bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Intracellular and Extracellular Mushroom Polysaccharides on Growth Inhibition of Human Carcinoma Cell Lines
Authors: Diana Martinho  , Amin Karmali
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Mushroom polysaccharides play an important role in nutraceutical and functional food because they act as biological active modifiers. The aim of the present work involved the production, purification and partial characterization of intracellular (IPS) and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from several basidiomycete strains. Such polysaccharides were used to investigate their effect on growth of human carcinoma cell lines. Methods: Mushroom polysaccharides were produced from several basidiomycete strains by submerged and solid state fermentations, assayed for superoxide radical scavenging activity, purified by gel filtration chromatography, analysed by FTIR and their effect on human carcinoma cell line was investigated by MTT method. Results: Mushroom polysaccharides have revealed scavenging activity in the range of 22 - 81 % for Po (s) and Pe (2), respectively. FTIR analysis of polysaccharides showed absorption bands characteristics of these biological macromolecules. IPS inhibited cell growth of HeLa in the range of 16.8 - 27.01 % for Po (s) and Ga (1), respectively. EPS inhibited cell growth of HeLa, A459, A431 and OE21 in the ranges of 3.08 - 92.2 %, 13.8 - 97.4 %, 14.7 - 93. 8% and 25 - 94% for Il (1) and Ga (1), Gc (1) and Ga (1), Il (1) and Ga (1), Le (1) and Ga (1), respectively. Purified preparations of polysaccharides confirmed the growth inhibition of these biomolecules. Conclusion: The present results strongly suggest growth inhibition of human carcinoma cell lines by mushroom polysaccharides and it will require a future research to understand its molecular mechanism of action.
Biochemical Effect of Low-Level Radiation on Human Beings Examined by Directly Attached Radioactive Mineral
Authors: Masao Takatori  , Makoto Yagi
Published: September 2021

Previously, we have reported the clinical significance of low-level radiation and also demonstrated the necessity to determine the threshold of radioactive levels in human beings. In the present study, apart from the direct exposure of alpha-ray with oral intake of radon222 dissolved water or inhaling radon222 gas, the experimental direct exposure to beta- and gamma-rays by wearing a cotton sack containing Samarskite with direct contact to skin for one month was conducted. The average of beta- and gamma-ray levels on the sack surface was approximately 400 μSV/hour. The biochemical laboratory tests involving immunological markers were assessed at the initial and end points. In this study, the partial but continual direct exposure of human body to beta- and gamma-rays for one month showed no harmful effects. There are no significant changes in any of the bio markers. Although this study is limited regarding the number of subjects, the procedure is quite simple; thus, the gathering data using this procedure by adjusting the types and levels of radioactivity would be helpful in finding out the accurate radioactive threshold in human beings.
Sistem Informasi Antrean Pada Pusat Layanan Kesehatan Masyarakat Dengan Electronic Kartu Tanda Penduduk Menggunakan Radio Frequency Identification
Authors: Anwar Riky Adbul Gani , Kartarina Kartarina , Madani Miftahul
Published: September 2021

Guna mendapatkan pelayanan Kesehatan di Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan masyarakat (Puskesmas) biasanya diawali dengan antrean, antrean merupakan aktivitas menunggu untuk dilayani oleh satu orang atau lebih guna mendapatkan pelayanan yang diinginkan. Pasien yang melakukan kunjungan Puskesmas, biasanya akan mendaftar terlebih dahulu ke loket dan kemudian diberikan nomor antrian manual dan petugas mencatat kedalam buku kunjungan dan buku tersebut sebagai rekam kunjungan sehingga setiap kali kunjungan, staf akan mencari buku pasien dan memastikan apakah pasien terdaftar atau tidak, yang menyebabkan proses pelayanan menghabiskan waktu lebih banyak. Dari permasalahan tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian untuk sistem antrean, antrean dengan memanfaatkan teknologi IoT (Internet of Things) yaitu RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) dengan obkjek e-KTP (electronic Kartu Tanda Penduduk). Pada penelitian dengan menggunakan e-KTP yang di tempelkan pada alat RFID perekaman informasi pengunjung puskesmas cukup satu kali pendataan saja dan untuk kunjungan berikutnya pengunjung tidak perlu dicatat lagi ientitasnya, pengunjung puskesmas hanya mendaftar ke bagian/ poli yang ingin didatangi, seingga dapat memudahkan petugas / staf Puskesmas. Proses identifikasi menggunakan RFID dengan objek e-KTP dapat terjadi dengan menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik, proses identifikasi RFID membutuhkan dua perangkat yaitu tag dan reader agar dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Guidelines for Rapid Application Engineering (GRAPPLE) agar dapat menghasilkan luaran dari sistem ringkas namun tidak mengurangi kualitas sistem yang dibangun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memudahkan pelayanan Puskesmas salah satunya pada proses antrean. Sistem Informasi Pusat Layanan Kesehatan Masyarakat Menggunakan RFID dan objek e-KTP dapat dibuat dan dioperasikan dengan mikrokontroler ESP8266 sebagai pusat kendali rangkaian dan fitur Multi Database yang memudahkan dalam sinkronisasi dengan sistem Rekam Medis, sehingga sistem informasi yang di buat dapat diimplementasikan pada Puskesmas
Otomasi Manajemen dan Pengawasan Linux Container (LCX) Pada Proxmox VE Menggunakan Ansible
Authors: Pratama Muh Akromi Arya , Hariyadi I Putu
Published: September 2021

Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri (SMKN) 6 Mataram merupakan salah satu sekolah yang beralamat di Jl. Lalu Mesir, Babakan, Kota Mataram. SMKN 6 Mataram memiliki 7 (Tujuh) jurusan yaitu Teknik Jaringan dan Komputer (TKJ), Teknik Perbaikan Bodi Otomotif, Teknik Pengelasan, Teknik kendaraan Ringan, Teknik pendingin dan tata udara, Bisnis kontruksi dan property dan desain grafis. Pihak sekolah menyediakan laboratorium komputer dan perangkat jaringan untuk menunjang kegiatan praktikum pada program studi TKJ. Selain itu untuk mendukung praktikum dari salah satu mata pelajaran yaitu administrasi system jaringan, guru dari program studi TKJ juga telah memanfaatkan media virtualisasi berbasis Proxmox Virtual Environtment. Sebelum dapat memanfaatkan media pembelajaran virtualisasi berbasis PVE tersebut maka diperlukan pengaturan yang harus di persiapkan oleh pihak guru agar siswa dapat menggunakkan PVE sebagai media pembelajaran. Untuk guru terdapat beberapa hal yang perlu dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu, seperti pembuatan container (CT), user, dan pengaturan permission yang di lakukan di setiap awal semester, dibutuhkan monitoring CT yang sedang aktif dan tidak aktif saat pertemuan setiap minggunya, dan penghapusan CT, user dan permission yang dilakuakan di setiap akhir semester. Penerapan sistem otomasi menggunakan ansible dapat mengefisienkan proses tersebut yang dilakukan secara manual. Ansible merupakan mesin otomatisasi Teknologi Informasi (TI) sederhana yang dapat mengotomatisasi cloud provisioning, manajemen konfigurasi, penerapan aplikasi, intra-service orchestration dan kebutuhan TI lainnya. Fitur yang diotomasi adalah pembuatan, menjalankan, menghentikan dan menghapus CT. dan juga pembuatan, mereset dan menghapus user dan permission akun dengan skenario ujicoba pada setiap perangkat yang terlibat berdasarkan rancangan ujicoba dan analisa terhadap hasil ujicoba yang telah dilakukan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah prototype. Tahapan-tahapan pada metode prototype yaitu pengumpulan kebutuhan, membuat prototype, evaluasi prototype, pengkodean dan uji coba sistem. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa sistem yang dapat mengotomasi pembuatan, menjalankan, menghentikan dan menghapus CT. dan juga mengotomasi pembuatan, mereset dan menghapus user dan permission. Manajemen CT, user dan permission dengan otomasi menggunakan tool ansible juga membuat proses manajemen CT, user dan permission menjadi lebih efisien dibandingkan dilakukan secara manual. Ansible dapat digunakan untuk mengotomasi manajemen CT baik dalam pembuatan, menjalankan, menghentikan dan menghapus CT pada PVE dan juga Ansible dapat digunakan untuk mengotomasi manajemen user & permission baik dalam pembuatan, mereset dan menghapus user & permission pada PVE. dalam mata pelajaran administrasi system jaringan di SMKN 6 Mataram.
Indonesia Perancangan Jaringan Komputer untuk Sekolah Dasar Dengan Sistem Manajemen Bandwidth Hierarchical Token Bucket
Authors: Simbolon Jesika Marsaulina , Harafani Hani , Astuti Rachmawati Darma
Published: September 2021

Pada perkembangan teknologi layanan internet menjadi kebutuhan utama sebagai sarana komunikasi dan bertukar informasi. Terutama pada bidang pendidikan seperi sekolah dasar sangat diperlukan fasilitas internet yang penggunanya adalah staff administrasi, guru, siswa melalui internet dapat mengakses berbagai ilmu pengetahuan yang dibutuhkan dengan cepat, sehingga dapat mempermudah proses belajar. Dari sekian banyak pengguna internet layanan internet menjadi buruk. Maka dari itu sistem pembagian bandwidth atau bisa disebut dengan manajemen bandwidth haruslah sesuai dengan kondisi layanan jaringan yang akan diterapkan dan manajemen bandwidth menjadi hal yang sangat diperlukan bagi jaringan multi layanan, karena semakin banyak dan bervariasinya aplikasi yang dapat dilayani oleh suatu jaringan berpengaruh pada penggunaan link dalam jaringan tersebut. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka (library research) dan pengimplementasian menggunakan metode Heararchical Token Bucket yaitu sebuah aplikasi yang berfungsi untuk mengatur pembagian bandwidth. Tujuan analisis ini untuk memberikan adanya sistem management bandwidth menjadikan pembagian secara adil bagi pengguna yang terhubung ke jaringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode Hierarchical Token Bucket dapat mengatur streaming dan browsing. Berdasarkan analisis penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan kesimpulan yaitu pengimpelemntasian metode HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) untuk manajemen bandwidth telah sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan standar dalam penggunaan internet untuk kegiatan download, upload, streaming dan browsing.
The relative susceptibility of grapevine rootstocks to black foot disease is dependent on inoculum pressure
Authors: Bleach Carolyn , Ridgway Hayley J. , Jaspers Marlene V. , Jones E. Eirian
Published: September 2021

