bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metro station inauguration, housing prices, and transportation accessibility: Tehran case study
Authors: Yazdanifard Yekta , Joshaghani Hosein , Talebian Masoud
Published: April 2021

The opening of a new metro station, as a mode of the transportation corridor, potentially could have different effects on housing prices. We have investigated its effect on the value of residential properties around those stations, using data from large expansions of the metro network in Tehran, Iran. In the period of our study (April 2010 to December 2018), forty-five metro stations were inaugurated in Tehran. We use a difference-in-difference regression method to identify the causal effect of interest, where adjacent properties are used as the treatment group and similar but distant properties as the control group. The results indicate that, on average, the adjacent properties are affected by a 3.7 percent increase in price relative to distant properties. We also extend our study by categorizing new metro stations according to the extent of ex-ante access to other modes of public transportation such as bus rapid transit (BRT). We find 2 to 11 percent positive effect of new metro stations in regions with lower public transport, while in regions with ex-ante extensive public transportation system, we find less than 2 percent positive effect.
Accessibility and uncertainty: An empirical analysis of option value in transport
Authors: Bondemark Anders , Johansson Erik , Kopsch Fredrik
Published: April 2021

Are there option values for transport services? A few studies have tried to answer this question through various stated preference methods, but we do not know much about its magnitude in different contexts. In this paper, we summarize the theory on option value, present previous empirical work concerning transport, and discuss its links to accessibility. Accessibility can be seen as the end product of the transport system, and the argument we pursue is that option value is a component of accessibility. Therefore, estimations of the option value ought to be connected to the marginal accessibility change of an optional transport mode. The concept of substitutability has the potential to meet this criterion. It is the degree to which an alternative trip can replace an initially preferred trip, or, put differently, how accessibility at a location is composed. We conduct an empirical application to test whether the variation in housing transaction prices is associated with substitutability. We find that housing prices are higher where the accessibility is built up by several transport modes, given any level of total accessibility. We interpret this as households, on average, are willing to pay a risk premium to keep optional transport modes available.
relationship between urban form and mode choice in US and Mexican cities: A comparative analysis of workers’ commutes
Authors: Guerra Erick , Li Meiqing
Published: April 2021

This paper examines empirical relationships among commuters’ mode choice, metropolitan urban form, and socioeconomic attributes in the 100 largest urban areas in the United States and Mexico. Fitting multinomial logit models to data for more than 5 million commuters and their home urban area, we find several consistent relationships and several important differences in relationships among urban form and travel behavior. In both countries, urban residents living in housing types associated with more centrally located housing in more densely populated urban areas with less roadway are less likely to commute by private vehicle than similar residents in other housing types and other urban areas. In addition to some differences in the strength, significance, and signs of several predictor variables, we find large differences in elasticity estimates across contexts. In particular, the US’s high rates of driving and generally car-friendly urban form mean that even dramatic shifts in urban form or income result in only small predicted changes in the probability of commuting by private vehicle. We conclude that land use and transportation policies likely have a more substantial role in shaping commute patterns in countries like Mexico than in countries like the US.
Reducción de eventos cardiovasculares de Lomitapida versus Estatinas en pacientes con diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia familiar. Protocolo de revisión sistemática.
Authors: Torres Valdez Maritza Auxiliadora , Muñoz Avila Lorena Alexandra , Ortega Espinoza Carlos Enrique , Mora Bravo Franklin Geovany , Barzallo Zeas Diego Fernando
Published: April 2021

Introducción: La hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) un trastorno genético autosómico dominante que produce hipercolesterolemia y desarrollo prematuro de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Las estatinas han sido el medicamento de elección en estos pacientes, sin embargo, un buen porcentaje de pacientes no pueden alcanzar sus objetivos terapéuticas con las dosis máximas recomendadas por lo que la Lomitapida se podría establecer como una nueva alternativa de tratamiento.
Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es determinar si la Lomitapida reduce los eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes con diagnóstico de Hipercolesterolemia familiar comparado con estatinas.
Métodos: Se incluirán ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) y cuasialeatorios de pacientes con diagnóstico de HF. Las medidas de resultado primarias: 1. Niveles de LDL, HDL pos tratamiento. 2. Presencia de eventos cardiovasculares. Las búsquedas electrónicas se realizarán en PUBMED, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE y Scientific electronic library (Scielo). La evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se utilizará la herramienta de Cochrane. Las medidas del efecto del tratamiento serán las diferencias de medias (DM) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. La evaluación de heterogeneidad se realizará mediante la inspección visual del diagrama de embudo. La evaluación de la calidad de la evidencia se realizará usando la evaluación GRADE.
Prevalencia de infección del tracto urinario y factores asociados en pacientes de 0 a 5 años hospitalizados.
Authors: Arias Regalado Johanna Estefania , Ochoa Brito Marcela , Enrique Marcano Sanz Luis Enrique
Published: April 2021

