bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON Stevia rebaudiana AS A SOURCE OF NEW SWEETENER CROP
Authors: Lee Chi Won , Pak Chun-Ho , Hughes Harrison G.
Published: February 2019

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) leaves produce stevioside and rebaudioside that can be used as a natural source of low-calorie sweetener which is heat-stable. Because of low fertility, this plant is often vegetatively propagated for field production. This study was conducted to optimize tissue culture procedures for propagating selected clones and explore the feasibility of producing the sweetener compounds by callus cultures. Shoot proliferation was best in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) Plus 10 mg/l kinetin. Kinetin as a cytokinin source was better than benzyladenine (BA) especially when NAA was present. Callus production fronm leaf disc cultures was most prolific when a combination of 0.1 mg/l NAA and 3 mg/l BA was used in MS medium. The relative sweetener contents of callus cultures are currently being-analyzed.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKES BY INDIVIDUALS IN THE 1987-88 NATIONWIDE FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEY
Authors: Enns Cecilia Wilkinson
Published: February 2019

Using data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nationwide, Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) conducted from April 1987 through Summer 1988, 1-day intakes of fruits and vegetables by 10, 138 individuals are described. Mean intakes and percentages of individuals using total fruits, citrus fruits and juices, apples, bananas, other fruits and mixtures mainly fruit, noncitrus juices and nectars, total vegetables, white potatoes, tomatoes, dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables, and other vegetables are presented. Fruit and vegetable consumption patterns by age and sex (18 groups), by race (black and white), by region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West), and by income level as a percentage of poverty (under 131%, 131-300%, and over 300%) are illustrated.
SHOOT REMOVAL AFFECTS ALSTROEMERIA DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Aker Scott , Healy William
Published: February 2019

Thinning of Alstroemeria `Regina' at 0, 30, 60, or 90% did not result in induction of cyclic variation in shoot length. Thinning caused an overall decrease in stem length and final fresh weight of storage roots (SR). Number of nodes on generative shoots did not change due to thinning treatment but varied over time. Thinning by 90% reduced yield, delayed harvest and increased flower quality. In the second year, plants were rethinned and grown with supplemental HPS irradiance of either 25 or 125 μmolm-2sec-1. Weekly production diminished with increased thinning, and was amplified by increased total fluence. In a second experiment, thinning resulted in decreased shoot, rhizome and SR growth in plants sampled before and after flowering. Rhizome index increased with increased thinning, indicating a relatively smaller impact of thinning on rhizome growth compared to SR and shoot growth. The carbohydrate composition of SR tissue was unchanged by treatment. Thinning resulted in decreased SR production and decreased fresh weight per SR between thinning treatments. Change in total amount of carbohydrate reserves in the SR is therefore due to change in number & size of the SR.
APPLE ROOTSTOCK INFLUENCE ON YIELD, YIELD EFFICIENCY, AND TRUNK GROWTH AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS
Authors: Larsen Fenton E , Higgins Stewart S.
Published: February 2019

The influence of 9 rootstock on growth and production of `Goldspur' (GS) and `Wellspur Delicious' (WS), and of 3 rootstock on growth and production of `Red King Delicious' (RK) and `Golden Delicious' (GD) apple was evaluated. The spur-type `Delicious' (WS) produced more fruit per tree than the non-spur (RK) strain with Mailing (M) 7 and Malling-Merton (MM) 106 but not with M 26. GD produced more fruit per tree than GS on M 7 and M 26 but not MM 106. Yield efficiencies were usually superior with spurred strains. Efficiency of RK was markedly inferior to GD and WS. Comparing cumulative yields among 9 stocks within spurred strains showed that highest yields were with MM 106 roots. Clonal stocks were more efficient than seedling. The least size-controlling stocks (seedling, MM 104, MM 109, and M 25) tended to be less efficient than M 2, M 7, M 26, MM 106, or MM 111, but the trends throughout the experiment were not consistent. Seedling, MM 104 and MM 109 had the largest trees with spurred tops, and M 26 the smallest.
VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF DENDRANTHEMA GRANDIFLORA TZVELEV. `SPEARS' IN RESPONSE TO INCORPORATED APPLICATIONS OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZERS
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Meadows Warren A. , Fuller Donald L. , Stewart Melinda R.
Published: February 2019

Recent studies at Louisiana State University evaluated incorporated rates (0.72, 1.08, and 1.44 kg N/m3) of controlled-release fertilizers (Chrysanthemum Mix 12N-4.4P-14.1K, Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K, and Nutricote Type 70 14N-6.1P-11.6K) on vegetative growth and flowering of `Spears' potted chrysanthemums. Data collected included fresh and dry weight, height, width, flower size, flower number, days to first flower color, and days to flower finish.

Flower characteristics were not greatly affected by fertilizer or application rate. Dry weight increased with an increase in application rate from 0.72 kg N/m3 to 1.44 kg N/m3.
AUTUMN EHTREL SPRAYS ON PEACHES; OBSERVATIONS OF WINTER HARDINESS AND BLOOM
Authors: Patterson Keith , Rom Curt R. , Bourne Robert , Clark John C.
Published: February 2019

Ethrel sprays were applied at 50 or 100 ppm at approximately 40%, 70% leaf fall (10/16/89 or 10/24/89, respectively) or at both times on `Redhaven' and `Allgold' peaches. Bud hardiness was determined biweekly by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Stage and percentage of bloom open during the bloom period were subjectively estimated.

