bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hammondia pardalis sp. n. (Sarcocystidae) from the Ocelot, Felis pardalis, and Experimental Infection of Other Felines
Authors: HENDRICKS LARRY D. , ERNST JOHN V. , COURTNEY CHARLES H. , SPEER CLARENCE A.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

Hammondia pardals sp. n. (Eimeriorina: Sarcocystidae) from Panama Canal Zone is described as an obligate heteroxenous coccidian, with felids as the final host and laboratory mice as the experimental intermediate host. Ovoid oocysts. measuring 40.8 (36–46) × 28.5 (25–35) m̈m. are shed unsporulated. Oocysts were infective only for the intermediate host. the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, and the intracellular cysts were infective only for felids. Attempted passage of tissue cysts from mouse to mouse was unsuccessful.

Mice fed 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts were found to harbor small intracellular cysts, 13–16 × 10–15 m̈m, in the mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and intestinal submucosa 15 days postinfection. The meronts in these early cysts were stubby and measured 3 × 6 m̈m. The prepatent period in the felids was 5 to 8 days and the patent period 5–13 days. Experimental infections of definitive hosts were successful with 6/6 domestic laboratory‐reared kittens, Felis catus; 5/5 ocelots, F. pardalis; and 1/1 jaguarundi, F. yagouaroundi. None of the exposed raccoons, Procyon lotor, shed oocysts.
Cladotricha and Phylogeny in the Suborder Stichotrichina (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida)*
Authors: BORROR ARTHUR C. , EVANS FREDERICK R.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

The cortical anatomy and morphogenesis of Cladotricha koltzowii Gajewskaja and Cladotricha variabilis Rumen from the Great Salt Lake, Utah, are described. When compared with 2 marine hypotrichs, Uroleptoides kihni Wenzel and Stichotricha secunda Kahl, from the east coast of the United States, their structure and development suggest that Cladotricha may have descended from an intermediate species within the line of evolution of the Spirofilidae from primitive Kahliella‐like hypotrichs. It is suggested that the Kahliella‐Cladotricha‐Uroleptoides series is separated at the familial level from both the tubicolous and planktonic spirofilids. Further, the structural and morphogenetic differences between Cladotricha and the holostichid Uroleptus appear to be at a subordinal level. These findings are significant in revising definitions of the Hypotrichida, its suborders, and the Urostylidae.
Conjugation in Polytomella agilis Araga˜o (Volvocida, Polyblepharidae)*
Authors: MOORE JOSEPH , CUSHING SUSAN D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The occurrence of conjugation in the flagellate, Polytomella agilis Aragão, as first reported in 1910, is confirmed. The gametes made contact with each other in a variety of positions. Our observations differ in minor ways from those reported for P. agilis and are in considerable disagreement with others published on sexual reproduction in Polytomella caeca.
In Vitro Binding of Trypanosoma congolense to Erythrocytes*
Authors: BANKS KEITH L.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

Trypanosoma congolense Broden, an intravascular parasite, binds to vessel walls and erythrocytes of infected hosts. In an attempt to characterize T. congolense adhesion to host cells, an in vitro assay was devised. It was shown in the in vitro experiments that T. congolense binds to bovine, sheep, and goat erythrocytes, but not always to erythrocytes of rats, mice, rabbits, horses or humans. Only the anterior part of live trypanosomes adheres to erythrocytes, and the attachment site on the trypanosomes is destroyed by trypsin and chymotrypsin. Trypanosomes did not adhere to bovine erythrocytes that had been incubated with neuraminidase, sodium periodate and poly‐L‐lysine. The foregoing experiments suggest that the surface of T. congolense contains a protein‐associated site which binds to sialic acid of some host cells. This surface site is most likely responsible for attachment to blood vessels in vivo.
Survival of Euglena gracilis Exposed to Sublethal Temperature and Hexavalent Chromium
Authors: YONGUE WILLIAM H. , BERRENT BARBARA L. , CAIRNS JOHN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

At room temperature (˜20 C) the concentration of 1 mg/liter of chromium, as CrO 3, and a 3–h exposure were the conditions at which most Euglena gracilis survived. Euglena subjected to 31.5 ± 0.5 C for 1 h, then cooled to room temperature and treated with Cr, was as sensitive to 0.001 mg/liter as to 10 mg liter. When simultaneously subjected to 31.5 ± 0.5 C and Cr, survival of Euglena was 50% at concentrations down to 0.001 mg/liter by the end of 3 h.
Partial Purification and Characterization of a Bacteriolytic Enzyme Secreted by Tetrahymena*
Authors: VICK G. WESLEY , GALLIS HARRY A. , WHEAT ROBERT , BLUM J. J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

Tetrahymena pyriformis strain HSM secretes large quantities of acid hydrolases into the culture medium. An enzyme secreted by the ciliate and capable of degrading walls of streptococci was identified and purified to a considerable degree. The pH optimum of this enzyme was 3–4, and it was eluted after cytochrome c from Sephadex G‐75 columns. Unlike lysozyme, the enzyme was thermolabile at pH 2.9, but relatively thermostable at pH 8.1. It degraded “C‐labeled cell walls of streptococci releasing reducing groups. Cell walls prepared from different strains of streptococci differed in susceptibility to this enzyme, the most sensitive strain tested being of group A, type T12. It was shown in immunologic studies that this hydrolase released the group‐specific carbohydrate from the walls. Secretions of Tetrahymena from early stationary‐phase cultures had more bacterio‐lytic activity than those from cells from late stationary‐phase cultures. Further, cells from cultures grown in glucose‐supplemented medium secreted less of the enzyme than ciliates of comparable age grown in unsupplemented proteose‐peptone. The newly isolated bacteriolytic enzyme, presumably of lysosomal origin, may be helpful in characterizing streptococcal cell walls.
Ultrastructure de Minchinia cadomensis sp. n. (Haplosporida) Parasite du Décapode Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus Maitland dans le Canal de Caen à la Mer (Calvados, France)*
Authors: MARCHAND JOCELYNE , SPRAGUE VICTOR
Published: May 2007

