bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mannich Bases of 1,2,4‐Triazolones as Potent Anti‐Tubercular and Antifungal Agents
Authors: Dorababu Atukuri , Kamble Ravindra R. , Kamble Atulkumar A. , Kumbar Mahadev N. , Shaikh SabaKauser J. , Netalkar Sandeep P.
Published: March 2019

Arylsydnone 1 a‐b is ring transformed to 1,3,4‐oxadiazole 2 a‐b and further converted to 1,2,4‐triazolones 3 a‐b. Condensation of compound 3 a‐b with aromatic aldehydes followed by reduction yielded a secondary amine derivative 5 a‐d. Subsequent reaction of compound 5 a‐d with formaldehyde and various secondary amines in presence of an acid catalyst afforded mannich bases 6 a‐p. Single crystals of the intermediate compounds (Schiff bases) 4 a and 4 b are obtained and confirmed by x‐ray crystallographic studies. All the final compounds are tested for anti‐tubercular and anti‐fungal activity. Almost all compounds have exhibited good pharmacological activity. In anti‐tubercular activity, especially compounds 6 d and 6 f have shown excellent activities at the drug concentrations 3.12 μg/ml and 6.25 μg/ml respectively. While in antifungal activity against C. albicans, compounds 6 d and 6 m have exhibited good activities at the drug concentrations 6.25 μg/ml and 12.50 μg/ml where as in the antifungal activity against A. fumigatus, only the compounds 6 b and 6 g have exhibited promising activity at the drug concentration 0.20 μg/ml.
Recent Progress in Multivalent Metal (Mg, Zn, Ca, and Al) and Metal‐Ion Rechargeable Batteries with Organic Materials as Promising Electrodes
Authors: Xie Jian , Zhang Qichun
Published: March 2019

The emerging demand for electronic and transportation technologies has driven the development of rechargeable batteries with enhanced capacity storage. Especially, multivalent metal (Mg, Zn, Ca, and Al) and metal‐ion batteries have recently attracted considerable interests as promising substitutes for future large‐scale energy storage devices, due to their natural abundance and multielectron redox capability. These metals are compatible with nonflammable aqueous electrolytes and are less reactive when exposed in ambient atmosphere as compared with Li metals, hence enabling potential safer battery systems. Luckily, green and sustainable organic compounds could be designed and tailored as universal host materials to accommodate multivalent metal ions. Considering these advantages, effective approaches toward achieving organic multivalent metal and metal‐ion rechargeable batteries are highlighted in this Review. Moreover, organic structures, cell configurations, and key relevant electrochemical parameters are presented. Hopefully, this Review will provide a fundamental guidance for future development of organic‐based multivalent metal and metal‐ion rechargeable batteries.
Additive‐Assisted Novel Dual‐Salt Electrolyte Addresses Wide Temperature Operation of Lithium–Metal Batteries
Authors: Shangguan Xuehui , Xu Gaojie , Cui Zili , Wang Qinglei , Du Xiaofan , Chen Kai , Huang Suqi , Jia Guofeng , Li Faqiang , Wang Xiao , Lu Di , Dong Shanmu , Cui Guanglei
Published: March 2019

In this study, self‐synthesized lithium trifluoro(perfluoro‐tert‐butyloxyl)borate (LiTFPFB) is combined with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to formulate a novel 1 m dual‐salt electrolyte, which contains lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2) additive and dominant carbonate solvents with low melting point and high boiling point. The addition of LiPO2F2 into this novel dual‐salt electrolyte dramatically improves cycleability and rate capability of a LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/Li (NMC/Li) battery, ranging from −40 to 90 °C. The NMC/Li batteries adopt a Li–metal anode with low thickness of 100 µm (even 50 µm) and a moderately high cathode mass loading level of 10 mg cm−2. For the first time, this paper provides valuable perspectives for developing practical lithium–metal batteries over a wide temperature range.
Flood Risk and Salience: New Evidence from the Sunshine State
Authors: Bakkensen Laura A. , Ding Xiaozhou , Ma Lala
Published: March 2019

A growing literature finds evidence that flood risk salience varies over time, spiking directly following a flood and then falling off individuals' cognitive radar in the following years. In this article, we provide new evidence of salience exploiting a hurricane cluster impacting Florida that was preceded and followed by periods of unusual calm. Utilizing residential property sales across the state from 2002 through 2012, our main estimate finds a salience impact of −8%, on average. The salience effect persists when we base estimation only on spatial variation in prices to limit confounding from other simultaneous changes due to shifting hedonic equilibria over time. These effects range from housing prices decreases of 5.4–12.3% depending on the year of sale. Understanding flood risk salience has important implications for flood insurance and disaster policy, the benefits transfer literature, and, more broadly, our understanding of natural disaster resilience.

