bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide synthase expression in the central nervous system of Sepia officinalis: an in situ hybridization study
Authors: Di Cristo Carlo , Fiore Gabriella , Scheinker Vladimir , Enikolopov Grigori , D'Ischia Marco , Palumbo Anna , Di Cosmo Anna
Published: September 2007

We recently reported the molecular cloning of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA from Sepia officinalis (SoNOS) using a strategy that involves hybridization of degenerate PCR primers to highly conserved NOS regions, combined with a RACE procedure. Here, in situ hybridization study has been performed on serial sections of the cuttlefish central nervous system to reveal localized specific staining of cell bodies in several lobes of the brain. Staining was found in many lower motor centres, including cells of the inferior and superior buccal lobes (feeding centres); in some higher motor centres (anterior basal and peduncle lobes); in learning centres (vertical, subvertical and superior frontal lobes); and in the visual system [medulla and deep retina (optic lobe)]. Positive staining was also found in the olfactory lobe. NOS‐expressing cells have been detected also in the interbasal lobe. Double labelling experiments, performed on consecutive sections, showed that neurons containing NOS immunoreactivity were also positive in in situ hybridization staining. All these data support the presence of NOS in several systems in the cuttlefish brain.
In‐Between Places: Trans‐Saharan Transit Migrants in Morocco and the Fragmented Journey to Europe
Authors: Collyer Michael
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  As undocumented migration becomes more difficult, migrants' journeys become longer and more fragmented. This is a response to new spatialities of migration control which are continually reconfigured in an effort to eliminate clandestine movement. In the trans‐Saharan region, this pattern of fragmented journeys also arises from a network of transnational social organisations that depend upon newly available technologies. Migrants' social networks provide both the means and the motivation for continued movement, even as destinations become more elusive. This paper investigates the imbalanced conflict between the social organisation of Sahara transit migrants and the developing spatial logic of control. It is based on recent research with undocumented migrants in Morocco.
An experimental study about the congruence between Type A behavior pattern and type of task
Authors: BERRIOS MARTOS M. PILAR , GARCIA‐MARTINEZ J. MIGUEL A. , LÓPEZ‐ZAFRA ESTHER
Published: September 2007

This paper is an experimental study, the basic aim of which is to check whether the congruence between personality characteristics and task characteristics has positive effects for performance and satisfaction on individuals. The results obtained reveal that Type A behavior pattern individuals get better results in cases of congruence than in cases of incongruence, while the performance of Type B behavior pattern individuals is not related to the (in)congruence between personal needs/aims and the task's demands. Besides, we have found that Type A behavior pattern individuals also have greater levels of satisfaction in cases of congruence than in cases of incongruence. However, Type B behavior pattern individuals show the same levels of satisfaction in both cases.
Red‐gartered Coot Fulica armillata feeding on the grapsid crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus: advantages and disadvantages of an unusual food resource
Authors: GARCÍA GERMÁN O. , FAVERO MARCO , MARIANO‐JELICICH ROCÍO
Published: September 2007

The behaviour of Red‐gartered Coots feeding on an unusual food source was examined at Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon, Argentina. The grapsid crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus made up all observed prey items, and 61% were small. Both handling and foraging duration increased with the size of captured crabs, but foraging efficiency decreased. Crab availability affected both the dive duration of the Coots and their foraging decisions with regard to prey‐size selection. Two species of gull were observed kleptoparasitizing Coots, especially when the Coot was handling medium or large crabs. Feeding by Coots on Cyrtograpsus angulatus has not been previously documented and may be a feeding innovation. Our estimations suggest that Coots were foraging optimally, since smaller crabs were more energetically profitable.
Analysis of an EST library from the dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium sp.) symbiont of reef‐building corals1
Authors: Leggat William , Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove , Dove Sophie , Yellowlees David
Published: September 2007

Dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium sp. Freud.) are an obligatory endosymbiont of the reef‐building corals. Recent changes to the environment surrounding coral reefs (e.g., global warming) have demonstrated that this endosymbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodinium is particularly sensitive to environmental changes. Therefore, understanding gene expression patterns of Symbiodinium is critical to understanding why coral reefs are susceptible to global climate change. This study identified 1456 unique expression sequence tags (ESTs) generated for Symbiodinium (clade C3) from the staghorn coral Acropora aspera following exposure to a variety of stresses. Of these, only 10% matched previously reported dinoflagellate ESTs, suggesting that the conditions used in the construction of the library resulted in a novel transcriptome. The function of 561 (44%) of these ESTs could be identified. The majority of these genes coded for proteins involved in posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones (12.3%); energy production and conversion (12%); or an unknown function (18.6%). The most common transcript found was a homologue to a bacterial protein of unknown function. This algal protein is targeted to the chloroplast and is present in those phototrophs that acquired plastids from the red algal lineage. An additional 48 prokaryote‐like proteins were also identified, including the first glycerol‐phosphate:phosphate antiporter from dinoflagellates. A protein with similarity to the fungi–archael–bacterial heme catalase peroxidases was also found. A variety of stress genes, in particular heat‐shock proteins and proteins involved in ubiquitin cascades, were also identified. This study is the first transcriptome from the unicellular component of a eukaryote–eukaryote symbiosis.
Platelet‐rich plasma may not provide any additional effect when associated with guided bone regeneration around dental implants in dogs
Authors: De Vasconcelos Gurgel Bruno César , Gonçalves Patrícia Furtado , Pimentel Suzana Peres , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria Bovi , Nociti Júnior Francisco Humberto , Sallum Enilson Antonio , Casati Marcio Zaffalon
Published: September 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate histometrically bone healing in surgically created dehiscence‐type defects around titanium implants treated with an association of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and guided bone regeneration (GBR).

