bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological restoration of mussel beds onto soft‐sediment using transplanted adults
Authors: Wilcox Mark , Kelly Shane , Jeffs Andrew
Published: September 2017

The success of restoration initiatives to restore bivalve beds relies on sufficient recruitment of larvae to offset mortality of re‐established populations. Individuals of the nearly extirpated green‐lipped mussel are capable of surviving within the current environment of the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand; however, it is uncertain what potential factors might inhibit the establishment and persistence of restored mussel beds. Four experimental mussel beds were established within a shallow soft‐sediment embayment and assessments of population dynamics were conducted approximately every 6 months over a 2‐year period. Deployed mussels quickly congregated into contiguous mussel beds that persisted throughout the study; however, only 26.2% of mussels that were initially established survived until the end of the study. The cause of this overall loss of mussels can be attributed to a near lack of observed recruitment, with only three individual recruiting mussels observed throughout the entire study. Despite similar mortality rates within the restored mussel beds to that of natural populations, these populations will be unsustainable long term given the lack of recruitment. Potential causes of the observed mortality and lack of recruitment are discussed, including environmental factors affecting non‐natal mussel stock and sea star predation. This research provides a foundation for the development of best‐practice methods in the restoration of green‐lipped mussels. However, further investigation into recruitment pathways and sources of mortality for adult mussels will be necessary to overcome the observed limitations if future restoration is to be successful.
Pathogenesis of pleural infection: A complex warfare
Authors: Popowicz Natalia , Idell Steven , Lee Y.C. Gary
Published: September 2017

See related Article
Radiographic fibrosis score predicts survival in systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Takei Reoto , Arita Machiko , Kumagai Shogo , Ito Yuhei , Tokioka Fumiaki , Koyama Takashi , Saito Rintaro , Nishimura Keisuke , Tokumasu Hironobu , Ishida Tadashi
Published: September 2017

Background and objective

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common pulmonary manifestation of systemic sclerosis (SSc). It is unknown whether radiographic fibrosis score predicts mortality in SSc‐associated ILD (SSc‐ILD). We retrospectively analysed patients with SSc‐ILD to evaluate whether radiographic fibrosis score was a useful predictor of mortality.

Methods

We identified SSc‐ILD patients evaluated at Kurashiki Central Hospital (Japan) from 2006 to 2016, and radiographic fibrosis scores based on the extent of reticulation and honeycombing on high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning were calculated by manually tracing around each fibrotic area. Independent predictors of overall survival were determined using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

The study included 48 patients, of whom 19 had usual interstitial pneumonia on HRCT. The median follow‐up period was 56.6 months, and over the follow‐up period 15 patients died. The 5‐year survival was 72.4%. In the multivariate analysis, radiographic fibrosis score, age, being male and forced vital capacity were independently associated with an increased risk of death, while HRCT pattern was not.

Conclusion

A high radiographic fibrosis score was a poor prognostic factor in SSc‐ILD. More widespread fibrosis was associated with an increased risk of death, independent of HRCT pattern.
Private security and military contractors: A troubling oversight
Authors: Swed Ori , Crosbie Thomas
Published: September 2017

Though private military and security companies (PMSCs) have been addressed extensively in the literature, little research has been done on the contractors themselves, leaving us in the dark as to who these individuals are. In this article, we focus on the critical case of the United States armed services and argue that two broad developments have been converging that both point to the need for new, microlevel sociological research on the people who are involved in the global PMSC industry. To this end, we first draw from an extensive political science literature to illustrate the rise of the PMSCs and concomitant evolution of the security sector, while noting a new trend that points to the need for moving from the macrosocial to the microsocial level of inquiry. Second, we indicate the challenges contractors pose to the sociological paradigm of military professionalism: These suggest a need to move from the mesosocial to the microsocial level of inquiry. We conclude by reviewing the existing research on the demographics of the sector and then indicating the troubling gaps in our current understanding of this critical sector of the national security apparatus.
18F‐FDG‐PET/CT as adjunctive diagnostic modalities in canine fever of unknown origin
Authors: Grobman Megan , Cohn Leah , Knapp Stephanie , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Reinero Carol
Published: September 2017

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a persistent or recurrent fever for which the underlying source has not been identified despite diagnostic investigation. In people, 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET) alone or in combination with computed tomography (CT) is often beneficial in detecting the source of fever when other diagnostics have failed. Veterinary reports describing use of these modalities in animals with fever of unknown origin are currently lacking. Aims of this retrospective case series were to describe 18F‐FDG‐PET or 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT findings in a group of dogs with fever of unknown origin. Dogs presenting to a single center between April 2012 and August 2015 were included. A total of four dogs met inclusion criteria and underwent either positron emission tomography (n = 2) or positron emission tomography/CT (n = 2) as a part of their diagnostic investigation. All subjects underwent extensive diagnostic testing prior to 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT. Initial diagnostic evaluation failed to identify either a cause of fever or an anatomic location of disease in these four dogs. In each dog, positron emission tomography or positron emission tomography/CT was either able to localize or rule out the presence of focal lesion thereby allowing for directed sampling and/or informed disease treatment. Follow up 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT scans performed in two patients showed improvement of observed abnormalities (n = 1) or detected recurrence of disease allowing for repeated treatment before clinical signs recurred (n = 1). Fever resolved after specific treatment in each dog. Findings from the current study supported the use of positron emission tomography or positron emission tomography/CT as adjunctive imaging modalities for diagnosis and gauging response to therapy in dogs with fever of unknown origin.
The horizontal transfer of Salmonella between the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and poultry manure
Authors: Crippen T. L. , Sheffield C. L. , Beier R. C. , Nisbet D. J.
Published: September 2017

