bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal Tide Generation at the Continental Shelf Modeled Using a Modal Decomposition: Two-Dimensional Results
Authors: Griffiths Stephen D. , Grimshaw R. H. J.
Published: April 2007

Stratified flow over topography is studied, with oceanic applications in mind. A model is developed for a fluid with arbitrary vertical stratification and a free surface, flowing over three-dimensional topography of arbitrary size and steepness, with background rotation, in the linear hydrostatic regime. The model uses an expansion of the flow fields in terms of a set of basis functions, which efficiently capture the vertical dependence of the flow. The horizontal structure may then be found by solving a set of coupled partial differential equations in two horizontal directions and time, subject to simple boundary conditions. In some cases, these equations may be solved analytically, but, in general, simple numerical procedures are required. Using this formulation, the internal tide generated by a time-periodic barotropic tidal flow over a continental shelf and slope is calculated in various idealized configurations. The topography and fluid motion are taken to be independent of one coordinate direction and the fluid to be either two-layer or uniformly stratified. For the two-layer case, expressions for the shoreward and oceanward energy fluxes associated with the internal tide are derived. For the uniformly stratified case, it is studied numerically how the accuracy of the solutions depends upon the number of basis functions used, and it is shown that good solutions and energy flux estimates can often be obtained with only a few basis functions. In both cases, the results show that the position of the coastline, through its effect on the form of the barotropic tide, significantly influences the strength of the internal tide generation.
Oral Fluid Nanosensor Test (OFNASET) with Advanced Electrochemical‐Based Molecular Analysis Platform
Authors: GAU VINCENT , WONG DAVID
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  High‐impact diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disease, are challenging to diagnose without supplementing clinical evaluation with laboratory testing. Even with laboratory tools, definitive diagnosis often remains elusive. The lack of three crucial elements presents a road block to achieving the potential of clinical diagnostic tests: (1) definitive disease‐associated protein and genetic markers, (2) easy and inexpensive sampling methods with minimal discomfort for the subject, and (3) an accurate and quantitative diagnostic platform. Our aim is to develop and validate a solution for requirement (3) and also to develop a portable system. Requirements (1) and (2) will be addressed through the utilization of novel and highly specific oral cancer saliva proteomic and genomic biomarkers and the use of saliva as the biofluid of choice, respectively. The Oral Fluid NanoSensor Test (OFNASET) technology platform combines cutting‐edge technologies, such as self‐assembled monolayers (SAM), bionanotechnology, cyclic enzymatic amplification, and microfluidics, with several well‐established techniques including microinjection molding, hybridization‐based detection, and molecular purification. The intended use of the OFNASET is for the point of care multiplex detection of salivary biomarkers for oral cancer. We have demonstrated that the combination of two salivary proteomic biomarkers (thioredoxin and IL‐8) and four salivary mRNA biomarkers (SAT, ODZ, IL‐8, and IL‐1b) can detect oral cancer with high specificity and sensitivity. Our preliminary studies have shown compelling results. We sequentially delivered a serial dilution of IL‐8 antigen, probe solution, wash, enzyme solution, wash, and mediator solution to sensor reaction chambers housed in a prototype cartridge and demonstrated strong signal separation at 50 pg/mL above a negative control.
Rapid Assay Format for Multiplex Detection of Humoral Immune Responses to Infectious Disease Pathogens (HIV, HCV, and TB)
Authors: CORSTJENS PAUL L. A. M. , CHEN ZONGYUANG , ZUIDERWIJK MICHEL , BAU HAIM H. , ABRAMS WILLIAM R. , MALAMUD DANIEL , SAM NIEDBALA R. , TANKE HANS J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  A novel assay is described for multiplex detection of antibodies against different pathogens from a single sample. The assay employs a modified lateral flow format (consecutive flow, CF) together with a sensitive reporter particle technology (up‐converting phosphor technology, UPT) that allows for fully instrumented assay analysis. Lateral flow (LF
) strips developed for the detection of human antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 and ‐2 (HIV‐1 and ‐2) with additional capture zones to detect antibodies against Myobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis C Virus (HCV) provided the strips to test multiplexing. Data are presented that show the performance of the TB and HCV test, as well as two multiplex assays, TB with HIV and HCV with HIV.
The TB/HCV assays demonstrate excellent detection capability, and HIV multiplexing does not affect the qualitative test result. The bench‐top CF format was converted to a microfluidic platform and a first prototype semiautomated chip capable of performing CF is presented here.
SPR Imaging‐Based Salivary Diagnostics System for the Detection of Small Molecule Analytes
Authors: FU ELAIN , CHINOWSKY TIMOTHY , NELSON KJELL , JOHNSTON KYLE , EDWARDS THAYNE , HELTON KRISTEN , GROW MICHAEL , MILLER JOHN W. , YAGER PAUL
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Saliva is an underused fluid with considerable promise for biomedical testing. Its potential is particularly great for monitoring small‐molecule analytes since these are often present in saliva at concentrations that correlate well with their free levels in blood. We describe the development of a prototype diagnostic device for the rapid detection of the antiepileptic drug (AED) phenytoin in saliva. The multicomponent system includes a hand‐portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging instrument and a disposable microfluidic assay card.
Opposite Effects of Leptin on Bone Metabolism: A Dose-Dependent Balance Related to Energy Intake and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Pathway
Authors: Martin Aline , David Valentin , Malaval Luc , Lafage-Proust Marie-Hélène , Vico Laurence , Thomas Thierry
Published: April 2007

