bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covid19 and its vaccines
Authors: Shreya C , Gnana Prasad M. Albert , Sekharan Chandra Bala
Published: March 2022

After the outbreak of covid19 (SARS-CoV-2) which comes under the group of coronaviruses, the whole world has been shut down, lockdown being imposed in several countries, death rates rising, people suffering lack of hospitals with treatment related to covid, lack of medicine like remedisivir, etc., lack of beds in the hospitals and what more. The first case of covid19 was observed in Wuhan city of central China at the end of December 2019. Every person on this earth has been impacted one way or the other due to this pandemic. Wearing masks and carrying hand sanitizers has become a regular custom these days. Initially, it was very difficult for the people to cope up with the new normal but after understanding the importance of the rules and the severity of covid19 people started getting used to the new normal. The world is working together to combat this pandemic and now with high difficulties, various pharmaceutical companies have come up with vaccines against covid19. The availability of vaccines varies from one country to country. Thus, now it is the responsibility of the people to get vaccinated they break the chain of spread and get back our normal lives. This article reviews the coronavirus in general and talks about the impact of livelihood in this pandemic and a few of the vaccines available in the market which has been authorized and approved for the people to get vaccinated.
Recent advances and challenges in antibacterial drug development; The editorial
Authors: Silver Lynn
Published: March 2022

Editorial
The Effect of Self-care Training on the Severity of Oral Mucositis in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: ArbabiSarjou Azizollah , Khamar Mojtaba , Sasanpour Pegah , Kiani Fatemeh
Published: March 2022

Background: One of the most important complications of cancer treatment is mucositis, whose prevention is essential because, in some cases, the presence of mucositis leads to the cessation of the treatment and the progression of cancer. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of self-care training on the severity of oral mucositis in patients with breast cancer who underwent chemotherapy in 2020. Methods: The present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with two groups of 74 patients with breast cancer in selected hospitals of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in the southeast of Iran in 2020. The patients were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the control and intervention groups. Considering the inclusion criteria, an oral assessment was performed on the patients at the beginning of the study using standard tools. Then, the patients in the intervention group received individual training in the first four weeks of the study. Oral mucositis was assessed for the patients in both groups during weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 after the intervention. The patients in the control group did not receive any special training. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and the chi-square test and independent samples t-test. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to compare the two groups and to examine the effective variables and time-group interaction. Results: The results of the chi-square test indicated no significant intergroup difference after four training sessions in terms of the presence of mucositis in weeks 2, 4, and 6 (P = 0.6 in the second week, P = 0.18 in the fourth week, and P = 0.16 in the sixth week). However, the chi-square test indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups at the end of the eighth week (χ2 = 12.67; P = 0.005). In addition, the odds ratios for the severity of mucositis in patients using the GEE test showed that the only variable that played a significant role in preventing mucositis was the self-care intervention (OR = 0.02; P = 0.03). Other variables, such as smoking (OR = 0.2; P = 0.04), BMI (OR = 6.6; P = 0.08), and age (OR = 0.9; P = 0.3) had no effect on the possibility of developing mucositis. Conclusions: Self-care training with an emphasis on personal health and especially oral health to cancer patients can be effective in preventing mucositis. Therefore, medical staff should focus on oral health self-care training as a priority in training programs.
Sober Thoughts on Drunken Consent
Authors: Director Samuel ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: March 2022

Drunken sex is common. Despite how common drunken sex is, we think very uncritically about it. In this paper, I want to examine whether drunk individuals can consent to sex. Specifically, I answer this question: suppose that an individual, D, who is drunk but can still engage in reasoning and communication, agrees to have sex with a sober individual, S; is D’s consent to sex with S morally valid? I will argue that, within a certain range of intoxication, an individual who is drunk can give valid consent to have sex with an individual who is sober.
Surge and Scare of Mucormycosis in the Backdrop of COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Anyapu Ooha , Sreedevi Parvatini Sreedevi x , Kalivarapu Paparatnam , Kuna Rajani , Suvvari Jagadeeswari
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection. During the second wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a remarkable increase in mucormycosis cases was observed. Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for both mucormycosis and COVID-19. Aim: To assess the incidence of mucormycosis cases in COVID19 infected and non COVID-19 infected patients and also to assess the related co-morbid conditions during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 15th May 2021 to 15th July 2021 in the Department of Pathology, GGH/Government Medical College, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study included 63 cases of mucor suspects. The parameters analysed in this study were age, sex, COVID-19 status, co-morbidities, steroid status and radiological findings. A descriptive analysis was made from the data obtained. The information was analysed in data spreadsheets using Microsoft office excel 2010. Results: Out of total 63 mucor suspects, 60 (95%) cases tested positive for COVID-19 and 44 (73.3%) cases of them received corticosteroid treatment. Mean age group of 41-50 years with 27 (42.8%) cases with a male preponderance of 49 (77.7%) cases was noted. The most common identified risk factor was diabetes mellitus seen in 22 (34.9%) cases and diabetes associated with hypertension in 14 (22.2%) of the cases. Mucormycosis fungal hyphae were noted in 77.7% (49) of cases on routine histopathological examination stain and 74.6% (47) of the cases by special stains for confirmation. Conclusion: In the present study, it was observed that mucormycosis infection was most commonly seen in COVID19 infected patients in post-COVID-19 phase and also in minority of non COVID-19 infected cases with prior debilitating conditions. Therefore, it was concluded that, mucormycosis was positively associated with COVID-19 infected patients who have co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus and history of steroid usage.
Association of Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Frailty Index With Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: Results From a Multiethnic, Multicenter US Cohort of Patients With Lupus
Authors: Ugarte‐Gil Manuel F. , Dubey Jyoti , McGwin Gerald , Reveille John D. , Vilá Luis M. , Alarcón Graciela S.
Published: March 2022

