bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melting, Vaporization, and Resolidification in a Thin Gold Film Irradiated by Multiple Femtosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Mao Yijin , Zhang Yuwen , Chen J. K.
Published: March 2013

Melting, vaporization, and resolidification in a gold thin film subject to multiple femtosecond laser pulses are numerically studied in the framework of the two-temperature model. The solid-liquid phase change is modeled using a kinetics controlled model that allows the interfacial temperature to deviate from the melting point. The kinetics controlled model also allows superheating in the solid phase during melting and undercooling in the liquid phase during resolidification. Superheating of the liquid phase caused by nonequilibrium evaporation of the liquid phase is modeled by adopting the wave hypothesis, instead of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The melting depth, ablation depth, and maximum temperature in both the liquid and solid are investigated and the result is compared with that from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation based vaporization model. The vaporization wave model predicts a much higher vaporization speed, which leads to a deeper ablation depth. The relationship between laser processing parameters, including pulse separation time and pulse number, and the phase change effect are also studied. It is found that a longer separation time and larger pulse number will cause lower maximum temperature within the gold film and lower depths of melting and ablation.
Roughening of Free Surface During Sheet Metal Forming
Authors: Leu Daw-Kwei , Sheen Shue-Huye
Published: March 2013

This investigation concerns the effect of the process parameters on surface roughening during plastic deformation. The modeling is based on the assumption that surface roughness is proportional to the maximum shear stress on the surface layer. Therefore, an equation is developed in order to describe the relationship between the surface roughness and such process parameters as the initial roughness, grain size, effective strain, and maximum shear strain ratio on the surface layer. In a tensile test, the surface roughness increases nonlinearly with a normal anisotropic value and linearly with the effective strain or grain size. The surface roughness also increases nonlinearly with the effective stress and the strain hardening exponent under some fixed conditions. The normal anisotropic value must be considered in order to evaluate surface roughening during deformation. The experimental results support the proposed model. The proposed model improves our understanding of the mechanism of surface roughening in sheet metal forming.
Influence of barrier form on Fowler–Nordheim plot analysis
Authors: Fischer Andreas , Mousa Marwan S. , Forbes Richard G.
Published: March 2013

Recent research has described an improved method of Fowler–Nordheim (FN) plot analysis, based on the definition and evaluation of a slope correction factor and a new form of intercept correction factor. In this improved approach, there exists a basic approximation that neglects certain terms in the general theory, and focuses on the influence of the form of the tunneling barrier on the values of basic slope (σB) and intercept (ρB) correction factors. Simple formulae exist that allow these to be evaluated numerically for a barrier of arbitrary well-behaved form. This paper makes an initial exploration of the effects of barrier form on FN plot analysis. For a planar emitter, two models for the correlation-and-exchange (C&E) potential energy (PE) are used. For the Schottky–Nordheim barrier, it is shown that numerical and analytical approaches generate equivalent results. This agreement supports the validity of the numerical methods used. Comparisons with results for the Cutler–Gibbons barrier show that small differences in the assumed C&E PE make little difference to values of σB and ρB. Schottky's planar image PE has then been used, in conjunction with the electrostatic PE variation associated with a spherical emitter model, to explore the influence of apex radius ra on correction-factor values, for values of ra≥20 nm. Both σB and ρB increase significantly as ra decreases, especially ρB. At low values of barrier field F, σB depends approximately linearly on 1/F, with a slope that depends on ra. Suggestions are made for how the exploratory work described in this paper might be extended.
Improvement of the surface quality of semi-insulating InP substrates through a novel etching and cleaning method
Authors: Liu Jingming , Zhao Youwen , Dong Zhiyuan , Yang Fengyun , Wang Fenghua , Cao Kewei , Liu Tong , Xie Hui , Chen Teng
Published: March 2013

Residual impurities and contamination on semi-insulating (SI) InP wafers are detrimental for epitaxial growth and device performance, especially because residual silicon on an SI-InP wafer surface is electrically active and generates an n-type conduction layer at the interface between the epilayer and the InP substrate. In order to reduce the concentration of Si and improve surface quality, the authors investigate a wet-chemical cleaning process for ready-to-use InP substrates. A novel and practical cleaning process was developed by adding an alkaline solution to the conventional acidic cleaning process. Time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry, a very powerful analysis technique to characterize surfaces and investigate any organic and inorganic contamination present on the InP surface, was used after the samples were etched under different cleaning processes. The results show that the novel etching process effectively reduces the Si contamination.
Early Mesodermal Cues Assign Avian Cardiac Pacemaker Fate Potential in a Tertiary Heart Field
Authors: Bressan Michael , Liu Gary , Mikawa Takashi
Published: March 2013

Setting the Pace

The heart beats rhythmically throughout life. Highly specialized cardiac pacemaker cells control the timing of this beating.

Bressan
et al.

