bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bet‐hedging germination in annual plants: a sound empirical test of the theoretical foundations
Authors: Tielbörger Katja , Petruů Martina , Lampei Christian
Published: March 2012

Seed dormancy is thought to be a key mechanism allowing annual plants to spread extinction risk in unpredictably varying environments. Theory predicts increasing germination fractions with increasing probability of reproductive success but solid empirical evidence is scarce and often confounded with environmental factors. Here we provide an empirical test of bet‐hedging via delayed germination for three annual plant species along a ‘predictability gradient’ in Israel. We excluded confounding environmental and maternal effects by raising inbred seed families and germinating them under controlled conditions. Additionally, we germinated field‐collected seeds in three consecutive seasons to compare their germination with inbred families where maternal effects were removed. Risk of reproductive failure was quantified using demographic data from the field and from second‐generation inbred lines raised in a rainfall gradient in the greenhouse. Our findings were consistent with bet‐hedging theory in that germination fraction was negatively related to species‐ and site‐specific risk of reproductive failure. Both field and hand‐raised seeds of one species exhibited higher dormancy with increasing risk of reproductive failure across sites, and hand‐raised seeds of another species showed the same pattern. The third species exhibited a rather random pattern of germination between years and sites, corresponding to the lack of site‐specific risk of reproductive failure. Species‐specific patterns of dormancy and risk could be related to alternative risk‐spreading strategies such as high adult survival, but were also affected by phylogeny. We provide strong empirical evidence for seed dormancy being a mechanism to reduce the risk of reproductive failure in highly variable environments, but a larger number of rigorous experimental tests of bet hedging germination are needed. Specifically, the genetic basis of bet‐hedging must be shown in species with different life histories, for demonstrating that dormancy is adaptive and how it is modified by other risk‐spreading traits.
Role of non‐surgical therapies in the management of periocular basal cell carcinoma and squamous intra‐epidermal carcinoma: a case series and review of the literature
Authors: Attili Sasi K. , Ibbotson Sally H. , Fleming Colin
Published: March 2012

Background

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous intra‐epidermal carcinoma (IEC) are the most common periocular tumours and can be associated with significant morbidity. Five percent of imiquimod cream and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are popular non‐surgical treatment options but are currently not licensed for periocular use.

Objectives

To review our experience with these treatments and summarize published literature (PubMed: up to September 2011).

Patients and Methods

We conducted a review of case notes for all patients with periocular BCC and IEC treated with either PDT or imiquimod, within National Health Service (NHS) Tayside, Scotland, from 1996 to 2009.

Results

Six of 13 and five of 12 lesions treated with imiquimod (median duration of clearance = 35 months; range = 24–55 months) and PDT (median duration of clearance = 66 months; range = 4–80 months), respectively, achieved clinical clearance. The majority of patients in our series did manage to tolerate and continue both treatments, with no significant longer‐term adverse effects.

Conclusions

Our limited experience along with published reports suggests that both imiquimod and PDT are effective in the treatment of periocular non‐melanoma skin cancers in selected patients. However, surgical excision with margin control remains the gold standard for the treatment of periocular tumours.
Validation of a novel high‐intensity LED light source for skin phototesting at 365 nm
Authors: Wan Pengjie , Edwards Chris , Zheng Jie , Anstey Alex
Published: March 2012

Background

The gold standard for investigation of patients with suspected photosensitivity involves phototesting on non‐exposed skin with an irradiation monochromator (IM). However, this device is bulky, expensive and only available at a small number of specialised photodermatology units. We have developed a small handheld high output monochromatic light source for phototesting to UVA at 365 nm using light‐emitting diodes (LEDs).

Methods

A UNO light engine (Enfis, Swansea, UK) at 365 nm was used to develop a handheld intense source. Seventy‐seven normal healthy volunteers were phototested on the lower back with the LED source and with an IM at 365 nm. Minimal erythema dose (MED) at 24 h was assessed visually and by a diffuse reflectance erythemameter.

Results

In 77 volunteers, MED levels for the two sources agreed in 66 out of 77 cases (85.7%). In a further 10 out of 77 patients, the measured MED elicited by the LED source was 1 dose level higher than the monochromator MED.

Conclusion

A high‐intensity portable and low cost LED phototesting device was developed. The results confirm that phototesting to UVA at 365 nm using this LED light source compares favourably to monochromator light testing at this wavelength.
Prevalence and predictors of low vitamin D status in patients referred to a tertiary photodiagnostic service: a retrospective study
Authors: Reid Suzanne M. , Robinson Mark , Kerr Alastair C. , Ibbotson Sally Helen
Published: March 2012

Background/Purpose

Low vitamin D levels have been associated with adverse effects on health. The primary source of vitamin D is cutaneous production during sunlight exposure. Sun avoidance can restrict vitamin D photosynthesis and is common practice amongst patients with photosensitivity. Few studies have examined vitamin D status in this population, particularly those in northern latitudes. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the prevalence and possible predictors of low vitamin D status in patients referred to a tertiary photodiagnostic service.

