bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable social work: Modelling knowledge production, transfer, and evidence‐based practice
Authors: Gray Mel , Schubert Leanne
Published: May 2011

Gray M, Schubert L. Sustainable social work: modelling knowledge production, transfer, and evidence‐based social work

This article is a first attempt to present a model of knowledge production and transfer in social work, drawing on the expanding literature on knowledge production. It highlights features of knowledge production in social work, such as the diverse contexts in which knowledge is developed and applied. It argues that knowledge production by itself is not enough. Equally important is knowledge transfer and implementation. The literature on knowledge production highlights problems with the implementation of actually existing knowledge and the potential resistance to this implementation as highly important issues for social work research. It leads to a greater awareness of the context in which knowledge is produced and applied and creates a bridge between traditional informal and tacit ways of knowing in social work and the demands of evidence‐based practice.
Pupil size changes during recognition memory
Authors: Otero Samantha C. , Weekes Brendan S. , Hutton Samuel B.
Published: May 2011

Pupils dilate to a greater extent when participants view old compared to new items during recognition memory tests. We report three experiments investigating the cognitive processes associated with this pupil old/new effect. Using a remember/know procedure, we found that the effect occurred for old items that were both remembered and known at recognition, although it was attenuated for known compared to remembered items. InExperiment 2, the pupil old/new effect was observed when items were presented acoustically, suggesting the effect does not depend on low‐level visual processes. The pupil old/new effect was also greater for items encoded under deep compared to shallow orienting instructions, suggesting it may reflect the strength of the underlying memory trace. Finally, the pupil old/new effect was also found when participants falsely recognized items as being old. We propose that pupils respond to a strength‐of‐memory signal and suggest that pupillometry provides a useful technique for exploring the underlying mechanisms of recognition memory.
Molecular basis of the differential interaction with lithium of glycine transporters GLYT1 and GLYT2
Authors: Pérez‐Siles Gonzalo , Morreale Antonio , Leo‐Macías Alejandra , Pita Guillermo , Ortíz Ángel R. , Aragón Carmen , López‐Corcuera Beatriz
Published: May 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 195–204.

Glycine synaptic levels are controlled by glycine transporters (GLYTs) catalyzing Na+/Cl−/glycine cotransport. GLYT1 displays a 2 : 1 : 1 stoichiometry and is the main regulator of extracellular glycine concentrations. The neuronal GLYT2, with higher sodium coupling (3 : 1 : 1), supplies glycine to the pre‐synaptic terminal to refill synaptic vesicles. In this work, using structural homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations of GLYTs, we predict the conservation of the two sodium sites present in the template (leucine transporter from Aquifex aeolicus), and confirm its use by mutagenesis and functional analysis. GLYTs Na1 and Na2 sites show differential cation selectivity, as inferred from the action of lithium, a non‐transport‐supporting ion, on Na+‐site mutants. GLYTs lithium responses were unchanged in Na1‐site mutants, but abolished or inverted in mutants of Na2 site, which binds lithium in the presence of low sodium concentrations and therefore, controls lithium responses. Here, we report, for the first time, that lithium exerts opposite actions on GLYTs isoforms. Glycine transport by GLYT1 is inhibited by lithium whereas GLYT2 transport is stimulated, and this effect is more evident at increased glycine concentrations. In contrast to GLYT1, high and low affinity lithium‐binding processes were detected in GLYT2.
Lysosomal accumulation of Trk protein in brain of GM1‐gangliosidosis mouse and its restoration by chemical chaperone
Authors: Takamura Ayumi , Higaki Katsumi , Ninomiya Haruaki , Takai Tomoko , Matsuda Junichiro , Iida Masami , Ohno Kousaku , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Nanba Eiji
Published: May 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 399–406.

GM1‐gangliosidosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid β‐galactosidase (β‐gal). Accumulation of its substrate ganglioside GM1 (GM1) in lysosomes and other parts of the cell leads to progressive neurodegeneration, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies demonstrated an essential role for interaction of GM1 with tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) receptors in neuronal growth, survival and differentiation. In this study we demonstrate accumulation of GM1 in the cell‐surface rafts and lysosomes of the β‐gal knockout (β‐gal−/−) mouse brain association with accumulation of Trk receptors and enhancement of its downstream signaling. Immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation analysis revealed accumulation of Trk receptors in the late endosomes/lysosomes of the β‐gal−/− mouse brain and their association with ubiquitin and p62. Administration of a chemical chaperone to β‐gal−/− mouse expressing human mutant R201C protein resulted in a marked reduction of intracellular storage of GM1 and phosphorylated Trk. These findings indicate that GM1 accumulation in rafts causes activation of Trk signaling, which may participate in the pathogenesis of GM1‐gangliosidosis.
When the method for mapping species matters: defining priority areas for conservation of African freshwater turtles
Authors: Bombi Pierluigi , Luiselli Luca , D’Amen Manuela
Published: May 2011

Aim Defining priority areas for conservation is essential to minimize biodiversity loss, but the adoption of different methods for describing species distributions influences the outcomes. In order to provide a robust basis for the conservation of freshwater turtles in Africa, we compared the effect that different species‐mapping approaches had on derived patterns of species richness, species vulnerability and protected‐area representativeness.

