bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Austro-Yugoslavian Convention On Archives: a Case Study in State Succession
Authors: Auer Leopold , Thomas Christiane
Published: October 2007

The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 created numerous problems for the successor states, including that of the ownership of archives. The negotiations on this subject between Austria and Yugoslavia, which have been going on since 1920, are summarized as a case study of the problem. Attention is concentrated on the Austro-Yugoslavian Convention of 1923 and on efforts, particularly since World War 11, to implement its provisions.
Publishing Consultancy a Developing Service
Authors: Oakeshott Priscilla
Published: October 2007

This article examines the work of a publishing consultancy organization, based on the experience of such a collective consultancy group founded nearly two years ago. Work is undertaken for both commercial and non-profit making organizations, from one-man enterprises, to large international firms, professional societies and university presses. In addition to advice on the use of new technologies, there is need for specialist publishing help in three main areas: marketing and distribution; editorial; and contracts and copyright. The need for creating special courses for 'novice' publishers is discussed.
Information Development in Portugal
Authors: Filipe Luis , Nunes Abreu
Published: October 2007

Portuguese Government preparations for entry to the EEC in 1986 ignore the information sector, which is very underdeveloped in comparison with most other European countries. Total investment in the computer sector in 1981 was only 0.35 percent of the national budget. A recent survey of public libraries revealed their condition to be very bad. A directory of specialized documentation and information services is soon to be published and a survey of university libraries is being carried out. Examples of recent computer applications in library and information services, including the national industrial database, INFOLNETI, are described and questions of access to international databases are discussed. The work of official bodies in the information sector and recent developments in training in information studies are described.
Information On Current Research in the Sudan
Authors: Wesley Cecile
Published: October 2007

Information on current research and development (R & D) is vital to science policy-makers, R & D managers and the scientific community as a whole. In 1982, a Unesco pilot project for the creation of an information service on research in progress was initiated in the Sudan. A major element of this project is the compilation of a National Register of Current Research. The methods of data collection and analysis used in compiling the Register, and its main characteristics, are described and illustrated.
Ebla's Royal Archives
Authors: Bradscher James Gregory
Published: October 2007

Archivists, librarians and records and information specialists generally ignore ancient archives as a subject of study, believing it lacks utilitarian value. There are, however, advantages to be gained from such a story, including a greater appreciation of their respective professions. The 1974 discovery of the clay tablet archives of Ebla, the largest third millennium B.C. collection thus far uncovered, presents an opportunity to learn something about early archival library records and information practices and a means of gaining greater appreciation of the roots of various professional disciplines and of their common heritage. This paper discusses Ebla, its archives, their creators and custodians, with the aim of providing the reader with an understanding of why and how the clay tablets were created and maintained, as well as an understanding of archival, library and records administration in the third millennium B.c. primarily as it existed in Ebla.
Library Buildings in the 1980s
Authors: Dewe Michael , Mangold Elisabeth
Published: October 2007

In the first of a series of articles which aim to highlight interesting and significant library buildings worldwide, completed since 1980, the authors detail new buildings, extensions and conversions for library purposes, under the three headings of public, academic and national libraries in the Western European countries. Recent publications in this field are also discussed.
Agricultural Information Provision in Nigeria
Authors: Aina Lenrie O.
Published: October 2007

The agricultural knowledge of farmers is vital in increasing food production in Nigeria. A study carried out to ascertain why farmers do not receive adequate information on the results of agricultural research revealed that personal contacts and agricultural shows were the media most widely used by extension officers in disseminating information to farmers, whilst, for the farmers, extension officers were the most important information resource persons and radio and television talks the most frequently used communications media. Extension officers obtain their information mainly from workshops, seminars and reports. The information-disseminating capability of extension officers should be strengthened through the provision of information by librarians. Salesmen can also provide information to farmers and extension officers by visiting rural communities regularly.
Document Delivery: the Agris Cooperative Solution
Authors: Samaha E.K.
Published: October 2007

Access to primary documents remains one of the most difficult problems facing users of bibliographic information systems. The problems and difficulties encountered in developing countries are outlined. The major obstacles to access to the world agricultural literature are mainly financial and organizational. Document delivery should qualify for development aid. The proposed AGRIS cooperative solution through an exchange coupon scheme is described. This scheme, based on circulating redeemable coupons, would enable AGRIS centres to exchange conventional as well as nonconventional documents. It aims to ensure equitable access to primary agricultural literature for all countries.
Library Buildings in the 80s
Authors: Dewe Michael
Published: October 2007

