sheds light on three important questions relating to the construction and use of crossbows during the reigns of King John (1199-1216) and Henry III (1216 1272). First, an effort is made to identify the variety of materials employed in the construction of crossbows. Second, this study examines the means by which these weapons were spanned. Finally, this study suggests the relative frequency with which the several types of crossbows used by English troops were deployed by the royal government. -- Technology and Culture http://shot.jhu.edu/tc.html
Drive-By Viewing: Visual Consciousness and Forest Preservation in the Automobile Age
Authors: Barnett Gabrielle R. (Gabrielle Ruth)
Published: January 2007

Redwood preservationists' mid-twentieth century shift from promoting to opposing highway improvements in Humboldt County, California, reveals the complexity of the technology- nature relationship. In the 1920s Save-the Redwoods League and California voters embraced Redwood Highway. The road's sublime, nostalgic aesthetic appealed to auto-tourists, functioning as wish image. It helped organize the vast, impenetrable Redwood landscape: old-growth rainforest groves now lined highway. In the 1950s Highway 101 upgrades, designed for logging trucks and fast cars, changed tourists' scenic experience. Redwood Parks Freeway distanced and dwarfed the redwoods. Seasoned redwood advocate Newton Drury, as well as newcomers like the Sierra Club, agitated against new road-construction within Redwood State Parks. Three studies of material culture-- Wolfgang Schivelbusch on railroads and visual consciousness; David Nye on the technological sublime; and Walter Benjamin on commodity fetishism-- shed light on preservationists' initial enthusiasm for combining Redwoods and automobiles, and failure to anticipate the ensuing conflict.
An Arcadian Apparatus: The Introduction of the Steam Engine into the Dutch Landscape
Authors: Roberts Lissa Louise
Published: January 2007

This article begins by tracing the history that led to the construction of the first fully Dutch steam engine on the country estate of an urban oligarch. The goal here is to highlight the role of gardens and fountain design in the early development of steam engines and emphasize that Dutch interest in steam during the eighteenth century was based largely on issues related to drainage and water management. This concern with the landscape - whether on a private estate or in the "national garden" - is examined more broadly in the rest of the article, which treats the historical significance of placing such a novel apparatus in the Dutch landscape, both physically and symbolically. While the 'machine in the garden' proved a menacing image in other cultures, the steam engine's first Dutch advocates projected it as an Arcadian apparatus.
Surveying Technology and History: Essential Tensions and Postmodern Possibilities
Authors: Kranakis Eda
Published: January 2007

Thomas J. Misa's Leonardo to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present represents a new kind of survey history of technology. Traditional surveys take technology as their starting point (rather than politics and culture) and hence follow a periodization distinct from traditional political history. They also tend to sacrifice depth to achieve encyclopedic coverage. Misa's survey takes politics and culture as its starting point, which places technology back into mainstream history. Seeking to define and analyze paradigmatic techno-cultural eras, Misa examines eight key episodes in Western history and technology from the Renaissance to the present and identifies an underlying pattern of technological/economic through and action for each era, illustrated by key examples. Misa's work echoes the approaches of Lewis Mumford and Bertrand Gille in defining key technological eras, but he broadens this approach to link it more firmly with mainstream history. Misa also draws upon the traditions of political economy and economic history, but he moves beyond the myth of "economic man" by paying careful attention to the influence of political and cultural regimes on technological development. Misa's postmodern, episodic reading of the past encourages student debate and questioning, and invites development of a richer variety of survey histories.
The Eyes of the Body and the Veil of Faith
Authors: Dox Donnalee
Published: January 2007

Liturgical allegory, as a genre of medieval writing, is often thought to indicate
dramatic or theatrical tendencies in medieval worship practices. This article compares
the liturgical allegories of Amalarius of Metz (ninth century) and Honorius Augustodunensis
(twelfth century). The comparison shows that medieval ideas about theatre
operated very differently in the writings of Amalarius and, three centuries later,
Honorius. These differences suggest both different modes of representation in medieval
ceremonies and the transformation of ancient theatre from a negative to a positive
model for Christian worship.
Unveiling the Void: The Presence of Absence in the Scenography of Jean Genet's The Screens
Authors: Finburgh Clare
Published: January 2007

This essay explores in detail the scenography--visual aesthetic--of Jean Genet's The Screens. With reference both to the play-text and to various productions of the work from 1961 to 2004, the essay suggests that the set, costumes, and make-up of The Screens pose as a spatial metaphor for the dynamic between the void and the image that pervades Genet's oeuvre. The void constitutes an absence of absolute truth or meaning that solicits the inscription of signs and signification. Genet's void also highlights the artifice inherent in these signs. This destabilization produces the possibility for new and varied signiÞcations. I trace the movement of inscription, erasure, and reinscription both in the play's scenography and in its implicit discussion of anticolonial revolt and postcolonial possibility.
What Is to Be Remembered?: Tourism to Ghana's Slave Castle-Dungeons
Authors: Richards Sandra L.
Published: January 2007

