bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Expected Personality Characteristics of Alcohol-Dependent Individuals
Authors: Malouff John M. , Schutte Nicola S.
Published: May 2005

The Big Five personality factors were used as a framework for examining the expected personality characteristics of individuals who are alcohol-dependent. In an experimental study, participants used a measure of the Big Five personality factors to rate two individuals, each described with either signs of alcohol dependence or not. The ratings of the participants showed that they expected the alcohol-dependent versions of both individuals to be less agreeable and less conscientious. The participants expected the alcohol-dependent college student to be more extraverted and the alcohol-dependent lawyer-father to be more neurotic. The expected personality characteristics of the alcohol-dependent versions of the two described persons were very similar to the actual personality characteristics of alcohol-dependent individuals. The results were consistent with prior findings regarding narrow-band personality traits related to the Big Five. The results help explain prior findings about the social handicap of problem drinking with regard to making friends, dating, marriage, and working. The findings have potential use in alcohol-problem prevention and treatment.
Elder Respect among American College Students: Exploration Of Behavioral Forms
Authors: Sung Kyu-Taik
Published: May 2005

This study explored the ways in which college students conveyed elder respect. Based on data from a questionnaire survey of 521 subjects, 12 forms of elder respect, ranging from care respect to celebratory respect, were measured. Of these forms, six—acquiescent respect, care respect, linguistic respect, salutatory respect, consulting respect, and presentational respect—were frequently practiced. This study provides insights as to how younger adults in American culture exhibit elder respect. A typology of the forms signifying elder respect among the young American adults is presented. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The Beck Depression Inventory as a Screening Device for Major Depression in Renal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Craven J. L. , Rodin G. M. , Littlefield C.
Published: May 2005

Self-report measures of depressive symptoms have been frequently employed in medically ill samples despite the lack of information regarding their psychometric properties in these subjects. We have examined the agreement of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) with DSM-III diagnoses of depression in a sample of renal dialysis subjects ( n = 99). A threshold of ≥ 15 on the BDI produced optimal sensitivity (.92), negative predictive value (.99), and maximized Youden's index of validity (.72) for the use of the BDI as a screening device for depressive syndromes in dialysis patients. Higher BDI threshold levels decreased the sensitivity of the measure but did not produce a clinically meaningful increase in the positive predictive value.
Examining the Potential of Handheld Computers: Findings from the Ohio PEP Project
Authors: Van ‘T Hooft Mark , DÍaz Sebastián , Swan Karen
Published: May 2005

Handheld devices have the potential to make a large impact on K-12 educational settings, due to their relative low cost, high mobility, and interactive learning capabilities. This article, the outcome of a large-scale project examining the use of handheld computers, examines how handheld computers can improve teaching and learning, what educational activities are possible, and what is still missing in this new technology. Data collected from student and teacher surveys indicate that immediate accessibility for all students, possibilities for student collaboration, and the use of technology as an integrated (not separate) part of the curriculum as the strong points of handheld devices in K-12, while there is a need to resolve specific hardware/software issues, develop handheld pedagogy and professional development, as well as handheld-related research to inform teaching practices.
Challenge and Changes to Tinto's Persistence Theory: A Historical Review
Authors: Metz George W.
Published: May 2005

In an effort to demonstrate the complexities of accountability issues and institutional effectiveness, a 30-year review of persistence literature provides evidence of the numerous studies and emerging research on student persistence. Although Astin's (1975) groundbreaking research of access and persistence provides a framework for future researchers, Tinto is most often cited and associated with student persistence research. The origins of Tinto's student departure theory began with his collaboration with Cullen (1973) which produced a theoretical model of attrition and persistence. Through subsequent analyses and critiques by researchers, Tinto's work evolved to include persistence research at the two-year college level and the inclusion of minority groups and non-traditional students. A re-examination and revision to his research also included added to his theory that student involvement has distinct layers, in particular its relationship to institutional research and student development.
Respiratory Depression and Melancholia
Authors: Macleod A. D.
Published: May 2005

Presented is the case of the fifty-six year-old asthmatic woman, with a six-month history of a Major Depressive Episode. Following an acute respiratory crisis, requiring assisted ventilation, the depressive symptomatology resolved. The historical administration of treatments of the mentally ill, incorporating acute physiological stress, are commented upon, and hypotheses discussed concerning the possible mechanisms of action of such treatments. The induction of a delirium may be the significant therapeutic event experienced by this patient, and the common event induced by physiologically stressful treatments administered by our psychiatric forbearers.
Evaluation of the Socialist Health Policy in Greece
Authors: Tsalikis George
Published: May 2005

