bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SINTERED STAINLESS STEELS
Authors: LISIECKA Barbara , DUDEK Agata , STRZELCZAK Katarzyna
Published: September 2018

Increasing development of civilization encourages the search for modern engineering materials. At present, very interesting and promising materials are sintered stainless steels that are considered to be the most rapidly developing group of materials, which is related to the demand for materials with good mechanical properties and high resistance to corrosive agents. Taking into account sintered austenitic–ferritic steels, it is possible to obtain a structure with different proportions of the two basic structural components. The main problem limiting the applicability of sintered stainless steels is porosity, which deteriorates not only the strength properties but also the usability as compared to their cast and materials after plastic working. Extremely valuable factors influencing tribological properties are the chemical composition, proportion of individual powders and sintering conditions. In this study, the microstructure and tribological properties of sintered stainless steels obtained by sintering in different proportions of 316L austenitic steel and 409L ferritic steel were compared. The abrasion wear resistance test for individual sintered steels was performed by pin-on-disc method.
TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASMA SPRAYED Al2O3-13TiO2 NANOSTRUCTURED COATINGS
Authors: ŻÓRAWSKI Wojciech , GÓRAL Anna , MAKRENEK Medard , ZIMOWSKI Sławomir
Published: September 2018

Ceramic materials are widely used in various industrial applications on components exposed to high temperature, wear, and corrosive conditions. Nowadays, nanostructured materials are of particular scientific interest because of their physical and mechanical properties, which are superior to those of conventional materials. Plasma spraying is one of the surface engineering techniques for depositing of the coatings with wide variety of properties necessary for industrial use. The work is concerned with a study of the microstructure and tribological properties of plasma sprayed coatings with nanostructured and conventional Al2O3-13TiO2 powders. The coatings were sprayed by means of a Plancer PN-120 plasma system. A T-01 ball on disc tribological tester was used to study their coefficient of friction on the basis of the friction force obtained in the course of continuous measurement at a set load. Results of investigations were compared with properties of the coatings sprayed with standard Al2O3-13TiO2. The nanostructured Al2O3-13TiO2 coating showed the lower coefficient of friction in comparison to the coatings sprayed from the conventional powder.
OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF PISTON-RINGS-CYLINDER LINER ASSEMBLY WEAR IN HIGH POWER MARINE DIESEL ENGINES
Authors: ADAMKIEWICZ Adam , DRZEWIENIECKI Jan
Published: September 2018

This paper presents an operational evaluation of piston-piston rings-cylinder liner (PRC) assembly wear in marine diesel engines of high power. It is based on visual inspection through cylinder liner scavenge ports. Clearance measurements of piston rings in piston grooves and piston ring gap measurements were used to evaluate the extent of wear of the PRC assembly. Moreover, it is shown that piston ring gap measurements can be used as a reference parameter in wear trend analysis to predict the length of time periods between overhauls (TBO). Furthermore, it has been shown that controlling the wear of chromium (protective) layers of piston ring working surfaces by measuring their thickness with induction and eddy current methods is highly useful. They were accepted as a source of information on PRC lubrication correctness and as a symptom of its technical condition. Factors indicating the necessity of an overhaul and introducing operational methods of improving working conditions between the tribological pair – liner and piston rings have been determined.
NUMERICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT CONTACT TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS OF FRICTION MATERIAL ’S TYPE EFFECT ON A THERMAL TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF A SINGLE-DISC DRY CLUTCH
Authors: FAIDH-ALLAH Majid Habeb
Published: September 2018

The sliding period is considered a critical period in the lifetime of friction clutches, because most failures occur during this period. High temperatures due to sliding velocity will appear on the contacting surfaces of the friction clutch system (e.g., in single -disc clutch are pressure plate, clutch discs and flywheel). The finite element technique has been developed to investigate the effect of the type of friction material (material properties) on the transient thermoelastic behaviour of a single-disc dry clutch. Two types of friction materials are used in this work: organic and sintered friction materials. Axisymmetric models are developed to simulate a friction clutch system (single disc with two effective sides). The results represent the comparisons between organic and sintered friction discs, behaviours during slipping periods in clutches.
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS IN ROLLING PAIRS IN CYCLOIDAL PLANETARY GEAR
Authors: WARDA Bogdan , DUDA Henryk
Published: September 2018

The power transmission system in the cycloidal planetary gear is created by a serial connection of three rolling pairs: central cylindrical roller bearings, a set of rolling pins in the straight-line mechanism, and cycloidal meshing. The paper presents the numerical method for determining the distribution of forces acting on each rolling pair of this gear. Unlike analytical methods, numerical methods allow one to find that distribution in corrected meshing. Geometrical dimensions used in the equations of balance for the planetary gear transmission Palmgren`s dependences for the deformation line contact were used to calculate forces between co-operating elements. Once the distribution of load is known, one can predict the fatigue life of Cyclo’s gears in rolling pairs. The fatigue of rolling pairs is a very good criterion to optimize geometrical parameters of the power transmission system.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON COEFFICIENT OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY χ OF FERRO-OILS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES
Authors: FRYCZ Marcin
Published: September 2018