Spraying trees with 100ppm Ethrel at 50% leaf fall significantly increased bud hardiness at mid-winter compared to other treatments. After a mid-winter freeze (-21.7 C on 12/21/89), there was no significant difference between % bud survival of any treatments. But, trees treated with 50 or 100ppm Ethrel had 10-20% better bud survival than other treatments. Buds of the 2 cultivars had statistically similar hardiness although DTA analysis indicated that Redhaven had a .5-.8 C lower freezing point than Allgold in mid winter. This trend was reversed close to bloom with Allgold having .7 C lower freezing point than Redhaven. The time of full bloom was significantly delayed by treating trees with 100ppm at 40% leaf fall or 50ppm at both 40 and 70% leaf fall the previous autumn.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS IN GREENHOUSE CROP PRODUCTION,
Authors: Brown John M. , Schreiber Alan A. , Knowles Charles O.
Published: February 2019

Control failures of many insecticides used against the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankiniella occidentalis (Pergande), have been reported from several locations by greenhouse operators. To document resistance, thrips were bioassayed by placing them in vials coated with doses of diazinon, methomyl, bendiocarb, dimethoate, azinphosmethyl and cypermethrin at (100, 50, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 and 0.1 g/vial). Adult female WFT were collected from a colony exhibiting control failures using organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides. A colony showing no resistance was used as a control. The LC50's of the resistant and susceptible strains were diazinon 49.3 and 4.6 g/vial, cypermethrin no mortality and 3.7 g/vial, and azinphosmethyl 20.2 and 2.l g/vial respectively. Results show resistance is present as well as cross resistance to diazinon and cypermethrin because the resistant population was never exposed to these compounds.
CHARACTERIZATION OF GROWTH AND METAL-BINDING CONSTITUENTS OF TWO CITRUS CELL CULTURE LINES
Authors: Taylor K.C. , Chase C.D. , Albrigo L.G. , Grosser J. W.
Published: February 2019

Citrus blight is an extremely complex decline disorder of unknown etiology, Zinc accumulates in the phloem of the tree 40-50 cm above the bud union 1-3 years prior to visible symptoms of blight (foliage wilt and twig dieback). This is accompanied by Zn deficits in the leaves. A Zn-binding peptide (ZBP) purified from citrus phloem tissue accounts for a symptomatic redistribution of Zn from the canopy to the trunk phloem. ZBP is found in blight and healthy trees and is therefore a normal component of cellular metabolism. To further understand ZBP's role in metabolism two citrus cell culture lines which were selected based on their susceptibility to blight have been characterized as to their growth under Zn treatments as well as Cu and Cd. In addition, their complement of metal-binding constituents is being determined.
MANUAL FOR CERTIFIED NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Swanson Bert T. , Calkins James B. , Newman Debra L.
Published: February 2019

A manual for certified nursery and landscape professionals has been developed by the University of Minnesota Extension Service in conjunction with the Minnesota Nursery and Landscape Association (MNLA). The purpose of the certification manual is to facilitate the improvement of basic skills and knowledge of nursery and landscape professionals, to further the education and training of competent nursery and landscape professionals, and to serve as a training and reference manual for most levels of nursery and landscape culture and management. The manual consists of thirty-four chapters covering all aspects of woody plant biology and culture: abiotic and biotic plant stress; landscape design; installation and maintenance; plant marketing, merchandising and sales; and laws, regulations and safety concerns for nursery, landscape and garden center personnel. A concise glossary, the American Standard For Nursery Stock, and an illustrated nursery catalog are also included in the manual. The manual is an important part of the MNLA Certification Program whose purpose is to improve the skills, knowledge and, expertise of nursery and landscape professionals. The Certification Program also strives for faster recognition and promotion of professionalism within the industry and to the general public.
EVALUATION OF STRAWBERRY (FRAGARIA SP.) SEEDLINGS FOR DROUGHT AND SALT TOLERANCE BY IN VITRO INDUCED STRESSES.
Authors: Volk Gayle , Esensee Virgil , Hughes Harrison
Published: February 2019

Crosses and self's were made among Fragaria × ananassa Duchn. cv. `Douglas' and `Fern' and Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchn. Seeds were surface sterilized, germinated and then grown on MS media (no vitamins, sucrose or hormones) with NaCl concentrations of 0 to 0.5% or 0.5% KCl. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), of corresponding water potentials, was used to induce drought stresses. Whole plant dry weights were evaluated after 50 days. Differences in salt tolerance were associated with genotype; progeny involving crosses with F. chiloensis showed greater salt tolerance. Increases in concentration of PEG caused decreased growth. The use of salt containing media may be used to evaluate strawberry seedlings for salt tolerance and, similarly, PEG may be used to evaluate for drought stress in vitro.
ENCLAVE EMPLOYMENT OF DISABLED INDIVIDUALS IN A UNIVERSITY GROUNDS MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT A CASE STUDY
Authors: Dobbs Gerald S. , Swain Billy L. , Relf P. Diane
Published: February 2019

In 1986, VPI&SU contracted with the New River Valley Workshop for a pilot project to determine the effectiveness of “enclave placement” in its landscape maintenance program. An enclave of five disabled adults and one working supervisor were employed to assist Virginia Tech's Grounds Department by working as a crew in litter removal, weeding, raking leaves, and shoveling snow.

The enclave was enthusiastic, dedicated, and had low absenteeism, thereby setting a standard for salaried employees. The enclave's participation in the Virginia Tech grounds maintenance program enabled many of the salaried employees to dedicate their time and energy to more complicated tasks.

