bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic low dielectric behaviour of a highly thermally stable Sr-based metal–organic framework for interlayer dielectric materials
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Lee Cheng-Hua , Hung Dung-Shing , Lee Shang-Fan , Wang Chih-Chieh , Luo Tzuoo-Tsair , Zhao Li , Wu Mau-Kuen , Lu Kuang-Lieh
Published: February 2014

A Sr-based metal–organic framework exhibits an intrinsic low dielectric constant after removing the water molecules. A low dielectric constant and high thermal stability make this compound a candidate for use as a low-k material.
Blind carrier frequency offset estimation for interleaved orthogonal frequency division multiple access uplink with multi‐antenna receiver: algorithms and performance analysis
Authors: Zhang Weile , Yin Qinye
Published: February 2014

In this study, for interleaved orthogonal frequency division multiple access uplink with multi‐antenna receiver, we propose two generalised carrier frequency offset estimators which, respectively, exploit the subspace theory and maximum‐likelihood (ML) criterion. We find that, as long as the numbers of multipaths from two of the users are smaller than the number of antennas at the receiver, both the proposed estimators support fully loaded transmissions. We also derive the theoretical performance lower bound for the proposed ML estimator. The numerical results are then provided, which corroborate the proposed studies.
A frequency‐domain three‐stage algorithm for active deception jamming against synthetic aperture radar
Authors: Liu Yongcai , Wang Wei , Pan Xiaoyi , Dai Dahai , Feng Dejun
Published: February 2014

Efficient generation of jamming signal is an important but intractable issue in active deception jamming against synthetic aperture radar. Considerations must be given to both the computational complexity and the focus depth of the false scatterers of a deception template. However, existing methods cannot meet both demands mentioned above when generating jamming signal of an extended false scene or scattered false targets. In this study, a frequency‐domain three‐stage algorithm (FDTSA) is proposed. In theory, the jammer system is deliberately reformatted in the two‐dimensional frequency domain. Accordingly, the implementation of the FDTSA can be effectively accelerated by fast Fourier transform and by separating the modulation process of a repeat jammer into three stages: the offline stage, the initialisation stage and the real‐time modulation stage. Theoretical analyses and simulation results indicate that the FDTSA can get rid of severe focus deterioration of the false scatterers and reasonable computational load is required.
On the origin of elastic strain limit of bulk metallic glasses
Authors: Ding J. , Cheng Y. Q. , Ma E.
Published: February 2014

All bulk metallic glasses exhibit a large and almost universal elastic strain limit. Here, we show that the magnitude of the yield strain of the glass state can be quantitatively derived from a characteristic property of the flow state typical in running shear bands (the root cause of yielding). The strain in the shear flow is mostly plastic, but associated with it there is an effective elastic atomic strain. The latter is almost identical for very different model systems in our molecular dynamics simulations, such that the corresponding yield strain is universal at any given homologous temperature.
The electrical conduction properties of poly-crystalline indium-zinc-oxide film
Authors: Tomai S. , Terai K. , Junke T. , Tsuruma Y. , Ebata K. , Yano K. , Uraoka Y.
Published: February 2014

We have developed a high-mobility and high-uniform oxide semiconductor using poly-crystalline semiconductor material composed of indium and zinc (p-IZO). A typical conduction mechanism of p-IZO film was demonstrated by the grain boundary scattering model as in polycrystalline silicon. The grain boundary potential of the 2-h-annealed IZO film was calculated to be 100 meV, which was comparable to that of the polycrystalline silicon. However, the p-IZO thin film transistor (TFT) measurement shows rather uniform characteristics. It denotes that the mobility deterioration around the grain boundaries is lower than the case for low-temperature polycrystalline silicon. This assertion was made based on the difference of the mobility between the polycrystalline and amorphous IZO film being much smaller than is the case for silicon transistors. Therefore, we conclude that the p-IZO is a promising material for a TFT channel, which realizes high drift mobility and uniformity simultaneously.
Local characterization of hindered Brownian motion by using digital video microscopy and 3D particle tracking
Authors: Dettmer Simon L. , Keyser Ulrich F. , Pagliara Stefano
Published: February 2014

In this article we present methods for measuring hindered Brownian motion in the confinement of complex 3D geometries using digital video microscopy. Here we discuss essential features of automated 3D particle tracking as well as diffusion data analysis. By introducing local mean squared displacement-vs-time curves, we are able to simultaneously measure the spatial dependence of diffusion coefficients, tracking accuracies and drift velocities. Such local measurements allow a more detailed and appropriate description of strongly heterogeneous systems as opposed to global measurements. Finite size effects of the tracking region on measuring mean squared displacements are also discussed. The use of these methods was crucial for the measurement of the diffusive behavior of spherical polystyrene particles (505 nm diameter) in a microfluidic chip. The particles explored an array of parallel channels with different cross sections as well as the bulk reservoirs. For this experiment we present the measurement of local tracking accuracies in all three axial directions as well as the diffusivity parallel to the channel axis while we observed no significant flow but purely Brownian motion. Finally, the presented algorithm is suitable also for tracking of fluorescently labeled particles and particles driven by an external force, e.g., electrokinetic or dielectrophoretic forces.
Microfluidic device capable of medium recirculation for non-adherent cell culture
Authors: Dixon Angela R. , Rajan Shrinidhi , Kuo Chuan-Hsien , Bersano Tom , Wold Rachel , Futai Nobuyuki , Takayama Shuichi , Mehta Geeta
Published: February 2014