JEL Classification: Q51, Q54, R21
Flood Fatalities in the United States: The Roles of Socioeconomic Factors and the National Flood Insurance Program
Authors: Lim Jungmin , Skidmore Mark
Published: March 2019

Flooding is the most frequent disaster type among all severe weather events in the United States. Over the 20‐year period from 1996 to 2015, a total of 107,743 floods resulted in 1563 fatalities and over $167 billion in damages. Climate models suggest that the risk of major flooding will increase in the coming years. In this article, we provide new analysis of the life‐saving role of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) using county‐level data for the United States over the years 1996–2015. The integrated view of the physical, social, economic, and political elements of disaster vulnerability guides the empirical analysis. Our analysis indicates that people most affected by floods are those who have weaker economic and social bases; lower education levels and poor housing quality increase flood vulnerability. We also find that local government spending on public safety and welfare significantly reduces overall flood vulnerability. Importantly, our estimates present new evidence that ex ante floodplain management and mitigation efforts required for participation in the NFIP have played a vital role in reducing flood‐related fatalities.
Flood Insurance and Risk Reduction: Market Penetration, Coverage, and Mitigation in Coastal North Carolina
Authors: Ahmadiani Mona , Ferreira Susana , Landry Craig E.
Published: March 2019

This article provides an overview of flood risk management in the United States, focusing on the National Flood Insurance Program and the Community Ratings System (CRS), which is designed to promote flood hazard mitigation. We review the empirical literature that examines market penetration and demand for flood insurance, as well as factors that influence community participation in CRS. Combining data from separate (but similar) surveys conducted in Dare County, North Carolina in 1998 and 2008, we examine trends in flood insurance holdings and explore the extensive (binary participation) and intensive (coverage level) margins using regression analysis. We explore trends in CRS mitigation activities in Dare County and discuss potential difficulties in analyzing these data. Finally, we highlight avenues for future research.
Economics, Insurance, and Flood Hazards
Authors: Kruse Jamie , Hochard Jacob
Published: March 2019

This article introduces the Symposium Economics, Insurance, and Flood Hazards. We provide background on the magnitude of recent extreme weather events and subsequent flooding in terms of lives and property damage. After a brief background of the National Flood Insurance Program and its renewal, we describe the papers contributed to the symposium and their relationship to the challenges described by the U.S. General Accountability Office (GAO).
Net pressure and correlation characteristics between internal and external pressures for tall building with opening
Authors: Wang Xu , Qian Yuanhao , Yu Xianfeng , Xie Zhuangning
Published: March 2019

Net pressure and correlation characteristics between internal and external pressures for a typical high‐rise building with a dominant opening are detailed investigated by a series of wind tunnel experiments on a scaled rigid model. The experimental results show that internal pressures are absolutely spatially relevant. When the dominant opening faces to approaching wind, there exists strong positive correlation between internal and external pressures of each tap on the windward wall, whereas negative correlation can be observed for each tap on the other walls. At the wind directions of 15° and 75°, the highest negative correlation coefficient occurs on the right side wall and is up to −0.6 and the mean values of area‐averaged net pressure coefficient on the right side wall also reach their maximum and minimum values, respectively; meanwhile, the values of standard deviation of area‐averaged net pressure coefficient are also much higher. Thus, it should be paid more attention to the wind‐resistant design of side wall envelopes because they are easier to be destroyed.
Cooperative communications using relay nodes for next‐generation wireless networks with optimal selection techniques: A review
Authors: Asshad Muhammad , Khan Sajjad Ahmad , Kavak Adnan , Küçük Kerem , Msongaleli Dawson Ladislaus
Published: March 2019

In the next‐generation wireless networks, cooperative communication is one of the auspicious techniques through which spatial diversity could be achieved by permitting the single antenna to act as virtual multiple input multiple output (VMIMO). The fundamental principle of cooperative communication was established on different types of relaying protocols and implementation of different relaying protocols according to the requirements of communication scenarios. The challenging task for achieving a high performance in cooperative communication is to find out the optimal relay node (RN) among different prevailing RNs. The basic purpose of cooperative communication is to maximize the performance of the network and minimize the overhead triggered by RNs by considering different communication metrics, i.e., signal to noise ratio (SNR), channel state information (CSI), and bit error rate (BER). This study presents a review of different cooperative relaying protocols with best relay selection techniques in the next‐generation wireless network. Moreover, the different challenges faced by millimeter wave in 5G wireless networks and the role of cooperative communication to overcome those challenges are discussed. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities
Authors: Worley‐Morse Thomas , Mann Melanie , Khunjar Wendell , Olabode Lola , Gonzalez Raul
Published: March 2019

A year‐long sampling campaign at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) was conducted to assess the treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses. Influent concentrations of viral indicators (male‐specific and somatic coliphages) and bacterial indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) remained relatively constant, typically varying by one order of magnitude over the course of the year. Annual average bacterial indicator reduction ranged from 4.0 to 6.7 logs, and annual average viral indicator reduction ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 logs. Bacterial and viral indicator reduction depended on the WRRF's treatment processes, and bacterial indicator reduction was greater than viral indicator reduction for many processes. Viral reduction (adenovirus 41, norovirus GI, and norovirus GII) was more similar to viral indicator reduction than bacterial indicator reduction. Overall, this work suggests that viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes. Moreover, for the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary.

