bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographical Distribution of MDR1 Expression in Leishmania Isolates, from Greece and Cyprus, Measured by the Rhodamine-123 Efflux Potential of the Isolates, Using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Tsirigotakis Nikolaos , Christodoulou Vasiliki , Ntais Pantelis , Mazeris Apostolos , Koutala Eleni , Messaritakis Ippokratis , Antoniou Maria
Published: March 2016

Leishmaniasis, a neglected vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, is encountered in 98 countries causing serious concerns to public health. The most alarming is the development of parasite drug resistance, a phenomenon increasingly encountered in the field rendering chemotherapy ineffective. Although resistance to drugs is a complex phenomenon, the rate of efflux of the fluorescent dye Rhodamine-123 from the parasite body, using flow cytometry, is an indication of the isolate's ability to efflux the drug, thus avoiding death. The rate of efflux measured 275 Leishmania strains, isolated from patients and dogs from Greece and Cyprus, was measured and mapped to study the geographical distribution of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene expression as an indication of the drug resistance of the parasite. The map showed that out of the seven prefectures, where dogs presented high efflux rates, five also had patients with high efflux rates. In one, out of the 59 prefectures studied, the highest number of isolates with efflux slope α > 1, in both human and dog isolates, was found; a fact which may suggest that spread of drug resistance is taking place. The virulence of the Leishmania strains, assessed after infecting human macrophages of the THP-1 cell line, fluctuated from 1% to 59.3% with only 2.5% of the isolates showing infectivity > 50%. The most virulent strains were isolated from Attica and Crete.
Le Corbusier y el edificio del Ministerio de Educación y Salud
Authors: Scotta Luciane
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca del edificio del Ministerio de Educación y Salud, en Rio de Janeiro/ Brasil – un proyecto de varios arquitectos brasileños con la colaboración de Le Corbusier. El objetivo es analizar el procesos de la obra a partir de la comparación de tres publicaciones: Œuvre Complete 1934-1938, Brazil Builds: Architecture New and Old: 1652-1942 y Œuvre Complete 1938-1946. Con el análisis de estos tres libros se presenta una visión completa desde el proceso de diseño hasta el final de la construcción. Es decir, puede ser vista la creación de un edificio. Mientras que el primer libro muestra un proyecto incipiente, en la etapa de progreso de ideas y propuestas, el segundo - Brazil Builds - presenta la construcción en proceso. Finalmente, el último libro muestra el diseño final y las fotografías del edificio ya construido, sólo un año después de su finalización. Abstract: This paper discusses the Ministry of Education & Health building in Rio de Janeiro/Brazil - a project developed by several Brazilian architects in collaboration with Le Corbusier. The aim is to analyze the working process by comparing three publications: Œuvre Complete 1934-1938, Brazil Builds: Architecture New and Old: 1652-1942 and Œuvre Complete 1938-1946. The analysis of these three books presents a complete outlook of the building’s design, from its beginning up to its construction. In other words, one can see the creation of a building. While the first book introduces the project in an incipient stage, going through the progress of elaborating ideas and proposals, the second - Brazil Builds - presents the construction process of the building. Finally, the last book presents the final design and photographs of the building already built, just a year after being finished.Palabras clave: Brazil Builds; Le Corbusier; Arquitectura moderna brasileña. Keywords: Brazil Builds; Le Corbusier, Brazilian Modern Architecture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.567
Team10 out of CIAM: Sobre el papel de Le Corbusier. Identificación y legado
Authors: Campos Uribe Alejandro
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Aunque existen diversas versiones sobre el nacimiento del Team10 y la disolución de los CIAM, todas coinciden en el carácter de ruptura. Frente a la versión canónica que explica el fin de los CIAM como confrontación, este artículo muestra, a través del estudio de los documentos que pasaron por el estudio de Le Corbusier, que muchas de las ideas del grupo ya existían en el interior de los CIAM, y que la creación del Team10 contó con el apoyo de los miembros fundadores. Es especialmente importante el apoyo personal de Le Corbusier que a través de cartas y dibujos entendió muy pronto que era el momento de apartarse y dejar paso a la nueva generación; hasta el punto de constatar que sin su apoyo es posible que el Team10 nunca hubiera sido creado. Le Corbusier, como figura y ejemplo de los jóvenes que supo, generosamente, dar el relevo a tiempo. Abstract: Albeit different versions of Team 10 birth and dissolution of CIAM exist, all of them coincide in its disruptive nature. This article tries to prove, far from the canonical representation of the end of CIAM and by studying the documents that went through Le Corbusier’s atelier in Paris; that many of the ideas of Team 10 were already present inside CIAM and that Team 10’s creation had the support of several of CIAM’s founding members. It is especially important Le Corbusier’s personal backing. Le Corbusier, who through letters and drawings understood very soon that it was the time to step aside and give way to the new generation. In fact, it was vital to the creation of Team 10, without whom it would not have been possible.  Palabras Clave: CIAM; Team 10; Le Corbusier; Aix-en-Provence; Dubrovnik; Smithson, Bakema. Keywords: CIAM; Team 10; Le Corbusier; Aix-en-Provence; Dubrovnik; Smithson, Bakema. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.642
Concevoir aujourd’hui un film sur la villa Savoye
Authors: Dyephart Anouchka
Published: March 2016

