bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Rationality And The Moral Emotions
Authors: Frank Robert H
Published: November 2023

Although they have been the subject of intense discussion for literally thousands of years, the terms rationality and morality remain shrouded in ambiguity. My goal in this chapter is to identify some of the sources of this ambiguity and to describe a conceptual framework that reduces it somewhat by taking account of the strategic role of moral emotions in social interaction. This same framework, however, suggests that ambiguity cannot be fully purged from the concepts of rationality and morality. There are many conceptions of rationality, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Much of the ambiguity concerning rationality stems from the simple fact that no single conception has managed to prevail over its competitors. I illustrate by considering two specific conceptions, the present-aim standard and the self-interest standard. The present-aim standard holds that a person is rational if she or he is efficient in the pursuit of whatever objectives she or he happens to hold at the moment of action (Parfit, 1984). This standard makes no attempt to evaluate the objectives themselves. Its appealing feature is that it enables us to accommodate the plurality of goals that most people actually hold. But this virtue turns out also to be a handicap, for it keeps the present-aim model from making many testable predictions about behavior. Thus, for example, virtually any bizarre behavior can be “explained” after the fact simply by assuming that the individual had a sufficiently strong taste for it. I call this the “crankcase-oil problem”: If someone drinks a gallon of used crankcase oil from his car, then writhes in agony and dies, a present-aim theorist has a ready explanation: The man must have really liked crankcase oil. The self-interest conception of rationality avoids this problem by committing itself to a specific assumption about preferences: It holds that a person is rational if he or she is efficient in the pursuit of self-interested objectives. Of course, the modifier “self-interest” is itself ambiguous. Some writers interpret it to mean only the acquisition of material wealth; others interpret it more broadly, embracing not only wealth but also aesthetic pleasures and various other less materialistic concerns. But in all cases, the self-interest model excludes concerns about honor, duty, the welfare of the poor, and other manifestly “unselfish” motives. Quite apart from the fact that self-interest is an important human motive, a clear attraction of the self-interest model is that it facilitates testable predictions about behavior. Given the opportunities a self-interested person faces in any given situation, the model predicts what he or she will do. Moreover, the model’s predictions are often remarkably accurate. Its proponents have demonstrated its capacity to explain behavior across an impressive spectrum of domains.
Assessment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Speckens Anne E M
Published: November 2023

Before considering the available instruments to assess hypochondriasis and related illness behaviors, general problems regarding the assessment of hypochondriasis need to be addressed. According to DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), hypochondriasis is characterized by a preoccupation with the fear or idea of having a serious illness, based upon a false interpretation of bodily sensations. This fear or idea must persist despite appropriate medical examination and reassurance. Several authors have pointed to the problems associated with these criteria (Pilowsky, 1990; Schmidt, 1994).
Uncle Tom’s Women
Authors: Williams Judith
Published: November 2023

In an anthology dedicated to African American theater history, perhaps it seems odd to consider dramatizations of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the abolitionist novel written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Neither the original text nor the multiple stage adaptations that followed were authored by African Americans, and within the theater conventions of the era, African Americans seldom appeared on the stage except in the form of “jubilee singers,” a nineteenth-century hypertext that interpolated spirituals and slave songs into the performances. It was not until 1878 that a black Uncle Tom, Sam Lucas, appeared on the stage. Lucas was a well-known minstrel performer, who was as attractive for his large resources (rumors of his diamonds abound in clippings of the period) as for the novelty of a black man on the stage in a serious role. Black female performers appeared, later, in the role of Topsy but without the fanfare of Lucas; they were little more than a footnote in the long history of the “Tom Show”—a fact reflected in this chapter itself. The question remains: what does Uncle Tom have to do with African American theater history?
Black Salome: Exoticism, Dance, and Racial Myths
Authors: Krasner David
Published: November 2023

The black female is there to entertain guests with the naked image of Otherness. They are not to look at her as a whole human being. They are to notice only certain parts. Objectified in a manner similar to that of black female slaves who stood on the auction blocks while owners and overseers described their important, salable parts, the black women whose naked bodies were displayed for whites at social functions had no presence. They were reduced to mere spectacle. Little is known of their lives, their motivations. Their body parts were offered as evidence to support racist notions that black people were more akin to animals than other humans.1
Geniuand Darwin
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: November 2023

Civilizations are often defined by the lives and works of their creative geniuses. The glory that was ancient Greece was built on the achievements of Homer, Pythagoras, Herodotus, Sophocles, Plato, Hippocrates, Phidias, and hundreds of other great creators. Modern European civilization was illuminated by the likes of Galileo, Descartes, Tolstoy, Rembrandt, and Mozart. The same story may be told of the world’s other civilizations. The histories of Persia, India, China, and other high cultures are to a very large extent chronologically arranged biographies of notable creative minds. As Thomas Carlyle proclaimed in his famous 1841 essay On Heroes, “Universal History, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here:’ Among those he discussed at length as illustrations were Dante and Shakespeare, two of the greatest writers in any language.
Darwinian Genius
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: November 2023

