bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of a 6‐Fluoro Substituent on the Solvolytic Properties of the Diastereomeric 7,8‐Diol 9,10‐Epoxides of the Carcinogen Benzo(a)pyrene.
Authors: YAGI H. , SAYER J. M. , THAKKER D. R. , LEVIN W. , JERINA D. M.
Published: May 2016

The stereoisomeric title 7,8‐diol 9,10‐epoxides (II) and (III) as well as their isomeric analogues (V) and (VI), and the 9,10‐epoxides (X) and (XI) are synthesized (all yields given in mg; 1H NMR, kinetics of epoxide hydrolysis).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of 2‐(N‐Acyl‐N‐alkylamino)cyclohex‐2‐enones: Formation of Spiro‐β‐lactams.
Authors: IKEDA M. , UCHINO T. , YAMANO M. , WATANABE Y. , ISHIBASHI H. , KIDO M.
Published: May 2016

Photoirradiation of the N‐acyl‐N‐alkylaminocyclohexenones (IV), prepared from the keto enol (I), the amines (II) and the acyl chlorides (III), produces the spiro‐β‐lactams (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Activity Relationships of Kadsurenone Analogues.
Authors: PONPIPOM M. M. , BUGIANESI R. L. , BROOKER D. R. , YUE B.‐Z. , HWANG S.‐B. , SHEN T.‐Y.
Published: May 2016

(PONPIPOM , M.M.; BUGIANESI, R.L.; BROOKER, D.R.; YUE, B.‐Z.; HWANG, S.‐B.; SHEN, T.‐Y.; J. Med.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Approach to Naturally Occurring Bithiophenes. Synthesis of a Bithienyl Component of Tagetes erecta.
Authors: D'AURIA M. , DE MICO A. , D'ONOFRIO F. , PIANCATELLI G.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of the bithiophene (V), a component of Tagetes erecta, is described (see scheme).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of 3‐Phenylindazole Derivatives.
Authors: FUJIMURA Y. , IKEDA Y. , MATSUNAGA J.
Published: May 2016

The 3‐phenylindazoles (VIII) are synthesized from the 2‐aminobenzophenones (I) as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted 2‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazoles as Potential Agents for the Control of Periodontal Diseases.
Authors: COBURN R. A. , CLARK M. T. , EVANS R. T. , GENCO R. J.
Published: May 2016

Cyclization of the salicylamides (I) and subsequent chlorination yield the chlorobenzoxazinones (IV) which are converted to the benzimidazoles (VI) and (VII) and the benzoxazoles (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Methoxide‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of Methyl (S)‐Dihydroorotate to Methyl Hydantoin‐5‐acetate.
Authors: KEYS L. D. III , FOLTING K. , STREIB W. E. , JOHNSTON M.
Published: May 2016

Methyl S‐dihydroorotate (Ia) is consecutively converted to the racemic hydantoin‐5‐acetates (II).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐(Heterocyclic alkyl)pyrido(2,1‐b)quinazoline‐8‐carboxamides as Orally Active Antiallergy Agents.
Authors: TILLEY J. W. , LEVITAN P. , LIND J. , WELTON A. F. , CROWLEY H. J. , TOBIAS L. D. , O'DONNELL M.
Published: May 2016

The esterification of the acid (I) with chloroacetonitrile (II) and subsequent reaction with the primary amines (III) yield the carboxamides (IVa) and (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: Photoreactions of N‐Methyl‐1,2‐naphthalenedicarboximide with Dienes. Formation of Naphthazepinediones and Their Secondary Reactions.
Authors: KUBO Y. , TODA R. , ARAKI T.
Published: May 2016

Photolysis of the title compound (I) in the presence of the diene (II) leads to the insertion of one dienic double bond into the imide ring system.
ChemInform Abstract: New Vinylcyclopropanation Methodology and Reagents for Potential (2 + 3) Cyclopentene, Dihydrofuran, and Pyrroline Annulations.
Authors: HUDLICKY T. , RADESCA L. , LUNA H. , ANDERSON F. E. III
Published: May 2016

The lithium dienolate of (I) reacts with the cycloalkenones (II) to form the vinylcyclopropanes (III) which produce the cyclopentenes (IV) upon pyrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Properties, and Structure of Some Silylethenes.
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR H. , EBENHOECH J. + , MUELLER G. +
Published: May 2016

The silylethene (II) is obtained as shown in the scheme and its trans‐structure confirmed by X‐ray analysis (space group P21/n; Z=2).
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Fulvene Complexes. Part 30. Azulene as an Unusual η6‐Ligand in Mo Complexes and as an η6:η4‐Bridge in Heterobinuclear Complexes.
Authors: TOEFKE S. + , BEHRENS U.
Published: May 2016

In the mononuclear azulene complex (I), prepared from (η6‐C6H6)2Mo and azulene, the azulene behaves as a η6‐coordinated ligand with a fulvene and a diene moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Spectroscopic and Structural Analysis of Uranium‐Arabinose Complexes.
Authors: TAJMIR‐RIAHI H.‐A.
Published: May 2016