The third in a series of articles on library buildings completed since the 1980s, this paper is based largely on the library and architectural literature but also on the author's visit to Canada in 1982. Modernization and extension projects in Canadian public libraries are detailed, followed by new buildings and academic and national libraries in Canada.
The Finnish Literature Archives
Authors: Sala Kaarina
Published: October 2007

Discusses the history and development of the Literature Archives of the Finnish Literature Society. One of the features of the work of the Archives is its policy of close contact with writers through the interview scheme and mounting exhibitions of their work. Cataloguing of material requires research, since, unlike librarians, archives personnel are not supplied with catalogue information in the work itself. The Archives also publishes its own material, such as writers' letters and mounts exhibitions.
Agricultural Information Transfer in India
Authors: Eswara Reddy D.B.
Published: October 2007

Transfer of agricultural technology is a prerequisite for increasing agricultural productivity in India. There is a well-organized national grid of cooperative agricultural research. Decentralized library and documentation services are attached to agricultural universities and research institutes cater for the needs of teaching, research and extension staff. A network of extension units promotes the adoption of improved technology. Agricultural universities, research institutes, State and Central Governments as well as some voluntary organizations and commercial agencies have devised various ways of disseminating agricultural information, such as operational research projects, national demonstration programmes, the 'lab to land' programme and the training and visit system. The farm information units attached to various institutes and the mass media also play a vital role in improving the transfer of agricultural information in India.
Resource-Sharing: the Hellis Experience in Sri Lanka
Authors: Korale S.R.
Published: October 2007

The recognition of the need to establish cooperative links to share resources both at national and regional levels led to Sri Lanka participating in the Regional Network of Health Literature, Library and Information Services (HELLIS). At the national level a network of participating libraries was organized with the University of Colombo Medical Library as the focal point. Describes the establishment of HELLIS (Sri Lanka) and provides background data on the network of participating libraries, their scope, functions and resources. Evaluates the current status of services provided by the network and emphasizes the need to develop basic bibliographic tools.
Local Initiatives in the Nigerian Book Industry
Authors: Okojie Victoria , Azubuike Abraham A.
Published: October 2007

The acute shortage of books in Nigeria is due to the country's technological and economic handicaps. The prevailing process of technology transfer will not raise the book industry to a level at which it can adequately play its role in national development. Strategies for book development must address local needs and rely on local initiatives. Government, industrialists, publishers, writers, librarians and all book users should work together. The sustained support of government through industrial and information policies and practice is needed. The various sectors of the book industry should cooperate in the areas of training, research and development and in seeking political support for the industry. Cooperative efforts in writing and publishing will also help. The use of low quality paper for books of relatively low archival value should be adopted as a matter of policy to reduce cost and thereby improve the market and, in turn, the dissemination of information.
Adapting an Ancient Archives Building in Turin
Authors: Massabò Ricci Isabella , Carassi Marco
Published: October 2007

Describes the restoration and adaptation of the eighteenth century Royal Archives palace in Turin for use as the State Archives. Three imperatives had to satisfied: archival efficiency, the safeguarding of the architectural heritage and the security of documents and personnel. Summarizes the restoration and modernization work carried out to achieve these objectives.
University Library Automation in the Northern Territory
Authors: Butler Alan
Published: October 2007

Describes the selection of a library computer system for the University College of the Northern Territory (UCNT) in Australia, which opened in 1987. Only four months were available in which to appoint staff, order books, take decisions on computer systems and process the first books. The choice of an in-house system was precipitated by the need to start ordering immediately. The system developed was written in Dataflex database software, based on a Novell local area network (LAN), mounted on a network of fast AT workstations, powered by an 80386 file server. Response times of the new system were very fast. It is planned to develop a serials system in 1988. Advantages and disadvantages of adopting this type of system are discussed. It offers a cheap and flexible solution to the problem of managing libraries. UCNT are offering to make the system available gratis to any library in a developing country interested in using this type of system and to offer a consultancy service if required.
Documenting Library Building Activity
Authors: Dewe Michael
Published: October 2007

Revised version of a paper presented at the 8th Seminar on Library Buildings organized by the IFLA Section on Library Buildings and Equipment at the College of Librarianship Wales, 10-14 August 1987. Librarians involved in the planning of new library buildings need to visit other buildings of the same type, sometimes in other countries. However, it is not always easy to decide which libraries to visit because of the lack of systematic published descriptions and, in many cases, of a central location where both documentation relating to library buildings is available. Reviews published sources of information and existing collections of documentation on new library buildings and analyses the defects of the existing documentation. Concludes that, while the documentation of projects world-wide is probably impossible, buildings of international significance should be identified and described. This might be done by the IFLA Section on Library Buildings and Equipment. In each country, information and documentation should be available in a standardized form at one or more documentation centres.
Marine Information in the South Pacific
Authors: McDowell Robyn , Taylor Neil
Published: October 2007