Introducción: La infección del tracto urinario es una afectación frecuente en niños, y su recurrencia predispone a patologías crónicas que disminuyen la sobrevida de pacientes hospitalizados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de infección del tracto urinario y factores asociados en niños hospitalizados de 0 a 5 años.
Métodos: El presente estudio es transversal analítico, el universo lo constituyó los niños hospitalizados en pediatría de 0 -5 años del Hospital ¨José Carrasco Arteaga¨ de Cuenca-Ecuador, la muestra fue probabilística 147 casos, el muestreo fue aleatorio simple. Las variables fueron presencia de ITU, edad, sexo, nivel socio-económico, balanitis, estreñimiento, antecedentes de ITU. En el análisis bivariado se determinó asociación mediante chi cuadrado y se midió la intensidad de asociación por Razón de prevalencia (RP) con un Intervalo de confianza del 95% y un valor significativo de P< 0.05.
Resultados: Fueron 147 casos. La prevalencia de ITU fue 10.6%, se presentaron como factores protectores: edad < 1 año RP 0.21 (IC 95% 0.16-0.42, P<0.001) y el sexo masculino RP 0.28 (IC 0.18-0.471, P<0.001). Los factores de riesgo fueron: el nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo RP 1.70 (IC 1.01-2.86, P=0.04), balanitis RP 3.23 (IC 2.48-4.21, P=0.012), fimosis RP 29.37 (IC 6.34-136.3., P<0.001), sinequias RP 1.43 (IC 1.14-1.79, P=0.02), el antecedente de infección del tracto urinario RP 78.91 (IC 10.72-580.7, P<0.001) y estreñimiento RP 4.51 (IC 2.16-9.50, P<0.001). La hidronefrosis fue el hallazgo ecográfico más frecuente RP 78.9 (IC 10.7-580.7, P<0.001).
Conclusiones: El sexo masculino fue un factor protector, y alteraciones anatómicas del tracto urinario fueron los mayores factores de riesgo
Çocuklarda Brankiyal Yarık Anomalileri
Authors: Farzaliyev Orkhan , Boybeyi Türer Özlem , Soyer Tutku , Tanyel Feridun
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION: Objective: A retrospective study was planned to evaluate the clinical and radiological findings of childhood branchial anomalies together with the subclasses of the anomaly and to discuss the surgical results. Method: The medical records of the patients managed for branchial cleft anomaly between 2014 and 2019 were examined. Demographic features, clinical and radiological findings, surgical managements and outcomes were recorded. Results: Eighteen cases were included in the study. Median age of the cases was 5 years (1-14). Male/female ratio was 9/9. The complaints were discharge from the BC (n=13, 72%) and painless neck mass (n=3, 17%). The BC was at right side in 8 (44%), left side in 9 (%50) and bilateral in 1 case (6%). Physical examination revealed the presence of a fistula, and its orifice in 14 cases and cystic lesion was palpable in 4 cases. Ultrasound was performed in 9 cases (50%) and cyst could be detected in 3 of them. All cases were operated and step-ladder incision was used in 8 cases. The fistula tract was ended near to pharynx in 2, near to pretonsillar fossa in 10, submandibular region in 5, and external auditory tract in 1 case. Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in 2 cases and cartilage in 1 case. Stratified ciliary columnar and stratified squamous cell epithelium was detected in samples. Conclusion: Physical examination is the most important diagnostic method. The management is surgery and excision of whole lesion is important in preventing recurrences. Although using methylene blue is a guiding technique in surgical excision of tracts, the effect of its use on surgical outcome and recurrence rates is still debatable.
Evaluation of Long Term Intestinal Functions In Children Who Underwent Transanal Endorectal Pull Through for Hirschsprung Disease
Authors: Burulday Bayram , Üser İdil Rana , Özokutan Bülent Hayri
Published: April 2021

Objective: The most preferred surgical method in the treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) recently is the transanal endorectal pull through (TERP) operation. In our study, we aim to evaluate the postoperative long- term follow up results of the patients. Method: The files of patients who had TERP between 2009 and 2019 in our center and were >3 years old after surgery were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were evaluated for bowel functions, continence and quality of life in outpatient clinic postoperatively. The information of patients who could not come to control was obtained by contacting their relatives over the phone. Parents were asked to fill Rintala intestinal functions questionnaire. Results: Forty-six patients were boys and 8 were girls. The mean age at diagnosis and surgery were 26.4 and 35.5 months respectively. The mean operation time was 140 minutes, and the mean aganglionic segment length was 21.5 cm. In the early postoperative period, anastomotic stricture was observed in 3 (5.5%), and enterocolitis in 2 (3.7%) patients. Constipation occured in 13 (24%) and soiling in 7 (13%) patients. Partial fecal incontinence was observed in 2 (3.7%) patients. Statistically significant difference was found between the height and weight percentile values of patients before and after surgery. The mean score was 19.05 in bowel function questionnaire. Conclusion: Our study showed that TERP can be applied with low complication rates. Patients have bowel movements and sphincter functions near to normal in the long term. With these advantages, TERP is an effective and reliable method for all HD age groups.
Congenital Bronchobiliary Fistula in Association with Multiple Other Congenital Anomalies: Case Report
Authors: Hüseyinov Mirzaman , Hakalmaz Ali Ekber
Published: April 2021

