bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot-Scale Ensilaging of Herring Filleting Co-Products and Subsequent Separation of Fish Oil and Protein Hydrolysates
Authors: Sajib Mursalin , Trigo João P. , Abdollahi Mehdi , Undeland Ingrid
Published: July 2022

In this study, ensilaging of herring (Clupea harengus) filleting co-products was taken from lab-scale to pilot scale (1500 L) while monitoring the protein degree of hydrolysis (DH) and lipid oxidation. Subsequently, the possibility of recovering fish oil and protein hydrolysates using batch centrifugation at different g-forces/times was investigated. Around 38% DH was recorded after 2-day pilot-scale ensilaging of herring co-products at ambient temperature (i.e., ~ 22 °C), which was similar to the DH found in lab-scale (40% after 2 days; 22 °C). The lipid oxidation marker 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) reached 20 µmole TBARS/kg silage after 2-day ensilaging. Centrifugation of the silage at 3000–8500 × g for 2–20 min revealed successful separation into fish oil and protein hydrolysates. Heat-treating the silage (85 °C; 30 min) prior to centrifugation resulted in significantly higher oil and hydrolysates recoveries; the same being true for increased g-force. At 8500 × g, the recovery of oil and hydrolysates were 9.7 and 53.0% w/w, respectively, from heat-treated silage, while recoveries were 4.1 and 48.1% w/w, respectively, from non-heat treated silage. At 4500 × g, being a more scalable approach, corresponding numbers were 8.2 and 47.1% (w/w) as well as 2.0 and 40.2% (w/w). The recovered fish oil contained 8% EPA and 11% DHA of total fatty acids. Free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), and total oxidation (TOTOX) values of oils were in the range of 4–7% (FFA), 3.6–3.7 meq/kg oil (PV), 2.5–4.0 (p-AV), and 9.9–11.1 (TOTOX), respectively, which were within the acceptable limits for human consumption specified by the GOED voluntary monograph. The recovered protein hydrolysates contained peptides in the molecular weight range 0.3–6 kDa (~ 37%) and 11–34 kDa (~ 63%). Also, the remaining solids contained 15–17% (w/w) protein, having 44–45% essential amino acids. Overall, the results suggest that herring co-product silage is a valuable source of fish oil and protein hydrolysates, paving the way for ensilaging based-biorefining of herring co-products into multiple products.
Recidivism Outcomes Under a Shifting Continuum of Control
Authors: Bird Mia , Nguyen Viet , Grattet Ryken
Published: July 2022

Criminal justice systems across the United States are reducing reliance on prison incarceration and moving toward more local and noncustodial types of responses to felony offenders. Rather than wholesale decarceration, states and counties are shifting felons along what we call a “continuum of control,” which allows for people who previously might have been incarcerated in state prison to be sentenced to jail, jail plus probation, or probation without a custodial spell. With some notable exceptions, existing research has focused primarily on contrasting prison versus community placements and ignored the intermediary alternatives between the poles of the continuum. In this study, we compare the recidivism outcomes of felons sentenced to prison versus those sentenced to jail, jail plus probation, and probation alone. On balance, our findings show that jail incarceration results in the same or lower rearrest and reconviction rates than incarceration in prison. We also find consistent evidence that while rearrests are frequently higher for probation with or without a jail spell, reconvictions are consistently lower for similarly situated offenders than prison. These findings provide partial evidence in support of policies that move people convicted of felonies to less costly, more local, and less confining alternatives than prison.
Character strengths, moral motivation and vocational identity in adolescents and young adults: a scoping review
Authors: Villacís Jorge L. , Naval Concepción , De la Fuente Jesús
Published: July 2022

Past reviews have examined the association between positive personality traits known as character strengths and work-related outcomes. However, little is known about the role of positive traits in the pre-career stage. This study aims to fill this gap by mapping the peer-reviewed literature on the relationships between character strengths, moral motivation and vocational identity in adolescents and young adult students. Scopus and Web of Science databases were used to identify English written sources published between 1980 and October 2020. Documents had to include one of the 24 positive psychology character strengths or a moral motivation construct (moral reasoning, moral identity or moral emotions) and one vocational identity process (commitment, exploration or reconsideration). 136 documents were selected (123 quantitative, 8 qualitative, and 5 theoretical). 15 strengths were studied together with a vocational identity process. The most investigated strengths were prudence (27.9%) curiosity (20.6%), hope (20.6%) and love (19.9%). Only one moral motivation construct (the moral emotion of empathy) was associated with vocational commitment. Four character strengths were the most studied in association with vocational identity. These strengths coincided with some skills and competencies promoted in career counselling. Some suggestions for future research on vocational development and character education are stated.
Motivational mindsets, mindset churn and academic performance: The role of a goal-setting intervention and purpose in life
Authors: Hudig Job , Scheepers Ad W. A. , Schippers Michaéla C. , Smeets Guus
Published: July 2022

