bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faith, Fallout, and the Future: Post-Apocalyptic Science Fiction in the Early Postwar Era
Authors: Scheibach Michael
Published: July 2021

In the early postwar era, from 1945 to 1960, Americans confronted a dilemma that had never been faced before. In the new atomic age, which opened with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945, they now had to grapple with maintaining their faith in a peaceful and prosperous future while also controlling their fear of an apocalyptic future resulting from an atomic war. Americans’ subsequent search for reassurance translated into a dramatic increase in church membership and the rise of the evangelical movement. Yet, their fear of an atomic war with the Soviet Union and possible nuclear apocalypse did not abate. This article discusses how six post-apocalyptic science fiction novels dealt with this dilemma and presented their visions of the future; more important, it argues that these novels not only reflect the views of many Americans in the early Cold War era, but also provide relevant insights into the role of religion during these complex and controversial years to reframe the belief that an apocalypse was inevitable.
Multitemporal–Multispectral UAS Surveys for Archaeological Research: The Case Study of San Vincenzo Al Volturno (Molise, Italy)
Authors: Abate Nicodemo , Frisetti Alessia , Marazzi Federico , Masini Nicola , Lasaponara Rosa
Published: July 2021

Unmanned aerial vehicles are currently the most used solution for cultural heritage in the field of close range and low altitude acquisitions. This work shows data acquired by multitemporal and multispectral aerial surveys in the archaeological site of San Vincenzo al Volturno (Molise, Italy). The site is one of the most important medieval archaeological sites in the world. It is a monastic settlement that was particularly rich during the early Middle Ages, and is famous for its two full-frescoed crypts which represent a milestone in the history of medieval art. Thanks to the use of multispectral aerial photography at different times of the year, an area not accessible to archaeological excavation has been investigated. To avoid redundancy of information and reduce the number of data to be analysed, a method based on spectral and radiometric enhancement techniques combined with a selective principal component analysis was used for the identification of useful information. The combination of already published archaeological data and new remote sensing discoveries, has allowed to better define the situation of the abbey during the building phases of the 8th/9th century and 11th century, confirming and adding new data to the assumptions made by archaeologists.
On the Tripped Rollovers and Lateral Skid in Three-Wheeled Vehicles and Their Mitigation
Authors: Rodríguez-Licea Martín-Antonio
Published: July 2021

Active safety systems for three-wheeled vehicles seem to be in premature development; in particular, delta types, also known as tuk-tuks or sidecars, are sold with minimal protection against accidents. Unfortunately, the risk of wheel lifting and lateral and/or longitudinal vehicle roll is high. For instance, a tripped rollover occurs when a vehicle slides sideways, digging its tires into soft soil or striking an object. Unfortunately, research is mostly aimed at un-tripped rollovers while most of the rollovers are tripped. In this paper, models for lateral skid tripped and un-tripped rollover risks are presented. Later, independent braking and accelerating control actions are used to develop a dynamic stability control (DSC) to assist the driver in mitigating such risks, including holes/bumps road-scenarios. A common Lyapunov function and an LMI problem resolution ensure robust stability while optimization allows tuning the controller. Numerical and HIL tests are presented. Implementation on a three-wheeled vehicle requires an inertial measurement unit, and independent ABS and propulsion control as main components.
DOR E MEDIDAS NÃO-FARMACOLÓGICAS EM PREMATUROS HOSPITALIZADOS
Authors: Macedo Jéssica Silveira , Müller Alessandra Bombarda
Published: July 2021

