bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the spatio-temporal performance of sky imager based solar irradiance analysis and forecasts
Authors: Schmidt T. , Kalisch J. , Lorenz E. , Heinemann D.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Clouds are the dominant source of variability in surface solar radiation and uncertainty in its prediction. However, the increasing share of solar energy in the world-wide electric power supply increases the need for accurate solar radiation forecasts. In this work, we present results of a shortest-term global horizontal irradiance (GHI) forecast experiment based on hemispheric sky images. A two month dataset with images from one sky imager and high resolutive GHI measurements from 99 pyranometers distributed over 10 km by 12 km is used for validation. We developed a multi-step model and processed GHI forecasts up to 25 min with an update interval of 15 s. A cloud type classification is used to separate the time series in different cloud scenarios. Overall, the sky imager based forecasts do not outperform the reference persistence forecasts. Nevertheless, we find that analysis and forecast performance depend strongly on the predominant cloud conditions. Especially convective type clouds lead to high temporal and spatial GHI variability. For cumulus cloud conditions, the analysis error is found to be lower than that introduced by a single pyranometer if it is used representatively for the whole area in distances from the camera larger than 1–2 km. Moreover, forecast skill is much higher for these conditions compared to overcast or clear sky situations causing low GHI variability which is easier to predict by persistence. In order to generalize the cloud-induced forecast error, we identify a variability threshold indicating conditions with positive forecast skill.
Mid-21st century air quality at the urban scale under the influence of changed climate and emissions: case studies for Paris and Stockholm
Authors: Markakis K. , Valari M. , Engardt M. , Lacressonnière G. , Vautard R. , Andersson C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Ozone, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations over Paris, France and Stockholm, Sweden were modeled at 4 and 1 \\unit{km} horizontal resolutions respectively for the present and 2050 periods employing decade-long simulations. We account for large-scale global climate change (RCP-4.5) and fine resolution bottom-up emission projections developed by local experts and quantify their impact on future pollutant concentrations. Moreover, we identify biases related to the implementation of regional scale emission projections over the study areas by comparing modeled pollutant concentrations between the fine and coarse scale simulations. We show that over urban areas with major regional contribution (e.g., the city of Stockholm) the bias due to coarse emission inventory may be significant and lead to policy misclassification. Our results stress the need to better understand the mechanism of bias propagation across the modeling scales in order to design more successful local-scale strategies. We find that the impact of climate change is spatially homogeneous in both regions, implying strong regional influence. The climate benefit for ozone (daily average and maximum) is up to −5 % for Paris and −2 % for Stockholm city. The joined climate benefit on PM2.5 and PM10 in Paris is between −10 and −5 % while for Stockholm we observe mixed trends up to 3 % depending on season and size class. In Stockholm, emission mitigation leads to concentration reductions up to 15 % for daily average and maximum ozone and 20 % for PM and through a sensitivity analysis we show that this response is entirely due to changes in emissions at the regional scale. On the contrary, over the city of Paris (VOC-limited photochemical regime), local mitigation of NOx emissions increases future ozone concentrations due to ozone titration inhibition. This competing trend between the respective roles of emission and climate change, results in an increase in 2050 daily average ozone by 2.5 % in Paris. Climate and not emission change appears to be the most influential factor for maximum ozone concentration over the city of Paris, which may be particularly interesting in a health impact perspective.
Future vegetation–climate interactions in Eastern Siberia: an assessment of the competing effects of CO2 and secondary organic aerosols
Authors: Arneth A. , Makkonen R. , Olin S. , Paasonen P. , Holst T. , Kajos M. K. , Kulmala M. , Maximov T. , Miller P. A. , Schurgers G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Disproportional warming in the northern high latitudes, and large carbon stocks in boreal and (sub)arctic ecosystems have raised concerns as to whether substantial positive climate feedbacks from biogeochemical process responses should be expected. Such feedbacks occur if increasing temperatures lead to e.g. a net release of CO2 or CH4. However, temperature-enhanced emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) have been shown to contribute to the growth of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) which is known to have a negative radiative climate effect. Combining measurements in Eastern Siberia with model-based estimates of vegetation and permafrost dynamics, BVOC emissions and aerosol growth, we assess here possible future changes in ecosystem CO2 balance and BVOC-SOA interactions, and discuss these changes in terms of possible climate effects. On global level, both are very small but when concentrating on Siberia and the northern hemisphere the negative forcing from changed aerosol direct and indirect effects become notable – even though the associated temperature response would not necessarily follow a similar spatial pattern. While our analysis does not include other important processes that are of relevance for the climate system, the CO2 and BVOC-SOA interplay used serves as an example of the complexity of the interactions between emissions and vegetation dynamics that underlie individual terrestrial feedbacks and highlights the importance of addressing ecosystem-climate feedbacks in consistent, process-based model frameworks.
Towards a long-term global aerosol optical depth record: applying a consistent aerosol retrieval algorithm to MODIS and VIIRS-observed reflectance