Résumé: Si de nombreuses images de la villa Savoye existent, par contre peu de films sont centrés sur elle. Je souhaite présenter ici un projet de film documentaire que je développe depuis 2012. Sur cette villa considérée comme une icône de l’architecture moderne, et déjà tant étudiée, je propose un regard un peu décalé, nourri à la fois par ma formation d’architecte et mon expérience de réalisatrice. J’aborde en particulier la question de l’impact de cette architecture ; comment est-elle perçue au XXIème siècle, en quoi peut-elle influer sur notre façon d’envisager l’espace ? Je développerai un aspect de ma démarche qui touche au rapport entre architecture et cinéma: comment montrer la villa par un film ? autrement dit comment traduire ce qu’elle représente par des images animées, des sons, mais aussi des ‘évènements’ qui dévoilent les contrastes de lumière et d’ambiances ? De quoi cette architecture est-elle le récit ? Ou, comme le proclame une des questions-slogans de Bernard Tschumi : “Et si l’architecture était autant une question de mouvement et d’évènement que d’espace ?”1. Resumen: Si existen numerosas imágenes de la Villa Savoye, escasos son, en cambio, los films que traten de ella. Deseo presentar aquí un proyecto de film documenta, sobre el que estoy trabajando desde el año 2012. Propongo una vision un poco desfasada, nutrida al mismo tiempo por mi formación de arquitecta y mi experiencia de cineasta, sobre esta obra ya tan estudiada, icono de la arquitectura moderna. Abordo especialmente la cuestión del impacto de esta arquitectura; ¿cómo es percibida en el siglo XXI?, ¿qué influencia puede tener en nuestra manera de considerar el espacio? Desarrollaré un aspecto de mi trabajo que trata de la relación entre la arquitectura y el cine: como mostrar la Villa Savoye en un film ? Es decir, como traducir lo que ella representa a través de imágenes animadas, sonido y “acontecimientos” que rebelen los contrastes de luces y de ambientes? ¿ De qué da cuenta esta arquitectura? O, como lo proclama una de las preguntas-eslogan de Bernard Tschumi: “¿Y si la arquitectura fuera tanto cuestión de movimiento y de acontecimiento como de espacio?”  Mots-clés: villa Savoye ; film documentaire ; transmission ; création ; recherche formelle. Palabras clave: villa Savoye, película documental, transmisión, creación, investigación formal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.652
HABITAR EL AIRE
Authors: Pérez Rodríguez Marta
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Existen en las ideas enunciadas por Le Corbusier dos caminos que partiendo aparentemente de mundos paralelos y opuestos, terminarán convergiéndo en un mismo lugar. Con la construcción del Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau, en 1925, se define el nuevo espacio exterior vinculado a la vida moderna. Éste, se dará simultáneamente desde lo colectivo, el immeuble-villa, y desde lo individual, la villa, aunque ambos, se suceden como procesos coexistentes. A este vacío, Le Corbusier lo denominará jardin suspendu, y el orden con el cuál se definirá, será el mismo con el que se constituirá todo el sistema. Desde dentro, este jardin, dejará de ser un exterior para concebirse desde las mismos mecánismos que operan dentro de la casa. Entonces ¿Qué es este espacio?. Simplemente, lo que Le Corbusier trazó, una rica dualidad espacial. Al otro lado, y opuesto a la casa, surge siempre un exterior, como extensión infinita de lo natural. ¿De qué forma ordenarlo?¿cómo vincularlo de nuevo al hombre?. Sólo existe una respuesta posible, un único gesto, el arquitectónico, surgido con la construcción de un plano. Con él, asoma la vertical y la horizontal: Aquellas líneas que vinculan de nuevo al hombre con sus leyes. Con ello, el vacío ya no existe, se ha transformado, constituyendo un nuevo espacio. ¿Qué es este espacio?. De nuevo, una rica ambigüedad. Abstract: Into the ideas enunciated by Le Corbusier there are two paths starting apparently from parallel and opposite worlds, but finally coming to converge in a same place. With the construction of the “Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau”, in 1925, it is defined the new outside space linked to modern life. This is given simultaneously from the collective with the “immeuble-villa”, and from the individual, la villa, although both succeed as coexistent processes. This emptiness was called by Le Corbusier “jardin suspendu”, and the order to define it, will be the same used to build the whole system. From inside, this garden will fail to be an outside to be conceived from the same mechanisms that work into the house. So, what is this space? It is simply what Le Corbusier designed, a rich space duality. In the other side, and opposite the house, an outside emerges always, like a boundless extent of the natural. Which way can it be arranged? How can it be linked again to the human? It exists only one possible answer, one unique gesture, the architectonic one, which emerges with the construction of a plan. With it, vertical and horizontal positions arise: those lines that link again the man with his laws. With it, this emptiness doesn’t exists anymore, it has changed becoming in a new space. What is this space? Again, a rich ambiguity.  Palabras clave: immeuble-villa, jardin suspendu, interior, exterior, dualidad especial. Keywords: immueble-villa, jardin suspendu, inside, outside, space duality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.668
Arquitectura y tapiz de Le Corbusier. La trama y la urdimbre de la casa nómada
Authors: Gelabert Amengual Antoni
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX Le Corbusier tuvo sus primeras experiencias con los tapices de la mano de la galerista Marie Cuttoli y, sobre todo, de Pierre Baudouin, profesor de Aubusson. El arquitecto no dudó en colocar su producción de cartones para tapices a la altura del resto de su creación artística, como ya hicieran antes Leger o Picasso. Comenzó entonces una reflexión sobre las propiedades tanto plásticas como acústicas de los tapices que tuvo oportunidad de experimentar en obras tan importantes como Chandigarh o el Hospital de Venecia. Todas las consideraciones al respecto fueron recogidas después en varios capítulos de sus Obras Completas. Pero fue en la vivienda donde Le Corbusier reconoció el mayor potencial para el tapiz. Fue en el espacio doméstico donde sus experiencias con el tejido adquirieron su máxima trascendencia, llegando a elaborar un discurso que entronca directamente con las disquisiciones de Semper y Loos sobre la potencia espacial del tapiz, al que otorgaba la capacidad de generar la casa para el hombre que la década de los 60 está moldeando. Abstract: During the first half of the twentieth century Le Corbusier had his very first experiences with tapestries thanks to the gallery director Marie Cuttoli and especially the teacher at Aubusson, Pierre Baudouin. The architect had no doubt in putting his production of tapestry cartoons at the same level of the rest of his artistic creations, as Leger or Picasso did before. Then he began a reflection on both plastic and acoustic properties of the tapestries, which he experienced in such important works as Chandigarh or the Venice Hospital. All considerations in this regard were collected in several chapters of his Complete Works. But it is in the home where Le Corbusier recognized the greatest potential for the tapestry. It is in the domestic space where his experiences with tissue acquired their utmost importance. He elaborated a discourse that connects directly with the disquisitions of Semper and Loos on the spatial power of tapestry, and that gives it the ability to generate the home for the man that the 60s decade is molding.  Palabras clave: Tejido; tapiz; Semper; casa; nómada; contingencia. Keywords: Tissue; tapestry; Semper ; home; nomad ; contingency. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.669
La Réaction Poètique of a Prepared Mind
Authors: Mindrup Matthew
Published: March 2016

