bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
South Africa and the ‘New Scramble for Africa’: Imperialist, Sub-imperialist, or Victim?
Authors: Martin William G.
Published: July 2013

Is South Africa a ‘sub/imperialist’ state, a leader of the Global South, or a victim of imperial power from the North? This essay unpacks the debate surrounding South Africa’s role in the ‘new scramble for Africa’ by critically contrasting competing theoretical conceptions against historical and empirical evidence. The conclusion projects a radical—and unexpected—rupture in South Africa’s power and position in the world-economy as North–South networks are broken and East–South relations replace North–South relations.
Kindlin-2 regulates hemostasis by controlling endothelial cell–surface expression of ADP/AMP catabolic enzymes via a clathrin-dependent mechanism
Authors: Pluskota Elzbieta , Ma Yi , Bledzka Kamila M. , Bialkowska Katarzyna , Soloviev Dmitry A. , Szpak Dorota , Podrez Eugene A. , Fox Paul L. , Hazen Stanley L. , Dowling James J. , Ma Yan-Qing , Plow Edward F.
Published: July 2013

Key Points

Kindlin-2 regulates hemostasis in vivo by limiting CD39 and CD73 expression on the surface of endothelial cells. Kindlin-2 interacts directly with CHC and controls clathrin-dependent CD39 and CD73 endocytosis/recycling in endothelial cells.
Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of a compatible tomato-aphid interaction reveals a predominant salicylic acid-dependent plant response
Authors: Coppola Valentina , Coppola Mariangela , Rocco Mariapina , Digilio Maria Cristina , D’Ambrosio Chiara , Renzone Giovanni , Martinelli Rosanna , Scaloni Andrea , Pennacchio Francesco , Rao Rosa , Corrado Giandomenico
Published: July 2013

Background

Aphids are among the most destructive pests in temperate climates, causing significant damage on several crops including tomato. We carried out a transcriptomic and proteomic study to get insights into the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of the tomato response to the Macrosyphum euphorbiae aphid.

Results

The time course analysis of aphid infestation indicated a complex, dynamic pattern of gene expression. Several biological functions were affected and genes related to the stress and defence response were the most represented. The Gene Ontology categories of the differentially expressed genes (899) and identified proteins (57) indicated that the tomato response is characterized by an increased oxidative stress accompanied by the production of proteins involved in the detoxification of oxygen radicals. Aphids elicit a defense reaction based on the cross-communication of different hormone-related signaling pathways such as those related to the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene and brassinosteroids. Among them, the SA-signaling pathway and stress-responsive SA-dependent genes play a dominant role. Furthermore, tomato response is characterized by a reduced accumulation of photosynthetic proteins and a modification of the expression of various cell wall related genes.

Conclusions

Our work allowed a more comprehensive understanding of the signaling events and the defense dynamics of the tomato response to aphids in a compatible interaction and, based on experimental data, a model of the tomato–aphid molecular interaction was proposed. Considering the rapid advancement of tomato genomics, this information will be important for the development of new protection strategies.
Ferroelectric BaTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayered thin films for room-temperature tunable microwave elements
Authors: Liu Ming , Ma Chunrui , Collins Gregory , Liu Jian , Chen Chonglin , Alemayehu Andy D , Subramanyam Guru , Ding Ying , Chen Jianghua , Dai Chao , Lin Yuan , Cole Melanie W
Published: July 2013

Ferroelectric BaTiO3/SrTiO3 with optimized c-axis-oriented multilayered thin films were epitaxially fabricated on (001) MgO substrates. The microstructural studies indicate that the in-plane interface relationships between the films as well as the substrate are determined to be (001)SrTiO3//(001)BaTiO3//(001)MgO and [100]SrTiO3//[100]BaTiO3//[100]MgO. The microwave (5 to 18 GHz) dielectric measurements reveal that the multilayered thin films have excellent dielectric properties with large dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and high dielectric tunability, which suggests that the as-grown ferroelectric multilayered thin films can be developed for room-temperature tunable microwave elements and related device applications.
Predictive Toxicology of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: comparative in-vitro study of different cellular models using methods of knowledge discovery from data
Authors: Horev-Azaria Limor , Baldi Giovanni , Beno Delila , Bonacchi Daniel , Golla-Schindler Ute , Kirkpatrick James C , Kolle Susanne , Landsiedel Robert , Maimon Oded , Marche Patrice N , Ponti Jessica , Romano Roni , Rossi François , Sommer Dieter , Uboldi Chiara , Unger Ronald E , Villiers Christian , Korenstein Rafi
Published: July 2013

Background

Cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles (Co-Fe NPs) are attractive for nanotechnology-based therapies. Thus, exploring their effect on viability of seven different cell lines representing different organs of the human body is highly important.

Methods

The toxicological effects of Co-Fe NPs were studied by in-vitro exposure of A549 and NCIH441 cell-lines (lung), precision-cut lung slices from rat, HepG2 cell-line (liver), MDCK cell-line (kidney), Caco-2 TC7 cell-line (intestine), TK6 (lymphoblasts) and primary mouse dendritic-cells. Toxicity was examined following exposure to Co-Fe NPs in the concentration range of 0.05 -1.2 mM for 24 and 72 h, using Alamar blue, MTT and neutral red assays. Changes in oxidative stress were determined by a dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate based assay. Data analysis and predictive modeling of the obtained data sets were executed by employing methods of Knowledge Discovery from Data with emphasis on a decision tree model (J48).

