bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tarihi Yapıların Yeniden İşlevlendirilmesi: Tokat Sulu Han Örneği
Authors: Yusufoglu Tuba , Güneş Ceren
Published: November 2024

Geçmiş toplumların sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik yapıları içinde bulundukları fiziksel çevreleri ile etkileşim içinde şekillenerek tarihi çevreleri meydana getirmiştir. Ancak değişen süreç içerisinde meydana gelen doğal afetler, kentsel gelişmeler, modernizasyon ve bilinçsiz müdahaleler gibi etmenlerle tarihi çevreler ve tarihi yapılar olumsuz etkilenmekte ve zaman içinde yok olma riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Bu bağlamda kültürel mirasın önemli bir parçası olan tarihi çevreler ile tarihi yapıların, sahip oldukları tüm değerleri ile korunması ve gelecek kuşaklara aktarılması bir gerekliliktir. Bu tür bir ortamda bulunan tarihi yapılar, restore edilerek korunabilmektedir veya geçmiş işlevlerinden farklı bir amaç için kullanılmak üzere yeniden işlevlendirilerek tekrar kullanıma sunulabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, tarihi ve kültürel açıdan yoğun kimliği ile ön plana çıkan Tokat ilindeki Sulu Han ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın odak noktasını, kentsel sit alanı içerisinde yer alan yapının tarihi gelişim süreci, mimari özellikleri, yapım tekniği ve yapının farklı dönemlerde farklı işlevlerde kullanımı ile geçirdiği değişimlerin ele alınması, yapının restorasyon süreci ve koruma çalışmalarının ardından yeniden işlevlendirme sürecinin incelenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Sulu Han, çizimler ve fotoğraflar ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Yapının yeniden işlevlendirilerek yaşatılmasının bir gereklilik olduğu görülmektedir.
Clinical Significance of Gross Extrathyroidal Extension to Only the Strap Muscle According to Tumor Size in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Won Ho-Ryun , Kim Ji Won , Son Hyo-One , Yi Sumin , Chang Jae Won , Koo Bon Seok
Published: November 2024

Objectives. The presence of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) serves as a significant prognostic indicator. Consequently, the staging of DTC is categorized into extensive ETE and gross ETE that solely impacts the strap muscles (gross strap muscle invasion [gSMI]). However, there is a lack of sufficient evidence concerning the relationship between gSMI and prognosis, particularly in terms of tumor size.Methods. Relevant literature was searched in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and KoreaMed. All procedures were conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and carried out by two independent reviewers. The meta-analysis utilized a random-effects model to account for the diversity of the studies. Risk of Bias for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) version 2.0, an evaluation tool for non-randomized studies, was employed to assess the quality of the selected research. Clinical data from observational studies that examined the relationship between the degree of ETE and prognosis were gathered, and a meta-analysis was conducted.Results. Eighteen observational studies were included in this analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted for each outcome. The findings revealed that the recurrence rate (odds ratio [OR], 2.498), disease-specific mortality (risk ratio [RR], 2.984), overall mortality (RR, 1.361), and lymph node (LN) metastasis (OR, 5.355) were significantly higher in patients with gSMI than in those without ETE. However, when the analysis was restricted to tumors measuring 4 cm or smaller, no significant differences in prognostic outcomes were observed, with the exception of LN metastasis.Conclusion. gSMI negatively impacts prognosis; however, this correlation diminishes with smaller tumor sizes. Thus, a more cautious approach is warranted during the treatment process.
Entrega de produtos em áreas urbanas utilizando drones: análise de direito comparado da legislação regulatória aeronáutica
Authors: Dias Josival Luiz , Dias Jefferson Aparecido , Vita Jonathan Barros
Published: November 2024

The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibility of using regulatory solutions applied in another country to help improving Brazilian aeronautical legislation regarding the use of drones for the delivery of products and food at home. In addition to its military origin, the article brings the definitions of drones, their classes, as well as the types of flight of this equipment. The current scenario of e-commerce and home food delivery in Brazil is presented below, with emphasis on its abrupt growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we present and analyze the US legislation that defines the process for using drones to deliver products and to obtain the drone pilot certificate and the subsequent comparison between the legal systems. Finally, the article concludes on the urgent need to improve Brazilian legislation to allow the use of drones to deliver products in urban areas, taking advantage of US solutions as a starting point. From a documentary and bibliographic research, the article uses deductive and comparative methods.
Análise jurimétrica de acórdãos fundamentados na Lei Anticorrupção e do controle judicial nos processos administrativos de responsabilização
Authors: Rodrigues Doralúcia Azevedo , Caminha Uinie , Tassigny Monica
Published: November 2024

