bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors use in Australia and Nova Scotia (Canada)
Authors: Barozzi Nadia , Sketris Ingrid , Cooke Charmaine , Tett Susan
Published: March 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors were marketed aggressively and their rapid uptake caused safety concerns and budgetary challenges in Canada and Australia.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• The study showed that there were similarities in the anti‐inflammatory prescribing pattern between Australia and Nova Scotia; however, volumes of both ns‐NSAIDs and COX‐2 inhibitors prescribed were higher in Australia in the study period. The remarkable increase observed in Australia in NSAIDs use was essentially due to the much higher COX‐2 inhibitor use. Differences in regulatory and marketing practices, as well as cultural and historical differences might be some of the reasons for differences in the NSAID prescribing between Australia and Nova Scotia.

AIMS

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors were marketed aggressively and their rapid uptake caused safety concerns and budgetary challenges in Canada and Australia. The objectives of this study were to compare and contrast COX‐2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (ns‐NSAID) use in Nova Scotia (Canada) and Australia and to identify lessons learned from the two jurisdictions.

METHODS

Ns‐NSAID and COX‐2 inhibitor Australian prescription data (concession beneficiaries) were downloaded from the Medicare Australia website (2001–2006). Similar Pharmacare data were obtained for Nova Scotia (seniors and those receiving Community services). Defined daily doses per 1000 beneficiaries day−1 were calculated. COX‐2 inhibitors/all NSAIDs ratios were calculated for Australia and Nova Scotia. Ns‐NSAIDs were divided into low, moderate and high risk for gastrointestinal side‐effects and the proportions of use in each group were determined. Which drugs accounted for 90% of use was also calculated.

RESULTS

Overall NSAID use was different in Australia and Nova Scotia. However, ns‐NSAID use was similar. COX‐2 inhibitor dispensing was higher in Australia. The percentage of COX‐2 inhibitor prescriptions over the total NSAID use was different in the two countries. High‐risk NSAID use was much higher in Australia. Low‐risk NSAID prescribing increased in Nova Scotia over time. The low‐risk/high‐risk ratio was constant throughout over the period in Australia and increased in Nova Scotia.

CONCLUSIONS

There are significant differences in Australia and Nova Scotia in use of NSAIDs, mainly due to COX‐2 prescribing. Nova Scotia has a higher proportion of low‐risk NSAID use. Interventions to provide physicians with information on relative benefits and risks of prescribing specific NSAIDs are needed, including determining their impact.
Infective dermatitis has similar immunological features to human T lymphotropic virus-type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
Authors: Nascimento M C F , Primo J , Bittencourt A , Siqueira I , De Fátima Oliveira M , Meyer R , Schriefer A , Santos S B , Carvalho E M
Published: March 2009

Human T lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of the HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma and infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH). Over-production of proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in HTLV-1 proviral load are features of HAM/TSP, but the immunological basis of IDH has not been established. In addition to severe cutaneous manifestations, the importance of IDH relies on the observation that up to 30% of children with IDH develop HAM/TSP in childhood and adolescence. In this study we determined the immune response in patients with IDH measuring interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels as well as the HTLV-1 proviral load. Additionally, regulatory cytokines and anti-cytokines were added to cultures to evaluate the ability of these molecules to down-modulate TNF-α and IFN-γ synthesis. HTLV-1 carriers and patients with HAM/TSP served as controls. TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were higher in IDH than in HTLV-1 carriers. There was no difference in IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations in IDH and HAM/TSP patients. There was a tendency for higher IL-4 mRNA expression and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in IDH than in HTLV-1 carriers, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The HTLV-1 proviral load was significantly higher in IDH patients than in HTLV-1 carriers. IDH is characterized by an exaggerated Th1 immune response and high HTLV-1 proviral load. The similarities between the immunological response in patients with IDH and HAM/TSP and the high proviral load observed in IDH provide support that IDH is a risk factor for development of HAM/TSP.
Activation of AMPK inhibits inflammation in MRL/lpr mouse mesangial cells
Authors: Peairs A , Radjavi A , Davis S , Li L , Ahmed A , Giri S , Reilly C M
Published: March 2009

Recent reports show that 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICAR), a pharmacological activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines. MRL/MPJ-Faslpr (MRL/lpr) mice show an intrinsic decreased threshold for the production of inflammatory mediators when stimulated. In our current studies, we sought to determine if AMPK activation would inhibit inflammatory mediator production in stimulated kidney mesangial cells. Cultured mesangial cells from MRL/lpr mice were treated with AICAR and stimulated with LPS/interferon (IFN)-γ. AICAR decreased dose-dependently inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6 production in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated mesangial cells. Mechanistically, AICAR inhibited the LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated PI3K/Akt signalling inflammatory cascade but did not affect LPS/IFN-γ-mediated inhibitory kappa B phosphorylation or nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65) nuclear translocation. Treatment with the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5′-iodotubercidin blocked the ability of AICAR to activate AMPK and prevented AICAR from inhibiting the LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated PI3K/Akt pathway and attenuating iNOS expression. Taken together, these observations suggest that AICAR inhibits LPS/IFN-γ-induced Akt phosphorylation through AMPK activation and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases.
Bleeding events in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Opitz C. F. , Kirch W. , Mueller E. A. , Pittrow D.
Published: March 2009