(p.
744
, published online 21 March) identified the embryonic location of the pacemaker precursors in early avian development and traced the cells throughout their incorporation into the heart. The events that establish the pacemaker lineage occur prior to the initiation of heart formation, and are governed, at least in part, by a class of Wnt signaling molecules.
Complete Genome Sequence of the 936-Type Lactococcal Bacteriophage
Caseus
JM1
Authors: Murphy James , Mahony Jennifer , van Sinderen Douwe
Published: March 2013

The 936-type lytic bacteriophages are the most frequently encountered species infecting lactococcal dairy starters. Infection by members belonging to this species has a significant negative impact on the cheese production process. Here we report the complete genome sequence of the bacteriophage
Caseus
JM1, a 936-type phage isolated from an Irish dairy plant.
Draft Genome Sequence of an Actinobacterium, Brachybacterium muris Strain UCD-AY4
Authors: Lo Jonathon R. , Lang Jenna M. , Darling Aaron E. , Eisen Jonathan A. , Coil David A.
Published: March 2013

Here we present the draft genome of an actinobacterium,
Brachybacterium muris
UCD-AY4. The assembly contains 3,257,338 bp and has a GC content of 70%. This strain was isolated from a residential bath towel and has a 16S rRNA gene 99.7% identical to that of the original
B. muris
strain, C3H-21.
Metagenome Sequencing of Prokaryotic Microbiota Collected from Byron Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Choudhari Sulbha , Smith Sean , Owens Sarah , Gilbert Jack A. , Shain Daniel H. , Dial Roman J. , Grigoriev Andrey
Published: March 2013

Cold environments, such as glaciers, are large reservoirs of microbial life. The present study employed 16S rRNA gene amplicon metagenomic sequencing to survey the prokaryotic microbiota on Alaskan glacial ice, revealing a rich and diverse microbial community of some 2,500 species of bacteria and archaea.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Frankia
sp. Strain QA3, a Nitrogen-Fixing Actinobacterium Isolated from the Root Nodule of
Alnus nitida
Authors: Sen Arnab , Beauchemin Nicholas , Bruce David , Chain Patrick , Chen Amy , Walston Davenport Karen , Deshpande Shweta , Detter Chris , Furnholm Teal , Ghodbhane-Gtari Faten , Goodwin Lynne , Gtari Maher , Han Cliff , Han James , Huntemann Marcel , Ivanova Natalia , Kyrpides Nikos , Land Miriam L. , Markowitz Victor , Mavrommatis Kostas , Nolan Matt , Nouioui Imen , Pagani Ioanna , Pati Amrita , Pitluck Sam , Santos Catarina L. , Sur Saubashya , Szeto Ernest , Tavares Fernando , Teshima Hazuki , Thakur Subarna , Wall Luis , Woyke Tanja , Wishart Jessie , Tisa Louis S.
Published: March 2013

Members of the actinomycete genus
Frankia
form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with 8 different families of actinorhizal plants. We report a high-quality draft genome sequence for
Frankia
sp. strain QA3, a nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium isolated from root nodules of
Alnus nitida.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
thuringiensis
Strain IS5056, an Isolate Highly Toxic to
Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Murawska Emilia , Fiedoruk Krzysztof , Bideshi Dennis K. , Swiecicka Izabela
Published: March 2013

The genome sequence of the entomopathogen
Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp.
thuringiensis
strain IS5056 was determined. The chromosome is composed of 5,491,935 bp. In addition, IS5056 harbors 14 plasmids ranging from 6,880 to 328,151 bp, four of which contain nine insecticidal protein genes,
cry1Aa3
,
cry1Ab21
,
cry1Ba1
,
cry1Ia14
,
cry2Aa9
,
cry2Ab1
,
vip1
,
vip2
, and
vip3Aa10
.
Genome Sequences of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Brazilian Commercial Poultry
Authors: Rojas Thaís Cabrera Galvão , Maluta Renato Pariz , Parizzi Lucas Pedersen , Koenigkan Luciano Vieira , Yang Jian , Yu Jun , Pereira Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães , Dias da Silveira Wanderley
Published: March 2013

Avian pathogenic
Escherichia coli
(APEC) infections are responsible for significant losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The disease might present as different local infections or as septicemia. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of three Brazilian APEC strains isolated from different kinds of infections. The availability of these APEC genome sequences is important for gaining a thorough understanding of the genomic features of
E. coli
, particularly those of this pathotype.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Strain DAR 81934, Which Exhibits Molluscicidal Activity
Authors: Wang Aisuo , Pattemore Julie , Ash Gavin , Williams Angela , Hane James
Published: March 2013

Bacillus thuringiensis
has been widely used as a biopesticide for a long time. Its molluscicidal activity, however, is rarely realized. Here, we report the genome sequence of
B. thuringiensis
strain DAR 81934, a strain with molluscicidal activity against the pest snail
Cernuella virgata
.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Novel
Puma concolor
Foamy Viruses from California
Authors: Kehl Timo , Bleiholder Anne , Roßmann Florian , Rupp Sebastian , Lei Janet , Lee Justin , Boyce Walter , Vickers Winston , Crooks Kevin , VandeWoude Sue , Löchelt Martin
Published: March 2013

We report two complete foamy retrovirus (FV) genomes isolated from
Puma concolor
, a large cat native to the Americas. Due to high overall genetic relatedness to known feline foamy viruses (FFVs), we propose the name
Puma concolor
FFV (FFV
Pc
). The data confirm that felines are infected with distinct but closely related FVs.
TOP QUARK PHYSICS AT THE TEVATRON
Authors: DÉLIOT FRÉDÉRIC , PETERS YVONNE , SORIN VERONICA
Published: March 2013