Location Africa.

Methods We adopted three different approaches with increasing complexity for generating species distribution maps. The first approach was based on the geographic intersection of species records and grid squares; the second on the union of local convex polygons; and the third on inductive distribution modelling techniques. We used distribution maps, generated using these three approaches, to determine conservation priorities based on geographic patterns of species richness and vulnerability, as well as for conducting gap and irreplaceability analyses.

Results We obtained markedly different distribution maps using the three methods, which in turn caused differences in conservation priorities. The grid‐square approach underestimated range sizes and species richness, while the polygon approach overestimated these attributes. The distribution modelling approach provided the most realistic outcome in terms of diversity patterns, by minimizing both commission and omission errors. An integrated map of conservation priority – derived by combining individual measures of priority based on the distribution modelling approach – identified the Gulf of Guinea coast and the Albertine Rift as major priority areas.

Main conclusions Each species‐mapping approach has both advantages and disadvantages. The choice of the most appropriate approach in any given situation depends on the availability of locality records and on the relative importance of mitigating omission and commission errors. Our findings suggest that in most circumstances, the use of distribution modelling has many advantages relative to the other approaches. The priority areas identified in this study should be considered for targeting efforts to conserve Africa freshwater turtles in the coming years.
Dispersal through stream networks: modelling climate‐driven range expansions of fishes
Authors: Hein Catherine L. , Öhlund Gunnar , Englund Göran
Published: May 2011

Aim  To incorporate dispersal through stream networks into models predicting the future distribution of a native, freshwater fish given climate change scenarios.

Location  Sweden.

Methods  We used logistic regression to fit climate and habitat data to observed pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus) distributions in 13,476 lakes. We used GIS to map dispersal pathways through streams. Lakes either (1) contained pike or were downstream from pike lakes, (2) were upstream from pike lakes, but downstream from natural dispersal barriers, or (3) were isolated from streams or were upstream from natural dispersal barriers. We then used climate projections to model future distributions of pike and compared our results with and without including dispersal.

Results  Given climate and habitat, pike were predicted present in all of 99,249 Swedish lakes by 2100. After accounting for dispersal barriers, we only predicted pike presence in 31,538 lakes. Dispersal barriers most strongly limited pike invasion in mountainous regions, but low connectivity also characterized some relatively flat regions.

