bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of pediatric basic life support self-led and instructor-led training among nurses
Authors: Vestergaard Lone D. , Løfgren Bo , Jessen Casper L. , Petersen Christina B. , Wolff Anne , Nielsen Henrik V. , Krarup Niels H.V.
Published: July 2015

Objective

Pediatric cardiac arrest carries a poor prognosis. Basic life support improves survival. Studies on pediatric basic life support (PBLS) training are sparse. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of self-training in PBLS.

Participants and methods

We conducted a prospective controlled trial enrolling nurses from pediatric and maternity wards (n=29 in each group). Self-training, including a manikin and access to a web-based video on PBLS, was compared with a 2-h instructor-led course. Two weeks after training, all participants were tested in a mock scenario of pediatric cardiac arrest. Fifteen parameters equivalent to the steps in the PBLS algorithm – for example, effective ventilations, effective chest compressions, calling for help, and correct sequence of actions, were evaluated and rated dichotomously (1=approved or 0=not approved).

Results

No difference was observed in the baseline demographics between the self-training group and the instructor-led group. The participants in the self-training group accessed the website 2±1.5 times (mean±SD) and spent 41±25 min on the site. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the overall average score (10.5 in the self-training group vs. 10.0 in the instructor-led group, P=0.51) or in any of the 15 parameters. After the study, all participants felt that they had improved their skills and felt capable of performing PBLS.

Conclusion

Self-training is not statistically different to instructor-led training in teaching PBLS. Self-evaluated confidence improved, but showed no difference between groups. PBLS may be disseminated through self-training.
Hospital implementation of resuscitation guidelines and review of CPR training programmes: a nationwide study
Authors: Schmidt Anders S. , Lauridsen Kasper G. , Adelborg Kasper , Løfgren Bo
Published: July 2015

This study aimed to investigate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guideline implementation and CPR training in hospitals. This nationwide study included mandatory resuscitation protocols from each Danish hospital. Protocols were systematically reviewed for adherence to the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) 2010 guidelines and CPR training in each hospital. Data were included from 45 of 47 hospitals. Adherence to the ERC basic life support (BLS) algorithm was 49%, whereas 63 and 58% of hospitals adhered to the recommended chest compression depth and rate. Adherence to the ERC advanced life support (ALS) algorithm was 81%. Hospital BLS course duration was [median (interquartile range)] 2.3 (1.5–2.5) h, whereas ALS course duration was 4.0 (2.5–8.0) h. Implementation of ERC 2010 guidelines on BLS is limited in Danish hospitals 2 years after guideline publication, whereas the majority of hospitals adhere to the ALS algorithm. CPR training differs among hospitals.
What do Clinicians Perceive as a Successful “Trial of Fluids”?
Authors: Hopper Sandy M. , McCarthy Michelle , Tancharoen Chasari , Lee Katherine J. , Orsini Francesca , Babl Franz E.
Published: July 2015

Objective

The aim of the study was to explore physician perceptions of the amount of fluid that demonstrates a successful “trial of fluids” (adequate fluid intake) in the emergency department in children who have had insufficient fluid intake at home.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial of viscous lidocaine versus placebo in children aged 6 months to 8 years with acute infectious ulcerative mouth conditions (gingivostomatitis, ulcerative pharyngitis, or hand foot and mouth disease) and poor oral fluid intake. We measured the amount of fluid ingested in 60 minutes after administration of the intervention and related physician perception of adequate intake to measured intake. Given that there was little difference in oral intake between the treatment groups, the 2 arms were pooled for this analysis.

Results

One hundred participants were recruited (50 per treatment group), all of whom completed the 60-minute trial period. At baseline, 72% were mildly dehydrated, 21% were not dehydrated, and 5% were moderately dehydrated. The participants drank a median of 8.6 mL/kg (interquartile range [IQR], 3.7-14). Clinicians perceived 58% of the participants to have an adequate intake within the first hour after intervention. The median consumption of those whose oral intake was deemed as adequate was 12.6 mL/kg (IQR, 9.4–18.4); for those whose oral intake was not deemed adequate, the median consumption was 2.7 mL/kg (IQR, 0.7–5.3) (rank sum, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In children undergoing trial of fluids, we found that most clinicians perceived a fluid intake greater than 9 mL/kg as adequate and lower than 5 mL/kg as inadequate.
Prevalence of Inconsistencies in the Recorded Outcomes of Clinical Evaluations
Authors: Trotter Zola , Spirko Blake , Smithline Howard , Garb Jane
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of variations in the recorded outcomes of clinical evaluations by 2 different physicians during a single patient visit and to comment on observations of physician practices regarding history taking and physical examination.