Following seven years of military rule and seven years of “democratic restoration” under the Right, Greece is now sailing under the flag of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). The Movement was inspired by the ideals of participatory democracy and socialization of the economy and of social services. A central part of socialist planning brought about the National Health System Act (1983) and related legislation intended to universalize health care, remove disparities, and restrict the private sector. It is argued here that the implementation of PASOK's statutory reforms in this field, as in others, will be subject to its ability to transform traditional patterns of production and consumption. As is now increasingly understood, it is hard to plan for socialism on the basis of wants provisions and patterns of consumption established under capitalism.
Use of a Computerized Data Base for Monitoring Graduate Education: An Analysis of Faculty and Administrative Support
Authors: Malaney Gary D.
Published: May 2005

Surveying faculty members and administrators of a large university, this article examines their attitudes and perceptions regarding the need for and potential use of a computerized data base for monitoring data related to graduate education. Also briefly discussed is the design of the data base, which is an innovative attempt, using a microcomputer, to collect and centralize as much information as possible pertaining to graduate education at a single institution. The primary purposes of the data base are to increase the efficiency of the Graduate School administration and to collect and generate data which can be used by academic departments for program improvements, including students recruiting activities. The results were overwhelmingly in support of the development of such a data base.
Torture as Intensive Repression in Latin America: The Psychology of its Methods and Practice
Authors: Bendfeldt-Zachrisson Fernando
Published: May 2005

The practice of torture in Latin America is fundamentally an activity of the state and part of a larger program of repression. In this article, the author analyzes, in general, the psychology of the methods and practice of torture, and, in particular, the psychological defenses likely activated by the torturer when confronting the victim. The contradictions in the relationship of torturer to tortured are seen in the light of larger social contradictions within the scheme of domination.
Method and Theory in Coastal New York Archaeology: Paradigms of Settlement Pattern
Authors: Ceci Lynn
Published: May 2005

Settlement pattern research in Coastal New York follows the philosophical structure of advances in method and theory in science. Two alternative paradigms for settlement pattern complexity are currently under debate with the traditional based on maize as the principal factor to promote or “allow” increased sedentism, and the new on the European fur-wampum trade. The history of the two paradigms is presented and five important issues are discussed and evaluated as supporting evidence: archaeological maize, pollen, soil, fertilizer, and settlement pattern models. The evidence appears to offer stronger support for the new. The major goal of this paper is to outline past and present archaeological research as a basis for future directions; it is also to serve as a rejoinder to Silver's (1980) comments on an earlier article of mine (1979) in this journal.
Psychological Factors in the Etiology of Ulcerative Colitis: Objectlessness and Rage
Authors: Levitan Harold L.
Published: May 2005

In this second investigation of psychological factors in the etiology of ulcerative colitis, the author again utilizes unusual cases characterized by limited variables preceding illness. The first investigation involved several patients whose partial deafness antedated their illness. A significant point was that prior to developing their illness, all these patients had arrived at a state of objectlessness which was abetted by the deafness. This report presents four ulcerative colitis patients with pre-existing organic problems affecting their mental status. Two of the patients are severely mentally retarded. A third patient has rapidly advancing multiple sclerosis, and a fourth—actually an addition to the earlier study—has long-standing partial deafness. Aside from the objectlessness which was also prominent in the earlier group, all four patients demonstrate a consistent pattern of vicious self-directed rage. This paper takes into account the interaction between the rage and the state of objectlessness in the production of illness.
The Relationship of Cause of Death to Attitudes Toward Funerals and Bereavement Adjustment
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Ragow-O'Brien Dina , Guarnaccia Charles A.
Published: May 2005

Four hundred and thirty-eight adults aged eighteen to eighty-eight ( M age = 35) who had lost a close friend or family member within the last two years completed questionnaires to ascertain the relationship of cause of death to attitudes toward the funeral and bereavement adjustment. While deaths that were expected were associated with more adaptive bereavement adjustment, cause of death was independent of participation in prefuneral, funeral, and postfuneral rituals, as well as attitudes toward the funeral. Expected deaths of persons to whom bereaved persons felt emotionally close were linked to more adaptive bereavement adjustment, greater positive meaning attributed to the funeral, and somewhat greater postfuneral participation. Such effects were minimized when data for deceased persons to whom the bereaved felt less close were examined. When specific causes of death were examined, those losing a loved one to either murder/suicide or accident fared worse regarding bereavement adjustment, and had less funeral participation. Regarding bereavement adjustment, this was especially the case when the deaths of close family were considered, except that such persons had greater funeral participation. Neither length of time since bereavement nor age interacted with cause of death to affect funeral attitudes or bereavement adjustment. While these data partially support the hypothesis that the impact of funerals is relative to the nature of loss, they also suggest that cause of death interacts with closeness to the deceased in affecting bereavement adjustment.
Development of a Behavior Rating Scale for Doctor-Patient Interactions and its Implications for the Study of Death Anxiety
Authors: Liberman Marla Beth , Handal Paul J. , Napoli John G. , Austrin Harvey R.
Published: May 2005

