bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New synthetic approaches to 3‐carhoxamides of 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐1,2‐benzothiazine 1,1‐dioxide
Authors: Lombardino Joseph G. , Watson Harry A.
Published: April 2009

Two new synthetic approaches to the title compounds are reported. In the first of these, starting with N‐carbobenzyloxysarcosine, four synthetic steps are employed to finally assemble the C3C4 bond of the 1,2‐benzothiazine ring. In the second approach, an enol ether is employed as a protecting group to allow formation of the 3‐carboxamide function, which is followed by cleavage of the ether function to yield the desired 4‐hydroxy‐1,2‐benzothiazine‐3‐carboxamide 1,1‐dioxide.
A new ring transformation of 3‐halo‐2‐azidopyridine 1‐oxides. A novel synthesis of 1,2‐oxazin‐6‐ones
Authors: Abramovitch Rudolph A. , Shinkai Ichiro , Cue Berkeley W. , Ragan Francis A. , Atwood Jerry L.
Published: April 2009

The course of the thermal ring‐opening and recyclization of 2‐azidopyridine 1‐oxides is radically altered by the presence of a 3‐halo substituent. Provided the 6‐position is blocked, recyclization leads to a 6‐cyano‐6‐halo‐1,2‐oxazine which hydrolyzes very readily to the 6H‐1,2‐oxazin‐6‐one. The structure of 4‐bromo‐3‐methyl‐6H‐1,2‐oxazin‐6‐one so obtained was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray analysis. If the 6‐position is not blocked, the product undergoes a further ring opening to give (Z)‐β‐cyanoacrylates.
2,3,5,6‐Tetramethylmorpholine. I
Authors: Hernestam Sven , Stenvall Gillis
Published: April 2009

The separation and characterization of the six possible isomers of 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylmorpholine are described. Synthetic routes for the preparation of any isomer in fair yield from easily accessible intermediates are reported.
Synthesis ofS(+) andR(‐)‐3‐(2‐aminopropyl)indole from ethyl‐D‐ andL‐tryptophanate
Authors: Repke David B. , Ferguson Wilfred J.
Published: April 2009

A stereospecific requirement for hallucinogenesis applies to certain molecules containing an asymmetric center. Thus, only theR‐isomers of substituted phenylisopropylamines and lysergic acid diethylamide are psychotomimetic. The enantiomers of a minor hallucinogen,S(+)‐ andR(‐)‐3‐(2‐aminopropyl)indole (α‐methyltryptamine) (6aand6b) were synthesizedviaa 5‐step manipulation fromD‐ andL‐tryptophan ethyl ester hydrochloride, respectively. Optical purity of these two isomers was determined by pmr spectroscopy of their complexes with a europium chiral shift reagent using the indole C2H signal.
Cyclol derivatives related to ergocornine
Authors: Portlock David E. , Ghosh Anil C. , Schwarzel William E. , Kurtz Richard R. , Boger Eliahu , Dalzell Haldean C. , Razdan Raj K.
Published: April 2009

Novel cyclol derivatives (Table 1, 15, 16) similar in structure to the peptide portion of ergocornine were synthesized. Detailed experimental procedures are given for the preparation of the cis‐13a and the unknown trans‐14a cyclol esters.
Reaction of hydroxylamine with 5‐aminooxazoles. A new route to isoxazoles
Authors: Clerin Daniel , Fleury Jean‐Pierre , Fritz Hans
Published: April 2009

The nucleophilic attack of hydroxylamine at the 5 position of 2‐aryl‐4‐trifluoroacetyl‐5‐amino‐oxazoles leads to a mixture of stereoisomeric isoxazolines. Dehydration of these isomeric isoxazolines in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride gives 3‐amino‐4‐acylamino‐5‐trifluoromethylisoxazoles. The structures and spectroscopic data of these compounds are discussed.
Azo‐1,3,5‐triazines
Authors: Loew P. , Weis C. D.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of variously substituted bis‐triazinylhydrazines and their subsequent oxidation preferably with chlorine in a two‐phase system to azo‐1,3,5‐triazines starting from cyanuric chloride is reported. Reaction of ethoxycarbonylhydrazine with cyanuric chloride followed by oxidation gave access to mono‐ and bis‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,3,5‐triazines, respectively. Azo‐1,3,5‐triazines proved to be very reactive dienophiles.
Tetrahydropyridines and furans from the reaction of 4‐t‐butylpyridine 1‐oxide with t‐butyl and 1‐adamantyl mercaptan
Authors: Kokosa John M. , Chu Ih , Bauer Ludwig , Egan Richard S.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 4‐t‐butylpyridine 1‐oxide (1) with t‐butyl or 1‐adamantyl mercaptan in acetic anhydride yielded the expected 2‐ and 3‐alkylthio‐4‐t‐butylpyridines and 1‐acetyl‐2,6‐bis‐(alkylthio)‐3‐acetoxy‐4‐t‐butyl‐ and the unexpected 1‐acetyl‐2‐acetoxy‐3,6‐bis(alkylthio‐4‐t‐butyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridines. The addition of t‐butyl mercaptan to a solution of 1 in acetic anhydride containing triethylamine produced the expected 1‐acetyl‐2‐t‐dmtylthio‐3‐acetoxy‐4‐t‐butyl‐6‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyridine (6a) and the unexpected 1‐acetyl‐2,6‐bis(hydroxy)‐3‐t‐butylthio‐4‐t‐butyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of 6a yielded predominantly 2‐[(acetamido) (t‐butylthio)methyl]‐3‐t‐butyl‐5‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dihydrofuran. The latter was converted by very mild acidic reagents to the corresponding furan and with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine and sulfuric acid furnished 3‐t‐butylfurfural 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐hydrazone.
Recherches en série azabenzodiazepine V. Synthése de bis s‐triazolo[4,3‐b:4,3‐d] triaze'pines‐1,2,4
Authors: Essassi E. M. , Lavergne J‐P. , Viallefont Ph.
Published: April 2009

