bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parenting and child behaviour problems: a longitudinal analysis of non‐shared environment
Authors: Mullineaux Paula Y. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Petrill Stephen A. , Thompson Lee A.
Published: January 2009

This study examined potential non‐shared environmental processes in middle childhood by estimating statistical associations between monozygotic (MZ) twin differences in externalizing and internalizing problems and positive social engagement, and differential maternal positivity and negativity, over 1 year. Seventy‐seven pairs of identical twins participated (M=6.08‐years old, 65% male) in two annual home visits. Observers' ratings and maternal reports were gathered. At both assessments, the twin who showed more conduct problems (maternal report and observers' ratings) and less positive social engagement (positive affect, responsiveness) received more maternal negativity and less maternal warmth (self‐reports and observers' ratings), relative to his or her genetically identical co‐twin. The same patterns held over time, for the associations between change in differential MZ twin conduct problems and social engagement and change in differential maternal behaviour. Effects for child internalizing problems were not consistent within or across raters. Overall, these results indicated that differential maternal warmth and negativity—self‐perceived and observed by others—are important aspects of sibling differentiation for both problematic and adaptive behaviours during middle childhood. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in cry acoustics and distress ratings while the infant is crying
Authors: Wood Rebecca M.
Published: January 2009

Acoustics and distress ratings were examined during four minutes of naturally occurring crying from 20 healthy, 1‐month‐old infants. Two listeners made continuous judgements of infant distress during every 10‐s segment of each cry sample. Dysphonation, number of wails, and pause duration were related to distress ratings across the 4 min of crying. Means and variances of ratings and acoustics, and the predictive value of each acoustic variable to ratings, differed in the first and second halves of the samples. Differences in the pattern of results occurred for individual infants. The results highlight the importance of studying the cry as a dynamic acoustic signal that may provide unique information about an individual infant's level of distress. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is prior performance priced through closed‐end fund discounts?
Authors: Bleaney Michael , Todd Smith R.
Published: January 2009

In open‐end mutual funds (unit trusts), there is a strong positive cross‐sectional relationship between net inflows to individual funds and past performance, as if investors attributed performance to managerial skill. Performance shows only very weak persistence, however, so at first sight investors do not appear to gain anything by responding to past performance information. This behaviour can be explained by the fact that past performance is effectively unpriced in the unit trust market, since management fees are unresponsive to demand. If investors believe that there is a non‐zero probability that future performance will turn out to be positively correlated with past performance (i.e. that there is an element of managerial skill in performance), but a zero probability that this correlation will be negative, it is rational to prefer funds with better past performance when performance is not priced. In other words, it costs nothing to insure against the possibility of some managerial skill effect.

If this explanation of the flow–performance relationship in unit trusts is correct, one would expect the relationship between investor demand and past fund performance to be much weaker if past performance were to be priced. We test this hypothesis in the market for closed‐end funds (investment trusts). Because closed‐end funds do not trade at net asset value, but at a price determined in the market, strong demand will raise the ratio of price to net asset value (known as the premium). Since it is well established that premiums are mean‐reverting, future shareholder returns on funds currently on high premiums tend to be depressed by the reversion of the premium to the mean. In the closed‐end fund market, as for open‐end funds, there is little evidence of performance persistence, and therefore, to the extent that funds with good past performance are pushed to higher premiums, the expected return on them is less than on the average fund. This implicit pricing mechanism should mean that demand is a declining function of the premium, so that, even if demand is an increasing function of past performance for a given premium, any effect on the premium itself will be muted.

We test this hypothesis for closed‐end funds traded in the US and the UK. We find that there is a statistically significant effect of past performance on the premium in both countries. However, consistent with the hypothesis, it has limited economic significance, since it represents only a small component of premium variability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Raman spectroscopy for cervical dysplasia diagnosis
Authors: Kanter Elizabeth M. , Vargis Elizabeth , Majumder Shovan , Keller Matthew D. , Woeste Emily , Rao Gautam G. , Mahadevan‐Jansen Anita
Published: January 2009

Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy among women worldwide, with over 490 000 cases diagnosed and 274 000 deaths each year. Although current screening methods have dramatically reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality in developed countries, a “See and Treat” method would be preferred, especially in developing countries. Results from our previous work have suggested that Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect cervical precancers; however, with a classification accuracy of 88%, it was not clinically applicable. In this paper, we describe how incorporating a woman's hormonal status, particularly the point in menstrual cycle and menopausal state, into our previously developed classification algorithm improves the accuracy of our method to 94%. The results of this paper bring Raman spectroscopy one step closer to being utilized in a clinical setting to diagnose cervical dysplasia. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Large‐volume‐apheresis facilitates autologous transplantation of hematopoietic progenitors in poor mobilizer patients
Authors: Majado Maria Juliana , Minguela Alfredo , González‐García Consuelo , Salido Eduardo , Blanquer Miguel , Funes Consuelo , Insausti Carmen Luisa , García‐Hernández Ana María , Moraleda José María , Morales Alfonso
Published: January 2009

