bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recoil of a liquid filament: escape from pinch-off through creation of a vortex ring
Authors: Hoepffner Jérôme , Paré Gounséti
Published: October 2013

A liquid filament recoils because of its surface tension. It may recoil to one sphere, the geometrical shape with lowest surface, or otherwise segment to several pieces which individually will recoil to spheres. This experiment is classical and its exploration is fundamental to the understanding of how liquid volumes relax. In this paper, we uncover a mechanism involving the creation of a vortex ring which plays a central role in escaping segmentation. The retracting blob is connected to the untouched filament by a neck. The radius of the neck decreases in time such that we may expect pinch-off. There is a flow through the neck because of the retraction. This flow may detach into a jet downstream of the neck when fluid viscosity exceeds a threshold. This sudden detachment creates a vortex ring which strongly modifies the flow pressure: fluid is expelled back into the neck which in turn reopens.
Synthesis of guanidinoacetate and creatine from amino acids by rat pancreas
Authors: da Silva Robin P. , Clow Kathy , Brosnan John T. , Brosnan Margaret E.
Published: October 2013

Creatine is an important molecule involved in cellular energy metabolism. Creatine is spontaneously converted to creatinine at a rate of 1·7 % per d; creatinine is lost in the urine. Creatine can be obtained from the diet or synthesised from endogenous amino acids via the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetateN-methyltransferase (GAMT). The liver has high GAMT activity and the kidney has high AGAT activity. Although the pancreas has both AGAT and GAMT activities, its possible role in creatine synthesis has not been characterised. In the present study, we examined the enzymes involved in creatine synthesis in the pancreas as well as the synthesis of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and creatine by isolated pancreatic acini. We found significant AGAT activity and somewhat lower GAMT activity in the pancreas and that pancreatic acini had measurable activities of both AGAT and GAMT and the capacity to synthesise GAA and creatine from amino acids. Creatine supplementation led to a decrease in AGAT activity in the pancreas, though it did not affect its mRNA or protein abundance. This was in contrast with the reduction of AGAT activity and mRNA and protein abundance in the kidney, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of this enzyme in the pancreas are different from those in the kidney. Dietary creatine increased the concentrations of GAA, creatine and phosphocreatine in the pancreas. Unexpectedly, creatine supplementation decreased the concentrations ofS-adenosylmethionine, while those ofS-adenosylhomocysteine were not altered significantly.
Effects of passive smoking on adult nasal respiratory mucosa
Authors: Elwany S , Saeed Y H , Talaat I
Published: October 2013

Objective:

The present study aimed to investigate nasal mucosal changes in response to passive exposure to cigarette smoke.

Study design:

The study included 20 women aged 35–51 years who were scheduled for non-rhinological surgical procedures, and who had at least 10 years' prolonged passive exposure to household cigarette smoke. During surgery, two 1-mm3 biopsies of nasal mucosa were taken from the lower border of the inferior turbinate. Specimens were processed and examined with light and transmission electron microscopy.

Results:

Examination of the nasal mucosa showed several histopathological changes. The severity of structural changes increased with duration of smoke exposure. No allergic or neoplastic changes were seen.

Conclusion:

Passive exposure to cigarette smoke has a deleterious effect on the nasal respiratory mucosa. Prolonged passive smoke exposure may also induce other, significant changes not detected in the present study.
Patriotic hygiene: Tracing new places of knowledge production about malaria in Vietnam, 1919–75
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: October 2013

This article examines knowledge production about malaria in colonial and postcolonial Vietnam. During the 1920s and 1930s, medical doctors cooperated with plantation managers in order to develop industrial hygiene techniques consisting of environmental modification and quinine use. By the 1930s, changing motivations, in particular racial hygiene and patriotism, drove malaria control efforts. The wartime pressures to control malaria between the 1940s and 1975 further encouraged patriotic hygiene. This history of malaria science in Vietnam highlights the tension between change and continuity and shows the importance of place in the conjunction of scientific knowledge production and nation-building projects.
The meaning ofdukunand allure of Sufi healers: How Persian cosmopolitans transformed Malay–Indonesian history
Authors: Nourse Jennifer W.
Published: October 2013

For contemporary Malay/Indonesian speakers,dukunsignifies an indigenous healer. Etymologically, however, the worddukunis not native to Malay/Indonesian. Some saydukunis Arabic, but this article claims it is more Persian than Arabic. When fifteenth-century Persian settlers brought the proto-form of the worddukunto the Malay Archipelago, they also brought cosmopolitan notions of Sufism, faith and healing. Eventually orthodox Arab immigrants and Europeans denigrated Sufi healers as ‘indigenous’.Dukunbecame a rhetorical foil demonstrating how superb Western physicians or orthodox Arabs were by comparison. Gradually, thedukun'sreputation became intertwined with negative attitudes about ‘indigenous’ practices.
Multicultural citizenship education in Indonesia: The case of a Chinese Christian school
Authors: Hoon Chang-Yau
Published: October 2013