Abstract: This paper explores Le Corbusier’s practice of collecting and studying everyday objects as inspiration for new architectural ideas. An avid collector of ‘objets trouves’ that Le Corbusier referred to specifically as ‘objets à réaction poètique,’ he promoted their use claiming they gave direction to an imagination that alone might not be able to detect. Perhaps the most famous object in Le Corbusier’s collection was a crab shell that he used as inspiration for the design of the roof for his Notre-Dame du Haut chapel in Ronchamp, France. Although Le Corbusier’s use of this shell is well documented in studies on his oeuvre, little attention has been given to the role he intended found objects to play in his design process. In themselves these objects, which have their own identities as shells, pinecones or pieces of bone, they do not immediately lend themselves to any architectural solution. Rather, they are evidence of Le Corbusier’s unique approach to design that relies on a what Louis Pasteur referred to as a ‘prepared mind,’ availed of all relevant data and information pertaining to a task, that can search for solutions in random object or events by spontaneously shift back and forth between analytic and associative modes of thought. Keywords: Architectural model, Ronchamp, Design method, Imagination, Play, Objet trouve. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.677
Fotografías que seccionan una mirada a Le Corbusier
Authors: Barberá Pastor Carlos
Published: March 2016

Resumen: El texto, titulado Fotografías que seccionan una mirada a Le Corbusier, analiza algunas imágenes de casas construidas de Le Corbusier y Pierre Jeanneret. Las fotografías tienen características comunes que nos presentan un plano en dos dimensiones, el marco de un hueco, y un espacio en tres dimensiones, el de la habitación representada. Las fotografías, al mostrar un hueco y un espacio, incitan a pensar que se están refiriéndose a la experiencia arquitectónica de traspasar un vano. Interpretaciones sobre el uso y la actividad en el interior del espacio doméstico en relación con el espacio público componen el resto del escrito. Abstract: The text, entitled Photographs that severed a look at Le Corbusier, analyzes some pictures to houses built by Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret. The photographs have common characteristics that lead to the interpretation that we have a plan in two dimensions within a hole, and three-dimensional space, the room represented. The photographs, showing a hole and a space, incite to think that they are referring to the architectural experience of crossing a vain. Interpretations on the use and activity within the domestic space in relation to the public space make up the rest of the writing.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, Iglesia, Savoye, Cook, Planeix, Ozenfant. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Church; Savoye; Cook; Planeix; Ozenfant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.681
Ratio and the Divine Proportions: Le Corbusier and Rudolf Wittkower
Authors: Kirk Irwin James
Published: March 2016

