bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safer Sex Behavior: The Role of Attitudes, Norms, and Control Factors
Authors: White Katherine M. , Terry Deborah J. , Hogg Michael A.
Published: August 2006

A study was undertaken to assess the utility of revisions to the theories of reasoned action/planned behavior in the context of HIV‐preventive behaviors. Revisions to the models incorporated the addition of group norm (behavioral norm and group attitude) to the nonnative component of the reasoned action model and the distinction among three aspects (self‐efficacy, perceived behavioral control, and planning) of the control component of the theory of planned behavior. Respondents were 211 sexually experienced heterosexual undergraduates. The study employed a longitudinal design, with the proposed predictors of performing the behaviors under consideration (using a condom every time you have sexual intercourse during the next month and discussing whether to use a condom with any new partners during the next month) assessed prior to the measures of reported behavior. Consistent with expectations, group norm emerged as a distinctive predictor (in addition to attitude and subjective norm) of intentions to practice both safer sex behaviors. The data also revealed some support for the distinction among the different measures of control. The results of the study suggest that the normative component of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior should be revised to incorporate more subtle influences of the referent group and that tests of theory of planned behavior should distinguish among the different aspects of behavioral control.
Preferred Responses to Situations of Housing and Employment Discrimination1
Authors: Lalonde Richard N. , Majumder Shilpi , Parris Roger D.
Published: August 2006

Two studies were conducted to assess behavioral preferences in response to situations of discrimination in the workplace and in housing. In the first study, 72 black Canadians read a scenario in which they were ultimately denied an apartment on the basis of their color. The degree of evidence of discrimination in the scenario had an effect on the preference for some of the behaviors examined. In addition, it was found that some of the behaviors (e.g., seeking advice) were clearly preferred to others (e.g., organizing a boycott). In the second study, 42 Bengali Canadians read a scenario in which they applied for a position for which they had the qualifications. After an interview and notification that the offer was made to a more qualified person, they found out that they did not get the position because of their visible minority status. The results indicate that self‐directed responses to the situation (e.g., working harder) were preferred to a variety of overt actions taken within or outside the company. The results are discussed in terms of the process and problems of responding to discrimination.
Using an AIDS KABP Survey to Identify Determinants of Condom Use Among Sexually Active Adults From St. Vincent and The Grenadines1
Authors: Fishbein Martin , Trafimow David , Middlestadt Susan E. , Helquist Michael , Francis Claudette , Eustace M. Ann
Published: August 2006

In Fall 1990, a knowledge, attitude, belief, and practices (KABP) survey was administered to a representative sample of residents of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, an island nation in the Eastern Caribbean. The KABP questionnaire contained a large number of questions that could reasonably be expected to be related to whether or not people use condoms. To a certain extent, each of these questions can be viewed as an attempt to assess one of the variables identified by one or more theories of behavior and behavior change. More specifically, questions on the KABP were identified as possible indicants of AIDS knowledge, cues to action, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived (locus of) control, perceived normative pressure, and condom use outcome expectancies. Statistical analyses indicated that some, but not all, of these variables were related to condom use among sexually active adults. In particular, the analyses indicated that perceived normative pressure to use condoms was the single most important determinant of condom use behaviors on St. Vincent. The implications of this finding for designing mass‐media campaigns to increase condom use is discussed, and a campaign that attempts to change condom use by influencing perceived social norms is strongly recommended.
Social Support and Help‐Seeking in Daily Hassles Versus Major Life Events Stress1
Authors: Flett Gordon L. , Blankstein Kirk R. , Hicken D. Jeanine , Watson Mark S.
Published: August 2006

The present study evaluated the hypothesis that major life events differ from daily life hassles in the extent to which a person receives social support and seeks social support. Specifically, it was expected that the experience of major life events would be associated with the greatest social support. The subjects were 320 students (160 men, 160 women). Each subject read a scenario describing a male or female target person who had experienced either major life events or daily hassles. Subjects then rated the amount of emotional support and the amount of practical support that the target person would receive and would seek from significant others. The analyses confirmed that targets who had suffered severe events in the form of major life events were rated higher in both seeking and receiving social support from significant others. These differences were present for the ratings of emotional support and practical support. Overall, the findings suggest that the greater negative influence of daily hassles on psychological adjustment may be due, in part, to the reduced social support associated with the experience of daily life hassles. The implications of the findings are discussed with particular reference to help seeking in therapeutic contexts.
Caring for a Family Member With Cancer: Past Communal Behavior and Affective Reactions1
Authors: Williamson Gail M. , Schulz Richard
Published: August 2006