There is need to determine the nature of enduring reservoirs of Salmonella contributing to perpetual contamination within poultry flocks. The dispersal of Salmonella between birds, litter and the lesser mealworm has been established, but the extent that these act as critical components in the epidemiology of Salmonella infection during broiler grow‐out and flock rotation has not been delineated; in particular, the level of participation by the lesser mealworm beetles (LMB) as agents of retention and dispersal. This study defines this route of transmission and provides empirical data on bacterial loads that facilitate Salmonella transfer. Results showed differential Salmonella transfer dependent on bacterial concentration. At 103 cfu/ml, only a small, but not significant, amount of Salmonella was transferred, from the LMB to the manure and back to uninfected LMB; while from 105 to 107 cfu/ml, a significant acquisition and transfer occurred both internally and externally to the LMB over 4 and 24 hr exposures. These data will be used in correlation with facility management practices to develop intervention strategies to mitigate the establishment and spreading of reservoir Salmonella populations contributing to pre‐harvest contamination of poultry flocks.
Stable and Unstable Rotational Dynamics of a Smartphone
Authors: Loth Matthew , Gibbons Chad , Belaiter Sami , Clarage James B.
Published: September 2017

One of the canonical, and memorable, classroom demonstrations from an upper-division mechanics course is to toss a rigid body with three distinct principal moments of inertia into the air, giving it a spin along one of its three principal axes. A student’s mechanics textbook itself works great for the body, secured rigidly shut with a rubber band. The book will spin stably about its longest and shortest dimensions, just like a top or gyroscope. What is surprising is that any attempt to spin the book about its intermediate axis (the axis parallel to the book’s lines of text) will result in a wildly unstable and chaotic tumbling, which most students find curious enough to warrant staying awake for a subsequent derivation of Euler’s equations. However, now that most students read their text “books” off of a tablet or phone, this demonstration may seem outdated. Or is it? Like a textbook, a phone or tablet also has three distinct principal moments. Better still, not only do these solid state devices require no rubber band, but these bodies can collect detailed data on their dynamical state, turning a demonstration into an actual experiment. This article reports the results of this modern version of the classical “book toss” demonstration, fittingly carried out by a team composed of both an old physics professor and a youthful group of three undergraduate students studying physics and engineering.
Music in a bag? Controlling the bag of Majorcan and Galician bagpipes
Authors: Ernoult Augustin , Fabre Benoît , Balosso-Bardin Cassandre , Franciosi Ilya , de la Cuadra Patricio
Published: September 2017

After defining the mechanical framework of the bag control of bagpipe, this paper presents a study of the bag pressure control in a musical context through the comparison of six players and two bagpipes: one Galician (gaita) and one Majorcan (xeremies), the latter mainly differentiated organologically by a much larger bag size. General observations first lead to the identification and interpretation of the range of control parameters observed. A more detailed analysis of the control parameters during the production of steady notes highlights the coordination between insufflations and the arm displacement necessary to produce a stable and continuous sound. Finally, the bag pressure variation is observed in a musical context and correlated with the musical task, thus, associating different control strategies to the different bagpipes played by the musicians.
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(407)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: September 2017

This week’s articles show that blocking a prometastatic process unintentionally impairs immunotherapy and report new therapeutic targets in type 2 diabetes and asthmatic lung disease.
Age-Related Trends in Adults with Community-Onset Bacteremia
Authors: Lee Ching-Chi , Wang Jiun-Ling , Lee Chung-Hsun , Hung Yuan-Pin , Hong Ming-Yuan , Chang Chia-Ming , Ko Wen-Chien
Published: September 2017