RESUME

Une nouvelle espèce Minchinia cadomensis parasite du Xanthidé A Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus est décrite. La sporulation resemble à celle des espèces de Minchinia déjà décrite mais les spores possèdent des caractères distinctifs—la spore de forme sphérique est de taille plus petite que celle des espèces américaines; l'opercule est dissymétrique et ses lobes (en section) sont en forme de U à branches divergentes.

SYNOPSIS

Minchinia cadomensis sp. n. is a common parasite of the Xanthid crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus Maitland living in the canal from Caen to the sea (Calvados, France). Its sporulation resembles that of species of Minchinia found in crabs and oysters in the U.S.A., but the spores have some distinctive characters. The spore is smaller than those of the American species and more nearly spherical; the operculum is asymmetrical and its sides (in section) are raised like the letter U with divergent branches.
Selective Inhibition of Flagellar Activity in Chlamydomonas by Nickel
Authors: BEAN BARRY , HARRIS ALAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Flagellar activity in the biflagellate chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is selectively inhibited by Ni2+ or by treatment with Ca2+‐chelating agents. Inhibitions of swimming speed, geotaxis, phototaxis, and pattern swimming result from qualitative and quantitative losses in the activity of individual flagella and in the coordination of activity beween the 2 flagella of each cell. Addition of Ca2+ (a) prevents inhibition and (b) restores normal flagellar activity in inhibited cells. Mg2+ is partially effective in reversal of inhibition. Other ions do not cause similar inhibition or reversal of nickel inhibition. The characteristics of inhibition and reversal suggest that the prmary target for nickel is a component of the flagellar apparatus, and that this component uses Ca2+ to perform its normal function in the regulation of flagellar activity. A 2nd target for nickel is a Carequiring process specific to phototaxis (and not involved in the photophobic response).
Microplankton Patchiness in the Northwest Altantic Ocean
Authors: FORNSHELL JOHN A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Plankton samples were collected in the Northwest Atlantic on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in August 1976 and on Flemish Cap in March 1977. The samples were taken using a Hardy Continuous Plankton Recorder towed at a depth of 9.1 m. On the Grand Banks the following species were found: Ceratium arcticum (Ehrenberg), C. longipes (Ehrenberg), C. lineatum (Ehrenberg), C. macroceros (Ehrenberg), C. fusus (Ehrenberg). C. tripos (Müller) and Ceratium spp. Other microplankton found in the samples included Radiolaria, Globigerina humilis (Brady), and the tintinnid ciliates Tintinnopsis cylindrica (Daday) and Tintinnopsis spp. In the samples from Flemish Cap only a single species of diatom was found in small numbers. The paucity of individuals in these samples is most probably related to the season of the survey, winter. The population density of C. arcticum had a patchiness with a length scale on the order of 104 m. The plankton tow on the Grand Banks was parallel to the north‐south axis of the Labrador Current. This patchiness scale on the order of 104 m may reflect a meandering of the Labrador Current.
Freeze‐Fracture Study of Malaria Sporozoites: Antibody‐Induced Changes of the Pellicular Membrane*
Authors: AIKAWA MASAMICHI , COCHRANE ALAN H. , NUSSENZWEIG RUTH S. , RABBEGE JOHN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium knowlesi, and Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, before and after incubation with immune serum, were studied after freeze‐fracture by electron microscopy. There were evenly distributed numerous intramembranous particles (IMP) on the P face of the outer membrane. The E face of the plasma membrane had fewer IMP than its P face. The E face of the intermediate membrane had few IMP and also linear arrays of slightly raised ridges running the length of the parasite. The P face of the intermediate membrane had many IMP aligned along the long axis of the sporozoite. On the P face of the inner membrane. IMP were arranged in very distinct rows conforming to the long axis of the parasite; the E face of this membrane had a few randomly distributed IMP.

A prominent change in the sporozoite incubated in immune serum was the appearance of a layer of aggregated particles around the parasite. The P face of the plasma membrane had several clear areas devoid of IMP and IMP aggregates. No changes were seen in the other fractured faces of the pellicle. These observations suggest that immune serum acts only on the P face of the plasma membrane.
Effects of Calcium Ion on Growth and Behavior of Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: SAITO TADAO , ASAI HIROSHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The chelator GEDTA was used to show that Ca2+ is required for the growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W and for normal galvanotactic responses and swimming.
Myxosoma funduli Kudo (Myxosporida) in Fundulus kansae: Ultrastructure of the Plasmodium Wall and of Sporogenesis*
Authors: CURRENT WILLIAM L. , JANOVY JOHN , KNIGHT STEPHEN A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Ultrastructure of the plasmodium wall and of sporogenesis were studied in Myxosoma funduli Kudo infecting the gills of Fundulus kansae (Garman). Plasmodia were located within the lamellar tissues adjacent to sinuses and capillaries. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite ectoplasm. The plasmodium membrane was covered by a surface coat of almost uniform thickness which prevented direct parasite‐host cell contact. Numerous generative cells and cell aggregates, representing early stages of spore development, were seen in immature plasmodia. Later stages of spore development, including mature spores, were observed in older plasmodia. Sporogenesis was initiated by envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing cell, the envelope cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until there were 10 cells, all compartmentalized within the envelope cell. Subsequently, the 10 cells became structurally differentiated and arranged into two 5‐celled spore‐producing units, each consisting of 1 binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Observations of later developmental stages revealed the major events of capsulogenesis, valvogenesis, and sporoplasm maturation, which occurred concomitantly during spore construction.
Etude Ultrastructurale du CiliéKuklikophrya dragescoi gen. n., sp. n.*
Authors: NJINE THOMAS
Published: May 2007