This study investigates how multicultural citizenship education is taught in a Chinese Christian school in Jakarta, where multiculturalism is not a natural experience. Schoolyard ethnographic research was deployed to explore the reality of a ‘double minority’ — Chinese Christians — and how the citizenship of this marginal group is constructed and contested in national, school, and familial discourses. The article argues that it is necessary for schools to actively implement multicultural citizenship education in order to create a new generation of young adults who are empowered, tolerant, active, participatory citizens of Indonesia. As schools are a microcosm of the nation-state, successful multicultural citizenship education can have real societal implications for it has the potential to render the idealism enshrined in the national motto of ‘Unity in Diversity’ a lived reality.
New species of chemosymbiotic clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae and Thyasiridae) from a putative ‘seep’ in the Hatton–Rockall Basin, north-east Atlantic
Authors: Oliver P. Graham , Drewery Jim
Published: October 2013

Two new species of chemosymbiotic bivalves are described from a poorly localized site in the Hatton–Rockall Basin at 1187–1200 m. The new speciesIsorropodon mackayisp. nov. is compared with others of the genus from the North and South Atlantic. A novel anatomical structure, suggested to be a secondary gill, is described. The second bivalveThyasira scotiaesp. nov. is compared with other species known to inhabit cold seeps in the Atlantic and most resemblesThyasira sarsi. Other than the minor morphological differences, the bathyal range and presence of commensal polychaetes,Antonbrunnia, never reported inT. sarsisupport the erection of a new species. In the North AtlanticIsorropodonspecies and the larger thyasirids, with the exception ofT. sarsi, are typically found at hydrocarbon seeps associated with pockmarks and mud volcanoes. If correct, then this is the first indication of active sulphidic seepage in the Hatton–Rockall Basin.
Comparison of non-directive counselling and cognitive behaviour therapy for patients presenting in general practice with an ICD-10 depressive episode: a randomized control trial
Authors: King M. , Marston L. , Bower P.
Published: October 2013

Background

Most evidence in the UK on the effectiveness of brief therapy for depression concerns cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). In a trial published in 2000, we showed that non-directive counselling and CBT were equally effective in general practice for patients with depression and mixed anxiety and depression. Our results were criticized for including patients not meeting diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder. In this reanalysis we aimed to compare the effectiveness of the two therapies for patients with an ICD-10 depressive episode.

Method

Patients with an ICD-10 depressive episode or mixed anxiety and depression were randomized to counselling, CBT or usual general practitioner (GP) care. Counsellors provided nondirective, interpersonal counselling following a manual that we developed based on the work of Carl Rogers. Cognitive behaviour therapists provided CBT also guided by a manual. Modelling was carried out using generalized estimating equations with the multiply imputed datasets. Outcomes were mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Social Adjustment Scale at 4 and 12 months.

Results

A total of 134 participants were randomized to CBT, 126 to counselling and 67 to usual GP care. We undertook (1) an interaction analysis using all 316 patients who were assigned a diagnosis and (2) a head-to-head comparison using only those 130 (41%) participants who had an ICD-10 depressive episode at baseline. CBT and counselling were both superior to GP care at 4 months but not at 12 months. There was no difference in the effectiveness of the two psychological therapies.

Conclusions

We recommend that national clinical guidelines take our findings into consideration in recommending effective alternatives to CBT.
The effects of temporally secondary co-morbid mental disorders on the associations of DSM-IV ADHD with adverse outcomes in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)
Authors: Kessler R. C. , Adler L. A. , Berglund P. , Green J. G. , McLaughlin K. A. , Fayyad J. , Russo L. J. , Sampson N. A. , Shahly V. , Zaslavsky A. M.
Published: October 2013

Background

Although DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be associated with numerous adverse outcomes, uncertainties exist about how much these associations are mediated temporally by secondary co-morbid disorders.

Method

The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescents aged 13–17 years (n = 6483 adolescent–parent pairs), assessed DSM-IV disorders with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Statistical decomposition was used to compare direct effects of ADHD with indirect effects of ADHD through temporally secondary mental disorders (anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, substance disorders) in predicting poor educational performance (suspension, repeating a grade, below-average grades), suicidality (ideation, plans, attempts) and parent perceptions of adolescent functioning (physical and mental health, interference with role functioning and distress due to emotional problems).

Results

ADHD had significant gross associations with all outcomes. Direct effects of ADHD explained most (51.9–67.6%) of these associations with repeating a grade in school, perceived physical and mental health (only girls), interference with role functioning and distress, and significant components (34.5–44.6%) of the associations with school suspension and perceived mental health (only boys). Indirect effects of ADHD on educational outcomes were predominantly through disruptive behavior disorders (26.9–52.5%) whereas indirect effects on suicidality were predominantly through mood disorders (42.8–59.1%). Indirect effects on most other outcomes were through both mood (19.8–31.2%) and disruptive behavior (20.1–24.5%) disorders, with anxiety and substance disorders less consistently important. Most associations were comparable for girls and boys.

