bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
85 Impacts of dietary profile on starch content and gelatinization in canine diets
Authors: Valach Alyssa , Moore George , Perry Erin B
Published: November 2020

Starch gelatinization of pet foods can be impacted by several factors, including moisture, retention time, and ingredients used. Starch gelatinization has been associated with effects on digestibility, but isn’t well studied in non-traditional canine diets. The objective of this research was to examine the impacts of dietary ingredient profile (traditional vs. non-traditional) and assess impacts to total starch content and starch gelatinization. Traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing meat-based ingredients including chicken, chicken byproduct meal, meat and bone meal and plant-based ingredients including rice, barley, oats, and corn were examined in comparison with non-traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing meat-based ingredients including alligator, buffalo, venison, kangaroo, squid, quail, rabbit, rabbit and salmon along with plant-based ingredients including tapioca, peas, chickpeas, lentils, potato, and pumpkin. Representative samples were collected via grab sample technique (5 samples/diet) and were assessed for total starch content as well as percent starch gelatinization. Variation between both diet types were assessed with a nonlinear regression using SAS 9.4. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Distribution of total starch content based on ingredient type (traditional vs non-traditional) reveal that mean total starch content is 15% higher in traditional diets as compared to non-traditional diets (P < 0.0001). Conversely, percent starch gelatinization was found to be 10% higher in non-traditional diets (P < 0.0001). Total starch content and percent gelatinization had a highly significant non-linear relationship (P < 0.0001). These novel data reveal important differences between starch content and gelatinization and could impact manufacturing processes for ingredient types as well as feeding recommendations.
89 Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on fecal microbiota populations of dogs subjected to exercise challenge
Authors: Oba Patrícia M , Carroll Meredith , Epp Tammi , Warzecha Christine , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N , Swanson Kelly S
Published: November 2020

Previously, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) was demonstrated to positively alter fecal microbiota, fecal metabolites, and circulating immune cell functionality in adult dogs. The objective of this study was to determine the fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites of trained dogs subjected to an exercise challenge. All procedures were approved by the Four Rivers Kennel IACUC prior to experimentation. Thirty-six adult dogs (mean age: 7.1 y; mean BCS: 4.9) were used. Dogs were randomly assigned to control or SCFP-supplemented (250 mg/d) diets, trained, and fed for a few mo prior to exercise challenge. Fresh fecal samples were collected for the measurement of fecal characteristics, microbiota, and metabolites before and after an exercise challenge (10 mile run). Fecal microbiota data were evaluated using QIIME2. All other data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with treatment and exercise as fixed effects, dog as random effect, and P < 0.05 considered significant. For both treatments, fecal scores and butyrate and propionate concentrations were lower and fecal pH and ammonia, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and total BCFA concentrations were higher after exercise challenge. SCFP did not affect fecal scores, pH, dry matter, or fermentative end-product concentrations after exercise challenge. Alpha-diversity or beta-diversity (unweighted PCoA plot) were not affected by SCFP before or after exercise challenge. The weighted PCoA plot, however, showed clustering of dogs before exercise and after exercise, regardless of treatment. Fecal Collinsella, Slackia, Turicibacter, Blautia, Dorea, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Catenibacterium, Clostridium (Erysipelotrichaceae family), and Eubacterium relative abundances were higher, while fecal Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella (Prevotellaceae family), Phascolarctobacterium, Fusobacterium, Suttella and Anaerobiospirillum relative abundances were lower after exercise challenge. SCFP increased fecal Lactobacillus compared to controls. Our data demonstrate that exercise and SCFP alter fecal microbiota in dogs. Higher SCFP dosages may provide greater changes and may be of interest in future studies.
322 Consumer sensory cues in pet food selection
Authors: Koppel Kadri
Published: November 2020

Pet food selection is important for 67% of households in the US. The objective of this presentation is to review the consumer sensory cues in pet food selection. The pet owner and the pet decide pet food selection. The pet owner will make the initial decision, while the pet makes the confirmatory decision. This will either lead to rejection or acceptance of the food. The initial decision might depend on a number of factors, such as price, brand, ingredients, processing, packaging and availability. The sensory cues that might influence this are aroma, color, shape, and size of the food. For the pet, these include aroma and flavor, as well as the texture characteristics of the food. Examples of research studies will be given and gaps and future research opportunities will be outlined.
338 Awardee Talk: Superior feed efficiency and maternal supply of methionine are associated with unique gut microbiome in beef and dairy cattle
Authors: Elolimy Ahmed , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W , Loor Juan
Published: November 2020

