bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges and current evidence on the management of bladder pain syndrome
Authors: Chrysanthopoulou Eleftheria L. , Doumouchtsis Stergios K.
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is an enigmatic condition, which can be debilitating for the patients, affecting their quality of life. Its prevalence is believed to have become markedly higher (100–300/100,000 women) than in previous years. Its etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown, and a number of theories based on clinical and experimental observations have been developed. It is difficult to be diagnosed and treated. There is a worldwide effort to standardize its nomenclature, definition, diagnosis, and treatment algorithm. The aim of this review is to critically appraise the current evidence on the diagnosis and management of BPS.

Methods

We performed a review of the literature (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, conference proceedings) as well as consensus statements and guidelines from relevant professional societies. We have critically compared these statements and guidelines with emphasis on the controversies.

Results

Patients may experience pain and lower urinary tract symptoms for a long time before diagnosis, affecting their mental health and work, causing stress, sleep disturbance, depression, and sexual dysfunction. BPS has been considered as one of a group of chronic pain syndromes rather than as primarily an inflammatory bladder disorder. Despite the wide range of treatments, most are empirical and inadequate, usually offering just symptom relief. There is often delay in commencing treatment, and this may result in worse prognosis.

Conclusion

Efforts are focused on different pathways for the early identification of this syndrome, trying to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanism, as well as introducing effective treatments. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1193–1201, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cost‐effectiveness analysis of retropubic midurethral sling versus transobturator midurethral sling for female stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Seklehner Stephan , Laudano Melissa A. , Te Alexis E. , Kaplan Steven A. , Chughtai Bilal , Lee Richard K.
Published: August 2013

Aims

To compare the cost‐effectiveness (CE) of retropubic midurethral sling (RMS) versus transobturator midurethral sling (TMS) for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods

A Markov chain decision model was created to simulate treatment of SUI with RMS versus TMS. Costing data were obtained from the Medicare RBRVS. Data regarding the efficacy and complications associated with RMS versus TMS was compiled from a literature review of 21 randomized RCTs with a minimum of 12 months follow‐up, as were corresponding utilities for different continence states. Deterministic and probabilistic estimates of cost‐effectiveness (CE) for each procedure were calculated and compared, and sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results

In the base‐case deterministic analysis, the efficacy of RMS was 6.275 versus 6.272 QALYs for TMS. QALYs represent a measure of disease burden accounting for both quantity and quality of life lived and are used to assess the monetary value of a medical intervention. The average cost for treatment with RMS however was higher at $9,579 versus $9,017 with TMS. TMS was therefore overall more cost‐effective than RMS (CE = $1,438/QALY vs. $1,527/QALY). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that physician and sling characteristics such as device cost, surgeon fee, efficacy of treatment, operative time, and duration of hospitalization could all affect the relative CE of the therapies.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that TMS was more cost‐effective than RMS as a treatment for female SUI. The efficacy of the two treatments could be affected by physician and sling characteristic factors. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1186–1192, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis tools for fibrous nanofiller polymer composites: Macro‐ and nanoscale dispersion assessments correlated with mechanical and electrical composite properties
Authors: Lively Brooks , Bizga Jonathan , Zhong Wei‐Hong
Published: August 2013

Emerging methods to study the nanofiller agglomeration state (macrodispersion) and level of individualized nanofiller (nanodispersion) within polymer nanocomposites have been used separately to characterize microstructure and relate to material properties. However, nanofiller dispersion characteristics on different scales within polymer nanocomposites may affect the composite properties in different ways and their complement has not been studied quantitatively. In this study, the dispersion of carbon nanofiber in polycarbonate, controlled by sonication conditions, was studied by the combination of macro and nanoscale style quantitative dispersion characterization tools. The quantitative dispersion results were then correlated with the electrical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Key quantitative indicators of performance were identified for nanocomposite macrodispersion such as the shape of the agglomerate size distributions and number of agglomerates per volume. However, the nanodispersion style analysis demonstrated more significant differences between similarly macrodispersed systems, providing vital information required to assess nanofiller network formation potential. The results indicate the relevant use of differently scaled image analysis processes and their necessity for a comprehensive understanding of the dispersion as well as the properties of nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:10–18, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Additional risk minimisation measures in the EU– are they eligible for assessment?
Authors: Zomerdijk Inge M. , Trifirò Gianluca , Sayed‐Tabatabaei Fakhredin A. , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. , Straus Sabine M. J. M.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

“Additional” risk minimisation measures (aRMMs) can be necessary to optimise the benefit–risk balance of a drug. Evaluation of effectiveness of these measures has become mandatory with the new European Union (EU) pharmacovigilance legislation in force since July 2012. The aim of this study was to classify the aRMMs in the EU with a special emphasis on the possibilities to analyse the effectiveness of these aRMMs in existing electronic healthcare databases (EHDs).

