bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cellulytic Enzyme Supplementation (Extracted from Chatomium thermophyle) on Production Performance and Economic Appraisal in Aged Layers Using High Fiber Diets
Authors: Atia Bahseer  , A. Haq  , I. Zahoor
Published: August 2014

One hundred and twenty white leghorn layers of 80 weeks having uniform body weight were randomly divided into 15 experimental units of 8 birds each and reared under standard managemental conditions. Five treatments (each having three replicates) i.e. control T1 (commercial layer mash), T2 (layer mash having 6% fiber + 1X enzyme), T3 (layer mash having 8% fiber + 1X enzyme), T4 (layer mash having 6% fiber + 2X enzyme) and T5 (layer mash having 8% fiber + 2X enzyme) were randomly allotted to experimental units. Egg production, egg weight and feed consumption were recorded for eight weeks. Egg mass, feed conversion ratio/dozen egg and feed conversion ration/kg egg mass was also calculated. Data was analyzed statistically using analysis of variance technique under completely randomized design. Treatment means were compared using least significant test. It was found that egg production increased significantly by the T2 but was non-significant with the control group. The different treatments showed significant decrease in feed consumption as compared with control group. Significant improvement in egg mass was found in control group and was non-significant with T2 and T4. There was significant effect of enzyme supplementation on feed conversion ration/dozen egg and feed conversion ratio/kg egg mass. T2 and T4 showed best feed conversion ratios per dozen and per kg egg mass. Maximum profit/bird was observed in T2 followed by T4, T5, T3 and T1, respectively
L’embryon humain en AMP, éléments pour une approche relationnelle
Authors: Giraud Anne-Sophie
Published: August 2014

L’analyse socio-anthropologique de la parenté en assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) présuppose, qu’on le sache ou non, de donner un certain statut à l’embryon. Cependant, ce statut reste encore largement un point aveugle du débat des sciences sociales. L’anthropologie a beaucoup analysé la façon dont les techniques, et en particulier l’échographie, ont contribué à l’image de l’embryon comme « isolat », séparé en particulier du corps féminin dans lequel il était autrefois enclos et enfoui (Strathern, 1992). L’AMP, avec la congélation et la fécondation in vitro, a encore accentué cette représentation. Cependant, l’observation ethnographique des pratiques d’AMP révèle que l’embryon est en réalité toujours pris dans des réseaux relationnels (Thompson, 2005). Relations, d’une part, à des professionnels qui ont à un certain moment, du fait de leur statut, le pouvoir de sélectionner, détruire ou conserver cet embryon. D’autre part, et surtout, en référence à la parenté, à l’ensemble des personnes impliquées dans la procréation, l’engendrement ou la filiation, et qui de ce fait ont elles aussi un ensemble de pouvoirs et de devoirs à l’égard de cet embryon. Cet article s’appuie sur une enquête par entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 70 professionnels de l’AMP et a pour objectif d’analyser l’embryon en AMP grâce à une approche relationnelle inspirée de l’héritage maussien en matière d’analyse du genre et de la parenté (Théry, 2007). Cette approche permet de décrire autrement la scène de l’AMP et de comprendre comment l’embryon alterne entre diverses positions – entre enfant potentiel et pur matériau organique – selon le système de relations instituées dans lequel il se trouve inscrit. Notre hypothèse est qu’une telle approche éclaire de façons nouvelles les dilemmes parfois aigus des « parents » confrontés à l’embryon congelé hors projet et aux quatre grandes options prévues par la loi française : garder, donner à la recherche, « donner » à un autre couple ou détruire.
L’adoption d’enfants et le recours à la reproduction assistée : interconnexions et déplacements
Authors: Ramírez-Gálvez Martha
Published: August 2014

Cet article1 a pour objectif d’établir le dialogue entre deux recherches portant l’une sur le domaine de la reproduction assistée (RA) et l’autre sur l’adoption d’enfants au Brésil. Il s’agit d’explorer des stratégies d’analyse et les possibles déplacements et interpénétrations entre ces deux champs, dans un contexte de croissance et d’expansion de l’utilisation de la technologie reproductive au Brésil. À partir des éléments de la recherche, j’analyse la logique sous-jacente dans chacun de ces champs, dont notamment les options possibles et les possibilités de choix des caractéristiques désirées pour un enfant et la dimension symbolique attribuée à l’expérience de la grossesse ou à la rencontre de l’enfant adopté. Encore que le résultat attendu à la fin de chacun de ces processus soit le même – avoir un enfant – le recours à la RA semble précéder la décision d’adopter. Le parcours de certains couples brésiliens inféconds à la recherche d’une descendance pointe vers la valorisation de l’emploi de la RA dans le processus de leur habilitation pour l’adoption. Leurs tentatives auraient une fonction rituelle et symbolique d’élaboration du deuil de l’enfant biologique, ce qui les aiderait à consolider la décision d’adopter un enfant sans lien génétique avec eux.
Famille et travail : constats et propositions des jeunes féministes au Québec
Authors: Seery Annabelle
Published: August 2014

