bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 3D-HEVC Fast Mode Decision Algorithm for Real-Time Applications
Authors: Shen Liquan , An Ping , Zhang Zhaoyang , Hu Qianqian , Chen Zhengchuan
Published: February 2015

3D High Efficiency Video Coding (3D-HEVC) is an extension of the HEVC standard for coding of multiview videos and depth maps. It inherits the same quadtree coding structure as HEVC for both components, which allows recursively splitting into four equal-sized coding units (CU). One of 11 different prediction modes is chosen to code a CU in inter-frames. Similar to the joint model of H.264/AVC, the mode decision process in HM (reference software of HEVC) is performed using all the possible depth levels and prediction modes to find the one with the least rate distortion cost using a Lagrange multiplier. Furthermore, both motion estimation and disparity estimation need to be performed in the encoding process of 3D-HEVC. Those tools achieve high coding efficiency, but lead to a significant computational complexity. In this article, we propose a fast mode decision algorithm for 3D-HEVC. Since multiview videos and their associated depth maps represent the same scene, at the same time instant, their prediction modes are closely linked. Furthermore, the prediction information of a CU at the depth level X is strongly related to that of its parent CU at the depth level X-1 in the quadtree coding structure of HEVC since two corresponding CUs from two neighboring depth levels share similar video characteristics. The proposed algorithm jointly exploits the inter-view coding mode correlation, the inter-component (texture-depth) correlation and the inter-level correlation in the quadtree structure of 3D-HEVC. Experimental results show that our algorithm saves 66% encoder runtime on average with only a 0.2% BD-Rate increase on coded views and 1.3% BD-Rate increase on synthesized views.
Algorithm 948
Authors: Nedialkov Nedialko S. , Pryce John D. , Tan Guangning
Published: February 2015

DAESA, Differential-Algebraic Equations Structural Analyzer, is a Matlab tool for structural analysis of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). It allows convenient translation of a DAE system into Matlab and provides a small set of easy-to-use functions. DAESA can analyze systems that are fully nonlinear, high-index, and of any order. It determines structural index, number of degrees of freedom, constraints, variables to be initialized, and suggests a solution scheme. The structure of a DAE can be readily visualized by this tool. It can also construct a block-triangular form of the DAE, which can be exploited to solve it efficiently in a block-wise manner.
Digest of ACM educational activities
Authors: Timanovsky Yan
Published: February 2015

Welcome to the latest installment of "EduBits," your quarterly pipeline to new and exciting happenings in the world of ACM education. In this edition, we report on significant progress in the arena of cybersecurity education. Also, details on the second L@S conference and updates from the ACM Public Policy Office.
MathLibre
Authors: Hamada Tatsuyoshi
Published: February 2015

MathLibre is a project to archive free mathematical software and free mathematical documents and offer them on Live Linux system. MathLibre Project is the direct descendant of KNOPPIX/Math Project. It provides a desktop for mathematicians that can be set up easily and quickly.
Decoupling Highly Structured Polynomial Systems
Authors: Bates Daniel J. , Newell Andrew J. , Niemerg Matthew E.
Published: February 2015

An efficient technique for solving polynomial systems with a particular structure is presented. This structure is very specific but arises naturally when computing the critical points of a symmetric polynomial energy function. This novel numerical solution method is based on homotopy continuation and is a particular application of results due to Canny and Rojas. An illustrative example from magnetism is presented.
The Role of Oxygen in Lipid Oxidation Reactions: A Review
Authors: Johnson David R. , Decker Eric A.
Published: February 2015

The susceptibility of food oil to quality loss is largely determined by the presence of oxygen. This article reviews the current understanding concerning the effect of oxygen types, location, and concentration on the oxidative stability of foods. It also discusses the major factors that influence the interaction between oxygen and lipids such as antioxidants, prooxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS), environmental conditions, and oxygen scavengers. Research has shown that the amount of oxygen needed to cause oxidation is generally very small and that by reducing oxygen concentration in containers to less than 2%, oxidative stability can be greatly enhanced. However, very few studies have systematically examined the oxygen levels needed to reduce, or inhibit, lipid oxidation processes. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between oxygen levels and lipid oxidation is necessary for the development of innovative antioxidant solutions and package designs that prolong the quality of foods containing lipids.
The Varieties of Immunological Experience: Of Pathogens, Stress, and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Pulendran Bali
Published: February 2015

In the 40 years since their discovery, dendritic cells (DCs) have been recognized as central players in immune regulation. DCs sense microbial stimuli through pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) and decode, integrate, and present information derived from such stimuli to T cells, thus stimulating immune responses. DCs can also regulate the quality of immune responses. Several functionally specialized subsets of DCs exist, but DCs also display functional plasticity in response to diverse stimuli. In addition to sensing pathogens via PRRs, emerging evidence suggests that DCs can also sense stress signals, such as amino acid starvation, through ancient stress and nutrient sensing pathways, to stimulate adaptive immunity. Here, I discuss these exciting advances in the context of a historic perspective on the discovery of DCs and their role in immune regulation. I conclude with a discussion of emerging areas in DC biology in the systems immunology era and suggest that the impact of DCs on immunity can be usefully contextualized in a hierarchy-of-organization model in which DCs, their receptors and signaling networks, cell–cell interactions, tissue microenvironment, and the host macroenvironment represent different levels of the hierarchy. Immunity or tolerance can then be represented as a complex function of each of these hierarchies.
Dynamic Tuning of Lymphocytes: Physiological Basis, Mechanisms, and Function
Authors: Grossman Zvi , Paul William E
Published: February 2015