Results

Different dose–response curves of cell viability were obtained for each of the seven cell lines upon exposure to Co-Fe NPs. Increase of oxidative stress was induced by Co-Fe NPs and found to be dependent on the cell type. A high linear correlation (R2=0.97) was found between the toxicity of Co-Fe NPs and the extent of ROS generation following their exposure to Co-Fe NPs. The algorithm we applied to model the observed toxicity belongs to a type of supervised classifier. The decision tree model yielded the following order with decrease of the ranking parameter: NP concentrations (as the most influencing parameter), cell type (possessing the following hierarchy of cell sensitivity towards viability decrease: TK6 > Lung slices > NCIH441 > Caco-2 = MDCK > A549 > HepG2 = Dendritic) and time of exposure, where the highest-ranking parameter (NP concentration) provides the highest information gain with respect to toxicity. The validity of the chosen decision tree model J48 was established by yielding a higher accuracy than that of the well-known “naive bayes” classifier.

Conclusions

The observed correlation between the oxidative stress, caused by the presence of the Co-Fe NPs, with the hierarchy of sensitivity of the different cell types towards toxicity, suggests that oxidative stress is one possible mechanism for the toxicity of Co-Fe NPs.
Inhibition of Endogenous NGF Degradation Induces Mechanical Allodynia and Thermal Hyperalgesia in Rats
Authors: Osikowicz Maria , Longo Geraldine , Allard Simon , Cuello A Claudio , Ribeiro-da-Silva Alfredo
Published: July 2013

Background

We have previously shown a sprouting of sympathetic fibers into the upper dermis of the skin following subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hindpaw. This sprouting correlated with an increase in pain-related sensitivity. We hypothesized that this sprouting and pain-related behavior were caused by an increase in nerve growth factor (NGF) levels. In this study, we investigated whether the inhibition of mature NGF degradation, using a matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP-2/9) inhibitor, was sufficient to reproduce a similar phenotype.

Results

Behavioral tests performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after intra-plantar MMP-2 /9 inhibitor administration demonstrated that acute and chronic injections of the MMP-2/9 inhibitor induced sensitization, in a dose dependent manner, to mechanical, hot and cold stimuli as measured by von Frey filaments, Hargreaves and acetone tests, respectively. Moreover, the protein levels of mature NGF (mNGF) were increased, whereas the levels and enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9 were reduced in the glabrous skin of the hind paw. MMP-2/9 inhibition also led to a robust sprouting of sympathetic fibers into the upper dermis but there were no changes in the density of peptidergic nociceptive afferents.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that localized MMP-2/9 inhibition provokes a pattern of sensitization and fiber sprouting comparable to that previously obtained following CFA injection. Accordingly, the modulation of endogenous NGF levels should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the management of inflammatory pain associated with arthritis.
Reduction of needlestick injuries in healthcare personnel at a university hospital using safety devices
Authors: Hoffmann Cornelia , Buchholz Lutz , Schnitzler Paul
Published: July 2013

Background

Healthcare personnel (HCP) is exposed to bloodborne pathogens through occupational risk factors. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of needlestick injuries (NSIs) before and after the introduction of safety devices in all departments of our hospital.

Methods

Data was extracted from mandatory needlestick report forms of the hospital’s Occupational Health Service. Serological results of patients and healthcare personnel (HCP) were reviewed in the laboratory information system.

Results

In 2007, the year before the introduction of safety devices, 448 needlestick injuries were self-reported, corresponding to an annual rate of 69.0 NSIs per 1 000 full-time HCP. The highest incidence was observed among medical staff in the surgery department and internal medicine with 152 (33.9%) and 79 (17.6%) NSIs, respectively. Of all occupational groups, nurses (36.2%) had the highest risk to sustain NSIs. In 2008 safety devices were introduced across the hospital, e.g. peripheral venous catheter, hypodermic needle and stapling system for wound sealing providing active or passive protection. In 2009, the year after introduction of safety devices, only 350 NSIs were reported, the annual rate of NSIs decreased to 52.4 per 1 000 full-time HCP. Thus an overall reduction of 21.9% for NSIs was achieved when safer devices were applied. The number of NSIs was reduced by even 50% for blood withdrawal, for use of peripheral venous catheters and application of hypodermic needles.

Conclusion

The application of safety devices led to a reduction of NSIs and significantly reduces the risk of bloodborne infections.
Evidence of a new metabolic capacity in an emerging diarrheal pathogen: lessons from the draft genomes of Vibrio fluvialis strains PG41 and I21563
Authors: Khatri Indu , Mahajan Sakshi , Dureja Chetna , Subramanian Srikrishna , Raychaudhuri Saumya
Published: July 2013

Background

Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging diarrheal pathogen for which no genome is currently available. In this work, draft genomes of two closely related clinical strains PG41 and I21563 have been explored.

Results

V. fluvialis strains PG41 and I21563 were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 1000 platform to obtain draft genomes of 5.3 Mbp and 4.4 Mbp respectively. Our genome data reveal the presence of genes involved in ethanolamine utilization, which is further experimentally confirmed by growth analysis.