Authors: Levy R. C. , Munchak L. A. , Mattoo S. , Patadia F. , Remer L. A. , Holz R. E.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. To answer fundamental questions about aerosols in our changing climate, we must quantify both the current state of aerosols and how they are changing. Although NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors have provided quantitative information about global aerosol optical depth (AOD) for more than a decade, this period is still too short to create an aerosol climate data record (CDR). The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) was launched on the Suomi-NPP satellite in late 2011, with additional copies planned for future satellites. Can the MODIS aerosol data record be continued with VIIRS to create a consistent CDR? When compared to ground-based AERONET data, the VIIRS Environmental Data Record (V_EDR) has similar validation statistics as the MODIS Collection 6 (M_C6) product. However, the V_EDR and M_C6 are offset in regards to global AOD magnitudes, and tend to provide different maps of 0.55 μm AOD and 0.55/0.86 μm-based Ångström Exponent (AE). One reason is that the retrieval algorithms are different. Using the Intermediate File Format (IFF) for both MODIS and VIIRS data, we have tested whether we can apply a single MODIS-like (ML) dark-target algorithm on both sensors that leads to product convergence. Except for catering the radiative transfer and aerosol lookup tables to each sensor's specific wavelength bands, the ML algorithm is the same for both. We run the ML algorithm on both sensors between March 2012 and May 2014, and compare monthly mean AOD time series with each other and with M_C6 and V_EDR products. Focusing on the March–April–May (MAM) 2013 period, we compared additional statistics that include global and gridded 1° × 1° AOD and AE, histograms, sampling frequencies, and collocations with ground-based AERONET. Over land, use of the ML algorithm clearly reduces the differences between the MODIS and VIIRS-based AOD. However, although global offsets are near zero, some regional biases remain, especially in cloud fields and over brighter surface targets. Over ocean, use of the ML algorithm actually increases the offset between VIIRS and MODIS-based AOD (to ~ 0.025), while reducing the differences between AE. We characterize algorithm retrievability through statistics of retrieval fraction. In spite of differences between retrieved AOD magnitudes, the ML algorithm will lead to similar decisions about "whether to retrieve" on each sensor. Finally, we discuss how issues of calibration, as well as instrument spatial resolution may be contributing to the statistics and the ability to create a consistent MODIS → VIIRS aerosol CDR.
Use of rotational Raman measurements in multiwavelength aerosol lidar for evaluation of particle backscattering and extinction
Authors: Veselovskii I. , Whiteman D. N. , Korenskiy M. , Suvorina A. , Pérez-Ramírez D.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Vibrational Raman scattering from nitrogen is commonly used in aerosol lidars for evaluation of particle backscattering (β) and extinction (α) coefficients. However, at mid-visible wavelengths, particularly in the daytime, previous measurements have possessed low signal-to-noise ratio. Also, vibrational scattering is characterized by a significant frequency shift of the Raman component, so for the calculation of α and β information about the extinction Ångström exponent is needed. Simulation results presented in this study demonstrate that ambiguity in the choice of Ångström exponent can be the a significant source of uncertainty in the calculation of backscattering coefficients when optically thick aerosol layers are considered. Both of these issues are addressed by the use of pure-rotational Raman (RR) scattering, which is characterized by a higher cross section compared to nitrogen vibrational scattering, and by a much smaller frequency shift, which essentially removes the sensitivity to changes in the Ångström exponent. We describe a practical implementation of rotational Raman measurements in an existing Mie–Raman lidar to obtain aerosol extinction and backscattering at 532 nm. A 2.3 nm width interference filter was used to select a spectral range characterized by low temperature sensitivity within the anti-Stokes branch of the RR spectrum. Simulations demonstrate that the temperature dependence of the scattering cross section does not exceed 1.5 % in the 230–300 K range, making correction for this dependence quite easy. With this upgrade, the NASA GSFC multiwavelength Raman lidar has demonstrated useful α532 measurements and was used for regular observations. Examples of lidar measurements and inversion of optical data to the particle microphysics are given.
EARLINET Single Calculus Chain – technical – Part 1: Pre-processing of raw lidar data
Authors: D'Amico G. , Amodeo A. , Mattis I. , Freudenthaler V. , Pappalardo G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In this paper we describe an automatic tool for the pre-processing of lidar data called ELPP (EARLINET Lidar Pre-Processor). It is one of two calculus modules of the EARLINET Single Calculus Chain (SCC), the automatic tool for the analysis of EARLINET data. The ELPP is an open source module that executes instrumental corrections and data handling of the raw lidar signals, making the lidar data ready to be processed by the optical retrieval algorithms. According to the specific lidar configuration, the ELPP automatically performs dead-time correction, atmospheric and electronic background subtraction, gluing of lidar signals, and trigger-delay correction. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio of the pre-processed signals can be improved by means of configurable time integration of the raw signals and/or spatial smoothing. The ELPP delivers the statistical uncertainties of the final products by means of error propagation or Monte Carlo simulations. During the development of the ELPP module, particular attention has been payed to make the tool flexible enough to handle all lidar configurations currently used within the EARLINET community. Moreover, it has been designed in a modular way to allow an easy extension to lidar configurations not yet implemented. The primary goal of the ELPP module is to enable the application of quality-assured procedures in the lidar data analysis starting from the raw lidar data. This provides the added value of full traceability of each delivered lidar product. Several tests have been performed to check the proper functioning of the ELPP module. The whole SCC has been tested with the same synthetic data sets, which were used for the EARLINET algorithm inter-comparison exercise. The ELPP module has been successfully employed for the automatic near-real-time pre-processing of the raw lidar data measured during several EARLINET inter-comparison campaigns as well as during intense field campaigns.