Objective

To evaluate the association between the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics frailty index (SLICC‐FI) and damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Methods

Patients from the multiethnic, multicenter LUpus in MInorities, NAture versus nurture (LUMINA) cohort were included. Damage was ascertained with the SLICC/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) at last visit (range 0–51). The first visit in which the SLICC‐FI score could be derived was considered as the baseline (range 0–1). Univariable and multivariable negative binomial regression models were performed to determine the association between the baseline SLICC‐FI score (per 0.05 increase) and the change in the SDI score (difference between last and baseline SDI score), adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis, ethnicity, insurance, prednisone daily dose, and antimalarial and immunosuppressive drug use at baseline. Age and sex were included a priori in the multivariable model; the other variables were included if they reached P < 0.10 in the univariable models.

Results

Of the 503 patients included, 454 (90.3%) were female, with a mean ± SD age of 37.1 ± 12.5 years at diagnosis. The mean ± SD baseline SLICC‐FI score was 0.26 ± 0.06. The mean ± SD baseline SDI score was 0.6 ± 1.0, and the mean ± SD change in the SDI score was 1.9 ± 2.2. Higher SLICC‐FI scores at baseline (per 0.05 increase) were associated with greater damage accrual in the multivariable model after adjustment for possible confounders (incidence rate ratio 1.20 [95% confidence interval 1.08–1.33], P = 0.0015).

Conclusion

The SLICC‐FI is associated with damage accrual in SLE patients from a multiethnic cohort, supporting the importance of this index in the evaluation of SLE patients, combining several aspects of their disease.
Electrochromic Adaptability of NiOx Films Modified by Substrate Temperature in Aqueous and Non‐Aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Ding Yilin , Wang Mengying , Mei Zheyue , Liu Lei , Yang Jiaming , Zhong Xiaolan , Wang Mei , Diao Xungang
Published: March 2022

Depending on adjusting substrate temperature during film depositing, a series of NiOx films has been prepared by magnetron sputtering. The electrochromic (EC) advantage of NiOx films modified by substrate temperature is verified. Moderate heating substrate can improve surface charge transfer (from ≈30 to ≈40 mC cm−2) and energy storage capacity (45% increment) without damaging other performance effectively. Considering the different electrochemical mechanisms in varied electrolytes, the EC performance of NiOx films in two electrolytes is discussed. In KOH electrolyte, NiOx films at 300 °C substrates show prominent optical modulation (≈81%) and high charge capacity (≈40 mC cm−2). 300 °C heating compensates for the shortage of poor stability and tedious activation. In LiClO4‐PC electrolyte, NiOx films can undergo long‐term cycles compared with aqueous conditions, the coloration efficiency keeps high level (≈80 cm2 C−2) which means small charge quantities can drive a wide transmittance range. The cyclic discrepancy in two electrolytes can be ascribed to diverse reacted modes between electrolyte ions and NiOx films. In aqueous KOH electrolyte, EC process and activated state strongly relies on Ni2+ distribution on films surface, while NiOx experiences two phases oxidation to get thorough coloration in PC‐Li based electrolyte.
Functionalization Enhancement on Interfacial Properties Between Graphene and ZnO NW/Epoxy: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: Marashizadeh Parisa , Abshirini Mohammad , Saha Mrinal , Huang Liangliang , Liu Yingtao
Published: March 2022

This study presents the atomistic characterization of the fiber/matrix interfacial properties in the hybrid functionalized carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. A molecular model is developed containing ZnO nanowire (NW) aligned vertically on functionalized graphene sheet (FGS) and embedded in the cross‐linked epoxy matrix. The molecular dynamics simulation technique is employed to evaluate the traction‐separation behavior of FGS in both opening and sliding modes. Three different chemical groups of carboxyl (COOH), carbonyl, and hydroxyl with multiple grafting densities are explored as functional groups. The results reveal that the interfacial strength and the cohesive energy are considerably enhanced in the functionalized model compared with the pristine structure. COOH has the most impact on the traction‐separation response with a 112% improvement of interfacial strength. The enhanced effect of functionalization is more intense in the shear separation than the normal one. However, comparing the graphene/ZnO NW with graphene/no ZnO NW structures show that adding ZnO NW can compensate for the slight effect of grafting in the normal direction. The results indicate that combining the growth of ZnO NW and functionalization enhances the interfacial strength up to two‐fold in the opening and up to eight‐fold in the sliding mode of carbon fiber composites.
Immunotherapy of Malignant Glioma by Noninvasive Administration of TLR9 Agonist CpG Nano‐Immunoadjuvant
Authors: Wei Jingjing , Wu Di , Zhao Songsong , Shao Yu , Xia Yifeng , Ni Dawei , Qiu Xinyun , Zhang Jinping , Chen Jian , Meng Fenghua , Zhong Zhiyuan
Published: March 2022

