bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences of Turning Parameters on Surface Roughness in Ultra-Precision Diamond Turning Processing Technology
Authors: Xu Kong Lian , Tan Zan Wu
Published: June 2014

Complex surfaces can be manufactured by using ultra-precision diamond turning processing technology, whereas the surface roughness of the workpiece is influenced by many factors, the relationships among these factors are very complex, and little research reports are found. In this paper, influences of the turning parameters on surface roughness are investigated and analyzed under different related parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The result shows that the slotted tool could obtain better surface roughness than the non-slotted tool under the same conditions. Through changing the magnetic field intensity, finishing gap, rotational speed of tool and finishing time, an orthogonal experiment is conducted to obtain the optimal finishing process parameters.
Interface Design to Improve the Performance and Stability of Solution‐Processed Small‐Molecule Conventional Solar Cells
Authors: Min Jie , Luponosov Yuriy N. , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Ponomarenko Sergei A. , Ameri Tayebeh , Li Yongfang , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: June 2014

A systematic study on the effect of various cathode buffer layers on the performance and stability of solution‐processed small‐molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs) based on tris{4‐[5‐(1,1‐dicyanobut‐1‐en‐2‐yl)‐2,2‐bithiophen‐5‐yl]phenyl}amine (N(Ph‐2T‐DCN‐Et)3):6,6‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (N(Ph‐2T‐DCN‐Et)3:PC70BM) is presented. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) in these systems can be significantly improved from approximately 4% to 5.16% by inserting a metal oxide (ZnO) layer between the active layer and the Al cathode instead of an air‐sensitive Ba or Ca layer. However, the low work‐function Al cathode is susceptible to chemical oxidation in the atmosphere. Here, an amine group functionalized fullerene complex (DMAPA‐C60) is inserted as a cathode buffer layer to successfully modify the interface towards ZnO/Ag and active layer/Ag functionality. For devices with ZnO/DMAPA‐C60/Ag and DMAPA‐C60/Ag cathodes the PCEs are improved from 2.75% to 4.31% and to 5.40%, respectively, compared to a ZnO/Ag device. Recombination mechanisms and stability aspects of devices with various cathodes are also investigated. The significant improvement in device performance and stability and the simplicity of fabrication by solution processing suggest this DMAPA‐C60‐based interface as a promising and practical pathway for developing efficient, stable, and roll‐to‐roll processable SMOSCs.
Development of hippocampal subfield volumes from 4 to 22 years
Authors: Krogsrud Stine K. , Tamnes Christian K. , Fjell Anders M. , Amlien Inge , Grydeland Håkon , Sulutvedt Unni , Due‐Tønnessen Paulina , Bjørnerud Atle , Sølsnes Anne E. , Håberg Asta K. , Skrane Jon , Walhovd Kristine B.
Published: June 2014

The hippocampus supports several important cognitive functions known to undergo substantial development during childhood and adolescence, for example, encoding and consolidation of vivid personal memories. However, diverging developmental effects on hippocampal volume have been observed across studies. It is possible that the inconsistent findings may attribute to varying developmental processes and functions related to different hippocampal subregions. Most studies to date have measured global hippocampal volume. We aimed to explore early hippocampal development both globally and regionally within subfields. Using cross‐sectional 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging data from 244 healthy participants aged 4–22 years, we performed automated hippocampal segmentation of seven subfield volumes; cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/3, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG), presubiculum, subiculum, fimbria, and hippocampal fissure. For validation purposes, seven subjects were scanned at both 1.5 and 3 T, and all subfields except fimbria showed strong correlations across field strengths. Effects of age, left and right hemisphere, sex and their interactions were explored. Nonparametric local smoothing models (smoothing spline) were used to depict age‐trajectories. Results suggested nonlinear age functions for most subfields where volume increases until 13–15 years, followed by little age‐related changes during adolescence. Further, the results showed greater right than left hippocampal volumes that seemed to be augmenting in older age. Sex differences were also found for subfields; CA2/3, CA4/DG, presubiculum, subiculum, and CA1, mainly driven by participants under 13 years. These results provide a detailed characterization of hippocampal subfield development from early childhood. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5646–5657, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emerging applications for ferumoxytol as a contrast agent in MRI
Authors: Bashir Mustafa R. , Bhatti Lubna , Marin Daniele , Nelson Rendon C.
Published: June 2014

Ferumoxytol is an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) agent initially approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an iron replacement therapy for patients with anemia due to chronic renal failure. Recently, ferumoxytol has been investigated extensively as an intravenous contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since it causes regional T1 and T2* shortening in vivo, conventional pulse sequences can be used following ferumoxytol administration to demonstrate signal enhancement or loss. Ferumoxytol can be administered as a rapid bolus and has a long intravascular half‐life on the order of 14–15 hours, making it a potentially useful agent for vascular and perfusion‐weighted MRI. In comparison to other USPIOs, ferumoxytol is less limited by allergic and idiosyncratic reactions. Furthermore, since ferumoxytol is an iron‐based agent with no potential for causing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, it may be useful as an alternative to gadolinium‐based contrast agents in patients with compromised renal function. Ferumoxytol is ultimately taken up by macrophages/the reticuloendothelial system in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, and this uptake mechanism is being explored as a novel imaging technique for vascular lesions, tumors, and lymph nodes. This article reviews the properties of ferumoxytol relevant to MRI as well as many of the uses for the agent currently under investigation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:884–898. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal properties of epoxy resins crosslinked by an aminated lignin
Authors: Pan Hong , Sun Gang , Zhao Tao , Wang Gehui
Published: June 2014