In a region of the world heavily dependent on marine resources the importance of providing fisheries officers with reliable and up-to-date information is vital. Discusses the problems of providing marine information in the South Pacific region, describes the work of the Pacific Islands Marine Resources Information System (PIMRIS) and its components, and summarizes the findings of a survey of the information-seeking behaviour of fisheries officers in the South Pacific region.
Promoting Information Technology in Pakistan: the Netherlands Library Development Project
Authors: Mahmood Khalid
Published: October 2007

Describes the activities of the Netherlands Library Development Project (NLDP) for the promotion of information technology in Pakistan. During a period of five years, NLDP made great efforts in the fields of manpower training, hardware supply, software development, information networks, and curriculum development in Pakistan. It set up computer training centres for training librarians, introduced electronic mail and CD-ROM technology in Pakistani libraries, information centres and library schools, sponsored courses on library automation in Pakistan and sent librarians abroad for training. The project encouraged a group of librarians to work on information technology projects in the country, and suggested a framework for information networking in Pakistan.
The CDS/ISIS User Community and the Internet
Authors: Besemer Hugo
Published: October 2007

The Internet provides an effective way for CDS/ISIS users to exchange information and discuss common problems.
The Internet and the Water and Sanitation Sector
Authors: Parker J. Stephen
Published: October 2007

The Internet provides an opportunity for the water and sanitation sector to overcome the problems of uncoordinated information provision which have hindered development for too long.
Record Formats for Integrated Databases: a review and comparison
Authors: Chowdhury G.G.
Published: October 2007

An information retrieval system contains many different kinds of data, the significant ones being bibliographic and factual data. An integrated database system capable of holding both bibliographic and factual information, in a single database structure, is more convenient for search and retrieval by end-users. Several bibliographic formats have been developed and are used for bibliographic control purposes. Features of six major bibliographic formats, viz. USMARC, UKMARC, UNIMARC, CCF, MIBIS and ABNCD, are reviewed. Only two formats - CCF and ABNCD are capable of holding both bibliographic and factual information and supporting the design of integrated databases. A comparison suggests that, while CCF makes more detailed provision for bibliographic information, ABNCD makes better provision for factual information such as profiles of institutions, information systems, projects and human experts.
Municipal Sewage Sludge Use in Forests of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.: Growth Responses
Authors: Zasoski R.J. , Cole D.W. , Bledsoe C.S.
Published: October 2007

In nursery-bed studies, Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, black cottonwood, and Lombardy poplar all grew well in sludge-amended media. Western hemlock and western redcedar survived poorly in aged sludge and did not appear to be good candidates for sludge applications. In most species, mixing sludge with soil provided a better growth media than sludge alone. Field studies with seedlings in cleared areas confirmed a poor survival and growth of western hemlock and western redcedar in sludge treatments. Additionally, weed competition and animal damage in cleared areas treated with sludge imposed large management costs on this option. Tree growth of cottonwoods and conifers, however, was encouraging. Applications to existing stands and plantations appears to be the most feasible management option. Growth responses in older stands were high and greater than those found for operational nitrogen fertilization in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. The duration of the growth response also appears to exceed those from commercial fertilizer applications.
Analysis of Rail Transfer for Solid Wastes in North Carolina, U.S.A
Authors: Peirce J.J. , Pierson B.A.
Published: October 2007

Alternative rail haul transfer systems for solid waste management are discussed in terms of design and cost considerations and preliminary feasibility of such systems within a given region in North Carolina. The focus is the development of alternatives to expensive solid waste handling and disposal problems.

Engineers are limited in the consideration of truly different solid waste management programmes. Truck transfer systems receive limited attention, but rail haul is not widely investigated. Rail systems that have existed have pulled themselves both up and down by their bootstraps in scant few communities in the world.

Results of this study indicate design and cost considerations for rail systems. Rail transfer technologies are developed for four size facilities using freight trains, unit trains and high-rail vehicles. Loading and unloading options are detailed using flatbed, gondola and hopper rail cars. A case study points to the usefulness of the technologies but the current administrative requirements imposed by the rail companies makes rail haul non-competitive in this area.
Moisture Level and Movement Effects On Methane Production Rates in Landfill Samples
Authors: Hartz K.E. , Ham R.K.
Published: October 2007

Samples of refuse were obtained from selected landfills for the purpose of observing the rates of methane production under controlled moisture conditions. Samples of solid waste were obtained following the procedures reported by Hartz & Ham (1982). The rates of methane production, for each sample, were observed under constant temperature conditions. The moisture levels for certain samples were then increased by adding water. The rates of methane production under the moisture modified conditions were then observed. When moisture levels were sufficient to produce leachate, the sample leachate was recirculated. A wide range of recirculation rates were examined.