Conclusions

Interventions aimed at reducing the adverse effects of ADHD might profitably target prevention or treatment of temporally secondary co-morbid disorders.
Aldeburgh Festival 2013: Judith Weir, Sally Beamish, Charlotte Bray, Anna Meredith, Thea Musgrave, Jonathan Harvey
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: October 2013

In Benjamin Britten's centenary year, the music of its founding father featured widely at the 2013 Aldeburgh Festival. However, there was also a strong showing of music by contemporary composers, including six new pieces for different ensembles co-commissioned by the Britten–Pears Foundation and the Royal Philharmonic Society to mark the bicentenary of the foundation of the RPS, as well as Britten's hundredth anniversary.
Manchester, Cosmo Rodewald Concert Hall: Gordon Crosse's L'enfant sauvage
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: October 2013

Contemporary music ensemble Psappha gave three world premières in a concert at the University of Manchester's Cosmo Rodewald Hall on 8 March 2013. Their programme began with first performances of brief works by two young composers connected with the University. I Lost My Way in Dixieland, by Thomas Jarvis (b.1991), was a deftly realized deconstruction and reinvention of a popular jazz style, with a throwaway ending that made an apt parting gesture for a witty and enjoyable pastiche. And Sempadan, by Sayyid Shafiee (b.1987), made effective use of offstage trumpet and trombone interacting with on-stage clarinet, percussion and double bass, to suggest the concept of two different but complementary cultures.
What about politics and culture?
Authors: Güss C. Dominik
Published: October 2013

Given Van de Vliert's impressive dataset and prognoses, I will discuss three limitations. First, the evolutionary argument does not adequately take into account how political changes influence freedoms. Second, the operationalizations of needs and freedoms are limited and questionable. Third, a direct relationship between climate, monetary resources, and psychological variables is a simplification neglecting various intervening variables.
Grid maps for spaceflight, anyone? They are for free!
Authors: Stella Federico , Si Bailu , Kropff Emilio , Treves Alessandro
Published: October 2013

We show that, given extensive exploration of a three-dimensional volume, grid units can form with the approximate periodicity of a face-centered cubic crystal, as the spontaneous product of a self-organizing process at the single unit level, driven solely by firing rate adaptation.
What counts as the evidence for three-dimensional and four-dimensional spatial representations?
Authors: Wang Ranxiao Frances , Street Whitney N.
Published: October 2013

The dimension of spatial representations can be assessed by above-chance performance in novel shortcut or spatial reasoning tasks independent of accuracy levels, systematic biases, mosaic/segmentation across space, separate coding of individual dimensions, and reference frames. Based on this criterion, humans and some other animals exhibited sufficient evidence for the existence of three-dimensional and/or four-dimensional spatial representations.
The concept of intervention
Authors: REUS-SMIT CHRISTIAN
Published: October 2013

Since the end of the Cold War, the number of books and articles on intervention in world politics has grown dramatically. Yet curiously little of this work subjects the concept of intervention itself to critical scrutiny. Scholars often preface their analyses with definitional discussions about what intervention is, but these definitions take a common form, conceiving intervention within a ‘sovereignty frame’. This article questions this conception of intervention, arguing that it distorts our understanding of interventionary practices and forms of reasoning that occurred in non-sovereign international orders. After exploring the sovereignty framing of intervention in greater detail, I advance an alternative conception. International orders are systemic configurations of political authority: they comprise multiple units of such authority, each with its own realm of jurisdiction, organised according to some principle of differentiation. Importantly, this principle need not be territorial: it could be functional, for example. International intervention is the transgression of a unit's realm of jurisdiction, conducted by other units in the system. Unlike the sovereign framing of intervention, this conception is equally applicable to the interventionary ideas and practices of diverse international orders, and provides a better basis on which to understand how thinkers in different historical contexts have reasoned about intervention.
Incidence of acute respiratory infections in Australia
Authors: CHEN Y. , KIRK M. D.
Published: October 2013

We used a national survey of 7578 randomly selected respondents in 2008–2009 to identify the period prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) by season and state, and to estimate the incidence of ARI in the Australian community. A case was defined as any episode of cold or flu with at least one of the following symptoms: fever, chills, sore throat, running nose, or cough in the past 4 weeks. Frequency data were weighted to the Australian population. The response rate to the survey was 49%, and 19·9% (1505/7578) of respondents reported an ARI in the previous 4 weeks, which extrapolated to 68·9 million cases [95% confidence interval (CI) 65·1–72·7] of ARI in Australia annually. The incidence was 3·2 (95% CI 3·0–3·4) cases of ARI/person per year, and was highest in young children and lowest in older people. ARI imposes a significant burden on Australian society.
The Role of Adult Attachment and Social Support in Hoarding Disorder
Authors: Medard Emma , Kellett Stephen
Published: October 2013

