bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovine and Caprine Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) in Aborted Animals in Jordanian Sheep and Goat Flocks
Authors: Samadi Assadullah , Ababneh M. MK. , Giadinis N. D. , Lafi S. Q.
Published: October 2010

Two hundred and fifty five biological samples were collected from 188 animals (81 sheep and 107 goats) during the lambing season from September 2009 to April 2010 from the Mafraq region of Jordan. Sampled animals belonged to 93 sheep and goat flocks that had abortion cases in the region. One hundred and seven (41.9%) biological samples were positive for theomp2primers that were able to identify allBrucellaspecies in the collected samples which were obtained from 86 aborted animals (86/188=45.7%). Using the B. melitensis insertion sequence 711 (IS711) primers on the 107omp2positive samples, only 61 confirmed to be positive forB. melitensis. These positive samples were obtained from 28 sheep and 33 goats. The prevalence rate ofB. melitensiswas 27.1% (51/188) among aborted animals. For differentiation between vaccine strain and field strain infection, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method usingPstI endonuclease enzyme was used. Vaccination with Rev-1 in the last year (OR=2.92, CI: 1.1–7.7) and grazing at common pasture (OR=2.78, CI: 1.05–7.36) were statistically significant (P≤.05) risk factors positively associated with the occurrence of brucellosis in sheep and goat flocks.
Competencias interpretativas audiovisuales: entre la cultura textual y la alfabetización formalizada
Authors: Idoyaga Petxo , Andrieu Sanz Amaia , Jiménez Iglesias Estefanía
Published: October 2010

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación sobre los procesos de adquisición de competencias interpretativas de los textos audiovisuales entre adolescentes y jóvenes. Entendida tal competencia como la capacidad para comprender los sentidos connotados que hay debajo de los enunciados materiales de esos textos audiovisuales, la investigación comparó dos variables: la primera, la adquisición de tal competencia a partir de la experiencia personal y social en el consumo de productos audiovisuales (en lo que interviene la diferencia de edad); la segunda, las diferencias que marca la existencia de procesos formalizados de alfabetización audiovisual. La investigación, realizada a partir de “grupos de debate” de adolescentes y jóvenes estudiantes entra, desde ahí, a valorar el debate académico existente sobre estos procesos de adquisición de competencias interpretativas del audiovisual.
Aportación de los planificadores estratégicos españoles a la eficacia publicitaria
Authors: Sánchez Blanco Cristina
Published: October 2010

El presente artículo tiene como propósito examinar las funciones que tiene el planificador estratégico en la actualidad y en concreto definir el papel que ejerce en la consecución de la eficacia de la comunicación de los anunciantes. La Planificación Estratégica nació en Londres en 1968 en dos agencias de publicidad en el contexto mediático y de marketing de aquella época. En el entorno actual, caracterizado por el protagonismo del consumidor y la necesidad de una comunicación integrada, su papel adquiere mayor protagonismo como defensor del consumidor para que la comunicación comercial esté basada en una investigación profunda sobre él. Así, su trabajo aporta valor a los anunciantes porque se ocupa de realizar un posicionamiento de la marca correcto y una estrategia de comunicación eficaz porque está enfocada en un conocimiento seguro del consumidor.

Esta reflexión teórica adquiere más realce al adaptarla al análisis de la realidad de los profesionales españoles hoy en día a través de un estudio empírico basado en una encuesta a los planificadores que trabajan en España. La Planificación Estratégica es una disciplina reciente en dicho país ya que es a principios de los años 90 cuando algunas agencias empezaron a contar con profesionales dedicados en exclusiva a esta función. Sin embargo, en menos de veinte años se ha convertido en un departamento clave en el entorno de comunicación comercial.
País Vasco, laboratorio de comunicación alternativa. Compilación de 30 años de experiencias
Authors: Ramírez de la Piscina Martínez Txema
Published: October 2010

El trabajo resume una investigación sobre comunicación alternativa en Euskal Herria –País Vasco‑ durante los últimos 30 años. Analiza los momentos de flujo y reflujo experimentados en estas tres décadas, deteniéndose en experiencias especialmente significativas. Entre ellas, se cita el caso de la radio HBI Hala Bedi Irratia, una emisora libre de Vitoria-Gasteiz, tolerada pero no legalizada, que en 2008 celebró su 25 aniversario. La emisora tiene millares de oyentes y emite durante las 24 horas del día. Sobrevive gracias al trabajo voluntario de decenas de comunicadores sociales. Nunca han incluido un anuncio pagado en sus ondas, ni han recibido subvenciones del estado. A pesar de ello, el proyecto perdura en la actualidad. La emisora basa su existencia en una amplia red social de cerca de 600 socios y socias y en un uso inteligente de las nuevas tecnologías.
Role of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) in Current Infertility Practice
Authors: Tempest Helen Ghislaine , Simpson Joe Leigh
Published: October 2010

