bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘There is more flexibility to meet my needs’: Educational experiences of autistic young people in Mainstream and Alternative Education Provision
Authors: Goodall Craig
Published: March 2019

Through a qualitative rights informed study, using semi‐structured interviews and a range of participatory approaches, seven autistic teenage boys in Northern Ireland discuss their educational experiences in mainstream school and within an Alternative Education Provision (AEP). Their experiences and advice demonstrate that the relational aspects of education, the understanding and flexibility afforded in the AEP, within a less socially intense, more predictable and less overwhelming environment and with other young people who had ‘similar’ educational experiences, better supported their needs. In short, for most of them, an accessible education and the feeling of inclusion was found within the AEP as opposed to the mainstream school they attended previously.
Autism interventions for youth: restorative farm therapy in Singapore
Authors: Zhang Kaili C. , Choo Andrew
Published: March 2019

To describe the current status of autism interventions for youth in Singapore, this article highlights the country's overall structure of special education and other services for individuals with autism. The unique features of the restorative farm therapy programme, a comprehensive approach which has been used to enhance the wellbeing of youth with autism is highlighted. Challenges to enhance the quality of interventions and future possibilities in Singapore are also discussed.
Debt Incentives and Bank Risk‐Taking
Authors: Chu Yongqiang , Qiu Mingming
Published: March 2019

We examine how executive pension and deferred compensation plans affect bank risk‐taking. We show that banks with more inside debt incentives are 5–6% less likely to approve risky mortgages. Using state individual tax rates as instruments, we show that the effect is likely to be causal. Further evidence shows that the effect comes mainly from executive pension plans. This result is robust and statistically significant after controlling for other potential reasons affecting mortgage origination and various fixed effects.
Effects of variants of 50 genes on diabetes risk among the Chinese population born in the early 1960s
Authors: Song Chao , Wang Meng , Fang Hongyun , Gong Weiyan , Mao Deqian , Ding Caicui , Fu Qiqi , Feng Ganyu , Chen Zheng , Ma Yanning , Yao Yecheng , Liu Ailing
Published: March 2019

Background

Genome‐wide association studies have identified loci that significantly increase diabetes risk. This study explored the genetic susceptibility in relation to diabetes risk in adulthood among a Chinese population born in the early 1960s.

Methods

In all, 2129 subjects (833 males, 1296 females) were selected from the cross‐sectional 2010 to 2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Fifty diabetes‐related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Two diabetes genetic risk scores (GRSs) based on the 50 diabetes‐predisposing variants were developed to examine the association of these SNPs with diabetes risk.

Results

Associations were found between diabetes risk and SNPs in the MTNR1B (rs10830963), KLHDC5 (rs10842994), GRK5 (rs10886471), cyclindependentkinase 5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1 (rs10946398), adaptorrelated protein complex 3 subunit sigma 2 (rs2028299), diacylglycerol kinase beta/transmembrane protein 195 (rs2191349), SREBF chaperone (rs4858889), ankyrin1 (rs516946), RAS guanyl releasing protein 1 (rs7403531), and zinc finger AN1‐type containing 3 (rs9470794) genes. As a continuous variable, with a 1‐point increase in the GRS or weighted (w) GRS, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) increased 0.045 and 0.044 mM, respectively (P < 0.001 for both), after adjusting for confounders. Both GRS and wGRS showed an association with diabetes, with a multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.09 (1.00‐1.19) and 1.12 (1.03‐1.22), respectively, among all subjects. No significant associations were found between the GRS or wGRS and impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance.

Conclusions

The data suggest the association of 10 SNPs and the GRS or wGRS with diabetes risk. Genetic susceptibility to diabetes may synergistically affect the risk of diabetes in adulthood.
Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill children: Protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Jensen Martine Marker , Marker Søren , Do Hien Quoc , Perner Anders , Møller Morten Hylander
Published: March 2019

Background

Stress ulcer prophylaxis is the considered standard of care in many critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Whether there is overall benefit or harm of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill children is unknown. Accordingly, we aim to assess patient‐important benefits and harms of stress ulcer prophylaxis versus placebo or no treatment in critically ill children in the ICU.

Methods/design

We will conduct a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis and assess the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine‐2‐receptor antagonists (H2RAs) versus placebo or no prophylaxis. We will systematically search the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, BIOSIS, and Epistemonikos for relevant literature. We will follow the recommendations by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The risk of systematic errors (bias) and random errors will be assessed, and the overall quality of evidence will be evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Discussion

There is a need for an updated systematic review to summarize the benefits and harms of stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill children to inform practice and future research.
Restrictive vs liberal oxygen for trauma patients‐the TRAUMOX1 pilot randomised clinical trial
Authors: Baekgaard Josefine S. , Isbye Dan , Ottosen Camilla Ikast , Larsen Mo Haslund , Andersen Jakob Hessel , Rasmussen Lars S. , Steinmetz Jacob
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Hyperoxaemia is commonly observed in trauma patients but has been associated with pulmonary complications and mortality in some patient populations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether maintenance of normoxia is feasible using a restrictive oxygen strategy in the initial phase after trauma and to evaluate the incidence of 30‐day mortality and/or major pulmonary complications.