Conclusions

Combined in silico and growth analysis establish a new metabolic capacity of V. fluvialis to harvest energy from ethanolamine.
Mesenchymal stem cell transformation and sarcoma genesis
Authors: Xiao Wei , Mohseny Alexander B , Hogendoorn Pancras C W , Cleton-Jansen Anne-Marie
Published: July 2013

MSCs are hypothesized to potentially give rise to sarcomas after transformation and therefore serve as a good model to study sarcomagenesis. Both spontaneous and induced transformation of MSCs have been reported, however, spontaneous transformation has only been convincingly shown in mouse MSCs while induced transformation has been demonstrated in both mouse and human MSCs. Transformed MSCs of both species can give rise to pleomorphic sarcomas after transplantation into mice, indicating the potential MSC origin of so-called non-translocation induced sarcomas. Comparison of expression profiles and differentiation capacities between MSCs and sarcoma cells further supports this. Deregulation of P53- Retinoblastoma-, PI3K-AKT-and MAPK pathways has been implicated in transformation of MSCs. MSCs have also been indicated as cell of origin in several types of chromosomal translocation associated sarcomas. In mouse models the generated sarcoma type depends on amongst others the tissue origin of the MSCs, the targeted pathways and genes and the differentiation commitment status of MSCs. While some insights are glowing, it is clear that more studies are needed to thoroughly understand the molecular mechanism of sarcomagenesis from MSCs and mechanisms determining the sarcoma type, which will potentially give directions for targeted therapies.
Inhibition of VEGF: a novel mechanism to control angiogenesis by Withania somnifera’s key metabolite Withaferin A
Authors: Saha Sanjib , Islam Md Khirul , Shilpi Jamil A , Hasan Shihab
Published: July 2013

Purpose

Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation from existing one, plays both beneficial and detrimental roles in living organisms in different aspects. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a signal protein, well established as key regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. VEGF ensures oxygen supply to the tissues when blood supply is not adequate, or tissue environment is in hypoxic condition. Limited expression of VEGF is necessary, but if it is over expressed, then it can lead to serious disease like cancer. Cancers that have ability to express VEGF are more efficient to grow and metastasize because solid cancers cannot grow larger than a limited size without adequate blood and oxygen supply. Anti-VEGF drugs are already available in the market to control angiogenesis, but they are often associated with severe side-effects like fetal bleeding and proteinuria in the large number of patients. To avoid such side-effects, new insight is required to find potential compounds as anti-VEGF from natural sources. In the present investigation, molecular docking studies were carried out to find the potentiality of Withaferin A, a key metabolite of Withania somnifera, as an inhibitor of VEGF.

Methods

Molecular Docking studies were performed in DockingServer and SwissDock. Bevacizumab, a commercial anti-VEGF drug, was used as reference to compare the activity of Withaferin A. X-ray crystallographic structure of VEGF, was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB), and used as drug target protein. Structure of Withaferin A and Bevacizumab was obtained from PubChem and ZINC databases. Molecular visualization was performed using UCSF Chimera.

Results

Withaferin A showed favorable binding with VEGF with low binding energy in comparison to Bevacizumab. Molecular Docking studies also revealed potential protein-ligand interactions for both Withaferin A and Bevacizumab.

Conclusions

Conclusively our results strongly suggest that Withaferin A is a potent anti-VEGF agent as ascertained by its potential interaction with VEGF. This scientific hypothesis might provide a better insight to control angiogenesis as well as to control solid cancer growth and metastasis.
Fabrication of Cellulose-based Microparticles at Gas–Liquid Interfaces in a Microchannel
Authors: Lee Na Rea , Kim Sung Tae , Ko Yeongun , Kim Nam Hee , Chang Suk Tai
Published: July 2013

Cellulose-based microparticles are produced by changing the pH value adjacent to the interfaces between CO2 gas bubbles and an aqueous solution containing the pH-sensitive polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) in a simple microfluidic system. This method is inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and represents a single-step approach for synthesis of cellulose-based microparticles with a narrow size distribution.
“Don’t forget the migrants”: exploring preparedness and response strategies to combat the potential spread of MERS-CoV virus through migrant workers in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wickramage Kolitha , Peiris Sharika , Agampodi Suneth B
Published: July 2013

From September 2012 to July 2013, 81 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including 45 deaths (a case fatality ratio of 55%) have been reported from eight countries. Human-to-human transmission is now confirmed showing potential for another pandemic of zoonotic disease, with an extremely high mortality rate. Effective surveillance strategies are required in countries with a high influx of migrants from the Middle East to mitigate the probable importation of MERS-CoV. We discuss here the risk of MERS-CoV in major labor sending countries and list the probable strategies for control and prevention of MERS-CoV using Sri Lanka as an example. It is conservatively estimated that 10% of Sri Lanka’s population work as international labor migrants (1.8 to 2 million workers), with 93% residing in the Middle East. An average of 720 workers depart each day, with the majority of these workers (71%) departing to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (the country with 81.5% of total MERS-CoV cases). We also describe other inbound migration categories such as tourists and resident visa holders relevant to the context of preparedness and planning. The importance of partnerships between public health authorities at national and regional levels with labor migration networks to establish institutional and/or policy mechanisms are highlighted for ensuring effective preparedness and response planning. Strategies that can be taken by public health authorities working in both labor sending and labor receiving counties are also described.  The strategies described here may be useful for other labor sending country contexts in Asia with a high frequency and volume of migrant workers to and from the Gulf region.
Do the Kings Lie?
Authors: Burliga Bogdan
Published: July 2013

