bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animal Models of Peritoneal Dialysis: Thirty Years of Our Own Experience
Authors: Pawlaczyk Krzysztof , Baum Ewa , Schwermer Krzysztof , Hoppe Krzysztof , Lindholm Bengt , Breborowicz Andrzej
Published: July 2015

Experimental animal models improve our understanding of technical problems in peritoneal dialysis PD, and such studies contribute to solving crucial clinical problems. We established an acute and chronic PD model in nonuremic and uremic rats. We observed that kinetics of PD in rats change as the animals are aging, and this effect is due not only to an increasing peritoneal surface area, but also to changes in the permeability of the peritoneum. Changes of the peritoneal permeability seen during chronic PD in rats are comparable to results obtained in humans treated with PD. Effluent dialysate can be drained repeatedly to measure concentration of various bioactive molecules and to correlate the results with the peritoneal permeability. Additionally we can study inin vitroconditions properties of the effluent dialysate on cultured peritoneal mesothelial cells or fibroblasts. We can evaluate acute and chronic effect of various additives to the dialysis fluid on function and permeability of the peritoneum. Results from such study are even more relevant to the clinical scenario when experiments are performed in uremic rats. Our experimental animal PD model not only helps to understand the pathophysiology of PD but also can be used for testing biocompatibility of new PD fluids.
Preventing Drug-Induced Liver Injury: How Useful Are Animal Models?
Authors: Ballet François
Published: July 2015

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common organ toxicity encountered in regulatory animal toxicology studies required prior to the clinical development of new drug candidates. Very few reports have evaluated the value of these studies for predicting DILI in humans. Indeed, compounds inducing liver toxicity in regulatory toxicology studies are not always correlated with a risk of DILI in humans. Conversely, compounds associated with the occurrence of DILI in phase 3 studies or after market release are often tested negative in regulatory toxicology studies. Idiosyncratic DILI is a rare event that is precipitated in an individual by the simultaneous occurrence of several critical factors. These factors may relate to the host (e.g. human leukocyte antigen polymorphism, inflammation), the drug (e.g. reactive metabolites) or the environment (e.g. diet/microbiota). This type of toxicity therefore cannot be detected in conventional animal toxicology studies. Several animal models have recently been proposed for the identification of drugs with the potential to cause idiosyncratic DILI: rats treated with lipopolysaccharide, Sod2+/- mice, panels of inbred mouse strains or chimeric mice with humanized livers. These models are not suitable for use in the prospective screening of new drug candidates. Humans therefore constitute the best model for predicting and assessing idiopathic DILI.
Hepatic Fibrosis: Emerging Therapies
Authors: Friedman Scott L.
Published: July 2015

There has been tremendous progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, which has created new opportunities for the treatment of this condition. Clinical evidence of fibrosis reversibility has established that the liver has the capacity to resorb scar tissue, and future therapies will be based in part on this insight. Additionally, the paradigm of hepatic stellate cell activation provides an important template for defining targets of antifibrotic therapy. Opportunities abound to accelerate drug approvals once biomarkers are improved and endpoints of clinical trials are better defined. Overall, there is heartening evidence that fibrosis is a tractable consequence of chronic liver disease that will be amenable to therapy even when the underlying disease has not been cured.
Molecular Profiling and Research of Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Rizvi Sumera , Gores Gregory J.
Published: July 2015

The heterogeneous nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a challenge to effective therapy. Significant strides have been made in molecular profiling. Telomerase promoter mutations are now known to represent early events in linear carcinogenesis. However, the translation of these advances into clinical practice has been limited. Although further work is needed to extrapolate genetic information to patient care, progress has been made in using genetics and stratification for HCC therapy. Targeted therapies for patients with c-MET overexpression, VEGF-A amplification and Wnt β-catenin-driven tumors offer promise.
Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Cirrhosis
Authors: Bailly François , Pradat Pierre , Virlogeux Victor , Zoulim Fabien
Published: July 2015