An important recent development in the caregiving literature is an increased focus on the role played by the interpersonal relationship between caregiver and care recipient. In this study, a prediction derived from communal relationship theory (Clark & Mills, 1979, 1993; Mills & Clark, 1982) was tested in a sample of patients with recurrent cancer and their family caregivers. Specifically, it was hypothesized that if a relationship had been communal in the past (i.e., characterized by mutual demonstrations of concern for and responsiveness to one another's needs), positive feelings about helping one's partner should continue even when one partner's needs far outweigh those of the other. Consistent with this hypothesis, results indicated that caregivers whose relationship with the patient before illness onset had been characterized by relatively infrequent communal behaviors evidenced more symptoms of depression that did those whose relationship had been characterized by more frequent communal behaviors. In addition, the effects of prior communal behavior on depressed affect were both mediated and moderated by feelings of burden. Caregivers who recalled relatively few communal behaviors in their past relationship felt more burdened by their caregiving role, and burden in turn predicted greater depressive symptomatology. Implications for early identification of caregivers at risk for becoming distressed are discussed.
The Impact of Social Influences in the Context of Attitude, Self‐Efficacy, Intention, and Previous Behavior as Predictors of Smoking Onset1
Authors: Vries Hein De , Backbier Esther , Kok Gerjo , Dijkstra Margo
Published: August 2006

Three different constructs for measuring social influence were utilized in the present study to explain adolescents' present and future smoking behavior at 6 (T2), 12 (T3), and 18 months (T4) after the first test. Social influence was assessed by measuring the social norms, perceived smoking behavior, and direct pressure. The impact of the social influence constructs was also assessed in the context of broader models, including attitudes and self‐efficacy expectations, intention, and previous behavior. The three social influence measures correlated significantly with intention and behavior. Stepwise regression analyses showed that perceived behavior and pressure made significant contributions, after entering social norms, in explaining actual and future adolescent smoking behavior. Adding attitudes and self‐efficacy increased the predictive power of the model significantly. In agreement with the theory of Fishbein & Ajzen (1975), intention was the most powerful predictor in explaining present and future smoking behavior. Attitudes, self‐efficacy, and the social influences also made small unique contributions improving the explanatory power by approximately 5%. Previous behavior, however, had a substantial unique contribution in predicting future behavior after attitudes, social influences, self‐efficacy, and intention were entered in the equations. Since social influences may exert their impact via different routes, it is recommended that smoking prevention programs discuss not only overt pressures such as direct pressure from peers, parents, and media, but also address the more covert social pressures such as modeling and the adolescents' ability to cope with these covert influences. Furthermore, norms on nonsmoking should be made explicit.
Effects of Prolongea Isolation in Extreme Environments on Stress, Coping, and Depression1
Authors: Palinkas Lawrence A. , Browner Deirdre
Published: August 2006

This influence of prolongea isolation in an extreme environment on depressive symptoms, personality, and coping resources was examined in 121 members of the United States Antarctic Program in 1988–1989. Subjects were followed for a 1‐year period in Antarctica. Winter‐over personnel experienced an increase in depressive symptoms, avoidance as a coping method, and emotional discharge as a coping resource from baseline (T0) to Year‐1 (T1). At T0, education, negative life events, job‐related stress, low self‐confidence, active cognitive and behavioral coping methods, and low satisfaction with social support were independent predictors of depressive symptoms. At T1, negative life events, low self‐confidence, active behavioral and avoidance coping methods, affective regulation as a coping resource, and low satisfaction with social support were independent predictors of depressive symptoms. However, with the exception of T0 depressive symptoms, none of the social and demographic characteristics and T0 psychosocial measures predicted T1 depressive symptoms. The results of this study support the hypothesis that coping may be more strongly associated with environmental conditions that influence severity of stressor and availability of coping resources than with more remote and stable background factors.
Access to Categories of Experience and Mental Health in a Sample of Managers
Authors: Haworth John , Paterson Fiona
Published: August 2006

This study of 28 managers investigated the importance for mental health of Jahoda's (1982) five categories of experience, measured for both work and leisure. Each of the categories of experience of time structure, social contact, collective purpose, status, and activity correlated with at least one measure of mental health. Multiple regression analysis showed that collective purpose and status, in both work and leisure, had moderate to large β coefficients, indicative of their potential influence, for a range of measures of mental health, covering positive mental health and freedom from negative mental health. Analyses of Warr's (1987) nine “principal environmental influences” (PEI) also supported the importance of collective purpose and status. This showed that the PEI “valued social position,” which includes these two categories of experience, remained significantly associated with several measures of mental health. Analysis of the PEIs also showed that opportunity for use of existing skills in leisure, and variety in leisure, were significantly associated with several measures of mental health. The importance of valued social position and active leisure for the well‐being of managers is discussed.
The Effects of Monitoring Individual and Group Performance on the Distribution of Effort Across Tasks1
Authors: Brewer Neil
Published: August 2006

