bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of the ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected tall fescue and perennial ryegrass and their metabolism after ingestion by livestock
Authors: Duringer J.M. , Delorme M.J.M. , Lehner A. , Craig A.M.
Published: April 2021

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are perennial cool-season grasses which are infected with the endophytic fungi, Neotyphodium coenophialum and N. lolii, respectively. These endophytes have been increasingly selected for, as they confer benefits such as pest resistance and drought tolerance to the plant. However, livestock grazing endophyte-infected (E+) grasses are negatively impacted by fungal ergot and lolitrem alkaloids, which are responsible for a variety of mammalian diseases including fescue toxicosis (summer syndrome, fescue foot and fat necrosis) and ryegrass staggers. Most likely, not all of the ergot alkaloids involved in fescue toxicosis have been identified to date. During sample processing for the diagnostic analysis of the endophyte toxin ergovaline, other unidentified peaks occasionally elute that appear to coincide with clinical disease. Analysis of unidentified chromatographic peaks was performed on feed samples by LCMS/ MS to determine their chemical structures and identities. Ergotamine, ergovaline, ergocornine, ergonovine, ergocryptine, ergocrystine and lysergol appeared in various samples and matched controls. Newly identified compounds included ergosine, ergostine and ergoptine. In addition, several samples showed one or more of fourteen new ergots ranging in size from 381-611 mw, with key mass spectral characteristics of ergot alkaloidsspecifically, m/z 223 and 208 corresponding to the ergoline ring system and its demethylated variant, respectively. Once ingested, ergot alkaloids are thought to be metabolised in the rumen and/ or liver of livestock species. Ruminal metabolism of ergovaline was studied in sheep offered Neotyphodium coenophialuminfected tall fescue straw at two ergovaline levels (
Mode of action of tremorgens
Authors: Finch S.C. , Imlach W.L. , Dunlop J. , Meredith A.L. , Aldrich R.W. , Dalziel J.E.
Published: April 2021

Ryegrass staggers is a neurotoxic disorder of livestock grazing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii. Ryegrass staggers was first reported in 1880 (Anonymous 1880) although at this stage the cause of the observed tremorgenic disorder was unknown. The presence of an endophyte within perennial ryegrass was first recognised in 1935 (Neill 1941) but it was not until 1981 that the correlation between endophyte infection and the incidence of ryegrass staggers was established (Fletcher & Harvey 1981; Mortimer et al. 1982). The tremorgenic compound, lolitrem B, produced by the endophyte was then isolated and implicated in the disease (Gallagher et al. 1981, 1982, 1984). The future then seemed clear: eradicate the endophyte and solve the ryegrass staggers problem. Endophyte-free plots, however, showed little growth and suffered severe damage from the larvae of Argentine Stem Weevil (Mortimer et al. 1982). The correlation between endophyte levels, weevil numbers and tiller damage was then made (Prestidge et al. 1982) and a few years later the beneficial effects of endophyte were shown to be due to peramine, an antifeedant produced by the fungus (Gaynor & Rowan 1986; Rowan et al. 1986).
Endophyte effects on consumption of seed and germinated seedlings of ryegrass and fescue by grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) larvae
Authors: Popay A.J. , Tapper B.A.
Published: April 2021

Tall fescue, meadow fescue and ryegrass seeds with and without endophyte infection were fed to third-instar grass grub to determine the relative effects of different endophytes on consumption. Treatments were: tall fescue without endophyte or infected with four novel endophytes (AR514, AR542, AR584, ES), meadow fescue without endophyte or infected with Neotyphodium uncinatum and perennial ryegrass infected with a novel endophyte AR37. Grass grub larvae were initially given hard seed but when they failed to eat this, moist soil was added to allow seed to soften and germinate. After 7 days, all endophytes had reduced feeding compared to their endophytefree counterparts. At the completion of the trial, 15 days after adding moist soil, only AR37 in perennial ryegrass had no effect on damage to the seed. Of the endophytes in tall fescue, seeds containing AR542 were significantly more damaged than other endophyte treatments. Composition of loline alkaloids may be important in reducing feeding. Keywords: tall fescue, meadow fescue, ryegrass, endophytes, loline alkaloids, seed damage, grass grub, Costelytra zealandica
the effect of endophyte in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue on red and blackheaded pasture cockchafers
Authors: Watson B.M.
Published: April 2021

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) are two of the most productive pasture species grown to feed livestock in Australia. The larvae of redheaded (RHC) (Adoryphorus couloni Burmiester) and blackheaded (BHC) (Accrosidius tasmaniae Hope) cockchafer cause significant damage to these pastures in Australia. If alkaloids produced by endophyte associations could reduce this impact, economic gains would be made. A pot experiment and then a proof of concept seed feeding experiment were undertaken to test the resistance of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue to cockchafer larvae. The objective was to allow larvae to feed on endophyte infected plants, assuming insecticidal alkaloids would be produced and on nil endophyte plants as controls. The plants in the pot experiment were tested for presence or absence of alkaloid endophyte but not for concentration or location in plant parts prior to larvae being introduced. In the seed feeding experiment seed fed to larvae was tested for all known alkaloid concentrations and profiles. The weight difference and mortality of third instar larvae and weight difference of plant root and shoot were measured in the pot experiment. The weight difference and mortality of the third instar larvae and the number and weight of seeds consumed were measured in the seed feeding experiment. There was no significant effect of endophyte treatments on the cockchafer weight change or mortality in either the perennial ryegrass or tall fescue pot or seed feeding experiments. There was a significant difference between cockchafer species (P
Future forage plants for hill country systems
Authors: Nichols S.N. , Crush J.R. , Eady C.C. , Faville M.J. , Ghamkhar K. , Woodfield D.R.
Published: April 2021