Background: Opportunities to treat infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are evolving rapidly. From the introduction of interferon (IFN)-α monotherapy in the early 1990s to the approval of telaprevir- and boceprevir-based triple therapies with pegylated (PEG)-IFN-α and ribavirin (RBV) in 2011, the chances of curing patients infected with HCV genotype 1 have improved dramatically to reach approximately 70%. Significant further improvements that may cure virtually all HCV patients with an all-oral, IFN-free regimen are becoming progressively available. Key Messages: Historically, a PEG-IFN/RBV combination therapy of patients with liver cirrhosis was associated with lower virological rates and a worse safety profile. The advent of the first protease inhibitor-based triple therapy was long expected, but the promise fell rapidly because of the numerous side effects and the requirement for intensive clinical management in cirrhotic patients. The newer direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) target the viral polymerase with either nucleos(t)ide analogues or nonnucleosidic inhibitors, the viral protease and the viral NS5A protein. Several clinical trials have now shown that a combination of sofosbuvir (nucleosidic polymerase inhibitor) with daclatasvir or ledipasvir (NS5A inhibitors), or sofosbuvir with simeprevir (protease inhibitor), or a combination of ABT-450 (protease inhibitor) with ritonavir (ABT-450/r), the nonnucleosidic polymerase inhibitor ABT-333 and the NS5A inhibitor ABT-267, can achieve a sustained virological response in up to 95% of naive patients or previously treated patients, even in those who failed prior treatment with first-generation protease inhibitors. The best treatment regimens enable the achievement of comparable results even in cirrhotics, while other regimens still require RBV or a longer treatment duration to achieve optimal results. This improved risk/benefit ratio justifies early access programs of IFN-free regimens for cirrhotic patients. The remaining difficult-to-treat patients are cirrhotics infected with HCV genotype 3 and those with decompensated cirrhosis, for whom novel DAA combinations should be evaluated in clinical trials. Conclusions: As new DAAs are becoming available in early access treatment programs, treatment strategy studies are being performed to optimize treatment regimens with respect to the choice of DAAs and treatment duration, based on viral genotypes, prior treatment response and the presence of liver cirrhosis. In the near future, this should allow: (i) a decrease in the complications of HCV-induced cirrhosis, (ii) liver transplantations to be performed in virally cured patients, and (iii) the rescue of patients in the worst clinical situation (decompensated cirrhosis and HCV recurrence on liver graft).
Gender Differences and Predictors of Mortality in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Analysis from the National Inpatient Sample 2009-2010 Database
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Parasuram , Garg Jalaj , Sharma Abhishek , Palaniswamy Chandrasekar , Shah Neeraj , Lanier Gregg , Patel Nainesh C. , Lavie Carl J. , Ahmad Hasan
Published: July 2015

Objectives: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is characterized by left-ventricle apical ballooning with elevated cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes similar to an acute coronary syndrome. We studied the prevalence, in-hospital mortality, and predictors of mortality in TC. Methods: All patients ≥18 years of age diagnosed with TC were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2009-2010 database using the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 429.83. Demographics, conventional risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and tobacco abuse), acute critical illnesses like sepsis, acute cerebrovascular disease (cerebrovascular accident; CVA), acute respiratory insufficiency, and acute renal failure, and chronic conditions (anxiety, depression, and malignancy) were studied. Results: The prevalence of TC was 0.02% (n = 7,510). The total in-hospital mortality rate was 2.4%, with a higher mortality in men (4.8%) than in women (2.1%). Sepsis (9 vs. 4.2%; p < 0.01) was more prevalent in men with an increased prevalence of other critical illness, although this was not statistically significant. Age (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09), malignancy (OR 3.38; 95% CI 1.35-8.41), acute renal failure (OR 5.4; 95% CI 2.2-13.7), acute CVA (OR 9.4; 95% CI 2.96-29.8), and acute respiratory failure (OR 11.1; 95% CI 3.9-31.1) predicted mortality in fully adjusted models. Conclusion: A higher mortality was seen in men, likely related to the increased prevalence of acute critical illnesses, ventricular arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac arrest. Acute CVA and respiratory failure were the strongest predictors of mortality.
Primary Cutaneous Chrysosporium Infection following Ear Piercing: A Case Report
Authors: Suchonwanit Poonkiat , Chaiyabutr Chayada , Vachiramon Vasanop
Published: July 2015

Chrysosporium is a large genus of saprophytic fungi that is commonly found in the soil. Infection caused by this organism is rare in humans and typically occurs in immunocompromised patients. Primary cutaneous Chrysosporium infection is relatively rare and has been reported in a heart transplant patient. The prognosis is usually favorable, but very poor in the setting of persistent profound immunosuppression. We herein report a case of primary cutaneous Chrysosporium infection following ear piercing in an immunocompetent patient. It is important for clinicians to consider this condition in patients with slow-onset skin and soft tissue infection following cutaneous injury, even in an immunocompetent setting.
Diet of larval Ambystoma rivulare (Caudata: Ambystomatidae), a threatened salamander from the Volcán Nevado de Toluca, Mexico
Authors: Lemos-Espinal Julio A. , Smith Geoffrey R. , Woolrich-Piña Guillermo A. , Montoya-Ayala Raymundo
Published: July 2015

Several species of salamander in the genus Ambystoma occur in the mountains surrounding Mexico City and are considered at risk of extinction. However, little is known about their ecology and natural history. The Toluca Stream Siredon (Ambystoma rivulare) is classified as “Data Deficient” by the IUCN, and considered “Threatened” under Mexican law. From October 2013 to September 2014, we examined the diet of larval A. rivulare from a stream on the Volcán Nevado de Toluca in Mexico to provide insight into the suitability of the habitat to support this population of salamanders. Ostracods accounted for approximately 90% of all prey items consumed by larval A. rivulare. The number of ostracods found in stomachs increased with individual body size, but the proportion of ostracods in stomachs did not vary with body size. Nematodes were observed in approximately one third of the stomachs we examined. The diversity of prey in the diet of A. rivulare in the stream we studied is low and dominated by a single prey taxon, ostracods. Our results suggest that if environmental conditions in the stream change such that ostracods are negatively affected then the long-term persistence of this population of A. rivulare might be in jeopardy.
The relationship between perch type and aggressive behavior in the lizard Norops polylepis (Squamata: Dactyloidae)
Authors: Jiménez Randall R. , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Jorengeth Abad
Published: July 2015