Main conclusions  The dendritic network structure of streams and interconnected lakes makes a two‐dimensional representation of the landscape unsuitable for predicting range shifts of many freshwater organisms. If dispersal through stream networks is not accounted for, predictions of future fish distributions in a warmer climate might grossly overestimate range expansions of warm and cool‐water fishes and underestimate range contractions of cold‐water fishes. Dispersal through stream networks can be modelled in any region for which a digital elevation model and species occurrence data are available.
Desmoplastic Hypopigmented Hairless Nevus: A Variant with Progressive Depigmentation, Induration, and Overgrowth
Authors: Werner Betina , Carvalho Vânia O. , Nacif Samira B. , Abbage Kerstin T. , da Silva Freitas Renato , Colpo Paula G.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Large congenital melanocytic nevus rarely presents itself without hairs, with hardened skin and progressive depigmentation. We report a girl who presented with a large congenital melanocytic nevus in the left cheek. Over the years, the nevus became pruriginous, light brown, bumpy, and hard. Histology revealed nevus cells interspersed with dense fibrosclerotic collagen bundles. There are few reported cases of large congenital melanocytic nevus with this evolution, so‐called desmoplastic hypopigmented hairless nevus.
Livedo Reticularis: A Side Effect of Interferon Therapy in a Pediatric Patient with Melanoma
Authors: Fox Michelle , Tahan Steven , Kim Caroline C.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Livedo reticularis is a lacy mottling of the skin that can have many etiologies. We report a case of an 8‐year‐old boy with a diagnosis of melanoma who developed persistent livedo reticularis during treatment with interferon alpha‐2B. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of livedo reticularis occurring as a side effect of interferon treatment for pediatric melanoma. Given the increasing incidence of pediatric melanoma, it is important that dermatologists be aware of potential side effects of interferon therapy to optimize care and education for these patients.
Ecthyma Gangrenosum Secondary to Staphylococcus aureus in an Infant with Transient Neutropenia
Authors: Pechter Patricia M. , Marchione Robb , Milikowski Clara , Berman Brian
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Ecthyma gangrenosum is classically a cutaneous manifestation of a pseudomonal septicemia that presents in a patient with an immunodeficiency or hematologic malignancy. We describe a previously healthy 8‐month‐old girl who developed transient neutropenia and characteristic ecthyma gangrenosum lesions secondary to methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This unique presentation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus ecthyma gangrenosum emphasizes the importance of broad empiric coverage and early culturing for microorganism and susceptibilities in any patient presenting with ecthyma gangrenosum.
In Situ Melanoma of the Nail Unit in Children: Report of Two Cases in Fair‐Skinned Caucasian Children
Authors: Tosti Antonella , Piraccini Bianca M. , Cagalli Anna , Haneke Eckart
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Nail melanoma in children is rarely reported in the literature, and all of the published cases were diagnosed in dark‐skinned phototypes or in Asians. We report two cases of in situ nail matrix melanoma presenting as longitudinal melanonychia (LM) in fair‐skinned children of Italian origin. Nail plate dermatoscopy revealed a brown background with lines of irregular color, spacing, and thickness in both cases. Histopathology of the excised lesions showed melanoma in situ. Clinical, dermatoscopic, and pathological criteria that permit clear differentiation of benign melanocytic activation or proliferation from nail matrix melanoma are not established for children. The presence of a pigmented band of a single nail in a child usually represents a problem for clinicians, because the clinical and dermatoscopic features that are considered possible indicators of nail unit melanoma in adults are frequently observed in benign melanocytic hyperplasia and nevi in children. There is therefore the need to find parameters useful for clinical and dermatoscopic diagnosis in childhood nail pigmentation and to reach a consensus on management of children with a band of LM.
Polyurethane Toilet Seat Contact Dermatitis
Authors: TURAN HAKAN , SARICAOĞLU HAYRIYE , TURAN AYŞEGÜL , TUNALI ŞÜKRAN
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Polyurethane chemicals are produced by the reaction of isocyanates and they may cause allergic contact dermatitis or precipitate asthma attacks. Contact dermatitis to polyurethane toilet seat has not been reported before. Herein we present a case of allergic contact dermatitis to polyurethane toilet seat.
Intense Pulsed Light Hair Removal in a Patient with Congenital Hypertrichosis Terminalis
Authors: ATTIA ABEER , El NOURY AMR , ABD ALHAFEZ MAMDOUH
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  We report a case of 1‐year‐old girl with congenital hypertrichosis terminalis treated using intense pulsed light for hair removal. Repeated sessions were performed every 3 weeks. Facial hair reduction was achieved after 12 sessions and body hair reduction after 15 sessions. Intense pulsed light resulted in 75% reduction of hair in congenital hypertrichosis terminalis.
Hemoglobin and iron indices in nonanemic premenopausal blood donors predict future deferral from whole blood donation
Authors: Pasricha Sant‐Rayn , McQuilten Zoe K. , Keller Anthony J. , Wood Erica M.
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia is an important reason for blood donor deferral. We prospectively determined whether screening donors with hemoglobin (Hb) and iron indices before donation can predict subsequent deferral due to anemia.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We recruited premenopausal, eligible (nonanemic) female donors. Hb, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hepcidin were measured, and the sTfR/(log)ferritin (sTfR‐F) index was calculated. After 6 months, the donor database was reviewed and whether donors had returned and undergone successful donation was recorded.

RESULTS: Of donors, 59 of 261(22.6%) were iron depleted (ferritin < 15 ng/mL). Iron‐depleted donors had donated more often in the previous year, were younger, and had lower Hb. After a minimum of 6 months, 145 eligible donors had returned; of these 10 (6.9%) were deferred for anemia. Donors who developed anemia had significantly lower Hb, ferritin, and hepcidin and higher sTfR and sTfR‐F at baseline. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for Hb as a predictor of deferral was 0.86, and for ferritin was 0.88. Hb of less than 130 g/L and ferritin of less than 10 ng/mL combined had sensitivity 80% and specificity 96% in predicting deferral.

CONCLUSION: Screening with Hb and iron indices enables prediction of donors at risk of subsequent anemia and who would most benefit from prevention strategies.
Motivating factors and deterrents for blood donation among donors at a university campus–based collection center
Authors: Yuan Shan , Hoffman Matthew , Lu Qun , Goldfinger Dennis , Ziman Alyssa
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Insight into motivating factors and barriers for blood donation, especially for young people and underrepresented minorities, is important to donor recruitment and retention. We surveyed donors at a new blood collection facility based on a large, ethnically diverse university campus.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Individuals who had donated or attempted to donate at the facility during the first 17 months of its operation were invited by e‐mail to respond to an anonymous, Web‐based questionnaire. Respondents were asked to provide demographic characteristics, rate the importance of various motivating and deterring factors for blood donation, and indicate how they prefer to be contacted by the blood center.

RESULTS: More than 30% of the 1619 invitees responded, 95.6% (n = 479) of whom gave complete responses. The respondents were ethnically diverse, and 79.1% were between 18 and 28 years of age. Altruism was by far the most important motivating factor for donation. However, incentives were also rated as important or very important by 72.2% of the respondents. Inconvenience due to time or location constraints was the most important deterrent. E‐mailing was the most preferred contact method and chosen by 80.3% of those surveyed. Some differences were noted in the responses from members of different age, sex, and ethnic groups.