RÉSUMÉ L'infraciliature corticale de Kuklikophrya dragescoi gen. n., sp. n., se compose de cinétosomes jumelés. Chaque cinétosome du couple posséde des fibres transverses. Les fibres transverses antérieures sont doublées d'une lame de matériau dense et les transverses postérieures sont dirigées vers la partie postérieure du corps. Le cinétosome postérieur porte seul une courte protubérance en position de cinétodesmale. Le cortex a une couche alvéolaire bien développée, une limite ectoendoplasmique épaisse. Le trait saillant de la ciliature buccale est l'existence d'une circumorale dont l'infraciliature est faite de paires de cinétosomes ciliferes. La polarité antéropostérieure du segment paroral est inversée par rapport à celle du Cilié. Les organelles ciliaires adoraux et préoraux sont constitués de 2 rangées de cinétosomes ciliférs, dont chacun porte des fibres postciliaires. Une armature de némadesmes entoure le cytopharynx; ce dernier est soutenu par des rideaux de microtubules qui lui conferent un aspect feuilleté trés particulier. Le phagoplasme est formé de vésicules de type “vermicelles”. Le micronoyau est inclus dans l'espace périnucléaire du macronoyau.
Five Trypanosomatid Species of Insects Distinguished by Isoenzymes*
Authors: DE LIMA VILNEYDE M. Q. GONCALVES , ROITMAN ISAAC , KILGOUR VERONICA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Blastocrithidia culicis, Crithidia deanei, Crithidia fasciculata, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, Leptomonas seymouri and Leishmania tarentolae grown in cultures were compared by electrophoretic mobility for isoenzymes in 6 enzymes. All species were found distinct in these characteristics. Endosymbiotic C. deanei, which was identical to the aposymbiotic C. deanei in 5 enzymes, had an extra band in aspartate aminotransferase. No differences in isoenzymes were found between members of one species maintained in 2 different culture media.
Avian Haematozoa: Some Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Problems Arising from the Russian Literature*
Authors: PEIRCE M. A. , BENNETT G. F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. It is evident from a survey of the Russian literature that many species of avian haematozoa recorded do not meet the basic criteria required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Thus 28 species of Haemoproteus and 4 species of Leucocytozoon are considered to be nomina nuda, while 1 species, Leucocytozoon turtur orientalis is a synonym of L. marchouxi.
Electron‐Microscopic Studies on Theileria ovis Rodhain, 1916: Development of Kinetes in the Gut of the Vector Tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897, and Their Transformation Within Cells of the Salivary Glands
Authors: MEHLHORN HEINZ , SCHEIN EBERHARD , WARNECKE MANFRED
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gamogony of Theileria ovis Rodhain occurs within the gut of nymphs of the tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann. After molting, spherical and ovoid parasites are found within the intestinal cells of the ticks. These stages are thought to be zygotes, because they undergo a transformation process leading ultimately (in 3 days) to the formation of a motile stage, the kinete, the fine structure of which is very similar to that of the ookinetes of the hemosporidia. The kinete leaves the gut cells of the tick and penetrates the salivary gland cells where it produces infective stages (the sporozoites). These stages may be transmitted to sheep during the next blood meal of the tick. The developmental processes of T. ovis are compared to those of Hemosporina.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Tintinnopsis parva: Studies on Particle Accumulation and the Striae*
Authors: GOLD KENNETH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Lorica building was studied experimentally for Tintinnopsis parva Merkle, an agglutinated tintinnid. This species incorporated either siliceous or Ca‐rich particles. Evidence of agglutination was seen within 30 min after the addition of particles to cultures of the protozoa. Fully agglutinated loricae were produced by the proter; partially incrusted loricae attributed to an opisthe were also recovered. The cytoplasmic evaginations of unknown function called striae were seen in the scanning electron microscope in better relief than ever before. They may provide the mechanism whereby the enclosed capsules are brought into contact with prey organisms.
Growth of Leishmania donovani Amastigotes in a Continuous Macrophage‐Like Cell Culture*
Authors: BERENS RANDOLPH L. , MARR J. JOSEPH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The feasibility of using a macrophage‐like murine tumor cell as a host for Leishmania donovani was investigated. This cell line, designated P388D1, rapidly phagocytized amastigotes and supported their intracellular replication. It can serve as a model “host” without the inherent limitations of primary macrophage cultures.
Subcellular Localization of the GABA‐Shunt Enzymes in Euglena gracilis Strain Z
Authors: TOKUNAGA MASAO , NAKANO YOSHIHISA , KITAOKA SHOZABURO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Glutamate decarboxylase, γ‐aminobutyrate‐α‐ketoglutarate aminotransferase and NAD‐linked and NADP‐linked succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, all constituting the GABA (γ‐aminobutyrate)‐shunt pathway of glutamate metabolism are localized in the mitochondrial matrix in a streptomycin‐bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z. Glutamate dehydrogenase, requiring NADP as the cofactor, was distributed in the cytoplasm. An improved version of the controlled digestion method for preparing Euglena mitochondria, which involves use of trypsin and a trypsin inhibitor and removal of broken cells before mechanical disruption of cells, is also described.
Synthesis and Content of Polyamines in Bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei*
Authors: BACCHI C. J. , VERGARA CAROL , GAROFALO JOANNE , LIPSCHIK GREGG Y. , HUTNER S. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The sensitive dansyl procedure was used to detect putrescine and spermidine, but not spermine and cadaverine, in pleomorphic Trypanosoma brucei. The polyamines were synthesized in vitro from [3H]ornithine, [14C]arginine and [14C]methionine. Proline, agmatine, and citrulline, but not glutamine, glutamic or pyroglutamic acids, stimulated spermidine formation from [14C]methionine. Putrescine and spermidine synthesis occurred rapidly from ornithine: putrescine synthesis peaked in 0.5 h, spermidine in 1 h. Trypanosoma brucei assimilated exogenous 14C‐labeled putrescine, spermidine, and spermine; spermidine and spermine were taken up 5 times as rapidly as putrescine. Polyamine syntheses may therefore be a practical target for novel trypanocies.
The Methylated Purines of Tetrahymena pyriformis Transfer Ribonucleic Acid*
Authors: KEEGAN FRANK P. , BERECH JOHN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. By phenol extraction and DEAE cellulose column chromatography, tRNA was isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL. Following acid hydrolysis of the tRNA, the methylated purine content was determined by Dowex 50 column chromatography and paper chromatography.

