bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systems Techniques in Family Therapy: Two Pragmatic Approaches
Authors: Gladding Samuel T.
Published: January 2012

Duhl, F.J. The Use of the Chronological Chart in General Systems Family Therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1981, 7, 361–373.

Resnikoff, R.R. Teaching Family Therapy: Ten Key Questions for Understanding the Family as Patient. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1981, 7, 135–142.
Therapists and Psychotherapy
Authors: Scher Murray
Published: January 2012

The Grit and Grist of Psychotherapy: The Inspirations of John Warkentin. Voices: The Art and Science of Psychotherapy, 1981, 17.
OCCUPATIONS The Vocational Guidance Magazine. GUIDING THE YOUTH OF A GREAT CITY
Authors: Campbell Harold G.
Published: January 2012

“Quorum pars magna fui.” These words Superintendent Campbell could use with propriety in speaking of vocational guidance in New York City schools, for he has been active in that movement ever since he became an associate superintendent. Guidance has been especially fostered by the development of the continuation schools, which have matured into vocational high schools. While many places have curtailed, and some places have eliminated, guidance activities, New York, although compelled to retrench wherever possible, has expanded those activities. This circumstance is the best possible proof of the truth of Dr. Campbell's statement that New York schools are “guidance conscious.” In view of his record, it is not surprising, but it is highly gratifying none the less, that the Superintendent of Schools of the largest city in the land should pledge himself, as Dr. Campbell does at the end of this article, to continued support of sound vocational guidance.
VITALIZING VOCATIONAL INFORMATION IN COLLEGE
Authors: Moyer Donald H.
Published: January 2012

You cannot appeal to the undergraduate by “vague and prosaic generalities,” nor by wearisome details on “qualifications,” “preparation,” or “variety of personal functions.” The student is seeking a career, and a career is something “dynamic and personal.” And as such it must be presented to him. Biographies, suggests Mr. Moyer, are better sources of occupational information for the man on the college level than is the academic concept of a career portrayed in the ordinary vocational guidebook. But a method of even more direct transmission of personal experience is found in the diary. Mr. Moyer discusses a counseling and follow‐up procedure in operation at Harvard which incorporates this form and which certainly accomplishes its purpose of injecting reality into vocational information. There is nothing “stereotyped,” or “inadequate,” or “devitalized,” about the occupational information which is being made available to Harvard students.
I South Africa—Alert and Advancing
Authors: Rowe Olive H.
Published: January 2012

“Carrying the war into Africa” was not spoken regarding guidance, but it well might be. For South African boys and girls are instructed concerning occupations not only while they are in school but also after they have gone out into the world. This unusual care is exercised primarily by the Juvenile Affairs Boards, with the active cooperation of the principals. But how much personal attention can a principal give to a thousand or several thousand students? Here again South Africa is wiser than—some other places. In South Africa there are seldom more than 600 pupils in a school, and most schools have less than half that number.
DO PREOCCUPATIONAL TESTS TEST?
Authors: Moffatt Ben S.
Published: January 2012

Decided skepticism of the value of preoccupational tests in choosing boys for industrial activity is here voiced. But Mr. Moffatt is referring to existing tests; he does not close the door upon the possibility of the development of tests worthier of the name, although he argues that even those would be impracticable because of their expense in comparison with the cost of the present tryout process. His well‐informed and dispassionate presentation constitutes a challenge to educators in the field of vocational guidance.
WORK FOR CHILDREN: WHY? HOW MUCH?
Authors: Morgan Arthur E.
Published: January 2012

Replying to an inquiry about the training of boys and girls in work before they are compelled to assume economic responsibilities for themselves or their families, Dr. Morgan wrote a letter which, coming under our eye, impelled a request for permission to print it. The permission was promptly and graciously granted. Here, slightly abbreviated, is the letter.
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE IN COMMERCIAL EDUCATION
Authors: Nichols Frederick G.
Published: January 2012

A scintillating article about something which doesn't exist may seem to be an absurd impossibility, but Professor Nichols, of the Department of Education at Harvard, gives a brilliant demonstration of it in the September number of The Journal of Business Education, by whose permission it is reprinted here. The something which doesn't exist is vocational guidance in commercial education. Its absence, declares Professor Nichols, makes commercial education “as futile and objectionable as any other game of chance.” Amid the verbal thunderbolts of which that is a sample, even Occupations does not escape, but this circumstance only clinches our determination to share the fireworks with our readers, especially as the illumination is greatly needed.
Jobs for College Men
Authors: Uhrbrock R. S.
Published: January 2012

College seniors must hear of the “good old times” of five years ago, when their predecessors were sought out by employers, with the wonder with which one listens to a fairy tale. For them the seeking is the other way around, with the finding extremely difficult. Practical suggestions, therefore, from a man on the hiring side of the desk, especially a man with the experience of the Research Director of the Industrial Relations Division of the Procter & Gamble Company, are to be warmly welcomed and attentively considered.
Character and The New Society
Authors: Kilpatrick William H.
Published: January 2012