The research examines the judicial control in administrative processes of accountability governed by the Anti-Corruption Law, by observing judicial decisions from second instance courts, encompassing Appeals, Interlocutory Appeals, Writs of Mandamus, and Necessary Reviews. The work is divided into three parts: presentation of the methodological itinerary, exposition of the doctrinal and legal aspects of the administrative and judicial processes of accountability provided for in the Anti-Corruption Law, and analysis of the collected data through the study of judgments, their grounds, and the presentation of comparative graphs. The justification for this research is based on the relevance attributed to the accountability of legal entities in the administrative sphere, as well as the importance of examining the jurisprudential actions in accountability processes governed by the Anti-Corruption Law. With the law approaching its ten-year anniversary in August 2023, there is a need for greater academic production, employing a qualitative and quantitative approach through the analysis of judicial decisions. The methodology combines techniques of bibliographic research, jurimetrics, and documentary analysis, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of this study highlight inconsistencies in jurisprudence, such as difficulties in researching court websites, the application of Necessary Reviews in cases related to the Anti-Corruption Law, and the application of the theory of administrative deference on a case-by-case basis.
Dolo e culpa nas infrações administrativas: uma revisão
Authors: Sarai Leandro
Published: November 2024

The article, through the hypothetical-deductive and inductive methods, investigates the subjective element of administrative infractions. The hypothesis for testing was the proposition that administrative infractions would only be configured by intent when there was no express legal provision on the subjective element required. The subjective element in criminal, civil and tax offenses was analyzed. A classification of administrative offences has been formulated. Three propositions of other authors were tested. It is concluded that the hypothesis was not confirmed, but it was possible to establish other general propositions, in addition to guiding the solution of some cases.
O impeachment na América Latina: entre o abuso parlamentar e o controle do Executivo
Authors: Lopes Olsen Ana Carolina
Published: November 2024

In the face of the frequent use of impeachment in Latin America after redemocratization in recent years, this study aims to analyze whether this mechanism continues to serve to control the presidential abuse of power, as idealized in the constitutions, or whether it has become a political maneuvering tool for the president's opponents. The hypothetical-deductive and comparative method was employed, along with bibliographical, doctrinal, and documentary research, especially Pérez-Liñán's study on the conditions that favored Latin-American political instability. It concluded that the open constitutional norms that institute impeachment must necessarily be interpreted in accordance with constitutional and Inter-American requirements of due process. However, they cannot prevent their arbitrary use by political opposition in parliament.
Improbidade administrativa e retroatividade benéfica. anotações críticas sobre o ARE 843989
Authors: Pereira Nobre Junior Edilson
Published: November 2024

One of the recent significant impacts on the Brazilian legal system occurred with the enactment of Law N. 14,230/2021, which promoted, to a great extent, changes in Law No. 8,429/1992, which regulates the liability of public officials for administative improbity. In view of such changes, the Federal Supreme Court, in a binding precedent (ARE 843989), assessed the incidence of beneficial retroactivity with regard to the exclusion of fault in the strict sense as a subject element for the characterization of the types of administrative improbity and the new discipline of limitation. The purpose of this text is to examine the reasoning employed by the Supreme Court to resolve the issue, discussing the legal nature of administrative improbity, the scope of the fundamental right provided for in Article 5, XL, of the 1988 Constitution, and on the application of the principles of criminal law to administrative sanctions.  Not forgetting to mention the exam of legal certainty in the face of the statute of limitation.
Unlocking the Potential: Exploring the Emerging Subgenre of Interactive Baby Books
Authors: Liu Nan
Published: November 2024

Baby books that incorporate textures, movable components, or sound effects have increased in popularity in recent years. I refer to these books as “interactive baby books”. The purpose of this article is to define and characterise this emerging subgenre designed for babies, emphasising their role in supporting cognitive development in young children. To achieve this, my study will first explore the mechanisms used in these books to engage the reader, establishing a taxonomy of interactive baby books. It will then examine how these mechanisms can stimulate cognitive engagement, highlighting the interaction between the book and the reader as a means of generating knowledge. Finally, criteria will be proposed to describe the interactive potential of baby books, providing insight into the design of this book type.
Innovative Approaches for Oil Pit Sludge Treatment to Enhance Environmental Sustainability in Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Alhayem Ahmed A. , Aljamaan Ali M.
Published: November 2024

The efficient management and treatment of sludge accumulated in oily water drainage pits are of paramount importance for oil and gas separation plants, such as Saudi Aramco's Gas-Oil Separation Plants (GOSP). Addressing this challenge requires exploring advanced and environmentally sustainable methods that optimize oil pit treatment processes while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. This study aims to develop innovative and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional oil pit treatment methods. By focusing on enhancing treatment processes, our objective is to significantly improve operational efficiency and reduce environmental risks associated with sludge management in oil and gas facilities.

Our research presents a comprehensive methodology that revolutionizes oil pit treatment practices. Instead of relying on traditional methods involving the construction of temporary pits and manual sludge collection processes, which take significant time and effort and consume huge amounts of resources, we propose an advanced approach. This approach involves the strategic injection of eco-friendly chemicals into existing pits, followed by a series of meticulously designed mixing cycles. These cycles effectively de-sludge and treat the oil, ensuring its safe recovery and reuse within the facility's operational processes.