To understand the epidemiological variation in bacteremia characteristics among differently aged populations, adults with community-onset bacteremia during a 6-year period were studied in a retrospective cohort. A total of 2,349 bacteremic patients were stratified into four age categories: young adults (18 to 44 years old; 196 patients; 8.3%), adults (45 to 64 years old; 707 patients; 30.1%), the elderly (65 to 84 years old; 1,098 patients; 46.7%), and the oldest old (
≥
85 years old; 348 patients; 14.8%). Age-related trends in critical illness (a Pitt bacteremia score of ≥4) at bacteremia onset, antibiotic-resistant pathogens (extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL]-producing
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella
species, and
Proteus mirabilis
[EKP]; methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
[MRSA]; and levofloxacin nonsusceptible EKP), inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy (EAT), and 4-week mortality rate were observed. Using a multivariate regression model, critical illness at bacteremia onset (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 9.03;
P
< 0.001) and inappropriate EAT (AOR, 2.67;
P
< 0.001) were the two leading predictors of 4-week mortality. Moreover, ESBL-producing EKP (AOR, 12.94;
P
< 0.001), MRSA (AOR, 8.66;
P
< 0.001), and levofloxacin-nonsusceptible EKP (AOR, 4.27;
P
< 0.001) were linked to inappropriate EAT. In conclusion, among adults with community onset bacteremia, significant positive age-related trends were noted in antibiotic-resistant pathogens and bacteremia severity, which were related to the increasing incidence of inappropriate EAT and 4-week mortality with age. Thus, different empirical antimicrobial regimens should be considered for distinct age groups.
Observational Study of Associations between Voriconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Toxicity, and Outcome in Liver Transplant Patients
Authors: Hashemizadeh Zahra , Badiee Parisa , Malekhoseini Seyed Ali , Raeisi Shahraki Hadi , Geramizadeh Bita , Montaseri Hashem
Published: September 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the variability of the voriconazole plasma level and its relationships with clinical outcomes and adverse events among liver transplant recipients to optimize the efficacy and safety of their treatment. Liver transplant recipients treated with voriconazole were included, and voriconazole trough levels were quantified by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Cytochrome P450 genotypes for CYP2C19 were evaluated in allograft liver tissues. A total of 832 voriconazole trough levels from 104 patients were measured. Proven, probable, and possible invasive fungal infections were reported for 8/104 (7.7%), 42/104 (40.4%), and 54/104 (51.9%) patients, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that trough concentrations of ≥1.3 μg/ml minimized the incidence of treatment failure (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.91 μg/ml) (
P
< 0.001) and that those of <5.3 μg/ml minimized the incidence of any adverse events (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.97 μg/ml) (
P
< 0.001). Voriconazole trough levels were significantly higher for heterozygous extensive metabolizers, poor metabolizers, and individuals receiving coadministration with proton pump inhibitors. For ultrarapid metabolizers, oral administration of voriconazole, and concomitant use of glucocorticoids, voriconazole blood concentrations were significantly reduced. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant association of patient age, weight, or gender or coadministration of tacrolimus and cyclosporine with the voriconazole trough level. In conclusion, the results of our analysis indicate large inter- and intraindividual variabilities of voriconazole concentrations in liver transplant recipients. Voriconazole trough concentrations of ≥1.3 μg/ml and <5.3 μg/ml are optimal for treatment and for minimization of adverse events. Optimization of drug efficacy and safety requires the use of rational doses for voriconazole therapy.
Altered Regulation of the Diguanylate Cyclase YaiC Reduces Production of Type 1 Fimbriae in a Pst Mutant of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073
Authors: Crépin Sébastien , Porcheron Gaëlle , Houle Sébastien , Harel Josée , Dozois Charles M.
Published: September 2017

Thepstgene cluster encodes the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system. Inactivation of the Pst system constitutively activates the two-component regulatory system PhoBR and attenuates the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. In uropathogenicEscherichia colistrain CFT073, attenuation by inactivation ofpstis predominantly attributed to the decreased expression of type 1 fimbriae. However, the molecular mechanisms connecting the Pst system and type 1 fimbriae are unknown. To address this, a transposon library was constructed in thepstmutant, and clones were tested for a regain in type 1 fimbrial production. Among them, the diguanylate cyclase encoded byyaiC(adrAinSalmonella) was identified to connect the Pst system and type 1 fimbrial expression. In thepstmutant, the decreased expression of type 1 fimbriae is connected by the induction ofyaiC. This is predominantly due to altered expression of the FimBE-like recombinase genesipuAandipbA, affecting at the same time the inversion of thefimpromoter switch (fimS). In thepstmutant, inactivation ofyaiCrestoredfim-dependent adhesion to bladder cells and virulence. Interestingly, the expression ofyaiCwas activated by PhoB, since transcription ofyaiCwas linked to the PhoB-dependentphoA-psiFoperon. As YaiC is involved in cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) biosynthesis, an increased accumulation of c-di-GMP was observed in thepstmutant. Hence, the results suggest that one mechanism by which deletion of the Pst system reduces the expression of type 1 fimbriae is through PhoBR-mediated activation ofyaiC, which in turn increases the accumulation of c-di-GMP, represses thefimoperon, and, consequently, attenuates virulence in the mouse urinary tract infection model.

IMPORTANCEUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections in humans. They are mainly caused by uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC). We previously showed that interference with phosphate homeostasis decreases the expression of type 1 fimbriae and attenuates UPEC virulence. Herein, we identified that alteration of the phosphate metabolism increases production of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP, which in turn decreases the expression of type 1 fimbriae. We also determine the regulatory cascade leading to the accumulation of c-di-GMP and identify the Pho regulon as new players in c-di-GMP-mediated cell signaling. By understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to the expression of virulence factors, we will be in a better position to develop new therapeutics.
Refractory coeliac disease: or is it?
Authors: Amadi Chidi , Anderson Simon
Published: September 2017

A previously healthy 33-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of nausea, anorexia and weight loss. Coeliac disease was diagnosed at another hospital with positive serology and D2 biopsies and he was started on a gluten-free diet. The details of these tests were not available to us. Despite good adherence to a gluten-free diet, he continued to lose weight and became anaemic. A repeat gastroscopy showed D2 ulcers.Helicobacter pyloriinfection was excluded, coeliac serology remained negative but D2 biopsies showed partial duodenal villous flattening with intraepithelial lymphocytosis. Type 1 refractory coeliac disease was diagnosed. Prednisolone and azathioprine were commenced but the vomiting and weight loss progressed. A subsequent gastroscopy and CT scan revealed a D3 stricture and duodenal dilatation, respectively, in keeping with superior mesenteric artery syndrome. An infracolic duodenojejunostomy was performed and immunosuppression stopped. Subsequently, all his symptoms resolved and he remains well on a gluten-free diet.
Concussion in field hockey: a retrospective analysis into the incidence rates, mechanisms, symptoms and recovery of concussive injuries sustained by elite field hockey players
Authors: Rossiter Michael , Challis Michael
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To identify the incidence and mechanisms of concussion in elite Field Hockey in different age groups and also the postconcussion symptoms and recovery times.

Methods

Data was collected retrospectively, for both training and matches, over a 12-month period from national level Field Hockey players across under-16, under-18, under-21, Development and Senior players.

Mechanism of injury (including player role and field position), postconcussive symptoms and recovery times were recorded following a semistructured interview with each player. Additional information on training hours, matches and squad size were also recorded in order to calculate the incidence per 1000 match hours.

Results

Of the 28 recorded cases, only 11 could be included in the study. Women had the highest incidence of concussion, with the majority being in the under-21 age group. Overall incidence varied from 3/1000 match hours in training to 0.02/1000 match hours in matches, with an overall incidence of 0–0.02/1000 match hours across all age groups. The most common mechanism of injury was collision with another player, followed by impact from a stick or ball Midfield and attacking forwards sustained the highest incidence of concussion. None of the concussed athletes wore protective headgear (there were no cases of concussion in goal keepers) and all occurred in open play rather than a penalty corner (when protective headgear is often worn). Postconcussion headaches and difficulty concentrating were the most commonly reported postconcussion symptoms. Average recovery time and return-to-play was 2–4 weeks.

Conclusions

Due to the low numbers, only limited conclusions can be made, but it would appear that the risk of concussion in elite Field Hockey is low. As age and skill increases, the risk decreases. Postconcussion symptoms and average return-to-play times are similar to other sports. From this study, no conclusions can be made as to the role of protective headgear to reduce the risk of concussion.
Dermal Carotenoid Measurement is Inversely Related to Anxiety in Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Li David G , LeCompte Gabrielle , Golod Lev , Cecchi Gary , Irwin David , Harken Alden , Matecki Amy
Published: September 2017

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide. Increased oxidative stress and poor subjective health outcomes have been associated with increased risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis, but few studies until now have explored the relationship between oxidative stress and chronic stress/anxiety. This study aims to examine the association between anxiety and a potential dermal correlate of oxidative stress in patients with breast cancer. 102 breast cancer patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at Highland Hospital, a county hospital in Oakland, California. Each participant's skin carotenoid score (SCS), a potential dermal correlate of oxidative stress, was recorded via Raman spectroscopy. Patient demographics, breast cancer stage, and subjective health measures (anxiety and self-rated health) were ascertained. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to quantify any associations between SCS and the above health correlates. Higher levels of skin carotenoids were associated with decreased severity of anxiety, lower BMI, increased servings of vegetables/fruits in daily diet, Hispanic race, lower educational status, and nonsmoking status. Severity of anxiety as graded by the GAD-7 was inversely associated with dermal carotenoid measurements via SCS. Conclusions. Increased levels of oxidative stress as quantified by SCS is associated with greater severity of anxiety. Because chronic stress has been associated with tumor progression, increased recurrence rates, and increased metastatic risk in breast cancer, non-invasive dermal carotenoid measurements could be used as a novel objective correlate of subjective health during cancer treatment.
Associations between coronary and carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with inflammatory joint diseases
Authors: Svanteson Mona , Rollefstad Silvia , Kløw Nils Einar , Hisdal Jonny , Ikdahl Eirik , Semb Anne Grete , Haig Ylva
Published: September 2017

Objective

Low association between cardiac symptoms and coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with inflammatory joint diseases (IJD) demands for objective markers to improve cardiovascular risk stratification. Our main aim was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of CAD in patients with IJD with carotid artery plaques. Furthermore, we aimed to assess associations of carotid ultrasonographic findings and coronary plaques.

