bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic-error-free wavefront measurement using an X-ray single-grating interferometer
Authors: Inoue Takato , Matsuyama Satoshi , Kawai Shogo , Yumoto Hirokatsu , Inubushi Yuichi , Osaka Taito , Inoue Ichiro , Koyama Takahisa , Tono Kensuke , Ohashi Haruhiko , Yabashi Makina , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Yamauchi Kazuto
Published: April 2018

In this study, the systematic errors of an X-ray single-grating interferometer based on the Talbot effect were investigated in detail. Non-negligible systematic errors induced by an X-ray camera were identified and a method to eliminate the systematic error was proposed. Systematic-error-free measurements of the wavefront error produced by multilayer focusing mirrors with large numerical apertures were demonstrated at the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser. Consequently, wavefront aberration obtained with two different cameras was found to be consistent with an accuracy better than λ/12.
Bandgap opening in hydrogenated germanene
Authors: Yao Q. , Zhang L. , Kabanov N. S. , Rudenko A. N. , Arjmand T. , Rahimpour Soleimani H. , Klavsyuk A. L. , Zandvliet H. J. W.
Published: April 2018

We have studied the hydrogenation of germanene synthesized on Ge2Pt crystals using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. The germanene honeycomb lattice is buckled and consists of two hexagonal sub-lattices that are slightly displaced with respect to each other. The hydrogen atoms adsorb exclusively on the Ge atoms of the upward buckled hexagonal sub-lattice. At a hydrogen exposure of about 100 L, the (1 × 1) buckled honeycomb structure of germanene converts to a (2 × 2) structure. Scanning tunneling spectra recorded on this (2 × 2) structure reveal the opening of a bandgap of about 0.2 eV. A fully (half) hydrogenated germanene surface is obtained after an exposure of about 9000 L hydrogen. The hydrogenated germanene, also referred to as germanane, has a sizeable bandgap of about 0.5 eV and is slightly n-type.
Metasurface for multi-channel terahertz beam splitters and polarization rotators
Authors: Zang XiaoFei , Gong HanHong , Li Zhen , Xie JingYa , Cheng QingQing , Chen Lin , Shkurinov Alexander P. , Zhu YiMing , Zhuang SongLin
Published: April 2018

Terahertz beam splitters and polarization rotators are two typical devices with wide applications ranging from terahertz communication to system integration. However, they are faced with severe challenges in manipulating THz waves in multiple channels, which is desirable for system integration and device miniaturization. Here, we propose a method to design ultra-thin multi-channel THz beam splitters and polarization rotators simultaneously. The reflected beams are divided into four beams with nearly the same density under illumination of linear-polarized THz waves, while the polarization of reflected beams in each channel is modulated with a rotation angle or invariable with respect to the incident THz waves, leading to the multi-channel polarization rotator (multiple polarization rotation in the reflective channels) and beam splitter, respectively. Reflective metasurfaces, created by patterning metal-rods with different orientations on a polyimide film, were fabricated and measured to demonstrate these characteristics. The proposed approach provides an efficient way of controlling polarization of THz waves in various channels, which significantly simplifies THz functional devices and the experimental system.
Demonstration of Hopf-link semimetal bands with superconducting circuits
Authors: Tan Xinsheng , Li Mengmeng , Li Danyu , Dai Kunzhe , Yu Haifeng , Yu Yang
Published: April 2018

Hopf-link semimetals exhibit exotic gapless band structures with fascinating topological properties, which have never been observed in nature. Here, we demonstrate nodal lines with the topological form of Hopf-link chains in artificial semimetal-bands. Driving superconducting quantum circuits with elaborately designed microwave fields, we mapped the momentum space of a lattice to a parameter space of the Hamiltonian for a Hopf-link semimetal. By measuring the energy spectrum, we directly imaged nodal lines in cubic lattices. By tuning the driving fields, we adjusted various parameters of Hamiltonian. Important topological features, such as link-unlink topological transitions and the robustness of the Hopf-link chain structure, were investigated. Moreover, we extracted the linking number by detecting the Berry phase associated with different loops encircling nodal lines. This topological invariant clearly reveals the nontrivial topology of the Hopf-link semimetal. Our results provide knowledge for developing materials and quantum devices.
Modelling of the effect of outside air temperature on exploitation of heat from geothermal water using the example of the geothermal heating plant PEC “Geotermia Podhalańska” S.A.
Authors: Bieniek Jerzy , Bukowski Przemysław , Dębowski Marcin , Ignacok Wojciech , Romański Leszek
Published: April 2018

This paper reports the results of measurements and calculations of heat production from geothermal waters in a Polish geothermal plant in Bańska in the years 2010–2013. Statistical analysis was used to create a regression model and an artificial neural network model. The models allow us to predict the volume of heat produced, depending on outside air temperature. In addition, the study indicates that geothermal energy is one of the most predictable sources of renewable energy, which is important from the point of view of reliability of exploitation. Production of energy from renewable sources, which include geothermal energy, fits the current trends in the energy policy of the Polish state.
Mechanisms for ozone-initiated removal of biomass burning products from the atmosphere
Authors: Sun Jianfei , Mei Qiong , Wei Bo , Huan Long , Xie Ju , He Maoxia
Published: April 2018