Despite limited evidence from clinical studies, anticoagulant drugs such as vitamin K antagonists (VKA) (e.g., warfarin or phenprocoumon) are widely used in the background treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). According to current guidelines, they are generally accepted as efficacious drugs, although their efficacy is neither supported by randomised controlled trials, nor formally approved by regulatory agencies for use in the specific PAH indication. The use of these drugs is not without problems, as a paradoxical situation has to be managed in the treatment of this condition. On one hand, thrombosis is one of the key pathophysiologic features of PAH (besides vasoconstriction, proliferation and inflammation). On the other hand, the incidence of bleeding events is increased in PAH patients. This applies particularly to PAH that is related to connective tissue diseases, congenital heart disease and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. In patients receiving VKA, caution must be observed in particular when concomitantly using prostanoids or sildenafil. Similarly, VKA doses have to be adjusted according to the labelling when using sitaxentan concomitantly. Regular International Normalized Ratio monitoring contributes to the safety of PAH patients on VKA.
Endothelin‐1 and vein graft occlusion in patients undergoing bypass surgery
Authors: Dashwood M. R.
Published: March 2009

The saphenous vein is the most commonly used graft for revascularization procedures in patients with coronary artery disease and critical limb ischaemia. However, the patency rate of this vessel is poor, with a high proportion of patients requiring further surgery. Early graft occlusion is caused by vasoconstriction or thrombus formation, with later stages of graft failure being due to neointimal formation or atherosclerosis. Apart from its potent constrictor action, endothelin‐1 is also a potent proliferative and proinflammatory peptide that is implicated in a number of vascular diseases. The surgical trauma caused during preparation of the saphenous vein as a bypass graft stimulates the release of a number of factors affecting vascular reactivity and structure, including endothelin‐1. Endothelin‐1 not only constricts animal and human isolated saphenous vein segments but also causes vascular smooth muscle proliferation and neointimal thickeningin vitro, actions that are mediated via endothelin (A and B) receptors. Experimentally, the effects of subtype‐selective and dual receptor antagonists have been shown to inhibit endothelin‐1‐mediated constriction and cell proliferation of the saphenous vein. In this review, data supporting a role of endothelin‐1 in vein graft occlusion are presented, and the therapeutic potential of endothelin receptor antagonists in improving graft performance is discussed.
Soil phosphorus status and turnover in central‐European beech forest ecosystems with differing tree species diversity
Authors: Talkner U. , Jansen M. , Beese F. O.
Published: March 2009

