bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting the African child in a changing climate: are our existing safeguards adequate?
Authors: Boshoff Elsabé
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT: This paper sets out the ways in which children in Africa are vulnerable to the consequences of climate change, highlighting where relevant the specific vulnerability of the girl child. It identifies vulnerabilities in access to education, nutrition, the rights of migrants and refugees and the right to participate in decision-making processes. The paper considers these vulnerabilities in the context of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children’s Rights Charter) and the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women in Africa (African Women’s Rights Protocol), and also looks at specific best practices in attempting to determine the extent to which the African human rights system currently provides adequate protection to children and complies with the best interest of the child principle. It concludes by finding that the African human rights system, particularly when the African Women’s Rights Protocol is read in conjunction with the Children’s Charter, largely provides adequate legal protection to the African child in a climate change context, but identifies room for improvement both in the right to sustainable development and the implementation of the rights as stipulated in the respective instruments, as it relates to climate change induced vulnerability.

 

TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS: Protéger l’enfant africain dans un climat changeant: les moyens de protection existants sont-ils adéquats? RÉSUMÉ: Cet article expose les façons dont les enfants en Afrique sont vulnérables aux conséquences du changement climatique en soulignant, lorsque cela est nécessaire, la vulnérabilité spécifique des filles. Il identifie les vulnérabilités dans l’accès à l’éducation, la nutrition, les droits des migrants et des réfugiés et le droit de participer aux processus de prise de décision. L’article examine ces vulnérabilités dans le contexte de la Charte africaine des droits de l’enfant et du Protocole relatif aux droits des femmes en Afrique, et examine également les meilleures pratiques spécifiques pour déterminer dans quelle mesure le système africain des droits de l’homme offre actuellement une protection adéquate aux enfants en prenant en consideration le principe de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant. Il conclut en constatant que le système africain des droits de l’homme, en particulier lorsque le Protocole relatif aux droits des femmes en Afrique est lu conjointement avec la Charte des enfants, fournit une protection juridique adéquate à l’enfant africain dans un contexte de changements climatiques mais identifie des possiblités d’amélioration dans le contexte du droit au développement durable et à la mise en œuvre des droits tels que stipulés dans ces instruments respectifs, en ce qui concerne la vulnérabilité induite par le changement climatique.
Happy 18th birthday to the African Children’s Rights Charter: not counting its days but making its days count
Authors: Mezmur Benyam Dawit
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT: November 2017 marks the 18th anniversary of the coming into force of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, its transition from ‘childhood’ to ‘adulthood’. The anniversary indeed offers an opportunity to reflect and take stock of the limited progress so far, and the work that remains to be done, in our collective efforts to create an African fit for children. Apart for discussing the ‘slow start’ the Charter faced, as well as reservations entered into it by few States, the piece focuses on three substantive issues that the Charter has added value on, namely, the definition of a child, child marriage, and children and armed conflict. The section that follows delves briefly into the core business of the African Committee, namely, consideration of State party reports, dealing with individual complaints, and conducting investigative missions. The piece concludes that, despite limitations, the Charter is not counting its days but making its days count.

 

TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS: Joyeux 18ème anniversaire à la Charte africaine des enfants: ne pas compter ses jours mais faire en sorte que ses jours comptent RÉSUMÉ: Novembre 2017 marque le 18ème anniversaire de l’entrée en vigueur de la Charte africaine des droits et du bien-être de l’enfant, son passage de ‘l’enfance’ à ‘l’âge adulte’. L’anniversaire offre en effet l’occasion de réfléchir et de faire le point sur les progrès limités jusqu’ici, et le travail qui reste à faire, dans nos efforts collectifs pour créer une afrique convenable pour les enfants. Outre les discussions sur le ‘démarrage lent’ de la Charte, ainsi que sur les réserves émises par quelques Etats, cet article se concentre sur trois questions de fond sur lesquelles la Charte apporte une valeur ajoutée: la définition d’un enfant, le mariage des enfants et les enfants dans le contexte des conflits armés. La section qui suit décrit brièvement les principales activités du Comité africain, à savoir l’examen des rapports étatiques, le traitement des plaintes individuelles et la conduite de missions d’enquête. La pièce conclut que, malgré les limites, la Charte ne compte pas ses jours mais fait en sorte que ses jours comptent.
Monitoring implementation of the decisions and judgments of the African Commission and Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Murray Rachel , Long Debra , Ayeni Victor Ayeni , Somé Augustin
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT: It is only relatively recently that attention has been paid to what happens after the African Commission and Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights have issued decisions or judgments, and to the question whether these decisions or judgments actually result in any meaningful change on the ground. Results of a collaborative research project involving desk-based research and interviews with role players on the implementation of the decisions and judgments show that the body monitoring implementation is expected to play various roles. While there has been some movement to establish processes and mechanisms at the regional level to monitor implementation of the Commission and Court’s decisions and judgments, the role that they adopt in monitoring implementation is confused and does not necessarily play to their respective strengths. Perhaps because of this confused state of play, there is an impasse, certainly at the level of the African Commission, in developing further the monitoring of implementation. This article therefore concludes by proposing some pragmatic, low-cost solutions to move monitoring implementation forward on the continent.

