bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Top‐Gate Organic Electrochemical Transistors: A Scalable Approach for Fast and Efficient Operation
Authors: Solgi Ali , Weissbach Anton , Asl Soleimani Yahya , Yoon Yeohoon , Krauss Gert , Meier Tommy , Tseng Hsin , Thelakkat Mukundan , Leo Karl , Kleemann Hans
Published: December 2024

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are gaining attention for their ease of fabrication, flexibility, and biocompatibility, with applications in biosignal sensing, neuromorphic computing, wearable health monitors, environmental monitoring, and bioelectronic interfaces. The interactions between ionic and electronic subcircuits in OECTs raise fundamental questions about the relationship between device design and performance. A major challenge is to meet specific integration, processing, and device performance requirements. While miniaturization of OECTs can improve transconductance and maximum operating frequency, it often compromises cost effectiveness and integratability. This work investigates an OECT architecture that incorporates both a crosslinkable printed aqueous electrolyte and a printed poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):ploy(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) top‐gate to achieve efficient gating, higher operating frequencies, and easy integration with low‐cost printing techniques. Improved performance is demonstrated in this top‐gate OECTs over conventional side‐gate structures, achieving sub‐millisecond device operation with channel lengths of 100 µm. This configuration shows practical potential for circuit integration, as demonstrated with a complementary inverter using an ambipolar material.
MRI on ion exchange resins at different length scales
Authors: Kontschak Louis , Gruschke Oliver , Trapp Lena , Baser Hatice Nur , MacKinnon Neil , Rychen Philippe , Nirschl Hermann , Guthausen Gisela
Published: December 2024

Ion exchange resins were studied on different length scales by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the focus on their interactions with nanoparticles (NP) and molecular clusters. On the length scale of resin beds (bed diameters <20 mm), the behavior of NP and of molecular clusters was shown to depend on the kind of ion exchange resin and nanoscale moiety. The kinetics of absorption and penetration into the resin beads was quantified on a smaller length scale of a stack of resin beads (sample with an outer diameter of 1.7 mm). Finally, using an MRI μ‐coil (3D spatial resolution ≥8 μm), adsorption of superparamagnetic NP on individual resin beads was observed via the magnetic field disturbance characteristic for magnetic dipoles. As a result, this allows the detection of NP (diameter ≤100 nm) by MRI on much larger length scales of several micrometers.
Lithium solvent extraction from weak alkaline brine by 2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitro‐4‐alkoxy‐benzophenone and TRPO
Authors: Zhou Guimei , Yan Wenjun , Yan Shufan , Gao Dandan , Zeng Debin , Li Dongdong , Zeng Dewen
Published: December 2024

Solvent extraction of lithium by β‐diketones from alkaline brine has been known to be an efficient process. However, its relatively high working pH, consequently the high alkaline consumption and substantial dissolution loss in raffinate, limit its industrial application. Herein, a novel lithium extractant, i.e., 2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitro‐4‐n‐octoxy‐benzophenone (referred to as N531), was proposed, which can extract lithium at relatively lower pH with remarkable low alkaline consumption and dissolution loss. Exactly, the pH corresponding to half lithium extraction is 8.5, and the Li/Na separation factor is ~500. The extractant concentration in the raffinate varied from 0.8 to 9.3 mg L−1, depending on the pH and salinity. An application case was given to extract lithium from the raw brine of Zabuye salt lake, indicating that N531 is a commercially prospective extractant to extract lithium from alkaline brine.
Ecological dynamics in Banksia aemula woodlands following widespread, anthropogenic wildfires on a world heritage listed island (K'gari), Australia
Authors: Brunton Elizabeth , Anderson George , Applegate Grahame , Behrendorff Linda , Brunton Aaron , Killer Rachel , Lamont Robert , Orchard Sarah , Conroy Gabriel
Published: December 2024

The increased severity and frequency of wildfires are a growing threat to biodiversity globally posing a complex challenge for the management of protected areas. K'gari, a World Heritage‐listed sand barrier island located off the coast of Australia, was extensively burnt in wildfires in 2019 and 2020. Banksia aemula low open woodland (BALOW) is a fire‐adapted ecosystem, and Banksia aemula is the dominant vegetation type on the island. This research explored interactions between vertebrate fauna and flora species richness and structure after fires in the BALOW habitat. We employed camera trapping and vegetation surveys to estimate species richness and habitat structure. We detected 28 fauna and 56 plant species, including two vulnerable species. Fauna species richness differed between sites; the site with the most intense, extensive, and recent fire had the lowest fauna species richness and mammal species richness. In contrast, the site with lower intensity and more frequent historical fires had the highest fauna diversity. The long unburnt site had higher overall tree diversity and reduced shrub diversity. This research further highlights the need for evidence‐based fire management in protected areas and the risk that large‐scale and/or high‐intensity fires may pose to biodiversity even within fire‐adapted ecosystems.
Utilization of EGFR, ALK, and BRAF Inhibitors in the Treatment of Lung Cancer in Germany
Authors: Rischke Nikolaj , Kanbach Josephine , Haug Ulrike
Published: December 2024

Background

There is a lack of real‐world data on the use of targeted cancer drugs requiring molecular tumor diagnostics in the treatment of lung cancer in Germany.