The issues currently limiting the performance of forage plants in hill country are largely unchanged from preceding decades. Low soil pH/high aluminium, low soil phosphate and low soil moisture or summer dry conditions are all ongoing problems. Furthermore, predicted climatic changes in many regions will only intensify soil moisture stress. Forage breeding programmes in the 1970s and 1980s delivered a range of cultivars that improved hill country productivity, but small market size for seed has not been conducive to widespread success of these cultivars or to provision of dedicated plant breeding programmes for these farming systems. Intensification is however driving renewed interest in forages for hill country. A wide range of genetic resources is now available to breeders for better adaptation to these conditions. These include large germplasm collections within existing species, germplasm for interspecific crosses, and potential "new" species which have evolved appropriate adaptations at their point of origin. Advances in genomic technologies offer potential to provide accelerated, more targeted selection of germplasm. This would be particularly valuable for traits that are under complex genetic control, or are more difficult to visually assess, such as physiological and root characteristics. Adjustments in pasture management will be necessary to capture the full potential of new germplasm, while tools to improve pasture establishment and renewal (e.g. new herbicide tolerant brassicas) are also needed to enable its successful introduction. The amalgamation of seed companies into large international enterprises adds potential scale to what has traditionally been a localised issue, making the commercial proposition of developing and marketing such specialised products more attractive. These developments, combined with improved seed distribution technologies, should provide a great opportunity for future hill country farming. Keywords: germplasm, phosphorus, aluminium, drought, genomic selection, cultivars
Impacts of poplar and alder on soil carbon in pasture-tree systems
Authors: Douglas G.B. , Vibart R.E. , Mackay A.D. , Dodd M.B. , Mcivor I.R.
Published: April 2021

Wide-spaced trees on pastoral land (pasture-tree (PT) systems) are a widespread feature of many farmed landscapes. They offer the potential to increase carbon (C) storage, with implications for reducing atmospheric CO2-C. The effect of PT systems on soil C stocks to 1 m depth was determined for trees aged 14-16 years at densities of 73-111 stems per hectare at four North Island sites (two with poplar, two with alder). Across sites, mean soil C concentration was 1.9-8.5% and mean total soil C mass was 120-455 tonnes C/ha. For alder systems, total C mass of PT was 37% less than adjacent pasture (Open) at Poukawa (120 versus 189 tonnes C/ha), whereas at Ruakura, there was no significant difference between systems. Total C mass of PT systems involving poplar did not vary significantly from adjacent Open systems at Tikokino (328 versus 352 tonnes C/ha) and Woodville (154 versus 202 tonnes C/ha). Soil at 0.3-1.0 m depth comprised up to half of total C mass. Results suggested that poplar and alder had different effects on soil C. Keywords: pastoral hill country, wide-spaced trees, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation
Pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country: a review of the New Zealand literature
Authors: Tozer K.N. , Douglas G.B.
Published: April 2021

Steep, non-cultivable hill country below 1000 m comprises about 40% of New Zealand's land surface and is known as "hill country". It is used predominantly for mixed livestock farming, and makes a large contribution to the national economy. Recently there has been renewed interest by industry and government in germplasm introduction through pasture establishment to increase forage supply in these difficult environments. In this review, establishment is defined as development of a sown pasture species to a stage where it is able to reseed. The aim of this review was to determine the effect of key factors associated with pre-sowing management, sowing, and post-sowing management on establishment, including: site selection, herbicides, the role of litter, grazing management, burning, weed and pest control, fallow, fertiliser, species selection, seed quality, sowing time, sowing method, sowing rate, seed inoculation, coating and pelleting, natural reseeding and dissemination of seeds by animals. Over 120 studies were reviewed. A secondary aim was to highlight directions for future research. Keywords: establishment success, sowing, pasture renewal, oversowing
Improved forages to enhance hill country sheep production
Authors: Fraser T.J. , Stevens D.R. , Scholfield R.W. , Nelson B.J. , Nelson A.J. , Shortland S.M.
Published: April 2021

Recently, sheep and beef farms in New Zealand have been out-competed for prime land by dairy and horticulture farming. This means that industry targets to increase sheep and beef production have to be achieved on farms with constraints on pasture production. They are increasingly restricted to hilly and other locations with variable climates and soils, and landscape constraints on farming practices. These challenges lead to the formation of two on farm projects within the Beef + Lamb New Zealand Demonstration Farm programme to improve production from permanent pastures on sheep and beef farms. The first of these was a 4 year evaluation at Whangara Farms North of Gisborne looking at improving forage supply on both noncultivatable hill and flat to easy country through spraying out existing vegetation and oversowing or direct-drilling with white clover and plantain. The second project at Aria in the King Country concentrated on improving the forage quality and quantity at critical times of the year. Clovers and plantain were established through cultivation. Both projects showed that forage and animal production increased after the introduction of clovers and plantain. However, plantain at Whangara did not persist beyond the fourth year from sowing. Poor white clover establishment at Aria resulted in substituting red and white clover for plantain from the second year with improved forage and animal performance. At both sites the costs associated with introducing new forages was repaid within the first 2 years. Keywords: hill country development, forage species, forage quality, whole farm systems
The search for alternative temperate perennial pasture species for low to medium rainfall environments in Tasmania
Authors: Hall E.J. , Reid R. , Clark B. , Dent R.
Published: April 2021

