bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Role of Feedback Text Comments in Online Marketplaces: Implications for Trust Building, Price Premiums, and Seller Differentiation
Authors: Pavlou Paul A. , Dimoka Angelika
Published: December 2006

For online marketplaces to succeed and prevent a market of lemons, their feedback mechanism (reputation system) must differentiate among sellers and create price premiums for trustworthy sellers as returns to their reputation. However, the literature has solely focused on numerical (positive and negative) feedback ratings, alas ignoring the role of feedback text comments. These text comments are proposed to convey useful reputation information about a seller’s prior transactions that cannot be fully captured with crude numerical ratings. Building on the economics and trust literatures, this study examines the rich content of feedback text comments and their role in building a buyer’s trust in a seller’s benevolence and credibility. In turn, benevolence and credibility are proposed to differentiate among sellers by influencing the price premiums that a seller receives from buyers.

This paper utilizes content analysis to quantify over 10,000 publicly available feedback text comments of 420 sellers in eBay’s online auction marketplace, and to match them with primary data from 420 buyers that recently transacted with these 420 sellers. These dyadic data show that evidence of extraordinary past seller behavior contained in the sellers’ feedback text comments creates price premiums for reputable sellers by engendering buyer’s trust in the sellers’ benevolence and credibility (controlling for the impact of numerical ratings). The addition of text comments and benevolence helps explain a greater variance in price premiums (R2 = 50%) compared to the existing literature (R2 = 20%–30%). By showing the economic value of feedback text comments through trust in a seller’s benevolence and credibility, this study helps explain the success of online marketplaces that primarily rely on the text comments (versus crude numerical ratings) to differentiate among sellers and prevent a market of lemon sellers. By integrating the economics and trust literatures, the paper has theoretical and practical implications for better understanding the nature and role of feedback mechanisms, trust building, price premiums, and seller differentiation in online marketplaces.
Safe At Home? An Experiment in Domestic Airline Security
Authors: Barnett Arnold , Shumsky Robert , Hansen Mark , Odoni Amedeo , Gosling Geoffrey
Published: December 2006

The paper describes a scientific experiment about a contentious policy issue: What costs and disruptions might arise if U.S. domestic airlines adopted positive passenger bag-match (PPBM), an antiterrorist measure aimed at preventing baggage unaccompanied by passengers from traveling in aircraft luggage compartments? The heart of the effort was a two-week live test of domestic bag-match that involved 11 airlines, 8,000 flights, and nearly 750,000 passengers. Working with the Federal Aviation Administration, the authors played a major role in designing, monitoring, and analyzing the live test. However, the live test provided “raw materials” for an assessment of PPBM rather than the assessment itself. As we discuss, there are difficulties in extrapolating from a short experiment involving 4% of domestic flights to the steady-state consequences of systemwide bag-match.

Our findings challenge the widely held industry view that PPBM would have grave impacts on domestic operations. We ultimately estimated that, under usual operating conditions, PPBM would delay domestic departures by an average of approximately 1 minute per flight. (Approximately one-seventh of flights would suffer bag-match departure delays, which would average about 7 minutes apiece.) Implementing bag-match would cost the airlines roughly 40 cents per passenger enplanement, and would require virtually no reduction in the number of flights performed. Restricting bag-match to 5% of passengers chosen under a security profile would cut these delays by about 75% and these dollar costs by about 50%.
Melt Scheduling to Trade Off Material Waste and Shipping Performance
Authors: Naphade Kedar S. , Wu S. David , Storer Robert H. , Doshi Bhavin J.
Published: December 2006

The ingot formation or “melt” process is the first step in many steel-making operations. This process involves melting steel and alloys in the desired chemical composition, then pouring it into a variety of ingot molds. Complex technological and resource constraints can make the planning and scheduling of such processes extremely challenging. In this paper, we report our experience in developing solution methods for this “melt scheduling” problem at BethForge, a division of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and a manufacturer of custom-made heavy steel forgings. We describe the main issues associated with generic melt-scheduling problems as well as constraints that are specific to BethForge. The problem at BethForge is particularly challenging, because of the need to keep the ingot at a high temperature before forging, their large product variety, and the need to consider trade-offs between two conflicting objectives. We first formulate the base melt-scheduling problem as a mixed-integer program. We then decouple the scheduling decisions into two levels and develop a local search algorithm based on Storer and Wu's problem space neighborhood. Our aim is to generate a family of efficient schedules that allow decision makers to balance the trade-off between two criteria. Computational experiments are performed using data from BethForge. The melt-scheduling procedure developed here has been implemented and installed at BethForge. It has made fundamental improvement in their melt-scheduling process.
Achieving Environmental and Productivity Improvements Through Model-Based Process Redesign
Authors: Rajaram Kumar , Corbett Charles J.
Published: December 2006

