bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method for creating a class of triangular C1 finite elements
Authors: Papanicolopulos S.‐A. , Zervos A.
Published: October 2011

Finite elements providing a C1 continuous interpolation are useful in the numerical solution of problems where the underlying partial differential equation is of fourth order, such as beam and plate bending and deformation of strain‐gradient‐dependent materials. Although a few C1 elements have been presented in the literature, their development has largely been heuristic, rather than the result of a rational design to a predetermined set of desirable element properties. Therefore, a general procedure for developing C1 elements with particular desired properties is still lacking.

This paper presents a methodology by which C1 elements, such as the TUBA 3 element proposed by Argyris et al., can be constructed. In this method (which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first one of its kind), a class of finite elements is first constructed by requiring a polynomial interpolation and prescribing the geometry, the location of the nodes and the possible types of nodal DOFs. A set of necessary conditions is then imposed to obtain appropriate interpolations. Generic procedures are presented, which determine whether a given potential member of the element class meets the necessary conditions. The behaviour of the resulting elements is checked numerically using a benchmark problem in strain‐gradient elasticity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Case of the Execution of Swedish Soldiers at the Market Square in Cracow (17th c.)
Authors: Kępa M. , Szostek K. , Wrębiak A. , Gląb H. , Buśko C. , Glowa W. , Dryja S.
Published: October 2011

Creating a more complete image of our past requires cooperation among many branches of science. A joint effort by archaeologists, anthropologists and historians allowed us to establish the origin and cause of death of four individuals found in a layer dating to the early modern period ina medieval burial ground in the Market Square in Cracow. In the course of interdisciplinary analyses, it was found that the skeletons were the remains of four males aged between 30 and 50, who probably were soldiers of a Swedish garrison occupying Cracow in the mid‐17th century. The finding was confirmed by archaeological evidence parts of protective codpieces (Lat.suspensus) and burial stratigraphy typical of this period) and specific changes in the skeletons attributable to warfare. At the same time, characteristic traumatic lesions of the cervical vertebrae and traces of binding of the upper and lower limbs indicate that the soldiers had been condemned to death by beheading. Historical sources confirm that Swedish soldiers were executed in Cracow's Market Square in 1657. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Roman Skeleton with Possible Treponematosis in the North‐East of the Iberian Peninsula: A Morphological and Radiological Study
Authors: Rissech Carme , Roberts Charlotte , Tomás‐Batlle Xavier , Tomás‐Gimeno Xavier , Fuller Benjamin , Fernandez Pedro Luis , Botella Miguel
Published: October 2011

The main goal of this paper is to describe and discuss pathological lesions observed in a Roman skeleton (between 2nd and 3rd century AD) from the north‐east region of the Iberian Peninsula (St Nicasi 18–24 site. Gavà, Barcelona), which may be compatible with treponematosis. Most of the skeleton, with the exception of the neurocranium, was recovered. Only the left tibia was affected, whereas the rest of the recovered skeletal remains were unaffected. Macroscopic examination revealed a male individual between 25 and 30 years of age at death with a sabre‐shaped left tibia. The proximal half of the diaphysis was pitted and the bone overall enlarged. The surface of the tibia showed occasional vascular impressions where, in some instances, small raised plaques of new bone appeared to bridge over them, specifically in the most affected area of the proximal half of the tibia. No destructive lesions were observed. Radiographic examination and gross inspection at the cross section of the tibia showed encroachment into the medullary cavity of coarse cancellous bone and cancellization of the cortex. The observed lesions indicate that the tibia was affected by a chronic infectious disease. Differential diagnoses were considered, and these included other infectious diseases, fibrous dysplasia, Paget's disease, chronic varicose ulcers affecting bone and trauma, with the conclusion that the disease affecting the tibia could have been treponematosis.

This could be significant in the history of the treponematoses being one of the oldest examples of treponematosis in pre‐Columbian Europe. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of ultrastable eu‐complex/polystyrene composite luminescent nanoparticles using a solvent swelling method
Authors: Li Zhanjun , Zhang Hongwu , Shen Jiangshan
Published: October 2011

Nanoparticles composed of Eu‐complex, Eu(TTA)3Phen, and polystyrene (PS) were successfully synthesized through an improved solvent swelling method. The unstable Eu(TTA)3Phen could be protected by the hydrophobic shell of PS nanoparticles. This method is very appropriate to embed unstable luminescent molecules into polymer nanoparticles. The as‐synthesized luminescent PS nanoparticles have been turned out to be water‐dispersible, strong red luminescent, ultrastable in strong acid and alkali, and luminescence lifetime enhanced. A cell imaging assay was further carried out and strong luminescent signal could be obtained, which showed that the as‐synthesized luminescent Eu‐complex/PS nanoparticles are a good candidate to be used as luminescent nanoparticles in tumor cell detection. This solvent swelling method is simple, easy to scale‐up, and has great potential in the preparation of other luminescent nanoparticles. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Recent advances in solid‐state organic lasers
Authors: Chénais Sébastien , Forget Sébastien
Published: October 2011