In response to the need to find better adapted and more persistent perennial pasture plants for the dryland pastures in the cool-temperate low to medium rainfall (500-700 mm) regions, over 1000 accessions representing 24 species of perennial legumes and 64 species of perennial grasses, were introduced, characterised and evaluated for production and persistence under sheep grazing at sites throughout Tasmania. The work has identified four alternative legume species in Talish Clover (Trifolium tumens). Caucasian Clover (T. ambiguum), Stoloniferous Red Clover (T. pratense var. stoloniferum), Lucerne x Yellow Lucerne Hybrid (Medicago sativa x M.sativa subsp. falcata); and two grass species in Coloured Brome (Bromus coloratus) and Hispanic Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata var hispanica). Keywords: persistence, perennial grass, perennial legume
Social media - a disruptive opportunity for science and extension in agriculture?
Authors: Casey M.J. , Meikle A. , Kerr G.A. , Stevens D.R.
Published: April 2021

The use of social media is increasing and provides an opportunity compared to 'traditional' media. Advances in cloud computing and smartphones have increased the ability to utilise different forms of social interaction. Are farmers and rural businesses realising this opportunity? The engagement of the agricultural community in social media was investigated using an online survey of email recipients of the New Zealand Grassland Association and Beef + Lamb New Zealand to understand their use of computing hardware and social media use. Case studies of recent social media use by Beef + Lamb New Zealand, NZ Agriseeds Ltd and a Deer Industry research uptake project are documented. Responses of 209 survey respondents identified 82% of users with two or more devices, while 100% used email regularly and approximately 95% accessed websites on a daily or weekly basis. Regular Facebook use averaged approximately 50% in the agribusiness and research communities, though this was only 30% in the farming community. Other social media platform use, such as Twitter, YouTube and Linkedin, was lower. Regular mobile apps use was highest in the agribusiness (60%) while this was lower in farming and research communities (30%). The case studies highlighted the development of new social networks using Facebook and Twitter as the underlying opportunity for future engagement in agriculture, while websites, mobile apps and YouTube have the capacity to house resources for interrogative learning and support. Resources need to be allocated to ensure the power of these platforms can be harnessed for commerce and practice change. Keywords: social media, survey, agriculture, interrogative learning, extension, adoption, social networks
A view on issues outside the farm gate that will influence the performance of hill country farming
Authors: Harrison G.T.
Published: April 2021

Thank you for the invitation to be with you today and to participate in this symposium. As a recent newcomer to the ranks of hill country farming, I am looking forward to picking up some pointers I can take back to my small team at Mt Alford Station in Mid Canterbury. With academics and commentators speaking out strongly against the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), central Auckland traffic being brought to a standstill by protests around the signing of TPP on 4 February, global dairy prices slumping, and major daily fluctuations seemingly becoming normal in global stock markets, you could be forgiven for concluding that nothing is rational or normal anymore.
Monitoring and benchmarking farm performance
Authors: Mulvaney C.J. , Maccoll D.J.
Published: April 2021

Summary StockCARE has become recognised as a programme that can add value to sheep and beef farm businesses. The recognition is most likely built on some of the key features and benefits: â€¢ A systems based programme which has been proven to add value â€¢ Monitoring and benchmarking are the platform, but the intensity of the collection, interpretation and utilisation of information related to key drivers of every production system, is unique â€¢ StockCARE has a proven framework for a disciplined approach to the collection and analysis of production information. â€¢ The initial emphasis is on identifying, understanding and defining the factors that may limit performance, before solutions are considered â€¢ Farmers are encouraged to create a strong business team and develop strong relationships with people such as bankers, agronomists, fertiliser representatives and stock agents â€¢ StockCARE is about helping farmers optimise their business performance because not every farmer can be the "best" â€¢ StockCARE is long term, with on-going support for continuous improvement.
A topographic framework for estimating spatial variation in hill country grasslands
Authors: Phillips R.L. , Eken M.R. , Rundquist B.C.
Published: April 2021

Livestock graze hill country regions worldwide where grassland biomass or structure is important both economically as forage and enviromentally as habitat for wildlife. Manual measurements of biomass in remote and expansive hill country landscapes are time consuming, expensive, and difficult to estimate due to spatiotemporal variability. Pasture areas where livestock utilisation or grassland biomass is exceptionally high or low could be mapped within a topographic framework. A model was developed that integrates several data sources (elevation, spectra and field data) to estimate hill-country biomass. Topographic data were modelled and used to classify biomass, which ranged from low at summits (1493 kg/ha) to high at toe-slopes (2876 kg/ha). These estimates were compared with the current plant height-based model, which ranged from low (2014 kg/ ha) to high (3032 kg/ha). This paper demonstrates how expansive, heterogeneous grassland landscapes can be assessed seasonally using topographic markers within an integrated spatial data framework. Keywords: Remote sensing, DEM, structure, Landsat 8, forage utilisation, graziers
Highlands Station - a story of economic and environmental sustainability
Authors: Ford J.G. , Ford C.M.
Published: April 2021