Immunotherapy with toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG ODN offers an emergent strategy to treat life‐threatening malignant glioma. CpG is typically applied invasively by intracranial and intrathecal administration which induces not only poor compliance and lessened potency but also possibly strong adverse effects and immunotoxicity. Here, it is reported that immunotherapy of murine LCPN glioma is greatly boosted by polymersome‐steered intravenous and intranasal brain delivery of CpG. CpG is efficiently loaded in apolipoprotein E peptide‐directed polymersomes to give blood‐brain barrier permeable and glioma and cervical lymph node‐homing CpG nano‐immunoadjuvant (t‐NanoCpG) which strongly stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells, antigen cross‐presentation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo. Intriguingly, both intravenous and intranasal administration of t‐NanoCpG brings about significant survival benefits in murine LCPN glioma‐bearing mice while free CpG and nontargeted CpG nano‐immunoadjuvant (NanoCpG) afford modest therapeutic effects. Moreover, combination of t‐NanoCpG with radiotherapy further boosts the immunotherapeutic effects leading to more improved survival rate of mice. This intelligent brain‐permeable nano‐immunoadjuvant provides a new, minimally invasive and highly potent strategy for immunotherapy of glioma.
Moiré‐Driven Topological Transitions and Extreme Anisotropy in Elastic Metasurfaces
Authors: Yves Simon , Rosa Matheus Inguaggiato Nora , Guo Yuning , Gupta Mohit , Ruzzene Massimo , Alù Andrea
Published: March 2022

The twist angle between a pair of stacked 2D materials has been recently shown to control remarkable phenomena, including the emergence of flat‐band superconductivity in twisted graphene bilayers, of higher‐order topological phases in twisted moiré superlattices, and of topological polaritons in twisted hyperbolic metasurfaces. These discoveries, at the foundations of the emergent field of twistronics, have so far been mostly limited to explorations in atomically thin condensed matter and photonic systems, with limitations on the degree of control over geometry and twist angle, and inherent challenges in the fabrication of carefully engineered stacked multilayers. Here, this work extends twistronics to widely reconfigurable macroscopic elastic metasurfaces consisting of LEGO pillar resonators. This work demonstrates highly tailored anisotropy over a single‐layer metasurface driven by variations in the twist angle between a pair of interleaved spatially modulated pillar lattices. The resulting quasi‐periodic moiré patterns support topological transitions in the isofrequency contours, leading to strong tunability of highly directional waves. The findings illustrate how the rich phenomena enabled by twistronics and moiré physics can be translated over a single‐layer metasurface platform, introducing a practical route toward the observation of extreme phenomena in a variety of wave systems, potentially applicable to both quantum and classical settings without multilayered fabrication requirements.
CuCl2‐Modified Lithium Metal Anode via Dynamic Protection Mechanisms for Dendrite‐Free Long‐Life Charging/Discharge Processes
Authors: Qian Shangshu , Xing Chao , Zheng Mengting , Su Zhong , Chen Hao , Wu Zhenzhen , Lai Chao , Zhang Shanqing
Published: March 2022

Lithium metal is considered as an ideal substitute to low‐capacity carbon anodes for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) given its ultra‐high theoretical specific capacity of 3860 mAh g−1 and the lowest electrochemical potential. However, safety issues stem from the uncontrollable formation and growth of lithium dendrites, which severely plague the practical application of the Li anode. Here, a multi‐functional protection layer, prepared by a one‐step spin‐coating of CuCl2 N‐Methyl‐2‐Pyrrolidone (NMP) solution on a lithium metal surface is constructed. The as‐prepared protective layer has a variable porous morphology that consists of a conductive lithium‐copper alloy and electrochemically active CuCl, which proactively facilitates the homogeneous diffusion of Li‐ions, the elimination of random dendrite nuclei, and even distribution of charge at the Li anode surface, and subsequently the uniform deposition of Li+ ions. Under such a dynamic protection mechanism, the proposed CuCl2 modified Li electrode can stably cycle more than 1500 h at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 paired with lithium foil. Moreover, the assembled full battery achieves capacity retention of 85.6% even after 2000 cycles at a high rate of 5 C with a LiFePO4 cathode. This as‐proposed dynamic protection mechanism via the incorporation of the electrochemically active component could provide new guidance in the preparation of the safe and high‐performance lithium metal anodes.
Towards High‐Performance Aqueous Sodium Ion Batteries: Constructing Hollow NaTi2(PO4)3@C Nanocube Anode with Zn Metal‐Induced Pre‐Sodiation and Deep Eutectic Electrolyte
Authors: Hou Zhiguo , Zhang Xueqian , Chen Jingwei , Qian Yitai , Chen Li‐Feng , Lee Pooi See
Published: March 2022

The aqueous rechargeable sodium‐ion battery (ARSIB) is considered to be the most promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage applications, due to its low cost, safety, and eco‐friendliness. However, the poor cycle life and low energy density of ARSIB impede its practical applications. In this context, hollow NaTi2(PO4)3 nanocubes anode is engineered through a facile, low‐cost, and large‐scale hydrothermal approach. Na0.44MnO2 cathode delivers a high capacity of 75.16 mAh g−1 with the compensation of sodium ions by the zinc metal‐induced pre‐sodiation of the anode in a deep eutectic electrolyte. The well‐designed structure in hollow carbon‐coated NaTi2(PO4)3 nanocubes enables high stability and rate performance. Moreover, the adoption of deep eutectic electrolytes can minimize the Mn dissolution in the Na0.44MnO2 cathode. When coupling the cathode and anode, the as‐assembled ARSIB with a deep eutectic electrolyte exhibits an ultralong cycle life up to 3500 cycles (with capacity retention of 90%), an ultrahigh energy density of 50.0 Wh kg−1, and superior rate capability (maximum power density of 1500 W kg−1). This ARSIB represents an alternative promising candidate for large‐scale electrochemical energy storage.
Seed size–seed number trade‐offs: influence of seed size on the density of fire‐stimulated persistent soil seed banks
Authors: Parker V. Thomas , Ingalls Stephen B.
Published: March 2022

