bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical screening, toxicological studies of aqueous whole plant extract and characterized conjugated silver nanoparticles on liver function biomarkers
Authors: Oloninefa Stephen , Abalaka Moses , Daniyan Safiya , Mann Abdullahi , Aisoni Japhet , Alli Abdulsalaam
Published: February 2024

Assessment of the safety and possible effects aqueous whole plant extract and characterized conjugated silver nanoparticles derived from Euphorbia heterophylla as related to liver function can produce on the end users make toxicological studies a must. The phytochemical screening and toxicological studies of aqueous extract and characterized conjugated silver nanoparticles (CCAgNPs) were carried out using standard techniques. Phytochemicals such as: saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and reducing sugars were present in aqueous extract of whole plant Euphorbia heterophylla (AQEWEH). There was a reduction in the body weights of Wistar albino rats except an increment at a dose of 600 mg/kgbw. However, the highest average body weight of 176.50 g was obtained when 10 mg/kgbw of AQEWEH was administered to Wistar albino rats while 600 mg/kgbw of CCAgNPs gave the highest body weight of 152.50 g. Increment in serum asparte aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, reduction in total protein and urea concentration are indicative of hepatocellular dysfunction and cholestatic pattern. The implication of this study is that for both AQEWEH and CCAgNPs to be used as therapeutic agents and administered to man and animals, their safety doses must be determined.
IMPROVED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM THROUGH DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES USING CAMERA BASED CROWD SENSING WITH DEEP LEARNING APPROACH.
Authors: Arzika Shamsu , Adeshina Steve , Suleiman Muhammad
Published: February 2024

Abstract - Intelligent traffic light control system can be considered as one of the main aspects of a smart city. There is significant increase in the number of People that own vehicles and this leads to traffic congestion in urban cities of developing countries. Traffic congestion is one of the highly challenging problems people face in their daily lives which affect their working productivity, causes accident, unnecessary delays and possibly loss of lives. The control of traffics based on the densities and classes of the vehicles using deep learning approach proved to be a better approach in handling traffic jams according to the current state of the studies. However, the current state of the studies did not have special consideration for the class of special vehicles (VIPs) which need special consideration due to their importance and tight schedules. Also, it did not consider allocating time based on the classification. Thus, a model to improve the detection and classification of vehicles on side of intersection as well as special consideration for VIPs was proposed. The proposed model was built using Faster R-CNN based on Tensorflow machine learning framework on a Google Colab environment. The model was able to detect and classify vehicles as “special vehicles (i.e. VIP), Emergency (EV) and Others” classes of vehicles, a time allocation simulator was proposed based on the specified classes with special timing for VIPs. Results show that using the proposed method, 94.43% accuracy was achieved.
Application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis for Heavy Metal Bioremediation in Wastewater from Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja, Nigeria.
Authors: Ibrahim Umar , Manbe Mohammed , Ibrahim Amina
Published: February 2024

Water pollution is a huge issue on a global scale and is on the rise because of growing human activity and population, unsustainable farming methods, and quick industrialization. There is an increasing demand for innovative wastewater treatment techniques and there is also the need to establish rigorous operational guidelines in discharging wastewater into the environment. This study examined the application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis for heavy metal bioremediation in wastewater from Wupa Wastewater Treatment Plant, Abuja, Nigeria. Wastewater samples (Effluent) were collected from WUPA treatment plant, Abuja. The physiochemical parameters which include pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Turbidity, TDS, DO, BOD, COD wastewater was carried out and heavy metal analysis was carried out before and after treatment of the wastewater. The results showed the pH, conductivity BOD, DO and TDS of the wastewatewater;ered significantly (p<0.05) with the control and treated water, however the temperature of the wastewater does not differ significantly with the control and treated water. In the screen pump, the pH and temperature the untreated water shows no significant difference (p>0.05) with the control and treated water, however the conductivity, BOD5, DO and TDS of the wastewater differs significantly (p<0.05) with control and treated water. Inoculums of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus species were prepared to aid the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The removal of heavy metal was determined using AAS. The result revealed a significant reduction in the concentration of heavy metals in treated water samples compared to the untreated waters samples (p<0.05). In conclusion, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis showed good remediation potentials as it reduces the heavy metals (Lead, cadmium, chromium, and zinc) within WHO specification against their initial concentrations and control. Finally, the findings of this study recommend the use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis for the remediation of heavy metals in wastewater.
EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS: A REVIEW OF THEIR PRODUCTS AND USES
Authors: EZEAGU GLORIA , OMOTOSHO AZEEZ , Suleiman Kafilat
Published: February 2024