Abstract: This paper will evaluate Le Corbusier’s notion of ratio as expressed in his Modulor and Modulor 2. Particular emphasis will be placed on the dialogue (or polemical exchange) between Rudolf Wittkower and Le Corbusier contained within Modulor 2 concerning the nature of the Divine Proporzione. The historiography of this area of art and architecture includes a vigorous debate from the mid-twentieth century among Modernist architects and art historians over the nature of the Divine Proportions. It is in this context that the dialogue between Le Corbusier and Wittkower occurs. Le Corbusier describes human form with a Fibonacci-based number system expressed through a universally applied system of measure, Le Modulor. Wittkower describes a set of harmonic proportions, conceptually universal, that describe the essence of Renaissance Architecture. Both influenced the course of Modern Architecture in the late twentieth-century.  Keywords: Le Modulor, Wittkower. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.743
Bruno Zevi on Le Corbusier: another way to an “organic architecture”
Authors: Guido Luca
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Bruno Zevi was an enthusiastic promoter of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture and theories. However, the critical enquiry and propaganda of the Italian architect and historian about so-called “organic architecture” reveals a major cultural debt to Le Corbusier. In 1945, Zevi published “Verso un’architettura organica” [Towards an organic architecture], the first version of his history of architecture. The title is clearly a polemical reference to Le Corbusier’s book “Vers une architecture” (1923). In 1977, together with other architects, Zevi promoted the Machu Picchu Charter, a document to “update” the Athens Charter (1933). The places held significance: Athens was the birthplace of western civilization and architectural rationalism. Machu Picchu symbolised the contribution of an alternative way of viewing the world. Are those merely examples of Zevi’s provocations? The relationship between Zevi and Le Corbusier is problematic and ambivalent. Zevi adopts the educational and communicative methods of Le Corbusier and his critical writing style, but his interpretation of the French-Swiss architect also demonstrates an attempt to delineate a new concept of “organic architecture”, related to his researches on a historiographic redefinition of the Modern Movement. Resumen: Bruno Zevi fue un entusiasta promotor de la arquitectura y las teorías de Frank Lloyd Wright. Sin embargo, la investigación crítica y la propaganda del arquitecto italiano e historiador sobre la llamada "arquitectura orgánica" revela una importante deuda cultural para Le Corbusier. En 1945, Zevi publicó "Verso un'architettura organica" [Hacia una arquitectura orgánica], la primera versión de su historia de la arquitectura. El título es claramente una referencia polémica al libro de Le Corbusier "Vers une architecture" (1923). En 1977, junto a otros arquitectos, Zevi promovió la Carta Machu Picchu, un documento para "actualizar" la Carta de Atenas (1933). Los lugares celebradas importancia: Atenas fue la cuna de la civilización occidental y el racionalismo arquitectónico. Machu Picchu simbolizaba la contribución de una forma alternativa de ver el mundo. Son esos meros ejemplos de las provocaciones de Zevi? La relación entre Zevi y Le Corbusier es problemática y bivalente. Zevi adopta los métodos educativos y comunicativos de Le Corbusier y su estilo crítico escrito, pero su interpretación del arquitecto franco-suizo también demuestra un intento de delinear un nuevo concepto de "arquitectura orgánica", en relación con sus investigaciones en una redefinición historiográfico de la Movimiento Moderno.  Keywords: Bruno Zevi; Le Corbusier’s legacy; modern language invariants; five points; organic architecture. Palabras clave: Bruno Zevi; El legado de Le Corbusier; invariantes de lenguas modernas; cinco puntos; arquitectura orgánica. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.760
Estrategias geométrico-matemáticas en la obra de Le Corbusier (1923-1933)
Authors: Larumbe Teresa
Published: March 2016

Resumen: En la búsqueda de un nuevo orden ideal y universal, Le Corbusier alude constantemente al empleo de los trazados reguladores como instrumentos matemáticos que controlan el impulso creador e introducen la armonía en el trabajo creado, causa de la belleza y el placer estético. La confianza puesta en los trazados como garantía del orden en arquitectura, se manifiesta en el artículo que les dedicará en la revista L´Espirit Nouveau (1921), y que, en 1923, incorpora como un capítulo más en “Vers une architecture”. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la aplicación práctica de los trazados reguladores y otras estrategias geométricas y matemáticas en los proyectos del arquitecto suizo a lo largo de los años veinte, a partir de la aparición del famoso manifiesto. Los proyectos estudiados son los que han fijado las pautas del análisis, desvelando su evolución histórica y el alcance de su aplicación real en el transcurso de diez años. Abstract: Along his personal search for an ideal and universal order, Le Corbusier constantly refers to the use of the tracés regulateurs, as a mathematical tool with which the architect can manage his creative impulse and as a way to introduce the harmony in architecture, what is considered the main cause of the beauty and the aesthetic pleasure. Le Corbusier reveals his faith in the tracés as guaranty of architectural order not only in the magazine L´Espirit Nouveau (1921) but also in his celebrated book “Vers une architecture” (1923). The aim of this paper is to analyze the use of the tracés regulateurs during the architect´s projects throughout a decade, starting with the publication of the well know manifiesto. All the projects that had been studied have established the guidelines of the analysis, its historical evolution and the relevance of the tracès regulateurs in Le Corbusier’s early works.  Palabras clave: Trazados reguladores; Geometría; Le Corbusier. Keywords: Tracés Regulateurs; Geometry; Le Corbusier. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.787
Brise-soleil: principios y transformación en la obra de Le Corbusier
Authors: Morel Correa Silvia , Anzolch Roni , Pedrotti Renato
Published: March 2016