Black foot disease of grapevines is a major economic issue for the viticulture industry worldwide. The disease is mainly associated with a complex of pathogen species within the genera Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria. The susceptibility of six grapevine rootstock cultivars to black foot disease under field conditions was assessed. Callused rootstocks of 101-14, 5C, 420A, Riparia Gloire, Schwarzmann and 3309C were planted into soil containing low natural pathogen populations or inoculated with isolates representing the species diversity in New Zealand. Disease incidence, disease severity and dry weight accumulation were assessed after 8 months of growth. Root and shoot dry weights were not significantly affected by inoculation treatment, but differed among rootstock cultivars, with cultivar 420A having the lowest root and shoot dry weight, cultivar 3309C having the largest shoot dry weight and cultivar 5C the largest root dry weight. The relative susceptibility of rootstocks differed significantly depending on whether they were grown under low natural inoculum pressure or a higher pressure in artificially inoculated soil. Schwarzmann and Riparia Gloire rootstock cultivars were the least susceptible under natural low inoculum pressure, but were the most susceptible in inoculated soil. In contrast, 5C was one of the most susceptible under low inoculum levels but was the least susceptible under high pathogen pressure. The result of the study indicate that black foot pathogen inoculum levels in soil affect the relative susceptibility of grapevine rootstocks to infection, and may have implications for the selection of rootstocks for planting.
Spatial assessment of breast cancer mortality in Kazakhstan
Authors:   Kazakh Institute of Oncology and Radiology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, Toguzbayeva Asem , Igissinov Nurbek ,   Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan; International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic; Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan; Eurasian Institute for Cancer Research Public Association, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic, Igissinova Gulnur ,   Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Bilyalova Zarina ,   Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kulmirzayeva Dariyana ,   National Centre for Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan; Central Asian Cancer Institute, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: September 2021

Breast cancer (BC) mortality analysis at the regional level is important not only for assessing the current epidemiological situation, but also contributes to a better understanding of factors that may affect mortality. Aim. The purpose of the study is to assess the spatial deaths from BC in Kazakhstan. Material and methods. Investigation was retrospective between 2009-2018 years. The materials were collected by statistics Committee by the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning the deaths from BC (ICD-10-C50). A method of compiling a cartogram based on the determination of the standard deviation (σ) from the mean (x) was applied. Mortality rates calculated per 100,000 female population were used. Results and discussion. A spatial assessment of breast cancer mortality was presented based on the calculation of mortality rates: low up to 12.80/0000; average from 12.8 to 17.30/0000, and high – above 17.30/0000. It was established that the North Kazakhstan (18.20/0000), Akmola (18.90/0000), East Kazakhstan (20.30/0000) and Pavlodar (22.20/0000) regions, as well as the city of Almaty (21.70/0000) relate to regions with high mortality rates. Conclusion. Features of mortality from BC in the republic have been established, while a spatial assessment (cartogram) of mortality indicates regions with different mortality rates. The obtained data are recommended to be used for monitoring and evaluation of anti-cancer measures – BC screening. Keywords: mortality, breast cancer, cartogram, Kazakhstan.
ITGAL expression associates with survival in triple negative breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: September 2021

We mined published microarray data (1) to understand the most significant gene expression differences in the tumors of triple negative breast cancer patients based on survival at time of analysis: dead or alive. We observed significant transcriptome-wide differential expression of integrin, alpha L, encoded by ITGAL when comparing the primary tumors of triple negative breast cancer patients dead or alive. Importantly, ITGAL expression was significantly correlated with overall survival in basal subtype breast cancer, a molecular subtype sharing significant overlap with triple negative breast cancer. ITGAL may be of relevance as a biomarker or as a molecule of interest in understanding the etiology or progression of triple negative breast cancer.
ajaran islam wetu telu di lombok
Authors: fathoni ghilman zuhud
Published: September 2021