This study reports on the development of a behavior rating scale for doctor-patient interactions. Results revealed that raters can reliably and accurately discriminate between medical and personal aspects of both speech and touch using written transcripts and audiovisual tapes of doctor-patient interactions. Use of the scale for research and medical training evaluation was discussed.
Malnutrition in Fourteenth-Century South Dakota: Osteopathological Manifestations
Authors: Gregg John B. , Zimmerman Larry J.
Published: May 2005

Analysis of mutilated skeletons representing people massacred at the fourteenth-century Crow Creek village on the Missouri River bluffs in central proto-South Dakota provided information implicating metabolic deficiencies as significant factors in the catastrophe. Prominent findings were: lines in long bones indicating metabolic stress during growth; superior orbital plate, skull surface, and long bone changes attributable to iron deficiency anemia; decreased bone cortex density and marrow space modifications suggesting the effect of anemia or malnutrition; surface markings near juvenile long bones' growth plates from ongoing protein-calorie depletion or scurvy; focal changes suggesting previous scurvy complicated by hemorrhages at bones' surfaces; and bone surface markings commensurate with recent hemorrhages, implying active scurvy. Osseous alterations unusual in iron deficiency anemia, “hair standing on end” changes and poorly developed paranasal sinuses, were in a few skull radiographs. All these findings strengthen the hypothesis that the villagers had undergone periodic deprivation of foodstuff during their lives, and were in a marginal state of nutrition at the time of death.
Feedback in Hightech Writing
Authors: Barker Thomas T.
Published: May 2005

This article is concerned with reviews, surveys, tests, and other formal procedures used in writing for the computer industry that are designed to provide authors and publications managers with information about the quality and nature of documentation. The literature in this area reveals a number of problems with feedback in hightech writing, including the lack of a consistent definition of feedback processes. The article investigates various types of reviews, theoretical aspects of feedback, and elements of feedback specific to hightech writing. This investigation yields three consistent perspectives on feedback: management, style and rhetoric, and research.
Logical Criteria Applied in Writing and in Editing by Text Analysis
Authors: Mandersloot Wim G. B.
Published: May 2005

The problems in technical communications are related more to logical structure than to language. Structure problems occur at document, section, paragraph, and sentence levels. Editing is most effective if it deals with structure first. Structure deficiencies can be detected by applying a range of logical analysis criteria to each text part: looking at the nature and quality of its content and the use of the appropriate discourse sequence. The nature of the content determines where the text part belongs in the section or elsewhere in the document structure. Sufficient definition eliminates vagueness. The correct discourse sequence determines the internal structure of the text part. Lists, headings, classifications, and organograms must comply with the laws of categorization and relevant logical criteria, including some arrived at by lateral thinking.
The Student as Consultant
Authors: Rothmel Steven Zachary
Published: May 2005

The technical writing course has the potential to be one of the most valuable and relevant classes that a student takes, but before his rhetorical skills can improve he must overcome his reluctance to write. The formal technical report, the most challenging and the most rewarding assignment, offers the technical writing teacher a unique opportunity to bring his course to life and to enrich each class member's learning experience.

The author has developed an approach to the major report that allows the student to assume the role of a consultant in his field while simultaneously permitting him to feel independent and creative. The inexperienced technical writer must create a realistic situation in which someone would require the technical information he wishes to convey. Placing the student in the role of a consultant makes him more aware of his audience and its needs. This problem-oriented approach effectively increases the writer's liberty to choose an appropriate topic and his responsibility to present it in a coherent and professional manner.
Part of the Yellow Dog: U.S. Coal Miners' Opposition to the Company Doctor System, 1936–1946
Authors: Derickson Alan
Published: May 2005

By the mid-1930s, U.S. coal miners could no longer tolerate company doctors. They objected to the misuse of preemployment and periodic medical examinations and to many other facets of employer-controlled health benefit plans. The rank-and-file movement for reform received critical assistance from the Bureau of Cooperative Medicine, which conducted an extensive investigation of health services in 157 Appalachian communities. This study not only substantiated the workers' indictment of prevailing conditions but illuminated new deficiencies in the quality and availability of hospital and medical care as well. The miners' union curtailed the undemocratic, exploitative system of company doctors and proprietary hospitals by establishing the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund in 1946.
Industrial Hygiene Review of Three Manufacturing Facilities in Senegal: Findings and Key Questions
Authors: Lynch Richard M. , Mbaye Ismaila
Published: May 2005

