bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innominate truncal dissection and rupture into right pleural cavity following acute type A dissection of the aorta with right coronary ostial avulsion and inferior STEMI
Authors: Kaul P , George R , Paniagua R , Petsa A , Congiu S
Published: May 2011

An innominate truncal dissection and rupture into the right pleural cavity with massive hemothorax is the initial presentation in this 66-year-old lady with type A dissection of the aorta complicated by right coronary ostial avulsion and inferior STEMI. She underwent supracoronary interposition graft replacement of the ascending aorta and hemiarch, interposition graft replacement of the innominate trunk and saphenous vein bypass grafting of the right coronary artery successfully. Innominate truncal rupture following aortic dissection is practically unknown and has not been described before in the absence of aortic rupture. Innominate truncal rupture secondary to other pathologies presents with supraaortic and mediastinal hematomas, but almost never with right hemothorax. On the backdrop of this unusual presentation with no neurological injury, we review the literature for innominate truncal dissection and rupture, other etiologies for innominate truncal rupture, the complex interplay of factors determining neurological injury and discuss the changes in the strategies and conduct of arterial return during cardiopulmonary bypass and selective antegrade perfusion imposed by this previously undescribed instance of innominate truncal rupture due to dissection.
Fatigue and extended work hours among cardiovascular perfusionists: 2010 Survey
Authors: Trew A , Searles B , Smith T , Darling EM
Published: May 2011

Due to the emergent unpredictable nature of cardiac surgery, perfusionists, potentially, are susceptible to extended work hours and acute sleep deprivation. While fatigue among other healthcare clinicians has been studied, there has been no research on this topic specifically in the perfusion community. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to: (1) collect preliminary data on the prevalence of fatigue in perfusion and (2) identify if there were concerns regarding fatigue, performance and perfusion safety.

In May 2010, a link to a 50-question survey ( surveymonkey.com ) was posted on Perflist and Perfmail. The survey was closed in July 2010. There were 445 respondents and data were analyzed and expressed as a response percent.

Participants included 27% chief perfusionists/managers, 67% staff perfusionists, and 6.0% other (perfusion education faculty, retired perfusionists, locum tenens). Regarding extended work hours, 68.9% of surveyed perfusionists have worked at the hospital for greater than 23 hours straight and 17.5% have worked continuously for over 36 hours. Actual performance of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) after 17, 23, and 36 hours of wakefulness was reported by 82.9%, 63% and 14.8% respondents, respectively. Regarding bathroom requirements while on CPB, 87.5% have felt extremely uncomfortable at least once, 19.9% have relieved themselves in the operating room at least once, and 22.3% have left the pump attended by a non-perfusionist to use the restroom at least once. Microsleep during CPB was reported by 49.5% of respondents. Automobile accidents attributed to an extended period of work and fatigue was reported by 6.9% and another 44.4% reported a near-miss auto accident. A fatigue-related minor error was reported by 66% and 6.7% admit to having a serious perfusion accident believed to be due to fatigue. Concerning critical phases of bypass, 51.5% believe that they perform less effectively when fatigued. Additionally, 75.9% indicate that they have been concerned about their ability to perform their job adequately due to fatigue-related acute sleep deprivation. Opinions regarding workplace management were as follows; 48% believe that fatigue can play a role in our profession and managers should do what they can to provide a rested staff, but, unfortunately, it is impractical to set work limits; 32.2% believe fatigue issues should be taken more seriously and specific guidelines should be stated by our professional organizations and 13.4% believe that limits should be established, legislated, and enforced by state or federal authorities.

Based upon this preliminary survey data, it appears that fatigue and acute sleep deprivation is a significant safety concern in the perfusion community. Further research must be performed to understand actual performance degradation that may occur in fatigued perfusionists performing CPB.
‘Stand still … , and move on’, a new early intervention service for cardiac arrest survivors and their caregivers: rationale and description of the intervention
Authors: Moulaert Véronique RMP , Verbunt Jeanine A , Bakx Wilbert GM , Gorgels Anton PM , de Krom Marc CFTM , Heuts Peter HTG , Wade Derick T , van Heugten Caroline M
Published: May 2011

This series of articles for rehabilitation in practice aims to cover a knowledge element of the rehabilitation medicine curriculum. Nevertheless they are intended to be of interest to a multidisciplinary audience. The competency addressed in this article is ‘The trainee demonstrates a knowledge of diagnostic approaches for specific impairments including cognitive dysfunction as a result of cardiac arrest.’

Abstract

Objective: To describe a new early intervention service for survivors of cardiac arrest and their caregivers, and to explain the evidence and rationale behind it.

Rationale: A cardiac arrest may cause hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury, which often results in cognitive impairments. Survivors of cardiac arrest can also encounter emotional problems, limitations in daily life, reduced participation in society and a decreased quality of life. A new early intervention service was designed based on literature study, expert opinion and patient experiences.