Practitioner points

A year‐long sampling campaign was conducted at nine water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs).

The treatability and fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses were assessed.

Viral indicator reduction in WRRFs is variable and depends on specific unit processes.

For the same unit treatment process, viral indicator reduction and bacterial indicator reduction can vary.
Enhancing photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by crystallinity transformation of titanium dioxide: A kinetic study
Authors: Adnan Fahrizal , Phattarapattamawong Songkeart
Published: March 2019

This work aimed to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) by crystallinity transformation of titanium dioxide (TiO2). In addition, the kinetic degradation of MO was determined. To transform its crystallinity, TiO2 was synthesized using a sol–gel method and calcined at between 200°C to 600°C. Calcination at a temperature of 250°C resulted in TiO2 that showed the best performance, corresponding to MO removal of 87% ± 7%. MO removal by TiO2 calcined between 250°C to 400°C was higher than for commercial TiO2 powder (Sigma‐aldrich) (62% ± 4%). TiO2 with a small crystallite size and high anatase fraction enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of MO, while the specific surface area and surface roughness seemed to play a minor role. The photocatalytic degradation of MO was NaCl‐independent, while the photocatalytic activity increased with decreased pH. Reused TiO2 showed similar photocatalytic degradation of MO compared with pristine TiO2, at 84 ± 2%. The oxidation kinetics of TiO2 calcined at 250°C were fitted to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model (R2 = 0.9134). The kr and Ks values were 0.027 mg L−1 min−1 and 0.621 L/mg, respectively. Crystallinity transformation was a major factor in the enhancement of photocatalytic degradation of MO.

Practitioner points

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 depends on calcination temperature, pH, and a number of UVC lamps.

TiO2 with a small crystallite size and high anatase fraction enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of MO.
Synthesis of Binam‐P Derived C2‐Symmetric bis‐Iminophosphonamide Ligands. Molecular Structure of [(R)‐Binam(Ph2PN(H)tBu)2]
Authors: Rufanov Konstantin A. , Titov Ilya Yu. , Petrov Alex R. , Harms Klaus , Sundermeyer Jörg
Published: March 2019

The Staudinger reaction of organic azides tBuN3, 1‐Ad‐N3, and DippN3 (Dipp = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) with (R)‐N,N′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐2,2′‐diamino‐1,1′‐binaphthyl [(R)‐Binam‐P], obtained by an optimized procedure from (R)‐(+)‐Binam, Ph2PCl, and Et3N in DCM, leads to preparation of a series of new C2‐symmetric bis‐iminophosphonamide ligands [(R)‐Binam(Ph2PN(H)R)2] [R = tBu (1), Ad (2), and Dipp (3)]. The molecular structure of 1·2DMSO was confirmed by X‐ray structure analysis.
Leptogenesis from low energy CP violation
Authors: Moffat K. , Pascoli S. , Petcov S. T. , Turner J.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We revisit the possibility of producing the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe via thermal leptogenesis, where CP violation comes exclusively from the low-energy phases of the neutrino mixing matrix. We demonstrate the viability of thermal flavoured leptogenesis across seven orders of magnitude (106
< T (GeV) < 1013), using modern numerical machinery, where the lower bound can be reached only if flavour effects are taken into account and its value depends on the allowed degree of cancellation between the tree-level and radiative contributions to the light neutrino masses. At very high scales (T ≫1012 GeV), we clarify that thermal leptogenesis is sensitive to the low-energy phases, in contradiction with what is usually claimed in the literature. In particular we demonstrate that Majorana-phase leptogenesis is in general viable while Dirac-phase leptogenesis requires some level of fine-tuning.
Holographic QCD in the Veneziano limit and neutron stars
Authors: Jokela Niko , Järvinen Matti , Remes Jere
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We use the holographic V-QCD models to analyse the physics of dense QCD and neutron stars. Accommodating lattice results for thermodynamics of QCD enables us to make generic predictions for the Equation of State (EoS) of the quark matter phase in the cold and dense regime. We demonstrate that the resulting pressure in V-QCD matches well with a family of neutron-star-matter EoSs that interpolate between state-of-the-art theoretical results for low and high density QCD. After implementing the astrophysical constraints, i.e., the largest known neutron star mass and the recent LIGO/Virgo results for the tidal deformability, we analyse the phase transition between the baryonic and quark matter phases. We find that the baryon density n