This paper explores performances of identity enacted by black tourists and hosts in the "contact zone" of Ghana's castle-dungeons, now designated World Heritage sites because of the transatlantic slave trade that occurred there. Building upon ethnographic observation and personal reflection on trips taken between 1997 and 1999, journals and videos of other African American travelers, and scholarship on memory, tourism, and performance, I argue that differing memories-and forgettings-produce multiple surrogations in which triumphant actors stand in for the defeated. Further, though both Ghanaians and diasporic Africans invest in the trope of family, these memorial sites produce complex, contradictory responses registering tension, dissimilarity, and asymmetrical power relations as well as the possibility of a re-membered "family."
Dying to Fight
Authors: Dwyer Peter
Published: January 2007

Peter Dwyer comments upon the liberation-type politics and activism on display at the Treatment Action CampaignÃs (TAC) July 2003 national conference.
Community Participation -- Hope and Reality
Authors: Lipman Alan
Published: January 2007

Alan Lipman looks at the attempt to forge appropriate local architectures in post-apartheid South Africa and the efforts to involve local communities in this activity.
Interdisciplinary Performance, Power: "Galileo" in the Academy
Authors: Arons Wendy
Published: January 2007

Theatre departments are often asked by other departments to coordinate their productions to coincide with and complement an interdisciplinary conference. But working in such interdisciplinary contexts can bring into relief both the disciplinary boundaries which often preclude understanding between scholars in different fields, and the power/status differential of the academy which privileges science over letters over arts. It can, as a result, be extremely difficult to change the status of a theatrical performance from "sideshow" and entertainment to an integral and relevant aspect of interdisciplinary work. The effort to do so will often require conscious, deliberate choices by the theatre artists involved to engage specifically with the concerns of other disciplines in order both to make the production part of the main conversation, and-even more importantly-to alert colleagues from other disciplines to the seriousness of our work and the deepness of our play. When successful, such performances can critically intervene in an interdisciplinary event and fundamentally challenge scholars from other disciplines to reconsider their own methodologies and approaches. I offer in this article as a case study in successful intervention a production of Brecht's Life of Galileo, which was presented in conjunction with an interdisciplinary conference entitled "Galileo and the Church" in April 2002 at the University of Notre Dame. I trace the ways in which our theatrical production was able to become an integral part of the interdisciplinary conversation, and argue that not only can we avoid the risks of having our work marginalized as entertainment, but that we can make our work more central to the academy by using performance to frame, foster, and enable interdisciplinary dialogue.
"We Has Found the Enemy and They Is Us": Virtual War and Empathy in Four Children's Science Fiction Novels
Authors: Butler Andrew M
Published: January 2007

The article explores four science fiction novels aimed at children which feature virtual wars: Gillian Rubinstein's Space Demons, Terry Pratchett's Only You Can Save Mankind, Robert Westall's Gulf and Gloria Skurzynski's Virtual War. Each of these have a sense of the unreality of contemporary warfare as explored in Jean Baudrillard's "The Gulf War Did Not Take Place," and the Pratchett and the Westall volumes explicitly reference the 1991 Gulf War. In each of the four cases violence is rejected in favor of an ethical concern for the Other, which the articles discusses in terms of Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy.
Four Generations of Tom Swift: Ideology in Juvenile Science Fiction
Authors: Von der Osten Robert
Published: January 2007

Written as science fiction for young teenage boys, Tom Swift appeared as four distinct series between 1910 and 1993. This article examines the core attitudes conveyed about the young rational hero, technology, nature, and science in the first, second, and fourth of the series. While the first two series tend to idolize the rational hero, glorify technology, treat nature as a resource, and increasingly place technology within a scientific framework, the final series instead emphasizes the dangers of technological and scientific hubris.
"Is He Still Human? Are You?": Young Adult Science Fiction in the Posthuman Age
Authors: Ostry Elaine
Published: January 2007

Ostry analyzes science fiction texts, written for young adults, which deal with the tenets of the posthuman age: cloning, genetic engineering, prolongation of life, and neuropharmacology. She discusses how these texts use the possibilities of biotechnology as metaphors for adolescence. The texts outline the ethics of biotechnology, such as the creation of a superclass, and crossing the boundaries between human and animal, human and machine. Most of the texts place nurture above nature and promote a "safe," traditional vision of humanity despite the potential of biotechnology to change the human form.
Carnivalizing the Future: A New Approach to Theorizing Childhood and Adulthood in Science Fiction for Young Readers
Authors: Sambell Kay
Published: January 2007

