bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological inhibition of astrocytic transglutaminase 2 facilitates the expression of a neurosupportive astrocyte reactive phenotype in association with increased histone acetylation
Authors: Delgado Thomas , Emerson Jacen , Hong Matthew , Keillor Jeffrey W. , Johnson Gail VW
Published: February 2023

Astrocytes play critical roles in supporting structural and metabolic homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS injury leads to the development of a range of reactive phenotypes in astrocytes whose molecular determinants are poorly understood. Finding ways to modulate astrocytic injury responses and leverage a pro-recovery phenotype holds promise in treating CNS injury. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ablation of astrocytic transglutaminase 2 (TG2) modulates the phenotype of reactive astrocytes in a way that improves neuronal injury outcomes bothin vitroandin vivo. In anin vivomouse model, pharmacological inhibition of TG2 with the irreversible inhibitor VA4 phenocopies the neurosupportive effects of TG2 deletion in astrocytes. In this study, we provide insights into the mechanisms by which TG2 deletion or inhibition result in a more neurosupportive astrocytic phenotype. Using a neuron-astrocyte co-culture model, we show that VA4 treatment improves the ability of astrocytes to support neurite outgrowth on an injury-relevant matrix. To better understand how pharmacologically altering TG2 affects its ability to regulate reactive astrocyte phenotypes, we assessed how VA4 inhibition impacts TG2’s interaction with Zbtb7a, a transcription factor we have previously identified as a functionally relevant TG2 nuclear interactor. The results of these studies demonstrate that VA4 significantly decreases the interaction of TG2 and Zbtb7a. TG2’s interactions with Zbtb7a, as well as a wide range of other transcription factors and chromatin regulatory proteins, suggest that TG2 may act as an epigenetic regulator to modulate gene expression. To begin to understand if TG2-mediated epigenetic modification may impact astrocytic phenotypes in our models, we interrogated the effect of TG2 deletion and VA4 treatment on histone acetylation and found significantly greater acetylation in both experimental groups. Consistent with these findings, previous RNA-sequencing and our present proteomic analysis also supported a predominant transcriptionally suppressive role of TG2 in astrocytes. Our proteomic data additionally unveiled pronounced changes in lipid and antioxidant metabolism in astrocytes with TG2 deletion or inhibition, which likely contribute to the enhanced neurosupportive function of these astrocytes.
A selfish genetic element and its suppressor causes abnormalities to testes in a fly
Authors: Lyth Sophie , Manser Andri , Price Tom A. R. , Hurst Gregory D. D. , Verspoor Rudi L.
Published: February 2023

Selfish genetic elements (SGEs), specifically X-chromosome meiotic drive (XCMD), create huge conflicts within a host’s genome and can have profound effects on fertility. Suppressors are a common evolutionary response to XCMD to negate its costs. However, whether suppressors themselves can cause negative non-target effects remains understudied. Here, we examine whether the intragenomic conflicts created by XCMD and its suppressor affect gonad morphology inDrosophila subobscura.We found significant differences in testes, seminal vesicle, and accessory gland size depending on whether a male carried a non-driving X chromosome, an XCMD, and if the XCMD was suppressed. We also found the first evidence of abnormal testes development that is specifically associated with a suppressor of XCMD. Unlike other studies, our evidence suggests that XCMD inD. subobscuracreates major abnormalities to male gonads. These abnormalities are most frequent if both XCMD and its suppressor are both present. While costs of suppression have importance in theoretical models, they have largely been ignored in empirical XCMD systems. Overall, this study highlights that genetic conflict, created by SGEs and their suppressors, is a potent evolutionary force that can have major impacts on gonad development and gametogenesis.
Enzymatic reactions of AGO4 in RNA-directed DNA methylation: siRNA duplex loading, passenger strand elimination, target RNA slicing, and sliced target retention
Authors: Wang Feng , Huang Hsiao-Yun , Huang Jie , Singh Jasleen , Pikaard Craig S.
Published: February 2023

RNA-directed DNA methylation in plants is guided by 24-nt siRNAs generated in parallel with 23-nt RNAs of unknown function. We show that 23-nt RNAs function as passenger strands during 24-nt siRNA incorporation into AGO4. The 23-nt RNAs are then sliced into 11- and 12-nt fragments, with 12-nt fragments remaining associated with AGO4. Slicing recapitulated with recombinant AGO4 and synthetic RNAs reveals that siRNAs of 21–24 nt, with any 5′-terminal nucleotide, can guide slicing, with sliced RNAs then retained by AGO4. In vivo, RdDM target locus RNAs that copurify with AGO4 also display a sequence signature of slicing. Comparing plants expressing slicing-competent versus slicing-defective AGO4 shows that slicing elevates cytosine methylation levels at virtually all RdDM loci. We propose that siRNA passenger strand elimination and AGO4 tethering to sliced target RNAs are distinct modes by which AGO4 slicing enhances RNA-directed DNA methylation.
Whither the need and motivation for open government data (OGD) promotional strategies?
Authors: Alexopoulos Charalampos , Saxena Stuti , Janssen Marijn , Rizun Nina
Published: February 2023

