bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐73: Optimization of Polymer stabilized Cholesteric Texture Materials for High Brightness Projection Display
Authors: Sun Ruipeng , Jang Wongun , Yang Deng‐Ke
Published: January 2005

The polymer stabilized cholesteric texture (PSCT) light valve is constructed using a cholesteric liquid crystal/polymer composite. It exhibits bistability at a bias voltage and is used to make a multiplexed display on a passive matrix. We optimized the performance of the PSCT valve by adjusting the cholesteric pitch, the polymer concentration and polymerization condition. We also studied the performance of the PSCT valve at various temperatures. Using the PSCT material, we have successfully constructed a projection display with high brightness and high contrast.
Novel Reverse‐Mode Light Switching of (Pseudo Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Copolymer Resulting in Spontaneous Homeotropic Alignment/Liquid Crystals) Composite System
Authors: Yamane H. , Kikuchi H. , Kajiyama T.
Published: January 2005

A new reverse‐mode light switching (transparent and opaque in undriven and driven states, respectively) has been demonstrated for the binary composite system composed of a pseudo side‐chain liquid crystalline copolymer (pseudo‐LCcoP) resulting in spontaneous homeotropic alignment and low‐molecular‐weight liquid crystals (LCs). The cell with the spontaneous homeotropic alignment showed a transparent state due to a homeotropic anchoring of the pseudo‐LCcoP at the surfaces of glass substrates. On the other hand, when a dc electric field was applied, the composite film became opaque due to the fluctuation of smectic like short‐range order fragments being formed by the side chain part of the pseudo‐LCcoP and the LCs. This light scattering state may arise from electric hydrodynamic motion of the smectic layer based on an electric current effect.
Pixel design and electro‐optic properties of multi‐domain vertically aligned mode
Authors: Konovalov V. A. , Muravski A. A. , Timofeev S. N. , Yakovenko S. Ye.
Published: January 2005

Multi‐domain texture is obtained in VA LCD by depositing dielectric black matrix on the color filter substrate above the electrode. It is shown, that without additional technological operations wide viewing angle and high brightness can be achieved.
8.3: Aperture‐Grille Vibration Suppression in Diamondtron CRT
Authors: Nishino H. , Sasai H. , Makino K. , Sugawara T.
Published: January 2005

The Aperture Grille AG of a Diamondtron CRT is fixed on an AG frame with some tension in a specific direction and supported on a panel by four springs welded to the edge of the AG frame. When the panel vibrates, the vibration is transmitted to the AG frame and the AG. This causes a disturbance in the image on the panel. It is therefore necessary to restrain AG vibration in order to make the CRT high‐resolution. This paper describes the vibration measurement system developed to analyze the vibration of the AG and its frame, the vibration model based on experimental results, and the method utilized to restrain the AG vibration.
P‐55: Reflective LCD with High Brightness and Wide Viewing Angle by Using Optically Compensated Twist‐LC Cell (OCT)
Authors: Shibazaki M. , Ishinabe T. , Miyashita X. , Uchida Z. , Yoshida K. , Tanaka H. , Sunata T.
Published: January 2005

We studied the design rules of the reflective type liquid crystal display (LCD) and the retardation films in order to prevent the color shift and the change of the reflectance. By analyzing the polarized state of light after passing through the LCD, and excellent reflective LCD, which shows almost constant reflectance in wide viewing angle without color shift by using the twist liquid crystal cell.
Improvement of diffusing property for reflective liquid crystal display using R‐OCB cell
Authors: Ishinabe Takahiro , Miyashita Tetsuya , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: January 2005

We have proposed a novel full‐color reflective LCD named “R‐OCB cell” composed of a mirror reflector and a front diffusing film. In order to realize a high quality reflective LCD, the reflective LCD must have a high brightness, high contrast ratio without color shift in a wide viewing angle range. In this paper, we discuss the design rule of liquid crystal layer and retardation films to obtain a high contrast ratio without color shift in a wide viewing angle range. In addition, we improved diffusing property of LCF to obtain a high brightness without image blur.
High Birefringence Bis‐tolane Liquid Crystals for Display Applications
Authors: Wu Shin‐Tson , Hsu C. S. , Shyu K. F. , Chuang Y. Y. , Cheng H. B. , Chai Z. , Day G. M. , Guo L. , Dalton L. R.
Published: January 2005

We report several bis‐tolane liquid crystals exhibiting high birefringence (Δn∼0.4), wide nematic range and modest viscosity. Their applications for display devices based on Bragg reflection and light scattering are emphasized.
Demonstration of the Waveguide Based Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Yuan Haijun , Palffy‐Muhoray Peter
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate a waveguide based liquid crystal display. Instead of using polarizers to control light intensity, high optical efficiency is obtained by using a liquid crystal to switch light out of a waveguide. Wide viewing angle is obtained by using a scattering screen.
32.1: Invited Paper: Amorphous Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors with Planarized Gate Insulators
Authors: Jang Jin , Lim Byung Cheon
Published: January 2005

High‐performance, amorphous silicon thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with planarized gate insulators have been developed. Such TFTs can adopt thick gate metal, thin active layer and thin gate insulator, therefore are very suitable to the high‐performance, large‐area TFT‐LCDs.
Next Generation TFT‐Array Testing for High Resolution/High Content AMLCDs
Authors: Kodate M. , Libsch F. R. , Iwami T. , Jenkins L. , Mastro M. , Mekata Y. , Polastre R. , Taguchi T.
Published: January 2005