Methods

Forty‐one adult trauma patients admitted to our trauma centre were randomised to 24 hours of restrictive oxygen therapy (no supplemental oxygen if the arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2) was at least 94%, n = 21) or liberal oxygen therapy (intubated patients: FiO2 1.0 in the trauma bay, 0.8‐1.0 elsewhere; spontaneously breathing patients: 15 L/min via a non‐rebreather mask, n = 20). Two blinded anaesthesiologists evaluated major in‐hospital pulmonary complications within 30 days.

Results

Protocol compliance was high, as the median arterial oxygen tension was significantly lower in the restrictive group (10.8 kPa [9.7‐12.0] vs 30.4 kPa [23.7‐39.0], P < 0.0001). There were seven episodes of SpO2 below 90% in the restrictive group and one episode in the liberal group. Thirty‐day mortality and/or major in‐hospital pulmonary complications occurred in 4/20 (20%) in the restrictive group and in 6/18 (33%) in the liberal group: two patients in each group died within 30 days and the incidence of major in‐hospital pulmonary complications was 2/20 (10%) in the restrictive group and 4/18 (22%) in the liberal group.

Conclusion

Maintenance of normoxia using a restrictive oxygen strategy following trauma is feasible. This pilot study serves as the basis for a larger clinical trial.
SLC1A5 glutamine transporter is a target of MYC and mediates reduced mTORC1 signaling and increased fatty acid oxidation in long‐lived Myc hypomorphic mice
Authors: Zhao Xiaoai , Petrashen Anna P. , Sanders Jennifer A. , Peterson Abigail L. , Sedivy John M.
Published: March 2019

Mice that express reduced levels of the c‐Myc gene (Myc+/− heterozygotes) are long‐lived. Myc hypomorphic mice display reduced rates of protein translation and decreased activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1). Given the prominent effect of mTOR on aging, lower mTORC1 activity could contribute to the exceptional longevity and enhanced healthspan of Myc+/− animals. However, given the downstream position of MYC in these signaling cascades, the mechanism through which mTORC1 activity is downregulated in Myc+/− mice is not understood. We report that the high‐affinity glutamine transporter SLC1A5, which is critical for activation of mTORC1 activity by amino acids, is a transcriptional target of MYC. Myc+/− cells display decreased Slc1a5 gene expression that leads to lower glutamine uptake and consequently reduced mTORC1 activity. Decreased mTORC1 activity in turn mediates an elevation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) by indirectly upregulating the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a) that mediates the rate‐limiting step of β‐oxidation. Increased FAO has been noted in a number of long‐lived mouse models. Taken together, our results show that transcriptional feedback loops regulated by MYC modulate upstream signaling pathways such as mTOR and impact FAO on an organismal level.
RETRACTED: 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D exerts an antiaging role by activation of Nrf2‐antioxidant signaling and inactivation of p16/p53‐senescence signaling
Authors: Chen Lulu , Yang Renlei , Qiao Wanxin , Zhang Wei , Chen Jie , Mao Li , Goltzman David , Miao Dengshun
Published: March 2019

We tested the hypothesis that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3[1α,25(OH)2D3] has antiaging effects via upregulating nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreasing DNA damage, reducing p16/Rb and p53/p21 signaling, increasing cell proliferation, and reducing cellular senescence and the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3‐deficient [1α(OH)ase−/−] mice survived on average for only 3 months. Increased tissue oxidative stress and DNA damage, downregulated Bmi1 and upregulated p16, p53 and p21 expression levels, reduced cell proliferation, and induced cell senescence and the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) were observed. Supplementation of 1α(OH)ase−/− mice with dietary calcium and phosphate, which normalized serum calcium and phosphorus, prolonged their average lifespan to more than 8 months with reduced oxidative stress and cellular senescence and SASP. However, supplementation with exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 or with combined calcium/phosphate and the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine prolonged their average lifespan to more than 16 months and nearly 14 months, respectively, largely rescuing the aging phenotypes. We demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3exerted an antioxidant role by transcriptional regulation of Nrf2 via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Homozygous ablation of p16 or heterozygous ablation of p53 prolonged the average lifespan of 1α(OH)ase−/− mice on the normal diet from 3 to 6 months by enhancing cell proliferative ability and reducing cell senescence or apoptosis. This study suggests that 1,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in delaying aging by upregulating Nrf2, inhibiting oxidative stress and DNA damage，inactivating p53‐p21 and p16‐Rb signaling pathways, and inhibiting cell senescence and SASP.
Hepatic Inactivation of the Type 2 Deiodinase Confers Resistance to Alcoholic Liver Steatosis
Authors: Fonseca Tatiana L. , Fernandes Gustavo W. , Bocco Barbara M. L. C. , Keshavarzian Ali , Jakate Shriram , Donohue Terrence M. , Gereben Balázs , Bianco Antonio C.
Published: March 2019

Background

A mouse with hepatocyte‐specific deiodinase type II inactivation (Alb‐D2KO) is resistant to diet‐induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridemia due to perinatal epigenetic modifications in the liver. This phenotype is linked to low levels of Zfp125, a hepatic transcriptional repressor that promotes liver steatosis by inhibiting genes involved in packaging and secretion of very‐low‐density lipoprotein.

