bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new method for aquifer system identification and parameter estimation
Authors: Avci Cem B. , Şahin A.Ufuk , Çiftçi Emin
Published: April 2012

The standard practice for assessing aquifer parameters is to match groundwater drawdown data obtained during pumping tests against theoretical well function curves specific to the aquifer system being tested. The shape of the curve derived from the logarithmic time derivative of the drawdown data is also very frequently used as a diagnostic tool to identify the aquifer system in which the pumping test is being conducted. The present study investigates the incremental area method (IAM) to serve as an alternative diagnostic tool for the aquifer system identification as well as a supplement to the aquifer parameter estimation procedure. The IAM based diagnostic curves for ideal confined, leaky, bounded and unconfined aquifers have been derived as part of this study, and individual features of the plots have been identified. These features were noted to be unique to each aquifer setting, which could be used for rapid evaluation of the aquifer system. The effectiveness of the IAM methodology was investigated by analyzing field data for various aquifer settings including leaky, unconfined, bounded and heterogeneous conditions. The results showed that the proposed approach is a viable method for use as a diagnostic tool to identify the aquifer system characteristics as well as to support the estimation of the hydraulic parameters obtained from standard curve matching procedures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the workforce outcomes of education
Authors: Mullin Christopher M.
Published: April 2012

This chapter examines the sources of workforce data available, describes workforce metrics currently in use and those considered to measure program effectiveness and justify program costs, and closes with a discussion of the challenges inherent in connecting education and workforce data.
Alberto sols, teacher and mentor of spanish biochemists (1917–1989)
Authors: Gancedo Carlos
Published: April 2012

Biochemistry in Spain owes much to the figure of Alberto Sols. In words of Nobel Prize winner Severo Ochoa: “He has been the first scientist to establish successfully biochemistry in Spain.” His intellectual rigour, care in experimental design, emphasis on quality, and attention to the presentation of results permeated far beyond his inner circle to the then fledging Spanish biochemical community. It would be difficult to find some Spanish biochemist of the generation that now starts to retire who has not been influenced in a way or another by the work of Sols. However, it is also likely that the new generations of biochemists and molecular biologists in the country ignore who was Sols and what their field owns to him. The following lines try to highlight some key points of his scientific biography, the circumstances in which they took place and the state of the corresponding research area at that moment. © 2012 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2012
Managing financial risk
Authors: Paul Jack W.
Published: April 2012

A company's risk profile determines the scope of its annual audit. The greater the risks, the more audit testing is required. Auditors are looking for those risk factors that may cause the financial statements to be misstated. But the reality is that auditors are concerned with all kinds of risks that can impact a client company—because the financial statements cannot be viewed in isolation from company operations.

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board recently issued standards to help auditors improve the effectiveness of their risk assessments, and to enhance the way auditors address client risks. But the methods used by auditors to assess and deal with client risks also can be employed by management—as a framework for developing a risk management program. This short commentary explores how to do that. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in accounting and auditing for consolidation of variable interest entities
Authors: Reinstein Alan , Churyk Natalie Tatiana , Berde S. Sam
Published: April 2012

In 2009, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 167 (ASC 810), which broadens the number of entities that will consolidate formerly unconsolidated off‐balance‐sheet assets and liabilities and otherwise changes greatly the framework for consolidated financial statements. Many entities had used qualifying special purpose entities and other vehicles to prevent them from applying the consolidation provisions of Financial Interpretation No. 46 (Revised) (FIN 46(R)), Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities. This article summarizes the provisions of the new standard and provides examples of its application in order to help practitioners implement these provisions and provide guidance to companies and clients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cystic pilomatrixoma of the wrist mimicking a ganglion cyst in a child
Authors: Song Eun‐Hee , Lee So‐Yeon , Park Hee‐Jin , Jin Lee Yoo , Wan Chae Seoung , Pyo Jung‐Soo , Lee Min‐Hee
Published: April 2012

We describe a patient with a cystic pilomatrixoma mimicking a ganglion cyst on ultrasound. A 9‐year‐old boy had a subcutaneous mass on his left wrist. Ultrasound displayed a well‐defined, multilobulated anechoic mass containing a few internal septa between the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendons. Sonographic findings suggested that the mass was a ganglion cyst. After excisional biopsy, histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 41:313–315, 2013
The risk manager's contribution to patient safety and risk management in the ambulatory or physician practice setting
Authors: Miller Vivian B. , Miginsky Carol S. , Connelly Nancy Catalano
Published: April 2012

