bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A phase 1, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial investigating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide in healthy Chinese subjects
Authors: Xie Panpan , Abildlund Morten T. , Bækdal Tine A. , He Xuemei , Lyauk Yassine K. , Patted Usha Rani H. , Ning Zu , Shi Aixin
Published: May 2024

Aim

The trial (NCT04016974) investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide, the first orally administered glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogue for type 2 diabetes, in healthy Chinese subjects.

Materials and Methods

This single‐centre, multiple‐dose, placebo‐controlled trial randomized 32 healthy Chinese adults to once‐daily oral semaglutide (3 mg escalating to 14 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected regularly during treatment and follow‐up. The primary endpoint was the area under the semaglutide concentration–time curve over a dosing interval (0‐24 h) at steady state (AUC0‐24h,sema,SS). Secondary pharmacokinetic endpoints included the maximum observed semaglutide plasma concentration at steady state (Cmax,sema,SS). Supportive secondary pharmacodynamics endpoints included changes in body weight and fasting plasma glucose.

Results

Treatment with all oral semaglutide doses showed dose‐dependent increases in semaglutide exposure in healthy Chinese subjects at steady state, determined by AUC0‐24h,sema,SS (233, 552 and 1288 h·nmol/L for 3, 7 and 14 mg of oral semaglutide, respectively) and Cmax,sema,SS. Oral semaglutide treatment was associated with significant reductions in body weight (p = .0001) and fasting plasma glucose (p = .0011) versus placebo at the end of treatment. The safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide were consistent with the known profile of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, with no severe or blood‐glucose–confirmed symptomatic hypoglycaemic events, serious adverse events or deaths. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders.

Conclusions

At steady state, oral semaglutide exposure was dose dependent and close to dose proportionality in healthy Chinese subjects. This is consistent with previous clinical pharmacology results for oral semaglutide.
Machine learning for prediction of chronic kidney disease progression: Validation of the Klinrisk model in the CANVAS Program and CREDENCE trial
Authors: Tangri Navdeep , Ferguson Thomas W. , Bamforth Ryan J. , Leon Silvia J. , Arnott Clare , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Kotwal Sradha , Heerspink Hiddo J. L. , Perkovic Vlado , Fletcher Robert A. , Neuen Brendon L.
Published: May 2024

Aim

To validate the Klinrisk machine learning model for prediction of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in patients with type 2 diabetes in the pooled CANVAS/CREDENCE trials.

Materials and Methods

We externally validated the Klinrisk model for prediction of CKD progression, defined as 40% or higher decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or kidney failure. Model performance was assessed for prediction up to 3 years with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Brier scores and calibration plots of observed and predicted risks. We compared performance of the model with standard of care using eGFR (G1‐G4) and urine albumin‐creatinine ratio (A1‐A3) Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) heatmap categories.

Results

The Klinrisk model achieved an AUC of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78‐0.83) at 1 year, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.86‐0.89) at 3 years. The Brier scores were 0.020 (0.018‐0.022) and 0.056 (0.052‐0.059) at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Compared with the KDIGO heatmap, the Klinrisk model had improved performance at every interval (P < .01).

Conclusions

The Klinrisk machine learning model, using routinely collected laboratory data, was highly accurate in its prediction of CKD progression in the CANVAS/CREDENCE trials. Integration of the model in electronic medical records or laboratory information systems can facilitate risk‐based care.
Reduction of DUP in early intervention programmes: No pain… almost no gain
Authors: Frischherz Morgane , Conus Philippe , Golay Philippe
Published: May 2024

Aim

Considering the negative impact of long duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) on outcome, its reduction has become one of the aims of early intervention programmes. The TIPP programme (Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program) was implemented in 2004 in Lausanne and hoped to reduce DUP, without any specific campaign in this regard, through the provision of accessible and specialized treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of patients' DUP over time and the characteristics of patients with extreme DUP.

Methods

Clinical follow‐up data of 380 patients aged 18–35 years with a first psychotic episode who entered the TIPP programme between 2004 and 2017 were analysed. The evolution of DUP over time as well as referring entities and destination after the programme were assessed. The characteristics of patients with extreme DUPs (>percentile 90) were compared with that of other patients.

Results

The mean value of the DUP was 452.11 days with a median of 88 days. DUP decreased only moderately over time. We also observe a decrease in discharges to specialized outpatient care at our university hospital. The main characteristics of patients with extreme DUP were early age of onset of psychosis, diagnosis of schizophrenia and presence of history of psychiatric treatment for other conditions before onset of psychosis.

Conclusions

These figures suggest that the DUP has reduced over time but that without specific interventions at this level, this reduction is only moderate.
“Is it a seizure?” Prediction tool for seizure likelihood in children aged 1–24 months admitted for electroencephalographic monitoring of paroxysmal, rhythmic, and repetitive events
Authors: Carrasco Melisa , Estiphan Theresa , McCaffery Harlan , McNamara Nancy
Published: May 2024

Objective

Paroxysmal, rhythmic, and repetitive events (PRREs) during infancy can be concerning for possible seizures, especially following perinatal brain injuries. The workup for establishing whether a PRRE represents a seizure involves the use of continuous video‐electroencephalography (cVEEG) for event characterization. This study aims to determine the diagnostic yield of cVEEG for evaluating events concerning for seizures in children aged 1–24 months.