Large-scale industrial production processes face increasingly tight environmental constraints, which can be addressed through costly but relatively simple end-of-pipe solutions, or through cheaper but more subtle pollution prevention approaches. Achieving the process improvements necessary for pollution prevention is challenging due to the inherent complexity and unpredictability of several types of processes found in the food processing, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and specialty chemical industries. We propose an iterative procedure to achieve process improvements through model-based process redesign. This procedure is based on successive convex approximations of the process performance model, where product flows and process settings are optimized for a given configuration and the solution and dual variables of this optimization problem are used to update the process configuration following a greedy capacity reallocation procedure. We implemented this procedure over a five-year period at Cerestar, a major European producer of starch products, which led to a dramatic simplification in process configuration. Reduced energy and water consumption led to an estimated $3 million annual cost savings. Moreover, the reduction in environmental impacts allowed Cerestar to maintain current production levels without investing $100 million in additional wastewater treatment capacity to comply with new environmental constraints.
Vicarious Learning, Undersampling of Failure, and the Myths of Management
Authors: Denrell Jerker
Published: December 2006

Organizations learn from other organizations. However, the observations available to them are typically a biased sample. The organizations that can be observed at any point in time are the survivors of a selective process that has eliminated a large fraction of the underlying population. In addition, there is a strong tendency to focus on successful organizations in books and the business press. As a result, the available sample of organizations usually undersamples failure. This paper shows that such undersampling of failure can contribute to a variety of false beliefs about effective management. Simply by observing existing organizations, laymen may get a misleading picture of the determinants of corporate performance. In particular, risky practices, even if they are unrelated to performance in the full population of organizations, may seem to be positively related to performance in a sample of survivors. I argue that this bias frequently implies that the organizational theories of managers and other observers of organizations will be systematically biased. Observations of existing organizations will show that unreliable, uninformed practices and practices that involve concentrated resource allocation are superior to reliable, informed practices or practices that involve diversified resource allocation. I show that this implies that observations of existing organizations will produce compelling but potentially misleading evidence for the significance several common managerial practices.
Analysis of Empiric Antimicrobial Strategies for Cellulitis in the Era of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Phillips Suzanne , MacDougall Conan , Holdford David A
Published: January 2007

Background:

The rise in community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections potentially complicates the empiric management of cellulitis. The threshold at which drugs active against MRSA, such as clindamycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), should be incorporated into empiric therapy is unknown.

Objective:

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using cephalexin, TMP/SMX, or clindamycin for outpatient empiric therapy of cellulitis, given various likelihoods of infection due to MRSA.

Methods:

A decision analysis of the empiric treatment of cellulitis was performed from the perspective of a third-party payer. The model included initial therapy with cephalexin, clindamycin, or TMP/SMX, followed by treatment with linezolid in cases of clinical failure. Probability and cost estimates were obtained from clinical trials, epidemiologic data, and publicly available cost data and were subjected to sensitivity analysis.

Results:

Under the base-case scenario (37% probability of infection by S. aureus and a 27% MRSA prevalence), cephalexin was the most cost-effective option. Clindamycin became a more cost-effective therapy at MRSA probabilities from 41–80% when the probability of staphylococcal infection was greater than 40%. TMP/SMX was cost-effective only at very high likelihoods of MRSA infection. Variables with the most influence in the model were probability of S. aureus being methicillin-resistant, cost of linezolid, probability of a cure with cephalexin for a non-MRSA infection, and probability of infection due to S. aureus.

Conclusions:

Cephalexin remains a cost-effective therapy for outpatient management of cellulitis at current estimated MRSA levels. Cephalexin was the most cost-effective choice over most of the modeled range of probabilities, with clindamycin becoming more cost-effective at high likelihoods of MRSA infection. TMP/SMX is unlikely to be cost-effective for treatment of simple cellulitis. Further studies of the microbiology of cellulitis, the epidemiology of MRSA, and the clinical effectiveness of clindamycin and TMP/SMX in skin and soft tissue infections are needed.
Child witness research and forensic interviews of young children: A review
Authors: Goodman Gail S. , Melinder Annika
Published: December 2006

In this article, we provide an introduction to child eyewitness memory issues that are frequently discussed and debated, both within the research and practice communities. We review several of the central areas of research on child eyewitness memory and some of the most promising protocols aimed at standardizing and improving child forensic interviews. We focus primarily on memory in young children, because they pose particular challenges. Research on the use of props and external cues to prompt young children's memory is discussed. We also review research on professionals' knowledge and attitudes about children as witnesses. It is concluded that we must guard against overly negative or overly optimistic views of children's abilities.
Distribution and Variable Expression of Secretory Pathway Protein Reticulocalbin in Normal Human Organs and Non-neoplastic Pathological Conditions
Authors: Fukuda Takeaki , Oyamada Hiroshi , Isshiki Takuma , Maeda Masahiro , Kusakabe Takashi , Hozumi Ayumi , Yamaguchi Tomiko , Igarashi Toshihiko , Hasegawa Hidehiro , Seidoh Tsutomu , Suzuki Toshimitsu
Published: December 2006