Congenital bronchobiliary fistula (CBBF) is a rare anomaly in which a fistulous opening exists between the biliary tract and the tracheobronchial tree. CBBF may be accompanied by many congenital anomalies, with biliary system anomalies being the most common. CBBF was also reported to be associated with esophageal atresia in one case and right diaphragmatic hernia in another case. However, as far as we have known, CBBF case accompanied by multiple congenital anomalies has not been reported previously. In this article, we firstly present a case of a neonatal CBBF, incidentally diagnosed intraoperatively, accompanied by multiple congenital anomalies, including congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Secondly, we present our conclusions and updates about CBBF based on what we have learned from both our case and the literature.
Actualización de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-051-SCFI/SSA1 en la Industria de Alimentos y Bebidas
Authors: Chavez Reynoso Ismari Jecabsel , Ochoa Estrada Regina , Valenzuela Paredes Linette , Gayosso García Sancho Laura Elizabeth , Tolano Villaverde Iván de Jesús
Published: April 2021

El consumo de alimentos y bebidas procesadas ha causado, en la población mexicana, un aumento en los índices de sobrepeso y obesidad, y con ello el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas como diabetes o hipertensión, entre otras. El gobierno mexicano ha implementado medidas como la modificación de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-051-SCFI/SSA1-2010, la cual plantea la aplicación de un etiquetado frontal que incluye una advertencia acerca del contenido en exceso de ingredientes perjudiciales para la salud. Países como Chile, Perú, Costa Rica y Brasil han implementado medidas similares con el fin de erradicar las enfermedades crónicas que se han desarrollado con el paso de los años, como el aumento excesivo de diabetes mellitus, obesidad mórbida e hipertensión en adultos y, principalmente, en niños, gracias a los hábitos alimenticios y al consumo excesivo de alimentos ricos en grasas, azúcares o sodio, entre otros. En México, con este nuevo etiquetado frontal, se espera disminuir los casos de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y, a su vez, aumentar la concientización en la elección de productos alimenticios, brindando información comercial y sanitaria sobre el contenido nutrimental e ingredientes que puedan representar un riesgo para la salud de los consumidores por medio de un etiquetado claro, veraz y fácil de entender.
Penyesuaian Diri Peserta Didik Pasca Penerapan Sistem Zonasi di SMA Negeri 1 Kartasura
Authors: Sutisna Nana Tri , Nurhadi Nurhadi
Published: April 2021

Sistem zonasi yang menerima peserta didik berdasarkan radius tempat tinggal dengan sekolah, menciptakan suasana lingkungan sekolah yang berbeda dengan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menjelaskan ketidaksesuaian peserta didik dengan lingkungan SMA Negeri 1 Kartasura pasca diterapkannya sistem zonasi sehingga mendorong peserta didik untuk melakukan penyesuaian diri dalam sebuah ritus peralihan dengan lingkungan sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi untuk menemukan data berdasarkan sudut pandang informan, yang mendalam, spesifik serta bersifat alamiah. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui wawancara terhadap peserta didik yang dipilih secara purposive sampling dan diolah melalui alur penelitian maju bertahap serta triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, dengan beragamnya karakter peserta didik yang diterima melalui PPDB zonasi menunjukan ketidaksesuaian antar peserta didik dengan kultur sekolah mendorong terjadinya proses penyesuaian diri dalam sebuah ritus peralihan. Adapun proses ritus peralihan yang dilalui peserta didik terdiri dari: Pertama, tahap pemisahan dimana peserta didik mulai melepaskan kebiasaan lama ketika masih di SMP. Kedua, tahap liminalitas yaitu tahap ketika peserta didik mulai dikenalkan dengan kebudayaan baru dan berada di situasi yang ambigu dimana peserta didik belum terbiasa dengan kebiasaan baru, namun peserta didik juga sudah tidak melakukan kebiasaan lama. Ketiga, tahap penggabungan, dimana peserta didik mampu menerapkan kehidupan sesuai dengan kultur dan menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan sekolah.
Perilaku Konsumsi Budaya Masyarakat dalam Tradisi Labuhan Ageng di Pantai Sembukan
Authors: Alviyah Khusniatun , Pranawa Sigit , Rahman Abdul
Published: April 2021

Konsumsi telah mencengkeram seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia termasuk dalam hal kebudayaan. Seiring perkembangan zaman dengan masuknya budaya barat telah menggeser minat masyarakat terhadap tradisi lokal yang menjadi ciri khas daerahnya. Salah satunya tradisi Labuhan Ageng di Pantai Sembukan yang mulai melakukan modifikasi agar tetap memiliki eksistensi di masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perilaku masyarakat dalam mengonsumsi tradisi Labuhan Ageng. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Pengambilan informan dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi lapangan. Hasil penelitian setelah dianalisis dengan teori masyarakat konsumsi Jean Baudrillard adalah dalam ritual Labuhan Ageng saat ini mulai ditambahkan serangkaian acara hiburan dengan porsi waktu lebih banyak dan lebih menarik dibandingkan acara inti tradisi itu sendiri. Sehingga tradisi Labuhan Ageng mulai berubah menjadi tradisi yang lebih dinikmati sebagai acara hiburan. Tradisi yang dahulu dimaknai secara sakral justru dijadikan sebagai ajang rekreasi dan berfoto untuk kepuasan diri.
Urgensi Pengajaran Pendidikan Multikultural Menggunakan Problem Based Learning
Authors: Sambi Sebastianus , Wilodati Wilodati , Komariah Siti
Published: April 2021