Chromosome imbalances are the leading cause of pregnancy loss in humans and play major roles in male and female infertility. Within the past two decades, the development and application of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has played an important role in infertility practices worldwide. The purpose of this review is to discuss, how PGD may be applied in combating numerical chromosomal abnormalities and in Robertsonian and reciprocal chromosome translocations. We shall consider prevalence and risk of each aberration, interchromosomal effects and rationale behind use of PGD in each case. Numerical chromosome abnormalities (aneuploidy and polyploidy) in particular affect a very high proportion of preimplantation embryos (~ 50%). Given that a majority of preimplantation embryos are aneuploid, PGD can be used to screen embryos and transfer euploid embryos to improve pregnancy rates and reduce spontaneous abortions. The rationale of utilize PGD to transfer only euploid embryos would seem sound, but controversies exist surrounding application of PGD for aneuploidy detection. To this end, we will discuss the dichotomy between favorable descriptive reports and less favorable randomized clinical trial data. This review will discuss the trend towards differing sources of embryonic DNA (e.g. polar body vs blastomere vs blastocyst) as well as development of novel technologies for 24 chromosomes analysis.
The Role of Gap Junction Proteins in Infertility
Authors: Tripathi Piyush , Tripathi Manorama
Published: October 2010

Testis and ovary serve an important role of producing male and female gametes. Their normal functioning is very important for the proper formation of sperm and ovum and thus has a critical role in the successful fertility outcome. Synchronized activity of various cells in the gonads is needed to provide favorable niche for the growth and development of the germ cells. Among various ways of cellular communication, intercellular communication is mediated by gap junctions, which provides open but selective exchange of ion and molecules of restricted size between two adjoining cells. The basic unit of gap junction is connexins. Their important role has been speculated in the maintenance of homeostasis, morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and growth control in higher organisms. The expression of gap junction proteins in reproductive tissues has drawn the attention and interest of researcher to investigate their role in the reproductive outcome. The reports about the correlation of gap junction protein expression pattern in infertility patients and in animal models have suggested their implication in fertility. Some of these gap junction proteins seem to have redundant functions, whereas some could be very critical in the normal fertility and could not be dispensable for the successful outcome of the reproduction.
Role of 3D and 3D Power Doppler to Assess Endometrial Receptivity in IUI Cycles
Authors: Nagori Chaitanya B
Published: October 2010

Background

The assessment of the endometrial receptivity at the time of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is one of the key factors for success of all ART procedures.

Aim

To assess, if 3D and 3D power Doppler assessment of endometrial receptivity before giving hCG, helps improving pregnancy rates in superovulation with IUI cycles.

Settings and Design

A prospective randomized study of 2500 cycles of IUI was done over a period of twelve months for pre-hCG endometrial assessment.

Method

Endometrial assessment was done on Voluson 730 Expert, (Wipro GE) using transvaginal multifrequency volume probe 5 to 9 MHz. When follicles and endometrium were considered mature by 2D US and color Doppler, 3D and 3D power Doppler assessment of the endometrium was done before giving hCG. These values were evaluated for conception and nonconception groups.

Results

Conception rates were higher, when endometrial volume was between 3 and 7 cc. In our study, we have found endometrial FI > 20 and endometrial VFI > 40 as most optimum.

Conclusions

3D ultrasound is accurate for volume assessment of endometrium. 3D and 3D PD, when used with 2D US and color Doppler for pre-hCG endometrial assessment, it would definitely improve implantation rates in IUI cycles.
Maternal and Perinatal Outcome in Pregnancies Following Infertility
Authors: Thyagarajan Chitra , Dasari Papa
Published: October 2010

Context

General practitioners as well as obstetricians are coming across a large number of pregnant women whose conceptions are following a period of infertility or treatment for the same. There is a controversy in the literature regarding the occurrence of adverse outcomes of pregnancy in such women.

Aims

To assess the maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnancies that occurred after a period of infertility and to compare the outcome in spontaneous conceptions with the conceptions following treatment for infertility

Settings and Design

Retrospective analysis of hospital records of 200 pregnancies following infertility during the year 2009 in a tertiary care center in South India.

Material and Methods

All the women were divided into two groups,viz: Group 1—those who had history of infertility but conceived spontaneously and Group 2—those with history of infertility and conceived only after treatment for infertility. The main outcome measures were antenatal complications and adverse neonatal complications.

Statistical analysis

The statistical package SSPS version 15.0. Chi-square and student ‘t’ test was used for nonparametric and parametric variables.

Results

The incidence of hypertension was 60% and that of gestational diabetes was 7%. Obstetric complications included increased incidence of preterm labor (23.5%) and premature rupture of membranes (38%). There was no statistically significant difference in both groups though the medical complications especially hypertension was high in the pregnancies following spontaneous conceptions, i.e. untreated group. There was a greater demand for the NICU care mainly because of prematurity. The PNMR was (40/1000) less than the institutional rate of 72/1000 births.

Conclusions

There is increased incidence of hypertension premature rupture of membranes and preterm delivery in pregnancies following infertility. There is no significant statistical difference in the adverse pregnancy outcomes between spontaneous conception and those treated for infertility.

