bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Preoperative Continuous Femoral Nerve Block in Ease of Administration of Spinal Anaesthesia for Fracture Neck of Femur Stabilisation: A Case-control Study
Authors: Shakira Fathimath , Mubarak KK , Fijul Komu
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Subarachnoid block remains the anaesthesia modality of choice for surgical fixation of femur. Extreme fracture pain makes ideal positioning for spinal anaesthesia difficult. Preoperative continuous femoral block can provide analgesia for such patients. Aim: To evaluate the effect of continuous femoral nerve block in ease of administration of spinal anaesthesia for fracture neck of femur stabilisation. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case-control study conducted at the Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India from September 2020 to September 2021. Total of 86 adult patients posted for fracture femur neck stabilisation were selected and divided into two groups- group 1 and group 2. Patients in group 1, were administered ultrasound guided continuous femoral nerve block with 0.2% ropivacaine (15 mL) followed by subarachnoid block and group 2 patients were administered subarachnoid block without prior femoral nerve block. Parameters observed included were VAS score while positioning for spinal anaesthesia, ease of palpating interspinous space, time required to perform spinal anaesthesia, number of attempts required to achieve dural puncture, patient satisfaction score as well as haemodynamic and respiratory changes while positioning for subarachnoid block. Results: Group 1 patients had significantly lower VAS scores while positioning for spinal anaesthesia (4.2±1.8 in group 1 as compared to 6.3±1.2 in group 2, p-value=0.001). There was a significant difference in the number of attempts required for dural puncture (1.3±0.4 in group 1 as compared to 1.8±0.6 in group 2, p-value=0.04) and total performance time for spinal anaesthesia (2.2±0.4 min in group 1 as compared to 3.3±0.9 in group 2, p-value=0.02) between 2 groups. Patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (9.3±0.6 in group 1 as compared to 6.5±0.5, p-value <0.001). Both groups were comparable in terms of ease of palpating inter spinous space, haemodynamic and respiratory changes during positioning for subarachnoid block. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of continuous femoral nerve block provides better conditions for performing subarachnoid block in fracture neck of femur surgeries by reducing the pain while positioning.
VALIDATION OF SCREENING MODEL FOR MENINGITIS: A REVIEW
Authors: Tripathi Ankita , Gupta Utsav , Chaurasiya Pooja , Pandey Priya , Raj Sristi
Published: November 2022

Meningitis is a condition caused by the inflammation of the meninges. Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and amebic. Interestingly some meningitis is infectious, while other is non-infectious. The non-infectious causes of meningitis are autoimmune illnesses, cancer/paraneoplastic syndromes, and medication responses. There are several risk factors associated with meningitis, like a defect in the dural, alcoholism, age, medical condition, some kind of exposure, and so on. Since meningitis is a serious and delicate condition, the need of several screening models is required to validate meningitis. These models depend on thematical calculations like regression models, multiple regression models, and logistic models, and some animal models are also there for meningitis. Hence, here we discussed meningitis and models briefly.
A REVIEW ON ḤARĀRAT-E-GHARĪZIYYA (INNATE HEAT): A KEY CONCEPT IN THE UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Authors: Zafar Sanila Adil , Bharti Neha , Rahman Azizur , Siddiqui Uzma , Farooqui Kubra Anam , Bano Saba
Published: November 2022

The Unani system of medicine is based on certain fundamental principles and concepts. One such concept is Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya which is known as innate heat. According to Jalinoos and Razi, innate heat is an elemental heat that is produced by the Unsur-i-istihala (metabolism) of the human body. Ibn Sina considered it heavenly heat, which is gifted by God. According to Allama Ghilani, in human beings, the intermixing of elements results in the production of heat. As long as this heat remains in moderation, it is known as Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya. It is the body’s natural heat generated from blood, which is a substance of Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya. It requires rooh, which is produced from external air during respiration and is preserved by rutubat ghareeziyyah. It acts as a tool (machine) for tabiyat, which is considered the ultimate power in regulating and maintaining the functions performed by all organs of the body through various quwa (faculties). It is essential for the normal functioning of organs with respect to temperament and structure and for the maintenance of life in the body. Any morbidity or excess immoderation in Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya or its constituents causes illness and disease. Hence, its extinction means the extinction of life, i.e., the death of a person. This paper aims to explain the concept and importance of Ḥarārat-e-gharīziyya for maintenance of health and the factors which affect and corrupt it; evaluated as well.
Cost Assessment of Cryogenic Preservation of Biocollections during the COVID Pandemic at CeReB 2020-2021
Authors: Edwige Aka Ayebe Kouadio , Maxime Diané Kouao , Marcelle Money , Rita Bouagnon , Souleymane Cissé , Ambroise Kouame Kintossou , Litio Coulibaly , Felix Nguessan , Joseph Djaman , Mireille Dosso
Published: November 2022

Aims: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a new human disease caused by the Coronavirus SARS-COV-2. It was classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The Institute Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire (IPCI), through its specialized units and its Center National of Reference (CNR) for respiratory viruses, has been entrusted with the mission of coordinating the diagnostic and conservation efforts of COVID-19 for the country.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the costs of cryogenic conservation of biocollections during the COVID pandemic at the Côte d'Ivoire Biological Resource Center (CeReB) from 2020-2021.

