bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1981 VGP Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The first VGP Award, for the year 1981, will go to Richard A. Yund, professor of geological sciences at Brown University, Rhode Island, for his recent contribution to the study of diffusion, exsolution, and plastic strain in minerals. The award will be presented at the VGP luncheon during the AGU Spring Meeting, on Thursday, June 3, at the Philadelphia Centre Hotel. Tickets may be purchased through advanced registration or at the registration desk during the meeting.
Mystery clouds
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

‘Mystery clouds,’ recently observed to cover the earth's northern hemisphere, have caused speculation as to their origin. Apparently, they could be fallout from a nuclear explosion or from a meteor impact. A more likely probability is that the clouds are layers of fine particulates, probably a sulfuric acid water mist, released from volcanic eruptions. M.P. McCormick of the Langley Research Center, speaking in regard to its possible volcanic origin, stated ‘It had to be one that had little local damage but moved material high enough to get into the stratosphere, where it [could] travel around the world. Historically, information on the height of volcanic eruptions has proven unreliable due to, among other things, the difficulty of accurately observing them at night or through cloud cover.’
Atmospheric merger in London
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

At the invitation of Imperial College, the Laboratory for Planetary Atmospheres, University College London, will be integrated in August with the Atmospheric Physics Group to form a single teaching and research unit. The new group, to be located at Imperial College, will be headed by Garry Hunt.

The new group will possess a balanced research program in the observational and interpretative aspects of atmospheric physics. The existing Imperial College group actively researches cumulonimbus dynamics and climate modeling.
1982 Grads: Fewer jobs, higher wages
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Findings in the most recent salary survey (March 1982) of the College Placement Council indicate a confused picture of employment possibilities for this June's college graduates. The current economic slump has resulted in the postponement of hiring decisions by some employers, but the job market in the geosciences remains strong. Of the 18 fields surveyed, petroleum engineering graduates had the highest average starting salary offers: $30,432 annually. ‘The physical and earth sciences’ group led the scientific disciplines with average offers of $23,940 annually at the bachelor's degree level. At the master's degree level, graduates in geology and related geological sciences received an average offer of $28,836 annually. These salaries represent 8%–14% increases over the March 1981 salary offers.
NSF graduate fellowship awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Of the 500 college students being offered fellowships by the National Science Foundation (NSF) this year for graduate study in the natural and social sciences, about 8% plan to pursue graduate studies in earth, ocean, or space sciences. In addition, 3 of the 55 students offered NSF Minority Graduate Fellowship Awards plan to study earth or space sciences.

Each fellowship, awarded for 3 years of graduate study, provides a stipend of $6900 per year for full‐time graduate study. The fellowships may be used over 5 years to permit students to incorporate teaching or research assistantships into their education during periods in which they are not receiving their fellowship stipends.
Advanced Physical Geodesy
Authors: Tscherning C. C.
Published: October 2011

Physical geodesy, the study of the gravitational field of the earth, has seen a tremendous progress in the last 20 years. Much of this progress is due to the author. He is professor at the Technical University at Graz, Austria, and adjoint professor at The Ohio State University. Presently, he is president of the International Association of Geodesy. The progress has taken place both in the theoretical foundation and in the practical field; however, the book under review deals nearly exclusively with the advances in theory. The author has furthermore restricted himself to the treatment of time invariant phenomena.
Antarctic meteorites: Samples of the solar system
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The study of extraterrestrial materials by geochemists and geophysicists has been focused on a relatively small number of meteorites since the late fifteenth century. Many of the specimens studied through the years had been weathered or otherwise contaminated at the time they were collected on the ground. It has been especially significant, therefore, that since 1969, when Japanese scientists first reported discovery of meteorites protected within the ice flows in Antarctica, nearly 3 times the total number of specimens that existed at that time have been recovered. Expeditions from Japan, and more recently from the United States, have now recovered a total of 6000 new specimens from Antarctica, stimulating many new areas of study for the solar system sciences. Of these, more than 1000 specimens were collected by the American expeditions in only three field seasons. Already several unique meteorite varieties have been identified, the rare Shergotty‐type being a good example.
Delays for shale oil development
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Synthetic fuels, including oil from shales, are experiencing a set of delays in their development, marked by the shutdown recently of the Colony Oil Shale Project in western Colorado. In these instances, the reasons given for the deferral of the projects are related to the economy. In past delays, the reasons given were related to environmental concerns; the recovery of organic matter from oil shales produces immense volumes of wastes while releasing noxious fumes and contaminated water.

