bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid Metastasizing to the Sphenoid Sinus
Authors: Radhakrishnan Suma R , Andru Asjeena
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Metastatic tumors to the nose and paranasal sinuses are unusual with 167 cases published in the literature since 1951. The most common locations of the primary tumors are renal, lung, breast, testis, gastrointestinal tract and thyroid gland. There are only 26 documented cases of metastasis to the sphenoid sinus of which only six are from follicular carcinoma thyroid.

Materials and methods

Case reports of two patients referred to our department with ocular symptoms having a final diagnosis of follicular carcinoma thyroid with sphenoid sinus metastasis were studied and literature review done.

Discussion

Metastasis to the sphenoid sinus from follicular carcinoma thyroid is a rare entity and here we present two more cases of which one was an occult thyroid carcinoma. Both patients presented with ocular symptoms and the features of metastasis was the first sign of disease.

Conclusion

Early diagnosis of signs and symptoms relating to metastatic sphenoid disease is necessary as these are frequently the first presentation of malignancy. Even though cure of patients with sphenoid sinus metastasis has not been reported, palliation with resolution of morbidity is possible.

How to cite this article

Radhakrishnan SR, Andru A, Peetta-kkandy V. Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid Metastasizing to the Sphenoid Sinus. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(2):53-57.
Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Chitguppi Chandala
Published: April 2016

Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare tumor of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It can be differentiated from other neoplasms by correlating clinical, light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. Due to the small number of reported cases, the ideal treatment regimen has not been systematically evaluated. The treatment of SNUC includes aggressive multimodality therapy, including surgical resection and adjuvant treatment (i.e. radiotherapy, chemotherapy) because of high rate of both loco-regional recurrence and distant metastasis.

How to cite this article

Rajan S, Raj A, Chauhan A, Rathore PK, Wadhwa V, Khurana N, Chitguppi C. Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(2):60-63.
Endonasal Endoscopic Approach for Skull Base Neurofibroma: Is It Viable?
Authors: Chauhan Neha , Tiwari MK , Kim Vaiphei
Published: April 2016

Anterior skull base and sinonasal schwannomas are rare entities. Earlier, safest way to remove these tumors, with best success rates, was open craniofacial surgery but recently with introduction of endoscopic endonasal approach; complete resection of these rare entities is possible. We present one such case of skull base neurofibroma which was resected in entirety via a purely endoscopic endonasal approach.

How to cite this article

Gupta A, Tiwari MK, Chauhan N, Kaur N, Kim V. Endonasal Endoscopic Approach for Skull Base Neurofibroma: Is It Viable?. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(2):72-75.
Pediatric Lobular Capillary Hemangioma Nasal Cavity
Authors: Varshney Saurabh , Gairola Priyanka , Malhotra Manu
Published: April 2016

A lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) is a benign uncommon entity of unknown etiology among vascular lesions of the head and neck. Although it has no predilection for age, it is more common in the third decade and in females. Lobular capillary hemangioma usually involves the gingiva, lips, tongue and buccal mucosa. The nasal cavity is a rare location. The most common symptoms are nasal obstruction and epistaxis. The treatment is nasal endoscopic surgery.

We review these vascular lesions and present the clinical features, radiological findings, treatment performed and histopathological results of two cases of LCH originating in the left inferior turbinate and septum. No recurrence was observed after complete endoscopic resection during 6 months follow-up. Lobular capillary hemangioma should be taken into consideration among the differential diagnosis of a painless hemorrhagic endonasal mass even though it is a rare entity. If complete resection is performed, prognosis is excellent and the recurrence rate is low.

How to cite this article

Varshney S, Malhotra M, Kaur N, Gairola P. Pediatric Lobular Capillary Hemangioma Nasal Cavity. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(2):76-80.
Odontogenic Fibromyxoma of Maxilla: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Kant Chandra , Prajapati Virendra Kumar , Singh Vishwambhar , Tiwari Krishna Murari
Published: April 2016

Odontogenic fibromyxoma, a myxoma with abundant collagen fibers, is a rare benign tumor of jaw which mostly affects posterior part of mandible. It is ectomesenchymal in origin and probably arises from connective tissue of dental follicle or papilla. Commonly occurs in 2nd or 3rd decade with slight female predilection. Radiological investigations, such as conventional radiography, computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to differentiate it from other odontogenic tumors like ameloblastoma. Management is surgical by enucleation and curettage or by en bloc resection and segmental maxillectomy. Follow-up of patient is must for at least 2 years to diagnose any recurrence. In this article, we present fibromyxoma of maxilla which is a very rare site for occurrence of fibromyxoma and this relatively rare condition has been discussed in light of recent information from literature with a case report.

How to cite this article

Kant C, Prajapati VK, Singh V, Tiwari KM. Odontogenic Fibromyxoma of Maxilla: A Rare Case Report. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(2):84-88.
Influence of Superior Attachment of Uncinate Process on Presence of Agger Nasi
Authors: Shivaraj Rahul , Dsouza Cimona , Pinto George
Published: April 2016

Objective

The superior attachment of uncinate process and agger nasi (AN) cell are important landmark in frontal sinus surgery, and are in close relation to each other. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between the superior attachment of uncinate process (UP) and presence of AN cell.

