bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PFO closure complications from the AGA registry
Authors: Amin Zahid , Hijazi Ziyad M. , Bass John L. , Cheatham John P. , Hellenbrand William , Kleinman Charles S.
Published: June 2008

Objectives: To evaluate all complications that occurred during or after cardiac catheterizations for Amplatzer PFO device closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO), determine the cause of the complications and recommend techniques to minimize complications in the future. Background: Rare complications were reported to the manufacturer of the Amplatzer PFO occluder since the introduction of the device. Methods: A panel of independent physicians reviewed all complications reported to the manufacturer to determine whether the complication was related to the device or related to the cardiac catheterization procedure. Demographic data, echocardiograms, operative reports, and time to occurrence of complications were reviewed. Results: A total of 11 events were reported. Only two patients had device related complications (erosion), an incidence of 0.018%. Two patients were found to have additional atrial septal defect after PFO closure. Two patients were thought to have an inflammatory reaction without any serious sequelae. Five complications were related to the cardiac catheterization procedure (atrial appendage perforation). Conclusions: Device related complications after Amplatzer PFO occluder placement are extremely rare. Cardiac catheterization related complications appear to be the most common cause of the hemodynamic compromise. Careful manipulation of catheters and wires, recognition of the location of the catheter by fluoroscopy and echocardiography will decrease the risk of such complications. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Immunochemical characterization of S‐linked Glycoconjugate Vaccines against Candida albicans
Authors: Wu Xiangyang , Lipinski Tomasz , Paszkiewicz Eugenia , Bundle David R.
Published: June 2008

Replacement of the glycosidic oxygen atom by a sulphur atom is a promising technique for creating glycoconjugates with increased resistance to hydrolysis by endogenous glycosidases. The synthesis and antigenic properties of two distinct (1→2)‐β‐mannan trisaccharides with inter residue‐S‐linked mannopyranose residues are described. Syntheses were based on an oxidation–reduction strategy to construct the O‐linked β‐mannopyranoside bonds and a SN2 inversion to provide 1‐thio‐β‐mannopyranoside residues. Subsequently the allyl trisaccharide glycosides were subjected to photo addition with cysteine amine and coupled to tetanus toxoid and bovine serum albumin with good efficiency via an adipic acid tether. Rabbit immunization studies revealed that the antibodies elicited by the two glycoconjugates were able to recognize the corresponding O‐linked trisaccharide epitope conjugated to BSA and the native cell wall antigen of Candida albicans.
Endohexosaminidase‐Catalysed Glycosylation with Oxazoline Donors: Fine Tuning of Catalytic Efficiency and Reversibility
Authors: Rising Thomas W. D. F. , Heidecke Christoph D. , Moir James W. B. , Ling Zhenlian , Fairbanks Antony J.
Published: June 2008

A complete series of oxazoline di‐, tri‐, tetra‐, and hexasaccharides, corresponding to the core sections of N‐linked glycoprotein high mannose glycans, together with the corresponding oligosaccharides containing a central glucose unit, were synthesised and tested as glycosyl donors for glycosylation of a GlcNAcAsn glycosyl amino acid catalysed by the endohexosaminidases M (Endo M), A (Endo A) and H (Endo H). Whilst Endo H did not catalyse any glycosylation reactions, both Endo M and Endo A efficiently catalysed glycosylations that were not limited to donors containing the Manβ(1→4)GlcNAc linkage. Precise structure activity relationships and time course studies have revealed fine‐tuning of the efficiency of the synthetic processes which correlated both with the enzyme used and the precise oxazoline structure. Efficient irreversible glycosylation was achievable with both Endo M and Endo A, further demonstrating the use of structurally modified oxazoline donors as transition state mimics in order to promote enzyme‐catalysed synthesis, whilst precluding product hydrolysis; enzymes in these cases display “glycoligase” activity.
Effects of Geometric Isomerism and Anions on the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Stepwise Formation of Long‐Range DNA Interstrand Cross‐Links by Dinuclear Platinum Antitumor Complexes
Authors: Zhang Junyong , Thomas Donald S. , Berners‐Price Susan J. , Farrell Nicholas
Published: June 2008

Reported herein is a detailed study of the kinetics and mechanism of formation of a 1,4‐GG interstrand cross‐link by the dinuclear platinum anticancer compound [15N][{cis‐PtCl(NH3)2}2{μ‐NH2(CH2)6NH2}]2+(1,1/c,c(1)). The reaction of [15N]1with 5′‐{d(ATATGTACATAT)2} (I) has been studied by [1H,15N] HSQC NMR spectroscopy in the presence of different concentrations of phosphate. In contrast with the geometrictransisomer (1,1/t,t), there was no evidence for an electrostatic preassociation of 1,1/c,cwith the polyanionic DNA surface, and the pseudo‐first‐order rate constant for the aquation of [15N]1was actually slightly higher (rather than lower) than that in the absence of DNA. When phosphate is absent, the overall rate of formation of the cross‐link is quite similar for the two geometric isomers, occurring slightly faster for 1,1/t,t. A major difference in the DNA binding pathways is the observation of phosphate‐bound intermediates only in the case of 1,1/c,c. 15 mMphosphate causes a dramatic slowing in the overall rate of formation of DNA interstrand cross‐links due to both the slow formation and slow closure of the phosphate‐bound monofunctional adduct. A comparison of the molecular models of the bifunctional adducts of the two isomers shows that helical distortion is minimal and globally the structures of the 1,4 interstrand cross‐links are quite similar. The effect of carrier ligand was investigated by similar studies of the ethylenediamine derivative [15N]1‐en. A pKavalue of 5.43 was determined for the [15N]1,1/c,c‐en diaquated species. The rate of reaction of [15N]1‐enwith duplexIis similar to that of 1,1/c,cand the overall conformation of the final adduct appears to be similar. The significance of these results to the development of “second‐generation” polynuclear platinum clinical candidates based on the 1,1/c,cchelate (dach) series is discussed.
Flash Chemistry: Fast Chemical Synthesis by Using Microreactors
Authors: Yoshida Jun‐ichi , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yamada Takeshi
Published: June 2008