Aminated lignin possessing significant amount of reactive amino groups was studied as a curing agent of epoxy resin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results proved the reactivity of the aminated lignin with the epoxy resin. Both appearance features and scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the transparent and homogeneous epoxy resin films could be formed with the aminated lignin less than 40% in the hardener mixture. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic thermomechanical analysis results revealed that the epoxy resin cured by aminated lignin had better thermal stability compared with ones cured by a common hardener. The mass loss of the epoxy resin cured by the aminated lignin before 300°C was small around only 2.5%. The Tg (the glass transition temperature) of epoxy resin sample after cured by mixed hardener increased from 79°C to 93°C. The obvious difference (70–84°C) of Td (the thermal deformation temperature) was also observed from the samples with and without the aminated lignin after cured at a high temperature. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:924–932, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Intrinsically Radiolabeled Nanoparticles: An Emerging Paradigm
Authors: Goel Shreya , Chen Feng , Ehlerding Emily B. , Cai Weibo
Published: June 2014

Although chelator‐based radiolabeling techniques have been used for decades, concerns about the complexity of coordination chemistry, possible altering of pharmacokinetics of carriers, and potential detachment of radioisotopes during imaging have driven the need for developing a simple yet better technique for future radiolabeling. Here, the emerging concept of intrinsically radiolabeled nanoparticles, which could be synthesized using methods such as hot‐plus‐cold precursors, specific trapping, cation exchange, and proton beam activation, is introduced. Representative examples of using these multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodality molecular imaging are highlighted together with current challenges and future research directions. Although still in the early stages, design and synthesis of intrinsically radiolabeled nanoparticles has shown attractive potential to offer easier, faster, and more specific radiolabeling possibilities for the next generation of molecular imaging.
Making the Decision to Participate in Predictive Genetic Testing for Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Manuel April , Brunger Fern
Published: June 2014

This paper describes the experience of predictive genetic testing for Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in the context of novel gene discovery. Two approaches to making the decision to engage in genetic testing were apparent: the decision to be tested either (a) develops gradually over time or (b) happens so quickly that it is felt as a “fait accompli.” Six key factors that influenced the particular approach taken by the participants were identified: (1) scientific process—available and relevant predictive genetic test; (2) numerous losses or deaths within the family; (3) physical signs and symptoms of disease; (4) gender; (5) sense of relational responsibility or moral obligation to other family members; and (6) family support. This study found that at risk individuals juxtapose scientific knowledge against their experiential knowledge and the six identified factors in order to make the decision to participate in genetic testing. Recommendations include the creation of a relational space within which to provide psychological counselling and assessment for the six identified factors that shape the decision to engage in predictive genetic testing.
The spectrum and heat dynamics of locally symmetric spaces of higher rank
Authors: JI LIZHEN , WEBER ANDREAS
Published: June 2014

The aim of this paper is to study the spectrum of the$L^{p}$Laplacian and the dynamics of the$L^{p}$heat semigroup on non-compact locally symmetric spaces of higher rank. Our work here generalizes previously obtained results in the setting of locally symmetric spaces of rank one to higher rank spaces. Similarly as in the rank-one case, it turns out that the$L^{p}$heat semigroup on$M$has a certain chaotic behavior if$p\in (1,2)$, whereas for$p\geq 2$such chaotic behavior never occurs.
Twisted homological stability for extensions and automorphism groups of free nilpotent groups
Authors: Szymik Markus
Published: June 2014

We prove twisted homological stability with polynomial coefficients for automorphism groups of free nilpotent groups of any given class. These groups interpolate between two extremes for which homological stability was known before, the general linear groups over the integers and the automorphism groups of free groups. The proof presented here uses a general result that applies to arbitrary extensions of groups, and that has other applications as well.
Cultural drivers of high performing knowledge-intensive service organisations
Authors: Edgar Fiona , Gray Brendan , Browning Victoria , Dwyer Kirsty
Published: June 2014

Organisational culture is considered an important influence on performance, particularly for service firms that rely on values-driven social controls to enhance human interactions. Using a qualitative approach, we show how the modified Organisational Culture Profile developed by Sarros, Gray, Densten, and Cooper to assess Australian organisations provides a framework for exploring the cultural drivers of high performing knowledge-intensive service firms in New Zealand. Our study provides rich insights into how six key cultural dimensions – competitiveness, innovation, performance orientation, emphasis on rewards, supportiveness and social responsibility – are translated into strategic human resource management practices.
Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections in outpatients in Taiwan
Authors: CHOU Y.-H. , LEE M.-S. , LIN R.-Y. , WU C.-Y.
Published: June 2014