Given that pre‐apheresis CD34+ cell count (PA‐CD34) predicts the apheresis' yield, a minimum of 5 to 20 PA‐CD34/μl is required in many institutions to initiate cell collection. The aim of this study was to clarify whether large‐volume‐apheresis (LVA) could facilitate progenitor cell transplantation in patients with low PA‐CD34. Apheresis was initiated in 226 patients, disregarding PA‐CD34, at days: +5 in G‐CSF, +10 in cyclophosphamide+G‐CSF, and +15 to +20 in other chemotherapy+G‐CSF mobilization, when leucocytes >2.5 × 109/L. Four times the blood volume was processed. Patients were grouped according to their PA‐CD34: ≥10/μl (group‐A, n = 143); <10/μl but ≥5/μl (group‐B, n = 40) and <5/μl (group‐C, n = 43). No differences were found in diagnoses, gender, age, previous treatments or mobilization regimen between groups. Enough CD34+ cells (>1.9 × 106/kg) were obtained in 31 patients (72%) from group‐C, although in this group two mobilizations were needed in 20 patients (46.5%), compared to 5 (3.5%) and 1 (2.5%) in groups A and B, respectively (P < 0.01). Evenly three apheresis or more were required in 28 patients (65.1%) from group‐C, compared to 8 (5.6%) and 6 (15.0%) in groups A and B, respectively (P < 0.01). In conclusion LVA can facilitate autologous transplantation in poor‐mobilizer‐patients, low PA‐CD34 should not be an inflexible exclusion factor. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostate cancer promotes CD11b positive cells to differentiate into osteoclasts
Authors: Mizutani Kosuke , Sud Sudha , Pienta Kenneth J
Published: January 2009

Bone is the preferred site of prostate cancer metastasis, contributing to the morbidity and mortality of this disease. A key step in the successful establishment of prostate cancer bone metastases is activation of osteoclasts with subsequent bone resorption causing the release of several growth factors from the bone matrix. CD11b+ cells in bone marrow are enriched for osteoclast precursors. Conditioned media from prostate cancer PC‐3 cells induces CD11b+ cells from human peripheral blood to differentiate into functional osteoclasts with subsequent bone resorption. Analysis of PC‐3 conditioned media revealed high amounts of IL‐6 and IL‐8. CD11b+ cells were cultured with M‐CSF and RANKL, IL‐6, IL‐8, and CCL2, alone or in combination. All of these conditions induced osteoclast fusion, but cells cultured with M‐CSF, IL‐6, IL‐8, and CCL2 were capable of limited bone resorption. Co‐incubation with IL‐6 and IL‐8 and the RANK inhibitor, RANK‐Fc, failed to inhibit osteoclast fusion and bone resorption, suggesting a potential RANKL‐independent mechanism of functional osteoclast formation. This study demonstrates that functional osteoclasts can be derived from CD11b+ cells derived from human PBMCs. Prostate cancer cells secrete factors, including IL‐6 and IL‐8, that play an important role in osteoclast fusion by a RANKL‐independent mechanism. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 563–569, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of lymphatic vessel phenotype in LYVE‐1/CD44 double knockout mice
Authors: Luong Mai X. , Tam Joshua , Lin Qingcong , Hagendoorn Jeroen , Moore Kathryn J. , Padera Timothy P. , Seed Brian , Fukumura Dai , Kucherlapati Raju , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: January 2009

Lymphatic vessels play a key role in maintaining tissue‐fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and metastasis. The hyaluronan receptor, LYVE‐1, is widely used as a molecular marker for adult and embryonic lymphatic endothelium, but its physiological functions have not yet been established in vivo. In agreement with a recent report, LYVE‐1−/− mice, which are healthy and fertile, do not display any defects related to congenital abnormalities of the lymphatic system. One hypothesis for the absence of a phenotype in LYVE‐1 null mice is that other hyaluronan receptors, such as CD44, may compensate for LYVE‐1. To test this hypothesis, we created LYVE‐1/CD44 double knockout mice with appropriate littermate controls. Lymphatic vessel structure and function, as determined by histological methods and intravital microscopy, show that LYVE‐1−/−, CD44−/− and LYVE‐1−/−/CD44−/− mice are indistinguishable from wild‐type mice under normal conditions. Furthermore, resolution of carrageenan‐induced paw edema is comparable in all genotypes. However, LYVE‐1−/−/CD44−/− mice exhibit increased edema formation in a carrageenan‐induced paw inflammation model compared to wild‐type mice, but not to LYVE−/− or CD44−/− mice. These data suggest that LYVE‐1 and CD44 are not required for the formation or function of lymphatics, but do not rule out a role for LYVE‐1 in inflammation. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 430–437, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phytoestrogens regulate mRNA and protein levels of guanine nucleotide‐binding protein, beta‐1 subunit (GNB1) in MCF‐7 cells
Authors: Naragoni Srivatcha , Sankella Shireesha , Harris Kinesha , Gray Wesley G.
Published: January 2009