Tradisi islam wetu telu bermula munculnya di daerah Bayan kabupaten Lombok Utara dan tujuan munculnya kepercayaan ini agar memudahakan masyarakat lombok dalam memamahami islam,tetapi ajaran islam wetu telu dan islam yang asli sangat berbeda islam wetu telu berkeyakinan bahwa syarat islam islam itu ada 3 yaitu:syhadat,sholat,dan puasa sedangkan rukun islam itu ada lima yaitu:syahadat,sholat,puasa,zakat,dan haji. Sementara penganut Wetu Telu diidentikkan dengan mereka yang dalam praktek kehidupan sehari-hari sangat kuat berpegang kepada adat-istiadat nenek moyang mereka. Dalam ajaran Wetu Telu, terdapat banyak nuansa Islam di dalamnya. Namun demikian, artikulasinya lebih dimaknakan dalam idiom adat. Di sini warna agama bercampur dengan adat, padahal adat sendiri tidak selalu sejalan dengan agama. Pencampuran praktek-praktek agama ke dalam adat ini menyebabkan watak Wetu Telu menjadi sangat sinkretik.
tradisi larung sesaji pada pesta lomban di kota jepara
Authors: azizi mujadid qodri
Published: September 2021

larung sesaji adalah tradisi melarungkan sesaji di laut jepara
Holographic focusing and surface
Authors: Kuyukov Vitaly
Published: September 2021

Holographic focusing and surface
ZuliyanAdePutra.20411014.Jarkom.1.pdf
Authors: p zuliyan ade
Published: September 2021

ZuliyanAdePutra.20411014.Jarkom.1.pdf
An anisotropic equation of state for high pressure, high temperature applications
Authors: Myhill Robert
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a strategy for consistently extending isotropic equations of state to model anisotropic materials over a wide range of pressures and temperatures under nearly hydrostatic conditions. The method can be applied to materials of arbitrary symmetry. The paper provides expressions for the deformation gradient tensor, the lattice parameters, the isothermal elastic compliance tensor and thermal expansivity tensor. Scalar properties including the Gibbs energy, volume and heat capacities are inherited from the isotropic equation of state. Other physical properties including the isothermal and isentropic stiffness tensors, the Grueneisen tensor and anisotropic seismic velocities can be derived from these properties.The equation of state is demonstrated using periclase (cubic) and San Carlos olivine (orthorhombic) as examples.
Learned industriousness as a translational mechanism in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Haynos Ann Frances , Koithan Emily Marie , Hagan Kelsey E.
Published: September 2021

Researchers have long grappled to understand the persistence of behaviors that are non-hedonic and, ostensibly, aversive. At times, such behaviors are taken to excess in the form of psychopathology. Anorexia nervosa characterizes a prototype of a disorder in which behaviors that most people find unpleasant (e.g., restrictive eating, excessive exercise) are repeatedly performed, despite significant personal cost and risk of death. The learned industriousness theory, which originated from social psychology and behavioral neuroscience, provides a novel theoretical account for such serious, yet unexplained phenomena. Informed by human and animal data, this theory posits that effort (intense physical or mental activity) can be conditioned to acquire secondary rewarding properties through repeatedly pairing high-effort behavior with reward. Over time, effort sensations become less aversive and more appetitive because they signal impending reward, generalizing willingness to engage in effortful behavior. In this manuscript, we: 1) review behavioral and biological data supporting learned industriousness; 2) contrast learned industriousness with other conceptual models of effort persistence (e.g., goal-directed and habit learning); 3) highlight evidence that learned industriousness may account for the persistence of weight-control behaviors in anorexia nervosa; and 4) consider clinical and research implications of this model, including the translation to other psychological disorders.
Sanctions and international interaction improve cooperation to avert climate change
Authors: Grimalda Gianluca , Belianin Alexis , Hennig-Schmidt Heike , Requate Till , Ryzhkova Marina V.
Published: September 2021

Imposing sanctions on non-compliant parties to international agreements is advocated as a remedy for international cooperation failure. Nevertheless, sanctions are costly, and rational choice theory predicts their ineffectiveness in solving cooperation problems. Empirically, sanctions were shown to increase cooperation substantially in some cultural areas but to be detrimental in others. We test sanctions' effectiveness experimentally in international collective-risk social dilemmas simulating efforts to avoid catastrophic climate change. We involve individuals from cultural areas where sanctions were shown to have different effectiveness: Russia and Germany. Here we show that, while this result still holds nationally, international interaction backed by sanctions is beneficial. Cooperation by low cooperator groups increases relative to national cooperation and converges to the levels of high cooperators. Moreover, international groups interacting under sanctions contribute more to catastrophe prevention than what is prescribed by the group payoff-maximizing solution. This behavior signals a strong preference for protection against collective risks.
Independent storage of real-world object features is visual rather than verbal in nature
Authors: Tikhonenko Platon , Brady Timothy F. , Utochkin Igor
Published: September 2021

Previous work has shown that semantically meaningful properties of visually presented real-world objects (their color, their state/configuration of their parts/pose, the features that differentiate them from other exemplars of the same category) are stored with a high degree of independence in long-term memory (e.g., are frequently swapped or misbound across objects). But is this feature independence due to the visual representation of the objects, or because of verbal encoding? Semantically meaningful features can also be labeled by distinct words, which can be recombined to produce independent descriptions of real-world object features. Here, we directly test how much of the pattern of feature independence arises from visual vs. verbal encoding. In two experiments, during the study phase we orthogonally varied the match or mismatch of state (e.g., open/closed) and color information between images of objects and their verbal descriptions (Experiment 1) or between images of two exemplars from the same category (Experiment 2). At test, observers had to choose a previously presented image or description in a 4-AFC task. Whereas in Experiment 1 we found quite a small effect of visual-verbal mismatch on memory for images, the effect of mismatch between exemplars in Experiment 2 was dramatic: memory for a feature was reasonably good when it matched between exemplars, but dropped to chance otherwise. Importantly, this effect was observed both for color and object state independently. We conclude that independent, feature-based storage of objects in long-term memory is provided primarily by visual representations with possible minor influences of verbal encoding.
Recruitment AI has a Disability Problem: anticipating and mitigating unfair automated hiring decisions
Authors: Nugent Selin Elizabeth , Scott-Parker Susan
Published: September 2021

