bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The near and mid-infrared photometric properties of known redshift z ≥ 5 quasars
Authors: Ross Nicholas P , Cross Nicholas J G
Published: February 2020

We assemble a catalogue of 488 spectroscopically confirmed very high (z ≥ 5.00) redshift quasars (VHzQ) and report their near- (ZYJHKs/K) and mid- (WISE W1234) infrared properties. 97 per cent of the VHzQ sample is detected in one or more near-infrared (NIR) band, with lack of coverage rather than lack of depth being the reason for the non-detections. 389 (80 per cent) of the very high redshift quasars are detected at 3.4 μm in the W1 band from the unWISE catalogue and all of the z ≥ 7 quasars are detected in both unWISE W1 and W2. Using archival Wide Field Camera (WFCAM)/United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) and VISTA Infrared Camera (VIRCAM)/Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) data we check for photometric variability that might be expected from super-Eddington accretion. We find 28 of the quasars have sufficient NIR measurements and signal-to-noise ratio to look for variability. Weak variability was detected in multiple bands of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) J0959+0227, and very marginally in the Y-band of MMT J0215-0529. Only one quasar, SDSS J0349+0034, shows significant differences between WFCAM and VISTA magnitudes in one band. With supermassive black hole accretion likely to be redshift invariant up to very high redshift, further monitoring of these sources is warranted. All the data, analysis codes and plots used and generated here can be found at: github.com/d80b2t/VHzQ.
Fragmentation modelling of the 2019 August impact on Jupiter
Authors: Sankar Ramanakumar , Palotai Csaba , Hueso Ricardo , Delcroix Marc , Chappel Ethan , Sánchez-Lavega Agustin
Published: February 2020

On 2019 August 7, an impact flash lasting ∼1 s was observed on Jupiter. The video of this event was analysed to obtain the light curve, and determine the energy release and initial mass. We find that the impactor released a total energy of 96–151 kilotons of TNT, corresponding to an initial mass between 190 and 260 metric tonnes with a diameter between 4 and 10 m. We developed a fragmentation model to simulate the atmospheric breakup of the object and reproduce the light curve. We model three different materials: cometary, stony, and metallic at speeds of 60, 65, and 70 km s−1, respectively, to determine the material make-up of the impacting object. The slower cases are best fitted by a strong, metallic object while the faster cases require a weaker material.
Genetic Diversity and Thermal Performance in Invasive and Native Populations of African Fig Flies
Authors: Comeault Aaron A , Wang Jeremy , Tittes Silas , Isbell Kristin , Ingley Spencer , Hurlbert Allen H , Matute Daniel R
Published: February 2020

During biological invasions, invasive populations can suffer losses of genetic diversity that are predicted to negatively impact their fitness/performance. Despite examples of invasive populations harboring lower diversity than conspecific populations in their native range, few studies have linked this lower diversity to a decrease in fitness. Using genome sequences, we show that invasive populations of the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus, have less genetic diversity than conspecific populations in their native range and that diversity is proportionally lower in regions of the genome experiencing low recombination rates. This result suggests that selection may have played a role in lowering diversity in the invasive populations. We next use interspecific comparisons to show that genetic diversity remains relatively high in invasive populations of Z. indianus when compared with other closely related species. By comparing genetic diversity in orthologous gene regions, we also show that the genome-wide landscape of genetic diversity differs between invasive and native populations of Z. indianus indicating that invasion not only affects amounts of genetic diversity but also how that diversity is distributed across the genome. Finally, we use parameter estimates from thermal performance curves for 13 species of Zaprionus to show that Z. indianus has the broadest thermal niche of measured species, and that performance does not differ between invasive and native populations. These results illustrate how aspects of genetic diversity in invasive species can be decoupled from measures of fitness, and that a broad thermal niche may have helped facilitate Z. indianus’s range expansion.
Zinc exocytosis is sensitive to myosin light chain kinase inhibition in mouse and human eggs
Authors: Lee Hoi Chang , Edmonds Maxwell E , Duncan Francesca E , O’Halloran Thomas V , Woodruff Teresa K
Published: February 2020

Zinc dynamics are essential for oocyte meiotic maturation, egg activation, and preimplantation embryo development. During fertilisation and egg activation, the egg releases billions of zinc atoms (Zn2+) in an exocytotic event termed the ‘zinc spark’. We hypothesised that this zinc transport and exocytosis is dependent upon the intracellular trafficking of cortical granules (CG) which requires myosin-actin-dependent motors. Treatment of mature mouse and human eggs with ML-7, a myosin light chain kinase inhibitor (MLCK), resulted in an 80% reduction in zinc spark intensity compared to untreated controls when activated with ionomycin. Moreover, CG migration towards the plasma membrane was significantly decreased in ML-7-treated eggs compared with controls when activated parthenogenetically with ionomycin. In sperm-induced fertilisation via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), ML-7-treated mouse eggs exhibited decreased labile zinc intensity and cortical CG staining. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ML-7 treatment impairs zinc release from both murine and human eggs after activation, demonstrating that zinc exocytosis requires myosin light chain kinase activity. Further, these results provide additional support that zinc is likely stored and released from CGs. These data underscore the importance of intracellular zinc trafficking as a crucial component of egg maturation necessary for egg activation and early embryo development.
The problem with transferrin saturation as an indicator of iron ‘sufficiency’ in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Besarab Anatole , Drueke Tilman B
Published: February 2020