An industrial hygiene review was conducted in pesticide, asbestos, and cement manufacturing facilities in Senegal to provide the Senegalese Ministry of Labor with recommendations for improving working conditions. Findings show severe under-reporting of occupational illnesses, and major shortcomings in terms of worker training, personal protective equipment use, emergency planning, and other traditional industrial hygiene controls. Despite these findings, a comparison between observed conditions and the proposed Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Safety and Health Program Management standard shows that these companies would probably not be considered grossly non-compliant by U.S. standards, and suggests that strong regulatory enforcement of actual working conditions remains a necessity. This analysis also suggests that compliance with the proposed standard would not in itself assure that such dire shortcomings as were observed could not legally exist here in the United States. Key differences between the political economies of developing nations and the United States suggest that improving working conditions requires a comprehensive planning effort addressing poverty reduction, environmental considerations, and economic growth. Three fundamental questions are proposed which should be addressed to improve working conditions in Senegal.
The Use of Latent Semantic Analysis as a Tool for the Quantitative Assessment of Understanding and Knowledge
Authors: Shapiro Amy M. , McNamara Danielle S.
Published: May 2005

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a statistical model of word usage that has been used for a variety of applications. One of these applications is the quantitative assessment of the semantic content within written text. While the technology has been successful in correlating with the qualitative ratings of human experts, it is unclear what aspect of knowledge is being reflected in an LSA output. The two experiments presented here were designed to address this general question. We were particularly interested in whether an LSA analysis more accurately reflects the factual or conceptual knowledge contained in written material. Experiment 1 explored this issue by comparing LSA analyses of essays to human-generated scores. It also compared the LSA output to several measures of conceptual structure. Experiment 2 correlated LSA analyses of transcribed recall protocols with a series of comprehension measures that were designed to vary in the degree to which they reflect conceptual or factual knowledge. We found compelling evidence that LSA analyses are a stronger reflection of the text-based knowledge represented by essays and recall protocols than conceptual knowledge. Both studies also explored a methodological issue pertaining to the use of LSA. Specifically, does LSA have to be “trained” in the particular content area of the text to be analyzed? This question was addressed by running multiple LSA analyses, each performed with differing “semantic spaces” created through training in domain specific or general content areas. We found that LSA performed best when trained in a content area specific to the material to be analyzed. These results are discussed with respect to the application of LSA analyses in the classroom and laboratory.
Gender and Learning Style Interactions in Students' Computer Attitudes
Authors: Ames Pat C.
Published: May 2005

University students' attitudes toward computers were assessed as a function of learning style. Analyses of responses provided by 232 students to a learning style assessment instrument and a computer attitude survey revealed that specific learning styles were associated with an affinity for (liking of), confidence in, and anxiety about the use of computers. Within those learning styles, gender differences were discovered when students manifested a clearly dominant style. The findings indicate that computer-based or computer-assisted instruction may not be appropriate for all students and that curriculum modifications to account for learning style differences may increase the effectiveness of and reduce the aversion to computers in the classroom. Additional research into the relationship between learning styles and computer attitudes may also provide assistance relative to increasing the enrollment of females in technology-oriented courses of study.
The DoD Tailhook Report: Unanswered Questions
Authors: Orbell Brenda
Published: May 2005

One of the primary objectives of studying theory and practice relating to technical reports is to define what constitutes report writing as genre and to place this genre within a social context. Report writing always involves the investigation of an ill-defined problem and occurs within the auspices of an organizational context. This investigative and reporting function implies a high degree of ethical and social responsibility on the investigator to interpret and report the significance of the facts, making the conclusions explicit, and forming the basis for additional interpretations. Drawing on Susan Wells' conventions for commissioned reports, this article analyzes how the Tailhook Report, which was commissioned to investigate the charges of sexual misconduct by naval aviators at the Tailhook Symposium, omits answering two of the three questions Wells establishes as necessary by precedence in the genre in order to avoid making conclusions that might necessitate actions that would alter the male-dominated power structure of the U.S. Navy.
First Childhood Death Experiences
Authors: Dickinson George E.
Published: May 2005

