bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion Behavior of Ammonium in Xanthan Gum Solutions
Authors: Brito E. , Torres L. , Galindo E.
Published: March 2005

Ammonium diffusivity in xanthan solutions drastically decreases as xanthan concentration increases. The DAP/DAW ratio was practically independent of pH and a weak function of the ionic strength. This diffusional behavior is a typical case of the diffusion of a small molecule in a non‐Newtonian macromolecular solution.
In Vitro Release Profiles of Eristostatin from Biodegradable Polymeric Microspheres: Protein Aggregation Problem
Authors: Lu Weiqi , Park Tae Gwan
Published: March 2005

Eristostatin, a low molecular weight polypeptide (MW 5725), was encapsulated within two biodegradable poly(lactic acid—glycolic acid) microspheres. In vitro release profiles from the microspheres exhibited fast initial release for up to several days, followed by very slow or no release. The later stage of the slow release was due to protein aggregation within the microspheres. A simple, noninvasive method to detect the protein aggregation within the microspheres has been developed: extraction of radiolabeled protein from the microspheres by a DC electric field into a polyacrylamide gel and subsequent exposure to a γ‐ray sensitive film. Direct application of the degrading microspheres onto the sample loading zone of sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS—PAGE) could successfully extract the monomelic and oligomeric proteins into the autoradiogram of a gel slab, while unextractable protein aggregates within the microspheres could be directly visualized in their loading position.
Specificity of a Lipase in Ester Synthesis: Effect of Alcohol
Authors: Gandhi Neena N. , Sawant Sudhirprakash B. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B.
Published: March 2005

Ester synthesis by the Mucor miehei lipase has been studied for various alcohol substrates: n‐propanol, n‐butanol, isoamyl alcohol, n‐hexanol, n‐octanol, 2‐ethylhex‐anol, n‐decanol, and lauryl alcohol. The effects of temperature, the nature of the acid, and immobilization of the lipase on its substrate specficity have been elucidated by carrying out esterifications at 29 and 50 °C with lauric and oleic acids and by using both the soluble and immobilized (resin‐adsorbed) forms of the lipase as catalysts. Higher synthesis rates were obtained with oleic acid than with lauric acid. A bimodal distribution pattern was observed for the reaction rate as a function of alcohol chain length. Two superimposed “bells” were obtained with maxima at C4 (butanol) and C10 (decanol) at 29 °C. Whereas immobilization of the lipase did not influence this substrate specificity, an increase in temperature to 50 °C caused a shift in the first peak from C4 to C6 (hexanol), while the second peak position was not affected. The minimum, in all cases, was found to be at C8 (octanol).
A Modified Growth Medium for Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Liu Wei ‐Ming , Bajpai Rakesh K.
Published: March 2005

A published medium for the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis was modified for use in high‐density fed‐batch fermentations. This medium was diagnosed to have a complex nutrient limitation in batch and continuous cultivations. By selective additions of different medium constituents to a chemostat culture, it was established that the limitations were alleviated only by the addition of yeast extract or corn steep liquor; neither the addition of any salt nor that of individual amino acids influenced the culture behavior. In shake flask cultures, a reduction in glucose concentration and addition of corn steep liquor made the medium carbon‐limited; enrichment with corn steep liquor alone showed dual limitations. These modified media resulted in higher cell densities and showed an increase in the amounts as well as the potency of insecticidal protoxins.
A Simple Way to (±)‐Dihydroactinidiolide from β‐Ionone Related to the Enzymic Co‐oxidation of β‐Carotene in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bosser Aurélie , Paplorey Etienne , Belin Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2005

In a previous paper (Bosser and Belin, 1994), it was shown that the co‐oxidation of β‐carotene (BC) by xanthine oxidase in aqueous solutions at 37 °C led to β‐ionone, epoxy‐5,6‐β‐ionone, and dihydroactinidiolide (DHA). We explain in this article the pathways between the ionone derivatives, and the respective places of each volatile compound in the enzymatic bleaching of BC are discussed. We also propose a simple synthetic way to DHA from commercially available β‐ionone.
Enzymatic Saccharification of Soybean Hull‐Based Materials
Authors: Enayati Nader , Parulekar Satish J.
Published: March 2005

The feasibility of biodegradability of materials made from soy hulls is investigated in this study. A mixture of enzymes responsible for degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch, principal constituents of agrowastes, is employed for degradation of soy hulls and soy hull‐based materials. The effects of key parameters, such as initial concentrations of different enzymes, reactor temperature, method and speed of agitation, size of samples to be degraded, pH, and processing temperature on degradation of the polysaccharides, are investigated. The ease of biodegradability of soy hulls and processed soy hulls is demonstrated by the very high extents of degradation achieved.
Silver in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Ranville Mara A. , Flegal A. Russell
Published: March 2005