This concept article provides a brief outline of the concept of flash chemistry for carrying out extremely fast reactions in organic synthesis by using microreactors. Generation of highly reactive species is one of the key elements of flash chemistry. Another important element of flash chemistry is the control of extremely fast reactions to obtain the desired products selectively. Fast reactions are usually highly exothermic, and heat removal is an important factor in controlling such reactions. Heat transfer occurs very rapidly in microreactors by virtue of a large surface area per unit volume, making precise temperature control possible. Fast reactions often involve highly unstable intermediates, which decompose very quickly, making reaction control difficult. The residence time can be greatly reduced in microreactors, and this feature is quite effective in controlling such reactions. For extremely fast reactions, kinetics often cannot be used because of the lack of homogeneity of the reaction environment when they are conducted in conventional reactors such as flasks. Fast mixing using micromixers solves such problems. The concept of flash chemistry has been successfully applied to various organic reactions including a) highly exothermic reactions that are difficult to control in conventional reactors, b) reactions in which a reactive intermediate easily decomposes in conventional reactors, c) reactions in which undesired byproducts are produced in the subsequent reactions in conventional reactors, and d) reactions whose products easily decompose in conventional reactors. The concept of flash chemistry can be also applied to polymer synthesis. Cationic polymerization can be conducted with an excellent level of molecular‐weight control and molecular‐weight distribution control.
Expanding the Understanding of the Treatment of Chronic Angina: A 21st Century Approach–Part l
Authors: Conti C. Richard
Published: June 2008

Chronic angina occurs in more than 6.5 million adults in the USA, and there are 400,000 new cases diagnosed each year. William Heberden in 1772 described a “…disorder of the breast, marked with strong and peculiar symptoms… The seat of it, and sense of strangling and anxiety with which it is attended, may make it not improperly be called angina pectoris.” Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manganese cell labeling of murine hepatocytes using manganese(III)‐transferrin
Authors: Sotak Christopher H. , Sharer Kathryn , Koretsky Alan P.
Published: June 2008

Manganese(III)‐transferrin [Mn(III)–Tf] was investigated as a way to accomplish manganese‐labeling of murine hepatocytes for MRI contrast. It is postulated that Mn(III)–Tf can exploit the same transferrin‐receptor‐dependent and ‐independent metabolic pathways used by hepatocytes to transport the iron analog Fe(III)–Tf. More specifically, it was investigated whether manganese delivered by transferrin could give MRI contrast in hepatocytes. Comparison of the T1 and T2 relaxation times of Mn(III)–Tf and Fe(III)–Tf over the same concentration range showed that the r1 relaxivities of the two metalloproteins are the same in vitro, with little contribution from paramagnetic enhancement. The degree of manganese cell labeling following incubation for 2–7 h in 31.5 µm Mn(III)–Tf was comparable to that of hepatocytes incubated in 500 µm Mn2+ for 1 h. The intrinsic manganese tissue relaxivity between Mn(III)–Tf‐labeled and Mn2+‐labeled cells was found to be the same, consistent with Mn(III) being released from transferrin and reduced to Mn2+. For both treatment regimens, manganese uptake by hepatocytes appeared to saturate in the first 1–2 h of the incubation period and may explain why the efficiency of hepatocyte cell labeling by the two methods appeared to be comparable in spite of the ∼16‐fold difference in effective manganese concentration. Hepatocytes continuously released manganese, as detected by MRI, and this was the same for both Mn2+‐ and Mn(III)–Tf‐labeled cells. Manganese release may be the result of normal hepatocyte function, much in the same way that hepatocytes excrete manganese into the bile in vivo. This approach exploits a biological process—namely receptor binding, endocytosis and endosomal acidification—to initiate the release of an MRI contrast agent, potentially conferring more specificity to the labeling process. The ubiquitous expression of transferrin receptors by eukaryotic cells should make Mn(III)–Tf particularly useful for manganese labeling of a wide variety of cells both in culture and in vivo. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive MRI contrast enhancement in THP‐1 cells with Gd2O3 nanoparticles
Authors: Klasson Anna , Ahrén Maria , Hellqvist Eva , Söderlind Fredrik , Rosén Anders , Käll Per‐Olov , Uvdal Kajsa , Engström Maria
Published: June 2008