Problems in phosphorus (P) nutrition of forest trees raise questions concerning the soil P concentrations, pools and turnover in forests. In addition, it is not clear if, and to what extent, tree species diversity has an influence on the soil P status and turnover. The aim of this study was to investigate the P status and turnover in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) ‐dominated forest ecosystems on loess over limestone and to elucidate what role heterogeneities in tree species diversity would play. The soils of mixed species stands contained more organically bound P (710–772 kg ha−1) than those of pure beech stands (378 kg ha−1), whereas the inorganic P content differed little between the stand types. A large proportion (44–55%) of the total soil P was organically bound. This fraction was mainly dependent on the clay content of the soils and not on the tree diversity. The P input with leaf litter (1.4–2.1 kg ha−1 year−1) showed a tendency to increase with increasing diversity. The apparent P turnover times in the organic surface layers differed, with shorter turnover times in mixed species stands (2–3 years) than in pure beech stands (10 years). Possible explanations for the different turnover times were differences in the litter quality, interactions in mixed species litters and the soil pH and base saturation. Hence, the tree species mainly influence the apparent P turnover time in the organic surface layer, whereas the P concentrations and pools in the mineral soil are determined by the soil properties, particularly the clay content.
Traumatic myiasis in dogs caused byWohlfahrtia magnificaand its importance in the epidemiology of wohlfahrtiosis of livestock
Authors: FARKAS R. , HALL M. J. R. , BOUZAGOU A. K. , LHOR Y. , KHALLAAYOUNE K.
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the province of Al Hoceima, northern Morocco, and on two farms in Hungary, dogs were inspected for the presence of traumatic myiasis. Nine and four infested dogs were found in Morocco and Hungary, respectively. All the larvae and adults reared from them in the laboratory were identified asWohlfahrtia magnifica(Schiner) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). To our knowledge, these are the first cases of wohlfahrtiosis in dogs to be reported in these countries. All infested animals lived close to livestock, where wohlfahrtiosis was endemic. Infested body sites included limbs (six cases), external genitalia (two), ears (three), nose (one) and neck (one). Developing larvae caused severe welfare problems and tissue destruction in most cases. Although the number of cases reported here is small, wohlfahrtiosis in dogs may be very important from an epidemiological perspective because farm and stray dogs can act as both reservoirs and carriers of this parasitic fly species. Therefore, education of dog owners concerning the risk factors in endemic regions is recommended in order to reduce the prevalence of wohlfahrtiosis in dogs and thereby in livestock. Both owners and veterinarians should pay regular attention to any wounds and to the natural orifices of dogs, especially during the fly seasons.
Photographic map of the polytene chromosomes of Cochliomyia hominivorax
Authors: BATISTA M. R. D. , ANANINA G. , AZEREDO‐ESPIN A. M. L. , KLACZKO L. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is one of the most important myiasis‐causing flies and is responsible for severe economic losses to the livestock industry throughout the Neotropical region. A polytene chromosome map is an invaluable tool for the genetic analysis and manipulation of any species because it allows the integration of physical and genetic maps. Cochliomyia hominivorax has a diploid number of 12 chromosomes (2n = 12): five pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX/XY), which do not polytenize. We created a new photomap of the polytene chromosomes of C. hominivorax describing its five autosomes (chromosomes 2–6). Pupal trichogen cells, which have chromosomes with a high degree of polytenization, were used to elaborate this map. The photomap was made by comparing 20 different nuclei and choosing, for each chromosome segment, the region with the highest resolution. Thus, we present a new photomap of the five autosomes of this species, with a total resolution of 1450 bands.
Phylogenetic analysis of New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, suggests genetic isolation of some Caribbean island populations following colonization from South America
Authors: McDONAGH L. , GARCÍA R. , STEVENS J. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract Larval infestations of the New World screwworm (NWS) fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, cause considerable economic losses through the direct mortality and reduced production of livestock. Since the 1950s, NWS populations in North and Central America have been the target of virtually continuous eradication attempts by sterile insect technique (SIT). Nevertheless, in some areas, such as Jamaica, SIT‐based control programmes have failed. Reasons for the failure of SIT‐based programmes in some locations are unknown, but it is hypothesized that failure may be related to the mating incompatibility between sterile and wild flies or to the existence of sexually incompatible cryptic species. Accordingly, the current research investigates intraspecific phylogenetic relationships and associated biogeographic patterns between NWS populations from the Caribbean and South America, which represent those populations involved in, or earmarked for, forthcoming SIT programmes. Uniquely, this study also includes analyses of two North American samples, collected in Texas in 1933 and 1953 prior to initiation of the SIT‐based eradication programme. The study utilizes three nucleotide datasets: elongation factor‐1α (nuclear); cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mitochondrial), and 12S rRNA (mitochondrial). Phylogenetic analysis of these data, representing populations from across the Caribbean, South America and Texas, indicates sub‐structuring of fly populations on several of the larger Caribbean islands, suggesting a period of isolation and/or founder effects following colonization from South America; significantly, our findings do not support a North American origin for Cuban flies. The importance of these findings in the light of proposed SIT programmes in the region is discussed.
Genetic diversity of populations of Old World screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, causing traumatic myiasis of livestock in the Gulf region and implications for control by sterile insect technique
Authors: HALL M. J. R. , WARDHANA A. H. , SHAHHOSSEINI G. , ADAMS Z. J. O. , READY P. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract Fly larvae were collected from 181 cases of traumatic myiasis in livestock in 10 regions of four countries in the Middle East Gulf region: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Oman. The predominant fly species responsible for cases was the Old World screwworm (OWS) fly, Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae). In cases from Iran and Oman, which included non‐OWS fly species, OWS fly was found solely responsible for 67.6% of cases and jointly with other fly species for a further 12.7% of cases. The major hosts were sheep and goats, together comprising 84.6% of the total, which reflects their predominance among the livestock of these Gulf countries. The major site of wounding on sheep and goats was the tail (40.3%), followed by female genitalia (14.0%). The 3′ terminal 715 nucleotides of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were sequenced for 178 larvae of OWS. Five haplotypes were identified: three had been recorded previously in the region (two were common throughout and one was unique to Oman), and two were newly identified, one from southern Iraq and the other from Saudi Arabia, both in regions sampled for the first time. The haplotypes varied from one another only at one or two nucleotide sites, equivalent to an intraspecific difference of 0.14–0.28% across the entire 715‐bp fragment. There was a single statistically significant association between host species and haplotype in Saudi Arabia, a first such record for OWS fly. The small degree of genetic diversity between geographical populations of OWS fly within the Gulf region suggests that a single Gulf colony could be used to implement the sterile insect technique within an integrated control programme.
Morphological and mitochondrial DNA characters for identification and phylogenetic analysis of the myiasis‐causing flesh flyWohlfahrtia magnificaand its relatives, with a description ofWohlfahrtia monegrosensissp. n. Wyatt & Hall
Authors: HALL M. J. R. , ADAMS Z. J. O. , WYATT N. P. , TESTA J. M. , EDGE W. , NIKOLAUSZ M. , FARKAS R. , READY P. D.
Published: March 2009