Description of the intervention: The early intervention service is an individualized programme, consisting of one to six consultations by a specialized nurse for the patient and their caregiver. The intervention starts soon after discharge from the hospital and can last up to three months. The intervention consists of screening for cognitive and emotional problems, provision of information and support, promotion of self-management strategies and can include referral to further specialized care if indicated.

Discussion: This intervention is assumed to reduce future problems related to hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury in the patient and caregiver, and its effectiveness is currently being investigated in a randomized controlled multicentre trial.
From Paradigms to Paideia: Thomas S. Kuhn and Michael Polanyi in Conversation
Authors: Kennedy Terence
Published: May 2011

There are three approaches to the Kuhn-Polanyi relationship: their ideas are the same, can be reconciled, or profoundly diverge. This article seeks to show that both share a tradition of paideia. Kuhn espouses scientific revolutions while Polanyi stresses reform and continuity within a Platonic worldview.
Rethinking the Machine Metaphor Since Descartes: On the Irreducibility of Bodies, Minds, and Meanings
Authors: Lowney Charles
Published: May 2011

Michael Polanyi’s conceptions of tacit knowing and emergent being are used to correct a reductionism that developed from, or reacted against, the excesses of several Cartesian assumptions: (a) the method of universal doubt; (b) the emphasis on reductive analysis to unshakeable foundations, via connections between clear and distinct ideas; (c) the notion that what is real are the basic atomic substances out of which all else is composed; (d) a sharp body-mind substance dualism; and (e) the notion that the seat of consciousness can be traced to a point in the human body. The reductivist project in biology began with the emphasis Descartes put on the body as a machine. Polanyi reappropriates the machine metaphor to demonstrate how mechanistic explanations are not fully reductive. He shows how an eliminative materialism that would reduce mind to brain is unwarranted if either an interlevel mechanistic reduction or an intralevel successional reduction is posited.
A Symposium on the Relevance of Michael Polanyi’s Insights to a Reformulated Understanding of Science, Technology, and Society
Authors: Mead Walter B.
Published: May 2011

This is intended as an introductory statement to the explorations undertaken in the essays that follow. The authors of these essays attempt to introduce the reader to some of the insights of Michael Polanyi and their implications for the reader who wishes to come to a greater understanding of modern technological society, which — for better or worse — has come to define his very existence. Arguably, no twentieth-century thinker has probed more deeply than Polanyi into the dynamics of scientific discovery or demonstrated more courage in his willingness to think outside the box of ruling orthodoxies and, consequently, come up with more profound insights and radically new ways of understanding the processes of scientific inquiry, their technological implications, and the sometimes fateful, but potentially fruitful, relationships that exist among science, technology, and society. Each of the following nine authors, grounded in different fields of study and research, but also in a common appreciation of Polanyi’s contributions, offers valuable insights into this multi-faceted subject.
Models, Their Application, and Scientific Anticipation: Ludwig Boltzmann’s Work as Tacit Knowing
Authors: Schmitt Richard Henry
Published: May 2011

Ludwig Boltzmann’s work in theoretical physics exhibits an approach to the construction of theory that he transmitted to the succeeding generation by example. It involved the construction of clear models, allowed more than one, and was not based solely on the existing facts, with the intent of examining and criticizing the assumptions that made each model work. This tacit program influenced physicists like Ehrenfest and Einstein and the philosopher Wittgenstein, suggesting ways that they used to make further advances.
Toward a Polanyian Critique of Technology: Attending From the Indwelling of Tools to the Course of Technological Civilization
Authors: van Pelt James Clement
Published: May 2011

As a scientist, Michael Polanyi made significant advances in chemistry and economics. From that deep hands-on experience, he derived a powerful critique of prevailing ideas of knowledge and the proper role of science. He demonstrated that disregarding or eliminating the personal embodiment of knowing in the tacit dimension in pursuit of purely explicit and impersonal knowledge results in knowing that is misleadingly incomplete—“absurd.” If technology is the practical application of science, then it should be useful to extend his critique of science to technology. The pursuit of impersonal knowledge parallels the quest for efficiency through the standardizing and programming of technique while devaluing personal knowing in the form of embodied skills, institutional memory, and a “feel” for possibilities that leads to insightful breakthroughs. As technological development continues to accelerate and proliferate unsustainably, the idolizing of efficiency operates to subsume other values that would tend to constrain such development, raising concerns about the future of discovery, of the economic and social order, and of the human soul.
Michael Polanyi and the Social Sciences
Authors: Poirier Maben Walter
Published: May 2011