After a brief review of physiological iron metabolism, we describe diagnostic tests for iron status and iron deficiency anemia in patients without chronic kidney disease (CKD) or inflammation. Thereafter we review the dysregulation of iron metabolism in CKD. Specific emphasis is placed on the role of the ‘inflammatory’ state that develops with the progression of CKD. It invokes changes in iron metabolism that are the exact opposite of those occurring during pure iron deficiency. As a result, transferrin saturation (TSAT) becomes a poorer index of iron availability to the bone marrow and serum ferritin no longer represents iron that can be used during erythropoiesis. We argue that serum iron may provide more information to guide iron therapy than TSAT. In other words, the emphasis on TSAT is misplaced. With the development of a number of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which restore iron metabolism toward the ‘physiologic state’, the iron indices indicating sufficient iron availability to avoid functional iron deficiency during therapy of CKD-associated anemia are likely to change. We summarize these changes in the section ‘A peek into things to come!’, citing the available data.
Genomic consequences of population decline in critically endangered pangolins and their demographic histories
Authors: Hu Jing-Yang , Hao Zi-Qian , Frantz Laurent , Wu Shi-Fang , Chen Wu , Jiang Yun-Fang , Wu Hong , Kuang Wei-Min , Li Haipeng , Zhang Ya-Ping , Yu Li
Published: February 2020

Pangolins are among the most critically endangered animals due to heavy poaching and worldwide trafficking. However, their demographic histories and the genomic consequences of their recent population declines remain unknown. We generated high-quality de novo reference genomes for critically endangered Malayan (Manis javanica, MJ) and Chinese (M. pentadactyla, MP) pangolins and re-sequencing population genomic data from 74 MJs and 23 MPs. We recovered the population identities of illegally traded pangolins and previously unrecognized genetic populations that should be protected as evolutionarily distinct conservation units. Demographic reconstruction suggested environmental changes have resulted in a population size fluctuation of pangolins. Additionally, recent population size declines due to human activities have resulted in an increase in inbreeding and genetic load. Deleterious mutations were enriched in genes related to cancer/diseases and cholesterol homeostasis, which may have increased their susceptibility to diseases and decreased their survival potential to adapt to environmental changes and high-cholesterol diets. This comprehensive study provides not only high-quality pangolin reference genomes, but also valuable information concerning the driving factors of long-term population size fluctuations and the genomic impact of recent population size declines due to human activities, which is essential for pangolin conservation management and global action planning.
Transforming personalized nutrition practice
Authors: Barrow Michelle , Bell Linda , Bell Celia
Published: February 2020

The strengths and limitations of current approaches to clinical nutrition practice and their underpinning research are explored in this article. It describes how a personalized nutrition practice approach supported by evidence-based pathophysiological reasoning could direct additional research, which could then transform practice and support food industry developments. Current use of the term “personalized nutrition” is reviewed and a definition is provided. Also explored are current approaches to personalized nutrition practice and evidence-based practice in clinical nutrition. Patient-centered practice, which involves individuals in their healthcare decisions, is currently being provided under the name “personalized.” An evidence-based personalized practice approach should include the use of robust, standardized, and validated tools that gather a patient’s signs and symptoms, health history, family history, genetics, environment, lifestyle, social life, diet, behavior and other factors that have an impact on physiological processes. It should also gather anthropometric measures as well as functional, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers for pathophysiological mechanisms. Such tools would pool n = 1 data into a case-by-case evidence base that uses computational network modelling to predict the efficacy of personalized nutrition interventions. Prediction of the efficacy of interventions should also be validated using, when possible, blinded, randomized, controlled, stratified intervention studies. This model would provide practitioners with data that support evidence-based pathophysiological reasoning. It would enable clinicians to prioritize interventions on the basis of the mechanisms of action of interventions and to ameliorate the mechanisms of pathophysiology, which are a priority for the individual. Interventions then may be applied using a patient-centered practice approach. This would transform evidence-based nutrition practice into a P4 medicine approach that is personalized, preventive, predictive, and participatory. Developing pathophysiological mechanistic understanding also provides new opportunities for stakeholders, including the food industry, researchers, healthcare practitioners, and consumers.
Evaluation of an Interdisciplinary Controlled Substance Review Committee on Opioid Prescribing in a Community Health Center
Authors: Bourgeois Holly C , Proteau Rachel C , Vielma Cassandra V , Hartung Daniel M , Irwin Adriane N
Published: February 2020

Objective

To describe recommendations made by an interdisciplinary controlled substance committee and acceptance by primary care providers.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Multisite federally qualified health center using an interdisciplinary committee to provide patient-specific recommendations to prescribers with patients using prescription opioids and other controlled substances.

Subjects

Patients prescribed long-term opioids.

Methods

We identified and characterized committee recommendations to prescribers between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016. We manually reviewed electronic medical records to determine if recommendations were accepted at eight months. The primary outcome was the overall acceptance rate of recommendations. Secondary outcomes were the acceptance of recommendations to reduce opioid doses and change in opioid dose from baseline.