O cuidado do prematuro hospitalizado pode acarretar excesso de procedimentos dolorosos, e a avaliação da dor, quantificada por meio da observação dos parâmetros frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR) e saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) e pelo uso da Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), pode minimizar esse impacto. Objetivo: Identificar as medidas não farmacológicas utilizadas no manejo da dor de prematuros hospitalizados. Método: 30 bebês foram avaliados antes e após manejo doloroso, por meio da observação dos parâmetros fisiológicos e NIPS e após 30 minutos da utilização de medida não farmacológica. Resultados: Os resultados apontam incremento da FC, FR e NIPS e diminuição da SpO2 naqueles bebês que apresentaram dor. E após o uso de medida não farmacológica, identificou-se diminuição da FC, FR e NIPS e aumento da SpO2. Conclusão: Os benefícios associados à utilização de medidas não farmacológicas proporcionaram maior sensibilidade e eficácia no tratamento da dor nesta população.
How to improve the efficiency of budget control?
Authors: Zolotareva A. B.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to analysis of current indicators of control efficiency in the budgetary sphere, main directions of the reform of control and supervisory activity (hereinafter — CSA), held in Russia since 2009, as well as objective obstacles to the successful implementation of the reforms in the budget sphere. According to the author, in the budget sphere, the general ideology of the CSA reform does not work well, since the amount of violations detected by the control bodies is not equal to the amount of damage caused to the budget. The author comes to the conclusion that the main reason for the low efficiency of control in the budget sphere is the latent nature of embezzlement of budget funds, as a result of which such embezzlement is usually qualified as «inefficient use of budget funds», which excludes liability and recovery of damage caused to the budget. According to the author, the effectiveness of control in the budget sphere can be improved by shifting the focus from subsequent control to preliminary control, which should be carried out mainly by automated means, as well as by introducing a certain form of responsibility of officials for the «inefficiency» of their activities.
About the use of engineering and engineering platforms in housing construction
Authors: Betin V. O.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the formation of modern organizational forms (organizational structures) of industrial enterprises in construction — a process aimed at improving the efficiency of housing projects, accelerating and improving the quality of industry growth. The system argument is mobilized in favor of the introduction of engineering into the organizational system of housing construction as a factor of consolidation of construction functionality, optimization of technological, financial, investment and management processes, maintenance of the flows of relevant innovations. Along with the characteristics of the target parameters of engineering platforms, the conclusion about their attribution to system-forming enterprises and their special role in program management is substantiated. The author also argues for a principled forecast discourse, according to which, as a result of the involvement of engineering and engineering platforms, the industry will be able to: 1) to take its place in the system of development institutions with the chances of using all their tools; 2) to become an active participant in the implementation of a number of national projects and programs; 3) to act as a subject of export expansion, first of all — in the market of countries belonging to the Eurasian integration groupings in the post-Soviet area.
THE EFFECT OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE NANOPOWDER AGGLOMERATES ON THE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MATERIALS
Authors: Chayka T.
Published: July 2021

The object of the research is cement samples modified by agglomerates of tungsten carbide nanopowders obtained from carbide waste. The paper considers the influence of tungsten carbide nanopowder on the change in the main cement characteristics (density, water demand, setting time, kinetics of strength gain, compressive strength, bending strength). The optimum additive content in cement materials is 3%. This parameter is estimated by the maximum growth of compressive and flexural strength at all stages of hardening. The effect of WC powder additive on the structure of the cement matrix has been shown. Due to the high dispersibility of WC nanopowder, its particles act as additional crystallization centers, fill in the micropores of the cement stone and create a denser and stronger structure. The results of studying the microstructure of the cement stone with additions of WC powder indirectly confirm the results of strength characteristics. The cement-sand samples with the modifier are found to have a denser crystallized cement-sand stone compared to the control sample (without WC powder addition). The conducted researches have shown perspectivity of application of WC nanoparticles agglomerates as modifying additives for cement materials, which can be used in production of special purpose concrete (hydraulic, radioprotective, etc.). The economic effect of the use of WC nanoadditives obtained from hard-alloy production wastes can be obtained due to a reduction in costs at the stages of construction and operation of structures, buildings, structures based on it.
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE PRESSURE DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE PRESSURE FIELD FOR THE NONISOTHERMAL FLOW OF A VISCOUS LIQUID IN GYROSTATIC BEARINGS WHEN PROCESSING LARGE-SIZED STEAM TURBINE SHAFTS
Authors: Vasil'ev A.
Published: July 2021

A mathematical model for calculating the pressure field of a hydrostatic support with an incomplete girth angle for a non-isothermal flow of a viscous working fluid using the iteration method is developed. The fundamental laws of hydrodynamics and the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication are used. The pressure field is calculated by jointly solving the Reynolds equation, the energy balance equation and the flow rate balance equation, as well as additional relationships for the thermophysical parameters of the working fluid, obtained by approximating the tabular values. The mathematical model of the pressure field takes into account all the characteristics and operating parameters of the hydrostatic support with an incomplete range angle, by setting the boundary conditions and geometric parameters of the working surface of the support liner. The developed system is solved by the numerical method of finite differences. A comparative analysis of the static characteristics of different designs of a hydrostatic support with an incomplete range angle is carried out. Recommendations are given on the choice of the number of pockets in the design of liners for a hydrostatic support with an incomplete range angle to ensure guaranteed floatation and maintain a given value of the working clearance in the fluid friction zone of the shaft journal and the bearing surface of the hydrostatic support liner when turning shafts of steam turbine.
Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic-Resistant Pattern of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated From Dairy Products
Authors: Shafiei Seifabadi Fatemeh , Baserisalehi Majid
Published: July 2021