The intensity of aggression against intruders by owners of a territory has been related to the type of resources available to an individual within its territory. The influence of perch-site characteristics on aggressive behavior of resident male Norops polylepis in presence of an intruder male was investigated in this study. At each perch site, pairwise encounters were conducted in which the aggressive behavior of resident males was recorded, along with the diameter of the perch and the number of nearby perches. Aggressive behavior of resident males increased on larger perches and to some extent in areas having greater density of nearby saplings. Potential explanations for the high aggressive behavior of N. polylepis on broad perches with high number of neighboring saplings are explored.
Platelet Inhibitors Reduce Rupture in a Mouse Model of Established Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Owens A. Phillip , Edwards Todd L. , Antoniak Silvio , Geddings Julia E. , Jahangir Eiman , Wei Wei-Qi , Denny Joshua C. , Boulaftali Yacine , Bergmeier Wolfgang , Daugherty Alan , Sampson Uchechukwu K.A. , Mackman Nigel
Published: July 2015

Objective—

Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms causes a high morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. Platelet-rich thrombi form on the surface of aneurysms and may contribute to disease progression. In this study, we used a pharmacological approach to examine a role of platelets in established aneurysms induced by angiotensin II infusion into hypercholesterolemic mice.

Approach and Results—

Administration of the platelet inhibitors aspirin or clopidogrel bisulfate to established abdominal aortic aneurysms dramatically reduced rupture. These platelet inhibitors reduced abdominal aortic platelet and macrophage recruitment resulting in decreased active matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Platelet inhibitors also resulted in reduced plasma concentrations of platelet factor 4, cytokines, and components of the plasminogen activation system in mice. To determine the validity of these findings in human subjects, a cohort of aneurysm patients were retrospectively analyzed using developed and validated algorithms in the electronic medical record database at Vanderbilt University. Similar to mice, administration of aspirin or P2Y
12
inhibitors was associated with reduced death among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Conclusions—

These results suggest that platelets contribute to abdominal aortic aneurysm progression and rupture.
Exercise and the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Lavie Carl J. , Arena Ross , Swift Damon L. , Johannsen Neil M. , Sui Xuemei , Lee Duck-chul , Earnest Conrad P. , Church Timothy S. , O’Keefe James H. , Milani Richard V. , Blair Steven N.
Published: July 2015

Substantial evidence has established the value of high levels of physical activity, exercise training (ET), and overall cardiorespiratory fitness in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This article reviews some basics of exercise physiology and the acute and chronic responses of ET, as well as the effect of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on cardiovascular diseases. This review also surveys data from epidemiological and ET studies in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary heart disease and heart failure. These data strongly support the routine prescription of ET to all patients and referrals for patients with cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease and heart failure, to specific cardiac rehabilitation and ET programs.
Patient-Level Discordance in Population Percentiles of the Total Cholesterol to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio in Comparison With Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: Elshazly Mohamed B. , Quispe Renato , Michos Erin D. , Sniderman Allan D. , Toth Peter P. , Banach Maciej , Kulkarni Krishnaji R. , Coresh Josef , Blumenthal Roger S. , Jones Steven R. , Martin Seth S.
Published: July 2015

Background—

The total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio, estimated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and non–HDL-C are routinely available from the standard lipid profile. We aimed to assess the extent of patient-level discordance of TC/HDL-C with LDL-C and non–HDL-C, because discordance suggests the possibility of additional information.

Methods and Results—

We compared population percentiles of TC/HDL-C, Friedewald-estimated LDL-C, and non–HDL-C in 1 310 432 US adults from the Very Large Database of Lipids. Lipid testing was performed by ultracentrifugation (Vertical Auto Profile, Atherotech, AL). One in 3 patients had ≥25 percentile units discordance between TC/HDL-C and LDL-C, whereas 1 in 4 had ≥25 percentile units discordance between TC/HDL-C and non–HDL-C. The proportion of patients with TC/HDL-C > LDL-C by ≥25 percentile units increased from 3% at triglycerides <100 mg/dL to 51% at triglycerides 200 to 399 mg/dL. On a smaller scale, TC/HDL-C > non–HDL-C discordance by ≥25 percentile units increased from 6% to 21%. In those with <15th percentile levels of LDL-C (<70 mg/dL) or non–HDL-C (<93 mg/dL), a respective 58% and 46% were above the percentile-equivalent TC/HDL-C of 2.6. Age, sex, and directly measured components of the standard lipid profile explained >86% of the variance in percentile discordance between TC/HDL-C versus LDL-C and non–HDL-C.