CONCLUSION: Although overall altruism and inconvenience were the major motivating factor and deterrent for blood, some demographic differences existed in donor attitude toward incentive programs and preference for the method of contact used by blood centers for recruitment purposes.
Blood management in pediatric spinal deformity surgery: review of a 2‐year experience
Authors: Hassan Nabil , Halanski Matthew , Wincek Jeni , Reischman Diann , Sanfilippo Dominic , Rajasekaran Surender , Wells Cecilia , Tabert Deborah , Kurt Beth , Mitchell Deanna , Huntington John , Cassidy Jeffrey
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Pediatric scoliosis surgery is associated with considerable blood loss and allogenic transfusions. Transfusions contribute to morbidities and cost. A perioperative pediatric blood management program was implemented at our institution. Patients received preoperative evaluation, cell salvage, topical hemostasis, antifibrinolytics, and hypotensive anesthesia.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was a 2‐year retrospective cohort review of the program's population from September 2007 through August 2009.

RESULTS: A total of 110 scoliosis surgeries were performed with only 34 and 12% of the patients requiring preoperative oral iron and erythropoietin, respectively. Neuromuscular scoliosis patients had more repaired segments and a larger transfusion rate than idiopathic scoliosis patients (36% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.001). Transfused patients had more blood loss relative to their blood volume (p = 0.001) and blood loss was associated with higher Cobb angles (p = 0.04). Logistic regression revealed that blood loss (p = 0.001), number of segments fused (p = 0.004), and lower patient weight (p = 0.007) are associated with increased odds for transfusion. Twelve patients (10.9%) were identified with low von Willebrand activity with a trend toward higher blood losses (p = 0.07) with lower activity levels.

CONCLUSION: Transfusion requirements in scoliosis patients are dependent on blood loss as determined by Cobb angles and number of segments fused relative to the patients' blood volume as determined by weight. Implementation of a blood management protocol resulted in a low transfusion rate and unexpectedly led to the preoperative diagnosis of a number of patients with low levels of von Willebrand activity.
Assessing the charges associated with hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and remobilization in patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma undergoing autologous hematopoietic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hosing Chitra , Smith Veronica , Rhodes Beverly , Walters Kent , Thompson Richmond , Qazilbash Muzaffar , Khouri Issa , de Lima Marcos , Balzer Richard J. , McMannis John , Champlin Richard , Giralt Sergio , Popat Uday
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to perform a detailed analysis of the charges associated with chemomobilization and remobilization of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and to quantify medical costs and resource utilization associated with these procedures.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients with lymphoma underwent chemomobilization with ifosfamide and etoposide with or without rituximab (IE ± R). Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) received a modified hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone (hyper‐CVAD) regimen after failing to mobilize with growth factors only.

RESULTS: Between January 2004 and October 2006, 98 patients with lymphoma underwent HSC mobilization with IE ± R. Mobilization with IE ± R was effective, with 90.8% of patients collecting at least 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. The total charges for treatment were $27,996 and $37,667 for patients mobilized with IE and IE + R, respectively. Hospital readmission for complications occurred in 26.5% of patients, resulting in additional charges of $10,356. The preapheresis procedure charge was estimated to be $2522, the charge for a 2‐day apheresis session was $5160, and the postapheresis phase resulted in charges of $8040. Our analysis determined that reducing apheresis by 1 day has the potential to save $6600. We also performed a retrospective analysis of 16 patients with MM remobilized with a modified hyper‐CVAD regimen. Remobilization was successful, with 87.5% of patients. Our analysis determined that mobilization, preapheresis, apheresis, and postapheresis phase charges were $24,968, $2522, $6158, and $12,060, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Optimization of HSC mobilization regimens to reduce failure rates would not only benefit patients but also reduce the overall medical costs.
Accumulation of bioactive lipids during storage of blood products is not cell but plasma derived and temperature dependent
Authors: Vlaar Alexander P.J. , Kulik Wim , Nieuwland Rienk , Peters Charlotte P. , Tool Anton T.J. , van Bruggen Robin , Juffermans Nicole P. , de Korte Dirk
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Bioactive lipids (lysophosphatidylcholines [lysoPCs]) accumulating during storage of cell‐containing blood products are thought to be causative in onset of transfusion‐related acute lung injury through activation of neutrophils. LysoPCs are thought to be derived from cell membrane degradation products such as phosphatidylcholines (PC) by partial hydrolysis of PC, a process that is catalyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the underlying mechanisms of lysoPC generation and its contribution to in vitro neutrophil‐priming capacity during storage of red blood cells (RBCs), platelet (PLTs) concentrates, and cell‐free plasma. Blood from healthy volunteers was drawn, processed, and stored according to Sanquin Blood Bank protocols.

RESULTS: Storage of RBCs in saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (SAGM) did not result in accumulation of lysoPCs or neutrophil‐priming capacity. Replacement of SAGM by plasma as RBC storage medium caused elevated lysoPC levels on Day 0, which did not further increase during storage. Cell‐free plasma stored at 22°C showed accumulation of lysoPCs during storage, which was not present at 4°C. Addition of a soluble PLA2 or cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor did not prevent accumulation of lysoPCs in plasma. In PLTs, lysoPC accumulation during storage was plasma dependent, but lysoPCs did not explain the observed neutrophil‐priming effect as preventing accumulation of lysoPCs by removing the plasma fraction did not prevent the neutrophil‐priming capacity.