The 1:1 molar reaction between L‐arabinose and hydrated uranyl salts leads to the 1:1 complexes (I) (no yields given).
ChemInform Abstract: Diiron(III)‐hexacyanoferrate(II) Oxide.
Authors: SEEL F. , DAWEN F.‐J. , KLOS K.‐P.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (III) is prepared as shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordinatively Unsaturated Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Complexes of Chromium, Manganese, and Iron.
Authors: RODDICK D. M. , TILLEY T. D. , RHEINGOLD A. L. , GEIB S. J.
Published: May 2016

CrCl3, MnCl2, and FeCl2 react with (I) in ether solvents to afford the air‐ and moisture‐sensitive, anionic silyl complexes (IIa)‐(IIc).
ChemInform Abstract: An Inclusion Complex Containing the Dioxygen Molecule and an Organic Guest Molecule Cohabiting within a Vaulted Cobalt(II) Cyclidene Host. A Rare Kind of Ternary Complex.
Authors: MEADE T. J. , TAKEUCHI K. J. , BUSCH D. H.
Published: May 2016

A credible model of the ternary complex of cytochrome P450, the complex (I), is demonstrated with use of NMR spin lattice relaxation determinations on guest protons in the presence of the dioxygen adduct of the corresponding vaulted cyclidene‐Co(II) host.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteronuclear Polyhydride Raft Formation ‐ A Comparison of Syntheses Using Alkoxides of Copper and Gold.
Authors: SUTHERLAND B. R. , HO D. M. , HUFFMAN J. C. , CAULTON K. G.
Published: May 2016

The binuclear Re polyhydride (I) reacts with Cu tert‐butoxide complexes to give the hydride‐rich Re4Cu2 cluster (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Cluster Framework Rearrangements. An Unusual Transformation of a Butterfly Cluster into a Rhombus. The Crystal and Molecular Structures of Os4(CO)12(μ3‐S)(μ‐HC2R), R: Ph and CO2Me.
Authors: ADAMS R. D. , WANG S.
Published: May 2016

The previously reported, thermal transformation of the butterfly clusters (I) into the novel complexes (II) with rhombohedral arrangement of the metal atoms occurs via the two intermediates (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Terpenes and Terpene Derivatives. Part 20. Structure‐Odor Correlation. Part 5. From Menthone to Shyobunone ‐ Change of Odor with Structure.
Authors: WEYERSTAHL P. , RILK R. , MARSCHALL‐WEYERSTAHL H.
Published: May 2016

Piperitone (I) reacts with the Grignard compounds (II) via 1,4‐addition to give the 3,3‐disubstituted ketone (IIIa) or diastereomeric mixtures of the ketones (IIIb)‐(IIIc) and (IVb)‐(IVc), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 1,2‐Anhydro‐3,4:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐1‐C‐nitro‐D‐mannitol with Potassium Hydrogenfluoride in Ethylene Glycol: A Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose.
Authors: SZAREK W. A. , HAY G. W. , DOBOSZEWSKI B. , PERLMUTTER M. M.
Published: May 2016

Oxidation of the known nitroalkene (I) yields the anhydromannitol (II) as the main product, which is converted to the epimeric fluoro aldehydes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐3‐Demethoxyerythratidinone: Demonstration of a Radical Cyclization Route to a Site Specific Enol Derivative.
Authors: DANISHEFSKY S. J. , PANEK J. S.
Published: May 2016

The bromide (Ib), obtained from (Ia) in 94% yield and the ketal (IIb), obtained from (IIa) in 88% yield, are used as starting material for the synthesis of the compound (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐(1‐Substituted Ethyl)uracil Derivatives and Some of Their Chemical and Biological Properties.
Authors: JONES A. S. , MCCLEAN M. J. , SLATER M. J. , WALKER R. T. , BALZARINI J. , DE CLERCQ E.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the deoxyuridine (I) with thiophenol (II) under radical conditions gives the 2‐phenylthioethyl deoxyuridine (IIIa), which can be oxidized to the sulfone (IIIb) (MCPBA, 42% yield) or the sulfoxide (IIIc) (NaIO4, 91%).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,4‐Diaminocyclitol Antibiotics. Part 2. Synthesis of 7′‐Propylfortimicin A.
Authors: KANAI K. , NISHIGAKI J. , OGAWA S. , SUAMI T.
Published: May 2016

The hexopyranoside (I) is converted to the decopyranoside (V), which is hydrogenated to give the β‐L‐lyxo‐decopyranoside (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Synthesis of Homohistamine and Structurally Related (Imidazole‐4‐yl)alkylamines.
Authors: ELZ S. , SCHUNACK W.
Published: May 2016

The compounds (VII) (α‐methyl‐homohistamine), (VIII), (VIa) (homohistamine) and (VIb) are prepared as shown.
High‐resolution characterization of a PACAP‐EGFP transgenic mouse model for mapping PACAP‐expressing neurons
Authors: Condro Michael C. , Matynia Anna , Foster Nicholas N. , Ago Yukio , Rajbhandari Abha K. , Van Christina , Jayaram Bhavaani , Parikh Sachin , Diep Anna L. , Nguyen Eileen , May Victor , Dong Hong‐Wei , Waschek James A.
Published: May 2016

Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name Adcyap1) regulates a wide variety of neurological and physiological functions, including metabolism and cognition, and plays roles in of multiple forms of stress. Because of its preferential expression in nerve fibers, it has often been difficult to trace and identify the endogenous sources of the peptide in specific populations of neurons. Here, we introduce a transgenic mouse line that harbors in its genome a bacterial artificial chromosome containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette inserted upstream of the PACAP ATG translation initiation codon. Analysis of expression in brain sections of these mice using a GFP antibody reveals EGFP expression in distinct neuronal perikarya and dendritic arbors in several major brain regions previously reported to express PACAP from using a variety of approaches, including radioimmunoassay, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry with and without colchicine. EGFP expression in neuronal perikarya was modulated in a manner similar to PACAP gene expression in motor neurons after peripheral axotomy in the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus in the brainstem, providing an example in which the transgene undergoes proper regulation in vivo. These mice and the high‐resolution map obtained are expected to be useful in understanding the anatomical patterns of PACAP expression and its plasticity in the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3827–3848, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of injection modes on instantaneous particle deposition in a realistic human nasal cavity
Authors: Wen Jian , Gu Xin , Wang Mengmeng , Jian Guanping , Wang Simin , Zheng Guoxi
Published: May 2016

To understand the instantaneous particle deposition in nasal cavity, effects of two injection models on particle deposition characteristic were discussed in this paper. Based on a realistic human nasal cavity geometry obtained from CT scans, a comparison of deposition pattern in the nasal cavity between single injection and continuous injection was investigated through the Lagrangian approach. The instantaneous airflow field was simulated with the tidal volume of 159 and 318 mL by two sine wave curves at inlet. For the case of single injection, particles have finished deposition in the first half of inhalation, and a negative correlation between the tidal volumes and deposition can be observed when the particle diameter was larger than 10 µm. Moreover, particles were mainly deposited in the turbinate area that was beneficial for aerosol therapy. The inertial parameter was not suitable to predict the particle deposition in the case of single injection. With respect to continuous injection, a reduction in total deposition caused by the deceleration process of inhalation can be observed after 1.5 s. The deposition was closely associated with the time‐varying flow field, and particles were mainly deposited in the anterior region and turbinate area. Besides, the particle deposition increased with the inertial parameter for continuous injection. The results indicated that the injection modes had an influence on both the total deposition and local deposition pattern in the nasal cavity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color Tunable Ultrathin Films Capable of Healing Multiple Scratches
Authors: Zhu Yanxi , Xuan Hongyun , Ren Jiaoyu , Liu Xuefan , Ge Liqin
Published: May 2016

Healable films with structural color are highly desirable and have a variety of potential applications. However, combining structural color with self‐healing properties to obtain new functional materials is a big challenge in current research. Herein, we present the first example of a color tunable, ultrathin film that can self‐heal in response to external mechanical abrasion. It is designed based on intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction; the synthetic strategy involves spin‐coating of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and chitosan (CS). The successful preparation of ultrathin, healable, structural color films provides a new type of biomimetic material.
Exploited and excreting: parasite type affects host nutrient recycling
Authors: Narr Charlotte F. , Frost Paul C.
Published: May 2016

Parasite‐induced changes in the nutrient balance of hosts could alter the availability of nutrients in ecosystems by changing consumer‐driven nutrient recycling. While these effects on host nutrient use are mediated by host physiology, they likely depend on characteristics of the parasite and host diet quality. We examined this possibility by measuring nutrient release rates of uninfected Daphnia and conspecifics infected by two microparasites (the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa and the microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis) from daphnid hosts fed food that varied in phosphorus content. We found that infection type and diet affected host nutrient release rates, but the strength of these effects varied among parasite treatments. To improve our understanding of these effects, we examined whether two separate aspects of host exploitation (parasite‐induced reductions in host fecundity and parasite load) could account for variation in Daphnia nutrient release, ingestion, and elemental ratios caused by our infection and diet treatments. Regardless of whether we compared individuals across infection type or diet treatment, Daphnia fecundity described variation in multiple aspects of host nutrient use better than infection, diet, or spore load. Our results suggest that parasite‐induced changes in host nutrient use are both parasite and diet specific, and that host fecundity could be a useful parameter for predicting the magnitude and direction of these changes.
Clinical significance of pulse pressure in patients with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Tokitsu Takanori , Yamamoto Eiichiro , Hirata Yoshihiro , Kusaka Hiroaki , Fujisue Koichiro , Sueta Daisuke , Sugamura Koichi , Sakamoto Kenji , Tsujita Kenichi , Kaikita Koichi , Hokimoto Seiji , Sugiyama Seigo , Ogawa Hisao
Published: May 2016

Aims

Although pulse pressure (PP) is a recognized risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases, its association with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is uncertain.

Methods and results

We enrolled 512 of 951 consecutive HFpEF patients admitted to the Kumamoto University Hospital between 2007 and 2013 and divided them into five groups according to PP quintiles. Blood pressure and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured by an ankle–brachial index device. The PP values in HFpEF were significantly and positively correlated with PWV and LV stroke volume index, and were negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate and haemoglobin levels. Furthermore, plasma B‐type natriuretic peptide levels in HFpEF patients with the lowest (<45 mmHg) and highest PP (≥75 mmHg) were significantly higher than those with other PP (45–74 mmHg). The percentage of total cardiovascular and heart failure (HF)‐related events by PP category resulted in U‐ and J‐shaped curves. The higher frequency of coronary‐related events was nearly linear. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, HFpEF patients with the lowest and highest PP quintiles had a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular and HF‐related events than those with other PPs (45–74 mmHg) (log‐rank test, both P < 0.01). Conversely, the frequency of coronary‐related events in the highest PP group, but not in the lowest PP group, was significantly higher than in other PP groups.

