bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgG1 Antibodies to House Dust Mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) and Late Asthmatic Response
Authors: Ito K. , Kudo K. , Okudaira H. , Yoshinoya S. , Morita Y. , Nakagawa T. , Akiyama K. , Urata C. , Hayakawa T. , Ohta K. , Nakada S. , Horiuchi T. , Takizawa H. , Shoji S. , Ishii A. , Kitani S. , Haida M. , Yamashita N. , Honda Z. , Miyamoto T.
Published: August 2009

Thirteen asthmatic patients sensitive to mite were challenged by inhalation of an extract of mites (Dermatophagoides farinae). Seven showed dual bronchial reactions and 5 showed isolated immediate responses. No patient showed an isolated late reaction. Six of seven patients with dual reaction had higher IgG1 antibodies than the 5 patients with isolated immediate reaction when examined before the challenge. A similar result was obtained in terms of levels of immune complex. IgE, IgG4 and total IgG antibodies were not predictive for late reaction. These results suggest that there is a close correlation of the presence of high IgG1 antibodies with a propensity to develop late asthmatic responses. The meaning of this observation is discussed.
An Established MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr Cell Line with Null Cell Properties Produces a B Cell Differentiation Factor(s) That Promotes Anti-Single-Stranded DNA Antibody Production in MRL Spleen Cell Culture
Authors: Kanai Yoshiyuki , Katagiri Takuya , Mori Shigeo , Kubota Tetsuo
Published: August 2009

The cell line established from the lymph node cells of an MRL/lpr mouse, was found to have null cell properties in that it lacked Thy-1, Lyt-1 and Lyt-2 as well as sig, and continued to grow in the absence of exogeneously added lymphokines such as IL-2 and IL-3. Interestingly, this cell line (KML1) or a soluble factors) produced by it promoted anti-ssDNA antibody production in cultures of MRL/lpr spleen cells. The factor did not induce cell proliferation. Therefore, it is concluded that the cell line KML1 produced at least a B-cell differentiation factor, but not IL-2 or IL-3 as far as detected with the respective lymphokine-dependent cell lines.
Potentiated IgE Response in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infested Rats – Sites of Synthesis and Traffic of Cells Secreting Potentiated Antibody
Authors: Allan W. , Mayrhofer G.
Published: August 2009

The distribution and the kinetics of potentiated antibody synthesis have been studied at the cellular level in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis using the homologous adoptive cutaneous anaphylaxis technique. In animals immunized in the hind footpads with alum-absorbed ovalbumin 10 days prior to infestation with the parasite, the major sites of potentiated anti-ovalbumin homocytotropic antibody synthesis were the regional lymph nodes of the gut and the lungs. Peyer’s patches were weakly active late in the response and the spleen produced considerable amounts of potentiated antibody. The regional lymph nodes of the ovalbumin immunization sites were the only organs in which specific homocytotropic antibody synthesis was detected in uninfested control rats. The kinetics of synthesis of the potentiated antibody by cells correlated well with the levels of anti-ovalbumin IgE antibodies in the sera of the infested rats. A traffic of cells secreting anti-ovalbumin homocytotropic antibody was detected in the thoracic duct lymph, but not the mesenteric lymph of immunized uninfested rats. After infestation, the mesenteric lymph also contained cells secreting potentiated antibody. The mesenteric lymph is a major route by which IgE and potentiated IgE antibodies reach the circulation in infested rats. The possible mechanisms responsible for the effects of the parasite on antibody secretion in distant lymphoid organs are discussed.
Affinity Chromatography and SDS-PAGE Studies of Radiolabeled IgE-Binding and IgG-Binding Factors Generated from Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: Jensen Jørgen R. , Sand Theodore T.
Published: August 2009

Soluble IgE-binding and IgG-binding factors were generated by 18-hour incubation at 4°C of the human B cell lines RPMI 8866 and Daudi. These cells express Fc receptors for IgE (FcεR) and IgG (FcγR), respectively. Binding factors specifically inhibited FcR on both lymphocytes and monocytes, and bound to Ig-Sepharose supports. RPMI 8866 cells and Daudi cells were radiolabeled with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method, and the soluble factors were labeled by the chloramine T method. Affinity chromatography of the soluble factors was performed with IgE-Sepharose, IgG-Sepharose and lentil-lectin-Sepharose followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The finding of a common 22,000-dalton protein in supernatants with IgE binding, IgG binding, and non-binding activity is discussed in relation to methodological difficulties and the ambiguous results in the literature, as well as the possibility of a complex formation of macromolecules with binding factor activity.
Stimulating Effect of Unfractionated Heparin and a Low Molecular Weight Heparin Fragment on the DNA Synthesis Response of Human Thymocytes to Mercuric Chloride
Authors: Nordlind K.
Published: August 2009

The effect of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fragment was tested on the DNA synthesis response of human thymocytes to mercuric chloride. In a concentration of 0.01–0.11 mg/ml, unfractionated heparin somewhat stimulated this response, while the heparin fragment at 11.1 mg/ml gave an evident stimulation of the response and a lower stimulation degree at 1.1 mg/ml.
IgG Subclass of Human Serum Antibodies Reactive with Dietary Proteins
Authors: Barnes R.M.R. , Harvey Marjorie M. , Blears Janet , Finn R. , Johnson P.M.
Published: August 2009