Methods

Here, we used chronic and binge ethanol (EtOH) in mice to cause liver steatosis.

Results

The EtOH treatment causes a 2.3‐fold increase in hepatic triglyceride content; Zfp125 levels were approximately 50% higher in these animals. In contrast, Alb‐D2KO mice did not develop EtOH‐induced liver steatosis. They also failed to elevate Zfp125 to the same levels, despite being on the EtOH‐containing diet for the same period of time. Their phenotype was associated with 1.3‐ to 2.9‐fold up‐regulation of hepatic genes involved in lipid transport and export that are normally repressed by Zfp125, that is, Mttp, Abca1, Ldlr, Apoc1, Apoc3, Apoe, Apoh, and Azgp1. Furthermore, genes involved in the EtOH metabolic pathway, that is, Aldh2 and Acss2, were also 1.6‐ to 3.1‐fold up‐regulated in Alb‐D2KO EtOH mice compared with control animals kept on EtOH.

Conclusions

EtOH consumption elevates expression of Zfp125. Alb‐D2KO animals, which have lower levels of Zfp125, are much less susceptible to EtOH‐induced liver steatosis.
HIV Infection, HCV Coinfection, and Alcohol Use: Associations with Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation
Authors: Monnig Mollie A. , Cohen Ronald , Ramratnam Bharat , McAdams Mikayla , Tashima Karen , Monti Peter M.
Published: March 2019

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and heavy drinking independently promote microbial translocation and inflammation. However, it is not known how alcohol use may affect these processes in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study tested the hypothesis that alcohol exacerbates innate immune dysfunction in PLWH.

Methods

Participants were 75 PLWH and 34 uninfected controls. Groups were recruited to have similar proportions of nondrinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers. Substance use data and plasma samples were collected at up to 3 visits over a 5‐year study period. Recent alcohol use was assessed with the Timeline Followback Interview. Biomarkers of microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and immune activation (lipopolysaccharide binding protein, LBP; soluble CD14, sCD14; soluble CD163, sCD163) were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Analyses tested 2 hypotheses: (i) that biomarker levels would be significantly higher in PLWH than controls with comparable alcohol use and (ii) that current alcohol use would exacerbate biomarker elevations in PLWH. The second analysis included the interaction of alcohol use with hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection.

Results

Groups were matched on alcohol use, smoking, and other drug use. All biomarkers were significantly higher in PLWH relative to controls (LBP: p = 0.005; LPS: p = 0.014; sCD14: p < 0.001; sCD163: p < 0.001). In PLWH, alcohol use showed a significant, positive association with sCD163, but not with other biomarkers. However, the interaction of alcohol use with HCV coinfection was significant for all biomarkers (LBP: p = 0.002; LPS: p = 0.026; sCD14: p = 0.0004; sCD163: p = 0.001). In pairwise tests with sequential Bonferroni correction, HIV/HCV coinfected individuals who drank heavily had significantly higher sCD163 compared to coinfected nondrinkers and to HIV monoinfected nondrinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers (ps < 0.005). Coinfected moderate drinkers had significantly higher sCD163 than each monoinfected group (ps < 0.003). In addition, sCD14 was significantly higher in coinfected moderate drinkers than coinfected nondrinkers (p = 0.027).

Conclusions

As predicted, PLWH had higher levels of LBP, LPS, sCD14, and sCD163 than uninfected individuals with similar alcohol use. In PLWH, alcohol by itself was significantly associated only with higher sCD163. However, heavy or moderate alcohol use was associated with elevations in macrophage activation (sCD163) and monocyte activation (sCD14) in HIV/HCV coinfected individuals.
Effectiveness of different activated irrigation techniques on debris and smear layer removal from curved root canals: a SEM evaluation
Authors: Haupt Franziska , Meinel Michael , Gunawardana Asanka , Hülsmann Michael
Published: March 2019

This study evaluates the effectiveness of different activated irrigation techniques on removal of debris and smear layer from curved root canals. Ninety mandibular molars with a root canal curvature between 20 and 40 degrees were assigned to 4 groups (n = 20): syringe irrigation (SI), passive ultrasonic activation (PUI), sonic activation with EDDY (ED) or EndoActivator (EA) and a control group. Mesiobuccal root canals were prepared to size 40, 0.04 and irrigated with NaOCl (3%) according to the respective technique. Roots were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscopic analysis. Presence of debris and smear layer was evaluated using 5‐grade scoring systems with 200× and 1000× magnification, respectively. Data were analysed with nonparametric analysis for ordinal longitudinal data (α = 5%). Activation of the irrigant significantly improved smear layer removal (P < 0.05). Regarding debris, only activation with EA and ED was significantly more effective than SI (P < 0.05). No activation technique was able to eliminate debris and smear layer completely from curved root canals.
Modelling the distribution of a potential invasive tropical fern, Cyclosorus afer in Nigeria
Authors: Akomolafe Gbenga Festus , Rahmad Zakaria Bin
Published: March 2019

