bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Successful Treatment for Toxic Symptoms Resulting from Ether Anæsthesia, Based on a Biochemical Investigation
Authors: Minnitt R. J.
Published: July 2019

(1) Blood-sugar rises and blood-pressure falls as ether anæsthesia progresses.—(2) Blood-sugar is high and blood-pressure low when symptoms of shock are present.—(3) There is some justification for thinking that the pancreatic hormone is deficient as the result of the ketosis produced in connection with ether anæsthesia.—(4) Insulin administration is a successful method of treatment for post-anæsthetic toxic symptoms, which are always associated with a high blood-sugar, and also prevents these from developing. It tends to increase a fallen blood-pressure and reduce a raised blood-sugar during ether anæsthesia.
The Place of Operations upon the Sympathetic System in the Treatment of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Ogilvie W. H.
Published: July 2019

Introduction: Revived interest in sympathetic surgery originated in orthopædics. Royle's theories and operations. Their trial, failure and final abandonment. Value of sympathetic operations widely investigated; while finality has not been reached they have proved effective for three main purposes: (1) Relief of pain especially in bladder diseases. (2) Removal of inhibition and sphincteric spasm in alimentary, anal and bladder diseases. (3) Production of vaso-dilatation in ( a) vaso-spastic diseases; ( b) vaso-degenerative diseases; ( c) conditions not due to arterial disease in which increased blood supply is beneficial.

Poliomyelitis falls into the last group.—Cause of poor blood supply uncertain;? lack of function;? upset of some reflex;? paralysis of vaso-dilators.

Two problems arise, both of which may be treated by operations on the sympathetic: (1) The cold, blue limb, which develops chilblains, sores, or even deep ulcers every winter, often stopping treatment and requiring patient to be confined to bed. (2) The limb with considerable and rapidly increasing shortening. Sometimes these limbs show a fair return of power, and were it not for the heavy boot made necessary by the shortening, the patient could be made to walk well.

Method of attack.—(1) Periarterial sympathectomy; (2) ramisectomy; (3) ganglionectomy. Physiological basis of each. Criticism of (1) and (2).

Details of the operation for ganglionectomy.—Alternative approaches and their advantages. The immediate and late results of the procedure.

Five cases discussed briefly.
The Significance of Small Measurements in Mental Disorder
Authors: Lovell Clement
Published: July 2019

Measurements must be outside the limits of experimental error.

Clinically it is seldom possible to make a series of measurements of the same material.

Hence the accuracy of a method must be previously determined in the laboratory.

Small degrees of physical abnormality have an importance in mental disease which they may not possess in the wards of a general hospital.

Examples discussed: Latent jaundice; mild degrees of uræmia; lymphocytosis.
Plague: Modern Preventive Measures in Ships and Ports
Authors: White C. F.
Published: July 2019

Maritime quarantine, introduced in the fourteenth century in an endeavour to prevent the spread of plague. Though the system failed to achieve its object, and was expensive and restrictive to sea-borne commerce, it survived for over 500 years, presumably because, in the absence of knowledge of the ætiology of plague, no method of procedure more likely to be successful could be devised. This country acknowledged the failure of quarantine as a preventive measure in the middle of last century, and substituted the medical inspection of ships on arrival, though the last Quarantine Act was not repealed till 1896. Nevertheless it was not till the discovery of the rôle of the rat and the rat-flea in the spread of plague that it was possible to establish plague-preventive measures on a sound scientific basis.

It is now recognized that a Port Health Authority must not only take steps to detect plague, human or rodent, afloat or ashore, at the earliest possible moment, but must eliminate conditions in ships and in shore premises which are conducive to the development of an epizoötic. Though here, and in other countries with an enlightened Public Health Administration, practice has long been ahead of legislation, the International Sanitary Convention of 1926 has now established throughout the world a large measure of uniformity in measures designed to prevent the spread of the more dangerous epidemic diseases by overseas trade, and the Port Sanitary Regulations 1933 have brought quarantine legislation in this country up to date.

For the detection of plague every ship arriving from a plague-infected port is medically inspected on arrival, but even if there is no evidence of plague-infection on board, such ships are examined daily by a rat-officer until the discharge of cargo is complete. Dead rats found and live rats trapped are bacteriologically examined. If a rat is reported to be infected the vessel is fumigated at once. The discharge of cargo is then continued under supervision, and when the ship is empty she is fumigated again. Shore premises, particularly those in the immediate vicinity of the berths of ships from plague-infected ports, are systematically searched for dead rats, and live rats are trapped. If evidence of plague-infection is found, energetic measures of rat destruction are at once instituted over a wide area.

The International Sanitary Convention requires all foreign-going ships to be inspected every six months as to the number of rats on board. If a ship is not so maintained as to keep the rat population down to a minimum she must be deratized.

If, after deratization, ships are to remain free from rats, they must be rat-proofed. Similarly ashore, rat-proofing is the only rat-repressive measure of permanent value.

The measures usually adopted to prevent the passage of rats between ships and shore are of limited value.

