bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feral Animals, Rastrojo, and Dispossession: Images of the Afterlives of War in Bajo Atrato, Colombia
Authors: Ruiz‐Serna Daniel
Published: November 2021

This article examines the ruinous traces left by armed conflict in the villages of Afro‐Colombian rural peoples living in Bajo Atrato, a region located in the Colombian Pacific lowlands. Through a set of images that illustrate the way animals and plants participate in the decline of abandoned houses and fields, I argue that war is not just a phenomenon unfolding in particular places but rather a force producing such places. Attention to the lasting effects produced by rubble, resurgent forests, feral animals, and trees pocked from gunfire compels us to reconsider how to assess the environmental impacts of war.
Monophasic versus biphasic hyaluronic acid filler for correcting nasolabial folds: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ghaddaf Abdullah A. , Aljefri Yara E. , Alharbi Fahad A. , Sharif Rahaf K. , Alnahdi Wejdan A. , Baaqeel Rasha
Published: November 2021

Background

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are the most popular dermal fillers for wrinkle correction and facial rejuvenation. Recently, there has been an interest toward classifying HA fillers based on the cross‐linking properties into monophasic (MHA) and biphasic (BHA) fillers. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety outcomes between MHA and BHA fillers for the correction of nasolabial folds (NLFs).

Methods

We searched Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared MHA filler to BHA filler for individuals with moderate‐to‐severe bilateral NLFs. We sought to evaluate the following outcomes: Wrinkle severity rating scale (WSRS), pain on visual analog scale (VAS), global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS), and adverse events. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to represent continuous outcomes while risk ratio (RR) was used to represent dichotomous outcomes.

Results

A total of 11 RCTs that enrolled 935 participants deemed eligible. MHA filler revealed a significant improvement in the overall WSRS score and GAIS score compared to BHA filler (SMD = −0.38, 95% CI −0.49 to −0.27 and SMD = 0.34, 95% CI 0.24–0.45, respectively). No significant difference was noted between MHA and BHA fillers in terms of pain score or adverse events (SMD = −0.39, 95% CI −0.81–0.03 and RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.89–1.12, respectively).

Conclusions

MHA filler showed discernable cosmetic results and comparable effective and tolerability to BHA filler.
A review on the elasticity of unemployment duration to the potential duration of unemployment benefits
Authors: Lopes Marta C.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, I present an exhaustive literature review on the empirical work that estimated the impact of the potential duration of unemployment insurance on unemployment duration, measured in a week‐to‐week elasticity. For each study, I include information on data—county, period of analysis, type of database, gender, and age, estimation—estimation model, unobserved heterogeneity, and source of identification, and average effect. The range of estimates is wide: from 0.02 to 1.3 weeks for each additional week of potential duration. This review suggests that larger estimates belong to studies analyzing North America before the 1990s, Europe in more recent periods, survey data, female, older individuals, using other estimation techniques than survival analysis, or survival analysis that account for unobserved heterogeneity.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with myocardial infarction with and without obstructive coronary arteries
Authors: Svenungsson Elisabet , Spaak Jonas , Strandberg Karin , Wallén Håkan N. , Agewall Stefan , Brolin Elin B. , Collste Olov , Daniel Maria , Ekenbäck Christina , Frick Mats , Henareh Loghman , Malmqvist Karin , Elvin Kerstin , Sörensson Peder , Y‐Hassan Shams , Hofman‐Bang Claes , Tornvall Per
Published: November 2021

Background

Recent studies demonstrate that prothrombotic antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are overrepresented in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) due to coronary artery disease (MICAD). However, it is not known whether aPL differ between the two subsets of MI: MICAD and MI with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA).

Objectives

To determine whether aPL are associated with MINOCA or MICAD, or with hypercoagulability as assessed by activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC–PCI) complex.

Methods

Well‐characterized patients with MINOCA (n = 98), age‐ and gender‐matched patients with MICAD (n = 99), and healthy controls (n = 100) were included in a cross‐sectional case–control study. Autoantibodies (IgA/G/M) targeting cardiolipin and β2glycoprotein‐I and specific nuclear antigens were analyzed by multiplexed bead technology. The concentration of APC–PCI was determined as a measure of hypercoagulability by an immunofluorometric sandwich assay.

Results

Both prevalence and titers of aPL of the IgG isotype (anti‐cardiolipin and/or anti‐β2glycoprotein‐I) were higher in patients with MINOCA and MICAD than in controls. aPL IgG positivity was twice as frequent among patients with MICAD than MINOCA (11% vs. 6%, nonsignificant). We observed no group differences regarding aPL IgA/M or antibodies targeting specific nuclear antigens. Levels of APC–PCI were elevated in aPL IgG‐positive compared to aPL IgG‐negative MICAD patients.