The comic narrative strategies that Reeve uses in Mortal Engines set it apart from the bulk of deeply serious, starkly pessimistic science fiction for young readers. Sambell illustrates how Reeve eschews the oppressive admonitory tone of the dystopian genre, by playfully and humorously carnivalising the future instead. She argues that this innovative approach allows him to critique and subvert the polluted adult world in a manner that is not at odds with the desire to offer young readers optimistic possibilities within the post-catastrophe novel. A new style of didacticism is achieved, based upon an emancipatory model of child-adult relations.
Setting International Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?
Authors: Mattli Walter , Büthe Tim
Published: January 2007

Standards have become one of the most important nontariff barriers to trade, especially national product standards that specify design or performance characteristics of manufactured goods. Divergent national standards often inhibit trade, whereas regional and international standards increasingly serve as instruments of trade liberalization. Consequently, the setting of international standards—seemingly technical and apolitical—is rapidly becoming an issue of economic and political salience. But who sets international standards? Who wins, who loses? This article offers a fresh analytical approach to the study of international standards, which the authors call the institutional complementarities approach. It builds on insights from realism and the “Battle of the Sexes” coordination game but emphasizes complementarities of historically conditioned standardization systems at the national level with the institutional structure of standardization at the international level. It posits that, after controlling for other factors that influence involvement in international standardization, differences in institutional complementarities play a critical though largely accidental role in placing firms from different countries or regions in a first- or second-mover position when standardization becomes global. The authors illustrate the insightfulness of this approach through statistical analyses of the first scientific set of data on standards use and standardization, collected by the authors through an international online survey.
Political Cycles and Exchange Rate-Based Stabilization
Authors: Schamis Hector E. , Way Christopher R.
Published: January 2007

Fixed exchange rates implemented to increase credibility and attract foreign investment, or as an alternative approach to stabilization in high inflation economies, have been shown to be successful in expanding economic activity and correcting inflation in the short term but often lead to undesirable outcomes in the medium to long term. Although there is a wealth of literature documenting the boom-bust cycles associated with the adoption of a nominal anchor, no adequate explanation has been proffered as to governments repeatedly choosing policies that are self-defeating. The authors address this question with a political economy explanation based on the notion of a self-interested government for which short-term stabilization is attractive in the face of incentives posed by the electoral cycle. If the election coincides with the boom phase of an exchange rate—based stabilization, incumbent governments increase the likelihood of gaining reelection, and the bust phase will develop, if at all, only after the contest. The authors thus suggest a modified version of the traditional political business cycle. From the standpoint of a self-interested office-seeking government, exchange rate—based stabilizations can make good political sense. Empirical results based on an analysis of eighteen Latin American countries from 1970 to 1999 support the insights of the argument: movements towards a more fixed exchange rate are greater than three times more likely in a preelection period than in other stages of the electoral cycle.
Testing Novel Implications from the Selectorate Theory of War
Authors: de Mesquita Bruce Bueno , Morrow James D. , Siverson Randolph M. , Smith Alastair
Published: January 2007

The authors tested five novel hypotheses derived from the selectorate theory of war with data for up to about 140 states and spanning the years 1816–1993. The hypotheses point to subtle differences in selection effects across regime types that should operate during crises that fall short of war and also during wars. Leaders who rely on a large coalition (such as democrats) to remain in office are shown to be more selective than their small-coalition counterparts in their willingness to fight wars when the odds of victory are not overwhelming. They are also more selective than their small-coalition counterparts in their willingness to take part in disputes that fall short of war when the odds are not exceptionally favorable. However, they are less selective about this form of participation than they are about war. Small-coalition leaders show no such selectivity in their preparedness to engage in disputes short of war or in war as a function of their odds of victory. These results hold whether the odds of victory are assessed continuously or whether they are based on a specific threshold. The authors also find, in keeping with the selectorate theory, that if a war fails to resolve quickly, democrats try harder than autocrats to win. And when the war is over, democrats demobilize much more slowly than autocrats.
Sub Rosa Resistance and the Politics of Economic Reform: Land Redistribution in Post-Soviet Ukraine
Authors: Allina-Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2007

This article examines obstacles to economic reform in Ukraine's transition to a market-based economy. Existing explanations for failures of reform in postcommunist states privilege societal actors, as in the case of Przeworski's J-curve, or state actors acting in a private, rent-seeking capacity, as in Hellman's partial reform equilibrium. Other explanations focus on weak state capacity. However, there is evidence to suggest that some groups of individuals who stall or halt market reforms may do so in their capacity as state actors. Their resistance to reform may be sub rosa: state actors may comply with formal institutional requirements of reform even as they seek to preserve the status quo. This tendency is evident in the privatization of land, the focus of this article. This article proposes an explanation for reform failures which suggests that some resistance to economic liberalization may derive from the efforts of state actors to protect the public good.