Reticulocalbin (RCN) is one member of the Ca2+-binding proteins in the secretory pathway and is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. RCN may play a role in the normal behavior and life of cells, although its detailed role remains unknown. Overexpression of RCN may also play a role in tumorigenesis, tumor invasion, and drug resistance. The new antibody for human RCN is used in the distribution of RCN in normal human organs of fetuses and adults with or without inflammation. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated a broad distribution of RCN in various organs of fetuses and adults, predominantly in the endocrine and exocrine organs. However, RCN expression was heterogeneous in each constituent cell of some organs. Among non-epithelial organs, vascular endothelial cells, testicular germ cells, neurons, and follicular dendritic cells showed strong staining. Plasma cells were the only RCN-positive cells among hematopoietic and lymphoid cells. In inflammatory conditions, RCN expression was enhanced in both epithelial and non-epithelial cells. Heterogeneous expression of RCN indicates that the amount of RCN needed for cell behavior and life may be variable, depending on each cell type and, therefore, RCN may be helpful in establishing the cell origin of neoplasms in some organs. However, further study is needed to establish the significance of RCN in tumorigenesis and in some peculiar features of neoplasms.
Osteopontin Upregulation and Polymerization by Transglutaminase 2 in Calcified Arteries of Matrix Gla Protein-deficient Mice
Authors: Kaartinen Mari T. , Murshed Monzur , Karsenty Gerard , McKee Marc D.
Published: December 2006

Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a potent inhibitor of soft tissue calcification, and Mgp gene deletion in mice results in arterial calcification. Our aim was to examine osteopontin (OPN) expression and localization, and posttranslational processing of OPN by the crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), in the calcified aorta of Mgp-deficient (Mgp−/−) mice. Using immunohistochemistry and light and electron microscopy, we report that following mineralization occurring in the arterial media of Mgp−/− aortas, OPN is upregulated and accumulates at the surface of the calcified elastic lamellae. Macrophages were observed in direct contact with this OPN-rich layer. Western blot analysis of extracted Mgp−/− aortas revealed that the majority of the OPN was in high molecular mass protein complexes, indicating modification by a crosslinking enzyme. Consistent with this observation, TG2 expression and γ-glutamyl-∊-lysyl crosslink levels were also increased in Mgp−/− aortas. In addition to the mineral-inhibiting actions of OPN, and based on data linking OPN and TG2 with cell adhesion in various cell types including monocytes and macrophages, we propose that TG2 interactions with OPN lead to protein polymerization that facilitates macrophage adhesion to the calcified elastic lamellae to promote clearance of the ectopic mineral deposits.
Increased Expression of the Collagen Internalization Receptor uPARAP/Endo180 in the Stroma of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Sulek Jay , Wagenaar-Miller Rebecca A. , Shireman Jessica , Molinolo Alfredo , Madsen Daniel H. , Engelholm Lars H. , Behrendt Niels , Bugge Thomas H.
Published: December 2006

Local growth, invasion, and metastasis of malignancies of the head and neck involve extensive degradation and remodeling of the underlying, collagen-rich connective tissue. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein (uPARAP)/Endo180 is an endocytic receptor recently shown to play a critical role in the uptake and intracellular degradation of collagen by mesenchymal cells. As a step toward determining the putative function of uPARAP/Endo180 in head and neck cancer progression, we used immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of this collagen internalization receptor in 112 human squamous cell carcinomas and 19 normal or tumor-adjacent head and neck tissue samples from the tongue, gingiva, cheek, tonsils, palate, floor of mouth, larynx, maxillary sinus, upper jaw, nasopharynx/nasal cavity, and lymph nodes. Specificity of detection was verified by staining of serial sections with two different monoclonal antibodies against two non-overlapping epitopes on uPARAP/Endo180 and by the use of isotype-matched non-immune antibodies. uPARAP/Endo180 expression was observed in stromal fibroblast-like, vimentin-positive cells. Furthermore, expression of the collagen internalization receptor was increased in tumor stroma compared with tumor-adjacent connective tissue or normal submucosal connective tissue and was most prominent in poorly differentiated tumors. These data suggest that uPARAP/Endo180 participates in the connective tissue destruction during head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression by mediating cellular uptake and lysosomal degradation of collagen.
Synchronization and Continuation Tapping to Complex Meters
Authors: Snyder Joel S. , Hannon Erin E. , Large Edward W. , Christiansen Morten H.
Published: December 2006