Organic solid‐state lasers are reviewed, with a special emphasis on works published during the last decade. Referring originally to dyes in solid‐state polymeric matrices, organic lasers also include the rich family of organic semiconductors, paced by the rapid development of organic light‐emitting diodes. Organic lasers are broadly tunable coherent sources, potentially compact, convenient and manufactured at low cost. In this review, we describe the basic photophysics of the materials used as gain media in organic lasers with a specific look at the distinctive features of dyes and semiconductors. We also outline the laser architectures used in state‐of‐the‐art organic lasers and the performances of these devices with regard to output power, lifetime and beam quality. A survey of the recent trends in the field is given, highlighting the latest developments in terms of wavelength coverage, wavelength agility, efficiency and compactness, and towards integrated low‐cost sources, with a special focus on the great challenges remaining for achieving direct electrical pumping. Finally, we discuss the very recent demonstration of new kinds of organic lasers based on polaritons or surface plasmons, which open new and very promising routes in the field of organic nanophotonics. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Life prediction for CIGS solar modules part 2: degradation kinetics, accelerated testing, and encapsulant effects
Authors: Coyle Dennis J. , Blaydes Holly A. , Northey Rebecca S. , Pickett James E. , Nagarkar Kaustubh R. , Zhao Ri‐An , Gardner James O.
Published: October 2011

Copper indium gallium di‐selenide (CIGS) solar cells from Global Solar Energy, Inc. and development cells from another manufacturer are laminated in non‐barrier packaging and exposed to a variety of temperature and humidity conditions, and measured degradation rates fit to a kinetic expression. The kinetic constants are then used in a life model that is based on time‐dependent mass and energy balances governing module temperature and the diffusion of water through a module package subjected to weather conditions.

Cells with an aluminum‐doped zinc oxide window layer degrade approximately 25× faster than cells having an indium tin oxide window layer, and so require much lower permeability barrier films in a flexible package. The electrically conducting adhesive used to connect bottom and top contact to solder‐coated ribbons can be a major factor in degradation. This difference may only be apparent at lower temperatures, which drastically affects real‐world lifetime. Preliminary Florida and Arizona data confirm this.

The key assumption in the model is that the instantaneous rate of degradation is proportional to the relative saturation of the encapsulant with water (0–100%), and not the absolute concentration of water in the encapsulant (10−3–10−2 g/cm3). This leads to the model prediction that it is only the diffusion time constant tc = LESE/WVTR that determines the degradation and life of a packaged cell and that thicker encapsulants with higher water solubility will significantly extend cell life. Experimental data for three different encapsulant materials with and without a moisture barrier film confirm these predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of antisocial and psychopathic traits on emotional facial expression recognition in alcohol abusers
Authors: Acharya Rupali , Dolan Mairead
Published: October 2011

As there are independent reports that alcohol dependence and antisocial personality pathology (particularly psychopathy) are associated with impaired face affect recognition, we examined the relationship between antisocial personality traits and face affect recognition in 23 detoxified inpatient alcohol abusers and 26 healthy controls. All participants were rated on the Antisocial Personality Questionnaire (APQ), and the alcohol abuse sample was rated on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. A computerized face affect recognition task was used to assess the six basic emotions. Overall, alcohol abusers were significantly worse than healthy controls at recognizing emotional facial expression, particularly anger and sadness. Recognition of disgust was negatively correlated with psychopathy (particularly the social deviance factor) and with several subscales of the impulsivity/hostility factor on the APQ. Fear recognition was also negatively correlated with a number of APQ subscales within the impulsive/hostility factor. Our findings point to the importance of assessing co‐morbid antisocial personality pathology in studies looking at face affect recognition deficits in substance abusers. The work also suggests that the interpersonal difficulties seen in some alcohol abusers may be related to impairments in emotional information that are primarily due to co‐morbid personality pathology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Picrophilus torridus at pH and temperature values close to its growth limit
Authors: Thürmer Andrea , Voigt Birgit , Angelov Angel , Albrecht Dirk , Hecker Michael , Liebl Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

The thermoacidophilic archaeon Picrophilus torridus belongs to the Thermoplasmatales order and is the most acidophilic organism known to date, growing under extremely acidic conditions around pH 0 (pHopt 1) and simultaneously at high temperatures up to 65°C. Some genome features that may be responsible for survival under these harsh conditions have been concluded from the analysis of its 1.55 megabase genome sequence. A proteomic map was generated for P. torridus cells grown to the mid‐exponential phase. The soluble fraction of the cells was separated by isoelectric focusing in the pH ranges 4–7 and 3–10, followed by a two dimension (2D) on SDS‐PAGE gels. A total of 717 Coomassie collodial‐stained protein spots from both pH ranges (pH 4–7 and 3–10) were excised and subjected to LC‐MS/MS, leading to the identification of 665 soluble protein spots. Most of the enzymes of the central carbon metabolism were identified on the 2D gels, corroborating biochemically the metabolic pathways predicted from the P. torridus genome sequence. The 2D master gels elaborated in this study represent useful tools for physiological studies of this thermoacidophilic organism. Based on quantitative 2D gel electrophoresis, a proteome study was performed to find pH‐ or temperature‐dependent differences in the proteome composition under changing growth conditions. The proteome expression patterns at two different temperatures (50 and 70°C) and two different pH conditions (pH 0.5 and 1.8) were compared. Several proteins were up‐regulated under most stress stimuli tested, pointing to general roles in coping with stress.
Suffering and distress at the end‐of‐life
Authors: Krikorian Alicia , Limonero Joaquín T. , Maté Jorge
Published: October 2011