It was found that some methane production should occur with moisture levels as low as 10% (total weight basis). It was further found that incipient free moisture conditions (field capacity) occurred at approximately 40% moisture (total weight basis), and that when leachate recirculation was practised, methane generation rates were significantly higher when compared to quiescent conditions.
Characterization of Refuse-Derived Fuels By Large-Scale Continuous Calorimetry
Authors: Vesilind P.A. , Uhl M.E. , Gullett B.K. , Elsevier E.
Published: October 2007

The proper design of combustion chambers for refuse-derived fuel (RDF) has been hampered by the problems of characterizing the properties of the fuel. This is due to difficulty in obtaining a representative RDF sample on which to conduct calorimetric measurements, and the inability of present laboratory-scale techniques of energy content measurement to accurately reflect the burning conditions in large RDF furnaces. The paper describes a pilot-scale, continuous-fuel-feed combustion unit which has been used as a calorimeter to obtain fuel data applicable towards design of large-scale combustion facilities. Data are obtained by means of an energy and materials balance on the pilot-scale calorimeter, which enables quantification of fuel characteristics for a large sample and under simulated combusion conditions.
The Biology of Composting: a Review
Authors: de Bertoldi M. , Vallini G. , Pera A.
Published: October 2007

This paper analyses the more important aspects of this process with particular emphasis on the microbiological. Some attention is also given to hygienic and sanitary implications as well as considerations on plant design. Compost is also analysed in its agricultural role, in particular its effects on plant growth. Problems regarding the evaluation of biological maturity and phytotoxicity are also discussed.
Food Waste From Hotels and Restaurants in the U.K.†
Authors: Youngs A.J. , Nobis G. , Town P.
Published: October 2007

An investigation into food waste in the hotel sector of the catering industry was performed in two stages. In the first stage food waste was measured by a direct observation technique in four hotels, two units within a city centre restaurant complex and two units within the public restaurant of a catering college. Measurements continued for between 6 and 21 days. Edible and inedible waste ranged from 20 to 38% of the energy value of meals served in the hotels, 9% in the city centre restaurant complex and 42% in the college restaurant. In the second stage total food waste was measured in two hotels and in the same city centre restaurant complex by an indirect technique to avoid influencing working practices. Waste values represented 31 and 33% of food input on an energy basis in the hotels and 3% of food input on an energy basis in the restaurant complex.

The apparently high waste values in the hotels studied are attributed to their traditional catering methods using a high proportion of unprocessed foods and offering extensive menus. The low waste values in the restaurant complex reflects the almost total use of preprepared food items, restricted menus, customers paying for each meal at the time of eating and established company control procedures.
The Effect of Moisture On Air Classification of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Bartlett Janyce D. , Vesilind P.A.
Published: October 2007

The effect of moisture on the air classification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is analysed using a 23 factorial design. A synthetic MSW is used in the laboratory to facilitate controlled variation of composition and moisture content. A pilot scale 120° zig-zag air classifier is used to perform the classification tests. Ten system response variables are evaluated including six recoveries, two purities and two efficiencies, to elucidate the impacts of (1) increased particle density resulting from moisture absorption and (2) particle adhesion. Results indicate a significant decrease in paper recovery and efficiency with increasing moisture. However, no significant reduction in aluminum and iron recovery is observed. This suggests that adhesion of these particles to extracted combustible materials is not a significant factor in reducing extract purity. Instead, extract purity reduction is a result of paper recovery losses from increasing particle density. The degree of moisture effect for varied MSW composition is greater for feeds with lower fractions of adsorbent materials. A redefination of percent moisture based on the MSW absorbent fraction is suggested in order to account for this varied impact. The new definition, moisture absorbancy ratio, is the weight of the moisture in the MSW divided by the dry weight of the absorbent materials in the MSW.
Increased Recovery Through Deposit On Heavy Metal Batteries
Authors: Backman M. , Lidgren K.
Published: October 2007