There is a demand for more efficient and tissue‐specific MRI contrast agents and recent developments involve the design of substances useful as molecular markers and magnetic tracers. In this study, nanoparticles of gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) have been investigated for cell labeling and capacity to generate a positive contrast. THP‐1, a monocytic cell line that is phagocytic, was used and results were compared with relaxivity of particles in cell culture medium (RPMI 1640). The results showed that Gd2O3‐labeled cells have shorter T1 and T2 relaxation times compared with untreated cells. A prominent difference in signal intensity was observed, indicating that Gd2O3 nanoparticles can be used as a positive contrast agent for cell labeling. The r1 for cell samples was 4.1 and 3.6 s−1 mm−1 for cell culture medium. The r2 was 17.4 and 12.9 s−1 mm−1, respectively. For r1, there was no significant difference in relaxivity between particles in cells compared to particles in cell culture medium, (pr1 = 0.36), but r2 was significantly different for the two different series (pr2 = 0.02). Viability results indicate that THP‐1 cells endure treatment with Gd2O3 nanoparticles for an extended period of time and it is therefore concluded that results in this study are based on viable cells. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weekly treatment with bortezomib for patients with recurrent or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Spigel David R. , Barton John , Farley Cindy , Schreeder Marshall , Hon Jeremy , Greco F. Anthony
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND.

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of weekly bortezomib in the treatment of patients with recurrent/refractory multiple myeloma.

METHODS.

A total of 40 patients with multiple myeloma who had received either 1 or 2 previous treatment regimens were treated with bortezomib at a dose of 1.6 mg/m2 intravenously for 4 consecutive weeks, followed by 1 week without treatment. Responses were measured using International Myeloma Working Group criteria.

RESULTS.

Twenty‐two patients (55%; 95% confidence interval, 40%‐70%) achieved objective responses to treatment, with a median response duration of 16 months. The median progression‐free survival for all patients was 9.6 months, with a 1‐year progression‐free survival rate of 39%. The 1‐year and 2‐year overall survival rates were 75% and 51%, respectively. Weekly bortezomib was generally well tolerated; grade 3/4 (using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 3.0]) neutropenia (13%), thrombocytopenia (20%), fatigue (15%), diarrhea (13%), and neuropathy (10%) were experienced by a minority of patients.

CONCLUSIONS.

In the current study, a schedule of weekly bortezomib was found to be effective and well tolerated in patients with previously treated multiple myeloma. Although the response rate and duration appear comparable to those achieved with twice‐weekly bortezomib, the relative efficacy of these 2 schedules cannot be determined definitively on the basis of this phase 2 study. A weekly schedule of bortezomib is a reasonable option for patients who have logistic difficulties receiving a twice‐weekly schedule, and is an attractive schedule for incorporation into combination regimens. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Editorial
Authors: Carey G. F. , Coutinho A. L. G. A.
Published: June 2008

This special issue contains papers from the 8th U.S. National Congress on Computational Mechanics (USNCCM), held in Austin, TX, U.S.A., 25–27 July 2005. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of bicomponent dye solutions by means of zero‐crossing‐point derivative spectrophotometry
Authors: Shams Nateri Ali , Ekrami Ehsan
Published: June 2008

In this study, a new spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of some textile dyes with different types of overlapping spectra. The binary mixtures of five dyes with yellow, scarlet, red, blue, and navy blue colors were analyzed by zero‐crossing‐point first‐derivative spectrophotometry. The absorption spectra of the mixtures prepared in different ratios were recorded between 400 and 700 nm. First derivative amplitudes at appropriate zero‐crossing wavelengths were selected for the determination of dyes in the mixtures. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of dyes with overlapping spectra in their bicomponent mixtures. The proposed derivative method is simple, rapid, and suitable for quantitative analysis of bicomponent dye solutions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 307–311, 2008.
Minimal Von Kries illuminant invariance
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: June 2008

West and Brill (J Math Biol 1982;15:249–258) posed necessary and sufficient conditions on reflectance for Von Kries ratios to be illuminant‐invariant. The statement of the conditions allowed the illuminant unlimited freedom in a function subspace. If the illuminant change is only a pairwise substitution, greater reflectance freedom at first seems available, but this appearance is illusory. Implications for sharpened‐sensor theory are discussed, as well as application to an analogous formalism that emerges from Imura's (Color Res Appl 2007;32:195–200) fluorescent estimation algorithm. Such studies may clarify how to use the West and Brill criterion of “perfect invariance” to quantify invariance that may be “good enough.” © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 320–323, 2008.
On the stabilizing effect of convection in three‐dimensional incompressible flows
Authors: Lei Zhen , Hou Thomas Y.
Published: June 2008

We investigate the stabilizing effect of convection in three‐dimensional incompressible Euler and Navier‐Stokes equations. The convection term is the main source of nonlinearity for these equations. It is often considered destabilizing although it conserves energy due to the incompressibility condition. In this paper, we show that the convection term together with the incompressibility condition actually has a surprising stabilizing effect. We demonstrate this by constructing a new three‐dimensional model that is derived for axisymmetric flows with swirl using a set of new variables. This model preserves almost all the properties of the full three‐dimensional Euler or Navier‐Stokes equations except for the convection term, which is neglected in our model. If we added the convection term back to our model, we would recover the full Navier‐Stokes equations. We will present numerical evidence that seems to support that the three‐dimensional model may develop a potential finite time singularity. We will also analyze the mechanism that leads to these singular events in the new three‐dimensional model and how the convection term in the full Euler and Navier‐Stokes equations destroys such a mechanism, thus preventing the singularity from forming in a finite time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
40 Jahre DIBt – 40 Jahre sicheres und innovatives Bauen – Die Überführung des IfBt ins DIBt
Authors: Schmidt‐Staudinger Renate
Published: June 2008