Key Messages

Pregnancies following infertility are at increased risk of developing hypertension and preterm labor and hence these women should be screened for the same and preventive measures to be undertaken to achieve good maternal and perinatal outcome.
Obesity in Gestational Diabetes: Emerging Twin Challenge for Perinatal Care in India
Authors: Fernandez Evita , Surapaneni Tarakeswari
Published: October 2010

The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and gestational diabetes (GDM) and the association of obesity and gestational diabetes with adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population of pregnant women. Routine antenatal care included the estimation of body mass indices, assessment of blood glucose levels, including glucose challenge tests and oral glucose tolerance test, fetal growth monitoring and nutritional counseling. The prevalence of GDM and obesity in this population was 8.43% (95% CI: 7.47-9.40) and 19.49% (95% CI: 18.12-20.87) respectively. The prevalence of obesity increased to 54.63% (95% CI: 52.91-56.36), if we used the ICMR guidelines for BMI in this population. Cesarean sections (adjusted OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.43-2.89), large for gestational age (LGA) babies (adjusted OR: 3.82, 95% CI: 2.11-6.92) and macrosomia (adjusted OR: 20.90, 95% CI: 3.29-132.77) was associated with obesity in GDM (based on the ICMR guidelines for BMI). Results from this study indicate that gestational diabetes and obesity are increasingly important priorities for perinatal care in India.
Andrology Laboratory Manual
Authors: Srinivas MS , Agarwal Ashok , Vasan SS
Published: October 2010

A 25 years old woman with Down syndrome (DS) presented at 9 weeks gestational age. She belonged to a very supportive family. She was married to a person with normal karyotype and conceived within 3 months of marriage. Her antenatal period was uneventful, except for mild IUGR and oligohydroamnios 32 weeks onwards. At 38 weeks, she underwent induction of labor. She tolerated labor pains well but because of failure to progress, cesarean section was performed. She delivered a 2 kg male baby, who was phenotypically and genotypically normal. Screening for trisomy 21 should be offered to all women as part of routine antenatal care. This offer should include detailed counseling about the implications and limitations of the test used in the screening program. The available second trimester screening tests are the double, triple and quadruple tests. Children with Down syndrome may benefit from speech therapy, physical therapy and occupational therapy. They may receive special education and assistance in school. Full potential of Down patients can be utilized only with complete support of family and society.
Thioamide Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors for Stainless Steel in H2SO4 Solution
Authors: Hosseini S. M. A. , Salari M. , Motlagh M. Ghanei
Published: October 2010

The influence of organic compounds on the corrosion of stainless steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was investigated using weight-loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques, as well as open-cirucuit potential (OCP) measurements. The nature of the film formed and the adsorption mechanism, as well as thermochemical parameters involved, were explored and expounded. This investigation indicated that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of organic compounds. The inhibitors are of the mixed type but dominantly act as anodic in 0.5 M H2SO4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the surface and examine the morphology of the Type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel under ordinary acid attack with that formed under inhibited conditions. The adsorption of the inhibitors was expressed reasonably by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated activation energy and thermodynamic parameters point to a mixed adsorption pattern of inhibitor molecules, with physical adsorption as the dominant mode.
Cyclic Voltammetric Studies on Selected Tin-Silver Binary Alloys in Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Authors: Ghoneim A. A. , Ameer M. A. , Fekry A. M. , Heakal F. El-Taib
Published: October 2010

The electrochemical corrosion and passivation behavior of four selected tin-silver alloys, xSn-Ag (x = 26, 50, 70, and 96.5 wt%) (II through V), in addition to their pure metallic components, Ag(I) and Sn(VI), were investigated in aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The techniques used are linear sweep cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In general, for all studied samples, the cyclic voltammograms show that increasing the scan rate shifts the passivation peak potential (Ep,a) positively and the reduction peak potential (Ep,c) negatively with a concomitant increase in both the passivation peak current density (ip,a) and the reduction peak current density (ip,c). EIS results investigate that the total resistance (RT) and the relative thickness (1/C) of the passive layers on the six tested electrodes are both found to increase with time of immersion, being more pronounced for sample II. Although this silver-rich alloy (74 wt%) has the most protectiveness among the tested specimens, the relative thickness of its passive film is much lower than that for the pure silver. After any immersion period the passivation sequence of the six samples can be arranged in the following order:II ≫ I > IV > III > V > VI.
Solving the Paradox of Monetary Profits
Authors: Keen Steve
Published: October 2010

Bruun and Heyn-Johnsen (2009) state the paradox that economics has failed to provide a satisfactory explanation of how monetary profits are generated, even though the generation of a physical surplus is an established aspect of non-neoclassical economics. They emphasise that our ability to explain phenomena like the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) will be limited while ever we are still unable to explain this fundamental aspect of capitalism. In fact this paradox can be solved very simply, using insights from what is known as “Circuit Theory”. In this paper the author shows how monetary profits are generated, and uses a monetary circuit of production model to derive policy conclusions about how to overcome a “credit crunch” that reverse the guidance given by the standard but empirically falsified “money multiplier” model of credit money creation.
An Enabling Mechanism for the Creation, Adjustment, and Dissolution of States and Governmental Units
Authors: Hausken Kjell , Knutsen John F.
Published: October 2010