Methods

We performed a single‐center retrospective chart review (January 1, 2019–December 31, 2020) and included all children aged 1–24 months admitted for PRRE capture and characterization using cVEEG. Chart abstraction included demographics, birth and family history, known brain injury, event semiology, duration, and frequency, as well as interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) features. For each of these variables, odds ratios for seizure prediction were calculated.

Results

A total of 243 patients were identified for this study. On cVEEG, n = 160 (65.4%) had a target event of concern captured during an initial admission with cVEEG. Whereas n = 41 (25.8%) patients with events captured were confirmed to have seizures, most patients (n = 119) were confirmed to have nonepileptic events. Several variables predicted seizure likelihood during the initial admission with cVEEG, including event duration (>1 min), frequency (occurring ≥3 times per week), and presence of abnormal interictal findings on cVEEG. For patients who did not receive a diagnosis at the time of initial admission with cVEEG, the likelihood of a subsequent epilepsy diagnosis was associated with specific PRRE semiology (motor active or motor passive), longer event duration (>1 min duration), and the presence of interictal abnormal EEG features on initial cVEEG admission. Prediction tools utilizing scoring systems to stratify risk in infants with suspected seizures due to PRREs are included.

Significance

Unique patient attributes and PRRE characteristics, as well as the presence of EEG interictal abnormalities, can provide valuable insights for discerning children with a higher likelihood of epilepsy diagnosis following cVEEG admission.
Cannabidiol‐enriched oil for adult patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy: Prospective clinical and electrophysiological study
Authors: Glatt Sigal , Shohat Sophie , Yam Mor , Goldstein Lilach , Maidan Inbal , Fahoum Firas
Published: May 2024

Objective

Cannabidiol‐enriched oil (CBDO) is being used increasingly to improve seizure control in adult patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE), despite the lack of large‐scale studies supporting its efficacy in this patient population. We aimed to assess the effects of add‐on CBDO on seizure frequency as well as on gait, cognitive, affective, and sleep‐quality metrics, and to explore the electrophysiological changes in responder and non‐responder DRE patients treated with add‐on CBDO.

Methods

We prospectively recruited adult DRE patients who were treated with add‐on CBDO. Patients were evaluated prior to treatment and following 4 weeks of a maintenance daily dose of ≈260 mg CBD and ≈12 mg Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The outcome measures included seizure response to CBDO (defined as ≥50% decrease in seizures compared to pre‐CBDO baseline), gait testing, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and sleep‐quality questionnaire assessments. Patients underwent electroencephalography (EEG) recording during rest as well as event‐related potentials (ERPs) during visual Go/NoGo task while sitting and while walking.

Results

Nineteen patients were recruited, of which 16 finished pre‐ and post‐CBDO assessments. Seven patients (43.75%) were responders demonstrating an average reduction of 82.4% in seizures, and nine patients (56.25%) were non‐responders with an average seizure increase of 30.1%. No differences in demographics and clinical parameters were found between responders and non‐responders at baseline. However, responders demonstrated better performance in the dual‐task walking post‐treatment (p = .015), and correlation between increase in MoCA and seizure reduction (r = .810, p = .027). Post‐CBDO P300 amplitude was lower during No/Go‐sitting in non‐responders (p = .028) and during No/Go‐walking in responders (p = .068).

Significance

CBDO treatment can reduce seizures in a subset of patients with DRE, but could aggravate seizure control in a minority of patients; yet we found no specific baseline clinical or electrophysiological characteristics that are associated with response to CBDO. However, changes in ERPs in response to treatment could be a promising direction to better identify patients who could benefit from CBDO treatment.
Antimicrobial resistance in the wild: Insights from epigenetics
Authors: Villalba de la Peña Mariana , Kronholm Ilkka
Published: May 2024

Spreading of bacterial and fungal strains that are resistant to antimicrobials poses a serious threat to the well‐being of humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial resistance has been mainly investigated in clinical settings. However, throughout their evolutionary history microorganisms in the wild have encountered antimicrobial substances, forcing them to evolve strategies to combat antimicrobial action. It is well known that many of these strategies are based on genetic mechanisms, but these do not fully explain important aspects of the antimicrobial response such as the rapid development of resistance, reversible phenotypes, and hetero‐resistance. Consequently, attention has turned toward epigenetic pathways that may offer additional insights into antimicrobial mechanisms. The aim of this review is to explore the epigenetic mechanisms that confer antimicrobial resistance, focusing on those that might be relevant for resistance in the wild. First, we examine the presence of antimicrobials in natural settings. Then we describe the documented epigenetic mechanisms in bacteria and fungi associated with antimicrobial resistance and discuss innovative epigenetic editing techniques to establish causality in this context. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these epigenetic mechanisms on the evolutionary dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in the wild, emphasizing the critical role of priming in the adaptation process. We underscore the necessity of incorporating non‐genetic mechanisms into our understanding of antimicrobial resistance evolution. These mechanisms offer invaluable insights into the dynamics of antimicrobial adaptation within natural ecosystems.
Growth–feeding linkage in small pelagic fish larvae in the Kii Channel, Japan
Authors: Togoshi Shizuna , Tanaka Shota , Yasue Naotaka , Nakamura Masahiro , Robert Dominique , Takasuka Akinori
Published: May 2024