Conclusions

aPL IgG, but not IgA/M, are enriched particularly in patients with MICAD but also in patients with MINOCA, as compared to controls. Interestingly, signs of hypercoagulability—measured by increased levels of the APC–PCI complex—were present in aPL IgG‐positive MICAD patients, indicating an association with functional disturbances of the coagulation system.
His Master’s Voice, Her Jokes: Voice and Gender Politics in the Performance of Rakugo
Authors: Şahin Esra‐Gökçe
Published: November 2021

This article explores the role of voice and voicing as a gendered construct in the performance of rakugo in Japan. Rakugo is a traditional genre of comedic storytelling, performed by a single actor. The genre sets a nostalgic tone for the simplicity of life in preindustrial Tokyo, through portrayals of foolishness and mockery of various human situations. A great majority of the rakugo performers are men. Despite the fact that rakugo is characterized with a technique of cross gender vocalization, rakugo performers state that the female voice is considered unsuitable for vocalizing the protagonists in rakugo stories. On the basis of ethnographic data gained from participant observation, and my own apprenticeship under a prominent rakugo master, I investigate the role of female voice as a “speaker” in the Bakhtinian “double‐voiced discourse” of rakugo. The female voice is considered unsuitable to perform rakugo well, because women are denied the agency to reciprocate the androcentric ideology that views the genre as exclusively male authored.
Coping with Relationship Stress in Adolescence: A Decade in Review
Authors: Erath Stephen A. , Pettit Gregory S.
Published: November 2021

At a moment in history when stress levels among adolescents are high and coping capacities are taxed, it seems timely and important to review a decade's accomplishments in elucidating how, and with what effects, adolescents cope with relationship stress. We provide an update on research about coping with parent, peer, and romantic stress and discuss the effectiveness of coping strategies across cultures, developmental periods, and levels of social stress. We explore relations between coping and other automatic and reflective responses to stress and highlight innovations in lab‐based and ambulatory assessments. We recommend studies of variability in the success of coping at different intensities of relationship stress and research with real‐time and repeated assessments to capture the process of coping.
Advances in Research on Adolescent Suicide and a High Priority Agenda for Future Research
Authors: Clayton Matthew G. , Pollak Olivia H. , Owens Sarah A. , Miller Adam Bryant , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: November 2021

Suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States, yet remarkably little is known regarding risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), relatively few federal grants and scientific publications focus on STBs, and few evidence‐based approaches to prevent or treat STBs are available. This “decade in review” article discusses five domains of recent empirical findings that span biological, environmental, and contextual systems and can guide future research in this high priority area: (1) the role of the central nervous system; (2) physiological risk factors, including the peripheral nervous system; (3) proximal acute stress responses; (4) novel behavioral and psychological risk factors; and (5) broader societal factors impacting diverse populations and several additional nascent areas worthy of further investigation.
Importance of Digital Communication in Adolescents’ Development: Theoretical and Empirical Advancements in the Last Decade
Authors: Ehrenreich Samuel E. , George Madeleine J. , Burnell Kaitlyn , Underwood Marion K.
Published: November 2021

The past decade saw a sharp increase in the use of smartphones and digital communication platforms. This manuscript reviews advancements in the study of digital communication and adolescent development over the last decade. We highlight theoretical models that seek to explain the power of digital media in adolescents’ lives. We then examine research conducted over the last decade on five aspects of digital media: (1) potential to contribute to adolescent development, (2) associations with mental health, (3) differential impact of active versus passive social media use, (4) cyberbullying, and (5) sexting. We conclude with a discussion of potential opportunities and challenges for studying the role of digital communication in adolescents’ development during the coming decade.
Immigrant Youth Resilience: Theoretical Considerations, Empirical Developments, and Future Directions
Authors: Motti‐Stefanidi Frosso , Pavlopoulos Vassilis , He Jia
Published: November 2021

Resilient adaptation among immigrant youth provides the foundation for healthy and productive adult lives. Great diversity is observed in their adaptation. This diversity has been studied during the past decade from different angles and intellectual traditions. However, the results are disconnected. In this paper, first, we present a resilience conceptual model for understanding immigrant youth adaptation. We argue that its concepts and principles allow us to best pull together what is known and discover what is still unknown. Together with narrower topic‐specific conceptual models, it can guide the formulation of hypotheses regarding immigrant youth resilience. Second, we examine comparatively, through the lens of this conceptual model, results of a content analysis on the abstracts of studies on individual differences in immigrant youth adaptation, conducted during the past decade in North American and European countries. Finally, we discuss the meaning of acculturation‐related terms which are often used in an inconsistent way.
Latinx Adolescents' Assets, Risks, and Developmental Pathways: A Decade in Review and Looking Ahead
Authors: Azmitia Margarita
Published: November 2021

I selectively review the last decade of theory and research on Latinx adolescents and emerging adults’ development. After briefly reviewing the changing demographics of US Latinx families, I address: (1) asset‐based theories of Latinx youth’s development; (2) the literature on the educational pathways of US Latinx youth; (3) how close relationships, ethnic/racial (ERI) identity, and family, school, and community context promote or constrain Latinx youth’s educational and positive development and provide examples of successful interventions to promote ERI and academic adjustment. I conclude with suggestions for scholarship in the next decade, including applying intersectional, interdisciplinary, biopsychosocial, and international lenses to studying Latinx youth, researching father involvement, and addressing between‐ and within‐country of origin variations in Latinx youth's education and development.
Adolescent Brain Development and Contextual Influences: A Decade in Review
Authors: Galván Adriana
Published: November 2021