Results

The committee made 337 recommendations for 94 patients. Of those, 169 recommendations (50.1%) were accepted within eight months. The most common recommendation was to change opioid prescribing (N = 53, 56.4%), but recommendations varied. For patients with a recommendation to change opioid prescribing, this was accepted in 31 of 53 patients (58.5%). Overall, opioid doses decreased from 60 morphine equivalents per day (interquartile range [IQR] = 27.5–135, range = 5–1,260) at baseline to 40 morphine equivalents per day (IQR = 15–105, range = 0–1,260) at eight months (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

An interdisciplinary committee was well positioned to offer primary care providers with nonopioid options to manage chronic nonmalignant pain and provide support in reducing opioid doses. About half of recommendations were accepted by primary care providers. Future research should focus on strategies to improve the utility of this approach and its impact on clinical outcomes.
Advancement in Neuromodulation Technology with the Innovation of Design-Specific Peripheral Nerve Stimulators: Sural Nerve Stimulation for Radiculopathy
Authors: Langford Brendan , Mauck William D
Published: February 2020

Background

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is a form of neuromodulation that is used to treat chronic and refractory neuropathic pain. Peripheral nerve stimulation was first described in the early 1960s when Shelden implanted a PNS device for trigeminal neuralgia. Despite PNS being known since the 1960s, technology designed specifically for PNS was lacking. Within the past few years, design-specific PNS devices have become widely available, with favorable efficacy and safety profiles. Here we report a case of design-specific PNS that provided two years of pain relief in a patient with lower extremity neuropathic pain.

Case Presentation

A 53-year-old female with a history of congenital lumbar meningocele status post–L4-L5 laminectomy presented to the Mayo Clinic for treatment of foot pain that began three days after her laminectomy. She experienced a 6/10 burning, tingling sensation in the lateral dorsal portion of her right foot and posterolateral calf in addition to allodynia that prevented her from wearing shoes. She failed gabapentin, amitriptyline, cannabis, transforaminal epidural steroid injections, and two spinal cord stimulator trials. The patient ultimately underwent implantation of a right sural nerve stimulator, resulting in a 50% improvement in pain and functionality at two-year follow-up.

Conclusions

This report emphasizes the recent development of design-specific PNS devices and their successful use in this patient. Peripheral nerve stimulation technology and applications have diminished the role of spinal cord stimulation devices used for the periphery. Peripheral nerve stimulation should be considered for patients with isolated extremity pain, especially in those with spinal abnormalities (e.g., arachnoid cyst).
Commitment in Organizations and the Competition for Talent
Authors: Cooley Thomas , Marimon Ramon , Quadrini Vincenzo
Published: February 2020

We show that a change in organizational structure from partnerships to public companies—which weakens contractual commitment—can lead to higher investment in high return-and-risk activities, higher productivity (value added per employee) and greater income dispersion (inequality). These predictions are consistent with the observed evolution of the financial sector where the switch from partnerships to public companies has been especially important in the decades that preceded the 21st Century financial crisis.
Predicting response to topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in osteoarthritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Persson Monica S M , Stocks Joanne , Varadi Gyula , Hashempur Mohammad Hashem , van Middelkoop Marienke , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita , Walsh David A , Doherty Michael , Zhang Weiya
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To identify predictors of the specific (difference between treatment and placebo) and overall (change from baseline in treatment arm) treatment effects of topical NSAIDs in OA.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of topical NSAIDs in OA were identified through systematic literature searching and inquiry to pharmaceutical companies. The raw, de-identified data were analysed in one-stage individual patient data meta-analysis (IPD-MA). Negative values for treatment effects (0–100 scale) indicate pain reduction.

Results

Of 63 eligible RCTs, 15 provided IPD (n = 1951 on topical NSAID), including 11 placebo-controlled RCTs (n = 1587 on topical NSAIDs, 1553 on placebo). Seven potential predictors of response were examined. Topical NSAIDs were superior to placebo [−6 (95% CI −9, −4)], with a small, but statistically significant greater effect in women than men [difference −4 (95% CI −8, −1)]. The overall treatment effect was 4-fold larger than the specific effect [−25 (95% CI −31, −19)] and increased with greater baseline pain severity (P < 0.001). No differences in efficacy were observed for age, BMI, features of inflammation, duration of complaints or radiographic OA severity.

Conclusion

Topical NSAIDs are effective for OA pain relief. Greater overall pain relief in individuals with more baseline pain might be due to contextual and non-specific effects, including regression to the mean. Additional factors that have been linked either mechanistically or through empirical evidence to outcomes should be selected for inclusion across future RCTs in order to facilitate the identification of response predictors through IPD-MA.
Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome is not associated with an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis
Authors: Bettiol Alessandra , Emmi Giacomo , Finocchi Martina , Silvestri Elena , Urban Maria Letizia , Mattioli Irene , Scalera Antonella , Lupoli Roberta , Vannacci Alfredo , Di Minno Matteo Nicola Dario , Prisco Domenico
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The persistent positivity of aPLs, either isolated or associated with thrombotic and/or obstetric events (APS), has been associated with the increase of intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaques. Despite the fact that aPLs can promote both thrombotic and obstetric complications, some pathogenic differences have been documented between the two entities. This study aimed to evaluate whether the atherosclerotic risk differs between subjects with obstetric and thrombotic APS.