Cet article vise à mettre en lumière le discours émergent de jeunes féministes québécoises sur le travail de reproduction et son articulation avec le travail rémunéré. À partir d’entretiens semi-directifs, nous exposons les constats que ces jeunes féministes font de ces deux pans de la division sexuelle du travail de même que les propositions qu’elles mettent de l’avant. Ainsi, elles dénoncent le partage toujours inégal du travail dit invisible et la course à la performance vécue par les mères. Elles doutent de la réussite de la conciliation famille-travail et remettent en question le travail rémunéré comme panacée pour l’émancipation des femmes. Suivant ces constats, les jeunes féministes rencontrées réfléchissent à des solutions : elles se questionnent sur de possibles compensations pour le travail de reproduction et sur le travail à temps partiel. Teintées par leur expérience du marché du travail actuel, de leur vision de la maternité et de la grande valeur qu’elles accordent à la famille, leurs idées visent une plus grande valorisation du travail accompli au sein des familles et une réorganisation du travail qui répondrait aux besoins et aspirations du plus grand nombre de femmes possible. Les idées des jeunes féministes rencontrées s’inscrivent à la fois dans un discours dominant du mouvement des femmes québécois et en rupture avec celui-ci.
Introduction: Television in the Afternoon
Authors: Moseley Rachel , Wheatley Helen , Wood Helen
Published: August 2014

In this introductory essay, the editors of this special issue of Critical Studies in Television explore the existing ways in which scholars have considered afternoon television, present data which demonstrates the historical distribution of and shifts in the genres of afternoon, and make a case for the contribution to the field offered by this collection of new essays. In the process, we call for an interrogation of commonly held assumptions about gender, genre and theme around the figure of the ‘woman at home’ which have tended to be made about the programming scheduled at this time of day, and which the essays here begin to do through carefully historicised, close analytic work.
Love in the Afternoon: The Supercouple of 1980s US Daytime Soap Opera
Authors: Levine Elana
Published: August 2014

In the 1980s, the afternoon soap operas of US broadcast television featured ‘supercouples’, romantic pairings that both kept with conventional gender roles and defied traditional expectations. These stories brought a broadened audience to daytime soap opera and made the genre especially profitable for the television networks. They also helped to address viewers' uncertainties about a world changed by the women's liberation movement, embracing the ‘liberation’ of young women free to embark on romantic adventures with the men they loved, but removing any sense of patriarchal injustice, offering instead a fantasy space apart from ongoing social problems of gender inequality.
Regional News and the Mid-Twentieth-Century ‘Housewife’: Exploring the Legacy of Afternoon Television in Midlands News Programmes in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Murray Gillian
Published: August 2014

Feminist Media Studies has revealed the ways in which women have been excluded from television news. However there has been less consideration of at what times and in what spaces women have appeared in different forms of television journalism. Based around the central figure of afternoon television, the ‘housewife’, this article explores its legacy in Midland's news programmes between 1956 and 1968. The analysis reveals that the conventional tropes of ‘women's interest’ media were readily accommodated into news programmes, and that by comparing the appearances of female reporters and ‘ordinary’ women it is also possible to identify a diverse and contested image of the mid-twentieth-century ‘housewife’.
The making of the master clock
Authors: Buhr Ethan , Van Gelder Russell N
Published: August 2014

A genetic basis for the anatomic master circadian clock in mammals has been found.
Osteopathic Primary Care of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review
Authors: Bragg Jack D.
Published: August 2014

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease are relatively common inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that have unknown causes. A combination of abnormalities in genetics, the immune system, and the microbiome of the gut may cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The majority of patients with IBD are in their late teens or early twenties. Most present to their primary care physician for a diagnosis. Although gastroenterologists and surgeons do most of the endoscopy and management of IBD, these patients require a great deal of health maintenance that many never receive. Osteopathic primary care physicians can play a pivotal role in the care of patients with IBD by understanding what areas of the body are affected by the disease and what screening and monitoring are needed to keep patients healthy with the highest quality of life possible.
Relationships Between the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Achievement Test (COMAT) Subject Examinations and the COMLEX-USA Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation
Authors: Li Feiming , Kalinowski Kevin E. , Song Hao , Bates Bruce P.
Published: August 2014

Context: The relationship between the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Achievement Test (COMAT) series of subject examinations and the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA Level 2-Cognitive Evaluation (COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE) has not been thoroughly examined.

Objective: To investigate the factors associated with performance on COMAT subject examinations and how COMAT scores correlate with COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores.

Methods: We examined scores of participants from 2 COMAT examination cycles in 2011 and 2012. According to surveys, most schools used COMAT scores in clerkship and clinical rotation evaluation, which were classified as being used for “high-stakes” purposes. We matched first-attempt COMAT scores with first-attempt COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores, and we conducted correlation analyses between the scores from the 7 COMAT subject examinations, as well as between COMAT and COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate how much variance in COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores was explained by COMAT scores.

Results: In 2011 and 2012, respectively, 3751 and 3786 COMAT candidates had COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores (53.0% and 93.9%, respectively, had ⩾1 high-stakes COMAT score). Intercorrelations between COMAT scores were low to moderate (r=0.27-0.53), as hypothesized. Correlations between COMAT and Level 2-CE scores were moderate to high, with the highest correlations for internal medicine COMAT scores (r=0.63-0.65). All regressions showed internal medicine scores as the strongest predictor of Level 2-CE performance. Groups with high-stakes scores had larger adjusted coefficients of determination than those with low-stakes scores (eg, R
2=0.63 vs 0.52, respectively, in 2011). For 2012 candidates with high-stakes scores, all predictors were statistically significant.