One of the outstanding addresses at the annual meeting of the American Vocational Association in Pittsburgh last December was that of Professor Kilpatrick of Teachers College, Columbia University. This was given before the Vocational Guidance Section under the title, “The Relations Between General Education and Vocational Education.” Vocational guidance and education must not only take account of the fact that society is in process of change, it must also consider the kind of society we ought to have—and help to make it. The following is an authorized report of Dr. Kilpatrick's talk.
On The Panel
Authors: Overstreet Harry A.
Published: January 2012

Panel discussion has arrived. It often leaves something to be desired. It is worth improving. In the October, 1934, issue of The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review, Professor Overstreet had something to say about it. By permission of the Editors we are reprinting his article in abbreviated form.
Some Reasons for Amending the Constitution
Authors: Fuller Raymond G.
Published: January 2012

Ratification of the proposed child labor amendment requires favorable action by the legislatures of 36 states. Twenty‐four states, up to the time of going to press, have taken such action. Of the states holding legislative sessions this winter, nearly a score are still to act on the issue of ratification. If twelve of them vote favorably, Congress will be enabled to continue the child labor standards of the NRA through federal legislation. The following article was written as a contribution to a symposium on the amendment appearing in the March issue of the Industrial Education Magazine.
LETTER BOX
Authors: Williamson E. G.
Published: January 2012

What is guidance? When is it vocational guidance—or something else? Definitions and usages of such terms as “guidance,” “vocational guidance,” “educational guidance,” and so on, have been the subject of considerable discussion and debate in this magazine, and recently in this department. A contributor to the February Letter Box made a point of the distinction between guidance and direction. Dr. Wrenn of Leland Stanford took an Occupations writer to task for ignoring or not recognizing that distinction. Now comes Dr. Williamson of the University of Minnesota with exceptions to some of Dr. Wrenn's remarks. He has a word or two to say in favor of direction. Direction may or may not be guidance, but isn't it, in many cases, needed? Let our readers decide.
A TEST FOR OCCUPATIONS READERS
Authors: Kohlmetz Ruth W.
Published: January 2012

Tests are the thing, nowadays. Try this one, based on the issues of Occupations for 1934. We are not quite sure whether it is to be regarded as a test of memory, or of intelligence, or of achievement, or of what—possibly of the last, we hasten to add, lest somebody else say it first. Nor do we know the relative weights of the different questions in the system of scoring. But our ignorance of these things has nothing to do with the fact that here is a good idea, well executed, that might be developed into a useful service for readers of this magazine. It occurs to us, also, that such an examination on the contents of Occupations is perhaps something of a test for the magazine itself. Do the editors provide sufficiently interesting, valuable, and varied material for its readers? With thanks to Miss Kohlmetz, who is Counselor in the Horace Mann Junior High School, Lakewood, Ohio, we present the test questions which she has prepared. Take your time, and good luck!
INFORMATION FOR GUIDANCE: The Anecdotal Method of Personal Analysis
Authors: Wood Ben D.
Published: January 2012

In the April 1934 issue of Occupations, the Vocational Guidance Magazine appeared a significant article by Ben D. Wood and F. S. Beers under the title, “The Major Strategy of Guidance.” This article clearly and forcefully challenged the traditional mass methods of education by pointing out that they are in conflict with the aims and ideals of educational and vocational guidance. The philosophy of guidance must permeate the entire educational system if guidance itself is to be effective—and if, indeed, there is to be opportunity of applying effectively the available methods and techniques of guidance. In The Educational Record for October 1934, Dr. Wood further discusses this problem with reference to teacher training and curriculum adjustment, and takes up at considerable length the question, “What is the minimum information prerequisite to hopeful guidance work and how may it be secured?” Two questions in one, both of them relating to information about the individual child. Dr. Wood describes the nature, content, and use of the cumulative educational record form sponsored by the American Council on Education, and gives a case history for illustration. Then he goes on to a description and discussion of what he calls the “the anecdotal method of personal analysis”—in answer to the second part of the question which he raises. How this method has been applied in the Rochester, New York, Mechanics Institute is told in that part of his Educational Record article which has been adapted for publication here.
GUIDANCE IN A LARGE CITY A Dynamic Program as Developed in the Baltimore Public Schools
Authors: Weglein David E.
Published: January 2012