CONCLUSION: Accumulation of lysoPCs during storage is not cell but plasma derived and storage temperature dependent and does not explain the neutrophil‐priming effect of aged products.
Lymphatics: At the Interface of Immunity, Tolerance, and Tumor Metastasis
Authors: SHIELDS JACQUELINE D.
Published: May 2011

Please cite this paper as: Shields (2011). Lymphatics: At the Interface of Immunity, Tolerance, and Tumor Metastasis. Microcirculation 18(7), 517–531.

The lymphatic system has long been accepted as a passive escape route for metastasizing tumor cells. The classic view that lymphatics solely regulate fluid balance, lipid metabolism, and immune cell trafficking to the LN is now being challenged. Research in the field is entering a new phase with increasing evidence suggesting that lymphatics play an active role modulating inflammation, autoimmune disease, and the anti‐tumor immune response. Evidence exists to suggest that the lymphatics and chemokines guide LN bi‐functionally, driving immunity vs. tolerance according to demand. At sites of chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, and tumors, however, the same chemokines and aberrant lymphangiogenesis foster disease progression. These caveats point to the existence of a complex, finely balanced relationship between lymphatics and the immune system in health and disease. This review discusses emerging concepts in the fields of immunology, tumor biology, and lymphatic physiology, identifying critical, overlapping functions of lymphatics, the LN and lymphoid factors in tipping the balance of immunity vs. tolerance in favor of a growing tumor.
Formulation of a drug delivery system based on a mixture of monoglycerides and triglycerides for use in the treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Norling Tomas , Lading Pia , Engström Sven , Larsson Kåre , Krog Niels , Nissen Søren Søe
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This paper describes the development of a stable, controlled‐release formulation of metronidazole for use in the treatment of periodontal disease. It is formulated as a suspension, which undergoes transformation to a release‐controlling, semi‐solid on contact with gingival fluid. The system is based on the ability of mixtures of monoglycerides and triglycerides to form liquid crystals, i.e., reversed hexagonals, in contact with water. The reversed hexagonal form was found to have the most favourable sustained release properties, compared with those from the cubic form. The source of metronidazole is the prodrug, metronidazole benzoate, which further helps to slow down the release rate. Product characteristics are assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and viscometry. The release data derive from the results of in vitro dissolution tests. X‐ray diffraction, phase diagrams, and polarized light microscopy were used to elucidate the structure of the liquid crystalline phases.
Systemic absorption of metronidazole after application of a metronidazole 25% dental gel
Authors: Stoltze Kaj , Stellfeld Michael
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Systemic absorption of metronidazole was studied after one application of a metronidazole 25% dental gel into inflamed periodontal pockets. 14 patients with periodontal disease participated. Metronidazole gel was applied into the pockets of all teeth with probing depth ≥ 5 mm, minimum 10 teeth/patient. Excess gel was carefully collected in order to calculate the amount of metronidazole applied into the pockets. Blood samples for analysis of metronidazole in plasma were taken before and up to 72 h after application. To determine the bioavailability of metronidazole administered as gel, the patients were later given an i.v. dose of 100 mg metronidazole. Metronidazole was quantified by HPLC. The mean actual dose of metronidazole in gel was 55 mg (SD: 24 mg, range: 29–103 mg). Allowing for the fact that excess gel corresponding to about 60% of the applied amount of metronidazole under normal clinical conditions may be swallowed, the systemic load after one application of metronidazole 25% dental gel will still be less than after one metronidazole 250 mg tablet. Peak plasma concentrations varied between 223 and 1303 ng/ml (mean: 581 ng/mk, SD: 320 ng/ml) and were reached within 2 to 8 h (mean: 4.4 h). The mean bioavailability of metronidazole dental gel was 71%.
Concentration of metronidazole in periodontal pockets after application of a metronidazole 25% dental gel
Authors: Stoltze Kaj
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The metronidazole concentration was monitored in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of inflamed periodontal pockets after 1 application of a 25% gel. 12 patients with periodontal disease were included in the study. Metronidazole gel was applied with a syringe into the pockets of 10 teeth with probing depths ≥ 5 mm. Samples of GCF were taken with Periopaper® before application and 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h after application. At each time, samples from 2 teeth were pooled in order to obtain a sufficient amount of fluid for analysis. By means of a calibrated Periotron®, the collected volume of GCF was measured. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the amount of metronidazole. MIC50 for anaerobic periopathogens susceptible to metronidazole is below 1 μg/ml. In this study, the concentration obtained was higher than 1 μg/ml in all samples after 4 and 8 h, in 92% after 12 h, in 50% after 24 h and in 8% after 36 h. Thus, metronidazole concentrations in the pockets were generally above MIC50 for susceptible periopathogens 24 h after 1 application of a 25% metronidazole gel.
The effect of topical metronidazole therapy on experimentally‐induced periodontitis in the beagle dog
Authors: Klinge Björn , Kuvatanasuhati Jintakorn , Attström Rolf , Kalfas Sotos , Edwardsson Stig
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The present study was performed to assess the effect of topical metronidazole therapy on ligature‐induced periodontitis in beagle dogs. 6 beagle dogs with experimentally‐induced periodontitis on the mandibular 2nd, 3rd and 4th premolars were treated with metronidazole 10% dental paste 2 × daily for 4 weeks in an open placebo‐controlled study using a split‐mouth design. Recordings of probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing and gingival index were performed before commencement of treatment and repeated weekly during the 4‐weeks treatment period. Concurrently, samples for microbiological analysis were collected from 2 of the dogs. The results demonstrated that probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing and gingival index had improved significantly in the metronidazoletreated side compared with the placebo‐treated side. Black pigmented Bacteroides spp. and Spirochetes, present in all samples before treatment, were eliminated from the metronidazole‐treated side after the 1st week of treatment and throughout the treatment period, whereas they were present in all samples from the placebo‐treated side. The result of the present study demonstrates that topical application of metronidazole in a dental paste, improves the clinical features of the experimentally‐induced periodontitis and eliminates some of the micro‐organisms associated with the disease.