Conclusion: The COMAT subject examination scores were moderately intercorrelated, as hypothesized, with higher correlations between COMAT and COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE scores. The COMAT performance was predictive of COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE performance.
Battling a Diploma Mill: The Early Fight to Preserve the Osteopathic Principles of A.T. Still
Authors: Jordan Laura
Published: August 2014

Andrew Taylor Still, MD, DO, founded the first school of osteopathy, the American School of Osteopathy (ASO), in 1892. Two graduates from the second class of the ASO, Elmer and Helen Barber, opened the “second school of osteopathy,” the National School of Osteopathy (NSO), in 1895. The guiding principles of the NSO were vastly different than those of the ASO, and Still saw the Barbers as a threat to his founding osteopathic philosophy and their school as a “diploma mill.” In the present article, the author uses primary historical documents to detail the battle between the ASO and the NSO and thus provides a snapshot of the early fight to gain respect within the medical community.
Estimation of the distribution of annual runoff from climatic variables using copulas
Authors: Xiong Lihua , Yu Kun‐xia , Gottschalk Lars
Published: August 2014

An approach of deriving the annual runoff distribution using copulas from an annual rainfall‐runoff model is proposed to provide an alternative annual runoff frequency analysis method in case of changing climatic variables. The annual rainfall‐runoff model is established on the basis of the Budyko formula to estimate annual runoff, with annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration as input variables. The model contains one single parameterthat guarantees that annual water balance is satisfied. In the derivation of the annual runoff distribution, annual precipitation, annual potential evapotranspiration, and parameterare treated as three random variables, while the annual runoff distribution is obtained by integrating the joint probability density function of the three random variables over the domain constrained by the annual rainfall‐runoff model using the canonical vine copula. This copula‐based derivation approach is tested for 40 watersheds in two large basins in China. The estimated annual runoff distribution performs well in most watersheds. The performance is mainly related to the accuracy of the marginal distribution of precipitation. The copula‐based derivation approach can also be used in ungauged watersheds where the distribution ofat the local site is estimated from the regional information of thevariable, and it also has acceptable performance in most watersheds, while poor performance is observed in a few watersheds with low accuracy in the Budyko formula.
Trends in water balance components across the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Oliveira Paulo Tarso S. , Nearing Mark A. , Moran M. Susan , Goodrich David C. , Wendland Edson , Gupta Hoshin V.
Published: August 2014

We assess the water balance of the Brazilian Cerrado based on remotely sensed estimates of precipitation (TRMM), evapotranspiration (MOD16), and terrestrial water storage (GRACE) for the period from 2003 to 2010. Uncertainties for each remotely sensed data set were computed, the budget closure was evaluated using measured discharge data for the three largest river basins in the Cerrado, and the Mann‐Kendall test was used to evaluate temporal trends in the water balance components and measured river discharge. The results indicate an overestimation of discharge data, due mainly to the overestimation of rainfall by TRMM version 6. However, better results were obtained when the new release of TRMM 3B42 v7 was used instead. Our results suggest that there have been (a) significant increases in average annual evapotranspiration over the entire Cerrado of 51 ± 15 mm yr−1, (b) terrestrial water storage increases of 11 ± 6 mm yr−1 in the northeast region of the Brazilian Cerrado, and (c) runoff decreases of 72 ± 11 mm yr−1 in isolated spots and in the western part of the State of Mato Grosso. Although complete water budget closure from remote sensing remains a significant challenge due to uncertainties in the data, it provides a useful way to evaluate trends in major water balance components over large regions, identify dry periods, and assess changes in water balance due to land cover and land use change.
Reconceptualizing the Role of Infrastructure in Resilience
Authors: Kenney Melissa A. , Hamin Elisabeth M. , Sheahan Thomas C.
Published: August 2014

The Sustainable Adaptive Gradients in the Coastal Environment (SAGE) research collaboration network is composed of U.S., Caribbean, and European engineers, geoscientists, ecologists, social scientists, planners, and policy makers. The goal of SAGE is to establish international, cross‐disciplinary networks of researchers working on resilient coastal infrastructure (gray, green, and cultural), with a focus on understanding how varying coastal characteristics contribute toward resilient adaptation strategies (funded under National Science Foundation grant ICER‐1338767).
Linear weakening of the AMOC in response to receding glacial ice sheets in CCSM3
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Liu Zhengyu , Zhang Xu , Eisenman Ian , Liu Wei
Published: August 2014

The transient response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to a deglacial ice sheet retreat is studied using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), with a focus on orographic effects rather than meltwater discharge. It is found that the AMOC weakens significantly (41%) in response to the deglacial ice sheet retreat. The AMOC weakening follows the decrease of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet volume linearly, with no evidence of abrupt thresholds. A wind‐driven mechanism is proposed to explain the weakening of the AMOC: lowering the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets induces a northward shift of the westerlies, which causes a rapid eastward sea ice transport and expanded sea ice cover over the subpolar North Atlantic; this expanded sea ice insulates the ocean from heat loss and leads to suppressed deep convection and a weakened AMOC. A sea ice‐ocean positive feedback could be further established between the AMOC decrease and sea ice expansion.
Recent Arctic Ocean sea ice loss triggers novel fall phytoplankton blooms
Authors: Ardyna Mathieu , Babin Marcel , Gosselin Michel , Devred Emmanuel , Rainville Luc , Tremblay Jean‐Éric
Published: August 2014