The implementation of our enhanced oil pit treatment process yields substantial benefits across key operational metrics. Oil recovery rates have experienced a notable increase of 25%, with the current recovery rate standing at an impressive 75% compared to the previous rate of 50% using conventional methods. Moreover, the turnaround time for oil recovery systems has been dramatically reduced by 80%. This improvement allows for the completion of oil pit cleaning activities in a fraction of the time, now achievable within two weeks as opposed to the previous ten weeks required under conventional approaches. These remarkable improvements are achieved through the strategic integration of eco-friendly chemicals, promoting safer and more sustainable practices in oil and gas facility operations.

This study highlights a groundbreaking advancement in oil pit treatment methodologies that harmonize operational efficiency with environmental sustainability. The significant improvements in oil recovery rates, coupled with the drastic reduction in turnaround times, underscore the transformative potential of adopting eco-friendly solutions in oil and gas facility management. By emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices and innovative technologies, this study contributes to a greener and more resilient future for the oil and gas industry
Driving Excellence Courtesy of Digital Twin Technology in Extended Reach Drilling Operations Onshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Mwansa P. , Karmstaji M. , Alshaigy A. , Abrahamsen E.
Published: November 2024

In our pursuit of excellence reflected in the company's vision 2030, we believe we can drastically reduce waste, prevent major NPT events and reduce risk through data driven improved decision-making. We have seen from NPT event investigations and after-action reviews that understanding risk particularly in situations where cumulative changes occur quickly is an area of improvement. Major events are a result of many minor decisions that have a cumulative impact people did not anticipate or did not accurately forecast and predict. Individuals make the best decisions they can with information readily available, but it is effectively impossible for a human to process all possible variables in well execution. We have leveraged real-time data and analytics to model our operating environment, perform scenario analysis and make the optimal decisions based on defined performance outcomes. This allowed us to make the right decisions on an hour-by-hour basis, monitor the impact of these decisions and adjust in real time.

Courtesy of the digital twin technology, drilling has evolved from passive monitoring and reacting to events to pro-active and predictive collaboration with our rig site teams in identifying NPT events before they happen or before they escalate. A proof of concept was undertaken in partnership with a leading digital twin technology provider in the drilling industry enabled the most informed operational decisions leading to enhanced focus on safety, reduction in NPT and more efficient, reliable, compliant well execution. The outcome enabled predictive data analytical and scenario modelling capability which helped identify problems before they occurred and allowed operational mitigations and/or Subject Matter Expert consultations much quicker than previously possible.

The digital twin technology overcame the common challenges associated with real-time data. These include but not limited to:

Difficulty in seeing negative trend evolution Rearward looking reports – no forecasting Need for continual re-calculation of static models

Figure 1 Company Vision 2030
Radial Multi-Branch Sidetracking Technology for Low Permeability Carbonate Reservoir Stimulation
Authors: Zhang Hewen , Yan Xuemei , Rao Liangyu , Jiang Weidong , Yan Jun , Cui Weixiang , Sun Yuping
Published: November 2024

To achieve economic and efficient utilization of marginal oil zones and remaining oil zones in low-permeability reservoirs, a directional wellbore stimulation technology with strong targeting and controllability is proposed. This technology integrates drilling, completion, and stimulation functions.

For low-permeability carbonate reservoirs, hydraulic fracturing or acid fracturing are necessary to achieve economically viable development. However, for reservoirs with multiple layers, thin single layers, or those close to edge or bottom water, hydraulic fracturing lacks advantages in targeted and economical modifications and poses significant risks of connecting water channels. A technology is needed that can achieve targeted modifications for multiple layers, with fully controllable modification scope and good economics, integrating drilling, completion, and stimulation. Radial multi-branch sidetracking technology is a drilling-based technique for increasing oil well production.

This technology utilizes magnetic positioning-natural gamma logging tools and gyroscopic inclinometers to determine the depth of casing perforation for radial direction of jet holes. Subsequently, a milling bit is used to create a hole approximately 1 inch in diameter on the casing of the target layer. High-pressure hoses and nozzles are then inserted through continuous tubing, and drilling fluid or acid fluid is injected through a 0.5-inch jet bit. With the hydraulic rock-breaking action of high-speed jets and the dissolution reaction of acid on rocks, multiple radial holes with diameters of 1-3 inches and lengths exceeding 50 meters are drilled in different directions within the reservoir. During implementation, multiple radial holes can be drilled in the same or different layers according to the actual reservoir distribution and production enhancement requirements. This technology offers advantages such as deep-scale damage removal, layered stimulation, three-dimensional digging, physical directional drilling, and avoiding direct connection with edge and bottom water. Moreover, compared to hydraulic fracturing or acid fracturing, it saves significant costs on fluids, equipment, and operations, demonstrating favorable economics.