Resumen: La actitud de Le Corbusier respecto a la superfície epidérmica de sus edifícios cambió en los años 20, cuando se percató de los problemas producidos al construir membranas de escaso espesor con amplias zonas acristaladas. Durante la década de 30, Le Corbusier trabajaba principalmente en países cálidos, y la invención del brise-soleil parecía ser la respuesta a los problemas de ganancia de calor. El brise en la obra de Le Corbusier jugó dos funciones importantes: una como elemento de adaptación al clima y la otra como elemento de composición de fachada. El objectivo del trabajo es rescatar la importancia que Le Corbusier daba a este elemento, para tanto aborda la evolución y la transformación del brise-soleil, en su propia obra. La metodologia del trabajo consiste en analisar las obras elegidas por su relevância en el tema desde un punto de vista medioambiental con base en los estudios de Almodovar, D. Siret y Requena, teniendo en cuenta la orientación y la protección solar en los solsticios de invierno y verano (Le Corbusier defendió que por lo menos hubieran dos horas de penetración solar en el invierno). Del mismo modo, desde el punto de vista arquitectónico se consideran aspectos como la forma arquitectónica, la integración al conjunto, la inserción en la fachada y la importancia en la composición. Abstract: Le Corbusier attitude on the epidermal surface of buildings changes when he realises, in the 1920s, that the problems caused by membranes of insufficient thick with large glazed areas. During the 1930s decade, Le Corbusier worked mainly in warm countries, and the invention of the brise-soleil seemed to be the answer to the problems of heat gain. The brise-soleil, in the work of Le Corbusier, played two important roles: one as an element of adaptation to the climate and the other as an element of composition of facade. The aim of this paper is to rescue the importance that Le Corbusier gave to this element, so it treats the evolution and transformation of the brise-soleil, in his own work. The methodology of the work consists of an analysis of works chosen for their relevance on the issue from an environmental point of view, based on the studies of Almodovar, D. Siret and Requena, considering the solar orientation and solar shading in the winter and summer solstice (Le Corbusier argued that there were at least two hours of solar penetration in winter). In the same way, from the architectural point of view, it treats aspects such as the architectural form, integration in the whole, insert on the facade and compositional importance.  Palabras clave: protección solar; brise-soleil; Le Corbusier. Keywords: solar shading; brise-soleil; Le Corbusier. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.923
All of Paris, Darkly: Le Corbusier’s Beistegui Apartment, 1929-1931
Authors: Anderson Ross James
Published: March 2016