Methods

European Public Assessment Reports were reviewed to identify key elements of the aRMMs. Researchers categorised the key elements based on the objectives, i.e. knowledge change or behavioural change and sub‐categorised the behavioural changes. They assessed for each key element if it would be eligible for analysis in existing EHDs.

Results

68 drugs with aRMMs contained 801 key elements of which 57% aimed at behavioural changes. 22% of all key elements, all aimed behavioural changes, were assessed eligible for analysis in existing EHDs. These mainly concerned recommendations targeted at healthcare professionals regarding drug prescription, e.g. dose recommendations, contraindications or the need to perform laboratory tests for patient monitoring.

Conclusions

Only a limited proportion of key elements of the aRMMs could potentially be monitored in existing EHDs as these data sources cannot capture all the required data. Due to difference between existing EHDs, not necessarily all available EHDs are appropriate for every drug or aRMM. To facilitate rapid evaluation of aRMM implementation and timely adjustments, industry and regulatory authorities should agree well‐defined key elements of aRMMs leading to unambiguous actions of the target group. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of p‐amino benzhydrazide and m‐amino benzhydrazide by free radicals and free electron transfer
Authors: Nalawade Pradnya , Naumov Sergej , Kapoor Sudhir
Published: August 2013

The bimolecular electron transfer from p‐amino benzhydrazide (PABH) and its meta‐derivative (m‐amino benzhydrazide (MABH)) to specific one‐electron oxidant results in the formation of anilino radical. In case of PABH, reaction with •OH radicals results in the synchronous formation of adduct as well as anilino radical. The interesting observation is that the yield of the anilino radical increases with increase in pH. The effect of substitution also has a significant effect on the formation of adduct. In case of MABH, significant yield of anilino radical gets form on reaction with •OH radical. The free radical electron transfer from PABH and MABH to parent radical cation of non‐polar solvent also results in the formation of anilino radical only suggesting that the radical cation of PABH and MABH has short life time. The above results were supported by quantum chemical calculations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of nitrogen nucleophiles with enantiopure cyclohexenyl electrophiles: a stereo‐ and regio‐ selective study
Authors: Boyd Derek R. , Sharma Narain D. , Belhocine Tayeb , Malone John F. , McGregor Stuart T. , Atchison Jordan , McIntyre Peter A. B. , Stevenson Paul J.
Published: August 2013

The reactions of enantiopure cyclohexene epoxides and trans‐1,2‐bromoacetates, derived from the corresponding substituted benzene cis‐dihydrodiol metabolites, with nitrogen nucleophiles, were examined and possible mechanisms proposed. An initial objective was the synthesis of new 1,2‐aminoalcohol enantiomers as potential chiral ligands and synthetic scaffolds for library generation. These apparently simple substitution reactions proved to be more complex than initially anticipated and were found to involve a combination of different reaction mechanisms.

Allylic trans‐1,2‐azidohydrins were prepared by Lewis acid‐catalysed ring‐opening of cyclic vinyl epoxides with sodium azide via an SN2 mechanism. On heating, these trans‐1,2‐azidohydrins isomerized to the corresponding trans‐1,4‐azidohydrins via a suprafacial allyl azide [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement mechanism. Conversion of a 1,2‐azidohydrin to a 1,2‐azidoacetate moved the equilibrium position in favour of the 1,4‐substitution product. Allylic trans‐1,2‐bromoacetates reacted with sodium azide at room temperature to give C‐2 and C‐4 substituted products. A clean inversion of configuration at C‐2 was found, as expected, from a concerted SN2‐pathway. However, substitution at C‐4 was not stereoselective and resulted in mixtures of 1,4‐cis and 1,4‐trans products. This observation can be rationalized in terms of competitive SN2 and SN2′ reactions allied to a [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement. cis‐1,2‐Azidohydrins and cis‐1,2‐azidoacetates were much more prone to rearrange than the corresponding trans‐isomers.

Reaction of the softer tosamide nucleophile with trans‐1,2‐bromoacetates resulted, predominantly, in C‐4 substitution via a syn‐SN2′ mechanism. One application of the reaction of secondary amines with allylic cyclohexene epoxides, to give trans‐1,2‐aminoalcohols, is in the synthesis of the anticholinergic drug vesamicol, via an SN2 mechanism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Functionalization of COC Microfluidic Materials by Plasma and Click Chemistry Processes
Authors: Ladner Yoann , d'Orlyé Fanny , Perréard Camille , Da Silva Bradley , Guyon Cédric , Tatoulian Michael , Griveau Sophie , Bedioui Fethi , Varenne Anne
Published: August 2013