 

TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS: Suivi de la mise en œuvre des décisions et jugements de la Commission africaine et de la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples RÉSUMÉ: L’intérêt accordé au sort des décisions ou arrêts rendus par la Commission africaine et la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples est récent. Il en est de même en ce qui concerne la question de savoir si ces décisions ou arrêts ont un impact réel. Les résultats d’un projet de recherche collaboratif impliquant une recherche documentaire et des entretiens avec des acteurs sur la mise en œuvre des décisions et des arrêts montrent que l’organe en charge du suivi de la mise en oeuvre devrait jouer différents rôles. Bien qu’il y ait eu un certain engouement pour établir au niveau régional des processus et des mécanismes de suivi des décisions et arrêts de la Commission et de la Cour, le rôle que les deux organes jouent dans le suivi est confus et ne milite pas nécessairement en faveur de leur renforcement respectif. Sans doute du fait de cette situation confuse, il y a une impasse, certainement davantage au niveau de la Commission africaine, de faire avancer le suivi de la mise en œuvre. Cet article conclut par conséquent en proposant des solutions pragmatiques et peu coûteuses pour aller de l’avant dans le suivi de l’exécution des décisions concernées sur le continent.
Keefektifan Konsentrasi dan Jenis Pelarut Tepung Umbi Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) sebagai Bioherbisida Pratumbuh untuk Pengendalian Gulma Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson
Authors: Chairannisa Dyana , Chozin M. A.
Published: June 2018

Cyperus rotundus merupakan salah satu jenis gulma yang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bioherbisida pratumbuh. Kandungan metabolit gulma teki Cyperus rotundus terbanyak terdapat pada bagian umbi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui keefektifan umbi teki (Cyperus rotundus) sebagai bioherbisida dalam menekan perkecambahan gulma Asystasia gangetica dan mengetahui jenis pelarut dan konsentrasi yang tepat dalam menekan perkecambahan biji gulma Asystasia gangetica. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei hingga November 2016. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 percobaan. Percobaan pertama merupakan pengujian ekstrak tepung umbi Cyperus rotundus terhadap perkecambahan gulma Asystasia gangetica dengan menggunakan metode uji di atas kertas. Percobaan kedua merupakan pengujian ekstrak tepung umbi teki Cyperus rotundus terhadap perkecambahan gulma Asystasia gangetica menggunakan media tanah. Percobaan pertama dan kedua menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial. Perlakuan terdiri jenis pelarut metanol dan aquades, dan konsentrasi 50 g L-1, 100 g L-1, 150 g L-1, 200 g L-1, 250 g L-1 dengan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tepung umbi teki Cyperus rotundus mampu menekan perkecambahan gulma Asystasia gangetica pada media kertas. Hasil percobaan ini menunjukkan kecenderungan makin tinggi konsentrasi makin menekan perkecambahan gulma Asystasia gangetica pada media kertas. Kedua jenis pelarut menunjukkan keefektifan yang sama dalam menekan perkecambahan pada media kertas. Tepung umbi teki yang diberikan belum efektif dalam menekan perkecambahan gulma Asystasia gangetica pada media tanah.
Pengelolaan Panen Bunga Cengkih (Syzygium aromaticum L.) di Kebun Branggah Banaran, Blitar, Jawa Timur
Authors: Luthfi Mukhtar , Kurniawati Ani
Published: June 2018

Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari dan meningkatkan keterampilan budidaya tanaman cengkih serta pengelolaan produksi bunga cengkih pada skala komersil. Kegiatan dilakukan selama empat bulan mulai Februari – Juni 2016 di Kebun Branggah Banaran, Blitar, Jawa Timur. Pengelolaan panen bunga cengkih diperlukan untuk menjaga kualitas dan kuantitas hasil panen yang dihasilkan dan untuk menentukan waktu panen yang tepat, karena hasil produksi terbaik diperoleh pada saat bunga matang petik. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi kapasitas pekerja, transportasi panen, sampling bunga, peralatan panen, taksasi panen dan teknik pengeringan. Hasil pengamatan menyatakan bahwa transportasi panen, kapasitas pekerja, sampling bunga dan ketepatan taksasi cukup baik namun masih terdapat kekurangan dalam penyediaan peralatan panen khususnya alat pelindung diri. Pemanenan dilakukan selama 3-4 bulan. Teknik pengeringan dilakukan menggunakan sinar matahari selama delapan hari dengan cuaca cerah. Pengelolaan panen di Kebun Branggah Banaran secara umum telah dilakukan dengan cukup baik.
Manajemen Pengendalian Gulma Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): Analisis Faktor- faktor Penentu Dominansi Gulma di Kebun Dolok Ilir, Sumatera Utara
Authors: Simangunsong Yosua Pratama , Zaman Sofyan , Guntoro Dwi
Published: June 2018