Abstract: This paper, All of Paris, Darkly, presents a focused study of Le Corbusier’s enigmatic Beistegui Apartment (1929- 1931) on the Champs-Elysée in Paris, with particular reference to the curious camera obscura periscope that was housed in a small lozenge-shaped pavilion on its rooftop. There are manifold reasons for the charisma of the apartment; from the flamboyant eccentricities of the client and his exchanges with the architect, to the exceptional location of apartment in the centre of Paris, to the apparent repudiation of some of Le Corbusier’s more strident proclamations on architecture and the city, to the historical conditions that have for all time occluded a definitive scholarly reading of the architectural production and subsequent inhabitation of the apartment. Grounded in an understanding of the primal visual phenomenon of the camera obscura, the paper advances an interpretation of the meaning of the periscope apparatus amidst the battery of unusual contrivances that animated the surrealist penthouse apartment. It further seeks to contribute to a greater understanding of some aspects of Le Corbusier’s thinking on architecture and the city.  Keywords: Le Corbusier; Charles de Beistegui; camera obscura; uncanny; Surrealism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.928
The eye of the architect. Le Corbusier and the photograph: demonstrate, learn, remember
Authors: Teodosio Annarita
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The relationship between Le Corbusier and the visual arts (drawing, photography and cinema) is deep and complex and, although the subject of numerous publications and research since the late 60s, still arouses much interest, as evidenced by the many events organized in the last years - "Le Corbusier. Vue sur la mer ", Maison La Roche, Paris, 2012; "Construire the image: Le Corbusier et la Photographie", Musée des Beaux-Arts, the Chaux-de-Fonds, 2013; or the recent "Le Corbusier and photography", IUAV, Venice, May 2015-. The paper, starting out from the researches already developed, proposes a further reflection on the relationship between the Swiss architect and the photography, paying particular interest to the shooting made in first person. The study analyzes the different approaches and the different subjects photographed in the course of his life and it is proposed to include the work of Le Corbusier in the broader cultural context of the twentieth century, a period in which the relationship between architecture and visual communication, thanks to the many possibilities offered by technological innovations, it becomes increasingly close and inevitable. Resumen: La relación entre Le Corbusier y las artes visuales (dibujo, fotografía y cine) es profunda y articulada y, aunque es objeto de numerosas publicaciones y investigaciónes desde el finales de los años 60es, todavía despierta mucho interés, como lo demuestran los diversos eventos realizados en los últimos años - “Le Corbusier. Vue sur la mer”, Maison La Roche, Parìs, 2012; “Construire l’image: Le Corbusier et la photographie”, Musée des Beaux-Arts, la Chaux-de-Fonds, 2013; o la más reciente “Le Corbusier e la fotografia”, IUAV , Venezia, mayo 2015-. El articulo, a partir desde investigación ya desarrollado, propone una reflexión más sobre la relación entre el arquitecto suizo y la fotografía, prestando especial interés a las realizata en primera persona. El estudio analiza los diferentes enfoques y diferentes sujetos fotografiados en el curso de su vida y se propone de insertar la obra de Le Corbusier en el contexto cultural más amplio del siglo XX, un período en el que la relación entre la arquitectura y la comunicación visual, gracias a las muchas posibilidades que ofrecen las innovaciones tecnológicas, se vuelve cada vez más estrecha e inevitable.  Keywords: Le Corbusier; photography; representation of architecture. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; fotografia; representaciones de la arquitectura. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.947
Corbu’s Hands
Authors: Rumież Agnieszka , Oleszak Witold
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The aim of presented paper is to grasp a sense in which Le Corbusier influenced his professional partners within ATBAT at 35 rue de Sèvres in Paris. On the example of Iannis Xenakis (Greek) and Jerzy Sołtan (Pole), which curriculum and experience will be superposed, authors wish to analyse a means in which the formation of Le Corbusier’s Collaborators induced a profoundly individualistic paths of both apprentices. Moreover it enabled both artists to develop autonomous views on creative activities, which still stayed in mutual compliance. That allows to speculate upon the forcefulness of approach towards passing skills that Le Corbusier applied in his Studio. With a parallel example of two pavilions for the World’s Fare Expo’58 in Brussels, it is presented how compatible, despite of being completely different in form, those two projects are. Resumen: El objetivo del articulo es comprender cómo Le Corbusier influenciado sus socios profesionales en ATBAT a los 35 rue de Sèvres en Paris. Con un ejemplo de Iannis Xenakis (griego) y Jerzy Sołtan (polaco), autores desean analizar un medio en el que la formacion de Colaboradores de Le Corbusier indujo a profunda indualistas sendas de los dos aprendices. Con un ejemplo paralelo de dos pabellones para Expo'58 Fare del Mundo en Bruselas, se presenta el grado de compatibilidad, a pesar de ser completamente diferente en la forma, son los dos proyectos.  Keywords: Le Corbusier; Xenakis; Sołtan, post-war architecture, ATBAT, composition. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; Xenakis; Sołtan, arquitectura de la posguerra, ATBAT, composición. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.948
Le Corbusier and the American Modulor
Authors: Mameli Maddalena
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The definition of the Modulor as a set of measurements obtained through “universal” rules for composition of the new architecture has a long and complex development, stemming from a combination of studies in architecture, geometry and mathematics, but also from approximation and intuition. The process began in Paris in 1920, was completed in 1946 in New York and its results were published in an autobiographical vein in 1950 in the book entitled Le Modulor completed in 1955 by the book Le Modulor II. In his trip to New York in 1946 as French delegate for the project of the United Nations’ headquarters, his urgency to define the Modulor responded to an immediate need: to create a simple tool and a compositional principle to be applied to the United States’ building programme and to UN reconstruction and recovery programs. Unfortunately Le Corbusier did not manage to find a patron in America. He was unable to apply the Modulor in the USA. Not so in Europe, where work started on building the Unités d’habitation in Marseilles. Resumen: La definición del Modulor como un conjunto de medidas obtenidas a través de reglas "universales" para la composición de la nueva arquitectura tiene un largo y complejo desarrollo, derivada de una combinación de estudios de arquitectura, geometría y matemáticas, sino también de aproximación y intuición. El proceso comenzó en París en 1920, se completó en 1946 en Nueva York y sus resultados se publicaron en el libro titulado Le Modulor completado en 1955 por el libro Le Modulor II. En su viaje a Nueva York en 1946 como delegado francés para el proyecto de la sede para las Naciones Unidas, la urgencia de definir el Modulor respondió a una necesidad inmediata: para crear una instrumento fàcil y un principio compositivo que se aplicará al programa de construcción de los Estados Unidos y para los programas de reconstrucción de la ONU. Desafortunadamente Le Corbusier no encontró un patrón en América. No fue capaz de aplicar el Modulor en los EE.UU.. No es así en Europa, donde comenzó a trabajar en la construcción de la Unités d'habitation de Marsella.  Keywords: New York; UN Headquarter; Modulor; USA. Palabras clave: New York; Naciones Unidas; Modulor; USA. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.984
Accreditation of Spanish engineering programs, first experiences. The case of the Terrassa School of Engineering
Authors: Álvarez Mª Dolores , Mata Mireia , Cañavate Javeir , Marqués Joaquim , Espot Carme , Forcada Santiago , Voltas Jordi , Garrido Núria , Sellarés Jordi , Gil Alfred
Published: March 2016

The implementation of the European Space for Higher Education has entailed new requirements for Spanish Higher Education Programs. Regulations (RD 1393, 2007) stablish that university programs, in order to have official validity, must be submitted to an external evaluation process before their official implementation, denominated Validation, and to an ex-post process or Accreditation. Terrassa School of Engineering (EET) was one of the first schools in Spain to adapt to the European Space for Higher Education, in the academic period 2009-10 and then, one of the first university institutions submitted to an accreditation process. In this communication, the important role of the Internal Quality Assurance System in the assessment of the school’s programs is exposed as well as the approach followed in the key steps of the process: Accreditation
An LPS based method to stimulate the inflammatory response in growing rabbits
Authors: Knudsen C. , Combes S. , Mousavikhorshidi H. , Oswald I. , Gidenne T. Noël
Published: March 2016