Methodology: Cost and sample data were collected using a questionnaire administered to the IPCI administration, the Supply Management Unit (UGA) and CeReB staff that ensured data quality.

Results: For our study period, of the 1,225,710 SARS COV 2 samples collected by National Surveillance 92.7% (1,137,210/1,225,710) were received in IPCI laboratories for diagnosis.

Variable costs are higher than fixed costs in both cryovial and chaff collection production. The total production cost of the straw collection is 3.5 times the total production cost of the cryovial collection

Conclusion: This study establishes a generic analysis of the capital and operating costs required to integrate nasopharyngeal specimen cryopreservation and can serve as a model for the implementation of cryopreservation programs.
Impact of Artisanal Crude Oil Refinery on Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Soil and Water in Igia-Ama, Tombia Kingdom, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Onwuna D. B. , Stanley H. O. , Abu G. O. , Immanuel O. M.
Published: November 2022

This study aimed to determine the impact of artisanal refinery operations on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of soil and water in Igia-Ama, Tombia Kingdom, Rivers State, Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters along with concentrations of heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were determined in soil and water samples using standard methods. Microbial populations were determined using standard plate count. Microbial isolates were identified based on their cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Results show that concentrations of monitored physicochemical parameters differed significantly (p<0.05) between impacted sites and control as well as between dry and wet season. Heavy metals, PAHs, TPH, BTEX and PCB concentrations were higher in the impacted sites than in the control (significant, p<0.05), and also differed significantly between dry and wet season. Microbial counts varied between polluted samples and control as well as between dry and wet season, though not significantly different (p>0.05). Bacterial isolates in polluted soil samples were identified as Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Bacteria in polluted water samples were identified as Staphylococcus sp. and Escherichia coli. Fungi in polluted soil samples were identified as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp., Rhodotorula sp., Exophiala sp. and Crypotococcus sp. While only Penicillium sp. was isolated in polluted water sample. Artisanal crude oil refinery operations significantly impacted the physicochemical properties of soil and water in the study area but not the microbiological properties. The levels of heavy metals, PAHs, TPH and BTEX in the soil and water suggest the need for remediation of the impacted environment.
Reading Motivation, Language Learning Self-efficacy and Test-taking Strategy: A Structural Equation Model on Academic Performance of Students
Authors: Ancheta Johnryll C. , Napil Melissa C.
Published: November 2022

Aims: To determine the best fit model for the academic performance of students using reading motivation, language learning self-efficacy, and test-taking strategy as exogenous variables, and academic performance as the endogenous variable.

Study Design:  This research used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at public high schools of SOCCSKSARGEN or Region 12 in the Philippines during the school year 2021-2022.

Methodology: The respondents of the study were 400 public high school students. The respondents were chosen using stratified random sampling. A four-part questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. All items in each indicator of the four variables revealed a good interpretation which means they were valid and reliable.  

Results: Reading tough books to achieve excellent marks, perform well in class, and gain attention from teachers and parents is less likely to drive students. Students used to evaluate their language learning requirements, define the abilities they wished to develop, pick effective study techniques, and set aside gadgets when studying. They also used to read the question before looking for hints in the relevant content, extract the essential lines that convey the major ideas, concentrate on titles, names, numbers, quotations, or instances, and comprehend the overall context to infer an option. The survey discovered that most of the time, students utilized it to determine the progress of their learning and create learning objectives. It was also found that there was a link between the exogenous variables and the academic performance of students.

Conclusion: Students observed variables on reading motivation and academic performance. There was a positive and significant relationship between reading motivation, language learning self-efficacy, and test-taking strategy. Thus, this study supported Reynolds and Walberg's theory of academic achievement.
Review on Effects of Mining in Ghana: The Case of Obuasi Municipality
Authors: Kwaning Emmanuel , Atteh Evans
Published: November 2022

The mining industry has been crucial to the development of Ghana. As with all industries, mining has both advantages and disadvantages for the inhabitants of mineral-rich communities. The manner in which these environmental and health effects are managed by the government, neighboring communities, and mining companies can either worsen or improve the quality of life for community residents. It appears that land degradation, environmental pollution, and numerous socioeconomic issues have been major concerns for Ghanaian communities practicing small-scale mining. The majority of these negative effects are the result of regulatory agencies' failure to adequately oversee the mining industry. This paper looks at the effects of mining in Ghana, especially in the Obuasi Municipality. It does this by looking at the history of mining in Ghana (Obuasi), the regulatory actors along the mining value chain, and some important lessons about mining.
Laboratory Evaluation of the Insecticidal Toxins from Entomopathogenic Nematode Symbiotic Bacteria to Control Vegetable Diseases and Pests
Authors: Yu-Juan Hao , Chang Chen , Yun-Xi Zang , Huan Wang
Published: November 2022

Aims: Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) and its symbiotic bacterium are used worldwide as microbial control agents. Toxins from EPN symbiotic bacteria were isolated and provided basis for using this potential resource as biocontrol agent against vegetable diseases and pests.

