bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEIDYBINĖ „ŠALTINIO“ DRAUGIJA
Authors: PETREIKIS TOMAS PETREIKIS
Published: January 2019

The dean of Plungė V. Jarulaitis and his entourage started actively organising Catholic Lithuanian book publishing after the Lithuanian press ban. A project of a Lithuanian Catholic publishing organization establishment was originated with the lower clergy reaches. That project was implemented on July 17, 1905. The publishing association “Šaltinis” was established in Plungė. The structure of the association was created, publishing plans and financial reserve were also anticipated. The association was stock and it was run by a chairman and priest V. Jarulaitis and his assistant J. Bikinas, who was also a priest. The association was specialized in publishing popular religious literature. The association “Šaltinis” functioned surreptitiously. Only its members, associates and the hierarchs of the Samogitian see knew about that association. The publishing centre actively massed the intellectual power. The vast majority of nationally conscious priests from the Samogitain region belonged to the association. In those days the eminent participants of Lithuanian National Revival such as J. Tumas-Vaižgantas, a poet J. Šnapštys, a writer Šatrijos Ragana and others belonged to the association “Šaltinis”. The association showed accomplished work, P. Turauskas’ and Šnapštys’ translations were made ready and they continued the other editions though a Samogitian bishop M. Paliulionis for his personal reasons moved the association “Šaltinis” to Kaunas. On October 12, 1905 the organization was reorganized and initiated Saint Kazimieras association creation. Plungė lost a part of Catholic book publishing centre and the association had problems in Kaunas. The shown example of the association “Šaltinis” inspired the further organizational Catholic publishing tone, which was continued by Saint Kazimieras association.
LIETUVOS ŠIUOLAIKINĖS KNYGOTYROS BŪKLĖ
Authors: LIEPAITĖ INGA
Published: January 2019

The beginning of development of Lithuanian modern book science is identified with the recreation of independence of Lithuania in 1990. The main research centre of book science – Institute of Book Science and Documentation of Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University – has formed, the yearly international conferences of book science have steadied and continuous publication “Knygotyra” has received recognition from Lithuania and abroad within nearly twenty year. These factors prompted the value of the state of Lithuanian book science and revelation of the influences by invoking the opinions of Lithuanian and foreign experts in book science. There were given the results of value of book science collected by an open-ended questionnaire from 29 respondents in this article. There were prepared two questionnaires for the research – individually for Lithuanian and for foreign respondents. There was aimed for more objective value of book science by this integrated research. Appealing to opinions of experts, the state of Lithuanian modern book science is represented by the following features: 1) systematic and continuous development of sciAbstractence, 2) the formation of strong traditions of the research work and continuity of traditions from generation to generation, 3) the purposeful activity of the main research centre of book science,4) international recognition and importance of continuous publication “Knygotyra”, 5) high scientific and organizational level of yearly international conferences of book science, 6) the maturity of fundamental monographical and collective studies, 7) inducement of advance of book science internationally and role of Lithuanian book science how leader in neighbour Baltic states, 8) postgraduate and doctoral studies of book science are working. The further tasks and trends of Lithuanian book science should be formed considering the lack of conceptual opinions and independent studies of theory and methodology of book science, the partial arrears because of restrictions to research book history of some periods and fields sustained in Soviet Union, the changeable role of book, the quickness of internationalization of book market and growing significance of collaboration with schools and scientists of book science of Baltic and other neighbour states.
UNIVERSITETINĖS LEIDYBOS PROCESO SISTEMA: SANDARA IR JOS ELEMENTAI
Authors: GALINIENĖ GINTARĖ
Published: January 2019

In this article the structure and elements of Lithuanian universities publishing process and its publishing stages as continuous university publishing process are analysed.The preparation of the publishing consists of two main stages: 1) the stage before publishing, when publication is approbated by academic commission and 2) the stage of preparedness, when publication is delivered to the press and is preparing to publish. One of the most important elements of the first stage is the approbation in the academic institution structural department, which helps to keep high purport quality of academic and studies publications. Further stages of publication are general – publication is editing, correcting and doing layout. The structure of university publishing process and its elements (actions) – stage before publishing and stage of preparedness – are handled like a solid and continuous system of publishing process.The general system of universities publishing process is typical and fits to all Lithuanian academical institutions, but typical system of universities publishing process, even if it is solid and continuous, still is not explicated becauseof long lasting stage before publishing and sta-ge of preparedness.
MARTYNO JANKAUS LEIDYBINĖ VEIKLA IR VAIDMUO KULTŪRINIAME IR POLITINIAME SĄJŪDYJE
Authors: KAUNAS DOMAS
Published: January 2019

Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) is a historical personality. His importance does not diminish with time. The myth of Jankus was created during his life, monuments for him were erected, streets and organisations were named after him. Jankus still makes a significant influence because his interests coincided and coincide with the vital interests of the Lithuanian nation and state. He played an important role in the history of Lithuanian publishing. He established a multifunctional publishing, printing and trading enterprise in Lithuania Minor governed by Prussia. The enterprise was active in 1889−1923. It was mainly oriented towards publishing and production of Lithuanian publications in Latin script prohibited by Tsarist government, and smuggling it to Great Lithuania. It published 400 books and 27 periodicals in the Lithuanian, German, Polish and Byelorussian languages. There were two priorities in Jankus’ activity: commercial and idealist. The first ensured existence of the enterprise and the family; the second allowed him to implement spiritual, educational and political goals. One of the achievements by Jankus’ enterprise was the productivity of his publishing work, a variety of publications as well as their orientation towards secular and polemic issues. This was an important innovation within Lithuanian publishing, formed by Jankus’ orientation towards maturing the national movement, co-operation with the majority of the nation, rapidly evolving social and political powers. Jankus’ historical role is also associated with the innovative experiments in publishing (he tried to produce satirical, daily, and evening periodicals), with expansion of publishing relations between Lithuanian national-revolutionary movement and similar movements in neighbouring countries. A number of Lithuanian young people acquired the qualifications in typography in Jankus’ enterprise. Some of them became initiators and professionals of publishing business in Great Lithuania after the ban on Lithuanian press had been lifted in 1904. At present, the heritage published by Jankus is increasing in value. Almost all books, brochures, periodical and small publications published by him belong to the category of rarities. The search and retrieval of this published heritage is continuing, therefore, we still do not know the precise number of publications produced by Jankus.
MARTYNAS JANKUS IR VOKIETIJOS REICHAS
Authors: KLEIN MANFRED
Published: January 2019

Even today, the name of the Prussian-Lithuanian printer and publicist Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) remains prominent in Lithuanian literature, although the person and his historical role remain unknown to the German public. This article attempts to present aspects of the political situation in the German “Kaiserreich” after 1871 from the Lithuanian perspective. The political situation was influenced by the concept of the national state and the endeavour to establish it as an ethnically and vocally homogeneous German state. Legislation and cultural policy of the united German Reich had substantial effects on the ethnic minority of Prussians-Lithuanians in the then north-eastern East Prussia. The Lithuanian language was particularly affected during the displacement as the taught language from schools. Martynas Jankus, one of the most important voices of Lithuanian ethnic groups, came into conflict with the local authority in East Prussia in the 1880s through his political and publicist activities. What was considered by the Lithuanians as a substantial suppression of the identity and culture of the minority and as a rigid assimilation and Germanisation is partly put into perspective by the fact that a small ethnic group would rather stand on the edge of the attention from the former German minority’s political stance. Much more rigorous legislation and administration intruded into the rights of the much larger – and more politically active – Polish ethnic groups. The Prussians-Lithuanians remained opposed to the political language measures of the Reich until the 1930s, always contradictory and inconsistent. Jankus became associated mainly because of his actual and also alleged connections with the then Russian Lithuania and to activists of the Polish national movement under the scrutiny of the regional authorities. After 1918 he was more closely observed due to his separatist views and activities. In this article, informers’ reports to the German authorities are analysed to establish the importance of the role Jankus played in linking the Lithuanian speaking areas to the young Republic of Lithuania. It shows that he was not considered in any of the examined dossiers to be the most important and, for Germany, the most dangerous personality amongst the protagonists of the national Lithuanian movement.
CASUS BELLI PROBLEMA VINCO KUDIRKOS PUBLICISTIKOJE
Authors: VAIŠNYS ANDRIUS
Published: January 2019

The article explores a still topical issue concerning publicistic writings of Vincas Kudirka, a leader of the 19th century political struggle of Lithuanians and a publicist, characterized by him as casus belli, i. e. a pretext to “instigate war” accusing him of an attack against a certain social stratum. The author of the article presents a fresh look at the most sensitive three themes which don’t stop provoking public resonance produced by V. Kudirka’s diary Bells of Fatherland (which now can be equated with evil), taking into consideration the contents of the publication: the conduct of the Catholic Church, the enterprise of the Jewish community, and the separability of Lithuanian and Polish cultures.The volume of the study of these themes is small, i. e. from 2.6 to 7 per cent in comparison with the amount of the published and commented facts, in the whole work (385 problematic episodes). However, it was not only at the time of its publication that Bells of Fatherland provoked (particularly the criticism of priests). Even today, due to the presentation style of the mentioned themes, V. Kudirka is sometimes referred to as an anti-Semite, an atheist and by other characteristics. The article reviews the cultural and literary sources as well as the circumstances (particularly his life in Warsaw) which exerted influence on Kudirka’s world perception. The author of the article is of the opinion that today’s anti-Semitic conception should not be employed in respect of the personality of V. Kudirka since the publicist, as a satirist and critic, presented 19th century problems, social conflicts and didn’t participate in any organization marked by anti-Semitic or anticlerical features. He was concerned with restraint rights of the Lithuanian nation in the Russian empire. The author is convinced that the attempts to employ V. Kudirka’s extracts from the 19th century context in today’s anti-Semitic publications are a dishonest and vulgar action.
PIRMŲJŲ LATVIJOS LEIDĖJŲ VEIKLA (1860–1900)
Authors: ZANDERS VIESTURS
Published: January 2019

The foundations for Latvian national book printing were laid down by a group of Latvian intellectuals mostly known as the movement for national liberation “Jaunlatvieši” (“New Latvians”) in the 50s and 60s of the 19th century. The „New Latvians” published several collections of popular science articles as well as Juris Alunāns’ lyrics “Dziesmiņas”. The publishing activities of Young Latvians were disturbed by the censorship as well as by the lack of financial means. In the 60s of the 19th century, the first Latvian professional publishers appeared. Heinrihs Alunāns, Kārlis Stālbergs and Klāvs Ukstiņš originally got involved in the process as authors and translators themselves, but later turned to be publishers and also owners of printing and book-selling business. The market for books in Latvian was very fragile at the time, as the Latvian publishers found it difficult to compete with the expierenced book business run by local Germans. The first generation of Latvian publishers published the first Latvian novel “Mērnieku laiki” (1879), a significant thing for Latvian literature, and translations of the world classics. At the same time they published a significant volume of low-quality literature, stimulating the incomes of publishers themselves and the reading habits of the wider audience. In the 80s of the 19th, century the first specialized publishing houses emerged. The main direction for Jānis Ozols was fiction, Kārlis Jēkabs Zihmanis published mainly books for teaching in schools. At that time, also new types of books (almanachs, collected writings, encyclopaedias) emerged.
LENKŲ KNYGA NEPRIKLAUSOMYBĖS ATKŪRIMO IŠVAKARĖSE 1918 METAIS: POLITINĖS, KULTŪRINĖS IR TEISINĖS APLINKYBĖS
Authors: KOREDCZUK BOŻENA
Published: January 2019

