bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment‐seeking young adults from families with alcohol problems. What have they been through? What state are they in?
Authors: Mackrill Thomas , Elklit Ask , Lindgaard Helle
Published: March 2012

Aims: This study surveys the childhood experiences of treatment‐seeking young adult offspring of problem drinkers (AOPDs) and their psychological state at treatment baseline. Methods: Clients (N=502) entering a Danish nationwide treatment facility for young AOPDS completed the survey. Clients completed the Adult Children of Alcoholics Trauma Inventory, The Family Tree Questionnaire, the CORE–OM 34, Major Depression Inventory, and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale at treatment start. Results: A total of 48% of the clients' mothers and 75% of the clients' fathers were problem drinkers. Both parents were problem drinkers in 25% of cases, and 27% had at least one problem drinking stepparent. Mothers had on average drunk during 11.4 years of the clients' childhood (0–18 years). Fathers had on average drunk during 13.4 years; 46% knew or believed that at least one of their parents suffered from a psychiatric illness; 44% reported physical violence; 63% reported psychological abuse; and 38% had not spoken to anyone about their family's problem. A further 20% had only spoken to a parent or sibling. Conclusions/implications: The study highlights the high degree of variation in AOPD clients' childhood experiences and in their levels of distress, corresponding with studies of non clinical samples. The study offers a bleak image of the extent of parental drinking and of other negative factors in these clients' childhood homes, coupled with the finding that clients have often not spoken to others about their parents' drinking. Mentioning parental drinking to a counsellor is thus a potentially highly significant counselling event, demanding counsellor sensitivity and attention.
A qualitative investigation into the online counselling relationship: To meet or not to meet, that is the question
Authors: Dunn Kate
Published: March 2012

Background and aim: Online counselling, as a psychotherapeutic approach, provokes debate amongst practitioners and researchers concerning its efficacy and validity. This reflexive study extends existing research into the nature of the online counselling relationship when it is conducted asynchronously (by email) and explores the possibility this approach may facilitate both online and face‐to‐face therapeutic engagement. Method: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted electronically with ten former email counselling clients of a university counselling service and six counsellors delivering email counselling in other higher education settings, to explore, in depth, their experiences of the online therapeutic relationship and its impact on the counselling process and outcomes. These were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings: Four areas of focus emerged relating to: (1) the importance of the structure and processes involved; (2) their impact on thinking and feeling; (3) their impact on self and relationships (within and outside counselling), and (4) changes that followed email counselling. Having ‘time to think’ within the asynchronous exchanges, the anonymity and disinhibition afforded by the online medium, the creation of transitional space and the rich use of metaphor, visualisation and imagery all contributed to a sense of empowerment and relational depth for individuals who might have otherwise avoided seeking help. This led to positive change in many cases and for some, facilitated subsequent face‐to‐face counselling. Implications: The findings support the provision of counselling and therapy online and particularly its integration within existing face‐to‐face services.
Effects of Dietary Fiber Concentrations Supplied by Corn Bran on Feed Intake, Growth, and Feed Efficiency of Channel Catfish
Authors: Li Menghe H , Oberle Daniel F , Lucas Penelope M
Published: March 2012

The present study examined the effects of dietary fiber and digestible energy on the feed intake, growth, and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fish with an initial weight of 9.8 ± 0.1 g/fish (mean ± SD) were stocked in 110-L flow-through aquariums and fed for 9 weeks with practical diets that contained graded levels of fiber supplied by corn bran. As total dietary fiber (TDF) increased, feed consumption and weight gain increased and then decreased, showing a quadratic response. Maximum feed consumption occurred at a TDF level of 27.0% (5.7% crude fiber, 19.1% neutral detergent fiber [NDF]). Channel catfish appear to have some ability to adapt to increased dietary fiber by increasing feed intake to satisfy their energy requirements. Maximum weight gain was achieved at a TDF level of 23.4% (5.0% crude fiber, 15.7% NDF), indicating that the presence of dietary fiber at certain levels is beneficial to the fish. The maximum tolerance level for TDF by channel catfish was estimated to be 32.1% (6.6% crude fiber, 24.9% NDF). Feed efficiency, hepatosomatic index, and body fat decreased linearly with increasing dietary fiber. The maximum fiber tolerance levels may be used as upper limits for fiber when formulating practical diets for catfish containing corn by-products.
The Interaction of Water Restriction and Pricing Policies: Econometric, Managerial and Distributional Implications
Authors: Goemans Christopher , Costanigro Marco , Stone Janine
Published: March 2012

Price increases and water use restrictions are two common policy instruments used to reduce water demand during drought. Previous studies have either ignored one of the policies or treated each as independent of the other. We show, theoretically and empirically, that these policies interact in a nontrivial way. Ignoring this interaction has implications for both the estimation of programme effectiveness, as well as the use of existing estimates by practitioners. Using 1997–2005 data from roughly 10000 households, we estimate the impact of both policies on demand accounting for their interaction. The analysis suggests that failure to account for the interaction will result in biased estimates of programme effectiveness; the magnitude and sign differ depending on scale and timing of the policies. Moreover, ignoring the interaction, when applying existing estimates, will result in an overestimate of potential water savings from the policies. Results also provide new insight into “who bears the conservation burden”.
Big enough for two
Authors: Short Ben
Published: March 2012

