bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary sources of N‐nitroso compounds and bladder cancer risk: Findings from the Los Angeles bladder cancer study
Authors: Catsburg Chelsea E. , Gago‐Dominguez Manuela , Yuan Jian‐Min , Castelao J. Esteban , Cortessis Victoria K. , Pike Malcolm C. , Stern Mariana C.
Published: June 2013

N‐Nitroso compounds (NOCs) have been proposed as possible bladder carcinogens. The main sources of exogenous exposure to NOCs are cigarette smoke and diet, particularly processed (i.e., nitrite‐treated) meats. Perhaps more importantly, NOCs can be formed endogenously from dietary precursors such as nitrate, nitrite and amines. Heme has been shown to increase endogenous nitrosation. We examined the role of dietary sources of NOCs and NOC precursors as potential bladder cancer risk factors using data from the Los Angeles Bladder Cancer Study, a population‐based case‐control study. Dietary and demographic information was collected from 1,660 bladder cancer cases and 1,586 controls via a structured questionnaire. Intake of liver and of salami/pastrami/corned beef, were both statistically significantly associated with risk of bladder cancer in this study, particularly among nonsmokers. Heme intake was also statistically significantly associated with risk of bladder cancer among nonsmokers only. When considering NOC precursors, risk was consistently higher among subjects with concurrent high intake of nitrate and high intake of the different meats (sources of amines and nitrosamines). Results of this study are consistent with a role of dietary sources of NOC precursors from processed meats in bladder cancer risk, suggesting consumption of meats with high amine and heme content such as salami and liver as a risk factor for bladder cancer. In addition, any effect of consuming these meats may be greater when accompanied by high nitrate intake.
Antimyeloma activity of NK012, a micelle‐forming macromolecular prodrug of SN‐38, in an orthotopic model
Authors: Miyazaki Osamu , Sekine Keiko , Nakajima Naoko , Ichimura Eiji , Ebara Keiko , Nagai Daichi , Onda Takeshi , Miyakawa Yoshitaka , Okamoto Kazuya , Morino Tomio
Published: June 2013

NK012 is a micelle‐forming macromolecular prodrug of 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxy camptothecin (SN‐38), an active metabolite of irinotecan. It is accumulated and retained in tumor tissues and gradually releases SN‐38 in an enzyme‐independent manner. NK012 was previously demonstrated to have stronger antitumor activity than irinotecan in a broad range of human solid‐tumor xenograft models. In our study, we used an orthotopic multiple myeloma (MM) model created by injecting CD138‐positive U266B1, a myeloma cell line that produces human IgE lambda light chain (monoclonal protein, M protein), into immunodeficient NOD/Shi‐scid, IL‐2Rγcnull mice. This model shows typical bone marrow infiltration by the human myeloma cells. We evaluated the antimyeloma activity of intravenously administered NK012 in this model and showed that it suppressed the M protein concentration in the plasma and proliferation of myeloma cells in the bone marrow in a dose‐dependent manner. NK012 suppressed the progression of hind‐leg paralysis and prolonged the survival time of the mice compared to the untreated control group. In combination with bortezomib (BTZ), NK012 increased the median survival time compared to that with BTZ alone. In conclusion, these results suggest that NK012 is a potential candidate for use—alone and in combination—in the treatment of MM in humans.
SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE IN KHUZESTAN, IRAN: ENVIRONMENTALLY REVISITED CRITERIA
Authors: Akram Mojtaba , Azari Ardavan , Nahvi Ali , Bakhtiari Zahra , Safaee Heydar D.
Published: June 2013

Khuzestan, a south‐western province of Iran with a hot climate, long growing season and lots of water, is the main region of subsurface drainage. Sugar cane is the major artificially drained crop.

In the past, drainage rates had been chosen based on highest water‐consuming crop in the cropping pattern. This approach neglects crops with less water demands, natural drainage and direct flow towards perforated collectors or open deep drains, and soil water reservoirs. The drains are installed deeply which bring more saline drainage water out of the underlying strata into the environment.

The environmental problems are due to the high volume of very poor quality drainage water. The low irrigation efficiency results in a high volume of drainage water. Deeper drains are also responsible for over‐drainage because they usually work longer and bring mined salt water out of the deeper strata.