Purpose

It has been underscored in the extant literature that open government data (OGD) has not percolated across the length and breadth of any country, let alone the awareness of the OGD among the stakeholders themselves. In this vein, this study aims to underline the reasons as to why OGD promotion merits consideration apart from underlining the manner in which OGD promotion may be done.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on literature review on the OGD conceptual models and government promotion initiatives, the study further sketches an OGD model across four quadrants: beginners, followers, fast-trackers, trend-setters on the basis of the progress made in their OGD initiatives besides underlining the four elements of OGD promotional strategy as media, arena, substance and stakeholders. Also, the study explores the drivers and barriers to OGD promotional initiatives.

Findings

The study shows that across the OGD quadrants, the promotional strategies vary in terms of the 4As (acceptability, affordability, accessibility and awareness), and the same get reflected across MASS. Further, the drivers for OGD promotional initiatives are building citizens’ trust and forging stakeholder participation and collaboration in administration, thereby furthering transparency in administration, meeting the needs of the stakeholders, providing the desired impetus to value creation and innovation by the stakeholders and the need for furthering economic growth. Likewise, the barriers toward OGD promotion are linked with the lack of political will, lack of organizational leadership, mission and vision, lack of involvement of government departments, lack of budget and lack of requisite infrastructure for promotion.

Originality/value

Hitherto, OGD research has underscored the need to make the users aware of the potential of OGD initiative; however, no study has been undertaken to understand the manner in which the awareness may be driven among the users – the present study is a first step in this direction.
Predicting daily activity time through ecological niche modelling and microclimatic data
Authors: Toro‐Cardona Felipe A. , Parra Juan L. , Rojas‐Soto Octavio R.
Published: February 2023

Climate temporality is a phenomenon that affects species activity and distribution patterns across spatial and temporal scales. Despite the global availability of microclimatic data, their use to predict activity patterns and distributions remains scarce, particularly at fine temporal scales (e.g. < month). Predicting activity patterns based on climatic data may allow us to foresee some of the consequences of climate change, particularly for ectothermic vertebrates.

The Gila monster exhibits marked daily and seasonal activity patterns linked to physiology and reproduction. Here we evaluate whether ecological niche models fitted using microclimate data can predict temporal activity patterns using the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum as a study system. Furthermore, we identified whether the activity patterns are related to physiological constraints.

We used dated occurrences from museum specimens and human observations to generate and test ecological niche models using minimum volume ellipsoids. We generated hourly microclimatic data for each occurrence site for 10 years using the NicheMapR package. For ecological niche modelling, we compared the traditional seasonal approach versus a daily activity pattern strategy for model construction. We tested both using the omission rate of independent observations (citizen science data). Finally, we tested whether unimodal and bimodal activity patterns for each season could be recreated through ecological niche modelling and whether these patterns followed known physiological constraints.

The unimodal and bimodal activity patterns previously reported directly from tracking individuals across the year were recovered using niche modelling and microclimate across the species' geographical range. We found that upper thermal tolerances can explain the daily activity patterns of this species.

We conclude that ecological niche models trained with microclimatic data can be used to predict activity patterns at high temporal resolutions, particularly on ectotherm species of arid zones coping with rapid climate modifications. Furthermore, the use of high temporal resolution variables can lead to a better niche delimitation, enhancing the results of any research objective that uses correlative models.
A meta‐regression analysis on the willingness‐to‐pay for country‐of‐origin labelling
Authors: Yeh Ching‐Hua , Hirsch Stefan
Published: February 2023

Food quality and food safety issues arouse increasing interest and concern among consumers and policy‐makers. Consequently, the importance of country‐of‐origin labelling (COOL) is increasing in business, policy and research. Numerous studies have reported a wide range of estimates for consumers' willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for COOL using stated preference methods and, in particular, discrete choice experiments. We apply meta‐regression analyses to synthesise the heterogeneous results of 204 WTP for COOL estimates extracted from 59 studies which used discrete choice experiments and were published between 2009 and 2020. Meta‐regression analysis allows an adjusted summary proxy to be derived for the WTP for COOL and the determinants of heterogeneity in reported WTP estimates are also investigated. Our results suggest that there is a significant positive WTP for COOL, and also reveal that the reported WTP estimates are unaffected by publication bias. In addition, they show systematic variation in WTP estimates across the context and methodological characteristics of the studies. More precisely, we find that the region and the product (animal‐ vs. plant‐based) analysed, as well as certain characteristics of the choice design (e.g., the number of attributes used, or the inclusion of an opt‐out option) can have a significant impact on the estimated WTP for COOL. Finally, our results reveal significant differences in price premiums between various types of COOL (e.g., domestic vs. foreign). This highlights that results from individual primary studies should not be generalised without further consideration of the underlying study design.
Combining historical agricultural and climate datasets sheds new light on early 20th century barley performance
Authors: Raymond Joanna , Mackay Ian , Penfield Steven , Lovett Andrew , Philpott Haidee , Dorling Stephen
Published: February 2023

Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is cultivated globally across a wide range of environments, both in highly productive agricultural systems and in subsistence agriculture and provides valuable feedstock for the animal feed and malting industries. However, as the climate changes there is an urgent need to identify adapted barley varieties that will consistently yield highly under increased environmental stresses. Our ability to predict future local climates is only as good as the skill of the climate model, however we can look back over 100 years with much greater certainty. Historical weather datasets are an excellent resource for identifying causes of historical yield variability. In this research we combined recently digitised historical weather data from the early 20th century with published Irish spring barley trials data for two heritage varieties: Archer and Goldthorpe, following an analysis first published by Student in 1923. Using linear mixed models, we show that interannual variation in observed spring barley yields can be partially explained by recorded weather variability, in particular July maximum temperature and rainfall, and August maximum temperature. We find that while Archer largely yields more highly, Goldthorpe is more stable under wetter growing conditions, highlighting the importance of considering growing climate in variety selection. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the benefits of access to historical trials and climatic data and the importance of incorporating climate data in modern day breeding programmes to improve climate resilience of future varieties.
Risk factors for suicide among patients having received treatment with electroconvulsive therapy: A nationwide study of 11,780 patients
Authors: Spanggård Anders , Rohde Christopher , Østergaard Søren Dinesen
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Despite the putative anti‐suicidal effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients receiving ECT remain at high risk of dying from suicide due to the severity of their underlying mental illness. We aimed to quantify this risk and to identify risk factors for suicide among patients receiving ECT.

Methods

Using nationwide Danish registers, we identified all patients that initiated ECT between 2006 and 2016. These patients were matched on sex and age to 10 reference individuals from the general Danish population. Firstly, we compared 2‐year suicide risk between patients initiating ECT and the matched reference individuals. Secondly, we investigated if any patient characteristics were associated with suicide following ECT via Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

A total of 11,780 patients receiving ECT and 117,800 reference individuals were included in the analyses. Among the patients receiving ECT, 161 (1.4%) died from suicide within two years. Compared to the reference individuals, patients having received ECT had a substantially elevated suicide rate (Hazard rate ratio (HRR) = 44.48, 95%CI = 31.12–63.59). Among those having received ECT, the following characteristics were associated with suicide: Male sex (adjusted HRR (AHRR) = 2.32, 95%CI = 1.63–3.30), medium‐term higher education (AHRR = 2.64, 95%CI = 1.57–4.44); long‐term higher education (AHRR = 3.16, 95%CI = 1.68–5.94), history of substance use disorder (AHRR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.01–2.26) and history of intentional self‐harm/suicide attempt (AHRR = 4.18, 95%CI = 2.76–6.32).

Conclusions

Those who are male, have obtained medium‐/long‐term higher education, or have a history of substance use disorder or intentional self‐harm/suicide attempt, are at particularly elevated risk of suicide following ECT. These findings may guide clinical initiatives to reduce suicides.
Factors associated with early and late response to electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Hart Kamber L. , McCoy Thomas H. , Henry Michael E. , Seiner Stephen J. , Luccarelli James
Published: February 2023

Objective

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe depressive symptoms, yet more research is needed to examine predictors of treatment response, and factors associated with response in patients not initially improving with treatment. This study reports factors associated with time to response (early vs. late) to ECT in a real‐world setting.

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center cohort study of patients endorsing moderate to severe depressive symptoms using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS; QIDS>10). Response was defined as 50% or greater decrease in QIDS score from baseline. We used logistic regression to predict response at treatment #5 (early response) as well as after treatment #5 (late response) and followed patients through ECT discontinuation or through treatment #20.

Results

Of the 1699 patients included in this study, 555 patients (32.7%) responded to ECT treatment at treatment #5 and 397 (23.4%) responded after treatment #5. Among patients who did not respond by treatment #5, those who switched to brief pulse width ECT from ultrabrief pulse ECT had increased odds of response after treatment #5 compared with patients only receiving ultrabrief pulse (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.16–2.07). Additionally, patients with less improvement in QIDS from baseline to treatment #5 had decreased odds of response after treatment #5 (aOR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.97–0.98).