Study design

A retrospective radiological study.

Materials and methods

Fifty patients with features of chronic sinusitis were evaluated radiographically, i.e. computed tomo graphy (CT), 100 sides, i.e. 50 scans were evaluated for superior attachment of UP and presence of AN. Chisquare test was used as statistical tool for eliciting the relationship between the two.

Results

The AN cell was found in 68 (68%) of 100 sides. The prevalence of AN cell according to superior attachment of UP types were 64.1% for lamina papyracea, 79.41% for skull base, 53,84% for middle turbinate. The presence of AN cell accor ding to superior attachment types of UP was not statistically significant (χ2 = 3.5925, p = 0.16592).

Conclusion

The AN cell found in 68 sides (68%), and there was no statistical significance between the superior attachment of UP and presence of AN cell.

How to cite this article

Shivaraj R, Dsouza C, Pinto G. Influence of Superior Attachment of Uncinate Process on Presence of Agger Nasi. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(3):104106.
Management of Nasal Dermoid Sinus Cyst by Modified Bipedicle Advancement Flap Technique
Authors: Devasamudra Chidananda Ramappa , Sagar Niveditha J
Published: April 2016

Midline congenital nasal lesions are rarely encountered in adults. Nasal dermoid sinus cysts (NDSC) account for 1 to 3% of dermoid cysts overall and 11 to 12% of head and neck dermoids. Most lesions are diagnosed within the first 3 years of life but in some cases the diagnosis can be delayed. Nasal dermoid sinus cysts are unsightly, prone to infection. Treatment is complete surgical excision. We are presenting a case of 21-year-old man with a NDSC who presented with soft tissue hump over the bony nasal dorsum, recurrent infection and discharge from the two sinus openings over the bony nasal dorsum. We review the embryology of nasal dermoid sinus cysts, discuss their presentation, evaluation and management in adults. Radiological investigations like computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are essential to know the extension of the sinus tract and CNS involvement. Complete surgical excision and reconstruction of the defect over the bony nasal dorsum by modified bipedicle advancement flap technique will help to give esthetically good looking nose.

Abbreviations

CNS: Central nervous system, CT: Computed tomography, MRI: Magnetic resonant imaging, NDSC: Nasal dermoid sinus cyst, PNS: Para nasal sinus.

How to cite this article

Devasamudra CR, Sagar NJ. Management of Nasal Dermoid Sinus Cyst by Modified Bipedicle Advancement Flap Technique. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(3):115-120.
Frontal Mucocele Presenting with Subcutaneous Cystic Swelling: An Unusual Case Report
Authors: Chauhan Bhushan
Published: April 2016

Paranasal sinus mucocele is slowly expanding cystic lesions leading to sinus expansion, bony erosion and extension into the orbit, cranial cavity or into subcutaneous tissue. Mucoceles most commonly involve the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses. We describe a frontal mucocele presenting with forehead subcutaneous cystic mass which was successfully managed by endoscopic sinus surgery and by external approach (frontal trephination).

How to cite this article

Chauhan B, Gupta M. Frontal Mucocele Presenting with Subcutaneous Cystic Swelling: An Unusual Case Report. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(3):130-132.
Ectodermal Dysplasia Presenting with Atrophic Rhinitis: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature
Authors: Pati Sampurna , Pal Sudipta , Biswas Surajit
Published: April 2016

Aim

To present two rare case of ectodermal dysplasia presenting with maggot infestation due to atrophic rhinitis.

Study design

Case report.

Setting

Tertiary care referral hospital.

Presentation

Two male child aged about 5 and 8 years presented in ENT emergency with history of maggot infestation of nose.

Result

Clinical examination was suggestive of ectodermal dysplasia. Intranasal examination was suggestive of atrophic rhinitis. Maggots were removed in conventional manner. Following conservative treatment, skin biopsy and nasal mucosal biopsy was taken which confirmed the diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia.

Conclusion

Any ectodermal dysplasia patient should be suspected of having atrophic rhinitis and intranasal conservative therapy should be initiated at the earliest to prevent complication like maggots in nose.

How to cite this article

Pati S, Pal S, Saha S, Biswas S. Ectodermal Dysplasia Presenting with Atrophic Rhinitis: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2015;8(3):133-135.
Effect of Household Denture Cleansers on Color Stability and Tensile Bond Strength of Two Different Heat Polymerized Acrylic Resins
Authors: Nadiger Ramesh , Meshramkar Roseline , Patankar Anupama Suresh , Bagchi Paulami
Published: April 2016

Aim

Denture cleansers are used not only to clean dentures but also for disinfection of dentures. Among household denture cleansers, bleach (which contains sodium hypochlorite) and vinegar (which contains acetic acid) have been found to be powerful disinfecting agents. The objectives of this in vitro study were to evaluate and compare the color stability and tensile bond strength of Trevalon and Lucitone 199 heat-cured resins after immersing in household denture cleansers like 1% household bleach and 50% vinegar.