AbstractWohlfahrtia magnifica(Schiner) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a major cause of traumatic myiasis in livestock in Central and Eastern Europe and in countries bordering the Mediterranean. The present study explored the utility of external body characters, genitalia characters and mitochondrial DNA characters for identification of this and related species in the subfamily Paramacronychiinae. Sequence analyses of the 3′ terminal 273 bp of the mitochondrialcytochrome bgene revealed two lineages ofW. magnifica, one from Spain and France and the other from the rest of Eurasia, differing by only two base pairs. Phylogenetic analysis ofcytochrome bshowed thatW. magnificaandWohlfahrtia vigilWalker were sister species; this conclusion was not contradicted by a phylogenetic analysis of the morphological characters. Based oncytochrome b, the genetic distance between specimens ofW. vigilfrom Europe and North America was sufficiently large to justify the recognition of more than one species. A new species,Wohlfahrtia monegrosensis, from northern Spain, was described, based on morphology andcytochrome b. A unique combination of external body characters of males or females were diagnostic forW. magnifica, theW. vigilgroup andWohlfahrtia bella, but only the genitalia characters were diagnostic for all nine species studied.
Current status of the New World screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax in Venezuela
Authors: CORONADO A. , KOWALSKI A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract The geographical distribution and seasonality of the New World screwworm (NWS), Cochliomyia hominivorax Coquerel (Diptera: Calliphoridae), were monitored through the use of sentinel animals as part of a co‐ordinated programme involving veterinarians and farmers, as well as undergraduate students and teachers from veterinary colleges in Venezuela. This surveillance activity made it possible to collect NWS egg masses or larvae from all 23 states in the country and to determine that the rainy season has a strong positive influence on the number of cases of myiasis caused by C. hominivorax in dogs. In addition, efforts were made to obtain the co‐operation of the public health service in order to document the extent of human myiasis in the western–central region of Venezuela. Preliminary results revealed 241 cases over a 7‐year period, with cases reported in infants as well as in elderly people. Larvae causing myiasis, other than C. hominivorax, were collected from primary myiasis in rabbit (Lucilia eximia [Wiedemann]), dog (an unidentified sarcophagid species), birds (Philornis sp.) and wild mice (Cuterebra sp.). The economic impact of NWS in Venezuela has not been calculated in terms of loss of milk and meat production, damage to hides or death of animals. Control costs (e.g. cost of larvicides) have been estimated at US$ 2 m per year. Control of myiasis in animals is achieved through the use of chemical compounds, mainly organophosphorus (OP) compounds, macrocyclic lactones and, more recently, a foamy spray based on spinosad. Concerns about insecticide resistance to OP compounds have been raised.
Leaf stomatal responses to vapour pressure deficit under current and CO2‐enriched atmosphere explained by the economics of gas exchange
Authors: KATUL GABRIEL G. , PALMROTH SARI , OREN RAM
Published: March 2009

Using the economics of gas exchange, early studies derived an expression of stomatal conductance (g) assuming that water cost per unit carbon is constant as the daily loss of water in transpiration (fe) is minimized for a given gain in photosynthesis (fc). Other studies reached identical results, yet assumed different forms for the underlying functions and defined the daily cost parameter as carbon cost per unit water. We demonstrated that the solution can be recovered when optimization is formulated at time scales commensurate with the response time of g to environmental stimuli. The optimization theory produced three emergent gas exchange responses that are consistent with observed behaviour: (1) the sensitivity of g to vapour pressure deficit (D) is similar to that obtained from a previous synthesis of more than 40 species showing g to scale as 1 − m log(D), where m ? [0.5,0.6], (2) the theory is consistent with the onset of an apparent ‘feed‐forward’ mechanism in g, and (3) the emergent non‐linear relationship between the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric [CO2] (ci/ca) and D agrees with the results available on this response. We extended the theory to diagnosing experimental results on the sensitivity of g to D under varying ca.
Regulation of isoprene emission from poplar leaves throughout a day
Authors: WIBERLEY AMY E. , DONOHUE AUTUMN R. , WESTPHAL MAIKEN M. , SHARKEY THOMAS D.
Published: March 2009

Isoprene is a biogenic hydrocarbon that significantly affects tropospheric chemistry. Numerous plant species, including many trees, emit isoprene. Isoprene is synthesized by isoprene synthase (IspS), from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) made by the methylerythritol 4‐phosphate (MEP) pathway. It has been demonstrated that in developing leaves, isoprene emission is regulated by transcriptional control of IspS, while in mature leaves subjected to changing growth temperature, regulation of emission is shared between IspS and DMADP supply from the MEP pathway. Isoprene emission also varies throughout a day, with circadian regulation implicated. This study investigated changes in isoprene emission capacity, and expression of IspS and the enzymes of the MEP pathway throughout several days, with Populus trichocarpa grown at different temperatures to induce different levels of isoprene emission. Isoprene emission capacity exhibited ultradian regulation, with a period of about 12 h; peak capacity was observed at 0300 and 1500 h daily. Several of the enzymes of the MEP pathway had previously been suggested to have regulatory roles in the production of other plastidic terpenoids, and transcript accumulation for these enzymes, combined with in silico promoter analyses, supported a regulatory role for deoxyxylulose 5‐phosphate synthase (DXS) in particular.
Marine carbonate systems in the Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) of the Central Paratethys: the Zsámbék Basin of Hungary
Authors: CORNÉE JEAN‐JACQUES , MOISSETTE PIERRE , SAINT MARTIN JEAN‐PAUL , KÁZMÉR MIKLÓS , TÓTH EMŐKE , GÖRÖG ÁGNES , DULAI ALFRÉD , MÜLLER PÁL
Published: March 2009

