bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How risky is distracted driving?
Authors: Karl J. Bradley , Nyce Charles M. , Powell Lawrence , Zhuang Boyi
Published: May 2023

We use data on fatal crashes to quantify the risk of distracted driving. We repurpose, extend, and improve a methodology used to estimate the riskiness of drinking drivers (Levitt & Porter, 2001). Our analysis suggests that distracted drivers are three times more likely to cause a fatal crash than focused drivers. We also estimate that distracted drivers represent three to four percent of drivers on the road at any given time. Further, we find that distractions associated with cellphone use are less likely to cause a fatal crash than are distractions from other sources. The externality costs between $0.02 and $0.05 per mile driven. The insurance surcharge for a distracted driving citation that could internalize the avoidable insurance losses is approximately $577 per year. Our work extends the literature on distracted driving and traffic fatalities. We believe our results can inform policymakers on the traffic-safety and economic consequences of distracted driving.
How to be a capacitist
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: May 2023

Capacitism is the view that capacities come first in epistemological theorising: they are explanatorily basic and key epistemic phenomena are to be analysed in terms of capacities. This paper develops a problem for capacitism and outlines a motivated way of solving it.
Effect of exogenus protease on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphometric, meat quality characteristics, carcass yield in broilers fed low protein diets
Authors: Duque-Ramírez C. F. , Javierre J. A. , Peñuela-Sierra L. M. , Diaz-Vargas M.
Published: May 2023

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of protease on broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. A total of 1290 Ross AP broilers were used, distributed among five treatments: positive control diet, negative control diet (NC), NC + 50 ppm of protease, NC + 100 ppm of protease, and NC + 200 ppm of protease. Each treatment contained six replicates of 43 animals each. The inclusion of proteases in the diet had effects (P < 0.05) on body weight, feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion in the 12 to 21 day period; body weight, weight gain, and feed intake in the 29 to 42 day period; nutrient digestibility (energy metabolizability coefficient and crude protein at 28 days); and intestinal parameters (crypt and muscle width of jejunum and ileum at 28 days and villus length, crypt length, and jejunum thickness muscle layer at 42 days). These results indicate that the inclusion of protease in broiler feed can improve production parameters when the amount of crude protein in the diet is reduced.
The Mediating Role of Migrant Community-Based Organizations: Challenges and Coping Strategies
Authors: Martinez-Damia Sara , Marzana Daniela , Paloma Virginia , Marta Elena
Published: May 2023

Migrant community-based organizations (MCBOs) are key mediating structures between immigrants and host societies. However, when implementing this role in host societies, MCBOs often face a number of challenges that reduce their chances to be effective in promoting social justice. This paper aims to analyze the challenges that MCBOs settled in Milan (Northern Italy) experience and the coping strategies that they use in order to provide some guidelines on how to support them. In-depth interviews, observations and document analysis with 15 MCBOs were conducted. Based on a situational analysis, we present the main challenges perceived by MCBOs at three levels: internal (i.e., surviving), inter-organizational (i.e., collaborating) and community (i.e., being recognized as mediating actors). We provide specific guidelines for action on how to address such challenges and thus foster the role of MCBOs as mediating structures in receiving societies.
Cyanobacteria as a Valuable Natural Resource for Improved Agriculture, Environment, and Plant Protection
Authors: Abo-Shady Atef M. , Osman Mohamed El-Anwar H. , Gaafar Reda M. , Ismail Gehan A. , El-Nagar Maysa M. F.
Published: May 2023

Taking into consideration, the challenges faced by the environment and agro-ecosystem make increased for suggestions more reliable methods to help increase food security and deal with difficult environmental problems. Environmental factors play a critical role in the growth, development, and productivity of crop plants. Unfavorable changes in these factors, such as abiotic stresses, can result in plant growth deficiencies, yield reductions, long-lasting damage, and even death of the plants. In reflection of this, cyanobacteria are now considered important microorganisms that can improve the fertility of soils and the productivity of crop plants due to their different features like photosynthesis, great biomass yield, ability to fix the atmospheric N2,capability to grow on non-arable lands, and varied water sources. Furthermore, numerous cyanobacteria consist of biologically active substances like pigments, amino acids, polysaccharides, phytohormones, and vitamins that support plant growth enhancement. Many studies have exposed the probable role of these compounds in the alleviation of abiotic stress in crop plants and have concluded with evidence of physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that confirm that cyanobacteria can decrease the stress and induce plant growth. This review discussed the promising effects of cyanobacteria and their possible mode of action to control the growth and development of crop plants as an effective method to overcome different stresses.

Graphical Abstract
Factors Influencing Primary Care Practitioners’ Cancer Screening Recommendations for Older Adults: a Systematic Review
Authors: Smith Jenna , Dodd Rachael H. , Gainey Karen M. , Naganathan Vasi , Cvejic Erin , Jansen Jesse , McCaffery Kirsten J.
Published: May 2023

Background

Primary care practitioners (PCPs) play a key role in cancer screening decisions for older adults (≥ 65 years), but recommendations vary by cancer type and jurisdiction.

