bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Playing for fun or gambling for money: a qualitative longitudinal study of digitally simulated gambling among young Danes
Authors: Kristiansen Søren , Trabjerg Maria Camilla , Lauth Nanna Reventlov , Malling Anders
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The study aims to explore the types of simulated games and gambling platforms used by adolescents, adolescent’s experiences, motivations and behaviors vis-à-vis simulated gambling and the potential interrelationships between simulated and monetary forms gambling.

Design/methodology/approach

Data was obtained from a qualitative longitudinal panel study with three waves of individual interviews. A cohort of 51 young Danes, with varying levels of gambling involvement, were interviewed three times, with a 10-12 frequency from 2011 to 2014. In total, 149 interviews were conducted over the 4-year period.

Findings

Enjoying social interactional effects appeared to be the main reasons young people engage in simulated gambling games. The study documented characteristics of both a catalyst pathway and a containment pathway emphasizing that for some young people simulated gambling may increase the likelihood of involvement in real money gambling while it may decrease it for others.

Research limitations/implications

The sample was relatively limited and it involved participants from only one of the five Danish regions. The sample reflects the culture, rural/urban configuration and gambling market of a specific geographic region.

Practical implications

Some forms of simulated digital gambling may provide players with excitement and unrealistic conceptions of winning chances, which, in turn, may encourage participation in real forms of gambling. This may call for regulatory policies aiming at the structural features of simulated gambling products and their rapid global spread. Consumer campaigns aimed at both young people themselves and their parents may be considered.

Originality/value

Few studies have provided insights into the meanings and motivations of young people engaged in simulated gambling. The current study is among the first to explore adolescent’s experiences, motivations and behaviors vis-à-vis simulated gambling and the potential interrelationships between simulated and monetary forms gambling.
Edible oil methods to remove asphalt on burns
Authors: Yamazaki Emi , Shido Kosuke , Yamasaki Kenshi , Aiba Setsuya
Published: August 2018

Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a viscous liquid or a semi‐solid form of petroleum. In cases of hot liquid asphalt splash, asphalt broadly adheres to the skin surface and is hard to remove from skin. Because accidental burns from hot liquid asphalt splash rarely occur, there is no consensus about initial approaches to remove adherent asphalt from skin. We reviewed articles relating to asphalt burns and summarized methods to remove adherent asphalt from skin, including our present case in which we successfully removed adherent asphalt by edible butter and vegetable oil. We summarized information of 127 cases and classified agents used to remove asphalt in four categories: (i) medicines; (ii) health‐care products; (iii) foods; and (iv) solvents. Before the 1990s, antimicrobial topical medicines were mainly reported to treat asphalt burns but it took half a day or more to remove asphalt. Mineral oils and edible oils such as butter and vegetable oil are easily available in grocery stores and could emulsify to remove asphalt in a few hours. From the review of articles and our experience, edible oils are useful agents for the first approach to remove asphalt from the point of view of efficacy, safety, availability and expense.
A triple porosity scheme for fluid/solid substitution: theory and experiment
Authors: Sun Yongyang , Gurevich Boris , Lebedev Maxim , Glubokovskikh Stanislav , Mikhaltsevitch Vassili , Guo Junxin
Published: August 2018

Quantifying the effects of pore‐filling materials on elastic properties of porous rocks is of considerable interest in geophysical practice. For rocks saturated with fluids, the Gassmann equation is proved effective in estimating the exact change in seismic velocity or rock moduli upon the changes in properties of pore infill. For solid substance or viscoelastic materials, however, the Gassmann theory is not applicable as the rigidity of the pore fill (either elastic or viscoelastic) prevents pressure communication in the pore space, which is a key assumption of the Gassmann equation. In this paper, we explored the elastic properties of a sandstone sample saturated with fluid and solid substance under different confining pressures. This sandstone sample is saturated with octadecane, which is a hydrocarbon with a melting point of 28°C, making it convenient to use in the lab in both solid and fluid forms. Ultrasonically measured velocities of the dry rock exhibit strong pressure dependency, which is largely reduced for the filling of solid octadecane. Predictions by the Gassmann theory for the elastic moduli of the sandstone saturated with liquid octadecane are consistent with ultrasonic measurements, but underestimate the elastic moduli of the sandstone saturated with solid octadecane. Our analysis shows that the difference between the elastic moduli of the dry and solid‐octadecane‐saturated sandstone is controlled by the squirt flow between stiff, compliant, and the so‐called intermediate pores (with an aspect ratio larger than that of compliant pore but much less than that of stiff pores). Therefore, we developed a triple porosity model to quantify the combined squirt flow effects of compliant and intermediate pores saturated with solid or viscoelastic infill. Full saturation of remaining stiff pores with solid or viscoelastic materials is then considered by the lower embedded bound theory. The proposed model gave a reasonable fit to the ultrasonic measurements of the elastic moduli of the sandstone saturated with liquid or solid octadecane. Comparison of the predictions by the new model to other solid substitution schemes implied that accounting for the combined effects of compliant and intermediate pores is necessary to explain the solid squirt effects.
Invasive prey controlling invasive predators? European rabbit abundance does not determine red fox population dynamics
Authors: Scroggie Michael P. , Forsyth David M. , McPhee Steven R. , Matthews John , Stuart Ivor G. , Stamation Kasey A. , Lindeman Michael , Ramsey David S. L.
Published: August 2018

Invasive mammalian predators commonly coexist with invasive mammalian herbivore prey. Managers often advocate controlling invasive prey in the belief that this will also reduce invasive predator abundance. Such an outcome would have desirable ecological and financial benefits, but there have been few tests of this hypothesis.