In this study, we predicted the distribution of Cyclosorus afer in Nigeria using the Maximum Entropy (Maxent) technique. We used 95 occurrence points in one State to extrapolate its spread in other States in Nigeria. Three sites of sizes 500 × 500 m2 separated by minimum distance of 1,000 m2 were sampled in the study area. Seven bioclimatic and elevation variables were selected for the model. Maxent model was run using standard settings with 70% of the occurrence data as training and remaining 30% as test data. The result showed that Maxent performed better than random prediction due to the area under curve for receiver operating characteristics of training (0.990) and test data (0.987) closer to 1. The sensitivity of the Maxent model for occurrence data of C. afer was found to be 100%. The model predicted higher probability of occurrence covering an area of 26019.11 km2 in 4 States of Nigeria. Jackknife evaluation of the model revealed that the environmental predictors of C. afer in Nigeria are annual mean temperature, mean temperature of driest quarter, precipitation seasonality, Precipitation of driest quarter and precipitation of coldest quarter. These variables all showed higher gain and contributions to the model.
EFFICACY OF DOUBLE VERSUS SINGLE GLOVING IN PROTECTING THE OPERATING TEAM
Authors: GANI J. S. , ANSELINE P. F. , BISSETT R. L.
Published: March 2019

Double‐glove perforation rates and perforation rales in standard single‐gloved operating teams were compared, in order to determine whether double gloving provides additional protection for the operating team. Patients were randomized to undergo surgery with a double‐gloved or single‐gloved operating team. All gloves worn during the operation were tested for perforations by water‐filling and individual digital distension; 115 single‐gloved operations and 103 double‐gloved operations were performed. There were 841 individual operating team members ‘at risk’. In the single‐glove group. 20.8% of individuals had perforations, but only 2.5% had perforations in both inner and outer gloves (dual perforation) in the double‐glove group (P < 0.0001). The surgeon was most at risk of glove perforation (34.7% of cases in the single‐glove group, 3.8% dual perforation in the double‐glove group). Longer operations were associated with increased risk of glove perforation. Double‐gloving significantly reduces the risk of skin contamination by blood and body fluids and is recommended for all high risk cases.
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS FOR THE PREVENTION OF LATE INFECTIONS OF PROSTHETIC JOINTS
Authors: BELL SYDNEY M. , GATUS BARRIE J. , SHEPHERD BRUCE D.
Published: March 2019

Late infection of prosthetic joints as a result of the haematogenous spread of an organism from a remote site with the seeding of that organism on the bone‐implanted prosthesis interface is a well‐documented but rare complication of prosthetic joint surgery. However, the use of antiobiotic prophylaxis is such cases is controversial. The details of 67 previously reported cases of late infection have been reviewed in conjunction with the details of a series of 43 patients, and observations and recommendations regarding antibiotic prophylaxis are made upon the basis of these accumulated data.
PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST POSTSPLENECTOMY PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: SIDDINS M. , DOWNIE J. , WISE K. , O'REILLY M.
Published: March 2019

An excess risk of overwhelming sepsis following splenectomy is well established. In view of this, surgical responsibility must embrace the administration of pneumococcal prophylaxis. Current recommendations vary, but routine pneumococcal vaccination, together with penicillin prophylaxis in selected patients, is advocated widely. This retrospective review of 75 patients undergoing splenectomy was undertaken in order to evaluate the extent to which current practice complies with these recommendations.

Among surviving patients, the incidence of vaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine (PPV) was found to vary according to operative indication. All haematological patients received pre‐operative PPV. Two‐thirds of multitrauma patients were vaccinated, while 42% of patients who required splenectomy following accidental intra‐operative trauma received PPV. Only 11% of patients who underwent incidental splenectomy were vaccinated. Long‐term antibiotic prophylaxis was commenced in 33% of surviving patients under 20 years of age. and in 8% with underlying malignancy.

These results highlight a need for greater vigilance in the administration of pneumococcal prophylaxis, particularly following accidental or incidental splenectomy.
VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: BELL ROGER , SHEIL A. G. ROSS , THOMPSON JOHN F. , STEPHEN MICHAEL S. , EYERS ANTHONY A. , SHUN ALBERT , WAUGH RICHARD C.
Published: March 2019

