bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atividade física e gestação: saúde da gestante não atleta e crescimento fetal
Authors: Batista Daniele Costa , Chiara Vera Lucia , Gugelmin Sílvia Angela , Martins Patrícia Dias
Published: April 2005

São reconhecidos os benefícios da prática de atividade física sobre o ciclo vital, sem consenso quanto à gestação. Este artigo reviu considerações e efeitos da prática da atividade física durante a gestação sobre a saúde da gestante não-atleta e o feto. Foram utilizados os bancos de dados Medline e Pubmed referentes ao período 1992-2002. Dentre os benefícios, os artigos destacam: prevenção e redução de lombalgias, de dores das mãos e pés e estresse cardiovascular, fortalecimento da musculatura pélvica, redução de partos prematuros e cesáreas, maior flexibilidade e tolerância à dor, controle do ganho ponderal e elevação da auto-estima da gestante. No feto, observou-se aumento do peso ao nascer e melhoria da condição nutricional. Não se encontraram recomendações de necessidades nutricionais para a gestante não-atleta. Não existiu consenso quanto às necessidades nutricionais e o tipo de atividade física dessa gestante, sendo o exercício na água o mais indicado. Porém destacaram-se diversas contra-indicações da prática de exercícios na gestação. Concluiu-se que a atividade física, sendo regular, moderada e controlada desde o início da gestação, promove benefícios para a saúde materna e fetal.
Primeira avaliação do cumprimento dos "Dez Passos para o Sucesso do Aleitamento Materno" nos Hospitais Amigos da Criança do Brasil
Authors: Araújo Maria de Fátima Moura de , Otto Ana Flávia Nascimento , Schmitz Bethsáida de Abreu Soares
Published: April 2005