For many generations, statements have been made about oil shales' vast reserves awaiting the right economic conditions, which do not exist in the present day, for exploitation. ‘Everyone believes synthetic fuels are inevitable; but now the timetable has been slowed,’ observes Michael Kalida, president of the National Council on Synthetic Fuels Production (Chem. Eng. News, May 10, 1982).
MORB—A Mohole misbegotten?
Authors: O'Hara M. J.
Published: October 2011

Terrestrial basalts are generally saturated with two or more crystal species on eruption and display a limited range of major‐element composition in combination with wide variations in concentrations and ratios of those trace elements that are excluded from the common crystal phases during crystal‐liquid separation events [Jamieson and Clarke, 1970].

The multiply saturated character and major‐element compositions of erupted basalts are controlled by their separation from crystals at low pressure. This is the low‐pressure cotectic character recognized by Bowen [1928], emphasized by Yoder and Tilley [1962], and interpreted by O'Hara [1965], in the light of high‐pressure experimental studies, as evidence of the derivation of common basalts by extensive fractional crystallization of picritic primary magmas close to the earth's surface.
Impact of snow on surface brightness
Authors: Kukla George J. , Brown Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2011

The snow‐covered land surface has different albedo than the snow‐free surface, depending primarily on the type and density of the vegetation, the relief, and the continuity and age of the snow blanket. This is clearly demonstrated by the winter mosaic of east central Asia shown on the front cover. It is a section of a larger composite assembled from cloud‐free satellite images to portray the land surface under continuous snow cover. The mosaic is a valuable tool for distinguishing (from remote positions) snow from clouds and for charting snow cover where illumination is poor. It also can be used to determine relative sensitivity of surface albedo to the occurrence of snow.

Segments with a minimum of clouds along the orbital subtrack were selected from the transparencies of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Satellite sensors record in the spectral band 0.4–1.2 µm. The satellite is in polar orbit at a mean altitude of 830 km (450 nm) and crosses the equator at approximately local noon. The spatial resolution along the orbital subtrack is about 0.6 km [Dickinson et al., 1974]. The mosaic is assembled from imagery taken between mid‐January and mid‐February of 1979. The original hard‐copy transparencies (on loan from the DMSP library) were reproduced as contact negatives to preserve detail.

The snow cover marks the land surface with a characteristic signature that depends on the distribution, density, and type of vegetation; relief; presence of water bodies; distribution and type of land use, etc. This signature can be readily utilized, among others, to distinguish snow‐covered land from clouds and from snow‐free land [Barnes et al., 1974; Lillesand et al., 1982]. We have compared the brightness fields in the imagery with the vegetation density and land‐use patterns charted in the World Forestry Atlas [Wiebecke, 1971].
Nuclear waste storage in Gabon
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The geological record of Oklo, Republic of Gabon, may provide clues to the best and safest methods of storing radioactive waste products. A group of isotope geochemists from the Los Alamos National Laboratory has begun a field and laboratory study of natural geologic nuclear reactors in equatorial Africa to assess the distribution of radioactive products in the ground. The project requires a good deal of study, and the early results must be considered preliminary; nonetheless, they are very promising. T. Benjamin of Los Alamos reported recently at a meeting of the Geological Society of Washington that radionuclides did not appear to migrate great distances from several of the natural reactors at the Oklo deposit.
World data centers
Authors: Shapley Alan H. , Hart Pembroke J.
Published: October 2011

One of the lasting heritages of the International Geophysical Year (1957–58) is the system of world data centers (WDC) through which there has been international exchange of a wide variety of geophysical data on a continuing basis. This voluntary exchange mechanism has been remarkably successful. The basic operating costs of the centers are provided by the host country. The international exchanges are mainly by barter. The data providers number in the thousands and the users in the tens of thousands.
Ecologic Atlas of Benthic Foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Tietjen John H.
Published: October 2011

Because of their importance as indicators of petroleum deposits, the benthic foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico are one of the most intensely studied groups of animals in the world. This is especially true of the foraminifera inhabiting the shallow shelf region of the northern and eastern Gulf; much less is known about the animals of the southern shelf, continental slope, and abyssal plains. The author spent 10 years examining collections from various not well‐known areas of the Gulf; this atlas is a synthesis of distributional data from approximately 4500 previously known stations, plus new information from 400 additional stations.
Scripps building designated as national historic landmark
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The George H. Scripps Memorial Marine Laboratory in La Jolla, Calif., has been designated a national historic landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Completed in 1910, the building is the oldest structure at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, San Diego, and is the oldest marine laboratory building in the western hemisphere.

