bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illusions
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, Münsterberg describes a number of cases and experiments that illustrate the vagaries and unreliability of human perception and memory, producing what he refers to as “illusions.” This chapter focuses on the illusions of unconscious transference, change blindness, and the confidence–accuracy relationship. Unconscious transference occurs when an eyewitness identifies an innocent bystander as a culprit because of a previous encounter with the bystander in another context. Change blindness is the inability to notice a change in a visual stimulus. The confidence–accuracy relationship has been one of the most controversial and complex aspects of eyewitness memory, as the strength of the relationship varies depending on a number of individual and situational characteristics, as well as methodological and analytic choices.
The Traces of Emotions
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on using suspects’ subtle emotional displays as an indication of their veracity. Münsterberg mentions several physiological indicators of an unconscious emotional reaction, such as changes in pulse, breathing, and galvanic skin response. The sorts of physiological measures described by Münsterberg foreshadow the polygraph, which relies on just such measures. The polygraph has been controversial since its inception and continues to be held in lower esteem by the scientific community than by law enforcement. The present chapter reviews psychological research on the polygraph as a lie detection tool. More specifically, it traces the history and uses of lie detectors, up to the most current methodologies. The chapter reviews the advantages and limitations of the various techniques used by polygraphers to establish the truth or deceptiveness of statements. Finally, the chapter discusses the history of the legal status of the polygraph.
What Münsterberg Got Right, What He Missed, and What We’re Missing Now
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

As the preceding chapters show, Münsterberg was incredibly prescient in his view of what psychology could offer the law. Nonetheless, he neglected to include a number of topics that are currently of great concern to forensic psychologists, the criminal justice system, and policymakers. For example, at the time Münsterberg wrote On the Witness Stand, clinical psychology did not exist as a fully formed field; such matters were left largely to medical practitioners. This chapter summarizes what Münsterberg got right and what he missed, and it attempts to foretell where the field of psychology and law is heading by discussing what we are missing now.
Uncertainties in Forensic Science
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

There is a general impression, enhanced by many TV shows, that forensic analyses are objective and infallible. Yet this is far from true. There are many reasons for this. Forensic analyses are not only limited by the quality and the quantity of the DNA analyzed, but also by mistakes that can be made during the interpretation of the findings. There are many uncertainties inherent in the respective procedures, and these must be carefully considered before a conclusion is drawn. Whereas forensic DNA analyses can really be informative, they have to be judged against other types of evidence. Most importantly, all these have to be carefully considered before a juridical decision is made all while making efforts to limit biases that might interfere.
Punishment vs. Tort Liability
Authors: Fletcher George P.
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on tort liability. In the international legal order, the tort regime is of particular importance. As we shall see, the Alien Tort Claims Act has a vital role to play either as a backup to a failed attempt at criminal prosecution or the inability to get jurisdiction over a defendant in hiding. Thus, the international regime of tort liability responds to the same concerns of “impunidad” as one finds in the Preamble of the Rome Statute. The chapter then looks at the concept of punishment. Punishment is the domain of criminal law. Liability in tort cases is not officially punishment. In fact, punitive damages imposed by an American jury can have more severe consequences than a brief period in jail. Yet the line between crime and tort is maintained strictly in American jurisprudence.
Subject vs. Object
Authors: Fletcher George P.
Published: October 2019