The heaviest known elementary particle, the top quark, was discovered in 1995 by the CDF and D0 collaborations at the Tevatron proton–antiproton collider at Fermilab. Since its discovery, a large program was set in motion by the CDF and D0 collaborations to characterize the production and decay properties of top quarks, and investigate their potential for searches of new phenomena beyond the standard model. During the past 20 years, new methods were developed and implemented to improve the measurements and searches for new physics in the top quark sector. This paper reviews the achievements and results obtained through studies of the top quark at the Tevatron.
ON A MACROSCOPIC LIMIT OF A KINETIC MODEL OF ALIGNMENT
Authors: BANASIAK JACEK , LACHOWICZ MIROSŁAW
Published: March 2013

In the present paper we study the macroscopic limits of a kinetic model for interacting entities (individuals, organisms, cells). The kinetic model is one-dimensional and the entities are characterized by their position and orientation (+/-) with swarming interaction controlled by a sensitivity parameter. The macroscopic limits of the model are considered for solutions close either to the diffusive (isotropic) or to the aligned (swarming) equilibrium states for various values of that parameter. In the former case the classical linear diffusion equation results whereas in the latter a traveling wave solution does both in the zeroth ("Euler") and first ("Navier–Stokes") order of approximation.
Skeletal muscle oxidative function in vivo and ex vivo in athletes with marked hypertrophy from resistance training
Authors: Salvadego Desy , Domenis Rossana , Lazzer Stefano , Porcelli Simone , Rittweger Jörn , Rizzo Giovanna , Mavelli Irene , Šimunič Bostjan , Pišot Rado , Grassi Bruno
Published: March 2013

Oxidative function during exercise was evaluated in 11 young athletes with marked skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by long-term resistance training (RTA; body mass 102.6 ± 7.3 kg, mean ± SD) and 11 controls (CTRL; body mass 77.8 ± 6.0 kg). Pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇o2) and vastus lateralis muscle fractional O2 extraction (by near-infrared spectroscopy) were determined during an incremental cycle ergometer (CE) and one-leg knee-extension (KE) exercise. Mitochondrial respiration was evaluated ex vivo by high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized vastus lateralis fibers obtained by biopsy. Quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area, volume (determined by magnetic resonance imaging), and strength were greater in RTA vs. CTRL (by ∼40%, ∼33%, and ∼20%, respectively). V̇o2peak during CE was higher in RTA vs. CTRL (4.05 ± 0.64 vs. 3.56 ± 0.30 l/min); no difference between groups was observed during KE. The O2 cost of CE exercise was not different between groups. When divided per muscle mass (for CE) or quadriceps muscle mass (for KE), V̇o2 peak was lower (by 15–20%) in RTA vs. CTRL. Vastus lateralis fractional O2 extraction was lower in RTA vs. CTRL at all work rates, during both CE and KE. RTA had higher ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (56.7 ± 23.7 pmol O2·s−1·mg−1 ww) vs. CTRL (35.7 ± 10.2 pmol O2·s−1·mg−1 ww) and a tighter coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In RTA, the greater muscle mass and maximal force and the enhanced mitochondrial respiration seem to compensate for the hypertrophy-induced impaired peripheral O2 diffusion. The net results are an enhanced whole body oxidative function at peak exercise and unchanged efficiency and O2 cost at submaximal exercise, despite a much greater body mass.
Sustained Cardiovascular Actions of APJ Agonism During Renin–Angiotensin System Activation and in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Barnes Gareth D. , Alam Shirjel , Carter Gordon , Pedersen Christian M. , Lee Kristina M. , Hubbard Thomas J. , Veitch Scott , Jeong Herim , White Audrey , Cruden Nicholas L. , Huson Les , Japp Alan G. , Newby David E.
Published: March 2013

Background—

To assess cardiovascular actions of APJ agonism during prolonged (Pyr
1
)apelin-13 infusion and renin–angiotensin system activation.

Methods and Results—

Forty-eight volunteers and 12 patients with chronic stable heart failure attended a series of randomized placebo–controlled studies. Forearm blood flow, cardiac index, left ventricular dimensions, and mean arterial pressure were measured using bilateral venous occlusion plethysmography, bioimpedance cardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and sphygmomanometry, respectively, during brief local (0.3–3.0 nmol/min) and systemic (30–300 nmol/min) or prolonged systemic (30 nmol/min) (Pyr
1
)apelin-13 infusions in the presence or absence of renin–angiotensin system activation with sodium depletion or angiotensin II coinfusion. During sodium depletion and angiotensin II coinfusion, (Pyr
1
)apelin-13–induced vasodilatation was preserved (
P
<0.02 for both). Systemic intravenous (Pyr
1
)apelin-13 infusion increased cardiac index, whereas reducing mean arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistance index (
P
<0.001 for all) irrespective of sodium depletion or angiotensin II (0.5 ng/kg per minute) coinfusion (
P
>0.05 for all). Prolonged 6-hour (Pyr
1
)apelin-13 infusion caused a sustained increase in cardiac index with increased left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with chronic heart failure (ANOVA;
P
<0.001 for all).