In this paper, the authors presented research concerning the determination of the relation between magnetic susceptibility coefficient χ of ferro-oil and temperature changes. The tests were conducted on the ferro-oil samples of various, chosen magnetic particles concentrations: 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. In accordance with the conclusions resulting from Curie-Weiss equation, the values of magnetic susceptibility χ depend on the physicochemical features of considered material, including the magnitude and amount (concentration) of magnetic particles and physical properties of its environment, i.e. the kind and direction of magnetic field and also on the operating temperature, which is the main subject of conducted tests in this paper.
This article presents the structure of the bench used for experimental designation of magnetic susceptibility coefficient in relation to temperature changes of tested ferro-oil. Moreover, the authors demonstrated a method enabling the determination of these values from obtained measurement data, conducted the analysis of obtained results and presented the conclusions.
PROPERTIES OF DUPLEX LAYERS PRODUCED IN A VACUUM CHROMIZING PROCESS ON STEEL COVERED WITH COBALT ALLOY
Authors: KASPRZYCKA Ewa , BOGDAŃSKI Bogdan
Published: September 2018

The paper presents the results of examinations of the structure and properties of duplex layers of the CrC+(Co-W) type, produced in a vacuum chromizing process on a tool steel surface covered with Co-W electrolytic alloy. A comparison of the CrC+(Co-W) type duplex layers with the CrC type single carbide layers, produced in vacuum chromizing process, were performed. Studies of layers thickness, their hardness, structure, and concentration depth profiles of elements in the diffusion zone of these layers were carried out. Tribological properties of the layers and corrosion resistance were determined. It has been proven that the wear resistance by friction of the CrC+(Co-W) type duplex layers, produced by means vacuum chromizing of tool steel covered with Co-W alloy electrolytic coating, is as good as single carbide layers of the CrC type, but their corrosion resistance is higher.
THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASIVE WEAR IN SOIL OF CREUSABRO STEEL
Authors: NAPIÓRKOWSKI Jerzy , KONAT Łukasz , LIGIER Krzysztof
Published: September 2018

The paper presents the results of abrasive wear resistance tests on Creusabro 4800 and Creusabro 8000 steel. The results obtained for laboratory samples were referred to the structure of the examined types of steel and to the basic indicators characterising their mechanical properties. As a result of the conducted tests, which used the methods of light and scanning microscopy, it has been concluded that, in its delivered condition Creusabro, steel exhibits a complex type of structure, characteristic for steel with the “TRIP effect.” The identified type of structure indicates a precisely adjusted chemical composition and the use of specialised heat treatment and forming processes in the production process of those materials. The abrasive wear resistance tests conducted by means of the “spinning bowl” method in real soil masses, i.e. light soil (loamy sand), medium soil (light till) and heavy soil (normal till), as well as the conducted measurements of hardness, have proven the strict dependence of the obtained indicators of abrasive wear resistance on the phase structure and on the status of the heat treatment of the tested steel. The results of abrasive wear resistance tests for Creusabro steel were referred to 38GSA steel in a normalised condition for comparison.
THE ABRASION OF AL-SI COATINGS WITH DIFFERENT SILICON CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY, APPLIED IN AUTOMOTIVE SILENCERS
Authors: WRÓBEL-KNYSAK Anna , KUCHARSKA Barbara
Published: September 2018

This paper compares the abrasibility of aluminium-silicon coatings with silicon crystals of various forms. The tests were performed on Al-Si coatings with the chemical comp67890-osition corresponding to that of hypoeutectic and peritectic silumins (6-10wt% Si), manufactured by hot-dipping on type X2CrTi12 steel and by cold cladding with 60% cold reduction on AlMn1Cu alloy. The hot-dip coatings deposited on X2CrTi12 steel were investigated as made and after a two-stage heat treatment: 420oC/2h/water and 120oC/2h/air. The morphology, shape, and size of silicon crystals in the coatings were studied under a microscope and with the image analysis technique (determining the shape factor among other parameters). Image analysis was also applied to the evaluation of abrasive wear resistance of the coatings using a ball wear test. Their adhesion strength was tested with the scratch test method. The test results indicated that the change in Al-Si coating silicon crystal morphology (from large sharp edged and needle-like to smaller rounded particles) was heat induced, which, compared to the pre-treatment condition, lowered abrasion resistance values and produced a more uniform abrasion loss. This condition was regarded as more desirable in terms of maintaining the coating continuity during drawing, with no risk of spalling. It was also demonstrated that clad Al-Si coatings could provide an alternative solution for the widely used hot dip coatings on steel sheet.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY CARBIDES FOR THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FERROUS ALLOYS
Authors: KRAWCZYK Janusz , FROCISZ Łukasz , KOKOSZA Adam , ROŻNIATA Edyta , DZIURKA Rafał , MADEJ Marcin
Published: September 2018