During the first 3 years of the Australian National Liver Transplantation Programme, 51 liver grafts were performed in 46 patients. There were 11 major vascular complications encountered following 10 liver transplants in eight (17%) patients. They caused death in three patients and the need or retransplantation in two others. Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) occurred five (10%) times, producing a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from death to an asymptomatic event. Other vascular complications included hepatic artery stenosis not complicated by thrombosis (two), primary (one) and secondary (one) haemorrhage, thrombosis of a mesoportal venous graft (one) and inferior vena caval stenosis (one). Vascular complications are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following liver transplantation. Predisposing and precipitating factors should be recognized and minimized.
INTRA‐ABDOMINAL PRESSURE AND RENAL FUNCTION AFTER SURGERY TO THE ABDOMINAL AORTA
Authors: PLATELL C. F. E. , HALL J. , CLARKE G. , LAWRENCE-BROWN M.
Published: March 2019

It has been suggested that an elevated intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) can impair renal function. In a prospective longitudinal study, the IAP of 42 patients admitted to an intensive care unit after abdominal aortic surgery was monitored. When compared with the other patients, the 22 patients (53%) who developed renal impairment had higher IAP (17.8 ± 6.0 mmHg versus 14.1 ± 4.8 mmHg: P < 0.01) and APACHE II scores (15.6 ± 6.0 versus 9.8 ± 4.6; P < 0.01). Each of the 10 patients who were re‐explored because of haemodynamic instability and oliguria had an IAP of > 18 mmHg (positive predictive value = 85%, negative predictive value = 62%). Following re‐exploration, the urinary output increased by 115 ± 40 mL/h (P < 0.01), and the IAP decreased by 10 ± 3 mmHg (P < 0.01). Although it is concluded that an IAP > 18 mmHg is a significant risk factor for the development of impaired renal function, it was not possible to prove a causal relationship between these events. Nevertheless, such a relationship has been demonstrated in animal and human models.
AIDS AND SALMONELLA‐INFECTED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
Authors: MESTRES C. A. , NINOT S. , DE LACY A. M. , CASTEL M. T. , IRANZO P. , AZON A. , PERA M. , MULET J.
Published: March 2019

The case of a bisexual male patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and an infected abdominal aortic aneurysm requiring surgery is presented. Attention is drawn to the fact that an unpredictable number of operations will be needed in AIDS patients in the next future.
LEIOMYOMATOSIS PERITONEALES DISSEMINATA
Authors: LAU W. Y. , LEUNG M. L. , CHOW C. H. , LI A. K. C.
Published: March 2019

A 49 year old woman presented with leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) which is a benign and very rare disease entity. This patient is particularly interesting because she presented with many atypical features. She is the second Oriental case reported, and the follow‐up period was long. The disease was symptomatic and progressive despite bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy, hysterectomy and repeated excision of all the recurrent nodules. She had documented recurrences of LPD in three episodes at 4 years apart. There was no obvious systemic hormonal abnormality including pregnancy or oestrinizing granulosa tumour, and she had never taken any contraceptive drugs. The importance of differentiation of this condition from generalized metastatic intra‐abdominal malignancy is discussed as LPD has a very good prognosis.
Gender and Leadership Aspiration: Supervisor Gender, Support, and Job Control
Authors: Fritz Claudia , van Knippenberg Daan
Published: March 2019

Understanding the role of leadership aspiration in the under‐representation of female leaders is important, because aspiration is a key predictor of hierarchical advancement. A neglected perspective in the relationship between gender and leadership aspiration is the gender of the individual's supervisor. Supervisors can play an important role in providing support and in engendering a sense of control, and both support and control are precursors to leadership aspiration. Yet, supervisors may also act on gender biases that discourage women's leadership aspiration. We argue that there is an interaction between supervisor and subordinate gender such that men experience relatively high levels of support and control regardless of supervisor gender, whereas women experience more support and control and as a result display higher leadership aspiration with a female supervisor. A survey of N = 402 men and women supported these hypotheses regarding the subordinate gender by supervisor gender interactive influence on leadership aspiration, support, control, and the mediated moderation model.
Diabetes mellitus comorbidity in patients enrolled in tuberculosis drug efficacy trials around the world: A systematic review
Authors: Lutfiana Nurul Cholifah , van Boven Job F.M. , Masoom Zubair Muhammad Asim , Pena Michelle J. , Alffenaar Jan‐Willem C.
Published: March 2019

Aims

With a prevalence of 16%, diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most frequent non‐communicable comorbidities of tuberculosis (TB). DM is a major risk factor for adverse TB outcomes and may require personalized TB drug dosing regimens. However, information on the inclusion of DM in TB drug trials is lacking. We aimed to assess the percentage of recent TB drug efficacy trials that included DM patients.

Methods

A systematic review was performed and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Science Direct, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched for TB drug trials published between 1 January 2012 and 12 September 2017. Primary outcome was the percentage of TB drug trials performed around the world that included DM patients.

Results

Out of the included 41 TB drug trials, 12 (29.3%) reported DM comorbidity among the study participants. Nine trials (21.9%) excluded all patients with DM comorbidity, ten (24.4%) excluded only insulin‐dependent or uncontrolled DM, and 10 (24.4%) did not mention whether DM was included or excluded. Of the 12 trials that included DM comorbidity, the majority did not report the diagnostic criteria for DM and none reported outcomes in the DM subpopulation. Inclusion of DM was higher in drug‐resistant‐TB trials (67%, P = .003, vs drug‐susceptible) and trials performed in Asia (60%, P = .006, vs Africa).