Materials and Methods: Ten male adult mongrel dogs were used, from which the three low premolars (P2, P3, P4) and the first molar were extracted. Three months after teeth extraction, two implant sites were bilaterally drilled, buccal bone dehiscences were created and four titanium implants were placed. Dehiscences were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) PRP, (2) GBR, (3) PRP+GBR and (4) control. After 3 months, the animals were sacrificed and the implants and adjacent hard tissues were processed for undecalcified sections. Bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), bone density within the limits of implant threads (BW), bone density (BD) and new bone area (BA) in a zone lateral to the implant corresponding to bone defects were obtained and measured.

Results: Intergroup analysis (two‐way ANOVA –α=5%) demonstrated that when PRP was utilized,no differences were observed for all parameters (P>0.05). However, significant differences were observed for BIC and BW toward membrane‐treated groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that PRP does not exert additional effects on bone healing in bone defects created around dental implants and treated by GBR.
Commentaries & Analyses
Authors: Yeh Jenny J. , Fernandez Dennis , Hansen Nels
Published: September 2007

Patent Prosecution Strategies for Stem-Cell Related Applications.
Tissue Engineering — A New Technology in China
Authors: Cao Yilin , Liu Wei
Published: September 2007

The article is about the tissue engineering research done in China. It discusses various aspects of tissue engineering in China including engineered bones, cartilage, skin, corneal stroma and blood vessels.
Ancient Rapid Radiations of Insects: Challenges for Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Whitfield James B. , Kjer Karl M.
Published: September 2007

Phylogenies of major groups of insects based on both morphological and molecular data have sometimes been contentious, often lacking the data to distinguish between alternative views of relationships. This paucity of data is often due to real biological and historical causes, such as shortness of time spans between divergences for evolution to occur and long time spans after divergences for subsequent evolutionary changes to obscure the earlier ones. Another reason for difficulty in resolving some of the relationships using molecular data is the limited spectrum of genes so far developed for phylogeny estimation. For this latter issue, there is cause for current optimism owing to rapid increases in our knowledge of comparative genomics. At least some historical patterns of divergence may, however, continue to defy our attempts to completely reconstruct them with confidence, at least using current strategies.
The Cost of Adaptivity and Virtual Lanes in aWormhole Router
Authors: Aoyama Kazuhiro , Chien Andrew A.
Published: September 2007

We examine the cost in router complexity of adaptivity and virtual lanes in wormhole routers, using f‐flat adaptive
routers (based on a generalization of planar-adaptive routing) which include routers with a range of routing
freedom. Our studies show that adaptivity is expensive because it requires additional virtual channels and much
larger crossbar switches for both adaptivity and deadlock prevention. Increases of 50 to 100% in channel utilization
are required to justify additional degrees of routing freedom.

Three internal router architectures for virtual lanes are examined and the fully expanded crossbar is found to be
most effective because it gives simplest control and minimal internal blocking. Examining router designs with from
1–16 virtual lanes indicates that 30% improvements in channel utilization are required to justify each additional
virtual lane. These studies combined with published simulation results indicate that only modest numbers of virtual
lanes are likely to be cost effective.
Module Selection in Microarchitectural Synthesis forMultiple Critical Constraint Satisfaction
Authors: Harris Ian G. , Orailoğlu Alex
Published: September 2007