Effective Microorganisms (EM) is a blend of live beneficial microorganisms whose synergistic actions either directly or indirectly produce a wide variety of substances with which it can arrest diseases, promote good health and prevent environmental degradation. The concept of Effective Microorganisms was first developed by Professor Higa in 1970 when he was looking for an alternative to agricultural chemicals. The Scientist discovered that naturally occurring microorganisms can be a powerful tool if combined together in mixed cultures and are physiologically compatible with one another. EM consists of lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, fermenting fungi and actinomycetes. Although there are controversies over the scientific claims of EM technology, its application in agriculture has been widely researched. Its uses in other areas of life such as food waste recycling, enhanced organic composting, enhancing soil structure, increasing soil health and productivity among other uses are well documented. Many researches on EM have produced satisfactory results on its uses in animal production, environmental management, health and preventive medicine, among others. EM can be applied in many different forms, with EM-Bokashi being the most widely used. EM is a promising tool that can replace the use of chemicals in a wide area of life and this requires more researches to explore other possible beneficial applications. This review is aimed at revealing information about the nature of effective microorganisms, identifying the different products made with EM and the different areas in which they are applied.
Effect of solvents of extreme polarities on the antioxidative and cytotoxic profiles of single and combined tropical spices
Authors: Adeyeoluwa Temitayo , Balogun Fatai , Ashafa Anofi
Published: February 2024

Objective: To assess the possible augmented phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of hexane and hydroethanol extracts of five combined tropical spices. Methods: Powdered samples from five dried tropical spices [Zingiber officinale Rosc., Xylopia aethiopica (Dun.) A. Rich, Piper guineense Schum & Thonn, Myristica fragrans Houtt. and Allium sativum L.] were separately and in combination extracted with hexane (HX) and hydroethanol (50:50) (HE). Both extracts of the single spices (Ssp) and mixed spices (Mxsp) were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and estimation of antioxidant activities through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)-sulphonic acid (ABTS), hydroxyl radical (HR) scavenging and reducing power (RP) assays as well as metal chelating (MC) capability. The tetrazolium-based colorimetric cellular (MTT) assay was utilized to assess their possible cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Results: The study revealed that the HX (75.28 ± 10.07 mggallic acid equivalent/mL) and HE (19.00±3.21 mg quercetin equivalent/g) extracts of Mxsp had the highest TPC and TFC respectively when compared with corresponding extracts of Ssp. The antioxidant efficacy revealed that the HE extract of Mxsp depicted the highest DPPH (median inhibitory concentration (IC50): 0.09 ± 0.03 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50: 0.21 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and HR (IC50: 0.63 ± 0.92 mg/mL) scavenging activities respectively. The best MC effect and potent RP activity were observed in the HX extracts of ginger (IC50: 0.11 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and Mxsp (2.85 ± 0.11 mg/mL) respectively. The MTT assay revealed that Ssp and Mxsp were not cytotoxic to Vero cells with median lethal concentration (LC50) values ranging from 0.13-0.48 mg/mL. Conclusion: This study suggests that Mxsp contains more phytochemical compounds and exhibits better antioxidant activity than Ssp. Moreover, both extracts of Ssp and Mxsp may be considered safe for consumption at specified concentrations.
NUTRITIONAL POTENTIALS AND ACUTE-TOXICITY STUDIES OF Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen) POLYGALACEAE LEAVES
Authors: Hassan Lawal , Umar Kabiru , Yusuf Amina , Umar Umar
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Plants have served as therapeutic agents for a long time and provided essential nutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, etc. The leaves of Securidacalongepedunculata were analyzed for proximate minerals, antinutritional content, and acute toxicity study using standard methods. The results showed that the leaves contain moisture (10.38±0.43%), ash (6.21±0.23%), crude protein (5.85±0.29%), crude lipid (3.96±0.12%), crude fiber (3.00±0.18%), non-fiber carbohydrate (80.98±0.51%), and energy value (377.11±1.82 kJ/100g). The antinutritional content of the leaves in (mg/100g) was found to have oxalate (0.0214±0.0001), phytate (4.0406±0.0241), nitrite (2.6733±0.0757), cyanide (0.0285±0.0061) and tannins (0.3507±0.0004). The leaves of this plant were analyzed and found to possess an appreciable amount of mineral contents, such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb. The results of acute oral administration of S. longepedunculata leaves extracts on mice showed that the LD50 of S. longepedunculata leaves extracts is greater than or equal to 5000 mg/kg body weight. Hence, it can be concluded that S.longepedunculata could be used for therapeutic purposes and as nutritional supplements.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INDOOR AIR MICROFLORA IN MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY OF NILE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
Authors: EZEAGU GLORIA , NASIR ZAINAB
Published: February 2024