In this article, the author attempts three things: (a) to describe the main beliefs of the “continental empiricist” epistemology that dominated the study of the social sciences in North America since the mid 1930s; (b) to speak of the influence of this epistemology on the dominant or mainstream school in the study of politics; and (c) to propose a new-old approach to the study of politics, based on the thinking of Michael Polanyi (1891-1976).
Globalization of Local Retailing: Threat or Opportunity? The Case of Food Retailing in Guilin, China
Authors: Polsa Pia , Fan Xiucheng
Published: May 2011

Small-scale retailing is characteristic of many developing and emerging economies. It has been argued that in the course of economic development a retail environment will be transformed into a more efficient system by fewer but larger retailers that often are gigantic global players. However, in many societies, small retailers have other functions in addition to retailing. As shown in a sample of small retailers in the People’s Republic of China, many retailers started their businesses due to unemployment or retirement. In countries such as China where the social security safety network is lacking, starting a small-scale business is one way to earn a living. The benefits of the modernization on retailing notwithstanding, this paper discusses how economic development and efficiencies of scale in retailing may destroy a well-functioning system that provides income for less-fortunate individuals. The findings are based on observations and interviews conducted in 1993–2010 in Guilin, China.
Value of the Tibial Tuberosity–Trochlear Groove Distance in Patellar Instability in the Young Athlete
Authors: Balcarek Peter , Jung Klaus , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Stürmer Klaus Michael
Published: May 2011

Background

A lateralized tibial tubercle may be a relevant anatomic factor in patients with patellar instability and can be used as an indication for a distal realignment procedure. However, parameter values for the tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance in the young patient have not been defined. It also remains to be determined how this parameter contributes to patellar instability in the growing knee joint.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of the TT-TG distance in patellar instability in the young athlete.

Study Design

Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Knee magnetic resonance images were collected from 109 patients with lateral patellar instability and from 136 control subjects. Student t test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to compare the absolute and relative values of the TT-TG distance between patients and controls. The relative value was defined as the ratio between the TT-TG distance and the total width of the distal femur.

Results

The TT-TG distance (absolute and relative to femur width) differed significantly between patients with patellar dislocation and the control group (both P < .01). The TT-TG distances were on average 4 mm larger in patients with patellar dislocation; TT-TG distance divided by femur width was on average 5% larger in patients with patellar dislocation. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed the TT-TG distance as a significant risk factor for patellar dislocation ( P = .04), but showed no significant interaction with patient age or femur width ( P = .95 and P = .15, respectively).

Conclusion

A lateralized tibial tubercle is a relevant anatomic factor in the young athlete and in the adult patient with lateral patel-lar instability. Its parameter values and its influence on patellar dislocation are independent of patient age and should therefore be evaluated as in adults.
Rehabilitation Exercise Progression for the Gluteus Medius Muscle with Consideration for Iliopsoas Tendinitis
Authors: Philippon Marc J. , Decker Michael J. , Giphart J. Erik , Torry Michael R. , Wahoff Michael S. , Laprade Robert F.
Published: May 2011

Background

It is common for hip arthroscopy patients to demonstrate significant gluteus medius muscle weakness and concurrent iliopsoas tendinitis. Restoration of gluteus medius muscle function is essential for normal hip function.

Hypothesis

A progression of hip rehabilitation exercises to strengthen the gluteus medius muscle could be identified that minimize concurrent iliopsoas muscle activation to reduce the risk of developing or aggravating hip flexor tendinitis

Study Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods

Electromyography (EMG) signals of the gluteus medius and iliopsoas muscles were recorded from 10 healthy participants during 13 hip rehabilitation exercises. The indwelling fine-wire EMG electrodes were inserted under ultrasound guidance. The average and peak EMG amplitudes, normalized by the peak EMG amplitude elicited during maximum voluntary contractions, were determined and rank-ordered from low to high. The ratio of iliopsoas to gluteus medius muscle activity was calculated for each exercise. Exercises were placed into respective time phases based on average gluteus medius EMG amplitude, except that exercises involving hip rotation were avoided in phase I (phase I, initial 4 or 8 weeks; phase II, subsequent 4 weeks; phase III, final 4 weeks).

Results

A continuum of hip rehabilitation exercises was identified. Resisted terminal knee extension, resisted knee flexion, and double-leg bridges were identified as appropriate for phase I and resisted hip extension, stool hip rotations, and side-lying hip abduction with wall-sliding for phase II. Hip clam exercises with neutral hips may be used with caution in patients with hip flexor tendinitis. Prone heel squeezes, side-lying hip abduction with internal hip rotation, and single-leg bridges were identified for phase III.