Conclusions

Fewer than 1/3 recent TB drug trials reported the inclusion of DM. To better reflect real‐world DM prevalence and differential TB drug effectiveness, inclusion of DM patients requires increased attention for future TB drug trials.
Ethics in educational technology research: Informing participants on data sharing risks
Authors: Beardsley Marc , Santos Patricia , Hernández‐Leo Davinia , Michos Konstantinos
Published: March 2019

Participants in educational technology research regularly share personal data which carries with it risks. Informing participants of these data sharing risks is often only done so through text contained within a consent form. However, conceptualizations of data sharing risks and knowledge of responsible data management practices among teachers and learners may be impoverished—limiting the effectiveness of a consent form in communicating such risks in a manner that adequately supports participants in making informed decisions about sharing their data. At two high schools participating in an educational research project involving the use of technology in the classroom, we investigate teacher and student conceptions of data sharing risks and knowledge of responsible data management practices; and introduce a communication approach that attempts to better inform educational technology research participants of such risks. Results of this study suggest that most teachers have not received formal training related to responsibly managing data; and both teachers and students see the need for such training as they come to realize that their understanding of responsible data management is underdeveloped. Thus, efforts beyond solely explaining data sharing risks in an informed consent form may be needed in educational technology research to facilitate ethical self‐determination.
Parental longevity and survival among patients with multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a population‐based study
Authors: Sverrisdóttir Ingigerður S. , Lund Sigrún H. , Turesson Ingemar , Björkholm Magnus , Goldin Lynn R. , Landgren Ola , Kristinsson Sigurður Y.
Published: March 2019

Parental longevity is associated with an increased life expectancy; results with regard to specific diseases are conflicting. There are limited data focusing on host characteristics and their effect on survival among multiple myeloma (MM) patients and individuals with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the impact of parental longevity on survival of patients with MM and MGUS. A total of 4675 patients with MM, 6812 MGUS patients and 13 398 population‐based controls for MM as well as 19 110 controls for MGUS, from 1988 to 2013, were included in the study. Longevity was defined as >90 years of age. Among MM patients, parental longevity was associated with a decreased risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) = 0·92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·84–0·99] and the same was true for MGUS patients (HR = 0·87, 95% CI 0·78–0·96). Having one long lived parent significantly decreased the risk of death in both groups, but was not statistically significant when both parents exceeded 90 years of age. In conclusion, parental longevity decreases the risk of death for patients with MM and MGUS which may reflect the importance of the host's genetic and environmental factors in relation to survival.
We need to talk about super‐recognizers Invited commentary on: Ramon, M., Bobak, A. K., & White, D. Super‐recognizers: From the lab to the world and back again. British Journal of Psychology.
Authors: Young Andrew W. , Noyes Eilidh
Published: March 2019

Whilst we agree with much of what Ramon et al. (2019, British Journal of Psychology) say, we emphasize the additional importance of taking into account the often‐neglected psychometric properties of existing and future techniques.
Surgery for high‐risk locally advanced (pT3c) renal tumours: oncological outcomes and prognostic significance of a modified International Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Database Consortium (IMDC) score
Authors: Warren Hannah , Fernando Archana , Thomas Kay , Austin Conal , Chowdhury Simon , O'Brien Tim
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To evaluate contemporary oncological outcomes and long‐term survival in patients undergoing surgery for urological tumours involving the peridiaphragmatic inferior vena cava up to the level of the right atrium. To apply prognostic factors developed for metastatic renal cancer to patients with very‐high‐risk but apparently localized tumours, and develop a scoring system.

Patients and Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 54 patients referred between December 2007 and April 2018 to a single surgical and oncological team was conducted. Electronic patient records were used to obtain peri‐operative data and oncological follow‐up. For operated patients lost to follow‐up, survival data were obtained from primary care physicians. We used Kaplan–Meier curves to estimate overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival. For the subgroup undergoing curative surgery (n = 32) the prognostic value of a renal cancer score developed at Guy's Hospital using five of the six criteria in the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium prognostic model (one point for each of anaemia, neutrophilia, thrombophilia, hypercalcaemia and Karnofsky performance status <80), in order to be relevant for M0 disease, was assessed using the log‐rank test.

Results

The median (interquartile range [IQR]) OS of the whole cohort was 29 (11–57) months. The median (IQR) survival of the curative subgroup (n = 32) was 32 (16–57) months, vs 11 (4–upper limit not reached) months for the cytoreductive subgroup (n = 13; P = 0.14). The median (IQR) follow‐up time was 14 (1–65) months for patients alive at analysis. Disease‐free survival in the curative subgroup was 10 (6–30) months. The median (IQR) OS by risk category for curative cases, as defined by the Guy's renal cancer score, was not reached in the favourable risk group (score = 0 points) because there were no patient deaths, 43 (30–61) months in the intermediate‐risk group (score = 1 point), and 18 months (11–32) months in the poor‐risk group (score ≥ 2 points; P = 0.005).