The laboratory, designed by notable San Diego architect Irving Gill, was designated San Diego National Landmark 119 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the year it was scheduled to be demolished. (The building had been thought to be not sturdy enough to withstand earthquakes; a review of the original building plans showed that no major structural changes would be required to meet modern seismic safety standards. Demolition plans were canceled.)
Global ocean data inventory
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) has announced the availability of the Global Ocean Data Inventory: FGGE (Global Weather Experiment) Operational Year, September 1978 through March 1980. This microfiche publication contains inventory information about 6,242 oceanographic data sets collected or planned to be collected during the FGGE operational year.

Each data set is described by a one‐page entry based on inventory reports received from 1,260 principal investigators in 33 participating countries. An introduction and cross‐reference tables facilitate searches for inventoried data sets by data parameter; principal investigator; country; and major ocean area, according to NODC. The inventory entries list which repositories are holding collected data. Also included is a special index to data in the tropics, called Level IIc data.
NSF to fund U.S.‐P.R.C. geochemistry
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The Division of International Programs of the National Science Foundation has finally completed negotiation on a United States‐People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) Cooperative Science Program. The areas of basic science to be funded under the program include geochemistry, chemistry of natural products, ceramics, metallurgy, polymers, and plant cell biology. The program is budgeted at approximately $600–$700 thousand per year and will allow expenses for travel and field work as well as for laboratory work, salaries, and indirect costs.

The program is to support seminars and research in joint projects between United States and mainland Chinese scientists. The topics are to be in areas of basic research, so there will be little reason for concern that technology may be transfered under the program. In the geochemistry portions of the program, scientists from both countries will have a lot to gain from the exchange. Vast field and sampling areas in China and in the United States will be accessed, in many cases for the first time. Under the program it will be possible to transport samples back to the laboratory for study. In other projects, experiments may be done in China, for example, and the results returned to the United States for data reduction and analysis.
New Apollo asteroid discovered
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A new asteroid that periodically crosses the earth's orbit was recently discovered when two components of a rare split comet were photographed. The asteroid has been made a possible candidate for an asteroid rendezvous mission under study at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The newly discovered body, 1982 DB, is a member of a group of earth‐orbit‐crossing objects called Apollo asteroids. They are maverick asteroids in unique orbits outside the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
A Geology of Ireland
Authors: Burke Kevin
Published: October 2011

Regional geologists are among the unsung heroes of the earth sciences. They make maps in the field and draw stratigraphic and structural cross sections that they control by laboratory faunal, stratigraphic, and petrographic studies. Our knowledge of how the world worked in the past depends on the accumulation of many years of this kind of unglamorous data acquisition. In Ireland, field work has often been difficult: it rains a great deal, much of the solid geology is buried beneath Quaternary cover, and political and economic considerations at times in the past have not always encouraged geologic research.
IGY celebrations
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The House Science and Technology Committee unanimously approved a resolution to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The resolution, which also calls for House reaffirmation of its commitment to a ‘new, vigorous era of international cooperation in all the sciences,’ probably will be voted upon by the full House after Labor Day. If the resolution is passed, it will become an official statement of the House. As of mid‐August, no similar resolution had been introduced in the Senate.

‘We owe the scientists responsible for IGY more than a mere remembrance,’ said Rep. Tim Wirth (D., Colo.), sponsor of the resolution, in testimony before the House Science and Technology Committee on August 3. ‘We need to reaffirm our commitment to a new era of peaceful international cooperation in the sciences. My resolution reaffirms our commitment despite signals from the Reagan Administration that it is willing to diminish our participation in international science programs. Our nation cannot afford such a retreat,’ Wirth added, ‘and 1 fear our world cannot long survive in an atmosphere of conflict instead of cooperation.’
Paleoecology, Concepts, and Applications
Authors: Palmer T. J.
Published: October 2011

This book aims to fill a vacant niche in the literature of palaeoecology as a general text with a wide ranging review of the primary literature which has largely come out of Europe and North America in the past 20 years. Its intended audience (as stated in the preface) ranges from undergraduates to professional palaeontologists. Such an ambition inevitably lays a book open to charges that different topics are dealt with in different depths, because the requirements of the two groups are not the same. It is greatly to the credit of the two authors that they have produced such a consistent and useful book, the failings of which are greatly outweighed by its positive points.
AGU Statutes and Bylaws
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Geophysical Union, which was established in 1919 by the National Research Council and for more than 50 years operated as an unincorporated affiliate of the National Academy of Sciences, is now a corporation chartered under the laws of the District of Columbia. The Union is dedicated to the furtherance of the sciences of geophysics through the individual efforts of its members and in cooperation with other national and international scientific organizations.