Darwin’s ideas about evolution themselves slowly evolved over more than two decades-from his original insight of 1838 to the 1859 publication of the Origin of Species. Even after the publication of that landmark work, his ideas continued to evolve, seeking out new intellectual niches in which to extend the explanatory power of the unguided mechanism of variation and selection. His work on human evolution and sexual selection, the expression of emotions, the fertilization of orchids, the insectivorous plants and the climbing plants, and many other subjects all emerged through a kind of adaptive radiation. Even after his death his ideas did not become extinct, but rather they thrived and expanded, assuming the many varied forms of contemporary primary Darwinism, from molecular evolution to sociobiology. Moreover, his contributions soon began to prove productive in their secondary form. Whether one considers the immune system, neurological development, operant conditioning, genetic programming, or evolutionary epistemology, Darwinism has proven itself to be a powerful scientific force. No idea in the sciences boasts such universal application in the world of self-organizing systems. Darwinism has generated memes that have permeated almost every corner of the intellectual universe. To be sure, some Darwinian lineages have gone extinct, social Darwinism among them. Yet new variations continue to emerge, waiting for the next round of scientific selection.
Putting Appraisal in Context
Authors: Parkinson Brian
Published: November 2023

This chapter works from the simplifying assumption that emotion episodes are stories with definite beginnings, middles, and ends. They start when something happens, proceed with operations concerning that something being performed within the protagonist’s mental system, and end with the emotional reaction itself. This narrative is satisfying not only because it organizes events into an intuitively plausible three-stage sequence, but also because it easily conforms with the familiar cognitive­ mediational account of psychological events prevalent in psychological and commonsense discourses since behaviorism fell from favor. What I want to do in what follows is to show how fleshing out the stages of the narrative allows a fuller appreciation of the role of cognitions in general, and appraisals in particular, in shaping the course of an emotion. I hope to demonstrate that the complete picture only begins to emerge when appraisal is put into its proper social and dynamic context rather than being seen as the exclusive driving force behind emotion causation. Ultimately, this step-by-step elaboration of the emotion sequence should facilitate understanding of how the various stages interpenetrate and overlap with one another, folding back on themselves in an ongoing recursive process; but for present purposes, I shall take things in their conventional order.
Appraisal Processes Conceptualized from a Schema-Theoretic Perspective Contributions to a Process Analysis of Emotions
Authors: Reisenzein Rainer
Published: November 2023

Appraisal theory and research have so far concentrated on what can be called structural questions: to determine the patterns of appraisal characteristic for different emotions and the basic appraisal dimensions underlying these patterns. Less attention has so far been devoted to appraisal processing, a research lacuna that has been noted by appraisal theorists themselves (e.g., Frijda, 1993b; Lazarus, 1995b; Parkinson, 1997b; Scherer, 1993b; Smith, Griner, Kirby, & Scott, 1996). The aim of this chapter is to contribute to a process analysis of cognitive appraisals in emotion in two ways. In the first, general part of the chapter, I try to structure the problem at hand: I discuss the relation between structural and process theories of emotional appraisal and give an overview of what I believe to be the major points on the agenda of a process theory of emotional appraisals, understood as a computational theory (e.g., Fodor, 1975; Newell, 1980; more detail is given shortly). Although this part contains nothing that is fundamentally new, I hope that the resulting systematic list of questions can serve as a useful check list for appraisal process theorists.
Personal Pathways in the Development of Appraisal A Complex Systems/Stage Theory Perspective
Authors: Lewis Marc D
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to model the development of emotion-related cognitive appraisals from birth to adulthood. According to cognitive-developmental theory, children’s thinking increases in complexity and abstraction with each developmental stage. Thus more sophisticated appraisal structures should become available as children grow older. However, no child moves straight along a normative high­ way of change. Rather, individual children progress along meandering pathways, where their appraisals evolve through experience according to what is personally meaningful. To examine these unique trajectories requires joining the perspective of personality development to that of cognitive development. Each stage of cognitive development provides a broad context in which individual meanings are sculpted in an emerging personality configuration. It is these meanings that guide appraisal processes and that are created and perpetuated by appraisals in turn.
Vocal Expression Correlates of Appraisal Processes
Authors: Johnstone Tom , Reekum, Carien M Van , Scherer Klaus R
Published: November 2023