Conclusion

A median survival of 29 months appears to justify this type of surgery. A prognostic model, the Guy's renal cancer score, using five readily available clinical measures, appears promising in patients with very‐high‐risk locally advanced tumours.
Serum deprivation‐response protein regulates aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 through integrin‐linked kinase signaling in endometrioid carcinoma cells
Authors: Tahara Shinichiro , Nojima Satoshi , Ohshima Kenji , Hori Yumiko , Kurashige Masako , Wada Naoki , Motoyama Yuichi , Okuzaki Daisuke , Ikeda Jun‐ichiro , Morii Eiichi
Published: March 2019

Endometrioid carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common malignancies of the female genital system. We reported previously that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), a predominant isoform of the ALDH family in mammals and a potential marker of normal and malignant stem cells, is related to the tumorigenic potential of EC. We compared the levels of various proteins in human EC cells with high and low ALDH1 expression using shotgun proteomics and found that serum deprivation‐response protein (SDPR) was preferentially expressed in cells with high ALDH1 expression. Also known as cavin‐2, SDPR is a member of the cavin protein family, which is required for the formation of caveolae. Using SDPR‐knockout EC cells generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we revealed that SDPR was correlated with invasion, migration, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, and colony formation, as well as the expression of ALDH1. RNA sequencing showed that integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) signaling is involved in the effect of SDPR on ALDH1. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the localization of ILK at the cell cortex was disrupted by SDPR knockout, potentially interfering with ILK signaling. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples showed that SDPR is related to histological characteristics associated with invasiveness, such as poor differentiation, lymphatic invasion, and the microcystic, elongated, and fragmented histopathological pattern. This is, to our knowledge, the first report that SDPR is related to tumor progression.
Carotenoids, fatty acids and disease burden in obese minority adolescents with asthma
Authors: Tobias Toni A. M. , Wood Lisa G. , Rastogi Deepa
Published: March 2019

Background

Paediatric obesity‐related asthma causes high disease burden, is associated with metabolic abnormalities, has few therapeutic options, and disproportionately affects urban minority children. Although poor diet quality is linked to asthma, the association of nutritional status with disease burden among children with obesity‐related asthma is not well understood.

Objective

To quantify nutritional status, defined as concentrations of serum carotenoids and n‐3 fatty acids, and its association with pulmonary function and metabolic markers among obese asthmatic children.

Methods

We quantified serum carotenoids and fatty acids in a study cohort of 158 urban minority adolescents including 39 obese asthmatics, 39 healthy weight asthmatics, 38 obese controls and 42 healthy weight controls and compared between the groups. We correlated carotenoid and fatty acid levels with pulmonary function indices and with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.

Results

Mean total carotenoids were lowest in obese asthmatic children (0.41 μg/mL), lower than healthy weight asthmatics (0.52 μg/mL,P < 0.05) and healthy weight controls (0.60 μg/mL,P < 0.001). n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio also differed between the groups (P < 0.05). Total carotenoids positively correlated with per cent‐predicted FEV1and inversely correlated with insulin resistance among obese asthmatics only. n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio inversely correlated with per cent‐predicted FEV1in obese asthmatics.

Conclusions & Clinical Relevance

Our findings suggest that carotenoids, which are lowest in obese asthmatic children, may have protective effects on metabolic health and pulmonary function among obese asthmatic children. Similarly, n‐3 PUFA appear to be protective for pulmonary function.
5‐2‐1‐0 Lifestyle risk factors predict obesity in Millennials
Authors: Kerrigan Dennis J. , Rukstalis Margaret R. , Ehrman Jonathan K. , Keteyian Steven J. , She Ruicong , Alexander Gwen L.
Published: March 2019

The Making Effective Nutritional Choices Generation Y (MENU GenY) study is a web‐based intervention trial aimed at improving food choices in those aged 21‐30 years. We report baseline levels of the 5‐2‐1‐0 healthy lifestyle patterns to predict a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 vs <30 kg m−2. Overall, 1674 young adults (69% female) from two large health systems enroled and completed an online survey asking questions about lifestyle habits. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was utilized to predict a BMI ≥30 while controlling for known predictors of obesity. Consuming >3 daily servings of fruits/vegetables (odds ratio, OR = 0.90, 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.81, 0.99), and reporting >2.5 hours/week of vigorous physical activity (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89‐0.96, P < 0.001) was associated with a BMI <30. Conversely, time sitting (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.11) and consuming sugar‐sweetened beverages (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.15) were related to a BMI ≥30. In this cohort of 20‐30‐year‐olds, we observed a consistent relationship between obesity and the 5‐2‐1‐0 healthy lifestyle patterns previously reported among children and adolescents.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided choledochoduodenostomy and hepaticogastrostomy for malignant distal biliary obstruction: Multicenter, randomized, clinical trial
Authors: Minaga Kosuke , Ogura Takeshi , Shiomi Hideyuki , Imai Hajime , Hoki Noriyuki , Takenaka Mamoru , Nishikiori Hidefumi , Yamashita Yukitaka , Hisa Takeshi , Kato Hironari , Kamada Hideki , Okuda Atsushi , Sagami Ryota , Hashimoto Hiroaki , Higuchi Kazuhide , Chiba Yasutaka , Kudo Masatoshi , Kitano Masayuki
Published: March 2019

Background and Aim

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided biliary drainage (EUS‐BD) can be carried out by two different approaches: choledochoduodenostomy (CDS) and hepaticogastrostomy (HGS). We compared the efficacy and safety of these approaches in malignant distal biliary obstruction (MDBO) patients using a prospective, randomized clinical trial.