Field applications have shown that the milling and jetting time for a single branch is only about 1.5 hours, with operation depths exceeding 50 meters. The single branches are distributed in a 60° phase, and the liquid usage for a single branch is only about 10 cubic meters, greatly reducing operational costs. Radial multi-branch sidetracking technology is primarily suitable for oil and gas reservoirs with poor permeability and thin effective thickness, as well as for directed utilization of remaining oil in mature fields and development of marginal oil and gas reservoirs.
Reservoir Characterization of Carbonate Reservoir by Heterogeneity Analysis Using High-Definition Borehole Image & Petrophysical Data of Upper Shuaiba Formation Daleel Field, Oman
Authors: Ali Kazmi Syed Asad , Khan Kashif Mushir A. , Ali M. , Saqib C. M. , Shaheed BilalSami , AbdelGhaffar Mohamed , Al Suqri Houda
Published: November 2024

The study's main objective was to conduct a heterogeneity analysis to understand the nature of the complex carbonate reservoirs by integrating geological, and petrophysical parameters to comprehend the different types of facies and their effect on reservoir characteristics. The approach utilizes borehole electrical images to measure the extent and type of the vuggy fraction, porosity dissemination, and its impact on reservoir quality.

The heterogeneity analysis of reservoirs from borehole images is carried out using proprietary software that examines the resistivity spectrum to extract information on porosity, layering and other heterogeneities to quantify, characterize and provide a distribution of these relevant heterogeneities.

Several iterations are needed to optimize parameters. Each iteration is validated by comparing core data, and density-neutron x-plots with a visual examination of the images to see whether all heterogeneities are identified. Single-depth histograms were generated from the derived porosity spectrum to show the distribution of primary and secondary porosity.

The Upper Shuaiba Member (USH) is the main pay zone in the Daleel field in northern Oman and is subdivided into 5 layers comprising of A, B, C, D, and E of which layers D and layer E are the most productive. These layers consist of thinly bedded bioclastic packstones and wackestones. The exploration development of the Daleel field requires knowledge of the composition and collocation of these various layers in the sedimentary system.

Our method consists of several steps that combine a probabilistic image analysis with petrophysical properties to derive electrical facies based on the texture, heterogeneity, resistivity spectrum, fracture identification, and petrophysical properties. These facies are translated into curves, codes and colors that represent the porosity distribution as volume fractions. Primary and secondary porosities (vuggy porosity) are common in this field. We are able to provide color coded distributions showing the more connected vugs, partially connected vugs and isolated or tight vugs. These are separated from connected fractures. This information is critical to developing a geological model to aid field development.

Borehole imagers are important to determine petrophysical parameters in highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs. They provide information on a wide variety of pore types including vuggy, fracture and matrix. This study shows that the USH formation contains bimodal and trimodal pores resulting from vugs. All vuggy intervals are classified as connected and unconnected vugs. The results go into a geological model to provide a deeper understanding of the facies extension across the field to optimize exploration.
Optimization of Maintenance and Storage Strategy of CT Unit Based on Field LLs
Authors: Huseynov Tural , Effiong Godwin Jackson , Christoph Zinner
Published: November 2024

There are a lot of field learnings that can potentially minimize the existing gaps in oil & gas industry standards and enhance safety levels of this hazardous environment. This paper will describe two different incidents in coiled tubing (CT) operations in BP Oman that led to optimization of maintenance for injector head and change in strategy of coiled tubing string storage. Both incidents were considered high-risk events, where one was an uncontrolled and sudden movement of coil into hole, and another one was a pin hole in coil during pumping.
Maintenance Productivity Advancement by Measuring and Improving HoTT (Hands on Tool Time)
Authors: Jahwari Ali , Hasni Hussain
Published: November 2024

Whilst cost competitiveness becoming a core value, most organizations are stretched toward further means to having more efficient and productive operations. Measuring the time spent by workers while doing the actual work is key to advance productivity. It helps to reveal waste and find better ways of working with direct impact on efficiency and OPEX. Additional value is generated through improved HSSE, better morale, less errors, and quicker return to service.

The time spent by personnel doing the daily maintenance activities called HoTT (Hands on tool time). It is also called wrench time or TOT (time on tools). Three main methods could be used to measure HoTT, Activity Survey, DILO (Day in Life Of) and Self-Reporting. Activity survey is a statistical survey on various maintenance activities. Data points are recorded by observers deployed to random activities. Wrench time accuracy will depend on number of the observations made. The larger the sample size, the more reliable the data would be. The fact that activity survey gives better representation of the studied population, it is considered the most accurate method for HoTT measurement.

Furthermore, DILO day in life of offers a simpler approach by focusing on one maintenance activity. The drawback is less accurate HoTT measurement as less samples will be obtained. Self-reporting is another less commonly used method. It is about asking the worker to report his own HoTT.