Article 1. Objects

a. To promote the scientific study of the earth and its environment in space and to make the results of such studies available to the public.

b. To promote cooperation among scientific organizations whose objectives include the furtherance of knowledge in the geophysical disciplines.

c. To initiate and participate in geophysical research programs, including those which depend upon international cooperation.

d. To advance the various geophysical disciplines (1) through programs of the Union and its Sections; (2) by scientific discussion, publication and dissemination of information; and (3) by sponsorship of scientific and technical symposia, colloquia, and meetings.
Joint NASA‐Australian Laser Ranging
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Australian National Development and Energy Department (National Mapping Division), which built and operated the lunar laser‐ranging facility at Orroral, are planning a new system that will be capable of measuring distances between the moon and the earth to better than 5 cm. The system will have an accuracy in the tracking of artificial satellites of better than 2 cm (Ind. Res. Dev., August 1982).

The new facility is to be named the Nat‐map Laser‐Ranging System (NLRS). New lasers and computer facilities will be used to provide much higher accuracy and a higher data production rate. According to a recent report (op. cit.), the new system will be used for a wide range of geophysical applications, which include obtaining data and monitoring variations in the rotation rate of the earth. Continental drift measurements will be made with considerably more accuracy than before by means of the vastly enlarged computer data base system.
Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers: Report on a NATO Advanced Research Institute
Authors: Rona Peter A.
Published: October 2011

Evidence developed during the past 10 years indicating that seawater convects through oceanic crust driven by heat derived from the creation of lithosphere at the earth‐encircling oceanic ridge‐rift system of sea‐floor spreading centers has stimulated multiple lines of research. The research has profound implications for the earth's thermal regime, geochemical cycles, and mass balances of the elements; sustenance of biological communities; and concentration of metallic mineral deposits. The first workshop devoted to interdisciplinary consideration of this entire field was convened by a committee consisting of P.A. Rona (Chairman; NOAA, Miami), K. Böstrom (University of Stockholm), L. Laubier (CNEXO, Paris), and K. Smith (University of California, La Jolla) under the auspices of a NATO Advanced Research Institute held April 5–8, 1982, at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, England. The workshop assembled 75 scientists from 15 nations for presentations of the state of knowledge in this field that reflected the predominance of U.S. and French scientists in current research and for discussions that encouraged development of a wider base of scientific participation.
Cloud‐seeding weather experiments
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

‘Whitetop,’ ‘Stormfury,’ ‘HIPLEX,’ ‘FACE,’ ‘CCOPE,’ ‘CREST,’ and other federally funded weather modification projects have had precious little tangible success over the past 35 years. However, this does not mean that there has been no progress whatever in the field. In a recent report (Science, 519–521, Aug. 6, 1982), C. Holser of Pennsylvania State University is quoted as stating: ‘It's really a tragic thing. … Now that we're getting our act together, there are these funding cuts.’
Surface of Venus: Possible sulfides
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The surface reflectivity of Venus at radar wavelengths of 17 cm varies from very ‘bright’ areas, such as the Maxwell Montes and other elevated regions like Terra Aphrodite, to the darkest regions, which are located in low‐lying valleys. Radar altimeter data received from the instrument aboard the Pioneer Venus Orbiter are showing good correlations between brightness and surface elevations, but the indications are that the bright regions are too bright to be explained by radar reflections from dry terrestrial‐type rocks. The dielectric constant (K) of rocks that radar reflect as the elevated regions of Venus' surface must be high, probably on the order K=9 or more. On Venus bright areas have K between 11 and 20, presenting difficulties in the interpretation of the surface materials. In a study by G.H. Pettengill, P.G. Ford, and S. Nozette (Science, Aug. 13, 1982), the high‐reflectivity regions of Venus are interpreted as being due possibly to the presence of free metal or, more likely, to pyrite (FeS2), one of the few minerals with sufficiently high conductivity (1–105 mho/m).
Natural and man‐made hazards
Authors: Smith Joseph V.
Published: October 2011

AGU has been less active in public affairs than the American Physical and American Chemical societies, perhaps because of less worry about the social consequences of research in geophysics than in nuclear physics and industrial chemistry. However, there are important matters requiring the knowledge and judgment of geophysicists and geochemists, and I wish to suggest that AGU should make a serious contribution to public discussion. Such a contribution ought to be confined to scientific matters and should not stray unwittingly into the realms of politics and social affairs. AGU should become known to the public as a reliable source of scientific facts and reasoned evaluations of incompletely understood phenomena. In particular, I believe that AGU should provide public sessions on natural and man‐made hazards.
Chapman Conference on Spatial Variability in Hydrologic Modeling
Authors: Woolhiser D. A. , Morel‐Seytoux H. J.
Published: October 2011

