bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Technology-Focused Framework for Integrating Knowledge Management into Strategic Innovation Management
Authors: Henselewski Marc , Smolnik Stefan , Riemmp Gerold
Published: May 2011

Today’s business environment is characterized by highly transparent markets and global competition. Technology life cycles are decreasing due to the fast pace at which development of new technologies is progressing. To compete in this environment, it is necessary to identify upcoming innovations and trends as early as possible to decrease uncertainty, implement technology leadership, and create competitive advantage. In a parallel development, the amount of information available is already vast and increasing daily. As a result of these developments, strategic innovation management has become increasingly challenging. The goal of our chapter is to investigate to what extent knowledge management technologies support and improve strategic innovation management to face the aforementioned problems successfully. Consequently, we will develop a characterization scheme which works as a framework for the subsequent evaluation of knowledge management technologies and apply this to a real-world case.
Texture and Compositional Analysis in Archaeology
Authors: Barceló Juan A.
Published: May 2011

In this section, we will consider archaeological textures as the archaeological element’s surface attributes having either tactile or visual variety, which characterize its appearance. The surfaces of archaeological objects, artifacts, and materials are not uniform but contain many variations; some of them are of visual or tactile nature. Such variations go beyond the peaks and valleys characterizing surface micro-topography, which is the obvious frame of reference for “textures” in usual speaking. Archaeological materials have variations in the local properties of their surfaces like albedo and color variations, uniformity, density, coarseness, roughness, regularity, linearity, directionality, frequency, phase, hardness, brightness, bumpiness, specularity, reflectivity, transparency, and so on. Texture is the name we give to the perception of these variations. What we are doing here is introducing a synonym for “perceptual variability” or “surface discontinuity.” It is a kind of perceptual information complementing shape information.
Architecture, Specification, and Design of Service-Oriented Systems
Authors: Král Jaroslac , Žemlicka Michal
Published: May 2011

Service-oriented software systems (SOSS) are becoming the leading paradigm of software engineering. The crucial elements of the requirements specification of SOSSs are discussed as well as the relation between the requirements specification and the architecture of SOSS. It is preferable to understand service orientation not to be limited to Web services and Internet only. It is shown that there are several variants of SOSS having different application domains, different user properties, different development processes, and different software engineering properties. The conditions implying advantageous user properties of SOSS are presented. The conditions are user-oriented interfaces of services, the application of peer-to-peer philosophy, and the combination of different technologies of communication between services (seemingly the obsolete ones inclusive), and autonomy of the services. These conditions imply excellent software engineering properties of SOSSs as well. Service orientation promises to open the way to the software as a proper engineering product.
Data Integration Through Service-Based Mediation for Web-Enabled Information Systems
Authors: Zhu Yaoling , Pahl Claus
Published: May 2011

The Web and its underlying platform technologies have often been used to integrate existing software and information systems. Traditional techniques for data representation and transformations between documents are not sufficient to support a flexible and maintainable data integration solution that meets the requirements of modern complex Web-enabled software and information systems. The difficulty arises from the high degree of complexity of data structures, for example in business and technology applications, and from the constant change of data and its representation. In the Web context, where the Web platform is used to integrate different organisations or software systems, additionally the problem of heterogeneity arises. We introduce a specific data integration solution for Web applications such as Web-enabled information systems. Our contribution is an integration technology framework for Webenabled information systems comprising, firstly, a data integration technique based on the declarative specification of transformation rules and the construction of connectors that handle the integration and, secondly, a mediator architecture based on information services and the constructed connectors to handle the integration process.
Using Patterns for Engineering High-Quality Web Applications
Authors: Kamthan Pankaj
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, we view the development and maintenance of Web applications from an engineering perspective. A methodology, termed as POWEM, for deploying patterns as means for improving the quality of Web applications is presented. To that end, relevant quality attributes and corresponding stakeholder types are identified. The role of a process, the challenges in making optimal use of patterns, and feasibility issues involved in doing so, are analyzed. The activities of a systematic selection and application of patterns are explored. Following a top-down approach to design, examples illustrating the use of patterns during macro- and micro-architecture design of a Web application are given. Finally, the implications towards Semantic Web applications and Web 2.0 applications are briefly outlined.
Prototyping in Web Development
Authors: Kussmaul Clif , Jack Roger
Published: May 2011