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, in the territories of Poland annexed by three partitioners, books and periodicals printed in Polish played an important role in shaping and maintaining national ties among Poles living under Russian, Prussian and Austrian rules.In the period of the Partitions of Poland, all processes involving the book – printing, collecting and reading – as well as such institutions as publishing houses, bookshops and libraries were closely connected with different spheres of social life, especially politics, law and economics. That is why the situation of the Polish book on the eve of the restoration of national independence can be best captured by analysing those external, yet very important, factors. The interrelations of politics and law with the book are best reflected in publishing policies which developed under the influence of censorship, being a form of official examination of materials going to press. After the uprisings in 1830, 1863 and 1905, the partitioners tightened the legislation setting limits on Polish cultural and academic texts. As a result, on the one hand, the number of books officially published in Polish decreased and, on the other hand, the number of those published illegally increased. The most important publishing centres in the 19th century were Warsaw and Vilnius in the territory annexed by Russia, Cracow and Lviv in Austria, and Poznańin Prussia. In the Polish territories annexed by three partitioners, the control over publications varied (being strictest under Russian rule) and hence the authorities hindered the circulation of printed materials across the borders.In the 19th century, collecting Polish books and other national mementoes became very popular, which resulted in establishing private libraries rich in valuable manuscripts, incunabula, old and new prints, cartography and other special collections. The biggest of those libraries joined together and were put to public use by establishing new ones whose functioning was legally guaranteed by the foundation act. Such libraries were the Ossolińscy Library and the Bawarowscy Library in Lviv, the Ordynacja Krasińskich Library and the Ordynacja Zamojskiej Library in Warsaw, the Działyńscy Library in Kórnik, the Raczyńscy Library in Poznań, and the Ordynacja Przeździeckich Library in Czarny Ostrów in Podolia. Those institutions helped not only to preserve Polish written works, but also to compile Polish bibliography. The most important work compiled at the end of the 19th century was Bibliografia polska by Karol Estreicher (22 volumes released between 1872–1908). When Poland regained its independence in 1918, a lot of enterprises involving the book, which had been started during the period of the Partitions, were continued.
XIX A. pabaigos–XX A. PRADŽIOS ESTIJOS KNYGŲPREKYBININKAI, LEIDĖJAI IR SPAUDOS DARBUOTOJAI
Authors: JANTSON SIGNE
Published: January 2019

The article handles general developments and changes in book trade and book publishing which took place in Estonia during the second half of the 19th and in the early 20th century. The aim is to show the formation of bookshops trading with Estonian books, to analyse the activities of Estonian booksellers as publishers and their role in publishing books in the Estonian language. The paper is based on the retrospective national bibliography of Estonian books that were published from 1850 to 1917, on research literature and on the data collected by the author for her doctoral thesis.
APIE BIBLIOFILINĘ KNYGĄ LIETUVOS TAIKOMOSIOS GRAFIKOS ISTORIJOS KONTEKSTE
Authors: BRAZIŪNIENĖ ALMA
Published: January 2019

Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros ir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: alma.braziuniene@kf.vu.lt
KOKIĄ GALVĄ IR BIBLIOTEKĄ TURĖJO ONA KOTRYNA RADVILIENĖ?
Authors: PACEVIČIUS ARVYDAS
Published: January 2019

Vilniaus universiteto Bibliotekininkystės ir informacijos mokslų institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: arvydas.pacevicius@kf.vu.lt
LIETUVOS SPAUSDINTINIAI BIBLIOGRAFINĖS INFORMACIJOS IŠTEKLIAI 2001–2005 METAIS
Authors: JANONIS OSVALDAS
Published: January 2019

Recently, because of the progress in digital bibliographic information resources and bibliographic databases and for other reasons, many changes have appeared in the field of the system of bibliographic information. To identify the new trends of this field is only possible through continuous monitoring. The object of this article is the bibliography of printed publications of various kinds and types, bibliographic index lists and reviews for the period 2001–2005. Changes of periodicals and retrospective bibliography publications are analysed in the article. Results of this analysis may be useful not only for bibliography researchers and teachers of bibliographic disciplines, but also for managers of the bibliographic process, promoters of bibliographic recommendations and bibliographers themselves.
UNIVERSITETINĖS LEIDYBOS SAMPRATA: TERMINIJOS PROBLEMATIKA
Authors: GALINIENĖ GINTARĖ
Published: January 2019

