bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water solvent effect on the first hyperpolarizability of p-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenylphosphate: A time-dependent density functional study
Authors: Guthmuller J. , Simon D.
Published: April 2006

The first hyperpolarizabilities of p-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenylphosphate have been investigated in vacuum and in neutral aqueous solution by means of time-dependent density functional theory. The calculated excited states and hyperpolarizabilities obtained for these systems and for the molecules of phenol, nitrobenzene, and p-nitroaniline in vacuum match well with the experimental trends. The water solvent has been described by the conductorlike screening model and has been completed by water molecules interacting by hydrogen bonds with the solute. The results show a significant effect of the solvent on the first hyperpolarizability. In particular, the hyperpolarizability of p-nitrophenylphosphate (6.78×10−30esu) in vacuum is only 1.2 times larger than p-nitrophenol (5.63×10−30esu), whereas it is almost twice higher in aqueous environment, 12.6×10−30 and 6.5×10−30esu, respectively. This difference in the nonlinear response in neutral water makes the p-nitrophenylphosphate substrate a suitable probe for measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase enzymes.
Thickness measurement of nontransparent free films by double-side white-light interferometry: Calibration and experiments
Authors: Poilâne C. , Sandoz P.
Published: April 2006

A double-side optical profilometer based on white-light interferometry was developed for thickness measurement of nontransparent films. The profile of the sample is measured simultaneously on both sides of the film. The resulting data allow the computation of the roughness, the flatness and the parallelism of the sides of the film, and the average thickness of the film. The key point is the apparatus calibration, i.e., the accurate determination of the distance between the reference mirrors of the complementary interferometers. Specific samples were processed for that calibration. The system is adaptable to various thickness scales as long as calibration can be made accurately. A thickness accuracy better than 30nm for films thinner than 200μm is reported with the experimental material used. In this article, we present the principle of the method as well as the calibration methodology. Limitation and accuracy of the method are discussed. Experimental results are presented.
Characterisation of an environmentally induced genic male sterile line of indica rice (Oryza sativa spp. Indica)
Authors: He Haohua , Zhu Changlan , Huang Wenxin , Ye Guoyou
Published: April 2006

Environmentally induced genic male sterility has been successfully used in a 2-line system to produce hybrid rice, with the potential to further increase yield. Elite sterile lines need to be developed for a target production environment to successfully use this novel male sterility system. In this study, a new male sterile line, B06S, identified by Jiangxi Agricultural University, China, was characterised for its flowering characteristics, male fertility behaviour, and the inheritance of male sterility. Flowering characteristics were observed in a sterility-inducing season in Nanchang, China. Compared with the typical fertile cultivars Gui99 and Zhongfu906, B06S started flowering at about the same time, had a slightly longer plant flowering duration (18 days) and a similar panicle flowering duration (6 days), and took longer (6 days) to reach 90% flowering spikelets. Also, at the day of peak flowering, B06S started flowering about 2 h earlier and had an earlier peak flowering time (10.00 am), and the percentage of spikelets flowering before noon was slightly lower (83.8%). Spikelet flowering of B06S lasted 5 h, which was more than 2 h longer than the existing sterile lines. Although B06S showed similar openness to other typical sterile lines (PA64S and 595S), it had a higher stigma exsertion rate (82.5%), larger stigma area (0.92 mm2), and longer stigma viability (4 days). Both pollen and spikelet were completely sterile for more than 75 consecutive days when the environmental temperature was above 24°C, otherwise they would have been fertile. Fertility was slightly influenced by photoperiod. Increased fertility was induced when photoperiod was shorter than 11 h per day. Genetic analysis using the F2 and BC1 populations of 6 crosses indicated that male sterility of B06S was predominantly controlled by a recessive major gene.
B065S can be grown in large quantity in the winter nursery in Hainan Island, China. A number of crosses combinations between B065S and indica cultivars had significantly higher yield than the best widely grown hybrids in Jiangxi and other parts of China with similar climates. The best early maturing (B06S × 458) and late maturing (B06S × Gui99) hybrids had 8.9 and 10.3% higher yield than the best currently used hybrids (Jinyou402 and Jinyiugui99, respectively), and will be released in 2007.
Expression of bovine interferon-γ inEscherichia coliandPichia pastorisand comparison of their antiviral activities
Authors: Xi-Ju Shi , Can Zhang , Chun-Lai Han , Chun Xia , Ming Wang
Published: April 2006

The bovine interferon-γ gene cloned from total RNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA), using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), was cloned into pGEM T-easy vector and sequenced. The mature peptide without signal peptide was then subcloned and constructed into the expression plasmids pET28a/BoIFN-γand pPICZα/BoIFN-γ, respectively. The former was highly expressed, induced by isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG), inEscherichia coliBL21, with 30% of bacterial proteins in inclusion bodies. The latter was expressed inPichia pastorisGS115 with methanol induction. The expressed products were secreted directly into cultural supernatant at concentrations of 1.0 g/l. The same recombinant proteins had antiviral activities 10 times higher in an MDBK (Madan-Darby bovine kidney)/VSV (Vesicular stomatitis virus) cell line than in a CEF (chicken embryo fibroblast)/VSV) cell line, and the antiviral activities expressed inP. pastoriswere higher than those expressed inE. coliin the same cell line.
Biofortification of essential nutritional compounds and trace elements in rice and cassava
Authors: Sautter C. , Poletti S. , Zhang P. , Gruissem W.
Published: April 2006