The landscape of healthcare delivery in the United States is quickly changing. Hospitals and health systems are acquiring physician practices at a rapid rate. Healthcare risk management professionals may be tasked with additional responsibilities associated with physician practices, some of which may not have necessary policies or processes in place to reduce risk. Risk management professionals from the hospital setting may be required to provide additional guidance to office practices. This article describes basic risk management considerations for those who have responsibilities in these settings.
Matrix‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites synthesized by in situ RAFT polymerization: A kinetic study
Authors: Rahimi‐Razin Saeid , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi , Behboodi‐Sadabad Farid , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein
Published: April 2012

A new approach was developed to functionalize multiwalled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a polymerizable methyl methacrylate (MMA) groups, and the structure of functionalized MWCNTs were characterized by FTIR, Raman, XPS, and TEM. Using the strategy of “grafting through,” poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains were grafted onto the surface of MWCNTs during the in situ synthesis of MWCNT/PMMA nanocomposites over reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Kinetics of RAFT‐mediated polymerization of MMA in the presence of MMA‐grafted MWCNTs was studied by using gas chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. To further study, attached polymers were detached and their molecular characteristics were compared to freely formed chains. Results of kinetic studies showed that the utilized commercial chain transfer agent strictly reduced the rate of polymerization as well as relatively controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions of free chains. MWCNTs showed a radical activity, retarding the polymerization and reducing the rate of reaction. The effect of MWCNTs concentrations on molecular weights and polydispersity indexes (PDI) was different at the surface and in the bulk. The molecular weights of free chains increased, and the PDI was decreased with increasing MWCNTs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 555–569, 2012
Central venous catheter‐associated bloodstream infections
Authors: Newman Nitza , Issa Amal , Greenberg David , Kapelushnik Joseph , Cohen Zahavi , Leibovitz Eugene
Published: April 2012

Background

To investigate the epidemiologic and microbiological aspects of long‐term central vein catheter (CVC)‐associated bloodstream infections (CABSI) in children <18 years old treated at the hemato‐oncology unit during 1998–2008.

Patients and Methods

The two long‐term access devices used were Hickman and Port‐A‐Cath catheters. Information retrieved included demographic data, baseline pathologies, methods of insertion, anatomical insertion sites, duration of use, microbiological, and antibiotic susceptibility data and outcome.

Results

There were 178 CABSI episodes; average number of episodes/1,000 catheter days was 4.7. More CABSI episodes were recorded among patients with Hickman catheter than in patients with Port‐A‐Cath catheter (5.05 vs. 3.57/1,000 catheter days, P = 0.059). The CVC was removed due to BSI in 52/178 (29.2%) episodes. Overall, 243 pathogens were isolated (144 Gram‐negative, 92 Gram‐positive, and 7 Candida spp). More Enterobacteriaceae spp. were isolated in CABSI in patients with Hickman catheters than in patients with Port‐A‐Cath catheters (35/103, 34%, vs. 10/65, 15%, P = 0.008); more coagulase‐negative staphylococci were isolated in patients with Port‐A‐Cath catheters than in patients with Hickman catheters (25/65, 38.5%, vs. 23/103, 22.3%, P = 0.02). No differences in pathogen distribution were found between CABSI recorded for jugular versus subclavian veins, open versus close inserted‐CVC or for CVC requiring removal versus those treated conservatively. No fatalities directly related to CABSI were recorded.

Conclusions

CABSI rates were higher in patients with Hickman catheters compared with those with Port‐A‐Cath catheters; Gram‐negative organisms were the dominant etiologic agents of CABSI; CABSI in patients with Hickman catheters had different etiologies compared with patients with Port‐A‐Cath catheters. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:410–414. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Timing of insulin bolus in patients with type 1 diabetes: effect on glucose control and variability using CGMS
Authors: Liberty Idit F , Gelber Aviv , Novack Lena , Novack Victor , Boteach Esther , Harman‐Boehm Ilana
Published: April 2012

The aim of this non‐randomised, pilot study was to examine the effect of insulin bolus injection timing on overall daily glucose control and glucose variability using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).

Twelve patients with type 1 diabetes treated with either multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), with HbA1c ≤7.5% (58mmol/mol), were connected twice to a CGMS for 72 hours. During period one the patients injected the insulin bolus before the meal and, during period two, after the meal. The variability of blood glucose (BG) was assessed by low BG indices (LBGI) and high BG indices (HBGI) – the measure of the variability of low and high BG readings. Their sum (LBGI + HBGI) gives the BG risk index (BGRI) – a measure of overall variability and deviations towards hypo‐ and hyperglycaemia.

Six patients were on CSII and six on MDI. The number of meals, number of insulin injections and average BG were not different between the groups. LBGI and the number of hypoglycaemic events were not affected by the method of injection. BGRI were significantly higher for post‐meal injection, mainly due to increased hyperglycaemia (p=0.003). The increased HBGI and BGRI were more prominent in CSII (p=0.05). These differences were found for the 72‐hour variability but not when testing 2 hours post‐prandially.