Conclusion

Pulse pressure lower than 45 mmHg and higher than 75 mmHg was closely associated with HFpEF prognosis, indicating the clinical significance of PP for risk stratification of HFpEF.
The urban cool island phenomenon in a high‐rise high‐density city and its mechanisms
Authors: Yang Xinyan , Li Yuguo , Luo Zhiwen , Chan Pak Wai
Published: May 2016

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon has been studied extensively, but there are relatively fewer reports on the so‐called urban cool island (UCI) phenomenon. We reveal here that the UCI phenomenon exists in Hong Kong during the day and is associated with the UHI at night under all wind and cloud conditions. The possible mechanisms for the UCI phenomenon in such a high‐rise compact city have been discovered using a lumped urban air temperature model. A new concept of urban cool island degree hours (UCIdh) to measure the UCI intensity and duration is proposed. Our analyses reveal that when anthropogenic heat is small or absent, a high‐rise, and high‐density city experiences a significant daytime UCI effect. This is explained by an intensified heat storage capacity and the reduced solar radiation gain of urban surfaces. However, if anthropogenic heat in the urban area increases further, the UCI phenomenon still exists; yet, UCIdh decrease dramatically in a high‐rise compact city. In a low‐rise, low‐density city, the UCI phenomenon also occurs when there is no anthropogenic heat, but easily disappears when there is little anthropogenic heat, and the UHI phenomenon dominates. This probably explains why the UHI phenomenon is often observed, but the UCI phenomenon is rarely observed. The co‐existence of urban heat/cool island phenomena implies reduction of the daily temperature range in such cities, and its dependence on urban morphology also implies that urban morphology can be used to control the urban thermal environment.
Comprehensive stochastic assessment of meteorological drought indices
Authors: Montaseri Majid , Amirataee Babak
Published: May 2016

Drought indices are among the most important tools used to monitor and detect drought around the world. Most of these indices have been experientially developed using data extracted from specific geographic locations and climatic conditions. Regarding the inherent complexity of drought phenomenon itself as well as local climatic conditions, there have been great uncertainties when using such indices to provide accurate and logical assessments of drought in different regions. Few stochastic assessment studies, if any, have been published to evaluate and compare the inherent performance and capability of drought indices. Drought monitoring studies are usually based on a historical data record with relatively short length, e.g. 20–50 years, and have also focused on some particular aspects. In this study, seven meteorological drought indices and Monte–Carlo simulation method have been used to monitor drought characteristics in 12 diverse parts of the world endowed with various climatic conditions. Theoretical features of the indices as well as their inherent performance have been considered in the course of drought monitoring assessments. Accordingly, 50‐year historical rainfall data of 12 stations in diverse parts of the world have been employed to generate synthetic rainfall time series of 1000 sequences in terms of monitoring drought characteristics and quantifying the inherent aspects of drought indices. The results confirmed the comparative advantage of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) as an accurate and realistic analysis. Similarly, Nitzche Index introduced itself as the best candidate for initial analyses. Meanwhile, other indices indicated significant deviations from the expected occurrence of normalized natural processes and their results could not be rationally and sufficiently applied to predict drought events.
Identification of glycoproteins associated with HIV latently infected cells using quantitative glycoproteomics
Authors: Yang Weiming , Jackson Brooks , Zhang Hui
Published: May 2016

HIV infection is not curable due to viral latency. Compelling reports suggest that there is a distinct profile of surface proteins that can be used for targeting latently infected cells. We have recently reported that glycoproteins were differentially secreted from HIV latently infected ACH‐2 cells compared to the parental A3.01 cells. This finding suggests that glyco‐phenotype might be different in these two cell lines. To determine the difference, the ACH‐2 and A3.01 cell lines were subjected to a glycoproteomic analysis. A total number of 940 unique N‐linked glycosite‐containing peptides from 515 glycoproteins were identified. Among the glycoproteins, 365 and 104 were annotated as cell surface and membrane‐associated proteins, respectively. Quantitative LC‐MS/MS analysis revealed a change of 236 glycosite‐containing peptides from 172 glycoproteins between the two cell lines without reactivation. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that cell adhesion, immune response, glycoprotein metabolic process, cell motion, and cell activation were associated with the changed proteins. After reactivation of latency, changes in glycosite‐containing peptides were observed in both cell lines. The changed proteins suggest that cell migration, response to wounding and immune response might be impaired in reactivated latently infected cells. Glycoproteomics merits future application using primary cells to discover reveal mechanisms in HIV pathogenesis.
Assessing depression in a geriatric cancer population
Authors: Saracino Rebecca M. , Weinberger Mark I. , Roth Andrew J. , Hurria Arti , Nelson Christian J.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To examine the ability of three popular self‐report measures of depression to assess depression in a geriatric cancer setting.

Method

Cancer patients 70 years or older and on active treatment completed the Geriatric Depression Scale‐Short Form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale—Revised, and were interviewed using the depression module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID) as the ‘gold standard.’ Analyses included calculating internal consistency, ROC curves, and the sensitivity and specificity to detect major depression (MDD) or minor depression (i.e. subthreshold depression).