Objective

Suffering frequently occurs in the context of chronic and progressive medical illnesses and emerges with great intensity at end‐of‐life. A review of the literature on suffering and distress‐related factors was conducted to illustrate the integrative nature of suffering in this context. We hope it will result in a comprehensive approach, centered in the patient‐family unit, which will alleviate or eliminate unnecessary suffering and provide well‐being, when possible.

Methods

An extensive search of the literature on suffering and distress in end‐of‐life patients was conducted. While the present review is not a systematic one, an in‐depth search using the terms ‘Suffering’, ‘Distress’, End‐of‐Life', ‘Palliative Care’, and ‘Terminal illness’ was conducted using search engines such as PubMed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EBSCO‐Host, OVID, and SciELO.

Results

Taking into account the comprehensive and integrative nature of suffering, factors related to the physical, psychological, spiritual, and social human dimensions are described. As well, some treatment considerations in the palliative care context are briefly discussed.

Conclusions

Suffering is individual, unique, and inherent to each person. Assessment processes require keeping in mind the complexity, multi‐dimensionality, and subjectivity of symptoms and experiences. Optimal palliative care is based on continuous and multidimensional evaluation and treatment of symptoms and syndromes. It should take place in a clinical context where the psychological, spiritual, and socio‐cultural needs of the patient‐family unit are taken care of simultaneously. A deep knowledge of the nature of suffering and its associated factors is central to alleviate unnecessary suffering. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface DBD for Deposition of PEO‐Like Plasma Polymers
Authors: Gordeev Ivan , Šimek Milan , Prukner Václav , Choukourov Andrei , Biederman Hynek
Published: October 2011

This work investigates the possibility to prepare PEO‐like plasma polymers by using an AC surface dielectric barrier discharge in argon with admixtures of di(ethylene glycol) monovinyl ether vapors at atmospheric pressure. The surface discharge was driven in an amplitude‐modulated regime with a driving AC frequency of 5 kHz with a variable discharge duty cycle of 0.2–0.8. Deposition of plasma polymers was tested for variable argon flow rate of 0.5–2 slm and for various distances between the discharge electrode surface and deposition substrates. The measurements of electro‐optical discharge characteristics and infrared analysis of deposited films were performed to fix suitable deposition conditions. Best retention of PEO‐like character was obtained for the following conditions: the distance between substrates and discharge surface of 3 mm, argon flow rate of 1 slm, excitation AC high voltage of 2.2 kV (peak‐to‐peak) and discharge duty cycle of 0.4.

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Full‐Thickness Characterization of Plasma Polymerized Hexane Films Irradiated by an Electron Beam
Authors: Pedersen Rasmus H. , Scurr David J. , Roach Paul , Alexander Morgan R. , Gadegaard Nikolaj
Published: October 2011

Thin plasma polymerized hexane (ppHex) films have been shown to be useful as a novel resist for electron beam lithography. We present time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis of ∼50 nm thick ppHex films deposited at two different RF powers (10 and 50 W) followed by exposure to an electron beam at various doses. As‐deposited, high‐power and low‐power films exhibit differences in chemical composition, explaining an experimentally observed difference in solubility. Exposure of the ppHex films to an electron beam at high doses (>5 mC cm−2) increases the amount of cross‐linking in the ppHex film, rendering them insoluble in a developer, and allowing for the material to be used as a novel resist for electron beam lithography.

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Toward a standardized urine proteome analysis methodology
Authors: Court Magali , Selevsek Nathalie , Matondo Mariette , Allory Yves , Garin Jerome , Masselon Christophe D. , Domon Bruno
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 1160–1171, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000566
Differential expression of adipose tissue proteins between obesity‐susceptible and ‐resistant rats fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Joo Jeong In , Oh Tae Seok , Kim Dong Hyun , Choi Duk Kwon , Wang Xia , Choi Jung‐Won , Yun Jong Won
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 1429–1448, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000515
Representing and comparing protein folds and fold families using three‐dimensional shape‐density representations
Authors: Mavridis Lazaros , Ghoorah Anisah W. , Venkatraman Vishwesh , Ritchie David W.
Published: October 2011