 
Kegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperluas pengetahuan dan keterampilan tentang aspek teknis dan manajerial terutama dalam kegiatan manajemen pengendalian gulma. Kegiatan penelitian dilaksankan di Kebun Dolok Ilir, Sumatera Utara pada bulan Februari hingga Juni 2016. Analisis vegetasi pada 5 tahun tanam dengan mengambil 30 contoh pada setiap tahun tanam (TT). Pengamatan faktor iklim mikro dan tingkat kesuburuan dilakukan di kebun Cikabayan IPB. Pengamatan iklim mikro harian dilakukan 5 waktu yang berbeda .Faktor- faktor penentu dominansi gulma dianalisis secara korelasi terhadap NJD gulma yang dominan. Hasil uji faktor- faktor penentu dominasi gulma menunjukkan kegiatan pemupukan berkorelasi negatif pada tingkat dominansi A. aciculatus dan tanaman penutup tanah berkorelasi negatif terhadap tingkat dominansi D. ciliaris. Aspek edafik, dan iklim mikro tanaman kelapa sawit, tingkat dominansi gulma R. rundana berkorelasi negatif terhadap suhu udara, berkorelasi positif pada kandungan total unsur hara fosfor di dalam tanah. Tingkat dominansi gulma S. plicata berkorelasi positif terhadap kadar KTK tanah,  pH tanah. Tingkat dominansi gulma P.polystachion berkorelasi positif terhadap kadar kalium dalam tanah. Tingkat dominansi gulma O. nodosa yang mendominasi pada setiap daerah terbuka berkorelasi positif terhadap tingkat intensitas cahaya, dan berkorelasi negatif terhadap tingkat kelembapan.
Uji Tetrazolium pada Benih Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) sebagai Tolok Ukur Viabilitas
Authors: Fatmawati Lia Irma , Suharsi Tatiek Kartika , Qadir Abdul
Published: June 2018

Ketersediaan benih bermutu serta informasi mutu benih kecipir masih terbatas. Hal tersebut bisa diatasi melalui proses pengujian mutu benih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperoleh prosedur perlakuan pra test yang sesuai untuk pengujian tetrazolium benih kecipir, memperoleh metode pengusangan yang sesuai untuk benih kecipir, memperoleh pola pewarnaan pada embrio sebagai indikasi tidak langsung untuk mendeteksi viabilitas benih kecipir. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih IPB pada bulan Agustus sampai Desember 2016. Percobaan pertama memperoleh waktu perendaman aquades yang efektif pada benih kecipir yaitu 24 jam, memperoleh konsentrasi tetrazolium yang efektif yaitu 0,3%, memperoleh waktu perendaman tetrazolium yang efektif yaitu dua jam. Percobaan kedua memperoleh metode pengusangan, yaitu pengusangan secara kimia dan dipilih 5 waktu penderaan yang menghasilkan viabilitas secara gradual yaitu 0x5, 2x5, 4x5, 6x5, dan 8x5 menit. Percobaan ketiga pola pewarnaan pada embrio benih kecipir belum bisa digunakan untuk mengevaluasi viabilitas benih kecipir karena diduga kriteria pola yang dibuat terlalu sempit.
Pengaruh Komposisi Media Tanam dan Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria terhadap Pertumbuhan Benih Pepaya di Pembibitan dan di Lapangan
Authors: Yurihastuti Septy , Widodo Winarso Drajad , Suketi Ketty
Published: June 2018

Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) merupakan salah satu buah tropika yang telah dibudidayakan secara intensif di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komposisi media tanam dan konsentrasi PGPR yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan bibit pepaya di pembibitan dan di lapangan. Percobaan di laksanakan pada bulan Juli hingga Desember 2016 di Kebun Mekarsari, Kecamatan Rancabungur, Kabupaten Bogor, dengan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) 2 faktor dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas suspensi PGPR dengan konsentrasi 0, 5, 10 dan 15 dan komposisi media tanam yang terdiri atas kontrol tanah: pupuk kandang (M0), tanah: pupuk kandang: sekam (M1), dan tanah: pupuk kandang: cocopeat (M2) sehingga terdapat 12 kombinasi perlakuan. Hasil percobaan di pembibitan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi suspensi PGPR mempengaruhi tinggi tanaman, diameter batang dan panjang daun, sedangkan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi suspensi PGPR mempengaruhi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang daun dan lebar daun, tetapi tidak mempengaruhi terhadap diameter batang tanaman pepaya. Komposisi media tanam selama di pembibitan tidak mempengaruhi semua parameter. Sedangkan selama pengamatan di lapangan, komposisi media tanah dan pupuk kandang (M0) dan tanah, pupuk kandang dan sekam (M1) mampu mempengaruhi tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun.
Teratogenic Effect of Levetiracetam Drug on the Development of the Kidney in Embryo Rat
Authors: Al-Ibrahimi Lamyaa H. M. , Al-Bakri Nahla A.
Published: June 2018

The new antiepileptic drugs, levetiracetam (LEV), are used to treat tonic-clonic seizures and myoclonic seizures in adults and children. Thirty pregnant rats were enrolled, which were divided into two groups A control (10), B treated (20). Group (A) were given distilled water orally for 15 days of pregnancy period. The other group was subdivided into two subgroups B1, B2 (each with 10 rats), which were treated with LEV for 14 days for subgroup (B1) and 15 days for the other subgroup (B2). The drug (350 mg/kg/day) is administered orally. Based on our results there was damage in the kidney due to the toxicity of the drug. The histopathological effects is represented by damage of cortical glomeruli in which there were hemorrhage, shrinking, accumulation of glomerular cells, and enlargement of capsular space.  Severe malformations in the kidney were observed when the drug is used constantly during the organogenesis stages of pregnancy.
The effect of Larinus maculates F. Cocoon Aqueous Extract in Some Immunological Aspects of Male Albino Mice
Authors: Alasady Zainab Thamer , Al-Shmgania Hanady S. A. , Jwad Muna Shukri Mahmod
Published: June 2018

