bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Tc Superconductivity: A Solid State Chemistry Model.
Authors: Pouchard Michel , Doumerc Jean‐Pierre , Villesuzanne Antoine
Published: April 2012

A tentative explanation of the high‐Tc superconductivity mechanism is developed on the basis of solid state chemistry principles as well as some ancient ideas of Mott and Little.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles on Heteropolyacid‐Supported Silica by a Photoassisted Deposition Method: An Active Catalyst for the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Mori Kohsuke , Furubayashi Ken , Okada Shusuke , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: April 2012

A Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/SiO2 support material is prepared by evaporation of aqueous mixtures of SiO2, H3PW12O4, and Cs2CO3 followed by calcination at 673 K for 2 h in air.
ChemInform Abstract: White Phosphorus as a Ligand for the Coinage Metals.
Authors: Forfar Laura C. , Clark Timothy J. , Green Michael , Mansell Stephen M. , Russell Christopher A. , Sanguramath Rajashekharayya A. , Slattery John M.
Published: April 2012

Copper and silver form coordination complexes with P4 whereas gold forms a homoleptic [Au(P4)2]+ cation.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of the High‐Pressure Polymorph of Nanocrystalline LiFePO4 at Ambient Pressure and Low Temperature.
Authors: Voss Benjamin , Nordmann Joerg , Kockmann Alexander , Piezonka Jennifer , Haase Markus
Published: April 2012

Nanocrystalline high‐pressure LiFePO4 having the CrVO4 type structure (space group Cmcm) is synthesized at ambient pressure from a solution of FeCl2, LiCl, diphenylether, and tri‐n‐octylphosphine oxide in MeOH (100 °C, 1 h) mixed with a solution containing H3PO4, tri‐n‐hexylamine, and dihexylether (N2, 150 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties of BiCuOCh (Ch: S, Se, and Te).
Authors: Richard A. P. , Russell J. A. , Zakutayev A. , Zakharov L. N. , Keszler D. A. , Tate J.
Published: April 2012

Crystals of the title compounds are prepared from salt fluxes and characterized by powder XRD, single crystal XRD for (VIII), and IR diffuse reflectance and transmission measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: A Diels—Alder Approach to the Enantioselective Construction of Fluoromethylated Stereogenic Carbon Centers.
Authors: Shibatomi Kazutaka , Kobayashi Fumito , Narayama Akira , Fujisawa Ikuhide , Iwasa Seiji
Published: April 2012

Diels—Alder reactions of β‐fluoromethylacrylates in the presence of a Lewis acid activated chiral oxazaborolidine catalyst provide access to fluoromethylated cyclohexenes with very high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Ecofriendly and Efficient Procedure for Hetero‐Michael Addition Reactions with an Acidic Ionic Liquid as Catalyst and Reaction Medium.
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Salehi Peyman , Bahramnejad Mahboobeh , Baghbanzadeh Mostafa
Published: April 2012

1‐Hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate is shown to be a reusable, efficient and mild catalyst for Michael addition reactions of amines and thiols with a variety of appropriate acceptors.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Alkynyl Oxacycles.
Authors: Daniels David S. B. , Thompson Amber L. , Anderson Edward A.
Published: April 2012

Cyclic and acyclic propargylic carbonates undergo unusual palladium‐catalyzed cyclization reactions to give 2‐alkynyl oxacycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of More Labile Low Electron Count Co(I) Sources: Mild, Catalytic Functionalization of Activated Alkanes Using a [(Cp*Co)2‐μ‐(η4:η4‐arene)] Complex.
Authors: Hung‐Low Fernando , Krogman Jeremy P. , Tye Jesse W. , Bradley Christopher A.
Published: April 2012

Catalytic transfer dehydrogenation of silyl‐protected amines is achieved under mild conditions using the title bridging cobalt arene complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reductions of the Carbonyl Compounds and Aryl Halides with Ni—Al Alloy in Aqueous Alkali Medium.
Authors: Suceveanu Mirela , Raicopol Matei , Enache Raluca , Finaru Adriana , Rosca Sorin I.
Published: April 2012

The relative reactivities of the presented compounds in the title reaction are investigated and provide an evidence for a direct electron transfer from aluminum to the organic substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Monobenzoylation of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐Diols Catalyzed by Me2SnCl2 in Water (Organic Solvent Free) under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Muramatsu Wataru , William Julius M. , Onomura Osamu
Published: April 2012

A new, efficient, and environmentally friendly method to prepare monoacylated 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diols is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enantioenriched γ‐Quaternary Cycloheptenones Using a Combined Allylic Alkylation/Stork—Danheiser Approach: Preparation of Mono‐, Bi‐, and Tricyclic Systems.
Authors: Bennett Nathan B. , Hong Allen Y. , Harned Andrew M. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: April 2012

The addition of Grignard or organolithium compounds to enantioenriched vinylogous ester (I) followed by finely tuned quenching conditions affords β‐functionalized cycloheptenones.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Heck‐Type Reactions of Benzyl Chlorides and Simple Olefins.
Authors: Matsubara Ryosuke , Gutierrez Alicia C. , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: April 2012

Nickel‐catalyzed intermolecular benzylation of unactivated alkenes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Nitroamines Using Nanocrystalline MgO.
Authors: Chakrapani L. , Kantam M. Lakshmi
Published: April 2012

The nanocrystalline magnesium oxide catalyst can be easily recovered by simple centrifugation and reused for three cycles with consistent activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Amination/Cycloisomerization of Aryl Propargylic Alcohols with 2‐Aminopyridines as an Expedient Route to Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Liu Ping , Deng Chun‐Lin , Lei Xinsheng , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: April 2012

Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines are prepared in a new tandem route from aryl propargylic alcohols (I) and 2‐aminopyridines in the presence of ZnCl2 and CuCl.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Approach to the Enantioselective α‐Oxidation of Aldehydes via Synergistic Catalysis.
Authors: Simonovich Scott P. , Van Humbeck Jeffrey F. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: April 2012

The Sibi oxyamination of aldehydes (including both antipodes of citronellal) in the presence of CuCl2/IMD produces the α‐oxy derivatives with good to excellent e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Allene‐Containing Phosphines in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Cai Feng , Pu Xiaotao , Qi Xiangbing , Lynch Vincent , Radha Akella , Ready Joseph M.
Published: April 2012

The new phosphine efficiently promotes the coupling of α‐keto esters with boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Use of Dioxygen as an Oxygen Source: Catalytic Oxidative Synthesis of Amides.
Authors: Wei Wei , Hu Xiao‐Yu , Yan Xiao‐Wei , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Ming , Ji Jian‐Xin
Published: April 2012

A transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct oxidative synthesis of amides from alkynes and amines under mild conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Thiophosphoryl Chloride Assisted Transformation of Arylaldoximes to Thioamides.
Authors: Pandey Lokesh Kumar , Pathak Uma , Mathur Sweta , Suryanarayana M. V. S.
Published: April 2012

In the presented synthesis of the compounds (II) and (IV) aryl nitriles are the intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Accelerated Cross‐Coupling of Cs(sp2)—H Bonds with Arylboron Reagents.
Authors: Engle Keary M. , Thuy‐Boun Peter S. , Dang Michael , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: April 2012

An improved method for the coupling of phenylacetic acids with arylboron compounds is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Enyne Synthesis Through a Modified Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Cyclopalladated Complexes.
Authors: Huang Mengmeng , Feng Yujian , Wu Yangjie
Published: April 2012

A series of E‐enynes is successfully synthesized by modified Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Access to 3‐Aryltetralin Skeleton via C(sp3)—H Bond Functionalization: Investigation on the Substituent Effect of Aromatic Ring Adjacent to C—H Bond in Hydride Shift/Cyclization Sequence.
Authors: Mori Keiji , Sueoka Shosaku , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: April 2012

A concise construction of the 3‐aryltetralin skeleton via hydride shift mediated C—H bond functionalization is achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Indanones by Sequential Heck Reduction—Cyclization—Alkylation (HRCA) Reactions.
Authors: Nassar‐Hardy Luma , Fabre Sandy , Amer Atef M. , Fouquet Eric , Felpin Francois‐Xavier
Published: April 2012

A one‐pot four‐step reaction sequence for the synthesis of indanones bearing a quarternary carbon center is disclosed.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Heteroaryl Amines with Aryl or Heteroaryl Bromides.
Authors: Moss Thomas A. , Addie Matthews S. , Nowak Thorsten , Waring Michael J.
Published: April 2012

Optimized reaction conditions are developed for the Buchwald—Hartwig amination.
ChemInform Abstract: Expanded Scope of Heterocyclic Biaryl Synthesis via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Thermal Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Kissane Marie , McNamara Orla A. , Mitchell David , Coppert David M. , Moynihan Humphrey A. , Lorenz Kurt T. , Maguire Anita R.
Published: April 2012

An interesting synthesis of 2‐aryl‐substituted thiophenes (III) is achieved through coupling of the potassium carboxylate (I) with aryl halides, especially bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐3H‐pyrrole‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles from 4‐Aryl‐4‐oxobutane‐1,1,2,2‐tetracarbonitriles.
Authors: Belikov M. Yu. , Ershov O. V. , Lipovskaya I. V. , Eremkin A. V. , Nasakin O. E.
Published: April 2012

The structure of derivative (IIIa) is proved by X‐ray analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Pericyclic Cascade with Chirality Transfer: Reaction Pathway and Origin of Enantioselectivity of the Hetero‐Claisen Approach to Oxindoles.
Authors: Celebi‐Oelcuem Nihan , Lam Yu‐hong , Richmond Edward , Ling Kenneth B. , Smith Andrew D. , Houk Kendall N.
Published: April 2012

3,3‐Disubstituted oxindoles are synthesized from N‐phenylnitrones and ketenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Imidazolyl Dithiocarbamates and Their Reactions with Phenacyl Bromides.
Authors: El'tsov O. S. , Mokrushin V. S. , Smirnova M. V. , Shafikov M. Z.
Published: April 2012

Reaction of title compounds (I) with various phenacyl bromides leads to S‐alkylation products (III) as a mixture of E/Z‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Blue‐Luminescent 5‐(3‐Indolyl)oxazoles via Microwave‐Assisted Three‐Component Coupling—Cycloisomerization—Fischer Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Grotkopp Oliver , Ahmad Atia , Frank Walter , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: April 2012

The novel microwave‐assisted one‐pot three‐step synthesis of title indolyloxazoles consists of Sonogashira coupling of propargylic amides (I) with acyl chlorides (II), followed by acid‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of the so obtained ynones to oxazoles and Fischer indole formation with aromatic hydrazines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Malonodithioamides with Acetylenedicarboxylic Esters.
Authors: Obydennov K. L. , Kosterina M. F. , Klimareva E. L. , Bakulev V. A. , Morzherin Yu. Yu.
Published: April 2012

The unsubstituted malonodithioamide (I) and N‐substituted malonodithioamide (IV) react with acetylenedicarboxylates to give a system of 2 conjugated thiazolidine heterocycles containing exocyclic double bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Fused Heterocycles via Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 5‐Iodotriazoles.
Authors: Schulman Jacqueline M. , Friedman Adam A. , Panteleev Jane , Lautens Mark
Published: April 2012