Results

In a sample of 201 cancer patients (85% White; 64% completed college degree or higher), all three of the self‐report measures produced adequate internal consistency and predicted depression greater than chance. However, the published cutoff scores for detecting MDD produced inadequate sensitivity, suggesting these scores will miss as many as 33%–83% of geriatric cancer patients who are depressed. Revised cutoff scores were lower than published cutoff scores.

Conclusion

Although these measures produced good internal consistency and were better than chance at predicting depression in a geriatric cancer sample, the published cutoff scores for these measures did not perform well in predicting MDD nor minor depression. Of the three measures, the CES‐D appeared to have the most utility. This data suggests that these popular screening measures may be inadequate for reliably identifying depression in a geriatric cancer population. Researchers and clinicians, therefore, should use caution when selecting depression measures for geriatric cancer patients and consider using the lower cut‐off scores presented here.
Greek Physiotherapists' Perspectives on Rehabilitation Following Total Knee Replacement: a Descriptive Survey
Authors: Moutzouri Maria , Gleeson Nigel , Billis Evdokia , Tsepis Elias , Gliatis John
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose

In Greece, as in many countries, there is a scarcity of evidence in the type of physiotherapy services offered for the rehabilitation of total knee replacement (TKR). Despite the number of TKRs annually performed in Greece (over 10,000), there are no available clinical guidelines as to the content of best physiotherapy practice. The aim of this nationwide survey undertaken by physiotherapists treating TKR patients post‐operatively was to record standard practice and services available in Greece.

Methods

Design: cross‐country survey

Ten per cent of all registered physiotherapists working in public/private sectors were recruited. The developed survey comprised of questions regarding therapists' profile, protocols implemented at different stages of rehabilitation and the aims and modalities used.

Results

A 58.7% response rate was achieved, where 36% (47/132) of respondents were treating patients in the inpatient phase and 64% (85/132) after hospital discharge. Patients in Greece are discharged with a home‐based exercise program (56.7%) and, to a lesser extent, are referred to rehabilitation centres (13.3%). Strengthening, range of movement and functionality seemed to be the primary goals especially in the inpatient phase, whereas in the outpatient phase, apart from the larger differences identified, functionality and balance training were more frequently reported.

Conclusions

No significant variations in practice were found during inpatient rehabilitation, whilst there seemed to be diversity across outpatient physiotherapy programs. The current survey suggests that patient's general health and psychological and behavioural issues are the criteria by which physiotherapists select the volume of implemented exercise and progression. However, no specific guidelines were followed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transit times—the link between hydrology and water quality at the catchment scale
Authors: Hrachowitz Markus , Benettin Paolo , van Breukelen Boris M. , Fovet Ophelie , Howden Nicholas J.K. , Ruiz Laurent , van der Velde Ype , Wade Andrew J.
Published: May 2016

In spite of trying to understand processes in the same spatial domain, the catchment hydrology and water quality scientific communities are relatively disconnected and so are their respective models. This is emphasized by an inadequate representation of transport processes, in both catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models. While many hydrological models at the catchment scale only account for pressure propagation and not for mass transfer, catchment scale water quality models are typically limited by overly simplistic representations of flow processes. With the objective of raising awareness for this issue and outlining potential ways forward we provide a nontechnical overview of (1) the importance of hydrology‐controlled transport through catchment systems as the link between hydrology and water quality; (2) the limitations of current generation catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models; (3) the concept of transit times as tools to quantify transport; and (4) the benefits of transit time based formulations of solute transport for catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models. There is emerging evidence that an explicit formulation of transport processes, based on the concept of transit times has the potential to improve the understanding of the integrated system dynamics of catchments and to provide a stronger link between catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models. WIREs Water 2016, 3:629–657. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1155

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Water Quality
Climate change and ecosystem services
Authors: Scholes Robert J.
Published: May 2016

Studies of the impacts of climate change cover three broad areas: direct effects on humans, their enterprises, and assets; effects on natural systems; and effects on humans via natural systems. ‘Ecosystem services’ fall into the latter category. Future climates continue to allow ecosystem services to be delivered and consumed, in some cases at a level greater than in the past, and in others degraded relative to their historic supply. Across a wide range of ecosystem services, the losses exceed the gains for magnitudes and rates of climate change projected under low‐mitigation scenarios. On balance, global mean temperature (GMT) rises greater than 2°C above preindustrial have a spatially patchy but net negative effect on many ecosystem services. The negative impacts occur in many places and affect most people. This apparent asymmetry of impact is hypothesized to have three causes: the rapidity of climate change relative to adaptive processes in social and ecological systems; the exposure of societies to climates not experienced during the period over which complex, agriculturally dependent human societies developed; and the approach toward limits in the Earth system. Covariates of climate change—especially rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and ongoing land transformation—are an inextricable part of the projected loss of services in the coming century and the projected shortfall between supply and demand is strongly demand‐driven. The geographical distributions of ecosystem service supply and demand are unequal, and becoming more so. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:537–550. doi: 10.1002/wcc.404

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Observed Ecological Changes
Neural mechanisms of face perception, their emergence over development, and their breakdown
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Scherf K. Suzanne , Avidan Galia
Published: May 2016