Phytoestrogens (PEs) are non‐steroidal ligands, which regulate the expression of number of estrogen receptor‐dependent genes responsible for a variety of biological processes. Deciphering the molecular mechanism of action of these compounds is of great importance because it would increase our understanding of the role(s) these bioactive chemicals play in prevention and treatment of estrogen‐based diseases. In this study, we applied suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify genes that are regulated by PEs through either the classic nuclear‐based estrogen receptor or membrane‐based estrogen receptor pathways. SSH, using mRNA from genistein (GE) treated MCF‐7 cells as testers, resulted in a significant increase in GNB1 mRNA expression levels as compared with 10 nM 17β estradiol or the no treatment control. GNB1 mRNA expression was up regulated two‐ to fivefold following exposure to 100.0 nM GE. Similarly, GNB1 protein expression was up regulated 12‐ to 14‐fold. GE regulation of GNB1 was estrogen receptor‐dependent, in the presence of the anti‐estrogen ICI‐182,780, both GNB1 mRNA and protein expression were inhibited. Analysis of the GNB1 promoter using ChIP assay showed a PE‐dependent association of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ) to the GNB1 promoter. This association was specific for ERα since association was not observed when the cells were co‐incubated with GE and the ERα antagonist, ICI. Our data demonstrate that the levels of G‐protein, beta‐1 subunit are regulated by PEs through an estrogen receptor pathway and further suggest that PEs may control the ratio of α‐subunit to β/γ‐subunits of the G‐protein complex in cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 584–594, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretome from mesenchymal stem cells induces angiogenesis via Cyr61
Authors: Estrada Rosendo , Li Na , Sarojini Harshini , AN Jin , Lee Menq‐Jer , Wang Eugenia
Published: January 2009

It is well known that bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in wound healing and regeneration responses. In this study, we globally profiled the proteome of MSCs to investigate critical factor(s) that may promote wound healing. Cysteine‐rich protein 61 (Cyr61) was found to be abundantly present in MSCs. The presence of Cyr61 was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and immunoblot analysis. Moreover, we showed that Cyr61 is present in the culture medium (secretome) of MSCs. The secretome of MSCs stimulates angiogenic response in vitro, and neovascularization in vivo. Depletion of Cyr61 completely abrogates the angiogenic‐inducing capability of the MSC secretome. Importantly, addition of recombinant Cyr61 polypeptides restores the angiogenic activity of Cyr61‐depleted secretome. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Cyr61 polypeptide in MSC secretome contributes to the angiogenesis‐promoting activity, a key event needed for regeneration and repair of injured tissues. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 563–571, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Msx2 induces epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in mouse mammary epithelial cells through upregulation of Cripto‐1
Authors: di Bari M.G. , Ginsburg E. , Plant J. , Strizzi L. , Salomon D.S. , Vonderhaar B.K.
Published: January 2009

Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process occurring during both embryogenesis and early stages of invasive cancer. Epithelial cells that undergo EMT become more migratory and invasive with a mesenchymal morphology. Herein we assess EMT induction in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line driven by Msx2, a homeobox‐containing transcription factor important during mammary gland development. NMuMG cells, a normal mouse mammary epithelial cell line, stably transfected with a Msx2 cDNA showed downregulation of an epithelial marker E‐cadherin and upregulation of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N‐cadherin. Furthermore, overexpression of Cripto‐1, a member of the epidermal growth factor‐CFC protein family already known to be involved in EMT, was detected in Msx2‐transfected cells. The expression of Cripto‐1 was accompanied by activation of the tyrosine kinase c‐Src pathway and an increase in the invasive ability of the cells. Functional assays also demonstrated inhibition of the invasive behavior of the Msx2‐transfected cells by a c‐Src specific inhibitor. Moreover, immunohistochemistry of human infiltrating breast carcinomas showed positive staining for Msx2 only in the infiltrating tumor cells while the non‐infiltrating tumor cells were negative. These results suggest that Msx2 may play a significant role in promoting EMT in epithelial cells that acquire properties involved in tumor invasion. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 659–666, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodegradation kinetics of trans‐4‐methyl‐1‐cyclohexane carboxylic acid in continuously stirred tank and immobilized cell bioreactors
Authors: Paslawski Janice , Nemati Mehdi , Hill Gordon , Headley John
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Naphthenic acids are carboxylic acid compounds of oil sands wastewaters that contribute to aquatic toxicity. Biodegradation kinetics of an individual naphthenic acid compound in two types of continuous‐flow bioreactors were investigated as a means of improving remediation strategies for these compounds.

RESULTS: This study evaluates the kinetics of biodegradation of trans‐4‐methy‐1‐cyclohexane carboxylic acid (trans‐4MCHCA) using two bioreactor systems and a microbial culture developed in previous work. Using a feed concentration of 500 mg L−1 the biodegradation rate of trans‐4MCHCA in the immobilized cell bioreactor was almost two orders of magnitude higher than that in a continuously stirred tank bioreactor. The maximum reaction rates of 230 mg (L d)−1 at a residence time of 1.6 d (40 h) and 22 000 mg (L d)−1 at a residence time of 2.6 h were observed in the continuously stirred tank and immobilized cell bioreactors, respectively. In a second immobilized cell system operating with a feed concentration of 250 mg L−1, a comparable maximum reaction rate (21 800 mg (L d)−1) was achieved at a residence time of 1.0 h.