Methodology

A total of 48 Trevalon and Lucitone 199 heat- cure resin samples respectively were fabricated. The samples were divided into three groups of 16 samples each. They were immersed in 1% bleach, 50% vinegar and water (control) respectively. The samples were alternatively immersed in cleanser and water for 8 hours for 20 days simulating 30 days of use. At the end of 20 days, color stability and tensile strength were assessed with the help of spectro-guide and Instron universal testing machine respectively.

Results

Sodium hypochlorite and vinegar affected the color stability of Lucitone 199 heat-cure acrylic resin. The color of Trevalon heat-cure resin remained unaltered after immersion in both the cleansers. The change in tensile strength of both the resins was not significant after immersion in both the cleansers as compared with water which was used as control group.

Conclusion

This study concludes that for disinfection and cleansing of denture, sodium hypochlorite can be considered as long as the acrylic used is cross linked.

How to cite this article

Patankar AS, Meshramkar R, Nadiger R, Bagchi P. Effect of Household Denture Cleansers on Color Stability and Tensile Bond Strength of Two Different Heat Polymerized Acrylic Resins. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2015;5(4):95-100.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A New Boon and a Ray of Hope to the Endodontist-A Series of Cases
Authors: Bansode Pradnya Vilas , Pathak Seema Dhananjay , Gite Shraddha Pradeep , Pagare Jaishri sanjay , Wavadhane Manthara Baburao , Khedgikar Shrish Bhimrao
Published: April 2016

Aim

This article aims to provide comprehensive information related to the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a diagnostic aid and its potential applications in dentistry.

Background

A study was done on 10 different patients with different findings, such as Radix entomolaris, calcifications, vertical root fracture, internal resorption, cystic lesion, perforation, radicular cyst, preparation for endo surgery. These all findings could not be diagnosed by two-dimensional (2D) imaging which were diagnosed with the help of CBCT.

Review results

Cone beam computed tomography is a revolutionary and innovative procedure that has changed the paradigms in the management of various endodontic conditions. Cone beam computed tomography offers speed and versatility to the practitioner and patient alike. Within few minutes of acquiring the scan, the dentist may fully explore the patient's three-dimensional (3D) image. The image can then be rotated, color-contrasted, and slices can be isolated and further analyzed. With its accurate and high-quality 3D representations, this technology offers tremendous improvements in diagnostic capabilities, eliminating surprises and minimizing the need for exploratory surgery.

Conclusion

Cone beam computed tomography is an invaluable endodontic tool for use before, during, and after treatment CBCT scanning drives diagnostic accuracy, which positively impacts clinical decisions, increases speed of treatment, and improves productivity and patient outcomes. In short, it has provided the greatest advancement in digital imaging over the past decade.

Clinical significance

When used for preoperative assessment, CBCT imaging provides highly detailed information on the entire tooth structure, including the location and number of canals, pulp chamber size and degree of calcification, curvature of root morphology, tooth and root fractures, inflammatory lesions and defects.

How to cite this article

Pathak SD, Bansode PV, Gite SP, Pagare JS, Wavadhane MB, Khedgikar SB. Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A New Boon and a Ray of Hope to the Endodontist-A Series of Cases. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2015;5(4):101-109.
Comparison of Different Methods of Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Anterior Region
Authors: crispino Antonio , Pisano Gaetano , Fortunato Leonzio
Published: April 2016

Scope of work

The purpose of this work is the analysis and comparison of the various methods available for the realization of fixed restorations on natural teeth in the anterior sector with the presentation of some case report series.

Materials and methods

The methods used in relation to the clinical case, are the metal-ceramic, the galvan-ceramic, all- ceramic and porcelain veneers.

Results

It highlights indications and limitations of each of the methods proposed, emphasizing the prominent role of esthetics in the rehabilitation sector of the front.

Conclusion

The materials and techniques available, with proper clinical evaluation and to a timely therapeutic planning, are the basis of the rehabilitative ideal choice for each individual case, and they also depend on the achievement of clinical success.