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by substantial psychological, biological, and neurobiological changes. This review discusses the past decade of research on the adolescent brain, as based on the overarching framework that development is a dynamic process both within the individual and between the individual and external inputs. As such, this review focuses on research showing that the development of the brain is influenced by multiple ongoing and dynamic elements. It highlights the implications this body of work on behavioral development and offers areas of opportunity for future research in the coming decade.
Evaluation of different artificial light technologies for indoor aquaponic production of Bibb lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. capitata, and compact basil, Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese
Authors: Shultz R. Charles , Coyle Shawn D. , Bright Leigh Anne , Hager Janelle V. , Tidwell James H.
Published: November 2021

Aquaponic production in temperate climates is often conducted in insulated buildings to reduce heating costs and therefore must rely on artificial lighting to replace natural sunlight. However, there are several different light technologies available to producers. We conducted two aquaponic growth trials to compare four lighting technologies for the indoor production of Bibb lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. capitata (Trial 1), and basil, Ocimum basilicum var. Genovese (Trial 2). Light types evaluated included metal halide (MH), fluorescent (FLO), light‐emitting diode (LED), and induction (IND). Using a complete block design, each of the four identical aquaponic systems included all four light types. Juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, (Trial 1:145 g; Trial 2:169 g) were stocked into each replicate system and fed at a rate of 60 g feed m−2 of plant grow‐space per day. In Trial 1, Bibb lettuce plants grown under LED lights had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (164 g), higher production per unit area (3118 g m−2), and higher production per unit energy (84 g m−2 kWh−1) compared to those grown under the other light types. Bibb lettuce grown under IND and FLO lights had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (82.0 and 78.0 g, respectively) and production per unit of area (1762 and 1700 g m−2, respectively) than those grown under MH lights (1382 g m−2). In Trial 2, Basil grown under LED lights had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) average individual weights (188 g), production per unit area (4970 m−2), and production per unit of energy (1483 g m−2 kWh−1) than basil grown under the other three light types. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in average individual weight or production per unit area among basil plants grown under MH, IND or FLO. Analysis of leaf tissues indicated several statistically significant differences among the light treatments. However, the actual magnitudes of these differences were relatively small. Evaluation of emitted wavelengths indicate that production differences may be related to the amount of red light spectra (600–699 nm), and the ratio of red light to blue light (400–499 nm) (R:B ratio) produced by the different light types. The LED had a greater production of red spectra and higher R:B ratios than other lights which appears to be advantageous for growth of Bibb lettuce and basil.
Big five personality traits and retirement decisions
Authors: Lucifora Claudio , Repetto Martina
Published: November 2021

We estimate the effect of the Big Five personality traits on the retirement decisions of individuals aged between 50 and 80 years in fourteen European countries, using wave 7 from the SHARE data. We investigate the probability of retirement and a measure of the distance between actual retirement and ordinary retirement age. Overall, we find that personality affects retirement decisions, and the effects are similar across gender. Openness to experience, conscientiousness and extraversion are generally associated with a delay in retirement decisions, whereas neuroticism anticipates the exit from the labour market.
Bioremediation: an alternative approach for detoxification of polymers from the contaminated environment
Authors: Borthakur D. , Rani M. , Das K. , Shah M.P. , Sharma B.K. , Kumar A.
Published: November 2021

The industries and metropolitan wastes produced by anthropogenic activities are of great concern for nature as it causes soil contamination and deteriorate the environment. Plastic utilization is rapidly enhancing globally with passing days that last for a more extended period in the environment due to slow decomposition and natural degradation. Excessive use of polymer has risked the life of both marine, freshwater and terrestrial organisms. Lack of proper waste management and inappropriate disposal leads to environmental threats. Bioremediation processes involve microbes such as fungi, bacteria, etc. which contribute a crucial role in the breakdown of plastics. Extremophiles secrete extremozymes that are functionally active in extreme conditions and are highly crucial for polymer disaggregation in those conditions.
An in vitro biofilm model system to facilitate study of microbial communities of the human oral cavity
Authors: An S.-Q. , Hull R. , Metris A. , Barrett P. , Webb J.S. , Stoodley P.
Published: November 2021