Environmental contextAn important product of biomass burning is catechol: its presence in the atmosphere can have adverse effects on health, and can lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosols. We report a theoretical study on the mechanisms and kinetics of removal of catechol from the atmosphere by reaction with ozone. These data will provide insight into the ozonolysis of other lignin compounds produced by biomass burning.
AbstractWe examined the ozone-initiated oxidation of catechol, an intermediate of lignin pyrolysis in the atmosphere, by using the theoretical computational method at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVDZ//M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level. Six ozone-addition channels of the initial reactions and the further reactions of the Criegee intermediates are proposed. The complete degradation processes of the Criegee intermediates in the presence of NO and H2O were elucidated. The predicted reaction products for the ozonolysis of catechol, such as malealdehyde (P10), oxalic acid (P11) and CO2, were detected experimentally in the gas-phase. Moreover, the microcanonical rate constants of the crucial elementary reactions were determined by the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory. The total rate constant for the ozonolysis of catechol under atmospheric conditions is 1.37 × 10−18 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, which compares favourably to the experimentally determined values. The bimolecular rate constants showed positive dependence on temperature and negative dependence on pressure. The atmospheric lifetime of catechol with respect to ozone was estimated to be 12.07 days. We also found that the ozonolysis of catechol is more likely to occur in aqueous solution. The present work has provided a comprehensive investigation of the ozonolysis of catechol. The methods we used can serve as a model for analysing the ozonolysis of other lignin compounds.
The cognitive load of interpreters in the European Parliament
Authors: Plevoets Koen , Defrancq Bart
Published: April 2018

Cognitive load is a major source of processing difficulties in both interpreting and monolingual speech. This article focuses on measurement of cognitive load by examining the occurrence rate of the disfluencyuh(m)in two corpora of naturalistic language: the EPICG, with specific reference to Dutch interpretations of French source texts in the European Parliament; and the sub-corpus of non-interpreted parliamentary speeches from the Spoken Dutch Corpus. In both corpora, the frequency per utterance ofuh(m)was studied, in relation to delivery rate, lexical density, presence of numbers and formulaicity (i.e. the number of N-grams), as a Generalised Additive Mixed-effects Model: the frequency ofuh(m)in interpretations increases with the lexical density of the source text, while it is inversely related to the formulaicity of both the source text and the target text. These findings indicate the maintenance of a cognitive equilibrium between input load and output load.
Hawks and knights
Authors: Sciancalepore Antonella
Published: April 2018

This article explores the role of hunting birds in the definition of the knight in twelfth- and thirteenth-century French chivalric literature. After some introductory remarks on the identity-shaping role of hawks in the hunting practices of medieval aristocracy, the article focuses on the multi-faceted identity correlation between knights and hawks across romance and chansons de geste. The analysis of episodes drawn from various texts provides evidence of three levels of this human/animal relationship: the use of hawks as aristocratic and chivalric badges (Octavian, Enfances Vivien, Guillaume d’Angleterre); the use of hawks as visual doubles of knights (Anseÿs de Metz, Erec et Enide, Lai de Yonec); the representation of the link between knight and hawk as a flow of actions and values going in both directions of the human/animal divide (Jean Renart’s L’Escoufle). Through this analysis, the study demonstrates that chivalric literature established between knights and hawks a multi-layered and two-fold identity shift, which contributed to convey the ambiguities of the chivalric ethical model.
Du lynx à l’once
Authors: Trachsler Richard
Published: April 2018

Le lynx est systématiquement mentionné dans les encyclopédies et bestiaires médiévaux. Ses caractéristiques principales sont l’acuité de sa vision, son pelage tacheté et, surtout, son urine, qui se transforme en une pierre précieuse appelée ligurius. En raison de son nom, le lynx est généralement associé à l’espèce du loup (lykos): Pline utilise le terme lupus cervarius, et la dénomination est restée dans plusieurs langues romanes: le français loup cervier, l’italien lupo cervino et l’espagnol lobo cerval, font tous du lynx un “un loup à cerfs”. Toutefois, il existe aussi une deuxième désignation au Moyen Âge, qui est once en français et lonza en italien, vraisemblablement une dérivation populaire de lynx, nom qui, lui, renvoie clairement à un animal de type félin. La présente étude propose un tour d’horizon du lynx tel qu’il apparaît dans la littérature vernaculaire, en particulier française et italienne, pour examiner sa double apparence: canine ou féline. Le corpus pris en considération comporte proverbes, fables, littérature animalière et l’
Inferno de Dante. On voit ainsi comment les traits distinctifs mentionnés dans la tradition savante sont distribués entre le lynx, le loup cervier et l’
once, et l’on constate aussi que les auteurs, selon les genres, n’étaient pas toujours conscients du fait qu’il s’agissait du même animal désigné par trois termes différents. Dans la tradition renardienne apparaît en effet une once chargée d’une symbolique bien distincte de celle du lynx.
Claude de Pontoux premier traducteur des Sermoni funebri nella morte de’ diversi animali d’Ortensio Lando
Authors: Vignali Stefania
Published: April 2018