Along with the extraordinary success of low cost amorphous silicon a‐Si TFT‐LCDs, technical and cost effectiveness of the TFT‐array test is today's focus. In this paper we discuss the current TFT‐array testing status and show the next generation TFT‐array testing method for higher resolution a‐Si TFT‐LCDs. The benefits of a lower cost testing method without any degradation of the testing quality are discussed.
High Resolution AMLCD made with a‐Si:H TFTs and with an Al‐Gate and IZO Last Structure
Authors: Kinoshita H. , Scheleupen K. , Colgan E. G. , Nunes R. , Kitahara H. , Kodate M. , Tagsugi S.
Published: January 2005

Using a low‐cost a‐Si:H‐TFT process with an Al gate and IZO last structure a direct‐view active matrix display with the highest information content has been fabricated in a phase‐2 mass production line in DTI Himeji. The display, a 16.3″ diagonal 200ppi‐QSXGA (Quad SXGA) incorporates 7680 columns and 2048 rows. Each subpixel measures 42μm(h)x126μm(v).
Optical Modeling of Small Pixels in Reflective Mixed‐Mode Twisted Nematic Cells
Authors: Huang H. C. , Huang D. D. , Chen J.
Published: January 2005

We present optical modeling of small pixels in reflective liquid crystal display (LCD). The optical analysis is divided into two parts. In the first part, the two‐dimensional (2D) director configuration of the LCD in rectangular mesh was calculated by simultaneously solving the 2D Poisson and continuum theory equations. In the second part, the generalized Jones matrix was used to simulate for the optical reflectance through the LCD with the 2D director configuration obtained from the first part. This optical modeling was applied to analyze the optical reflectance of small pixels in reflective mixed‐mode twisted nematic and birefergence (MTB) cells on silicon substrate. Both the simulated and experimental data of the MTB cells under frame and column inversions of polarity are presented.
Generalized mixed mode reflective liquid crystal displays for three‐panel color projection applications
Authors: Chen J. , Cheng P. W. , Kwok S. K. , Li C. S. , Young Steve , Huang H. C. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

The general parameter space was introduced for generalized mixed mode reflective liquid crystal displays (RLCDs). A contrast ratio parameter space was also derived to provide a better picture of both the voltage‐off and voltage‐on states. A guideline for the optimization of RLCD modes in terms of high light efficiency and high contrast at low operating voltage is given. Such features are important for reflective displays, particularly for crystalline silicon based RLCDs. As a result, we find a number of new RLCD modes with high contrast and high brightness, which are quite suitable for the three‐panel color projection system.
34.1: High‐Luminance and High‐Efficacy Electric‐Field‐Coupled Discharge Lamp for 18‐in. Diagonal LCD Backlighting
Authors: Hashimoto K. , Ikeda Y. , Shiga T. , Igarashi K. , Mikoshiba S. , Takaku S. , Nishiyama S. , Namura Y.
Published: January 2005

A flat lamp is developed for an 18‐in.‐diagonal LCD backlighting, using 8 electric‐field‐coupled discharge tubes. All the tubes can be driven with a single inverter circuit. Luminance, efficacy, and input power are 3500cd/m2, 34 lm/W, and 35W when the lamp is driven at 5.24MHz and 790V.
34.3: A Novel Backlighting Unit with Ultra‐High Luminance for Monitor Applications
Authors: Sasaki H.
Published: January 2005

A backlighting unit for a monitor application, which provides ultra‐high luminance with uniform luminance distribution, has been developed. Design parameters of the backlighting unit such as the diameter of CFLS, the pitch of CFLS, and the distance between diffusing plate and a bottom reflector, the distance between the CFL and the bottom reflector, are optimized in order to obtain ultra‐high luminance without any light shielding curtain.
Comprehensive Intraplant and Interplant Correlation of Photometric Measurements for Avionics LCDs
Authors: Torrington Geoffrey K. , Cull Brian D. , Haim Victoria , Wiggs John
Published: January 2005

Honeywell has developed and implemented a comprehensive intraplant and interplant colorimeter certification method with traceability to NIST standards for inspection of avionics LCDs. To perform effective interplant correlation of optical measurements, special‐purpose hardware was specified, designed, and built. Since the implementation of these procedures, increases in interplant correlation have helped to dramatically reduce the cycle time for LCD glass; and intraplant correlation has improved to the level where grouping in CIELuv space by colorimeters is no longer apparent.
White Electroluminescent Lamps and Their Applications in Portable Products
Authors: Zovko Charles I. , Nerz Tuck C.
Published: January 2005

Electroluminescent (EL) lamps have come a long way from the concept of general room lighting to their use as backlights in portable products. Their use as backlights for Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) is increasing as the demand increases in wireless portable products (phones, pagers and PDA/palm tops). Many of these products require a backlight for low light conditions and/or night viewing. There are many different backlight solutions available on the market and EL lamps provide many advantages over any other solution. These advantages include high quality lighting, power efficiency, low cost, flexibility, durability and reliability. Many products currently on the market have EL backlights that satisfy the consumer's needs. However, new and better backlights are necessary to meet the requirements as new technologies arise within the LCD industry.
Image Quality of CRTs Under Ambient Glare: Assessing the ISO 9241‐7 Ergonomic Standard
Authors: Olacsi Gary , Beaton Robert J.
Published: January 2005