Conclusion

Among depressed patients treated with ECT, response occurred in 56.0% of patients by treatment #20. Patient receiving ultrabrief pulse ECT at baseline and who did not respond by treatment #5 had greater odds of subsequent response if switched to brief pulse ECT than if continued with ultrabrief pulse.
French Neocolonialism in Africa: Historical Overview and Summary of Current Events
Authors: Andjembe Etogho Elvine Belinda , Eben Sphynx Egbe‐Mbah , Dalton Amy L.
Published: February 2023

It is widely understood that, over a half‐century ago, most nations of Africa gained formal independence from colonial powers. What is not widely known is that in former French and Portuguese colonies, France was able to retain a significant degree of control over the economics and politics through a neocolonial system dubbed la Françafrique. Under that system, France has made use of the CFA franc, the management of natural resources, and one‐sided commercial contracts to siphon off much of the economic surplus generated by these 23 nations. In addition, France has effectively installed puppet governments in many nations and stifled dissent throughout the continent. Dissent against French domination of Africa has occurred at various times during the long period of Françafrique, and has intensified significantly in recent years. Several governments in West Africa are now openly rebelling against France, and diasporan communities and influential individuals are increasingly speaking out to support and interpret this dissent. This article provides an historical overview of Françafrique, reviews its current impacts, and sketches the contours of the growing movement to dismantle it.
EAACI guidelines on environmental science in allergic diseases and asthma – Leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to develop a causality model in exposomics
Authors: Shamji Mohamed H. , Ollert Markus , Adcock Ian M. , Bennett Oscar , Favaro Alberto , Sarama Roudin , Riggioni Carmen , Annesi‐Maesano Isabella , Custovic Adnan , Fontanella Sara , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia , Nadeau Kari , Cecchi Lorenzo , Zemelka‐Wiacek Magdalena , Akdis Cezmi A. , Jutel Marek , Agache Ioana
Published: February 2023

Allergic diseases and asthma are intrinsically linked to the environment we live in and to patterns of exposure. The integrated approach to understanding the effects of exposures on the immune system includes the ongoing collection of large‐scale and complex data. This requires sophisticated methods to take full advantage of what this data can offer. Here we discuss the progress and further promise of applying artificial intelligence and machine‐learning approaches to help unlock the power of complex environmental data sets toward providing causality models of exposure and intervention. We discuss a range of relevant machine‐learning paradigms and models including the way such models are trained and validated together with examples of machine learning applied to allergic disease in the context of specific environmental exposures as well as attempts to tie these environmental data streams to the full representative exposome. We also discuss the promise of artificial intelligence in personalized medicine and the methodological approaches to healthcare with the final AI to improve public health.
Physical activity and sedentary behavior show distinct associations with tissue‐specific insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight
Authors: Wanders Lisa , Gijbels Anouk , Bakker Esmée A. , Trouwborst Inez , Jardon Kelly M. , Manusama Koen C. M. , Hul Gabby B. , Feskens Edith J. M. , Afman Lydia A. , Blaak Ellen E. , Hopman Maria T. E. , Goossens Gijs H. , Thijssen Dick H. J.
Published: February 2023

Aim

The aim of this study is to investigate associations between the physical activity (PA) spectrum (sedentary behavior to exercise) and tissue‐specific insulin resistance (IR).

Methods

We included 219 participants for analysis (median [IQR]: 61 [55; 67] years, BMI 29.6 [26.9; 32.0] kg/m2; 60% female) with predominant muscle or liver IR, as determined using a 7‐point oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). PA and sedentary behavior were measured objectively (ActivPAL) across 7 days. Context‐specific PA was assessed with the Baecke questionnaire. Multiple linear regression models (adjustments include age, sex, BMI, site, season, retirement, and dietary intake) were used to determine associations between the PA spectrum and hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI), muscle insulin sensitivity index (MISI) and whole‐body IR (HOMA‐IR, Matsuda index).

Results

In fully adjusted models, objectively measured total PA (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.17, p = 0.020), light‐intensity PA (β = 0.15, p = 0.045) and moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity PA (β = 0.13, p = 0.048) were independently associated with Matsuda index, but not HOMA‐IR (p > 0.05). A higher questionnaire‐derived sport index and leisure index were associated with significantly lower whole‐body IR (Matsuda, HOMA‐IR) in men but not in women. Results varied across tissues: more time spent sedentary (β = −0.24, p = 0.045) and a higher leisure index (β = 0.14, p = 0.034) were respectively negatively and positively associated with MISI, but not HIRI. A higher sport index was associated with lower HIRI (β = −0.30, p = 0.007, in men only).

