bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lewis Groups and Secretor Status in Natal Bantu
Authors: Moores P. , Brain P.
Published: October 2009

Of 181 South African Bantu subjects 27% were non‐secretors of ABH substance, and 25% of 171 were non‐secretors of Lea substance; 54% had red cells of the Le(a‐b+) phenotype, 22% Le(a+b‐), and 23% Le(a‐b‐); 20% of this last group were non‐secretors of ABH substances. Among secretors of group O there was no correlation between the amount of H antigen on the red cells and the amount of H substance secreted in the saliva. Some findings for ABO and Lewis substances in the serum are presented with reserve.
Reduction of Factor VIII Activity in Cryoprecipitate Obtained from Acidified Plasma
Authors: Gilchrist G. S. , Ekert H.
Published: October 2009

The rise in Factor VIII levels following paired infusions of cryoprecipitate prepared from normal and acidified plasma was studied in a group of patients with hemophilia A. In four of the six patients there was a greater than 50 per cent reduction in the in vivo recovery of Factor VIII following infusion of the acidified product. The pattern of Factor VIII disappearance over the first hour after infusion was similar in both groups. This implies that the loss in Factor VIII activity in cryoprecipitate prepared from acidified plasma cannot be restored following in vivo buffering.
Studies on Release of Certain Enzymes from Human Platelets
Authors: Mourad N.
Published: October 2009

The release of enzymes from platelets was used as an index of damage to platelet concentrates during their preparation. Enzyme release occurs when aggregated platelets are traumatized. Neither trauma nor aggregation alone produces enzyme release.

Enzyme release is increased as the volume of the platelet concentrate is decreased. Aggregated platelets release their enzymes during resuspension whether aggregation is induced by ADP or low temperature.

Enzyme release is minimized when platelet concentrates are prepared at 25 C and redispersed 20 to 30 minutes after centrifugation.
Immunologic Characterization of Anti‐H Isohemagglutinins
Authors: Chattoraj A. , Gilbert R. , Josephson A. M.
Published: October 2009

The anti‐H agglutinins from three different Oh persons (Bombay) have been examined. The methods included gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200, DEAE‐Sephadex anion exchange chromatography, preparation of saline eluates, Ouchterlony method of immunodiffusion, and treatment with 2‐mercaptoethanol‐iodoacetamide. The anti‐H agglutinins were found to be associated with 19S IgM.
A New Method for Detection of Red Blood Cell Antibodies
Authors: Lalezari P.
Published: October 2009

A new method for the detection of red blood cell antibodies has been developed. Polybrene®, a positively charged polymer, was utilized to produce agglutination of red blood cells. This agglutination could be reversed by the addition of hyper tonic salt solution. However, red blood cells remained agglutinated in the presence of antibodies. This principle was applied to antibody detection automated by AutoAnalyzerrG. The method has proved to be highly sensitive and has a wide spectrum of usefulness for the detection of both “complete” and “incomplete” antibodies.
Typing of Fetal Cells Obtained by Amniocentesis
Authors: Parker J. C. , Taswell H. F.
Published: October 2009

In 38 of 287 amniocenteses done at the Mayo Clinic the amniotic fluid contained enough erythrocytes to permit blood typing with commercial sera. Simultaneous use of both an acid‐elution technic and the direct Coombs test helped to establish three of the four possibilities for having erythrocytes in bloody amniotic fluid: 1) maternal and fetal erythrocytes of different blood types; 2) maternal erythrocytes only; 3) fetal erythrocytes only; and 4) maternal and fetal erythrocytes of the same blood type. Twenty of the 38 bloody amniotic fluids permitted fetal erythrocyte‐typing that was later verified postnatally in the living newborns. Traumatic amniocentesis in an Rho(D)‐negative mother with an Rho(D)‐positive fetus increases the risk of anamnestic rise in maternal antibody levels. Amniotic epithelial cells from seven different nonbloody amniotic fluids were typed by mixed agglutination technic. Although the ABO groupings were accurate as shown by postnatal typing, Rho(D) typing was unreliable.
Platelet‐Pheresis Description of a New Technic
Authors: Tullis J. L. , Eberle W. G. , Baudanza P. , Tinch R.
Published: October 2009

A new method of closed‐system platelet‐pheresis is described, utilizing plastic bowls which can be attached directly to standard laboratory centrifuges. The unique features of this system are those of: simplicity, speed, and safety. The assembled bags, centrifuge bowl, and tubulations remain connected to the donor throughout the platelet separation, obviating the possibility of returning reconstituted red cells or plasma to the wrong donor. Data are presented on 24 experiments of up to 4 units of whole blood each. Studies with the platelets isolated in this manner show retention of essentially normal function. Preliminary in‐vivo data suggest a similar normalcy and circulatory effectiveness.
Studies on Stored Whole Blood II. Use of Packed Red Blood Cells
Authors: Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

