bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic status and social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury from 22 countries: Does the countries’ socioeconomic development moderate associations?
Authors: Fekete Christine , Reinhardt Jan D. , Arora Mohit , Patrick Engkasan Julia , Gross-Hemmi Mirja , Kyriakides Athanasios , Le Fort Marc , Tough Hannah
Published: August 2021

Background

Social relationships are powerful determinants of health and inequalities in social relationships across socioeconomic status (SES) groups may contribute to social inequalities in health. This study investigates inequalities in social relationships in an international sample of persons with spinal cord injury and explores whether social gradients in relationships are moderated by the countries’ socioeconomic development (SED).

Methods

Data from 12,330 participants of the International SCI Community Survey (InSCI) performed in 22 countries were used. We regressed social relationships (belongingness, relationship satisfaction, social interactions) on individual SES (education, income, employment, financial hardship, subjective status) and countries’ SED (Human Development Index) using multi-level models (main effects). To test potential moderation of the SED, interaction terms between individual SES and countries’ SED were entered into multi-level models.

Results

Paid work, absence of financial hardship and higher subjective status were related to higher belongingness (OR, 95% CI: 1.50, 1.34–1.67; 1.76, 1.53–2.03; 1.16, 1.12–1.19, respectively), higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.15–1.42; 1.97, 1.72–2.27; 1.20, 1.17–1.24, respectively) and fewer problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95% CI: 0.96, 0.82–1.10; 1.93, 1.74–2.12; 0.26, 0.22–0.29, respectively), whereas associations with education and income were less consistent. Main effects for countries’ SED showed that persons from lower SED countries reported somewhat higher relationship satisfaction (OR, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.94–0.99) and less problems with social interactions (Coeff, 95% CI: -0.04, -0.09- -0.003). Results from moderation analysis revealed that having paid work was more important for relationships in lower SED countries, while education and subjective status were more important for relationships in higher SED countries (interaction termsp<0.05).

Conclusion

Social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury are patterned according to individual SES and the countries’ SED and larger socioeconomic structures partly moderate associations between individual SES and social relationships.
Analyzing the relationship between air pollution and various types of crime
Authors: Kuo Pei-Fen , Putra I. Gede Brawiswa
Published: August 2021

Air pollution has a severe impact on human physical and mental health. When the air quality is poor enough to cause respiratory irritation, people tend to stay home and avoid any outdoor activities. In addition, air pollution may cause mental health problems (depression and anxiety) which were associated with high crime risk. Therefore, in this study, it is hypothesized that increasing air pollution level is associated with higher indoor crime rates, but negatively associated with outdoor crime rates because it restricts people’s daily outdoor activities. Three types of crimes were used for this analysis: robbery (outdoor crime), domestic violence (indoor crime), and fraud (cybercrime). The results revealed that the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model performed best with lower AIC values. In general, in the higher population areas with more severe air pollution, local authorities should allocate more resources, extra police officers, or more training programs to help them prevent domestic violence, rather than focusing on robbery.
Psychometric properties of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Greek women after cesarean section
Authors: Orovou Eirini , Theodoropoulou Irina Mrvoljak , Antoniou Evangelia
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the revised Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL-5) for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual– 5th Edition (DSM-5) in Greek postpartum women after Cesarean Section(CS) (emergency-elective).So far, there was no study in Greece assessing psychometric properties of the PCL-5 in women after CS. The participating women (N = 469), who gave birth with emergency and elective CS at the Greek University Hospital of Larisa, have consented to participate in two phases of the survey and completed self-report questionnaires, the 2nd day after CS and at the 6th week after CS. Measures used in this study were the PCL-5 for DSM-5, the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5), Criteria B, C, D, E, and Criterion A, specifically designed for detection of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in postpartum period. To evaluate the internal reliability of the PCL-5 two different indices of internal consistency were calculated, i.e., Cronbach’s alpha (.97) and Guttman’ssplit-half (.95), demonstrating high reliability level. The data were positively skewed, suggesting that the reported levels of PTSD among our participants were low. Factor analyses demonstrated acceptable construct validity; a comparison of thePCL-5 with the other measures of the same concept showed a good convergent validity of the scale. Overall, all the results suggest that the four-factor PCL-5 seemed to work adequately for the Greek sample of women after CS.
Genome-wide association study and genomic selection for yield and related traits in soybean
Authors: Ravelombola Waltram , Qin Jun , Shi Ainong , Song Qijian , Yuan Jin , Wang Fengmin , Chen Pengyin , Yan Long , Feng Yan , Zhao Tiantian , Meng Yaning , Guan Kexin , Yang Chunyan , Zhang Mengchen
Published: August 2021