Aims

We aimed to characterize the use of such drugs in lung cancer patients based on longitudinal analyses.

Methods and Results

Using the GePaRD database (claims data from ~20% of the German population) we identified lung cancer patients diagnosed in 2016 based on a previously developed algorithm and followed them until death, end of continuous insurance, or end of 2019. We determined the proportion of patients treated with at least one of the drugs under study (EGFR, ALK, and BRAF inhibitors). We described these patients regarding demographic characteristics, treatment patterns, and overall survival. We included 7833 incident lung cancer patients. Of these, 392 (5%) were treated with one of the drugs under study, the majority (62%) being female. In 314 out of the 392 patients (80%), the first dispensation was an EGFR inhibitor (afatinib: 54%, erlotinib: 33%), and in 72 patients (18%), it was an ALK inhibitor (crizotinib: 90%). The proportion of patients treated with these drugs was 4.8% in West Germany and 6.2% in East Germany. About half of these patients had chemotherapy before targeted therapy. Median overall survival after the first targeted therapy was 22 months.

Conclusion

One twentieth of lung cancer patients diagnosed in 2016 in Germany received at least one EGFR, ALK, or BRAF inhibitor during follow‐up. The proportion was higher in East than in West Germany. As the development and availability of new cancer drugs is a dynamic area, regularly updated utilization studies—ideally as cross‐country‐comparisons—are required.
A Case Report of Giant Bilateral Wolffian Adnexal Tumor
Authors: Huang Ling , Zhou Yan , Hong Xiaoshan , Luo Xiping , Shen Min , Yan Shanshan , Sun Xiaoli
Published: December 2024

Background

Wolffian adnexal tumor is a rare type of tumor that was first discovered and reported by Karim‐inejad in 1973. Wolffian adnexal tumor lacks specific clinical manifestations and its histological morphology is similar to various other tumors, making it highly prone to misdiagnosis. To enhance our understanding of this disease, we hereby report a case of Wolffian adnexal tumor diagnosed and treated in our hospital.

Case

It is the first report of a giant bilateral Wolffian tumor, with pleural effusion and pericardial effusion as the initial symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested a huge lobulated mass (25.3 × 17.8 × 21.9 cm) in the mid‐lower abdomen and pelvis, involving both ovaries. A diagnosis of “ovarian malignancy” was made before the surgery. Hysterectomy, bilateral adnexectomy, and omentectomy were performed. Postoperative pathology revealed a bilateral Wolffian tumor. Postoperative chemotherapy with a taxol and cisplatin (TP) regimen was administered for six cycles. Follow‐up at 2 months postoperatively showed resolution of pericardial and pleural effusions, and there has been no recurrence during the 3‐year follow‐up period.

Conclusion

Wolffian adnexal tumor lacks specific clinical manifestations, and its prognosis is good after treatment.
Comprehensive Multi‐Omics Analysis Reveals NPC2 and ITGAV Genes as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Piroozkhah Moein , Zabihi Mohammadreza , Jalali Pooya , Salehi Zahra
Published: December 2024

Background

Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) continue to dominate in terms of both incidence and mortality worldwide. Due to the absence of efficient and accurate prognostic biomarkers, the prognosis and treatment outcomes of many GICs are poor. Identifying biomarkers to predict individual clinical outcomes efficiently is a fundamental challenge in clinical oncology. Although several biomarkers have been continually discovered, their predictive accuracy is relatively modest, and their therapeutic use is restricted. In light of this, the discovery of reliable biomarkers for predicting prognosis and outcome in GIC is urgently required.

Materials and Methods

We evaluated the Human Protein Atlas dataset and identified NPC Intracellular Cholesterol Transporter 2 (NPC2) and Integrin Subunit Alpha V (ITGAV) as probable poor predictive genes for these cancers. In addition, we used the GEPIA2, cBioPortal, UALCAN, LinkedOmics, STRING, Enrichr, TISDB, TIMER2.0, hTFTarget, miRTarBase, circBank, and drug–gene interaction database databases to conduct a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the NPC2 and ITGAV genes.

Result

Our results found high expression levels of NPC2 and ITGAV in most GICs. The aforementioned gene expressions were linked to several clinicopathological characteristics of GICs as well as poorer prognosis in LIHC and STAD. The most common alteration type of NPC2 was amplification, and for ITGAV was deep deletion. Significant promotor hypermethylation was also seen in NPC2 and ITGAV in PAAD and COAD, respectively. For the immunologic significance, NPC2 and ITGAV were positively correlated with the abundance of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, various immunomodulators showed strong correlations with the expression of these genes. There were currently 10 small molecule drugs targeting ITGAV.