The motivational mindset model (MMM) is a new student-centered, multidimensional perspective on motivation in higher education and aims to better explain differences in wellbeing, study success and intervention effectiveness. The four types of mindsets within the model (high-impact, low-impact, social-impact, and self-impact) have proven to differ in two important dimensions of wellbeing and predictors of study success, namely a sense of purpose in life and study engagement. The present study expands the MMM by (1) examining the relationship between the mindsets and academic performance, (2) observing the mindset churn in the first year, and (3) exploring the role of the mindsets in the effectiveness of an online, narrative goal-setting intervention. To this end, the mindset of 748 first-year university students was measured at the beginning and the end of the first academic year. Results show that the mindset churn was considerable: on average 58% of the students had changed their mindset at follow-up. Results further show that students with a low-impact mindset at follow-up were more likely to drop out of the first year compared to the other three mindsets. Finally, a group of low-impact mindset students show an increased sense of purpose after participating in the goal-setting intervention and moved to a social-impact mindset during the year. This pattern provides preliminary support that the goal-setting intervention is a purpose-fostering intervention for students entering higher education with a low-impact mindset. A potential working mechanism of the goal-setting intervention is discussed as well as implications and directions for future research.
A mathematical analysis of EDAs with distance-based exponential models
Authors: Unanue Imanol , Merino María , Lozano Jose A.
Published: July 2022

Estimation of Distribution Algorithms have been successfully used to solve permutation-based Combinatorial Optimization Problems. In this case, the algorithms use probabilistic models specifically designed for codifying probability distributions over permutation spaces. One class of these probability models are distance-based exponential models, and one example of this class is the Mallows model. In spite of its practical success, the theoretical analysis of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms for permutation-based Combinatorial Optimization Problems has not been developed as extensively as it has been for binary problems. With this motivation, this paper presents a first mathematical analysis of the convergence behavior of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms based on Mallows models. The model removes the randomness of the algorithm in order to associate a dynamical system to it. Several scenarios of increasing complexity with different fitness functions and initial probability distributions are analyzed. The obtained results show: a) the strong dependence of the final results on the initial population, and b) the possibility to converge to non-degenerate distributions even in very simple scenarios, which has not been reported before in the literature.
Indexing complex networks for fast attributed kNN queries
Authors: Kobayashi Suomi , Matsugu Shohei , Shiokawa Hiroaki
Published: July 2022

The k nearest neighbor (kNN) query is an essential graph data-management tool used for finding relevant data entities suited to a user-specified query node. Graph indexing methods have the potential to achieve a quick kNN search response and thus are promising approaches. However, they struggle to handle large-scale attributed complex networks. This is because constructing indices and querying kNN nodes in large-scale networks are computationally expensive, and they are not designed to handle node attributes included in the networks. In this paper, we propose a novel graph indexing algorithm, namely CT index, for fast kNN queries on large complex networks. To overcome the aforementioned limitations, our algorithm generates two types of indices based on the topological properties of complex networks. In addition, we further propose BAG index along with CT index so that our algorithm enables to explore kNN nodes based on the attribute similarity. Our extensive experiments on real-world graphs show that our algorithm achieves up to 18,074 times faster indexing and 146 times faster kNN query than other state-of-the-art methods.
Explanations of the political gridlock behind international circular economy: Waste Ban narratives in the China-EU cooperation
Authors: Luo Anran , Rodríguez Fabricio , Leipold Sina
Published: July 2022

China and the European Union (EU) signed the first international circular economy (CE) agreement shortly after China issued the ‘Waste Ban’ (WB) on the import of 24 categories of solid waste. While the WB gained global attention, limited research addresses its political implications for international CE. Based on 72 expert interviews, 52 documents and participant observation, we study political WB narratives and corresponding perceptions of ‘Chinese’ and ‘European’ agency in the China-EU case. Our results show a political gridlock in China-EU CE coordination: the main narratives on the WB diverge on the very roles and rules of CE cooperation, scales of implementation, and the assessment criteria for environmentally and socially sustainable CE(s). To enable fruitful CE cooperation, we suggest three critical points for reflection and negotiation: (1) overcome ‘student–teacher’ roles rooted in linear development that run counter to CE ideas; (2) reconsider the focus on international and national waste diversion, instead of local waste prevention, that propels global waste markets sustained by increasing waste volumes; and (3) evaluate both the benefits and impediments of (new) trade relations for a CE cooperation that contributes to environmental and social sustainability.
A crisis in search of a narrative: Australia, COVID-19 and the subjectification of teachers and students in the national interest
Authors: Crome Jennifer
Published: July 2022

Force majeure circumstances, such as those witnessed in the COVID-19 pandemic, have been used to justify new technologies of governance as policy-makers around the world began to realise the magnitude of the problem and its political implications. In Australia, the coronavirus crisis focussed attention on the vital role education plays in society and was used as an opportunity by policy-makers to reinforce an agenda that, over the past two decades, has tied education policy-making to the economy and ‘national interest’. Indeed, Australia’s growing federal involvement, with respect to schooling policy was continued in the pandemic as the Australian Prime Minister (PM) created a national cabinet to deal with the crisis, consisting of the PM and state and territory leaders. However, despite the ongoing ambition of a national policy agenda pursued by federal policy-makers, fault lines appeared. Informed by Foucauldian notions of discourse, governmentality and biopolitics, this paper explores how Australia’s federal Coalition government endeavoured to manage the population at the outset of the pandemic and subjectified teachers as responsible in the service of the economy. While COVID-19 was a crisis in search of a narrative, federal policy-makers experienced pushback as state and territory leaders assumed control and teachers refused subject positions.
Weak compactness and representation in variable exponent Lebesgue spaces on infinite measure spaces
Authors: Hernández Francisco L. , Ruiz César , Sanchiz Mauro
Published: July 2022