Published data describing leptin effects on bone are at variance with both positive and negative consequences reported. These findings are consistent with a bimodal threshold response to serum leptin levels. To test this theory, two groups of female rats (tail-suspended and unsuspended) were treated with ip leptin at two different doses or vehicle for 14 d. In tail-suspended rats, low-dose leptin compensated the decrease in serum leptin levels observed with suspension and was able to prevent the induced bone loss at both the trabecular and cortical level (assessed by three-dimensional microtomography). In contrast, high-dose leptin inhibited femoral bone growth and reduced bone mass by decreasing bone formation rate and increasing bone resorption in both tail-suspended and unsuspended groups. High- and low-dose leptin administration resulted in a reduced medullar adipocytic volume in all groups. High-dose leptin (but not low) induced a decrease in body-weight abdominal fat mass and serum IGF-I levels. Thus, the observed bone changes at high-dose leptin are at least partly mediated by a leptin-induced energy imbalance. In conclusion, a balance between negative and positive leptin effects on bone is dependent on a bimodal threshold that is triggered by leptin serum concentration. Also, the negative effects of high leptin levels are likely induced by reduced energy intake and related hormonal changes. The respective part of each pathway will be unraveled by additional studies.
Characterisation of IRTKS, a novel IRSp53/MIM family actin regulator with distinct filament bundling properties
Authors: Millard Thomas H. , Dawson John , Machesky Laura M.
Published: April 2007

IRSp53 is a scaffold protein that contains an IRSp53/MIM homology domain (IMD) that bundles actin filaments and interacts with the small GTPase Rac. IRSp53 also binds to the small GTPase Cdc42 and to Scar/WAVE and Mena/VASP proteins to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. We have characterised a novel IMD-containing protein, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate (IRTKS), which has widespread tissue distribution, is a substrate for the insulin receptor and binds Rac. Unlike IRSp53, IRTKS does not interact with Cdc42. Expression of IRTKS induces clusters of short actin bundles rather than filopodia-like protrusions. This difference may be attributable to a short carboxyl-terminal (Ct) extension present on IRTKS, which resembles a WASP-homology 2 (WH2) motif. Addition of the Ct extension to IRSp53 causes an apparent shortening of bundles induced by the IMD in vitro, and in cultured cells, suggesting that the Ct extension of IRTKS modulates the organising activity of the IMD. Lastly, we could not detect actin monomer sequestration by the Ct extension of IRTKS as would be expected with a conventional WH2 motif, but it did interact with actin filaments.
Effects of Storage, RNA Extraction, Genechip Type, and Donor Sex on Gene Expression Profiling of Human Whole Blood
Authors: Kim Sung Jae , Dix David J , Thompson Kary E , Murrell Rachel N , Schmid Judith E , Gallagher Jane E , Rockett John C
Published: April 2007

Background: Gene expression profiling of whole blood may be useful for monitoring toxicological exposure and for diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases. Several methods are available that can be used to transport, store, and extract RNA from whole blood, but it is not clear which procedures alter results. In addition, characterization of interindividual and sex-based variation in gene expression is needed to understand sources and extent of variability.

Methods: Whole blood was obtained from adult male and female volunteers (n = 42) and stored at various temperatures for various lengths of time. RNA was isolated and RNA quality analyzed. Affymetrix GeneChips (n = 23) were used to characterize gene expression profiles (GEPs) and to determine the effects on GEP of storage conditions, extraction techniques, types of GeneChip, or donor sex. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were used to assess interindividual differences. Regression analysis was used to assess the relative impact of the studied variables.

Results: Storage of blood samples for >1 week at 4 °C diminished subsequent RNA quality. Interindividual GEP differences were seen, but larger effects were observed related to RNA extraction technique, GeneChip, and donor sex. The relative importance of the variables was as follows: storage < genechip < extraction technique < donor sex.

Conclusion: Sample storage and extraction methods and interindividual differences, particularly donor sex, affect GEP of human whole blood.
Reflections on using online contracts for work-based learning and teaching in art and design
Authors: Jerrard Robert , Jefsioutine Marie
Published: April 2007

This article reflects on research into student and tutor experiences of learning and teaching via work-based, online learning contracts. The contract augments the possibility of widening participation, which brings with it a close and careful consideration of the traditional values of scholarship within the value systems that define art and design education. The design of the electronic version of the contract prompted research into the nature of the learning and teaching that was taking place. Evaluations centred on the students' and tutors' experience indicated that contracts provide an effective and stimulating mode of study, and a return to one-to-one experience, more individually focused, with an emphasis on independent learning.
Mutual respect: working towards a modern review model
Authors: Chadwick Simon , Crotch Joanna
Published: April 2007

The starting point of this piece of research is that the review, as a learning and teaching tool, is a fundamental component of architectural education. We also recognize that the traditional review that is part of our current practice is educationally flawed. All too often, the perception,
and unfortunately the reality, of the review is one of conflict, an event that is intimidating and unnecessarily gruelling, and can lead to students feeling demoralized and humiliated. Attendance can be poor and participation non-existent. Hardly a positive event and questionably one in which
effective learning can take place. However, we recognize that what verbal dialogue and analysis offer in learning and teaching in architecture are essential.