The most abundant methylated guanine derivative was found to be N2‐DMG. Also present were 1‐MG, N2‐MG, and 7‐MG. The most abundant methylated adenine was found to be 1‐MA; no 2‐MA was detected. Small amounts of the N6‐methyladenines were detected.
Acid hydrolases and their Release in Food Vacuole‐Less Mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila*
Authors: SILBERSTEIN GARY B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mutants (NP1 and PSJ5) of Tetrahymena thermophila strains B and D 1968 exist that are unable to construct a functional oral apparatus and form food vacuoles at 37 C but which do so normally at 30 C. Food vacuole‐less cells starved in dilute salt solution released similar amounts of acid phosphatase, β‐N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase and ±‐glucosidase activity into the medium as wildtype cells during an 8‐h period. Actively growing, food vacuole‐less cells had ˜50% less total protein, acid phosphatase, β‐N‐acetyl‐glucosamin‐idase, and ±‐glucosidase per cell than wildtype cells after 72‐h growth. During this time food vacuole‐less cells released significant amounts of the 3 acid hydrolases into the growth medium. For each hydrolase, the total activity released from growing, food vacuole‐less cells was less, on a per cell basis, than the amount released from food vacuole formers. The proportion of the total activity secreted by the mutant and the wildtype cells was the same for acid phosphatase and β‐N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase and somewhat lower for ±‐glucosidase. It is concluded that the release of a significant amount of acid hydrolase activity from Tetrahymena is independent of food vacuole formation and may be analogous to the secretory activity of other nonphagocytic eukaryotic cells.
Marine Amebae From Clean and Stressed Bottom Sediments of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico*,†,‡
Authors: SAWYER THOMAS K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Amebae isolated from sediments of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico were maintained in continuous culture and most were identified to genus and species. Twenty‐six species representing 12 genera were recognized from existing literature and several others (Flabellula, Mastigamoeba, Cochliopododium) were identified only to genus. One ameboflagellate and several small limax‐type amebae which require further study also were isolated. Other sarcodmids belonging to the Heliozoida, Testocida, Leptomyxida, and Proteomyxida were identified only tentatively. the distribution of the amebae and ameba‐like organisms was tabulated for the following geographic areas: Atlantic Ocean near Long Island, New York: Atlantic Ocean 16‐65 miles offshore from New York and New Jersey: Atlantic Ocean 1‐50 miles offshore from Maryland and Delaware: and the Gulf of Mexico 3.5‐41 miles offshore from the southeastern United States. Amebae present in shellfish holding trays at Lewis. Delaware, were isolated, and identified to compare the distribution of species in laboratory tanks with those present in natural ocean bottoms. Published accounts of each collection site were reviewed to obtain specific data on contamination with sewage wastes, acid wastes, dredge spoils, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Two previously undescribed amebae were found to represent new genera and species and are described herein, one from the Delaware mariculture facility, and the other from the digestive tract of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the gill surface of the lady crab, Ovalipes ocellatus. Sarcodinids present in clean or stressed environments were listed, and genera and species that were widespread or apparently geographically restricted were recorded.
Studies On Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism In Tetrahymena Pyriformis: Partial Characterization of Cyclic Amp‐ and Cyclic Gmp‐Dependent Phosphodiesterases*
Authors: KUDO SHUZO , NAKAZAWA KINYA , NOZAWA YOSHINORI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase [EC 3.1.4.17] was examined in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain NT‐1. Enzymic activity was associated with the soluble and the particulate fractions, whereas most of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity was localized in the soluble fraction: the activities were optimal at pH 8.0–9.0. Although very low activities were detected in the absence of divalent cations, they were significantly increased by the addition of either Mg2+ or Mn2‐. A kinetic analysis of the properties of the enzymes yielded 2 apparent KIII values ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 50 μM and from 0.1 to 62 μ M for cyclic AMP and GMP. respectively. A Ca2+‐dependent activating factor for cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase was extracted from Tetrahymena cells, but this factor did not stimulate guanylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.2] activity in this organism. On the other hand, Tetrahymena also contained a protein activator which stimulated guanylate cyclase in the presence of Ca2+, although this activator did not stimulate the phosphodiesterase. the results suggested that Tetrahymena might contain 2 types of Ca2+‐dependent activators, one specific for phosphodiesterase and the other for guanylate cyclase.
Three New Species of Ascocystis (Apicomplexa, Lecudinidae) From Mosquitoes*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D.
Published: May 2007

