bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divine Love in Classical Judaism
Authors: Neusner Jacob
Published: August 2014

Classical Judaism depicts God in human terms. The human emotion of love is therefore imputed to God. Classical Judaism sees God and man as consubstantial, sharing in particular the same emotional traits. God has three major character traits, power, love, and justice. Power pertains to God’s creation, control of history, and imposition of morality on human kind. Love invokes the imagery of family. Justice means God metes out measure for measure. What happens to human beings responds to the actions of the person who is subject to judgment, and fairness governs. All relationships come to their final resolution in the resurrection of the dead and the judgment of humanity for eternal life or eternal death.
The Poetics of Talmudic Esotericism: The Metaphoric Meaning and Composition of Moed Qatan and Hagigah
Authors: Kovelman Arkady , Gershowitz Uri
Published: August 2014

This paper analyzes the metaphoric systems of Hagigah and Moed Qatan. We suggest that the notions of pleroma and kenosis, generally associated with Christian theology or Gnosticism, are the leitmotiv of Hagigah. God loves the emptiness of Israel. On the other hand, the emptiness prevents Israel from completing the eschatological pilgrimage. This pilgrimage (the Way) is the topic of Moed Qatan as well. The meeting of God and Israel (moed) is understood in two different ways. Either preparing the way for God is most important, or preparing the way for Israel is. While the New Testament favors the first understanding, the Talmud focuses on the second.
Polemical Treatment of the Story of the Annunciation of Isaac’s Birth in Islamic Sources
Authors: Mazuz Haggai
Published: August 2014

Several Qur’ānic verses present Muḥammad and the Muslims as the successors of Abraham, the first man to return to monotheism after many idolatrous generations. This article investigates an exegesis pertaining to the annunciation of Isaac’s birth. It reveals how Islamic sources reshape and comment on the biblical account of this event. These sources contain a hidden anti-Jewish polemic that relates to Sarah disparagingly and that comments on Jewish texts that depict Ishmael as a sinner. We examine this account as presented in Judaism’s and Islam’s scriptures and commentaries. The resulting comparison demonstrates that the Islamic sources indeed are commenting on, and reframing the point made in, the Jewish ones.
International Criminal Law, Causation, and Responsibility
Authors: Mayr Erasmus
Published: August 2014

In this article, I explore the question whether criminal responsibility, within the international criminal law, should be considered as a causal notion. I start off with the connection between causation and criminal responsibility in general and introduce three more specific claims about this connection (Sections 1 and 2). Afterwards, I go on to examine a much-discussed case in international criminal law, the case of command responsibility from failure to punish, where responsibility for harmful effects is apparently attributed without causal control on the agent’s part (Section 3). I argue that, even in this case, the notion of responsibility must remain linked to causation in the ways discussed earlier, but try to show that the constraints arising from these links can be met.
Armed Ukrainians in L’viv: Ukrainian Militia, Ukrainian Police, 1941 to 1942
Authors: Rich David Alan
Published: August 2014

Who were the Ukrainians who participated in the exterminatory violence that swept eastern Galicia following the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941? Records show that they represented diverse political and demographic strata. Those most distant from nationalist roots, however, demonstrated the highest lethality and greatest willingness to serve as disciplined agents of Nazi genocide. The cycles of violence in German-occupied Galicia were far from uniform in character. The victims and German perpetrators alike rarely differentiated among the Ukrainians doing the violence. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) “task groups” first entered Galicia to establish Ukranian nationalist authority and in Lemberg participated in a few days of blood-letting until disbanded by the SS. A new, better controlled Ukrainian militia likewise proved unreliable except in self-actuated violence, and was disbanded. Finally, in late July 1941 a standing Ukrainian Auxiliary Police force – different in structure, membership, subordination, and motivation – came into being. It participated centrally in the rendering of Lemberg as Judenfrei, as security and civil authorities orchestrated the murder of Lemberg’s 150,000 Jews over the following two years.
A review of Luxiaria Walker and its allied genus Calletaera Warren (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China
Authors: JIANG NAN , XUE DAYONG , HAN HONGXIANG
Published: August 2014

The genus Luxiaria Walker and its allied genus Calletaera Warren in China, including 16 species in all, are reviewed. Five new species are described: C. obvia sp. nov., C. acuticornuta sp. nov., C. rotundicornuta sp. nov., C. dentata sp. nov., C. trigonoprocessus sp. nov. The species L. acutaria (Snellen, 1877) and L. tephrosaria (Moore, 1868) are newly recorded for China. Two new combinations are established: C. obliquata (Moore, 1888) comb. nov. and C. consimilaria (Leech, 1897) comb. nov. Four new synonyms are established: Eutoea Walker, 1860 (= Bithiodes Warren, 1894 syn. nov.); Calletaera Warren, 1895 (=Bithiodes Warren, 1899 syn. nov.), based on the fixation of nominal type Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861, for the genus name Bithiodes Warren, 1894; L. emphatica Prout, 1925 (= L. costinota Inoue, 1978 syn. nov.); C. subexpressa (Walker, 1861) (= C. digrammata Wehrli, 1925 syn. nov.). Diagnoses for all Chinese species are provided. Illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented.
Multi-lineage MSC Differentiation via Engineered Morphogen Fields
Authors: Arany P.R. , Huang G.X. , Gadish O. , Feliz J. , Weaver J.C. , Kim J. , Yuen W.W. , Mooney D.J.
Published: August 2014