Currently, our research in progress aims to identify the main problems that inhibit learning, and to design and test mechanisms of
resolving them. The study aims to conclude with an educational model for a general review situation, where effective learning and positive teaching can occur, in a fair, productive and positive environment.
Reviews
Authors: Anderson Tom , Ea Teresa
Published: April 2007

Interdisciplinary Art Education: Building Bridges to Connect Disciplines and Cultures, Mary Stokrocki (ed.), 2005 Reston, VA: National Art Education Association, 243 pp., ISBN 1890160318, US25

Assessing Expressive Learning: A Practical Guide for Teacher-Directed
Authentic Assessment in K-12 Arts Education, Charles M. Dorn, Stanley S. Madeja and F. Robert Sabol, (2004) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0805845240 (pbk), 59.95
Nonsense
Authors: Krueger Ted
Published: April 2007

The author is engaged in a research and development project that intends to extend direct perception to spectra that are not now available to humans. This effort might be understood as an attempt to provide an additional sense modality, to magnetic fields, for example. Contemporary
understandings of the senses are examined, critiqued and rejected as the basis for further work. Perception is not dependent upon senses as commonly understood, instead, embodied cognition and skill-based theories of perception are used as a guide to enable development.
Richtlinie Molekulare Erregerdiagnostik – Update 2007 / Guideline Molecular Diagnostics of Pathogens – Update 2007
Authors: Kessler Harald H. , Halbmayer Walter-Michael , Stelzl Evelyn , Haushofer Alexander C.
Published: April 2007

Die Arbeitsgruppe „Molekulare Erregerdiagnostik“ der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Gute Analysen- und Laborpraxis hat erstmals im Jahr 1998 eine Richtlinie zur molekularen Erregerdiagnostik erstellt, die im Jahr 2001 aktualisiert wurde. Sowohl durch den medizinischen Fortschritt im Allgemeinen als auch durch die Implementierung der In-vitro-Diagnostika-Richtlinie (98/79 EG) im Dezember 2003 erschien eine weitere Aktualisierung dringend notwendig. Durch die nun vorliegende Richtlinie soll die sachgerechte molekulare Diagnostik entsprechend dem gegenwärtigen Stand des Wissens in qualifizierten Laboratorien gewährleistet werden.
Structuring Job Related Information on the Intranet: An Experimental Comparison of Task vs. an Organization-Based Approach
Authors: Cozijn Reinier , Maes Alfons , Schackman Didie , Ummelen Nicole
Published: April 2007

In this article, we present a usability experiment in which participants were asked to make intensive use of information on an intranet in order to execute job-related tasks. Participants had to work with one of two versions of an intranet: one with an organization-based hyperlink structure, and one with a task-based hyperlink structure. Efficiency and effectiveness were measured in terms of execution time and task accuracy, respectively. After the task execution, participants were asked to evaluate the task as well as the intranet. The results show that participants perform more efficiently with the organization-based structure, which is probably due to their familiarity with this structure. A post hoc analysis revealed, however, a learning effect in the task condition, which suggests that once users are acquainted with it, a task structure is at least as efficient.
Adolescents' Use of Self-Regulatory Processes and Their Relation to Qualitative Mental Model Shifts While Using Hypermedia
Authors: Greene Jeffrey Alan , Azevedo Roger
Published: April 2007

This study examined 148 adolescents' use of self-regulated learning (SRL) processes when learning about the circulatory system using hypermedia. We examined participants' verbal protocols to determine the relationship between SRL processes and qualitative shifts in students' mental models from pretest to posttest. Results indicated that participants who exhibited a qualitative shift displayed differential use of six SRL processes, including metacognitive monitoring activities, learning strategies, and indications of task difficulty. We propose that these SRL processes can account for the participants' shift in mental model. Implications for the design of hypermedia learning environments are presented, including substantive recommendations for the use of trace logs and scaffolding to promote self-regulated learning with hypermedia.
Intimate Partner Violence among Women in a Migrant Community in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Owoaje Eme T. , Olaolorun Funmilola M.
Published: April 2007

This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to determine attitudes to and the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among women of reproductive age in a migrant community in southwest Nigeria. All consenting females aged 15–49 years in the area sampled were interviewed. A structured questionnaire administered in the local language was used to obtain information on attitudes toward IPV in seven hypothetical situations as well as their exposure to IPV. Eighty-seven percent of women had ever experienced IPV, while 20% experienced IPV in the preceding 12 months. Regarding attitudes to IPV, 79.5% of women believed that wife beating was justified in at least one of seven situations. Respondents who were not living with a male partner were more likely than their counterparts who were married/cohabiting to accept IPV ( p = 0.03). There is a need for a cultural reorientation through appropriate health education interventions.
Silenced Science: Air Pollution Decision-Making at the EPA Threatens Public Health
Authors: Rest Kathleen
Published: April 2007