The advantages of a deposit system to expedite the collection of batteries containing mercury and cadmium are explored against the background of the Swedish environmental protection system. Voluntary collection of used batteries at major points of sale accompanied by vigorous advertising and propaganda campaigns can achieve about 30-40% returns. A substantial deposit on batteries containing mercury or cadmium could result in collection returns of up to 90%. The Swedish Government has not yet decided whether to apply a deposit system on batteries containing fugitive heavy metals.
An Information System for the Control of Transfrontier Shipments of Hazardous Wastes in Europe
Authors: Bartels J. , de Bruin W. , de Walle F.
Published: October 2007

With the introduction of a number of directives on the transfrontier shipments of hazardous wastes, the European Community requires the member states to control these shipments and to notify the receiving countries. Implementation of these Directives, in particular Directives 84/631/EEC causes several problems. The notification procedure requires a large number of documents to be handled and control can only be achieved by employing a large number of people. In order to solve these problems an automated system for notification and control is introduced. This paper describes the analysis of Directive 84/631/EEC and the concept of an information system to facilitate implementation of the Directive.
Development of Front Check System for Final Disposal .I. A Model System and Field Practice
Authors: Ueda Kousuke , Tanaka Masaru
Published: October 2007

A rapid extraction method using a kitchen blender and a centrifuge followed by conventional filtration (1μm) and atomic absorption analysis has been developed that permits pass/fail analyses for inorganic pollutants to be determined at the landfill laboratory in less than one hour.
Long-Term Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
Authors: Belevi H. , Baccini P.
Published: October 2007

A method is presented to predict the long-term behavior of element concentrations (non-metals and metals) in the leachate of a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. It is based on water flux and concentration measurements in leachates over one year, analysis of drilled cores from MSW landfills and leaching experiments with these samples. A mathematical model is developed to predict the further evolution of annual flux-weighted mean element concentrations in leachates after the "intensive reactor phase", i.e. after the gas production has dropped to a very low level. The results show that the organic components are the most important substances to control until the leachate is compatible with the environment. This state of low emissions, the so-called "final storage quality", will take many centuries to be achieved in a moderate climate.
Organic Contaminants in Canadian Municipal Sludges
Authors: Webber M.D. , Lesage S.
Published: October 2007

A comparison of several extraction methodologies for the analysis of base-neutral and acid organic contaminants (EPA priority pollutants) in municipal sludge was conducted. Sludge was spiked with selected contaminants and extracted wet and following air-drying by a variety of techniques such as dilution, centrifuge extraction, Soxhlet extraction and high speed mixing (PolytronR, WaringR and ultrasonic probe). All of the techniques produced variable results. Recoveries of spiked compounds ranged from 0 to > 100% and, in general, the relative standard deviations ranged from 20 to 50%. Extraction of wet sludge using high speed mixing was considered to be the most satisfactory technique. Based on analyses of 15 municipal sludges derived mainly from industrial centres, it is suggested that agricultural utilization of Canadian sludges probably does not represent a significant organic contaminant hazard to the food chain. Organic contaminant concentrations in the sludges generally were < 10 mg kg-1 dw. Phthalate esters in several sludges and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hamilton sludge exceeded 10 mg kg-1 dw; however, phthalate esters are readily degraded in soil and the Hamilton sludge is incinerated. "Acceptable" organic contaminant concentrations in sludges for use on pasture and arable lands are suggested. However, it is recommended that further analytical research be undertaken to develop more accurate and precise methods for measuring organic contaminants in municipal sludge and that an expanded program of sampling and analysis be undertaken to provide more reliable information concerning organic contaminant concentrations in Canadian sludges.
Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel
Authors: Savage G.M.
Published: October 2007

The thermal conductivity and specific heat of densified refuse derived fuel dRDF pellets were determined through experimental method and using a simple heat balance. Values of thermal conductivity and of specific heat were determined over a range of pellet temperatures for dRDF of high and of low fuel quality and for two ranges of pellet density. Over the temperature range examined, the average thermal conductivity of dRDF was found to be in the range of 0.14 to 0.17 Wm -1K-1 while the average specific heat was found to be in the range of 1.4 to 1.8 JG-1K-1. Not surprisingly, the range of values are similar to those reported for other predominately cellulosic materials. The experimental method and the heat balance analyses are reported as part of the research.
Inactivation of Poliovirus 1, as a Function of Temperature, in Mixed Human and Dairy Animal Wastes
Authors: Snowdon Jill A. , Cliver Dean O. , Converse James C.
Published: October 2007