Guidance must necessarily fall short of its full efficiency and value if it is left entirely to the counseling staff. This is no reflection on the counselors, whose part in this vital service of the schools is the most direct and certainly not the least important. It is becoming increasingly recognized that effective guidance calls for the cooperation of the teachers. But even so, the success of any guidance program depends in the well‐known last analysis on the understanding and sympathy, the encouragement and support, of the responsible administrative officer of the school system in which it operates. The superintendent of the Baltimore public schools is that kind of administrator. Here he tells how the guidance function is integrated with the educational work of the schools, and how guidance philosophy is translated into practical procedures and methods. He himself gives chief credit for the success of the Baltimore program to Leona C. Buchwald, Supervisor of Guidance, and her staff of counselors. The work has been under the general direction of Charles W. Sylvester, Director of Vocational Education, who cooperated in the preparation of this article.
ROOM IN THE SOCIAL SERVICES: Some Neglected Fields of Occupational Opportunity
Authors: Kirkendall Lester A.
Published: January 2012

Just the other day we were reading, somewhere, that “even if the country recovers in full measure, at least five or six million will be technologically unemployed.” And somewhere else that “productivity per industrial worker has increased 22 per cent since 1929,” and that factories making labor‐saving machines have jumped production “from 27 per cent of the 1923–25 norm in March 1933 to 89 per cent in July of this year.” The author of the following article does not claim a complete solution of the problem of disemployment, as we may very well call it, but he points out a practical aspect of the task of redistributing the workers. The growth of the so‐called service occupations has been observed. Here attention is called to the possibilities of taking up our technological gains by developing needed social services, such as health and recreational work, adult education, and so on. There is no oversupply of such services. There need be no over‐supply of workers under a wisely planned occupational distribution for, as Dr. Kirkendall says, “the work of the world is not limited.”
Guidance and the Nya: Plans for Disseminating Occupational Information
Authors: Hayes Mary H. S.
Published: January 2012

Readers of this magazine are, of course, greatly interested in the plans and activities of the National Youth Administration. Any national youth program must be a matter of vital interest and concern to all citizens, regardless of party creed or affiliation. This one, though under governmental auspices, depends for success largely on the intelligent and willing cooperation of existing private as well as public agencies and institutions. We asked Mary H. S. Hayes, Director of Guidance and Placement of the NYA, to tell our readers about the guidance phases of the program. The story here presented is brief—but important to all workers in the guidance and adjustment field.
Keeping the Record: Branch Association Activities
Authors: McNAMARA MARIE
Published: January 2012

Secretaries of the branches are requested to send reports to Miss McNamara, Commercial High School, York Square, New Haven, Connecticut, promptly after each meeting or other event
Low‐Cost Guidance for Secondary Schools
Authors: HAHN MILTON
Published: January 2012

Here is proof of the old saying: “Where there's a will, there's a way.” Starting with limited funds and personnel, but with plenty of determination, a small group in St. Paul, Minnesota, has succeeded in establishing a low‐cost, coordinated secondary‐school guidance service. Other cities, faced by similar difficulties, may well profit through St. Paul's experience.
Unemployment Insurance and Its New Problems in Employment Counseling
Authors: FELDMAN HERMAN
Published: January 2012

In the third of his series of background articles on national economic and labor problems that hold special interest for vocational counselors, Dr. Feldman herewith presents facts and comments on a most important activity authorized under the Social Security Act. Opinions expressed are those of the author alone. Another article in this series will appear in an early issue of this magazine.
Fitting Distributive Workers to Their Jobs
Authors: KYKER B. FRANK
Published: January 2012

Approximately fifty per cent of those who enter distributive businesses sooner or later fail, and a high turnover rate prevails among the employees in the distributive trades. This deplorably inefficient record is believed to be steadily improving since within the past year more than 36,000 distributive trades employers and employees have been enrolled in part‐time cooperative schools and extension classes maintained by George‐Deen funds recently made available.
Guiding the Forty‐Year Olds
Authors: FOX JOHN A.
Published: January 2012

A counseling problem that calls for increasing attention is that which involves the unemployed worker who has passed the age of forty. The techniques involved include the various phases of occupational adjustment, and in our efforts to serve youth the older persons cannot be neglected. The movement to care for the “after‐forty” group is gaining momentum rapidly, as indicated by recent developments notably among which is the government's project with the 136 Veteran Camps of the CCC.
Opportunities and Occupations in the American Merchant Marine
Authors: HEALEY JAMES C.
Published: January 2012

In view of the present‐day trend toward rehabilitation and expansion of the American Merchant Marine, Occupations asked Dr. Healey to describe the various types of jobs required by this service, and to point out the job opportunities available. Effort has been made to present the entire occupational picture in order to furnish background information for young men—and women—determined upon careers at sea.
Maintaining Child Labor Standards in Wartime
Authors: PAPERT KATE
Published: January 2012

To what extent are child labor standards being jeopardized today? Is child labor making a vital contribution to the war effort? What is the responsibility of teachers and counselors? These and similar questions demand serious consideration by all concerned with the immediate necessity and the long range common good.
Filing Occupational Information: II. In an Administrative Office, Cincinnati
Authors: CORRE MARY P.
Published: January 2012