Summary Our management philosophy is to try and reduce any limiting factors so that the farm, livestock, and the people are able to reach their full sustainable potential. This is done by: â€¢ Monitoring fertility, pasture, stock, technologies, and markets and then adjusting management plans accordingly â€¢ Matching the most sustainably profitable stock policies to the various land classes â€¢ Having a good team of staff and advisors, and ensuring they have the resources and guidance to do their jobs well â€¢ Ensuring this business makes reliable profits, some of which are used to improve the property for future generations of owners and also for environmental work, such as protecting bush and streams. As the saying goes 'You have to be in the black to be green
Long-term changes in soil fertility in hill country
Authors: Mackay A.D. , Costall D.A.
Published: April 2021

It has been more than 10 years since the last comprehensive soil sampling of the long term phosphorus (P) fertiliser and sheep grazing farmlet study established at the AgResearch Ballantrae Hill Country Research Station in 1975. This paper reports the findings from a sampling in October 2014 of the soils in the farmlets that have had no fertiliser since 1980 (LFNF), received 125 kg/ha/year of superphosphate since 1980 (LFLF) or 375 kg/ha/year of superphosphate since 1980 (HFHF). Increases in total P levels in the soil reflect the differences in P inputs between the LFNF, LFLF and HFHF farmlets over the last 40 years. In sharp contrast total sulphur (S) levels in soils have showed little change, despite the large amounts of sulphur applied in superphosphate each year. Exchangeable calcium (Ca) levels have increased on the farmlets receiving fertiliser, reflecting the Ca inputs in superphosphate, while magnesium (Mg) levels are lower in the HFHF farmlet. Potassium has shown little change, with the exception of increases on low slope areas in the HFHF farmlet. Olsen P levels have not changed in the topsoil (0-75 mm) in the HFHF since the 2003 sampling, despite annual P inputs in excess of maintenance. The absence of any change might be explained by the finding that P is accumulating in large amounts in the 75-150 mm soil depths on low slopes in the HFHF farmlet. This finding was unexpected serving to highlight the insights these long-term experimental studies provide to both science and industry. Keywords: Long term fertiliser study, P fertiliser, Olsen P, soil fertility
Cull dairy cows as a flexible tool for pasture control on East Coast hill country
Authors: Muir P.D. , Thomson B.C. , Ward K.R. , Bicknell N.
Published: April 2021

On East Coast hill country, climate change and variable pasture growth mean that there is an opportunity for a more flexible cattle system than the traditional beef cow. Cull dairy cows were purchased in autumn/winter across 3 years and several properties and used to clean up low quality winter feed (8.3 MJME/kg DM; crude protein content, 10.7%). In spite of the low quality feed on offer, winter liveweight gains averaged 238 g/day. Cows were set stocked over spring and growth rates averaged 749 g/day. Cows were slaughtered/sold when the spring/summer "clean-up" had been completed. Across three quite different years, cows were typically farmed for 34 weeks, put on an average of 115.3 kg and had estimated returns of 14.1 c/kg DM consumed. Variation in purchase price, weight gain and timing of slaughter resulted in returns ranging from 8.7 to 28.1 cents/kg DM consumed. These calculated returns do not include the effects of removing low quality feed on other farm enterprises. Keywords: cull dairy cows, pasture management, flexibility, gross margin, East Coast dryland, hill country
The Place of the Alluvial-Meadow-Forest Soils of the Southern Slope of the Great Caucasus Within Azerbaijan in the International System WRB
Authors: Huseynova S.
Published: April 2021

The aim of the study. The aim of the research was obtaining new information about the genesis, current status, diagnostic features and properties of the alluvial-meadow-forest soils of the southern slope of the Great Caucasus within Azerbaijan and to perform the taxonomic attribution of those soils in accordance with the International Classification of Soils in compliance with the Reference Base for soil resources (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2014). Location and time of the study. Alluvial-meadow-forest soils of the southern slope of the Great Caucasus within Azerbaijan were the objects of the study. Methodology. Field experiments (relief, vegetation, laying of soil profiles, their description, selection of soil samples and establishment of a preliminary classification name of the soils) and physico-chemical analyzes of soil samples (humus and total nitrogen content, ratio of C:N in soil organic matter, soil pH, cation exchange capacity, grain-size analysis, water extract composition) were carried out by standard methods. Results. It was established that the most characteristic features of alluvial-meadow-forest soils are as following: blocky angular, blocky subangular and granular structure of the upper horizon, medium loamy, heavy-loamy granulometric composition of the profile, mostly gray, dark gray or dark brown color overcomes. According to the humus content, they are highly humic, in the upper accumulative horizon (A1h) contains 5.91% of humus (soil profile No. 308). The drop in humus content is quite sharp, which is typical of soils of forest origin. In the alluvial-meadow-forest gleyic soil, the humus content in the upper horizons is 3.45–2.82%, and sharply decreases with depth — 1.14% and in the buried humus horizons it increases again to 1.25–1.36% (soil profile no. 505). The absorption capacity in alluvial-meadow-forest soils (soil profiles no. 308, no. 462 and no. 470) in the upper horizons is high: 38.60, 31.80 and 38.60 cmol (eq) / kg of soil, and in alluvial meadow-forest gleyic soils (soil profile No. 505) average — 20.31 cmol (eq) / kg of soil. Ca dominates in the exchange bases. The reaction of the soil environment is slightly acidic, neutral and varies in the range of 5.5–7.8. The soils are not saline. Conclusion. For the first time, an attempt is made to determine the name of alluvial-meadow-forest (alluvial-meadow-forest cultivated, alluvial-meadow-forest gleyic pebble, alluvial-meadow-forest pebble, alluvial-meadow-forest gleyic soils) in accordance with the International Classification of Soils in compliance with the Reference Base for soil resources (WRB) 2015. The above soils are assigned to the Fluvisols reference soil group with various principal and supplementary qualifiers.
Change in the Biochemical Composition of Apple Fruits Cultivated on Low-grown Rootstocks in Connection with Different Ways of Crown Formation
Authors: Namozov I.
Published: April 2021