This chapter determines the difference between subject and object. The distinction between subject and object pervades the substantive law of war and, in general, the distinction between common law and civil law modes of criminal procedure and their relative influences on the procedures of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Criminal trials presuppose human subjects, agency, and judgment. The players in every trial take on different functions in common law and civil law trials. The notion of the accused’s guilt or innocence as an object of investigation takes on a stronger significance in civilian trials. The chapter then explores the ideal types of common law and civil law criminal procedure: one stressing the subjects as the determinative element and the other emphasizing the object of investigation.
The Law of War and its Many Distinctions
Authors: Fletcher George P.
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the law of war and its many distinctions. The supreme distinction in this book is between lawful and unlawful. However, in the law of war, the distinctions multiply beyond control. Whether troops fighting abroad constitutes war is itself a disputed question; there has been a tendency in recent years to use “armed conflict” or “police action.” For the purposes of analyzing the Rome Statute and, in particular, Article 8 on war crimes, one has to assume an international perspective. Most countries in the international legal order are not democracies, and the internal allocation of power is not relevant to whether they violate Article 8. The complexity of Article 8 challenges the mind, with at least 50 distinct offenses. The chapter then elaborates on the perspectives necessary to grasp the general structure of war crimes in the international legal order.
Accidents vs. Mistakes
Authors: Fletcher George P.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the distinction between accidents and mistakes. Much of the law of torts centers on negligent accidents—whether with cars, airplanes, guns, or simply walking on a slippery floor. The important feature of torts, as opposed to crime, is that there is no liability absent harm to the plaintiff. For example, there is no liability for merely attempting or risking harm. In domestic criminal law, accidents become relevant only in what can be called the pattern of harmful consequences, that is, where there is a causal chain between the action and the harm. Meanwhile, according to Article 31(1) of the Rome Statute, a mistake of fact is relevant only if it negates the mental element required for the crime.
The False Promise of Self-Reliance
Authors: Mukherjee Anit
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines civil–military relations and the weapons procurement process in India. It begins with a conceptual discussion, using illustrations of other democracies, on the role of civilians in weapons procurement highlighting the importance of a constant and “iterative” dialogue between civilians and the military. Thereafter, it analyzes major trends in India’s weapons procurement process, highlighting the inability of state-owned domestic industry to meet the demands of the military. Problems emerge from weaknesses on the part of both civilians and the military. Civil–military relations and the pattern of interaction between them, intrinsic to the absent dialogue argument, accentuate the difficulty inherent in the weapons procurement process.
Deducing the Principal Principle
Authors: Hoefer Carl
Published: October 2019

This chapter gives two distinct justifications of the Principal Principle (PP) for Humean objective chances (HOCs). The first justification is “consequentialist” in nature: it shows that in practical decision-making, an agent who has to make bets on repeated chancy events of type A, and who knows the chance of A but has no better information (the scenario of PP), will do better setting her credence equal to the chance of A than she can do with any other, significantly different, betting strategy. The second justification shows that an epistemic agent meeting the conditions for application of PP is irrational—logically incoherent, in fact—if she sets her credence to a level substantially different from the chance. This argument is an adaptation of one originally offered by Colin Howson and Peter Urbach (1993) to justify the PP for von Mises–style hypothetical frequentism. It is shown that the argument works better in support of HOC than it did in support of frequentism.
Irony and Outrage
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite
Published: October 2019

This book explores the aesthetics, underlying logics, and histories of two seemingly distinct genres—liberal political satire and conservative opinion talk—making the case that they should be thought of as the logical extensions of the psychology of the left and right, respectively. One genre is guided by ambiguity, play, deliberation, and openness, while the other is guided by certainty, vigilance, instinct, and boundaries. While the audiences for Sean Hannity and John Oliver come from opposing political ideologies, both are high in political interest, knowledge, and engagement, and both lack faith in some of the United States’ core democratic institutions. This book illustrates how the roles these two genres play for their viewers are strikingly similar: galvanizing the opinion of the left or the right, mobilizing citizens around certain causes, and expressing a frustration with traditional news coverage while offering alternative sources of information and meaning. However, the book proposes that these genres differ in a crucial way: in their capacity to be exploited by special interests and political elites. The book concludes that due to the symbiotic relationship between conservative outrage and the psychological and physiological characteristics of the right, conservative outrage is uniquely positioned as a mechanism for successful elite propaganda and mobilization—in a way that liberal satire is not.
Drug Violence in the Streets and at Home
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine
Published: October 2019

Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork collected in the poor neighborhood of Arquitecto Tucci, this chapter describes residents’ everyday experiences with violence. It begins by explaining the structural factors that have increased the presence of drugs and violence in the neighborhood. Through a rich description of residents’ experiences, it details how drug market activity has shaped interpersonal violence as consumers commit crimes to finance their addiction and dealers use violence to resolve market disputes. It then documents three pathways through which the “systemic” violence of the illicit drug market enters the home, showing how violence invades homes, how family members resort to violence to protect their scarce material possessions, and how parents use violence to preempt what they perceive as more dangerous forms of violence that their children confront on the street.
Unpacking Collusion
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine
Published: October 2019

This chapter draws out common features of collusion across cases, highlighting the patterned character of this transactional world, as well as the mistakes and last-minute improvisations that abound in the clandestine connections between drug dealers and the police. It outlines three dimensions of police-criminal collusion, examining the common resources, practices, and processes at the heart of clandestine relationships. First, the clandestine relationships between state agents and drug dealers are founded on the exchange of both material and informational resources. Second, actors involved in collusive relationships engage in common practices. Finally, a set of relational processes explains patterns of these collusive interactions. This chapter concludes by considering the complex relationship between the police-criminal collusion and the violence that shakes the daily lives of marginalized populations.
Women and Climate Change
Authors: McKinney Laura , King Arianna
Published: October 2019