Face perception is probably the most developed visual perceptual skill in humans, most likely as a result of its unique evolutionary and social significance. Much recent research has converged to identify a host of relevant psychological mechanisms that support face recognition. In parallel, there has been substantial progress in uncovering the neural mechanisms that mediate rapid and accurate face perception, with specific emphasis on a broadly distributed neural circuit, comprised of multiple nodes whose joint activity supports face perception. This article focuses specifically on the neural underpinnings of face recognition, and reviews recent structural and functional imaging studies that elucidate the neural basis of this ability. In addition, the article covers some of the recent investigations that characterize the emergence of the neural basis of face recognition over the course of development, and explores the relationship between these changes and increasing behavioural competence. This paper also describes studies that characterize the nature of the breakdown of face recognition in individuals who are impaired in face recognition, either as a result of brain damage acquired at some point or as a result of the failure to master face recognition over the course of development. Finally, information regarding similarities between the neural circuits for face perception in humans and in nonhuman primates is briefly covered, as is the contribution of subcortical regions to face perception. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:247–263. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1388

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics

Neuroscience > Behavior
Utility of balloon expulsion test in patients with constipation: Preliminary results in a single center
Authors: Hsu Ching‐Sheng , Liu Tso‐Tsai , Yi Chih‐Hsun , Lei Wei‐Yi , Hung Jui‐Sheng , Chen Chien‐Lin
Published: May 2016

Background

Pelvic floor dyssynergia can be a cause of idiopathic constipation. Although pelvic floor dyssynergia can be diagnosed by rectal balloon expulsion (BE) and anorectal manometry, the utility of BE in the evaluation of constipation in clinical practice remains to be determined. To this end, we examined the role of BE among different body positions in Taiwanese people with constipation.

Methods

Fourteen Taiwanese adults (age range, 19–61 years), including six healthy volunteers (4 male, 2 female) and eight patients with chronic constipation (1 male, 7 female) underwent solid‐state anorectal manometry and BE. The demographic data of all individuals were recorded at enrollment.

Results

Compared to healthy volunteers, patients with chronic constipation had a numerically lower threshold for mean resting pressure (p = 0.052), squeeze pressure, maximal squeeze pressure, and lower threshold volumes for urge, but higher threshold pressures for compliance. Successful BE seemed to be associated with lower mean resting pressure (p = 0.061), lower mean threshold volumes for urge, and higher mean maximal squeeze pressure for compliance. Although patients with chronic constipation had a numerically lower successful rate of rectal BE than healthy controls, the differences did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion

In Taiwanese individuals, results of BE seems consistent with anorectal manometry parameters, and patients with chronic constipation have a trend of lower successful rate of rectal BE than healthy controls. However, future work to confirm the use of BE in differentiating subtypes of chronic constipation is needed.
Ultrasound Measurement of Abdominal Muscle Thickness With and Without Transducer Fixation During Standing Postural Tasks in Participants With and Without Chronic Low Back Pain: Intrasession and Intersession Reliability
Authors: Ehsani Fatemeh , Arab Amir Massoud , Salavati Mahyar , Jaberzadeh Shapour , Hajihasani Abdolhamid
Published: May 2016

Background

Ultrasound (US) imaging can be used for the measurement of trunk muscle activity. The displacements of US transducer, especially during more dynamic situations, however, may disturb the measurement results. To control this variable, some studies have used transducer fixator (TF), but no study evaluated the effect of using TF on US reliability in dynamic situations. The present study discriminated this issue.

Objective

To investigate the intrasession and intersession reliability of lateral abdominal muscle thickness measurement in dynamic standing postural tasks by using US with and without TF in participants with and without chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Design

An intersession and intrasession reliability study.

Setting

Biomechanics laboratory, Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.

Participants

Twenty‐three patients with CLBP and 23 healthy matched individuals.

Methods

Abdominal muscle thickness of all the subjects was evaluated with use of US imaging with the patient in the supine position and double‐leg stance at different levels of platform stability of BBS (static, levels 6 and 3), with and without using TF. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard errors of measurement, minimal metrically detectable changes, and coefficients of variation were calculated to determine intersession and intrasession reliability of muscle activity measure.

Main Outcome Measurements

Lateral abdominal muscle thickness.

Results

The intersession ICCs in the conditions with TF ranged from 0.93 to 0.98 and 0.97 to 0.99 in CLBP and healthy individuals, respectively. The intersession ICCs in the conditions without TF ranged from 0.67 to 0.79 and 0.7 to 0.86 in CLBP and healthy groups, respectively. In addition, smaller standard errors of measurement and minimal metrically detectable change values were observed with US measurement in both the groups when TF was used.

Conclusion

US imaging appears to have acceptable reliability for the assessment of abdominal muscle thickness during dynamic standing tasks in individuals with and without CLBP. The use of TF results in greater levels of reliability during US measurement of abdominal muscle.

Level of Evidence

III
Effects of Botulinum Toxin Landmark‐Guided Intra‐articular Injection in Subjects With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hsieh Lin‐Fen , Wu Chia‐Wei , Chou Ching‐Chieh , Yang Sai‐Wei , Wu Shih‐Hui , Lin Yi‐Jia , Hsu Wei‐Chun
Published: May 2016

Background

Increasing evidence has suggested that botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) can inhibit the release of selected neuropeptide transmitters from primary sensory neurons. Thus, intra‐articular (IA) injection therapies with BoNT/A may reduce pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Objective

To investigate the effects of landmark‐guided IA injection of BoNT/A on patients with knee OA.