CONCLUSION: The use of immobilized cell bioreactors can enhance the biodegradation rate of naphthenic acid compounds by two orders of magnitude. Further, biodegradation greatly reduces the toxicity of the effluent wastewater. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic surface localization of subcutaneous foreign bodies and masses
Authors: Creel Stephanie A. , Girish Gandikota , Jamadar David A. , Morag Yoav , Jacobson Jon A.
Published: January 2009

We report a sonographic technique of skin marking of the projection of nonpalpable subcutaneous foreign bodies and masses using a paperclip. Localization and marking of the overlying skin assists in preoperative planning and further management. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: Sonographic finding
Authors: Gutzeit Andreas , Stuckmann Gerhard , Dommann‐Scherrer Corina
Published: January 2009

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) is a recently recognized benign vascular lesion of the spleen. There is limited information regarding its imaging findings of this condition. Until now, the diagnosis was based on histopathologic examination of splenectomy specimens. We report the sonographic findings in a case of SANT of the spleen confirmed by ultrasound‐guided core needle biopsy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
In vitro formation of phase I and II metabolites of propranolol and determination of their structures using chemical derivatization and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lampinen Salomonsson Matilda , Bondesson Ulf , Hedeland Mikael
Published: January 2009

Derivatization with 1,2‐dimethylimidazole‐4‐sulfonyl chloride (DMISC) has been successfully used as a tool to differentiate between aromatic and aliphatic O‐glucuronides of hydroxypropranolol. The analyses were performed with liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) with both a triple quadrupole and an ion trap instrument. Hydroxylated forms of propranolol can be glucuronidated in aliphatic as well as aromatic positions. These isoforms are not distinguishable by tandem MS alone, as they both initially lose 176 Da, i.e. monodehydrated glucuronic acid, giving back the aglycone. Two in vitro systems were set up for the production of propranolol metabolites. The obtained isomers of 4′‐hydroxypropranolol glucuronide were determined to correspond to one aliphatic and one aromatic form, using chemical derivatization with DMISC and LC‐MSn. DMISC was shown to react with the secondary amine in the case where the naphtol was occupied by the glucuronyl moiety, resulting in a different fragmentation pattern compared with that of the aliphatic glucuronide, where the naphtol group was accessible to derivatization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes of cognition and regional cerebral activity during acute hypoglycemia in normal subjects: A H215O positron emission tomographic study
Authors: Bie‐Olsen Lise G. , Kjaer Troels W. , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik , Lonsdale Markus N. , Holst Jens Juul , Law Ian , Thorsteinsson Birger
Published: January 2009

Blurred vision and cognitive difficulties are prominent symptoms during acute insulin‐induced hypoglycemia. Our hypothesis was that changes in cerebral activity reflect these symptoms. Positron emission tomography (PET) with oxygen‐15‐labelled water was used to measure relative changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as a marker of cerebral activity. Hypoglycemia was induced by intravenous insulin infusion in 19 healthy men performing two different cognitive tasks of varying complexity. The hypoglycemic stimulus [plasma glucose 2.2 mmol/liter (0.4)] produced a significant hormonal counterregulatory response. During the low cognitive load, rCBF decreased in response to hypoglycemia in a large bilateral area in the posterior part of the temporal lobe, and rCBF increased bilaterally in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the right frontal gyrus, the fusiform gyrus, thalamus, and the left inferior part of the frontal gyrus. During the high cognitive load, rCBF decreased bilaterally in a large region in the posterior part of the temporal gyrus and increased in the left and right anterior cingulate gyrus, left and right frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal and lingual gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus. Visual impairment during hypoglycemia was associated with deactivation in the ventral visual stream. The anterior cingulate gyrus was activated during hypoglycemia in a load‐dependent manner. Areas on the frontal convexity were differentially activated in response to the cognitive load during hypoglycemia. Our findings suggest that hypoglycemia induces changes in sensory processing in a cognition‐independent manner, whereas activation of areas of higher order functions is influenced by cognitive load as well as hypoglycemia. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enriched environment fails to increase meningitis‐induced neurogenesis and spatial memory in a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis
Authors: Tauber Simone C. , Bunkowski Stephanie , Ebert Sandra , Schulz Daniela , Kellert Benedikt , Nau Roland , Gerber Joachim
Published: January 2009