Serum IgG antibodies reactive with different dietary proteins have been detected in a significant proportion of adult patients with coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis and atopic eczema. Serum anti-milk antibodies were shown to be distributed predominantly between the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses, whereas anti-gliadin antibodies in atopic eczema were predominantly of the IgG4 subclass. Furthermore, as antibodies to each of these dietary antigens in healthy adults were markedly restricted to the IgG4 subclass, their production may be part of a normal immune response to dietary proteins. There was no correlation between serum IgG4 antibody and total serum IgG4 level. In contrast, restricted IgG4 anti-gliadin antibodies were less prevalent in the serum of patients with coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis, suggesting defective downstream switching of Ig heavy-chain genes in these conditions.
Feedback Regulation of Antibody Formation by Suppressive B Cell Factor: Preferential Suppression of High-Affinity Antibody Production by Memory B Lymphocytes
Authors: Park Young-Hoon , Suzuki Takayo , Miyama-Inaba Muneo , Masuda Tohru , Yoshida Yataro , Uchino Haruto
Published: August 2009

Cloned TS4.44 cells, which were hybridized HAT-sensitive 3T3–4E cells with B cells stimulated by immune complexes produce a lymphokine, biochemical and biological characteristics of which are identical with those of conventional suppressive B cell factor (SBF) synthesized by Fc receptor bearing B cells stimulated with immune complexes. This factor is known to suppress B cell responses to antigen/mitogen. The present studies were carried out by using this hybridoma-derived SBF to characterize the large proportion of B cells sensitive to SBF and the small proportion of B cells resistant to it in terms of affinities of antibodies which these cells are able to produce. The treatment of normal spleen cells with SBF resulted in a 50–70% decrease in anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody production when the cells were transferred into X-ray-irradiated mice along with alum-precipitated dinitrophenyl-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH). The affinity of anti-DNP antibody molecules produced in these mice was significantly lower than that of the controls, even if immunization was repeated. The target cells for SBF were B, and not helper T cells which might be involved in the process of affinity maturation. A single treatment of spleen cells in vitro with SBF was sufficient to abrogate the precursors committed to mediate high-affinity anti-DNP antibody responses, since the retreatment with SBF in vitro and transfer into the second irradiated recipients along with antigens of spleen cells of mice to which SBF-treated spleen cells were transferred 3 weeks before resulted in almost the same level of plaque-forming-cell-responses as in mice which received medium-treated, instead of SBF-treated spleen cells in the second cell transfer. This implies that the effect of SBF on the target B cells is selective and irreversible. It may be postulated that there are at least two types of B cell subpopulations in terms of the sensitivity to SBF: one is a SBF-resistant subset which is perhaps assigned to participate in the primary humoral immune response by producing antibody molecules with relatively low affinity, while the other is a SBF-sensitive subset which perhaps preferentially takes part in the secondary/memory response by producing those bearing high affinity.
In vitro Effects of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on DNA Synthesis and Fine Structure of Human Thymocytes
Authors: Nordlind K. , Thyberg J.
Published: August 2009

Sodium lauryl sulfate, a model substance in testing skin irritability was examined with regard to its effects on DNA synthesis and fine structure of human thymocytes incubated in vitro. At 5 h, incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was inhibited with a discernable effect at 3 × 10––4 M in serum-free medium and at 6 × 10––4 Min medium to containing 15% serum. Under the former conditions, the effect on DNA synthesis was accompanied by disintegration of the cells as observed electron-microscopically. In contrast, no clear effects on cell morphology were seen in the latter case, in spite of a strongly depressed replicative activity. After 48 h of culture in medium containing 15% serum, there was a marked decrease in cell number due to spontaneous cell death and, consequently, a low rate of DNA synthesis. Sodium lauryl sulfate suppressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA at 1.2 × 10––3 M. No clear alterations in cell morphology were observed at 3 × 10––4 M, whereas signs of irreversible cell damage, including pyknotic nuclei, were seen at 6 × 10––4 Mand complete disruption of most cells occurred at 1.2 × 10––3 M. The results show that sodium lauryl sulfate inhibits DNA synthesis in human thymocytes and that there is a partial discrepancy between this inhibition and the adverse effects on the structural organization of the cell. It is proposed that the irritant effect of sodium lauryl sulfate in vivo is due to the breaking up of lymphoid or other cells and a consequent release of material that gives rise to an inflammatory response.
Analysis by Electrophoretic Transfer Blotting of Japanese Cedar Pollen Allergens which React with IgG and IgE Antibodies in the Serum of Patients
Authors: Ito Yukiko , Yoshinaka Yoshiyuki , Ohi Masuichi , Sakakura Yasuo
Published: August 2009

Crude extract of Japanese cedar pollen was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography to separate the major allergenic components. In order to analyze which antigens react with IgG or IgE antibodies in the serum of Japanese cedar pollinosis patients, an electrophoretic transfer blotting was performed. Both IgE and IgG antibodies reacted with several common antigens, while IgG additionally reacted with some low-molecular-weight proteins.
Use of Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Provides Further Evidence for a Potential Role of PAF-Acether in Bronchial Anaphylaxis
Authors: Chignard M. , Le Cóuedic J.P. , Andersson P. , Brange C.
Published: August 2009