The effects of five illumination conditions (dark, 200 lux diffuse, 500 lux diffuse, 800 lux diffuse, and 2000 cd/m2 specular) and two screen contrast polarities on reading times and perceived image quality judgments were assessed for seven CRT/anti‐reflection filter configurations. Judgments and times were compared to ISO classifications and metrics. The findings show that specular reflections degrade image quality more than diffuse reflections. Therefore, the ISO procedure underemphasizes the contribution of the specular reflection luminance ratio' and overemphasizes the contribution of the screen image luminance ratio to compliance classification calculations.
35.4: NIST Calorimetric Calibration Facility for Displays
Authors: Brown S. W. , Ohno Y.
Published: January 2005

A facility has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to calibrate color‐measuring instruments for displays. The instruments will be calibrated for measurements of cathode‐ray tube (CRT) and flat panel displays (FPD) using a reference spectroradiometer developed at NIST. To evaluate the overall performance of the system, several commercial instruments ‐ spectroradiometers and tristimulus calorimeters ‐ were calibrated for both a CRT and an FPD and compared for their measurement accuracy. Details of the NIST calibration facility and results of the comparison measurements are presented.
Sensing and Discrimination of Vapors by an Array of Conducting Carbon Black‐Polymer Composites
Authors: Vaid Thomas , Severin Erik , Doleman Brett , Lewis Nathan S.
Published: January 2005

We describe herein the construction of a simple, low‐power, broadly responsive vapor sensor. Carbon black‐organic polymer composites have been shown to swell reversibly upon exposure to vapors. Thin films of carbon black‐organic polymer composites have been deposited across two metallic leads, with swelling‐induced resistance changes of the films signaling the presence of vapors. To identify and classify vapors, arrays of such vapor‐sensing elements have been constructed, with each element containing a different organic polymer as the insulating phase. The differing gas‐solid partition coefficients for the various polymers of the sensor array produce a pattern of resistance changes that can be used to classify vapors and vapor mixtures. This type of sensor array has been shown to resolve all organic vapors that have been analyzed, and can even resolve H2O from D2O.
36.2: Mobile HMD Terminal for Cyber Communications
Authors: Shimada Y. , Kobayashi M. , Shiwa S. , Kitagawa A. , Ichinose S.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes a 3‐D virtual world system for mobile terminal that displays a real‐time panoramic image of the user's real‐world location in the 3‐D virtual world. By being able to see the panoramic image displayed around their avatars, users can recognize other user's real world situation. An operational test of the system showed that with the mobile terminal, a user can move about freely and access the virtual 3‐D world at anytime.
Improved Gray‐Shade Performance on Miniature Active Matrix EL Displays
Authors: Petlig K. , Aitchison B. , Larsson T. , Nguyen T. , Tuenge D. , Wald S. , Arbuthnot L. , King C.
Published: January 2005

An active matrix EL VGA display is reported with full grayscale using temporal voltage modulation of the phosphor. The exceptional brightness and dynamic range of the ZnS:Mn EL phosphor permits a new gray scale scheme. Digital gamma correction and an extended range of levels achieve 128 to 256 monotonic shades.
38.2: Deposition of Highly Conductive ITO Thin Films for Display Applications with the rf/dc Process
Authors: Bender M. , Trube J. , Stollenwerk J.
Published: January 2005

With the ARISTO 500S inline sputtering system highly conductive ITO‐films with specific resistivities of less than 150 μΩcm were deposited at substrate temperatures of 200 °C using an RF‐superimposed DC‐magnetron process. Hall effect measurements and investigations of the film structure gave an deeper insight into the conduction mechanism.
39.1: A Field‐Sequential‐Color Matrix Display Using Polymer‐Stabilized FLCD Cells
Authors: Takahashi T. , Furue H. , Shikada M. , Matsuda N. , Miyama T. , Kobayashi S.
Published: January 2005

Using a side‐chain mesogenic polymer stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display (PS‐FLCD) cell together with a two dimensional array of red, green and blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) as a modulated back light unit, we constructed a field sequential fullcolor (FSC) LCD. The PS‐FLCD used in this research exhibits high contrast ratio (230:1) with thresholdless monostability, grayscale capability, and fast response speed (τ=40 μ sec). In the present research it is taken the advantages of the favorable characteristics of the PS‐FLCD for implementing an FSC‐LCD that has an 8×8 matrix format. The fabricated FSC‐LCD, which is operated at the frame rate of 330Hz, is shown to exhibit an excellent color gamut, color grayscale, and smearless moving color bars.
39.2: Characterization of a Bistable TN‐LCD for Matrix‐ Addressed Operation
Authors: Lee G‐D. , Kim G‐H. , Park K‐H. , Chang K‐C. , Yoon T‐H. , Kim J. C. , Lee E.‐S.
Published: January 2005

In this work, we studied the effect of d/p ratio, cell gap, and the temperature on the matrix‐addressed operation of a bistable TN LCD. By characterizing a unit cell, we can optimize cell parameters for matrix addressing. We also found that IX material with small temperature dependence is required for high‐speed operation of a high‐resolution bistable TN LCD.
10.1: 18.0‐in.‐Diagonal Super‐TFTs with a Fast Response Speed of 25 msec
Authors: Ohta M. , Oh‐e M. , Matsuyama S. , Konishi N. , Kagawa H. , Kondo K.
Published: January 2005