Study Design: The toxins were extracted from 28 strains of bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes. The insecticidal activity and antibiotic activity against vegetable diseases and pests were determined through bioassay.

Place and Duration of Study: College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, between May 2020 and September 2021.

Methodology: The toxins were extracted by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation method. The insecticidal activities and antibiotic activities were evaluated using bioassay in the laboratory.

Results: The toxins of the symbiotic bacteria associated with EPN had certain insecticidal activities on the first instar larvae of Plutella xylostella and Laphygma exigua, and strain SY5 showed the most obvious antifungal activities against Trichothecium roseum and Fusarium oxysporum.

Conclusions: The toxins of the EPN symbiotic bacteria SY5 had good insecticidal activity and antibiotic activity. Therefore, it has the potential for use against vegetable diseases and pests as biocontrol agents.
Appraisal of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) Genotypes for Growth, Yield, Yield Attributes, Seed and Seedling Characteristics under Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Conditions
Authors: Reddy Palagulla Venkata Mahendra , Dayal Abhinav , Thomas Neha , Ippala Narendra Reddy
Published: November 2022

Buckwheat is referred as poor man’s food because it has good fibre, carbohydrates and essential amino acids. So, it must be made as an integral crop in agriculture production system. For this purpose, production is to be improved through development and breeding of new varieties. So, an experiment was conducted by using 26 buckwheat genotypes to evaluate them under Prayagraj agro-climatic conditions during 2021-22 to study growth, yield and yield attributes. The field experiment was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and lab experiments were conducted in complete randomized design (CRD) with four replications. During the field experiment all genotypes showed wide variations among them for both growth and yield attributing traits. Among twenty-five genotypes, IC 108508 produced highest yield plot-1 (405g) followed by IC 26755 (315g), IC 37275 (299.3g) and IC 107575 (277.3g) higher yield than check PRB 1 (208.3 g). These genotypes also showed high to moderate values for growth and yield attributes. Therefore, these genotypes can be suggested for cultivation under Prayagraj agro-climatic conditions. Under laboratory study, it was observed that IC 42412 performed better for germination percent (97%), seedling length (27.9cm), fresh weight (1.05g), dry weight (0.303 g), vigour index I (2703), vigour index II (29.39), viability percent (99%) and electrical conductivity (0.22dsm-1). The highest protein content (14.1g%) was recorded in IC 24300 genotype. Therefore, IC 42412 can be considered as physiologically potential genotype. Through correlation and path analysis it was clear that number of seeds plant-1, inflorescence length, economic yield, number of inflorescence plant-1 and days to maturity may be considered for selection in crop improvement. Through this study it was concluded that IC 108508, IC 26755, IC 37275, IC 107575 and IC 42412 can be used for further breeding programs.
Seasonal Incidence of Sucking Pests and Their Natural Enemies in Okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Authors: Mohapatra Swapnalisha , Padhi Jayaraj , Samal Tribikram , Tripathy Pradyumna , Kumar Sandeep
Published: November 2022

Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench is a major vegetable crop grown in India. The crop is susceptible to various sucking insects and mite pests throughout the cropping period. The present field experiment was carried out to observe the incidence and correlation between weather parameters and sucking pests along with their natural enemies in okra (variety Arka Anamika) at Central Research Station, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during summer 2021.The maximum population of two major sucking pests i.e., leafhopper and whitefly was observed at 22nd and 19th standard meteorological week (SMW), respectively where as the peak activity of aphid and two spotted spider mites were recorded at 21st SMW. Among the natural enemies, coccinellid and spiders were recorded and the highest activity was observed at 22nd SMW. The correlation studies revealed a significant positive correlation between minimum temperature (r= 0.577) and afternoon relative humidity (r= 0.618) with leafhopper population. Further, there was significant negative correlation between spider population and maximum temperature (r= -0.788) where as both morning and afternoon relative humidity (r= 0.677 and r= 746) had positive effect. In addition, there was significant positive correlation between the predators (coccinellid and spider) and prey (aphid and leafhopper) population. Therefore, from ecological point of view understanding the relationship between pest and natural enemies and their incidence is necessary to take timely pest management measures.
Survey, Occurrence of Major Onion Diseases and Management of Twister Disease of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: Sonawane R. B. , Birade R. M. , Patil H. M. , Dhemre J. K.
Published: November 2022