The goal of this study was to assess the ability of North American adults to synchronize and continue their tapping to complex meter patterns in the presence and absence of musical cues to meter.We asked participants to tap to drum patterns structured according to two different 7/8 meters common in Balkan music. Each meter contained three nonisochronous drumbeats per measure, forming intervals in a short-short-long (SSL) or a long-short-short (LSS) pattern. In the synchronization phase of each trial, participants were asked to tap in synchrony with a drum pattern that was accompanied by either a matching or a mismatching Balkan folk melody. In the continuation phase of the trial, the drum pattern was turned off and participants continued tapping the drum pattern accompanied by the same melody or by silence. Participants produced ratios of long to short inter-tap intervals during synchronization that were between the target ratio of 3:2 and a simple-meter ratio of 2:1. During continuation, participants maintained a similar ratio as long as the melody was present but when the melody was absent the ratios were stretched even more toward 2:1. Tapping variability and tapping position relative to the target locations during synchronization and ratio production during both synchronization and continuation showed that the temporal grouping of tones in the drum pattern was more influential on tapping performance than the particular meter (i.e., SSL vs. LSS). These findings demonstrate that people raised in North America find it difficult to produce complex metrical patterns, especially in the absence of exogenous cues and even when provided with musical stimuli to aid them in tapping accurately.
Acoustic Cues to Beat Induction: A Machine Learning Perspective
Authors: Gouyon Fabien , Widmer Gerhard , Serra Xavier , Flexer Arthur
Published: December 2006

This article brings forward the question of which acoustic features are the most adequate for identifying beats computationally in acoustic music pieces. We consider many different features computed on consecutive short portions of acoustic signal, among which those currently promoted in the literature on beat induction from acoustic signals and several original features, unmentioned in this literature. Evaluation of feature sets regarding their ability to provide reliable cues to the localization of beats is based on a machine learning methodology with a large corpus of beat-annotated music pieces, in audio format, covering distinctive music categories.

Confirming common knowledge, energy is shown to be a very relevant cue to beat induction (especially the temporal variation of energy in various frequency bands, with the special relevance of frequency bands below 500 Hz and above 5 kHz). Some of the new features proposed in this paper are shown to outperform features currently promoted in the literature on beat induction from acoustic signals.We finally hypothesize that modeling beat induction may involve many different, complementary acoustic features and that the process of selecting relevant features should partly depend on acoustic properties of the very signal under consideration.
Identification of Overweight Status Is Associated With Higher Rates of Screening for Comorbidities of Overweight in Pediatric Primary Care Practice
Authors: Dilley Kimberley J. , Martin Lisa A. , Sullivan Christine , Seshadri Roopa , Binns Helen J. ,   for the Pediatric Practice Research Group
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to determine whether primary care provider identification of children as overweight was associated with additional screening or referrals and whether the types and numbers of visits to primary care differed for overweight and nonoverweight children.

METHODS. Sequential parents/guardians at 13 diverse pediatric practices completed an in-office survey addressing health habits and demographic features. Medical records of each child from a sample of families were reviewed. Data were abstracted from the first visit and from all visits in the 14-month period before study enrollment. Analyses were limited to children ≥2 years of age for whom BMI percentile could be calculated.

RESULTS. The analytic sample included 1216 children (mean age: 7.9 years; 51% male) from 777 families (parents were 43% white, 18% black, 34% Hispanic, and 5% other; 49% of families had a child receiving Medicaid/uninsured). Among overweight children (BMI of ≥95th percentile; n = 248), 28% had been identified as such in the record. Screening or referral for evaluation of comorbidities was more likely among overweight children who were identified in the record (54%) than among overweight children who were not identified (17%). Among children at risk of overweight (BMI of 85th to 94th percentile; n = 186), 5% had been identified as such in the record and overall 15% were screened/referred. In logistic regression modeling, the children identified as overweight/at risk of overweight had 6 times greater odds of receiving any management for overweight.

CONCLUSIONS. Low rates of identification of overweight status and evaluation or referrals for comorbidities were found. Identification of overweight status was associated with a greatly increased rate of screening for comorbidities.
Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosed After 2 Months of Age Leads to Worse Outcomes and Requires More Therapy
Authors: Sims Erika J. , Clark Allan , McCormick Jonathan , Mehta Gita , Connett Gary , Mehta Anil ,   on behalf of the United Kingdom Cystic Fibrosis Database Steering Committee
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis remains controversial because improved pulmonary function has not been established. Studies to date have not accounted for differences in treatments delivered to clinically diagnosed children and newborn-screened controls. Here, we compare outcomes and treatment of patients clinically diagnosed within the newborn-screening reporting window (early-clinically diagnosed), those presenting after this period (late-clinically diagnosed), and patients diagnosed by newborn screening.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. In a cross-sectional analysis of cohorts retrospectively ascertained, patients who were homozygous ΔF508 with cystic fibrosis, attending specialist cystic fibrosis centers, and 1 to 10 years of age between 2000 and 2002 were identified from the United Kingdom Cystic Fibrosis Database and stratified into newborn-screened, early-clinically diagnosed, or late-clinically diagnosed cohorts. Two analyses were performed: (1) after restricting to the most recent year of data collection, early-clinically diagnosed and late-clinically diagnosed cohorts were matched to newborn-screened patients by patient age and year of data collection (133 patients per cohort were identified); and (2) for all years of data collection, annual sets of data for early-clinically diagnosed and late-clinically diagnosed patients were matched to newborn-screened patients by patient age and year of data collection (291 data sets per cohort were identified). Median height and weight z scores, proportion of patients with height and weight <10th percentile, prevalence of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, Shwachman-Kulczyki morbidity scores, percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and numbers of long-term therapies were compared.