Dynamic tuning of cellular responsiveness as a result of repeated stimuli improves the ability of cells to distinguish physiologically meaningful signals from each other and from noise. In particular, lymphocyte activation thresholds are subject to tuning, which contributes to maintaining tolerance to self-antigens and persisting foreign antigens, averting autoimmunity and immune pathogenesis, but allowing responses to strong, structured perturbations that are typically associated with acute infection. Such tuning is also implicated in conferring flexibility to positive selection in the thymus, in controlling the magnitude of the immune response, and in generating memory cells. Additional functional properties are dynamically and differentially tuned in parallel via subthreshold contact interactions between developing or mature lymphocytes and self-antigen-presenting cells. These interactions facilitate and regulate lymphocyte viability, maintain their functional integrity, and influence their responses to foreign antigens and accessory signals, qualitatively and quantitatively. Bidirectional tuning of T cells and antigen-presenting cells leads to the definition of homeostatic set points, thus maximizing clonal diversity.
Toward Design Rules of Directional Janus Colloidal Assembly
Authors: Zhang Jie , Luijten Erik , Granick Steve
Published: February 2015

Burgeoning interest in supracolloidal assembly has reached the point at which the field can seek so-called intelligent design rather than solely rely on evolution. Emphasizing Janus and triblock particles, this review presents a progress report on formulating design rules for the assembly of interesting structures. We discuss how to design building blocks, bearing in mind that patchy particles embody not just geometric shape but also chemical shape, that chemical shape determines particle–particle interactions, and that the assembly process can be designed to proceed in hierarchical stages. Remarks are included about the potential of kinetic and nonequilibrium control, as well as the potential for the augmented use of soft building blocks. Whereas the reverse design problem, in which arbitrarily selected structures can be designed from the bottom up, still stands as a grand challenge, the field has reached the point of understanding necessary, although not always sufficient, conditions.
Lysosomal Physiology
Authors: Xu Haoxing , Ren Dejian
Published: February 2015

Lysosomes are acidic compartments filled with more than 60 different types of hydrolases. They mediate the degradation of extracellular particles from endocytosis and of intracellular components from autophagy. The digested products are transported out of the lysosome via specific catabolite exporters or via vesicular membrane trafficking. Lysosomes also contain more than 50 membrane proteins and are equipped with the machinery to sense nutrient availability, which determines the distribution, number, size, and activity of lysosomes to control the specificity of cargo flux and timing (the initiation and termination) of degradation. Defects in degradation, export, or trafficking result in lysosomal dysfunction and lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Lysosomal channels and transporters mediate ion flux across perimeter membranes to regulate lysosomal ion homeostasis, membrane potential, catabolite export, membrane trafficking, and nutrient sensing. Dysregulation of lysosomal channels underlies the pathogenesis of many LSDs and possibly that of metabolic and common neurodegenerative diseases.
Hypothalamic Inflammation in the Control of Metabolic Function
Authors: Valdearcos Martin , Xu Allison W. , Koliwad Suneil K.
Published: February 2015

Diet-induced obesity leads to devastating and common chronic diseases, fueling ongoing interest in determining new mechanisms underlying both obesity and its consequences. It is now well known that chronic overnutrition produces a unique form of inflammation in peripheral insulin target tissues, and efforts to limit this inflammation have met with some success in preserving insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. Recently, the activation of inflammatory pathways by dietary excess has also been observed among cells located in the mediobasal hypothalamus, a brain area that exerts central control over peripheral glucose, fat, and energy metabolism. Here we review progress in the field of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, drawing key distinctions between metabolic inflammation in the hypothalamus and that occurring in peripheral tissues. We focus on specific stimuli of the inflammatory response, the roles of individual hypothalamic cell types, and the links between hypothalamic inflammation and metabolic function under normal and pathophysiological circumstances. Finally, we explore the concept of controlling hypothalamic inflammation to mitigate metabolic disease.
The Role of Pendrin in Renal Physiology
Authors: Wall Susan M. , Lazo-Fernandez Yoskaly
Published: February 2015