The following gregarines are described from mosquitoes in Taiwan: Ascocystis culicis (Ross) from Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Ascocystis taiwanensis sp. n. from Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Ascocystis lanyuensis sp. n. from Aedes alcasidi Huang, and Ascocystis armtgerei sp. n. from Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett). the gamonts of all species are in the lumen of the midgut of the larvae, and the gametocysts and oocysts in the lumen of the Malpighian tubules of the pupae and adults. Ascocystis culicis matured only in Aedes aegypti and Aedes desmotes (Giles); Ascocystis taiwanensis only in Aedes albopictus and Aedes alcasidi; Ascocystis lanyuensis only in Aedes alcasidi; and Ascocystis armigerei only in Armigeres subalbatus and Aedes alcasidi.
Eimeria Caprovina Sp. N. From the Domestic Goat, Capra Hircus, From the Usa
Authors: LIMA JOSÉ D.
Published: May 2007

Oocysts ofEimeria caprovinasp. n. from the domestic goat,Capra hircus, are ellipsoidal, subspherical or slightly ovoid, usually flattened at the micropylar end. They measure 29.7 (26‐36) × 23.7 (23‐28) μ. the sporocysts are elongate ovoids, measuring 14.3 (13‐17) × 8.3 (8‐9) μ. with Stieda bodies at the narrow ends. the oocyst wait is 1.6 μ thick, smooth, dark‐brown to brownish‐yellow, and 2‐layered. A micropyle. 6.2 (4‐10) μ in diameter, polar granule, and sporocyst residuum are present: micropylar cap and oocyst residuum are absent.
Growth Kinetics of Three Species of Tetrahymena On Solid Agar*
Authors: DOBRA KENNETH W. , EUGENE W. MCARDLE  , EHRET CHARLES F.
Published: May 2007

A nutrient‐agar method without liquid overlay has been developed for cultivation of ciliates. Three species of Tetrahymena‐T. pyriformis strain W, T. rostrata strain UNI, and T. vorax strain V2S, representing the 3 main groups of Tetrahymena species, were used; however the method should apply to other ciliates. Growth on the surface of the agar was facilitated by an optimal surface‐to‐volume ratio yielding a high density of ciliates (5.8 × 105 cells/cm2 for T. pyriformis at 25 C) and short generation times (3 h for T. pyriformis at 30 C). At the highest density achieved, the cells became irregularly hexagonal and formed a monolayer “tissue” on the agar. Ciliates grown on agar were like those in liquid culture, typical oral ciliature, food‐vacuole formation, and typical cortical patterns being retained. Advantages of this method include high cell density, easy recovery, and optimal O2 supply. the organisms can also be cultivated on the surface of sterile cellulose‐nitrate filters, facilitating in situ fixation and staining as well as transfer into different media by transfer of filters with cells, without prior centrifugation and resuspension.
On the Encystment of Leptomonas sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Parasite of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus
Authors: ABE YOSHIHIKO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Promastigotes of Leptomonas sp., a flagellate parasite of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, multiplied by binary fission with the following sequence of events: duplication of the flagellum; division of the kinetoplast and the nucleus; spatial separation of the kinetoplast: and cytokinesis resulting in the formation of 2 daughter promastigotes. In the early stages of encystment, promastigotes aggregated in a rosette and assumed a stumpy form. The nucleus and kinetoplast of the stumpy promastigotes were double, suggesting a possibility of fusion of the organism in the rosette. When most of the promastigotes in the cluster became stumpy, each individual was isolated from the cluster and acquired a thick coat with an acidophilic substance, thus forming a cyst.
Development and Ultrastructure of First‐Generation Meronts of Sarcocystis cruzi in Calves Fed Sporocysts from Coyote Feces*
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , SPEER CLARENCE A. , DOUGLASS THOMAS G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The development of Sarcocystis cruzi Hasselmann (syn. S. fusiformis Railliet) meronts was studied in seven 7‐ to 10‐day‐old calves killed 4, 7, 11, 15, 22, 25 and 28 days postinoculation (DPI) with 5 × 107 sporocysts from feces of coyotes. No meronts were found 4 and 7 DPI. Young and intermediate meronts with 1–16 nuclei were found in endothelial cells of arteries in mesenteric lymph nodes, but not in kidneys 11 DPI.