Study identifies a signaling pathway that may control cell size by linking membrane transport to mitotic entry.
Netrin instructs synaptic vesicle clustering through Rac GTPase, MIG-10, and the actin cytoskeleton
Authors: Stavoe Andrea K.H. , Colón-Ramos Daniel A.
Published: March 2012

Netrin is a chemotrophic factor known to regulate a number of neurodevelopmental processes, including cell migration, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis. Although the role of Netrin in synaptogenesis is conserved throughout evolution, the mechanisms by which it instructs synapse assembly are not understood. Here we identify a mechanism by which the Netrin receptor UNC-40/DCC instructs synaptic vesicle clustering in vivo. UNC-40 localized to presynaptic regions in response to Netrin. We show that UNC-40 interacted with CED-5/DOCK180 and instructed CED-5 presynaptic localization. CED-5 in turn signaled through CED-10/Rac1 and MIG-10/Lamellipodin to organize the actin cytoskeleton in presynaptic regions. Localization of this signaling pathway to presynaptic regions was necessary for synaptic vesicle clustering during synapse assembly but not for the subcellular localization of active zone proteins. Thus, vesicle clustering and localization of active zone proteins are instructed by separate pathways downstream of Netrin. Our data indicate that signaling modules known to organize the actin cytoskeleton during guidance can be co-opted to instruct synaptic vesicle clustering.
Autophagy genes function sequentially to promote apoptotic cell corpse degradation in the engulfing cell
Authors: Li Wei , Zou Wei , Yang Yihong , Chai Yongping , Chen Baohui , Cheng Shiya , Tian Dong , Wang Xiaochen , Vale Ronald D. , Ou Guangshuo
Published: March 2012

Apoptotic cell degradation is a fundamental process for organism development, and impaired clearance causes inflammatory or autoimmune disease. Although autophagy genes were reported to be essential for exposing the engulfment signal on apoptotic cells, their roles in phagocytes for apoptotic cell removal are not well understood. In this paper, we develop live-cell imaging techniques to study apoptotic cell clearance in the Caenorhabditis elegans Q neuroblast lineage. We show that the autophagy proteins LGG-1/LC3, ATG-18, and EPG-5 were sequentially recruited to internalized apoptotic Q cells in the phagocyte. In atg-18 or epg-5 mutants, apoptotic Q cells were internalized but not properly degraded; this phenotype was fully rescued by the expression of autophagy genes in the phagocyte. Time-lapse analysis of autophagy mutants revealed that recruitment of the small guanosine triphosphatases RAB-5 and RAB-7 to the phagosome and the formation of phagolysosome were all significantly delayed. Thus, autophagy genes act within the phagocyte to promote apoptotic cell degradation.
The ATPase activity of MLH1 is required to orchestrate DNA double-strand breaks and end processing during class switch recombination
Authors: Chahwan Richard , van Oers Johanna M.M. , Avdievich Elena , Zhao Chunfang , Edelmann Winfried , Scharff Matthew D. , Roa Sergio
Published: March 2012

Antibody diversification through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) are similarly initiated in B cells with the generation of U:G mismatches by activation-induced cytidine deaminase but differ in their subsequent mutagenic consequences. Although SHM relies on the generation of nondeleterious point mutations, CSR depends on the production of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their adequate recombination through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). MLH1, an ATPase member of the mismatch repair (MMR) machinery, is emerging as a likely regulator of whether a U:G mismatch progresses toward mutation or DSB formation. We conducted experiments on cancer modeled ATPase-deficient MLH1G67R knockin mice to determine the function that the ATPase domain of MLH1 mediates in SHM and CSR. Mlh1GR/GR mice displayed a significant decrease in CSR, mainly attributed to a reduction in the generation of DSBs and diminished accumulation of 53BP1 at the immunoglobulin switch regions. However, SHM was normal in these mice, which distinguishes MLH1 from upstream members of the MMR pathway and suggests a very specific role of its ATPase-dependent functions during CSR. In addition, we show that the residual switching events still taking place in Mlh1GR/GR mice display unique features, suggesting a role for the ATPase activity of MLH1 beyond the activation of the endonuclease functions of its MMR partner PMS2. A preference for switch junctions with longer microhomologies in Mlh1GR/GR mice suggests that through its ATPase activity, MLH1 also has an impact in DNA end processing, favoring canonical NHEJ downstream of the DSB. Collectively, our study shows that the ATPase domain of MLH1 is important to transmit the CSR signaling cascade both upstream and downstream of the generation of DSBs.
Targeting of KRAS mutant tumors by HSP90 inhibitors involves degradation of STK33
Authors: Azoitei Ninel , Hoffmann Christopher M. , Ellegast Jana M. , Ball Claudia R. , Obermayer Kerstin , Gößele Ulrike , Koch Britta , Faber Katrin , Genze Felicitas , Schrader Mark , Kestler Hans A. , Döhner Hartmut , Chiosis Gabriela , Glimm Hanno , Fröhling Stefan , Scholl Claudia
Published: March 2012