The linkage between growth rate and feeding success has been shown to strengthen the effects of early growth rate on later growth rate in the early life history of fish. However, the growth–feeding linkage largely remains to be tested at the individual level within the same populations/cohorts. We examined the growth–feeding linkage for multiple populations/cohorts in Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus larvae and Pacific round herring Etrumeus micropus larvae, through otolith microstructure analysis, based on samples collected from the commercial fishery for larval fish in the Kii Channel, Japan. The three growth–feeding mechanisms, which are based on the respective potential advantages of larger somatic size, higher growth rate, and earlier morphological development for achieving feeding success, were tested to understand how growth rate relates to feeding success. The “somatic size” mechanism was supported for all of six samples for anchovy larvae and three of four samples for round herring larvae. The “growth rate” mechanism was supported for two of six samples for anchovy larvae and three of four samples for round herring larvae. The “morphological development” mechanism was supported for three of four samples for anchovy larvae and all of three samples for round herring larvae. Overall, the present analysis supported the growth–feeding linkage but revealed the dynamics of the growth–feeding mechanisms. All the mechanisms were shown to operate at least for certain populations/cohorts, but none of them were universally effective over all populations/cohorts across the two species. Understanding the dynamics of the growth–feeding mechanisms would provide precious hints for considering strategies of predicting recruitment dynamics.
Novel pectins extracted from Euryale ferox fruit peel by combined hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis exhibit potential as aqueous gels and antioxidant activities
Authors: Qian Shiquan , Chen Siyu , Chang Wenli , Zhou Wenjie , Sun Qi , Zhu Liying , Liang Xiaona , Song Huwei
Published: May 2024

The present study provided new alternatives for recycling of Euryale ferox fruit peel to develop application of pectins in food industry. In this work, the physicochemical characteristics, thermal properties, rheological properties and antioxidant activities of novel pectins (Pectin Hp, Pectin Eh and Pectin Hp‐Eh) extracted from E. ferox fruit peel were explored. The results indicated that Pectin Hp‐Eh had the highest yield (122.48 mg g−1). Pectin HP, Pectin Eh and Pectin HP‐Eh, with strip, polygonal and irregular shaped structures, respectively, exhibited dominant elastic characteristics as aqueous gels. Compared to Pectin HP and Pectin HP‐Eh, Pectin Eh possessed better rheological properties. Moreover, Pectin Eh exhibited stronger scavenging activities of hydroxyl and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals than those of Pectin HP and Pectin HP‐Eh. The IC50 values of Pectin Eh for hydroxyl and DPPH radicals were determined to be 11.81 and 14.07 mg mL−1, respectively.
Late diagnosis of sitosterolemia in an adult case with unexplained hemolytic anemia
Authors: Jurado Tapiador Rebeca , González P. , Hernandez‐Rodriguez I.
Published: May 2024

Sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessive disease that lead to an increase in the intestinal absorption and decreased biliary excretion plant sterols. It is caused by mutations in ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes, encoring sterolin‐1 and sterolin‐2 protein. The main clinical manifestations are xanthomas, premature atherosclerosis, arthralgia and, of note, hematological alterations. As in many other systemic diseases, hematological manifestations may be the only notable finding, for this reason we want to highlight the importance of multidisciplinary work and raise awareness of this rare disease that can lead to serious consequences if not treated prematurely. Here we present a case of this disease as well as its entire diagnostic process developed from a simple analytical alteration.
DNA methylase 1 influences temperature responses and development in the invasive pest Tuta absoluta
Authors: Tang Yanhong , Zhang Huifang , Zhu Huanqing , Bi Siyan , Wang Xiaodi , Ji Shunxia , Ji Jianhang , Ma Dongfang , Huang Cong , Zhang Guifen , Yang Nianwan , Wan Fanghao , Lü Zhichuang , Liu Wanxue
Published: May 2024