Das Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) feiert 2008 sein 40‐jähriges Bestehen. 40 Jahre DIBt stehen für 40 Jahre Sicherheit und Innovationen im Bauwesen und für 40 Jahre Zulassungswesen in Deutschland. Ein geeigneter Anlass also, um die Geschichte des Instituts in den DIBt Mitteilungen in einer kleinen Serie näher zu beleuchten. Der zweite Teil der historischen Rückschau widmet sich der Zeit von 1989 – 1993, dem Änderungsprozess des Abkommens über das Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik und seinen Gründen.
Generation of mice harboring a Sox5 conditional null allele
Authors: Dy Peter , Han Yu , Lefebvre Véronique
Published: June 2008

Sox5 belongs to the Sry‐related HMG box gene family, which encodes transcription factors controlling cell fate and differentiation in many lineages. Sox5 produces a long L‐Sox5 protein in neuronal, glial, neural crest, cartilage, and other cells, and a short Sox5 protein in spermatids. Sox5−/− mice have revealed essential roles for L‐Sox5 in development but their neonatal death has prevented postnatal studies. We show here that we have generated mice harboring a conditional null allele for L‐Sox5 (Sox5fl+) by flanking the fifth coding exon with loxP sites. Cre recombinase‐mediated conversion of Sox5fl+ into Sox5fl− abolishes L‐Sox5 expression. Expectedly, Sox5fl+/fl+ mice are indistinguishable from wildtype mice, and Sox5fl−/fl− mice from Sox5−/− mice. Moreover, the chondrodysplasia of Sox5fl+/fl+Sox6fl+/fl+Prx1Cre mice demonstrates that the two redundant chondrogenic Sox genes can be efficiently inactivated in a cell type‐specific manner. This Sox5 conditional null allele will be valuable in further uncovering the in vivo roles of L‐Sox5. genesis 46:294–299, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of mice with a conditional allele for Trim33
Authors: Kim Jieun , Kaartinen Vesa
Published: June 2008

Trim33 (Tif1γ, ectodermin, moonshine), a member of the TIF1 family of transcriptional coactivators and corepressors, is a large nuclear protein that contains an N‐terminal tripartite (Trim) domain composed of a RING domain, two B‐box domains, and a coiled coil domain. It has been suggested that Trim33 (Ectodermin) mediates ectodermal induction in the Xenopus by functioning as a Smad4 ubiquitin ligase, while in the zebrafish Trim33 (moonshine) has been reported to act as a R‐Smad binding protein in induction of erythroid differentiation. Since the developmental role of Trim33 in mammals is currently unknown, we generated mice carrying the conditional Trim33 (Trim33FX) allele by flanking exons 2–4 encoding most of the functionally critical N‐terminal tripartite domain by loxP sites. We confirmed the null genotype by using the EIIa‐Cre transgenic approach to create mice that lack exons 2–4. Embryos deficient in Trim33 die during early somitogenesis, demonstrating that Trim33 plays an important nonredundant role in mammalian embryonic development. genesis 46:329–333, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A hypothesis accounting for the paradoxical expression of the D gene segmentin the BCR and the TCR
Authors: Cohn Melvin
Published: June 2008

The D gene segment expressed in both the TCR and the BCR has a challenging behavior that begs interpretation. It is incorporated in three reading frames in the rearranged transcription unit but is expressed in antigen‐selected cells in a preferred frame. Why was it so important to waste 2/3 of newborn cells? The hypothesis is presented that the D region is framework playing a role in both the TCR and the BCR by determining whether a signal is transmitted to the cell upon interaction with a cognate ligand. This assumption operates in determining haplotype exclusion for the BCR and in regulating the signaling orientation for the TCR. Relevant data as well as a definitive experiment challenging the validity of this hypothesis, are discussed.
TGF‐β‐induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells rescue scurfy mice
Authors: Huter Eva N. , Punkosdy George A. , Glass Deborah D. , Cheng Lily I. , Ward Jerrold M. , Shevach Ethan M.
Published: June 2008

Scurfy mice have a deletion in the forkhead domain of the forkhead transcription factor p3 (Foxp3), fail to develop thymic‐derived, naturally occurring Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (nTreg), and develop a fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome with multi‐organ inflammation. Transfer of thymic‐derived Foxp3+ nTreg into neonatal Scurfy mice prevents the development of disease. Stimulation of conventional CD4+Foxp3– via the TCR in the presence of TGF‐β and IL‐2 induces the expression of Foxp3 and an anergic/suppressive phenotype. To determine whether the TGF‐β‐induced Treg (iTreg) were capable of suppressing disease in the Scurfy mouse, we reconstituted newborn Scurfy mice with polyclonal iTreg. Scurfy mice treated with iTreg do not show any signs of disease and have drastically reduced cell numbers in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen in comparison to untreated Scurfy controls. The iTreg retained their expression of Foxp3 in vivo for 21 days, migrated into the skin, and prevented the development of inflammation in skin, liver and lung. Thus, TGF‐β‐differentiated Foxp3+ Treg appear to possess all of the functional properties of thymic‐derived nTreg and represent a potent population for the cellular immunotherapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Synthesis, Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of Lanthanide Complexes of N‐Confused Porphyrins
Authors: Zhu Xun‐Jin , Jiang Feng‐Lei , Poon Chun‐Ting , Wong Wai‐Kwok , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: June 2008