This chapter addresses issues, alternatives, and best practices for prototyping in Web development. The chapter’s primary objective is to provide a clear and concise overview of key concepts and best practices for practitioners and students, as well as other audiences. The chapter focuses on graphical user interface (UI) prototyping for Web development, but many of the principles apply to non-UI prototyping and other sorts of software development. First, we introduce and motivate the chapter, and review the major objectives, benefits and risks, and classifications of prototypes. Second, we describe the major approaches to prototyping. Finally, we conclude with future trends and a summary of best practices.
Trust in Computer-Mediated Communications
Authors: Lippert Susan K.
Published: May 2011

This chapter explores the concepts of trust as they relate to computer-aided communications. The author defines trust for interpersonal and for inanimate technology; identifies common factors affecting quality of meaning in communication; and identifies ways businesses can foster and enhance trust independent of the medium of communication.
Trust in E-Commerce
Authors: Wong Loong
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines the importance of trust in business-to-consumer e-commerce. The author explores the issue of trust in the development and implementation of e-commerce and focuses on the context and role of users and consumer in transactions. The author contends that trust is more than a technical consideration and emphasizes the non-technical components such as community, identity and experiences and their relevance to e-commerce.
Multi-Objective Particles Swarm Optimization Approaches
Authors: Parsopoulos Konstantinos E. , Vrahatis Michael N.
Published: May 2011

The multiple criteria nature of most real world problems has boosted research on multi-objective algorithms that can tackle such problems effectively, with the smallest possible computational burden. Particle Swarm Optimization has attracted the interest of researchers due to its simplicity, effectiveness and efficiency in solving numerous single-objective optimization problems. Up-to-date, there are a significant number of multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization approaches and applications reported in the literature. This chapter aims at providing a review and discussion of the most established results on this field, as well as exposing the most active research topics that can give initiative for future research.
Lexicographic Goal Programming and Assessment Tools for a Combinatorial Production Problem
Authors: McGovern Seamus M. , Gupta Surendra M.
Published: May 2011

NP-complete combinatorial problems often necessitate the use of near-optimal solution techniques including heuristics and metaheuristics. The addition of multiple optimization criteria can further complicate comparison of these solution techniques due to the decision-maker’s weighting schema potentially masking search limitations. In addition, many contemporary problems lack quantitative assessment tools, including benchmark data sets. This chapter proposes the use of lexicographic goal programming for use in comparing combinatorial search techniques. These techniques are implemented here using a recently formulated problem from the area of production analysis. The development of a benchmark data set and other assessment tools is demonstrated, and these are then used to compare the performance of a genetic algorithm and an H-K general-purpose heuristic as applied to the production-related application.
Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization in Military Applications
Authors: Kleeman Mark P. , Lamont Gary B.
Published: May 2011

Evolutionary methods are used in many fields to solve multi-objective optimization problems. Military problems are no exception. This chapter looks at a variety of military applications that have utilized evolutionary techniques for solving their problem.
Testing for Tacit Knowledge
Authors: Busch Peter
Published: May 2011

It is acknowledged that there exists a need for organisationally-based tacit knowledge research. Perhaps the major hurdle to undertaking any form of tacit knowledge testing however, is attempting to gain data that for all intents and purposes is not strictly speaking codified, even if aspects of it may be articulable (Dampney, Busch, & Richards, 2002). Given the often ethereal nature of tacit knowledge, testing must be based upon sound definitions. The definition arrived at for this study was that of “articulable implicit IT managerial knowledge,” which fits within Fleck’s (1997) designation of “informal knowledge.” What follows in this chapter is a discussion on the current research issues relating to testing for tacit knowledge.
Organisations
Authors: Busch Peter
Published: May 2011

There is little sense in undertaking research on tacit knowledge and its intra-organisational diffusion without some discussion on organisations themselves. Rather than undertake a longitudinal study in one firm, the research covered in this book examines three IT firms (or IT branches of firms) at one point in time (late 2001-early 2002). There is evidence to suggest (Lam, 2000) that the nature of the organisation will influence tacit knowledge transfer, both with regard to organisational mission and whether the company is private or public sector in nature (Syed-Ikhsan & Rowland, 2004). Lam’s (2000) work utilized Mintzberg’s (1983, 1991a, b, c, d, e) typology and it is for this reason in addition to the latter’s prominence in the discipline of organisational theory that this chapter will introduce Mintzberg’s typology. The three firms under study will then be introduced in some detail, with an emphasis on the biographical composition of the staff participating in the research being presented here. The chapter will conclude with a placement of the three organizations within the Mintzberg framework.
Methodology
Authors: Busch Peter
Published: May 2011