The distribution of silver in the North Pacific, determined using a suite of surface and subsurface samples, was found to be controlled by both natural and anthropogenic processes. Within the water column, silver was distributed as a typical nutrient‐type element, as was previously observed in other oceanic waters. However, surface water concentrations of silver near Japan were the highest ever measured for the open ocean (up to 12 pM) and are considered evidence of anthropogenic contamination. Since prevailing wind flow during this study was westerly, this enrichment is attributed to aeolian fluxes of Asian industrial aerosols to North Pacific surface waters. Additional evidence of the impact atmospheric inputs of silver have on the North Pacific water column is shown by comparisons of intermediate depth waters analyzed during this study and during a study carried out 20 years previously that indicate temporal increases in industrial silver fluxes to these waters. Measurements from this study also confirm that silver is significantly correlated with dissolved silica, although the correlations are measurably different between the Atlantic and Pacific basins, and that the ratio of silver to copper is diagnostic of individual water masses in the Pacific and can be used as a geochemical tracer of ocean circulation. Overall, data obtained during this study enable a complete preliminary survey of silver in the World Ocean.
Determining the resolution of Laplace inversion spectrum
Authors: Song Yi-Qiao , Venkataramanan Lalitha , Burcaw Lauren
Published: March 2005

In experiments involving decaying signals, it is often desirable to analyze the data as a sum of exponential decays using the Laplace inversion method. However, Laplace inversion is an ill-conditioned problem, and it is difficult to ascertain the stability of the reconstruction method and resolution of the resulting spectrum. This paper provides an easily computed approximate bound of the resolution and offers guidelines on how to design experiments to improve the spectral resolution.
Dewetting of thin polystyrene films absorbed on epoxy coated substrates
Authors: Jeon H. S. , Dixit P. S. , Yim H.
Published: March 2005

Various characteristics of dewetting of thin polystyrene (PS) films absorbed on highly cross-linked epoxy-coated and silicon oxide covered substrates are studied as a function of PS film thickness (20<h<1300Å) by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray and neutron reflectivity. For a silicon oxide covered substrate, the nucleation of holes and growth (NG) mechanism is observed for h>hc1 whereas the spinodal dewetting (SD) occurs through the growth of surface undulations for hhc2 while the SD mechanism is observed for h<hc2, where hc2 is ∼6Rg. We demonstrate that the highly cross-linked epoxy-coated silicon substrate leads to retardation of the PS film dewetting in comparison to the silicon oxide covered silicon substrate. Moreover, we confirm that the epoxy-coated substrate leads to a significant decrease in the fraction of dewetted area at the apparent equilibrium stage of dewetting due to the anchoring effect of PS molecules caused from the cross-linked networks of the epoxy layer. In contrast the retardation effect of the epoxy-coated substrate on the rate of dewetting is more remarkable for relatively thinner PS films (h<∼800Å) than thicker films (∼800<h<1300Å) since the short-range intermolecular interactions are dominant for relatively thin PS films. Thus the highly cross-linked epoxy-coated substrate has a large influence on the kinetics, morphology, and mechanism of dewetting of thin PS films.
Voltage tuneable terahertz emission from a ballistic nanometer InGaAs∕InAlAs transistor
Authors: Lusakowski J. , Knap W. , Dyakonova N. , Varani L. , Mateos J. , Gonzalez T. , Roelens Y. , Bollaert S. , Cappy A. , Karpierz K.
Published: March 2005

Terahertz emission from InGaAs∕InAlAs lattice-matched high electron mobility transistors was observed. The emission appears in a threshold-like manner when the applied drain-to-source voltage UDS is larger than a threshold value UTH. The spectrum of the emitted signal consists of two maxima. The spectral position of the lower-frequency maximum (around 1 THz) is sensitive to UDS and UGS, while that of the higher frequency one (around 5 THz) is not. The lower-frequency maximum is interpreted as resulting from the Dyakonov–Shur instability of the gated two-dimensional electron fluid, while the higher frequency is supposed to result from current-driven plasma instability in the ungated part of the channel. The experimental results are confirmed by and discussed within Monte Carlo calculations of the high-frequency current noise spectra.
Observations of toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmodes in a reversed field pinch plasma
Authors: Regnoli G. , Bergsåker H. , Tennfors E. , Zonca F. , Martines E. , Serianni G. , Spolaore M. , Vianello N. , Cecconello M. , Antoni V. , Cavazzana R. , Malmberg J.-A.
Published: March 2005

High frequency peaks in the spectra of magnetic field signals have been detected at the edge of Extrap-T2R [P. R. Brunsell, H. Bergsåker, M. Cecconello, J. R. Drake, R. M. Gravestijn, A. Hedqvist, and J.-A. Malmberg, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 43, 1457 (2001)]. The measured fluctuation is found to be mainly polarized along the toroidal direction, with high toroidal periodicity n and Alfvénic scaling (f∝B∕mini). Calculations for a reversed field pinch plasma predict the existence of an edge resonant, high frequency, high-n number toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmode with the observed frequency scaling. In addition, gas puffing experiments show that edge density fluctuations are responsible for the rapid changes of mode frequency. Finally a coupling with the electron drift turbulence is proposed as drive mechanism for the eigenmode.
Axisymmetric convective states of pure and binary liquids enclosed in a vertical cylinder and boundary conditions’ influence thereupon
Authors: Millour E. , Labrosse G. , Tric E.
Published: March 2005

The high Rayleigh number (Ra) axisymmetric convection regimes of Pr=1 pure and (Le=0.1, Ψ=−0.2) binary liquids are numerically investigated and compared. The fluids are enclosed in a vertical cylinder of aspect ratio height∕radius=2 and heated from below, with either no-slip or free-slip kinematic lateral boundary conditions. Branches of solutions and transitions between states that occur as Ra is varied up to O(105) are given, along with a description of the encountered bifurcations. When a free-slip condition is imposed along the circumference of the cell, pure fluid and binary liquid stationary flows are found to become identical at high Ra, an often reported feature. When the lateral boundary condition is set to no-slip, the high Ra steady flows of pure and binary liquid, although very similar, undergo different bifurcations. This is related with a locally quasiquiescent region present in both cases, the stability of which controls the flow regime in the whole fluid layer. A branch of resulting oscillatory states thus does not appear in the bifurcation diagram of the binary liquid.
Direct evidence of internal Schottky barriers at NiSi2 precipitates in silicon by electron holography
Authors: Formanek Petr , Kittler Martin
Published: March 2005