This is the second in a series of articles arranged by the Occupational Research Section of NVGA to describe various systems of filing occupational information. The first of the series in the October issue was by Raymond Handville. Each article follows a general pattern developed by Florence E. Clark and Lester Schloerb, in consultation with Mildred Batchelder of the American Library Association. Suggestions for the series may be sent to Rochelle Rodd Gachet, Alabama College, Montevallo, Alabama.
Empiric antibiotic selection strategies for healthcare‐associated pneumonia, intra‐abdominal infections, and catheter‐associated bacteremia
Authors: Snydman David R.
Published: January 2012

Initial selection and early deployment of appropriate/adequate empiric antimicrobial therapy is critical to minimize the significant morbidity and mortality associated with hospital‐ or healthcare‐associated infections (HAIs). Initial empiric therapy that inadequately covers the pathogen(s) causing a serious HAI has been associated with increased mortality, longer hospital stay, and elevated healthcare costs. Moreover, subsequent modification of initial inadequate therapy, later in the disease process when culture results become available, may not remedy the impact of the initial choice. Because of this, it is important that initial empiric therapy covers the most likely pathogens associated with infection in a particular patient, even if this initial regimen turns out to be unnecessarily broad, based on subsequent culture results. The current paradigm for management of serious HAIs is to initiate empiric therapy with a broad‐spectrum regimen covering likely pathogens, based on local surveillance and susceptibility data, and presence of risk factors for involvement of a resistant microorganism. Subsequent modification (de‐escalation) of the initial regimen becomes possible later, when culture results are available and clinical status can be better assessed, 2 to 4 days after initiation of empiric therapy. When possible, de‐escalation and other steps to modify antimicrobial exposure are important for minimizing risk of antimicrobial resistance development. This article examines the general process for selection of initial empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with HAIs, illustrated through 3 case studies dealing with healthcare‐associated pneumonia, complicated intra‐abdominal infection, and catheter‐associated bacteremia, respectively. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;7:S2–S12. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Fullerol antagonizes dexamethasone‐induced oxidative stress and adipogenesis while enhancing osteogenesis in a cloned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell
Authors: Liu Hongjian , Yang Xinlin , Zhang Yi , Dighe Abhijit , Li Xudong , Cui Quanjun
Published: January 2012

Increased oxidative stress is currently considered as a crucial cause of corticosteroid‐induced osteonecrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fullerol, a powerful antioxidant, on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of a mouse bone marrow derived multipotent cell line, D1. Upon treatment with dexamethasone, D1 cells containing lipid vesicles were distinguishable from the surrounding cells by Oil Red O staining at day 21. Simultaneous treatment of dexamethasone with antioxidant glutathione or fullerol decreased the number of cells containing lipid vesicles. Treatment with dexamethasone for 7 days resulted in a significant increase in adipogenic markers peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma and adipocyte protein 2 gene expression and decrease in expression of osteogenic markers runt‐related transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin and antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase as revealed by quantitative real‐time PCR. While glutathione and fullerol both were able to antagonize the effects of dexamethasone, fullerol had a greater effect than glutathione. Staining with a fluorescent dye CM‐H2DCFDA as indicator of cellular reactive oxygen species revealed that the percentage of positively stained cells increased after dexamethasone treatment, and addition of fullerol attenuated this activity. These results indicated that fullerol inhibited adipogenesis and simultaneously enhanced osteogenesis by marrow mesenchymal stem cells possibly through elimination of cellular reactive oxygen species. The results indicated that fullerol can potentially be used for prevention and treatment of corticosteroid‐induced osteonecrosis. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1051–1057, 2012
Determination of δ‐[L‐α‐aminoadipyl]‐L‐cysteinyl‐D‐valine in cell extracts of Penicillium chrysogenum using ion pair‐RP‐UPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Seifar Reza Maleki , Deshmukh Amit T. , Heijnen Joseph J. , van Gulik Walter M.
Published: January 2012