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a crop of great interest worldwide. Exploring molecular approaches to increase yield genetic gain has been one of the main challenges for soybean breeders and geneticists. Agronomic traits such as maturity, plant height, and seed weight have been found to contribute to yield. In this study, a total of 250 soybean accessions were genotyped with 10,259 high-quality SNPs postulated from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and evaluated for grain yield, maturity, plant height, and seed weight over three years. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a Bayesian Information and Linkage Disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK) model. Genomic selection (GS) was evaluated using a ridge regression best linear unbiased predictor (rrBLUP) model. The results revealed that 20, 31, 37, and 23 SNPs were significantly associated with maturity, plant height, seed weight, and yield, respectively; Many SNPs were mapped to previously described maturity and plant height loci (E2,E4, andDt1) and a new plant height locus was mapped to chromosome 20. Candidate genes were found in the vicinity of the two SNPs with the highest significant levels associated with yield, maturity, plant height, seed weight, respectively. A 11.5-Mb region of chromosome 10 was associated with both yield and seed weight. Overall, the accuracy of GS was dependent on the trait, year, and population structure, and high accuracy indicates that these agronomic traits can be selected in molecular breeding through GS. The SNP markers identified in this study can be used to improve yield and agronomic traits through the marker-assisted selection and GS in breeding programs.
Psychological preparedness for pandemic (COVID-19) management: Perceptions of nurses and nursing students in India
Authors: Gandhi Sailaxmi , Sahu Maya , Govindan Radhakrishnan , Nattala Prasanthi , Gandhi Sangeetha , Sudhir Paulomi M. , Balachandran Rathi
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The growing COVID-19 pandemic has posed a great threat to millions of people worldwide. Nurses and nursing students are an important group of health professionals who are most likely to face many challenges in this unprecedented scenario. The present study aimed at exploring nurses’ and nursing students’ perception of psychological preparedness for the pandemic (COVID-19) management.

Materials & methods

The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional online survey research design. Purposive sampling was used with an attempt to represent the entire nurses (i.e. nursing officers, nurse administrators and nursing teachers) and nursing students’ group of India. The survey link including the questionnaires was shared to their email ID and they were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected using Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale (PPDTS)–Modified, General Self Efficacy (GSE) Scale, Optimism Scale and Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRS). Totally 685 responses were received and 676 forms were completed which were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24).

Results

The mean age of the subjects was 31.72±9.58 years. Around 20% of the subjects previously had some kind of psychological training and 4% of the subjects had taken care of persons with COVID-19. Findings revealed that mean score for PPDTS, GSE, BRCS and Optimism was 73.44±10.82, 33.19±5.23, 16.79±2.73 and 9.61±2.26 respectively indicating that the subjects had moderate level of psychological preparedness, self-efficacy and resilience but higher level of optimism. Psychological preparedness, self-efficacy, optimism and resilience were positively correlated to each other. Self- efficacy, optimism, and resilience emerged as predictors of psychological preparedness.

Conclusion

The findings suggested that self-efficacy, optimism and resilience can be considered as predictors for psychological preparedness in pandemic management. Appropriate training could influence self-efficacy while programs addressing resilience and coping may strengthen psychological preparedness which can help in further management of ongoing pandemic.
Measuring recent effective gene flow among large populations in Pinus sylvestris: Local pollen shedding does not preclude substantial long-distance pollen immigration
Authors: Jiménez-Ramírez Azucena , Grivet Delphine , Robledo-Arnuncio Juan José
Published: August 2021

The estimation of recent gene flow rates among vast and often weakly genetically differentiated tree populations remains a great challenge. Yet, empirical information would help understanding the interaction between gene flow and local adaptation in present-day non-equilibrium forests. We investigate here recent gene flow rates between two large native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations in central Iberian Peninsula (Spain), which grow on contrasting edaphic conditions six kilometers apart from each other and show substantial quantitative trait divergence in common garden experiments. Using a sample of 1,200 adult and offspring chloroplast-microsatellite haplotypes and a Bayesian inference model, we estimated substantial male gametic gene flow rates (8 and 21%) between the two natural populations, and even greater estimated immigration rates (42 and 64%) from nearby plantations into the two natural populations. Our results suggest that local pollen shedding within large tree populations does not preclude long-distance pollen immigration from large external sources, supporting the role of gene flow as a homogenizing evolutionary force contributing to low molecular genetic differentiation among populations of widely distributed wind-pollinated species. Our results also indicate the high potential for reproductive connectivity in large fragmented populations of wind-pollinated trees, and draw attention to a potential scenario of adaptive genetic divergence in quantitative traits under high gene flow.
IFNγ-stimulated dendritic cell extracellular vesicles can be nasally administered to the brain and enter oligodendrocytes
Authors: Pusic Kae M. , Kraig Richard P. , Pusic Aya D.
Published: August 2021