Whole blood collected in ACD or ACD with adenine was studied as units stored with or without plasma over 14 to 28 days. Comparisons were made using various tests, with posttransfusion survival in vivo being the primary guideline. The adverse effects which resulted from storage appeared more slowly in units with plasma than in units without plasma. The inclusion of adenine to either packed or nonpacked units was associated with even less evidence of storage damage. Using the criterion of over 70 per cent recovery in 24 hours as signifying adequate preservation, the average survival value for each group was better when the plasma was present, and even higher when adenine had been added. All tested groups had average values exceeding 70 per cent recovery after 21 days of storage. Blood stored for 28 days with adenine had over 70 per cent recovery with or without plasma. Though the storage damage became more apparent in units without plasma, the average survival value would suggest that the packed units were still useful after 21 days of storage, with extension to 28 days when ACD with adenine was used.
Clinical and Hematologic Effects of Cross Circulation in Baboons
Authors: Storb R. , Buckner C. D. , Epstein R. B. , Graham T. , Thomas E. D.
Published: October 2009

Potential clinical and hematologic complications were studied in 18 baboons subjected to cross circulation for periods of five to 31 days. Cross circulation was a safe procedure during the first four days. After that time, anaphylactoid reactions potentially fatal for one or both partners, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia, and in one case, marrow depression were seen. These reactions were ameliorated but not entirely controlled by administration of methotrexate. When cross circulation was discontinued after five to 31 days, eight of nine baboons showed prompt clinical and hematologic recovery without late sequelae.
Transmission of Syphilis by Fresh Blood Components
Authors: Chambers R. W. , Foley H. T. , Schmidt P. J.
Published: October 2009

A case of secondary syphilis is presented to re‐emphasize that fresh blood and fresh blood components can transmit syphilis despite the fact that donor serum is nonreactive when serologically tested for syphilis.
Agglutinins for “Null” Red Blood Cells
Authors: McGinniss M. H. , Kaplan H. S. , Bowen A. B. , Schmidt P. J.
Published: October 2009

The sera from two patients with unexplained anemia gave a pattern of agglutination in vitro which was the converse of that described for Rh‐like antibodies associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. These sera reacted with not only Rhnull red blood cells but also U negative, Bombay and other cells lacking in usual agglutinogens. They appeared to contain antibodies directed against antigenic structures which are either absent or covered on the surface of red blood cells of the more usual types.
Comparative Viability of Blood Stored in ACD and CPD
Authors: Orlina A. R. , Josephson A. M. , McDonald B. , Sobucki J.
Published: October 2009

The normal distribution of red blood cell viability for ACD and CPD units stored for 21 days was studied. For ACD and CPD units, respectively (n=41,37), the means and standard deviations were as follows: 24‐hour survival, 75.7 + 6.2 and 79.4 + 6.4; early recovery, 91.6 + 3.6 and 94.1 + 3.5; t/2, 29.4 + 3.0 and 27.9 + 4.3. Early recovery and survival were significantly higher for CPD, but more important than the difference in mean survival is that by current standards of acceptability, the incidence of donors who will be deemed undesirable is approximately 6 per cent for CPD, as opposed to 20 per cent for ACD. Neither early recovery, 24‐hour survival, nor t/2 could be shown to correlate with pH, plasma potassium, plasma sodium, per cent hemolysis, and osmotic fragility. The mean and standard deviation of survival for 18 units of 28‐day‐old CPD blood was 70.7 + 11. Since the standard error was large, the frequency distribution could not be determined, and the number of units with survivals that would fall below the minimum standard could not be ascertained. Nevertheless, comparison with 21‐day old ACD did not show a significant difference in the mean survival, although the range observed was much wider. The results also point out the need for greater number of observations with increasing duration of storage for adequate appraisal of blood preservative solutions.
Computer Program for a Hospital Blood Bank
Authors: Stewart R. A. , Stewart W. B.
Published: October 2009

The use of a computer to maintain blood bank records is a practical means for reducing the burden of secretarial activities. It provides legible, formated reports of daily activities, completed files, special reports and monthly statistical summaries. Daily statistical and inventory data provided by the computer can assist in anticipating donor blood requirements. In addition, the computer provides an auditing capacity that is virtually unobtainable by manual technics. A description of the input records, computer files and printed reports is presented.
Changes in Physical Properties of Stored Erthrocytes
Authors: Hradin A.R. , Weed R. I. , Reed C. F.
Published: October 2009

ATP depletion of blood stored in ACD is associated with the disc‐sphere transformation, fragmentation loss of membrane lipid, decrease in critical hemolytic volume and a striking increase in cellular rigidity reflected by increased viscosity and decreased filterability. Improved survival after restoration of cellular ATP which results from incubation with adenosine is not associated with any reversal of the lipid loss or critical hemolytic volume. Improved survival correlates with restoration of the ATP‐dependent parameters of cell shape (r = 0.96) and deformability as measured by filterability (r = 0.84) and viscosity (r = 0.73). The interrelated parameters of shape and deformability appear critical as determinants of erythrocyte survival. It is suggested that deterioration of these physical properties is central to the “storage lesion.”
Cryoprecipitates in Treatment of Congenital Fibrinogen Deficiency
Authors: Hattersley P. G. , Dimick M. L.
Published: October 2009