We used large‐scale and long‐term monitoring data to test the prediction that invasive red fox Vulpes vulpes populations decline following control of invasive European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus populations in Australia. Both species severely impact natural and agricultural ecosystems, and significant resources are expended to reduce these impacts. We fitted a hierarchical state‐space model to spotlight counts of both species conducted at 21 transects between 1998 and 2015. The effects of rainfall, control activities (warren ripping and surface harbour removal), and density dependence on the population growth rates of both species were also evaluated.

Control activities at 18 transects substantially reduced average rabbit abundances. Rabbit populations showed little response to rainfall, but exhibited negative density dependence and higher rates of increase during the autumn–spring interval.

There was no numerical response of foxes to changes in rabbit abundance. Rather, fox populations increased rapidly after high rainfall and exhibited negative density dependence. The equilibrium abundance of foxes varied with rainfall and season, but was always <0.2 foxes per spotlight km.

Synthesis and applications. We conclude that controlling rabbits to low abundances does not substantially reduce fox abundances in south eastern Australia. Rather, efforts to reduce fox abundance should directly target fox populations. Managers of invasive predator–invasive prey systems should not assume that controlling prey will, by itself, reduce predator abundances. Quantifying the numerical response is critical for understanding the likely response of predators to changes in prey abundance.
Advancing restoration ecology: A new approach to predict time to recovery
Authors: Rydgren Knut , Halvorsen Rune , Töpper Joachim P. , Auestad Inger , Hamre Liv Norunn , Jongejans Eelke , Sulavik Jan
Published: August 2018

Species composition is a vital attribute of any ecosystem. Accordingly, ecological restoration often has the original, or “natural,” species composition as its target. However, we still lack adequate methods for predicting the expected time to compositional recovery in restoration studies.

We describe and explore a new, ordination regression‐based approach (ORBA) for predicting time to recovery that allows both linear and asymptotic (logarithmic) relationships of compositional change with time. The approach uses distances between restored plots and reference plots along the successional gradient, represented by a vector in ordination space, to predict time to recovery. Thus, the approach rests on three requirements: (a) the general form of the relationship between compositional change and time must be known; (b) a sufficiently strong successional gradient must be present and adequately represented in a species compositional dataset; and (c) a restoration target must be specified. We tested the approach using data from a boreal old‐growth forest that was followed for 18 years after experimental disturbance. Data from the first 9 years after disturbance were used to develop models, the subsequent 9 years for validation.

Rates of compositional recovery in the example dataset followed the general pattern of decrease with time since disturbance. Accordingly, linear models were too optimistic about the time to recovery, whereas the asymptotic models provided more precise predictions.

Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate that the new approach opens for reliable prediction of recovery rates and time to recovery using species compositional data. Moreover, it allows us to assess whether recovery proceeds in the desired direction and to quantitatively compare restoration speed, and hence effectiveness, between alternative management options.
Associations between interleukin gene polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Yunxia , Xu Yefeng , Wang Yiqing , Yao Yongwei , Yang Jiewen
Published: August 2018

Recently, the roles of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2),IL‐4,IL‐6andIL‐8gene polymorphisms in gastric cancer (GC) have been studied extensively, with conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted the present meta‐analyses to better elucidate the roles of interleukin gene polymorphisms inGC. Eligible articles were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science andCNKI. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to detect any potential association between interleukin gene polymorphisms and the risk ofGC. A total of 63 case‐control studies was finally included in our analyses. Significant associations with the risk ofGCwere detected for theIL‐6rs1800796 andIL‐8rs4073 polymorphisms in overall analyses. Further subgroup analyses based on ethnicities of participants revealed that theIL‐4rs2243250,IL‐6rs1800796 andIL‐8rs4073 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk ofGCin Asians. Moreover,IL‐8rs4073 polymorphism was also significantly associated with the risk ofGCin Africans. In conclusion, our findings suggested thatIL‐4rs2243250,IL‐6rs1800796 andIL‐8rs4073 polymorphisms may serve as genetic biomarkers ofGC.
Coupling biogeochemical process rates and metagenomic blueprints of coastal bacterial assemblages in the context of environmental change
Authors: Markussen Trine , Happel Elisabeth M. , Teikari Jonna E. , Huchaiah Vimala , Alneberg Johannes , Andersson Anders F. , Sivonen Kaarina , Riemann Lasse , Middelboe Mathias , Kisand Veljo
Published: August 2018