Relative weakly compact sets and weak convergence in variable exponent Lebesgue spaces $${L^{p(\cdot )}(\Omega )}$$

L

p
(
·
)

(
Ω
)

for infinite measure spaces $$(\Omega ,\mu )$$

(
Ω
,
μ
)

are characterized. Criteria recently obtained in [14] for finite measures are here extended to the infinite measure case. In particular, it is showed that the inclusions between variable exponent Lebesgue spaces for infinite measures are never L-weakly compact. A lattice isometric representation of $${L^{p(\cdot )}(\Omega )}$$

L

p
(
·
)

(
Ω
)

as a variable exponent space $$L^{q(\cdot )}(0,1)$$

L

q
(
·
)

(
0
,
1
)

is given.
Silicon photomultiplier signal readout and multiplexing techniques for positron emission tomography: a review
Authors: Park Haewook , Yi Minseok , Lee Jae Sung
Published: July 2022

In recent years, silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is replacing the photomultiplier tube (PMT) in positron emission tomography (PET) systems due to its superior properties, such as fast single-photon timing response, small gap between adjacent photosensitive pixels in the array, and insensitivity to magnetic fields. One of the technical challenges when developing SiPM-based PET systems or other position-sensitive radiation detectors is the large number of output channels coming from the SiPM array. Therefore, various signal multiplexing methods have been proposed to reduce the number of output channels and the load on the subsequent data acquisition (DAQ) system. However, the large PN-junction capacitance and quenching resistance of the SiPM yield undesirable resistance–capacitance delay when multiple SiPMs are combined, which subsequently causes the accumulation of dark counts and signal fluctuation of SiPMs. Therefore, without proper SiPM signal handling and processing, the SiPMs may yield worse timing characteristics than the PMTs. This article reviews the evolution of signal readout and multiplexing methods for the SiPM. In this review, we focus primarily on analog electronics for SiPM signal multiplexing, which allows for the reduction of DAQ channels required for the SiPM-based position-sensitive detectors used in PET and other radiation detector systems. Although the applications of most technologies described in the article are not limited to PET systems, the review highlights efforts to improve the physical performance (e.g. spatial, energy, and timing resolutions) of PET detectors and systems.
Loneliness in Autism and Its Association with Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses
Authors: Hymas Rebecca , Badcock Johanna C. , Milne Elizabeth
Published: July 2022

Objectives

This systematic review aimed to quantify differences in loneliness levels between autistic and neurotypical samples and investigate the association between loneliness and mental health in autistic individuals.

Methods

Three meta-analyses were conducted. Studies were methodologically appraised using established tools.

Results

Overall, 39 studies were included. The majority of these achieved moderate methodological quality ratings. The primary meta-analysis (N = 23) found autistic samples reported higher loneliness compared with neurotypical samples (Hedges’ g = .89). The meta-analyses on the associations between loneliness and anxiety (N = 14) and depression (N = 11) in autistic samples found significant pooled correlations (r = .29 and r = .48, respectively).

Conclusions

This review highlights numerous limitations within current autism and loneliness research. Nevertheless, loneliness in autism merits targeted clinical and research attention.
Bounding open space risk with decoupling autoencoders in open set recognition
Authors: Lübbering Max , Gebauer Michael , Ramamurthy Rajkumar , Bauckhage Christian , Sifa Rafet
Published: July 2022

One-vs-Rest (OVR) classification aims to distinguish a single class of interest (COI) from other classes. The concept of novelty detection and robustness to dataset shift becomes crucial in OVR when the scope of the rest class is extended from the classes observed during training to unseen and possibly unrelated classes, a setting referred to as open set recognition (OSR). In this work, we propose a novel architecture, namely decoupling autoencoder (DAE), which provides a proven upper bound on the open space risk and minimizes open space risk via a dedicated training routine. Our method is benchmarked within three different scenarios, each isolating different aspects of OSR, namely plain classification, outlier detection, and dataset shift. The results conclusively show that DAE achieves robust performance across all three tasks. This level of cross-task robustness is not observed for any of the seven potent baselines from the OSR, OVR, outlier detection, and ensembling domain which, apart from ATA (Lübbering et al., From imbalanced classification to supervised outlier detection problems: adversarially trained auto encoders. In: Artificial neural networks and machine learning—ICANN 2020, 2020), tend to fail on either one of the tasks. Similar to DAE, ATA is based on autoencoders and facilitates the reconstruction error to predict the inlierness of a sample. However unlike DAE, it does not provide any uncertainty scores and therefore lacks rudimentary means of interpretation. Our adversarial robustness and local stability results further support DAE’s superiority in the OSR setting, emphasizing its applicability in safety-critical systems.
Current Status, Emerging Challenges, and Future Prospects of Industrial Symbiosis in Africa
Authors: Oni Oluwatosin Omolola , Nevo Chinedu Miracle , Hampo Chima Cyril , Ozobodo KingDavid Onyedika , Olajide Ismail Olayinka , Ibidokun Adebowale Olaolu , Ugwuanyi Mathew Chidera , Nwoha Solomon Uchechukwu , Okonkwo Ugochukwu Udonna , Aransiola Emmanuel Sunday , Ikpeama Chimdi Cynthia
Published: July 2022