Abstract: This chapter aims to contribute to discussions concerning the global oppression of women by highlighting the ways in which the status of women intersects with climate change throughout the world. Empirical research shows that women’s representation in political organizations and their incorporation into decision-making processes are associated with lower contributions to climate change and overall improvements in sustainability across nations. These findings suggest that the status of women has a substantive bearing on the environmental and ecological future of the planet. Other research shows that women’s role as primary producers of food for the household results in a disproportionate burden of climate change for women, who leverage myriad strategies to adapt to changing conditions. In reviewing past qualitative and quantitative findings on climate change and women, the chapters focuses on the West African nation of Ghana, arguing that development and environmental policies would benefit from greater sensitivity to the ways in which climate change shapes women’s social, political, and economic opportunities. In doing so, the chapter utilizes ecofeminist theories to highlight critical links to achieving greater gender equality across social, political, economic, and environmental lines.
The Honor Killing of Qandeel Baloch
Authors: Ahmed Sarah
Published: October 2019

Qandeel Baloch, a controversial Pakistani social media star, was killed by her brother in 2016 in the name of “honor.” Using Qandeel’s honor killing as a case study, this chapter analyzes honor killings to gain a better understanding of what they are, their prevalence, and the factors attributable to them, particularly in South Asia. The chapter also examines the role that social media has played globally in giving marginalized populations a voice and platform online while simultaneously making them more vulnerable to cyberbullying, harassment, and, in Qandeel’s case, even death. Through contextual and empirical accounts, the chapter cautions readers to not think of honor killings as a faith-based problem confined to a particular geographical region but, rather, as a larger epidemic that is strongly rooted in a culture that persists, to a small extent, in developed countries as well.
Public Meets Private
Authors: Lopez Ana , Greene Michelle , Minniear Terri , Enrile Annalisa
Published: October 2019

Japan is a conservative shame-based collectivist culture. Abuse of girls has been overt since the 1980s. In particular, fetishes such as the “schoolgirl” obsession plague the country. Privately, Japan has a history of incest, close family structures, and few home interventions to stop this abuse. As a masculine and patriarchal society in which men recently saw their status change during Japan’s last recession, sexual taboos have been both normalized and ignored in the public domain, resulting in fetish clubs, virtual reality dating sims, love hotels, and burusera shops. Groping of girls on packed trains has become so rampant in Japan that offenders now have their own name—“chikan.” The rise of technology has helped facilitate these fetishes, crossing borders and requiring a transnational understanding and response to address these issues. Movements such as the “stop chikan campaign” and gender-specific train cars are local remedies that have garnered international support.
Coping with Loneliness
Authors: Joosten-Hagye Dawn , Katz Anne
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines loneliness and how it affects health and well-being. It discusses how loneliness may lead to ill health but also how ill health may lead to feelings of loneliness. It reviews the evidence suggesting that loneliness is not only linked to overall morbidity and mortality in older adults but also a major predictor of psychological distress. With the global growth of the aging population, considerable research attention focuses on these issues in Europe, the United States, and Australia. The proportion of Australians aged 65 years or older is growing, with prevalence rates of loneliness among older adults as high as 30%. The impact of this is discussed in this chapter, as are recent developments, current conditions, historical trends, transnational feminism and advocacy, and how loneliness impacts the health and well-being of older women in Australia.
Repressive Policies and Women’s Reproductive Choices in Poland
Authors: Nowicka Wanda , Regulska Joanna
Published: October 2019

This chapter reviews the history of women’s reproductive rights in Poland, starting with early 20th-century mobilizations, the de facto legalization of abortion during the communist era, and the post-1989 dramatic shift. It points to the cyclical nature of these struggles and mobilizations and also to the fact that they remain unresolved and are contested by both pro-choice and pro-life movements. The chapter examines these confrontations and shows how the alliance between state and church has produced a set of legal and moral controls over women’s bodies and shifted the power to decide away from women. It reviews restrictive legislation that has contributed to women’s and their families physical and emotional suffering and points to doctors’ complacency. It concludes that despite years of relentless pro-life pressure that has resulted in a change of public attitudes, women continue to resist, organize, and mobilize; thus, the struggle over women’s reproductive rights continues.
Female Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence in China
Authors: Luo Ming , Chiu Tuen Yi
Published: October 2019