Plant biotechnology can make important contributions to food security and nutritional improvement. For example, the development of ‘Golden Rice’ by Professor Ingo Potrykus was a milestone in the application of gene technology to deliver both increased nutritional qualities and health improvement to wide sections of the human population. Mineral nutrient and protein deficiency as well as food security remain the most important challenges for developing countries. Current projects are addressing these issues in two major staple crops, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and rice. The tropical root crop cassava is a major source of food for approximately 600 million of the population worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa >200 million of the population rely on cassava as their major source of dietary energy. The nutritional quality of the cassava root is not sufficient to meet all dietary needs. Rice is the staple food for half the world population, providing approximately 20% of the per capita energy and 13% of the protein for human consumption worldwide. In many developing countries the dietary contributions of rice are substantially greater (29·3% dietary energy and 29·1% dietary protein). The current six most popular ‘mega’ rice varieties (in terms of popularity and acreage), including Chinese hybrid rice, have an incomplete amino acid profile and contain limited amounts of essential micronutrients. Rice lines with improved Fe contents have been developed using genes that have functions in Fe absorption, translocation and accumulation in the plant, as well as improved Fe bioavailability in the human intestine. Current developments in biotechnology-assisted plant improvement are reviewed and the potential of the technology in addressing human nutrition and health are discussed.
Should your lips be zipped? How therapist self‐disclosure and non‐disclosure affects clients
Authors: Hanson Jean
Published: April 2006

Is therapist self‐disclosure a therapeutic technique or a therapeutic mistake? Is it useful? Is it ethical? This study attempts to address this controversy among therapeutic modalities by asking clients about their perceptions of self‐disclosure and non‐disclosure. Eighteen people (16 women, two men), currently in therapy in two Canadian cities, generated 157 incidents of both disclosure and non‐disclosure. The incidents were first coded as helpful or unhelpful. Cross‐tabulation of the results showed that disclosures were more than twice as likely to be experienced as helpful; non‐disclosures were twice as likely to be unhelpful (χ2 (3, N=157) = 14.439, p≤0.002). One‐quarter of these incidents was coded by two independent raters; inter‐rater reliability was high (Pearson corr. ranged from 0.755 to 1.0, p≤0.01). The data was then sorted, using the Constant Comparison method, into themes, starting with, but not limited to, the themes suggested by the literature. The greatest single effect was on the therapeutic alliance, both positive and negative. Clients’ perceptions of helpful disclosures and non‐disclosures generally supported therapists’ rationales. There was also some evidence that when clients found disclosures unhelpful, the reasons also supported theoretical rationales against disclosing. Rather than simply supporting either position in the controversy, this study suggests that skill, or lack of it, was the intervening variable that affected the perceptions of both techniques. Further research on the effects of skill on both disclosure and non‐disclosure are warranted. This study has implications for both researchers and practitioners.
Microlocal hypoellipticity of linear partial differential operators with generalized functions as coefficients
Authors: Hörmann Günther , Oberguggenberger Michael , Pilipović Stevan
Published: April 2006

We investigate microlocal properties of partial differential operators with generalized functions as coefficients. The main result is an extension of a corresponding (microlocalized) distribution theoretic result on operators with smooth hypoelliptic symbols. Methodological novelties and technical refinements appear embedded into classical strategies of proof in order to cope with most delicate interferences by non-smooth lower order terms. We include simplified conditions which are applicable in special cases of interest.
Bilinear restriction estimates for surfaces with curvatures of different signs
Authors: Lee Sanghyuk
Published: April 2006

Recently, the sharp

L
2

L^2

-bilinear (adjoint) restriction estimates for the cone and the paraboloid were established by Wolff and Tao, respectively. Their results rely on the fact that for the cone and the paraboloid, the nonzero principal curvatures have the same sign. We generalize those bilinear restriction estimates to surfaces with curvatures of different signs.
Extended degree functions and monomial modules
Authors: Nagel Uwe , Römer Tim
Published: April 2006

The arithmetic degree, the smallest extended degree, and the homological degree are invariants that have been proposed as alternatives of the degree of a module if this module is not Cohen-Macaulay. We compare these degree functions and study their behavior when passing to the generic initial or the lexicographic submodule. This leads to various bounds and to counterexamples to a conjecture of Gunston and Vasconcelos, respectively. Particular attention is given to the class of sequentially Cohen-Macaulay modules. The results in this case lead to an algorithm that computes the smallest extended degree.
On higher syzygies of ruled surfaces
Authors: Park Euisung
Published: April 2006