Accurate design descriptions during synthesis allow efficient use of resources. The appropriate
use of distinct implementations of RTL operators helps generate optimal VLSI designs.
The system presented here utilizes libraries composed of multiple modules with identical
functionality, but distinct performance and area characteristics. Such libraries allow the
generation of an accurate estimate of the area and delay of the final design during synthesis.
Full use of the module selection capability is possible by allowing the user to specify a total
area limit rather than a detailed allocation. Consequently, tradeoffs between different allocations
can be fully explored. Scheduling, module selection, and allocation are performed
simultaneously to achieve optimal use of area and delay, and to facilitate the incorporation of
lower level design considerations into behavioral synthesis. Synthesis decisions are made in
a time‐constrained and area‐constrained fashion, by using both constraints to identify and
avoid infeasible design possibilities. Module selection, scheduling, and allocation for pipelined
designs is also implemented. Experimental results show that the use of module selection
and time‐and‐area‐constrained synthesis results in an area/delay design curve which is
superior to the results of traditional systems.
Syndrome Signature in Output Compaction for VLSI Built‐in Self‐Test
Authors: Das Sunil R. , Goel Nita , Jone Wen B. , Nayak Amiya R.
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we focus on the use of signature‐based output compaction technique for
built‐in self‐testing of VLSI circuits. We give algorithm for single‐output and multiple‐output
signature generation using exhaustive test patterns extending the syndrome conccpt.
The signature wc develop is a functional signature and is very effective for both input
and internal line fault detection, as seen from simulation on various benchmark circuits.
The signature generators can bc easily implemented using the current VLSI technology.
Integrated On‐Line and Off‐Line Error DetectionMechanisms in the Coding Theory Framework
Authors: Karpovsky Mark G.
Published: September 2007

In this paper we present an approach for combining on‐line concurrent checking (CC)
with off‐line built‐in self‐test (BIST). We will show that a reduction of an aliasing
probability can be obtained for manufacturing testing by monitoring the output of a
concurrent checker and a reduction of a probability of not detecting an error in the
computing mode can be obtained by a short periodic BIST. We will present a technique
for optimal selection of error‐detecting codes for combined on‐line CC and off‐line
space‐time compression of test responses for BIST and estimate probabilities of not
detecting an error for the approach based on integrating CC and BIST. We also present a
technique for on‐line error‐detection in space‐time compressors of test responses for
BIST.
A Case Study of Self‐Checking Circuits Reliability
Authors: Lo Jien-Chung
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we analyze the reliability of self‐checking circuits. A case study is presented
in which a fault‐tolerant system with duplicated self‐checking modules is compared
to the TMR version. It is shown that a duplicated self‐checking system has a much higher
reliability than that of the TMR counterpart. More importantly, the reliability of the self‐checking
system does not drop as sharply as that of the TMR version. We also
demonstrate the trade‐offs between hardware complexity and error handling capability
of self‐checking circuits. Alternative self‐checking designs where some hardware
redundancies are removed with the lost of fault‐secure and/or self‐testing properties
are also studied.
3D Simulations of Ultra‐small MOSFETswith Real‐space Treatment of the Electron – Electronand Electron‐ion Interactions
Authors: Gross W. J. , Vasileska D. , Ferry D. K.
Published: September 2007

We present a 3D Ensemble Monte Carlo particle‐based simulator with a novel realspace
treatment of the short‐range electron – electron and electron‐ion interactions. By
using a corrected Coulomb force in conjunction with a proper cutoff range, the shortrange
portion of the force is properly accounted for, and the ‘double counting’ of the
long‐range interaction is eliminated. The proposed method naturally incorporates the
multi‐ion contributions, local distortions in the scattering potential due to the movement
of the free charges, and carrier‐density fluctuations. The doping dependence of the
low‐field mobility obtained from 3D resistor simulations closely follows experimental
results, thus supporting the appropriateness of the proposed scheme. Simulations of
ultra‐small MOSFETs demonstrate that the short‐range electron – electron and electronion
interactions are responsible for the fast thermalization of the carriers at the drain
end of the device, which occurs over distances that are on the order of few nanometers.
The omission of the short‐range portions of these two interaction terms leads to significant
overestimation of the distance over which carriers thermalize.
Electro‐thermal Modelling of Monolithic and HybridMicrowave and Millimeter Wave IC′s
Authors: Batty W. , Panks A. J. , Johnson R. G. , Snowden C. M.
Published: September 2007

The first completely physical electro‐thermal model is presented that is capable of
describing the large signal performance of MESFET‐ and HEMT‐based, high power
microwave and millimeter wave monolithic and hybrid ICs, on timescales suitable for
CAD. The model includes the effects of self‐heating and mutual thermal interaction
on active device performance with full treatment of all thermal non linearities. The
electrical description is provided by the rapid quasi‐2D Leeds Physical Model and the
steady‐state global thermal description is provided by a highly accurate and computationally
inexpensive analytical thermal resistance matrix approach. The order of
the global thermal resistance matrix describing 3‐dimensional heat flow in complex
systems, is shown to be determined purely by the number of active device elements, not
the level of internal device structure. Thermal updates in the necessarily iterative, fully
coupled electro‐thermal solution, therefore reduce to small matrix multiplications
implying orders of magnitude speed‐up compared to the use of full numerical thermal
solutions capable of comparable levels of detail and accuracy.
A Probabilistic Power Estimation Method for Combinational Circuits Under Real Gate Delay Model
Authors: Theodoridis G. , Theoharis S. , Soudris D. , Goutis C.
Published: September 2007