DNA methylase 1 (Dnmt1) is an important regulatory factor associated with biochemical signals required for insect development. It responds to changes in the environment and triggers phenotypic plasticity. Meanwhile, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)—a destructive invasive pest—can rapidly invade and adapt to different habitats; however, the role of Dnmt1 in this organism has not been elucidated. Accordingly, this study investigates the mechanism(s) underlying the rapid adaptation of Tuta absoluta to temperature stress. Potential regulatory genes were screened via RNAi (RNA interference), and the DNA methylase in Tuta absoluta was cloned by RACE (Rapid amplification of cDNA ends). TaDnmt1 was identified as a potential regulatory gene via bioinformatics; its expression was evaluated in response to temperature stress and during different development stages using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Results revealed that TaDnmt1 participates in hot/cold tolerance, temperature preference and larval development. The full‐length cDNA sequence of TaDnmt1 is 3765 bp and encodes a 1254 kDa protein with typical Dnmt1 node‐conserved structural features and six conserved DNA‐binding active motifs. Moreover, TaDnmt1 expression is significantly altered by temperature stress treatments and within different development stages. Hence, TaDnmt1 likely contributes to temperature responses and organismal development. Furthermore, after treating with double‐stranded RNA and exposing Tuta absoluta to 35°C heat shock or −12°C cold shock for 1 h, the survival rate significantly decreases; the preferred temperature is 2°C lower than that of the control group. In addition, the epidermal segments become enlarged and irregularly folded while the surface dries up. This results in a significant increase in larval mortality (57%) and a decrease in pupation (49.3%) and eclosion (50.9%) rates. Hence, TaDnmt1 contributes to temperature stress responses and temperature perception, as well as organismal growth and development, via DNA methylation regulation. These findings suggest that the rapid geographic expansion of T absoluta has been closely associated with TaDnmt1‐mediated temperature tolerance. This study advances the research on ‘thermos Dnmt’ and provides a potential target for RNAi‐driven regulation of Tuta absoluta.
Toddlers' prior social experience with speakers influences their word learning
Authors: Breitfeld Elise , Compton Anna M. , Saffran Jenny R.
Published: May 2024

Toddlers prefer to learn from familiar adults, particularly their caregivers, and perform better on word learning tasks when taught by caregivers than by strangers. However, it remains unclear why toddlers learn better from caregivers than from strangers. One possibility is that toddlers are more receptive to learning from individuals whom they have found to be engaging in previous interactions. The current study tested whether toddlers learn more from an unfamiliar adult who was previously engaging than from an unfamiliar adult who was previously unengaging. Toddlers (27–29 months, N = 40) were taught labels for novel objects by two different experimenters. Prior to word learning, toddlers watched pre‐recorded videos of one experimenter utilizing engaging behaviors (i.e., using infant‐directed speech, gestures, eye contact, and positive affect) and one experimenter utilizing unengaging behaviors (i.e., using adult‐directed speech, no gestures, no eye contact, and neutral affect). Both experimenters were equally engaging during labeling. Word learning was then tested using a looking‐while‐listening paradigm. The results of linear mixed‐effects model, cluster‐based permutation, and growth curve analyses suggest heightened performance for words that were taught by the experimenter who was previously engaging. These results begin to reveal the kinds of social experiences that promote success in early word learning.
Acupressure, a promising intervention for fatigue, within the European nursing care pathways (ENP): An integrative review
Authors: Jiang‐Siebert Qiumei , Wieteck Pia , Kraus Sebastian
Published: May 2024

Aims

The aim of this study is to test whether acupressure for patients with fatigue is an efficient nursing intervention and if it can be implemented into the European nursing care pathways (ENP) nursing classification system.

Background

Previously, interventions for acupressure were included nonspecifically in ENP and therefore were not available for standardized nursing documentation in an electronic health record (EHR).

Introduction

Acupressure is a nursing intervention that is increasingly used in specific settings. ENP is a nursing classification system that provides evidence‐based nursing interventions for nursing diagnoses.

Methods

A systematic international literature search was conducted from May 2021 to December 2021. An iterative, hierarchical search process according to the 6S evidence pyramid was chosen. The results were reported following the PRISMA statement.

Results

Findings of 49 included publications that studied a total of 1,716 patients indicate that certain acupressure points may be efficient in treating fatigue.

Discussion

Acupressure is a useful nursing intervention and can really help patients experiencing fatigue. It is illustrated how the findings have been implemented in the development of ENP nursing interventions to document acupressure.

Conclusion

The acupressure points most frequently used on the ear with positive effects in improving fatigue are Shen Men, liver, spleen, subcortex, endocrine, heart, and sympathetic, while the most common points on the body are ST 36, SP 6, LI 4, HT 7, KID 1, Ex‐HN 3, Ex‐HN, and KID 3.

Implication for nursing

In the future, nurses will be able to use ENP to quickly and easily document acupressure interventions for fatigue in the EHR.

In the EHR, the documentation of the nursing process with ENP could help to promote research into evidence‐based approaches to fatigue by generating mass data on the different concepts of acupressure, which could lead to a clearer determination of the evidence and contribute to the safety of care and patients.
The relationship between governance structure and tourism development in China: Evidence from time and frequency domains
Authors: Raza Syed Ali , Ahmed Maiyra , Irfan Muhammad
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between governance structure and tourism growth in China. This study examines the worldwide governance indicators’ correlation with tourism development (TD) through the time and frequency approach. The sample used in this study covers the duration from 2002Q1–2019Q4; the connection among the variables under consideration, named corruption control, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, the rule of law, voice and accountability and regulatory quality, is examined individually with respect to TD. The outcome of the study highlights the considerable importance of governance structure indicators in developing the tourism sector. Moreover, the results verify causal connections among the time‐series of the variables under consideration, pointing towards the dynamic nature of their influence. Based on the results, this study stresses the imperative role of government and authorities in improving the quality of governance. Moreover, governance indicators are crucial for economies as they portray the reputation and image of a country, therefore interesting international tourists and strengthening the tourism sector. Additionally, the results not just emphasize the significance of a strong governance structure but also call for a strategic plan which fosters TD in the upcoming years.
Preparation and investigation of mechanical and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of TiC–TiB2/Si3N4 composites
Authors: Wang Shaoyin , Bi Jianqiang , Liang Guandong , Qiao Linjing , Yang Yao , Wang Hongyi , Liang Shuyong , Rong Jiacheng , Che Chengjiao , Yuan Jilie , Chen Yueguang
Published: May 2024