The pilot project led to a contract that has been effective for four years, proving that disabled adults can function together as a team and, at the same time, be an integral part of a large grounds maintenance department.
EFFECT OF PHYLL SET (GA3 + NAA) ON FRUIT SET, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF CITRUS.
Authors: Al-Khafaji Makki A. , Musalat M. M.
Published: February 2019

Application of Phyll set (G A3 + NAA) on whole trees of local cultivars of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and lemon (C. Limon Burmann) at full bloom stage was made during 1988 and 1989 seasons. All concentrations of Phyll set (12, 24 and 48 mg/l) increased fruit set and yield of sweet orange. Lemon yields were increased only at 12 mg/l Phyll set. The use of Phyll set as a new growth regulator for improved fruit quality will be discussed.
TEN NOTABLE WOMEN HORTICULTURISTS IN THE HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE
Authors: Hershey David R.
Published: February 2019

There are many notable women horticulturists who deserve greater recognition in college horticultural curricula. Ten notable women in horticultural history, listed alphabetically, are,

Jenny Butchart (1868-1950) - Created Butchart Gardens.

Beatrix Farrand (1872-1959) - American landscape gardener, famous for Dumbarton Oaks and many other landscapes.

Annie Jack (1839-1912) - Canadian horticultural author.

Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) - English landscape gardener.

Martha Logan (1702/04-1779) - Pioneer nurseryman.

Jane Loudon (1807-1858) - English horticultural author.

Isabella Preston (1881-1965) - Canadian plant breeder.

Theodosia Burr Shepherd (1845-1906)- Pioneer California flower seed grower/breeder and retail florist.

Harriet Williams Russell Strong (1844-1926) - Pioneer in irrigation and in the California walnut industry.

Cynthia Westcott (1898-1983) - The plant doctor.
“HERB” AND “HERBACEOUS” AS EXAMPLES OF HORTICULTURAL TERMS WITH MULTIPLE DEFINITIONS
Authors: Hershey David R.
Published: February 2019

Scientific terms should have a single definition to avoid confusion. The noun “herb” has two broad categories of definitions, the first as a plant used in perfumery, as a dye, in cooking as flavoring, etc. and the second as a description of plant habit. Examination of over 30 definitions for the latter meaning of herb revealed great differences. Herb is variously defined as a “nonwoody plant” or as a plant with “annual aboveground stems”, allowing woody plants with annual stems to be called herbs, e.g. Buddleia or Vitex in colder climates. Other definitions restrict herbs to certain portions of the plant kingdom, such as “seed plants” or “vascular plants”. The adjective “herbaceous” is also defined in numerous ways, e.g. “not woody”, “dying to the ground each year”, “having the texture, color, etc. of an ordinary foliage leaf”. The same plant may be termed herb or herbaceous using some definitions, but not others. Since herb and herbaceous have been defined in so many different ways, the terms should be avoided, unless the definition being used is given, and more specific terms used, e.g. nonwoody plant.
APPLE ROOTSTOCK PERFORMANCE
Authors: Mullins C. A. , Straw R. A.
Published: February 2019

Nine size controlling apple rootstock were evaluated in trials initiated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN in 1981 using `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' as the scion cultivar. Tree survival was poor with M.9 EMLA, Ottawa 3, M.27 EMLA, and Mark rootstock. Trees on M.27 EMLA and Mark were extremely low in vigor and yields. Root suckering was severe with MAC 24 and M.7 EMLA. Trees on M.26 EMLA were the most productive over six fruiting years. Fruit from trees on Ottawa 3 tended to be firmer and have more red color than fruit from trees on the other rootstock when harvested on the same date. Fruit size did not vary due to rootstock over the six fruiting years.
MANUSCRIPT PEER REVIEWS: DO THEY ENHANCE HORTICULTURE OR CONCEAL FRAUD?
Authors: Pollock Bruce M.
Published: February 2019

The process of peer reviewing manuscripts is frequently considered to be a time-consuming chore. It is, however, critical in maintaining the quality of the society's journals and the respect of the scientific community for the members of the society. The purpose of peer reviews is to insure that the research and resultant paper represent sound and state-of-the-art science. Failure of a paper to achieve this level of excellence, and its subsequent inclusion in the scientist's publication list, essentially falsifies the scientist's credentials and makes each subsequent “promotion based on `those credentials an act of fraud. Since almost all horticultural scientists engaged in research are employees of state or federal agencies, these acts of fraud are against the public agencies and the taxpayers. The editor of the society's journals has recently spoken out against below-standard peer reviews. Unfortunately, the type of peer reviews to which he refers are typical of those I have encountered throughout my 30 years experience with horticulture. I suggest it is time that the members of the ASHS look carefully at the situation before a congressional committee does.
SYNTHESIS OF AN AMPHIDIPLOID BRASSICA SPECIES
Authors: Thomsen Tamara
Published: February 2019

Stock species of Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra were crossed with the intention of synthesizing the amphidiploid species Brassica juncea. Of the stock species, a diploid and a tetraploid were given of both the B. rapa (Aaa and Aaaaa) and the B. nigra (Bbb and Bbbbb). However the identity of these was concealed, and they were presented as 1A 1, 1A2, 1A3, and 1A4. The objective of this experiment was not only to synthesize the species B. juncea (Abaabbb), but to determine the identity of 1A1, 1A2, 1A3, and 1A4 as to which of these were the diploid and tetraploid species, and to test the synthesized B. juncea by crossing it with the natural, male sterile B. juncea.
SKIRTING VERSUS UNSKIRTING CITRUS TREES FOR FROST CONTROL
Authors: Naranjo Anastacio P. , McNeil Robert J.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this experiment was to measure the difference in temperatures influenced by skirted and unskirted cirrus trees under cold temperatures. Sixty citrus trees (oranges and lemons) planted on a hillside were skirted at 18 inches above ground level for this experiment. The experiment was conducted over 96 days, in which daily minimum temperature readings were taken. In addition to the thermometers, four thermographs were used to record constant temperate and duration of frosty nights.