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: avaliar o cumprimento dos "Dez Passos para o Sucesso do Aleitamento Materno" nos hospitais "Amigos da Criança" (HAC) no Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo transversal de avaliação dos "Dez Passos..." dos HAC, realizado nos anos de 1999 e 2000, por avaliadores da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC), credenciados pelo Ministério da Saúde, usando o formulário de pré-avaliação da IHAC. RESULTADOS: foram analisados os questionários de 137 HAC (90%) do total de 152 HAC credenciados na época no país. Observou-se que 92% dos HAC atenderam todos os "Dez Passos..." Os passos um, três, seis, sete, oito e nove apresentaram mais de 98% de cumprimento. O passo cinco foi o menos atendido. Comparando as regiões do país, observou-se que, no Nordeste, no Sul e no Sudeste, 90% dos hospitais foram aprovados em todos os "Dez Passos..." Na região Norte, apenas 50% dos hospitais cumpriram todos os "Dez Passos..." CONCLUSÕES: analisando a folha de dados gerais dos hospitais com pendências na avaliação dos passos, observa-se que 73,7% foram credenciados antes de 1997, sugerindo a necessidade de avaliações periódicas. A implantação de um sistema de monitoramento dessa iniciativa, contribuirá para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência e dos índices de aleitamento materno no país.
Prevalência de aleitamento materno e introdução precoce de suplementos alimentares em área urbana do Sudeste do Brasil, Embu, SP
Authors: Pedroso Glaura César , Puccini Rosana Fiorini , Silva Edina Mariko Koga da , Silva Nilza Nunes da , Alves Maria Cecília Goi Porto
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: estimar a prevalência do aleitamento materno em Embu, utilizando indicadores da Organização Mundial de Saúde; investigar a associação dos eventos "não início do aleitamento materno" e "introdução precoce de suplementos alimentares" com fatores sociodemográficos e relacionados à assistência à saúde. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal analítico, domiciliar, com amostragem por conglomerados em dois estágios (sorteio sistemático) - parte do projeto "Morbidade e Utilização de Serviços de Saúde". População: 798 menores de três anos, residentes no Embu em 1996. RESULTADOS: aleitamento materno - 95,7% (IC95%: 93,2-98,2) dos menores de um ano; aleitamento exclusivo - 10,3% (IC95%: 2,9-17,6); predominante - 32,3% (IC95%: 23,5-41,2); duração mediana do aleitamento: seis meses. Fatores associados à introdução precoce de suplementos (uso de outros alimentos, exceto água ou chás, antes de 120 dias): residir em favela - OR = 3,70 (IC95%; 2,01-6,81); alta hospitalar do recém-nascido após cinco dias de vida - OR = 6,12 (IC95%: 1,64-22,80); mãe com 30 anos ou mais - OR = 1,70 (IC95%: 1,01-2,86). CONCLUSÕES: foram caracterizados grupos priori-tários para intervenção em aleitamento materno, apontando para a necessidade de novos estudos, além de ações dirigidas à população favelada e à melhora da assistência pré e perinatal.
Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno e desmame em Feira de Santana, Bahia
Authors: Vieira Graciete Oliveira , Almeida João Aprígio Guerra de , Silva Luciana Rodrigues , Cabral Vilma Alves , Santana Netto Pedro Vieira
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: conhecer a prevalência do aleitamento materno e os fatores associados ao desmame das crianças menores de um ano, em Feira de Santana, no ano 2001. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal com aplicação de questionários às 2319 mães presentes nas 44 (71,1%) unidades de vacinação selecionadas, por estratificação simples. Foi calculada a razão de prevalência e considerado como significante p < 0,05 e intervalo de 95% de confiança. RESULTADOS: a prevalência do aleitamento foi 69,2% nos menores de um ano. A ocorrência da amamentação exclusiva foi maior nas crianças que não usavam chupeta (49,4%) e que mamaram no primeiro dia de vida (40,4%). As variáveis estatisticamente significantes relacionadas com as maiores chances de amamentar foram: amamentação no primeiro dia (p <0,001), mães que não trabalhavam fora do lar (p <0,001), menor renda familiar (p <0,001), multiparidade (p = 0,03) e a não utilização de chupetas (p <0,001). CONCLUSÕES: as atividades assistenciais quanto à prevenção do desmame devem estar voltadas sobretudo para as mães que trabalham fora do lar, aquelas de maior renda familiar e primíparas. Quanto às crianças, para as que não foram aleitadas no peito no primeiro dia de vida e que usam chupetas.
Avaliação da assistência às gestantes: o caso do município de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Moraes Maria Sílvia de , Kujumjian Fátima Grisi , Chiaravalloti Neto Francisco , Lopes José Carlos Cacau
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: detectar mudanças em indicadores de qualidade da assistência às mulheres que tiveram filhos no município de São José do Rio Preto, entre 1997 e 2001, a partir da fixação de percentual máximo de cesarianas. MÉTODOS: a população alvo foi de mulheres residentes e que tiveram filhos nos hospitais do município em 1997 e 2001 e em especial aquelas atendidas por hospitais cuja maioria de leitos era financiada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Trata-se de estudo descritivo com desenho de corte transversal que utilizou dados primários e secundários. Os primários foram coletados através de inquérito domiciliar realizado por amostragem e os secundários obtidos das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos do Sistema de Nascidos Vivos. RESULTADOS: entre 1997 e 2001 constatou-se redução da gravidez na adolescência e aumento da escolaridade das mulheres. Observou-se que as proporções de cesárea diminuíram nos hospitais selecionados e que houve aumento no número de consultas no pré-natal. Não houve alterações no peso ao nascer, Apgar, idade gestacional e nas proporções das mulheres que achavam o parto normal o mais indicado. Os indicadores relacionados com a amamentação apresentaram melhoria. CONCLUSÕES: verificou-se a melhoria em alguns dos indicadores avaliados, embora o acolhimento nos serviços mereça ser problematizado em São José do Rio Preto.
Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de uma escola pública de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina
Authors: Soar Claudia , Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes de , Assis Maria Alice Altenburg de , Grosseman Suely , Luna Maria Elizabeth Peixoto
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: determinar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de sete a nove anos de uma escola pública de Florianópolis. MÉTODOS: foram investigadas 419 crianças entre sete e nove anos de idade, sendo 215 (51,3%) do sexo masculino e 204 (48,7%) do feminino. Como critério diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade foram utilizados os pontos de corte de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Para a verificação das diferenças entre prevalências utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: encontrou-se prevalência de 17,9% de sobrepeso, sendo maior no sexo masculino (19,1%) do que no feminino (16,7%) e 6,7% de obesidade, com maiores valores no sexo masculino (7,9%) do que no feminino (5,4%), embora a diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significante. Observou-se maior prevalência de sobrepeso entre as crianças de oito anos (20,4%) e a maior prevalência de obesidade entre aquelas de nove anos (6,8%). Considerando-se faixa etária e sexo a maior prevalência de sobrepeso foi no sexo feminino aos oito anos e de obesidade no sexo masculino aos sete anos de idade. CONCLUSÕES: verificou-se uma elevada prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade, quando comparada a outros estudos nacionais e internacionais. Esses achados apontam para a adoção de medidas de intervenção nutricional visando à melhoria dos hábitos alimentares e do estado nutricional dos escolares investigados.
Determinantes da mortalidade neonatal a partir de uma coorte de nascidos vivos, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 1997-1999
Authors: Martins Eunice Francisca , Velásquez-Meléndez Gustavo
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: identificar os fatores de risco para a mortalidade neonatal a partir das informações contidas no Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos e Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade na cidade de Montes Claros, no período de 1997 a 1999. MÉTODOS: foi utilizada a técnica de linkage para concatenar as declarações de óbitos com as respectivas declarações de nascidos vivos. A identificação dos fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal foi realizada através das análises univariada e multivariada; obteve-se o cálculo dos riscos e seus intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: os nascidos vivos foram 20.506 e os óbitos 275, resultando um coeficiente de mortalidade neonatal anual médio de 13,4 por mil nascidos vivos. Através da análise multivariada constituíram-se fatores de risco independentes para a ocorrência dos óbitos neonatais a prematuridade, o baixo peso ao nascer e o escore de Apgar inferior a 7 no 1º e 5º minutos de vida. CONCLUSÕES: esforços devem ser dirigidos no sentido de garantir uma assistência obstétrica e neonatal na cidade de Montes Claros que propicie condições para uma gestação e nascimento seguros, favorecendo, assim, a sobrevivência no início da vida.
Parental and School Correlates of Binge Drinking Among Middle School Students
Authors: Guilamo-Ramos Vincent , Jaccard James , Turrisi Robert , Johansson Margaret
Published: April 2005