Annual litterfall dynamics and nutrient deposition depending on elevation and land use at Mt. Kilimanjaro
Authors: Becker J. , Pabst H. , Mnyonga J. , Kuzyakov Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Litterfall is one of the major pathways connecting above- and below-ground processes. The effects of climate and land-use change on carbon (C) and nutrient inputs by litterfall are poorly known. We quantified and analyzed annual patterns of C and nutrient deposition via litterfall in natural forests and agroforestry systems along the unique elevation gradient of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Tree litter in three natural (lower montane, Ocotea and Podocarpus forests), two sustainably used (homegardens) and one intensively managed (shaded coffee plantation) ecosystems was collected on a biweekly basis from May 2012 to July 2013. Leaves, branches and remaining residues were separated and analyzed for C and nutrient contents. The annual pattern of litterfall was closely related to rainfall seasonality, exhibiting a large peak towards the end of the dry season (August–October). This peak decreased at higher elevations with decreasing rainfall seasonality. Macronutrients (N, P, K) in leaf litter increased at mid elevation (2100 m a.s.l.) and with land-use intensity. Carbon content and micronutrients (Al, Fe, Mn, Na) however, were unaffected or decreased with land-use intensity. While leaf litterfall decreased with elevation, total annual input was independent of climate. Compared to natural forests, the nutrient cycles in agroforestry ecosystems were accelerated by fertilization and the associated changes in dominant tree species.
Effects of different N sources on riverine DIN export and retention in subtropical high-standing island, Taiwan
Authors: Huang J.-C. , Lee T.-Y. , Lin T.-C. , Hein T. , Lee L.-C. , Shih Y.-T. , Kao S.-J. , Shiah F.-K. , Lin N.-H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Increases in nitrogen (N) availability and mobility resulting from anthropogenic activities has substantially altered N cycle both locally and globally. Taiwan characterized by the subtropical montane landscape with abundant rainfall, downwind to the most rapidly industrializing east coast of China can be a demonstration site for extreme high N input and riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic N) export. We used 49 watersheds classified into low-, moderate-, and highly-disturbed categories based on population density to illustrate their differences in nitrogen inputs through atmospheric N deposition, synthetic fertilizers and human emission and DIN export ratios. Our results showed that the island-wide average riverine DIN export is ~ 3800 kg N km−2 yr−1, approximately 18-fold higher than the global average mostly due to the large input of synthetic fertilizers. The average riverine DIN export ratio is 0.30–0.51, which is much higher than the average of 0.20–0.25 of large rivers around the world indicating excessive N input relative to ecosystem demand or retention capacity. The low-disturbed watersheds, despite of high N input, only export 0.06–0.18 of the input so were well buffered to changes in input quantity suggesting high efficiency of nitrogen usage or high N retention capacity of the less disturbed watersheds. The high retention capacity probably is due to the effective uptake by secondary forests in the watersheds. The moderate-disturbed watersheds show a linear increase of output with increases in total N inputs and a mean DIN export ratio of 0.20 to 0.31. The main difference in land use between low and moderately disturbed watershed is the relative proportions of agricultural land and forests, not the built-up lands. Thus, their greater DIN export quantity could be attributed to N fertilizers used in the agricultural lands. The greater export ratios also imply that agricultural lands have lower proportional N retention capacity and that reforestation could be an effective land management practice to reduce riverine DIN export. The export ratio of the highly-disturbed watersheds is 0.42–0.53, which is very high and suggests that much of the N input is transported downstream and the need of improvement in wastewater treatment capacity or sewerage systems. The increases in riverine DIN export ratio along with the gradient of human disturbance indicates a gradient in N saturation in subtropical Taiwan. Our results help to understand factors controlling riverine DIN export and provide a sound basis for N emissions/pollution control.
Basal shear stress under alpine glaciers: Insights from experiments using the iSOSIA and Elmer/ICE models
Authors: Brædstrup C. F. , Egholm D. L. , Ugelvig S. V. , Pedersen V. K.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Shear stress at the base of glaciers controls basal sliding and is therefore immensely important for glacial erosion and landscape evolution in arctic and high-altitude areas. However, the inaccessible nature of glacial beds complicates empirical studies of basal shear stress, and little is therefore known of its spatial and temporal distribution. In this study we seek to improve our understanding of basal shear stress using a higher-order numerical ice model (iSOSIA). In order to test the validity of the higher-order model, we first compare the detailed distribution of basal shear stress in iSOSIA and in a three-dimensional full-Stokes model (Elmer/ICE). We find that iSOSIA and Elmer/ICE predict similar first-order stress and velocity patterns, and that differences are restricted to local variations over length-scales on the order of the grid resolution. In addition, we find that subglacial shear stress is relatively uniform and insensitive to suble changes in local topographic relief. Following these initial stress benchmark experiments, we use iSOSIA to investigate changes in basal shear stress as a result of landscape evolution by glacial erosion. The experiments with landscape evolution show that subglacial shear stress decreases as glacial erosion transforms preglacial V-shaped valleys into U-shaped troughs. These findings support the hypothesis that glacial erosion is most efficient in the early stages of glacial landscape development.