In this article, biochemical analyzes have shown that the highest amount of dry soluble substances (16.9%) and ascorbic acid (8.6 mg / 100 g of raw substance) apple fruits of the Golden Delicious variety had during crown formation according to a sparse tiered type. Laboratory analyzes of apple fruits of the autumn variety Golden Delicious, and the winter variety Fuji showed that fructose accounts for the largest share of the total amount of sugars, that is, its content in apple varieties reaches 82.4–87.6% (together with glucose).
PERBANDINGAN PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA ANTARA METODE PEMBELAJARAN INQUIRY DENGAN METODE PEMBELAJARAN EKSPOSITORI PADA MATERI POKOK SEGITIGA SISWA SMP
Authors: Gunawan Gunawan , Murtalib Murtalib , Astuti Sri
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan prestasi belajar siswa melalui metode pembelajaran  inquiry dengan metode pembelajaran ekspositori pada materi pokok segitiga kelas VII SMPN 7 Kota Bima Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan pendekatan Quasi Eksperimen model Post test design Only dimana dua kelas eksperimen diberikan test prestasi belajar yang sebelumnya diberikan perlakuan pada pelaksanaan pembelajarannya yaitu kelas eksperimen I diterapkan dengan metode pembelajaran  Inquiry sedangkan kelas eksperimen II diterapkan dengan  Metode Pembelajaran Ekspositori. Populasi Penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII  SMPN 7 Kota  Bima. Dalam pengambilan sampel digunakan teknik purposive sampling  sehingga diperoleh dua kelas yaitu kelas VIIA dan VIIB. Instrumen penelitian  yang digunakan adalah Tes prestasi belajar yang sebelumnya telah divalidasi oleh peneliti. Sedangkan untuk menganalisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan Rumus t polled pada taraf signifikan 5%. Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai rata-rata prestasi belajar kelas eksperimen I 78,76 dengan standar deviasi 9, 98 sedangkan pada kelas eksperimen II nilai rata-ratanya adalah 70,95 dengan standar deviasi sebesar 8,07 kemudian diperoleh pula nilai t hitung (2,79) > ttabel (1,73). Dari hasil tes tersebut disimpulkan bahwa prestasi belajar siswa kelas eksperimen I lebih baik dari pada prestasi belajar siswa kelas eksperimen II atau dengan kata lain bahwa prestasi belajar siswa yang diberikan perlakuan dengan metode pembelajaran inquiry lebih baik dibandingkan dengan  prestasi belajar siswa yang diberikan dengan pendekatan ekspositori pada materi pokok segitiga kelas VII SMPN 7 Kota Bima Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014.
Tutuklu ve Hükümlülerin Çalışmasının Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: AKBIYIK Taliye
Published: April 2021

Ceza infaz mevzuatımızda, tutuklu ve hükümlülere mesleki eğitimler verilerek çalıştırılmalarına ilişkin çeşitli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışan tutuklu ve hükümlülerin sosyal güvenliği, 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu'nun 5. maddesinde belirtilmiştir. Buna hükme göre, ceza infaz kurumu bünyesinde çalıştırılan tutuklu ve hükümlüler hakkında iş kazası ve meslek hastalığı ile analık sigortası uygulanmaktadır. Ayrıca bu kimseler, Kanunun 4. maddesinin 1. fıkrasının “a” bendi kapsamında sigortalı sayılmaktadır. Görüldüğü üzere 5510 sayılı Kanun’da, yalnızca ceza infaz kurumunda çalışan tutuklu ve hükümlülerin sosyal güvenliğine yönelik düzenleme yapılmıştır. Ceza infaz kurumu dışında çalıştırılan hükümlülerin sosyal güvenlik hakları bu kapsama alınmamıştır.
Hukukumuzda denetimli serbestlik uygulandığı hallerde de hükümlülerin çalıştırılması söz konusudur. Denetimli serbestlik uygulanan hükümlüler hakkında; kamu hizmeti cezası, kamuya yararlı bir işte çalıştırma ve gözetim altında çalıştırma uygulanmaktadır.
Çalışmamızda, ceza infaz kurumu kapsamında ve denetimli serbestlik uygulamasında yaptırılan çalışmalar incelenecektir. Yapılan çalışmaların, iş hukuku açısından niteliği ele alınarak bu kimselerin sosyal güvenlik haklarına ilişkin mevzuatta yer alan hükümlere değinilecektir. Çalışmamızın sonunda, tutuklu ve hükümlülerin sosyal güvenlik haklarına ilişkin yapılan düzenlemelerin yeterliliği noktasında doktrindeki görüşlere yer verilerek konuyla ilgili görüşlerimiz açıklanacaktır.
Şikâyete İlişkin Bazı Tespit ve Değerlendirmeler
Authors: ÖNTAN Yaprak
Published: April 2021