The question of how best to compare and classify the (three‐dimensional) structures of proteins is one of the most important unsolved problems in computational biology. To help tackle this problem, we have developed a novel shape‐density superposition algorithm called 3D‐Blast which represents and superposes the shapes of protein backbone folds using the spherical polar Fourier correlation technique originally developed by us for protein docking. The utility of this approach is compared with several well‐known protein structure alignment algorithms using receiver‐operator‐characteristic plots of queries against the “gold standard” CATH database. Despite being completely independent of protein sequences and using no information about the internal geometry of proteins, our results from searching the CATH database show that 3D‐Blast is highly competitive compared to current state‐of‐the‐art protein structure alignment algorithms. A novel and potentially very useful feature of our approach is that it allows an average or “consensus” fold to be calculated easily for a given group of protein structures. We find that using consensus shapes to represent entire fold families also gives very good database query performance. We propose that using the notion of consensus fold shapes could provide a powerful new way to index existing protein structure databases, and that it offers an objective way to cluster and classify all of the currently known folds in the protein universe. Proteins 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement and Analysis of Vibration and Temperature Levels in Global Intermodal Container Shipments on Truck, Rail and Ship
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Saha K. , Singh J. , Sandhu A. P. S.
Published: October 2011

This paper reviews various previous studies conducted on measurement of physical and climatic conditions that occur inside International Standard Organization intermodal containers and their impact on packaging. The study measured vibration and temperature levels in two different shipments from India to USA where recorders measured the acceleration levels and temperature data while the instrumented and loaded containers travelled on truck, rail and ship. Measured data shows that extreme vibration levels occur while containers travel on trucks on poor road conditions followed by rail and ship travel. Highest temperature levels occur inside these containers when they are stationary and are at dry docks, as opposed to when they are travelling on truck or rail. Lowest vibration levels and temperature extremes occur when they are loaded on a ship and are travelling on sea. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a medical robot system for minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Feng Mei , Fu Yili , Pan Bo , Liu Chang
Published: October 2011

Background

Robot‐assisted systems have been widely used in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) practice, and with them the precision and accuracy of surgical procedures can be significantly improved. Promoting the development of robot technology in MIS will improve robot performance and help in tackling problems from complex surgical procedures.

Methods

A medical robot system with a new mechanism for MIS was proposed to achieve a two‐dimensional (2D) remote centre of motion (RCM). An improved surgical instrument was designed to enhance manipulability and eliminate the coupling motion between the wrist and the grippers. The control subsystem adopted a master–slave control mode, upon which a new method with error compensation of repetitive feedback can be based for the inverse kinematics solution. A unique solution with less computation and higher satisfactory accuracy was also obtained. Tremor filtration and trajectory planning were also addressed with regard to the smoothness of the surgical instrument movement.

Results

The robot system was tested on pigs weighing 30–45 kg. The experimental results show that the robot can successfully complete a cholecystectomy and meet the demands of MIS.

Conclusions

The results of the animal experiments were excellent, indicating a promising clinical application of the robot with high manipulability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive fault‐tolerant control framework with agent‐based systems
Authors: Perk S. , Shao Q.M. , Teymour F. , Cinar A.
Published: October 2011

An adaptive hierarchical framework for process supervision and fault‐tolerant control with agent‐based systems is presented. The framework consists of modules for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD), system identification and distributed control, and a hierarchical structure for performance‐based agent adaptation. Multivariate continuous process monitoring methodologies and several fault discrimination and classification techniques are implemented in the FDD modules to be used by multiple agents. In the process supervision layer, the continuous intramodular communication between FDD and control modules communicates the existence of an abnormality in the process, type of the abnormality, and affected process sections to the distributed model predictive control agents. In the agent management layer, the performances of all FDD and control agents are evaluated under specific process conditions. Performance‐based consensus criteria are used to prioritize the best‐performing agents in consensus decision making in every level of process supervision and fault‐tolerant control. The collective performance of the supervision system is improved via performance‐based consensus decision making and adaptation. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive agent‐based framework for fault‐tolerant control is illustrated using a simulated continuous stirred‐tank reactor network. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled balance losing in random step environment for path planning of a teleoperated crawler‐type vehicle
Authors: Magid Evgeni , Tsubouchi Takashi , Koyanagi Eiji , Yoshida Tomoaki , Tadokoro Satoshi
Published: October 2011