Kemampuan untuk menerima dan mengakui beragam perbedaan merupakan titik sentral dari pendidikan multikultural. Kemampuan tersebut dapat diasah selain lewat kebiasaan di rumah, tetapi juga lewat dunia pendidikan. Pada institusi pendidikan dapat diintegrasikan ke dalam berbagai materi dan pendekatan belajar yang menunjang pengimplementasian nilai-nilai pendidikan multikultural, seperti pembelajaran berbasis masalah (Problem Based Learning/PBM). Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah mempromosikan penggunaan pendekatan PBM pada pembelajaran sosiologi yang berkaitan dengan materi pendidikan multikultural. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif pada SMA Talenta School, Kota Bandung. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah Guru Sosiologi dan beberapa Siswa-Siswi kelas XI di sekolah tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 1) peserta didik dapat mengikuti pelajaran dengan baik; 2) bertanggungjawab dengan tugas-tugas yang diberikan; 3) mampu menunjukkan sikap bekerja; 4) saling menghargai pendapat orang lain; 5) bernalar kritis dan terbiasa untuk bertanya.
Идеологические установки советского государства по отношению к Русской православной церкви и их реализация в период подготовки и проведения VI Всемирного фестиваля молодежи и студентов 1957 года
Authors: Остроухова Наталья Валерьевна
Published: April 2021

В статье проанализированы особенности практической реализации идеологических установок советского государства при подготовке и проведении VI Всемирного фестиваля молодежи и студентов, проходившего в июле-августе 1957 года. Это событие состоялось в условиях политики «десталинизации», развернутой Н.С. Хрущевым, и, как следствие, относительной неопределенности состояния государственно-церковных отношений. Анализ реализуемых органами государственной власти методов и средств идеологической подготовки и контроля участников принимающей стороны важен не только для понимания сложившегося подчиненного статуса Русской православной церкви в государственно-церковных отношениях. Подготовленные для духовенства директивы, трактовавшие вопросы устройства и положения Русской православной церкви, свободы совести, значения религии как пережитка капитализма в СССР, свидетельствовали о начале нового витка богоборческой политики. При этом ожидаемые, но провокационные для власти вопросы об истинном положении Русской православной церкви в СССР, а также настойчивые высказывания иностранных гостей о конкурентоспособности православной веры в условиях существующей государственной идеологии коммунизма могли послужить катализатором антирелигиозных гонений, развернутых советской властью в 1958 году.
Состояние политического образования в современной России: проблемы и пути их решения
Authors: Гукова Ирина Николаевна , Бойко Жанна Васильевна , Половнева Людмила Сергеевна
Published: April 2021

Рассмотрены состояние политического образования в современной России, его задачи и виды. Обозначены сложившиеся научные взгляды в понимании политического образования, приведены исследования ученых, дискутирующих на актуальные темы политического образования. Аргументирована позиция, раскрывающая значимость рассмотрения в школьном курсе «Обществознание» и вузовском курсе «Политология» проблемных аспектов в сфере политики и ее влияния на общественное развитие. Обосновано, что данные курсы должны находить адекватное отражение в учебном процессе образовательных учреждений. Предпринята попытка выявить и проанализировать проблемы, возникшие в российском политическом образовании в средних и высших образовательных учреждениях. Намечены пути решения выявленных проблем в целях повышения эффективности и качества политического образования на современном этапе развития. Приведен опыт авторов в поиске новых форм и методов преподавания политологии в высших учебных заведениях.
Развитие цифровой политической агитации: от Говарда Дина к Дональду Трампу
Authors: Завьялов Артур Андреевич
Published: April 2021