Şikâyete ilişkin tartışmalar eskiden beri, daha ziyade, şikâyetin hukuki niteliği ve şikâyet hakkı sahibi çerçevesinde yürütülmektedir. Bunun dışında, doktrinde, kuruma ilişkin çok fazla görüş ayrılığı yoktur. Ancak konu, özellikle uygulamada sorun yaratmaya elverişli bazı yönleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda çalışmaya değer bir nitelik arz etmektedir. Bu çerçevede makalede, öncelikle, iştirak halinde işlenen suçlarda şikâyetin yapılabileceği sürenin başlangıcının nasıl belirlenmesi gerektiği üzerinde durulacaktır. Bundan sonra, fiilin şikâyet edilmesi kuralının istisnası ile bu istisna halinde şikâyetin geri alınması konusu ele alınacaktır. Muhakemenin değişik evrelerine ve ölenin davaya katılıp katılmadığına göre, mirasçıların şikâyeti geri almaları makalenin bir diğer ana tartışma konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Son olarak, şikâyetin geri alınmasını kabul etmeyen sanık hakkında verilebilecek hükümler, Yargıtay’ın farklı içtihatları göz önünde bulundurularak değerlendirilecektir.
Kişilerden Kan ve Doku Örneği Alınmasına İlişkin Olarak Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu’nun 292’nci Maddesi Karşısında Türk Medenî Kanunu’nun 284’üncü Maddesinin Durumu
Authors: KONURALP Orhan Emre
Published: April 2021

Kişilerden kan ve doku örneği alınması, hem kişilerin vücut bütünlüğü hem de soybağı tespit edilecek kişi açısından son derece önemli bir işlemdir. Bu öneminden dolayı, bu işlem hem Türk Medenî Kanunu hem de Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu tarafından özel olarak düzenlenmiş olmakla birlikte iki Kanun farklı nitelikte düzenlemeler içermektedir. İki Kanun arasındaki farklılık hem doktrin hem de yargı kararlarında farklı şekilde yorumlanmaktadır. Söz konusu yorum farkı ise uygulamada tereddütlere yol açmaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı da, kanunkoyucunun amacını da dikkate alarak kişilerden kan ve doku örneği alınması hususunda uygulama alanı bulması gereken hukuk kuralını tespit etmektir. Bu kapsamda öncelikle doktrin görüşleri değerlendirilmiş ve Yargıtay’ın konu ile ilgili kararları irdelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında ayrıca Alman ve İsviçre hukuklarında bulunan düzenlemeler de ayrı bir başlık altında incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sınırı medenî yargılama hukuku ile sınırlı tutulmuş, gerektiği ölçüde ceza yargılaması hukuku ile karşılaştırma yapılmıştır.
Current status on coffee leaf rust (hemileia vastatrix) in sidama and gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia
Authors: Wariyo Ano , Gebreselassie Habtamu , Gerbatsedik Wondmagegnehu , Belachew Kifle
Published: April 2021

Coffee is the most important and second traded commodity next to oil in the world. In Ethiopia, coffee leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix is one of the third most economically important diseases of Coffee Arabica. The current status of coffee leaf rust was intensively assessed and examined in 189 sample coffee farms from six districts across major coffee growing areas of the Southern Ethiopia. At each farm, ten randomly selected trees on a diagonal transect across the farm were assessed for disease incidence and severity. The survey data showed that coffee leaf rust was present in all assessed district varying in magnitude and extent of damage. The highest overall mean of rust incidence (38.6%) and severity (13.80%) was recorded at Dilla zuria while the lowest incidence (10.52%) and severity (1.38%) was at Yergachaffee district. The highest altitude range was obtained at Yergachaffee (1838-2056) while the lowest was at Dilla zuria (1434-1825) district. Overall mean severity and incidence result indicate that, there was statistical (p = 0.058 for severity, p = 0.044 for incidence) and negative correlation between intensity and altitude (severity, r= -0.80 and incidence, r= -0.82). The linear regression equation of severity and incidence obtained from the data was Y= -0.036X+73.16 and Y = -0.074X +158.9 (where Y= percentage CLR severity and incidence, respectively and X= altitude). This regression equation implies that, in higher elevation areas the rust intensity was low as compare to the lower elevation. Finally, the disease was remarkably increasing from time to time in all assessed coffee farms. Therefore, appropriate measurement like farmers’ awareness creation and training on how to control disease as well as appropriate agronomic managements has to be seriously undertaken. In addition, development of coffee leaf rust resistant varieties to southern Ethiopia through resistant breeding has to be set high priority.
Optimization of Culture Conditions for Mycelial Growth and Sporulation of Myrothecium roridum
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Naz Sumera , Khan Salik N. , Farooq Shumaila , Mohy-Ud-Din Ghulam , Idrees Muhammad , Mehboob Saira , Riaz Hafiz M.
Published: April 2021