This paper attempts to show that in arid areas with a long irrigation season and/or high deep percolation one does not have to expect secondary salinization provided that the leaching requirement is met. Maintaining higher irrigation efficiency, installation of shallower drains and the application of controlled drainage are measures to reduce salt removal, and hence reduce environmental hazards. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Never‐ending Transitions: From Odd to Ordinary
Authors: Holmes Sophie
Published: June 2013

This keynote address invites readers and listeners to go on a journey seeking out ‘sacred cows’, observing their habits, understanding their context and their effect on family therapists, families, individuals and communities. It may not be a comfortable journey because it is possibly about your family and certainly about your community. Australian society is being constructed from pieces of families. Families dismembered by war and other socio‐political events as well as personal catastrophes. In general, we skirt over the imprints of such events as these, preferring to keep them at a distance by calling them couragoues or heroic stories or pathologies and by prescribing treatments that may have little practical use or meaning.
Dying Well!—Issues For The Living?
Authors: Dunne Paul
Published: June 2013

Hospice and Palliative Care is a relatively new speciality in Medical Practice and is based on the premise that the family unit, not exclusively the patient, is the focus of care. This paper attempts to outline the development of Hospice and Palliative Care over the centuries and explores the relationship of current practice as the art of medicine rather than science. Through the narration and discussion of a family interaction, the paper draws a parallel to situations common in Family Therapy and poses the need for teamwork and a multidisciplinary approach in Hospice and Palliative Care and in Family Therapy.
Encouraging Therapeutic Reflection in Child and Adolescent Protective Services
Authors: Bunston Wendy
Published: June 2013

Child and adolescent protective workers are exposed to difficult work practices, cultures and caseloads. The emotional toll of protective work appears too complex and often too painful to address, often resulting in a high turnover of staff and low professional recognition both within and outside the organisation. This paper explores how the application of therapeutic reflection may enhance both work practice and professional recognition of protective workers.
The ‘Not to be Opened’ Letter: Family Secrets, Hidden Knowledge and Violate Prohibitions
Authors: Crago Hugh
Published: June 2013

This paper presents a view of family secrets that is informed by their broader biological and cultural context. Two particular perspectives are employed. First, Bateson's biologically‐based concept of ‘sacred knowledge’ is extended to apply to human cultural practices, such as the ban on certain forms of intergenerational instruction. Second, the anthropological concept of ‘taboo’, as expressed in cultural practices, myth and folklore, is used to provide insight into the mixture of awe and disgust which surrounds secrets, and into the possibilities for both positive and negative outcomes when prohibitions are violated. From these complementary viewpoints, the author explores why family secrets arouse such intensely polarised feelings in helping professionals as well as in family members, and suggests more morally neutral frames within which therapists might view secretkeeping behaviour. A case illustration is used to illustrate potential problems with the assumption that secret knowledge should always be shared across generational bound‐aries. Finally, the ‘not to be opened’ letter is introduced as a therapeutic option in cases where the clients and/or the therapist are unclear about the wisdom of revealing a particular secret.
An Evaluation of Group Intervention Programs for Violent and Abusive Men
Authors: Russell Robert , Jory Maxwell K.
Published: June 2013

Using the Abusive Behaviour Inventory and Rosenberg's Self Esteem Questionnaire, we assessed the efficacy of six group intervention programs for abusive and violent men. We predicted that both physical and psychological abuse levels would be significantly lower and that self‐esteem would increase significantly post‐treatment. The six group programs, involving forty‐five male participants overall, were conducted over ten to fourteen weeks in the Melbourne metropolitan area. Sixteen non‐abusive male subjects were used as a comparison group. Results indicated that the programs were more effective than no treatment in significantly reducing psychological (but not physical) abuse and had no effect on self‐esteem. No post‐program differences were found between the comparison and treatment groups. We concluded that the programs had positive effects on the participants, particularly in the reduced levels of psychological abuse, and that self‐esteem was not a meaningful factor in level of abusive behaviour. The relatively low mean preprogram score on the physical abuse sub‐scale for the program groups may explain the lack of significant differences between the physical abuse pre‐program and post‐program scores.
Reclaiming the Mother‐daughter Relationship after Sexual Abuse
Authors: Miller Robyn , Dwyer Jenny
Published: June 2013

This paper seeks to provide direction to therapists working with mothers and daughters after a disclosure of father‐daughter sexual abuse. The importance of the mother's belief in and support for the child's recovery is highlighted, as are some of the cultural assumptions about mothers and daughters which negatively impact on the relationship. Despite paying lip service to offender responsibility, there continues to be a culture of mother blaming in the child sexual abuse and family therapy literature on incest. Current research findings challenge some of the prevalent myths about mothers’ responses to their children's disclosures. Few clinical sources have addressed this issue, and therapists who reject the mother blaming literature are therefore left with little guidance as to how to work more effectively with mothers and daughters. Consequently they may unwittingly further undermine the relationship. Work with mothers and daughters as they recover from intrafamilial sexual abuse is discussed, and key therapeutic themes and guidelines for practice presented. We explore the significant theme of the rebuilding of trust between mothers and daughters and facilitate a process whereby the woman is able to bear witness to and acknowledge the trauma experienced by her daughter.
Addiction, Power and Gender
Authors: Lobsinger Chris
Published: June 2013

This paper examines addictive behaviour in relation to power and gender and introduces the notion of ‘addiction as a disordered power arrangement embedded in gender’ (Bepko, 1989). The notion of power in terms of relationship positions and their impact on addictions is discussed. The popular concepts of powerlessness and co‐dependency are examined in terms of their clinical usefulness and compatibility within this framework.
The Bells that Ring: A Process for Group Supervision;
Authors: Proctor Kerry
Published: June 2013