Methods

Eighty-six patients (61% female) with IJD (55 with rheumatoid arthritis, 21 with ankylosing spondylitis and 10 with psoriatic arthritis) and carotid artery plaque were referred to coronary CT angiography (CCTA). CAD was evaluated using the modified 17-segment American Heart Association model. Calcium score, plaque composition, segment involvement score and segment stenosis score were assessed and correlated to the carotid artery plaques and cardiovascular disease risk factors in logistic and linear regression analyses. Risk prediction models were tested with various cut-off values for associating variables.

Results

Fifty-five patients (66%) had CAD assessed by CCTA and 36 (43%) of these had coronary plaques defined as either mixed or soft. Eleven patients (13%) had obstructive CAD. The best risk prediction model (area under the curve: 0.832, 95% CI 0.730 to 0.935) included the combination of variables with cut-off values: age ≥55 years (OR: 12.18, 95% CI 2.80 to 53.05), the carotid-intima media thickness ≥0.7 mm (OR: 4.08, 95% CI 1.20 to 13.89) and carotid plaque height ≥1.5 mm (OR: 8.96, 95% CI 1.68 to 47.91), p<0.05.

Conclusion

Presence of carotid plaque is alone not sufficient to identify patients at risk for CAD, and a combination of ultrasonographic measurements may be useful in risk stratification of patients with IJD.

Trial registration number

NCT01389388, Results.
Critical end point in a thermomagnetic nonlocal NJL model
Authors: Márquez F. , Zamora R.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we explore the critical end point in the [Formula: see text] phase diagram of a thermomagnetic nonlocal Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model in the weak field limit. We work with the Gaussian regulator, and find that a crossover takes place at [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. The crossover turns to a first-order phase transition as the chemical potential or the magnetic field increases. The critical end point of the phase diagram occurs at a higher temperature and lower chemical potential as the magnetic field increases. This result is in accordance to similar findings in other effective models. We also find that there is a critical magnetic field, for which a first-order phase transition takes place even at [Formula: see text].
Alternatives to the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel: An Investigation
Authors: Arcelli Fontana Francesca , Raibulet Claudia , Zanoni Marco
Published: September 2017

To better understand and exploit the knowledge necessary to comprehend and evolve an existing system, different models can be extracted from it. Models represent the extracted information at various abstraction levels, and are useful to document, maintain, and reengineer the system. The Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) has been defined by the object management group as a meta-model supporting a large share of reverse engineering activities. Its specification has also been adopted by the ISO in 2012. This paper explores and describes alternative meta-models proposed in the literature to support reverse engineering, program comprehension, and software evolution activities. We focus on the similarity and differences of the alternative meta-models with KDM, trying to understand the potentials of reciprocal information interchange. We describe KDM and other five meta-models, plus their extensions available in the literature and their diffusion in the reverse engineering community. We also investigate the approaches using KDM and the five meta-models. In the paper, we underline the limited reuse of models for reverse engineering, and identify potential directions for future related research, to enhance the existing models and ease the exchange of information among them.
Unmixing of large-scale hyperspectral data based on projected mini-batch gradient descent
Authors: Li Jing , Li Xiaorun , Zhao Liaoying
Published: September 2017

The minimization problem of reconstruction error over large hyperspectral image data is one of the most important problems in unsupervised hyperspectral unmixing. A variety of algorithms based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) have been proposed in the literature to solve this minimization problem. One popular optimization method for NMF is the projected gradient descent (PGD). However, as the algorithm must compute the full gradient on the entire dataset at every iteration, the PGD suffers from high computational cost in the large-scale real hyperspectral image. In this paper, we try to alleviate this problem by introducing a mini-batch gradient descent-based algorithm, which has been widely used in large-scale machine learning. In our method, the endmember can be updated pixel set by pixel set while abundance can be updated band set by band set. Thus, the computational cost is lowered to a certain extent. The performance of the proposed algorithm is quantified in the experiment on synthetic and real data.
A multilevel Monte Carlo finite difference method for random scalar degenerate convection–diffusion equations
Authors: Koley Ujjwal , Risebro Nils Henrik , Schwab Christoph , Weber Franziska
Published: September 2017

This paper proposes a finite difference multilevel Monte Carlo algorithm for degenerate parabolic convection–diffusion equations where the convective and diffusive fluxes are allowed to be random. We establish a notion of stochastic entropy solutions to these equations. Our chief goal is to efficiently compute approximations to statistical moments of these stochastic entropy solutions. To this end, we design a multilevel Monte Carlo method based on a finite volume scheme for each sample. We present a novel convergence rate analysis of the combined multilevel Monte Carlo finite volume method, allowing in particular for low [Formula: see text]-integrability of the random solution with [Formula: see text], and low deterministic convergence rates (here, the theoretical rate is [Formula: see text]). We analyze the design and error versus work of the multilevel estimators. We obtain that the maximal rate (based on optimizing possibly the pessimistic upper bounds on the discretization error) is obtained for [Formula: see text], for finite volume convergence rate of [Formula: see text]. We conclude with numerical experiments.
Performance Improving Method of Aligned Silver Nanorod by Grafting Au@Ag Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Chen Jian , Dong Peitao , Wang Chaoguang , Zhang Chenyu , Wang Junfeng , Wu Xuezhong
Published: September 2017