Methods

A total of 167 APS women (36 obstetric and 131 thrombotic) were compared with 250 aPLs negative controls. IMT of the common carotid artery (CCA) and of the bulb and the prevalence of carotid plaques were assessed.

Results

CCA- and bulb-IMT were significantly higher in women with thrombotic APS, while being similar between the obstetric APS and the controls [CCA-IMT: mean (s.d.) 0.97 (0.49), 0.78 (0.22) and 0.81 (0.12) mm for the thrombotic, obstetric and control groups, respectively, P < 0.001 between thrombotic and controls, P = 0.002 between thrombotic and obstetric; bulb-IMT: mean (s.d.) 1.38 (0.79), 0.96 (0.27) and 0.96 (0.51) mm for the thrombotic, obstetric and control groups, P < 0.001]. Women with thrombotic APS had significantly increased risk of presenting carotid plaques. This risk was significantly lower in obstetric APS.

Conclusion

Unlike thrombotic APS, obstetric APS is not associated with an increase of markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. If confirmed on wider populations, these results could suggest different pathogenetic role of aPLs in promoting atherosclerosis in vascular and obstetric APS, and raise questions on the risk–benefit profile of thromboprophylaxis in obstetric APS outside pregnancy periods.
Pulmonary adverse events of small molecule JAK inhibitors in autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Khoo Jun K , Barnes Hayley , Key Seraphina , Glaspole Ian N , Östör Andrew J
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors [smTKI, comprising mostly of Janus kinase (JAK) and to a lesser extent, spleen tyrosine kinase (SyK) inhibitors] modulate the cytokine receptor-mediated intracellular signal cascade, and are an effective treatment for autoimmune diseases and malignancies. As smTKI are novel, long-term safety is uncertain. Due to increasing use, characterization of their true adverse event profile is critical.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published trial data on the pulmonary and serious adverse effects of smTKIs in autoimmune disease. EMBASE, MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Pneumotox databases were searched up to April 2019 for randomized controlled trials, observational studies and post marketing surveillance, comparing any smTKI with placebo or another therapy, or as monotherapy at different doses. Primary outcomes comprised of any respiratory complications including upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI, LRTI), influenza, pneumonia, opportunistic respiratory infections, drug-induced interstitial lung disease, pulmonary embolism and lung neoplasm.

Results

We identified 4667 citations for screening, and selected 319 studies for full text review. Seventy-nine studies were analysed, including 47 randomized controlled trials, 25 observational studies and seven post-marketing surveillance studies, comprising 159 652 participants. There were significantly increased risks of URTI [risk difference (RD) 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05; P = 0.00; 36 studies, 14 724 participants], LRTI (RD 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.02; P = 0.02; 24 studies, 12 302 participants), influenza (RD 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.01; P = 0.04; 22 studies, 10 684 participants), and pneumonia (RD 0.00; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.01; P = 0.02; 33 studies, 15 511 participants). No increased risk was found for other respiratory complications, including pulmonary embolism.

Conclusion

SmTKI increases the risk of non-opportunistic respiratory infections compared with placebo. The risk of any serious pulmonary adverse events is low.
New variant in the IL1RN-gene (DIRA) associated with late-onset, CRMO-like presentation
Authors: Kuemmerle-Deschner Jasmin B , Welzel Tatjana , Hoertnagel Konstanze , Tsiflikas Ilias , Hospach Anton , Liu Xiao , Schlipf Susanne , Hansmann Sandra , Samba Samuel D , Griesinger Andreas , Benseler Susanne M , Weber Alexander N
Published: February 2020

Objective

To report a chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)-like clinical phenotype with multisystem inflammation associated with a novel gene variant in the spectrum of IL-1-mediated diseases.

Methods

A 3-year-old boy presented with recurrent episodes of fever, serositis, pancreatitis and high inflammatory markers with onset at age 13 months. At age 3 years, he started limping. Imaging revealed multifocal pelvic bone inflammation suggestive of CRMO. Autoinflammation panel testing was non-contributory. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and advanced IL-1 pathway analysis was conducted.

Results

WES identified a novel homozygous interleukin receptor 1 (IL1RN) variant (c.62C>G; p. Ser21*) (NM_173842.2). Functional analysis of IL1RN mRNA and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) protein confirmed the diagnosis of a deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA). Treatment with the nonselective IL-1 inhibitor anakinra resulting in rapid remission; switch to the selective IL-1β antagonist canakinumab led to a flare within 6 weeks. Re-start of anakinra recaptured remission, last documented at the recent 19-month follow-up.

Conclusion

This is the first report of a novel late-onset DIRA confirmed by advanced diagnostic testing. In patients with systemic inflammation and CRMO-like bone lesions, IL1RN testing should be considered; even in the absence of skin manifestations. Non-selective IL-1 inhibition is an effective therapy.
Frequencies and predictors of the Lupus Low Disease Activity State and remission in treatment-naïve patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Gao Dai , Hao Yanjie , Mu Lin , Xie Wenhui , Fan Yong , Ji Lanlan , Zhang Zhuoli
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the attainability of Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) and definitions of remission in SLE (DORIS) in a treatment-naïve cohort of SLE.