DYNAMICO-1.0, an icosahedral hydrostatic dynamical core designed for consistency and versatility
Authors: Dubos T. , Dubey S. , Tort M. , Mittal R. , Meurdesoif Y. , Hourdin F.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The design of the icosahedral dynamical core DYNAMICO is presented. DYNAMICO solves the multi-layer rotating shallow-water equations, a compressible variant of the same equivalent to a discretization of the hydrostatic primitive equations in a Lagrangian vertical coordinate, and the primitive equations in a hybrid mass-based vertical coordinate. The common Hamiltonian structure of these sets of equations is exploited to formulate energy-conserving spatial discretizations in a unified way. The horizontal mesh is a quasi-uniform icosahedral C-grid obtained by subdivision of a regular icosahedron. Control volumes for mass, tracers and entropy/potential temperature are the hexagonal cells of the Voronoi mesh to avoid the fast numerical modes of the triangular C-grid. The horizontal discretization is that of Ringler et al. (2010), whose discrete quasi-Hamiltonian structure is identified. The prognostic variables are arranged vertically on a Lorenz grid with all thermodynamical variables collocated with mass. The vertical discretization is obtained from the three-dimensional Hamiltonian formulation. Tracers are transported using a second-order finite-volume scheme with slope limiting for positivity. Explicit Runge–Kutta time integration is used for dynamics, and forward-in-time integration with horizontal/vertical splitting is used for tracers. Most of the model code is common to the three sets of equations solved, making it easier to develop and validate each piece of the model separately. Representative three-dimensional test cases are run and analyzed, showing correctness of the model. The design permits to consider several extensions in the near future, from higher-order transport to more general dynamics, especially deep-atmosphere and non-hydrostatic equations.
Large submarine earthquakes that occurred worldwide in a 1-year period (June 2013 to June 2014) – a contribution to the understanding of tsunamigenic potential
Authors: Omira R. , Vales D. , Marreiros C. , Carrilho F.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This paper is a contribution to a better understanding of the tsunamigenic potential of large submarine earthquakes. Here, we analyze the tsunamigenic potential of large earthquakes which have occurred worldwide with magnitudes around Mw = 7.0 and greater during a period of 1 year, from June 2013 to June 2014. The analysis involves earthquake model evaluation, tsunami numerical modeling, and sensors' records analysis in order to confirm the generation of a tsunami (or lack thereof) following the occurrence of an earthquake. We also investigate and discuss the sensitivity of tsunami generation to the earthquake parameters recognized to control tsunami occurrence, including the earthquake location, magnitude, focal mechanism and fault rupture depth. Through this analysis, we attempt to understand why some earthquakes trigger tsunamis and others do not, and how the earthquake source parameters are related to the potential of tsunami generation. We further discuss the performance of tsunami warning systems in detecting tsunamis and disseminating the alerts. A total of 23 events, with magnitudes ranging from Mw = 6.7 to Mw = 8.1, have been analyzed. This study shows that about 39 % of the analyzed earthquakes caused tsunamis that were recorded by different sensors with wave amplitudes varying from a few centimeters to about 2 m. Tsunami numerical modeling shows good agreement between simulated waveforms and recorded waveforms, for some events. On the other hand, simulations of tsunami generation predict that some of the events, considered as non-tsunamigenic, caused small tsunamis. We find that most generated tsunamis were caused by shallow earthquakes (depth < 30 km) and thrust faults that took place on/near the subduction zones. The results of this study can help the development of modified and improved versions of tsunami decision matrixes for various oceanic domains.
Land use effects on soil organic carbon sequestration in calcareous Leptosols in former pastureland – a case study from the Tatra Mountains (Poland)
Authors: Wasak K. , Drewnik M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The purpose of the paper is to describe soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates in calcareous shallow soils in reforested areas in the Tatra Mountains with a particular focus on different forms of organic matter (OM) storage. Three plant communities creating a mosaic on the slopes of the studied valley were taken into account. Fifty years since the conversion of pastureland to unused grassland, dwarf pine shrub and larch forest have emerged in the study area, along with the development of genetic soil horizons as well as SOC sequestration in the soil despite the steepness of slopes. SOC stock was measured to be the highest in soils under larch forest (63.5 Mg ha−1), while in soil under grassland and under dwarf pine shrub, this value was found to be smaller (47.5 and 42.9 Mg ha−1, respectively). The highest amount of mineral-associated OM inside stable microaggregates (MOM FF3) was found in grassland soil (21.9–27.1 % of SOC) and less under dwarf pine shrub (16.3–19.3 % of SOC) and larch forest (15.3–17.7 % of SOC). A pool of mineral-associated OM inside transitional macroaggregates (MOM FF2) was found in soil under dwarf pine shrub (39.2–59.2 % of SOC), with less under larch forest (43.8–44.7 % of SOC) and the least in grassland soil (37.9–41.6 % of SOC). The highest amount of the free light particulate fraction (POM LF1) was found in soil under dwarf pine shrub (6.6–10.3 % of SOC), with less under larch forest (2.6–6.2 % of SOC) and the least in grassland soil (1.7–4.8 % of SOC).
Sociaaleconomische ongelijkheid en het strafrecht: aanzet tot discussie
Authors: van Eijk Gwen
Published: October 2015