Residual feed intake (RFI) describes an animal’s feed efficiency independent of the level of growth and production performance. The RFI is a commonly-used measure of feed efficiency in beef cattle. The first experiment determined differences in major ruminal bacteria and ruminal epithelium gene and protein expression between the most-efficient (M-eff) and the least-efficient (L-eff) finishing beef cattle. Results indicated that superior feed efficiency is associated with differences in bacterial species, transcriptional adaptations, and protein turnover in ruminal epithelium that might enhance energy transport and utilization. For example, M-eff group had enriched cellulose-degrading and volatile fatty acids (VFA) producing bacteria. Furthermore, M-eff cattle upregulated genes related to VFA absorption and ketogenesis in ruminal epithelium, underscoring greater energy production in M-eff cattle. Also, M-eff group had greater protein synthesis coupled with lower protein degradation in ruminal epithelium that allow efficient harvest of nutrients from less feed digested. These changes in the rumen might have helped M-eff cattle maintain similar level of growth performance while consuming less dry matter (DMI). Studies in non-ruminants have underscored a central role for maternal nutrition on offspring hindgut microbiome development. Whether this phenomenon exists in cattle is largely unknown. The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the impact of maternal methionine supply during late-pregnancy in dairy cows on hindgut microbiome and metabolome in neonatal calves. To achieve this, Holstein heifer calves born to cows receiving either a control (CON) diet or CON plus rumen-protected methionine (MET) during the last 28 d of pregnancy were used. Hindgut microbiome was evaluated with 16s rRNA gene sequencing, whereas hindgut metabolites were measured using an untargeted LC-MS approach. Hindgut microbiome and metabolome profiles in MET heifers indicated greater capacity for the production of endogenous antibiotics and enhanced hindgut functionality and health. Those alterations could limit pathogen colonization in the hindgut while providing essential nutrients to neonatal calves at the same level of DMI. Together, such responses contribute to the ability of MET heifers to achieve better nutrient utilization to support greater growth rates during the preweaning period. These studies highlight that gut microbiome contributes, at least in part, to better feed efficiency and fetal programming in beef and dairy cattle.
93 Evaluation of the intake and digestibility of ensiled residual material from edamame soybean processing with and without the use of an inoculant
Authors: Herring Ellen M , Kegley Elizabeth B , Coffey Ken , Gadberry Shane , Powell Jeremy G , Pruden Michael C
Published: November 2020

This research evaluated the effects of ensiled edamame soybean processing waste on ruminant intake and total tract digestibility. Waste from processing stored edamame was obtained (3 trips) and wilted (28%, 25%, and 37% DM), then treated with or without inoculant (Lactobacillus buchneri) and ensiled in 167 L plastic barrels (2 or 3 barrels/treatment from each trip) for 72 (Trip 1) or 69 (Trip 2 and 3) days. Pregnant ewes (n = 18; body weight = 55.5 ± 1.2 kg; 2 to 3 years old) were blocked by body weight and assigned randomly within a block to treatments within a trip, then each ewe was assigned to a barrel of silage. Ewes were housed individually in 1 × 1.5-m pens and offered silage for a 10-day adaptation period followed by 7 days of total feces and urine collection. Ewes were offered silage to allow for 10% orts and were offered 0.2% of their body weight of soyhulls and 32 g of mineral supplement/day to meet their predicted nutrient requirements for gestating ewes. Ewes consumed 1,616 ± 54 g DM/day (X ± SEM) or 2.9 ± 0.12% of their body weight and there was no effect (P ≥ 0.85) of inoculant treatment on DM intake (g/day or % of body weight). Dry matter digestibility was not affected (P = 0.98) by inoculant and averaged 55.7 ± 0.66%. Ewe average daily gain for the 17-day trial tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for the ewes offered the silage without inoculant (0.18 vs. 0.04 kg/d). Ensiling edamame processing waste yielded a feed that ewes consumed in adequate amounts to maintain their body weights over 17 days when also supplemented with soyhulls. The addition of silage inoculant had minimal effects on intake, digestibility, or ewe body weight change.
99 Effects of feeding 60% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles or the equivalent sulfur as calcium sulfate on trace mineral concentrations in serum and seminal plasma
Authors: Kassetas Cierrah J , Caton Joel , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , McCarthy Kacie L , Crouse Matthew S , Sedivec Kevin K , Neville Bryan W , Dahlen Carl R
Published: November 2020

Thirty-six half-sibling yearling Angus bulls [256 ± 8 d; initial BW = 320 ± 2 kg] were assigned one of three diets: 1) 60% concentrate as corn (CON; n = 12); 2) 60% DDGS (60DDGS; n = 12); 3) CON diet + equivalent sulfur of 60DDGS as CaSO4 (SULF; n = 12) to evaluate effects of feeding 60% DDGS or sulfur as CaSO4 on trace mineral (TM) concentrations in serum and seminal plasma. Bulls were fed in Calan gates for 112 days and targeted to gain 1.6 kg/d. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using PROC MIXED in SAS. In serum, treatment × day interactions were observed (P ≤ 0.03) for Cu, Se, and Mo. For Cu, no differences (P > 0.15) were observed at d 0 or 56, but at d 112, 60DDGS was reduced (P < 0.01) compared with SULF and CON. At d 0, no differences (P > 0.09) were observed for Se; however, at d 56 and 112, 60DDGS was greater (P < 0.01) than CON and SULF. For Mo, at d 0, 60DDGS was greater (P = 0.03) than CON, whereas SULF was intermediate, but at d 56 and 112, CON was greater (P < 0.01) than SULF and 60DDGS. In seminal plasma, treatment × day interactions were observed (P ≤ 0.02) for Cu and Mo. For Cu, no differences (P ≥ 0.09) were observed at d 0 or 56, but at d 112, CON and 60DDGS were greater (P < 0.01) compared with SULF. For Mo, at d 0, 60DDGS was greater (P = 0.03) than SULF, whereas CON was intermediate, but on d 56 and 112, CON was greater (P < 0.01) than 60DDGS and SULF. Differences observed for TM may have influenced enzyme activity and semen kinematics which were previously reported.
350 Enhancing the nutritional value of red meats through genetic and feeding strategies
Authors: Juarez Manuel M , Lam Stephanie , Bohrer Ben M , Dugan Mike , Vahmani Payam , Prieto Nuria , Campos Oscar Lopez , Aalhus Jennifer
Published: November 2020