The aim of achieving integration of lightweight, high strength, high‐temperature resistant, and satisfactory electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption was successfully accomplished in the present study by synthesizing TiC–TiB2 fibers reinforced Si3N4 composites, which were pressureless sintered at 1650°C for 2 h. The preparation of TiC–TiB2 fibers was conducted through a chloride‐assisted carbothermic method. This work focused on investigating the effects of incorporating TiC–TiB2 fibers on the mechanical properties and EM wave absorption characteristics of the composites. The 30 wt% TiC–TiB2/Si3N4 composite displayed the bulk density of 1.89 g/cm3, bending strength of 93.11 ± 3.91 MPa, fracture toughness of 1.81 ± 0.10 MPa m1/2, minimum reflection loss of −38.87 dB, and effective absorption bandwidth of 1.43 GHz in the Ku‐band, respectively. The as‐synthesized TiC–TiB2/Si3N4 composites are promising candidates for EM wave absorbing load‐bearing materials due to their outstanding mechanical properties and microwave absorption properties.
Working on differentiated nursing practices in hospitals: A learning history on enacting new nursing roles
Authors: Martini Dieke , Schalkwijk Hugo , Schoonhoven Lisette , Noordegraaf Mirko , Lalleman Pieterbas
Published: May 2024

Objective

This study aims to better understand how new future‐oriented nursing roles are enacted in a general hospital.

Design

A learning history, that is, a participatory action‐oriented research design to explore and foster organizational learning.

Methods

Data collection consisted of a (historical) document analysis, the shadowing of differentiated nursing practices (36 h), 22 open interviews, 4 oral history interviews, 2 focus groups and a podcast series (7 h) created with participants.

Results

The data gathered revealed three important themes regarding enacting new nursing roles: (1) stretching the nature of nursing work, (2) using earlier experiences and (3) collectively tackling taboos.

Conclusions

Differentiated nursing practices and enacting new nursing roles have long and complex histories. Attempts to differentiate are often met with resistance from within the nursing profession. This study shows how the new role of nurse coordinator was negotiated in nursing teams. With a bottom‐up approach focused on collective responsibilities. By acknowledging and reflecting on the past, spaces were enacted in which the role of nurse coordinator became one role, among others, in the delivery of patient care.

Impact

This study provides an innovative perspective on differentiated nursing practices by focusing on the past, the present and the future. We found that local, situated conditions can be taken as starting points when new nursing roles are enacted. In addition, shifting focus from individual nursing roles to nursing team development, emphasizing collective responsibilities, softens strong (historically) grown emotions and creates spaces in which new roles become negotiable.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
A systematic review with meta‐analysis of heritability estimates for temperament‐related traits in beef and dairy cattle populations
Authors: Pinto Luís Fernando Batista , Medrado Bruno Delphino , Pedrosa Victor Breno , Brito Luiz F.
Published: May 2024

Temperament (docility) is a key breeding goal in the cattle industry due to its direct relationship with animal welfare, cattle handler's safety and animal productivity. Over the past six decades, numerous studies have reported heritability estimates for temperament‐related traits in cattle populations ranging from low to high values. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive systematic review with meta‐analysis to obtain weighted estimates of heritability for temperament‐related traits in worldwide cattle populations. After data editing and quality control, 106 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 29.2% and 70.8% reported estimates of heritability for temperament‐related traits in dairy and beef cattle populations, respectively. Meta‐analyses were performed for 95 heritability estimates using a random model approach. The weighted heritability estimates were as follow: (a) flight score at weaning = 0.23 (95% CI: 0.15–0.32); (b) flight speed at weaning = 0.30 (95% CI: 0.26–0.33); (c) joint analysis of flight speed and flight score at weaning = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.22–0.31); (d) flight speed at yearling = 0.26 (95% CI: 0.21–0.30); (e) joint analysis of flight speed at weaning and yearling = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.24–0.30); (f) movement score = 0.12 (95% CI: 0.08–0.15); (g) crush score at weaning = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.17–0.25); (h) pen score at weaning = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.19–0.34); (i) pen score at yearling = 0.20 (95% CI: 0.17–0.23); (j) joint analysis of pen score at weaning and yearling = 0.22 (95% CI: 0.18–0.26); (k) cow's aggressiveness at calving = 0.10 (95% CI: 0.01–0.19); (l) general temperament = 0.13 (95% CI: 0.06–0.19); (m) milking temperament = 0.16 (95% CI: 0.11–0.21); and (n) joint analysis of general and milking temperament = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.11–0.18). The heterogeneity index ranged from 0% to 77%, and the Q‐test was significant (p < 0.05) for four single‐trait meta‐analyses. In conclusion, temperament is moderately heritable in beef cattle populations, and flight speed at weaning had the highest weighted heritability estimate. Moreover, between‐study heterogeneity was low or moderate in beef cattle traits, suggesting reasonable standardization across studies. On the other hand, low‐weighted heritability and high between‐study heterogeneity were estimated for temperament‐related traits in dairy cattle, suggesting that more studies are needed to better understand the genetic inheritance of temperament in dairy cattle populations.
Transgenerational effects of the maternal gestational environment on the post‐natal performance of beef cattle: A reaction norm approach
Authors: Santana Mário Luiz , Bignardi Annaiza Braga , Pereira Rodrigo Junqueira , Sterman Ferraz José Bento , Eler Joanir Pereira
Published: May 2024