Par action de l'acide acétique et de l'acide formique sur des hydrazino‐8 s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]‐triazépines‐1,2,4 ou par cyclisation d'acylhydrazino‐8 s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]triazépines‐1,2,4 les bis s‐triazolo[4,3‐b:4,3‐d]triazépines‐1,2,4 ont été synthétisées pour la première fois.
Pyridyl phosphates from the reaction of sodium pyridinates, dialkyl phosphite and carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Wang C. S. , Mintz M. J.
Published: April 2009

A convenient method for preparing pesticidal pyridyl phosphates from the reaction of sodium halopyridinales, dialkyl phosphite and carbon tetrachloride is described. The dialkyl phosphonato anion as an intermediate in this reaction is proposed.
Synthesis and thermal reaction of 2‐[4‐(4‐ethynylphenoxy)phenylene]‐3‐phenylquinoxaline
Authors: Hergenrother P. M. , Sykes G. F. , Young P. R.
Published: April 2009

2‐[4‐(4‐Ethynylphenoxy)phenylene]‐3‐phenylquinoxaline was prepared by two routes and was thermally reacted at various temperatures. The intermediate reactants, the acetylene containing phenylquinoxaline, and its thermally induced reaction product were characterized by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The principal component in the 350° reaction product was a dimer from addition of an acetylene group to another.
On the nomenclature of cyclazines
Authors: Ceder Olof , Beijer Barbro
Published: April 2009

A modification of the cyclazine nomenclature introduced by Boekelheide is proposed. A procedure by which all types of cyclazine systems can be assigned unambiguous names is described.
Action of N‐bromosuccinimide on some indolizidine and quinolizidine systems
Authors: Rao Koppaka V. , Kapicak Louis S.
Published: April 2009

Oxidation of the alkaloids (‐)tylocrebrine, (‐)septicine and (±)canadine by N‐bromosuccinimide gave the corresponding tetradehydroiminium salts in which the six‐membered heterocyclic rings were aromatized. Evidence was provided for the preferred path of the two available alternatives. Reduction of these salts with sodium borohydride regenerated the starting bases but without the optical activity. In contrast to the simpler 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines, hydrastine gave a brominated isoquinolinium salt with the loss of dimethoxy phthalide anion. A discussion of the stoichiometry and a probable mechanism is presented.
Synthesis and absorption spectra of some 2,6‐disubstituted 4‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)thiopyrylium perchlorates
Authors: Reynolds G. A. , Van Allan J. A.
Published: April 2009

The syntheses of 4‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)thiopyrylium perchlorate and the 2,6‐dimethyl derivative are described, and the absorption spectra of these compounds and the 2,6‐diphenyl derivative are compared with the corresponding pyrylium salts.
Reaction of ketenes with N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminomethylenecycloalkanones. V. Synthesis of N,N‐disubstituted 4′‐aminospiro [1,3‐dithiane‐2,3′‐(5′,6′‐polymethylene‐3′,4′‐dihydro‐α‐pyrones)]
Authors: Schenone Pietro , Bargagna Alberto , Bignardi Gaetano , Evangelisti Filippo
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 2‐carbonyl‐1,3‐dithiane, a sulfene prepared in situ from 2‐chloroearbonyl‐1,3‐dithiane and triethylamine, with N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminomethylvnecycloalkanones gave the 1,4‐cycloadducts, namely N,N‐disubstituted 4′‐aminospiro[1,3‐dithiane‐2,3′‐(5′,6′‐poly‐methylene‐3′,4′‐dihydro‐α‐pyrones)].
Synthèse de quelques alcoxy‐2 et aryloxy‐2 dioxolannes‐1,3
Authors: Soulier Jacques , Farines Marie , Authier Rose‐Marie , Fournier Martine
Published: April 2009

Divers rnéthoxy‐2, éthoxy‐2, diéthoxy‐2,2 dioxolannes substitués par des groupements méthyle ou phényle sont obtenus par condensation en milieu neutre ou acide entre des diols vicinaux et les orthoesters correspondants; les phénoxy‐2 dioxolannes sont préparés par échange entre le phénol et l'éthoxy‐2 dioxolanne correspondant.
Reaction of hydrazidic halides with cyanoacetic acid derivatives
Authors: Shawali Ahmad S. , Hassaneen H. M. , Sami M. , Fahham H. M.
Published: April 2009