How to cite this article

Crispino A, Pisano G, Fortunato L. Comparison of Different Methods of Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Anterior Region. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2015;5(4):110-113.
Aerosol effects modeling using an online coupling between the meteorological model WRF and the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE
Authors: Briant Régis , Tuccella Paolo , Deroubaix Adrien , Khvorostyanov Dmitry , Menut Laurent , Mailler Sylvain , Turquety Solène
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The presence of airborne aerosols affects the meteorology as it induces a perturbation in the radiation budget, the number of cloud condensation nuclei and the cloud micro-physics. Those effects are difficult to model at regional scale as several distinct models are usually involved. In this paper, the coupling of the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model with the WRF meteorological model using the OASIS3-MCT coupler is presented. WRF meteorological fields along with CHIMERE aerosol optical properties are exchanged through the coupler at a high frequency in order to model the aerosol direct and semidirect effects. The WRF-CHIMERE online model has a higher computational burden than both models ran separately in offline mode (up to 42 % higher). This is mainly due to some additional computations made within the models such as more frequent calls to meteorology treatment routines or calls to optical properties computations routines. On the other hand, the overall time required to perform the OASIS3-MCT exchanges is not significant compared to the total duration of the simulations. The impact of the coupling is evaluated on a case study over Europe, northern Africa, Middle East and western Asia during the Summer 2012, through comparisons of the offline and two online simulations (with and without the aerosol optical properties feedback) to observations of temperature, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and surface PM10 (particulate matter with diameters lower than 10 µm) concentrations. Result shows that using the optical properties feedback induces a radiative forcing (average forcing of −4.8 W.m−2) which creates a perturbation in the average surface temperatures over desert areas (up to 2.6° locally) along with an increase of both AOD and PM10 concentrations.
PALADYN v1.0, a comprehensive land surface–vegetation–carbon cycle model of intermediate complexity
Authors: Willeit Matteo , Ganopolski Andrey
Published: April 2016

Abstract. PALADYN is presented, a new comprehensive and computationally efficient land surface–vegetation–carbon cycle model designed to be used in Earth system models of intermediate complexity for long-term simulations and paleoclimate studies. The model treats in a consistent manner the interaction between atmosphere, terrestrial vegetation and soil through the fluxes of energy, water and carbon. Energy, water and carbon are conserved. The model explicitly treats permafrost, both in physical processes and as important carbon pool. The model distinguishes 9 surface types of which 5 are different vegetation types, bare soil, land ice, lake and ocean shelf. Including the ocean shelf allows to treat continuous changes in sea level and shelf area associated with glacial cycles. Over each surface type the model solves the surface energy balance and computes the fluxes of sensible, latent and ground heat and upward shortwave and longwave radiation. It includes a single snow layer. Vegetation and bare soil share a single soil column. The soil is vertically discretized into 5 layers where prognostic equations for temperature, water and carbon are consistently solved. Phase changes of water in the soil are explicitly considered. A surface hydrology module computes precipitation interception by vegetation, surface runoff and soil infiltration. The soil water equation is based on Darcy's law. Given soil water content, the wetland fraction is computed based on a topographic index. The temperature profile is also computed in the upper part of ice sheets and in the ocean shelf soil. Photosynthesis is computed using a light use efficiency model. Carbon assimilation by vegetation is coupled to the transpiration of water through stomatal conductance. The model includes a dynamic vegetation module with 5 plant functional types competing for the gridcell share with their respective net primary productivity. The model distinguishes between mineral soil carbon, peat carbon, buried carbon and shelf carbon. Each soil carbon 'type' has its own soil carbon pools generally represented by a litter, a fast and a slow carbon pool in each soil layer. Carbon can be redistributed between the layers by vertical diffusion. For the vegetated macro surface type, decomposition is a function of soil temperature and soil moisture. Carbon in permanently frozen layers is assigned a long turnover time which effectively locks carbon in permafrost. Carbon buried below ice sheets and on flooded ocean shelfs is treated differently. The model also includes a dynamic peat module. PALADYN includes carbon isotopes 13C and 14C, which are tracked through all carbon pools. Isotopic discrimination is modelled only during photosynthesis. A simple methane module is implemented to represent methane emissions from anaerobic carbon decomposition in wetlands (including peatlands) and flooded ocean shelf. The model description is accompanied by a thorough model evaluation in offline mode for the present day and the historical period.
SiSeRHMap v1.0: a simulator for mapped seismic response using a hybrid model
Authors: Grelle Gerardo , Bonito Laura , Lampasi Alessandro , Revellino Paola , Guerriero Luigi , Sappa Giuseppe , Guadagno Francesco Maria
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The SiSeRHMap (simulator for mapped seismic response using a hybrid model) is a computerized methodology capable of elaborating prediction maps of seismic response in terms of acceleration spectra. It was realized on the basis of a hybrid model which combines different approaches and models in a new and non-conventional way. These approaches and models are organized in a code architecture composed of five interdependent modules. A GIS (geographic information system) cubic model (GCM), which is a layered computational structure based on the concept of lithodynamic units and zones, aims at reproducing a parameterized layered subsoil model. A meta-modelling process confers a hybrid nature to the methodology. In this process, the one-dimensional (1-D) linear equivalent analysis produces acceleration response spectra for a specified number of site profiles using one or more input motions. The shear wave velocity–thickness profiles, defined as trainers, are randomly selected in each zone. Subsequently, a numerical adaptive simulation model (Emul-spectra) is optimized on the above trainer acceleration response spectra by means of a dedicated evolutionary algorithm (EA) and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA) as the final optimizer. In the final step, the GCM maps executor module produces a serial map set of a stratigraphic seismic response at different periods, grid solving the calibrated Emul-spectra model. In addition, the spectra topographic amplification is also computed by means of a 3-D validated numerical prediction model. This model is built to match the results of the numerical simulations related to isolate reliefs using GIS morphometric data. In this way, different sets of seismic response maps are developed on which maps of design acceleration response spectra are also defined by means of an enveloping technique.
Multi-criteria decision-making for flood risk management: a survey of the current state of the art
Authors: de Brito Mariana Madruga , Evers Mariele
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This paper provides a review of multi-criteria decision-making  (MCDM) applications to flood risk management, seeking to highlight trends and identify research gaps. A total of 128 peer-reviewed papers published from 1995 to June 2015 were systematically analysed. Results showed that the number of flood MCDM publications has exponentially grown during this period, with over 82 % of all papers published since 2009. A wide range of applications were identified, with most papers focusing on ranking alternatives for flood mitigation, followed by risk, hazard, and vulnerability assessment. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was the most popular method, followed by Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Although there is greater interest in MCDM, uncertainty analysis remains an issue and was seldom applied in flood-related studies. In addition, participation of multiple stakeholders has been generally fragmented, focusing on particular stages of the decision-making process, especially on the definition of criteria weights. Therefore, addressing the uncertainties around stakeholders' judgments and endorsing an active participation in all steps of the decision-making process should be explored in future applications. This could help to increase the quality of decisions and the implementation of chosen measures.
Semiautomated object-based classification of rain-induced landslides with VHR multispectral images on Madeira Island
Authors: Heleno Sandra , Matias Magda , Pina Pedro , Sousa António Jorge
Published: April 2016