An increase in adult neurogenesis was observed after exposure to enriched environment (EE) and during reconvalescence from experimental pneumococcal meningitis. This study investigated neurogenesis and spatial learning performance 5 weeks after bacterial meningitis and exposure to EE. C57BL/6 mice were infected by intracerebral injection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and treated with ceftriaxone for 5 days. Forty‐eight hours after infection, one group (n = 22) was exposed to EE and the other group (n = 23) housed under standard conditions. Another set of mice was kept under either enriched (n = 16) or standard (n = 15) conditions without bacterial meningitis. Five weeks later, the Morris water maze was performed, and neurogenesis was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry. Mice housed in EE without prior bacterial infection displayed both increased neurogenesis and improved water maze performance in comparison with uninfected control animals. Bacterial meningitis stimulated neurogenesis in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus: with standard housing conditions, we observed a higher density of BrdU‐immunolabeled and TUC‐4‐expressing cells 5 weeks after induction of bacterial meningitis than in the noninfected control group. EE did not further increase progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the subgranular cell layer of the dentate gyrus after bacterial meningitis in comparison with infected mice housed under standard conditions. Moreover, the Morris water maze showed no significant differences between survivors of meningitis exposed to EE and animals kept in standard housing. In summary, exposure to EE after pneumococcal meningitis did not further increase meningitis‐induced neurogenesis or improve spatial learning. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fat marrow embolism during intramedullary bone endoscopy: An experimental study in sheep
Authors: Oberst Michael , Herget Georg , Riede Urs , Kreim Saskia Y. , Konrad Gerhard , Suedkamp Norbert P. , Haberstroh Joerg
Published: January 2009

We present a study designed to investigate whether the intramedullary bone endoscopy (IBE) procedure within the cavity of an intact long bone will create embolic loads on the lungs similar to that of other orthopedic procedures (e.g., stem implantation in total hip arthroplasty [THA]). In a sheep model, 10 animals underwent the IBE procedure with complete perioperative anesthesiology monitoring. The lungs were harvested postoperatively and examined for fat embolisms. One animal showed evidence of intraoperative fat embolism with temporary increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAD) and the mean CO2‐gradient. The histological examination in this animal revealed fat embolism with a 2% surface area of the investigated fields covered with fat vacuoles. All peri‐ and postoperative data on the other nine animals were normal. Our findings indicate that, as with other intramedullary manipulation in intact long bones, there is a potential risk for systemic fat excavation during IBE. However, the embolic load is much lower than the rates reported for other orthopedic interventions. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1060–1066, 2009
Temporal growth factor release from platelet‐rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression
Authors: McCarrel Taralyn , Fortier Lisa
Published: January 2009

Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has generated substantial interest for tendon and ligament regeneration because of the high concentrations of growth factors in platelet α‐granules. This study compared the temporal release of growth factors from bone marrow aspirate (BMA), PRP, and lyophilized platelet product (PP), and measured their effects on tendon and ligament gene expression. Blood and BMA were collected and processed to yield PRP and plasma. Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon (FDS) and suspensory ligament (SL) explants were cultured in 10% plasma in DMEM (control), BMA, PRP, or PP. TGF‐β1 and PDGF‐BB concentrations were determined at 0, 24, and 96 h of culture using ELISA. Quantitative RT‐PCR for collagen types I and III (COL1A1, COL3A1), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), decorin, and matrix metalloproteinases‐3 and 13 (MMP‐3, MMP‐13) was performed. TGF‐β1 and PDGF‐BB concentrations were highest in PRP and PP. Growth factor quantity was unchanged in BMA, increased in PRP, and decreased in PP over 4 days. TGF‐β1 and platelet concentrations were positively correlated. Lyophilized PP and PRP resulted in increased COL1A1:COL3A1 ratio, increased COMP, and decreased MMP‐13 expression. BMA resulted in decreased COMP and increased MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 gene expression. Platelet concentration was positively correlated with COL1A1, ratio of COL1A1:COL3A1, and COMP, and negatively correlated with COL3A1, MMP‐13, and MMP‐3. White blood cell concentration was positively correlated with COL3A1, MMP3, and MMP13, and negatively correlated with a ratio of COL1A1:COL3A1, COMP, and decorin. These findings support further in vivo investigation of PRP and PP for treatment of tendonitis and desmitis. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1033–1042, 2009
The role of lymphadenectomy in the management of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: Rotstein Lorne
Published: January 2009

Impact of nodal involvement in papillary thyroid cancer remains controversial. The incidence of nodal metastases is high and the presence of involved nodes has a negative impact on recurrence and possibly on survival as well, particularly in older patients. The risk of nodal disease increases with age, tumor size, and BRAF oncogene expression. Most thyroid surgeons sample the ipsilateral central nodes as a minimum and clear the central compartment if there is gross adenopathy present. Lateral compartment neck dissection is reserved for patients with known metastatic disease. This article attempts to review the literature on surgery of lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:186–188. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myelotoxicity of preoperative chemoradiotherapy is a significant determinant of poor prognosis in patients with T4 esophageal cancer
Authors: Miyoshi Norikatsu , Yano Masahiko , Takachi Ko , Kishi Kentaro , Noura Shingo , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Yamada Terumasa , Miyashiro Isao , Ohue Masayuki , Ohigashi Hiroaki , Sasaki Yo , Ishikawa Osamu , Doki Yuichiro , Imaoka Shingi
Published: January 2009

Purpose

Currently, preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery is the only promising strategy for patients with T4 esophageal cancer. This study retrospectively analyzed the prognostic factors in patients with curatively resected cancer after chemoradiotherapy.