The saga of the Environmental Protection Agency's new particulate matter (PM) rule is yet another example of this Administration's disregard for and disrespect of science and scientists—and may signal the beginning of a disturbing trend to reduce the role of science in protecting the quality of our air. Political interference in the PM case is clear. And more trouble may be in the wings when it comes to acceptable levels of ozone pollution and the process for setting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). For several years, the Union of Concerned Scientists has been actively monitoring and documenting the misuse of science in public policy-making. Consider this a call to arms. Now is the time to engage your elected officials on these issues.
Precarious Existence and Deteriorating Work Conditions for Women in India: Implications for Health
Authors: Swaminathan Padmini
Published: April 2007

The Indian economy has experienced economic growth post-1991 but has demonstrated an inability to generate adequate employment and even less of “quality” employment for much of its labor force. This article is based on data collected from conversations with women workers on the theme of “women, work and health,” with an emphasis on, one, task allotment and working conditions in the household; and two, those related to conditions of work at the worksite and the gendered experience of such work. While narratives cannot establish causality between particular work environments and related adverse outcomes, they nevertheless provide crucial insights into what is likely to be blighting these women's lives. Advocates of women's work outside their home need to pay attention to both their remuneration for work and the costs to their health and well-being of such employment, so that policies aimed at employment generation also are sensitive to the adverse outcomes of such employment.
Winter Prey Selection of Canada Lynx in Northwestern Montana
Authors: SQUIRES JOHN R. , RUGGIERO LEONARD F.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The roles that diet and prey abundance play in habitat selection of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the contiguous United States is poorly understood. From 1998–2002, we back‐tracked radiocollared lynx (6 F, 9 M) for a distance of 582 km and we located 86 kills in northwestern Montana, USA. Lynx preyed on 7 species that included blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), spruce grouse (Canachites canadensis), northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), least weasel (Mustela nivalis), and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Snowshoe hares (69 kills) accounted for 96% (4‐yr average, range = 94–99%) of prey biomass during the sample period. Red squirrels were the second‐most‐common prey (11 kills), but they only provided 2% biomass of the winter diet. Red squirrels contributed little to the lynx diet despite low hare densities. A logistic regression model of snowshoe hare, red squirrel, and grouse abundance, as indexed by the number of track crossings of use and available lynx back‐tracks, was a significant (Wald statistic = 19.03, df = 3, P < 0.001) predictor of habitat use. As we expected, lynx (P < 0.001) selected use‐areas with higher snowshoe hare abundance compared to random expectation. However, the red squirrel index had a weak (P = 0.087) negative relationship to lynx use, and grouse was nonsignificant (P = 0.432). Our results indicate that lynx in western Montana prey almost exclusively on snowshoe hares during the winter with little use of alternative prey. Thus, reductions in horizontal cover for hares would degrade lynx habitat.
Edge Effects of Gated and Ungated Roads on Terrestrial Salamanders
Authors: MARSH DAVID M.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTRoads through forest habitats reduce the abundance of many animal species. These reductions are often referred to as edge effects and their causes include roadkill, degradation of forest habitat, and changes in biotic interactions. Which of these causes are operating can have important implications for management. Terrestrial salamanders in the southern Appalachians have previously been shown to be subject to edge effects from forest roads that are open to traffic. In this study, I examined edge effects on red‐backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) along forest roads that were either open or gated to prevent vehicle entry. I also included roads that varied in the width of the gravel surface, the width of the roadside verge, and the magnitude of habitat gradients at the forest edge. I found that ungated roads were associated with consistent edge effects on salamanders, whereas no detectable edge effects were found for gated roads. Road width was as good a predictor of the magnitude of edge effects as was the presence of a gate, though the width of the roadside verge was largely unrelated to the magnitude of edge effects. Gradients in habitat variables (soil moisture, temp, leaf litter thickness) were not closely related to the magnitude of edge effects. These results demonstrate that narrow, gated roads do not typically produce edge effects on terrestrial salamanders of the same magnitude as wider, ungated roads. In addition, the apparent importance of road type or road width and the relative unimportance of habitat characteristics suggest that traffic‐related factors may be a substantial contributor to edge effects on terrestrial salamanders. These findings provide some support for the closing of redundant forest roads as a low‐cost method for diminishing the negative effects of roads on forest ecosystems.
Estimating Detection Probabilities from Sign of Collared Peccary