The concept of industrial symbiosis have contributed to the achievement of a circular economy—a production and consumption model that promotes sustainability and also benefits countries economically, socially, and environmentally. There exists a variety of literature that highlights several cases of the application of industrial symbiosis in different geographical locations of the world. However, only a few of these studies have investigated its prevalence in Africa. Therefore, the goal of this study is to analyze the few cases of industrial symbiosis in Africa, highlight the current status, the current regulatory context, the challenges to the implementation of this model, and propose new paths for industrial symbiosis in Africa. The study carried out shows that there exists good potential for industrial symbiosis to thrive in Africa, owing to the type of economic activities and the waste generated in Africa. It also shows that if industrial symbiosis is implemented on a larger scale, it would contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, reduce waste, and help Africa make more efficient use of its resources. However, for this to become a reality, concrete, well-thought-out actions must be taken at various levels to encourage all organizations to develop great synergy. Providing specific Industrial symbiosis-focused legislative frameworks, funding intervention from the government, and involvement of the government in the implementation of concise action plans are some aspects that can help increase the prospects of industrial symbiosis in African countries.
Bridging the Gap: Human Emotions and Animal Emotions
Authors: Mendl Michael , Neville Vikki , Paul Elizabeth S.
Published: July 2022

Our experiences of the conscious mental states that we call emotions drive our interest in whether such states also exist in other animals. Because linguistic report can be used as a gold standard (albeit indirect) indicator of subjectiveemotional feelingsin humans but not other species, how can we investigate animal emotions and what exactly do we mean when we use this term? Linguistic reports of human emotion give rise toemotion concepts(discrete emotions; dimensional models), associated objectively measurable behavioral and bodilyemotion indicators, and understanding of theemotion contextsthat generate specific states. We argue that many animal studies implicitly translate human emotionconcepts,indicatorsandcontexts, but that explicit consideration of the underlying pathways of inference, their theoretical basis, assumptions, and pitfalls, and how they relate toconscious emotional feelings, is needed to provide greater clarity and less confusion in the conceptualization and scientific study of animal emotion.
Intimate hygiene practices and reproductive tract infections: A systematic review
Authors: Daher Alaa , Albaini Obey , Siff Lauren , Farah Stephanie , Jallad Karl
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Worldwide, women perform a variety of vaginal practices to enhance their intimate hygiene and sexual health.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review to assess the different kinds of intimate hygiene practices and their association with reproductive tract infections and complications.

Methods

PubMed, Medline and The Cochrane Library were used. Both observational and interventional studies targeting the urogenital infections and their association with hygiene practices were included. Exclusion criteria included studies that assessed the knowledge and attitudes towards intimate hygiene practices rather than their relation to infections. The design of this systematic review complied with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA).

Results

Fifteen articles were included. Intravaginal practices were found to be associated with reproductive tract infections. Reusable absorbent material used during menstruation increased the risk of Candida infection with an adjusted proportional reported ratio (aPRR) of 1.54 (95% CI 1.2–2.0), but no association with bacterial vaginosis ortrichomonas vaginalisinfection was noted. Bathing or vaginal washing during menstruation with water only showed a higher association with symptoms of urogenital infections when compared with washing with both soap and water during menstruation. Drying reusable pads inside the house and storing them inside the toilet was found to be associated with a higher candida infection prevalence. Moreover, bathing in sitting position during menstruation, not drying the genital area or using cloth for drying it, and not paying attention to hand washing, were all associated with a higher risk of genital infections. Finally, postpartum use of native homemade vaginal preparations might be a risk factor for ascending vaginal infections, and the use of inappropriate material for menstrual blood absorption was associated with secondary infertility.