δ‐[L‐α‐Aminoadipyl]‐L‐cysteinyl‐D‐valine (ACV) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis pathway of penicillins and cephalosporins. Therefore, the accurate quantification of ACV is relevant, e.g. for kinetic studies on the production of these β‐lactam antibiotics. However, accurate quantification of ACV is a challenge, because it is an active thiol compound which, upon exposure to air, can easily react with other thiol compounds to form oxidized disulfides. We have found that, during exposure to air, the oxidation of ACV occurs both in aqueous standard solutions as well as in biological samples. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of ACV and the oxidized dimer bis‐δ‐[L‐α‐aminoadipyl]‐L‐cysteinyl‐D‐valine have been carried out using ion pair reversed‐phase ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography, hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (IP‐RP‐UPLC‐MS/MS) as the analytical platform. We show that by application of tris(2‐carboxy‐ethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) as the reducing reagent, the total amount of ACV can be determined, while using maleimide as derivatizing reagent enables to quantify the free reduced form only.
Residents' Perception of the 2008 Beijing Olympics: Comparison of Pre‐ and Post‐Impacts
Authors: Lee Soo‐Bum , Lee Choong‐Ki , Kang Jae‐shik , Lee Eun‐Yong , Jeon Yu Jung Jennifer
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study is to explore any significant differences in residents' perception of the impacts before and after the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The findings of this study revealed that residents' perception of the positive impacts (community investment and improvement of city infrastructure) varied over two points in time, while two negative factors (inflation and tax increase) demonstrated little perceptual change. Residents had high expectations of the benefits that the Olympics would bring to the community, yet those expectations were not met. In fact, the problems caused by the Olympics were neither greater nor lesser than they expected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐junctional human desmoglein 3 acts as an upstream regulator of Src in E‐cadherin adhesion, a pathway possibly involved in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Tsang Siu Man , Brown Louise , Lin Kuang , Liu Li , Piper Kim , O'Toole Edel A , Grose Richard , Hart Ian R , Garrod David R , Fortune Farida , Wan Hong
Published: January 2012

E‐cadherin, a classical cadherin, is an adhesion receptor in adherens junctions and has important functions in cell–cell adhesion and cell signalling. Recently we reported that a desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), an autoantigen in pemphigus vulgaris (PV), associates with E‐cadherin and activates Src, which results in tyrosine phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins. However, the nature of such an interaction and its role in cell–cell adhesion remain unclear. In this report, we provide direct evidence that it is the detergent‐soluble, non‐desmosomal Dsg3 that regulates the activity of Src and its association with E‐cadherin in adherens junction formation. Modulation of Dsg3 levels, either by Dsg3 silencing or over‐expression, alters Src activity and its association with E‐cadherin. Dsg3 silencing caused retardation of calcium‐induced E‐cadherin junction assembly and a reduction of desmosomal protein expression. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this signalling pathway is involved, at least in part, in the pathophysiology of pemphigus. Along with the reduced expression of Dsg3, loss and disruption of E‐cadherin and a concomitant decreased pSrc signalling was identified in the basal keratinocytes surrounding the blisters in PV. These findings suggest a novel function for Dsg3 in the control of E‐cadherin–Src signalling and cell–cell adhesion. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiosteoporotic Activity of Saururus chinensis Extract in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Sung Mi Jeong , Davaatseren Munkhtugs , Hur Haeng Jeon , Kim Hyun Jin , Ryu Shi‐Yong , Choi Yeon Hee , Cha Mi Ran , Kwon Dae Young
Published: January 2012

Recent studies suggest that phytoestrogens may exert a protective effect against osteoporosis. This study examined whether treatment with phytoestrogen extracts from Saururus chinensis (SC) exerted a preventive effect on estrogen‐deficiency‐induced osteoporosis. Six‐ to seven‐month‐old female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned into either a sham‐operated group or one of three ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups: OVX treated with vehicle, OVX with alendronate, and OVX with SC extract (SC). Rats began receiving treatment 4 weeks before the OVX treatment and continued receiving treatment for an additional 10 weeks after OVX (for a combined total of 14 weeks). The results showed that the SC treatment prevented loss of femur bone mineral density after OVX, as determined by a significant decrease in the levels of serum bone turnover markers osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase as well as urinary deoxypyridinoline. Micro‐computed tomography analysis showed that the SC treatment significantly prevented decreases in bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular number and trabecular thickness, while also preventing an increase in trabecular separation. It was concluded that SC treatment could prevent OVX‐induced loss of bone mass and deterioration in trabecular microarchitecture by suppressing bone turnover, thereby maintaining bone structural integrity. Further, no stimulation of proliferation of uterine tissue was noted. Therefore, it is suggested that treatment with S. chinensis extracts might be a potential alternative therapy for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy in the octogenarian
Authors: Lau Clayton S. , Talug John , Williams Stephen B. , Josephson David Y. , Ruel Nora H. , Chan Kevin G. , Wilson Timothy G.
Published: January 2012

Background

The advanced age and comorbidities often associated with bladder cancer patients creates a difficult scenario regarding further management. Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RALRC) has had favorable results as a minimally invasive treatment option. We studied perioperative outcomes of RALRC in octogenarians to discern if there is any added benefit in this patient population.

Methods

One hundred and sixty robotic cystectomies have been performed between October 2003 and June 2010. We identified 24 octogenarians who underwent RALRC and form the cohort of the study.

Results

Mean patient age was 84.7 years and mean BMI was 24 kg/m2. Most of the patients in the study had serious medical comorbidities, as 82.6% of them had an ASA classification ≥3 and 95.6% had Charlson scores ≥3. There was one open conversion and two patients had positive surgical margins. There were a total of 45 complications in the study, with 14 major complications observed in the 90‐day period after surgery. There were five patients who had no complications, and two patients expired as a result of multiple organ failure. At 24 months the overall, disease‐free and disease‐specific survivals were 51.1%, 64.3%, and 79%, respectively. The 90‐day mortality rate was 8.7%.