Purple blotch of onion caused by the fungus Alternaria porri is a serious disease in kharif season and more yield losses in onion growing areas of Maharashtra. A survey was conducted to assess disease intensity of major diseases in onion growing area in Nashik district during kharif 2020 and 2021 During the survey, small whitish, leaf curling, twisting, chlorosis of leaves, elongation of neck and cylindrical bulb such symptoms of twister disease were observed more severe than purple blotch on onion in kharif 2020. The per cent disease severity ranged from 17.28 to 45.83 per cent and 8.00 to 23.00 per cent in purple blotch of onion and 20.17 to 54.59 per cent and 12.00 to 35.00 per cent twister disease of onion during kharif 2020 and 2021, respectively. The diseased samples were utilized for isolation of pathogen. After isolation and morphological   study, it is indicated that twister disease of onion was complex of pathogen caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,  Fusarium sp. and nematode. Due to climate change, from the survey concluded that twister disease was found more serious and threatening disease than purple blotch of onion during kharif 2020 and 2021.  Considering the yield losses caused by twister disease of onion, the investigation was planned for management of twister disease during kharif 21. The combine application of Trichoderma drenching @ 10 g/l along with two alternate sprays of each Tebuconazole 25.9 EC @ 1 ml/l or Azoxystrobin 23 SC@ 1 ml/l recorded lowest PDI of twister disease (14.33%) of onion than the control treatment (49.11%) and which was found effective maximum per cent disease over control (70.82%) for management of twister disease of onion.
Evaluation of Different doses and Modes of Application of Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate for Maximizing Rice Production
Authors: Shukla Sudhanshu , Agrawal S. B. , Verma Badal , Anjna Mahendra , Ansari Tanjeem
Published: November 2022

The field experiment on rice was carried out during the Kharif season 2021 at Agricultural Engineering Research Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) to evaluate the effect of ferrous ammonium sulfate (FASt) on rice production. Eight treatments were applied, namely RDF- Recommended dose of fertilizer (N:P:K) (120:60:40), RDF + FASt at 15 kg/ha for soil application, RDF + FASt at 25 kg/ha for soil application, RDF + FASt at 35 kg/ha for soil application, RDF + 2 Spray of FASt 0.25% at 25 and 45 DAT, RDF + 2 Spray of FASt 0.50% at 25 and 45 DAT, RDF + 1 Spray of FASt 0.25% at 25 DAT, RDF + 1 Spray of FASt 0.50% at 25 DAT. The studies revealed that applying FASt to transplanted rice significantly increased grain yield over the control. All the growth parameters and yield attributes were found highest in the treatment soil application of ferrous ammonium sulfate (FASt) at 35 kg/ha with a recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and more effective comparatively foliar application of FASt at 0.25% and 0.50%. It recorded a maximum grain yield (5188 kg/ha) with a higher harvest index (38.85).
Actinomycetoma: An Unusual Case and Literature Review
Authors: Sanchitha L. , Bhat Ramesh , Souza Myfanwy D. , Dandekeri Sukumar , Jayaraman Jyothi , Fernandes Michelle S.
Published: November 2022

In the current era of modern medicine, neglected tropical disorders though rare, still remain a cause of significant morbidity in the sufferers. Actinomycetoma is one such disease commonly seen in the rural population of the tropical countries. Due to the presence of other infectious diseases with similar presentation and low yield on cultures, there may be a delay in correct diagnosis and treatment in resource poor settings. We present a 35 year old male patient who came with complaints of raised lesions over his neck. He had been treated with antitubercular drugs for the same, despite which the lesions had persisted. Based on clues from histopathological and clinical features, we diagnosed him with Actinomycetoma. He was started on the welsh regimen and he showed excellent response. This case becomes a rare vignette due to the uncommon site of presentation of mycetoma.

Conclusion: Neglected tropical diseases are not to be neglected. Relevant investigations have to be done to rule out their possibility, especially in tropical countries where they are still a burden.
SAR Image Target Detection based on Attention YOLOv4
Authors: Park Jongmin , Youk Geunhyuk , Kim Munchurl
Published: November 2022

Target Detection in synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image is critical for military and national defense. In this paper, we propose YOLOv4-Attention architecture which adds attention modules to YOLOv4 backbone architecture to complement the feature extraction ability for SAR target detection with high accuracy. For training and testing our framework, we present new SAR embedding datasets based on MSTAR SAR public datasets which are about poor environments for target detection such as various clutter, crowded objects, various object size, close to buildings, and weakness of signal-to-clutter ratio. Experiments show that our Attention YOLOv4 architecture outperforms original YOLOv4 architecture in SAR image target detection tasks in poor environments for target detection.
Synthetic Infra-Red Image Dataset Generation by CycleGAN based on SSIM Loss Function
Authors: Lee Sky , Leeghim Henzeh
Published: November 2022

Synthetic dynamic infrared image generation from the given virtual environment is being the primary goal to simulate the output of the infra-red(IR) camera installed on a vehicle to evaluate the control algorithm for various search & reconnaissance missions. Due to the difficulty to obtain actual IR data in complex environments, Artificial intelligence(AI) has been used recently in the field of image data generation. In this paper, CycleGAN technique is applied to obtain a more realistic synthetic IR image. We added the Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM) loss function to the L1 loss function to generate a more realistic synthetic IR image when the CycleGAN image is generated. From the simulation, it is applicable to the guided-missile flight simulation tests by using the synthetic infrared image generated by the proposed technique.
A Study on the Method for Setting the Optimal Maintenance Concept based on RAM-C Using Modeling & Simulation
Authors: Kim Kyungrok , Lee Kiwon , Jeong Jun , Cha Jonghan
Published: November 2022