Our aim is the development of a novel probabilistic method to estimate the power
consumption of a combinational circuit under real gate delay model handling temporal,
structural and input pattern dependencies. The chosen gate delay model allows handling
both the functional and spurious transitions. It is proved that the switching activity
evaluation problem assuming real gate delay model is reduced to the zero delay switching
activity evaluation problem at specific time instances. A modified Boolean function,
which describes the logic behavior of a signal at any time instance, including time
parameter is introduced. Moreover, a mathematical model based on Markov stochastic
processes, which describes the temporal and spatial correlation in terms of the associated
zero delay based parameters is presented. Based on the mathematical model and
considering the modified Boolean function, a new algorithm to evaluate the switching
activity at specific time instances using Ordering Binary Decision Diagrams (OBBDs) is
also presented. Comparative study of benchmark circuits demonstrates the accuracy and
efficiency of the proposed method.
Quantum Corrections to the ‘Atomistic’MOSFET Simulations
Authors: Asenov A. , Slavcheva G. , Kaya S. , Balasubramaniam R.
Published: September 2007

We have introduced in a simple and efficient manner quantum mechanical corrections in
our 3D ’atomistic’ MOSFET simulator using the density gradient formalism. We have
studied in comparison with classical simulations the effect of the quantum mechanical
corrections on the simulation of random dopant induced threshold voltage fluctuations,
the effect of the single charge trapping on interface states and the effect of the oxide
thickness fluctuations in decanano MOSFETs with ultrathin gate oxides. The introduction
of quantum corrections enhances the threshold voltage fluctuations but does not
affect significantly the amplitude of the random telegraph noise associated with single
carrier trapping. The importance of the quantum corrections for proper simulation
of oxide thickness fluctuation effects has also been demonstrated.
Novel Regulatory Effect of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor-Interacting Molecule on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Azuma Koichi , Tamura Kouichi , Shigenaga Atsu-ichiro , Wakui Hiromichi , Masuda Shin-ichiro , Tsurumi-Ikeya Yuko , Tanaka Yutaka , Sakai Masashi , Matsuda Miyuki , Hashimoto Tatsuo , Ishigami Tomoaki , Lopez-Ilasaca Marco , Umemura Satoshi
Published: September 2007

We have recently cloned a novel molecule that interacts with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-associated protein (ATRAP). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ATRAP modulates angiotensin II-induced responses in vascular smooth muscle cells. The results of immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay demonstrated a direct interaction between ATRAP and AT1R at baseline and showed that angiotensin II enhanced the interaction of these proteins >2-fold. The results of immunofluorescence analysis also demonstrated that >65% of ATRAP constitutively colocalized with an endosome marker. Although only 36% of ATRAP colocalized with AT1R at baseline, angiotensin II enhanced the colocalization of these molecules and made 92% of ATRAP colocalize with AT1R on a quantitative fluorescence analysis. Overexpression of ATRAP by adenoviral transfer decreased the cell surface AT1R number from 4.33 to 2.13 fmol/10
6
cells at baseline and from 3.04 to 1.26 fmol/10
6
cells even after removal of angiotensin II. ATRAP also suppressed angiotensin II-mediated increases in c-fos gene transcription and transforming growth factor-β production. Furthermore, this suppression was accompanied by inhibition of angiotensin II-induced activation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Finally, ATRAP knockdown by small-interference RNA activated angiotensin II-induced c-fos gene expression, which was effectively inhibited by valsartan, an AT1R-specific antagonist. These results indicate that ATRAP promotes internalization of AT1R and attenuates the angiotensin II-mediated c-fos-transforming growth factor-β pathway and proliferative response in vascular smooth muscle cells, suggesting a novel strategy to inhibit vascular fibrosis and remodeling through a novel and specific blockade of AT1R signaling.
Toward Other Epistemologies of Interface Culture: Dependent Origination, Tantra and Relational Being in an Age of Digital Reproduction
Authors: Ajaykumar
Published: September 2007

The author formally and thematically reconsiders the Buddhist philosophical concept of dependent origination in the context of technological practice. In this context, he discusses historical attempts in Tantric art to develop an integrated practice and conceive a dynamic “entity” of the body (that of the artist or the spectator), science, technology, art, architecture, philosophy, space-time and nature; and the veracity of such concepts in the context of particular new scientific insights. Furthermore, he reconsiders notions of relational being and nonanthropocentric being, and a polyphonic “I.” The article aims to interrogate new ways of evolving current practice and thinking on themes related to the socialization and mediatization of “difference.”
What Unites Right-Wing Populists in Western Europe?
Authors: Ivarsflaten Elisabeth
Published: September 2007