3 regimens of topical metronidazole compared with subgingival scaling on periodontal pathology in adults
Authors: Klinge Björn , Attström Rolf , Karring Thorkild , Kisch Jenö , Lewin Bengt , Stoltze Kaj
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This report presents the findings from an open randomized multicentre clinical trial designed to compare the clinical efficacy of scaling with application of 3 different preparations/dose frequencies of topical metronidazole in the treatment of adult periodontitis. The 4 treatments were: (A) metronidazole 25% dental gel administered 1 × a week for 2 weeks; (B) metronidazole 15% dental gel applied 1 × a week for 2 weeks; (C) metronidazole 15% dental gel applied 2 × a week for 2 weeks; (D) subgingival scaling, performed 1 × only. A split mouth design was used. Patients were included in the study if they had at least 1 tooth in each quadrant with a pocket depth ≥ 5 mm in at least 1 of 4 sites. A total of 61 patients from 4 centres were entered into the study. The efficacy parameters were probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing. Follow‐up visits for recording of clinical efficacy were made at 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks after the end of metronidazole treatment. All 3 antibiotic treatments (A, B, C) reduced the symptoms of periodontal pathology and yielded results comparable to those seen after subgingival scaling (D). When using a topical drug therapy, it seems important to use a preparation that requires as few applications as possible. The best candidate for drug therapy would therefore be treatment (A) metronidazole 25% applied 1 × a week for 2 weeks.
Comparative clinical and microbiological effects of topical subgingival application of metronidazole 25% dental gel and scaling in the treatment of adult periodontitis
Authors: Pedrazzoli V. , Kilian M. , Karring T.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical and microbiological effects of topical application of a metronidazole gel and a single session of subgingival scaling in the treatment of adult periodontitis. An open, randomized controlled clinical study design was employed. Each of 24 subjects received the 2 treatments simultaneously each in 2 randomly selected quadrants of the dentition. The metronidazole, 25% gel was applied subgingivally on days 0 and 7. Scaling was carried out in one quadrant on day 0 and in one quadrant on day 7. Clinical and microbiological examinations were carried out before treatment and on days 21, 49, 91, 133, and 175 of the experimental period. The microbiological analyses included determination of total anaerobically cultivable bacteria, and relative proportions of anaerobes, aerobes, black‐pigmented anaerobic Gram negative rods, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, streptococci, and spirochetes. Both treatments were effective in reducing probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing. Metronidazole tended to be a little better than scaling during the study period and the clinical effects of both treatments persisted during the whole 6 months observation period. Local metronidazole treatment induced a significant and long‐lasting shift in the subgingival flora towards a composition more compatible with health and comparable to that obtained by mechanical debridement. Proportions of black pigmented anaerobes including Prevotella intermedia, and the number of spirochetes were significantly reduced after both treatments with a concomitant increase in the proportions of streptococci. While scaling resulted in a statistically significant increase in the proportion of A. actinomycetemcomitans, this was avoided after metronidazole treatment. No selection or emergence of bacteria with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole was observed during the study. The use of a topically applied metronidazole 25% dental gel seems to be as effective as conventional mechanical therapy in the treatment of adult periodontitis.
Clinical responses to subgingival application of a metronidazole 25% gel compared to the effect of subgingival scaling in adult periodontitis
Authors: Ainamo J. , Lie T. , Ellingsen B. H. , Hansen B. F. , Johansson L.‐Å. , Karring T. , Kisch J. , Paunio K. , Stoltze K.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. A newly developed metronidazole 25% dental gel was compared with subgingival scaling in the treatment of adult periodontitis. 206 patients in 9 centres participated in the study. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded before treatment and 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks after the treatment. All patients had at least I tooth in each quadrant with a PPD of 5 mm or more. The treatments consisted of 2 applications of dental gel (days 0 and 7) in 2 randomly selected quadrants (split mouth design) and 2 sessions of subgingival scaling (1 quadrant on day 0, and 1 quadrant on day 7). Instruction in oral hygiene was given 2 weeks after completed treatment. The average PPD and the average frequency of BOP were calculated over all sites with initial PPD of 5 mm or more. PPD and BOP were thus, at each examination, calculated from the same sites. The mean PPD was 5.9 mm before gel application and 5.8 mm before scaling (p= 0.31). BOP was 88% in both treatment groups. 24 weeks after the treatment. PPD and BOP were significantly reduced in both groups and for both parameters (p < 0.01). PPD was reduced by 1.3 mm after gel application and 1.5 mm after scaling; BOP was reduced by 32% and 39%, respectively. The difference between the treatments was statistically significant, but considered as clinically unimportant.
Unusual peripheral odontogenic tumors in the differential diagnosis of gingival swellings
Authors: Manor Yifat , Merdinger Ofer , Katz Joseph , Taicher Shlomo
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Differential diagnosis of gingival mass lesions includes several conditions and causes. Peripheral odontogenic tumors may mimic gingival swellings and, although rare, must be included in the differential diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to describe 3 different cases of peripheral odontogenic tumors and to discuss the differential diagnosis of gingival swelling. Histologic examination is mandatory when localized gingival swellings are surgically removed.