Authors: LONGORIA MEREDITH P. , WECKERLY FLOYD W.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Determining presence or absence of collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) from surveys of sign (tracks and feces) requires information on whether animals in sample units are detected. We estimated detection probabilities of collared peccary from sign surveys using occupancy models. Because it was unlikely that residence status of collared peccary in sampling units remained the same over a survey season, which is a primary assumption of occupancy models, we first determined the time interval for which to pool data. We then examined the influence of rainfall and peccary abundance on detection probabilities. We placed 90 sign stations (25‐m‐diam circular plots) throughout Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, south Texas, USA. We surveyed plots weekly for the presence or non‐presence of collared peccary during 2 11‐week sampling seasons in spring and fall 2003. We examined sign data weekly and we pooled the data in intervals from 2 weeks to 5 weeks. Estimates of detection probabilities increased from 1 week to 3 weeks of pooled data and leveled off thereafter. We needed a 3‐week time interval to meet the assumption of unchanging residence status. Using sign data pooled in 3‐week increments, detection probabilities were influenced by areas that differed in peccary abundance, but they were not influenced by rainfall. Estimates of detection probabilities ranged from 0.43 to 0.77 for 3‐week time intervals. Sign surveys and occupancy modeling of data can be used to measure spatial patterns of collared peccary in south Texas as long as multiple 3‐week time intervals are sampled.
Numerical and Demographic Responses of Pumas to Changes in Prey Abundance: Testing Current Predictions
Authors: LAUNDRÉ JOHN W. , HERNÁNDEZ LUCINA , CLARK SUSAN G.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Information on factors affecting population size of pumas (Puma concolor) can be important because their principal prey over most of the western United States are valued big game species (e.g., mule deer [Odocoileus hemionus], elk [Cervus elaphus], and bighorn sheep [Ovis canadensis]). Based on the hypothesis that puma numbers are limited by their food supply, puma populations should track changes in prey abundance by growing exponentially with increases in prey and by declining with a lag response when prey decreases. Additional predictions proposed by researchers are that body mass of pumas, female productivity, kitten survival, and adult survival should decrease after a prey decline. We used a 15‐year database from a hunted population of pumas in southern Idaho and northwestern Utah to test these predictions. During the 15‐year time span of the database, a major decline in mule deer abundance occurred. Estimates of puma numbers and demographic characteristics came from intensive capture and radiocollaring efforts. We calculated kitten and adult survival with MICROMORT software. We found that adult puma numbers increased exponentially at r = 0.07 during a period of increasing mule deer numbers. Four years after the mule deer abundance declined, puma numbers decreased at a rate of r = −0.06. Body mass of female pumas was lower after the decline in puma numbers (42.6 ± SE = 1.2 kg, n = 40 vs. 40.1 ± 0.64 kg, n = 34, t = 5.06, P = 0.045). Kitten survival was less after the decline in deer abundance (0.573 ± 0.016, n = 30 vs. 0.856 ± 0.015, n = 25, Z = 2.40, P < 0.01). Survival of resident females was significantly less after the decline in puma numbers (0.783 ± 0.03 vs. 0.929 ± 0.019, U = 55.0, P = 0.009). Female productivity did not differ before or after the decline in deer abundance. Our results supported the majority of the predictions concerning the impact of changing deer abundance, which supported the hypothesis that the abundance of mule deer limited our population of pumas.
West Nile Virus Exposure in Black Bears of Northeastern Wisconsin
Authors: KATZ CHRISTOPHER J. , ANDERSON SCOTT C. , HOWE ROBERT W. , HINICKLE ANDREW R. , WALISZEWSKI NICOLE T. , NYE STACY A. , WUNDERLIN AARON M.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the distribution and pathology of West Nile virus (WNV) in black bears is a necessary tool that allows wildlife managers to implement a management plan, set harvest quotas, and relocate nuisance bears. We studied the presence and significance of WNV titers in free‐roaming black bears (Ursus americanus) in northeastern Wisconsin between February 2003 and March 2005. Serum neutralizing antibodies to WNV, with confirmation by plaque‐reduction neutralization test to both WNV and Saint Louis encephalitis, identified exposure in 13 of 74 (17.6%) bears. This compares with a 6% infection rate in black bears in Virginia and 22% in European brown bears (Ursus arctos). Pathologic effects from exposure to WNV were not seen in any of the black bears studied.
Survival of Wood Duck Ducklings and Broods in Mississippi and Alabama
Authors: DAVIS J. BRIAN , COX ROBERT R. , KAMINSKI RICHARD M. , LEOPOLD BRUCE D.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Although North American wood ducks (Aix sponsa) are well‐studied throughout their range, researchers know little about demographic and environmental factors influencing survival of ducklings and broods, which is necessary information for population management. We studied radiomarked female and duckling wood ducks that used nest boxes and palustrine wetlands at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge (NNWR) in Mississippi, USA, in 1996–1999, and riverine wetlands of the Tennessee‐Tombigbee Rivers and Waterway (TTRW) system in Alabama in 1998–1999. We estimated survival of ducklings and broods and evaluated potentially important predictors of duckling survival, including age and body mass of brood‐rearing females, hatch date of ducklings, duckling mass, brood size at nest departure, inter‐day travel distance by ducklings, site and habitat use, and daily minimum air temperature and precipitation. At NNWR, survival of 300 radiomarked ducklings ranged from 0.15 (95% CI = 0.04‐0.27) to 0.24 (95% CI = 0.13‐0.38) and was 0.21 (95% CI = 0.15‐0.28) for 1996–1999. Our overall estimate of brood survival was 0.64 (n = 91; 95% CI = 0.54‐0.73). At TTRW, survival of 129 radiomarked ducklings was 0.29 in 1998 (95% CI = 0.20‐0.41) and 1999 (95% CI = 0.13‐0.45) and was 0.29 (95% CI = 0.20‐0.40) for 1998–1999. Our overall estimate of brood survival was 0.71 (n = 38; 95% CI = 0.56‐0.85). At NNWR, models that included all predictor variables best explained variation in duckling survival. Akaike weight (wi) for the best model was 0.81, suggesting it was superior to other models (<0.01 < wi < 0.18). We detected 4 competing models for duckling survival at TTRW. Inter‐day distance traveled by ducklings was important as this variable appeared in all 4 models; duckling survival was positively related to this variable. Patterns of habitat‐related survival were similar at both study areas. Ducklings in broods that used scrub‐shrub habitats disjunct from wetlands containing aggregations of nest boxes had greater survival probabilities than birds remaining in wetlands with such nest structures. Managers may increase local wood duck recruitment by promoting availability of suitable brood habitats (e.g., scrub‐shrub wetlands) without aggregations of nest boxes that may attract predators and by dispersing nest boxes amid or adjacent to these habitats. We did not determine an optimal density of nest boxes relative to local or regional population goals, which remains important research and conservation needs.
