bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—Physical Studies of an Ancient Estuary
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

It is needless to recapitulate, for the information of the readers of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, all the incidents which are known to accompany the formation of new land by rivers, or to repeat the descriptions which have been given of the more remarkable instances of them, such as those of the Nile, the Mississippi, the Ganges, the Rhone, the Po, and the Danube. These have been scientifically discussed long ago, by Lyell in his Principles. The object of this paper is rather to suggest how a careful collation of such facts as may be learned in connexion with the formation of modern deposits at the mouths of great rivers, or in great estuarine areas (such as the Wash), which receive a number of streams from widely-extended inland catchment-basins, may throw light upon the history of older formations of the same kind, and more especially of those of Tertiary times, during which many important changes were wrought in the physiography of the continent of Europe.
II.—On the Genus Galerites = Echinoconus
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: May 2009

In my former communication to the Geological Magazine on Galerites albogalerus, I gave the results of the examination of the specimens in the British Museum and of many others, and stated that the species was edentulous, and that a true fifth basal (posterior generative plate) was never present. I explained that the so-called jaws were ten buccal plates, that the so-called auricles were raised surfaces in casts, and therefore depressions in the real, and that Cotteau, who had noticed a fifth plate, stated it was exceptional. This fifth plate is absolutely a part of basal plate No. 4 (left posterior generative), and is not a true basal plate.
IV.—On the Literature and Nomenclature of British Fossil Crocodilia
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Of all groups of fossil reptiles, there is perhaps none in greater need of critical revision than that comprising the Crocodilia. The remains of this order already discovered are so numerous, and the various descriptive accounts of them so scattered and disconnected,—so commonly has it been the custom to take advantage of each successive “find” for the manufacture of a new generic or specific name, however fragmentary the materials, and so frequently have species been imperfectly compared and characterized,—that a most intricate and perplexing synonymy has arisen, which it would require long-continued research by the profoundest of specialists to unravel. Moreover, cases are not unknown, in which type specimens have subsequently proved to be unfortunate restorations, and the occasional disregard of priority in nomenclature has also contributed to increase the confusion.
III.—On Subaërial Denudation, and on Cliffs and Escarpments of the Chalk and Lower Tertiary Beds
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: May 2009

For some years geologists have more or less agreed in the view that the present features of the earth, whether hill, valley, or plain (with some small exceptions, as volcanic outbursts) have been formed directly by denudation; though indirectly disturbances, whether faults upheavals or sinkings, have of course had their effect in determining the flow, so to speak, of the denuding agent.
III.—The “Pietre Verdi” of the Piémontese Alps
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper on the Permian Formation in the Alps of Piémont, Dauphiné, and Savoy, I referred incidentally to the large masses of pietre verdi or greenstones which constitute perhaps the most striking geological feature of the extensive areas covered by the crystalline rocks of the Piémontese Alps in a crescent-shaped curve about 200 miles in length from the Maritime range to Monte Viso, Grand Paradiso, and Monte Rosa. In the present paper I propose to deal more fully, although necessarily within narrow limits, with these pietre verdi which, owing alike to their extraordinary development, variety, and complexity, to their intimate association with each other and with the crystalline sedimentary rocks, and to their intricate composition and origin, have for the last fifty years presented most interesting problems and passed through many remarkable phases of interpretation. As a necessary preliminary to a description of the different areas, it will be convenient to briefly consider the most recent classification of the crystalline formations of the Piémontese Alps generally, and of the pietre verdi rocks in particular.
V.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

We have now finished the survey of the characters of the head-shield of Trinucleus sufficiently to enable us to discuss the vexed questions of the affinities, systematic position, and evolution of the genus; and from the foregoing details of the various species we can perceive that there are many difficult problems presented when we attempt to correlate its structure with that of other trilobites. Whether the peculiar characters of the genus are the result of degeneration or of the persistent retention of early phylogenetic stages or of a reversion to such stages is a matter of dispute.
II.—A New Variety of the Ammonite Cœloceras Davæi, from the Lower Lias, Dorset
Authors: Wingrave Wyatt
Published: May 2009

Quenstedt described three distinct varieties of Ammonites Davœi, with nine illustrations. They all belonged to the 7 zone of Lower Lias:—

1. Ammonites Davœi, whose tubercles are somewhat clavate and with unsymmetrical prorsiradiate ribs.

2. A. Davœi enodis is continental. It is a small specimen without tubercles, with fine symmetrical and prorsiradiate ribs.