B
at the transition is at least 2.9 times the nuclear saturation density n

s
. The transition is of strongly first order at low and intermediate densities, i.e., for n

B

/n

s
≲ 7.5.
Insights into the antineoplastic mechanism of Chelidonium majus via systems pharmacology approach
Authors: Xiao Xinzhe , Chen Zehui , Wu Zengrui , Wang Tianduanyi , Li Weihua , Liu Guixia , Zhang Bo , Tang Yun
Published: March 2019

Background

The antineoplastic activity of Chelidonium majus has been reported, but its mechanism of action (MoA) is unsuspected. The emerging theory of systems pharmacology may be a useful approach to analyze the complicated MoA of this multi‐ingredient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Methods

We collected the ingredients and related compound‐target interactions of C. majus from several databases. The bSDTNBI (balanced substructure‐drug‐target network‐based inference) method was applied to predict each ingredient’s targets. Pathway enrichment analysis was subsequently conducted to illustrate the potential MoA, and prognostic genes were identified to predict the certain types of cancers that C. majus might be beneficial in treatment. Bioassays and literature survey were used to validate the in silico results.

Results

Systems pharmacology analysis demonstrated that C. majus exerted experimental or putative interactions with 18 cancer‐associated pathways, and might specifically act on 13 types of cancers. Chelidonine, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, berberine, and coptisine, which are the predominant components of C. majus, may suppress the cancer genes by regulating cell cycle, inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation.

Conclusions

The antineoplastic MoA of C. majus was investigated by systems pharmacology approach. C. majus exhibited promising pharmacological effect against cancer, and may consequently be useful material in further drug development. The alkaloids are the key components in C. majus that exhibit anticancer activity.
Integrating Simulation-Based Exercises into Public Health Emergency Management Curricula
Authors: Sanchez Cristal Natasha , Metcalf Noel , Kreisberg Debra , Little Charles M.
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study is to enrich public health emergency management (PHEM) curricula and increase the workforce readiness of graduates through the implementation of an innovative curriculum structure centered around simulation and the creation of authentic learning experiences into a mastery-based Disaster Preparedness graduate certificate program launched in 2016 at the Colorado School of Public Health. Learners progress through a sequence of increasingly complex discussion and operations-based exercises designed to align with training methodologies used by future employers in the disaster response field, covering PHEM fundamentals and domestic and international disaster preparedness and response. Preliminary feedback is overwhelmingly positive, equating the experience to securing an internship. Embedding simulation-based exercises and authentic learning environments into graduate curricula exposes learners to diverse disaster scenarios, provides occasion for practicing critical thinking and dynamic problem solving, increases familiarity with anticipated emergency situations, and builds the confidence necessary for exercising judgment in a real-world situation. This novel curriculum should serve as a model for graduate programs wishing to enrich traditional training tactics using a typical school of public health support and alignment with community resources. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:777–781)
COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON WIENER AMALGAM SPACES
Authors: BHIMANI DIVYANG G.
Published: March 2019

For a complex function $F$ on $\mathbb{C}$, we study the associated composition operator $T_{F}(f):=F\circ f=F(f)$ on Wiener amalgam $W^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{d})\;(1\leqslant p<\infty ,1\leqslant q<2)$. We have shown $T_{F}$ maps $W^{p,1}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$ to $W^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$ if and only if $F$ is real analytic on $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ and $F(0)=0$. Similar result is proved in the case of modulation spaces $M^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$. In particular, this gives an affirmative answer to the open question proposed in Bhimani and Ratnakumar (J. Funct. Anal. 270(2) (2016), 621–648).
The geochemistry of the late Cambrian carbonate in North China: the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) record suppressed in a coastal condition?
Authors: Huang Jing , Chen Yali , Chu Xuelei , Sun Tao
Published: March 2019

The Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) is globally distributed in late Cambrian sedimentary records but controversially heterogeneous in its magnitudes. Here we use multiple geochemical proxies to investigate the late Cambrian carbonates from the Tangwangzhai section in North China, which were deposited in a shallow coastal environment with three depositional sequences (S1–S3). Each sequence comprises a transgressive systems tract (TST) and a highstand systems tract (HST). The REE + Y and trace element records are consistent with the depositional condition and indicate that terrigenous influence was more significant in the TST than HST. δ13Ccarb and δ34SCAS are low in the TST relative to HST, consistent with the scenario that terrigenous inputs were profoundly aggressive to seawater by introducing 13C-depleted and 34S-depleted materials. Within the TST of S2, the SPICE excursion shows a scaled-down δ13Ccarb positive shift (∼1.7 ‰) relative to its general records (∼4–6 ‰); the corresponding δ34SCAS show no positive excursion. This ‘atypical’ SPICE record is attributed to enhanced 13C-depleted and 34S-depleted terrigenous influence during the TST, which would reduce the amplitude of δ13Ccarb excursion, and even obscure δ34SCAS excursion. Meanwhile the subaerial unconformity at the base of TST would also cause a partially missing and a ‘snapshot’ preservation. Our study confirms significant local influence to the SPICE records, and further supports the heterogeneity and low sulphate concentrations of the late Cambrian seawater, because of which the SPICE records may be vulnerable to specific depositional conditions (e.g. sea-level, terrigenous input).
Celebrating the Past, Embracing the Future: A Select Bibliography of Published and Unpublished Materials Authored and Edited by Members of CARALL during the period 1984–2005
Authors: Brathwaite Joan A.
Published: March 2019