By analyzing scientific literature on the subject of university publishing the following problems were discovered: first, the concept of university publishing is not used in Lithuanian book science in general, on the other hand, this term is not present in the Lithuanian language dictionaries or glossaries; third, a more general concept of academic publishing is often in use. Thus, the concept of university publishing is undefined.One can notice that the term of academic publishing is often used instead of the university publishing. By analyzing specific activity of university publishers it was discovered that essential meaning aspects of the terms are lost when using the generalized term of academic publishing. These aspects are very important for understanding and identification of essential features of the university publishing. The legitimizing of the concept of the university publishing will help to discuss and research the phenomena of the university publishing.The analysis of the definition of the term academic publishing has shown that this concept is wider and includes university publishing as a narrower concept. Therefore, it is possible to identify the types of academic publishing by subordination to a certain educational or research institutions. It would be important to emphasize the broadness and narrowness of the concepts academic and university publishing. The investigation of the usage of both terms in Lithuanian and foreign literature shows that the use of them depends on the traditions of understanding academic and university publishing in a particular country.
VIDURINĖS MOKYKLOS REFORMA IR NAUDOJIMASIS VIEŠOSIOMIS BIBLIOTEKOMIS SUOMIJOJE&NBSP;1972–1977 METAIS: METODOLOGINIS EKSPERIMENTAS
Authors: MÄKINEN ILKKA
Published: January 2019

The article is a preliminary report of a research project that is still going on. The specific goal of the research was to see whether the comprehensive school reform in Finland in the years 1972–1977 had a positive influence on the use of Finnish public libraries. A more general interest was to find an additional proof for the supposition that a high level of education enhances public library use. The comprehensive school reform meant a dramatic rise in the quality of the Finnish basic education. The data were obtained from the Finnish public library statistics. The study follows how the number of home loans per capita changed during the years when a comprehensive school reform was being implemented in different regions of Finland. The findings are preliminary and subject to the further processing and refinement. The results show, however, that there may have been a positive influence of the comprehensive school reform on the use of libraries. Further studies are necessary to make the results more reliable.
XVII–XVIII AMŽIAUS BIBLIOTEKŲ KATALOGAI IR TURTO INVENTORIAI KAIP ASMENINIŲ BIBLIOTEKŲ IR SKAITYMO TYRIMŲ ŠALTINIS
Authors: REIMO TIIU
Published: January 2019

Institute of Information Studies, Tallinn University,25 Narva Road, 10120 Tallinn, EstoniaE-mail: tiiu.reimo@tlu.eeThe article treats library catalogues and book lists recorded in probate inventories as sources for studying book ownership and reading history in Estonia. Based on research literature, editions of source materials and practical experience in library work, the information about books in catalogues and probate inventories of the 17th and 18th centuries is analysed and the aspects that must be considered while interpreting the information are demonstrated. The author’s point is that data retrieved from archive records and printed sources must be carefully studied and complemented, when possible, with information from surviving books in order to get as authentic picture of intellectual communication in the past centuries as possible.
ŠV. GEORGIJAUS KONISKIO (1717–1795) NUOSAVYBĖS ĮRAŠAI JO BIBLIOTEKOS KNYGOSE (BALTARUSIJOS NACIONALINĖS BIBLIOTEKOS PAGRINDU)
Authors: SOLOVEJ TATJANA
Published: January 2019

Национальная библиотека Беларусипроспект Независимости 116, 220114, г. Минск, БеларусьEmail: tv_solovey@mail.ruСвятитель Георгий Конисский (1717–1795) – один из самых известных деятелей православной церкви Беларуси и Украины. В 1755 г. Георгий Конисский был возведен в сан епископа на Бело­русскую кафедру, в 1793 г. – архиепископ. Свидетельством образованности и эрудиции бело­русского архиепископа является его личная библиотека. К концу жизни в библиотеке насчи­тывалось 1269 книг и 241 экземпляр рукописей и документов. Опись библиотеки находится в Центральном государственном архиве в Санкт-Петербурге. В состав библиотеки входили лучшие издания европейских авторов по богословию, философии, географии, справочная ли­тература. По завещанию книги были переданы в Семинарскую библиотеку в Могилеве. Пос­ле 1917 г. часть книг семинарской библиотеки перешла в фонды библиотеки Белорусского государственного университета, сейчас они в Национальной библиотеке Беларуси. Георгий Конисский подписывал книги на титульных, форзацных листах, в основном на латинском, иногда на немецком, польском, церковнославянском, русском языках. На сегодняшний день вы­явлено около 90 изданий с собственноручными владельческими записями о принадлежности библиотеке или маргиналиями рукой святителя.
KNYGA KAIP MENO OBJEKTAS XVI A. EUROPOJE (REMIANTIS SLOVĖNIJOS BIBLIOTEKŲ LEIDINIAIS)
Authors: JERELE INES
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje Slovėnijos nacionalinėje ir universiteto bibliotekoje saugomi XVI a. leidiniai pristatomi kaip meno objektai dviejų pagrindinių filosofijos srovių šviesoje. Bibliotekoje saugoma apie 3000 XVI a. leidinių. Jie atkeliavo iš skirtingų Europos šalių: Šveicarijos, Prancūzijos, Nyderlandų, Austrijos, Vokietijos žemių, Anglijos, Čekijos ir Italijos. Tik šeši iš jų išspausdinti dabartinės Slovėnijos teritorijoje.Nors spaudos pramonė XVI a. nebuvo itin išplėtota, knygų teminė aprėptis ir įvairovė rodo, kad šiame regione jau tuo metu skaitymo kultūra buvo aukšta. Skaitančioji visuomenė atliko svarbų vaidmenį: kėlė reikalavimus spaudos produkcijai ir taip reguliavo prekybos rezultatus (įsigydama spaudos produkcijos arba ne). XVI a. spausdintą produkciją galima skirstyti į dvi rūšis pagal tikslą arba pagal jos potencialius pirkėjus. Spaudiniai buvo kuriami rinktinei aristokratijai (geriausios kokybės) arba plačiajai auditorijai. Juos taip pat galima skirstyti į dvi grupes pagal skaitytojų mokslinį pasirengimą. Pirmajai skaitytojų grupei (mokslinčiams) skirti spaudiniai mažai arba visai nepuošti, jų puslapiai švarūs ir tvarkingi, be nereikalingų puošybos elementų. Antrajai skaitytojų grupei (visiems kitiems) skirti leidiniai imituoja formalų rankraštinės knygos dizainą. Visokių formų puošybos detalės naudotos kaip įprasta ir natūrali knygos dalis. Šią antrąją spaudinių grupę galima traktuoti kaip dviejų pagrindinių Renesanso kultūros filosofijos srovių – aristotelizmo ir platonizmo – raišką. Šiuo požiūriu visos gausiai puoštos ir iliustruotos knygos atspindi Aristotelio meno teorijas, o nepuošti leidiniai, sukurti intelektualiam skaitytojui, – Platono meno teorijas.
METROPOLIJOS SKRIPTORIUMO RANKRAŠČIAI RUSIJOS IR LIETUVOS BIBLIOTEKOSE (UNIKALAUS VILNIAUS RANKRAŠTINIO HERBARIUMO KLAUSIMU)
Authors: ISAČENKO TATJANA
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje, pasitelkus surinktas žinias apie žinomus enciklopedinio pobūdžio knygos „Žolynas“ (herbariumas) egzempliorius, pristatomas Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekos Rankraščių skyriuje saugomas šios knygos XVII a. pabaigos nuorašas. Autorė pateikia trumpą šios rankraštinės knygos saugojimo istoriją, bibliografinį aprašą, juo remdamasi bando nustatyti knygos perrašymo vietą ir laiką. Straipsnyje aptarta šio herbariumo kilmė, kelias į Maskvos Rusią per LDK ir vėlesnė jo įtaka kultūriniam moksliniam gyvenimui tiek Rusioje, tiek buvusioje LDK teritorijoje. Straipsnis teikia naujų žinių šio rankraščio istorijai ir jo panaudojimo aplinkybėms pažinti.
ARCHIMANDRITO SERGIJAUS KIMBARO LAIKAIS (1532‒1557) SUPRASLIO VIENUOLYNO ĮSIGYTI RANKRAŠČIAI
Authors: TEMČINAS SERGEJUS
Published: January 2019

Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajoro Aleksandro Chodkevičiaus 1498 metais Palenkėje įsteigtas stačiatikių (1614–1839 m. – unitų) Supraslio vienuolynas visada garsėjo savo turtinga biblioteka. Seniausias jos katalogas sudarytas 1557 metais šio vienuolyno archimandrito Sergijaus Kimbaro (1532‒1565) iniciatyva. Visos vienuolynui priklausiusios knygos jame pateiktos dviem atskirais sąrašais: pirma surašytos tos, kurių būta vienuolyne dar 1500‒1532 metais, vėliau išvardytos paties Kimbaro laikais, t. y. 1532‒1557 metais, įsigytos knygos.Prieš kelerius metus publikuota Supraslio vienuolyno bibliotekos seniausios dalies (1500‒1532) rekonstrukcija, atlikta gretinant 1557 metais sudaryto katalogo (pirmojo sąrašo) turinį su Supraslio vienuolynui kadaise priklausiusių, bet dabar įvairių šalių archyvuose saugomų rankraščių kodikologiniais bruožais. Iš viso pavyko rekonstruoti apie ketvirtadalį tuometės vienuolyno bibliotekos.Šiame straipsnyje skelbiama Supraslio bibliotekos antro pagal senumą rankraščių rinkinio (1532‒1557) rekonstrukcija, atlikta tais pačiais metodais, kaip ir ankstesnė. Iš 80-ies tais laikais vienuolyne turėtų knygų pavyko identifikuoti 27 kodeksus, t. y. apie trečdalį visų rankraščių. Dauguma identifikuotų rankraščių (25 egzemplioriai) saugomi Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekos fonduose (nr. 19 ir 21), pavienės knygos dabar priklauso užsienio saugykloms: Rusijos valstybinei bibliotekai Maskvoje (vienas rankraštis) ir Rusijos mokslų akademijos Rusijos istorijos instituto Sankt-Peterburgo filialui (vienas rankraštis).Abiejų seniausių 1500‒1532 ir 1532‒1557 metais Supraslio vienuolyno įsigytų knygų kolekcijų rekonstrukcija leidžia tikėtis, jog ateityje bus identifikuoti ir kiti joms priklausę rankraščiai, kurių dabartinio buvimo vieta iki šiol nežinoma. Tai įmanoma padaryti ieškant tarp Lietuvoje ir užsienyje saugomų atitinkamo amžiaus rankraščių tokių egzempliorių, kurių turinys ir kodikologiniai bruožai atitinka vis dar „laisvoms“ Supraslio bibliotekos 1557 metų katalogo pozicijoms.Kita vertus, atlikta rekonstrukcija leidžia ateityje pradėti rekonstruoti vėlesnius šios bibliotekos chronologinius sluoksnius, gretinant Supraslio vienuolynui kadaise priklausiusių rankraščių kodikologinius bruožus su vėlesniais, XVII‒XIX amžiais sudarytais, šio vienuolyno bibliotekos katalogais.
LATVIJOS KNYGININKYSTĖS TYRIMAI PO ANTROJO PASAULINIO KARO
Authors: ZANDERS VIESTURS
Published: January 2019