The article proposes an enabling mechanism for the creation, adjustment and dissolution of governmental units, giving autonomy to each individual as in a direct democracy. The mechanism is designed such that Pareto optimality is possible, in contrast to earlier models which make various assumptions such as majority voting. Individuals are taken seriously acknowledging that they are best equipped to find their own solutions. The emphasis is on the practical approach of how individuals discover and implement their subjective preferences and how this discovery and implementation process can be facilitated and corresponding costs lowered. Governmental units are subjected to some of the same market forces as business firms. This brings the interaction between governmental units closer to a market structure, and serves to eliminate or reduce many of the coercive elements of government.
First long-term study of particle number size distributions and new particle formation events of regional aerosol in the North China Plain
Authors: Shen X. J. , Sun J. Y. , Zhang Y. M. , Wehner B. , Nowak A. , Tuch T. , Zhang X. C. , Wang T. T. , Zhou H. G. , Zhang X. L. , Dong F. , Birmili W. , Wiedensohler A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Atmospheric particle number size distributions (size range 0.003–10 μm) were measured between March 2008 and August 2009 at Shangdianzi (SDZ), a rural research station in the North China Plain. These measurements were made in an attempt to better characterize the tropospheric background aerosol in Northern China, one of the currently more polluted regions of the globe. The mean particle number concentrations of the total aerosol, as well as the nucleation, Aitken and accumulation modes were determined to 1.2±0.9×104, 3.6±7.9×103, 4.4±3.4×103 and 3.5±2.8×103 cm−3, respectively. A general finding is that the particle number concentrations were higher during spring compared to the other seasons. The air mass origin had an important effect on the particle number concentration and new particle formation events. Air masses from northwest (i.e. inner Asia) showed the highest concentrations of nucleation mode particles, while southeasterly air masses showed the highest concentrations of accumulation mode particles. Significant diurnal variations in particle number were observed, which could be linked to new particle formation events, i.e. gas-to-particle conversion. During particle formation events, the number concentration of the nucleation mode rose up to maximum values of 104 cm−3. New particle formation events were observed on 36% of the measurement days. The formation rate ranged between 0.7 and 72.7 cm−3 s−1, with a mean value of 8.0 cm−3 s−1. The values of the nucleation mode growth rate ranged between 0.3 and 14.5 nm h−1, with a mean value of 4.3 nm h−1. It is an essential observation that on many occasions, the nucleation mode was able to grow into the size of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) within a matter of several hours. Furthermore, the new particle formation were usually followed by a measurable increase in total particle mass concentration and extinction coefficient, indicative of a high abundance of condensable vapors in the atmosphere under study.
Carbonaceous aerosols contributed by traffic and solid fuel burning at a polluted rural site in Northwestern England
Authors: Liu D. , Allan J. , Corris B. , Flynn M. , Andrews E. , Ogren J. , Beswick K. , Bower K. , Burgess R. , Choularton T. , Dorsey J. , Morgan W. , Williams P. , Coe H.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The experiment presented in this paper was conducted at the Holme Moss site, which is located in the southern Pennines region in Northwestern England during November–December 2006. The strong southwesterly wind during the experimental period, which enhanced the transport of urban pollutants from the conurbations of Greater Manchester and Liverpool, in addition to the seasonally increased nearby residential heating activities, made this site a receptor for pollutants from a range of sources. A factor analysis is applied to the mass spectra of organic matter (OM) measured by the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) to attribute the pollutant sources. Besides the oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), this site was found to contain a considerable fraction of primary organic aerosols (POA, mass fraction 50–70% within total mass of OM), which are source attributed as traffic emission and solid fuel burning, and are identified as hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) and solid fuel organic aerosol (SFOA) respectively. There were strongly combined emissions of black carbon (BC) particles from both sources, as the refractory BC component (rBC) was characterized by the single particle soot photometer. This site began to be influenced during the late morning by fresh traffic emissions, whereas solid fuel burning became dominant from late afternoon until night. A covariance analysis of rBC and POA was used to derive source specific emission factors of 1.61 μgHOA/μgrBC and 1.96 μgSFOA/μgrBC. The absorbing properties of aerosols were characterized at multiple wavelengths (λ), and a stronger spectral dependence of absorption was observed when this site was significantly influenced by solid fuel burning. The rBC was estimated to contribute 3–16% of submicron aerosol mass. The single scattering albedo at λ=550 nm (SSA550 nm) was significantly anti-correlated with the rBC mass fraction, but also associated with the BC mixing state. The BC incorporation/removal process therefore plays an important role on modulating the radiative properties of aerosols at the site under the influence of fresh sources. Given that traffic and residential combustion of solid fuels are significant contributors of carbonaceous aerosols over Europe, these results provide important source-specific information on modeling the anthropogenic carbonaceous aerosols.
Trend analysis of extreme precipitation in the northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia with a case study of Debre Markos
Authors: Shang H. , Yan J. , Gebremichael M. , Ayalew S. M.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Understanding the extreme precipitation is very important for Ethiopia, which is heavily dependent on low-productivity rainfed agriculture but lacks structural and non-structural water regulating and storage mechanisms. There has been increasing concern about whether there is an increasing trend in extreme precipitation as the climate changes. Existing analysis of this region has been descriptive, without taking advantage of the advances in extreme value modeling. After reviewing the statistical methodology on extremes, this paper presents the first analysis of extremes of this region with daily time series of precipitation records at Debre Markos in the northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia. We found no strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis that there is no increasing trend in extreme precipitation at this location.
Bilateral Ovarian Krukenberg Tumor in a Full-Term Pregnancy
Authors: Dueñas-García Omar Felipe , Diaz-Sotomayor Maricela , Chanana Charu
Published: October 2010

Objective. Krukenberg tumors in pregnancy are very rare and their management can present a dilemma for the obstetrician gynecologist. Case Report. We present the case of a G3P2002 who presented to us and the 38 weeks gestation with bilateral massive Krukenberg tumors. Despite at surgery and chemotherapy she died 3 months postpartum. Conclusion. Early detection followed by surgery and chemotherapy could possibly result in a favorable outcome with such patients.
Acute Corrosive Injuries of the Stomach: A Single Unit Experience of Thirty Years
Authors: Ananthakrishnan N. , Parthasarathy G. , Kate Vikram
Published: October 2010