3. A. Davœi nodosissimus is also continental. This variety shows nine large bullate tubercles on each whorl, with close, fine, and symmetrically disposed flexiradiate ribs.
III.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic and Scandinavia and its importance in the Post-Tertiary History of Western Europe
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

We will now try and picture to ourselves how the circulation of the water was affected by the breach in the land bridge. We have seen in the earlier part of these papers that one of its effects was that the southern and western part of the Baltic became rapidly richer in marine forms. This is because the Straits between Gjedserodde in the island of Falster and Darrserort on the mainland of Mecklenburg form a great barrier to the eastern migration of the marine mollusca, whose species increase greatly in numbers when we pass westward of them. This seems to again point to the fact that the inflow of salt waters into the Baltic from the North Sea passes chiefly through the deeper Belts and not through the shallower Sound, which is the chief outlet of the more brackish Baltic water. On the other hand, the Swedish side of the sea remains poor in fauna until we reach the latitude of the island of Saltholm, due partly to its greater shallowness, which only allows a smaller proportion of the incoming North Sea water to pass.
V.—On Successive Stages in the Denudation of the Chalk in East Anglia
Authors: Baker Herbert Arthur
Published: May 2009

A recent attempt by the writer to utilize the information at present available with a view to gaining some notion of the dominant characteristics of the denudation suffered by the Chalk of the London Basin prior to the deposition of the Eocenes yielded results of sufficient interest to encourage him to apply the same method of analysis to the East Anglian area.
I.—Some New British Carboniferous Cockroaches
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The early appearance in geological time of terrestrial Arthropods _L has always been to me a subject of deep interest, and I have been fortunate in noticing several of these in the pages of this Magazine and elsewhere. The oldest insect at present recorded is the impression of an Orthopterous wing referred to the family Blattidæ:, obtained from the Silurian sandstone of Jurques, Calvados, France, about the horizon of the May Hill Sandstone (Middle Silurian). M. Charles Brongniart, its discoverer, observes that what is especially remarkable about this fossil, and which distinguishes it from all other Cockroach-wings, living or fossil, is the length of the anal vein, and the narrowness of the axillary area.
I.—The Iron-fields of Lorraine
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

Recent events have again called attention to the enormous strategic and economic importance of the iron-fields of Lorraine; on these much of the commercial prosperity of Germany has been built up in the past, and on their possession her future as an industrial nation largely depends. For many years the output of iron-ore from tlie part of Lorraine under German control has been immense: in 1912, German Lorraine produced approximately 20,000,000 tons, while the output of Luxemburg, which, for all practical purposes, is German, was about 6,500,000 tons. In the same year the French portion of the Lorraine iron-field yielded 17,300,000 tons, making a grand total for this area of 43,800,000 tons of ore. During the War the whole of the French productive region has been occupied by the enemy, and there is no means of ascertaining what has actually happened there, but certain inferences can be drawn from published facts and on a basis of probability.
V.—Notes on Yunnan Cystidea. I. Sinocystis and Ovocystis
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Before returning to Calcutta the specimens described in his memoir “Ordovician and Silurian Fossils from Yun-nan” (1917, Palseont. Ind., N.S., vol. VI, Mem. 3), Dr. F. R. Cowper Reed very kindly lent to the Geological Department of the British Museum the figured cystids, in order that plaster casts of them might be made and kept there for reference. This was done, and a set of the casts was also furnished by the Department to the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. While preparing the specimens for the moulder, I had the opportunity of studying them with some care. Although Dr. Reed has published good figures, drawn with Mr. T. A. Brock's usual exactitude, and descriptions, on the fulness of which he will perhaps allow me to compliment him, nevertheless the notes made by me, when still unacquainted-with his valuable work or with the views therein expressed, do contain supplementary matter, which it seems better to publish now rather than to reserve for some revision in an uncertain future.
IV.—Brachiopod Nomenclature: Clavigera, Hectoria, Rastelligera, and Psioidea.
Authors: Thomson J. Allan
Published: May 2009

In dissenting from Dr. C. T. Trechmann's procedure in rejecting the name of Clavigera for certain New Zealand Mesozoic Spirigerids and proposing the new name of Hectoria instead, I would like first to express the appreciation of New Zealand geologists for the painstaking work of Dr. Trechmann on the Trias of New Zealand.
I.—A Remarkable Carboniferous Coral
Authors: Carruthers R. G.
Published: May 2009

Amongst the Carboniferous corals, not the least interesting are those species which, for one reason or another, may be difficult to classify, or at any rate diverge somewhat from the common order. It is with one of these aberrant members that the present communication is concerned; and it is, perhaps, not altogether unfitting that most of the material happens to be of Irish origin.
III.—Chromite in Beer Stone
Authors: Davies G. M.
Published: May 2009

The Beer Stone is a gritty limestone, made up largely of shell fragments with some foraminifera, quartz grains, and 6oft chalky material, occurring in the Rhynchonella Cuvieri zone of the Middle Chalk near Beer Head in the south-east of Devon. It has long been worked for building purposes in underground galleries about one mile west of the village of Beer, and has been described by W. Hill and W. F. Hume in the Geological Survey memoir on the Lower and Middle Chalk. Dr. Hume records the following minerals as present in the insoluble residue of the stone: quartz, muscovite, glauconite, chalcedony, pyrites, tourmaline, rutile, andalusite, and possibly anatase. A. J. Jukes-Browne says the residue “contains a variety of minerals which have clearly been derived from land consisting of granite and Palaeozoic rocks such as occur in South Devon and Cornwall”.
IV.—Notes on Ammonites
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