Reliable indicators are needed to study the relationship between the inflammatory response of the growing rabbit and breeding factors such as feeding practices. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of the inflammatory response is a valid model of bacterial infection in laboratory animals, but no data on the growing rabbit has yet been obtained. The aim of our study was to determine an adequate dose of LPS to inject in growing rabbits in order to elicit a measurable inflammatory response in terms of plasmatic TNF-α and rise in rectal temperature. Three trials were carried out in this study: 2 development trials, the first (n=18) testing 3 doses of LPS (2, 10, 50 μg/kg) on the plasmatic TNF-α concentration at 90 and 180 min post injection, and the second trial (n=36) testing 4 doses of LPS (50, 75, 100 and 150 μg/kg) on the TNF-α concentration 90 min post injection and the rectal temperature. The third trial was designed as an application of the method in a large number of animals (n=32) to study the effect of feed restriction and dietary increase in digestible fibre to starch ratio on the LPS inflammatory challenge response of growing rabbits. In development trials 1 and 2, animals had measurable TNF-α responses for doses higher than 10 μg/kg at 90 min post injection, with an increase in the number of responsive animals along with the dose. High variability was observed in TNF-α concentrations in responsive animals (coefficient of variation from 44 to 94%). Animals demonstrated an increase in rectal temperature for all doses injected in the range of 50-150 μg/kg from 90 min post injection with a peak at 180 min (ΔTr =1.9±0.7°C). Our observations led us to choose a dose of 100 μg/kg of LPS for our following studies, as the responses in terms of temperature and TNF-α were the most satisfactory. The application of our LPS injection protocol to our nutritional study enabled us to validate our protocol (ΔTr =1.1±0.7°C at 180 min and 15/32 TNF-α responsive animals) even though we were not able to demonstrate any effect of the feeding level or diet on the inflammatory response to an LPS injection.

 
Effect of diet supplementation with live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance of rabbit does and their progenies
Authors: Belhassen T. , Simon E. , Potel A. , Auclair E. , Bergaoui R.
Published: March 2016

A study was conducted to determine the effect of live yeast supplementation in the diet of rabbit does on their mortality and reproductive performance and the performance of their progeny. A total of 52 cross-bred rabbit does (New Zealand×Californian) were divided into 2 groups differing in diet offered during 2 reproductive cycles and containing (group S; n=26) or not (group C; n=26) 1 g of yeast (Actisaf Sc 47, S.I. LESAFFRE, France)/kg of feed. Natural mating was performed 11 d after kindling and kits were weaned at 28 d of age. Body weight of litters was measured at birth, 21 d and at 28 d of age (weaning). Mortality of kits and rabbit does was monitored daily, and fertility of rabbit does and viability rate of kits at birth were also determined. Weight and litter size at birth and at weaning, litter weight gain during lactation and length of gestation were similar between the 2 groups during the 2 cycles. The mortality of does during the experiment was higher in group C than in group S (27 vs. 4%; P<0.05). Fertility rate of rabbits does and viability rate of kits at birth were higher (P<0.05) in rabbits fed with the supplemented diet than those with the control diet during the second lactation. In the first cycle, kit mortality was lower in S group (15.5%) than the C group (24.7%) during the first 21 d (P<0.05). However, no difference was observed during the second lactation. In conclusion, our results suggest that the inclusion of yeast in the diet of rabbit does could trigger positive effects on the fertility and mortality of rabbit does, as well as on the viability rate of kits at birth.
W. R. Bion’s models of mind as the foundation of the concept of mentalization
Authors: Groth Jarosław
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this paper is to present those topics in Bion’s theoretical system – in particular, the concepts centered around the theory of thinking – which greatly inspired the authors of the concept of mentalization. The article presents the sources of these models in the theories of classical psychoanalysis, as well as Bion’s original contribution. It shows the roots of the analytical attitude recommended by Bion – the state of reverie, that allows the alpha function – receptive, including presence of the analyst – to stimulate the patient’s process of dreaming, and so to process the sensory experience into alpha elements.
Is current knowledge about psychopathy reflected in Jon Ronson’s book The Psychopath Test: A Journey Through the Madness Industry? – controversies around psychopathy
Authors: Pastwa-Wojciechowska Beata , Fülöp Márta
Published: March 2016

In the article we try to respond to a question about the ways current knowledge about psychopathy is reflected in Jon Ronson’s book The Psychopath Test: A Journey Through the Madness Industry. Such a response seems necessary since the subject matter of psychopathy is still interesting due to its complexity, and is associated with the quest for the sources of evil in human beings. The term psychopathy also refers to personality disorders. Therefore, controversies might arise when it comes to the use of clinical knowledge and various verification methods by non-experts in this field. It seems that such situations bring our attention to those issues that need improvement in science. It is our hope that this article might add some reflections to the discussion about the necessity of “protecting” clinical knowledge from its extensive popularization.
Loss of attributes of femininity, anxiety and value crisis. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to women after mastectomy and in menopause
Authors: Mącik Dorota
Published: March 2016

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a relatively widespread disease and a main cause of fertility problems. The disease diagnosis is frequently related to changes in the value hierarchy. However, it can be treated as a “loss of/threat to” femininity. Similar aspects of the loss of part of femininity are connected with menopause and mastectomy.