Purpose

To examine the factors influencing PCPs’ recommendations for breast, cervical, prostate, and colorectal cancer screening for older adults.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, Pre-Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, searched from 1 January 2000 to July 2021, and citation searching in July 2022.

Study Selection

Assessed factors influencing PCPs’ breast, prostate, colorectal, or cervical cancer screening decisions for older adults’ (defined either as ≥ 65 years or < 10-year life expectancy).

Data Extraction

Two authors independently conducted data extraction and quality appraisal. Decisions were crosschecked and discussed where necessary.

Data Synthesis

From 1926 records, 30 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty were quantitative, nine were qualitative, and one used a mixed method design. Twenty-nine were conducted in the USA, and one in the UK. Factors were synthesized into six categories: patient demographic characteristics, patient health characteristics, patient and clinician psycho-social factors, clinician characteristics, and health system factors. Patient preference was most reported as influential across both quantitative and qualitative studies. Age, health status, and life expectancy were also commonly influential, but PCPs held nuanced views about life expectancy. Weighing benefits/harms was also commonly reported with variation across cancer screening types. Other factors included patient screening history, clinician attitudes/personal experiences, patient/provider relationship, guidelines, reminders, and time.

Limitations

We could not conduct a meta-analysis due to variability in study designs and measurement. The vast majority of included studies were conducted in the USA.

Conclusions

Although PCPs play a role in individualizing cancer screening for older adults, multi-level interventions are needed to improve these decisions. Decision support should continue to be developed and implemented to support informed choice for older adults and assist PCPs to consistently provide evidence-based recommendations.

Registration

PROSPERO CRD42021268219.

Funding Source

NHMRC APP1113532.
Peri- and Postoperative Outcomes for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Patients after Bariatric Surgery—a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Katasani Tarun , Holt Guy , Al-Khyatt Waleed , Idris Iskandar
Published: May 2023

Background

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is prevalent among patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Previous studies have reported a higher risk of complications, ICU admission and longer length of stay in patients with OSA following surgery. However, clinical outcomes following bariatric surgery are unclear. The hypothesis is that patients with OSA will have an increased risk of these outcome measures after bariatric surgery.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to answer the research question. Searches for bariatric surgery and obstructive sleep apnoea were performed using PubMed and Ovid Medline. Studies which compared OSA and non-OSA patients undergoing bariatric surgery and used outcome measures that included length of stay, risk of complications, 30-day readmission and need for ICU admission were selected for the systematic review. Comparable datasets from these studies were used for the meta-analysis.

Results

Patients with OSA are at greater risk of complications after bariatric surgery (RR = 1.23 [CI: 1.01, 1.5], P = 0.04), driven mostly by an increased risk of cardiac complications (RR = 2.44 [CI: 1.26, 4.76], P = 0.009). There were no significant differences between the OSA and non-OSA cohorts in the other outcome variables (respiratory complications, length of stay, 30-day readmission and need for ICU admission).

Conclusion

Following bariatric surgery, patients with OSA must be managed carefully due to the increased risk of cardiac complications. However, patients with OSA are not more likely to require a longer length of stay or readmission.

Graphical Abstract
Effect of Different Listening Behaviors of Social Robots on Perceived Trust in Human-robot Interactions
Authors: Anzabi Naeimeh , Umemuro Hiroyuki
Published: May 2023

With the increased use of social robots in prominence and beyond functional performance, they are expected to foster trust and confidence in people. Various factors involve providing social robots with more trustworthy behavior. This study investigated whether the listening behavior of a social robot can affect the perception of being trustworthy in human–robot interaction. Therefore, we designed four different listening behaviors, including nonactive listening, active listening, active empathic listening, and verbal-only empathic listening, for a social robot and evaluated the impact of each behavior on the participants’ likelihood of trusting the robot, using a between-subject design. Participants in the four conditions conversed with a robot that simulated one of the listening behaviors, and their general, cognitive and affective trust toward the robot was measured. The results indicated that active empathic listening behavior provided the participants with the highest impression of trustworthiness, specifically in affective trust. Both active listening and active empathic listening were evaluated higher than nonactive listening in general, affective, and cognitive trust. However, active empathic listening behavior was differentiated from active listening behavior only in terms of affective trust. For verbal and nonverbal dimensions of listening behaviors, it was confirmed that nonverbal behaviors such as nodding, body movement, and eye gaze along with verbal behaviors, had a significant effect in eliciting higher affective trust in human-robot interaction. Consequently, we concluded that designing social robots with active (empathic) listening behavior can enhance trust perception in human-robot interaction in different fields such as education, healthcare, and business.
Role of consolidative thoracic radiation in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer with first-line chemoimmunotherapy: a retrospective study from a single cancer center
Authors: Li Yuying , Jing Wang , Jing Xuquan , Sun Yulan , Tang Xiaoyong , Guo Jun , Zhang Yan , Zhu Hui
Published: May 2023

Objective

To investigate the role of consolidative thoracic radiation (TRT) in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) receiving first-line chemo-immunotherapy followed by immunotherapy maintenance.