Thin NiSi2 precipitates in n-type Si were analyzed by electron holography. A phase shift of the electron wave was observed around the precipitate and gives direct evidence about the existence of an internal Schottky barrier. The barrier at the interface between the precipitate and the Si matrix, doped with 4×1014cm−3 phosphorus, was estimated to yield about 90 mV. This value is about five times smaller than the dark barrier. The lowering of the barrier can be explained as a consequence of excess charge carriers generated by the incident electron beam.
Two-dimensional instability of flow in a rough channel
Authors: Floryan J. M.
Published: March 2005

Linear stability of a two-dimensional flow in a channel with distributed surface roughness is considered. The structure of the disturbance field is related to the structure of the roughness when the ratio of the respective wave numbers is rational; they are not related if this ratio is irrational. It is shown that the stability problem is not unique in the former case but unique in the latter. It is found that disturbances in the form of traveling waves are destabilized by the presence of the roughness. A very good approximation of the critical Reynolds numbers can be found using only the dominant Fourier mode to represent roughness geometry.
Impact of Coulomb interactions on the performance of a low energy focused ion beam system
Authors: Rauscher Michael , Plies Erich
Published: March 2005

The effects of Coulomb interactions on a low energy (3keV) ion beam system are analyzed numerically using the example of a realistic laboratory setup. Several possible operation modes for this model system are initially assessed on the basis of classical particle-optical calculations, i.e. based on the determination of aberration coefficients and corresponding aberration discs. The impact of interactions is then discussed using data from direct ray-tracing software. [Programs used for calculations: OPTICS and IMAGE packages by Munro’s Electron Beam Software (MEBS) Ltd., London.] The ion probe size is determined from the particle distribution in the plane of least confusion using a robust and objective method that allows direct comparison with aberration-optical results. It will be shown that the consideration of Coulomb interactions is essential to low energy ion-optical design. While some of the conclusions drawn from aberration-based analysis at least remain qualitatively valid, others are strongly misleading or even wrong.
Obtaining super resolution light spot using surface plasmon assisted sharp ridge nanoaperture
Authors: Jin Eric X. , Xu Xianfan
Published: March 2005

Finite difference time domain computations is used to study surface plasmon (SP) excitation around C- and H-shaped ridge nanoapertures made in silver film. The SP enhances optical transmission, in addition to the transmission mechanism of the waveguide propagation mode and Fabry-Pérot-like resonance. However, the near-field collimation of ridge aperture is found completely destroyed. On the other hand, using a bowtie-shaped aperture with sharp ridges made in silver, the loss of near-field collimation can be recovered. A super resolution optical spot with full width half magnitude as small as 12nm×16nm is achieved due to the resonant SP excitation localized at the tips of bowtie. Much higher field enhancement is also obtained compared to the bowtie aperture made in chromium.
Propagation loss measurements and Fabry–Pérot mode analysis using out-of-plane light scattering in photonic crystal waveguides
Authors: Lombardet B. , Ferrini R. , Dunbar L. A. , Houdré R. , Cuisin C. , Drisse O. , Lelarge F. , Pommereau F. , Poingt F. , Duan G.-H.
Published: March 2005

An experimental technique is presented for the measurements of propagation losses in planar photonic crystal waveguides (PhC-WGs). When the guided light interacts with the air holes, it is partially scattered out of the propagation plane. The intensity of this diffracted light is measured along the PhC-WG and the propagation losses are deduced from its attenuation. To illustrate this, the Fabry–Pérot-type mode of a single-line defect PhC-WG is investigated. The propagation loss values obtained experimentally agree well with theoretical predictions. Finally, a study of single-line defect 60° bends shows that this technique also provides an efficient method to obtain modal information along PhC structures.
Hydrogenation∕deuteration of the Si–SiO2 interface: Atomic-scale mechanisms and limitations
Authors: Tsetseris L. , Pantelides S. T.
Published: March 2005

The mechanisms responsible for exchange of hydrogen with deuterium at the Si–SiO2 interfaces are analyzed through first-principles calculations. The associated reaction barrier is found to be 1.94 eV, in agreement with experiments of Cheng et al. [IEEE Electron. Device Lett. 22, 203 (2001); Cheng et al.J. Appl. Phys. 90, 6536 (2001)] that studied the kinetics of the phenomenon through electrical measurements. The substitution of hydrogen by deuterium can be limited by another possible process, the breakup of the D2 molecule to a pair of Si–D bonds, which has a similar barrier.
The potassium status of some coarse textured soils of the south western region of Western Australia
Authors: Drover DP
Published: March 2005