Tissue loss due to oral diseases requires the healing and regeneration of tissues of multiple lineages. While stem cells are native to oral tissues, a current major limitation to regeneration is the ability to direct their lineage-specific differentiation. This work utilizes polymeric scaffold systems with spatiotemporally controlled morphogen cues to develop precise morphogen fields to direct mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. First, a simple three-layer scaffold design was developed that presented two spatially segregated, lineage-specific cues (Dentinogenic TGF-β1 and Osteogenic BMP4). However, this system resulted in diffuse morphogen fields, as assessed by the in vitro imaging of cell-signaling pathways triggered by the morphogens. Mathematical modeling was then exploited, in combination with incorporation of specific inhibitors (neutralizing antibodies or a small molecule kinase inhibitor) into each morphogen in an opposing spatial pattern as the respective morphogen, to design a five-layer scaffold that was predicted to yield distinct, spatially segregated zones of morphogen signaling. To validate this system, undifferentiated MSCs were uniformly seeded in these scaffold systems, and distinct mineralized tissue differentiation were noted within these morphogen zones. Finally, to demonstrate temporal control over morphogen signaling, latent TGF-β1 was incorporated into one region of a concentric scaffold design, and laser treatment was used to activate the morphogen on-demand and to induce dentin differentiation solely within that specific spatial zone. This study demonstrates a significant advance in scaffold design to generate precise morphogen fields that can be used to develop in situ models to explore tissue differentiation and may ultimately be useful in engineering multi-lineage tissues in clinical dentistry.
US Trends in Receipt of Appropriate Diabetes Clinical and Self-care From 2001 to 2010 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Care
Authors: Chen Roxana , Cheadle Allen , Johnson Donna , Duran Bonnie
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the receipt of 8 recommended diabetes clinical and self-care indicators from 2001 to 2010 and assess racial/ethnic disparities in care.

Methods

This observational study examined receipt of A1C tests, annual eye and foot exams, flu vaccination, diabetes self-management education (DSME), exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and self feet examinations among US adults with diabetes using national survey data from 2001 to 2010. Analyses included estimating proportions for each indicator by year, testing differences in magnitude of change from 2001 to 2010 by race/ethnicity, and regression models to assess changes in care over time and factors associated with care.

Results

There were significant increases from 2001 to 2010 in A1C tests, annual foot exams, flu shots, DSME, and SMBG but declines in eye and self feet exams. DSME was positively associated with receipt of several care indicators. However, only half of respondents received DSME. White and black non-Hispanics, respectively, experienced improvements in at least 3 indicators. Hispanics experienced a significant increase in exercise but were consistently less likely than whites to receive or engage in most care.

Conclusions

While improvements in several indicators were observed, patterns varied by race/ethnicity, with Hispanics falling short on most measures. DSME was strongly associated with most care and demonstrates the potential to improve receipt of recommended care by increasing DSME participation. With the Affordable Care Act (ACA), health professionals have a prime opportunity to leverage ACA provisions to increase access to recommended services, including DSME.
Fatalistic Beliefs About Cancer Prevention Among Older African American Men
Authors: Mitchell Jamie A. , Manning Mark , Shires Deirdre , Chapman Robert A. , Burnett Janice
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

Evidence suggests that minority groups are more likely to exhibit fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention (FBCP), which are defined as confusion, pessimism, and helplessness about one’s ability to prevent cancer. This study examines the socioeconomic and psychosocial predictors of FBCP among older African American men (AAM).

Methods:

AAM ( N = 1,666) enrolled in Medicare and participating in a longitudinal study on patient navigation were surveyed. Measures included three FBCP constructs, namely demographic items and physical and mental health variables. Binary logistic regression was performed.

Results:

The average participant was 73.6 years old; 76.5% felt helpless, 44.2% were confused, and 40.7% were pessimistic about the ability to prevent cancer. As education increased, so did all three FBCP. Being downhearted was predictive of confused and helpless beliefs. Discussion: It is critical for health practitioners to understand how psychosocial and economic challenges influence beliefs that may impede cancer prevention efforts for older AAM.
Spouses’ Gender Role Attitudes, Wives’ Employment Status, and Mexican-Origin Husbands’ Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Hengstebeck Natalie D. , Helms Heather M. , Rodriguez Yuliana
Published: August 2014