We presently demonstrate that PAF-acether (1-O-alkyl-2–O-acetyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosρhoryl-choline) is formed by sensitized guinea pig lungs upon in vitro antigenic challenge. Pretreatment of the animals with a steroidal antiinflammatory drug, budesonide, almost totally suppresses this biosynthesis. Since budesonide inhibits the anaphylactic bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized guinea pigs, these data strongly support the assumption that PAF-acether is a mediator of bronchial anaphylaxis.
Studies on Hanganutziu-Deicher Antigens-Antibodies
Authors: Morito Takao , Nishimaki Tomoe , Masaki Morio , Yoshida Hiroshi , Kasukawa Reiji , Nakarai Hideo , Kano Kyoichi
Published: August 2009

Sera of patients with various liver diseases were examined for the presence of Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) antibodies by enzyme immunoassay with high-molecular weight glycoprotein (HMWGP) isolated from bovine red blood cell stromata. IgG class H-D antibodies were demonstrated in sera of 5.9% of acute hepatitis, 28.1 % of chronic hepatitis and 21.9% of liver cirrhosis patients. H-D specificity of the antibodies under investigation was determined by absorption experiments. Evidence was also presented that the H-D antibodies in the liver disease sera are directed to N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (NGNA) and/or NGNA-dependent determinants of HMWGP.
Effect of Gamma Globulin Infusion on Type-Specific Pneumococcal Antibody Levels in Splenectomized Adults
Authors: Offenbartl Karsten , Christensen Poul , Gullstrand Per , Prellner Karin , Henrichsen Jörgen
Published: August 2009

Using an ELISA technique, changes in specific antibody levels against pneumococcal serotypes 1, 4, 7F, 14, 18C and 23F were studied in 8 adults healthy at the time of investigation but splenectomized previously because of hematological disease following infusion of 200 mg/kg body weight of a commercially available immunoglobulin preparation for intravenous use (Sandoglobulin®). Among the 4 patients with initially low serum levels of antipneumococcal antibodies, significantly raised antibody levels were demonstrated against type 14 for 8 weeks. On the other hand, the infusion did not lead to increased antibody levels in 3 patients with high preinfusion values for antipneumococcal antibodies. In contrast, a significantly lower antibody value for type 7F was recorded 3 weeks after infusion. Efficacy of immunoglobulin prophylaxis is, therefore, probably doubtful in certain splenectomized patients, and if contemplated should be preceded by analysis of antibody levels against common pathogens.
Specific Immunological Modulation of Lymphocyte Adenylate Cyclase in Asthmatic Patients after Allergenic Bronchial Provocation
Authors: Meurs Herman , Kauffman Henk F. , Timmermans Adiet , de Monchy Jan G.R. , Koëter Gerard H. , de Vries Klaas
Published: August 2009

Adenylate cyclase responses to isoproterenol, histamine, 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp) and NaF were measured in lymphocyte membranes of allergic asthmatic patients and healthy control subjects, just before and 24 h after inhalation challenge with house dust mite allergen or histamine. In the nonacute phase before the challenges, the adenylate cyclase responses in the cell membranes of the patients were not significantly different from those in membranes of the control subjects. House dust mite challenge caused a significant decrease of all adenylate cyclase responses in the cell membranes of the patients by about 40–50%. By contrast, histamine provocation of the patients had no effect on these parameters, nor was there any effect of both challenges on the adenylate cyclase activity of the control membranes. The results indicate that allergen-induced asthmatic reactions may cause nonspecific refractoriness of lymphocyte adenylate cyclase. Since histamine-induced bronchial obstruction had no effect in the patients, it appears that the adenylate cyclase response is specifically modulated by the allergic process.
Monocytes Constitute the Only Peripheral Blood Cell Population Showing an Increased Burst Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Hammann Klaus P. , Hopf Hanns C.
Published: August 2009

We examined peripheral mononuclear cells (PMNC), peripheral polymorphonuclear cells (PPNC), adherent mononuclear cells, non-adherent mononuclear cells, non-phagocytic mononuclear cells and non-phagocytic Percoll-fractionated mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients for their spontaneous burst activity (B A). According to previous results PMNC of MS patients showed a markedly increased BA (p = 0.0002); PPNC, however, did not show significantly elevated values (p = 0.36). Further separation of PMNC and identification of the cells obtained by FITC-conjugated antibodies, esterase and Giemsa staining revealed high mean coefficients of correlation (á¹) between the BA and the number of esterase-positive cells (MO; á¹ = +0.97) and the number of surface Ig-positive cells (B cells; á¹ = +0.97). f was negative for the correlation between the BA and OKT3-positive cells (T cells; á¹ = ––0.99) and for the correlation between the BA and the number of large granular lymphocytes (á¹ = ––0.39). As in the range below 2,000 counts/10 s á¹ is ––0.5 between the BA and the number of B lymphocytes, while á¹ is +1.0 between the BA and MO, and there are BA values below 500 counts/10 s although around 10% B cells but no MO are present, the results suggest that MO are the only cell population responsible for the increased BA in MS patients. Based on recent findings in our laboratory the results additionally indicate that in the peripheral blood interferon-γ stimulates the BA of MO only.
Enhancement of Leukocyte Membrane Receptor Expression after Mechanical Agitation
Authors: Næss A. , Halstensen A. , Solberg C.O.
Published: August 2009