Extracellular vesicles secreted from IFNγ-stimulated rat dendritic cells (referred to here as IFNγ-DC-EVs) contain miRNAs which promote myelination (including but not limited to miR-219), and preferentially enter oligodendrocytes in brain slice cultures. IFNγ-DC-EVs also increase myelination when nasally administered to naïve rats. While we can infer that these extracellular vesicles enter the CNS from functional studies, here we demonstrate biodistribution throughout the brain after nasal delivery by way of imaging studies. After nasal administration, Xenolight DiR-labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs were detected 30 minutes later throughout the brain and the cervical spinal cord. We next examined cellular uptake of IFNγ-DC-EVs by transfecting IFNγ-DC-EVs with mCherry mRNA prior to nasal administration. mCherry-positive cells were found along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain to the brainstem. These cells morphologically resembled oligodendrocytes, and indeed cell-specific co-staining for neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes showed that mcherry positive cells were predominantly oligodendrocytes. This is in keeping with our prior in vitro results showing that IFNγ-DC-EVs are preferentially taken up by oligodendrocytes, and to a lesser extent, microglia. To confirm that IFNγ-DC-EVs delivered cargo to oligodendrocytes, we quantified protein levels of miR-219 mRNA targets expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and found significantly reduced expression. Finally, we compared intranasal versus intravenous delivery of Xenolight DiR-labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs. Though labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs entered the CNS via both routes, we found that nasal delivery more specifically targeted the CNS with less accumulation in the liver. Taken together, these data show that intranasal administration is an effective route for delivery of IFNγ-DC-EVs to the CNS, and provides additional support for their development as an EV-based neurotherapeutic that, for the first time, targets oligodendrocytes.
Exploring the promise and reality of ward-based primary healthcare outreach teams conducting TB household contact tracing in three districts of South Africa
Authors: Chetty-Makkan Candice M. , deSanto Daniel , Lessells Richard , Charalambous Salome , Velen Kavindhran , Makgopa Sewele , Gumede Dumile , Fielding Katherine , Grant Alison D.
Published: August 2021

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) household contact tracing is a form of targeted active case-finding for which community health workers (‘outreach teams’) in South Africa are primarily responsible for its implementation. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study to understand the role of outreach teams in delivering TB household contact tracing.

Methods

The study took place in three districts of South Africa between May 2016 and February 2017. We conducted 78 in-depth interviews (IDI) (comprising 35 key stakeholders, 31 TB index patients and 12 HHCs) and five focus group discussions (FGD) (40 outreach team members in four FGDs and 12 community stakeholders in one FGD).

Results

Outreach teams contributed positively by working across health-related programmes, providing home-based care and assisting with tracing of persons lost to TB care. However, outreach teams had a limited focus on TB household contact tracing activities, likely due to the broad scope of their work and insufficient programmatic support. Outreach teams often confused TB household contact tracing activities with finding persons lost to TB care. The community also had some reservations on the role of outreach teams conducting TB household contact tracing activities.

Conclusions

Creating awareness among outreach workers and clinic personnel about the importance of and activities related to TB household contact tracing would be required to strengthen the delivery of TB household contact tracing through the community-based primary health care teams. We need better monitoring and evaluation systems, stronger integration within a realistic scope of work, adequate training on TB household contact tracing and TB infection prevention control measures. Involving the community and educating them on the role of outreach teams could improve acceptance of future activities. These timely results and lessons learned should inform contact tracing approaches in the context of COVID-19.
Socioeconomic status and the likelihood of informal care provision in Japan: An analysis considering survival probability of care recipients
Authors: Ibuka Yoko , Ohtsu Yui
Published: August 2021

Studies show that the burden of caregiving tends to fall on individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES); however, the association between SES and the likelihood of caregiving has not yet been established. We studied the relationship between SES and the likelihood of adults providing long-term care for their parents in Japan, where compulsory public long-term insurance has been implemented. We used the following six comprehensive measures of SES for the analysis: income, financial assets, expenditure, living conditions, housing conditions, and education. We found that for some SES measures the probability of care provision for parents was greater in higher SES categories than in the lowest category, although the results were not systematically related to the order of SES categories or consistent across SES measures. The results did not change even after the difference in the probability of parents’ survival according to SES was considered. Overall, we did not find evidence that individuals with lower SES were more likely to provide care to parents than higher-SES individuals. Although a negative association between SES and care burden has been repeatedly reported in terms of care intensity, the caregiving decision could be different in relation to SES. Further research is necessary to generalize the results.
The role of risk communication in public health interventions. An analysis of risk communication for a community quarantine in Germany to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Authors: Scholz Juliane , Wetzker Wibke , Licht Annika , Heintzmann Rainer , Scherag André , Weis Sebastian , Pletz Mathias , Betsch Cornelia , Bauer Michael , Dickmann Petra ,   the CoNAN study group
Published: August 2021

Background

Separating ill or possibly infectious people from their healthy community is one of the core principles of non-pharmaceutical interventions. However, there is scarce evidence on how to successfully implement quarantine orders. We investigated a community quarantine for an entire village in Germany (Neustadt am Rennsteig, March 2020) with the aim of better understanding the successful implementation of quarantine measures.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Neustadt am Rennsteig six weeks after the end of a 14-day mandatory community quarantine. The sample size consisted of 562 adults (64% of the community), and the response rate was 295 adults, or 52% (33% of the community).

Findings

National television was reported as the most important channel of information. Contact with local authorities was very limited, and partners or spouses played a more important role in sharing information. Generally, the self-reported information level was judged to be good (211/289 [73.0%]). The majority of participants (212/289 [73.4%]) approved of the quarantine, and the reported compliance was 217/289 (75.1%). A self-reported higher level of concern as well as a higher level of information correlated positively with both a greater acceptance of quarantine and self-reported compliant behaviour.