Materials and components available for the mass production of Super‐TFTs IPS‐TFT‐LCDS were optimized and redesigned on the basis of a fundamental analysis of the IPS mode. As a result, we developed 18.0‐inch diagonal Super‐TFTs with a fast response speed of 25 msec., which is the total on +off response time between white and black levels. Moreover, we found that the IPS mode has a relatively higher potential for displaying a moving gray level image compared with that of the conventional TN‐mode.
Displays for Hand‐Held Portable Electronic Products
Authors: Akins R.
Published: January 2005

The hand‐held electronic product field includes most telecommunication, palm computing and navigation products, making this a large market for smaller displays (typically from 1″ to 4″ diagonal). Historically, this market has demanded displays with low power and cost, rather than high image quality, as evidenced by the historical dominance of monochrome TN and STN displays. However, within these constraints there is a strong trend toward larger displays capable of higher information content, including a migration toward low power color solutions.
40.3: Flexible Display s Prepared Using Phase‐Separated Composite Organic Films of Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kim J.‐H. , Vorflusev V. , Kumar S.
Published: January 2005

Very flexible nematic LCDS have been built with plastic substrates using phase separated composite organic method. A study of electro‐optical properties of these displays shows a low voltage operation, high contrast, and a high degree of mechanical flexibility.
Novel Electron Beam Profile and Convergence Measurement Method
Authors: Bukal B. , Nemeth K. (C.) , Safaee‐Rad R.
Published: January 2005

A new test method (patent pending) measures the dimensions of electron beam cross sections in a CDT or CPT at specified relative intensity levels between 5% and 75% of the peak intensity for objective evaluation of Focus quality. Test update time is under 0.2 seconds. The same beam reconstruction method is used to improve Convergence measurement accuracy.
Design of In‐Plane‐Compensation Foils for Viewing Angle Enhancement
Authors: Heinmüller Christina , Haas Gunther , Knoll Peter M.
Published: January 2005

TN‐LCDs in normally white mode are the most frequently used displays but they suffer from a quite narrow viewing angle. Compared to the inclined discotic compensation foils, in biaxial compensation foils two optical axes are oriented in the plane of the foil. They are, therefore, cheaper to produce. However, some distinct retardations are difficult to realize in mass production, e.g. foils with a very small retardation or particular values of nz. Therefore, our aim was to find a good and cheap alternative. In the paper we will show, how such in‐plane compensation foils are properly designed for a significant enhancement of the viewing angle.
Novel High Efficiency Polarizing Backlighting System with a Polarizing Beam Splitter
Authors: Pang Zhengda , Li Li
Published: January 2005

A novel high efficiency polarizing backlight system is proposed that is based on novel broadband and wide‐angle polarizing beam‐splitters (PBS). The principle of the backlight system, the performance of the two PBSs and the computer‐simulated results will be presented.
Molybdenum Field Emitters with Integrated Focusing Electrode
Authors: Dvorson L. , Akinwande A.
Published: January 2005

Arrays of molybdenum field emission cones with integrated focusing electrode (IFE‐FEA) were studied as a potential device structure for Field Emission Displays (FED) that achieve high brightness, high luminous efficiency, and longer lifetime, without loss of resolution. First, an analytical model for the double‐gated conical field emitter was developed and was used for device design. Devices were fabricated and subjected to extensive electrical and some optical testing. The desired focusing effect was observed.
CRT‐Based Display Systems in Radiology
Authors: Blume Hartwig
Published: January 2005

Application and performance of high‐resolution monochrome CRT display systems in radiology are reviewed. Current CRT monitors with addressable matrices of four to five million pixels exhibit a relatively wide quality range. Good samples provide performance adequate for the primary diagnosis task when allowing the user to interact with the display system. Viewing without user interaction appears to require automatic implementation of application‐dependent display functions and display‐device‐specific MTF restoration.

The market for high‐resolution display systems is relatively small. Over the next years, only several thousand high‐resolution monochrome CRT monitors will be purchased annually for radiology in the USA.
CRT‐FPD Transitional Challenge for Medical Imaging Systems
Authors: Connell W. , Spekowius G.
Published: January 2005

The acceptance of the Flat Panel Display (FPD) for medical imaging applications will be based on quantitative and subjective performance. This paper discusses the challenges and obstacles to the eventual transition from CRT to FPD. Understanding these issues will help facilitate a successful and timely acceptance of the FPD.
Solid‐State Laser‐Based Displays
Authors: Hargis David E. , Takeuchi Eric B. , Bergstedt Robert , Flint Graham , Nelte Sven , Pessot Maurice
Published: January 2005