We study higher syzygies of a ruled surface

X
X

over a curve of genus

g
g

with the numerical invariant

e
e

. Let

L
∈

Pic

X

L \in \mbox {Pic}X

be a line bundle in the numerical class of

a

C
0

+
b
f

aC_0 +bf

. We prove that for

0
≤
e
≤
g
−
3

0 \leq e \leq g-3

,

L
L

satisfies property

N
p

N_p

if

a
≥
p
+
2

a \geq p+2

and

b
−
a
e
≥
3
g
−
1
−
e
+
p

b-ae \geq 3g-1-e+p

, and for

e
≥
g
−
2

e \geq g-2

,

L
L

satisfies property

N
p

N_p

if

a
≥
p
+
2

a \geq p+2

and

b
−
a
e
≥
2
g
+
1
+
p

b-ae\geq 2g+1+p

. By using these facts, we obtain Mukai-type results. For ample line bundles

A
i

A_i

, we show that

K
X

+

A
1

+
⋯
+

A
q

K_X + A_1 + \cdots + A_q

satisfies property

N
p

N_p

when

0
≤
e
>

g
−
3

2

0 \leq e > \frac {g-3}{2}

and

q
≥
g
−
2
e
+
1
+
p

q \geq g-2e+1 +p

or when

e
≥

g
−
3

2

e \geq \frac {g-3}{2}

and

q
≥
p
+
4

q \geq p+4

. Therefore we prove Mukai’s conjecture for ruled surface with

e
≥

g
−
3

2

e \geq \frac {g-3}{2}

. We also prove that when

X
X

is an elliptic ruled surface with

e
≥
0

e \geq 0

,

L
L

satisfies property

N
p

N_p

if and only if

a
≥
1

a \geq 1

and

b
−
a
e
≥
3
+
p

b-ae\geq 3+p

.
Baroreflex Failure: A Rare Complication of Carotid Paraganglioma Surgery
Authors: Maturo Stephen , Brennan Joseph
Published: April 2006

Multiple head and neck paragangliomas are a rare occurrence. We report a patient with removal of bilateral carotid paragangliomas who subsequently developed baroreflex failure 1 month after surgery. The pathology and physiology of this presentation is extremely interesting because it exhibits the complex homeostatic mechanisms involved in the maintenance of steady‐state blood pressure. Although rare, it is important to be aware of baroreflex failure and its variable course. Most postsurgical cases occur within days of surgery but, as this report demonstrates, hypertensive urgency can occur weeks to months after surgery; and if not recognized early, it can lead to disastrous postoperative complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction.
Intratympanic Dexamethasone Injection for Refractory Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Choung Yun‐Hoon , Park Keehyun , Shin You Ree , Cho Min Jung
Published: April 2006

Objective: This case‐control study aimed to analyze the effect of intratympanic dexamethasone injection (ITDI) as a treatment option for patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) who were refractory to classic oral steroid treatment.

Methods: Sixty‐six patients with SSNHL, who were refractory to a course of oral steroid therapy, were included in this study. We prospectively treated consecutive 33 patients (34 ears) with ITDI from August 2002 to January 2004. We then retrospectively collected data from age‐ and sex‐matched previous patients who did not take any more treatments after the initial regimen between March 2000 and July 2002. ITDI was performed in the supine position on four separate occasions over the course of 2 weeks. Hearing was assessed immediately before every injection and at 1 week after therapy. Hearing improvement was defined as more than 10 dB in pure‐tone average (PTA).

Results: Hearing improvement was observed in 13 (39.4%) of 33 patients who underwent ITDI and in two (6.1%) of 33 patients in the control group. Five of 13 represented hearing improvement over than 20 dB in PTA, and 11 of 20 patients, who showed no improvement in PTA by ITDI, showed improvement over 10 dB in some frequencies. There were no definite prognostic factors between the patients who responded to ITDI and those who did not.

Conclusion: ITDI may be a simple and effective therapy for patients with refractory SSNHL.
A Rare Differential Diagnosis in Dysphagia: Wound Botulism
Authors: Preuss Simon Florian , Veelken Florian , Galldiks Norbert , Klussmann Jens Peter , Neugebauer Peter , Nolden‐Hoverath Silke , Huttenbrink Karl‐Bernd
Published: April 2006

The incidence of wound botulism is increasing dramatically among intravenous drug users. Efficient intensive care and early treatment with antitoxin is essential to avoid lethal courses. The clinical picture of botulism is of descending, symmetric, flaccid paralysis. Early symptoms include cranial nerve palsies resulting in blurred vision and diplopia, difficulty in focusing, ptosis, facial weakness, dysphagia, dysphonia, and dysarthria. Because patients presenting with dysarthria and dysphagia will often be seen by an ear, nose and throat specialist initially, this rare but upcoming neurologic disease must be considered in the differential diagnoses.
Metronomic scheduling of a cyclic hexapeptide Ra‐VII for anti‐angiogenesis, tumor vessel maturation and anti‐tumor activity
Authors: Koizumi Takayuki , Abe Mayumi , Yamakuni Tohru , Ohizumi Yasushi , Hitotsuyanagi Yukio , Takeya Koichi , Sato Yasufumi
Published: April 2006