Conclusions—

In this contemporary, cross-sectional, big data analysis of US adults who underwent advanced lipid testing, the extent of patient-level discordance suggests that TC/HDL-C may offer potential additional information to LDL-C and non–HDL-C. Future studies are required to determine the clinical implications of this observation.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01698489.
Patronage and Personal Bonds in the Early Nineteenth Century Green Standards
Authors: Bonk James
Published: July 2015

By 1840, a cohort of Chinese officers with strong personal bonds, forged through shared experiences of war and the patronage of a powerful commander named Yang Yuchun (1762-1837), had come to dominate the upper ranks of the Green Standards, the largely Chinese branch of the Qing (1644-1911) military. This article looks at how these bonds emerged during the Miao Revolt (1795) and White Lotus War (1796-1804) and then were consolidated during Yang Yuchun’s lengthy tenures as provincial commander-in-chief of Guyuan and then Shaan-Gan governor-general. It also explores the discourse through which officers validated the cultivation of personal bonds in the face of a military system designed to prevent the formation of personal loyalties. The article argues that the image of the Green Standards as a largely impersonal military force, in contrast with the “personal armies” of the Taiping War period (1850-1864), needs to be reconsidered.
A Garrison in Time Saves Nine
Authors: Kim Loretta E.
Published: July 2015

In 1882 the Qing dynasty government established the Xing’an garrison in Heilongjiang to counteract the impact of Russian exploration and territorial expansion into the region. The Xing’an garrison was only operative for twelve years before closing down. What may seem to be an unmitigated failure of military and civil administrative planning was in fact a decisive attempt to contend with the challenges of governing borderland people rather than merely shoring up physical territorial limits. The Xing’an garrison arose out of the need to “draw in” the Yafahan Orochen population, one that had developed close relations with Russians through trade and social interaction. This article demonstrates that while building a garrison did not achieve the intended goal of strengthening control over the Yafahan Orochen, it was one of several measures the Qing employed to shape the human frontier in this critical borderland.
Uca cryptica Naderloo, Türkay & Chen, 2010 (Crustacea: Brachyura:
Ocypodidae) is no longer cryptic
Authors: MICHIE LAURA A. , CRAGG SIMON M. , BARNES R. S. K. , BENNETT WAYNE A.
Published: July 2015

Uca cryptica Naderloo, Türkay & Chen, 2010, was originally described from four male specimens found in museum collections without any information regarding the site of collection. We present the first recorded field observations of this species and new morphological features. Specimens were observed and collected in the Wakatobi National Park, on the island of Kaledupa, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Colouration of both males and females is described and ecology and distribution are noted. Uca cryptica has been seen coexisting with nine other species; one of the highest recorded numbers of Uca species living in sympatry.
A new record of Chironomus (Chironomus) acidophilus Keyl (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Uzon volcanic caldera (Kronotsky Reserve, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia), its karyotype, ecology and biology
Authors: OREL OKSANA V. , LOBKOVA LUDMILA E. , ZHIROV SERGEY V. , PETROVA NINEL A.
Published: July 2015

Morphology, cytology, ecology and biology of Holarctic Chironomus (Chironomus) acidophilus Keyl, 1960 (Diptera, Chironomidae) was examined from material collected in the geothermal Vosmerka Lake (pH=2.0–2.5). An illustrated redescription of C. acidophilus is given on the basis of adult males reared from field-collected pupae, and of simultaneously collected larvae. Additional larvae belonging to the pseudothummi-complex were identified as C. acidophilus on the basis of their karyotype. The karyotype of C. acidophilus (2n=8) and detailed mapping of the 4 chromosome arms A, E, D and F are provided. The population of C. acidophilus from Kamchatka was found to be karyologically monomorphic. Information on distribution and ecology of C. acidophilus from Vosmerka Lake (total mineralization 1583.5 mg/l) is also given. Chironomus acidophilus is the only species of aquatic insects recorded in this lake. Lack of competition and a richness of food resources contribute to the high abundance (35161 ind./m2) and biomass (11.342 g/m2) of the larvae of C. acidophilus in Vosmerka Lake.
Further records and descriptions of the plant bug subfamily Phylinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) from Thailand
Authors: YASUNAGA TOMOHIDE , DUWAL RAM KESHARI
Published: July 2015

Eleven new species of the plant bug subfamily Phylinae are described: Campylomma koraticola, C. nanna, C. pimai, C. salaciella, Cleotomiris levigatus, Cl. sakaeratensis, Cl. similissimus, Decomia anthophila, Malaysiamiris nigrescens, Rubrocuneocoris anandros and Sejanus adustopaca. In addition, Campylomma chitwanensis, which described originally from southeastern Nepal, is confirmed in Thailand and diagnosed, and the female is documented for the first time as well. Photographic images of live individuals are figured for most new species, and those for C. chitwanensis and Decomia taksini are presented for the first time. An annotated checklist of all currently known taxa including new distributional records, also from neighboring Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, is provided. Some additional photographic images are also presented for little known taxa. The genus Artchawakomius Yasunaga of the tribe Hallodapini is proposed to place in Leucophoropterini. And furthermore, a Chinese species, Rubrocuneocoris lanceus Li & Liu, is transferred to Atractotomoidea Yasunaga.
Three new species of Stictane Hampson, 1900 (Erebidae, Arctiinae) from Cambodia, with Checklist of Stictane
Authors: BAYARSAIKHAN ULZIIJARGAL , BAE YANG-SEOP
Published: July 2015