A child's first experience with death may be met with a variety of responses. The objective of this research was to determine what adults remember about these early death experiences. Students in college death-and-dying classes were asked to write an essay about their first death experience. The average age of the respondents ( N = 440) was 23.79 years, and their average age at the time of their first death experience was 7.95 years. Content analysis was used to analyze the essays. Over half of all first experiences with death involved relatives, 28 percent involved a pet. Children's responses to death showed emotions similar to those expressed by adults. Over one-third mentioned that crying occurred. Details of the funeral were remembered by many respondents some sixteen years later. Adults need to be sensitive to the needs of children when a significant other or pet dies. It is clear that childhood experiences flavored with death, loss, or separation can become important influences on the way one sees life and copes with death.
Stylistic Differences in Multilingual Administrative Forms: A Cross-Linguistic Characterization
Authors: Lavid Julia , Taboada Maite
Published: May 2005

This article studies the stylistic variation in the design of administrative forms in three European countries—the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain—through the linguistic analysis of a small corpus of multilingual administrative forms dealing with pension benefits and other kinds of allowances written in four different languages—English, Spanish, Italian, and German. The analysis included both monolingual administrative forms—written in English, Spanish, and Italian—and bilingual Italian/German and Italian/English forms. The purpose of the study was to search for cross-linguistic regularities in the design of administrative forms which would enable their characterization as a genre, both in terms of its staging structure and of the linguistic and formatting features of the elements which configure it as such. The analysis performed on the small corpus yielded interesting stylistic differences and tendencies in the design of comparable administrative forms in the different countries, characterized by different socio-cultural back-grounds. It is suggested that these differences are a reflection of the social attitudes of the different administrations toward their citizens.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Integrated Learning Systems and Academic Achievement
Authors: Estep Sondra G. , McInerney William D. , Vockell Edward , Kosmoski Georgia
Published: May 2005

This study sought to determine whether there is a significant difference in the rate of gain in test scores between students who use an Integrated Learning System (ILS) and students in a set of like-paired schools who do not. Nine dependent variables from the Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress (ISTEP) examination for third grade students provided the data. The study found that pre- versus post-test score differences were significant for both groups for the nine dependent variables examined separately or simultaneously. Experimental versus control test score differences were not significant for the nine dependent variables examined separately or simultaneously. The pre/post change for the experimental schools was not significantly different from the pre/post change for the control schools for the nine dependent variables examined separately or simultaneously. These results suggest that in Indiana during the time period studied, the use of an ILS did not lead to improved student performance on standardized test scores.
An Idaho Model of Frontier Settlement
Authors: Ostrogorsky Michael
Published: May 2005

The evolutionary model of westward expansion expounded by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 still has adherents among the archaeological community. Although this model may be relevant to an agricultural frontier, such as the Mississippi Valley, settlement of the Rocky Mountain West presents a radically different problem.

Based on documentary evidence, a settlement model relevant to the spatially static mining frontier is postulated. Environment played an insignificant role as a determining factor in the society of the mining frontier. More important was the economic correlation to cultural complexity. The model proposed has been corroborated to date by excavation within the Idaho mining frontier.
A New Obsidian Hydration Rate in the Greater Southwest
Authors: De Atley Suzanne P. , Findlow Frank J.
Published: May 2005

A new obsidian hydration rate is proposed for archaeological obsidian derived from the Antelope Wells source area located along the international boundary between the United States and Mexico near the Antelope Wells border crossing in Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Prehistorically, obsidian from this source was used extensively in the region lying between Casas Grandes, Chihuahua and Lordsburg, New Mexico. As the Antelope Wells source is the only one occurring within this area the new rate should provide archaeologists working in the region with an accurate and reliable absolute dating method.
Atypical Ventricular Tachycardia in Combined Tetracyclic, Antidepressant, Neuroleptic and Anticholinergic Drugs Interaction
Authors: Leitersdorf Eran , Goshen Ran , Shefer Arie
Published: May 2005

A case of combined tetracyclic-neuroleptic and anticholinergic drug interaction is presented. Major clinical signs of intoxication were disturbed consciousness and severe cardiac arrythmias which required temporary pacemaker implantation. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms and drug interactions are discussed.
Social and Organizational Effects of Educational Computing
Authors: McInerney William D.
Published: May 2005

This article employs Leavitt's sociotechnical systems model of the interaction in organizations of technology, structure, people, and task to explore the social and organizational impacts of the introduction of computing into academic and administrative aspects of schools [1]. Data collection took the form of written analyses prepared by seven teachers and seventeen administrators in ten school districts in Indiana. The article argues that the effects of the technological change represented by the introduction of computing into schools on the people, relationships, and tasks of schooling may be understood through an examination of the issue of control over computing.
Retention and Students with Disabilities
Authors: Belch Holley A.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to identify the factors affecting retention of college students with disabilities, examine the issues related to transition planning from secondary to postsecondary education, and explore the utility of the universal design concept to the retention of students. Further, promising practices will be shared along with implications for practice.
Relationship of Preference Judgments to Typicality, Novelty, and Mere Exposure
Authors: Martindale Colin , Moore Kathleen , West Alan
Published: May 2005