This study was concerned with the mechanism(s) via which performance monitoring affects task performance. To investigate whether an individual's concerns over the evaluation of his or her performance underlie the effects of performance monitoring (independent of contingent consequences) on the distribution of effort across tasks, the study examined whether the way in which individuals performed two tasks was differentially affected by the way in which supervisors monitored performance on those tasks. Subjects working in a group setting performed two different tasks for 90 minutes, their instructions being to perform as well as possible on each task. When supervisors periodically monitored the work output of each individual within the group on one of the two tasks, subjects perceived that the supervisor was evaluating and comparing individual performance, and produced more on the monitored task at the expense of the unmonitored task. When, however, the supervisor's monitoring focused on group rather than individual products, subjects perceived that the supervisor was less likely to be able to evaluate and to compare individual performance, and their performance on the two tasks was the same, regardless of which task was monitored. Path analysis supported the interpretation that the effects of monitoring on performance were mediated by evaluation concerns associated with performance on each task.
Racial Stereotypes From the Days of American Slavery: A Continuing Legacy1
Authors: Plous S. , Williams Tyrone
Published: August 2006

During the days of American slavery, many whites held stereotypes of blacks as inferior, unevolved, and apelike. The present study was designed to see whether such stereotypes persist in contemporary American society. A random‐digit telephone survey was conducted of 1,490 Connecticut residents, resulting in completed interviews with 686 respondents. Our findings suggest that negative stereotypes concerning the physical and mental endowments of blacks are more common than previously estimated. Most respondents endorsed at least one stereotypical difference in inborn ability (e.g., whites have greater abstract thinking abiliry than blacks), and nearly half endorsed at least one stereotypical difference in anatomy (e.g., blacks have thicker skulls than whites). Logistic regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of stereotyping was education level. Respondents without a high school degree were roughly twice as likely to endorse racial stereotypes as were respondents with a graduate degree. The consequences of racial stereotyping are discussed.
Coping Effectiveness: A Path Analysis of Self‐Efficacy, Control, Coping, and Performance in Sport Competitions1
Authors: Haney Colleen J. , Long Bonita C.
Published: August 2006

We examined a model of coping effectiveness based on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress and coping theory and Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory. Female athletes (n= 178) aged 16 to 28 were studied over two rounds of a sport event. Path analysis (LISREL VI) revealed that higher levels of self‐efficacy and control appraisals were associated with better performance. As expected, performance and performance satisfaction in Round 1 influenced appraisals and coping during the second performance. In addition, control appraisal was associated with disengagement coping, and both engagement and disengagement coping were related to performance and performance satisfaction. Self‐efficacy mediated the performance/control relationship for Round 1, but not the performance satisfaction relationship.
Social and Situational Factors Associated With Contraceptive Switching: Implications for Practitioners1
Authors: Jaccard James , Helbig Donald W. , Gage Timothy B. , Wan Choi K. , Kritz‐Silverstein Donna C. , Gutman Marjorie A.
Published: August 2006

This study was an investigation of contraceptive switching in the context of a 5‐wave panel design of diaphragm and pill users from the New York City metropolitan area. The respondents were 525 women between the ages of 14 and 46, who came to one of 10 family planning clinics to obtain birth control, Results indicated a hazard function for switching in which the hazard rate increased in the initial weeks and then gradually declined over time. Clinic experiences on the part of the women were found to alter survivorship trends. Implications of the data for service providers were developed.
“Innocent Victims” of AIDS: Identifying the Subtext1
Authors: Schellenberg E. Glenn , Keil Janet Mantler , Bem Sandra Lipsitz
Published: August 2006

References to “innocent victims” of AIDS in the media and public discourse imply that other people with AIDS or HIV are blameworthy. In the present study, college undergraduates read two newspaper articles about an “innocent victim” of AIDS, and were required to report what they understood to be the “victim's” message. Very few participants reported the subtext without prompting. When asked directly, however, most respondents (88%) agreed that the “victim” was making an implicit statement about other people with AIDS, and 70% of this subgroup correctly identified the subtext. Compared to other respondents, those who identified the subtext had more positive attitudes toward homosexuals.
Stressful Job Demands and Worker Health: An Investigation of the Effects of Self‐Monitoring1
Authors: Fox Marilyn L. , Dwyer Deborah J.
Published: August 2006