There is more than reasonable support for the idea that the conduct of tacit knowledge related research is best commenced from a qualitative perspective (Stenmark, 2000/2001; 2000). The atypical nature of tacit knowledge does not lend itself easily to controlled experiments, whilst the knowledge itself is very much grounded within the organisation and the interactions personnel have with one another. To begin with a set of hypotheses and then seek to disprove these would arguably limit the researcher from the outset. Although both interpretivistic and positivistic research approaches have their advantages, it was felt that a positivistic approach would be more desirable because this would enable the author to broadly follow in the footsteps, though not necessarily precisely replicate, the work conducted by Sternberg’s group at Yale University. As psychologists utilising questionnaires with a statistical interpretation to their results, Sternberg’s group is firmly grounded in a positivistic epistemology. Nevertheless, as Chapter 4 has revealed and as other authors (Cutcliffe, 2000; Partington, 2000) have noted, there is strength in combining both epistemological approaches to a greater or lesser degree. Finally, the methodology adopted did not in any way intend at the start to adopt a critical social science perspective. That is to say, the initial intent of the researcher was not necessarily to force change in the organisation (Neuman, 1997), although recommendations in the concluding chapters of the book may lead to action being taken.
Introduction to Online Teaching of Technology-Based Courses
Authors: Chao Lee
Published: May 2011

With the improvement of the Internet and computer technologies, online or Web-based teaching has become an important teaching and learning method in educational institutions. In various degrees, online teaching has been implemented in almost every higher education institution. To better understand online teaching systems and how they are related to the book’s main topics, online computer labs for technology-based courses, we will take an overview about online teaching and technology-based courses in this chapter. We will take a look at the strengths and weaknesses of the Web-based teaching (WBT) systems. We will also investigate the roles played by these Web-based teaching systems in teaching technology-based courses. The investigation of these aspects will lead to the discussion to the book’s main topics.
Network Development for Online Computer Labs
Authors: Chao Lee
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, we will also discuss the network implementation issues of large computer labs. For a large computer lab, multiple medium online computer labs are connected through a wide area network (WAN) or through the Internet. For this type of network, the network developing process often involves outside companies such as a telephone company and a technology consulting company.
Developing Online Computer Lab-Based Teaching Materials
Authors: Chao Lee
Published: May 2011

To get an online computer lab ready for teaching and hands-on practice, instructors should develop lab manuals and other online teaching materials. The lab teaching materials can be text, a combination of text and figures, or truly multimedia based materials including figures, sounds, animations, and video clips. By including multimedia in the instruction, the quality of the lab teaching materials can be greatly improved. The use of technology can make the tasks of developing multimedia teaching materials relatively easy. On the other hand, the use of multimedia teaching materials is limited to the type of hardware and software that are available on the server and client sides. Also, different instructions will have different requirements for multimedia materials. In this chapter, we will have a closer look at the issues related to the design of lab instructions and multimedia based teaching materials.
A Conceptual Structure for Designing Personalized Information Seeking and Retrieval Systems in Data-Intensive Domains
Authors: Chen Nong , Dahanayake Ajantha
Published: May 2011

Personalized information seeking and retrieval is regarded as the solution to the problem of information overload in domains such as crisis response and medical networks. Personalization algorithms and techniques are maturing, but their centralized implementation solutions are becoming less efficient for dealing with ever-changing user information needs in data-intensive, dynamic, and distributed environments. In this chapter, we present a conceptual structure for designing personalized, multidisciplinary information seeking and retrieval systems. This conceptual structure is capable of serving as a bridge between information needs coming from an organizational process, and existing implementations of information access services, software, applications, and technical infrastructure; it is also capable of sufficiently describing and inferring users’ personalized information needs. We believe that it offers a new way of thinking about the retrieval of personalized information.
Spread Spectrum for Digital Audio Watermarking
Authors: He Xing
Published: May 2011

This chapter is a comprehensive presentation of spread spectrum-based digital audio watermarking methods. The problem is viewed as the realization of a basic communications system, where the host signal presents the available channel and the watermark presents the transmitted information that needs to survive and be recovered in conditions that include noise distortion, signal transformation, standard compression, and deliberate attacks. Basic spread spectrum theory as it relates to audio watermarking is introduced followed by state-of-the-art improvements. The important synchronization problem is analyzed in detail, existing techniques are presented and a novel, precise synchronization method is included. Finally, the role of psychoacoustics in effective watermarking is emphasized and an enhanced psychoacoustic model based on the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT), which ensures efficiency and transparency is included.
Robust Zero-Bit and Multi-Bit Audio Watermarking Using Correlation Detection and Chaotic Signals
Authors: Nikolaidis Nikos , Giannoula Alexia
Published: May 2011