Methods

A case note review of 165 patients who attended the National Photodiagnostic Service for assessment at the Photobiology Unit in Dundee, Scotland (latitude 56°N) over 1 year was conducted. Clinical information and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration were documented. Multivariate analyses were used to identify predictors of vitamin D status.

Results

Mean 25(OH)D concentration was 41.9 nmol/L [standard deviation (SD) 22.0]. Forty percent of patients had insufficient vitamin D levels [25(OH)D 25–49 nmol/L] and 25% were vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L]. Blood collection in winter was the strongest predictor of low 25(OH)D status (P < 0.001); strict photoprotection (P = 0.04), onset of symptoms within an hour of sunlight exposure (P = 0.01) and abnormal monochromator phototesting responses (P = 0.009) also predicted low vitamin D levels. Supplement use was associated with higher vitamin D levels (P < 0.001), even amongst patients who strictly avoided sunlight (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Patients with photosensitivity who live in northern latitudes are at high risk of low vitamin D levels, particularly in winter and spring. Increased awareness of this risk is crucial to ensure preventative strategies, such as supplementation, are implemented.
Photolocalized purpura during levofloxacin therapy
Authors: Rubegni Pietro , Feci Luca , Pellegrino Michele , Fimiani Michele
Published: March 2012

Side‐effects associated with levofloxacin treatment include phototoxicity, hypersensitivity and skin disorders. Purpuric eruptions have rarely been reported. We describe the case of a 75‐year‐old woman who was prescribed a 15‐day course of levofloxacin (500 mg twice a day) for hemorrhagic cystitis. On exposure to sunlight, the patient developed a pruritic purpuric eruption on the lower extremities. The acute reaction differed from a classical sunburn, manifesting as confluent petechiae limited to sun‐exposed areas and accompanied by pruritus. This was a rare case of solar capillaritis. Purpuric eruptions on photoexposed skin should be considered another unusual side effect of levofloxacin.
International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth
Authors: Andersson Lars , Andreasen Jens O. , Day Peter , Heithersay Geoffrey , Trope Martin , DiAngelis Anthony J. , Kenny David J. , Sigurdsson Asgeir , Bourguignon Cecilia , Flores Marie Therese , Hicks Morris Lamar , Lenzi Antonio R. , Malmgren Barbro , Moule Alex J. , Tsukiboshi Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2012

Abstract –  Avulsion of permanent teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals’ opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of avulsed permanent teeth.
Biologics in oral medicine: ulcerative disorders
Authors: O’Neill ID , Scully C
Published: March 2012

Oral Diseases (2012) 19, 37–45

Inflammatory ulcerative diseases of the oral mucosa are wide ranging but include especially aphthous and aphthous‐like ulceration, vesiculobullous disorders and erosive lichen planus (LP). While most patients with these conditions respond to conventional topical and/or systemic immunosuppressive agents, treatment‐resistant cases remain challenging. In these, the use of biologics such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) inhibitors or rituximab may be of benefit. This article reviews the use of biologics in ulcerative oral conditions, highlighting potential benefits, adverse effects and principles of use and future developments. TNF‐α inhibitors such as infliximab can be effective in inducing resolution in oral aphthous and aphthous‐like ulcers and may be an appropriate therapy in those patients in which disease is severe and refractory to, or patients are intolerant of, traditional immunomodulatory regimens. There would also seem support and rationale for use of biologics (mainly rituximab) in pemphigus but not in oral LP or other oral ulcerative conditions.
Assessment of pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations in swamp buffalo samples from fetal and maternal origins by using interspecies antisera
Authors: NGUYEN Van Hanh , BARBATO Olimpia , BUI Xuan Nguyen , BECKERS Jean‐François , de SOUSA Noelita Melo
Published: March 2012

Pregnancy‐associated glycoproteins (PAG) constitute a large family of glycoproteins found in the outer placental epithelial cell layer of the placenta in Eutherian species. In ruminants, they are noted to be structurally closely related among the different species. This study was designed to determine PAG concentrations in maternal and fetal plasma, allantoic and amniotic fluids in buffalo species. Antisera (AS) generated in rabbits against distinct PAG molecules were used in three radioimmunoassay (RIA)‐PAG systems: RIA‐1 (antiserum raised against bovine PAG67kDa; AS#497), RIA‐2 (antiserum raised against caprine PAG55 + 62 kDa; AS#706) or RIA‐3 (antiserum raised against buffalo PAG; AS#859). Samples were collected at a slaughterhouse (n = 67). PAG concentrations determined by RIA‐2 gave significantly higher results in both allantoic and amniotic fluids (12.7 ± 2.1 ng/mL and 24.0 ± 7.3 ng/mL, respectively). Regarding maternal and fetal plasma, PAG concentrations obtained by RIA‐2 (21.8 ± 2.4 ng/mL and 20.2 ± 2.5 ng/mL, respectively) and RIA‐3 (25.0 ± 2.2 ng/mL and 21.9 ± 3.2 ng/mL, respectively) were higher than those obtained by RIA‐1 (15.5 ± 1.4 ng/mL and 16.1 ± 1.8 ng/mL, respectively). The correlation among the three systems was very high. The study clearly reveals the ability of different PAG‐RIA systems to measure PAG concentration in swamp buffalo samples.
The Association Between Overparenting, Parent‐Child Communication, and Entitlement and Adaptive Traits in Adult Children
Authors: Segrin Chris , Woszidlo Alesia , Givertz Michelle , Bauer Amy , Taylor Murphy Melissa
Published: March 2012