It was concluded that injecting insulin prior to the meal can reduce the overall glucose variability, and remains the preferred method of injection. Larger studies are needed in order to reinforce these results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Clinical use of C‐peptide and β‐cell specific autoantibodies during gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nilsson Charlotta , Hillman Magnus , Ursing Dag , Strevens Helena , Landin‐Olsson Mona
Published: April 2012

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) confers a risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life, but the risk of developing type 1 diabetes is also increased. In this study we have evaluated the clinical use of C‐peptide and β‐cell specific autoantibodies during pregnancy with GDM as predictors for later development of diabetes.

C‐peptide levels were measured 2 hours after glucose intake in pregnancies with GDM during 2006–2008 (n=281). The mother′s age and first weight during pregnancy, birth weight of the newborn and postpartum development of diabetes in the women were noted from their records. Between 1995–2008, 669 women developed GDM and were tested for glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) and tyrosine phosphatase antibodies (IA‐2A); 34 women (5%) were found positive for at least one autoantibody.

The incidence of diabetes was significantly higher (p<0.001) among women with positive autoantibodies (5/12) compared to women without autoantibodies (21/266) during 2006–2008. When comparing stimulated C‐peptide during GDM between women who later developed diabetes and those who did not, there was no significant difference. Among the 34 women who were autoantibody positive during their GDM between 1995–2008, 50% (n=17) had developed type 1 diabetes, and an additional five had impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance.

In conclusion, stimulated C‐peptide values were of no use in women with GDM regarding prediction of future diabetes. Analysis of GAD antibodies during GDM is recommended, due to a high risk of type 1 diabetes after delivery. A structured follow up of all women with GDM ought to be considered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Amorphous‐to‐microcrystalline transition in a‐Si:H under hydrogen plasma: Optical and electrical detection
Authors: Hadjadj Aomar , Larbi Fadila , Pham Nans , Roca i Cabarrocas Pere
Published: April 2012

The exact role of hydrogen in the crystallization process is still a subject of broad controversies due to the complexity of the overall plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. We have investigated by ellipsometry the amorphous‐to‐microcrystalline the phase transition in intrinsic and doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin films during their exposure to a hydrogen plasma in conditions of chemical transport. The whole ellipsometry diagnostics reveal that, while intrinsic and phosphorus‐doped a‐Si:H present a similar trend during the plasma treatment, boron‐doped a‐Si:H differs by special features such as a rapid formation of the hydrogen–rich subsurface layer and an early amorphous‐to‐microcrystalline phase transition. The particular behavior of boron‐doped material is also pointed out through the time‐evolution of the self‐bias voltage on the radio‐frequency electrode during the hydrogen plasma treatment (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The first‐principles molecular dynamics study of quartz–water interface
Authors: Ledyastuti Mia , Liang Yunfeng , Matsuoka Toshifumi
Published: April 2012

By first‐principles molecular dynamics, we have investigated the interaction of quartz (0001) surface with liquid water for two different fresh silica cleavages. The first type of cleavage is terminated by Si(O)2 and Si for two surfaces, respectively, whereas the second type cleavage has the same termination on both surfaces that consists of SiO. The water molecules were found to be decomposed and spontaneously form silanol group on both silica surfaces. After 4.0 ps, the chemical reactions were almost saturated. It was found that the silanol groups dominated on both surfaces. For the first type of cleavage, the final structure contains geminal, triple, and single silanols together with peroxy SiOOSi and SiOOH defects. For the second type of cleavage, the final structure contains geminal silanol, single silanol, and siloxane bridge. A small amount of unsaturated sites were also found on both surfaces. Further, we have shown that the newly formed rings at quartz surface range from four‐ to seven‐member ring for both surfaces. All the findings are in good consistent with the recent experimental observations and theoretical respects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth and characterization of zirconia ceramic film formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on biomedical Zr3Ta alloy
Authors: Branzoi Ioan Viorel , Iordoc Mihai , Branzoi Florina , Rimbu Gimi
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study is to grow a zirconia ceramic film in alkaline electrolyte on Zr3Ta biomedical alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation technique (PEO) and to demonstrate the surface properties improvement after this process. The surface characterization and corrosion behavior of as‐cast and oxidized Zr3Ta alloy were investigated in fetal bovine serum at 37 °C and atmospheric pressure without agitation, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization as electrochemical techniques. As surface characterization techniques, we used scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Vickers micro‐hardness measurements. Ion release phenomena were investigated using inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry technique (ICP‐MS). Impedance spectra were represented by Nyquist and Bode diagrams, and electrical equivalent circuits were also proposed for obtained results. XRD analysis was used to identify the chemical composition of the outer oxide layer and pointed out the formation of two zirconium oxides consist of a black non‐stoichiometric zirconium oxide layer and a small amount of white stoichiometric zirconium oxide which has poor quality. During the PEO process, a zirconium oxide layer is formed on the alloy surface, which improves corrosion resistance and surface micro‐hardness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systemic VHL gene functions and the VHL disease
Authors: Bader Hannah L. , Hsu Tien
Published: April 2012