In this article, the development of a process for group supervision is outlined, and placed in context. Most of us, as Family Therapists, spend time participating in group supervision, whether because of the mandatory requirements of training and qualifications, or because we regard supervision groups as an important vehicle for support, professional development, and accountability. Peer supervision groups particularly, and group supervision generally, have been under‐explored in the literature. As a ‘supervisor,’ I developed this structure with the aim of facilitating a group process that is empowering for the therapist presenting his/her work, and creatively involving for the group members.
Object Relations Family Therapy: Articulating the Inchoate
Authors: Stiefel Ingeborg , Harris Poppy , Rohan Julie A.
Published: June 2013

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in psychodynamic ideas within the family therapy literature. While some authors have explored the usefulness of psychodynamic concepts in the systemic context (Byng‐Hall, 1995; Flaskas, 1993, 1996; Luepnitz, 1988, 1997), others have argued that psychodynamic models of family therapy should be given more credence in systemic work with families (Guttman, 1991). This paper describes Object Relations Family Therapy (ORFT), a psychoanalytic model of family therapy, in plain English in order to minimise the obscurity of some of the existing terminology and to emphasise the utility of more contemporary formulations. ORFT addresses the interface between psychoanalytic and systemic theories. It offers a way of conceptualising complex family dynamics at both the interpersonal and intrapsychic levels. It also integrates an understanding of nonverbal, unstated and often implicit processes in its formulation of problem development. The unique contribution of ORFT is elaborated using a clinical example.
‘So Much We Still Don't Know’: An Interview with Averil Earnshaw
Authors: Crago Hugh
Published: June 2013

I was independently told about Averil Earnshaw by three different people in the same six month period. Each of them had heard, or heard of, Averil's presentations on the theme of time‐linked intergenerational repetitions, and knew of my own interest in repeating patterns in families. Averil very willingly granted me the interview that follows, and in the course of talking with her, I began to realise that Averil's was yet another story of someone who had formulated an original hypothesis based on repeated clinical observation, and had the courage to present it to gatherings of her peers, only to encounter skepticism, lack of interest, or charges of ‘idiosyncrasy’. Despite Averil's best efforts to show that her hypothesis was consistent with the direction of Freud's own thinking, the psychoanalytic movement had greeted it lukewarmly, and it seemed to me that perhaps it might be of more interest to readers of this Journal, since the older and more psychoanalytically‐influenced generation of family therapists (e.g. Bowen, 1978; Skynner, 1976) recognised the general principle of repeating patterns across generations, although not the very particular temporal law that Averil has suggested. The Earnshaw hypothesis is simply enough stated: the emotional and intellectual crises of adults’ lives (including onset of mental and physical illnesses, creative break‐throughs and creative blocks) are time‐linked to major events in the lives of their same‐sex parents at the same age. Often, though not always, says Averil, one experiences a crisis when one is the same age as one's same‐sex parent was at the time of the birth of one's next sibling, or even when one is the same age as one's parent was at one's own birth. Averil's short bookTime Will Tell (1995) illustrates this hypothesis with some fifty brief case studies based on biographical data from the lives of famous individuals, as well as with a number of cases from her clinical practice, and examples from her own life. Averil herself recognises that her hypothesis needs to be rigorously tested on a wider sample, but to date, those who have criticised it as ‘merely anecdotal’ have not been willing to undertake such a study.
Couples Therapy: Unravelling the Strands
Authors: Crawley Jim
Published: June 2013

Work with couples is one of the more widely practised forms of counselling or psychotherapy, yet seems to have found it difficult to establish its own identity and theoretical base. A theoretical tradition specific to work with the couple relationship has, however, developed over the past 40 years. Recently, this tradition has become more clearly demarcated and has begun to show signs of vigorous growth. It is important for therapists whose primary identification is with individual or family therapy, but who work with couples, to be familiar with this theoretical tradition, and with its practice implications. This paper selects six aspects of theory relating to couples therapy that the author has found useful in practice, and seeks to show how, separately and together, they can illuminate the nature and dynamics of the couple relationship.
Emotion and Therapy: Connecting with Leslie Greenberg
Authors: Webster Michelle
Published: June 2013

At the invitation of the Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Leslie Greenberg gave seminars during 1997 on emotion in clinical practice and on current research endeavours. He is Professor, Department of Psychology, and Director of the Psychotherapy Research Centre, York University, Toronto, where he trained in psychology before going to the University of British Columbia for twelve years. His mentors were Laura Rice, one of Carl Rogers’ students, who introduced him to psychotherapy, and Pascual Leone, one of Piaget's students in developmental psychology. He learned to integrate a type of client‐centered/ process‐oriented approach with a Piagetian approach to psychotherapy research. He has had further training in Gestalt therapy and family therapy, and exposure to dynamic and cognitive therapy within the Society for Psychotherapy Research. Leslie Greenberg was a founding member of the Society for Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (SEPI) and the Society for Constructivism in Psychotherapy. He is the co‐author of Emotion in Psychotherapy (1987), Emotion, Psychotherapy and Change (1991), Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples (1988), Facilitating Emotional Change (1993) and most recently, Working with Emotions in Psychotherapy (1997).
Child‐Focused Family Therapy: Behavioural Family Therapy Versus Brief Family Therapy
Authors: Smith William , Sayger Thomas , Szykula Steven
Published: June 2013