Recent advances in compact visible microlasers have enabled the development of portable laser display systems. The benefits of large color gamut, invariant color accuracy, image uniformity, high contrast, large depth of focus and reliability inherent in the microlaser design make them attractive for display applications. Lasers are under development for both “backlit” and “direct‐write” displays. Advantages of the microlaser technology will enable applications such as command/control centers, simulators, HMDs/HUDs, CAD workstations, and electronic cinema.
New approaches to process simplification for large‐area high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Hong MunPyo , Roh Nam‐Seok , Hong Wan‐Shick , Kim Sang‐gap , Kim Sangil , Chung Kyu‐Ha
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Novel process architectures are proposed for fabricating large‐area high‐resolution TFT‐LCDs with a minimal number of process steps. A low contact resistance between Al bus lines and the transparent conductive oxide layer, necessary for large‐area panels, is obtained by inducing a self‐formed inter‐metallic compound layer at the interface without using any additional buffer or capping layers. For enhanced brightness and resolution, a new TFT array structure integrated on a color‐filter substrate, referred to as an Array on Color Filter (AOC) structure, has been developed. Good‐quality TFTs were successfully constructed on the newly developed color filter for AOC within a sufficiently wide process margin. By adopting these novel technologies, a 15.0‐in. XGA prototype panel was fabricated and shows good display performance. Thus, these novel technologies have improved cost efficiency and productivity for TFT‐LCD manufacturing, and can be applied to the development of TFT‐LCDs of extended display area and enhanced resolution, benefiting from the low resistance bus lines, the high aperture ratio, and reduction in total process steps.
Passive‐matrix polymer light‐emitting displays
Authors: Haskal E. I. , Bolink H. J. , Büchel M. , Duineveld P. C. , Jacobs B. , De Kok M. M. , Meulenkamp E. A. , Schreurs E. H. J. , Vulto S. I. E. , van de Weijer P. , De Winter S. H. P. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Organic light‐emitting device research focuses on the use of small‐molecule and polymer materials to make organic electroluminescent displays, with both passive‐ and active‐matrix technologies. This paper will focus on the characteristics of red, green, and blue electroluminescent polymers suitable for fabricating monochrome and full‐color passive‐matrix displays. The stability of polymer OLEDs, and the use of ink‐jet printing for direct high‐resolution patterning of the light‐emitting polymers will also be discussed. It will be shown that the performance of light‐emitting polymers is at the brink of being acceptable for practical applications.
A large high‐resolution electroluminescent display
Authors: Hatton Terry , Thomas John
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new high‐resolution electroluminescent display with a luminance of 100 cd/m2 (30 fL) and 6‐bit gray scale to support real‐time video up to a bandwidth of 45 MHz has been developed under the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Technology Reinvestment Project. Production units are now installed in the M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tank upgrade program and are used to display the tank commander's new infrared “second‐generation FLIR” imagery.
Studies on a LaF3‐coated MgO protecting layer in AC‐plasma‐display panels
Authors: Lee Won Tae , Lee Jae Wook , Jang Hyeon Yong , Im Seoung Jae , Yu SeGi , Kim Jong Min
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new protecting layer, a LaF3‐coated MgO layer, in color AC‐plasma‐display panels (PDPs) was studied in order to overcome the weakness of the conventional single MgO protecting layer. The material characteristics of the new layer were examined by using variations in the deposition process. The display characteristics were also examined by implementing their processes to actual PDPs. It was demonstrated that this method is effective in lowering the firing and sustaining voltages of PDPs and enhancing the brightness of the panel as well.
Recent developments in large‐area photomasks for display applications
Authors: Åman Johan , Ekberg Peter , Leonardsson Lars , Edgren Klas , Sandström Torbjörn , Stiblert Lars
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