Previous efforts to develop drugs that directly inhibit the activity of mutant KRAS, the most commonly mutated human oncogene, have not been successful. Cancer cells driven by mutant KRAS require expression of the serine/threonine kinase STK33 for their viability and proliferation, identifying STK33 as a context-dependent therapeutic target. However, specific strategies for interfering with the critical functions of STK33 are not yet available. Here, using a mass spectrometry-based screen for STK33 protein interaction partners, we report that the HSP90/CDC37 chaperone complex binds to and stabilizes STK33 in human cancer cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of HSP90, using structurally divergent small molecules currently in clinical development, induced proteasome-mediated degradation of STK33 in human cancer cells of various tissue origin in vitro and in vivo, and triggered apoptosis preferentially in KRAS mutant cells in an STK33-dependent manner. Furthermore, HSP90 inhibitor treatment impaired sphere formation and viability of primary human colon tumor-initiating cells harboring mutant KRAS. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the activity of HSP90 inhibitors in KRAS mutant cancer cells, indicate that the enhanced requirement for STK33 can be exploited to target mutant KRAS-driven tumors, and identify STK33 depletion through HSP90 inhibition as a biomarker-guided therapeutic strategy with immediate translational potential.
Transglutaminase is essential for IgA nephropathy development acting through IgA receptors
Authors: Berthelot Laureline , Papista Christina , Maciel Thiago T. , Biarnes-Pelicot Martine , Tissandie Emilie , Wang Pamela H.M. , Tamouza Houda , Jamin Agnès , Bex-Coudrat Julie , Gestin Aurelie , Boumediene Ahmed , Arcos-Fajardo Michelle , England Patrick , Pillebout Evangéline , Walker Francine , Daugas Eric , Vrtosvnik François , Flamant Martin , Benhamou Marc , Cogné Michel , Moura Ivan C. , Monteiro Renato C.
Published: March 2012

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common cause of renal failure worldwide. Treatment is limited because of a complex pathogenesis, including unknown factors favoring IgA1 deposition in the glomerular mesangium. IgA receptor abnormalities are implicated, including circulating IgA–soluble CD89 (sCD89) complexes and overexpression of the mesangial IgA1 receptor, TfR1 (transferrin receptor 1). Herein, we show that although mice expressing both human IgA1 and CD89 displayed circulating and mesangial deposits of IgA1–sCD89 complexes resulting in kidney inflammation, hematuria, and proteinuria, mice expressing IgA1 only displayed endocapillary IgA1 deposition but neither mesangial injury nor kidney dysfunction. sCD89 injection into IgA1-expressing mouse recipients induced mesangial IgA1 deposits. sCD89 was also detected in patient and mouse mesangium. IgA1 deposition involved a direct binding of sCD89 to mesangial TfR1 resulting in TfR1 up-regulation. sCD89–TfR1 interaction induced mesangial surface expression of TGase2 (transglutaminase 2), which in turn up-regulated TfR1 expression. In the absence of TGase2, IgA1–sCD89 deposits were dramatically impaired. These data reveal a cooperation between IgA1, sCD89, TfR1, and TGase2 on mesangial cells needed for disease development. They demonstrate that TGase2 is responsible for a pathogenic amplification loop facilitating IgA1–sCD89 deposition and mesangial cell activation, thus identifying TGase2 as a target for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
Alternaria tenuissima Causing Alternaria Blight on Pigeonpea in India
Authors: Sharma M. , Ghosh R. , Mangla U. N. , Saxena K. B. , Pande S.
Published: March 2012

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a major grain legume of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In India, pigeonpea is the third most important food legume after chickpea and field pea. Blight symptoms on pigeonpea were observed in alarming proportion during the 2009 through 2011 crop seasons in Andhra Pradesh state in India. Disease incidence ranged from 20 to 80% irrespective of cultivars sown. Infected plants in the field showed symptoms on all aerial parts of the plant (leaves, stems, buds, and pods) irrespective of age of the plant and leaves. Symptoms on leaves were small, circular, necrotic spots that developed quickly forming typical concentric rings (1). Later, these spots coalesced and caused blighting of leaves. Spots were initially light brown and later turned dark brown. On stems, spots were sunken with concentric rings. In severe infection, defoliation and drying of infected leaves, branches, and flower buds was observed. The fungus was successfully isolated from all the infected plant parts (leaves, stem, buds, and pods) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After 4 to 5 days of incubation at 28 ± 1°C with a 12-h photoperiod, the fungus produced colonies that were regular and flat. The periphery of the colony was olive green with a black center. Monoconidial isolations were used to establish a pure culture of the fungus. Conidiophores were short, arising singly, and were 8.86 mm long and 2.97 mm thick. Conidia varied from 15.78 to 28.70 mm long and 8.03 to 13.47 mm wide. Very small beak (1.6 to 3.2 mm) or no beak was observed. Horizontal and vertical septations of conidia varied from four to six and two to four, respectively. The pathogenicity test was conducted on 8- to 10-day-old pigeonpea plants of cultivar ICPL 87119 by spraying with a conidial suspension (5 × 105 conidia/ml). Inoculated plants were covered with polythene bags and kept in a greenhouse at 28 ± 1°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After 48 h, the polythene bags were removed. Ten days after inoculation, symptoms were similar to those observed in fields. This experiment was conducted twice with two independent sets of plants. No symptoms were observed in water-inoculated control plants. The fungus was reisolated from the inoculated plants. On the basis of the morphological characteristics, the pathogen was tentatively identified as Alternaria tenuissima. The identification was further confirmed by the rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primer. The ITS region of rDNA was amplified with ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers. Both orientation sequenced amplicons (481 bp) were submitted to GenBank (Accession No. JQ074094). A BLASTn search revealed 99% similarity to A. tenuissima (Accession No. HQ343444). To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular identification of A. tenuissima causing Alternaria blight in pigeonpea in India.