The human oral cavity is host to a diverse microbiota. Much of what is known about the behaviour of oral microbes derives from studies of individual or several cultivated species, situations which do not totally reflect the function of organisms within more complex microbiota or multispecies biofilms. The number of validated models that allow examination of the role that biofilms play during oral cavity colonization is also limited. The CDC biofilm reactor is a standard method that has been deployed to study interactions between members of human microbiotas allowing studies to be completed during an extended period under conditions where nutrient availability, and washout of waste products are controlled. The objective of this work was to develop a robust in vitro biofilm-model system from a pooled saliva inoculum to study the development, reproducibility and stability of the oral microbiota. By employing deep sequencing of the variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene, we found that the CDC biofilm reactor could be used to efficiently cultivate microbiota containing all six major phyla previously identified as the core saliva microbiota. After an acclimatisation period, communities in each reactor stabilised. Replicate reactors were predominately populated by a shared core microbiota; variation between replicate reactors was primarily driven by shifts in abundance of shared operational taxonomic units. We conclude that the CDC biofilm reactor can be used to cultivate communities that replicate key features of the human oral cavity and is a useful tool to facilitate studies of the dynamics of these communities.
Developing an Educational Neuroscience of Category Learning
Authors: Goldwater Micah B. , Hilton Courtney , Davis Tyler H.
Published: November 2021

There is a disconnect between neuroscience research on concept learning and representation (focusing on categories of concrete objects), and concept learning challenges in science education (which concern systems of causal relationships among objects and events). Bridging this gap will both inform theories of science learning and expand our understanding about how the brain learns and represents knowledge. We examine both literatures, point to where they converge and diverge, and offer paths forward for collaboration between science educators and cognitive neuroscientists to the benefit of each. In cognitive neuroscience, we describe advances in neuroimaging analyses based on cognitive models that directly relate cognitive processes to neural activity. Adapting science education content to support these model‐based analyses offers unique opportunities to answer open questions about the cognition behind successful science learning. Further, adapting educational materials for use in neuroimaging may create useful learning exercises that offer unique affordances complementing typical classroom activities.
Lifespan and telomere length variation across populations of wild‐derived African killifish
Authors: Reichard Martin , Giannetti Kety , Ferreira Tania , Maouche Ahmed , Vrtílek Milan , Polačik Matej , Blažek Radim , Ferreira Miguel Godinho
Published: November 2021

Telomeres and telomerase prevent the continuous erosion of chromosome‐ends caused by lifelong cell division. Shortened telomeres are associated with age‐related pathologies. While short telomere length is positively correlated with increased lethality at the individual level, in comparisons across species short telomeres are associated with long (and not short) lifespans. Here, we tested this contradiction between individual and evolutionary patterns in telomere length using African annual killifish. We analysed lifespan and telomere length in a set of captive strains derived from well‐defined wild populations of Nothobranchius furzeri and its sister species, N. kadleci, from sites along a strong gradient of aridity which ultimately determines maximum natural lifespan. Overall, males were shorter‐lived than females, and also had shorter telomeres. Male lifespan (measured in controlled laboratory conditions) was positively associated with the amount of annual rainfall in the site of strain origin. However, fish from wetter climates had shorter telomeres. In addition, individual fish which grew largest over the juvenile period possessed shorter telomeres at the onset of adulthood. This demonstrates that individual condition and environmentally‐driven selection indeed modulate the relationship between telomere length and lifespan in opposite directions, validating the existence of inverse trends within a single taxon. Intraindividual heterogeneity of telomere length (capable to detect very short telomeres) was not associated with mean telomere length, suggesting that the shortest telomeres are controlled by regulatory pathways other than those that determine mean telomere length. The substantial variation in telomere length between strains from different environments identifies killifish as a powerful system in understanding the adaptive value of telomere length.
Organic acid, a virulence factor for pathogenic fungi, causing postharvest decay in fruits
Authors: Jiao Wenxiao , Liu Xin , Li Youyuan , Li Boqiang , Du Yamin , Zhang Zhanquan , Chen Qingmin , Fu Maorun
Published: November 2021

Decay due to fungal infection is a major cause of postharvest losses in fruits. Acidic fungi may enhance their virulence by locally reducing the pH of the host. Several devastating postharvest fungi, such as Penicillium spp., Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can secrete gluconic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid. Emerging evidence suggests that organic acids secreted by acidic fungi are important virulence factors. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the biosynthesis of organic acids, the role of the pH signalling transcription factor PacC in regulating organic acid, and the action mechanism of the main organic acid secreted via postharvest pathogenic fungi during infection of host tissues. This paper systematically demonstrates the relationships between tissue acidification and postharvest fungal pathogenicity, which will motivate the study of host–pathogen interactions and provide a better understanding of virulence mechanisms of the pathogens so as to design new technical strategies to prevent postharvest diseases.
Concurrent tau pathologies in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP‐43 pathology
Authors: Koga Shunsuke , Zhou Xiaolai , Murakami Aya , Fernandez De Castro Cristhoper , Baker Matthew C. , Rademakers Rosa , Dickson Dennis W.
Published: November 2021

Aims

Accumulating evidence suggests that patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) can have pathologic accumulation of multiple proteins, including tau and TDP‐43. This study aimed to determine the frequency and characteristics of concurrent tau pathology in FTLD with TDP‐43 pathology (FTLD‐TDP).

