bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damping characteristics of chlorobutyl rubber/poly(ethyl acrylate)/piezoelectric ceramic/carbon black composites
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Wang Yanyan , Huang Guangsu , Wu Jinrong
Published: March 2008

In this study, a new kind of damping composite consisting of chlorobutyl rubber, poly(ethyl acrylate), piezoelectric ceramic (PZT), and carbon black (CB) was prepared, and some efforts were made to characterize the damping behavior and explore the damping mechanism. The damping behaviors of the composites were mainly decided by the contents of CB and PZT. When an external vibration was exerted on the composites, the mechanical energy of vibration was transformed into electric energy by PZT; if the resistance was adjusted to a suitable range by the variation of the CB content, the composites could behave as semiconductors: the electric energy could not be transferred to the surface of the material but rather was dissipated as thermal energy. For this system, when the contents of CB and PZT were between 10 and 30 vol %, respectively, the volume resistivity was between 105 and 109.5 Ω cm, and a good damping performance could be achieved. On the basis of the results, a theoretical model is proposed to explain the damping performance of the composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Moisture‐cured polyurethane/polysiloxane copolymers: Effects of the structure of polyester diol and NCO/OH ratio
Authors: Jiang Hongmei , Zheng Zhen , Song Wenhui , Wang Xinling
Published: March 2008

Moisture‐cured polyurethane is one of the commercially important polymers, which is widely used in sealants, coatings, and reactive hot‐melt adhesives. A series of moisture‐cured polyurethane/polysiloxane (PUSR) copolymers were successfully prepared using a two‐step solution polymerization procedure. Both amine‐terminated polysiloxane (PDMS) and polyester diol were together used as mixed soft segments to react with 4,4′‐diphenlymethane diisocyanate (MDI), and the alkoxysilane was used as end‐capping agents. The effects of structure variation of building blocks such as the polyester diol structure and NCO/OH ratio on the properties and morphology of PUSR copolymers were studied. The tensile properties, dielectric behavior, thermal stability, surface, and water‐repellency properties were investigated. The results showed that the properties and morphology of PUSR copolymers were greatly affected by the variations in molecular architecture. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Children with autism demonstrate circumscribed attention during passive viewing of complex social and nonsocial picture arrays
Authors: Sasson Noah J. , Turner‐Brown Lauren M. , Holtzclaw Tia N. , Lam Kristen S.L. , Bodfish James W.
Published: March 2008

Although circumscribed interests are a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorders, providing a means for quantifying their functional impairment has proven difficult. We developed a passive viewing task to measure aspects of visual attention in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing controls. Task stimuli included picture arrays that were matched for social and nonsocial content. Nonsocial content was balanced to include items related to circumscribed interests (e.g., trains) as well as more commonplace items (e.g., furniture). Discrete aspects of gaze behavior were quantified using eye‐tracking technology. Results indicate that visual attention in the autism group was more circumscribed (as indicated by the exploration of fewer images), more perseverative (as indicated by longer fixation times per image explored), and more detail oriented (as indicated by a greater number of discrete fixations on explored images). This pattern of results was similar for both social and object arrays. Within the autism group, overall severity of repetitive behavior symptoms correlated positively with exploration of object pictures and negatively with perseveration on social pictures. Results suggest that children with autism have a domain‐general pattern of atypical visual attention that may represent an exaggeration of a typical attentional process and is related to a tendency to perseverate on images of interest and explore them in a more detail‐oriented manner. Discrete measures of visual attention may therefore provide a reasonable means of quantifying aspects of the repetitive behavior phenotype in autism.
Face and object processing in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Wallace Simon , Coleman Michael , Bailey Anthony
Published: March 2008

The nature and extent of face‐processing impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain contentious. The aim of this research study is to assess the face‐ and object‐processing performance of individuals with ASD compared with typically developing controls. Our hypothesis was that individuals with ASD would be significantly impaired on tests of face processing but show intact object processing. More specifically, we tested two competing hypotheses to explain face‐processing deficits: holistic hypothesis; second‐order configural hypothesis. Twenty‐six able adults with ASD and 26 intelligence quotient‐matched typically developing controls completed two computerized tests of face and object discrimination. In task 1, the first picture (faces or cars) in a pair was presented as quickly as 40 msec to test holistic processing. In task 2, the decision was whether pairs of faces or houses had been altered in terms of the features or the distance between the features (the second‐order configural properties). Individuals with ASD were impaired on all tests of face processing but showed intact object processing and the pattern of findings favored the holistic hypothesis. The heterogeneous pattern of performance in the clinical group showed that some individuals with ASD perform similarly to typically developing individuals in their face‐processing skills, whereas others are more accurate in object processing compared with face processing.
Der Einfluss von Zwischenhölzern auf das Biegedrillknickverhalten zweiteiliger Brettschichtholzträger
Authors: Eilering Siegfried
Published: March 2008