Among the materials used for the mill rolls, one of the main groups are materials with eutectoid primary carbides in their microstructure. The volume fraction and morphology of these carbides influent in a significant way on the tribological properties of tool materials. In the paper, the role of the primary carbides morphology on the fatigue wear of mill rolls after exploitation was presented. The role of the primary carbides morphology in the sliding wear of tool materials was also investigated. The evaluation of the sliding wear mechanism and its degree was performed by the investigation of the mill rolls surface roughness after exploitation. Whereas, the role of ledeburite cementite morphology in wear mechanism changes ware investigated by the laboratory tests. Tests were performed with the use of different loads, time, and temperature during the trials. The microcutting of counter sample material by the primary carbides from the tested samples was observed.
STUDIES OF THE SURFACE FATIGUE LIFE OF NANOLAYER COATED PAIRS
Authors: OSUCH-SŁOMKA Edyta , PIEKOSZEWSKI Witold , SZCZEREK Marian , TUSZYŃSKI Waldemar
Published: September 2018

The article presents results obtained in studies of surface fatigue life conducted using a specially developed unique method in a model system with a cone and three balls. The studies involved pairs in which the cones were made of 100Cr6 and SW7M steel (hardened) as well as 17HMN steel, which were subjected to low-pressure carburizing with pre-nitriding (PreNitLPC®) technology. The results obtained for the pairs were used as a point of reference for pairs in which the test elements were coated with a-C:H:W (WC/C) and additionally, in the case of 17HNM steel, with Si-DLC (DLC SiliComp). The temperature of the coating process did not exceed 200°C in all cases, and the coating thickness was in the range of 1.5 –20 μm. The studies were conducted in the presence of pure synthetic oil PAO8. Based on the studies, it was concluded that thin PVD coatings applied to heavily loaded steel elements of rolling friction joints variously affected the surface fatigue life of the steel coated with them. The observations cannot be unambiguously accounted for by any technological rules, and there is no available physical explanation for their underlying causes.
PRACTICAL USE OF THE SURFACE LAYERS OF LASER MODIFIED WC-Cu COATINGS
Authors: PLISZKA Izabela , RADEK Norbert , GĄDEK-MOSZCZAK Aneta , FABIAN Peter
Published: September 2018

The article presents the study of the effect of laser treatment on the microhardness of WC-Cu coatings applied by electro spark deposition. Observations of friction resistance test results allowed the evaluation of the coatings after laser treatment. The studies were conducted using WC-Cu electrodes, produced by sintering of nanostructural powders. The anti-wear coatings were electro-spark deposited over C45 carbon steel by means of EIL-8A, while the laser processing was performed by electro coats applied using a Nd:YAG, BLS720. Model tests were carried on test mechanical seals for rings made of SiC and WC-Cu coatings before and after laser treatment.
BIOPOLYOLS AS ECOLOGICAL LUBRICANT
Authors: SUŁEK Marian W. , DĄBROWSKI Zbigniew , SZCZEREK Marian , DRABIK Jolanta
Published: September 2018

Vegetable oils are characterized by high lubricity. Their applications are limited due to their low stability, particularly at high temperatures and in the presence of an oxidizing agent, e.g., atmospheric oxygen. A new approach has been proposed to obtain vegetable oil derivatives with higher stability. The approach consists in the epoxidation and then hydroxylation of the oils. These reactions resulted in obtaining a biopolyol in which double bonds were substituted by isopropyl alcohol. The biopolyol obtained was tested on a four-ball apparatus. The tests were carried out at a constant load, and the seizure tests were performed at a load increasing at a constant rate. The results obtained were compared with those for castor, sunflower, and rapeseed oils used in lubrication. It was found that biopolyol exhibited comparable or even better lubricating properties than the reference oils.
STAND FOR TRIBOLOGICAL TESTING OF HIP ENDOPROSTHESES
Authors: WIŚNIEWSKI Tomasz , MRÓZ Adrian , MAGDA Janusz , WIELOWIEJSKA-GIERTUGA Agnieszka
Published: September 2018

The paper presents a new construction of hip-joint simulator. The SBT-01.2 simulator is designed for conducting tribological testing of hip endoprostheses based on ISO 14242-1, which specifies the requirements for the range of motion and load characteristics of the friction pair (femoral head vs. acetabular cup) during one test cycle. The construction of the simulator is based on the anatomical structure of the human hip joint. The prosthesis acetabulum is mounted in the upper part of the mounting head while maintaining the inclination angle relative to the axis of the socket to the direction of the loading force. The head of the prosthesis is mounted on a pin embedded in the bottom, movable base. After placing a special sleeve on the lower base, liquid lubricant is applied on the head-cup tribological system. The employed software enables continuous control, online visualization, and data recording. During testing, parameters such as lubricant temperature, instantaneous loading force, friction torque, and the number of cycles are recorded.
RESEARCH ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE POROSITY OF PLANT GRANULAR MATERIALS AND THE SELECTED PARAMETERS OF SURFACE TEXTURE
Authors: WÓJCIK Artur , FRĄCZEK Jarosław
Published: September 2018