Recently, the R&D of weapon systems has been strengthened in terms of economic cost management throughout the entire life cycle from performance. This study proposes the method for setting the optimal maintenance concept based on RAM-C in weapon system acquisition stage by calculating the operation & maintenance cost as well as reliability, availability, and maintainability. First, we design a simulation model for analysis of weapon system logistic supportability. In addition, information such as weapon system Part Breakdown Structure, operation & maintenance system, cost, and etc for simulation analysis, is applied. Based on the obtained simulation results, the optimal plan is selected among alternatives designed with various maintenance concepts through normalization and weight setting. It is expected to be of technical help in the application of RAM-C in the weapon system acquisition stage.
The Evaluation of an Electric Hybrid Power System for the High Endurance Drone
Authors: Gang Byeong Gyu , Kim Keun-Bae
Published: November 2022

This research shows the test performance of a 6 kW-scale hybrid electric power system for the high endurance drone. The power system is composed of a two-stroke reciprocal engine, starter-generator and battery, and they are integrated as one power unit. The engine is designed to provide the house for holding the starter-generator at the end of a crankshaft in turn the engine and starter-generator can maintain the same speed during the operational period. In this way, the generated power is readily controlled by just manipulating an engine throttle movement. Moreover, the starter-generator can initiate an engine operation with an aid of battery power until the combustion process becomes stabilized. In consequence, integration mechanism between an engine and generator is simplified, which results in weight reduction achieved. The duty of back-up battery is to provide a starting power to generator via a system controller in addition to covering momentarily power shortage. Therefore, the electric power system is vindicated to provide 6 kW power through a ground test.
Pyro Squib Circuit Design with Stable Constant Current Driving Method
Authors: Soh KyoungJae
Published: November 2022

We proposed a design method for constant current pyro squib circuit. The current method using N MOSFET for the stability problem has a weakness of the current change, requiring a new design. This paper identified the problem with conventional squib circuit where the current is reduced by 25 % when maximum resistance is 3 ohms. Thus, we proposed a stable constant current driving circuit using P MOSFET and PNP BJT. We confirmed stable constant circuit operation through simulations and measurements of the proposed circuit design where the current did not change until the resistance reached 3 ohms.
Editorial
Authors: Coates Tony , Hubbard Peter , Riley Robin , Rockel Jenny
Published: November 2022

This is a bumper issue. It is a first because it is the first time we have had more papers than we can possibly publish.
The wide diversity of ideas included in this issue well reflects the New Zealand psychotherapeutic scene and the wide ranging dialogue that NZAP encompasses. The subjects in this issue range from metaphor, desire, dream- work and spirituality to fathers and fatherlessness, adoption, cultures, the body and dance. This is an extraordinary span that indeed represents the rich melting pot of New Zealand psychotherapy.
Including the body in psychotherapy
Authors: Bowden Pye
Published: November 2022

This paper describes the development of Bioenergetic Analysis, one of the more recent psychotherapies to arrive in New Zealand. Bioenergetics opens up psychoanalytic theory and practice to include all aspects of the self: the mind, the body, emotion, energy and relationship. In doing so it provides a holistic psychotherapy for the twenty-first century. The paper describes Bioenergetic's beginnings with Wilhelm Reich, a contemporary of Freud, and its establishment by Alexander Lowen. It critiques Bioenergetic's association with the 'cathartic' approach of the 1960s and describes how Bioenergetics is integrating Reich's and Lowen's work with current thinking about the therapeutic relationship.
Harry Potter and the warp of resilience
Authors: Lonie Isla
Published: November 2022

This paper pursues the theme of resilience in psychological functioning using the example of Harry Potter as traumatised child who manages to survive his early adversive experiences to become a mature and caring older boy. By contrast, Lord Voldemort, the villain in the stories, also has a history of early deprivation but the outcome for him is highly antisocial.
We live in exciting times for increased understanding of the often subtle events which now seem to form the initial conditions which may lead to such differences. A selection of these insights from research in attachment and early trauma is provided to illustrate the theme.
Endostatin binds to the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase‐2
Authors: Lee Seo-Jin , Jang Jin-Wook , Kim Young-Mi , Lee Hyun Ick , Jeon Jun Yung , Kwon Young-Guen , Lee Seung-Taek
Published: July 2002

We previously reported that endostatin inhibits endothelial and tumor cellular invasion by blocking activation and catalytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2. Here we have examined the domain of proMMP‐2 responsible for the binding of endostatin using surface plasmon resonance. ProMMP‐2 and proMMP‐2ΔHP lacking the hinge and hemopexin‐like (HP) domains bound little to the immobilized endostatin. The active MMP‐2 and MMP‐2ΔHP, but not the HP domain of MMP‐2, bound to endostatin at similar levels. In addition, preincubation of MMP‐2 and MMP‐2ΔHP with the MMP inhibitor actinonin, which binds to the active site of MMP‐2, abolished their bindings to endostatin. These results indicate that endostatin binds to neither the latent proMMP‐2 nor the HP domain but to the catalytic domain of MMP‐2.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure in general practice in north Cumbria
Authors: Toal Martin , Walker Robert
Published: July 2002

Background:

A great deal of research has demonstrated the benefits of treating patients with chronic heart failure with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. There is rather less research on the actual uptake of treatment in general practice, and in particular methods that might improve that uptake.