Conclusion

Consequently, our bioinformatics analysis showed that NPC2 and ITGAV might be used as potential biomarkers to determine the prognosis of various GICs and are also related to immune infiltration.
Prevalence of gastric cancer following colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection for lesions more than 20 mm: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Tomita Yuri , Yoshida Naohisa , Ishikawa Hideki , Otani Takahiro , Kobayashi Reo , Hashimoto Hikaru , Hirose Ryohei , Dohi Osamu , Inoue Ken , Morinaga Yukiko , Itoh Yoshito
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for large tumors is spreading worldwide. Gastric cancer (GC) sometimes occurs after colorectal ESD. However, its status including frequency and risk factors have not been examined well. In this study, we analyzed the detailed status of GC after colorectal ESD.

Methods

This was a single‐center retrospective study. Patients receiving colorectal ESD between 2010 and 2018 were reviewed. All patients were recommended to receive esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for screening. Finally, 436 patients receiving EGD, who underwent colorectal ESD for lesions of ≥20 mm were analyzed. The primary outcome was the GC rate after colorectal ESD, including intramucosal cancer. As a control, we compared it to the GC rate in matched Japanese national cancer registry data. The secondary outcome was risk factors for developing GC.

Results

The mean age was 66.9 ± 10.6 and 55.3% were males. The GC rate was 5.96% (26/436) with a median observation period of 27 months. It was significantly higher than the mean GC rate in the diagnosed age calculated with the cancer registry (0.26%, observed value/expected value ratio [95% confidence interval]: 22.20 [14.50–32.53], p < 0.01). The comparison between cases with and without GC showed that significant risk factors were male (p = 0.02) and smokers (p < 0.01) and their GC rates were 8.3% and 10.9%. Also, in the limited cases, Helicobacter pylori infection (past and present) and atrophic gastritis were significant and their GC rates were 11.1% and 11.6%.

Conclusion

The GC rate was high after resecting colorectal tumors of ≥20 mm, suggesting the necessity of EGD.
Novel HP2MGL resin‐based enrichment of flavonoids from Dendrobium catenatum flower and their antiaging efficacy
Authors: Guo Yuntao , Lai Danni , Pan Fupeng , Sabier Maidinai , Liu Jingjing , Yu Qiaoxian , Wang Pan , Si Jinping , Zhang Xinfeng
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to enrich flavonoids from Dendrobium catenatum Wall ex Lindl flowers using macroporous resins and investigate their bioactivity. The optimal enrichment process with HP2MGL resin was established with a total flavonoid concentration of 0.50 mg/mL, a sample flow rate of 1 BV/h, and a sample volume of 25.5 BV. Desorption was performed using 80% ethanol at a flow rate of 3 BV/h and an eluent volume of 5 BV. The purified extract showed a 7.3‐fold increase in purity compared to the crude extract. A total of 33 major compounds in the purified flavonoids were identified and quantified, including flavonols and flavonoid C‐glycosides, with hyperoside being the most abundant. In vivo tests demonstrated that the enriched extract extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, enhanced locomotion, and increased superoxide dismutase activity while significantly reducing oxidative stress markers such as lipofuscin, reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde. The findings provide a practical method for large‐scale extraction of flavonoids from D. catenatum flowers and suggest that Dendrobium catenatum flower extract (DCFE‐E) exhibits strong antiaging properties, indicating potential applications in functional foods and cosmetics. This research contributes to the scientific understanding of D. catenatum resource utilization and enhances the value of its products.
Navigating policy in (trans)action: A methodological framework for situated and relational policy practices
Authors: Nagy Szilvia
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a methodological framework to study situated and relational policy practices in the context of the policy transaction perspective. Building on policy ethnography, it addresses the entanglements of researching policy transactions through triangulation of methods to explore how practices emerge, and how they are “seen,” “talked about,” and “read.” The paper aims to contribute to the policy transaction framework in three ways. First, it discusses how the policy transaction framework furthers the shifting of focus from policy systems to policy worlds, to address the complexities enclosed in policy processes. Second, it advances the framework along the discussion of relationality and situatedness, to highlight the reciprocal mode of transactions. Third, it proposes a methodological exemplar for the analysis of policy transactions, by looking at transactions as practices. With these steps, the paper aims to contribute to a methodological framework for undertaking research in the context of the policy transaction perspective.
Nonstationary Functional Time Series Forecasting
Authors: Lin Shang Han , Yang Yang
Published: December 2024

We propose a nonstationary functional time series forecasting method with an application to age‐specific mortality rates observed over the years. The method begins by taking the first‐order differencing and estimates its long‐run covariance function. Through eigendecomposition, we obtain a set of estimated functional principal components and their associated scores for the differenced series. These components allow us to reconstruct the original functional data and compute the residuals. To model the temporal patterns in the residuals, we again perform dynamic functional principal component analysis and extract its estimated principal components and the associated scores for the residuals. As a byproduct, we introduce a geometrically decaying weighted approach to assign higher weights to the most recent data than those from the distant past. Using the Swedish age‐specific mortality rates from 1751 to 2022, we demonstrate that the weighted dynamic functional factor model can produce more accurate point and interval forecasts, particularly for male series exhibiting higher volatility.
Using the GRADE‐ADOLOPMENT framework in developing the Philippine national screening guideline recommendations
Authors: Cabaluna Ian Theodore G. , Villarruz‐Sulit Maria Vanessa C. , Legaspi Katelyn Edelwina Y. , Dans Leonila F.
Published: December 2024

Background

Preventive health screening is an important strategy in improving health outcomes of the general population and sustaining universal healthcare initiatives. Due to the large resource requirement, we used the GRADE ADOLOPMENT framework to synthesize the evidence and develop recommendations for preventive health screening.