RESULTS. In both analyses, newborn screening was associated with higher height z score, higher Shwachman-Kulczyki score, lower likelihood of height <10th percentile, and fewer long-term therapies compared with late-clinically diagnosed patients. No other differences were found.

CONCLUSIONS. Newborn screening was associated with improved growth, reduced morbidity, and reduced therapy, yet generated equivalent pulmonary outcome compared with late clinical diagnosis, suggesting that newborn screening may slow cystic fibrosis lung disease progression.
Improvement in Booster Seat Use in Tennessee
Authors: Gunn Veronica L. , Phillippi Rhonda M. , Cooper William O.
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. Tennessee enacted an enhanced child safety restraint law in July 2004, which included new requirements for booster seat use among 4- to 8-year-old children. The goal of this study was to evaluate the appropriate use of child safety restraints and knowledge of the enhanced law before and after its implementation.

METHODS. On-site child safety restraint assessments and brief driver interviews for cars with passengers 0 to 8 years of age were conducted at 34 sites in 3 urban counties in Tennessee. Assessments were conducted 2 to 3 months before implementation of the law and 1 year after implementation of the law. Appropriateness of restraint use was defined on the basis of language in the enhanced law.

RESULTS. Data were obtained for 1247 child passengers transported by 1191 drivers; 333 of the children were 0 to 3 years of age, and 914 were 4 to 8 years of age (the primary age group targeted by the enhanced law). Significant improvement in appropriate booster seat use was seen for 4- to 8-year-old passengers after implementation (39%), compared with use before implementation (29%). There was no improvement in the rate of appropriate restraint use for younger children (<4 years of age) after implementation. Black passengers 4 to 8 years of age were twice as likely as white child passengers to be unrestrained, before and after implementation. Seventy-nine percent of drivers reported awareness of the new restraint law after implementation; the majority of drivers obtained information from television advertisements.

CONCLUSIONS. Improvements in booster seat use were seen after adoption of an enhanced state law requiring use; however, racial differences in restraint use persisted among 4- to 8-year-old passengers. Additional study of barriers to booster seat use among drivers of black child passengers and unrestrained children is warranted.
Omasal sampling technique in estimation of the site and extent of mineral absorption in dairy cows fed rapeseed and soybean expellers
Authors: TUORI M. , RINNE M. , VANHATALO A.
Published: December 2006

The effects of rapeseed and soybean expeller on digestion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur in dairy cows were investigated in a study conducted as an incomplete Latin square. The experimental diets consisted of five concentrates fed at a rate of 9 kg d-1: a mixture of barley and oats (control), which was replaced either with rapeseed or soybean expeller both at two levels (130, 180 and 230 g crude protein per kg dry matter). A mixture of grass and red clover silage (1:1) was fed ad libitum. No mineral supplements except for NaCl and trace minerals were used. Ruminal digestion was estimated by omasal sampling technique and total digestion from total faecal collection. Intake of all minerals except sodium increased with the level of protein supplementation and it was generally higher when rapeseed compared with soybean expeller diets were offered. Reticulo-rumen was the major site of net absorption of magnesium, whereas calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium were absorbed postruminally. Net absorption of sulphur took place both in the rumen and postruminally. Omasal flow of sodium and phosphorus indicated substantial secretion of these minerals into the rumen via saliva. Compared with the published data based on duodenal sampling, the results indicated that omasum has an important role in the absorption of minerals, especially sodium and phosphorus. Omasal sampling technique is a useful tool in studying ruminal mineral metabolism.;
Recent developments in forage evaluation with special reference to practical applications
Authors: HUHTANEN P. , NOUSIAINEN J. , RINNE M.
Published: December 2006