Les Sermoni funebri de’ vari authori sulla morte de’ diversi animali d’Ortensio Lando furent publiés pour la première fois en 1548 chez l’éditeur vénitien Gabriel Giolito. L’auteur y proposait onze oraisons, rédigées dans le respect le plus strict de la tradition épidictique, mais dont l’intention paradoxale se manifestait déjà à partir du titre. La première traduction française de cet ouvrage parut à Lyon chez Benoist Rigaud en 1569 par les soins du poète chalonnais Claude de Pontoux. Rééditée l’année suivante, témoignage du succès qu’elle avait obtenu, elle fut ensuite la source sur laquelle fut exécutée la traduction latine et il est assez probable qu’Henri de Timofille, qui publia une autre traduction française du même ouvrage peu après, devait la connaître. Si la traduction de Pontoux a décidément joué un rôle fondamental dans la circulation de l’œuvre de Lando en France, son travail mérite d’être étudié davantage en raison de la présence, en clôture du volume, d’une élégie burlesque écrite par le poète sur la mort d’un cochon “nommé Grognet”. L’analyse ici proposée de cette élégie permet de mieux comprendre la personnalité d’un poète, peu connu aujourd’hui, mais qui fut sans doute très apprécié par ses contemporains.
Animals as Images in Medieval Mirrors of Sins
Authors: Wackers Paul
Published: April 2018

This article explores the ways in which animals are used as images in Middle Dutch Mirrors of sins. As a corpus I have used all edited discussions of the seven deadly sins, whether they survive as separate treatises or as part of a larger whole. In this material animals are used as images for (aspects of) men, Christ, sins, and the devil. Animals are used as metaphors, as examples and as allegories. It is shown how animals are used in these ways to elucidate aspects of the argument of the text. To place the presented data in context the results are linked to the diverse ways in which the texts try to achieve their catechetical aims.
Stepping into others’ shoes
Authors: Gyogi Eiko
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this paper is to examine possible uses of translation in language teaching in the beginner-level language classroom. In particular, it analyses students’ performance in the translation of e-mails of refusal from Japanese to English before and after a series of five study sessions. The results show a significant change in students’ performance before and after the sessions. Before the study sessions, students largely focused on the transfer of the referential meanings of words and syntactic structure. In contrast, after the sessions, students took into consideration a range of the factors at stake in translation, including the relationship between the writer and reader, the nature of e-mails, and the writer’s intentions/feelings. Based on these results, this paper argues that (1) translation activities enable beginner students to act as cultural mediators between the writer of the source text and the reader of the target text, by mitigating potentially offensive acts to the reader; and (2) they encourage students to be more conscious of their choice of words and of the consequences of those choices.
Calling for translation literacy
Authors: Klitgård Ida
Published: April 2018

When Danish university students write essays, project reports or theses in their L1, based on a reading of sources in English as an L2, a covert interlingual translation process takes place when summarizing, paraphrasing or synthesizing the sources. Unfortunately, due to poor L2 reading skills as well as general translation competences, the English source texts risk being mistranslated in such a way that they are misrepresented. Thus, I suggest that we address the need for translation literacy, this being viewed as an academic skill, a language awareness learning process and a discourse practice in the international university context, which is increasingly relying on research published in English.

Based on an empirical analysis of student academic writing, I argue that translation literacy is needed when teaching academic reading-for-writing in higher education in general. Mastering translation competences may facilitate more in-depth understanding of the foreign language sources used as well as raise students’ intercultural awareness in a multilingual world at large.
Magnetic measurement of strain-induced martensite formation in Fe–30Ni steel
Authors: Sandig E. Frank , Hauser Michael , Wendler Marco , Prutchykova Valentyna V. , Weiß Andreas
Published: April 2018

This investigation focuses on deformation-induced plasticity in Invar-type steel alloys. The effect is being studied in an austenitic model alloy, containing 30 wt-% of nickel. Its temperature dependent mechanical properties are being presented. Furthermore, the martensitic phase content has been determined by magnetic means in an alloy with two ferromagnetic phases for the first time. The results show that the α′-martensite formation within the austenitic phase with primarily wavy glide mechanism allows an increase in ductility of around 10% at the Msσ temperature of −5°C. This is the point of maximum uniform elongation. Near the Ms temperature, a microstructure of 70 vol.-% deformation-induced α′-martensite can be achieved.
Decadence: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Weir David
Published: April 2018