Aim:

To study the attitudes and practice of medical practitioners in North Cumbria in the treatment of heart failure.

Method:

Semi‐structured interviews with 16 general practitioners and nine hospital physicians in the Carlisle area and an audit of general practice case notes.

Results:

Two hundred and fifty‐eight patients were identified with heart failure. Prevalence was 1.1%. Fifty percent were on an ACE inhibitor, the mean dose of which was less than half the typical research dose. Patients who had an echocardiogram were much more likely to be on an ACE inhibitor. General practitioners were enthusiastic to use ACE inhibitors, but felt that greater access to echocardiography was required. Hospital physicians were happy to improve access within an agreed protocol.

Conclusion:

Improved uptake of ACE inhibitors could be assisted by the development of a protocol for investigation and treatment. This protocol should be evidence‐based and agreed between local GPs, hospital physicians and the Health Authority.
Annotated references in epidemiology
Authors: Cowie Martin R.
Published: July 2002

The burden that heart failure imposes on the health care systems of the developed world is substantial and increasing. This article reviews the world literature on the epidemiology of heart failure and discusses the key methodological issues for research in this field.
Natural variation in the extent of phosphorylation of bone phosphoproteins as a function of in vivo new bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix in soft tissue and bony environments
Authors: SALIH Erdjan , WANG Jinxi , MAH James , FLUCKIGER Rudolf
Published: July 2002

Implants of allogenic demineralized bone matrix were placed in distinct in vivo environments, i.e. calvarial (bony) and subcutaneous (soft tissue) sites. Detailed analyses of the biochemical components were performed. Quantitative levels of osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and calcium phosphate (Ca-P) deposition within each implant environment varied as a function of new bone formation, and were substantially different in samples from calvarial and subcutaneous sites. Quantification of the extent of phosphorylation of affinity-purified OPN and BSP from such implants indicated that: (i) the number of mols of phosphoserine (P-Ser)/mol of affinity-purified OPN or BSP varied as a function of implant time and bone formation within both implant sites, and (ii) the ‘effective P-Ser concentration’ provided by the total OPN and BSP within each implant site varied and increased as a function of time, being approx. 5-fold higher for BSP in calvarial compared with subcutaneous implants. Peak levels of mols of P-Ser/mol of BSP coincided with maximum rates of Ca-P deposition in calvarial implants. Levels of OPN phosphorylation from both calvarial and subcutaneous implants also indicated fluctuations as a function of bone formation. Hence the present study, for the first time, provides direct evidence of natural variation in the extent of phosphorylation of both OPN and BSP as a function of time of mineralized tissue formation. Further evaluation of the data provides the first evidence of a direct and linear relationship between the rate of Ca-P deposition and the ratio of P-Ser-BSP/P-Ser-OPN for calvarial implants. Data for subcutaneous implants failed to provide such correlation. Overall, the present work demonstrates that the natural biological progression of the process of biomineralization follows strict criteria consistent with the anatomical location. Biomineralization fails to proceed in the same way in a soft tissue environment.
No Expression of Angiotensin II Receptors and Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme in Myxomatous Canine Mitral Valve Leaflets. An Autoradiographic Study
Authors: Mow T. , Pedersen H. D.
Published: July 2002

The renin‐angiotensin system, including angiotensin (Ang) II and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), plays an important role in cardiac fibrous tissue formation. Since changes in valvular collagen are a central part of myxomatous mitral valve disease in the dog, we speculated that Ang II and ACE might play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.

In 10 mitral valves, five with and five without clear myxomatous changes, the presence and distribution of Ang II receptors and ACE was examined autoradiographically, using 125I‐Ang II and 125I‐lisinopril, respectively. At postmortem examination, diseased valves were taken from old dogs, control valves from young adult dogs.

No significant level of Ang II and lisinopril binding was found in normal as well as diseased valve leaflets. Equally low, insignificant levels of 125I‐Ang II binding were found in the myocardium of dogs with and without valvular disease. No significant level of myocardial 125I‐lisinopril binding was found.

The lack of autoradiographic evidence of Ang II receptors and ACE in normal and diseased canine mitral valve leaflets suggests that the renin‐angiotensin system does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of the valvular changes.
Colour but not form patterns combine between the eyes
Authors: Wong Elaine M , Freeman Alan W
Published: July 2002

Purpose: A visual pattern was broken into patches, some of which were shown to one eye and the remainder of which were shown to the other eye. Our aim was to find the conditions under which the subject could combine the information given to the two eyes separately to reconstruct the original pattern.

Methods: One green and four red patches were presented to one eye. Five patches were presented to the other eye at corresponding locations but with red substituted for green and green for red.

Results: When the chromatic contrasts were appropriately adjusted, subjects saw five patches of a single colour for most of the viewing time. Intermixed horizontal and vertical gratings did not separate into coherent percepts in the same way.