Taking departure from Arrian’s famous statement (Anab. 1, Praef. 2) that he mainly relied on Ptolemy Soter’s account of Alexander the Great’s history since Ptolemy was the king and lies should be avoided by him, the roots of the idea of the royal truthfulness are discussed. It is claimed that the Greek political thought about monarchy and the institution of kingship had a strong ethical flavor but the argument of the kings’ veracity was not especially stressed out. Arrian, however, has found it both in Alexander the Great’s ideology and the ideology of the royal court in Ptolemaic Egypt. Essentially, however, the origins of the truthfulness idea are to be sought in the royal Oriental (Achaemenid especially), official ethics, under the influence of which Alexander certainly remained. The novelty of Arrian the historian’s decision should by thus appreciated. It does not mean that Arrian’s account of Alexander’s expedition is ideally objective but it certainly means that in his effort to give a possibly unbiased history of the Macedonian king’s achievements, he tried to do his best.
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Authors: Grabowski Tomasz
Published: July 2013

The article focuses on the image of the three rulers of the Lagid Dynasty: Ptolemy IV, Ptolemy VI and Ptolemy VIII, which was included in the sources, The Histories by Polybius in particular the ancient tradition is especially hostile towards Ptolemy IV and Ptolemy VIII, who are presented as the rulers neglecting state matters, concentrated on their own pleasures and, particularly in the case of Ptolemy VIII, cruel. Polybius’ most serious charge leveled against Ptolemy IV concerns his idleness as well as leading an inept foreign policy. In the light of the assessment of Ptolemy IV’s reign, Polybius’ opinion is not completely justified. On can judge that Ptolemy IV’s lifestyle decidedly influenced the opinion concerning his reign. It cannot be ruled out, however, that what we have to deal with in this case is the Ptolemies’ and the antique authors’ different understanding of the concept of tryphé (trufἠ). Affluence as a means of the possibilities of acting and the manifestation of splendour of the monarchy’s power was the idea that formed the basis of the concept of tryphé in the Ptolemies’ propaganda and ideology. Tryphé was the sign of the dynasty’s power, prosperity and constituted a complement of one of the most important elements of the Hellenistic kings’ propaganda, that is euergetism. The concept of tryphé was, nevertheless, ambiguous. In the light of the antique accounts, the understanding of the above concept was dominated by the pejorative aspects, such as a passion for luxury and a riotous lifestyle, which led to debauchery and effeminacy. At least a part of the opinions included in the antique sources can be explained just by the differences in the perception of the concept of tryphé on the part of the Ptolemies and Greek intellectuals. It does not concern only Ptolemy IV and Ptolemy VIII, but also Ptolemy VI, who was very positively presented in the antique tradition. Despite all his real liking for him, Polybius points out his tendency to live life to the full in an excessive manner. Tryphé constituted, however, a significant element of the Lagids’ ideology and it is difficult to suppose that the members of the dynasty consistently used the means which fell on barren ground. Even if the Ptolemies could not reach the intellectual elites in this way, the manifestation of tryphé brought results in the case of the other recipients, such as the ordinary subjects who were supposed to admire the splendour and affluence of the dynasty. When it comes to the representatives of culture and science, the Ptolemies successfully managed to get through to them in different ways, for instance by the acts of euergetism or by providing patronage for culture and science. Nonetheless, tryphé in a considerable way influenced the way in which the Ptolemies were perceived by ancient authors.
Caenis: Augusta in All but Name
Authors: Tatarkiewicz Anna
Published: July 2013

The paper analyses the life and position of Antonia Caenis, a former slave and a long-time concubine of emperor Vespasian.
Wstęp
Authors: Świątek Adam
Published: July 2013

Tam, gdzie mapa kraju staje się już bardzo południowa, płowa od słońca, pociemniała i spalona od pogód lata, jak gruszka dojrzała – tam leży ona, jak kot w słońcu – ta wybrana kraina, ta prowincja osobliwa, to  miasto jedyne na świecie. Daremnie mówić o tym profanom! Daremnie tłumaczyć, że tym długim falistym językiem ziemi, którym dyszy ten kraj w skwarze lata, tym kanikularnym przylądkiem ku Południowi, tą odnogą wsuniętą samotnie między smagłe węgierskie winnice – oddziela się ten partykularz od zespołu krainy i idzie samopas, w pojedynkę, nie wypróbowaną drogą, próbuje na własną rękę być światem. Miasto to i kraina zamknęły się w samowystarczalny mikrokosmos, zainstalowały się na własne ryzyko na samymbrzegu wieczności.

Bruno Schulz, Republika marzeń
Orientacja austro-polska wobec kwestii ukraińskiej w czasie I wojny światowej (do Aktu 5 listopada 1916 r.)
Authors: Drozdowski Mateusz
Published: July 2013

Матеуш Дроздовський, Австро-угорська орієнтація по відношенню до українського питання підчас Першої світової війни (до Акту 5 листопада 1916 р.)