The study of vocal expression of emotion has long been in the shadow of co­ pious work on facial expression. Yet there have been quite a number of studies in this area, particularly in the last few decades. Overviews of the empirical studies in this area have documented some consistencies both in the acoustical encoding of expressed emotions in speech and in the way such acoustic emotional markers are de­ coded by listeners, but there remain numerous discrepancies and an overall lack of replication. Many of these problems seem to be due to insufficient attention to the differences between emotions belonging to the same family (e.g., rage and irritation) and to the problems of disentangling the activation/intensity and valence/quality dimensions (Banse & Scherer, 1996; Frick, 1985; Johnstone & Scherer, 2000; Murray & Amott, 1993; Scherer, 1986a).
Subjective Measurement in Appraisal Research Present State and Future Perspectives
Authors: Schorr Angela
Published: November 2023

“Emotion is a fact of human experience. Since it is a fact, it must be possible to describe it accurately and measure it adequately,” Magda Arnold wrote in her 1960 masterpiece “Emotion and Personality” (1960b, p. 331). These two volumes documented an impressive diversity of research for the time; however, Arnold was not at all satisfied with the methodological instruments available. In the era of behaviorism the emotional experience of the individual was not considered a proper object of research. Experimental tests, for example, on anxiety, usually did not include the person’s report of the situation, of his appraisal and emotion. “Anxiety,” Arnold pointed out, “remains a term which indicates the experimenter’s preconceptions rather than the subject’s experience” (1960b, p. 361). Arnold, in fact, understood that the experiment, which allows systematic variation of the conditions for emotional response, basically was the proper methodological approach for her new theory. How­ ever, she deferred to a scientific tradition that was dominated by concepts borrowed from personality research and that gave emotion at best the status of “an uneasy afterthought” (Arnold, 1960b, p. 361).
The Dynamics of Development in a Unique Multidisciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Emde Robert N
Published: November 2023

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study began as a unique and exciting venture that joined a multidisciplinary group of scientists in a research network sponsored by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The venture was a bold one, considering the diverse views of investigators, the questions we asked, and the scope of the study. The motives for this bold venture were fueled by the research network as a whole, which was entitled “The Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood.” The larger network arose in response to a practical and conceptual rationale.
Orienting of Attention
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

This book is a succinct introduction to the orienting of attention. Richard Wright and Lawrence Ward describe the covert orienting literature clearly and concisely, illustrating it with numerous high-quality images, specifically designed to make the challenging theoretical concepts accessible. The book begins with an historical introduction that provides a great deal of information about orienting, much of which will be new even to seasoned researchers. Wright and Ward then systematically describe the development of various experimental paradigms that have been devised to study covert orienting, and the theoretical issues raised by this research. One trend that they analyse in detail is the progression from relatively simple models of spatial attention (attention spotlight and zoom lens models) to an integrative computational framework based on a concept called the ‘activity distribution’. They also present a comprehensive survey of cognitive neuroscience research on the brain mechanisms underlying spatial attention shifts, as well as a chapter summarising recent research on crossmodal attention shifts, and elucidating the links between attention orienting in the visual, auditory, and tactile domains. In the Epilogue they offer a concise summary of the book, and develop preliminary frameworks for understanding the relationship between spatial attention and orienting in response to social cues (social cognitive neuroscience) and for describing the evolution of covert orienting. Orienting of Attention provides a systematic survey that is ideal for those looking for an accessible introduction to the field and also for students and researchers who want a state-of the-art overview.
Eye Movements and Attention Shifts
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

Eye movements and attention shifts usually occur together. Some of the first studies of eye movements and visual perception were based on the assumption that, at any given time, the center of fixation of the eyes is the center of attention (e.g., Buswell, 1935). By extension, tracking someone’s eye movements was thought to reveal that person’s “path of attention.” Helmholz’s demonstration, however, indicated that ocular fixation and attention can be oriented independently (described in chapter 1; see Figure 1.3). For this reason, although most contemporary eye tracking researchers tacitly assume that attention is linked to foveal gaze, they also acknowledge that this may not always be so (Duchowski, 2003, p. 14).
Modeling the Edible Landscape
Authors: Sept Jeanne
Published: November 2023

Evaluating how important meat-eating was to early hominid subsistence hinges on the question “compared to what?” The answer lies in the choices that would have confronted each hominid consumer on paleolandscapes scattered with patches of seasonal plant foods. Studies of modem human foragers and nonhuman primates emphasize the dietary importance of dependable and abundant plant foods in savanna habitats. So, despite the lack of direct archaeological evidence for early hominid plant food subsistence, it is important to consider evidence for meat-eating within an omnivorous context. This chapter develops a model of early hominid plant food subsistence choices to help archaeologists think about site landscape contexts in ways that could evaluate hypotheses about meat-eating and human evolution.
The Evolutionary Consequences of Increased Carnivory in Hominids
Authors: Foley Robert
Published: November 2023