Objective

Our objectives were to describe the development and feasibility of a national preventive screening practice guideline using the GRADE‐adolopment process and to discuss the methodological process, contextual differences from the source guidelines, and the resulting changes to the final recommendations.

Methods

A multidisciplinary team was convened. We used the GRADE‐ADOLOPMENT and Evidence‐to‐Decision (EtD) framework in synthesizing the evidence and developing the recommendations. Evidence from the World Health Organization, United States Preventive Services Task Force, and Canadian Task Force on Preventive Healthcare were used. Values and preferences of the guideline developers were incorporated through the EtD framework.

Result

In 6 months, we developed 16 evidence summaries and developed 23 recommendations for 16 prioritized conditions. Thirteen recommendations were adopted. Four recommendations were modified to address contextual differences. Six recommendations were developed de novo due to either lack of evidence or differences in values and preferences.

Conclusion

The GRADE‐adolopment framework was a feasible and efficient framework in adopting guidelines on preventive screening. The EtD framework improved the transparency and highlighted areas to consider in making recommendations for the Philippine context. Challenges encountered were insufficiency of local evidence, and the lack of experience and skills in interpreting and analyzing the evidence especially on screening strategies.
Income Elasticity of Out‐of‐Pocket Healthcare Expenditure for Different Provider Types in Bangladesh
Authors: Kibria Ashraful , Shimul Shafiun N. , Zabeen Irfat
Published: December 2024

The impact of income on health expenditure has been studied extensively using national‐level data; however, studies estimating the household‐level income elasticity of health expenditure, particularly by provider types, remain limited. Analysing nationally representative household survey data, we examine outpatient and inpatient out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenses across healthcare providers and by various income levels. We employed the Heckman two‐step model and OLS regression to estimate income elasticity separately for outpatient and inpatient services. Our findings indicate that income elasticity varies significantly by service type, provider, and income level. Outpatient care at private facilities is a luxury good for the lower‐income households, while outpatient expenses for public and informal outpatient care providers remain inelastic across income levels. Private inpatient care is also income inelastic, whereas public inpatient care shows non‐uniform elasticity. Overall, lower‐income households showed greater elasticity than wealthier ones. The results imply, during income shocks, poorer households switch to cheaper public and informal care. Inpatient care is prioritised over other expenses, increasing the risk of poverty among low‐income households. The study suggests the dire need for financial protection measures, particularly for low‐income groups, as OOP health expenditure often becomes catastrophic for those households. In addition, higher income resulting from economic growth will increase the demand for private outpatient services, suggesting quality improvement for public health facilities as well as the importance of adapting healthcare policies to evolving income dynamics.
COVID‐19 Pandemic in a Brazilian Afro‐Derived Community (Quilombo)
Authors: Bonfim Joenilton Oliveira , da Silveira Carlos Darwin Gomes , Braga Barbara Vidigal , Borges Tacio Nobrega , Amorim Fábio Ferreira , Costa Ana Maria
Published: December 2024

Objectives

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the significance of comprehending social vulnerability as a pivotal element in public health. This study investigated the perceptions and practices of a Brazilian Afro‐derived community (quilombo), descendants of enslaved Africans, regarding COVID‐19.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted in July 2021 by administering a survey to an adult representative from each household in a Brazilian quilombola community.

Results

Among the 188 interviewed individuals, 45.2% reported that they did not feel adequately informed by healthcare professionals. The study found high adherence to preventive measures (wearing masks, using alcohol‐based gel sanitiser, leaving home only when necessary and COVID‐19 vaccination). Only 6.9% reported a household member contracting COVID‐19, with only one case requiring hospitalisation and no deaths. Higher education was associated with an increased diagnosis of COVID‐19 in their household (OR: 37.058, 95% CI: 4.053–338.837, p = 0.001), while feeling well or very well informed by television/radio was associated with a reduced diagnosis (OR: 0.223, 95% CI: 0.057–0.878, p = 0.032). Being married was associated with increased adherence to all prevention measures (OR: 4.598, 95% CI: 1.481–14.27, p = 0.008), whereas internet use as a source of information was independently associated with a reduced chance of adherence (OR: 0.240; 95% CI: 0.080–0.722, p = 0.011).