Conclusion/Clinical Relevance

This study identified the most appropriate hip rehabilitation exercises for each phase to strengthen the gluteus medius muscle after hip arthroscopy and those to avoid when iliopsoas pain or tendinitis is a concern.
Online Data Collection in Developing Nations
Authors: Payne Jarrod , Barnfather Nikki
Published: May 2011

The utility of online methods of data collection has led to the rapid adoption of Internet-based surveys for social sciences research. Given the potential problems of noncoverage and nonresponse when making use of this data collection method, the present study aimed to investigate differences between an online and a paper-based sample drawn from the same population and under the same conditions. The sample was composed of 597 undergraduate and postgraduate students from the University of the Witwatersrand in the 2010 academic year, the majority of whom (75.2%) chose to complete the paper-based version of the questionnaire. Results indicate that Internet access differs for both racial and socioeconomic groups in the sample but that demographic factors continue to affect the choice to complete online even after Internet access has been accounted for. Logistic regression analysis revealed that Black African respondents were less likely to complete online than other race groups while older respondents, those who spend more time online per day, those with higher levels of maternal education, those with lower levels of paternal education as well as female respondents were more likely to make use of the online completion option. Implications and alternatives to online data collection are discussed.
On the performance of a cascade of improved turbine nozzle blades in nucleating steam – Part 3: theoretical analysis
Authors: Bakhtar F , Zamri M Y
Published: May 2011

This article is the last of a set and describes the analysis of the performance of an improved steam turbine nozzle blade profile. In the course of expansion of steam in turbines, the state path crosses the saturation line, the fluid nucleates to become wet, and the succeeding stages have to operate on a two-phase mixture. The formation and subsequent behaviour of the liquid phase lowers the performance of turbine wet stages. Following earlier studies of typical profiles in nucleating steam, the performance of a new design of blades is examined. A substantially improved aerodynamic performance is achieved by the new design. The effect of heat release by condensation in increasing the aerodynamic losses is not intrinsic to the system and can be avoided by design but the losses resulting from the internal heat transfer are intrinsic and considerable.
Intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on multiple relevance vector machines with variance radial basis function kernel
Authors: He C , Liu C , Li Y , Yuan J
Published: May 2011

Automatic and accurate fault diagnosis is very important for condition-based maintenance. In this study, an intelligent fault diagnosis method based on relevance vector machines (RVM) is proposed for automatic fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. First, the global optimal features from all node energies of full wavelet packet tree are obtained by combining wavelet packet transform with an improved Fisher feature selection method. Individual salient feature subsets are selected for each pair of classes separately. Then, RVM method is adopted to train the intelligent fault diagnosis model. The multi-class RVM classifier is constructed by combining several RVM binary classifiers using ‘max-probability-win’ strategy. Moreover, improved from Gaussian radial basis function, a new kernel function denoted variance radial basis function is developed and used for RVM to adaptively balance the difference between the scales of different features. The proposed method was carried out to develop a multi-class bearing fault diagnosis model under varying load conditions, resulting in high accuracy around 99.58 per cent. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is promising for intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.
Local preserving projections-based feature selection and Gaussian mixture model for machine health assessment
Authors: Yu J , Liu M , Wu H
Published: May 2011

The sensitivity of various features that are characteristics of machine health may vary significantly under different working conditions. Thus, it is critical to devise a systematic feature selection (FS) approach that provides a useful and automatic guidance on choosing the most effective features for machine health assessment. This article proposes a locality preserving projections (LPP)-based FS approach. Different from principal component analysis (PCA) that aims to discover the global structure of the Euclidean space, LPP can find a good linear embedding that preserves local structure information. This may enable LPP to find more meaningful low-dimensional information hidden in the high-dimensional observations compared with PCA. The LPP-based FS approach is based on unsupervised learning technique, which does not need too much prior knowledge to improve its utility in real-world applications. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was evaluated experimentally on bearing test-beds. A novel machine health assessment indication, Gaussian mixture model-based Mahalanobis distance is proposed to provide a comprehensible indication for quantifying machine health state. The proposed approach has shown to provide the better performance with reduced feature inputs than using all original candidate features. The experimental results indicate its potential applications as an effective tool for machine health assessment.
Kinematic accuracy analysis of flexible mechanisms with uncertain link lengths and joint clearances
Authors: Yan S , Guo P
Published: May 2011

A general method of kinematic accuracy analysis is presented for the flexible planar mechanisms with stochastic parameters such as uncertain link lengths and joint clearances. The impact-pair model is employed to describe the separation and impact phenomena between the two components in the clearance joint. The dynamic equations of the flexible mechanism with stochastic parameters are established by finite element method and solved by the Newmark method. The Monte Carlo method is introduced to analyse the kinematic accuracy of the flexible mechanisms. A numerical example shows the effects of link flexibility and joint clearances on the kinematic accuracy of the planar mechanism with stochastic parameters using the proposed approach.
Rural change and individual well-being
Authors: Brereton Finbarr , Bullock Craig , Clinch J. Peter , Scott Mark
Published: May 2011