An efficient strategy for the construction of annulated triazoles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylation Reaction Catalyzed by Rosin‐Derived Tertiary Amine—Thiourea: Synthesis of Modified Chromans with Anticancer Potency.
Authors: Jiang Xianxing , Wu Lipeng , Xing Yanhong , Wang Long , Wang Shoulei , Chen Zongyao , Wang Rui
Published: April 2012

Several of the chromans of type (IV) show in vitro cytotoxic activity against 6 different tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of Diethyl (Polyfluorobenzoyl)malonates and Their Thermal Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Bazhin D. N. , Schegol'kov E. V. , Kudyakova Yu. S. , Burgart Ya. V. , Saloutin V. I.
Published: April 2012

Polyfluorobenzoyl chlorides (I) react with the C‐ethoxymagnesium derivative of diethyl malonate to give the (polyfluorobenzoyl)malonates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Task‐Specific Ionic Liquid as the Recyclable Catalyst for the Rapid and Green Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[3,2‐a]chromene Derivatives
Authors: Shaterian Hamid Reza , Honarmand Moones
Published: April 2012

via three‐component reaction of 4‐hydrooxycoumarin (I) with aldehydes and malononitrile; 17 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Reimer—Tiemann Reaction of Coumarins.
Authors: Bhunia Sankar C. , Patra Gopal C. , Pal Sudhir C.
Published: April 2012

Improved yields of aldehydes (III) are achieved when the Reimer—Tiemann reaction is carried out as a 2‐step process.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Transformation of Amino Acids to Functionalized Coumarins.
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Anupam , Gopi Hosahudya N.
Published: April 2012

A variety of novel chiral coumarins (IV) and (VII) is prepared by cyclization of amino acid‐derived dicarbonyl compounds (I) and (V) with methoxyphenol (II) in the presence of methylsulfonic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Functionally Substituted 2‐Oxo(thioxo)nicotinic Acid Amides and Nitriles by SNVin Reaction.
Authors: Dyachenko V. D. , Bityukova O. S. , Dyachenko A. D.
Published: April 2012

New title compounds are synthesized by condensation of 3,3‐bis(methylsulfanyl)acrylonitriles with CH acidic compounds through nucleophilic vinylic substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective C—H Bond Functionalizations of Acridines Using Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Hyodo Isao , Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: April 2012

Protocols for the regioselective alkylation or arylation of acridines at the 4‐ and 9‐positions, are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Alkynes with 2‐Aryl‐Substituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Wang Lianhui , Lygin Alexander V.
Published: April 2012

A broad spectrum of pyrrole and indole substrates can be used in coupling reactions with internal aryl or alkyl alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Irradiation for Accelerating Synthesis of 5,6‐Diphenylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines Based on Isoflavones.
Authors: Han Wen‐Yong , Zhang Zun‐Ting , Qiu Li , Li Gang
Published: April 2012

Novel imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines (III) are synthesized by a microwave‐assisted cyclocondensation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Quinoxaline Derivatives.
Authors: Makhloufi A. , Baitiche M. , Merbah M. , Benachour D.
Published: April 2012

by chemical transformations of 2‐hydroxyquinoxaline (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of New Derivatives of 1,4‐Diazepinium Salts.
Authors: Mehranpour A. M. , Hashemnia S. , Shayan Z.
Published: April 2012

A variety of novel 6‐aryldiazepinium and 3‐arylbenzodiazepinium salts is synthesized by reactions of corresponding 3‐aryl‐1,5‐diazapentadienium salts with 1,2‐diamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Wurtzite‐Phase Copper Tin Selenide Nanocrystals.
Authors: Norako Michelle E. , Greaney Matthew J. , Brutchey Richard L.
Published: April 2012

Wurtzite‐phase Cu2SnSe3 colloidal nanocrystals are synthesized by fast addition of tBu2Se2 to a solution of CuCl and SnI4 in dodecylamine and 1‐dodecanethiol at 180 °C, followed by heating for 5 min.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene‐Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts
Authors: Xiang Quanjun , Yu Jiaguo , Jaroniec Mietek
Published: April 2012

Review: 158 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Uranium Compounds
Authors: Aoki Dai , Flouquet Jacques
Published: April 2012

Review: emphasis on the ferromagnetic superconductors UGe2, URhGe and UCoGe; 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “Rollover” Cyclometalation — Early History, Recent Developments, Mechanistic Insights and Application Aspects
Authors: Butschke Burkhard , Schwarz Helmut
Published: April 2012

Review: 198 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Magnetic Coordination Complexes for Quantum Computing
Authors: Aromi Guillem , Aguila David , Gamez Patrick , Luis Fernando , Roubeau Olivier
Published: April 2012

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Heterocycles
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Appukkuttan Prasad , Van der Eycken Erik
Published: April 2012

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mimicking Nature to Make Unnatural Amino Acids and Chiral Diamines
Authors: So Soon Mog , Kim Hyunwoo , Mui Leo , Chin Jik
Published: April 2012

Review: use of a chiral pyridoxal model to make unnatural α‐amino acids with excellent stereoselectivity, chiral diamines from a chiral pyridoxamine model, computational studies; ca. 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Even‐Handed Approach: Strategies for the Deployment of Racemic Chiral Catalysts
Authors: Evans Louise A. , Hodnett Neil S. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C.
Published: April 2012

Review: about 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Constrained‐Geometry Titanacarborane Monoamides: From Synthesis and Reactivity to Catalytic Applications
Authors: Shen Hao , Xie Zuowei
Published: April 2012

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Septanose Carbohydrates
Authors: Saha Jaideep , Peczuh Mark W.
Published: April 2012