Consumption of red meats contributes substantially to the intake of several essential nutrients in the human diet, including protein, essential fatty acids, and several vitamins and trace minerals. Despite concerns regarding potential negative impacts on human health and the environment, demand for red meats continues to increase worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Enhancing the nutritional value of meats is essential to provide consumers with competitive products that meet their nutrient requirements and address their health concerns. Different nutrients in red meats vary in their responsiveness to dietary and genetic manipulations. The fat content and fatty acid composition of meats can be easily modified through animal nutrition. Similarly, iodine, selenium and fat-soluble vitamin content can be significantly manipulated using dietary strategies. In contrast, amino acids, copper, iron, zinc, and water-soluble vitamins are less responsive to dietary manipulations. Feeding studies (i.e. supplements, additives, production systems, life period, nutritional regimes and duration) are relatively abundant and have shown substantial changes to nutritional value in many scenarios. Traditional breeding, including genetic selection for specific traits, has been used to influence multiple carcass and meat quality attributes relevant to nutritional value of meat, including leanness. The use of molecular genetics (i.e. GWAS, identification of genetic variants, gene expression profiles) in the past decade has offered alternative genetic perspectives on improving the nutritional value of meats. Recent studies have also shown influence of rumen or gut microbiome features on nutrient bioavailability and utilization. However, a limited number of studies have combined feeding strategies for specific genetic potential. Given the nutrient composition of meat can be influenced by a dynamic interaction of genetics and environment, the fields of phenomics, nutrigenomics, integrative diet-host-microbiome, and systems biology may bring further insight to better understand the manipulation of red meat composition under both experimental and commercial conditions.
351 Awardee Talk: How retained energy and protein affects the determination of energy and protein requirements for growth
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O
Published: November 2020

The understanding of how nutrition influences the body composition of growing animals has fascinated researchers for centuries. It involves the expertise of scientists with different areas of knowledge, encompassing the composition of the diet and its nutritive value to the fermentation and digestion of substrates to the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, and finally, to the deposition of fat, protein, and minerals in body tissues. The comparative slaughter technique is the preferred method to assess the body composition of growing and finishing animals. However, the methodological procedures are labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming, facilitating the incidence of errors and inconsistencies of the measurements that are collected, including the initial animal’s body composition. First, retained fat and protein (RP) are used to compute retained energy (RE). Then, RP and RE are used to compute protein and energy requirements for growth. Heat production, calculated from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake for animals at maintenance, is used to compute maintenance requirements. Three areas of concern exist for this approach: 1) the efficiencies of possible mobilization of fat and protein tissues during the feeding period are unaccounted for, especially for the animals fed near the maintenance level of intake; 2) the correlation between observed and predicted RP when using predicted RE is higher than when using observed RE (0.939 vs. 0.679); and 3) the disconnection when predicting partial efficiency of use of ME for growth using the proportion of RE deposited as protein — carcass approach — versus using the concentration of ME of the diet — diet approach. These concerns raised questions about the interdependency between predicted RP and RE and the existence of internal offsetting errors that may prevent overall adequacy in predicting energy and protein requirements of beef cattle.
114 Effects of aquatic conditioning in young horses. II. Bone metabolism
Authors: Silvers Brittany L , Leatherwood Jessica L , Nielsen Brian D , Arnold Carolyn E , Dominguez Brandon , Glass Kati , Huseman Chelsie , Bradbery Amanda N , Much Mattea L , Martinez Rafael E
Published: November 2020

While beneficial in rehabilitation, aquatic exercise effects on bone metabolism in young, healthy horses has not been investigated. Therefore, thirty Quarter Horse yearlings were stratified by age, body weight (BW), and sex and randomly assigned to one of three treatments during a 140-d trial to evaluate aquatic vs. dry exercise on bone metabolism in young horses transitioning to an advanced workload. Treatment groups included non-exercise control (CON; n = 10), dry treadmill exercise (DRY; n = 10), or aquatic treadmill exercise (H2O; n = 10; water: 60% wither height, WH). Animals were housed in individual stalls (3.6 m×3.6 m) from 0600 to 1800, allowed turnout (74 m×70 m) from 1800 to 0600, and fed to meet or exceed requirements. During Phase I, DRY and H2O walked on treadmills 30 min/d, 5 d/wk from d 0–112. Phase II transitioned to an advanced workload 5 d/wk for 28 d (Table 1). Every 14 d, WH, hip height (HH), and BW were recorded. Every 28 d following exercise, serum samples were collected for osteocalcin (OC) and C-telopeptide crosslaps of type I collagen (CTX-1) analysis. Left third metacarpal radiographs on d 0, 112, and 140 were analyzed for radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Baseline treatment differences in biomarkers were accounted for using a covariate. There were treatment ′ day interactions (P < 0.01) where OC and CTX-1 remained consistent in both exercise groups while inconsistently increasing in CON. There were no treatment differences (P > 0.30) in RBAE, BW, or HH, but all increased over time (P < 0.01). There was a tendency toward a treatment × day interaction for WH (P = 0.07), characterized by a difference in response by CON during the first 28 d. This study indicates that early forced exercise supports consistent bone metabolism necessary for uniform growth and bone development, while lack of forced exercise results in incongruent bone turnover.
102 Detecting coprophagy in foals and its relationship with foal gut health
Authors: Pyles Morgan B , Hayes Susan , Crum Andrea , Kunes Miranda , Radomski Elizabeth , Flythe Michael , Lawrence Laurie
Published: November 2020