Methods

Structured interviews were conducted with both junior and supervising physicians after they had evaluated patients in a pediatric emergency department who presented with complaints of fever (temperature, >100.4°F) in infants younger than 3 months, fever (temperature, >102.2°F) in infants aged 3 to 12 months, headache in patients older than 5 years, abdominal pain in patients older than 5 years, and head injury in patients younger than 18 years. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics.

Results

Most of the data reported by both junior and supervising physicians showed response disagreement. The questions on fever (temperature, >102.2°F) in infants aged 3 to 12 months showed 29% (10/34) disagreement on fever duration and 45% (5/11) on fever height. Questions on abdominal pain in children older than 5 years showed 24% (24/100) disagreement on reporting right lower quadrant pain and 10% (11/106) on right lower quadrant tenderness on examination; however, the discrepancy rates were 56% (56/100) when considering less than complete agreement on all painful sites and 53% (56/106) on all tender sites. Supervising physicians questioned and examined patients presenting with abdominal pain more often than those presenting with other complaints.

Conclusions

There are significant variations in the recorded outcome of clinical evaluations by 2 different physicians during a single patient visit. Supervising physicians are more cautious to question and examine patients presenting with abdominal pain compared with other chief complaints.
Diversity waves in collapse-driven population dynamics
Authors: Maslov Sergei , Sneppen Kim
Published: July 2015

Populations of species in ecosystems are often constrained by availability of resources within their environment. In effect this means that a growth of one population, needs to be balanced by comparable reduction in populations of others. In neutral models of biodiversity all populations are assumed to change incrementally due to stochastic births and deaths of individuals. Here we propose and model another redistribution mechanism driven by abrupt and severe collapses of the entire population of a single species freeing up resources for the remaining ones. This mechanism may be relevant e.g. for communities of bacteria, with strain-specific collapses caused e.g. by invading bacteriophages, or for other ecosystems where infectious diseases play an important role.

The emergent dynamics of our system is cyclic “diversity waves” triggered by collapses of globally dominating populations. The population diversity peaks at the beginning of each wave and exponentially decreases afterwards. Species abundances are characterized by a bimodal time-aggregated distribution with the lower peak formed by populations of recently collapsed or newly introduced species, while the upper peak - species that has not yet collapsed in the current wave. In most waves both upper and lower peaks are composed of several smaller peaks. This self-organized hierarchical peak structure has a long-term memory transmitted across several waves. It gives rise to a scale-free tail of the time-aggregated population distribution with a universal exponent of 1.7. We show that diversity wave dynamics is robust with respect to variations in the rules of our model such as diffusion between multiple environments, species-specific growth and extinction rates, and bet-hedging strategies.
Comprehensive mapping of mammalian transcriptomes identifies conserved genes associated with different cell differentiation states
Authors: Yang Yang , Yang Yu-Cheng T. , Yuan Jiapei , Shen Xiaohua , Lu Zhi John , Li Jingyi Jessica
Published: July 2015

Cell identity (or cell state) is established via gene expression programs, represented by “associated genes” with dynamic expression across cell identities. Here we integrate RNA-seq data from 40 tissues and cell types from human, chimpanzee, bonobo, and mouse to investigate the conservation and differentiation of cell states. We employ a statistical tool, “Transcriptome Overlap Measure” (TROM) to first identify cell-state-associated genes, both protein-coding and non-coding. Next, we use TROM to comprehensively map the cell states within each species and also between species based on the cell-state-associated genes. The within-species mapping measures which cell states are similar to each other, allowing us to construct a human cell differentiation tree that recovers both known and novel lineage relationships between cell states. Moreover, the between-species mapping summarizes the conservation of cell states across the four species. Based on these results, we identify conserved associated genes for different cell states and annotate their biological functions. Interestingly, we find that neural and testis tissues exhibit distinct evolutionary signatures in which neural tissues are much less enriched in conserved associated genes than testis. In addition, our mapping demonstrate that besides protein-coding genes, long non-coding RNAs serve well as associated genes to indicate cell states. We further infer the biological functions of those non-coding associated genes based on their co-expressed protein-coding associated genes. Overall, we provide a catalog of conserved and species-specific associated genes that identifies candidates for downstream experimental studies of the roles of these candidates in controlling cell identity.