Finally, a rat-flea survey is of value in estimating the susceptibility of a port to infection.
Metastatic Tumours of the Brain
Authors: Elkington J. StC.
Published: July 2019

Metastatic tumours of the brain are comparatively common, and constitute about 20% of all intracranial tumours. They may be derived from primary growths in any part of the body, but the lung and the breast are the most important sources.

In most cases the tumours are multiple and blood-borne, and originate at the junction of the grey and white matter or in the central grey masses. More rarely a diffuse invasion of the meninges is encountered.

Clinically they are characterized by a sudden or rapid onset, in middle-aged persons, of symptoms of which the most striking are intense and intractable headache out of proportion to the degree of intracranial pressure, symptoms of destruction of conducting pathways, and epileptic episodes. Wasting is severe, and the progress of the disease rapid.

Although cerebral manifestation may precede any obvious evidence of the primary growth, symptoms suggestive of primary disease elsewhere can usually be elicited and its presence confirmed by special investigations, of which X-ray examination of the chest is most valuable.

Treatment should be confined to those cases which experience pain, and should consist of an extensive decompression at the site of the clinical localization.
A Therapeutic Trial of a Raw Vegetable Diet in Chronic Rheumatic Conditions
Authors: Hare D. C.
Published: July 2019

Twelve cases of chronic rheumatism have been treated on a raw vegetable diet for periods of two weeks, followed by a modified diet for further periods.

No other method of treatment has been used during the period of observation.

Pain has been relieved in ten cases and those cases in which there were muscular pain and stiffness with simple effusions into the joints have benefited most.

Cinematograph records of the progress have been made.

The immediate results obtained appear to be due to the low sodium content of the diet; other factors have not been excluded.
Vinyl Ether for Dental Anæsthesia
Authors: Goldman Victor
Published: July 2019

Properties: Vinyl ether, CH2:CH2:O:CH2:CH2, a volatile liquid. Lipoidsoluble but highly inflammable.

Toxicity.—Has little effect on liver function; overdoses produce respiratory paralysis, but not cardiac paralysis.

Indications.—Replaces ethyl chloride for short operations, and can be added to gas and oxygen instead of ether or chloroform. Is a safe and portable anæsthetic for the general practitioner.

Administration.—Open method convenient, but not very satisfactory, a closed method produces better anæsthesia. Special inhaler described and illustrated.

Vinyl ether is obtainable in ampoules of 3 c.c., a sufficient quantity for the average case.

Induction is rapid; signs of anæsthesia described. Patient's colour remains excellent.

Apparatus required when vinyl ether is to be added to gas-and-oxygen.
Observations on Genito-Urinary Tuberculosis
Authors: Carver James
Published: July 2019

Early and reliable diagnosis is obtained by cultural methods.

Pyelographic evidence of renal destruction is necessary as a rule to supplement the positive laboratory findings before resorting to nephrectomy.

Bilateral renal tuberculosis should not be diagnosed on the findings of cystoscopy alone.

Nephro-ureterectomy is the ideal operation. It prevents the prolongation of the bladder symptoms and the breaking-down of the operation wound and the risk of another operation for the removal of the ureter, not forgetting the danger of infection of the other kidney.

Bad results are probably due, in the case of poor patients, to economic and sociological factors which interfere with restoration to health after operation.

Genito-urinary tuberculosis is to be regarded not as a localized disorder but as a manifestation of a generalized disease, a fact which necessitates a guarded prognosis and prolonged after-treatment.
Malignant Degeneration of Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Finsterer H.
Published: July 2019

Malignant degeneration is the most serious complication of gastric ulcer. Its recognition is difficult both in the early stage and in advanced cases in which only the evidence of a previous ulcer-cavity, and the radiating folds of the mucous membrane indicate progressive development of carcinoma from an original ulcer.

It is impossible to say how often gastric ulcer becomes malignant; one can only state the frequency of ulcer-carcinoma, found in gastric resections.

One hundred and forty-one personal cases of ulcer-carcinoma are recorded, and are divided into three groups.

Group I: 41 which were diagnosed clinically and at operation as cases of ulcer, but in which histological examination showed incipient cancer.

Group II: 55 diagnosed clinically as cases of ulcer, but in which a diagnosis of ulcer-carcinoma was made during operation and afterwards histologically confirmed.

Group III: 45 diagnosed both clinically and macroscopically (from the typical folding of the mucous membrane) as cases of ulcer-cancer, in which the cancer had entirely overgrown the ulcer.

Therefore in the series of 532 resections for gastric ulcer the frequency of ulcer-carcinoma was 20.9%, or 15.2% if the third group is omitted.

In a series of 718 resections for gastric cancer, the frequency of ulcer-carcinoma was 19.6% (or 14.2% if the third group is omitted).

The mortality in simple two-third resection of the stomach is low (four deaths in 99 cases = 4%). When the pancreas, liver, colon, or œsophagus, is involved, the resection mortality is high (14 deaths in 42 cases = 33.3%), but even in these cases the operation is justifiable because permanent cures were achieved in a number of cases.