Consumption of maternal feces is commonly observed in foals; however, the role of this activity in foal health is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of coprophagy in foals and how it relates to foal gut health. Milk samples and foal feces were collected from 12 mare-foal pairs at 12 h, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d after foaling. Milk yield was estimated after muzzling foals for 2 h intervals at 7 and 14 d postpartum. To detect coprophagy in foals, nine mares were fed chromic oxide (10 g/d) with their concentrate in nosebags twice daily. Mares had ad libitum access to forage. Fecal samples were collected immediately after defecation and used to enumerate cellulolytic bacteria, lactobacilli, and lactate-utilizing bacteria using culture-based techniques. Enumeration data were log10 transformed before statistical analyses. Frozen feces were used to analyze neutral detergent fiber (NDF) using a Fiber Analyzer (Ankom Technology, NY, USA), then ashed and digested to analyze chromic oxide via atomic absorption. Fecal scores were recorded daily to monitor for signs of diarrhea. Changes over time were evaluated using repeated measures ANOVA and relationships between variables were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (SAS 9.4). Coprophagy was detected as early as 3 d after birth and detected in all foals by 7 d of age. Peak coprophagy occurred at 14 d after birth. Milk yield was negatively related to fiber and chromic oxide in foal feces (r = -0.64 and -0.70, respectively; P < 0.05). Chromic oxide in foal feces was positively related to the number of cellulolytic bacteria and NDF (r = 0.97 and 0.79, respectively; P < 0.05). Bouts of diarrhea tended to be negatively related to chromic oxide (r = -0.59; P = 0.0928). Maternal feces is likely an important source of fiber and microbial inoculum for foals, aiding in colonization of beneficial microbes.
361 Beef flavor chemistry and how it influences sensory perception
Authors: Legako Jerrad F
Published: November 2020

Flavor can be simply defined as the combination of taste and aroma. Taste refers to the five basic receptors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Flavor is the perception of chemical compounds reacting with receptors in the oral and nasal cavities (aroma) in combination with taste. For beef, flavor is considered a primary eating quality trait. Flavor is developed during cooking through a combination of numerous chemical reactions, principally the Maillard reaction and oxidation of lipids. Any factor which mediates precursor compounds to these reactions may influence flavor chemistry and final perceived flavor. For the Maillard reaction, water-soluble compounds, such as free-amino acids and sugars, are essential and allow for the development of characteristic beef flavors. Likewise, oxidation of lipids, to a degree, provides beef -species-specific flavor. However, too much oxidation contributes to off-flavor. Both pre- and post-harvest factors may influence beef flavor precursor content and composition prior to cooking. Beef finishing diet is well understood to influence fatty acid composition. Meanwhile, carcass grade and muscle type each influence fatty acids. During post-mortem aging, free-amino acids and other metabolites accumulate in response to proteolysis. Recent work indicates that packaging type and retail environment also influence flavor precursor compounds. Finally, the aforementioned flavor pathways, lipid oxidation and the Maillard reaction, are initiated and accelerated during cooking. Therefore, degree-of-doneness and cookery type greatly influence beef flavor chemistry. These examples briefly depict how beef flavor chemistry may be influenced by common production factors, retail settings, and consumer preparation of beef. The resulting beef flavor dictates consumer liking of beef. Therefore, understanding beef flavor chemistry is integral to maintaining or increasing consumer satisfaction with beef.
365 Palatability of Beef Products: A Perspective on Future Expectations
Authors: Wasser Bridget
Published: November 2020

The number one driver of consumer demand for beef and beef products is taste. The beef industry continuously measures consumer perceptions of beef and performance of beef products against evolving consumer expectations. In order to maintain consumer preference for beef taste attributes, the industry has dedicated years of meat science research to improve its product and measure its progress. This session will share the outcomes of both technical and consumer research focused on beef palatability.
118 Functional amino acid supplementation, regardless of dietary protein content, improves growth performance, acute-phase response, and bacterial shedding in Salmonella-challenged pigs
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas , Wellington Michael O , Krone Jack E , González-Vega Caroline , Htoo John K , Van Kessel Andrew G , Columbus Daniel A
Published: November 2020