Culture and nutrition conditions of Myrothecium roridum Tode were optimized by conducting a series of interlined experiments on a growth medium, temperature, pH, and photoperiod. In contrast, relation of culture age with virulence was measured by fungal development on young leaves of bitter gourd. The physiological response was measured on colony radial growth and spore production. Among the six test growth media, i.e., nutrient agar (NA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek-Dox agar (CDA), glucose agar (GA), malt extract agar (MEA), and bitter gourd agar (BGA), the highest radial growth (77 mm) and the highest number of spores (239 × 106 spores/ml) were observed on PDA. Incubation temperature was evaluated between a range of 15-40 °C, and the highest colony growth (87 mm) was observed at 30 °C, whereas the highest spore production (315 × 106 spores/ml) was at 35 °C. Different pH levels, i.e., 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, and 7.5, were optimized, and the highest colony growth (87 mm) and spore production (504 × 106 spores/ml) was recorded at pH 5.0. Impact of photoperiod was studied, and the highest mycelial growth (88 mm) and maximum spore production (524 × 106 spores/ml) was observed at 16/8 h alternate light and dark period. It was concluded that the optimum conditions for mycelia growth and spore production was pH 5.0-6.0 and at 30 ± 2 °C in PDA with 16/8 h alternate light and dark photoperiod.
Molecular Characterization of Penicillium expansum Isolated from Grapes and its Management by Leaf Extract of Chenopodium murale
Authors: Khan Iqra H. , Javaid Arshad , Naqvi Syeda F.
Published: April 2021

Penicillium expansum Link causes an economically important postharvest blue mold disease in a number of fruits and vegetables. In the present study, this fungus was isolated from rotted grapes and identified on morphological basis. Identification of the pathogen was further confirmed on molecular basis by using four different primer pairs namely ITS, β-tubulin, CMD and CF under accession numbers MN752155, MN787831, MN787832 and MN787833, respectively. Leaf extract of Chenopodium murale was assessed for its potential to control in vitro growth of P. expansum. For this purpose, leaves were extracted in methanol and after evaporation of the solvent, the resulting extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol followed by antifungal bioassays with different concentrations (1.562 to 200 mg mL-1) each organic solvent fraction. Although all the fractions variably controlled the fungal pathogen, however, n-butanol fraction showed the highest antifungal activity causing 45–86% reduction in biomass of the pathogen. Ethyl acetate fraction was also highly antifungal and reduced fungal biomass by 44–81%. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions were comparatively less effective and reduced biomass of P. expansum by 30–72% and 11–44%, respectively. This study concludes that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions are highly antifungal in nature against P. expansum.
Screening of Okra Varieties for Resistance to Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease under Field Conditions
Authors: Khoso Sabir I. , Hajano Jamal-U-Ddin , Lakho Ali A. , Abro Manzoor A. , Dhiloo Khalid H. , Wagan Khadim H. , Khoso Fahad N. , Jarwar Aftab R. , Qazi Suman T. , Rizwan Syed
Published: April 2021

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) can contract okra yellow vein mosaic disease (OYVMD) caused by Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (genus: Begomovirus and family: Geminiviridae), vectored by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). This study was carried out to screen okra varieties for resistance to OYVMD and to determine the correlation of vector population with the severity of the disease. Six varieties namely, Tulsi, Durgah, Sabz Pari, Sarahariya, Ramaan Kirshna and Pooja were grown under field conditions at localities of Shahpur, Tando Adam and Peer Kathi during rabi (winter cropping) and kharif (summer cropping) seasons during 2016 and 2017, respectively. The first incidence percent of the disease was recorded in the 8th week during rabi and the 6th week during kharif growing season. The Tulsi variety remained disease-free during both growing seasons. A significantly lower disease incidence % was recorded in Sabz Pari (29.32%) and Sarahariya (30.09%) varieties than Durgah, Ramaan Kirshna and Pooja during the rabi growing season. Both varieties were disease-free during the kharif season. There was remarkable variation in disease severity recorded in okra varieties at different trials during rabi and kharif seasons using a 0-6 rating scale (i.e., 0 = The disease-free plants, 1 = 1-10 % vein clearing, 2 = 11-25 % vein yellowing of small leaves , 3 = 26-50 % yellow network on some leaves, 4 = 51-60 % yellow network on all leaves, 5 = 60-70 % complete leaves turn yellow or cream color and 6 = 70 % plant stunted, deformed and small fruit and whole plants becomes colorless). Whitefly appeared in the 5th week during the rabi and 4th week during the kharif growing seasons. Vector population during the rabi growing season was significantly higher than in the kharif season. There was a nonsignificant relationship between disease severity and whitefly population in Ramaan Kirshna, Sarahariya, and Sabz Pari varieties. The disease severity in the Pooja variety showed a significant relationship with vector population, but only in the Tando Adam trial (R2= 0.7455, P= 0.0084), whereas the Durgah variety showed a significant relationship between disease severity and vector population in Shahpur (R2= 0.6615, P= 0.0267) and Tando Adam trials (R2= 0.8235, P= 0.0018). The same variety showed a nonsignificant relationship between disease severity and vector population in the Peer Kathi trial. It is concluded that Sabz Pari and Tulsi varieties are resistant to the disease
INTEGRATED USE OF AERIAL AND GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENT DATA TO ASSESS THE RADIATION SITUATION OF WATER BODIES
Authors:   Branch Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology of the RSE NNC RK, Abisheva Mariya T. , Khlebnikova Helena P. ,   Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies
Published: April 2021