The study of eight stratigraphic sections at the margin of the semi‐enclosed Zsámbék Basin (Hungary) allows the sedimentary anatomy of oolitic–bioclastic systems in the Sarmatian of the Central Paratethys to be reconstructed. The mollusc, foraminiferal and ostracod associations indicate that the carbonate systems are Latest Badenian to Late Sarmatian in age. The Lower–Upper Sarmatian deposits are organized in superimposed subaqueous dunes prograding towards the basin on a low‐angle ramp. During the Late Sarmatian, the ramp underwent subaerial erosion linked to a moderate relative fall in sea‐level. Lagoonal deposits were later formed and microbial–nubeculariid–bryozoan–serpulid buildups were emplaced. The ‘abnormal’ marine conditions of the Sarmatian, conducive to the development of a poorly diversified flora and fauna and dominant non‐skeletal grains, are linked to fluctuating salinities, mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions and perhaps high alkalinity.
Quantitative trait loci controlling resistance to cadmium rhizotoxicity in two recombinant inbred populations of Arabidopsis thaliana are partially shared by those for hydrogen peroxide resistance
Authors: Tazib Tanveer , Ikka Takashi , Kuroda Keishi , Kobayashi Yuriko , Kimura Kazuhiko , Koyama Hiroyuki
Published: March 2009

To understand mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) tolerance variation associated with root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and epistasis were analyzed using relative root length (RRL: % of the root length in +Cd to −Cd) as a tolerant index. Using the composite interval mapping method, three major QTLs (P < 0.05) were detected on chromosomes 2, 4 and 5 in the recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between Landsberg erecta (Ler−0) and Columbia (Col‐4). The highest logarithm of odds (LOD) of 5.6 was detected with the QTL on chromosome 5 (QTL5), which is linked to the genetic marker CDPK9 and explained about 26% of the Cd tolerance variation. There was no significant difference in Cd‐translocation ratio from roots to shoots between tolerant and sensitive recombinant inbreed lines (RILs), while greater accumulations of reactive oxygen species were observed in the roots of sensitive RILs. This suggested that accumulation of ROS would explain Cd tolerance variation of the Ler/Col RILs, which is mainly controlled by the QTL on chromosome 5. The QTL5 in Ler/Col population was also detected as one of the major QTLs controlling tolerances to hydrogen peroxide and to copper, which is another ROS generating rhizotoxic metal. The same chromosomal position was detected as a common major QTL for Cd and hydrogen peroxide tolerances in a different recombinant inbreed (RI) population derived from a cross of Col‐gl1 and Kashmir (Kas‐1). These data, along with a multitraits QTL analysis in both sets of RILs, suggest that peroxide damage depends on the genotype at a major Cd‐tolerant locus on the upper part of chromosome 5.
Effects of the spread of the algaCaulerpa racemosavar.cylindraceaon the sponge assemblage from coralligenous concretions of the Apulian coast (Ionian Sea, Italy)
Authors: Baldacconi Rossella , Corriero Giuseppe
Published: March 2009

The present work investigated the modifications induced by the spread of the green macroalgaCaulerpa racemosavar.cylindracea(Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) on the sponge assemblage of Apulian coralligenous concretions (Ionian Sea – Torre Ovo, Italy). The study of qualitative and quantitative sponge composition was carried out before (2004) and after (2006) the spread of this invasive alga by means of traditional (quadrat scraping) and photographic sampling methods. Results indicate that the spread of the green alga is concomitant with a significant decrease in percentage sponge cover both on horizontal‐ and on vertical‐oriented substrates. In addition, strong modifications to the structure of the community in terms of repartition of the available substrate have been observed since the algal spread. Conversely, no major changes have affected the specific composition of the sponge assemblage, suggesting that at this stage of colonization the algal spread has not produced a loss of sponge biodiversity. However, there is a clear need to monitor closely theC. racemosainvasion to verify its long‐term impact on the sponge assemblage.
Reduced oxygen protocol decreases the incidence of threshold retinopathy of prematurity in infants of <33 weeks gestation
Authors: Tokuhiro Yumiko , Yoshida Tomoko , Nakabayashi Yoshinobu , Nakauchi Shohei , Nakagawa Yumi , Kihara Minako , Mitsufuji Nobuto , Kizaki Zenro
Published: March 2009

Background:  The relationship between oxygen and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has been studied frequently, and a pulse oximeter has the potential to facilitate the control of oxygen fluctuation in neonates. The objective of the present study was to compare the incidence of threshold ROP (stage 3 requiring laser treatment and stage 4) in infants of <33 weeks gestation after implementing a new clinical O2 management practice.

Methods:  A retrospective study of data from the Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 1 July 2004 to 31 October 2007 (closed 1 December 2006–30 March 2007 for reconstruction). A reduced oxygen protocol was implemented to maintain oxygen saturation (SpO2) values using a pulse oximeter between 88% and 92%. The incidence of threshold ROP in the earlier period (1 July 2004–31 December 2005) and the later period (1 January 2006–31 October 2007) were compared.