A woman with massive uterine myomata and a life‐long history of bleeding episodes due to congenital fibrinogen deficiency was prepared for hysterectomy with 24 units of cryoprecipitates containing approximately 3.0 g fibrinogen. This brought her plasma fibrinogen level into the normal range and she withstood the operative procedure without need of blood transfusion. On the second postoperative day 12 more units of cryoprecipitates were given after which convalescence was uncomplicated by blood loss. By the sixth day plasma fibrinogen had returned to preinfusion levels. Subsequently, this patient showed no clinical or laboratory evidence of transfusion hepatitis. Cryoprecipitates constitute an excellent substitute for commercial pooled fibrinogen in the treatment of fibrinogen deficiency, and may carry less risk of transfusion hepatitis.
Autoradiography of Soluble Metabolites in Red Blood Cells
Authors: Greenwalt T. J. , Flory L. L. , Paige J. C. , Steane E. A.
Published: October 2009

Fixation with glutaraldehyde made possible autoradiographic studies of the utilization of glucose‐6‐H3 by red blood cells. The cellular grain count dropped progressively during storage of citrated blood and rose following incubation with adenosine. The decreased glucose metabolism parallels the expected decline of adenosine triphosphate in stored blood.
Effects of Agglomeration on Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Runck A. H. , Sampson W. T.
Published: October 2009

Washing of either nonfrozen or previously frozen red blood cells with nonelectrolyte solutions caused a significant reduction in intracellular potassium concentration. Storage of the nonfrozen or previously frozen washed red blood cells at 4 C for up to 48 hours produced further reductions in intracellular potassium levels. The loss of cellular potassium after the washing was much greater in previously frozen red blood cells than in the non‐frozen cells. Washing with 4.5 per cent glucose and 4.5 per cent fructose, instead of 8 per cent glucose and 1 per cent fructose, decreased MCV and osmotic fragility, and increased MCHC and cellular density, which suggests that blood so treated was not acceptable for clinical use. Thus, the volume and composition of the electrolyte solutions used to disaggregate red blood cells determined the magnitude of the changes in the washed red blood cells during postthaw storage. Significant correlations relating changes in red blood cell indices, osmotic fragility, intracellular electrolyte levels (K+, Na+, Cl‐), and the density distribution of the red blood cells provided useful guidelines for determining the environmental conditions for the washing of both nonfrozen and previously frozen red blood cells with nonelectrolyte solutions under which the restored red blood cells will have acceptable physical and structural characteristics.
Computer Approach to Hospital Blood Bank Inventory Control
Authors: Bove J. R. , McKay D. K.
Published: October 2009

Since February of 1967, the Yale‐New Haven Hospital's laboratory computer (IBM 1130) has been used for data acquisition and inventory control in the blood bank. The program has been designed to replace existing systems without adding personnel so that all procedures, including key punching and computer operation, are carried out by the blood bank technologists. Data are entered by a specially designed Hollerith card. Half of it, containing information that identifies each unit of blood by group and Rh, number, source, and expiration date, is key punched by a technologist at the time blood or blood products are received. The right half of the card is designed to accept data by a manual technic called Port‐A‐Punch. The daily report contains usage data by blood types and by clinical service. It also lists units transferred, outdated, or unaccounted for. This computer system has provided: (1) more accurate inventory data; (2) detailed usage statistics; (3) an increased awareness of outdating; (4) better blood utilization; and (5) time‐saving in record keeping. Far more important, each technologist has learned to use a new and important laboratory tool.
More About an Acquired Group B Antigen
Authors: Marantz C. , Dimmette R. M.
Published: October 2009

The discovery of an acquired B antigen in an A2 individual enabled us to predict the existence of a colonic carcinoma before the patient went to surgery. Reports of such changes in blood group antigenicity are rare, and most cases have been associated with carcinoma. This change, though its etiology is unknown, suggests a relationship with malignancy and/or bacteria, and with further refinements might even serve as a screening test for early detection of some forms of cancer.
Blood Substitutes in the Soviet Union
Authors: Kiel F. W.
Published: October 2009

Soviet researchers have developed a wide variety of blood substitutes to serve the purposes of shock treatment, detoxification and parenteral feeding. Polyglucine deserves special attention, because its effectiveness for shock and acute blood loss exceeds that of all other blood substitutes. Polyvinylpyrrolidone of low molecular weight is one of the better preparations possessing detoxifying properties, especially in burns and radiation sickness. For parenteral feeding, Hydrolysin L‐103, Amino‐peptide and Casein Protein Hydrolysate are used with considerable success. Fibrinolytic blood from cadavers has proved useful and reliable, but is limited to hospitals with a high number of sudden death cases being received shortly after demise.
Formation of Inosine Triphosphate and of 14C‐labeled 2,6‐diaminopurine Ribonucleoside Di‐ and Triphosphates in Stored Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Blair D. G. R. , Dommasch M.
Published: October 2009

Inosine triphosphate (ITP) and 14C‐labeled 2,6‐diaminopurine ribonucleoside di‐ and triphosphate (DDP‐14C and DTP‐14C, respectively), were formed during incubation of 2,6‐diaminopurine‐2‐14C and inosine with stored human erythrocytes at 37 C for five hours. Erythrocytes were obtained from acid‐citrate‐dextrose blood which had been stored in a blood bank for four weeks. DDP‐14C, DTP‐14C, and ITP were isolated and purified by chromatography on Dowex‐1 formate resin and on paper, and identified by their chromatographic mobilities, fluorescence in ultraviolet light, derivatives, and absorption spectra. The yields of DDP‐14C, DTP‐14C, and ITP were 0.16, 1.13, and 0.07 per cent, respectively, of the added 2,6‐diaminopurine‐2‐14C or inosine.
Generation and Survival of Angiotensin in Nonrefrigerated Plasma
Authors: Vandongen R. , Gordon R. D.
Published: October 2009