Digital rights management of audio signals through robust watermarking has received significant attention during the last years. Two approaches for blind robust watermarking of audio signals are presented in this chapter. Both approaches use chaotic maps for the generation of the watermark signals and a correlation-based watermark detection procedure. The first method is a zero-bit method that embeds high-frequency chaotic watermarks in the low frequencies of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) domain, thus achieving reliable detection and robustness to a number of attacks. The second method operates on the temporal domain and robustly embeds multiple bits of information in the host signal. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the two methods.
Three Techniques of Digital Audio Watermarking
Authors: Foo Say Wei
Published: May 2011

Based on the requirement of watermark recovery, watermarking techniques may be classified under one of three schemes: non-blind watermarking scheme, blind watermarking schemes with and without synchronization information. For the non-blind watermarking scheme, the original signal is required for extracting the watermark and hence only the owner of the original signal will be able to perform the task. For the blind watermarking schemes, the embedded watermark can be extracted even if the original signal is not readily available. Thus, the owner does not have to keep a copy of the original signal. In this chapter, three audio watermarking techniques are described to illustrate the three different schemes. The time-frequency technique belongs to the non-blind watermarking scheme; the multiple-echo hiding technique and the peak-point extraction technique fall under the blind watermarking schemes with and without synchronization information respectively.
Analysis-by-Synthesis Echo Watermarking
Authors: Wu Wen-Chih , Chen Oscal
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, detailed explanations would be given on the role of echo hiding playing in audio watermarking, in terms of background, functions and applications. Additionally, a section is dedicated to discuss the various approaches proposed in the past to solve the flaws of echo hiding. Lastly, the proposed analysis-by-synthesis echo watermarking scheme based on interlaced kernels is introduced. Comparisons in audio quality and robustness performance are also looked at the proposed and conventional echo watermarking schemes.
Digital Watermarking of Speech Signals
Authors: Gurijala Aparna
Published: May 2011

The main objective of the chapter is to provide an overview of existing speech watermarking technology and to demonstrate the importance of speech processing concepts for the design and evaluation of watermarking algorithms. This chapter describes the factors to be considered while designing speech watermarking algorithms, including the choice of the domain and speech features for watermarking, watermarked signal fidelity, watermark robustness, data payload, security, and watermarking applications. The chapter presents several state-of-the-art robust and fragile speech watermarking algorithms and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Effects of Land Markets on Competition Between Innovators and Imitators in Land Use
Authors: Polhill J. Gary , Parker Dawn C. , Gotts Nicholas M.
Published: May 2011

This chapter explores the effects of a more realistic agent-based land exchange mechanism on the relative competitive success of innovative and imitative strategies for selecting land uses, using the FEARLUS-ELMM model. A key question in our investigation is whether land use decision strategies can be studied in isolation from land market exchange decision strategies. Results derived via computational experiments show that land market modelling decisions do affect outcomes, improving to an extent the relative success of innovators. We also conclude that further additions are needed to our model, and finally, we question whether a “big bang” strategy may have been more effective than our step-by-step evolution to the land market model, which was chosen to facilitate comparison to results derived from the original FEARLUS.
Introducing Social Issues into a Minority Game by Using an Agent Based Model
Authors: Remondino Marco , Cappellini Alessandro
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, the authors perturb a Minority Game (MG) with some sociological issues, first of all by implementing a social network among the involved agents, through which they can somehow communicate their decision to a group of “friends”, which is a local subset of those participating the game. Thus, the emergent aggregate behaviour will be very far from that of the original MG; the stress, here, is on the possibility, for an agent, to change her own decision, after getting the information from other n agents. Two different communication protocols among the agents will be examined: the synchronous one and the more realistic asynchronous one. Besides, in some experiments, a memory is introduced, acting as a selection mechanism. Last but not least, some special agents, called Opinion Leaders, are implemented, whose influence over the others is higher than normal, in order to study how this can change the aggregate results.
The Role of Risk Aversion and Technical Trading in the Behaviour of Financial Markets
Authors: Pascual José Antonio
Published: May 2011