The von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor gene (VHL) is best known as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). VHL mutations are the genetic defects underlying several human diseases including polycythemia, familial VHL tumor syndrome and sporadic renal cell carcinoma. VHL mutations can lead to cell‐autonomous phenotypes in the tumor cells. However, non‐tumor cell‐autonomous functions of VHL have also been noted. VHL tumor‐derived cytokines can promote inflammation and induce mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. Up‐regulation of HIF caused by VHL loss‐of‐function mutants, including heterozygotes, has been shown to increase the activities of hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cells and myeloid cells. As such, systemic functions of VHL likely play important roles in the development of VHL disease.
Did fires drive Holocene carbon sequestration in boreal ombrotrophic peatlands of eastern Canada?
Authors: van Bellen Simon , Garneau Michelle , Ali Adam A. , Bergeron Yves
Published: April 2012

Wildfire is an important factor on carbon sequestration in the North American boreal biomes. Being globally important stocks of organic carbon, peatlands may be less sensitive to burning in comparison with upland forests, especially wet unforested ombrotrophic ecosystems as found in northeastern Canada. We aimed to determine if peatland fires have driven carbon accumulation patterns during the Holocene. To cover spatial variability, six cores from three peatlands in the Eastmain region of Quebec were analyzed for stratigraphic charcoal accumulation. Results show that regional Holocene peatland fire frequency was ~ 2.4 fires 1000 yr− 1, showing a gradually declining trend since 4000 cal yr BP, although inter- and intra-peatland variability was very high. Charcoal peak magnitudes, however, were significantly higher between 1400 and 400 cal yr BP, possibly reflecting higher charcoal production driven by differential climatic forcing aspects. Carbon accumulation rates generally declined towards the late-Holocene with minimum values of ~ 10 g m− 2 yr− 1 around 1500 cal yr BP. The absence of a clear correlation between peatland fire regimes and carbon accumulation indicates that fire regimes have not been a driving factor on carbon sequestration at the millennial time scale.
The expected return on United Kingdom equities and an implication for pension fund valuations
Authors: Jones P. D.
Published: April 2012

The paper analyses the relationship between equities and gilt-edged. It shows that the yield ratio (the yield on gilts divided by that on equities) should no longer hold its almost mystical significance of the last decade, being but one component of the expected return on equities, in which the most significant element is the rate of dividend growth relative to the yield on gilt-edged. How equities perform in economic recession is highlighted. The paper reviews the performance of equities over the last 70 years in both nominal and real terms and analyses the historic sources of the equity risk premium, i.e. the excess return of equities over gilt-edged. If the equity risk premium remains at below-average levels in the 1990s, as is possible, constraints may be placed on actuaries' choice of pension fund valuation bases.
Notes on equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes
Authors: Wilkie A. D.
Published: April 2012

These notes discuss the Proposal by the Commission of the European Communities for a Council Directive “On the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes”. Article 6, §§ 1(h) and (i) of the proposed Directive state that it would be contrary to the principle of equal treatment to provide for benefits whose level or amount differ or to set contributions at different rates, “by taking into account different factors of calculation, actuarial or otherwise, with regard to the phenomena of ill health, mortality or life expectancy”. These notes concentrate on this proposal, which is of considerable actuarial importance. Actuaries take into account different factors of calculation with regard to these phenomena, not simply by convention or through unjustifiable prejudice, but because of a sincere respect for the truth. To attempt to ignore the truth may have dangerous consequences, which are discussed.
Universal or variable linked life assurances and life annuities
Authors: Wilkie A. D.
Published: April 2012

1. The Universal or Variable Linked Life Assurance policy has been issued by a number of companies in the United States of America and in the United Kingdom, and it is now reasonably familiar in the marketplace. It does not appear to have received much attention in actuarial literature, perhaps because of its simplicity, though a paper has been presented to the Institute of Actuaries Students' Society (Sheraton, 1984). So far as I know the corresponding Variable Linked Life Annuity has not been issued by any office, and some of its features are slightly different from those of the Life Assurance policy.
Techniques of reserving—the London market
Authors: Craighead D. H.
Published: April 2012