Review: 173 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Eight‐Membered and Larger Rings
Authors: Newkome George R.
Published: April 2012

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems with O and S (Se, Te) Atoms
Authors: Aitken R. Alan , Power Lynn A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymorphism in Spin—Crossover Systems
Authors: Tao Jun , Wei Rong‐Jia , Huang Rong‐Bin , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: April 2012

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Prophylactic Effect of Glutamate on Gastrointestinal Damage
Authors: Amagase Kikuko , Nakamura Eiji , Kato Shinichi , Takeuchi Koji
Published: April 2012

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Evaluation of Desulfurization Technologies for Sulfur Removal from Liquid Fuels.
Authors: Srivastava Vimal Chandra
Published: April 2012

Review: 337 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Prediction of 1H and 13C Chemical Shifts: A Useful Tool for Natural Product, Mechanistic, and Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: Lodewyk Michael W. , Siebert Matthew R. , Tantillo Dean J.
Published: April 2012

Review: 240 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Diglycolamides: Promising Extractants for Actinide Partitioning
Authors: Ansari Seraj A. , Pathak Priyanath , Mohapatra Prasanta K. , Manchanda Vijay K.
Published: April 2012

Review: 138 refs.
Scale‐up via Miniplant Technique: Examples of Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Behr Arno , Witte Henning , Zagajewski Michael
Published: April 2012

Bei der Entwicklung eines neuen chemischen Verfahrens gilt es, die Zeitspanne vom ersten Laborversuch bis hin zum technischen Verfahren rigoros zu minimieren, um der Dynamik des sich rasch entwickelnden Marktes gerecht zu werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Vorteile der Miniplant‐Technik im Hinblick auf eine effiziente Verfahrensentwicklung dargestellt. Hierbei werden konkrete Beispiele homogen katalysierter Verfahren vorgestellt, welche in Form kontinuierlich betriebener Miniplants erfolgreich realisiert wurden.
Solvent‐Free Catalytic Depolymerization of Cellulose to Water‐Soluble Oligosaccharides
Authors: Meine Niklas , Rinaldi Roberto , Schüth Ferdi
Published: April 2012

The use of cellulose is hampered by difficulties with breaking up the biopolymer into soluble products. Herein, we show that the impregnation of cellulosic substrates with catalytic amounts of a strong acid (e.g., H2SO4, HCl) is a highly effective strategy for minimizing the contact problem commonly experienced in mechanically assisted, solid‐state reactions. Milling the acid‐impregnated cellulose fully converts the substrate into water‐soluble oligosaccharides within 2 h. In aqueous solution, soluble products are easily hydrolyzed at 130 °C in 1 h, leading to 91 % conversion of the glucan fraction of α‐cellulose into glucose, and 96 % of the xylans into xylose. Minor products are glucose dimers (8 %), 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (1 %) and furfural (4 %). Milling practical feedstocks (e.g., wood, sugarcane bagasse, and switchgrass) also results to water‐soluble products (oligosaccharides and lignin fragments). The integrated approach (solid‐state depolymerization in combination with liquid‐phase hydrolysis) could well hold the key to a highly efficient “entry process” in biorefinery schemes.
Epidemiologic studies of exposure to prenatal infection and risk of schizophrenia and autism
Authors: Brown Alan S.
Published: April 2012

In this review, we provide a synopsis of work on the epidemiologic evidence for prenatal infection in the etiology of schizophrenia and autism. In birth cohort studies conducted by our group and others, in utero exposure to infectious agents, prospectively obtained after biomarker assays of archived maternal sera and by obstetric records was related to an increased risk of schizophrenia. Thus far, it has been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to influenza, increased toxoplasma antibody, genital–reproductive infections, rubella, and other pathogens are associated with schizophrenia. Anomalies of the immune system, including enhanced maternal cytokine levels, are also related to schizophrenia. Some evidence also suggests that maternal infection and immune dysfunction may be associated with autism. Although replication is required, these findings suggest that public health interventions targeting infectious exposures have the potential for preventing cases of schizophrenia and autism. Moreover, this work has stimulated translational research on the neurobiological and genetic determinants of these conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Rhenium(I) and Technetium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes with [NSO]‐Type Chelators: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Radiochemistry
Authors: Makris George , Karagiorgou Ourania , Papagiannopoulou Dionysia , Panagiotopoulou Angeliki , Raptopoulou Catherine P. , Terzis Aris , Psycharis Vassilis , Pelecanou Maria , Pirmettis Ioannis , Papadopoulos Minas S.
Published: April 2012

The reactions of the NSO ligands 2‐[2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylthio]acetic acid (HL1), 3‐[2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylthio]propanoic acid (HL2), 2‐(carboxymethylthio)‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)propanoic acid (H2L3), and 2‐(carboxyethylthio)‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)propanoic acid (H2L4) with [NEt4]2[ReBr3(CO)3] are presented. Ligands HL1, H2L3, and H2L4 act as tridentate NSO chelators and readily generate the fac‐[Re(NSO)(CO)3]complexes Re‐L1, Re‐HL3, and Re‐HL4. Ligand HL2 acts as NSO tridentate chelator only in the presence of base to give complex Re‐L2, while without base it coordinates as a NS bidentate chelator to generate complex fac‐[ReBr(NS)(CO)3], Re‐HL2. All complexes were isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy. Complex Re‐L1, Re‐HL2, and Re‐HL3 were characterized also by X‐ray crystallography. Furthermore, the analogous technetium complexes fac‐[99mTc(NSO)(CO)3]+, 99mTc‐L1, 99mTc‐L2, 99mTc‐HL3, and 99mTc‐HL4 were synthesized by reacting ligands HL1–H2L4 with the fac‐[99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+ precursor for 30 min at 75 °C. The tracer complexes 99mTc‐L1–99mTc‐HL4 were found to be stable in L‐cysteine and L‐histidine challenge experiments. The bifunctional chelating agents that bear a second carboxylate group are promising for the development of targeted 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.
Generation and Chemistry of Tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct‐2(3)‐ene
Authors: Lee Gon‐Ann , Chan Lien‐En , Tsai Ru‐Ting , Chen Ko‐Chou
Published: April 2012