Socioeconomic inequality and criminal law: starting points for discussion

Recent sociological research and socio-political debates about socioeconomic inequality and social divisions urge legal scholars, criminologists, policy makers and practitioners to have a renewed discussion about the role of socioeconomic status of suspects and offenders in judicial decisions. If social divisions in Dutch society are deepening, we need to look anew at the possibility that injustices of the social structure affect legal rights and decisions about prosecution, sentencing and probation. This article intends to offer various starting points for debate and research.
A book review: Sociocultural Theory in Second Language Education: An Introduction through Narratives, by Merrill Swain, Penny Kinnear & Linda Steinman (2015, 2nd ed.).
Authors: Mulyono Herri
Published: October 2015

The article reviews the second edition of Sociocultural Theory in Second Language Education: An Introduction through Narratives, by Merril Swain, Penny Kinnear and Linda Steinman, 2015.
Devenir psychiatre au Québec dans les années 1950-1960
Authors: Doucet Pierre
Published: October 2015

L’auteur est le témoin d’une période historique de la psychiatrie dans une province du Canada, au Québec, largement francophone. Il décrit le contexte, les études nécessaires, et les soins en tant qu’observateur et acteur. Au Québec, dans les années 1950, la psychiatrie n’existait pas comme telle en tant que spécialité. Il existait cependant une discipline : la neuropsychiatrie. Elle reposait sur les épaules des neurologues qui acceptaient de s’occuper des cas de psychiatrie, que peu de médecins voulaient traiter à ce moment-là. La société québécoise religieuse et rurale des années 1950 se préparait à la Révolution tranquille. Cette dernière a finalement éclaté après 1960. Mais le milieu artistique était déjà en pleine effervescence, et dès 1948, il manifesta son opposition aux valeurs qui avaient cours avec la publication du manifeste Refus global. Parmi les signataires de ce dernier, on trouve Bruno Cormier en tant qu’étudiant en médecine qui deviendra, après 1950, psychiatre et psychanalyste. Pour devenir psychiatre, il fallait faire une partie de sa résidence aux États-Unis ou en France. La résidence aux États-Unis dans les années 1950 représentait la grande aventure pour les jeunes médecins du Québec, surtout pour les francophones. À la fin des années 1950, la pharmacologie émettait ses premiers balbutiements. Cependant, la thérapeutique existait même si elle a été bien décriée déjà en son temps et depuis lors. Il s’agit des électrochocs, du coma insulinique et de la lobotomie, que l’auteur se permet de décrire à partir de ses expériences de résidence en psychiatrie.
La psychiatrie au Québec : autrefois/maintenant
Authors: Lalonde Pierre
Published: October 2015

Ce texte relate l’évolution, depuis les années 1960, de plusieurs événements qui ont marqué l’histoire de la psychiatrie québécoise. À travers son expérience personnelle, l’auteur relate
La croisée des chemins, 50 ans de soins aux enfants
Authors: Gignac Martin , Boileau Bernard , Bedwani Charles Nagy , DiNicola Vicenzo , Gauthier Yvon , Lévesque Alain , Morissette Louis
Published: October 2015

À travers un voyage dans le temps, nous proposons de revisiter la naissance des premiers lieux de soins destinés aux enfants atteints de troubles mentaux. Les principaux centres de pédopsychiatrie affiliés à l’Université de Montréal y sont présentés avec les figures marquantes de l’époque. Les transitions philosophiques et les paradigmes thérapeutiques y sont aussi brièvement discutés. La création de cliniques surspécialisées et d’une formation agréée par le Collège Royal en psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent ont marqué l’ère contemporain. Le centenaire s’annonce phénoménal.
L’éclosion de la gérontopsychiatrie à l’Université de Montréal, une histoire à découvrir
Authors: Paquette Isabelle , Amyot Arthur , Létourneau Geneviève
Published: October 2015