Mature meronts were noted in endothelial cells of arteries, arterioles, or capillaries of many organs of calves killed 15 to 25 DPI. No first‐generation meronts were found 28 DPI. By electron microscopy, all stages of the first‐generation merogony were found free within the host cell cytoplasm and not within a parasitophorous vacuole. The appearance of intranuclear spindles preceded the formation of merozoites by endopolygeny. Mature meronts measured 41.0 × 17.5 (34–50 × 15–24) μm, contained ∼ 100–350 merozoites, and had 2 to 4 relatively small residual bodies, 2.8 μm in diameter. Merozoites measured 6.3 × 1.5 (5.5–7 × 1 μm) and contained most of the organelles characteristically found in coccidian merozoites. Micropores were observed in merozoites, but not in young and intermediate meronts. Merozoites were seen free in the lumen of blood vessels, in intracellular areas, and free within the host cell cytoplasm.
Mating‐Type Dependent Cell Pairing in Oxytricha hymenostoma. III. Chromatin Mixing After Macronuclear Fusion*
Authors: BANCHETTI ROSALBA , NOBILI RENZO , RICCI NICOLA , ESPOSITO FULVIO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mating‐type dependent cell pairing in Oxytricha hymenostoma was studied by both light autoradiography and transmission electron microscopy. The process results in the macronuclear bodies of the 2 partners fusing completely with each other 2 by 2. In each fusion the 2 chromatin masses, easily distinguishable from each other for the first 6 h of the pairing, progressively intermingled and underwent a sort of rearrangement so that they eventually acquired a uniform pattern. The possible mechanisms regulating macronuclear fusion and DNA amount in the daughter cells are discussed.
Antigens of Subcellular Fractions of Trypanosoma cruzi. III. Humoral immune response and histopathology of immunized mice*
Authors: CAPPA STELLA M. GONZALEZ , BRONZINA ADRIANA , KATZIN ALEJANDRO M. , GOLFERA HUMBERTO , MARTINI GLADYS W. DE , SEGURA ELSA L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The relation of humoral antibody response to protection was evaluated in mice immunized with whole homogenates of Trypanosoma cruzi or with its flagellar fraction by direct agglutination and indirect fluorescent antibody test as well as by lytic and neutralizing activity against blood trypomastigotes. The results indicated that lytic antibodies were not implicated directly in protection against these trypanosomes. It was evident from histopathologic examination that the higher the degree of protection achieved, the lower the tissue damage observed in the challenged mice. Serum‐neutralizing activity was highest in the groups protected most effectively.
Chemotherapy and the Immune Response in Protozoal Infections1
Authors: HANSON WILLIAM L.
Published: May 2007

Available evidence indicates that many of the antiprotozoal drugs currently in use significantly modify the immune response of the host. The effect depends on both the drug and the host. Some drugs enhance the immune response, some are immuno‐suppressants, and others enhance some types of immune mechanisms while suppressing others. Future efforts in the development of antiprotozoal drugs should consider their effects on both the parasite and the immune response of the host. Also in the chemotherapy of protozoal infections consideration should be given to the combined usage of immunoenhancing agents and antiprotozoal drugs.
Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Acanthamoeba spp. in Thermally Polluted Discharges and Surface Waters1
Authors: DE JONCKHEERE JOHAN F.
Published: May 2007

During spring and autumn, the total number of amoebae and the number of Acanthamoeba species able to grow at 37°C were determined in six thermally polluted factory discharges and the surrounding surface waters. The isolated Acanthamoeba strains were studied for growth in axenic medium, cytopathic effect in Vero cell cultures, and virulence in mice. Although more amoebae were isolated in autumn, the number of Acanthamoeba species was lower than in spring, when the percent of pathogenic strains among the isolates was highest. Higher concentrations of amoebae were found in warm discharges, and more virulent strains occurred in thermal discharges than in surface waters.
A Light‐ and Electron‐Microscopical Study of Protacanthamoeba caledonica n. sp., Type‐Species of Protacanthamoeba n. g. (Amoebida, Acanthamoebidae)1
Authors: PAGE FREDERICK C.
Published: May 2007

In its amoeboid stage, Protacanthamoeba caledonica n. g., n. sp. closely resembles the genus Acanthamoeba, on both light‐ and electron‐microscopical levels, including possession of a centrosphere with a plaque‐shaped centriole‐like body. The cyst wall differs from that of Acanthamoeba in lack of preformed exit pores and in fine structure; the occasional apparent division into exocyst and endocyst is due to irregular splitting. The strain isolated from a Scottish estuary did not grow at 37°C and did not grow normally on agar made with 25% sea water, but cysts remained viable after a week in full‐strength sea water. Protacanthamoeba n. g. is distinguished from Acanthamoeba on the basis of cyst structure, but it is assigned to the family Acanthamoebidae.
Nuclear Roles in the Post‐Conjugant Development of the Ciliate Euplotes aediculatus II. Experimentally Induced Regeneration of Old Macronuclear Fragments1
Authors: KLOETZEL JOHN A.
Published: May 2007

Following conjugation in ciliates, the usual fate of the old pre‐conjugant macronucleus is resorption. In some species, however, old macronuclei, or their fragments, have the ability to reform functional vegetative macronuclei when new macronuclear anlagen are defective. The present work on Euplotes shows that if anlagen are allowed to carry out their essential roles in early exconjugant development, including influence on cortical reorganization such that feeding can resume, they can then be permanently damaged by UV‐microbeam irradiation and regeneration of old macronuclear fragments can occur. E. aediculatus exconjugants were anlage‐irradiated at 40–60 hr of development and the irradiated cells cultured individually and fed. Squashes revealed enlargement and anteriorward migration of the persistent (posterior) macronuclear fragments. The first post‐conjugant fission of such cells was delayed (times ranged 6–43 days) and did not seem to involve the damaged anlagen, which remained rudimentary, did not divide along with the cells, and were subsequently resorbed. It appeared that cell fission was supported by the fragments of the old macronuclei, which either divided or partitioned themselves between the two daughter cells. Mating tests performed on early clones derived from irradiated exconjugants revealed ample conjugation competence; intraclonal conjugation in such clones was also apparent. The absence of the immature period seen in normal exconjugants provides further evidence that the clones arose from cells with regenerated macronuclei.
Partial Purification of a Species‐Specific Lethal Factor from Amoeba indica1
Authors: LEITH A. , KAUFMAN M. C.
Published: May 2007