The present study investigated the interactive effect of functional amino acid (AA) supplementation and dietary protein level on growth performance and immune status in Salmonella-challenged pigs. Thirty-two growing pigs (8 pigs/treatment; 13.9 ± 0.82 kg initial body weight) had ad libitum access to 1 of 4 experiment diets in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with factors of dietary protein (LP: Low, 16% protein vs. High: HP, 20% protein) and 2 levels of functional AA supply (AA-: basal vs. AA+: Thr, Met, and Trp provided at 20% above requirement). After 7 d of adaptation, pigs were orally inoculated with saline containing Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Performance parameters [average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, and gain:feed (GF)] were measured in the pre- and post-inoculation periods. Blood samples were collected on d0, 4 and 7 post-inoculation for serum haptoglobin and albumin analysis. Shedding of ST (d1, 2, 4 and 6 post-inoculation) and quantification in digesta (ileum, cecum and colon; d7 post-inoculation) were analyzed. There was no effect of diet on pre-inoculation performance (P > 0.05). Pigs fed AA+ showed increased ADG (0.457 vs. 0.298 ± 0.051 kg/d; P < 0.05) and a trend for improved GF (0.67 vs. 0.40 ± 0.07 kg/kg; P < 0.10) post-inoculation compared to AA- regardless of dietary protein level. Feeding AA+ increased overall albumin levels (35.7 vs. 34.2 ± 0.9 g/L; P < 0.05) and decreased overall haptoglobin levels (1.64 vs. 1.81 ± 0.12 g/L; P < 0.05) and decreased overall shedding score of ST (2.27 vs. 2.51 ± 0.09; P < 0.05) compared to AA-. The ST counts in cecal digesta increased (2.78 vs. 2.23 ± 0.18 Log10 cfu/g; P < 0.05) in pigs fed HP compared to LP-fed pigs and ST counts in colon were reduced (2.08 ± 0.18 vs. 2.61 ± 0.19 Log10 cfu/g; P < 0.05) in AA+ compared to AA- pigs. Supplementation of diets with specific functional AA improved performance and health status of pigs when exposed to an enteric disease challenge.
135 Production of a fifty percent functional protein concentrate from the dry grind ethanol process and use of the product in diets for Atlantic salmon
Authors: Williams Peter E V
Published: November 2020

The corn distilling industry is a major processor of grain, but the high fiber co-product (DDGS), has limited application in feed. Simple mechanical stillage separation downstream of fermentation produces a high protein (52.4 % DM), highly digestible, low crude fiber (4.4% DM) product containing approximately 25% DM spent brewer’s yeast (high density distillers’ protein: HDDP). Currently, approximately 300 ktons of HDDP are produced annually in the USA, and the volume will double in 2020. The effect of graded inclusion levels of HDDP on growth, feed efficiency, nutrient utilization, blood chemistry and gut histology of 525 post-smolt Atlantic salmon (initial body weight 304 ± 10.7g), randomly allocated to three tanks per treatment, was tested in a salt-water recirculating aquaculture system. One control diet with no HDDP was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of Atlantic salmon. Four test diets were formulated to contain graded levels of HDDP at 5, 10, 15 and 20% respectively. HDDP partially replaced soy protein concentrate and corn protein concentrate in the diets. Salmon were hand-fed to satiety, 3 times daily during the 84-day trial. Throughout the trial the performance of fish on all treatments exceeded commercial growth rates with thermal growth coefficients (TGC) in excess of 0.160 and feed conversion efficiency of ≤ 1.0. Overall HDDP was a nutritious feed ingredient and had no significant impact on performance. Overall TGC was highest (0.200 over the 84-day trial period) in fish fed the diet containing 10% HDDP. Both villi length and villi width in the distal intestine of salmon fed diets containing HDDP tended to be higher than in the controls. Overall, HDDP derived from the dry grind ethanol process was a safe and nutritious novel feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon, and the potential beneficial effect on gut morphology merits investigation.
129 Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and colonic pH in diets fed to weanling pigs
Authors: Lewton Jaron R , Woodward Adrienne , Moser Ronny , Thelen Kyan M , Moeser Adam J , Trottier Nathalie , Tempelman Robert , Rozeboom Dale W
Published: November 2020

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on apparent digestibility and colonic pH of nursery pigs. Eighty pigs, of equal number of barrows and gilts (initial BW: 6.99 ± 1.67 kg), were weaned at 21 ± 1 d and randomly allotted to sixteen pens, with five pigs per pen. Two dietary treatments were implemented, a basal control (CON) and a control plus DFM (DFM). Both diets were corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains based, formulated to meet all or exceed all nutritional requirements, and manufactured on site. Diets were fed for 42 days. Performance measures were recorded weekly. On d 21 and 42 of the experiment, one pig per pen was randomly selected and euthanized, with equal number of males and females represented. Digestibility of specific nutrients was evaluated within the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and distal colon. There were no overall differences in growth performance. Overall means ± SD were 0.51 ± 0.05 kg/d, 0.79 ± 0.05 kg/d and 0.66 ± 0.05 for ADG, ADFI, and G:F, respectively. Digestibility of tryptophan within the jejunum tended (P = 0.06) to increase with addition of DFM, as did cysteine (P = 0.12) and methionine (P = 0.10). The analysis also suggested that the impact of the DFM on the digestibility of amino acids may be early in the nursery phase. The pH of contents in ascending colon, a possible indicator of varied fiber digestion, did not differ. Likewise, no differences were observed between treatment in apparent total tract nitrogen and energy digestibility (analysis of distal colon contents). The addition of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based DFM appears to impact digestibility of select amino acids depending upon location in the gastrointestinal tract.
137 Dietary Supplementations of Ethanolamine and Serine Enhance Docosahexaenoic Acid Deposition in Eggs of Laying Hens
Authors: Magnuson Andrew D , Lei Xingen
Published: November 2020