Ethyl cyanoacetate reacts with the hydrazidic halides IV‐VI in presence of sodium ethoxide in ethanol at room temperature to give the pyrazole derivatives VIII‐X respectively. Similar treatment of IV‐VIII with cyanoacetanilide gives the substituted pyrazoles XI‐XIV respectively. The results show that IV to VIII, unlike I, follow one and the same sequence in their reactions with cyanoacetic acid derivatives. The structure assignments of the products VIII‐XIV were based on elemental analysis and spectral evidence.
Improved synthesis of indenothiophenes. Part III. Synthesis of indenothiophene‐2‐carhoxylic acids
Authors: Grünhaus Harald , Pailer Matthias , Stof Sigrid
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of indenothiophenes and substituted compounds is described starting from indane via indanaldehyde. A separation of the isomeric indanaldehydes is developed.
Etude des pKa et de la protodéboronation des acides furanneboroniques
Authors: Florentin D. , Fournié‐Zaluski M. C. , Callanquin M. , Roques B. P.
Published: April 2009

Les pKa des acides furanneboroniques et de leurs dérivés formylés, acétylés et méthylés ont été determinés afin d'examiner l'influence des facteurs électroniques et steriques sur l'acidité des groupements boroniques. D'autre part, l'étude des cinétiques de protodéboronation dans l'acide perchlorique de ces différents acides permet de proposer un nouveau mécanisme pour cette reaction de type électrophile qui rend eompte des effets isotopiques, des effets de substituants et d'une entropie d'activation fortement negative. La comparaison des vitesses de réaction en séries benzénique, thiophénique et furannique permet de calculer la constante ρ caractéristique de réaction pour la protodéboronation.
Synthesis of 5,6‐dimethoxythiophen‐3H(2)one and 6,7‐dimethoxythiochroman‐2‐one. Derivatives of tetramethoxy‐10,11‐dihydrodibenzo[β,f]thiepin‐10‐one
Authors: Catsoulacos Panayotis , Camoutsis Ch.
Published: April 2009

Reduction of 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐carbomethoxymethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride and 4,5‐dimeth‐oxy‐2‐carboethoxyethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride with zinc, hydrochloric acid, produced the corresponding o‐mercapto‐aeids which then cyclized to thiaindanone and thiochromanone, respectively. Thiaindanone and thiochromanone reacted readily with aniline to give 4,5‐dimeth‐oxy‐2‐mereaptophenyl‐N‐phenylacetamide and 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐mercaptophenyl‐N‐phenylpropyl‐amide. Mercaptophenyl N‐phenylacetamide yielded in two steps the 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐N‐phenyl‐acetarnido(3′,4′ ‐dimethoxyphenylthio)benzene, which was cyclized to the 2,3,7,8‐tetramethoxy‐10,11‐dihydrodibenzo[b, f]thiepin‐10‐one. Reduction of thiepinone with sodium borohydride leads to the corresponding alcohol.
Indazolo[2,3‐a] quinazoline
Authors: Hill David T. , Stanley Kerry G. , Libsch Susan S. , Loev Bernard
Published: April 2009

Zinc‐acetic acid reduction of 2,2′‐dicyanoazobenzene affords, beside the expected 5‐amino‐indazolo[2,3‐a]quinazoline, the previously unreported parent compound: indazolo[2,3‐a]quin‐azoline.
Synthesis of 4‐amino‐3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazole‐5‐carboxarnidc via ring fission of formycin derivatives and purification using high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Lewis Arthur F. , Long Robert A. , Roti Linda W. Roti , Townsend Leroy B.
Published: April 2009

Two methods have been established for the synthesis of 4‐amino‐3‐(β‐ D‐ribofuranosyl )‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxamide. This nucleoside ean be viewed as a potentially versatile intermediate for the synthesis of various bieyelic C‐nueleosides. The use of HPLC for the final purification of “pure” samples on the basis of elemental analysis is described.
Neuere Sprachreaktionen
Authors: Schmitz Franz Peter
Published: April 2009

Es gibt viele wissenschaftliche Disziplinen, die sich mit dem Präfix ”chemisch“ schmücken. Als das jüngste Kind dieser Entwicklung stellt sich die semantische Chemie vor, die sich auch als chemische Semantik bezeichnen lässt.
GC‐MS rehabilitiert Absinth
Authors: Lachenmeier Dirk , Kuballa Thomas
Published: April 2009

Absinth, umgangssprachlich grüne Fee genannt, hat den Ruf eines anregenden, stimulierenden bis inspirierenden Kultgetränks. Bisher war die These verbreitet, dass der bicyclische Monoterpen‐ Keton‐Aromastoff Thujon der Wermutspirituose zu diesen Wirkungen verhelfe. Dies hat die analytische Chemie jetzt widerlegt.
Qualle oder Qual: Der Forscher mit der Andeutung
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: April 2009

Bevor Douglas Prasher aus dem Wissenschaftsbetrieb aus‐ und ins Auto einstieg, untersuchte er das grün fluoreszierende Protein und trug so zum Nobelpreis für Roger Y. Tsien und Martin Chalfie bei.
Proteome of plant peroxisomes: new perspectives on the role of these organelles in cell biology
Authors: Palma José M. , Corpas Francisco J. , del Río Luis A.
Published: April 2009