Unlike for the green party family, no empirically backed scholarly consensus exists about the grievances mobilized by populist right parties in Western Europe. To the contrary, three competing grievance mobilization models can be distinguished in the existing literature. These models focus on grievances arising from economic changes, political elitism and corruption, and immigration. This study discusses these three grievance mobilization models and tests them on comparable cross-sectional survey data for all seven relevant countries using multinomial probit analysis. The study finds that no populist right party performed well in elections around 2002 without mobilizing grievances over immigration. However, it finds several examples of populist right parties experiencing electoral success without mobilizing grievances over economic changes or political elitism and corruption. This study therefore solves a long-standing disagreement in the literature by comprehensively showing that only the appeal on the immigration issue unites all successful populist right parties.
Alcohol and the Safety of the Unborn Child
Authors: Woollam D.H.M.
Published: September 2007

ACCORDING TO the leading authority in the United States and probably the world, chronic maternal alcoholism is responsible for one-third of all cases of mental deficiency. On the other hand in Great Britain it has been stated that it is not seen by obstetricians and there are only rare accounts of obser vation of the condition by pediatricians. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the social, political and scientific factors which have made such a discrepancy between conditions in the two countries apparently possible.
Nutritional requirements
Authors: Bender Arnold E.
Published: September 2007

GOOD NUTRITIONAL health calls for an ade quate intake of all the nutrients and can only be achieved by consuming a wide variety of foods. Some of our modern 'diseases of affluence' are blamed on excessive intakes of fat and sugar and salt with inadequate dietary fibre, consequently current nut ritional advice is that everyone should change his diet accordingly. Since meat is a major contributor of satu rated fat to the British diet it is being recommended that leaner carcasses should be produced, that less meat should be eaten and replaced by poultry and fish, and that the fat content of meat products should be reduced.
Mortality Data of Ambulancemen
Authors: Grainger C.R.
Published: September 2007

THERE IS little information available on the occupa tional health of ambulancemen.

Mortality data for ambulancemen are presented and shows that the pattern is not different from that of the population from which the ambulancemen are drawn. There is a need to improve the collection of occupational health data.
Student enrolment and the appreciation of Principals on alcohol use in Bendel State, Nigeria
Authors: Arubayi Eric
Published: September 2007

THE PRIMARY purpose of the study was to ascer tain the effect of student enrolment and the per ceptions of principals on alcohol use or abuse. The result revealed that principals of secondary schools in Bendel State, Nigeria have a negative perception on alcohol use or abuse. Also it was found that there was no significant relationship between student enrolment and the perceptions of principals on alcohol use or abuse.
Smoking Habits Among Male Students at King Saud University
Authors: Bener Abdulbari
Published: September 2007

155 MALE university students were surveyed at King 1 Saud University for their smoking habits using a self administered questionnaire. 1000 students (86.6% of total) completed the questionnaire correctly. The non- response, incorrect or incomplete information consti tuted 13.4%. Of those who completed the questionnaire correctly 61% were Saudi and 39% were non-Saudi. 60% of the Saudi students and 49% of the non-Saudi students had never smoked before. The rest claimed to be current smokers. Non-Saudi students tend to smoke significantly more than Saudi students. Among both ethnic groups, about 50% of the smokers were in the 20-23 years age group and roughly 60% of them started smoking at between 13 and 18 years of age. Younger students (22 years and less) tend to smoke significantly more than older students. The majority of smokers in both ethnic groups (85-87%) thought about quitting smoking and had made a serious attempt to stop. However, 70% of them resumed smoking within a period ranging from a few days to less than a year. Religious factors persuaded 21.51 % of the Saudi and 32.44% of the non-Saudi students not to smoke (among the non-smoker group). 2.87% non-Saudi and 6.09% of Saudi students attributed stopping to their parents' advice. In only 2.51% (0.90% non-Saudis and 1.61% Saudis) the economic factor was the reason for not smoking. These findings can help in the planning and implementation of anti-smoking programmes.
Oral rehydration therapy — a review
Authors: Leung Alexander K.C. , Darling Pauline , Auclair Claude
Published: September 2007

REHYDRATION AND maintenance of adequate fluid and electrolyte balance is the key to the management of the child with acute diarrheal disease. Oral rehydration treatment has been shown to be simple, practical, inexpensive, highly effective and safe for developing as well as for developed countries. A better understanding of the physiological mechanisms implicated in diarrheal illness as well as extensive clinical testing of oral rehydration solutions have lead to the improvement of the composition of electrolyte, carbohydrate and base constituents. The widespread use of oral rehydration therapy may result in a decreased need for hospitalization and less discomfort and complications which are associated with intravenous rehydration therapy.
Feeding Practices and Birth Weights of Infants in Southall, Middlesex
Authors: Qureshi Bashir , Morgan Jane B. , Kimber A.C. , Donaldson D. , Dickerson J.W.T.
Published: September 2007