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to dramatically impact the lives and life chances of people with disabilities seeking employment and throughout their career progression. While these systems are marketed as highly capable and objective tools for decision making, a growing body of research demonstrates a record of inaccurate results as well as inherent disadvantages for historically marginalised groups. Assessments of fairness in Recruitment AI for people with disabilities have thus far received little attention or have been overlooked. This paper examines the impacts to and concerns of disabled employment seekers using AI systems for recruitment, and discusses recommendations for the steps employers can take to ensure innovation in recruitment is also fair to all users. In doing so, we further the point that making systems fairer for disabled employment seekers ensures systems are fairer for all.
Methods of Preventing Wire Fraud
Authors: Gorovoi Vladislav , Masolletti Mattia
Published: September 2021

The authors of the article analyze various types of telephone fraud. The work is interdisciplinary in nature and is aimed at developing measures to prevent and counteract illegal actions related to the use of telecommunications technologies to deceive citizens.
Sugar-sweetened beverages tax and front-of-package labelling in Peru: Two decades of history
Authors: Cárdenas María Kathia , Cazzulino Pablo , Popkin Barry , Miranda J. Jaime
Published: September 2021

The production and sales of carbonated soda have doubled in the last two decades in Peru. Such an increase in availability and access to carbonated soda, a major category of SSBs, presents a public health risk. In Peru, 70% of adults are either overweight or obese, and the existing health care system struggles to provide adequate patient care for all the related non-communicable diseases. Peru has had a tax, called ISC tax or “Impuesto Selectivo al Consumo”, of 17% for carbonated soda since 1999. In May 2018, the Peruvian government raised the ISC tax to 25%, an eight percentage points increase, for SSBs that contains 6g of sugar or more per 100 ml to fight against rising obesity and diabetes rates. Then, in June 2019, the ISC was modified for SSBs that contain 0.5 grams/100 ml of sugar or less. In September 2021, the upper range of the threshold was reduced from 6 to 5 grams per 100 ml, to match the requirements of the recently introduced front-of-package labeling Law, technically named Law to promote healthy eating among children and adolescents. In this article, we discuss the evolution of the SSBs tax in Peru since its inception, including its overlap with front-of-package labeling, in order to understand the historical context of taxation for prevention purposes and inform future robust monitoring and evaluation of the impact of such taxes, much needed to timely inform decision-makers.
Gender and Educational Inequalities in Extending Working Lives: Late-Life Employment Trajectories Across Three Decades in Seven Countries
Authors: Turek Konrad , Henkens Kene , Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: September 2021

Public policies encourage later retirement, but they often do not account for discrepancies in the capacity for extending working lives. This paper studies trends and inequalities in extending working lives over the last three decades in a gender-specific and comparative perspective of seven countries (Australia, Germany, Russia, South Korea, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States). We apply latent class growth analysis to identify employment trajectories between 60 and 69 from 1990 to 2019. In particular, we focus on people who continue work till later ages and compare them with those who exit early and remain inactive through their 60s. Latent class regression models serve to measure gender differences, educational inequalities, and time trends. We find five universal trajectories: Late Employment, Standard, Early and Late Exit, and Non-Employment. Non-Employment dominated the 1990s, but it significantly declined, giving space to Late Employment as one of the major employment pathways. Gender and educational inequalities are considerable and stable. Progress toward later employment is universal for contemporary societies, however, we find vital differences between countries, which warns against generalizations of one-country findings. This study also contributes methodologically by exploring the trajectory-oriented perspective on late careers.
Tabulating Home Owners' Loan Corporation Area Description Sheet Data
Authors: Markley Scott
Published: September 2021

In the late 1930s, an agency of the United States government called the “Home Owners’ Loan Corporation” (HOLC) graded thousands of urban neighborhoods on the perceived risk they posed to property owners. To make these determinations, HOLC field agents collected vast amounts of socioeconomic, demographic, and housing data about these places and presented their findings in an impressive set of maps. While these “redlining” maps have received considerable academic and media attention, the neighborhood-level race, housing, and socioeconomic data used to assign risk grades—available for most cities in their “area description” sheets—remain virtually unusable. Correcting this issue, I convert eight of the most consequential variables from 129 cities into an accessible and analyzable tabular format. These include the Black population percentage, “foreign-born” population percentage and group, family income, occupation class, average building age, home repair status, and mortgage availability. This data product will allow researchers to gain a more complete picture of the HOLC’s City Survey program, and it will provide a valuable new source of historical socio-demographic data at the neighborhood level.
(Successful) Democracies Breed Their Own Support
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Ajzenman Nicolas , Aksoy Cevat Giray , Fiszbein Martin , Molina Carlos
Published: September 2021