In this paper we show how agent based social simulation helps us to improve some of the traditional models and theories in financial economics. In particular, we explore the links between the micro-behaviour of investors and the aggregated behaviour of Stock Markets. First, we build an agent based model of an artificial financial market, populated only with rational investors. We observe that the statistical features of this market are in agreement with the theoretical markets suggested by mainstream financial economics, but far away from the features shown by real financial markets, like the Spanish Ibex-35, the Spanish Stock Market main Index. In order to fill the gap, we introduce heterogeneity in the model. We add psychological investors, as suggested by Kahnemen and Tversky (1979), and we are able to reproduce non-normality, excess kurtosis, excess volatility, and volatility clustering. Then, we introduce technical traders, and we also get from the model higher levels of excess volatility and unit roots. In other words, psychological dealers seem to be responsible for volatility clustering, whereas technical traders trend to introduce unit roots into the process. All these “financial patterns” are a common feature not only for Spanish Ibex-35, also the most important stock markets. We conclude that agent based social simulation helps us to fill the gap between economic theory and real markets, as we explain the statistical features of financial time series from the bottom-up.
The Evolution of Coworker Networks
Authors: Dal Forno Arianna
Published: May 2011

When selecting work team members several behavioral components concur. In this chapter we are interested in investigating the effects of these components in terms of team selection, agent aggregation and performance of groups. A computational model, together with a theoretical approach and the results of two human experiments where subjects interact in a similar game, allow us to identify some of the most important determinants. Our results suggest that the occurrence of two factors is crucial: the presence of leaders as aggregators of knowledge and agents being able to expand and improve their higher profit projects. It is particularly evident the threefold role the leaders have. First, they increase the social network of other agents making possible projects otherwise impossible. Second, they state the pace of a balanced growth in terms of social network, while taming the otherwise combinatorial explosion. Finally, they help selecting one of the theoretically possible equilibria.
Using Web-Based Technologies for Transformative Hybrid Distance Education
Authors: Jones Nory , Vollmers Gloria
Published: May 2011

This paper shares the experiences and lessons learned from an experimental graduate class using web-based technologies that resulted in the development of a state-wide entrepreneurship knowledge portal. Research suggests that real-world relevant projects greatly enhance online learning experiences. Our class experience supports that model, demonstrating the power of a shared vision and perceived need for the entrepreneurship portal. This paper also explores emerging web-based technologies, issues and challenges associated with teaching a complex course using web-based technologies and trends in online education.
A Hybrid Method for the Analysis of Learner Behavior in Active Learning Environments
Authors: Pahl Claus
Published: May 2011

Software-mediated learning requires adjustments in the teaching and learning process. In particular active learning facilitated through interactive learning software differs from traditional instructor-oriented, classroom-based teaching. We present behaviour analysis techniques for Web-mediated learning. Motivation, acceptance of the learning approach and technology, learning organisation and actual tool usage are aspects of behaviour that require different analysis techniques to be used. A hybrid method based on a combination of survey methods and Web usage mining techniques can provide accurate and comprehensive analysis results. These techniques allow us to evaluate active learning approaches implemented in form of Web tutorials.
Strategic Design for Web-Based Teaching and Learning
Authors: Corbitt Brian , Holt Dale M , Segrave Stephen
Published: May 2011

Deakin University has established and integrated a major, corporate technology infrastructure to unify and enhance its on campus and distance education. This environment is called Deakin Online. Efforts to realise its potential for creating enduring teaching and learning benefits are understood in the context of the University’s commitment to ’relevance, responsiveness and innovation’. How are these values and benefits realised in an evolving, educational enterprise using the new digital, corporate technologies and new concepts of organisational structure and function? We argue for the transforming influence of a new academic teacher role, new forms of academic development and open collegiality. Moreover, changes in role and process need to be grounded in systemic, organisation wide and program wide approaches to designing and working within comprehensively conceived, contemporary learning environments. We argue for system wide education design, situating e learning within broader curricular and pedagogical concerns to create enduring benefits in the learning environments of higher education.
Hierarchical Clustering Using Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Chis Monica
Published: May 2011