The relatively high level of carnivory in living humans compared to other extant primates has long been a subject of anthropological, archaeological, and evolutionary discussion. Some have assigned enormous ecological, behavioral, and cognitive or social significance to more meat-eating (e.g., Ardrey 1961), while others have either questioned its empirical base (e.g., Binford 1981) or consider it to be little more than a minor ecological shift or addition to the hominid dietary base that remained stubbornly based on gathering (Dahlberg 1981). In recent years there has been a vigorous debate on issues related to the timing and nature of early hominid meat-eating, arising from Isaac’s food-sharing (Isaac 1978) model, Binford’s (1981) and others’ critique, and subsequent methodological and empirical developments (Bunn 1981; Potts 1984; Blumenschine 1986; Rose and Marshall 1996).
Predictions of Cognition-Task Interaction Under Destabilization
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I address the problem of predicting the cognitive consequences of the disruption of a person’ s stabilized relations with a task environment. I take into consideration the two metatheories of coherence and correspondence, three types of tasks that are encountered by human beings, and three forms of cognition they bring to bear on them. I then examine the specific ways the two major forms of disruption, endogenous and exogenous, change cognition, as well as the consequences of such cognitive changes for successful action. These steps are taken as a direct consequence of all the ideas that have been put forward in the previous chapters. The reader should now lmow what is meant by “the two metatheories of coherence and correspondence” and should be able to use them to differentiate various theories of judgment and decision making. Readers should also be able to recognize “three types of tasks” as tasks located at different points on a Task Continuum Index. They should also be able to recognize “three forms of cognition” as cognitive functions located at different points on a cognitive continuum. And readers should be able to distinguish be tween “endogenous” and “exogenous” forms of disruption. With that background, readers will be prepared for a discussion of how such disruptions affect task-cognition interaction, and the consequences of specific forms of interaction. For that has been the goal of this book; to enhance understanding of the effects of what is commonly called “stress” on human judgment.
Moral Judgments Under Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Can moral judgments be studied within a scientific framework? That question creates a serious problem for students of behavior; it directly challenges the limits of behavioral science. This challenge has frequently been made and can be clearly seen in the following remarks by Earle (in press) who places the study of moral judgments outside the purview of science: Moral judgment and behavior are uniquely resistant to psychological analysis because morality is traditionally construed in terms which do not admit of control by psychological laws. In particular, no action can be termed moral without thereby invoking the idea of freedom. An agent can act morally only on the condition that it is free Inthe fully emancipated state envisioned by the philosophers of the Enlightenment, the modern, autonomous individual need appeal no further than to the court of its own rationality for justification of its ... conduct in the world around it. Thus, regardless of whatever the psychological dimension of moral behavior may in fact be, there is no way around the purely conceptual dilemma that to account for moral behavior psychologically is to deny such behavior the exacted autonomy upon which its moral character is predicated; with the result that it is ipso facto no longer properly moral[italics added] behavior under consideration.
Small Vices
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

“Elections before the war were simple affairs to what they have since become,” recalled Mississippi’s Frank Montgomery. “In the election of county officers, [party] politics was unknown; Whigs and Democrats ran as they pleased, and were voted for without regard to their politics. The same was true of judges, who were then elective. Only in the election of state officers, members of the legislature, congress and in presidential elections was the line drawn.” Both Montgomery’s account and the pervasive antiparty rhetoric suggest that weak parties failed to cement voter loyalty. Of course, most people left no direct written evidence of their feelings. Election returns provide the only extensive record of their behavior, and, though incomplete and imperfect, they offer insight into the attitudes of otherwise inarticulate voters. In Mississippi the extraordinary number of elective offices and the consistently high voter turnout provide historians with uncommonly good evidence.
Chance
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

The intense competition and emotions he sensed in 1855 shocked Raymond’s editor George W. Harper. The veteran campaigner declared that “political excitement, asperity and bitterness, run higher at this time in Hinds county, than, possibly at any former period … During the last twelve years, certainly, we have witnessed nothing like it.” The voters’ enthusiasm resulted from the new American Party, an outgrowth of a secret nativist organization that started in New York City. The “Know-Nothings,” as they were usually called, attracted Protestants who resented the growing political power of Catholics and immigrants. Like the Masons, they maintained secrecy with cryptic handshakes and code words. The Know-Nothings entered politics as the American Party and stormed through several northern states in 1854 and 1855, sweeping aside many old leaders in a string of shocking electoral victories. In Mississippi Congressman Reuben Davis also remembered the new organization’s stunning success: “Men who were not even [known to be] candidates were elected to office against popular candidates whose race was expected to be a walk-over.”
Predicate Raising in Lummi, Straits Salish
Authors: Jelinek Eloise
Published: November 2023