Reference: (1) Kannaiyan, J. and Nene, Y. L. 1977. Trop. Grain Legume Bull. 9:34.
First Report of Groundnut bud necrosis virus in Tomato in Bangladesh
Authors: Akhter M. S. , Holkar S. K. , Akanda A. M. , Mandal B. , Jain R. K.
Published: March 2012

An unusual disease of tomato characterized by leaf mottling and necrotic streaks on veins, shortened internodes, necrosis of terminal buds, and concentric rings on fruits was observed during 2010 to 2011 surveys in tomato growing regions of Godagari Upzila, Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Disease incidence in popularly grown F1 hybrid cultivars, which include Sobal, Abhiruchi, Salamat, Bangobir, and BARI hybrid tomato-5 and -6 in about 40 commercial fields, ranged from 40 to 90%. Extracts from the field samples (n = 10) reacted with polyclonal antiserum to Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) in direct antigen coated ELISA, suggesting the association of a tospovirus antigenically related to serogroup IV topsovirus (1). To identify whether the tospovirus was a distinct virus species, ELISA-positive samples were subjected to total RNA extraction with an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA) followed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with tospovirus-specific primers (5′-ATGGTTGAAAAGAGCAAGAATGATGC-3′) and degenerate primer (5′-CTTCTTATGAAGTGTACTCACCATAAGTCATCC-3′) derived from the conserved sequences of GBNV, Watermelon bud necrosis virus (WBNV), and Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) (2). The RT-PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced at Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, Delhi, India (GenBank Accession No. JQ692083). The sequences of cloned fragments were assembled. Analysis of the 477-bp region of the nucleocapsid protein (N) gene revealed that the tomato tospovirus shared maximum identity both at the nucleotide (96%) and amino acid (97%) levels with the corresponding region of GBNV. In contrast, only 78 to 81% and 85 to 87% identity at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, was observed with the corresponding region of the N genes of CaCV, WBNV, and Watermelon silver mottle virus. These results suggested the association of GBNV with the diseased tomato samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GBNV infecting tomato in Bangladesh and regular surveys are necessary to ascertain the prevalence and incidence of GBNV in other crops.

References: (1) R. K. Jain et al. J. Virol. Methods 130:162, 2005. (2) M. Tsompana and J. W. Moyer. Tospovirus. Page 157 in: Encyclopedia of Virology. Academic Press, New York, 2009.
Temporal Patterns of Sporulation Potential of Phomopsis viticola on Infected Grape Shoots, Canes, and Rachises
Authors: Anco D. J. , Madden L. V. , Ellis M. A.
Published: March 2012

Phomopsis cane and leaf spot on Vitis spp. (grape) is currently understood to be monocyclic, with primary inoculum only being produced early in the growing season. However, of the few published studies pertaining to sporulation of Phomopsis viticola, none specifically examined rachises, and none were designed to determine when infected tissues become capable of sporulation. The objective of these studies was to determine when grape shoots, canes, and rachises infected with P. viticola develop the capacity to sporulate, and to determine the time period during which those tissues remain capable of sporulation. Starting in 2009 and 2010, infected first-year shoots and rachises were collected biweekly throughout the growing season, into the dormant season, and into the following growing season. Tissues were collected from ‘Catawba,’ ‘Concord,’ and ‘Reliance’ vineyards. Samples were observed for sporulation after 48 h of incubation in a moist chamber at 23°C; the magnitude of the conidia production under these optimal conditions was considered the sporulation potential. For infections that occurred in 2009 and 2010, the production of conidia was not observed until after harvest. In the year following infection, sporulation potential was found from about bud break until shortly after the end of bloom. There was a generally consistent temporal pattern to relative sporulation potential across sampled vineyards, years, and grape tissues (rachises and canes), described by a modified β model, with peak sporulation potential occurring around 16 May. These results confirmed that Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is a monocyclic disease and support control recommendations for use of fungicides in spring.
Utilization of Filamentous Phage ϕRSM3 to Control Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Addy Hardian S. , Askora Ahmed , Kawasaki Takeru , Fujie Makoto , Yamada Takashi
Published: March 2012