Conclusion

Several hygiene practices put women at higher risk for reproductive tract infections. We should continue to increase awareness to counter the misinformation resulting from marketing campaigns and common misconceptions.
ON ZARDINI’S RULES FOR MULTIPLICATIVE QUANTIFICATION AS THE SOURCE OF CONTRA(DI)CTIONS
Authors: PETERSEN UWE
Published: July 2022

Certain instances of contraction are provable in Zardini’s system
$\mathbf {IK}^\omega $
which causes triviality once a truth predicate and suitable fixed points are available.
A Comparative Study of Vertical Mixing Schemes in Modeling the Bay of Bengal Dynamics
Authors: Tirodkar Siddhesh , Murtugudde Raghu , Behera Manasa R. , Balasubramanian Sridhar
Published: July 2022

The choice of vertical mixing scheme in ocean models plays an important role in modeling the surface and subsurface circulation and the vertical structure. This work performs a comparative study between K‐profile parametrization (KPP) and k‐ϵ mixing schemes for a regional domain in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) using the Modular Ocean Model version 5 (MOM5). It is observed that sea surface temperature (SST) and the mixed layer depth (MLD) show significant improvement with the k‐ϵ mixing scheme. Energetic analysis shows that changes in the viscous dissipation and turbulent buoyancy flux are the primary reason for improvement with k‐ϵ. The overestimation of viscous dissipation in the KPP scheme is corrected by k‐ϵ, resulting in a deeper mixed layer closer to observations. The tendency of buoyancy flux to retain stability in the water column also results in a better representation of SST in k‐ϵ. Overall, we conclude that the k‐ϵ mixing scheme works better for the BoB region.
Statistical Study on Small‐Scale (≤1,000 km) Density Irregularities in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Gu Wenyao , Liu Xu , Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin
Published: July 2022

A statistical survey of small‐scale density irregularities near the magnetic equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere was performed using 7‐year Van Allen Probes data. The cross‐field sizes of these density irregularities are within the order of 1,000 km, corresponding to typical whistler‐mode wave ducts. Spatial distributions on L‐shells and magnetic local times as well as temporal distributions on geomagnetic indices were analyzed using density data in the plasmasphere, the plasmasphere boundary layer (PBL), and the plasma trough. Inside the plasmasphere, the density fluctuations occur predominantly in the night and dawn sectors at L = 2.5–5. They occur far from PBL and show no significant relation with geomagnetic indices. In the PBL at L > 4.5 and the plasma trough, density irregularities are concentrated in post‐midnight during quiet times and extend to all night sectors during active times. Density fluctuation values in the PBL are much higher than those in the other two regions. We discuss connections of irregularities deep inside the plasmasphere to ionospheric electric field disturbances and those in and near the PBL to interchange instabilities.
Intrinsic Dimensionality as a Metric for the Impact of Mission Design Parameters
Authors: Cawse‐Nicholson K. , Raiho A. M. , Thompson D. R. , Hulley G. C. , Miller C. E. , Miner K. R. , Poulter B. , Schimel D. , Schneider F. D. , Townsend P. A. , Zareh S. K.
Published: July 2022

High‐resolution space‐based spectral imaging of the Earth's surface delivers critical information for monitoring changes in the Earth system as well as resource management and utilization. Orbiting spectrometers are built according to multiple design parameters, including ground sampling distance (GSD), spectral resolution, temporal resolution, and signal‐to‐noise ratio. Different applications drive divergent instrument designs, so optimization for wide‐reaching missions is complex. The Surface Biology and Geology component of NASA's Earth System Observatory addresses science questions and meets applications needs across diverse fields, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, natural disasters, and the cryosphere. The algorithms required to generate the geophysical variables from the observed spectral imagery each have their own inherent dependencies and sensitivities, and weighting these objectively is challenging. Here, we introduce intrinsic dimensionality (ID), a measure of information content, as an applications‐agnostic, data‐driven metric to quantify performance sensitivity to various design parameters. ID is computed through the analysis of the eigenvalues of the image covariance matrix, and can be thought of as the number of significant principal components. This metric is extremely powerful for quantifying the information content in high‐dimensional data, such as spectrally resolved radiances and their changes over space and time. We find that the ID decreases for coarser GSD, decreased spectral resolution and range, less frequent acquisitions, and lower signal‐to‐noise levels. This decrease in information content has implications for all derived products. ID is simple to compute, providing a single quantitative standard to evaluate combinations of design parameters, irrespective of higher‐level algorithms, products, applications, or disciplines.
Integrating Connectivity Into Hydrodynamic Models: An Automated Open‐Source Method to Refine an Unstructured Mesh Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Wright Kyle , Passalacqua Paola , Simard Marc , Jones Cathleen E.
Published: July 2022

Hydrodynamic models are an essential tool for studying the movement of water and other materials across the Earth surface. However, models remain limited by practical constraints on size and resolution, particularly in coastal environments containing topologically complex and multi‐scale channel/wetland networks. Unstructured meshes have helped address this problem by allowing resolution to vary spatially, and many models support local mesh refinement using breaklines or internal regions‐of‐interest. However, there remains no standardized, objective, or easily reproducible method to implement internal features between different users. The present study aims to address whether remote sensing can fill in that gap, by embedding information about landscape structure and connectivity directly into model meshes. We present an automated image processing methodology for preserving dynamically active connected features in the unstructured shallow‐water model ANUGA, while reducing computational demand in less active areas of the domain. The Unstructured Mesh Refinement Method (UMRM) converts a binary input raster into a collection of closed, simple polygons which can be used to refine the mesh, meanwhile preserving connectivity and enforcing model‐related constraints. We apply this workflow to a large‐scale model of two coastal river deltas, and refine our mesh using time‐series of optical Planet imagery, InSAR measurements of water level change, and topographic data. We compare the results of the connectivity‐preserving mesh to results from a mesh using a uniform mesh resolution, and find that the UMRM decreased the computational demand by a third, without any discernible loss in accuracy when compared to in‐situ and remotely sensed water level measurements.
Reconstruction of the Regional Total Electron Content Maps Over the Korean Peninsula Using Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network and Poisson Blending
Authors: Jeong Se‐Heon , Lee Woo Kyoung , Jang Soojeong , Kil Hyosub , Kim Jeong‐Heon , Kwak Young‐Sil , Kim Yong Ha , Hong Junseok , Choi Byung‐Kyu
Published: July 2022