Clustering is an important technique used in discovering some inherent structure present in data. The purpose of cluster analysis is to partition a given data set into a number of groups such that data in a particular cluster are more similar to each other than objects in different clusters. Hierarchical clustering refers to the formation of a recursive clustering of the data points: a partition into many clusters, each of which is itself hierarchically clustered. Hierarchical structures solve many problems in a large area of interests. In this paper a new evolutionary algorithm for detecting the hierarchical structure of an input data set is proposed. Problem could be very useful in economy, market segmentation, management, biology taxonomy and other domains. A new linear representation of the cluster structure within the data set is proposed. An evolutionary algorithm evolves a population of clustering hierarchies. Proposed algorithm uses mutation and crossover as (search) variation operators. The final goal is to present a data clustering representation to find fast a hierarchical clustering structure.
A Transformation-Based Metamodel Approach to the Definition of Syntax and Semantics of Diagrammatic Languages
Authors: Bottoni Paolo , Frediani Dino , Quattrocchi Paolo
Published: May 2011

The definition of visual languages, of their semantics, and of the interactions with them, can all be referred to a notion of transformation of multisets of resources. Moreover, the concrete syntax for a particular language can be obtained in a semi-automatic way, by declaring the conformity of the language to some family of languages, specified by a metamodel. In a similar way, the generation of the associated semantics can take advantage of the identification of the variety of the semantics being expressed. According to the associated metamodel, one can obtain an abstract view of the semantic roles that visual elements can play with respect to the process being described. We propose here an integrated framework and interactive environment, based on a collection of metamodels, in which to express both syntactical characterizations of diagrammatic sentences and their semantic interpretations.
Towards a Visual Query System for Spatio-Temporal Databases
Authors: Cavalcanti Valéria M.B.
Published: May 2011

Visual Query Systems (VQS) for Spatio-Temporal Databases; which enable formulation of queries involving both spatial and temporal dimensions; are an important research subject. Existing results treat these dimensions separately and there are only a few integrated proposals. This chapter presents a VQS; called Spatio-Temporal Visual Query Environment (S-TVQE) which allows the formulation of conventional; spatial; temporal; and spatio-temporal database queries in an integrated environment. With S-TVQE the user; instead of querying the database by textual query languages will interact with the system by visual operators for the statement of the query conditions. The tool provides a visualization of the results in different formats such as maps; graphics; and tables.
Electronic Brainstorming
Authors: Handzic Meliha
Published: May 2011

The book starts with an introduction to theoretical foundations of knowledge management concepts, proceeds with a series of empirical studies on the role of technology in knowledge management, followed by studies of socially orientated knowledge management solutions. The book ends with the discussion of major issues and challenges for knowledge management research and practice. With its integrated and systematic approach, the book makes a small but important step in helping individuals and organisations to get an objective and complete picture of the role of social and technical initiatives in knowledge management based on formal and sound empirical research. More importantly, the book shows that the impact of various initiatives is highly contingent upon the context in which the knowledge is generated, transferred, and used. This may help managers to choose more suitable solutions to turn their intangible assets into tangible outcomes.
Rough Set-Based Feature Selection
Authors: Jensen Richard
Published: May 2011

Feature selection aims to determine a minimal feature subset from a problem domain while retaining a suitably high accuracy in representing the original features. Rough set theory (RST) has been used as such a tool with much success. RST enables the discovery of data dependencies and the reduction of the number of attributes contained in a dataset using the data alone, requiring no additional information. This chapter describes the fundamental ideas behind RST-based approaches and reviews related feature selection methods that build on these ideas. Extensions to the traditional rough set approach are discussed, including recent selection methods based on tolerance rough sets, variable precision rough sets and fuzzy-rough sets. Alternative search mechanisms are also highly important in rough set feature selection. The chapter includes the latest developments in this area, including RST strategies based on hill-climbing, genetic algorithms and ant colony optimization.
Rough Sets
Authors: Beaubouef Theresa , Petry Frederick E
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses ways in which rough set theory can enhance databases by allowing for the management of uncertainty. Rough sets can be integrated into an underlying database model, relational or object oriented, and also used in design and querying of databases. Because rough sets are a versatile theory, they can also be combined with other theories. The authors discuss the rough relational database model, the rough object oriented database model, and fuzzy set and intuitionistic set extensions to each of these models. Comparisons and benefits of the various approaches are discussed, illustrating the usefulness and versatility of rough sets for uncertainty management in databases.
Current Trends in Rough Set Flow Graphs
Authors: Butz Cory J.
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, we review a graphical framework for reasoning from data, called rough set flow graphs (RSFGs), and point out issues of current interest involving RSFG inference. Our discussion begins by examining two methods for conducting inference in a RSFG. We highlight the fact that the order of variable elimination, called an elimination ordering, affects the amount of computation needed for inference. The culminating result is the incorporation of an algorithm for obtaining a good elimination ordering into our RSFG inference algorithm.
Hybridization of Rough Setsand Multi-ObjectiveEvolutionary Algorithms forClassificatory SignalDecomposition
Authors: Smolinski Tomasz G. , Prinz Astrid A.
Published: May 2011