Pendrin is a Na+-independent Cl−/HCO3− exchanger that localizes to type B and non-A, non-B intercalated cells, which are expressed within the aldosterone-sensitive region of the nephron, i.e., the distal convoluted tubule, the connecting tubule, and the cortical collecting duct. Type B cells mediate Cl− absorption and HCO3− secretion primarily through pendrin-mediated Cl−/HCO3− exchange. At least in some treatment models, pendrin acts in tandem with the Na+-dependent Cl−/HCO3− exchanger (NDCBE) encoded by Slc4a8 to mediate NaCl absorption. The pendrin-mediated Cl−/HCO3− exchange process is greatly upregulated in models of metabolic alkalosis, such as following aldosterone administration or dietary NaHCO3 loading. It is also upregulated by angiotensin II. In the absence of pendrin [Slc26a4 (−/−) or pendrin null mice], aldosterone-stimulated NaCl absorption is reduced, which lowers the blood pressure response to aldosterone and enhances the alkalosis that follows the administration of this steroid hormone. Pendrin modulates aldosterone-induced Na+ absorption by changing ENaC abundance and function through a kidney-specific mechanism that does not involve changes in the concentration of a circulating hormone. Instead, pendrin changes ENaC abundance and function at least in part by altering luminal HCO3− and ATP concentrations. Thus, aldosterone and angiotensin II also stimulate pendrin expression and function, which likely contributes to the pressor response of these hormones. This review summarizes the contribution of the Cl−/HCO3− exchanger pendrin in distal nephron function.
How Party Polarization Affects Governance
Authors: Lee Frances E.
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this review is to take stock of how party polarization affects governance in the United States. The article begins by defining polarization and discussing the means by which it can be measured. It is undeniable that the two parties have grown more sharply differentiated. Some evidence suggests that the substantive policy preferences of liberals and conservatives diverge more widely, but the case for ideological polarization in the spatial sense is not definitive. Effects on the institutional processes of US government have entailed a hardening of party divisions and a tendency toward centralization of power. Nevertheless, these more cohesive parties are not more effective than their predecessors at enacting policies or managing routine governing responsibilities. The consequences for public policy seem best characterized as “drift” ( Hacker 2004 , p. 246). There is little evidence that party polarization has promoted ideologically extreme policy outcomes or has systematically advantaged either liberalism or conservatism.
An eHealth System for Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Based on Accelerometer and Pressure Data
Authors: Hayn Dieter , Falgenhauer Markus , Morak Jürgen , Wipfler Karin , Willner Viktoria , Liebhart Walter , Schreier Günter
Published: February 2015

Pressure ulcers are a common skin disease which is associated with pain, reduced autonomy, social isolation, and reduced quality of life. There are several systems for monitoring of pressure ulcer-related risk factors on the market, but up to now no satisfactory solution is available, especially for people with medium pressure ulcer risk. We present a novel pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention system, which combines the advantages of accelerometer and pressure sensors for monitoring pressure ulcer risk factors. Sensors are used for detection of repositionings of the person lying on the mattress. Sensor data are sent to a tablet where they are analysed and presented graphically. The system was evaluated in a long-term test at the homes of people of the target group. Results indicate that the system is able to detect movements of persons while lying in bed. Weak correlation in between mobility and Braden pressure ulcer risk was found (correlation factor = 0.31). From our data, long-term trends could be visualized as well as 24 h mobility profiles. Such graphical illustrations might be helpful for caregivers in order to optimize care of people with medium to high pressure ulcer risk.
Testing Estimates of Housing Cost Differences among US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Easton Todd
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the accuracy of six measures of housing cost differences among US metropolitan areas. Using Census data from 177 metropolitan areas, it tests the measures in two ways. First, it tests the ability of changes in the measures to predict changes in the shelter component of the metropolitan CPI from 1990 to 2000. Second, it tests the ability of the measures themselves to predict a proxy in 2000. A measure based on Fair Market Rents calculated by HUD placed second on the first test but did badly on the second. The housing component of the ACCRA index, a living cost measure frequently used by researchers, performed poorly on both tests. The top performer on both tests was a measure based on the average rent per room for a metropolitan area’s dwellings. Researchers wishing to control for living cost differences among places should consider including it in their living cost index.
Public Perception of Climate Change in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Authors: Ohwo Odafivwotu
Published: February 2015

This study was designed to assess the public perception of climate change in Yenagoa. The sample survey method was adopted, which involved the administration of 360 questionnaires to randomly selected households. The results showed that 43.33% of respondents lack adequate knowledge of climate change. Further interview revealed that 55.3% of the respondents are unaware that carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major greenhouse gas, contributing about 55% to global warming. It was revealed that respondents’ major sources of information on climate change were personal experience and television (66.33%). Also, 48.7% of the respondents believed that one of the major natural causes of climate change is divine providence. The study also revealed that there were significant variations in respondents’ perception of the causes, potential impacts, and mitigation strategies of climate change. The variations were attributable to differences in educational status and sources of information on climate change by respondents. The study concluded that the level of knowledge of the people was inadequate. Therefore, all stakeholders should step-up mass education and information sharing on the causes, potential impacts, and mitigation strategies of climate change.
Developing an Ontology-Based Cold Chain Logistics Monitoring and Decision System
Authors: Wang Yujun , Yi Jianjun , Zhu Xiaomin , Luo Jinlong , Ji Baiyang
Published: February 2015