Conclusions

Octogenarians undergoing RALRC have a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. The relationship between advanced age and oncologic outcomes or complications needs to be discerned further as it relates to the octogenarian. Further study is needed to delineate the safety and efficacy of this approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical multi‐label classification based on over‐sampling and hierarchy constraint for gene function prediction
Authors: Chen Benhui , Hu Jinglu
Published: January 2012

Hierarchical multi‐label classification (HMC) is a variant of classification where instances may belong to multiple classes at the same time and these classes are organized in a hierarchy. Gene function prediction is a complicated HMC problem with large class number and usually strongly imbalanced class distributions. This paper proposes an improved HMC method based on over‐sampling and hierarchy constraint for solving the gene function prediction problem. The HMC task is transferred into a set of binary support vector machine (SVM) classification tasks. Then, two measures are implemented to enhance the HMC performance by introducing the hierarchy constraint into learning procedures. Firstly, for imbalanced classes, a hierarchical synthetic minority over‐sampling technique (SMOTE) is proposed as over‐sampling preprocessing to improve the SVM learning performance. Secondly, an improved True Path Rule (TPR) ensemble approach is introduced to combine the results of binary probabilistic SVM classifications. It can improve the classification results and guarantee the hierarchy constraint of classes. Experiment results on four benchmark FunCat Yeast datasets show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the basic TPR method and the Flat ensemble method. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Benefits from typhoons – the Hong Kong perspective
Authors: Lam Hilda , Kok Mang Hin , Shum Karen Kit Ying
Published: January 2012

Impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) have usually been linked with human and economic losses. However, TCs in some places could bring benefits to the affected communities and the environment. Potential benefits of TCs to Hong Kong are reviewed in this paper. TCs bring about around 30% of annual rainfall in Hong Kong an amount which can help alleviate prevailing drought and hot weather. The high wind brought by TCs contributes to wind energy potential. The study of local temperature during the passage of 21 TCs from 2007 to 2009 reveals that TCs may reduce the electricity demand for cooling in summer time. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
NASA scientific integrity policy
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2012

On 16 December, NASA became the latest U.S. federal agency to issue a scientific integrity policy. It was issued less than 10 days after the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued its policy on the same topic (see “NOAA issues scientific integrity policy,” Eos Trans. AGU, 92(50), 467, doi:10.1029/2011EO500004, 2011). The agency policies respond to earlier White House memos on the topic issued in 2009 and 2010. NASA is the fifth federal department or agency that has finalized a scientific integrity policy; the Department of the Interior and the National Science Foundation also have finalized their policies. As Eos went to press, 13 other policies were in near–final draft form, including those from the departments of Agriculture and Energy; the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Labor had indicated that they expected to submit their policies to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) soon, OSTP director John Holdren wrote in a 21 December note on the office's Web site.
Ocean portal announced
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2012

A new ocean data portal—http://www.data.gov/ocean—was unveiled by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) on 6 December. “Ocean.data.gov focuses in particular on data sets relevant to ocean and coastal planning and will aid planners and interested citizens as they search for federal data and information in this domain,” according to a 6 December blog post on the OSTP Web site. The Web site, which is labeled as a prototype, indicates that it is a portal for data, information, and tools “to support people engaged in planning for the future of the ocean, our coasts, and the Great Lakes. Our goal is to be a one‐stop hub to support planners and to provide useful information to the public.”
Important change in service for international Eos delivery
Authors: Treby Jill
Published: January 2012

In direct response to member feedback about delays in delivery time and an overwhelming preference to read Eos online, print issues of Eos will no longer be mailed to members who have a delivery address outside the United States, effective with the 10 January 2012 issue. Our international members will continue to have access to the Eos electronic edition as well as recently introduced Web‐only content. In addition, members who no longer receive a print copy ofEos will receive weekly e‐alerts telling them when the newest issue is available online (several days before the cover date). Members with a mailing address in the United States also have the choice to opt out of the printed copy. Not only will this change allow us to better serve the needs of our international members, but also the cost savings will permit AGU to significantly increase investment in the other programs, products, and services that members value.
Antarctic subglacial aquatic environments
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: January 2012