Results:  The incidence of threshold ROP significantly decreased from 32.2% to 16.7%, after changing to the reduced oxygen protocol (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  A significant decrease in the rate of threshold ROP in infants of <33 weeks gestation was observed after implementation of the new clinical O2 management practice.
Prevalence of Mycoplasma IgM in children with lower respiratory tract illness
Authors: Higashigawa Masamune , Kawasaki Yukako , Yodoya Noriko , Omori Yusuke , Nashida Yuji , Amemiya Yoshio , Fujiwara Takashi , Inoue Masakazu
Published: March 2009

Background:  Few data are available for the recent occurrence of Mycoplasma infections in children in Japan. The purpose of the present study was therefore to identify the prevalence of Mycoplasma infections in children in Japan.

Methods:  IgM antibodies to M. pneumoniae were prospectively determined using the Meridian ImmunoCard Mycoplasma test in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections between January 2004 and June 2007. A total of 858 hospitalized patients aged 0–15 years (445 male, 413 female), diagnosed as having acute pneumonia or bronchitis, were enrolled. The number of patients with pneumonia or bronchitis was 331 (male/female, 167/164) and 527 (male/female/ 278/249), respectively. Two hundred and five of the 858 patients (23.9%) were ImmunoCard positive. Of the 205 patients, 121 children and 84 children were diagnosed as having pneumonia and bronchitis, respectively. One hundred and forty‐three of the 727 patients (19.7%) <5 years of age were ImmunoCard test positive.

Conclusions:  M. pneumoniae infection is not rare in children aged <5 years in Japan.
FOCUS ON PRACTICE: Including students with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in mainstream schools
Authors: Humphrey Neil
Published: March 2009

Around 80% of pupils with attention deficit disorders are educated in mainstream schools. The difficulties relating to inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity experienced by such pupils present mainstream educators with a unique set of challenges and opportunities. In this article, Neil Humphrey, Senior Lecturer in the Psychology of Education at the University of Manchester, presents and discusses key evidence‐based strategies and approaches to facilitate the inclusion of pupils affected by attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). These include the need to reframe AD/HD, to understand the role of medication, to minimise distractions, to provide predictability, structure and routine, and to apply cognitive and behavioural strategies.
Seasonal changes in condition, reproduction and fecundity in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Boyd I. L. , Myhill D. G.
Published: March 2009

A total of 1248 rabbits (Oryctolagus amiculus) were shot on farmland in Cambridgeshire, UK over a period of three years. This provided pooled estimates of changes in reproductive and body condition and of fecundity during the annual cycle. Both males and females showed a significant annual cycle in reproductive condition as indicated by changes in the size of the gonads and accessory glands of reproduction. No females were pregnant during October, November and December, but males with active spermatogenesis were found during every month of the year. The distribution of pregnancies through the year showed that the reproductive season varied greatly between individuals. Peak fecundity occurred during April, May and June. On average, each female conceived 23.9 and suckled 17.2 young per breeding season. Proportionately more young died during the early stages of the reproductive season. The body weight of adult males, but not of females, varied seasonally. Body condition (kidney fat index) in adults was maximal at the start of the breeding season and minimal at the end.
The morphology of the bioluminescent tissue of the cephalopod Japetella diaphana (Octopoda: Bolitaenidae)
Authors: Herring P. J. , Dilly P.N. , Cope Celia
Published: March 2009

Maturing females of the octopod Japetella diaphana (Hoyle) develop a luminous oral ring. Studies of specimens of different size show that this structure develops from a muscular ring which undergoes great cellular proliferation, associated with gradual degeneration of the original muscle. The light‐producing cells (photocytes) have a relatively uniform cytoplasm whose most characteristic components are small mitochondria, granular aggregates and microtubular or microfibrillar bundles. It is concluded that the original muscle tissue is not transformed directly into luminous tissue.

Possible uses of the luminescence are discussed, based on the postures adopted by live specimens in shipboard aquaria.
Quantitative aspects of harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) play
Authors: Renouf D. , Lawson J. W.
Published: March 2009

Harbour seal play behaviour was investigated from pupping through mating seasons using videotaping techniques which permitted more refined data acquisition than in our earlier study. Calculation of age class play rates confirmed a large proportion of adult play, but showed that juveniles played only marginally more frequently than adults. Adults increased their playing during the weaning/mating season, whereas that of juveniles and subadults declined over the observation period. Play between mothers and pups increased as weaning drew near, and weaners played at a consistently high rate thereafter. As in our earlier study, solitary play proved to be far more frequent than social play, with adults playing socially only during the mating season, and weaners never doing so. The implication of our earlier report and of the literature, that mothers, pups and weaners play rarely, was proven incorrect. Females played more often than males, and the type of playing displayed by each sex differed.