In 79 of the 96 days of the experiment, the skirted treatment showed an increase in the temperature compared with the unskirted treatment at an average increase of 0.25°F. Statistical differences between treatments ranging from 0.5°F to 0.7°F were found for three different days at temperatures in the 40's. No statistical differences between treatments were found at temperatures in the 30's. The thermograph readings showed no differences in the duration of cold temperatures between skirted and unskirted treatments.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ROW COVERS AS A BARRIER TO INSECT PESTS ON ROMAINE LETTUCE (PARRIS ISLAND COS)
Authors: Scaroni Mark , Wheatley Jo Ann C.
Published: February 2019

This project examined a floating row cover as an alternative to chemical use for pest control. Insect and vertebrate pest control was excellent on the covered versus the uncovered crop plants. Average weight, length, and quality were enhanced through the use of covers. The interval of transplant-to-harvest was also decreased. While the cost of row cover use is quite high on a per-acre basis, additional gains in quality, yields, earlier plantings, and earlier harvests may justify the use of row covers as an alternative to chemical control. Although acceptance and use of row covers may ultimately rely on the consumer, demand for organically grown vegetables will warrant further evaluation of row cover materials.
UTILIZATION OF PLUGS IN PRAIRIE RESTORATION
Authors: Moseman Sonja , Ferriss Terry , Kidd William
Published: February 2019

The preservation/restoration of prairie ecosystems is part of our responsibility as stewards of the earth. Success in reestablishing prairie plant communities has been quite variable and far from optimum. This cooperative project between the University of Wisconsin-River Falls (UWRF) and Carpenter Nature Center examine the use of horticulture plug technology as a means of improving the quality, availability, production efficiency and transplant survivability of herbaceous frob prairie species for use in prairie restoration efforts.

Data on growth rates and winter survival of bare-root seedlings and plug seedlings of Rudbeckia hirta, Ratibida pinnata and Zizea aurea in prairie test plots will be presented. The plug seedlings were stockier plants, had well developed root systems, and demonstrated excellent performance as transplants in prairie restoration efforts.
GIBBERELIN PROMOTES FLOWER STEM ELONGATION ON THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS
Authors: Smith Janice , Kamp-Glass Marihelen
Published: February 2019

Effect of gibberellin (GA) concentration on Chrysanthemum (Pink Adorn, White Adorn, Daisy Royal, and Target) were investigated. The controlled and noncontrolled were observed. GA 1.5 was applied to the noncontrolled garden mums at 1, 2, 5, and blank ppm concentrations. The controlled and noncontrolled was evaluated after one week. Normal growth rate on controlled. Growth rate on noncontrolled at 1, 2, and 5ppm was evidently accelerated on all varieties, while GA blank decreased the growth rate of all varieties. GA at 1, 2, and 5ppm affected the Target variety more than any other variety.
LEAF CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUITING AND DEFLOWERED RED RASPBERRY CANES OVER THE COURSE OF THE GROWING SEASON
Authors: Klauer Stephen F. , Chen Chuhe , Cameron J. Scott , Hartley Carol A.
Published: February 2019

In the early spring, 300 canes of `Meeker' red raspberry were tagged and 150 were deflowered at anthesis. During a 12-week period beginning at anthesis, leaves were sampled for anatomical sectioning and determination of chlorophyll content and dry weight per leaf unit area,

Comparisons of leaf cross-sections from fruiting (F) and deflowered (DF) canes demonstrated high levels of starch accumulation in the latter. This accumulation of starch was layered throughout the cross section, and size of starch crystals varied by location. Dry weight per leaf unit area increased in all leaves during the season, but was consistently greater in leaves of DF canes throughout the season.

Total leaf chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content increased until reaching a maximum three weeks after anthesis, Both decreased slightly until nine weeks after anthesis and sharply thereafter as leaves began to senesce. Chlorophyll b content remained nearly constant until eight weeks after anthesis at which time levels declined during the onset of senescence.
CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS GROWN UNDER TUNNEL CULTURE
Authors: Hartz T.K. , Baameur A. , Holt D.B.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of fieldscale CO2 enrichment of vegetable crops grown under tunnel culture. Cucumber, squash and tomato were grown under polyethylene tunnels in a manner similar to commercial practices in southern California. The buried drip irrigation system was used to uniformly deliver an enriched CO2 air stream independent of irrigation. CO2 concentration in the tunnel atmosphere was maintained between 700-1000 ppm during daylight hours. Enrichment began two weeks after planting and continued for four weeks. At the end of the treatment phase, enrichment had significantly increased plant dry weights. This growth advantage continued through harvest, with enriched plots yielding 20%, 30% and 32% more fruit of squash, cucumber and tomato, respectively. As performed in this study, the expense of CO2 enrichment represented less than a 10% increase in total pre-harvest costs. Industrial bottled CO2 was used in this study; since bottled CO2 is captured as a byproduct of industrial processes, this usage represents a recycling of CO2 that would otherwise be vented directly to the atmosphere.
DENSITY SEPARATION OF ZYGOTIC AND SOMATIC EMBRYOS
Authors: Velho Christiane Cabral , Saranga Yehoshua , Janick Jules
Published: February 2019

Density changes associated with developing zygotic embryos of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and somatic embryos of celery (Apium graveolens L.) were determined using sucrose gradients. Continuous sucrose gradients were used to evaluate relative density of loblolly pine embryos from July 25, when embryos could be microscopically observed, to November 7, 1988. Embryos density declined during development with a maximum (51% sucrose equivalent or 1.2331 g/ml) at first sampling and then remain relatively constant (10% sucrose equivalent or 1.0306 g/ml) after day 49. Density changes were inversely related to embryo length.