Background: Research concerning the role of attachment and social support in hoarding is currently under investigated. Aims: To investigate whether hoarders experience less social support and more problematic relationships, the degree to which attachment and social support predicts hoarding and whether attachment moderates the relationship between social support and hoarding. Method: Measures of hoarding, attachment and social support were taken in a cross-sectional methodological design. Hoarders were identified via scores reaching caseness on the Savings Inventory–Revised (SI-R). Results: Hoarders (N = 380) reported significantly higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance and significantly lower levels of social support than student (N = 670) and community (N = 379) controls. Attachment and social support predicted 13% of total SI-R scores for hoarders, and attachment anxiety (but not avoidance) moderated the inverse relationship between social support and hoarding. Conclusions: Attachment and social support appears problematic for hoarders. Clinical implications and methodological issues are noted.
How Do People with Persecutory Delusions Evaluate Threat in a Controlled Social Environment? A Qualitative Study Using Virtual Reality
Authors: Fornells-Ambrojo Miriam , Freeman Daniel , Slater Mel , Swapp David , Antley Angus , Barker Chris
Published: October 2013

Background:Environmental factors have been associated with psychosis but there is little qualitative research looking at how the ongoing interaction between individual and environment maintains psychotic symptoms.Aims:The current study investigates how people with persecutory delusions interpret events in a virtual neutral social environment using qualitative methodology.Method:20 participants with persecutory delusions and 20 controls entered a virtual underground train containing neutral characters. Under these circumstances, people with persecutory delusions reported similar levels of paranoia as non-clinical participants. The transcripts of a post-virtual reality interview of the first 10 participants in each group were analysed.Results:Thematic analyses of interviews focusing on the decision making process associated with attributing intentions of computer-generated characters revealed 11 themes grouped in 3 main categories (evidence in favour of paranoid appraisals, evidence against paranoid appraisals, other behaviour).Conclusions:People with current persecutory delusions are able to use a range of similar strategies to healthy volunteers when making judgements about potential threat in a neutral environment that does not elicit anxiety, but they are less likely than controls to engage in active hypothesis-testing and instead favour experiencing “affect” as evidence of persecutory intention.
Cognitive shift in the bilingual mind: Spatial concepts in Korean–English bilinguals
Authors: PARK HAE IN , ZIEGLER NICOLE
Published: October 2013

Recent research shows that speakers with different first languages perceive various cognitive domains in different ways and that bilinguals’ conceptualization patterns are affected by the concepts of both languages. The present study extends Choi and Bowerman (1991) by examining the categorizations of spatial concepts in adult Korean–English bilinguals. Using similarity judgments, the study compares the conceptualization patterns of “put in” and “put on” by Korean–English bilinguals and Korean and English monolinguals. Results indicated significant differences between the monolingual and bilingual groups, demonstrating the process of convergence of the two languages in the bilingual mind. Regression analyses also revealed that bilinguals’ conceptualizations are largely influenced by English proficiency and frequency of Korean use. These findings provide evidence of conceptual restructuring, supporting the claim of previous research that bilinguals’ conceptualization patterns are susceptible to their language experience.
Section 2. Evaluation of the impact of the strategy on pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance: discriminating dose studies
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K.
Published: October 2013

The monitoring technique employed in this study (discriminating dose screening of larvae reared from field collected eggs) proved extremely successful in documenting the impact of the strategy on both pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance, without the problems of alternative techniques. Because of the sensitivity of this technique, strategy users have been able to verify the anticipated impact of the strategy, identify problems, adjust their management practices accordingly and assess the effectiveness of these procedures. This has resulted in the maintenance of the strategy's excellent compliance rate.

Pyrethroids imposed selection for resistance in both moths and larvae, resulting in increases in resistance within the Stage II window and the early Stage III period, respectively. These two peaks effectively merged into one large peak while the period of pyrethroid use remained at 42 days. However, the initiative to reduce the pyrethroid window to 35 days separated the two peaks and proved to be a successful delaying tactic. The two main factors influencing pyrethroid resistance appear to be dilution by susceptibles immigrating from the refugia, followed by pyrethroid selection pressure. However, as the refugia became increasingly contaminated, their effectiveness as a source of susceptibles for dilution declined, resulting in gradually increasing pyrethroid resistance levels in all areas over time. Adult selection was more important in the mixed crop Emerald study area because of premating selection. This, along with the higher Helicoverpa armigera pressure at Emerald, probably offset any potential benefit of the longer crop season at this site. Inadequate cultivation of post-harvest fields harbouring overwintering pupae, presumably due to low price forecasts in the economically sensitive cotton industry, resulted in the survival of large numbers of resistant pupae. As a result, cultural control of overwintering pupae has become a major component of the integrated Australian resistance management strategy. The strategy has not overcome the pyrethroid resistance problem but has proved to be a successful delaying tactic in ‘buying time’ and extending the useful life of the pyrethroids.