Granulocyte and lymphocyte suspensions were exposed to slight mechanical agitation for 30 s on a tube mixer before being examined for membrane receptors by rosette techniques. Agitation caused an increase in the proportion of granulocytes bearing receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E-R), for the Fc portion of IgG (Fcγ-R), and for C3b (C3b-R), and of lymphocytes bearing the Fcγ-R. The proportion of E-R-bearing lymphocytes was not enhanced, with the exception of the ‘early’ or ‘active’ E-R-bearing cells. The increase in rosette formation was specific, i.e. rosette formation with ox or rabbit E was not induced by agitation. The increased proportion of membrane receptors was not associated with an increase in granulocyte phagocytosis of preopsonized zymosan particles, as measured by chemiluminescence. Membrane perturbation thus probably increases the availability of surface receptors.
Inhibition of Rhesus Monkey Airway and Cutaneous Responses to Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) (AGEPC) with the Anti-PAF Agent SRI 63-072
Authors: Patterson Roy , Harris Kathleen E. , Lee Mark L. , Houlihan William J.
Published: August 2009

Previous studies with synthetic platelet-activating factor (PAF) (AGEPC) showed that aerosol challenges in rhesus monkeys resulted in airway responses simulating acute antigen-induced responses and immediate-type skin reactions [1]. The current studies evaluated whether an antagonist of PAF (SRI 63-072) could inhibit the airway and cutaneous reactivity to PAF. Under the conditions of these experiments, the antagonist partially inhibited PAF activity in both experimental systems. Inhibition of endpoint cutaneous reactivity to PAF may be a suitable system for comparing potency of pharmacologic antagonists in primate skin.
Split Immunosuppression of Contact Cell-Mediated and of IgE Hypersensitivity Responses to Dinitrofluorobenzene in Mice
Authors: Ben-Efraim S. , Mor S. , Gal T. , Ben-David A. , Gitter S.
Published: August 2009

Contact sensitivity (CS), anti-DNP (dinitrophenyl) IgG and IgE type antibodies were induced by skin applications of the contact sensitizer dinitrofluorobenzene. CS response was suppressed by treatment with the monovalent hapten dinitrobenzene sulfonate (DNBS) but was not affected by treatment with the DNP-conjugates (DNP22-FiColl, DNP17-polyethylene glycol and DNP2-polyvinylpyrrolidone). On the other hand, IgE type response was depressed by treatment with the various DNP conjugates but was not affected by DNBS. The IgG type response was not appreciably affected by any of the treatments.
Mitogenic Responses of Splenic B and T Lymphocytes in Neonatally Capsaicin-Treated Mice
Authors: Sandberg G. , Ljungdahl Å.
Published: August 2009

The proliferative response of spleen cells from neonatally capsaicin-treated mice to 5 mitogens (LPS, PWM, dextran sulfate, ConA and PHA) were tested. Both B- and T-lymphocyte responses were essentially unaffected by the capsaicin treatment, which is known to destroy certain small-sized neuropeptide containing primary sensory neurons. However, the capsaicin-treated mice displayed a shift in the dose response to PHA so that the maximal response was obtained with a lower dose of the mitogen. The results exclude major effects of the affected sensory neurons on the development or expression of immune competence, but point to a possible modulatory effect on some step in the response to PHA.
Studies on Auto-Anti-idiotypic Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies
Authors: Beall G.N. , Rapoport B. , Chopra I.J. , Kruger Sally R.
Published: August 2009

We immunized rabbits with human (h) or bovine (b) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), hTSH beta chains or human serum albumin. Serum from the rabbits was then assayed for thyroid-stimulating activity, using the thyroid-cell bioassay. Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ID) to monoclonal anti-TSH were detected in these rabbit antisera after removal of rheumatoid factor by absorption with IgG. Anti-ID activity was detected in the serum of the rabbits immunized with bovine TSH. Thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSI) acitvity, too, was most prominent in the sera obtained from bTSH-immunized rabbits. Anti-ID activity seemed to arise sooner than did TSI, but both tended to peak 3 months after an initial series of immunizations. Since thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins can develop following TSH immunization of rabbits, it is possible that a similar immunopathogenesis may be responsible for some instances of Graves’ hyperthyroidism.
Suppression of Murine IgE Responses with Amino Acid Polymer/Allergen Conjugates
Authors: Moran D.M. , Wheeler A.W. , Henderson D.C. , Whittall N.
Published: August 2009

Conjugates of poly-N-methylglycine (polysarcosine) and grass pollen extracts, previously found to be capable of suppressing immature IgE antibody responses in mice, were shown to be highly effective at inhibiting the capacity of immune splenocytes to produce a secondary response in sub-lethally irradiated recipient animals. Anamnestic IgE responses in mice primed without adjuvant were also suppressed, but the effects were modest and of short duration. The predictive value of murine models for selecting clinically appropriate specific IgE suppressive agents and treatment schedules that might be successfully employed for clinical use are discussed.
Stimulation of Human Blood Mononuclear Cell Procoagulant Activity by Cyclosporin A
Authors: Webster Laura M. , Thomson A.W.
Published: August 2009

Using a one-stage assay of plasma recalcifícation time, we have examined the procoagulant activity (PA) of human blood mononuclear cells following incubation for 20 h in the presence of cyclosporin A (CsA; 50–5,000 ng/ml). CsA alone caused a significant, dose-related increase in PA above basal values at 1,000 and 5,000 ng/ml. At these concentrations, it also enhanced the increases in PA produced by concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and bacterial endotoxin. These effects of CsA were totally inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide.
Analysis of Histamine-Binding Lymphocytes in Atopy
Authors: Ruby Janet , Douglass Jo , Czarny Daniel , Muller Konrad
Published: August 2009