This paper has been written to assist Actuaries making an acquaintance with the London reinsurance market and needing assistance with the practical difficulties involved when applying known reserving methods to that market. Examples are given throughout to illustrate every point made and to give emphasis to difficulties that arise in practice. To make the exercise fully realistic, all examples (except a few that are purely illustrative) are ones that have actually arisen in practice. The names of the relevant offices arc not given and all cohorts of values have been multiplied by arbitrary constants which further conceal the identity without derogating from the value of the information that they contain. Graphs are used extensively.
The cocktail problem: the relationship between composite yield and component yields
Authors: Rickard John , Russell Allen , Collins Brett
Published: April 2012

When two or more independent or component loans are consolidated to form a single composite loan the result is often referred to as a cocktail loan. In this paper we analyse properties of a composite loan induced by properties of the component loans. Of particular interest are the properties of the composite yield in terms of the yields and other characteristics of the component loans. Some upper and lower bounds are also established for the composite yield in terms of the component yields. Of some importance is a sensitivity analysis of the composite yield with respect to various parameters of the component loans.
Comments on a model of retail price inflation
Authors: Kitts A.
Published: April 2012

The paper comments on the estimation and sensitivity of the retail price inflation component of the stochastic financial model proposed by Professor Wilkie. Statistical tests provide evidence of nonindependence and non-normality of residuals, suggesting non-linearity. However, it is noted that the model is most sensitive to the assumption of long-term mean inflation.
Accounting for inflation – recent proposals and their effects
Authors: Parker P. W. , Gibbs P. M. D.
Published: April 2012

A time-honoured convention in accounting has been that accounts should be based on the principle of historic cost, namely that all items should be recorded in terms of the purchasing power of the pound at the date of each transaction. This convention has the virtue that the accounts are based largely on factual monetary transactions and fewer items need be determined subjectively. It is a valid convention so long as the value of money remains constant, but in a period of inflation, accounts drawn up on this basis become distorted, and the higher the rate of inflation the greater the distortion. For example, amounts based on historic cost which are set aside for depreciation of plant and machinery will, in a period of rapid inflation, be totally inadequate either to provide funds for the eventual replacement of those assets or to maintain the real value of the shareholders' original capital investment. Similarly profits are overstated by the inclusion of profits on stock which arise solely from a general increase in price levels. Again, no account is taken of the real cost of holding cash or other monetary assets when money is losing its purchasing power. Conversely, no credit is taken for the gain derived from having borrowed money, when the liability for repayment of the loan is in real terms reduced.
Justice, Self-Ownership, and Natural Assets
Authors: Gorr Michael
Published: April 2012

A question that has recently attracted considerable attention is this:

What is the nature and significance of thenormativerelationship a person bears to herself (where the self is understood to include the whole embodied person)?

On one view, it is held that persons areself-owners: as Locke put it in one of the more famous passages in theSecond Treatise:

[E]very man has apropertyin his ownperson: this no body has any right to but himself. Thelabourof his body, and theworkof his hands, we may say, are properly his.
Risk factors associated with sporadic salmonellosis in adults: a case-control study
Authors: ZIEHM D. , DREESMAN J. , CAMPE A. , KREIENBROCK L. , PULZ M.
Published: April 2012

In order to identify and assess recent risk factors for sporadic human infections with Salmonella enterica, we conducted a case-control study in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data collection was based on standardized telephone interviews with 1017 cases and 346 controls aged >14 years. Odds ratios were calculated in single-factor and multi-factor analyses for Salmonella cases and two different control groups, i.e. population controls and controls with rotavirus infection. Multi-factor analysis revealed associations between sporadic Salmonella infections for two exposures by both sets of controls: consumption of raw ground pork [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2·38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·27–4·44] and foreign travel (aOR 2·12, 95% CI 1·00–4·52). Other exposures included consumption of food items containing eggs (aOR 1·43, 95% CI 0·80–2·54), consumption of chicken meat (aOR 1·77, 95% CI 1·26–2·50), outdoor meals/barbecues (aOR 3·96, 95% CI 1·41–11·12) and taking gastric acidity inhibitors (aOR 2·42, 95% CI 1·19–4·92), all were significantly associated with respect to one of the two control groups. The impact of consuming food items containing eggs or chicken meat was lower than expected from the literature. This might be a consequence of Salmonella control programmes as well as increased public awareness of eggs and chicken products being a risk factor for salmonellosis. Efforts to reduce Salmonella infections due to raw pork products should be intensified.
Ground-Based and Space Observations of Interacting Binaries
Authors: Niarchos Panagiotis G.
Published: April 2012