Patients and methods

Outcomes of patients without disease progression after first-line chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed (January 2020 to December 2021). Based on TRT or not, patients were allocated to TRT group or non-TRT group. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and local-recurrence free survival (LRFS) were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by log-rank test.

Results

Of 100 patients, 47 received TRT and 53 non-TRT. The median follow-up was 20.3 months. The median PFS and OS in TRT were 9.1 months and 21.8 months, versus 8.8 months (p = 0.93) and 24.3 months (p = 0.63), respectively, in non-TRT. The median LRFS time in TRT was not reached, but significantly longer than 10.8 months in non-TRT (HR = 0.27, p < 0.01). Second-line chemotherapy significantly prolonged survival compared to that with chemo-free patients (mOS: 24.5 vs. 21.4 months, p = 0.026). The subgroup analysis showed a trend of patients with brain metastases benefit from TRT (21.8 versus 13.7 months, HR 0.61, p = 0.38) while liver metastases did not. Of 47 patients with TRT, only 10.6% of patients experienced grade 3 radiation-induced pneumonitis, while no grade 4 or 5 adverse events occurred.

Conclusion

Consolidative TRT in the period of immunotherapy maintenance followed first-line chemo-immunotherapy did not prolong OS and PFS but associated with improved LRFS in ES-SCLC.
Flexibles Gleichungslösen im Klassengespräch unterstützen – der Beitrag des Vergleichens von multiplen Lösungswegen
Authors: Hämmerle Christian Serop
Published: May 2023

Damit Lernende Gleichungen zielorientiert lösen können, sind Planungsprozesse notwendig. Planungsprozesse schließen die Evaluation von möglichen Lösungswegen mit ein und werden von Ausführungs- und Strukturierungsprozessen abgegrenzt. Das Planen von geeigneten Lösungswegen wird in der Literatur mit dem Begriff der Flexibilität verknüpft. Vergleiche von multiplen Lösungswegen haben sich für die Flexibilität als lernförderlich erwiesen. Um die Lernförderlichkeit der Vergleiche zu unterstützen, werden produktive Klassengespräche empfohlen, in denen die Gegenüberstellung der Lösungswege besprochen wird. Dieser Beitrag prüft, ob in Klassengesprächen zu Vergleichen von multiplen Lösungswegen Planungsprozesse häufiger thematisiert werden als beim Besprechen nur eines Lösungsweges und als beim Besprechen von multiplen Lösungswegen ohne Vergleich. Die Stichprobe der Inhaltsanalyse umfasst Klassengespräche aus 172 Lektionen und 43 Klassen (Jahrgangsstufe 9 und 10). Die statistische Analyse wird sowohl klassenübergreifend mit binär logistischen Regressionsmodellen durchgeführt als auch klassenspezifisch mit t‑Tests für paarweise verbundene Stichproben. Die Studie zeigt, dass beim Vergleichen von multiplen Lösungswegen etwa doppelt so häufig Planungsprozesse thematisiert werden. Zusätzlich wird dokumentiert, dass beim Lösen von Gleichungen Ausführungsprozesse am häufigsten besprochen werden.
Mid-Crisis Restructuring Law Reform in the United Kingdom
Authors: van Zwieten Kristin
Published: May 2023

Economic shocks create insolvency law-making space, generating opportunities for legal reform that may be absent in good times. Policymakers may suddenly acquire a mandate to resource institutions or drive through a change in the law where in good times such reforms were likely to be foiled by interest group capture, or simply unlikely to get sufficient political traction. A crisis, then, is an opportunity for the well-prepared insolvency policymaker. Insolvency rule-making in crisis conditions is, however, plainly also risky. Making best use of the opportunity implies making more than temporary changes to the regime. But design choices made mid-crisis will almost inevitably be influenced by the features of the crisis itself, generating a risk that the result of the reform effort will be distorted law, ill-suited to the achievement of the lawmaker’s objectives in the long run. This paper considers the permanent restructuring law reforms enacted in the UK during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. At first glance, these reforms appear to exemplify the case of the well-prepared policymaker, poised to drive through carefully planned changes to the law when the opportunity arises. On closer inspection, however, a different picture emerges. The permanent measures, which were enacted in a fast-track legislative process, departed from the Government’s pre-pandemic plan in material and undesirable ways. In some cases, these deviations mean that the original objective has not been achieved at all; in others, the objective has been at least partially achieved, but at unnecessary cost. Overall, the UK experience appears to better exemplify the risks of attempting insolvency law reform in a crisis, than the opportunities that a crisis affords to an insolvency policymaker.
Seasonal characteristics of crime: an empirical investigation of the temporal fluctuation of the different types of crime in London
Authors: Shiode Narushige , Shiode Shino , Nishi Hayato , Hino Kimihiro
Published: May 2023