Using flow cytofluorimetry, the histamine-binding properties and T cell subclass distribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes in normal and atopic subjects were investigated. In the case of active (or symptomatic) atopy, the levels of histamine-binding lymphocytes were significantly reduced. However, none of these parameters distinguished between normal individuals and patient groups when the atopies were asymptomatic except the OKT3 marker; in the atopic group, the proportion of OKT3-positive cells was lower. These results indicate that the decreased levels of histamine-binding lymphocytes in atopy are a secondary phenomenon, and that the ratio of T helper to T suppressor/cytotoxic cells is not significantly altered in atopic patients. The changes in histamine-binding lymphocytes appear to be unrelated to the decreased numbers of OKT3-positive cells, since the latter changes were evident in active and asymptomatic atopies.
Clearance of Passively Transferred IgE Antibody from Peripheral Blood of Mast Cell-Deficient W/Wv Mice
Authors: Watanabe Naohiro , Owhashi Makoto , Nawa Yukifumi
Published: August 2009

The plasma decay curve of intravenously injected murine monoclonal or conventional anti-DNP IgE antibody was determined in mast cell-deficient W/Wv and their normal littermate +/+ mice. The results show that the clearance of passively transferred IgE was not altered by mast cell deficiency. Possible sites of clearance and/or catabolism of IgE are discussed.
Calcium and Histamine Release from Mast Cells
Authors: West G.B.
Published: August 2009

The role of calcium in the process of histamine release from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells and in the pathophysiology of immediate hypersensitivity reactions has been further studied using the intracellular calcium antagonist, TMB-8. Inhibition by TMB-8 of histamine release from mast cells induced by allergic stimuli was found but higher concentrations were needed for reducing release induced by ionophores and activators of calcium gates. This suggests that there are different calcium channels involved in the different release processes.
Effect of Human Interferon on Different Functions of Human Neutrophils and Eosinophils
Authors: Saito Hiroshi , Hayakawa Tetsuo , Yui Yasuo , Shida Takao
Published: August 2009

The capacity of neutrophils treated with interferon to release peroxidase or superoxide anion was increased when the cells were stimulated with opsonized zymosan, while it was decreased in eosinophils. The effect of treatment with interferon was thought to be mediated by a change in expression of C3b receptors on the neutrophils or eosinophils. The production of a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis by eosinophils stimulated with opsonized zymosan or human IgG-coupled Sepharose 4B beads was markedly enhanced after incubation with interferon. Therefore it is suggested that interferon may play a role in the worsening of the condition in patients with bronchial asthma.
Immunocytochemical Mapping of IgE/IgG Binding Sites within the Birch Pollen Grain Using Serum from a Patient Undergoing Hyposensitization Therapy
Authors: Grote Monika , Kalveram Klaus , Fromme Hans Georg , Forck Günther
Published: August 2009

Serum from an atopic patient undergoing a hyposensitization therapy to birch pollen allergens was used to carry out immunocytochemical mapping of specific IgE/IgG binding sites within ultrathin sections of birch pollen grains. There was a distinct rise in the density of specific IgG labelling in the course of therapy, whereas the density of IgE labelling remained fairly constant. However, the patterns of IgG and IgE binding in the pollen grain did not completely coincide since there was only IgE binding to certain pollen structures such as the apertural region. If the widely accepted concept of specific antibodies as ‘blocking antibodies’ is taken as a basis, the success of therapy must be questioned in this case because no IgG antibodies were formed to some of the allergens localized in the pollen grain and relevant to this patient. Very probably this result must be attributed to an incomplete pollen extract used in hyposensitization therapy. The results of the biochemical measurements (RAST, ELISA) agreed well with the immunocytochemical observations.
Regulation of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Multiple Sclerosis by Central Nervous System Hormones
Authors: Merrill Jean E. , Mohlstrom Caroline
Published: August 2009

Using oligodendrocytes from primary brain cultures as targets in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, we have examined the effects of insulin and histamine on killer cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological disease (OND) controls compared to normal healthy controls. The effects were shown to be specific for effectors by preincubation experiments. MS patients’ ADCC to primary oligodendrocytes was depressed, but could be boosted to normal control levels by histamine binding to the H1 receptor. Significant elevation of MS ADCC by cimetidine alone suggested that endogenous histamine production and H2 receptor binding could be mediating a suppressive effect on MS ADCC to oligodendrocytes. In addition, MS ADCC could be boosted significantly by insulin. MS killer cells were more sensitive in vitro to the boosting effects of both histamine and insulin than either OND or normal controls, both in dose response and magnitude of the increased ADCC.
Immunohistologic Comparison between Armadillo-Derived Leprosin and Standard Lepromin Skin Tests in Leprosy Patients
Authors: Narayanan R.B. , Ramu G. , Sinha S. , Sengupta U. , Gupta C.M.
Published: August 2009