In a previous report a pressor agent was described in a human stable plasma protein solution (SPPS) used clinically as a volume expander, 12 and evidence was presented that this agent was angiotensin. SPPS is prepared by Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (Melbourne) from the plasma fraction of out‐dated donor blood (Red Cross Blood Banks). This plasma is transported to Melbourne from centers up to 2,000 miles away, a proportion of it reaching ambient temperature prior to arrival. Cold ethanol fractionation to yield the albumin fraction is followed by heating for 10 hours at 60 C. The levels of renin, rerun substrate, angiotensin and angiotensinase activity were measured in donor plasma held at 4 C, plasma pool (after transport to Melbourne), and in the SPPS fraction before and after heat treatment. Results suggest that angiotensin is generated in the plasma pools while at ambient temperature. The generated angiotensin is relatively resistant to destruction by endogenous angiotensinases in plasma (in vitro) when compared with angiotensin‐II‐amide (Hypertensin, Ciba). The presence of concentrations of angiotensin sufficient to affect the blood pressure and aldosterone secretion of human recipients should be suspected in plasma (or plasma products) the preparation of which includes a period at ambient or higher temperature.
Changes in Strength of A Antigen in Children with Acute Leukemia
Authors: Starling K. A. , Fernbach D. J. ,   With the Technical Assistance of A. Craig
Published: October 2009

Changes in the agglutinability of group A red blood cells were detected in 11 of 30 group A children with acute leukemia over a 12‐month period. There were significant differences in the number of changes associated with forms of chemotherapy, but there were no significant differences in the number of changes related to the status of the disease. It is concluded that these changes are related to chemotherapy.
Familial Occurrence of Increased Activity of Blood‐group A in Serum
Authors: Ottensooser F. , de Araujo J. T. , Rosales T.
Published: October 2009

Increased activity of blood‐group substance A was found over a three‐month period in the serum of a Negro who was group A1 and a secretor of A and H. Two of his children, A1B secretors, possessed the same feature, but two other children (A1 and A1B secretors) did not. The three persons with increased serum values for A all had hemoglobin S; the two others did not. However, there does not appear to be a close association between the two traits because the sera of A, secretors who were parents of children with sickle‐cell anemia contained normal amounts of A activity.
Complement Preservation in Citrated Human Blood
Authors: Reich M. L. , Heilweil L. , Fischel E. E.
Published: October 2009

Total hemolytic complement activity was measured periodically in citrated samples of whole human blood stored for three weeks under usual blood bank conditions. The loss of complement was gradual; an average of 97 per cent of the total activity remained after one week and 90 per cent after three weeks.
Separation and Prolongation of Viability of Human Lymphocytes for Tissue Typing Evaluation of a Technic
Authors: Collins Z. , Shepherd L. P. , Tarris R. , Walford R. L.
Published: October 2009

A system is described whereby human lymphocyte suspensions can be isolated from defibrinated blood so that they retain more than 85 per cent viability consistently for 14 days. Such lymphocytes are fully reactive in the lymphocytotoxicity test for HL‐A antigens and can be shipped through the mails.
Plasma Exchange Transfusion for Hepatic Coma New Technic
Authors: Graw R. G. , Buckner C. D. , Eisel R.
Published: October 2009

A new technic is presented for continuous plasma and whole‐blood exchange transfusions, using the NCI‐IBM continuous‐flow Blood Cell Separator. An additional case of hepatic coma resulting from acute fulminant infectious hepatitis unresponsive to conservative management treated with exchange transfusions is reported. During six exchanges, 39.5 liters of the patient's plasma and whole blood were replaced without clinical improvement. The exchange transfusions were performed without complication from the procedure or from the use of blood products anticoagulated with heparin and ACD. This technic is simple, rapid, and safe.
Antenatal Transplacental Hemorrhage
Authors: Grobbelaar B. G. , Mostert D.
Published: October 2009

A transplacental hemorrhage of approximately 10 ml occurred at the 29th week of the first pregnancy of a woman carrying twins. The administration of 400 μg Rh immunoglobulin 96 hours later failed to prevent primary immunization. Traces of saline‐reacting anti‐Rh0 (D) were detectable by the 32nd week, increasing to a titer of 1: 64 by the 37th week of pregnancy. The possibility that antenatal administration of Rh immunoglobulin may enhance the risk of primary immunization is considered.
Social Psychology of Blood Donors
Authors: Condie S. , Maxwell N.
Published: October 2009

In this study responses of first‐time donors were compared to those of repeating donors. Veteran donors were much less reluctant toward giving blood and anticipated much less difficulty. Veteran donors are much more susceptible to blood bank solicitations. Neophyte donors were influenced by friends to give blood to a greater degree. It would appear from the data that to recruit a donor the first time the most effective means would be a personal request or urging by friends. After he has given once, however, the donor is induced effectively to continue giving by less personal appeals. Veteran donors possess more accurate knowledge about blood banking and the transfusion process. Neophyte donors are bothered more significantly by the pain involved in giving blood. The veteran group contained a significantly larger proportion of men. The neophytes were more likely to be younger, unmarried, part‐time or not employed, and engaged in blue‐collar occupations.
Comparative Demographic Profiles
Authors: Condie S. , Maxwell N.
Published: October 2009