The wide host range of Ralstonia solanacearum, causal agent of bacterial wilt, and its ability to survive for long periods in the environment restrict the effectiveness of cultural and chemical control measures. The use of phages for disease control is a fast-expanding trend of plant protection with great potential to replace chemical measures. The filamentous phage ϕRSM3 that infects R. solanacearum strains and inactivates virulence on plants is a potential agent for controlling bacterial wilt in tomato. We demonstrated that inoculation of ϕRSM3-infected cells into tomato plants did not cause bacterial wilt. Instead, ϕRSM3-infected cells enhanced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, including PR-1a, PR-2b, and PR7, in tomato plants. Moreover, pretreatment with ϕRSM-infected cells protect tomato plants from infection by virulent R. solanacearum strains. The effective dose of ϕRSM3-infected cells for disease prevention was determined to be approximately 105 CFU/ml. Because the ϕRSM3-infected cells can grow and continue to produce infectious phage particles under appropriate conditions, ϕRSM phages may serve as an efficient tool to control bacterial wilt in crops.
Tetraaquabis[4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-κN3)benzoato]cobalt(II)
Authors: Guo Jian , Tong Shao-Wei , Liu Jian-She , Song Wen-Dong , An Jing-Bo
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, [Co(C10H7N2O2)2(H2O)4], the CoIIatom lies on an inversion centre and displays a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The coordination sphere is defined by two mutuallytransN atoms from two 4-(imidazol-1-yl)benzoate ligands and the O atoms from four water molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
2-[1-(1-Phenylethyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene]malononitrile
Authors: Liu Xiao-Wei , Xu Liang-Zhong
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C14H14N4, the imidazolidine moiety is nearly planar, having an N—C—N—C torsion angle of 4.43 (3)°. The crystal structure is characterized by classical N—H...N hydrogen bonds, which form inversion dimers.
4-(Dimethoxymethyl)phenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside
Authors: Zipp Caitlin F. , Fernandes Manuel , Marques Helder M. , Michael Joseph P.
Published: March 2012

The enantiomerically pure title compound, C23H30O12, crystallizes in the chiral space groupP212121. TheO-acetylated-glucopyranoside moiety adopts a chair conformation. Numerous C—H...O interactions as well as a C—H...π interaction are present in the crystal structure.
Redetermination of (D-penicillaminato)lead(II)
Authors: Schell Adam C. , Parvez Masood , Jalilehvand Farideh
Published: March 2012

In the title coordination polymer, [Pb(C5H9NO2S)]n{systematic name:catena-poly[(μ-2-amino-3-methyl-3-sulfidobutanoato)lead(II)]}, the D-penicillaminate ligand coordinates to the metal ion in anN,S,O-tridentate mode. The S atom acts as a bridge to two neighbouring PbIIions, thereby forming a double thiolate chain. Moreover, the coordinating carboxylate O atom forms bridges to the PbIIions in the adjacent chain. The overall coordination sphere of the PbIIion can be described as a highly distorted pentagonal bipyramid with a void in the equatorial plane between the long Pb—S bonds probably occupied by the stereochemically active inert electron pair. The amino H atoms form N—H...S and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, resulting in a cluster of four complex units, giving rise to anR44(16) ring lying in theabplane. The crystal structure of the title compound has been reported previously [Freemanet al.(1974).Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.pp. 366–367] but the atomic coordinates have not been deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database (refcode DPENPB). Additional details of the hydrogen bonding are presented here.
5-Methylspiro[indoline-3,7′-[6H,7H,8H]pyrano[3,2-c:5,6-c′]di[1]benzopyran]-2,6′,8′-trione chloroform hemisolvate
Authors: Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Kumar Raju Suresh , Arumugam Natarajan , Vishnupriya R. , Suresh J.
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C27H15NO6·0.5CHCl3, the central pyran ring and both the benzopyran systems are planar, with the dihedral angle between the outer rings being 3.24 (6)°. The indolin-2-one system is in a perpendicular configuration with respect to the pyran ring [dihedral angle = 87.58 (2)°]. Supramolecular layers in theacplane are formed in the crystal structure whereby inversion-related molecules are connected by N—H...O hydrogen bonds. These are further linked by C—H...O interactions, forming a supramolecular layer in theacplane. Disordered CHCl3solvent in the structure was modelled with the SQUEEZE routine inPLATON[Spek (2009).Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155].
1,1′:4′,1′′-Terphenyl-2′,5′-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl sulfoxide-d6disolvate
Authors: Pop Lucian C. , Preite Marcelo , Manriquez Juan Manuel , Vega Andrés , Chavez Ivonne
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title solvate, C20H14O4·2C2D6OS, contains half of the substituted terephthalic acid molecule and one solvent molecule. The centroid of the central benzene ring in the acid molecule is coincident with a crystallographic inversion center. Neither the carboxyl nor the phenyl substituents are coplanar with the central aromatic ring, showing dihedral angles of 53.18 (11) and 47.83 (11)°, respectively. The dimethyl sulfoxide solvent molecules are hydrogen bonded to the carboxylic acid groups.
4-Methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Yang Jian-Xin , Liu Hong-Yan , Wang Xiang-Hui
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C17H14O5S, the coumarin ring system is nearly planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.034 (2) Å from the mean plane. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the coumarin ring system is 56.11 (6)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H...O hydrogen bonding, which forms a three-dimensional framework.
4-(Anthracen-9-yl)-2-phenyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridine
Authors: Wang Hao-Wei , Ren Jun , Ye Wen-Bo , Yang Jia-Xiang
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C30H20N2, the anthracene ring system is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.035 (2) Å] and is nearly perpendicular to the central pyridine ring, making a dihedral angle of 75.73 (7)°. The terminal pyridine ring and the phenyl ring are oriented at dihedral angles of 8.11 (10) and 13.22 (10)°, respectively, to the central pyridine ring.
Ethyl 7-methyl-3-oxo-5-phenyl-2-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzylidene)-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate
Authors: Banu Noor Afshan , Bheema Raju V.
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C26H26N2O6S, the benzene ring is positioned axially to the thiazolopyrimidine ring and bisects it with a dihedral angle of 80.94 (7)°. The pyrimidine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation. In the crystal, pairs of bifurcated C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along thecaxis.
4,4′-Bipyridine–trans,trans-hexa-2,4-dienedioic acid (1/1)
Authors: Moon Suk-Hee , Park Ki-Min
Published: March 2012