The prognosis in cases of ulcer-cancer is very grave. In many cases, judging from the author's own experience, patients suffering from incipient ulcer-cancer—only histologically diagnosed as cancer—die from liver metastases, in spite of radical resection. It will thus be seen that the end-results of resection for ulcer-carcinoma are actually worse than those of resection for primary carcinoma.

A. Ulcer-cancer: In Group I, 35 cases were operated on before 1933, and in 18 of these (51.4%) the patients have been free from symptoms for more than five years; in Group II, 27 cases were operated on before 1933, and in four of these (14.8%) the patients are still symptom-free. In Group III, out of 37 cases operated on, only two patients (5.4%) have been symptom-free for the same period.

B. Primary cancer: Out of 260 cases of resection for primary cancer before 1933, 77 patients (29.6%) are permanently cured.

If the ulcer-cancer is so far advanced that the diagnosis can be made clinically, or during operation, the prognosis is extremely bad (permanent cures having been only 9.3% in the series).

In cases of gastric ulcer the best plan is to carry out resection before malignant degeneration begins. The result would then be that not merely 51% but at least 90% of the patients would be alive and well after five years.
A Comparative Study of the Innervation of the Gum
Authors: Stewart D , Lewinsky W
Published: July 2019

In this paper we give a comparative study of the innervation of the connective tissues of the gum underlying the epithelium. Our material was taken from carnivores, rodents, insectivores and men. The fibres form superficial and deep plexuses and leashes, and specialized nerve-endings are also present. The types of specialized nerve-endings seen have been:—

(1) Coils which are situated either in the intra-papillary zone of the deeper connective tissue.

(2) Ruffini-like nerve-endings and convoluted fibres the presence of which in the gum has not been previously described.
The Diagnostic Value of Hysterography
Authors: Davis Albert
Published: July 2019

Object of paper.—Clarification of position concerning clinical value of procedure. Conflicting views. Review of routine examination of all cases investigated during the past two years.

Historical.—Suggested by Cary (1914) and Rubin (1915), made practicable by the invention of lipiodol—applied Heuser (1924).

Technique.—Instruments employed, anæsthesia, X-ray figures, screening.

Material.—Uterine fibroids and carcinomas, extra-uterine tumours and cysts, placental remains and polypi, moles, &c. Correlation with operative results.

Physiology.—Normal shapes, sizes, and positions. Pseudo filling-defects and malformations.

Pathology.—Appearances in various conditions. Correlation with specimens and radiography of same. Fallacies and contradictions.

Conclusions.—Method of value in diagnosis of placental remains may avoid diagnostic curettage in carcinoma of body; by localization of fibromata may allow of prediction of myomectomy, &c. But fallacies numerous and much more experience required to make diagnosis so accurate as to be of much real routine value.
Dental Caries in Norwegian Children during and after the Last World War. A Preliminary Report
Authors: Toverud Guttorm
Published: July 2019

A preliminary report is submitted on the occurrence of dental caries in Norwegian children, during and after the World War.

Dental examinations of 8,000 to 9,000 school children from different parts of Norway have been carried out each year from 1940 to 1948. It is concluded from the statistical results of the investigation that the caries frequency decreased steadily from year to year during the war. The reduction in the number of carious tooth surfaces per child from the beginning of the war to the lowest number some time after the war ended amounts to 50 to 75%.

A study has also been undertaken on 600 to 700 children, 2½ to 7 years old. The results in this younger group show even a greater reduction.

In both groups the decrease is statistically significant.

From 1946 the caries frequency has increased again in the school children as well as in the pre-school children. In both groups the increase is statistically significant.

The turn of the caries curve after the war differs according to the age-group.

The cause of the decrease in caries frequency during the war and the cause of the increase after the war is discussed. Based on the rationing of the various food articles our tentative conclusion is that the decrease may be attributed to the lowering in consumption of refined carbohydrates and the increase in consumption of more natural foods, i.e. protective foods. This may have resulted in an increased resistance of the teeth and a reduction in the local factors which produce decay.

More detailed studies of the change in caries frequency as well as of the change in food consumption and habit of living during and after the war are necessary before a definite conclusion can be drawn. Such studies are being continued.
Open Access to Investigational Procedures for the General Practitioner
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: July 2019

Dr David Wheatley produces figures to show that, in his area of practice, open access to pathology at one large hospital has resulted in less work being undertaken than at another large hospital, where such access is unavailable. He stresses the necessity for open access to such services, including X-rays and ECGs, if a high standard of general practice is to be maintained.

Professor R E Steiner, although agreeing with the concept of open access for the general practitioner, believes that at present this should be limited by the facilities available. He describes such a service which has been made available to general practitioners at Hammersmith Hospital for diagnostic X-rays, and stresses the importance of personal consultation between specialist and general practitioner.