Abstract. A method for semiautomated landslide detection and mapping, with the ability to separate source and run-out areas, is presented in this paper. It combines object-based image analysis and a support vector machine classifier and is tested using a GeoEye-1 multispectral image, sensed 3 days after a major damaging landslide event that occurred on Madeira Island (20 February 2010), and a pre-event lidar digital terrain model. The testing is developed in a 15 km2 wide study area, where 95 % of the number of landslides scars are detected by this supervised approach. The classifier presents a good performance in the delineation of the overall landslide area, with commission errors below 26 % and omission errors below 24 %. In addition, fair results are achieved in the separation of the source from the run-out landslide areas, although in less illuminated slopes this discrimination is less effective than in sunnier, east-facing slopes.
Mapping turbulent diffusivity associated with oceanic internal lee waves offshore Costa Rica
Authors: Fortin Will F. J. , Holbrook W. Steven , Schmitt Raymond W.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Breaking internal waves play a primary role in maintaining the meridional overturning circulation. Oceanic lee waves are known to be a significant contributor to diapycnal mixing associated with internal wave dissipation, but direct measurement is difficult with standard oceanographic sampling methods due to the limited spatial extent of standing lee waves. Here, we present an analysis of oceanic internal lee waves observed offshore eastern Costa Rica using seismic imaging and estimate the turbulent diffusivity via a new seismic slope spectrum method that extracts diffusivities directly from seismic images, using tracked reflections only to scale diffusivity values. The result provides estimates of turbulent diffusivities throughout the water column at scales of a few hundred meters laterally and 10 m vertically. Synthetic tests demonstrate the method's ability to resolve turbulent structures and reproduce accurate diffusivities. A turbulence map of our seismic section in the western Caribbean shows elevated turbulent diffusivities near rough seafloor topography as well as in the mid-water column where observed lee wave propagation terminates. Mid-water column hotspots of turbulent diffusivity show levels 5 times higher than surrounding waters and 50 times greater than typical open-ocean diffusivities. This site has steady currents that make it an exceptionally accessible laboratory for the study of lee-wave generation, propagation, and decay.
Timescales of C turnover in soils with mixed crystalline mineralogies, Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Khomo Lesego , Trumbore Susan , Bern Carleton R. , Chadwick Oliver A.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Organic matter-mineral associations stabilize much of the carbon stored globally in soils. Metastable short-range-order (SRO) minerals such as allophane and ferrihydrite provide one mechanism for long-term stabilization of organic matter in soil. However, ancient and highly weathered soils that cover a large fraction of land area lack SRO minerals. Here we evaluate the role of different minerals on the amount and turnover time (TT) of carbon in a field setting designed to minimize the role of SRO by taking advantage of multiple lithologies in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Density separation demonstrated that most of the C was associated with minerals, even in surface soils. A parallel separation of clay-sized material demonstrated that 9–47 % of the organic C in these soils was stabilized by clays. Organic C associated with clay-sized material had average TT of 1020 ± 460 years in surface soils. The mean TT of this clay-associated C increased with depth and with fraction of total clay that was smectite. Because the C associated with smectite clay was so old, the amount of smectite (2 : 1 clays) controlled the age of bulk soil C across Kruger landscapes. The TT of the majority of soil C – not stabilized by clays – was much shorter, 190 ± 190 years in surface horizons. We suggest that this faster component reflects timescales of weaker C stabilization by crystalline Fe and Al oxyhydr)oxides and kaolinite (1 : 1) clays, as well as LF fractions not associated with minerals. Thus, bulk or HF carbon integrates C stabilized by mechanisms with inherently different TT, something that is often inferred from radiocarbon measurements. While SRO mineral concentrations were very low in these soils, the soils with most SRO had very high C content but also very young C. In other environments, SRO can be very stable and sorb C on very long timescales. We hypothesize that the seasonal wetting and drying in the KNP may reduce the age of SRO minerals as well as the C associated with them. Across the varying lithologies and a precipitation gradient found in the KNP, we found mineralogy to be the most important explanatory factor for C content (related to crystalline Fe) and turnover time (related to the amount of smectite).
Improved GRACE regional mass balance estimates of the Greenland ice sheet cross-validated with the input–output method
Authors: Xu Zheng , Schrama Ernst J. O. , van der Wal Wouter , van den Broeke Michiel , Enderlin Ellyn M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In this study, we use satellite gravimetry data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to estimate regional mass change of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and neighboring glaciated regions using a least squares inversion approach. We also consider results from the input–output method (IOM). The IOM quantifies the difference between the mass input and output of the GrIS by studying the surface mass balance (SMB) and the ice discharge (D). We use the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model version 2.3 (RACMO2.3) to model the SMB and derive the ice discharge from 12 years of high-precision ice velocity and thickness surveys. We use a simulation model to quantify and correct for GRACE approximation errors in mass change between different subregions of the GrIS, and investigate the reliability of pre-1990s ice discharge estimates, which are based on the modeled runoff. We find that the difference between the IOM and our improved GRACE mass change estimates is reduced in terms of the long-term mass change when using a reference discharge derived from runoff estimates in several subareas. In most regions our GRACE and IOM solutions are consistent with other studies, but differences remain in the northwestern GrIS. We validate the GRACE mass balance in that region by considering several different GIA models and mass change estimates derived from data obtained by the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). We conclude that the approximated mass balance between GRACE and IOM is consistent in most GrIS regions. The difference in the northwest is likely due to underestimated uncertainties in the IOM solutions.
The Semantic Study of Generics
Authors: Fu Zhengling
Published: April 2016