Much of rural Europe has witnessed vast changes over the past two decades, including major demographic and economic change. The question of how these changes have affected individual well-being and quality of life remains largely unanswered. This paper aims to shed light on this topic by employing both qualitative and quantitative research methods in the analysis of rural quality of life in Ireland, including focus groups, locally-specific surveys and two representative surveys of individuals carried out in 2001 and 2007. We use the respondents’ self-reported life satisfaction level as a proxy for their well-being to examine the determinants of quality of life and also examine how attitudes have changed over this period. Results show a consistently high life satisfaction in rural Ireland. The greatest changes are witnessed in attitudes to the provision of facilities and services. Respondents’ perceptions of the benefits and limitations of rural living remain constant between the two periods, focusing on quality of life and environmental issues. However, the main problems of rural living have shifted away from the cost of housing to access to healthcare and public transport. Issues that are found to be important at the local scale include economic indicators (for example, security of income, home ownership), dwelling characteristics, social factors (for example, belonging to the community) and environmental amenities (for example, access to green space, good-quality environment). The importance of these issues is born out by the analysis at the national scale. The paper concludes by exploring the policy implications of these findings.
Iceland
Authors: Benediktsson Karl , Karlsdóttir Anna
Published: May 2011

In this commentary, the crisis that hit Iceland in late 2008 and involved the collapse of the country’s entire banking system is discussed briefly and its impact on regional employment levels is outlined. Currently, unemployment is highest in south-west Iceland, including Reykjavík. Fisheries-dependent communities have performed better, but fisheries management is yet again a major issue in the political arena. We trace the origins of the Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) system and speculate about its role in the series of events that eventually led to the downfall of the banks. Ongoing attempts to reform the fisheries management system are discussed. These include the re-establishment of open-access coastal fishing and the gradual recall of ITQs by the state. Finally, some issues regarding the future of Iceland’s economy are discussed briefly.
Stonewalling and Suspicion during Presidential Scandals
Authors: Basinger Scott J. , Rottinghaus Brandon
Published: May 2011

Scholars possess little theoretical understanding of how presidents behave during scandals. Existing presidential scholarship has focused on “offensive” communication, aimed at achieving legislative or policy goals, whereas the authors’ interest is in “defensive” communication. Using a game-theoretic signaling model of the president–media relationship, the authors identify conditions affecting White House stonewalling and media feeding frenzies. The president’s optimal behavior changes depending on circumstances, particularly the level of presidential involvement in the alleged misdeeds. The authors illustrate this with a case study of the Iran-Contra scandals and an empirical analysis of scandals from the Nixon through the Bush administrations.
Promoting Self-Care Management Among Persons With Serious Mental Illness and HIV
Authors: Hanrahan Nancy P. , Rolin-Kenny Donna , Roman June , Kumar Aparna , Aiken Linda , Blank Michael
Published: May 2011

People with a serious mental illness (SMI) along with HIV have complex health conditions. This population also has high rates of poverty, difficulty in sustaining regular housing, and limited supportive networks. Typically, the combination of psychotropic and HIV medication regimens is complicated, changes frequently, and requires coordination among multiple providers. Furthermore, fragmented and divided primary health care and mental health care systems present substantial barriers for these individuals and for the public health nurses who care for them. In this article, we present “real world” case studies of individuals with SMI and HIV and the self-care management strategies used by nurses to address medication and treatment management, build interpersonal skills, and develop sustainable health networks. The case studies can be used for quality improvement discussions among practicing public health nurses and for instructing nursing students in a self-care management approach.
Stress, Coping, and Psychological Well-Being Among New Graduate Nurses in China
Authors: Qiao Guiyuan , Li Sijian , Hu Jie
Published: May 2011

This study examined the relationships between demographic characteristics, sources of nursing stress and coping strategies, and psychological well-being within graduate nurses. Moving from the student role to the staff nurse role can be an uneasy journey, transition is recognized as a stressful experience, and many graduate nurses find it difficult to cope with their new roles in their first few months. Four self-report questionnaires were administered to a sample of 96 new graduate nurses in central China. Death and dying, workload, and inadequate preparation were the most common sources of nursing stress, whereas the most frequently used coping strategies were planning, acceptance, and positive reframing. A number of significant correlations were found among demographic characteristics, sources of nursing stress, coping strategies, and psychological well-being. Negative predictors of psychological well-being were denial (coping strategies) and death and dying (workplace stressor). Role transition is often difficult when an individual comes to a new environment and is given new responsibilities and expectations. Although this transition is stressful and they feel inadequately prepared, with assistance, the new graduate nurses can develop effective coping strategies to adjust to the new role.
Police Responses to the Methamphetamine Problem: An analysis of the Organizational and Regulatory Context
Authors: Drew Jacqueline M.
Published: May 2011