Traditional folk medicine is applied in the treatment of diversity chronic and acute conditions all over the worlds.  This study was carried out to assess the capability of aqueous beetle cocoon extract (Lorinus maculates F.) commonly known as (Tihan) in stimulating immune  response. Adult mice (5 in each group) were divided into two groups: the first one orally administered with 150 mg/kg and the second group received normal saline as a control group for 14 days. Bone marrow and spleen were proceed for mitotic index and phagocytosis estimated. The results showed a significant increase in mitotic index and phagocytosis in treaded mice in comparing with the negative control. These results concluded that Tihan has a potential role in innate immune response.
Theoretical Evaluations of Probability of Photons Yield Depending on Quantum Chromodynamics Theory
Authors: Al-Agealy Hadi J M , Sahib Mudhafar J
Published: June 2018

Aim of this research is the description with evaluation the photons rate probability at quark-gluon reactions processes theoretically depending on quantum color theory. In high energy physics as well as quantum field theory and quantum chromodynamics theory,they are very important for physical processes. In quark–gluon interaction there are many processes, the Compton scattering, annihilation pairs and quark–gluon plasma. There are many quantum features, each of three  and systems that taken which could make a quark–gluon plasma in character system. First, electric quark charge and color quantum charge that’s satisfied by quantum number. Second, the critical temperature and photon energy. Moreover, for such three systems have variety quantum flavor numbers: 2, 3 and 4, the photons rate are evaluated at system energy limited  with critical temperature: 144 MeV. However, due to the quark–gluon plasma producing in heavy ions collisions, the photons rate is   increasing with decreasing of coupling constant and photons energy in quark-quark interaction systems.
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Study of Some Transition Metal Complexes Derived from Quinoxaline-2,3-Dione
Authors: Musa Taghreed M. , A.Al-jibouri Mahmoud Najim , Abbas Bayader Fadhil
Published: June 2018

The present paper describes the synthesis and structural studies of new transition metal complexes of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and cadmium(II) with two bi dentate ligands derived from quinoxaline-2,3-dione. The two ligands were fully identified by elemental analyses, FT-IR, NMR and UV-Visible spectra. The metal complexes of  Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) were isolated in the solid state after reactions of their metal chlorides with the ligands in 2:1 mole ratio. The isolated solid metal complexes were characterized with the help of elemental analyses, NMR, FT-IR and UV-Visible spectra. As well as the thermal stability of the coordinated quinoxaline polymers were tested by TG-DSC analysis and it is found that cleavage of terminal moiety was investigated, the strong coordinated bonds between oxygen donor atoms in L1 while nitrogen donor atoms of quinoxaline ring in the L2 with the metal ions. Furthermore, the thermal stability of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and Cd(II) complexes were screened by TG-DSC analysis and the results helped us in the investigation of the proposed structure of the prepared complexes in the formula [M(L)2Cl2].XH2O and [Cd(L)2]Cl2 where L= L1 and L2  ligands derived from quinoxaline-2,3-dione.
Dynamical Study of An SIR Epidemic Model With Nonlinear Incidence Rate and Regress of Treatment
Authors: Majeed Saba Noori
Published: June 2018

In this research, dynamical study of an SIR epidemical model with nonlinear direct incidence rate (Beddington-De Angelis ) type, and regress of treatment investigated .An  analytical study  to the model shows that there are two equilibrium points appear, the discussed successfully with sufficient condition, the existence of local bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation was analyzed, finally numerical simulations are done to explain the analytic studies.
Minimax Shrunken Technique for Estimate Burr X Distribution Shape Parameter
Authors: Salman Abbas Najim , Ameen Maymona M. , Abdul-Nabi A. E.
Published: June 2018

The present paper concern with minimax shrinkage estimator technique in order to estimate Burr X distribution shape parameter, when prior information about the real shape obtainable as original estimate while known scale parameter.

 Derivation for Bias Ratio, Mean squared error and the Relative Efficiency equations.

 Numerical results and conclusions for the expressions mentioned above were displayed. Comparisons for proposed estimator with most recent works were made.
Common Fixed Points in Modular Spaces
Authors: Abed Salwa Salman , Abdul Sada Karrar Emad
Published: June 2018

In this paper,there are   new considerations about the dual of a modular spaces and weak convergence. Two common fixed point theorems for a -non-expansive mapping defined on a star-shaped weakly compact subset are proved,  Here the conditions of affineness, demi-closedness and Opial's property play an active role in the proving our results.
On Contractible J-Saces
Authors: Dawood Narjis A. , Gasim Suaad G.
Published: June 2018

Jordan  curve  theorem  is  one  of  the  classical  theorems  of  mathematics, it states  the  following :  If    is a graph of  a  simple  closed curve  in  the complex plane the complement  of   is the union of  two regions,  being the common  boundary of the two regions. One of  the region   is  bounded and the other is unbounded. We introduced in this paper one of Jordan's theorem generalizations. A new type of space is discussed with some properties and new examples. This new space called Contractible -space.
POLIGAMI TANPA IZIN PENGADILAN (Studi Kasus Pada Pengadilan Agama Manado)
Authors: Nur Muliadi
Published: June 2018