THIS STUDY was undertaken to investigate the birth weights and feeding of Asian babies attending a health clinic in Southall, Middlesex. A total of 86 English, 145 Punjabi Indian, 31 Pakistani and 18 East African Asian infants were studied. The mean birth weights of English boys were higher than those of Punjabi boys (by 238 g) and than those of English girls (by 201 g). The mean heights of English mothers were greater than those of Punjabi (by 2 cm) and Pakistani mothers (by 4 cm). The East African Asian mothers were taller than Pakistani mothers (by 4 cm). There was no evidence of a relationship between maternal height and birth weight. A similar proportion of English boys and girls were breast fed (45% and 44% respect vely). In contrast rather more Punjabi boys (47%) than Punjabi girls (31%) were breast fed. The proportion of English boys and Punjabi boys who were breast fed was similar (45% and 47% respectively). The children came from predominantly social class III families. The results confirmed those of a previous study, that the ethnic groups studied tended towards the practices and behavioural patterns of the adopted society.
Nutritional Misnomers and Misconceptions
Authors: Moore Thomas
Published: September 2007

Semantic defects, in both scientific and popular literature, have become serious obstacles to the full and widespread knowledge of the science of Nutrition, and its application to the sound nourish ment of our population.
Road Safety Management: Interviewing Casualties
Authors: Saunders R.A.
Published: September 2007

RIDERS OF powered two-wheeled vehicles injured whilst riding their machines were interviewed either at hospital or at home in order to supplement data already held from police records. Of those 70 casualties interviewed, 49 (70%) were not known to the police via their Stats 19 records. Of these 49, 17 (35%) were classified as serious in accordance with Department of Transport criteria. The paper considers the management implications and methodological requirements needed to cope with under-reporting and obtaining supplementary data within an operational setting.
Accident Trauma — A Descriptive Hospital Study
Authors: Sathiyasekaran B.W.C.
Published: September 2007

THE STUDY was conducted at the casualty department of Government General Hospital, Madras, South India. Accident trauma patients, 1906, have attended the above department during a continuous period of one month round the clock and accounted for 15.3% of the total attendance of patients to the casualty department. Of those brought to hospital following accident trauma 1.8% were dead, 35.1% were due to road traffic accidents, 21.7% to household accidents and 20.9% to occupational accidents.

Of the accident traumas 46.9% occurred in the age group 21-40 years. Males accounted for 80% of the patients. Injuries involving lower extremities accounted for 35.4% of the total injuries; head injuries accounted for 29.5%. Of the injuries 5.8% were life threatening, 7.4% severely disabling, 35.9% disabling and the rest were trivial injuries.
National Recording of Environmental Incidents in Scotland
Authors: Forbes Gerald I.
Published: September 2007

One of the main problems in determining the environmental status of a territory is the common failure to accurately record the occurrence of environmental incidents. All too often control ofpollution is the responsibility ofvarious independent central and local government departments without overall co operation and recording of incidents.

If an official recording mechanism is not in place no determina tion of the number of environmental incidents that occur in a given period of time can be determined, no relation of connected incidents can be made, no lessons can be learned and passed on to all those working in the pollution control field, and no assessment of improved environmental standards can be achieved. In Scot land for the past 3 years a central system for recording environ mental health incidents has been in place and many benefits from this administrative arrangement are already evident.

The implementation, management benefits and results ob tained from the programme are given and suggestions are made as to how this programme could be extended internationally.
Geochemistry and Environmental Health: Uranium in Cornwall
Authors: Grainger C.R.
Published: September 2007

The distribution of uranium in Cornwall is reviewed. Evidence for its occurrence in soil, plants and water is presented. A brief examination of the metabolism and pathways of movement of uranium suggests that the people of Cornwall are not at significant risk from the uranium found in the county.
Cancer and The Environment
Authors: Inskip Hazel
Published: September 2007

The evidence that problems in the environment are causing cancer is reviewed. Although there is concern that our environ ment is deteriorating, there is little evidence that this is leading to an increased cancer burden as, although rates in the elderly have been increasing, rates in younger people are declining. It is estimated that only about 5 % of cancers are due to environ mental factors and more than half of these are due to the geophysical properties ofthe environment, rather than manmade pollutants. Hazards to which people are exposed at work do contribute to increased cancer rates. Once such a hazard is identified then legislation is used to limit, or eliminate, exposure to it, both at work and in the environment. This paper describes certain specific hazards, but concludes that the largest contribution to cancer prevention would be a reduction in smoking rather than any environmental measure.
A Pilot Epidemiologic Study of Diabetes Mellitus in the Sudan
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Bani  , Anokute Charles
Published: September 2007

Records of 523 consecutive diabetic patients attending a diabetic clinic in Wad Madeni, Central Region, Sudan, were reviewed to determine epidemiologic features and the relation between their diabetes and nutritional state. The male to female ratio was 0.97: 1. The age at diagnosis ranged between 0-61 years with a mean age of 51.7 ± 11.9 years for males and 49.4 ± 11.4 for females. Obesity was a feature, in that 47.4% of females and 30% of males were determined to be in excess of normal body mass index (BMI) standards. A family history of diabetes was present in 67% of cases. Hypertension was present in 38% of cases; it was slightly more common among females than males (52% vs 48%), respectively. Insulin was employed for control of diabetes in 75% of cases, and oral hypoglycaemics in 20%. The re mainder were on diet therapy alone.