Informed by Peplau’s theory of roles, this study examined the complex interplay between spouses’ gender role attitudes and wives’ employment status as a predictor of Mexican-origin husbands’ marital satisfaction. Dissonance between spouses’ gender role attitudes toward marital roles and wives’ employment status within couples was hypothesized to be inversely related to husbands’ marital satisfaction. Data were gathered during in-home interviews with 120 Mexican-origin couples living in North Carolina. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses identified a three-way interaction between wives’ employment and spouses’ gender role attitudes, indicating that in couples with nonemployed wives, wives’ more sex-typed gender role attitudes were more negatively associated with the marital satisfaction of husbands with more sex-typed attitudes than husbands with less sex-typed attitudes. Specifically, the three-way interaction showed that for couples with nonemployed wives, husbands’ marital satisfaction was lowest in marital contexts in which both spouses endorsed more sex-typed gender role attitudes.
The impact of haemodilution and bypass pump flow on cerebral oxygen desaturation during cardiopulmonary bypass - A comparison of two systems of cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Bennett MJ , Weatherall M , Webb G , Dudnikov SF , Lloyd CT
Published: August 2014

Objective:

To determine the influence of haemodilution, bypass flow rates and calculated oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with either a conventional CPB (C-CPB) circuit or a miniaturised (Mini-CPB) circuit on cerebral oxygen desaturation. The effect of minimal haemodilution with a Mini-CPB was investigated.

Participants:

Eighty patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery.

Intervention:

Oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) were measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Results:

The average indexed bypass pump flow was significantly lower with Mini-CPB. When combined with haemoglobin concentration, the average oxygen delivery was the same between groups. Patients in the C-CPB group had a greater duration and severity of cerebral desaturation to a level <20% below baseline values, but none reached the depth and duration of the cerebral desaturation associated with poor outcome. Cerebral oxygen desaturation with C-CPB was significantly associated with low flows during bypass, whereas desaturation with Mini-CPB was associated with low perioperative haemoglobin concentration.
Exercise testing and training in people with Huntington’s disease
Authors: Dawes H , Collett J , Debono K , Quinn L , Jones K , Kelson MJ , Simpson SA , Playle R , Backx K , Wasley D , Nemeth AH , Rosser A , Izardi H , Busse M
Published: August 2014

Objective:

To explore exercise response in people with Huntington’s disease (HD).

Design:

Experimental observational study with a randomly allocated subgroup before/after interventional study.

Setting:

Community.

Subjects:

People with HD ( n=30) and a healthy comparator group ( n=20). Thirteen people from the HD group were randomly allocated to an exercise training program.

Main measures:

Heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion on the Borg-CR10 scale (RPE) during a submaximal cycle ergometer exercise test (three minute unloaded and nine minute 65%-75%HRmaximum phase). Expired air and lactate measures were available for 8 people with HD during the exercise.

Intervention:

A 12 week gym and home walking exercise programme ( n=13).

Results:

People with HD achieved a lower work rate at nine minutes (82±42(0-195) v 107±35(50 -185) Watts ( p<0.05)), but higher RPE at both three (3±2(0-7) v 1±1(0-4)) and nine minutes (7±3(1-10) v 5± 2(2-9)) both p<0.01, compared to the healthy group and did not achieve a steady state HR during unloaded cycling. People with HD also demonstrated higher than expected lactate at three 2.5±2.5(1.1-8)mmo.L-1 and nine 3.8±1.9(1.2-6.6)mmo.L-1 minutes and respiratory exchange ratio at three 0.78±0.03 (0.74-0.81) and nine minutes 0.94±0.11(0.81-1.15). After exercise training there were no changes observed in HR or RPE responses during the exercise test.

Conclusions:

There was a large variability in the observed metabolic and physiological responses to exercise in people with HD. The observed exercise responses suggest that altered exercise prescription parameters may be required for people with HD and that exercise response and factors’ affecting this requires further investigation.
A randomized comparison of energy consumption when using different canes, inpatients after stroke
Authors: Jeong Yeon-Gyu , Jeong Yeon Jae , Kim Taikon , Han Seung Hoon , Jang Seong Ho , Kim Yoon Shin , Lee Kyu Hoon
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

To investigate the differences in oxygen consumption associated with gait in hemiplegic patients according to the type of cane they use.

Design:

A randomized crossover design.

Setting:

University hospital-based rehabilitation center, Korea.

Subjects:

Thirty consecutive patients (mean ± SD age, 56.3 ± 3.2 years) with chronic stroke, 17 (56.7%) males and 13 (43.3%) females.

Interventions:

At approximately the same time of day for three consecutive days, each participant completed a walk with one of three randomly assigned types of canes: a single-point cane, a quad cane, and a hemi-walker.

Main outcome measure:

Energy expenditure (O2 rate, mL/kg/min), energy cost (O2 cost, mL/kg/m), and heart rate (HR) via a portable gas analyzer, a 10-meter walk test (10MWT), and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT).

Results:

Energy expenditure, gait endurance, and gait velocity for a single-point cane were higher ( p<0.001 or p=0.005) than for any other type of cane. Energy cost (0.5 ± 0.2 mL/kg/m vs. 0.6 ± 0.2 mL/kg/m vs. 0.6 ± 0.2 ml/kg/m, respectively, p=0.001) was lower for the single-point cane, except for HR ( p ≥ 0.05) after the Bonferroni correction (0.05/5=0.01).