Methods

The study included 146 autopsy‐confirmed cases of FTLD‐TDP and 55 cases of FTLD‐TDP with motor neuron disease (FTLD‐MND). Sections from the basal forebrain were screened for tau pathology with phosphorylated‐tau immunohistochemistry. For cases with tau pathology on the screening section, additional brain sections were studied to establish a diagnosis. Genetic analysis of C9orf72, GRN and MAPT was performed on select cases.

Results

We found 72 cases (36%) with primary age‐related tauopathy (PART), 85 (42%) with ageing‐related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG), 45 (22%) with argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) and 2 cases (1%) with corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Patients with ARTAG or AGD were significantly older than those without these comorbidities. One of the patients with FTLD‐TDP and CBD had C9orf72 mutation and relatively mild tau pathology, consistent with incidental CBD.

Conclusion

The coexistence of TDP‐43 and tau pathologies was relatively common, particularly PART and ARTAG. Although rare, patients with FTLD can have multiple neurodegenerative proteinopathies. The absence of TDP‐43‐positive astrocytic plaques may suggest that CBD and FTLD‐TDP were independent disease processes in the two patients with both tau and TDP‐43 pathologies. It remains to be determined if mixed cases represent a unique disease process or two concurrent disease processes in an individual.
Combinatorial model of amyloid β and tau reveals synergy between amyloid deposits and tangle formation
Authors: Koller Emily J. , Ibanez Kristen R. , Vo Quan , McFarland Karen N. , Gonzalez De La Cruz Elsa , Zobel Lillian , Williams Tristan , Xu Guilian , Ryu Daniel , Patel Preya , Giasson Benoit I. , Prokop Stefan , Chakrabarty Paramita
Published: November 2021

Aims

To illuminate the pathological synergy between Aβ and tau leading to emergence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), here, we have performed a comparative neuropathological study utilising three distinctive variants of human tau (WT tau, P301L mutant tau and S320F mutant tau). Previously, in non‐transgenic mice, we showed that WT tau or P301L tau does not form NFT while S320F tau can spontaneously aggregate into NFT, allowing us to test the selective vulnerability of these different tau conformations to the presence of Aβ plaques.

Methods

We injected recombinant AAV‐tau constructs into neonatal APP transgenic TgCRND8 mice or into 3‐month‐old TgCRND8 mice; both cohorts were aged 3 months post injection. This allowed us to test how different tau variants synergise with soluble forms of Aβ (pre‐deposit cohort) or with frank Aβ deposits (post‐deposit cohort).

Results

Expression of WT tau did not produce NFT or altered Aβ in either cohort. In the pre‐deposit cohort, S320F tau induced Aβ plaque deposition, neuroinflammation and synaptic abnormalities, suggesting that early tau tangles affect the amyloid cascade. In the post‐deposit cohort, contemporaneous expression of S320F tau did not exacerbate amyloid pathology, showing a dichotomy in Aβ‐tau synergy based on the nature of Aβ. P301L tau produced NFT‐type inclusions in the post‐deposit cohort, but not in the pre‐deposit cohort, indicating pathological synergy with pre‐existing Aβ deposits.

Conclusions

Our data show that different tau mutations representing specific folding variants of tau synergise with Aβ to different extents, depending on the presence of cerebral deposits.
Testing for a Moderately Explosive Process with Structural Change in Drift*
Authors: Xiang Jingjie , Guo Gangzheng , Zhao Qing
Published: November 2021

This paper studies large sample properties of a moderately explosive autoregression with a structural change in the unobservable drift term, and develops asymptotic tests for the null of moderate explosiveness under different dependence structures. When the innovation sequence is independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.), we show that the t statistic is asymptotically standard normal. When the innovations are weakly dependent in the form of homoskedasticity or conditional heteroskedasticity, we invoke the fixed‐smoothing asymptotics to construct the heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust standard error, under which the t statistic follows Student’s t distribution in large samples. Monte Carlo simulations show that our tests have small size distortion and high power in finite samples. As we impose no restrictions on the occurrence time and magnitude of the drift, our proposed asymptotic tests enjoy strong robustness and applicability.
Prey diversity constrains the adaptive potential of predator foraging traits
Authors: DeLong John P. , Coblentz Kyle E.
Published: November 2021

Predators are generally under selective pressure to get better at foraging, leading to steeper functional responses and stronger predator–prey interactions. Yet strong interactions can de‐stabilize food webs, and most interactions across ecological communities are thought to be weak. This conflict between evolutionary and community expectations for the strength of predator–prey interactions represents a fundamental gap in our understanding of how the evolution of foraging plays out in food webs. Here we help to resolve the conflict by showing analytically that the expectation for the evolution of steeper functional responses is relaxed in communities with diverse prey types. We simulate communities with varying prey richness and show that increasing prey richness can indeed constrain the adaptive potential of predator foraging traits, but that at low prey richness predators can evolve to have a stronger interaction with prey that have high net energy yields. Our results also indicate that handling time plays a role in determining whether predators may evolve to have a stronger interaction with abundant prey, suggesting that the evolution of keystone predator modules in food webs is most likely when handling times are negligible. Our results also provide a new mechanism predicting more diffuse interactions in diverse tropical communities relative to more species‐poor communities at higher latitudes.
Effect of an Elevated Preoperative International Normalized Ratio on Transfusion and Complications in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty with the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocol
Authors: Peng Linbo , Zeng Junfeng , Zeng Yi , Wu Yuangang , Yang Jing , Shen Bin
Published: November 2021