As an illustration of the difficulties encountered in basing the classification on some peculiarity of the Ammonoid suture-line the case of the two families Macroscaphitinæ and Crioceratinæ may again be referred to, the former of lytoceratid, the latter of hoplitid origin. Distinction between these two families was based on the bifid or trifid characters of the first lateral lobe. Hamulina nitida, v. Koenen, which shows very nearly equal-sized suture elements, has the trifid first lateral lobe of the type-species of Hamulina, namely S. dissimilis, d'Orbigny, but the plain shell of the lytoceratid Anahamulina. Hyatt put the latter into his family Macroscaphitidæ, but the former, and also the clearly lytoceratid Pictetia, into Ancyloceratidæ, i.e. even into a different sub-order. But Anahamulina subcylindrica, d'Orbigny, sp., i.e. the type-species itself, has a nearly trifid first lateral lobe, though it is connected through A. Lorioli, Uhlig, sp. (with a sub-bifid first lateral lobe), with typically lytoceratid forms. In ornament and coiling also Hamulina resembles certain lytoceratid forms (compare e.g. the various forms of Macroscaphitinæ figured by Uhlig).
III.—Notes on Yunnan Cystidea. III. Sinocystis compared with similar Genera
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

It is these which afford the justification for any comparison between Sinocystis and Megacystis. Those of Sinocystis are, it will be remembered (antea, December, 1918, p. 534), a transversely elongale peristome, a hydropore-slit approximately parallel to the peristome, a gonopore to the left of the anal plane, and a hexagonal or pentagonal periproct. These openings, though differing in details, are in number and position essentially similar to those of Aristocystis. Hitherto there has been much uncertainty as to the positions, and even the presence, of the hydropore and gonopore in Megacystis. It will here be shown that both are present, and that all four openings have much the same relations as in Aristocystis and Sinocyatis, especially the latter.
I.—Note on the Silurian Inlier near Cardiff
Authors: North F. J.
Published: May 2009

To the north and north-east of Cardiff there is a small inlier of Silurian rocks (described in detail by Professor Sollas in 1879) covering an area of rather more than two square miles. There are representatives of both the Ludlow and the Wenlock Series, and the general dip of the beds is towards the north, in which direction Ludlow mudstones pass with apparent conformity beneath the Old Red Sandstone.
III.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea, IX. The Genetic Relations to other Echinoderms
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The last Study brought out many resemblances between Edrioasteroidea and Asteroidea, much closer than have been recognized even by some who have suggested a derivation of the latter Class from the former. In the present Study it is proposed to inquire whether that hypothesis, or any similar hypothesis, is tenable.
IV.—The Moraine Walls and Lake Basins of Northern Italy
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

The present paper is the outcome of a number of visits which, during a prolonged professional residence in Italy, I paid to Piémont, Lombardy, and the Italian lakes, and in the course of which I became familiar with the glacial phenomena and the lake basins along the southern base of the Alps.
VI.—The Ice Age in England
Authors: Holst Nils Olof
Published: May 2009

England has only had one Glacial Period. G. W. Lamplugh pointed this out in 1906 before the British Association at York, and quite lately also in 1913 before the International Geological Congress in Canada. No one has yet attempted to contradict it.
V.—The Crawfordjohn Essexite and Associated Rocks
Authors: Scott Alexander
Published: May 2009

Another type, which is found in both quarries and which under the microscope has the aspect of a monchiquite or limburgite,. probably represents the actual marginal rock of the intrusion. It consists of small microphenocrysts of augite and olivine in a dark matrix, which can be resolved into granular augite and magnetite in a nearly isotropic base. The latter, which sometimes contains felspar microlites, seems to be mainly analcite with some nephelite, as it can be readily gelatinized and stained, while the refractive index is very low. The felspar microlites are small and sometimes have a rough trachytic structure resembling that of the mugearites. Following Harker's suggestion that augite-olivine rocks with an isotropic base should be classed as limburgites when the base is glass and as monchiquites when it is analcite, this rock can be included in the latter, group. The parts which are richer in felspar may be termed analcite-basalts.
III.—Notes on some Fossil Arthropods from the Carboniferous Rocks of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Received from Dr. H. M. Ami, M.a., F.g.s., F.r.s. (Can.)
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Some years ago I published, with the late Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., a description of two small Limuloids referred to the genus Bellinurus, sent me by ray friend Dr. H. M. Ami (then of the Canadian Geological Survey), who obtained them from the Lower Carboniferous Marine Series on the Intercolonial Railway of Canada, in Colchester County, Nova Scotia (Geol. Mag., 1899,pp. 387–95, PI. XV, Figs. 2 and 3), under the specific name of B. B. grandævus. Fig. 2 was collected from the sixth cutting east of Riversdale Station and Fig. 3 from the third cutting east of Colnary River.
VII.—Trogontherium from the Pleistocene of Copford, Essex
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1852 John Brown, of Stanway, published a paper on the Copford deposits (Q.J.G.S., vol. viii, p. 184), and in this includes a letter from George R. Waterhouse referring to two ‘Beaver’ teeth and the metacarpal of a Bear. One of these teeth is described and figured, and is said to differ from the beaver in being larger and also in the direction of the enamel folds. This tooth is preserved in the British Museum of Natural History at South Kensington, and I have recently had the opportunity of examining it; but the second tooth I have been unable to discover, concerning which G. R. Waterhouse says it “scarcely differs from that of the European species”.
I.—On Some Remains of Palæozic Insects recently discovered in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: May 2009