Bacteria are major drivers of biogeochemical nutrient cycles and energy fluxes in marine environments, yet how bacterial communities respond to environmental change is not well known. Metagenomes allow examination of genetic responses of the entire microbial community to environmental change. However, it is challenging to link metagenomes directly to biogeochemical process rates. Here, we investigate metagenomic responses in natural bacterioplankton communities to simulated environmental stressors in the Baltic Sea, including increased river water input, increased nutrient concentration, and reduced oxygen level. This allowed us to identify informative prokaryotic gene markers, responding to environmental perturbation. Our results demonstrate that metagenomic and metabolic changes in bacterial communities in response to environmental stressors are influenced both by the initial community composition and by the biogeochemical factors shaping the functional response. Furthermore, the different sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) had the largest impact on metagenomic blueprint. Most prominently, changes in DOM loads influenced specific transporter types reflecting the substrate availability and DOC assimilation and consumption pathways. The results provide new knowledge for developing models of ecosystem structure and biogeochemical cycling in future climate change scenarios and advance our exploration of the potential use of marine microorganisms as markers for environmental conditions.
European elites and the narrative of the Greek crisis: A discursive institutionalist analysis
Authors: PAPADIMITRIOU DIMITRIS , PEGASIOU ADONIS , ZARTALOUDIS SOTIRIOS
Published: August 2018

This article examines elite European discourses during the Greek financial crisis from its pre‐history in September 2008 up to the arrival of the SYRIZA government in January 2015. The article employs the conceptual literature on Discursive Institutionalism (DI) and Historical Institutionalism (HI). Having coded 1,153 unique quotes drawn from a dataset of 15,354 news wires from Reuters, the authors argue that the communicative discourse of 63 senior European (and IMF) officials on the Greek crisis during that period demonstrates significant volatility. Four distinct narrative frames are identified: ‘neglect’, ‘suspicious cooperation’, ‘blame’ and ‘reluctant redemption’, punctuated by three discursive junctures in 2010, 2011 and 2012, which reflect the content of the changing communicative discourse of the Greek crisis. The article's contribution is twofold: empirically, it is the first to provide a systematic analysis of the protagonists’ communication of the Greek crisis; and theoretically, it combines DI and HI in an effort to conceptualise an important part of our understanding of ‘bail‐out politics’ throughout the Eurozone crisis.
Do Crowdsourced Hospital Ratings Coincide with Hospital Compare Measures of Clinical and Nonclinical Quality?
Authors: Perez Victoria , Freedman Seth
Published: August 2018

Objective

To determine the consistency with which government‐issued hospital quality ratings and crowdsourced ratings on social media sites identify hospital quality.

Data Sources

Hospital ratings from Facebook, Google, and Yelp were linked with Hospital Compare (HC) measures.

Study Design

Fixed‐effects linear regression model.

Principal Findings

Among crowdsourcing sites’ best‐ranked hospitals, 50–60% were also the best ranked on HC's overall and patient experience ratings; 20% ranked as the worst. Best‐ranked hospitals had significantly better clinical quality scores than worst ranked hospitals, but were not more likely to be the highest rated in terms of HC's clinical quality measures alone.

Conclusions

Crowdsourcing sites and HC provide comparable information on patient experience; scores were less consistent in terms of risk‐adjusted measures of patient safety and clinical quality.
Microbial Starch‐Converting Enzymes: Recent Insights and Perspectives
Authors: Miao Ming , Jiang Bo , Jin Zhengyu , BeMiller James N.
Published: August 2018

Starch is an abundant, natural, renewable resource, and present as the major storage carbohydrate in the seeds, roots, or tubers of many important food crops, such as maize, wheat, rice, potato, and cassava. Uses of native starches in most industrial applications are limited by their inherent properties. Hence, they are often structurally modified after isolation to enhance desirable attributes, to minimize undesirable attributes, or to create new attributes. Enzymatic, rather than chemical, approaches are used in the production of starch syrups, maltodextrins, and cyclodextrins. However, the desire for starch‐active enzymes working optimally at high temperatures and low pH conditions with superior stability and activity is still not satisfied and this stimulates interest in developing novel and improved starch‐active enzymes through a variety of strategies. This review provides current information on enzymes belonging to GH13, 57, 70, and 77 that can be used in structural modifications of the starch polysaccharides or to produce starch‐derived products from them. The characteristics and catalytic mechanisms of microbial enzymes are discussed (including 4‐α‐glucanotransferase, branching enzyme, maltogenic amylase, cyclomaltodextrinase, amylosucrase, and glucansucrase). Product diversity after starch‐converting reaction and utilization in industrial applications are also dealt with.
Unexpected Human Fatality Associated with Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Heat Treatment
Authors: Sanford Michelle R. , Torres Mirna , Ross Jennifer
Published: August 2018