The present re-evaluation of a dataset of systematically collected laboratory analyses and in vivo digestibility information for several types of silages gives convincing evidence of the biological weaknesses of feed characterisation based on the proximate feed analysis. The problems include intrinsic failures of the analysis in describing cause-response relationships between forage composition and digestibility, and heavy dependency of the equations on forage specific and environmental factors. It is concluded that proximate analysis is not suitable for characterisation of neither forages nor concentrate feedstuffs. In vitro pepsin-cellulase solubility of organic matter (OMS) and concentration of indigestible neutral detergent fibre (iNDF) predicted forage organic matter digestibility (OMD) with an acceptable accuracy for practical feed evaluation purposes provided that forage type dependent correction equations were employed. The revised detergent system dividing forage dry matter (DM) into almost completely available neutral detergent solubles (NDS), and insoluble residue (neutral detergent fibre, NDF) shows potential for future development. The combined use of long-term in situ ruminal incubation and NDF fractionation can be used to divide forage DM into three biologically meaningful fractions: NDS, iNDF and potentially digestible NDF (pdNDF). The summative models can then be used to predict forage D-value, i.e. apparently digestible organic matter in forage (g kg-1 DM). The models sum digestible NDS, which can be determined by Lucas equation, and digestible NDF (dNDF), which is the amount of pdNDF that is actually digested during any specific fermentation or retention time. Forage type specific summative models were as good as regression equations based on OMS or iNDF in predicting forage D-value and general summative models gave better results than general equations based on iNDF and especially OMS. If the goal is to reduce prediction error of D-value below 15 g kg-1 DM, forage type specific prediction equations should be used regardless of whether they are based on OMS, iNDF or summative models. Another option in the future may be dynamic models, which can incorporate simultaneously the two important dynamic processes constraining feed digestion in ruminants: the rates of NDF passage and degradation (kd). However, a vital prerequisite to employ dynamic models in practical feed evaluation is that iNDF and kd can be easily and reliably determined from on-farm forages. Although a NIRS prediction equation for iNDF will be adopted in practical use in the near future in Finland, the methodology for estimating kd warrants further research.;
Comparison of part-time grazing and indoor silage feeding on milk production
Authors: SAIRANEN A. , KHALILI H. , VIRKAJÄRVI P.
Published: December 2006

Cows were assigned randomly to indoor silage feeding (with 2 h outdoor exercise) or part-time grazing treatment in two different experiments. One group was kept in confinement with ad libitum grass silage within each experiment. The other group had ad libitum grass silage indoors and they were put out on grass pasture during part of the 24 hour period, 12 hours (night, Experiment 1) and 6 hours (day, Experiment 2) in June, July and August. In Experiment 2, the concentrate (9 kg d-1) was given at two crude protein levels: high crude protein [185 g kg-1 dry matter (DM)] and low crude protein (135 g kg-1 DM). In Experiment 1, night-time grazing increased total DM intake and milk (3.9 kg d-1) production. There was interaction between month and forage feeding strategy, the difference in milk yield being smallest between treatments in June. In Experiment 2, day-time grazing had no significant main effect on milk production but there was significant interaction between month and forage feeding strategy showing 2.5 kg d-1 difference between treatments in July. High-protein concentrate tended to increase the milk yield more on the silage diet compared with the group grazing during daytime. .The differences in milk yield between the forage feeding treatments were mainly due to the higher dry matter intake and higher metabolizable energy content of the pasture grass compared with silage. The lower milk responses to concentrate crude protein in the cows grazing during daytime compared with the silage group indicate a high protein value of pasture grass. It is concluded that part-time grazing increases the milk yield and decreases the need for supplementary concentrate protein.;
Drag and lift forces acting on a spherical water droplet in homogeneous linear shear air flow
Authors: SUGIOKA KEN-ICHI , KOMORI SATORU
Published: January 2007

Drag and lift forces acting on a spherical water droplet in a homogeneous linear shear air flow were studied by means of a three-dimensional direct numerical simulation based on a marker and cell (MAC) method. The effects of the fluid shear rate and the particle (droplet) Reynolds number on drag and lift forces acting on a spherical droplet were compared with those on a rigid sphere. The results show that the drag coefficient on a spherical droplet in a linear shear flow increases with increasing the fluid shear rate. The difference in the drag coefficient between a spherical droplet and a rigid sphere in a linear shear flow never exceeds 4%. The lift force acting on a spherical droplet changes its sign from a positive to a negative value at a particle Reynolds number of Rep ≃ 50 in a linear shear flow and it acts from the high-speed side to the low-speed side for Rep ≥ 50. The behaviour of the lift coefficient on a spherical droplet is similar to that on a stationary rigid sphere and the change of sign is caused by the decrease of the pressure lift. The viscous lift on a spherical droplet is smaller than that on a rigid sphere at the same Rep, whereas the pressure lift becomes larger. These quantitative differences are caused by the flow inside a spherical droplet.
LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS, HETEROGENEOUS HOUSEHOLDS AND SUNSPOT FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: BARINCI JEAN-PAUL , CHÉRON ARNAUD , LANGOT FRANCOIS
Published: January 2007

This paper is concerned with the empirical relevance of indeterminacy and sunspots in explaining the business cycle. It argues that financial constraints provide a propagation mechanism able to generate business cycle facts observed in data in response to sunspot shocks. This point is demonstrated using an equilibrium business cycle model featuring heterogeneous households, endogenous labor supply and liquidity constraints. We first show that the model exhibits indeterminacy for roughly constant returns to scale. We then establish that our model accounts for stylized facts that neither the standard RBC model nor previous sunspots models have been able to capture. More specifically, the model driven purely by sunspots matches the procyclical movements in aggregate consumption, and the positively correlated forecastable changes of basic macroeconomic variables.
MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS AND THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK PREMIA
Authors: IWATA SHIGERU , WU SHU
Published: January 2007