Premise

Does the seed size–seed number allocation trade‐off model apply to long‐term persistent soil seed banks? This trade‐off between seed size versus number of seeds produced is usually applied at a single population on an annual basis. Our question is how this model might apply to close relatives that produce dormant seed forming long‐term persistent soil seed banks. These two criteria allow a focus on divergent evolution of conspecifics and permits us to isolate seed size in the spectrum of life history traits that may be influencing seed traits, and on how seed size influences accumulation and persistence in the soil.

Methods

In California, Arctostaphylos species only produce physiologically dormant seed that are fire‐stimulated and that vary in seed size permitting seed size–seed bank density relationship as a test of the seed size–seed number allocation model. Soil seed banks of 10 species of Arctostaphylos were sampled with fruit volumes ranging from 21–1063 mm3. Seed bank density was determined by hand extraction from soil samples.

Results

We found that seed bank densities were significantly negatively related to fruit or seed size.

Conclusions

Rather than an issue of allocational trade‐off between size and number, we interpret these results as reflecting seed predation and postfire seedling establishment. Seed bank densities, even after decades, generally were less than one or two‐year's seed production, suggesting intense seed predation. Burial by scatter‐hoarding rodents provided sufficient seeds deep enough for survival of fire. Variation on seed size suggests seedling establishment constraints, but it needs further research.
Results of ARI‐0001 CART19 cell therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory CD19‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with isolated extramedullary disease
Authors: Ortiz‐Maldonado Valentín , Alonso‐Saladrigues Anna , Español‐Rego Marta , Martínez‐Cibrián Nuria , Faura Anna , Magnano Laura , Català Albert , Benítez‐Ribas Daniel , Giné Eva , Díaz‐Beyá Marina , Correa Juan Gonzalo , Rovira Montserrat , Montoro‐Lorite Mercedes , Martínez‐Roca Alexandra , Rodríguez‐Lobato Luis Gerardo , Cabezón Raquel , Cid Joan , Lozano Miquel , Garcia‐Rey Enric , Conde Nuria , Pedrals Georgina , Rozman María , Torrebadell Montserrat , Setoain Xavier , Rodríguez Sonia , Esteve Jordi , Pascal Mariona , Urbano‐Ispizua Álvaro , Juan Manel , Delgado Julio , Rives Susana
Published: March 2022

We evaluated outcomes of 18 patients with isolated extramedullary disease (iEMD) relapsed/refractory (R/R) B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) treated with the CD19‐directed CAR T cells ARI‐0001 in two centers (adult and pediatric), including patients treated in the CART19‐BE‐01 trial and the consecutive compassionate use program. iEMD was detected by PET‐CT in 78% (14/18), and/or by cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 28% (5/18). Patients received cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by 1 × 106 ARI‐0001 cells/kg, initially as a single dose (first patient) and later split into three fractions (10%, 30%, and 60%). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in 50% (9/18) of patients, with no cases of grade ≥3 CRS, and 1 case (6%) of grade 1 neurotoxicity. Tocilizumab was used in 6% of patients (1/18). Procedure‐related mortality was 0% at 2 years. Objective responses were seen in 94% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 73%–99%) of patients, with complete responses (CR) seen in 78% (95% CI: 52%–94%) of them. Progression‐free and overall survival were 49% (95% CI: 30%–79%) and 61% (95% CI: 40%–92%) at 2 years. In conclusion, the use of ARI‐0001 cells in patients with R/R ALL and iEMD was associated with a safety and efficacy profile that is comparable with what is observed in patients with marrow involvement and in line with other CART19 products.
Dining in Tuva: Social correlates of diet and mobility in Southern Siberia during the 2nd–4th centuriesCE
Authors: Milella Marco , Caspari Gino , Laffranchi Zita , Arenz Gabriele , Sadykov Timur , Blochin Jegor , Keller Marcel , Kapinus Yulija , Lösch Sandra
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Contemporary archeological theory emphasizes the economic and social complexity of Eurasian steppe populations. As a result, old notions of “nomadic” cultures as homogenously mobile and economically simple are now displaced by more nuanced interpretations. Large part of the literature on diet and mobility among Eurasian pastoralists is focused on the Bronze and Iron Ages. The underrepresentation of more recent contexts hampers a full discussion of possible chronological trajectories. In this study we explore diet and mobility at Tunnug1 (Republic of Tuva, 2nd–4th century CE), and test their correlation with social differentiation.

Materials and Methods

We compare demographic patterns (by age‐at‐death and sex) of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) among 65 humans and 12 animals from Tunnug1 using nonparametric tests and Bayesian modeling. We then compare isotopic data with data on perimortal skeletal lesions of anthropic origin and funerary variables.