In tropical beef cattle production systems, animals are commonly raised on pastures, exposing them to potential stressors. The end of gestation typically overlaps with a dry period characterized by limited food availability. Late gestation is pivotal for fetal development, making it an ideal scenario for inter‐ and transgenerational effects of the maternal gestational environment. Intergenerational effects occur due to exposure during gestation, impacting the development of the embryo and its future germline. Transgenerational effects, however, extend beyond direct exposure to the subsequent generations. The objective of the present study was to verify these effects on the post‐natal performance of zebu beef cattle. We extended the use of a reaction norm model to identify genetic variation in the animals' responses to transgenerational effects. The inter‐ and transgenerational effects were predominantly positive (−0.09% to 19.74%) for growth and reproductive traits, indicating improved animal performance on the phenotypic scale in more favourable maternal gestational environments. Additionally, these effects were more pronounced in the reproductive performance of females. On average, the ratio of direct additive genetic variances of the slope and intercept of the reaction norm ranged from 1.23% to 3.60% for direct and from 10.17% to 11.42% for maternal effects. Despite its relatively modest magnitude, this variation proved sufficient to prompt modifications in parameter estimates. The average percentage variation of direct heritability estimates ranged from 19.3% for scrotal circumference to 33.2% for yearling weight across the environmental descriptors evaluated. Genetic correlations between distant environments for the studied traits were generally high for direct effects and far from unity for maternal effects. Changes in EBV rankings of sires across different gestational environments were also observed. Due to the multifaceted nature of inter‐ and transgenerational effects of the maternal gestational environment on various traits of beef cattle raised under tropical pasture conditions, they should not be overlooked by producers and breeders. There were differences in the specific response of beef cattle to variations in the quality of the maternal gestational environment, which can be partially explained by transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Adopting a reaction norm model to capture a portion of the additive variance induced by inter‐ or transgenerational effects could be an alternative for future research and animal genetic evaluations.
Is autism a PIN1 deficiency syndrome? A proposed etiological role for glyphosate
Authors: Seneff Stephanie , Kyriakopoulos Anthony M. , Nigh Greg
Published: May 2024

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, the prevalence of which has increased dramatically in the United States over the past two decades. It is characterized by stereotyped behaviors and impairments in social interaction and communication. In this paper, we present evidence that autism can be viewed as a PIN1 deficiency syndrome. Peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA‐Interacting 1 (PIN1) is a peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerase, and it has widespread influences in biological organisms. Broadly speaking, PIN1 deficiency is linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, whereas PIN1 over‐expression is linked to cancer. Death‐associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) strongly inhibits PIN1, and the hormone melatonin inhibits DAPK1. Melatonin deficiency is strongly linked to autism. It has recently been shown that glyphosate exposure to rats inhibits melatonin synthesis as a result of increased glutamate release from glial cells and increased expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glyphosate's inhibition of melatonin leads to a reduction in PIN1 availability in neurons. In this paper, we show that PIN1 deficiency can explain many of the unique morphological features of autism, including increased dendritic spine density, missing or thin corpus callosum, and reduced bone density. We show how PIN1 deficiency disrupts the functioning of powerful high‐level signaling molecules, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) and p53. Dysregulation of both of these proteins has been linked to autism. Severe depletion of glutathione in the brain resulting from chronic exposure to oxidative stressors and extracellular glutamate leads to oxidation of the cysteine residue in PIN1, inactivating the protein and further contributing to PIN1 deficiency. Impaired autophagy leads to increased sensitivity of neurons to ferroptosis. It is imperative that further research be conducted to experimentally validate whether the mechanisms described here take place in response to chronic glyphosate exposure and whether this ultimately leads to autism.