Currently, a promising area is the use of the latest technologies and methods aimed at identifying and assessing the condition of objects. The purpose of this work is to improve the technological scheme for environmental monitoring. The proposed method is based on the results of integrated ap-plication of aerial photography and ground-based measurements for environmental monitoring in as-sessing the state of water bodies in radioecologically dangerous territories. As a result of this work, the sequence of work was described both when obtaining data using unmanned aerial vehicles and their subsequent photogrammetric processing, and when performing measurements using ground-based in-strumental methods. A technological scheme is presented that allows integrating information obtained by various methods, which can be entered into modeling systems and predict the behavior of a water body depending on changes in natural and anthropogenic impacts.
CREATING A GEOSERVICE FOR AN OBJECT ON THE TERRITORY OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SANATORIUM AND TOURIST COMPLEX "LAKE KARACHI"
Authors:   Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies, Basargin Andrei A.
Published: April 2021

An important task for the development of modern society is the organization of operational access to spatial data. In modern conditions, geoportal technologies are successfully used to implement this task. Spatial information plays an important role in tourism activities, as the visual representation of travel routes, main attractions and tourist infrastructure has a great impact on the promotion of ser-vices. The main goal of the work is to develop a tourist geo-service for the Lake Karachi sanatorium and tourist Park. This article considers the process of creating a geoservice using the "MapInfo" soft-ware. The developed methodology contains recommendations for preparing cartographic information for publication on interactive geospatial services. Web maps are equipped with additional tools that allow you to perform various types of search, create and edit objects in vector layers, use analytical services and other useful tools. There is a tool for embedding interactive maps from geoservice in oth-er sites, while retaining most of the features and tools. There was conducted a study to determine the role of information and geoinformation technologies in the tourism industry. The article proves the relevance of developing a tourist web map of the sanatorium and tourist complex "Lake Karachi" for the geoservice of the same name. The work presents the content and structure of the created tourist web map, and develops an algorithm for creating thematic web maps. It also gives the developed sys-tem of symbols, as well as the results of the study. As a result, there was created the geoservice for the development of tourist recreation in the Novosibirsk region on the territory of the sanatorium and tour-ist complex "Lake Karachi".
APPLICATION OF THE PRE-PROCESSOR MECHANISM FOR PROCESSING HETEROGENIOUS DATA IN DECISION-MAKING SUPPORT GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors:   Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Kolbina Olga N. , Istomin Evgeny P. ,   Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Yagotinceva Natalya V. ,   Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Vagizov Marsel V. ,   St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University
Published: April 2021

The problem of local databases autonomy in distributed information systems is widely known and has been solved for a long time by specialists, but there is still no unambiguous and universally recog-nized approach to solving this problem. The process of working with distributed databases when creat-ing a geographic information system for decision support is not an exception, where the inviolability of the structure and completeness of local databases should remain the primary criterion for the sys-tem's operation. The purpose of the study is to increase the autonomy of local databases in geoinfor-mation decision support systems based on the use of preprocessing processing of heterogeneous data. This article proposes approaches and specific solutions for the physical and logical representation of the geoinformation system structure by means of the implementation of the preprocessing mechanism, which will allow you to combine and transform data even before they are displayed in the application. Thus, a person making a decision, when working in a geoinformational decision support system, will have full access to up-to-date information with the ability to record the results obtained by saving a virtual database created at his request.
A formação dos conceitos científicos e o processo de ensino-aprendizagem nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental
Authors: Mendonça Fernando Wolff , Santos Maria Eduarda dos
Published: April 2021

Este artigo tem o escopo de analisar o processo de formação dos Conceitos Científicos, de acordo com os pressupostos da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica e da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, sendo assim, buscou-se um aprofundamento teórico nos conceitos de pensamento, linguagem, funções psicológicas elementares,superiors e o processo de mediação. Este estudo classifica-se como de cunho bibliográfico e documental. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados por meio desta pesquisa, a formação dos conceitos é um ato real e complexo do pensamento que é influenciado pelos meios externos de desenvolvimento cultural (instrumentos e signos) e pelo processo de desenvolvimento das funções psíquicas. Condições como as experiências familiares, o ambiente escolar e professores mediadores podem influenciar no desenvolvimento dos conceitos científicos, verificou-se também a importância da união entre linguagem e pensamento para a formação dos conceitos científicos. Conclui-se que a interação social contribui para o processo de formação dos conceitos científicos e que os conceitos teóricos presentes na Teoria Histórico-Cultural são importantes para elaboração de práticas pedagógicas contextualizadas e sistematizadas aos objetivos de aprendizagem dos alunos.