Celery somatic embryos, cultured for 6, 8, 10, or 12 days were separated with sucrose solutions varying from 9 to 16% in 1% intervals. Embryos were classified as overmature (expanded cotyledons), mature (torpedo), and immature (globular). The number of low density embryos increased from 6 to 12 days. The highest conversion to normal seedlings after desiccation for 48 hr at 90% relative humidity was obtained with overmature and mature embryos, but some immature somatic embryos also survived. Maximum conversion was obtained from embryos with density equivalent of 12% to 14% sucrose (1.0448 g/ml to 1.0531 g/ml) at days 10 and 12.
ORGANOGENESIS IN CULTURED ADVENTITIOUS ROOT SEGMENTS AND IN PROTOPLAST-DERIVED CALLUS OF SWEET POTATO
Authors: Ozias-Akins Peggy , Perera Srini
Published: February 2019

One cm segments from adventitious roots of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) will regenerate shoots when cultured on Murashige and Skoog salts and vitamins plus either sucrose (1-3%) or fructose (1-6%). The best source for adventitious roots is sweet potato shoot cultures maintained in Magenta vessels. A low concentration of cytokinin (0.02 mg/liter) promotes shoot formation. Higher levels of cytokinin (0.1-0.5 mg/liter) encourage callus growth. The maximum average number of shoots formed per root segment attained thus far is 0.5. Attempts are being made to increase the frequency of shoot formation. Regeneration of shoots from roots also may be a useful method for obtaining plants from protoplasts of sweet potato. Protoplasts can be isolated from mesophyll tissue and petioles of in vitro grown plants. Plating efficiency of up to 12% routinely can be obtained. Shoot formation directly from callus is sporadic; root formation is more frequent.
IMPROVED PLANT REGENERATION OF SOLANUM AND LYCOPERSICON GENOTYPES FROM LONG-TERM CALLUS CULTURE.
Authors: Yu Chang-Yeon , Masiunas John
Published: February 2019

Repeated callus sub-culture reduce the regeneration capacity in many species. Our studies determined the effect of genotype and medium on regeneration of several Solanum and Lycopersicon genotypes from long-term callus cultures. In the first study, 13 genotypes were transferred to regeneration medium, including: Murashige and Skoog plus Gamborg Vitamins (MG); Murashige and Skoog (MS); Gamborg (GM); and white (WM). The greatest shoot regeneration was on the MG medium, containing the highest levels of thiamine. Shoot differentiation was greatest with 0.2 mg/l IAA and 2 mg/l BA. No plants were regenerated on GM or WM medium. In a second study, the effect of thiamine (0 to 200 mg/l) on shoot regeneration of the L. peruvianum genotypes PI199380, PI126945, PI251301, and PI128652, along with Solanum ptycanthum, Solanum nigrum, and L. esculentum `Diego' was evaluated. Shoot regeneration of Solanum ptycanthum, Solanum nigrum, L. peruvianum PI 199380 and PI25301 was best with 20 mg/l of thiamine.
IN VITRO NITROGEN METABOLISM AND ORGANOGENESIS OF NICOTIANA TABACUM
Authors: Rudolph Victoria E. , Burger David W.
Published: February 2019

The role of N metabolism in organogenesis and growth was studied using tobacco pith callus. Callus was cultured on a solid medium containing 10 μM (1.75 mg/l) IAA and 2 μM (0.43 mg/l) kinetin for 56 days. In the growth experiment, ratios of NH4+-N to NO3--N (0:60, 20:40, 30:30, 40:20 and 60:0 mM) were supplied by (NH4)2 SO4 and KNO3. Callus and media were analyzed for inorganic N. Callus supported by 30:30 and 40:20 media removed the highest amounts of NH4+-N and NO3--N from the media and exhibited organogenesis. Final dry weight was greatest in callus supported by the 30:30 medium. In the organogenesis experiment, the transfer history of the inoculum source affected N uptake, organogenesis and growth. Inorganic N was supplied by NH4NO3 and KNO3-. The net uptake of NH4+-N and NO3--N was lower in shoot-forming than in root-forming and non-organogenic callus subculture from 7-day-old stock cultures. The final pH of the medium supporting shoot-forming callus was lowest. Growth, on a dry weight basis, was lowest in shoot-forming callus. Callus subculture from 60-day-old stock cultures formed no shoots.
CHEMICAL THINNING OF `GRANNY SMITH' APPLE
Authors: Micke Warren C. , Grant Joseph A. , Norton Maxwell V. , Yeager James T.
Published: February 2019

Under California conditions `Granny Smith' apple does not “self-thin” sufficiently to promote good return bloom nor to provide fruit size desired for the fresh market. Preliminary studies conducted during 1985-87 indicated that 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl), 1-naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA), and 1-naphthaleneacetamide (NAD) could be useful for thinning `Granny Smith'. Detailed studies conducted in 1988 and 89 using dilute handgun applications demonstrated that all 3 materials provided reasonable thinning as shown by fruit set counts. NAA and NAD tended to slow fruit growth as compared to carbaryl. Carbaryl tended to uniformly thin clusters while NAA and NAD were more likely to remove all the fruit from some clusters and few fruit from others, especially in 1988. Compared to the control, all materials applied in 1988 improved return bloom in 1989 with carbaryl having a slightly greater effect than NAA and NAD. As a result of these studies carbaryl at 1.7 to 2.2 kg (active ingredient) per ha as a dilute application is being suggested for grower trials in California.
TREE TRAINING PROCEDURES FOR HIGH-DENSITY SWEET CHERRY PRODUCTION ON VIGOROUS ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Southwick Stephen M. , Yeager James T.
Published: February 2019