A study was conducted to isolate and identify air microflora in Microbiology Laboratory of Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja. Nutrient agar and Potato Dextrose agar were prepared and poured into petri dishes and exposed to the air in Microbiology laboratory for 30minutes in the morning before the commencement of class activities and in the afternoon, during class activities. The plates were incubated at 37 ºC and 25 ºC respectively to isolate bacteria and fungi. The isolated bacteria species were Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Alkaligenes faecalis, while the fungal species were Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor flavus and Fusarium moniliforme. The microbial counts of the afternoon exposure were much higher than those of the morning hours and the isolated bacterial species demonstrated relatively high sensitivity to antibacterial antibiotics used for the study except for Klebsiella sp. which had 20 % resistance and Alcaligenes faecalis with 30 % resistance. It is recommended that all environmental conditions that can facilitate the proliferation of these microorganisms in the laboratory should be prevented in order to protect the health of staff and students.
In vitro Detoxifying Effects of Catunaregam nilotica(STAPF) Root Extracts against Naja nigricollis Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) Enzyme
Authors: Salihu Mustapha , Hassan Lawal , Faruq Umar , Yusuf Amina
Published: February 2024

Snakebite is a severe public health problem across the globe, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where most victims live in rural areas where their livelihood depends on farming and rearing animals. Catuneragamniloticahas been used in ethnomedicine to treat snakebites, and diarrhea among others. The study aims to evaluate the phospholipase A2 inhibition potential of C. niloitca using in vitro model. The plant was collected, authenticated, and sequentially extracted using solvents of increasing polarity starting from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The extracts were screened in vitro for their inhibitory activity against N. nigricollisvenom using PLA2 assay, and polyvalent serum-base antivenin was used as a standard. The phytochemical screening conducted using standard procedures revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and steroids which varies in the extracts. The extracts of the plant have demonstrated significant (p<0.05) and concentration-dependent antisnake venom activity by combating the hydrolytic actions of N. nigricollisPLA2 enzyme; methanol extract was the most active with PLA2 inhibition of 83.01 to 63.01% at1.0mg/mL to 0.125mg/mL respectively while hexane extract was the least active with percentage inhibition of 45.04 to 30.00% at 1.0mg/mL to 0.125mg/mL. In conclusion, the plant C. niloticahas demonstrated good antisnake venom activity and could be studied further for development as safe and affordable antivenom by subjecting it to bioassay-guided isolation and purification of bioactive compound(s) responsible for the observed activity.
Signal Characterization in the Design of Triac and Microcontroller Based Domestic Alternating Current (AC) Voltage Stabilization System
Authors: AUDU ABDULKADIR , JIYA JIBRIL , IBRAHIM ALBASHIR
Published: February 2024

Fluctuation in sinusoidal mains voltage is nothing but the change in magnitude of voltage, which normally exceed or goes below the steady state voltage range prescribed by some standards. This work proposes to achieve AC voltage stabilization by using feed-forward technique to apply directly the characterized mains sensor voltage which, is representative of the mains AC voltage fluctuation of 80-280V, to PIC16F877A microcontroller. The key innovation of the network is the novel ability to infer and select the triac that is connected to one of the auto-transformer tapings with an AC voltage of approximately 220V across it, as the output voltage of the stabilizer. Besides, the system also has a protective mechanism to de-select all the triacs in under/over voltage situations of 78V and 282V respectively. Comprehensive simulation and real-time results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on 80-280V range mains voltage fluctuations.
Modelling and prediction of Future Energy Generation for Jebba Hydro Power Plant Station Using Intelligent Algorithm
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad , Enagi Ibrahim , Shaba Abubakar , Idris Muhammad , Jimoh T
Published: February 2024

One of the most important metrics for measuring economic progress is energy production. This is because any nation's social and economic progress depends heavily on its ability to provide a stable and constant supply of electricity. This study is contributing by employing an intelligent algorithm for the energy generation forecast of Jebba hydroelectric power station in Nigeria. A robust programming was performed with MATLAB software to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model using the feed forward back propagation (FFBP) algorithm. The ANN was employed to surmount the present challenges of lack of reliable forecast tools for power generation that could asset in yielding proper management policies of the power station. Thus, the whole data set which comprises of three hundred and twenty four monthly averages were divided into two categories: 70% training and 30% for validation purposes in order to obtain the optimum topology for network. Base on the results modelling, a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of 5.0430 and 0.02600 were obtained for the classical neural network and the intelligent algorithm for both training and validation data sets with high regression coefficient (R2) of 0.68046. Therefore, the outcome of the results highlight that the proposed model outperformed the classical neural network models, which proves that the model was reliable and could be used for prediction at a 95% confidence level.
A RETROFITTED PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL (PV/T) SYSTEM FOR HEATING AND ELECTRIFICATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad , Abdulsalam Dalhatu , Kulla Dangana , Umaru Samaila , Enagi Ibrahim
Published: February 2024