Conclusions:

A single-point cane requires less oxygen use at a given speed, or permits greater speed for the same oxygen consumption.
Narrative therapy an evaluated intervention to improve stroke survivors’ social and emotional adaptation
Authors: Chow Esther OW
Published: August 2014

Objective:

To describe a theoretical and practical framework of using a train metaphor in narrative therapy for stroke rehabilitation in group practice.

Background:

There is a paucity of literature on the application of narrative therapy in meeting the psycho-social-spiritual needs of stroke survivors in rehabilitation. In the current article, the use of narrative therapy being evaluated in a formal randomized study in stroke survivors is described in detail. The metaphor may be of practical interest to those working with populations confronted with unpredictable life challenges.

Method:

Narrative practice using the metaphor of ‘Train of life’ is an alternative practice to psychopathology, which provides a means for the participants to deconstruct from the illness experience, re-author their lives, and reconstruct their identity with hopes and dreams. This therapeutic conversations, primarily using questions, can be divided into six steps: (1) engaging participants to a Concord station; (2) unfolding the experience with Stroke: where each of the participants are coming from; (3) dialoging directly with Stroke; (4) co-constructing the train carriage; (5) planning for a future life journey with Stroke; and (6) celebrating the unlocking of a new journey. Along with the train of life metaphor, therapeutic documents and outsider witness conversations are used to strengthen the preferred identity, as opposed to the problem-saturated identity of the participants.

Discussion:

This metaphor poses an alternative methodology in stroke rehabilitation by reconnecting the survivors’ inner resources, skills, and competencies. Eventually, it could re-author the survivors’ identity developed from previous life challenges and reconstruct their purpose in life.
Posttraumatic stress symptoms and tobacco abstinence effects in a non-clinical sample: Evaluating the mediating role of negative affect reduction smoking expectancies
Authors: Langdon Kirsten J , Leventhal Adam M
Published: August 2014

The relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms and smoking is well documented but poorly understood. The present investigation sought to evaluate the impact of posttraumatic stress symptoms on subjective and behavioral tobacco abstinence effects both directly and indirectly through negative affect reduction smoking outcome expectancies. Participants included 275 (68.7% male; Mage=43.9, 10+ cig/day) adult non-treatment seeking smokers, who attended two counterbalanced laboratory sessions (16 h of smoking deprivation vs ad libitum smoking), during which they completed self-report measures of withdrawal symptoms and mood followed by a smoking lapse task in which they could earn money for delaying smoking and purchase cigarettes to smoke. Results supported a mediational pathway whereby higher baseline symptoms of posttraumatic stress predicted greater endorsement of expectancies that smoking will effectively reduce negative affect, which in turn predicted greater abstinence-provoked exacerbations in nicotine withdrawal symptoms and negative affect. Posttraumatic stress symptoms also predicted number of cigarettes purchased independent of negative affect reduction expectancies, but did not predict delaying smoking for money. Findings highlight tobacco abstinence effects as a putative mechanism underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-smoking comorbidity, indicate an important mediating role of beliefs for smoking-induced negative affect reduction, and shed light on integrated treatment approaches for these two conditions.
The impact of recreational MDMA ‘ecstasy’ use on global form processing
Authors: White Claire , Edwards Mark , Brown John , Bell Jason
Published: August 2014

The ability to integrate local orientation information into a global form percept was investigated in long-term ecstasy users. Evidence suggests that ecstasy disrupts the serotonin system, with the visual areas of the brain being particularly susceptible. Previous research has found altered orientation processing in the primary visual area (V1) of users, thought to be due to disrupted serotonin-mediated lateral inhibition. The current study aimed to investigate whether orientation deficits extend to higher visual areas involved in global form processing. Forty-five participants completed a psychophysical (Glass pattern) study allowing an investigation into the mechanisms underlying global form processing and sensitivity to changes in the offset of the stimuli (jitter). A subgroup of polydrug-ecstasy users ( n=6) with high ecstasy use had significantly higher thresholds for the detection of Glass patterns than controls ( n=21, p=0.039) after Bonferroni correction. There was also a significant interaction between jitter level and drug-group, with polydrug-ecstasy users showing reduced sensitivity to alterations in jitter level ( p=0.003). These results extend previous research, suggesting disrupted global form processing and reduced sensitivity to orientation jitter with ecstasy use. Further research is needed to investigate this finding in a larger sample of heavy ecstasy users and to differentiate the effects of other drugs.
Serum concentrations of interleukin-2 and tumour necrosis factor-α under cyclosporine versus acitretin treatment in plaque-type psoriasis
Authors: Akçali Cenk , Guven Ebru Homurlu , Kirtak Necmettin , Inaloz H Serhat , Ozgoztasi Orhan , Guvenc Ulas
Published: August 2014

Objective

A prospective, randomized clinical study to compare the short-term effects of cyclosporin and acitretin on psoriasis severity, and serum interleukin (IL)-2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations.

Methods

Patients with moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis were randomly assigned to receive either 3 mg/kg per day cyclosporine or 0.3–0.5 mg/kg per day acitretin for 8 weeks. Disease severity (psoriasis area severity index [PASI] score) and serum IL-2 and TNF-α concentrations were determined before and after treatment.