Mixing septic tank effluent with stored animal waste for discharge to land has been proposed as an alternative on-site sewage treatment and disposal method. Potential hazards to public health include parasites, bacteria, and viruses. The inactivation of a human enteric virus (poliovirus 1) was studied in a laboratory model simulating the storage of septic tank effluent combined with dairy animal waste. D values (times for 90% reduction of titer) at 5, 15 and 25°C for inoculated poliovirus 1 were 102, 71 and 22 days in phosphate-buffered saline; 80, 72 and 19 days in septic tank effluent; and 19, 20 and 17 days for septic tank effluent mixed with dairy manure slurry. Temperature and the mixed waste treatment appear to be the dominant factors in viral inactivation in these experiments.
Environmental Audits of Hazardous Waste Disposal and Treatment Facilities
Authors: Wong J. , Roig R. , Eduljee G.H.
Published: October 2007

Hazardous waste generators have a duty of care in ensuring that their wastes are disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. Increasingly, generators are being made liable for environmental damage at the site of a waste disposal contractor if their wastes have been accepted by that facility. An audit procedure is described, that permits generators to examine the performance of waste vendors and to assess their potential liability as a result of using the site. Post-audit decisions in estimating the degree of risk and selecting appropriate waste contractors are also discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to guide the prospective auditor through the site assessment procedure, highlighting areas of particular concern in relation to present or future potential liabilities. The audit procedure that is described, applies to all types of waste disposal operations in all countries, since the principles of good waste management do not vary.
Work Safety in Waste Collection and Transport
Authors: Ettala Matti , Rahkonen Päivi , Peltola Harri
Published: October 2007

The risk of accidents in waste collection and transport in Finland was studied by safety analysis. Systematic investigations were made of different working situations and methods and the equipment for collection and transportation. In addition, use was made of statistics on the accidents that had occurred. The accident rates for waste transport vehicle drivers were three times as high as the average for industry. Several deficiencies in work safety were found in all work stages. The largest number of accidents occurred in handling waste bins with a volume of 600 1. The parts of the body injured were mostly the back, feet and arms. The number and severity of the accidents could be reduced by improving the equipment for waste collection and transport, the location of waste containers, the working methods, the instructions given to households, the occupational health services and the guidelines. The location of waste containers, bins and refuse sacks should receive attention right at the planning stage of house construction. Specific requirements should be made regarding the condition of waste collection equipment and fenced spaces for the bins and sacks. Deficiencies were also found in the ergonomics of the waste collection vehicles. The use of protective clothing should be promoted.
Moisture Control During Landfill Operation
Authors: Baetz Brian W. , Byer Philip H.
Published: October 2007

During the operation of a landfill, significant quantities of moisture may infiltrate the facility, with the infiltration volume dependent upon both soil cover design and operational practices. A simulation model has been developed to represent the construction of a landfill and the associated moisture control options. Modelling results show that stochastic rather than average precipitation inputs should be considered. Cell building pattern and snow removal are shown to be operational variables that potentially have a significant impact upon moisture content buildup within a landfill facility.
Toc and Tox as Indicator Parameters for Organic Contaminants in Landfill Leachate
Authors: Levine A.D. , Kroemer L.R.
Published: October 2007

The validity of total organic carbon (TOC) or total organic halide (TOX) measurements as surrogate analyses to detect harmful emissions of leachate from landfills is examined. Correlations of analyses from over 1400 random samples obtained between 1984 and 1987 were interpreted. TOC frequently includes high background levels of natural organic materials in the soil and should only be used when reliable measurements of this background exist. TOX provides a qualitative indication of the presence of halogenated pollutants, but is unreliable as a quantitative indicator due to the complexity of leachate chemistry. Neither indicator is capable of detecting small quantities of highly toxic substances.
Lightweight Aggregates From Incinerated Sludge Ash
Authors: Bhatty Javed I. , Reid Kenneth J.
Published: October 2007

A range of artificial aggregates has been developed from incinerated sewage sludge ash. The ash is either pelletized or slabbed and subsequently fired until it sinters and expands to form lightweight products which are later graded for use as aggregates in concrete. From the standard tests conducted on size grading, bulk density, absorption and fracture strength, it appears that both the pellets and slabs are potentially suitable as lightweight aggregates in concrete. Preliminary studies on concrete incorporating these aggregates support this hypothesis. No studies of potential containment release at high temperature was made during these studies.
Adapting Hazardous Waste Management To the Needs of Developing Countries—an Overview and Guide To Action
Authors: Wilson David C. , Balkau Fritz
Published: October 2007

Following the recent Basel Convention, increasing emphasis has been placed on technical co-operation to assist developing countries to put in place effective hazardous waste control measures. ISWA, together with other contributing organizations, held in September 1989 a workshop at which case studies of successful hazardous waste management initiatives were analysed. The workshop indicated that a large number of interrelated measures are needed for effective control of hazardous wastes, and that these are best developed gradually in an evolutionary fashion. Measures used by industrialized countries often need to be further adapted for use in other regions. A number of practical first steps were identified that can be used in all countries to initiate effective control. Some general principles to guide the process of adaptation were also formulated.
Chemical Fixation, Solidification of Hazardous Waste
Authors: Razzell W.E.
Published: October 2007