Most types of crimes show seasonal fluctuations but the difference and similarity of the periodicity between different crimes are understudied. Interpreting the seasonality of different crime types and formulating clusters of crimes that share similar seasonal characteristics would help identify the common underlying factors and revise the patterns of patrolling and monitoring to enable sustained management of the control strategies. This study proposes a new methodological framework for measuring similarities and differences in the timing of peaks and troughs, as well as the waveforms of different crimes. The method combines a Poisson state-space model with cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling. A case study using twelve types of crimes in London (2013–2020) demonstrated that the amplitude of the seasonal fluctuation identified by this method explained 95.2% of the similarity in their waveforms, while the timing of the peaks covered 87.5% of the variance in their seasonal fluctuation. The high predictability of the seasonal patterns of crimes as well as the stable categorisation of crimes with similar seasonal characteristics enable sustainable and measured planning of police resource allocation and, thereby, facilitates a more efficient management of the urban environment.
Spillover effects between competitive brands——based on the comparison of cross-border e-commerce and offline store scenarios
Authors: Ma Shuzhong , Ye Xiaohong , Pan Gangjian
Published: May 2023

There are many differences between cross-border e-commerce and offline stores, and situational factors have a great impact on consumer behavior. We construct the influencing factor model of competitive brand spillover effect by using 337 questionnaire data to explore whether there are differences in competitive brand spillover effect under different situations, and try to explore the influencing factors causing this difference. The empirical test results show that: product factor (including product characteristics, product price and product differentiation degree) will have an impact on consumers’ channel selection; there are significant differences in competitive brand spillover effects between cross-border e-commerce and offline stores. Search methods, advertising competition methods and platform functions have an significant impact on it.
Hitler's Panzer Generals
Authors: Stahel David
Published: May 2023

Germany's success in the Second World War was built upon its tank forces; however, many of its leading generals, with the notable exception of Heinz Guderian, are largely unknown. This biographical study of four German panzer army commanders serving on the Eastern Front is based upon their unpublished wartime letters to their wives. David Stahel offers a complete picture of the men conducting Hitler's war in the East, with an emphasis on the private fears and public pressures they operated under. He also illuminates their response to the criminal dimension of the war as well as their role as leading military commanders conducting large-scale operations. While the focus is on four of Germany's most important panzer generals - Guderian, Hoepner, Reinhardt and Schmidt - the evidence from their private correspondence sheds new light on the broader institutional norms and cultural ethos of the Wehrmacht's Panzertruppe.
The Author in the Office
Authors: Jordan P. R.
Published: May 2023

Office-based writers from both sides of the River Plate chronicle the twentieth century.
Bridges, Law and Power in Medieval England, 700–1400
Authors: Cooper Alan
Published: May 2023

A study of the financing, maintenance and construction of medieval bridges uncovers much about law and power at the time.
Experimental investigation on droplet evaporation characteristics during combustion of future and current aviation fuels with range of properties
Authors: Zheng L. , Wei C. , Zhang Y. , Khandelwal B.
Published: May 2023

Currently there is lack of knowledge on how new types of alternative fuels and their storage conditions change the droplet evaporation characteristics. Liquid fuel is commonly stored in wide varieties of containers, where fuel characteristics may change because of the exposure to the material of the container. This study evaluates the impact of different storage containers on droplet evaporation characteristics of different fuels. It was found that there is a distinct phase transition between high volatility to low volatility phase in each fuel stored in steel drums verses fuel that is stored in plastic drums. The type of fuel contaminated by polymer additive has a high impact on fuel droplet burn rates. Polymer additives also have an impact on nucleate boiling, sub-droplets and soot particles. The burning rate constant, K, of selected pure aromatics, various fuel mixtures and Jet A with different cetane numbers have been evaluated. Research has shown that in the low volatility combustion phase a trend reduction of lowest boiling point pure aromatic burning rate to the highest boiling point pure aromatic burning rate is obvious. Irregular change in droplet diameter between the high volatility phase and low volatility phase during the combustion of aromatics blend was observed. This work has also evaluated the relationship between burning rates and cetane numbers.
Econometric identification of crop insurance participation
Authors: Tsiboe Francis , Turner Dylan
Published: May 2023

This paper shows how econometric identification can be improved in studies making use of crop insurance participation as either an independent or dependent variable. The paper provides the reader with a succinct overview of how crop insurance contracts are priced and how to use publicly available data to derive a novel composite crop insurance design parameter that emulates existing crop insurance rating parameters using a procedure that is based on current actuarial practices. The derived design parameter performs well at predicting historic crop insurance loss-cost ratios and satisfies the requirements for an instrumental variable for a variety of empirical applications related to crop insurance. Representative empirical examples are presented where it is shown that the proposed instrument has favorable two-staged least squares diagnostic tests and is effective at eliminating endogeneity bias.
Tensor-based flow reconstruction from optimally located sensor measurements
Authors: Farazmand Mohammad , Saibaba Arvind K.
Published: May 2023

Reconstructing high-resolution flow fields from sparse measurements is a major challenge in fluid dynamics. Existing methods often vectorize the flow by stacking different spatial directions on top of each other, hence confounding the information encoded in different dimensions. Here, we introduce a tensor-based sensor placement and flow reconstruction method which retains and exploits the inherent multidimensionality of the flow. We derive estimates for the flow reconstruction error, storage requirements and computational cost of our method. We show, with examples, that our tensor-based method is significantly more accurate than similar vectorized methods. Furthermore, the variance of the error is smaller when using our tensor-based method. While the computational cost of our method is comparable to similar vectorized methods, it reduces the storage cost by several orders of magnitude. The reduced storage cost becomes even more pronounced as the dimension of the flow increases. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on three examples: a chaotic Kolmogorov flow, in situ and satellite measurements of the global sea surface temperature and three-dimensional unsteady simulated flow around a marine research vessel.
Vertically neutral collapse of a pulsating bubble at the corner of a free surface and a rigid wall
Authors: Li Shi-Min , Zhang A-Man , Cui Pu , Li Shuai , Liu Yun-Long
Published: May 2023