The comparative profiles of voluntary and paid blood donors point out that paid donors are significantly younger, more likely to be male, single, and Afro‐American. With regard to socioeconomic dimensions, paid donors are more likely to have had less formal education and a greater tendency toward unemployment and underemployment. The paid donor is also much more likely to earn less than $4,000 a year. The philanthropic predisposition of paid donors is considerably lower than that of voluntary donors, as operationally measured by the number of organizations to which one contributes time and money. Though specific religious preferences were not significantly different among the various groups of donors, religious activity was. Paid donors are less likely to attend religious services weekly and have a much greater tendency to visit houses of worship only once a year or never. Paid donors also tend to be slightly more prone to change their residence.
Therapeutic Effectiveness of Homologous Erythrocyte Transfusions Following Frozen Storage at ‐80 C for up to Seven Years
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Szymanski I. O. , Runck A. H. ,   With the technical assistance of HM1 J. Lute, HMC P. Michie, HM2 K. Patti and HM3 R. Whitman
Published: October 2009

Cohn‐processed red blood cells that had been stored for as long as seven years at ‐80 C., washed by the ADL procedure and then stored at 4 C for up to 48 hours, showed approximately 90 per cent 24‐hour recovery in vivo by an automated differential agglutination (ADA) technic, recovery in vitro of approximately 90 per cent, and an index of therapeutic effectiveness of approximately 80 per cent. Washing Huggins‐preserved red blood cells with EDTA by the Huggins process produced a significant deterioration (decreased 24‐hour posttransfusion survival and decreased recovery in vitro) following storage at ‐80 C for as long as three years. In two of seven patients studied the Huggins‐processed red blood cells that had been stored at ‐80 C for 1.8 years and longer and washed by the Huggins procedure showed intravascular destruction of the compatible nonviable red blood cells. Huggins‐preserved red blood cells with EDTA that had been stored at ‐80 C up to 1.6 years showed, following washing with an electrolyte solution in the ADL bowl, a somewhat better 24‐hour ADA survival, better recovery of the preserved red blood cells, lower supernatant hemoglobin concentrations, and higher intracellular potassium levels on the day of washing and resuspension. These findings suggest that Hugginspreserved red blood cells following storage at ‐80 C for one and one half years or more should not be washed by the Huggins dilution/agglomeration procedure.
Computer System for Blood Transfusion Service
Authors: Högman C. F. , Ramgren O.
Published: October 2009

An EDP‐system has been developed to include several different blood bank routines and is suitable for an institutional blood bank as well as for an organization working with mobile units. It consists, in principle, of three parts: (1) An EDP‐system for registration and call‐up of blood donors, booking of blood‐letting programs, review of the total donor situation, etc. (2) A manual punch‐card system for the blood‐group serologic laboratory. A card punch with a corner‐cut reading device facilitates, in an easy, safe and inexpensive way, the transfer of punched data in a visible as well as computer‐readable form. (3) An EDP‐system for analysis of laboratory work and transfusions, cost accounting, and other statistical analysis. The system has been in use since the end of 1965. At present seven hospital blood banks and six mobile unit teams are involved, about 45,000 active blood donors are registered, and the number of blood donations is 135,000 per year. Only one computer is used. Although the distance between the computer center and the blood banks is up to 600 km (370 miles), communication has not been a problem, and data sent by ordinary mail have been fully satisfactory. The efficiency of blood bank administration has been considerably increased by the automation of previous manual functions and by the new possibilities of reviewing, at short intervals, such factors as the total donor situation and work‐load.
Suppression of Primary Rh‐immunization by Anti‐Rh
Authors: Keith L. , Cuva A. , Houser K. , Webster A.
Published: October 2009

A case is reported in which passively acquired antibody (RhoGAM®) apparently prevented maternal immunization to Rh by a large volume of Rh‐positive blood. After a 1,000‐ml transfusion of Rh‐positive blood into an Rh‐negative mother, 59 ml of Rh‐immune globulin were administered in fractional doses at 12‐hour intervals for eight days. During this time, tests for evidence of mixed agglutination, direct and indirect antiglobulin tests, and the hematocrit value were used to monitor patient response. The dose of Rh‐immune globulin administered (17,700 μg), as well as the ratio of Rh antibody (μg) to volume (ml) of administered blood, was 18 to 1, the highest thus far reported, but adverse effects were not noted.
Blood Volume Studies in Patients with Splenomegaly
Authors: Bowdler A. J.
Published: October 2009

Estimations of erythrocyte mass, plasma, and total blood volume showed a significantly increased plasma volume in patients with splenomegaly from a variety of disorders. Venous hematocrit provided a poor indication of erythrocyte mass in these subjects. Plasma and total blood volumes showed positive correlation with clinical measurements of spleen size; a lesser correlation was found between spleen size and erythrocyte mass. Factors leading to expanded blood volume are reviewed, and significant components are suggested to be the intrasplenic blood volume and an increase in splanchnic blood volume consequent to obstructive or hyperkinetic portal hypertension.
A Regional Computer‐based Blood Inventory Information System
Authors: Frankfurter G. M. , Jelmert A. E. , Pegels C. C. , Seagle J. P. , Wallace E. L.
Published: October 2009