Nowadays the cold chain logistics for perishable goods is increasingly complex, while most of the research works are focusing on the monitoring of temperature and humidity but seldom on the assessment and decision support for the monitored cold chain quality. In this context, a monitoring and decision system based on wireless sensor networks (WSN) and ontology is proposed in this paper which consists of sensing layer, network layer, and application layer. Ontology, as a shared concept model, can describe the objective world better with its own syntax and provides the general understanding of the specialized knowledge in a domain. Therefore, cold chain quality assessment software based on ontology has been developed; consequently, assessment and diagnosis for cold chain quality can be achieved, which can provide constructive advice and suggestions for its treatment. A demonstration of the system along a rabies vaccine logistics chain is validated in this paper. These results proved that this system presents important advantages such as effective regulation, low power consumption, and accurate ontology-based analysis.
Silver Core‐Shell Nanoclusters Exhibiting Strong Growth Inhibition of Plant‐Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Ho Viet Anh , Le Phuong Thu , Nguyen Thi Phuong , Nguyen Cuu Khoa , Nguyen Vinh Truong , Tran Ngoc Quyen
Published: February 2015

We introduced a novel method to prepare silver core‐shell nanoclusters (NCs) in which 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl acetic‐conjugated oligochitosan (DHPAC) reduced silver salt and subsequently protected the produced nanosilver via mussel adhesion mechanism. Results indicated that the degree of conjugation was 14 dihydroxyphenyl acetamide moieties over 100 glucosamine units of oligochitosan. We used chitosan‐catechol derivative to prepare the well‐defined silver core‐shell NCs and applied UV‐visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to characterize the NCs. The core‐shell NCs exhibited strong growth inhibition of plant‐pathogenic fungi such as Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora nicotianae, and Phytophthora colocasiae. These positive results may offer great potential to produce silver core‐DHPAC shell NCs for several biomedical applications.
Scaffolds from Surgically Removed Kidneys as a Potential Source of Organ Transplantation
Authors: Karczewski Marek , Malkiewicz Tomasz
Published: February 2015

End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a common disease, which relates to nearly 600 million people in the total population. What is more, it seems to be a crucial problem from the epidemiological point of view. These facts lead to a further necessity of renal replacement therapy development connected with rising expenditures for the health care system. The aim of kidney tissue engineering is to develop and innovate methods of obtaining renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds derived from kidney decellularization. Recently, progress has been made towards developing a functional kidney graftin vitroon demand. In fact, decellularized tissues constitute ideal natural scaffolds, due to the preservation of native ECM architecture, as well as of cell-ECM binding domains critical in promoting cell attachment, migration, and proliferation. One of the potential sources of the natural scaffolds is the kidney, which cannot be transplanted immediately after excision.
Congenital Oligodendroglioma: Clinicopathologic and Molecular Assessment with Review of the Literature
Authors: Richard Hope , Stogner-Underwood Kimberly , Fuller Christine
Published: February 2015

Oligodendroglioma is an infiltrating glial neoplasm frequently seen in adults. Pediatric oligodendrogliomas are rare, with very few cases presenting in infancy and only rare congenital examples. In contrast to adult oligodendrogliomas, pediatric cases typically lack 1p/19q codeletion. Herein we report a case of WHO grade II oligodendroglioma diagnosed in a 7-month-old male infant. The patient initially presented at 3 months of age with symptoms suspicious for seizure. Initial workup including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiogram (EKG), and computed tomography (CT) of the head was negative. His symptoms persisted, and subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at age of 7 months revealed a 2 cm contrast-enhancing left temporal lobe mass. The mass was excised and the microscopic appearance was that of a classic low grade oligodendroglioma composed of cells with uniformly round nuclei, perinuclear halos, delicate branching capillaries, and an absence of high grade features. Mutant specific (R132H) isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) immunohistochemistry was negative, and the tumor lacked detectable 1p or 19q deletions by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The onset of neurological symptoms in early infancy followed by the positive MRI findings suggests that this case represents a rare example of congenital oligodendroglioma.
Impact of Ischemic Preconditioning on Outcome in Clinical Liver Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chu Michael J. J. , Vather Ryash , Hickey Anthony J. R. , Phillips Anthony R. J. , Bartlett Adam S. J. R.
Published: February 2015