This study reconstructs total electron content (TEC) maps in the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula by employing a deep convolutional generative adversarial network and Poisson blending (DCGAN‐PB). Our interest is to rebuild small‐scale ionosphere structures on the TEC map in a local region where pronounced ionospheric structures, such as the equatorial ionization anomaly, are absent. The reconstructed regional TEC maps have a domain of 120°–135.5°E longitude and 25.5°–41°N latitude with 0.5° resolution. To achieve this, we first train a DCGAN model by using the International Reference Ionosphere‐based TEC maps from 2002 to 2019 (except for 2010 and 2014) as a training data set. Next, the trained DCGAN model generates synthetic complete TEC maps from observation‐based incomplete TEC maps. Final TEC maps are produced by blending of synthetic TEC maps with observed TEC data by PB. The performance of the DCGAN‐PB model is evaluated by testing the regeneration of the masked TEC observations in 2010 (solar minimum) and 2014 (solar maximum). Our results show that a good correlation between the masked and model‐generated TEC values is maintained even with a large percentage (∼80%) of masking. The performance of the DCGAN‐PB model is not sensitive to local time, solar activity, and magnetic activity. Thus, the DCGAN‐PB model can reconstruct fine ionospheric structures in regions where observations are sparse and distinguishing ionospheric structures are absent. This model can contribute to near real‐time monitoring of the ionosphere by immediately providing complete TEC maps.
Views of health care users and providers: Solutions to improve the prevention of secondary health conditions among people with spinal cord injury, South Africa
Authors: Pilusa Sonti , Myezwa Hellen , Potterton Joanne
Published: July 2022

Study design

Explorative- qualitative study.

Objective

This study explored solutions to improve the prevention of secondary health conditions in people with spinal cord injury.

Setting

Rehabilitation hospital, South Africa.

Methods

Face to face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 therapists and 17 people with spinal cord injury at a public rehabilitation hospital. All the interviews were transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was conducted on the transcripts to identify proposed solutions to improve the prevention of secondary health conditions.

Results

The main theme that emerged was access to adequate health care. The categories linked to the main theme were: availability of health services, patient-centred care, strengthening rehabilitation care, access to resources and training health professionals.

Conclusions

Access to adequate health is central to preventing and managing secondary health conditions. Care for people with spinal cord injury needs to be empowering and address rehabilitation care needs across the lifespan. The proposed solutions will inform the development of a prevention care model for secondary health conditions in people with spinal cord injury.
Interplay of Nrf2 and BACH1 in inducing ferroportin expression and enhancing resistance of human macrophages towards ferroptosis
Authors: Namgaladze Dmitry , Fuhrmann Dominik C. , Brüne Bernhard
Published: July 2022

Compared to cancer cells, macrophages are inert to lipid peroxidation-triggered, iron-dependent cell death known as ferroptosis. Mechanisms underlying macrophage resistance towards ferroptosis are largely obscure. Here, we show that human primary macrophages respond to RSL3, a ferroptosis-inducing inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4, by upregulating mRNA expression of the iron transporter ferroportin. RSL3 induces lipid peroxidation, and both, lipid peroxidation as well as ferroportin induction were attenuated by liproxstatin-1, an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis blocker. At the same time, system xc– inhibitor erastin fails to elicit lipid peroxidation or ferroportin expression. Ferroportin induction in response to RSL3 demands nuclear accumulation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 and downregulation of the transcriptional repressor BACH1. Silencing ferroportin or Nrf2 increases the cellular labile iron pool and lipid peroxidation, thereby sensitizing cells towards ferroptosis following RSL3 treatments. In contrast, silencing BACH1 decreases the labile iron pool and lipid peroxidation, enhancing macrophage resistance towards ferroptosis. Our findings reveal Nrf2, BACH1, and ferroportin as important regulators, protecting human macrophages against ferroptosis.
The splicing factor SF3B4 drives proliferation and invasion in cervical cancer by regulating SPAG5
Authors: Li Yingwei , Diao Yuchao , Wang Zixiang , Wang Shourong , Peng Jiali , Kong Beihua
Published: July 2022