A simple method for improving surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance of aligned silver nanorod (Ag NR) array was investigated. This method was to construct a kind of hybrid substrate by grafting Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) into Ag NR array using poly(2-vinylphridine) (P2VPy) as a bridging agent. The hybrid substrate yielded excellent SERS performance as its detection limit improved from 10[Formula: see text] M to 10[Formula: see text] M using trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE) as probe molecule, which was increased by two orders of magnitude compared with Ag NR array substrate. The significant improvement of SERS performance of Ag NR arrays was attributed to the addition of Au@Ag core–shell NPs. As a result of surface plasmon resonance generated by the interaction of electromagnetic (EM) (IAEM) filed between NP and NR structures, increasing hotspots were found at the connections of NPs and NRs, the gaps of adjacent rods, and the gaps of two particles consequently. These results were validated by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculation. Besides, hybrid substrate shows good performance in stability and reproducibility. The proposed method was simple and robust, which promoted SERS performance of Ag NR array effectively, showing great potential in the application of SERS substrate fabrication and SERS-based bio-chemical sensing.
Hybrid Veil-Like Co(OH)2/rGO Nanocomposites Towards Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Properties
Authors: Wang Keda , Yu Jing , Liu Lijun , Hou Lin , Jin Fengyou
Published: September 2017

The design and synthesis of new hydrogen storage nanomaterials with high capacity at low cost is extremely desirable but remains challenging for today’s development of a hydrogen economy. As a new type hydrogen storage material, Co(OH)2/rGO nanocomposites were successfully obtained through a facile method in this study. Through the measurements of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge, it indicated that Co(OH)2/rGO nanocomposites showed a veil-like microstructure, consisting of interlaced nanorods with a diameter of 4–8[Formula: see text]nm on rGO nanosheets. The hydrogen storage capacity was up to 400[Formula: see text]mAh/g at room temperature, higher than those of graphene and Co(OH)2.
A model for analyzing phenomena in multicellular organisms with multivariable polynomials: Polynomial life
Authors: Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: September 2017

Most of life maintains itself through turnover, namely cell proliferation, movement and elimination. Hydra’s cells, for example, disappear continuously from the ends of tentacles, but these cells are replenished by cell proliferation within the body. Inspired by such a biological fact, and together with various operations of polynomials, I here propose polynomial-life model toward analysis of some phenomena in multicellular organisms. Polynomial life consists of multicells that are expressed as multivariable polynomials. A cell is expressed as a term of polynomial, in which point [Formula: see text] is described as a term [Formula: see text] and the condition is described as its coefficient. Starting with a single term and following reductions by set of polynomials, I simulate the development from a cell to a multicell. In order to confirm uniqueness of the eventual multicell-pattern, Gröbner base can be used, which has been conventionally used to ensure uniqueness of normal form in the mathematical context. In this framework, I present various patterns through the polynomial-life model and discuss patterns maintained through turnover. Cell elimination seems to play an important role in turnover, which may shed some light on cancer or regenerative medicine.
In situ synthesis of Co–Ni nanocomposite catalysts of the partial oxidation of methane from K2NiF4-like complex oxide precursors
Authors: Malyshev S. A. , Shlyakhtin O. A. , Mazo G. N. , Loktev A. S. , Dedov A. G. , Moiseev I. I.
Published: September 2017

Oxide precursors NdCaCo[Formula: see text]NixOn ([Formula: see text]) are obtained by the solid-state synthesis method at 1100[Formula: see text]C. According to XRD analysis, the main components of these precursors are complex oxides with K2NiF4-like structure at [Formula: see text] and with rhombically distorted K2NiF4 structure at [Formula: see text]. A thermal decomposition of these precursors in the mixture of CH4/O[Formula: see text] at T [Formula: see text] 800[Formula: see text]C results in the formation of dense metal-oxide nanocomposite particles. As-obtained nanocomposites demonstrated a considerable catalytic activity and selectivity in the reaction of partial oxidation of methane; their catalytic properties vary non-monotonously with Co/Ni ratio. The maximum CH4 conversion and CO selectivity at 820[Formula: see text]C is demonstrated by the composite comprising Nd2O3, CaO, NiO and Ni metal nanoparticles.
Analytic geometry of semisimple coalescent Frobenius structures
Authors: Cotti Giordano , Guzzetti Davide
Published: September 2017