PREFACE

This Select Bibliography, with Appendices, chronicles the published and unpublished work of Members of the Caribbean Association of Law Libraries (CARALL) over the past 21 years of its existence. In this regard, only materials produced between 1984 and 2005 have been included, with the exception of one item which predates this period. This item is not only a significant and seminal work, but in fact laid the foundation for the establishment of the CARALL, and indeed, the future development of law libraries in the Commonwealth Caribbean. The item, therefore, holds its own place, and could not be omitted.
The implementation of the European Copyright Directive Library lobby in France
Authors: Battisti Michele
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a specific case, in other words, the situation in one of the 25 European countries. It goes over the more general aspects that have been presented just a moment ago by my colleague Marco Marandola on the impact for libraries of the implementation of the European Copyright Directive. I have decided to select two aspects. The first part of my paper reviews briefly the French legal background. In the second part, I stress the actions undertaken at present by libraries and documentation associations in France.
Harmonising European Private International Law: A Replay of Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps?
Authors: Ritaine Eleanor Cashin
Published: March 2019

In 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal (247-182) achieved a most extraordinary feat: he crossed both the Pyrenees Mountains and the Alps with an army of about 38.000 soldiers, 8.000 Cavalry and 37 elephants, aiming to win the Second Punic War by a bold invasion of Italy before the Romans were prepared. Even if his attempts to defeat the Roman legions failed in the end, common lore stills tells the story of the elephants crossing the Col du Mont Genevre in deep snow, setting thus an example of a near impossible achievement for generations to come.
Free Legal Advice on the Internet
Authors: Maggs Peter B.
Published: March 2019

On numerous online discussion forums in various countries, ordinary people pose specific legal questions and both ordinary people and lawyers answer them. This article considers this new and rapidly growing method of providing legal advice. It emphasizes qualitative over quantitative issues. It seeks to answer questions such as “What kind of questions are being asked?”; “What sort of people are giving legal advice?”, “What sort of people are getting legal advice?”. For those few legal systems that I know something about, I also have considered the question, “How good is the advice?” This is a comparative study, involving discussion forums for Armenian, Australian, Austrian, Brazilian, Canadian, Croatian, English, French, German, Italian, Moldovan, Portuguese, Russian, Scots, Spanish, Swiss, Ukrainian, United Kingdom, and United States law.
Educating Lawyers Now and Then: Two Carnegie Critiques of the Common Law and the Case Method
Authors: Maxeiner James R.
Published: March 2019

InEducating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Lawthe Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has again turned its attention to legal education. Much as it did in the early years of the last century, in the first years of this century in its Preparation for the Professions Program (“PPP”), the Carnegie Foundation is examining professional education generally. In the early twentieth century, the Carnegie Foundation published its first report in law,The Common Law and the Case Method in American University Law Schools, prepared in 1914 by Josef Redlich, an Austrian law professor. The two reports are referred to here as the PPP Legal Education Report and as the Redlich Report respectively.
Legal Information Management in a Global and Digital Age: Revolution and Tradition
Authors: Germain Claire M.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

This article presents an overview of the public policy issues surrounding digital libraries, and describes some current trends, such as Web 2.0, the social network. It discusses the impact of globalization and the Internet on international and foreign law information, the free access to law movement and open access scholarship, and mass digitization projects, then turns to some concerns, focusing on preservation and long term access to born digital legal information and authentication of official digital legal information. It finally discusses new roles for librarians, called upon to evaluate the quality of information teach legal research methodology and be advocates in information policy. Law librarians are encouraged to join professional associations and undergo continuous professional education. A recent development in the U.S.A., to add a legal research test on the bar exam, is of interest to the whole world, because it signifies the importance of sound legal research training to the competent practice of law.
The Liberty of Participation in Online Alternative Dispute Resolution Schemes
Authors: Haloush Haitham A.
Published: March 2019

Electronic commerce is important, and perhaps, inevitable. Thus to consider the legal implications of the growth and development of electronic commerce is essential. However, the lack of suitable dispute resolution mechanisms in cyberspace will constitute a serious obstacle to the further development of electronic commerce. Bearing this in mind, this paper argues that when Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) moves to cyberspace, particularly arbitration and mediation as the main types of ADR, the form of online alternative dispute resolution (OADR) can maximise the growth of e-commerce.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and the internet are two very topical issues. Online alternative dispute resolution (OADR), or ADR online, refers to the use of internet technology, wholly or partially, as a medium by which to conduct the proceedings of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), in order to resolve commercial disputes which arise from the use of the internet. Those proceedings are operated by neutral private bodies under published rules of procedure.