A computer‐based blood inventory system for a regional blood distribution center is described. The inventory system keeps track of every unit of blood outstanding in affiliated hospital blood banks. Information recorded and updated daily for each blood unit consists of unit number, blood type, expiration date, date received by hospital, and state of availability in regard to reservation for a patient. The computer used is a time‐sharing system with teletypewriter connections. The system can be updated to reflect shipments, transfusions, transfers, etc., at any time of the day, but to keep cost down it is updated only once each day. Affiliated hospitals may contact the computer system directly to acquire their inventory reports. Alternatively, the reports can be sent to them. A variety of summary statistics are produced daily for planning and control.
Regional Automated Data‐processing System for Blood Banks
Authors: O'Hara M. , Josephson A. M.
Published: October 2009

There is significant advantage to be gained through a regional system for automatic data‐processing for blood banks. To achieve maximum savings there must be close cooperation between facilities, and the supply and demand problem must be monitored closely. The cost of operating a system allocated to inventory control must be justifiable but, if savings equal cost, the benefits of knowing the location of needed blood and of reducing commercial purchases also must be considered. The BIMACS system is modular and can be adapted to many computer configurations. Prototypes include inventory control, donor files, rare donor files, invoicing and billing, payroll, and special reports useful for administration, technical controls, and research. The protoype system will be installed June 1970. Details and documentation probably will be available November 1970.
Nonbiochemical Variables of Erythrocyte Preservation
Authors: Orlina A. R. , Josephson A. M. , McDonald B. J.
Published: October 2009

Some erythrocyte characteristics following refrigerated storage in ACD‐A for three weeks Were studied to determine the possible influence of sex, race, age, and ABO type. Analyses were made of both 24‐hour and 50 per cent survival, in vivo, spontaneous hemolysis in vitro, plasma potassium, and whole blood pH. The “positive” findings were: (1) plasma potassium levels were lower in women than in men, (2) 24‐hour survival in Negro men was better than in Caucasian men, (3) an apparent association of type B cells with degree of hemolysis, and (4) an association of sex, race, and ABO type, either singly or in various combinations, on the range of hemolysis. Although the findings do not affect the acceptability of a given blood donor materially, it is suggested that sex, race, and ABO type should be considered in designing experimental groups for the evaluation of blood preservative solutions and the quality control of plastic blood‐collecting systems.
Behavior of Previously Frozen Erythrocytes Used during Open‐heart Surgery
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Bougas J. A. , Talarico L. , Emerson C. P. , Didimizio T. , Pivacek L.
Published: October 2009

Glycerolized human red blood cells that had been stored in the frozen state at ‐80 C up to six months, thawed, and washed by the dilution‐agglomeration procedure of Huggins, were administered during extracorporeal circulation along with nonfrozen acid‐citrate‐dextrose‐(ACD) stored blood. Eleven patients who received both nonfrozen ACD‐stored blood and the previously frozen, washed, concentrated cells were compared with 14 patients who were given whole blood stored only in ACD. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in respect to platelet count, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, or fibrinogen level. Higher plasma and urine hemoglobin levels were observed in the patients who received both blood stored in ACD and washed, previously frozen, concentrated red blood cells. Hemoglobinuria was observed in both groups but was not accompanied by significant differences in BUN or creatinine levels. There was no significant difference in morbidity or mortality between the two groups of patients.
Maternal Rh Antibody and Delayed Neonatal Expression of Rh Antigen
Authors: Cohen F. , Zuelzer W. W. , Cohen S.
Published: October 2009

For more than five months after delivery, delay in Rh reactivity was observed in a type A Rh‐positive infant who had received six intrauterine transfusions of type O Rh‐negative blood. The A reaction of the infant's erythrocytes was used as a marker for these studies, and delay in the development of Rh reactivity coincided roughly with the period when Rh antibody was demonstrable in the infant's serum. Neither “blocking” of Rh receptors nor “dilution” of the infant's cells with transfused Rh‐negative cells could be proven to be responsible for the findings, and suppression of Rh antigen by maternal Rh antibody appears to account for the observed phenomenon.
Microplate System for Routine Use in Blood Bank Laboratories
Authors: Crawford M. N. , Gottman F. E. , Gottman C. A.
Published: October 2009

Modifications of the microplate system are described which permit this system to be used for all laboratory phases of blood banking with notable economy of time and reagents and without loss of accuracy. Antibody screening, identification, and typing studies are summarized.
Analysis of Erythrocyte Survival Curves Obtained Simultaneously by 51Cr and an Automated Differential Agglutination Technic
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Valeri C. R.
Published: October 2009

Using both a radioactive chromium and an automated differential agglutination (ADA) technic donor erythrocyte survivals were measured in 19 subjects. The data were analyzed to determine the presence of age‐dependent (linear) and random (exponential) destruction. The erythrocyte lifespan was calculated from the rate of linear destruction. In all cases it was possible to estimate the erythrocyte lifespan with the ADA technic. Significant random destruction of red blood cells was observed in nine patients. With the 51chromium technic it was possible to estimate the erythrocyte lifespan in only ten cases; these values were similar to those obtained with the ADA technic. It was not possible to determine the erythrocyte lifespan in the remaining nine cases; the best estimates were too large. Our inability to measure erythrocyte lifespan satisfactorily with the 51chromium technic may have been related to the preferential labeling of young red blood cells in vitro.
Hemoglobin Function and 2,3‐DPG Levels of Blood Stored at 4 C in ACD and CPD pH Effect
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Kocholaty W. F. , Gray J. L.
Published: October 2009