Sweet cherries produce vigorous upright growth from Apr.-Sept. and are slow to bear in California. Our tree training objectives include earlier bearing, easier harvesting, high productivity of good quality fruit. `Bing' cherry on mazzard and mahaleb rootstock were planted in 7 blocks and trained 6 ways. One group was headed 12-18 inches above the bud union and 4 branches were retained at the 1st dormant pruning. Lateral buds were treated with promalin at bud-break to induce lateral shoot formation. Trees were spring-summer pruned to reduce terminal growth. At the second dormant pruning, strong shoots were removed and lateral shoots were treated with promalin to induce spur formation. Trees were treated likewise through the 3rd dormant season and produced a fair crop in the 4th season. Central leader trees were created by tying/weighting limbs, dormant and summer pruning, and retaining less vigorous limbs as well as utilizing promalin. Slow growing trees tended to bear fruit more rapidly. Both training methods yielded fruit in the 4th season while traditional pruning procedures produced few fruit. Data and procedures will be presented to document these practices.
EVALUATION OF THE CUCUMBER GERMPLASM COLLECTION FOR RESISTANCE TO ANTHRACNOSE
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Staub Jack E.
Published: February 2019

The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) germplasm collection of 924 cultigens (accessions, breeding lines and cultivars) was evaluated for resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum orbiculare (Pass.) Ell. & Halst) in the field and greenhouse. The field test was run using 1 m plots grown in 4 environments (year-location combinations). The field was inoculated 3 weeks after planting using a backpack sprayer. A susceptible spreader cultivar (Wis. SMR 18) was planted every 5th row, and plots were overhead-irrigated 3 times/week. Plots were rated 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation. The greenhouse test was run using seedlings grown in flats of vermiculite, and inoculated with 104 spores/ml on one cotyledon. Plants were rated using the size of the chlorotic halo surrounding the lesion. There was no correlation (r=0.04 to 0.17) of seedling test with field test ratings, nor between any of the 4 field test environments. Correlations were significant among field tests when only cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated. We concluded that diversity within accessions resulted in the lack of correlation among tests. The cultigens that had high resistance in all tests were `Slice', NCSU M 21, Gy 14A, `Addis' and PI 164433 (India). Most susceptible were PI 175696 (Turkey) and PI 285606 (Poland).
ASSAYS TO DETERMINE CHERRY ROOTSTOCK TOLERANCE TO “BACTERIAL CANKER” (PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. SYRINGAE)
Authors: Krzesinska Elzbieta , Miller Anita Nina
Published: February 2019

An excised twig assay was developed to evaluate cherry genotypes for their tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. One-year-old wood was collected at monthly intervals from Oct. until Jan. of `Napoleon', `Corum', and a number of cherry rootstock. The rootstock included F/12-1, Giessen (GI), and M×M selections. Twigs were inoculated with one avirulent and three virulent strains. Evaluation of incision browning, callus, and gummosis production were made after incubation for 3 weeks. Based on gummosis is and browning ratings, all the rootstocks tested were found to be more tolerant than `Napoleon' and `Corum' to the 3 strains of Pseudomonas syringae used. No gummosis or browning was observed on twigs inoculated with water or the avirulent strain.

Plant signals extracted from cherry leaves have been shown to control expression of virulence genes in P. syringae. Crude aqueous extracts from `Napoleon' twigs induced the syrB::1acZ fusion in P. syringae strain B3AR132 Other rootstocks are currently being evaluated for their ability to induce virulence in P. syringae pv. syringae,
IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF ALGERIAN IVY (HEDERA CANARIENSIS L.)
Authors: Al-Juboory Karim H. , Williams David J.
Published: February 2019

Shoot tip explants of Algerian Ivy Heder a canariensis were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with a combination of salt strength and NAA and IBA. More roots per explant developed on full salt strength medium combined with NAA. The most roots per explant were obtained with a combination of IBA and 1/4 MS salt. There was an inverse relationship between an increase in IBA or NAA concentration and root length and number. Shoots proliferated better on full MS salt combined with NAA and IBA. The highest level of NAA (40 uM) and 0.1 uM TDZ produced the most shoots and roots, the longest roots, the highest rooting percentage, the largest plants with the most leaves and the best callus quality per explant. The leaves from in vitro were cultured on MS medium with varying levels of Thidiazuron (TDZ) and NAA in the presence of light produced the highest number of roots.
THE INFLUENCE OF pH ON AUXIN-INDUCED ADVENTITIOUS ROOT INITIATION IN MALUS DOMESTICA
Authors: Harbage James F. , Stimart Dennis P.
Published: February 2019