Results

Our analyses show that: (1) diet at Tunnug1 was largely based on C4plants (likely millet) and animal proteins; (2) few individuals were nonlocals, although their geographic origin remains unclarified; (3) no differences in diet separates individuals based on sex and funerary treatment. In contrast, individuals with perimortal lesions show carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios consistent with a diet incorporating a lower consumption of millet and animal proteins.

Discussion

Our results confirm the previously described socioeconomic variability of steppe populations, providing at the same time new data about the economic importance of millet in Southern Siberia during the early centuries CE.
Prolonged Unconsciousness is Common in COVID‐19 and Associated with Hypoxemia
Authors: Waldrop Greer , Safavynia Seyed A. , Barra Megan E. , Agarwal Sachin , Berlin David A. , Boehme Amelia K , Brodie Daniel , Choi Jacky M. , Doyle Kevin , Fins Joseph J. , Ganglberger Wolfgang , Hoffman Katherine , Mittel Aaron M. , Roh David , Mukerji Shibani S. , Der Nigoghossian Caroline , Park Soojin , Schenck Edward J. , Salazar‐Schicchi John , Shen Qi , Sholle Evan , Velazquez Angela G. , Walline Maria C. , Westover M. Brandon , Brown Emery N. , Victor Jonathan , Edlow Brian L. , Schiff Nicholas D. , Claassen Jan
Published: March 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study was to estimate the time to recovery of command‐following and associations between hypoxemia with time to recovery of command‐following.

Methods

In this multicenter, retrospective, cohort study during the initial surge of the United Statesʼ pandemic (March–July 2020) we estimate the time from intubation to recovery of command‐following, using Kaplan Meier cumulative‐incidence curves and Cox proportional hazard models. Patients were included if they were admitted to 1 of 3 hospitals because of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), required endotracheal intubation for at least 7 days, and experienced impairment of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale motor score <6).

Results

Five hundred seventy‐one patients of the 795 patients recovered command‐following. The median time to recovery of command‐following was 30 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 27–32 days). Median time to recovery of command‐following increased by 16 days for patients with at least one episode of an arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) value ≤55 mmHg (p < 0.001), and 25% recovered ≥10 days after cessation of mechanical ventilation. The time to recovery of command‐following  was associated with hypoxemia (PaO2 ≤55 mmHg hazard ratio [HR] = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.46–0.68; PaO2 ≤70 HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.85–0.91), and each additional day of hypoxemia decreased the likelihood of recovery, accounting for confounders including sedation. These findings were confirmed among patients without any imagining evidence of structural brain injury (n = 199), and in a non‐overlapping second surge cohort (N = 427, October 2020 to April 2021).

Interpretation

Survivors of severe COVID‐19 commonly recover consciousness weeks after cessation of mechanical ventilation. Long recovery periods are associated with more severe hypoxemia. This relationship is not explained by sedation or brain injury identified on clinical imaging and should inform decisions about life‐sustaining therapies. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:740–755
Pushing the Length Limit of Dihydrodiboraacenes: Synthesis and Characterizations of Boron‐Embedded Heptacene and Nonacene
Authors: Chen Cheng , Wang Ming‐Wei , Zhao Xing‐Yu , Yang Shuang , Chen Xing‐Yu , Wang Xiao‐Ye
Published: March 2022

Boron‐embedded heteroacenes (boraacenes) have attracted enormous interest in organic chemistry and materials science. However, extending the skeleton of boraacenes to higher acenes (N≥6) is synthetically challenging because of their limited stability under ambient conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis of boron‐embedded heptacene (DBH) and nonacene (DBN) as the hitherto longest boraacenes. The former is highly stable (even after 240 h in tetrahydrofuran), while the latter is air‐sensitive with the half‐life (t1/2) of 11.8 min. The structures of both compounds are verified by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, revealing a linear backbone with an antiaromatic C4B2core. Photophysical characterizations associated with theoretical calculations indicate that both compounds exhibit highly efficient anti‐Kasha emissions. Remarkably, the air‐stableDBHmanifests an ultrahigh photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 98±2 % and can be chemically reduced to its radical anion and dianion states, implying the value of boron‐doped higher acenes as novel functional materials.
para‐Selective C−H Borylation of Aromatic Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts
Authors: Lu Shuo , Zheng Tianyu , Ma Jiawei , Deng Zhangming , Qin Shengmeng , Chen Yu , Liang Yong
Published: March 2022

Aromatic ammonium and phosphonium salts are important synthetic intermediates and multifunctional materials, but para‐selective functionalization of the aromatic salts remains a challenge. Here we develop an ionic ligand based on our newly designed “biphenyl‐phenanthroline” skeleton and realize the Ir‐catalyzed para‐selective C−H borylation of seven types of aromatic quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. Gram‐scale transformation, late‐stage elaboration for drug molecule, and diversification of borylated products demonstrate the potential utility of this reaction. The mechanistic studies and computational analysis elucidate the origin of para‐selectivity.
Inhibition of Alkali Metal Reduction of 1‐Adamantanol by London Dispersion Effects
Authors: Mears Kristian L. , Stennett Cary R. , Fettinger James C. , Vasko Petra , Power Philip P.
Published: March 2022