What is colloquially referred to as “helicopter parenting” is a form of overparenting in which parents apply overly involved and developmentally inappropriate tactics to their children who are otherwise able to assume adult responsibilities and autonomy. Overparenting is hypothesized to be associated with dysfunctional family processes and negative child outcomes. Predictions were tested on 538 parent‐young adult child dyads from locations throughout most of the United States. Parents completed a newly developed measure of overparenting as well as family enmenshment, parenting styles, and parent‐child communication scales. Young adult children completed measures of parent‐child communication, family satisfaction, entitlement, and several adaptive traits. Results showed that overparenting is associated with lower quality parent‐child communication and has an indirect effect on lower family satisfaction. Overparenting was also a significant predictor of young adult child entitlement, although it was not related to any of the adaptive traits measured in young adult children.
Use of Community and School Mental Health Services by Custodial Grandchildren
Authors: Montoro‐Rodríguez Julián , Smith Gregory C. , Palmieri Patrick A.
Published: March 2012

We examined patterns and predictors of perceived need, use, and unmet need for mental health services by custodial grandchildren within the school‐based and community‐based delivery sectors. Data were from a national sample of 610 grandmothers caring for grandchildren ages 6 to 17 in the absence of biological parents. Overlapping use of services across both sectors was common, although use of school‐based services (51%) was higher than that of community‐based services (37%). Multiple regression analyses based on the Andersen Behavioral Model revealed the following shared predictors of mental health service use across both sectors: grandchildren's externalizing symptoms, other grandchildren in the household with medical or psychiatric diagnoses, and corresponding use of services in the other sector. Predictors were similar when analyses were conducted with families recruited by either probability or convenience‐based methods. Findings suggest the need to coordinate and integrate mental health services for custodial grandchildren across different delivery sectors.
Early Determinants of Maternal and Paternal Harsh Discipline: The Generation R Study
Authors: Jansen Pauline W. , Raat Hein , Mackenbach Johan P. , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg M. J. , van IJzendoorn M. H. , Verhulst Frank C. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: March 2012

Research described risk factors for maternal use of harsh discipline, but knowledge about determinants of paternal harsh discipline is lacking. This study aimed to identify determinants of harsh discipline and whether this differed between mothers and fathers. Harsh disciplining practices were self‐reported by Dutch parents of 3‐year‐old children. Data were available for 3,756 children and both parents. Younger parental age, non‐Western national origin, family dysfunction, psychopathology, and delinquency history were independently associated with an increased risk of maternal and paternal harsh discipline. Indicators of socioeconomic status (e.g., financial difficulties and educational level) were also associated with harsh discipline, but in mothers only. Our results suggest that preventive interventions should ideally be applied early in children's lives or even before birth, given the prevalence of parental harsh discipline in young children. These interventions should have a special focus on socially disadvantaged families and on parents with psychopathology and family stress.
Psychological Well‐being in Fathers of Adolescents and Young Adults With Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, and Autism
Authors: Hartley Sigan L. , Seltzer Marsha Mailick , Head Lara , Abbeduto Leonard
Published: March 2012

The psychological well‐being of fathers of children with developmental disabilities remains poorly understood. The present study examined depressive symptoms, pessimism, and coping in fathers of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome (DS;n = 59), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs;n = 135), and Fragile X syndrome (n = 46). Fathers of sons or daughters with ASDs reported a higher level of depressive symptoms than the other groups of fathers. Fathers of sons or daughters with DS reported a lower level of pessimism than the other groups of fathers. There were no group differences in paternal coping style. Group differences in paternal depressive symptoms and pessimism were, in part, related to differences in paternal age, the child's behavior problems, risk of having additional children with a disability, and maternal depressive symptoms. Findings from this study can be used to educate providers and design services for fathers during the later parenting years.
A Longitudinal Study of the Relation Between Depressive Symptomatology and Parenting Practices
Authors: Errázuriz Arellano Paula A. , Harvey Elizabeth A. , Thakar Dhara A.
Published: March 2012

This longitudinal study examined whether mothers' depressive symptomatology predicted parenting practices in a sample of 199 mothers of 3‐year‐old children with behavior problems who were assessed yearly until age 6. Higher maternal depressive symptoms were associated with higher overreactivity and laxness and lower warmth when children were 6 years old. Higher maternal depressive symptoms were also related to increases in overreactivity across the preschool years. Moreover, depression and parenting practices (overreactivity and laxness) covaried over time within mothers. These results provide evidence of a strong link between maternal depression and parenting during the preschool years.
Forms of Spanking and Children's Externalizing Behaviors
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Wager Laura B. , Bates John E. , Pettit Gregory S. , Dodge Kenneth A.
Published: March 2012