In this paper we empirically examine the sources of the volatility of the foreign exchange risk premia. Using a nonlinear structural Vector Autoregression (VAR) model based on no-arbitrage condition to identify various macroeconomic shocks and the foreign exchange risk premia, we find that more than 80% of the volatilities of the currency risk premia can be accounted for by the standard macroeconomic shocks that drive output and inflation. By explicitly modelling the currency risk premia in the VAR system, we also offer a potential reconciliation for the seemingly contradicting observations from the previous VAR analysis of the exchange rate “overshooting” behavior under exogenous monetary innovations.
In situ prepared polymer films as alignment layers for nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Pires David , Galerne Yves
Published: January 2007

By means of UV-visible irradiations and convenient photoinitiators, we realize the cross-linked polymerization of a triacrylate monomer in solution in a nematic liquid crystal (p-pentyl-p′-cyanobiphenyl) at low concentrations (a few wt %), i.e., under conditions opposite to the synthesis of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. As atomic force microscope measurements show, when operating close to, but below, the percolation transition, a thin polymer layer is synthesized in situ, directly covering and coating all the substrate. These observations therefore confirm that the properties of anchoring and of alignment memory previously observed in such nematic cells effectively originate from the synthesized polymer film. According to the photoinitiator used, bulk or surface polymerizations dominate and respectively produce continuous or discontinuous films (i.e., with separate clusters). In the former case, polymer aggregates are first synthesized. They then diffuse in the volume until they meet a surface, where they definitely stick if they are large enough. An estimate of the entropy and interaction energy differences between the two states, stuck or free, shows that the aggregates stick on the substrates if their size exceeds the length of about three monomers, i.e., if they contain more than 20–30 monomers. Interestingly, these films may be used to replicate nonuniform alignment patterns that are difficult to realize otherwise. The method may be considered as an imprinting method.
p
-type conductivity and donor-acceptor pair emission in Cd1−xFexS dilute magnetic semiconductors
Authors: Wu X. J. , Shen D. Z. , Zhang Z. Z. , Zhang J. Y. , Liu K. W. , Li B. H. , Lu Y. M. , Zhao D. X. , Yao B.
Published: January 2007

Cd 1 − x Fe x S thin films with different Fe contents were grown on c-plane sapphire by low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The resistivity of the thin films was found to increase with the addition of more Fe contents into the Cd1−xFexS thin films by elevating the growth temperature, which was attributed to the ionization of holes from trivalent Fe ions. High density Fe doping eventually reversed the conductivity of Cd1−xFexS thin film from n to p type. With increasing Fe content, the band-to-band transition at 2.5eV was suppressed while the emission from the donor-acceptor pairs at 2.0–2.4eV finally dominated the photoluminescence spectra.
Domain reversal and relaxation in LiNbO3 single crystals studied by piezoresponse force microscope
Authors: Kan Yi , Lu Xiaomei , Wu Xiumei , Zhu Jinsong
Published: January 2007

The LiNbO3 crystal was polarized and characterized by the piezoresponse force mode of scanning probe microscope. By using the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi [Izv. Akad. Nauk, USSR: Ser. Math. 3, 355 (1937); J. Chem. Phys. 8, 212 (1940); J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 63, 1031 (1994); 63, 1601 (1994)] theory to analyze the relaxation process after domain switching, it was found that (1) the percent of final switched domains after poling increased with the enhancing poling voltage, (2) the nucleation time was a constant to a certain sample, (3) the dimension of domain growth decreased with the enhancing poling voltage, and (4) the relaxation time had a maximum at a medial voltage. The corresponding mechanism for domain switching was discussed, which is hopefully useful for domain engineering.
Deaging of heat-treated iron-doped lead zirconate titanate ceramics
Authors: Granzow T. , Suvaci E. , Kungl H. , Hoffmann M. J.
Published: January 2007

Doping strongly influences the properties of ferroelectric perovskite materials. One striking difference between donor- and acceptor-doped materials is the transition from “soft” to “hard” ferroelectric behavior. The physical reasons for this phenomenon are still unclear. The authors present measurements of the ferroelectric hysteresis and deaging behavior of iron-doped lead zirconate titanate after adjusting the defect structure by heat treatment in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere. Contrary to expectations, the introduction of extra oxygen vacancies makes the material “softer.” This effect, which is discussed based on a model of defect dipoles, sheds new light on the unsolved problem of hardening and aging.
The Theoretical Writings of Arnold Schoenberg
Authors: Goehr Alexander
Published: January 2007

In his life-time Schoenberg published, apart from important essays which must be the subject of separate evaluation, one major theoretical work, the Harmonielehre of 1911, and another, Structural Functions of Harmony, completed in 1946, appeared shortly after his death, in 1954. In addition there is a short work, Models for Beginners in Composition (1942). Posthumous publications edited by Leonard Stein and Gerald Strang are Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint (published in 1963 but dating from around 1936) and Fundamentals of Musical Composition (1967, but worked on between 1937 and 1948).
Economic History and Music
Authors: Ehrlich Cyril
Published: January 2007