Objectives. We examined the prevalence and dynamics of binge drinking among middle school students.

Methods. We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The sample was composed of approximately 5300 seventh-and eighth-grade students who were interviewed at 2 points in time.

Results. Approximately 8% of seventh graders and 17% of eighth graders reported engaging in binge drinking during the past 12 months. These rates varied as a function of school characteristics. Low scores on the parenting variables—communication quality, use of reasoning, and control and supervision—and binge drinking during middle school also were predictive of binge drinking during high school.

Conclusions. Binge drinking among middle school students is an important phenomenon that for many students forecasts future binge drinking during high school.
Public Health and the Politics of School Immunization Requirements
Authors: Salmon Daniel A. , Sapsin Jason W. , Teret Stephen , Jacobs Richard F. , Thompson Joseph W. , Ryan Kevin , Halsey Neal A.
Published: April 2005

Compulsory vaccination has contributed to the enormous success of US immunization programs. Movements to introduce broad “philosophical/personal beliefs” exemptions administered without adequate public health oversight threaten this success. Health professionals and child welfare advocates must address these developments in order to maintain the effectiveness of the nation’s mandatory school vaccination programs.

We review recent events regarding mandatory immunization in Arkansas and discuss a proposed nonmedical exemption designed to allow constitutionally permissible, reasonable, health-oriented administrative control over exemptions. The proposal may be useful in political environments that preclude the use of only medical exemptions. Our observations may assist states whose current nonmedical exemption provisions are constitutionally suspect as well as states lacking legally appropriate administrative controls on existing, broad non-medical exemptions.
Reforming American Indian/Alaska Native Health Care Financing: The Role of Medicaid
Authors: Schneider Andy
Published: April 2005

Chronic underfunding of American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) health care by the federal government has weakened the capacity of the Indian Health Service, tribal governments, and the urban Indian health delivery system to meet the health care needs of the AIAN population.