The 1,3‐fused polycyclic cyclopropene, tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct‐2(3)‐ene 25, was synthesized by the elimination of trimethylsilyl chloride from 2‐chloro‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octane 20. However, the high strain in the system favors the ring‐opened vinylcarbene form, which undergoes a number of reactions including the addition of water, insertion into the C–H bond α to the oxygen atom in tetrahydrofuran (THF), and [1+2] addition to the C=C bond in furan. The stereoselectivity of the addition of H2O and THF to the vinylcarbene are similar, and exo products were preferably formed. As a result of electronic and steric effects, intermediate 26 reacted with furan and preferentially yielded the endo product 27. Furthermore, on heating, the addition products 27 and 28 rearranged to aldehyde 29.
Application of 2‐Azido‐2‐deoxythioglycosides for β‐Glycoside Formation and Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Mong Kwok‐Kong Tony , Yen Yu‐Fang , Hung Wei‐Cheng , Lai Yen‐Hsun , Chen Jiun‐Han
Published: April 2012

Most natural 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxyglycosides exist in a 1,2‐trans‐β‐glycosidic configuration. This study investigated the use of 2‐azido‐2‐deoxythioglycosides for 1,2‐trans‐β‐glycosidic bond formation under low‐concentration glycosylation conditions. Further application of the 2‐azido‐2‐deoxythioglycosyl substrates for one‐pot oligosaccharide synthesis was demonstrated in the synthesis of protected β‐(1→6)‐N‐acetylglucosamine trimer, core‐6–serine conjugate, and F1–α serine conjugate.
A U‐Turn in the Asymmetric Appel Reaction: Stereospecific Reduction of Diastereomerically Enriched Alkoxyphosphonium Salts Allows the Asymmetric Synthesis of P‐Stereogenic Phosphanes and Phosphane Boranes
Authors: Rajendran Kamalraj V. , Kudavalli Jaya S. , Dunne Katherine S. , Gilheany Declan G.
Published: April 2012

An efficient one‐pot synthesis has been developed of enantioenriched P‐stereogenic phosphanes and phosphane boranes from the corresponding racemic phosphanes in excellent yield under asymmetric Appel conditions. The chiral auxiliary (menthol) can also be recovered unchanged. The simple and efficient protocol significantly expands the scope of our asymmetric Appel process. The crucial step in the preparation involves stereospecific reduction of intermediate diastereomeric alkoxyphosphonium salts, which are obtained in the reaction of phosphane, hexachloroacetone, and menthol. Thereby, reaction with LiAlH4 or NaBH4 gives the corresponding phosphanes or phosphane boranes, respectively.
Evaluation of indoor air quality models with the ranked statistical performance measures using available software
Authors: Kadiyala Akhil , Kumar Ashok
Published: April 2012

Over the last two decades, rapid advancements have been made in the field of environmental science and engineering that eventually led to the development of new modeling techniques. It is essential that these newly developed modeling techniques be validated before they are incorporated and applied in the real‐world. Statistical performance measures play a major role in the model validation by comparing the observations with the modeled predictions. One of the serious limitations in the current literature is that very few studies have used a comprehensive set of the ranked performance measures for validating the newly developed indoor air quality models. This study fills the knowledge gap by demonstrating the use of ranked acceptance criteria for validation of an indoor air quality modeling problem in public transit buses using available software. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
The Impact of Self‐Reported Pubertal Status and Pubertal Timing on Disordered Eating in Irish Adolescents
Authors: McNicholas Fiona , Dooley Barbara , McNamara Niamh , Lennon Ruth
Published: April 2012

This paper considers the impact of pubertal status and pubertal timing on disordered eating in Irish adolescents. 1190 boys and 1841 girls completed the Eating Attitudes Test‐26, the Eating Disorder Inventory‐III and self‐report measures of pubertal status and pubertal timing. Regarding pubertal status, greater maturity in girls was associated with increased overall eating concerns, higher drive for thinness and higher levels of body dissatisfaction. In boys, greater maturity was associated with lower drive for thinness and lower body dissatisfaction. Regarding pubertal timing, early‐maturing girls showed the most eating concerns, the highest drive for thinness, scored highest on bulimic symptoms and were the most dissatisfied with their bodies. In contrast, late‐maturing boys had more bulimic symptoms and more dissatisfaction with their bodies than on‐time peers. The findings suggest that puberty itself is a risk factor for disordered eating for girls rather than boys; however, pubertal timing is a risk factor for both. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Controls of streamflow generation in small catchments across the snow–rain transition in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Liu Fengjing , Hunsaker Carolyn , Bales Roger C.
Published: April 2012