Decadence: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the culture of decadence—the artistic expression of a conflicted sense of modernity—by tracing its origin in ancient Rome, development in nineteenth-century Paris and London, manifestation in early-twentieth-century Vienna and Weimar Berlin, and current resonance in contemporary life. It explores conflicting attitudes toward modernity in decadent culture by examining both aesthetic decadence—the excess of artifice—and social decadence, which involves excess in many forms, whether perversely pleasurable or gratuitously cruel. The integration of aesthetic and social decadence led some of its practitioners to substitute art for life and to stress the importance of taste over morality, a move with far-reaching cultural consequences.
7. Rights
Authors: Bodenhamer David J.
Published: April 2018

Throughout American history, rights have been invented and repudiated, fought over and striven for, expanded and violated. From the nation’s beginnings, revolutionaries appealed to natural rights, but the question often became which rights and for whom? ‘Rights’ explains that what is most striking about the conflict over rights has been its democratic character. Rights are always a matter of public debate about the proper balance between order and liberty. It is a conversation that engaged the framers of the Constitution, and, as has been the case with each successive generation, Americans are continually working out the boundaries of what individual liberties are essential for a just and free society.
3. Who commits crime?
Authors: Newburn Tim
Published: April 2018

‘Who commits crime?’ explains that most of us break the law at some point in our lives, albeit with fairly minor offences. Data from the criminal justice system and self-reporting show that men commit more crimes than women, and most offending is committed by the young. Some minority ethnic groups appear to have higher offending rates than others, though it seems likely that some combination of socio-economic inequality and the way in which the criminal justice and penal systems work holds the key to explaining much of the difference. The crimes committed by the wealthy and those of higher social status as well as of corporations are also considered.
4. How do we measure crime?
Authors: Newburn Tim
Published: April 2018

‘How do we measure crime?’ considers the two main measures that are generally used for counting crime—information from law enforcement bodies and victimization surveys—looking at the pros and cons of different approaches and outlining a series of provisos or caveats. Law enforcement statistics do not include all crimes, they are not consistent, not all crime is reported, and not all reported crime is recorded. Despite crime surveys indicating that fewer than one in two crimes are reported to law enforcement, it is thought that they also under-report. Other issues with crime surveys concern their sampling procedures and targeting of individuals only and not businesses.
5. Understanding recent trends in crime
Authors: Newburn Tim
Published: April 2018

What is happening to crime? Are things getting better or worse, and in what ways? ‘Understanding recent trends in crime’ examines recorded crime trends and data from victimization surveys from America, Canada, England and Wales, and Australia. All four Western democracies display similar patterns: rising crime in the post-war years, hitting a peak somewhere between the late 1980s and late 1990s, then falling steeply for the fifteen‒twenty-five years since. This leaves two big questions: why did crime increase in the early decades after the Second World War; and, why has it been declining in the past fifteen‒twenty-five years? The reasons for the post-war crime explosion are discussed.
6. Understanding the crime drop
Authors: Newburn Tim
Published: April 2018

‘Understanding the crime drop’ explains that the downward trend has not been confined to particular countries. Nor is it a short-term blip, but has been sustained over a significant period of time, even during periods of great economic turbulence. There is no simple explanation for the rise or fall of crime. It is a combination of factors, including matters of political economy, social inequality, changes in our routine activities, and, more recently, greater attention given to security and crime prevention, which most likely explains the observed trends. However, the role of the Internet is also explored. Do our main measures of crime underestimate just how much crime is taking place?
Multiple Regions of a Cortical Network Commonly Encode the Meaning of Words in Multiple Grammatical Positions of Read Sentences
Authors: Anderson Andrew James , Lalor Edmund C , Lin Feng , Binder Jeffrey R , Fernandino Leonardo , Humphries Colin J , Conant Lisa L , Raizada Rajeev D S , Grimm Scott , Wang Xixi
Published: April 2018

Deciphering how sentence meaning is represented in the brain remains a major challenge to science. Semantically related neural activity has recently been shown to arise concurrently in distributed brain regions as successive words in a sentence are read. However, what semantic content is represented by different regions, what is common across them, and how this relates to words in different grammatical positions of sentences is weakly understood. To address these questions, we apply a semantic model of word meaning to interpret brain activation patterns elicited in sentence reading. The model is based on human ratings of 65 sensory/motor/emotional and cognitive features of experience with words (and their referents). Through a process of mapping functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging activation back into model space we test: which brain regions semantically encode content words in different grammatical positions (e.g., subject/verb/object); and what semantic features are encoded by different regions. In left temporal, inferior parietal, and inferior/superior frontal regions we detect the semantic encoding of words in all grammatical positions tested and reveal multiple common components of semantic representation. This suggests that sentence comprehension involves a common core representation of multiple words’ meaning being encoded in a network of regions distributed across the brain.
Training of Mexican elders as health promoters: a qualitative study
Authors: Martínez-Maldonado María de la Luz , Chapela Consuelo , Mendoza-Núñez Víctor Manuel
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the study was to analyze the repercussion of a training program in gerontological health promotion addressed to senior citizens in a rural area in Mexico. The impact of the program was examined at two levels: first, with regard to the development of specific practices relating to primary health care and to the actual implementation of community health programs and, second, through the interpretive analysis of bodily inscriptions in the participants. Results gave evidence of a gradual empowering process among the elderly health promoters who consistently developed a position of responsibility and autonomy regarding the control of their lives and, at the same time, an increasingly open critical attitude with regard to the social role ascribed to them by the community. Furthermore, the knowledge, sense of and meanings that operated on the significant practices of the participants were consistently determined by the extent of their social capital and habitus. It was important to note that the intervention research program did not lead to permanent changes in the participants’ habitus, whereas their main effects were associated to a greater consolidation of social support networks and to the acquisition of a salient position in their community given the symbolic cultural capital that represented having obtained an official certification. To conclude, a diversity of outcomes was evident in the participants as a result of the intervention program, depending on their personal biographies, social and cultural capitals, and on their particular positions within their community.
There are No Transcendental Brauer–Manin Obstructions on Abelian Varieties
Authors: Creutz Brendan
Published: April 2018