Information on the risk factors for community-associated skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asian populations is scarce. To this end we performed a case-control study of patients treated at two hospital-affiliated outpatient clinics in Taiwan to determine potential risk factors for MRSA SSTIs. S. aureus was isolated from 39 of 100 eligible patients, and 74% were MRSA. Apart from resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin, most MRSA isolates were susceptible to appropriate antimicrobials. The significant risk factors identified by multivariate analysis for MRSA SSTIs were male gender (P = 0·09), nasal carriage of MRSA (P = 0·02), exposure to an individual who had surgery within a year before infection (P = 0·02), and antibiotic treatment for SSTI in the year before infection (P = 0·04). The identification of such factors may assist provision of appropriate treatment to patients with suspected S. aureus SSTIs particularly in Taiwan.
The Feeling Blend: Feeling and emotion in electroacoustic art
Authors: Kendall Gary S.
Published: June 2014

Starting from the assumption that meaning in electroacoustic music is an outcome of the listener's mental processes, it is the goal of this essay to explicate the mental processes whereby feeling and emotion contribute to meaning when listening to electroacoustic music. This essay begins with a broad consideration of feeling and emotion with an eye toward artistic experience, spanning from basic emotions to nuanced phenomenal qualities. It then introduces the concept of mental layers in support of the multi-levelled nature of meaning, especially in this case, meaning that is felt as well as comprehended. These two preliminary topics precede the introduction of the feeling blend, an extension of blend theory as presented by Fauconnier and Turner (2002). Core issues for blend theory, such as what constitutes a mental space and what triggers a blend, are reconsidered in the light of practical examples from the literature of electroacoustic music. In conclusion, the feeling blend is proposed as an essential concept to understanding artistic experience and an intrinsic aspect of being human.
Fabrication of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device by silanization of filter cellulose using a paper mask for glucose assay
Authors: Cai Longfei , Wang Yong , Wu Yunying , Xu Chunxiu , Zhong Minghua , Lai Heyun , Huang Junsheng
Published: June 2014

μPAD was fabricated based on chemical patterning of filter paper using a paper mask and TMOS solution.
A sensitive LC-MS/MS method employing a THF–water solvent system for the determination of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and florfenicol in bovine muscle
Authors: Sichilongo Kwenga F. , Kolanyane Prince , Masesane Ishmael B.
Published: June 2014

THF–water HPLC separation of TAP, FFC and CAP on a C18column using electrospray ionization and ion trap mass analysis in full scan.
Formation of a hetero[3]rotaxane by a dynamic component-swapping strategy
Authors: Wilson Eleanor A. , Vermeulen Nicolaas A. , McGonigal Paul R. , Avestro Alyssa-Jennifer , Sarjeant Amy A. , Stern Charlotte L. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: June 2014

In the preparation of a hetero[3]rotaxane, the attributes of dynamic covalent chemistry are exploited by subjecting an equimolar mixture of two homo[3]rotaxanes to acid-catalysed equilibration.
A DFT + U study of NO evolution at reduced CeO2(110)
Authors: Zhang Jie , Gong Xue-Qing , Lu Guanzhong
Published: June 2014

Ceria works in NO degradation in both static and dynamic ways by tuning electron distribution in adsorbed and reacting molecules.
Organometallic benzylidene anilines: donor–acceptor features in NCN-pincer Pt(ii) complexes with a 4-(E)-[(4-R-phenyl)imino]methyl substituent
Authors: Batema Guido D. , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , van Walree Cornelis A. , van Klink Gerard P. M. , van Koten Gerard
Published: June 2014

Inductively the Pt-moiety in these organometallic benzylidene anilines is a very strong electron-withdrawing group, but mesomerically a very strong electron-donating group.
Synthetic methodologies of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes (TRAMs) and medicinal properties of diaryl and triarylmethanes-an overview
Authors: Mondal Sankalan , Panda Gautam
Published: June 2014

This review covers the synthesis of achiral diarylmethanols, diaryl and triarylmethanes and the bioactivities of diaryl and triarylmethanes during 1995 to 2013.
Synthesis of β-sialon/Ti(C, N) powders from mineral waste residue via carbothermal reduction nitridation
Authors: Yang Dexin , Liu Yan-gai , Ding Hao , Chen Jian , Huang Zhaohui , Ye Dingyun
Published: June 2014

β-Sialon/Ti(C, N) composite powders were synthesized via carbothermal reduction nitridation method with low-grade bauxite and ilmenite as starting materials and coke as the reducing agent.
Nanostructured thermosets from ionic liquid building block–epoxy prepolymer mixtures
Authors: Livi Sébastien , Silva Adriana A. , Thimont Yohann , Nguyen Thi Khanh Ly , Soares Bluma G. , Gérard Jean-François , Duchet-Rumeau Jannick
Published: June 2014

TEM micrographs of the epoxy–IL cured systems with 30 wt% of phosphonium ionic liquid.
Induction of entropic segregation: the first step is the hardest
Authors: Minina Elena , Arnold Axel
Published: June 2014