Multi-wavelength observational data, obtained from ground-based and space observations are used to compute the physical parameters of the observed Interacting Binaries (IBs) and study the interactions and physical processes in these systems. In addition, the database of IBs from ground-based surveys and space missions will provide light curves for many thousands of new binary systems for which extensive follow up ground-based observations can be carried out. In certain cases, light curves of superior quality will allow studies of fine effects of stellar activity and very accurate determination of stellar parameters. Moreover, many new discoveries of interesting systems are expected from ground-based all-sky surveys and space missions, including low mass binaries and star-planet binary systems. The most important current and future programs of observations of IBs from ground and space are presented.
Mass Determination of Sub-stellar Companions Around Young Stars - The Example of HR 7329
Authors: Schmidt Tobias O. B. , Neuhäuser Ralph , Seifahrt Andreas
Published: April 2012

Lowrance et al. (2000) found a faint companion candidate about 4 arcsec south of the young A0-type star HR 7329. Its spectral type of M7-8 is consistent with a young brown dwarf companion. Here we report spectroscopic J band observations using the integral field spectrograph SINFONI at VLT, enabling a new estimation of effective temperature, extinction and surface gravity of the object and hence its mass. Although the data were reduced carefully, the presence of a spike within the point spread function of the object in each spectral image hampered the precise estimation of the properties of HR 7329. Nevertheless, we will show with the example of this sub-stellar companion how mass estimates independent of evolutionary models of directly imaged sub-stellar companions can be obtained, after removing most of the strong influence of the spike in the present data, and present a new mass estimation of HR 7329 B/b based on the values gained.
Basic Tools for Modeling Stellar and Planetary Atmospheres
Authors: Hubeny Ivan
Published: April 2012

Most popular computer codes for calculating model stellar and planetary atmospheres are briefly reviewed. A particular emphasis is devoted to our universal computer program Tlusty (model stellar atmospheres and accretion disks), CoolTlusty (a variant of Tlusty for computing model atmospheres of substellar-mass objects such as giant planets and brown dwarfs), and Synspec (an associated spectrum synthesis code). We show the highlights of actual applications of these codes which include extensive grids of fully line-blanketed non-LTE model atmospheres of O and B stars, and grids of model atmospheres of extrasolar giant planets and L and T dwarfs.
Modeling Supernova Spectra
Authors: Hillier D. John , Dessart Luc , Li Chendong
Published: April 2012

We highlight results from a series of investigations into modeling spectra of core-collapse supernovae (SNe). We have explored the accuracy of the expanding-photosphere method, and found that it can be used to obtain distances to Type IIP SNe with an accuracy of ≲10%. We confirm the result of Utrobin and Chugai (2005) that time-dependent terms must be included in the statistical equilibrium equations in order to model Hi line evolution in Type II SNe, and show that time-dependent terms influence other spectral features (e.g., He i lines). We have initiated a study of polarization signatures from aspherical but axially-symmetric Type II SN ejecta. Hillier and Li acknowledge support from STScI theory grant HST-AR-11756.01.A and NASA theory grant NNX10AC80G. Dessart acknowledges financial support from grant PIRG04-GA-2008-239184.
Is the B[e] Star V2028 Cyg a Binary?
Authors: Polster Jan , Korčáková Daniela , Votruba Viktor , Škoda Petr , Šlechta Miroslav , Kučerová Blanka
Published: April 2012

V2028 Cyg shows a B[e] phenomenon. Due to the presence of both cool (K7III) and hot (B4III) components in the spectra, it is supposed to be a binary. Our modelling of the time variability of Hα line bisectors shows, however, that this hybrid spectrum can originate in one star, which is surrounded by a disc.
An Unexpected Outcome from Disentangling
Authors: Chadima P. , Harmanec P. , Bennett P. D. , Yang S.
Published: April 2012

During our recent spectroscopic study of ε Aur (Chadima et al. 2011), we made an attempt to detect weak spectral lines of the secondary, hidden in a dark disk, using the spectral disentangling technique of Simon & Sturm (1994) and Hadrava (1995, 1997, 2004). We used the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO) and Ondřejov (OND) red electronic spectra, which cover more than one half of the orbital period. To our surprise, two different programs that disentangled the spectrum in Fourier space, KOREL (Hadrava 1995, 2004) and FDBINARY (Ilijić et al. 2001), both yielded apparently good, similar reconstructions of two well-defined spectra for mass ratios near unity. The results (Solution 1) are shown in Fig. 1 (left panels) and Table 1 (left column). This result is hard to accept as real given the existing knowledge about the system: ε Aur is an F-type star with an unseen companion embedded in a cool, dark disk (temperature ~ 500–600 K). A detailed search for any trace of spectral signatures of the secondary in the spectra was carried out (see Bennett et al., these proceedings). Although they found line profile variations that were correlated with orbital phase, these variations were not consistent with the presence of a secondary.
Binary Star Formation Simulations
Authors: Clarke C. J.
Published: April 2012