However, the strategy has been much more successful in managing endosulfan resistance and some possible reasons for this are discussed: effectively lower selection pressure, fitness deficit, fewer life stages selected, or lower genetic dominance. However, it was not possible from this study to determine the relative importance of these factors or their interactions.
Section 7. Pyrethroid resistance: selection of adults
Authors: Forrester Neil W. , Cahill Matthew , Bird Lisa J. , Layland Jacquelyn K.
Published: October 2013

Adult Helicoverpa armigera were shown to be capable of expressing pyrethroid resistance to both direct and indirect exposure. Male and female moths were equally resistant. Pyrethroid field sprays selected for resistance in moths which were repelled onto neighbouring unsprayed cotton and possibly also, lower into the unsprayed portion of the canopy. Selection of moths prior to egg laying is suggested as the explanation for the immediate increase in pyrethroid resistance which occurs within the Stage II window.

The phenotypic expression of pyrethroid resistance in adult H. armigera declined significantly with age, beginning sometime between four and six days and continuing for the effective life span of the moth. This was the main reason for the poor correlation of adult resistance (determined from pheromone trapped males) and resistance in field collected eggs found in a detailed study comparing both techniques on two properties. On a young emerging moth population, pyrethroids remained selective for four to five days. On an ageing population, pheromone trapped males significantly underestimated resistance. Endosulfan and profenofos sprays were neutral in their impact on pyrethroid resistance in both eggs and adults. The resistance peaks in eggs lagged four to seven days behind the pyrethroid applications. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring resistance using pheromone trapped males are discussed.
Prenatal mercury exposure and infant birth weight in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Authors: Vejrup Kristine , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Knutsen Helle K , Magnus Per , Alexander Jan , Kvalem Helen E , Meltzer Helle M , Haugen Margaretha
Published: October 2013

Objective

To examine the association between calculated maternal dietary exposure to Hg in pregnancy and infant birth weight in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).

Design

Exposure was calculated with use of a constructed database of Hg in food items and reported dietary intake during pregnancy. Multivariable regression models were used to explore the association between maternal Hg exposure and infant birth weight, and to model associations with small-for-gestational-age offspring.

Setting

The study is based on data from MoBa.

Subjects

The study sample consisted of 62 941 women who answered a validated FFQ which covered the habitual diet during the first five months of pregnancy.

Results

Median exposure to Hg was 0·15 μg/kg body weight per week and the contribution from seafood intake was 88 % of total Hg exposure. Women in the highest quintile compared with the lowest quintile of Hg exposure delivered offspring with 34 g lower birth weight (95 % CI −46 g, −22 g) and had an increased risk of giving birth to small-for-gestational-age offspring, adjusted OR = 1·19 (95 % CI 1·08, 1·30). Although seafood intake was positively associated with increased birth weight, stratified analyses showed negative associations between Hg exposure and birth weight within strata of seafood intake.

Conclusions

Although seafood intake in pregnancy is positively associated with birth weight, Hg exposure is negatively associated with birth weight. Seafood consumption during pregnancy should not be avoided, but clarification is needed to identify at what level of Hg exposure this risk might exceed the benefits of seafood.
Legumes and meat analogues consumption are associated with hip fracture risk independently of meat intake among Caucasian men and women: the Adventist Health Study-2
Authors: Lousuebsakul-Matthews Vichuda , Thorpe Donna L , Knutsen Raymond , Beeson W Larry , Fraser Gary E , Knutsen Synnove F
Published: October 2013

Objective

In contrast to non-vegetarians, vegetarians consume more legumes and meat analogues as sources of protein to substitute for meat intake. The present study aimed to assess the association between foods with high protein content (legumes, meat, meat analogues) by dietary pattern (vegetarians, non-vegetarians) and hip fracture incidence, adjusted for selected lifestyle factors.

Design

A prospective cohort of Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) enrollees who completed a comprehensive lifestyle and dietary questionnaire between 2002 and 2007.

Setting

Every two years after enrolment, a short questionnaire on hospitalizations and selected disease outcomes including hip fractures was sent to these members.

Subjects

Respondents (n 33 208) to a baseline and a follow-up questionnaire.

Results

In a multivariable model, legumes intake of once daily or more reduced the risk of hip fracture by 64 % (hazard ratio = 0·36, 95 % CI 0·21, 0·61) compared with those with legumes intake of less than once weekly. Similarly, meat intake of four or more times weekly was associated with a 40 % reduced risk of hip fracture (hazard ratio = 0·60, 95 % CI 0·41, 0·87) compared with those whose meat intake was less than once weekly. Furthermore, consumption of meat analogues once daily or more was associated with a 49 % reduced risk of hip fracture (hazard ratio = 0·51, 95 % CI 0·27, 0·98) compared with an intake of less than once weekly.