A comparison was made on the in situ immunological characteristics of dermal infiltrates of early (24-hour) and late (3–4 weeks) skin reactions in leprosy patients. The skin reactions were induced by armadillo-derived leprosin coupled to liposomes and standard Dharmendra lepromin. Most lymphocytes in the early reaction induced by both antigens were positive for Leu 4, Leu 3a, OKT8 and la like antigens indicating thereby the presence of activated T cells. The ratio of Leu 3a/OKT8+ cells were similar. In the late reaction elicited by both antigens, the lymphocytes in the granulomas were predominantly activated T lymphocytes expressing Leu 4, Leu 3a, OKT8 and la like antigens. Leu 3a+ cells were scattered diffusely amidst the epithelioid cells. In contrast, the OKT8+ cells were present mainly as ‘a ring’ in the periphery of the granuloma. A similar ratio of Leu 3a+/OKT8+ cells was observed in these granulomas. Macrophages in the granulomas expressed la like antigens. These observations indicate that the immunological characteristics of dermal infiltrates in the skin reaction induced by armadillo-derived leprosin coupled to liposomes and standard Dharmendra lepromin appear to be identical.
Suppression of Murine IgE Responses with Amino Acid Polymer/Allergen Conjugates
Authors: Henderson D.C. , Wheeler A.W. , Moran D.M.
Published: August 2009

Serum IgE antibody responses were generated in mice by intranasal exposure to grass pollen extract. Primary IgE responses were suppressed by the concomitant intranasal administration of a conjugate of polysarcosine and pollen extract which has been shown to be a potent tolerogen when given parenterally. Partial suppression of boosted IgE responses was observed when the conjugate was applied intranasally with a secondary challenge of unmodified extract. The data suggest that clinical schedules of intranasal application of tolerogenic conjugates can be devised to bring about specific IgE suppression.
Release of Thromboxane B2 and Leukotriene C4 and Reduction in Renal Perfusion in Experimental Anaphylactic Reaction of Isolated Guinea Pig Kidney
Authors: Assem E.S.K. , Abdullah Azizan
Published: August 2009

Isolated, perfused kidneys from ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs released large amounts of histamine, thromboxane (TX) B2 and less consistently leukotriene (LT) C4, and showed a marked reduction in perfusion rate (PR) following injection of the specific antigen, or antiserum to IgG1 and IgG2; both types of anaphylactic reaction being due to cross-linking of mast cell-sensitizing immunoglobulin. Infusion of low concentration of synthetic LTC4 caused reduction in PR, which was blocked by the antagonist FPL 55712. Largedose bolus injections of histamine also reduced PR. It is concluded that the kidney is a target organ in anaphylaxis and that the reaction alters renal haemodynamics.
Ionophore-Stimulated Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells Produce PAF-Acether
Authors: Purdon David , Yang Dai-Chang , Smith Susan , Smith Bryan
Published: August 2009

Ionophore (A23187) stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells produce a lipid mediator which caused rabbit platelets to aggregate and which by using platelet-activating factor (PAF)-acether antagonists and high-pressure liquid chromotography was shown to be PAF-acether. Thus RBL-1 cells represent a cell type suitable for studying the coordinated release of three mediators of anaphylaxis: histamine, leukotrienes C4/D4 (slow-reacting substances) and PAF-acether.
Neonatal IgE Injections Do Not Modify Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-lnduced and Mercuric Chloride-Induced IgE Increase in the Rat
Authors: Manouvriez P. , Hirsch F. , Sapin C. , Druet P. , Bazin H.
Published: August 2009

The effect of neonatal IgE injections on total IgE responses was studied in two rat models. After Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, no differences in serum IgE level and surface or cytoplasmic IgE expression were observed between IgE-treated and control LOU/C rats. Likewise, after HgCl2 injection, IgE-treated Brown-Norway rats and controls showed no difference in serum IgE level or in the development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis and proteinuria. It has been concluded that IgE-class-restricted tolerance, induced by neonatal injections of IgE, cannot be observed in rats after strong IgE stimulation.
Antigen-Induced Formation of a Lymphokine with a Possible Role as a Mediator of the Late Component of Dual Allergic Reaction
Authors: Ezeamuzie I.C. , Assem E.S.K.
Published: August 2009

In a penicillin-allergic patient who showed a strong dual skin reaction (immediate and late components) to an intradermal injection of the antigen, we investigated the possibility that the lymphokine, histamine-releasing factor (HRF), which has been shown to release histamine from human basophils and mast cells, might play a part in the elicitation of the late phase of the ‘dual reaction’. In vitro stimulation of this patient’s lymphocytes, but not those of a patient with a monophasic (immediate) reaction with the antigen, caused the production of a large amount of HRF, while a moderate lymphoproliferation occurred in both patients. The purified HRF released histamine from the patient’s own leucocytes and also caused immediate wheal and flare reaction on intradermal injection.
The Role of Mast Cells in Inflammatory Processes: Evidence for Nerve/Mast Cell Interactions
Authors: Bienenstock John , Tomioka Motoaki , Matsuda Hiroshi , Stead Ron H. , Quinonez Guillermo , Simon Gerard T. , Coughlin Michael D. , Denburg Judah A.
Published: August 2009