The Effects of One‐Off Ivory Sales on Elephant Mortality
Authors: BULTE ERWIN H. , DAMANIA RICHARD , VAN KOOTEN G. CORNELIS
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTWe revisited the debate about whether the 1999 one‐off sale of ivory promoted elephant (Loxodonta africana) poaching in Africa. Complementing earlier work based on ivory seizure data, we considered data on elephant mortality in Zimbabwe and Kenya. Our findings present a mixed picture. At the local level there was some evidence that the one‐off sale resulted in extra elephant killing, but this effect was relatively small (and probably short‐lived). Although the data were too scanty to draw strong conclusions, decision‐making about elephant management and the ivory trade has to continue and will necessarily be based on imperfect information for a long time to come. Our findings suggest that further experimenting with one‐off sales may be beneficial from a conservation and development perspective.
Response of Wolves to Experimental Disturbance at Homesites
Authors: FRAME PAUL F. , CLUFF H. DEAN , HIK DAVID S.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTEvents during the denning period (parturition to first autumn) often determine the reproductive success of wolves (Canis lupus). Consequently, there is concern about the potential adverse effects of human‐caused disturbance at wolf den and rendezvous sites (homesites), but relatively little information on this subject is available. We conducted standardized experimental disturbance treatments at 12 unique wolf homesites in the Northwest Territories, Canada, during summers 2002 and 2003. The treatment consisted of an intruder approaching a homesite once per day for 3 consecutive days and recording behavioral responses, response distance, and response intensity of wolves. We counted pups and estimated their ages prior to the initial treatment at each site. Adult wolves moved pups at 3 of 6 treated homesites in each year. The amount and type of known human activity within a pack's home range did not influence whether adults moved pups in response to the treatment. The response intensity of wolves to the treatment was inversely related to the amount of human activity near a homesite. There was no relationship between the distance at which wolves responded to the intruder and the amount or type of human activity. There was a positive relationship between increasing age of pups and their relocation in response to the treatment. Reproductive success was not influenced by the treatment or by the amount and type of human activity. Treated sites were used by wolves the following year in the same proportion as untreated sites. It appears that pups are most vulnerable early in the year when less mobile; therefore, managers should consider age of pups before human activity at or near wolf homesites occurs.
A Seventy‐Year History of Trends in Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd
Authors: EBERHARDT L. L. , WHITE P. J. , GARROTT R. A. , HOUSTON D. B.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT We analyzed counts of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA, over 70 years to evaluate the effects of changing management on population trends. Population reduction efforts and hunter harvests during 1932–1968 removed 71,330 elk and decreased estimated abundance from 16,000 to 6,000 elk. Abundance increased to approximately 17,000 elk (λ = 1.19) when removals ceased and harvests were very small during 1969–1975. Moderate to liberal hunter harvests of antlerless elk outside the Park during 1976–2004 removed a relatively consistent proportion (26 ± 0.1 [SD]%) of females that migrated outside the park, mostly from prime‐age (3–15 yr) classes with high reproductive value. Substantial winterkill was infrequent (1989, 1997), but it significantly reduced calf survival when it occurred. Wolves (Canis lupus) were reintroduced in 1995–1996 and rapidly increased in abundance (λ = 1.23) and distribution. Estimated wolf kill of elk now exceeds hunter harvest, but has a smaller effect on population dynamics because wolves concentrate on calves and older females (>14 yr) with low reproductive value. During 1995–2004, estimated abundance decreased from 23,000 to 12,000 elk. The recent ratio of wolves to elk is relatively low compared to the estimated equilibrium ratio, suggesting that the wolf population may yet increase in the future. Thus, reduction of harvests of prime‐aged female elk to decrease removals of animals with high reproductive value and increase adult female survival appears essential. We analyzed the relative impact of removals by hunters and by wolves using Fisher's (1930) reproductive value and found that the impact of hunters is far more important than that by wolves, a finding of broad significance.
Landscape Habitat Suitability Index Software
Authors: DIJAK WILLIAM D. , RITTENHOUSE CHADWICK D. , LARSON MICHAEL A. , THOMPSON FRANK R. , MILLSPAUGH JOSHUA J.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Habitat suitability index (HSI) models are traditionally used to evaluate habitat quality for wildlife at a local scale. Rarely have such models incorporated spatial relationships of habitat components. We introduce Landscape HSImodels, a new Microsoft Windows® (Microsoft, Redmond, WA)—based program that incorporates local habitat as well as landscape‐scale attributes to evaluate habitats for 21 species of wildlife. Models for additional species can be constructed using the generic model option. At a landscape scale, attributes include edge effects, patch area, distance to resources, and habitat composition. A moving window approach is used to evaluate habitat composition and interspersion within areas typical of home ranges and territories or larger. The software and sample data are available free of charge from the United States Forest Service, Northern Research Station at http:www.nrs.fs.fed.ushsi.
Molten solvent extraction behavior of palladium with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone at 60 °C
Authors: Peng Bo , Guo Xiaojun , Mao Xuefen , Gao Jinzhang
Published: April 2007