Genus Stictane Hampson is reviewed in Cambodia, with seven species treated. Of them, S. cambodiensis Bae & Bayarsaikhan, n. sp., S. khmerensis Bae & Bayarsaikhan, n. sp., and S. bokorensis Bayarsaikhan & Bae, n. sp. are described as new to science. S. pectinata Holloway, 2001, S. mlcochi Bucsek, 2012, and S. fuscus Bucsek, 2014, are newly recorded from Cambodia. Up to now unknown female of S. fuscus, is firstly described. The following three species are newly combined: S. munda (de Joannis, 1928) comb. nov.; S. paucilinea (de Joannis, 1928) comb. nov.; and S. umbrimedia (de Joannis, 1928) comb. nov. Illustrations of adults and genitalia are provided, with a checklist of the genus Stictane.
The phallic structures in Gryllotalpidae (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpoidea), and its generic implications
Authors: CADENA-CASTAÑEDA OSCAR J.
Published: July 2015

A nomenclature for phallic structures of members of the family Gryllotalpidae is proposed. Genital structures of the main genera of mole crickets are described, discussing the relationships among subfamilies and their generic delimitation. A key is provided for separation of genera based on genitalia structure. Finally, parthenogenesis in genus Gryllotalpella is recorded for the first time.
Styela cearense n. sp. (Ascidiacea: Styelidae) from the Northeastern Brazilian Coast
Authors: Filho Ronaldo Ruy de Oliveira , Lotufo Tito Monteiro da Cruz
Published: July 2015

The species Styela cearense n. sp. is described from material collected in shallow waters at the Ceará State, Northeastern Brazil. Discussion includes several other species with one gonad on each side of the body, and a tabular key is provided. A set of important anatomical features and their intraspecific variability within the genus is considered, including the number of branchial and stomach folds, the presence of endocarps, and anal border shape.
Evaluating the Time-Invariance Hypothesis of Climate Model Bias Correction: Implications for Hydrological Impact Studies
Authors: Velázquez Juan Alberto , Troin Magali , Caya Daniel , Brissette François
Published: July 2015

The bias correction of climate model outputs is based on the main assumption of the time invariance of the bias, in which the statistical relationship between observations and climate model outputs in the historical period stays constant in the future period. The present study aims to assess statistical bias correction under nonstationary bias conditions and its implications on the simulated streamflow over two snowmelt-driven Canadian catchments. A pseudoreality approach is employed in order to derive a proxy of future observations. In this approach, CRCM–ECHAM5 ensemble simulations are used as pseudoreality observations to correct for bias in the CRCM–CGCM3 ensemble simulations in the reference (1971–2000) period. The climate model simulations are then bias corrected in the future (2041–70) period and compared with the future pseudoreality observations. This process demonstrates that biases (precipitation and temperature) remain after the bias correction. In a second step, the uncorrected and bias-corrected CRCM–CGCM3 simulations are used to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model in both periods. The bias correction decreases the error on mean monthly streamflow over the reference period; such findings are more mixed over the future period. The results of various hydrological indicators show that the climate change signal on streamflow obtained with uncorrected and bias-corrected simulations is similar in both its magnitude and its direction for the mean monthly streamflow only. Regarding the indicators of extreme hydrological events, more mixed results are found with site dependence. All in all, bias correction under nonstationary bias is an additional source of uncertainty that cannot be neglected in hydrological climate change impact studies.
The impact of co-production on frontline accountability: the case of the conciliation service
Authors: Tuurnas Sanna , Stenvall Jari , Rannisto Pasi-Heikki
Published: July 2015

Mixing of roles between professionals, volunteers and service users creates a new, complex environment in which to produce and deliver public services. In this kind of environment, the issues of accountability become ever more important. This article presents a qualitative case study of co-production between volunteers and professionals in the legally regulated restorative justice services in Finland. Theoretically, we draw together the concept of citizen co-production with the literature on street-level bureaucracy and accountability. As a result of the study, we can say that co-production between volunteers and professionals increases accountability ties. In particular, the meaning of process-centred accountability is salient in horizontal accountability relations. Thus, co-production as a governance arrangement changes the working culture of public service professionals. In the new partnerships, although not entirely horizontal, we can recognize a seed for cultural change for professionalized public service organizations.