Introduction. The spectrum of gastric injury due to corrosives can vary. This paper presents a single center experience of over 30 years of corrosive gastric injuries of 39 patients with acute gastric injuries from 1977 till 2006. Patients and Methods. Two thirds of the patients in the acute injury group had a concomitant esophageal injury. The age of the patients ranged from 4 years to 65 years with a slight preponderance of males. (M : F ratio 22 : 17). Results. 36 out of 39 acute gastric injuries were due to ingestion of acids. Three patients had history of caustic soda ingestion. Oral hyperemia or ulcers of varying extent were seen in all patients. The stomach showed hyperemia in 10, extensive ulcers in 13, and mucosal necrosis in 10 patients. Fifteen patients (15/39, 38.5%) were managed conservatively. Twenty four patients (24/39, 61.5%) underwent laparotomy: one for frank peritonitis, 10 for gastric mucosal necrosis, and 13 others for extensive gastric ulcerations. Overall the mortality rate was 29.6 %. Conclusion. Although the mortality and morbidity of acute corrosive gastric injuries is high, the key to improve the survival is early identification of perforation, maintenance of nutrition and control of sepsis.
Extended fuzzy function model with stable learning methods for online system identification
Authors: Beyhan Selami , Alci Musa
Published: October 2010

The aim of the online nonlinear system identification is the accurate modeling of the current local input‐output behavior of the plant without using any prior knowledge and offline modeling phase. It is a challenging task for many intelligent systems when used for real‐time control applications. In this paper, we propose a novel computationally efficient extended fuzzy functions (EFF) model for system identification of unknown nonlinear discrete‐time systems. The main contributions are to introduce an effective quasi‐nonlinear model (EFF) and propose adaptive learning rates (ALR) for recursive least squares (RLS) and gradient‐descent (GD) methods. The asymptotic convergence of the modeling errors and boundedness of the parameters are proved by using the input‐to‐state stability (ISS) approach. Numerical simulations are performed for Box–Jenkins gas furnace system and a nonlinear dynamic system. The benefits of its accuracy, stability and simple implementation in practice indicate that EFF model is a promising technique for online identification of nonlinear systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principles of Branching Morphology and Anatomy in Arborescent Monocotyledons and Columnar Cacti as Concept Generators for Branched Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
Authors: Schwager Hannes , Haushahn Tobias , Neinhuis Christoph , Speck Thomas , Masselter Tom
Published: October 2010

The branching of arborescent (tree‐like) monocotyledonous plants of the genus Dracaena or of columnar cacti differ considerably from that observed in other dicotyledonous or gymnosperm trees. The investigated ramifications exhibit distinctive morphological and anatomical features. In arborescent monocotyledons the side branches are attached to the main stem by a fiber‐reinforced tissue newly formed during secondary growth, clasping the main stem and finally resulting in a “flange‐mounted” structure. In the case of columnar cacti the most obvious feature is the pronounced constriction at the attachment point of the branches that is also mirrored in the lignified vascular tissue. One might argue that these characteristic morphological and anatomical features in regions exposed to high mechanical stresses represent structural weaknesses. However, the outer shape and the inner structures of the ramifications cause considerable stability and structural integrity of the stem‐branch connection under static and dynamic loading. Our results allow concluding that load‐adaptation in ramified plant structures is a result of a combination of optimization in outer shape and fiber arrangement within the ramifications. Numerical methods simulating the mechanical behavior based on data obtained from the studied plants support this assumption. A deeper understanding of the outer shape of the connection between shoot and branch as well as of the arrangement of the lignified vascular tissues in the branching region, may contribute toward alternative concepts for branched technical light‐weight‐structures. In particular for braided fiber‐reinforced composites this biomimetic approach might help to keep the demand on the available design space as small as possible.
Incidental capture of Caretta caretta in trammel nets off the western coast of Sardinia (Italy): statistical models of capture abundance and immediate survival
Authors: Cambiè Giulia
Published: October 2010

Trammel nets are one important cause of sea turtle mortality resulting from incidental capture. This study presents findings over a 10‐year period during which loggerhead turtle by‐catch in trammel nets, set off the central west coast of Sardinia (Italy) in the summer months, was recorded by 17 fishing vessels.

Since the by‐catch registered represented counts of a rare event, data from the 17 vessels were used in the zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) model to determine the abundance of turtle by‐catch in trammel nets of the entire fleet, while a binomial generalized linear model was used to assess the probability of immediate survival for sea turtles incidentally caught in this gear.

The ZIP model quantified in about 45% the probability that 0.6 turtles have been caught by each vessel using trammel nets during summer over the 10‐year period. In addition, the model estimated a total of 916 by‐catch if the entire small‐scale fleet was to use trammel nets in the study area in the summers between 1992 and 2001, with a direct mortality rate of 69%.

The probability of immediate survival for sea turtles caught in trammel nets seems to be directly related to the size of the specimens caught; however, this relationship is plausible only when incidental capture in the net occurs shortly before gear retrieval.