Methods

LLDAS5 was defined as LLDAS with a prednisone dose ≤5 mg/day. There were four definitions in DORIS: clinical remission on treatment (RONT), complete RONT, clinical remission off treatment (ROFT) and complete ROFT. The treatment-naïve patients from Peking University First Hospital SLE cohort were enrolled. The time to each state and their annual cumulative probabilities were estimated. The frequencies of patients who achieved each component of LLDAS or DORIS during follow-up were determined. The predictors of time to each state were identified.

Results

A total of 218 patients were included, with a median follow-up of 4.48 years. Respectively, 190 (87.2%), 160 (73.4%), 148 (67.9%), 94 (43.1%), 23 (10.6%) and 18 (8.3%) patients achieved LLDAS, LLDAS5, clinical RONT, complete RONT, clinical ROFT and complete ROFT. The median time to LLDAS, LLDAS5, clinical RONT and complete RONT were 1.4, 2.3, 2.6 and 4.7 years, respectively. Positive anti-dsDNA, RP and anaemia were significantly associated with prolonged time to LLDAS, LLDAS5 or clinical RONT.

Conclusion

Our data confirmed that LLDAS is an attainable early treatment target for SLE. Though with more difficulty, RONT can be achieved in two-thirds of our patients. ROFT may not be an ideal treatment target at present as it is only attained in few patients.
Moringa oleifera leaves extract modulates toxicity, sperms alterations, oxidative stress, and testicular damage induced by tramadol in male rats
Authors: Abd Haitham Hassen , Ahmed Harith Abdulrhman , Mutar Thulfiqar Fawwaz
Published: February 2020

Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used for moderate-to-severe pain structurally related to codeine and morphine, where their analgesic mechanism is a result of opioid and non-opioid mechanisms. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaves extract (MLE) on tramadol-induced testicular toxicity, sperm changes, testicular damage, and oxidative stress in male rats. Forty male albino rats were divided into four groups and treated for 4 weeks (group 1, as control; group 2, MLE; group 3, tramadol; group 4, MLE + tramadol). The relative body weight, relative testes weight, serum total testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, sperm counts, vitality, total sperm motility, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in tramadol-treated group when compared with the control group. In contrast, sperm abnormality, immotile sperm percent, testicular injury, and TBARS concentration in testes were significantly increased in the tramadol-treated group. In addition, histopathological examination for the tramadol-treated group has shown incomplete spermatogenesis, moderate degeneration in some seminiferous tubules with a significant decrease in the number of spermatogenic cells and depletion of Leydig cells. The administration of MLE with tramadol ameliorates the testicular toxicity, injury, sperm count, abnormalities, and oxidative stress induced by tramadol.
Convergent evolution and possible constraint in the posterodorsal retraction of the external nares in pelagic crocodylomorphs
Authors: Young Mark T , Sachs Sven , Abel Pascal , Foffa Davide , Herrera Yanina , Kitson James J N
Published: February 2020

Amongst Mesozoic marine reptiles, metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs were unique in evolving into pelagically adapted forms with little-to-no posterodorsal retraction of the external nares. Narial retraction is a common adaptation seen in sustained swimmers, notably occurring during cetacean evolution. Mesosaurids and the basalmost known members of ichthyosauriforms, thalattosaurians, saurosphargids, sauropterygians, pleurosaurids and mosasauroids had the external nares divided by an ossified bar, bound by multiple cranial bones and were positioned back from the tip of the rostrum. However, metriorhynchids evolved from taxa with a single external naris bound solely by the premaxilla, and positioned near the tip of an elongate rostrum. We posit that metriorhynchids were uniquely disadvantaged in evolving into sustained swimmers. Herein we describe three Late Jurassic metriorhynchid cranial rostra that display differing degrees of narial retraction. In our new phylogenetic analyses, the backwards migration of the narial fossa posterior margin occurred independently at least four times in Metriorhynchidae, whereas the backwards migration of the anterior margin only occurred twice. Although Rhacheosaurini share the backwards migration of the anterior and posterior narial margins, posterodorsal retraction occurred differently along three lineages. This culminated in the Early Cretaceous, where a rhacheosaurin evolved nares bound by the premaxilla and maxilla, and significantly posterodorsally retracted.
Complete Circularized Genome Data of Two Spanish strains of Xylella fastidiosa (IVIA5235 and IVIA5901) Using Hybrid Assembly Approaches
Authors: Arias-Giraldo Luis F. , Giampetruzzi Annalisa , Metsis Madis , Marco-Noales Ester , Imperial Juan , Velasco-Amo María P. , Román-Écija Miguel , Landa Blanca B.
Published: February 2020