The title cocrystal, C10H8N2·C6H6O4, crystallizes with half-molecules of 4,4′-bipyridine andtrans,trans-hexa-2,4-dienedioic acid in the asymmetric unit, as each is located about a crystallographic inversion center. The bipyridine molecule is planar from symmetry. In the dicarboxylic acid molecule, the O—C—C—C torsion angle is −13.0 (2)°. In the crystal, O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds generate a three-dimensional network.
5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-one
Authors: Kang Sung Kwon , Cho Nam Sook , Jang Siyoung
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C2H3N3OS, contains three independent molecules which are essentially planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.011 (2)–0.027 (2) Å from the mean plane defined by the seven non-H atoms. In the crystal, N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a sheet parallel to the (111) plane.
Polymorph of 4-(carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile
Authors: Xie Yu-Zhong , Jin Jing-Yi , Qu Xiao-Chun
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H12N2, contains two independent molecules with a similar structure. In the two molecules, the dihedral angles between the carbazole ring system and the benzene ring are 47.9 (5) and 45.4 (4)°, similar to the value of 47.89 (6)° found in the previously reported structure [Saha & Samanta (1999).Acta Cryst.C55, 1299–1300]. In the crystal, there is a weak C—H...N hydrogen bond between the two independent molecules.
3β-Chloro-5α-cholestan-6-one
Authors: Yusufzai Samina Khan , Osman Hasnah , Rahim Aisyah Saad Abdul , Arshad Suhana , Razak Ibrahim Abdul
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C27H45ClO, consists of two crystallographically independent molecules. In both molecules, the three cyclohexane rings in the steroid fused-ring systems adopt chair conformations, while the cyclopentane ring adopts a half-chair conformation in one molecule and an envelope conformation in the other. In the crystal, the molecules are linked into a two-dimensional network by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The crystal studied is a nonmerohedral twin with a refined ratio of twin components of 0.264 (3):0.736 (3).
4-{2-[(E)-Cyclopentylidene]hydrazin-1-yl}benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Al-Youbi Abdulrahman O. , Asiri Abdullah M. , Faidallah Hassan M. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: March 2012

The title molecule, C11H15N3O2S, features a five-membered ring which is twisted about the middle CH2—CH2bond. The benzene ring is inclined with respect to the imine residue [C—N—N—C torsion angle = 165.4 (2)°]. Supramolecular layers in thebcplane are formed by hydrogen bonds between the amine H atoms and sulfonamide O and imine N atoms, as well as by a weak hydrazine H-atom intermolecular interaction with the second sulfonamide O atom.
41-Azido-41-deoxyrapamycin
Authors: Xie Lijun , Huang Jie , Zuo Jian , Yu Hui , Cheng Yuanrong
Published: March 2012

The title compound, C51H78N4O12, is a derivative of rapamycin, a triene macrolide antibiotic molecule isolated fromStreptomyces hygroscopicus. The macrocyclic ring structure has 15 chiral centres, with one of the substituent hydroxy groups giving an intramolecular hydrogen bond to a ketone O-atom acceptor. The molecules also form intermolecular hydroxy–ketone O—H...O hydrogen-bonding associations, giving one-dimensional chains extending along (010). The crystal has 108 Å3solvent-accessible voids.
4-Nitro-2-{[(tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-yl)iminiumyl]methyl}phenolate
Authors: Ha Kwang
Published: March 2012