Напередодні та під час Першої світової війни одночасно сформувався ряд ідей націлених на відновлення польської держави і розвиток українського національного руху. Українські угрупування, що діяли у Галичині, закликали до створення в межах Габсбурзької монархії державної автономної. Польські ж політичні орієнтації у перший період Першої світової війни відстоювали створення польської автономії під протекторатом Габсбургів. Носієм цієї певною мірою австоро-польської ідеї було загальнопольське міжпартійне об’єднання створене в серпні 1914 р. передусім з метою формування польських легіонів під назвою Головний національний комітет. Через те, що ГНЦ проводило масштабні пропагандистські та публіцистичні дії, йому необхідно було зайняти позицію по відношенню до постулатів українських сил. Основна мета цієї статті є розглянути видання ГНЦ: часописи, брошури та статті під кутом оцінки та розуміння українського питання їх авторами. Це дозволить відповісти на питання про відносини поміж активістами з обох угрупувань та про місце українського питання у планах ГНЦ. Оцінка цього періоду у діяльності самої організації та політичної ситуації у монархії є важлива оскільки згодом, у 1918 р. невирішені ідеологічні суперечності поміж українцями та поляками переродились у громадянську війну. Період, що обговорюється у статті більшість цих питань про майбутнє поляків і українців залишались ще відкритими. Текст спирається на документах ГНЦ, доступних у Національному архіві міста Кракові.
Wymiana terytoriów przygranicznych Polski i ZSRS w 1951 roku
Authors: Wawryniuk Andrzej
Published: July 2013

Анджей Вавринюк, Східні межі і обмін прикордонних територій Польщі і СРСР в 1951 р.

В 1951 році Союз Радяньських Соціалістичних Республік зажадав від Польщі передати 480 км2 територій, що належали до Грубешівського і Томашевського повітів. Взамін українці повинні були отримати нафтоносні і газоносні поклади в Бещадах. Фактично переданими були землі, на яких розміщувалась величезні поклади кам’яного вугілля, про які було відомо ще в 30-х роках XX ст. Польща ж збагатилась покладами нафти і газу в Східних Карпатах, що належали до Дрогобицького округу. Значну частину роботи було присвячено представленню робіт і процедур, пов’язаних з підго товкою польських територій до передання СРСР. Також я обговорюю роботу делімітаційної комісії при визначенні нового польсько-радянського кордону. У останній частині статті я презентую неопубліковані матеріали, що стосуються нових вимог СРСР відносно передання їм нових територій, між іншим з повіту Грубешовського, площею від 1250-1300 км2. Взамін Польщі було запропоновано залізничну лінію Хирів – Доброміл, а також багаті на нафту і газ території в Карпатах.
La evolución del perfecto latino en algunas lenguas románicas: el caso del español, el francés y el catalán
Authors: Pawłowska Marta
Published: July 2013

Ewolucja łacińskiego perfectum w niektórych językach romańskich, na przykładzie języków hiszpańskiego, francuskiego i katalońskiego
W niniejszym artykule zamierzamy przyjrzeć się ewolucji łacińskiego perfectum, wychodząc od jego genezy, budowy morfologicznej oraz znaczeń, w trzech językach romańskich: hiszpańskim, francuskim i katalońskim. Mamy na celu zwłaszcza zwrócenie uwagi na związek między zmianami formalnymi spowodowanymi analogią a częstotliwością użycia analizowanego czasu. Wymienione języki obrazują trzy możliwe drogi rozwoju: postępujące, ale umiarkowane zmiany analogiczne; niewielkie zmiany połączone z wyparciem danej konstrukcji z języka mówionego oraz znaczne zmiany, którym również towarzyszy zaprzestanie użycia danej formy.
Diccionario de Catalina la Grande (1787-1789)
Authors: Stala Ewa
Published: July 2013

Słownik Katarzyny II (1787-1789) Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie materiału hiszpańskiego z nieznanego szerzej XIX-wiecznego słownika wydanego w Sankt Petersburgu przez P.S. Pallasa. Po krótkiej nocie biograficznej następuje przedstawienie materiału leksykograficznego, a następnie jego analiza pod kątem jego transliteracji, fonetyki, morfologii oraz cech leksykalnych. Jak zwykle okazuje się, że badanie nieznanego materiału odkrywa kolejne niespodzianki językowe i jest niezawodnym źródłem do poszerzenia znajomości, choćby w ograniczonymstopniu, historii danego języka.
Reflexiones sobre la influencia de las TIC en el sistema educativo actual
Authors: Arenas R. Sergio Balches
Published: July 2013

Kilka refleksji na temat roli TIK w procesie edukacji
Technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne (TIK), które z impetem wdarły się w życie współczesnych społeczeństw, przyniosły ze sobą szereg bezprecedensowych zmian i zrewolucjonizowały zarówno dotychczasowy sposób pojmowania pracy, nauki czy rozrywki, jak również wiele nawyków naszego życia codziennego. Kluczowymi postaciami zachodzącego procesu przeobrażeń są tzw. „cyfrowi tubylcy”, w odróżnieniu od osób, które dorastały w epoce poprzedzającej inwazję TIK, określanych mianem „cyfrowych imigrantów”. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą refleksji nad sytuacją edukacji w ogóle, lecz przede wszystkim jego autor stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, w jaki sposób eksplozja TIK warunkuje w chwili obecnej powstawanie nowych form i sposobów nauczania, odmiennych od modeli wypracowanych przez tradycyjne systemy edukacji.
La explotación visual en la PDI
Authors: Alvárez Paula Cancelas
Published: July 2013