Peroxisomes are cell organelles bounded by a single membrane with a basically oxidative metabolism. Peroxisomes house catalase and H2O2‐producing flavin‐oxidases as the main protein constituents. However, since their discovery in early fifties, a number of new enzymes and metabolic pathways have been reported to be also confined to these organelles. Thus, the presence of exo‐ and endo‐peptidases, superoxide dismutases, the enzymes of the plant ascorbate‐glutathione cycle plus ascorbate and glutathione, several NADP‐dehydrogenases, and also L‐arginine‐dependent nitric oxide synthase activity has evidenced the relevant role of these organelles in cell physiology. In recent years, the study of new functions of peroxisomes has become a field of intensive research in cell biology, and these organelles have been proposed to be a source of important signal molecules for different transduction pathways. In plants, peroxisomes participate in seed germination, leaf senescence, fruit maturation, response to abiotic and biotic stress, photomorphogenesis, biosynthesis of the plant hormones jasmonic acid and auxin, and in cell signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively). In order to decipher the nature and specific role of the peroxisomal proteins in these processes, several approaches includingin vivoandin vitroimport assays and generation of mutants have been used. In the last decade, the development of genomics and the report of the first plant genomes provided plant biologists a powerful tool to assign to peroxisomes those proteins which harbored any of the two peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS, either PTS1 or PTS2) described so far. Unfortunately, those molecular approaches could not give any response to those proteins previously localized in plant peroxisomes by classical biochemical and cell biology methods that did not contain any PTS. However, more recently, proteomic studies of highly purified organelles have provided evidence of the presence in peroxisomes of new proteins not previously reported. Thus, the contribution of proteomic approaches to the biology of peroxisomes is essential, not only for elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the import of the PTS1‐ and PTS2‐independent proteins, but also to the understanding of the role of these organelles in the cell physiology of plant growth and development.
Regional comparisons ofCodium(Chlorophyta) assemblages in the northern versus southern English Channel
Authors: Trowbridge Cynthia D. , Farnham William F.
Published: April 2009

The cryptic invasion of the Asian macroalgaCodium fragile(Suringar) Hariot ssp.fragileon north-eastern Atlantic shores has been long considered a classical example of a successful invader that has competitively displaced native congeners. Yet, the lack of quantitative information about morphologically similar native congeners, namelyCodium tomentosumStackhouse andC. vermilara(Olivi) Delle Chiaje, has hindered interspecific comparisons and ecological predictions. From September 2002 to 2005, we made extensive intertidal surveys on 12 northern and 26 southern rocky shores of the English Channel, specifically documenting the abundance, distribution and identity ofCodiumassemblages. On the north side of the English Channel, the nativeC. tomentosumand alienC. fragilewere both sparsely distributed in intertidal pools in Devon. In contrast, the natives were absent from and the alien was locally abundant in shallow lagoons and rocky reefs around Bembridge and Whitecliff on the Isle of Wight. Finally, in the Channel Islands off the Atlantic coast of France,Codiumspp. were abundant in pools and on low-shore emergent substrata with native species predominating. Patterns of distribution varied substantially among Guernsey, Jersey and Alderney, despite their close proximity. The regional variation in the algal distributions merits further investigation to determine whether the pattern is produced by: (1) anthropogenic activities and effects; (2) ecological interactions; (3) oceanographic factors; or (4) some combination of these.
Response to “An Incremental Approach to Presidential
Nomination Reform” and “Meaningful Participation and the Evolution
of the Reformed Presidential Nominating System”
Authors: Timmermans Paul
Published: April 2009

In the January issue of PS, papers by William Mayer
and by Lonna Atkeson and Cherie Maestas investigate reforms of the
party nomination procedure for presidential candidates. In order to
avoid the amplification of name recognition and early fundraising
advantages, as these effects resulted from the “frontloading” of
state nominations ('08 Tsunami Tuesday), broader “spacing” between
primary dates may be required. But such an expansion of the
sequential voting principle carries an unfortunate disadvantage
ignored in the papers. This disadvantage is the, however unintended,
consequence of candidates manipulating their program in accordance
to methods through which votes are being cast.
I Don't Know Monica Lewinsky, and I'm Not in the CIA. Now
How about that Interview?
Authors: Reinhardt Gina Yannitell
Published: April 2009

On January 18, 1998, I walked off a plane in São Paulo, Brazil. As I
cleared customs and weaved through the hot, steamy airport, the
cafes and newsstands, I noticed one young woman's face on the front
pages of all the newspapers and journals I passed. She was wearing a
beret and hugging Bill Clinton in the photo, and her name was Monica
Lewinsky. Never having heard of her before, I assumed the interest
in her was specific to Brazil. Surely I would know her name
if she actually mattered to anyone, I thought, and went
on.
A Dissertating Fellow: Congressional fellowship
report
Authors: Ellis William Curtis
Published: April 2009

Unlike most APSA CFP participants, I am not a mid-career academic,
journalist, federal employee, or health care professional. I am a
Ph.D. candidate in political science, smack in the midst of my
dissertation research, which generated job-search needs that are
quite a bit different than my colleagues. Most are here on a sort of
sabbatical from their current career or even seeking to explore a
possible career change. They are looking for positions that will
immerse them in the life of a congressional staffer, some even
desiring the 70-hour-a-week “Hill lifestyle.”
VIVIEN HART
Authors: Gelb Joyce
Published: April 2009

Vivien Hart, professor of American studies, died on February 2, 2009,
aged 70.
CLARA PENNIMAN
Authors: Penniman William
Published: April 2009

Clara Penniman, emeritus professor of political science, University
of Wisconsin–Madison, died on January 30, 2009. Penniman was born on
April 5, 1914, in Steger, Illinois, to Alethea B. and Rae E.
Penniman.
New bamboo coral species discovered
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: April 2009