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Delayed onset septic pelvic thrombophlebitis treated by tissue‐plasminogen activator following initial treatment for massive right ovarian vein thrombosis and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A case report
Authors: Miyamori Daisuke , Shigemoto Norifumi , Une Kazunobu , Kinoshita Hiroki , Harimoto Shina , Sakashita Tomohisa , Ito Masanori
Published: May 2024

Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis (SPT) is a rare condition that forms thrombosis in the pelvic veins, typically the ovarian veins, with subsequent infection and inflammation. We present a case of right ovarian vein thrombosis (ROVT), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia, and delayed onset of SPT symptoms, requiring tissue‐plasminogen activator. A 40‐year‐old woman, G3P2, at 38 weeks' gestation, was admitted with a fever of 39°C. She had cervical insufficiency and had been often on bed rest. Blood culture revealed MRSA and computed tomography revealed a large ROVT. She received vancomycin and direct oral anticoagulant, and her fever resolved by day 3. On day 16, fever recurred with severe pain over the ROVT. Second computed tomography showed thickening of venous wall with enhancement around ROVT, consistent with SPT. Since pain and fever gradually exacerbated despite treatment with DOAC and antimicrobials, she was started on heparin and tissue plasminogen activator on days 23 and 25, respectively. Along with recanalization on the thrombosis by day 29, fever and abdominal pain resolved. We experienced a case of delayed onset SPT associated with MRSA bacteremia and a large ROVT. MRSA bacteremia might cause the originally existing ROVT to become an infection source, resulting in SPT with recurrent symptoms and long‐term treatment. Early and strict anticoagulation is crucial in cases with a large thrombosis and bacteremia, due to the high risk of progression to SPT. This case highlights the importance of recanalization for the treatment of SPT and usefulness of administration of tissue‐plasminogen activator for the massive thrombosis.
Artificial intelligence and radiomics in the diagnosis of intraosseous lesions of the gnathic bones: A systematic review
Authors: Giraldo‐Roldán Daniela , Araújo Anna Luíza Damaceno , Moraes Matheus Cardoso , da Silva Viviane Mariano , Ribeiro Erin Crespo Cordeiro , Cerqueira Matheus , Saldivia‐Siracusa Cristina , Sousa‐Neto Sebastião Silvério , Pérez‐de‐Oliveira Maria Eduarda , Lopes Marcio Ajudarte , Kowalski Luiz Paulo , de Carvalho André Carlos Ponce de Leon Ferreira , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Vargas Pablo Agustin
Published: May 2024

Background

The purpose of this systematic review (SR) is to gather evidence on the use of machine learning (ML) models in the diagnosis of intraosseous lesions in gnathic bones and to analyze the reliability, impact, and usefulness of such models. This SR was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2022 guidelines and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022379298).

Methods

The acronym PICOS was used to structure the inquiry‐focused review question “Is Artificial Intelligence reliable for the diagnosis of intraosseous lesions in gnathic bones?” The literature search was conducted in various electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Lilacs, IEEE Xplore, and Gray Literature (Google Scholar and ProQuest). Risk of bias assessment was performed using PROBAST, and the results were synthesized by considering the task and sampling strategy of the dataset.

Results

Twenty‐six studies were included (21 146 radiographic images). Ameloblastomas, odontogenic keratocysts, dentigerous cysts, and periapical cysts were the most frequently investigated lesions. According to TRIPOD, most studies were classified as type 2 (randomly divided). The F1 score was presented in only 13 studies, which provided the metrics for 20 trials, with a mean of 0.71 (±0.25).

Conclusion

There is no conclusive evidence to support the usefulness of ML‐based models in the detection, segmentation, and classification of intraosseous lesions in gnathic bones for routine clinical application. The lack of detail about data sampling, the lack of a comprehensive set of metrics for training and validation, and the absence of external testing limit experiments and hinder proper evaluation of model performance.
Heterogeneity of adolescent bullying perpetrators: Subtypes based on victimization and peer status
Authors: Turunen Tiina , Malamut Sarah T. , Yanagida Takuya , Salmivalli Christina
Published: May 2024

We identified different types of adolescent bullying perpetrators and nonbullies based on peer‐reported bullying, victimization, and peer status (popularity, likeability, and rejection) and examined differences between bully subtypes in typical forms of bullying perpetrated. Moreover, we studied how bully subtypes differed from nonbullies with varying levels of victimization and peer status in academic and psychosocial adjustment. The study utilizes data from 10,689 adolescents (48.3% boys, mean age 14.7 years). Latent profile analysis identified three distinct subgroups of bullies: popular‐liked bullies (13.5%), popular‐rejected bully‐victims (5.8%), and bully‐victims (6.9%), and four groups on nonbullies. High‐status bullies (popular‐liked and popular‐rejected) resembled nonbullies in many ways and had even lower social anxiety, whereas bully‐victims were the most maladjusted group. Overall, popularity seems to protect adolescents from social anxiety, and victimization is related to internalizing problems. Results suggest that bullying, victimization, and peer status can be used to identify distinct subtypes of bullies.
Sinking rates, orientation, and behavior of pennate diatoms
Authors: Sourisseau M. , Font‐Muñoz J. , Bellouche S. , Fauvarque O. , Rouxel J. , Tardivel M. , Sauvey A.
Published: May 2024