The title compound, C17H20N2O3, is a Schiff base, which is found as a zwitterion in the solid state. The geometry around the iminium N atom indicatessp2-hybridization. The zwitterion shows a strong intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen-bond interaction between the iminium N atom and the phenolate O atom.
Benzyl 2-methyl-3-[(E)-(thiophen-2-yl)methylidene]dithiocarbazate
Authors: Hazari Saroj K. S. , Dey B. K. , Roy Tapashi G. , Ganguly B. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C14H14N2S3, the thione S atom and methyl group aresyn, as are the two thioether S atoms. The molecule is twisted, the dihedral angles between the central (C2N2S2) residue and the pendent 2-thienyl and phenyl rings being 21.57 (6) and 77.54 (3)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules assemble into a three-dimensional architectureviaC—H...π interactions, involving both the five- and six-membered rings as acceptors, as well as S...S interactions [3.3406 (5) Å] between centrosymmetrically related 2-thienyl rings.
3,4-Dimethylpyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-6(2H)-one
Authors: Shahid Bilal , Zia-ur-Rehman Muhammad , Nadeem Arshad Muhammad , Nazir Rabia , Şahin Ertan
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H8N2O2, comprises two independent molecules in both of which, all non-H atoms lie in a common plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.014 and 0.017 Å). In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules into zigzag chains running along [10-1]. Weak C—H...O interactions connect the chains into an infinite network.
Neuroecology of cartilaginous fishes: the functional implications of brain scaling
Authors: Yopak K. E.
Published: March 2012

It is a widely accepted view that neural development can reflect morphological adaptations and sensory specializations. The aim of this review is to give a broad overview of the current status of brain data available for cartilaginous fishes and examine how perspectives on allometric scaling of brain size across this group of fishes has changed within the last 50 years with the addition of new data and more rigorous statistical analyses. The current knowledge of neuroanatomy in cartilaginous fishes is reviewed and data on brain size (encephalization,n= 151) and interspecific variation in brain organization (n= 84) has been explored to ascertain scaling relationships across this clade. It is determined whether similar patterns of brain organization, termed cerebrotypes, exist in species that share certain lifestyle characteristics. Clear patterns of brain organization exist across cartilaginous fishes, irrespective of phylogenetic grouping and, although this study was not a functional analysis, it provides further evidence that chondrichthyan brain structures might have developed in conjunction with specific behaviours or enhanced cognitive capabilities. Larger brains, with well‐developed telencephala and large, highly foliated cerebella are reported in species that occupy complex reef or oceanic habitats, potentially identifying a reef‐associated cerebrotype. In contrast, benthic and benthopelagic demersal species comprise the group with the smallest brains, with a relatively reduced telencephalon and a smooth cerebellar corpus. There is also evidence herein of a bathyal cerebrotype; deep‐sea benthopelagic sharks possess relatively small brains and show a clear relative hypertrophy of the medulla oblongata. Despite the patterns observed and documented, significant gaps in the literature have been highlighted. Brain mass data are only currently available onc.16% of all chondrichthyan species, and only 8% of species have data available on their brain organization, with far less on subsections of major brain areas that receive distinct sensory input. The interspecific variability in brain organization further stresses the importance of performing functional studies on a greater range of species. Only an expansive data set, comprised of species that span a variety of habitats and taxonomic groups, with widely disparate behavioural repertoires, combined with further functional analyses, will help shed light on the extent to which chondrichthyan brains have evolved as a consequence of behaviour, habitat and lifestyle in addition to phylogeny.
Meta‐analysis: the use of carbon dioxide insufflation vs. room air insufflation for gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: Wang W. L. , Wu Z. H. , Sun Q. , Wei J. F. , Chen X. F. , Zhou D. K. , Zhou L. , Xie H. Y. , Zheng S. S.
Published: March 2012

Background

Carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation has been proposed as an alternative to air insufflation to distend the lumen in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.

Aim

To perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which CO2 insufflation was compared with room air insufflation in GI endoscopy.

Methods

Electronic and manual searches were combined to search RCTs. After methodological quality assessment and data extraction, the efficacy and safety of CO2 insufflation were systematically assessed.

Results

Twenty‐one RCTs [13 on colonoscopy, four on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), two on double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE), one on oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, and one on flexible sigmoidoscopy] were identified. For colonoscopy, CO2 insufflation resulted lower postprocedural pain intensity, and increased the proportion of patient without pain at 1 h (RR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.37–2.47) and 6 h (RR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.14–1.44) postprocedure. For ERCP, the pain‐releasing effect of CO2 insufflation was not obvious (SMD: −1.48, 95% CI: −3.56, 0.59). CO2 insufflation revealed no consistent advantages in the RCTs of DBE, but was shown as safe as air insufflation in oesophagus/stomach endoscopic submucosal dissection in one study. pCO2 level showed no significant variation during these procedures.