Suppose X is a torsor under an abelian variety A over a number field. We show that any adelic point of X that is orthogonal to the algebraic Brauer group of X is orthogonal to the whole Brauer group of X. We also show that if there is a Brauer–Manin obstruction to the existence of rational points on X, then there is already an obstruction coming from the locally constant Brauer classes. These results had previously been established under the assumption that A has finite Tate–Shafarevich group. Our results are unconditional.
Submillimetre flux as a probe of molecular ISM mass in high-z galaxies
Authors: Liang Lichen , Feldmann Robert , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Kereš Dušan , Hopkins Philip F , Hayward Christopher C , Quataert Eliot , Scoville Nick Z
Published: April 2018

Recent long-wavelength observations on the thermal dust continuum suggest that the Rayleigh–Jeans tail can be used as a time-efficient quantitative probe of the dust and interstellar medium (ISM) mass in high-z galaxies. We use high-resolution cosmological simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environment (FIRE) project to analyse the dust emission of M* ≳ 1010 M⊙ galaxies at z= 2–4. Our simulations (MassiveFIRE) explicitly include various forms of stellar feedback, and they produce the stellar masses and star formation rates of high-z galaxies in agreement with observations. Using radiative transfer modelling, we show that sub-millimetre (sub-mm) luminosity and molecular ISM mass are tightly correlated and that the overall normalization is in quantitative agreement with observations. Notably, sub-mm luminosity traces molecular ISM mass even during starburst episodes as dust mass and mass-weighted temperature evolve only moderately between z = 4 and z = 2, including during starbursts. Our finding supports the empirical approach of using broadband sub-mm flux as a proxy for molecular gas content in high-z galaxies. We thus expect single-band sub-mm observations with ALMA to dramatically increase the sample size of high-z galaxies with reliable ISM masses in the near future.
The Puzzle of HIV Neutral and Selective Evolution
Authors: Leitner Thomas
Published: April 2018

HIV is one of the fastest evolving organisms known. It evolves about 1 million times faster than its host, humans. Because HIV establishes chronic infections, with continuous evolution, its divergence within a single infected human surpasses the divergence of the entire humanoid history. Yet, it is still the same virus, infecting the same cell types and using the same replication machinery year after year. Hence, one would think that most mutations that HIV accumulates are neutral. But the picture is more complicated than that. HIV evolution is also a clear example of strong positive selection, that is, mutants have a survival advantage. How do these facts come together?
Bodhisattvabhūmi
Authors: Deleanu Florin
Published: April 2018

The Bodhisattvabhūmi is part of the Yogācārabhūmi, an encyclopedic treatise which laid the foundations of the Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda school of Mahayana Buddhism. Traditionally, it is attributed to Bodhisattva Maitreya and/or Asaṅga (4th or 5th century). The modern opinion is divided between those who accept the traditional attribution and those who hypothesize a gradual compilation spanning over decades and involving multiple authors/redactors. The proponents of the latter scenario surmise that the Bodhisattvabhūmi represents one of the earliest parts of the Yogācārabhūmi. Tentatively, I place the formation of the Bodhisattvabhūmi to the 3rd century ce. As intimated by its title, The Stage [/Foundation] of the Bodhisattva spells out the essence, qualities, practices, path, and philosophy of the ideal Mahayana standard-bearer. The Bodhisattvabhūmi is a compendium on what makes and what it takes to become a bodhisattva. There are, we are told, two types of bodhisattvas: those originally abiding in this spiritual lineage from times immemorial and those who attain it through practice and accumulation of good deeds. Regardless of the category, the defining quality of a bodhisattva is the firm resolution (cittotpāda) to attain the supreme Awakening and devote all lives-to-come to help other sentient beings reach the same goal. The bodhisattva must balance the practice for his/her own progression on the path with serving the needs of others. The altruistic qualities of a bodhisattva in his/her advanced stages of practice include such extraordinary virtues as love for all sentient beings without any particular reason, bearing the endless suffering of the cycle of rebirths for the sake of others, knowing and displaying the skillful means necessary to teach even the most corrupt and stubborn persons, and so on. The bodhisattva’s selfless devotion does not manifest itself only in guiding others on the path but also in such charitable actions as offering food and other necessities. The philosophic outlook of the Bodhisattvabhūmi reflects the middle phase in the history of Mahayana ideas. One of its major tasks is the need to disentangle the concept of emptiness from nihilist interpretations. The “rightly grasped emptiness” is the realization of the fact that a phenomenon is empty of wrong conceptual and linguistic attributions but not of “that which actually exists there.” The latter is understood to be the “thing-in-itself” (vastumātra), identified with the inexpressible Ultimate Reality (tathatā). The Bodhisattvabhūmi also offers concrete spiritual recipes for internalizing this philosophy such as contemplation methods (samādhi) aimed at having all ideations accompanying a meditative object eliminated in order to attain the thing-in-itself.
Rhetoric and Communication
Authors: Pfau Michael
Published: April 2018