Dr D Stark Murray describes the system of complete open access to the pathology laboratory, which has been in operation at Kingston Hospital over the past twenty-five years. He shows the use which has been made of the service by local general practitioners and stresses that this is an essential part of the health service.
Psychotropic Drugs (2) Interaction between Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors and other Substances
Authors: Sjöqvist Folke
Published: July 2019

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) in clinical use have an irreversible action on MAO, and this persists until the enzyme has been resynthesized. The effects of small daily doses of MAOI are therefore cumulative. The biochemical effects of these drugs will involve several substrates of MAO, e.g. dopamine, tyramine, serotonin and, to a lesser extent, noradrenaline and adrenaline.

MAO probably regulates the metabolism of catecholamines and serotonin in tissues, while catechol-O-methyltransferase is responsible for the metabolism of circulating noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Certain pharmacological effects of MAOI are related to the accumulation of monoamines in various tissues that follows the decrease of intraneuronal deamination. Among these effects are reversal of the reserpine syndrome in animals and augmentation of the pharmacological action of monoamines. Other effects are unrelated to the inhibition of MAO, e.g. immediate desynchronization of EEG and initial pressor effects.

MAOI may potentiate or change the action of several other drugs and even certain foods. The mechanisms involved are usually reasonably predictable from animal experiments. Substrates of MAO, e.g. dopamine and tyramine, evoke augmented and prolonged effects in patients treated with MAOI. This is partly due to an impaired metabolism of the circulating amines. In addition, inhibition of intestinal and hepatic MAO largely increases the absorption of tryamine from cheeses and other foods. Usually innocuous amounts of tyramine may therefore cause hypertensive reactions in patients treated with MAOI. Indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines, such as amphetamines, ephedrine and MAOI with amphetamine-like properties, can be potentiated, because they may release increased amounts of nor-adrenaline from sympathetic nerve endings after MAO inhibition. The effects of any amine, whether a substrate of MAO or not, may be enhanced by MAO inhibitors producing postganglionic block. This is due to ‘denervation’ supersensitivity of adrenergic receptors.

Harmful pharmacological interaction is also possible between MAO inhibitors and agents which release (reserpine) or replete (amine precursors, e.g. L-DOPA in broad beans) monoamines centrally and peripherally. Drugs that sensitize adrenergic and tryptaminergic receptors to the action of monoamines, e.g. imipramine-like compounds, may be greatly potentiated by MAO inhibitors. The anti-hypertensive effects of thiazides and ganglion-blocking agents may be enhanced by MAOI. A few drugs are known to exert prolonged effects in occasional patients treated with MAOI, e.g. pethidine, phenothiazines and pentobarbital. MAOI may possibly decelerate the metabolism of these compounds by a nonspecific inhibition of liver microsomal enzymes. Finally, a great number of agents have been found empirically to evoke augmented effects after inhibition of MAO, e.g. insulin and anti-Parkinson drugs.
Sport and Medicine
Authors: Blonstein J L
Published: July 2019

Dr J L Blonstein spoke of the medical aspects of amateur boxing, and showed that serious injuries are comparatively rare and that the accident rate compares very favourably with those of other sports. He went on to outline the various boxing injuries and their treatment. Dr A L Bass surveyed the treatment and rehabilitation of football injuries, most of which are concerned with soft tissue trauma. He emphasized the importance, to a professional footballer, of returning to activity in a fully recovered state and outlined the facilities which are necessary to ensure this. Dr Roger Bannister considered physiological mechanisms involved in athletic performances and factors affecting transport of oxygen to the muscles.
The Influence of the Mother's Health on Her Child [Abridged]
Authors: Carne Stuart
Published: July 2019

Dr Stuart Carne discusses the influence of depressive illness in the mother in producing feeding difficulties with her child. He stresses the importance of considering this possibility and shows that treatment of the mother's condition results in resolution of the feeding difficulty. Dr Katharina Dalton demonstrates a correlation between repeated colds in children and premenstrual tension in the mother. Her figures show that coryzal episodes in the children occur at the time of the premenstruum in the mother. Dr Ronald Mac Keith emphasizes the importance of establishing empathy between mother and child as early as possible, and shows how the doctor can help in achieving this objective.
Prescribing Habits in General Practice [Abridged]
Authors: Linnett Michael
Published: July 2019

Dr M Linnett considers the factors which influence prescribing habits and outlines the questions which should be asked before committing a patient to a new drug.

Mr A Howells describes the problems of the chemist dispensing doctors' prescriptions, showing how confusion can arise and how it can be avoided.

Professor J R Trounce reports on a questionnaire sent out to 100 Guy's graduates to ascertain their sources of information on new drugs and their views of further education. He makes a plea for some means of more authoritative information about new drugs.
Sleep
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: July 2019

Dr David Wheatley discusses the variations of individual sleep requirements, and classifies five main causes of insomnia: physical, physiological, psychological, iatrical and idiopathic. The various aspects of treatment are discussed and the use of sedative drugs illustrated.

Dr Ian Oswald describes the two types of sleep, paradoxical and orthodox, and the effects of drugs upon them. He emphasizes the fact that all the common drugs of dependence suppress paradoxical sleep.