One of the most critical areas in the manufacturing process for FPD panels or shadow masks for CRTs is lithography. Most existing lithography technologies require high‐quality large‐area photomasks. The requirements on these photomasks include positioning accuracy (registration) and repeatability (overlay), systematic image quality errors (“mura” or display quality), and resolution (minimum feature size). The general trend toward higher resolution and improved performance, e.g., for TFT desktop monitors, has put a strong focus on the specifications for large‐area‐display photomasks. This article intends to give an overview of the dominant issues for large‐area‐display photomasks, and illustrates differences compared with other applications. The article will also present state‐of‐the‐art methods and trends. In particular, the aspects of positioning accuracy over large areas and systematic image‐quality errors will be described. New qualitative and objective methods have been developed as means to capture systematic image‐quality errors. Results indicating that errors below 25 nm can be found early in the manufacturing process is presented, thus allowing inspection for visual effects before the actual display is completed. Positioning accuracy below 400 nm (3 sigma) over 720 × 560 mm have been achieved. These results will in the future be extended up toward 1 × 1 m for generation 4 in TFT‐LCD production.
CRT and LCD monitor and process materials evaluated for environmental improvement
Authors: Socolof Maria Leet , Kincaid Lori , Mizuki Colleen , Schuldt Gloria , Hart Katherine , Singh Dipti
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Decision rules have been developed and applied to the bills of materials of a color cathode‐ray tube (CRT) and a liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) desktop monitor to determine which product and process materials will be evaluated in an environmental life‐cycle assessment. Materials of significant mass, of technological importance, and of potential environmental impact are targeted. The list of materials identified are those for which life‐cycle inventory data will be obtained for the materials extraction and materials processing life‐cycle stages of a CRT and an LCD. Additionally, materials identified will also be used to represent life‐cycle impact in terms of resource consumption, as well as surrogates for occupational health impacts.
Low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT data drivers for an SVGA a‐Si TFT‐LCD panel
Authors: Suzuki A. , Hashido R. , Urakabe T. , Iwata A. , Inoue M. , Nagata H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT data drivers for an SVGA a‐Si TFT‐LCD panel have been developed. The data drivers include shift registers, sample‐and‐hold circuits, and operational amplifiers, and drive LCD panels using a line‐at‐a‐time addressing method. To reduce the power consumption of the shift register, a dot‐clock control circuit has been developed. Using this circuit, the power consumption of the shift register has been reduced to 36% of that of conventional circuits. To cancel the offset voltage generated by the operational amplifier, an offset cancellation circuit for low‐temperature poly‐Si TFTs has been developed. This circuit is also able to avoid any unstable operation of the operational amplifier. Using this circuit, the offset voltage has been reduced to one‐third of the value without using the offset cancellation circuit. These data drivers have been connected to an LCD panel and have realized an SVGA display on a 12.1‐in. a‐Si TFT‐LCD panel.
PECVD films for low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD applications
Authors: Takehara T. , Harshbarger W. R. , Tsai C. C. , Toet D. , Sigmon T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon (poly‐Si) thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) processes, based on PECVD amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si:H) precursor films and excimer‐laser crystallization, have been developed for application in the fabrication of active‐matrix liquid‐crystal‐displays (AMLCDs). The optimum process for depositing the precursor films has been identified. The relationship between excimer‐laser crystallization and poly‐Si film morphology has also been studied. Using these techniques, poly‐Si TFTs with a mobility of 275 cm2/V‐sec and on/off ratios of 1 × 107 have been fabricated.
LCDs for TV applications
Authors: Yeo S. D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Super IPS (S‐IPS) technology has intrinsic advantages in several aspects required for TV applications. Particularly, the wide‐viewing‐angle property and fast gray‐to‐gray response time of S‐IPS LCDs are both necessary requirements for family and individual use for LCD TVs. Given these benefits and other advantages S‐IPS provides, LG.Philips LCD has developed high‐performance S‐IPS LCDs for TV, which have now become competitive with plasma‐display panels (PDPs), in addition to other modes of LCD TVs as well as CRTs. This article will discuss why S‐IPS technology is the leading choice for LCD‐TV applications.
Latest developments for “system‐on‐glass” displays using low‐temperature poly‐Si TFTs
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiharu , Kida Yoshitoshi , Murase Masaki , Toyoshima Yoshihiko , Maki Yasuhito
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A 2.3‐in.‐diagonal QVGA‐formatted “System‐On‐Glass” display has been developed by using low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD technology. This display fully integrates 6‐bit RGB digital interface drivers as well as all the power supply circuitry to drive the LCD, which requires neither external driver ICs nor power‐supply ICs. This paper discusses the newly developed TFT circuit technologies used in this LCD. The development trend of the “System‐On‐Glass” display is also reviewed.
Comparison of a‐Si and Poly‐Si for AMOLED displays
Authors: Lih Jiin‐Jou , Sung Chih‐Feng , Li Chun‐Huai , Hsiao Tiao‐Hung , Lee Hsin‐Hung
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The characteristics of OLED backplanes including the intrinsic properties of a‐Si TFTs and LTPS TFTs will be reviewed. While LTPS TFTs reveal satisfactory stability in AMOLED‐display applications, a‐Si AMOLEDs show better uniformity and are capable of driving OLEDs. However, the stability of a‐Si TFTs under long‐term operation is still unacceptable and remains to be the key issue constraining the commercialization of a‐Si TFT AMOLEDs.
Full‐color transflective cholesteric LCD with image‐enhanced reflector
Authors: Huang Yi‐Pai , Zhu Xinyu , Ren Hongwen , Hong Qi , Wu Thomas X. , Wu Shin‐Tson , Su Mu‐Zen , Chan Meng‐Xi , Lin She‐Hong , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A full‐color bistable transflective cholesteric liquid‐crystal display (Ch‐LCD) was demonstrated by using an imbedded image‐enhanced reflector (IER) on top of each transmissive subpixel. The RGB colors were achieved by patterning conventional color filters on a black‐and‐white Ch‐LCD. In addition, the IER on top of each transmissive subpixel provides similar paths for the transmissive backlight and the reflected ambient light. A simple transflective Ch‐LCD was demonstrated.
Advanced monochrome gray‐scale TFT‐LCD using diamond‐like‐carbon/ion‐beam alignment technology
Authors: Nakagawa Yoshiki , Satoh Hiroyuki , Nakamura Toshifumi , Okajima Kenji , Maenosono Sueharu , Tokuhiro Osamu
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A novel liquid‐crystal alignment method, diamond‐like carbon and ion beam alignment (DLC/IB) technology, was announced at the 2001 SID Symposium. And since December 2001, a new‐generation ion‐beam machine has been placed into the manufacturing line of IDTech. DLC/IB technology is mainly used for medical displays, which require a monochrome high‐density and super‐uniform display. We report on the latest developments of these advanced monochrome displays.
Depth‐enhanced integral‐imaging 3D display using different optical path lengths by polarization devices or mirror barrier array
Authors: Jung Sungyong , Hong Jisoo , Park Jae‐Hyeung , Kim Yunhee , Lee Byoungho
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Depth‐enhanced integral three‐dimensional (3D) imaging using different optical path lengths by using a polarization selective mirror pair or mirror barrier array is proposed. In the proposed approach, the enhancement of image depth is achieved by repositioning two types of elemental image planes, thus effectively two central depth planes are obtained. One of the two implementation methods makes use of the two‐arm structure that has different optical path lengths and polarization‐selective mirrors. The other utilizes the mirror barrier array. The primary advantage of the method with polarization devices is that we can observe 3D images that maintain some level of viewing resolution with a large depth difference without any mechanical moving part. The mirror barrier array has the advantage of the compact thickness. We demonstrated and verified our proposals experimentally.
Focusing effects of dipole deflection fields in projection CRTs
Authors: Sluyterman A. A. S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The focusing effects of dipole deflection fields, as, for instance, used for CRT‐based projection‐TV systems, will be presented in terms of lenses. This makes the effects accessible for a large group of designers.
Investigation of the firing voltage in a shadow‐mask PDP
Authors: Cui Wei , Tu Yan
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A numerical method was used to investigate the firing characteristics of the discharge cell in an AC shadow‐mask PDP (SM‐PDP). The firing voltages for the various discharge paths in the addressing and sustaining periods were calculated, and the effects of the metal barrier rib and the dielectric layer in the discharge cell on the firing characteristics were studied. Furthermore, the advantages of the SM‐PDP in terms of the firing characteristics will be discussed.
UV light source from a zinc oxide microtube
Authors: Sun X. W. , Yu S. F. , Xu C. X. , Yuen C. , Chen B. J.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Prismatic zinc‐oxide microtubes have been fabricated by vapor transport. Room‐temperature ultraviolet lasing action has been demonstrated in these microtube arrays. Because of the tubular laser action in the ZnO microtube, they can be used in generating doughnut beams to tweeze particles and to apply them in other novel applications. They may also be used as the building blocks to construct photonic devices, such as hollow fibers and photonic crystals.
Visibility threshold in sharpness for people with different regional backgrounds
Authors: Liu Lu , Xia Jun , Heynderickx Ingrid , Yin Hanchun
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The influence of regional background on the visibility of sharpness differences has been investigated by blurring various still images to different extents. The assessment of sharpness has been performed both in China by Chinese people and in the Netherlands by European people. The results showed that both Chinese characters and Roman text were clearly more critical image material for judging sharpness than natural images. Independent on whether the image contained Chinese characters or Roman text, the visibility threshold for a difference in sharpness was the same for both the Chinese and European people. When related to a diagonal step response, the threshold on average equaled an angular resolution of 5 arcsec.
Optical filters for plasma‐display panels using organic dyes and conductive mesh layers by using a roll‐to‐roll etching process
Authors: Okamura T. , Kitagawa T. , Koike K. , Fukuda S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Optical filters with a high shielding capability against electromagnetic (EM) radiation for plasma‐display panels (PDPs) have been studied. We developed optical filters with high conductivity by utilizing a copper‐mesh layer, which was processed by using roll‐to‐roll photolithography and roll‐to‐roll etching. The copper‐mesh layer has a cross‐striped pattern with a surface resistance of 0.05Ω/□ and an opening ratio of approximately 93%. In combination with the copper‐mesh layer, organic dyes were applied to reduce the PDPs unfavorable emissions, such as near‐infrared light, and to control the transmission properties to improve the PDPs picture quality.
A high‐aperture‐ratio and low‐crosstalk pixel structure design for in‐plane‐switching‐mode TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Lin Jiunn‐Shyong , Yang Kei‐Hsiung , Chen Shu‐Hsia
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The TFT‐LCD market is growing rapidly, and the replacement of CRT TV by LCD TV requires the implementation of LC modes with wide viewing angles and high brightness. The IPS mode is an excellent technology to realize wide viewing angles, but it has a low aperture ratio that has now been improved by Advanced Super‐IPS (AS‐IPS). In this paper, we propose a novel pixel structure design that not only increases the aperture ratio but also reduces the crosstalk. We have improved the current AS‐IPS aperture ratio by 1.25 times and effectively reduced the capacitive coupling ratio from 1.2% to 0.05%.
Heterogeneity in the likelihood of market advisory service use by U.S. crop producers
Authors: Pennings Joost M.E. , Irwin Scott H. , Good Darrel L. , Isengildina Olga
Published: January 2005