Pada asasnya dalam suatu perkawinan seorang pria hanya boleh mempunyai seorang isteri. Seorang isteri hanya boleh mempunyai seorang suami. Hanya apabila dikehendaki oleh pihak yang bersangkutan, maka pengadilan dapat memberi izin kepada suami untuk beristeri lebih dari seorang (pasal 3 UU No. 1 Tahun 1974). Ketentuan ini adalah salah satu contoh yang mengharuskan campur tangan pemerintah melalui institusi pengadilan dalam perkawinan, yakni dalam hal memberi izin untuk poligami. Dalam kaitan ini, pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut berhadapan dengan nilai-nilai hukum perkawinan yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Oleh karena itu dalam tulisan ini penulis mengangkat judul “Poligami Tanpa Izin: Studi Kasus Pada Pengadilan Agama Manado”, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosio-yuridis. Pendekatan sosio-yuridis ini sangat berperan dalam mengukur tingkat ketaatan serta kesadaran hukum masyarakat terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Hasil temuan penelitian ini telah terjadi poligami tanpa izin pengadilan di kalangan masyarakat Manado, maupun dicatat atau dibawah tangan., dan ini membawa efek kepada tujuan perkawinan tersebut.
ISTIHSAN DAN PEMBARUAN HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Salma Salma
Published: June 2018

Pada dasarnya Istihsan mempunyai relevansi dengan pembaruan hukum Islam. Kerelevansian keduanya adalah terletak pada maqashid al-syari’at. Hal ini dapat dilihat bahwa pembaruan hukum Islam bertujuan untuk merealisasikan dan memelihara kemaslahatan umat manusia semaksimal mungkin yang merupakan tujuan syari’at, sedangkan istihsan adalah salah satu metode istinbat hukum yang sangat mengutamakan dan menonjolkan nilai-nilai daripada maqashid al-syari’ah dan selalu berusaha merealisasikan serta memelihara maqashid al-syari’ah yang dimaksud.
PENENTUAN AWAL WAKTU SHALAT
Authors: Suleman Frangky
Published: June 2018

Awal waktu shalat merupakan perhitungan yang ditetapkan dengan berdasarkan garis edar matahari atau penelitian posisi matahari terhadap bumi, oleh karena itu menghitung awal waktu shalat adalah menghitung kapan matahari akan menempati posisi tertentu yang sekaligus menjadi penunjuk waktu shalat, yaitu pada saat tergelincir, saat membuat bayang-bayang sama panjang dengan bendanya, saat terbenam, saat hilangnya mega merah, saat terbitnya fajar dan saat terbitnya matahari.
Efectiveness of Problem Based Learning Models by Using E-Learning and Learning Motivation Toward Students Learning Outcomes on Subject Circullation Systems
Authors: Tambunan Lamria , Rusdi Rusdi , Miarsyah Mieke
Published: May 2018

The development of technology-based learning today is growing rapidly, the use of which combines the computer with the network is a growing up. One of them is e-Learning. By combining the use of eLearning with Problem Based Learning model and motivation is expected to be effective in improving learning student’s outcomes of circulatory material. Learning is not merely media or model, but motivation has an effect on learning. This research was conducted to measure the effect of PBL model applied with e-Learning and motivation to student outcomes. The method of research is Quasi Experiment with Two Way Anova Design. This study was conducted at SMPK St. Paulus Jakarta in May-June 2017. The data showed normal and homogeneous values (p> 0.05) with a sample size of 30 people. Result of research using two way anova test got data that p value = 0.000, mean p <0.05 (reject H0). The conclusion is that (1) there is influence of PBL model by using e-Learning to student outcomes, (2) there is influence of motivation to student outcomes, and (3) there is interaction between PBL using e-Learning and motivation to student outcomes.

Keywords: e-Learning, motivation, problem based learning, student learning out comes
Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi Endüstri 4.0: Dünya ve Türkiye Değerlendirmeleri
Authors: KILIÇ Sabiha , ALKAN Reha Metin
Published: June 2018

Küresel pazarda, müşterileri elde tutmak kazanmaktan
daha zor hale gelmiştir. Bu nedenle günümüz işletmeleri, artan tüketici
beklentilerine daha hızı cevap verebilmek amacıyla ürünlerin pazara sunum
sürelerini kısaltma, esnekliği arttırma ve kitlesel kişiselleştirilmiş üretim
yapabilmenin yollarını aramaktadırlar. Artan rekabet ortamında verimliliği
arttırmak kilit faktör haline gelmiştir. Tüm bu ifade edilenler, nesnelerin
interneti olarak tanımlanan Endüstri 4.0 sayesinde daha kolay gerçekleştirilme imkânı
bulabilecektir. Çalışmanın amacı, yeni sanayi devrimi Endüstri 4.0’ın Dünya ve
Türkiye yansımalarının incelenmesidir. Çalışmada, Türkiye’nin 2023 vizyonu
çerçevesinde Endüstri 4,0 ve benzeri sanayileşme hamlelerini uygulamasında önem
arz eden Ar-Ge, inovasyon ve katma değeri yüksek teknoloji-yoğun ürün üretimi
ve ihracatına daha da ağırlık verilmesi konuları kapsamında, Dünya ve
Türkiye’deki Ar-Ge harcamaları, yüksek teknolojili katma değeri yüksek
endüstriyel robot üretimi ve ihracatı, Ar-Ge personeli istihdamı konuları
incelenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca, 2022’de %6 olarak hedeflenen yüksek
teknolojili ürün ihracatında Türkiye’nin mevcut durumu analiz edilerek,
gelişmiş ve yükselen ekonomiler arasındaki yerinin değerlendirilmesi ve
önerilerin geliştirilmesi de amaçlanmaktadır.
Performance analysis of cooperative sugar factories in north-eastern Karnataka
Authors: Yasmeen Yasmeen , Patil Suresh S. , Hiremath G. M. , Reddy B. S.
Published: May 2018