Das Biegedrillknickverhalten von zweiteiligen Brettschichtholzträgern lässt sich durch die Anordnung von Zwischenhölzern deutlich günstiger gestalten. Die Ursache hierfür stellt hauptsächlich die elastische Schubkopplung der beiden Trägerelemente in Längsrichtung dar. Darüber hinaus bewirken die Zwischenhölzer eine elastische Drillkopplung, die dazu führt, dass der Kippvorgang der einzelnen Trägerteile neben den üblichen Verdrehungen und Horizontalverschiebungen zusätzlich auch durch Vertikalverschiebungen bestimmt wird, die zusätzliche Formänderungsarbeit erfordern. In diesem Beitrag werden für ein praxisnahes Trägersystem mit unterschiedlichen Ausführungen der Kopplungen mit Hilfe der Finite‐Elemente‐Methode zum einen die Verzweigungslasten bestimmt und zum anderen auch nichtlineare Elastizitätsberechnungen nach Theorie II.Ordnung durchgeführt, um die für die Auslegung der verwendeten Verbindungsmittel erforderlichen Kopplungskräfte und ‐momente zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen demonstrieren die beachtlichen laststeigernden Effekte der Trägerkopplungen. Zudem zeigt sich, dass bereits die rechnerische Berücksichtigung von ausschließlich an den Auflagern vorhandenen Zwischenhölzern eine nennenswerte Steigerung der Biegedrillknicklasten bewirken kann.
Verdichtungserddruck bei leichter Verdichtung
Authors: Franke Dietrich
Published: March 2008

Der Erddruck auf hinterfüllte Wände wird durch die Verdichtung der Hinterfüllung erhöht. In vielen Fällen reicht eine leichte Verdichtung zur Vermeidung größerer Setzungen aus. In Auswertung entsprechender Erddruckmessungen, die in der Vergangenheit in Stuttgart und Dresden durchgeführt wurden, lassen sich die Angaben der neuen DIN 4085 für leichte Verdichtung ergänzen, wenn bestimmte Einschränkungen bei der Auswahl der Verdichtungsgeräte eingehalten werden.
Chitosan – A Sizing Agent in Fabric Production – Development and Ecological Evaluation
Authors: Stegmaier Thomas , Wunderlich Werner , Hager Tom , Siddique Abu Bakr , Sarsour J. , Planck Heinrich
Published: March 2008

Chitosan, a natural polymer, was investigated as a possible sizing agent in fabric production by appropriate modification in the textile industry. Based on recipe developments at a laboratory‐scale, the ecological and economical potential of mainly cotton yarns were demonstrated and developed. Subsequent tests within the scope of industrial production confirmed the findings of the basic developments. As an interesting alternative to the conventional sizing process involving the removal of the size after weaving, the use of appropriate processing technologies makes it possible to apply chitosan in the form of a sizing agent resistant to wash‐out processes. Therefore, the wash‐out process and the combined wastewater loading can be avoided and the properties of chitosan can be used beneficially in the later applications of the fabric. The traditional method of sizing and weaving developments as well as the analyses of material recycling showed the possibilities of using closed circuits in textile production involving sizing agent and water. It is possible that a chitosan‐specific enzyme suitable for production conditions, which facilitates the wash‐out process in combination with the biodegradation of the wastewater in a sewage plant, could be developed.
Challenge Future – Technical Progress and Globalization
Authors: Jischa Michael F.
Published: March 2008

Central elements of the challenges of the future are the population, supply and disposal trap, the question of how the increasing world population will be supplied with long‐lasting and effective sources of energy, raw materials and food? How do we deal with the problems of greenhouse effect, ozone hole, forest dieback, ground erosion, desertification and other environmental threats? Driven by the dynamics of the technical progress the world is in the midst of experiencing the transition from an industrial to an information society. The process of globalization is intrinsically tied to the information society and plays a vital role in the path to a new, digital development of the world. Therefore, new challenges have been added to the traditional ecological challenges at the beginning of the 21st century, which the world community must react swiftly to.
Correlates of patient satisfaction and provider trust after breast‐conserving surgery
Authors: Waljee Jennifer F. , Hu Emily S. , Newman Lisa A. , Alderman Amy K.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Although breast‐conserving therapy (BCS) is considered the standard of care for early‐stage breast cancer, up to 20% of patients are dissatisfied. The effect of treatment‐related factors on patient satisfaction with their healthcare experiences is unclear.

METHODS

All BCS patients at the University of Michigan Medical Center who were treated between January 2002 and May 2006 were surveyed (n = 714; response rate, 79.5%). Patients were queried regarding 4 aspects of their decision for surgery: satisfaction with the decision, decision regret, decisional conflict, and trust in surgeons. Independent variables included the number of re‐excisions, the occurrence of postoperative complications, and postoperative breast appearance, which was assessed by using the Breast Cancer Treatment and Outcomes scale. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the effect of the independent variables on each outcome controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

Breast asymmetry after BCS was correlated significantly with patient satisfaction with their treatment experiences and patient distrust in surgeons. Women who reported pronounced asymmetry were significantly less likely to be satisfied with the decision for surgery compared with women who reported minimal asymmetry (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.21–0.89). Women with pronounced asymmetry were less likely to be certain about their surgical decision (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.21–0.60) and to believe that they were prepared to make the decision for surgery (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.14–0.43). Increasing breast asymmetry was associated with higher surgeon distrust scores (2.14 vs 2.30 vs 2.35; P = .04) and with the occurrence of postoperative complications (distrust score: 2.23 vs 2.35; P = .03). Reoperation after BCS was not associated with patient satisfaction or trust in providers.