We examined the effectiveness of behavioural family therapy (following the treatment agenda outlined in Fleischman, Horne and Arthur, 1983) and brief family therapy (following the procedures outlined in Fisch, Weakland and Segal, 1985), in the treatment of child psychological disorders. The parents of the 49 children referred to the outpatient unit of a children's hospital completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1983). Three scales of the CBCL were examined to assess the effectiveness of the two therapeutic approaches pre‐ to post‐treatment. Significant pre‐ and post‐treatment differences were found for behavioural family therapy on the Internalizing, Externalizing, and Sum T scales and for brief family therapy on the Internalizing and Sum T scales. Sum T scales represent the sum of scores across all sub‐scales of the CBCL. Neither treatment was found to be more effective than the other.
Working With Adolescents And Children Who Have Committed Sex Offences
Authors: Bunston Wendy
Published: June 2013

Young people are capable of committing serious sexual offences against their siblings, other young people, and adults. This paper defines adolescent sexual offending, explores assessment and treatment approaches, and examines the role of family therapy. Its aim is to encourage family therapists to acknowledge the existence of sex offending behaviours amongst our young and to become more informed about how to respond therapeutically to this complex issue.
Feminism and Beyond: Interview with Carolyn Quadrio
Authors: Kozlowska Kasia , Quadrio Carolyn
Published: June 2013

In interview with Kasia Kozlowska, Melbourne‐born psychiatrist Carolyn Quadrio describes the impact of growing up in a Greek migrant family, the significant influences on her choice of profession, and the ways in which she gradually developed a feminist position simultaneously with embracing a systemic perspective on ‘depression’ and other diagnostic categories. Quadrio talks frankly about her challenges to the male‐dominated psychiatric establishment, her struggles to get her critique of it published, her excitement about the family therapy field, and her later disillusionment with it. Her current work is in the area of forensic psychiatry.
Family Therapy with the Elderly
Authors: Tisher Miriam , Dean Suzanne
Published: June 2013

This article outlines health and lifestyle challenges to elderly persons and associated changes in their family systems. Flexibility, related to attachment patterns, is considered central to healthy adaptation. Family therapy approaches and relevant systemic and cultural factors influencing psychotherapy with the elderly are discussed. Key family therapy concepts and strategies (genograms, transmission of family histories and circular patterns of interaction), are reviewed and exemplified. Four types of family therapy presentations are elucidated by composite case examples. Firstly, the elderly person can be the identified patient. Secondly, another family member can seek help for him/herself in relation to the elderly person. Thirdly, another family member can be the identified patient without direct reference to the elderly person. Finally, the wider health care system involved with the elderly person and family can be the focus of therapy. Family therapy offers important conceptual and strategic advantages in working with the elderly and their systems.
Therapy on an Exhausted Planet
Authors: Casey Des
Published: June 2013

The last decade of the twentieth century saw a growing awareness of environmental issues and concern about prospects for the continuance of life on our planet. Evidence is strong that the planet's ability to continue sustaining life is under threat. Despite this and despite the urgency of time constraints, the human species, in its vast range of occupations and careers, has scarcely lifted a finger to address the crisis. Therapypists are no different. This article considers the dangerous predicaments we face, explores what restrains Therapypists, and looks to some possible avenues for influence.
Worth a Third Read: Six Readers Recall Articles from the AJFT and ANZJFT
Authors: Lang Moshe , Jones Audrey , Calvert Sarah , Sanders Catherine
Published: June 2013

Six readers were asked to recall papers from earlier issues of this journal and to write briefly about what made these papers stand out in their minds. These readers have also been unable to resist the temptation to mention other papers which they would like to have had the time to discuss as well!
Forgiveness in Psychotherapy: The Key to Healing
Authors: Menahem Sam , Love Melanie
Published: June 2013

The process of forgiveness in psychotherapy involves both letting go of resentment toward the offender and replacing the resentment with mindful awareness and empathy. By reconceptualizing past transgressions with a kinder, more equivocal outlook, clients attain a shift in perspective that is spiritual and cognitive in nature, thereby reducing symptomology and enhancing their quality of life. Such insights bring clients toward their inner Buddha nature, which transcends the suffering associated with clinging to past hurts and resentment. This process is facilitated by techniques such as concentrative meditation and identifying with transgressors through perspective taking. Forgiveness therapy improves clients’ sense of well‐being by promoting feelings of peacefullness toward oneself as well as others.
Gratitude as a Psychotherapeutic Intervention
Authors: Emmons Robert A. , Stern Robin
Published: June 2013