Recent receding of the ice pack allows more sunlight to penetrate into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing productivity of a single annual phytoplankton bloom. Increasing river runoff may, however, enhance the yet pronounced upper ocean stratification and prevent any significant wind‐driven vertical mixing and upward supply of nutrients, counteracting the additional light available to phytoplankton. Vertical mixing of the upper ocean is the key process that will determine the fate of marine Arctic ecosystems. Here we reveal an unexpected consequence of the Arctic ice loss: regions are now developing a second bloom in the fall, which coincides with delayed freezeup and increased exposure of the sea surface to wind stress. This implies that wind‐driven vertical mixing during fall is indeed significant, at least enough to promote further primary production. The Arctic Ocean seems to be experiencing a fundamental shift from a polar to a temperate mode, which is likely to alter the marine ecosystem.
An assessment of the role of soft electron precipitation in global ion upwelling
Authors: Redmon Robert J. , Peterson W. K. , Andersson Laila , Richards Philip G. , Yau A. W.
Published: August 2014

The role of electron precipitation in the auroral zone in driving thermal O+ upwelling is explored by comparison of observations and model results. Previous reports have shown how the ambiguities of such an assessment can be reduced when the problem is addressed in dynamic boundary‐related coordinates. Upwelling ion data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites are compared using a modeling framework based on the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) ionospheric model. We focus on geomagnetically quiet intervals, that is, nonstorm times with Dst > −50 nT. We find that low‐energy (<100 eV) electrons are a significant driver of O+ upwelling on the nightside, particularly in the 2100 magnetic local time sector. Our analysis suggests that DMSP electron observations and electron precipitation models derived from them significantly underestimate the actual flux of soft (i.e., <100 eV) electrons.
Classification of fast flows in central plasma sheet: Superposed epoch analysis based on THEMIS observations
Authors: Li H. , Wang C. , Fu S. Y.
Published: August 2014

A statistical survey of 560 fast flows in midnight central plasma sheet is performed based on Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations during its first two tail phases. From superposed epoch analysis, no significant substorm activities are found to be associated with the occurrence of fast flows beyond X=−15 Re. Considering the associations with substorm activities, the fast flows inside of X=−15 Re can be classified into two obvious classes: short duration (< 2.0 min) and long duration (> 4.0 min). Substorm breakups are shown to be more closely correlated to short‐duration fast flows. Furthermore, the onset of short‐duration fast flows in the dipolarization region (X=−9 to −11 Re) is almost simultaneous with the onset of substorm breakups and dipolarizations. On the other hand, time delays of 2–4 min are both found in the near‐Earth region (X=−7 to −9 Re) and in the near‐tail region (X=−11 to −15 Re). Assuming that short‐duration fast flows are generated by the force imbalance caused by cross‐tail current disruption, these features are consistent with the predictions made by the cowling electrojet current loop and the cross‐tail current disruption substorm models. In comparison, although more magnetic flux is transported toward Earth for long‐duration fast flows, no clear substorm breakup is closely associated with them. The analysis of 2‐D ion velocity distribution further shows some differences. For short‐duration fast flows, multiple crescent‐shaped ion populations are found. However, for long‐duration fast flows, there exists only a single crescent‐shaped ion population. The difference may be an important signature for distinguishing these two classes of fast flows.
Southern Ocean CO2 sink: The contribution of the sea ice
Authors: Delille Bruno , Vancoppenolle Martin , Geilfus Nicolas‐Xavier , Tilbrook Bronte , Lannuzel Delphine , Schoemann Véronique , Becquevort Sylvie , Carnat Gauthier , Delille Daniel , Lancelot Christiane , Chou Lei , Dieckmann Gerhard S. , Tison Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2014

We report first direct measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) within Antarctic pack sea ice brines and related CO2 fluxes across the air‐ice interface. From late winter to summer, brines encased in the ice change from a CO2 large oversaturation, relative to the atmosphere, to a marked undersaturation while the underlying oceanic waters remains slightly oversaturated. The decrease from winter to summer of pCO2 in the brines is driven by dilution with melting ice, dissolution of carbonate crystals, and net primary production. As the ice warms, its permeability increases, allowing CO2 transfer at the air‐sea ice interface. The sea ice changes from a transient source to a sink for atmospheric CO2. We upscale these observations to the whole Antarctic sea ice cover using the NEMO‐LIM3 large‐scale sea ice‐ocean and provide first estimates of spring and summer CO2 uptake from the atmosphere by Antarctic sea ice. Over the spring‐summer period, the Antarctic sea ice cover is a net sink of atmospheric CO2 of 0.029 Pg C, about 58% of the estimated annual uptake from the Southern Ocean. Sea ice then contributes significantly to the sink of CO2 of the Southern Ocean.
Bayesian methods for time‐varying state and parameter estimation in induction machines
Authors: Mansouri Majdi M. , Mohamed‐Seghir Moustafa M. , Nounou Hazem N. , Nounou Mohamed N. , Abu‐Rub Haitham A.
Published: August 2014