Conclusion

While we confirm a beneficial association between PA and whole‐body IR, our findings indicate that associations between the PA spectrum and IR seem distinct depending on the primary site of insulin resistance (muscle or liver).
Spatial Modeling of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Transmission with Dyadic Genetic Relatedness Data
Authors: Warren Joshua L. , Chitwood Melanie H. , Sobkowiak Benjamin , Colijn Caroline , Cohen Ted
Published: February 2023

Understanding factors that contribute to the increased likelihood of pathogen transmission between two individuals is important for infection control. However, analyzing measures of pathogen relatedness to estimate these associations is complicated due to correlation arising from the presence of the same individual across multiple dyadic outcomes, potential spatial correlation caused by unmeasured transmission dynamics, and the distinctive distributional characteristics of some of the outcomes. We develop two novel hierarchical Bayesian spatial methods for analyzing dyadic pathogen genetic relatedness data, in the form of patristic distances and transmission probabilities, that simultaneously address each of these complications. Using individual-level spatially correlated random effect parameters, we account for multiple sources of correlation between the outcomes as well as other important features of their distribution. Through simulation, we show the limitations of existing approaches in terms of estimating key associations of interest, and the ability of the new methodology to correct for these issues across datasets with different levels of correlation. All methods are applied to Mycobacterium tuberculosis data from the Republic of Moldova, where we identify previously unknown factors associated with disease transmission and, through analysis of the random effect parameters, key individuals, and areas with increased transmission activity. Model comparisons show the importance of the new methodology in this setting. The methods are implemented in the R package GenePair.
Development, psychometric assessment, and predictive validity of a breastfeeding subjective norms scale among an Australian prospective cohort of first‐time parents
Authors: Charlesworth Jessica , McAlpine Thomas , Martin Annegret , Scott Jane , Mullan Barbara
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Breastfeeding has a number of benefits for both mothers and their infants. Research has examined the psychosocial influences on breastfeeding, yielding important findings in relation to particular constructs that play a significant role in this vital health behaviour. One such construct is subjective norms. However, there are mixed findings in relation to the role of subjective norms in breastfeeding behaviours. This may be due to the lack of consistent measure of subjective norms across studies. Further, the influence of fathers' subjective norms on breastfeeding continuation remains unclear due to a lack of measurement. Thus, the aim of the current study was to develop and assess a reliable and valid subjective norms scale specific to breastfeeding for use among both mothers and fathers.

Design/Methods

Subjective norms items were developed by researchers in the domain and were tested among 949 couples.

Results

Findings indicated that both subjective norms scales had excellent reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity. It was also found that both the mothers' and fathers' subjective norms scales tapped into two key structures: breastfeeding in general, and breastfeeding in public. Further, maternal subjective norms were predictive of breastfeeding behaviours but not paternal subjective norms.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that the developed subjective norms scales are reliable and valid and capture key elements of breastfeeding subjective norms among both mothers and fathers. Use of this measure in future research can help better understand the role of both mothers' and fathers' subjective norms in influencing breastfeeding behaviours.
The structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: Theoretical and methodological considerations
Authors: Lloyd Maddison , Sugden Nicole , Thomas Matt , McGrath Andrew , Skilbeck Clive
Published: February 2023

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond ‐ Snaith, 1983) is widely used; however, its factor structure is unclear, with studies reporting differing unidimensional, two‐factor and three‐factor models. We aimed to address some key theoretical and methodological issues contributing to inconsistencies in HADS structures across samples. We reviewed existing HADS models and compared their fit using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We also investigated methodological effects by comparing factor structures derived from Rasch and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) methods, as well as effects of a negative wording factor. An Australian community‐dwelling sample consisting of 189 females and 158 males aged 17–86 (M = 35.73, SD = 17.41) completed the 14‐item HADS. The Rasch Analysis, PCA and CFA all supported the original two‐factor structure. Although some three‐factor models had good fit, they had unacceptable reliability. In the CFA, a hierarchical bifactor model with a general distress factor and uncorrelated depression and anxiety subscales produced the best fit, but the general factor was not unidimensional. The addition of a negative wording factor improved model fit. These findings highlight the effects of differing methodologies in producing inconsistent HADS factor structures across studies. Further replication of model fit across samples and refinement of the HADS items is warranted.
A model‐based approach to multivariate principal component regression: Selecting principal components and estimating standard errors for unstandardized regression coefficients
Authors: Gu Fei , Cheung Mike W.‐L.
Published: February 2023