This article focuses on the operational adoption and implementation of partnership policing strategy as applied to the methamphetamine problem. The study involves drug law enforcement officers employed in State-based, law enforcement agencies across three Australian police organizations. Using innovations and organizational change perspectives, the study examines the contextual factors that influence the translation of partnership strategies into operational drug law enforcement practice. The research found that partnership policing is influenced by factors across organizational, operational, and regulatory contexts. The process of partnership policing implementation can be better understood through an analysis of the legislative- versus voluntary-based operation of police partnerships and the commitment by organizations to providing resources, management support, performance systems, and organizational structure and policies that support these strategies.
Exploring Administrators’ Perceptions of Light-Duty Assignment
Authors: Rabe-Hemp Cara E.
Published: May 2011

Through the lens of organizational justice, this study explored administrators’ perceptions of light-duty assignment in police agencies in Illinois. The majority consider light-duty assignment a necessary practice for modern police agencies, although opinions varied on the need for the formalization of policy, especially for off-duty injury or pregnancy. Qualitative analyses of administrators’ perceptions suggest financial and organizational challenges to maintaining light-duty policies, including the costs of overtime pay to cover injured officers’ shifts, the struggle to meet mandatory strength minimums, and malingering. The findings have important implications for officer well-being and morale, departmental administrative rule making, and community safety.
A numerical model to investigate the effect of honing angle on the hydrodynamic lubrication between a combustion engine piston ring and cylinder liner
Authors: Spencer A , Almqvist A , Larsson R
Published: May 2011

A numerical model has been developed to investigate the effect of cylinder liner honing angle on hydrodynamic lubrication between piston ring and cylinder liner. The Reynolds equation was solved in 2D with periodic boundary conditions. An artificial surface texture was generated, based on a real surface measured with white light interferometry. Cavitation was modelled with the Vijayaraghavan and Keith algorithm. Honing angles between 25° and 75° were investigated to find the effect of honing angle on film thickness.
Traction curves and rheological parameters of fully formulated gear oils
Authors: Brandão J A , Meheux M , Seabra J H O , Ville F , Castro M J D
Published: May 2011

The rheological behaviour of several fully formulated gear oils is characterized: two mineral-based oils, one poly-α-olefin, and three ester-based oils. Experimental traction curves were obtained on a mini-traction machine, where the selected gear oils were submitted to numerous traction tests combining several temperatures, contact loads, and rolling speeds. Having obtained the experimental data from the traction tests, it was least-squares fitted to a rheological model (elasto-viscoplastic rheological model) in order to obtain the model’s governing parameters: elastic modulus and limiting shear stress and their dependence on pressure and temperature. This study presents both the traction tests results and the fitted rheological parameters, and discusses the similarities and differences between the oils, as well as the influence of the operating conditions on the behaviour of the oil.
On the limits of moral hazard: The ‘responsibility to protect’, armed conflict and mass atrocities
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. , Williams Paul D.
Published: May 2011

Advocates of moral hazard theory argue that the ‘responsibility to protect’ causes genocidal violence that would not otherwise occur. After summarizing the main elements of the moral hazard approach, this article demonstrates that there is no empirical evidence to support the general claim that the ‘responsibility to protect’ is a remote cause of genocide. This is followed by an analysis of the conflicts in Bosnia, Kosovo and Darfur which demonstrates that moral hazard does not provide a plausible account of the proximate causes of genocidal violence in these cases. We suggest that a major part of the explanation for why moral hazard theory performs so badly is its reductionist account of the dynamics of armed conflict and its simplistic understanding of the dynamics of provocation.
Psychological evaluation of refugee children: Contrasting results from play diagnosis and parental interviews
Authors: Björn Gunilla Jarkman , Bodén Christina , Sydsjö Gunilla , Gustafsson Per A
Published: May 2011

Many refugee families from Bosnia and Herzegovina arrived in Sweden during the Balkan conflict in the 1990s. We studied 14 of these families to compare psychological evaluation of the children using two different methods. We first carried out a semi-structured interview of a parent or parents in each family. The symptoms of each of the children, who ranged in age from 5 to 12 years, were evaluated based on these interview results. Then a second method, the Erica play-diagnosis method, was used to study the inner thoughts and feelings of the children. Results from the Erica play-diagnosis method were compared with results from Erica play- diagnosis from a normal group. According to results from the parental interviews all but one child in this study had a low level of psychological symptoms. In contrast, results from Erica play-diagnosis of these children showed that there were higher frequencies of not-normal play in these children compared with those in the normal group, which is an indication of deficiencies in the psychological well-being of these children. The results emphasise the importance of getting diagnostic information from the child in order to understand each child’s psychological condition.
An exploration of family dynamics and attachment strategies in a family with ADHD/conduct problems
Authors: Dallos Rudi , Smart Cordet
Published: May 2011