Highlights

Comprehensive transcriptome mapping of cell states across four mammalian species

Both protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs serve as good markers of cell identity

Distinct evolutionary signatures of neural and testis tissues

A catalog of conserved associated protein-coding genes and lncRNAs in different mammalian tissues and cell types
Adaptability to changes in temporal structure is fornix-dependent
Authors: Kwok Sze Chai , Mitchell Anna S. , Buckley Mark J.
Published: July 2015

Recognition memory deficits, even after short delays, are sometimes observed following hippocampal damage. One hypothesis links the hippocampus with processes in updating contextual memory representation. Here, we used fornix transection, which partially disconnects the hippocampal system, and compares the performance of fornix-transected monkeys with normal monkeys on two versions of a delayed-matching-to-position task with short delays. Spatial recognition memory was affected by fornix transection only when the temporal structure of the task changed across trials, while differences in motor control, motivation, perception, or short-term memory were not critical. We attributed the deficit to a compromised ability in tracking changes in task temporal structure.
Three structures of dispirooxindole derivatives generatedin situthrough a three-component one-pot strategy with complete regio- and stereoselectivity
Authors: Ravikumar Krishnan , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Karthik Govindaraju , Reddy Basi Venkata Subba
Published: July 2015

The challenging molecular architecture of spirooxindoles is appealing to chemists because it evokes novel synthetic strategies that address configurational demands and provides platforms for further reaction development. The [3+2] cycloaddition of the carbonyl ylide with arylideneoxindoleviaa five-membered cyclic transition state gave a novel class of dispirooxindole derivatives, namelytert-butyl 4′-(4-bromophenyl)-1′′-methyl-2,2′′-dioxo-5′-phenyl-4′,5′-dihydrodispiro[indoline-3,2′-furan-3′,3′′-indoline]-1-carboxylate, C36H31BrN2O, (Ia), 5′-(4-bromophenyl)-1,1′′-dimethyl-4′-phenyl-4′,5′-dihydrodispiro[indoline-3,2′-furan-3′,3′′-indoline]-2,2′′-dione, C32H25BrN2O3, (Ib), andtert-butyl 1′′-methyl-2,2′′-dioxo-4′-phenyl-5′-(p-tolyl)-4′,5′-dihydrodispiro[indoline-3,2′-furan-3′,3′′-indoline]-1-carboxylate, C37H34N2O5, (Ic). Crystal structure analyses of these dispirooxindoles revealed the formation of two diastereoisomers selectively and confirmed their relative stereochemistry (SSSRandRRRS). In all three structures, intramolecular C—H...O and π–π interactions between oxindole and dihydrofuran rings are the key factors governing the regio- and stereoselectivity, and in the absence of conventional hydrogen bonds, their crystal packings are strengthened by intermolecular C—H...π interactions.
Crystal structure ofC-2-benzothiazole-N-methylnitrone
Authors: Doroschuk Roman
Published: July 2015

The molecule of the title compound {systematic name:N-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)methylidene]methylamineN-oxide}, C9H8N2OS, is close to planar [maximum deviation from the mean plane = 0.081 (2) Å], its conformation being stabilized by a strong intramolecular attractive S...O interaction [2.6977 (16) Å]. In the crystal, molecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by pairs of weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Bribery and corruption in telecommunications – The Republic of Azerbaijan
Authors: Sutherland Ewan
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and extent of corruption in the telecommunications sector in Azerbaijan and the associated issues of governance.

Design/methodology/approach

– A case study examining a wide range of sources on Azerbaijan.

Findings

– Unusually, perhaps uniquely, ownership of major operators has been concealed. Nonetheless, the presidential family controls one of three mobile operators and has a stake in a second.

Research limitations/implications

– A law from 2012 conceals the beneficial ownership of some operators, others merely use offshore registries.

Originality/value

– One of only half a dozen case studies on corruption in telecommunications. It is very unusual in the extent to which ownership of operators is hidden.
Bidding for private finance initiative projects: an analysis
Authors: Harada Shumpei
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present a positive analysis of the bidding process for private finance initiative (PFI) projects. The analysis attempts to unravel how value for money (VFM) changes in the bidding process and what factors influence this change. Bidding theory postulates that the winning bid price drops from the effect of competition when the number of bid-participating firms increases.

Design/methodology/approach

– An instrumental variable analysis was conducted using a two-stage least-squares method to remove the influence of endogeneity in the number of bid participants, which, according to prior research and surveys of business operators, possibly explains some of the VFM change. The results were considered robust because no observable change was found in the positive effect of the number of participant firms.

Findings

– This paper provides positive evidence of the relationship between the number of firms and the bidding result. The analysis shows that the number of bid-participating firms clearly has a significant positive effect on VFM change. Specifically, competition lowers the winning bid amount in line with the theoretical proposition.