Ungewöhnliche periphere odontogene Tumoren bei der Differentialdiagnose von Gingivaschwellungen

Die Differentialdiagnose von Gingivaläsionen schließt verschiedene Befunde und Ursachen ein. Periphere odontogene Tumoren können Gingivaschwellungen imitieren und sie müssen, obwohl sie selten sind, in die Differentialdiagnose einbezogen werden. Der Zweck dieses Artikels ist es drei verschiedene Fälle von peripheren odontogenen Tumoren zu beschreiben und die Differentialdiagnose von Gingivaschwellungen zu diskutieren. Die histologische Untersuchung ist zwingend notwendig, wenn die lokalisierten Gingivaschwellungen chirurgisch entfernt werden.

Tumeurs odontogènes périphériques rares et diagnostic différentiel des intumescences de la gencive

Le diagnostic différentiel des lésions de la masse gingivale comprend des affections et des causes sévères. Les tumeurs odontogènes périphériques peuvent avoir l'aspect d'intumescences de la gencive, et bien qu'elles soient rares, elles doivent être prises en considération lors du diagnostic diférentiel. Le but du présent article est de décrire 3 cas différents de tumeurs odontogènes périphériques et de discuter le diagnostic différentiel de l'intumescence gingivale. L'examen histologique est une obligation lors de l'ablation chirugicale d'intumescences gingivales localisées.
Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: photoprotective macronutrients
Authors: Pilkington Suzanne M. , Watson Rachel E. B , Nicolaou Anna , Rhodes Lesley E.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight has deleterious effects on skin, while behavioural changes have resulted in people gaining more sun exposure. The clinical impact includes a year‐on‐year increase in skin cancer incidence, and topical sunscreens alone provide an inadequate measure to combat overexposure to UVR. Novel methods of photoprotection are being targeted as additional measures, with growing interest in the potential for systemic photoprotection through naturally sourced nutrients. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) are promising candidates, showing potential to protect the skin from UVR injury through a range of mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the biological actions of n‐3 PUFA in the context of skin protection from acute and chronic UVR overexposure and describe how emerging new technologies such as nutrigenomics and lipidomics assist our understanding of the contribution of such nutrients to skin health.
A protective role of complement component 3 in T cell‐mediated skin inflammation
Authors: Purwar Rahul , Bäumer Wolfgang , Niebuhr Margarete , Tschernig Thomas , Kietzmann Manfred , Werfel Thomas
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Keratinocytes synthesize complement component 3 (C3) constitutively, and increased expression of C3 has been described during skin inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of C3 in T cell‐mediated allergic contact dermatitis, which is a clinical manifestation of contact sensitivity (CS). C3‐deficient mice (C3KO) showed substantial higher CS responses to haptens, inducing a Th1 cytokine‐mediated skin inflammation (2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene and dinitrochlorobenzene), and to haptens known to induce a Th2‐polarized inflammatory response (fluoro‐isothiocynate and toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate) as compared to their wild‐type (WT) controls. There was a higher influx of GR‐1+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells into the skin of hapten‐treated C3KO mice compared with WT mice. Activated splenocytes from C3KO mice immunized with DNCB secreted higher amounts of IFN‐γ compared with WT controls but not of Th2 (IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐10) cytokines or IL‐17. A higher secretion of IL‐12 from splenocytes of C3KO mice as compared with WT mice was observed after TLR‐4 ligand (LPS) or TLR‐2 ligand (peptidoglycan) stimulation. Thus, an increased expression of IL‐12 and of IFN‐γ may be responsible for the increased hapten‐induced inflammation in C3 deficiency. Finally, we demonstrated that C3KO mice developed oral tolerance to haptens to a lower degree than WT mice. Our findings provide a new insight into a novel anti‐inflammatory role of C3 in skin inflammation.
Manassantin A inhibits cAMP‐induced melanin production by down‐regulating the gene expressions of MITF and tyrosinase in melanocytes
Authors: Lee Hwa Dong , Lee Won‐Hee , Roh Eunmiri , Seo Chang‐Seob , Son Jong‐Keun , Lee Seung Ho , Hwang Bang Yeon , Jung Sang‐Hun , Han Sang‐Bae , Kim Youngsoo
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) is inducible in response to cAMP through the cAMP‐responsive element–binding protein (CREB) and plays a pivotal role in the melanocyte‐specific expression of tyrosinase or tyrosinase‐related proteins (TRPs) for melanin biosynthesis. Manassantin A from Saururus chinensis inhibits cAMP‐induced melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Here, we focused on molecular basis of the antimelanogenic activity. Manassantin A consistently inhibited the cAMP elevator 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX)‐ or dibutyryl cAMP‐induced melanin production in B16 cells or in melan‐a melanocytes by down‐regulating the expression of tyrosinase or TRP1 gene. Moreover, manassantin A suppressed MITF induction through IBMX‐activated CREB pathway, directly inhibiting the Ser‐133 phosphorylation of CREB. However, manassantin A did not affect IBMX‐increased cAMP levels in these cells but also other cAMP‐dependent melanogenic pathways through post‐translational modifications of MITF. This putative molecular mechanism of manassantin A in the inhibition of melanin production suggests its pharmacological potential in skin hyperpigmentation.
Association between the leptin gene 2548G/A polymorphism, the plasma leptin and the metabolic syndrome with psoriasis
Authors: Abdel Hay Rania M. , Rashed Laila A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Background:  Psoriasis is a disorder with genetic and immunologic background. Leptin can regulate the T‐helper response.