Employing a transnational feminist approach of intersectionality, this chapter uses China as a case in point to discuss how systems of the state, culture, family, and gender intersect to sustain the hegemonic system of heteronormativity and create a multiple interlocking predicament for victims of female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV). Given that most existing research has been conducted in the West, this chapter highlights the importance of contextualization by outlining the distinct sociocultural and institutional factors that shape the experiences of battered lesbians in China. It argues that battered lesbians in China are trapped in a “triple closet”—in the abusive intimate relationship, in the intergenerational family, and in the hegemony of heteronormativity in the society—where they are culturally, institutionally, and socially marginalized. An LGBT cultural-sensitive framework is proposed to identify, intervene, and prevent FSSIPV and to advocate for the rights of LGBT in China.
Global Violence of Women in Cults
Authors: Whitsett Doni , Rosow Natasha Post
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the experiences of women in high demand groups, also known as “cults.” Despite the chapter’s regional focus on North America, particularly the United States, this is a transnational phenomenon with satellite communities throughout the world. The chapter provides a brief history of cults in the United States and highlights the various abuses to which women are subjected, from psychological abuses such as medical neglect, loss of reproductive rights, separation from children, and attachment trauma to physical and sexual violence. The chapter also discusses legal obstacles to remedying these human rights violations, provides resources for assistance, and makes suggestions for advocacy.
Leave Me Alone
Authors: Prakash Nirmala , Singh Melissa Indera , Prevot Jennifer , Gopie Stephanie , Vorster Jade , Averkiou Peter
Published: October 2019

This chapter analyzes violence against women (VAW) and intimate partner violence (IPV) using contextual factors of intersectionality and familial, political, and sociocultural paradigms as the lens to analyze violence. Targeted evolution of social, cultural, and political frameworks is needed to elevate the status of women in Trinidad and Tobago, educate men and women about violence and IPV, and equip people with tools to break generational cycles of violence. The adverse health effects on women and children who experience violence and IPV are long-lasting and severe. Although the government of Trinidad and Tobago seeks to create policies that combat IPV, changes in attitudes and societal stigma have a stronghold. More grassroots campaigns, bold statements by pop culture, and subsequent sociocultural progression of attitudes toward VAW and IPV are needed to create a culture of consent during Carnival.
Sustainable Development Meets the Amazon
Authors: Bratman Eve Z.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 3 focuses centrally on the host of plans and policies for sustainable development conducted in Brazil beginning in the late 1980s, when the concept of sustainable development was introduced into the mainstream of global environmental politics. The chapter also elaborates on the contemporary major players of Amazonian sustainable development politics, focusing on the roles and historical formations of the Catholic Church, social movement groups, and activism in relation to various projects and socio-environmental struggles of the late 1980s and into contemporary times. Illustrative cases of Brazilian infrastructure and developmental priorities for the Amazon are discussed in order to illustrate the primacy of national integration and consolidation of state power—in other words, economic priorities with a strong modernization orientation—well beyond environmental protection and social equity considerations.
Introduction
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas
Published: October 2019

This chapter introduces the main argument and the methodology of the book. It discusses liberal and realist mainstream theories of international political economy and offers a critique of their deficient understanding of the domestic origins of international economic conflicts. These domestic origins are not primarily conflicting national egoisms but they are seen in the context of a competition between different models of capitalism that emerged as distinct reactions to the challenges of economic globalization. US finance-led, EU integration-led, and East Asian state-led models are not just growth strategies but include institutional and structural path dependencies. A combination of an international political economic understanding of the interdependence of different models of capitalism, with a sound understanding of their distinct internal dynamics found by studies of comparative capitalism (CC), is a very promising research path to understand the origins of international conflict and cooperation.
Conclusions
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas
Published: October 2019

This concluding chapter summarizes the findings of this book and revisits the six hypotheses introduced in Chapter 1, in the light of the empirical investigation. It then turns to a discussion of open questions and future research agendas. Finally, it summarizes the main practical conclusion of this book. To achieve international cooperation, neither grand visions of political leaders nor technocratic fine-tuning of the machinery of international institutions are enough. Substantial improvements in international cooperation are difficult, because they need to go hand in hand with institutional and structural changes at the domestic level. The good news is that this book hopefully helped to demystify the origins of international conflicts. Conflicts are neither the result of an anarchic international system nor the ‘natural’ consequence of conflicting national egoisms, but can be traced to concrete deficits of the domestic models of capitalism. These capitalist models are dynamic and internally contested, which gives hope for the possibility of international cooperation.
Perception, Reliability, and Other Minds
Authors: Avramides Anita
Published: October 2019