The study area represents a region where the abundance of sea turtle by‐catch per vessel in trammel nets was much higher in July and August than in June and could represent a potential hot spot for the presence of juvenile loggerhead turtles, with high levels of interactions between the species and this fishing gear. Further research should better characterize the incidents of by‐catch and assess potential innovative solutions that allow small‐scale fisheries to coexist alongside sea turtles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Na6Si2O7 — The Missing Structural Link Among Alkali Pyrosilicates.
Authors: Kahlenberg Volker , Langreiter Thomas , Arroyabe Erik
Published: October 2010

The structure of the title compound is determined by single crystal XRD for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of the SrxBa1‐xFeO3‐y‐System and the Fluorinated Phases SrxBa1‐xFeO2F.
Authors: Clemens Oliver , Haberkorn Robert , Slater Peter R. , Beck Horst Philipp
Published: October 2010

Compounds in the system SrxBa1‐xFeO3‐y are prepared under different partial pressures of oxygen (in air, N2 atmosphere, and in O2 atmosphere).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of La1‐xFexVO4 Solid Solutions and Their Photocatalytic Activity.
Authors: Zhao Jingang , Ma Junfeng , Dai Changhong , Liu Ye , Song Zuwei , Sun Yong , Fang Jingrui , Gao Chang , Liu Zhensen , Sun Xia
Published: October 2010

Nanocrystalline title solid solutions (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20) are prepared by precipitation from aqueous solutions of NaVO3, La(NO3)3, and Fe(NO3)3 with NH3 followed by calcination of a mixture of the precipitate and LiNO3 (alumina crucible, 450 °C, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Properties of Mechanochemically Synthesized Aluminum Hydroxide Fluoride Phases AlFx(OH)3‐x·nH2O.
Authors: Scholz G. , Brehme S. , Balski M. , Koenig R. , Kemnitz E.
Published: October 2010

The title phases (x ≈ 1.5) with pyrochlore structure are mechanochemically synthesized for the first time using γ‐Al(OH)3 and β‐AlF3·3H2O with an Al:F ratio of 1:1.5.
ChemInform Abstract: Macropolyhedral Boron‐Containing Cluster Chemistry [S2B16H17]‐. A New Eighteen‐Vertex Thiaborane Anion.
Authors: Carr Michael J. , Clegg William , Kennedy John D. , Londesborough Michael G. S. , Kilner Colin A.
Published: October 2010

[Htmnd][S2B16H17] (tmnd: N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylnaphthalene‐1,8‐diamine) is synthesized from a mixture of [S2B17H17], [RhCl2(η5‐C5Me5)] 2, and tmnd dissolved in dichloromethane (25 °C, 24 h, 9% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Arsenic‐Containing Chalcophosphate Molecular Anions.
Authors: Morris Collin D. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: October 2010

The structures of the five new compounds shown in the scheme are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium3+ Hexacyanometallates(II): Preparation and Porous Framework.
Authors: Avila Manuel , Vargas Claudia , Yee‐Madeira Hernani , Reguera Edilso
Published: October 2010

The new compounds Ti3Cl[M(CN)6]2·10H2O (M: Fe, Ru, Os) are prepared by mixing an aq.
ChemInform Abstract: The Layered Coordination Polymer Bi(SCN)3·1/2H2O.
Authors: Koch Gregor , Ruck Michael
Published: October 2010

The title compound is prepared by reaction of freshly prepared HSCN with (BiO)2CO3 in aqueous solution.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Mechanistic Studies of the Dehydration of MoO2PO3OH·H2O and the in situ Identification of Two New Molybdenum Phosphates.
Authors: Lister Sarah E. , Rixom Victoria J. , Evans John S. O.
Published: October 2010

The dehydration pathway of the title material to γ‐(MoO2)2P2O7 is monitored by variable‐temperature XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese and Cobalt Pyroborates: M2B2O5 (M: Mn, Co).
Authors: Kawano Tetsuya , Morito Haruhiko , Yamane Hisanori
Published: October 2010

The title compounds are prepared by heating mixtures of MnO or Co3O4 and H3BO3 either at 1000 °C in Ar (Mn2B2O5) or at 850—900 °C in air (Co2B2O5) for 24 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Assisted Regio‐ and Enantioselective Direct O‐Nitroso Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by α,α‐Diphenylprolinol Trimethylsilyl Ether.
Authors: Mielgo Antonia , Velilla Irene , Gomez‐Bengoa Enrique , Palomo Claudio
Published: October 2010

The α‐oxyaldehyde adducts formed by the title reaction are generally unstable and isolated as the corresponding alcohols with essentially complete enantioselectivity after reduction with NaBH4.
ChemInform Abstract: New Proline Analogues for Organocatalysis.
Authors: Diez David , Anton Ana B. , Pena Javier , Garcia Pilar , Garrido Narciso M. , Marcos Isidro S. , Sanz F. , Basabe Pilar , Urones Julio G.
Published: October 2010

A novel prolinol‐derived organocatalyst (DBEP) is prepared and applied to the asymmetric Michael addition of β‐nitrostyrenes (II) towards cyclohexanone (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Co(III)(salen)‐Catalyzed HKR of Two Stereocentered Alkoxy‐ and Azido Epoxides: A Concise Enantioselective Synthesis of (S,S)‐Reboxetine and (+)‐epi‐Cytoxazone.
Authors: Reddy R. Santhosh , Chouthaiwale Pandurang V. , Suryavanshi Gurunath , Chavan Vilas B. , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: October 2010