We present some results of a joint paper with Dubrovin (see references), as exposed at the Workshop “Asymptotic and Computational Aspects of Complex Differential Equations” at the CRM in Pisa, in February 2017. The analytical description of semisimple Frobenius manifolds is extended at semisimple coalescence points, namely points with some coalescing canonical coordinates although the corresponding Frobenius algebra is semisimple. After summarizing and revisiting the theory of the monodromy local invariants of semisimple Frobenius manifolds, as introduced by Dubrovin, it is shown how the definition of monodromy data can be extended also at semisimple coalescence points. Furthermore, a local Isomonodromy theorem at semisimple coalescence points is presented. Some examples of computation are taken from the quantum cohomologies of complex Grassmannians.
Security issuance and price impact under loss aversion
Authors: Niu Weining , Zeng Qingduo
Published: September 2017

The paper builds an equilibrium model to analyze the effect of risk aversion, risk seeking and loss aversion on corporate financing choice, capital structure and price impact. It shows that if the probability of a gain is higher than a certain level, risk aversion parameter has a positive relation with capital structure and price impact; while risk seeking parameter has a negative relation with capital structure and price impact, and vice versa. Loss aversion has negative relation with capital structure and price impact. The numerical simulation verifies our findings to some extent.
Orbital-climate control of mass-flow sedimentation in a Miocene alluvial-fan succession (Teruel Basin, Spain)
Authors: Ventra Dario , Abels Hemmo A. , Hilgen Frederik J. , de Boer Poppe L.
Published: September 2017

The role of climate change in driving alluvial-fan sedimentation is hard to assess in pre-Quaternary successions, for which detailed chronologies and climate-proxy records cannot be easily established. In the Teruel Basin (Spain), high-resolution (10
4
–10
5
years) chronological and palaeoclimatic information was derived by orbital tuning of Late Miocene mudflat to ephemeral-lake deposits. The semi-arid palaeoclimate made this low-gradient, basinal environment sensitive to thresholds in the local hydrological balance. Basic facies rhythms are attributed to alternating, relatively humid/arid phases controlled by the climatic precession cycle. The lower stratigraphic interval of this reference section interfingers with distal, coarse-clastic beds from a coeval alluvial fan. The consistent interdigitation of debris-flow deposits with distal strata indicative of arid-to-humid climate transitions shows that fan sedimentation was regulated by climate cyclicity. In particular, the largest volumes of terrigenous debris were shed from the fan onto adjacent mudflats during transitions to relatively humid periods with pronounced seasonality, during precession minima. Distal to medial sections within alluvial-fan outcrops also feature prominent, laterally continuous alternations of coarse- and fine-clastic packages. This high degree of architectural organization, uncommon in fan successions, and stratigraphic relationships with the reference section suggest orbitally controlled climate change to have been the forcing mechanism.
Modeling Impact of Temperature and Human Movement on the Persistence of Dengue Disease
Authors: Phaijoo Ganga Ram , Gurung Dil Bahadur
Published: September 2017

Dengue is a vector-borne infectious disease endemic in many parts of the world. The disease is spreading in new places due to human movement into the dengue disease supporting areas. Temperature is the major climatic factor which affects the biological processes of the mosquitoes and their interaction with the viruses. In the present work, we propose a multipatch model to assess the impact of temperature and human movement in the transmission dynamics of dengue disease. The work consists of system of ordinary differential equations that describe the transmission dynamics of dengue disease between humans and mosquitoes. Human population is divided into four classes: susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered. Mosquito population is divided into three classes: susceptible, exposed, and infectious. Basic reproduction numberR0of the model is obtained using Next-Generation Matrix method. The qualitative analysis of the model is made in terms of the basic reproduction number. Parameters used in the model are considered temperature dependent. Dynamics of vector and host populations are investigated with different human movement rates and different temperature levels. Numerical results show that proper management of human movement between patches helps reducing the burden of dengue disease. It is also seen that the temperature affects the transmission dynamics of the disease significantly.
Transformation of a University Lecture Hall in Valladolid (Spain) into a NZEB: LCA of a BIPV System Integrated in Its Façade
Authors: Palacios-Jaimes Gloria Y. , Martín-Ramos Pablo , Rey-Martínez Francisco J. , Fernández-Coppel Ignacio A.
Published: September 2017

The EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2010/31/EU) poses a major challenge, as it promotes the transformation of existing buildings into nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB). In this work, we present the case of study of a lecture hall building, owned by the University of Valladolid (Spain), that is currently being refurbished into a NZEB by integration of renewable energy sources (RES), also in line with the requirements from Directive 2009/28/EC. As part of its major renovation, not only Trombe walls and geothermal energy are to be incorporated but also a building-integrated solar photovoltaic (BIPV) system to address the electricity needs and reduce the building’s energy use and GHGs in a cost-effective manner. The environmental profile of this BIPV system has been investigated using life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), assessing the net emissions of CO2 and the damages caused in a comparative context with conventional electricity-generation pathways. In spite of the small power installed in this first stage (designed to cover only an annual energy consumption of about 13,000 kWh, around 6% of the total demand), it can be concluded that significant environmental benefits are gained using this system.
Quantifying Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Singers: Perceptual and Objective Findings
Authors: Lloyd Adam T. , Ruddy Bari Hoffman , Silverman Erin , Lewis Vicki M. , Lehman Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2017