Objective

To verify whether an elevated preoperative international normalized ratio (INR) increases transfusion and complications independently in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) with the management of an enhanced recovery after surgery (EARS) protocol.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the database of adults who underwent primary THA between 2014 and 2018 by the same surgeon. A total of 552 patients were assigned into three groups by preoperative INR class: INR ≤ 0.9, 0.9 < INR < 1.0, and INR ≥ 1.0. We regarded transfusion within 90 days during the same hospitalization as the primary outcome. We also included perioperative blood loss, maximum Hb drop, postoperative anaemia requiring medicine, and length of hospital stay (LOS) during the same hospitalization in the study. Complications and reoperation at 90 days and mortality at 90 days and 12 months were also included in the study. Univariable analyses were utilized to compare baselines and outcomes among the three groups. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to adjust for differences at baseline among the groups.

Results

All patients had an INR < 1.5 preoperatively and were managed with the ERAS protocol. Among them, 93 (16.8%) patients had INR ≤ 0.9, 268 (48.6%) patients had 0.9 < INR < 1.0, and 191 (34.6%) patients had INR ≥ 1.0. In the univariable analyses, as the INR increased, the transfusion rates increased from 1.08% for INR ≤ 0.9, to 1.12% for 0.9 < INR < 1.0 and to 5.76% for INR ≥ 1.0 (P < 0.05). The overall complication rate increased from 10.8% for INR ≤ 0.9, to 16.4% for 0.9 < INR < 1.0, and to 22.5% for INR ≥ 1.0 (P < 0.05). The length of stay (LOS) in the INR ≥ 1.0 group was 5.7 ± 2.2 days, which was significantly longer than that in the INR ≤ 0.9 group (4.7 ± 1.6 days, P = 0.000) and 0.9 < INR < 1.0 group (5.1 ± 2.0 days, P = 0.007). No statistical significance was detected among the groups regarding blood loss, maximum Hb drop, or the incidence of postoperative anaemia that required medicine. There was no significant difference in reoperation or mortality among the groups. When controlling for demographic and comorbidity characteristics, there was no statistically significant difference in the odds of transfusion during the same hospitalization or overall complications at 90 days among the groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Elevated preoperative INR cannot increase transfusion or complication rates independently in primary THA with the management of the ERAS protocol. With the improvement in the ERAS protocol and the use of tranexamic acid (TXA), an INR < 1.5 is still a conventional safe threshold for THA surgery.
Caesarean delivery and pubertal timing in boys and girls: A Danish population‐based cohort study
Authors: Huang Kun , Gaml‐Sørensen Anne , Lunddorf Lea Lykke Harrits , Ernst Andreas , Brix Nis , Olsen Jørn , Ramlau‐Hansen Cecilia Høst
Published: November 2021

Background

There is considerable public and scientific interest in the declining age of pubertal timing. Prenatal and postnatal stress has been proposed to relate with earlier pubertal timing, but it remains unknown whether intrapartum stress may affect pubertal timing as well.

Objective

This study aims to examine the potential effect of caesarean delivery on pubertal timing in boys and girls.

Methods

This study was based upon the nationwide Puberty Cohort nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) from 2000 to 2003. A total of 15,731 mother‐child pairs with complete information on delivery mode and puberty were included in the main analysis. The delivery mode was categorised into non‐instrumental vaginal delivery (reference), instrumental vaginal delivery, elective caesarean delivery before labour, emergency caesarean delivery during labour and un‐specified caesarean delivery. Children's pubertal development were self‐reported in web‐based questionnaires from 11 years of age and every 6 months throughout puberty (2012–2019), including Tanner stages 2–5, menarche, voice break, first ejaculation, axillary hair growth and the onset of acne. Regression models for censored, normally distributed time‐to‐event data were used to estimate mean monthly differences in age at attaining the different pubertal milestones and the average of all these estimates for each sex (a combined indicator of pubertal timing).

Results

A total of 2810 participants were born by caesarean delivery (17.9%). Neither elective nor emergency caesarean delivery was associated with earlier age at achieving the pubertal milestones in boys or in girls. For the combined indicator, the mean age differences for elective caesarean delivery and emergency caesarean delivery were 0.1 (95% CI −1.1, 1.4) months and −0.7 (95% CI −2.0, 0.5) months in boys and 0.7 (95% CI −0.7, 2.0) and 0.2 (95% CI −1.3, 1.7) in girls.