Having said that, it is important to address mandatory OADR. This means that the parties are bound to adhere to the OADR process. Indeed, it is imperative to display what risks internet users should be willing to take with mandatory OADR schemes. This paper concludes that the issue of consent should be at the forefront of any contemplated OADR solutions. Clearly, it is unacceptable to impose mandatory OADR on internet users without their knowledge and consent Instead, a complainant who wishes to avoid the mandatory nature of OADR proceeding must be able to bring the action in any court that has a jurisdiction over the dispute. Bearing this in mind, there is a strong reason to believe that mandatory OADR schemes would not be enforceable in courts, and that the entire scheme of mandatory OADR might be unworkable.
Law Librarianship in India with Special Reference to the Judicial Library System
Authors: Shrivastava Rakesh K.
Published: March 2019

Law librarianship, especially the librarianship in judicial institutions, is different from librarianship in any other discipline. This aspect is more appropriately explained by Prof. Igor I. Kavass, when he says that “the reason for law libraries being different from other types of libraries is that they serve a profession which is literally unable to exercise its work without the use of books.” While Librarians in other organizations may convince their users to give them some time for catering to their information requirements, a court librarian has to furnish the desired information at once because the case is being argued in the Court and desired information is needed in the course of the argument. So a law librarian has to provide the information instantly without any excuse. Because of this reason, a law librarian has to be a very alert professional and must develop his or her own tools and expertise to provide the desired information instantly.
Commercial Contracts in Muslim Countries of the Middle East: A Comparison with the United States
Authors: McCormack Jacqueline
Published: March 2019

Outside of the common law and civil law legal traditions, what is termed “Islamic law” forms one of the world's largest legal systems. There are more than one billion Muslims world-wide, and millions of those Muslims populate some of the world's richest trading zones. As of 2005, the Gulf Cooperation Council (G.C.C.), comprised of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates, was the United States' fifth largest trading partner.
Human Rights and Democracy – A New Global Debate: Reflections on the First Ten Years of South Africa's Constitutional Court
Authors: O'Regan Kate
Published: March 2019

It is more than ten years since our new constitutional era dawned, and nearly ten years since the Constitutional Court was established. It is a fitting time then to reflect upon those first ten years: what have been the achievements, and what challenges remain for the future.
Law, Politics, and Social Transformation
Authors: Achmat Zackie
Published: March 2019

Twenty years ago in 1983, three seemingly disparate events were to have a dramatic impact on law, politics and social transformation in our country. Ten years later, in April 1993, a political event dramatically signaled a change in the legal landscape forever. Or so we hope.
Transforming Customary Law of Marriage in South Africa and the Challenges of Its Implementation with Specific Reference to Matrimonial Property
Authors: Himonga Chuma
Published: March 2019

This paper briefly discusses the transformation of the customary law of marriage in South Africa by the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act of 1998 Act (hereafter referred to as the Act), and the likely challenges of implementing the new law. The latter will be demonstrated by reference to section 7 of the Act, which regulates the matrimonial property.
MERCOSUR: General Ideas
Authors: Zamudio Teodora
Published: March 2019

MERCOSUR is the world's fourth largest trade area, considering its economic importance. It was established by the Asuncion Treaty, signed on March 26, 1991. On January 1, 1995, a Customs Union was established between the four member countries, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Observations on Trade Law and Globalization
Authors: Dillon Sara
Published: March 2019

I imagine most people with an interest in the subject have their own working definition of globalization. My definition goes something like this: Globalization is at least in part about the spread of mass markets and common tastes, albeit with variations. International trade law, by reducing the possibility that individual countries can “prefer” their own productions, is one of the mechanisms for facilitating the spread of these common tastes. I am by no means implying that the global tastes are elevated ones; in fact, the mass-appeal products sought might be inferior in many ways to what came before. The irony of the franchise, for instance, is thatbetterorworsedoes not matter—only sameness. The important thing is that the tastes are commonly held across a national-culture-free zone, and recognized as such.
Legal Reform in Estonia
Authors: Pärna Priidu
Published: March 2019