Classification of sampled continuous signals into one of a finite number of predefined classes is possible when some distance measure between the signals in the dataset is introduced. However, it is often difficult to come up with a “temporal” distance measure that is both accurate and efficient computationally. Thus in the problem of signal classification, extracting particular features that distinguish one process from another is crucial. Extraction of such features can take the form of a decomposition technique, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Both these algorithms have proven to be useful in signal classification. However, their main flaw lies in the fact that nowhere during the process of decomposition is the classificatory aptitude of the components taken into consideration. Thus the ability to differentiate between classes, based on the decomposition, is not assured. Classificatory decomposition (CD) is a general term that describes attempts to improve the effectiveness of signal decomposition techniques by providing them with “classification-awareness.” We propose a hybridization of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) and rough sets (RS) to perform the task of decomposition in the light of the underlying classification problem itself.
Two Rough Set Approaches to Mining Hop Extraction Data
Authors: Grzymala-Busse Jerzy W. , Hippe Zdzislaw S. , Mroczek Teresa
Published: May 2011

Results of our research on using two approaches, both based on rough sets, to mining three data sets describing bed caking during the hop extraction process are presented. For data mining we used two methods: direct rule induction by the MLEM2 algorithm and generation of belief networks associated with conversion belief networks into rule sets by the BeliefSEEKER system. Statistics for rule sets are presented, including an error rate. Finally, six rule sets were ranked by an expert. Our results show that both our approaches to data mining are of approximately the same quality.
Physical Location
Authors: Higuchi Toru , Troutt Marvin
Published: May 2011

Vernon’s product cycle theory is reexamined and extended in the first half of this chapter. It did not originally address the recent environmental changes, the global economy, supply chain management, and the rise of developing countries. The geographic location of manufacturing facilities is discussed from the viewpoint of the innovations. The physical location at the beginning of the VCR industry is explained in the latter half of this chapter. Although there was a great global demand for the VCR from the beginning, Japanese companies exclusively manufactured almost all VCRs in Japan and exported them all over the world. Manufacturability is the critical factor at the beginning as Vernon’s product cycle theory demonstrated.
M-Commerce Payment Systems
Authors: Vatsavayi Valli Kumari , Mukkamala Ravi
Published: May 2011

With mobile operators having a large customer base and E-Payments getting popular, there is a shift of focus on the huge potential that M-Commerce market offers. Mobile payment service is the core for the success of M-commerce. Mobile payments allow customers to buy digital goods from anywhere and anytime using Internet and mobile environments. Ubiquity, reachability, localization, personalization and dissemination of information are the characteristics that favour mobile payments and encourage the consumers and merchants to use them. This chapter examines various aspects of mobile payments like architectures, limitations, security and trust issues. It also discusses and compares the existing payment procedures of several different companies providing mobile payment services. While exploring the advantages of shifting to mobile payments, the problems that have to be dealt with when adopting new solutions are discussed. Finally the chapter concludes by identifying a common set of requirements criteria for successful global mobile payments.
Exploring Mobile Service Business Opportunities from a Customer-Centric Perspective
Authors: Pura Minna
Published: May 2011

Mobile services have evolved into an important business area and many companies in various industries are offering mobile services. However, formal classifications or user-centric categorizations of mobile services are still scarce. This chapter develops a conceptual classification for mobile services that illustrates the characteristics of mobile services and gives indications on how to describe mobile business opportunities and categorize services from a customer-centric perspective. The classification scheme, grounded in previous research, is based on the type of consumption, context, social setting, and customer relationship with the service provider. The explorative classification is illustrated with two case studies of existing mobile services in the European market. The theoretical contribution to service management research involves how to describe mobile services from a customer perspective. Managerially, the classification helps marketers, service developers and stakeholders to evaluate, differentiate, group and market mobile service offerings more effectively.
Exploring the Use of Mobile Data Services in Europe
Authors: Constantiou Ioanna D. , Bina Maria
Published: May 2011