Originality/value

– This study confirms previous research based on bidding data of Japanese PFI projects, a segment not sufficiently researched so far. Further, increasing the number of participant firms, up to a maximum of six, is shown to raise the VFM, a result consistent with the fact that five major construction companies play a leading role in Japanese PFI projects.
Current CITE-ings from the popular and trade computing literature
Authors: Kesselman Martin
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to play catch up with important articles from this past year with interest and implications for librarians.

Design/methodology/approach

– The approach adopted in this paper is a literature review.

Findings

– This paper found that there has been important developments in popular and trade computing literature which will interest librarians.

Originality/value

– This paper provides an update to the computing literature found in Library Hi Tech News over the previous year.
The power of Australian small accounting firms’ unethical exposure
Authors: Zheng Connie S , Mirshekary Soheila
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate small business owner/manager’s exposure to unethical behavior, and to examine the influence of unethical exposure on organizational intention to implement ethical policies and practices.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using a sample of 209 Australian small accounting firms with a path analysis, this paper adopts a modified ethical decision-making model to test the relationship between exposure and personal attitudes toward unethical behavior, and the relationship between exposure and intentions to implement ethical policies and practices at firm level.

Findings

– The results show that increased exposure to unethical behavior triggered stronger personal attitudes with small accounting firm owners/managers tending toward accepting unethical behavior. In contrast, at the firm level, more exposure to unethical behavior creates cautious overtones and motivates owners/managers to take action and implement more ethical policies, with the underlying aim of addressing serious ethical issues.

Research limitations/implications

– The study tests the ethical decision-making model but focuses only on three constructs (i.e. exposure, attitude and response). The aim is to examine whether extensive exposure to unethical behavior would change personal attitudes toward accepting such behavior, and whether unethical exposure would trigger firm owner/managers to take action and address the ethical dilemma by establishing some ethical guidelines. Other important variables (such as subjective norm, personallocusof control) embedded in the ethical decision-making model should be included in future research.

Practical implications

– The study draws attention to ethical dilemmas encountered by many small accounting professionals and their organizations. It addresses the importance of upholding the ethical standard and avoiding the extensive exposure to unethical behavior. It also emphasizes the needs for small businesses to establish some ethical policies and practices.

Originality/value

– The paper is purposely set out to reduce the gap in studying how small accounting firms make decisions in implementing their ethical policies and practices to address the rampant ethical dilemma faced by their employees as a result of many corporate scandals and financial crises of the past decade. The results are particularly valuable for small accounting firm owners/managers. The findings also have educational and policy implications.
Influence of theory, seniority, and religiosity on the ethical awareness of accountants
Authors: Uyar Ali , Kuzey Cemil , Güngörmüs Ali Haydar , Alas Ruth
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to investigate the influence of ethical theories, religiosity and seniority on the ethical awareness of accountants.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data were collected by using a questionnaire survey completed by 219 accountants located in various locations in Turkey. To investigate the relationship between constructs, the partial least square structural equation model was implemented.

Findings

– The findings indicated that seniority in the profession and religiosity have a positive influence on ethical awareness. Within the theoretical approaches, deontology has a positive influence on ethical awareness, whereas egoism has a negative one.

Research limitations/implications

– The study has some implications regarding enhancing the ethical awareness of accountants: accountants who are in the early stages of their career development should be made aware of the ethical issues they face in their professional life; accountants should be taught laws and regulations of accountancy profession from the entry level throughout their working life; through professional associations, some initiatives may be taken to involve accountants in social responsibility programs to curb selfish behavior and improve empathy. However, a questionnaire survey does not permit an investigation from a qualitative perspective (the whys and hows of the answers); thus, further case studies might be necessary to make detailed investigations.

Originality/value

– This study is unique in that it tries to answer what factors comprehensively influence the ethical awareness of accountants in an emerging market context.
Corporate social responsibility: what motivates management to disclose?
Authors: Ling Tay Chia , Sultana Nigar
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the significance of signal breaches from technical trading indicators in explaining variations in the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures (CSRD) by firms. The authors seek to determine whether firms disclose corporate social responsibility (CSR) information in a genuine attempt to report their impact on society and environment or whether firms use CSRD as a shield to legitimise their business operations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Signal breaches from the Moving Average Convergence Divergence and Chande’s TrendScore technical trading indicators were utilised, while the voluntary environmental and social accounting disclosure index developed by Williams (1998) was adapted to measure the extent of CSRD by Singaporean firms in 2011. Ordinary least squares regression was the principal multivariate statistical technique used to analyse the data collected.

Findings

– Findings of this paper indicate a positive and significant association between the number of technical indicator signal breaches for a firm and the level of CSRD by that firm, particularly in the environment, energy, human resources and products and customers categories.