Gratitude practice can be a catalyzing and relational healing force, often untapped in clinical practice. In this article, we provide an overview of current thinking about gratitude's defining and beneficial properties, followed by a brief review of the research on mental health outcomes that result from gratitude practice. Following an analysis of our case study of the use of gratitude as a psychotherapeutic intervention, we present various self‐strategies and techniques for consciously choosing and cultivating gratitude. We conclude by describing ways in which gratitude might be capitalized upon for beneficial outcomes in therapeutic settings.
Self‐Compassion in Clinical Practice
Authors: Germer Christopher K. , Neff Kristin D.
Published: June 2013

Self‐compassion is conceptualized as containing 3 core components: self‐kindness versus self‐judgment, common humanity versus isolation, and mindfulness versus overidentification, when relating to painful experiences. Research evidence demonstrates that self‐compassion is related to psychological flourishing and reduced psychopathology. Mindful Self‐Compassion (MSC) is an 8‐week training program, meeting 2.5 hours each week, designed to help participants cultivate self‐compassion. MSC contains a variety of meditations (e.g., loving‐kindness, affectionate breathing) as well as informal practices for use in daily life (e.g., soothing touch, self‐compassionate letter writing). A detailed clinical case illustrates the journey of a client through the 8 weeks of MSC training, describing the key features of each session and the client's response.
Representing and evaluating the landscape freeze/thaw properties and their impacts on soil impermeability: Hydrological processes in the community land model version 4
Authors: Shi Mingjie , Yang Zong‐Liang , Landerer Felix W.
Published: June 2013

Snow cover at high latitudes is an excellent natural insulator that can maintain the underlying ground at a higher temperature than the overlying atmosphere. Soil impermeability usually varies when snow cover accumulates, which is closely related to soil and landscape freeze/thaw status. How snow cover affects the landscape frozen fraction and soil impermeability and how this impermeability regulates hydrological processes in cold regions have not been fully assessed and quantified. In order to understand these processes, this study performed a series of experiments by using the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). We first simulated the top‐soil‐layer ice, snow ice, and canopy ice to calculate the landscape frozen fraction, which was evaluated based on the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) observed landscape freeze/thaw earth system data record (FT‐ESDR) in two selected regions at high latitudes. Then two soil impermeability parameterizations were validated against various in situ and satellite observations. The results suggest the following: (1) compared to SSM/I FT‐ESDR, CLM4 can capture the overall landscape freeze/thaw status in the regions north of 60°N in boreal winter and spring; (2) as the snow cover fraction approaches unity, the CLM4‐simulated landscape frozen fraction is mainly controlled by the snow ice amount, resulting in step changes between SSM/I FT‐ESDR observed and CLM4‐simulated landscape frozen fractions; and (3) in most of the cold regions, the timing of the boreal spring runoff simulations is improved by reducing the impermeable area in high landscape frozen fraction regions.
Longitudinal study on oral shedding of herpes simplex virus 1 and varicella‐zoster virus in individuals infected with HIV
Authors: van Velzen Monique , Ouwendijk Werner J.D. , Selke Stacy , Pas Suzan D. , van Loenen Freek B. , Osterhaus Albert D.M.E. , Wald Anna , Verjans Georges M.G.M.
Published: June 2013

Primary herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) and varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) infection leads to a life‐long latent infection of ganglia innervating the oral mucosa. HSV‐1 and VZV reactivation is more common in immunocompromised individuals and may result in viral shedding in saliva. We determined the kinetics and quantity of oral HSV‐1 and VZV shedding in HSV‐1 and VZV seropositive individuals infected with HIV and to assess whether HSV‐1 shedding involves reactivation of the same strain intra‐individually. HSV‐1 and VZV shedding was determined by real‐time PCR of sequential daily oral swabs (n = 715) collected for a median period of 31 days from 22 individuals infected with HIV. HSV‐1 was genotyped by sequencing the viral thymidine kinase gene. Herpesvirus shedding was detected in 18 of 22 participants. Shedding of HSV‐1 occurred frequently, on 14.3% of days, whereas solely VZV shedding was very rare. Two participants shed VZV. The median HSV‐1 load was higher compared to VZV. HSV‐1 DNA positive swabs clustered into 34 shedding episodes with a median duration of 2 days. The prevalence, duration and viral load of herpesvirus shedding did not correlate with CD4 counts and HIV load. The genotypes of the HSV‐1 viruses shed were identical between and within shedding episodes of the same person, but were different between individuals. One‐third of the individuals shed an HSV‐1 strain potentially refractory to acyclovir therapy. Compared to HSV‐1, oral VZV shedding is rare in individuals infected with HIV. Recurrent oral HSV‐1 shedding is likely due to reactivation of the same latent HSV‐1 strain. J. Med. Virol. 85:1669–1677, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeny‐based classification of human rhinoviruses detected in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection in Paraguay, 2010–2011
Authors: Espínola Emilio E. , Russomando Graciela , Aquino Carolina , Basualdo Wilma
Published: June 2013