Conclusion

Despite many individuals reporting a lack of information from healthcare professionals about the pandemic, substantial adherence to protective measures was observed. Our findings highlight the critical importance of preventive measures during the pandemic, especially for vulnerable populations with limited access to healthcare services, and underscore the need for effective communication strategies to combat misinformation, particularly on social media platforms.
Understanding the Public's Viewpoint on Organ Donation Among Adults in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Moonajilin Mst Sabrina , Banik Rajon , Islam Md. Saiful , Ishadi Kifayat Sadmam , Hosen Ismail , Gesesew Hailay Abrha , Ward Paul R.
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Organ donation is the last option for patients with end‐stage organ failure, but the number of people in need of transplantation outweighs the supply of donor organs. A thorough analysis of public understanding is required to design educational programs that increase public commitment to organ donation. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore Bangladeshi adults' understanding, attitudes, and willingness towards organ donation, while also investigating the sources of information, gender‐specific knowledge, intentions, and the factors influencing their decisions.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted between October 15 and November 25, 2021, using a non‐probability convenience sampling technique. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

Among 592 participants, only 35.8% were knowledgeable about organ donation. Internet/online sources were the most reported source of knowledge (37.8%), followed by social media (36%). Despite having limited knowledge, 63.7% had a positive attitude, with females demonstrating a more positive attitude than males (β = 0.09, p = 0.024). Males were significantly more likely than females to follow Bangladesh's specific organ donation laws (29.3% vs. 25%, p = 0.004). Besides, 48.6% of females, compared to 40.4% of males, believe that the health service related to organ donation in Bangladesh is ineffective (p = 0.016). More than one‐third (35.1%) of the participants indicated a willingness to donate their organs after death. The participants' significant barriers to organ donation were found to be family objections (40.4%), health complications (34.4%), fear of disfigurement (31.1%), and religious barriers (26.8%).

Conclusion

Although Bangladeshi adults have a positive attitude regarding organ donation, they lack adequate knowledge, which renders them unlikely to be eager to donate organs. Therefore, it is crucial to update policy within a sociocultural framework to boost organ donation for transplantation. National education campaigns and awareness‐raising events should be held in Bangladesh to increase public knowledge of organ donation and transplants.
Food Consumption Patterns and Sedentary Behaviors Among the University Students: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Akter Mst. Mahfuza , Hossain Md. Jubayer
Published: December 2024

Background

University is a critical period regarding unhealthy changes in eating behaviors in students. University students often face significant changes in their eating habits and physical activity levels, which can impact their overall health.

Aims

To investigate the eating habits and sedentary behavior of university students in Dhaka.

Methods

This research was based on a cross‐sectional study. The snowball sampling technique was applied to survey university students in Dhaka city. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection through an online survey. Data collection was done from November 2022 to April 2023. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation (SD), were computed for the variables of interest. Chi‐squared test was performed to estimate the association between the participants' eating habits, sedentary behaviors, and BMI and eating habits. In all analyses, a p‐value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 444 students participated in this study; 44% of them consumed breakfast irregularly. Only 25% of students favored vegetables. About 55% of students preferred junk food. Furthermore, only 19% of students consumed fruits daily. This study also found that a substantial proportion of students used the internet and mobile phones for long periods and didn't practice physical activity. According to the Chi‐squared test, dinner habits (p < 0.001), smoking status (p < 0.001), alcohol consumption (p = 0.014), watching television (p = 0.023), and practicing physical activity (p = 0.023) had a significant association with eating habits and sedentary behaviors amongst the participants.

Conclusions

Overall, most participants in this study exhibited commendable dietary patterns, except for meal frequency, fruit intake, consumption of junk food, and fried food. However, their physical activity levels were notably inadequate, largely characterized by a sedentary lifestyle involving substantial internet and mobile phone usage.
Evaluating the Impact of Laundry Detergents on the Skin Microbiome of Atopic Dermatitis Patients—A Clinical Study
Authors: Christou Demetrios , Stevanovic Katarina , Evers Stefan , Weide Mirko , Zuberbier Torsten
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Remnants of laundry detergent ingredients are suspected to be in constant contact with the skin. Allergy sufferers need assurance that the chemicals in everyday products do not cause such disruption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects and tolerability of common laundry detergents on the skin microbiome in individuals with atopic dermatitis.

Methods

Two laundry detergents for sensitive skin were tested on subjects with atopic dermatitis by having to wear detergent‐washed socks for 7 days. The bacterial population from volunteers’ skin swabs was determined and bacterial viability and biodiversity was evaluated before and after wearing the detergent‐washed socks. The tolerability and effect on atopic dermatitis was also evaluated.

Results

The results showed that the tested laundry detergents did not have a negative effect on bacterial viability or biodiversity on the skin after being exposed to the detergent‐washed socks for a week. The laundry detergents were rated as very good on the tolerability scale and no worsening of skin itch was reported with the use of either detergent.