Using large-scale survey data covering more than 110 countries and exploiting within country variation across cohorts and surveys, we show that individuals with longer exposure to democracy display stronger support for democratic institutions. We bolster these baseline fi?ndings using an instrumental-variables strategy exploiting regional democratization waves and focusing on immigrants' exposure to democracy before migration. In all cases, the timing and nature of the effects are consistent with a causal interpretation. We also establish that democracies breed their own support only when they are successful: all of the effects we estimate work through exposure to democracies that are successful in providing economic growth, peace and political stability, and public goods.
Income-based Inequality in Post-disaster Migration is Lower in High Resilience Areas: Evidence from U.S. Internal Migration
Authors: Chen Ted Hsuan Yun , Lee Boyoon
Published: September 2021

Residential relocation following extreme weather events is among the costliest individual-level measures of climate change adaptation. Consequently, they are fraught with inequalities, with disadvantaged groups most adversely impacted. As climate change continues to exacerbate extreme weather events, it is imperative that we better understand how existing socioeconomic inequalities affect climate migration and how they may be offset. In this study we use network regression models to look at how internal migration patterns in the United States vary by disaster-related property damage, household income, and local-level disaster resilience. Our results show that post-disaster migration patterns vary considerably by the income level of sending and receiving counties, which suggests that income-based inequality impacts both access to relocation for individuals and the ability to rebuild for disaster-afflicted areas. We further find evidence that these inequalities are attenuated in areas with higher disaster resilience. However, because existing resilience incentivizes in situ incremental adaptation which can be a long term drain on individual wellbeing and climate adaptation resources, they should be balanced with policies that encourage relocation where appropriate.
Anthelmintic efficacy of selected medicinal plants against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep in Kenya
Authors: Muthee JK
Published: September 2021

The use of plants, or their extracts, for the treatment of human and animal ailments, including helminthosis is steeped in antiquity. Anthelmintic resistance in pathogenic helminths has been spreading in prevalence and severity to a point where there is multi-drug resistance against the three major classes of anthelmintics. This globe-wide phenomenon calls for urgent search for different approaches to the control of helminthosis including novel anthelmintic products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plants, which are commonly used in the treatment and control of helminthosis, under the natural grazing conditions in Loitoktok Sub-County of Kenya. The plant species (Albizia anthelmintica, Myrsine africana, and Embelia schimperi were selected based on their availability and ethnopharmacological uses, as anthelmintics, by the traditional health practitioners in the area. Fifty sheep of mixed breeds, belonging to local herders, and naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes were recruited for the study. The herbal remedies were prepared and administered by methods prescribed by the traditional practitioners. Their efficacy was determined using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The percentage faecal egg count reduction against the mixed gastrointestinal nematodes was 59, -11, -31 and 87 for Myrsine africana, A. anthelmintica, E. schimperi and albendazole respectively. It was concluded that some of the remedies have some efficacy and further studies are needed to evaluate their potential as anthelmintics. There was also suspicion of development of anthemintic resistance to albendazole and herders needed to be advised accordingly on the proper use of conventional anthelmintic products.
Foliar anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of a promising accession of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.: GC-MS based evidences
Authors: Aditya Manashi , Bhattacharjee Soumen
Published: September 2021

The present study makes an effort to investigate the foliar neutraceutical potential of a promising green accession of a seed amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, accession no. IC94661) based on anti-lipid peroxidation property, reducing power, metal chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging property, antidiabetic factor and GC-MS based identification of hydroxyl containing phytochemicals. Methanol and aqueous fractions possessed exhibited better anti-lipid peroxidation, reducing, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and metal chelating properties in the experimental accession. Estimation of anti-diabetic factors from the young leaf extract also revealed significantly high α-glucosidase and α- amylase inhibition properties. When GC-MS study was carried out, it exhibited presence of several hydroxyls containing phytochemicals in the accession, some of which are having antioxidant properties. Taken as a whole, the data not only provide evidence of rich sources of marker antioxidant properties but also the availability of several phytochemicals with hydroxyls, in support of its rich pharmaceutical potential.
Characterization and anti-oxidant activity of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne pulp and seed extracts
Authors: Muchirah Peninah Njoki , Waihenya Rebecca , Muya Shadrack , Abubakar Leila , Ozwara Hastings , Makokha Anselimo
Published: September 2021