It has been suggested that we can come by our knowledge of what others think and feel through perception. The idea has been worked out in different ways by different philosophers. In this chapter I consider the perceptual account proposed by Fred Dretske. In section one I outline Dretske’s account, and highlight a particular feature of it. In section two I set out an adequacy condition for any account that proposes to be an account of our mental life. In section three I consider Dretske’s account in the light of this adequacy condition and argue that Dretske’s account does not meet this condition. I conclude that while Dretske holds that we get our knowledge of other minds in much the same way that we get our knowledge of bodies in the world around us, I argue that the account cannot be extended to give us knowledge of other minds because there is a crucial asymmetry here that must be acknowledged.
The Dialogue’s Finale
Authors: Harte Verity
Published: October 2019

Chapter 15 argues that in Philebus 64c–67b, at the close of the dialogue, Socrates carefully recapitulates the terms of the dialogue’s second contest, set out at 22c5–e3, and proceeds to draw together the threads of the dialogue’s answer to them. The basis for the fivefold ranking of goods he advances is causal: each higher-ranked good has causal responsibility of a different order or kind than each lower-ranked good. Of the triple characteristics—beauty, proportion, and truth—truth does not appear in the ranking because, though a requisite of every good that has come into being, it is not a causally responsible good-making feature.
Who Decides? Legal Changes to Facilitate Inclusion of Participants with Impaired Cognition in Research
Authors: Wright Megan S.
Published: October 2019

This chapter describes and analyzes US law, policy, and guidelines regulating research involving participants with impaired cognition. Regulatory silence, vagueness, or non-uniformity about who is legally authorized to consent to research involving such participants may lead to their inappropriate inclusion in or exclusion from research. In order to promote respectful, beneficent, and just research, this chapter suggests legal reforms to better identify who can and should decide whether persons with cognitive impairments will participate in research. While research advance directives are one way to identify the appropriate decision-maker, this chapter argues for statutory clarity about who is a legally authorized representative; guardianship reform; and institutionalization of supported decision-making.
Disability, Vulnerability, and the Capacity to Consent
Authors: Patterson Stephanie , Block Pamela
Published: October 2019

Does having a diagnosis of intellectual or cognitive disability automatically render a person vulnerable and unable to give informed consent to participate in research? Discussions over a proposed change in United States Federal Human Subjects language brought these issues into keen focus. People who are identified as having a cognitive or mental disability may be no more at risk for abuse in participating in research than non-disabled people and may have equal ability to provide informed consent. We assert that a focus on the ability to consent and power to resist manipulation is a more helpful dividing line than a disability or impairment category. We ask the question: How do we assure personal autonomy when the mechanisms to establish capacity are discriminatory and in violation of a person’s civil rights.
Political-Philosophical Analysis of Suicide Tourism
Authors: Sperling Daniel
Published: October 2019

This chapter explores some of the major political-philosophical justifications for and against state interference in suicide tourism. These are divided into five main arguments from the perspective of the state in which assisted suicide is illegal: the idea of state sovereignty; global justice and moral particularism; cosmopolitanism and moral universalism; inter-state moral pluralism; and the notion of common ownership. While these arguments do not necessarily rely on the morality of suicide tourism, their overall evaluation reveals that there are prima facie good reasons against state intervention or for the adoption of a neutral view towards permissive countries. The discussion in this chapter concludes that although there are relatively weak justifications for state intervention in suicide tourism, there are strong justifications for non-intervention.
Empirical Analysis of Suicide Tourism
Authors: Sperling Daniel
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides an empirical analysis of suicide tourism. It includes extracts of interviews with key stakeholders in the field of assisted suicide from around Europe. In many countries, there have been legal and public proceedings discussing end-of-life issues (notably assisted suicide), accompanied by varied media coverage of stories of suicide tourism. In some cases, for example Canada, suicide tourism was a social phenomenon that the legislator wanted to prevent while legalizing assisted suicide. In others, especially the UK and Germany, suicide tourism was referred to by opponents or supporters of proposed laws to legalize or criminalize assisted suicide. This chapter reflects on the fact that, despite these proceedings and the many arguments raised by campaigners to change existing prohibitions against assisted suicide in countries of origin, the law in these countries has not changed, and in some cases its position on assisted suicide has become more prohibitive.
Epilogue
Authors: Sperling Daniel
Published: October 2019