Enrichment of docosahexaenoic-acid (DHA) into eggs of laying-hens may be limited by the availability phospholipids as a deposition sink. The present study was to determine if dietary supplementations of phospholipid-component molecules or synthesis-enhancers: choline, serine, and ethanolamine could elevate phospholipid and DHA enrichment in the eggs and tissues of hens. A total of 50-White-Leghorn-Shavers (42-wk old) were individually caged and divided into 5 groups (n = 10/group). The 5 groups of hens were fed the following diets for 3 wk: Diet-1 = a corn soybean-meal basal-diet, Diet-2 = Diet-1 + 4%-microalgae (Aurantiochytrium, Heliae, Gibert, AZ, 1.81 g-DHA/kg) + choline-chloride (26.3 g/kg diet, 60% purity, DSM-Co., Basel, Switzerland), Diet-3 = Diet-2 + 1.41% of L-serine (100% purity, Ajinomoto-Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan), Diet-4 = Diet-2 + 100 mg of ethanolamine/kg (99% purity, Sigma-Aldirch-Co., St Loius, MO), and Diet-5 = Diet-3 + 100 mg of ethanolamine/kg. At the end of study, eggs, liver, ovary, and adipose samples were collected from 6 hens/group for biochemical analysis. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Compared with Diet-1, Diet-2 enhanced (P < 0.05) DHA concentrations in egg yolk and liver by 213 mg/egg and 2.98 mg/g tissue, respectively, but decreased (P < 0.05) total phospholipid-concentrations of yolk and liver by 50%, and hepatic-mRNA levels of elongases-2/5 and desaturases-4/6 by 25–50%. Compared with Diet-2, Diet-5 enhanced (P < 0.05) DHA (by 20%) and phospholipid (by 40%) concentrations in the egg yolk, and upregulated (P < 0.05) lipid-metabolism genes involved in the citicoline (CDP, up-to-3-fold) and CDP-ethanolamine (up-to-2.5-fold) pathways in the liver and ovary-tissue. In comparison, Diets-3 and 4 resulted in only 3–11% higher (P < 0.05) DHA-concentrations in the liver over Diet-2. In conclusion, feeding hens a high DHA and choline diet enriched DHA in the egg yolk and down-regulated lipogenesis-gene-expression in the tissues. Supplementing the diet with extra-serine and ethanolamine further-enhanced the DHA enrichment in the egg yolk and restored the high DHA-mediated changes in the gene-expression. (Supported in part by DOE-MAGIC-grant DE-EE0007091, USDA-grant 2019-69012-29905, and Cornell-University-Hatch-grants NYC-127419/127302).
126 Effect of Biolex™ Feed Additive on Nursery and Wean-To-Finish Pig Performance
Authors: Harshman Jared , Carter Scott D , Aparachita Pornpim , Scaff Taw J
Published: November 2020

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Biolex™ feed additive (BioMatrix International, Princeton, MN) on growth performance of wean-to-finish (Experiment 1) and nursery (Experiment 2) pigs. Experiment 1 utilized 352 crossbred pigs (5.78 kg BW) allotted to pens (11 pigs/pen; 16 reps/trt) on d 0 and fed a common diet for 28 d. On d 28, pens were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. The two dietary treatments consisted of a fortified corn-soybean meal-DDGS based diet serving as the control and the control diet + Biolex™ (0.10%). Pigs were fed in 5 dietary nursery and 6 finishing phases. Feed disappearance and BW were recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with pen serving as the experimental unit. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in final BW (137 vs. 138 kg), ADG (793 vs. 799 g/d), or ADFI (1.96 vs. 1.93 kg); however, pigs fed Biolex™ had improved (P = 0.02) G:F (0.40 vs. 0.41). Biolex™ tended to increase (P = 0.08) loin depth and numerically improve (P = 0.12) percent lean. In Experiment 2, 280 crossbred pigs (5.44 kg BW) were utilized in a 42-d experiment. Pigs were allotted to pens (10 pigs/pen; 14 reps/trt) on d 0 and fed a common diet for 21 d. On d 21, pens were assigned randomly to two dietary treatments. The two dietary treatments consisted of 1) Control and 2) Control + Biolex™ (0.10%). In Experiment 2, there was no difference (P > 0.10) in ADG (367 vs. 372 g/d), ADFI (507 vs. 504 g), or G:F (0.72 vs. 0.74) between diets. These results suggest that Biolex™ fed to nursery and wean-to-finish pigs has no effect on ADG or ADFI but improved G:F in wean-to-finish.
145 President Oral Presentation Pick: Prenatal stress increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density and function in yearling Brahman calves
Authors: Guy Chloey P , Wellman Catherine L , Riley David G , Long Charles R , Randel Ron D , Welsh Thomas H , White-Springer Sarah H
Published: November 2020