The issues concerning porosity of granular materials, especially plant materials, are considered very important matters in respect of their transport, storage, precise dosing, and tribological properties. The classic method of measuring porosity requires specialized equipment and takes time, thus often being of little use in dynamic production processes. Therefore, there is a growing need for developing new methods for fast porosity measurement. In the article, the authors present an attempt to define a correlation between the selected parameters of the surface texture of plant granular materials and their porosities. To digitize the surface, an optical 3D scanner and specialized software for analysis of the surface topography were used. The results should provide a basis for the development of innovative methods for measuring porosity based on digital image processing (DIA).
NUMERICAL MODELLING IN POLISH HYDROGEOLOGY – SHORT REVIEW OF RESULTS IN 2004–2017 YEARS
Authors: STAŚKO Stanisław
Published: September 2018

Review of more than 200 publications on numerical modelling in hydrogeology has been presented as a base for the presentation the progress and development of this widely used method, especially during the years 2004–2017. Three stages in the research methods of modelling has been noticed. The main trends in the field of modelling groundwater flow, the mass transport and pollutants migration, practical applications, research processes and improvement of the research method has been discussed. Highlighting the many benefits of this method are given some examples as well as indicated on the constraints and disadvantages during the groundwater modelling. At the end provides an overview of the most frequently used keywords. The nature of things the review is subjective descriptions based on the experience of the author and of literature review.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF DUAL TRANSMISSIVITY AND EXAMPLES OF THEIR APPLICATION IN INTERPRETING PIEZOMETRIC TESTS CONDUCTED IN THE BEŁCHATÓW LIGNITE MINE
Authors: WOLNY Filip , JAMRÓZ Mariusz , GASIŃSKI Jerzy , Marciniak Marek , KACZMAREK Mariusz
Published: September 2018

Piezometric tests such as the slug test or PARAMEX test usually result in observing damped oscillations or exponential movement of the water level. However, during some tests, a bi-exponential response of the water table has been recorded. Bi-exponential movement may indicate the presence of a dual-permeability medium around the piezometer screen. Such medium is composed of two subdomains, each characterized by different hydraulic properties (including transmissivity, T). The paper aims to present two mathematical models – the piecewise exponential model and the bi-exponential model – which were applied in order to interpret the results of slug test conducted in heterogeneous sediments of the Bełchatów Lignite Mine. Theoretical background, interpretation algorithms and examples of dual transmissivity estimation for several chosen piezometers are presented. All necessary calculations were performed using Paramex 4 and MATLAB software. Furthermore, the limitations of the interpretation algorithms are discussed.
A trajetória do catolicismo na Várzea, em Pelotas, RS: O caso do Pe. Pedro Balduíno Rambo SJ
Authors: Farinha Alessandra Buriol , Cerqueira Fabio Vergara
Published: September 2018

O presente trabalho objetiva dar visibilidade à memórias relacionadas a trajetória do catolicismo da região conhecida como Várzea, na cidade de Pelotas, localizada no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A contextualização será feita através da análise de estratégias de sociabilidade utilizadas pelo padre jesuíta Pedro Balduíno Rambo, o qual, com um carisma diferenciado, reconhecido pela preocupação com os pobres, marcou a gênese, a história e a religiosidade dos moradores da Várzea, bairro Nossa Senhora de Fátima, em meados do século XX. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise de documentos da Arquidiocese de Pelotas, de fontes primárias como o Livro Tombo da Paróquia Nossa Senhora de Fátima (1965) e o livro do Pe. Viriato Bodas (1986), antigas fotografias, periódicos de meados do século XX e análise de depoimentos de antigos moradores do bairro, coletados através de história oral, entre os meses de março a abril de 2016. As contribuições do Pe. Rambo na constituição deste bairro, sua forma de socialização, sua maneira de vincular a religiosidade a diversas motivações sociais vivem na memória dos que testemunharam e que hoje podem reproduzir aqueles tempos.
O kafkiano elogio de Abraão
Authors: Baptista Mauro Rocha
Published: September 2018

Neste artigo abordamos uma carta de Franz Kafka escrita em 1921, na qual ele apresenta a seu amigo Robert Klopstock sua interpretação do personagem bíblico Abraão. Nosso objetivo é ressaltar o humor presente nessa interpretação kafkiana como uma das marcas pouco analisadas no judeu de Praga. Para tanto apresentaremos primeiramente o Elogio de Abraão proposto por Kierkegaard em seu Temor e Tremor, afim de observar a possível influência do filósofo dinamarquês sobre as conclusões propostas pelo próprio Kafka. Na sequência serão apresentadas as três principais figuras criadas por Kafka, a do Abraão incapaz de realizar sua função, mas que permanece sempre em prontidão; a do Abraão trapaceiro, que não termina suas funções na casa para não ter que realizar o que Deus lhe pede; e a do Abraão inseguro, que ouve o chamado, mas que não acredita que este lhe diga respeito. Ressaltamos nas três figuras kafkianas a intenção primordial dele em produzir uma outra forma de elogio, uma que se adequa melhor à sua sensibilidade permeada pelo humor judaico, que aquela da serenidade cristã proposta por Kierkegaard.
MITO E MAGIA EM CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS
Authors: Almeida Tatiane Aparecida de
Published: September 2018