Efficient, cost effective measures for the safe disposal of hazardous wastes have been developed to meet the needs of industries in Brisbane and the surrounding area. Liquid hazardous wastes are neutralised, oxidised, or reduced as appropriate, and fixed (solidified) by the addition of fly-ash and cement kiln dust to form a material of the consistency of coarse gravel. Fixation is performed in cells dug in solid clay, holding about 70 tonnes. Fixed material containing pesticides, paints or organic solvents is left in the clay cells, capped with clay; fixed inorganics and waste oils having no toxic contaminants are used for land contouring on the site. Leachate tests on the latter have been uniformly below 10 times USEPA Drinking Water guidelines - that is, 10 times better than the limits nominated by the EP Leach Test (1980). Bores around the site have detected no leachates during the past seven years. A simple but effective management system keeps wastes segregated and confirms the identity of each batch of waste on receipt. All costs are charged to the waste generator including costs of correcting errors.
Opportunities and Constraints for Cement Kiln Incineration in Malaysia
Authors: Ravishankar K.
Published: October 2007

A preliminary investigation of the feasibility of cement kiln incineration in Malaysia is presented together with a brief overview of the test results of cement kiln incineration in different countries. A brief overview of the hazardous waste problem in Malaysia is included. Opportunities and constraints of utilizing the existing cement kilns for waste disposal are examined and a scheme for the successful implementation of cement kiln incineration is presented.
Leaching Behaviour of Waste and Stabilized Waste Materials; Characterization for Environmental Assessment Purposes
Authors: van der Sloot H.A.
Published: October 2007

The importance of systematic trends in trace contaminant leaching from waste materials and stabilized waste is stressed. Similarities in leaching behaviour of different waste materials and mechanisms for leaching from stabilized waste forms are identified. The use of diffusion measurements to quantify the mobility of specific chemical species in waste and soil is discussed. Implementation of more fundamental regulatory testing procedures which reflect the behaviour of materials in end use applications, is recommended to allow better control over environmental impact in the wide variety of utilization and disposal practices.
Residential Solid Waste Generation and Recycling in the U.S.a. and Japan
Authors: Matsuto Toshihiko , Ham Robert K.
Published: October 2007

The generation rates of each residential solid waste component was determined for test areas in the U.S.A. and Japan. To keep the results consistent; single family dwelling areas in Madison (U.S.A.) and Sapporo (Japan), which have similar characteristics, were selected as test areas; the same survey methods were employed in both cities; all waste material from households, including recycled material, was estimated. The average person in Madison was found to produce twice the amount of paper waste, half the amount of food waste but approximately the same quantity of total residential waste (other than yard waste) as in Sapporo.
Leaching Tests To Evaluate Pollution Potential of Combustion Residues From an Iron Recycling Industry
Authors: Kjeldsen P. , Christensen T.H.
Published: October 2007

Three leaching tests were applied to an industrial fly ash (cupola dust) for the evaluation of its groundwater pollution potential. The tests comprised two batch shaking tests (the SLT-test and a titration test) and a column leaching test (laboratory scale). All three tests gave valuable and consistent results with respect to the leaching of lead, zinc, cadmium and organic matter. The pH of the leaching environment was the most important factor in governing the leaching process. The results of the leaching seemed to be in accordance with observations of the groundwater quality below an actual industrial fly ash disposal site. The combination of the SLT-test and the titration test appears to be a cost-effective means of evaluating the groundwater pollution potential from industrial fly ashes.
Controlled Study of Landfill Biodegradation Rates Using Modified Bmp Assays
Authors: Bogner J.E.
Published: October 2007

Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) assays, typically used to assess anaerobic biodegradability of liquid wastes with added nutrients and bacteria, were adapted to compare gas production rates from solid landfill samples taken at sites in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Colorado, U.S.A. The technique involved incubation of 25 g ground samples in triplicate or quadruplicate under controlled anaerobic conditions. For the landfill assays, unamended samples were run as controls and compared with assays with added water or water plus nutrients (no anaerobic innoculum). In assays with added water, consistently higher gas production rates were obtained over unamended controls. In assays of samples with high soil:refuse ratios (soil was calcareous glacial till), there was little benefit to the addition of an aqueous nutrient media over addition of water alone. Higher percent biodegradation after 200 days incubation was a function of lower volatile solids loading which, for the controls, was associated with samples of high water content and high soil-refuse ratios. With both water and aqueous nutrient media additions, variability in rates was decreased relative to the controls. Anaerobic sample handling did not result in faster onset of methanogenesis in assay bottles relative to samples given a controlled aeration. Results suggest that alteration of current landfill practice to permit addition of liquids would result in higher, more consistent gas production rates and faster landfill stabilization for alternative land uses.
Volumetric Changes in Landfill Gas Flux in Response To Variations in Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Young Alan
Published: October 2007