The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems is one the most practicable means of harnessing the largest and most accessible source of renewable energy today which can pave way for economic diversi-fication. Generally, reduction in the efficiency of the PV modules has always been a stumbling block in exploiting this system to their fullest capacity. The use of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) system, enhances the efficiency of the PV module, while the PV/T collector also have thermal efficiency that can be channelled for domestic heating demands concurrently. In this paper, an experimental test rig was fabricated and set-up in order to carry out the evaluation of a hybrid (PV/T) system. Two different systems were examined experimentally under the same working condition and their performances were analysed accordingly. The experimental results showed that the highest thermal efficiency obtained for the PV/T system was about 60% while, the highest electrical efficiency recorded for the PV system with and without cooling were 9% and 7.5% respectively. While, 66.3% of power was produced from the system with cooling due to the introduction of heat recovery system, but the system without cooling manage to generate less than 35% of electrical power output. Based on the analysis presented, the use of (PV/T) system is a promising technology that will enhance both thermal and electrical efficiency of (PV) modules maximally.
EXPLORING THE IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES OF ADOPTING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IN ABUJA, NIGERIA
Authors: Adewola Jamaldeen , Mambo Abdulhameed , Adejumo Aderemi
Published: February 2024

Nigeria's construction industry is facing significant challenges such as low productivity, high costs, and poor quality of buildings, and adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) can address these issues, but its adoption has been very slow in Nigeria. This paper aimed at investigating the level of awareness and usage of BIM, factors affecting the adoption, socio-economic benefits of its adoption and barriers and challenges affecting the adoption of BIM in Abuja, Nigeria. 363 structured questionnaires were administered on civil, mechanical & electrical engineers, quantity surveyors, architects and builders in Abuja, out of which 249 valid responses were received and the data obtained was carefully analyzed using descriptive analysis, relative importance index, and mean item score. While 87.95% of the respondents claim that they have heard the BIM concept before, only 19.27% rate their usage and knowledge of BIM as high or very high, this shows that most of the respondents currently do not use BIM in their day-to-day activities. The study shows that BIM education, affordability, ability to gain competitive edge, vision from management and ease of use as some of the most important factors affecting the adoption of BIM in Nigeria. It also highlighted the improvement of visualization & design review, reduction in risk level, improvement of quality, productivity, client satisfaction and project documentation as the most important benefits derivable from the use of BIM. The paper also shows that high cost of training, lack of government support, lack of education, information, investment, ICT infrastructure, power supply and demand from clients as the most important challenges hindering its adoption in Nigeria. The Nigerian construction industry may realize the benefits of BIM in terms of improved project outcomes, increased productivity, and increased efficiency by overcoming these barriers and encouraging a collaborative approach. Key suggestions for enhancing BIM adoption in Nigeria were made in this paper, including but not limited to incorporating BIM into curricula for the built environment, providing professionals with awareness programs and training and establishment of national BIM standards by the government.
COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING: A REVIEW
Authors: Onoja Paul
Published: February 2024

Most reviews on quantum computing are closely related to physics. In this review, the article aims to present quantum computing in an easy-to-understand way for a computer scientist only providing surface- level information regarding the physics aspect of the field and also completely avoiding physics formulas.
Suspended Sediment Transport Dynamics In River Musa, Niger State - Nigeria
Authors: Nda Muhammad , Bida Sani , Jiya Gideon , Ebenehi Ibrahim , Adama Godwin
Published: February 2024

Energy circumstances frequently affect how suspended sediment behaves in rivers; for example, sediment is retained during low flow and transferred at high discharge. However, the mixing and directing of water and sediment from various sources can also have an impact on the timing of the maximum sediment movement. In this study, the movement of suspended sediment, river bed material, and flow characteristics of the Musa River were examined. Besides, the study is aimed at studying the suspended sediment laden water transported by the River Musa, as there is no consistent, reliable data collection of sediment inflow into Nigerian rivers to aid water resources planning and management. Several techniques adopted for estimating the rates of sedimentation are highly laborious, expensive, and time-consuming, although these challenges are made easier by the availability of some sediment and flow rating curves. The rate of sediment carried by the River Musa during this study was estimated using the direct sediment sampling data approach.The average sediment concentration estimates conveyed by River Musa during the study period was 0.1337 mg/l which is low and may increase if the catchment area's upstream is subjected to more urbanization, agricultural, and animal grazing activities. Besides, discharge rates were measured, and the riverbed material transported classified.
STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SYNTHESIZED FROM PERIWINKLE SHELL AS A pH ENHANCER IN WATER BASED DRILLING MUD
Authors: Lamin Zainab , Okafor Ikechukwu , Jakada Khaleel , Nzerem Petrus , Gimba Abdullahi , Ogolo Oghenerume , Salihu Ayuba , Ibrahim Khadijah
Published: February 2024