This paper addresses the problem of nonlinear time‐varying state and parameter estimation of induction machines (IMs) on the basis of a third‐order electrical model. The objectives of this paper are threefold. The first objective is to propose the use of an improved particle filter (IPF) with better proposal distribution for nonlinear and non‐Gaussian state and parameter estimation. The second objective is to extend the state and parameter estimation techniques (i.e., extended Kalman filter (EKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), particle filter (PF), and IPF) to better handle nonlinear and non‐Gaussian processes without a priori state information, by utilizing a time‐varying assumption of statistical parameters. In this case, the state vector to be estimated at any instant is assumed to follow a Gaussian model, where the expectation and the covariance matrix are both random. The third objective is to compare the performances of EKF, UKF, PF, and IPF in estimating the states of the power process model representing the IM (i.e, the rotor speed, the rotor flux, the stator flux, the rotor resistance, and the magnetizing inductance) and their abilities to estimate some of the key system parameters, which are needed to define the IM process model. The results show that the IPF provides a significant improvement over the PF because, unlike the PF, which depends on the choice of sampling distribution used to estimate the posterior distribution, the IPF yields an optimum choice of the sampling distribution, which also accounts for the observed data. This conclusion is also supported by the experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementary Co‐assembling Peptides: From In Silico Studies to In Vivo Application
Authors: Raspa Andrea , Saracino Gloria A. A. , Pugliese Raffaele , Silva Diego , Cigognini Daniela , Vescovi Angelo , Gelain Fabrizio
Published: August 2014

Self‐assembling biomaterials offer an unprecedented chance of successfully facing most of the challenges of various biomedical fields, and, in particular, of tissue engineering. Nonetheless co‐assembling peptides (CAPs), taking advantage of the theory and empirical findings developed for self‐assembling peptides, could provide an even better control over cell cultures, drug delivery, and transplantation therapies. This study follows a “full” bottom‐up approach to develop new CAPs for neural tissue engineering applications. After molecular aggregation analysis via coarse‐grained simulations, LKLK12, LDLD12, and the functionalized KLPGWSG‐LDLD12 CAPs are synthesized and characterized assessing their co‐assembled secondary structures, the biomechanical properties of the obtained hydrogels, and the morphological features of the assembled nanofibers. The biological influence on viability and differentiation of human and murine neural stem cells are tested in vitro and neuroregenerative potentials in complete spinal cord transections are verified in vivo. Upon mixing of CAPs, the spontaneous formation of double layers of β‐sheets with a high degree of integration of the two CAP species is demonstrated. The formation of entangled nanofibrous structures give rise to shear‐thinning hydrogels. The in vitro results are comparable to a standard state‐of‐the‐art cell culture substrate and nervous regeneration in vivo is enhanced.
Highly Uniform Trilayer Molybdenum Disulfide for Wafer‐Scale Device Fabrication
Authors: Tarasov Alexey , Campbell Philip M. , Tsai Meng‐Yen , Hesabi Zohreh R. , Feirer Janine , Graham Samuel , Ready W. Jud , Vogel Eric M.
Published: August 2014

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a layered semiconducting material with a tunable bandgap that is promising for the next generation nanoelectronics as a substitute for graphene or silicon. Despite recent progress, the synthesis of high‐quality and highly uniform MoS2 on a large scale is still a challenge. In this work, a temperature‐dependent synthesis study of large‐area MoS2 by direct sulfurization of evaporated Mo thin films on SiO2 is presented. A variety of physical characterization techniques is employed to investigate the structural quality of the material. The film quality is shown to be similar to geological MoS2, if synthesized at sufficiently high temperatures (1050 °C). In addition, a highly uniform growth of trilayer MoS2 with an unprecedented uniformity of ±0.07 nm over a large area (> 10 cm2) is achieved. These films are used to fabricate field‐effect transistors following a straightforward wafer‐scale UV lithography process. The intrinsic field‐effect mobility is estimated to be about cm2 V–1 s–1 and compared to previous studies. These results represent a significant step towards application of MoS2 in nanoelectronics and sensing.
Invisible Photonic Prints Shown by Deformation
Authors: Ye Siyun , Fu Qianqian , Ge Jianping
Published: August 2014

Invisible photonic prints shown by deformation are prepared by soaking the mechanochromic photonic paper with crosslinker (PEGDA) and subsequently crosslinking part of the paper through a photo lithography process. The key point of this new technique is creating patterns and background with very close photonic structures but different mechanochromic capabilities, so that the invisible photonic patterns in relaxed state can be revealed under deformation due to the nonuniform change in photonic structure. Based on the relationship between crosslinking level and the reflection changes during deformation, one can conclude that a low crosslinking level favors the hiding of invisible patterns and a high crosslinking level favors the showing of patterns. The as‐prepared samples can instantly and reversibly show the patterns by deformation and hide them by relaxation for many times, and the encapsulation by PDMS rubber prolongs its life time and enhances its durability in practical usages. The current printing technique is capable of creating invisible photonic prints in both macroscale and microscale range, which makes them potentially useful for security and antifraud applications in daily life.
Free‐Standing, Single‐Crystalline Parallelogram Sb Shallow‐Doped ZnO Wave‐Guided Optical Resonators
Authors: Liu Yang , Dong Hongxing , Lu Jian , Zhan Jingxin , Li Jingzhou , Chen Zhanghai , Zhang Long
Published: August 2014