The AGU Chapman Conference on Spatial Variability in Hydrologic Modeling was held July 21–23, 1981, at the Colorado State University Pingree Park Campus, located in the mountains some 88.5 km (55 miles) west of Fort Collins, Colorado. The conference was attended by experimentalists and theoreticians from a wide range of disciplines, including geology, hydrology, civil engineering, watershed science, chemical engineering, geography, statistics, mathematics, meteorology, and soil science. The attendees included researchers at various levels of research experience, including a large contingent of graduate students and many senior scientists.

The conference goal was to review progress and discuss research approaches to the spatial variability of catchment surface and subsurface properties in a distributed modeling context. Mathematical models of water movement dynamics within a catchment consist of linked partial differential equations that describe free surface flow and unsaturated and saturated flow in porous media. Such models are utilized extensively in attempts to understand and predict the environmental consequences of human activities such as agricultural land management, waste disposal, urbanization, etc. We are concerned with the spatial structure of the parameters in such models, the precipitation input, and the geometric complexity of the system boundaries. The emphasis of this conference was on surface and subsurface hydrological process and their interactions.
Nation stays wet in august
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Streamflow conditions across most of the nation were normal to well‐above normal during August—the third straight month that wet conditions have prevailed, according to a month‐end check of water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.

During August, 35% of the 164 key index gaging stations across the nation reported well‐above normal streamflow conditions. The high streamflows occurred along a broad band extending from northeastern Nebraska southeast to western Georgia and from southwestern Montana to central California.
Agriculture and water pollution
Authors: Page G. William
Published: October 2011

The attempt by certain jurisdictions to preserve a rural lifestyle by means of farmland preservation may produce some unwanted side effects, such as polluted water supplies. While there are many excellent and important reasons to preserve high‐quality agricultural land for food production, efforts to retain or encourage agricultural activities in areas experiencing rapid population growth may produce some serious environmental problems.

For the entire post‐WW II period the United States has experienced almost continuous suburban sprawl. Many incorporated areas, experiencing rapid development, have attempted to preserve open‐space and less‐developed land uses by actively attempting to preserve agricultural activities. Often the most recent migrants to a growing municipality exemplify the ‘last in’ syndrome by being among the most vociferous in attempting to halt further development.
Advances in H2O thermodynamics
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

It is widely appreciated in geophysics that the thermodynamic properties of water need to be better known, and there is a good chance that they will be, as a result of recent advances in the development of three atom pair distribution functions for water by A.H. Narten, W.E. Theissen, and L. Blum (Science, Sept. 10, 1982). Research in atmospherics, oceans, glaciers, metasomatism, and many other areas of geophysics has been subject to a serious limitation, namely the lack of knowledge of the structure of liquid water, H2O. The new results were obtained by means of high‐flux neutron diffraction data, which are of considerably higher quality than past data. New distribution functions based on the measurements may lead to development of a more realistic statistical mechanical theory of liquid water.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(8), August 31, 1982, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E82‐009 at $1.00 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
Water year ends on wet note
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The combined flow of the nation's ‘Big Five’ rivers (Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Ohio and Missouri) ended the 1982 water year on a wet note, averaging 617 billion gallons a day (bgd) during September, 33% above normal for the month, according to a check of the nation's water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey.