Background. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of post-liver-surgery complications. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been demonstrated to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical studies have examined IPC in liver surgery but with conflicting results. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of IPC on outcome in clinical liver surgery.Methods. An electronic search of OVID Medline and Embase databases was performed to identify studies that reported outcomes in patients undergoing liver surgery subjected to IPC. Basic descriptive statistics were used to summarise data from individual clinical studies.Results. 1093 articles were identified, of which 24 met the inclusion criteria. Seven topics were selected and analysed by subgroup. There were 10 studies in cadaveric liver transplantation, 2 in living-related liver transplantation, and 12 in liver resection. IPC decreases hepatocellular damage in liver surgery as determined by transaminases but does not translate to any significant clinical benefit in orthotopic liver transplant or liver resection.Conclusions. Available clinical evidence does not support routine use of IPC in liver surgery as it does not offer any apparent benefit in perioperative outcome. Further clinical studies will need to be carried out to determine the subset of patients that will benefit from IPC.
Transdifferentiation of Human Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Red Blood Cells by OCT4
Authors: Liu Zhijing , Lu Shi-Jiang , Lu Yan , Tan Xiaohua , Zhang Xiaowei , Yang Minlan , Zhang Fuming , Li Yulin , Quan Chengshi
Published: February 2015

Shortage of red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes) can have potentially life-threatening consequences for rare or unusual blood type patients with massive blood loss resulting from various conditions. Erythrocytes have been derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), but the risk of potential tumorigenicity cannot be ignored, and a majority of these cells produced from PSCs express embryonicε- and fetalγ-globins with little or no adultβ-globin and remain nucleated. Here we report a method to generate erythrocytes from human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (hHFMSCs) by enforcing OCT4 gene expression and cytokine stimulation. Cells generated from hHFMSCs expressed mainly the adultβ-globin chain with minimum level of the fetalγ-globin chain. Furthermore, these cells also underwent multiple maturation events and formed enucleated erythrocytes with a biconcave disc shape. Gene expression analyses showed that OCT4 regulated the expression of genes associated with both pluripotency and erythroid development during hHFMSC transdifferentiation toward erythroid cells. These findings show that mature erythrocytes can be generated from adult somatic cells, which may serve as an alternative source of RBCs for potential autologous transfusion.
Short-Term Relationship between Hip Fracture and Weather Conditions in Two Spanish Health Areas with Different Climates
Authors: Tenías José María , Estarlich Marisa , Crespo Eusebio , Román-Ortiz Carmen , Arias-Arias Angel , Ballester Ferran
Published: February 2015

Objective. To evaluate differences in the short-term relationship between weather conditions and the incidence of hip fracture in people aged 65 and over among two regions of Spain.Methods. Hip fracture incidence was calculated for the years 2000–2008 for residents of Health Area 14 in Valencian Community (Mediterranean climate) and the “Mancha Centro” Health Area in Castilla-La Mancha (inland climate), Spain. The relationship between hip fracture incidence and weather was analyzed with a case-crossover design and explored in subgroups defined by sex, age, and fracture type.Results. In the inland area, a positive and significant tendency for hip fracture incidence was observed (annual increase: 1.5%) whereas in the Mediterranean area a seasonal increase of 9% was noted in autumn and winter with respect to spring. Weather conditions, especially wind, were significantly associated with hip fracture incidence: days with more frequent windy periods and/or a greater wind velocity were associated with an increase in hip fracture incidence of 51% in the Mediterranean area and 44% in the inland area.Conclusions. Hip fracture incidence exhibits seasonal changes that differ between the Mediterranean and inland areas. The short-term relationship with climate, although similar in both areas, may partly explain these seasonal changes.
Scientific and Engineering Literature Mini Review of Molten Salt Oxidation for Radioactive Waste Treatment and Organic Compound Gasification as well as Spent Salt Treatment
Authors: Kovařík Petr , Navratil James D. , John Jan
Published: February 2015

Literature review was performed for the molten salt oxidation technology in order to collect all available scientific and engineering information for further use of this technology in nuclear applications. This report provides a summary of a review of scientific and engineering literature on MSO treatment of a wide variety of radioactive wastes, organic compound gasification, and related studies such as radioactive spent salt processing that was found important for further development of the MSO technology in the nuclear field for radioactive waste treatment. Miscellaneous nonnuclear uses of molten salts, such as converting carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, are not discussed.
Shaping the Arabidopsis Transcriptome through Alternative Splicing
Authors: Staiger Dorothee
Published: February 2015

Alternative splicing is a molecular tool of the cell to generate more than one messenger RNA from the same gene. Through variable combinations of exons blueprints for different proteins are assembled from one and the same pre-messenger RNA, thus increasing the complexity of the proteome. Moreover, through alternative splicing different transcript variants with different stabilities and different regulatory motifs can be generated, leading to variation in the transcriptome. The importance of alternative splicing in plants has been increasingly recognized in the last decade. Alternative splicing has been found during abiotic and biotic stress and during development. Here, recent advancements in the understanding of alternative splicing in higher plants are presented. Mechanistic details and functional consequences of alternative splicing are discussed with a focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
Cloning of Interleukin-10 from African Clawed Frog (Xenopus tropicalis), with the Finding of IL-19/20 Homologue in the IL-10 Locus
Authors: Qi Zhitao , Zhang Qihuan , Wang Zisheng , Zhao Weihong , Gao Qian
Published: February 2015