Human rhinovirus (HRV), a single‐stranded, positive‐sense RNA virus, is associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections in children. The aim of this study was to carry out a molecular characterization and phylogeny‐based classification of the circulating genotypes of HRV in hospitalized children with clinical manifestations of acute lower respiratory infection in Paraguay. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 101 children under 5 years of age, hospitalized with symptoms of acute lower respiratory infection, between May 2010 and December 2011, at the largest public pediatric hospital in the Central Department of Paraguay. Detection was performed by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction, followed by conventional amplification of the VP4/VP2 genomic region, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Rhinovirus was detected in 33.7% of the samples. Amplification of 18 samples showed the presence of all three species (HRV‐A, ‐B, and ‐C). Different genotypes were found for each species: 11 for HRV‐A (‐9, ‐12, ‐22, ‐30, ‐36, ‐43, ‐59, ‐61, ‐68, ‐88, and ‐89), one for HRV‐B (‐4), and four for HRV‐C (‐C2, ‐C3, ‐C6, and ‐C9). In South America, information about HRV diversity is scarce. This is the first report on HRV genotype diversity in South America. J. Med. Virol. 85:1645–1651, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the ‘local climate zone’ scheme using temperature observations and model simulations
Authors: Stewart Iain D. , Oke T. R. , Krayenhoff E. Scott
Published: June 2013

‘Local climate zones’ (LCZs) comprise a new and systematic classification of field sites for heat island studies. The classification divides urban and rural landscapes into 17 standard classes, each defined by structural and land cover properties that influence air temperature at screen height. This study is the first to evaluate the conceptual division of LCZs with temperature observations and simulation results from surface–atmosphere models. Results confirm that thermal contrasts exist among all LCZ classes, and that such contrasts are governed largely by building height and spacing, pervious surface fraction, tree density, and soil wetness. Therefore, partitioning of landscapes into structural and land cover classes, or ‘LCZs,’ is deemed justified for the purposes of field site classification in heat island studies. Also justified is the use of inter‐zone temperature difference (ΔTLCZ X−Y) to quantify heat island magnitude. To further improve the LCZ system, we encourage other researchers to observe and model the climatic conditions of its varied classes. Especially useful would be tests using field data from different urban and rural environments to those in this study, and running more advanced urban canopy models with demonstrated predictive capability.
Probabilistic canonical correlation analysis forecasts, with application to tropical Pacific sea‐surface temperatures
Authors: Wilks Daniel S.
Published: June 2013

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a higher‐dimensional extension of univariate multiple regression that is often used to construct seasonal and other forecasts in a climatological context. Although its use is widespread, to date it has apparently been used only to produce nonprobabilistic forecasts. Here an analytic result for the prediction covariance matrix of vector CCA forecasts is presented, which is sufficient to define a full forecast probability distribution if a multivariate Gaussian distribution can reasonably be assumed for the forecast errors. The approach is illustrated by computing and verifying probabilistic seasonal forecasts for tropical Pacific sea‐surface temperatures.
Preparation of doxycycline‐imprinted magnetic microspheres by inverse‐emulsion suspension polymerization for magnetic dispersion extraction of tetracyclines from milk samples
Authors: Lv Yun‐Kai , Zhao Chen‐Xi , Li Pan , He Yan‐Dong , Yang Zhong‐Rui , Sun Han‐Wen
Published: June 2013

A magnetic dispersion extraction method was developed based on a molecularly imprinted magnetic microsphere (MIMM) for the selective clean‐up and enrichment of tetracycline antibiotics from milk samples. The MIMMs were prepared by inverse‐emulsion suspension polymerization, using doxycycline, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylic acid, and surface‐modified Fe3O4 as a template molecule, crosslinker, functional monomer, and magnetic component, respectively. Synthesis and extraction conditions were optimized for obtaining excellent affinity and high selectivity. The magnetism, covering amount, and selectivity of the magnetic microspheres were characterized by a vibrating sample magnetometer, thermogravimetric analysis, and a competitive recognition experiment. The MIMMs were applied to separate tetracycline antibiotics from milk samples by magnetic dispersion extraction, and an enrichment factor of 9.28 and a good sample clean‐up were obtained. The average recoveries of four tetracycline antibiotics were obtained in the range of 74.5–93.8% with a precision of 1.2–5.2%. The LODs and LOQs of the proposed method were in the range of 7.4–19.4 and 24.7–64.7 μg/kg, respectively. The results indicated that magnetic dispersion extraction using MIMMs is a powerful tool for food‐sample pretreatment with high selectivity and a simplified procedure.
Biomarkers in advanced larynx cancer
Authors: Bradford Carol R. , Kumar Bhavna , Bellile Emily , Lee Julia , Taylor Jeremy , D'Silva Nisha , Cordell Kitrina , Kleer Celina , Kupfer Robbi , Kumar Pawan , Urba Susan , Worden Francis , Eisbruch Avraham , Wolf Gregory T. , Teknos Theodoros N. , Prince Mark E.P. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Hogikyan Norman D. , Moyer Jeffrey S. , Carey Thomas E.
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine if tumor biomarkers were predictive of outcome in a prospective cohort of patients with advanced larynx cancer treated in a phase II clinical trial.