USGS hydrologists said that for the 1982 water year the nation's overall water picture was in good shape—the combined flow of the Big Five averaging 12% above normal for the year. The wet September finish to a generally good water year was a welcome contrast to the 1981 water year, which was the driest in 5 years, the USGS hydrologists said. (The water year used by hydrologists runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following calendar year and is designed to roughly follow the growing season and to begin and end during a period of generally low streamflow.)
Engineering salaries up
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Earnings of engineers in the United States kept pace with inflation, according to a recent salary survey by the Engineering Manpower Commission of the American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES). Salaries and the consumer price index each rose 7.7% for the 12‐month period ending February 1 of this year. The national average salary for engineers is now $34,400, the survey results show. The highest percentage increases in salaries were in the mechanical and chemical engineering industries, with jumps of 10.0 and 9.5%, respectively.
Gravitational resonance: Saturn's rings
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Perhaps no one thought much more would need to be known about Saturn's rings 100 or so years ago, when Daniel Kirkwood explained the various features. The main rings, within the three so‐called Cassini divisions, were due to gravitational resonance conditions between small orbiting particles and the satellite Mimas. Now, after several spacecraft—especially Voyager—have shown the rings' close‐up characteristics, there has been a great deal of activity in the planetary geophysics community to try to explain the origin of the numerous features of the rings of solar system bodies that were far beyond the resolution of telescopes in Kirkwood s day. A pretty good sample of that activity was reported recently by R.A. Kerr (Science, Oct. 8, 1982), who stated ‘Resonance theory still stands after the onslaught of spacecraft observations, but its new applications have yielded a greater variety of ring features than Kirkwood ever dreamed.’ One has only to have an inkling of the levels of gravitational mechanics to appreciate the complexities of the theories that have yielded resonance variations such as spiral density waves and bending waves in the past few years. As theories unfold, however, and are tested against Voyager's results, it has become evident that most of the actually observed ring structure of the major planets remains unexplained.
Nation's streams rebound
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The nation's streams showed good recovery during the 1982 water year, rebounding from a dry 1981 with almost the whole country showing normal to above‐normal streamflow conditions, according to a year‐end check on the nation's water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey.

USGS hydrologists said that for the 1982 water year, the nation's overall water picture was in good shape, noting in particular that the combined flow of the nation's ‘Big Five’ rivers (Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Ohio, and Missouri) averaged 12% above normal for the year.
1982 AGU Fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Thomas J. Ahrens—For fundamental studies of the equation of state for rocks and minerals.

Wilfried H. Brutsaert—For his contributions to understanding the dynamics of evaporation from the earth's surface.
Element 109 synthesized
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Exactly one atom of the new superheavy element 109 has been synthesized at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany (Chem. Eng. News, Oct. 11, 1982). The process is called ‘cold fusion.’ A stream of 58Fe nuclei was bombarded onto a target of 209Bi in a heavy‐ion linear accelerator. The experiment continued for one week and produced a single nucleus of element 109. The reaction probability is only about one in 1014
Manganese Deposits
Authors: Cannon W. F.
Published: October 2011

Manganese is a vital element to modern industrial society, being an essential ingredient of steel and steel making. It is also an element whose mine production comes mostly from a relatively few deposits and districts. Current world reserves and production trends indicate that production could become even more centralized in the future. Many industrial nations, including the United States are nearly totally dependent on imports for their manganese supply. Future discoveries of new manganese deposits are needed to both increase world reserves and diversify sources. Such discoveries are likely to be made only through a thorough understanding of the geology and geochemistry of manganese. Roy's book is a timely and much needed step toward that goal.
The Channels of Mars
Authors: Lucchitta Baerbel K.
Published: October 2011

Pictures returned by the Mariner 9 and Viking missions yield a wealth of new information about Mars. As a result, two new books have appeared recently dealing exclusively with Mars, one by Michael H. Carr (The Surface of Mars, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1982) and the other, discussed here, by Victor R. Baker. Both are timely pieces giving comprehensive summaries of the newly acquired knowledge. Whereas Carr's book discusses the general geology of Mars, Baker's book concentrates on the geomorphology with emphasis on channels. Both books are welcome additions to the planetary literature.
Halley spotted
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Astronomers at the California Institute of Technology detected Comet Halley on October 15. This is the first sighting of the popular comet as it speeds toward the sun; its 76‐year cycle last brought it to our part of the solar system in 1910.

Comet Halley, still more than a billion miles away, was detected ‘as a faint speck in the region of the constellation Canis Minor,’ according to a report in The New York Times (October 21, p. 1). The astronomers attribute their success to use of the 200‐inch telescope at Mount Palomar, which is combined with an imaging system built around an electronic sensor—known as a charge—coupled device—containing a silicon chip more photosensitive than photographic film.
IAHS
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) is the oldest and foremost of the international nongovernmental organizations dealing with hydrology and water resources. It was established in 1922 and is one of the seven associations which together form the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).

IUGG itself was set up in 1919 to promote and coordinate physical, chemical, and mathematical studies of the earth and its immediate spatial environment. IUGG meets in general assembly roughly every 4 years.
Groundwater Resources: Investigation and Development
Authors: Anderson Mary P.
Published: October 2011

A glance through the table of contents of this volume might suggest that it is yet another introductory text on principles of groundwater hydrology. All of the usual basic topics are covered including definitions of terms and concepts, aquifer types, drilling methods, and pumping tests. But partly because this book is intended for practicing groundwater consultants rather than students, other less elementary topics such as environmental isotope techniques, geochemical methods, interpretation and utilization of spring flow, geophysical methods, and groundwater balances are also included.