A series of meso‐substituted N‐confused porphyrins (NCP) is synthesized using the modified Rothemund–Lindsey procedure. Lanthanide N‐confused porphyrinate complexes of the general formula [(NCP)Ln(LOMe)] [Ln3+ = Yb3+ and Er3+; L = (η5‐C5H5)Co{P(=O)(OMe)2}3–] are obtained in moderate yields upon interaction of N‐confused porphyrin free bases (H2NCP) with Ln[N(SiMe2)3]·x[LiCl(THF)3], followed by the addition of the tripodal anion L as an effective encapsulating agent for the lanthanide ions. The structural and spectroscopic data for these complexes provide evidence for an η2‐agostic interaction between the Ln3+ ion and the inner C–H bond of the NCP ligand. Methylation of [(NCTCPP)Yb(LOMe)] (H2NCTCPP = 2‐azo‐5,10,15,20‐tetracyanophenyl‐21‐carbaporphyrin) with methyl iodide yields the novel stable lanthanide complex of the N‐methylated derivative of N‐confused porphyrins, whose X‐ray structure also exhibits an η2‐agostic interaction between the metal center and the inner C–H bond of the NCTCPP ligand. The photophysical properties of the N‐confused porphyrins and their lanthanide complexes are investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Samarium Diiodide Mediated Ketyl–Aryl Coupling Reactions – Influence of Substituents and Trapping Experiments
Authors: Wefelscheid Ulrike K. , Berndt Mathias , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: June 2008

This comprehensive study describes the influence of substituents at the aryl moiety on SmI2‐mediated intramolecular ketyl–aryl coupling reactions. Differently substituted γ‐aryl ketones were employed as precursors, which were directly prepared by Heck reactions of 4‐penten‐2‐ol with the corresponding bromo‐ or iodobenzenes. After treatment with two equivalents of samarium diiodide γ‐aryl ketones bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents such as cyano, trifluoromethyl or carbonyl groups gave the expected hexahydronaphthalene derivatives as single diastereoisomers in most cases. The position of the substituents was also of crucial influence on the outcome; in several cases ipso‐substitution leading to the formation of spiro compounds was observed. Electron‐donating substituents at the aromatic moiety are less favourable for the ketyl–aryl couplings. They apparently impede the second electron transfer that is involved in this multi‐step process. On the basis of these observations the mechanism of the SmI2‐promoted ketyl–aryl couplings is discussed in detail. For precursors with electron‐withdrawing substituents in m‐position fairly stabilized carbanionic intermediates of the SmI2‐promoted cyclization could be trapped with acetone or allyl bromide as electrophiles to regioselectively provide the corresponding addition products. Our results should be valuable for synthetic applications of the stereoselectively generated hexahydronaphthalene derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A well‐defined diblock copolymer of poly‐(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly (4‐vinylpyridine) for separation of basic proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Liu Hang , Shi Ronghua , Wan Wenming , Yang Runmiao , Wang Yanmei
Published: June 2008

A series of well‐defined diblock copolymers, poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PEO‐b‐P4VP) used as physical coating of capillaries, were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). EOF measurement results showed that all synthesized PEO‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymer‐coated capillaries in this report could suppress EOF effectively compared to the bare fused‐silica capillaries, and efficient separations of basic proteins were achieved. The effects of the molecular weight of P4VP block in PEO‐b‐P4VP and buffer pH on the separation of basic proteins for CE were investigated in detail. Moreover, the relationships between morphologies of PEO‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymers in buffer, which were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the separation efficiencies of basic protein with PEO‐b‐P4VP diblock copolymers coatings were discussed.
Electrophoretic analysis of sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions for ascaridoid parasites of human and animal health significance
Authors: Li Ming‐Wei , Lin Rui‐Qing , Song Hui‐Qun , Sani Rehana A. , Wu Xiang‐Yun , Zhu Xing‐Quan
Published: June 2008

Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (cox1), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 andnad4), among and withinToxocara canis,T. cati,T. malaysiensis,T. vitulorumandToxascaris leoninafrom different geographical origins was examined by a mutation‐scanning approach. A portion of thecox1 gene (pcox1), a portion of thenad1 andnad4 genes (pnad1 and pnad4) were amplified separately from individual ascaridoid nematodes by polymerase chain reaction and the amplicons analyzed by single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Representative samples displaying sequence variation in SSCP profiles were subjected to sequencing in order to define genetic markers for their specific identification and differentiation. While the intra‐specific sequence variations within each of the five ascaridoid species were 0.2–3.7% for pcox1, 0–2.8% for pnad1 and 0–2.3% for pnad4, the inter‐specific sequence differences were significantly higher, being 7.9–12.9% for pcox1, 10.7–21.1% for pnad1 and 12.9–21.7% for pnad4, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences of pcox1, pnad1 and pnad4 revealed that the recently described speciesT. malaysiensiswas more closely related toT. catithan toT. canis.These findings provided mtDNA evidence for the validity ofT. malaysiensisand also demonstrated clearly the usefulness and attributes of the mutation‐scanning sequencing approach for studying the population genetic structures of these and other nematodes of socio‐economic importance.
Quantification of SMN1 and SMN2 genes by capillary electrophoresis for diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Wang Chun‐Chi , Chang Jan‐Gowth , Ferrance Jerome , Chen Hsin‐Yi , You Chung‐Yee , Chang Yung‐Fu , Jong Yuh‐Jyh , Wu Shou‐Mei , Yeh Chao‐Hung
Published: June 2008

We present the first CE method for the separation and quantification of SMN1 and SMN2 genes. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder deleted or mutated in SMN1 gene and retained at least one copy of SMN2 gene. However, these two genes are highly homologous, differentiation and quantification of SMN1 and SMN2 are therefore required in diagnosis to identify SMA patients and carriers. We developed a fluorescence‐labeled conformation‐sensitive CE method to quantitatively analyze PCR products covering the variable position in the SMN1/SMN2 genes using a copolymer solution composed of hydroxyethylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose. The DNA samples included 24 SMA patients, 52 parents of SMA patients (obligatory carriers), and 255 controls. Those 331 samples were blind analyzed to evaluate the method, and the results compared with those obtained using denaturing HPLC (DHPLC). Validation of accuracy was performed by comparing the results with those of DHPLC. Nine of total samples showed different results. Diagnosis of one fetus DNA among them was related to abortion or not, which was further confirmed by gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. Our method showed good coincidence with them, and proved the misdiagnosis of DHPLC. This simple and reliable CE method is a powerful tool for clinical genotyping of large populations to detect carriers and SMA patients.
Selective extraction, separation, and identification of anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. using solid phase extraction‐capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (time‐of‐flight /ion trap)
Authors: Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Puertas‐Mejía Miguel A. , Cortacero‐Ramírez Sonia , Beltrán Raúl , Alonso‐Villaverde Carlos , Joven Jorge , Dinelli Giovanni , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Alberto
Published: June 2008

A method for selective extraction using SPE, electrophoretic separation at basic condition and the identification by using exact masses and fragmentation patterns has been developed in order to know the anthocyanins in dried calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. A detailed and comparative study of several extraction procedures has been carried out to obtain the maximum number of anthocyanidins from the calyces and then a CE‐TOF‐MS method in positive mode using ESI has been developed for the separation and rapid identification of anthocyanins in H. sabdariffa L. Delphinidin‐3‐sambubioside, cyanidin‐3‐sambubioside have been detected as main components and cyanidin‐3‐O‐rutinoside, delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3,5‐diglucoside, and chlorogenic acid as minor constituents. The confirmation of the anthocyanidins and chlorogenic acid was carried out using fragmentation ions with the IT‐mass spectrometer (IT‐MS).
A new interface used to couple capillary electrophoresis with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for speciation analysis
Authors: Yang GuiDi , Xu XueQin , Wang Wei , Xu LiangJun , Chen GuoNan , Fu FengFu
Published: June 2008

In this work, a novel and high‐efficiency interface has been developed in coupling CE with inductively coupled plasma MS (ICPMS). The interface completely avoids laminar flow in CE capillary caused by the suction of nebulizer, and can be easily and stably operated at room temperature with high analyte transport efficiency to ICPMS. The new interface has a liquid dead volume smaller than 5 nL, which was much smaller than those (65–2500 µL) reported previously for other interfaces. All above features led to a higher sensitivity and a better electrophoretic resolution for CE‐ICPMS coupled with this new interface. With the help of this new interface, we have successfully separated and determined five species of arsenic, As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid and p‐aminophenylarsonic acid using CE‐ICPMS within 11 min with a detection limit of 0.046–0.075 ng/mL and an RSD of 2–6% (n = 6).
Critical evaluation of buffering solutions for pKa determination by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Fuguet Elisabet , Reta Mario , Gibert Carme , Rosés Martí , Bosch Elisabeth , Ràfols Clara
Published: June 2008

The performance of the most common and also some other less common CE buffers has been tested for the pKa determination of several types of compounds (pyridine, amines, and phenols). The selected buffers cover a pH ranging from 3.7 to 11.8. Whereas some buffers, like acetic acid/acetate, BisTrisH+/BisTris, TrisH+/Tris, CHES/CHES−, and CAPS/CAPS− can be used with all type of analytes, others like ammonium/ammonia, butylammonium/butylammonia, ethylammonium/ethylammonia, diethylammonium/diethylammonia, and hydrogenphosphate/phosphate are not recommended because they interact with a wide range of compounds. The rest of the tested buffers (dihydrogenphosphate/hydrogenphosphate, MES/MES−, HEPES/HEPES−, and boric acid/borate) can show specific interactions depending on the nature of the analytes, and their use in some applications should be restricted.
Thermooptical detection in microchips: From macro‐ to micro‐scale with enhanced analytical parameters
Authors: Smirnova Adelina , Proskurnin Mikhail A. , Bendrysheva Svetlana N. , Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Hibara Akihide , Kitamori Takehiko
Published: June 2008