Processes controlling streamflow generation were determined using geochemical tracers for water years 2004–2007 at eight headwater catchments at the Kings River Experimental Watersheds in southern Sierra Nevada. Four catchments are snow‐dominated, and four receive a mix of rain and snow. Results of diagnostic tools of mixing models indicate that Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Cl− behaved conservatively in the streamflow at all catchments, reflecting mixing of three endmembers. Using endmember mixing analysis, the endmembers were determined to be snowmelt runoff (including rain on snow), subsurface flow and fall storm runoff. In seven of the eight catchments, streamflow was dominated by subsurface flow, with an average relative contribution (% of streamflow discharge) greater than 60%. Snowmelt runoff contributed less than 40%, and fall storm runoff less than 7% on average. Streamflow peaked 2–4 weeks earlier at mixed rain–snow than snow‐dominated catchments, but relative endmember contributions were not significantly different between the two groups of catchments. Both soil water in the unsaturated zone and regional groundwater were not significant contributors to streamflow. The contributions of snowmelt runoff and subsurface flow, when expressed as discharge, were linearly correlated with streamflow discharge (R2 of 0.85–0.99). These results suggest that subsurface flow is generated from the soil–bedrock interface through preferential pathways and is not very sensitive to snow–rain proportions. Thus, a declining of the snow–rain ratio under a warming climate should not systematically affect the processes controlling the streamflow generation at these catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gr‐1+CD11b+ cells are responsible for tumor promoting effect of TGF‐β in breast cancer progression
Authors: Li Zhaoyang , Pang Yanli , Gara Sudheer Kumar , Achyut B.R. , Heger Christopher , Goldsmith Paul K. , Lonning Scott , Yang Li
Published: April 2012

One great challenge in our understanding of TGF‐β cancer biology and the successful application of TGF‐β‐targeted therapy is that TGF‐β works as both a tumor suppressor and a tumor promoter. The underlying mechanisms for its functional change remain to be elucidated. Using 4T1 mammary tumor model that shares many characteristics with human breast cancer, particularly its ability to spontaneously metastasize to the lungs, we demonstrate that Gr‐1+CD11b+ cells or myeloid derived suppressor cells are important mediators in TGF‐β regulation of mammary tumor progression. Depletion of Gr‐1+CD11b+ cells diminished the antitumor effect of TGF‐β neutralization. Two mechanisms were involved: first, treatment with TGF‐β neutralization antibody (1D11) significantly decreased the number of Gr‐1+CD11b+ cells in tumor tissues and premetastatic lung. This is mediated through increased Gr‐1+CD11b+ cell apoptosis. In addition, 1D11 treatment significantly decreased the expression of Th2 cytokines and Arginase 1. Interestingly, the number and property of Gr‐1+CD11b+ cells in peripheral blood/draining lymph nodes correlated with tumor size and metastases in response to 1D11 treatment. Our data suggest that the efficacy of TGF‐β neutralization depends on the presence of Gr‐1+CD11b+ cells, and these cells could be good biomarkers for TGF‐β‐targeted therapy.
Heterogeneity of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia related to HPV16: Implications for natural history and management
Authors: Wentzensen Nicolas , Walker Joan , Schiffman Mark , Yang Hannah P. , Zuna Rosemary E. , Dunn S. Terence , Allen R. Andy , Zhang Roy , Sherman Mark , Gold Michael A. , Wang Sophia S.
Published: April 2012

Factors associated with progression from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 2 and 3 to invasive cancer are not well understood; most CIN2 and CIN3 do not progress to cancer. Among carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types, infections with HPV16 have the highest risk of progressing to cancer. We evaluated the heterogeneity of risk factors, lesion size, colposcopic impression and colposcopic biopsy results in relation to HPV16 status among 627 women with CIN2 or CIN3 in women referred to colposcopy at the University of Oklahoma. Loop excision specimens were evaluated in 12 radial segments to estimate lesion size. The mean age at CIN3 was 27.7 years for HPV16‐positive women (n = 225) and 33.6 years for HPV16‐negative women (n = 104). The average lesion size did not differ by HPV16 status (p = 0.83). Among HPV16‐positive women with CIN3, lesions were significantly larger in women 30 years and older (p = 0.03). Colposcopic impression was worse in women with HPV16 infections (p = 0.009), but the detection of CIN3 at the preceding biopsy was not improved in HPV16‐positive women. CIN3 is detected at the same lesion size, but at much younger age in women with HPV16 infections, suggesting faster growth. CIN2 lesion size in women without HPV16 peaks below 30 years and then decreases, suggesting frequent regression, whereas HPV16‐related CIN2 is more likely to persist. Lesion size seems to be an important determinant of colposcopy and biopsy performance. Genotyping for HPV16 in cervical cancer screening can improve risk stratification but may pose challenges to finding small lesions in colposcopy.
Estrogen receptor‐β protects against colitis‐associated neoplasia in mice
Authors: Saleiro Diana , Murillo Genoveva , Benya Richard V. , Bissonnette Marc , Hart John , Mehta Rajendra G.
Published: April 2012

Estrogen receptor‐beta (ERβ) has been suggested to exert anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumorigenic effects in the colon, providing a translational potential to prevent and/or treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its progression to colitis‐associated colorectal cancer (CAC). However, the specific direct role of ERβ in CAC has not yet been tested. We assessed the effects of ERβ deficiency in the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced CAC model using ERβ knockout (βERKO) mice and wild‐type (WT) littermates. These mice were injected with AOM followed by 1 week of DSS treatment, and sacrificed on weeks 9 or 16. βERKO mice developed more severe clinical colitis compared to WT mice, as evidenced by significantly higher disease activity index after DSS treatment, weight to length ratio of the colons, inflammation score and grade of dysplasia. ERβ‐deficient colons presented greater number and size of polyps at weeks 9 and 16, respectively, and were characterized by a significant increase in interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐17, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon‐gamma mRNA levels. Furthermore, higher protein expression levels of nuclear factor‐kappa B, inducible nitric oxide synthase, β‐catenin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, mucin‐1 and significantly lower caveolin‐1 and mucin‐2 protein levels were shown in βERKO mice compared to WT mice. These data suggest a possible anti‐inflammatory and anti‐neoplastic mechanism of action of ERβ in CAC. These results demonstrate for the first time that ERβ provides protection in the AOM/DSS‐induced CAC model in mice, suggesting a preventive and/or therapeutic potential for the use of ERβ‐selective agonists in IBD.
Study on the dissolved oxygen control strategy in large‐scale vitamin B12 fermentation by Pseudomonas denitrificans
Authors: Li Kun‐Tai , Zhou Jia , Cheng Xin , Wei Sai‐jin
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: There are two different routes for vitamin B12 biosynthesis, which results in discrepancies and uncertainties of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration for vitamin B12 fermentation. In this paper, the DO control strategy was explored for industrial vitamin B12 fermentation by Pesudomonas denitrificans in 120000‐L fermenter.