Objective:  Our primary goal is to study the functional polymorphism (G‐2548A) of the leptin (LEP) gene in the genetic predisposition of psoriasis, and our secondary goal is to examine factors affecting plasma leptin levels in psoriasis and to compare patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods:  The study involved 94 patients with psoriasis and 100 healthy controls. Analysis of G‐2548A polymorphism of the LEP gene was made by the PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. The relationship between LEP gene polymorphism and the clinical features of the patients was analysed. Plasma leptin levels and proportions of comorbidities in patients vs controls were compared.

Results:  In controls, the GA, AA and GG frequencies were 50%, 30% and 20%, respectively, while in patients, the distribution of genotypes was 42.5%, 20.2% and 38.3%, respectively, with significant difference (P = 0.014) between patients and controls. In patients with MS, the GG, GA and AA frequencies were 61.5%, 23.1% and 15.4%, respectively, while in patients without MS, the distribution of genotypes was 29.4%, 50% and 20.6%, respectively, with significant difference (P = 0.014) between both groups. Plasma leptin showed a significant higher levels in the patients versus the controls (P < 0.001), and among the different LEP genotypes (P < 0.001) in the patients’ group.

Conclusion:  LEP G‐2548A polymorphism could be a predictor for higher plasma leptin and increased risk of psoriasis and could be used as a marker for psoriasis‐related comorbidity risk.
Ageing processes influence keratin and KAP expression in human hair follicles
Authors: Giesen Melanie , Gruedl Sabine , Holtkoetter Olaf , Fuhrmann Guido , Koerner Andrea , Petersohn Dirk
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  In many cultures, a youthful look is strictly linked to strong and healthy hair. Source of the hair fibre is the hair follicle, a highly specialized skin appendage. Biological alterations because of intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli can destabilize this perfectly organized system, thus effecting hair growth or metabolism. Also, ageing could be characterized as a disturbance in this well‐balanced machinery. Albeit the predominant symptom of hair ageing, greying, is addressed in a plurality of research activities, further age‐related changes, e.g. related to hair structure, remain obscure. Therefore, we characterized hair follicles of two volunteer panels (below 25 years, above 50 years) on the molecular level, especially focussing on alterations influencing gene expression of keratins and keratin‐associated proteins. We showed that concordantly to other biological systems the hair follicle undergoes several modifications during the ageing process associated among others with a significant decline in these structural proteins. Providing strategies to fight against these age‐related changes is a challenge for hair science.
Determinants of Mental and Motor Development at 12 Months in a Low Income Population: A cohort study in northeast Brazil
Authors: Lima MC , Eickmann SH , Lima ACV , Guerra MQ , Lira PIC , Huttly SRA , Ashworth Ann
Published: May 2011

Aim: To identify biological and environmental factors associated with poorer mental and motor development at age 12 mo in urban communities in northeast Brazil. Methods: A cohort of 245 infants born during January‐August 1998 in six hospitals in the interior of Pernambuco was followed twice weekly from birth until 12 mo of age. Socio‐economic, demographic and environmental data were collected, together with daily information on morbidity and feeding patterns. Gestational age, birth anthropometry and nutritional status at 12 mo were measured. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify variables that had independent effects on mental and motor development assessed at 12 mo of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results: Environmental factors explained about 21% and 19% of the variance in mental and motor development, respectively. Of these, the most important were poverty‐related. Significant biological factors associated with mental development were birthweight and infant sex. For motor development, the biological factors were weight‐for‐age and haemoglobin concentration. Biological factors explained only 6% and 5% of the variance in mental and motor development, respectively.

Conclusion: Of the variables examined, environmental factors had a greater detrimental effect on child development than biological factors in this population. Interventions that enhance social capital and alleviate poverty are advocated.