Xylella fastidiosa is an economically important plant pathogenic bacterium of global importance associated, since 2013, with a devastating epidemic in olive trees in Italy. Since then, several outbreaks of this pathogen have been reported in other European member countries including Spain, France, and Portugal. In Spain, the three major subspecies (subsp. fastidiosa, multiplex, and pauca) of the bacterium have been detected in the Balearic Islands, but only subspecies multiplex in the mainland (Alicante). We present the first complete genome sequences of two Spanish strains: X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa IVIA5235 from Mallorca and X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex IVIA5901 from Alicante, using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequence reads, and two hybrid approaches for genome assembly. These completed genomes will provide a resource to better understand the biology of these X. fastidiosa strains.
Maternal Outcomes by Race During Postpartum Readmissions
Authors: Aziz A. , Gyamfi-Bannerman C. , Siddiq Z. , Wright J.D. , Goffman D. , Sheen J.-J. , D’Alton M.E. , Friedman A.M.
Published: February 2020

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220:484.e1–484.e10)

As obstetric readmissions appear to increase, characterizing maternal risk of adverse postpartum outcomes is of particular importance. There have been documented racial disparities in risk for severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and mortality, suggesting maternal race may be associated with postpartum risk. This study aimed to identify risk of postpartum readmissions, and risk of life-threatening complications during readmission, by race.
A Contemporary Analysis of Medicolegal Issues in Obstetric Anesthesia Between 2005 and 2015
Authors: Kovacheva V.P. , Brovman E.Y. , Greenberg P. , Song E. , Palanisamy A. , Urman R.D.
Published: February 2020

(Anesth Analg. 2019;128(6):1199–1207)

The study of closed malpractice claims provides the ability to improve medical practice procedures, examine rare complications, and help researchers understand circumstances connected to medical litigation. Professional societies such as The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have used previously closed malpractice claims to enhance patient safety and reduce the likelihood of serious complications. Obstetric anesthesia bears a higher malpractice risk than other anesthesia subspecialties, and numerous safety efforts in the discipline have been implemented to reduce the occurrence of maternal and infant mortality. In this study, the investigators used data from closed claims to identify recent trends in obstetric anesthesia litigation, such as the type of patient injury, associated factors related to the injury, and resulting indemnity payments and litigation costs.
Preventability Review of Severe Maternal Morbidity
Authors: Lawton B.A. , MacDonald E.J. , Stanley J. , Daniells K. , Geller S.E.
Published: February 2020

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98:515–522)

Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) has been increasingly used to gauge the quality of maternal care. Worldwide, rates of SMM are increasing and are higher in women in ethnic minorities. Standardized SMM reviews have been recommended by the World Health Organization and other bodies to determine the preventability of SMM and to identify opportunities to improve SMM rates. This study aimed to establish the national incidence of SMM in intensive care units (ICUs) or high dependency units (HDUd) in New Zealand, and additionally, to establish ethnicity-specific rates of SMM.
Reproductive (In)Justice: 2 Patients With Avoidable Poor Reproductive Outcomes
Authors: Knight K.R. , Duncan L.G. , Szilvasi M. , Premkumar A. , Matache M. , Jackson A.
Published: February 2020

(N Engl J Med. 2019;381(7):593–596)

In this Perspective article, the authors provided 2 case studies of women who faced reproductive injustices, explained the reproductive-justice concept, and discussed the need for policies and practices that address these injustices and advocate for the compassionate and individually targeted care of pregnant women.
Delivery-associated Sepsis: Trends in Prevalence and Mortality
Authors: Kendle A.M. , Salemi J.L. , Tanner J.P. , Louis J.M.
Published: February 2020

(Am J Obst Gynecol. 2019;220:391.e1–391.e16)

Sepsis remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, despite widespread efforts by hospitals to raise awareness and improve outcomes in recent years. A diagnosis of sepsis can be difficult to determine due to the physiological changes of pregnancy that mimic infection, and specific treatment guidelines for pregnancy related sepsis are lacking. The aim of this study was to provide national estimates of the prevalence and trends of delivery-associated sepsis and in-hospital mortality.
Evidence-based Guidelines for the Management of Abnormally Invasive Placenta: Recommendations From the International Society for Abnormally Invasive Placenta
Authors: Collins S.L. , Alemdar B. , van Beekhuizen H.J. , Bertholdt C. , Braun T. , Calda P. , Delorme P. , Duvekot J.J. , Gronbeck L. , Kayem G. , Langhoff-Roos J. , Marcellin L. , Martinelli P. , Morel O. , Mhallem M. , Morlando M. , Noergaard L.N. , Nonnenmacher A. , Pateisky P. , Petit P. , Rijken M.J. , Ropacka-Lesiak M. , Schlembach D. , Sentilhes L. , Stefanovic V. , Strindfors G. , Tutschek B. , Vangen S. , Weichert A. , Weizsäcker K. , Chantraine F.
Published: February 2020

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(6):511–526)