A robust method for COC surfaces functionalization was developed for the first time by plasma polymerization. 1‐bromopropane in the vapor phase allowed the formation of a brominated deposit on COC surfaces, which stability, homogeneity and chemical nature were evaluated for different experimental conditions. The analysis of vapor phase was achieved by mass spectrometry to control brominated precursor fragmentation. Following nucleophilic exchange in the presence of NaN3 to convert the brominated surface to azide‐bearing surface, these modified COC were further functionalized with a fluorescent alkyne, via the copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction, i.e. “click” reaction. Surface modifications were characterized by water contact angle measurement, ellipsometry, electrochemical microscopy, XPS, IR and fluorescence microscopy. This new process was proved to be efficient and stable in time up to 7 days.
Nanofunctional gallium oxide (Ga2O3) nanowires/nanostructures and their applications in nanodevices
Authors: Kumar Sudheer , Singh R.
Published: August 2013

magnified image

A brief review on beta gallium oxide (β‐Ga2O3) nanowires (NWs) and nanostructures (NS) is presented in this article. β‐Ga2O3 is a wide‐bandgap (Eg ∼ 4.9 eV) semiconductor and can be doped with n‐ and p‐type dopants, which can lead to applications in many functional devices. Here, we will first discuss briefly the properties of β‐Ga2O3 in bulk form. Then we will describe the growth of β‐Ga2O3 NWs/NS using various techniques including thermal CVD, MOCVD and laser ablation. The present status of research in the area of nanowire growth will be highlighted in this section. Then we will describe the luminescence properties of β‐Ga2O3 NWs such as photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL). The origin of various peaks in the PL and CL spectra of β‐Ga2O3 NWs/ NS will be presented, with reference to various experimental studies carried out recently. In the final section, we will describe various applications of β‐Ga2O3 NWs in nanodevices such as field effect transistors (FET), gas sensors and deep‐UV photodetectors. Finally, we will give a conclusion and future perspective of the research in the area of this important semiconducting oxide. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conceptualizing the Science Curriculum: 40 Years of Developing Assessment Frameworks in Three Large‐Scale Assessments
Authors: KIND PER MORTEN
Published: August 2013

The paper analyzes conceptualizations in the science frameworks in three large‐scale assessments, Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), and National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The assessments have a shared history, but have developed different conceptualizations. The paper asks how and why the frameworks are different and seeks answers by studying their development. The methodology is document analysis by, first, tracing developments within each assessment, next, comparing developments and conceptualization across the assessments, and, last, relating the frameworks to trends of developments in educational theory. The outcome of the analysis provides a complex picture with the assessments following their own lines of development but with influence from trends in assessment and educational theory. Five main conceptualizations are found to have existed over time, with different definition of scientific behavior and explanations to the relationship between knowledge and behavior. The frameworks have moved toward more elaborated explanations of the science domain, providing assessors with better support for operationalizing learning objectives. Currently, the assessments are faced with a challenge of adapting to the “practice turn” in science studies and learning science and thereby accounting for scientific behavior as a community practice. The paper concludes with suggestions for how frameworks may be improved to achieve this aim. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:671–694, 2013
A non‐parametric permutation method for assessing agreement for distance matrix observations
Authors: Røislien Jo , Samset Eigil
Published: August 2013

Distance matrix data are occurring ever more frequently in medical research, particularly in fields such as genetics, DNA research, and image analysis. We propose a non‐parametric permutation method for assessing agreement when the data under study are distance matrices. We apply agglomerative hierarchical clustering and accompanying dendrograms to visualize the internal structure of the matrix observations. The accompanying test is based on random permutations of the elements within individual matrix observations and the corresponding matrix mean of these permutations. We compare the within‐matrix element sum of squares (WMESS) for the observed mean against the WMESS for the permutation means. The methodology is exemplified using simulations and real data from magnetic resonance imaging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating successive cancer risks in Lynch Syndrome families using a progressive three‐state model
Authors: Choi Yun‐Hee , Briollais Laurent , Green Jane , Parfrey Patrick , Kopciuk Karen
Published: August 2013

Lynch Syndrome (LS) families harbor mutated mismatch repair genes,which predispose them to specific types of cancer. Because individuals within LS families can experience multiple cancers over their lifetime, we developed a progressive three‐state model to estimate the disease risk from a healthy (state 0) to a first cancer (state 1) and then to a second cancer (state 2). Ascertainment correction of the likelihood was made to adjust for complex sampling designs with carrier probabilities for family members with missing genotype information estimated using their family's observed genotype and phenotype information in a one‐step expectation–maximization algorithm. A sandwich variance estimator was employed to overcome possible model misspecification. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the disease risk (penetrance) for age at a second cancer after someone has experienced a first cancer that is also associated with a mutated gene. Simulation study results indicate that our approach generally provides unbiased risk estimates and low root mean squared errors across different family study designs, proportions of missing genotypes, and risk heterogeneities. An application to 12 large LS families from Newfoundland demonstrates that the risk for a second cancer was substantial and that the age at a first colorectal cancer significantly impacted the age at any LS subsequent cancer. This study provides new insights for developing more effective management of mutation carriers in LS families by providing more accurate multiple cancer risk estimates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A location‐scale model for non‐crossing expectile curves
Authors: Schnabel Sabine K. , Eilers Paul H.C.
Published: August 2013