On 5 March, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced the identification of seven new species of bamboo coral discovered during a November 2007 NOAAfunded mission in the deep waters of the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (previously known as the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument). Six of these species may represent entirely new genera, and scientists expect to identify more new species as analysis of samples continues.
Carbon and Nutrient Cycling in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: State of Knowledge on the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean Margin; Montevideo, Uruguay, 16–22 November 2008
Authors: Windom Herbert , Piola Alberto , McKee Brent
Published: April 2009

The southwestern Atlantic Ocean margin (SWAOM), along the coasts of southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, is one of the most productive regions of the world ocean and is believed to be the largest carbon dioxide (CO2) sink in the Atlantic Ocean. The region is dominated by two major boundary currents (the Brazil and the Malvinas), which impinge on a broad continental shelf along southeastern South America and converge offshore of the Rio de la Plata, the largest source of freshwater to the South Atlantic Ocean. Scientific knowledge about this region is based on past research focused generally on processes within the confines of the waters of the individual countries and from single disciplines. However, the complex interactions of physical, chemical, and biological processes that control the transport and production in time and space across this region require multidisciplinary investigation and international cooperation. This led a group of more than 40 marine scientists from these countries and the United States to convene a workshop to review what is known about this region, to suggest how future multidisciplinary research might be organized, and to foster regional and North‐South scientific cooperation.
New Editors Appointed for Water Resources Research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2009

Praveen Kumar (University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign), the newly appointed editor in chief of Water Resources Research (WRR), heads the new team of editors for the journal. The other editors are Tom Torgersen (University of Connecticut, Groton), who continues his editorship; Tissa Illangasekare (Colorado School of Mines, Golden); Graham Sander (Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK); and John Selker (Oregon State University, Corvallis).
Electronic properties of titanium and chromium impurity centers in germanium
Authors: Lauwaert J. , Van Gheluwe J. , Vanhellemont J. , Simoen E. , Clauws P.
Published: April 2009

The electronic properties of the 3d transition metal impurities titanium and chromium in crystalline germanium have been investigated by means of deep level transient spectroscopy. The metals were implanted at 90keV and diffused deeper into the bulk during a thermal anneal at 500°C, which yielded spectra specific for the implanted metal. It was found that Ti introduces a deep electron trap and a semishallow hole trap. For Cr one deep electron trap and three hole traps were observed. The capture cross section of the electron traps is thermally activated while three of the hole traps display electric field enhanced emission, which is in agreement with multiple-acceptor states of metal impurities on substitutional sites. It is concluded that Ti in germanium is a double acceptor, while Cr is a triple acceptor with, in addition, a donor level close to the valence band.
Density of states and energetic correlation in disordered molecular systems due to induced dipoles
Authors: Freire José A. , Tonezer Camila
Published: April 2009

We have considered two models for a system of disordered organic molecules: one based on a regular lattice with Gaussian site displacements and another based on a hard sphere distribution. The site energies were given by a charge-induced dipole interaction (the polarization energy). We obtained the density of states of both models and observed that it changes from a Gaussian to the density of states of a uniform site distribution, whose form was obtained analytically, depending on the degree of disorder in one model or the packing fraction in the other model. The site energy distribution is short-ranged correlated in both models since nearby molecules polarize basically the same disordered environment.
Resistance switching properties of planner Ag/Li:NiO/Ag structures induced by swift heavy ion irradiation
Authors: Joshi U. S. , Trivedi S. J. , Bhavsar K. H. , Trivedi U. N. , Khan S. A. , Avasthi D. K.
Published: April 2009

We report on the resistance switching induced by swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation in lithium doped nanostructured NiO thin films grown on MgO (100) substrates by chemical solution deposition. Hysteresis in current-voltage curves were observed for the Ag/Li:NiO/Ag planner structures irradiated with 100 MeV Ag+14 ions, whereas pristine samples showed only linear I-V characteristics. No preferential oxygen loss from the film surface has been detected in on-line elastic recoil detection analysis. This suggests that change in the defect density created by SHI irradiation that may contribute to the metallic filaments play a major role as compared to the interfacial oxygen vacancies in resistance switching of NiO.
Effect of ultrarelativistic laser beam filamentation on third harmonic spectrum
Authors: Gupta Ruchika , Sharma Prerana , Chauhan Prashant K. , Rafat M. , Sharma R. P.
Published: April 2009

This paper investigates the generation of plasma wave and third harmonic generation in a hot collision less plasma by an intense laser beam. On the account of the V→×B→ force, a plasma wave at 2ω0 (here ω0 is the pump laser frequency) is generated. The solution of the pump laser beam has been obtained within the nonparaxial ray approximation. Filamentary structures of the laser beam are observed due to relativistic nonlinearity. By expanding the eikonal and the other relevant quantities up to the fourth power of r it is observed that the focusing of the laser beams become fast in the nonparaxial region. Interaction of the plasma wave with the incident laser beam generates the third harmonics. The mechanism of the plasma wave, third harmonic generation, and the parameters, which govern the third harmonic yield and hence the spectrum of third harmonics, have been studied in detail. Correlation of the third harmonic spectrum with the filamentation has been pointed out. Therefore, the broadening of the third harmonic spectra can be used as a diagnostic tool to study the presence of the filamentation of laser beams in laser plasma experiments.
Solvent response of diblock copolymer brushes
Authors: Meng Dong , Wang Qiang
Published: April 2009