We previously determined that prenatal stress (PNS) differentially affected methylation of DNA from leukocytes of 28-d-old calves. Specifically, COX14 (cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly factor) and CKMT1B (mitochondrial creatine kinase U-type) were hypomethylated and COA5 (COX assembly factor 5), COX5A (COX subunit 5A), NRF1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1), and GSST1 (glutathione S-transferase theta-1) were hypermethylated in PNS compared to non-PNS calves (P ≤ 0.05). Our current objective was to test the hypothesis that PNS exhibit impaired mitochondrial function and greater oxidative stress than non-PNS calves. Blood and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected from yearling Brahman calves whose mothers were stressed by 2 h transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 days of gestation (PNS; 8 bulls, 6 heifers) and non-PNS calves (4 bulls, 6 heifers). Serum was evaluated for the stress hormone, cortisol, and muscle damage marker, creatine kinase; muscle was analyzed for mitochondrial volume density and function by citrate synthase (CS) and COX activities, respectively, concentration of malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker, and activity of the antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD). Data were analyzed using mixed linear models with treatment and sex as fixed effects. Serum cortisol was numerically higher in PNS than non-PNS calves but was not statistically different. Muscle CS and COX activities relative to protein were greater in PNS than non-PNS calves (P ≤ 0.03), but COX relative to CS activity was similar between groups. Activity of COX was greater in bulls than heifers (P = 0.03), but no other measure was affected by sex. All other measures were unaffected by PNS. Prenatal stress did not affect markers of muscle damage and oxidative stress in yearling Brahman calves at rest but mitochondrial volume density and function were greater in PNS calves. Acute stressors induce oxidative stress, so implications of differences in mitochondria in PNS calves following a stressor should be investigated.
233 Efficacy of fat-embedded calcium gluconate on lactation performance in dairy cattle
Authors: Seymour Dave J , Sanz Victoria , Daniel Jean-Baptiste , Martín-Tereso Javier , Doelman John
Published: November 2020

Several beneficial effects have been observed in the gastrointestinal tract in response to the provision of short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate, including the improvement of gut barrier function, stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation and gastrointestinal homeostasis. By improving gut barrier integrity, it is possible that less energy would be spent mounting an immune response against infiltrating xenobiotic compounds, allowing for more energy to be partitioned towards productive activities, such as milk synthesis. Previous work has demonstrated that gluconic acid and its salts have a prebiotic effect in the lower gut in monogastric animals, where it acts as a substrate for butyrate synthesis, with new data suggesting a similar response in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of a fat-embedded calcium gluconate product on milk production in dairy cattle. Lactating heifers (n = 22) and cows (n = 53) were offered either a total mixed ration supplemented with 0.07% fat-embedded calcium gluconate or a negative control ration over the course of a full lactation. Milk production and dry matter intake were recorded daily, while milk composition was determined at regular intervals over the lactation. Cows receiving the supplement displayed significant (P ≤ 0.046) increases in milk and component yields, while consuming 1 kg DM/d more during lactation compared to control. Heifers receiving the supplement displayed decreased (P ≤ 0.044) yield of milk fat and fat-corrected milk, 0.09% increased milk protein content, and decreased feed efficiency. Overall, the results in multiparous animals are consistent with previous work examining calcium gluconate. Further work is needed to characterize the differential response in heifers.
203 Feeding a calf starter containing monensin alone or in combination with a blend of essential oils and a proprietary cobalt source to Holstein calves
Authors: Wu Jianping , Guo Jinsheng , Liu Ting , Chen Hao , Bai Yan , Casper David P
Published: November 2020

Gut health is critical for neonatal calves, and nutritional technologies are needed for disease and stress prevention. Previous work feeding Monensin (MON) in combination with a blend of essential oils and a proprietary cobalt source (EOC) blend had demonstrated improved calf gut health and growth performance. The objective was to evaluate MON and EOC alone or in combination on calf growth performance. Eighty (80) new born Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial (MON and EOC). Treatments were: 1) Control without MON or EOC added to the calf starter (CS); 2) MON: 50.8 mg/kg CS (Norvikon Biotechnology Co., Hunan, China); 3) EOC: 44.1 mg/kg CS (Rum-A-Fresh, Ralco Inc. Marshall, MN); 4) MON+EOC: MON and EOC added to CS. Calves were fed colostrum followed by whole milk through weaning at 42 d, while CS was fed ad libitum through the 70-d experimental period. The MON by EOC interaction was found to be nonsignificant (P > 0.41) for growth performance. Calves fed without or with MON demonstrated similar (P > 0.70) body weight (BW; 68.7 and 68.9 kg without and with MON, respectively), while calves fed EOC demonstrated greater (P < 0.01) BW (67.3 and 70.4 kg without and with EOC, respectively) compared with calves fed without EOC. Calves fed a CS containing MON were similar (P > 0.47) in ADG (0.88 and 0.91 kg/d) compared with calves fed without MON; however, calves fed a CS with EOC increased (P < 0.01) ADG (0.84 and 0.95 kg/d) 13% through the 70 d experimental period compared with calves not fed EOC. These data demonstrate that EOC and MON fed in combination was not beneficial for enhancing growth performance, but that calf growth performance can be improved with EOC compared to MON.
183 A blend of plant extracts (Actifor Pro) potentially reduced methane production in a dual-flow continuous culture system fed bermudagrass hay with or without corn gluten feed
Authors: Garcia-Ascolani Mariana E , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Sun Yan , Aubert Thierry , Larson Haley
Published: November 2020