Целью данной работы было выделить изменения способов агитации, в частности использование социальных медиа в предвыборных кампаниях. В качестве основного метода при написании статьи использовался метод кейсов. В частности, были выбраны предвыборные кампании нескольких президентов Соединенных Штатов Америки. Основным результатом является то, что, исследуя развитие политических групп в социальных сетях, мы можем наблюдать за происходящим в режиме реального времени. В будущем это могло бы помочь выявить группы избирателей, которые голосуют на основе убеждений, сформированных социальными медиа, и лучше понять как поведение электората, так и проблемы, которые мотивируют избирателей. Изучение социальных медиа позволяет наблюдать за этими процессами онлайн, в то время как опросы и анализ в традиционных СМИ не дают такой возможности.
The Relationships Between Internet Addiction, Social Appearance Anxiety and Coping with Stress
Authors: Baltacı Umay Bilge , Yılmaz Melike , Traş Zeliha
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine internet addiction in terms of social appearance anxiety and strategies for coping with stress. The dependent variable of the research is internet addiction, and its independent variables are social appearance anxiety and strategies for coping with stress. The study group of the research consists of 481 undergraduate and postgraduate students as 318 women (66.1%) and 163 men (33.9%). In order to collect data in the study, Short Version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test, The Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, The Stress Coping Strategy Scale, and Personal Information Form were used. Descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. A positive relationship was found between internet addiction and social appearance anxiety of university students. While there is a positive relationship between submissive approach and helpless approach, which are the subscale of coping strategies, and internet addiction of university students, there is a negative relationship between self-confident approach and optimistic approach. The results of the research revealed that the submissive approach and self-confident approach, which are the subscale in for coping with stress, social appearance anxiety are predictive of internet addiction.
The Effect of School Principals’ Distributed Leadership Behaviours on Teachers’ Organizational Commitment
Authors: UÇAR Rezzan
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of school principals’ distributed leadership behaviours on teachers’ organizational commitment in the views of teachers employed in high schools. The study is a descriptive research designed as a correlational survey model and the research population consists of teachers in high schools in the provincial centre of Diyarbakır, a large city in south-eastern Turkey. The study is conducted with 275 teachers, selected by simple random selecting method. In the research, conducted in the views of high school teachers, descriptive statistics are employed to determine the distributed leadership behaviours of the participant principals and the teachers’ organizational commitment levels and a regression analysis is used to predict the participant teachers’ organizational commitment arising from the distributed leadership behaviours of the school principals. As a result of the study, the distributed leadership behaviours of the school principals are found at a high level in the following factors: open leadership, school culture, employee involvement and dynamics, whereas the teachers’ organizational commitment levels are found low in the compliance factor but as for identification and internalisation factors, they are found high. Moreover, it is determined that teachers’ organizational commitment can be statistically predicted from school principals’ distributed leadership behaviours.
Opinions of the Teaching Staff at Taibah University About Islamic Education Teacher Preparation Programs in the Light of the Requirements of Intellectual Security
Authors: Al-Johani Awadh Zuraiban
Published: April 2021

The current study aims to explore the realm of preparing Islamic education teachers in the light of the intellectual security requirements from the point of view of teaching staff at Taibah University. The researcher used the descriptive approach and designed a questionnaire to review the opinions that consisted of two main topics. The first topic is the intellectual security requirements for the academic preparation program (the Specialist Academic Aspect – the Cultural Aspect – the Educational Aspect “Professional”) to encounter radicalism and terrorism. The second topic is the proposed concept to encounter the obstacles to fulfill intellectual security requirements in the preparation colleges programs. Each main topic is subdivided into a set of clauses (42 clauses) for the two topics. The study sample consists of (83) teaching staff members at the preparation colleges. The study has been applied to the study sample during the first semester of the academic year 1439 – 1440 A.H. The study findings show the following:

The first topic achieved (78.55%) of the opinions of the study sample members about the preparation program of the Islamic Education teachers in the light of the intellectual security requirements for encountering radicalism and terrorism.

The second topic achieved (93%) of the opinions of the study sample members about the proposed concept to overcome the obstacles to meet intellectual security requirements in the preparation programs.

There are no differences of the statistical significance level (50. = ∞) among the study sample members toward the questionnaire according to the faculty type for the first topic and the tool in general.

There are no differences of the statistical significance level (50. = ∞) among the study sample members toward the questionnaire according to the faculty type for the second topic and the tool in general.
Mechanical Proof of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Speed Distribution With Analytical Integration
Authors: Lin Hejie , Lin Tsung-Wu
Published: April 2021

The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution is the probability distribution that describes the speeds of the particles of ideal gases. The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution is valid for both un-mixed particles (one type of particle) and mixed particles (two types of particles). For mixed particles, both types of particles follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution. Also, the most probable speed is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass. The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution of mixed particles is based on kinetic theory; however, it has never been derived from a mechanical point of view. This paper proves the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution and the speed ratio of mixed particles based on probability analysis and Newton’s law of motion. This paper requires the probability density function (PDF) ψ^ab(u_a; v_a, v_b) of the speed u_a  of the particle with mass M_a  after the collision of two particles with mass M_a  in speed v_a  and mass M_b  in speed v_b . The PDF ψ^ab(u_a; v_a, v_b)  in integral form has been obtained before. This paper further performs the exact integration from the integral form to obtain the PDF ψ^ab(u_a; v_a, v_b)  in an evaluated form, which is used in the following equation to get new distribution P_new^a(u_a)  from old distributions P_old^a(v_a) and P_old^b(v_b). When P_old^a(v_a) and P_old^b(v_b)  are the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distributions, the integration P_new^a(u_a)  obtained analytically is exactly the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution.

P_new^a(u_a)=∫_0^∞ ∫_0^∞ ψ^ab(u_a;v_a,v_b) P_old^a(v_a) P_old^b(v_b) dv_a dv_b,    a,b = 1 or 2

The mechanical proof of the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution presented in this paper reveals the unsolved mechanical mystery of the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution since it was proposed by Maxwell in 1860. Also, since the validation is carried out in an analytical approach, it proves that there is no theoretical limitation of mass ratio to the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution. This provides a foundation and methodology for analyzing the interaction between particles with an extreme mass ratio, such as gases and neutrinos.
What if Imagination Were Real?
Authors: Maja Ejrnæs
Published: April 2021