The hypothesis that self‐monitoring would moderate the relationship between work stressors and health was tested on a sample of 136 registered nurses. Results showed that subjects who were more other‐directed and who were more concerned with situational appropriateness had more mental and physical distress when exposed to higher levels of work stressors.
The Influences of Friends' and Parental Smoking on Adolescent Smoking Behavior: The Effects of Time and Prior Smoking1
Authors: Hu Frank. B. , Flay Brian R. , Hedeker Donald , Siddiqui Ohidul , Day L. Edward
Published: August 2006

This research examines the relative importance of parental and friends' influences on adolescents' smoking behavior and changes in the effects of social influences during adolescence. Data were collected at 4 times from 7th to 9th grades. Random‐effects ordinal regression models were employed to predict the repeated classification of adolescent smoking status using time effects, prior smoking status, friends' smoking, and parental smoking. In general, the effects of friends' smoking are stronger than those of parental smoking, and these differences increase over time. In addition, friends' smoking has greater effects on nonsmokers than smokers. Separate models for males and females disclose some gender differences. In particular, the effects of friends' smoking are stronger for females than for males, and the increasing trend of friends' influences is more noticeable for females than for males. Models for 4 ethnic groups also suggest differential susceptibility to social influences in different cultures.
Information Integration in Juror Decision Making
Authors: Moore Philip J. , Gump Brooks B.
Published: August 2006

Research applying information integration theory to jury decision making has long assumed that people average informational scale values when making legal judgments. Although often consistent with research results, this hypothesis has never been tested in a legal context against a more general additive rule. The present paper describes two studies conducted as a critical test between these two models. Incriminating evidence and eyewitness confidence were varied in a full‐factorial, within‐subjects design involving a total of 131 subjects acting as mock jurors. Subject responses included eyewitness accuracy and defendant‐guilt probability estimates, as well as final verdict decisions. Results strongly support an averaging model of legal decision making. Additional results concerning the influence of initial attitudes and the interrelationships between the variables considered are reported and their implications are discussed.
Ethical Intentions and the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior1
Authors: Kurland Nancy B.
Published: August 2006

This study compares the explanatory power of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1991) theory of reasoned action, Ajzen's (1975) theory of planned behavior, and a modified version of the theory of planned behavior, which includes a measure of moral obligation, to predict insurance agents' e]thical intentions toward their clients. Two hundred and forty‐five insurance agents in the U.S. were sent surveys, and with 59% of them responding, results suggest that the modified version of the theory of planned behavior best explains agents' e]thical intentions. Theoretical considerations and suggestions for future research, highlighting the perceived behavioral control and moral obligation constructs, are provided.
Career‐Related Interests and Values, Perceived Control, and Acculturation of Asian‐American and Caucasian‐American College Students1
Authors: Park Sahng Ern , Harrison Albert A.
Published: August 2006

The present study compares the career‐related interests and values of Asian‐American and Caucasian‐American college students and explores the relationships among career interests, perceived control, and acculturation. Career‐related interests were defined by Holland's (1959, 1985a) model of vocational personality types and work environments, and career‐related values were defined by Schein's (1987) career anchors. The Career Anchor Inventory (Nordvik, 1991), the Self‐Directed Search (Holland, 1991), and the Spheres of Control Scale (Paulhus & Van Selst, 1990), were completed by 184 Asian‐American and 130 Caucasian‐American undergraduate students. The Asian‐Americans also completed the Suinn‐Lew Asian Self‐Identity Acculturation Scale (Suinn, Rickard‐Figueroa, Lew & Vigil, 1987). In comparison to Caucasian‐American students, Asian‐American students showed higher interest in the Investigative and Conventional vocational categories, but lower interest in the Social category. Asian‐American subjects were lower in perceived control in the Personal and Interpersonal spheres. Among the Asian‐Americans, acculturation was positively correlated with perceived control in the Personal and Interpersonal spheres and with the Enterprising vocational category. Acculturation was negatively correlated with Investigative and Conventional interests.
College Women and Condom Use: Importance of Partner Relationship
Authors: Reisen Carol A. , Poppen Paul J.
Published: August 2006

Because women who want to use condoms as protection against STDs must gain compliance from their male partners, women's use of condoms was examined within the context of their relationships with their sexual partners. Sexual history, condom attitudes, and relationship information were gathered from a sample of 272 heterosexual college women. For the 121 women with a current sexual partner, logistic regression analyses revealed that both regular condom use and completely consistent condom use were more likely in shorter relationships and for women who perceived lower barriers to use. Regular condom use was also greater in relationships described as high in trust, whereas consistent condom use was greater for women in their first sexual relationships. In addition, many women reported using condoms early in their relationships, but changing to lower levels of use later. Implications of the current findings for safer‐sex interventions are discussed.
Values, Beliefs, and Proenvironmental Action: Attitude Formation Toward Emergent Attitude Objects1
Authors: Stern Paul C. , Kalof Linda , Dietz Thomas , Guagnano Gregory A.
Published: August 2006