Two theories of aesthetic preference are reviewed. According to Berlyne's psychobiological theory, the main determinants of aesthetic preference are collative variables such as complexity and novelty, and preference is generally related to its determinants in an inverted-U manner. Recent findings contrary to these predictions are briefly reviewed. According to Martindale's cognitive theory, the main determinant of aesthetic preference is prototypicality or meaningfulness, and preference is usually related to its determinants in a monotonic or U-shaped fashion. Three experiments concerning preference for semantic category exemplars are reported. Typicality accounted for eight or nine times more of explained variance in preference than did long-term novelty, short-term novelty, or mere exposure. Preference was related to both typicality and collative variables by monotonic or U-shaped functions.
Self-Reported Narcissism and Perfectionism: An Ego-Psychological Perspective and the Continuum Hypothesis
Authors: Watson P. J. , Varnell Sherri P. , Morris Ronald J.
Published: May 2005

Within Rothstein's ego-psychological framework, the pursuit of perfection is central to self-esteem regulation along a narcissistic spectrum of self-functioning [1]. In a test of this perspective, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), and other measures of narcissism were administered to 400 undergraduates. Self- and Other-Oriented Perfectionism predicted greater self-esteem, but this effect was mediated by the apparently more adaptive NPI factors. Self-functioning variables displayed systematic linkages with perfectionism; and a rough “spectrum” of functioning was evident in the effects of partial correlations controlling for healthy self-esteem, for more adaptive narcissism, or for more maladaptive narcissism. These data supported a previously articulated hypothesis that at least some conscious representations of the self may vary along a continuum of self-esteem regulation.
Auditory and Visual Interaction in the Aesthetic Evaluation of Environment
Authors: Kuwano Sonoko , Namba Seiichiro , Hayashi Yuki , Komatsu Masafumi , Kato Tohru
Published: May 2005

This study examined auditory and visual interaction in the aesthetic evaluation of the environment. Road traffic noise, sounds from leaves, and motion pictures coherent to auditory stimuli were used. There were four conditions: only auditory stimuli were presented in condition A, only visual stimuli in condition V, both auditory and visual stimuli in condition A+V, and after both auditory and visual stimuli were presented together, auditory stimuli were presented alone and judged in condition (V)A. A semantic differential technique indicated that scenery that included green plants contributed to the improvement of the environment even if only shown as an image. A scene with many cars gave a negative impression. However, even if the sound from the cars was audible, visual masking by green plants seemed effective in reducing the negative impression of road traffic noise.
Coming to Terms: African-Americans' Complex Ways of Coping with Life in a Nursing Home
Authors: Groger Lisa
Published: May 2005

Based on qualitative interviews with 14 nursing home residents and 13 caregivers, this article explores how elders adapted to life in a nursing home, and how their caregivers came to embrace nursing home placement as the optimal way to meet their elders' need for care. These processes were mediated by two mechanisms: the function the institution fulfilled for residents and their caregivers, and the coping strategies residents used to adapt to institutional living. The wide variety of elders' psycho-emotional coping strategies can best be summarized as accommodation, resignation, and resistance which translate into a number of behaviors. However, there was no typical or neat movement from resistance to resignation followed by accommodation. Instead, residents pulled from their repertoire of coping strategies the ones that served them best in a given situation and in a way that allowed them to express simultaneously satisfaction and discontent, compromise and adjustment. Clark and Anderson's (1967) model of adaptation proved useful for understanding participants' struggle to come to terms with life in the nursing home.
Managed Care in a New Key: Britain's Strategies for the 1990s
Authors: Light Donald W.
Published: May 2005

The new Labour government in Britain has issued three variations of a White Paper that outline significant changes in how the world's largest managed care health system will be run. All three emphasize systemwide criteria for quality, effectiveness, and health gain, which in turn imply redressing past inequalities in funding and service. One, the Scottish Paper, eliminates Thatcher's internal market and returns to a simple organizational structure centering on the health boards. The other two propose combining primary care practices into purchasing groups, a daunting task that will spawn many new problems and expenses as it recreates the internal market.
Disease as Suffering, Deviation, Danger, Signal, and Stimulus
Authors: Berlinguer Giovanni
Published: May 2005

This paper attempts to outline a comprehensive concept of disease, focusing on five aspects present in every morbid process: suffering, deviation, danger, signal, and stimulus. The historical development of each of these aspects of disease is traced, and the role they have played in health care organization is examined.
Attitudes toward Suicide: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Singaporean and Australian University Students
Authors: Domino George , Niles Sushila , Devi Raj Sunita
Published: May 2005