Regulation of alternative splicing (AS) by the splicing factor 3b (SF3B) family plays an essential role in cancer. However, the biological function of SF3B family members in cervical cancer (CC) needs to be further elucidated. In this study, we found that splicing factor 3b subunit 4 (SF3B4) was highly expressed in CC by bioinformatics analysis using cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Then, we demonstrated that high expression of SF3B4 promoted proliferation and invasion abilities of CC cells in vitro and in vivo and that reduced expression of SF3B4 performed the opposite effect. Further RNA-seq and AS analysis showed that sperm-associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) was a downstream target gene of SF3B4. Interestingly, SPAG5 expression was decreased after SF3B4 knockdown because of retained introns (RIs) and reduced maturation of SPAG5 pre-mRNA. Importantly, SPAG5 deficiency impaired the oncogenic effects of SF3B4 overexpression on CC cells. In conclusion, SF3B4 promotes CC progression by regulating the effective splicing of SPAG5. SF3B4 could be a promising target for CC.
ZnT8 loss-of-function accelerates functional maturation of hESC-derived β cells and resists metabolic stress in diabetes
Authors: Ma Qing , Xiao Yini , Xu Wenjun , Wang Menghan , Li Sheng , Yang Zhihao , Xu Minglu , Zhang Tengjiao , Zhang Zhen-Ning , Hu Rui , Su Qiang , Yuan Fei , Xiao Tinghui , Wang Xuan , He Qing , Zhao Jiaxu , Chen Zheng-jun , Sheng Zhejin , Chai Mengyao , Wang Hong , Shi Weiyang , Deng Qiaolin , Cheng Xin , Li Weida
Published: July 2022

Human embryonic stem cell-derived β cells (SC-β cells) hold great promise for treatment of diabetes, yet how to achieve functional maturation and protect them against metabolic stresses such as glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity remains elusive. Our single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that ZnT8 loss of function (LOF) accelerates the functional maturation of SC-β cells. As a result, ZnT8 LOF improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by releasing the negative feedback of zinc inhibition on insulin secretion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ZnT8 LOF mutations endow SC-β cells with resistance to lipotoxicity/glucotoxicity-triggered cell death by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through modulation of zinc levels. Importantly, transplantation of SC-β cells with ZnT8 LOF into mice with preexisting diabetes significantly improves glycemia restoration and glucose tolerance. These findings highlight the beneficial effect of ZnT8 LOF on the functional maturation and survival of SC-β cells that are useful as a potential source for cell replacement therapies.
Super-broadband on-chip continuous spectral translation unlocking coherent optical communications beyond conventional telecom bands
Authors: Kong Deming , Liu Yong , Ren Zhengqi , Jung Yongmin , Kim Chanju , Chen Yong , Wheeler Natalie V. , Petrovich Marco N. , Pu Minhao , Yvind Kresten , Galili Michael , Oxenløwe Leif K. , Richardson David J. , Hu Hao
Published: July 2022

Today’s optical communication systems are fast approaching their capacity limits in the conventional telecom bands. Opening up new wavelength bands is becoming an appealing solution to the capacity crunch. However, this ordinarily requires the development of optical transceivers for any new wavelength band, which is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we present an on-chip continuous spectral translation method that leverages existing commercial transceivers to unlock the vast and currently unused potential new wavelength bands. The spectral translators are continuous-wave laser pumped aluminum gallium arsenide on insulator (AlGaAsOI) nanowaveguides that provide a continuous conversion bandwidth over an octave. We demonstrate coherent transmission in the 2-μm band using well-developed conventional C-band transmitters and coherent receivers, as an example of the potential of the spectral translators that could also unlock communications at other wavelength bands. We demonstrate 318.25-Gbit s−1Nyquist wavelength-division multiplexed coherent transmission over a 1.15-km hollow-core fibre using this approach. Our demonstration paves the way for transmitting, detecting, and processing signals at wavelength bands beyond the capability of today’s devices.
Endless Dirac nodal lines in kagome-metal Ni3In2S2
Authors: Zhang Tiantian , Yilmaz T. , Vescovo E. , Li H. X. , Moore R. G. , Lee H. N. , Miao H. , Murakami S. , McGuire M. A.
Published: July 2022

Topological semimetals are a frontier of quantum materials. In multiband electronic systems, topological band crossings can form closed curves, known as nodal lines. In the presence of spin–orbit coupling and/or symmetry-breaking operations, topological nodal lines can break into Dirac/Weyl nodes and give rise to interesting transport properties, such as the chiral anomaly and giant anomalous Hall effect. Recently, the time-reversal symmetry-breaking induced Weyl fermions are observed in a kagome-metal Co3Sn2S2, triggering interests in nodal-line excitations in multiband kagome systems. Here, using first-principles calculations and symmetry-based indicator theories, we find six endless nodal lines along the stacking direction of kagome layers and two nodal rings in the kagome plane in nonmagnetic Ni3In2S2. The linear dipsersive electronic structure, confirmed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, induces large magnetoresistance up to 2000% at 9 T. Our results establish a diverse topological landscape of multiband kagome metals.
Sensory sweetness and sourness interactive response of sucrose-citric acid mixture based on synergy and antagonism
Authors: Mao Yuezhong , Tian Shiyi , Qin Yumei , Chen Shiwen
Published: July 2022