Research suggests that corporal punishment is related to higher levels of child externalizing behavior, but there has been controversy regarding whether infrequent, mild spanking predicts child externalizing or whether more severe and frequent forms of corporal punishment account for the link. Mothers rated the frequency with which they spanked and whether they spanked with a hand or object when their child was 6, 7, and 8 years old. Mothers and teachers rated children's externalizing behaviors at each age. Analyses of covariance revealed higher levels of mother‐reported externalizing behavior for children who experienced harsh spanking. Structural equation models for children who experienced no spanking or mild spanking only revealed that spanking was related to concurrent and prior, but not subsequent, externalizing. Mild spanking in one year was a risk factor for harsh spanking in the next year. Findings are discussed in the context of efforts to promote children's rights to protection.
Renaissance Society of America Convention, April 2010  The Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680
Authors: Scott‐Baumann Elizabeth , Harris Johanna
Published: March 2012

This essay introduces The Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680, a cluster of papers presented at the Renaissance Society of America Convention in 2010. Like the longer essays presented in The Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), ed. Scott‐Baumann and Harris, this cluster argues that early modern women’s puritanism formed and developed rather than prohibited their substantial and leading contributions to their culture. This introductory essay investigates the concepts of both intellectual culture and puritanism, and also argues that the vibrant role of women in puritan intellectual culture has been neglected. The essays which complete the cluster provide case studies which highlight the local, national, and international dimensions of early modern puritan culture and reveal an intellectualism characterized by networks of patronage, translation, manuscript circulation and correspondence.
The Countess of Pembroke and the Practice of Piety
Authors: Clarke Danielle
Published: March 2012

This article argues that Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke deploys revision as a central aspect of her poetics, and that this habit is not so much the consequence of indecision on her part, but the application of methods and techniques suggested for the improvement of female piety in a range of texts by early modern commentators.
Development of Electrical Discharge Machinable ZTA Ceramics with 24 vol% of TiC,TiN,TiCN,TiB2 and WC as Electrically Conductive Phase
Authors: Landfried Richard , Kern Frank , Burger Wolfgang , Leonhardt Wolfgang , Gadow Rainer
Published: March 2012

In order to develop ED‐machinable ceramics with high strength, toughness and wear resistance, ZTA was chosen as matrix material. A dispersion of 24 vol% electrically conductive phase (TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiB2 and WC) was added. These composites were hot pressed for 1 h at 60 MPa and temperatures ranging from 1475°C to 1550°C. Mechanical and electrical properties were investigated. The influence of the electrically conductive phase on the surface quality after EDM was analyzed. The mechanical properties and machining quality were found to depend significantly on the type of conductive phase added. Machining of a complex shaped ZTA‐TiC component was demonstrated.
Alumina Toughened Zirconia Nanocomposite Incorporating Al2O3 Whiskers
Authors: Aguilar‐Elguézabal A. , Bocanegra‐Bernal M. H.
Published: March 2012

We investigated the Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of an Al2O3(n) + 70 wt% ZrO2 (TZ‐3Y)n nanocomposite with addition of 2.5 wt% Al2O3 whiskers. Densities greater than 95% were reached after conventional sintering at 1500°C. The fracture toughness was increased 62% over pure Al2O3. Microcracking and crack deflection can be the mechanisms responsible to improve the fracture toughness. The use of ATZ composites with a low percent of whiskers can be a promising biomedical material for medical and dental applications given its large increase in fracture toughness over pure alumina and the observed relief from aging issues of zirconia.
Relationship between dissolved organic and inorganic compounds in tributaries of the Lake Baikal
Authors: Zimnik Ekaterina A. , Semenov Mikhail Y. , Semenova Yulia V. , Khodzher Tamara V.
Published: March 2012

It was shown that the balance between organic and inorganic compounds is mostly conditioned by watershed size and relief, rather than chemistry. The rise and fall of dissolved organic carbon concentration are irreversely proportional to those of acid neutralizing capacity and follow the changes in water flowpaths. This relationship was used to distinguish between dissolved matter sources, and to characterize quantitatively and qualitatively their contribution to surface water chemistry. The proposed approach has restricted applicability to the watersheds composed of sedimentary materials and to the watersheds with high percentage of wetlands. The applicability of the approach is also limited to a variety of environmental conditions. Big watersheds should be divided into lower order subcatchments to reduce uncertainty in interpretation of results. In small and medium watersheds, the proposed approach can be used for predicting water chemistry under different environmental conditions and for tracing contaminants.
The Nature and Ethics of Blame
Authors: Coates D. Justin , Tognazzini Neal A.
Published: March 2012