The study aimed to characterize phytochemical composition of C. maxima seeds and pulp. The ethanol and aqueous extract of C. maxima seeds and pulp were done using percolation method. The phytochemical composition of ethanol and aqueous extract were determined using methodology described by the association of official analytical chemists. Qualitative screening of both aqueous and ethanol seed and pulp extracts showed presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, phenolics, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and proteins. The quantitative tests reported concentration of 0.336g/100g of phenols, 0.012g/100g flavanoids and 0.009g/100g tannins in seed aqueous extracts while 0.213g/100g, 0.175g/100g and 0.016/100g in pulp respectively. The levels of phenols, flavanoids and tannins reported in ethanol extracts were 0.277g/100g, 0.246g/100g and 0.010g/100g in pulp and 0.530g/100g, 0.252g/100g and 0.064g/100g in seed respectively. Saponins were present in ethanol extracts only. The percentage content of alkaloids was 4.9% in pulp and 5.97% in seed aqueous extracts while ethanol pulp and seed extracts was 9.49% and 9.74% respectively. All extracts showed significant levels of anti-oxidant activity at different concentration levels. The presence of these phytochemical compounds shows that C. maxima are a potential medicinal candidate that needs to be explored further for actual use as in pharmaceutical industry.
Allablanckia floribunda hypotensive activity on ethanol induced hypertension in rats
Authors: Bilanda Danielle Claude , Dzeufiet Paul Désiré Djomeni , Bopda Orelien Mtopi , Kamtchouing Pierre , Dimo Théophile
Published: September 2021

Background: Chronic alcohol intake is related to hypertension. In the present work, we investigated the effect of Allablanckia floribunda Oliver (Clusiaceae) aqueous extract in alcohol-induced hypertensive rats and on related oxidative stress damages. Methods: Alcohol-induced hypertensive rats (AHR) was obtained by oral administration of ethanol (3 g/kg/day during 8 weeks). Blood pressure and heart rate were evaluated using the direct cannulation method. The effects of the extract on lipid profile as well as kidney and liver functions were studied. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of the extract were evaluated by colorimetric method. The effects of A. floribunda were evaluated after 4 weeks of treatment with alcohol. Results: At the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, A. floribunda significantly decreased the mean blood pressure of AHR by 14.06 and 23.25 % respectively. Administration of the plant extract lead to the reduction of total cholesterol by 41.50% and 43.06%, HDL-cholesterol by 22.16 and 30.15% and artherogenic index by 69.78 and 74.43%, respectively at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, as compared to untreated hypertensive rats. A. floribunda (200 and 400 mg/kg) decrease bilirubine (12.98 and 16.88%), urea (23.32% and 32.26 %), ALT (10.73 and 27.97%) and AST (29.80 and 42.22%) of treated AHR, respectively. The plant extract also reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase and increased the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in aorta, heart, kidney and liver of AHR. Conclusion: These results suggest that the aqueous extract of A. floribunda possesses antioxidant and hypotensive activity in alcohol-induced hypertension.
Role of phytotherapy in diabetic neuropathy and neurodegeneration: from pathogenesis to treatment
Authors: Solanki Nilay D. , Bhavsar Shailesh K , Pandya Dharmang T.
Published: September 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with structural and functional alterations of various organ systems. The tissue injury is attributed primarily to chronic hyperglycemia. Diabetic complications are associated with microvascular and macrovascular damage to the major organs of the body, here in this topic role of herbals for complications of Nervous system in diabetes is discussed as a new therapeutic horizon. Peripheral neuropathy along with the small and large blood vessel disease can explain most of the diabetesrelated organ failure, over the last two decades that the deleterious effects of chronic hyperglycemia extend beyond neuropathy and angiopathy. Examples of such diabetic complications include opacification of the lens and central nervous system [CNS] dysfunction. In contrast to the high prevalence rate of renal failure in diabetic patients, except for retinal disease, the chronic diabetic complications of the CNS are subtle and often unrecognized. Whereas the CNS effects of acute alterations in blood glucose level are well known, the effect of chronic hyperglycemia on brain metabolism and cognitive function is not widely appreciated. All the conventional therapies for the diabetic neuropathy with neurodegeneration do have disadvantage from the point of view of efficacy and side effects. Since last few decades Herbals getting more attraction towards neuroprotection in CNS complications of diabetes, further more studies are going on herbals for neuroprotection in diabetes. In the treatment of diabetic neuropathy [DN] herbals and phytoconstituents were proved better option, because excellent efficacy and cost effectiveness compared to conventional treatment.
Withania somnifera attenuates nicotine induced locomotor sensitization and withdrawal symptoms in mice
Authors: Dumore Nitin G , Umekar Milind J , Taksande Brijrsh G , Aglawe Manish M
Published: September 2021