In quantile smoothing, crossing of the estimated curves is a common nuisance, in particular with small data sets and dense sets of quantiles. Similar problems arise in expectile smoothing. We propose a novel method to avoid crossings. It is based on a location‐scale model for expectiles and estimates all expectile curves simultaneously in a bundle using iterative least asymmetrically weighted squares. In addition, we show how to estimate a density non‐parametrically from a set of expectiles. The model is applied to two data sets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Investigation of Chromium Complexes with a Series of Tripodal Ligands
Authors: Schäfer Sabrina , Becker Jonathan , Beitat Alexander , Würtele Christian
Published: August 2013

A series of chromium(II) complexes containing the tripodal ligands tmpa, Me2uns‐penp, Me4apme and Me6tren were prepared and investigated with regard to their reactivity towards dioxygen. It was possible to structurally characterize the complexes [Cr(Me2uns‐penp)Cl]2(BPh4)2, [Cr(Me6tren)Cl]Cl, [Cr(Me4apme)Cl]BPh4 and [Cr(Me4ampe)Cl3]. The complexes show reactions with dioxygen, but it was not possible to characterize intermediates of these reactions. The oxidation behavior of the complexes towards organic substrates like toluene was investigated and oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde was observed.
2, 6‐Bis((E)‐((5‐benzoyl‐2‐thioxo‐4‐phenylpyrimidin‐1(2H)‐yl)imino)methyl)‐4‐(methyl)phenol and its Metal(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Biological Activity, and Photoluminescence Features
Authors: Gulcan Mehmet , Zengin Hüseyin , Çelebi Metin , Sönmez Mehmet , Berber İsmet
Published: August 2013

The preparation, characterization, magnetic measurements, antimicrobial activity, and photoluminescence properties of a number of metal complexes with a Schiff base ligand derived from 2, 6‐diformyl‐4‐methylphenol and 1‐amino‐5‐benzoyl‐4‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrimidine‐2‐thione are reported herein. UV/Vis spectra and magnetic measurements infer square planar stereochemistry for PdII and PtII complexes, and octahedral arrangement for the other metal complexes. The compounds results in intense emission (where λmax = 402 nm) upon irradiation by UV light. The photoluminescence quantum yields and long excited‐state lifetimes of the ligand and its complexes were calculated as 42 % and 3.94 ns, respectively. The photoluminescence intensities and quantum yields of metal complexes changed upon complexation with various metal ions. The ligand and its complexes are of interest as organic emitting materials for electroluminescent devices. The complexes were additionally evaluated for in vitro the antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains. While CuII, CoII, and PtII complexes have good antifungal efficiency against yeast (MICs, 80 μg·mL–1), only the complex [Cu(L)(AcO)]·4H2O had effective and selective antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms with MIC values in the range of 40–80 μg·mL–1, except for E. coli ATCC 4230. This study suggests that the complex [Cu(L)(AcO)]·4H2O may be a new potential antimicrobial substance towards bacteria and fungi.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of 3D Copper(II)‐Organic Frameworks: In situ Formation of 3‐Hydroxopyrazine‐2‐carboxylate from 3‐Aminopyrazine‐2‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Dehghanpour Saeed , Jahani Khadijeh , Mahmoudi Ali , Babakhodaverdi Mogtaba , Tabatabaei Robabehsadat , Notash Behrouz
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The metal organic framework, [Cu5(C5H2N2O3)4(H2O)4(NO3)2·10H2O]n (1), was synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction via copper nitrate and in situ generated 3‐hydroxopyrazine‐2‐carboxylate from 3‐aminopyrazine‐2‐carboxylic acid. Compound 1 was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, TG analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It has a 3D structure constructed from Cu2+ cations, bridging NO3– anions, and 3‐hydroxopyrazine‐2‐carboxylate units. The NO3– anions act as μ2‐bridging ligand and the 3‐hydroxopyrazine‐2‐carboxylate units coordinate pentadentately through the two oxygen atoms of their carboxylate group, the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group and two nitrogen atoms. The ligands link the CuII ions to form trinuclear units. These are further connected to form a novel 3D MOF, with a novel 4‐nodal 3,3,3,4‐connected net topology of an unprecedented point (Schläfli) symbol (6.7.9)(64.8.9)(7.102)(72.10).
Brief report: Testing measurement invariance and differences in self‐concept between adolescents with and without physical illness or developmental disability
Authors: Ferro Mark A. , Boyle Michael H.
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to test for measurement invariance and examine differences in global self‐concept between adolescents with and without physical illness or developmental disability. The sample consisted of adolescents 10–19 years who participated in the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (N = 8491). Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis was used to test for measurement invariance. Twenty‐three percent (n = 1966) of participants had a physical illness or developmental disability. Support was found for strict measurement invariance between groups suggesting adolescents in both groups perceived items similarly, indicating that comparisons between adolescents with and without physical illness or developmental disability are meaningful. Controlling for several sociodemographic characteristics, evidence suggested that self‐concept is lower in adolescents with physical illness or developmental disability, β = −0.24, p = 0.0005, compared to their healthy peers. Future work should attempt to understand the processes leading to compromised self‐concept in adolescents with physical illness or developmental disability.
‘Listen to them’: Adolescents' views on helping young people who self‐injure
Authors: Berger Emily , Hasking Penelope , Martin Graham
Published: August 2013