In connection with the preparation of the second edition of “Acadian Geology,” I have obtained, from friends who have been engaged in geological investigations in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, some interesting illustrations of the entomology of the Carboniferous and Devonian Periods, which I have thought it might be useful to publish in advance of the appearence of my work.
II.—On the Collocation of the Strata at Roswell Hole, near Ely
Authors: Seeley Harry G.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, 1864, Vol. I. p. 150, and 1865, Vol. II. p. 529, two papers of mine appeared upon the strata at Ely. In them, as briefly as might be, are given the sequence of the beds from the Chalk to the Kimmeridge-clay, and the relations of these beds to the Boulder-clay and Kimmeridge-clay on the other side of the pit, where, on all hands, it is allowed to be in situ.
II.—On an Aroideous Fruit from the Stonesfield Slate
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

I owe my acquaintance with this interesting fossil to Mr. S. Stutterd, who kindly forwarded it to me for my inspection. It is from the Stonesfield Slate, and is preserved in limestone, but is only a cast formed in the matrix left in the rock after the organism itself had disappeared. The core had been hollow, or composed of a more speedily perishable material than the parietes, and so it rapidily disappered, permitting the empty axis to be filled with fragments of shells and calcareous sand. Externally, the cylindrical fossil is formed of sub-quadrangular peltate plates, with irregular undulate dentate margins, the projections of each of which fit into the undulations of the surrounding plates, and are arranged in linear series. A transverse section (Plate VIII. Fig. 2b.) shows each of these external plates to be the closed termination of a short tube, that has in the transverse section a hexagonal form. These tubes are filled in with a darker material, which, unfortunately, is without structure, and any determination of the affinities of the fossil must depend entirely on the external form, and the arrangement of the parts. Of necessity, these are defective and unsatisfactory materials; nevertheless, the fossil seems to me to present so remarkable an appearance, and so close an approximation to a portion of the inflorescence of an Aroideous plant, that I do not hesitate to refer it to this family; and I entertain the hope that one result of this notice and the accompanying figure may be to draw some attention to the fossil, which seems to be by no means rare, and so supply the means for more completely establishing its affinities.
IV.—On Didymaspis, a new Genus of Cephalaspidian Fishes
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

The specimen which I intend briefly to notice was obtained by Dr. Grindrod, of Malvern, about two years since, from the red, compact Sandstones, immediately resting on the grey ‘Passage-beds’ at Ledbury. Dr. Grindrod has kindly lent it to me for description.
IV.—Pholas-borings, Denudation, and Deposition in S.E. Devon
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

The structure and marine denudation of the district between Torbay and Babbicombe Bay has been so ably unravelled by Mr. Pengelly, as to leave any other observer comparatively little to say. Among his most important discoveries must be ranked that of lithodomous perforations in limestone rocks at considerable altitudes above the sea.
VI.—Discovery of a Hyæna-den, near Laugharne, Carmarthenshire
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

The announcement of the discovery of a Hyæna-den, near Laugharne, may possibly be of some interest to those of your readers who may be inclined to visit the bone caverns of South Wales during the approaching summer. In the autumn to last year J. R. Allen, Esq., of Albert Terrace, Regent's Park, London, was good enough to send me word that, during a few days' stay at Laugharne, he had discovered some fragments of bones in a limestone cavern known as the “Coygan cave;” adding, at the same time, that it was not known in the district that any one had hitherto found bones there, or that it had ever been explored for that purpose.
VIII.—Perforate and Imperforate Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

In answer to the observations made by Professor King in the June number of your valuable Magazine, I am quite ready to admit that several very important points in connection with the shell-structure and interior arrangements of the Spiriferidæ have still to be determinted, and I am always delighted when some new light can be thrown upon the subject.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoarium unilaminate, adherent.

Zoœcia fairly large, with very little external front wall; areas widely elliptical, flattened for a short way at the upper end and surrounded by a slender rim, average length ·5 mm., breadth ·35 to ·4 mm.
II.—On some Deposits containing an Arctic Flora in the Pleistocene Beds of Barnwell, Cambridge
Authors: Marr J. E. , Gardner E. W.
Published: May 2009

One of us has been engaged for some years in the study of the Pleistocene gravels and associated deposits of the Cambridge district, and eventually proposes to give a full account of the results obtained. Meanwhile, considering the importance of noting the conditions under which Pleistocene floras are preserved, in order to draw attention to their probable occurrence under similar conditions elsewhere, it is thought advisable to give a preliminary account of the discovery of an Arctic flora of this date in a pit at Barnwell, a suburb of Cambridge, long noted for its Pleistocene deposits.
V.—On the Echinid Fauna of the Neogene Formations
Authors: Fourtau R.
Published: May 2009