The species‐specific lethal factor obtained from Amoeba indica, a freeliving mononucleate amoeba, can be partially purified by differential centrifugation, gel exclusion chromatography, and elution from Cibacron blue‐agarose. The factor is unstable in the partially purified form, but activity is correlated with a heat‐labile protein having an apparent molecular weight of 186,000. The factor causes inhibition of division and death when injected into A. proteus. Purification of the lethal factor indicates that aggregation of the factor with amoebal proteins is not a hindrance to further investigation. The natural role of the factor is discussed.
Leptomonas lactosovorans n. sp., a Lactose‐Utilizing Trypanosomatid: Description and Nutritional Requirements1
Authors: MANAIA ARMANDO DA COSTA , SOUZA MARIA DO CARMO MOREIRA DE , LUSTOSA ÉDIA DE SENA , ROITMAN ISAAC
Published: May 2007

Leptomonas lactosovorans n. sp. is described from the gut of the reduviid hemipteran Zelurus martinsi. It can be grown in a defined medium. The requirements for amino acids, vitamins, purine, and heme were similar to those established for Crithida fasciculata. Growth is stimulated by aeration. Generation time is longer than for any other insect trypanosomatid described; its utilization of lactose as a carbon source is a unique feature among trypanosomatids.
The Relation of Concanavalin A Receptor Distribution to the Conjugation Process in Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: WATANABE S. , TOYOHARA A. , SUZAKI T. , SHIGENAKA Y.
Published: May 2007

By using fluorescent isothiocyanate‐conjugated concanavalin A (FITC‐Con A), cell surface events were examined under a light microscope during the early period of the conjugation process in Tetrahymena thermophila. Until the two complementary mating types (D‐III and IV) were mixed, Con A‐binding activities were hardly detected on the cell surface of ciliates. After mixing, however, the FITC‐Con A (25 μg/ml) bound especially to the anterior cell surface at the early stage of conjugation, followed by characteristic changes of the Con A‐binding pattern and, subsequently, by formation of a bright fluorescent ring around the area of contact between conjugants. Such alterations of FITC‐Con A‐binding pattern were found to be interrupted or eliminated by cycloheximide (2 μg/ml). These findings are related to the onset and subsequent conjugation in T. thermophila.
The Unique Position of the Degenerating Macronucleus in Tetrahymena tropicalis1
Authors: SIMON ELLEN M. , DOERDER F. PAUL
Published: May 2007

In contrast to the situation in 13 other species of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex, in which the condensed degenerating old macronucleus lies in the posterior end of the cell during the late stages of conjugation, in Tetrahymena tropicalis that nucleus is found in the anterior portion. This developmental characteristic may be useful for taxonomic purposes as well as being of value in investigations on nucleocytoplasmic interaction.
Discussion of Work on Isospora Species1
Authors: TODD K. S.
Published: May 2007

Comments are made concerning the work reported at this Conference by Dr. Edith Box. The importance of stress on the animals used in experimental work is emphasized. Difficulties in identification of isosporan species in birds are mentioned.
Parental Development of Eimerian Coccidia in Sandhill and Whopping Cranes1
Authors: NOVILLA MELITON N. , CARPENTER JAMES W. , SPRAKER TERRY R. , JEFFERS THOMAS K.
Published: May 2007

In contrast with isosporoid species of coccidia that have established extraintestinal phases of development, the eimeriids, except for a few species, generally have been considered inhabitants of the intestinal tract. Eimeria infection in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and whooping cranes (G. americana) may result in disseminated visceral coccidiosis. Nodules were observed in the oral cavity of 33% (n = 95) of the G. canadensis at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) in Laurel, MD. Necropsy of six of the afflicted cranes revealed granulomatous nodules in many tissues and organs. Histologic studies disclosed protozoan organisms morphologically resembling schizonts in the granulomas, and endogenous stages of coccidia were present in the intestines of four birds. Fecalysis of three of four sandhill cranes yielded oocysts of E. reichenowi and E. gruis. Only E. reichenowi‐type oocysts were recovered from a dead whooping crane sample. Domestic broiler chicks each intubated with about 1 times 106 pooled sporulated oocysts of E. reichenowi and E. gruis were not infected. Exposure of six incubator‐hatched and hand‐reared sandhill crane chicks to oocysts artificially (two chicks) and naturally (four chicks) resulted in typical infection of intestinal epithelium with invasion of subepithelial tissues extending to the muscular layer and widespread extraintestinal development. Asexual and sexual stages occurred primarily in macrophages in the liver, spleen, heart, and lung. In the lung, oocysts were found in bronchial exudate and epithelial lining cells. Six of ten G. canadensis chicks, one adult G. americana, and three of five G. americana chicks that died naturally at PWRC had disseminated visceral coccidiosis.
Données Nouvelles sur Quelques Processus Morphogénétiques chez les Hypotriches, Notamment dans le Genre Euplotes: Leur Contribution à l'Approche Evolutionniste du Problème de la Régulation de l'Activité Morphogenétique chez les Ciliés1
Authors: FLEURY ANNE , FRYD‐VERSAVEL GHISLAINE
Published: May 2007

L'étude, par le protargol, des phénomènes infraciliaires et de leur corrélation avec les phénomènes nucléaires au cours de l'autogamie dans le genre Euplotes montre, par comparaison avec la conjugaison, que les diverses étapes de la morphogenèse sont liées à la progression de l'état nucléaire. Par ailleurs, l'étude comparative des différents types de morphogenèse (bipartition, phénomena sexuel, réorganisation induite par le jeǔne) permet de supposer qu'il existe deux territoires morphogènes soumis à des systèmes de régulation bien distincts. La comparaison des séquences de morphogenèse chez divers hypotriches conduit à dresser un plan général d'évolution de la régulation de l'activité corticale en relation avec l'étendue des remaniements associés à la stomatogenèse.