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in immune system. In the present study, the IL-10 gene of African clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis) was first cloned, and its expression pattern and 3D structure were also analyzed. The frog IL-10 mRNA encoded 172 amino acids which possessed several conserved features found in IL-10s from other species, including five-exon/four-intron genomic structure, conserved four cysteine residues, IL-10 family motif, and sixα-helices. Real-time PCR showed that frog IL-10 mRNA was ubiquitous expressed in all examined tissues, highly in some immune related tissues including kidney, spleen, and intestine and lowly in heart, stomach, and liver. The frog IL-10 mRNA was upregulated at 24 h after LPS stimulation, indicating that it plays a part in the host immune response to bacterial infection. Another IL, termed as IL-20, was identified from the frog IL-10 locus, which might be the homologue of mammalian IL-19/20 according to the analysis results of the phylogenetic tree and the sequence identities.
Second-Degree Interatrial Block in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Enriquez Andres , Marano Marco , D’Amato Anna , de Luna Antoni Bayes , Baranchuk Adrian
Published: February 2015

Interatrial conduction delays manifest as a prolonged P-wave duration on surface ECG and the term interatrial block (IAB) has been coined. They are usually fixed, but cases of intermittent IAB have been described, suggesting functional conduction block at the Bachmann bundle region. We report 2 cases of patients on chronic hemodialysis therapy presenting with intermittent IAB.
Stochastic Polling Interval Adaptation in Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Lee Sungryoul
Published: February 2015

In past decades, to achieve energy-efficient communication, many MAC protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Particularly, asynchronous MAC protocol based on low power listening (LPL) scheme is very attractive in duty-cycled WSNs: it reduces the energy wasted by idle listening. In LPL scheme, a sensor node wakes up at every polling interval to sample the channel. If the channel is busy, the sensor node will stay in wake-up mode for receiving the data packet. Otherwise, it goes to sleep and saves power. However, wrong choice of polling interval in LPL scheme causes unexpected energy dissipation. This paper focuses on the polling interval adaptation strategy in LPL scheme with the aim of maximizing energy efficiency, defined as the number of packets delivered per energy unit. We propose a novel polling interval adaptation algorithm based on stochastic learning automata, where a sensor node dynamically adjusts its polling interval. Furthermore, our simulation results demonstrate that the polling interval asymptotically converges to the optimal value.
Wet-Chemical Surface Texturing of Sputter-Deposited ZnO:Al Films as Front Electrode for Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Yan Xia , Venkataraj Selvaraj , Aberle Armin G.
Published: February 2015

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) play a major role as the front electrodes of thin-film silicon (Si) solar cells, as they can provide optical scattering and hence improved photon absorption inside the devices. In this paper we report on the surface texturing of aluminium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al or AZO) films for improved light trapping in thin-film Si solar cells. The AZO films are deposited onto soda-lime glass sheets via pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. Several promising AZO texturing methods are investigated using diluted hydrochloric (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF), through a two-step etching process. The developed texturing procedure combines the advantages of the HCl-induced craters and the smaller and jagged—but laterally more uniform—features created by HF etching. In the two-step process, the second etching step further enhances the optical haze, while simultaneously improving the uniformity of the texture features created by the HCl etch. The resulting AZO films show large haze values of above 40%, good scattering into large angles, and a surface angle distribution that is centred at around 30°, which is known from the literature to provide efficient light trapping for thin-film Si solar cells.
Lower Leg Compartment Syndrome after Appendicectomy
Authors: O’Neill Shane C. , Lui Darren F. , Murphy Colm , Kiely Patrick J.
Published: February 2015

A 10-year-old boy presented with severe left lower leg pain, uncontrolled with increasing analgesia after appendicectomy. A diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome was made after a delayed referral to the orthopaedic service. The patient subsequently underwent an emergency fasciotomy and made a good functional recovery. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of paediatric lower leg compartment syndrome after appendicectomy in the literature. The case report serves to highlight the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for compartment syndrome.
Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis during Treatment with Anti-TNF-Alpha Monotherapy
Authors: Ursini Francesco , Russo Emilio , Leporini Christian , Calabria Marilena , Bruno Caterina , Tripolino Cesare , Naty Saverio , Grembiale Rosa Daniela
Published: February 2015

Sporotrichosis is an infectious disease caused bySporothrix schenckii, a dimorphic fungus isolated for the first time in 1896 by Benjamin Schenck from a 36-year-old male patient presenting lesions on the right hand and arm. The infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Different clinical syndromes are described as a direct consequence ofS. schenckiiinfection, including lymphocutaneous and disseminated forms, although extracutaneous presentations are reported most frequently in AIDS patients. Here we describe the case of a 57-year-old Caucasian male diagnosed in 2004 with ankylosing spondylitis under stable treatment with adalimumab monotherapy (40 mg every other week). During a routine follow-up visit in March 2013, he presented with multiple nodular lesions arranged in a linear fashion along the left hand and forearm. After diagnostic aspiration of the lesions, lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was diagnosed and appropriate therapy started.
Soil Fertility, Phosphorus Fractions, and Maize Yield as Affected by Poultry Manure and Single Superphosphate
Authors: Ojo A. O. , Adetunji M. T. , Okeleye K. A. , Adejuyigbe C. O.
Published: February 2015