This paper makes efforts to reveal cognitive motivation of generics, holding that generics and metonymy are the same in the aspect of categorization and generalization, that generics’ economy expression and incomplete statements are closely related to human’s innately given capacity to generalize from instance to type, or from subtype to type, and communicating economically with least efforts and least expression is universally accepted rather than the vise verse.
Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy via Inframammary Fold: Reconstructive Red Flags
Authors: Mahmood Umbareen , Suber Jessica , Zadikany Ronit , Kellogg Brian , Fulp William , Laronga Christine , Dayicioglu Deniz , Smith Paul
Published: April 2016

Background: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is a technically feasible and oncologically sound option for patients who meet eligibility criteria. Inframammary fold (IMF) incision results in a well-hidden scar and enhanced final aesthetic result. While oncologic eligibility criteria have been well established, reconstructive criteria are less defined. We report Moffitt Cancer Center's (MCC) outcomes with IMF incision for NSM and immediate reconstruction, and factors associated with increased complication rate.Methods: IRB approved retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent NSM through an IMF approach with immediate reconstruction at MCC from 2006-2013 was conducted. Analysis included patient demographics, tumor characteristics, ancillary treatment, reconstructive method, and nipple and skin flap necrosis. A literature review was performed to compare outcomes with other types of incisions.Results: 115 patients met inclusion criteria, representing 199 breasts. The average age was 48.1 (range 18-74). The two main complication categories evaluated were nipple necrosis (8%) and skin flap necrosis (10.6%). Older age demonstrated a significant relationship with skin flap necrosis (p=0.0155) and overall complications (p=0.0492). Complication rate was significantly higher in the cancer side vs. prophylactic side in patients who underwent bilateral mastectomies (p=0.0088). Factors with trends related to increased skin flap necrosis included increased mastectomy specimen weight (p=0.0704), smoking (p=0.0726), and significant comorbidities (p=0.0665).Conclusion: Our institution's results substantiate that NSM through an IMF approach with immediate reconstruction is a viable option. Recognized risk factors such as age, laterality, breast weight, smoking history, and comorbidities associated with increased complications should be considered when determining patient selection for reconstruction.
Cobertura da vacina meningocócica C nos estados e regiões do Brasil em 2012
Authors: Neves Rosália Garcia , Böhm Andrea Wendt , Costa Caroline dos Santos , Flores Thaynã Ramos , Soares Ana Luiza Gonçalves , Wehrmeister Fernando César
Published: April 2016

Objetivos: Descrever a cobertura da vacina meningocócica C em crianças menores de um ano de idade, em 2012, nos estados e regiões do Brasil, e correlacionar com variáveis socioeconômicas e cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo ecológico. A cobertura vacinal foi calculada utilizando o número de doses da vacina em 2012, disponível no Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, como numerador, e população residente menor de um ano, também em 2012, como denominador. Ainda, foi realizada uma correlação de Pearson (r) entre a cobertura vacinal e as variáveis socioeconômicas. Resultados: As regiões Norte e Nordeste não atingiram a recomendação de 95% para cobertura. A cobertura vacinal apresentou correlação positiva moderada com renda média per capita (r=0,6) e negativa e moderada com o coeficiente de Gini (r=-0,5). Conclusão: São necessárias ações educativas e políticas para aumentar a cobertura vacinal com objetivo de reduzir a incidência da doença meningocócica, além de estudos com delineamentos mais robustos.
A medicina de família e comunidade revista
Authors: Gusso Gustavo , Poli Paulo
Published: April 2016