Principal component regression (PCR) is a popular technique in data analysis and machine learning. However, the technique has two limitations. First, the principal components (PCs) with the largest variances may not be relevant to the outcome variables. Second, the lack of standard error estimates for the unstandardized regression coefficients makes it hard to interpret the results. To address these two limitations, we propose a model‐based approach that includes two mean and covariance structure models defined for multivariate PCR. By estimating the defined models, we can obtain inferential information that will allow us to test the explanatory power of individual PCs and compute the standard error estimates for the unstandardized regression coefficients. A real example is used to illustrate our approach, and simulation studies under normality and nonnormality conditions are presented to validate the standard error estimates for the unstandardized regression coefficients. Finally, future research topics are discussed.
Gamma frequency entrainment rescues cognitive impairment by decreasing postsynaptic transmission after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Wang Weijie , Zhang Xiaotian , He Ruixing , Li Shaoxun , Fang Dazhao , Pang Cong
Published: February 2023

Introduction

The relationship between oscillatory activity in hippocampus and cognitive impairment in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear. Although TBI decreases gamma oscillations and 40 Hz light flicker improves TBI prognosis, the effects and mechanism of rhythmic flicker on TBI remain unclear.

Aims

In this study, we aimed to explore whether light flicker could reverse cognitive deficits, and further explore its potential mechanisms in TBI mouse model.

Methods

The Morris water maze test (MWM), step‐down test (SDT), and novel object recognition test (NOR) were applied to evaluate the cognitive ability. The local field potential (LFP) recording was applied to measure low gamma reduction of CA1 in hippocampus after TBI. And electrophysiological experiments were applied to explore effects of the gamma frequency entrainment on long‐term potentiation (LTP), postsynaptic transmission, and intrinsic excitability of CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) in TBI mice. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were applied to explore the effects of 40 Hz light flicker on the expression of PSD95 in hippocampus of TBI mice.

Results

We found that 40 Hz light flicker restored low gamma reduction of CA1 in hippocampus after TBI. And 40 Hz, but not random or 80 Hz light flicker, reversed cognitive impairment after TBI in behavioral tests. Moreover, 40 Hz light flicker improved N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐dependent LTP (LTPNMDAR) and L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel‐dependent LTP (LTPL‐VGCC) after TBI treatment. And gamma frequency entrainment decreased excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of CA1 PCs in TBI mice. Our results have illustrated that 40 Hz light flicker could decrease intrinsic excitability of PCs after TBI treatment in mice. Furthermore, 40 Hz light flicker decreased the expression of PSD95 in hippocampus of TBI mice.

Conclusion

These results demonstrated that 40 Hz light flicker rescues cognitive impairment by decreasing postsynaptic transmission in PCs after TBI treatment in mice.
Influence of different dispersants on the quality and stability of aqueous quinacridone magenta pigment dispersion for ink‐jet applications
Authors: Gaida Rafał , Dziubek Katarzyna , Król Katarzyna , Ostaszewska Monika , Wit Marian
Published: February 2023

The stability of water‐based pigment dispersions is a key factor in determining their utility in ink‐jet applications, and the appropriate choice of dispersant plays a special role. Among the pigment formulations tested to date, literature data on magenta pigments are very limited. Thus, the goal of this work was to study the influence of the type and loading of dispersants on the quality and stability of quinacridone magenta pigment dispersions. Three different commercially available dispersants were tested: (1) a cationic styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer, (2) an anionic polyacrylate, and (3) a nonionic alkyl ethoxylate. Pigment and dispersing agents were analysed using the Fourier Transform–infrared method. The stability of pigment dispersions was determined by comparative studies of changes in the pigment particle size, viscosity, pH, filtration time, optical density and gloss during the accelerated ageing test. Moreover, Turbiscan AGS and LUMiFuge analysers were used for evaluations of the instability of the dispersions. The properties of each dispersing agent affected the performances of the different dispersants. The highest stability for the pigment formulations was provided using the nonionic dispersant (small particle size, < 60 nm; the lowest viscosity < 60 mPa·s at the optimal dispersant content; favourable results of the filtration test; the highest pigment dispersability, proven by optical density and gloss). The Turbiscan AGS and LUMiFuge results indicated that the stability of all tested quinacridone magenta pigment dispersions was excellent (Turbiscan Stability Index values below three, and no significant differences in transmission profiles, respectively). However, it was found that the measurement results were influenced by the viscosity of the formulations.
The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for family members impacted by another's substance use: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rushton Clare , Kelly Peter J. , Raftery Dayle , Beck Alison , Larance Briony
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Family members affected by another's substance use disorder experience physical health problems, breakdowns in relationships and reduced psychological wellbeing. This review examines the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for improving the wellbeing of family members.

Methods

A systematic review of randomised‐controlled trials (RCT), non‐RCTs and pre‐post studies examining group or individual interventions for affected families. Five databases were searched (PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library). Outcomes included psychological functioning, quality of life, physical health and substance use, family functioning and coping. Outcomes were analysed by study design and mode of delivery (individual or group). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tools (RoB2, ROBINS‐I). The review followed PRISMA reporting guidelines and was prospectively registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42020200260).