Vertically neutral collapse of a pulsating bubble occurs when the boundaries above or below the bubble balance the buoyancy effect over a pulsation. In this study, the vertically neutral collapse of a bubble near a vertical rigid wall below the free surface is investigated. The boundary integral method (BIM) is employed to model the bubble dynamics with an open-domain free surface. Moreover, this method is validated against several buoyant bubble experiments. Bubble dynamics in such conditions are associated with three dimensionless parameters: the bubble-free surface distance

$\gamma _{{f}}$

, bubble–wall distance

$\gamma _{{w}}$

and buoyancy parameter

$\delta$

. We derive the Kelvin impulse of a spherical bubble and the algebraic relationship for vertically neutral collapse, which proves to be accurate for predicting vertically neutral collapse when the bubble is relatively far from the boundaries. Four patterns of the vertically neutral collapse of the bubble for different

$\gamma _{{w}}$

and

$\gamma _{{f}}$

are identified: (i) formally downward jet; (ii) annular collapse; (iii) horizontal jet; and (iv) weak jet. Despite the downward jet shape, the ‘formally downward jet’ is in the vertically neutral collapse state in terms of the profile of toroidal bubbles and the orientation of local high-pressure zones around the bubble at jet impact. A bulge with a high curvature above the bubble in the ‘annular collapse’ pattern is formed during bubble collapse under two local high-pressure zones at the left and right extremities of the bubble. The ‘horizontal jet’ pattern has the greatest potential to attack the wall, and the power laws of the moment of the jet impact, jet velocity and bubble displacement with respect to the theoretical Kelvin impulse are discussed. In particular, we quantitatively illustrate the role of the free surface on bubble migration towards the wall through the variational power-law exponents of the bubble displacement with respect to

$\gamma _{{w}}$

.
Reynolds number scaling and energy spectra in geostrophic convection
Authors: Madonia Matteo , Aguirre Guzmán Andrés J. , Clercx Herman J.H. , Kunnen Rudie P.J.
Published: May 2023

We report flow measurements in rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection in the rotationally constrained geostrophic regime. We apply stereoscopic particle image velocimetry to measure the three components of velocity in a horizontal cross-section of a water-filled cylindrical convection vessel. At a constant, small Ekman number

$Ek=5\times 10^{-8}$

, we vary the Rayleigh number

$Ra$

between

$10^{11}$

and

$4\times 10^{12}$

to cover various subregimes observed in geostrophic convection. We also include one non-rotating experiment. The scaling of the velocity fluctuations (expressed as the Reynolds number

$Re$

) is compared to theoretical relations expressing balances of viscous–Archimedean–Coriolis (VAC) and Coriolis–inertial–Archimedean (CIA) forces. Based on our results we cannot decide which balance is most applicable here; both scaling relations match equally well. A comparison of the current data with several other literature datasets indicates a convergence towards diffusion-free scaling of velocity as

$Ek$

decreases. However, at lower

$Ra$

, the use of confined domains leads to prominent convection in the wall mode near the sidewall. Kinetic energy spectra point at an overall flow organisation into a quadrupolar vortex filling the cross-section. This quadrupolar vortex is a quasi-two-dimensional feature; it manifests only in energy spectra based on the horizontal velocity components. At larger

$Ra$

, the spectra reveal the development of a scaling range with exponent close to

$-5/3$

, the classical exponent for inertial range scaling in three-dimensional turbulence. The steeper

$Re(Ra)$

scaling at low

$Ek$

and development of a scaling range in the energy spectra are distinct indicators that a fully developed, diffusion-free turbulent bulk flow state is approached, sketching clear perspectives for further investigation.
Crinoids from the Wooster Shale Member of the Cuyahoga Formation, Carboniferous (Mississippian, Tournaisian) of northeastern Ohio
Authors: Ausich William I. , Wilson Mark A.
Published: May 2023

Nine crinoids are described from the Wooster Shale Member of the Cuyahoga Formation from Wayne and Ashland counties, Ohio, USA. Identifiable elements of the fauna include five camerate crinoids, one flexible crinoid, and three other eucladid crinoids. Five new species are described, includingCactocrinus woosterensisn. sp.,Cusacrinus brushin. sp.,Agaricocrinus murphyin. sp.,Decadocrinus laevisn. sp., andDecadocrinus inordinatusn. sp. Overall, the distribution of crinoid clades in the Wooster Shale is similar to that of the stratigraphically lower Meadville Shale Member of the Cuyahoga Formation, although less diverse and with only one species (Cyathocrinites simplex) in common. Many of the Wooster Shale Member crinoids are completely or partially preserved with siderite either in nodules or within siderite beds. These crinoids are commonly preserved in trauma postures, which is characteristic of burial in episodic high turbulence events. The paleoenvironments and taxa of the two Cuyahoga Formation crinoid faunas more closely resemble Viséan faunas in siliciclastic settings than typical carbonate faunas of the Tournaisian.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/2d2678e1-2367-4429-bea0-a64cd020e98c
Canceling Disputes: How Social Capital Affects the Arbitration of Disputes on Wikipedia
Authors: Grisel Florian
Published: May 2023