The term “rhetoric” (rhetorike) was coined by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, and systematically elaborated upon by his successor Aristotle. On the basis of these foundational texts in particular, the term has been borrowed, abused, adapted, and transmuted by every culture from the ancient Romans onward to contemporary rhetorical studies and communication scholars. This bibliography conceives of rhetoric as a “metadiscourse,” or a language about language, one that has been used at various times, places, and circumstances in order to enable the production and interpretation of discourse. The Historiography of Rhetoric recognizes that “rhetoric” is a term that is simultaneously enriched, and burdened, by its long history of over two millennia, and the fact that it refers sometimes to practices of language and speech, and sometimes to theories about such practices. On Sophistic and Greek Rhetoric examines the social, political, and intellectual context in which the term rhetoric emerged and was invented. Foundational Primary Texts in Greek and Roman Rhetoric provides a cursory summary of the ancient Greek and Roman texts that have served as the foundation for rhetoric as a metadiscourse. Since the focus of this bibliography is rhetoric and communication, Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Rhetorics provides the thinnest coverage, with an emphasis on some of the earliest texts on rhetoric in the English language. The coverage of the most recent century is itself divided into several sections. 20th Century Rhetoric in Philosophy, Composition, and English reviews some of the major figures outside of communication that helped to give shape to rhetorical studies’ emergence and development within the communications discipline. The next sections (Rhetorical Theory and Criticism from 1914 to the 1960s, Rhetorical Theory and Criticism in the 1970s and 1980s, and Rhetorical Theory and Criticism from the 1990s to the Present) trace some major developments in the fields of rhetorical theory and criticism from 1914 to the present. The distinction between rhetorical criticism, concerning the interpretation of rhetorical texts, and rhetorical theory, pertaining to theories about rhetoric, is not hard and fast insofar as most studies contain critical as well as theoretical aspects; but it will suffice for these purposes. Subsequent sections are organized around some of the emergent subfields and emphases that help to organize scholarship in rhetoric and communication studies (e.g., Rhetoric and Public Discourse, History of Rhetoric, Argumentation, Rhetoric of Inquiry, and Rhetorics of Resistance: Ideological Criticism and Critical Rhetoric). These categorizations may be somewhat imprecise, but will suffice for the purposes and constraints of this bibliographic project.
Ellipsis
Authors: Szczegielniak Adam
Published: April 2018

Ellipsis in linguistics refers to a construction whose phonological form is missing relative to the form that construction should have considering the meaning it denotes. Mismatch between form and meaning requires that meaning associated with the gap be somehow recoverable; in that sense, ellipsis differs from deletion, such as deletion of features. In general, ellipsis requires the missing Phonetic Form (PF) to denote information that is given from a linguistic context. Thus, ellipsis is a form of marking givenness, which in turn can be argued to be a reflex of presuppositionality, and can be classified as a type of anaphora. Existence of presuppositions is a universal language trait, so it is not surprising that, as far as we know, there are no languages that lack ellipsis constructions altogether. However, there is cross-linguistic variability as to what can be elided, and what cannot be elided. This suggests that ellipsis interacts with modules of grammar that are sensitive to language variation. Two predominant schools of thought assume that either we have lexical variation as to what silent pro-forms languages can have, or we have a complex interaction of syntax, semantics, and prosody that generates different forms of ellipsis. The latter approach requires that, at some level of the grammar, there is an abstract enough representation of the ellipsis site so that it can be licensed as an anaphor that is associated with a clear antecedent in the linguistic signal. A lot of research has been devoted to establish the appropriate level at which the elided anaphor can be structurally identified with its antecedent. This research has raised many interesting questions about the nature of the syntax-semantics interface, as well as to the syntax-prosody interface, and the possible existence of a prosody-semantics interface. These include, among others, questions such as: (i) Is there a fully-fledged syntactic structure in the elided anaphor? (ii) What licenses ellipsis remnants: movement, focus, prosody, all the above? (iii) What are the identity conditions that need to hold between an elided anaphor and its linguistic antecedent? Attempts at answering these and other questions has led to some fruitful and exciting research that has impacted our understanding of how language works.
Phenomenological Psychology
Authors: Langdridge Darren
Published: April 2018