A field experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 on a slightly acidic alfisol. Poultry manure (PM) was applied at 0, 5 t ha−1, 10 t ha−1, 15 t ha−1, and 20 t ha−1 in combination with SSP at 0, 15 kg P ha−1, 30 kg P ha−1, 45 kg P ha−1, and 60 kg P ha−1, which was replicated three times. The pH and organic C were significantly increased by the application of PM alone while available P was highly increased by the sole application of SSP. Plant tissue P was significantly increased with the application of 30 kg P ha−1 while the largest grain yield was obtained when PM at 20 t ha−1 was combined with SSP at 60 kg P ha−1. The buildup of organic P was observed when PM was applied at 15 t ha−1 while the combination of the two treatments increased residual P and Fe-P. However, P occlusion was effectively reduced with the sole application of PM. Organic P and residual P however had a strong positive relationship with the grain yield. Comparing the sole and combined application of the treatments, the combined application was more effective for most of the parameters observed.
Numerical Simulation of Anisotropic Tissue Growth Using a Total Lagrangian Formulation
Authors: Joldes Grand Roman , Zwick Benjamin
Published: February 2015

This paper describes a new method for simulating tissue growth which can handle anisotropic changes in volume. The method takes advantage of the total Lagrangian formulation which allows the computation of nodal forces for each element in a finite element mesh based on a theoretical stress-free configuration, obtained by considering the unconstrained anisotropic growth of the considered element. The method allows the modelling of shrinking (atrophy), swelling, or tissue growth and the computation of the resulting mechanical stresses in the surrounding tissue. The steady-state solution is obtained using an explicit integration method and dynamic relaxation. The proposed method allows the coupling of continuum mechanical simulations with underlying growth mechanisms, offering a tool for the multiscale study of tissue growth.
Clozapine-Induced Late Agranulocytosis and Severe Neutropenia Complicated withStreptococcus pneumonia, Venous Thromboembolism, and Allergic Vasculitis in Treatment-Resistant Female Psychosis
Authors: Voulgari Christina , Giannas Raphael , Paterakis Georgios , Kanellou Anna , Anagnostopoulos Nikolaos , Pagoni Stamata
Published: February 2015

Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic agent from the benzodiazepine group indicated for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and other psychotic conditions. Using clozapine earlier on once a case appears to be refractory limits both social and personal morbidity of chronic psychosis. However treatment with second-generation antipsychotics is often complicated by adverse effects. We present a case of a 33-year-old Caucasian woman with a 25-year history of refractory psychotic mania after switching to a 2-year clozapine therapy. She presented clozapine-induced absolute neutropenia, agranulocytosis, which were complicated byStreptococcus pneumoniaand sepsis. Clozapine-induced thromboembolism of the common femoral and right proximal iliac vein, as well as allergic vasculitis, was diagnosed. She achieved full remission on granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and specific antibiotic treatment. Early detection of severe clozapine-induced absolute neutropenia and agranulocytosis enabled the effective treatment of two among its most severe complications. Additional evidence to the previously reported possible causal relation between clozapine and venous thromboembolism is offered. Finally, clozapine-induced allergic vasculitis is confirmed as a late adverse effect of clozapine therapy.
Effects of Physical Exercise on Individual Resting State EEG Alpha Peak Frequency
Authors: Gutmann Boris , Mierau Andreas , Hülsdünker Thorben , Hildebrand Carolin , Przyklenk Axel , Hollmann Wildor , Strüder Heiko Klaus
Published: February 2015

Previous research has shown that both acute and chronic physical exercises can induce positive effects on brain function and this is associated with improvements in cognitive performance. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognitive processing are not well understood. This study examined the effects of an acute bout of physical exercise as well as four weeks of exercise training on the individual resting state electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha peak frequency (iAPF), a neurophysiological marker of the individual’s state of arousal and attention, in healthy young adults. The subjects completed a steady state exercise (SSE) protocol or an exhaustive exercise (EE) protocol, respectively, on two separate days. EEG activity was recorded for 2 min before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 10 min of rest. All assessments were repeated following four weeks of exercise training to investigate whether an improvement in physical fitness modulates the resting state iAPF and/or the iAPF response to an acute bout of SSE and EE. The iAPF was significantly increased following EE (P=0.012) but not following SSE. It is concluded that the iAPF is increased following intense exercise, indicating a higher level of arousal and preparedness for external input.
Characterisation of Pain Responses in the High Fat Diet/Streptozotocin Model of Diabetes and the Analgesic Effects of Antidiabetic Treatments
Authors: Byrne Frederika Maria , Cheetham Sharon , Vickers Steven , Chapman Victoria
Published: February 2015