In Oil and Gas, best in class facilities are at 60% - 65% HoTT and industry average is around 30% - 40%. Experts emphasize that boosting HoTT to best practice typically increases productivity by 57 percent. For example, a plant might go from fulfilling 500 work orders per month to 785 work orders per month without adding any new technicians to staff.

It is essential to establish a process to measure wrench time, identify waste, generate improvement ideas, and have tracking means to make sure productivity advancement is achieved. In mature organizations where productivity improvement ideas are being realized and sustained, the calculated HoTT would be improving over time.

This paper will discuss different methods to measure HoTT, outline a real case study analysis and showcase the benefits of having a well-established HoTT process in any organization.
Optimal Practices for Gas Injection to Overcome Black Powder Formation Utilizing Expert Systems
Authors: Alhajri Naif , Nengkoda Ardian , Almedallah Mohammed
Published: November 2024

Gas injection systems are prone to black powder formation, hindering optimal reservoir injectivity and facility integrity. This paper presents best practices during the facilities design phase (FEL and FEED) to overcome these operational challenges by overseeing such systems, particularly in high gas injection systems. Expert systems workflow thoroughly analyzes potential black powder damages, including possible causes and recommendations to protect the injection facilities and reservoir formation to sustain long-term injection performance. A comprehensive expert system, including global field experiences and simulation studies, was developed to determine potential causes of forming black powder and recommend mitigating potential reservoir and facility damages. The analysis included the investigation of optimal dehydration for lean gas and the velocity to maintain inside the pipeline during reservoir injection. Moreover, optimal filtration systems and gas specifications were also investigated. The study indicates proper commissioning is the first step to ensuring that black powder is not formed in lean, rich gas pipeline sources. Other factors, such as long delays during construction and long pipeline exposure time, have increased the concentration of O2 and H2O (moisture) and the accumulation of corrosion solid contaminants inside the pipeline. The three primary root causes of black powder contamination are moisture (H2O), impurities (H2S, O2, CO2 or elemental sulfur), and operating condition (pressure or temperature variance). The paper lists several recommendations to overcome black powder formation, including adopting rigorous commissioning procedures, optimizing network design, regularly monitoring the injection gas quality (contaminant), and including corrosion management such as corrosion inhibitor injection and monitoring. In addition, scraping operation and corrosion monitoring can help mitigate the accumulation of Black powder.
Automated and Unmanned Shale Shaker Performance and Borehole Instability Monitoring Using Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Ruggiero M. , Meledeth A. , De Smedt F. , Kucs R. , Ripperger G. , Comotti S. , Cockram L. , Colombo I.
Published: November 2024

Evaluating the effectiveness of hole cleaning and ensuring wellbore stability is crucial for preventing unwanted events such as kicks or stuck pipes, with consequent minor or major non-productive time (NPT) that, in severe cases, may lead to well abandonment. Beyond the economic implications, these scenarios pose risks of environmental damage and jeopardize the safety of rig personnel. Shale shakers are the first indicator of emerging borehole cleaning and wellbore stability problems and as such, they are a fundamental component of the drilling rig.

Detecting cavings and foreign objects on shale shakers is a task typically assigned to humans, who occasionally monitor shaker areas looking at cuttings, and periodically collecting cuttings samples. Monitoring mud beach level and screen damage to preserve drilling mud quality, is also limited to sporadic human observations. These processes lack continuity in monitoring and rely on subjective interpretation of observed samples, often requiring humans to spend significant time in hazardous zones.

A novel Computer Vision System for an automated and unmanned shale shaker visual monitoring, coupled with Deep Learning (DL) Artificial Intelligence (AI) models has been implemented. It relies on installing high-speed, high-resolution, explosion-proof cameras continuously acquiring clear and focused pictures of the shale shaker screens at any time during drilling operations. Image data is transmitted up to 500 meters distance and processed through powerful edge computing devices, producing high-frequency objectively interpreted real-time data that can be recorded and plotted along drilling parameters. The system alerts humans to come to the shakers only when necessary.

This system has been deployed in three wells across various locations and countries. It aims to replace the traditional human-based monitoring approach by giving a continuous objective detection, and quantification of cuttings, cavings, foreign objects, mud beach level, shaker overflow, and shale shaker screens damage, in real-time.