The solvent extraction behavior of precious metal palladium with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazone (PMBP) into molten paraffin wax has been studied in the temperature range from 55 to 75 °C. The complex consisting of PMBP and palladium was extracted into molten wax phase in the pH range from 1.0 to 3.5 at 60 °C. The extraction efficiency was up to 97% at the experimental pH. The stoichiometry of the extracted species of palladium was determined on the basis of slope analysis method. The effects of time to achieve equilibrium, temperature, and extractant concentration on the extraction were discussed. The thermodynamic data indicate that the extraction is an endothermic reaction and the increase of temperature promotes the extraction of palladium into molten paraffin wax and the extraction of palladium with PMBP is entropy controlled at high temperatures.
Optimizing donor selection in order to establish a cord blood banking facility: maternal and obstetric factors impact
Authors: Chivu Mihaela , Nastasia Serban , Sultana Camelia , Bleotu Coralia , Alexiu Irina , Hudita Decebal
Published: April 2007

In this study, we analyzed the obstetric factors affecting total nucleated cells (TNC) content of cord blood units to establish the criteria for umbilical cord blood (UCB) donor selection in our geographic area.

UCB was collected from normal uncomplicated pregnancies. In every case, following data were recorded: (1) gestation length; (2) type of delivery (cesarean or vaginal); and (3) newborn characteristics: weight and sex. For each sample, TNC content, percentage and number of CD34+ cells, and viability were analyzed.

The results showed that TNC content increases with cord blood volume, gestational length and newborn weight. The mean blood volume and the mean TNC per unit were 42.37 ± 13.5 ml and 55.49 ± 19.4 × 107, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis revealed a positive and significant correlation (r= 0.89) between these two variables. Meanwhile the CD34+ cell content remains unchanged in deliveries at 32–40 weeks of gestation. The mean CD34+ percentage obtained was 0.37 ± 0.06, and the total number of CD34+ cells was 4.827 ± 0.8204 × 104 / mL UCB.

Concluding, the maternal and obstetric factors have a significant impact on UCB cell quantity and quality. The main criteria for UCB collection and storage resulted to be: a gestational age higher than 36–40 weeks and newborn weight > 3200g; gestation number ≤ 2 and placental weight > 700g can be added to the standard criteria to improve the bank efficiency. Our results have also become helpful in evaluating stored UCB units to establish the adequacy for clinical transplant utilization.
A structural design of clinical decision support system for chronic diseases risk management
Authors: Chang Chi-Chang , Cheng Chuen-Sheng
Published: April 2007

In clinical decision making, the event of primary interest is recurrent, so that for a given unit the event could be observed more than once during the study. In general, the successive times between failures of human physiological systems are not necessarily identically distributed. However, if any critical deterioration is detected, then the decision of when to take thei ntervention, given the costs of diagnosis and therapeutics, is of fundamental importance This paper develops a possible structural design of clinical decision support system (CDSS) by considering the sensitivity analysis as well as the optimal prior and posterior decisions for chronic diseases risk management. Indeed, Bayesian inference of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with three different failure models (linear, exponential, and power law) were considered, and the effects of the scale factor and the aging rate of these models were investigated. In addition, we illustrate our method with an analysis of data from a trial of immunotherapy in the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease. The proposed structural design of CDSS facilitates the effective use of the computing capability of computers and provides a systematic way to integrate the expert’s opinions and the sampling information which will furnish decision makers with valuable support for quality clinical decision making.
Aligned Protein–Polymer Composite Fibers Enhance Nerve Regeneration: A Potential Tissue‐Engineering Platform
Authors: Chew S. Y. , Mi R. , Hoke A. , Leong K. W.
Published: April 2007