Thermal insect treatments can be an effective method of controlling cryptic insect pests, particularly bed bugs, in residential settings. The treatments require high heat over a sustained timeframe. Residents are not present during treatment but return after completion. An unexpected death was investigated following heat treatment for bed bugs in the home of an elderly female, found with a postmortem axillary temperature of 106.2°F (41.2°C) approximately 8 h after returning home. The cause of death was classified as hyperthermia with a contributory cause of hypertensive cardiovascular disease. The manner of death was an accident. The decedent had medical history and medications that could have impaired her ability to dissipate heat. Furthermore, the air conditioning inside the residence was not functional following treatment. Recommendations including education regarding heat stroke and treatment, re‐entry timeframes, and/or temperature thresholds are suggested to reduce the risk of heat‐related injury or death in vulnerable populations.
Wandering Dementia—A Syndrome with Forensic Implications
Authors: Byard Roger W. , Langlois Neil E. I.
Published: August 2018

Wandering behavior in dementia may result in significant injury or death. Search of files at Forensic Science South Australia over a 20‐year period (1998–2018) identified nine individuals with dementia who were found deceased having been reported as missing from home/residential facilities (M:F, 6:3; age range, 54–92 years; average, 77.7 years; median, 80 years). The established clinical diagnoses were of dementia in seven cases and Alzheimer disease in two. Deaths were unnatural in six cases: hypo/hyperthermia three, drowning two, train impact one; natural in two cases due to ischemic (N=1) and valvular heart disease (N=1); and undetermined in one case due to marked decomposition. There were five fatalities in winter. Exposure and drowning were significant causes of death. The increasing aging population means cases of lethal wandering dementia will be more often encountered among forensic cases in future. Issues around duty of care and suicide should be considered in evaluating cases.
Social Dimensions of Urban Flood Experience, Exposure, and Concern
Authors: Hale Rebecca L. , Flint Courtney G. , Jackson‐Smith Douglas , Endter‐Wada Joanna
Published: August 2018

With growing urban populations and climate change, urban flooding is an important global issue, even in dryland regions. Flood risk assessments are usually used to identify vulnerable locations and populations, flooding experience patterns, or levels of concern about flooding, but rarely are all of these approaches combined. Furthermore, the social dynamics of flood concerns, exposure, and experience are underexplored. We combined geographic and survey data on household‐level measures of flood experience, concern, and exposure in Utah's urbanizing Wasatch Front. We asked: (1) Are socially vulnerable groups more likely to be exposed to flood risk? (2) How common are flooding experiences among urban residents, and how are these experiences related to sociodemographic characteristics and exposure? and (3) How concerned are urban residents about flooding, and does concern vary by exposure, flood experience, and sociodemographic characteristics? Although floodplain residents were more likely to be White and have higher incomes, respondents who were of a racial/ethnic minority, were older, had less education, and were living in floodplains were more likely to report flood experiences and concern about flooding. Flood risk management approaches need to address social as well as physical sources of vulnerability to floods and recognize social sources of variation in flood experiences and concern.
The many faces of lung adenocarcinoma: A pictorial essay
Authors: Pascoe Heather M , Knipe Henry C , Pascoe Diane , Heinze Stefan B
Published: August 2018

Lung adenocarcinoma has a spectrum of appearances on CT, many of which mimic non‐malignant processes. The general radiologist has a major role in guiding the management of abnormalities detected on chest CT and an awareness of these appearances is vital. We describe the protean imaging manifestations of lung adenocarcinoma.
Labor Provisions in Trade Agreements (LABPTA): Introducing a New Dataset
Authors: Raess Damian , Sari Dora
Published: August 2018

Global labor policy through trade has begun to receive growing attention with the inclusion of labor provisions in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Until recently there has been a shortage of available data that would adequately capture the variation that exists with respect to the scope and stringency of labor provisions, preventing scholars and practitioners from addressing key questions about the design and effects of the trade‐labor linkage. This paper introduces a new dataset covering 487 PTAs from 1990 to 2015 coded against 140 distinct items pertaining to six main categories, presenting – to our knowledge – the most rigorous and fine‐grained mapping of labor provisions. It also offers the first systematic description of key trends in the design and occurrence of those commitments. Our study shows that labor provisions have not only expanded in terms of their content and participating countries but that labor provisions have, although to a varying degree, also become more stringent over time. The provisions that have across all PTAs increased most steadily are the ones related to the institutional framework set up for the monitoring and implementation of labor commitments, becoming more specialized and more inclusive of third party involvement over time.
Significance of spread through air spaces in early‐stage lung adenocarcinomas undergoing limited resection
Authors: Toyokawa Gouji , Yamada Yuichi , Tagawa Tetsuzo , Oda Yoshinao
Published: August 2018

Background

In early‐stage lung adenocarcinomas, spread through air spaces (STAS) are reported to be a prognostic factor in patients who have undergone sublobar resection, but not lobectomy. In contrast, reports have also shown that STAS is significantly associated with poor survival outcomes after lobectomy, but not after limited resection. Thus, the prognostic impact of STAS differs according to published reports.

Methods

A total of 82 patients with early‐stage adenocarcinomas who underwent limited resection and whose STAS status could be examined were enrolled in this retrospective study. We evaluated the association between STAS and clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative survival.