Real-time machine learning based automated detection and interpretation of the shaker screens can substantially improve rig safety by reducing the need for humans to be present in hazardous conditions with fumes and noises when their direct intervention is unnecessary. This system also provides immediate assessment of borehole instability and mud circulation best practices, enabling safer and more effective drilling operations.
A Pioneer Implementation of Industrial Internet of Things in Khurais
Authors: Abdullah I Abaoud , Vladimir J Gonzalez , Mokhtarudin Abdul Razak
Published: November 2024

This paper sheds light on the pioneer implementation of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology deployment in Khurais Production Facility (KhPF). It explores the purpose, features, and benefits of IIoT devices, shedding light on their potential to revolutionize plant operations through advanced monitoring capabilities. The advent of the Fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0) has ushered in a paradigm shift in industrial processes, and the heart of this transformation lies the crucial role played by the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In the landscape of IR4.0, where digital technologies seamlessly integrate with the physical systems, IIoT emerges as a linchpin offering unprecedented opportunities to enhance efficiency, optimize the operation, and unlock realms of productivity. This deployment is considered the first integrated IIOT installation in the Middle East, where we tested the devices' capabilities from 5 different reputable vendors under a single On-Prem platform. This deployment introduces a pioneering implementation of IIoT devices within Khurais Production facilities. in this deployment, the installed IIOT devices include corrosion sensors, Temperature gauges, Pressure gauges, and vibration sensors, among others. These devices were strategically installed as part of a trial to enhance performance monitoring. The connectivity backbone relies on the LoRaWAN protocol, enabling seamless data transmission and real-time insights. The abstract explores the purpose, features, and benefits of these IIoT devices. LoRaWAN IIOT Devices are optimized to operate in low power mode and can last up to 10 years on a single coin cell battery. It can also reach a distance from 5 to 10 Km and has a high capacity that can handle up to 1000 devices for one gateway.
Zonal Isolation for Short-Liner Intervals
Authors: Khan Anum Yousuf , Salazar Jose , Bogaerts Martijn , Rashdi Issa , Al Wardi Yasser , Habsi Younis , Parasher Mukesh , Noumani Abdullah
Published: November 2024

The production objectives of any gas well are largely dependent on zonal isolation. Zonal isolation becomes additionally challenging for short-interval cementing. This paper presents the best practices and lessons learnt from short-interval liner cementing in the Abu Butabul field in northern Oman where the operator had a series of short liners in which the perforation interval was located just below a previous casing shoe. The complexity increased by the presence of loss zones in the open hole, which limited the hydrostatic pressure of the cement column.

The methods this paper presents not only cover slurry design but the placement practices as well. The main challenge with short liners is the small theoretical slurry volume, which is prone to high contamination from fluid mixing in the pipe alone. Through software simulations, the optimum volume was determined to resist or at least minimize contamination across the zones of interest. Liner overlap length was also increased as was the shoe track. The standoff of the liner was optimized despite the reactive shales in the section, The length of both the overlap and shoe track was based on software simulations, which this paper will present. The slurry height above the liner hanger was also adjusted so as not to compromise the fracturing gradient due to increased hydrostatic pressure.

Then the next step was slurry design to maximize rheological and density hierarchies. The additional preventative slurry testing included thickening time selection to allow safe tool release and liner packer setting despite the increase in slurry volume above the top of liner. Design steps to boost compressive strength and slurry formation interaction despite the increased thickening times will also be presented.

Lift pressures during pumping were verified against expected design pressures and no indication of loss was observed. The excess considerations were first verified with post-job circulation returns where uncluttered slurry returns were noted above the liner hanger. The final indication of the operation's success was the cement evaluation log, which displayed good cement coverage across the zone of interest.

Short liners had been an operator challenge in the field, especially for perforations across formations immediately below the previous shoe. The operator has agreed to carry forward the lessons learnt for cementing similar profiles in the field's Block 60.
High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of Upper Shuaiba Member Aptian 5, Lower Cretaceous, In the Southeast of United Arab Emirates
Authors: Lee Keumsuk , Simone Salvatore Di , Pal Arindam , Yoo Seunghak , Al-Aufi Yousuf
Published: November 2024

The Upper Shuaiba Member (USM) or Apt 5 (Whitecomb et al. 2021; Alsuwaidi et al. 2022) has proven significantly prolific hydrocarbon potential, as evidenced by numerous oil fields (e.g., Safah, Malaan, Deleel Fields), particularly along the eastern margin of the Bab Basin (Al Habsi et al. 2014), in relation to the currently recognized position of the intrashelf basin (Murris 1980; Sharland et al. 2001; van Buchem et al. 2002; Yose et al. 2010; Yamamoto et al. 2013). In order to understand the depositional environments and the internal architecture of the Aptian sediments, numerous wells have been drilled since the 1980s (Boote and Mou 2003), resulting in the depositional models (e.g., Safah Field) exhibiting thin, low-angle prograding clinoforms, extending over 100 km from the northwest of Oman through the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to the southwest. The prograding clinothems consist of shallow, high-energy inner ramp settings to deeper, low-energy outer ramp zones (Boote and Mou 2003). Seismic characteristics of the USM in the east of the intrashelf basin, however, appear to be relatively poorly defined as compared to those in the west, largely due to low seismic resolution and quality. Therefore, considerable challenges have been posed to their seismic stratigraphic analysis. As a result, the detailed internal structures and associated facies distribution are not fully explored. To date, few interdisciplinary studies have been conducted to comprehensively delineate these aspects of the fourth-order sequences in the eastern margin of the intrashelf basin. The present study aims to elucidate the depositional evolution and assess the hydrocarbon reservoir potential of the USM by combining the drilled well data and two seismic cubes covering 4,400 km2. This approach seeks to detail the USM's characterization, thereby providing a more comprehensive framework for hydrocarbon exploration and development.
Flexural Attenuation and Annulus Velocity for Cement Evaluation Enabled Fast Well Delivery
Authors: Hurtado Noe , Fituri Aiman , Al Menhali Abdulla , Al Shaigy Ahmad , Al Amri Abdulrahman , Beber Antonela
Published: November 2024