Estonia restored its independence in 1991 following the unsuccessful coup attempt for in Moscow. Within six months, the Constitutional Assembly created a draft of a new constitution based on Estonia's constitution of 1938. Estonia's subsequent legal reforms have been based on the Constitution adopted in 1992 reinstating a parliamentary democracy founded on legal continuity. Supreme power is vested in the people, and this power is exercised through a single chamber parliament.
Collecting in the Trade Winds: Experiences of a Caribbean Book Vendor
Authors: Hull Darlene
Published: March 2019

I must first say that I have been a book vendor for a relatively short time compared to my partner René Grullón. For 25 years prior I was an academic librarian. Hence, this paper is a collaborative effort with René who has been in the business of providing materials to university libraries for close to 15 years.
Permanent Digital Legal Information: Disappearing URLs and Preservation of Digital Objects Cited in Court Decisions*
Authors: Skenderija Sasha
Published: March 2019

The recent transformation of legal information has led to more drastic consequences in law than in some other fields. As electronic resources become more prevalent and available, courts begin citing to them. The emerging digital-born information and the new network models of communication such as Law Blogs and Wikipedia have already acquired a certain status, being cited by court decisions. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court recently cited a videotape in its decision of Scott v. Harris (2007), saying “it speaks for itself,” and included it in the opinion as an attachment.

Unfortunately, like many other government entities, the courts have not taken precautions to make sure that the materials they cite remain stable and available to the public for long term access. This is so, even though “no one is supposed to ignore the law.” What happens when the materials one relies on disappear?

This paper examines the serious implications that could arise from this situation. It will also examine the challenges, new roles and possible course of action for law libraries and librarians in ensuring the availability of digital objects in the legal field far in the future.
Internet Governance: A Developing Nation's Call for Administrative Legal Reform
Authors: Tripathi Surya Mani , Singh Anshu Pratap , Dube Dipa
Published: March 2019

The internet has emerged as a reservoir of information and has pushed the world to evolve into a global village. Increased communication across political, social and economic barriers has created a virtual society of its own. This networked society poses considerable challenges for Internet Governance. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the institution responsible for the internet management. ICANN has been at the center of the debates over global governance of the internet. Key concerns raised in these debates involve the legitimacy of institutions as well as the participation of developed and developing nations in Internet governance.
The University Library: A Driving Force for Reform in Legal Education?†
Authors: Beljaars Ben , Winter René
Published: March 2019

Information skills training offers opportunities for gradually embedding changes in legal education programs and to bring about the integration of legal knowledge, skills and experience. If shared goals are formulated in a spirit of close collaboration, curricular changes and revisions will potentially have a greater effect and be more likely to enhance long-term programs. The university library can serve as an ideal base for the use of information technology such as web portals and content integrated search engines, which in turn will help refocus attention on the use of library facilities. The harmonization and maintenance of this apparatus, however, requires both a new form of cooperation and a re-interpretation of the legal education curriculum. This article compares several library developments which could prove important for legal education from a Dutch perspective, and also examines library education in the law schools of the United States of America.
Towards Cooperation in Access to Foreign Primary Law
Authors: Grossman Andrew
Published: March 2019

Foreign law, whether a subject of study in itself within the domain of comparative law, or invoked under a rule of conflict of laws to resolve a crossborder issue, is an essential library resource. In jurisdictions where foreign law must be pleaded and proved as a fact, it is up to the parties to demonstrate what that law is, in default of which the Anglo-American court will generally presume it to be the same as municipal law. In other, generally civil-law, jurisdictions it may be up the court to appoint an expert; foreign law may be treated either as law or as fact, depending upon the jurisdiction. Because family law, succession and donations are, in civil-law countries, largely ruled by personal law and because personal law may be determined by reference to facts of nationality, domicile, religion and ethnic identity, considerable academic sophistication is demanded of foreign and comparative law librarians. The escalating costs of legal materials and the difficulty of cataloguing and maintaining collections of rarely-used materials in hard languages pose additional obstacles. In the United States particularly, acquisition of foreign materials has perceptibly declined since the early 1980s. Only a handful of law libraries in the world possesses the financial, logistical, linguistic and technical wherewithal to aspire to collecting materials from all or most countries; for those, managing acquisition and selection is the main challenge. Collecting official gazettes, session laws and case reporters from many jurisdictions makes enormous demands upon space and record-keeping; microform collection is not in many cases an alternative. Where it is, it creates its own special demands.
The Fight Against Organized Crime in Europe Building an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in the E.U.
Authors: Ferola Laura
Published: March 2019

The consolidation of European integration in the most important institutional sectors and, in particular, the abolition of obstacles impeding the free circulation of persons, goods, services and capital, has made it imperative to attain a higher level of cooperation at a pan-European level in the areas of justice and internal affairs. The elimination of the frontiers has in fact drawn increasing attention to a rather worrying paradox: the retention of juridical and regulatory barriers has allowed organised crime to exploit the incongruities which derive from the existence of the fifteen different juridical systems of Member States of the European Union.
The United Nations on the Web: Bogeyman No More
Authors: Pengelley Nicholas
Published: March 2019

The client with a United Nations-related question, once the bogeyman of law librarians, can now be approached with confidence, in the knowledge that many questions can be readily answered by recourse to the Internet – through websites that are either free, or relatively inexpensive to access, or through commercial hosts such as Lexis and Westlaw. This contention is supported with particular reference to treaty research.