Interpretation

The community quarantine presented a rare opportunity to investigate a public health intervention for an entire community. In order to improve the implementation of public health interventions, public health risk communication activities should be intensified to increase both the information level (potentially leading to better compliance with community quarantine) and the communication level (to facilitate rapport and trust between public health authorities and their communities).
Early effect of percutaneous coronary intervention of non-left anterior descending artery on coronary flow velocity reserve of left anterior descending artery assessed by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography
Authors: Hada Masahiro , Hoshino Masahiro , Wakasa Nobutaka , Sugiyama Tomoyo , Kanaji Yoshihisa , Yamaguchi Masao , Misawa Toru , Nagamine Tatsuhiro , Nogami Kai , Yasui Yumi , Yonetsu Taishi , Sasano Tetsuo , Kakuta Tsunekazu
Published: August 2021

Background

Limited data are available regarding the influence of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of non-totally occluded lesions (non-CTO) on the coronary flow of non-target vessels. We sought to investigate the short-term impact of the non-left anterior descending artery (non-LAD) PCI on the coronary flow physiology of LAD using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TDE).

Methods and results

We consecutively studied 50 patients who underwent successful PCI of non-LAD and non-CTO lesions and a coronary flow velocity assessment of LAD at rest and maximal hyperemia before and at 2 days after the procedure by TDE. Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to resting diastolic peak velocity (hDPV/bDPV). We evaluated the changes in LAD coronary flow characteristics after PCI of non-LAD and explored the determinants of the change in LAD-CFVR. The median fractional flow reserve (FFR) of the culprit lesion and the LAD quantitative flow ratio (QFR) were 0.67 and 0.88, respectively. After non-LAD PCI, LAD-CFVR was decreased in 33 patients (66.0%). LAD-CFVR significantly decreased (pre-PCI: 2.41, post-PCI: 2.03, p = 0.001) due to a significant decrease in LAD-hDPV (P = 0.007). The prevalence of impaired LAD-CFVR (≤2.0) significantly increased (pre: 30%, post: 48%, P = 0.027). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that pre-PCI LAD-CFVR was independent predictor of the change in LAD-CFVR after PCI.

Conclusions

LAD-CFVR significantly decreased after successful non-LAD PCI due to the postprocedural reduction of coronary flow assessed by LAD-hDPV.
Depression, anxiety and associated factors among people with epilepsy and attending outpatient treatment at primary public hospitals in northwest Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study
Authors: Nigussie Kabtamu , Lemma Alemu , Sertsu Addisu , Asfaw Henock , Kerebih Habtamu , Abdeta Tilahun
Published: August 2021

Objective

To assess the magnitude and factors associated with depression and anxiety among people with epilepsy and attending out-patient treatment at central Gondar zone primary public hospitals, northwest, Ethiopia.

Method

An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from May—June, 2020 at central Gondar zone primary public hospitals. A total of 589 participants were chosen by systematic sampling technique. Data was collected by utilizing Amharic version interviewer-administered structured and semi-structured questioners. Depression and anxiety were assessed by using hospital anxiety and depression scale. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to recognize variables related to both depression and anxiety. Association was described by using “adjusted odds ratio” (AOR) along with 95% full Confidence interval (CI). Finally, P-values < 0.05 in adjusted analysis were taken as a cut off for significant association.

Result

Out of 556 participants included in the study, 30.9%, 33.1% had depression and anxiety respectively. Being divorced/widowed (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI, 1.18–4.99), using two and above number of antiepileptic medications (AOR = 1.77,95% CI,1.02–3.09), very frequent seizure frequency (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI,1.30–5.51), current substance use (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI, 1.03–3.22), perceived stigma (AOR = 5.67,95% CI,3.14–8.18), and hazardous alcohol use (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI,1.32–6.09) were statistically associated with depression. While, being a single (AOR = 1.65, 95% CI, 1.04–2.63), using two and above number of antiepileptic medications (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI, 1.42–3.62), duration of illness ≥16 years (AOR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.26–6.31), and perceived stigma (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI, 1.63–3.82) were statistically associated with anxiety at a p-value < 0.05.

Conclusion

This study showed that the magnitude of depression and anxiety were relatively high among people with epilepsy. Using two and above number of antiepileptic medications and perceived stigma were statistically associated with both depression and anxiety. Screening, early identification and providing appropriate intervention of depression and anxiety among people with epilepsy should be great concern for the health care providers.
Modelagem da Taxa de Câmbio Real no Brasil: Uma Aplicação ARIMA-GARCH para o Período 2010-2018
Authors: Mendonça de Oliveira Bruna , Alvim Franchini Alinne , Lima Milani Rodrigues Letícia
Published: August 2021

O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar e modelar a série de taxa de câmbio real no Brasil e sua volatilidade, no período de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2018. Para isso, utiliza-se o modelo ARIMA na série em nível e um modelo GARCH com distribuição normal assimétrica nos resíduos do modelo ARIMA ajustado. Diante da volatilidade estimada pelo modelo GARCH, pode-se concluir que a maior instabilidade cambial ocorre durante os anos de 2015 e 2016, o que pode ser explicado pelo cenário político, que acabou gerando desconfiança nos investidores e parceiros comerciais e financeiros do Brasil.
Pobreza na Região Norte do Brasil: Uma análise multidimensional usando os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar
Authors: Adriano Silva Lucas , Tristão Rodrigues Cristiana
Published: August 2021