Professor H Hediger considers the sleep patterns in the animal world and shows how these are adapted to the survival of individual species. Appreciation of the past and the future, which animals do not possess, may be a factor in human sleep disturbances.
The Primary Physician: Generalist or Specialist? [Abridged]
Authors: Yellowlees W W
Published: July 2019

Dr W W Yellowlees makes out a strong case against the creation of general practitioner ‘specialoids’. He emphasizes the limitations of the specialists' organ-orientation, without the generalized knowledge of the patient as a person and of the influence of his environment on his illness.

Dr Paul Sadler takes another point of view and describes the successful division of his housing-estate practice into four specialist departments: Pxediatrics, geriatrics, obstetrics and general medicine. He further details the organization and advantages of his own department, pediatrics.
The Place of the General Practitioner in Modern Medical Care-Some International Comparisons
Authors: Fry John
Published: July 2019

Dr J Fry considers the role of medical care in a changing world in relation to social demands and the cost of providing a comprehensive service. A consideration of services in other countries, such as the USA, USSR, Europe and Australia, provides lessons towards improving the NHS and also warnings of the faults inherent in these differing systems of medical care.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Tailoring Cognitive Reappraisal to Different Emotions
Authors: Vishkin Allon , Hasson Yossi , Millgram Yael , Tamir Maya
Published: July 2019

Emotion regulation strategies have been typically studied independently of the specific emotions people try to change by using them. However, to the extent that negative emotions are inherently different from one another, people may choose different means to change them. Focusing on fear and sadness, we first mapped emotion-related content to theoretically matched reappraisal tactics. We then tested how frequently people choose such reappraisal tactics when regulating fear and sadness (Studies 1, 2, and 4a). As predicted, people were most likely to select reappraisal tactics that targeted content that was particularly relevant to the specific emotion they tried to regulate. Next, we tested whether such choices were driven by differences in the efficacy (Study 3), perceived efficacy (Study 4b), and anticipated effort (Study 4c) of regulation. Our findings demonstrate that the means people select to regulate their emotions depend on which emotions they try to regulate.
Relationship between electrodiagnostic findings and sleep disturbance in carpal tunnel syndrome: A controlled objective and subjective study
Authors: Rubin Guy , Orbach Hagay , Rinott Micha , Rozen Nimrod
Published: July 2019

Objective

This controlled objective and subjective study aimed to evaluate the relationship between insomnia severity and electrodiagnostic findings in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

Methods

Twenty-one patients with an established clinical and electrodiagnostic diagnosis of CTS before surgery were included. Sleep characteristics were monitored objectively over 4 to 9 nights by means of actigraphy. On the following morning, participants completed a sleep log that conveyed their subjective impressions of how they had slept. All patients also completed the Insomnia Severity Index questionnaire. The correlation of these findings with patients’ motor latency and sensory latency was evaluated using Spearman correlation analysis.

Results

We found no correlation between sensory or motor latencies and all sleep measures.

Conclusion

Electrodiagnostic findings and sleep severity in patients with CTS appear to be independent measures, and they do not correlate with each other.
Does Revascularization Prior to Foot and Ankle Surgery Reduce the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection (SSI)?
Authors: Heidari Nima , Charalambous Alexander , Kwok Iris , Vris Alexandros , Li Yueyang
Published: July 2019

Recommendation:

Several studies support the effect of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) on wound healing and surgical site infection (SSI). Despite this, there have been no specific studies proving the beneficial effect of revascularization on SSI prior to operative intervention in the setting of traumatic or elective foot and ankle surgery. The majority of studies on revascularization are in the setting of diabetic foot infection or established ischemia. We recommend that in the presence of an inadequate vascularization in the foot and ankle, vascular optimization should be undertaken prior to elective surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Limited.

Delegate Vote:

Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)
What Are the Indications for One-Stage Versus Two-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty in Management of the Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?
Authors: Ellington Kent , Bemenderfer Thomas B.
Published: July 2019

Recommendation:

Two-stage exchange arthroplasty is recommended in the majority of cases following infected TAA. One-stage arthroplasty is only indicated in a limited patient population with acute infection, preoperatively identified low-virulence organisms, and low-risk patient factors.

Level of Evidence:

Consensus.

Delegate Vote:

Agree: 92%, Disagree: 8%, Abstain: 0% (Super Majority, Strong Consensus).
What Are the Predictors of Treatment Failure in Patients Who Have Undergone Two-Stage Exchange for Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?
Authors: McDonald Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

Recommendation:

Predictors for treatment failure in patients undergoing 2-stage exchange for infected total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) include compromised soft tissues (eg, sinus tract and exposed hardware), significant bone involvement/osteomyelitis, and insufficient timing of antibiotic course before reimplantation.

Level of Evidence:

Moderate.