Thirty-four percent of the patients are rural dwellers that should be saved from disabling and even fatal compli cations of the disease in combination with malnutrition and infectious diseases that hasten death in rural areas. It is hoped that the interest of those concerned regarding public health implications of the findings in this study will be stimulated.
Lead Poisoning From Paint - still a potential problem
Authors: Horner Jonathan M.
Published: September 2007

Regulations were introduced in the UK in the 1970s to limit the lead content of paints. This has greatly reduced the number of children poisoned by ingesting leaded paint. However, it is argued that old paintwork is still a lead poisoning hazard in some older UK properties. Paint collected from a children's nursery classroom in a London school included samples with lead concentrations exceed ing suggested safety levels. Lead poisoning from paint is a problem which should not be forgotten in the UK, and may be a more serious problem in countries with less stringent lead in paint regulations.
Food-borne parasitoses in Malaysia
Authors: Chandra Shekhar K.
Published: September 2007

Food-borne parasitic zoonoses have emerged as a major public health problem in many countries and are posing a medical challenge. They are not only important from the economic point of view but also because of their severe sequelae. In Malaysia, these parasi toses are a tip of an iceberg problem. The article documents all the food-borne parasitic zoonoses reported in Malaysia. An epidemiological assessment of the diseases with research needs is highlighted.
Mothers' attitudes to children's chest infections in India
Authors: Khan A.Z. , Tickoo R. , Arif T. , Zaheer M.
Published: September 2007

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) account for a very high morbidity and morta lity amongst children in the developing countries. A knowledge, attitude and practice study in relation to the literacy status of mothers whose children suffered from ARI was con ducted. A sample of 140 mothers who had 265 children were selected for the study. The majority of literate mothers (75%) had complete knowledge regarding management of ARI. Literacy alone was not the only factor responsible for developing a positive attitude and adopting correct practices during ARI. Mass media and health personnel played an equally important role. Most women (89.3%) had obtained their knowledge regarding ARI through media and paramedical staff.

Most mothers (96.4%) were concerned about the health of their children when they suf fered from episodes of ARI and the majority of them (87.2%) were worried because they felt that their children or contacts could be adversely affected. Nearly 72% of mothers took early action during an episode of ARI.

The majority of the medical practitioners practised non-allopathic medicine but all of them were prescribing allopathic drugs. Most of the mothers (70%) had no problem in taking their children to the desired health centres when needed.
Epidemiological evidence for an infective basis in childhood leukaemia
Authors: Kinlen L.J.
Published: September 2007

An infective basis for childhood leukaemia is not a new suspicion (Kellett, 1937). The failure of microbiologists to identify any specific agent and of epidemiologists to demonstrate marked space-time clustering of the disease (Smith, 1982) have been discouraging, but neither is incompatible with an infectious origin. In several vertebrate species, the specific agents responsible for leukaemia belong to a class that is notoriously difficult to isolate. Also, many infectious illnesses do not cluster because they are uncommon responses to the relevant infection. Thus, the agent responsible for infectious mononucleosis is mainly spread not by those with the illness but by that very much larger number of infected individuals who are clinically unaffected (or only trivially so). Such infections can be considered as 'mainly immunising': they can be seen as representing the most probable broad category to which the infection underlying childhood leukaemia belongs.
Submitting a paper to the Society's Journal
Authors: Watkins J. , Davies G.J. , Vinten G.
Published: September 2007

Each Journal has its own specific requirements for authors dealing with matters such as type of papers published, instructions for their submission and their layout and content.

Requirements of authors are printed on the back cover of each issue of the Journal of the Royal Society of Health. This paper explores these in more detail and updates them for 1997 and onwards.
Knowledge and misconceptions about malaria among secondary school students and teachers in Kassala, Eastern Sudan
Authors: Elzubier Ahmed G. , Ansari El Hassan H. , El Nour Mahgoub H. , Bella Hassan
Published: September 2007

This study reports the responses of high secondary school students and teachers to a questionnaire on their knowledge and misconceptions about malaria. Knowledge about symptoms and cause of malaria seems to be adequate. However, there were deficiencies regarding knowledge of the seriousness of malaria in primigravidas and children. There was an exaggerated belief that chloroquine may cause abortion. There were also important misconceptions regarding the causation of malaria by the plant Unkoleeb ( sorghum saccharatum), the belief that the local beverage Aradaib ( Tramindus indica) cures malaria, as well as beliefs that chloroquine injections are more effective than tablets, that intravenous fluids are essential for treatment of every attack, and that multi-vitamins may prevent the disease. The study throws light on areas where health education should be focused.
Assessing Practice Nurses' change in nutrition knowledge following training from a Primary Care Dietitian
Authors: Cadman L. , Findlay A.
Published: September 2007