Design

A prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting

A rehabilitation clinic of a private teaching hospital.

Patients

A total of 46 patients with symptomatic knee OA (mostly Kellgren‐Lawrence grade 2‐3).

Methods

The patients were randomly assigned to 1 of the following groups: BoNT/A group (BoNT/A injection; n = 21) or control group (education only; n = 20). The patients in the BoNT/A group received an IA injection of 100 units of BoNT/A into the affected knee.

Main Outcome Measures

The short‐term (1 week posttreatment) and long‐term (6 months posttreatment) effects were evaluated using a pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and questionnaires concerning functional status, including the Lequesne and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) indexes.

Results

The between‐group comparison revealed significant differences with regard to the pain VAS score at 1 week (P < .001) and at 6 months (P = .001) posttreatment. Similar findings for the between‐group comparison were observed for the WOMAC and Lequesne indexes at 6 months (P < .05) posttreatment. The pain VAS score in the BoNT/A group significantly decreased from 5.05 ± 1.12 (pretreatment) to 2.89 ± 1.04 at 1 week (P < .001) and 3.45 ± 1.70 at 6 months posttreatment (P < .001) but not in the control group (P = .476).

Conclusions

The IA injection of BoNT/A provided pain relief and improved functional abilities in patients with knee OA in both the short‐ and long‐term follow‐up.

Level of Evidence

I
Submission for the AJEE Special Issue for the 18th Biennial AAEE Conference — Sustainability: Smart Strategies for the 21st Century. Nature by Default in Early Childhood Education for Sustainability – ERRATUM
Authors: Elliott Sue , Young Tracy
Published: May 2016

In the above mentioned article the following error has occurred where some text has been omitted from the abstract. The publisher regrets this error and sincerely apologises for any inconvenience caused:

‘This essay critiques the relevance of historical antecedents about children's play in nature and how these historical and political mechanisms create cultural rovoked by Taylor's (2013) exploration of the pervasive influence of romanticised images of innocent children in nature and our own experiences of never-ending ‘nice’ stories about young children in nature, here we trouble how nature experiences may or may not preclude children's meaningful and agentic participation in sustainability.’
Contrasts in the response of adjacent fjords and glaciers to ice-sheet surface melt in West Greenland
Authors: Bartholomaus Timothy C. , Stearns Leigh A. , Sutherland David A. , Shroyer Emily L. , Nash Jonathan D. , Walker Ryan T. , Catania Ginny , Felikson Denis , Carroll Dustin , Fried Mason J. , Noël Brice P. Y. , Van Den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: May 2016

Neighboring tidewater glaciers often exhibit asynchronous dynamic behavior, despite relatively uniform regional atmospheric and oceanic forcings. This variability may be controlled by a combination of local factors, including glacier and fjord geometry, fjord heat content and circulation, and glacier surface melt. In order to characterize and understand contrasts in adjacent tidewater glacier and fjord dynamics, we made coincident ice-ocean-atmosphere observations at high temporal resolution (minutes to weeks) within a 10 000 km2area near Uummannaq, Greenland. Water column velocity, temperature and salinity measurements reveal systematic differences in neighboring fjords that imply contrasting circulation patterns. The observed ocean velocity and hydrography, combined with numerical modeling, suggest that subglacial discharge plays a major role in setting fjord conditions. In addition, satellite remote sensing of seasonal ice flow speed and terminus position reveal both speedup and slow-down in response to melt, as well as differences in calving style among the neighboring glaciers. Glacier force budgets and modeling also point toward subglacial discharge as a key factor in glacier behavior. For the studied region, individual glacier and fjord geometry modulate subglacial discharge, which leads to contrasts in both fjord and glacier dynamics.
Fluctuation of Viremia in Hepatitis B Virus–Infected Healthcare Workers Performing Exposure-Prone Procedures in the Netherlands
Authors: Raven Stijn F. H. , de Heus Barry , Wong Albert , Zaaijer Hans L. , van Steenbergen Jim E.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To determine the longitudinal changes in viral load of hepatitis B virus (HBV)–infected healthcare workers (HCWs) and its consequences for exclusion of infected HCWs performing exposure-prone procedures, various HBV DNA safety thresholds, and the frequency of monitoring.

Design

Retrospective cohort study June 1, 1996–January 31, 2013.

Participants

In the Netherlands, chronically HBV-infected HCWs performing exposure-prone procedures are notified to the Committee for Prevention of Iatrogenic Hepatitis B. Of the 126 notified HCWs, 45 had 2 or more HBV DNA levels determined without antiviral therapy.

Methods

A time-to-event analysis for HBV-infected HCWs categorized in various viremia levels surpassing a HBV DNA threshold level of 1×105 copies/mL, above which exposure-prone procedures are not allowed in the Netherlands.

Results

Fluctuations of HBV DNA in follow-up samples ranged from −5.4 to +2.2 log10 copies/mL. A high correlation was seen for each HBV DNA level with the 3 previous levels. In a time-to-event analysis, after 6 months 7.2%, 6.5%, and 14.3% of individuals had surpassed the threshold of 1×105 copies/mL for viral load categories 4.8×103 to 1.5×104; 1.5×104 to 4.0×104; and 4.0×104 to 1.0×105, respectively.