A series of alkali metal 1‐adamantoxide (OAd1) complexes of formula [M(OAd1)(HOAd1)2], where M=Li, Na or K, were synthesised by reduction of 1‐adamantanol with excess of the alkali metal. The syntheses indicated that only one out of every three HOAd1 molecules was reduced. An X‐ray diffraction study of the sodium derivative shows that the complex features two unreduced HOAd1 donors as well as the reduced alkoxide (OAd1), with the Ad1 fragments clustered together on the same side of the NaO3 plane, contrary to steric considerations. This is the first example of an alkali metal reduction of an alcohol that is inhibited from completion due to the formation of the [M(OAd1)(HOAd1)2] complexes, stabilized by London dispersion effects. NMR spectroscopic studies revealed similar structures for the lithium and potassium derivatives. Computational analyses indicate that decisive London dispersion effects in the molecular structure are a consequence of the many C−H⋅⋅⋅H−C interactions between the OAd1 groups.
A Water‐Soluble Highly Oxidizing Cobalt Molecular Catalyst Designed for Bioinspired Water Oxidation
Authors: Su Yun‐Fei , Luo Wen‐Zhi , Lin Wang‐Qiang , Su Yi‐Bing , Li Zi‐Jian , Yuan Yong‐Jun , Li Jian‐Feng , Chen Guang‐Hui , Li Zhaosheng , Yu Zhen‐Tao , Zou Zhigang
Published: March 2022

Herein, we present a stable water‐soluble cobalt complex supported by a dianionic 2,2′‐([2,2′‐bipyridine]‐6,6′‐diyl)bis(propan‐2‐ol) ligand scaffold, which is a rare example of a high‐oxidation species, as demonstrated by structural, spectroscopic and theoretical data. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that the CoIV center of the mononuclear complex in the solid state resides in the high spin state (sextet, S=5/2). The complex can effectively catalyze water oxidation via a single‐site water nucleophilic attack pathway with an overpotential of only 360 mV in a phosphate buffer with a pH of 6. The key intermediate toward water oxidation was speculated based on theoretical calculations and was identified by in situ spectroelectrochemical experiments. The results are important regarding the accessibility of high‐oxidation state metal species in synthetic models for achieving robust and reactive oxidation catalysis.
Polyethyleneimine‐condensed polystyrene resin: A specific adsorbent for Cu2+ over Ni2+
Authors: Meng Qi , He Qiang , Liu Jiang , Cao Yiwen , Yuan Dan , Teng Qiaoqiao
Published: March 2022

A polyethyleneimine grafted polystyrene adsorption resin (PSFPA) was prepared by condensation reaction of formylated polystyrene resin (PSF) with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The material has been characterized by IR spectroscopy, CHN elemental, specific surface area and pore size and thermal gravimetric analyses. It showed a superb equilibrium adsorptive capacity of 2.92 mmol/g for Cu2+ at 318 K and no uptake of Ni2+ at all in neither single metal nor binary systems with Ni:Cu ratio high up to 100, suggesting a potential applicability of PSFPA in refining Ni electrolyte. The Cu adsorption/desorption behaviors were further detailedly studied in static and dynamic modes by investigating pH, temperature, and initial concentration effects. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of Cu2+ by PSFPA conformed to pseudo‐second‐order kinetics, and the adsorption rate was controlled by intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherms and was identified as a spontaneous endothermic process.
Role of Glutaminase 2 in Promoting CD4+ T Cell Production of Interleukin‐2 by Supporting Antioxidant Defense in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Hisada Ryo , Yoshida Nobuya , Orite Seo Yeon K. , Umeda Masataka , Burbano Catalina , Scherlinger Marc , Kono Michihito , Krishfield Suzanne , Tsokos George C.
Published: March 2022

Objective

Glutaminase (GLS) isoenzymes GLS1 and GLS2 catalyze the first step of glutaminolysis. GLS1 is requisite for Th17 cell differentiation, and its inhibition suppresses autoimmune disease in animals, but the function of GLS2 is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GLS2 in CD4+ T cell function and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis.

Methods

We measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial mass and polarization by flow cytometry, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production by a dual luciferase assay, and CpG DNA methylation of Il2 by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction system. The impact of the overexpression of wild‐type GLS1, wild‐type GLS2, or mutated GLS2 at the PDZ domain–binding motif in CD4+ T cells was examined. Furthermore, GLS2 expression in CD4+ T cells from lupus‐prone mice and patients with SLE was analyzed by Western blotting.

Results

GLS2, but not GLS1, reduced ROS levels and lipid peroxidation and restored mitochondrial function in T cells. GLS2 promoted IL‐2 production through the demethylation of the Il2 promoter. Mutation of the PDZ domain–binding motif abated the ability of GLS2 to regulate IL‐2 and ROS levels. In lupus‐prone mice and patients with SLE, the expression of GLS2 was decreased in CD4+ T cells. Finally, GLS2 overexpression corrected ROS levels and restored IL‐2 production by CD4+ T cells from lupus‐prone mice and SLE patients.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that GLS2 has a crucial role in IL‐2 production by CD4+ T cells by supporting antioxidant defense, and they offer a new approach to correcting IL‐2 production by T cells in SLE.
Cancer's second genome: Microbial cancer diagnostics and redefining clonal evolution as a multispecies process
Authors: Sepich‐Poore Gregory D. , Guccione Caitlin , Laplane Lucie , Pradeu Thomas , Curtius Kit , Knight Rob
Published: March 2022