The total, hydrochloric acid soluble, and exchangeable potassium contents of two soils typical of large areas of the south-west coastal region of Western Australia and of two soils in this region which had received varying levels of potassium fertilizer were determined. It was found that all four soils were low in exchangeable K, containing less than 60 lb exchangeable K per acre in their surface three inches. One of the soils had an exchangeable K content of 0.21 m-equiv. per cent after 2 cwt KCl per acre and another 0.08 m-equiv. per cent after 1 cwt KCl per acre had been applied and satisfactory pasture growth had been made. These values are lower than those reported elsewhere for satisfactory plant growth. One soil, extremely low in exchangeable K and which responded to potassium fertilizer, was found to contain the high total K content of 1 per cent. Mineralogical examination disclosed that almost the whole of this was present as feldspar.
Convergent regulation of skeletal muscle Ca
2+
channels by dystrophin, the actin cytoskeleton, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase
Authors: Johnson Barry D. , Scheuer Todd , Catterall William A.
Published: March 2005

The skeletal muscle L-type Ca
2+
channel (Ca
V
1.1), which is responsible for initiating muscle contraction, is regulated by phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in a voltage-dependent manner that requires direct physical association between the channel and the kinase mediated through A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). The role of the actin cytoskeleton in channel regulation was investigated in skeletal myocytes cultured from wild-type mice,
mdx
mice that lack the cytoskeletal linkage protein dystrophin, and a skeletal muscle cell line, 129 CB
3
. Voltage dependence of channel activation was shifted positively, and potentiation was greatly diminished in
mdx
myocytes and in 129 CB
3
cells treated with the microfilament stabilizer phalloidin. Voltage-dependent potentiation by strong depolarizing prepulses was reduced in
mdx
myocytes but could be restored by positively shifting the stimulus potentials to compensate for the positive shift in the voltage dependence of gating. Inclusion of PKA in the pipette caused a negative shift in the voltage dependence of activation and restored voltage-dependent potentiation in
mdx
myocytes. These results show that skeletal muscle Ca
2+
channel activity and voltage-dependent potentiation are controlled by PKA and microfilaments in a convergent manner. Regulation of Ca
2+
channel activity by hormones and neurotransmitters that use the PKA signal transduction pathway may interact in a critical way with the cytoskeleton and may be impaired by deletion of dystrophin, contributing to abnormal regulation of intracellular calcium concentrations in dystrophic muscle.
Reduced intercellular coupling leads to paradoxical propagation across the Purkinje-ventricular junction and aberrant myocardial activation
Authors: Morley Gregory E. , Danik Stephan B. , Bernstein Scott , Sun Yanjie , Rosner Gregg , Gutstein David E. , Fishman Glenn I.
Published: March 2005

Ventricular tachycardia is a common heart rhythm disorder and a frequent cause of sudden cardiac death. Aberrant cell–cell coupling through gap junction channels, a process termed gap junction remodeling, is observed in many of the major forms of human heart disease and is associated with increased arrhythmic risk in both humans and in animal models. Genetically engineered mice with cardiac-restricted knockout of
Connexin43
, the major cardiac gap junctional protein, uniformly develop sudden cardiac death, although a detailed electrophysiological understanding of their profound arrhythmic propensity is unclear. Using voltage-sensitive dyes and high resolution optical mapping techniques, we found that uncoupling of the ventricular myocardium results in ectopic sites of ventricular activation. Our data indicate that this behavior reflects alterations in source-sink relationships and paradoxical conduction across normally quiescent Purkinje-ventricular muscle junctions. The aberrant activation profiles are associated with wavefront collisions, which in the setting of slow conduction may account for the highly arrhythmogenic behavior of
Connexin43
-deficient hearts. Thus, the extent of gap junction remodeling in diseased myocardium is a critical determinant of cardiac excitation patterns and arrhythmia susceptibility.
Origin and evolution of the chicken leukocyte receptor complex
Authors: Nikolaidis Nikolas , Makalowska Izabela , Chalkia Dimitra , Makalowski Wojciech , Klein Jan , Nei Masatoshi
Published: March 2005

In mammals, the cell surface receptors encoded by the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) regulate the activity of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, as well as that of natural killer cells, and thus provide protection against pathogens and parasites. The chicken genome encodes many Ig-like receptors that are homologous to the LRC receptors. The chicken Ig-like receptor (CHIR) genes are members of a large monophyletic gene family and are organized into genomic clusters, which are in conserved synteny with the mammalian LRC. One-third of CHIR genes encode polypeptide molecules that contain both activating and inhibitory motifs. These genes are present in different phylogenetic groups, suggesting that the primordial CHIR gene could have encoded both types of motifs in a single molecule. In contrast to the mammalian LRC genes, the CHIR genes with similar function (inhibition or activation) are evolutionarily closely related. We propose that, in addition to recombination, single nucleotide substitutions played an important role in the generation of receptors with different functions. Structural models and amino acid analyses of the CHIR proteins reveal the presence of different types of Ig-like domains in the same phylogenetic groups, as well as sharing of conserved residues and conserved changes of residues between different CHIR groups and between CHIRs and LRCs. Our data support the notion that the CHIR gene clusters are regions homologous to the mammalian LRC gene cluster and favor a model of evolution by repeated processes of birth and death (expansion–contraction) of the Ig-like receptor genes.
Akt2 phosphorylates Synip to regulate docking and fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicles
Authors: Yamada Eijiro , Okada Shuichi , Saito Tsugumichi , Ohshima Kihachi , Sato Minoru , Tsuchiya Takafumi , Uehara Yutaka , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Mori Masatomo
Published: March 2005