This article explores extremity in performance art from the perspective of an insider. The article contributes with ethnographic insights on liminality and lived experience in performance art, which is still an unexplored field of anthropological study. It investigates how the Copenhagen-based performance group called Sisters Hope intentionally evoke examples of (and for) a future Sensuous Society. It argues that framing is key to what Sisters Hope examples evoke and whether they ‘work’ as intended; as transformative counterparts to ‘the outside world’. While extremity may take on the appearance of shocking contrasts, it is also emphasized as a matter of blurry boundaries in the selected performance art examples. In this context, extremity is cast as radical risk and potentiality that shake or transform experienced reality. The paper argues that Sisters Hope participants navigate in what if modes where sensations in the present and hopes for the future overlap in utopian performatives here and now. Through engagement with performance art examples over time, pretend play can transform into experienced authenticity, and this may eventually reverse experiences of what is ordinary and extreme for the immersed participant. The paper ends with a contemplation on whether the transformative impact of performance art examples is limited by societal fear of the unknown.
Genetics of Cardiomyopathy
Authors: M. Harvey Evan , Almasri Murad , R. Martinez Hugo
Published: April 2021

Cardiomyopathies (CMs) encompass a heterogeneous group of structural and functional (systolic and diastolic) abnormalities of the myocardium and are either confined to the cardiovascular system or are part of a systemic disorder. CMs represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and account for a significant percentage of death and cardiac transplantation. The 2006 American Heart Association (AHA) classification grouped CMs into primary (genetic, mixed, or acquired) or secondary (i.e., infiltrative or autoimmune). In 2008, the European Society of Cardiology classification proposed subgrouping CM into familial or genetic and nonfamilial or nongenetic forms. In 2013, the World Heart Federation recommended the MOGES nosology system, which incorporates a morpho-functional phenotype (M), organ(s) involved (O), the genetic inheritance pattern (G), an etiological annotation (E) including genetic defects or underlying disease/substrates, and the functional status (S) of a particular patient based on heart failure symptoms. Rapid advancements in the biology of cardio-genetics have revealed substantial genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in myocardial disease. Given the variety of disciplines in the scientific and clinical fields, any desired classification may face challenges to obtaining consensus. Nonetheless, the heritable phenotype-based CM classification offers the possibility of a simple, clinically useful diagnostic scheme. In this chapter, we will describe the genetic basis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), LV noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Although the descriptive morphologies of these types of CM differ, an overlapping phenotype is frequently encountered within the CM types and arrhythmogenic pathology in clinical practice. CMs appear to originate secondary to disruption of “final common pathways.” These disruptions may have purely genetic causes. For example, single gene mutations result in dysfunctional protein synthesis causing downstream dysfunctional protein interactions at the level of the sarcomere and a CM phenotype. The sarcomere is a complex with multiple protein interactions, including thick myofilament proteins, thin myofilament proteins, and myosin-binding proteins. In addition, other proteins are involved in the surrounding architecture of the sarcomere such as the Z-disk and muscle LIM proteins. One or multiple genes can exhibit tissue-specific function, development, and physiologically regulated patterns of expression for each protein. Alternatively, multiple mutations in the same gene (compound heterozygosity) or in different genes (digenic heterozygosity) may lead to a phenotype that may be classic, more severe, or even overlapping with other disease forms.
Dealing with Unforeseen Circumstances. Implication of Risk Management in the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency
Authors: Botet Jordi
Published: April 2021

Any production plant can be affected by a disaster. Emergency management plans are the best ally to overcome disasters in an adequate way. The present COVID-19 public health emergency can be assimilated to a disaster because of its effects on production and, thus, it requires a contingency plan too. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of contingency plan based on Risk Management (RM) concepts. The methods and analysis used in this development are based on those proposed in international pharmaceutical guidelines. The author, a consultant of the pharmaceutical industry, uses RM tools to provide a practical roadmap to detect problems and implement consistent palliative solutions in any type of manufacturing plant.
The Effects of Different Solvents on the Growth-inhibitory Activity of Rhazya stricta Extract Against Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: Fazeli-Nasab Bahman , Ghafari Mehrangiz , Saravani Sima
Published: April 2021

Background: Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacilli) inflicts large economic losses on the poultry industry and is one of the most important causes of poultry diseases. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has contributed to today’s increasing prevalence of drug-resistant strains, which their emergence appears to exceed the discovery of new drugs. Therefore, several attempts have been dedicated to find new compounds as effective alternatives to antibiotics. Medicinal plants constitute a rich source for various antimicrobial compounds. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance trend of the E. coli strains isolated from Quail feces samples and to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Eshvarak extract against these strains. Methods: Eshvarak plant was collected from Saravan (Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran) and identified in the botany laboratory of Zabol University. E. coli samples were isolated from poultry feces. Various solvents (methanol (100%), ethanol (100%), water (100%), hydro-alcohol (70%), and ethyl-acetate (100%)) were used to prepare Eshvarak extract. Inhibitory zone diameter was determined in an agar-based medium using a standard procedure. The MIC and MBC of prepared extracts were determined by the micro-dilution method. Results: The lowest MIC values were obtained for the methanolic (12.5 ppm), ethanolic (12.5 ppm), aqueous (12.5 ppm), hydroalcoholic (25 ppm), and ethyl-acetate (12.5 ppm) Eshvarak extracts. The highest inhibitory zone diameters against E. coli were recorded at the 100-ppm concentration of the methanolic (8 mm), ethanolic (7 mm), aqueous (8 mm), hydroalcoholic (10 mm), and ethyl-acetate (5 mm) Eshvarak extracts. Conclusions: Eshvarak extract, particularly in the hydroalcoholic solvent, inhibited the growth of E. coli. However, the antimicrobial properties of plant extracts seem to be independent of the extraction method or the type of solvent.
Transitions in Smoking among Adults Newly Purchasing the JUUL System
Authors: Prakash Shivaani , Xu Yingying , Goldenson Nicholas I. , Wissmann Rasmus , Gougelet Robyn , Shiffman Saul
Published: April 2021