Chronic pain is a common complication of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to characterise pain behaviour in a high fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) model of diabetes in the rat, investigate spinal mechanisms, and determine the effects of antidiabetic interventions. Three-week consumption of a high fat diet followed by single injection of STZ (45 mgkg−1) produced sustained changes in plasma insulin and glucose until day 120. Hindpaw mechanical withdrawal thresholds were significantly lowered in the model, but mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurones were unaltered, compared to HFD/vehicle rats. HFD/STZ rats had significantly lower numbers of spinal Iba-1 positive cells (morphologically identified as activated microglia) and spinal GFAP immunofluorescence (a marker of astrogliosis) in the spinal cord at day 50, compared to time-matched controls. The PPARγligand pioglitazone (10 mgkg−1) did not alter HFD/STZ induced metabolic changes or hindpaw withdrawal thresholds of HFD/STZ rats. Daily linagliptin (3 mgkg−1) and metformin (200 mgkg−1) from day 4 after model induction did not alter plasma glucose or insulin in HFD/STZ rats but significantly prevented changes in the mechanical withdrawal thresholds. The demonstration that currently prescribed antidiabetic drugs prevent aberrant pain behaviour supports the use of this model to investigate pain mechanisms associated with diabetes.
Ponseti Casting for Severe Club Foot Deformity: Are Clinical Outcomes Promising?
Authors: Hallaj-Moghaddam Mohammad , Moradi Ali , Ebrahimzadeh Mohammad Hosein , Habibzadeh Shojaie Seyed Reza
Published: February 2015

Between 2007 and 2010, a prospective study was done on 85 patients with severe idiopathic nonsyndromic clubfeet, in our center. Demographic features, severity of the deformity before and after serial casting according to Diméglio classification, and complications were assessed. The mean age of the patients was 8 days and 69% were male. The mean follow-up period was 26 months. The average number of castings used to correct the deformity was 5.7 times (range: 4 to 8). Tenotomy was performed in 76 (89.4%) of the feet. In all patients, plantigrade foot was achieved. Tenotomy occurred more in patients with higher Diméglio scores. Although patients who underwent Achilles tenotomy began to walk later than those who did not (13±7.2versus9.2±18), it was not significant (P=0.06). Relapse rate, at the end of follow-up, was 27.1%. Diméglio score before casting was16±3.4and at the end of follow-up it was1.6±6.2. The patients with bilateral clubfeet had inferior final outcome compared to those with unilateral clubfoot. Eighty percent of parents’ were completely satisfied with their child's gait and foot appearance (94.1%). Ponseti method of manipulation and casting is a valuable technique in severe club foot as well as in common types.
Influence of Fly Ash, Bottom Ash, and Light Expanded Clay Aggregate on Concrete
Authors: Sivakumar S. , Kameshwari B.
Published: February 2015

Invention of new methods in strengthening concrete is under work for decades. Developing countries like India use the extensive reinforced construction works materials such as fly ash and bottom ash and other ingredients in RCC construction. In the construction industry, major attention has been devoted to the use of fly ash and bottom ash as cement and fine aggregate replacements. In addition, light expanded clay aggregate has been introduced instead of coarse aggregate to make concrete have light weight. This paper presents the results of a real-time work carried out to form light weight concrete made with fly ash, bottom ash, and light expanded clay aggregate as mineral admixtures. Experimental investigation on concrete mix M20is done by replacement of cement with fly ash, fine aggregate with bottom ash, and coarse aggregate with light expanded clay aggregate at the rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% in each mix and their compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete were discussed for 7, 28, and 56 days and flexural strength has been discussed for 7, 28, and 56 days depending on the optimum dosage of replacement in compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete.
The Combination of the PARP Inhibitor Rucaparib and 5FU Is an Effective Strategy for Treating Acute Leukemias
Authors: Falzacappa Maria Vittoria Verga , Ronchini Chiara , Faretta Mario , Iacobucci Ilaria , Di Rorà Andrea Ghelli Luserna , Martinelli Giovanni , Meyer Lüder Hinrich , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Orecchioni Stefania , Bertolini Francesco , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe
Published: February 2015

The existing treatments to cure acute leukemias seem to be nonspecific and suboptimal for most patients, drawing attention to the need of new therapeutic strategies. In the last decade the anticancer potential of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors became apparent and now several PARP inhibitors are being developed to treat various malignancies. So far, the usage of PARP inhibitors has been mainly focused on the treatment of solid tumors and not too much about their efficacy on leukemias is known. In this study we test, for the first time on leukemic cells, a combined therapy that associates the conventional chemotherapeutic agent fluorouracil (5FU), used as a source of DNA damage, and a PARP inhibitor, rucaparib. We demonstrate the efficacy and the specificity of this combined therapy in killing both acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. We clearly show that the inhibition of DNA repair induced by rucaparib is synthetic lethal with the DNA damage caused by 5FU in leukemic cells. Therefore, we propose a new therapeutic strategy able to enhance the cytotoxic effect of DNA-damaging agents in leukemia cells via inhibiting the repair of damaged DNA. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(4); 889–98. ©2015 AACR.