Participants and procedure

One hundred and forty-five women were examined in total: 42 with the PCOS diagnosis, 20 after mastectomy, 42 in menopause and 41 healthy women (reference group). Standard measurement methods were used: the Value Crisis Questionnaire by P. Oleś and the IPAT Anxiety Scale – Self Analysis Form by R. B. Cattell.

Results

Women suffering from PCOS obtained significantly higher indexes of both crisis and anxiety compared to other groups, whereas women after mastectomy and in menopause did not differ between one another in tested variables, and they did not differ from healthy women either. It was noted that the most relationships between variables were observed in the group of women in menopause (significant correlations between almost all dimensions), while there are few relationships in women after mastectomy. In women with PCOS (a relatively small number of correlations) relationships of the greatest strength relate to the relationships of negative self-esteem and guilt proneness with all dimensions of the value crisis.

Conclusions

Polycystic ovary syndrome, despite having a relatively non-threatening course, is experienced much more strongly by women compared to mastectomy and menopause. It is associated with strong internal anxiety and degradation of the value hierarchy.
Adaptation of the Body Image after Breast Cancer Questionnaire in the Polish context: factorial structure and validity of the scale
Authors: Derbis Romuald , Machnik-Czerwik Anna
Published: March 2016

Background

Valid assessment of body image is salient in therapy and rehabilitation of women suffering from breast cancer. Adequate instruments are still lacking in this domain. To overcome this limitation two aims were formulated in the study. First, we tested the factorial structure of the Body Image after Breast Cancer Questionnaire (BIBCQ) developed by Baxter (1998) in Canada, in the Polish context. Then, we tested the construct validity of the scale. The scale is based on a multidimensional concept of the body image of chronically ill individuals proposed by Vamos (1993).

Participants and procedure

A group of 270 women at the mean age of 55 (range of 23-81) with breast cancer who underwent conservation, mastectomy, or lumpectomy surgery was sampled in the Amazonki community.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factorial structure of the instrument. To test the convergent validity, scales assessing body self, body image, self-esteem, and depression were used. Divergent validity was analyzed in the context of the social desirability construct. Discriminant validity was based on comparisons between women who had undergone lumpectomy or mastectomy surgery. The results showed that within two out of six subscales proposed by Baxter, two additional subscales had to be distinguished. However, some differences in comparisons with previous validation studies were also found.

Conclusions

The BIBCQ scale was found to be a valid multidimensional tool of body image assessment in the Polish context. The results are discussed in terms of cross-cultural differences in body image perception in breast cancer patients and guidelines for the scale’s implementation in the Polish context.
Understanding the relationship between family communication and the development of weight stigma
Authors: Asbury Mary Beth , Woszidlo Alesia
Published: March 2016

Background

This study examined the relationship between family communication and weight stigma. The Family Communication Patterns Theory was used as a framework to explain the relationships between two dimensions of family communication (i.e., conversation orientation and conformity orientation) and antifat attitudes (i.e., physical unattractiveness and weight blame).

Participants and procedure

A total of 585 college-aged participants completed an on-line questionnaire. We used the following instruments: body mass index (BMI), Antifat Attitudes Scale (AFAT), Revised Family Communication Patterns Scale (RFCP).

Results

Significant relationships were found between the two dimensions of family communication and antifat attitudes. Conversation orientation was negatively associated with antifat attitudes and conformity orientation was positively associated with antifat attitudes. In addition, pluralistic families were less likely to stigmatize the overweight and obese by demonstrating less discrimination with physical attraction and personal weight blame.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the important association between family communication and antifat attitudes. Families that endorse a pluralistic family type (i.e., high conversation orientation and low conformity orientation) appear to engage in the least amount of discrimination with regard to weight stigma. These families are not only less discriminating of others, they perhaps bring about more awareness and information to family members as compared to other family types.
Coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Barczyńska Tacjana Anna , Węgierska Małgorzata , Żuchowski Paweł , Dura Marta , Zalewska Joanna , Waszczak Marzena , Jeka Sławomir
Published: March 2016

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are chronic progressive inflammatory diseases, leading to joint damage and reducing the physical fitness of patients. They are among the most common rheumatic diseases. However, their etiology and symptomatology are different. Formerly, AS was often wrongly diagnosed as RA. Today there are no major diagnostic difficulties in differentiation between these diseases, thanks to modern laboratory tests and imaging. However, a problem may arise when the patient has symptoms typical for both diseases simultaneously. Cases of coexistence of RA with AS – according to our best knowledge – are rare. This study aims to compare our experience in diagnosis and treatment of concomitant RA and AS with the experience of other researchers. Implementation of the proper diagnostic algorithm, allowing for correct diagnosis of both diseases in one patient, may be useful for differential diagnosis of similar cases in the future.
Infectious complication or exacerbation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
Authors: Masiak Anna , Struk-Panfill Małgorzata , Zdrojewski Zbigniew
Published: March 2016

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a primary, systemic small vessel vasculitis. The respiratory tract is typically involved in the course of the disease. Abnormalities on the chest radiograph are noted in more than 70% patients at some point during their disease history. In some clinical situations it is difficult to distinguish whether symptoms result from the underlying disease or are a symptom of infection. In these clinical situations, chest computed tomography (CT) can be very useful. We present a patient with GPA localized mainly in the respiratory tract with sudden deterioration of the general state and new abnormalities revealed in the CT of the chest.