Background: Microorganisms have potent activity for transferring antibiotic-resistant genes with either chromosomally- or plasmid-mediated characteristics. The purpose of this study was to isolate Lactobacillus from different commercial products and evaluate their potential in antibiotic-resistant development. Chromosomally-or plasmid-mediated resistant genes were investigated as well. Methods: In total, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from 20 commercial dairy product samples such as cheese and yoghurt. The isolates were phenotypic and molecularly identified and their antibiotic-resistant properties were assessed by the disk-diffusion method. Finally, the plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistant characters of the isolates were evaluated by plasmid curing via evaluated temperatures and acridine orange methods. Results: Five strains Lactobacillus paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. fermentum were isolated different products. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility assay indicated that all strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and imipenem and resistant to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Furthermore, different responses were observed among the isolates against streptomycin and gentamicin. The evaluation of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in the isolates revealed that streptomycin and gentamicin-resistant characters were of plasmid-mediated type in L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum strains. Conclusions: In general, our finding demonstrated that some commercial Lactobacillus strains harboured antibiotic-resistant genes. These genes can be located either in chromosome or plasmid group. Hence, the frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria might be increased after consuming some dairy products because of the horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes among the bacteria.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Investigation of the Molecular Docking of New Derivatives of 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole as Inhibitors of Quorum Sensing System in the Human PathogenPseudomonas Aeruginosa
Authors: Ghameshlouei Sepideh , Zarrabi Ahrabi Nakisa , Souldozi Ali , SarveAhrabi Yasin
Published: July 2021

Background: Oxadiazoles are a group of anti-inflammatory compounds that have a wide range of activity due to their higher efficacy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and a major pathogen of nosocomial infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and investigation of the molecular docking of new derivatives of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole against P. aeruginosa, in vitro & in silico. Materials and Methods: Four new derivatives were synthesized and added to our previous synthetic derivatives of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole. The antibacterial activity of all derivatives was measured based on three standard species of P. aeruginosa using inhibition zone (IZ) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Then, employing the computational design of the drug by the molecular docking method, the inhibitory effect of synthetic compounds on the LasR regulatory protein of P. aeruginosa quorum sensing system was investigated, which plays an important role in regulating the expression of pathogenic genes in bacteria. Results: The chemical structures of new compounds were characterized by IR spectra and 1H-NMR. A variety of inhibitory effects were observed by the synthesized compounds – compound 4d and 4g, in particular. Also, the inhibitory effect of these two compounds on the LasR regulatory protein under the control of the quorum sensing system in P. aeruginosa was demonstrated by molecular docking. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the two compounds containing the functional group of naphthalene and fluorophenyl have a significant effect on the inhibition of P. aeruginosa, as well as on the LasR protein of this bacterium.
Accuracy of CBCT Linear Measurements to Determine the Height of Alveolar Crest to the Mental Foramen
Authors: Sheikhi Mahnaz , Saleh Gholami Seyed Ali , Ghazizadeh Maryam
Published: July 2021

Background: Detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) anatomical structures in precise treatment planning prior to implant placement is necessary. The choice of imaging techniques plays an important role in achieving the required information to measure exact dimensions. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has increasingly been used for diagnosis and treatment in the fields of periodontology, endodontic, and orthodontics. It is also used as the preoperative evaluation of patients who are candidates for dental implant treatment. Dental implant placement is an important application of CBCT in dentistry. One of the features of CBCT is the possibility of changing the slice thickness while reviewing images. In this study, we examined the linear measurement accuracy of CBCT for determining the height of alveolar crest to the mental foramen in cross-sectional view with different slice thicknesses and in tangential view. Methods: We used five dry human mandibles in this study. Then the distance from the highest tip of alveolar crest to the upper border of mental foramen was measured by digital caliper (as gold standard) and on CBCT images in cross sectional view with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 mm slice thicknesses and in tangential view. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 22, paired t test, and inter class correlation. Results: Data were collected by evaluation of 5 dry mandible and 240 measurements. There were significant differences only in tangential view and 1 mm slice thickness option in cross-sectional view with the gold standard (P=0.003 and P=0.018 respectively). The results did not show any differences between the observers (P<0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicated that cross-sectional view is more accurate than tangential view, and 3 and 5 mm slice thicknesses are preferred for measurement.
Isothermal, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies on the Adsorption of Molybdenum by a Nanostructured Magnetic Material
Authors: Shargh Elnaz , Sid Kalal Hossein , Shiri-Yekta Zahra , Mousavi Seyed Ebrahim , Almasian Mohammad Reza , Tagiof Mohammad , Hoveidi Hassan
Published: July 2021