Assumimos como editores da Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (RBMFC) há quase um ano. Nesse período tentamos implementar uma reforma na gestão para que a Revista ganhasse em eficiência. Ao mesmo tempo, modificamos alguns fluxos, fornecedores, secretaria e escopo.
Caracterização do uso do Alendronato para osteoporose na atenção primária à saúde
Authors: Nobre Chrisleny Aguiar , Vieira. Vanessa Maria de Souza Fernandes , Nobre Christiane Aguiar , Pamplona Ysabely de Aguiar Pontes
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: Identificar a caracterização do uso do alendronato sódico por pacientes em tratamento para osteoporose na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no município de Sobral, CE, e relacionar os possíveis fatores que poderiam influenciar a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e quantitativo. Foi realizado com o uso de um questionário, entre fevereiro e março de 2012, com 90 pacientes em tratamento para osteoporose com alendronato sódico, de ambos os sexos e maiores de 50 anos. Resultados: Noventa e nove porcento dos pacientes eram representados pelo o sexo feminino. Sobre a faixa etária, 67% correspondiam a mais de 60 anos. Houve predominância de fratura na coluna em 45% dos pacientes. Sessenta e dois porcento ingeriam o alendronato de forma inadequada e 43% relataram alguma reação adversa ao medicamento. Conclusão: O uso inadequado do alendronato de sódio pelos pacientes, assim como sua ausência nos Centros de Saúde da Família (CSF), são fatores que influenciam diretamente na não adesão ao tratamento da osteoporose. É importante que sejam desenvolvidas ações de educação em saúde sobre o uso adequado desse medicamento como forma de garantia de qualidade de vida.
Abordagem Familiar: aplicação de ferramentas a uma família do município de Montes Claros/MG
Authors: Souza Dias Brante Anne Raissa , Silveira Martins Danuse , Visu Neves Fabrícia Maria , Caldeira Fonseca Janette , Mendes Ottoni Julimary Larissa , Rodrigues de Oliveira Renata Francine
Published: April 2016

Introdução: As ferramentas de abordagem familiar assumem caráter essencial na Atenção Primária à Saúde e são referenciadas como úteis e assertivas no trabalho com famílias. Objetivo: Realizar intervenção num domicílio da abrangência da ESF São Geraldo, Montes Claros/MG, a partir das ferramentas de abordagem familiar. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de literatura na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, bem como em em livros acerca da temática em questão. Posteriormente foram realizados oito encontros com a família para aplicação das seguintes ferramentas de abordagem familiar: Genograma, Ciclos de Vida, FIRO, PRACTICE e Conferência Familiar. Resultados: Percepção da dinâmica familiar para esclarecimento das situações de conflito que interferem nas condições de saúde de alguns de seus membros, estabelecimento de acordos com a família no sentido de melhorar a qualidade de vida da família em estudo. Conclusão: A abordagem familiar possibilitou maior proximidade entre equipe de saúde e usuários do serviço, compreendendo as questões emocionais que interferem negativamente no quadro clínico do paciente índice e seus familiares. Foi possível também iniciar um trabalho com foco na mudança dos comportamentos disfuncionais da família.
New species of Monepidosis Mamaev, 1966 and Antipodosis gen. nov., a closely related genus from New Zealand (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Jaschhof Mathias
Published: April 2016

Three new species of Monepidosis Mamaev, 1966, a Holarctic genus of Porricondylinae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), are described: M. heterocera sp. nov. from Sweden and Germany, M. scepteroides sp. nov. from Sweden, and M. shikokuensis sp. nov. from Japan. A new porricondyline genus, Antipodosis gen. nov., is introduced for eight new species from New Zealand, named A. australis gen. et sp. nov., A. elongata gen. et sp. nov., A. granvillensis gen. et sp. nov., A. pureora gen. et sp. nov., A. rakiura gen. et sp. nov., A. rotoiti gen. et sp. nov., A. rotoroa gen. et sp. nov., and A. waipapa gen. et sp. nov. Male genitalic morphology indicates that Monepidosis and Antipodosis gen. nov. are closely related, together forming the Monepidosis group of genera, which stands out from the other Porricondylini. Monepidosis spatulata Spungis, 2006, a species originally described from Latvia and Lithuania, is for the first time reported to occur in Sweden.
Educational Value of Digital Whole Slides Accompanying Published Online Pathology Journal Articles: A Multi-Institutional Study
Authors: Yin Feng , Han Gang , Bui Marilyn M. , Gibbs Julie , Martin Ian , Sundharkrishnan Lohini , King Lauren , Jabcuga Christine , Stuart Lauren N. , Hassell Lewis A.
Published: April 2016

Context.—Despite great interest in using whole slide imaging (WSI) in pathology practice and education, few pathology journals have published WSI pertinent to articles within their pages or as supplemental materials.