Non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among adolescents is a significant problem, yet the majority do not seek professional help. Parents and teachers are arguably most in contact with young people, and are critical in identifying and referring adolescent self‐injurers. This study explored what adolescents believe parents and teachers can do to help young people who self‐injure. A school‐based sample of 2637 students (aged 12–18 years) completed a self‐report questionnaire. Adolescents believe having non‐judgemental parents and teachers to talk to, improved parent–child relationships, referral to professionals, reduced school pressures, and student education, are pivotal to helping young self‐injurers. However, many adolescents, particularly those exposed to NSSI, were unsure about whether parents and teachers could do anything to help. These finding have important implications for educational programs that prepare parents and teachers to address adolescent NSSI.
FixL‐like sensor FlbS of Brucella abortus binds haem and is necessary for survival within eukaryotic cells
Authors: Roset Mara S. , Almirón Marta A.
Published: August 2013

Replication of Brucella inside eukaryotic cells is essential for pathogenesis, and successful infection requires rapid adaptation to the intracellular milieu. Close relatives of Brucella use the two‐component system FixLJ to survive inside the host. We aimed to identify a homologous sensor in Brucella abortus. A predicted protein with transmembrane and conserved histidine kinase domains was identified as the Fix‐like Brucella sensor, FlbS. Although it lacks the PAS domain, recombinant FlbS binds haem in vitro. An internal in‐frame deletion in flbS severely decreased B. abortus survival inside professional and non‐professional phagocytes. This phenotype was reverted by genetic complementation. These results indicate the critical role of this haemoprotein in the intracellular lifestyle of Brucella.
Simulating effects of biomarker enrichment on Alzheimer's disease prevention trials: Conceptual framework and example
Authors: Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie S. , Bartlett Alexandra L. , Forrester Sarah N. , Lyketsos Constantine G.
Published: August 2013

Background

We present a conceptual framework for simulations to determine the utility of biomarker enrichment to increase statistical power to detect a treatment effect in future Alzheimer's disease prevention trials. We include a limited set of simulation results to illustrate aspects of this framework.

Methods

We simulated data based on the Alzheimer's Disease Anti‐Inflammatory Prevention Trial, and a range of sample sizes, biomarker positive predictive values, and treatment effects. We also investigated the consequences of assuming homogeneity of parameter estimates as a function of dementia outcome.

Results

Use of biomarkers to increase the sample fraction that would develop Alzheimer's disease in the absence of intervention from 0.5 to 0.8 would increase power from 0.35 to 0.69 with n = 200. Ignoring sample heterogeneity resulted in overestimation of power.

Conclusion

Biomarker enrichment can increase statistical power, but estimates of the expected increase are sensitive to a variety of assumptions outlined in the framework.
The iron cage exposed: Institutional pressures and heterogeneity across the healthcare supply chain
Authors: Bhakoo Vikram , Choi Thomas
Published: August 2013

The healthcare industry has been known to operate in a strong institutional environment (i.e. government regulations), and the implementation of inter‐organizational systems (IOS) has followed an institutional process. Extending this perspective across different tiers in the healthcare supply chain, we investigate how organizations in different tiers in the supply chain (i.e. hospitals, distributors and manufacturers) respond to institutional pressures when implementing IOS. How institutional dynamics unfold across multiple tiers of a supply chain is an uncharted area of research, and we take the theory‐building case study approach using data collected from ten organizations. Because organizations are embedded in their respective tiers, our within‐tier analyses are equivalent to cross‐organization analyses. In this regard, the cross‐case analyses occur at two different levels: at each tier level (i.e. across multiple hospitals, multiple distributors and multiple manufacturers) and across the supply chain (i.e. across all three tiers). The study shows how different institutional pressures such as coercive, mimetic, and normative manifest across the tiers. It also demonstrates how a differential mix of endogenous and institutional pressures lead to mixed organizational responses across the tiers. The propositions developed from the study enrich institutional theory arguments within the information systems and supply chain management disciplines. They highlight how the IOS implementation dynamics within and across different tiers in a supply chain result in heterogeneous rather than isomorphic consequences, thereby exposing the “iron cage” of institutionalization.
Valor en riesgo: evaluación del desempeño de diferentes metodologías para 5 países latinoamericanos
Authors: Alonso Julio César , Chaves Juan Manuel
Published: August 2013

Este documento evalua el comportamiento de veinte diferentes metodos (parametrico, no parametricos y semi-parametricos) para estimar el VaR (Valor en Riesgo) de un portafolio representativo para 5 paises latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia y Peru). Despues de encontrar la aproximacion que mejor captura el nivel de riesgo seleccionado para cada portafolio, se encontro que los modelos no-parametricos de simulacion historica y semi-parametricos corresponde a la mejor medida de riesgo para todos los países de la muestra.
Responsabilidad social y gestión del conocimiento como estrategias de gestión humana
Authors: Saldarriaga Ríos Juan Guillermo
Published: August 2013

Este artículo aborda la responsabilidad social y la gestión del conocimiento como estrategias de gestión humana, conexas e inseparables, en las organizaciones. Estas estrategias hacen posible que la organización mire hacia sí misma y reconozca los impactos que estas prácticas tienen sobre sus miembros, asumiéndolas no solo exclusivamente como actividades que le genera ganancias económicas y visibilidad en el escenario social, sino como parte integral de su forma de concebir y administrar su talento humano. El artículo es producto de 2 investigaciones que pretenden analizar las tendencias y estrategias de gestión humana utilizadas tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional, y en las cuales se recurre a un diseño metodológico flexible en el que se aborda el objeto de estudio tanto desde la perspectiva cuantitativa como desde la cualitativa.
Mixing in a vortex breakdown flow
Authors: Meunier P. , Hourigan K.
Published: August 2013

In this paper we present experimental and theoretical results on the mixing inside a cylinder with a rotating lid. The helical flow that is created by the rotation of the disc is well known to exhibit a vortex breakdown bubble over a finite range of Reynolds numbers. The mixing properties of the flow are analysed quantitatively by measuring the exponential decay of the variance as a function of time. This homogenization time is extremely sensitive to the asymmetries of the flow, which are introduced by tilting the rotating or the stationary disc and accurately measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV). In the absence of vortex breakdown, the homogenization time is strongly decreased (by a factor of 10) with only a moderate tilt angle of the rotating lid (of the order of $1{5}^{\circ } $). This phenomenon can be explained by the presence of small radial jets at the periphery which create a strong convective mixing. A simple model of exchange flow between the periphery and the bulk correctly predicts the scaling laws for the homogenization time. In the presence of vortex breakdown, the scalar is trapped inside the vortex breakdown bubble, and thus increases substantially the time needed for homogenization. Curiously, the tilt of the rotating lid has a weak effect on the mixing, but a small tilt of the stationary disc (of the order of ${2}^{\circ } $) strongly decreases (by a factor of 10) the homogenization time. Even more surprising is that the homogenization time diverges when the size of the bubble vanishes. All of these features are recovered by applying the Melnikov theory to calculate the volume of the lobes that exit the bubble. It is the first time that this technique has been applied to a three-dimensional stationary flow with a non-axisymmetric perturbation and compared with experimental results, although it has been applied often to two-dimensional flows with a periodic perturbation.
Global bifurcations to subcritical magnetorotational dynamo action in Keplerian shear flow
Authors: Riols A. , Rincon F. , Cossu C. , Lesur G. , Longaretti P.-Y. , Ogilvie G. I. , Herault J.
Published: August 2013

Magnetorotational dynamo action in Keplerian shear flow is a three-dimensional nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic process, the study of which is relevant to the understanding of accretion processes and magnetic field generation in astrophysics. Transition to this form of dynamo action is subcritical and shares many characteristics with transition to turbulence in non-rotating hydrodynamic shear flows. This suggests that these different fluid systems become active through similar generic bifurcation mechanisms, which in both cases have eluded detailed understanding so far. In this paper, we build on recent work on the two problems to investigate numerically the bifurcation mechanisms at work in the incompressible Keplerian magnetorotational dynamo problem in the shearing box framework. Using numerical techniques imported from dynamical systems research, we show that the onset of chaotic dynamo action at magnetic Prandtl numbers larger than unity is primarily associated with global homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcations of nonlinear magnetorotational dynamo cycles born out of saddle-node bifurcations. These global bifurcations are found to be supplemented by local bifurcations of cycles marking the beginning of period-doubling cascades. The results suggest that nonlinear magnetorotational dynamo cycles provide the pathway to injection of both kinetic and magnetic energy for the problem of transition to turbulence and dynamo action in incompressible magnetohydrodynamic Keplerian shear flow in the absence of an externally imposed magnetic field. Studying the nonlinear physics and bifurcations of these cycles in different regimes and configurations may subsequently help to understand better the physical conditions of excitation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and instability-driven dynamos in a variety of astrophysical systems and laboratory experiments. The detailed characterization of global bifurcations provided for this three-dimensional subcritical fluid dynamics problem may also prove useful for the problem of transition to turbulence in hydrodynamic shear flows.
On the thinnest steady threads obtained by gravitational stretching of capillary jets
Authors: Rubio-Rubio M. , Sevilla A. , Gordillo J. M.
Published: August 2013

Experiments and global linear stability analysis are used to obtain the critical flow rate below which the highly stretched capillary jet, generated when a Newtonian liquid issues from a vertically oriented tube, is no longer steady. The theoretical description, based on the one-dimensional mass and momentum equations retaining the exact expression for the interfacial curvature, accurately predicts the onset of jet self-excited oscillations experimentally observed for wide ranges of liquid viscosity and nozzle diameter. Our analysis, which extends the work by Sauter & Buggisch (J. Fluid Mech.vol. 533, 2005, pp. 237–257), reveals the essential stabilizing role played by the axial curvature of the jet, the latter effect being especially relevant for injectors with a large diameter. Our findings allow us to conclude that, surprisingly, the size of the steady threads produced at a given distance from the exit can be reduced by increasing the nozzle diameter.
Bounds for Euler from vorticity moments and line divergence
Authors: Kerr Robert M.
Published: August 2013

The inviscid growth of a range of vorticity moments is compared using Euler calculations of anti-parallel vortices with a new initial condition. The primary goal is to understand the role of nonlinearity in the generation of a new hierarchy of rescaled vorticity moments in Navier–Stokes calculations where the rescaled moments obey ${D}_{m} \geq {D}_{m+ 1} $, the reverse of the usual ${\Omega }_{m+ 1} \geq {\Omega }_{m} $ Hölder ordering of the original moments. Two temporal phases have been identified for the Euler calculations. In the first phase the $1\lt m\lt \infty $ vorticity moments are ordered in a manner consistent with the new Navier–Stokes hierarchy and grow in a manner that skirts the lower edge of possible singular growth with ${ D}_{m}^{2} \rightarrow \sup \vert \boldsymbol{\omega} \vert \sim A_{m}{({T}_{c} - t)}^{- 1} $ where the ${A}_{m} $ are nearly independent of $m$. In the second phase, the new ${D}_{m} $ ordering breaks down as the ${\Omega }_{m} $ converge towards the same super-exponential growth for all $m$. The transition is identified using new inequalities for the upper bounds for the $- \mathrm{d} { D}_{m}^{- 2} / \mathrm{d} t$ that are based solely upon the ratios ${D}_{m+ 1} / {D}_{m} $, and the convergent super-exponential growth is shown by plotting $\log (\mathrm{d} \log {\Omega }_{m} / \mathrm{d} t)$. Three-dimensional graphics show significant divergence of the vortex lines during the second phase, which could be what inhibits the initial power-law growth.
Dual role of friction in granular flows: attenuation versus enhancement of instabilities
Authors: Mitrano Peter P. , Dahl Steven R. , Hilger Andrew M. , Ewasko Christopher J. , Hrenya Christine M.
Published: August 2013

Flow instabilities driven by the dissipative nature of particle–particle interactions have been well documented in granular flows. The bulk of previous studies on such instabilities have considered the impact of inelastic dissipation only and shown that instabilities are enhanced with increased dissipation. The impact of frictional dissipation on the stability of grains in a homogeneous cooling system is studied in this work using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and kinetic-theory-based predictions. Surprisingly, both MD simulations and theory indicate that high levels of friction actually attenuate instabilities relative to the frictionless case, whereas moderate levels enhance instabilities compared to frictionless systems, as expected. The mechanism responsible for this behaviour is identified as the coupling between rotational and translational motion. These results have implications not only for granular materials, but also more generally to flows with dissipative interactions between constituent particles – cohesive systems with agglomeration, multiphase flows with viscous dissipation, etc.
Sinonasal blue naevus: case report and clinicopathological review
Authors: Lim L M , Tan K B , Petersson F , Thong M
Published: August 2013

Objective:

To highlight the important clinical and histological features of sinonasal blue naevi.

Methods:

A case of blue naevus of the nasal cavity is described (including endoscopic and histological pictures) and the existing literature is reviewed.

Results:

There have been five reported cases (including the presented case). Clinically, sinonasal blue naevi are heavily pigmented lesions that are small and asymptomatic. Histopathologically, blue naevi exhibit heavily pigmented dendritic melanocytes that are never abnormal in form.

Conclusion:

Blue naevus should be a differential diagnosis for pigmented lesions within the sinonasal cavity, despite its rarity. It may be initially suspected by its small size and asymptomatic nature. However, histological examination is required for definitive diagnosis, looking for the key microscopic features described above.
Influence of enumeration time periods on detecting community parameters of periphytic diatoms using an artificial substratum in coastal waters
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Zhang Wei , Xu Henglong
Published: August 2013