This article examines how social capital affects the resolution of disputes by focusing on English Wikipedia’s Arbitration Committee, sometimes described as “Wikipedia’s Supreme Court.” Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the article contends that the Arbitration Committee not only examines the merits of the claims made by the disputants, but also and more crucially considers the position of each disputant within the community of editors in its decision-making process. In doing so, the Arbitration Committee does not simply decide or arbitrate disputes but seeks to attenuate their impact on Wikipedia’s social fabric. This data allows us to revisit sociological debates on the role of social capital, by revealing the ways in which well-connected individuals employ it strategically in order to obfuscate their noncompliance with norms, thus leading to what I call “dispute cancellation.”
Homescapes of im~mobility: Migratory transpatial repertoires during the pandemic
Authors: Kitsiou Roula , Bratimou Stella
Published: May 2023

The present article reflects on the concept of ‘spatial repertoire’ through a ‘trans’-perspective in order to explain the trans-formation of migrants’ homescapes during the pandemic—a time of restricted mobility. In the context of translocal im~mobility, this ethnographically informed multiple case study explores how three Greek ‘brain drain’ immigrants performed homescapes in the online-offline nexus from October to February 2020. Employing a critical discourse analytic approach, the findings showcase the pandemic biopolitics that have resulted in the de/reterritorialisation of everyday sociospatial activities, thus creating heterotopic places within the home. Specifically, the integration of work and political activity into the homescape has led to the resemiotisation of the linguistic landscape of homes and the dissolution of boundaries between ‘named’ spaces in homes. The concept of ‘transpatial repertoire’ captures the hybridisation of the pandemic-affected homescape, taking into consideration the vulnerabilities and emergent resistances to biopolitical control. In other words, it sheds light on the emergent heterotopias of im~mobility. (Pandemic, heterotopia, transpatial repertoire, linguistic landscape, homescape)*
Behavioural and environmental risk factors associated with primary schoolchildren’s overweight and obesity in urban Indonesia
Authors: de Vries Mecheva Margarita , Rieger Matthias , Sparrow Robert , Prafiantini Erfi , Agustina Rina
Published: May 2023

Objectives:

To aid the design of nutrition interventions in low- and middle-income countries undergoing a nutrition transition, this study examined behavioural and environmental risk factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity in urban Indonesia.

Design:

Body height and weight of children were measured to determine BMI-for-age Z-scores and childhood overweight and obesity status. A self-administered parental survey measured socio-economic background, children’s diet, physical activity, screen time and parental practices. Logistic and quantile regression models were used to assess the association between risk factors and the BMI-for-age Z-score distribution.

Setting:

Public primary schools in Central Jakarta, sampled at random.

Participants:

Children (n 1674) aged 6–13 years from 18 public primary schools.

Results:

Among the children, 31·0 % were overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys (21·0 %) than in girls (12·0 %). Male sex and height (aOR = 1·67; 95 % CI 1·30, 2·14 and aOR = 1·16; 95 % CI 1·14, 1·18, respectively) increased the odds of being overweight or obese, while the odds reduced with every year of age (aOR = 0·43; 95 % CI 0·37, 0·50). Maternal education was positively associated with children’s BMI at the median of the Z-score distribution (P = 0·026). Dietary and physical activity risk scores were not associated with children’s BMI at any quantile. The obesogenic home food environment score was significantly and positively associated with the BMI-for-age Z-score at the 75th and 90th percentiles (P = 0·022 and 0·023, respectively).

Conclusions:

This study illustrated the demographic, behavioural and environmental risk factors for overweight and obesity among primary schoolchildren in a middle-income country. To foster healthy behaviours in primary schoolchildren, parents need to ensure a positive home food environment. Future sex-responsive interventions should involve both parents and children, promote healthy diets and physical activity and improve food environments in homes and schools.
CLIMCAPS—A NASA Long‐Term Product for Infrared + Microwave Atmospheric Soundings
Authors: Smith N. , Barnet C. D.
Published: May 2023

The Community Long‐term Infrared Microwave Combined Atmospheric Product System (CLIMCAPS) spans more than two decades of soundings from infrared and microwave instrument pairs on Aqua, Suomi‐NPP, and NOAA‐20. CLIMCAPS builds on three decades of research within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Science Team (AST) to retrieve profiles of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, ozone, and many other trace gases as well as cloud and surface properties. In this paper, we highlight four innovative aspects of the AST retrieval methodology that allows the CLIMCAPS record (2002 to present) to bridge technology differences, maintain global coverage and stay updated with fast reprocessing times. CLIMCAPS improves on the AST method with rigorous optimal estimation uncertainty quantification for improved understanding of the signal‐to‐noise in sounding retrievals to allow their use in scientific research.
Standardized Data to Improve Understanding and Modeling of Soil Nitrogen at Continental Scale
Authors: Weintraub‐Leff Samantha R. , Hall Steven J. , Craig Matthew E. , Sihi Debjani , Wang Zhuonan , Hart Stephen C.
Published: May 2023