From microbes on deep‐sea hydrothermal vents, with temperatures pushing 500°C, to bacteria in the highly alkaline Mono Lake in California, the link between water and life on Earth has so far been infallible. Yet one frontier in terrestrial biology remains untested. First discovered in 1968, Antarctic subglacial lakes have the potential to validate or overthrow scientific perceptions of the hardiness of life. In the AGU monograph Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments, editors Martin J. Siegert, Mahlon C. Kennicutt II, and Robert A. Bindschadler recount how the discovery of water beneath 3 kilometers of ice at the (now retired) Russian Sovetskaya research station led, over 4 decades, to our appreciation of 387 such lakes distributed widely about the Antarctic continent. They also explore the details of future missions under the ice. In this interview, Siegert talks to Eos.
Measuring carbon dioxide released from an Amazon lake
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: January 2012

Lakes in the Amazon basin contain large amounts of organic carbon derived from primary production in the lakes and on land bordering them. Biological oxidation of this organic carbon leads to waters supersaturated in carbon dioxide (CO2) and evasion of the CO2 to the atmosphere. The total amount of carbon released to the atmosphere from Amazon lakes, rivers, and wetlands is estimated to be similar to the amount sequestered by Amazon forests. Complementing other measurements, Rudorff et al. measured the seasonal and spatial variability of the dissolved CO2 concentration and estimated CO2 emission from a large lake in the Amazon floodplain.
Color measurements unveil systemic differences in ocean properties
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: January 2012

Determining the level of biological activity in the ocean is a task not readily suited to satellite‐based remote sensing techniques. After all, many important markers of ocean ecosystem health are difficult to assess from space. In the past few decades, however, researchers have developed a technique that uses satellite observations of the ocean's visible color to track changes in biological activity, treating color as a proxy for chlorophyll concentrations and thus for phytoplankton populations. Interpretations of these chlorophyll concentration estimates have been used to assess, to varying degrees of success, the ocean's salinity and temperature, gas fluxes, nutrient availability, and the overall level of biosphere activity. Still, the algorithms used to convert ocean color into chlorophyll have remarkably large errors, sometimes in excess of 50%, when compared against direct measurements of chlorophyll concentrations.
Glyoxal contribution to aerosols over Los Angeles
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: January 2012

Laboratory and field studies have indicated that glyoxal (chemical formula OCHCHO), an atmospheric oxidation product of isoprene and aromatic compounds, may contribute to secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere, which can block sunlight and affect atmospheric chemistry. Some aerosols are primary aerosols, emitted directly into the atmosphere, while others are secondary, formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Washenfelder et al. describe in situ glyoxal measurements from Pasadena, Calif., near Los Angeles, made during summer 2010. They used three different methods to calculate the contribution of glyoxal to secondary atmospheric aerosol and found that it is responsible for 0–0.2 microgram per cubic meter, or 0–4%, of the secondary organic aerosol mass. The researchers also compared their results to those of a previous study that calculated the glyoxal contribution to aerosol for Mexico City. Mexico City had higher levels of organic aerosol mass from glyoxal. They suggest that the lower contribution of glyoxal to aerosol concentrations for Los Angeles may be due to differences in the composition or water content of the aerosols above the two cities. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2011JD016314, 2011)
Quantifying the white blood cell transcriptome as an accessible window to the multiorgan transcriptome
Authors: Kohane Isaac S. , Valtchinov Vladimir I.
Published: January 2012

Motivation: We investigate and quantify the generalizability of the white blood cell (WBC) transcriptome to the general, multiorgan transcriptome. We use data from the NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository to define two datasets for comparison, WBC and OO (Other Organ) sets.

Results: Comprehensive pair-wise correlation and expression level profiles are calculated for both datasets (with sizes of 81 and 1463, respectively). We have used mapping and ranking across the Gene Ontology (GO) categories to quantify similarity between the two sets. GO mappings of the most correlated and highly expressed genes from the two datasets tightly match, with the notable exceptions of components of the ribosome, cell adhesion and immune response. That is, 10 877 or 48.8% of all measured genes do not change >10% of rank range between WBC and OO; only 878 (3.9%) change rank >50%. Two trans-tissue gene lists are defined, the most changing and the least changing genes in expression rank. We also provide a general, quantitative measure of the probability of expression rank and correlation profile in the OO system given the expression rank and correlation profile in the WBC dataset.

Contact:  vvaltchinov@partners.org

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Severe transaminitis after interferon–ribavirin therapy in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients: influence of a sustained HCV response
Authors: Bani‐Sadr F. , Krastinova E. , Fromentin D. , Piroth L. , Rosenthal E. , Quertainmont Y. , Perronne C. , Cacoub P. , Pol S. , Carrat F. ,   the ANRS CO 07–Ribavic Study team
Published: January 2012