Conclusion

The results of the study showed that both laundry detergents are skin and allergy friendly and do not alter the skin microbiome.
Association of NOTCH4 and CYP2E1 Genetic Variants With Schizophrenia in the Bangladeshi Population: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Millat Md. Shalahuddin , Roy Joysree , Rahman Md. Atikur , Aziz Md. Abdul , Islam Safiqul , Chowdhury Md. Mazharul Islam , Barek Md Abdul , Hussain Md. Saddam , Uddin Mohammad Sarowar , Siddiqui Shafayet Ahmed , Islam Mohammad Safiqul
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is among the most persistent and devastating psychological problems. Different genetic polymorphisms are responsible for the predisposition of SCZ, and we screened NOTCH4 (rs2071287, rs204993) and CYP2E1 (rs2070673) polymorphisms in this study to find the connection with SCZ development.

Methods

We investigated a total of 420 samples (210 patients and 210 controls) and used the PCR–RFLP technique to genotype all SNPs. For statistical analyses, SPSS (version 25.0) was applied.

Results

In the case of NOTCH4 rs2071287, no evidence of a link was found in any genetic models, whereas NOTCH4 rs204993 and CYP2E1 rs2070673 showed a significant linkage in four genetic models with SCZ risk (for NOTCH4 rs204993, additive model 2: OR = 3.39, CI = 1.84–6.23, p = 0.0001; dominant: OR = 1.84, CI = 1.22–2.76, p = 0.0032; recessive: OR = 2.67, CI = 1.53–4.64, p = 0.0005; allelic: OR = 1.75, CI = 1.32–2.30, p = 0.0001 and for CYP2E1 rs2070673, additive model 2: OR = 0.39, CI = 0.22–0.69, p = 0.0013; recessive: OR = 0.45, CI = 0.29–0.68, p = 0.0002; overdominant: OR = 1.49, CI = 1.02–2.19, p = 0.0408; allelic: OR = 0.61, CI = 0.46–0.80, p = 0.0004).

Conclusions

The findings of our study suggest that the polymorphisms NOTCH4 rs204993 and CYP2E1 rs2070673 in the Bangladeshi ethnicity are connected to the risk of SCZ.
Deciduous Teeth Extraction Practice and Associated Factors Among Under Five‐Years‐Old Children in the Gambella Region, South West, Ethiopia: A Mixed Study
Authors: Demewoz Takele Shilu , Dagnew Gizachew Worku , Yadita Zemenu Shiferaw
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Deciduous teeth extraction (DTE) is a harmful traditional practice often performed by traditional healers. This practice can lead to both acute and chronic complications that significantly impact children's health. Despite national strategies and initiatives, DTE remains prevalent in Ethiopia, especially in the Gambella region. However, there is limited information on its prevalence and determinants in this area.

Method

Both qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted. A community‐based cross‐sectional study involved 803 mothers with children under five in the Gambella region. Multistage simple random sampling was employed, and data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and in‐depth interviews. Data entry was performed using Epi Data version 4.6, and the analysis was conducted in SPSS version 25. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with deciduous tooth extraction (DTE). Odds ratios were calculated with a 95% confidence interval, and a p‐value of less than 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.

Result

The prevalence of Deciduous teeth extraction practice among < 5 years was 48.3% (95% CI: 0.44–0.51). Mothers lack of awareness (AOR = 2.08; 95 CI:1.21–3.58), mothers lack of information on scientific solutions of teething symptoms (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.21–3.60), mother's positive attitude towards milk tooth extraction (AOR = 10.06; 95%CI: 6.36–15.91), being ill during teething eruption (AOR = 8.70; 95% CI: 5.56–13.62) and Community DTE tradition (AOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.34–3.15) were significantly associated. The qualitative findings also found that culture, misconception about DTE, peer and social pressure as factors.

Conclusions

Deciduous teeth extraction practice in the Gambella region poses a significant public health concern. Lack of awareness regarding the consequences and scientific solutions for teething symptoms, mothers' attitudes, illness perceptions during teething, and community traditions were identified factors. Hence, comprehensive awareness campaigns involving all stakeholders should be emphasized. Health care providers should play a crucial role to educate both mothers and traditional healers.
Uptake of Measles Second Dose Vaccine and Its Associated Factors Among Children Age 24−35 Months in Merhabete Woreda, Ethiopia: 2022: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Wmeskel Ababye Mulatu , Zergaw Melese Wagaye , Abocherugn Hailegiyorgis Geleta
Published: December 2024

Background and Aim

Measles infection in children causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Vaccination with two doses of measles vaccine is the best strategy to prevent infection and its spread to other children. However, measles containing vaccination coverage in Ethiopia is below the WHO elimination goal. In this study, our aim was to assess uptake of measles second dose and its associated factors among children's age 24−35 months in Merhabete, North Shoa, Ethiopia, 2022.

Methods

A community‐based cross‐sectional study design was conducted in Merhabete Woreda from June 1 to 30, 2022. A total of 732 children aged 24−35 months were included using a multistage and systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using a semi‐structured, interviewer‐administered questionnaire. Verbal informed consent was taken regarding their willingness to participate in the study from the guardians. The information was kept confidential and not shared with a third party. Data entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25. A logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors. AOR with 95% CI and p < 0.05 were used to declare statistically significant variables.