This epilogue argues that, as suicide tourism has become more popular and freely discussed in the media and in public policy circles, the coverage is not always presented in a positive light. Since such a practice is being exposed selectively, reference is made to two categories of cases. The first involves ‘celebrities’ or public figures. The second includes unfamiliar ‘ordinary’ people who suffer from grave illnesses or experience exceptional states of affairs. While suicide tourism enjoys increasing publicity and is present in public discourse and policy-making in many Western countries these days, reference to it damages its reputation and underlines a strong message that it is an unjust, expensive, eccentric procedure that has the potential for much exploitation with minimal safeguards to protect the most vulnerable people in society, especially at times and in situations when they need such protection to the full.
‘Shipwreckful’ Afterlives
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H.
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the dynamics of shipwreck as played out in Renaissance travel writing. Through a reading of the work of Jean de Léry and the lesser-known Jean-Arnaud Bruneau de Rivedoux, it shows how in eyewitness or recently passed-on first-hand accounts of shipwreck, very real events were marked and shaped by the conventions established earlier in the century by allegorical, fictional and polemic shipwreck texts. But the extreme conditions of (actual) shipwreck place great strain on these otherwise persistent tropes, and both Léry’s and Bruneau’s Histoires generate new incarnations of once-familiar figures. Léry, for example, offers both a conventional narration of the storm at sea modelled on Psalm 107 and Erasmus’s ‘Naufragium’, and, later, several rearranged versions that point to the limitations of proverbial, classical, and biblical commonplace in such extraordinary circumstances. These texts, both written by Reformists intent on foregrounding their empirical approach, present the most forceful vindications of sea travel of all the texts studied here. While they describe vividly and often distressingly the suffering endured by seafarers and the victims of shipwreck, they also emphasise the value of such experience, and its power to affect even those who are spectators to it from dry land.
Territorial Sovereignty
Authors: Stilz Anna
Published: October 2019

This book offers a qualified defense of a territorial states system. It argues that three core values—occupancy, basic justice, and collective self-determination—are served by an international system made up of self-governing, spatially defined political units. The defense is qualified because the book does not actually justify all of the sovereignty rights states currently claim and that are recognized in international law. Instead, the book proposes important changes to states’ sovereign prerogatives, particularly with respect to internal autonomy for political minorities, immigration, and natural resources. Part I of the book argues for a right of occupancy, holding that a legitimate function of the international system is to specify and protect people’s preinstitutional claims to specific geographical places. Part II turns to the question of how a state might acquire legitimate jurisdiction over a population of occupants. It argues that the state will have a right to rule a population and its territory if it satisfies conditions of basic justice and facilitates its people’s collective self-determination. Finally, Parts III and IV of this book argue that the exclusionary sovereignty rights to control over borders and natural resources that can plausibly be justified on the basis of the three core values are more limited than has traditionally been thought.
The Neo-Humean Status Quo
Authors: Williams Neil E.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 presents the status quo of contemporary systematic metaphysics, detailing the core elements of the dominant neo-Humean metaphysic. The neo-Humean metaphysic is the foil against which the powers metaphysic is developed. Working through the more familiar framework helps readers appreciate metaphysical commitments they might have whilst demonstrating how a metaphysic is developed from a fundamental ontology. Popular neo-Humean accounts of possibility, properties, laws of nature, and causation are presented. The penultimate section of the chapter runs through some of the common objections to those aspects of the neo-Humean metaphysic presented in the previous sections.
Administration by Algorithm?
Authors: Veale Michael , Brass Irina
Published: October 2019

This chapter first explains the types of machine learning systems used in the public sector, detailing the processes and tasks that they aim to support. It then looks at three levels of government—the macro, meso, and the street-level—to map out, analyse, and evaluate how machine learning in the public sector more broadly is framed and standardized across government. It concludes that, while the use of machine learning in the public sector is mostly discussed with regard to its ‘transformative effect’ versus ‘the dynamic conservatism’ characteristic of public bureaucracies that embrace new technological developments, it also raises several concerns about the skills, capacities, processes, and practices that governments currently employ, the forms of which can have value-laden, political consequences.
How to ‘See’ Great Policy Successes
Authors: Compton Mallory E. , Hart Paul ‘t
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, the editors make the case for positive policy evaluation. They survey classic and contemporary public policy and governance research and debates to demonstrate how they are slanted towards fault-finding, the language of disappointment, failure and crisis. They reflect on the contributions and the limitations of this state of the art and argue that it needs to be complemented by a more sustained and systematic conceptualization and empirical study of highly (and perhaps improbably) successful public policy endeavours. This chapter ends by outlining the analytical protocol used in this project, and debating the methodological strengths and limitations of the brand of positive policy evaluation applied in this volume.
What If God Makes Hard Choices?
Authors: Draper Paul
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 explores the implications for classical theism of the possibility that God makes “hard choices.” A choice between two actions is hard if the chooser believes that each action is better than the other in some respects, but believes neither that one action is better overall than the other nor that the two actions are equally valuable overall. Even an omniscient God might be forced to make hard choices if, as seems plausible, “better than,” “worse than,” and “equal in value to” do not exhaust the relevant value relations that one action can bear to another. This chapter seeks to show that, if God does make hard choices of a certain sort, then God can be essentially perfectly rational and still have morally significant freedom. This is important because maximal praiseworthiness both requires morally significant freedom and, like perfect rationality, is required for divinity in the classical sense.
Moral Indulgences
Authors: Chan Rebecca , Crummett Dustin
Published: October 2019