Conclusions: This result indicates cooperation between the responses to colour patches presented to different eyes, a finding that may be of use in testing for normal binocular vision.
RISK FACTORS FOR POST‐APPENDICECTOMY INTRA‐ABDOMINAL ABSCESS
Authors: Reid Richard I. , Dobbs Bruce R. , Frizelle Frank A.
Published: July 2002

Background: Appendicectomy is a common emergency operation, after which major complications are uncommon, however when they do occur they are a major cause of concern to patient and surgeon. This study aims to determine the incidence and risk factors for post‐appendicectomy intra‐abdominal abscess formation.

Method: A retrospective review was undertaken of all appendicectomies undertaken in Christchurch Hospital between 1 January and 31 December 1995. Appendicectomies were identified from a database of histology. The patients’ notes were reviewed and the surgical approach, histological diagnosis and postoperative complications identified.

Results: A total of 417 appendicectomies was identified of which 331 were open, 66 laparoscopic, and 20 undertaken at laparotomy. Mean day stays for each group were 4.4, 4.2 and 11.5 days, respectively. The percentages of patients with acute appendicitis in each group were 87, 58 and 35%. Histologically the appendix was inflamed in 80% (334) of patients (acute 232, chronic 15, perforated 56 and gangrenous 24). There were six postoperative intra‐abdominal abscesses (1.4%), all occurring in the open appendicectomy group when the histology was either perforated or gangrenous appendicitis (P < 0.001). There were no cases of postoperative abscess formation following laparoscopic appendicectomy. All cases of postoperative intra‐abdominal abscess were associated with perforated and/or gangrenous appendicitis (P < 0.001). The incidence of intra‐abdominal abscesses was 7.5% with a perforated and/or gangrenous appendix. There were two cases of iatrogenic perforation following laparoscopic appendicectomy.

Conclusion: The incidence of intra‐abdominal abscess is 1.4% of all appendicectomies. The only identified risk factor for development of post‐appendicectomy intra‐abdominal abscess was the underlying pathology of gangrenous or perforated appendicitis.
Maximal post‐prandial triglyceride increase reflects post‐prandial hypertriglyceridaemia and is associated with the insulin resistance syndrome
Authors: Karamanos B. G. , Thanopoulou A. C. , Roussi‐Penesi D. P.
Published: July 2002

SUMMARY

Aims  To assess the value of maximal post‐prandial triglyceride increase after a high fat, low carbohydrate (CHO) test meal, as index of post‐prandial hypertriglyceridaemia and its relation with insulin resistance.

Methods  Fifty non‐diabetic subjects, 22 male and 28 female, aged 52.1 ± 4.5 and 56.9 ± 3.8 years, were studied. Glucose, insulin and triglycerides were measured fasting and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after a meal consisting of 40 g fat, 19 g protein and 10 g CHO. Insulin resistance was calculated according to the HOMA model.

Results  The maximal triglyceride increment occurred during the 4th hour. Its absolute value (Δ‐TG) and the per cent increase over the fasting value (PTI), were considered appropriate for the evaluation of the post‐prandial triglyceride response. Both Δ‐TG and PTI were strongly correlated with triglycerides incremental area in males and females, r = 0.797 and r = 0.700, P < 0.01 and r = 0.805 and r = 0.774, P < 0.001, respectively, and thus they can be used as indices of the post‐prandial triglyceride response. No correlation was found between fasting triglyceride and triglyceride incremental area or Δ‐TG. Thus, post‐prandial hypertriglyceridaemia can occur irrespectively of the fasting triglyceride concentrations. A weak correlation was found between PTI and insulin resistance in females, r = 0.384, P < 0.05, but not in males, r = 0.224, P > 0.05. However further analysis by quartiles of PTI showed similar insulin resistance levels in the first three quartiles and a significant increase in the 4th, both for males and females, 4th vs. 3rd quartile 7.4 ± 3.6 vs. 2.2 ± 0.7 and 6.4 ± 2.4 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6, respectively. The 4th quartile corresponds to a PTI ≥ 80%.

Conclusions  PTI after the high fat, low CHO test meal used, consistently reflects post‐prandial hypertriglyceridaemia, is easily measured and it is not predicted by fasting triglycerides. A PTI ≥ 80% is associated with a significant increase of insulin resistance, and might therefore be considered the cut‐off point for an abnormal post‐prandial hypertriglyceridaemic response, at least in relation with insulin resistance. Such response could be added to the abnormalities of the insulin resistance syndrome, as an independent parameter.
Amine Weak Bases Disrupt Vesicular Storage and Promote Exocytosis in Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Mundorf Michelle L. , Hochstetler Spencer E. , Wightman R. Mark
Published: July 2002