Results

PASI scores and serum IL-2 and TNF-α concentrations were significantly decreased after treatment with either cyclosporine ( n = 21) or acitretin ( n = 25). There were no statistically significant between-group differences in any parameter.

Conclusions

Acitretin and cyclosporine are equally effective in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis.
“We need progress, progress has to be made:” Road projects, subaltern politics, and uneven development in Nicaragua
Authors: Alvey Jennifer
Published: August 2014

The focus of this article is a rural road building project that was celebrated by its promoters as a dream of historic proportions comes true. The significance of this road project rests not in its length or quality, but in its trajectory or the way it encapsulates processes of neoliberal restructuring that link the rescaling of state, processes of transnational territorial integration, and new spaces and subjects of governance. The road project, its participants and promoters, and the meanings they attributed to it, were informed by a much longer, if already translocal “local” history. But forms of neoliberal transnational governmentality provided a framework that allowed some subaltern actors to at once press for the road and articulate a new politics of place, a larger project that they called “progress.” Yet, the very conditions that made the pursuit of progress possible, threatened at every moment to undermine its promise. Thus, this road project provides a unique vantage point for exploring the paradoxes of neoliberal development in terms of longer trajectories of uneven development and subaltern politics.
Early Versus Delayed Passive Range of Motion Exercise for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Chang Ke-Vin , Hung Chen-Yu , Han Der-Sheng , Chen Wen-Shiang , Wang Tyng-Guey , Chien Kuo-Liong
Published: August 2014

Background:

Postoperative shoulder stiffness complicates functional recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Purpose:

To compare early passive range of motion (ROM) exercise with a delayed rehabilitation protocol with regard to the effectiveness of stiffness reduction and functional improvements and rates of improper healing in patients undergoing arthroscopic repair for torn rotator cuffs.

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods:

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing both rehabilitation approaches were identified in PubMed and Scopus. Between-group differences in shoulder function were transformed to effect sizes for comparisons, whereas the effectiveness against stiffness and the risk of tendon failure were reported using standardized mean differences of ROM degrees and odds ratios (ORs) of recurrent tears, respectively.

Results:

Six RCTs were included, consisting of 482 patients. No significant difference in shoulder function existed across both protocols. The early ROM group demonstrated more improvement in shoulder forward flexion than the delayed rehabilitation group, with a standardized mean difference of 7.45° (95% CI, 3.20°-11.70°) at 6 months and 3.51° (95% CI, 0.31°-6.71°) at 12 months. Early ROM exercise tended to cause a higher rate of recurrent tendon tears (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.90-2.28), and the effect became statistically significant (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.04-3.60) after excluding 2 RCTs that recruited only those patients with small to medium-sized tears.

Conclusion:

Early ROM exercise accelerated recovery from postoperative stiffness for patients after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair but was likely to result in improper tendon healing in shoulders with large-sized tears. The choice of either protocol should be based on an accommodation of the risks of recurrent tears and postoperative shoulder stiffness.
How Do You Keto? Survey of North American Pediatric Ketogenic Diet Centers
Authors: Jung Da Eun , Joshi Sucheta M. , Berg Anne T.
Published: August 2014

We surveyed ketogenic diet centers in North America about their practices surrounding the ketogenic diet. An internet survey was disseminated via REDCap© to North American ketogenic diet centers identified from the Charlie Foundation and Ketocal© websites. Fifty-six centers responded. In addition to physicians, nurses and dieticians, ketogenic teams included social workers (39%), feeding specialists (14%), educational liaisons (4%), psychologists (5%), and pharmacists (36%). A child attending school (2%), non–English speaking family (19%), single-parent family (0%), and oral feeding (6%) were rarely considered barriers. Overall, the diet was considered the first or second (0%), third or fourth (67%), fifth or sixth (29%), and last resort treatment (4%) by centers. It was considered the first or second treatment for GLUT1 disease (86%) and third or fourth for Dravet (63%), West (71%), and Doose (65%) syndromes. Ketogenic diet is no longer a last resort option. Traditional barriers do not influence its use.
General Education Pre-Service Teachers’ Levels of Concern on Response to Intervention (RTI) Implementation
Authors: Barrio Brenda L. , Combes Bertina H.
Published: August 2014

Revisions to Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) proposed alternative models, such as Response to Intervention (RTI), as a preventive measure that supports students at risk. As teachers’ roles evolve in response to RTI, teacher preparation programs must adjust their focus and curriculum accordingly. A mixed-methods design was used to explore general education pre-service teachers’ concerns regarding the implementation of RTI based on the Concerns-Based Adoption Model. Results suggest pre-service teachers focused their concerns on feeling unprepared and not understanding how to effectively implement RTI. These implications may guide teacher preparation programs as they assess the readiness of their pre-service teachers to effectively implement RTI.
Dynamic mechanical and dielectric relaxation studies of chlorobutyl elastomer nanocomposites
Authors: Tiwari S. K. , Choudhary R. N. P. , Mahapatra S. P.
Published: August 2014