The changes in the arrangement of the infraciliature associated with autogamy in Euplotes are described and compared with similar events associated with conjugation. The successive steps of morphogenesis are strongly correlated with nuclear processes. The comparative study of different types of morphogenesis (binary fission, sexual phenomena, starvation‐induced reorganization) leads to the hypothesis that two morphogenetic fields (a ventral one and a dorsal one) depend on separate regulatory systems. From the viewpoint of evolution, the morphogenetic sequences of some hypotrichs have been compared. A general scheme of the evolution of cortical regulation is proposed, taking into account the extension of the area concerned with stomatogenic activity.
Histological and Ultrastructural Studies of the Interaction of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites with Mouse Omentum in Experimental Infection1
Authors: KHAVKIN THEODOR
Published: May 2007

Mouse omentum was studied after intraperitoneal challenge with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasites inhabit omental histiocytes, fibroblasts, mesothelial cells, and free peritoneal macrophages. Recently infected cells showed enhanced metabolic and functional activity. Villous projections of the parasitophorous vacuole wall appeared, usually opposite the anterior pole of the parasite. In mesothelial cells, projections formed terminal swellings not observed in other infected cells. Activation of host cells was followed by reduction of the density of the cytoplasmic matrix, autophagosome formation, and intracellular edema, indicating the damage. The wall of the parasitophorous vacuole loses the supporting host cell endoplasmic reticulum that was attached to the vacuole just after entrance of the parasite into the cell. Then lysis of the parasitophorous vacuole and complete cell destruction occurs. The growth of parasites in undamaged cells does not coincide with the inflammatory response. Inflammation of the peritoneum develops only after the start of mass destruction of infected cells. Thus tachyzoites of Toxoplasma exert significant pathogenic effects by their ability to activate the host cell, causing lysis of the parasitophorous vacuole and subsequent destruction of the entire cell.
An Electron Microscopical Study of the Interaction of Monoclonal Antibodies with Gametes of the Malarial Parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum1
Authors: AIKAWA MASAMICHI , RENER JOAN , CARTER RICHARD , MILLER LOUIS H.
Published: May 2007

Anti‐malarial gamete antibodies prevent the fertilization of gametes in the mosquito midgut and prevent transmission of malaria. Recently, hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (10G3 and 11C7) against gametes of the malarial parasite have been developed. These antibodies act synergistically to mediate 80–90% suppression of the infectivity of gametocytes, although neither monoclonal antibody alone has a significant effect on gametocyte infectivity. We performed immuno‐electron microscopy to characterize the interactions of these monoclonal antibodies with gametes of Plasmodium gallinaceum. Male gametes exposed to either 10G3 or 11C7 agglutinated into loose clusters, while those exposed to a mixture of 10G3 and 11C7 agglutinated into long, rope‐like bundles. This difference appears to be related to the distribution of the antibodies on the surface of the gametes. When 10G3 or 11C7 labeled with a ferritin‐conjugated anti‐mouse Ig were used singly, the ferritin particles were distributed in focal areas over the surface of the parasites. By contrast, when the male gametes were exposed to a mixture of 10G3 and 11C7, the ferritin particles were distributed over their entire surface. Female gametes reacted similarly to these antibodies. These observations indicate that combinations of antibody specificities that reduce fertilization efficiency coat the entire surface of the gametes. On the other hand, focal interactions resulting from a single antibody are unable to block fertilization.
Abnormal Ultrastructural Features of a Marine Dinoflagellate Adapted to Grow Successfully in the Presence of Inhibitory Fluoride Concentration1
Authors: KLUT M. EMILIA , BISALPUTRA THANA , ANTIA NAVAL J.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. Amphidinium carteri was unable to grow on nutrient‐enriched seawater in the presence of 200 μg/ml fluoride (F) but could be adapted to grow successfully on this F concentration when repeatedly cultured with stepwise increases in sub‐inhibitory F concentration. Electron microscopic investigation of the F‐adapted dinoflagellate cells showed abnormal ultrastructural features in the chloroplast (especially the pyrenoid), mitochondria, and nucleus. Simultaneous comparison with the F‐inhibited dinoflagellate cells showed that thylakoid formation was extremely disorganized by fluoride and that F‐adaptation conferred a prolamellar‐like configuration on the thylakoids in the center of the pyrenoid. This unexpected appearance of lamellae formation in the F‐adapted cells suggested that the pyrenoid may be a center for thylakoid assembly. Such cells also showed large, intensely osmiophilic inclusions in the mitochondria. Microbodies are found in close juxtaposition to the mitochondria and chloroplast, suggesting an increased metabolic dependence on photorespiration. The F‐adapted nucleus showed dark and light concentric rings in the nucleolus region, accompanied by other signs of mitotic activity, which were not observed in the F‐inhibited cells. It was inferred that the F‐adaptation may have required some form of genetic change resulting presumably in the development of a phenotype mutant.