Analysis of a unique data set of 1,400 U.S. crop producers using a mixture‐modeling framework shows that the likelihood of Marketing Advisory Services (MAS) use is, among others, driven by the perceived performance of MAS in terms of return and risk reduction, the match between the MAS and the crop producer's marketing philosophy, and the interaction between them. The influence of these factors on crop producers' MAS usage is not homogeneous across crop producers. The heterogeneity is played out in different MAS choices and appears to be driven by crop producers' risk attitudes. [EconLit citations: D210, D400, L100, L200, M310, Q120, Q130.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 109–128, 2005.
GRIN1 locus may modify the susceptibility to seizures during alcohol withdrawal
Authors: Rujescu D. , Soyka M. , Dahmen N. , Preuß U. , Hartmann A.M. , Giegling I. , Koller G. , Bondy B. , Möller H.‐J. , Szegedi A.
Published: January 2005

N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily, are generally inhibited by alcohol. The expression and alternative splicing of the obligatory NR1 subunit is altered by alcohol exposure, emphasizing the involvement of the NR1 subunit, which is coded by the GRIN1 gene, in alcohol‐mediated effects. We performed an association study in patients with alcohol dependence with the GRIN1 locus. Two independent case control samples consisting of a total of 442 alcohol‐dependent patients and 442 unrelated controls were included. There was no overall difference in allele or genotype frequency between patients and controls. However, the 2108A allele and A‐containing genotypes were over‐represented in the patients with a history of withdrawal‐induced seizures when compared to healthy volunteers (allele: χ2 = 5.412, df = 1, P = 0.020) or an independent sample of patients without a history of seizures (allele: χ2 = 4.185, df = 1, P = 0.041). Age at onset, years of alcohol dependence, and a history of delirium tremens did not differ between genotype or allele groups. These findings support the hypothesis that the GRIN1 locus may modify the susceptibility to seizures during alcohol withdrawal. This novel finding warrants replication. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural variants in the retinoid receptor genes in patients with schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases
Authors: Feng Jinong , Chen Jiesheng , Yan Jin , Jones Ian R. , Craddock Nick , Cook Edwin H. , Goldman David , Heston Leonard L. , Sommer Steve S.
Published: January 2005

Retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) regulate brain morphogenesis and function. Defects in these receptors may contribute to schizophrenia or other psychiatric diseases. To test the hypothesis that genetic variants of the retinoid receptor genes may predispose to schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases, the six RAR and RXR genes and a heterodimer partner, the NURR1 gene, were scanned in 100 schizophrenia patients, along with pilot studies in 20–24 patients with bipolar disorder (BPD), attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, or alcoholism. A total of 5.4 megabases of genomic sequence was scanned. No variants affecting protein structure or expression (VAPSEs) were found in four of the genes. One uncommon missense variant was found in each of the RARβ, RARγ, and RXRγ genes. We conclude that structural variants in the RAR/RXR and NURR1 genes do not play a major role in the etiology of schizophrenia. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clozapine‐induced weight gain associated with the 5HT2C receptor −759C/T polymorphism
Authors: Miller Del D. , Ellingrod Vicki L. , Holman Timothy L. , Buckley Peter F. , Arndt Stephan
Published: January 2005

Weight gain has been documented as a significant adverse effect associated with many of the atypical antipsychotic medications. Several recent reports have linked a −759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor gene and obesity as well as chlorpromazine, risperidone, and clozapine induced to weight gain. This aim was to determine the association between changes in body mass index (BMI) during clozapine treatment and the −759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor gene. This study included 41 patients with treatment‐refractory schizophrenia (DSM‐IV) who were followed prospectively during treatment with clozapine. Weight and height measurements were obtained prior to starting clozapine and after 6‐months of treatment. Genomic DNA was isolated from a whole blood sample and analyzed for the −759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor gene. A χ2 analysis comparing whether or not the subjects carried a −759T allele in subjects grouped as having an increase of more or less than 7% of their baseline BMI during treatment with clozapine found that the presence of the −759T allele was significantly higher in subjects with less than or equal to a 7% increase in baseline BMI compared to those with a greater than 7% increase in BMI. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that both baseline BMI and the presence or absence of the −759T allele had significant effects on 6‐month BMI. The T allele may have a protective function in preventing significant weight gain from clozapine. Subjects without the −759T variant allele were at a greater risk for weight gain from clozapine over 6‐months compared to those with the −759T allele. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining the ends of Parkin exon 4 deletions in two different families with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Clarimon Jordi , Johnson Janel , Dogu Okan , Horta Wagner , Khan Naheed , Lees Andrew J. , Hardy John , Singleton Andrew
Published: January 2005

Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR‐JP, PARK2) is characterized by an early onset parkinsonism, often presenting with dystonia as an early feature. Mutations in Parkin are a relatively common cause of AR‐JP and are estimated to be present in ∼30% of familial young onset Parkinson disease (PD) [Abbas et al. (1999); Hum Mol Genet 8:567–574]. These mutations include exon rearrangements (deletions and duplications), point mutations, and small deletions. Similar genomic mutations have been described in unrelated patients, thereby indicating independent mutational events or ancient founder effects. We have identified homozygous deletion mutations of exon 4 in Parkin in two unrelated families, one from Brazil and the other from Turkey [Dogu et al. (2004); Mov Dis 9:812–816; Khan et al., Mov Dis, in press]. We have performed molecular analysis of the deletion breakpoints and this data indicates these mutations originated independently. We present here data demonstrating that the mutation responsible for disease in the Brazilian kindred consists of two separate deletions (1,069 and 1,750 bp) surrounding and including exon 4. The deletion removing parkin exon 4 identified in the Turkish family extended 156,203 bp. In addition to demonstrating that disease in these families is not caused by a single founder mutation, these data show that there is no common fragile site between these mutational events. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage disequilibrium analysis in the LOC93081‐KDELC1‐BIVM region on 13q in bipolar disorder
Authors: Ferraren Dilberto O. , Liu Chunyu , Badner Judith A. , Corona Winston , Rezvani Azadeh , Monje Virginia D. , Gershon Elliot S. , Bonner Tom I. , Detera‐Wadleigh Sevilla D.
Published: January 2005

Genome‐wide scans in bipolar disorder and a meta analysis on published data have provided evidence for linkage to chromosome 13q, although the reported peaks from various studies have not converged in a narrow region. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the G72/G30 locus have been shown to be associated with bipolar disorder suggesting its potential role in increasing disease risk. The proposed linkage region on 13q extends over a wide span, and could provide a clue to the existence of other susceptibility variants. In the present study, SNPs in the LOC93081‐KDELC1‐BIVM, a region proximal to G72, were interrogated in two bipolar family series. KDELC1 has a predicted filamin domain and BIVM contains an immunoglobulin‐like motif. The small pedigree series yielded a nominally significant global P‐value due to under‐transmission of a rare haplotype but this finding was not supported by results from the larger series and in the case‐control study that compared 278 cases and 277 controls. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.