Lummi belongs to the North Straits Salish group of languages or dialects, spoken in the northwest coast area of North America. The architecture of the Lummi clause closely follows information structure. There is a focus position adjoining C, to which the predicate raises, placing it in sentence initial position. Lummi is a “polysynthetic” or pronominal argument language (Jelinek 1984, 1995) that manifests the following typological parameter:
Interrogative Sentences
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

Let us now tum to the higher section of the agreement field that we identified while examining different types of SCLs in chapter 2. As we saw, two SCL positions are realized lower than NegP and clearly within the IP layer, and two are realized higher than NegP in the CP layer. This chapter discusses the structure of the CP layer in main and embedded interrogative clauses. I provide a detailed analysis of the interaction between wh-elements and deictic SCLs and of the phenomenon known as subject clitic inversion (from now on SCI) or interrogative inflection in descriptive grammars on NIDs. I claim that SCI can be interpreted either as movement to a low C° position or as a pure morphological phenomenon that is not related to syntactic movement of the inflected verb to a higher position than that of declarative clauses, and the choice between the two analyses depends on the dialect chosen.
Lhermitte1s Sign
Authors: Frederiks Jos A M
Published: November 2023

Lhermitte’s sign consists of the sensation of a lightning discharge of electrically experienced paresthesias running down the spine into the legs and less often also into the arms; it is provoked by bending the neck. Lhermitte described his sign in patients with multiple sclerosis in 1924. History teaches, however, that Lhermitte’s sign is not pathognomic for multiple sclerosis. Moreover, it had been described earlier by other investigators. In fact, Lhermitte’s sign was “decrite par Pierre Marie et baptisee par Babinski”1 [described by Pierre Marie and baptised by Babinski]. Basically, the phenomenon is not really a “sign” but a symptom, an experience, expressed as a characteristic complaint of the patient.
Kennedy’s Wars
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

John Fitzgerald Kennedy's thousand days as President of the United States was filled with crisis and incident. The Cold War was at its height, and Kennedy faced challenges over the future of West Berlin, Cuba and Vietnam. Deeply fearful of a third world war, yet conscious that he must not be seen to be losing ground to Communism, Kennedy picked his way through these crises, trying to maintain American interests while reducing the risk of nuclear confrontation. At the time of his assassination, relations with the Soviet Union had improved significantly with the easing of tensions over Berlin and the signing of the test ban treaty, but he had yet to find a definitive solution to the Cuba problem and the situation in Vietnam was deteriorating. While recent biographies of Kennedy have addressed flaws in his character and private life, Freedman focuses on how he handled these big issues of war and peace. Drawing on a wealth of material, including newly released documents, and the best of Cold War scholarship, Freedman provides a compelling portrait of Kennedy. Particular attention is given to his views about international affairs and his conviction that the Third World was becoming the most important arena for Cold War competition. The book is full of drama as we watch Kennedy wrestling with a succession of major crises - taking advice, assessing situations, and forming judgements, coping with truculent allies as well as determined opponents.
Introduction
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

John fitzgerald kennedy was the second of nine children. His father, Joseph Kennedy, was the grandson of an Irish immigrant who had made his fortune by the time he was forty. Well established in Boston and a substantial contributor to Democratic Party funds, he had a succession of appointments under Roosevelt, culminating in his appointment as American ambassador to London in 1937. After the fall of France in the spring of 1940 his open view that a German victory was all but inevitable became deeply unpopular in Britain. After he resigned from the post at the end of that year he devoted himself to the political careers of his sons.
To Vienna and Back
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

In early june l96l Kennedy met Khrushchev for a brid summit in Vi enna. Expected to set the scene for improved rdations, it ended with talk of war. The previous attempt at summit diplomacy, in Paris in May 1960, had also ended in acrimony when Khrushchev walked out lwcausc of Eiscnhowcr’s rdusal to apologize for the lT-2 incidcnt.1 For those who hdicvcd tlut the brgc issues of the cold w:ir could only he resolved through high-level diplomacT, this was a rrustrating time.
The Berlin Anomaly
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Kennedy felt tiiatie iiad ileen amgusiied by Khrushchev ()il Ikrlin at the summit, though that was the result of American wishful thinking as much as Soviet tactics. Khrushclu:v had given clear notice of his priority before the start of the administration and he had done so again before the summit.
Mongoose
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Wiiile galking at assassination, Kennedy had by this time accepted the need for a more aggressive program against Castro’s n:gimc. His brother had proposed a dedicated “command operation” designed to trigger a revolt within the island. This rdkctcd the \Vhitc House staffs view that, contrary to the CI.A’s prcfrrcncc for operations established outside of Cuba using groups under direct CIA control, more independent anti Casffo rorces would be more effective.
The Denouement
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Join kennedy spent much or tiie crisis trying to dctcrmim: the effect of a particular course of action on lvloscow.1 To do this he put himsdf in Khrushchev’s shoes, supposing that the Soviet kadcr was cast in the same mold, responding to the same stimuli and facing the same sort of pn:ssun:s from his own hanl-lim:rs. He never fdt closer to Khrushchev than when he nnagmcd him luvmg to cope with <l Curtis Lelvby of his own. 1 le understood the dirficulty in backing down rrnm public commit ments.
The “Majority” and Its Activities, 1902–1905
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