Reservoirs that contain acidic gases can lead to the corrosion of the drilling string and casing which could result in incessant down time and also increase the cost of drilling operation. This research work aimed at investigating the potential of using locally sourced materials such as Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) that can serve as substitutes to imported chemicals used in the industry, to help raise the mud pH to the API standard (9.5-12.5) whilst reducing the cost of drilling operation. Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH2)) was extracted from Periwinkle Shell using two different process routes (via the calcination of the PSA and without it). Characterization tools were used to assess the functional groups present and the elemental composition of the periwinkle shell. Various laboratory equipment was used to observe the impact the additives would have on the mud properties (pH, mud weight, filtration characteristics and rheological properties) of the new drilling ﬂuid. Results showed that as the mass of the synthesized Ca (OH2) from the calcined PSA, the uncalcined PSA and the commercial Ca (OH2) was increased, the pH of the mud samples was observed to have increased the pH of the base mud by 20.9%, 15.1% and 10%. Therefore, this research showed that the extracted Ca (OH2) acted primarily as a pH enhancer. However, the addition of Ca (OH2) from all sources exhibited poor filtration characteristics as there was high filtrate loss as the filtration time and the additive concentration increased which could affect the formulation and the performance of the drilling mud.
MODIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF LOCALLY SOURCED ORGANOCLAY FOR OIL SPILL REMEDIATION
Authors: Okafor Ikechukwu , Odimba Roselyn , Salihu Ayuba , Ogolo Oghenerume , Nzerem Petrus , Gimba Abdullahi , Jakada Khaleel
Published: February 2024

The Bentonite clay, obtained from Ubakala, Umuahia, in Abia State was investigated as a sorbent for the potential treatment of oil spill in aquatic medium after its modificaion with Dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DODAB). The purified clay sample was subjected to hydrothermal ion exchange reaction to synthesize organoclays under mild reaction conditions. Changes in the microstructural, morphological and physicochemical properties of the modified clay samples were investigated and studied with the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The observations showed the presence of new organic compound groups which indicated that the surfactant was intercalated successfully. The organoclays were further tested in a simulated oil spill situation to assess their potential as oil sorbents and sorbed about 4.5% of the oil that was simulated in the laboratory in water. The results further showed that the synthesized organoclay can be used for the remediation of oil spillage. The organoclays present a cost effective and a suitably environmentally friendly alternative for the remediation of oil spill polluted lands in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
Effect of Raw and Delignified Banana Stem (Musa Cavendish) On the Rheological and Filtration Loss Properties of Water Based Mud
Authors: Salihu Ayuba , Abubakar Ahmed , Nzerem Petrus , Gimba Abdullahi , Ibrahim Khadijat , Okafor Ikechukwu , Jakada Khaleel
Published: February 2024

In compliance with environmental laws and safety rules, oil and gas companies have taken necessary steps to eradicate the use of toxic chemicals conventionally used in drilling muds, thereby promoting biodegradable alternatives. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of two banana stem samples; Raw Banana Stem (RBS) and Delignified Banana Stem (DBS) as potential and proficient viscosifiers and fluid loss control agents in water based mud. The rheological properties evaluated include plastic viscosity (cP), apparent viscosity (cP), yield point (Ib/100ft2) and gel strength (Ib/100ft2) at 10 seconds and 10 minutes. Filtration loss properties evaluated include filter cake thickness (mm) and fluid loss volume (ml). Each drilling mud sample was prepared using 350 ml, 20 g bentonite and varying contents (g) of carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), RBS and DBS. A mixer was used to mix the mud homogenously; the rheological properties were calculated using a viscometer while the filtration loss properties were calculated using a filter press. The results and analysis were compared to the effects of commercially available carboxymethyl cellulose to validate its properties. RBS and DBS improved the rheological properties of the mud sample contents of 3 g, 5 g, 7 g and 9 g. At contents of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g, RBS and DBS samples provide significant fluid loss control and their results are similar to the results of CMC. RBS has a fluid loss volume increase of 6.84 %, 5.69 %, 17.12 % and 8.06 % from CMC’s results at slightly similar filter cake thickness while DBS has a fluid loss volume increase of 15.59 %, 15.09 %, 27.55 % and 15.35 % from CMC’s result. The data obtained from the experiments showed both banana samples can be used as environmentally friendly viscosifiers and fluid loss control agents.
Optimization of Water-Based Drilling Muds Using Dioscorea Villosa Starch: A Response Surface Methodology Approach
Authors: Farouk Abdul , Gimba Abdullahi , Salihu Ayuba , Okafor Ikechukwu , Ogolo Oghenerume , Jakada Khaleel , Idakwoji Abdulhameed
Published: February 2024