The study was attempted to measure the economic performance of cooperative sugar factories in terms of total costs and returns, capacity utilization, physical and financial indicators and ratio analysis of the factories. In this study the three cooperative sugar factories are taken into consideration and the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for all the physical and financial indicators are worked out wherein the results suggested that a significant variation in the total cost and returns, capacity utilization and both physical and financial indicators over years within the three sugar factories was found. Further, the study revealed enough evidence about the financial ratios, which in turn showed the economic potentiality of the respective sugar factories. For the better performance of the factories an efficient planning and automation well before the start of the season is necessary and the government should come forward to help the farmers in making the cane bill payment at an early stage by the factories, by extending the financial assistance.
Molecular identification and screening of mushrooms for antibacterial property against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mariselvi M. , Ninganna Earanna
Published: May 2018

In this study, 18 mushrooms were collected from Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra (GKVK) campus, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore (India) and identified by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region using National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data base and screened for antibacterial property against two skin infection causing bacteria viz.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in dogs. Eleven mushrooms extract inhibited both the bacteria showing their antimicrobials as broad spectrum while inhibiting gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria.  The highest zone of inhibition was recorded from the extract of Lyophyllum sp. The extract of two mushrooms viz., Phlebopus portentosus and Termitomyces sp. inhibited only P. aeruginosa, a gram negative bacterium  and the extract of three mushrooms viz., Agaricus sp, Coprinellus disseminates and Agaricus blazei inhibited only S. aureus, a gram positive bacterium, suggesting spectral specificity of their antimicrobial compounds.  However,  the extracts of two mushrooms viz.,Macrocybe gigantea and Schizophyllum commune did not show inhibition of any of the pathogens.  Hence, this study suggests that the occurrence of potential pharmaceuticals in mushrooms can be exploited for control of multidrug resistant bacteria.
Awareness of farm workers regarding health problems and use of protective clothing during pesticide application
Authors: Yadav Saroj , Gaba Geeta
Published: May 2018

Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses of cotton crop and maintain high product quality. Because of high biological activity, and in some cases, long persistence in the environment, pesticides (pyrethroids, carbamate, oganophosphate, organochlorines) may cause harmful effects to human health and to the environment. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses. Farmers who perform spray activity are routinely exposed to high levels of pesticides (Monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate, pyrethroids and carbamates), than the other farm workers such as pesticide loader, evaluator. The dermal and inhalation routes of entry are typically the most common routes of farmers’ exposure to pesticides. Farmers’ exposure to pesticides can be reduced through less use of pesticides and use of the appropriate protective clothing and equipments in all stages of pesticide handling. The present study was conductedon 270 respondents from all nine blocks of Hisar district of Haryana state to create awareness amongst them regarding health problems and use of protective clothing during pesticide application.An educational package in the form of Video CD and Leaflet was used. Pamphlets were distributed; lecture-cum-demonstrations and film shows were organized. Protective clothing and accessories were also exhibited for better impact. It was recorded that respondents succeeded in acquiring awareness at post exposure level, through print and electronic media for each message viz. breathing problems (23.3%), eyes related problems (100%), skin allergy (43.3%), headache (60.3%), fainting due to inhalation of pesticide (64.33%) and stomach related problems (23.56%).
Value-addition of silk using natural dye extracted from Lichen (Evernia cirrhatum)
Authors: Rawat Harsha , Sharma Ekta , Fatima Nargis
Published: May 2018

The natural dyes are used since pre-historic times for colouring the wide varieties of fibres for providing value addition, look and desire of the customer. In this study among the different sources of Lichen, Evernia cirrhatum was used to standardise the dyeing recipe for degummed silk cloth. A series of experiments were conducted to optimize the dyeing variables viz., medium of dye extraction, concentration of dye material, dye extraction time and dyeing time. The dyed fabric was then treated with chemical auxiliaries and fastness test was undertaken. Aqueous medium was used by taking 2 g of E. cirrhatum dye per 100 ml of water with 60 minute extraction time and 60 minute dyeing time was found to be optimum. In case of chemical auxiliaries, 2% of citric acid, 2% of sodium sulphate, 3% of oxalic acid and 4% tartaric acid with simultaneous dyeing method was found as best. It was observed that the dyed silk exhibited good to excellent colour fastness to washing and perspiration, no stain on rubbing and very good for light fastness. The chemical auxiliaries that exhibit best fastness characteristic were sodium sulphate and tartaric acid with fastness grade of good to excellent for washing and perspiration fastness, slight stain to no stain for rubbing fastness and good to very good for light fastness.
Persistently Harsh Punishments Amid Efforts to Reform: Using Tools From Social Psychology to Counteract Racial Bias in School Disciplinary Decisions
Authors: Ispa-Landa Simone
Published: June 2018