Nitrogen (N) is a key limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems, but there remain critical gaps in our ability to predict and model controls on soil N cycling. This may be in part due to lack of standardized sampling across broad spatial–temporal scales. Here, we introduce a continentally distributed, publicly available data set collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) that can help fill these gaps. First, we detail the sampling design and methods used to collect and analyze soil inorganic N pool and net flux rate data from 47 terrestrial sites. We address methodological challenges in generating a standardized data set, even for a network using uniform protocols. Then, we evaluate sources of variation within the sampling design and compare measured net N mineralization to simulated fluxes from the Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2). We observed wide spatiotemporal variation in inorganic N pool sizes and net transformation rates. Site explained the most variation in NEON’s stratified sampling design, followed by plots within sites. Organic horizons had larger pools and net N transformation rates than mineral horizons on a sample weight basis. The majority of sites showed some degree of seasonality in N dynamics, but overall these temporal patterns were not matched by CESM2, leading to poor correspondence between observed and modeled data. Looking forward, these data can reveal new insights into controls on soil N cycling, especially in the context of other environmental data sets provided by NEON, and should be leveraged to improve predictive modeling of the soil N cycle.
The Relationship of Aerosol Properties and Ice‐Nucleating Particle Concentrations in Beijing
Authors: Ren Y. Z. , Bi K. , Fu S. Z. , Tian P. , Huang M. Y. , Zhu R. H. , Xue H. W.
Published: May 2023

This paper investigates immersion mode ice‐nucleating particle (INP) concentrations measured with a continuous flow diffusion chamber at temperatures of −20°C, −25°C, and −30°C in Beijing from 4 May to 4 June 2018. Aerosol conditions in the experiment period are classified into four types: clean, light PM2.5 pollution, heavy PM2.5 pollution, and dust. The PM mass concentrations and the aerosol size distributions are distinctly different in the four aerosol conditions. INP concentration increases as temperature decreases from −20°C to −30°C for all the four aerosol conditions. At a given temperature, INP concentrations progressively increase as the aerosol condition changes from clean to light PM2.5 pollution and to heavy PM2.5 pollution condition. At −25°C and −30°C, the dust condition has a much higher INP concentration than the other aerosol conditions. The INP concentration is closely related to the number concentration of aerosols with diameters of 1.0–2.5 μm (). Using a similar method as in the previous parameterization of INP concentrations for global and fairly clean aerosol conditions, a new parameterization of the INP concentration based on is provided for the complicated aerosol conditions with high aerosol number concentrations in Beijing.
Propagation and Characteristics of Hydrometeorological Drought Under Changing Climate in Irish Catchments
Authors: Meresa H. , Murphy C. , Donegan S. E.
Published: May 2023

Hydrometeorological droughts are complex hazards expressed through the relative deviation in water availability relative to long‐term average conditions. The development and propagation of drought is governed by hydrological processes at different spatial scales including precipitation, evapotranspiration, overland flow, soil moisture, groundwater storage and discharge. Detailed investigation is thus required to evaluate associated linkages among various types of hydrometeorological drought to understand the likely impacts of climate change on drought characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration and propagation). This study explores the impact of climate change on hydrometeorological drought for 10 Irish catchments, using standardized drought indices representing different components of the hydrological system. We employ 12 Global Climate Models from the Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), forced with SSP370 and bias corrected to catchment conditions to force a conceptual hydrological model to generate hydrological projections for each catchment. The results indicate substantial drying during summer with associated increases in summer drought magnitude and frequency. However, simulations show a wide range of change, especially for hydrological drought (discharge and baseflow). Only modest changes in the magnitude and frequency of hydrological drought events were found, with increases in winter and spring precipitation offsetting summer dryness. Similarly, the probability of meteorological drought propagating to hydrological events (Standardized Streamflow Index/Standardized Baseflow Index), shows modest increases under the climate change projections considered. Findings highlight that drought, especially during summer are a critical climate change risk for adaptation.
Remote Influences of ENSO and IOD on the Interannual Variability of the West Antarctic Sea Ice
Authors: Kim Jihae , Kang Daehyun , Lee Myong‐In , Jin Emilia Kyung , Kug Jong‐Seong , Lee Won Sang
Published: May 2023