Normal hemoglobin function depends on adequate erythrocyte levels of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG), a compound which is poorly maintained in acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD). Since 2,3‐DPG is better maintained in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) and this preservative has a higher pH (5.5) than ACD (pH = 5.0), these preservatives were prepared at each pH and studied. The CPD preservatives (pH 5.0, 5.5) had similar amounts of phosphate so the differences between them, obtained by altering the buffer ratio, should relate to pH. The ACD solutions (pH 5.0, 5.5) contained no phosphate. Hemoglobin function, expressed as P50 (the Po2 at 50 per cent oxygenation, an inverse but direct measure of oxygen affinity), and 2,3‐DPG were better maintained in ACD and CPD of pH 5.5. The lower pH (5.0) preservatives, whether ACD or CPD, showed rapidly declining hemoglobin function and 2,3‐DPG levels. The values at the higher pH remained close to normal for two weeks and above those of the lower pH preservatives for most of the four‐week storage period.
Incompatible Fetomaternal Transfusion with Maternal Intravascular Lysis
Authors: Glasser L. , West J. H. , Hagood R. M.
Published: October 2009

Trauma and abruptio placentae with delivery of a stillborn infant at 36 weeks' gestation was followed by a fetomaternal transfusion of ABO incompatible erythrocytes, and maternal hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria. Fetal hemoglobin was demonstrated in the maternal plasma and urine by electrophoresis and alkali denaturation. The mother had a benign postpartum course.
Plasma Fibrinogen Levels Following Cryoprecipitate Infusion
Authors: Soloway H. B. , Bereznak C. E.
Published: October 2009

Plasma fibrinogen determinations were performed before and after cryoprecipitate infusion in two hemophiliacs who received periodic infusions on prophylactic basis. The mean increases in plasma fibrinogen were 6.5 mg 100 ml per unit infused in one patient and 5.1 in the other. This corresponds to an administered dose of 205 mg/unit of cryoprecipitate. Cryoprecipitate offers the advantage of decreased hepatitis risk, but the disadvantage of wide variation in fibrinogen content.
Sterility of Platelet Concentrates Stored at 25 C
Authors: Katz A. J. , Tilton R. C.
Published: October 2009

One hundred platelet concentrates were stored at 25 C and cultured for bacterial growth on four successive days. No bacterial contamination was detected which suggests that platelet concentrates, prepared in a closed system, are sterile and remain so under these conditions.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Inhibition Studies of Blood‐group Substances
Authors: Gibbs M. B. , Collins W. S. , Ortaldo J. R. , Laffer C.
Published: October 2009

Quantitative hemagglutination inhibition studies of the pre‐ and postimmune sera of nine human volunteers immunized with hog A substance have confirmed earlier findings that the character of the agglutinins is altered by immunization. Concomitant with immune antihog A antibody production, the slope of the probit‐log hemagglutination inhibition assay curve became steeper, the amount of hog A substance required to inhibit the agglutinins became smaller, and the rate of dissociation of hog‐A‐anti‐A complexes became slower. The observed differences in the reactivativities of these pre‐ and postimmune sera could be attributed to an increase in specificity and firmer binding of the antibodies to the inhibitor substance.
Isolation of a Substance with Blood ‐group P1 Activity from Human Erythrocyte Stroma
Authors: Marcus D. M.
Published: October 2009

Lyophilized erythrocyte stroma were extracted with chloroform methanol, and a fraction with blood‐group P1 activity was obtained by chromatography on columns of silicic acid followed by preparative thin‐layer chromatography. The active fraction contained at least two glycosphingolipids, and it is concluded, tentatively, that the erythrocyte P1 antigen is a glycosphingolipid.
Leukocyte Transfusions
Authors: Goldstein I. M. , Eyre H. J. , Terasaki P. I. , Henderson E. S. , Graw R. G.
Published: October 2009

Tests for leukoagglutinins and lymphocytotoxic antibodies were performed on sera from 34 recipients of 78 transfusions of leukocytes obtained from donors with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The presence of preformed leukocyte alloantibodies directed against donor cells predisposed to transfusion reactions of variable severity and failure of the transfused cells to survive and circulate in their new host. Studies in vitro demonstrated that these antibodies could inhibit granulocyte phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity. Pretransfusion compatibility testing for transfusion of leukocytes is recommended. Leukocytes should not be given if they are agglutinated by the recipient's serum or if the lymphocytes show damage in lymphocytotoxicity tests.
Serum Hepatitis Specific Antigen (SH) in Commercial and Volunteer Sources of Blood
Authors: Cherubin C. E. , Prince A. M.
Published: October 2009