Phytoplankton cells are now recognized as dynamic entities rather than as passive and isolated particles because they can actively modulate impacts of selection factors (nutrients, light, turbidity, and mixing) through a wide range of adaptations. Cell shape and/or chain length modulation is one of these processes but has predominantly been studied as an adaptation or an acclimatation to a specific growth limitation (light, nutrients, predation, etc.). In this study we have demonstrated that cell shape and size may have greater roles than previously known in phytoplankton ecology and species adaptation by permitting cell‐to‐cell signaling and more complex ecological processes that result from it. By exploring microscale biophysical interactions that lead to specific cell reorientation processes, we demonstrated that cell geometry not only modulates cell sinking rates but can also provide fast sensor responses to the cells' environment. Although gyrotaxis has been described in detail for motile phytoplankton cells, our findings illustrate that the reorientation process described here can occur even in non‐motile cells within their natural environment. An additional consistent behavior was also recently described for a diatom species (Pseudo‐nitzschia delicatessima), and with this study, we extend this observation to Pseudo‐nitzschia pungens and Pseudo‐nitzschia fraudulenta. Our observations emphasize the generality of this process, which adds a new level of complexity to our understanding of cellular interactions and their network of sensors.
Maternal effects on recruitment of five gadoid species
Authors: Jónsdóttir Ingibjörg G. , Sólmundsson Jón , Jonasson Jónas P. , Woods Pamela J.
Published: May 2024

Commercial fishing is almost always non‐random and generally removes large and old individuals from fish stocks, thereby reducing age diversity among spawners. Reduced age diversity may result in less stable recruitment. Here, we explore the influence of age diversity (H), mean age of the spawning stock (MA) and sea surface temperature (SST) on recruitment‐per‐spawning biomass (RSSB) for five commercial gadoid species (Atlantic cod, haddock, ling, saithe and tusk) by using data from analytical stock assessment spanning 4–7 decades. In the past 10–20 years, spawning stock biomass of these species (except for tusk) has increased due to lower fishing pressure. Concurrently, H and MA increased, especially for cod. However, our results did not indicate long term either positive or negative correlation between the maternal factors (H and MA) and RSSB for four of the studied species. Cod was the only species that showed significant positive correlation between H and RSSB, but the correlation did not hold during the most recent period of high SST. The conflicting outcomes underscore the difficulty in identifying a constant and direct maternal and/or environmental influence on RSSB.
A MYB‐related transcription factor regulates effector gene expression in an oomycete pathogen
Authors: Qian Hui , Lin Long , Zhang Zhichao , Gu Xinyi , Shen Danyu , Yin Zhiyuan , Ye Wenwu , Dou Daolong , Wang Yuanchao
Published: May 2024

Phytophthora pathogens possess hundreds of effector genes that exhibit diverse expression patterns during infection, yet how the expression of effector genes is precisely regulated remains largely elusive. Previous studies have identified a few potential conserved transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoters of Phytophthora effector genes. Here, we report a MYB‐related protein, PsMyb37, in Phytophthora sojae, the major causal agent of root and stem rot in soybean. Yeast one‐hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that PsMyb37 binds to the TACATGTA motif, the most prevalent TFBS in effector gene promoters. The knockout mutant of PsMyb37 exhibited significantly reduced virulence on soybean and was more sensitive to oxidative stress. Consistently, transcriptome analysis showed that numerous effector genes associated with suppressing plant immunity or scavenging reactive oxygen species were down‐regulated in the PsMyb37 knockout mutant during infection compared to the wild‐type P. sojae. Several promoters of effector genes were confirmed to drive the expression of luciferase in a reporter assay. These results demonstrate that a MYB‐related transcription factor contributes to the expression of effector genes in P. sojae.
Micronutrient‐fortified bouillon as a strategy to improve the micronutrient adequacy of diets in Burkina Faso
Authors: Adams Katherine P. , Vosti Stephen A. , Somé Jérome W. , Tarini Ann , Becher Emily , Koudougou Karim , Engle‐Stone Reina
Published: May 2024

Bouillon is a promising candidate for fortification to complement existing large‐scale food fortification (LSFF) programs. We used household dietary data from Burkina Faso to model potential contributions of bouillon fortified with vitamin A (40–250 μg/g bouillon), folic acid (20–120 μg/g), vitamin B12 (0.2–2 μg/g), iron (0.6–5 mg/g), and zinc (0.6–5 mg/g) for meeting micronutrient requirements of women of reproductive age (15–49 years; WRA) and children (6–59 months). Most households (82%) reported bouillon consumption, with higher proportions of resource‐constrained (84–88%) and rural households (88%) consuming bouillon. Accounting for the contributions of existing LSFF, household diets were inadequate to meet the micronutrient requirements of many WRA and children, exceeding 90% and 60% inadequacy for vitamins A and B12, respectively. Modeling results showed bouillon fortification could reduce inadequacy by up to ∼30 percentage points (pp) for vitamin A, ∼26 pp for folate among WRA (∼11 pp among children), ∼38 pp for vitamin B12, and 11–13 pp for zinc, with comparable reductions across socioeconomic strata and urban and rural residence. Predicted reductions in iron inadequacy were <3 pp. These results suggest dietary micronutrient inadequacies are a concern in Burkina Faso, and fortified bouillon can make substantial contributions to reducing micronutrient inadequacies, including among resource‐constrained and rural populations.