The need for environmentally friendly alternatives to water-based drilling fluids has prompted an investigation into the effects of Dioscorea villosa starch as a natural additive in the petroleum and gas industry. In this study, a design of experiments approach utilizing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the extraction of starch from wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) and formulate drilling muds. The regression model was used to determine the optimized parameters for starch extraction and the results showed a close agreement between the experimental and predicted values with a difference of only 1.295%. The responses considered in the design were plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity, filtrate volume, and filtercake thickness, with three factors being considered: bentonite, Dioscorea villosa starch, and temperature. The properties of the formulated water-based drilling muds enhanced with Dioscorea villosa starch were analyzed using ANOVA, and linear models were selected based on their significance. The findings suggest that the addition of Dioscorea villosa starch improves the filtration and rheological properties of the drilling muds, with optimal concentrations of 16.92g of bentonite, 3.85g of Dioscorea villosa starch, and a temperature of 81.90°F. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of Dioscorea villosa starch as a natural additive in water-based drilling fluids, providing an eco-friendly alternative to chemical additives and offering potential environmental benefits.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF ACHI (BRACHYSTEGIA EURYCOMA) ON THE THICKENING TIME OF CEMENT
Authors: Salihu Ayuba , Nuhu Yakubu , Ibrahim Khadija , Gimba Abdullahi , Nzerem Petrus , Okafor Ikechukwu , Ogolo Oghenerume
Published: February 2024

In recent times, more wells are being drilled and producing in the petroleum industry. To prevent early workover resulting from casing collapse caused by corrosion, shattering of cement sheath during perforation and fracturing, and to protect the integrity of the well, it is important to use properly designed cement slurry with appropriate additives to protect the well from the formation. The development of adequate thickening time cement is a critical task in cementing operations today. Achieving suitable thickening time of oil well cement ensures both prevention of lost circulation and a long wait on cement time. With this in mind, this research work shows a comparative study of the thickening time of oil well cement with achi and without achi contamination under different temperature of 130 ℉, 150 ℉, 200 ℉, and 250℉ and pressure conditions of 1000 psi, 1500 psi, 2000 psi and 3000psi respectively for all the experiment conducted. The thickening time of cement slurry without achi content at 70 Bc were 205, 215, 202 and 200 minutes respectively. The experiment was also conducted under different achi content ranging from 2 g, 4 g, 8 g, 10 g to 12g. The results and analysis were compared. The result with 2g achi content were 164, 147, 146, and 141 minutes. The results with 4g achi content were 127, 131, 130, and 124 minutes. The results with 8g achi content were 71, 69, 75, and 65 minutes, while the results at 10g achi content were 67, 62, 63, and 60 minutes. The results with 12g achi content were 63, 62, 60, and 56 minutes under the temperature and pressure respectively. The data obtained from the experiment signifies that introducing achi and altering the temperature and pressure to the cement slurry has a significant effect on the properties of the cement by accelerating the thickening time.
Evaluation and Treatment of Cement Contamination in Water Based Mud
Authors: Aliyu Tahir , Okafor Ikechukwu , Salihu Ayuba , Jakada Khaleel , Ogolo Oghenerume , Nzerem Petrus , Gimba Abdullahi , Olawale Oluogun
Published: February 2024

Drilling mud is susceptible to contamination, particularly from cement, yet monitoring its characteristics and implementing control and remediation strategies is critical for its performance in safe and cost-effective drilling operations. This study presents an experimental investigation into the evaluation and treatment of cement contamination in Water Based Mud (WBM). Four mud samples were prepared and three were contaminated with 4g, 8g and 12g of cement. A chemical treatment using 6g of sodium bicarbonate was applied as a remedy for contamination. The Rheological properties, mud pH and mud densities of the contaminated and treated Water Based Mud at temperatures of 35°C, 55°C, 75°C and 95°C were determined. Furthermore, the elemental composition of samples of contaminated and treated Water Based Mud was determined using an X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. From the results obtained the mud density increased with a rise in cement concentration for both contamination and treatment with the exception of 8g cement concentration at 75°C and 95°C and 12g cement concentration at 55°C and 75°C where a decrease was observed in the treatment process. The yield point and 10second gel increased for both contamination and treatment process. In contrast, the 10minute gel decreased for both contamination and treatment process. With some exceptions, increasing cement concentration resulted in a decrease in plastic viscosity, whereas treatment with sodium bicarbonate resulted in an increase with some exceptions. The mud pH for the contamination process increased as cement concentration increased, while treatment only marginally increased it with exception of 12g at 75°C and 95°C where a decrease was observed. Sodium bicarbonate treatment improves stability by decreasing excessive calcium and lime contamination from cement, reducing pollutants and enhancing the pH stability of the drilling mud. Additionally, results from the mud characterization indicates a higher percentage of 17.962% lime (CaO) for cement contamination and lower percentage of 15.710% lime (CaO) for treatment with sodium bicarbonate which agrees with literature for the treatment process.
EFFECT OF CLAY MINERALOGY AND BRINE CONCENTRATION ON THE SWELLING PROPERTIES OF SHALE.
Authors: Okafor Ikechukwu , Ogbonna Joel , Jakada Khaleel
Published: February 2024