We have identified an unusual potential dual Akt/protein kinase B consensus phosphorylation motif in the protein Synip (RxKxRS97xS99). Surprisingly, serine 97 is not appreciably phosphorylated, whereas serine 99 is only a specific substrate for Akt2 but not Akt1 or Akt3. Although wild-type Synip (WT-Synip) undergoes an insulin-stimulated dissociation from Syntaxin4, the Synip serine 99 to phenylalanine mutant (S99F-Synip) is resistant to Akt2 phosphorylation and fails to display insulin-stimulated Syntaxin4 dissociation. Furthermore, overexpression of WT-Synip in 3T3L1 adipocytes had no effect on insulin-stimulated recruitment of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane, whereas overexpression of S99F-Synip functioned in a dominant-interfering manner by preventing insulin-stimulated GLUT4 recruitment and plasma membrane fusion. These data demonstrate that insulin activation of Akt2 specifically regulates the docking/fusion step of GLUT4-containing vesicles at the plasma membrane through the regulation of Synip phosphorylation and Synip–Syntaxin4 interaction.
Hamilton and Zuk meet heterozygosity? Song repertoire size indicates inbreeding and immunity in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
Authors: Reid JaneM , Arcese Peter , Cassidy AliceL.E.V , Marr AmyB , Smith JamesN.M , Keller LukasF
Published: March 2005

Hamilton and Zuk's influential hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection proposes that exaggerated secondary sexual ornaments indicate a male's additive genetic immunity to parasites. However, genetic correlates of ornamentation and immunity have rarely been explicitly identified. Evidence supporting Hamilton and Zuk's hypothesis has instead been gathered by looking for positive phenotypic correlations between ornamentation and immunity; such correlations are assumed to reflect causal, additive relationships between these traits. We show that in song sparrows,Melospiza melodia, a male's song repertoire size, a secondary sexual trait, increased with his cell-mediated immune response (CMI) to an experimental challenge. However, this phenotypic correlation could be explained because both repertoire size and CMI declined with a male's inbreeding level. Repertoire size therefore primarily indicated a male's relative heterozygosity, a non-additive genetic predictor of immunity. Caution may therefore be required when interpreting phenotypic correlations as support for Hamilton and Zuk's additive model of sexual selection. However, our results suggest that female song sparrows choosing males with large repertoires would on average acquire more outbred and therefore more heterozygous mates. Such genetic dominance effects on ornamentation are likely to influence evolutionary trajectories of female choice, and should be explicitly incorporated into genetic models of sexual selection.
Enhanced type I interferon signaling and recruitment of chemokine receptor CXCR3‐expressing lymphocytes into the skin following treatment with the TLR7‐agonist imiquimod
Authors: Wenzel Joerg , Uerlich Manfred , Haller Otto , Bieber Thomas , Tueting Thomas
Published: March 2005

Introduction:  Imiquimod (Aldara™) is an immune response modifier approved for the topical treatment of external genital and perianal warts which can mediate regression of several cutaneous malignancies [basal cell carcinoma (BCC), Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis, and metastasis of malignant melanoma]. Recently, it was discovered that imiquimod acts through the toll‐like receptor (TLR) 7. We hypothesize that TLR7‐signaling strongly induces the production of interferon (IFN) α, which is able to enhance Th1‐mediated cellular antiviral and antitumor immunity.

Patients and methods:  In the present study we analyzed the expression of MxA, a protein specifically induced by type I IFNs during topical imiquimod treatment in several patients suffering from different cutaneous malignancies (BCC, cutaneous metastasis of melanoma, and breast cancer), and characterized the inflammatory infiltrate, along with the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3, by immunohistochemistry.

Results:  Treatment with the TLR7‐agonist imiquimod induced a significant lesional lymphocytic inflammation, associated with strong expression of MxA, indicating the induction of type I IFN signaling. The extent of lesional MxA staining closely correlated with the number of infiltrating T lymphocytes and the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, characteristic for Th1‐biased immune responses.

Discussion:  Our in vivo results suggest an important role for TLR7‐induced production of type I IFN, which links innate and adaptive immunity and promotes specific Th1‐biased cellular immune response capable of eliminating cutaneous malignancies. MxA appears to be a valuable parameter to demonstrate IFN‐type I expression in imiquimod therapy.
Eccrine mucinous metaplasia associated with an apocrine cystadenoma
Authors: Jiang J. , Petronic‐Rosic V. , Hoag J. , Shea C. R.
Published: March 2005

Mucinous metaplasia occurs uncommonly in cutaneous pathology, usually at specialized anatomic locations (genitalia, palms, and soles) and within restricted pathologic contexts (inflammation and trauma). Here, we report a unique case of eccrine mucinous metaplasia associated with an apocrine cystadenoma. A 13‐year‐old girl had an asymptomatic, 4‐mm nodule on the chest. Histopathology demonstrated a typical apocrine cystadenoma in the upper and middle dermis. Adjacent to this lesion was a cluster of coiled eccrine secretory glands, of which the inner layer was almost entirely replaced by benign‐appearing cells containing abundant, non‐sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides. At 10 months' follow up, there was no recurrence. Our case demonstrates that, very uncommonly, mucinous metaplasia may be associated with a pathogenetically separate, adjacent proliferative adenomatous lesion, in this instance, an apocrine cystadenoma.
Residual Stresses in Machined Ceramic Surfaces
Authors: JOHNSON‐WALLS D. , EVANS A. G. , MARSHALL D. B. , JAMES M. R.
Published: March 2005