Single‐crystalline Sb shallow‐doped ZnO microwire wave‐guided optical resonators are synthesized via a simple carbothermal reduction method. The formation of the ZnO wave‐guided microcavities are investigated systematically, and the Sb film formed on the substrate is confirmed to be the critical factor in crystal growth. The optical signals of the annealed ZnO microcavities induced by the Sb related acceptor defects are clarified through a low‐temperature spectrum detection technology. Excitation power and temperature dependence of UV lasing properties of the ZnO microcavities annealed in different atmospheres are studied. The results reveal that such high‐quality Sb shallow‐doped ZnO wave‐guided microcavities have excellent optical responses and a strong light‐field regulation capability, which would greatly promote the development of ZnO cavity‐based photoelectronic devices.
Eco‐Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbamates/Dithiocarbonimidates from Cyclic Carbonates/Trithiocarbonate and Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by Ionic Liquid BmimOAc
Authors: Wang Binshen , Yang Sijuan , Min Lijun , Gu Yanlong , Zhang Yongya , Wu Xiaopei , Zhang Lifeng , Elageed Elnazeer H. M. , Wu Shi , Gao Guohua
Published: August 2014

We have investigated the reactions of cyclic carbonates/trithiocarbonate and aromatic amines in the presence of a basic ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc), which produced various cyclic carbamates/dithiocarbonimidates in fairly good to excellent yields. The use of BmimOAc as catalyst here not only offers an effective approach to the synthesis of the target compounds, but also avoids the use of conventional toxic materials. By means of the reactions of cyclic carbonates and aromatic amines, 3‐aryloxazolidin‐2‐ones, 3,3′‐aryldioxazolidin‐2‐ones and 3‐aryl[1,3]oxazinan‐2‐ones could be synthesized. NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations revealed that both the cation and the anion of BmimOAc activate cooperatively the substrates in these reactions by means of inducing hydrogen bonding. In addition, condensation reactions of ethylene trithiocarbonate and aromatic amines also proceeded very well in the presence of the BmimOAc catalyst, which opened a hitherto unreported route to [1,3]dithiolan‐2‐ylidene‐arylamine derivatives in a straightforward way.

magnified image
Family based genome‐wide copy number scan identifies complex rearrangements at 17q21.31 in dyslexics
Authors: Veerappa Avinash M. , Saldanha Marita , Padakannaya Prakash , Ramachandra Nallur B.
Published: August 2014

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a complex heritable disorder with unexpected difficulty in learning to read and spell despite adequate intelligence, education, environment, and normal senses. We performed genome‐wide screening for copy number variations (CNVs) in 10 large Indian dyslexic families using Affymetrix Genome‐Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. Results revealed the complex genomic rearrangements due to one non‐contiguous deletion and five contiguous micro duplications and micro deletions at 17q21.31 region in three dyslexic families. CNVs in this region harbor the genes KIAA1267, LRRC37A, ARL17A/B, NSFP1, and NSF. The CNVs in case 1 and case 2 at this locus were found to be in homozygous state and case 3 was a de novo CNV. These CNVs were found with at least one CNV having a common break and end points in the parents. This cluster of genes containing NSF is implicated in learning, cognition, and memory, though not formally associated with dyslexia. Molecular network analysis of these and other dyslexia related module genes suggests NSF and other genes to be associated with cellular/vesicular membrane fusion and synaptic transmission. Thus, we suggest that NSF in this cluster would be the nearest gene responsible for the learning disability phenotype. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Communication: Calculating hominin and nonhuman anthropoid femoral head diameter from acetabular size
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael , Hammond Ashley S. , Ward Carol V.
Published: August 2014

Femoral head size provides important information on body size in extinct species. Although it is well‐known that femoral head size is correlated with acetabular size, the precision with which femoral head size can be estimated from acetabular size has not been quantified. The availability of accurate 3D surface models of fossil acetabular remains opens the possibility of obtaining accurate estimates of femoral head size from even fragmentary fossil remains [Hammond et al.,: Am J Phys Anthropol 150 (2013) 565–578]. Here we evaluate the relationship between spheres fit to surface models of the femoral head and acetabulum of a large sample of extant anthropoid primates. Sphere diameters are tightly correlated and scale isometrically. In spite of significant taxonomic and possibly functional differences in the relationship between femoral head size and acetabulum size, percent prediction errors of estimated femoral head size remain low regardless of the taxonomic composition of the reference sample. We provide estimates of femoral head size for a series of fossil hominins and monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:469–475, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconciling “stress” and “health” in physical anthropology: What can bioarchaeologists learn from the other subdisciplines?
Authors: Reitsema Laurie J. , McIlvaine Britney Kyle
Published: August 2014