Points for practitioners

In this article we have researched co-production between professionals and volunteers in a legally regulated public service, the conciliation service, examining the perceptions of accountability in the frontline practices. The results show that the process-centred nature of the co-produced services leaves less room for discretion and the application of rules by individual street-level workers. Furthermore, as the service users do not consider volunteers to be part of the authority, co-production might be smoother. This is significant especially in the social services, where the clients per se are not necessarily motivated to co-produce, but where co-production would be essential for achieving effective service outcomes.
Binding Force Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans–glucosyltransferase B to Candida albicans
Authors: Hwang G. , Marsh G. , Gao L. , Waugh R. , Koo H.
Published: July 2015

Candida albicans cells are often detected with Streptococcus mutans in plaque biofilms from children affected with early childhood caries. The coadhesion between these 2 organisms appears to be largely mediated by the S. mutans–derived exoenzyme glucosyltransferase B (GtfB); GtfB readily binds to C. albicans cells in an active form, producing glucans locally that provide enhanced binding sites for S. mutans. However, knowledge is limited about the mechanisms by which the bacterial exoenzyme binds to and functions on the fungal surface to promote this unique cross-kingdom interaction. In this study, we use atomic force microscopy to understand the strength and binding dynamics modulating GtfB– C. albicans adhesive interactions in situ. Single-molecule force spectroscopy with GtfB-functionalized atomic force microscopy tips demonstrated that the enzyme binds with remarkable strength to the C. albicans cell surface (~2 nN) and showed a low dissociation rate, suggesting a highly stable bond. Strikingly, the binding strength of GtfB to the C. albicans surface was ~2.5-fold higher and the binding stability, ~20 times higher, as compared with the enzyme adhesion to S. mutans. Furthermore, adhesion force maps showed an intriguing pattern of GtfB binding. GtfB adhered heterogeneously on the surface of C. albicans, showing a higher frequency of adhesion failure but large sections of remarkably strong binding forces, suggesting the presence of GtfB binding domains unevenly distributed on the fungal surface. In contrast, GtfB bound uniformly across the S. mutans cell surface with less adhesion failure and a narrower range of binding forces (vs. the C. albicans surface). The data provide the first insights into the mechanisms underlying the adhesive and mechanical properties governing GtfB interactions with C. albicans. The strong and highly stable GtfB binding to C. albicans could explain, at least in part, why this bacterially derived exoenzyme effectively modulates this virulent cross-kingdom interaction.
Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Planning Capacity
Authors: Loh Carolyn G.
Published: July 2015

Planning researchers often use planning capacity as an independent variable in studies of plan making and implementation. Increased capacity is associated with higher quality planning processes and plans. Yet, unlike in other fields such as public administration, planners have not devoted much attention to understanding the nature, impacts, and implications of planning capacity. This article synthesizes the literature concerning capacity in planning and related fields and proposes criteria that future definitions and measures of capacity should include.
Determinants of Internet-enabled Transparency at the Local Level
Authors: Lowatcharin Grichawat , Menifield Charles E.
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the premise that increased Internet access leads to higher levels of governmental transparency. In so doing, we assess the impact of geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional factors on governmental transparency in 816 out of 1055 counties in the twelve Midwestern states. The findings from the most extensive ordered logistic model show that total land area, population density, percentage of minority population, educational attainment, and the council–manager form of government are statistically associated with higher levels of government transparency at the county level via the Internet.
Incorporating computational fluid dynamics code development into an undergraduate engineering course
Authors: Adair Desmond , Jaeger Martin
Published: July 2015

The teaching of computational fluid dynamics at the undergraduate level usually focuses on giving students an understanding of the numerical methods and details involved, supported by what are little more than code fragments, followed by learning an abstract form of computational fluid dynamics skills and processes, without any real interaction with the complex core computer coding behind what is often just ‘easy-to-use’ or ‘push button’ commercial interfaces. Quite often, as the student progresses in his/her use of computational fluid dynamics, especially in the research area, it becomes clear that an ‘off-the-shelf’ commercial computational fluid dynamics package is not able to satisfy all requirements to simulate a given problem fully, nor to obtain accurate results. The purpose of this paper is to outline what must be taught to add computer coding to what usually is a well-protected, though capable of being compiled and linked, core computer code so that the complexity of interacting is lessened and better understood.
Poly(l-lactide)/halloysite nanotube electrospun mats as dual-drug delivery systems and their therapeutic efficacy in infected full-thickness burns
Authors: Zhang Xiazhi , Guo Rui , Xu Jiqing , Lan Yong , Jiao Yanpeng , Zhou Changren , Zhao Yaowu
Published: July 2015