Mobile data services seem a promising revenue source for the stakeholders that have heavily invested on mobile communications infrastructures. However, in the Western world those services have not reached the mass markets yet. This chapter focuses on two markets that are representative of the European socio-economic environment, Greece and Denmark, with the aim to investigate and compare mobile data services use through the means of an online survey. We depict two user groups and observe their behaviors in both countries. The results indicate differences in locations and frequency of services use that can be attributed to specific socio-economic characteristics. However, certain similarities exist in the experience derived from mobile data service use since users believe that services cannot cater for their specific needs. We conclude by underlining the current challenges faced by mobile service providers in order to increase mobile data services use and summarizing user groups’ characteristics.
Mobile Automotive Cooperative Services (MACS)
Authors: Hoffman Holger
Published: May 2011

In this chapter we describe the systematic development and implementation of mobile services in the automotive sector. This includes a design framework that represents different requirements of automotive service engineering. The framework is used following a corresponding process model which combines iterative service development with classical prototyping. The framework and the process model are applied to a new mobile service MACS MyNews, a personalizeable, interactive news service, allowing the driver to be the editor and end user of his newscast at the same time. In order to design this service, we start with designing service scenarios. For these service scenarios a matching added value network is derived, technologies for service provisioning are chosen, a prototype is implemented. The service is thenevaluated especially concerning driving safety.A final user evaluation helps the designers choose whether or not to include the service in series production before planning the service roll-out.
Strategies of Mobile Value-Added Services in Korea
Authors: Kim Jin Ki , Chun Heasun
Published: May 2011

As the growth of mobile market decreases and the market competition intensifies, mobile carriers have been trying to find new business models to retain their profits and expand their business boundaries. Development of value-added services increases the chances of keeping the growth with mobile carriers. This chapter discusses the motivation of mobile value-added service in terms of value chain and mobile adoption. Six mobile value-added services presented in Korea are introduced: short messaging service, personalized call ring service, mobile music service, mobile video service, mobile payment, and mobile games. The major characteristics of those value-added services are discussed with “4Cs”: customization, content-focused, connectedness, and contemporary. This chapter also discusses digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) as a new value-added service and the impacts of value-added services on mobile market. This chapter is concluded with three plausible strategies of mobile carriers: real-time market-responding strategy, content-focused market strategy, and various bundling service.
Open Standards Requirements
Authors: Krechmer Ken
Published: May 2011

An open society, if it utilizes communications systems, requires open standards. The personal computer revolution and the Internet have resulted in a vast new wave of Internet users. These new users have a material interest in the technical standards that proscribe their communications. These new users make new demands on the standardization processes, often with the rallying cry, “open standards.” As is often the case, a rallying cry means many different things to different people. This article explores the different requirements suggested by the term open standards. Perhaps when everyone agrees on what requirements open standards serve, it will be possible to achieve them and maintain the open society that many crave
The Role of Individuals and Social Capital in POSIX Standardization
Authors: Isaak Jim
Published: May 2011

While standards are issued by organizations, individuals do the actual work, with significant collaboration required to agree on a common standard. This article explores the role of individuals in standards setting as well as the way these individuals are connected to one another through trusting networks and common values. This issue is studied in the context of the IEEE POSIX set of standards, for which the author was actively involved for more than 15 years. This case study demonstrates that the goals and influence of individual participants are not just that of their respective employers but may follow the individual through changes of employment. It also highlights changes in the relative importance of individual and corporate influence in UNIX-related standardization over time. Better understanding of the interaction between individuals and organizations in the context of social capital and standardization can provide both a foundation for related research and more productive participation in these types of forums.
Linguistic Qualities of International Standards
Authors: Teichmann Hans , de Vries Henk J. , Feilzer Albert
Published: May 2011

Linguistic qualities are essential for the fitness for use of every standard. The intentions of the standards developers should become perfectly clear to those who will finally use the documents, but language barriers at several project stages may hinder this. This chapter addresses the topic for standards at the global and regional levels using a case study about the linguistic qualities of the standards published by the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Most IEC standards are bilingual (English and French), and they are frequently translated into national languages. Feedback on standards use, translation practices, and user satisfaction has been obtained by means of two questionnaires sent to the IEC national committees (NCs). These data are assessed with respect to the language skills of the technical experts concerned, the particular linguistic aspects of the standards, the process of standards development, national translating practices, and standards user satisfaction. Standards development in two languages adds to their fitness for use, but this advantage should be balanced against the cost of bilingualism. The current practice satisfies more or less all parties involved; nevertheless, some improvements can be suggested. The issue of bilingualism vs. unilingualism also has an important cultural and political dimension.