RA‐VII, a cyclic hexapeptide isolated from Rubiae radix, binds to actin, causing a conformational change in the actin molecule and inducing G2 arrest by inhibiting cytokinesis. Here we examined the effect of RA‐VII, its water‐soluble derivative, and related RA‐III and RA‐V on endothelial cells. Among the four compounds tested, RA‐VII most potently inhibited angiogenesis‐related properties of endothelial cells (i.e. migration and proliferation) in vitro. We confirmed the anti‐angiogenic activity of RA‐VII in vivo by using a mouse corneal model. We then applied RA‐VII for the treatment of tumors in mice. Daily intraperitoneal injection of RA‐VII (1.5 or 3 mg/kg/day) exhibited no toxic effect on the animals, but significantly and dose dependently inhibited the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma cells previously inoculated into the mice. Interestingly, although two doses of RA‐VII decreased the tumor vascular area to a similar extent, a higher dose of RA‐VII led to tumor vessel maturation together with a significant increase in tumor cell apoptosis. Also, RA‐VII showed a cytotoxic effect on Lewis lung carcinoma cells. These results indicate that metronomic scheduling of RA‐VII is efficient for cancer treatment. A careful dose setting of RA‐VII is crucial to obtain therapeutic superiority, possibly through tumor vessel maturation and a better distribution of the compound in the tumor tissue. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97:665–674)
Review article: a critical view on impaired accommodation as therapeutic target for functional dyspepsia
Authors: VAN DEN ELZEN B. D. J. , BOECKXSTAENS G. E. E.
Published: April 2006

Several important pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified in functional dyspepsia, however a complete understanding of these mechanisms and beneficial therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Based on the currently available literature we aimed at providing a critical view on one of these pathophysiological mechanisms, impaired accommodation.

Although impaired gastric accommodation is identified as a major pathophysiological mechanism, the clinical evidence supporting its role as an important therapeutic target is currently still lacking. Treatment with fundic relaxant drugs has shown conflicting results and has been rather disappointing in general.

These negative findings could be explained by the fact that impaired fundic accommodation is part of a more complex disorder involving other regions of the proximal gut or by the increasing insight that central mechanisms may play an important role. Future studies of impaired accommodation should take these considerations into account.
The end of mentally handicapped childhood: problems of residential transfer and school leaving during adolescence
Authors: WOOLF P. GRAHAME
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The evolution of two hospital units for mentally handicapped children is contrasted with two special boarding schools which each have radically different discharge procedures at adolescence. Two communities organized so as to obviate the need for adolescent transfer are discussed. Problems at adolescence highlight the interdependence of educational and social services for the handicapped. It is shown how isolated developments in residential provision may create as many problems as they are intended to solve. The difficulty of reconciling expediency with educational and humanitarian aims is discussed.
White and West Indian infants in London: development from birth to 44 weeks of age
Authors: SCOTT SYDNEY
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Fifty white and 50 West Indian babies were examined on four occasions between birth and the age of 10 months. The West Indian babies were significantly advanced over the white babies when newborn, but by 6 weeks of age were losing their advantage; there were no significant differences at 6 months and 10 months of age. The ethnic origin, growth pattern, feeding customs and relevant socioeconomic factors were considered and the implications discussed.
Special education in Denmark and integration of visually handicapped children in normal classes in the public school
Authors: LINDAU HANNE
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Experience over the last decade in integrating severely visually handicapped pupils in normal school classes is encouraging. We have learned that a visual handicap, no matter how severe, can be compensated for through materials, educational support, cooperation between the persons involved so that the child can be taught in the local school where he belongs and live as normal a life as possible. We are also aware of how things can be improved, but this is a question of economics and to some extent emotional attitudes in the pupils' environment. Although much is done to inform as many as possible in the child's milieu about what blindness is and what to do about it, we still meet problems of full acceptance of the handicap. It takes more than a decade to change emotional attitudes and because of this and because the first demand to any kind of teaching must be flexibility, the integrated education of the visually handicapped will never be a question of neither/nor but always a question of either/or.
‘Paired reading’ tuition: a preliminary report on a technique for cases of reading deficit
Authors: Morgan Roger T. T.
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
A simple and flexible reading tuition procedure is described, incorporating simultaneous reading and verbally reinforced individual reading, utilizing any reading material of the child's choice, and maximizing continuous adaptation to individual reading behaviour. Three reading‐deficient children tutored by ‘paired reading’ are presented, indicating a clear increase in the percentage of words correctly read and reaching statistical significance over twelve hours of tuition.
Children with a handicap and their families
Authors: McANDREW IRENE
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
The mothers' perceptions of the emotional and social stresses experienced by families who have children suffering from spina bifida, cerebral palsy or a limb deficiency, and the mothers' suggestions for easing situations that were causing them concern are recorded in this study. One hundred and sixteen mothers were interviewed. The children were between the ages of five and ten years at the time of the interview and were patients at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. The study investigates the problems of attending a public hospital and draws attention to the difficulties in communication between the hospital staff and parents. It emphasizes the physical demands made on the parents, particularly the mothers, in caring for a handicapped child and indicates the lack of supporting services in the home, such as home help and child minding services. The effect on the parental relationship and on brothers and sisters is studied and attention is drawn to the need for ongoing social work support to the parents, and that brothers and sisters should be included in the counselling services. Some of the difficulties encountered by the child with a handicap are recorded, in particular the problems of socialization and leisure time occupation. The parents' difficulties in rearing a handicapped child are discussed including their problem in talking to the child about his handicap. The mothers' comments about community attitudes to their child, and ways of alleviating these are also mentioned.
Parents' experiences of official help and guidance in caring for a mentally handicapped child
Authors: LLOYD‐BOSTOCK SALLY
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
As it becomes more widely accepted that, wherever possible, care of the mentally handicapped child at home is a desirable goal, the support of an efficient network of community services becomes correspondingly more crucial. As well as an increased need for emotional and practical help, parents' roles as mediator between the child and official services, and as caretaker and educator, create additional needs for help, guidance, and cooperation with official services. A sample of 97 parents of mentally handicapped children replied to a postal questionnaire asking about the effects their child had on various aspects of family life, and their experience of services provided. Contacts with services were a major source of problems, which often assumed greater importance than problems arising more directly out of the child's handicap.
BATTERED CHILDREN, THEIR PARENTS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
Authors: MARGRAIN SUSAN A.
Published: April 2006