Blame is usually discussed in the context of the free will problem, but recently moral philosophers have begun to examine it on its own terms. If, as many suppose, free will is to be understood as the control relevant to moral responsibility, and moral responsibility is to be understood in terms of whether blame is appropriate, then an independent inquiry into the nature and ethics of blame will be essential to solving (and, perhaps, even fully understanding) the free will problem. In this article we first survey and categorize recent accounts of the nature of blame – is it action, belief, emotion, desire, or something else? – and then we look at several proposed requirements on appropriate blame that look beyond the transgressor himself, considerations that will form part of a full account of the ethics of blame.
A revision of Trigonella sect. Ellipticae (Fabaceae) in Iran
Authors: Ranjbar M. , Karamian R. , Hajmoradi Z. , Joharchi M. R.
Published: March 2012

In this paper a key, descriptions and new results are provided for Trigonella sect. Ellipticae occuring within the area covered by the flora of Iran. Trigonella sect. Ellipticae comprises perennial herbs, becoming woody at the base, with standard as long as keel and pods glabrous or rarely covered with gray dense and appressed hairs. Trigonella lasiocarpa Ranjbar & Hajmoradi, T. binaloudensis Ranjbar & Karamian, T. stipitata Ranjbar & Joharchi and T. torbatejamensis Ranjbar are described and illustrated as new species based on habit and pollen morphology. The relationships between the new species and their closest relatives are discussed. The pollen morphology of 26 specimens belonging to 11 species was studied with light and electron microscopy and discussed in the context of existing hypotheses on the systematic relationships within T. sect. Ellipticae. In addition, T. heratensis Rech. f. and T. adscendens Aphan. & Gontsch. are reported as new records for Iran.
Elsholtzia litangensis sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) endemic to China
Authors: Pu Chunxia , Chen Wenyun , Zhou Zhekun
Published: March 2012

A new species of Elsholtzia, E. litangensis C. X. Pu & W. Y. Chen, is described and illustrated from Sichuan, Tibet and Qinghai. The diagnostic features of the new species are compared with E. fruticosa (D. Don) Rehd. Elsholtzia litangensis is characterized by a secund spike and a scaly buds in the leaf axils.
Bioenergy crop models: descriptions, data requirements, and future challenges
Authors: Surendran Nair Sujithkumar , Kang Shujiang , Zhang Xuesong , Miguez Fernando E. , Izaurralde R. Cesar , Post Wilfred M. , Dietze Michael C. , Lynd Lee R. , Wullschleger Stan D.
Published: March 2012

Field studies that address the production of lignocellulosic biomass as a source of renewable energy provide critical data for the development of bioenergy crop models. A literature survey revealed that 14 models have been used for simulating bioenergy crops including herbaceous and woody bioenergy crops, and for crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) crops. These models simulate field‐scale production of biomass for switchgrass (ALMANAC,EPIC, and Agro‐BGC), miscanthus (MISCANFOR,MISCANMOD, andWIMOVAC), sugarcane (APSIM,AUSCANE, andCANEGRO), and poplar and willow (SECRETSand 3PG). Two models are adaptations of dynamic global vegetation models and simulate biomass yields of miscanthus and sugarcane at regional scales (Agro‐IBISandLPJmL). Although it lacks the complexity of other bioenergy crop models, the environmental productivity index (EPI) is the only model used to estimate biomass production ofCAM(Agave andOpuntia) plants. Except for theEPImodel, all models include representations of leaf area dynamics, phenology, radiation interception and utilization, biomass production, and partitioning of biomass to roots and shoots. A few models simulate soil water, nutrient, and carbon cycle dynamics, making them especially useful for assessing the environmental consequences (e.g., erosion and nutrient losses) associated with the large‐scale deployment of bioenergy crops. The rapid increase in use of models for energy crop simulation is encouraging; however, detailed information on the influence of climate, soils, and crop management practices on biomass production is scarce. Thus considerable work remains regarding the parameterization and validation of process‐based models for bioenergy crops; generation and distribution of high‐quality field data for model development and validation; and implementation of an integrated framework for efficient, high‐resolution simulations of biomass production for use in planning sustainable bioenergy systems.
Vibrio cholerae in a historically cholera‐free country
Authors: Haley Bradd J. , Chen Arlene , Grim Christopher J. , Clark Philip , Diaz Celia Municio , Taviani Elisa , Hasan Nur A. , Sancomb Elizabeth , Elnemr Wessam Mahmoud , Islam Muhammad A. , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita R. , Benediktsdóttir Eva
Published: March 2012

We report the autochthonous existence of Vibrio cholerae in coastal waters of Iceland, a geothermally active country where cholera is absent and has never been reported. Seawater, mussel and macroalgae samples were collected close to, and distant from, sites where geothermal activity causes a significant increase in water temperature during low tides. Vibrio cholerae was detected only at geothermal‐influenced sites during low‐tides. None of the V. cholerae isolates encoded cholera toxin (ctxAB) and all were non‐O1/non‐O139 serogroups. However, all isolates encoded other virulence factors that are associated with cholera as well as extra‐intestinal V. cholerae infections. The virulence factors were functional at temperatures of coastal waters of Iceland, suggesting an ecological role. It is noteworthy that V. cholerae was isolated from samples collected at sites distant from anthropogenic influence, supporting the conclusion that V. cholerae is autochthonous to the aquatic environment of Iceland.
Cord ghrelin levels are decreased in large‐for‐gestational‐age neonates
Authors: Ding H. , Pan Y. , Yu Y. , Gu P.
Published: March 2012