Conclusions—

APJ agonism has sustained cardiovascular effects that are preserved in the presence of renin–angiotensin system activation or heart failure. APJ agonism may hold major promise to complement current optimal medical therapy in patients with chronic heart failure.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT00901719, NCT00901888, NCT01049646, NCT01179061.
Compliance With the Stroke Education Performance Measure in the Michigan Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry
Authors: Nickles Adrienne , Fiedler Jay , Roberts Stacey , Lyon-Callo Sarah , Hurst Rochelle , Reeves Mathew
Published: March 2013

Background and Purpose—

Stroke education, 1 of 8 endorsed stroke performance measures, consists of 5 specific subcomponents: risk factors, stroke warning signs, emergency medical service activation, physician follow-up, and discharge medications. We identified predictors of stroke education performance measure compliance in the Michigan Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry.

Methods—

Data were collected on 9609 acute stroke admissions to 20 registry hospitals during 2008 and 2009. Predictors of measure compliance (delivery of all 5 subcomponents) were determined using multivariable logistic regression.

Results—

Overall compliance with the stroke education measure was 61.8% (hospital-level compliance ranged between 16% and 93%). Compliance with individual subcomponents were risk factors (65.5%), stroke warning signs (68.9%), emergency medical service activation (66.8%), physician follow-up (92.9%), and discharge medications (91.5%). Age, gender, stroke subtype, prestroke ambulation, discharge destination, and hospital size were all significant independent predictors of compliance. Stroke education was delivered less often to patients who were ≥70 years of age, nonambulatory prestroke, not discharged to home, had transient ischemic attack, or hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusions—

Only 60% of patients received stroke education consistent with the endorsed performance measures. Strategies to increase stroke education, including the impact of incorporating stroke-specific education measures into hospital care protocols, should be explored.
Towards a competence-based evaluation framework: The personal growth of volunteers in a child injury prevention program
Authors: Chan Charles CH , Chan Kevin , Tsui Ming-Sum , Kwok Astor
Published: March 2013

In this study, the researchers created a development-oriented evaluation framework, which provides constructive feedback on the personal growth of volunteers. To assess the process by which a volunteer becomes a competent practitioner, a competence taxonomy with five levels of attainment was adopted.

Findings

The competence of volunteers could be measured by the volunteers' attainments in three areas: degree of commitment, acquisition of knowledge, and utilization of skills. A competence-based evaluation framework of volunteer progress ensures that volunteers receive structured and constructive feedback.

Applications

The proposed development-oriented evaluation tool will help keep track of volunteers' progress and encourage the development of personalized strategies according to each volunteer's needs. It will also be informative to the quality improvement of volunteer services.
Host-derived CD8+ dendritic cells are required for induction of optimal graft-versus-tumor responses after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Toubai Tomomi , Sun Yaping , Luker Gary , Liu Jun , Luker Kathryn E. , Tawara Isao , Evers Rebecca , Liu Chen , Mathewson Nathan , Malter Chelsea , Nieves Evelyn , Choi Sung , Murphy Kenneth M. , Reddy Pavan
Published: March 2013

Key Points

Targeting APCs to enhance GVT. CD8+ DCs are important for optimizing antitumor responses after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Ex vivomicro-computed tomography analysis of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis for preclinical drug evaluation
Authors: Scotton Chris J. , Hayes Brian , Alexander Robert , Datta Arnab , Forty Ellen J. , Mercer Paul F. , Blanchard Andy , Chambers Rachel C.
Published: March 2013

Research into the pathogenesis underlying the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is hampered by a repertoire of animal models that fail to recapitulate all the features of the human disease. Better use and understanding of what the animal models represent may improve clinical predictability. We interrogatedex vivomicro-computed tomography (CT) as a novel end-point measure in the mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis (BILF), and to evaluate a therapeutic dosing regimen for preclinical drug evaluation.

A detailed characterisation of BILF was performed using standard end-point measures (lung hydroxyproline and histology). High resolution micro-CT (∼13.7 μm voxel size) was evaluated for quantifying the extent and severity of lung fibrosis.

The period from 14 to 28 days following bleomycin instillation represents progression of established fibrosis. A therapeutic dosing regimen during this period was validated using a transforming growth factor-β receptor-1 kinase inhibitor, and micro-CT provided a highly sensitive and quantitative measure of fibrosis. Moreover, fibrotic lesions did not completely resolve, but instead persisted for ≥6 months following a single insult with bleomycin.

Ex vivomicro-CT analysis of BILF allows robust evaluation of therapeutic dosing once fibrosis is already well established, requiring fewer mice than conventional biochemical end-points.
Implications of adopting the Global Lungs Initiative 2012 all-age reference equations for spirometry
Authors: Quanjer Philip H. , Brazzale Danny J. , Boros Piotr W. , Pretto Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic and interpretative consequences of adopting the Global Lungs Initiative (GLI) 2012 spirometric prediction equations.

We assessed spirometric records from 17 572 subjects (49.5% females), aged 18–85 years, from hospitals in Australia and Poland.

We calculated predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced expiratory volume (FVC), FEV1/FVC and lower limits of normal (LLN) using European Community for Steel and Coal (ECSC), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and GLI 2012 equations. Obstruction was defined as FEV1/FVCLLN and FVC<LLN. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage 2 and higher was defined as FEV1/FVC <0.70 and FEV1<80% pred.