Summary This paper reviews the literature on battered children, their parents, management, treatment and prevention. The work suggests that socioeconomic factors are less important than the psychology of the parent, who has often been a battered child himself. Management and treatment of the syndrome in the UK and the USA are indicated. The paper concludes with an outline of the preventive and research projects in the field.
CHILDREN WHO DO NOT TALK AT SCHOOL
Authors: SLUCKIN ALICE
Published: April 2006

Summary This paper contains two case reports illustrating the use of behaviour modification in the treatment of elective mutism. The programme was carried out by two social workers in the natural environment of the home and school.
THE PRIORY PARENTS WORKSHOP
Authors: ATTWOOD TONY
Published: April 2006

Summary The workshop was a successful attempt to meet the needs of parents of handicapped children. Using a multidisciplinary team the 16‐session workshop enabled both parents and professionals to discuss the problems associated with handicapped children and possible practical solutions. The unique approach of the Priory Workshop could be the prototype for future community services to help the mentally handicapped.
AN EXPERIMENTAL RESOURCE CENTRE, ON HANDICAP IN CHILDREN. 2. RESULTS EROM ONE YEAR'S OPERATION*
Authors: PARFIT JESSIE
Published: April 2006

Summary An experimental resource centre on handicap for professional workers in four London boroughs was well advertised through all the relevant social, health and education departments. It provided a wide range of reference and display material as well as a programme of 20 lectures from experts with different backgrounds. The response to the centre by the various professions is reported, both in respect of visits to use its resources and of attendance at seminars and lectures. The response was disappointing, particularly from social workers and teachers. The centre had to close from lack of support after one year. Possible causes for the lack of response are discussed, and suggestions are made as to how the quality of the service given to handicapped children and their families can be improved.
DIMENSIONS OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN PRESCHOOL PROGRAMMES
Authors: DEITCHMA ROBERT , NEWMAN ISADORE , WALSH KEVI
Published: April 2006

Summary This report describes an approach towards the clarification of the role of parent involvement in the decision‐making process and assessment of preschool programmes. A model‐placing involvement on a continuum is developed using as its endpoints high and low levels of parent involvement. The implications of this distinction in the decision‐making process are examined from the viewpoint of practical consequences for all those concerned with maximizing the effects of various pre‐school programmes. Finally, an example of a case of programme evaluation which actively sought high levels of parent involvement in the development of a behaviour rating scale is presented and an extension of the model to other aspects of a child's life is suggested.
PARENTS OF DOWN'S SYNDROME BABIES: THEIR EARLY NEEDS*
Authors: CUNNINGHAM CLIFF C. , SLOPER TRICIA
Published: April 2006

Summary The paper reports the results of detailed interviews with parents of Down's syndrome infants shortly after their being informed of the diagnosis. It reviews previous studies and confirms a number of findings.