The presence and role of microbes in human cancers has come full circle in the last century. Tumors are no longer considered aseptic, but implications for cancer biology and oncology remain underappreciated. Opportunities to identify and build translational diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics that exploit cancer's second genome—the metagenome—are manifold, but require careful consideration of microbial experimental idiosyncrasies that are distinct from host‐centric methods. Furthermore, the discoveries of intracellular and intra‐metastatic cancer bacteria necessitate fundamental changes in describing clonal evolution and selection, reflecting bidirectional interactions with non‐human residents. Reconsidering cancer clonality as a multispecies process similarly holds key implications for understanding metastasis and prognosing therapeutic resistance while providing rational guidance for the next generation of bacterial cancer therapies. Guided by these new findings and challenges, this Review describes opportunities to exploit cancer's metagenome in oncology and proposes an evolutionary framework as a first step towards modeling multispecies cancer clonality. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/-WDtIRJYZSs
Profile of cognitive impairment in late‐stage Parkinson's disease
Authors: Severiano e Sousa Catarina , Fabbri Margherita , Godinho Catarina , Moiron Simões Rita , Chendo Inês , Coelho Miguel , Pavão Martins Isabel , Ferreira Joaquim J.
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The profile of cognitive impairment associated with the late stages of Parkinson's disease (LSPD) is rarely reported. Its characterization is necessary to better understand the cognitive changes that occur as the disease progresses and to better contribute to its management.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, we characterized the cognitive profile of LSPD patients using the comprehensive assessment methodology proposed by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society Task Force. The association of clinical and demographic variables with dementia diagnosis was also investigated using binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

Eighty‐four LSPD patients were included (age 75.4 ± 6.9; disease duration 16.9 ± 7.5). Fifty‐four (64.3%) were classified as demented and presented a global impairment cognitive profile. In the nondemented group (N = 30), 25 (83.3%) LSPD patients met the diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment, mostly with multiple domain impairment (96.0%) and a heterogeneous profile. Memory was the most frequent and severely impaired cognitive domain in both groups. Disease disability, orientation, complex order comprehension, verbal learning, and visuoconstructive abilities were significantly associated with dementia diagnosis (p < .05).

Conclusions

Cognitive impairment in multiple domains was common in LSPD patients. The most frequent and prominent deficits were in the memory domain, with a strong interference from attention impairment. Disease disability, orientation, complex order comprehension, verbal learning, and visuoconstructive abilities proved to be important determinants for dementia diagnosis.
Impact of severity of baseline thrombocytopenia on outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions: Analysis from the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (VA CART) Program
Authors: Vallurupalli Srikanth , Hess Edward , Plomondon Mary E. , Park Ki , Waldo Stephen W. , Agarwal Shivkumar , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: March 2022

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the degree of severity of baseline thrombocytopenia (TCP) on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Background

The association of TCP with clinical outcomes among patients undergoing coronary intervention has not been previously evaluated.

Methods

Using data from the US Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (CART) Program, we identified patients undergoing PCI between October 1, 2007, to September 30, 2017. The cohort was then stratified by platelet count, as no TCP (platelet count >150,000/mcl), mild TCP (100–150,000/mcl), or moderate‐severe TCP (<100,000/mcl) and this was associated with clinical outcomes.

Results

The cohort included 80,427 patients (98% male), of which 14.9% (13.2% mild, 1.7% moderate‐severe) suffered from TCP at the time of PCI. Compared with mild or no TCP, moderate‐severe TCP was associated with increased risk of post‐PCI pericardiocentesis (0.6% vs. 0.2% vs. 0.2%, p = 0.018) and in‐hospital mortality (1.5% vs. 0.7% vs. 0.7%) without a difference in postprocedure stroke (0.5% vs. 0.3% vs. 0.3%, p = 0.6). Over a median follow‐up of 1729 days, time‐to‐repeat revascularization was significantly shorter in moderate‐severe TCP (1080 vs. 1347 vs. 1467 days, p < 0.001) despite lower risk of revascularization. Both mild (adjusted HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07–1.15, p < 0.001) and moderate‐severe TCP (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.43–1.69, p < 0.001) were associated with increased all‐cause mortality compared with those without TCP.

Conclusions

Thrombocytopenia was associated with increased short‐ and long‐term adverse events among patients undergoing PCI. Any degree of TCP was associated with increased long‐term all‐cause mortality while moderate‐severe TCP was also associated with increased risk of periprocedural adverse events.
Individual patient data meta‐analysis of patients treated with a heparin‐bonded Viabahn in the femoropopliteal artery for chronic limb‐threatening ischemia
Authors: Groot Jebbink Erik , van Wijck Iris , Holewijn Suzanne , Iida Osamu , Spinelli Domenico , Saxon Richard R. , Zeller Thomas , Okhi Takao , Bosiers Marc , Reijnen Michel M. P. J.
Published: March 2022

Objectives

The aim of the study was to analyze available data on patients treated for chronic limb‐threatening ischemia (CLTI) with the heparin‐bonded Viabahn endoprosthesis.

Background

The patency of self‐expanding covered stents in patients with complex femoropopliteal lesions is encouraging. However, data were mostly derived in patients with intermittent claudication. Patients with CLTI often have more advanced disease and worse outcome.

Methods

After the abstract screening, full‐text papers were checked. Authors were approached to consider joining the consortium. Data were sent anonymously, databases were merged and an individual patient data meta‐analysis was performed. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to calculate the freedom from amputations, the amputation‐free survival, and patency rates.