I have just finished the revision of the Neogene Echinids of Egypt preserved in the collections of the Cairo Geological Museum. Before the publication of this work, which will form the fourth fascicule of the Catalogue of the Fossil Invertebrates of Egypt, it has seemed to me that it might be useful to consider the fauna as a whole, drawing from it some conclusions as to the palæobiology of the Neogene seas of Egypt. I wish further to ascertain if the Echinids of this region can be of some aid as regards the stratigraphical divisions, and in synchronizing these with the divisions already established in the other regions of the Neogene basin of the Mediterranean.
II.—Notes on Modern Chemistry and Physics
Authors: Woodward Bernard H.
Published: May 2009

If any apology be needed for the introduction of these notes in the pages of the Geological Magazine, the excuse we would give is that geologists are, at the present time, being reproached, and perhaps deservedly, for attempting to generalize in cases which, to a great extent, depend upon chemical and physical actions, without having given these sciences that amount of study and consideration which their vast importance merits.
VI.—Note on Axinopsis gen. nov. v. Schizodus et Axinus
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: May 2009

Professor king instituted the genus Schizodus for the reception of certain species of bivalves occurring in the Permian and Carboniferous systems, which had previously been quoted under the generic title of Axinus. In Dr. Woodward's Manual of Mollusca, 2nd edit. p. 431, Axinus is retained for these shells; and Schizodus is reduced to a synonym, because the name applied by Professor King had previously been employed by Mr. Waterhouse.
I.—On the Genus Trimerella, Billings
Authors: Lindström Gustav
Published: May 2009

Many beds of limestone, belonging to the middle division of the Upper Silurian formation of the Island of Gotland, consist almost entirely of the fragments of a very large and peculiarly-shaped Brachiopodous shell. It may be regarded as one of most characteristic fossils of these Upper Silurian rocks. Perfect valves, giving a satisfactory view of its structure have never been found. When Mr. Davidson, with his usual kindness, sent me copies of the figures and descriptions given by Mr. Billings, of the new genus Trimerella, found in Canada, I had no hesitation in referring both the Canadian and the Gothlandic shells to the same genus. The materials obtained by Mr. Billings seem to have been more incomplete than mine; I have, therefore, been able to make some additions to the description given by him.
V.—Note on the Kegworth Footprint
Authors: Maidwell F. T.
Published: May 2009

This footprint was noticed by Mr. A. R. Horwood in the British Association Trias Committee's Report for 1909 (5) and there referred to as resembling Cheirotherium herculis (Eg.) and to be from the Lower Keuper Sandstone. As mentioned in that note, it was found in an excavation at Kegworth, North Leicestershire, some thirty-four years ago by Mr. J. Large, who in 1909 presented it to the Leicester Corporation Museum. It is interesting as being the only Chirosauroid print so far recorded from the Keuper rocks of Leicestershire, and proves the occurrence in that area of animals and conditions similar to those which existed in Cheshire, Staffordshire, and Warwickshire during the Keuper period.
I.—On Banded and Brecciated Concretions
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

Among the metamorphic phenomena which seem to me deserving of more attention than they have yet received, I have been especially interested by those existing in the brecciate formations. They are, of course, in the main, two-fold; namely, the changes of fragmentary or rolled-pebble deposits into solid rocks, and of solid rocks, vice versa, into brecciate or gravel-like conditions. It is certainly difficult, in some cases, to discern by which of these processes a given breccia has been produced; and it is difficult, in many cases, to explain how certain conditions ofbreccia can have been produced either way. Even the pudding-stones of simplest aspect (as the common Molasse-nagelfluhe ofnorth Switzerland) present most singular conditions of cleavage and secretion, under metamorphic action; the more altered transitional breccias, such as those of Valorsine, conceal their modes of change in a deep obscurity: but the greatest mystery of all attaches to the alterations of massive limestone which have produced the brecciated, or apparently brecciated, marbles: and to the parallel changes, on a smaller scale, exhibited by brecciated agate and flint.
II.—Notes on some Remains of Chiton and Chitonellus from the Carboniferous Strata of Yorkshire and the West of Scotland
Authors: Kirkby James W. , Young John
Published: May 2009

Since the occurrence of Chitons, in the Mountain Limestone of Settle, was noticed by one of us, in 1862, other remains have been found in the same rock, as well as in the Carboniferous Limestone and shales of Scotland. The former were discovered, as before, by Mr. J. H. Burrow, of Settle, who has kindly placed them in our hands for description.
III.—Kitchen-Middens on the Great Ormeshead
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

I came accidently upon the deposits which are the subject of this brief notice, the afternoon before I Left Llandudno last April. Want of time prevented my making more than a hasty examination of them, but I think that they will repay any one who happens to be visiting Llandudno this summer, and will devote a day or two to them.
V.—On A Flower-like Form from the Leaf-bed of the Lower Bagshot Beds, Studland Bay, Dorsetshire
Authors: Maw George.
Published: May 2009