CONCLUSIONS

Esthetic result after BCS was associated more profoundly with aspects of satisfaction than either surgical therapy or the occurrence of postoperative complications. The current findings indicated that surgeons who care for patients with breast cancer should identify the women at an increased risk for breast asymmetry preoperatively to effectively address their expectations of treatment outcomes. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Treatment with bevacizumab and irinotecan for recurrent high‐grade glial tumors
Authors: Bokstein Felix , Shpigel Shulim , Blumenthal Deborah T.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Response rates to second‐line chemotherapy in recurrent high‐grade glial tumors are low and new effective treatments are needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate response rates and tolerability of chemotherapy with bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent high‐grade gliomas.

METHODS

Twenty patients with recurrent gliomas were treated with bevacizumab 5 mg/kg and irinotecan 125 mg/m2 every 2 weeks. The response was evaluated by gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging performed every 4 cycles of treatment.

RESULTS

The patients received 1 to 22 cycles of treatment. Nine of 19 patients available for response evaluation (47.3%) showed an objective radiologic response: 2 patients (10.5%) a complete response (CR), and 7 patients (36.8%) a partial response (PR). Two additional patients showed stable disease (SD) for 2 and 6 months, respectively. Eight patients developed rapid progression after 1 to 4 cycles of treatment. Median time to progression on treatment was 4.7 months. The 6‐month progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 25% and 55%, respectively. The adverse effects were mild and in all but 2 cases were no more than grade 2. There were no thrombotic complications or significant bleeding other than epistaxis.

CONCLUSIONS

The preliminary data show a promising high response rate of recurrent high‐grade gliomas to chemotherapy with bevacizumab and irinotecan. The regimen is associated with minimal toxicity. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
A unique cell population in the mouse olfactory bulb displays nuclear β‐catenin signaling during development and olfactory sensory neuron regeneration
Authors: Booker‐Dwyer Tiara , Hirsh Sarah , Zhao Haiqing
Published: March 2008

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the nose form precise connections with neurons in the brain. However, mechanisms that account for the formation of such precise neuronal connections are incompletely understood. Recent studies implicate the function of Wnt growth factors in the formation of neuronal connections. To assess the role of Wnt signaling in the olfactory system, we examined the expression of β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) in the TOPGAL mouse, a transgenic strain in which β‐gal expression reports the activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the olfactory epithelium, no β‐gal expression was observed at any developmental stages. In the olfactory bulb (OB), β‐gal expression was observed in a population of cells located at the interface of the olfactory nerve layer and the glomerular layer. The β‐gal expression was developmentally regulated with the peak expression occurring at late embryonic and early postnatal stages and a greatly reduced expression in adulthood. Further, forced OSN regeneration and subsequent reinnervation of the OB led to a reactivation of β‐gal expression in mature animals. The temporal coincidence between the peak of β‐gal expression and formation of OSN connections, together with the spatial localization of these cells, suggests a potential role of these cells and canonical Wnt signaling in the formation of OSN connections in the OB during development and regeneration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.
Cux‐1 and Cux‐2 control the development of Reelin expressing cortical interneurons
Authors: Cubelos Beatriz , Sebastián‐Serrano Alvaro , Kim Seonhee , Redondo Juan Miguel , Walsh Christopher , Nieto Marta
Published: March 2008

Homeodomain transcription factors play important roles in the specification and differentiation of neuronal subpopulations. In the cerebral cortex, the expression patterns of Cux‐1 and Cux‐2 in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) suggest a role for these transcription factors in the development of interneurons, a heterogeneous neuronal population. In this report, we describe expression of Cux‐1 and Cux‐2 proteins in Reelin‐secreting interneurons of the cortical plate, but not in calretinin or parvalbumin subpopulations. The role of Cux genes in the development of Reelin positive neurons was studied using Cux‐1 and Cux‐2 knockout mice. These experiments demonstrate that Cux‐1−/−; Cux‐2−/− double mutation is embryonically lethal. Although this phenotype is highly penetrant, a small proportion of mice develop to birth (P0). Analysis of these animals demonstrate that expression of Reelin is completely absent in layers II–IV of Cux‐1−/−; Cux‐2−/− double mutant mice, but it is not affected in the cortex of Cux‐1−/− or Cux‐2−/− single mutants. No Cux‐1−/−; Cux‐2−/− double‐mutant were collected after P0. Since, GABA‐ergic populations mature at late postnatal stages, this did not allow us to analyze the expression of subclass specific markers and define the affected interneuron subpopulations. Our analysis of Cux‐1−/−; Cux‐2−/− double mutant thus demonstrates essential yet redundant roles for Cux‐1 and Cux‐2 in specifying Reelin expressing cortical interneurons. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008.
A mouse model for tracking nigrostriatal dopamine neuron axon growth
Authors: Vives Joaquim , Sasajala Piriya , Chang Kuo Hsuan , Zhao Suling , Li Meng
Published: March 2008