It is a privilege for an outsider to be allowed to address a distinguished body of professional musicians. But such excursions across the conventional frontiers of academic disciplines are hazardous. Even if we escape the trammels of professional jargon, it is difficult to avoid an appearance of futility or of arrogance: a posture of such humility as to offer nothing worth notice, or one of such pretension as to incur resentment from specialists who rightly distrust intrusion by amateur busybodies. I have therefore prefaced this paper with a quotation chosen, insidiously, for its modesty and the distinction of its author. But it would be less than honest to pretend that I entirely share its pessimism. Not that Tawney ever doubted the existence of a ‘connexion between the quality of intellectual activities and the dull facts of social systems’. He was determined, however, to trounce those who found ‘in infallible formulae of universal application a painless alternative to thought’.
French Classical Organ Music and the Liturgy
Authors: Higginbottom Edward
Published: January 2007

The study of liturgical organ music has often failed to take into adequate account its liturgical role. The following is an attempt to remedy this failure in respect of French classical organ music. It will reveal something of the nature and the extent of the use made of the organ in French churches and religious houses during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and thereby I hope create a perspective in which the extant literature of organ music of this period may be viewed. The essential nature of my inquiry is that it investigates the organ's role in the liturgy not primarily from the extant literature of organ music, but from the documents issued by the Church to regulate its role. Whilst these documents are prescriptive rather than descriptive, there can be no doubt that they reflect contemporary practices. Indeed, it is clear from a reading of some of them that prescription sprang directly from established usage. After reviewing the types of ecclesiastical legislation upon which we are dependent for our information, the main part of this article will be taken up by a close study of the role of the organ in various liturgical items belonging to the Mass and offices. A final section will discuss the alternation of polyphony with organ music.
German Operatic Ambitions at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Warrack John
Published: January 2007

In 1804 the Leipzig Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung published a long account of an opera performance in the fictitious town of Krähwinkel. It was, it seems, a fairly typical evening. The hero was so vigorously applauded for his big aria that he lost his place; the heroine had to repeat a scene, thereby making nonsense of the plot. Tremendous enthusiasm greeted the soprano, ‘a large, well-rounded figure of which there was so much to see that no question arose of listening’ – a sculptor could have made two sopranos out of the material allotted by nature to one, though the Krähwinklers regarded her as a paragon of nymph-like beauty. The tragic hero had about enough talent to perform Pickelhäring, and the Priest boomed his aria in tones more suitable to sailors' songs. The décor included a sunset contrived by means of sulphur matches attached to a windmill. Between the acts, the Kapellmeister held court in the aisles, modestly accepting for his opera the rapturous praises of the Krähwinklers. Only one member of the audience remains silent, a stranger whose glum attitude the Krähwinklers find offensive. Goaded by two neighbours into giving the reasons for his silence, he objects that the music has totally failed to convey the feeling and spirit of the poem, and he gives his chapter and verse. When they comment sarcastically on his familiarity with the text, he reveals himself as its author.
The Origins of the Roman ‘Colossal Baroque’
Authors: Dixon Graham
Published: January 2007

The mention of the term ‘colossal baroque’ brings to mind the Missa Salisburgensis in fifty-three parts, which was long thought to have been written by the Roman composer Oratio Benevoli and performed at the Consecration of Salzburg Cathedral in 1628. While it has often been cited in standard text books as the prime example of music of the Roman ‘colossal baroque’, it has been shown by Ernst Hintermaier that the work is not by Benevoli and, far from being performed in 1628, it dates from the second half of the century. In the wake of the historical vacuum created by this discovery it will be the purpose of this paper to examine archival and musical evidence of multiple-choir music in the period in which the mass was originally thought to have been written and so to outline the development of large-scale music in Rome.
Countess Geschwitz's Series: a Controversy Resolved?
Authors: Jarman Douglas
Published: January 2007

When Universal Edition originally published the vocal score of Acts 1 and 2 of Berg's Lulu in 1936 it was generally assumed that the publication of the score of Act 3 would follow in a few months. There was at that time no reason to think otherwise; it was known that Erwin Stein, who had prepared the vocal score of the first two acts for publication, had already completed work on the final act, and the published score of Acts 1 and 2 itself carried a reassuring prefatory note saying that Berg had completed Lulu shortly before his death and that, although large selections of the work remained to be scored, the vocal score of Act 3 would be published in the near future. In the event it has taken almost forty-five years for the score of the final act to appear. Although, thanks mainly to the pioneering work of George Perle, much was known about Act 3 before it finally reached the stage in February 1979, analytical studies of the opera have inevitably concentrated on the music of Acts 1 and 2. Only now, with the publication of the vocal score of Act 3, are we able to examine in any detail the way in which the musical elements exposed in these earlier acts are further developed in Act 3 and to assess the function of these elements in the context of the work as a whole.