I describe the current role of Medicaid in financing health care services for American Indians/Alaska Natives and offer 3 suggestions for reforming Medicaid financing of AIAN health care: (1) apply a 100% federal matching rate to the cost of Medicaid services furnished by urban Indian health programs; (2) apply a 100% federal matching rate to the cost of Medicaid services furnished by referral to AIAN patients of hospitals or clinics operated by the Indian Health Service, tribes, tribal organizations, or urban Indian health programs; and (3) exempt AIAN Medicaid beneficiaries who receive services from such hospitals or clinics from state reductions in Medicaid eligibility and benefits.
Water‐soluble polymers and gels from the polycondensation between cyclodextrins and poly(carboxylic acid)s: A study of the preparation parameters
Authors: Martel B. , Ruffin D. , Weltrowski M. , Lekchiri Y. , Morcellet M.
Published: April 2005

Native cyclodextrins (CDx) and some of their derivatives were reacted with poly(carboxylic acid)s (PCAs) [citric acid (CTR), 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)]. These reactions were carried out in the dry state at a temperature greater than 140°C in air or in vacuo. They resulted in water‐soluble and insoluble polymers formed by polyesterification between CDx and PCA. In this study, the parameters of the reaction were studied, and their influence on the water solubility or swellability of the obtained polymers was investigated. High reaction temperatures, high PCA/CDx molar ratios, and long reaction times preferably yielded insoluble gels, whereas softer conditions resulted in very soluble polymers. The gels could swell up to 10 times their initial volume in water, and the water‐soluble fraction had a solubility of 1 g/mL. A reaction mechanism was proposed that required the use of PCA carrying at least three neighboring carboxylic groups (CTR, BTCA, and PAA), and it was confirmed experimentally by the unsuccessful use of some dicarboxylic acids. A preliminary characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography was also conducted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 433–442, 2005
Grafting of multifunctional groups onto the surface of high‐strength polyethylene fibers and the interface of their composites
Authors: Teng Cuiqing , Yu Muhuo
Published: April 2005

High‐strength polyethylene (HSPE) fibers were oxidated via chemical reactions in an acidic medium, and the carboxyl group was transferred into the acyl chloride and then reacted with pentaerythritol or diethylene triamine to graft the multifunctional group compounds onto the surface of the HSPE fibers. Subtractive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the methylene blue absorbing method were used to study the functional groups on the surface of the modified fibers and their content. The results show that the polar functional groups, including COOH, OH, and NH2, were introduced onto the surface of the HSPE fibers, and the polar groups improved the wettability. The interface shear stress (IFSS) of the composites that were made from modified fibers and epoxy was measured by means of the microdebond method. The results show that the IFSS was greatly increased by the grafting of pentaerythritol or diethylene triamine onto the HSPE fiber surface. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 449–454, 2005
Fluorescence from fluorescent dye based polyurethane ionomer(III)
Authors: Chen Y. C. , Chiou R. R. , Huang H. L. , Tsai Y. Z. , Kuo Y. M. , Chao D. Y.
Published: April 2005

A series of reactive fluorescent dyes were successfully synthesized and their structure was proven by IR spectra, NMR spectra, elemental analysis, and mass spectra. The fluorescence performance 6‐amino‐2(‐3‐phenyl‐propyl)‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione and 2‐benzyl‐6‐hydroxy‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione appears at around 276 and 437.4 nm, respectively, and their quantum yields are 0.662 and 0.562, respectively. It is important to indicate that the fluorescence performance is better for 6‐amino‐2(‐3‐phenyl‐propyl)‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione than for as a result of more electron donating groups linked to the 6‐amino‐2(‐3‐phenyl‐propyl)‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione molecule. These fluorescent dyes further react with toluene diisocyanate and other additives to form fluorescent dye based polyurethane (PU) ionomer molecules, and their structures are demonstracted by IR spectra. In aqueous solution, the fluorescence performance appears to be better for 6‐amino‐2(‐3‐phenyl‐propyl)‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione based PU ionomer than for 6‐amino‐2‐phenyl‐ethyl‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione based PU ionomer. For the fluorescent dye based PU ionomer molecule system, the number‐average particle sizes of the fluorescent dye based PU ionomer molecules in water increase with increasing concentration of the fluorescent dye, as a result of the increased free volume of the ionomer molecule. This may be the result of increased intermolecular interactions between ionomer– molecules themselves. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 455–465, 2005
Moisture sorption of a three‐dimensional braided carbon fiber–epoxy composite under different media
Authors: Wan Y. Z. , Han K. Y. , Wang Y. L. , Huang Y.
Published: April 2005