Many physiological responses in plants are influenced by pH. The present chemiosmotic hypothesis suggests that auxin uptake into plant cells is governed by pH. Since auxin is used widely to enhance rooting, the influence of pH on 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) induced adventitious root formation was examined. Roots were initiated aseptically in 5 node apical shoot cuttings of micropropagated Malus domestica 'Gala'. Initiation was induced using a four day pulse in IBA and 15 g/L sucrose at pH 5.6 and 30C in the dark. Observations showed pH rose to 7.0 or greater within 1 to 2 days from microcutting placement in unbuffered initiation medium. Root numbers from shoots in media containing 1.5 μM IBA buffered with 10 mM 2[N-morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid (MES) to pH 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 or 7.0 with KOH resulted in average root numbers of 14.2, 10.9, 8.7, and 7.1, respectively, while unbuffered medium yielded 7,6 roots per shoot. Comparison of MES buffered medium at pH 5.5, 6.25 or 7.0 in factorial combination with IBA at 0, 0.15, 1.5, 15.0, and 150.0 μM resulted in a significant pH by IBA interaction for root number. At 0, 0.15 and 1.5 μM IBA root numbers were greatest at pH 5.5. At 15.0 μM IBA, pH 6.25 was optimal and at 150.0 μM IBA all three pH levels produced equivalent root numbers. A calorimetric assay to measure IBA removal from the initiation medium by microcuttings of `Gala' and `Triple Red Delicious' showed more IBA removal at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.0. Possible reasons for the effect of pH on adventitious root formation will be discussed.
PLANT GROWTH MODIFICATION AND WATER USE OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS `BRILLIANT' PLANTS BY UNICONAZOLE WITH VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS.
Authors: Sanabria L.G. , Newman S.E.
Published: February 2019

Various uniconazole (Sumagic™) rates were either sprayed or drenched alone or in combination with 6-BA and GA4+7 (Promalin™) or dikegulac-sodium (Atrinal™) on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis `Brilliant'. The rates of uniconazole were 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg a.i./L; 6-BA and GA4+7, 25 mg a.i./L each; and dikegulac-sodium 1000 mg a.i./L.

Plant height was reduced by uniconazole when drenched at rates as low as 5 mg/L and 15 mg/L when sprayed. Dikegulac-sodium slightly counteracted the effects of uniconazole. Uniconazole activity was increased when either sprayed or drenched with application of 6-BA and GA4+7 resulting in greater height reduction.

Transpiration and stomatal diffusive resistance of plants drenched with uniconazole alone was erratic; however, when uniconazole was sprayed or drenched and mixed with 6–BA and GA4+7 or dikegulac-sodium transpiration increased.
COMPARISON OF SEASONAL RELATIVE GROWTH PATTERNS OF PEACH AND APPLE FRUITS AND THEIR NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION
Authors: PAVEL E.W. , DEJONG T.M.
Published: February 2019

The fruit growth of three peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. `Spring Lady', `Flamecrest', `Cal Red') and two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. cvs. `Cox Orange', `Golden Delicious') was measured weekly during the 1988 growing period. Seasonal patterns of fruit relative growth rate calculated on a dry weight basis were very similar for both species. Changes in nonstructural carbohydrate composition of peach mesocarp and apple pericarp were correlated with the two physiological phases of sink-activity of the relative growth rates Changes in sucrose concentrations seemed to coincide with increasing dry matter accumulation for both species, even though fructose was a dominant sugar in apples.
ENHANCING CELL RECEPTIVITY TO GENE TRANSFER BY ELECTRIC DISCHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATION
Authors: Sellmer Jim , Ellis Dave , McCown Brent , McCabe Dennis , Russell Dave , Martinell Brian
Published: February 2019

Successful recovery of plants transformed by direct gene transfer techniques relies on 3 factors: 1) a regenerable cell/tissue culture system, 2) a foreign DNA delivery system which can be fine tuned, and 3) a cell population receptive to the transfer and integration of foreign DNA into its genome. Cell receptivity to foreign DNA incorporation is being determined by bombarding poplar cells with gold particles coated with plasmid DNA containing a CaMV35s pro–meted β-glucuronidase chimeric gene construct. Histochemical GUS expression assays conducted after bombardment show that early log phase cells are most receptive with a transient transformation rate of 0.26% compared to 0.08–0.04% for mid log and stationary phase cells. Furthermore, cell receptivity in early log phase cells is decreased when cytokinin is removed from the culture medium for 3 growth cycles prior to bombardment. This response suggests that plant growth regulators may be used to enhance cell receptivity along with cell synchronizing agents.
GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF PECAN ZYGOTIC AND SOMATIC EMBRYOS DURING MATURATION AND GERMINATION
Authors: Levi Amnon , Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Galau Glen A.
Published: February 2019

The coordinate expression of mRNA classes in pecan (Carya illinoensis) zygotic and somatic embryos has been studied. MRNA was isolated from zygotic embryos at early and late maturation stages (12 to 22 weeks post-pollination) and during germination. Additionally, mRNA was isolated from somatic embryos derived from a repetitive embryogenic system prior and after cold (6 weeks at 4°C) and desiccation treatments (5 days). These treatments have been determined to enhance somatic embryo conversion. The abundance of embryogenic mRNA classes was determined using various cloned cotton mRNA probes (Hughes and Galau, 1989). This study is a part of our efforts to elucidate the developmental and physiological differences between zygotic and somatic embryo systems in pecan.
EFFECTS OF VACUUM DEVICES ON POPULATION OF LYGUS HESPERUS, VARIOUS BENEFICIAL INSECTS AND FRUIT QUALITY OF STRAWBERRIES
Authors: Welch N.C. , Pickel C. , Walsh D.
Published: February 2019

Two vacuum machines, a single row 950 cfm and a 3 row 3000 cfm of air movement were tested. Treatments: 1) weekly vacuum, 2) Biphenthrin and 3) Untreated.

Biphenthrin treatments significantly reduced the number per plant of lygus nymphs (0.2) and adults (0.7) vs. the vacuum treatments (3.1) and (0.31) and Untreated (4.6) and (1.2) in both tests. Damaged fruit was significantly less in the Biphenthrin treatments (4.4%) from the vacuum (15.5%) and Untreated (21.5%) plots.