Binary stars provide an excellent calibration of the success or otherwise of star formation simulations, since the reproduction of their statistical properties can be challenging. Here, I summarise the direction that the field has taken in recent years, with an emphasis on binary formation in the cluster context, and discuss which observational diagnostics are most ripe for meaningful theoretical comparison. I focus on two issues: the prediction of binary mass ratio distributions and the formation of the widest binaries in dissolving clusters, showing how in the latter case the incidence of ultra-wide pairs constrains the typical membership number of natal clusters to be of order a hundred. I end by drawing attention to recent works that include magnetic fields and which will set the direction of future research in this area.
Hydrodynamics of Young Binaries with Low-Mass Secondaries
Authors: Demidova Tatiana , Grinin Vladimir , Sotnikova Nataliya
Published: April 2012

The model of a young star with a low-mass secondary component (q = M2/M1 ≤ 0.1) accreting matter from a circumbinary (CB) disc is considered. It is assumed that the orbit and the CB disc can be coplanar and non-coplanar. The model parameters were varied within the following ranges: the component mass ratio
q ranged from 0.1 to 0.003, the eccentricity e varied from 0 to 0.7, the inclination of the orbit plane to the CB disc ranged from 0 to 10 degrees, and the parameter that defines the viscosity of the system was also varied. A number of hydrodynamics models of such a system have been calculated by the SPH method and then the variations of the circumstellar extinction and phase brightness curves were determined. The calculated brightness curves differ in shape and amplitude and it depends on the model parameters and the orientation of the system relative to the observer. The results were used to analyze the cyclic activity of UX Ori type stars.
Summary of Observational Techniques
Authors: Koubský Pavel
Published: April 2012

The observational techniques applied to the study of binary stars, brown dwarfs, and exoplanets are summarized in this paper.
The Evolution of Transnational Environmental Law: Four Cases in Historical Perspective
Authors: Sand Peter H.
Published: April 2012

This essay places transnational environmental law in an epistemological context. Starting from the general concept of ‘transnational law’ and the specific environmental dimension of ‘international administrative law’, four case histories are presented to illustrate the integrant approach of transnational environmental law. The cases – all arising in the1970s – deal with transboundary problems of aircraft noise, ocean dumping, river pollution, and marine protected areas. In addition to traditional aspects of public international law in the environmental field, they typically interface with questions of administrative law, private international law, criminal law, and human rights law. The essay advocates a new focus on mechanisms for participation by civil society in the operation and implementation of transnational environmental law.
Flow mediated interactions between two cylinders at finite Re numbers
Authors: Gazzola Mattia , Mimeau Chloe , Tchieu Andrew A. , Koumoutsakos Petros
Published: April 2012

We present simulations of two interacting moving cylinders immersed in a two-dimensional incompressible, viscous flow. Simulations are performed by coupling a wavelet-adapted, remeshed vortex method with the Brinkman penalization and projection approach. This method is validated on benchmark problems and applied to simulations of a master-slave pair of cylinders. The master cylinder's motion is imposed and the slave cylinder is let free to respond to the flow. We study the relative role of viscous and inertia effects in the cylinders interactions and identify related sharp transitions in the response of the slave. The observed differences in the behavior of cylinders with respect to corresponding potential flow simulations are discussed. In addition, it is observed that in certain situations the finite size of the slave cylinders enhances the transport so that the cylinders are advected more effectively than passive tracers placed, respectively, at the same starting position.
Hybrid finite element and Brownian dynamics method for diffusion-controlled reactions
Authors: Bauler Patricia , Huber Gary A. , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: April 2012

Diffusion is often the rate determining step in many biological processes. Currently, the two main computational methods for studying diffusion are stochastic methods, such as Brownian dynamics, and continuum methods, such as the finite element method. This paper proposes a new hybrid diffusion method that couples the strengths of each of these two methods. The method is derived for a general multidimensional system, and is presented using a basic test case for 1D linear and radially symmetric diffusion systems.
Multiple excitation process in deep-ultraviolet emission from AlGdN thin films pumped by an electron beam
Authors: Iwahashi Shinya , Kishi Naohiro , Kitayama Shinya , Kita Takashi , Chigi Yoshitaka , Nishimoto Tetsuro , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Mikihiro , Ishihara Tsuguo , Izumi Hirokazu
Published: April 2012

We studied the deep-ultraviolet emission properties of Al0.999Gd0.001 N thin films pumped by an electron beam. The Al0.999Gd0.001 N thin films were grown on fused silica substrates using an ultra-pure reactive sputtering technique. The intra-orbital electron transition of the Gd3+ ions in Al0.999Gd0.001 N showed an extremely narrow luminescence line at 318 nm. We fabricated field-emission devices using an Al0.999Gd0.001 N phosphor thin film and analyzed the dependence of the device characteristics on the injected current and acceleration voltage. The maximum output power was 1.0 mW/cm2. The excitation cross section was of the order of 10−13 cm2 and was found to depend on the acceleration voltage. These results indicate that injected high-energy electrons multiply excite Gd3+ ion.
Controlled synthesis and electromagnetic performance of hollow microstructures assembled of tetragonal MnO2 nano-columns
Authors: Duan Yuping , Jing Hui , Liu Zhuo , Li Shuqing , Ma Guojia
Published: April 2012