Abstract : The vesicular contents in bovine chromaffin cells are

maintained at high levels owing to the strong association of its contents,

which is promoted by the low vesicular pH. The association is among the

catecholamines, Ca2+, ATP, and vesicular proteins. It was found

that transient application of a weak base, methylamine (30 mM),

amphetamine (10 μM), or tyramine (10 μM), induced

exocytotic release. Exposure to these agents was also found to increase both

cytosolic catecholamine and intracellular Ca2+ concentration, as

measured by amperometry and fura‐2 fluorescence. Amphetamine, the most potent

amine with respect to evoking exocytosis, was found to be effective even in

buffer with out external Ca2+ ; however, the occurrence of spikes

was suppressed when BAPTA‐acetoxymethyl ester was used to complex

intracellular Ca2+. Amphetamine‐induced spikes in

Ca2+‐free medium were not suppressed by thapsigargin or ruthenium

red, inhibitors of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase and

mitochondrial Ca2+ stores. Atomic absorption measurements of

amphetamine‐ and methylamine‐treated vesicles reveal that intravesicular

Ca2+ stores are decreased after a 15‐min incubation. Taken

together, these data indicate that amphetamine and methylamine can disrupt

vesicular stores to a sufficient degree that Ca2+ can escape and trigger exocytosis.
Operating characteristics and elevated temperature lifetests of focused ion beam micromachined transverse junction stripe lasers
Authors: DeFreez R. K. , Puretz J. , Orloff J. , Elliott R. A. , Namba H. , Omura E. , Namizaki H.
Published: July 2002

The operating characteristics of transverse junction stripe diode lasers with focused ion beam micromachined mirrors are shown to be comparable to those with cleaved facet mirrors. Stable cw operation for more than 2200 h was observed in an aging test at 55 °C.
Multiple negative transconductance and differential conductance in a bipolar transistor by sequential quenching of resonant tunneling
Authors: Capasso Federico , Sen Susanta , Cho Alfred Y. , Sivco Deborah L.
Published: July 2002

The operation of the first multistate bipolar transistor is reported. Multiple peaks are obtained in the collector current-voltage characteristics by sequentially quenching resonant tunneling through a series of double barriers placed in the emitter. GaInAs npn devices with two AlInAs/GaInAs double barriers exhibit two peaks in the direct and transfer characteristics, with peak-to-valley ratios in the latter as high as 4:1 and 20:1 at 300 and 77 K, respectively. The intrinsically multistate operation of this new transistor opens up exciting opportunities for digital and analog circuits with greatly reduced complexity and multiple valued logic.
Optically controlled angular beam scanning via grating output couplers in nonlinear ZnS waveguides
Authors: Svensson B. C. , Seaton C. T. , Gibson U. J. , Stegeman G. I.
Published: July 2002

We demonstrate angular scanning in space of an optical beam, which is coupled out of a nonlinear waveguide via a grating coupler. The output angle is controlled by the power of a second beam, which is coupled into the waveguide via the same grating. The scan angle of the first beam can be made to vary continuously or abruptly, depending on the initial detuning of the second control beam from the coupling resonance.
Mixing inhibition and crystalline defects in heavily Si-doped AlAs/GaAs superlattices
Authors: Mei P. , Schwarz S. A. , Venkatesan T. , Schwartz C. L. , Harbison J. P. , Florez L. , Theodore N. D. , Carter C. B.
Published: July 2002

Superlattice mixing in heavily silicon-doped AlAs/GaAs superlattices has been examined by secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with Si concentrations of 1018 to 1020 cm−3 introduced during the growth process. Interdiffusion of Al was inhibited at a Si concentration of 1020 cm−3. Defect clusters and prismatic dislocation loops were found to be associated with Si concentrations of 1020 and 1019 cm−3, respectively. Si was observed by SIMS to segregate preferentially into the GaAs layers and TEM observation revealed defect formation in these same layers during the diffusion process, suggesting a strong correlation between Si segregation and defect formation. In the range of Si concentrations employed, the Al diffusion coefficient is found to vary as the third power of the estimated electron concentration, consistent with our previous results at lower concentrations. These results suggest that the diffusion inhibition at high Si concentrations may arise from the trapping of mobile Si species by defects with a consequent reduction of the carrier concentration.
Minimization of dopant-induced random potential fluctuations in sawtooth doping superlattices
Authors: Schubert E. F. , Harris T. D. , Cunningham J. E.
Published: July 2002

Potential fluctuations due to random dopant distribution are estimated in a doping superlattice for different doping profiles. It is shown that statistical potential fluctuations are minimized by employing a doping profile consisting of a train of δ functions, which result in sawtooth-shaped band edges. Clearly resolved quantum-confined optical absorption and luminescence transitions are observed in this improved doping superlattice structure. The sawtooth superlattice provides the basis for a novel GaAs technology which is suited to operate in the minimum dispersion region of silica fibers at a wavelength of λ=1.3 μm.
Selective area growth of InP/InGaAs multiple quantum well laser structures by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Andrews D. A. , Rejman-Greene M. A. Z. , Wakefield B. , Davies G. J.
Published: July 2002

Selective area growth of InP/InGaAs multiple quantum well laser structures has been demonstrated in openings defined in Si3 N4 layers on InP substrates. Growth was achieved, by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy, in openings as small as 3 μm wide, but no growth occurred on the dielectric coating. Cathodoluminescence from individual laser stripes was observed at 300 K with a wavelength determined to be 1.57 μm and at 100 K with a wavelength of 1.46 μm.