Conclusions

Compared with air insufflation, CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy causes lower postprocedural pain and bowel distension without significant pCO2 variation. More RCTs are needed to assess its advantages in other GI endoscopic procedures.
Use of plethysmographic variability index derived from the Massimo® pulse oximeter to predict fluid or preload responsiveness: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yin J. Y. , Ho K. M.
Published: March 2012

This systematic review and meta‐analysis assessed the accuracy of plethysmographic variability index derived from the Massimo® pulse oximeter to predict preload responsiveness in peri‐operative and critically ill patients. A total of 10 studies were retrieved from the literature, involving 328 patients who met the selection criteria. Overall, the diagnostic odds ratio (16.0; 95% CI 5–48) and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (0.87; 95% CI 0.78–0.95) for plethysmographic variability index to predict fluid or preload responsiveness was very good, but significant heterogeneity existed. This could be explained by a lower accuracy of plethysmographic variability index in spontaneously breathing or paediatric patients and those studies that used pre‐load challenges other than colloid fluid. The results indicate specific directions for future studies.
Pregnancy loss and thrombophilia: the elusive link
Authors: Bennett Sarah A. , Bagot Catherine N. , Arya Roopen
Published: March 2012

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects 1% pregnancies and is multi‐factorial in origin. The role of the acquired thrombophilia antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) as a common and potentially treatable cause of RPL is well established but this is less so for inherited thrombophilia. In obstetric APS the combination of aspirin and heparin has improved outcomes. By analogy, the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has become commonplace in women with inherited thrombophilia and also those with unexplained miscarriage to help safeguard the pregnancy. This review will examine the pathophysiological role of thrombophilia in pregnancy loss, and the evidence for anticoagulant‐based intervention. The limited data supporting the use of heparin for women with RPL and inherited thrombophilia suggests adoption of a more cautious and judicious approach in this setting.
Cytokine/chemokine profiles contribute to understanding the pathogenesis and diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Moriyama M , Hayashida J-N , Toyoshima T , Ohyama Y , Shinozaki S , Tanaka A , Maehara T , Nakamura S
Published: March 2012

To investigate the pathogenesis of localized autoimmune damage in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) by examining the expression patterns of cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors at sites of autoimmune damage. mRNA expression of these molecules in the labial salivary glands (LSGs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 36 SS patients was examined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method. Subsets of the infiltrating lymphocytes and chemokines/chemokine receptors expression in the LSG specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry. Cytokines/chemokine concentrations in the saliva were analysed using flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expression of T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors was higher in LSGs than in PBMCs. In contrast, mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines, chemokines [thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22)] and chemokine receptor (CCR4) was associated closely with strong lymphocytic accumulation in LSGs. Furthermore, TARC and MDC were detected immunohistochemically in/around the ductal epithelial cells in LSGs, whereas CCR4 was detected on infiltrating lymphocytes. The concentrations of these cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher in the saliva from SS patients than those from controls, and the concentrations of Th2 cytokines/chemokines were associated closely with strong lymphocytic accumulation in LSGs. These results suggest that SS might be initiated and/or maintained by Th1 and Th17 cells and progress in association with Th2 cells via the interaction between particular chemokines/chemokine receptors. Furthermore, the measurement of cytokines/chemokines in saliva is suggested to be useful for diagnosis and also to reveal disease status.
Prognostic tissue markers in melanoma
Authors: Moore David A , Pringle J Howard , Saldanha Gerald S
Published: March 2012

Moore D A, Pringle J H & Saldanha G S  (2012) Histopathology 60, 679–689 Prognostic tissue markers in melanoma

Prognosis for patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma is currently based upon histopathological features alone, although tumours which are morphologically similar can behave differently. Numerous putative biomarkers have been identified in an attempt to aid prognostication for primary melanoma, using methods which include immunhistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and gene expression arrays. Despite this wide body of research, no biomarkers for prognosis in melanoma have been translated or are close to translation into clinical practice. In this review selected prognostic biomarkers are evaluated and the factors influencing successful biomarker translation, including phases of biomarker development and study design, are explored in an attempt to highlight the current gap between prognostic melanoma biomarker research and clinical translation.
Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of advanced colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Fujita Shin , Sekine Shigeki , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Akasu Takayuki , Kushima Ryoji , Tani Tohru , Moriya Yoshihiro , Shimoda Tadakazu
Published: March 2012

Yamaguchi T, Taniguchi H, Fujita S, Sekine S, Yamamoto S, Akasu T, Kushima R, Tani T, Moriya Y & Shimoda T  (2012) Histopathology 61, 162–169

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of advanced colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma

Aims:  Mucinous adenocarcinoma (MUC) is a histological variant of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The aim of the present study was to characterize clinicopathological features and identify prognostic factors of MUCs.

Methods and results:  A total of 181 patients with MUC who underwent surgery between 1975 and 2003 were reviewed. The clinicopathological features of these patients were compared with those of 4125 non‐MUC patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify significant prognostic factors in 102 patients with pT3 or pT4 tumour who underwent curative surgery. Patients with MUCs tended to present with more advanced clinical stages. The overall 5‐year survival rate of MUC patients was lower than that of non‐MUC patients; however, no prognostic difference was found when patients with the same clinical stages were compared. Multivariate analysis revealed male sex, bowel obstruction and infiltrating growth type as independent prognostic factors. Five‐year cancer‐specific survival rates for MUC patients with ≤1, 2 and 3 risk factors identified by multivariate analysis were 95.5%, 52.1% and 0.0%, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Mucinous adenocarcinoma represents a distinct clinicopathological entity. Sex, bowel obstruction and growth patterns might be useful prognostic factors to identify patients with a high risk of recurrence after curative resection of advanced MUCs.