This article reports the preliminary findings of a study of attachment patterns and relationship themes using the TAAI (Transition to Adulthood Attachment Interview), AAI (Adult Attachment Interview) and family interviews (based on the first of 15 families). Research data is presented on a young man aged 16 with a diagnosis of ADHD and his family. Individual interviews, attachment interviews, and family interviews were conducted in order to explore the link between family dynamics, ADHD and attachment strategies. In contrast to findings from existing research indicating pre-occupied patterns for young people diagnosed with ADHD, the young man displayed a complex ‘disoriented’ attachment pattern which primarily featured a dismissive strategy. However, this was combined with pre-occupied patterns triggered by intrusions from unresolved traumas and memories of his parents’ continuing unresolved conflicts. His sense of confusion and lack of a coherent strategy appeared to be closely related to his position of being triangulated into his parents’ conflicts. Trans-generational processes were also influential, in that the parents’ corrective intentions at more positive parenting were impeded by their own lack of experience of positive attachments in their own childhoods. The study emphasizes the need to consider the relationship between attachment patterns and problems within wider systemic process in the family, in particular triangulation and corrective scripts.
Cognitive correlates of psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury in early childhood: Comparisons between groups of children aged under and over 10 years of age
Authors: Tonks James , Huw Williams W. , Yates Phil , Slater Alan
Published: May 2011

Children with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) commonly present with socioemotional difficulties, as well as accompanying multiple cognitive impairments. Often difficulties worsen at around 10 years old. This change is associated with frontal system changes, and tests of executive function (EF) predict outcome. However, children with TBI sometimes present with socioemotional difficulties despite apparent cognitive recovery. Our aims were to explore potential cognitive and socioemotional effects following childhood TBI, before and after the age of 10 years. We also wanted to identify cognitive correlates of psychosocial dysfunction. Measures of cognitive function and socioemotional disturbance administered to 14 children with TBI aged 8—10 years, and 14 children with TBI aged 10—16 years, were compared to control data from 22 non-injured 8- to 10 year-olds and 67 non-injured 10- to 16-year-olds. Results indicated that only the older group of children with TBI were impaired in tests of EF, but significant socioemotional difficulties were commonly evident in both groups. Processing speed (as well as EF) was found to correlate with socioemotional disturbance. We conclude that poor processing speed may also index the risk of socioemotional difficulties, but our general findings indicate that cognitive functions relevant to socioemotional functioning are not readily testable in younger children and are not strongly associated with such outcomes as they may be in adults.
Anxiety problems in young people with autism spectrum disorder: A case series
Authors: Ozsivadjian Ann , Knott Fiona
Published: May 2011

It is now well established that the prevalence of mental health difficulties in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is considerably higher than in the general population. With recent estimates of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders being as high as one percent, increasing numbers of children and young people are presenting to local and specialist services with mental health problems in addition to a diagnosis of ASD. Many families report that the impact of the mental health problems can be as or more impairing than the autism spectrum difficulties themselves. Clinical services are frequently called upon to treat these difficulties; however, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of treatments in this population. This paper reports a case series of children and adolescents with ASD and an anxiety disorder who were treated with a standard cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) rationale adapted to take account of the neuropsychological features of ASD. Common features of the presentation of the disorders and also treatment processes are discussed.
Group cognitive remediation therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Wood Leah , Al-Khairulla Hind , Lask Bryan
Published: May 2011

Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for anorexia nervosa (AN) is a relatively new intervention and targets neuropsychological deficits, such as set shifting difficulties, weak central coherence and visuospatial deficits. To date there are no published descriptions of CRT for adolescents with AN. CRT has been traditionally delivered on an individual basis but other modalities are currently being explored. This paper describes the process of a 10-session course of group-based CRT for adolescents with AN. The nine participants, aged 13—19, were being treated on an inpatient service. Group-based CRT was well received by the participants, who reported it to be fun and useful. Clinical impressions suggest that this approach is a potentially useful addition to the treatment of this challenging population.
Motivation losses in teamwork
Authors: Hütter Mandy , Diehl Michael
Published: May 2011

Team diversity may lead to a categorization of teammates as ingroup versus outgroup members. Therefore, the question arises whether there would be more permissiveness in reaction to ingroup free-riders than outgroup free-riders. To test this hypothesis, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two reward conditions (equity versus equality) and had to work with a partner who obviously underachieved and supposedly belonged to the same or a different group with regard to cognitive style. In addition, we assessed subjects’ individual sensitivity to equity norms, assuming that this would be a further moderator of the sucker effect. As expected, significant interaction effects on individual performance occurred for both variables.
Assessment of Seasonal Variation of Indoor Radon Level in Dwellings of Some Districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
Authors: Rafique Muhammad , Rahman S.U. , Mahmood Tahir , Rahman Said , Matiullah
Published: May 2011