Rescue robotics is the application of robotics to the search and rescue domain, aimed at extending the capabilities and increasing the safety of the rescuers. Deployed on a site during a rescue mission, a mobile robot is teleoperated by a human operator from a safe place. To suggest to the operator a good direction to traverse the three‐dimensional (3D) debris environment, we develop a pilot system, which requires a special path search algorithm on debris and a proper definition of a search tree. Although the main goal of the algorithm is to keep the robot maximally stable at every step of its path, in some cases we need the robot to change a 3D orientation discontinuously through losing its balance. Losing balance on purpose is an essential feature for safe climbing up and going down debris, and it is the central issue of this paper. Exhaustive simulations were used to structure and analyze data. Experiments with a real robot verified our approach to removing unsuitable search directions from the search tree and gave important feedback to the algorithm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of an autonomous unmanned aerial system to collect time‐stamped samples from the atmosphere and localize potential pathogen sources
Authors: Gonzalez Felipe , Castro Marcos P.G. , Narayan Pritesh , Walker Rod , Zeller Les
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the hardware development and testing of a new concept for air sampling via the integration of a prototype spore trap onboard an unmanned aerial system (UAS). We propose the integration of a prototype spore trap onboard a UAS to allow multiple capture of spores of pathogens in single remote locations at high or low altitude, otherwise not possible with stationary sampling devices. We also demonstrate the capability of this system for the capture of multiple time‐stamped samples during a single mission. Wind tunnel testing was followed by simulation, and flight testing was conducted to measure and quantify the spread during simulated airborne air sampling operations. During autonomous operations, the onboard autopilot commands the servo to rotate the sampling device to a new indexed location once the UAS vehicle reaches the predefined waypoint or set of waypoints (which represents the region of interest). Time‐stamped UAS data are continuously logged during the flight to assist with analysis of the particles collected. Testing and validation of the autopilot and spore trap integration, functionality, and performance is described. These tools may enhance the ability to detect new incursions of spores. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An in situ investigation of the corrosion behaviour of a weathering steel work of art
Authors: Angelini E. , Grassini S. , Parvis M. , Zucchi F.
Published: October 2011

An in situ investigation of the atmospheric corrosion phenomena affecting weathering steels has been performed on a large outdoor sculpture dated back to 1983, the ‘Reditus ad origines’ by Agapito Miniucchi. The sculpture is exposed in the Scientific and Technological Pole of the University of Ferrara, and is an interesting example of architectural recovery of an industrial area. The assessment of the corrosion behavior was performed by means of an in situ, nondestructive approach based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The ultimate goal is to understand the corrosion mechanisms that affect outdoor immovable metallic artefacts to develop tailored and long‐lasting conservation strategies. The impedance measurements were carried out by means of a portable equipment specifically designed by the authors to work as a stand‐alone device connected to a personal computer. Polymeric electrodes were employed instead of the traditional electrochemical cell to avoid any acceleration of the corrosion process; the applied stimulus was in the range 0.001 Hz–100 kHz, while the measurement range could span from about 100 Ω to 1 G Ω. Furthermore, chemical analyses were carried out by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy on samples obtained with a microsampling technique to correlate the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results with the chemical composition of the corrosion layer and to identify the presence of electrochemically active species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Attenuate Contact Hypersensitivity via Prostaglandin E2-Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: Su Wen-Ru , Zhang Qun-Zhou , Shi Shi-Hong , Nguyen Andrew L. , Le Anh D.
Published: October 2011

The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated in several autoimmune/inflammatory disease models, but their contribution to the mitigation of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) remains unclear. Here, we report a new immunological approach using human gingiva-derived MSCs (GMSCs) to desensitize and suppress CHS and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that systemic infusion of GMSCs before the sensitization and challenge phase dramatically suppress CHS, manifested as a decreased infiltration of dendritic cells (DCs), CD8+ T cells, TH-17 and mast cells (MCs), a suppression of a variety of inflammatory cytokines, and a reciprocal increased infiltration of regulatory T cells and expression of IL-10 at the regional lymph nodes and the allergic contact areas. The GMSC-mediated immunosuppressive effects and mitigation of CHS were significantly abrogated on pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenases. Under coculture condition of direct cell-cell contact or via transwell system, GMSCs were capable of direct suppression of differentiation of DCs and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated activation of MCs, whereas the inhibitory effects were attenuated by indomethacin. Mechanistically, GMSC-induced blockage of de novo synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines by MCs is mediated partly by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) feedback axis. These results demonstrate that GMSCs are capable of desensitizing allergic contact dermatitis via PGE2-dependent mechanisms.
Prospective detection of open spina bifida at 11–13 weeks by assessing intracranial translucency and posterior brain
Authors: Chaoui R. , Benoit B. , Heling K. S. , Kagan K. O. , Pietzsch V. , Sarut Lopez A. , Tekesin I. , Karl K.
Published: October 2011

We describe a case series of six fetuses with open spina bifida (OSB) from four different prenatal units, where the anomaly was detected at the routine 11–13‐week ultrasound examination. Crown–rump length ranged from 49 to 78 mm. All cases were first suspected during nuchal translucency thickness measurement in the mid‐sagittal plane of the face. OSB was lumbosacral in five fetuses and cervical in one. The intracranial translucency (IT) was obliterated in two cases, but some fluid was found in the other four cases. However, in all cases the typical landmarks of a normal posterior brain and normal IT were absent. In all six cases the ratio of brainstem diameter to brainstem–occipital bone distance was increased (≥ 1). This detection of an abnormal posterior brain led to a targeted examination and detection of the spinal lesion during the same examination in five cases, whereas in one suspicious case the patient was recalled at 17 weeks, when the abnormality was detected. Two fetuses had both multiple anomalies and trisomy 18. These prospective cases demonstrate the feasibility of using the standard mid‐sagittal plane commonly used for NT measurement to assess the IT and the posterior brain and to determine the presence of OSB during NT screening. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn contents and interrelation in intact and morphologic normal prostate tissue of adult men investigated by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescent analysis
Authors: Zaichick Sofia , Zaichick Vladimir
Published: October 2011