Conclusions

This study does not suggest a clinically important effect of caesarean delivery on children's pubertal timing.
Ecosystem effectuation: creating new value through open innovation during a pandemic
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka , Bogers Marcel L.A.M. , Chesbrough Henry , Minssen Timo
Published: November 2021

The severity of the COVID‐19 pandemic confronts us with a global grand challenge representing an unprecedented crisis for health, economies, and societies. While digital champions are thriving, a large number of businesses and industries have been facing radical uncertainty, pushing some to the edge of collapse. This emergency calls for new ways to look at organizational ambidexterity and business model innovation. In this paper, we present and discuss a unique case study of a low‐cost airline, AirAsia. With their fleet of aircraft grounded, and unable to pursue any incremental innovation opportunities, AirAsia decided to follow a radical ambidexterity path – focusing on exploration by building an innovation ecosystem. This case not only offers insights on a novel way to create value through open innovation but also extends the body of knowledge on entrepreneurial effectuation by introducing the concept of an ecosystem effectuation. AirAsia’s case shows that, in financially distressed times, business model reconfiguration may not be enough, and instead of selecting means to attain goals, the goals may be created upon available means.
Content of tryptophan and kynurenines in serum and milk of dairy cows with mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp.
Authors: Bochniarz Mariola , Dąbrowski Roman , Kocki Tomasz , Błaszczyk Przemysław , Szczubiał Marek , Brodzki Piotr , Krakowski Leszek , Turski Waldemar A.
Published: November 2021

Contents

The aim of the study was to investigate serum and milk concentrations of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA), and activity of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) in cows suffering from mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp. The blood and milk samples were collected from Holstein‐Friesian cows farmed in the Lublin region of Poland. It was found that TRP was lower in cows with mastitis both in serum and milk. KYN was lower in serum but not in milk. KYNA was not significantly altered in diseased cows both in serum and milk. The activity of IDO calculated as KYN to TRP ratio was unchanged in serum but was markedly elevated in milk of cows with mastitis. Our findings may have important implications for diagnosis of mastitis in cows because an increase of activity of IDO and reduction of TRP in milk might be a valuable early marker predicting the occurrence of the disease.
Characteristics of fluid inclusions in the sandstone‐hosted Qianjiadian uranium deposit, southwest Songliao Basin, northeastern China: Implications for the nature and evolution of ore‐forming fluids
Authors: Ma Xue‐li , Wang Ke‐yong , Jin Ruo‐shi , Li Jian‐guo , Zhou Hong‐ying , Yang He
Published: November 2021

The Qianjiadian deposit is a typical sandstone‐hosted uranium deposit that is hosted mainly in sandstone and siltstone of the Lower Cretaceous Yaojia Formation, located within the transition between the Kailu Depression and Jiamatu Uplift in the Songliao Basin, northeastern China. We studied the geological characteristics of this deposit, and analysed the mineralized sandstone by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to identify the host minerals of fluid inclusions associated with uranium mineralization and describe their petrographic characteristics. In addition, this research investigated the origin of ore‐forming fluids and the relationship between petroleum fluids and uranium mineralization, based on the following findings. (1) EPMA and SEM data show that uranium minerals are hosted mainly in hydrothermal quartz (HQ) within sandstone cement, which indicates that uranium minerals co‐precipitated with HQ. (2) The fluid inclusions in the HQ show low homogenization temperatures (102.5–169.5°C) and low salinities (1.7–6.1 wt%). In contrast, aqueous inclusions in quartz overgrowths show lower temperatures (60.5–117°C) and higher salinities (4.2–8.7 wt%). (3) Petroleum fluids trapped in HQ homogenize fluid and those along healed microfractures in quartz overgrowth or plagioclase overgrowths at ~70–80°C, those trapped in present‐day organic inclusions at ~85–95°C, and at the boundary of detrital mineral grains show higher homogenization temperatures (~135–145°C). These results indicate that the hydrothermal quartz cement is associated with uranium mineralization, and the ore‐forming fluid of Qianjiadian sandstone‐hosted uranium deposit are characterized by low‐temperature, low‐salinity hydrothermal fluids, and the changes of temperature and salinity of hydrothermal fluids may not be intimately associated with uranium mineralization.
Exact solutions and internal waves for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in spherical coordinates
Authors: Martin Calin Iulian , Quirchmayr Ronald
Published: November 2021

This paper is concerned with some analytical aspects pertaining to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. We use spherical coordinates in a rotating frame to derive a new exact and partially explicit solution to the governing equations of geophysical fluid dynamics for an inviscid and incompressible azimuthal flow with a discontinuous density distribution and subjected to forcing terms. The latter are of paramount importance for the modeling of realistic flows, that is, flows that are observed in an averaged sense in the ocean. The discontinuous density triggers the appearance of an interface that plays the role of an internal wave. Although the velocity and the pressure are determined explicitly, we use functional analytical techniques that uniquely render the surface and interface defining functions in an implicit way as soon as a small enough pressure is applied on the free surface. Additionally, we consider a particular example, where the interface can be determined explicitly. We conclude our discussion by setting out monotonicity relations between the surface pressure and its distortion that concur with the physical expectations. A regularity result concerning the interface is also derived.
Riemann–Hilbert approach for discrete sine‐Gordon equation with simple and double poles
Authors: Chen Meisen , Fan Engui
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we present the inverse scattering transformation (IST) for discrete sine‐Gordon equation via the Riemann–Hilbert approach. In the direct scattering part, we establish analyticity, symmetries, and asymptotic properties of Jost solutions and reflection coefficients. In the inverse part, we solve the discrete sine‐Gordon equation by establishing a Riemann–Hilbert problem with simple and double poles, respectively. N‐soliton solutions are obtained via the reconstruction formula correspondent to the Riemann–Hilbert problem. As examples of N‐solitons, we present some explicit solutions such as breathers, degenerate solitons for discrete sine‐Gordon equation, and the dynamical properties of these solutions are further analyzed.
Communicating Mobility Restrictions During the COVID‐19 Crisis on Twitter: The Legitimacy Challenge
Authors: Bélanger Marie‐Eve , Lavenex Sandra
Published: November 2021