The midbrain dopaminergic system, which consists of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area, is a subject of intense interest, since the loss of neurons from the substantia nigra results in motor disorders characteristic of Parkinson's disease. We have generated a knock‐in reporter mouse line with the tau‐lacZ fusion gene inserted into the Pitx3 locus via homologous recombination. This approach permitted the visualisation of midbrain specific dopaminergic axonal tracts from both the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area in phenotypically normal heterozygous Pitx3‐taulacZ brain tissues, either in situ or following culture in vitro, by a simple and sensitive β‐galactosidase enzyme reaction. Thus the Pitx3‐taulacZ mice could serve as a valuable tool for the identification of molecules regulating midbrain dopaminergic neuritogenesis, either in vivo in combination with genetic manipulation in mice, or in vitro using organ cultures. genesis 46:125–131, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous Cre‐mediated conditional knockdown of two genes in mice
Authors: Steuber‐Buchberger Patricia , Wurst Wolfgang , Kühn Ralf
Published: March 2008

One of the most promising techniques to manipulate gene expression in vivo is the use of RNA interference (RNAi). Various approaches were developed to use RNAi in the mouse, including vector‐based expression of short hairpin RNAs and the Cre/loxP recombination system. We combined these two approaches to create a vector system that allows the time‐ and tissue‐specific control of two genes at the same time. For this purpose two independent conditional shRNA expression cassettes are combined into a single construct. By the use of different, incompatible pairs of lox sites that flank transcriptional stop cassettes, Cre recombinase can independently activate both short hairpins. Here, we show that Cre simultaneously activates both shRNAs in vitro and in vivo. We applied this technique to silence the widely coexpressed gene pairs Gsk‐3α/Gsk‐3β and Erk1/Erk2 in murine embryonic stem cells and in the mouse brain. genesis 46:144–151, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic rearrangement of surface proteins is essential for cytokinesis
Authors: Bauer Tobias , Motosugi Nami , Miura Koichi , Sabe Hisataka , Hiiragi Takashi
Published: March 2008

Cytokinesis is a complex process that involves dynamic cortical rearrangement. Our recent time‐lapse recordings of the mouse egg unexpectedly revealed a high motility of the second polar body (2pb). Experiments to address its underlying mechanism show that neither mechanical compression by the zona pellucida nor the connection via the mid‐body is required for the 2pb movement. Time‐lapse recordings establish that the 2pb moves together with the cell membrane. These recordings, in which cell surface proteins are labeled with fluorescent latex‐microbeads or monovalent antibodies against whole mouse proteins, indicate that the majority of the surface proteins dynamically accumulate in the cleavage furrow at every cell division. Comparable dynamics of the cell surface proteins, and specifically of E‐cadherin, are also observed in cultured epithelial cells. The surface protein dynamics are closely correlated with, and dependent on, those of the underlying cortical actin. The cortical actin network may form a scaffold for membrane proteins and thereby transfer them during contractile ring formation toward the cleavage furrow. Immobilization of surface proteins by tetravalent lectin‐mediated crosslinking results in the failure of cleavage, demonstrating that the observed protein dynamics are essential for cytokinesis. We propose that dynamic rearrangement of the cell surface proteins is a common feature of cytokinesis, playing a key role in modifying the mechanical properties of the cell membrane during cortical ingression. genesis 46:152–162, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidoperoxidotungsten(VI) Complexes with Secondary Hydroxamic Acids: Synthesis, Structure and Catalytic Uses in Highly Efficient, Selective and Ecologically Benign Oxidation of Olefins, Alcohols, Sulfides and Amines with H2O2 as a Terminal Oxidant
Authors: Maiti Swarup K. , Dinda Subhajit , Banerjee Surajit , Mukherjee Alok K. , Bhattacharyya Ramgopal
Published: March 2008