O objetivo do presente trabalho, foi o de conceber um novo perfil de pobreza para a Região Norte do Brasil, a partir de um aspecto multidimensional, explicitando a situação da área rural. Como abordagem, utilizou-se o método de corte duplo de Alkire e Foster (2011), que permitiu estimar a quantidade da pobreza, com a sua intensidade, acerca dos domicílios do Norte brasileiro. Pode-se ter melhor entendimento da pobreza, dada a possibilidade de saber sobre o que mais contribui para sua formação, abrindo margem para a adoção de prioridades no âmbito de políticas públicas de combate à pobreza.
A Criminalidade no Rio Grande do Sul: Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais para os Anos de 2002, 2010 e 2018
Authors: Guimarães Fernando Theodoro , Becker Kalinca Léia
Published: August 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a distribuição espacial das taxas de roubos, tráfico de entorpecentes e os homicídios no Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 2002, 2010 e 2018. Para isso foi utilizado o instrumental da análise exploratória de dados espaciais (AEDE). Os resultados indicaram a existência de intensa correlação espacial para as altas taxas de crimes na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA), enquanto as baixas taxas de crimes se mostraram correlacionadas nas regiões Nordeste e Noroeste do Estado. Os resultados também apontam que as taxas de roubos e tráfico apresentam maior grau de associação espacial.
Fragilidade Financeira Externa da Economia Brasileira no período 2003-2018
Authors: Silva Archanjo Jander Luiz , Pádua Jardim de Miranda Bernardo
Published: August 2021

O presente artigo analisa a fragilidade financeira externa da economia brasileira no período entre os anos de 2003 e 2018. Para tanto, são calculados indicadores de fragilidade financeira externa que possuem como fundamento teórico a Hipótese da Fragilidade Financeira de Minsky (1986), adaptada para uma economia aberta. Os indicadores mostraram que o Brasil possui elevada proporção de passivos externos de curto prazo comparativamente às reservas e que as exportações brasileiras são consideravelmente baixas, diante da demanda corrente por moeda estrangeira. Verificou-se ainda, que a trajetória desses índices foi fortemente influenciada pela oscilação dos preços de commodities e pelos fatores patrimoniais.
Novo-Desenvolvimentismo: Uma Sistematização Teórica
Authors: Garcia Silveira Marcelo , Angeli Eduardo , Colangelo Salomão Ivan
Published: August 2021

O novo-desenvolvimentismo é uma abordagem econômica constituída por uma vasta literatura produzida ao longo dos últimos anos. Diante de tal circunstância, o objetivo do presente artigo é oferecer uma síntese do pensamento novo-desenvolvimentista, ao trazer uma explicação para sua fundamentação teórica e propostas de política econômica que vêm sendo expostas ao longo dos últimos anos. Para isso, trata-se o contexto em que surgiu o novo-desenvolvimentismo. Em seguida, discute-se uma lista de características deste movimento, levantada inicialmente por Bresser-Pereira. A seguir, são explicadas algumas similaridades e diferenças entre o desenvolvimentismo original e o novo-desenvolvimentismo.
PEREMPUAN MANDIRI DALAM NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA KARYA PRAMUDYA ANANTA TOER DAN DRAMA MUTTER COURAGE UND IHRE KINDER KARYA BERTOLT BRECHT
Authors: Haryati Isti
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study to describe and reveal the comparation of the independence of female characters in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Bumi Manusia and in Bertolt Brecht’s Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using the comparative literature method. This research will describe and comprehend the comparison of independent female characters in the Pramudya Ananta Toer’s Bumi Manusia and in Brecht’s Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder by Bertolt Brecht. The results showed that from the comparison of two independent female character in two literary works, namely novel Bumi Manusia and drama Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder, it can be concluded that there are many similarities of the two independent female characters despite the difference. Equation (affinity) also showed that the two works were created by different authors are also mutually influence. Drama Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder by Bertolt Brecht created in 1938 possibly affect Bumi Manusia novel created by Pramoedya Ananta Toer in 1975. Moreover, both authors are communist and they created the two literary works while in exile.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Nadar Sarojini
Published: August 2021

What can we learn about the intersections of gender and religion fromplays, films, medieval epics, poetry, and ancient biblical texts? A greatdeal, if the five articles in this issue of the journal are anything to go by.These articles offer in-depth analyses and profound insights about gendered relationships and the ways in which asymmetrical power is manifest in these various forms of media. Drawing on a range of interdisciplinary methods, the articles in this issue invite us to consider how literature, film, poetry, and ancient texts act as a mirror for, and a window to religiously and culturally sanctioned gendered roles, behaviours, and attitudes.
Editor's Introduction: The Psychotherapy Case of "Sharon" -- A Comparative Analysis Using Contrasting Interpersonal Theories
Authors: Fishman Daniel B
Published: August 2021