We present a microfluidic device designed for maintenance and culture of non-adherent mammalian cells, which enables both recirculation and refreshing of medium, as well as easy harvesting of cells from the device. We demonstrate fabrication of a novel microfluidic device utilizing Braille perfusion for peristaltic fluid flow to enable switching between recirculation and refresh flow modes. Utilizing fluid flow simulations and the human promyelocytic leukemia cellline, HL-60, non-adherent cells, we demonstrate the utility of this RECIR-REFRESH device. With computer simulations, we profiled fluid flow and concentration gradients of autocrine factors and found that the geometry of the cell culture well plays a key role in cell entrapping and retaining autocrine and soluble factors. We subjected HL-60 cells, in the device, to a treatment regimen of 1.25% dimethylsulfoxide, every other day, to provoke differentiation and measured subsequent expression of CD11b on day 2 and day 4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on day 4. Our findings display perfusion sensitive CD11b expression,but not TNF-α build-up, by day 4 of culture, with a 1:1 ratio of recirculation to refresh flow yielding the greatest increase in CD11b levels. RECIR-REFRESH facilitates programmable levels of cell differentiation in a HL-60 non-adherent cell population and can be expanded to other types of non-adherent cells such as hematopoietic stem cells.
Observing and preventing rubidium runaway in a direct-infusion xenon-spin hyperpolarizer optimized for high-resolution hyper-CEST (chemical exchange saturation transfer using hyperpolarized nuclei) NMR
Authors: Witte C. , Kunth M. , Rossella F. , Schröder L.
Published: February 2014

Xenon is well known to undergo host-guest interactions with proteins and synthetic molecules. As xenon can also be hyperpolarized by spin exchange optical pumping, allowing the investigation of highly dilute systems, it makes an ideal nuclear magnetic resonance probe for such host molecules. The utility of xenon as a probe can be further improved using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer using hyperpolarized nuclei (Hyper-CEST), but for highly accurate experiments requires a polarizer and xenon infusion system optimized for such measurements. We present the design of a hyperpolarizer and xenon infusion system specifically designed to meet the requirements of Hyper-CEST measurements. One key element of this design is preventing rubidium runaway, a chain reaction induced by laser heating that prevents efficient utilization of high photon densities. Using thermocouples positioned along the pumping cell we identify the sources of heating and conditions for rubidium runaway to occur. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of actively cooling the optical cell to prevent rubidium runaway in a compact setup. This results in a 2–3-fold higher polarization than without cooling, allowing us to achieve a polarization of 25% at continuous flow rates of 9 ml/min of 129Xe. The simplicity of this design also allows it to be retrofitted to many existing polarizers. Combined with a direction infusion system that reduces shot-to-shot noise down to 0.56% we have captured Hyper-CEST spectra in unprecedented detail, allowing us to completely resolve peaks separated by just 1.62 ppm. Due to its high polarization and excellent stability, our design allows the comparison of underlying theories of host-guest systems with experiment at low concentrations, something extremely difficult with previous polarizers.
Cross-waves excited by distributed forcing in the gravity-capillary regime
Authors: Tinao I. , Porter J. , Laverón-Simavilla A. , Fernández J.
Published: February 2014

Cross-wave descriptions based on a boundary forced nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which have been widely used since Jones [J. Fluid Mech. 138, 53–74 (1984)], rely on the assumption that modulations occur on a slow lengthscale compared with the extent of the forcing. This assumption does not hold for recent higher frequency (large aspect ratio) experiments. We extend the established theory of modulated cross-waves in horizontally vibrated containers by including surface tension and, most importantly, a spatially extended forcing term. The resulting amplitude equations provide predictions for onset values, spatial profiles, and temporal modulations that are compared with previous theory and with experimental measurements. The appearance of temporally modulated solutions, confirmed experimentally, is interpreted as the result of weak symmetry-breaking related to the interaction of waves generated at opposite ends.
Surface acoustic wave generation and detection using graphene interdigitated transducers on lithium niobate
Authors: Mayorov A. S. , Hunter N. , Muchenje W. , Wood C. D. , Rosamond M. , Linfield E. H. , Davies A. G. , Cunningham J. E.
Published: February 2014

We demonstrate the feasibility of using graphene as a conductive electrode for the generation and detection of surface acoustic waves at 100 s of MHz on a lithium niobate substrate. The graphene interdigitated transducers (IDTs) show sensitivity to doping and temperature, and the characteristics of the IDTs are discussed in the context of a lossy transmission line model.
Numerical simulation of the settling behaviour of particles in thixotropic fluids
Authors: Gumulya M. M. , Horsley R. R. , Pareek V.
Published: February 2014

A numerical study on the settling behaviour of particles in shear‑thinning thixotropic fluids has been conducted. The numerical scheme was based on the volume of fluid model, with the solid particle being likened to a fluid with very high viscosity. The validity of this model was confirmed through comparisons of the flow field surrounding a sphere settling in a Newtonian fluid with the analytical results of Stokes. The rheology model for the fluid was time‑dependent, utilising a scalar parameter that represents the integrity of a “structural network,” which determines its shear thinning and thixotropic characteristics. The results of this study show that the flow field surrounding the settling sphere is highly localised, with distinct regions of disturbed/undisturbed fluids. The extension of these regions depends on the relaxation time of the fluid, as well as its shear thinning characteristics, and reflects the drag force experienced by the sphere. As the sphere settles, a region of sheared fluid that has significantly lower values of viscosity is formed above the sphere. This region slowly recovers in structure in time. As a result, a sphere that falls in a partially recovered domain (e.g., due to the shearing motion of an earlier sphere) tends to attain a greater velocity than the terminal velocity value. This was found to be true even in cases where the “resting time” of the fluid was nearly twice the relaxation time of the fluid. The results of this study could provide a framework for future analysis on the time‑dependent settling behaviour of particles in thixotropic shear‑thinning fluids.
Quasistatics and electrodynamics of near-field microwave microscope
Authors: Reznik Alexander N.
Published: February 2014

Probe impedance Z = R + iX of a near-field microwave microscope (NFM) is investigated within the electrodynamic (ED) and quasistatic (QS) theories. It is shown that ED and QS resistances R may differ appreciably even if the QS applicability condition is met. This contradiction is inherent in probing of weakly absorbing or resonating objects. There is also a long-range effect in this case, consisting in that variation of components X, R with a change in the probe-object distance is characterized by two spatial scales hx and hr, with hr ≫ hx. It is also shown that resistance R results from addition of the wave, RW, and quasistatic, RQ, components. The effects under study are of the wave nature, i.e., they are realized given RW > RQ. Component RW is taken into account in the ED, but neglected in the QS theory. On the contrary, for reactance X both theories lead to similar results in all of the considered cases. We also discuss the methods for calculation of the NFM probing depth. It is shown that a correct analysis of this depth should be based on investigation of the NFM response to some object being moved in the near-field zone of the probe.
Ultraviolet photoluminescence from stressed silicon nanoclusters
Authors: Sahu Gayatri , Sahu Vikas , Kukreja L. M.
Published: February 2014

Synthesis of UV light emitting stressed Si nanoclusters embedded in amorphous Si layer, using a dual Ag ion implantation technique has been reported. The stressed nanoclusters exhibit a very narrow photo-luminescence in UV regime at around 3.28 eV. Presence of metal ions like Ag, in the vicinity of Si nanoclusters enhances the luminescence due to localized surface plasmon resonance effect. The magnitude of stress has been calculated using Raman scattering method.
A low loss NiZnCo ferrite, prepared using a hydrothermal method, for antenna applications
Authors: Chen Kang , Jia Lijun , Yu Xianghai , Zhang Huaiwu
Published: February 2014

In this paper, a novel low-loss NiZnCo ferrite prepared by a hydrothermal method has been developed for miniaturization and performance enhancement of mobile handset antennae. XRD analysis revealed that in weakly alkaline solution, H+ ions generated in the reaction process result in an acid-alkali imbalance. In a strongly alkaline solution, Fe(OH)3 readily loses water to generate α-Fe2O3 and is no longer able to act as a nucleation skeleton. With powders prepared at pH = 10, the ceramic samples consisted of a pure phase, with compact and uniform microstructure, leading to relatively high permeability, very low dielectric constant, and with low losses. A miniaturization factor of about 6.2 and normalized impedance of about 1 were obtained for the developed substrate ferrite when used in a helical antenna operating in the terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) band for a mobile handset.
Influence of ball milling and annealing conditions on the properties of L1 FePt nanoparticles fabricated by a new green chemical synthesis method
Authors: Hu X. C. , Capobianchi A. , Gallagher R. , Hadjipanayis G. C.
Published: February 2014

In this work, a new green chemical strategy for the synthesis of L10 FePt alloy nanoparticles is reported. The precursor is a polycrystalline molecular complex (Fe(H2O)6PtCl6), in which Fe and Pt atoms are arranged on alternating planes and milled with NaCl to form nanocrystals. Then the mixture was annealed under reducing atmosphere (5% H2 and 95% Ar) at temperatures varying from 350 °C to 500 °C for 2 h with a heating rate of 5 °C/min. After the reduction, the mixture was washed with water to remove the NaCl and L10 FePt nanoparticles were obtained. The X-Ray Diffraction pattern showed the presence of the characteristic peaks of the fct phase of FePt nanoparticles. Influence of precursor/NaCl ratio and ball milling time on particle size was investigated. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that smaller precursor/NaCl ratio (10 mg/20 g) and longer milling time (15 h) lead to smaller particle size and narrower size distribution. Milling time does not influence the coercivity much but the decrease of the amount of precursor leads to a decrease of coercivity from 10.8 kOe to 4.8 kOe.
Swelling dynamics of a thin elastomeric sheet under uniaxial pre-stretch
Authors: Lucantonio A. , Nardinocchi P. , Stone H. A.
Published: February 2014

It has been demonstrated experimentally that pre-stretch affects the swelling of an elastomeric membrane when it is exposed to a solvent. We study theoretically the one-dimensional swelling of a pre-stretched thin elastomeric sheet, bonded to an impermeable rigid substrate, to quantify the influence of pre-stretch. We show that the solvent uptake increases when pre-stretch increases, both at equilibrium and during the swelling transient, where it exhibits two different scaling regimes. The coupling between the solvent uptake and pre-stretch may be practically exploited to design soft actuators where the swelling-induced deformations can be controlled by varying the pre-stretch.
A highly parallel microfluidic droplet method enabling single-molecule counting for digital enzyme detection
Authors: Guan Zhichao , Zou Yuan , Zhang Mingxia , Lv Jiangquan , Shen Huali , Yang Pengyuan , Zhang Huimin , Zhu Zhi , James Yang Chaoyong
Published: February 2014

Although digital detection of nucleic acids has been achieved by amplification of single templates in uniform microfluidic droplets and widely used for genetic analysis, droplet-based digital detection of proteins has rarely been reported, largely due to the lack of an efficient target amplification method for protein in droplets. Here, we report a key step towards digital detection of proteins using a highly parallel microfluidic droplet approach for single enzyme molecule detection in picoliter droplets via enzyme catalyzed signal amplification. An integrated microfluidic chip was designed for high throughput uniform droplet generation, monolayer droplet collection, incubation, detection, and release. Single β-galatosidase (β-Gal) molecules and the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein di-β-D-galactopyranoside were injected from two separated inlets to form uniform 20 μm droplets in fluorinated oil at a frequency of 6.6 kHz. About 200 000 droplets were captured as a monolayer in a capture well on-chip for subsequent imaging detection. A series of β-Gal solutions at different concentrations were analyzed at the single-molecule level. With no enzyme present, no droplets were found to fluoresce, while brightly fluorescent droplets were observed under single-enzyme molecule conditions. Droplet fluorescence intensity distribution analysis showed that the distribution of enzyme molecules under single-molecule conditions matched well with theoretical prediction, further proving the feasibility of detecting single enzyme molecules in emulsion droplets. Moreover, the population of fluorescent droplets increased as the β-Gal concentration increased. Based on a digital counting method, the measured concentrations of the enzyme were found to match well with input enzyme concentration, establishing the accuracy of the digital detection method for the quantification of β-Gal enzyme molecules. The capability of highly parallel detection of single enzyme molecules in uniform picoliter droplets paves the way to microdroplet based digital detection of proteins.
Electronic structures of reconstructed zigzag silicene nanoribbons
Authors: Ding Yi , Wang Yanli
Published: February 2014

Edge states and magnetism are crucial for spintronic applications of nanoribbons. Here, using first-principles calculations, we explore structural stabilities and electronic properties of zigzag silicene nanoribbons (ZSiNRs) with Klein and pentagon-heptagon reconstructions. Comparing to unreconstructed zigzag edges, deformed bare pentagon-heptagon ones are favored under H-poor conditions, while H-rich surroundings stabilize di-hydrogenated Klein edges. These Klein edges have analogous magnetism to zigzag ones, which also possess the electric-field-induced half-metallicity of nanoribbons. Moreover, diverse magnetic states can be achieved by asymmetric Klein and zigzag edges into ZSiNRs, which could be transformed from antiferromagnetic-semiconductors to bipolar spin-gapless-semiconductors and ferromagnetic-metals depending on edge hydrogenations.
Position- and orientation-controlled polarized light interaction of individual indium tin oxide nanorods
Authors: Choi Daniel S. , Joh Daniel Y. , Lee Thomas , Milchak Marissa , Zhou Hebing , Kang Yongkoo , Hahm Jong-in
Published: February 2014

We have systematically investigated the position, orientation, and polarization angle dependence of scattered light from well-characterized, indium tin oxide nanorods (ITO NRs) upon illumination with monochromatic light. Scattering signals from individual ITO NRs of horizontal and vertical configurations are probed quantitatively by examining signal response with respect to the analyzer angle and position along the length of the NR. Our efforts can be highly beneficial in providing fundamental understanding for the light interaction behavior of ITO NRs. Our results can provide valuable bases for comprehending optical emission from individual NRs, with their ever-growing applications in optoelectronics, photonics, and biosensing.
Investigation of the second-order nonlinear optical properties of Cs2TeMo3O12 single crystal
Authors: Feng Xiaoxiao , Zhang Junjie , Gao Zeliang , Zhang Shaojun , Sun Youxuan , Tao Xutang
Published: February 2014

The complete set of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients of Cs2TeMo3O12 single crystals were obtained using the Maker Fringe techniques. The NLO coefficients d32 and d33 were measured to be on the order of 6.8 and 6.5 pm/V, respectively. Irradiated by 1064 nm laser, the crystal is phase-matchable, and its effective nonlinear coefficient is 4.6 pm/V for type I phase matching at θ = 42.7°. The relationship between the second-order nonlinear properties and the crystal structure is also discussed. Considering its wide transmission range, phase matching, and large effective NLO coefficient, Cs2TeMo3O12 is a good candidate for IR NLO application.
Thickness and ordering temperature of surface NiO/Ni systems
Authors: Shih Ying-Ta , Su Chien-Yu , Tsai Chung-Wei , Pan Wei
Published: February 2014

We estimate the thickness and ordering temperature of an antiferromagnetic and passivation surface oxide through exchange bias coupling. The surface NiO, which is generated through the exposure of a Ni/Cu(001) surface to oxygen, is taken as a model system on which to perform the estimation. Since no exchange bias is found in the surface NiO/Ni/Cu(001), we have built a sandwich structure of NiO/n ML Ni/10 ML Co/Cu(001) to measure the n dependence of exchange bias. With n ⩽ 2, a large exchange bias field is found above 300 K, which could be due to the direct contact between the oxides and the Co layer. With 3 ⩽ n ⩽ 6, a smaller exchange bias field is found with a blocking temperature of 190 K. This implies that the thickness of NiO is, at most, 3 ML. Discovering the thickness and ordering temperature of the surface NiO provides us to explore the potential applications by using surface NiO.
Structural and optical characterization of Cr2O3 nanostructures: Evaluation of its dielectric properties
Authors: Abdullah M. M. , Rajab Fahd M. , Al-Abbas Saleh M.
Published: February 2014

The structural, optical and dielectric properties of as-grown Cr2O3 nanostructures are demonstrated in this paper. Powder X-ray diffractometry analysis confirmed the rhombohedral structure of the material with lattice parameter, a = b = 4.953 Å; c = 13.578 Å, and average crystallize size (62.40 ± 21.3) nm. FE-SEM image illustrated the mixture of different shapes (disk, particle and rod) of as-grown nanostructures whereas; EDS spectrum confirmed the elemental purity of the material. FTIR spectroscopy, revealed the characteristic peaks of Cr–O bond stretching vibrations. Energy band gap (3.2 eV) of the nanostructures has been determined using the results of UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. The dielectric properties of the material were checked in the wide frequency region (100Hz-30 MHz). In the low frequency region, the matrix of the dielectric behaves like source as well as sink of electrical energy within the relaxation time. Low value of dielectric loss exhibits that the materials posses good optical quality with lesser defects. The ac conductivity of the material in the high frequency region was found according to frequency power law. The physical-mechanism and the theoretical-interpretation of dielectric-properties of Cr2O3 nanostructures attest the potential candidature of the material as an efficient dielectric medium.
High-κ Al2O3 material in low temperature wafer-level bonding for 3D integration application
Authors: Fan J. , Tu L. C. , Tan C. S.
Published: February 2014

This work systematically investigated a high-κ Al2O3 material for low temperature wafer-level bonding for potential applications in 3D microsystems. A clean Si wafer with an Al2O3 layer thickness of 50 nm was applied as our experimental approach. Bonding was initiated in a clean room ambient after surface activation, followed by annealing under inert ambient conditions at 300 °C for 3 h. The investigation consisted of three parts: a mechanical support study using the four-point bending method, hermeticity measurements using the helium bomb test, and thermal conductivity analysis for potential heterogeneous bonding. Compared with samples bonded using a conventional oxide bonding material (SiO2), a higher interfacial adhesion energy (∼11.93 J/m2) and a lower helium leak rate (∼6.84 × 10−10 atm.cm3/sec) were detected for samples bonded using Al2O3. More importantly, due to the excellent thermal conductivity performance of Al2O3, this technology can be used in heterogeneous direct bonding, which has potential applications for enhancing the performance of Si photonic integrated devices.
Controlled synthesis of single-crystalline graphene
Authors: Xueshen Wang , Jinjin Li , Qing Zhong , Yuan Zhong , Mengke Zhao , Yonggang Liu
Published: February 2014

This paper reports the controlled synthesis of single-crystalline graphene on the back side of copper foil using CH4 as the precursor. The influence of growth time and the pressure ratio of CH4/H2 on the structure of graphene are examined. An optimized polymer-assisted method is used to transfer the synthesized graphene onto a SiO2/Si substrate. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the graphene.
Auxiliaries in spoken Sinhala
Authors: Hilpert Martin
Published: February 2014

This paper discusses whether there are elements in spoken Sinhala that can be appropriately labeled auxiliary verbs, adopting the framework of grammaticalization theory (Hopper and Traugott 1993). While auxiliaries are thought of as a nearly universal cross-linguistic category (Steele 1978), the term is not mentioned in standard works on Sinhala (Gair and Paolillo 1997, Gair 1998). On the basis of elicited data, it is argued that a number of elements can be fruitfully analyzed as auxiliaries, while other elements resist such a classification, and thus pose a challenge to current definitions of the term auxiliary in grammaticalization theory.
Can and future meaning
Authors: Myhill John
Published: February 2014

Can is traditionally seen as having three general meanings, ability, permission, and possibility (Leech 1987). However, as noted by Coates (1983), in certain cases the function of can is somewhat similar to that of will, e.g. offering to help by saying / can/will help, if you want y asking for help by saying Can/will you pass the salt please?, etc. Using a database of 119 naturally-occurring tokens of can followed by a main verb with future time reference (Trudeau 1984), the present paper posits 17 distinct functions of can, of which 7 show a semantic affinity with will. Those functions having a semantic affinity with will generally have a number of distinctive characteristics: they are associated with possibility rather than ability or permission, they are characterized by interactive or syntactic rather than semantic properties, and analysis of early 19th century texts shows that they have only developed in the language relatively recently. This suggests that, to a large extent, the possibility function of can represents a recent encroachment into the functional territory of future tense marking.
The fall and rise of the level tone in English
Authors: Tench Paul
Published: February 2014

The paper presents an observation of an intonation pattern that is current in British and American English but which has not received any attention in standard descriptions: a low pitched pretonic followed by a mid level tone. The proposal to be made here is that it systematically carries the meaning of a routine listing of items presented as unquestionably self-evident information to substantiate an argument. The description of the pattern is based on broadcast material.
The study presents this pattern in a historical context and claims that it is of recent origin. It also presents it as an additional option in the English tone system, and makes the claim that this new pattern is not confined to RP intonation.
The development of modality in the pre-school years
Authors: Torr Jane
Published: February 2014

Modality is a particularly interesting area developmentally, as it is concerned with the child's evaluation of the possibilities and obligations involved in everyday interpersonal encounters. This paper will present the findings of a longitudinal case study of one child's development of modality over a 21 month period, beginning at 2;6 (two years and six months) and extending until 4;3 years. The study analyses the child's use of epistemic and deontic modal auxiliaries, as well as other devices for expressing modality such as projection and modal adjuncts (Perkins 1983, Halliday 1994). Data were recorded in the child's home during spontaneous interactions. The study identifies the origins and functions of modal expressions in early childhood, including the development of interpersonal grammatical metaphor (Halliday 1994), sometimes referred to as conversational functions (Shatz, Wellman and Silber 1983, Bartsch and Wellman 1995). The move from subjective to objective orientations and the use of adjectives and adverbs to convey modal meanings are discussed. The study demonstrates an inextricable link between the content or area of learning (the child's interest in the mental processes of herself and her younger sister) and the modal expressions which provide a vehicle for this learning.
Intonation units and functional composition in Japanese conversational discourse
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: February 2014

This paper examines informal face-to-face, two-party conversations in Japanese in order to explore the relationship between intonation units and functional composition. Specifically, the present study investigates the preferred functional structure of substantive intonation units that convey ideas of events, states, or referents. It was found that the Japanese substantive intonation unit preferentially consists of no more than two functional components, and that those units comprised of the ideational component only are notably prevalent in the data. This suggests that speakers of Japanese prefer to communicate ideas or propositions typically by using the simplest functional structure type which consists solely of the ideational component, with none of the other components serving a coherence-creating, regulatory, or interactional function, or as an idea-linking device. This in turn means that overwhelmingly, intonation units are produced such that they serve one function at a time. The unifunctional structure of the Japanese intonation unit this study uncovered supports the claimed single nature of this prosodic unit as the basic linguistic unit of discourse production and information flow in spontaneous conversational interaction.
Predications and nonreferential cohesion in Irish-speaking children's narratives
Authors: Bennett-Kastor Tina
Published: February 2014

This work describes the manipulation of predication in the narratives of monolingual Irish (Gaelic)-speaking preschool children, and compares the development of nonreferential means of cohesion in a language that is typologically distinct to development in other languages, especially English. The examination presents general data on eight two through five year old children's use of finite and nonfinite verbs, of the complements and modifiers of verbs, and of textual devices to link clauses. Predication and other nonreferential devices function both to propel the narrative forward, and to provide cohesion at the local or global level through temporal, logical, or evaluative means. Four of the children's narratives are examined in greater detail. Despite the typological differences between Irish and many other European languages, predicate development seems to proceed similarly in many respects. The possible exception is the clitic-like copula and its various irregular forms, which did not appear to have been mastered until relatively late.
The two faces of gesture: Language and thought
Authors: Goldin-Meadow Susan
Published: February 2014

Gesture is typically produced with speech, forming a fully integrated system with that speech. However, under unusual circumstances, gesture can be produced completely on its own — without speech. In these instances, gesture takes over the full burden of communication usually shared by the two modalities. What happens to gesture in these two very different contexts? One possibility is that there are no differences in the forms gesture takes in these two contexts — that gesture is gesture no matter what its function. But, in fact, that’s not what we find. When gesture is produced on its own, it assumes the full burden of communication and takes on a language-like form, with sentence-level ordering rules, word-level paradigms, and grammatical categories. In contrast, when gesture is produced in conjunction with speech, it shares the burden of communication with speech and takes on a global imagistic form, often conveying information not found anywhere in speech. Gesture thus changes its form according to its function.
When and how well do people see the onset of gestures?
Authors: Arendsen Jeroen , Doorn Andrea J. van , Ridder Huib de
Published: February 2014

We studied if and when people detect the beginning of a gesture, in our case a sign in Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN), by presenting movie fragments consisting of sequences of rest positions, fidgets, and signs to deaf signers, hearing signers and non-signers. Participants were instructed to respond as soon as they saw that a SLN sign had begun. All participants showed themselves highly capable of responding to sign beginnings. Signs that are two-handed, performed in signing space, have a highly marked hand shape, and contain path movement were discriminated best. Considering a sign as having a preparation, a stroke, and a recovery, response times showed strong clusters around 500 milliseconds after the beginning of sign preparation, or 200 ms after the onset of the stroke. The non-signers needed more time before responding; deaf signers took more time than hearing signers. Response time was influenced by three factors (shorter for signs that have a highly marked hand shape, are one-handed, and are preceded by fidgets). The results show that it is possible for people to discriminate fidgeting and signs based on appearance, even if one does not know sign language. No single feature of the movement appears necessary to detect the beginning of a sign. In most cases visual information available up to an early stage of the stroke is sufficient but in some cases the information in the preparation is enough.
La linguistique générale de Ferdinand de Saussure: Textes et retour aux textes
Authors: Bouquet Simon
Published: February 2014

Summary

There is talk these days of a ‘return to Saussure’, and we may do well to ask ourselves in what sense this ‘return’ should be understood, given the complex editorial history of Saussure’s ideas concerning ‘general linguistics’. Should this be in terms of rereading the 1916 text established by Bally and Sechehaye or based on largely unknown, only partially published texts? This and related questions, the author holds, can only be answered by revisiting the history of the composition of theCours de linguistique générale. In the present paper, a presentation of the available texts and their editions is made before the conclusion is being drawn that a ‘return to Saussure’ today should be undertaken in terms of content.

Résumé

On parle aujourd’hui d’un ‘retour à Saussure’. Comment cette expression doit-elle s’entendre au regard de l’histoire éditoriale complexe des textes saussuriens de linguistique générale? Comme un retour à des idées de Saussure que l’on a connues grâce auCours de linguistique générale? ou comme un retour à des textes pour partie méconnus, pour partie inédits? Répondre à ces questions implique de revenir sur la singulière histoire éditoriale en question. C’est ce que fait cet article, en présentant à la fois le corpus des textes disponibles et l’histoire de leur éditions, avant d’évoquer sur ce que pourrait ètre un retour à Saussure, aujourd’hui, en termes de contenus.

Zusammenfassung

Wenn heutzutage von einem ‘Zurück zu Saussure’ die Rede ist, dann stellt sich die Frage, wie dies angesichts der komplexen editorischen Geschichte der Saussure-Texte über Fragen der Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft zu verstehen ist, als Zurück zu den Ideen Saussures, so wie wir sie demCours de linguistique généraleentnehmen konnten, oder aber als ein Zurück zu, teilweise mißverstandenen, teilweise sogar unpublizierten Texten? Eine Antwort auf diese Fragen erfordert jedenfalls eine Zurück zur der einzigartigen editorischen Geschichte eben dieser Texte. Und darum geht es in dem vorstehenden Artikel, der nicht nur einen Überblick über die im Druck verfügbaren Texte bietet, sondern auch über die Geschichte dieser Editionen, bevor eine Antwort auf die Frage versucht wird, was denn die ‘Rückkehr zu Saussure’ sein könnte, namentlich im Hinblick auf die vermittelten Inhalte.
2: Seven Grammarians on the ‘ablativus absolutus’
Authors: Sluiter Ineke
Published: February 2014

Summary

In this article, the history of the so-called ablative absolute as a descriptive category is traced from the 3rd to the 20th century. Texts by Sacerdos, Diomedes, Priscian, Alberic of Montecassino, Kühner & Stegmann and Harm Pinkster illustrate how the ablative absolute is recognized long before it get its name, and how its role in grammatical description is invented, changes, and disappears again in accordance with the grammatical systems adopted by the respective grammarians. The ablative absolute starts as a kind of appendix to the doctrine of the parts of speech, is moved from the description of the noun to that of the participle, and eventually just fades away as a descriptive label in its own right in the context of Functional Grammar. Its history cannot, of course, prove that the ‘God’s Truth’ metaphysics of grammar is wrong, but it certainly looks like a series of manifestations of grammatical ‘Hocus Pocus’.

Résumé

Dans cet article, on suit l’histoire de la description du soi-disant ablatif absolu du troisième au vingtième siècle. Des textes de Sacerdos, Diomède, Priscien, Alberic de Montecassino, Kühner & Stegmann et de Harm Pinkster rendent compte de la reconnaissance de l’existence de l’ablatif absolu avant qu’on ne l’appelle ainsi. On montre comment son rôle dans la description grammaticale se voit inventé, se transforme et ensuite disparaît selon le système de catégories grammaticales des divers grammairiens. L’ablatif absolu, à l’origine sorte d’appendice à la doctrine des ‘parties du discours’, passe de la description du nom à celle du participe, et enfin disparaît en tant que terme descriptif sui iuris dans le contexte de la grammaire fonctionnelle. Son histoire ne prouve nullement que la métaphysique de la vérité objective, en grammaire, est fausse, mais elle semble bien montrer l’existence de ‘mirages’ linguistiques.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Beitrag wird die Geschichte der deskriptiven Kategorie desablativus absolutusvom dritten bis zum zwanzigsten Jahrhundert geschildert. Texte von Sacerdos, Diomedes, Priscianus, Alberic von Montecassino, Kühner & Stegmann und Harm Pinkster illustrieren die Art und Weise, wie derablativus absolutuserkannt wurde, bevor er seinen technischen Namen erhielt; wie seine Rolle in der grammatischen Deskription entdeckt wurde, wie sich diese allmählich änderte, und wie sie schliesslich verschwand, immer in Übereinstimmung mit den grammatischen Systemen des jeweiligen Grammatikers. Derablativus absolutusist ursprunglich eine Art von Appendix zur Lehre der Redeteile, zieht sich von der Beschreibung des Nomens bis zu der des Partizipiums hin und verschwindet schliesslich einfach wie ein eigenständiges deskriptives Etikett inm Kontext der funktionellen Grammatik. Obwohl seine Geschichte natürlich kein Argument gegen die grammatische Metaphysik der ‘God’s Truth’ sein kann, sieht sie sicherlich eher aus wie eine Serie von Manifestationen des grammatischen ‘Hocus Pocus’.
Lambert ten Kate and Justus-Georg Schottelius: Theoretical similarities between Dutch and German early modern linguistics
Authors: Rutten Gijsbert
Published: February 2014

Until now the Dutch linguist Lambert ten Kate (1674–1731), famous for his early discovery ofAblaut, has not been honoured with a publication concerning his relationship to German 17th-century linguists. Such an interpretation, however, shows great similarities between ten Kate and especially Justus-Georg Schottelius (1612–1676) with regard to three fundamental theoretical issues: the primacy of the roots, the authority of historical material, and the importance of analogy and regularity. They both integrate these when assuming the existence of a suprahistorical system of roots on the basis of which the rational processes of derivation and composition create language as it is.
Gab es eine Fachsprachenforschung im 17. Jahrhundert?: Versuch einer Antwort mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Johann Heinrich Al­sted
Authors: Klein Wolf Peter
Published: February 2014

The present article demonstrates, with the example of the polyhistor Johann Heinrich Al­sted (1588–1638), that in the 17th century there already was systematic work done on language for special purposes. This kind of research was essentially oriented toward the lexicon and stood in close connection to comparative linguistics undertaken at the time. Methodologically it was closely bound up with the categories of lexicological analysis keeping in view semantic and etymological details of technical terms. At the same time, whenever required, the difference between technical language and common language was analyzed. Additionally, in the presentation of the technical lexicon contemporary techniques such as the doctrine ofloci communesand pieces taken from Ramistic logic were employed. At the time, the transfer of Greco-Roman terminology to the various vernaculars did not yet play a major role in these activities. Instead, we must see these efforts in the identification and analysis of the technical lexicon as being part of the projects to construct a universal science.
Wissenschaftsrhetorik: Johann Christoph GottschedsAusführliche Redekunst(1759) als Lehre vom Wissenstransfer
Authors: Roth Kersten Sven
Published: February 2014

This paper assumes that the key to the understanding of the works of the early Enlightenment philosopher Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700–1766) does not lie in his poetological works, which were preferably read and criticized by his contemporaries, but rather, besides his grammatological works, in his writings on oratory, in particular in theAusführliche Redekunstof 1759. This paper interprets these works as an attempt to save the art of rhetoric which was on the verge of extinction and to bring it forth into the ‘Critical Age’ (‘kritisches Zeitalter’), and, furthermore, to establish a concept of rational scientific oratory which would stand in strict contrast to the ancient topica on the one hand and to the contemporary courtly ‘Complimentierkunst’ on the other. Therefore, the main point of focus becomes the paradox of a claim for truth and effectiveness, problematized by the timeless quandary of knowledge transfer. Accordingly, the paper attempts to demonstrate this problem’s actuality and thus the value of Gottsched’s concepts of rhetoric for the modern production of (rather popular) scientific texts.
The ‘Genius of Language’: Transformations of a Concept in the History of Linguistics
Authors: Schlaps Christiane
Published: February 2014

The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, trans­lators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic dis­courses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.