The play behaviour of harbour seals was analysed on videotape, which allowed the determination of rates of play per age class relative to the population of seals of the same age, and sex of the player in 190 episodes. The majority of the results of our earlier study were confirmed in that adult play was unusually common, and most play was solitary rather than social. However, the reason for the apparent predominance of juvenile play in our 1986 study was most likely because of a large number of juvenile seals present in the herd at that time. Similarly, mothers, pups and weaners proved to play at high rates when population size was taken into account. Adults' playing increased during the weaning/mating period, whereas juveniles and subadults played progressively less over time. Mothers and pups played more near weaning, after which time the youngsters played at a steady high rate, though never socially. Adult social play was only evident during the mating period. The play of males and females differed qualitatively and quantitatively.
A litter of five badger cubs in an overground nest
Authors: Neal Ernest
Published: March 2009

A badger's nest was discovered by a farmer's wife in a barn near Curry Rivel, Somerset on 30 January 1986. Squeaking noises were heard coming from a large mound of loose hay in a corner of the barn. When the farmer moved some of the hay to find out what was making the noise an angry badger reared up and faced him menacingly.
Morphometric variation of the common shrew (Sorex araneus) in Britain, in relation to karyotype and geography
Authors: Searle J. B. , Thorpe R. S.
Published: March 2009

A multivariate study of variation in mandible dimensions was conducted to determine whether common shrews of different karyotypic race (Aberdeen, Oxford, Hermitage) in Britain differ in morphology. Differences between samples from north and south Britain suggest that geography is more important than karyotype as a morphological determinant. However, the distinctiveness of hybrids in the ‘Oxford‐Hermitage’ hybrid zone raises the possibility that there are genetic differences between the races.
Pre‐ and postnatal growth of the Cape porcupine Hystrix africaeaustratis
Authors: VAN AARDE R. J.
Published: March 2009

Pre‐ and postnatal growth of the Cape porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis is evaluated by means of the Huggett & Widdas equation, a modification thereof, and the von Bertalanffy equation. Specific foetal growth velocity for the Cape porcupine is higher than that recorded for most other hystricomorph rodents, but similar to that recorded for large‐bodied rodents of the same group. Relatively high foetal growth velocity in porcupines is ascribed to their relatively short gestation period, the latter being longer than expected for mammals of equal size, but shorter than expected for a hystricomorph rodent.

Postnatal growth is nearly linear up to the age of 20 weeks and asymptotic body weight is attained at an age of 52 weeks, this coinciding with the observed age at sexual maturity. Growth rates of males and females are similar. Their high rate of postnatal growth and development results in an extended reproductive period, thereby enhancing individual reproductive values by counteracting the effects of seasonal breeding and small litter size.
The movement patterns of lacertid lizards: speed, gait and pauses in Lacerta vivipara
Authors: AVERY R. A. , MUELLER C. F. , SMITH J. A. , BOND D. J.
Published: March 2009

Lacerta vivipara moving across an open space at their normal activity temperature alternate bursts of locomotion with short pauses which tend to occur at the extremes of the limb cycle, i.e. when individual limbs are maximally adducted or retracted and the spinal cord is maximally flexed in the lateral plane. The movement bursts and pauses in adult lizards have mean durations of 0–30 and 012 s, respectively, and within bursts the lizards move at a mean speed of 14–6 cm s‐1. Movement in juvenile lizards is 2–5 times faster (relative to body length) and the pauses are of longer duration (mean = 019 s), giving the locomotion of juveniles a more jerky appearance. Lizards which are chasing crickets increase the speed and the duration of locomo‐tory bursts, although the pauses persist. Lizards which are searching for a previously perceived cricket increase pause duration (mean = 0–40 s). Lizards which are fleeing from a sudden disturbance move at almost twice (juveniles) or 3–7 times (adults) the speed of foraging animals: the pauses persist, although at much reduced frequency. Increases in speed result from increases in both stride length (Λ) and stride frequency (n); the ratio Λ/n appears to remain constant at 006. The significance of these observations is discussed, although the functions of the pauses cannot yet be explained.
Ecological characteristics of territories of male cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: CARO T. M. , COLLINS D. A.
Published: March 2009

Ecological characteristics of nine male cheetahs territories in the Serengeti National Park are described. Territories were centred on areas that provided cover but did not have particularly high rainfall or prey abundance. Resident male cheetahs did not occupy their territories continuously. Some territories were vacated in the dry season, others in the wet season, but in both cases this occurred when numbers of Thomson's gazelles (females' main prey) and female cheetahs seen there were low. Although changes in territory ownership appeared to be related to demographic rather than ecological factors, territories that remained vacant seemed to contain rather little prey. Over two years, evidence suggested that territories occupied by males of larger group size contained greater numbers of Thomson's gazelles.
Factors affecting the activity patterns of black‐backed jackals Canis mesomelas
Authors: Ferguson J. W. H. , Galpin Jacqueline S. , Wet M. J. de
Published: March 2009

Daily activity levels of black‐backed jackals Canis mesomelus were determined in southern Africa through direct observation and radio‐tracking. Jackals have a bigeminus activity pattern that is closely paralleled by the activity levels of some of their most important prey. Although differences due to sex, age, study area and season of year were found, this activity pattern was most markedly influenced by light conditions during both the crepuscular and the nocturnal periods.
The reproductive biology of the Cape mole‐rat, Georychus capensis (Rodentia, Bathyergidae)
Authors: Bennett N. C. , Jarvis J. U. M.
Published: March 2009