The 1902 Congress of Ottoman Opposition polarized the discord within the Young Turk movement, accelerating the rupture between two groups that had coexisted within the same movement in spite of their dissimilar viewpoints. This was in fact a schism among the leaders of the movement, not among the Young Turk sympathizers in the Ottoman Empire. As a matter of fact, Ali Fahri, who had advocated a convention for the purpose of creating a common front, spoke for many when he said, “Our compatriots within the empire kept telling us ‘please convene this congress.’ This is the essence of the matter.”1 European public opinion, having difficulty in discerning these differences, named the two factions as Les Jeunes-Turcs républicains and Les Jeunes-Turcs midhatistes.  2
The CUP Consolidates Its Revolution: An Epilogue
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

On July 25, 1908, a Russian civil agent commented that the CUP and the Third Army controlled all the towns of Macedonia as if there were no government.1 Nothing could better describe the situation in the Ottoman Empire after the revolution than this remark. In the three European provinces the CUP established de facto control, whereas the other regions of the empire were not even aware of the revolutionary movement, learning of it only after the restoration of the constitutional regime.2
Introduction
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

This book studies the impact of war and political crisis on Jewish national identity. It focuses on the Jews of Austria-Hungary during and just after World War I to understand how Jews, and by extension ethnic minorities in general, constructed their national, ethnic, and cultural identities—and then reconstructed them when profound political transformations required them to do so. The question is how the Jews understood their relationship to the state in which they lived, both to the multinational, supranational Habsburg Monarchy and to the nation-states that replaced it in late 1918. Their relationship reveals much about the nature of Jewish identity in the modern world, about national identity in East Central Europe, and about the meaning of national, ethnic, and cultural identity in general.
The Jews of Austria-Hungary on the Eve of World War I
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

Numbering over two million, Austro-Hungarian Jews in the early twentieth century were a group that defies simple description. They were not monolithic with a universally held identity or life-style. As the Dual Monarchy itself was a complicated mosaic of disparate national, ethnic, religious, linguistic, economic, and social groups, so the Jews of the Monarchy embraced a whole range of radically different identities. These identities all took Jewish tradition as a starting point, but they developed differently depending on the region of the Monarchy in which the Jews resided, on the degree to which Jews had experienced socioeconomic modernization, and on the dynamics of Jewish involvement in the contentious nationality politics of Austria-Hungary. The Jews of Austria-Hungary did not share an occupational profile, even if they all differed from the prevailing economic patterns. They did not have a common language, although many did share a second or third tongue. They did not live in the same region, even if they concentrated in a few provinces, or hold a common political ideology, even if they agreed on some issues. They did not even all practice the religion of their ancestors.
Extraversion and Optimal Level of Arousal in High-Risk Work
Authors: Farthofer Alois , Brandstaätter Hermann
Published: November 2023

In some professions, for example, surgery, transport, or the nuclear power industry (Bogner, 1994; Wickens, 1992; Wilpert & Qvale, 1993), the health and safety of people depends heavily on the quality of job performance. Accidents and dangerous incidents reveal the sensitivity of socio-technical systems to human errors, and these have stimulated a substantial amount of research on human factors in human-machine-systems, focusing mainly on information processing, which leads to either efficient or faulty performance in hazardous work systems (Carayon, 1994; Omodei & Wearing, 1995; Reason, 1990; Salvendy, 1997; Wickens, 1992, 1996; Wickens, Stokes, Barnett, & Hymann, 1993). Meister (as cited in Wickens, 1992, p. 3) defines the study of human factors as “the study of how humans accomplish work-related tasks in the context of human-machine system operation, and how behavioral and non-behavioral variables affect that accomplishment.”
Everyday Life of Commuters, Wives
Authors: Rodler Christa , Kirchler Erich
Published: November 2023