The concepts of “stress” and “health” are foundational in physical anthropology as guidelines for interpreting human behavior and biocultural adaptation in the past and present. Though related, stress and health are not coterminous, and while the term “health” encompasses some aspects of “stress,” health refers to a more holistic condition beyond just physiological disruption, and is of considerable significance in contributing to anthropologists' understanding of humanity's lived experiences. Bioarchaeological interpretations of human health generally are made from datasets consisting of skeletal markers of stress, markers that result from (chronic) physiological disruption (e.g., porotic hyperostosis; linear enamel hypoplasia). Non‐specific indicators of stress may measure episodes of stress and indicate that infection, disease, or nutritional deficiencies were present in a population, but in assessing these markers, bioarchaeologists are not measuring “health” in the same way as are human biologists, medical anthropologists, or primatologists. Rather than continue to diverge on separate (albeit parallel) trajectories, bioarchaeologists are advised to pursue interlinkages with other subfields within physical anthropology toward bridging “stress” and “health.” The papers in this special symposium set include bioarchaeologists, human biologists, molecular anthropologists, and primatologists whose research develops this link between the concepts of “stress” and “health,” encouraging new avenues for bioarchaeologists to consider and reconsider health in past human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:181–185, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fortschritt in Richtung bioorthogonaler Katalyse mit Organometallverbindungen
Authors: Völker Timo , Dempwolff Felix , Graumann Peter L. , Meggers Eric
Published: August 2014

Die Katalyse von bioorthogonalen Transformationen in Lebewesen ist eine enorme Herausforderung – allerdings birgt sie auch großes Potenzial für zukünftige Anwendungen. Wir berichten hier über Rutheniumkomplexe, die in der bioorthogonalen Katalyse unter biologisch relevanten Bedingungen und in lebenden Zellen eingesetzt werden können. Die Katalysatoren aktivieren Allylcarbamat‐geschützte Amine mit bisher unerreicht hoher Aktivität (270 Zyklen) in Gegenwart von Wasser, Luft und millimolaren Thiolkonzentrationen. Durch Fluoreszenzmikroskopie lebender HeLa‐Zellen und mithilfe einer aktivierbaren Fluoreszenzsonde konnten wir eine intensive Fluoreszenzentwicklung im Zytoplasma nachweisen und damit die vermutete Bioorthogonalität der Katalysatoren bekräftigen. Zur Illustration der möglichen Anwendungsbreite bioorthogonaler Organometallkatalyse entwickelten wir eine Methode zur intrazellulären, katalytischen Aktivierung einer Zytostatikavorstufe, welche die Apoptose effizient einleitete.
Palladium‐Templated Subcomponent Self‐Assembly of Macrocycles, Catenanes, and Rotaxanes
Authors: Browne Colm , Ronson Tanya K. , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: August 2014

The reaction of 2,6‐diformylpyridine with diverse amines and PdIIions gave rise to a variety of metallosupramolecular species, in which the PdIIion is observed to template a tridentate bis(imino)pyridine ligand. These species included a mononuclear complex as well as [2+2] and [3+3] macrocycles. The addition of pyridine‐containing macrocyclic capping ligands allows for topological complexity to arise, thereby enabling the straightforward preparation of structures that include a [2]catenane, a [2]rotaxane, and a doubly threaded [3]rotaxane.
Chiral Amine Synthesis Using ω‐Transaminases: An Amine Donor that Displaces Equilibria and Enables High‐Throughput Screening
Authors: Green Anthony P. , Turner Nicholas J. , O'Reilly Elaine
Published: August 2014

The widespread application of ω‐transaminases as biocatalysts for chiral amine synthesis has been hampered by fundamental challenges, including unfavorable equilibrium positions and product inhibition. Herein, an efficient process that allows reactions to proceed in high conversion in the absence of by‐product removal using only one equivalent of a diamine donor (ortho‐xylylenediamine) is reported. This operationally simple method is compatible with the most widely used (R)‐ and (S)‐selective ω‐TAs and is particularly suitable for the conversion of substrates with unfavorable equilibrium positions (e.g., 1‐indanone). Significantly, spontaneous polymerization of the isoindole by‐product generates colored derivatives, providing a high‐throughput screening platform to identify desired ω‐TA activity.
Kontrollierte Herstellung von Planet‐Satellit‐Nanostrukturen durch RAFT‐Sternpolymere
Authors: Rossner Christian , Vana Philipp
Published: August 2014

Die Untersuchung und Anwendung komplexer Nanostrukturen setzt die Fähigkeit voraus, verschiedene Einheiten hierarchisch auf der Nanometerskala anzuordnen. In dieser Studie beschreiben wir eine Herstellungsmethode für Planet‐Satellit‐Strukturen vermittelt durch RAFT‐Polymere. Die vorgestellte Strategie beruht auf Sternpolymeren mit Trithiocarbonat‐Endgruppen auf deren Außenseite, welche eine Affinität zu Goldoberflächen aufweisen und somit das Polymer zu einem Verknüpfer (größerer) Goldnanopartikel‐Planeten und (kleinerer) Goldnanopartikel‐Satelliten machen. Die gezielte Einstellung der Molmasse dieser Sternpolymere ermöglicht die Herstellung von Nanostrukturen mit definierten Planet‐Satellit‐Abständen, was durch Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie gezeigt wurde. Die vorgestellte Methode stellt einen einfachen Weg zu multivalenten Goldnanopartikelgerüstarchitekturen mit Funktionalitäten bei festgelegten Abständen vom zentralen Kern dar.
Brief Report: Identification of a Pathogenic Variant in TREX1 in Early‐Onset Cerebral Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Whole‐Exome Sequencing
Authors: Ellyard Julia I. , Jerjen Rebekka , Martin Jaime L. , Lee Adrian Y. S. , Field Matthew A. , Jiang Simon H. , Cappello Jean , Naumann Svenja K. , Andrews T. Daniel , Scott Hamish S. , Casarotto Marco G. , Goodnow Christopher C. , Chaitow Jeffrey , Pascual Virginia , Hertzog Paul , Alexander Stephen I. , Cook Matthew C. , Vinuesa Carola G.
Published: August 2014