Research limitations/implications

– The collection of CSRD information is based solely on annual reports and within the context of Singapore. Results, therefore, are not completely generalisable to different jurisdictional settings.

Practical implications

– Findings suggest that firms with a volatile stock price trend provide greater CSRD, possibly as a legitimacy strategy to distract or change the perceptions of investors from its current legitimacy status. Findings, therefore, highlight to regulators the need to strengthen regulatory requirements and implement stricter guidelines on CSR reporting, given the importance of CSRD to users.

Social implications

– Findings from this study have several implications for various stakeholders including investors, regulators and society in general. Overall, findings also suggest that stakeholders should not rely solely on CSRD in their decision-making process.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper that has proxied stock price movement by using breaches in technical trading indicators when examining reported levels of CSRD by firms. Moreover, results greatly build on the sparse CSR research on Singapore.
Rock music fans’ subculture in Tehran
Authors: Moghaddam Kimia
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to the investigate the rock music, and in particular the genre known as heavy metal, subculture in Iran and identify its relationship to social responsibility.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research was conducted qualitatively through in-depth interview with more than 100 rock music fans who identify themselves as belonging to the particular subculture under investigation. It also investigates the history of such music within the country to explain that it is marginalized and forbidden in a way which is not generally understood in Western countries.

Findings

– The findings of the paper show that the fans of the music identify themselves as a particular subculture within the society and share not just an interest in the music but also in social concerns, politics and religion.

Social implications

– This paper shows that subcultures are interrelated with social responsibility and that this is dependent upon the nature of the society in which the subculture resides. This is important in understanding the dynamics of change within a country.

Originality/value

– This is one of the very few papers which looks at the link between subcultures and social responsibility and, therefore, is important in showing that social responsibility can develop independently of any organization while not being bounded by the nature of the society which spawns it.
Learning cycles and focus groups
Authors: Tortorella Guilherme Luz , Viana Samanta , Fettermann Diego
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to propose a complementary method to the A3 information collection, data analysis and capturing and sharing knowledge to facilitate problem solving in a general framework. The incorporation of this method minimizes the difficulties identified in the literature focused on continuous improvement of processes. The method comprises combining triangulation techniques utilizing focus groups for a survey of qualitative data and the approach called Look – Ask – Model – Discuss – Act (LAMDA), which was originally designed for cycles of knowledge creation applied in product development processes.

Design/methodology/approach

– The methodology proposed in this work follows the A3 report approach including focus groups’ techniques in the planning step and problem analysis and the use of the LAMDA learning cycle, aiming to fill the gaps in A3 method. Therefore, the methodology includes five macro steps, which are divided into smaller steps. Note that the inclusion of the LAMDA learning cycle in the A3 report is called A3LAMDA. In addition, macro steps from 1 to 4 belong to “knowledge creation” step and macro step 5 deals with the “Capture of knowledge” step. Along the proposed methodology application, greater focus will be given to techniques incorporated in the A3 report, as they represent the main contribution of this method.

Findings

– The proposed approach to the A3 report was more concise and comprehensive, allowing different views and perspectives to be considered to understand the problem and find solutions through the focus groups method. In addition, the development of a structured questionnaire for the interviews encouraged the participants to present their opinions regarding the problem hypotheses. The use of the LAMDA learning cycle was essential to capture and share the knowledge acquired during the problem-solving process. It allowed not only the reflection on the aspects that have either worked or not but also the understanding of how to do the next work differently.

Originality/value

– This study aims to propose a complementary method to the A3 information collection, data analysis and capturing and sharing knowledge to facilitate problem solving in the general framework. The incorporation of this method minimizes the difficulties identified in the literature that focused on continuous improvement of processes.
A pilot evaluation of using symbol‐based information in police custody
Authors: Parsons Sarah , Sherwood Gina
Published: July 2015

Accessible summary

Many people who commit crimes in the UK have learning difficulties or disabilities.

The police give people information to read in custody, but this information can be confusing.

This project presented this information in an easier‐to‐read way using symbols and simple words.

We asked different people what they thought of the information and most views were very positive.