Abnormally invasive placenta (AIP), or placenta accreta spectrum disorder has been shown to be on the rise worldwide, likely due to increasing cesarean delivery rates. In cases of AIP, the placenta does not separate during delivery and cannot be removed without abnormal bleeding, which can be life-threatening. Management of AIP requires accurate diagnosis and a robust strategy. However, AIP cases are still relatively rare and constructing an optimal management strategy is therefore challenging. While there have been many studies varying in approach to AIP management, most have been small. In this paper, the International Society for Abnormal Invasive Placenta (IS-AIP) aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for intrapartum management of AIP.
Severe Cardiovascular Morbidity in Women With Hypertensive Diseases During Delivery Hospitalization
Authors: Ackerman C.M. , Platner M.H. , Spatz E.S. , Illuzzi J.L. , Xu X. , Campbell K.H. , Smith G.N. , Paidas M.J. , Lipkind H.S.
Published: February 2020

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220:582.e1–582.e11)

The pregnancy-related mortality ratio in the United States has tripled between 1987 and 2014. Some studies have estimated 35% to 44% of cases of maternal mortality or severe maternal morbidity are preventable. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) affect 10% of pregnancies worldwide and are one of the main causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity. Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death in women in the United States and the leading cause of pregnancy-related death. HDP have been associated with an increased risk of CV disease 10 to 30 years after delivery, but there is a lack of data on the relationship between HDP and CV morbidity during hospitalization for delivery. This study aimed to identify the risk of CV morbidity during delivery hospitalization in pregnancies complicated by HDP.
Preeclampsia and the Risk of Later Kidney Disease: Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Kristensen J.H. , Basit S. , Wohlfahrt J. , Damholt M.B. , Boyd H.A.
Published: February 2020

(BMJ. 2019;365:l1516)

Preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, and has been associated with renal dysfunction. There is a lack of information on the effects of preeclampsia on renal function in the years following pregnancy. Studies on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have found mixed results concerning the risk of chronic kidney disease. Understanding the potential links between preeclampsia and kidney disease could help identify women at risk for kidney disease after pregnancy. This study aimed to explore the potential association between preeclampsia and later kidney disease, focusing on the type of kidney disease, gestational age at delivery, and time since pregnancy.
Efficacy of Forced-air Warming and Warmed Intravenous Fluid for Prevention of Hypothermia and Shivering During Caesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anaesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jun J. , Chung M.H. , Jun I. , Kim Y. , Kim H. , Kim J.H. , Choi Y.R. , Choi E.M.
Published: February 2020

(Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2019;36:442–448)

Perioperative hypothermia and shivering are common in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Several complications have been associated with perioperative hypothermia, including surgical site infection and coagulopathy. During cesarean delivery maternal hypothermia may also lead to hypothermia in the newborn. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, controlled trial was to assess the effectiveness of preanesthetic forced-air warming combined with warmed intravenous (IV) fluid infusion to prevent maternal hypothermia and shivering in women receiving spinal anesthesia for undergoing cesarean delivery.
Prophylactic Antibiotics in the Prevention of Infection After Operative Vaginal Delivery (ANODE): A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Knight M. , Chiocchia V. , Partlett C. , Rivero-Arias O. , Hua X. , Hinshaw K. , Tuffnell D. , Linsell L. , Juszczak E.
Published: February 2020

(Lancet. 2019;393:2395–2403)

Sepsis is responsible for 11% of maternal deaths worldwide, and it is not limited to low- and middle-income countries. Even in high-income countries, sepsis accounts for ∼5% of maternal deaths; in the United States, the rate might be as high as 13%. Risk factors for sepsis have been identified and include cesarean and operative vaginal (use of forceps or vacuum extraction) deliveries. Several studies have reported a 60% to 70% decrease in postoperative infections after cesarean delivery with the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. However, due to a lack of evidence, routine antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for operative vaginal deliveries. The aim of this randomized, controlled multicenter study was to determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis prevented maternal infection after operative vaginal birth.
Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery in Twin Gestations: Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kabiri D. , Masarwy R. , Schachter-Safrai N. , Masarwa R. , Raccah B.H. , Ezra Y. , Matok I.
Published: February 2020

(Am J Obst Gynecol. 2019;220:336–347)

While twin gestation pregnancy rates have increased, multiple gestation pregnancies are considered a high-risk condition with significant maternal and perinatal risks. For patients with twin pregnancy and history of previous cesarean delivery, adequate data to guide informed decision-making for planned, elective repeat cesarean delivery (RCD) or planned vaginal delivery are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with trial of labor (TOL) after cesarean delivery in twin pregnancy.
Induction of Labor at 39 Weeks of Gestation Versus Expectant Management for Low-Risk Nulliparous Women: A Cost-effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Hersh A.R. , Skeith A.E. , Sargent J.A. , Caughey A.B.
Published: February 2020

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220:590.e1–590.e10)

Between 1990 and 2010, the rate of induced labor doubled in the United States, largely due to an increase in elective inductions. While elective induction was thought to increase the risk of cesarean delivery, several studies found it did not. The ARRIVE (A Randomized Trial of Induction Versus Expectant Management) Trial found potential benefits in the routine induction of labor at 39 weeks’ gestation, including a decrease in the risk of cesarean delivery. Before routine adoption of this practice occurs, several factors, including cost, need to be evaluated. This study aimed to compare induction of labor at 39 weeks gestation for low-risk, nulliparous women in the United States with expectant management in terms of cost-effectiveness.
Delayed Clamping Versus Milking of Umbilical Cord in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shirk S. , Manolis S.A. , Lambers D.S. , Smith K.L.
Published: February 2020