In the rat, there is considerable evidence of mast cell/nerve interaction both in the normal and infected intestine. Between 67 and 87% of all mast cells in the intestinal lamina propria of rats infected 22–35 days earlier with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were touching nerves. These membrane contacts were between subepithelial mast cells and nonmyelinated nerves containing substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and neurone specific enolase. 2.5S nerve growth factor (NGF) has a significant enhancement effect on antigen-induced histamine release without addition of phosphatidylserine, and the in vivo administration of NGF to rats causes both connective tissue and mucosal mast cells to dramatically increase in number. All of these effects are both dose dependent and NGF specific, as evidenced by inhibition with anti-NGF. 2.5S NGF also causes in vitro increase of colonies in methylcellulose cultures of human peripheral blood. The effects of NGF in this system are synergistic with other T cell-derived growth factors and relatively specific for metachromatic cell growth. These observations support the conclusions that nerves and mast cells may constantly communicate and provide a structural and conceptual framework whereby the central nervous system may communicate with inflammatory events.
Mutual Phenotypic Changes between Connective Tissue Type and Mucosal Mast Cells
Authors: Kitamura Yukihiko , Kanakura Yuzuru , Sonoda Sanae , Asai Hidekazu , Nakano Toru
Published: August 2009

Connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) and mucosal mast cells (MMC) are apparently different, but the ontologic relationship between these two types of mast cells was unclear. We investigated the relationship by combining in vivo and in vitro techniques. Although bone marrow-derived mast cells developed in suspension culture resemble MMC, they acquired histochemical, electron microscopical, biochemical and immunological characteristics of CTMC after the transfer into the peritoneal cavity of genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv mice. On the other hand, when single peritoneal mast cells (typical CTMC) of WBB6F1-+/+ mice were injected into the stomach wall of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice, CTMC appeared in the muscularis propria and MMC in the mucosa. These results suggest that CTMC and MMC may interchange and that their phenotypes are determined by the anatomical microenvironment in which the final differentiation occurs.
Mucosal Mast Cells in the Rat and in Man
Authors: Enerbäck Lennart
Published: August 2009

The proteoglycan structure of mucosal mast cells (MMC) of the two species has been analyzed with histochemical in situ techniques. The findings indicate that human MMC, like human mast cells of several other sites, contain a heparin proteoglycan, unlike rat MMC which lack heparin but contain an oversulphated chondroitin sulphate. However, the dye-binding of the human MMC proteoglycan, like that of the rat, is highly susceptible to blocking by formaldehyde. Human MMC also exhibit a lower critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) of dye-binding than mast cells of other connective tissue sites, suggesting a relatively lower charge density and/or molecular weight of the glycosaminoglycan of the MMC. These findings thus suggest that the human MMC like those of the rat have a distinctive proteoglycan structure. Recent findings of another group indicate that the human MMC like those of the rat have also a distinctive proteinase composition. Finally, the mast cell response of the nasal mucosa during birch pollen allergy shows fundamental similarities to the nematode response of the rat intestinal mucosa. During both conditions mast cells are redistributed from the lamina propria into the epithelium, probably as a result of migration of mast cells or mast cell precursors. Taken together, these findings suggest the existence of a distinctive MMC phenotype also in man.
Investigations of Rat Mast Cell Heterogeneity
Authors: Befus Dean , Swieter Mark , Fujimaki Hidekazu , Lee Tim
Published: August 2009

In the rat, two distinct mast cell subsets have been identified. One, represented by the easily accessible and purified peritoneal mast cell, differs from the other, the intestinal mucosal mast cell, in staining properties, fixation sensitivity, mediator content, and responsiveness to various secretagogues and antiallergic drugs. To investigate the molecular basis and control mechanisms of mast cell heterogeneity, we have (a) initiated sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the constituents of rat peritoneal and intestinal mucosal mast cells; (b) developed subcellular fractionation protocols to facilitate these comparisons; (c) produced a mast cell specific rabbit antiserum, and (d) established methods to isolate mast cell RNA. These approaches require refinement, but will prove to be useful in further investigations of mast cell biology.
In vivo Increase of Cutaneous Mast Cells in Response to Specific Mediators and Ascaris Antigen
Authors: Czarnetzki Beate M. , Mecklenburg Gerd
Published: August 2009

In order to investigate mechanisms underlying the accumulation of connective tissue mast cells in tissues, common chemotactic and growth factors as well as ascaris antigen were injected into the skin of Wistar rats. Only after multiple injections was a significant increase of mast cells observed with a mixture of horse serum, 15%, and L-cell supernatant, 20%, in normal animals and with Ascaris antigen in sensitized animals only. Smaller increases were observed with repeated injections of mitogen-stimulated spleen lymphocyte supernatants, with L-cell supernatants, and with fibroblast growth factor. This delayed accumulation of mast cells and the previously observed inability of mast cells to migrate in vitro would suggest that mast cell precursors immigrate into tissue sites in response to chemotactic factors to differentiate there into mature cells under the influence of specific growth factors.
Beige Mouse Mast Cells Generated in vitro: Ultrastructural Analysis of Maturation Induced by Sodium Butyrate and of IgE-Mediated, Antigen-Dependent Degranulation
Authors: Dvorak Ann M. , Hammel Ilan , Galli Stephen J.
Published: August 2009

We derived growth factor-dependent mast cell lines from C57BL/6-bgJ/bgJ (‘beige’) mouse bone marrow cells using techniques previously described for deriving mast cell lines from normal mice. According to examination by transmission electron microscopy, the cytoplasmic granules of cultured mast cells derived from beige mice were larger in size and fewer in number than those in cultured mast cells derived from normal C57BL/6 mice. Mast cells derived from beige mice underwent maturation when exposed to sodium butyrate, as judged by increased content of electron-dense material in the cytoplasmic granules. Cultured mast cells derived from beige mice also underwent IgE-mediated, antigen-dependent anaphylactic degranulation which was similar in its ultrastructural features to that described for cultured mast cells from normal mice. However, in mast cells not stimulated with IgE and antigen, fusion between individual cytoplasmic granules was observed more commonly in mast cells derived from beige mice than in normal mast cells. This might mean that these events are more common in C57BL/6-bgJ/bgJ mast cells, and/or that their resolution is slower and thus more easily captured by electron microscopy.
Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies as Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Receptor Probes on Monkey Mast Cells
Authors: Bamberger U. , Scheuber P.H. , Sailer-Kramer B. , Hammer D.K.
Published: August 2009