In confinement, overlapping polymers experience entropic segregating forces that tend to demix them. Breaking the initial symmetry requires a particular arrangement of the chain ends. This induction process is a rare event that dominates the time scale for long chains, making entropic segregation less efficient than previously thought.
Terminal‐voltage‐based starting strategy for brushless DC motors without position sensors
Authors: Wu Zhong , Lyu Haotun
Published: June 2014

A new starting strategy is presented for brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) without rotor position sensors. This strategy can accelerate the rotor by regulating commutation frequency to be suitable for the supplied voltage according to the waveform of average terminal voltages. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy.
Skewed structured singular value‐based approach for the construction of design spaces: theory and applications
Authors: Kishida Masako , Braatz Richard D.
Published: June 2014

This study proposes a computationally efficient algorithm that characterises the set of allowable real parametric uncertainties while ensuring the desired output specifications are satisfied for rational systems. Along with the scaled main loop theorem, the proposed approach reformulates this NP‐hard problem by using the skewed structured singular value ν, whose upper and lower bounds can be efficiently computed by existing algorithms and software. A short discussion on the extension to a multi‐agent system is also included. Two numerical examples of pharmaceutical crystallisation and nasal spray demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Copper(I) Iodide-Catalyzed Synthesis of N,N′-Disubstituted Guanidines from N-Substituted Cyanamides
Authors: Zeng Cian-Jhe , Chen Chia-Jung , Chang Chih-Wei , Chen Hui-Ting , Chien Tun-Cheng
Published: June 2014

A facile and effective synthesis of N-alkyl-N′-arylguanidines was accomplished by the reaction of N-arylcyanamides with various primary and secondary alkylamines, under the catalysis of copper(i) iodide and Xantphos in DMF. This methodology provides a direct access to versatile N,N′-disubstituted guanidine derivatives from N-arylcyanamides that can be readily prepared from the corresponding nitriles via Tiemann rearrangement.
Adaptations for growing wheat in the drying climate of Western Australia
Authors: Sprigg Hayden , Belford Robert , Milroy Steve , Bennett Sarita Jane , Bowran David
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the effects of predicted changes in rainfall distribution in marginal (≤325 mm annual rainfall) parts of the south-west Australian wheatbelt and options for management and adaptation of the wheat crop. Field experiments with rain-out shelters and irrigation were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to investigate the interactions of rainfall distribution, row spacing, genotype and timing of nitrogen application on growth, water use and grain yield of spring wheat. Water storage before seeding showed potential to maintain or increase yields despite lower in-season rainfall. Widening row spacing reduced biomass and slowed water use but did not increase grain yield, because of increased soil evaporation and water left in the soil at crop maturity.
The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) wheat model was used to investigate the effects of recent and projected climate change on yield in relation to row spacing, phenology and nitrogen. Two climate-change scenarios were applied to historical climatic data to create two plausible future climates (‘optimistic’ and ‘pessimistic’) for the year 2030. None of the strategies tested increased wheat yield under the predicted climate scenarios. Simulated yields at wider row spacings were consistently lower due to insufficient biomass, increased soil evaporation and the inability of the crop to use all of the available water before maturity. Simulated yields of short-season genotypes were always greater than yields of longer season genotypes. Nitrogen regimes had little effect in this study.
This study points to several genotypic traits that could improve the performance of wheat grown at wider row spacings. These include early vigour to reduce soil evaporation and increase competition with weeds, greater tillering/biomass to reduce limitation by sink size, and a vigorous root system with appropriate lateral spread and growth to depth to access available soil water.
Twenty microsatellite loci for population and conservation genetic studies of the wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax)
Authors: Austin J. J. , Olivier L. , Nankervis D. , Brown W. E. , Gardner M. G. , Burridge C. P.
Published: June 2014

Twenty di- to pentanucleotide microsatellites are reported for the wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax), a large raptor from Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. These loci were tested for variation among 49 individuals. All loci are polymorphic with 2–14 alleles per locus, and observed heterozygosities ranged between 0.021 and 0.898. Genotype frequencies for all loci did not differ significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and there was no evidence of linkage disequilibrium. These markers will be used to assess population structure and conservation genetics of this species, focusing on population differentiation and gene flow between Tasmanian and mainland populations and conservation genetics of the endangered Tasmanian population.
Paneth cell extrusion and release of antimicrobial products is directly controlled by immune cell–derived IFN-γ
Authors: Farin Henner F. , Karthaus Wouter R. , Kujala Pekka , Rakhshandehroo Maryam , Schwank Gerald , Vries Robert G.J. , Kalkhoven Eric , Nieuwenhuis Edward E.S. , Clevers Hans
Published: June 2014

Paneth cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated, highly specialized secretory cells located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine. Besides their antimicrobial function, PCs serve as a component of the intestinal stem cell niche. By secreting granules containing bactericidal proteins like defensins/cryptdins and lysozyme, PCs regulate the microbiome of the gut. Here we study the control of PC degranulation in primary epithelial organoids in culture. We show that PC degranulation does not directly occur upon stimulation with microbial antigens or bacteria. In contrast, the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) induces rapid and complete loss of granules. Using live cell imaging, we show that degranulation is coupled to luminal extrusion and death of PCs. Transfer of supernatants from in vitro stimulated iNKT cells recapitulates degranulation in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Furthermore, endogenous IFN-γ secretion induced by anti-CD3 antibody injection causes Paneth loss and release of goblet cell mucus. The identification of IFN-γ as a trigger for degranulation and extrusion of PCs establishes a novel effector mechanism by which immune responses may regulate epithelial status and the gut microbiome.
A nonequilibrium binary elements-based kinetic model for benzodiazepine regulation of GABAA receptors
Authors: Goldschen-Ohm Marcel P. , Haroldson Alexander , Jones Mathew V. , Pearce Robert A.
Published: June 2014

Ion channels, like many other proteins, are composed of multiple structural domains. A stimulus that impinges on one domain, such as binding of a ligand to its recognition site, can influence the activity of another domain, such as a transmembrane channel gate, through interdomain interactions. Kinetic schemes that describe the function of interacting domains typically incorporate a minimal number of states and transitions, and do not explicitly model interactions between domains. Here, we develop a kinetic model of the GABAA receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel modulated by numerous compounds including benzodiazepines, a class of drugs used clinically as sedatives and anxiolytics. Our model explicitly treats both the kinetics of distinct functional domains within the receptor and the interactions between these domains. The model describes not only how benzodiazepines that potentiate GABAA receptor activity, such as diazepam, affect peak current dose–response relationships in the presence of desensitization, but also their effect on the detailed kinetics of current activation, desensitization, and deactivation in response to various stimulation protocols. Finally, our model explains positive modulation by benzodiazepines of receptor currents elicited by either full or partial agonists, and can resolve conflicting observations arguing for benzodiazepine modulation of agonist binding versus channel gating.
Kingship, Parliament and the Court: the Emergence of ‘High Style’ in Petitions to the English Crown, c.1350–1405
Authors: Dodd Gwilym
Published: June 2014

In the second half of the fourteenth century, petitioners hoping to secure royal grace began addressing the king in an increasingly obsequious and ostentatious manner. A strong historiographical tradition is now established which regards this development in very narrow terms, as part of Richard II’s attempt to create a new type of authoritarian kingship in the late 1390s. Close analysis of the incidence of these new language forms shows, however, that they emerged much earlier in the fourteenth century. This discussion explores the reasons for this shift in language use, arguing that much broader political, cultural and institutional factors must be taken into account. The emergence of more elaborate ways of addressing the king is, in fact, of great consequence in revealing important developments in the nature of the fourteenth-century parliament, a dramatic shift in the culture of the royal court and, ultimately, a reconfiguration of the expectations of kingship itself. The discussion has at its heart an exploration of the way that language shaped and reflected political authority in the late Middle Ages.
Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia With Bixalomer in Japanese Patients on Long‐Term Hemodialysis With Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Authors: Ito Kae , Takeshima Akiko , Shishido Kanji , Wakasa Mikio , Kumata Chiaki , Matsuzaka Kantaro , Nakajima Yutaka , Ogata Hiroaki
Published: June 2014

Bixalomer (Bix) is an amine‐functional polymer, non‐calcium‐containing phosphate (P) binder, and has been clinically available in Japan recently. Bix is expected to cause fewer gastrointestinal (GI) side‐effects as compared with sevelamer hydrochloride (SH), because of less expansion of Bix in the GI tract. In this prospective observational study, we evaluated changes in GI symptoms by the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) score in long‐term hemodialysis (HD) outpatients with SH‐associated GI symptoms who switched to Bix from SH. A total of 114 patients (age 63.7 ± 10.8 year (mean ± SD), female 65.5%, HD vintage 11.2 ± 8.6 years, diabetes mellitus 27.4%) were enrolled. The GSRS score was checked at 0 and 12 weeks after the start of Bix. Bix was started at the initial dose of 750 mg/day, and then was titrated. Serum albumin, P and corrected calcium levels did not significantly change during Bix treatment. However, serum low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and bicarbonate levels significantly increased during Bix treatment (P < 0.001). In GSRS scores, total and domain‐specific scores, including constipation, diarrhea, reflux and abdominal pain were significantly reduced at 0, 4, 12 and 24 weeks as compared with those at 0 weeks (P < 0.05). This study shows that Bix was well tolerated and managed hyperphosphatemia effectively after switching from SH in Japanese patients on long‐term HD. In addition, Bix might be less often associated with GI symptoms as compared with SH.
Bartering Globalization: China's Commodity‐backed Finance in Africa and Latin America
Authors: Bräutigam Deborah , Gallagher Kevin P.
Published: June 2014