In this paper, we compared the methods of photothermal spectroscopy used in different spatial scales, namely thermal‐lens spectrometry (TLS) and thermal‐lens microscopy (TLM) to enhance the performance parameters in analytical procedures. All of the experimental results were confirmed by theoretical calculation. It was proven that the design for both TLM and TLS, despite a different scale for the effect, is governed by the same signal‐generating and probing conditions (probe beam diameter at the sample should be equal to the diameter of the blooming thermal lens), and almost does not depend on the nature of the solvent. Theoretical and experimental instrumental error curves for thermal lensing were coincident. TLM obeys the same law of instrumental error as TLS and shows better repeatability for the same levels of thermal‐lens signals or absorbances. TLS is more advantageous for studying low concentrations in bulk, while TLM shows much lower absolute LODs due to better repeatability for low amounts. The behavior of the thermal‐lens signal with different flow rates was studied and optimum conditions, with the minimum contribution to total error, were found. These conditions are reproducible, are in agreement with the existing theory of the thermal response in thermal lensing, and do not significantly affect the design of the optimum scheme for setups. TLM showed low LODs in solvent extraction (down to 10–8 M) and electrokinetic separation (10–7 M), which were shown to be governed by discussed instrumental regularities, instead of by microchemistry.
Dodecyl thioglycopyranoside sulfates: Novel sugar‐based surfactants for enantiomeric separations by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography
Authors: Tano Chiharu , Son Sang‐Hyun , Furukawa Jun‐ichi , Furuike Tetsuya , Sakairi Nobuo
Published: June 2008

Four novel chiral anionic surfactants having carbohydrate hydrophilic heads, sodium n‐dodecyl 1‐thio‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside 6‐hydrogen sulfate (6‐βGlcD), sodium n‐dodecyl 1‐thio‐β‐L‐glucopyranoside 6‐hydrogen sulfate (6‐βGlcL), sodium n‐dodecyl 1‐thio‐β‐L‐fucopyranoside 3‐hydrogen sulfate (3‐βFucL), and sodium n‐dodecyl 1‐thio‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside 3‐hydrogen sulfate (3‐αRhaL), were synthesized by selective sulfation of the corresponding thioglycosides. Their CMC determined by fluorescence using pyrene as a probe in water was 1.3–2.7 mM. These surfactants found to be useful as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation by MEKC. The enantiomeric separation was optimized with respect to pH, buffer concentration, and surfactant concentration. Under the optimized conditions (50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, 30 mM surfactant, 20 kV), the enantiomeric separations of five dansylated amino acids (Dns‐AAs) were achieved within approximately 20 min with the migration order of Val < Met < Leu < Phe < Trp. With 6‐βGlcD, all D‐forms of Dns‐AAs were found to migrate faster than the corresponding L‐forms, whereas the migration order of the enantiomers was completely reversed with the surfactant 6‐βGlcL having inversed absolute configuration of 6‐βGlcD. Among four surfactants examined, β‐anomers were much superior chiral selectors than α‐anomers, and the maximum resolution was obtained with the 6‐deoxy sugar, 3‐βFucL. These results indicated that the structures of the surfactant head groups including their anomeric configurations have significant effects on the enantiomeric separation and the migration behavior in MEKC.
Development and validation of the Cognitive Inventory of subjective distress
Authors: Antoine Pascal , Antoine Christine , Nandrino Jean‐Louis
Published: June 2008

Objectives

Objectives This study was aimed at exploring some of the facets of psychological distress during aging, and at validating an inventory, the Cognitive Inventory of Subjective Distress (CISD) for assessing this kind of distress.

Methods

An inventory of thoughts representing distress schemas was administered to 298 elderly subjects living at home or in a center.

Results

Factor analyses suggested retaining 29 items. They explained 62% of the total variance and corresponded to seven distinct facets: abandonment, dependency, disengagement, fear of losing control, loss of individuality, refusal of help, and vulnerability. These dimensions turned out to be relatively independent of each other and moderately correlated with measures of depression and anxiety. The internal consistency and temporal reliability of the seven scales are good.

Conclusion

The CISD is an original tool for assessing psychological distress. It is geared to old and very old individuals living in a center for the elderly, and its design takes the fatiguability and cognitive heterogeneity of this population into account. This inventory can also be used for psychopathological assessment and can serve as a baseline for following patients over time or in the course of therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing multidisciplinary assessment—exploring the evidence from a social care perspective
Authors: Sutcliffe Caroline , Hughes Jane , Abendstern Michele , Clarkson Paul , Challis David
Published: June 2008

Background

This paper provides an initial evaluation of the impact of the Single Assessment Process (SAP) in England upon practice regarding multidisciplinary assessment.

Objectives

To investigate changes in recorded health needs of older people and in the number of multidisciplinary assessments undertaken using social care agencies' case files. To examine differences in approaches to the use of multidisciplinary assessment for older people with different health needs.

Methods

An audit of case files of older people living in the community in receipt of social care in three areas carried out at two time periods before and after implementation of the SAP in 2004. Information extracted from files covered a number of domains including evidence of multidisciplinary assessments, and presence of mental and physical health problems.