Objectives: In this study, we prospectively assessed changes in smoking a year after US adults' first-time purchase of a JUUL Starter Kit (JSK). Methods: Descriptive analyses assessed transitions in smoking status at 12 months among adult (age ≥21) JSK purchasers providing
baseline and 12-month follow-up data (N = 27,164 [49.0% of baseline]), stratified by baseline smoking status. Baseline regular use of other ENDS was also considered. Results: Purchasers included baseline past 30-day smokers (65.2%), former smokers (12.0%), and never smokers (9.7%);
over 90% were ever-smokers. One year later, the majority (58%) of those smoking at baseline reported no longer smoking. Former smokers or never smokers who were smoking at 12 months represented less than 2% of respondents. Former and current smokers who were regularly using other ENDS at baseline
were less likely to report smoking at 12 months. Conclusions: Past 30-day smoking prevalence in a large longitudinal study of first-time JSK purchasers fell by more than half over 12 months. Analyzing the sample composition at purchase and transitions within subgroups defined by smoking
status allows for a detailed understanding to help inform assessments of the population health impact of ENDS.
Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Cultivation Using Sawdust and Different Organic Manures
Authors: Orngu O. A. , Mbaeyi-Nwaoha I. E. , Unagwu B. O. , Etim V. E.
Published: April 2021

Aims: The aim was to evaluate the performance of cultivating oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using sawdust and different organic manures. 

Study Design: The experimental design used was the complete randomized design (CRD) and the Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Turkey’s Least Significant Difference(LSD) test to compare treatment means; differences was considered significant at 95% (P≤0.05) (SPSS Version 21 software).

Place and Duration of Study: National Biotechnology Development Agency, South East Center, University of Nigeria, Nsukka between September 2019 and November 2019.

Methodology: Saw dust was prepared as substrate with different organic manures and coded SD, Saw dust; SDP, Sawdust+ Poultry; SDC, Saw dust + cow dung; SDD, Saw dust+ pig dung) in the ratio of 100:0 and 50:50 respectively to cultivate oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Subsequently, the rate of growth, time of harvest, yield and average weight were recorded and proximate composition determined using standard methods.

Results: Oyster mushroom harvested showed Moisture content ranged (4.63-7.14%), ash content (4.84-6.77%), crude fat (0.98-3.28%), fiber (16.02-18.23%), protein (19.27-33.41%) and carbohydrate (38.18%-48.89%). Average weight yield was highest in saw dust substrate (10.2g) with total yield (980g) and least average weight (7.5g) and total yield (105g) in sawdust and poultry litters substrate. Oyster mushroom from all the substrate differed significantly (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Sawdust was the most suitable substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation though sawdust and pig dung combination can be a good alternative.
Bilayer Glass Foams with Tunable Energy Absorption via Localized Void Clusters
Authors: Park Jungjin , Howard John M. , Edery Avi , DeMay Matthew , Wereley Norman
Published: April 2021

The research in this article entails the design of materials systems and tunable energy absorbing properties respond to a range of energy absorption needs in different impact conditions. Tunable energy absorption of bilayer cellular foams is investigated using hollow glass spheres with different wall thickness and densities. Co‐cured bilayer foams are prepared through sintering of the spheres, and their microstructures and mechanical responses to quasistatic uniaxial compression are investigated. Co‐cured system exploits localized voids density (>50 μm) locally at the interface which is induced via different shrinkage rate of spheres, leveraging tunable energy absorptions. Mechanical testing shows that the voids at the interface lead in the sequential collapse of the layers, resulting in a distinctive two‐step stress–strain profile. For comparison, bilayer samples are fabricated using epoxy. These samples show a different mechanical response from the co‐cured sample by not showing the two‐step stress–strain. The co‐cured samples exhibit 14.8% more specific energy absorption than epoxy bonded samples. The results suggest that co‐cured samples can limit impact stress and achieve a higher energy absorption capacity than epoxy bonded samples. The manufacturing concept and system design expand the capabilities of cellular foams, yielding desired energy absorbing properties in a diverse range of applications.
Effect of grain coverage disruption on aflatoxins in maize and sorghum
Authors: Nakasagga Shakirah , McHugh Ryan , Mayfield Kerry , Murray Seth C. , Isakeit Thomas
Published: April 2021