Objective: To investigate the effect of withania somnifera extract (WSE) on nicotine mediated reinforcement effect and withdrawal symptoms which attributed for the addiction liabilities of nicotine. Methods: In Swiss albino mice nicotine mediated locomotor sensitization and anxiogenic effects of chronic and acute nicotine treatment respectively was tested per se or in combination with WSE. In addition, nicotine withdrawal induced anxiety-like behavior was also studied. Locomotor sensitization was tested by employing open field test (OFT), while symptoms of anxiety were evaluated by subjecting mice to elevated plus maze (EPM). Results: Daily treatment with nicotine (subcutaneous) for 7 days showed gradual increase in the locomotor activity in OFT as compared to saline group indicating the development of locomotor sensitization. Following 3 days of drug free period, nicotine challenge on day 11 also showed rise in locomotor activity depicting expression of sensitization. WSE pretreatment inhibited the nicotine induced development and expression of locomotor sensitization. WSE+nicotine treated group showed decreased ambulations as compared to per se nicotine group on day 1-7 and day 8 (P<0.05). In EPM, acute nicotine treated mice spend more time in open arms as compared to saline indicating the anxiolytic behavior. WSE pretreatment reversed this anxiolytic effect. Nicotine withdrawal mice showed significant increase in the number of entries in arm and total time spend in closed arm indicating anxiety-like behavior. WSE treatment in nicotine withdrawal mice inhibited the nicotine withdrawal induced increased number of entries and time spend in closed arms. Conclusion: These results indicated that WSE may serve an effective herbal medicine in arresting nicotine mediated reinforcement and withdrawal signs.
Analgesic, pro and anti-inflammatory activities of Desplatsia dewevrei; Cytokine gene expression using Wistar rats and mice
Authors: Ovuakporie-Uvo Oghale , Idu MacDonald , Obarisiagbon Philip , Abode Callistus
Published: September 2021

Objective: Painkilling potential of Desplatsia dewevrei methanol leaf extract was examined using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests. Materials & Methods: Acute anti-inflammatory effect was studied using xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan induced paw edema models. Gene expression using RT-PCR method was used to query TNF-α, resistin and adiponectin in Wistar rats after a 3-day administration of Desplatsia dewevrei. Results: Desplatsia dewevrei extract significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of writhes in mice at 30 mg/kg when compared to the control and Aspirin. In the hot plate induced pain test, 10 mg/kg of extract triggered comparable analgesic effect as morphine up to 2 hrs after drug administration. There was significant decrease (p<0.05) in xylene-induced ear oedema at 10 and 30 mg/kg doses of the extract with 80% and 30% when compared to control and dexamethasone. For Carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, 30 mg/kg elicited equal effect as indomethacin at 10 mg/kg respectively. The downward regulation/expression of TNF-α, resistin and adiponectin in contrast with control and the expression of beta-actin further indicates that Desplatsia dewevrei has both pro and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: Desplatsia dewevrei methanol leaf extract is anti-inflammatory and elicits both peripherally and centrally analgesic effect.
Evaluation of phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Sesbania grandiflora Linn.
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Apte Kishori G
Published: September 2021

Sesbania grandiflora Linn. is perennial branching, small erect quick-growing short-lived soft-wooded tree, mostly cultivated in southeast Asian countries including India and grows primarily in hot, humid environments. This study investigated on phytochemical values- total phenolic flavonoid, tannins and saponin contents for Sesbania grandiflora leaf extracts. The total antioxidant capacity, DPPH, reducing power, superoxide scavenging and Iron chelating effects were examined by established methods. In-vitro cytotoxicity by brine shrimp bioassay. Both the extracts of Sesbania grandiflora were found to possess moderate to high amounts of phytochemical contents. The total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents were found significantly higher in EQSG whereas tannins were more in AQSG. The EQSG and AQSG possessed low IC50 for H2O2 Scavenging (32.9, 27.3µg/ml), TAC (35.6, 41.8µg/ml) and moderate for DPPH (114.9, 113µg/ml) and reducing power (176.3, 181.6µg/ml) respectively. The Brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed a significantly high LC50 value with EQSG (10313µg/ml) and AQSG (12773µg/ml) compared to cyclophosphamide (110µg/ml) in cytotoxic assay. The results evidenced the potential of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. as potent drug with antioxidant and cytotoxic activity and could be useful for preparation of nutraceuticals for pharmaceutical use in the treatment of various human diseases and its complications.
Ethnomedicinal documentation of antimicrobial plants from south east Rajasthan, India
Authors: Arora Asha , Jain Sonu
Published: September 2021

South east Rajasthan houses diversified tribes belonging to primitive or aboriginal culture which inherit good deal of therapeutic information from herbal resources. Survey of ethnic localities reveals usage of plants for various purposes among which wound healing citation predominates local culture as still they inherit barren forest lives. Wound healing potential was studied along two axis-first the healing and reepithelization potential of the plant and the second in which plants either prevent localizeded infections or were able to reduce pus formation or help to rid of pus. Plants categorized under second axis signify antimicrobial efficacies. Field survey revealed usage of 47 plants of 29 families for wound healing practices. Among these 47 plants, 19 plants are used for acute wound healing while 10 plants are used as topical/s over non infected wounds and 18 for infected chronic wounds. These 18 plants were conferred as plants with antimicrobial efficacy but three plants were not in agreement of all informants revealing low percent fidelity levels. The field study projects usage of Anthocephalus cadamba, Argyreia speciosa, Bacopa monnieri, Butea monosperma, Calotropis procera, Diospyrous melanoxylon, Ficus glomerata, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Moringa oleifera, Salvadora persica, Senna auriculata, Terminalia alata, Terminalia arjuna, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera as antimicrobial plants.