The immediate-type skin reaction in unsensitized monkeys upon challenge with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was studied to define the role of mast cell receptors in the action of the toxin. For this purpose anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) were raised in BALB/c mice against monoclonal anti-SEB antibodies and purified by idiotype affinity chromatography. Anti-Id completely abolished skin reactions upon challenge with SEB without having biological functions itself. The data are compatible with the view that receptors for staphylococcal enterotoxin actually exist on the mast cell membrane of primates and anti-Id may be of potential value to influence the course of staphylococcal enterotoxin-mediated effects.
Mast Cell Histamine Release Induced by Intermediate Products of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
Authors: Masini Emanuela , Palmerani Beatrice , Bani-Sacchi Tatiana , Giannella Eliana , Fantozzi Roberto , Mannaioni Pier Francesco
Published: August 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the role of intermediate products of arachidonic acid metabolism on histamine release from rat serosal mast cells. Arachidonic acid in concentrations ranging from 10––9 to 10––4 M caused no histamine release from purified rat peritoneal mast cells. High concentrations (10––6–10––5M) of the terminal products of the arachidonic acid metabolism were also devoid of any significant histamine-releasing properties. The metabolic activation of arachidonic acid with prostaglandin-H-(PGH)-synthase isolated from calf seminal vesicles, evoked a significant release of histamine from rat serosal mast cells. The liberation of histamine was not accompanied by a significant leakage of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and the electron microscopical features were consistent with an exocytotic release. The phenomenon was blocked by reduced glutathione (GSSH) and by D-mannitol, a hydroxyl free-radical scavenger. These results suggest that free radical derivatives of arachidonic acid are generated during the catalysis which triggers mast cell histamine release.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B as a Nonimmunological Mast Cell Stimulus in Primates: The Role of Endogenous Cysteinyl Leukotrienes
Authors: Scheuber P.H. , Denzlinger C. , Wilker D. , Beck G. , Keppler D. , Hammer D.K.
Published: August 2009

The immediate-type skin reaction and the emetic response in unsensitized monkeys on challenge with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were studied to define the role of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs) in the action of the toxin. LY 171883, a selective LTD4/LTE4 receptor inhibitor, antagonized SEB-induced skin reactions and emetic responses completely. Inhibition of prostanoid formation by indomethacin, however, and pretreatment with BW755C, a dual lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitor, did not influence these reactions. The generation of endogenous cysteinyl LTs upon intragastric SEB administration was established in vivo. There was a tenfold increase in LTE4, the major biliary cysteinyl LT, and a novel cysteinyl LT metabolite in urine occurred, indicating strongly enhanced LT generation on SEB challenge. These results provide the first evidence that cysteinyl LTs may be important mediators in the pathophysiology of SEB-induced effects, as a model for pseudo-allergic reactions.
Effect of the Late Complement Components C5b-9 on Human Monocytes: Release of Prostanoids, Oxygen Radicals and of a Factor Inducing Cell Proliferation
Authors: Hänsch Gertrud M. , Seitz Michael , Betz Margarita
Published: August 2009

Recently, we reported stimulation of rat macrophages and human platelets by isolated C5b-9 to synthesize prostaglandin E (PGE) or thromboxane B2 (TXB2). In the present study, we tested whether besides prostanoids, C5b-9 also would induce the production of other mediators. We found that C5b-9 in sublytic concentrations stimulated human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) or monocytes to release oxygen radicals. Furthermore, monocytes release interleukin-1 in response to C5b-9. Thus, besides having a lytic capacity, C5b-9 also functions as a stimulator of various cells.
Eosinophil Activation in Allergic Disease
Authors: Venge Per , Håkansson Lena , Peterson Christer G.B.
Published: August 2009

The eosinophil granulocyte is a pro-inflammatory cell which in its granules contains an abundance of highly cytotoxic proteins such as eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil protein X and major basic protein. Upon stimulation of the cell, these proteins as well as a number of lipid mediators such as leukotriene C4, prostaglandin and platelet-activating factor are released to the exterior. The molecules which are produced during inflammatory reactions of the allergic type attract eosinophils to the target organ and stimulate them to liberate their products. The physiological meaning of this reaction is probably to combat invading parasites; however, in their absence accumulation and activation of eosinophils may cause disease, and one such disease may be chronic asthma.
Immune Regulation of Goblet Cell Development
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Enander I.
Published: August 2009

In rats, goblet cells were found in the bronchiole epithelium surrounding enlarged lymphoid noduli. The goblet cell number increased with age. Old rats had goblet cells in the columnar epithelium. Immunization with aerosolized antigen increased goblet cell hyperplasia in bronchioli with a luminal diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm. In mice, goblet cell differentiation in the respiratory epithelium was caused by local delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Manipulations of the delayed hypersensitivity reactions with immune suppression and depletion of helper T cells eliminated the increase in goblet cell number.