According to the preface, ‘practical applicability’ is stressed ‘to show how groundwater investigations should be conducted using a systematic, well‐directed effort’ and to describe ‘… what to do, what to avoid, and what kind of results one can reasonably expect …’ While this book was published as part of a series of monographs on water pollution, it is more in the nature of a handbook than a true monograph. That is, it is not an in‐depth treatment of a single topic but presents a broad introduction to the ways in
El Chichon as seen from Project Airstream
Authors: Chieco Nancy
Published: October 2011

In April 1982, and again in July, while flying at 17–19 km on regularly scheduled missions, DOE's WB‐57F aircraft (flown by NASA/Johnson Space Center) successfully intercepted the plume from the April 1982 eruption of El Chichon in Mexico. These flights are part of DOE's high‐altitude sampling program (HASP), which provides data three times a year—April, July, and October—on the distribution of radioactivity and various nonnuclear compounds in the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Project Airstream, the aircraft part of HASP, is a cooperative effort, with Robert Leifer of DOE's Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) as the scientific director. On the April and July missions the aircraft had aboard instruments from four laboratories: EML, Los Alamos, NASA/Johnson Space Center, and the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada. The samples collected are being analyzed at each laboratory, and the results will be presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco.
OTA supports planetary science
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The Federal Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report titled ‘Space Science Research in the United States’ has recognized the important need to protect planetary sciences from ‘mission‐oriented’ budget cuts that tend to wipe out auxiliary and supporting programs. Planetary science is defined in this sense as data and analysis studies from continuing and completed missions, general planetary research activities, instrument design, and smaller missions. This type of research employs most of the core of nonastronomer space scientists who frequently turn their attention to the major missions but then return to analysis, theory, and experiments between the missions.
Ocean sciences peer review in NSF
Authors: Wall Robert E.
Published: October 2011

Someone—I believe it was a German statesman—once said that there were two questions to which most people did not really want answers: What goes in to sausage? and How are government decisions made? I am sure there is some truth here. Although I'm not familiar with what has been happening in the area of sausage making, there have been many discussions and several recent studies about the use and effectiveness of peer review in federal agencies deciding what research to support.

This article is precipitated by these recent studies, by the availability of quantitative peer review data in the Ocean Sciences Research Section (OSRS) of the National Science Foundation (NSF), and by continuing questions and statements concerning the peer review process that suggest some misunderstanding about what it is and how it works. My intent in this article is to describe the general process of peer review used in OSRS and to explain some of the variations in that process. Data and statistics on proposals considered for support with Fiscal Year (FY) 1981 funds help illustrate the process.
Comment on “MORB—A Mohole misbegotten?” by M.J. O'Hara
Authors: Presnall D. C.
Published: October 2011

One can only applaud O'Hara's call for further research into magmatic processes that take place at and near oceanic spreading centers (EOS, June 15, 1982). In particular, the desirability of having deep drill holes close to active spreading centers is indisputable and needs no elaboration. One of the major reasons for encouraging further research on midocean ridge basalt (MORB) petrogenesis is the need to resolve a controversy now being debated in the literature over the composition and depth of origin of primary MORB magmas [Rhodes, 1982]. O'Hara [1968a] and, recently, several others [Green et al., 1979; Stolper, 1980; Elthon and Scarfe, 1980] have argued that primary MORB magmas are picritic in composition and generated at various pressures from 15 to 30 kbar, depending on the author. Others contend that primary MORB magmas are close in composition to the least‐fractionated MORB glasses (which are not picritic but have mg numbers as high as 73) and are generated at more moderate pressures of about 8–10 kbar [Green and Ringwood, 1967; Kushiro, 1973; Presnall et al., 1979]. O'Hara did not mention any of the recent papers that disagreed with his concept of picritic primary magmas at spreading centers. In order to restore some balance, the following brief discussion is offered.
Writing memorable geophysical papers: The need for proper author coalitions
Authors: Baker Daniel N.
Published: October 2011

A primary function of Eos is to serve the geophysical community. It does this by publishing meeting announcements, book reviews, advertisements for jobs, scientific news items, and the like. Recent articles have helped the membership assess the stage of their careers (Eos, 60, 1024, 1979), informed them of the advantages of having names near the beginning of the alphabet (Eos, 59, 118, 1978), and helped them maximize information transfer during scientific meetings (Eos, 62, 179, 1981). However, no one has dealt with the very difficult problem of making papers memorable. Some techniques, such as long author lists, are now passé. Everyone is doing it. Other techniques, such as writing a very short paper or a humorous paper, are beyond the ken of most AGU members. Fortunately, there remains one technique that can be used by a surprisingly large number of AGU members.
[Comments on “Solid earth geophysics” and “More on South American geophysics”] More on S.A. geophysics
Authors: Verma Surendra P.
Published: October 2011