1 The majority of parents wish to be told of the diagnosis as soon as possible and with the spouse present.

2 They do not automatically resent the ‘teller’.

3 They wish to be told directly but sympathetically, in private and have access to the baby.

4 Several interviews are needed at short intervals following the initial telling for parents to ask further questions and to assimilate more information about their child's condition.
DIVISION, DUPLICATION AND NEGLECT: PATTERNS OF CARE FOR CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC DISORDERS
Authors: PLESS I. B. , WHITE B. SATTER , VAN VECHTEN D.
Published: April 2006

Summary The care of forty‐four children with chronic arthropathies (usually juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) was studied by parental interview. The goal was to determine parents' perceptions of how management responsibilities are shared between primary physicians and specialists. Responses to questions about each of nine specific areas of care, ranging from diagnosis and treatment of the chronic disorder to the care of minor, acute illnesses, enabled the investigators to determine which physician had assumed major responsibility for each area. The results suggest a pattern whereby basic care is either divided or duplicated, but with many of the supportive aspects of care neglected in a high proportion of families. A comparison of these results with those of a similar study of children with meningomyelocele provides support for the view that such patterns are typical of the care of most children with chronic disorders.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEVERE MENTAL HANDICAP
Authors: SMITH BERYL , PHILLIPS C. J.
Published: April 2006

Summary Parents of 212 severely educationally handicapped children ESN(S) were asked about the circumstances of the identification of their child's handicap. Findings for the group as a whole were similar to those quoted in other studies but varied significantly according to the clinical group of the child. The ‘no specific pathology’ group gives cause for most concern: identification of these children occurs later, and is further delayed from the time that parents become anxious, than it is for children in other groups. Since ‘no specific pathology’ children may benefit as much or perhaps more from early intervention as do children in the more easily identifiable groups, attention should be paid to means of recognition and of giving appropriate help and support to their parents.
PLANNING MANAGEMENT OF FEEDING IN THE VISUALLY HANDICAPPED CHILD
Authors: KITZINGER MARY
Published: April 2006

Summary This paper describes how the visually handicapped child's understanding of a key intellectual process, relating two objects together, is associated with independence in feeding. It is suggested that in planning effective management of feeding it is important to take the child's intellectual understanding into account.
TOWARDS A TAILORED MEASURE OF PARENTAL ATTITUDES: AN APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF ONE ASPECT OF INTERVENTION PROJECTS WITH PARENTS OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: JUDSON SHIRLEY L. , BURDEN ROBERT L.
Published: April 2006

Summary
One important aspect of early intervention projects involving parents of handicapped children, namely changes in parental attitudes, would seem to have been elusive to study. This paper describes an approach to measurement in this area in which the measure is constructed around the specified objectives of the project under investigation. An outline is given of the process by which a Maternal Self‐Rating Scale was devised, together with a description of the Scale and evidence regarding its usefulness within an evaluative study.
THE MEANING OF HANDICAP IN CHILDREN
Authors: FRASER B. C.
Published: April 2006

Summary
An examination is made of factors that contribute to handicap in children with impairments. Handicap is seen to be caused by a complex coalescence of factors which can be divided into three groups associated directly and indirectly with the presenting disability. It is argued that, for there to be a reduction in the level of handicap experienced by the impaired child, then consideration must be given to intervention in all aspects of the contributing factors and not just in the treatment of the impairment itself
A COMPARISON OF ASPECTS OF THE MATERNAL SPEECH ENVIRONMENT OF RETARDED AND NON‐RETARDED CHILDREN
Authors: DAVIS HILTON , OLIVER BARLEY
Published: April 2006

Summary
This study was concerned to explore aspects of the maternal speech environment of mentally retarded children. Eight mothers were observed in interaction with their retarded children and compared with mothers of non‐retarded infants who had been matched in terms of various socio‐economic indices and language behaviour. The mothers of the retarded children were found to be significantly more stimulating vocally, more responsive and less directive than the controls. The findings are discussed in terms of possible reasons for such differences and the implications for the child.
BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT COURSE FOR A GROUP OF MOTHERS: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COURSE SETTING FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES
Authors: MILLER ANDY , ELLIS JOYCE
Published: April 2006

Summary
Many parents experience difficulty in managing aspects of their young children's behaviour; and yet personnel with the psychological skills to resolve these problems are only available to a small proportion of parents, usually after a period of serious escalation of the difficulties. This article describes an attempt to make economical use of an educational psychologist's time by providing a short course for a volunteer group of mothers whose children attended a pre‐school group. The educational orientation of the centre is shown to facilitate the transmission of the required skills and knowledge to the mothers, suggesting both a desirable form of organization for such centres and a specific activity which could profitably take place within them.
Honeylands' role in the pre‐school years I. Developing a relationship
Authors: GREEN JOSEPHINE M. , EVANS ROSEMARY K.
Published: April 2006

Summary
Honeylands is a family support unit for families with handicapped children and is part of the National Health Service. Its services include day care, therapy and ‘on demand’ short‐term residential care. The research reported here was part of an independent evaluation of Honeylands based on interviews with parents of young handicapped children in the Exeter area. This is the first of three papers arising from these interviews and it considers in detail the experiences of 39 families who had made use of Honeylands' preschool facilities, from the initial referral onwards. Particular attention is paid to the development of the relationship between parents and staff, since this is felt to be an essential prerequisite for parents' acceptance of Honeylands' services.
Rhythms and rhymes: developing communication in very young blind and multihandicapped children
Authors: ROGOW SALLY M.
Published: April 2006