Early studies of the psychological consequences of wives’ work often indicated that working outside the home is generally more emotionally fulfilling than being a full-time housewife. Recent studies (Barnett & Baruch, 1985; Brandstaätter & Wagner, 1994), however, paint a more complex picture. The characteristics of housework need to be considered very closely. Studies dealing with housework and its influence on the well-being of women have investigated housework from the perspective of work psychology (Orendi & Ruäckert, 1982). They propose that well-being depends on the positive or negative effect of various work characteristics: autonomy, fragmentation of work, routine, and rewards.
The Adaptive Potential of Coping Through Emotional Approach
Authors: Stanton Annette L , Parsa Anita , Austenfeld Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

The words of this woman participating in our research on adjustment to breast cancer capture the focus of this chapter: an exploration of the adaptive potential of acknowledging, understanding, and expressing one’s emotions under stressful conditions. Although some theorists have emphasized the destructive capacity of intense emotions, newer functionalist perspectives highlight their adaptive utility. We begin by attempting to reconcile findings in the empirical stress and coping literature suggesting that emotion-oriented coping is maladaptive with contrasting theoretical and empirical evidence from other domains indicating that processing and expressing emotion can be useful.
The Role of Personal Control in Adaptive Functioning
Authors: Thompson Suzanne C
Published: November 2023

The focus of positive psychology is on adaptive functioning, including the human capacity to maintain emotional well-being despite setback, major trauma, and the ups and downs of ordinary life. Perceived control is particularly relevant to this positive focus on the ability to find a meaningful life even in difficult circumstances. What is amazing about personal control is not just the adaptive function it serves but the incredible capacity many people have for keeping a sense of control in circumstances that appear to offer limited options. Examples of the ability to find a sense of control even in the most dire of situations abound. One particularly instructive example is described in Victor Frankl’s (1963) autobiographical account of life as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp. Frankl relates how a sense of meaning and control in life was essential to survival.
The Passion to Know A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Schulman Michael
Published: November 2023

To the average person this may not be surprising. People always have been fascinated by Mars, and now, finally, we could see it up close. But we psychologists should not be so nonchalant about those 566 million hits. Our theories have depicted humankind as drivereducing organisms (Dollard & Miller, 1950; Freud, 1917/1949), stimulus-seeking organisms (Berlyne, 1960), arousal-optimizing organisms (Fiske & Maddi, 1961), competence-seeking organisms (Deci & Ryan, 1985), and computerlike information-processing organisms (Newell & Simon, 1972). But we have not paid sufficient attention to humans as pure knowledgeseeking or information-seeking organisms—despite the fact that human beings seeking knowledge are everywhere to behold, even on the Internet.
Relationship Connection The Role of Minding in the Enhancement of Closeness
Authors: Harvey John H , Pauwels Brian G , Zickmund Susan
Published: November 2023

Our purpose in this chapter is to articulate the concept of relationship connection and to propose that it is a vital part of positive psychology. What is relationship connection? In the present chapter, this term will refer to ways in which people can enhance their closeness with others with whom they have romantic relationships. How can romantic couples maintain and enhance closeness? By closeness, we mean mutual satisfaction and behavior that contributes to one another’s goals and hopes in life. While our ideas have been developed in the context of close, romantic relationships, they also have relevance to friendships and family relationships.
A Role for Neuropsychology in Understanding the Facilitating Influence of Positive Affect on Social Behavior and Cognitive Processes
Authors: Isen Alice M
Published: November 2023

A growing body of research indicates that mild positive affect (happy feelings), induced in subtle, common ways that can occur frequently in everyday life, facilitates a broad range of important social behaviors and thought processes. For example, work from approximately the past decade shows that positive affect leads to greater creativity (e.g., Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987; see Isen, 1999a, for review); improved negotiation processes and outcomes (Carnevale & Isen, 1986); and more thorough, open-minded, flexible thinking and problem solving (e.g., Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997; Isen, Rosenzweig, & Young, 1991). And this is in addition to earlier work showing that positive affect promotes generosity and social responsibility in interpersonal interactions (see, e.g., Isen, 1987, for re- view).
Can Partner Aggression Be Stopped With Psychosocial Interventions?
Authors: O’Leary K Daniel , Vega Edward M
Published: November 2023