Latvijas Universitate Informācijas un bibliotēku studiju nodaļaLomonosova iela 1, Riga LV-1019, LatvijaE-mail: viesturs.zanders@lu.lvStraipsnis pateikia retrospektyviąją Latvijos knygininkystės mokslo tiriamosios veiklos po Antrojo Pasaulinio karo apžvalgą. Joje atskleidžiamas istorinis knygotyros tyrimų kontekstas Latvijoje sovietų okupacijos laikotarpiu, išeivijos veikla XX a. 6–9 dešimtmetyje. K. Eglės ir J. Straubergo mokslinė veikla buvo labai suvaržyta. Išeivijos tyrėjai daugiausia nagrinėjo Latvijos spaudinius, randamus Vakarų Europos bibliotekose. A. Apīnio mokslinė veikla turėjo milžiniškos reikšmės knygotyros, kaip nepriklausomos mokslo šakos, raidai. Straipsnis atskleidžia prieštaringus Latvijos knygotyros plėtros kelius po politinės nepriklausomybės atgavimo 1991 m. Mokslinės temos, mokslinių šaltinių pagrindas, tarptautinio bendradarbiavimo galimybės tapo įvairesnės, bet valstybiniu lygiu vyrauja nihilistinis požiūris į humanitarinius ir visuomeninius mokslus kaip visumą.
LATVIJOS KNYGININKYSTĖS TYRIMAI IKI 1918 METŲ
Authors: LIMANE LILIJA
Published: January 2019

National Library of LatviaKr. Barona 14, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia E-mail: lilija.limane@lnb.lcSistemingi latviškos knygos istorijos tyrimai prasidėjo XVIII a. antrojoje pusėje, kai veikiama Švietimo idėjų vokiečių inteligentija pradėjo domėtis Latvijos valstiečių kultūra. Mokslinio tyrimo metodai buvo empiriniai, buvo renkama informacija apie knygų repertuarą.XIX a. vokiečių istorikai tęsė darbą apibendrindami informaciją apie latviškas knygas, paskelbė chronologinių išleistų knygų apžvalgų. Rygos istorijos ir senovės draugija (Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Atherthumskunde in Riga), įkurta 1834 m., taip pat tyrinėjo latviškų knygų istoriją. Bibliotekų ir archyvų medžiagą panaudojo savo tyrimuose Janis Cimze (Über lettische Schulücher), Johannas Heinrichas Woldemaras (Die Geschichte des Kurländischer Buchdruckereis), Wilhelmas Stieda (Zur Geschichte des Buchhandels in Riga) ir kt. Jaunalatviai (pirmoji Latvijos nacionalinės inteligentijos karta) atsisakė vokiečių knygos istorijos tyrinėjimų teorinių idėjų. Jie sutelkė dėmesį į knygos vaidmenį formuojant viešąją nuomonę. Rygos latvių draugija, įsteigta 1868 m., sistemingai dirbo vertindama knygų produkciją. Antrojoje XIX a. pusėje Baltijos vokiečiai tęsė profesinius knygos istorijos tyrimus. Pagrindiniai naudoti metodai buvo faktų apibendrinimas ir archyvų studijos.Baltijos vokiečių istorikų tyrimai suformavo turiningą Latvijos knygos istorijos faktografinį pagrindą, jie išlieka reikšmingi iki mūsų dienų. Latvijos knygų spaustuvininkų, prekybininkų ir nepriklausomų tyrėjų draugija bandė sukurti knygotyros teoriją. Tačiau knygos, kaip atskiro kultūros reiškinio, ir jos santykių su skaitytojais tematika liko nenagrinėta. XX a., kai buvo rastas protokolas apie 1525 m. išspausdintas latviškas knygas, buvo pakoreguota pirmosios latviškai išspausdintos knygos data.
KNYGOS ISTORIJOS ŠALTINIAI
Authors: KAUNAS DOMAS
Published: January 2019

Investigation of book history sources or source research is a book science discipline that investigates the origin of book history sources, their retrieval, classification, evaluation and usage. This is partly a theoretical and partly an applied discipline. The theoretical part of source investigation includes the analysis of the authenticity, reliability, and typology of sources. The applied part of source investigation focuses on the issues of building the basis of sources and their usage. The general solution in the methodology of processing sources is classification. The main concepts of classification are type and sort. A type is perceived as a model of a group of objects (data, work or things) having a general essential property. A sort is defined as an object under classification that meets the type definition by a general or a partial attribute.Scholars of different countries have agreed that a type is determined by the following attributes: 1) time of origin (primary and secondary), 2) information format (written, visual, audial, linguistic, or objects). Book history perceives the second attribute as the most important because, according to it, sources are defined as written and non-written. Written sources are most numerous; depending on their purpose they are grouped into the following sorts: 1) books; 2) official documents; 3) critical and evaluation materials; 4) bibliographies; 5) statistical documents; 6) reference books of institutions and companies, catalogues, address books; 7) archival clerical documents; 8) advertisements of publications; 9) information material of periodicals; 10) diaries; 11) correspondence; 12) memoirs; 13) book research in othersciences; 14) publicistic writings; 15) book ownership marks; 16) other manuscript or printed sources.Non-written sources are less diverse. They include: 1) visual and audial documents; 2) objects of material culture (buildings, equipment, memorials, book culture means). Critical evaluation concerns mainly written sources. It may be internal and external. The first one helps to identify the sort of a source as a document and its attributes, and the latter is related to the significance of a document. A researcher builds his conclusions on the totality of sources and reconstructs the facts and phenomena that belong to the past of a book and serve as a basis for determining the regularities of its development.
VACLOVO BIRŽIŠKOS ŽEMAITIŠKOSIOS KNYGOS KONCEPCIJA
Authors: PETREIKIS TOMAS
Published: January 2019