Hollow microstructures assembled of tetragonal MnO2 nano-columns have been synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method with the introduction of iron ions. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, and vector network analysis. Results reveal that the presence of Fe3+ ions leads to transformation of phase structure from α-MnO2 to a mixture of ɛ-MnO2 and α-MnO2, and it is essential to include Fe3+ ions for the formation of the hollow MnO2 microstructures. The formation mechanism was investigated and proposed in detail. Fe-doped MnO2 exhibits decreased dielectric loss, but increased magnetic loss compared with the pure one.
Density functional resonance theory: Complex density functions, convergence, orbital energies, and functionals
Authors: Whitenack Daniel L. , Wasserman Adam
Published: April 2012

Aspects of density functional resonance theory (DFRT) [D. L. Whitenack and A. Wasserman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 163002 (2011)], a recently developed complex-scaled version of ground-state density functional theory (DFT), are studied in detail. The asymptotic behavior of the complex density function is related to the complex resonance energy and system's threshold energy, and the function's local oscillatory behavior is connected with preferential directions of electron decay. Practical considerations for implementation of the theory are addressed including sensitivity to the complex-scaling parameter, θ. In Kohn-Sham DFRT, it is shown that almost all θ-dependence in the calculated energies and lifetimes can be extinguished via use of a proper basis set or fine grid. The highest occupied Kohn-Sham orbital energy and lifetime are related to physical affinity and width, and the threshold energy of the Kohn-Sham system is shown to be equal to the threshold energy of the interacting system shifted by a well-defined functional. Finally, various complex-scaling conditions are derived which relate the functionals of ground-state DFT to those of DFRT via proper scaling factors and a non-Hermitian coupling-constant system.
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry of mineral volatilization: Toward direct composition analysis of shocked mineral vapor
Authors: Austin Daniel E. , Shen Andy H. T. , Beauchamp J. L. , Ahrens Thomas J.
Published: April 2012

We have developed an orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer to study the volatiles produced when a mineral's shock-compressed state is isentropically released, as occurs when a shock wave, driven into the mineral by an impact, reflects upon reaching a free surface. The instrument is designed to use a gun or explosive-launched projectile as the source of the shock wave, impact onto a flange separating a poor vacuum and the high vacuum (10−7 Torr) interior of the mass spectrometer, and transmission of the shock wave through the flange to a mineral sample mounted on the high-vacuum side of the flange. The device extracts and analyzes the neutrals and ions produced from the shocked mineral prior to the possible occurrence of collateral instrument damage from the shock-inducing impact. The instrument has been tested using laser ablation of various mineral surfaces, and the resulting spectra are presented. Mass spectra are compared with theoretical distributions of molecular species, and with expected distributions from laser desorption.
The contribution of quantum confinement to optical anisotropy of a-plane Cd0.06Zn0.94O/ZnO quantum wells
Authors: Matsui Hiroaki , Tabata Hitoshi
Published: April 2012

We investigated quantum size effects on polarized photoluminescence (PL) from a-plane Cd0.06Zn0.94O/ZnO quantum wells (QWs) with different well widths (LW). The degree of polarized PL at 300 K increased with a narrowing of LW, which obeyed the polarization selection rule based on a Boltzmann-like distribution. Furthermore, the narrowing of LW enhanced the anisotropic lattice distortions in well layers along the growing direction, which resulted in an increase of energy separation between the two topmost valence band levels. The effect of quantum confinement on polarized PL of QWs was accompanied by a change of structural symmetry of the well layers.
How are the cognitive and non-cognitive aspects of emotion related?
Authors: Adamos Maria Magoula
Published: April 2012

Most scholars of emotions concede that although cognitive evaluations are essential for emotion, they are not sufficient for it, and that other elements, such as bodily feelings, physiological sensations and behavioral expressions are also required. However, only a few discuss how these diverse aspects of emotion are related in order to form the unity of emotion. In this essay I examine the co-presence and the causal views, and I argue that neither view can account for the unity of emotions. In particular, both views face the problem of fortuitous connection, and, as a result, they fail to identify and distinguish an emotion from other mental states. Consequently, they fail to account for our first person authority over our emotions. I finally argue that only an internal, conceptual relation between the cognitive/evaluative and affective/physiological aspects of emotion can avoid such problems, and suggest that the Aristotelian distinction of form and matter can provide such internal relation.