Twelve dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (1.95 L) were used to evaluate the effect of a phytogenic feed additive (Actifor Pro, Delacon, Engerwitzdorf, Austria; ACT) on ruminal fermentation and methane production when fed high fiber diets, comprised of bermudagrass hay (BGH) with or without corn gluten feed (CGF). Fermenters were utilized in a generalized randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 6): 1) diet (with or without CGF at 22% of diet DM) and 2) additive (with or without ACT at 1.0 g/L ACT). Two 10-d periods were conducted. Overall, comparing to no CGF, supplementation with CGF resulted in lower dry matter, organic matter, crude protein digestibility, microbial efficiency of nitrogen utilization, and methane production (mL of CH4/mol of total VFA), but increased neutral detergent fiber digestibility (all P ≤ 0.05). Diet × additive interactions were observed for molar proportion of acetate and propionate, and acetate-to-propionate ratio (A:P, all interactions P < 0.05), where inclusion of ACT increased acetate molar proportion and A:P (both P < 0.05), and decreased propionate molar proportion in diets with CGF (P = 0.05). A diet × additive interaction was also observed for methane production (ml of CH4/mol of total VFA; P = 0.08), where ACT decreased CH4 production per mol of VFA by 42% (P = 0.04), when only BGH was fed to the fermenters. In conclusion, CGF supplementation in BGH diets reduced methane production and improved fiber digestibility. The decrease in methane production per mol of VFA observed with ACT in the BGH without CGF diet warrants further investigation.
218 Effects of feeding a vitamin and mineral supplement and (or) an energy supplement on concentrations of amino acids in beef heifer serum and fetal fluids at d 83 of gestation
Authors: Menezes Ana Clara B , McCarthy Kacie L , Kassetas Cierrah J , Baumgaertner Friederike , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , Neville Tammi L , Ward Alison K , Borowicz Pawel P , Reynolds Lawrence P , Sedivec Kevin K , Forcherio J Chris , Scott Ronald , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R
Published: November 2020

Objectives were to evaluate effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) and (or) energy (NRG) supplements on concentrations of amino acids (AA) in heifer serum and allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids at d 83 of gestation. Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (body weight = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (n = 8 or 9/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of vitamin and mineral (NoVTM or VTM) and energy (NoNRG or NRG) supplements. Heifers were fed a basal total mixed ration once daily with VTM and NRG treatments top-dressed. The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer-1•d-1) was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). The NRG treatment was initiated at AI targeting gains of 0.28 kg/d for NoNRG and 0.79 kg/d for NRG. Serum, ALF, and AMF were collected at d 83 ± 0.27 of gestation and analyzed for concentrations of AA. In serum, a VTM × NRG interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for Glu, with greater concentrations for VTM-NoNRG than VTM-NRG. Concentrations of serum Cys, Met, and Trp were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for NRG than No-NRG. In ALF, concentrations of Glu were affected by a VTM × NRG interaction, where VTM-NRG was greater (P < 0.01) than all others. In ALF, VTM increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of His, Asp, and 12 of the 14 neutral AA, whereas NRG increased (P ≤ 0.05) Arg, Cys, and Asp. In AMF, AA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by VTM, NRG, or their interaction. In conclusion, an increase in neutral AA concentration in ALF from beef heifers was observed at d 83 of gestation with VTM supplementation, suggesting effects on the mechanisms of AA uptake and balance between the maternal circulation and fetal fluid compartments.
198 Ruminal pH of Angus and Nellore steers during adaptation to high-energy diets with different nutritional strategies
Authors: Pinto Ana Carolina J , Silvestre Antonio M , Silva Leandro Aparecido F , Cardin Jessica G , Souza Katia Lirian R , Casali Daniel M , Miranda Lidiane S , Schleifer Werner F , Gasparini Vanessa Gomes L , Millen Danilo D
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding monensin into high-concentrate diets based on either finely-ground or high-moisture corn during the transition from adaptation to finishing diets on ruminal pH of cannulated Angus and Nellore steers. Four 30-mo-old Nellore and four 30-mo-old Angus steers were divided (± 550 kg) into two 4 x 4 Latin squares, where each square was composed by animals from same breed, and randomly submitted to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments as follows: T1) Finely-ground corn + monensin; T2) Finely-ground corn; T3) High moisture corn + monensin; T4) High-moisture corn. Periods were divided as follows: 14 days of adaptation diets and 18 days of finishing diet (80% concentrate). The study lasted 149 days, including three 7-d washout intervals. The rumen pH was assessed continuously via data loggers on days 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28. Interactions between breed and days were observed for DMI (P = 0.02) and pH duration below 5.6 (P = 0.01), where Angus steers had greater DMI and spent a longer time below 5.6 than Nellore animals on days 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28. The addition of monensin decreased (P = 0.01) DMI on days 16, 20, 24 and 28. Regarding pH duration and area below 5.6, an interaction between breed and corn was observed (P = 0.001), in which Angus steers fed finely-ground corn spent a longer time (416 min/day) and had a larger area (224.6 min x pH units/day) below 5.6 than animals from other treatments. For mean pH, steers consuming high-moisture corn had higher pH (6.45 vs. 6.29); and an interaction was observed (P = 0.03) between breed and monensin, where monensin addition decreased pH for Angus (5.96 vs. 6.18), but not for Nellore steers (6.68 vs. 6.63). The feeding of monensin and finely-ground corn did not positively impact rumen pH of Angus steers.