We have performed continuum self-consistent field (SCF) calculations to study the solvent response of diblock copolymer A-B brushes, where all copolymer chains are grafted onto a flat and impenetrable substrate and immersed in a solvent. In order to avoid the numerical problem associated with the δ-function initial condition specifying that all A-ends are grafted at a small distance from the impenetrable substrate, we numerically integrate the Chapman–Kolmogorov equations, rather than solving the modified diffusion equations, when chains are strongly stretched (e.g., at a high grafting density or in a good solvent). This gives much better numerical performance of SCF calculations in such cases. The solvent response of the diblock copolymer brushes is characterized by the changes in brush height and surface-layer composition (i.e., relative fraction of A segments in the copolymers present in the region above the brush height) in three different solvents: Neutral, A-like, and B-like. We have systematically studied the influence of copolymer composition, copolymer chain length, chain-grafting density, and A-B incompatibility on the solvent response of diblock copolymer brushes. Our results are in good agreement with available experiments and can provide some guidance to the design of smart surfaces from diblock copolymer brushes best suited for targeted applications.
Crystallographically driven Au catalyst movement during growth of InAs/GaAs axial nanowire heterostructures
Authors: Paladugu Mohanchand , Zou Jin , Guo Ya-Nan , Zhang Xin , Joyce Hannah J. , Gao Qiang , Tan H. Hoe , Jagadish C. , Kim Yong
Published: April 2009

The movement of Au catalysts during growth of InAs on GaAs nanowires has been carefully investigated by transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that Au catalysts preferentially stay on {112}B GaAs sidewalls. Since a {112} surface is composed of a {111} facet and a {002} facet and since {111} facets are polar facets for the zinc-blende structure, this crystallographic preference is attributed to the different interface energies caused by the different polar facets. We anticipate that these observations will be useful for the design of nanowire heterostructure based devices.
Similarity laws for production of GeV ions from high-intensity laser-target interactions
Authors: Davis J. , Petrov G. M.
Published: April 2009

The formation of energetic (MeV–GeV) ions from the interaction of an intense ultrashort pulse laser with a “thin” (∼1 μm) lithium planar target is investigated theoretically with a two-dimensional relativistic electromagnetic particle-in-cell model. Extensive simulations for various combinations of peak laser intensities, pulse durations, and laser spot sizes indicate that just one parameter, the laser fluence (incident laser energy per unit area), is sufficient to describe the interaction of high-intensity laser with micron-thick targets.
X-ray measurements of the strain and shape of dielectric/metallic wrap-gated InAs nanowires
Authors: Eymery J. , Favre-Nicolin V. , Fröberg L. , Samuelson L.
Published: April 2009

Wrap-gate (111) InAs nanowires (NWs) were studied after HfO2 dielectric coating and Cr metallic deposition by a combination of grazing incidence x-ray techniques. In-plane and out-of-plane x-ray diffraction (crystal truncation rod analysis) allow determining the strain tensor. The longitudinal contraction, increasing with HfO2 and Cr deposition, is significantly larger than the radial dilatation. For the Cr coating, the contraction along the growth axis is quite large (−0.95%), and the longitudinal/radial deformation ratio is >10, which may play a role on the NW transport properties. Small angle x-ray scattering shows a smoothening of the initial hexagonal bare InAs NW shape and gives the respective core/shell thicknesses, which are compared to flat surface values.
Time-lapse observation of cell alignment on nanogrooved patterns
Authors: Fujita Satoshi , Ohshima Masahiro , Iwata Hiroo
Published: April 2009

Cells elongate on a surface with nanogrooved (NG) patterns and align along that pattern. Although various models have been proposed for how this occurs, much remains to be clarified. Studies with fixed cells do not lend themselves to answering some of these open questions. In this study, the dynamic behaviours of living mesenchymal stem cells on an NG substrate with a 200 nm groove depth, an 870 nm ridge width and a 670 nm groove width were observed using time-lapse microscopes. We found that filopodia moved as if they were probing the surroundings of the cell protrusion, and then some cell protrusions invaded the probed areas. Cell protrusions that extended perpendicular to the NG direction tended to retract more rapidly than those parallel to the grooves. From these facts, we think that the retracting phase of cell protrusions play a rule in cell alignment along the NG patterns.
You're one in a googol: optimizing genes for protein expression
Authors: Welch Mark , Villalobos Alan , Gustafsson Claes , Minshull Jeremy
Published: April 2009

A vast number of different nucleic acid sequences can all be translated by the genetic code into the same amino acid sequence. These sequences are not all equally useful however; the exact sequence chosen can have profound effects on the expression of the encoded protein. Despite the importance of protein-coding sequences, there has been little systematic study to identify parameters that affect expression. This is probably because protein expression has largely been tackled on an ad hoc basis in many independent projects: once a sequence has been obtained that yields adequate expression for that project, there is little incentive to continue work on the problem. Synthetic biology may now provide the impetus to transform protein expression folklore into design principles, so that DNA sequences may easily be designed to express any protein in any system. In this review, we offer a brief survey of the literature, outline the major challenges in interpreting existing data and constructing robust design algorithms, and propose a way to proceed towards the goal of rational sequence engineering.
A novel ataxia-telangiectasia mutated autoregulatory feedback mechanism in murine embryonic stem cells
Authors: Clyde Robert G. , Craig Ashley L. , de Breed Lucas , Bown James L. , Forrester Leslie , Vojtesek Borivoj , Smith Graeme , Hupp Ted , Crawford John
Published: April 2009