Patients and Methods

Between September 1989 and December 2003, 42 patients with T4 esophageal cancer received preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by curative surgery. Chemotherapy consisted of 5‐fluorouracil/cisplatin (FP) or 5‐fluorouracil/adriamycin/cisplatin (FAP). A total dose of 40 Gy of radiation was delivered concurrently. Surgery was scheduled 4 weeks after the completion of CRT. The treatment response was categorized using general criteria. Toxicities of the CRT were assessed according to National Cancer Institute of Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI‐CTC). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant prognostic clinicopathological factors.

Results

The overall survival rate was 38.4% at 5 years. The toxic grade for leukopenia (grade 0–2/3–4) and pathological effect (grade 3/1–2) were significantly different by univariate analysis (P = 0.03 and 0.05, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified the toxic grade for leukopenia as the only significant and independent determinant of prognosis (P = 0.05).

Conclusion

In patients with T4 esophageal cancer who receive CRT followed by curatively resection, myelogenic chemotoxicity is a significant prognostic factor. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:302–306. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Colcemid‐treatment of heifer oocytes enhances nuclear transfer embryonic development, establishment of pregnancy and development to term
Authors: Li Guang‐Peng , White Kenneth L. , Aston Kenneth I. , Bunch Thomas D. , Hicks Brady , Liu Ying , Sessions Benjamin R.
Published: January 2009

Four experiments were designed to examine the effects of colcemid, a microtubule assembly inhibitor, on the development of bovine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos in vitro and in vivo. Recipient oocytes matured at different times were exposed to colcemid. Approximately 80–93% of the exposed oocytes, with or without the first polar body (PB1), developed obvious membrane projections. In Experiment 1, oocytes matured for either 14–15 or 16–17 hr, treated with colcemid and used as recipient cytoplasm for NT resulted in over 40% blastocyst development. In Experiment 2, oocytes matured for 16–17 hr were treated with either 0.2 or 0.4 µg/ml colcemid for 2–3 or 5–6 hr, respectively. The percentages of blastocyst development (39–42%) were not statistically different among the different colcemid treatment groups, but were both higher (P < 0.05) than the control group (30%). Colcemid concentrations and length of colcemid treatment of oocytes did not affect their ability to support NT embryo development to the blastocyst and hatched blastocyst stages. Results from Experiment 3 indicate that semi‐defined medium increases morula and blastocyst development of NT embryos derived fromcolcemid‐treated oocytes under 5% CO2 in air atmosphere. In addition, cell numbers of blastocysts in colcemid‐treated groups were numerically higher than the control groups. After embryo transfer, higher (P < 0.05) pregnant rates were obtained from the colcemid‐treated group than the nontreated group. Five of 40 recipients (12.5%) which received embryos from colcemid‐treated oocytes delivered healthy calves, significantly higher than those recipients (3.3%) that received embryos derived from nontreated oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 620–628, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity to tumor microvasculature without contrast agents in high spectral and spatial resolution MR images
Authors: Foxley Sean , Fan Xiaobing , Mustafi Devkumar , Haney Chad , Zamora Marta , Markiewicz Erica , Medved Milica , Wood Abbie M. , Karczmar Gregory S.
Published: January 2009

Contrast‐enhanced (CE)‐MRI is sensitive to cancers but can produce adverse reactions and suffers from insufficient specificity and morphological detail. This research investigated whether high spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MRI detects tumor vasculature without contrast agents, based on the sensitivity of the water resonance line shape to tumor blood vessels. HiSS data from AT6.1 tumors inoculated in the hind legs of rats (N = 8) were collected pre‐ and post–blood pool contrast agent (iron‐oxide particles) injection. The waterline in small voxels was significantly more asymmetric at the tumor rim compared to the tumor center and normal muscle (P < 0.003). Composite images were synthesized, with the intensity in each voxel determined by the Fourier component (FC) of the water resonance having the greatest relative image contrast at that position. We tested whether regions with high contrast in FC images (FCIs) contain vasculature by comparing FCIs with CE‐MRI as the “gold standard” of vascular density. The FCIs had 75% ± 13% sensitivity, 74% ± 10% specificity, and 91% ± 4% positive predictive value (PPV) for vasculature detection at the tumor rim. These results suggest that tumor microvasculature can be detected using HiSS imaging without the use of contrast agents. Magn Reson Med 61:291–298, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative assessment of DTI‐based muscle fiber tracking and optimal tracking parameters
Authors: Heemskerk Anneriet M. , Sinha Tuhin K. , Wilson Kevin J. , Ding Zhaohua , Damon Bruce M.
Published: January 2009