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ), a measure of attitudes toward suicide, was administered to two samples of university students, one from Singapore ( n = 100) and one from Australia ( n = 82). Of the fifteen SOQ factors, ten showed statistically significant mean differences, with Singaporean students endorsing greater disagreement on the factors of Acceptability and Demographic aspects, and Australian students endorsing greater disagreement on the factors of Suicide as semiserious, Religion, Lethality, Normality, Irreversibility, Aging, Individual Aspects, and Sensation seeking. A regression analysis of the SOQ factors as related to self-reported religiosity indicated that for the Singaporean students religious attendance was related to the SOQ factors of Acceptability, Mental and Moral Illness, and Lethality, while self-reported degree of religiosity was related to the SOQ factor of Religion. For the Australian students degree of religiosity was related to the SOQ factors of Acceptability, Mental and Moral Illness, and Religion.
Studies in Family-Oriented Crisis Intervention with Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Levenberg Stephen B. , Jenkins Charlotte , Wendorf Donald J.
Published: May 2005

This article describes a family-oriented crisis intervention approach to help patients with chronic renal failure adjust to the unique demands of home dialysis. In particular, home dialysis necessitates a working patient-dialysis partner relationship that has very adaptive problem solving skills. A couple whose premorbid relationship is dysfunctional will soon manifest this under the stress of home dialysis. The family-oriented therapist initiates only the minimal change necessary in the relationship to achieve successful dialysis. In the home training stage the premorbidly dysfunctional couple seems best treated in individual interviews, whereas premorbidly functional couples respond more favorably to conjoint interviews which capitalize on their underlying strengths. Couples in crisis who are dialyzing at home may require a highly structured, behaviorally-oriented contractual approach which includes all relevant family members. This “band-aid” approach temporarily reinstitutes successful dialysis while purchasing more time for the couple to develop new coping mechanisms. Finally, four case studies are presented, including one in which crisis intervention efforts failed.
Learning-To-Communicate and Communicating-To-Learn in Veterinary Medicine: A Survey of Writing, Speaking, and Reading in Veterinary Medical Curricula
Authors: Thompson Isabelle , Hendrix Charles M.
Published: May 2005

This article reports the results of a survey of thirty-one colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada to identify common writing, speaking, and reading tasks performed by veterinary medical students and practicing veterinarians. From the twenty-seven colleges that responded (87% response rate), we learned that writing, speaking, and reading tasks are assigned in almost every veterinary medical course and that the communication tasks assigned in veterinary medical courses accord well with the communication tasks expected to be performed by practicing veterinarians. Along with these learning-to-communicate tasks, veterinary medical students are also assigned communicating-to-learn tasks. Unlike many of the writing-to-learn tasks associated with writing-across-the-curriculum programs, communicating-to-learn tasks in veterinary medical courses seem concerned with teaching students to think like veterinary medical practitioners. The emphasis on communication in veterinary medical curricula is probably due to some extent to the emphasis on problem-based learning, a curricular innovation popular in veterinary medical education. Problem-based learning requires that instruction be designed around cases or problems to be solved rather than topics or information to be covered. This merging of research and practice in the education of veterinary medical students may offer lessons for the education of professional practitioners in technical communication.
Manipulating Montage: Effects on Film Comprehension, Recall, Person Perception, and Aesthetic Responses
Authors: Cowen Paul S.
Published: May 2005

A short narrative film was edited four different ways by varying the amount and type of deviation from linear montage and the presentation of action and events in their canonical order. Recall of action and reconstruction of the linear order of events were strongly associated with the degree of montage linearity, regardless of the particular plot or motives that were inferred. However, the most veridical perceptions of the protagonists were produced by a relatively deviant version, along with unexpectedly high recall and linear comprehension. Results suggest that understanding and recalling a film's events and an actor's behavior depend on the interplay between the underlying story grammar and the way the montage implies temporal continuity or a retroactive match through its depiction of spatial relations and movement. Presenting negative information at the end leads to more negative impressions of a protagonist and spectators increasingly dislike the film as versions become less filmic, even if they successfully reconstruct the linear order of events.
Principles of Justice as a Basis for Conceptualizing a Health Care System
Authors: Bryant John H.
Published: May 2005