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic and heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Both twin and sibling studies indicate a strong genetic contribution to lupus, but in the majority of cases the pathogenic variant remains to be identified. The genetic contribution to disease is likely to be greatest in cases with early onset and severe phenotypes. Whole‐exome sequencing now offers the possibility of identifying rare alleles responsible for disease in such cases. This study was undertaken to identify genetic causes of SLE using whole‐exome sequencing.

Methods

We performed whole‐exome sequencing in a 4‐year‐old girl with early‐onset SLE and conducted biochemical analysis of the putative defect.

Results

Whole‐exome sequencing in a 4‐year‐old girl with cerebral lupus identified a rare, homozygous mutation in the three prime repair exonuclease 1 gene (TREX1) that was predicted to be highly deleterious. The TREX1 R97H mutant protein had a 20‐fold reduction in exonuclease activity and was associated with an elevated interferon‐α (IFNα) signature in the patient. The discovery and characterization of a pathogenic TREX1 variant in our proband has therapeutic implications. The patient is now a candidate for neutralizing anti‐IFNα therapy.

Conclusion

Our study is the first to demonstrate that whole‐exome sequencing can be used to identify rare or novel deleterious variants as genetic causes of SLE and, through a personalized approach, improve therapeutic options.
Acid‐Promoted Chemoselective Introduction of Amide Functionality onto Aromatic Compounds Mediated by an Isocyanate Cation Generated from Carbamate
Authors: Sumita Akinari , Kurouchi Hiroaki , Otani Yuko , Ohwada Tomohiko
Published: August 2014

Carbamates have been used as precursors of isocyanates, but heating in the presence of strong acids is required because cleavage of the CO bond in carbamates is energy‐demanding even in acid media. Direct amidation of aromatic compounds by isocyanate cations generated at room temperature from carbamoyl salicylates in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) was examined. Carbamates with ortho‐salicylate as an ether group (carbamoyl salicylates) showed dramatically accelerated OC bond dissociation in TfOH, which resulted in facile generation of the isocyanate cation. These chemoselective intermolecular aromatic amidation reactions proceeded even at room temperature and showed good compatibility with other electrophilic functionalities and high discrimination between N‐monosubstituted carbamate and N,N‐disubstituted carbamate. The reaction rates of secondary and tertiary amide formation were markedly different, and this difference was utilized to achieve successive (tandem) amidation reactions of molecules with an N‐monosubstituted carbamate and an N,N‐disubstituted carbamate with two kinds of aromatic compounds.
DNA replication timing: Coordinating genome stability with genome regulation on the X chromosome and beyond
Authors: Koren Amnon
Published: August 2014

Recent studies based on next‐generation DNA sequencing have revealed that the female inactive X chromosome is replicated in a rapid, unorganized manner, and undergoes increased rates of mutation. These observations link the organization of DNA replication timing to gene regulation on one hand, and to the generation of mutations on the other hand. More generally, the exceptional biology of the inactive X chromosome highlights general principles of genome replication. Cells may control replication timing by a combination of intrinsic replication origin properties, local chromatin states and global levels of replication factors, leading to a functional separation between the activity of genes and their mutation.
Morphometric analysis and lymph node yield in laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision performed by supervised trainees
Authors: West N P , Kennedy R H , Magro T , Luglio G , Sala S , Jenkins J T , Quirke P
Published: August 2014

Background

Complete mesocolic excision with central vascular ligation (CME) produces an optimal colonic cancer specimen. The ability of expert laparoscopic surgeons to produce equivalent specimens is unknown.

Methods

Fresh specimen photographs and clinicopathological data from patients undergoing laparoscopically assisted CME at St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, were submitted for independent pathological review. Surgery was performed by a mixture of consultant specialists and trainees under consultant specialist supervision, between February 2010 and July 2011. The planes of surgery were graded and tissue morphometry was performed using standard methods. The results were compared with published data from open CME and non-CME surgery.

Results

In total, 69 patients were identified, and in 96 per cent resection was performed completely or partially by surgical trainees. Laparoscopic CME produced a similar specimen to open CME. The laparoscopic mesocolic plane resection rate was similar to that for open surgery (90 versus 88 per cent). The distance between the bowel wall and site of vascular division was similar for laparoscopic and open right-sided CME (92 versus 95 mm respectively). The corresponding values for left-sided CME were also similar (103 versus 107 mm). Compared with values from two non-CME series, laparoscopic CME had a higher mesocolic plane rate (90 versus 40 and 48 per cent), and resected more tissue between the bowel wall and the vascular division (right-sided: 92 versus 72 and 76 mm; left-sided: 103 versus 85 and 70 mm). The lymph node yield remained low following laparoscopic CME compared with open CME (median 18 versus 32; P < 0·001) and identical to that of non-CME surgery (median 18).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic CME can be performed to the same standard as open surgery by supervised trainees. However, this did not increase the lymph node yield.