Essa comunicação tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo breve sobre a temática Mito e Magia no pensamento do antropólogo e filósofo francês Claude Lévi-Strauss. O estudo será norteado a partir dos estudos dos textos A Estrutura dos Mitos, O feiticeiro e sua magia, e A eficácia simbólica. Entende-se por Mito como um sistema de operações lógicas que opera mediante vários códigos, como por exemplo na linguagem. E por magia, especificamente, o papel do mago, como uma disposição para se estabelecer um equilíbrio entre o pensamento normal e o pensamento patológico  no que resultará na atividade mental exercida através das atitudes do mago no ritual, é importante ressaltar que parte dessa discussão é norteada através do diálogo psicológico. Nessa perspectiva, propomos em um primeiro momento, discutir a estrutura dos mitos e, posteriormente,  a estrutura da magia. Nessa linha, propomos como último momento, promover um estudo em que seja contemplado um leitura mítica da magia no senso religioso contemporâneo.
Early Modern European Archivality: Organised Records, Information, and State Power, c.1500
Authors: Head Randolph C.
Published: September 2018

Comparative case-study analysis can provide valuable insights into record-keeping systems within Europe and cross-culturally. Building on a comparison of empirical evidence from 16th-century Lisbon and Würzburg, this chapter makes three methodological arguments. First, a critique of Ernst Posner’s path-breaking Archives of the Ancient World (1972) leads to the conclusion that we must revise our categories for the analysis of record-keeping across cultures. Instead of assimilating non-European repositories to European archives, the broader category of archivality avoids the uncritical naturalisation of European practices while still recognising similarities cross-culturally. Second, archivality is most useful if applied primarily to the accumulation of records by institutions of power, such as empires, kingdoms, and states, as one subset of record-keeping more broadly. Third, inventories and organisational structures represent a particularly promising area for comparative analysis. Comparison of the Lisbon and Würzburg evidence shows two related but diverging archivalities at work in early modern Europe.
Archival Intelligence: Diplomatic Correspondence, Information Overload, and Information Management in Italy, 1450–1650
Authors: Vivo Filippo de
Published: September 2018

The rise of permanent diplomacy in the 15th century and the expansion of diplomatic networks in the 16th resulted in a massive surge in correspondence between ambassadors and their masters back home. Historians justly inscribe this phenomenon in the early modern information revolution, but news only turns into information and information into useful knowledge if it is packaged and retrieved for re-circulation. Information overload requires new management techniques, which were honed by chancellors and secretaries. Archives were centres of information long before they became repositories of sources for historians. Focusing on Italy in the period 1450–1650, this article discusses the gathering and circulation of diplomatic letters and dispatches, systems for managing correspondence on receipt, techniques for processing information, and the storage of correspondence in archives. It compares the arrangements adopted in republics and principalities to underline their differences as well as similarities.
The Material Culture of Record-Keeping in Early Modern England
Authors: Wolfe Heather , Stallybrass Peter
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the material aspects of early modern filing systems—files, bundles, bags, boxes, and drawers—and their roles in the short and long-term retention of a wide range of documents. Household filing systems largely mirrored institutional ones, and yet flexible retention policies allowed for the storage of documents with evidentiary status as well as documents that serve as family history. These early filing systems are largely invisible to us now, as generations of custodians have rearranged and rehoused family papers. However, physical clues on the documents—such as holes, folds, and endorsements—as well as ‘occupational portraits’ of early modern bureaucrats and surviving ‘filing’ furniture—reveal a rich and complicated system for organising and retrieving vast quantities of paper and parchment.
Afterword
Authors: Blair Ann
Published: September 2018

The afterword provides a critical reflection on the contribution made by this volume to the historiographies of early modern archives and information. It highlights the need for further exploration of archival impulses beyond state bureaucracy, pointing to their role as instruments of power in a wider range of contexts and environments. It also underlines the value of paying close attention to questions of materiality and the conditions of document survival and durability. It concludes by calling for greater collaboration between professional archivists and academic historians.
Three War Veterans Who Don’t Tell War Stories
Authors: McLoughlin Kate
Published: September 2018

Veterancy is a natural figure for the kind of wisdom-through-experience that is purveyed, as Walter Benjamin noted in ‘The Storyteller’ (1936), through traditional storytelling. But these three veterans have been stupefied by their experiences in mass, industrial, globalized war – William Wordsworth’s ‘Discharged Soldier’ in the French Revolutionary Wars, Rebecca West’s Chris Baldry (The Return of the Soldier (1918)) and Virginia Woolf’s Septimus Warren Smith (Mrs Dalloway (1925)) in the First World War. Consequently, they are unable to process their experiences into communicable wisdom – a different thing from being able to describe them. Those who encounter these veterans (and this includes the texts’ readers) may feel sadness or anger at their plight. But, though there is affect, there is no empathy, whether through body or mind. All that remains is to look upon these unfathoming, unfathomable characters with consternation.
Scaling War
Authors: Wolf Hope
Published: September 2018

David Jones’s In Parenthesis (1937) communicates the excessive character of war experiences by depicting the breaking of measuring instruments. It meditates on the difficulty of conveying the impact of these experiences when the clichéd overuse of violent imagery in everyday contexts has desensitized readers and listeners. A modernist, seeking new representational modes, Jones calls for a recalibration of the scale by which experience is measured. Showing how clichés literalize once transported to the battlefield, he communicates sensory overload in a way that avoids both the reduction of war to shorthand metaphors and aggressive hyperbole. With mythical analogy he offers an alternative to the empirical measures he shows to be inadequate, and finds a way of weighing up experiences without laying down universalizing laws.
Imbalances: Mass Death and the Economy of ‘Sacrifice’ in the Great War
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: September 2018

This essay engages the values, attitudes, and practices of ‘sacrifice’ in the cultural history and literary and visual representations of the Great War (discussing works by Richard Aldington, David Jones and Ford Madox Ford). It demonstrates how extensively the idea of sacrifice was appealed to in the official record, and it shows how this political construction was responded to, almost always critically and negatively, in a literature of major record. The chief ideas turn around the fact that a sacrificial victim, in order to be effective, needs to be ‘worth’ a good deal; this calculation is profoundly altered in the ongoing, increasingly wholesale character of slaughter in the war. This disenchantment provides a major point of reference for our understanding of the war as a watershed in European and world-cultural history.
First World War Film and the Face of Death
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: September 2018

Central to a number of films made during or about the First World War is a thinned relationship between the living and the dead. The Battle of the Somme (1916) depicts a moment in which, from a row of soldiers going over the top, two slip back, shot. Their dying, or death, occurs between frames, an aperture through which the viewer may glimpse another dimension. J’Accuse (1919, 1938) employs soon-to-die soldiers as extras in a sequence in which the dead return. The result is a fantastical crossing between living and dead. In Pour la Paix du Monde (1926), soldiers whose faces have been maimed by war injuries are seen first in close-up, their mutilations covered by silken masks. Then they tear the masks off, allowing the viewer to see the war in its ‘true colours’. Affording the viewer these glimpses of the after-life, all three films create imaginative warps in space-time.
Dissent and the Literature of the First World War
Authors: Rawlinson Mark
Published: September 2018

This essay assesses the after-life of early twentieth-century literary protest against war, and its surprisingly ambiguous relationship to bellicose values. The writings of Henry Williamson and Percy Wyndham Lewis are used to open up the consequences of attributing political and moral meanings to combatant experience. The visibility of these motifs in heterodox, ideologically-suspect writing draws attention to the way ambivalent symbols of war function in literary and commemorative culture more generally.
‘Cosmopolitan Sympathies’: Poetry of the First Global War
Authors: Ramazani Jahan
Published: September 2018

In keeping with recent attention to the global dimensions of the First World War, this essay explores how Isaac Rosenberg, Thomas Hardy, Robert Service, Wilfred Owen, Mary Borden and other wartime poets seized on and developed the cosmopolitan potentialities of poetry, in the sense of grounded attachments that span specific cultural and national differences. While the anti-heroism of First World War poetry has been amply discussed, its overlapping but distinct capacity for imaginative solidarity across enemy lines, if often acknowledged, remains less fully explored. Drawing on the theoretical work of Paul Gilroy, Richard Rorty, Martha Nussbaum and Sigmund Freud, but above all attending to the poetry, this chapter examines First World War poems that not only state but linguistically, formally, and thematically enact what Rosenberg called ‘cosmopolitan sympathies’ with the enemy other.
The Battle for the Street
Authors: Millington Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines confrontations between rival political activists in the street. Political activists regularly clashed with their opponents for the transient control of public space. Groups policed their own territory and invaded that of their enemy. Symbolic confrontations were frequent, and uniforms, insignia, posters and songs ensured that groups were ‘seen’ in enemy territory. These invasions frequently led to violence as activists fought off the intruder. A variety of weapons were used, from knuckledusters and knives to clubs and revolvers. Fighting in the street was interpreted according to conceptions of acceptable behaviour rooted in notions of manliness. The use of offensive violence was discouraged as behaviour unbecoming of a man. However, defensive violence, framed as a punishment, was permitted as a necessary corrective to the opponent’s loss of self-control.
Duelling in the Meeting Hall
Authors: Millington Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter concerns the confrontations that occurred in an around the meeting halls of interwar France. Meetings were an essential part of an essential part of a political group’s associational life. Private meetings were reserved for members while public meetings took the form of debates between opponents. Both types of meeting often witnessed scuffles in the audience and in some cases the stage could be invaded and the meeting venue trashed. Armed stewards were increasingly employed to ensure that meetings were not disrupted. Meanwhile, on the stage, much stock was placed in the behaviour of the orator. Good speakers were said to display the masculine qualities of calmness and self-control, able to dominate the enemy and the audience. Poor speakers lacked such qualities; they were condemned for giving in to their feminine passions and inciting the mob to violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Millington Chris
Published: September 2018

In the wake of the Clichy riot the head of the state police in Nice wrote an exasperated report on the reaction of niçois political groups to the violence. On the right, parties such as the PSF and the PPF were growing increasingly frustrated at the continual harassment of their meetings. ‘They affirm’, the report noted, ‘that they are the partisans of order’, yet they were nonetheless ‘ready to defend themselves vigorously when attacked.’ The report continued, ‘it is without doubt that they are individually armed like […] their political opponents’. As for the left, the author noted murmurings in the radical and socialist parties about the seriousness of political violence in France: given that it now seemed impossible to state one’s opinion without drawing a violent response, had the country lost its taste for republican freedom?...
Parliamentary Elections in Russia
Authors: Hutcheson Derek S.
Published: September 2018

The focus of the book is on the seven rounds of parliamentary elections that have taken place in Russia since 1993. After the chaos that followed the collapse of the USSR, a new Russian political system has been forged in the early twenty-first century that has consolidated around high support levels for its president, Vladimir Putin. Russia’s legislature – the Federal Assembly, including the State Duma – forms an integral part of the machinery of governance. Successive changes to the electoral and party systems have moved the country from the chaos of early post-Soviet years toward a stable executive-dominated system propped up by a four-party ‘cartel’ – dominated by the pro-Kremlin United Russia party – in the legislative sphere. A common perception has grown that Russian elections are predictable, controlled and pointless to examine in a comparative context. But real voters cast real ballots, and this book is the story of how the electoral system has evolved, how the campaigning strategies of the political parties have developed, and how the voting behaviour of Russians has changed across the first quarter-century of Russian independence. The most comprehensive long-term study to date of Russian elections, it utilises a combination of official data, new primary material and in-depth analysis to assess the electoral arena of the Russian Federation from the end of the Soviet Union to the start of Putin’s fourth term.
Russian parliamentary elections 1993–2016: an overview
Authors: Hutcheson Derek S.
Published: September 2018

The chapter focuses on providing an overview of the role of the State Duma in Russia’s political system, and introduces the key actors within it throughout the post-Soviet Union period. It begins with a brief history of the evolution of the electoral process and party system from the late Soviet period to the present day. It then introduces the main political parties in the Russian electoral process, and the ‘family tree’ of such organisations from 1993 to 2016. Finally, it examines the changing role of the State Duma throughout the first quarter-century of its existence, as it has moved from a fledgling institution to a fully established part of the machinery of government.
Simple First: A Skeleton for an Evaluative Learning Model
Authors: Bar-Anan Yoav , Moran Tal
Published: September 2018

Simple firstis our name for a set of hypotheses that we have found useful in our research on evaluative learning. The hypotheses are: (1) It is easier to encode and retrieve information that two concepts are linked than information about how they are linked; (2) It is easier to store and retrieve information than to make an inference based on that information; (3) When people encounter an object and memory activates valence that is mentally linked to that object, they consider the activation valid evidence that the activated valence characterizes the object. We demonstrate how these hypotheses generate useful assumptions about Evaluative Conditioning, and open paths for further research on evaluative learning and evaluation.
Simultaneous reconstruction of the forearm extensor compartment tendon, soft tissue, and skin
Authors: Oh Jeongseok , Ahn Hee Chang , Lee Kwang Hyun
Published: September 2018

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a very rare type of sarcoma, with an incidence of 0.001%. MPNST has a 5-year survival rate near 80%, so successful reconstruction techniques are important to ensure the patient’s quality of life. Sarcoma of the forearm is known for its poor prognosis, which leads to wider excision, making reconstruction even more challenging due to the unique anatomical structure and delicate function of the forearm. A 44-year-old male presented with a large mass that had two aspects, measuring 9×6 cm and 7×5 cm, on the dorsal aspect of the right forearm. The extensor compartment muscles (EDM, EDC, EIP, EPB, EPL, ECRB, ECRL, APL) and invaded radius were resected with the mass. Tendon transfer of the entire extensor compartment with skin defect coverage using a 24×8 cm anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator free flap was performed. The patient was discharged after 18 days without wound complications, and has not complained of discomfort during supination, pronation, or wrist extension/flexion through 3 years of follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful reconstruction of the entire forearm extensor compartment with ALT free flap coverage after resection of MPNST.
Impact of hormonal therapy and other adjuvant therapies on contralateral breast volume change after implant-based breast reconstruction
Authors: Park Jung Youl , Chung Jae-Ho , Lee Hyung Chul , Lee Byung-Il , Park Seung-Ha , Yoon Eul-Sik
Published: September 2018

Background Adjuvant therapy after breast surgery, including tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, improves the postoperative outcomes and long-term survival of breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether volume changes occurred in the contralateral breast during hormonal or other adjuvant therapies.

Methods This study reviewed 90 patients who underwent unilateral breast reconstruction between September 2012 and April 2018 using tissue expanders and a permanent implant after the surgical removal of breast cancer. The volume of the contralateral breast was measured using a cast before the first (tissue expander insertion) and second (permanent implant change) stages of surgery. Changes in breast volume were evaluated to determine whether adjuvant therapy such as hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy influenced the volume of the contralateral breast.