Residual surface stresses generated in ceramic materials by diamond grinding were studied. The stresses are characterized both by X‐ray measurements of stress magnitudes and by line forces (product of stress and layer thickness) obtained from the bending of plates that were machined on one side. The line forces tend to increase with the hardness of the material but are insensitive to the rate of material removal during grinding (over a limited range of variation). Residual stress measurements are compared with measurements of strengths of the ground surfaces.
Grain‐Boundary Migration in LiF: I, Mobility Measurements
Authors: GLAESER A. M. , BOWEN H. K. , CANNON R. M.
Published: March 2005

Grain‐boundary migration rates in LiF were determined by monitoring discontinuous recrystallization rates in deformed single crystals at temperatures between 0.7 Tm and 0.98 Tm, the melting temperature. Significant reductions in migration rates, relative to those expected for pure material, result from solute additions of Mg, Al, or Na, as well as from background impurities. The magnitude of the solute drag effect differs greatly; solute drag coefficients for the dopants studied ranked as αAi/(7 × 104) ≧αMg≧5αNa. Most work was done with Mg‐doped crystals; the behavior under some conditions was consistent with that expected for stable solute‐drag‐limited boundary migration. In contrast, under some conditions of driving force, temperature, and composition, significant variability in mobilities was found both from several measurements for the same experimental conditions and from variability in the amount of displacement along individual growth fronts. This variability is attributed to transitions between different stable mobility extremes.
Superplastic Flow in Fine‐Grained Alumina
Authors: VENKATACHARI K. R. , RAJ R.
Published: March 2005

Dense polycrystalline alumina having an average grain size of 1.6 μm was deformed to true strains of up to 60% in simple uniaxial compression at 1693 K without significant cavitation. A strain rate of ∼2 × 10−4 s−1 was obtained at a uniaxial stress of ∼30 MPa. Such a reasonable flow stress at such high strain rates and a relatively low temperature raises a real possibility of isothermal superplastic forging of alumina ceramics. The mechanism of deformation was identified to be diffusion creep with grain boundaries as the dominant diffusion path. The specimens suffered considerable grain growth during deformation. Part of the grain growth resulted from time and temperature, but the majority was induced by deformation strain.
Influence of Batch Moisture on Melting Behavior of Glass
Authors: Gehrmann Ebba , Frischat Guenther H.
Published: March 2005

Melting behavior in the system sand‐potash‐dolomite was found to depend strongly on the amount of H2O added to the batch, which was varied from 0.5 to 9.0 wt%. This dependence holds primarily for the formation and dissolution of K2Ca(CO3)2, but other compounds are also influenced, e.g., α‐K2MgSi3O8, CaMgSiO4, Ca2MgSi2O7, andCaSiO3.
Temperature Dependence and Fracture Toughness and Elastic Moduli of a Waste Glass
Authors: Matzke Hansjoachim , Toscano Enrique , Routbort Jules , Reimann Karl
Published: March 2005

The temperature dependence of elastic moduli, of the crack lengths formed by Vickers indentations, and of the hardness of the nuclear waste borosilicate glass GP 98/12 has been measured up to 300°C. The temperature dependence of the fracture toughness KIC exceeds that predicted by the variations of Young's modulus E and hardness H with temperature.
Bend Strengths for Diffusion‐Bonded Al2O3
Authors: Scott Curtis E. , Brewer James A.
Published: March 2005

Strengths across the join between diffusion‐bonded Al2O3 parts were evaluated in three‐point bending. Bond strengths as high as 60% of the alumina itself were achieved.
Mechanism of Strength Degradation for Hot Corrosion of α‐SiC
Authors: SMIALEK JAMES L. , JACOBSON NATHAN S.
Published: March 2005

Sintered α‐SiC was corroded by thin films of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 molten salts at 1000°C. This hot corrosion attack reduced room‐temperature strengths by as much as 50%. Strength degradation was proportional to the degree and uniformity of corrosion pitting attack as controlled by the chemistry of the molten salt. Extensive fractography identified corrosion pits as the most prevalent source of failure. The fracture strength was correlated with pit depth and could be roughly estimated from a simplified fracture mechanics treatment.
Corrosion Studies of Various Heavy‐Metal Fluoride Glasses in Liquid Water: Application to Fluoride‐Ion‐Selective Electrode
Authors: RAVAINE DENIS , PERERA GUNARATHNA
Published: March 2005

The leaching rates of various heavy‐metal fluoride (HMF) glasses have been investigated in pH‐buffered solutions. Measurements of weight losses and fluoride‐ion and heavy‐metal concentrations in solution have been performed. The agreement between the different experimental methods suggests a congruent dissolution although different time dependencies are observed between the investigated glasses. Their use as a membrane in a test fluoride‐ion‐selective electrode (fluoride‐ISE) clearly demonstrates the existence of anion exchange between F– ions on the glass surface and OH– ions in the water solution.
Reversible Stress‐Induced Martensitic Transformation in ZrO2
Authors: MARSHALL D. B. , JAMES M. R.
Published: March 2005

Optical observations and X‐ray measurements were used to detect the martensitic transformation of tetragonal ZrO2 to the monocline structure during room‐temperature stressing of Mg‐PSZ. The transformation occurs at stresses as low as ∼200 MPa and is reversible. Additional observations of transformation around Vickers indentations and cracks suggest that application of much higher stresses prevents the reverse transformation on unloading.
Behavior of Large Pores During Sintering and Hot Isostatic Pressing
Authors: EVANS A.G. , HSUEH C.H.
Published: March 2005

A viscoelastic model that describes the shrinkage rate of large pores within a fine‐grained body has been developed. The concept is based on a shrinkage potential derived from the surface and grain‐boundary tensions and viscous response determined by the creep characteristics of the polycrystal. Pore removal rates are also derived and used to predict pore removal times during sintering and hot isostatic pressing.
Crystal Structures and Mechanism of Thermal Expansion of High Cordierite and Its Solid Solutions
Authors: IKAWA HIROYUKI , OTAGIRI TADASHI , IMAI OSAMU , SUZUKI MASAHARU , URABE KAZUYORI , UDAGAWA SHIGEKAZU
Published: March 2005

The crystal structure of high cordierite and that of high cordierite solid solutions containing either Mn or Ga or Ge were refined. The structural changes caused by substitutions and the characteristic features of deformations of each T1O4, T2O4 tetrahedron and MO6 octahedron were clarified. Thorough crystal chemical considerations led to a conclusion that the structure of Mn‐bearing solid solution at room temperature may be regarded as a model structure of high cordierite at an elevated temperature. On the basis of the thermal expansion mechanism derived from this consideration, the thermal expansion behavior of the solid solutions is presented.
Shear Deformation and Densification of Powder Compacts
Authors: VENKATACHARI KOTHTHAVASAL R. , RAJ RISHI
Published: March 2005

Kinetics of densification and deformation can be studied simultaneously by measuring the time‐dependent axial and radial strains in cylindrical specimens of powder compacts when they are sintered under a superimposed uniaxial load. Such experiments, carried out on powder compacts of magnesia‐doped alumina, are reported. Several results have been obtained. The experiments have provided a direct measure of the intrinsic sintering pressure, which we find to lie in the range 0.4 to 0.8 MPa. The deformation rate, or shear rate of the porous body, is found to follow Coble creep behavior except for a stress enhancement factor arising from the reduced effective cross‐sectional area from the presence of voids. The rate of densification follows a linear dependence on the total mean pressure and a cubic dependence on the average grain size.
Control of Liquid‐Phase‐Enhanced Discontinuous Grain Growth in Barium Titanate
Authors: HENNINGS DETLEV F. K. , JANSSEN ROLF , REYNEN PIET J. L.
Published: March 2005

Barium titanate shows discontinuous grain growth in the presence of small amounts of the liquid eutectic Ba6Ti17O40‐BaTiO3 at T > 1312°C. The exaggerated grain growth in the presence of the liquid phase can be explained in terms of a solution‐segregation process. The grain size distribution of sintered BaTiO3 ceramics and the average grain size are strongly modified by addition of “seed grains” to BaTiO3 powder. The addition of seed grains seems to be a general method of controlling the discontinuous grain growth of ceramics.
Quantitative Determination of the Deuteroxyl Content of Vitreous Silica
Authors: Shelby James E.
Published: March 2005

The deuteroxyl absorptivity for vitreous silica was determined by measurement of the reaction of hydrogen and deuterium with a form of vitreous silica known to form a specific amount of hydroxyl under all experimental conditions. The deuteroxyl absorptivity was found to be 90.4% of that of hydroxyl, or 164 L /(mol·cm).
Modeling Fission‐Gas Behavior in Metallic Fuels
Authors: GRUBER EUGENE E. , KRAMER JOHN M.
Published: March 2005

The FRAS3 code, developed to model transient fission‐gas behavior in oxide fuel, has been modified for application to metallic fuel. The code has been applied to analyze a series of experiments on irradiated uranium fuel, in which fission‐gas bubble distributions were measured following isothermal anneals under various pressures. Comparison of the calculated bubble‐size distributions to those measured indicates that grain‐boundary bubbles are an important component of the observed size distributions. The calculated results agree well with the observed results in both the general nature of the distributions and their variation with pressure. Results are not is consistent for an anneal under vacuum, during which a large amount of gas was released.
Tensile Testing of Ceramics
Authors: Seshadri S. G. , Chila Kai Yin
Published: March 2005

A simple, self‐aligning, uniaxial test firtiire has been developed for testing ceramics. The primary emphasis is placed on a simple specimen geometry and test procedure. The strain gage measurements on α‐Sic and steel specimens indicate very good uniformity in the tensile stresses (with variation less than 1%) across the cross section. The tensile testing of SiC and SiC/TiB2 composites exhibits 55% and 79% failures, respectively, in the gage section with possible further improvements. Average tensile strength values of 160 and 202 MPa were obtained for α‐SiC and SiC/TiB2 respectively.
Texture Development in YBa2Cu3Ox by Hot Extrusion and Hot‐Pressing
Authors: Chen I‐Wei , Wu Xin , Keating Steven J. , Keating Carol Y. , Johnson Paul A , Ttien Tseng‐Ying
Published: March 2005

Pronounced textures have been found in hot‐extruded and hot‐pressed YBa2Cu3Ox powders. The basal plane is preferentially oriented normal to the maximum compression axis in hot deformation. Thus, the extrusion texture of these ceramics should facilitate maximum current‐Carrying capability: along the extrusion axis, suggesting hot extrusion or drawing as a favored method of producing superconducting wires.
Effect of Joint Thickness and Residual Stresses on the Properties of Ceramic Adhesive Joints: II, Experimental Results
Authors: ZDANIEWSKI WIESLAW A. , CONWAY JOSEPH C. , KIRCHNER HENRY P.
Published: March 2005