The expanding role of the Primary Health Care Team (PHCT) has led to more opportuni ties to offer dietary advice to patients. However, members of the PHCT appear to lack nutritional knowledge and confidence when giving dietary advice. This work assesses the changes in Practice Nurses' (PNs) nutrition knowledge and confidence when giving dietary advice to patients, following training from a dietitian. Base line nutrition knowledge of PNs and their confidence when giving dietary advice was assessed in 30 GP Practices by ques tionnaire. Following Practice-based training from a dietitian, change in knowledge and con fidence was assessed using the same questionnaire. Paired and unpaired analysis was carried out on the PN's knowledge and confidence scores respectively. Nutrition knowledge increased significantly after training. The mean difference (95% confidence interval) pre- and post-training was 11.6 (7.8, 15.4). After training 88% of PNs reported having good or excellent confidence compared with 27% before training (chi-squared test p<0.001). Nutrition training from a dietitian improves nutrition knowledge of PNs. It also improves their confidence and is recommended to support their role in providing accurate and con sistent dietary advice to patients.
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) droppings as a potential source of pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Feare C.J. , Sanders M.F. , Blasco R. , Bishop J.D.
Published: September 2007

Canada goose droppings, collected in parks to which the public had access, were screened for a range of bacteria that could be pathogenic in man. Droppings of Canada geese, and other waterfowl, did contain such bacteria, including some that are well-known causes of illness in man. These bacteria, plus a species of Salmonella that was experimentally inoculated into droppings, were shown to survive and multiply in the droppings for up to one month after their deposition by geese. Canada geese ranged further from water than other waterfowl species and thus distributed their droppings over a larger area of park grassland. This more widespread distribution of their droppings leads Canada geese to pose a greater potential health risk than other waterfowl studied here, but variations in human responses to challenge with bacteria, and variations in human and waterfowl behaviour in public parks, renders quantification of this risk impossible.
Overweight and obesity in the Arabian Peninsula: an overview
Authors: Al-Mahroos F. , Al-Roomi K.
Published: September 2007

Obesity greatly increases the risks of developing diseases, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease, and some cancers. At least one-third of Arabs are obese, as defined by body mass index (BMI) more than 30 kg/m 2, and this figure is rising steadily despite increased interest in fitness. Women have particularly high rates of obesity. Obesity is clearly associated with increased risk for mortality, but there has been controversy regarding optimal weight with respect to mortality risk. A review of recent studies on the prevalence of obesity among population of the Arabian Peninsula and the evaluation of the health risk of obesity is presented in this paper. The prevalence of obesity ranges between 16-25% in men and 17-48% in women. The most prevalent chronic diseases related to obesity in these populations are diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD).
A replica exchange Monte Carlo algorithm for protein folding in the HP model
Authors: Thachuk Chris , Shmygelska Alena , Hoos Holger H
Published: September 2007

Background

Theab initioprotein folding problem consists of predicting protein tertiary structure from a given amino acid sequence by minimizing an energy function; it is one of the most important and challenging problems in biochemistry, molecular biology and biophysics. Theab initioprotein folding problem is computationally challenging and has been shown to beNPMathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0dc8meaabaqaciaacaGaaeqabaqabeGadaaakeaat0uy0HwzTfgDPnwy1egaryqtHrhAL1wy0L2yHvdaiqaacqWFneVtcqqGqbauaaa@3961@-hard even when conformations are restricted to a lattice. In this work, we implement and evaluate the replica exchange Monte Carlo (REMC) method, which has already been applied very successfully to more complex protein models and other optimization problems with complex energy landscapes, in combination with the highly effectivepull moveneighbourhood in two widely studied Hydrophobic Polar (HP) lattice models.

Results

We demonstrate that REMC is highly effective for solving instances of the square (2D) and cubic (3D) HP protein folding problem. When using the pull move neighbourhood, REMC outperforms current state-of-the-art algorithms for most benchmark instances. Additionally, we show that this new algorithm provides a larger ensemble of ground-state structures than the existing state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, it scales well with sequence length, and it finds significantly better conformations on long biological sequences and sequences with a provably unique ground-state structure, which is believed to be a characteristic of real proteins. We also present evidence that our REMC algorithm can fold sequences which exhibit significant interaction between termini in the hydrophobic core relatively easily.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that REMC utilizing the pull move neighbourhood significantly outperforms current state-of-the-art methods for protein structure prediction in the HP model on 2D and 3D lattices. This is particularly noteworthy, since so far, the state-of-the-art methods for 2D and 3D HP protein folding – in particular, the pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM) and, to some extent, Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) – were based on chain growth mechanisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of REMC to HP protein folding on the cubic lattice, and the first extension of the pull move neighbourhood to a 3D lattice.