It must be emphasized that the functions and structure change continuously and, of course, the documentation changes as well.

United Nations Documentation: a Brief Guide

The UN is a major publisher. Over the more than five decades of its existence, it has published hundreds of thousands of documents (reports, studies, resolutions, meeting records, letters from Governments, etc.) on topics of key interest (disarmament, the environment, human rights, international law, peace-keeping, etc.).

Under the circumstances, it might initially seem impossible to track down precise information in view of the overwhelming amount of data available, but a systematic approach to your research will always yield results.

United Nations Documentation Research Guide
Integration of Grey Literature with Electronic Journals
Authors: Pettenati Corrado
Published: March 2019

CERN, the originator of the WWW, employs the Web internally for corporate information and exchange. Hear from CERN librarians how their Web-based Intranet is deployed and used throughout CERN. They discuss their role, technical issues, challenges and solutions, as well as the lessons they have learned.
The Death Penalty in Russia 1917–2000: A Bibliographic Survey of English Language Writings
Authors: Kiriakova Maria
Published: March 2019

The present annotated, bibliographic survey covers works in English on the issue of capital punishment in Russia in the years 1917–2000. Considered are primary sources of criminal law of the Russian Federation as well as periodical articles and essays on the topic. The work concludes with a chronology of the death penalty in Russia, which spans ten centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Sahl Silke
Published: March 2019

Like most members, I always look forward to the Association's Annual Course on International Law Librarianship. The program offers countless learning opportunities, including scholarly lectures, visits to libraries and information centers, and meetings with publishers and vendors. Last but not least, it offers the chance to meet new colleagues as well as to renew friendships and contacts with law librarians from around the world. I anticipated the 2002 Course with particular excitement, because this would be the first time that I would attend one in my own country. Indeed, it would be the first time IALL met in the United States for over a decade. Having experienced the hospitality of law librarians in many different countries over the years, I knew it would be especially meaningful to be able to welcome colleagues from abroad to the United States.
Harvard Law School Library Collections & Services Related to Law of the Islamic World
Authors: Wilkins M. Lesley
Published: March 2019

After hearing the presentations about Islamic law by Professor Vogel and recent scholarship in the field by Peri Bearman, I hope you are convinced that the Law of the Islamic World is a subject of great breadth and complexity. What I would like to do now is describe how the Harvard Law School Library attempts to support teaching and research in this field. My talk will deal with the scope of collection development, acquisition strategies, processing standards, reference demands, and user education. I will also touch briefly on problematic areas and our hopes for future developments. Among the materials distributed after lunch, there is an eight-page handout, which, I hope, will highlight key points as my talk proceeds. At the end, there may still be adequate time for a few questions and discussion before we return to the Caspersen Room for the reception.
USA Pork and Beef? Dolphin Safe? Low Carbon? Labeling Regulation and the International Trade Rules of the WTO
Authors: Tereposky Greg
Published: March 2019

In 2012, the WTO Appellate Body issued three reports which clarified the framework governing technical regulations under Articles 2.1 (non-discrimination) and 2.2 (unnecessary obstacles to trade) of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (“TBT Agreement”): U.S. - Clove Cigarettes; U.S. - Tuna Dolphin II; and U.S. - COOL.
Statutory Research Conundrum: 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(7) in the United States Bankruptcy Code
Authors: Woodard Tracy
Published: March 2019

This article will review early Bankruptcy Laws, examine technical amendments for 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(7) and analyze the findings.
Reflective Practice and Vocational Training at the Nigerian Law School: An Analysis of the Placement Exercise
Authors: Lawal Vicki
Published: March 2019

This paper examines the use of reflection as a qualitative research method within the system of legal education in Nigeria. It analyzes the importance of reflection as a way of encouraging participation in professional roles in the legal workplace. The article is based on a research study conducted among graduate law students who were undergoing professional training at the Nigerian Law School. The study employed a case study research design while the methodology involved the administration of structured questionnaires and the use of reflective journals produced by the students. This article focuses on the findings obtained from the reflective journals and provides an understanding of the value of reflection in information literacy skills development in the legal workplace in Nigeria.
Researching Law of the Sea
Authors: McDorman Ted L.
Published: March 2019

In the last decade there has been an enormous growth in the literature concerning the law of the sea. This expansion in academic activity parallels the growth in the functional uses of the oceans and the interest in the oceans currently displayed by the nations of the world.