West Antarctica exhibits a pronounced sea ice variability in interannual timescale, and 20%–30% of the total variance can be explained by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) during austral spring. The sea ice variation is primarily linked with anomalous atmospheric circulation in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Sea (ABS) that modulates poleward atmospheric temperature advection and radiative forcing. With a co‐varying relationship between ENSO and IOD, isolating their remote impacts on Antarctica has been limited in observations. An idealized experiment using the atmospheric model with a dry dynamical core suggests that the anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the ABS is primarily contributed by the ENSO in the Pacific Ocean, while the contribution of the IOD in the Indian Ocean is only one‐third large. This study implies that atmospheric teleconnection through the southern Pacific Ocean is crucial for understanding the West Antarctic sea ice concentration variability.
Thank You to Our 2022 Reviewers
Authors: Wysession Michael , Grimm Nancy , Hofmann Eileen , Illangasekare Tissa , Peterson Bill , Zhang Renyi
Published: May 2023

Perspectives articles pose a unique challenge for reviewers, compared to other AGU journals. Most scientific journals follow a fairly standard format and style, but this is not the case with Perspectives, where articles can take many different forms. Most scientific journals also discourage the incorporation of an author's personality, but for Perspectives it is requested. This means that reviewers have to evaluate Perspectives articles not only on the accuracy and validity of their scientific content but also on the quality of the storytelling involved, with an eye toward their usefulness in both documenting the history of our fields and in inspiring the future scientists of tomorrow. Perspectives is a relatively new and expanding journal. Last year we had 17 reviewers to thank; this year the number is up to 56. We are very grateful for the wisdom and flexibility shown by our reviewers, and the entire editorial board of Perspectives would like to express our deep appreciation for all the work they have done. Thank you!
Benthic Foraminiferal Mn/Ca as Low‐Oxygen Proxy in Fjord Sediments
Authors: Brinkmann Inda , Barras Christine , Jilbert Tom , Paul K. Mareike , Somogyi Andrea , Ni Sha , Schweizer Magali , Bernhard Joan M. , Filipsson Helena L.
Published: May 2023

Fjord systems are typically affected by low‐oxygen conditions, which are increasing in extent and severity, forced by ongoing global changes. Fjord sedimentary records can provide high temporal resolution archives to aid our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and impacts of current deoxygenation. However, such archives can only be interpreted with well‐calibrated proxies. Bottom‐water oxygen conditions determine redox regime and availability of redox‐sensitive trace elements such as manganese, which in turn may be recorded by manganese‐to‐calcium ratios (Mn/Ca) in biogenic calcium carbonates (e.g., benthic foraminifera tests). However, biological influences on Mn incorporation (e.g., species‐specific Mn fractionation, ontogeny, living and calcification depths) are still poorly constrained. We analyzed Mn/Ca of living benthic foraminifera (Bulimina marginata, Nonionellina labradorica), sampled at low‐ to well‐oxygenated conditions over a seasonal gradient in Gullmar Fjord, Swedish West coast (71–217 μmol/L oxygen (O2)), by laser‐ablation ICP‐MS. High pore‐water Mn availability in the fjord supported Mn incorporation by foraminifera. B. marginata recorded contrasting Mn redox regimes sensitively and demonstrated potential as proxy for low‐oxygen conditions. Synchrotron‐based scanning X‐ray fluorescence nanoimaging of Mn distributions across B. marginata tests displayed Mn/Ca shifts by chambers, reflecting bottom‐water oxygenation history and/or ontogeny‐driven life strategy preferences. In contrast, Mn/Ca signals of N. labradorica were extremely high and insensitive to environmental variability. We explore potential biologically controlled mechanisms that could potentially explain this species‐specific response. Our data suggest that with the selection of sensitive candidate species, the Mn/Ca proxy has potential to be further developed for quantitative oxygen reconstructions in the low‐oxygen range.
Auroral Imaging With Combined Suomi 100 Nanosatellite and Ground‐Based Observations: A Case Study
Authors: Kallio Esa , Harri Ari‐Matti , Knuuttila Olli , Jarvinen Riku , Kauristie Kirsti , Kestilä Antti , Kivekäs Jarmo , Koskimaa Petri , Lukkari Juha‐Matti , Partamies Noora , Rynö Jouni , Syrjäsuo Mikko
Published: May 2023

Auroras can be regarded as the most fascinating manifestation of space weather and they are continuously observed by ground‐based and, nowadays more and more, also by space‐based measurements. Investigations of auroras and geospace comprise the main research goals of the Suomi 100 nanosatellite, the first Finnish space research satellite, which has been measuring the Earth's ionosphere since its launch on 3 December 2018. In this work, we present a case study where the satellite's camera observations of an aurora over Northern Europe are combined with ground‐based observations of the same event. The analyzed image is, to the authors' best knowledge, the first auroral image ever taken by a CubeSat. Our data analysis shows that a satellite vantage point provides complementary, novel information of such phenomena. The 3D auroral location reconstruction of the analyzed auroral event demonstrates how information from a 2D image can be used to provide location information of auroras under study. The location modeling also suggests that the Earth's limb direction, which was the case in the analyzed image, is an ideal direction to observe faint auroras. Although imaging on a small satellite has some large disadvantages compared with ground‐based imaging (the camera cannot be repaired, a fast moving spinning satellite), the data analysis and modeling demonstrate how even a small 1‐Unit (size: 10 × 10 × 10 cm) CubeSat and its camera, build using cheap commercial off‐the‐shelf components, can open new possibilities for auroral research, especially, when its measurements are combined with ground‐based observations.