The reaction of a solution of freshly precipitated WO3 in H2O2 separately with the secondary hydroxamic acids N‐benzoyl‐N‐phenylhydroxamic acid (BPHAH), N‐benzoyl‐N‐ortho‐tolylhydroxamic acid (BOTHAH), N‐benzoyl‐N‐meta‐tolylhydroxamic acid (BMTHAH), N‐benzoyl‐N‐para‐tolylhydroxamic acid (BPTHAH) and N‐cinnamyl‐N‐phenylhydroxamic acid (CPHAH) afforded [WO(O2)(BPHA)2] (1), [WO(O2)(BOTHA)2] (2), [WO(O2)(BMTHA)2] (3), [WO(O2)(BPTHA)2] (4) and [WO(O2)(CPHA)2] (5), respectively. Aqueous tungstate solution, on reaction with all these hydroxamic acids, produced [W(O)2(hydroxamato)2] (6). The complexes show excellent catalytic functions in the oxidation of (a) olefins at room temperature in the presence of NaHCO3 as promoter, (b) alcohols, sulfides and amines, at reflux, with H2O2 as a terminal oxidant, yielding a high turnover number (TON), the highest being for olefin‐to‐epoxide conversion. An attempt to synthesize peroxide‐rich complexes of the type PPh4[WO(O2)2(hydroxamato)] (7), for example PPh4[WO(O2)2BMTHA] (7C), resulted in the isolation of PPh4[WO(O2)2(C6H5COO)] (8), which was probably obtained by the hydrolysis of coordinated BMTHA.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Effect of olive fruit freezing on oxidative stability of virgin olive oil
Authors: Poerio Alba , Bendini Alessandra , Cerretani Lorenzo , Bonoli‐Carbognin Matteo , Lercker Giovanni
Published: March 2008

Several studies have suggested that the phenolic fraction plays an important role during storage and therefore in the shelf life of virgin olive oil. This investigation examines the effect of freezing olives (–18 °C) before processing into oil on the transfer of the phenolic compounds into the subsequent oil, and the consequential changes in oxidative stability. Oil samples obtained from frozen olives (24 h at –18 °C), crushed with and without preliminary thawing, were compared to a control sample; both oils were obtained using a two‐phase low‐scale mill. The oxidative stability in different samples was assessed in terms of primary and secondary oxidation products as measured by peroxide values and oxidative stability index times, respectively. The quality of the oil samples was also checked through the percentage of free acidity and the phenolic content. Phenols were determined by both spectrophotometric assays (total phenols and o‐diphenols) and HPLC‐DAD/MSD. The antiradical capacity of the phenolic fraction was determined by DPPH and ABTS spectrophotometric tests. These analyses showed that thawing of olives before oil extraction led to a significant loss of oxidative stability and phenols; in contrast, samples obtained from frozen olives that were not thawed before crushing showed qualitative characteristics similar to control samples.
Small molecule c‐MET inhibitor PHA665752: Effect on cell growth and motility in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Chattopadhyay Chandrani , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Williams Michelle D. , Clayman Gary L.
Published: March 2008

Background

c‐Met is upregulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and can be an attractive therapeutic target. We tested the effects of the small molecule c‐met inhibitor PHA665752 in blocking c‐met–dependent phenotypic effects in PTC cell lines.

Methods

PTC patient tissues and cell lines were evaluated for c‐met expression. The effect of PHA665752 on c‐met phosphorylation, downstream signaling, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)–dependent cell growth, and induction of apoptosis was studied. The IC50 of PHA665752 in c‐met–expressing PTC cells was determined, and growth curves at 0.1×, 1×, and 10× IC50 concentrations were obtained. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase‐9‐processing post‐PHA665752 treatment were studied as markers of apoptosis, and assays analyzing HGF‐dependent cell invasion and migration in the presence and absence of PHA665752 were done.

Results

c‐Met was upregulated in most of the patient tissues with PTC and in many PTC cell lines. PHA665752 specifically inhibited c‐met phosphorylation, c‐met–dependent cell growth, signal transduction, cell survival, cell invasion, and migration in PTC cells with high c‐met.

Conclusions

PHA665752 is an effective and specific inhibitor of c‐met in PTC cells with high levels of c‐met expression. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Lytic lesions in the femoral neck: Importance of location and evaluation of a novel minimally invasive repair technique
Authors: Kaneko Tadashi S. , Skinner Harry B. , Keyak Joyce H.
Published: March 2008

Proximal femoral metastases can lead to pathologic fracture. The goals of this study were to improve guidelines for assessing pathologic hip fracture risk by quantifying the effect of location of femoral neck metastases on hip strength under single‐limb stance loading and to evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed minimally invasive surgical repair technique for restoring hip strength. Twelve matched pairs of human cadaveric proximal femora were used to create a total of 564 finite element models before and after introduction and repair of simulated lytic defects, modeled as spherical voids, at various locations within the femoral neck. Defect site greatly affected hip strength (p < 0.001). Defects in the inferomedial aspect of the neck and in the dense trabecular bone near the base of the femoral head had the greatest effect, with hip strengths 23% to 72% and 43% to 64% that of the intact strength, respectively, for 20‐mm diameter defects. Even so, the proposed percutaneous repair technique restored static strength of femora with defects at all of the studied locations. These findings may lead to a reduction in the number of patients who suffer a preventable pathologic fracture, a decreased likelihood of unnecessary surgery, and a less invasive prophylactic surgical procedure. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1127–1132, 2008
In vivo cartilage contact deformation of human ankle joints under full body weight
Authors: Wan Lu , de Asla Richard J. , Rubash Harry E. , Li Guoan
Published: March 2008