Ghrelin is a growth hormone secretagogue peptide and has been recognized as an orexigenic factor. To investigate relationship between cord ghrelin and anthropometric and metabolic indices, we measured cord ghrelin in large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) neonates and examined whether cord ghrelin levels were correlated to concentrations of cord blood glucose, insulin, lipid and maternal ghrelin. Fifty‐five singletons born at term and their mothers were investigated in this study. Maternal venous blood samples were collected before delivery. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin, insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TG), low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were measured in cord blood sampled at birth. The results show that the concentrations of cord ghrelin are significantly lower in LGA neonates. There is a positive correlation between cord ghrelin levels and maternal ghrelin levels. Negative correlations are found between cord ghrelin levels and gestational age, the concentrations of cord glucose, insulin, TG and LDL. Multivariate regression analyses show that birth weight (r2 = 0.674, β = −0.548, P < 0.001) was the predictor correlating with ghrelin levels. In conclusion, LGA neonates have lower cord ghrelin concentrations than AGA neonates.
Caudal anaesthesia of the infraorbital nerve for diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking and caudal compression of the infraorbital nerve for its treatment, in 58 horses
Authors: ROBERTS V. L. H. , PERKINS J. D. , SKÄRLINA E. , GORVY D. A. , TREMAINE W. H. , WILLIAMS A. , McKANE S. A. , WHITE I. , KNOTTENBELT D. C.
Published: March 2012

Reasons for performing study:Idiopathic headshaking is often a facial pain syndrome, but a diagnostic protocol has not been described. In a previous study, caudal compression of the infraorbital nerve for treatment offered a fair success rate, but low case numbers and short follow‐up time were limitations.

Objectives:To describe a diagnostic protocol for headshaking, examining the role of bilateral local analgesia of the posterior ethmoidal nerve (PET block). To report longer‐term follow‐up after surgery of the original cases and further cases and to determine whether changes to the technique influence success rates and complications.

Methods:Records of horses that had undergone PET block and caudal compression surgery at 3 hospitals were reviewed. Modifications to the surgical technique included placing additional coils into the infraorbital canal and/or performing concurrent laser cautery of the nerve. Follow‐up information was obtained by telephone contact with owners.

Results:The PET block was performed in 27 horses, with a positive result in 23 of 27 (85%). Surgery was performed in 58 horses. A successful outcome was initially achieved in 35 of 57 (63%) horses, but recurrence occurred between 9 and 30 months later in 9 (26%). Surgery was repeated in 10 of 31 (32%) horses. Final success rate, considering only response to the last performed surgery, was 28 of 57 (49%) horses with median follow‐up time of 18 months (range 2–66 months). Nose‐rubbing was reported post operatively in 30 of 48 (63%) horses. This resolved in all but 4 horses, which were subjected to euthanasia. Response to PET block or change in surgical technique did not appear to influence outcome or complications.

Conclusions and potential relevance:The diagnostic protocol described is recommended for the investigation of headshakers. Caudal compression offers the best prognosis for a successful outcome compared with other treatments, for horses in which the only alternative is euthanasia. Surgical treatment of the disorder requires refinement, and the pathogenesis of the disorder requires investigation.
European outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing horses (2006–2009): Determination of indicators for risk and prognostic factors
Authors: van GALEN G. , SAEGERMAN C. , MARCILLAUD PITEL C. , PATARIN F. , AMORY H. , BAILY J. D. , CASSART D. , GERBER V. , HAHN C. , HARRIS P. , KEEN J. A. , KIRSCHVINK N. , LEFERE L. , McGORUM B. , MULLER J. M. V. , PICAVET M. T. J. E. , PIERCY R. J. , ROSCHER K. , SERTEYN D. , UNGER L. , van der KOLK J. H. , van LOON G. , VERWILGHEN D. , WESTERMANN C. M. , VOTION D. M.
Published: March 2012

Reasons for performing study: Appropriate management of atypical myopathy (AM) requires the establishment of an accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, preventive measures to avoid AM need to be refined.

Objectives: The aims of the study were as follows: 1) to improve the diagnosis of AM; 2) to identify prognostic predictors; and 3) to refine recommended preventive measures based on indicators of risk factors.

Methods: An exploratory analysis of cases in Europe between 2006 and 2009 reported to the Atypical Myopathy Alert Group was conducted. Based on clinical data, reported cases were allocated into 2 groups: confirmed or highly probable AM (AM group; further divided into survivors and nonsurvivors); and cases with a low probability of having AM or with another final diagnosis (non‐AM group). Using Welch's test and odds ratios corrected for multiple comparisons, the AM vs. non‐AM groups were compared to identify indicators for diagnosis and risk factors, and survivors vs. nonsurvivors in the AM group were compared to identify prognostic factors. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for specific clinical signs related to final diagnosis and outcome.