Discoveries in environmental science become the raw material for constructing social attitude objects, individual attitudes, and broad public concerns. We explored a model in which individuals construct attitudes to new or emergent attitude objects by referencing personal values and beliefs about the consequences of the objects for their values. We found that a subset of the major clusters identified in value theory is associated with willingness to take proenvironmental action; that a biospheric value orientation cannot yet be discerned in a general population sample; that willingness to take proenvironmental action is a function of both values and beliefs, with values also predicting beliefs; and that gender differences can be attributed to both beliefs and values. Our model has promise for explicating the factors determining public concern with environmental conditions.
Factors Underlying Behavioral Choice: Testing a New Reasons Theory Approach1
Authors: Westaby James D. , Fishbein Mairtin
Published: August 2006

Many applied studies ask people to rate reasons why they perform a behavior. The assumption is that strongly endorsed reasons are motives underlying behavior. However, this assumption rarely is examined empirically. Moreover, the self‐reported reasons literature has lacked theoretical attention. In this study, we presented a formal model of self‐reported reasons, entitled reasons theory (RT). RT formally conditions reason type (i.e., reasons for and reasons against) on behavioral frequency/intention. RT was compared to a standard reasons approach that does not present formal reason postulates. Results showed that RT explained variance in behavior over and above that explained by standard reasons, and that correlational coefficients from RT better matched mean reason results than did standard reasons. RT results were also more substantively interpretable than were standard reasons. Lastly, several boundary conditions were discussed, including the relationship between reasons and emotions.
Sources of Perceived Organizational Support: Goal Setting and Feedback1
Authors: Hutchison Steven , Garstka Mary L.
Published: August 2006

In this paper we examine goal setting and feedback as possible sources of perceived organizational support (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, & Sowa, 1986). Surveys were administered to 337 employees from 3 different organizations in the southern California area. Two path models were examined: one that allowed goal setting and feedback to have direct effects on perceived support and organizational commitment, and one that only allowed goal setting and feedback to have direct effects on perceived support. Results show that goal setting and feedback do not have direct effects on organizational commitment but, rather, affect commitment indirectly by way of their effects on employee perceptions of support from the organization.
Doing More Harm Than Good: When Is Impression Management Likely to Evoke a Negative Response?
Authors: Crant J. Michael
Published: August 2006

Impression management tactics do not always successfully influence observers, and may in fact create undesirable impressions. Hypotheses are derived concerning the conditions under which observers may respond more or less positively to impression management tactics. Qualitative data from an experiment manipulating two impression management tactics—self‐handicapping and causal accounts—in conjunction with successful or failed performance outcomes were content‐analyzed for subjects' general impressions of an actor. In turn, these ratings were subjected to an ANOVA. Results suggest that impression management tactics are differentially effective and under certain conditions can actually create negative images. The consistency of impression management tactics, performance outcomes, and observers' expectations form the basis for observers' general impressions of impression managers.
Inglehart's Materialism‐Postmaterialism Concept: Clarifying the Dimensionality Debate Through Rokeach's Model of Social Values1
Authors: Braithwaite Valerie , Makkai Toni , Pittelkow Yvonne
Published: August 2006

This paper addresses an ongoing debate concerning the dimensionality of Inglehart's (1971, 1977, 1981, 1990) concept of materialism‐postmaterialism. According to Inglehart, this concept is unidimensional, distinct from the traditional left‐right political belief continuum, and central to explaining the changes taking place in the values of advanced industrial societies. To date, the debate has sought answers in different item sets, factor analytic solutions, and rotations. This paper approaches the problem through psychological models of social values. Materialism‐postmaterialism, it is argued, involves a prioritizing of values from two orthogonal value orientations which have grown out of the work of Rokeach (1973): national strength and order and international harmony and equality.
A Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior for Two Health‐Related Practices1
Authors: van Ryn Michelle , Lytle Leslie A. , Kirscht John P.
Published: August 2006

This study tested the utility of the theory of planned behavior in predicting two health‐related behaviors. The first behavior (breast self‐exam) is relatively simple, while the second (exercise) is complex. Data were utilized from health risk appraisals completed on 185 telephone company employees. Attitude, normative belief, and self‐efficacy measures served to predict behavioral intention and subsequent attempt to change both the behaviors. As tested in path models, the results for breast self‐examination were closer to the results expected from theory, with less good fit for exercise. Different models were developed for each behavior, although the self‐efficacy measures made independent contributions to each. While the theory of planned behavior received support in the data, the results suggest that different models may appropriate for different types of behavior.
Individual Restraint and Group Efficiency in Commons Dilemmas: The Effects of Two Types of Environmental Uncertainty1
Authors: Hine Donald W. , Gifford Robert
Published: August 2006