Well integrity is a constant concern in the oil and gas industry, as the specifications for all new wellbores must ensure that its original fluids—oil, gas and water—are kept confined to the formation or the oil and gas well system, successfully preventing any leaks from the system to the surface, subsurface bodies, or the surrounding environment.

Good cement coverage and accurate cement evaluation are of prime importance for the integrity of oil and gas wells, to prevent crossflow, leaks and sustained casing pressures. Post-cement placement wait time to enable cement hardening and establish compressive strength contribute to additional ideal rig time. On many occasions traditional cement evaluation measurements fail to evaluate complicated cases of cement at early stages or lower density slurries, the flexural ultrasonic attenuation, and velocity measurements achieved detecting cement accurately behind the casing where traditional ultrasonic and cement bond log-variable density log (CBL-VDL) measurements were not able to detect solids. This situation is especially observed in the early stages of the compressive strength build up for any slurry system. During this transition, traditional evaluation methods are very limited, and it requires additional time for significant increase in compressive strength and multiple runs to have an acceptable, realistic hydraulic evaluation.

The asset integrity policies and management are crucial to the oil and gas industry to ensure safety, profitability, performance, compliance with local and international regulations, and to protect society and the environment. So it is, to have a very accurate evaluation to ensure optimum balance between strict integrity policies and sustainability.

At various phases of a well's life cycle, the integrity of the well barriers and/or well barrier elements are verified. This verification may require pressure measurement and monitoring, barriers identification, confirmation and tagging, pressure testing, leak testing, leak off confirmation and testing, flow rate measurement, temperature monitoring, and well logging evaluation, especially for the hydraulic isolation confirmation and analysis.
Development of Biodegradable Surfactants for Oil Spill Remediation
Authors: Alshamsi S. , Hussain K.
Published: November 2024

Oil spills in ocean habitats present very serious risks to sea ecosystems, prompt and efficient remediation approaches are needed. Regular chemical surfactants use in oil spill cleanup can pose risk and difficulties because of their toxicity to the environment and ocean habitats, leading to long-lasting ecological damage. This study presents the development of a biodegradable surfactant, termed BioClean-Surf, which is developed using principles of green and eco-friendly chemistry from natural sources like coconut oil, soybean oil, and amino acids. The aim is to develop an effective and environmentally friendly surfactant that can emulsify and disperse oil to reduce its long-lasting effects on marine environments.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the performance of BioClean-Surf in real-world conditions. The surfactant was synthesized through esterification and saponification processes, with its chemical structure and purity confirmed using advanced techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Experiments evaluated the surfactant's ability to emulsify and disperse oil in water across three different surfactant-to-oil (S:O) ratios (1:5, 1:10, 1:50). The biodegradability of BioClean-Surf was tested using the OECD 301 standard, and toxicity was assessed through bioassays on aquatic organisms. Measurements of oil droplet size reduction, water turbidity, and bacterial cell count were continuously monitored over 60 days to observe the surfactant's efficacy.

The results demonstrated that BioClean-Surf effectively emulsifies and disperses oil, significantly reducing residual oil in water samples and achieving optimal performance at an S:O ratio of 1:10. Biodegradability tests confirmed that BioClean-Surf breaks down rapidly in natural conditions, minimizing its long-term ecological footprint. Toxicity evaluations indicated that the surfactant is non-toxic to marine life, ensuring safe application in natural water bodies. These findings confirm that BioClean-Surf offers a highly effective and environmentally sustainable solution for oil spill remediation, aligning with global efforts to promote green technologies and reduce marine pollution.
Integrated Process and Power Simulation to Validate the Design and Operation of Green Hydrogen Facilities
Authors: Willetts Ian , Muir Ryan , Qureshi Ata Ur Rehman
Published: November 2024

Between 2015 and 2018, over one million metric tons of green Hydrogen were produced worldwide. If governments implement more ambitious climate policies to comply with the Paris Climate Agreement, green Hydrogen production could potentially reach 160 million metric tons per year by 2050 [1].

However, green Hydrogen projects present unique business and technical challenges. The variability of the renewable energy supplies, the operational complexity of electrolyzers, and the potential interaction of the Hydrogen production with downstream processes, e.g., green Ammonia, makes the final design and operation of facilities highly challenging. The interdependency of the renewable power supply and the highly non-linear process systems is one critical factor that must be factored into the conceptual and detailed design.