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is known to play a central role in effecting the DNA damage response that protects somatic cells from potentially harmful mutations, and in this role it is a key anti-cancer agent. However, it also promotes repair of therapeutic damage (e.g. radiotherapy) and so frustrates the efficacy of some treatments. A better understanding of the mechanisms of ATM regulation is therefore important both in prevention and treatment of disease. While progress has been made in elucidating the key signal transduction pathways that mediate damage response in somatic cells, relatively little is known about whether these function similarly in pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells where ATM is also implicated in our understanding of adult stem cell ageing and in improvements in regenerative medicine. There is some evidence that different mechanisms may operate in ES cells and that our understanding of the mechanisms of ATM regulation is therefore incomplete. We investigated the behaviour of the damage response signalling pathway in mouse ES cells. We subjected the cells to the DNA-damaging agent doxorubicin, a drug that induces double-strand breaks, and measured ATM expression levels. We found that basal ATM gene expression was unaffected by doxorubicin treatment. However, following ATM kinase inhibition using a specific ATM inhibitor, we observed a significant increase in ATM and ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related transcription. We demonstrate the use of a dynamical modelling approach to show that these results cannot be explained in terms of known mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that the modelling approach can be used to identify a novel feedback process that may underlie the anomalies in the data. The predictions of the model are consistent both with our
in vitro
experiments and with
in vivo
studies of ATM expression in somatic cells in mice, and we hypothesize that this feedback operates in both somatic and ES cells
in vivo
. The results point to a possible new target for ATM inhibition that overcomes the restorative potential of the proposed feedback.
De Moivre's knowledge community: an analysis of the subscription list to theMiscellanea Analytica
Authors: Bellhouse D.R. , Renouf E.M. , Raut R. , Bauer M.A.
Published: April 2009

In 1730 Abraham De Moivre publishedMiscellanea Analytica, a book containing research results in several areas of mathematics, but especially in probability theory. Subscribers to the book have been identified from the subscription list and personal information about these individuals has been collected and stored in a database. Once data collection was completed, the data were retrieved, graphed and analysed to look for connections between the subscribers. On the basis of the connecting links that we found, De Moivre's career as a tutor has been partly reconstructed and some of his relationships within the Royal Society have been established. It was found that the heart of De Moivre's knowledge community and support was based on Whig political connections combined with aristocratic family connections. A reconstruction is suggested for how De Moivre was able to develop this knowledge community beginning in about 1689.
Growing without Pains? Explaining Liberal Democrat MPs' Behaviour
Authors: Cole Matt
Published: April 2009

Recent academic studies and wider commentary on the behaviour of Liberal Democrat MPs have recognised their relatively high level of cohesiveness on whipped votes when compared to that of Labour and the Conservatives, and to the Liberal Democrats' own reputation; but while this trend continues, few studies have focused upon its causes. This article uses the MPs' voting records, personal papers, interviews and wider contextual data to chart the extent of that unity over time, and to explore its origins, including group composition, structure, patronage, relations with the extra-parliamentary party and other parties as well as national party image. It finds the key to this unity in a combination of medium and long-term features of the Liberal and Liberal Democrat group of MPs, rather than a short-term singular determinant.
Liberal International Theory and Imagining the End of the Cold War
Authors: Grieco Joseph M.
Published: April 2009

Liberal international theory foresaw neither the end of the east–west rivalry nor the fall of the Soviet Union. However, from the 1960s up through the 1980s, several liberal international theorists put forward insightful analyses of the evolution of the cold war, its changing importance in world affairs and the problems that increasingly confronted the Soviet Union. Well before the fall of the Berlin Wall, several liberal international writers sensed that the cold war was abating, that this abatement was important for world politics and that the Soviet Union was having serious problems in maintaining its status as a superpower with an Eastern European empire.
Moment of Stasis: The Successful Failure of a Constitution for Europe
Authors: Philippopoulos‐Mihalopoulos Andreas
Published: April 2009

The 2005 French and Dutch negative votes on the Constitution open up a space of conceptualisation, not only of Europe's relation to its demos, but significantly to its failures. Through a critical analysis of mainly Niklas Luhmann's systems theory, the article proposes taking a distance from traditional constitutional dogmatics that are no longer capable of dealing with the paradox of contemporary society, and more specifically with the eventual resurgence of the European project as one of absence and stasis: the two terms are used to explain the need, on the one hand, to maintain the ‘absent community’ of Europe, and, on the other, to start realising that any conceptualisation of the European project will now have to take place in that space of instability and contingency revealed by the constitutional failure. The relation between law and politics, the location of a constitution, the distinction between social and normative legitimacy, the connection between European identity and demos, and the concept of continuity between constitutional text and context are revisited in an attempt to trace the constitutional failure as the constitutional moment par excellence.
Disintegration: Environmental Protection and Article 81 EC
Authors: Casey Donal
Published: April 2009

This article addresses the question of whether the modernisation and decentralisation of EC competition law will affect the integration of environmental protection requirements into the framework of Article 81 EC. First, the interface between competition policy and environmental protection at both the constitutional level and operational level is investigated. Following this, the Commission's assessment of environmental benefits under Article 81(3) EC prior to decentralisation and modernisation is explored. It is submitted that the Commission's expansion of its interpretation of the first two positive criteria of Article 81(3) EC allowed environmental objectives and competition goals to be balanced within the framework of Article 81 EC. Finally, this article examines the extent to which the decentralisation and modernisation of Community competition law may impede the integration of environmental protection into the definition and implementation of Article 81 EC.
Pharmacological characterization of PF‐00547659, an anti‐human MAdCAM monoclonal antibody
Authors: Pullen N , Molloy E , Carter D , Syntin P , Clemo F , Finco‐Kent D , Reagan W , Zhao S , Kawabata T , Sreckovic S
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose: The adhesion molecule mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM) plays an essential role in the recruitment of lymphocytes to specialized high endothelial venules of the gastrointestinal tract and in their excessive tissue extravasation observed in inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease. We have characterized thein vitropharmacological properties of two monoclonal antibodies blocking MAdCAM, MECA‐367 and PF‐00547659, and determined their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profilesin vivo.