In most real‐world commons, the exact resource quantity is rarely known, and the rate at which the resource regenerates is not always predictable. Annual salmon runs, for example, are based on breeding rates and many other factors; those fishing never know exactly how many fish will be available for next year's season. The present study employed a computerized commons dilemma simulation to investigate the impact of uncertainty in pool size and regeneration rate on individuals harvest choice and the efficiency with which groups managed the resource pool. Both types of uncertainty produced significant declines in individual restraint and group efficiency, although the group‐level effects tended to be stronger than those at the individual level. Implications for the management of real‐world commons are discussed.
Predicting Health‐Check Attendance Among Prior Attenders and Nonattenders: The Role of Prior Behavior in the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Norman Paul , Conner Mark
Published: August 2006

A prospective study applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to the prediction of attendance at health checks is reported. Conducted in a single general practice, 307 patients completed questionnaires based on the TPB, and were invited to attend a health check. The role of prior behavior in the TPB was assessed in 2 ways. First, it was used to assess the sufficiency of the TPB. The addition of prior attendance behavior led to a significant increase in the prediction of current behavior. Second, its role as a moderator variable was assessed. While the TPB was unsuccessful in predicting attendance behavior among prior attenders, it was able to do so among prior nonattenders. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on decision‐making processes.
The Relationship of Client‐Directed Aggressive and Nonclient‐Directed Aggressive Work Behavior With Self‐Control1
Authors: Latham Larry L. , Perlow Richard
Published: August 2006

Employees (N= 121) participated in this study of aggressive work behavior. Employees completed a performance‐based test of self‐control. Aggressive work behavior data were then collected over a 4‐year period. Self‐control was related to client directed physically aggressive and nonclient‐directed aggressive behavior. Findings of this study provide evidence on the usefulness of self‐control in understanding aggressive work behavior.
Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Adolescents’ Condom Use: A Panel Study1
Authors: Reinecke Jost , Schmidt Peter , Ajzen Icek
Published: August 2006

The authors report a longitudinal study of factors determining use of condoms with new sexual partners in a representative sample of 650 German youth. Measures derived from the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985) were obtained in 2 waves separated by 1 year. Consistent with the theory, intentions to use condoms could be predicted from attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with respect to this behavior; and actual condom use was strongly related to intentions and perceptions of control assessed in Wave 2. Due to changes in beliefs and attitudes over time, only about 10% of the variance in reported condom use was accounted for by intentions and perceived control assessed 1 year earlier. Reported condom use was found to exert a direct effect on later intentions, unmediated by their hypothesized antecedents. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Interactive Effect of Outcome Favorability and Procedural Justice in Work Resource Allocation on Work Performance1
Authors: Magner Nace R. , Rahman Monsurur , Welker Robert B.
Published: August 2006

Prior research has indicated that people have particularly negative reactions to a situation where they receive an unfavorable distribution of resources that was established by means of an unfair allocation procedure. Studies that have examined this interaction between resource allocation outcomes and procedures with respect to its effect on individual work performance have produced equivocal results, however. The present study extends this work by testing the proposed interactive effect on performance in a work resource allocation context. As hypothesized, laboratory subjects had particularly low task performance when both of the following conditions were present: (a) They received an unfavorable distribution of a helpful work resource, and (b) the work resource was allocated through an unfair procedure. The results are discussed in the context of 5 alternative theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to explain the focal interaction.
The Effect of Scarcity on Anticipated Price Appreciation
Authors: Lynn Michael , Bogert Paulette
Published: August 2006

Researchers in psychology and marketing have found that consumers' perceptions and evaluations of a product's attractiveness, desirability, expensiveness, quality, and taste are affected by knowledge that the product is scarce. This study examines scarcity's effect on a new variable—anticipated price appreciation. Although scarcity does not affect a product's actual potential for price appreciation, news reports of scarce collectibles that have appreciated in value may lead people to develop naive economic theories associating scarcity with price appreciation. Consistent with this expectation, we found that scarcity increased the anticipated price appreciation of two collectible products. The practical implications of this result are discussed along with issues for future research.
Bad Rap for Rap: Bias in Reactions to Music Lyrics1
Authors: Fried Carrie B.
Published: August 2006