In response to Covid‐19, governments have imposed substantial restrictions on people's mobility. To encourage compliance, political actors have deployed direct communication strategies on social media. In this paper, we evaluate the legitimacy of the Swiss government's crisis communication on Twitter during the first wave of the pandemic. We examine and compare tweets regarding international and domestic travel, as well as social distancing. Using content and network analysis, we analyze the legitimacy of crisis communication by measuring its timeliness, consistency and congruence. We find that communication on domestic mobility restrictions has enjoyed a higher level of consistency and congruence, but has suffered from a disengagement of political parties, while the communication of international travel restrictions has become increasingly politicized.
Thin Objects Are Not Transparent
Authors: Plebani Matteo , San Mauro Luca , Venturi Giorgio
Published: November 2021

In this short paper, we analyse whether assuming that mathematical objects are “thin” in Linnebo's sense simplifies the epistemology of mathematics. Towards this end, we introduce the notion of transparency and show that not all thin objects are transparent. We end by arguing that, far from being a weakness of thin objects, the lack of transparency of some thin objects is a fruitful characteristic mark of abstract mathematics.
A Robotic Cognitive Control Framework for Collaborative Task Execution and Learning
Authors: Caccavale Riccardo , Finzi Alberto
Published: November 2021

In social and service robotics, complex collaborative tasks are expected to be executed while interacting with humans in a natural and fluent manner. In this scenario, the robotic system is typically provided with structured tasks to be accomplished, but must also continuously adapt to human activities, commands, and interventions. We propose to tackle these issues by exploiting the concept of cognitive control, introduced in cognitive psychology and neuroscience to describe the executive mechanisms needed to support adaptive responses and complex goal‐directed behaviors. Specifically, we rely on a supervisory attentional system to orchestrate the execution of hierarchically organized robotic behaviors. This paradigm seems particularly effective not only for flexible plan execution but also for human–robot interaction, because it directly provides attention mechanisms considered as pivotal for implicit, non‐verbal human–human communication. Following this approach, we are currently developing a robotic cognitive control framework enabling collaborative task execution and incremental task learning. In this paper, we provide a uniform overview of the framework illustrating its main features and discussing the potential of the supervisory attentional system paradigm in different scenarios where humans and robots have to collaborate for learning and executing everyday activities.
Occurrence and spatial distribution of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the urban area of the municipality of Montes Claros, Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Campos Maria Cristina Oliveira Azevedo , Gonçalves Thainara da Silva , Ursine Renata Luiz , Marinho Sandra da Silva Barros , Rodríguez Moreno Angel , Diotaiuti Liléia Gonçalves , Damasceno Renata Fiuza , Ferreira Ariela Mota , Ribeiro Antônio Luiz Pinho , Sabino Ester Cerdeira , Vieira Thallyta Maria
Published: November 2021

The north of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais is classified as an area of high risk of vectorial transmission of Chagas disease (CD) or of reestablishing transmission in the home, but the Chagas disease control programme is disjointed. The study evaluated the occurrence, natural infection and the spatial distribution of species of triatomines associated with climatic variations in the urban area of Montes Claros, a municipality endemic to CD in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Triatomine data were obtained from passive entomological surveillance actions of the Chagas Disease Control Program (Programa de Controle de Doença de Chagas—PCDCh), registered by the Zoonosis Control Center (Centro de Controle de Zoonoses—CCZ) from 2009 to 2019. A total of 277 triatomines belonging to eight species were collected, and of these, 203 insects were examined. It was found that 46.2% of triatomines were captured inside the home and 8.3% around the home. The natural infection rate was 6.9%; 14 specimens showed natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (12 females and 2 males), and of these, 13 were found in the home and one in an uninformed location. The number of triatomine records collected was significantly higher in the month of September (p = .01), and there was an inverse correlation between the number of triatomines and the relative humidity of the air (p < .001). It was verified that the highest triatomine densities are located in transition areas between urban infrastructure (32.12%) and pasture (25.72%). The diversity of species of triatomines infected with T. cruzi in residential units in urban areas in the municipality of Montes Claros is worrying, as it suggests a potential risk of transmission of the parasite to domestic animals and humans.