A method for radionuclide‐induced (109Cd) energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescent (EDXRF) was used to determine Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn contents in intact and morphologic normal prostate tissues. Prostates were removed at necropsy from 64 men (mean age 36.5 years, range 13–60) who had died suddenly. All materials were divided into two parts. One part was morphologically examined, whereas chemical element contents of the other were estimated. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) for mass fraction of Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn (mg kg−1 on dry‐weight basis) in the intact and morphologic normal prostate tissue were 35.5 ± 4.0, 107 ± 5.4, 17.1 ± 0.8, 1.9 ± 0.3, and 850 ± 79, respectively. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) for Zn/Fe, Zn/Rb, and Zn/Sr ratios of mass fraction were 8.72 ± 0.80, 57.4 ± 7.2, and 567 ± 82, respectively. A strongly pronounced tendency of age‐related exponential increase in Zn mass fraction as well an increase in Zn/Fe, Zn/Rb, and Zn/Sr ratios in prostate was observed. A significant positive correlation was seen between the prostatic zinc and iron contents (p ≤ 0.05, r = 0.22) and between the prostatic zinc and bromine contents (p ≤ 0.01, r = 0.43). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Information Do Cancer Genetic Counselees Prioritize?
Authors: Hayat Roshanai Afsaneh , Lampic Claudia , Ingvoldstad Charlotta , Askmalm Marie Stenmark , Bjorvatn Chathrine , Rosenquist Richard , Nordin Karin
Published: October 2011

This study explored the informational needs of individuals attending genetic counseling for hereditary cancer, using a free‐choice and a forced choice method. Prior to the consultation the informational needs of 334 counselees from Sweden and Norway were assessed by the QUOTE‐gene (ca) questionnaire and by a study specific forced choice method, using Q‐methodology. Questionnaire responses indicated that counselees’ major concerns pertained to the need to be taken seriously, to be provided with sufficient risk estimation and medical/genetic information and to be involved in the decision making process. Furthermore, prior to counseling, counselees noted that the counselors’ consideration and skillfulness were also extremely important. Analysis of the Q‐sorting results revealed that counselees’ needs could be assigned to one of five groups: the “need for facts; caring communication and medical information; information and support in communicating the genetic information to others; practical care and practical/medical information”. Particularly noteworthy, counselees with varying backgrounds characteristics prioritized different needs. Cancer genetic counselees probably have different needs due to their medical and demographic background when attending genetic counseling. Addressing counselees’ specific concerns more sufficiently and thereby increasing the overall effectiveness of the counseling session requires increased insight into individual needs, by for instance, utilizing screening methods such as QUOTE‐gene (ca) prior to the counseling session.
The decay of turbulence generated by a class of multiscale grids
Authors: Valente P. C. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: October 2011

A new experimental investigation of decaying turbulence generated by a low-blockage space-filling fractal square grid is presented. We find agreement with previous works by Seoud & Vassilicos (Phys. Fluids, vol. 19, 2007, 105108) and Mazellier & Vassilicos (Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 075101) but also extend the length of the assessed decay region and consolidate the results by repeating the experiments with different probes of increased spatial resolution. It is confirmed that this moderately high Reynolds number${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } $turbulence (up to${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } \simeq 350$here) does not follow the classical high Reynolds number scaling of the dissipation rate$\varepsilon \ensuremath{\sim} {u{}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } }^{3} / L$and does not obey the equivalent proportionality between the Taylor-based Reynolds number${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } $and the ratio of integral scale$L$to the Taylor microscale$\lambda $. Instead we observe an approximate proportionality between$L$and$\lambda $during decay. This non-classical behaviour is investigated by studying how the energy spectra evolve during decay and examining how well they can be described by self-preserving single-length-scale forms. A detailed study of homogeneity and isotropy is also presented which reveals the presence of transverse energy transport and pressure transport in the part of the turbulence decay region where we take data (even though previous studies found mean flow and turbulence intensity profiles to be approximately homogeneous in much of the decay region). The exceptionally fast turbulence decay observed in the part of the decay region where we take data is consistent with the non-classical behaviour of the dissipation rate. Measurements with a regular square mesh grid as well as comparisons with active-grid experiments by Mydlarski & Warhaft (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 320, 1996, pp. 331–368) and Kang, Chester & Meveneau (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 480, 2003, pp. 129–160) are also presented to highlight the similarities and differences between these turbulent flows and the turbulence generated by our fractal square grid.
Evaluation of breed effects onn-3 PUFA metabolism with dietary flaxseed oil supplementation in dogs
Authors: Purushothaman Dharma , Yvonne Brown Wendy , Wu Shu-Biao , Vanselow Barbara
Published: October 2011

PUFA are important for human and animal health. To our knowledge, previous studies investigating the metabolism of PUFA in dogs have not examined breed differences. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential to elongate PUFA in two pure breeds of dogs. Plasma fatty acid composition (%) was measured in dogs during 3 weeks supplementation with flaxseed oil (57 % α-linolenic acid (ALA) and 17 % linolenic acid (LA)) at the rate of 100 ml/kg food following 4 months of feeding an identical standard basal diet. Plasma extracted at fasting state from five beagles and five greyhounds was analysed by GC. Plasma ALA, EPA and LA increased steadily and significantly from days 0 to 22 (P < 0·05); however, no significant breed differences were shown. Plasma DHA levels, on the other hand, showed no significant increase over time, but a significant breed difference was observed, with beagles having higher plasma level from day 0 (P = 0·002). This breed difference requires further investigation. Levels of ALA and EPA were still rising significantly between days 15 and 22, indicating that PUFA levels in plasma had not stabilised in 3 weeks. These findings together suggest that flaxseed oil could be a useful source of PUFA in dogs, especially ALA and EPA, and that breed differences may be important.
Nitrogen metabolism of four raw meat diets in domestic cats
Authors: Kerr Katherine R. , Beloshapka Alison N. , Morris Cheryl L. , Swanson Kelly S.
Published: October 2011

Little nutritional information has been collected from domestic cats fed raw meat diets. The objective of the present study was to evaluate differences in N metabolism of domestic cats fed raw beef-based diet (66 % crude protein (CP) and 20 % fat), bison-based diet (49 % CP and 39 % fat), elk-based diet (79 % CP and 6 % fat) and horse-based diet (60 % CP and 26 % fat). A total of eight intact adult female cats were fed to maintain body weight in a cross-over design. Daily food intake, faecal and urinary outputs, and N metabolism were measured. Dietary N was highly digestible (96·8 (sem0·7)) for all treatments. Urinary N accounted for a majority of total N excretion, and differences in total N excretion reflect differences in urinary N. Differences in N intake and N absorption were due to differences in CP levels among diets. N retention was similar to values reported in the literature for domestic cats fed purified and traditional extruded diets. Despite differences in protein concentrations and N intake, all raw meats tested maintained N metabolism.
The intravenous glucose tolerance and postprandial glucose tests may present different responses in the evaluation of obese dogs
Authors: Antonio Brunetto Márcio , César Sá Fabiano , Prudente Nogueira Sandra , de Oliveira Sampaio Gomes Márcia , Gullo Pinarel Amanda , Toloi Jeremias Juliana , José Albuquerque de Paula Francisco , Cavalieri Carciofi Aulus
Published: October 2011

The present study compared the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and the glucose postprandial response (GPPR) test for the evaluation of glucose metabolism in obese dogs. A total of ten owned obese dogs (body condition score (BCS) of 9; fat mass, 45·7 (sem 1·51) %) were used. These dogs had their weight reduced by 20 % (BCS, 8; fat mass, 33·5 (sem 1·92) %; P < 0·001), designated as weight-reduced (WR) group. A control group of ten Beagle dogs was also included (BCS, 4·5; fat mass, 18·3 (sem 1·38) %; P < 0·01). Glucose tolerance was measured by two methods: IVGTT (infusion of 0·5 g of glucose/kg body weight) and GPPR (consumption of cooked rice to achieve 6 g of starch/kg body weight). When using the IVGTT, the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and maximum glycaemia were higher for obese dogs compared with controls (P < 0·05), with intermediate results for the WR group (P>0·05). Basal insulin, insulin response peak, insulinogenic index and the AUC for insulin increment from 0 to 15 min and from 60 to 120 min were higher for the obese group (P < 0·05), while the WR group and control dogs showed similar results (P>0·05). When using the GPPR test, the AUC for insulin increment from 0 to 120 min was higher for the obese group compared with the control group (P < 0·05) and intermediate for the WR group (P>0·05). However, the AUC for insulin increment from 120 to 360 min was similar between the obese and WR groups (P>0·05), while it was lower for the control group (P < 0·05). The IVGTT showed that the loss of 20 % body weight resulted in an improvement of glucose control with reduced insulin secretion, and these same WR dogs showed higher insulin secretion with values similar to those of obese dogs when the GPPR test was used.
A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stonesin vivo
Authors: Houston Doreen M. , Weese Heather E. , Evason Michelle D. , Biourge Vincent , van Hoek Ingrid
Published: October 2011