Delegate Vote:

Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus).
Analysis of wear behavior and surface properties of detonation gun-sprayed composite coating of Cr3C2–NiCr–CeO2 on boron steel
Authors: Mehta Jimmy , Grewal J. S. , Sadasivuni Kishor Kumar , Gupta Pallav
Published: July 2019

The present paper reports the analysis of wear behavior and surface properties of detonation gun-sprayed composite coating of chromium carbide–nichrome–cerium oxide (Cr3C2–NiCr–CeO2) on boron steel. Experiments were performed to have complete understanding of wear rate and volume loss for the worn out surfaces. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis were used for phase detection and microstructural characterization. Addition of rare earth metal improves the stickiness and avoids corrosion in the coating. Pin on disc test rig was used for the experimental purpose, and wear rate was calculated at three loads (30 N, 60 N and 90 N) in both dry and lubricating conditions. These tests were done for different cycles (to completely understand the wear behavior). From the results, it could be concluded that in lubrication state when the applied load is less, Cr3C2–NiCr+10% CeO2 coated sample shows the better result as compared to Cr3C2–NiCr+5% CeO2 and uncoated samples.
Unravelling heart failure nurses’ education: Content comparison of heart failure nurses’ education in three European Society of Cardiology states and the Heart Failure Association heart failure curriculum
Authors: Baldewijns Karolien , Brunner-La Rocca Hans-Peter , de Maesschalck Lieven , Devillé Aleidis , Boyne Josiane
Published: July 2019

Aims:

The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines state that heart failure nurse specialists (heart-failure nurses) with specific competences are essential for a successful heart-failure-management programme. Thus, the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC developed the heart failure nurse curriculum (HFA curriculum). Several ESC member states developed cardiovascular education programmes to enable nurses to deliver high specialist care, but little is known of whether these curricula are in line with the HFA curriculum. Therefore, this paper describes the extent to which cardiovascular education programmes in Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany correspond to the HFA curriculum.

Methods and results:

A case study approach was adopted to obtain an in-depth understanding of the programme contents in relation to the HFA curriculum. For this purpose, representatives of the educational programmes and/or delegates of the national cardiovascular nursing organization shared their educational curricula. All of the studied cardiovascular education programmes aim to provide heart failure and/or cardiovascular nurses with essential competences for implementation of evidence based and guideline derived care. However, every cardiovascular education programme has a different focus/area of attention. Cardiovascular education in Belgium discusses aspects of all core-learning objectives of the HFA curriculum and emphasizes mostly knowledge aspects of these. Learning objectives in cardiovascular education in The Netherlands focus on chronic diseases in general and on learning objectives concerning patient education, support in self-care and management of device and pharmacological therapy. Cardiovascular education in Germany discusses most learning objectives; however, not all learning objectives receive equal attention.

Conclusions:

Although local cardiovascular education programmes adopt certain aspects of the HF curriculum, the curriculum as a whole is not adopted.
A systematic scoping review of asset-based approaches to promote health in communities: development of a framework
Authors: Cassetti Viola , Powell Katie , Barnes Amy , Sanders Tom
Published: July 2019

Asset-based approaches to health promotion have become increasingly popular as a way to tackle health inequalities by empowering people in more disadvantaged communities to use local resources and increase control over health and its determinants. However, questions remain about how they work in practice. This article presents the findings from a systematic scoping review of the empirical literature on asset-based approaches in communities. The aim was to identify the key elements of asset-based approaches, and how they are operationalised in interventions aimed at promoting health and reducing inequalities in local communities. Four databases were searched (Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ASSIA) and papers were included if they described interventions explicitly adopting an asset-based approach but excluded if limited to asset identification. Thirty articles were included in the review. Data were extracted on the type of assets that the intervention built upon, how assets were mobilised, the expected outcomes and evaluation methods. A framework is presented that synthesises the key characteristics of asset-based interventions to promote health in communities. Three main approaches to mobilising assets were identified in the literature: (A) connecting assets, (B) raising awareness of assets and (C) enabling assets to thrive. It is argued that asset-based approaches to health promotion take a wide variety of forms, making it difficult to anticipate outcomes and to evaluate interventions. The framework presented here can be used to better understand the processes through which asset-based approaches work in practice to promote health and reduce inequalities.
Gdf15 regulates murine stress erythroid progenitor proliferation and the development of the stress erythropoiesis niche
Authors: Hao Siyang , Xiang Jie , Wu Dai-Chen , Fraser James W. , Ruan Baiye , Cai Jingwei , Patterson Andrew D. , Lai Zhi-Chun , Paulson Robert F.
Published: July 2019

Anemic stress induces the proliferation of stress erythroid progenitors in the murine spleen that subsequently differentiate to generate erythrocytes to maintain homeostasis. This process relies on the interaction between stress erythroid progenitors and the signals generated in the splenic erythroid niche. In this study, we demonstrate that although growth-differentiation factor 15 (Gdf15) is not required for steady-state erythropoiesis, it plays an essential role in stress erythropoiesis. Gdf15 acts at 2 levels. In the splenic niche, Gdf15−/− mice exhibit defects in the monocyte-derived expansion of the splenic niche, resulting in impaired proliferation of stress erythroid progenitors and production of stress burst forming unit-erythroid cells. Furthermore, Gdf15 signaling maintains the hypoxia-dependent expression of the niche signal, Bmp4, whereas in stress erythroid progenitors, Gdf15 signaling regulates the expression of metabolic enzymes, which contribute to the rapid proliferation of stress erythroid progenitors. Thus, Gdf15 functions as a comprehensive regulator that coordinates the stress erythroid microenvironment with the metabolic status of progenitors to promote stress erythropoiesis.
Top Qualifications Hospitalist Leaders Seek in Candidates: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Allen‐Dicker Joshua , Hall Alan M , Donahue Christine , Esquivel Ernie L , Kwan Brian , Namavar Aram A , Stewart Diana Ebere , Martin Shannon K
Published: July 2019