Primary and secondary relaxation behavior of chlorobutyl elastomer nanocomposites have been studied as a function of variation in nanographite loading in the temperature range from −100°C to +100°C and in the frequency range of 100–106 Hz respectively. The effect of nanographite loadings on glass transition temperature was marginal for all the composites in the narrow range of −10°C to 10°C. The nonlinearity in tan δ and storage modulus has been explained on the concept of filler–polymer interaction and aggregation of nanographites. The effect of variation in nanographite loadings on the dielectric relaxation such as complex and real parts of impedance was distinctly visible. The electric modulus formalism has been utilized to further investigate the conductivity and relaxation phenomenon. The frequency dependence of electrical conductivity has been investigated using percolation theory. The phenomenon of percolation in the composites has been discussed based on the measured changes in electrical conductivity. The percolation threshold as studied by electrical conductivity occurred in the vicinity of 4–6 phr of nanographite loading. Cole–Cole, Nyquist plots, and Argand diagram confirm the existence of non-Debye/nonlinear relationship. Scanning electron microscopic images show agglomeration of the nanographite and formation of a continuous network structure.
Partner notification among men who have sex with men and heterosexuals with STI/HIV: different outcomes and challenges
Authors: van Aar Fleur , van Weert Yolanda , Spijker Ralph , Götz Hannelore , Op de Coul Eline ,   for the Partner Notification Group
Published: August 2014

Partner notification effectiveness among index clients diagnosed with HIV, syphilis and/or gonorrhoea at sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics was evaluated between 2010 and 2012. We explored percentages of identifiable, notified and tested partners by sexual preference and gender. Partner notification trends were studied using the national STI database. Men who have sex with men (n = 304), heterosexual men (n = 33) and women (n = 35) reported, respectively, 6.7, 3.8 and 2.3 partners per index. Percentages of identifiable partners differed between groups (men who have sex with men: 46%, heterosexual men: 63%, women: 87%, p < 0.001). The percentage of notified partners (of those identifiable) was lowest for heterosexual men (76%; men who have sex with men: 92%; women: 83%; p < 0.001). STI positivity rates among notified partners were high: 33%–50% depending on sexual preference. Among men who have sex with men, having HIV was associated with not notifying all identifiable partners. Percentages of notified clients at STI clinics increased between 2010 and 2012: from 13% to 19% among men who have sex with men, from 13% to 18% among heterosexual men and from 8% to 11% among women ( p < 0.001 for all groups). The percentage of STI/HIV detected through partner notification increased among men who have sex with men (from 22% to 30%) and women (from 25% to 29%; p < 0.001). Unidentifiable partners among men who have sex with men, lower partner notification effectiveness for HIV and the relative large proportion of heterosexual men not notifying their partners appear to be important partner notification challenges.
Genes Influence Young Children’s Human Figure Drawings and Their Association With Intelligence a Decade Later
Authors: Arden Rosalind , Trzaskowski Maciej , Garfield Victoria , Plomin Robert
Published: August 2014

Drawing is ancient; it is the only childhood cognitive behavior for which there is any direct evidence from the Upper Paleolithic. Do genes influence individual differences in this species-typical behavior, and is drawing related to intelligence ( g) in modern children? We report on the first genetically informative study of children’s figure drawing. In a study of 7,752 pairs of twins, we found that genetic differences exert a greater influence on children’s figure drawing at age 4 than do between-family environmental differences. Figure drawing was as heritable as g at age 4 (heritability of .29 for both). Drawing scores at age 4 correlated significantly with g at age 4 ( r = .33, p < .001, n = 14,050) and with g at age 14 ( r = .20, p < .001, n = 4,622). The genetic correlation between drawing at age 4 and g at age 14 was .52, 95% confidence interval = [.31, .75]. Individual differences in this widespread behavior have an important genetic component and a significant genetic link with g.
Asymmetrical Social Mach Bands
Authors: Rozin Paul , Scott Sydney E. , Zickgraf Hana F. , Ahn Flora , Jiang Hong
Published: August 2014

Perceptual processes generally enhance borders, because of their high information value. Mach bands are an example in vision. In the social world, borders are also of special significance; one side of a border is generally more esteemed or valued than the other. We claim that entities (individuals, groups) that are just over the border on the positive side tend to exaggerate their membership on the positive side (asymmetrical social Mach bands). We demonstrate this by showing that (a) master’s-degree universities use the word university to describe themselves more than major graduate universities do, (b) small international airports use the word international to describe themselves more than major airports do, and (c) University of Pennsylvania students, who are affiliated with a “marginal” Ivy League school, use the word Ivy to describe their school more than Harvard students do.
Research on operating characteristics of single slide valve capacity control mechanism of the single screw refrigeration compressor
Authors: Wang Zengli , Liu Zhan , Liu Feilong , Yu Xiaoling , Feng Quanke
Published: August 2014