This paper opens with a concern for the causes of the maldistribution of health care throughout most of the world. It then explores briefly the question of entitlement to health care, focusing on the appropriateness of expressing that entitlement in terms of social justice. Some principles of justice as related to health care are formulated, drawing on the thinking of John Rawls and his Theory of Justice, and the ideas of distributive justice that have been set forth by Nicholas Rescher. These principles are then used as a basis for planning a theoretical health care system in the setting of a less-developed country. This theoretical health care system is intended to reflect a just distribution of health care under conditions of varying limitations of resources, including those in which resources are not adequate to provide care for all of the people. Some of the technical, social, and political implications of such a system are discussed.
Worker-Researcher Collaboration with San Francisco Bus Drivers
Authors: Antonio Ray
Published: May 2005

June Fisher was in charge of the medical clinic for San Francisco transit operators that started in 1978. Using a collaborative approach, she and her colleagues turned doing physical exams into participatory action research about the stressors facing bus drivers. In the process, the union members learned much about health and safety and research on these issues.
Franz Kafka's Resistance to Acting on Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Shulman Ernest
Published: May 2005

The life, personality, and writings of Franz Kafka are explored as a way of examining self-preserving processes in a person with chronic suicidal tendencies. Most of those who survive suicidal acts will eventually die natural deaths. Although Kafka often contemplated suicide but never attempted it, the huge volume of highly personal reflections he left behind after his death make him a worthwhile subject for study. Kafka's troubled relationship with his tyrannical, abusive father had a major impact on his development as a masochistic and depressed person; other childhood experiences also were factors. His ways of coping are presented, emphasizing the close friendship with Max Brod, his altruistic character, and his writing. Resilience is differentiated from coping; his resilience enabled him to overcome suicidal tendencies.
Sensible Writing Can Be Understood
Authors: Del Russo Angelo
Published: May 2005

Technical writing is a functional type of prose. A technical writer must outline and define the subject matter for his reader. In addition, he should be aware of the reader's intelligence, and he must be able to adapt the written material. Furthermore, a reader must not be over-burdened with wordy sentences, vague words, or technical jargon. The information should be organized and presented clearly. If the article is written to an audience of homeowners, its contents should be easily understood, and the principles presented must be defined. Simple and concise language should always prevail. Sometimes a writer can communicate his concepts with the use of visual aids. These aids may be composed of charts or graphs that can be easily comprehended. However, when a reader is a person with experience or has advance knowledge of the subject matter, a more direct approach to writing can be used. The writer can deal with facts and anticipated questions. An author of technical writing must have a flexible style as well as knowledge of who his audience is. If he presents what the reader desires, he is assured of retaining their interest.
Shell Midden Diversity: A Case Example from Coastal New York
Authors: Lightfoot Kent G.
Published: May 2005

This article is an examination of the diverse roles shell middens played in the prehistoric settlement systems of coastal New York. Test expectations are generated for three kinds of shell middens established by hunter-gatherer groups employing different subsistence/settlement strategies to exploit the coastal environment. The identification of the different shell middens is based on information commonly collected or reported from excavated coastal sites, including shellfish frequencies, artifact assemblages and architectural features. An analysis of eight shell middens excavated along the north shore of Long Island and the New York City vicinity suggests that the functions and occupation durations of these coastal sites varied significantly, findings that indicate a complex mix of coastal settlement strategies were practiced by prehistoric groups.
Effective Participation and Discourse through a Computer Network: Investigating Elementary Students' Computer Supported Interaction
Authors: Lipponen L. , Rahikainen M. , Hakkarainen K. , Palonen T.
Published: May 2005

In this study we analyzed and described how students and teacher of one Finnish elementary class participated in and communicated through CSILE (Computer Supported Intentional Learning Environment) during the years 1997–1998. To this end, we examined the density of the interaction within class, students' participation rates, students' position in the CSILE mediated network of interaction, and the quality of their discourse. The data consisted of CSILE log files and students' written productions from the CSILE database. Social network analysis and qualitative content analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the density of interaction among participants was rather high, and all the students used CSILE to some extent. There were, however, substantial differences in the students' participation rates. The results also indicated that one student occupied a central position, and two students an isolated position in the CSILE mediated interaction. The study further revealed that the CSILE mediated discussion was composed of number of short discussion threads. The culture of CSILE mediated discourse and collaboration can be defined as follows; on topic, neutral, and providing information to others' comments or questions.
Pun Frequency and Popularity of Shakespeare's Plays
Authors: Derks Peter L.
Published: May 2005

Shakespeare's mixing of comedy and tragedy was not popular with his contemporaries. Modern research on emotion, however, indicates that the combination of conflicting arousal sources will increase subjective reaction and, perhaps, audience enthusiasm. To examine this possibility, citation estimates of each play's popularity were compared with two examples each of sexual or intellectual pun frequency counts. Sexual punning frequency did not predict popularity, while increased frequency of intellectual punning accompanied increased tragedy popularity and decreased comedy popularity.