Chemical wellbore instability is mostly attributed to the “unfavorable interaction” between the formation pore fluid, its shale constituents and the drilling fluid, this is mostly experienced in terms of shale swelling that tends to under gauge the drilled well. This study was conducted to examine the impact of brine concentration and mineralogy on the swellability of shale. Sixteen shale samples were obtained from selected wells across two selected fields (OR and OG) in the Niger Delta. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried on the shale samples to determine its mineralogy distribution. A Nacl brine solution was prepared alongside a water based mud formulated using sodium chloride brine of varied concentration. The shale samples were tested for its swellability in both brine solution formulated water based mud for 24 hours and 48 hours. Results obtained showed that there were more clay minerals (56%) across both fields and that Palygorskite was the most abundant clay minerals for both fields. Also, for the swelling test (shale-in-brine and shale-in-mud) that the shale samples swelled in both medium as expected, but to different degrees, mainly as a function of the mineralogy content of the shale and the brine concentration of the fluid in which they are immersed. The import of this goes to buttress the necessity for understanding the place of mineralogy and concentration in the study of wellbore instability caused by chemical interaction.
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION INDEX OF WATER-BASED DRILLING FLUID WASTE
Authors: Abba Malut , Gimba Abdulahi , Salihu Ayuba , Nzerem Petrus , Okafor Ikechukwu , Jakada Khaleel , Chior Joseph
Published: February 2024

The prevalence of heavy metal pollution in oil and gas producing areas, Niger-Delta Nigeria, due to drilling activities in some oil and gas sites has resulted in the pollution of an immeasurable area of land and water. This study appraised the level of environmental menace caused by heavy metals in water-based drilling fluid waste. It involved an oil and gas site where drilling activities were taking place and settlement with no record of drilling activities served as control. In the drilling sites, two composite drilling fluid waste samples were collected before and after treatment and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, lead, and zinc using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The measured concentrations of the heavy metals in drilling fluid wastes were then used to determine the pollution and ecological risk posed by heavy metals. The thermal desorption treatment method was used. Their concentrations before and after treatment of the drilling fluid wastes were in the order Fe > Cr >Zn > Cd > Ni > Pb and Fe > Cr > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cd respectively with Cr, Fe, Ni, and Pb having their concentrations higher than permissible levels in water after treatment and responsible for most of the total potential ecological risk. The PLI (Pollution Load Index) before and after treatment were 0.0463 and 0.0017 respectively. There was a drastic decrease in potential pollution levels after treatment. Also, all the several pollution indices studied revealed that the drilling sites were contaminated with Cd and Cr. This reveals that drilling sites cause further risk of heavy metal pollution. The correlation analysis of heavy metals assessed is between 0.9 - 1.0 suggesting that all the heavy metals assessed showed high positive correlation coefficients at (p < 0.05) and likely originated from the same source of drilling activities in the study area.
Influence of Local Additives on Water Based Drilling Mud: A Review
Authors: Nzerem Petrus , Jakada Khaleel , Shariff Mohammed , Ozigi Abdulquddus , Salihu Ayuba , Okafor Ikechukwu , Adeshina Steve , Ibrahim Khadija , Adekunle Adeleke
Published: February 2024

This review paper focuses on the use of local additives in water-based drilling mud to reduce environmental impact and improve drilling operations. Drilling mud plays a crucial role in drilling operations by acting as a coolant, carrying drilled particles, stabilizing the wellbore, and preventing wellbore issues. However, poorly formulated drilling mud can lead to drilling difficulties and environmental pollution. Therefore, the exploration of organic-based drilling mud additives, sourced locally in Nigeria, is discussed in this paper.it highlights the potential of transforming organic waste materials, such as rice husk, cassava, corn cobs, and more, into usable products for drilling mud. By utilizing these locally sourced organic materials, the environmental impact of drilling waste can be minimized. The importance of waste management in the oil and gas industry is emphasized, as it is crucial for sustainable drilling practices. The paper further discusses various studies and experiments conducted on the use of local polymers and natural materials as substitutes for imported additives in water-based drilling mud. These materials include cassava starches, agro-waste materials, eco-friendly drilling fluid additives, and various plant-based substances. The performance and effectiveness of these materials are evaluated in terms of viscosity control and fluid loss prevention. The results indicate that many of these local polymers and natural materials can be viable and have shown positive results in terms of improving the rheological and filtration characteristics of the mud, reducing fluid loss, and enhancing overall mud qualities. Earlier studies on the use of agro-waste products as additives in drilling fluids are reviewed in this paper. These studies examine the properties affected by local materials, the type of mud used, and the findings of each study. The economic analysis of using agro-waste materials as drilling additives is also discussed. The conclusion highlights the availability and affordability of agricultural waste materials as potential substitutes for traditional drilling additives, which can help reduce drilling costs. The paper also provides recommendations for future research in this area.
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT – A STUDY ON ABUJA, NIGERIA
Authors: Mogbo Onyebuchi , Imam Sheriff
Published: February 2024