I would like to add to the analyses of J. Urrutia Fucugauchi (Eos, 63, June 8, 1982, p. 529) and C. Lomnitz (Eos, 63, September 21, 1982, p. 786) on South American geophysics. I believe that the lack of a proper infrastructure and of funds on a medium‐ to long‐term basis and the existence of a highly bureaucratic setup constitute further causes of the slow progress of geophysics in Latin America. Although it is true, as C. Lomnitz correctly points out, that in Mexico there has been an increase in funding over the past decade, it has not been applied on carefully planned long‐term projects. Instead, the individual projects have received ‘short quantum’ of money input. Thus, all of a sudden, there is a ‘big’ investment for purchasing costly equipment, but no adequate follow‐up efforts are made to be able to use it efficiently. Further, the research projects are bound to fail because the excessive bureaucratic set‐up makes it difficult to obtain parts or accessories in a reasonable time. The ‘outside’ companies are very eager to sell costly equipment to Latin America, but they do very little to provide adequate technical support to see that such equipment is properly calibrated and kept operational for any reasonable time. In most cases their job is over when the equipment is sold.
Photographic Catalog of the Selected Antarctic Meteorites
Authors: Moore Carleton B.
Published: October 2011

The collection of new meteorite specimens from Antarctica has commanded the attention of interested scientists for the past decade. Meteorites have been collected in large numbers by Japanese exploration teams in the Yamato Mountains, East Antarctica region. The first meteorites were discovered there in 1969. Expeditions in 1973, 1974, 1975–1976, and 1979–1980 have added over 4000 meteorites to the National Institute of Polar Research Collection. Another 700 were added in 1976 through 1979 by joint Japan‐United States teams in the Transantarctic Mountains, South Victoria Land. It should be noted that when meteoroids fall, they usually break up into many pieces. It has not been established how many individual falls make up this large collection of individuals. The Photographic Catalog of the Selected Antarctic Meteorites contains 178 photographs of 134 meteorites selected from the NIPR Collection. The majority of the photographs are of whole or broken stones in the condition they were found on the ice. Some photographs show cut or broken faces made during the sampling of the meteorites for investigation. A brief description of the specimen is included with each photograph. The publishers hope that these photographs and hand‐specimen descriptions will be helpful in guiding detailed petrologic, chemical, and physical studies in the future.
Joint EGS/ESC General Assembly
Authors: Lemaire J.
Published: October 2011

The European Geophysical Society and the European Seismological Commission held their general assemblies at the University of Leeds. Some of the scientific sessions on internal geophysics were organized jointly by the two organizations. The local organizing committee, chaired by J.C. Briden, must be warmly congratulated on the perfect management of the whole meeting, despite the overwhelmingly large number of participants—830 of whom were registered! This was more than twice as many as in the preceding year; it shows that the EGS is moving ahead and that it has gained momentum and wide recognition from the international scientific community, including the scientists from Asia and America, who contributed many excellent papers. It was a pleasure for the two societies to welcome to Leeds so many participants from abroad.
Herculaneum: Clues to Vesuvius eruption
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

More than 80 skeletons have been unearthed in the ancient Mediterranean town of Herculaneum, west of Italy's Mount Vesuvius. This anthropological find corroborates a reinterpretation by three University of Rhode Island scientists of the sequence of the August A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius. In addition, the discovery is the first proof that large numbers of people perished as they tried to flee from the eruption, estimated to have been about 10 times more powerful than the May 1980 Mount St. Helens blast.

‘Who says dead men don't talk? Their bones have something to say about them and their everyday lives,’ says Sara C. Bisel, a physical anthropologist who analyzed the skeletons. Among the remains are a cluster of skeletons from six adults, four children, and two infants trying to shield themselves from the volcanic onslaught; the skeleton of a sailor, still clutching an oar, lying on his back beside an 8‐m‐long capsized boat; a woman whose now bony hand was still graced with gem‐encrusted gold rings; and a soldier (see Figure 1). From these and other finds the anthropological team was able to discern that the ancient Romans, on average, were shorter than modern citizens and, judging from the condition of some of the teeth, probably had a low‐sugar diet.