Study Design

Prospectively collected biopsy specimens from 58 patients entered into a Phase II trial of organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer were evaluated for expression of a large panel of biomarkers, and correlations with outcome were determined.

Methods

Tissue microarrays were constructed from pretreatment biopsies and stained for cyclin D1, CD24, EGFR, MDM2, PCNA, p53, survivin, Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐2, BAK, rhoC, and NFκB. Pattern of invasion and p53 mutations were assessed. Correlations with overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), time free from indication of surgery, induction chemotherapy response, and chemoradiation response were determined. Cox models were used to assess combinations of these biomarkers.

Results

Low expression of BAK was associated with response to induction chemotherapy. Low expression of BAK and cytoplasmic NFκB was associated with chemoradiation response. Aggressive histologic growth pattern was associated with response induction chemotherapy. Expression of cyclin D1 was predictive of overall and disease‐specific survival. Overexpression of EGFR was also associated with an increased risk of death from disease. Bcl‐xL expression increased significantly in persistent/recurrent tumors specimens when compared to pretreatment specimens derived from the same patient (P = 0.0003).

Conclusions

Evaluation of biomarker expression in pretreatment biopsy specimens can lend important predictive and prognostic information for patients with advanced larynx cancer.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:179–187, 2014
Lateral pharyngotomy for selected invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lateral oropharynx. Part II: When and why
Authors: Laccourreye Ollivier , Benito José , Garcia Dominique , Menard Madeleine , Bonfils Pierre , Holsinger Christopher
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To analyze local failure following lateral pharyngotomy for selected untreated invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lateral oropharynx.

Study Design

Retrospective review from a university teaching hospital.

Methods

Inception cohort of 91 patients who underwent lateral pharyngotomy for an isolated and previously untreated selected invasive carcinoma of the lateral oropharynx classified as T1 (26), T2 (47), T3 (11), and T4 (7). Induction chemotherapy, neck dissection, and postoperative radiation therapy were used in 91.2%, 94.5%, and 53.5% of patients.

Results

The 5‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimate of local failure was 16.6% for T1, 19% for T2, 38.6% for T3, and 16.7% for T4 lesions (P = .46). In a logistic regression model, only positive margins of resection statistically increased (P = .01) the risk for local failure. In patients with safe margins of resection, the 5‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimate of local failure was 5.6% for T1 lesions, 10.7% for T2 lesions, 23.8% for T3 lesions, and 20% for T4 lesions (P = .4). Local failure had a significant impact on increased nodal failure (P = .001) and on reduced survival (P < .0001).

Conclusion

The lateral pharyngotomy approach should be viewed as a valuable oncologic alternative to both mandibulotomy and chemoradiation in patients with selected SCC of the lateral oropharynx.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:2718–2722, 2013
Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma: Update on a new diagnosis of salivary gland malignancy
Authors: Sethi Roshan , Kozin Elliott , Remenschneider Aaron , Meier Josh , VanderLaan Paul , Faquin William , Deschler Daniel , Frankenthaler Robert
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To review the known histopathologic findings and clinical behavior of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC).

Data Sources

PubMed.

Review Methods

Literature search using the terms “Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma,” “Mammary analog secretory carcinoma,” and “MASC” to identify all relevant publications.

Results

MASC is an unusual and rare malignant salivary gland tumor first described in 2010. It shares histologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features with secretory carcinoma of the breast. The clinical behavior of MASC ranges from slowly growing tumors that infrequently recur after surgical resection to aggressive tumors that cause widespread metastasis and death. Many cases of MASC were discovered in archived cases previously classified as acinic cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified.

Conclusion

MASC is a newly recognized variant of salivary gland malignancy. Further research is needed to better delineate its overall prevalence and to define an appropriate treatment algorithm for this new clinical entity.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 124:188–195, 2014
Quality of life is significantly impaired in long-term survivors of acute liver failure and particularly in acetaminophen-overdose patients
Authors: Rangnekar Amol S. , Ellerbe Caitlyn , Durkalski Valerie , McGuire Brendan , Lee William M. , Fontana Robert J.
Published: June 2013