Quantitative data on in vivo deformation of articular cartilage is important for understanding the articular joint function and the etiology of degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. This study experimentally determined the in vivo cartilage thickness distribution and articular cartilage contact strain distribution in human ankle joints under full body weight loading conditions using a combined dual fluoroscopic and magnetic resonance imaging technique. The average cartilage thickness with the joint non–weight bearing was found to be 1.43 mm ± 0.15 mm and 1.42 mm ± 0.18 mm in the distal tibial and proximal talar cartilage layers, respectively. During weight bearing on a single leg, the strain distribution data revealed that 42.4% ± 15.7% of the contact area had contact strain higher than 15% in the ankle joint. Peak cartilage contact strain reached 34.5% ± 7.3%. This quantitative data on in vivo human cartilage morphology and deformation demonstrated that the cartilage may undergo large deformations under the loading conditions experienced in human ankle joints during daily activities. The in vivo cartilage contact deformation can be used as displacement boundary conditions in three‐dimensional (3D) finite element models of the joint to calculate in vivo 3D articular cartilage contact stress/strain distributions. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1081–1089, 2008
Effect of NKISK on tendon lengthening: An in vivo model for various clinically applicable dosing regimens
Authors: Esther Robert J. , Creighton R. Alexander , Draeger Reid W. , Weinhold Paul S. , Dahners Laurence E.
Published: March 2008

One proposed mechanism of tendon lengthening is the “sliding fibril” hypothesis, in which tendons lengthen through the sliding of discontinuous fibrils after release of decorin‐fibronectin interfibrillar bonds. The pentapeptide NKISK has been reported to inhibit the binding of decorin, a proteoglycan on the surface of collagen fibrils, to fibronectin, a tissue adhesion molecule, which are thought to play a role in interfibrillar binding. Prior investigations have demonstrated that NKISK produces in vivo tendon lengthening. This study investigates the effect of potential clinically applicable NKISK injection regimens in an in vivo model. One hundred and thirteen male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 15 different treatment groups, each receiving percutaneous patellar tendon injections of NKISK, QKTSK (a “nonsense” pentapeptide), or PBS of varying volumes, concentrations, and injection schedules. Following sacrifice, the patellar tendon lengths were measured in all groups, and biomechanical testing was performed with comparisons made to the contralateral, untreated control limbs. Tendon lengthening was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) in nearly all NKISK‐treated tendons as compared to PBS‐ and QKTSK‐treated tendons and was dose‐dependent. Measured lengthening was less in rats whose sacrifice was delayed following the final injection of NKISK, which likely indicates recontraction of lengthened tendons, but they remained significantly longer than the controls. Biomechanical testing did not reveal significant differences in ultimate load, modulus, stiffness, or displacement. This study demonstrates that NKISK given in clinically plausible dosing regimens produces dose‐dependent tendon lengthening in an in vivo setting with minimal effects on the mechanical properties of the treated tendons. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:971–976, 2008
Chondrocytes harvested from osteochondritis dissecans cartilage are able to undergo limited in vitro chondrogenesis despite having perturbations of cell phenotype in vivo
Authors: Garvican E.R. , Vaughan‐Thomas A. , Redmond C. , Clegg P.D.
Published: March 2008

Our objective was to characterize the variation in gene expression for key genes associated with chondrogenic phenotype of osteochondrosis (OC)‐affected and normal chondrocytes, and to identify whether OC chondrocytes can redifferentiate and regain a phenotype similar to normal chondrocytes if appropriate chondrogenic signals are given. Equine articular cartilage removed at surgery to treat clinically significant OC lesions was collected (n = 10), and the gene expression evaluated and compared to aged‐matched normal samples (n = 10). Cartilage was harvested from normal (n = 4) and OC (n = 3) joints from horses at necropsy. Chondrogenic pellet cultures were established following monolayer proliferation. After 14 days in culture, the pellets were assessed by histochemical and pellet weight analysis, assay of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and gene expression. Chondrocytes from OC cartilage expressed significantly moreColl‐I,‐II,‐III, and‐Xthan chondrocytes from normal cartilage (allp < 0.0001). Furthermore, OC chondrocytes expressed significantly moreMMP‐13,ADAMTS‐4(bothp < 0.0001), andTIMP‐1(p < 0.001) and significantly lessTIMP‐2andTIMP‐3. Pellets created from OC chondrocytes contained significantly less GAG (p = 0.0069) and expressed significantly lessSox9and significantly more superficial zone protein (SZP) (p = 0.0105) than pellets created from normal cartilage. The results suggest that chondrocytes from OC cartilage at the time of surgical treatment have perturbations in phenotype compared to cells from normal cartilage. Despite these differences, following monolayer expansion and pellet culture under chondrogenic conditions, chondrocytes derived from OC cartilage retain some ability to undergo chondrogenic differentiation and synthesize an appropriate cartilage‐like matrix. However, this chondrogenic differentiation potential is inferior to that seen in aged‐matched normal chondrocytes. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1133–1140, 2008
Promotion of osteogenesis in tissue‐engineered bone by pre‐seeding endothelial progenitor cells‐derived endothelial cells
Authors: Yu Haiying , VandeVord Pamela J. , Gong Weiming , Wu Bin , Song Zheng , Matthew Howard W. , Wooley Paul H. , Yang Shang‐You
Published: March 2008