In this study, poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)/halloysite nanotube (HNT) electrospun mats were prepared as a dual-drug delivery system. HNTs were used to encapsulate polymyxin B sulphate (a hydrophilic drug). Dexamethasone (a hydrophobic drug) was directly dissolved in the PLLA solution. The drug-loaded HNTs with optimised encapsulation efficiency were then mixed with the PLLA solution for subsequent electrospinning to form composite dual-drug-loaded fibre mats. The structure, morphology, degradability and mechanical properties of the electrospun composite mats were characterised in detail. The results showed that the HNTs were uniformly distributed in the composite PLLA mats. The HNTs content in the mats could change the morphology and average diameter of the electrospun fibres. The HNTs improved both the tensile strength of the PLLA electrospun mats and their degradation ratio. The drug-release kinetics of the electrospun mats were investigated using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The HNTs/PLLA ratio could be varied to adjust the release of polymyxin B sulphate and dexamethasone. The antibacterial activity in vitro of the mats was evaluated using agar diffusion and turbidimetry tests, which indicated the antibacterial efficacy of the dual-drug delivery system against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Healing in vivo of infected full-thickness burns and infected wounds was investigated by macroscopic observation, histological observation and immunohistochemical staining. The results indicated that the electrospun mats were capable of co-loading and co-delivering hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, and could potentially be used as novel antibacterial wound dressings.
Teachers’ perceptions of principals’ motivating language and public school climates in Kuwait
Authors: Alqahtani Abdulmuhsen Ayedh
Published: July 2015

Research has shown that the overall climate in a school can encourage or deter learning. One significant factor promoting a positive climate is the use of motivational language by school leaders. This article presents empirical evidence of teachers’ perceptions of motivational language used by school principals and the effects of this language on perceptions of school climate. The aim is to make principals aware of the importance of language choices. The approach used involved survey responses and correlational analysis. Teachers’ perceptions of the motivational language of school principals, as well as the climate in schools, were independently examined, and the impact of the language on perceptions of school climate was tested. The study reveals that climate, in a range of public schools in Kuwait, is rated by teachers as moderately good; similarly, motivational language forms used by school principals were rated as only modestly effective. Comparative analysis showed that a school leader’s motivating language in all forms affects public school climates in Kuwait. It is proposed that with further testing it is likely that this will be revealed as a more general finding. The study recommends further training and experience with motivational language for school principals in Kuwait.
An integrated approach for optimal fixture layout design
Authors: Rex F Michael Thomas , Ravindran D
Published: July 2015

Fixture layout optimization is a procedure to optimize position of locators and clamps in order to minimize specified objectives. Deformation of workpiece is a serious problem of concern while designing a fixture. Proper positioning of fixture elements is indispensable to achieve desired machining accuracy, better surface finish and high productivity. In this work, a novel methodology is proposed that incorporates full factorial design of experiments and statistical analysis. Furthermore, the stability of the workpiece is ensured prior to the prediction of objective function. The result of the proposed technique is compared with the results of the genetic algorithm–based optimization technique. A case study has been considered to evaluate the proposed methodology. The objective function determines maximum elastic deformation of the workpiece during the entire machining process. Finite element method is used to formulate the objective functions. The constraints are natural frequency of the workpiece–fixture system and reaction forces. Besides, artificial neural network–based model is developed to predict the elastic deformation of the workpiece–fixture system within the range of design parameters.
A comparison of younger and older men who have sex with men using data from Jamaica AIDS Support for Life: characteristics associated with HIV status
Authors: Budhwani Henna , Hearld Kristine R , Barrow Geoffrey , Peterson Suzanne N , Walton-Levermore Kandasi
Published: July 2015

Jamaica is home to over 10% of the Caribbean’s HIV-positive population. Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher prevalence of HIV compared to the general public. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess characteristics associated with HIV, such as condom use and number of sexual partners, comparing young, those aged 18–24, to older, aged 25 and older, MSM in Jamaica. We hypothesised, and found support for the notion, that younger MSM would have a lower rate of some risky behaviours associated with HIV seropositivity. Service data for 160 self-selected MSM aged 18–62, from Kingston, Jamaica were analysed. The majority identified as homosexual (compared to bisexual), over half of respondents completed a tertiary level of education (e.g. any post-high school training), and 59.1% were employed. Almost all participants reported agreeing to use a condom when requested (93.6%). Prevalence of HIV was 17.8%, much lower than the 32% found in national studies, and is likely an underestimation reflecting patterns of this self-selected sample. Additionally, over one-third reported experiencing sexual abuse. Statistically significant relationships were found between age group and tertiary education, employment status, condom use with a regular partner, and sexual abuse. Younger MSM were more likely to have been sexually abused and were more likely to always wear a condom with their regular partner. A limitation of this study was the extent of missing data, restricting generalisability. However, by acknowledging the heterogeneity of the Jamaican MSM population, and subsequently evaluating behaviours across age groups, nuances emerge which highlight behavioural diversity. Findings may inform public health practitioners in developing targeted interventions.
Expanding a change management framework for Iranian information services centers: Applying fuzzy MADM techniques
Authors: Nakhoda Maryam , Esmaili Givi Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2015