This research examines the recent public outcry against violent rap songs such as Ice T's “Cop Killer.” It was hypothesized that rap lyrics receive more negative criticism than other types of lyrics, perhaps because of their association with Black culture. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of musical genre and race of singer on reactions to violent song lyrics. The results support the hypothesis. When a violent lyrical passage is represented as a rap song, or associated with a Black singer, subjects find the lyrics objectionable, worry about the consequences of such lyrics, and support some form of government regulation. If the same lyrical passage is presented as country or folk music, or is associated with a White artist, reactions to the lyrics are significantly less critical on all dimensions. The findings are briefly discussed in terms of various models of racism and stereotyping.
Beauty is as Beauty Does?: Makeup and Posture Effects on Physical Attractiveness Judgments1
Authors: Osborn Don R.
Published: August 2006

Recent studies have examined human beauty as a biological, structural trait. This view of beauty is incomplete because it does not consider the amount of variability in beauty judgments attributable to self‐presentation strategies. This study was designed to estimate the importance of self‐presentation practices on beauty judgments. For women within plus or minus one standard deviation of average facial attractiveness, makeup effect size estimates were comparable to previously published estimates of the importance of structural factors in attractiveness judgments. Similarly, for average weight stimuli, posture was comparable to body build in influencing attractiveness judgments. Implications for personal appearance businesses, health psychology, and counseling practice are discussed.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Intention to Use Condoms Among Male and Female Injecting Drug Users
Authors: Corby Nancy H. , Jamner Margaret Schneider , Wolitski Richard J.
Published: August 2006

This study tested the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for understanding and predicting condom use intentions among male and female injecting drug users (IDUs). Interviews were conducted with 405 male and 315 female sexually active IDUs. Participants indicated their intentions to use condoms with main and nonmain sexual partners as well as attitudes, social norms, partner norms, and perceived behavioral control relevant to condom use with each partner type. The TPB accounted for 36 to 48% of the variance in intentions to use condoms. Intentions were related to attitudes, regardless of partner type. Partner norms were related to intentions to use condoms with main partners (men and women) and nonmain partners (men only). Social norms did not predict intentions, regardless of partner type. Perceived behavioral control was related to intentions to use condoms with main partners (men and women) and nonmain partners (women only). The findings are interpreted in light of the roles of cooperation, intimacy, and concern about self‐protection.
Effect of Beliefs About Weather Conditions on Tipping
Authors: Rind Bruce
Published: August 2006

Research has shown that greater degrees of sunshine experienced directly are associated with greater amounts of compliance and tipping. This paper describes two studies that investigated beliefs about sunshine and tipping. The studies were conducted at a casino hotel in Atlantic City; a male server who delivered food and drinks to guests' rooms acted as the confederate. In Study 1, the server reported to guests the actual sky conditions: sunny, partly sunny, cloudy, or rainy. Tip percentages increased linearly from the worst to the best conditions. Study 2 used an experimental design. The server informed guests that the weather was either warm and sunny, cold and sunny, warm and rainy, or cold and rainy. Guests were gullible because their rooms shielded them from the actual conditions. Belief in sunny skies produced greater tip percentages. The temperature belief manipulation had no effect. This research extended previous research by showing that beliefs about weather, in addition to actual weather, can affect behavior.
Majority Group Perceptions of Criminal Behavior: The Accuracy of Race‐Related Crime Stereotypes1
Authors: Gordon Randall A. , Michels Jennifer L. , Nelson Caroline L.
Published: August 2006

Majority group perceptions regarding the relative frequency of crimes committed by various races and ethnic groups were examined. White‐collar crimes such as embezzlement and fraud were ranked as more common for White criminals, and blue‐collar crimes such as aggravated assault and motor vehicle theft were ranked as more common for Black criminals. Perceptions were subsequently compared with data from the Uniform Crime Reports for the U.S. (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). As a function of overestimating the number of white‐collar crimes and underestimating the number of blue‐collar and violent crimes committed by Whites, majority group subjects held somewhat more accurate perceptions of minority groups than of their own group.
Effect on Restaurant Tipping of Male and Female Servers Drawing a Happy, Smiling Face on the Backs of Customers' Checks
Authors: Rind Bruce , Bordia Prashant
Published: August 2006

Research has shown that a server's smiling can increase restaurant tips and that a server's writing “thank you” on the backs of checks can also increase tips. In the current study, these two approaches were combined. An experiment was conducted in which a male or female server drew a happy, smiling face on the backs of checks before delivering them to customers, or simply delivered checks with nothing drawn on the back. It was predicted that this tactic would increase tips for the female server because of an increased perception of friendliness, but would not increase tips for the male server because such behavior would be perceived as gender‐inappropriate. Results were consistent with predictions.
The Nature of Stereotypes II: A Multiple‐Process Model of Evaluations1
Authors: Jussim Lee , Fleming Christopher J. , Coleman Lerita , Kohberger Cortney
Published: August 2006