In just over a decade, China has become a source of finance for emerging market and developing country governments. Recipient governments and the Chinese have been less than transparent with respect to the scale, terms and composition of this finance, engendering a great deal of speculation about its nature. This article provides preliminary estimates of Chinese finance to both Africa and Latin America since the turn of the century, with a specific focus on ‘commodity‐backed’ or ‘resource‐secured’ loans. We estimate that Chinese banks have provided approximately $132 billion in financing to African and Latin American governments and state‐owned firms since 2003. Just over half of these, or $75 billion, are in the form of resource‐secured finance. Contrary to many of the claims in the popular press, we found that Chinese finance is generally not out of line with interest rates found in global capital markets, does not bring windfall commodity profits to China, and does not mandate the use of Chinese workers.
Characteristics of childhood uveitis leading to visual impairment and blindness in the Netherlands
Authors: Hettinga Ymkje M. , Verhagen Fleurieke H. , van Genderen Maria , de Boer Joke H.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

To investigate the clinical characteristics of childhood uveitis leading to visual impairment or blindness.

Methods

In this descriptive study, we reviewed data from the medical records of 58 children with visual impairment or blindness due to childhood uveitis, which were seen at an institute for visually impaired patients (Bartiméus) between January 1981 and December 2012, in a retrospective, cross‐sectional manner.

Results

Thirty‐two of the 58 children (55%) were visually impaired and 26 (45%) were legally blind. Uveitis was posterior in 76% of all cases. Infectious uveitis represented 74% of all cases, of which 86% was congenital. Five patients (9%) had uveitis related to a systemic disease, and ten patients (17%) had idiopathic uveitis. There was a decrease in infectious causes over the last decades (p = 0.04) and an increase in idiopathic uveitis (p < 0.01), but the rate of children with posterior uveitis remained constant. There was an overall decrease in the number of children with uveitis referred to Bartiméus. The number of ocular complications at the time of intake was higher in children with acquired disease compared with congenital diseases (p < 0.01), as it was in children with non‐infectious uveitis compared with infectious uveitis (p = 0.04). Most comorbidities that were noted were seen in children with infectious uveitis.

Conclusion

Most patients suffering from visual impairment or blindness due to childhood uveitis had posterior and/or infectious uveitis, mostly congenital. There is a shift in causes which shows a decrease in infectious causes and an increase in idiopathic causes.
Recolonisation patterns of benthic invertebrates: a field investigation of restored former sewage channels
Authors: Winking Caroline , Lorenz Armin W. , Sures Bernd , Hering Daniel
Published: June 2014

The response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to stream restoration is the subject of numerous recent studies, but the process of recolonisation of restored river sections is still poorly understood. Field studies are often flawed by uncertainties about whether the observed species colonised the restored sections after restoration or whether they were present before restoration.

We investigated restored streams in the Boye catchment in an urbanised area in Germany. The streams were formerly open sewers and thus were not inhabitable by benthic invertebrates, except for Oligochaeta. Restoration included the construction of underground sewers for wastewater and morphological remodelling of the stream bed.

In the spring of 2012, we sampled seven restored former channels connected with near‐natural upstream sections, which were never used as sewage channels and are in good status morphologically, and six unconnected restored former channels. Restoration measures had been conducted between one and 19 years before sampling. Additionally, we sampled 21 near‐natural sites within the catchment and eleven near‐natural sites in neighbouring catchments. Near‐natural sites were considered to be potential source sites from which benthic invertebrates might colonise the restored sites.

We recorded 128 taxa and categorised them into five dispersal classes that reflect dispersal capabilities and degree of ecological specialisation. Assemblages at restored sites were characterised by lower numbers of taxa and/or high abundance of hololimnic taxa and poorly dispersing winged species and by higher species numbers and abundance of strongly dispersing generalists.

A distinct recolonisation sequence was derived from the observed patterns, in which winged, strongly dispersing generalists colonised most rapidly and were followed by hololimnic species, weakly dispersing generalists and habitat specialists. Restored sites connected with near‐natural upstream sections were colonised more rapidly than unconnected restored sites, particularly by habitat specialists. Almost 90% of the recolonisation events originated from sources within a distance of 5 km. We observed a succession from pioneer assemblages to more mature communities, which resembles that of the surrounding near‐natural sites.

In conclusion, assemblages in connected, restored sites needed nine to 19 years to reach maturation, while the settlement of assemblages in unconnected sites is expected to require more time.
S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 activate airway epithelial cells to produce MUC5AC via extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and nuclear factor‐κB pathways
Authors: Kang Jin Hyun , Hwang Sae Mi , Chung Il Yup
Published: June 2014