Conclusions

Hip fracture incidence was inversely associated with legumes intake and, to a lesser extent, meat intake, after accounting for other food groups and important covariates. Similarly, a high intake of meat analogues was associated with a significantly reduced risk of hip fracture.
International Test Results for Objective Lens Quality, Resolution, Spectral Accuracy and Spectral Separation for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopes
Authors: Cole Richard W. , Thibault Marc , Bayles Carol J. , Eason Brady , Girard Anne-Marie , Jinadasa Tushare , Opansky Cynthia , Schulz Katherine , Brown Claire M.
Published: October 2013

As part of an ongoing effort to increase image reproducibility and fidelity in addition to improving cross-instrument consistency, we have proposed using four separate instrument quality tests to augment the ones we have previously reported. These four tests assessed the following areas: (1) objective lens quality, (2) resolution, (3) accuracy of the wavelength information from spectral detectors, and (4) the accuracy and quality of spectral separation algorithms. Data were received from 55 laboratories located in 18 countries. The largest source of errors across all tests was user error which could be subdivided between failure to follow provided protocols and improper use of the microscope. This truly emphasizes the importance of proper rigorous training and diligence in performing confocal microscopy experiments and equipment evaluations. It should be noted that there was no discernible difference in quality between confocal microscope manufactures. These tests, as well as others previously reported, will help assess the quality of confocal microscopy equipment and will provide a means to track equipment performance over time. From 62 to 97% of the data sets sent in passed the various tests demonstrating the usefulness and appropriateness of these tests as part of a larger performance testing regiment.
Negotiating the meaning of global heritage: ‘cultural landscapes’ in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 1972–92
Authors: Gfeller Aurélie Elisa
Published: October 2013

This article offers new historical analysis of global heritage by tracking the evolution of heritage concepts. Specifically, it analyses the introduction of the category of ‘cultural landscapes’ in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in 1992, using it as a lens through which to view the process of international (re)negotiation of the meaning of heritage. It shows that this reform resulted from the cooperation of competing actors – including experts, non-governmental organizations, and governments – that harboured different visions of culture and nature and their interrelationship. It also demonstrates that the recognition of cultural landscapes as a heritage category marked the new assertiveness of actors from post-settler states in North America and Oceania, as opposed to Europe, which had dominated global heritage until that point.
ASBOs as assurance in the post-liberal era
Authors: Waiton Stuart
Published: October 2013

The conclusion of this study of new laws in the UK ends with a note that ‘Without popular authority, the state will continue to blunder along in its futile, repressive and demoralising pursuit of absolute safety’ (p. 241). This closing line not only informs us of the author's critical approach to many of the new laws in Britain, but more importantly gives a strong indication of the breadth of the book and its attempt to situate the rise of the Insecurity State in the changing political and cultural climate – one that in particular has become essentially preoccupied with ensuring our safety, or as Ramsay would perhaps put it, defending our vulnerable autonomy. As such, this is not just an exceptionally useful and well-informed book about the changing nature of law in the UK, but it is more importantly an attempt to situate these developments in the changing nature of the state – indeed in the changing nature and norms of society, a society within which the ‘right to security’ has come to take precedence.
Political liberalism and French national identity in the wake of the face-veiling law
Authors: Daly Eoin
Published: October 2013

Political liberalism suggests state power must be exercised and justified on terms all citizens can reasonably be expected to endorse, independently of their comprehensive identities or worldviews. For Rawls, a democratic community cannot be united by any shared ends or identities other than those connected with the political conception of justice itself. Republican political thought often seems to undermine this ‘liberal principle of legitimacy’ through its stronger demands of social cohesion and participative civic virtue. Conversely, however, it generally seeks to define citizenship independently of any non-political commonalities citizens might be assumed to share. This theoretical tension was reflected in recent French republican discourses on Islam, gender and national identity. France's recent prohibition on public face-veiling coincided with an officially orchestrated debate on national identity which seemed to challenge the traditional republican conception of national identity as a purely civic and political construct. While couched in republican terminologies, these recent discourses seemed to understand the principle oflaïcité, or constitutional secularism, as a bulwark for the pre-political dimensions of national identity. Accordingly, this article outlines how these discourses on religion and gender illuminated tensions and contradictions within the prevailing republican account of national identity.
A competitive protein interaction network buffers Oct4‐mediated differentiation to promote pluripotency in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Muñoz Descalzo Silvia , Rué Pau , Faunes Fernando , Hayward Penelope , Jakt Lars Martin , Balayo Tina , Garcia‐Ojalvo Jordi , Martinez Arias Alfonso
Published: October 2013

Pluripotency in embryonic stem cells is maintained through the activity of a small set of transcription factors centred around Oct4 and Nanog, which control the expression of ‘self‐renewal’ and ‘differentiation’ genes. Here, we combine single‐cell quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy and gene expression analysis, together with theoretical modelling, to investigate how the activity of those factors is regulated. We uncover a key role for post‐translational regulation in the maintenance of pluripotency, which complements the well‐established transcriptional regulatory layer. Specifically, we find that the activity of a network of protein complexes involving Nanog, Oct4, Tcf3, and β‐catenin suffices to account for the behavior of ES cells under different conditions. Our results suggest that the function of the network is to buffer the transcriptional activity of Oct4, which appears to be the main determinant to exit pluripotency. The protein network explains the mechanisms underlying the gain and loss of function in different mutants, and brings us closer to a full understanding of the molecular basis of pluripotency.
A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages
Authors: Costa Marta D. , Pereira Joana B. , Pala Maria , Fernandes Verónica , Olivieri Anna , Achilli Alessandro , Perego Ugo A. , Rychkov Sergei , Naumova Oksana , Hatina Jiři , Woodward Scott R. , Eng Ken Khong , Macaulay Vincent , Carr Martin , Soares Pedro , Pereira Luísa , Richards Martin B.
Published: October 2013