Summary.  Chronic hepatitis C is an independent risk factor for severe drug hepatotoxicity. Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C may modulate drug hepatotoxicity, as it is associated with a decline in hepatic enzyme release and halts fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients. The aim of this study was to determine biological and/or clinical determinants of alanine aminotransferase and/or aspartate aminotransferase elevation (>five‐fold above the upper limit of normal in patients with normal baseline levels or >3.5‐fold increase from baseline in those with increased baseline levels) in a large prospective cohort of HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients on HAART who had previously been treated for HCV infection. Median follow‐up exceeded five years. Cox proportional hazards models were used. At baseline, 248 patients had been receiving antiretroviral therapy for a mean of 6.3 (± 3.2) years. Seventy‐one patients (29%) had a sustained HCV viral response (SVR). During follow‐up, 66 patients (26.6%) received a second course of HCV therapy and 29 (44%) of them had an SVR. Severe transaminitis occurred in 64 patients (26%). In multivariate analysis, no SVR (HR 33.33, 95% CI 4.54–222, P = 0.001) and stavudine‐based therapy (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.12–3.99, P = 0.018) remained significantly associated with severe transaminitis. A SVR to anti‐HCV therapy is thus associated with a markedly reduced risk of severe transaminitis during antiretroviral therapy. Treatment of HCV infection should therefore be a priority in HIV‐coinfected patients. Stavudine is associated with an increased risk of severe transaminitis.
Adaptation genomics: next generation sequencing reveals a shared haplotype for rapid early development in geographically and genetically distant populations of rainbow trout
Authors: DAVIDSON W. S.
Published: January 2012

Local adaptation occurs when a population evolves a phenotype that confers a selective advantage in its local environment, but which may not be advantageous in other habitats. Restricted gene flow and strong selection pressures are prerequisites for local adaptation. Fishes in the family Salmonidae are predicted to provide numerous examples of local adaptation because of the high fidelity of returning to spawn in their natal streams, which results in highly structured populations, and the wide diversity of environments that salmonids have colonized. These conditions are ideally suited for producing a set of specialist phenotypes, whose fitness is maximized for one specific habitat, rather than a generalist phenotype similarly viable in several environments. Understanding patterns and processes leading to local adaptations has long been a goal of evolutionary biology, but it is only recently that identifying the molecular basis for local adaptation has become feasible because of advances in genomic technologies. The study of shared adaptive phenotypes in populations that are both geographically distant and genetically distinct should reveal some of the fundamental molecular mechanisms associated with local adaptation. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Miller et al. (2012) make a significant contribution to the development of adaptation genomics. This study suggests that salmonids use standing genetic variation to select beneficial alleles for local adaptations rather than de novo mutations in the same gene or alternative physiological pathways. Identifying the genetic basis for local adaptation has major implications for the management, conservation and potential restoration of salmonid populations.
Spiteful interactions between sympatric natural isolates of Xenorhabdus bovienii benefit kin and reduce virulence
Authors: BASHEY F. , YOUNG S. K. , HAWLENA H. , LIVELY C. M.
Published: January 2012

Spite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming others. Spiteful behaviour may be more pervasive in nature than commonly thought. One of the clearest examples of spite is the costly production and release of bacteriocins, antimicrobial toxins noted for their ability to kill conspecifics. A key question is to what extent these toxins provide a fitness advantage to kin of the producer cell, especially in natural communities. Additionally, when bacteria are involved in parasitic relationships, spiteful interactions are predicted to lower bacterial densities within a host, causing a reduction in parasite‐induced virulence. Using five sympatric, field‐collected genotypes of the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus bovienii, we experimentally demonstrate that bacteriocin production benefits kin within the host, and that it slows the mortality rate of the host. These results confirm that spite among naturally coexisting bacterial clones can be a successful kin‐selected strategy that has emergent effects on virulence.
Getting the message: intuition and reflexivity in professional interpretations of non‐verbal behaviours in people with profound learning disabilities
Authors: Phelvin Andrew
Published: January 2012

Accessible summary

People with profound and multiple learning disabilities are often unable to talk to the staff who help to care for them. They rely on non‐verbal communication behaviours to communicate, for example

 Facial expressions.

 Gestures.

 Eye contact.

This raises particular challenges for those staff, who include nurses with learning disability nurses. This paper outlines those challenges. They include challenges raised by

 Person centred planning.

 The mental capacity act.

 The need to provide evidence for practice.

This paper goes on to suggest ways in which staff can meet these challenges, including the use of skills based on intuition and the use of reflective practice. This paper will help professional staff move towards understanding the NVC of people who have profound and multiple learning disabilities.

This paper describes the current challenges facing nurses and other professionals who care for people with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities. This particularly vulnerable group of service users often rely on a repertoire of non‐verbal behaviours to communicate their needs and wishes. These challenges include the requirements of Person Centred Planning, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the evidence‐based practice movement. Drawing on nursing and some other relevant professional literature, this paper explores the latter in particular and how it relates to the intuitive knowledge base that professionals use to interpret NVC behaviours in this field. It concludes with a discussion of the dangers and limitations of this knowledge and skill base and posits a professional need to discipline its deployment by reflective practice (reflexivity) within well‐established therapeutic relationships. A theoretical example of reflective practice is included.