Diffusion tensor imaging‐based fiber tracking in skeletal muscle has been used to reconstruct and quantify muscle architecture. In addition, the consistent pattern of muscle fiber geometry enables a quantitative assessment of the fiber tracking. This work describes a method to determine the accuracy of individual muscle fiber tracts based on the location at which the fibers terminate, the fiber path, and similarity to the neighboring fibers. In addition, the effect of different stop criteria settings on this quantitative assessment was investigated. Fiber tracking was performed on the tibialis anterior muscle of nine healthy subjects. Complete fiber tracts covered 89.4 ± 9.6% and 75.0 ± 15.2% of the aponeurosis area in the superficial and deep compartments, respectively. Applications of the method include the exclusion of erroneous fiber‐tracking results, quantitative assessment of data set quality, and the assessment of fiber‐tracking stop criteria. Magn Reson Med 61:467–472, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geodesic topological analysis of trabecular bone microarchitecture from high‐spatial resolution magnetic resonance images
Authors: Carballido‐Gamio Julio , Krug Roland , Huber Markus B. , Hyun Ben , Eckstein Felix , Majumdar Sharmila , Link Thomas M.
Published: January 2009

In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture could improve the prediction of fracture risk and the efficacy of osteoporosis treatment and prevention. Geodesic topological analysis (GTA) is introduced as a novel technique to quantify the trabecular bone microarchitecture from high‐spatial resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images. Trabecular bone parameters that quantify the scale, topology, and anisotropy of the trabecular bone network in terms of its junctions are the result of GTA. The reproducibility of GTA was tested with in vivo images of human distal tibiae and radii (n = 6) at 1.5 Tesla; and its ability to discriminate between subjects with and without vertebral fracture was assessed with ex vivo images of human calcanei at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla (n = 30). GTA parameters yielded an average reproducibility of 4.8%, and their individual areas under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for fracture discrimination performed better at 3.0 than at 1.5 Tesla reaching values of up to 0.78 (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that fracture discrimination was improved by combining GTA parameters, and that GTA combined with bone mineral density (BMD) allow for better discrimination than BMD alone (AUC = 0.95; p < 0.001). Results indicate that GTA can substantially contribute in studies of osteoporosis involving imaging of the trabecular bone microarchitecture. Magn Reson Med 61:448–456, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convolution kernel design and efficient algorithm for sampling density correction
Authors: Johnson Kenneth O. , Pipe James G.
Published: January 2009

Sampling density compensation is an important step in non‐cartesian image reconstruction. One of the common techniques to determine weights that compensate for differences in sampling density involves a convolution. A new convolution kernel is designed for sampling density attempting to minimize the error in a fully reconstructed image. The resulting weights obtained using this new kernel are compared with various previous methods, showing a reduction in reconstruction error. A computationally efficient algorithm is also presented that facilitates the calculation of the convolution of finite kernels. Both the kernel and the algorithm are extended to 3D. Magn Reson Med 61:439–447, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
B1 and T1 insensitive water and lipid suppression using optimized multiple frequency‐selective preparation pulses for whole‐brain 1H spectroscopic imaging at 3T
Authors: Gu Meng , Spielman Daniel M.
Published: January 2009

A new method for the simultaneous suppression of water and lipid resonances using a series of dual‐band frequency‐selective radiofrequency (RF) pulses with associated dephasing gradients is presented. By optimizing the nutation angles of the individual pulses, the water and lipid suppression is made insensitive to a range of both T1‐relaxation times and B1 inhomogeneities. The method consists only of preparatory RF pulses and thus can be combined with a wide variety of MRSI schemes including both long and short TE studies. Simulations yield suppression factors, in the presence of ±20% B1 inhomogeneity, on the order of 100 for lipid peaks with three different T1s (300 ms, 310 ms, and 360 ms), and water peaks with T1s ranging from 0.8 s to 4 s. Excellent in vivo study performance is demonstrated using a 3 Tesla volumetric proton spectroscopic imaging (1H‐MRSI) sequence for measuring the primary brain metabolites peaks of choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA). Magn Reson Med 61:462–466, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multispectral three‐dimensional acquisition technique for imaging near metal implants
Authors: Koch Kevin M. , Lorbiecki John E. , Hinks R. Scott , King Kevin F.
Published: January 2009

Metallic implants used in bone and joint arthroplasty induce severe spatial perturbations to the B0 magnetic field used for high‐field clinical magnetic resonance. These perturbations distort slice‐selection and frequency encoding processes applied in conventional two‐dimensional MRI techniques and hinder the diagnosis of complications from arthroplasty. Here, a method is presented whereby multiple three‐dimensional fast‐spin‐echo images are collected using discrete offsets in RF transmission and reception frequency. It is demonstrated that this multi acquisition variable‐resonance image combination technique can be used to generate a composite image that is devoid of slice‐plane distortion and possesses greatly reduced distortions in the readout direction, even in the immediate vicinity of metallic implants. Magn Reson Med 61:381–390, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved residue function and reduced flow dependence in MR perfusion using least‐absolute‐deviation regularization
Authors: Wong Kelvin K. , Tam Chi‐Pan , Ng Michael , Wong Stephen T.C. , Young Geoffrey S.
Published: January 2009