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) is one of the most common minerals found in feline uroliths. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of acidifying calculolytic diets (inducing urine pH < 6·5), in dissolving struvite stones in cats. Recent work in our laboratory found that wet and dry test diets induce a struvite urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) < 1 and that the urine of healthy cats fed the dry test diet dissolved feline struvite stonesin vitro. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the efficacy of those test diets on naturally occurring struvite urocystoliths in cats. A total of twenty-one cats were used, of which seventeen completed the study. Of the seventeen cats, eight were fed the wet test diet and nine the dry test diet. Uroliths dissolved in a median of 18 (10–55) d. In the remaining four cats, uroliths failed to dissolve and were removed surgically. Quantitative analysis showed that these uroliths contained either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. The present study demonstrates that diets that induce a struvite RSS < 1 result in struvite stone dissolutionin vivo.
Use of pedometers to measure the relationship of dog walking to body condition score in obese and non-obese dogs
Authors: Warren Barbour S. , Wakshlag Joseph J. , Maley Mary , Farrell Tracy J. , Struble Angela M. , Panasevich Matthew R. , Wells Martin T.
Published: October 2011

The objective of the present study was to utilise an accurate canine pedometer methodology and to assess the relationship between activity and body condition score (BCS) in dogs. Initial methodology validation used videography and pedometer step measurements to assess actual steps taken in comparison with pedometer readings for twenty large, medium and small dogs. During the validation, dogs considered to be medium or large breed showed no significant difference between pedometer readings and actual steps taken. A total of seventy-seven obese and non-obese dogs over 35 cm (14 inches) shoulder height and over 10 kg were recruited from a dog obesity clinic and a community sample to assess daily walking activity. Body condition scoring and pedometer steps were assessed on three separate weeks during a 10-week period. During the activity monitoring, daily step counts ranged from 5555 to 39 970 steps/d among the seventy-seven medium and large dogs. Dogs’ BCS were inversely correlated with average daily steps (Spearman's ρ = − 0·442, P < 0·0001). The present study identified a significant inverse correlation between daily walking steps and BCS over a range from 4 to 9 out of 9 (P < 0·0001).
Energy expenditure and water turnover in hunting dogs in winter conditions
Authors: Ahlstrøm Øystein , Redman Paula , Speakman John
Published: October 2011

Hunting with dogs in winter conditions is practised in the Nordic countries. The present study aimed at determining daily energy expenditure (DEE) and body water turnover (BWT) by the doubly labelled water technique in eight hunting dogs (body-weight (BW) range 14–27 kg) working 3 h/d for 3 d ( − 6°C) on ground covered with 20–40 cm of loose snow, to provide information on energy and water requirements. The mean distance run during the hunting period was recorded by the global positioning system and averaged 19·4 km/d. DEE increased with increasing BW (P < 0·001) and varied between 7·20 and 16·6 MJ/d (mean 11·0 MJ/d) corresponding to 950–1350 kJ/kg BW0·75per d (mean 1170 kJ/kg BW0·75per d). The larger dogs tended to run longer than the smaller dogs and therefore spent more energy per kg BW0·75but not significantly (P>0·05). DEE values determined were close to the values measured for hunting dogs running for 3 h/d in hot climates, suggesting that climate within the range of the two studies has little impact on energy expenditure per h running activity. Compared with the work of sled dogs per km travelled running on a track, the work performed by the hunting dogs was suggested to be higher when running in a loose snow layer. However, DEE was much lower because sled dogs ran for a longer distance each day. Mean BWT was 217 ml/kg BW0·75or 19 ml/kJ metabolisable energy.
Effects of neutering on food intake, body weight and body composition in growing female kittens
Authors: Alexander Lucille G. , Salt Carina , Thomas Gaelle , Butterwick Richard
Published: October 2011

To understand the effects of neutering on food intake, body weight (BW) and body composition in kittens, data from an unrelated study were subjected topost hocanalysis. A total of twelve pairs of 11-week-old female littermates were randomly assigned to either a neutered group (neutered at 19 weeks old) or an entire group (kept entire) and offered free access to a dry diet until the age of 1 year. Neutered kittens exhibited increased food intake and increased BW after neutering (bothP < 0·00 001). Food intake (per kg BW) peaked 10 weeks after neutering; the mean intake of neutered kittens was 17 (95 % CI 8, 27) % more than entire littermates (P = 0·00 014). The intake was then reduced until there was no significant difference between the groups 18 weeks post-neutering. By 52 weeks of age, the neutered kittens were 24 (95 % CI 11, 39) % heavier than entire littermates (P < 0·0001) with a body condition score (BCS) 16·6 (95 % CI 0·9, 34·8) % higher (P = 0·0028). Neutered kittens continued to grow significantly fatter after neutering (allP < 0·0014), while entire kittens showed no significant change after 18 weeks of age. As neutered kittens consumed similar amounts of energy to their entire littermates from 18 weeks post-neutering, while their BW, BCS and percentage fat continued to increase, we suggest that neutered kittens have a reduced metabolisable energy requirement, and should therefore be fed to maintain an ideal BCS rather thanad libitum.Moreover, to maintain an ideal BCS, entire kittens consumed 93 (95 % CI 87, 100) % of their theoretical intake at 26 weeks of age, and 79 (95 % CI 72, 87) % at 52 weeks of age, suggesting that the current energy recommendation is inappropriate for these kittens.