La gérontopsychiatrie est une surspécialité de la psychiatrie qui s’intéresse à l’évaluation, au diagnostic et au traitement des troubles mentaux complexes chez les personnes âgées. Fait méconnu, son histoire encore jeune est fortement liée, au Québec, à celle du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal (UdeM) et son réseau d’hôpitaux d’enseignement : dès la fin des années 1970, le premier service de gérontopsychiatrie a vu le jour à l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, et la première clinique externe au Pavillon Albert-Prévost. Le Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont et l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal ont développé par la suite des services de gérontopsychiatrie à leur image. Le département de psychiatrie de l’UdeM est aussi le premier au Québec à offrir un programme de résidence en gérontopsychiatrie agréé par le Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada, et ce depuis 2014. La gérontopsychiatrie est un domaine en plein essor, et les défis sont multiples dans le contexte démographique actuel. Pourtant, des obstacles majeurs freinent son développement sur le plan clinique, de l’enseignement et de la recherche, en particulier l’absence de postes spécifiques et protégés en gérontopsychiatrie. La restructuration majeure du réseau de la santé au Québec en 2015 est un autre point d’incertitude. Ce cinquantenaire du département de psychiatrie est une occasion de souligner l’apport majeur de l’UdeM au développement de la gérontopsychiatrie au Québec, et d’insister sur la spécificité des besoins des aînés en matière de soins et de services en santé mentale.
Le développement d’une approche clinique pour les troubles du sommeil en pédopsychiatrie
Authors: Godbout Roger
Published: October 2015

Les sciences de la santé souffrent d’insomnie : ses experts ne veillent trop souvent que sur les phénomènes associés à l’état d’éveil. Heureusement, quelques-uns défient l’horloge et se consacrent au « tiers obscur de la vie » : le sommeil. Cet article porte sur l’interface entre le sommeil et la pédopsychiatrie. La première partie décrit d’abord l’histoire du développement du laboratoire de recherche sur le sommeil et les troubles de la santé mentale, les premières recherches qui y ont été faites sur le sommeil dans la schizophrénie et l’autisme, puis le développement de la Clinique des troubles du sommeil pour enfants et adolescents de l’Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies. La deuxième partie décrit d’abord l’impact d’un mauvais sommeil sur le fonctionnement diurne des enfants et adolescents en général puis rapporte des données statistiques sur la fréquence des troubles du sommeil et leurs conséquences cliniques chez les enfants et adolescents avec un diagnostic psychiatrique. On présente ensuite la Clinique des troubles du sommeil de l’Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, qui s’adresse spécifiquement et sélectivement aux enfants aux prises avec un diagnostic psychiatrique, puis on en résume le mode de fonctionnement et la démarche clinique.
Cinquante ans de résidence : nécessité et pertinence de l’ARPUM
Authors: Thibault Alexis
Published: October 2015

Dans le contexte des festivités du cinquantenaire du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal, un travail pour retracer l’historique de l’Association des Résidents en Psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal (ARPUM) a été entrepris. Comme les mandats de l’Association reflétaient les préoccupations du temps, une mise en contexte et une exploration de ce qu’était la résidence à chaque période-clé ont également été tentées. Pour mener à bien cette tâche, plusieurs psychiatres ayant participé activement à l’Association ont accepté de témoigner et de fournir des archives personnelles, afin de décrire les différents événements au moment où ils étaient membres actifs. D’abord, une brève exploration du contexte « historico-politique » qui a mené à la création de l’organisation est offerte. Les conditions de formation et de travail des résidents à cette époque sont relatées, permettant la compréhension des revendications premières alors que le regroupement était naissant. Des sauts historiques sont ensuite proposés, de décennies en périodes marquantes, pour en arriver à dresser un portrait des principaux enjeux académiques, cliniques et organisationnels, dont s’est saisie l’Association au fil de l’évolution du programme de résidence. Le mandat social du regroupement, tout comme les différents enjeux internes, sont aussi exposés. Enfin, un plaidoyer sur les impacts positifs considérables qui ressortent des échanges entre l’ARPUM, le programme de résidence, et le Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal clôt le texte, mettant la table pour que la longue et fructueuse conversation se poursuive.
À propos de la neuropsychanalyse et de l’importance de penser le psychique
Authors: Bazan Ariane
Published: October 2015

Ce texte propose de situer ce nouveau domaine d’interface, la dite « neuropsychanalyse » dans la logique de l’histoire de la psychologie afin d’en articuler une épistémologie contre-intuitive et non-réductionniste. Le fil conducteur est l’idée que, de par l’histoire de la pensée, ce furent à chaque fois les progrès bouleversants de la biologie qui ont donné lieu au fondement, puis à l’institution du domaine de la psychologie. Or, nous nous trouvons à nouveau dans un moment de grand bouleversement par les progrès en neuro-imagerie. La visualisation cérébrale étant devenue totalisante, nous pensons qu’elle va acculer la psychologie à son heure de vérité. En effet, le mental, en cette époque du paradigme médical et neurobiologique, est soit mal pensé (sur un mode médical, induisant ainsi structurellement de la psychopathologie), soit n’est pas pensé du tout (réduit à un épiphénomène du biologique). Quand le dernier neurone sera finalement retourné, nous aurons enfin la certitude que l’âme ne s’y trouve pas ; il s’agira de fonder le psychique autrement, notamment à partir du sujet et non de la fonction. Le psychique pourra alors se révéler comme relatif à une perspective sur le corps, plutôt qu’à partirdu corps. D’où la subversion du paradigme classique qui propose de « remonter du corps à l’âme », comme dans ledit « dual aspect monism », soit l’épistémologie majoritairement en vigueur dans le domaine de la neuropsychanalyse. Nous nous démarquons de cette approche et souscrivons à un dualisme épistémologique, qui suggère que ce qui du sujet aidera à penser la physiologie, donnera consistance à une véritable science autonome du psychique. Plus précisément, nous proposons que les concepts de signifiant et de jouissance acquièrent une consistance du fait qu’ils peuvent offrir une grille de lecture éclairante de la physiologie du corps, voire même fonder une architecture de l’appareil psychique.
Expériences asiatiques en matière de diversité, de reconnaissance de l’Autre et de coexistence
Authors: Wilfred Felix , Roy Raymond
Published: October 2015