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) estimates derived from singular value decomposition (SVD) of time intensity curves from Gadolinium bolus perfusion‐weighted imaging are known to underestimate CBF, especially at high flow rates. We report the development of a model‐independent delay‐invariant deconvolution technique using least‐absolute‐deviation (LAD) regularization to improve the CBF estimation accuracy. Computer simulations were performed to compare the accuracy of CBF estimates derived from LAD, reformulated SVD (rSVD) and standard SVD (sSVD) techniques. Simulations were performed at image signal‐to‐noise ratios ranging from 20 to 400, cerebral blood volumes from 1% to 10%, and CBF from 2.5 mL/100 g/min to 176.5 mL/100 g/min to estimate the effect of these parameters on the accuracy of CBF estimation. The LAD method improved the CBF estimation accuracy by up to 32% in gray matter and 23% in white matter compared with rSVD and sSVD methods. LAD method also reduces the systematic bias of rSVD and sSVD methods to baseline SNR while producing more accurate and reproducible residue function calculation than either rSVD or sSVD method. Initial clinical implementation of the method on six representative clinical cases confirm the advantages of the LAD method over rSVD and sSVD methods. Magn Reson Med 61:418–428, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanically adjustable coil array for wrist MRI
Authors: Nordmeyer‐Massner J.A. , De Zanche N. , Pruessmann K.P.
Published: January 2009

In this work, the concept of mechanically adjustable MR receiver coil arrays is proposed and implemented for the specific case of human wrist imaging. An eight‐channel wrist array for proton MRI at 3 Tesla was constructed and evaluated. The array adjusts to the individual anatomy by a mechanism that fits a configuration of flexible coil elements closely around the wrist. With such adjustability, it is challenging to ensure robust electrical behavior and signal‐to‐noise (SNR) performance. These requirements are met by preamplifier decoupling and a suitable matching strategy based on π networks that render the coil responses robust against changes in tuning, loading and mutual coupling. The robustness of the resulting SNR yield was studied by varying the effective coil matching over a wide range in a phantom imaging experiment. While SNR variation of up to 25% was observed at the surface of the phantom the SNR was essentially constant in the critical center region. A second SNR study in wrist phantoms of different sizes confirmed the benefits of bringing the coil elements very close, up to 3 mm, to the individual target volume. These findings were supported by initial in vivo imaging, exploiting high‐sensitivity detection for highly resolved structural imaging. Magn Reson Med 61:429–438, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous z‐shim method for reducing susceptibility artifacts with multiple transmitters
Authors: Deng Weiran , Yang Cungeng , Alagappan Vijayanand , Wald Lawrence L. , Boada Fernando E. , Stenger V. Andrew
Published: January 2009

The signal loss susceptibility artifact is a major limitation in gradient‐echo MRI applications. Various methods, including z‐shim techniques and multidimensional tailored radio frequency (RF) pulses, have been proposed to mitigate the through‐plane signal loss artifact, which is dominant in axial slices above the sinus region. Unfortunately, z‐shim techniques require multiple steps and multidimensional RF methods are complex, with long pulse lengths. Parallel transmission methods were recently shown to be promising for improving B1 inhomogeneity and reducing the specific absorption rate. In this work, a novel method using time‐shifted slice‐select RF pulses is presented for reducing the through‐plane signal loss artifact in parallel transmission applications. A simultaneous z‐shim is obtained by concurrently applying unique time‐shifted pulses on each transmitter. The method is shown to reduce the signal loss susceptibility artifact in gradient‐echo images using a four‐channel parallel transmission system at 3T. Magn Reson Med 61:255–259, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Healthcare‐associated Infections: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Therapy
Authors: Doshi Rupali K. , Patel Gopi , MacKay Richard , Wallach Frances
Published: January 2009

Reducing nosocomial infection rates is a major component of healthcare improvement. This article reviews the epidemiology, prevention, and therapy for some of the most common healthcare‐associated infections, including central line–associated bloodstream infections and catheter‐associated urinary tract infections, and 3 common organisms: methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug‐ resistant gram‐negative bacteria, and Clostridium difficile. Mt Sinai J Med 76:84–94, © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Spectrum of Fibrosing Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
Authors: Morgenthau Adam S. , Padilla Maria L.
Published: January 2009

The interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitium. In 2002, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society revised the classification of interstitial lung diseases and introduced the term diffuse parenchymal lung disease. The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias are a subtype of diffuse parenchymal lung disease. The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias are subdivided into usual interstitial pneumonia (with its clinical counterpart idiopathic interstitial pneumonia), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease, and lymphocytic pneumonia. Sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis are the 2 most common granulomatous diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis/polymyositis (causing antisynthetase syndrome) are diffuse parenchymal lung diseases of known association because these conditions are associated with connective tissue disease. Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome is a rare genetic diffuse parenchymal lung disease characterized by the clinical triad of pulmonary disease, oculocutaneous albinism, and bleeding diathesis. This review provides an overview of the chronic fibrosing diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. Its primary objective is to illuminate the clinical challenges encountered by clinicians who manage the diffuse parenchymal lung diseases regularly and to offer potential solutions to those challenges. Treatment for the diffuse parenchymal lung diseases is limited, and for many patients with end‐stage disease, lung transplantation remains the best option. Although much has been learned about the diffuse parenchymal lung diseases during the past decade, research in these diseases is urgently needed. Mt Sinai J Med 76:2–23, © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine