bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hans Driesch et la fin de toute vision préformationniste du développement
Authors: Chanoine Christophe
Published: February 2022

Si les travaux des embryologistes du début du XIXesiècle marquent la fin de la théorie de la préformation dans sa forme initiale, les premières tentatives expérimentales de la fin de ce même siècle conduisent à développer le concept d’œuf mosaïque – une vision préformationniste plus élaborée du développement – dans lequel l’embryon est constitué d’une mosaïque de territoires au devenir déterminé et soumis à un développement autonome. Cependant, en séparant des blastomères d’oursin aux stades 2/4 cellules, un jeune chercheur, Hans Driesch, montre que chacun des blastomères se développe pour former une larve complète et harmonieuse et que le jeune embryon est donc capable de régulation, invalidant ainsi le concept du développement mosaïque – qui prédisait le développement indépendant de deux hémi-embryons – et ouvrant de nouveaux champs d’investigation à l’embryologie moderne.
Contraception dans le contexte du syndrome des ovaires polykystiques
Authors: Spritzer Poli Mara
Published: February 2022

Le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) est une endocrinopathie fréquente, affectant entre 8 et 13 % des femmes en âge de procréer. Elle se caractérise par une hyperandrogénie, une anovulation chronique, et une morphologie polykystique des ovaires. Les femmes qui en sont atteintes ont aussi une prévalence plus élevée d’obésité, de troubles métaboliques, et un risque accru de diabète, d’hypertension artérielle systémique et de dyslipidémie. Le traitement, en première intention, de la femme atteinte du SOPK, en l’absence de projet de grossesse à court terme, consiste en des modifications du mode de vie et en des contraceptions orales combinées offrant, en plus de la contraception, la protection de l’endomètre et la réduction de l’hyperandrogénie. Les contraceptions progestatives seules sont recommandées pour les femmes ayant des contre-indications aux estrogènes qui sont contenus dans les contraceptifs oraux combinés. Des soins esthétiques peuvent aussi être associés au traitement pharmacologique, en cas d’hirsutisme. Les cas les plus graves peuvent nécessiter des médicaments anti-androgènes qui seront associés à la contraception. Pour les patientes en surpoids et ayant des facteurs de risque cardiométaboliques, notamment une résistance à l’insuline ou une hyperglycémie, la metformine peut être associée à la contraception. Le choix de la contraception chez ces femmes repose donc sur une approche adaptée aux besoins individuels de chaque patiente.
Transition de soins de l’enfance et de l’adolescence à l’âge adulte en néphrologie
Authors: Macher Marie-Alice , Novo Robert , Baudouin Véronique
Published: February 2022

Pour un jeune adulte atteint d’une maladie chronique, le passage de la médecine pédiatrique à la médecine pour adultes est une étape délicate, avec un risque élevé de mauvaise adhésion thérapeutique et de perte de suivi, dont les conséquences peuvent être dramatiques. Une meilleure connaissance de ces risques a conduit, depuis une dizaine d’années, à une forte mobilisation des pédiatres et des équipes médicales pour adultes. La notion de transition de soins enfant-adulte se substitue au simple transfert. La transition est un processus par étapes, durant plusieurs années, qui vise à préparer un adolescent à devenir un jeune adulte autonome et responsable de sa maladie, et qui inclut un accompagnement après le changement d’équipe du suivi médical. Les maladies rénales chroniques ayant débuté dans l’enfance ont une répartition étiologique bien différente de celles qui surviennent à l’âge adulte, et ce sont souvent des maladies rares bénéficiant des filières de soin spécifiques. C’est surtout pour l’insuffisance rénale sévère et, singulièrement, pour les jeunes transplantés que se sont développés des programmes de transition. Nous décrivons dans cet article les principales recommandations et les programmes existant actuellement.
Anorexia nervosa bei Jugendlichen – Erfahrungen mit einer Langzeit-Elterngruppe
Authors: Nagel Miriam-Janine , Wermuth Inga
Published: February 2022

Wir berichten über eine seit 4 Jahren in unserer kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Institutsambulanz durchgeführte und in die essstörungsspezifische Behandlung eingebettete Elterngruppe. Die multimodale Konzeption stellt eine Weiterentwicklung vorhandener und veröffentlichter vergleichbarer Konzepte dar. Exemplarisch werden therapeutische Elemente anhand von Fallbeispielen wie auch eine zusammenfassende Bewertung zur Verfügung gestellt.
Empfehlungen zu SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in Schwangerschaft,
Geburt und Wochenbett – Update November 2021
(Kurzfassung)
Authors: Zöllkau Janine , Hagenbeck Carsten , Hecher Kurt , Pecks Ulrich , Schlembach Dietmar , Simon Arne , Schlösser Rolf , Schleußner Ekkehard
Published: February 2022

Seit Beginn der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie haben die Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe und die Gesellschaft für
Peri-/Neonatalmedizin Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit SARS-CoV-2-positiven
Schwangerschaften und Neugeborenen veröffentlicht und wiederholt
aktualisiert. Als Weiterführung der bestehenden Empfehlungen werden in
dem aktuellen Update Schlüsselfragen zur prä-, peri- und
postnatalen Versorgung von Schwangeren, Gebärenden,
Wöchnerinnen, Stillenden mit SARS-CoV-2 und COVID-19 sowie deren Un-
oder Neugeborenen auf der Grundlage von Veröffentlichungen bis zum
September 2021 behandelt. Die Empfehlungen und Stellungnahmen wurden
sorgfältig aus den aktuell verfügbaren wissenschaftlichen Daten
abgeleitet und anschließend im Expertenkonsens verabschiedet. Dieser
Leitfaden – hier in der Kurzfassung vorliegend – soll eine Hilfe
für die klinische Entscheidungsfindung darstellen. Die Auslegung und
therapeutische Verantwortung obliegen weiterhin dem betreuenden medizinischen
Team vor Ort, dessen Entscheidungen durch diese Empfehlungen unterstützt
werden sollen. Aufgrund der raschen Dynamik neuer Erkenntnisse kann eine
Anpassung erforderlich sein. Die Empfehlungen werden durch die Zustimmung der
Fachgesellschaften getragen: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Perinatale
Medizin (DGPM), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und
Geburtshilfe (DGGG), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pränatal- und
Geburtsmedizin (DGPGM), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische
Infektiologie (DGPI), Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und
Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin (GNPI).
Dihalooxygenation of Alkynes and Alkynols: Preparation of 2,2-Dihaloketones and gem-Dihalolactols
Authors: Thongsornkleeb Charnsak , Chaisan Nattawadee , Ruengsangtongkul Sureeporn , Tummatorn Jumreang , Ruchirawat Somsak
Published: February 2022

A mild and convenient method for the synthesis of 2,2-dihaloketones and gem-dihalolactols has been developed. For the synthesis of 2,2-dihaloketones, alkynes were employed as substrates to react with halogenating agents, Cl2 or ClBr, that were generated in situ from aqueous HCl and NCS or NBS, respectively. On the other hand, gem-dihalolactols could be prepared from alkynol substrates by using the same reaction conditions. This method could be applied to a broad range of substrates to give the corresponding products in low to good yields.
Correlação entre a gravidade da doença degenerativa lombar e o alinhamento espinopélvico
Authors: Pratali Raphael de Rezende , Battisti Raphael , Oliveira Carlos Eduardo Algaves Soares de , Maranho Daniel Augusto Carvalho , Herrero Carlos Fernando P. S.
Published: February 2022

Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da graduação da doença degenerativa lombar (DDL) sobre o alinhamento sagital espinopélvico.

Métodos Ao todo, 130 pacientes (dade média: 57 anos; 75% do sexo feminino) com dor lombar associada a DDL foram prospectivamente incluídos. A gravidade da DDL foi definida pelos seguintes achados nas radiografias anteroposterior e de perfil da coluna lombar: osteofitose; perda de altura do disco intervertebral; esclerose na placa vertebral terminal; número de segmentos afetados; deformidades; e instabilidade objetiva. Os pacientes foram graduados segundo a DDL da seguinte maneira: grau 0–ausência de sinais de DDL na coluna lombar; grau I – sinais de DDL em até dois segmentos; grau II – envolvimento em três ou mais segmentos; grau III – quando associada a escoliose, espondilolistese ou laterolistese. Parâmetros radiográficos espinopélvicos, como incidência pélvica (IP), lordose lombar (LL), discrepância entre a IP e a LL (IP-LL), versão pélvica (VP), e eixo vertical sagital (EVS) foram analisados de acordo com os graus de DDL.

Resultados Houve diferença nos parâmetros radiográficos comparando-se os graus de DDL, com os pacientes de grau III apresentando maiores valores de EVS (p = 0,001) e VP (p = 0,0005), o que denota maior inclinação anterior do tronco e maior retroversão pélvica do que os pacientes de graus 0 e I. Pacientes de grau III também apresentaram maiores valores de IP-LL, o que denota perda da lordose relativa ao valor da IP, do que pacientes grau I (p = 0,04).

Conclusão Pacientes com DDL mais grave demonstraram uma tendência a maior desalinhamento sagital espinopélvico comparados com pacientes com graus mais leves.
Influence of Various Desensitizing Mouthrinses and Simulated Toothbrushing on Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill Resin Composite: An In Vitro Study and Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis
Authors: Gehlot Paras Mull , Sudeep Parvathi , Manjunath Vinutha , Annapoorna B.M. , Prasada L. Krishna , Nandlal Bhojraj
Published: February 2022

Objectives Bulk-filled composite resins are popularly used for posterior restorations due to various advantages. Routine oral hygiene measures like toothbrushing and the use of various mouthrinses can influence the mechanical properties of composite resins. Desensitizing mouthrinses are widely used as well, to manage dentinal hypersensitivity. Studies on the influence of desensitizing mouthrinses on bulk-filled composites are limited. Hence, the objective of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of toothbrushing and various desensitizing mouthrinses on the surface roughness and microhardness of Tetric N-Ceram bulk-fill composite resin.

Materials and Methods Fifty Tetric N-Ceram bulk-fill composite resin disks were prepared and were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10). Group 1 (Control): no toothbrushing and no mouthrinse; Group 2: toothbrushing only; Group 3: toothbrushing + HiOra-K mouthrinse; Group 4: toothbrushing + Listerine Sensitive mouthrinse; and Group 5: toothbrushing + Shy-OR mouthrinse. The specimens were brushed with a soft bristle brush using a toothpaste slurry and immersed in respective mouthrinse twice daily for 1 month. The mean surface roughness (average roughness) and microhardness (Vickers Pyramid number) values were determined and the data were tabulated. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Post-hoc Tukey test, and Pearson correlation test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results Specimens treated with HiOra-K mouthrinse exhibited maximum surface roughness (p < 0.05) and specimens treated with Listerine Sensitive exhibited the least microhardness (p < 0.05). A weak negative correlation was found between surface roughness and microhardness for groups 1, 2, and 5, while a weak positive correlation was found for groups 3 and 4.

Conclusions It is suggested that desensitizing mouthrinses containing alcohol or essential oils can lead to increased surface roughness and reduction in microhardness of bulk-fill composites, which could have an undesirable effect on their clinical performance.
Why Peritoneal Dialysis is Underutilized in the United States: A Review of Inequities
Authors: Bassuner Juri , Kowalczyk Bridget , Abdel-Aal Ahmed Kamel
Published: February 2022

Given a choice, most patients with end-stage renal disease prefer home dialysis over in-center hemodialysis (HD). Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a home dialysis method and offers benefits such as absence of central venous access and therefore preservation of veins, low cost, and decreased time per dialysis session, as well as convenience. Survival rate for patients on PD has increased to levels comparable to in-center HD. Despite endorsement by leaders in the medical field, professional societies, and those in government, PD has reached only 11% adoption among incident patients according to the 2019 United States Renal Data System Annual Data Report. This figure is dwarfed in comparison to rates as high as 79% in other countries. In addition, research has shown that inequities exist in PD access, which are most pronounced in rural, minority, and low-income regions as demonstrated by trends in regional PD supplies. To complicate things further, technique failure has been implicated as a major determinant of poor PD retention rates. The low initiation and retention rates of PD in the United States points to barriers within the healthcare system, many of which are in the early phases of being addressed.
Drug-Coated Balloons for the Dysfunctional Vascular Access: An Evidence-Based Road Map to Treatment and the Existing Obstacles
Authors: Kitrou Panagiotis , Katsanos Konstantinos , Georgopoulou Georgia Andriana , Karnabatidis Dimitrios
Published: February 2022

An underlying stenosis within the venous limb of a hemodialysis access circuit is the main etiology for graft and fistula dysfunction as well as other symptoms such as arm, breast, and neck swelling. Treatment options for both peripheral and central venous stenoses include plain old balloon angioplasty, angioplasty with drug-coated balloons, and stenting. This article discusses the current evidence for the use of drug-coated balloon angioplasty in this patient population.
Enhancing anisotropy of thermal conductivity based on tandem acoustic Bragg reflectors
Authors: Lee Hun , Lee Sehyuk , So Soonsung , Park Sang-Hyuk , Minnich Austin J. , Lee Joo-Hyoung , Jho Young-Dahl
Published: February 2022

Thermal metamaterials have emerged as one of the latest research topics in applied science due to breakthrough advantages in modifying conductive heat flux. An acoustic Bragg reflector (ABR), composed of alternating arrays of two materials with contrasting acoustic impedances, is anticipated to coherently manipulate the transport properties of thermally important phonon branches by attaining interface roughness close to the monoatomic scale. However, there is a lack of research on how a narrow portion of the phononic band of a particular ABR can be extended to cover the entire thermal spectrum. Here, we report a modeling study of thermal transport using ABR, representatively based on GaAs/AlAs, GaN/AlN, or HfO2/SiO2 superlattices. Our calculations show that the anisotropy of thermal conductivity in HfO2/SiO2 can be significantly improved by tandemizing four different ABR layers, thus approaching the theoretically anticipated values based on monolayered materials. This work demonstrates how the tandem ABR can expand forbidden phononic bands beyond that occupied by a single ABR and proposes a practical strategy for realizing spectrally functionalized thermal properties from compound semiconductor materials that can be directly integrated into the existing device fabrication processes.
Super-resolved second harmonic generation imaging by coherent image scanning microscopy
Authors: Raanan Dekel , Song Man Suk , Tisdale William A. , Oron Dan
Published: February 2022

We extend image scanning microscopy to second harmonic generation (SHG) by extracting the complex field amplitude of the second-harmonic beam. While the theory behind coherent image scanning microscopy (ISM) is known, an experimental demonstration was not yet established. The main reason is that the naive intensity-reassignment procedure cannot be used for coherent scattering as the point spread function is now defined for the field amplitude rather than for the intensity. We use an inline interferometer to demonstrate super-resolved phase-sensitive SHG microscopy by applying the ISM reassignment machinery on the resolved field. This scheme can be easily extended to third harmonic generation and stimulated Raman microscopy schemes.
Broadband NMR relaxometry of electrolytes for energy storage
Authors: Fraenza C. C. , Greenbaum S. G.
Published: February 2022

An increasing use of the fast field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry technique to investigate dynamics in electrolytes for energy storage has been evidenced during the last decade. Therefore, this review article describes some of the research studies carried out on electrolytes during the last ten years using this technique. These studies include various types of liquid electrolytes, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, semi-solid-state electrolytes, in particular, ionogels and polymer gels, and solid electrolytes such as glasses, glass ceramics, and polymers. An extended description of the different models used to explain the relaxation rate profiles is presented throughout this article.
Effect of thermal nonequilibrium on the shock interaction mechanism for carbon dioxide mixtures on double-wedge geometries
Authors: Garbacz Catarina , Morgado Fábio , Fossati Marco
Published: February 2022

The effect of thermal nonequilibrium on shock interactions of carbon dioxide (CO2) hypersonic flows is investigated. Given the relatively low characteristic vibrational temperature of the CO2 molecule, it is expected that excited vibrational modes play a significant role in the physics of shock/shock and shock/boundary layer interactions. The shock interference mechanism resulting from a CO2-dominated flow over different double-wedge geometries is investigated by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations within the framework of a two-temperature model that considers translational energy–vibrational energy transfer. To assess the impact of vibrational relaxation, a comparative assessment of the patterns obtained with three thermo-physical models is presented, with the two-temperature model flow pattern being compared to thermally perfect and perfect ideal gas ones. Results obtained with the two-temperature model show that increasing the aft angle significantly enlarges the separated region in the compression corner and generates numerous secondary shock waves and shear layers. Peaks of heat flux and pressure occur along the surface due to boundary layer reattachment downstream of the compression corner, except for the case of the higher angle, which results in the largest peaks due to shock impingement. Different assumptions on the excitation of vibrational modes are shown to largely influence the size of the recirculation bubble in the compression corner, shock interaction mechanism, and surface loads. The more energy transferred to the vibrational mode, the lower post-shock temperatures are obtained, which tends to reduce the post-shock density, leading to weaker shock interactions characterized by delayed onsets of separation, reduced separation regions, and smaller standoff distances.
Insight into the evolution of laser-induced plasma during successive deposition of laser energy
Authors: Singh Awanish Pratap , Padhi Upasana P. , Joarder Ratan
Published: February 2022

The interaction of high-temperature plasma with the matter has several potential applications. This study generated laser-induced plasma through single and successive laser energy deposition. The lifetime of the plasma is of paramount importance in most practical applications. However, this cannot be achieved with a single high-energy pulse due to certain practical challenges. Therefore, we carried out experimental and numerical investigations on the successive laser energy deposition and demonstrated its importance compared to the single pulse energy deposition. It has been observed that during successive energy deposition, the absorption of energy from the second pulse is nonlinear, and the reason for such behavior is explained in this study. Due to the nonlinear absorption from the second pulse, this study aims to present the pulse-interval configuration between the successive pulses with which it can be effective for practical use. In this study, some interesting physical phenomena (generation of fourth-lobe and multiple shock waves) are observed during successive energy deposition when the pulse interval is 50 and 100 μs. This study also adopted a new approach based on Maxwell’s theory of momentum exchange between light and matter to provide a plausible explanation for the generation of the fourth-lobe. Finally, to understand the evolution of the laser-induced plasma, the volume and volumetric expansion rate are calculated, which can be useful in determining its lifetime and mixing rate with the surrounding medium.
Hybrid Monte Carlo method with potential scaling for sampling from the canonical multimodal distribution and imitating the relaxation process
Authors: Inagaki Taichi , Saito Shinji
Published: February 2022

Hybrid methods that combine molecular dynamics methods capable of analyzing dynamics with Monte Carlo (MC) methods that can efficiently treat thermodynamically stable states are valuable for understanding complex chemical processes in which an equilibrium state is reached through many elementary processes. The hybrid MC (HMC) method is one such promising method; however, it often fails to sample configurations properly from the canonical multimodal distribution due to the rugged potential energy surfaces. In this paper, we extend the HMC method to overcome this difficulty. The new method, which is termed potential scaling HMC (PS-HMC), makes use of an artificially modulated trajectory to propose a new configuration. The trajectory is generated from Hamilton’s equations, but the potential energy surface is scaled to be gradually flattened and then recovered to the original surface, which facilitates barrier-crossing processes. We apply the PS-HMC method to three kinds of molecular processes: the thermal motion of argon particles, butane isomerization, and an atom transfer chemical reaction. These applications demonstrate that the PS-HMC method is capable of correctly constructing the canonical ensemble with a multimodal distribution. The sampling efficiency and accepted trajectories are examined to clarify the features of the PS-HMC method. Despite the potential scaling, many reactive atom transfer trajectories (elementary processes) pass through the vicinity of the minimum energy path. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the method can properly imitate the relaxation process owing to the inherent configurational continuity. By comparing the PS-HMC method with other relevant methods, we can conclude that the new method is a unique approach for studying both the dynamic and thermodynamic aspects of chemical processes.
Impact of B-doping on topological Hall resistivity in (111)- and (110)-oriented Mn4N single layers with the non-collinear spin structure
Authors: Isogami Shinji , Ohtake Mitsuru , Takahashi Yukiko K.
Published: February 2022

Controllability of the topological Hall resistivity (ρxyTHE) via the doping effect of light elements was investigated for the sputter-deposited (111)-oriented Mn4N single layer. The component of ρxyTHE relative to the anomalous Hall resistivity (ρxyAHE) for host Mn4N was found to increase with decreasing temperature. Boron (B), one of the 2p light elements acting as an interstitial impurity, was doped to the (111)-oriented Mn4N single layer. The microstrain, grain diameter, and surface roughness were found to decrease, resulting in the reduction of ρxyTHE for all temperatures without a change in the antiperovskite bone structure of Mn4N. These results show a dilution effect in the spin frustration state with topological spin texture by B-doping. The effect of B on ρxyTHE for a different orientation of (110) was similar to that of (111), while the enhancement of ρxyTHE was observed by a higher amount of B. B-doping could, thus, be a promising approach to realize tailor-made spintronic devices based on the topological spin state owing to its material versatility.
The mouse brain after foot shock in four dimensions: Temporal dynamics at a single-cell resolution
Authors: Bonapersona Valeria , Schuler Heike , Damsteegt Ruth , Adolfs Youri , Pasterkamp R. Jeroen , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Joëls Marian , Sarabdjitsingh R. Angela
Published: February 2022

Significance

Acute stress involves the majority of brain areas, which can be sequentially organized in functional brain networks as shown by our study with foot shock in mice. We used whole-brain microscopy to investigate different spatial resolutions over time. From mesoscale region–based analyses, we identified the order of activation of brain areas. With single-cell analyses, we analyzed shifts in activation over time within small nuclei—a result impossible to achieve with functional MRI’s resolution. These findings required the development of a four-dimensional (4D) analytical pipeline, which is made available as an R package. This “atlas” of foot shock can be visualized in 4D in our interactive web portal.
D-mannose facilitates immunotherapy and radiotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer via degradation of PD-L1
Authors: Zhang Ruonan , Yang Yajing , Dong Wenjing , Lin Mingen , He Jing , Zhang Xinchao , Tian Tongguan , Yang Yunlong , Chen Kun , Lei Qun-Ying , Zhang Song , Xu Yanping , Lv Lei
Published: February 2022

Significance

PD-L1 is well known as an immune checkpoint molecule, which suppresses immune surveillance through binding to its receptor PD-1. Intracellular PD-L1 can also protect messenger RNAs of several DNA damage repair–related genes from degradation and enhance tumor resistance to DNA-damaging therapy. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis and highest risk of distant relapse in breast cancer and shows resistance to immunotherapy and radiotherapy. In this study, we found that D-mannose can promote the degradation of PD-L1 and significantly enhance immunotherapy and radiotherapy of TNBC. Since TNBC treatment is still a clinical challenge, our findings provide strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of TNBC and may have clinical application.
Ultrafast photooxidation of protein-bound anionic flavin radicals
Authors: Zhuang Bo , Ramodiharilafy Rivo , Liebl Ursula , Aleksandrov Alexey , Vos Marten H.
Published: February 2022

Significance

Flavoproteins are colored proteins involved in a large variety of biochemical reactions. They can perform photochemical reactions, which are increasingly exploited for bioengineering new protein-derived photocatalysts. In particular, light-induced reduction of the resting oxidized state of the flavin by close-lying amino acids or substrates is extensively studied. Here, we demonstrate that the reverse and previously unknown reaction photooxidation of the anionic semireduced flavin radical, a short-lived reaction intermediate in many biochemical reactions, efficiently occurs in flavoprotein oxidases. We anticipate that this finding will allow photoreduction of external reactants and lead to exploration of novel photocatalytic pathways.
Foreign-born instructor humor perception and effects on self-perceived affective and cognitive
learning
Authors: Charoensap-Kelly Piyawan , Logemann Minna Mars , Bryant Kevin
Published: February 2022

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 394 U.S. American and Thai college students took an online survey
investigating how they perceived humor used by their foreign-born instructors and how those perceptions then predicted their
self-perceived cognitive and affective learning. Moderated mediation analyses revealed both student groups understood affiliative
humor and considered it appropriate and humorous which then enhanced their learning. Aggressive humor positively predicted Thai
students’ learning through the mediating role of humorousness and negatively predicted U.S. students’ learning through the
mediating role of appropriateness. Self-defeating humor enhanced U.S. students’ learning through the moderating role of
appropriateness. This study clarified the influence of different humor styles on learning and extended the instructional humor
processing theory by demonstrating the moderating effect of culture. With the internationalization of higher education and
increasing number of foreign-born instructors, this pioneering study provided preliminary suggestions for effectively using humor
in cross-cultural classrooms.
Profiles of Individuals with Cannabis-Related Disorders
Authors: Fleury Marie-Josée , Grenier Guy , Cao Zhirong , Huỳnh Christophe
Published: February 2022

Background: Profiles of individuals with cannabis-related disorders (CRD) in specialized addiction treatment centers serving high-need patients have not been identified. This longitudinal study developed a typology for 9,836 individuals with CRD attending Quebec (Canada) addiction treatment centers in 2012–2013. Methods: Data on sociodemographic, clinical and service use variables were extracted from several databases for the years 1996–1997 to 2014–2015. Individual profiles were produced using Latent Class Analysis and compared predicting health outcomes on emergency department (ED) use, hospitalizations and suicidal behaviors for 2015–2016. Results: Six profiles were identified: 1-Older individuals, many living in couples and working, with moderate health problems, receiving intensive general practitioner (GP) care and high continuity of physician care; 2-Older individuals with chronic CRD, multiple social and health problems, and low health service use (chronic CRD referred to experiencing CRD for several years; social problems related to homelessness, unemployment, having criminal records or living alone); 3-Students with few social and health problems, and low health service use; 4-Young adults, many working, with few health problems, least health service use and continuity of physician care; 5-Youth, many working but some criminal offenders, with 1 or 2 years of CRD, few health problems and high addiction treatment center use; and 6-Older individuals with chronic CRD and multiple social and health problems, high health service use and continuity of physician care. Profiles 6 and 2 had the worst health outcomes. Conclusions: For Profiles 2 to 5, outreach and motivational services should be prioritized, integrated health and criminal justice services for profile 5 and, for Profiles 2 and 6, assertive community treatments. Screening, brief intervention and referrals to addiction treatment centers may also be encouraged for individuals with CRD, particularly those in Profile 2. This cohort had high social and health needs relative to services received, suggesting continued need for care.
Preparing for the Future of Medical Education: A Case Series of Traditional and Virtual Clinical Rotations in Addiction Medicine Spanning the COVID Pandemic
Authors: Bone Curtis , Wendel Nils , Leong Shou Ling , Snyder Bethany , Costigan Heather , Bowen Joy , Sell Jarrett , Kawasaki Sarah , Giampetro David , Dissinger Don , Milchak Bill , Reedy-Cooper Alexis , Stuckey Heather
Published: February 2022

Background: Substance use accounts for more than 400,000 deaths annually in the United States and overdose rates surged during the COVID pandemic. While the pandemic created increased pressure for better prepared providers, it simultaneously placed restrictions on medical training programs. The purpose of this educational case series is to assess the feasibility of a virtual addiction medicine training program and conduct a qualitative evaluation of medical student attitudes toward caring for people with substance use disorders, both before and after their addiction medicine training experience. Methods : We conducted a qualitative analysis related to course content focused on strengths and limitations of in-person and virtual training modalities. Individual quotes were evaluated and content themes were developed after a thorough review of all codes and detailed examination of interviewee quotes. Results: The primary themes that emerged were (1) Addiction medicine content is important to improve care of patients with substance disorders and is not fully addressed in undergraduate medical education (2) In-person and virtual training contain unique strengths and weaknesses and (3) Students perceived that both experiences provided positive and needed training in addiction medicine that shifted perspective and enhanced confidence to practice. Conclusions: Remote training via virtual lectures and patient visits may enhance training opportunities for students with limited exposure to addiction medicine patients and faculty with addiction medicine expertise. There is a need to further refine virtual care for patients with SUDs and virtual training to meet the needs of patients and learners across the country.
Neurotrophic factors and brain health in children with overweight and obesity: The role of cardiorespiratory fitness
Authors: Adelantado‐Renau Mireia , Esteban‐Cornejo Irene , Mora‐Gonzalez Jose , Plaza‐Florido Abel , Rodriguez‐Ayllon María , Maldonado José , Escolano‐Margarit M. Victoria , Gómez Vida José , Catena‐Martinez Andres , Erickson Kirk I. , Ortega Francisco B.
Published: February 2022

Neurotrophic factors and cardiorespiratory fitness are both considered important in developmental trajectories but their link to brain health remains poorly understood. The aims of the study were to examine whether levels of plasma‐derived neurotrophic factors were associated with brain health indicators in children with overweight or obesity; and to test whether these associations were moderated by cardiorespiratory fitness. 100 children (41% girls) were included in this analysis. Plasma levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, insulin‐like growth factor‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and epidermal growth factor were determined by XMap technology. Academic performance and executive function were assessed using validated neuropsychological tests. Hippocampal volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the 20‐m Shuttle Run Test. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 was positively associated with cognitive flexibility. Stratified analyses by fitness categories (i.e. unfit vs. fit) showed that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor was positively associated with right posterior hippocampal volume in fit children, and epidermal growth factor was negatively associated with right hippocampal, and right anterior hippocampal volumes in their unfit peers, with a moderating role of cardiorespiratory fitness in these associations. However, all these significant associations disappeared after correction for multiple comparisons. The association between neurotrophic factors and brain health indicators in children with overweight/obesity was neither strong nor consistent. These results could help enhance our understanding of determinants of brain health in children with overweight/obesity.

Highlights

This study provides novel findings on the associations between neurotrophic factors and a wide range of brain health indicators in children.

This study additionally explored the role of cardiorespiratory fitness in these associations.

The association between neurotrophic factors and brain health in children with overweight/obesity was neither strong nor consistent.

Cardiorespiratory fitness moderated the associations of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and epidermal growth factor with right hippocampal volume.
Impact of Qigong exercises on the severity of the menopausal symptoms and health‐related quality of life: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Carcelén‐Fraile María del Carmen , Hita‐Contreras Fidel , Martínez‐Amat Antonio , Loureiro Vânia Brandão , de Loureiro Nuno Eduardo Marques , Jiménez‐García José Daniel , Fábrega‐Cuadros Raquel , Aibar‐Almazán Agustín
Published: February 2022

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of a Qigong exercise programme on the severity of the menopausal symptoms and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of community‐dwelling postmenopausal women. This was done by means of a randomised clinical trial with a sample of 125 women who were assigned to either a control (n= 62) or an experimental group (n= 63). The severity of their menopause‐related symptoms and HRQoL were assessed through the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and the 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) respectively, before and after the intervention period. The main findings of our study reveal significant improvement in the severity of menopausal symptoms at the somatic, psychological, and urogenital levels, as well as in the total score of the MRS. Additionally, participants assigned to the Qigong group experienced improvement in the general health, physical functioning, role‐physical, bodily pain, vitality, and mental health domains of the 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey, as well as in its physical component and mental component summaries. We can therefore conclude that, among Spanish postmenopausal women, a twelve‐week Qigong exercise programme has beneficial effects on the severity of menopausal symptoms and HRQoL.

Highlights

We have studied the effects of Qigong on menopause‐related quality of life.

Qigong is a useful tool in the management of the severity of menopausal symptoms.

A 12‐week Qigong programme showed benefits on health‐related quality of life.

Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03989453.
Hippocampal neurons maintain a large PtdIns(4)P pool that results in faster PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis
Authors: de la Cruz Lizbeth , Kushmerick Christopher , Sullivan Jane M. , Kruse Martin , Vivas Oscar
Published: February 2022

PtdIns(4,5)P2 is a signaling lipid central to the regulation of multiple cellular functions. It remains unknown how PtdIns(4,5)P2 fulfills various functions in different cell types, such as regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic release, and astrocytic function. Here, we compared the dynamics of PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes with the kidney-derived tsA201 cell line. The experimental approach was to (1) measure the abundance and rate of PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis and precursors using specific biosensors, (2) measure the levels of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and its precursors using mass spectrometry, and (3) use a mathematical model to compare the metabolism of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in cell types with different proportions of phosphoinositides. The rate of PtdIns(4,5)P2 resynthesis in hippocampal neurons after depletion by cholinergic or glutamatergic stimulation was three times faster than for tsA201 cells. In tsA201 cells, resynthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 was dependent on the enzyme PI4K. In contrast, in hippocampal neurons, the resynthesis rate of PtdIns(4,5)P2 was insensitive to the inhibition of PI4K, indicating that it does not require de novo synthesis of the precursor PtdIns(4)P. Measurement of phosphoinositide abundance indicated a larger pool of PtdIns(4)P, suggesting that hippocampal neurons maintain sufficient precursor to restore PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels. Quantitative modeling indicates that the measured differences in PtdIns(4)P pool size and higher activity of PI4K can account for the experimental findings and indicates that high PI4K activity prevents depletion of PtdIns(4)P. We further show that the resynthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 is faster in neurons than astrocytes, providing context to the relevance of cell type–specific mechanisms to sustain PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels.
AFRIMETS.EM-S1 supplementary comparison of resistance standards
Authors: Khoza Michael , Mageed Hala M Abdel , Mallat Abdelkarim , Mohammed Rasha Sayed Attiya , Aguko Gibson , ZITI Abdellah , Musaazi Patrick Kizito , Nezir Nesredin
Published: February 2022

Main text

AFRIMETS.EM-S1 supplementary comparison on resistance standards at 1 Ω, 10 Ω, 100 Ω, 1 kΩ and 10 kΩ commenced November 2015 and ended June 2018. The comparison approved by AFRIMETS technical committee for Electricity and Magnetism (TC-EM) and Consultative Committee for Electricity and Magnetism (CCEM). Seven National Metrology Institutes participated including National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA)the pilot laboratory. The primary objective of the comparison is aimed to underpin and strengthen the capabilities of the National Metrology Institutes and establish the degree of equivalence and comparability. The results of the participants are found to be equivalent, comparable and in agreement with the comparison reference values within stated uncertainties of measurements.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
International comparison CCQM-K10.2018: BTEX in nitrogen at 5 nmol mol−1
Authors: Cecelski Christina E , Rhoderick George C , Possolo Antonio M , Carney Jennifer , Vokoun Miroslav , Privoznikova Jitka , Lee Sangil , Kang Ji Hwan , Kim Yong Doo , Kim Dal Ho , Macé Tatiana , Sutour Christophe , Pascale Céline , Ntsasa Napo , Tshilongo James , Jozela Mudalo , Leshabane Nompumelelo , Lekoto Goitsemang , Worton David R , Brewer Paul J , Farrow-Dunn Fred , Moreno Sergi , Wirtz Klaus , Stummer Volker , Konopelko L A , Kolobova A V , Kustikov Y A , Klimov A Y , Efremova O V , Wijk Janneke I T van , Veen Adriaan M H van der
Published: February 2022

Main text

The CCQM-K10.2018 comparison aimed to evaluate the capabilities of national metrology institutes (NMIs) to prepare and/or value assign primary reference mixtures containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene and o-xylene (subsequently referred to as BTEX) in nitrogen. This key comparison was separated into two parallel studies. The first study, deemed the "gravimetric study", evaluated the level of compatibility of BTEX standards provided by NMIs. Seven participating laboratories each submitted one standard at nominal 5 nmol mol-1 BTEX in nitrogen. Comparison measurements were performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) from July to October 2018. The second study, deemed the "comparative study", compared the capabilities of NMIs to measure the amount fractions of BTEX in a mixture provided by NIST. NIST prepared one standard at nominal 5 nmol mol-1 BTEX in nitrogen, which was measured consecutively by three participating laboratories. The participants' measurements took place from August 2018 to March 2019. The comparison protocol adopted for CCQM-K10.2018 was more challenging than for the original comparison, CCQM-K10 in 2001, and the results provide an extended evaluation of the level of compatibility of BTEX in nitrogen standards.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Final report on pilot study CCQM-P211: carbon isotope delta measurements of vanillin
Authors: Chartrand Michelle M G , Kai Fuu Ming , Meijer Harro A J , Moossen Heiko , Qi Haiping , Aerts-Bijma Anita T , Cui Yuxi , Geilmann Heike , Mester Zoltan , Meija Juris
Published: February 2022

Main text

This pilot study was conducted in parallel to the key comparison CCQM-K167. Vials containing 0.25 mg of vanillin were prepared at NRC and distributed to four participating institutes. Institutes could choose any suitable reference materials and methodology to perform carbon isotope delta measurements. Participants reported analysis details, and a carbon isotope delta value and associated uncertainty for the vanillin sample. Each of the carbon isotope delta results of vanillin were compared to the KCRV established from CCQM-K167, and metrological compatibility to the KCRV was determined. Three expert laboratories participated in this study, and their reported results serve as a benchmark to compare the performance of all other participants to these world-class institutes.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM.
Non-linear resonance in the simplest RLC circuit
Authors: Pellicer-Porres J , Andrés M V
Published: February 2022

We describe an undergraduate experiment demonstrating a non-linear oscillator based on a simple RLC circuit. Non-linearity is introduced by a single, reverse biased, diode. The response curves are described as a function of the generator amplitude and reverse polarization voltage. The oscillator can be modeled making use of the skeleton curve, which relates the resonance frequency with the amplitude of the oscillations, reducing the complexity of the mathematical description. We also give some insights on the physics of the skeleton curve and deduce information about the diode.
Maxwell’s equations and Lorentz transformations
Authors: Aguirregabiria J M , Hernández A , Rivas M
Published: February 2022

We explore the possibility of introducing the special relativity to undergraduate students by restricting the relativity principle to Maxwell’s equations in vacuum. By making some hypothesis of simplicity, we obtain the transformation equations for the electric and magnetic fields among equivalent observers. Later, the transformation equations for the charge and current density are found and, finally, the Lorentz transformations. What is left is to extend the relativity principle to all physical phenomena.
Numerical study of mid-infrared tunable metalenses based on Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change material
Authors: Liu Yanning , Mao Rui , Zhang Peng , Li Wenxin , Wang Maoren , Zhang Li , Gong Yu , Zhou Peiheng , Liang Difei , Deng Longjiang
Published: February 2022

The mid-infrared (mid-IR) metalens is an advanced but also fundamental element for a variety of dynamic optical applications, e.g. night visualization and spectroscopic sensing. However, the lens quality and tunability is challenging at this strategically important band. Here, we numerically propose a reflective metasurface platform based on Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) phase-change material to resolve this problem. Our two paradigms, i.e. bifocal and bifunctional metalenses, prove that a diversified range of functions can be modulated in the mid-IR without structural reconfiguration. By converting GST between amorphous and crystalline states, the focus of the bifocal metalens shifts 35.8 μm (>6λ), with maximum focusing efficiency of up to 8%. The continuous modulation of the intensity profile at two focuses is realized by GST phase transition. We have also demonstrated that a one-dimensional focal metalens with focusing efficiency of 28% can be switched into a mid-IR light deflector by converting the GST phase states. The metasurface uses mature optical materials and can be fabricated by standard microfabrication technologies, which makes the tunable mid-IR platform promising for integrated optical systems.
Field calibration for multidirectional spectroradiometers
Authors: Niedzwiedz Angelika , Duffert Jens , Tobar-Foster Mario , Heinzel Jan Wilko , Seckmeyer Gunther
Published: February 2022

A mobile calibration system for a multidirectional spectroradiometer (MUDIS) to transfer the absolute radiometric calibration from the laboratory to the location of the outdoor-measurement (field calibrator) has been developed. The main part of the calibration system comprises an aluminium sphere with a diameter of 40 cm, mounting adapters and a ventilation system. The MUDIS device is capable of measuring spectral radiance from 320 to 600 nm in 113 different directions simultaneously within 1 s. When repeating radiance measurements inside the mobile field sphere, the relative standard deviation (RSD) for wavelengths between 320 and 600 nm is less than 1.8% (320 nm) for all directions with minimum RSD of 0.6% at 382 nm. The reproducibility depends not only on the wavelength but also on the individual fibre position on the hemispherical input optics, with maximum of 4.5% RSD, but most directions show a lower deviation. On average, the RSD for the channels is less than 0.9%. The calibrator enables measurements of the spectral radiance with less uncertainty than with the previous indirect calibration method, which uses measurements of a scanning reference array spectroradiometer.