At least 20–30% of offenders within the criminal justice system (CJS) have learning disabilities or difficulties. This creates significant challenges in relation to meeting their information needs about rights, entitlements, processes and procedures. We report a pilot project where widgit Symbols were used to create more accessible information about rights and entitlements for people entering custody. The widgit Symbol custody sheets were used in two Hampshire Constabulary custody centres for a 4‐week period and feedback gathered from 14 custody officers and inspectors. The views of 27 other important stakeholders, including young people with autism and their families, appropriate adults, and senior personnel within the CJS, were gathered about the sheets through interviews and focus groups. The reaction to the sheets was overwhelmingly positive with many participants suggesting that symbol‐based information in custody could be rolled out nationally and also extended more widely to include other parts of the CJS.
Presence of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia‐3 in a background of chronic pancreatitis in pancreatic cancer patients
Authors: Hwang In Kyeom , Kim Haeryoung , Lee Yoon Suk , Kim Jaihwan , Cho Jai Young , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Han Ho‐Seong , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok
Published: July 2015

The clinical significance of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in non‐neoplastic pancreata of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients remains controversial. As chronic inflammation has been recently demonstrated to promote dissemination of in situ precancerous lesions, we investigated the prognostic significance of PanINs associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP) in PDAC patients. This retrospective study analyzed 125 curatively resected PDAC specimens for the presence of PanIN and CP. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant predictive factors for poor disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Immunohistochemical staining for E‐cadherin and S100A4, markers of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, was performed on resected specimens containing PanIN‐3 lesions. CP was observed in 27.2% (34/125) and PanIN‐3 in 25.6% (32/125) of specimens. In the presence of CP, PanIN‐3 was significantly associated with decreased survival (DFS: 4.3 vs 15.5 months, P = 0.021; OS: 16.3 vs 30.9 months, P = 0.004). PanIN‐3 was not a prognostic factor in the absence of CP. The presence of both PanIN‐3 and CP was associated with a reduced survival compared to the other cases, in both univariate (DFS: P = 0.039; OS: P = 0.023) and multivariate (DFS: P = 0.020; OS: P = 0.076) analyses. Furthermore, E‐cadherin loss and S100A4 expression were more frequently observed in PanIN‐3 lesions of CP specimens than in those of non‐CP specimens, although not statistically significant. PanIN‐3 in association with CP is a significant prognostic factor for decreased survival in PDAC patients, suggesting that chronic inflammation may accelerate the progression of preinvasive high‐grade PanIN.
Socio‐economic benefits from protected areas in southeastern Australia
Authors: Heagney E.C. , Kovac M. , Fountain J. , Conner N.
Published: July 2015

International case studies of protected area performance increasingly report that conservation and socio‐economic outcomes are interdependent. Effective conservation requires support and cooperation from local governments and communities, which in turn requires that protected areas contribute to the economic well‐being of the communities in which they are sited. Despite increasing recognition of their importance, robust studies that document the socio‐economic impacts of protected areas are rare, especially in the developed world context. We proposed 3 potential pathways through which protected areas might benefit local communities in the developed world: the improved local housing value, local business stimulus, and increased local funding pathways. We examined these pathways by undertaking a statistical longitudinal analysis of 110 regional and rural communities covering an area of approximately 600,000 km2 in southeastern Australia. We compared trends in 10 socio‐economic indicators describing employment, income, housing, business development and local government revenue from 2000 to 2010. New protected areas acquisitions led to an increased number of new dwelling approvals and associated developer contributions, increased local business numbers, and increased local government revenue from user‐pays services and grants. Longer‐term effects of established protected areas included increased local council revenue from a variety of sources. Our findings provide support for each of our 3 proposed benefit pathways and contribute new insights into the cycling of benefits from protected areas through the economy over time. The business and legislative models in our study are typical of those operating in many other developed countries; thus, the benefit pathways reported in our study are likely to be generalizable. By identifying and communicating socio‐economic benefits from terrestrial protected areas in a developed world context, our findings represent an important step in securing local support and ongoing high‐level protection for key components of the world's biodiversity.
INTEREST GROUPS, DEMOCRACY, AND POLICY VOLATILITY
Authors: Heckelman Jac C. , Wilson Bonnie
Published: July 2015

Democratic polities appear to produce more stable policy than do autocracies. In this paper, we explore a potential source of the policy stability observed in democracies: special‐interest groups. We find that interest groups are associated with greater stability in some measures of policy and that groups mediate the stabilizing impact of democracy on policy. We also find that the impact of interest groups on policy volatility depends on the degree of polarization in a society. (JEL P16, O43, D7)
The Decimation and Displacement of Development Economics
Authors: Akbulut Bengi , Adaman Fikret , Madra Yahya M.
Published: July 2015