In this study, the magnetic 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) – poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) was synthesized and characterized. Removal of Molybdenum (Mo) from aqueous solutions using prepared material as nanosorbent was investigated. The magnetic P4VP was prepared by copolymerization of P4VP with TMSPMA. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by various techniques including the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The batch adsorption technique was applied and the effect of several important parameters such as pH of the aqueous solution, adsorbent dose, initial Mo(VI) concentration, contact time, and temperature was evaluated. Desorption behavior of Mo(VI) and the effect of foreign ions (Cd2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Ba2+ and Pt4+) in real samples were also investigated. Co (II) and Pt (IV) had a greater impact on the adsorption process than other foreign ions. The maximum capacity for Mo(VI) adsorption on the prepared adsorbent was 4.87 mg/g, which was obtained at a temperature of 40°C with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L of Mo(VI). The adsorption isotherms were best fitted with the Weber Van Vliet isotherm model. The kinetic data were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order equation with a high correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99). Based on the negative standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG° < 0) and the positive standard enthalpy change (ΔH° > 0), it was found that the adsorption was an endothermic and a spontaneous process in nature.
Transmission Routes of COVID-19 Through Air, Water and Wastewater: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jaafarzadeh Nematollah , Jorfi Sahand , Ghaedrahmat Zeinab , Almasi Halime , Zahedi Amir
Published: July 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this systematic review, five databases were searched (Scopus, PubMed-/Medline, Cochrane library, Embase, and Web of Science) for publications between 2019 to 12 February 2021. From 575 articles identified, seven papers were selected for inclusion. In the present paper, corona transmission routes from three environments of water, wastewater and air were considered. The most important transmission route of COVID-19 is through the air, which takes place from the following two routes: respiration and contact. Respiratory drops are caused by coughing and sneezing. Anyone who comes in close contact with someone having COVID-19 symptoms (sneezing, coughing, etc.) is potentially at risk for droplets. In this paper, corona transmission pathways from water, wastewater, and air in three environments were investigated. The results showed that the virus is transmitted through the air and its transmission through water and wastewater has not been proven. While the virus may survive in drinking water, there is no evidence that human coronavirus is present in surface and groundwater sources, or transmitted through contaminated drinking water. There is also no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through the sewage system, with or without wastewater treatment. Detection of this virus is very effective in determining the necessary and timely strategies to prevent further transmission of virus, and help to break the chain of COVID-19 transmission through water and wastewater.
Susceptibility Pattern of Caspofungin-Coated Gold Nanoparticles Against Clinically Important Candida Species
Authors: Salehi Zahra , Fattahi Azam , Lotfali Ensieh , Kazemi Abdolhassan , Shakeri-Zadeh Ali , Ahmad Nasrollahi Saman
Published: July 2021

Purpose: The present study was performed to examine whether caspofungin-coated gold nanoparticles (CAS-AuNPs) may offer the right platform for sensitivity induction in resistant isolates. Methods: A total of 58 archived Candida species were enrolled in the research. The identification of Candida spp. was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and HWP1 gene amplification approaches. The conjugated CAS-AuNPs were synthesized and then characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Zetasizer system to determine their morphology, size, and charge. Furthermore, the efficacy was assessed based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M60. Finally, the interaction of CAS-AuNPs with Candida element was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: According to the TEM results, the synthesized CAS-AuNPs had a spherical shape with an average size of 20 nm. The Zeta potential of CAS-AuNPs was -38.2 mV. Statistical analyses showed that CAS-AuNPs could significantly reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration against C. albicans (P=0.0005) and non-albicans Candida (NAC) species (P<0.0001). All isolates had a MIC value of ≥ 4 µg/ml for CAS, except for C. glabrata. The results of SEM analysis confirmed the effects of AuNPs on the cell wall structure of C. globrata with the formation of pores. Conclusion: According to findings, CAS-AuNPs conjugates had significant antifungal effects against Candida spp. Therefore, it can be concluded that the encapsulation of antifungal drugs in combination with NPs not only diminishes side effects but also enhances the effectiveness of the medications.
Medicinal Plants with Potential Inhibitory Bioactive Compounds against Coronaviruses
Authors: Adeleye Olutayo Ademola , Bamiro Oluyemisi Adebowale , Bakre Lateef Gbenga , Odeleye Florence Olubola , Adebowale Modupe Nofisat , Okunye Olufemi Lionel , Sodeinde Mariam Adeola , Adebona Adannaya Charity , Menaa Farid
Published: July 2021