GLI 2012 equations produce similar predicted values for FEV1and FVC compared with NHANES, but produce larger values than ECSC. Differences in the LLN lead to an important increase in the prevalence rate of a low FVC compared to ECSC, and a significant decrease compared to NHANES prediction equations. Adopting GLI 2012 equations has small effects on the prevalence rate of airway obstruction. GOLD stages 2–4 lead to >20% underdiagnosis of airway obstruction up to the age of 55 years and to 16–23% overdiagnosis in older subjects. GLI 2012 equations increase the prevalence of a “restrictive spirometric pattern” compared to ECSC but decrease it compared to NHANES.
Comparative genome analysis of Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantariusCJ18, an African fermented camel milk isolate with adaptations to dairy environment
Authors: Jans Christoph , Follador Rainer , Hochstrasser Mira , Lacroix Christophe , Meile Leo , Stevens Marc J A
Published: March 2013

Background

Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius (Sii) belongs to the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex associated with several human and animal infections. Sii is a predominant bacterium in spontaneously fermented milk products in Africa. The genome sequence of Sii strain CJ18 was compared with that of other Streptococcus species to identify dairy adaptations including genome decay such as in Streptococcus thermophilus, traits for its competitiveness in spontaneous milk fermentation and to assess potential health risks for consumers.

Results

The genome of Sii CJ18 harbors several unique regions in comparison to Sii ATCC BAA-102T, among others an enlarged exo- and capsular polysaccharide operon; Streptococcus thermophilus-associated genes; a region containing metabolic and hypothetical genes mostly unique to CJ18 and the dairy isolate Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus; and a second oligopeptide transport operon. Dairy adaptations in CJ18 are reflected by a high percentage of pseudogenes (4.9%) representing genome decay which includes the inactivation of the lactose phosphotransferase system (lacIIABC) by multiple transposases integration. The presence of lacS and lacZ genes is the major dairy adaptation affecting lactose metabolism pathways also due to the disruption of lacIIABC.

We constructed mutant strains of lacS, lacZ and lacIIABC and analyzed the resulting strains of CJ18 to confirm the redirection of lactose metabolism via LacS and LacZ.

Natural competence genes are conserved in both Sii strains, but CJ18 contains a lower number of CRISPR spacers which indicates a reduced defense capability against alien DNA. No classical streptococcal virulence factors were detected in both Sii strains apart from those involved in adhesion which should be considered niche factors. Sii-specific virulence factors are not described. Several Sii-specific regions encoding uncharacterized proteins provide new leads for virulence analyses and investigation of the unclear association of dairy and clinical Sii with human diseases.

Conclusions

The genome of the African dairy isolate Sii CJ18 clearly differs from the human isolate ATCC BAA-102T. CJ18 possesses a high natural competence predisposition likely explaining the enlarged genome. Metabolic adaptations to the dairy environment are evident and especially lactose uptake corresponds to S. thermophilus. Genome decay is not as advanced as in S. thermophilus (10-19%) possibly due to a shorter history in dairy fermentations.
Characterisation of CD154+ T cells following ex vivo birch allergen stimulation defines a close relationship between T cell subsets in healthy volunteers
Authors: Smith Karen A , Gray Nicola J , Cheek Elizabeth , Saleh Femi , Lavender Jo , Frew Anthony J , Kern Florian , Tarzi Michael D
Published: March 2013

Background

Allergic sensitisation has been ascribed to a dysregulated relationship between allergen-specific Th1, Th2 and regulatory T cells. We hypothesised that the relationship between these T cell subsets could be better defined using a short-term allergen stimulation system followed by direct analysis of CD154-positive T cells. Using peripheral blood samples from birch pollinosis patients and healthy non-atopic controls, we sought to explore the frequencies and phenotype of birch-stimulated CD154-positive T helper cells following ex vivo birch allergen stimulation.

Results

Activated CD154-positive Th1, Th2 and Tr1-like cells, that co-expressed IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10 respectively, were identified in both birch-allergic and non-allergic participants. We observed a close correlation between Th1, Th2 and Tr1-like cell frequency in non-allergic volunteers, such that the three parameters increased together to maintain a low Th2: Th1 ratio. The relationship between Th1, Th2 and Tr1-like responses was dysregulated in birch-allergic patients, with abrogation of the IL-10 response and a higher Th2: Th1 ratio. A close correlation was observed between Th2 cell frequency and the absolute concentration of birch-specific IgE within the birch-allergic group, and we confirmed previous reports of a more differentiated T cell phenotype in allergic subjects.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate an important balance between IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10 T cell responses to birch allergen in health, where Th2 responses to allergens were frequently observed, but apparently balanced by Th1 and regulatory responses. The detection of CD154 positive T cells after short-term antigen stimulation may be a useful method for the detection of T cell responses to allergens when cost, speed and convenience are priorities.
Alcohol dehydrogenase, iron containing, 1promoter hypermethylation associated with colorectal cancer differentiation
Authors: Tae Chung Hyun , Ryu Kyung Ju , Kim Seok-Hyung , Kim Hee Cheol , Chun Ho-Kyung , Min Byung-Hoon , Chang Dong Kyung , Rhee Poong-Lyul , Kim Jae J , Rhee Jong Chul , Kim Young-Ho
Published: March 2013

Background

The aberrant methylation of CpG islands in the promoter is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis. In our previous study, the promoter of alcohol dehydrogenase, iron containing, 1 (ADHFE1) was most highly methylated in CRC compared to normal colorectal mucosa. In this study, we examined the expression and function of the ADHFE1 in CRC.