Audiovisual Use of Interactive Whiteboard

Using audiovisual aids in the classroom not only gives an opportunity for the students to learn in a more pleasant way, but also provides means for addressing numerous aspects and skills in teaching a foreign language. The use of Interactive Whiteboards is spreading rapidly in the recent years. Interactive Whiteboards offer a possibility of a more interesting and modern use of the audiovisual techniques, so they are becoming an invaluable tool for a teacher. This is why it is so important for us, teachers, to learn how to make the best use of this tool during our classes. This article presents briefly the advantages of Interactive Whiteboards and the use of audiovisual aids in teaching. Moreover, it shows some techniques and examples ready to be introduced in the classroom, all of them extracted from classes of Spanish as a foreign language.
Interferencias de otras lenguas observadas en estudiantes polacos de filología española
Authors: Palka Ewa
Published: July 2013

Other Languages Interference in Polish Speaking Students of Spanish Philology

Although a lot has been written about the interference of other languages different from the mother tongue in learning a new foreign language, the observation of the signs of this phenomenon in a specific group of students may still lead to interesting conclusions. A study on other languages interference performed in 2011 regarding students attending the 1st course of Spanish Philology at the Jagiellonian University, has revealed an important change in the characteristics of this group of learners in comparison to the one analysed in 2003. The evolution may be attributed to the change in the political situation of the country in the international arena and also to the politics of education in Poland. Besides, it has been proved that for the correct interpretation of the data, it is essential to take into consideration the whole context of the study, i.e. not only the languages learned before, but also those studied simultaneously. Another key factor is the number of languages known by the investigator himself. The samples of interference gathered during the study can be discussed in order to find the possible ways to prevent this phenomenon before it occurs.
Lo que me ha dejado Ernesto Cardenal
Authors: Pörtl Klaus
Published: July 2013

What Do I Owe to Ernesto Cardenal

The author is tracking down a peculiar trend in the poetry of Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Cardenal, which matches two traditionaly opposing ideas: the Christian doctrine and the communist ideology within the so called “liberation theology”. The paper points out the inventive and revolutionary nature of the marriage of ideas present in the political poetry of Cardenal.
Human Herpesvirus 8–Unrelated Primary Effusion Lymphoma–Like Lymphoma
Authors: Wu William , Youm Wonita , Rezk Sherif A. , Zhao Xiaohui
Published: July 2013

Objectives:

To report a patient with primary effusion lymphoma who was negative for human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus, as well as review 54 reported cases of HHV-8–unrelated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL)–like lymphoma in the literature to clarify the nature of this entity.

Methods:

The patients’ characteristics, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, morphologic-immunophenotypic features, clinical management, and prognosis were studied.

Results:

HHV-8–negative PEL-like lymphomas often occur in immunocompetent and elderly patients, are sometimes associated with chronic inflammation–related fluid overload, are mostly large B-cell or large B-cell with plasmacytic differentiation type, and are associated with a better prognosis.

Conclusions:

In various aspects, HHV-8–unrelated PEL-like lymphoma is a different entity from HHV-8–related PEL. Immunophenotype, morphology, and c-myc/8q24 status should be included for differential diagnosis. A test for c-myc or 8q24 abnormalities should be recommended for subdividing HHV-8–unrelated PEL-like lymphoma, which may have benefits in patient management.
Gastric Cancer Detection Using Gastric Juice Pepsinogen and Melanoma-Associated Gene RNA
Authors: Chae Hyun-Dong , Kim In-Ho , Lee Geon Ho , Shin Im-Hee , Suh Hun-Suk , Jeon Chang-Ho
Published: July 2013

Objectives:

To develop a new method for gastric cancer detection with gastric juice using melanoma-associated gene (MAGE) RNA and pepsinogen (PG).

Methods:

In total, 183 gastric juice and paired serum specimens were obtained from 134 patients with gastric cancer and 49 healthy individuals. The gastric juice specimens were analyzed with MAGE A1 to A6 nested reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The serum and gastric juice PG were measured with a PG I and II immunoassay.

Results:

The gastric juice PG I and PG I/II ratios were more accurate than those of serum. The combination test using the gastric PG I/II ratio and MAGE was the most accurate, with a sensitivity of 77.6% and a specificity of 87.8%. The sensitivity was 78.8% for stage I gastric cancer and not influenced by cancer location or pathologic type.