This article is a brief orientation to the current PCSP issue, which presents and compares two contrasting, interpersonal theories—Interpersonal Defense Theory and Interpersonal Reconstructive Therapy—for developing a case formulation and treatment plan for the case of "Sharon," a 28-year, unmarried social worker with no children. At the beginning of Sharon’s therapy, which was part of a randomized clinical trial (RCT), Sharon presented with comorbid anxiety and personality disorders. A major focus of her problems was being stuck between being simultaneously drawn to and repelled by "Jeff," her former finance. In reading this article series, a number of important themes to keep in mind are mentioned, including (a) comparing theoretical similarities and differences between the two theories; (b) the differences in the information selected by each theory from the large database of quantitative and qualitative clinical information in the database generated by the RCT; and (c) the enrichment of theory that occurs when it is applied to an individual case.
Further Developments in the Panel of Psychological Inquiry Method of Case Study Research: The Case of "Ronan"
Authors: Miller Ronald B. , Ashley Brian , Mount Kristin , Tuepker Samantha , Powell Thomas , O'Leary David , Fouts Michele , Allshouse Kimberly , Rusczek Jacob , Hennebarrows Kelsy , Dombroski Amanda
Published: August 2021

In 2011 our research group published a pilot study—the Case of "Anna"—employing the Panel of Psychological Inquiry (PPI) Clinical Case Study Method. The present study—the Case of "Ronan"—is a second example of the PPI method in action. The Case of Ronan has a number of modifications in method compared to the Case of Anna. First, the Case of Ronan involves the evaluation of a more complex and controversial written case study of a 20-month old boy who was diagnosed with moderate to severe autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and who was treated in a comprehensive therapeutic daycare center program where the core approach was based upon  Greenspan’s (2009) "Developmental, Individual-differences, Relationship-based" ("DIR"/ "Floortime") model. DIR/Floortime was originally developed for use by parents in their own homes, and the Case of Ronan demonstrates how a therapeutic pre-school environment can use DIR/Floortime as a model for most adult-child interactions in a pre-school therapeutic environment.  In addition to the application of the PPI model to a radically different clinical diagnosis, there were  modifications to the methodology itself including: (a) reduction in the number of judges from five to three; (b) having a key witness in the case testify remotely before the Panel; (c) the writing of a much more detailed judges’ opinion on the aspects of the case that most influenced their decisions; and (d) a further development of the logic of a quasi-judicial approach to clinical case studies in psychology. By examining how the civil law’s basic framework for proving causality in cases of personal injury (who did what harm to whom), the process by which knowledge claims that emerge out of clinical practice (who provided what benefit to whom) is further explicated.
Moderating Effects of Individual Differences in Causality Orientation on Relationships between Reward, Choice, and Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Jiang Juming , Kusamoto Misaki , Tanaka Ayumi
Published: August 2021

This study examines the effects of external environmental factors, specifically monetary reward and choice, on intrinsic motivation, and tests whether they are moderated by individual differences in causality orientation. We randomly assigned 103 undergraduates to one of four conditions: reward (reward vs. no reward) × choice (choice vs. no choice). Participants were given puzzles to solve in the experimenters' presence, which they were free to continue tackling when the experimenters left the room. We measured the time spent solving puzzles when free to choose other activities, task enjoyment, and perceived competence as dependent variables. Interest in puzzles was unaffected by receiving a reward in participants with high autonomy orientation but dropped significantly in participants with low autonomy orientation. Choice over the task increased competence in participants with high autonomy orientation but lowered competence in low autonomy orientation. Finally, we found no significant effects on time spent on puzzles. The present study contributes to current literature regarding the causes of differences in performance in various achievement settings.
Relação entre a integridade da mata ciliar e a distribuição de renda na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una
Authors: Sales Jomil Costa Abreu , Silva Darllan Collins da Cunha e , Simonetti Vanessa Cezar , Nery Liliane Moreira , Lourenço Roberto Wagner
Published: August 2021

Matas ciliares exercem funções ambientais fundamentais para o equilíbrio ecossistêmico, contudo, essas áreas são frequentemente submetidas à intensas perturbações em virtude de atividades antropogênicas. Dessa forma, o presente estudo avaliou a relação da integridade da mata ciliar da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Una em função da distribuição de renda da região, utilizando dados do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e o mapeamento da cobertura e uso da terra. Os resultados demonstraram que 23,3% da área total das áreas de preservação permanente mapeadas é composta por atividades referentes à agropecuária. Também foi verificado que as áreas com os menores valores de integridade de mata ciliar ocorrem em áreas com renda baixa e média. O estudo traz à luz a necessidade de formulação de políticas públicas que auxiliem na tomada de decisão e que sejam capazes de reverter a desigualdade de renda na região, permitindo um maior desenvolvimento econômico que não esteja vinculado à degradação do meio ambiente.
Stress in healthcare workers in Hospitals and Emergency Care Units in Sergipe public health service during COVID-19 pandemic time
Authors: Durço Aimée Obolari , Souza Diego Santos , Almeida Isabella Barros , Sombrio Lucas Sousa , Santos Márcio Roberto Viana
Published: August 2021