Objective.—To evaluate whether there is measurable added educational value of including WSI in publications.

Design.—Thirty-seven participants, 16 (43.3%), 15 (40.5%), and 6 (16.2%) junior pathology residents (postgraduate year 1–2), senior pathology residents (postgraduate year 3–4), and board-certified pathologists, respectively, read a sequence of 10 journal articles on a wide range of pathology topics. A randomized subgroup also reviewed the WSI published with the articles. Both groups completed a survey tool assessing recall of text-based content and of image-based material pertinent to the diseases but not present in the fixed published images.

Results.—The group examining WSI had higher performance scores in 72% of image-based questions (36 of 50 questions) as compared with the non-WSI group. As an internal study control, the WSI group had higher performance scores in only 40% of text-based questions (6 of 15 questions). The WSI group had significantly better performance than the non-WSI group for image-based questions compared with text-based questions (P < .05, Fisher exact test).

Conclusion.—Our study provides supporting evidence that WSI offers enhanced value to the learner beyond the text and fixed images selected by the author. We strongly encourage more journals to incorporate WSI into their publications.
Classified Vector Quantization and its Application on Compression of Iris Images in the Safety of Marine Systems
Authors: Čorić Mirko , Lušić Zvonimir , Gudelj Anita
Published: April 2016

As a standard, 512 byte IrisCode templates developed with specific algorithms are stored in databases and used in iris recognition process. Future tendencies are to use exclusively real iris images rather than IrisCode templates in the iris recognition process. Many of current iris recognition systems use portable devices (e.g. iris scanners) which are often required to transmit image or template over communication channel. Image compression can be used in order to reduce the transmission time and storage capacities. Classified Vector Quantization (CVQ) and ordinary Vector Quantization (VQ) are used for compression of greyscale iris images collected from one of the available public databases of iris images. Results show that both compression methods are significantly more effective when applied to iris images than when applied to average images from everyday environments since iris images are fairly uniform and contain lowcontrast levels. Originally, CVQ is used to improve the quality of edges of compressed images because they are the most important part of image for visual impression on humans. The paper presents the comparison and major advantage of CVQ over ordinary VQ in terms of significant time reduction needed for iris images to be coded, and therefore it highlights a new important application of CVQ.
Body Parts Features-Based Pedestrian Detection for Active Pedestrian Protection System
Authors: Guo Lie , Zhang Mingheng , Li Linhui , Zhao Yibing , Lin Yingzi
Published: April 2016

A novel pedestrian detection system based on vision in urban traffic situations is presented to help the driver perceive the pedestrian ahead of the vehicle. To enhance the accuracy and to decrease the time spent on pedestrian detection in such complicated situations, the pedestrian is detected by dividing their body into several parts according to their corresponding features in the image. The candidate pedestrian leg is segmented based on the gentle AdaBoost algorithm by training the optimized histogram of gradient features. The candidate pedestrian head is located by matching the pedestrian head and shoulder model above the region of the candidate leg. Then the candidate leg, head and shoulder are combined by parts constraint and threshold adjustment to verify the existence of the pedestrian. Finally, the experiments in real urban traffic circumstances were conducted. The results show that the proposed pedestrian detection method can achieve pedestrian detection rate of 92.1% with the average detection time of 0.2257 s.
Factors of Perceived Waiting Time and Implications on Passengers’ Satisfaction with Waiting Time
Authors: Feng Shumin , Wu Haiyue , Sun Xianglong , Li Zhenning
Published: April 2016

In order to explore the influence factors on perceived waiting time, a multiple linear regression model has been used to quantitatively describe the relationship between perceived waiting time and various factors. The model is established with 234 data, which is surveyed with questionnaire at three stops in Harbin, China. The results show that several certain factors (“trip purpose - where to”, “presence of a companion - whether one has a companion or not”, “having a timing device - whether one has a timing device or not”, “riding frequency - how many times one takes one line per week” and “waiting behaviour - what one does while waiting for a bus”) have significant influence on perceived waiting time, which confirms previous findings and supports transferability of results. The significance of “waiting mood - howabout the mood while waiting for a bus” and “reserved waiting time - how long one will wait” are confirmed for the first time in this study. In contrast to previous studies, “waiting time interval - for how long in one day” is a negative variable and socioeconomic variables are non-significant. And it is found that the relationship between perceived waiting time and passengers’ satisfaction with the waiting time follows a decreasing exponential distribution. With this model, the variation trend of the section, where passenger satisfaction value is larger than 0 is obviously steeper than the section smaller than 0. Such result proves that passenger mood with short waiting time is more sensitive than with longer waiting time. And the borderline perceived waiting time, distinguishing satisfied from dissatisfied passengers is proven to be 7.87 minutes when assignment interval of satisfaction is (-25.25], when satisfaction is positive (larger than 0), the accuracy being 70.30%, while the accuracy is 82.71% fornegative satisfaction (less than 0).