RESULTS: A DO‐stat strategy was first successfully scaled up from a 9000 L fermenter to a 120 000 L fermenter. Then a multi‐stage DO control strategy was further established in the 120 000 L fermenter, in which the DO level was shifted from 8–10% (20–48 h) to 2–5% (49–106 h) and below 2% (107–168 h) by gradually reducing the rate of aeration and agitation. As a result, 198.80 mg L−1 of vitamin B12 was obtained, which was significantly higher than those obtained under the fermentations with one‐stage DO control.

CONCLUSIONS: The comparatively low DO level was favorable for vitamin B12 biosynthesis, but it would have an extremely negative effect on cell growth. Compared with the low DO level maintained at all times of the fermentation process, a multi‐stage DO control strategy could not only increase the biomass but also improve vitamin B12 biosynthesis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Extracellular heat shock protein 72 protects schwann cells from hydrogen peroxide‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Luo Xinjing , Tao Lingjian , Lin Peng , Mo Xuanrong , Chen Haixiao
Published: April 2012

The cytoprotective role of extracellular heat shock protein (Hsp) 72 has been demonstrated in various cell types, including neuronal cells; however, few studies have investigated the actual role of Hsp72 in the survival of Schwann cells (SCs). In the present study, we investigated the effect of exogenous Hsp72 on Schwann cell apoptotic cell death induced by H2O2. We determined that extracellular exposure to Hsp72 reduced cell death in rat SCs in a dose‐dependent manner, with the protection resulting from downregulation of apoptosis induced by H2O2 (as shown by TUNEL and annexin V flow cytometry analyses). Moreover, we observed that Hsp72 suppressed caspase‐3 and −9 activation induced by H2O2. This was accompanied by upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2. These findings indicate that extracellular Hsp72 can afford neuroprotection to peripheral nerves via its ability to inhibit Schwann cell apoptosis and diminish oxidative stress‐mediated injuries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical skills improve after practice on virtual‐reality temporal bone simulator
Authors: Francis Howard W. , Malik Mohammad U. , Diaz Voss Varela David A. , Barffour Maxwell A. , Chien Wade W. , Carey John P. , Niparko John K. , Bhatti Nasir I.
Published: April 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To assess whether practice on a virtual‐reality (VR) temporal bone simulator improves acquisition of technical skills in mastoid surgery.

Study Design:

Prospective blinded study.

Methods:

Using a previously validated objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) tool, performance was assessed in 12 residents for two tasks of cortical mastoidectomy: 1) identifying and defining the tegmen and 2) defining the sigmoid sinus and sinodural angle. These surgical tasks were chosen as key steps in mastoid dissection because they were of intermediate complexity. Videos of virtual dissections were captured at baseline and again after practicing each task four to six times.

Results:

OSATS scores for the tegmen task increased from 2.125 ± 1.25 to 3.1 ± 0.85 (P = .026), whereas for the sigmoid task scores increased from 2 ± 0.45 to 2.75 ± 1.125 (P = .0098). The time to complete the tasks decreased from 8.37 ± 4.78 minutes to 5.39 ± 3.06 minutes (P = .018) for the tegmen task and from 8.99 ± 6.7 minutes to 8.68 ± 5.98 minutes (P = .594) for the sigmoid task. There was a decline in number of injuries from 0.5 ± 1.5 to 0 ± 0.5 (P = .594) for the tegmen task and from 2.5 ± 4 to 0.5 ± 1 (P = .029) for the sigmoid task.

Conclusions:

Technical skills in mastoidectomy surgery can be acquired during even brief practice on the VR temporal bone simulator. It is anticipated that longer periods of practice presented within the fundamentals of comprehensive curriculum will facilitate procedural learning. Further studies are required to elucidate evidence of transference of these skills to the operating room and to procedures of greater complexity.
Heat development at nasal endoscopes' tips: Danger of tissue damage? A laboratory study
Authors: Tomazic Peter Valentin , Hammer Georg Philipp , Gerstenberger Claus , Koele Wolfgang , Stammberger Heinz
Published: April 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The aim of this study was to measure the temperature generated by light sources in conjunction with angulated endoscopes and to analyze whether the heat generated at the endoscopes' tips harbors potential damage to mucosa or highly sensitive structures like the optic nerve or brain when in direct contact, considering a beginning necrosis of human protein starting at 40°C.

Study Design:

Laboratory setting, prospective.

Methods:

Brand new 4‐mm, 0° and 30° rigid nasal endoscopes were measured each with halogen, xenon, and light‐emitting diode (LED) light sources, respectively, at different power levels for tip contact temperature.

Results:

The highest temperatures were reached with a xenon light source at a maximum of 44.3°C, 65.8°C, and 91.4°C at 33%, 66%, and 100% power levels, respectively, for 4‐mm, 0° endoscopes. For 30° endoscopes, temperatures of 47.0°C, 75.1°C, and 95.5°C were measured at 33%, 66%, and 100% power levels (P < .001; 0° vs. 30°), respectively. At 5‐mm distance from the tip, temperatures were below body temperature for all light sources (<36°C) at all power settings. Within 2 minutes after switching off light sources, temperatures dropped to room temperature (22°C).