Conclusions:

The combination test is potentially an additional tool for gastric cancer detection.
Ritual Slaughter and the Freedom of Religion: Some Reflections on a Stunning Matter
Authors: Zoethout Carla M.
Published: July 2013

This article deals with ritual slaughter and the consequences of a possible ban on un-stunned slaughter for the freedom to manifest one's religion. Following a discussion of the religious origins of ritual slaughter, the article examines the general consequences of the practice on animal welfare. The practice is also reviewed in light of the freedom to manifest one's religion, as protected by Article 9 of the European Convention of Human Rights. As will be made clear, invoking one's right to the freedom to manifest one's religion is not sufficient to withstand possible limitations on this freedom.
Getting the Gunpowder Out of Their Heads: The Limits of Rights-Based DDR
Authors: Waldorf Lars
Published: July 2013

The United Nations adopted an explicitly rights-based approach to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in 2006 as part of its larger agendas of "liberal peace building," integrated peace operations, and human rights mainstreaming. Rights-based DDR represents yet another example of how human rights discourse, law, and practice manage to penetrate adjacent domains—first the development, then humanitarian, and now security sectors. This article examines the development of rights-based DDR and looks at two key limitations. It concludes by recommending that DDR be rights-sensitive rather than rights-based.
Expression of Justice or Political Trial?: Discursive Battles in the Karadžić Case
Authors: Meijers Tim , Glasius Marlies
Published: July 2013

This article examines the discourses of prosecution and defense in the case of Radovan Karadžíc before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. It focuses on what happens in the courtroom—a site mostly neglected in the literature on transitional justice—and the consequences courtroom discourses may have for societies in transition. Our theoretical point of departure is the concept of "expressivism," which is an attempt to theorize courts' potential to send messages as a key feature in thinking about the relationship between normative legitimacy, support, and utility of international trials. We conclude that the defense by Karadžíc disrupts and thwarts the pedagogical messaging intended by expressivism to a considerable extent, and reflect on the generalizability of our findings by considering the elements of the actors, audiences, and the stage in the posited "courtroom drama."
Feeding the Community
Authors: Porter Benjamin W.
Published: July 2013

History and ethnicity have been the preferred frameworks for explaining how Levantine societies organized themselves during the early Iron Age. Consequently, opportunities are missed to understand how local economic and environmental factors structured social life. In this study, a collection of early Iron Age settlements from southwest central Jordan, the Dhiban and Karak Plateaus, is examined using a community perspective. Emphasis is placed on the production and consumption of food, the raw materials for household and communal wealth. The value of food in the communities was heightened due to the difficult semi-arid environmental conditions in which is was produced. The sharing of food between households and communities was one way to create social bonds, or to gain power over others. Food circulation through practices such as storage, everyday meals and feasts therefore offers an ideal window through which to observe social life. Evidence for the communities' food-systems is considered (faunal and palaeobotanical data, storage and food production). The presence and uneven distribution of this evidence within individual communities indicates that households possessed different amounts of food, signalling a degree of inequality between households. A collection of decorated ceramic food-serving vessels is also discussed along with information about its production, its semiotic qualities and the possible roles it played in commensal events. One broader implication of this study is that materials were entangled in the networks of relationships that constituted early Iron Age social life. This recognition of the material world's participation challenges normative ways that early Iron Age societies have been analyzed and represented.
Practical Movements
Authors: Lόpez-Bertran Mireia
Published: July 2013

Scholars have studied the long-distance movements of people and goods in Phoenician and Punic society between the eighth and the second centuries BC in considerable depth. However, little attention has been paid to travelling, walking and sailing as common activities in their daily lives. it was through living in and moving through landscapes and seascapes that people constructed their sense of place. Sacred places may have been nodal points in these settings and everyday movements may well have become ritualized. This article develops the idea that journeys to shrines might be considered as pilgrimages and stresses the kinetic aspect of these practices. I suggest that trips to shrines were important elements in the ritualization of movements and landscapes. Equally, the movements performed by visitors both inside and outside the shrine have the same significance and are essential to achieving what are known as metaphoric movements. We explore these ideas in two settings, the Phoenician-Punic Western Mediterranean shrines in the cave of Es Culleram (Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain) and Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar, United Kingdom), which date from the period between the eighth and the second centuries BC.
Mesolithic Cave Use in Greece and the Mosaic of Human Communities
Authors: Galanidou Nena
Published: July 2013

This paper discusses the Greek Mesolithic record in the light of refinements to the international calibration curve and recent archaeological research. Central to the discussion are the time frame used for this period of Greek prehistory, and the diagnostic potential, or visibility, of Mesolithic stone tools. Rather than offering a comprehensive account of Mesolithic sites across Greece, this study focuses on a few known cave sites in the northwest, in order to bring out some less pronounced aspects of their material record. Close and comparative examination of their radiocarbon dates, and traits of continuity and change in the lithic industries, highlights a regional pattern. At some sites, occupation extended into the Holocene, but there is little or no contrast to the preceding, late Upper Palaeolithic technological traditions. A working hypothesis to account for the geographic, temporal and cultural diversity of early Holocene sites and finds in Greece is thus spelled out. It is proposed that the Greek Mesolithic record is the manifestation of a mosaic of human groups, of

different origins and cultural traditions, subsisting on a variety of resources and living in different regions, at different times and seasons of the early Holocene.
Commotion, Collaboration, Conviviality
Authors: Given Michael
Published: July 2013