Medicinal plant is a major source of drug discovery for disease management. Over 85% of the population in Asia and in the Middle East use herbal medicine for disease management such as SARS caused by coronavirus. Infection from coronavirus is initiated by entry of the virus into a susceptible host cell. The two human coronaviruses of public health importance two decades ago were SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and now SARS-CoV 2. These three viruses belong to the same class of beta coronavirus and are somewhat similar in genome sequencing, life cycle, mode of entry into a host, mode of transmission and clinical manifestations. This review identified twenty medicinal plants with potential inhibitory bioactive compounds from natural sources that are active against coronaviruses that could be developed into various drug delivery systems. It also highlighted several evidences to show that medicinal plant used in the treatment of SARS-CoV may offer some sort of relief from the burden of COVID 19 pandemic. Since there is no specific treatment for COVID 19 yet, the search for medicinal plants with inhibitory bioactive compounds against coronavirus could be the long awaited breakthrough scientists have been searching to change the narratives of Covid-19 pandemic.
Isothermal Amplification of Nucleic Acids Coupled with Nanotechnology and Microfluidic Platforms for Detecting Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Beyond
Authors: Alamolhoda Seyedeh Zahra , Zarghami Nosratollah , Kahroba Houman , Mehdipour Ahmad , Pourhassan-Moghaddam Mohammad , Jahanban-Esfahlan Rana , Milani Morteza
Published: July 2021

Antibiotic resistance is one of the serious health-threatening issues globally, the control of which is indispensable for rapid diagnosis and treatment because of the high prevalence and risks of pathogenicity. Traditional and molecular techniques are relatively expensive, complex, and non-portable, requiring facilities, trained personnel, and high-tech laboratories. Widespread and timely-detection is vital to the better crisis management of rapidly spreading infective diseases, especially in low-tech regions and resource-limited settings. Hence, the need for inexpensive, fast, simple, mobile, and accessible point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is highly demanding. Among different biosensing methods, the isothermal amplification of nucleic acids is favorite due to their simplicity, high sensitivity/specificity, rapidity, and portability, all because they require a constant temperature to work. Isothermal amplification methods are utilized for detecting various targets, including DNA, RNA, cells, proteins, small molecules, ions, and viruses. In this paper, we discuss various platforms, applications, and potentials of isothermal amplification techniques for biosensing of antimicrobial resistance. We also evaluate the potential of these methods, coupled with the novel and rapidly-evolving platforms offered by nanotechnology and microfluidic devices.
Diazepam Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluations
Authors: Faghihi Sara , Awadi Mohammad Reza , Mousavi Seyyedeh Elaheh , Rezayat Sorkhabadi Seyyed Mahdi , Karboni Mandana , Azarmi Shirzad , Ghaffari Solmaz
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To overcome side effects of repetitive administration of Diazepam (Dzp) besides gaining benefits from sustaining release (SR) of the drug, which contributes to patient compliance, we concentrated on designing and preparing Dzp Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs). Methods: Using cholesterol (CHOL), stearic acid (SA) and glycerol monostearate (GMS), SLNs were prepared by high shear homogenization technique coupled with sonication. Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) was used as a nonionic surfactant. After modification of prepared SLNs, particle size, zeta potential, drug-loading efficiency, morphology and scanning calorimetry as well as release studies were conducted. To increase the stability of desired particles, freeze-drying by cryoprotectant was carried out. In the final stage, In-vivo study was performed by oral (PO) and intraperitoneal (IP) administration to Wistar male rats. Results: Results indicated that optimized prepared particles were in average 150 nm diameter in spherical shape with 79.06 % loading efficiency and release of more than 85% of loaded drug in 24 hours. In-vivo investigations also illustrated differences in blood distribution of Dzp after loading this drug into SLNs. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it seems that drug delivery using SLNs could be an opportunity for solving complications of Dzp therapy in future.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Provokes Rat Immune Cells Recruitment into the Pulmonary Niche by Up-regulation of Endothelial Adhesion Molecules
Authors: Zarafshan Eghbal , Rahbarghazi Reza , Rezaie Jafar , Aslani Mohammad Reza , Saberianpour Shirin , Ahmadi Mahdi , Keyhanmanesh Rana
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2, is conceived as a devastating chronic metabolic disease globally. Due to the existence of an extensive vascular network in the pulmonary tissue, it is suggested that lungs are sensitive to the diabetic condition like other tissues. This study was designed to address the possible effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the promotion of pathological changes via vascular injury. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to the two of Control and T2D groups. To induce type 2 diabetes, rats were received high-fat and a single dose of STZ. On week 12, rats were euthanized and lungs samples were taken. Using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, the pathological changes were monitored. The expression of vascular ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and IL-10 was monitored using real-time PCR assay. The level of TNF-α was detected using ELISA assay. Nitrosative stress was monitored using the Griess assay. Results Pathological examination in bronchoalveolar discharge revealed the existence of mild to moderate interstitial bronchopneumonia and increased neutrophilic leukocytosis compared to the control. Enhanced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and suppression of IL-10 was found using real-time PCR analysis (p<0.05). The levels of TNF-α and NO were increased with diabetic changes compared to the control rats (p<0.05). Conclusion T2D could promote pulmonary tissue injury via the production of TNF-α and up-regulation of vascular ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The inflammatory status and vascular ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 increase immune cell recruitment into the pulmonary niche.
Uses of Natural Honey in Cancer: An Updated Review
Authors: Eteraf-Oskouei Tahereh , Najafi Moslem
Published: July 2021