Conclusions

We propose standard retesting every 6 months, with more frequent retesting just below the high threshold value (1×105 copies/mL), and prolonging this standard interval to 1 year after 3 consecutive levels below the threshold in policies with lower safety thresholds (1×103 or 1×104 copies/mL).

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:655–660
Competing Principals 2.0? The impact of Facebook in the 2013 selection of the Italian Head of State
Authors: Ceron Andrea
Published: May 2016

Motivated by the literature on ‘competing principals’, this article studies the effect of interactive social networking sites on the behavior of politicians. For this purpose, 12,455 comments posted on the Facebook walls of 423 Italian MPs have been analyzed to assess whether Facebook played a role in the selection of the Italian Head of State in 2013, enhancing responsiveness. The statistical analysis reveals that the pressure exerted through social media did not affect MPs’ propensity to express public dissent over the party line, which is instead affected by more traditional ‘principals’ and factors: seniority, primary elections, and factional membership.
Dietary patterns and benign breast diseases: a case–control study
Authors: Tiznobeyk Zeinab , Sheikhi Mobarakeh Zahra , Qorbani Mostafa , Koohdani Fariba , Sotoudeh Gity , Khajehnasiri Farahnaz , Khosravi Shahla , Doostan Farideh
Published: May 2016

Several studies have investigated the relation between benign breast diseases (BBD) and food intake. However, dietary patterns of these patients have not been taken into consideration up to now. The aim of this study is to determine the association between dietary patterns and BBD. In this case–control study, ninety-six patients with BBD and seventy controls were selected from women attending the Iranian Center for Breast Cancer affiliated with Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research. Demographic, physical activity and semi-quantitative FFQ were completed. The main dietary patterns were extracted by factor analysis. Two major dietary patterns emerged: Healthy dietary pattern including fish, poultry, eggs, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds, whole grains, oil and mayonnaise, olives, fruits; and Unhealthy dietary pattern including red meats, organ and processed meats, high-fat dairy products, refined grains, sweets and desserts, animal and solid fats. After adjustment for age, BMI and energy intake, the participants in the highest tertile of Healthy dietary pattern (OR 0·44; 95 % CI 0·20, 0·99) were less likely to have BBD compared with those in the first tertile. After adjustment for other confounding variables, this relationship still remained close to significant level. However, higher consumption of Unhealthy dietary pattern was not associated with the risk of BBD. In conclusion, Healthy dietary pattern might be inversely associated with the risk of BBD; however, this result should be interpreted with caution. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Optimal outcomes for hearing preservation in the management of small vestibular schwannomas
Authors: Peng K A , Wilkinson E P
Published: May 2016

Objective:

To undertake a systematic review of the role of microsurgery, in relation to observation and stereotactic radiation, in the management of small vestibular schwannomas with serviceable hearing.

Methods:

The Medline database was searched for publications that included the terms ‘vestibular schwannoma’ and/or ‘acoustic neuroma’, occurring in conjunction with ‘hearing’. Articles were manually screened to identify those concerning vestibular schwannomas under 1.5 cm in greatest dimension. Thereafter, only publications discussing both pre-operative and post-operative hearing were considered.

Results:

Twenty-six papers were identified. Observation is an acceptable strategy for small tumours with slow growth where hearing preservation is not a consideration. In contrast, microsurgery, including the middle fossa approach, may provide excellent hearing outcomes, particularly when a small tumour has begun to cause hearing loss. Immediate post-operative hearing usually predicts long-term hearing. Recent data on stereotactic radiation suggest long-term deterioration of hearing following definitive therapy.

Conclusion:

In patients under the age of 65 years with small vestibular schwannomas, microsurgery via the middle fossa approach offers durable preservation of hearing.
Thresholds of change in a multi-use conservation landscape of South Africa: historical land-cover, future transformation and consequences for environmental decision-making
Authors: COETZER-HANACK KAERA L. , WITKOWSKI E.T.F. , ERASMUS BAREND F.N.
Published: May 2016

As multi-use conservation landscapes, biosphere reserves (BRs) exemplify the landscape mosaic approach to environmental decision-making. In this study, time-series remotely-sensed data (1993–2006–2012) were used to monitor vegetation transformation in the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Reserve (K2C) of South Africa, updating previous land-cover research. We identified changes in spatial extent, rate and intensity of land-cover change and extrapolated observed trends to 2018. The increased rate of change in the recent observation period (2.3 vs. 5.7%) was driven by more intensive gains in impacted vegetation and settlement since 2006 (>210 km2and >120 km2), with resultant transformation of intact habitat undermining regional connectivity. By 2012, intact vegetation had suffered losses of 6.3% (>350 km2) since 2006 and >14% (>750 km2) since 1993. A further 9.5% loss of intact habitat may represent a critical threshold, establishing K2C above the 50% threshold of landscape transformation, whereafter a rapid decline in landscape resilience is likely. Given the BR's spatial zonation, such a loss across the full extent of K2C is unlikely, at least in the short-term (i.e., by 2018). Yet, based on past trends of transformation in the unprotected transition zone, anticipating such losses in the longer term, is not unfounded (i.e., 2024).