Results

A total of 732 children with a response rate of 94.6% were included; the median age was 28 months. Uptake of measles vaccine second dose was 63.3% (95% CI 60%−67%). Knowledge of measles second dose schedule (AOR = 2.151, 95% CI 1.053−4.396), birth at a healthcare facility (AOR = 3.502, 95% CI 1.58−7.77), > 4 antenatal care visits (ANC) (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.254−5.225), having immunization card (AOR = 9.958 (4.256−23.298), and mother age 25−34 years (AOR = 2.954, 95% CI 1.298−6.721) were significantly associated with the uptake of measles second dose.

Conclusion and Recommendation

The uptake of measles second dose vaccine in Merhabete Woreda was below the WHO measles elimination target of > 95%. Variables such as number of antenatal follow‐up visits, institutional delivery, knowing the schedule of measles second dose vaccine, maintaining immunization card records, and maternal age were found to be independent predictors of vaccination. Therefore, Woreda Health Office managers should strengthen periodic monitoring and evaluate the implementation of measles second dose vaccine. Health professionals should also improve mother's awareness on measles second dose vaccine schedule and its importance and retain their immunization chart booklet.
D609 Suppresses Antituberculosis Response by Regulating Dendritic Cells Antigen Presentation
Authors: Liu Honglin , Huang Huimin , Huang Zhen , Chen Yingxuan , Tan Deyou , Wang Xiaoni , Pang Xiaoni , Chen Shuwen , Liang Lianhui , Yang Haihui
Published: December 2024

Objective

To elucidate the role of phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC) in the antituberculosis (anti‐TB) immune response mediated by dendritic cells (DCs).

Methods

In vivo, C57BL/6J mice infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Before infection, the mice were pretreated with the PC‐PLC inhibitor D609. Bacillary loads in lung and spleen tissues were quantified through colony‐forming unit (CFU) assays. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to assess inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage. Levels of inflammatory mediators in peripheral venous blood were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Flow cytometry was employed to determine the proportions of conventional DCs (cDCs) and their subsets, cDC1 and cDC2, within lung, spleen, and lymph node tissues. In vitro, mouse bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) pretreated with D609. The expression levels of chemokines and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were assessed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and ELISA. BMDCs were loaded with H37Rv expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP‐H37Rv) or DQ‐OVA, and flow cytometry was utilized to analyze the impact of D609 on antigen phagocytosis and processing. Furthermore, flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the effect of D609 pretreatment on the expression levels of costimulatory molecules on BMDCs. The capacity of D609‐treated BMDCs to activate and proliferate T cells, as well as to induce interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) secretion, was assessed through a DC‐T cell coculture system.

Results

In vivo analysis revealed that mice pretreated with D609 exhibited a marked increase in tissue bacterial load, enhanced inflammatory infiltration, and a reduction in pro‐inflammatory mediator expression in peripheral venous blood. There was a notable decrease in the number of cDCs in lung and lymph node tissues, with a pronounced reduction in cDC1 in the lungs and cDC2 in the lymph nodes. In vitro studies demonstrated that D609 pretreated BMDCs displayed a significant decline in inflammatory mediator production, antigen phagocytosis, and antigen processing capabilities, potentially due to altered expression of costimulatory molecules. Coculture experiments indicated that D609 pretreated BMDCs showed a substantial reduction in their ability to stimulate T cell activation, proliferation, and IFN‐γ secretion.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that PC‐PLC plays a critical role in the functionality of DCs, including the production of chemokines and pro‐inflammatory cytokines, migration to lymph nodes, and antigen presentation to T cells, which collectively contribute to T cell activation and effective clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further investigation into the regulatory mechanisms of PC‐PLC in DCs may uncover novel therapeutic targets for the development of advanced anti‐TB treatments.
Impaired Angiogenesis and Th1/Th17 Polarization: A Possible Explanation for the Decreased Incidence of Rosacea in the Aged
Authors: Long Juan , Deng Zhili , Chen Mengting , Liu Tangxiele
Published: December 2024

Background

Rosacea is a common inflammatory skin disorder characterized by frequent facial flushing, erythema, telangiectasia, and papules, with a higher incidence observed in individuals aged 30−50 years and a tendency to decrease in the elderly. This age‐related decline in incidence drew our attention to further explore the relationship between rosacea pathogenesis and aging.

Methods

We analyzed the incidence of rosacea across 8340 individuals without systemic diseases. The effects of LL37‐induced rosacea‐like erythema and inflammation were evaluated in both young and aged mice. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to assess microvessel density, whereas the expression levels of angiogenesis‐related factors, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor α (VEGFα), were quantified. Additionally, immune responses were assessed at both the cellular and systemic levels.