Results

Among 82 patients, 31 (37.8%) were positive for STAS, while 51 (62.2%) were negative. STAS was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage (P < 0.01), lower histological differentiation (P = 0.01), and the presence of pleural invasion (P = 0.01). Patients with STAS had significantly shorter recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) than those without STAS (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). According to multivariate analysis, positivity for STAS was an independent prognostic parameter for RFS (P < 0.01), but not OS (P = 0.45). Three patients who developed surgical margin recurrence and one patient who developed distant recurrence were all positive for STAS.

Conclusions

STAS was predictive of poor postoperative survival in patients with early‐stage adenocarcinomas treated with limited resection and was associated with surgical margin recurrence.
Readability of 10‐K Reports and Stock Price Crash Risk
Authors: Kim Chansog (Francis) , Wang Ke , Zhang Liandong
Published: August 2018

This study shows that less readable 10‐K reports are associated with higher stock price crash risk. The results are consistent with the argument that managers can successfully hide adverse information by writing complex financial reports, which leads to stock price crashes when the hidden bad news accumulates and reaches a tipping point. Cross‐sectional analyses show that the effect of financial reporting complexity on crash risk is more pronounced for firms with persistent negative earnings news or transitory positive earnings news, greater chief executive officer stock option incentives, or lower litigation risk. Finally, accrual manipulation appears to be positively related to crash risk, even since the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act, if the manipulation is accompanied by complex 10‐K reports.
Measuring β‐diversity by remote sensing: A challenge for biodiversity monitoring
Authors: Rocchini Duccio , Luque Sandra , Pettorelli Nathalie , Bastin Lucy , Doktor Daniel , Faedi Nicolò , Feilhauer Hannes , Féret Jean‐Baptiste , Foody Giles M. , Gavish Yoni , Godinho Sergio , Kunin William E. , Lausch Angela , Leitão Pedro J. , Marcantonio Matteo , Neteler Markus , Ricotta Carlo , Schmidtlein Sebastian , Vihervaara Petteri , Wegmann Martin , Nagendra Harini
Published: August 2018

Biodiversity includes multiscalar and multitemporal structures and processes, with different levels of functional organization, from genetic to ecosystemic levels. One of the mostly used methods to infer biodiversity is based on taxonomic approaches and community ecology theories. However, gathering extensive data in the field is difficult due to logistic problems, especially when aiming at modelling biodiversity changes in space and time, which assumes statistically sound sampling schemes. In this context, airborne or satellite remote sensing allows information to be gathered over wide areas in a reasonable time.

Most of the biodiversity maps obtained from remote sensing have been based on the inference of species richness by regression analysis. On the contrary, estimating compositional turnover (β‐diversity) might add crucial information related to relative abundance of different species instead of just richness. Presently, few studies have addressed the measurement of species compositional turnover from space.

Extending on previous work, in this manuscript, we propose novel techniques to measure β‐diversity from airborne or satellite remote sensing, mainly based on: (1) multivariate statistical analysis, (2) the spectral species concept, (3) self‐organizing feature maps, (4) multidimensional distance matrices, and the (5) Rao's Q diversity. Each of these measures addresses one or several issues related to turnover measurement. This manuscript is the first methodological example encompassing (and enhancing) most of the available methods for estimating β‐diversity from remotely sensed imagery and potentially relating them to species diversity in the field.
Integration of satellite remote sensing data in ecosystem modelling at local scales: Practices and trends
Authors: Pasetto Damiano , Arenas‐Castro Salvador , Bustamante Javier , Casagrandi Renato , Chrysoulakis Nektarios , Cord Anna F. , Dittrich Andreas , Domingo‐Marimon Cristina , El Serafy Ghada , Karnieli Arnon , Kordelas Georgios A. , Manakos Ioannis , Mari Lorenzo , Monteiro Antonio , Palazzi Elisa , Poursanidis Dimitris , Rinaldo Andrea , Terzago Silvia , Ziemba Alex , Ziv Guy
Published: August 2018

Spatiotemporal ecological modelling of terrestrial ecosystems relies on climatological and biophysical Earth observations. Due to their increasing availability, global coverage, frequent acquisition and high spatial resolution, satellite remote sensing (SRS) products are frequently integrated to in situ data in the development of ecosystem models (EMs) quantifying the interaction among the vegetation component and the hydrological, energy and nutrient cycles. This review highlights the main advances achieved in the last decade in combining SRS data with EMs, with particular attention to the challenges modellers face for applications at local scales (e.g. small watersheds).

We critically review the literature on progress made towards integration of SRS data into terrestrial EMs: (1) as input to define model drivers; (2) as reference to validate model results; and (3) as a tool to sequentially update the state variables, and to quantify and reduce model uncertainty.

The number of applications provided in the literature shows that EMs may profit greatly from the inclusion of spatial parameters and forcings provided by vegetation and climatic‐related SRS products. Limiting factors for the application of such models to local scales are: (1) mismatch between the resolution of SRS products and model grid; (2) unavailability of specific products in free and public online repositories; (3) temporal gaps in SRS data; and (4) quantification of model and measurement uncertainties. This review provides examples of possible solutions adopted in recent literature, with particular reference to the spatiotemporal scales of analysis and data accuracy. We propose that analysis methods such as stochastic downscaling techniques and multi‐sensor/multi‐platform fusion approaches are necessary to improve the quality of SRS data for local applications. Moreover, we suggest coupling models with data assimilation techniques to improve their forecast abilities.