A three‐dimensional braided carbon fiber–epoxy (C3D/EP) composite was prepared by the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique. Its moisture absorption behavior under different media was characterized and compared with a unidirectional composite. Similar to the unidirectional composite, diffusion in the 3D composite obeys Fick's second law of diffusion when immersed in distilled water and phosphate‐buffered saline. In HCl and NaOH solutions, no Fickian behavior was observed. The similarity between the unidirectional and 3D composites suggests that fiber structure does not change diffusion pattern. However, the two composites showed different diffusion parameters (k, D, and Me) in each medium studied. The 3D composite showed lower k, D, and Me values because of its stronger hindrance effect to transport of moisture molecules. Diffusion in PBS is slower than that in distilled water because of the presence of heavy ions, but the diffusion pattern remains unchanged. In HCl, the diffusion behavior of the two composites cannot be described by Fick's law. In addition, the k value calculated from the initial linear part of the moisture sorption curve is much lower than that in distilled water. Diffusion in NaOH is unusual; the uptake initially increases rather rapidly but quickly drops, which is likely caused by the extensive solubility of the polymer matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 507–512, 2005
Improvement of wettability of hydrophobic films by impregnation of anthraquinone attached to polyoxyethylene glycol
Authors: Okubayashi Satoko , Itoh Yukie , Shosenji Hideto
Published: April 2005

Amphiphilic anthraquinone bearing polyoxyethylene moiety (PEGMW‐AQ) was prepared and impregnated in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon 6 (ON) films. The uptake of PEGMW‐AQ to PET film increased in proportion to the concentration of PEGMW‐AQ in a bath, and the contact angle of water dropped on the film decreased with increase in the uptake. At a constant uptake of PEGMW‐AQ, the contact angle decreased with an increase of molecular weight of PEGMW attached to the anthraquinone, which indicates that polyoxyethylene moiety of PEGMW‐AQ is effective on the wettability of the film. The decrement of water contact angle on PET film dyed with PEGMW‐AQ was larger than that on ON film at the same dye uptake because of the higher dyeability of PET film than ON film with PEGMW‐AQ. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 545–549, 2005
The influence of chitosan and some of its depolymerized grades on natural color printing
Authors: Hakeim O. A. , Abou‐Okeil A. , Abdou L. A. W. , Waly A.
Published: April 2005

Chitosan samples with different molecular weights were prepared using sodium nitrite in acidic medium. These samples were practically confirmed by measuring nitrogen content and average molecular weight. The chitosan samples were applied to cotton fabric by the pad dry method. The pretreated cotton fabric was printed with natural coloring matter, curcumin. The color yield of the prints increased by increasing the molecular weight of chitosan. Both wet and dry rubbing fastness of the prints was good. The stiffness results of the printed cotton fabric pretreated with low molecular weight chitosan showed better performance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 559–563, 2005
Vibrational spectroscopic studies to acquire a quality control method of Eucalyptus essential oils
Authors: Baranska M. , Schulz H. , Reitzenstein S. , Uhlemann U. , Strehle M. A. , Krüger H. , Quilitzsch R. , Foley W. , Popp J.
Published: April 2005

This article presents a novel and original approach to analyze in situ the main components of Eucalyptus oil by means of Raman spectroscopy. The obtained two‐dimensional Raman maps demonstrate a unique possibility to study the essential oil distribution in the intact plant tissue. Additionally, Fourier Transform (FT)‐Raman and attenuated total reflection (ATR)‐IR spectra of essential oils isolated from several Eucalyptus species by hydrodistillation are presented. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed in order to interpret the spectra of the essential oils of the Eucalyptus species. It is shown that the main components of the essential oils can be recognized by both vibrational spectroscopic techniques using the spectral information of the pure terpenoids. Spectroscopic analysis is based on the key bands of the individual volatile substances and therefore allows one to discriminate different essential oil profiles of several Eucalyptus species. It has been found that the presented spectroscopic data correlate very well with those obtained by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. All these investigations are helpful tools to generate a fast and easy method to control the quality of the essential oils with vibrational spectroscopic techniques in combination with DFT calculations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 237–248, 2005
Effect of orthotopic small bowel transplantation on mineral metabolism in an experimental model
Authors: Kastl S , Müller V , Kotschenreuther U , Radespiel-Troeger M , Hohenberger W , Erben R G
Published: April 2005

Background

Numerous experimental models have been described for investigation of short bowel syndrome. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of orthotopic small bowel transplantation (OSBT) on universal metabolism in an inbred rat model, with particular emphasis on mineral metabolism.