This paper discusses the challenges related to green Hydrogen projects and how these challenges can be tackled, from four different perspectives: The investor who needs to assess the expected financial return on the project before making a Final Investment Decision (FID)The process engineering team responsible for the conceptual and detailed design of the highly non-linear and non-continuous green Hydrogen productionThe electrical engineering team who must identify the optimum electrical topology considering, for example, size and cost of any battery energy storage (ESS) and also operational performance including power flows and equipment loadingThe owner/operator who wants to know that the facility can be operated safely and profitably and commissioning and startup time can be minimized

All four stakeholders must work collaboratively, outside of their respective disciplinary silos, to advance to a successful conclusion of a financially and environmentally rewarding project.
Implementation of Key Reliability Indicators Led to a Reduction of Inactive Strings Count. A Lesson Learned in a Major Middle East Oil Company
Authors: Davila Rayner , Al Braiki Warda Awadh , Molina Adriana , Azhar Mohammed , Shaik Zayed Iqbal , Alyaqobi Afra Saeed , Rashed Marwa Mohamed
Published: November 2024

This paper demonstrates lessons learned of adopting reliability indicators such as Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), Mean Time To Failure (MTTF), Well Failure Rate (WFR), and MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) for managing wells under the context of well Inactivity. Historical data and statistics are analyzed and correlated at all Company Levels. The study unlocks the potential of re-directing the strategy of monitoring the well reactivation performance, resources planning and inactive strings prediction for certain Well inactivity categories.

Reliability indicators (Level 2 KPI's) were introduced to enhance the management of Inactive wells. Historically, other metrics were used to measure the Company performance in terms of number of inactive strings over the total of number of operating strings on monthly/yearly basis. This approach is continued but is now complemented. Well Inactivity data starting from Jan-2016 until Dec-2023 was used to estimate MTBF, MTTF, Well Failure Rate, and MTTR at Company, Assets, Field and Well levels. Formulas and general assumptions will be described in the paper.

Reliability metrics are usually applied to equipment (pumps, compressors, etc.) within specific conditions, this study doesn't intend to contradict or bypass the well stablished pertinence of those indicators. The assumption is to consider a Well as unique ecosystem that is composed of multiple sub-systems, and when the well is not able to sustain production for at least 7 days during a month, then this condition is counted as a failure.

Implementation occurred within a specific module (Level 2 KPI Module) contained in the Inactive Strings Management System (ISMS), a comprehensive web-based application created internally and fully implemented throughout the Company. For further details on ISMS, see SPE-211040-MS.

Adopting level 2 KPI's has revealed the potential of re-directing the strategy of monitoring the well reactivation performance, resources planning, and inactive strings prediction for certain well inactivity categories. It supported the reduction of the inactive strings stock by improving the estimation of required resources such as manpower, rig & rigless units, and surface actions. Furthermore, they have been instrumental in constantly revisiting the Company's business plan and ensuring inactive strings year-end targets can be exceedingly met.

By incorporating these advanced reliability indicators into the management process, the Company has gained a more granular understanding of the underlying issues causing well inactivity. This strategic shift has led to more targeted interventions and optimized resource allocation, ultimately enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of well operations.
HiGAS Marine Scrubbers – Revolutionizing Shipping Industry for MARPOL and Decarbonization
Authors: Shankar J. , Durga K. Vijaya , Kumar K. Madan , Kumar T. A. Rajiv
Published: November 2024

The marine industry, responsible for over 80% of global merchandise transport, significantly impacts environmental sustainability through greenhouse gas (GHG) and sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) targets a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050, necessitating cleaner technologies and low-carbon fuels. The IMO's MARPOL Annex VI regulations also mandate a global sulfur cap of 0.5% for marine fuels. Compliance options include low sulfur fuels or scrubbers, with over 5,000 vessels using scrubbers by 2023.

Compliance poses challenges for refiners and shippers. On-ship scrubbing of exhaust SOx and CO2 offers an economical solution. Yet, existing ship scrubbers face drawbacks: towering size, weight, and poor efficiency. Enter HP-HiGAS, an innovative technology by Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), India, tailored for exhaust gas scrubbing. Utilizing a Rotating Packed Bed (RPB) with high surface area packing, HP-HiGAS leverages centrifugal forces to vastly enhance gas absorption and mass transfer rate.

Successfully implemented at HPCL's Visakh Refinery, HP-HiGAS has demonstrated practical viability in removing H2S from refinery fuel gas. The technology's compact design and superior performance make it suitable for marine applications, offering a robust solution for decarbonizing and desulfurizing marine exhaust gases. By enabling the maritime sector to meet stringent environmental regulations, HP-HiGAS plays a crucial role in reducing the industry's environmental footprint and supporting global sustainability efforts.