Phenomenological psychology refers to an approach to psychology that draws on phenomenological, existential, and hermeneutic philosophy. The focus in all such work is on making sense of the meaning structures of the lived experience of a research participant or psychotherapeutic client. That is, in Husserl’s terms—the founder of phenomenological philosophy—we go “back to the things themselves” as they present themselves to consciousness in order to determine the “essence” (eidos) of the phenomenon. There is not one approach to phenomenological psychology, however, with the perspective better being understood as a family of methods and modes of practice. All psychological research and practice within this tradition will have its roots in the thought of Husserl and key concepts therein but will also likely be informed by other philosophical work, such as that of Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Sartre from the existential tradition, or Gadamer and Ricoeur from the hermeneutic tradition. Phenomenological psychology has its origins in European psychiatry with the work of Karl Jaspers in the early 1900s, along with figures including Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, Viktor Frankl, Eugene Minkowski, and Jan Hendrick van den Berg. The primary aim of these thinkers was (a) the rejection of traditional notions of psychopathology, in favor of Husserl’s descriptive method of analyzing psychological experience; and (b) the application of ideas from existential philosophy to therapeutic practice. A variety of modes of psychotherapeutic practice have evolved from this early work including Daseinsanalysis, logotherapy, British School existential analysis, and existential-humanistic psychotherapy. The Utrecht School in The Netherlands has been identified as the location of the first attempt to apply phenomenological philosophy to psychological research. Influenced by the work of the psychologist Adrian van Kaam and the philosopher Henry Koren, Amedeo Giorgi (beginning in the early 1970s) developed a systematic phenomenological psychology methodology at Duquesne University in the United States. Other important early figures working to develop phenomenological psychology at Duquesne include Rolf von Eckartsberg, Constance F. Fischer, and Paul F. Collaizi, with the latter developing his own phenomenological method, which is more hermeneutic than the Giorgi method. Another relatively early major methodological development came about in Canada in the late 1970s with the work of the pedagogical researcher Max van Manen, who drew directly on the Utrecht School to develop a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology. Recent developments include methodologies that draw more extensively on hermeneutics or forms of critical social theory or both, including feminist theory. Some of these developments have proven controversial, with ongoing debates in the field about the boundaries and methods of phenomenological psychology.
Group Selection
Authors: Gardner Andy
Published: April 2018

The basic idea of group selection theory is that the logic of natural selection acting at the level of individual organisms can also be applied to the level of whole groups of organisms. Exactly what this means and whether it is a useful way of thinking about the biological world remains very controversial. Indeed, the development of the group selection literature often appears to have been driven as much by confusion and misstep as it has by informed reasoning. Although careful and considered foundations were laid in the nineteenth century by Charles Darwin, his contributions to the theory of group—or multilevel—selection were largely ignored and, in the twentieth century, gave way to a naïve view that ordinary natural selection leads inevitably to adaptation for the good of the species as a whole. Since the 1960s, progress has proceeded in fits and starts, with a gradual consensus building that adaptation at the level of whole populations requires that selection has been acting at a between-population level and that population-level adaptation tends to be eroded by the action of within-population selection. This development in understanding has led to an interest in conceptualizing and quantifying the action of selection at the between-group and within-group levels in a range of theoretical and empirical scenarios. However, no consensus has emerged as to how group selection and related concepts are to be formally defined. Accordingly, the theoretical literature is characterized by repeated returns to first principles and repeated reinvention of the wheel, rather than steady, cumulative, and collaborative progress. And this failure of theory has led to an empirical literature that is very patchy, with some neat studies in the laboratory and in the field being motivated and conducted within a multilevel selection framework but with little sustained progress through long-term interplay of theoretical and empirical research. As a research program, group selection has certainly enjoyed much less success than its competitor—the theory of kin selection—which appears to describe exactly the same phenomena in an alternative but exactly equivalent mathematical and conceptual language and has been shown to have enormous scientific utility in relation to biological topics as diverse as sex ratios, parasite virulence, and the evolution of altruism. But group selection does logically appear to provide a superior conceptual framework for understanding the evolution of group-level adaptation and so-called major transitions in individuality (e.g., from unicells to multicellular animals to eusocial insect “superorganisms”), and perhaps also the evolution of human culture, which, if it is Darwinian at all, may be best conceptualized as being a property rather of social groups and institutions than of individual persons. Moreover, group selection is of strong interest to philosophers and historians of biology, as well as to biologists of a philosophical and historical bent.
Comparative Analysis Between Lateral Orbital Rim Preservation and Osteotomy for Transorbital Endoscopic Approaches to the Cavernous Sinus: An Anatomic Study
Authors: Noiphithak Raywat , Yanez-Siller Juan C , Revuelta Barbero Juan Manuel , Otto Bradley A , Carrau Ricardo L , Prevedello Daniel M
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Transorbital endoscopic approach (TOEA) to the cavernous sinus (CS) is a novel surgical technique. However, the necessity of lateral orbital rim (LOR) osteotomy is questionable.