Chapter 5 introduces the concept and explores the permissibility of moral indulgences. Roughly speaking, an agent is morally indulgent when they do something that, absent a defeater, is wrong, and, in order to offset this, do something that is supererogatory and more good than the bad action was bad. The chapter proceeds to explain why and when being morally indulgent is permissible. For some cases, being morally indulgent appears permissible (as when one buys a large carbon offset after polluting more than one’s fair share), while for others, it appears impermissible (as when murdering one but, otherwise unrelatedly, saving two to make up for it). The explanation for when being indulgent is permissible appeals to universalizability of the sort found in forms of Kantianism, contractualism, and rule consequentialism. Finally, the chapter explores the implications for what God should do, and why, if there are no unsurpassable possible worlds.
The Transformation of Investment Advice
Authors: Klass Jennifer L. , Perelman Eric L.
Published: October 2019

It is not surprising that the investing public seeks accessible, low-cost, and reliable advice. This chapter discusses how digital, or robo-advisors have triggered a dramatic upheaval in how investment advice is formulated, delivered, and applied on an ongoing basis to actively managed retail investment accounts. The availability of digital advice is promoting the important policy objective of expanding access to retirement advice to a growing segment of underserved and undersaved Americans. In addition to discussing the socio­economic and technological factors that are accelerating the growth of digital investment advisors, the chapter also discusses how such advisors fit within the existing legal and regulatory framework governing retail investment activities. It concludes with a look ahead anticipating how digital advice will continue to disrupt the financial services industry.
A systematic study of Galactic infrared bubbles along the Galactic plane with AKARI and Herschel. II. Spatial distributions of dust components around the bubbles
Authors: Hanaoka Misaki , Kaneda Hidehiro , Suzuki Toyoaki , Kokusho Takuma , Oyabu Shinki , Ishihara Daisuke , Kohno Mikito , Furuta Takuya , Tsuchikawa Takuro , Saito Futoshi
Published: October 2019

Galactic infrared (IR) bubbles, which can be seen as shell-like structures at mid-IR wavelengths, are known to possess massive stars within their shell boundaries. In our previous study (Hanaoka, 2019, PASJ, 71, 6), we expanded the research area to the whole Galactic plane ($0^{\circ } \le l \le 360^{\circ }$, $|b| \le 5^{\circ }$) and studied systematic differences in the shell morphology and the IR luminosity of the IR bubbles between inner and outer Galactic regions. In this study, utilizing high spatial-resolution data of AKARI and WISE in the mid-IR and Herschel in the far-IR, we investigate the spatial distributions of dust components around each IR bubble to discuss the relation between the star-formation activity and the dust properties of the IR bubbles. For the 247 IR bubbles studied in Hanaoka (2019, PASJ, 71, 6), 165 IR bubbles are investigated in this study, which have the Herschel data ($|b|\le 1^{\circ }$) and known distances. We created their spectral energy distributions on a pixel-by-pixel basis around each IR bubble, and decomposed them with a dust model consisting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hot dust, warm dust and cold dust. As a result, we find that the offsets of dust heating sources from the shell centers in inner Galactic regions are systematically larger than those in outer Galactic regions. Many of the broken bubbles in inner Galactic regions show large angles between the offset and the direction of the broken shell from the center. Moreover, the spatial variations of the PAH intensity and cold dust emissivity around the IR bubbles in inner Galactic regions are larger than those in outer Galactic regions. We discuss these results in light of the interstellar environments and the formation mechanism of the massive stars associated with the IR bubbles.
CsMYB3 and CsRuby1 form an ‘Activator-and-Repressor’ Loop for the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Citrus
Authors: Huang Ding , Tang Zhouzhou , Fu Jialing , Yuan Yue , Deng Xiuxin , Xu Qiang
Published: October 2019