The accompanying figure (1) represents a fossil in my possession obtained with some insect remains, by Mr. W. R. Brodie, of Swanage, from the Lower Leaf-bed of the Lower Bagshot beds, Studland Bay, Dorsetshire. It bears a general resemblance to the examples found by Mr. W. S. Mitchell, at Alum Bay and Bournemouth; and to those figured by Heer as Porana (Flora Tertiaria Helvetiæ, plate 103), from the Swiss deposits, except in its havingbut four instead of five lobes. It resembles somewhat in outline the recent Porana volvbilis, and, as the absence of the fifth lobe might be merely an abnormal Condition of the individual example, it seemed, at first, scarcely sufficient to separate it from the genus with which all the other similar forms from the Tertiary bedshad heretofore been identified.
III.—Formation of Vallies. A Description of Heudeshope
Authors: Pattison S. R.
Published: May 2009

The Heudeshope beck is a small feeder of the Tees, running swiftly down a steep valley into the main stream, at Middleton Teesdale. It is wholly in the lead-measures (Carboniferous limestone), which are here nearly horizontal, undisturbed by trap, and shew only a few faults, so small as not to affect the surface. The great Teesdale fault operates on the other side of the main valley. The Heude beck flows north and south. Its source is in the table-land, forming the water-shed, between Weardale and Teesdale, whence four or five streams issue in different courses. It is unobscured by the drift beds, which characterize the opposite lower slopes of the Tees valley. It is excavated down to the solid rock, the banks have been quite undisturbed by cultivation. It passes through forty-three distinct alternations of grit, shale, and limestone, to each-of which the miners have given a distinct name; it falls about 1,000 feet in the six miles of its course, In the hope that a tramp down by side of its brawling rivulet, during the short hours of a winter day, might illustrate some theory of valley-formation, I devoted one of the last days of the year to the task.
IV.—On the Albian, or Gault, of Folkestone
Authors: De Rance C. E.
Published: May 2009

From the proposition of Professor Forbes, that a species once extinct never reappears, it follows that when a species recurs, it must have existed elsewhere during the whole of the time occupied by the deposition of the strata between the deposits containing it. In viewing the distribution of species through the cheif stages of the Lower Cretaceous system, it appears that the same species reappear when there is a recurrence of the same or similar physical conditions,—the Neocomian and Albian clays having more species in common than the intervening Aptian; and the Aptian and Cenomanian sands, being more closely allied than the intervening Albian clay. An examination of the latter, at Folkestone, appears to allow of its being divided into eleven lithological stages or beds which have been more or less recognized by all geologists and fossil collectors who have visited the district. To these beds provisional names have been assigned expressive either of their colour, position, or characteristic fossils. But in tracing all the recurring species from their genesis in one stratum to their extinction in another, these beds are found to have no great palæontological value, but to resolve themselves into two groups divided by a junction bed, in the same way as the “junction bed” separates the Albian from the Upper Aptian. Beds I. to III. forming an Upper, beds V. to X. a Lower Albian, beds IV. and XI. being the two phosphate junction beds,
IV.—A Few Notes on Clacton, Essex
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

The following is taken from a MS. by the late Mr. John Brown, F.G.S., of Stanway, Essex, and given by him to ProfessorHenslow, who gave it to me. The actual measurements are not mentioned, but I believe the scale to be about an eighth of an inch to a foot. It is valuable as having evidently been made when the beds were better seen than usual. Moreover, the constant waste of the cliff alters the section continually.
VI.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

The economic resources of the Trias as a whole are not great, if we exclude the two main industries (bricks and gypsum), but they are of interest from a practical standpoint, so that a short summary will be given here.
I.—Eocene Corals from the Fly River, Central New Guinea
Authors: Gregory J. W. , Trench Jean B.
Published: May 2009

We are indebted to the Trustees of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for a grant to cover the cost of the plates in illustration of this paper. We are also grateful to Mr. S. Fingland for the care taken in preparation of the photographs.
II.—The Cause of the Ice Age and Glacier Fluctuations
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

The fluctuations which take place from time to time in the lengths of glaciers are extremely interesting to the glaciologist; for there are good reasons for believing that the meteorological conditions which give rise to the lesser oscillations of glaciers are generally of the same character as those which produced the great secular changes of climate which occurred in past ages.
II.—On a Bed of Phosphate of Lime, N.W. of Llanfyllin, North Wales
Authors: Davies D. C.
Published: May 2009

At the meeting of the British Association held in Birmingham in 1865, Dr. Voelker directed attention to the discovery of a bed of Phosphate of Lime in North Wales, and entered into particulars concerning its chemical composition, and economical value. same thickness and relationship to the adjoining beds. We thus infer that it was deposited in a somewhat shallow sea, not much varying in depth, or subjected to disturbing influences. The strata in which it occurs are rightly marked upon the government maps as “reversed,” dipping, as they do, away from instead of towards the adjacent Llandovery and Wenlock beds.
III.—On the “Lingula Flags,” or “Festiniog Group” of the Dolgelly District
Authors: Belt Thomas
Published: May 2009