Methods

We examined the promoter methylation and mRNA expression of ADHFE1 with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-2-dC) in 12 CRC cell lines, 124 paired CRC and adjacent normal mucosa, and 59 advanced adenomas. To confirm methylation of ADHFE1, we performed bisulfite genomic sequencing in 3 CRC cell lines, 6 paired CRC and adjacent normal mucosa. ADHFE1 protein expression was studied using western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively in the 36 and 243 paired CRC and adjacent normal tissue. We transfected the DLD-1 with pcDNA3.1 vector containing ADHFE1 and examined the expression of differentiation marker, such as ALP, CEA and Cdx2. We examined the ADHFE1 expression at distinct developmental stages in mouse embryos.

Results

The ADHFE1 promoter was hypermethylated in all CRC cell lines, 81.8% in CRCs, and 84.7% in advanced adenomas, with reciprocal change by 5-Aza-2-dC. The expression of ADHFE1 mRNA was down-regulated in all CRC cell lines and 96.3% in CRC tissues. The expression of ADHFE1 protein was down-regulated in 91.7% of CRC tissues. In the immunohistochemistry, normal epithelial cells at the crypt top showed very strong ADHFE1 expression, whereas they were much weaker at the crypt base. In CRC, the good differentiation was significantly associated with high ADHFE1 expression. The activity of differentiation marker, such as ALP and CEA, was higher in pcDNA3.1-ADHFE1 transfected CRC cells with consistent correlation with ADHFE1 protein than control. In mouse embryos, ADHFE1 in the large intestine was the first detected at E15.5. At E18.5, ADHFE1 was predominantly expressed in the top of the mature crypt epithelium.

Conclusions

It showed that the hypermethylation of ADHFE1 promoter in CRC is concordance with down-regulation of ADHFE1 mRNA and ADHFE1 protein. ADHFE1 has an important role of differentiation in CRC, as well as normal colorectal mucosa and embryonic developmental processes.
Patterns of childhood adverse events are associated with clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder
Authors: Larsson Sara , Aas Monica , Klungsøyr Ole , Agartz Ingrid , Mork Erlend , Steen Nils Eiel , Barrett Elizabeth A , Lagerberg Trine V , Røssberg Jan Ivar , Melle Ingrid , Andreassen Ole A , Lorentzen Steinar
Published: March 2013

Background

Previous studies in bipolar disorder investigating childhood trauma and clinical presentations of the illness have mainly focused on physical and sexual abuse. Our aim was to explore further the relationship between childhood trauma and disease characteristics in bipolar disorder to determine which clinical characteristics were most strongly associated with childhood trauma total score, as well as subtypes of adverse childhood events, including physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect.

Methods

141 Patients with bipolar disorder were consecutively recruited, and disease history and clinical characteristics were assessed. History of childhood abuse was obtained using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Statistical methods used were factor analysis, Poisson and linear regression, and generalized additive modeling (GAM).

Results

The factor analysis of CTQ identified three factors: emotional abuse/neglect, sexual abuse and physical abuse. There were significant associations between CTQ total score and earlier onset of illness, reduced level of psychosocial functioning (GAF; Global Assessment of Functioning) and decreased number of hospitalization, which mainly were due to the factor emotional abuse/neglect. Physical abuse was significantly associated with lower GAF scores, and increased number of mood episodes, as well as self-harm. Sexual abuse was significantly associated with increased number of mood episodes. For mood episodes and self-harm the associations were characterized by great variance and fluctuations.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that childhood trauma is associated with a more severe course of bipolar illness. Further, childhood abuse (physical and sexual), as well as emotional abuse and neglect were significantly associated with accelerating staging process of bipolar disorder. By using specific trauma factors (physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse/neglect) the associations become both more precise, and diverse.
Does medial support decrease major complications of unstable proximal humerus fractures treated with locking plate?
Authors: Jung Woo-Bin , Moon Eun-Sun , Kim Sung-Kyu , Kovacevic David , Kim Myung-Sun
Published: March 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of medial support and clinical factors responsible on outcomes and major complications associated with treatment of unstable proximal humerus fractures using a locking plate and suture augmentation.

Methods

Sixty-three cases in 62 patients (42 female, 20 male) were evaluated between September 2004 and October 2008. Cases were divided into either a medial support group (36 cases) or non-medial support group (27 cases). Clinical and radiographic evaluations included Neer’s evaluation criteria, the neck-shaft angle using the Paavolainen method, and complications. We analyzed the correlation between bone- and fracture- related complications and three independent clinical variables, such as the presence of medial support, fracture type, and osteoporosis by way of multivariate logistic regression.