Results The group receiving tamoxifen therapy demonstrated a significant decrease in volume compared with the group without tamoxifen (−7.8% vs. 1.0%; P=0.028). The aromatase inhibitor–treated group showed a significant increase in volume compared with those who did not receive therapy (−6.2% vs. 4.5%; P=0.023). There were no significant differences between groups treated with other hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Conclusions Patients who received tamoxifen therapy showed a significant decrease in volume in the contralateral breast, while no significant change in weight or body mass index was found. Our findings suggest that we should choose smaller implants for premenopausal patients, who have a high likelihood of receiving tamoxifen therapy.
Favoriser le développement de la communication des adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle : exemple de recherche-action participative
Authors: Tessari Veyre Aline , Gremaud Germaine
Published: September 2018

Développer les habiletés communicatives des adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) et ayant peu ou pas de langage oral représente un défi pour les équipes éducatives. L’objectif principal de la recherche est d’accompagner, par le biais d’une recherche-action participative, 10 professionnels dans la mise en place de projets individualisés. Douze séances de travail ont permis de mettre en place des interventions répondant aux besoins de 10 adultes présentant une DI ayant peu ou pas de langage oral. Un questionnaire a été remis à la fin du processus de recherche afin de documenter les avis des professionnels sur la méthode employée. L’analyse montre qu’ils estiment avoir amélioré leurs compétences à mener des projets individualisés dans le domaine de la communication.
La asistencia europea en Colombia: ¿una contribución virtual a un plan virtual de paz?
Authors: Roy Joaquín
Published: September 2018

This article presents a detailed analysis of current European assistance to Colombia,indicating the differences between European and American perceptions of the causes of the problems that plague the country as reflected in their respective views of Plan Colombia.The European perspective ¡s illustrated by presenting the critical positions taken by various entities regarding Plan Colombia's excessive military focus, including the European Commission,the European Parliament, Spain and other European states. The author examines the contrasting view that stresses a broader range of needs and problems in Colombia to which the European Union's aid should respond, the difficulties met in this approach, and the philosophic basis of the European contribution to Colombia.
La metodología en los tiempos de la posmodernidad. Bases para un nuevo libro de metodología en ciencias sociales
Authors: Masías Núñez Rodolfo
Published: September 2018

The central objective of this text is to identify the constitutive elements of methodological knowledge and the changes that have occurred in this field during postmodern times. The author highlights social pluralism, the coexistence ofparadigms and the critique ofprogressive linearity as three traits that point to methodology as a social construct. The article concludes with the description of nevo rules for methodological knowledge based upon paradigmatic and technical non-neutrality.
Postmodernismo, postcolonialismo y feminismo: manual para (in)expertos
Authors: Arreaza Catalina , Tickner Arlene B.
Published: September 2018

This text explores the central arguments of three theoretical perspectives that have analyzed the Englightenrnent project from a critical angle, wiih the goal of identifying their respective contributions to visualizing marginality in social theory. A series of elements are discussed, including the postmodern critique of concepts such as reason and subject; postcolonialism's attempt to ground historical interpretation in silenced, hybrid spaces; and feminist insistence upon the erasure of homogenizing, binary categories.
El Grupo de los Tres: quince años de vida y pocos resultados (1989-2003)
Authors: Ramírez Socorro
Published: September 2018

In this article the author evaluates the achievements of the Group of Three (G-3) in four distinct periods. The first period was characterized by a dynamic of political concertation that sought to reestablish political stability in Central America. Starting in 1990, a second stage of institutionalization was begun. The third period was characterized by thefailure of the G-3 to consolídate itself and the non-signing of previous commercial agreements. In consequence, the fourth stage, corresponding to 2000, has been characterized by efforts to reactívate the organization and to incorpórate policies of political concertation, international cooperation and economic exchange.
En busca de aliados para la “seguridad democrática”: la política exterior del primer año de la Administración Uribe
Authors: Tickner Arlene B. , Pardo Rodrigo
Published: September 2018

This article discusses the ways in which president Álvaro Uribe has sought to Iink his democratic security policy with concrete foreign policy strategies during the first year of his administration. Among these, the insertion ofthe Colombian armed conflict within the international counterterrorist crusade Ied by the United States occupies a central role. The authors conclude that granting exclusive priority to Colombia’s relationship with Washington not only reduces its margins of autonomy, but may also pose obstacles to the creation of more positive relations with other international
La distinción entre lo doméstico y lo internacional como sustrato epistemológico de las relaciones internacionales
Authors: Castaño Paola
Published: September 2018

This article analyzes the distinction that different international relations theories (realism, neorealism, interdependence, neoliberal institutionalism and constructivism) establish between the domestic and international spheres as a prerequisite for the production of scientific knowledge in the field. Subsequently, the author examines the criticisms that postmodern or reflexivist theories have formulated of this specific notion of science in international relations.