The strata lying above and below the Lingula Flags have already been well described and illustrated: the Menevian Gronp below, by Messrs. Salter and Hicks, and the Tremadoc Group above, by Messrs. Homfray, Ash, and Salter. The great mass of strata lying between has not fared so well, through several notice of it, to which I shall refer, have appeared. In the present paper I propose to describe these strata in detail; and the remarks I have to offer embody the results of three years' researches, during part of which I have had the advantage of the company and able co-operation of Messrs. Ezekiel Williamson and J.C. Barlow, whose discoveries I shall have to mention in my description of the rocks and their fossil contents. To facilitate the study of the district around Dolgelly, which is exceedingly faulted and complicated, I have carefully mapped out nearly the whole of the rock exposures. This may seem to have been unnecessary, seeing that we have already the Geological Survey maps of the district. But since the officers of the Survey examined and mapped out the rocks of Merionethshire, from fifteen to eighteen years have elapsed, and the maps which then added so much to our knowledge are now far behind our requirements.
IV.—Notes on West Indian Geology, with Remarks on the Existence of an Atlantis in the Early Tertiary Period; and Descriptions of some New Fossils, from the Caribean Miocene
Authors: Guppy R. J. Lechmere
Published: May 2009

Since the researches of Heer into the Miocene Flora of Switzerland have invested the theory of a Tertiary Atlantis with some degree of probability, other observers have come forward with arguments on the one hand which lend support to that hypothesis; whilst on the other hand it has been attempted to prove that the facts (as to the presumed migrations of plants and animals) are to be accounted for rather by a connection between Europe and America through the Asiatic region. My examination of the Jamaican fossils first led me to support a modification of the original view taken by Heer, and in April, 1866, I communicated to the Geological Society a paper bearing on the subject. That paper was read on the 20th of June, 1866, and an abstract of it appeared in the August number of this Magazine. I propose, on the Present occasion, to make a few remarks on the probility of the former connection between the eastern and western shores of the Atlantic.
V.—On the Belgian Tertiaries
Authors: von Koenen A.
Published: May 2009

Since Sir Charles Lyell published his most accurate and detailed paper “On the Tertiaries of Belgium and French Flanders,” geologists could only differ in their opinions on the facts mentioned by him, New discoveries have been made in Belgium only in the last few years; besides the splendid cuttings in the ditches for the fortification of Antwerp, about which I am going to speak afterwards, there has been found, near Mons, by sinking a well, a thick bed of lime and limestone at the base of all hitherto-known Belgian Teritiary beds, containing numerous and well-preserved Tertiary marine and fresh-water mollusca. The discoverers, MM. Cornet and Briart, Engineers of Mines, and most zealous geologists, described very carefully the geological position and afterwards the extension of these lowest Tertiary beds in Hainaut. In their first paper they had tried to determine the Molluscan fauna of this basement bed, after Deshayes' works; but, out of 150 species, they could name only 22, and amongst these there are still some very doubtful ones.
I.—On the Contraction of Igneous Rocks in Cooling
Authors: Forbes David
Published: May 2009

Upon commencing, in 1847, the special study of the igneous rocks, I, no doubt in common with many others, took for granted the conclusions arrived at experimentally by Professor Bischof, of Bonn, as to the amount of contraction which such rocks would undergo when passing from the state of hot liquidity to that of cold solidity; and I did so, not after any critical examination of the details of Bischof's inquiry itself (the most important of which are contained in a memoir published in Leonhard und Bronn's Jahrbuchfor 1841), but merely in deference to authority, since these conclusions had apparently received unquestioned acceptation from geologists in general.
II.—On some supposed Lithodomous Perforations in Limestone Rocks
Authors: Rofe John
Published: May 2009

Within the last few months considerable, interest has been revived on the question of the origin of certain small excavations or borings which have been found in limestone rocks in different localities in Sicily, France, England, and Wales. The first public notice of them in England was by Dr. Buckland, whose attention, when at a meeting of Geologists at Boulogne in 1839, was called to some borings which had been found in the under-surface of a ledge of Carboniferous Limestone rock in the Boulonnais. After this Dr. Buckland examined some similar borings which the Rev. N. Stapleton had observed near Tenby, and described both caseg, in a communication to the Geological Society in 1841. About the same time that Dr. Buckland was engaged with these excavations, M. Constant Prévost found some similar perforations on Monte Pelegrino, near Palermo. Mr. C. P. Jopling discovered them in Furness in 1843. M. Bouchard Chantereaux, who met with them in the Bois des Roches, in the Bas Boulonnais, has published a memoir on the subject, the result of many years observation, to which I shall have occasion again to refer. Mr. Pengelly met with them in many localities in the Torbay district. They were also found on Birkrigg Common by Miss E Hodgson, of Ulverston, and were described by her in vol. vii of The Geologist, p. 42.
IV.—On the Denudation of the Lake-district
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