Results

There were statistically significant differences in the overall incidence of complications based on the presence of medial support (p = 0.014) and preoperative fracture type (p = 0.018), but no differences based on the presence of osteoporosis (p = 0.157). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, the restoration of medial support was the most reliable factor to prevent bone- and fracture- related complications. In addition, when we compared the incidence of bone- and fracture-related complications in the presence or absence of medial support among 30 patients with osteoporosis, the group with restoration of medial support had only one complication of humeral head osteonecrosis despite the presence of osteoporosis (5.9% vs. 46.2%, p = 0.025). According to Neer’s criteria, excellent or satisfactory clinical results accounted for seventy-three percent of the total cases (46 of 63 cases). Seventy-eight percent (49 of 55 cases) showed good radiographic results by the Paavolainen method. There were 14 complications in 13 of 63 cases (20.6%).

Conclusions

In the treatment of unstable proximal humerus fractures with locking plate technology and suture augmentation, we suggest that obtaining medial support is an important factor in preventing major bone- and fracture-related postoperative complications such as reduction loss or nonunion.
Predictors of nonunion and reoperation in patients with fractures of the tibia: an observational study
Authors: Fong Katie , Truong Victoria , Foote Clary J , Petrisor Brad , Williams Dale , Ristevski Bill , Sprague Sheila , Bhandari Mohit
Published: March 2013

Background

Tibial shaft fractures are the most common long bone fracture and are prone to complications such as nonunion requiring reoperations to promote fracture healing. We aimed to determine the fracture characteristics associated with tibial fracture nonunion, and their predictive value on the need for reoperation. We further aimed to evaluate the predictive value of a previously-developed prognostic index of three fracture characteristics on nonunion and reoperation rate.

Methods

We conducted an observational study and developed a risk factor list from previous literature and key informants in the field of orthopaedic surgery, as well as via a sample-to-redundancy strategy. We evaluated 22 potential risk factors for the development of tibial fracture nonunion in 200 tibial fractures. We also evaluated the predictive value of a previously-identified prognostic risk index on secondary intervention and/or reoperation rate. Two individuals independently extracted the data from 200 patient electronic medical records. An independent reviewer assessed the initial x-ray, the post-operative x-ray, and all available sequential x-rays. Regression and chi-square analysis was used to evaluate potential associations.

Results

In our cohort of patients, 37 (18.5%) had a nonunion and 27 (13.5%) underwent a reoperation. Patients with a nonunion were 97 times (95% CI 25.8-366.5) more likely to have a reoperation. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that fractures with less than 25% cortical continuity were predictive of nonunion (odds ratio = 4.72; p = 0.02). Such fractures also accounted for all of the reoperations identified in our sample. Furthermore, our data provided preliminary validation of a previous risk index predictive of reoperation that includes the presence of a fracture gap post-fixation, open fracture, and transverse fracture type as variables, with an aggregate of fracture gap and an open fracture yielding patients with the highest risk of developing a nonunion.

Conclusions

We identified a significant association between degree of cortical continuity and the development of a nonunion and risk for reoperation in tibial shaft fractures. In addition, our study supports the predictive value of a previous prognostic index, which inform discussion of prognosis following operative management of tibial fractures.
Ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexion torques measured by dynamometry in healthy subjects from 5 to 80 years
Authors: Moraux Amélie , Canal Aurélie , Ollivier Gwenn , Ledoux Isabelle , Doppler Valérie , Payan Christine , Hogrel Jean-Yves
Published: March 2013

Background

Ankle strength is often impaired in some of the most common neuromuscular disorders. Consequently, strength generated around this joint is important to assess, because it has a great impact on balance and gait. The objectives of this study were to establish normative data and predictive equations for both ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexion strength from a population of healthy subjects (children and adults), to assess the reliability of the measurements and to study the feasibility of using a novel dynamometer on a group of patients with a neuromuscular disorder.

Methods

Measurements of maximal isometric torque for dorsi- and plantar-flexion were performed on 345 healthy subjects from 5 to 80 years of age. The feasibility of the method was tested on nine patients diagnosed with type 2A limb girdle muscular dystrophy.

Results

The results documented normal strength values depending on gender and age on ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexion. The reliability of the technique was good with no evaluator effect and a small learning effect. The dynamometer was found suitable in the group of patients, even very weak.

Conclusions

The device developed was both reliable and accurate in assessing both ankle dorsi-flexion and plantar-flexion torque measurements from weak patients and children to strong healthy adults. Norms and predictive equations are provided for these two muscle functions.
Anti-malarial IgG subclasses pattern and FcγRIIa (CD32) polymorphism among pregnancy-associated malaria in semi-immune Saudi women
Authors: Nasr Amre , Hamid Osama , Al-Ghamdi Abdelhamid , Allam Gamal
Published: March 2013

Background

Pregnant women remain are at an increased risk of malaria with primigravidae being at the highest risk. Genetic polymorphism of the Fc receptor IIa for immunologlobulin (Ig) G (FcγRIIa) determines IgG subclass binding. Protection against pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) is associated with the production of IgG specific for apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1). The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between specific IgG/IgG subclasses and malaria infection. The second aim of the study is to examine the association between FcγRIIa R/H131 polymorphism in correlation with specific anti-malarial IgG antibodies of AMA-1 distribution and asymptomatic malaria infection among Saudi women living in the southern part of Saudi Arabia.

Methods

One hundred and twenty pregnant women living in an area of meso-endemicPlasmodium falciparummalaria infection were consecutively enrolled onto the study. These pregnant women were asymptomatic and attending routine antenatal clinics. The levels of plasma antibodies (IgG and subclasses AMA-1) were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Genotyping of FcγRIIa-R/H131 dimorphism was performed using gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with allele-specific restriction enzyme digestion (BstU1) of the PCR product.