Contemporary mainstream development economics is an overdetermined product of three historical processes: the late neoclassical turn within mainstream economic theory; transformations within the institutional‐discursive matrix of development, from growth‐centred policies to poverty alleviation‐ and good governance‐oriented policies; and a broader transition from post‐war Keynesian developmentalism (with its variants in the second and third worlds) to existing varieties of neoliberal governmentality. This article assesses the trajectory of development economics through two historical shifts in the theoretical field. The first is from the ‘old’ school of structural transformation with a focus on sectoral balance and shifts to the ‘new’ school of structural adjustment programmes with a focus on micro‐level incentive problems. The second shift is from the aggressively neoclassical orientation of the ‘new’ school to that of the contemporary constellation, where what is considered to be ‘good’ development economics has been gradually reduced to micro‐level impact appraisals of developmental projects (the so‐called ‘randomization approach’), while the broader macro‐economic and historical questions are being increasingly handled through methodologically‐individualist, late neoclassical models of institutions and growth (the so‐called ‘new institutionalism’). The article concludes by insisting on the need for a new paradigm of development economics that would not only unearth the conflictual and antagonistic nature of development, but also render it an indispensable dimension of the study of development in a pluralist manner.
Validation of the digital photographic assessment to diagnose traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Pinto Gabriela dos Santos , Goettems Marília Leão , Brancher Letícia Coutinho , da Silva Fernando Barcellos , Boeira Gregori Franco , Correa Marcos Britto , dos Santos Iná da Silva , Torriani Dione Dias , Demarco Flávio Fernando
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Alternatives for monitoring dental trauma in epidemiological surveys may be useful, as data collection of epidemiological investigation can be jeopardized due to several conditions.

Aim

To investigate the validity of standard digital photographs to determine the occurrence of anterior dental trauma compared to the clinical examination in an epidemiological survey.

Methods

Participants were children aged 8–12 years old attending both private and public schools; children were clinically evaluated for the assessment of dental trauma, and standard photographs were taken from maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors of each child. Validity was determined by calculating the percentages and respective 95% confidence interval of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Cohen's kappa statistic was also used.

Results

A total of 412 children were included, totaling 3296 teeth assessed for dental trauma presence. The prevalence of dental trauma was 11.2% (95% CI 8.29–14.61) and 10.2% (95% CI 7.45–13.53), respectively, for the clinical examination and the photographic method. Agreement between the gold standard and the photographic diagnosis was good: 0.64 for the prevalence of dental trauma and 0.66 for diagnosis of dental trauma on a tooth basis. The diagnosis through the photographic method had higher specificity (96.7%) than sensitivity (65.2%). High positive likelihood ratio and low negative likelihood ratio were also observed.

Conclusion

The photographic assessment method of dental trauma was valid and reliable as compared to the oral clinical examination.
Magnetic depletion and enhancement in the evolution of paddy and non‐paddy soil chronosequences
Authors: Chen L. M. , Zhang G. L. , Rossiter D. G. , Cao Z. H.
Published: July 2015

The objective of this study was to understand the rates and controlling factors of magnetic depletion and enhancement during anthropogenic soil evolution. To this end, the study compared the dynamic changes in magnetic properties as well as iron oxide species of paddy and non‐paddy soil chronosequences with the same parent materials. A two‐way analysis of variance (anova) showed that paddy management resulted in significant (P < 0.01) decreases in magnetic susceptibility (χ) and other magnetic properties. Paddy management‐induced χ losses increased gradually from 24 to 55% as the cultivation history increased from 50 to 700 years. The rates of χ decrease were most rapid within the first 50 years of paddy cultivation, after which the rate slowed. The rapid decline in χ is probably caused by accelerated depletion of fine‐grained maghemite and ultrafine magnetite by iron‐reducing bacteria during soil waterlogging and consequent reducing conditions. By contrast, a significant decrease in hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) occurred only after 700 years of paddy cultivation, which matches the time taken to leach CaCO3 from the profile. In contrast, although magnetic enhancement was observed in the non‐paddy surface horizon, there was no increasing trend at the millennium time‐scale, probably because of the large CaCO3 content of the soil. We show that magnetic properties of paddy and non‐paddy soil derived from calcareous sediments are mainly controlled by the changing soil moisture regime and soil carbonate status along different paths of soil development. Our study suggests that differences in soil moisture regime caused by land use are substantially more important than the period of cultivation.
The Place for Custody Evaluations in Family Peacemaking
Authors: Lund Mary Elizabeth
Published: July 2015

Custody evaluations can serve the dual purpose of providing neutral, objective information to the court while also contributing to the possibility of earlier settlement, which coincides with the therapeutic jurisprudence goal of more positive outcomes for children and families. Research suggests that most cases settle after custody evaluations. However, most of the literature is focused on the use of custody evaluations for litigation. Evaluators, attorneys, and mental health consultants can influence parents to focus more on children's needs and less on their conflict as they go through the evaluation process. This article urges family courts to develop processes and require professionals to learn skills needed for an interdisciplinary process to utilize evaluations in peacemaking.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

All custody evaluation processes should aim to reduce and/or shorten children's exposure to parental conflict.