The problem of partner aggression or partner abuse has been gaining attention for the past 25 years, and research on the topic has burgeoned in the past decade. Research on correlates and predictors of physical aggression against partners has documented numerous factors associated with and/or predictive of partner aggression (Gelles & Loseke, 1993; O’Leary, 1993; Schumacher, Feldbau-Kohn, Slep, & Heyman, 2001). In addition, there have been significant advances in the formulation of arrest policies and community responses to violence (Aldarondo & Mederos, 2002). However, it has been difficult to implement and evaluate intervention research with men who abuse their partners and with the victims of such abuse. This difficulty is best evidenced in the reviews of the literature which suggest that interventions for physically abusive men may be effective, but also indicate that the evidence is not yet convincing (Edleson & Tolman, 1992; Rosenfeld, 1992). While a meta-analysis documents a very small but significant effect of interventions for partner aggression, the comparison group was men who dropped out of treatment (Babcock, Green, & Robie, 2004). Thus, as will later be discussed, despite the fact that there are numerous studies that show that about 66% of men do not engage in physical aggression following an intervention, there is no unequivocal evidence supporting the interventions themselves. In this chapter, we attempt to address some difficult problems that we believe have impeded progress in the area of treatment for partner abuse. Specifically, we address (a) the lack of conceptual diversity in the area, (b) the high dropout rate in programs for batterers, and (c) the lack of interventions or treatments that meet the American Psychological Association (APA) criteria for empirically supported treatments. We also address the types of research questions that need to be addressed in future research.
Remarriage and Stepfamilies
Authors: Bray James H , Easling Irene
Published: November 2023

Stepfamilies are a fast-growing family structure in the United States due to the high divorce rate and numbers of children born outside of marriage (Bramlett & Mosher, 2001; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992). Many adults and children will experience multiple divorces and remarriages during their lifetime, as the divorce rate for second and subsequent marriages is even higher than that for first marriages. Before adulthood, about a third of U.S. children will live in a remarried or cohabiting stepfamily (Bumpass, Raley, & Sweet, 1995; Seltzer, 1994). It is likely that about 40% of adult women will live in a remarried or cohabiting stepfamily as a parent or stepparent at some time, and 40% of all families include step-grandparents (Szinovacz, 1998).
Adolescent Depression: Family-Focused Treatment Strategies
Authors: Asarnow Joan Rosenbaum , Tompson, Martha C , Berk Michele S
Published: November 2023

Adolescence is a time of tension—youth pushing toward adulthood, parents awakening to changes in their child and the need to ‘‘let go’’ and convey trust, while shielding from dangers. Depression is a frequent complication of adolescence. National surveillance data indicate that 28.3% of high school students reported depressive symptoms that interfered with functioning for a period of at least 2 weeks during the year prior to the survey (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2001). Point prevalence for major depression among adolescents is roughly 6%, with lifetime prevalence ranging between 15 and 20% (Kessler, 2002; Lewinsohn & Essau, 2002).
Marital Discord in the Context of a Depressive Episode: Research on Efficacy and Effectiveness
Authors: Beach Steven R H , Gupta Maya E
Published: November 2023

Couples in which one partner is diagnosable as depressed are encountered by virtually every marital therapist. In addition, couples in which one or both partners have significant levels of depressive symptoms are the norm rather than the exception in marital therapy. Similarly, therapists treating depressed clients individually often discover that marital distress is a major influence in many aspects of their clients’ lives. In response to the apparent interconnection of marital discord and adult unipolar depression, the topic of marital therapy for depressed adults has become an important focus of research. Several questions have been partially answered: Do marital problems precede and predict continuation of depressive symptoms or episodes of depression? Does marital therapy for depression produce improvement in couple distress, in depression, or both? Can marital distress be treated while a depressive episode is ongoing or only after it is over? Would a successful individually focused intervention for a depressive episode cause marital stress to disappear? What specific culture, age, and gender features influence the relationship between marital distress and depression? Our goal in the current chapter is to address these and other questions by presenting major findings in the literature to date and by summarizing them into a relatively simple argument as follows. Marital problems are often present for depressed persons; these problems are serious, and they carry unacceptable consequences for those depressed clients who suffer with them.
Evolutionary Change of Amino Acid Sequences
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

Before the invention of rapid methods of DNA sequencing in 1977 (Maxam and Gilbert 1977; Sanger et al. 1977), most studies of molecular evolution were conducted by using amino acid sequence data. Although amino acid sequencing was time consuming and error prone, some important principles of molecular evolution, such as evolution by gene duplication (Ingram 1963; Ohno 1970) and the molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962; Margoliash 1963), were discovered by the study of amino acid sequence data. At the present time, DNA sequencing is much simpler than amino acid sequencing, and amino acid sequences are usually deduced from nucleotide sequences by using the genetic code. However, amino acid sequences are still useful for evolutionary studies; they are more conserved than DNA sequences and thus provide useful information on long-term evolution of genes or species. They are also almost indispensable for aligning DNA sequences of protein-coding genes. Furthermore, the mathematical model for the evolutionary change of amino acid sequences is much simpler than that of DNA sequences. For these reasons, we first consider the evolutionary change of amino acid sequences.