Over the last three decades, Mediterranean survey projects have established a broadly agreed methodology, a wide awareness of the invaluable contribution made by intensive survey, and a wealth of data from across the region. Where they have made less progress is in the interpretation of artefact density figures and other findings to go beyond the dots on the map and gain insights into past human lives, the complexity of past landscapes, and the relationship between people and the environment. The key to this is engaging with theories that connect humans and non-humans. In this article I use the term commotion to suggest the constant and continually changing lines of mobility and interaction that constitute the landscape. Collaboration is the ongoing creation and transformation of place through the elaborately intertwined work of people, animals, plants, soils, water, weather, rocks and landforms. Conviviality stands for the life-giving creativity and transformation that is constantly proliferating from the intricate association and interaction with other beings, both human and non-human. My examples come from the Troodos Archaeological and Environmental Survey Project, an interdisciplinary and multi-period project carried out on the northern edge of the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus.
Projecting terrestrial carbon sequestration of the southeastern United States in the 21st century
Authors: Song Xia , Tian Hanqin , Xu Xiaofeng , Hui Dafeng , Chen Guangsheng , Sommers Greg , Marzen Luke , Liu Mingliang
Published: July 2013

How terrestrial ecosystems respond to future environmental change in the 21st century is critically important for understanding the feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate change. The southeastern United States (SEUS) has been one of the major regions acting as a carbon sink over the past century; yet it is unclear how its terrestrial ecosystems will respond to global environmental change in the 21st century. Applying a process‐based ecosystem model (Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, DLEM) in combination with three projected climate change scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1 from the IPCC report) and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition, and ozone pollution, we examined the potential changes of carbon storage and fluxes in the terrestrial ecosystems across the SEUS during 2000–2099. Simulation results indicate that SEUS's terrestrial ecosystems will likely continue to sequester carbon in the 21st century, resulting in an increase in total carbon density (i.e., litter, vegetation biomass and soil carbon) from 13.5 kg C/m2in the 2000s to 16.8 kg C/m2in the 2090s. The terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production will probably continuously increase, while the net carbon exchange (positive indicates sink and negative indicates source) will slightly decrease. The carbon sequestration is primarily attributed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen deposition. Forests, including both deciduous and evergreen, show the largest increase in carbon storage as compared with other biomes, while cropland carbon storage shows a small decrease. The sequestered carbon will be primarily stored in vegetation for deciduous forest and in soil for evergreen forest. The central and eastern SEUS will sequester more carbon, while the western portion of the SEUS will release carbon to the atmosphere. The combined effects of climate and atmospheric changes on carbon fluxes and storage vary among climate models and climate scenarios. The largest increase in carbon storage would occur under the A1B climate scenario simulated by the NCAR climate model. Generally, the A1B scenario would result in more carbon sequestration than A2 and B1 scenarios; and the projected climate condition by the NCAR model would result in more carbon sequestration than other climate models.
Evaluation of DNA Plasmid Storage Conditions
Authors: Murakami Manabu
Published: July 2013

Several pBR DNA plasmid storage conditions were evaluated in this study, including the storage form (liquid
or dried on 3M paper), the buffer used to dissolve the plasmid, and temperature. Storage in the liquid form resulted in increased
colony formation compared to DNA dried on paper, which is a more convenient and often preferred method for
shipping plasmids. The TE buffer was superior to autoclaved H2O for DNA storage. The most important factor for longterm
storage was temperature, and storage at -20°C in TE buffer showed good results (ca. 107 cfu/mg plasmid DNA) for
up to 270 days. In contrast, stored DNA plasmid in H2O or dried on What man 3M paper at 20°C, preferred for ordinary
DNA shipment, resulted in deteriorated yields after 90 days. In conclusion, my results indicate that 20°C is acceptable for
short-term storage (up to 18days), but TE buffer and -20°C should be used for longer-term storage.
Stress and Fatigue of Connecting Rod in Light Vehicle Engine
Authors: Zheng Bin , Liu Yongqi , Liu Ruixiang
Published: July 2013

The connecting rod (CR) is the main moving parts and an important component of engine. If the reliability is
not strong enough, fatigue failure of the CR would occur, thereby leading to component fracture and engine failure. So
much so that CR fracture. It will lead to engine fault as well as serious outcome. In this paper, stress distribution and
fatigue life of CR in light vehicle engine were analyzed using the commercial 3D finite element software, ANSYSTM. The
results showed that the medial surface of small end will be the critical surface whereby damage will initiate at the
maximum stretch condition. The maximum stress and deformation values are 190.23 MPa and 0.0507mm respectively.
The critical location is at the transition region between the big end and connecting shank at maximum compression
condition. The maximum stress and deformation values are 459.21 MPa and 0.0702283 mm respectively. Safety factor is
1.584. In order to increase the reliability of CR, some improvement is carried out. Safety factor of CR increases by 59%.
Interacting generalized ghost dark energy in a non-flat universe
Authors: Ebrahimi Esmaeil , Sheykhi Ahmad , Alavirad Hamzeh
Published: July 2013

We investigate the generalized Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) ghost model of dark energy in the framework of Einstein gravity. First, we study the non-interacting generalized ghost dark energy in a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) background. We obtain the equation of state parameter, w D = p/ρ, the deceleration parameter, and the evolution equation of the generalized ghost dark energy. We find that, in this case, w D cannot cross the phantom line (w D > −1) and eventually the universe approaches a de-Sitter phase of expansion (w D → −1). Then, we extend the study to the interacting ghost dark energy in both a flat and non-flat FRW universe. We find that the equation of state parameter of the interacting generalized ghost dark energy can cross the phantom line (w D < −1) provided the parameters of the model are chosen suitably. Finally, we constrain the model parameters by using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and a combined dataset of SNIa, CMB, BAO and X-ray gas mass fraction.