The influence of regional identity on Prof. Vaclovas Biržiška’s scholarly activities is analyzed in the article. The origin, genesis and realization of the Samogitian book conception are revealed in more detail. V. Biržiška’s regional identity, which rested upon Samogitians’ (sub)ethical consciousness, encouraged him to accentuate the Samogitian book in the book history of Great Lithuania. These tendencies were sporadically reflected in V. Biržiška’s bibliographical activities which were summarized in his “Lithuanian Bibliography”. V. Biržiška’s source-researching works and publications on the written heritage also show his particular attention to the heritage of Samogitian books. These tendencies remained quite vivid in V. Biržiška’s bibliographical works, therefore the characteristics of Samogitian writing attained more particular researches, among which the study about bishop Motiejus Valančius was brought to the fore. The interest in the history of Samogitian book induced Professor to formulate the conception of Samogitian book, which referred to the ethnic book model. The conception was stated in the article “The Samogitian book” (1927) in the form of a bibliographical review. In V. Biržiška’s conception, the Samogitian book is one of the integral courses of regional book researches. After being published, this new course of research was not amplified and the conception was not realized. Even though the scholar did not abandon the further analysis of the sporadic questions of the Samogitian book history, the conception of regional research is absent in the later works of V. Biržiška. Lithuanians’ lack of maturity in book science encouraged V. Biržiška to pursue the unified and generalizing researches of Great Lithuania’s book history, whereas there were no appropriate circumstances and no potential for dividing them into separate regional groups.
SPAUDOS DRAUDIMO LAIKOTARPIO LIETUVIŠKOS KNYGOS AUTORIŲ SUDĖTIES KAITA
Authors: STEPONAITIENĖ JOLITA
Published: January 2019

In 1864, press in the Latin alphabet was banned in Lithuania. This ban lasted until 1904. Despite all the efforts of the tsarist administration, banned books printed in Lithuania Minor and the United States of America reached readers of Lithuania Major. During 40 years, a new generation of Lithuanian books’ authors developed. It was caused by the growth and expansion of national movement and the nation’s consciousness in the ninth decade of the 19th century. After 1883 when the monthly public political and literary newspaper “Austra” in the Lithuanian language began being published, the number of Lithuanian book authors increased by 4–6 new names every year, while until the appearance of this newspaper this number was only 1–2 and not annually.The basis of the new generation’s authors was formed under the new circumstances, i.e after the press ban, by people with secular professions and occupations, not only those who had graduated from universities, institutes or seminaries, but also those who had finished only several classes and were self-educated. Due to the different economic and social conditions, access to education, most authors were from Suvalkija and East Aukštaitija. For this reason, the written language dialect changed. During this period, among the Lithuanian authors also women appeared.
KONRADAS GIOTKĖ – XVII AMŽIAUS PIRMOSIOS PUSĖS VILNIAUS GRAVERIS
Authors: LIŠKEVIČIENĖ JOLITA
Published: January 2019

The article presents the engraver Conradt Götke – the most famous artist-graver who worked in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century. The study aimed to replenish the list of his works – illustrated books. The list of the new bibliographical data is published in the appendix of the article. On the ground of these data, the peculiarities and significance of C. Götke’s works in the history of Lithuanian art of the 17th century are discussed. According to the signed engravings and on the basis of formal similarity of the samples it was established that the artist worked in Vilnius in 1636–1653. C. Götke enriched books and Lithuanian book art with the following features: 1) illustrations of a high artistic quality gave an extra visual information on the text: C. Götke used to add to the text particular artworks with an explicite meaning of the text subject; 2) C. Götke was the first to popularise the copper engraving technique in Vilnius prints; he was the first to amplify several composition patterns typical of his hand; the precise line-drawing and accurate line-engraving allowed him to create an individual artistic language; 3) C. Götke popularised the Baroque style language in Vilnius book illustrations; he used to engage largely popular hieroglyphic, emblematic as well as heraldic symbols in combination with inscriptions; 4) C. Götke intensely collaborated with various clients – high and middle rank nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, clerks in holy orders, members of the royal family; 5) Götke’s illustrations developed the subject of genealogical and heraldic relations of particular noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some of his art-works are valuable and authentic portrayals of important 17th century personalities; such images are often supplied with inscriptions indicating names and official positions.Götke’s oeuvre is an exceptional phenomenon in the field of book illustration of the 17th century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland. Götke’s works prompted the development of book illustration and the formation of a peculiar artistic language of Baroque; the artist sought for a greater variety of motifs and subjects of his compositions. C. Götke is a good example of the social position of an artist in the 17th century: he was a freelance artist-townsman who actively portrayed customers, had a wide circle of clients and created invaluable documents of the 17th century nobility life.
PREZIDENTO ANTANO SMETONOS ASMENINĖ BIBLIOTEKA: PAVELDAS IR TYRIMAI
Authors: LIETUVNINKAITĖ NIJOLĖ
Published: January 2019