The objective of this work was to assess the stress in healthcare workers (HCW) and its correlation with perception of stressors in their work environments - hospitals and emergency care units in the public health system in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study carried out by non-probabilistic sampling with 58 HCW, using specific questionnaires and a validated scale (Job Stress Scale) about sociodemographic issues, job stress and COVID-19. Using the demand-control-support assessment model, the work performed was classified as passive, active, low strain and high strain, according work's demand and the range of decision-making freedom. Estimated correlations between each questionnaire were performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient through SPSS software, and descriptive statistics, through Excel. Most of the participants were shown to be under high psychological demand (93.10%) and found themselves with high control (89.66%). Some factors affected the HCW’s perception of social support in the workplace, these were their team’s knowledge about COVID-19, the availability of personal protective equipment, and their physical comfort while using it. HCW were involved in active work; although they were not in the worst scenario in relation to psychological stress, they were still under great psychological strain, which reinforces the need to adopt effective measures to reduce it.
Ethno-pharmacology of Asaroon (Asarum europaeum L.) with special reference to Unani System of Medicine
Authors: Maseehullah MD , Zakir Mohammad , Anas Mohd , Kazmi Munawwar Husain
Published: August 2021

Asaroon is the rhizome of Asarum europaeum L. and is commonly used in Unani medicines for its various pharmacological actions. It is an evergreen plant with glossy foliage. It belongs to the family of Aristolochiaceae and is native to Europe and the United State of America. Some species of Asaroon have been found in the Eastern Himalayan region. Asaroon has actions like Muharrik-i-A‘sab (nervine stimulant), Mudirr-i-Bawl (diuretics), Mudirr-i-Hayd (emmenagogue), Musakkin-i-Alam (analgesic), Mufattit-i-sudad (remove obstructions) and Muqawwī-i-Jigar (hepatotonic), etc. It is used in the management of Hummā (fevers), Waja 'al-Mafasil (polyarthritis), Sara (epilepsy), Falij (paralysis), Ihtibās al-Tamth (amenorrhea) and Niqris (gout), etc. as per the Unani system of medicine (USM). It is used as a single herb as well as with a combination of other drugs to manage many diseases. The A. europaeum L. contains volatile oils and flavonoids along with other secondary metabolites. In the Indian market, Valeriana wallichii DC has been sold as Tagar but in some cases, it is sold as Asaroon. It is a clear case of adulteration by replacement of costly foreign drugs with a similar-looking indigenous drug. In this manuscript, we have discussed the Ethno-pharmacology of the A. europaeum L. with special reference to USM and basic differences with V. wallichii DC to show that both drugs are different and their actions and uses are also different from each other.
An endocrine perspective on menstrual suppression for adolescents: achieving good suppression while optimizing bone health
Authors: Lahoti Amit , Yu Christine , Brar Preneet Cheema , Dalgo Austin , Gourgari Evgenia , Harris Rebecca , Kamboj Manmohan K. , Marks Seth , Nandagopal Radha , Page Laura , Raman Vandana , Reynolds Danielle G. , Sarafoglou Kyriakie , Terrell Carrie , Stanley Takara L.
Published: August 2021

Suppression of menstruation and/or ovarian function in adolescent girls may be desired for a variety of reasons. Numerous medical options exist. The choice of the appropriate modality for an individual patient depends on several factors based on differences in the efficacy of achieving menstrual suppression as well as in their side effect profiles. Adolescence is also a period of bone mass accrual in girls, and several of these modalities may negatively influence peak bone mass. This review focuses on the efficacy of achieving menstrual suppression and the effect on bone health of the various options through an overview of the current literature and also highlights areas in need of further research.
Urinary iodine and thyroglobulin are useful markers in infants suspected of congenital hypothyroidism based on newborn screening
Authors: Tachibana Makiko , Miyoshi Yoko , Fukui Miho , Onuma Shinsuke , Fukuoka Tomoya , Satomura Yoshinori , Yasuda Kie , Kimura Takeshi , Bessho Kazuhiko , Ozono Keiichi
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Iodine deficiency and excess both cause thyroid dysfunction. Few data describe the relationship between iodine status and outcomes of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in iodine-sufficient areas. We investigated urinary iodine (UI) concentration and its relationship with the clinical course of CH.

Methods

We reviewed and retrospectively analyzed patients with positive newborn screening (NBS) for CH from January 2012 to June 2019 in Japan, obtaining UI and UI-urine creatinine ratio (UI/Cr), serum TSH, free T4, free T3 and thyroglobulin (Tg) at the first visit, TSH at NBS, levothyroxine (LT4) dose, and subsequent doses. A UI value of 100–299 μg/L was considered adequate.

Results

Forty-eight patients were included. Median UI and UI/Cr were 325 μg/L and 3,930 µg/gCr, respectively. UI was high (≥300 μg/L) in 26 (54%) and low (≤99 μg/L) in 11 (23%). LT4 was administered to 34 patients. Iodine status was not related to the need for treatment. We found a U-shaped relationship between Tg and UI/Cr. Patients with high Tg (≥400 ng/mL) and abnormal UI levels required significantly lower LT4 doses (≤20 µg/day) at three years of age. Even if they showed severe hypothyroidism initially, they did not need subsequent dose increments.