Experimental approach: Functional adhesion assays and surface plasmon resonance were used to characterize,in vitro, the pharmacological properties of MECA‐367 and PF‐00547659. Thein vivoeffects of MECA‐367 and PF‐00547659 on restriction of β7+memory T lymphocytes were determined in mice and macaques, respectively, over the pharmacological dose range to confirm pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships.

Key results: MECA‐367 and PF‐00547659 bound with high affinity to mouse and human MAdCAM with Kdvalues of 5.1 and 16.1 pmol·L−1respectively and blocked the adhesion of α4β7+leukocytes to MAdCAM with similar potency. MECA‐367 and PF‐00547659 induced a similar, dose‐dependent two‐ to threefold increase in circulating populations of β7+memory T‐cells in the mouse and macaque; without affecting the β7‐populations.

Conclusions and implications: PF‐00547659 has potential utility in the treatment of inflammatory conditions by blocking tissue homing of activated α4β7+leukocytes. The characterization of a rodent cross‐reacting antibody as a surrogate for PF‐00547659 in the search for potential pharmacological biomarkers and the determination of efficacious doses was effective in addressing the restricted orthologous cross‐reactivity of PF‐00547659 and the challenges this poses with respect to efficacy and safety testing.
Continuing Medical Education Program in Echocardiography
Authors: Fan Pohoey , Hofmeyr Louis , Moolman Johannes , Brice Edmund , Weich Helmuth
Published: April 2009

Article Title: An Unusual Presentation of an Anomalous Left Coronary Artery Arising from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) in an Adult: Anterior Papillary Muscle Rupture Causing Severe Mitral Regurgitation
Examination of Stent Deformation and Gap Formation after Complex Stenting of Left Main Coronary Artery Bifurcations Using Microfocus Computed Tomography
Authors: MURASATO YOSHINOBU , HIKICHI YUTAKA , HORIUCHI MASATAKA
Published: April 2009

Background: Fluoroscopy and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) lack sufficient resolution for assessing the results of complex stenting in true bifurcation lesions.

Objectives: After diverse bifurcation stenting at the left main coronary artery (LM) bifurcation model, the results were examined using microfocus computed tomography (MFCT).

Methods: The strut distribution of three kinds of stents deployed on a straight vessel segment was investigated. Classical crush, double kissing (DK)–double crush, and culotte stenting were performed on a three‐dimensional (3D) LM model. The results were assessed using cross‐sectional, longitudinal, and 3D reconstruction views of MFCT.

Results: Nonuniform strut distribution was observed in a corrugated stent design deployed on a straight vessel segment. Following classical crush stenting, a relatively large gap at the nonmyocardial site was observed in the corrugated stents. When the guidewire recrossed outside the ostium of the crushed side branch stent, kissing balloon inflation caused further crushing of the stent at the more distal segment. The dilated strut rose up from the main vessel bed after the first kissing balloon inflation in DK crush stenting; the advantage of DK would be cancelled after main vessel stenting due to recrushing the raised strut. The culotte stenting with closed‐cell stents showed the restriction of the expansion at the branch ostium when it was dilated with a 3.5‐mm balloon. The culotte stenting with open‐cell‐based stents showed a good stent apposition except for a tiny gap and small metallic carina at the distal bifurcation.

Conclusion: MFCT analysis in the 3D phantom model is useful to assess the structural deformation of the stents and gap on vessel wall coverage after complex stenting at the LM bifurcation.
MICROBIOLOGICAL, SENSORY AND COLOR CHANGES OF ANCHOVY (ENGRAULIS ENCRASICHOLUS) PATTIES DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE
Authors: KILINC BERNA
Published: April 2009

In this study, the microbiological, sensory and color changes of anchovy patties during refrigerated storage were investigated. Total viable bacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria counts increased, and sensory scores decreased during the storage period. Total bacteria count exceeded the critical limit of 106 cfu/g on day 5. Yeast–molds, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were not detected during the storage period. L*, a*and b*values of anchovy patties were changed from 36.8 ± 1.2, 4.67 ± 1.00, 13.0 ± 2.12 to 35.3 ± 3.8, 4.20 ± 0.89, 14.12 ± 2.76, respectively, on day 5. Up to day 4, anchovy patties were determined as “acceptable,” but on day 5, they were no longer acceptable according to the results of microbiological and sensory analysis.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Anchovy is very suitable for patties because of their flavor and taste. In recent years, the increasing numbers of working women of the population have led to direct consumer's preference to ready‐to‐eat fish foods. For this purpose, anchovy patties were made, and microbiological, sensory and color changes of anchovy patties during refrigerated storage were investigated. The other discarded fish species can be used for making fish patties. The variety of fish patties can be increased and discarded fish can be evaluated on this way.