The article aims to describe the personal library heritage of the first President of Lithuania Antanas Smetona (1874–1944), its storage and research issues. Through the study of authentic sources and methods of book science, the author managed to reveal and summarize the fate of the personal library and the structure, diffusion and the current state of the heritage, but a more detailed investigation should be extended. In 1941, A. Smetona withdrew from Lithuania. The Kaunas University Library got 913 copies of publications from his personal library. In Soviet times it was dispersed to several offices, and some publications were destroyed, but more than half of the library heritage survived. Currently, most (560) publications are stored in the Kaunas University of Technology Library and other 209 in the Library of Vilnius University, Kaunas County Public Library and other institutions. The survey data suggest that the President’s personal library was dominated by the humanities and social sciences. Most publications were in German and French. The library had rare sixteenth–eighteenth century prints in Lithuanian. There are artistic bookbindings with A. Smetona’s super-ex-libris and various inscriptions. The conclusion it that the president purposefully collected a personal library that corresponded to his political and social, scientific and personal interests. Its memorial value as of the personal library of the first President of Lithuania allows considering this heritage as endangered and desiring a scientific reconstruction.
VILNIAUS MOKSLO BIČIULIŲ DRAUGIJOS (1907–1939) BIBLIOTEKA: KOMPLEKTAVIMAS IR FONDŲ RAIDA
Authors: ILGIEWICZ HENRYKA
Published: January 2019

Lietuvos kultūros tyrimų institutasSaltoniškių g. 58, LT-08105 VilniusEl. paštas: hilgiewicz@yahoo.com; ilgiewicz@mail.ru Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugija, veikusi 1907–1939 m., daug dėmesio skyrė mokslinės bibliotekos fondų kaupimui. Pradžią tam davė nedidelis, bet vertingas knygų rinkinys (242 knygos), kurį 1907 m. kovą Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijai perdavė Senovės ir etnografijos mylėtojų draugija. Bibliotekos fondai sparčiai augo ir prieš Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą juose buvo daugiau negu 45 tūkst. knygų, tarp jų vertingi Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekininko Adomo Benedikto Jocherio, muzikologo ir etnografo Jano Karłowicziaus, dvarininko Włodzimierzo Druckio-Lubeckio, inžinieriaus Wincento Januszewskio, Jano Szwańskio, Zofijos ir Mikalojaus Brzeskių knygų rinkiniai. Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijos bibliotekos fondai palyginti nedaug nukentėjo Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais ir smarkiai išaugo tarpukaryje. Knygos, periodiniai leidiniai ir rankraščiai buvo perkami, mainomi į draugijos leidinius, gaunami iš privačių asmenų ir įvairių organizacijų. Dažnai draugijos bibliotekai atitekdavo mirusių draugijos narių ir jos rėmėjų knygų rinkiniai. 1926–1938 m. jos fondus papildė Vilhelminos Zyndram-Kościałkowskos, Władysławos Życkos, Józefo Kallenbacho, Stanisławo Kostrowickio, Jano Andrzejewskio, Aleksandro Safarewicziaus, Wincento Januszewskio, Michało Brensztejnoir kitų visuomenės ir kultūros veikėjų knygų kolekcijos. Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijos biblioteka pradžioje buvo įsikūrusi Józefo Przezdzieckio dovanotame name Naujininkuose (Nowa Aleja), nuo 1914 m. – naujoje draugijos buveinėje Tilto (dabar Goštauto) gatvėje. Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugija ir jos biblioteka buvo likviduotos Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais. Išlikusios knygos dabar saugomos Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekoje, archyvinė medžiaga – Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyve.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilniaus bibliotekos, Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugija, Vilniaus mokslo bičiulių draugijos biblioteka.
SENŲJŲ LIETUVIŠKŲ KNYGŲ RINKINYS SUOMIJOS NACIONALINĖJE BIBLIOTEKOJE HELSINKYJE
Authors: NAVICKIENĖ AUŠRA
Published: January 2019

Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros ir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01511 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: ausra.navickiene@kf.vu.ltStraipsnyje nagrinėjamas lietuviškų knygų rinkinys Suomijos nacionalinėje bibliotekoje Helsinkyje, susiformavęs XIX amžiuje. Rinkinys apibūdinamas keliais aspektais: analizuojama jo teminė ir tipologinė sudėtis, rekonstruojama susidarymo istorija, apibrėžiama jame saugomų spaudos paminklų vertė ir reikšmė Lietuvos knygos ir knygininkystės paveldui bei jo tyrimams.Reikšminiai žodžiai: XIX a. lietuviškų knygų paminklai, Suomijos nacionalinė biblioteka, Lituanikos rinkiniai Europos nacionalinėse bibliotekose.COLLECTION OF OLD LITHUANIAN BOOKS AT FINNISH NATIONAL LIBRARY IN HELSINKYAUŠRA NAVICKIENĖ
AbstractEven though Lithuanian publications of Helsinki University Library (now – Finnish National Library) are recorded in bibliographical publication and are known to organisers of Lithuanian retrospective bibliography series A “Books in Lithuanian language”, nevertheless these publications did not attract a special attention of book researchers yet. Professor Klemensas Sinkevičius when sharing his impressions about IFLA congress in Helsinki has mentioned this collection of Lithuanian books but he did not show deeper interest in it. If to take a deeper look it is obvious that even a small part of the collection (collectionof Lithuanian old books) a few aspects of which were described in the article is worth of further investigation. This part of collection is valuable because of publications themselves that could be called monuments, as they are of rare publications category. Majority of them are unique because of their perfect physical condition or because of other criteria of value. The whole collection of Lithuanian books is also a monument because it is worth investigation phenomenon reflecting application of law on compulsory copy controlled by censorship in Lithuania at the time of tsars’ rule. In planning further research work it would be important to plan research of the whole Lithuanian book and Lithuania-related books collection that is in the Finnish National Library. The plan would consist of research of the publications as such de visu, a deeper analysis of history of formation of the collection, analysis of its composition in various aspects, preparation of a list of Lithuanian book-monuments, which could be a part of digital of European heritage and consideration of strategy and projects needed to implement it.