An interesting Article by my colleague, Mr. C. E. De Rance, in the last number of this Magazine, upon “The Surface-Geology of the Lake-District,” induces me to offer a few remarks in connection with the subject.
VI.—Some Remarks on the Formation of the Chesil Bank
Authors: Codrington Thomas
Published: May 2009

The Paper “On the Formation of the Chesil Bank,” which appeared in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE for October last, is prefaced by a statement that the authors (Messrs. Bristow and Whitaker) do not propose to enter into the question of the way in which the shingle was heaped up. But the way in which the shingle was heaped up is intimately connected both with the formation of the Chesil Bank and with its position in advance of the shore line, and, if rightly understood, any speculations on the waste of the coast behind the bank by sub-aerial denudation are superfluous.
VII.—Terraces on Inland Slopes.—Reply to G. Poulett Scrope, Esq.
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

In the article on Terraces in your last number, Mr. G. Poulett Scrope evidently did not intend writing in a style that would bear being minutely criticized, or he was not sufficiently particular in quoting from my work and representing my present views. As it stands, a reader of Mr. Scrope's article would receive impressions very different from those which a perusal of my chapter on Raised Beaches and Inland Terraces would leave on his mind. Such being the case, I am sure Mr. Scrope will pardon me if I make a few remarks in self-vindication.
II.—On the Age of the Stratified Deposits, with Mammalian Remains at Crofthead, near Glasgow
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

In the GeologicalMagazine for September, 1868, I described a section of Drift deposits which, had been exposed in the cutting of the ‘Kilmarnock and Crofhead Extension Railway.’ If the reader refers to that paper he will fine it stated that the Lower Boulder-clay of the locality in question contains certain intercalated beds of clay, sand, and gravel which, have yielded Bos primigenius. Quite recently the remains of the horse and the great Irish deer have been met with in the same deposits. In the present paper I do not mean to say more about the character of the stony clay which overlies the beds with mammalian remains. There can be no doubt whatever that it is truly Boulder-clay. But as I understand that several members of the Glasgow Geological Society have since visited the section, and, while agreeing with me as to the glacial origin of the overlying Till, have yet expressed an opinion that this bed is not in its natural position, but has slipped down upon the stratified deposits from the adjacent hill-slope, it may be well to point out how all the facts are against such a supposition.
III.—Contraction of Rocks in Cooling. Reply to D. Forbes, Esq., F.R.S.
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

In replying to Mr. Forbes” strictures upon my paper at Cambridge upon “The elevation of Mountains, etc,” I may be permitted to say, what would otherwise be of no consequence. The paper was read in April 1868. I received it back from the referees, accompanied by some valuable suggestions, in September. I was at that time much occupied, and did not work out those suggestions until January 1869. After having done so I wrote to Mr. Forbes, received his reply on the 29th, and a week later sent the paper back to the referees.
VII.—Notes on the Cretaceous Entomostraca
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

I have lately been urged to revise the Cretaceous species of Entomostraca, enumerated in my Monograph, published by the Palæontographical Society in 1849. This I ought to have done ten years ago, after the publication of memoirs on the Cretaceous Entomostraca of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., by Reuss, Bosquet, and others, wherein some of my determinations of species are corrected from actual comparison of specimens. An improved classification was attempted in my Monogr. Tert. Entom., 1856; but a total revision is still more necessary now, because the late researches by Sars and G. S. Brady, in the structure and character of the recent Entomostraca, have multiplied and elucidated species and genera of these little bivalved Crustacea to an amazing extent. So clearly has Mr. Brady's “Monograph of the recent British Ostracoda” (Linnean Soc. Trans., 1868), in particular, defined the several groups, that we may in very many cases form a safe opinion of alliances from the shape, hinge, and other characters of the carapace-valve, at least far more satisfactorily than when in 1849 (Monogr. Cret. Entom.), and in 1856 (Monogr. Tert. Entom.), I laboured to institute some definite distinctions for fossil Entomostraca, founded on these characters.
VIII.—On Dexolites gracilis, a new Silurian Annelide
Authors: Hopkinson John
Published: May 2009

Of the existence of Annelides during the Silurian period we are almost as uncertain as of the existence of plants. Indeed, we might reasonably doubt whether any Silurian fossils can with certainty be referred to this class.
III.—On Italian Tertiary Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

For many years past I have, at intervals, devoted attention to Tertiary Brachiopoda, and I now propose to note down some remarks in connection with those of Italy.
VII.—The Water-Bearing Strata in the Neighbourhood of Norwich
Authors: Taylor John E. , Mobant A. W.
Published: May 2009

The Extensive Excavations For Sewerage purposes, which have been X going on for nearly two years, have brought to light several peculiarities in the relative water-bearing properties of the various strata in the neighbourhood of Norwich.
III.—Man in the Crag
Authors: Hughes T. McK.
Published: May 2009

Paragraphs have appeared in several papers announcing more or less distinctly the discovery of fossils in the Crag which bear upon them marks of human work. Having had considerable opportunities of looking into this question, I venture to offer some reasons for believing that there is not the slightest evidence for attributing the phenomena in question to the agency of man.