Conclusions:

Xenon light sources have the greatest illumination potential; however, at only 33% power level, potentially harmful temperatures can be reached at the tips of the endoscopes. Power LED and halogen have the highest safety; however, only LED has very good illumination. In narrow corridors, direct contact to tissues or vital structures should be avoided, or endoscopes should be cooled during surgical procedures.
Indocyanine green‐augmented diode laser therapy of telangiectatic leg veins: A randomized controlled proof‐of‐concept trial
Authors: Klein Annette , Bäumler Wolfgang , Koller Michael , Shafirstein Gal , Kohl Elisabeth A. , Landthaler Michael , Babilas Philipp
Published: April 2012

Background

Telangiectatic leg veins, which affect about 40–50% of adults, represent a frequent cosmetic rather than a medical problem. Besides sclerotherapy, various laser devices are common treatment options. However, complete clearance rates can only be achieved in a small number of patients.

Objective

In this proof‐of‐concept study, the safety and efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)‐augmented diode laser therapy (808 nm) was evaluated for the treatment of telangiectatic leg veins.

Methods

ICG (2 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously administered in 15 female patients (skin type II to III) with telangiectatic leg veins (measuring between 0.25 and 3 mm in diameter). Immediately after ICG injection, diode laser pulses with different radiant exposures (50–110 J/cm2) were applied as one single treatment. Safety and efficacy were assessed 1 and 3 months after treatment by a blinded investigator and the patient. Treatments with the pulsed dye laser (PDL) and the diode laser without ICG served as reference therapies.

Results

The safety of ICG application and diode laser treatment was excellent in all patients with no persisting side effects. Vessel clearance was dose‐dependent. Diode laser treatment at radiant exposures between 100 and 110 J/cm2 resulted in good vessel clearance, which even improved to excellent after the application of double pulses. Diode laser therapy without ICG and PDL treatment induced poor to moderate clearance of telangiectatic leg veins.

Conclusion

ICG‐augmented diode laser therapy has proved to be a safe and effective treatment option for telangiectatic leg veins. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 369–376, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single Chain Folding of Synthetic Polymers by Covalent and Non‐Covalent Interactions: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Altintas Ozcan , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: April 2012

The present feature article highlights the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles and initial attempts towards mimicking the structure of natural biomacromolecules by single chain folding of well‐defined linear polymers through covalent and non‐covalent interactions. Initially, the discussion focuses on the synthesis and characterization of single chain self‐folded structures by non‐covalent interactions. The second part of the article summarizes the folding of single chain polymers by means of covalent interactions into nanoparticle systems. The current state of the art in the field of single chain folding indicates that covalent‐bond‐driven nanoparticle preparation is well advanced, while the first encouraging steps towards building reversible single chain folding systems by the use of mutually orthogonal hydrogen‐bonding motifs have been made.
Finite element analysis and algorithms for single‐crystal strain‐gradient plasticity
Authors: Reddy B.D. , Wieners C. , Wohlmuth B.
Published: April 2012

We provide optimal a priori estimates for finite element approximations of a model of rate‐independent single‐crystal strain‐gradient plasticity. The weak formulation of the problem takes the form of a variational inequality in which the primary unknowns are the displacement and slips on the prescribed slip systems, as well as the back‐stress associated with the vectorial microstress. It is shown that the return mapping algorithm for local plasticity can be applied element‐wise to this non‐local setting. Some numerical examples illustrate characteristic features of the non‐local model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modifications to induction therapy decrease risk of early death in infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on Children's Oncology Group P9407
Authors: Salzer Wanda L. , Jones Tamekia L. , Devidas Meenakshi , Hilden Joanne M. , Winick Naomi , Hunger Stephen , Carroll William L. , Camitta Bruce , Dreyer ZoAnn E.
Published: April 2012

Background

Infants (<366 days of age) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a poor prognosis. Most treatment failures occur within 6–9 months of diagnosis, primarily from relapse.

Procedure

The Children's Oncology Group P9407 study was designed to test if early intensified treatment would improve outcome for infants with ALL. Due to a significant number of early deaths (< 90 days from enrollment), Induction therapy was amended three times. Cohorts 1 + 2 (n = 68), received identical Induction therapy except for reduced daunorubicin dose in Cohort 2. Cohort 3 (n = 141) received prednisone (40 mg/m2/day) instead of dexamethasone (10 mg/m2/day) and short infusion daunorubicin (30 minutes) instead of continuous infusion (48 hours), as well as additional supportive care measures throughout therapy.

Results

Early deaths occurred in 17/68 (25%) infants in Cohorts 1 + 2 and 8/141 (5.7%) infants in Cohort 3 (P < 0.0001). Among infants ≤90 days of age at diagnosis, early death occurred in 10/17 (58.8%) in Cohorts 1 + 2 and 4/27 (14.8%) in Cohort 3 (P = 0.006). Among infants >90 days of age at diagnosis, early death occurred in 7/51 (13.7%) in Cohorts 1 + 2 and 4/114 (3.5%) in Cohort 3 (P = 0.036). Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections were more common in Cohorts 1 + 2 versus Cohort 3.

Conclusions

Early morbidity and mortality for infants with ALL were reduced by substitution of prednisone (40 mg/m2/day) for dexamethasone (10 mg/m2/day), the delivery of daunorubicin over 30 minutes instead of a continuous infusion for 48 hours, and the provision of more specific supportive care measures. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 834–839. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.