The origins of Ashkenazi Jews remain highly controversial. Like Judaism, mitochondrial DNA is passed along the maternal line. Its variation in the Ashkenazim is highly distinctive, with four major and numerous minor founders. However, due to their rarity in the general population, these founders have been difficult to trace to a source. Here we show that all four major founders, ~40% of Ashkenazi mtDNA variation, have ancestry in prehistoric Europe, rather than the Near East or Caucasus. Furthermore, most of the remaining minor founders share a similar deep European ancestry. Thus the great majority of Ashkenazi maternal lineages were not brought from the Levant, as commonly supposed, nor recruited in the Caucasus, as sometimes suggested, but assimilated within Europe. These results point to a significant role for the conversion of women in the formation of Ashkenazi communities, and provide the foundation for a detailed reconstruction of Ashkenazi genealogical history.
Mechanism of amyloid β−protein dimerization determined using single−molecule AFM force spectroscopy
Authors: Lv Zhengjian , Roychaudhuri Robin , Condron Margaret M. , Teplow David B. , Lyubchenko Yuri L.
Published: October 2013

Aβ42 and Aβ40 are the two primary alloforms of human amyloid β−protein (Aβ). The two additional C−terminal residues of Aβ42 result in elevated neurotoxicity compared with Aβ40, but the molecular mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Here, we used single−molecule force microscopy to characterize interpeptide interactions for Aβ42 and Aβ40 and corresponding mutants. We discovered a dramatic difference in the interaction patterns of Aβ42 and Aβ40 monomers within dimers. Although the sequence difference between the two peptides is at the C−termini, the N−terminal segment plays a key role in the peptide interaction in the dimers. This is an unexpected finding as N−terminal was considered as disordered segment with no effect on the Aβ peptide aggregation. These novel properties of Aβ proteins suggests that the stabilization of N−terminal interactions is a switch in redirecting of amyloids form the neurotoxic aggregation pathway, opening a novel avenue for the disease preventions and treatments.
TNF induces the expression of the sialyltransferase ST3Gal IV in human bronchial mucosa via MSK1/2 protein kinases and increases FliD/sialyl-Lewisx-mediated adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Colomb Florent , Vidal Olivier , Bobowski Marie , Krzewinski-Recchi Marie-Ange , Harduin-Lepers Anne , Mensier Eric , Jaillard Sophie , Lafitte Jean-Jacques , Delannoy Philippe , Groux-Degroote Sophie
Published: October 2013

We have shown previously that the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF (tumour necrosis factor) could drive sLex (sialyl-Lewisx) biosynthesis through the up-regulation of the BX transcript isoform of the ST3GAL4 (ST3 β-galactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 4) sialyltransferase gene in lung epithelial cells and human bronchial mucosa. In the present study, we show that the TNF-induced up-regulation of the ST3GAL4 BX transcript is mediated by MSK1/2 (mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2) through the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways, and increases sLex expression on high-molecular-mass glycoproteins in inflamed airway epithelium. We also show that the TNF-induced sLex expression increases the adhesion of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and PAK strains to lung epithelial cells in a FliD-dependent manner. These results suggest that ERK and p38 MAPK, and the downstream kinase MSK1/2, should be considered as potential targets to hamper inflammation, bronchial mucin glycosylation changes and P. aeruginosa binding in the lung of patients suffering from lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis.
Migraine generator network and spreading depression dynamics as neuromodulation targets in episodic migraine
Authors: Dahlem Markus A.
Published: October 2013

Migraine is a common disabling headache disorder characterized by recurrent episodes sometimes preceded or accompanied by focal neurological symptoms called aura. The relation between two subtypes, migraine without aura (MWoA) and migraine with aura (MWA), is explored with the aim to identify targets for neuromodulation techniques. To this end, a dynamically regulated control system is schematically reduced to a network of the trigeminal nerve, which innervates the cranial circulation, an associated descending modulatory network of brainstem nuclei, and parasympathetic vasomotor efferents. This extends the idea of a migraine generator region in the brainstem to a larger network and is still simple and explicit enough to open up possibilities for mathematical modeling in the future. In this study, it is suggested that the migraine generator network (MGN) is driven and may therefore respond differently to different spatio-temporal noxious input in the migraine subtypes MWA and MWoA. The noxious input is caused by a cortical perturbation of homeostasis, known as spreading depression (SD). The MGN might even trigger SD in the first place by a failure in vasomotor control. As a consequence, migraine is considered as an inherently dynamical disease to which a linear course from upstream to downstream events would not do justice. Minimally invasive and noninvasive neuromodulation techniques are briefly reviewed and their rational is discussed in the context of the proposed mechanism.
Towards microscopic assignment of oscillative signatures in two-dimensional electronic photon-echo signals of vibronic oligomers: A vibronic dimer model
Authors: Sharp Leah Z. , Egorova Dassia
Published: October 2013