Anthocyanins are preferentially accumulated in certain tissues of particular species of citrus. A R2R3-MYB transcription factor (named Ruby1) has been well documented as an activator of citrus anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized CsMYB3, a transcriptional repressor that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in citrus. CsMYB3 was expressed in anthocyanin-pigmented tissues, and the expression was closely associated with that of Ruby1, which is a key anthocyanin activator. Overexpression of CsMYB3 in Arabidopsis resulted in a decrease in anthocyanins under nitrogen stress. Overexpression of CsMYB3 in the background of CsRuby1-overexpressing strawberry and Arabidopsis reduced the anthocyanin accumulation level. Transient promoter activation assays revealed that CsMYB3 could repress the activation capacity of the complex formed by CsRuby1/CsbHLH1 for the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Moreover, CsMYB3 could be transcriptionally activated by CsRuby1 via promoter binding, thus forming an ‘activator-and-repressor’ loop to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in citrus. This study shows that CsMYB3 plays a repressor role in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and proposes an ‘activator-and-repressor’ loop model constituted by CsRuby1 and CsMYB3 in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in citrus.
Stock Market Rumors and Credibility
Authors: Schmidt Daniel
Published: October 2019

Stock prices occasionally move in response to unverified rumors. I propose a cheap talk model in which a rumormonger’s incentives to tell the truth depend on the interaction between her investment horizon and the information acquisition decisions of message-receiving investors. The model’s key prediction is that short investment horizons can facilitate credible information sharing between investors, thereby accelerating the information capitalization into market prices. Analyzing a data set of takeover rumors covered by U.S. newspapers, I find suggestive evidence in support of this prediction.

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Delineating the social valuation network in adolescents
Authors: Kumar Poornima , Pisoni Angela , Bondy Erin , Kremens Rebecca , Singleton Paris , Pizzagalli Diego A , Auerbach Randy P
Published: October 2019

Adolescents strive for peer approval, and an increased sensitivity to peers’ opinions is normative. However, among vulnerable adolescents, peer evaluation can be detrimental, contributing to affective disorders. It is, therefore, critical to improve our understanding of neural underpinnings of peer evaluation. Prior research has investigated averaged neural responses to peer acceptance or rejection, neglecting to probe trial-by-trial computations that mirror real-time updating of daily activities. In non-social decision-making, a common neural valuation system centered on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has emerged, which evaluates different reward types on a common scale to guide choices. However, it is unclear whether the mPFC also tracks complex social scenarios involving peer feedback. To address this gap, we acquired fMRI data from 55 healthy adolescents during the Chatroom Task, which probes peer evaluation, and implemented a computational approach to characterize trial-by-trial social value, thereby allowing us to interrogate the neural correlates of social value. Consistent with our hypothesis, social value signals were encoded in the mPFC. Interestingly, analyses also revealed a wider social-specific valuation network including the precuneus and amygdala. Understanding how adolescents make social decisions and neural markers associated with it, may, ultimately, help us clarify promising targets for intervention.
A Network Analysis of Epigenetic and Transcriptional Regulation in a Neurodevelopmental Rat Model of Schizophrenia With Implications for Translational Research
Authors: Du Yang , Li Xue-Song , Chen Lei , Chen Guang-Yang , Cheng Yong
Published: October 2019

Prenatal administration of mitotoxin methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) in rats produces behavioral, pharmacological, and anatomical abnormalities once offspring reach adulthood, thus establishing a widely used neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. However, the molecular aspects underlying this disease model are not well understood. Therefore, this study examines epigenetic and transcriptional dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of MAM rats as these are brain regions closely associated with schizophrenia pathogenesis. Upon sequencing messenger and microRNA (mRNA and miRNA, respectively), differential expression was revealed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus between MAM- and saline-treated rats; sequencing data were validated by qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrated that the differentially expressed (DE) genes were strongly enriched in interactive pathways related to schizophrenia, including chemical synaptic transmission, cognition, and inflammatory responses; also, the potential target genes of the DE miRNAs were enriched in pathways related to synapses and inflammation. The blood of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls was further analyzed for several top DE mRNAs: DOPA decarboxylase, ret proto-oncogene, Fc receptor-like 2, interferon lambda receptor 1, and myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 2. The results demonstrated that the expression of these genes was dysregulated in patients with schizophrenia; combining these mRNAs sufficiently differentiated schizophrenia patients from controls. Taken together, this study suggests that the MAM model has the potential to reproduce hippocampus and prefrontal cortex abnormalities, relevant to schizophrenia, at the epigenetic and transcriptional levels. These data also provide novel targets for schizophrenia diagnoses and treatments.