Sustained release of proteins from aligned polymeric fibers holds great potential in tissue‐engineering applications. These protein–polymer composite fibers possess high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratios for cell attachment, and can provide biochemical and topographic cues to enhance tissue regeneration. Aligned biodegradable polymeric fibers that encapsulate human glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF, 0.13 wt %) were fabricated via electrospinning a copolymer of caprolactone and ethyl ethylene phosphate (PCLEEP) with GDNF. The protein was randomly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix in aggregate form, and released in a sustained manner for up to two months. The efficacy of these composite fibers was tested in a rat model for peripheral nerve‐injury treatment. Rats were divided into four groups, receiving either empty PCLEEP tubes (control); tubes with plain PCLEEP electrospun fibers aligned longitudinally (EF‐L) or circumferentially (EF‐C); or tubes with aligned GDNF‐PCLEEP fibers (EF‐L‐GDNF). After three months, bridging of a 15 mm critical defect gap by the regenerated nerve was observed in all the rats that received nerve conduits with electrospun fibers, as opposed to 50 % in the control group. Electrophysiological recovery was seen in 20 %, 33 %, and 44 % of the rats in the EF‐C, EF‐L, and EF‐L‐GDNF groups respectively, whilst none was observed in the controls. This study has demonstrated that, without further modification, plain electrospun fibers can help in peripheral nerve regeneration; however, the synergistic effect of an encapsulated growth factor facilitated a more significant recovery. This study also demonstrated the novel use of electrospinning to incorporate biochemical and topographical cues into a single implant for in vivo tissue‐engineering applications.
Identification of a novel recessive RELN mutation using a homozygous balanced reciprocal translocation
Authors: Zaki Maha , Shehab Marwa , El‐Aleem Alice Abd , Abdel‐Salam Ghada , Koeller Hajira B. , Ilkin Yesim , Ross M. Elizabeth , Dobyns William B. , Gleeson Joseph G.
Published: April 2007

Two siblings from a consanguineous Egyptian marriage showed an identical phenotype of cortical lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia, severe epilepsy, and mental retardation. Examination of karyotype revealed 46, t(7;12)(q22;p13)mat (7;12)(q22;p13)pat in both affected children, suggesting a homozygous reciprocal balanced translocation. Each healthy parent was a carrier of the balanced translocation in the heterozygous state, suggesting homozygous disruption of a gene involved in brain development. There were early spontaneous abortions in this family, as would be expected from transmission of an unbalanced chromosome. A disruption of RELN at 7q22.1 with absence of encoded protein was identified. This is the first demonstration that such rare homozygous translocations can be used to identify recessive disease gene mutations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The first 4p euchromatic variant in a healthy carrier having an unusual reproductive history
Authors: Rodríguez L. , Zollino M. , Mansilla E. , Martínez‐Fernández M.L. , Pérez P. , Murdolo M. , Martínez‐Frías M.L.
Published: April 2007

We report on the molecular cytogenetics studies in a healthy couple who had had three pregnancies which ended in a termination of pregnancy (TOP). In two of them, prenatal sonogram showed fetal dwarfism and in the third one, a chromosome alteration was found in the amniocentesis. A previous pregnancy ended in a healthy girl. A high‐resolution G‐band karyotype (550–850 bands), together with Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) techniques, detected in the father a 4p interstitial euchromatic duplication. This chromosome duplication appears to be a previously undescribed euchromatic variant (EV). We discuss the possibility that the 4p paternal EV could be involved in the clinical and genetic findings of the three TOPs. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial trisomy of distal 19q detected by quantitative real‐time PCR and FISH in a girl with mild facial dysmorphism, hypotonia and developmental delay
Authors: Sauter S.M. , Böhm Detlef , Bartels Iris , Burfeind Peter , Laccone Franco A. , Neesen Jürgen , Wilken Bernd , Liehr Thomas , Zoll Barbara
Published: April 2007

We report on a 2 ${\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 7$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle {12}$}}$‐year‐old girl who was referred to us because of psychomotor developmental delay. She is the second child of healthy, non‐consanguineous parents. Pregnancy and birth were uneventful. Milestones of motor development were delayed: grasping at 6 months, sitting without support at 16 months, crawling at 16 months and walking at 2 ${\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 4$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle {12}$}}$ years of age. She spoke about five words and followed simple instructions. Banding cytogenetics revealed a numerically and structurally normal female karyotype of 46,XX. By quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of all subtelomeric regions, a partial trisomy of the subtelomeric region of 19q could be detected. This result was confirmed by FISH‐analysis with a subtelomeric probe for 19q. The additional material of chromosome 19q was localized on chromosome 6q. However, a deletion of the subtelomeric region of 6q could not be detected with a subtelomeric FISH probe for 6q. Conventional cytogenetic analysis as well as FISH with subtelomeric probes for 19q and 6q showed normal results in the parents. The detected chromosomal aberration probably occurred de novo. The clinical features are very likely to be caused solely by the partial trisomy 19q. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.