This paper develops a quantitative model which attempts to relate volumetric changes in landfill gas emissions to variations in the surface atmospheric pressure. The model considers gas emissions as the sum of two terms, one constant over a period of weeks, and the other able to vary on a scale of hours. Results from computer simulations are given which indicate that the magnitude of the variable factor is proportional to the rate at which surface pressure is changing, rather than the actual value of the surface pressure.
Semi-Technical Demonstration of the 3r pRocess
Authors: Vehlow J. , Braun H. , Horch K. , Merz A. , Schneider J. , Stieglitz L. , Vogg H.
Published: October 2007

The 3R Process: (1) recovers fly ash and HCl from the flue gases; (2) removes heavy metals from the fly ash by extraction with HCl; (3) and returns a pelletized fly ash to the incinerator. Recoveries of about 90% of the Cd, 65% of the Zn and 20% of the Pb and Cu have been achieved in pilot tests. Full scale experiments proved the thermal decomposition of PCDD/PCDF. The 3R products meet the Swiss elution requirements.
Optimization of Cement-Based Stabilization/Solidification of Organic-Containing Industrial Wastes Using Organophilic Clays
Authors: Montgomery D.M. , Sollars C.J. , Perry R.
Published: October 2007

The treatment of organically contaminated industrial wastes by cement-based stabilization/solidification has, in the past, been restricted by the detrimental effect of organic compounds on cement hydration. This work investigates the use of organophilic clays as adsorbents for the organic components of industrial wastes prior to conventional cement-based solidification. Three industrial wastes containing between 2-12% organic carbon and trace heavy metal contamination were treated with a quaternary ammonium salt exchanged clay. The organic component of all three wastes was well adsorbed by the clay. Solidification of the waste/clay mixes produced a monolithic mass with adequate strength and very low leaching of either the organic compounds or the metals. This study has shown that organophilic clays can act as successful adsorbents for the organic contaminants of industrial wastes and enable them to be treated by cement-based solidification.
Tree Establishment and Growth At Pitsea Landfill Site, Essex, U.K
Authors: Moffat A.J. , Houston T.J.
Published: October 2007

Investigations at an 11-year-old landfill site have shown that soil moisture was positively, and soil oxygen was negatively correlated with temperature and concentration of soil methane generated by decomposition of the underlying landfill materials. A thin (0.2 m) cover of soil-forming material over the landfill showed acute oxygen deficiency and high temperatures. The high moisture content of this cover was probably caused by upward movement of water from within the landfill across a temperature gradient. Nearly all the trees of five species on the thinnest (0.2 m) cover died, but survival and growth was markedly improved on 1.5m additional clay cover over the landfill. This material prevented landfill gas contamination, and also contained sufficient plant-available soil moisture to negate the large soil moisture deficits the area experiences in most summers. The evidence presented shows that landfill sites are dynamic in the distribution of landfill temperature and gas emissions and the planning of tree planting schemes should take this into account.
Revegetating Industrial Waste Disposal Sites
Authors: Ettala Matti O.
Published: October 2007

Short-rotation tree plantations were established at seven industrial waste disposal sites in southern Finland. Altogether 31,500 willow cuttings were planted between 1984 and 1989. Neutralized residue from a titanium dioxide pigment process had an unfavourable influence on growth. Biological sludges from a municipal sewage treatment plant, and pulp and paper mills were too compact to be used alone as substrate, but gave a good supply of nutrients. Sand, bark and de-inking waste were sufficiently porous, but were low in nutrients. A mixture of different waste materials is therefore recommended as a substrate for willow stands. Replacement of a natural soil cover with waste material allows disposal of a greater volume of refuse and diminishes the costs of revegetation. The landfill characteristics have to be taken into account. The high temperature of bark also disturbed the growth of willow stands. Ferrous sulphate in the landfill limits the possibility of irrigating the stand. The highest biomass production of the stands exceeded that of normal Finnish forest. Willow stands can be used for landscaping industrial waste disposal sites, for increasing evapotranspiration and minimizing leachate discharge.