In this research, the issue of shipment of used electrical and electronic equipment (UEEE) that are close to their end of life are assessed and the problems resulting to the e-waste case in Nigeria and possible solutions are discussed with the view of increasing awareness towards the reduction of e-waste menace. Electronic waste contains hazardous substances that pollute the ecosystems which in turn affects the human health and the environment are discussed. The desire to bridge the digital divide coupled with the poor economic condition of Nigerian citizens has encouraged the striving market of UEEE in Nigeria. A lot of these UEEE enter the country and within a short period of time, hundreds of millions of them become obsolete and discarded every year and they become sources of e-waste with harmful contaminants. E-waste management policies implemented by the government are also discussed and recommendations to mitigate the ongoing waste stream are given.
PARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION FROM ROOF-MOUNTED PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF A PROPOSED SPECIAL ECONOMIC CITY
Authors: KUROSHI Peter , Mambo Abdulhammed
Published: February 2024

Abstract: This paper presents a parametric model specifically designed to estimate the solar energy potential from roof-mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems in a proposed Special Economic City. The study focuses on phase one of the city, which includes various building types such as an international conference centre, hotels, schools, residential buildings, and hospitals. The parametric model is developed based on a thorough theoretical framework and an extensive literature review. Literature indicates that the proposed city's geographical context offers an average solar irradiation of 3.4 kWh/m2day. By adopting an optimal tilt angle of 10º relative to the horizontal, aligned with the city's latitude, and a generally southerly orientation of PV panels, the energy yield can be further optimized. A conservative 22% shading factor is adopted in the absence of site-specific shading data. To ensure practicality and space utilisation, the model accounts for only 60% of the total roof area to be utilized for PV installation, leaving space for circulation during maintenance works. The developed parametric model serves as a valuable tool for designing and optimising PV systems within the city's clustered settlements, contributing to a sustainable and energy-efficient urban environment. The findings offer essential insights for informed decision-making and future investments in solar energy infrastructure, positioning the city as a lead hub for renewable energy utilisation and driving economic growth in Northern Nigeria. Embracing solar energy presents a promising opportunity for the city to establish itself as a sustainable and thriving centre for business and living.
GIS APPLICATION FOR OPTIMUM ROUTE PLANNING FOR METRO RAIL TRANSPORTATION IN ABUJA
Authors: Sambo Abubakar , Amuda Akeem
Published: February 2024

Route planners face a complex task when designing rail networks, considering factors such as land use, slope, soil type, lithology, hydrology, and more. This complexity poses a challenge and can lead to inadequate decision-making processes. To simplify this, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) are used to help stakeholders make informed decisions. In Abuja, a Metro Rail line alignment was proposed to alleviate congestion and accidents in the Zuba, Madalla, Dei Dei, Gwarimpa, Lifecamp, Jabi and Berger areas. The analysis for the selected rail track identified a minimum GRA value of 0.438 and a maximum of 0.781 with a mean and standard deviation of 0.062 and 0.085. A histogram showed GRA values between 0.60 to 0.80 to be predominant along the selected rail route. This study successfully demonstrates the effective application of GIS and MCA principles in optimizing rail route planning for Metro Rail Transportation in Abuja.
Effects of Styrene Butadiene rubber on the properties of Normal Concrete
Authors: Yahaya Muhammad
Published: February 2024

This work titled “examining the effects of Styrene butadiene rubber latex on properties of normal concrete” is aimed at exploring the potential in the use of SBR latex in concrete to investigate how different properties of concrete can be improved. Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex with brand name “Top Shield” was added by virtue of volume of cement in the concrete mix in percentages of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. A total of 135 samples consisting of 45 pieces of 150mm*150mm*150mm cubes, 45 samples 100*100*500mm beams and 45 pieces of 200mm*10mm diameter cyl-inders were cast. A concrete mix design using ACI was used targeting a strength of 25N/mm2 and a mix ratio of 1:2.4:2.6 was used at a constant water cement ratio of 0.44 adopted. Samples were cured for 3, 7, 28 days. Samples were tested to investigate different properties of concrete test through slump, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity and scanning electron microscopy tests were conducted on the samples. Regression analysis of result was conducted using excel multiple regression tool and mathematical formulae were developed to help field workers and researchers forecast the degree of certain properties of interest and to determine how each variable affect the end result. Results showed positive improvement in all properties tested for. Preliminary quality control tests were carried out on the respective ingredients of concrete to determine their suitability with reference to ASTM Standard. The study recommended that further research should consider the use of a higher percentage of SBR latex to find the optimum compressive and tensile properties of the concrete.