Cancer was predicted as the leading cause of death and the most important obstacle to the increased life expectancy in the 21st century worldwide. The WHO estimated number of new cases of cancers in 2020 about 19 million, and this number is estimated to be more than 295,300,000 people up to 2040 (more than 55% increase during next 20 years). Standard treatments for cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, all of these methods have dangerous side effects, so researchers are more interested in finding more novel and less risky therapies. In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the development of anticancer agents obtained from foods or natural products. The relative safety of natural and food-derived compounds makes them attractive alternatives to conventional cancer treatment drugs. As a result, the majority of people are adviced to use complementary and alternative medicine to treat and prevent cancer. In recent years, honey, as a natural product, has attracted many researchers' attention as an alternative to conventional anticancer drugs. Natural honey has long been used as a medicine and nutrient and its beneficial effects on various diseases in animal and human models have been studied. It was found that it has a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antiarrhythmic, wound healing, and liver protection benefits. This article aimed to review the role of natural honey in the prevention and treatment of a number of important cancers and their subsequent complications.
CRISPER/CAS System, a Novel Tool of Targeted Therapy of Drug-resistant Lung Cancer
Authors: Akbari Kordkheyli Vahid , Rashidi Mohsen , Shokri Yasaman , Fallahpour Samane , Variji Atena , Bazi Ali , Nabipour Ghara Ehsan , Hosseini Sayed Mostafa
Published: July 2021

Lung cancer (LC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Patients with LC are usually diagnosed at advanced phases. Five-year survival rate in LC patients is approximately 16%. Despite decades of research on LC treatments, clinical outcomes are still very poor, necessitating to develop novel technologies to manage the disease. Considering the role of genetic and epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in cancer progression, gene therapy provides a hot spot in cancer treatment research. Gene therapy offers less side effects compared to conventional methods such as chemotherapy. Unlike the traditional approaches of gene therapy that have temporary effects, using genetic modification tools can offer persistent cure. Over the past a few years, many studies have effectively used the CRISPR–Cas9 approach to modify gene expression in cells. This system is applied to induce site-specific mutagenesis and epigenetic modifications and regulate gene expression. In this review, we discuss recent applications of the CRISPR–Cas9 technology in treating LC.
mRNA as a Therapeutics: Understanding mRNA Vaccines
Authors: Oguz Ferdi , Atmaca Harika
Published: July 2021