Airway mucus hyperproduction is a common feature of chronic airway diseases such as severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, which are closely associated with neutrophilic airway inflammation. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are highly abundant proteins released by neutrophils and have been identified as important biomarkers in many inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report a new role for S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 for producing MUC5AC, a major mucin protein in the respiratory tract. All three S100 proteins induced MUC5AC mRNA and the protein in normal human bronchial epithelial cells as well as NCI‐H292 lung carcinoma cells in a dose‐dependent manner. A Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor almost completely abolished MUC5AC expression by all three S100 proteins, while neutralization of the receptor for advanced glycation end‐products (RAGE) inhibited only S100A12‐mediated production of MUC5AC. The S100 protein‐mediated production of MUC5AC was inhibited by the pharmacological agents that block prominent signalling molecules for MUC5AC expression, such as mitogen‐activated protein kinases, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and epidermal growth factor receptor. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 equally elicited both phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB/degradation of cytosolic IκB with similar kinetics through TLR4. In contrast, S100A12 preferentially activated the ERK pathway rather than the NF‐κB pathway through RAGE. Collectively, these data reveal the capacity of these three S100 proteins to induce MUC5AC production in airway epithelial cells, suggesting that they all serve as key mediators linking neutrophil‐dominant airway inflammation to mucin hyperproduction.
Phylogeographical structure within Boa constrictor imperator across the lowlands and mountains of Central America and Mexico
Authors: Suárez‐Atilano Marco , Burbrink Frank , Vázquez‐Domínguez Ella
Published: June 2014

Aim

To evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogeographical structure of Boa constrictor imperator, in order to identify the key historical events responsible for its current distribution and diversity.

Location

The Neotropical region of Mexico and mainland Central America.

Methods

We used data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, nuclear ornithine decarboxylase intron and microsatellites to perform spatial genetic analyses, and coalescence methods to infer phylogeographical structure, divergence times and historical demography.

Results

Cytochrome b results revealed two main reciprocally monophyletic lineages, one along the Mexican Pacific coast and another along the Gulf of Mexico, Yucatán Peninsula and Central America, diverging c. 5.2 Ma. Both lineages are subdivided into haplogroups and show steady historical growth and a more recent population expansion. High genetic diversity was observed for both cytochrome b (h = 0.944) and microsatellites (HNei = 0.810–0.900).

Main conclusions

We demonstrate deep phylogeographical structure with two reciprocally monophyletic lineages and five genetic clusters in Mexico and Central America. Our results suggest that several geographical barriers (including the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Motagua–Polochic–Jocotán faults) and ecological features generated this structure. We report genetic diversity values for the boa at a regional scale and suggest that the two lineages may be considered distinct species.
The thin line between work and home: The spillover and crossover of daily conflicts
Authors: Sanz‐Vergel Ana Isabel , Rodríguez‐Muñoz Alfredo , Nielsen Karina
Published: June 2014

In this study of 80 dual‐earner couples, we examined the relationship between conflicts at work and at home on a daily basis. Using a strain‐based approach as well as literature on spillover–crossover and displaced aggression, we hypothesized that daily level of family–work conflict (FWC) would increase daily interpersonal conflicts with colleagues at work, which in turn would increase conflicts with the partner at home. Furthermore, we examined the moderating role of a personality trait (i.e., neuroticism) on the relationship between interpersonal conflicts at work and at home. Finally, we analysed the crossover of interpersonal conflicts at home between the members of the couple. Participants filled in a diary booklet during five consecutive working days (N = 160 participants and N = 800 occasions). Results showed that FWC predicted interpersonal conflicts at work, which in turn predicted conflicts with the partner at home. Further, neuroticism accentuated the relationship between interpersonal conflicts at work and at home. There was also a crossover of interpersonal conflicts at home. Our findings suggest ‘a negative spiral of daily conflicts’ which may affect both employees and their partner. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Practitioner points

Family–work conflict (FWC) increases interpersonal conflicts at work on a daily basis.

The strain derived from conflicts with colleagues is transferred to the home domain (spillover) and affects also the employee's partner (crossover).

Organizations may help employees manage their workload and work commitments to reduce FWC, which is a trigger of interpersonal conflicts with colleagues in the workplace.
Structural and functional characterization of an anti‐West Nile virus monoclonal antibody and its single‐chain variant produced in glycoengineered plants
Authors: Lai Huafang , He Junyun , Hurtado Jonathan , Stahnke Jake , Fuchs Anja , Mehlhop Erin , Gorlatov Sergey , Loos Andreas , Diamond Michael S. , Chen Qiang
Published: June 2014

Previously, our group engineered a plant‐derived monoclonal antibody (MAb pE16) that efficiently treated West Nile virus (WNV) infection in mice. In this study, we developed a pE16 variant consisting of a single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to the heavy chain constant domains (CH) of human IgG (pE16scFv‐CH). pE16 and pE16scFv‐CH were expressed and assembled efficiently in Nicotiana benthamiana ∆XF plants, a glycosylation mutant lacking plant‐specific N‐glycan residues. Glycan analysis revealed that ∆XF plant‐derived pE16scFv‐CH (∆XFpE16scFv‐CH) and pE16 (∆XFpE16) both displayed a mammalian glycosylation profile. ∆XFpE16 and ∆XFpE16scFv‐CH demonstrated equivalent antigen‐binding affinity and kinetics, and slightly enhanced neutralization of WNV in vitro compared with the parent mammalian cell‐produced E16 (mE16). A single dose of ∆XFpE16 or ∆XFpE16scFv‐CH protected mice against WNV‐induced mortality even 4 days after infection at equivalent rates as mE16. This study provides a detailed tandem comparison of the expression, structure and function of a therapeutic MAb and its single‐chain variant produced in glycoengineered plants. Moreover, it demonstrates the development of anti‐WNV MAb therapeutic variants that are equivalent in efficacy to pE16, simpler to produce, and likely safer to use as therapeutics due to their mammalian N‐glycosylation. This platform may lead to a more robust and cost‐effective production of antibody‐based therapeutics against WNV infection and other infectious, inflammatory or neoplastic diseases.
Differential expression of microRNAs and other small RNAs in barley between water and drought conditions
Authors: Hackenberg Michael , Gustafson Perry , Langridge Peter , Shi Bu‐Jun
Published: June 2014