The clarity of taste sensation interaction is a key basis for promoting the food sensory science research and its application to the beverage and food additive industries. This study explored the synergy and antagonism effect of sucrose-citric acid mixture and established an optimized method to determine the human sweetness and sourness interactive response. Sucrose-citric acid mixtures were evaluated by the “close type” question. According to the sensory difference strength curves and Weber–Fechner law, citric acid increased the sucrose’s absolute threshold (0.424–0.624%) and weber fraction (20.5–33.0%). Meanwhile, sucrose increased citric acid’s absolute threshold (0.0057–0.0082%) and decreased its weber fraction (17.96–9.53%). By fitting absolute threshold and weber fraction variation equations, the sweet–sour taste sensory strength variation models (SSTVM) were derived, which could be used to explain the synergy and antagonism effect of sweet–sour taste. According to the SSTVM, the interactive response to sweet–sour taste could be quantitatively calculated. The high coincidence between SSTVM and human evaluation (1.02% of relative error) indicated that it could be applied in the food industry, health management, and intelligent sensory science.
Redesigning navigational aids using virtual global landmarks to improve spatial knowledge retrieval
Authors: Liu Jia , Singh Avinash Kumar , Wunderlich Anna , Gramann Klaus , Lin Chin-Teng
Published: July 2022

Although beacon- and map-based spatial strategies are the default strategies for navigation activities, today’s navigational aids mostly follow a beacon-based design where one is provided with turn-by-turn instructions. Recent research, however, shows that our reliance on these navigational aids is causing a decline in our spatial skills. We are processing less of our surrounding environment and relying too heavily on the instructions given. To reverse this decline, we need to engage more in map-based learning, which encourages the user to process and integrate spatial knowledge into a cognitive map built to benefit flexible and independent spatial navigation behaviour. In an attempt to curb our loss of skills, we proposed a navigation assistant to support map-based learning during active navigation. Called the virtual global landmark (VGL) system, this augmented reality (AR) system is based on the kinds of techniques used in traditional orienteering. Specifically, a notable landmark is always present in the user’s sight, allowing the user to continuously compute where they are in relation to that specific location. The efficacy of the unit as a navigational aid was tested in an experiment with 27 students from the University of Technology Sydney via a comparison of brain dynamics and behaviour. From an analysis of behaviour and event-related spectral perturbation, we found that participants were encouraged to process more spatial information with a map-based strategy where a silhouette of the compass-like landmark was perpetually in view. As a result of this technique, they consistently navigated with greater efficiency and better accuracy.
Measuring the gaps in drinking water quality and policy across regional and remote Australia
Authors: Wyrwoll Paul R. , Manero Ana , Taylor Katherine S. , Rose Evie , Quentin Grafton R.
Published: July 2022

Drinking water quality remains a persistent challenge across regional and remote Australia. We reviewed public reporting by 177 utilities and conducted a national assessment of reported exceedances against the health-based and aesthetic guideline values of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG). Four definitions of a basic level of drinking water quality were tested to quantify service gaps across regional and remote areas of each subnational jurisdiction in 2018–2019. At least 25,245 people across 99 locations with populations <1000 reportedly accessed water services that did not comply with health-based guideline values. Including larger towns and water systems, the estimated service gap rises to at least 194,572 people across more than 115 locations. Considering health parameters and the ADWG definition of ‘good’ aesthetic characteristics, the reported service gap rises further to at least 627,736 people across 408 locations. Forty percent of all locations with recorded health exceedances were remote Indigenous communities. Monitoring and reporting gaps indicate that the actual incidence of non-compliance with the guideline values of the ADWG could be much higher than our estimates. Our results quantified the divergence in the assessment of water quality outcomes between Sustainable Development Goal Target 6.1 and the ADWG, demonstrated disparities between service levels in capital cities and the rest of Australia, and highlighted the need for place-based solutions. The methods and dataset provide a ‘proof-of-concept’ for an Australian national drinking water quality database to guide government investments in water services.
A 0.01-degree gridded precipitation dataset for Japan, 1926-2020
Authors: Hatono Misako , Kiguchi Masashi , Yoshimura Kei , Kanae Shinjiro , Kuraji Koichiro , Oki Taikan
Published: July 2022

We developed a 0.01-degree gridded precipitation dataset of Japan based on historical observation datasets covering 1926 to 2020. Historical observations conducted by the Japan Meteorological Agency and other Japanese bureaucratic agencies were spatially interpolated using the inverse distance weighting method at daily and hourly temporal resolutions. Optimal parameterization for our interpolation process was selected by comparing interpolated results of various parameter combinations with precipitation observation conducted by the University of Tokyo Forests. We conducted cross-validation for over 1,000 stations with sufficient data throughout our data period and verified our product can reproduce the temporal variability of local precipitation. The strong points of our precipitation dataset are its high spatiotemporal resolution and the abundance of point precipitation source data. We expect our dataset to be highly relevant to various future studies as it can serve multiple purposes such as forcing data for hydrological models or a database for analyzing the characteristics of historical rainfall events.