The residual stresses in joints were varied by varying the thickness and thermal expansion mismatch of joints prepared using alumina adherends and silicate glass adhesives. An apparent fracture toughness was measured by the single‐edge notchedbeam method; strengths were measured in flexure, and the fracture surfaces were studied. Stress distributions, determined using the finite element method in Part I, together with the results of literature analyses for stresses in joints subjected to externally applied loads, were used to aid in interpreting the experimental observations. The measured fracture toughness and strength of ceramic adhesive joints increase with decreasing adhesive thickness and decrease with increasing thermal expansion mismatch (residual stress), both positive and negative.
Microstructural Evolution in Ca‐PSZ and the Room‐Temperature Instability of Tetragonal ZrO2
Authors: DICKERSON ROBERT M. , SWAIN MICHAEL V. , HEUER ARTHUR H.
Published: March 2005

Microstructural evolution of a 7.8 mol% Ca‐PSZ, fired at 1870°C and subsequently aged at 1300°C, was studied and correlated with the mechanical properties. The morphology, rafting, and subsequent coarsening of the tetragonal (t) ZrO2 precipitates were of particular interest, as was the instability of some of the t‐ZrO2 particles during room‐temperature aging. Precipitate coarsening kinetics (Ostwald ripening) was also studied. Over the limited time range studied (136 h), the interface reaction dominated the kinetics.
Internal Friction of Network‐Forming Oxide Glasses in the System P2O5‐(GeO2, TeO2, Sb2O3, V2O5)
Authors: SUZUKI SUGURU , TAKAHASHI MINORU , HIKICHI YASUO , SAKAMURA HIROYASU
Published: March 2005

The internal friction of only network‐forming oxide glasses containing a P2O5 component, i.e., in the systems P2O5‐GeO2, P2O5‐TeO2, P2O5‐Sb2O3, and P2O5‐V2O5, was measured as a function of temperature by a free torsional vibration method. P2O5‐TeO2 and P2O5‐Sb2O3 glasses exhibited clearly high‐temperature peaks in a plot of internal friction vs temperature in spite of the absence of nonbridging oxygens and network modifiers. Therefore, we conclude that the high‐temperature peaks appeared when strong and weak parts coexisted in the network structure.
Degradation of Silicon Carbide by Molten Lithium
Authors: Cree James W. , Amateau Maurice F.
Published: March 2005

The mechanical behavior of silicon carbide exposed to molten lithium was evaluated at exposure temperatures from 200° to 1000°C. For temperatures up to 600°C, there was little change in strength and the fracture was controlled by preexisting surface flaws on the specimen surface or edges. Above 600°C, two strength populations developed: a relatively high‐strength group characterized by transgranular fracture and a low‐strength group characterized by intergranular degradation. Quantitative chemical analysis was used to explain the lithiuminduced strength degradation. This information, coupled with the fractographic analysis, led to a description of the corrosion mechanism.
Dynamic Fatigue of Treated High‐Silica Glass: Explanation by Crack Tip Blunting
Authors: HIRAO KAZUYUKI , TOMOZAWA MINORU
Published: March 2005

In previous papers, it was shown that when abraded high‐silica glass is soaked in hot water or annealed in air, its crack tip becomes blunt. The dynamic fatigue characteristics in various liquids of high‐silica glass with different treatments were examined. The stress rate dependence of fracture strength was determined for freshly abraded samples and for abraded and soaked (in hot water) or heat‐treated samples, in water, hydrazine, formamide, and acetonitrile. The stress rate susceptibility of the fracture strength was represented by the commonly used n value. Freshly abraded samples exhibited approximately the same low n values for all the liquids, which is consistent with the slope of the slow crack growth data. Treated samples, on the other hand, showed a slightly larger n value in water and extremely large n values in nonaqueous liquids. When the crack tip is sharp, only slow crack growth is involved in the fatigue. When the crack tip is blunt, crack initiation is involved in addition to the crack growth. The equation of dynamic fatigue based upon slow crack growth was modified to incorporate this effect of crack initiation and was applied to the present experimental results. The analysis showed that the crack initiation stress is stress rate dependent in water and is stress rate independent in nonaqueous liquids. This conclusion was supported by the crack initiation behavior observed using the microhardness indenter.
Microstructural Effects on Grinding of Alumina and Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Marshall David B. , Lawn Brian R. , Cook Robert F.
Published: March 2005

Grinding forces were measured in aluminas and glass‐ceramics with various microstructures. The microstructures were found to exert a profound influence on the machinability. In particular, the controlling toughness variable is that which pertains to small cracks, not that conventionally measured in a large‐scale fracture specimen.
Controlled Crystallization of the Amorphous Phase in Silicon Nitride Ceramics
Authors: BONNELL DAWN A. , TIEN TSENG‐YING , RUHLE MANFRED
Published: March 2005

The controlled crystallization of amorphous second phases in SiAlON is demonstrated in two systems. In a magnesia‐containing SiAlON, cordierite crystallized on annealing after hot‐pressing. Similarly, garnet crystallized in yttria‐contain‐ing SiAlON. The resulting microstructures are characterized by TEM and qualitatively related to changes on room‐temperature toughness and high‐temperature deformation.