Conclusions

Abnormal UI levels with Tg elevation were associated with lower LT4 dose requirements. The evaluation of iodine status and Tg concentrations were considered useful in patients suspected of CH.
Induced abortion and COVID-19 as contributing factors to declining fertility in Sardinia
Authors: Corda Valentina , Monni Giovanni , Murgia Federica , Piras Alba , Ibba Rosa Maria , Chervenak Frank A. , McCullough Laurence B.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Decreasing fertility implies considerable public health, societal, political, and international consequences. Induced abortion (IA) and the recent COVID-19 pandemic can be contributing factors to it but these have not been adequately studied so far. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relation of IA incidence and the COVID-19 pandemic to declining rates of delivery, as per our Sardinian experience.

Methods

We analyzed the registered data from the official Italian statistics surveys of deliveries and IA in the last 10 years from 2011 to 2020 in Sardinia.

Results

A total of 106,557 deliveries occurred and a progressive decrease in the birth rate has been observed. A total of 18,250 IA occurred and a progressive decline has been observed here as well. The ratio between IA and deliveries remained constant over the decade. Between 2011 and 2019 a variation of −4.32% was observed for IA while in the last year, during the COVID-19 pandemic the decrease of the procedures was equal to −12.30%. For the deliveries, a mean variation of the −4.8% was observed between the 2011 and the 2019 while in the last year, during the COVID-19 pandemic the decrease was about −9%. Considering the about 30% reduction of live births between 2011 and 2020, there is an almost proportional reduction in IA.

Conclusions

Public policy responses to decreasing fertility, especially pronatalist ones, would be provided with evidence base about trends in delivery and IA and women’s decision making.
A Robust Test for Monotonicity in Asset Returns
Authors: Taufemback Cleiton G. , Troster Victor , Shahbaz Muhammad
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we propose a robust test of monotonicity in asset returns that is valid under a general setting. We develop a test that allows for dependent data and is robust to conditional heteroskedasticity or heavy-tailed distributions of return differentials. Many postulated theories in economics and finance assume monotonic relationships between expected asset returns and certain underlying characteristics of an asset. Existing tests in literature fail to control the probability of a type 1 error or have low power under heavy-tailed distributions of return differentials. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate that our test statistic has a correct empirical size under all data-generating processes together with a similar power to other tests. Conversely, alternative tests are nonconservative under conditional heteroskedasticity or heavy-tailed distributions of return differentials. We also present an empirical application on the monotonicity of returns on various portfolios sorts that highlights the usefulness of our approach.
Monolithic integrated emitting-detecting configuration based on strained Ge microbridge
Authors: Qin Senbiao , Sun Junqiang , Jiang Jialin , Zhang Yi , Cheng Ming , Yu Linfeng , Wang Kang , Kai Li , Shi Haotian , Huang Qiang
Published: August 2021

The strain technology is accelerating the progress on the CMOS compatible Ge-on-Si laser source. Here, we report a monolithically integrated microbridge-based emitting-detecting configuration, equipped with lateral p–i–n junctions, waveguide and gratings. The operating wavelength range of the emitting bridge and the detecting bridge are matched through the designed same dimensions of the two microbridges, as well as the strain. Strain-enhanced spontaneous emission and the effect of spectra red-shifting on low-loss transmission of on-chip light are discussed. Temperature dependence experiments reveal that in devices with highly strain-enhanced structure, the strain variation can offset the effect of electron thermalization, so that the performance of the device remains stable when temperature changes around room temperature.
Crystal structure of dimethyl-bis(4-bromophenyl-κC
1)tin(IV), C14H14Br2Sn
Authors: Lee See Mun , Lo Kong Mun , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: August 2021

C14H14Br2Sn, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.9848(2) Å, b = 18.9911(2) Å, c = 6.0550(1) Å, β = 99.136(1)°, V = 1474.19(4) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0193, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0490, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of [meso-5,7,7,12,14,14,-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane]nickel(II) diperchlorate – dimethylsulphoxide (1/2), C20H48Cl2N4NiO10S2
Authors: Rabi Saswata , Dey Lucky , Palit Debashis , Dey Benu Kumar , Rahman Ismail M. M. , Tiekink Edward R. T. , Roy Tapashi Ghosh
Published: August 2021

C20H48Cl2N4NiO10S2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 8.657(2) Å, b = 15.233(4) Å, c = 11.956(3) Å, β = 102.737(2)°, V = 1537.9(7) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0237, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0655, T = 93(2) K.
Fulgide dyes
Authors: Towns Andrew
Published: August 2021

This article outlines the general structures and photochromism characteristic of fulgide dyes and their most important related analogues. It provides an overview of synthetic routes to such derivatives in addition to exemplifying how typical structural variations influence photochromic behavior. A brief survey then follows, giving a flavor of the applications that have been – and continue to be – sought for them in the capacity of functional dyes.