In response to concerns about overly harsh and racially inequitable school discipline, schools have introduced disciplinary reforms. However, even in schools where these reformative programs are present, many students continue to be subject to developmentally inappropriate discipline and striking racial gaps in disciplinary outcomes persist. Teachers’ implicit racial bias likely contributes to racial disparities in school discipline. In this article, I highlight two social psychological skills—perspective-taking and individuating—that have been found to reduce the effects of implicit bias in nonschool settings. I suggest that if developed in educators, these social psychological skills could also help reduce racial disparities in school discipline. I discuss implications for future research and policy.
Assessment of Open Defecation Free (ODF) Campaign of Birgunj Sub Metropolitan City By Fecal Indicator Microbes Analysis
Authors: Shrivastava Umesh Prasad
Published: June 2018

Eliminating open defecation is increasingly seen as a key health outcome, improved educational and positive health outcomes for people. Several countries including Nepal have set aggressive targets for elimination of Open Defecation in urban and rural areas, which often include not only safe disposal of feces, but handwashing facilities, cleanliness and solid waste management. This paper is prepared based on the evaluation of representative water reservoirs of six sites of Birgunj municipality with an objective to examine fecal microorganisms. Presence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia etc were observed. Although these wards have been declared ODF by municipality. This paper report the partial success toward ODF in Birgunj metropolitan and recommend post monitoring for ODF for sustainable ODF is required.Academic Voices Vol.6 2016: 55-62
Ban Kabitama Paurastya Darshanko Prabhav
Authors: Bhattarai Indra Prasad
Published: June 2018

Abstract in Nepali is Available on PDF.Academic Voices Vol.6 2016: 74-79
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System for Space Heating: A Case Study of Resort
Authors: Bajracharyaa Tri Ratna , Bhattaraiai Rabindra Nath , Mishra Sarika Kumari , Timilsina Ashesh Babu
Published: June 2018

The need of thermal comfort is one of the major topic of energy consumption in building. Alternative means for space heating are required for reducing building energy consumption and also reduce its carbon footprint. Solar thermal systems are matured technology in field of hot water and space heating. Though solar water heater has flourished in Nepal, space heating system is less popular. With an objective to assess the less popularity of such system in Nepal, financial comparison of solar underfloor heating system against commonly used VRF system designed to meet heating requirements of a particular site is done. The selected site is a resort in Nagarkot, Nepal. The selected site has minimum temperature of 3 ºC which is to be maintained at 20 ºC of which the total heating load is 10.527 kW. From the financial analysis, it is seen that though installation cost of solar powered system is more, in long run it turns out to be economic and in this case the system is technically and financially viable. For solar underfloor heating, the levelized cost of energy when subsidized with 3.5 % interest rate is NRs. 13.18 which is slightly more than current rate of electrical energy. The solar powered heating system has very high footprint because of which this type of system is less employed in urban areas and high rise buildings.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2018, 14(1): 1-13
Restructuring Examination System of Institute of Engineering for Establishing Center of Excellence in Engineering Education
Authors: Bajracharya Tri Ratna , Dawadi Babu Ram , Sapkota Ram Chandra
Published: June 2018

There exists different parameters that act as influencing factors to measure the quality of technical education. Nature of examination with its process and activities has direct and indirect relationship towards quality product and result status in any academic institution. Institute of Engineering (IOE) is continuously enhancing the examination process with the objective to increase the quality and pass rate in the semester examination. Being to conduct several bi-annual exams, Examination Control Division (ECD) of Institute of Engineering (IOE) is mostly the busy organization that has to manage examinations for bachelor, masters and PhD degree programs throughout the year. ECD conducts by-annual semester exams for regular and back exam of bachelor of engineering students having 10 streams (Civil, Computer, Electronics, Electrical, Mechanical, Geomatics, Agriculture, Industrial, Architecture and Automobile) in its four constituent campuses and ten affiliated colleges. Similarly, ECD also conducts bi-annual exams for masters of engineering programs having seven streams and 24 sub-streams. There are more than 16,000 examinees in the bachelor exam including regular and back. Additionally, successful conduction of BE/BArch/ M.Sc. entrance examinations is also an integral duty of ECD. The student pass rate in the semester exams of IOE is below expectations. This study is mostly focused on finding the factors affecting the quality results and approaches of optimizations for better education at IOE. After reviewing several factors, we proposed “restructuring of regular and back paper examinations" as one of the major approach that will help to increase the quality of education and consequently increase the pass rate in the semester examination system of IOE.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2018, 14(1): 75-81
Experimental Study on Surface Integrity of Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V by Ball End Milling
Authors: Kaway Pun Krishna , Zhang Xueping
Published: June 2018

Titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V, has been widely used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and chemical industries due to its exceptional strength to weight ratio, high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance. However, machinability of Ti6Al4V is poor due to high strength at elevated temperatures, low modulus, and low thermal conductivity. Poor machinability of Ti6Al4V deteriorates the surface integrity of the machined surface. Poor surface integrity causes high machining cost, surface defects, initiate cracks, and premature failure of the machined surface. Thus, it is indispensable to obtain better surface integrity when machining titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut have significant effect on the surface integrity when machining titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Hence, this study investigates surface integrity of Ti6Al4V by ball end milling at different cutting speeds, feed rates, and depth of cuts. Microstructure of subsurface is studied at different cutting speeds, feed rates, and depth of cuts. The results show that the depth of deformation of subsurface increases with increase in the cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2018, 14(1): 115-121
Gibbs-Wilbraham Phenomenon in Square Wave Function
Authors: Budha Bhupendra , Subedi Man Bahadur
Published: June 2018

The aim of this paper is to show the fluctuation on overshoots of particular term due to change in magnitude of discontinuity in the square wave function represented in Fourier series and also is to address the mathematical relation between those parameters. Along with that, some graphical plots of different terms are given to illustrate the results and to interpolate data with smooth curves using Cubic spline interpolation in MATLAB.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2018, 14(1): 206-215
Teaching Poems: Exploring Life Skills
Authors: Dewan Sarita
Published: May 2018

As a high school teacher, I have always found teaching poems a source of developing language skills and different aspects too, including grammar, vocabulary and even communicative functions. Further, I have a feeling that teaching poems helps to develop creative, critical and analytical skills of students at this level.Reading a poem is not to try to solve or explain what is written; rather it should be a process of demystification so that the students enjoy reading as well as are encouraged to write their own poems. I have often found the expressions of teenagers in the form of poems  their frustrations, emotions, empathy and inner feelings — to be one way of sharing unspoken words.This lesson takes an example of a poem from a 10th grade class and focuses on how a lesson on teaching poetry can be taught effectively to enhance creative, critical and analytical skills, and to create awareness of literary devices at secondary and post-secondary levels. The lesson incorporates activities and possible strategies to boost higher levels (analysis, evaluation and creation) of thinking rather than “over emphasizing the language teaching aspects” (Ur, 1996).Journal of NELTA ,  Vol. 22, No. 1-2, 2017 December, page: 135-139
Synthesis and characterization of thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on Ag decorated-CNTs/graphene hybrid materials
Authors:   Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nguyen Ngoc Anh , Pham Van Trinh ,   Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Bui Hung Thang ,   Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nguyen Van Chuc ,   Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nguyen Tuan Hong ,   Center for High Technology Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Phan Ngoc Minh ,   Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,   Center for High Technology Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,   Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Phan Ngoc Hong ,   Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,   Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Published: June 2018

In this work, we present a new nanofluid based on silver nanoparticles decorated on the functionalized carbon nanotubes-graphene sheet (hybrid) materials. Briefly, carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets were first functionalized with a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group respectively. The hybrid material was decorated with silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method with the assistance of sodium hydroxyl. Finally, the obtained Ag-hybrid material was dispersed in ethylene glycol solution (EG) to form the nanofluid without any surfactant. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid was measured for different weight concentrations at different temperatures. The results showed an increase in thermal conductivity of up to 86% for 0.045% weight concentration at 55oC. This enhancement was due to the high thermal conductivity of graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and Ag nanoparticles as well as the higher surface area of Ag nanoparticles decorated on graphene and CNTs structures. The results of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-rays diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the silver nanoparticles were formed on the surface of carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets.
On the determination of the Singer transfer
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, Quy Nhon University, Vietnam, Nguyen Sum
Published: June 2018

Let Pk be the graded polynomial algebra F2[x1, x2, . . . , xk] with the degree of each generator xi being 1, where F2 denote the prime field of two elements, and let GLk be the general linear group over F2 which acts regularly on Pk. We study the algebraic transfer constructed by Singer [1] using the technique of the Peterson hit problem. This transfer is a homomorphism from the homology of the mod-2 Steenrod algebra A, TorAk,k+d(F2, F2), to the subspace of F2xAPk consisting of all the GLk-invariant classes of degree d. In this paper, by using the results on the Peterson hit problem we present the proof of the fact that the Singer algebraic transfer is an isomorphism for k <= 3. This result has been proved by Singer in [1] for k <= 2 and by Boardman in [2] for k = 3. We show that the fourth Singer transfer is also an isomorphism in certain internal degrees. This result is new and it is different from the ones of Bruner, Ha and Hung [3], Chon and Ha [4], Ha [5], Hung and Quynh [6], Nam [7].
Numerical analysis of local head loss coefficient at the inlet of a conduit connected to a free surface channel
Authors:   Hanoi Architectural University, Nguyen Van Nam
Published: June 2018

Numerical simulation has been carried out to observe and predict the mechanisms of stationary mixed flows in a free surface channel combined with a closed conduit. This study has been conducted with a wide range of discharge values, based on a free rectangular channel (4.5x0.98x0.50 m) at the upstream combined with a closed rectangular conduit (4.5 m length), located at the end of the channel. The height of the conduit is fixed at 100 mm and the conduit width is varied to form several other geometrical configurations. From the obtained numerical results, the local head losses at the transition location are computed and a relation between the local head loss coefficient at this transition and the water depth at the upstream free surface channel is proposed. It will be verified by experimental results in the next study.