Drought is a major constraint to crop production, and microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in plant drought tolerance. Analysis of miRNAs and other classes of small RNAs (sRNAs) in barley grown under water and drought conditions reveals that drought selectively regulates expression of miRNAs and other classes of sRNAs. Low‐expressed miRNAs and all repeat‐associated siRNAs (rasiRNAs) tended towards down‐regulation, while tRNA‐derived sRNAs (tsRNAs) had the tendency to be up‐regulated, under drought. Antisense sRNAs (putative siRNAs) did not have such a tendency under drought. In drought‐tolerant transgenic barley overexpressing DREB transcription factor, most of the low‐expressed miRNAs were also down‐regulated. In contrast, tsRNAs, rasiRNAs and other classes of sRNAs were not consistently expressed between the drought‐treated and transgenic plants. The differential expression of miRNAs and siRNAs was further confirmed by Northern hybridization and quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Targets of the drought‐regulated miRNAs and siRNAs were predicted, identified by degradome libraries and confirmed by qRT‐PCR. Their functions are diverse, but most are involved in transcriptional regulation. Our data provide insight into the expression profiles of miRNAs and other sRNAs, and their relationship under drought, thereby helping understand how miRNAs and sRNAs respond to drought stress in cereal crops.
MiR397b regulates both lignin content and seed number in Arabidopsis via modulating a laccase involved in lignin biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Cong‐Ying , Zhang Shengchun , Yu Yang , Luo Yu‐Chun , Liu Qing , Ju Changliang , Zhang Yu‐Chan , Qu Liang‐Hu , Lucas William J. , Wang Xiaojing , Chen Yue‐Qin
Published: June 2014

Plant laccase (LAC) enzymes belong to the blue copper oxidase family and polymerize monolignols into lignin. Recent studies have established the involvement of microRNAs in this process; however, physiological functions and regulation of plant laccases remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a laccase gene, LAC4, regulated by a microRNA, miR397b, controls both lignin biosynthesis and seed yield in Arabidopsis. In transgenic plants, overexpression of miR397b (OXmiR397b) reduced lignin deposition. The secondary wall thickness of vessels and the fibres was reduced in the OXmiR397b line, and both syringyl and guaiacyl subunits are decreased, leading to weakening of vascular tissues. In contrast, overexpression of miR397b‐resistant laccase mRNA results in an opposite phenotype. Plants overexpressing miR397b develop more than two inflorescence shoots and have an increased silique number and silique length, resulting in higher seed numbers. In addition, enlarged seeds and more seeds are formed in these miR397b overexpression plants. The study suggests that miR397‐mediated development via regulating laccase genes might be a common mechanism in flowering plants and that the modulation of laccase by miR397 may be potential for engineering plant biomass production with less lignin.
In vitroeffects ofYunnan Baiyaoon canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines
Authors: Wirth K. A. , Kow K. , Salute M. E. , Bacon N. J. , Milner R. J.
Published: June 2014

Yunnan Baiyaois a Chinese herbal medicine that has been utilized for its anti‐inflammatory, haemostatic, wound healing and pain relieving properties in people. It has been utilized in the veterinary profession to control bleeding in dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) and has been anecdotally reported to prolong survival times in dogs with this neoplasm. This study evaluated thein vitroactivity ofYunnan Baiyaoagainst three canine HSA cell lines after treatment with increasing concentrations ofYunnan Baiyao(50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 µg mL−1) at 24, 48 and 72 h. Mean half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 72 h for DEN, Fitz, SB was 369.9, 275.9 and 325.3 µg mL−1, respectively. Caspase‐3/7 activity increased in correlation with the IC50in each cell line which was confirmed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL, APO‐BRDU Kit; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) assay. VEGF in cell supernatant was also quantified. Overall, the study found thatYunnan Baiyaocauses dose and time dependent HSA cell death through initiation of caspase‐mediated apoptosis, which supports future studies involvingYunnan Baiyao.
Fourier–Mukai functors in the supported case
Authors: Canonaco Alberto , Stellari Paolo
Published: June 2014

We prove that exact functors between the categories of perfect complexes supported on projective schemes are of Fourier–Mukai type if the functor satisfies a condition weaker than being fully faithful. We also get generalizations of the results in the literature in the case without support conditions. Some applications are discussed and, along the way, we prove that the category of perfect supported complexes has a strongly unique enhancement.