In addition to a biocompatible scaffold and an osteogenic cell population, tissue‐engineered bone requires an appropriate vascular bed to overcome the obstacle of nutrient and oxygen transport in the 3D structure. We hypothesized that the addition of endothelial cells (ECs) may improve osteogenesis and prevent necrosis of engineered bone via effective neovascularization. Osteoblasts and ECs were differentiated from bone marrow of BALB/c mice, and their phenotypes were confirmed prior to implantation. Cylindrical porous polycaprolactone (PCL)‐hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds were synthesized. ECs were seeded on scaffolds followed by seeding of osteoblasts in the EC‐OB group. In the OB group, scaffolds were only seeded with osteoblasts. The cell‐free scaffolds were denoted as control group. A 0.4‐cm‐long segmental femur defect was established and replaced with the grafts. The grafts were evaluated histologically at 6 weeks postimplantation. In comparison with the OB group, the EC‐OB group resulted in a widely distributed capillary network, osteoid generated by osteoblasts and absent ischemic necroses. Pre‐seeding scaffold with ECs effectively promoted neovascularization in grafts, prevented the ischemic necrosis, and improved osteogenesis. The integration of bone marrow‐derived ECs and osteoblasts in porous scaffold is a useful strategy to achieve engineered bone. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1147–1152, 2008
Generic cuts in models of arithmetic
Authors: Kaye Richard
Published: March 2008

We present some general results concerning the topological space of cuts of a countable model of arithmetic given by a particular indicatorY.

The notion of “indicator” is de.ned in a novel way, without initially specifying what property is indicated and is used to de.ne a topological space of cuts of the model. Various familiar properties of cuts (strength, regularity, saturation, coding properties) are investigated in this sense, and several results are given stating whether or not the set of cuts having the property is comeagre.

A new notion of “generic cut” is introduced and investigated and it is shown in the case of countable arithmetically saturated modelsM⊧ PA that generic cuts exist, indeed the set of generic cuts is comeagre in the sense of Baire, and furthermore that two generic cuts within the same “small interval” of the model are conjugate by an automorphism of the model.The paper concludes by outlining some applications to constructions of cuts satisfying properties incompatible with genericity, and discussing in model‐theoretic terms those properties for which there is an indicatorY. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Algebraization of logics defined by literal‐paraconsistent or literal‐paracomplete matrices
Authors: Hirsh Eduardo , Lewin Renato A.
Published: March 2008

We study the algebraizability of the logics constructed using literal‐paraconsistent and literal‐paracomplete matrices described by Lewin and Mikenberg in [11], proving that they are all algebraizable in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi in [3] but not finitely algebraizable. A characterization of the finitely algebraizable logics defined by LPP‐matrices is given.

We also make an algebraic study of the equivalent algebraic semantics of the logics associated to the matrices ℳ︁32,2, ℳ︁32,1, ℳ︁31,1, ℳ︁31,3, and ℳ︁4 appearing in [11] proving that they are not varieties and finding the free algebra over one generator. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A definable nonstandard enlargement
Authors: Herzberg Frederik
Published: March 2008

This article establishes the existence of a definable (over ZFC), countably saturated nonstandard enlargement of the superstructure over the reals. This nonstandard universe is obtained as the union of an inductive chain of bounded ultrapowers (i.e. bounded with respect to the superstructure hierarchy). The underlying ultrafilter is the one constructed by Kanovei and Shelah [10]. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
n ‐fold filters in BL‐algebras
Authors: Haveshki Masoud , Eslami Esfandiar
Published: March 2008

In this paper we introduce n ‐fold (positive) implicative basis logic and the related algebras called n ‐fold (positive) implicative BL‐algebras. Also we define n ‐fold (positive) implicative filters and we prove some relations between these filters and construct quotient algebras via these filters. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The axiom of choice and the law of excluded middle in weak set theories
Authors: Bell John L.
Published: March 2008

A weak form of intuitionistic set theoryWSTlacking the axiom of extensionality is introduced. WhileWSTis too weak to support the derivation of the law of excluded middle from the axiom of choice, we show that bee.ng upWSTwith moderate extensionality principles or quotient sets enables the derivation to go through. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Free Zn2+ enhances inhibitory effects of EGCG on the growth of PC‐3 cells
Authors: Sun Shi‐li , He Guo‐qing , Yu Hai‐ning , Yang Jun‐guo , Borthakur Devajit , Zhang Lan‐cui , Shen Sheng‐rong , Das Undurti N
Published: March 2008

Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea, has both preventive and therapeutic beneficial actions in prostate cancer. In the present study, we compared the growth inhibitory effects and the antioxidant and ability to modify cell membrane permeation of zinc‐EGCG complex and Zn2+/EGCG mixture on androgen‐insensitive prostate cancer (PC‐3) cells. It was noted that free Zn2+ enhanced the growth inhibitory effects of EGCG on PC‐3 cells at 160 μmol/L concentration, whereas zinc‐EGCG complex was ineffective. EGCG showed potent free radical scavenging ability in the presence of Zn2+. EGCG in the presence of Zn2+ was more effective than EGCG alone in enhancing the permeability of the cell membrane, whereas zinc‐EGCG complex had no effect on PC‐3 cell membrane permeability. These results indicate that though Zn2+ enhanced the action of EGCG on PC‐3 cells, zinc‐EGCG complex is highly unlikely to be formed in the presence of Zn2+ and EGCG to explain the potentiating action of Zn2+ on the growth inhibitory property of EGCG on PC‐3 cells.
Evaluation of total quinolizidine alkaloids content in lupin flours, lupin‐based ingredients, and foods
Authors: Resta Donatella , Boschin Giovanna , D'Agostina Alessandra , Arnoldi Anna
Published: March 2008

Lupin proteins are gaining attention to replace animal proteins and other plants ingredients in several foods such as bakery products, imitation dairy and meat products, and beverages. One of the major safety issues of lupin‐based foods is the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs), bitter compounds produced by lupin plants as a defense mechanism against predators. In mammals, QA intoxication is characterized by trembling, shaking, excitation, and convulsion. Lupanine and sparteine, the most common QAs, show acute oral toxicity due to neurological effects leading to the loss of motor co‐ordination and muscular control. In this paper, 27 samples of lupin‐based products, i. e., flours, protein isolates, and food (either model or commercially available ones), were analyzed for evaluating the QA content using a method based on GC/MS. All the analyzed samples were safe since they respect the maximum limit of 200 mg/kg fixed by the Health Authorities of Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, and France, that have regulated this topic. The QA contents were particularly low in protein isolates and in foods containing these ingredients, indicating that their use is a very effective tool for keeping low the daily intake of QAs.
Pressure and temperature dependence of the chlorine NQR in caesium and sodium chlorates
Authors: Ramesh K. P. , Suresh K. S. , Raghavendra Rao C. , Ramakrishna J.
Published: March 2008

The 35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequencies (νQ) in caesium and sodium chlorates were measured as a function of temperature, from 77 to 300 K at different pressures up to 5.1 kbar, and the data were analysed to estimate the volume dependence of the electric field gradient (EFG), torsional frequency and also the contributions to the NQR frequency from static and dynamic effects. The variation of spin‐lattice relaxation time with pressure at different temperatures was studied in the case of sodium chlorate and at room temperature in case of caesium chlorate. The pressure dependence of the spin‐lattice relaxation time (T1) suggests that the relaxation is mainly due to the torsional motions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stacking interaction study of trans‐resveratrol (trans‐3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) in solution by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Bonechi Claudia , Martini Silvia , Magnani Agnese , Rossi Claudio
Published: March 2008

Interactions between aromatic rings or other unsaturated systems, including π‐stacking and face‐to‐edge complexes, are the origin of many phenomena in both organic and biological chemistry. It is well known that these interactions play an important role in the stabilization of the stereo‐structure of DNA and the tertiary structure of many proteins.

Trans‐resveratrol (trans‐3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene, trans‐RSV) is a phytoalexin found in Vitis sp. and in many other plants and food products and has received much attention because of its possible positive health benefits.

In this work, the π‐stacking interaction of trans‐RSV was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In particular, the proton chemical shift dependence of the RSV concentration in the range 2 × 10−2 − 1 × 10−5 M and temperature were analysed. Moreover, the dynamics of the supramolecular aggregates were studied by nuclear spin relaxation data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cauchy problem for a higher‐order Boussinesq equation
Authors: Duruk Nilay , Erkip Albert , Erbay Husnu A.
Published: March 2008

In this study we establish global well‐posedness of the Cauchy problem for a higher‐order Boussinesq equation. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulating solid state sintering and compaction of metal powder in the finite strain regime
Authors: Frischkorn Jan , Reese Stefanie
Published: March 2008

In many industrial applications (e.g. mills for crushing mineral goods, bearing rings) large ring‐shaped workpieces with thick outer wear resistant layers can be found. The powder metallurgical production of these layers on a substrate ring using the hot isostatic pressing technology (HIP) has become the most prevailing production process in this field.

Nevertheless using the HIP technology shows some important drawbacks like long process times, high logistic costs and maximum ring diameters of about 1.5 meters. A remedy to these problems is expected from the process integrated powder coating through radial axial rolling of rings. Herein, HIP is replaced by integrating the compaction and sintering of the metal powder into the rolling process of the substrate ring. For this purpose a constitutive material model is introduced in the following, which is able to describe sintering and compaction of metal powder in the finite strain regime. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct discretization of the fractional‐order differential by using Chebyshev series expansion
Authors: Miyakoda Tsuyako
Published: March 2008

In this paper, we tried to evaluate the fractional derivatives by using the Chebyshev series expansion. We discuss the Riemann‐Liouville type of fractional derivative and apply the indefinite quadrature rule to estimate the values of the fractional derivative. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)