Change is an inevitable, almost daily phenomenon in organizations. Several change models have been designed in different contexts to facilitate the planning and implementation of change. Information service centers operate within a rapidly growing environment of education and research. They have to be proactive in the face of change in order to realize their mission. Numerous factors challenge Iranian information service centers; these need to be addressed when managing change projects. The present paper posits a change management framework for Iranian information services centers in three steps. The first step consists of gauging criteria and actions for change management, and finding appropriate change management models. In the second step, by applying fuzzy MADM techniques (FSAW, FTOPSIS and FVIKOR), the most suitable change model was selected. Finally in the third step, the research framework was designed based on a qualitative approach and consensus method. A panel of experts in Management and Information Science contributed to the design and validation of the model. The model presented here recognized five main stages: reviewing the current status, analyzing and defining information services users, planning, implementing the change, and maintaining the change.
An audit of general practitioner involvement in public community mental health care
Authors: Jang Jae , Futeran Shuli , Large Matthew , Curtis Jackie
Published: July 2015

Objective:

Existing guidelines suggest that collaboration between general practitioners and mental health services may improve the physical health of people with serious mental illness. This study investigated the extent of general practitioner involvement in a community mental health centre and examined whether the presence of a documented general practitioner in the patient’s medical records was associated with markers of better health outcomes.

Methods:

The medical records of current patients were audited, including those receiving medical care and case management and those only receiving medical care. The demographic and diagnostic information, evidence of metabolic screening, blood test results, and medications of patients with a recorded general practitioner were compared with those of patients with no recorded general practitioner.

Results:

Ninety-eight of 191 (51%) of patients had details of a general practitioner documented in their medical records. There were no significant differences in rates of metabolic screening between the two groups. Those with a general practitioner had more medical diagnoses and were taking a greater number of psychiatric medications.

Conclusion:

Although the medical comorbidities of serious mental illness are becoming increasingly recognised, our findings suggest the need for ongoing and coordinated efforts by policymakers, general practitioners, mental health services and patients to ensure the health and longevity of people with serious mental illness.
Depression Management by NICU Nurses
Authors: Segre Lisa S. , Orengo-Aguayo Rosaura E. , Siewert Rebecca Chuffo
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this article was to evaluate attitudes of mothers of newborns hospitalized on the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) toward nurse-delivered depression screening and counseling. NICU mothers ( N = 200) completed questionnaires assessing their views toward being screened for depression by nurses, treatment provider preference, and interest in learning about Listening Visits (LV), a nurse-delivered intervention. The views of 23 LV recipients were also assessed. Most mothers were receptive to depression screening by nurses, two thirds would see a nurse for counseling, and half were interested in learning more about LV. Among LV recipients, half readily embraced the idea and the remaining recipients were skeptical but opted to try. After receiving LV, recipients unanimously rated LV and the skill of the LV provider highly. Screening and counseling by NICU nurses could increase detection of depression and treatment use among at-risk women. Assessing nurses’ perspectives about implementing this model of care is an important future research direction.
Hypofibrinogenemia and the α-Fibrinogen Thr312Ala Polymorphism may be Risk Factors for Early Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Kamimoto Yuki , Wada Hideo , Ikejiri Makoto , Nakatani Kaname , Sugiyama Takashi , Osato Kazuhiro , Murabayashi Nao , Habe Koji , Mizutani Hitoshi , Matsumoto Takeshi , Ohishi Kohshi , Ikeda Tomoaki
Published: July 2015

We analyzed a cohort of 36 females with pregnancy loss. In addition to 11 patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and 2 patients with congenital antithrombin (AT) or protein C deficiency, we identified 5 patients with low fibrinogen levels (median 110 mg/dL) prior to 10 weeks of gestation. Four of these 5 patients underwent a fibrinogen gene analysis, and all 4 were found to be heterozygotes for the α-fibrinogen (FGA) Thr321Ala polymorphism. One female without hypofibrinogenemia with a history of 8 pregnancy losses was found to be homozygous for the same polymorphism, and she also showed hypercoagulability without thrombosis. In conclusion, there was a relatively high frequency of pregnancy loss in the setting of hypofibrinogenemia and/or the FGA Thr312Ala polymorphism, and this may be an important risk factor for pregnancy loss and a hypercoagulable state in later pregnancy.
Theorising the Normative Business Model
Authors: Randles Sally , Laasch Oliver
Published: July 2015

We begin with a critique of the ontological underpinnings of the mainstream business model literature with its origins in design-science and offer instead insights from sociology and organisational institutionalism to argue for a more accurate representation of actual processes of organisational transformation, especially necessary where scholarship is concerned to address societal mission-oriented normative cares beyond the objectives of efficiency and profit maximisation. We propose the foundations of a new theoretical construct: the Normative Business Model (NBM) distinguishing deep institutionalisation as the embedding of values (normative orientations) into the design, practices and identity of organisations. The NBM comprises four cornerstones: (a) normativity, (b) (de)institutionalisation and deep institutionalisation processes, (c) institutional entrepreneurialism and (d) economic and financial governance. A case overview of Arizona State University is used to highlight that the NBM refers to the full range and variety of organisation types, not exclusively businesses.