Chiral cobalt complexes are efficient catalysts for the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of a variety of syn‐ and anti‐epoxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Induction by Cinchona Alkaloids in the Rhodium(II) Catalyzed O—H Insertion Reaction.
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Iwai Ryo , Uchiyama Taketo , Miyake Muneharu , Miyairi Shinichi
Published: October 2010

A highly efficient method for the catalytic enantioselective O‐H insertion reaction of α‐phenyldiazoacetate is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: An Alkynylboronate Cycloaddition Strategy to Functionalized Benzyne Derivatives.
Authors: Kirkham James D. , Delaney Parick M. , Ellames George J. , Row Eleanor C. , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: October 2010

The cycloaddition of 2‐pyrones with alkynylboronate (II) followed by C‐B bond oxidation and a subsequent triflation gives rise to mixtures of regioisomers (VI) and (VII), which are shown to be useful benzyne precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Alkenes Through Iodonium Ylide Methodology.
Authors: Moriarty Robert M. , Tyagi Sachin , Kinch Mark
Published: October 2010

A metal‐free, environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of cyclopropanes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Solvent‐Free Catalytic Hydrogenation of Solid Alkenes and Nitro‐Aromatics Using Pd Nanoparticles Entrapped in Aluminum Oxy‐Hydroxide.
Authors: Chang Fei , Kim Hakwon , Lee Byeongno , Park Sungho , Park Jaiwook
Published: October 2010

The substrates are hydrogenated without further reduction of other functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient Thiocyanation of Indoles, Anilines and Keto Compounds Catalyzed by a Polystyrene Resin Amberlyst‐15.
Authors: Lenin Racha , Raju Rallabandi M.
Published: October 2010

Advantages of the title procedure are the mild reaction conditions, the ease of product isolation, and the cheap and commercially available catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Autoxidative Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation from Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds.
Authors: Pinter Aron , Sud Abhishek , Sureshkumar Devarajulu , Klussmann Martin
Published: October 2010

Activated benzylic CH2‐groups in xanthene (I) or dihydroacridines (IV) undergo acid‐catalyzed oxidative coupling towards carbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrasubstituted Dienes from Allenoates and Aldehydes: An Observation of Phosphine‐Induced Chemoselectivity.
Authors: Xu Silong , Zou Wen , Wu Guiping , Song Haibin , He Zhengjie
Published: October 2010

The choice of phosphine is important for the course of the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid Catalyzed Reaction of Indanones, Tetralones and Benzosuberone with Neopentyl Glycol and Other Alkanediols under Forced Conditions.
Authors: Imai Masao , Ribeiro Morais Goreti , al‐Hindawi Bassam , al‐Sulaibi Mazen A. M. , Meetani Mohammad , Thiemann Thies
Published: October 2010

α‐Benzocycloalkenones in general form benzocycloalkadienes when they are subjected to reactions with neopentyl glycol or other alkanediols under forced conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Rasta Resin‐PPh3 and Its Use in Chromatography‐Free Wittig Reactions.
Authors: Leung Peter Shu‐Wai , Teng Yan , Toy Patrick H.
Published: October 2010

A novel heterogeneous polystyrene‐based phosphine is used for in situ generation of phosphorane reactant for the Wittig reaction with aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Roskamp Reaction of α‐Alkyl‐α‐diazoesters with Aromatic Aldehydes: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Alkyl‐β‐keto Esters.
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Jun , Hu Xiaolei , Shen Ke , Wang Wentao , Chu Yangyang , Lin Lili , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2010

The e.e.‐values shown are determined after silica gel chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylative Benzylations of Alkynes and Ketones.
Authors: Torregrosa Robert R. P. , Ariyarathna Yamuna , Chattopadhyay Kalicharan , Tunge Jon A.
Published: October 2010

A new catalytic decarboxylative benzylation of alkynes and ketones without the use of strong bases and/or organometallics is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) as a Soluble Support for Organic Synthesis: A Case Study with a POSS‐Bound Isocyanate Scavenger Reagent.
Authors: York Mark , Evans Richard A.
Published: October 2010

The use of POSS for the scavenging of hydrogen chloride allows the high‐yielding preparation of amides and a sulfonamide with high purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedel—Crafts Catalysts as Assistants in the Tritylation of Less Reactive Hydroxyls.
Authors: Bernini Roberta , Maltese Maurizio
Published: October 2010

A simple and mild procedure is developed which can be used for base‐sensitive functions such as esters and Fmoc‐protected amino groups.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of Bis(dialkylamino)malononitriles.
Authors: Tiritiris Ioannis , Kantlehner Willi
Published: October 2010

Exothermic reaction of chloroformamidinium chlorides (I) with trimethylsilyl cyanide under neat reaction conditions gives the chemically interesting title compounds in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: TCCA‐Promoted Solvent‐Free Chemoselective Synthesis of Thiosulfonates on Grinding.
Authors: Xu Yali , Peng Yong , Sun Junhui , Chen Jiuxi , Ding Jinchang , Wu Huayue
Published: October 2010

Symmetric, aromatic disulfides (I) containing electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups are oxidized equally well by trichloroisocyanuric acid upon grinding with a pestle in a mortar.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyl 2‐Alkoxy(aryloxy)‐2‐isocyanato‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropionates
Authors: Sokolov V. B. , Goreva T. V. , Epishina T. A. , Aksinenko A. Yu.
Published: October 2010

synthesis of the previously unknown title compounds (IV) and transformation into urea derivatives (VI) (11 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: The Conversion of Alkynes into Substituted Cyclopropanes Effected by CH2I2—R3Al (R: Me, Et, i‐Bu).
Authors: Ramazanov Ilfir R. , Dil'mukhametova Leisan K. , Dzhemilev Usein M. , Nefedov Oleg M.
Published: October 2010