Results

Nineteen studies were included (k = 10 included in meta‐analyses). In k = 3 RCTs, individually administered interventions significantly reduced depression (standardised mean difference [SMD] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21, 0.79) and distress (SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.03, 0.54). In k = 2 pre‐post studies, individual interventions improved family functioning (d = 0.51, 95% CI 0.28, 0.73) and coping (d = 0.43, 95% CI 0.24, 0.61). In k = 3 non‐RCTs and k = 2 pre‐post designs group interventions significantly reduced depression (d = 0.50, 95% CI 0.17, 0.82) and distress (d = 0.44, 95% CI 0.13, 0.75), and improved coping (d = 0.81, 95% CI 0.29, 1.33).

Discussion and Conclusions

This review summarises the contemporary literature evaluating interventions for affected families, with both individual and group interventions demonstrating favourable outcomes. However, small sample sizes and methodologically weak‐quality studies limit conclusions.
The outcomes of auto‐transplanted premolars in the anterior maxilla following traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Albalooshy Amal , Duggal Monty , Vinall‐Collier Karen , Drummond Bernadette , Day Peter
Published: February 2023

Background/Aims

Tooth auto‐transplantation is a treatment option, which is often not considered to replace anterior maxillary incisors in children and adolescents. There are multiple prognostic factors that may influence the outcomes of premolar auto‐transplantation, but there is limited evidence from human studies. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of auto‐transplanted premolars in the anterior maxilla following traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) and to identify their prognostic factors.

Materials and Methods

The clinical records of patients who had premolars transplanted in the anterior maxilla following TDI, with appropriate radiographs and a minimal of 1‐year follow‐up, were reviewed retrospectively. A specific data extraction form was developed, tested and used to collect information for the prognostic factors and outcomes.

Results

The cohort included 120 patients with 144 auto‐transplanted premolars. The mean age was 12.2 years (±2.0), and the mean observation period was 3.7 years (±1.8). The success rate was 80%, and the survival rate was 93%. Unfavourable outcomes included external replacement resorption in 12.5%, uncontrolled external inflammatory resorption in 2.7%, and both resorption types in 4.9% of teeth. Periodontal healing was significantly associated with donor tooth root maturity, graft handling at the time of surgery including ease of donor tooth extraction and placement at the recipient sites, recipient site alveolar bone status, and post‐operative transplant mobility. Seventy‐four teeth (53.4%) were immature at the time of transplantation where pulp revascularisation was anticipated, and 52 (70%) of those had radiographic and clinical signs of pulp healing. Pulp healing was significantly related to donor tooth eruption stage, ease of extraction of donor tooth, and ease of placement in the recipient site.

Conclusions

Good outcomes were observed for premolar teeth auto‐transplanted in the anterior maxilla. The main prognostic factors were ease of extraction of donor tooth and ease of placement in the recipient sites and donor tooth root maturity.
Links to rare climates do not translate into distinct traits for island endemics
Authors: Cutts Vanessa , Hanz Dagmar M. , Barajas‐Barbosa Martha Paola , Schrodt Franziska , Steinbauer Manuel J. , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Denelle Pierre , Fernández‐Palacios José María , Gaüzère Pierre , Grenié Matthias , Irl Severin D. H. , Kraft Nathan , Kreft Holger , Maitner Brian , Munoz François , Thuiller Wilfried , Violle Cyrille , Weigelt Patrick , Field Richard , Algar Adam C.
Published: February 2023

Current models of island biogeography treat endemic and non‐endemic species as if they were functionally equivalent, focussing primarily on species richness. Thus, the functional composition of island biotas in relation to island biogeographical variables remains largely unknown. Using plant trait data (plant height, leaf area and flower length) for 895 native species in the Canary Islands, we related functional trait distinctiveness and climate rarity for endemic and non‐endemic species and island ages. Endemics showed a link to climatically rare conditions that is consistent with island geological change through time. However, functional trait distinctiveness did not differ between endemics and non‐endemics and remained constant with island age. Thus, there is no obvious link between trait distinctiveness and occupancy of rare climates, at least for the traits measured here, suggesting that treating endemic and non‐endemic species as functionally equivalent in island biogeography is not fundamentally wrong.
Familial roles and support of doctoral students
Authors: Walsh Bridget A. , Mitchell Sarah , Batz Ruby , Lee Angela , Aguirre Matthew , Lucero Julie , Edwards Adrienne , Hambrick Keira , Zeh David W.
Published: February 2023

Objective

Identify the role(s) and support(s), if any, that family members provide to first‐generation and historically marginalized doctoral students, including strengths and challenges of this support.

Background

Nonfinancial family support is important for the success and retention of first‐generation and historically marginalized graduate students. More empirical studies of the role(s) and support of family members of these doctoral students are needed.