OBJECTIVE

To illustrate the surgical dissection of TOEAs to CS and to investigate the additional benefit of LOR osteotomy.

METHODS

Anatomic dissections were carried out in 7 cadaveric heads (14 sides). The TOEAs were performed before and after LOR osteotomy; herein referred as the lateral transorbital approach (LTOA) and the lateral orbital wall approach (LOWA), respectively. The stereotactic measurements of the area of exposure, surgical freedom, and angles of attack around CS were quantified.

RESULTS

LOWA increased larger area of exposure than LTOA at entry site (5.3 ± 0.6 cm2 and 2.6 ± 0.6 cm2, respectively; P < .001) but both of these techniques provided similar area of exposure at the surgical target site. With regard to the surgical freedoms, those afforded by LOWA were all significantly superior at all of the surgical targets with the difference ranged from 106.6% to 172.5%. No significant differences were found between the vertical angles produced by either approach. On the other hand, the horizontal angles achieved by LOWA were significantly more favorable.

CONCLUSION

The TOEAs, either with or without LOR osteotomy are feasible for CS exposure. Although the incremental effect of maneuverability is attained following the LOR osteotomy, it should be performed selectively. Additional research is needed to further validate the safety and efficacy, as well as for precisely defining the clinical application of these techniques.
Genetic Analysis of Victorin Sensitivity and Identification of a Causal Nucleotide-Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Lorang J. M. , Hagerty C. H. , Lee R. , McClean P. E. , Wolpert T. J.
Published: April 2018

Cochliobolus victoria, the causal agent of Victoria blight, is pathogenic due to its production of a toxin called victorin. Victorin sensitivity in oats, barley, Brachypodium spp., and Arabidopsis has been associated with nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes, a class of genes known for conferring disease resistance. In this work, we investigated the sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris to victorin. We found that victorin sensivity in Phaseolus vulgaris is a developmentally regulated, quantitative trait. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) accounted for 34% of the phenotypic variability in victorin sensitivity among Stampede × Red Hawk (S×R) recombinant inbred lines. We cloned two NLR-encoding genes within this QTL and showed one, Phvul05G031200 (PvLOV), confers victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Protein sequences of PvLOV from victorin-sensitive and the victorin-resistant bean parents differ by two amino acids in the leucine-rich repeat region, but both proteins confer victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in N. benthamiana.
The Interface of Pancreatic Cancer With Diabetes, Obesity, and Inflammation: Research Gaps and Opportunities
Authors: Abbruzzese James L. , Andersen Dana K. , Borrebaeck Carl A.K. , Chari Suresh T. , Costello Eithne , Cruz-Monserrate Zobeida , Eibl Guido , Engleman Edgar G. , Fisher William E. , Habtezion Aida , Kim Seung K. , Korc Murray , Logsdon Craig , Lyssiotis Costas A. , Pandol Stephen J. , Rustgi Anil , Wolfe Bruce M. , Zheng Lei , Powers Alvin C.
Published: April 2018

A workshop on “The Interface of Pancreatic Cancer with Diabetes, Obesity, and Inflammation: Research Gaps and Opportunities” was held by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases on October 12, 2017. The purpose of the workshop was to explore the relationship and possible mechanisms of the increased risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) related to diabetes, the role of altered intracellular energy metabolism in PDAC, the mechanisms and biomarkers of diabetes caused by PDAC, the mechanisms of the increased risk of PDAC associated with obesity, and the role of inflammatory events and mediators as contributing causes of the development of PDAC. Workshop faculty reviewed the state of the current knowledge in these areas and made recommendations for future research efforts. Further knowledge is needed to elucidate the basic mechanisms contributing to the role of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, adipokines, and acute and chronic inflammatory events on the development of PDAC.
Steroid Responsive Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Triggered by Influenza B Infection
Authors: Mittal Nupur , Hartemayer Robert , Jandeska Sara , Giordano Lisa
Published: April 2018

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is characterized by uncontrolled complement activation leading to thrombotic microangiopathy and severe end-organ damage. The most common trigger for an episode of aHUS in the background of genetic deregulation of the alternative complement pathway is systemic infection. There are only 4 reported cases of aHUS triggered by influenza B thus far. Current accepted therapies for aHUS include plasma exchange and eculizumab. We describe a unique patient with aHUS with a rare membrane cofactor protein mutation triggered by influenza B infection, who achieved complete remission with treatment with high-dose corticosteroids after failure of plasmapheresis.