Cet article montre comment le projet de modernité occidentale, avec son idéologie centrée sur l’affirmation d’autonomie et de liberté de l’individu, sur le régime des droits de la personne et sur le libéralisme politique, présente de sérieuses lacunes, et comment ce projet de modernité risque de ne pouvoir résoudre les questions essentielles de la diversité, de la reconnaissance de l’Autre et de la coexistence, questions si brûlantes à l’ère de la mondialisation. L’auteur poursuit en montrant que les expériences asiatiques, notamment sud-asiatiques, de pluralisme et de tolérance comportent des éléments théoriques et pratiques qui procurent un cadre viable permettant d’accepter l’Autre dans sa différence. L’article affirme en guise de conclusion que l’Europe, dans l’expérience de la diversité qu’elle vit maintenant, avec en toile de fond les phénomènes de migration et de xénophobie, ne peut se contenter de l’héritage des Lumières, mais qu’elle doit puiser dans son patrimoine chrétien pour pouvoir accueillir l’Autre avec solidarité et compassion. L’auteur propose un échange et un dialogue fructueux entre chrétiens, avec la pensée postmoderne et la pensée asiatique, dialogue susceptible d’aider à relever le défi mondial de la diversité et du pluralisme propres à notre époque.
Animalité, violence, péché
Authors: Antier Guilhen
Published: October 2015

À distance d’une vision essentialiste qui cherche à spécifier une nature humaine en la différenciant ontologiquement d’une nature animale, on propose de considérer l’animalité de l’homme comme l’expression d’un refus typiquement humain de se tenir dans l’humanité devant Dieu et autrui. La catégorie d’animalité est réinterprétée à partir du concept théologique de péché, en lien avec la théorisation psychanalytique de la violence. À partir d’une lecture croisée de Freud, de la Genèse (Gn 2–3 ; 4) et de Paul (Rm 7), il devient possible de penser le rapport conflictuel de l’humain à lui-même comme la garantie paradoxale de son irréductibilité à toute définition. Et si le propre de l’homme était précisément d’être impropre ?
Mining known attack patterns from security-related events
Authors: Scarabeo Nicandro , Fung Benjamin C.M. , Khokhar Rashid H.
Published: October 2015

Managed Security Services (MSS) have become an essential asset for companies to have in order to protect their infrastructure from hacking attempts such as unauthorized behaviour, denial of service (DoS), malware propagation, and anomalies. A proliferation of attacks has determined the need for installing more network probes and collecting more security-related events in order to assure the best coverage, necessary for generating incident responses. The increase in volume of data to analyse has created a demand for specific tools that automatically correlate events and gather them in pre-defined scenarios of attacks. Motivated by Above Security, a specialized company in the sector, and by National Research Council Canada (NRC), we propose a new data mining system that employs text mining techniques to dynamically relate security-related events in order to reduce analysis time, increase the quality of the reports, and automatically build correlated scenarios.
Preparing Teachers for Inclusive Education in Botswana: The Role of Professional Development
Authors: Mangope Boitumelo , Mukhopadhyay Sourav
Published: October 2015

The continuing professional development of teachers is crucial for implementation of inclusive education and improving the quality of educational service delivery of all learners. The purpose of this preliminary study was to explore teachers' beliefs about professional development for inclusive education in two primary and two secondary schools in two educational administrative regions of Botswana. A mixed method research design was utilized to measure teachers' beliefs, current practices of professional development, training needs as well as modes of professional development programs to implement inclusive education. A three part, 25 item self - administered questionnaire was specially designed for this study. It was administered to all participants (N=86) who participated in a three-day workshop on inclusive education. In addition 12 teachers who had had experience in teaching learners with Special Educational Needs (SENs) were purposively selected for a follow-up one-on-one in-depth interview. Both quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to write this report. Findings of the research suggest that although participants realized the importance of professional development for the implementation of inclusive education, they were of the opinion that ‘one-time workshops’ alone was not effective to change classroom practices. They highlighted the importance of ‘change processes’ therefore recommended ‘in-house mentorship’.
Sense of Belonging and Life Transitions for Two Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Finland
Authors: Pesonen Henri V , Kontu Elina K , Pirttimaa Raija A
Published: October 2015