We employ multi-level Redfield theory and the equation-of-motion phase-matching approach to model two-dimensional electronic photon-echo signals of a vibronic dimer weakly coupled to an uncorrelated harmonic bath. The vibronic manifold of the dimer is formed by Franck-Condon active vibrational modes (one mode per monomer). We study the effect of the coupled exciton-vibrational dynamics on the two-dimensional photon-echo profiles. Our main focus is the relationship of the system coherences to the oscillatory behavior of the cross-peak intensities with population time. The work represents the first step towards detailed understanding of oscillative signatures in two-dimensional electronic photon-echo signals of vibronic oligomers.
Updated potential energy function of the Rb2 $a^3\Sigma _u^+$a3Σu+ state in the attractive and repulsive regions determined from its joint analysis with the 23Πg state
Authors: Guan Y. , Han X. , Yang J. , Zhou Z. , Dai X. , Ahmed E. H. , Lyyra A. M. , Magnier S. , Ivanov V. S. , Skublov A. S. , Sovkov V. B.
Published: October 2013

We report new experimental data for the Rb2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$a^3\Sigma _u^+$\end{document}a3Σu+ and 23Π0g states obtained using the Perturbation Facilitated Infrared–Infrared Double Resonance (PFIIDR) technique. The results include ro-vibrational term values of the 23Π0g state and resolved fluorescence spectra of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$2^3\Pi _{0g} \rightarrow a^3\Sigma _u^+$\end{document}23Π0g→a3Σu+ transitions for a wide range of rotational and vibrational quantum numbers. An analysis of these data confirms the initial assignment of the transitions to the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$a^3\Sigma _u^+$\end{document}a3Σu+ state reported in our earlier work [B. Beser, V. B. Sovkov, J. Bai, E. H. Ahmed, C. C. Tsai, F. Xie, L. Li, V. S. Ivanov, and A. M. Lyyra, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 094505 (2009)]. The potential energy functions of the Rb2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$a^3\Sigma _u^+$\end{document}a3Σu+ and 23Π0g states are derived from a simultaneous fit of the available experimental data. The improved potential function of the Rb2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$a^3\Sigma _u^+$\end{document}a3Σu+ state spans both the attractive and repulsive regions starting with internuclear distance R ∼ 4.5 Å.
Self-focusing of a Gaussian electromagnetic beam in a multi-ions plasma
Authors: Misra Shikha , Mishra S. K. , Sodha M. S.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, the authors have developed a formulation for the dependence of electron and ion densities on the irradiance of an electromagnetic beam in a plasma with multiply charged ions, corresponding to collisional, ponderomotive, and relativistic-ponderomotive nonlinearities and different electron/ion temperatures; consequently, the corresponding expressions for the electron density modification in the presence of an electromagnetic (em) field have been derived. Paraxial approach in the vicinity of intensity maximum has been adopted to analyze the propagation characteristics of an em beam in such plasmas; on the basis of this analysis, critical curves and self-focusing curves have been computed numerically and graphically illustrated. For a numerical appreciation of the analysis, we have specifically carried out the computations for the simultaneous presence of singly and doubly charged ions in the plasma. As an important outcome, it is seen that the nonlinear effects (and hence self-focusing) get suppressed in the presence of multiply ionized ions; the conditions for the three modes of em-beam propagation viz. oscillatory focusing/defocusing and steady divergence have been discussed.
Global invariants in ideal magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: Shebalin John V.
Published: October 2013

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is an important though incompletely understood factor affecting the dynamics of many astrophysical, geophysical, and technological plasmas. As an approximation, viscosity and resistivity may be ignored, and ideal MHD turbulence may be investigated by statistical methods. Incompressibility is also assumed and finite Fourier series are used to represent the turbulent velocity and magnetic field. The resulting model dynamical system consists of a set of independent Fourier coefficients that form a canonical ensemble described by a Gaussian probability density function (PDF). This PDF is similar in form to that of Boltzmann, except that its argument may contain not just the energy multiplied by an inverse temperature, but also two other invariant integrals, the cross helicity and magnetic helicity, each multiplied by its own inverse temperature. However, the cross and magnetic helicities, as usually defined, are not invariant in the presence of overall rotation or a mean magnetic field, respectively. Although the generalized form of the magnetic helicity is known, a generalized cross helicity may also be found, by adding terms that are linear in the mean magnetic field and angular rotation vectors, respectively. These general forms are invariant even in the presence of overall rotation and a mean magnetic field. We derive these general forms, explore their properties, examine how they extend the statistical theory of ideal MHD turbulence, and discuss how our results may be affected by dissipation and forcing.