This review encourages the use of SRS data in EMs for local applications, and underlines the necessity for a closer collaboration among EM developers and remote sensing scientists. With more upcoming satellite missions, especially the Sentinel platforms, concerted efforts to further integrate SRS into modelling are in great demand and these types of applications will certainly proliferate.
Understanding and assessing vegetation health by in situ species and remote‐sensing approaches
Authors: Lausch Angela , Bastian Olaf , Klotz Stefan , Leitão Pedro J. , Jung András , Rocchini Duccio , Schaepman Michael E. , Skidmore Andrew K. , Tischendorf Lutz , Knapp Sonja
Published: August 2018

Human activities exert stress on and create disturbances to ecosystems, decreasing their diversity, resilience and ultimately the health of ecosystems and their vegetation. In environments with rapid changes in vegetation health (VH), progress is needed when it comes to monitoring these changes and underlying causes. There are different approaches to monitoring VH such as in situ species approaches and the remote‐sensing approach.

Here we provide an overview of in situ species approaches, that is, the biological, the phylogenetic, and the morphological species concept, as well as an overview of the remote‐sensing spectral trait/spectral trait variations concept to monitor the status of VH as well as processes of stress, disturbances, and resource limitations affecting VH. The approaches are compared with regard to their suitability for monitoring VH, and their advantages, disadvantages, potential, and requirements for being linked are discussed.

No single approach is sufficient to monitor the complexity and multidimensionality of VH over the short to long term and on local to global scales. Rather, every approach has its pros and cons, making it all the more necessary to link approaches. In this paper, we present a framework and list crucial requirements for coupling approaches and integrating additional monitoring elements to form a multisource vegetation health monitoring network (MUSO‐VH‐MN).

When it comes to linking the different approaches, data, information, models or platforms in a MUSO‐VH‐MN, big data with its complexity and syntactic and semantic heterogeneity and the lack of standardized approaches and VH protocols pose the greatest challenge. Therefore, Data Science with the elements of (a) digitalization, (b) semantification, (c) ontologization, (d) standardization, (e) Open Science, as well as (f) open and easy analyzing tools for assessing VH are important requirements for monitoring, linking, analyzing, and forecasting complex and multidimensional changes in VH.
Work Inc, 2028
Authors: DAVIES MICHAEL
Published: August 2018

With technology radically reshaping the world of work, we need to evolve the social contract. There's no time to lose, says Michael Davies
Adoption and Utilization of an Emergency Department Naloxone Distribution and Peer Recovery Coach Consultation Program
Authors: Samuels Elizabeth A. , Baird Janette , Yang Eunice S. , Mello Michael J.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Rising rates of opioid overdose deaths require innovative programs to prevent and reduce opioid‐related morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates adoption, utilization, and maintenance of an emergency department (ED) take‐home naloxone and peer recovery coach consultation program for ED patients at risk of opioid overdose.

Methods

Using a Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE‐AIM) framework, we conducted a retrospective provider survey and electronic medical record (EMR) review to evaluate implementation of a naloxone distribution and peer recovery coach consultation program at two EDs. Provider adoption was measured by self‐report using a novel survey instrument. EMRs of discharged ED patients at risk for opioid overdose were reviewed in three time periods: preimplementation, postimplementation, and maintenance. Primary study outcomes were take‐home naloxone provision and recovery coach consultation. Secondary study outcome was referral to treatment. Chi‐square analysis was used for study period comparisons. Logistic regression was conducted to examine utilization moderators. Poisson regression modeled utilization changes over time.

Results

Most providers reported utilization (72.8%, 83/114): 95.2% (79/83) provided take‐home naloxone and 85.5% (71/83) consulted a recovery coach. There were 555 unique patients treated and discharged during the study periods: 131 preimplementation, 376 postimplementation, and 48 maintenance. Postimplementation provision of take‐home naloxone increased from none to more than one‐third (35.4%, p < 0.001), one‐third received consultation with a recovery coach (33.1%, 45/136), and discharge with referral to treatment increased from 9.16% to 20.74% (p = 0.003). Take‐home naloxone provision and recovery coach consultation did not depreciate over time.

Conclusions

ED naloxone distribution and consultation of a community‐based peer recovery coach are feasible and acceptable and can be maintained over time.
Trends in Adult Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking in the Early 21st‐Century United States: A Meta‐Analysis of 6 National Survey Series
Authors: Grucza Richard A. , Sher Kenneth J. , Kerr William C. , Krauss Melissa J. , Lui Camillia K. , McDowell Yoanna E. , Hartz Sarah , Virdi Gurpal , Bierut Laura J.
Published: August 2018

Background

Recent trends in alcoholic liver disease, alcohol‐related emergency room admissions, and alcohol use disorder prevalence as measured by general‐population surveys have raised concerns about rising alcohol‐related morbidity and mortality in the United States. In contrast, upward trends in per capita alcohol consumption have been comparatively modest.