Results

Data from 144 files at Time 1 were compared with 145 files from Time 2. Little evidence emerged that older people at Time 2 were more dependent. However, significantly more multidisciplinary assessments were undertaken following the introduction of the SAP, in particular by occupational therapists and secondary health care teams. Cognitive impairment was a significant predictor of multidisciplinary assessment at both time periods.

Conclusions

The impact of the introduction of the SAP has been mediated by the influence of other policies in England: intermediate care and integrated health and social care provision. Nevertheless, the data suggest that consideration be given to more effective targeting of multidisciplinary assessments on the grounds of both cost and more accurate identification of those who will benefit from the process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposal of radiation fluxmeter for asymmetric thermal radiation field measurement
Authors: Yamada Noboru , Saitoh Takeo
Published: June 2008

In this study, a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) radiation fluxmeter is proposed for measuring an asymmetric radiation field such as that in an urban outdoor environment with strong solar radiation in summer. The proposed CPC fluxmeter, which consists of multiple sets of a CPC mirror and a radiation flux sensor, can measure directional radiation from a solid angle limited by the acceptance half‐angle of the CPC. Using the data measured by the CPC radiation fluxmeter, a methodology to estimate the incident radiation flux distribution on an arbitrary three‐dimensional body was described in detail. A prototype CPC fluxmeter was fabricated and its essential parameters were calibrated based on the heat balance at the radiation flux sensor. Finally, actual field measurement and estimation of the radiation flux distribution on a human body model were demonstrated in a summer urban outdoor environment. Results show the validity and advantage of the proposed CPC radiation fluxmeter as compared with the conventional globe thermometer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 37(5): 259–274, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20209
Ror1, a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and may serve as a putative target for therapy
Authors: DaneshManesh Amir H. , Mikaelsson Eva , Jeddi‐Tehrani Mahmood , Bayat Ali Ahmad , Ghods Roya , Ostadkarampour Mahyar , Akhondi Mehdi , Lagercrantz Svetlana , Larsson Catharina , Österborg Anders , Shokri Fazel , Mellstedt Håkan , Rabbani Hodjattallah
Published: June 2008

Gene profiling studies of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has revealed increased expression of Ror1, a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase. The aim of present study was to analyze gene and protein expression of Ror1 in CLL cells and normal blood leukocytes. Gene expression analysis reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction of ROR1 revealed that all patients with CLL (n = 100) spontaneously expressed ROR1 mRNA whereas enriched blood B and T cells as well as granulocytes from healthy donors (n = 10) were negative. A strong nonphysiological activation signal (PMA/ionomycin) was required to induce expression in vitro in normal lymphocytes. Major genomic aberrations (mutations or truncation) of ROR1 were not observed. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot using a panel of polyclonal anti‐Ror antibodies as well as flow cytometry. Blood lymphocytes from 18/18 CLL patients, but none of the 10 healthy donors, expressed surface Ror1. The majority of CLL cells exhibited Ror1 surface expression (71% mean; range 36–92%) with a mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 20 (range 10–45). The corresponding MFI of CD19 on CLL cells was 26 (range 9–48). There was no difference in the Ror1 protein expression comparing IgVH mutated and unmutated cases as well as progressive and nonprogressive CLL patients. Two different variants of the Ror1 protein, 105 and 130 kDa, were identified. The Ror1 protein expression in patients with CLL but not in normal leukocytes merits further studies of its role in the pathobiology of CLL, which may provide a basis for development of Ror1 directed targeted therapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of PPARα inhibits IGF‐I‐mediated growth and survival responses in medulloblastoma cell lines
Authors: Urbanska Katarzyna , Pannizzo Paola , Grabacka Maja , Croul Sidney , Del Valle Luis , Khalili Kamel , Reiss Krzysztof
Published: June 2008

Recent studies suggest a potential role of lipid lowering drugs, fibrates and statins, in anticancer treatment. One candidate for tumor chemoprevention is fenofibrate, which is a potent agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Our results demonstrate elevated expression of PPARα in the nuclei of neoplatic cells in 12 out of 13 cases of medulloblastoma, and of PPARγ in six out of 13 cases. Further analysis demonstrated that aggressive mouse medulloblastoma cells, BsB8, express PPARα in the absence PPARγ, and human medulloblastoma cells, D384 and Daoy, express both PPARα and PPARγ. Mouse and human cells responded to fenofibrate by a significant increase of PPAR‐mediated transcriptional activity, and by a gradual accumulation of cells in G1 and G2/M phase of the cell cycle, leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation and elevated apoptosis. Preincubation of BsB8 cells with fenofibrate attenuated IGF‐I‐induced IRS‐1, Akt, ERKs and GSK3β phosphorylation, and inhibited clonogenic growth. In Daoy and D384 cells, fenofibrate also inhibited IGF‐I‐mediated growth responses, and simultaneous delivery of fenofibrate with low dose of the IGF‐IR inhibitor, NVP‐AEW541, completely abolished their clonogenic growth and survival. These results indicate a strong supportive role of fenofibrate in chemoprevention against IGF‐I‐induced growth responses in medulloblastoma. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.