Vaccination is one of the important approaches in the prevention and control of diseases. Although the capacity to present antigens other than the disease-specific antigen in the traditional vaccine composition provides a potential benefit by increasing its protective efficacy, many components that are not needed for the related disease are also transferred. These components can reduce vaccine activity by lowering immunity against protective antigens. The reasons such as the low effectiveness of traditional vaccines and the high cost of production and time-consuming reasons show that it is necessary to develop a new vaccine method for our world, which is struggling with epidemics almost every year. Among nucleic acids, mRNA has many advantages, such as genomic integration, induction of anti-DNA autoantibodies, and immune tolerance induced by long-term antigen expression. mRNA vaccines have become a therapeutic target for reasons such as efficacy, safety, fast and non-expensive production. The fact that mRNA triggers both humoral and cellular immunity and goes only to the cytoplasm, not to the nucleus, makes it highly efficient. The mRNA must cross the lipid bilayer barrier and entry to the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. There are two main ways of mRNA vaccine delivery for this: ex vivo loading of mRNA into dendritic cells and direct injection of mRNA with or without a carrier. Studies continue to understand which delivery system is therapeutically more efficient. Preclinical and clinical trials showed that mRNA vaccines trigger a long-lasting and safe immune response.
Immunomodulatory Potential of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Exosomes on Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Baharlooi Hussein , Salehi Zahra , Minbashi Moeini Moein , Rezaei Nima , Azimi Maryam
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Promising advances have been made in mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to re-induce the immune tolerance in neuroinflammatory animal models and Multiple Sclerosis patients. The available evidence demonstrated that immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cell are particularly exerted through releasing exosomes to their environment. We therefore, aimed to comparatively assess the potential effect of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes on proliferation and function of the CD4+CD25− conventional T cells, isolated from relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis patients. Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from human umbilical cord tissues and used for exosome isolation via ultracentrifugation. Both mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects against the proliferation of T cells isolated from two groups of individuals in vitro, MS patients and healthy subjects. Cytokine production of conventional T cells (interferon-γ, interleukin-10, and interleukin-17) was also assessed, using flow cytometry for the patients and healthy individuals. Results: Here, evidence shows that MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes dampen proliferation and percentage of conventional T cells that produce IFN-γ (healthy control: p<0.001) and interleukin-17 (healthy control: p<0.001, MS patients: p<0.001), with a significant increase of IL-10 producing cells in the patients and healthy individuals. Surprisingly, MSC-derived exosomes demonstrated higher immune-modulating properties on conventional T cells responses, compared to MSCs. Conclusion: The current study, provides a novel approach of exocytosis on autoimmune therapy. In particular, Mesenchymal stem cell -derived exosomes, which are cell-derived biologics, could be considered as an alternative for Mesenchymal stem cells in treating multiple sclerosis.
Regulatory Effects of Apatinib in Combination with Piperine on MDM-2 Gene Expression, Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and Nitric Oxide level as Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity in Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Mohammadian Mahshid , Rostamzadeh Khameneh Zakieh , Emamgholizadeh Minaei Soraya , Ebrahimifar Meysam , Esgandari Kosar
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Apatinib has been utilized in colon cancer therapies but its efficiency and molecular mechanism are not fully understood. Chemotherapy in combination with non-toxic compounds can be a strategy to reduce the recurrence of cancer. Consequently, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Apatinib and Piperine on colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line and their potential anti-cancerous mechanisms in vitro. Methods: The effects of Apatinib and Piperine on HCT-116 CRC cells were detected by assessing cell viability using MTT assay. The potential cytotoxic mechanisms of Apatinib and Piperine were investigated by evaluating the apoptosis-related gene (MDM-2) expression ratio using real-time PCR assay. Moreover, the glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were assessed by colorimetric assays. Results: The proliferation rate of CRC cells decreased by increasing the concentrations of Piperine and Apatinib. When HCT-116 cells were treated with different concentrations of Apatinib in combination with Piperine, the synergistic effects were observed (Combination Index<1). In HCT-116 cells treated with Apatinib or Piperine at the concentrations of 0.5×IC50 and 0.2×IC50, the MDM-2 gene expression was downregulated and NO levels increased compared to the untreated control cells and related single treatments. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of Apatinib increased when was combined with Piperine. In addition, GPX activity significantly decreased in combination treatment at 0.5×IC50 concentration of both agents. Conclusion: Apatinib in combination with Piperin could significantly inhibit the viability of CRC cells. These cytotoxic effects were induced by regulation of apoptosis-related gene and inhibition of antioxidant marker.
Designing a Strategic Model of Innovation Ecosystem by Using Grounded Theory in the Field of Biotechnology
Authors: dabbagafrouz rozita , bafandeh zendeh aliraza , pasebani mohammad
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives: The main purpose of this research is to design an innovation ecosystem model in the field of biotechnology in Tabriz and to determine the components of the innovation ecosystem that has been done by the ecosystem data method. Material and Methods: This study was conducted by grounded theory. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and data analysis was performed using Strauss and Corbin method and paradigm model. The statistical population of this study consisted of 18 faculty members of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, directors of research and technology and higher education planning, and the university's relationship with industry and innovation institute of the province, managers of knowledge-based companies and experts of Iran's Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, managers of Zahravi Pharmaceutical Factories, Razi Serum Manufacturing, Dana Pharmaceutical Compan., whichwas done through purposive sampling and snowball method. The interviews were continued until saturation was achieved. Results: The components affecting the innovation ecosystem led to the creation of a data-based theory in the field of health innovation ecosystem by analyzing the results of the content of the interviews during the open, pivotal and selected coding process. The model designed in this study includes effective dimensions and components, barriers and strategies, causal, contextal, mediating and constituent elements that show the pivotal phenomenon, consequences and strategies. The identifiers and factors of the innovation ecosystem of 150 codes and 40 concepts, 5 main components of interviews and research literature were developed in the form of a conceptual model of data foundation. Based on the results of the research, causal factors (government, financial capital), central issue (university and research institutes), strategies (establishment of universities and research-based institutions, shortening the process of obtaining necessary permits, government support for research and development, material and spiritual incentives and increasing risky investment), consequences (economic development and growth) and underlying factors (attractiveness of place, banking services, intellectual property rights) intervening conditions (culture) were identified. Conclusion: The studied process was explained in the form of a story line of data foundation theory. Finally, the model of biotechnology innovation ecosystem was designed and analyzed
Factors Influencing Turnover Intention of Physicians in Deprived Areas
Authors: Nikkhah-Farkhani Zahra , Soltani Azadeh
Published: July 2021