Functional outcomes for long-term survivors of acute liver failure (ALF) are not well characterized. The aim of this prospective study was to determine health-related quality of life in long-term adult ALF survivors. Acute Liver Failure Study Group registry participants completed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health-Related Quality of Life 14 and Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires at 1- and/or 2-year follow-up study visits. Responses were compared among ALF subgroups and to those for available general US population controls. Among the 282 adult ALF patients, 125 had undergone liver transplantation (LT), whereas 157, including 95 acetaminophen overdose (APAP) patients and 62 non-APAP patients, were spontaneous survivors (SSs). APAP SS patients reported significantly lower general health scores and more days of impaired mental and physical health, activity limitations due to poor health, pain, depression, and anxiety in comparison with the other groups (P ≤ 0.001). There were no significant differences in coma grade or in the use of mechanical ventilation or intracranial pressure monitoring among the patient groups during their ALF hospitalization, but APAP SSs had significantly higher rates of psychiatric disease and substance abuse (P < 0.001). In comparison with the general US population, a greater proportion of the combined SS patients reported fair or poor health and ≥14 days of impaired physical/mental health and activity limitations due to poor health. In addition, a greater proportion of LT recipients reported ≥14 days of impaired physical/mental health. Similar results were observed with the SF-36 across the 3 ALF subgroups and in comparison with population controls. In conclusion, long-term adult survivors of ALF reported significantly lower quality of life scores than US population controls. Furthermore, APAP SS patients reported the lowest quality of life scores, possibly because of higher rates of premorbid psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Liver Transpl 19:991–1000, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
Stereocomplex Formation in Polylactide Multiarm Stars and Comb Copolymers with Linear and Hyperbranched Multifunctional PEG
Authors: Geschwind Jeannette , Rathi Sahas , Tonhauser Christine , Schömer Martina , Hsu Shaw Ling , Coughlin E. Bryan , Frey Holger
Published: June 2013

A systematic comparison between graft poly(l‐lactide) copolymers with different topologies and their ability to form stereocomplexes with poly(D‐lactide) (PDLA) is performed. Comb and hyperbranched copolymers based on functional poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(l‐lactide) with molecular weights in the range of 2000–90 000 g mol−1 and moderate molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.08–1.37) are prepared via the combination of anionic and ring‐opening polymerization. Two “topological isomers,” a linear poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(glycerol) (PEG/PG) copolymer and a branched PEG/PG copolymer are used as backbone polymers. Furthermore, the stereocomplex formation between PDLA and the hyperbranched and comb copolymers containing poly(l‐lactide) arms is studied. Stereocomplex formation is confirmed by DSC as well as by Fourier transform IR (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy.

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Soluble‐E‐cadherin activates HER and IAP family members in HER2+ and TNBC human breast cancers
Authors: Brouxhon Sabine M. , Kyrkanides Stephanos , Teng Xiaofei , O'Banion M. Kerry , Clarke Robert , Byers Stephen , Ma Li
Published: June 2013

Recent literature suggests that sEcad exerts pro‐oncogenic effects, possibly acting as a ligand for the human epidermal growth factor family. Here we show that sEcad is a novel candidate protein for drug targeting since it is increased in human and mouse HER2‐positive (HER2+) breast tumors, MMTV‐PyMT bodily fluids and human cell culture systems. Mechanistically, we show that endogenous sEcad, and to a lesser extent membrane‐bound E‐cadherin, associates with HER1, HER2, and HER3 in human and MMTV‐PyMT mouse HER2+ tumors and with HER1 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) specimens. Furthermore, addition of exogenous recombinant human E‐cadherin/Fc chimeric protein (rhEcad/Fc; sEcad) to HER2+ MCF‐7, SKBR3, and HER2‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 TNBC cells, resulted in sEcad‐HER receptor family interactions, activation of HER1−4 and downstream pro‐survival signaling, including the MAPK‐PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways and IAP family members. Lastly, we demonstrate that sEcad exerts pro‐oncogenic effects via HER signaling, and acts additively with the HER ligand EGF to promote HER2+ breast cancer proliferation and migration, as well as TNBC invasion. Because sEcad associates and activates many of the oncogenic pathways that tumors utilize for growth and survival and serum levels in patients correlates with clinical response, suggests that targeted therapy against sEcad in combination with other therapies may potentially offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of breast cancers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of myelination on axon sparing and locomotor function recovery in spinal cord injury assessed using diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Tu Tsang‐Wei , Kim Joong H. , Yin Feng Qin , Jakeman Lyn B. , Song Sheng‐Kwei
Published: June 2013

The dysmyelinated axons of shiverer mice exhibit impaired conduction characteristics, similar to early postnatal axons before myelination, whereas the patterns of neuronal activity and connectivity are relatively comparable with those of wild‐type myelinated axons. This unique dysmyelination pattern is exploited in the present study to determine the role of compact myelin in the loss and recovery of function following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We applied in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and post‐mortem immunohistochemistry analysis to examine changes in myelin and axonal integrity, and evaluated these changes in concert with the analysis of locomotor function from 1 to 4 weeks following a mid‐thoracic contusion injury in homozygous shiverer and heterozygous littermate mice. The DTI biomarkers, axial and radial diffusivities, are noninvasive indicators of axon and myelin integrity in response to SCI of both myelinated and dysmyelinated spinal cord. We show that myelin is critical for normal hind limb function in open field locomotion. However, when the functional outcome is limited during chronic SCI, the extent of recovery is associated with residual axonal integrity and independent of the extent of intact myelin at the lesion epicenter. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.