Results: From 600 reported cases, 354 AM cases (survival rate of 26%) and 69 non‐AM cases were identified, while there were insufficient data to categorise the remainder. Variables valuable for diagnosing AM compared with similar diseases were as follows: presence of dead leaves and wood and/or trees on pastures; sloping pastures; full‐time pasture access; no food supplementation; normal body condition; pigmenturia; normothermia; and congested mucous membranes. Nonsurvival was associated with recumbency, sweating, anorexia, dyspnoea, tachypnoea and/or tachycardia. Survival was associated with remaining standing most of the time, normothermia, normal mucous membranes, defaecation and vitamin and antioxidant therapy.

Conclusions and potential relevance: This study refines the list of risk factors for AM. Clinical signs valuable for diagnosis and prognosis have been identified, enabling clinicians to improve management of AM cases.
Modified parainguinal approach for cystic calculus removal in five equids
Authors: WATTS A. E. , FUBINI S. L.
Published: March 2012

This report describes a modification of the parainguinal approach for removal of cystic calculi: a ventral midline laparotomy‐guided parainguinal laparocystotomy. The ventral midline approach to the abdomen is rapid and routinely used by equine surgeons. With an arm introduced to the abdomen via the ventral midline, the surgeon is able to select the ideal parainguinal laparotomy incision location that allows bladder exteriorisation with the minimum amount of tension. Because the surgeon's hand is introduced via the ventral midline incision, the parainguinal incision can be sized to just allow exteriorisation of the urinary bladder and urolith, increasing extra‐abdominal bladder security during cystotomy while reducing incision size in the parainguinal region. Finally, an assistant's hand via the ventral midline incision can maintain bladder stability within the parainguinal incision during cystotomy closure.
Premature luteal regression in a pregnant mare and subsequent pregnancy maintenance with the use of oral altrenogest
Authors: CANISSO I. F. , BELTAIRE K. A. , BEDFORD‐GUAUS S. J.
Published: March 2012

Premature luteal demise or luteal insufficiency is not well characterised as a cause of pregnancy loss in domestic species, including horses. In this report, a mare inseminated with cooled‐transported semen at our facility returned for a routine pregnancy diagnosis at 15 days post ovulation. Ultrasonographyper rectumrevealed endometrial oedema and the absence of visual indication of a corpus luteum on either ovary. Nonetheless, an embryonic vesicle small for the gestational age was identified. Daily oral altrenogest treatment was implemented immediately. Serum progesterone concentration was 0.67 ng/ml, which is below the threshold considered adequate for pregnancy maintenance in the mare. Examinations were repeated at 17, 25, 30, 39, 49, 72 and 120 days post ovulation. At 25 days post ovulation the embryonic vesicle presented normal development for the gestational age. In addition, sequential blood samples were collected to measure progesterone, equine chorionic gonadotrophin and oestrone sulphate concentrations. Although progesterone concentration did not exceed 2 ng/ml until 72 days post ovulation, all other results were unremarkable and a healthy filly was born uneventfully at 344 days post ovulation.
Patterned control of human locomotion
Authors: Lacquaniti Francesco , Ivanenko Yuri P. , Zago Myrka
Published: March 2012

Abstract  There is much experimental evidence for the existence of biomechanical constraints which simplify the problem of control of multi‐segment movements. In addition, it has been hypothesized that movements are controlled using a small set of basic temporal components or activation patterns, shared by several different muscles and reflecting global kinematic and kinetic goals. Here we review recent studies on human locomotion showing that muscle activity is accounted for by a combination of few basic patterns, each one timed at a different phase of the gait cycle. Similar patterns are involved in walking and running at different speeds, walking forwards or backwards, and walking under different loading conditions. The corresponding weights of distribution to different muscles may change as a function of the condition, allowing highly flexible control. Biomechanical correlates of each activation pattern have been described, leading to the hypothesis that the co‐ordination of limb and body segments arises from the coupling of neural oscillators between each other and with limb mechanical oscillators. Muscle activations need only intervene during limited time epochs to force intrinsic oscillations of the system when energy is lost.
Activation of glutamate transport evokes rapid glutamine release from perisynaptic astrocytes
Authors: Uwechue Nneka M. , Marx Mari‐Carmen , Chevy Quentin , Billups Brian
Published: March 2012

Key points 

Following release of glutamate from excitatory synapses, excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) sequester this glutamate into neighbouring astrocytes.

The signalling effects on the astrocyte and the mechanisms by which this glutamate is recycled back to the synapse are currently unclear.

In this study we use electrophysiological recording from neurones and astrocytes to show that a surge of the neurotransmitter glutamate, as usually occurs during neuronal activity, activates astrocytes and causes them to rapidly release the amino acid glutamine.

This glutamine mediates a fast signal back to the neurones, where it is sequestered and is available for the biosynthesis of further neurotransmitters.

Our data demonstrate a novel feedback mechanism by which astrocytes can potentially modulate neuronal function, and pave the way for development of new therapeutic approaches to treat neurological disorders.
Expression of gastrin‐releasing peptide is increased by prolonged stretch of human myometrium, and antagonists of its receptor inhibit contractility
Authors: Tattersall Mark , Cordeaux Yolande , Charnock‐Jones D. Stephen , Smith Gordon C. S.
Published: March 2012

Key points 

Increased uterine stretch appears to increase the risk of preterm labour, but the mechanism by which this might occur is unknown.

Gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) mRNA levels are increased by stretch of myometrial explants and incubation of stretched explants in GRP antagonists can decrease their contractility.

GRP may be a target for novel therapies to decrease the risk of preterm labour in women with multiple pregnancies.
Initial Design and Evaluation of a Pediatric Intra-Cardiac Camera System for Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: Rentschler Mark E. , Hart Keir D. , Mitchell Max B.
Published: March 2012

The primary objective of this project is to design, fabricate, and test a small, integrated camera system for aiding in the visualization and surgical repair of certain types of ventricular septal defects (VSD), in pediatric patients. Currently, no purpose-designed commercial device to view VSDs from the left ventricle of the heart exists. The left ventricular perspective is ideal for obtaining an unobstructed view of the VSD. This VSD camera device would also provide a platform for passing a suture through the hole in the ventricular septum, with future work implementing additional tools capable of more advanced tasks. This camera device will help solve some of the major issues currently associated with cardiac imaging and surgical closure of VSDs in newborns and young children This paper examines the design development and preliminary evaluation of a proof of concept device. Included are preliminary results of image quality comparisons, design details of a pediatric-specific VSD camera device, and initial outcomes from in vitro testing.
Stiffness Compensation Mechanism for Body Powered Hand Prostheses with Cosmetic Covering
Authors: Tolou Nima , Smit Gerwin , Nikooyan Ali A. , Plettenburg Dick H. , Herder Just L.
Published: March 2012

Body powered hand prostheses require high physical user effort. This is caused by the stiffness of the cosmetic covering, or cosmetic glove. This paper aims to present a new concept of a mechanism for the compensation of the nonlinear stiffness of body powered hand prostheses by using static balancers with a nonlinear behavior. This concept is based on a cooperative action of snap-through behavior in multiple bi-stable spring mechanisms to create the nonlinear balancing force. To demonstrate the efficiency of the concept, an optimized design for a case study of a child-size hand prosthesis is also presented. A pattern search method was applied for the optimization. As a result, the calculated stiffness and thereby the operating effort was reduced by 96%. It can be concluded from the conceptual and numerical results that the presented concept provides a highly efficient solution to the discussed problem.
A Microwave Surface Applicator for Tissue Coagulation: Technical Characteristics and Performances
Authors: Lepers Benjamin , Clegg Peter , Cronin Nigel , Wieland Ines
Published: March 2012

This work describes the mechanical and the electromagnetic design of a microwave surface applicator used to coagulate liver tissue in the treatment of hepatic tumors. A good prediction of the ratio between reflected and forward microwave power (return loss) is obtained with a finite element model using commercial software. Laboratory testing of the applicator performed in polyacrylamide gel (PAG) and in ex vivo bovine liver show a hemispherical heat distribution pattern and hemispherical ablations up to 20 mm in diameter and 15 mm in depth in a controlled manner in 1 min. The applicator can also be used to coagulate larger areas of tissue with 2–5 mm depth by moving the applicator on the surface of the tissue. Experimental results indicate that the coagulated volume of tissue is approximately proportional to the energy delivered into ex vivo bovine liver, hemispherical in shape, obtained in short time duration with a volumetric rate of coagulated tissue of about 50 mm3/s.
Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Vertical Lift Walker for Sit-to-Stand Transition Assistance
Authors: Bulea Thomas C. , Triolo Ronald J.
Published: March 2012

A walker capable of providing vertical lift support can improve independence and increase mobility of individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI). Using a novel lifting mechanism, a walker has been designed to provide sit-to-stand assistance to individuals with partially paralyzed lower extremity muscles. The design was verified through experiments with one individual with SCI. The results show the walker is capable of reducing the force demands on the upper and lower extremity muscles during sit-to-stand transition compared to standard walkers. The walker does not require electrical power and no grip force or harness is necessary during sit-to-stand operation, enabling its use by individuals with limited hand function. The design concept can be extended to aid other populations with lower extremity weakness.
Regulation of the EGF Transcriptional Response by Endocytic Sorting
Authors: Brankatschk Ben , Wichert Sven P. , Johnson Shem D. , Schaad Olivier , Rossner Moritz J. , Gruenberg Jean
Published: March 2012

The transcriptional response to EGFR activation is rapidly initiated after receptor stimulation before degradative sorting occurs.
Proteome-Wide Discovery of Evolutionary Conserved Sequences in Disordered Regions
Authors: Nguyen Ba Alex N. , Yeh Brian J. , van Dyk Dewald , Davidson Alan R. , Andrews Brenda J. , Weiss Eric L. , Moses Alan M.
Published: March 2012

A statistical analysis method can identify short, functionally important linear motifs in disordered regions of proteins.
Making Immune Cells Young Again
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: March 2012

The RNA binding protein Lin28 drives fetal modes of immune cell development.