There was significant reduction in lygus numbers and fruit damage in the vacuum plot, but fruit damage remained unacceptably high. Minute pirate bugs were the least affected by the vacuum treatments. Lace wings and spiders were somewhat more affected and big eyed bug populations were reduced by over 50%.
MORTALITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PEAR PSYLLA NYMPHS ON EAST EUROPEAN PEAR GERMPLASM
Authors: Bell Richard L. , Stuart L. Claire
Published: February 2019

Four genotypes of pear (Pyrus spp.) of East European origin, a susceptible control, `Bartlett' (P. communis L.), and a moderately resistant control, NY 10352 (P. ussuriensis Maxim. × P. communis B C1 hybrid), were artificially infested with pear psylla (Cacopsyll a pyricol a Foerster) nymphs in the laboratory. Ten neonate first instars were placed on each of the two youngest leaves of four small trees per genotype. On PI 506381 and PI 506382, wild seedlings of P. nivalis Jacq., all nymphs died within 5 days. Mortality and development of nymphs on PI 502173, a wild P. communis seedling, was similar to that observed on `Bartlett', with 43% and 45% of the nymphs surviving to adulthood, respectively. On `Karamanlika' (PI 502165) and NY 10352, 15% of the nymphs developed into adults. Increased mortality and delayed development of nymphs was associated with feeding inhibition. The mode of host plant resistance to pear psylla nymphs in these accessions of East European pear is, therefore, similar to that previously characterized for NY 10352, in which the resistance is derived from germplasm of East Asian origin.
NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR MEASUREMENT OF SOLUBLE SOLIDS IN INTACT HONEYDEW MELONS
Authors: Dull Gerald G. , Leffler Richard G. , Birth Gerald S.
Published: February 2019

A near-infrared spectrophotometric method for estimating the soluble solids in honeydew melons is presented. The method is based on a body transmittance geometry in which the angle between the source incident beam and the detector is approximately 45°. The regression analysis of the spectral and chemical data utilizes a ratio of two second derivatives and resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.85 and a standard error of calibration of 1.5. The numerator wavelength occurs in a carbohydrate absorption band, thus the method can be interpreted as a measurement of carbohydrates.
USE OF TIME TEMPERATURE MONITORS FOR PREDICTING SHELF LIFE OF FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Authors: Dean Bill B. , Kupferman Eugene M.
Published: February 2019

Shelf life of perishable commodities is a function of time by temperature effects on the composite kinetic reactions within each commodity. Empirical tests to approximate shelf life have limited value, particularly in long-distance shipment when less than ideal storage conditions occur, such as for the export market. Time temperature monitors (TTMs) have been developed for monitoring storage temperatures and predicting remaining shelf life. Kinetics curves for ripening of pears, yellow color development in broccoli and browning of mushrooms were compared to kinetics properties of available TTMs at 5, 10, and 20°C. Each commodity deteriorated or ripened at rates corresponding to a different TTM. At 20°C, broccoli kinetics were similar to TTM MC 60 or 67, pears to MC 74, and mushrooms MC 66. Customized TTMs and application of this technology will be discussed.
COMMERCIAL ROOM COOLING, HYDROCOOLING, AND FORCED-AIR COOLING OF SNAP BEANS IN WOODEN CRATES AND CORRUGATED CARTONS: EFFECTS ON QUALITY.
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. , Sargent Steven A. , Risse L. A.
Published: February 2019

Snap beans were room cooled (RC) or forced-air cooled (FA) in a 4.5°C commercial cold storage room, or hydrocooled (HC) in a commercial flume-type unit with 4°C water containing 175 ppm NaOCl. The beans were packed in wirebound wooden crates (WC) or waxed corrugated fiberboard cartons (FC) before (RC, FA) or after (HC) precooking and stored one week at 10°C before evaluation. Ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and fiber contents did not differ among treatments, while moisture content and per cent unshrivelled beans were lowest in FA and highest in HC, and lower in WC than in FC containers. HC reduced development of mechanical damage symptoms (browning) and decay compared to RC and FA. The former effect was attributable to the presence of NaOCl rather than leaching or increased cooling rate in HC. HC beans packed in FC had the highest per cent sound beans and lowest per cent beans showing mechanical damage symptoms of all the treatment combinations tested.
POTATO QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR PROCESSING
Authors: Nickell Louis G. , Vogt Glenn E.
Published: February 2019

The development of dark color is often a major problem in the processing of potatoes. This is due, in large part, to the reaction of reducing sugars with amino acids upon the application of heat during processing. Several chemicals have been shown which, when applied to foliage in the field, will decrease reducing sugars and dark color in processed potatoes.
THE INFLUENCE OF ALTERNATING TEMPERATURES ON GERMINATION AND FATTY ACID CONTENT OF APPLE SEEDS
Authors: Purwoko B.S. , Bonanno A.R. , Blankenship S.M.
Published: February 2019

Seeds of `Golden Delicious' apple (Malus domestic a Borkh.) were exposed to constant and alternating chilling temperatures. Germination was reduced in seeds treated with 4/11, 4/13, and 4/15 C for 16/8 h, respectively, compared to those treated at a constant temperature (4 C). The 4 C reached 100 % germination after 1600 h, the 4/11 C after 1864 h, and the 4/13 C after 1973 h at 4 c. The 4/15 C never reached complete germination even after 2200 at 4 C. The predominant fatty acids during stratification at constant and alternating temperatures were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. Stearic acid was found at a lower level. Arachidic and behenic acids were only found in constant temperature treatment. There were no significant changes in fatty acid content during stratification at constant and alternating temperatures except that the 4/11 C treatment increased levels of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.