Despite rapidly growing interest in Hospital Medicine (HM), no prior research has examined the factors that may be most beneficial or detrimental to candidates during the HM hiring process. We developed a survey instrument to assess how those involved in the HM hiring process assess HM candidate attributes, skills and behaviors. The survey was distributed electronically to nontrainee physician Society of Hospital Medicine members. Respondents ranked the top five qualifications of HM candidates and the top five qualities an HM candidate should demonstrate on interview day to be considered for hiring. In thematic analysis of free‐response questions, several themes emerged relating to interview techniques and recruitment strategies, including heterogeneous approaches to long‐term versus short‐term applicants. These findings represent the first published assessment in the area of HM hiring and should inform HM candidates and their mentors.
Opioid Utilization and Perception of Pain Control in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross‐Sectional Study of 11 Sites in 8 Countries
Authors: Burden Marisha , Keniston Angela , Wallace Mary Anderson , Busse Jason W , Casademont Jordi , Chadaga Smitha R , Chandrasekaran Sumitra , Cicardi Marco , Cunningham John M , Filella David , Hoody Daniel , Hilden David , Hsieh Ming‐Ju , Lee Yoon‐Seon , Melley Daniel D , Munoa Anna , Perego Francesca , Shu Chin‐Chung , Sohn Chang Hwan , Spence Jeffrey , Thurman Lindsay , Towns Cindy R , You John , Zocchi Luca , Albert Richard K
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Hospitalized patients are frequently treated with opioids for pain control, and receipt of opioids at hospital discharge may increase the risk of future chronic opioid use.

OBJECTIVE

To compare inpatient analgesic prescribing patterns and patients' perception of pain control in the United States and non‐US hospitals.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional observational study.

SETTING

Four hospitals in the US and seven in seven other countries.

PARTICIPANTS

Medical inpatients reporting pain.

MEASUREMENTS

Opioid analgesics dispensed during the first 24‐36 hours of hospitalization and at discharge; assessments and beliefs about pain.

RESULTS

We acquired completed surveys for 981 patients, 503 of 719 patients in the US and 478 of 590 patients in other countries. After adjusting for confounding factors, we found that more US patients were given opioids during their hospitalization compared with patients in other countries, regardless of whether they did or did not report taking opioids prior to admission (92% vs 70% and 71% vs 41%, respectively; P < .05), and similar trends were seen for opioids prescribed at discharge. Patient satisfaction, beliefs, and expectations about pain control differed between patients in the US and other sites.

LIMITATIONS

Limited number of sites and patients/country.

CONCLUSIONS

In the hospitals we sampled, our data suggest that physicians in the US may prescribe opioids more frequently during patients' hospitalizations and at discharge than their colleagues in other countries, and patients have different beliefs and expectations about pain control. Efforts to curb the opioid epidemic likely need to include addressing inpatient analgesic prescribing practices and patients' expectations regarding pain control.
Analytic Ecclesiology: The Social Ontology of the Church
Authors: Cockayne Joshua
Published: July 2019

In this paper, I aim to show that analytic philosophy can contribute to the theological discussion of ecclesiology. By considering recent analytic work on social ontology, I outline how we might think of the Church as one entity, constituted by many disparate parts. The paper begins with an overview of the theological constraints for the paper, and then proceeds to examine recent work on the philosophy of social ontology and group agency. Drawing on this literature, I outline three models of social ontology from the history of philosophy and suggest reasons why all of them fail to provide an account of the Church’s agency. Finally, I develop an alternative model which, I suggest, better fits the conditions stipulated.
Presentación de los Directores
Authors: Santos Pérez José Manuel , Liberatores S. Bechara Ana Elisa
Published: July 2019

Texto de presentación del número 1 (volumen 1) de la Revista de Estudios Brasileños.
Night Soil: Origins, Discontinuities, and Opportunities for Bridging the Metabolic Rift
Authors: Kawa Nicholas C. , Ding Yang , Kingsbury Jo , Goldberg Kori , Lipschitz Forbes , Scherer Mitchell , Bonkiye Fatuma
Published: July 2019

For millennia, people have relied on human excrement or “night soil” as a source of agricultural fertilization. Following industrialization, however, the use of this resource became considerably limited. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the historical use of human excreta for agricultural application at varying scales of management, from early Amazonian farming middens to regional networks of night soil trade in imperial China. We then draw attention to the factors that led to the discontinuation of night soil usage during industrialization, placing focus on the “culture of flushing” that developed along with the adoption of the hydraulic sanitation system. To conclude, we consider how improved management of human excreta in the contemporary world can have important consequences for agricultural production, despite the ongoing challenges posed by what Marxian scholars refer to as the metabolic rift—the disruption of the earth’s socio-ecological cycles brought on by industrial capitalism.
Fermentation and the Ethnobiology of Microbial Entanglement
Authors: Flachs Andrew , Orkin Joseph D.
Published: July 2019

Fermentation preserves and transforms foods through autochthonous or introduced microorganisms. Fermentation is of special interest to ethnobiologists because it relies on place- and practice-based knowledge, local flora and microbial taxa, is sensitive to cultural and ecological conditions, and illuminates the interactions through which communities shape and are shaped by the world around them. In this short topical review, we discuss recent anthropological and ethnobiological research into fermentation, arguing that this topic deserves further attention during the current moment of microbial interest across social and natural sciences. We present a typology of scholarship on human-microbial relationships that delineates three intellectual camps in this literature: neo-cultural ecology, microbiopolitics, and the environmental humanities. In light of biomedical and scientific attention to microbes—not only as threats but also as complex and beneficial actors in our lives—it is crucial to understand how socioecological practices including growing, preparing, and consuming fermented foods sustain microbial communities, heritage foodways, and human wellbeing.
Territorialidades em habitação de interesse social
Authors: Bitencourt Monteiro Mg. Arq. Deyvid Aléx , Gomes Miron Dra. Arq. Luciana Inês , Da Silva Mg.. Socióloga Michelle Nascimento
Published: July 2019

Na habitação de interesse social, a territorialidade pode ser manifestada por meio de modificações simbólicas e materiais realizadas pelos usuários nas suas unidades habitacionais. Tais modificações podem ocorrer com base nos valores culturais e subjetivos dos usuários. O objetivo principal deste artigo é avaliar as territorialidades expressadas por meio da relação entre as modifiicações realizadas e a permanência dos usuários de habitação de interesse. Em um estudo de caso, foram avaliados três empreendimentos pertencentes ao Programa Integrado Entrada da Cidade (PIEC). Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram a construção de um questionário, observações in-loco, planejamento amostral, coleta e análise de dados. Para as análises dos dados foram utilizadas técnicas estatísticas descritivas. Dentre as principais contribuições desta pesquisa está a identificação das distintas formas de modificações realizadas e pretendidas nas unidades habitacionais investigadas. Ainda, as territorialidades analisadas em conjunto com o percentual de permanência dos moradores indicaram possíveis meios para o monitoramento dos resultados obtidos por programas habitacionais brasileiros.
Konsep I’rab dalam Ilmu Nahwu
Authors: Fransisca Tony
Published: July 2019

Nahwu's knowledge as we know it today is laden with various rules and theories is the result of a process which is quite long in the history of Arabic linguistics. Wrong review Nahwu science for example about the concept of I'rab. In things that are often frequently considered as a privilege that makes it difficult then to tryto be avoided by various methods recommended in Ta'līm al-Lughah al-abiArabiyah lī Ghair an-Nāthiqīn bihā, then actually that is the completion of manipulation. That problem will always appear during the core of the problem has not been resolved completely. The concept of I'rab must be straightened out. I've always defined it as taghyîr (change) or taghayyur (change) or atsar (address symptoms Ihab).
IMPLEMENTASI PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Nisak Binti Khoirun
Published: July 2019

The government has set 2013 curriculum as learning curriculum to replace previous curriculum in order to improve education in Indonesia. This article is aimed to increase education quality in Arabic learning and to create qualified education in very aspect. This research shows that: 1) the implementation of scientific approach in Arabic learning in MAN Lab UIN Yogyakarta has run well based on the steps of scientific approach i.e. observing, questioning, gathering information or experiment, associating, and communicating. 2) the advantages of implementation of the scientific approach in Arabic learning are: learning activity can be implemented smoothly, the use of various learning media and adequate learning sources help student to learn actively. While the disadvantage of implementation is when this approach is implemented in a class that consists of students from various background inputs especially from SMP (Junior High School) students in which they do not have Arabic basis. So that if the learning centered on students, it can not be run well and the input result will be different.
Analisis Metode Pembelajaran Ilmu Nahwu Pada Majelis Taklim al-Amanah Kebon Jeruk Jakarta Barat
Authors: Syarif Fajar
Published: July 2019

This article will discuss the learning method of Nahwu at Majelis Taklim al Amanah. It shows a method that is applied by KH. Muhammad Zein in Nahwu  learning by combining some methods in Nahwu learning. Poligamy that is applied by KH. Muhammad Zein can help students to get the language skill.  The writer has chosen this object research at Majelis Taklim al Amanah due to it uses Nahwu as a prime lesson and obligatory material for students, so the Nahwu position is so important and it is intensively learned. For the sources of this  research are from collaboration of library research and field research. It uses etnografy method (descriptive qualitative research) which focuses on Nahwu learning process at the Majlis Taklim. Learning with the poligamy system is a role model of learning for other educational institutions, so the learning purpose of Nahwu can be reached.