Sense of belonging refers to the degree to which individuals feel included, accepted, and supported by others in a variety of social settings. This study, based on the narratives of two females (ages 26 and 29) with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), examines sense of belonging and various life transition issues that may appear throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood in the absence of appropriate social supports. Hearing the voices of females with autism is important, because the number of girls diagnosed with ASD has grown. Women on the spectrum can potentially provide significant insights into the services required to feel a sense of belonging to society. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews and document data revealed that a lack of social support can increase the number of transitions and cause biases in forming a sense of belonging. The findings suggest that a sense of belonging can fade or simmer (evolving through a person's life), and that providing social assistance and positive life experiences during emerging adulthood (ages 18-25) seems to matter most in forming a strong sense of belonging. The narrative accounts of the participants hypothetically suggest that adapting one's behavior in order to feel a sense of belonging might be associated with hiding the unique characteristics of one's ASD. The findings also highlight the need to develop social supports and make these more visible to individuals with ASD, as well as to the entire community. More specific practical implications are discussed.
Nickel‐Rich and Lithium‐Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Manthiram Arumugam , Knight James C. , Myung Seung‐Taek , Oh Seung‐Min , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: October 2015

Ni‐rich layered oxides and Li‐rich layered oxides are topics of much research interest as cathodes for Li‐ion batteries due to their low cost and higher discharge capacities compared to those of LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4. However, Ni‐rich layered oxides have several pitfalls, including difficulty in synthesizing a well‐ordered material with all Ni3+ ions, poor cyclability, moisture sensitivity, a thermal runaway reaction, and formation of a harmful surface layer caused by side reactions with the electrolyte. Recent efforts towards Ni‐rich layered oxides have centered on optimizing the composition and processing conditions to obtain controlled bulk and surface compositions to overcome the capacity fade. Li‐rich layered oxides also have negative aspects, including oxygen loss from the lattice during first charge, a large first cycle irreversible capacity loss, poor rate capability, side reactions with the electrolyte, low tap density, and voltage decay during extended cycling. Recent work on Li‐rich layered oxides has focused on understanding the surface and bulk structures and eliminating the undesirable properties. Followed by a brief introduction, an account of recent developments on the understanding and performance gains of Ni‐rich and Li‐rich layered oxide cathodes is provided, along with future research directions.
Stable isotopic variation in tropical forest plants for applications in primatology
Authors: Blumenthal Scott A. , Rothman Jessica M. , Chritz Kendra L. , Cerling Thure E.
Published: October 2015

Stable isotope analysis is a promising tool for investigating primate ecology although nuanced ecological applications remain challenging, in part due to the complex nature of isotopic variability in plant‐animal systems. The aim of this study is to investigate sources of carbon and nitrogen isotopic variation at the base of primate food webs that reflect aspects of primate ecology. The majority of primates inhabit tropical forest ecosystems, which are dominated by C3 vegetation. We used stable isotope ratios in plants from Kibale National Park, Uganda, a well‐studied closed‐canopy tropical forest, to investigate sources of isotopic variation among C3 plants related to canopy stratification, leaf age, and plant part. Unpredictably, our results demonstrate that vertical stratification within the canopy does not explain carbon or nitrogen isotopic variation in leaves. Leaf age can be a significant source of isotopic variation, although the direction and magnitude of this difference is not consistent across tree species. Some plant parts are clearly differentiated in carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition, particularly leaves compared to non‐photosynthetic parts such as reproductive parts and woody stem parts. Overall, variation in the isotopic composition of floral communities, plant species, and plant parts demonstrates that stable isotope studies must include analysis of local plant species and parts consumed by the primates under study from within the study area. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1041–1054, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Landmark Decision on Arbitral Immunity: The Risk of Sanctions for Lawsuits Against Arbitrators
Authors: MacGrath Dana C.
Published: October 2015

Most international arbitration rules provide that an arbitrator and the arbitral institution shall not be liable for any act or omission in connection with any arbitration conducted under the rules.
Bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels to recapitulate the HSC niche and facilitate HSC expansion in culture
Authors: Cuchiara Maude L. , Coşkun Süleyman , Banda Omar A. , Horter Kelsey L. , Hirschi Karen K. , West Jennifer L.
Published: October 2015

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been used therapeutically for decades, yet their widespread clinical use is hampered by the inability to expand HSCs successfully in vitro. In culture, HSCs rapidly differentiate and lose their ability to self‐renew. We hypothesize that by mimicking aspects of the bone marrow microenvironment in vitro we can better control the expansion and differentiation of these cells. In this work, derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels were used as a culture substrate for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) populations. Key HSC cytokines, stem cell factor (SCF) and interferon‐γ (IFNγ), as well as the cell adhesion ligands RGDS and connecting segment 1 were covalently immobilized onto the surface of the hydrogels. With the use of SCF and IFNγ, we observed significant expansion of HSPCs, ∼97 and ∼104 fold respectively, while maintaining c‐kit+lin− and c‐kit+Sca1+lin− (KSL) populations and the ability to form multilineage colonies after 14 days. HSPCs were also encapsulated within degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for three‐dimensional culture. After expansion in hydrogels, ∼60% of cells were c‐kit+, demonstrating no loss in the proportion of these cells over the 14 day culture period, and ∼50% of colonies formed were multilineage, indicating that the cells retained their differentiation potential. The ability to tailor and use this system to support HSC growth could have implications on the future use of HSCs and other blood cell types in a clinical setting. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 870–881. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.