Results

Aged mice displayed milder LL37‐induced rosacea‐like erythema and inflammation compared to their young counterparts. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a decrease in microvessel density in rosacea models of the aged group. The expression of angiogenesis‐related factors, including MMPs and VEGFα, was decreased in aged mice compared to young mice, indicating a reduced responsiveness to LL37 stimulation. Furthermore, we found that suppressed Th1‐ and Th17‐polarized immune responses, one of the major pathogenic mechanisms of rosacea, were reduced in aged mice in response to LL37 stimulation at both cellular and systemic levels.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that impaired angiogenesis and attenuated Th1/Th17 immune responses underlie the age‐related decline in rosacea incidence.
TinyNIDS: CNN‐Based Network Intrusion Detection System on TinyML Models in 6G Environments
Authors: Sun Bin , Zhao Yu
Published: December 2024

With the evolution of network technologies from 5G to 6G, security has become increasingly critical due to the vast number of connected devices and the decentralized nature of network architectures. TinyNIDS addresses these challenges by leveraging a lightweight CNN (TinyCNN) optimized through quantization and pruning, enabling real‐time intrusion detection on resource‐constrained edge devices. This paper presents TinyNIDS, a CNN‐based network intrusion detection system designed for deployment on TinyML models in 6G environments. The system aligns with the demands of 6G networks, including ultra‐low latency, high throughput, and decentralized processing, ensuring robust threat detection without centralized bottlenecks. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of TinyCNN compared to traditional models, achieving higher accuracy, lower false positive and false negative rates, and reduced latency. The results validate the effectiveness of TinyNIDS as a scalable and efficient solution for real‐time network security in next‐generation networks.
Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Prognostic Significance of Patients With Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Xu Wanwen , Yuan Feng
Published: December 2024

Background

Breast cancer (BC) is an aggressive tumor. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a potential biomarker for the prognosis of cancer patients. This study aimed to explore the prognostic significance of CTCs in patients with BC.

Methods

Retrospectively, 108 BC patients were collected between January 2011 and December 2019, while 10 patients with benign nodules were included as controls. CTCs with different phenotypes of patients were isolated using CanPatrol and tricolor RNA in situ hybridization (RNA‐ISH) methods. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER‐2) levels were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The progression‐free survival (PFS) was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Independent risk factors for BC recurrence were determined by Cox proportional risk regression analysis.

Results

The higher the cancer stage (p = 0.00), the higher the ki‐67 expression level (p < 0.01), and the lower the histologic grade (p < 0.01), the higher the number of CTCs. The PFS of patients with high CTCs was shorter than that of patients with low CTCs (p < 0.05). Total CTCs (≥ 6) and positive mesenchymal CTCs (MCTCs) were also associated with recurrence and metastasis.

Conclusions

Total CTCs in BC patients have an independent influence on PFS reduction. Higher total CTCs and MCTCs in peripheral blood are biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of BC patients. HER‐2 high expression is also associated with the prognosis of the disease.
Medial posterior tibial slope measurements are overestimated on long radiographs and 3D CT compared to measurements on short lateral radiographs
Authors: Mabrouk Ahmed , Chou Te‐feng Arthur , Duouguih Wiemi , Onishi Shintaro , Mansour Alfred , Ollivier Matthieu
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study assessed the measurements of the medial posterior tibial slope (MPTS) using long radiographs and three‐dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scans and compared them to measurements taken on short lateral knee radiographs. The study aimed to identify whether the at‐risk slope measurements previously defined on the short radiographs would be similar to long radiographs and 3D CT scans.

Methods

A retrospective radiological review of 52 cases, who underwent planning for a slope‐changing high tibial osteotomy and had short and long lateral radiographs and 3D CT scans of the tibia. Two independent observers measured the MPTS on the three modalities. The MPTS was defined as the angle between a tangent to the medial tibial plateau and the referenced tibia anatomical axis. The MPTS measurements from the short and long radiographs were compared to each other and then were compared to the measurements performed on the CT scan. False positives were defined as those cases with MPTS measurements of >78° on CT scans or long radiographs while having measurements ≤78° on short radiographs. These false positive cases are the ones which would be falsely labelled as having an abnormal slope based on the previously validated short radiograph slope threshold ≥12°.

Results

A total of 52 cases were analysed (67.9% males and 32.1% females). The mean age was 27 ± 5.4 years. The mean weight was 71.5 ± 7.7 kg, and the mean height was 1.8 ± 0.1 m. The mean MPTS measured on the short radiographs was 77.3 ± 2.3°; on the long radiographs, it was 75.8 ± 2.0°; and on the CT scan, it was 75.3 ± 2.1°. There was a positive correlation between the measurements taken on both the short and long radiographs (r = 0.9) (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between CT tibial slope measurements and both short and long radiographs tibial slope measurements (r = 0.86, r = 0.87), respectively (both p < 0.001). False positives were 13 (25%) patients on long radiographs, and 12 (23.1%) patients on CT scans, who had their MPTS measurements ≤78° (equivalent of PTS ≥ 12°) while their measurements were >78° on the short radiographs.

Conclusion

Measurements of the MPTS can be overestimated by 1.5–2° on long lateral knee radiographs or 3D CT scans compared to measurements taken on short lateral radiographs. Different thresholds for the abnormal PTS measurements on long radiographs and CT scans, should be defined, considering the overestimated measurements in these modalities.

Level of Evidence

Level IV case series.