Method

During an intervention designed for first‐generation and historically marginalized doctoral students and their families, we conducted four focus groups with doctoral students (n = 22) and three focus groups with the family members they chose to accompany them (n = 15). Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Two themes emerged from the data: support and connection. In addition to providing distinct types of support, families play both supportive and connective roles. There are challenges to family roles and support in areas such as communication, doctoral student stress, and different ways that family members and doctoral students think about and approach life.

Conclusion

The study provided key insights to understanding the roles and support of family of doctoral students; more efforts are needed across graduate schools in the United States.

Implications

Family science faculty and graduate schools may collaborate to provide meaningful interventions for graduate students and their families for the goal of promoting graduate student retention and success.
Executive power in European Union politics
Authors: Tarlea Silvana , Bailer Stefanie , Kudrna Zdenek , Wasserfallen Fabio
Published: February 2023

In the multilevel system of the European Union (EU), national governments have been empowered at the expense of parliaments. We study the executive power shift in EU politics in the formation of national preferences. This article shows that governments are more likely to integrate parliaments and external actors, such as other governments and EU institutions, when they advocate extreme bargaining positions in EU negotiations. We theoretically develop this argument and provide an empirical study of Eurozone politics, covering the preference formation of 27 EU member states. The analysis shows that the executives are overall the dominating power: most of the time, governments form national preferences on their own. When governments integrate additional actors, they mostly rely on external actors and do so to avoid blame and to shift responsibility. These findings question whether the integration of national parliaments in EU politics indeed addresses democratic accountability concerns.
The efficacy and efficiency of public transfer programmes on the poverty of the older population in South Korea
Authors: Ha Taiwon
Published: February 2023

The Korean government initiated a multi‐tiered benefits system for older people, but the relative poverty rate of the older population remains the highest among developed economies. This paper employed the Shapley decomposition and four efficiency criteria to evaluate the anti‐poverty efficacy and efficiency of major public transfer benefits with the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2006–2018. The results present that the Korean public pension exerted the greatest efficacy among the programmes. The efficacy of the Basic Pension, operating as a means‐tested benefit, significantly increased when implemented in 2008 and expanded in 2014. In terms of efficiency, the contributory public pension supported only 40% of older adults in poverty. However, the generous coverage of the Basic Pension since 2008 might have led to more than half of recipients not experiencing absolute poverty. Therefore, this paper concludes with suggestions for more financial support targeting the economically vulnerable.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) based decision support systems in mental health: An integrative review
Authors: Higgins Oliver , Short Brooke L. , Chalup Stephan K. , Wilson Rhonda L.
Published: February 2023

An integrative review investigating the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) based decision support systems in mental health care settings was undertaken of published literature between 2016 and 2021 across six databases. Four studies met the research question and the inclusion criteria. The primary theme identified was trust and confidence. To date, there is limited research regarding the use of AI‐based decision support systems in mental health. Our review found that significant barriers exist regarding its incorporation into practice primarily arising from uncertainty related to clinician's trust and confidence, end‐user acceptance and system transparency. More research is needed to understand the role of AI in assisting treatment and identifying missed care. Researchers and developers must focus on establishing trust and confidence with clinical staff before true clinical impact can be determined. Finally, further research is required to understand the attitudes and beliefs surrounding the use of AI and related impacts for the wellbeing of the end‐users of care. This review highlights the necessity of involving clinicians in all stages of research, development and implementation of artificial intelligence in care delivery. Earning the trust and confidence of clinicians should be foremost in consideration in implementation of any AI‐based decision support system. Clinicians should be motivated to actively embrace the opportunity to contribute to the development and implementation of new health technologies and digital tools that assist all health care professionals to identify missed care, before it occurs as a matter of importance for public safety and ethical implementation. AI‐basesd decision support tools in mental health settings show most promise as trust and confidence of clinicians is achieved.
How technostressors influence job and family satisfaction: Exploring the role of work–family conflict
Authors: Shi Si , Chen Yang , Cheung Christy M. K.
Published: February 2023

Recent developments in information and communication technology have blurred the line between the workplace and the home. This can have a negative influence on employees' well‐being and thus has gained increasing attention from academics and practitioners. In this study, we developed a research model based on the transactional perspective of stress and the challenge–hindrance stressor framework. We defined the two dimensions of work–family conflict as the perceptual stress resulting from a chronic challenge and hindrance technostressors, which ultimately affect employees' satisfaction in both the work and family domains. We tested our model using a three‐wave time‐lagged survey study with data collected from 268 employees. Challenge and hindrance technostressors had different effects on these two main forms of work–family conflict (time‐based and strain‐based) but further induced negative effects on both job and family satisfaction. Overall, we make both scientific and practical contributions to the fields of work‐related technology use and work–family conflict.