Methods

Patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were randomly selected for either CDS or HGS. The procedures were carried out at nine tertiary centers from September 2013 to March 2016. Primary endpoint was technical success rate, and the noninferiority of HGS to CDS was examined with a one‐sided significance level of 5%, where the noninferiority margin was set at 15%. Secondary endpoints were clinical success, adverse events (AE), stent patency, survival time, and overall technical success including alternative EUS‐BD procedures.

Results

Forty‐seven patients (HGS, 24; CDS, 23) were enrolled. Technical success rates were 87.5% and 82.6% in the HGS and CDS groups, respectively, where the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval of the risk difference was −12.2% (P = 0.0278). Clinical success rates were 100% and 94.7% in the HGS and CDS groups, respectively (P = 0.475). Overall AE rate, stent patency, and survival time did not differ between the groups. Overall technical success rates were 100% and 95.7% in the HGS and CDS groups, respectively (P = 0.983).

Conclusions

This study suggests that HGS is not inferior to CDS in terms of technical success. When one procedure is particularly challenging, readily switching to the other could increase technical success.
Complexity of gait in a child with spasticity
Authors: Chambers Hank G
Published: March 2019

This commentary is on the original article by van Campenhout et al. on
pages 1196‐1201 of this issue.
Political connections and corporate performance: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Abubakr , Belghitar Yacine , Clark Ephraim
Published: March 2019

This study seeks to understand how political connections affect firm performance. Using a hand‐collected dataset of Pakistani firms from 2008–2014, our firm fixed effects and Heckman two‐stage regression results show that connected firms outperform those without political ties. Moreover, we show channels through which political benefits are realized in terms of greater access to debt, lower financing costs and lower tax rates. These benefits are found to be particularly large when firms are connected to politicians who held political positions most recently and firms connected through their owners. Finally, we do not find evidence for differences in political favours across regulated and unregulated industries.
Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Zhou Ben‐Gang , Yang Huai‐Jie , Xu Wei , Wang Kai , Guo Peng , Ai Yao‐Wei
Published: March 2019

Background

The association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been shown in many observational studies, but these conclusions remain controversial. Hence, we performed a meta‐analysis to elucidate the association.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted on relevant studies published from inception to December 31, 2018, in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were pooled by random‐effect model, generic inverse variance method. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also done. Publication bias was estimated by the funnel plot, Begg's test, and Egger's test.

Results

Fifteen studies (eleven cross‐sectional, two case‐control, and two cohort studies) were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled OR of NAFLD in patients with H. pylori infection was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.11‐1.29, P < 0.00001) when compared with the patients without H. pylori infection. Similar results were observed when the subgroup analyses were stratified by different geographical locations, study designs, and confounders adjustment. In subgroup analysis stratified by different H. pylori testing methods, the correlation still exists when using UBT, serology, RUT, or SAT, but there was no statistically significant difference when using multiple detection methods (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 0.37‐23.94, P = 0.31). Sensitivity analyses showed that our results were robust. No evidence of substantial publication bias was detected.

Conclusions

Current evidence indicated that a positive association between H. pylori infection and the risk of NAFLD. Further prospective studies are warranted to strengthen the association and to clarify whether there is a causative link between them.
Effect of ZrO2 whiskers on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ti(C,N)‐based cermet cutting tool material
Authors: Fang Yihang , Zhao Xianrui , Zhang Mengxian , Zhang Ping , Cheng Hu , Xue Shuangxi , Zhang Li , Wu Jianbo , Feng Shangshen
Published: March 2019

ZrO2‐whisker‐reinforced Ti(C,N)‐based cermets were designed and prepared via a vacuum hot‐pressing process. The ZrO2 whisker characteristics and the phase, microstructure and mechanical properties of the cermets were investigated, and the relevant toughening mechanisms were examined. The results indicate that the ZrO2 whiskers retain their morphology and significantly improve the mechanical properties of the cermets. The relative density and hardness decreased slightly with increasing ZrO2 whisker content. At a whisker content of 7.5 wt.%, the fracture toughness and flexural strength reached their maximum values of 7.825 MPa·m1/2 and 1094 MPa, respectively. This enhancement in the mechanical properties is due to stronger bonding between the interfaces through dimples, tearing ridges and whisker pull‐out, in addition to the inhibition of crack propagation via crack deflection, crack branching and crack bridging.