A model integrating 3 theoretical perspectives regarding how stereotypes influence person perception was tested. The theories included evaluative extremity theories, assumed characteristics theory, and expectancy violation theory. Predictions were assessed by manipulating the ethnicity, personal appearance, and speech style of target job applicants. These applicants were rated by 109 judges. Results showed that: (a) Judges evaluated job applicants far more on the basis of their personal appearance and speech style than on the basis of their ethnicity; (b) the range of evaluations of African American applicants was larger than the range of evaluations of White applicants; and (c) overall, judges evaluated the African American applicants more favorably than the White applicants. Results strongly supported the model integrating the 3 theories. We discuss the applicability of the model to other research and naturalistic situations.
Judgments of Hate Speech: The Effects of Target Group, Publicness, and Behavioral Responses of the Target
Authors: Cowan Gloria , Hodge Cyndi
Published: August 2006

Judgments of offensiveness and accountability of hate speech as a function of contextual factors of the speech and characteristics of the observers were examined. A sample of 212 college students and 53 community participants responded to 12 scenarios describing incidents of hate speech. The within‐subject variables manipulated in the scenarios were the target of the speech (ethnic groups, women, and gays), the publicness of the speech, and the behavioral response of the target. Ethnic speech was rated more offensive than gender‐or gay‐targeted speech; public speech was rated more offensive and more accountable than private speech; and public speech was rated more offensive and accountable when a response occurred and private speech was rated more offensive when a response did not occur. The gender and ethnicity of the raters moderated the effects of the experimental variables, as well as showing main effects. The findings of this study suggest that responses to hate speech are complex and contextual.
When Two Heads Aren't Better Than One: AIDS Risk Behavior in College‐Age Couples1
Authors: Hammer Jill C. , Fisher Jeffrey D. , Fitzgerald Patricia , Fisher William A.
Published: August 2006

Individuals in intimate relationships engage in higher levels of HIV risk behavior than do individuals engaging in casual sex (e.g., Bowen & Michal‐Johnson, 1989; Misovich, Fisher, & Fisher, 1996). While there are many possible reasons for this consistent pattern of effects, few studies have focused on identifying the underlying causes. Therefore, same‐gender focus groups were conducted with college‐age men and women in intimate relationships as participants in order to examine, qualitatively, factors particular to relationships which are associated with HIV risk. Focus‐group members indicated that concerns about questioning interpersonal trust and commitment in their relationship through the introduction of condoms or HIV testing were often strong impediments to these practices. Recommendations for future HIV‐prevention interventions specific to individuals in relationships are discussed.
Stigma Associated With AIDS: A Meta‐Analysis1
Authors: Crawford Anne M.
Published: August 2006

Results of 21 studies determined the degree of stigma associated with AIDS compared to the degree of stigma associated with other comparable conditions. Focused contrast analyses indicate a greater degree of stigma expressed toward individuals with AIDS than toward individuals with other comparable illnesses (r= .22), with college students (r= .23) expressing a slightly higher degree of stigma than health professionals (r= .10). A greater degree of stigma was obtained with scales measuring intended social interaction (r= .26) than was obtained with scales containing items measuring attitudes and values (r= .16). Effect sizes did not differ significantly as a function of the type of control condition used.
Parental Smoking and the “Epidemic” Spread of Cigarette Smoking1
Authors: Rowe David C. , Chassin Laurie , Presson Clark , Sherman Steven J.
Published: August 2006

“Epidemic” models of transitions between stages of cigarette smoking describe the spread of smoking behavior through face‐to‐face encounters. An epidemic model was successfully fitted that allowed epidemic parameters to be conditioned on the smoking status of adolescents' parents. Model comparisons supported the conclusion that the transition from nonsmoker to trier involved social contacts, whereas the transition from trier to regular smoker was best modeled as a constant rate (i.e., did not depend on the population prevalence of smokers). The transition rate from nonsmoker to trier was more rapid in children of smoking parents than in children of nonsmoking parents. Adolescents with and without smoking parents did not differ in the rate of transition from trier to regular smoking.
Individualism and Resistance to Affirmative Action: A Comparison of Japanese and American Samples1
Authors: Ozawa Kazuho , Crosby Matthew , Crosby Faye
Published: August 2006

It has been proposed that part of the resistance to affirmative action in the U.S. derives from the American discomfort with categorical social arrangements. An instance of gender discrimination was described to samples of Japanese and American students. The students then evaluated a set of remedies, one of which was a classic affirmative action solution and filled out Singelis’ Self‐Construal Scale (Singelis, 1994). The Japanese sample was more collectivist than the American sample and endorsed the affirmative action solution more strongly than the American sample.