Background: The lack of specialist physicians is a major concern in developing countries, especially in deprived cities. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the predictive variables of the turnover intention of physicians working in an undeveloped and deprived city in Iran. Methods: Participants were 100 physicians working at North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data were collected using a standard questionnaire of Turnover Intention, Interpersonal Conflict, Work-Family Conflict, Work Overload, and Organizational Support scales. We proposed a hybrid methodology to identify factors influencing turnover intention, which combines clustering and classification methods. RStudio 1.1, SPSS Clementine 12, and SPSS 22 programs were used for data analysis. After data clustering, we made a CART decision tree model for each cluster and used the variable importance feature of SPSS Clementine to discover the factors influencing turnover intention in each cluster. Results: We found two significant clusters of physicians’ turnover intention. In both clusters, interpersonal conflict (work ambiguity and work conflict) was the most important predictor of physician turnover intention, but physicians in the first cluster compared to the second had a higher turnover intention. In cluster 1, work overload, organizational support, and work-family conflict were respectively the predictors of physician turnover intention and in cluster 2, organizational support, work-family conflict, and final work overload were respectively the predictors of physician turnover intention. Conclusion: Cultural differences and the resulting interpersonal conflicts are the most important predictors of physician turnover intention in deprived areas. Turnover intention predictions of physicians with a longer work experience are different from that of others, and human resource managers must implement appropriate strategies to keep physicians in the deprived areas.
Age and the Length of Hospital Stay in Patients With Sepsis at the ICU Admission can Prolong the Duration of Endotracheal Intubation
Authors: Rahimibashar Farshid , Vahedian-Azimi Amir , Salesi Mahmood , Khosh Fetrat Masoum
Published: July 2021

Background: Endotracheal intubation (EI) associated with mechanical ventilation (MV) is frequently performed in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of important factors on the duration of tracheal intubation in patients with sepsis at the ICU admission. Methods: Adult patients admitted to the mixed medical–surgical ICUs with sepsis at the ICU admission who needs prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) (≥ 21 days) were included in this retrospective secondary analysis study. The primary outcome was ICU mortality. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients were assessed as risk factors associated with the duration of MV by univariate and multivariate Binary logistic regression. Results: Eighty-five patients required more than 21 days of MV. Out of the 85 patients, 52 (61.2%) patients were intubated within 30 to 34.50 days and 33 (38.8%) patients had intubation within 34.51 to 65 days, and categorized as PMV and very prolonged MV groups, respectively. Two parameters were significantly associated with very prolonged MV which are as follows: older age 1.229 (95% CI: 1.002-1.507, P=0.048) and long hospital stay (LOS) 2.996 (95% CI: 1.676-5.356, P<0.001). No significant survival difference was observed between the two groups of study. (33.3% vs. 25%, P=0.406). Conclusion: Our observations showed that the older age and LOS as pre-ICU stay in patients with positive sepsis at the ICU admission can prolong the duration of intubation. In addition, no significant survival difference was observed between patients with PMV and very prolonged MV.
Pachymeningitis in a Patient With Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis; A Case Report
Authors: Alishiri Gholam Hossein , Rahmanian Ehsan , Ramezanpour Mahsa
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a systematic and necrotizing vasculitis with positive autoimmune antibodies. Some studies have reported the prevalence of eye involvement between 40%-50% of cases. Retro orbital granuloma is a rare complication of GPA which should be treated by surgical involvements, while pachymeningitis can be diagnosed by MRI and treated by medical management. In this study, we tried to present a case of GPA with optic neuritis and typical central nervous system (CNS) involvement, while there were no definite features of sinusitis or kidney injuries. Case Presentation: A 15-year-old girl was admitted because of blurred vision in her left eye. She was a known case of GPA three years ago with initial features, including left facial nerve paresis due to pan-sinusitis and pulmonary cavity. Neurologic evaluations, including sensory and motor features, were normal, too. Ophthalmologic examinations showed that visual acuity of the right eye was good, while the visual acuity in the left eye decreased to the point of finger counting at a distance of 20 cm. The left eye Marcus gunn test was positive (3+); anterior and posterior eye segments were normal. The patient was evaluated by brain MRI with gadolinium and a pathologic enhancement in the left cavernous was seen which had a pressure effect on the optic nerve. She was treated by intravenous methylprednisolone followed by rituximab. Conclusion: Reporting orbital mass in a patient who had GPA can be supposed as granuloma which needs a biopsy to confirm a diagnosis. In our case, the imaging manifestation was heterodox for granuloma, while neurosurgical consultation recommended drug treatment for pachymeningitis.