Measurements of indoor radon concentrations in 200 dwellings of four districts of Azad Kashmir have been carried out using CR-39-based radon dosimeters. Indoor radon levels were calculated for four seasons (i.e. spring, summer, autumn and winter) in Muzaffarabad, Hattian, Neelum and Poonch districts. Maximum value of radon concentration (398 ± 2 Bq·m-3) has been found in Muzaffarabad district (in bedrooms) and minimum value (23 ± 9 Bq·m -3) is reported for Hattian district (in living rooms). Elevated values of radon levels have been found in winter, whilst lower values are observed in summer season. Seasonal correction factors calculated for spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons were found to be 1.02 ± 0.91, 0.86 ± 0.77, 0.98 ± 0.92 and 1.14 ± 1.04, respectively. Measured values for winter/spring, winter/summer and winter/autumn radon ratios were found as 1.11 ± 1.28, 1.33 ± 1.21 and 1.15 ± 1.17. Radon doses have been calculated and yearly mean effective dose has been found 2.52 ± 1.22 mSv, which is less than the lower limit of the recommended action level 3—10 mSv.
Tibial plateau fractures: A review
Authors: Fenton P. , Porter K.
Published: May 2011

Tibial plateau fractures are uncommon injuries of the proximal tibia which vary in severity from minimally displaced stable injuries to high energy complex fractures with significant articular and metaphyseal comminution and severe associated soft tissue injuries. Following initial assessment and appropriate investigation a number of management options are available to the treating surgeon. We discuss the presentation, initial management and investigation as well as outlining the various treatment options with an emphasis on operative treatment. We further discuss the common complications and outcomes following tibial plateau fracture.
(Fullmetal) alchemy: the monstrosity of reading words and pictures in shonen manga
Authors: Gallacher Lesley-Anne
Published: May 2011

Shonen manga (Japanese comics aimed at an audience of teenage boys) are often teeming with monsters, but the texts themselves are more monstrous still. The monstrous combinations of words and picture dispersed across the manga page seem to expose and challenge a fissure within representation itself—but productively so. Through reading a short section of Hiromu Arakawa’s Fullmetal Alchemist, this paper explores the ways in which words and pictures can be combined to produce monstrous composite texts, which remain open-ended even after they have been recognized and ‘domesticated’ through the practices of reading.
Fuzzy inference system for fire and explosion risk assessment of floating storage and offloading vessels
Authors: Elsayed T , Leheta H , Belhaj I
Published: May 2011

A case study for the fire and explosion risk assessment of a floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessel is presented in this paper. The fire and explosion hazards affecting the storage tanker for different operating modes were first identified. Two approaches for risk assessment were then adopted.

The first is a qualitative risk assessment approach using a qualitative risk matrix. The second is a fuzzy risk assessment approach using a fuzzy inference system (FIS). The use of a fuzzy representation for probabilities, consequences, and risk values takes into account the imprecision associated with the assignment of their values. A comparison is provided between the results obtained using the two approaches for an FSO vessel which is located about 120 km offshore from Libya. Results show that the use of an FIS approach provides a more robust framework for fire and explosion risk assessment and more output information than the qualitative matrix approach. The results also show that the computed risk values using a fuzzy risk index measure are consistent with those obtained using a qualitative risk matrix approach.
A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels
Authors: Bengtsson S , Andersson K , Fridell E
Published: May 2011

Air emissions from shipping have received attention in recent years and the shipping industry is striving for solutions to reduce their emissions and to comply with stricter regulations. Strategies to reduce emissions can consist of a fuel switch, engine changes, or end-of-pipe technologies, but they do not necessarily imply reduced life cycle emissions. The present paper assesses the environmental performance of marine fuels from well-to-propeller using life cycle assessment (LCA). Four fossil fuels are compared: heavy fuel oil (HFO), marine gas oil, gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel, and liquefied natural gas (LNG), combined with two exhaust abatement techniques: open-loop scrubber and selective catalytic reduction. LNG and other alternatives that comply with the SECA 2015 and Tier III NO x requirements give decreased acidification and eutrophication potentials with 78–90 per cent in a life cycle perspective compared with HFO. In contrast, the use of LNG does not decrease the global warming potential by more than 8–20 per cent, the amount depending mainly on the magnitude of the methane slip from the gas engine. None of the fossil fuels scrutinized here would decrease the greenhouse gas emissions significantly from a life cycle perspective. The study supports the need for LCA when evaluating the environmental impact of a fuel change, e.g. it is found that the highest global warming potential during the whole life cycle is connected to the alternatives with GTL fuel.