Results

Seven studies were enrolled, representing 161 limbs that were treated for CLTI. Median lesion length was 28.0 cm (interquartile range 25.0–33.0 cm) and 82.7% were chronic total occlusions. The technical success rate was 98.1% and the 30‐day mortality 1.9%. Through 2‐year follow‐up, the freedom‐from‐major‐amputations was 99.3%, with an amputation‐free survival of 78.8%. The freedom‐from‐loss‐of primary, primary‐assisted, and secondary patency was 70.4%, 71.8%, and 88.2%, respectively, at 1‐year and 59.5%, 62.7%, and 86.1% at 2‐year follow‐up, respectively. The reintervention‐free survival was 62.2% at a 2‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Treatment of femoropopliteal disease in CLTI patients with the use of the heparin‐bonded Viabahn is safe and effective with favorable clinical outcomes and low amputation rates. Reinterventions are needed in a subset of the population to maintain endoprosthesis patency. Close follow‐up using duplex is recommended to detect potential edge stenosis, allowing treatment before device occlusion.
Toward bioeconomy of a multipurpose cereal: Cell wall chemistry of Sorghum is largely buffered against stem sugar content
Authors: Kanbar Adnan , Schäfer Daniela S. , Keller Judith , Nick Peter , Bunzel Mirko
Published: March 2022

Background and Objectives

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a multipurpose crop with high potential for the bioeconomy. Ten sweet, grain and dual‐purpose sorghum genotypes were compared with respect to sugar‐related traits and cell wall composition.

Findings

The dual‐purpose hybrids Ganymed, Zerberus, and Tarzan performed better with respect to plant height, cane weight, and juice volume, but the sweet genotype KIT1 produced the highest sugar concentration (°Brix) in the stem. Analytical sugar data demonstrate genotypic differences in terms of sugar composition and concentrations, with sucrose being dominant. The monosaccharide composition of the stem cell wall polysaccharides showed surprisingly little genotypic variability. Variations in contents of lignin and cell wall‐bound hydroxycinnamate monomers were moderate.

Conclusions

Sweet, grain and dual‐purpose sorghum genotypes differ widely in terms of sugar‐related morphological parameters but are comparable with respect to their cell wall chemistry.

Significance and Novelty

The use of sorghum as a bioeconomy crop has mainly focused on the extraction of sugar for bioethanol production. However, besides cell wall polymers, the potential usage of hydroxycinnamates as platform molecules for the chemical industry may improve the valorization of the residues after sugar extraction. This application appears to be fairly independent of genotype, further increasing the potential of sorghum for the bioeconomy.
Large Enhancement of the Single‐Molecular Conductance of a Molecular Wire through a Radical Substituent
Authors: Yasui Ryuto , Shimizu Daiki , Matsuda Kenji
Published: March 2022

The single‐molecular conductance between two π‐conjugated wires with and without a radical substituent has been compared. Specifically, methyl‐ and iminonitroxide‐substituted 4‐(biphenyl‐4‐yl)pyridine wires bound onto a porphyrin template were subjected to scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) apparent‐height measurement at the interface between highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and octan‐1‐oic acid. Statistical analysis of the STM images revealed that the radical‐substituted wire has 3.2±1.7‐fold higher conductance than the methyl‐substituted reference. Although density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests that only 17 % of the SOMO is distributed on the wire moiety, the effect was significant. This study presents the potential of radical substituents to achieve high conductivity in molecular wires.
High‐Performance Heterogeneous Thermocatalysis Caused by Catalyst Wettability Regulation
Authors: Li Zhaohua , Hu Rui , Ye Shuai , Song Jun , Liu Liwei , Qu Junle , Song Weiguo , Cao Changyan
Published: March 2022

Catalyst wettability regulation has emerged as an attractive approach for high catalytic performance for the past few years. By introducing appropriate wettability, the molecule diffusion of reactants and products can be enhanced, leading to high activity. Besides this, undesired molecules are isolated for high selectivity of target products and long‐term stability of catalyst. Herein, we summarize wettability‐induced high‐performance heterogeneous thermocatalysis in recent years, including hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, hybrid hydrophilicity‐hydrophobicity, amphiphilicity, and superaerophilicity. Relevant reactions are further classified and described according to the reason for the performance improvement. It should be pointed out that studies of utilizing superaerophilicity to improve heterogeneous thermocatalytic performance have been included for the first time, so this is a comparatively comprehensive review in this field as yet.
Kinetics‐Based Approach to Developing Electrocatalytic Variants of Slow Oxidations: Application to Hydride Abstraction‐Initiated Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Lawrence Jean‐Marc I. A. , Floreancig Paul E.
Published: March 2022

Electrochemical oxidant regeneration is challenging in reactions that have a slow redox step because the steady‐state concentration of the reduced oxidant is low, causing difficulties in maintaining sufficient current or preventing potential spikes. This work shows that applying an understanding of the relationship between intermediate cation stability, oxidant strength, overpotential, and concentration on reaction kinetics delivers a method for electrochemical oxoammonium ion regeneration in hydride abstraction‐initiated cyclization reactions, resulting in the development of an electrocatalytic variant of a process that has a high oxidation transition state free energy. This approach should be applicable to expanding the scope of electrocatalysis to include additional slow redox processes.