Methods

To resolve these discordant observations, we sought to examine trends in the prevalence of alcohol use and binge drinking from 6 regularly or periodically administered national surveys using a meta‐analytic approach. Annual or periodic prevalence estimates for past‐12‐month or past‐30‐day alcohol use and binge drinking were estimated for available time points between the years 2000 and 2016. Estimates were combined in a random‐effects regression model in which prevalence was modeled as a log‐linear function of time to obtain meta‐analytic trend estimates for the full population and by sex, race, age, and educational attainment.

Results

Meta‐analysis–derived estimates of average annual percentage increase in the prevalence of alcohol use and binge drinking were 0.30% per year (95% CI: 0.22%, 0.38%) and 0.72% per year (95% CI: 0.46%, 0.98%), respectively. There was substantial between‐survey heterogeneity among trend estimates, although there was notable consistency in the degree to which trends have impacted various demographic groups. For example, most surveys found that the changes in prevalence for alcohol use and binge drinking were large and positive for ages 50 to 64 and 65 and up, and smaller, negative, or nonsignificant for ages 18 to 29.

Conclusions

Significant increases in the prevalence of alcohol use and of binge drinking over the past 10 to 15 years were observed, but not for all demographic groups. However, the increase in binge drinking among middle‐aged and older adults is substantial and may be driving increasing rates of alcohol‐related morbidity and mortality.
Enacting Experimental Alternative Spaces
Authors: Fois Francesca
Published: August 2018

This paper analyses the experimental nature of alternative spaces and the affective, emotional and embodied experience their enactment generates. In so doing, it grounds the analysis on the intentional community of Damanhur (Italy), as an example of experimental spaces. Scholarship concerning intentional communities draws on utopian studies that consider them as utopian laboratories. More recently, non‐representational approaches have emphasised the processual nature of utopias, yet studies have overlooked the experimental nature of these alternative spaces. Drawing upon in‐depth ethnographic data, this paper engages with community experimentations that took place in Damanhur for residents and visitors. It illustrates how utopian enactment is experimental and thus, disordering, unsettling and creative. Moreover, I argue that experimentations are not limited to unsettling the social structure of the community and, when studying the enactment of alternative spaces, emphasis should also be on their capacity to affect the individual.
Technical Indicators to Evaluate the Degree of Large Clot Formation Inside the Membrane Fiber Bundle of an Oxygenator in an In Vitro Setup
Authors: Kaesler Andreas , Hesselmann Felix , Zander Mark O. , Schlanstein Peter C. , Wagner Georg , Bruners Philipp , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich , Arens Jutta
Published: August 2018

The most common technical complication during ECMO is clot formation. A large clot inside a membrane oxygenator reduces effective membrane surface area and therefore gas transfer capabilities, and restricts blood flow through the device, resulting in an increased membrane oxygenator pressure drop (dpMO). The reasons for thrombotic events are manifold and highly patient specific. Thrombus formation inside the oxygenator during ECMO is usually unpredictable and remains an unsolved problem. Clot sizes and positions are well documented in literature for the Maquet Quadrox‐i Adult oxygenator based on CT data extracted from devices after patient treatment. Based on this data, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of large clots on purely technical parameters, for example, dpMO and gas transfer. Therefore, medical grade silicone was injected into the fiber bundle of the devices to replicate large clot positions and sizes. A total of six devices were tested in vitro with silicone clot volumes of 0, 30, 40, 50, 65, and 85 mL in accordance with ISO 7199. Gas transfer was measured by sampling blood pre and post device, as well as by sampling the exhaust gas at the devices’ outlet at blood flow rates of 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 L/min. Pre and post device pressure was monitored to calculate the dpMO at the different blood flow rates. The dpMO was found to be a reliable parameter to indicate a large clot only in already advanced “clotting stages.” The CO2 concentration in the exhaust gas, however, was found to be sensitive to even small clot sizes and at low blood flows. Exhaust gas CO2 concentration can be monitored continuously and without any risks for the patient during ECMO therapy to provide additional information on the endurance of the oxygenator. This may help detect a clot formation and growth inside a membrane oxygenator during ECMO even if the increase in dpMO remains moderate.
HeartWare Ventricular Assist Device Implantation for Pediatric Heart Failure—A Single Center Approach
Authors: Nelson McMillan Kristen , Hibino Narutoshi , Brown Emily E. , Wadia Rajeev , Hunt Elizabeth A. , Marshall Christi , Alvarez‐Machado Mayuri , Alejo Diane , Coulson John D. , Ravekes William , Vricella Luca A.
Published: August 2018

While pediatric HeartWare HVAD application has increased, determining candidacy and timing for initiation of pediatric VAD support has remained a challenge. We present our experience with a systematic approach to HVAD implantation as a bridge to pediatric heart transplantation. We performed a retrospective, single center review of pediatric patients (n = 11) who underwent HVAD implantation between September 2014 and January 2018. Primary endpoints evaluated were survival to heart transplantation, need for right ventricular assist device (RVAD) at any point, ongoing HVAD support, or death. Median patient age was 11 years (range: 3–16). Median BSA was 1.25 m2 (range: 0.56–2.1). Heart failure etiologies requiring support were dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 8), myocarditis (n = 1), congenital mitral valve disease (n = 1), and single ventricle heart failure (n = 1). Median time from cardiac ICU admission for heart failure to HVAD placement was 15 days (range 3–55), based on standardized VAD implantation criteria involving imaging assessment and noncardiac organ evaluation. The majority of patients (91%) were INTERMACS Level 2 at time of implant. Three patients (27%) had CentriMag RVAD placement at time of HVAD implantation. Two of these three patients had successful RVAD explanation within 2 weeks. Median length of HVAD support was 60 days (range 6–405 days). Among the 11 patients, survival during HVAD therapy to date is 91% (10/11) with 9 (82%) bridged to heart transplantation and one (9%) continuing to receive support. Posttransplant survival has been 100%, with median follow‐up of 573 days (range 152–1126). A systematic approach to HVAD implantation can provide excellent results in pediatric heart failure management for a variety of etiologies and broad BSA range.
Incontinentia pigmenti‐associated ocular anomalies of paediatric incontinentia pigmenti patients in China
Authors: Peng Jie , Zhang Qi , Long Xinchun , Zhang Jia , Huang Qiujing , Li Yian , She Kaiqin , Zhao Peiquan
Published: August 2018

Purpose

To characterize ocular manifestations in a cohort of paediatric patients with incontinentia pigmenti (IP) and to define the guidelines for grading of IP‐associated retinopathy (IPR).

Methods

This retrospective review was performed on patients under the age of 18 years with a diagnosis of IP. Data included demographics, medical history, ocular examination, and accessory examination. Ocular and systemic physical examinations of the parents were carried out to determine the familial history.

Results

Sixty‐one children (58 females and three males) with median age of 3.7 months were observed consecutively. The median follow‐up duration was 13.4 months (range: 6.5–75.0 months). A total of 47 patients had various ocular anomalies. Among them, 28 patients had bilateral ocular anomalies and 19 had unilateral anomalies. Vitreoretinal changes were noted in 73 of 122 eyes, including eight eyes with retinal pigment epithelium changes only (Stage 1), 22 eyes with retinal vascular abnormalities (Stage 2), five eyes with epiretinal membranes or fibrotic hyperplasia combined with avascularized zones (Stage 3), six eyes with retinal neovascularization (Stage 3), one eye with vitreous haemorrhage (Stage 3), 10 eyes with partial retinal detachment (RD) (Stage 4a), 15 eyes with total RD (Stage 4b) and eight eyes with phthisis bulbi and secondary glaucoma (Stage 5).

Conclusion

Various vitreoretinal manifestations can be found in paediatric patients with IP and classified into five stages, which are characterized by retinal vasculopathy.
The histone demethylase Jarid1b mediates angiotensin II‐induced endothelial dysfunction by controlling the 3′UTR of soluble epoxide hydrolase
Authors: Vasconez Andrea E. , Janetzko Patrick , Oo James A. , Pflüger‐Müller Beatrice , Ratiu Corina , Gu Lunda , Helin Kristian , Geisslinger Gerd , Fleming Ingrid , Schröder Katrin , Fork Christian , Brandes Ralf P. , Leisegang Matthias S.
Published: August 2018

Aim

The histone demethylase Jarid1b limits gene expression by removing the active methyl mark from histone3 lysine4 at gene promoter regions. A vascular function of Jarid1b is unknown, but a vasoprotective function to inflammatory and hypertrophic stimuli, like angiotensin II (AngII) could be inferred. This hypothesis was tested using Jarid1b knockout mice and the inhibitor PBIT.

Methods

Mice or aortic segments were treated with AngII to induce endothelial dysfunction. Aortae from WT and Jarid1b knockout were studied in organ chambers and endothelium‐dependent dilator responses to acetylcholine and endothelium‐independent responses to DetaNONOate were recorded after pre‐constriction with phenylephrine in the presence or absence of the NO‐synthase inhibitor nitro‐L‐arginine. Molecular mechanisms were investigated with chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA‐Seq, RNA‐3′‐adaptor‐ligation, actinomycin D and RNA‐immunoprecipitation.

Results

Knockout or inhibition of Jarid1b prevented the development of endothelial dysfunction in response to AngII. This effect was not a consequence of altered nitrite oxide availability but accompanied by a loss of the inflammatory response to AngII. As Jarid1b mainly inhibits gene expression, an indirect effect should account for this observation. AngII induced the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which degrades anti‐inflammatory lipids, and thus promotes inflammation. Knockout or inhibition of Jarid1b prevented the AngII‐mediated sEH induction. Mechanistically, Jarid1b maintained the length of the 3′untranslated region of the sEH mRNA, thereby increasing its stability and thus sEH protein expression. Loss of Jarid1b activity therefore resulted in sEH mRNA destabilization.

Conclusion

Jarid1b contributes to the pro‐inflammatory effects of AngII by stabilizing sEH expression. Jarid1b inhibition might be an option for future therapeutics against cardiovascular dysfunction.