Blood from various commercial sources used for transfusion at two New York City hospitals, samples from a large commercial blood bank, and samples from the city's major volunteer blood source, Were tested for SH antigen by the Ouchterlony technic. The different commercial sources averaged an antigen positive incidence of 1.2 per 100 units, whereas the volunteer source had less than one positive per thousand. The relative risk of transfusion hepatitis between the two sources was approximately 12: 1. This is in accord with follow‐up studies of patients. Improvements in the sensitivity of the antigen test and exclusion of positive units would reduce the absolute risk of posttransfusion hepatitis but would not be expected to alter the relative risk. Because of this, volunteer blood sources should be considered preferable to commercial sources, at least in large urban areas.
Increased Blood‐group A Activity in Urine of Patients with Renal Disease
Authors: Ottensooser F. , Pagenotto J. , Nussenzveig I.
Published: October 2009

The urines of secretor type A renal patients frequently contain more A substance than do urines of normal controls. Group A substance levels were not related to proteinuria, diagnosis, or severity of disease.
Preparation of Rabbit Antihuman Complement Reagent
Authors: Rubin H.
Published: October 2009

A method is described to prepare antisera primarily directed against complement components coating red blood cells. The method is based on the Milgrem technic of exposing rabbit red blood cells to human serum prior to their injection into the same rabbit. Modification of this method designed to enhance the binding of complement to the cells, namely prior trypsinization and exposure to human serum diluted in low ionic strength sucrose, has resulted in the production of potent anticomplement reagents that contain very little anti‐IgG after one short course of immunization. This reagent should be of value in the detection of complement binding antibodies in the blood bank.
Dimethylacetamide, a New Cryoprotective Agent for Platelets
Authors: Djerassi I. , Roy A. , Kim J. , Cavins J.
Published: October 2009

Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) was used as cryoprotective agent for the preservation of platelets in the frozen state. The addition of dextrose to the platelet suspension greatly increased the cryoprotective effects of this agent. Rat platelets preserved with 5 per cent DMAC and 5 per cent dextrose showed a higher percentage of morphologically intact cells and higher clot retraction‐promoting activity than platelets frozen in other concentrations of these two agents. The infusion of these platelets into thrombocytopenic rats resulted in platelet‐count increments greater than those observed after administration of platelets frozen in 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 5 per cent dextrose. At room temperatures, DMAC appeared to be less damaging to platelets than DMSO. Transfusions of human platelets frozen with DMAC and dextrose to thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia were associated with temporary increases of their platelet counts.
Leukocyte and Platelet Collection from Normal Donors with the Continuous Flow Blood Cell Separator
Authors: Graw R. G. , Herzig G. P. , Eisel R. J. , Perry S.
Published: October 2009

Continuous‐flow centrifugation of blood from normal donors with the NCI‐IBM Continuous Flow Blood Cell Separator can be used safely and effectively to collect large quantities of normal granulocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. Comparison with single‐unit leukapheresis demonstrated a threefold greater collection of granulocytes and a fivefold greater collection of lymphocytes per hour of leukapheresis with continuous flow centrifugation. Granulocyte collections can be enhanced by giving the donors etiocholanolone or cortisone prior to leukapheresis. Plateletpheresis can be combined efficiently with granulocyte collction during continuous‐flow centrifugation, but it offers no particular advantage over platelet collection by standard plasmapheresis technics.
Two Further Examples of Acriflavin Antibody Causing ABO Cell Typing Errors
Authors: Beattie K. M. , Seymour D. S. , Scott A.
Published: October 2009

The second and third examples of acriflavin antibody were revealed by discrepant results in ABO typing. As in the original case, the blood of both of these patients was agglutinated by most commercial anti‐B sera, but not by anti‐A or Anti‐A, B. The sera of these individuals contained anti‐B as well as anti‐A.
An Automated Low Ionic Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Hirsch N. M. , Runck A. H. , Szymanski I. O. , Johnson L. H.
Published: October 2009

An automated antihuman globulin test has been performed by continuous flow analysis. Cell washing in acidic low ionic medium achieved sedimentation of aggregated cells and removal of supernatant fluid without centrifugation. These cells were subsequently disaggregated with hypertonic antihuman globulin serum, but human antibody‐coated cells remained aggregated and were removed. Remaining red blood cells were hemolyzed, and their hemoglobin concentration was measured colorimetrically. This automated method detected antibodies of the Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Lewis blood group systems.
Effect of Plasma Removal on Blood Stored in ACD with Adenine
Authors: Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

An evaluation of the effects of plasma in blood preservation was carried out on units of blood from which the plasma had been removed at different times during storage and on other units in which the plasma volume had been replaced by saline. Blood was either collected in ACD and stored for 14 or 21 days, or collected in ACD supplemented with adenine and stored for 21 or 42 days. These units were given in homologous transfusions to human volunteers. Autologous transfusions were used for separate groups studied at the same time.

Stored units reflected progressive chemical deterioration with increasing storage. The elevation of plasma hemoglobin concentration was observed to be greater in units stored as packed cells.

Average posttransfusion survival values for blood stored for 21 or 42 days were higher for adenine‐supplemented blood than for blood in ACD alone, Autologous transfusions with ACD‐adenine blood stored for 21 or 42 days survived for the same length of time as did homologous transfusions. Packed cells with plasma removed shortly after collection had the poorest survival.

The similarity of values obtained for cells without plasma suggested that plasma was not particularly involved with the preservation of blood for up to 21 days of storage as tested by red blood cell survival. Improved preservation obtained with adenine was observed even when plasma was removed. Hence, the usefulness of plasma for component therapy may well outweigh its role in blood storage.