Georychus capensis is a seasonal breeder with the reproductive potential of producing two litters during the summer breeding season (August to December). These solitary mole‐rats signal to each other through the soil, by drumming with their hind feet. This drumming is probably important in spacing the burrow systems and in triggering the onset of reproductive behaviour. In a captive male the onset of drumming was accompanied by a rise in urinary testosterone concentrations and the enlargement of testes and accessory reproductive glands. The male appeared to drum with a different frequency to the female. Courtship is initiated by the male and copulation involves brief multiple intromissions. The gestation period is about 44 days and the mean litter size is 5.9 with a maximum of 10 pups. Development of the pups is relatively rapid. Inter‐sibling aggression begins to develop at 35 days, eventually resulting in the pups dispersing when about 60 days old. Body mass increases exponentially from birth to day 60 and the asymptote is reached around day 260. These features are compared with those of other solitary subterranean rodents and with those of the social Bathyergidae (Cryptomys hottentotus, Cryptomys damarensis and Heterocephalus glaber).
Ecology and social life of the red acouchy, Myoprocta exilis; comparison with the orange‐rumped agouti, Dasyprocta leporina
Authors: Dubost Gerard
Published: March 2009

Red acouchies were observed in French Guiana, and compared with agoutis. Acouchies frequent all forest habitats except disturbed areas. Strictly diurnal, they show most activity in early morning. Males prefer open forests, females closed habitats. The size of home ranges and the level of activity decrease in the dry season when food resources are at a minimum. The social unit is the family, one male and one female with juveniles. Family units are separated from each other. Each individual occupies a small home range which has several much‐frequented areas and many resting places, often located in hollow logs and consisting of one nest in use and several old leafheaps. There are no food reserves in the nest: fruits are buried over the whole home range. Within each social unit, every individual mainly lives alone and home ranges have little overlap. The percentage of males decreases from the juvenile to the adult stage. Populations show large year to year density variations. The red acouchy is not similar to the agouti, but instead represents an unique adaptation among the terrestrial forest herbivores.
The anatomy of the circumgenital scent gland of Saguinus fuscicollis (Callitrichidae, Primates)
Authors: Zeller U. , Epple G. , Küderling I. , Kuhn H.‐J.
Published: March 2009

In the adult male Saguinus fuscicollis, the scrotal skin and the area above the root of the penis are raised in a sharply defined cushion, which extends cranially into a rectangular suprapubic pad. The circumgenital area of the adult female resembles that of the male, except that the suprapubic pad is relatively and absolutely larger. A complex glandular organ, composed of holocrine and apocrine glands, is located beneath the epidermis of the circumgenital skin. In males, specialized holocrine glands associated with hair follicles predominate. They form a layer, 2‐3 mm deep beneath the epidermis. These holocrine glands have a complex alveolar structure and possess numerously branched excretory ducts. Each group of glands empties into a common duct which enters the hair follicle. In males, the apocrine glands are located predominantly at the periphery of the glandular pad and between the scrotal and perineal areas. The excretory ducts of most apocrine glands empty on to the skin surface in close spatial association with hair follicles. However, independent openings were also observed. In females, the specialized holocrine glands resemble those of males but are more frequently interspersed with apocrine glands. The apocrine glands are larger and much more numerous than in males, especially in the region of the labia majora. Gonadectomy of an adult male and female resulted in a reduction in the size of the holocrine glands but had much less effect on the apocrine glands of the scent organ. In addition, the sexual dimorphism in gland histology was retained years after castration.
Partial albinism and natural selection in the hooded crow Corvus corone cornix
Authors: Slagsvold T. , Rofstad G. , Sandvik J.
Published: March 2009

We studied the frequency of partial albinism amongst hooded crows in Norway, mostly in a population at Trondheim. A total of 3461 birds were collected from the field. About 5% of fledged young showed albinoid markings on their third right‐hand primary; the frequency decreased to 2% among yearling birds and to only 1% among birds that had acquired their adult plumage. No significant difference was found in relation to sex. The partially albinoid birds were typically small‐sized, both as regards their bone structure (ulna, tibia, tarsus) and feathers (wing, tail). Their feathers bore more defective markings than those of birds of normal plumage coloration. A study of the plumage of preserved specimens of hooded crows in the collections of Natural History museums in Norway also indicated that a differential mortality takes place in the wild, such albinoid birds disappearing rapidly from the population.

Experimental interchanges of eggs and hatchlings between nests indicated that the occurrence of partial albinism may be related to the feeding conditions during the nestling stage, rather than to any genetical differences. It is not known, however, whether the former was due to starvation, to an unbalanced diet, or to eating poisonous food.
The use of red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris dreys to estimate population density
Authors: Wauters L. A. , Dhondt A. A.
Published: March 2009

In this paper we examined if the number of dreys could be used to estimate the density of red squirrel populations. Squirrel density was estimated by trapping and the number of dreys were counted in different areas and over several years.