Community parameters of diatoms have been used as useful bioindicators for bioassessment of both lentic and lotic systems. The influence of enumeration time periods on detecting community parameters of periphytic diatom assemblages within different exposure times was studied using an artificial substratum in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, northern China, during the period May–June 2010. Samples were collected at a depth of 1 m, and were examined with different enumeration time periods. Enumeration time periods represented a significant influence on detecting the community features of periphytic diatoms, although no significant changes occurred in periphytic diatom community structure between two enumeration schemes (within 24 h and 24–48 h). The delayed enumeration (within 24–48 h) may result in the similarity of the communities being reduced 10–29%, and in species numbers decreasing and in abundance increasing with exposure duration, respectively. The diversity (richness, evenness and diversity of species) indices were significantly decreased in almost all samples with >10% standard errors at some exposure times by the delayed enumeration scheme. These results suggest that the delayed enumeration may have resulted in the species richness and individual abundance of periphytic diatoms significantly decreasing and increasing, respectively, and thus significantly affected the analyses of species diversity for assessing water quality in marine ecosystems.
From the medicalisation of dementia to the politics of memory and identity in three Spanish documentary films:Bicicleta, cullera, poma, Las voces de la memoriaandBucarest: la memòria perduda
Authors: MEDINA RAQUEL
Published: August 2013

This paper explores how the concept of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is constructed through Spanish media and documentary films and how it is represented. The article analyses three documentary films and the cultural and social contexts in and from which they emerged: Solé'sBucarest: la memòria perduda[Bucharest: Memory Lost] (2007), Bosch'sBicicleta, cullera, poma[Bicycle, Spoon, Apple] (2010) and Fabrá, Peris and Badia'sLas voces de la memoria[Memory's Voices] (2011). The three documentary films approach AD from different perspectives, creating well-structured discourses of what AD represents for contemporary Spanish society, from medicalisation of AD to issues of personhood and citizenship. These three films are studied from an interdisciplinary perspective, in an effort to strengthen the links between ageing and dementia studies and cultural studies. Examining documentary film representations of AD from these perspectives enables semiotic analyses beyond the aesthetic perspectives of film studies, and the exploration of the articulation of knowledge and power in discourses about AD in contemporary Spain.
Gender Disparities in Self-employment in Urban China's Market Transition: Income Inequality, Occupational Segregation and Mobility Processes
Authors: Zhang Qian Forrest
Published: August 2013

This article presents the first quantitative analysis of gender disparities in self-employment in urban China. It documents the extent of gender income inequality in self-employment. By disaggregating self-employment into three occupational classes, it reveals the gender segregation within self-employment – women were concentrated in the financially least rewarding segment – and identifies it as a main source of gender income inequality. I examine a range of determinants of participation in self-employment, including family structure, family background and career history, and how their gender-specific effects contribute to gender segregation. Although using data from a 1996 national survey, this study captures two key processes that shaped the structure of self-employment in contemporary urban China: the restructuring of the state sector and the growth of financial returns and social status in the private sector, both of which contributed to the formation of gender segregation in self-employment.
Restaging the Revolution in Contemporary China: Memory of Politics and Politics of Memory
Authors: Cai Rong
Published: August 2013

This article focuses on the adaptation of the Red Classics – a collection of literary and cinematic works depicting the Communist armed struggle produced in the PRC between 1949 and 1966 – for contemporary Chinese television. Using the controversy over the remake ofTracks in the Snowy Forest(Linhai xueyuan林海雪原) as a case study, it explores the complexity of restaging the Communist revolution in the post-Mao reform era. Competition in the media industry compels TV producers to re-package Communist history for fragmented contemporary audiences – those who are familiar with the original Red Classics as well as those who grew up in the reform era and who are far removed from the revolutionary legacy. Adaptation of the Red Classics is a sensitive issue. By focusing on the sexual desires and individual interests muted in the original Red Classics in order to cater for the tastes of younger viewers, the remakes offer alternative readings of history and have incurred government censorship. Opposition to the adaptations has also come from a distinct mnemonic community, the Red memory group, whose members came of age in either the 1960s or during the Cultural Revolution and who absorbed the Red Classics in their formative years. The interplay of state politics, collective memory and commercial imperatives ultimately makes the repackaging of the revolution for contemporary mass entertainment a multifaceted and highly contentious issue.
The Teaching of Church Law: An Ecumenical Exploration Worldwide
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: August 2013

Religion law – the law of the state on religion – has been taught for generations in the law schools of continental Europe, though its introduction in those of the United Kingdom is relatively recent. By way of contrast, within the Anglican Communion there is very little teaching about Anglican canon law. The Church of England does not itself formally train clergy or legal officers in the canon and ecclesiastical laws that they administer. There is no requirement that these be studied for clerical formation in theological colleges or in continuing ministerial education. The same applies to Anglicanism globally – though there are some notable exceptions in a small number of provinces. This is in stark contrast to other ecclesiastical traditions: the Catholic, Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, Reformed, Presbyterian, Baptist and United churches all provide training for ministry candidates in their own systems of church law, polity or order. However, no study to date has compared the approaches of these traditions to the teaching of church law today. This article seeks to stimulate an ecumenical debate as to the provision, purposes, practices and principles of the teaching of church law across the ecclesiastical traditions of global Christianity. It does so by presenting examples of courses offered (institutions, purposes, subjects, methods and levels), the educative role of church law itself, requirements under church law for church officers to study the subject, and parallels from the secular world in terms of debate in the academy and practice on the nature of legal education, particularly the role played in it by the Critical Legal Studies movement.1