Evaluators, attorneys, and mental health professional consultants should use the evaluation process to influence parents to be more aware of their children's needs and less invested in their adversarial positions.

Evaluators should learn to write and orally present information and state opinions with consideration of the parents themselves as consumers of the custody evaluation as well as the court.

Attorneys and mental health professional consultants should help clients review the report, process their emotional reactions, and consider their options for settlement versus litigation in terms of emotional and financial costs to the family.

Court processes should be developed to contain the time and cost of custody evaluations and provide dispute resolution after custody evaluations.
Unbundled Services to Enhance Peacemaking for Divorcing Families
Authors: Mosten Forrest S.
Published: July 2015

Unbundling, also known as limited‐scope representation, has been adopted by judges, the organized legal profession, and divorcing parties. Unbundling is a legal access approach to better and more affordably serve unrepresented divorce litigants as well as to assist overburdened and underfunded courts. This article will focus on another critical benefit of unbundling: the ability of divorcing professionals to provide information and support to divorcing families to help reduce family conflicts. This article shall discuss four unbundled peacemaking roles that lawyers can play: (1) Collaborative Lawyer; (2) Lawyer Coach for Self‐Represented Litigants; (3) Lawyer for Mediation Participants; and (4) Preventive Legal Health Care Provider.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:

Overview of limited‐scope lawyering roles

Impact of unbundled representation on peacemaking

Best practices of noncourt lawyering
Toward improved model structures for analyzing priming: potential pitfalls of using bulk turnover time
Authors: Georgiou Katerina , Koven Charles D. , Riley William J. , Torn Margaret S.
Published: July 2015

Many studies have shown that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations result in increased plant carbon inputs to soil that can accelerate the decomposition of native soil organic matter, an effect known as priming. Consequently, it is important to understand and quantify the priming effect for future predictions of carbon–climate feedbacks. There are potential pitfalls, however, when representing this complex system with a simple, first‐order model. Here, we show that a multi‐pool soil carbon model can match the change in bulk turnover time calculated from overall respiration and carbon stocks (a one‐pool approach) at elevated CO2, without a change in decomposition rate constants of individual pools (i.e., without priming). Therefore, the priming effect cannot be quantified using a one‐pool model alone, and even a two‐pool model may be inadequate, depending on the effect size as well as the distribution of soil organic carbon and turnover times. In addition to standard measurements of carbon stocks and CO2 fluxes, we argue that quantifying the fate of new plant inputs requires isotopic tracers and microbial measurements. Our results offer insights into modeling and interpreting priming from observations.
Bet hedging in a warming ocean: predictability of maternal environment shapes offspring size variation in marine sticklebacks
Authors: Shama Lisa N. S.
Published: July 2015

Bet hedging at reproduction is expected to evolve when mothers are exposed to unpredictable cues for future environmental conditions, whereas transgenerational plasticity (TGP) should be favoured when cues reliably predict the environment offspring will experience. Since climate predictions forecast an increase in both temperature and climate variability, bothTGPand bet hedging are likely to become important strategies to mediate climate change effects. Here, the potential to produce variably sized offspring in both warming and unpredictable environments was tested by investigating whether stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) mothers adjusted mean offspring size and within‐clutch variation in offspring size in response to experimental manipulation of maternal thermal environment and predictability (alternating between ambient and elevated water temperatures). Reproductive output traits of F1 females were influenced by both temperature and environmental predictability. Mothers that developed at ambient temperature (17 °C) produced larger, but fewer eggs than mothers that developed at elevated temperature (21 °C), implying selection for different‐sized offspring in different environments. Mothers in unpredictable environments had smaller mean egg sizes and tended to have greater within‐female egg size variability, especially at 21 °C, suggesting that mothers may have dynamically modified the variance in offspring size to spread the risk of incorrectly predicting future environmental conditions. BothTGPand diversification influenced F2 offspring body size. F2 offspring reared at 21 °C had larger mean body sizes if their mother developed at 21 °C, but thisTGPbenefit was not present for offspring of 17 °C mothers reared at 17 °C, indicating that maternalTGPwill be highly relevant for ocean warming scenarios in this system. Offspring of variable environment mothers were smaller but more variable in size than offspring from constant environment mothers, particularly at 21 °C. In summary, stickleback mothers may have used bothTGPand diversified bet‐hedging strategies to cope with the dual stress of ocean warming and environmental uncertainty.