In the single screw refrigeration compressor (SSRC), the single slide valve capacity control mechanism (SVCCM) is the functional component used to achieve capacity control under different load conditions with cooperation of screw rotor and housing. In this paper, a new calculation model considering internal compression and leakage is presented to research the capacity control process and built-in volume ratio control process. By this model, the actual capacity and built-in volume ratio at different slide valve work locations can be determined using the calculated by-pass area and discharge area. The influences of structural parameters of the slide valve to the control characteristics of the capacity control process and the thermodynamic properties of the compressor are analyzed. Through the comparison of the capacity control process and the built-in volume ratio control process, the axial displacements of the slide valve required in the capacity control and in the built-in volume ratio control were obtained. All of this work can provide the basis for the later optimization design for the slide valve.
Event reconstruction through Bayesian chronology: Massive mid-Holocene lake-burst triggered large-scale ecological and cultural change
Authors: Oinonen Markku , Pesonen Petro , Alenius Teija , Heyd Volker , Holmqvist-Saukkonen Elisabeth , Kivimäki Sanna , Nygrén Tuire , Sundell Tarja , Onkamo Päivi
Published: August 2014

Precise timing of natural and cultural events provides a foundation for understanding how past natural phenomena have driven changes in population and culture. In this study, we used high-resolution Bayesian chronology to describe an event sequence of a massive and abrupt water level decline of a large lake and the contemporaneous cultural changes that occurred in eastern Fennoscandia during the mid-Holocene. The study provides the first transdisciplinary analysis of the causes and effects of the events by using a combination of archaeological, geological and ecological data. Nearly 6000 years ago, ancient Lake Saimaa, estimated to cover nearly 9000 km2at the time, was abruptly discharged through a new outlet. The event created thousands of square kilometres of new residual wetlands. The archaeological record shows a profound cultural replacement and a subsequent sharp human population maximum in the area during the decades after the decline in water level. During the population maximum, the proportion of Alces alces (moose) in the diet rapidly increased and became prominent as a dietary resource. The eventual population decline in the area coincided with ecological development towards old boreal conifer forests, along with the colonization of a new species of tree Picea abies (Norway spruce). The new ecosystem was less suitable for moose to forage in, and this attenuated the dietary role of moose and thus contributed towards the eventual population and cultural decline. The methodological approach described in this paper allowed the reconstruction of past natural and cultural events and demonstrated how they can be causally intertwined.
How past sea-level changes can inform future planning: A case study from the Macleay River estuary, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: McGowan Sarah A , Baker Robert GV
Published: August 2014

Climate change poses many challenges for the future management and development of the coastal zone. Uncertainties in the rate of future sea-level rise reduce our ability to project potential future impacts. This study seeks to further develop the past–present–future methodology proposed in Baker and McGowan and apply it to an additional case study, the Macleay River estuary, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The past–present–future methodology uses evidence from the past, the Holocene and Pleistocene, to formulate a response function that can be used to project future sea-level heights. Three scenarios for 2100 were developed to emphasise the uncertainties surrounding future sea levels and the need to consider multiple sea-level rise scenarios when planning for the future: a best case (90 cm rise), mid-case (2.6 m rise) and worst case (5 m rise). Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were used to project each of the three scenarios onto the case study area of South West Rocks. The methodology was tested by using shell samples extracted from cores which were AMS dated to determine whether or not Holocene estuarine conditions correlated with the proposed future sea-level rise inundation scenarios. We also conducted an audit of potentially affected infrastructure and land uses, and proposed possible future adaptation strategies for the case study area.
Archaeology of the Anthropocene in the Yellow River region, China, 8000–2000 cal. BP
Authors: Zhuang Yijie , Kidder Tristram R
Published: August 2014

Although archaeological analysis emphasizes the importance of climatic events as a driver of historical processes, we use a variety of environmental and archaeological data to show that human modification of the environment was a significant factor in shaping the early history of the Yellow River region of North China. Humans began to modify site-specific and local-level environments in the Early Holocene (~11,500–7000 BP). By the Mid-Holocene (~7000–5000 BP), the effects of humans on the environment become much larger and are witnessed at regional and tributary river basin scales. Land clearance and agriculture, as well as related land use, are dominant determinants of these changes. By the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age (~5000–3500 BP), population growth and intensification of agricultural production expanded the human footprint across the Yellow River region. By the Mid to Late Bronze Age (~3600–2200 BP), larger populations armed with better technology and propelled by more centralized governments were altering lands throughout the Yellow River region, gradually bringing the environment under human control. By the Early Dynastic period (221 bc–ad 220), the Yellow River region was an increasingly anthropogenic environment wherein human land management practices were, in many instances, as consequential as natural forces. Throughout the Holocene history of the Middle and Lower Yellow River, anthropogenic, climatic, and natural environmental processes were acting to shape human history and behavior, making it difficult, if not impossible, to say whether human or climate processes were more consequential. There is a complex relationship in China’s early history between natural and human forcing much like there is today. The Early Anthropocene concept is useful here because it recognizes that when natural and cultural forces become so intertwined, it no longer makes sense to separate the two.
Paleoceanographic changes in the Disko Bugt area, West Greenland, during the Holocene
Authors: Ouellet-Bernier Marie-Michèle , de Vernal Anne , Hillaire-Marcel Claude , Moros Matthias
Published: August 2014