Summary
Communicative behaviours develop in early infancy. Blind and multihandicapped infants are at risk in developing social signal behaviours that serve the purpose of signalling the attention of adults and engaging adults in shared interactions and social routines. Primary intersubjectivity or adult—infant interaction has been shown to provide the matrix in which communicative behaviours are acquired. The social routine is one form of adult—infant interaction in which mutuality and shared attention to the same event is developed. The results of this study indicate that very young blind and multihandicapped children can develop intentional and communicative behaviours in the course of social routines based on traditional nursery rhymes. Of particular interest were the youngest subjects who were 15 months—2 years and 3 months at the start of the study. These subjects demonstrated a variety of social responses to interaction with adults. Their responsiveness was expressed in the modalities that were most accessible to them. The physically handicapped children used vocalization as a primary mode of communication, while the physically active depended on physical gestures and postures.
‘Flitting’ in nursery school children
Authors: WILKINSON J. E. , MURPHY H. F.
Published: April 2006

Summary
This study is concerned with the social and cognitive behaviour of 4‐year‐old children in nursery school who exhibit frequent change of activity. Using observational methods supported by data from intelligence and language tests, the high flitters, the majority of whom were boys, received less adult attention, preferred the company of one other child, and performed less well intellectually. The role of adults in identifying and handling these children is briefly referred to.
Procedure for assessment of neurodevelopmental delay in young children: preliminary report
Authors: POTHIER PATRICIA C. , FRIEDLANDER STEVEN , MORRISON DELMONT C. , HERMAN LOIS
Published: April 2006

Summary
This report describes the development of a new procedure for assessing neurodevelopmental delay in young children. The Primitive Reflex and Postural Adjustment Assessment procedure is designed to measure degrees of occurrence of remnants of primitive reflexes and immature postural adjustment. Preliminary findings show that the Primitive Reflex and Postural Adjustment Assessment procedure can successfully identify degrees of neurodevelopmental delay in young children, and that the procedure differentiates normal children from mentally retarded and emotionally disturbed children. Additional work is needed to assess the validity and reliability of this procedure.
Young people with disabilities: what happens after 16?
Authors: HIRST M. A.
Published: April 2006

Summary
This article presents some findings from a recent postal survey of young adults aged 16–21 years with severe disabilities. The study was funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and is based on a sample of over 1,000 drawn from the register of families helped by the Family Fund. Information was collected on the usual weekday activities of the young people. Parents were asked whether they were satisfied with the way in which their son/daughter was occupied and about any changes or difficulties since he/she left school. The research indicates that: there is a considerable gap in access to paid employment for young people with disabilities compared with young people in general; there is substantial variation in the occupational experience of young adults with different types of impairment; and the transition from school to further education, training, employment, unemployment or day care can be difficult. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Informal support for the carers of disabled children
Authors: COOKE KENNETH , LAWTON DOROTHY
Published: April 2006

Summary
This article draws on data from a nationally representative sample of disabled children to investigate the support which carers receive from spouses, relatives, friends, neighbours and voluntary organizations. The results confirm the findings of previous studies that, within families, mothers bear the major burden both of child care and housework. However, the results indicate that families with disabled children generally do not receive as much support from relatives, friends and neighbours as some previous studies of children with particular disorders have suggested, and that membership of voluntary organizations is very low.
Honeylands' role in the pre‐school years: II. Patterns of use; and III. Factors inhibiting use
Authors: GREEN JOSEPHINE M. , EVANS ROSEMARY K.
Published: April 2006

Summary
This is the second paper arising from an independent evaluation of Honeylands' role in the pre‐school years. The study was based on interviews with parents of young handicapped children in the Exeter area, both ‘users’ and ‘non‐users’ of Honeylands' services. In the first section of the paper we examine the ways in which parents made use of Honeylands' facilities. Residential care, both regular and ‘on demand’ is considered in particular detail. We then go on to examine the reasons for non‐use and the factors inhibiting the use made by ‘user’ families. After considering some objective factors which may effect take‐up, we discuss more generally the dilemma of accepting help.
Illness experience and children's concepts of health and illness
Authors: EISER CHRISTINE , PATTERSON DAVID , TRIPP JOHN H.
Published: April 2006

Summary
The effects of chronic illness on children's knowledge of health and illness were investigated by interviewing 57 children with diabetes and the same number of healthy children of similar age and background. There were few differences between the groups in their definitions of health or knowledge of the cause of illness. The data are discussed in terms of their theoretical relevance to the development of ideas about health and illness.
Developmental assessment: 18 months to 4½ years. The Bus Puzzle Test
Authors: EGAN DOROTHY F. , BROWN ROSEMARY
Published: April 2006