Aflatoxins are dangerous mycotoxins in crop production, demonstrated to reduce crop quality and value through both pre‐ and post‐harvest contamination. Aflatoxin contamination is encountered much more frequently in maize (Zea mays L.) than its close relative sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. This study focused on evaluating the effect of grain coverage on aflatoxin accumulation in both crops; comparing coverage of the female inflorescence (exposed sorghum grain vs. husk covered maize grain) as well as the impact of paper bag coverage during pollination activities. The maize and sorghum female inflorescence were further manipulated by either decreasing or increasing the grain coverage. Two specific hypotheses were statistically tested for aflatoxin accumulation in grain from inoculated inflorescences: aflatoxin accumulation changes in maize and sorghum inflorescences when they are modified from their natural state, and aflatoxin accumulation varies between natural and artificial covering of inflorescences. Aflatoxin data collected from 2 yr of inoculating Aspergillus flavus into maize ears and sorghum panicles indicated that modifying the inflorescences of both species had the largest effects in increasing aflatoxin amounts. Substituting natural coverage of maize and bagging sorghum panicles increased aflatoxin accumulation significantly. This study demonstrated that sorghum may accumulate substantial aflatoxins when it is inoculated and the inflorescence is modified by covering with a paper pollinating bag. Substituting maize husks with paper pollinating bags also substantially increased aflatoxin accumulation in maize.
Comparing riparian buffer design classification data among watersheds representing Iowa landscapes
Authors: Tomer Mark D. , Porter Sarah A. , James David E. , Van Horn Jessica D. , Niemi Jarad
Published: April 2021

Riparian buffers can improve water quality, but watershed‐scale evaluations of riparian buffering opportunities are rare. A landscape discretization tool called riparian catchments, part of the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) version 3, was applied to evaluate functional riparian settings for 32 headwater watersheds representing three major land resource areas (MLRAs) in Iowa. Riparian settings of 250‐m length were classified based on height above channel and upslope contributing area to show where to place buffers primarily designed to intercept runoff, treat nitrate in shallow groundwater, and/or protect streambanks. Riparian zones found below small riparian catchments were common, typically occupying >50% of streambank lengths in MLRA 103 (northern Iowa) and MLRA 108 (southeast Iowa). In these settings, narrow (6–10 m wide) buffers provide a buffer/contributing area ratio of >0.02 to filter surface runoff, while providing streambank protection. This similarity occurred despite these two MLRAs having contrasting landscapes. Whereas the narrow buffers suggested are associated with ditches and flat terrain in MLRA 103, they occur below short slopes along streams that have well dissected the watersheds in MLRA 108. In MLRA 104 of east‐central Iowa, headwater alluvial streams often had broad low‐lying riparian zones, where wide buffers (>25 m) may be placed to help mitigate nitrate transport in shallow groundwater. The ACPF riparian catchments approach enabled cross‐watershed analyses of riparian settings, while providing spatial data to inform watershed‐scale riparian planning efforts.
Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Deoxygenative Cyclopropanation of 1,2‐Dicarbonyl or Monocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Cao Li‐Ya , Luo Jian‐Nan , Yao Jia‐Sheng , Wang De‐Ku , Dong Yuan‐Qing , Zheng Chao , Zhuo Chun‐Xiang
Published: April 2021

The transition‐metal‐catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes by the decomposition of diazo compounds is a powerful and straightforward strategy to produce cyclopropanes, but is tempered by the potentially explosive nature of diazo substrates. Herein we report the Mo‐catalyzed regiospecific deoxygenative cyclopropanation of readily available and bench‐stable 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds, in which one of the two carbonyl groups acts as a carbene equivalent upon deoxygenation and engages in the subsequent cyclopropanation process. The use of a commercially available Mo catalyst afforded an array of valuable cyclopropanes with exclusive regioselectivity in up to 90 % yield. The synthetic utility of this method was further demonstrated by gram‐scale syntheses, late‐stage functionalization, and the cyclopropanation of a simple monocarbonyl compound. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that phosphine (or silane) acts as both a mild reductant and a good oxygen acceptor that efficiently regenerates the catalytically active Mo catalyst through reduction of the Mo‐oxo complexes.
A Smart Access to the Dinitramide Anion – The Use of Dinitraminic Acid for the Preparation of Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Gruhne Michael S. , Wurzenberger Maximilian H. H. , Lommel Marcus , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: April 2021

Dinitraminic acid (HN(NO2)2, HDN) was prepared by ion exchange chromatography and acid‐base reaction with basic copper(II) carbonate allowed the in situ preparation of copper(II) dinitramide, which was reacted with twelve nitrogen‐rich ligands, for example, 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, 1‐methyl‐5H‐tetrazole, di(5H‐tetrazolyl)‐methane/‐ethane/‐propane/‐butane. Nine of the complexes were investigated by low‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. In addition, all compounds were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for selected compounds. Furthermore, investigations of the materials were carried out regarding their sensitivity toward impact (IS), friction (FS), ball drop impact (BDIS) and electrostatic discharge (ESD). In addition, hot plate and hot needle tests were performed. Complex [Cu(AMT)4(H2O)](DN)2, based on 1‐amino‐5‐methyltetrazole (AMT), is most outstanding for its detonative behavior and thus also capable of initiating PETN in classical initiation experiments. Laser ignition experiments at a wavelength of 915 nm were performed for all substances and solid‐state UV‐Vis spectra were recorded to apprehend the ignition mechanism.