This study examines the relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) symptoms and oropharyngeal pH levels in singers. We hypothesized that reported symptoms would correlate with objective measures of pH levels from the oropharynx, including the number and total duration of reflux episodes. Twenty professional/semiprofessional singers completed the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and underwent oropharyngeal pH monitoring. Mild, moderate, or severe pH exposure was recorded during oropharyngeal pH monitoring. Correlations were performed to examine potential relationships between reflux symptoms and duration of LPR episodes. Symptom severity did not correlate with pH levels; however, we found a number of covariances of interest. Large sample sizes are necessary to determine if true correlations exist. Our results suggest that singers may exhibit enhanced sensitivity to LPR and may therefore manifest symptoms, even in response to subtle changes in pH. This study emphasizes the importance of sensitive and objective measures of reflux severity as well as consideration of the cumulative time of reflux exposure in addition to the number of reflux episodes.
Therapeutic Approaches and Role of ncRNAs in Cardiovascular Disorders and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Liyanage Kalupahana Irushi Pamodya , Ganegoda Gamage Upeksha
Published: September 2017

Diseases resulting from alterations in gene expressions through mutations in the genes or through changes in the gene expression regulation could be identified through the analysis of RNA expressions. ncRNAs play a significant role in regulation of the gene expression by controlling the expression levels of the coding RNAs and other cellular processes. Discoveries have shown that the human genome is encoded with sequences responsible for the transcription of thousands of ncRNAs. Even though the studies conducted on ncRNAs are still at initial stages, facts established so far display biomarkers that confirm their relationship with certain diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and insulin resistance. These studies have been facilitated with high throughput modern sequencing techniques such as microarrays and RNA sequencing. The data obtained through the above analysis are processed with the aid of existing databases, to deduce conclusions on different diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for specific diseases. This review focuses on the association of ncRNAs in disease prediction, focusing mainly on cardiovascular diseases and disorders caused by insulin resistance. The report also analyzes regulatory functions of ncRNAs and novel approaches used in disease therapeutics.
Salt, Aldosterone, and Parathyroid Hormone: What Is the Relevance for Organ Damage?
Authors: Catena Cristiana , Colussi Gian Luca , Brosolo Gabriele , Bertin Nicole , Novello Marileda , Palomba Andrea , Sechi Leonardo A.
Published: September 2017

Structured interventions on lifestyle have been suggested as a cost-effective strategy for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that dietary salt restriction effectively decreases blood pressure, but its influence on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is still under debate. Evidence gathered from studies conducted in patients with primary aldosteronism, essential hypertension, or heart failure demonstrates that long-term exposure to elevated aldosterone results in cardiac structural and functional changes that are independent of blood pressure. Animal experiments and initial clinical studies indicate that aldosterone damages the heart only in the context of an inappropriately elevated salt status. Recent evidence suggests that aldosterone might functionally interact with the parathyroid hormone and thereby affect calcium homeostasis with important sequelae for bone mineral density and strength. The interaction between aldosterone and parathyroid hormone might have implications also for the heart. Elevated dietary salt is associated on the one hand with increased urinary calcium excretion and, on the other hand, could facilitate the interaction between aldosterone and parathyroid hormone at the cellular level. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the contribution of salt and aldosterone to cardiovascular disease and the possible cardiac and skeletal consequences of the mutual interplay between aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, and salt.
Aprepitant for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Pruritus
Authors: He Alice , Alhariri Jihad M. , Sweren Ronald J. , Kwatra Madan M. , Kwatra Shawn G.
Published: September 2017

Chronic pruritus is a difficult condition to treat and is associated with several comorbidities, including insomnia, depression, and decreased quality of life. Treatment for chronic itch includes corticosteroids, antihistamines, and systemic therapies such as naltrexone, gabapentin, UV light therapy, and immunomodulatory treatments, including azathioprine, methotrexate, and cellcept. However, some patients still remain refractory to conventional therapy. Aprepitant is a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist approved for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting (CINV, PONV). Recently, aprepitant has demonstrated effectiveness in several case series and open label trials in relieving pruritus for patients refractory to other treatments. Patients with pruritus associated with Sézary syndrome, mycosis fungoides, lung adenocarcinoma, breast carcinoma, sarcomas, metastatic solid tumors, chronic kidney disease, hyperuricemia, iron deficiency, brachioradial pruritus, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma have experienced considerable symptom relief with short-term use of aprepitant (up to two weeks). Due to differences in reporting and evaluation of drug effects, the mechanism of aprepitant’s role is difficult to understand based on the current literature. Herein, we evaluate aprepitant’s antipruritic effects and discuss its mechanism of action and adverse effects. We propose that aprepitant is an alternative for patients suffering from pruritus who do not obtain enough symptom relief from conventional therapy.