Summary
The Bus Puzzle Test for assessing developing language and some performance skills has been standardized on a sample of 425 children living in an inner city area and a rural market town. The age range was 18 months to 4½ years. The study provides levels of achievement in comprehension by age and shows the importance of the 27–33 months period in the development of situational understanding. Assessment of expressive language takes account of the strategies employed by young children to express meaning. The early stages of form perception are examined. Results are provided in graphic and tabular forms and provide a data base for converting an individual child's scores into variation from average.
Factors related to grade retention n children with short stature
Authors: HOLMES CLARISSA S. , THOMPSON ROBERT G. , HAYFORD JOHN T.
Published: April 2006

Summary
A recent study by Holmes et al. (1982) revealed a high degree (23%) of grade retention in a group of children with significant short stature secondary to growth hormone deficiency (GHD), constitutional delay (CD); or Turner's Syndrome (TS). Parents indicated in a free response format that ‘immaturity’ and ‘small size’ were the reasons for retention. The present follow‐up study obtained academic achievement data on 47 of the 56 short children from the Holmes et al. (1982) study to assess what role academic factors, not spontaneously mentioned by parents, may have had in the retention decision. Results indicated that despite repeating a year in the primary grades, the group of retained children were still functioning 6 months below grade expectation, compared to grade appropriate achievement in the never‐retained group. Parents and teachers were both accurate in their perceptions of children's academic achievement. Behavioural ratings by teachers indicated more adjustment difficulties for retained children, while parent ratings of behaviour showed a similar high level of problems for short children regardless of retention status. Although both groups of children possessed average intellectual abilities, the retained children obtained lower IQ scores than the never retained children. In summary, a majority of short children were achieving appropriate grade levels, but a substantial minority were experiencing under‐achievement, behaviour problems, and grade retention, despite average intelligence.
Ward teaching won't do!
Authors: McLEAN ELSPETH
Published: April 2006

Summary
Some multiply handicapped children who live in long stay hospitals do not attend school. This survey of alternative arrangements for their education made in Scottish hospitals shows that it is the children with the most severe handicaps who are taught in wards rather than in schools. Yet generally they receive little teaching time, few of their teachers have specialized training, there is limited help from other professionals, and they are taught in rooms less suitable than the most inadequate classroom. No evidence was found of any educational advantages for children being taught in a ward rather than in school.
Prewalking locomotor movements and their use in predicting standing and walking
Authors: ROBSON PETER
Published: April 2006

Summary
The majority (82%) of normal infants crawl on hands and knees as the predominant means of moving from place to place before they get themselves to standing. Others shuffle in a sitting position (9%), creep on the abdomen (1%) or roll (1%), and tend to walk much later than the crawlers. The earliest walkers have no observable prewalking locomotion ‐ they just stand up and walk (7%). In many instances, the age at which one locomotor milestone is attained correlates well with the age at which subsequent milestones appear, thus permitting prediction of the age of standing and walking. Such predictions are useful in offering parents and therapists a time scale over which future skills can be expected to develop in both normal and handicapped children.
A comparative study of profoundly multiply handicapped children's scores on the Bayley and the Griffiths developmental scales
Authors: BEAIL NIGEL
Published: April 2006

Summary
Twenty‐five profoundly multiply handicapped children were tested using both the Bayley and the Griffiths scales by the same psychologist, who did not have prior knowledge of their medical and social histories. Scores obtained from the Griffiths scales were consistently higher than those obtained from the Bayley scales. The intercorrelation between the two tests was high. These results suggest that although the two tests may be used interchangeably, their numerical scores are not equivalent when administered to this population.
Health education needs of primigravidae
Authors: EISER CHRISTINE , EISER J. RICHARD
Published: April 2006

Summary
Forty‐eight primigravidae were interviewed when 3–4 months pregnant about their knowledge of fetal development, awareness of hazards to development and sources of information. Although there was reasonable knowledge about normal fetal development, the women were not generally aware of the repercussions of maternal rubella or rationale for many routine tests at antenatal clinics. Fourteen of the women were smoking and only four of these intended to change during pregnancy. The general practitioner was perceived as a vital source of information, in marked contrast to the midwife. Few women reported learning about child development or care at school, but most used pamphlets or books as a source of information.
Using primary‐school children to improve child‐rearing practices in rural Jamaica
Authors: KNIGHT JENNIFER , GRANTHAM‐McGREGOR SALLY
Published: April 2006

Summary
Many children in Jamaica suffer from poor development, inadequate dental care and low immunization status. There is a need for low‐cost innovative programmes to reach these children. We piloted an approach to teaching primary‐school children basic child health and development concepts with the aim of improving their knowledge and practices and those of their guardians. The programme was conducted with 89 children from three grade levels in a remote rural school. The topic was taught throughout the school year with an action‐oriented curriculum. Evaluation showed improvement in school children's knowledge and practices and guardians' knowledge. This approach is seen to be a feasible, low cost way of improving the quality of future child care.