Micropaleontological analyses of a sediment core raised in Disko Bugt (West of Greenland) were undertaken in order to document paleoceanographical changes in the eastern Baffin Bay during the Holocene. The modern analogue technique (MAT) applied to dinocyst assemblages provided information on paleo-sea-surface conditions, whereas isotopic analyses of benthic foraminifers aimed at documenting the ‘deep’ water mass occupying the site. During the earlier interval recorded (~10 to ~7.3 cal. kyr BP), important discharge of ice and meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) margin, notably through the Jakobshavn Isbrae, resulted in harsh conditions with a dense sea-ice cover and low temperatures, productivity, and foraminiferal abundances. Postglacial conditions settled at ~7.3 cal. kyr BP, with a sharp rise in dinocyst abundance and species diversity, which led to reconstruct increase in summer temperatures. We link this transition to the advection of West Greenland Current waters in the upper part of the water column after the reduction of meltwater inputs from GIS. Optimal temperature conditions reaching up to >10°C were finally achieved in surface waters at ~6 cal. kyr BP. Slight cooling pulses were then recorded at ~4.2–4 and ~1.5–1 cal. kyr BP, and the final optimum recorded in surface temperature from ~1 to 0.8 cal. kyr BP is associated with the ‘Medieval Warm Period’. Throughout the postglacial interval, the data suggest an opposition between sea-surface temperatures and salinity, with warmer intervals being characterized by lower salinity waters, probably as a result of the higher freshwater discharge along the ice margin and notably the Jakobshavn Isbrae.
Human-derived landscape changes on the northern Etruria coast (western Italy) between Roman times and the late Middle Ages
Authors: Di Pasquale Gaetano , Buonincontri Mauro Paolo , Allevato Emilia , Saracino Antonio
Published: August 2014

Anthracological analysis has been carried out in three sites located on the Tyrrhenian coast of central Italy (ancient northern Etruria: the castle of Donoratico, the town of Populonia and the port of Alberese), spanning between the Roman Republican Period and the Late Middle Ages (3rd century bc–13th century ad). The integrated comparison of three different local charcoal data with the regional pollen and microcharcoal data available from northern Etruria showed well that vegetation changes are completely independent of climate and strictly connected to economic and social dynamics characterising the history of this part of central Italy. Indeed, Quercus ilex forests progressively retracted from the 3rd century bc in favour of open macchia formations just during the growing human impact of the Romanisation when intensive agriculture and livestock grazing characterised the economic system. The transition from macchia to deciduous Quercus forest at the end of the Roman Period from the mid-4th to the mid-5th centuries ad and long lasting until the 9th–10th centuries ad was related to economic and cultural factors which led to a phase of land abandonment. Finally, between the 11th and 13th centuries ad, the vegetation cover shifted again towards an open macchia environment at the same time of a re-settlement phase well evidenced also by intensive orcharding. Charcoal data also showed that the expansion of olive and chestnut in central Italy only began in the Late Medieval Period (11th century ad) and not in the Roman Period. This means that extensive cultivation of chestnut and olive has very recent origins and should be attributed to one and the same macro-factor such as the set-up of the economic establishment of the feudal system and the later political organism of the Medieval town.
The Augustinian Legacy of the Procreative Marriage: Contemporary Implications and Alternatives
Authors: Richie Cristina
Published: August 2014

Augustine’s legacy, particularly his view of marriage as being primarily procreative and the sin of mutually desired non-procreative sex, has had a lasting impact on sexual theology and ethics in the Catholic Church. Yet indulging in the Augustinian legacy without reflection and regarding children as the end goal of marriage has led to the unchallenged assumption that children are needed in every marriage. I will examine the problematic concept of matrimony as a necessary producer of children through a variety of ethical lenses – the environmental, the feminist, and the bioethical – and provide an alternative to the procreative norm of sexual expression. By focusing on the unitive aspect of marital love instead of the procreative, partners are liberated to realize their union as fully mature, regardless of biological generation thus addressing ethical concerns and providing a theological alternative to the procreative marriage.
A Spirituality of Openness: Christian Ecofeminist Perspectives and Inter-religious Dialogue
Authors: Downie Alison
Published: August 2014

Feminists have critiqued assumptions and structures of inter-religious dialogue even as they have acknowledged the need for more feminist presence in this area. Because ecofeminist values span religious differences, exploring a spirituality evident across Christian ecofeminist authors makes a contribution to inter-religious feminist work. A spirituality of openness manifests in four prominent themes which recur across diverse Christian ecofeminist thinkers. Each of these themes arises from a foundational orientation to openness. Relational theories of self are grounded in the openness of fluid identity construction; a stress on personal narrative as a relational way of knowing depends upon the openness of experiencing subjects to each other; an ethic of risk and discernment emphasizes openness in the courage and responsibility required to act within ambiguity; and the openness of receptivity is a prerequisite for engaging the potentially transformative power of beauty.