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220:482.e1–482.e8)

Both delayed clamping and milking of the umbilical cord have separately been shown to have positive effects for neonates. Delayed clamping improves neonatal anemia, lowers the need for transfusion, lowers the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, and decreases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage. While milking has also been associated with improved neonatal outcomes, there is a lack of studies comparing the 2 techniques. This study aimed to compare delayed clamping and umbilical cord milking in terms of effect on the initial hematocrit concentrations in preterm infants.
Contribution of Maternal Overweight and Obesity to the Occurrence of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Yang Z. , Phung H. , Freebairn L. , Sexton R. , Raulli A. , Kelly P.
Published: February 2020

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;59:367–374)

In recent decades, an increase in the proportion of parturients in Australia who are overweight or obese has led to an increase in major pregnancy complications directly related to weight. Complications including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders (including preeclampsia), and operative delivery are all increased with higher body mass index. The babies of overweight and obese women are also affected with increased risks of miscarriage, preterm birth (PTB), macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, congenital anomalies, and neonatal death. This study assessed the population-level contribution of maternal overweight and obesity to adverse pregnancy outcomes and also estimated the extent to which beneficial intervention strategies involving weight loss could decrease the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the population. This involved the use of population attributable fractions (PAF), which allows hypothetical estimates of the proportion of the outcomes that could be potentially prevented if exposure to a specific risk factor (ie, maternal obesity) was eliminated or minimized.
Maternal Noninfectious Fever Enhances Cell Proliferation and Microglial Activation in the Neonatal Rat Dentate Gyrus
Authors: Pancaro C. , Boulanger-Bertolus J. , Segal S. , Watson C.J. , St Charles I. , Mashour G.A. , Marchand J.E.
Published: February 2020

(Anesth Analg. 2019;128(6):1190–1198)

Maternal fever during labor is a complication that poses many risks for the infant being delivered, and is frequently associated with epidural analgesia. Elevated levels of a proinflammatory cytokine called interleukin-6 (IL-6) are found in the maternal serum and umbilical cord blood of patients with fevers who received an epidural. These investigators have demonstrated through previous studies that higher IL-6 levels can cause temperature increases in rats, and are also connected with microglial activation and subventricular inflammation. In addition, the authors have conducted prior research that connected a higher IL-6 measurement to maternal systemic and fetal brain inflammation. This current study aimed to examine the effect of maternally administered IL-6 on neonatal brain development.
Comparison of GlideScope Video Laryngoscopy and Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation in Neonates
Authors: Tao B. , Liu K. , Zhao P. , Wang D. , Liu Y. , Yin H.
Published: February 2020

(Anesth Analg. 2019;129(2):482–486)

Endotracheal intubation is a common technique for securing the airway and providing ventilation in patients undergoing anesthesia. Today, 2 instruments are available to facilitate this intubation: the classic direct laryngoscope (DL), and the newer GlideScope video laryngoscope (GS). Compared with DL, the GS has been reported to provide a better view of the glottis and helps to decrease the time to intubation (TTI) and improve first attempt success rates compared with DL. While GS has been studied in adults and pediatric patients, no studies have assessed its use in neonates. The aim of this study was to compare the TTI using either DL or GS for endotracheal intubation in neonates.
A Randomized Trial of Prenatal n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Preterm Delivery
Authors: Makrides M. , Best K. , Yelland L. , McPhee A. , Zhou S. , Quinlivan J. , Dodd J. , Atkinson E. , Safa H. , van Dam J. , Khot N. , Dekker G. , Skubisz M. , Anderson A. , Kean B. , Bowman A. , McCallum C. , Cashman K. , Gibson R.
Published: February 2020

(N Engl J Med. 2019;381(11):1035–1045)

Although early preterm deliveries (before 34 wk of gestation) only comprise 20% of all preterm deliveries, they are more likely to result in neonatal death or childhood disability. The rate of preterm deliveries is rising around the world, and previous research has indicated a significant relationship between reduced fish consumption during pregnancy and higher preterm delivery rates. In this study, the investigators examined the connection between n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplements and the percentage of pregnant women who experienced preterm delivery.
Accidental Dural Puncture During Labor Analgesia and Obstetric Outcomes in Nulliparous Women
Authors: Shea K. , Choi L. , Jagannathan D. , Elterman K. , Robinson J. , Kodali B. , Huang C.C. , Palanisamy A.
Published: February 2020

(Int J Obst Anesth. 2019;38:46–51)

An accidental dural puncture (ADP) is a common adverse event during epidural procedures, occurring in up to 1.5% of patients receiving neuraxial analgesia for labor. Yet, little is known about the effect of ADP on obstetric outcomes. Possible interventions following ADP in obstetric patients include intrathecal catheter placement or a repeat epidural catheter placement—both of which can provide effective analgesia with no evidence of significant differences in obstetric outcomes. However, comparisons of obstetric outcomes between women with an ADP and those with uncomplicated epidural analgesia have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate whether ADP was associated with a prolonged second stage of labor or a higher incidence of instrumented vaginal delivery or cesarean delivery due to the failure of labor to progress compared with uneventful epidural placement.