Results

A total of sixty-two (52%) pregnant women was diagnosed with asymptomatic malarial infection (ASM) compared with 58 (48%) malaria free controls (MFC). In the ASM group, there were high levels of anti-malarial IgG1 and IgG3, when compared to MFC (Pvalue <0.001, respectively). The FcγRIIa-R/R131 genotype and R131 were found to be statistically significantly more prevalent in the ASM group when compared to the MFC group [55% for ASMversus12% for MFC, odds ratio (OR) 5.62, 95% confidence interval (CI)= (2.03- 15.58),Pvalue= 0.001]. However, the H/H131 genotype showed statistically significant association with MFC [14% for ASMversus50% for MFC, OR(0.36), 95% CI= (0.14- 0.95),Pvalue= 0.03].

Conclusions

The study revealed that the ASM patients had higher anti-malarial IgG and IgG subclasses antibody levels when compared to the MFC. The FcγRIIa-R/R131 genotype and R131 allele were found to be statistically prevalent in the ASM when compared to the MFC group. The individuals carrying H/H131 were consistently associated with higher levels of anti-malarial IgG subclasses.
Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: parental perceptions of child health and family functioning and their relationship to adolescent metabolic control
Authors: Moore Susan M , Hackworth Naomi J , Hamilton Victoria E , Northam Elisabeth P , Cameron Fergus J
Published: March 2013

Background

Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) show less effective metabolic control than other age groups, partly because of biological changes beyond their control and partly because in this period of developmental transition, psychosocial factors can militate against young people upholding their lifestyle and medical regimens. Parents have an important role to play in supporting adolescents to self-manage their disease, but resultant family tensions can be high. In this study, we aimed to assess family functioning and adolescent behaviour/ adjustment and examine the relationships between these parent-reported variables and adolescent metabolic control (HbA1c), self-reported health and diabetes self-care.

Method

A sample of 76 parents of Australian adolescents with T1D completed the Child Health Questionnaire –Parent form. Their adolescent child with T1D provided their HbA1c level from their most recent clinic visit, their self-reported general health, and completed a measure of diabetes self-care.

Results

Parent-reported family conflict was high, as was disease impact on family dynamics and parental stress. Higher HbA1c (poorer metabolic control) and less adequate adolescent self-care were associated with lower levels of family functioning, more adolescent behavioural difficulties and poorer adolescent mental health.

Conclusions

The implication of these findings was discussed in relation to needs for information and support among Australian families with an adolescent with T1D, acknowledging the important dimension of family functioning and relationships in adolescent chronic disease management.
Breast cancer after kidney transplantation: a single institution review
Authors: Kwak Hee-Yong , Chae Byung-Joo , Bae Ja-Seong , Jung Sang-Seol , Song Byung-Joo
Published: March 2013

Background

Improvements in immunosuppression have resulted in long life expectancy of kidney transplants. Unfortunately, the incidence of post-transplant malignancy (PTM) is increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nature and stage-specific prognosis of post-transplant breast cancer (PTBC) compared with breast cancer in the general population, and to suggest optimal treatment strategies.

Methods

A database of 2,139 consecutive kidney transplant patients was reviewed;11 of the patients developed breast cancer. These 11 PTBC cases underwent operations between 1999 and 2011. Next, 2,554 breast cancer patients treated in the same period were reviewed. Kaplan–Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to assess stage-specific survival of breast cancer in our hospital.

Results

In total, 142 cases experienced post-transplant malignancy (PTM; 6.6%) and 11 (0.5%) developed PTBC. No one required an adjusted dose of immunosuppressive agent. Two stage III patients died. For all breast cancer patients, 5-year survival by stage was 97.7% for stage I, 92.9% for stage II, 78.6% for stage III, and 49.9% for stage IV. The 5-year survival for expected stage III-specific survival was 66.7% and no significant statistical difference was seen compared to that of the total breast cancer patients (P = 0.213).

Conclusions

The prognosis of PTBC was comparable to that of the general population. These results suggest that the use of immunosuppressants per se does not adversely affect breast cancer.
On the iterated exponent of convergence of zeros of "Equation missing"
Authors: Tu Jin , Xuan Zu-Xing , Xu Hong-Yan
Published: March 2013

In this paper, the authors investigate the iterated exponent of convergence of zeros of

f

(
j
)

(
z
)
−
φ
(
z
)

(

j
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
…

), where f is a solution of some second-order linear differential equation,

φ
(
z
)
≢
0

is an entire function satisfying

σ

p
+
1

(
φ
)
<

σ

p
+
1

(
f
)

or

i
(
φ
)
<
i
(
f
)

(

p
∈
N

). We obtain some results which improve and generalize some previous results in (Chen in Acta Math. Sci. Ser. A 20(3):425-432, 2000; Chen and Shon in Chin. Ann. Math. Ser. A 27(4):431-442, 2006; Tu et al. in Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 23:1-17, 2011) and provide us with a method to investigate the iterated exponent of convergence of zeros of

f

(
j
)

(
z
)
−
φ
(
z
)

(

j
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
…

).

MSC:34A20, 30D35.