The cyclopropanation reaction of internal and terminal alkynes with diiodomethane in the presence of trimethylaluminum (III) provides access towards β‐iodoethyl‐substituted cyclopropanes, e.g. (IV), (VIII), (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkynes with Alkenes.
Authors: Lopez‐Carrillo Veronica , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: October 2010

A sterically hindered cationic Au(I) complex is used as catalyst in the intramolecular reaction of terminal alkynes with alkenes that results in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of α‐Methylenyl Zirconacyclopentene via Cross‐Coupling of Alkyne and Allene.
Authors: Zheng Weixin , Wu Yangfeng , Zheng Fenfen , Hu Linfeng , Hong Ya
Published: October 2010

Reductive intermolecular cross‐coupling of alkynes with allenes, promoted by ZrEt2Cp2, gives the title zirconacycle.
ChemInform Abstract: Amination of Aryl Iodides Using a Fluorous‐Tagged Ammonia Equivalent.
Authors: Nielsen Simon Dalsgaard , Smith Garrick , Begtrup Mikael , Kristensen Jesper Langgard
Published: October 2010

The Cu‐catalyzed amination of aryl iodides using a fluorous‐tagged ammonia equivalent is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Rh‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines.
Authors: Kwak Se Hun , Lee Sun Ah , Lee Kee‐In
Published: October 2010

A wide range of aromatic N‐sulfonylimines successfully undergoes Rh‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation to give the corresponding benzylic amines (II) in excellent yields and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Aza‐Michael Addition of Aromatic Amines to Electron‐Deficient Alkenes in Alkaline Al2O3.
Authors: Ai Xin , Wang Xin , Liu Jin‐ming , Ge Ze‐mei , Cheng Tie‐ming , Li Run‐tao
Published: October 2010

A wide range of aromatic and aliphatic primary and secondary amines smoothly undergoes aza‐Michael reaction with electron‐deficient olefins in the presence of alkaline alumina.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver Oxide as a Novel Catalyst for Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Ueno Masaharu , Tanoue Arata , Kobayashi Shu
Published: October 2010

Silver oxide is found to be an excellent catalyst for allylation reactions of allyltributyltins (II) and (IV) with aldehydes (I) in aqueous media.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Aromatic Bis‐Esters in Liquid Phase.
Authors: Zbancioc Gheorghita N. , Zbancioc Ana Maria V. , Mangalagiu Ionel I.
Published: October 2010

The synthesis of bis‐esters of type (III), (VI), or (IX) proceeds in higher yields and with considerably shorter reaction times when conducted under microwave irradiation compared to conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroolefins Catalyzed by Primary Amine Thiourea Organocatalysts.
Authors: Chen Jia‐Rong , Zou You‐Quan , Fu Liang , Ren Fan , Tan Fen , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: October 2010

Bifunctional cinchonidine‐derived thiourea catalysts (I), (II) are prepared for the highly enantioselective Michael addition of α‐branched aldehydes towards aromatic nitroolefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Camphor‐10‐sulfonamide‐Based Prolinamide Organocatalyst for the Direct Intermolecular Aldol Reaction Between Ketones and Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Rani Rashmi , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: October 2010

Asymmetric aldol reaction of six‐membered cyclic ketones (I) and (IV) with aromatic aldehydes (II) in the presence of a CSA‐derived prolinamide organocatalyst provides access to the aldol adducts (III) and (V), resp., in good yields and stereoselectivities (up to 98% d.e., and <99% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: VB1—Al2O3‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Condensation of Aromatic Ketone, Aromatic Aldehyde, and Amide.
Authors: Lei Min , Ma Lei , Hu Lihong
Published: October 2010

Vitamin B1 immobilized on Al2O3, is described as an efficient catalyst for the three‐component condensation.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino [3 + 3] Annulation/Ring‐Cleavage Reactions of 1,3‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with 5‐Aryl‐ and 5‐Vinyl‐3‐acyl‐4,5‐dihydrofurans: Efficient Synthesis of 5‐(4‐Chlorobut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)‐ and 5‐(2‐Aryl‐2‐chloroethyl)salicylates.
Authors: Lau Matthias , Sher Muhammad , Villinger Alexander , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter
Published: October 2010

The title reactions afford highly functionalized arenes, that are not readily available by other methods.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method of Reducing 2‐Mercapto‐Substituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles: Synthesis of Acylhydrazine Derivatives.
Authors: Zareef Muhammad , Iqbal Rashid , Zaidi Javid Hussain , Arfan Muhammad , Ali Muhammad , Khan Khalid M.
Published: October 2010

The synthesis of acylhydrazines (III) is achieved for the first time by reduction of unsymmetrical oxadiazoles (I) by using sodium borohydride /AcOH combination, followed by conversion to the corresponding sulfonamide derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles with High Chemical Activity Using Cucurbit[6]uril as Protecting Agent.
Authors: Cao Minna , Lin Jingxiang , Yang Hongxun , Cao Rong
Published: October 2010

Using curcubit[6]uril as protecting agent, well‐defined Pd nanoparticles are prepared.