Methods

Jejunoileal resection and syngeneic OSBT was performed in 12-week-old male Lewis rats. Metabolic studies were performed over the following 16 weeks. Bones were analysed by physicochemical methods, dual X-ray absorptiometry, biomechanical procedures and histomorphometry. Biochemical markers of bone turnover were also measured.

Results

Jejunoileal resection induced severe short bowel syndrome with profoundly reduced food efficiency, bone size, fracturing energy and bone mineral content, but no cancellous bone osteopenia. After OSBT rats showed normal growth; bones were of normal size, and bone mineral content and fracturing energy were similar to those in sham-operated controls. However, tibial, but not vertebral, cancellous bone osteopenia was found after transplantation.

Conclusion

OSBT with portal venous drainage achieves almost optimal mineral and bone metabolism. In the absence of immunosuppressive therapy, OSBT does not appear to have major untoward side-effects on bone in rats.
Absolute stereochemistry assignment of N‐phosphorylimine‐derived aza‐Diels‐Alder adducts with TDDFT CD calculations
Authors: Di Bari Lorenzo , Guillarme Stéphane , Hermitage Stephen , Jay David A. , Pescitelli Gennaro , Whiting Andrew
Published: April 2005

N‐Phosphorylimines undergo Lewis acid‐catalyzed Diels‐Alder reactions with Danishefsky's diene. Application of the chiral catalyst zinc(II)‐(S)‐BINOL results in good‐to‐low asymmetric induction but poor chemical conversion. However, the absolute stereochemistry of novel aza‐Diels‐Alder cycloadducts, such as diethyl 4‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydropyridin‐1(2H)‐ylphosphonate, can be determined using circular dichroism (CD). Comparison between experimental and TDDFT‐calculated CD spectrum shows that use of the (S)‐catalyst results in predominant formation of the (6R) cycloadducts. Chirality 17:323–331, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein fishing with chiral molecular baits
Authors: Kawamura Akira , Hindi Sagit
Published: April 2005

Chirality plays a central role in various biological recognition processes. Here a methodology was developed to utilize chiral recognition processes for the selective biotinylation of proteins in crude cell lysates. Two pairs of diastereomeric probes containing benzophenone and biotin were prepared through solid‐phase synthesis. Protein‐binding selectivity of each probe was examined by photo‐cross‐linking of cell lysates, followed by SDS‐PAGE and Western blot. The study revealed that our approach permits selective labeling of benzophenone‐binding proteins in complex proteomes. In addition, it was found that the selectivity depends largely on a single chiral center and substitutions in the vicinity of benzophenone. Taken together, the current work demonstrates that chiral recognition process can be employed to selectively label proteins in complex proteomes. Thus the study opens up the possibility to expand the scope of chemical proteomics research for various applications, including biomarker discovery, drug screening and development. Chirality 17:332–337, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prognostic value of primary tumor size in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Machens Andreas , Holzhausen Hans‐Jürgen , Dralle Henning
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

A delay in the diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma often leads to larger tumors, higher prevalence rates of distant metastasis, and earlier cause‐specific deaths. Threshold tumor diameters for extrathyroidal growth, lymph node spread, and distant metastasis in papillary (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) remain to be defined.

METHODS

A comparative correlation of primary tumor size and extrathyroidal growth, lymph node spread, and distant metastasis was performed for 500 institutional patients who received surgery for PTC or FTC.

RESULTS

There were 366 patients with PTC (73.2%) and 134 patients with FTC (26.8%). Multifocality (23.5% vs. 9.0%; P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (40.2% vs. 19.4%; P < 0.001) were more common in the patients with PTC than in those with FTC. Patients with FTC were older at first diagnosis (51.6 vs. 47.0 years; P = 0.01) compared with the patients with PTC. The FTC tumors were almost twice as large (39.9 vs. 20.6 mm; P < 0.001), and patients had a higher prevalence of distant metastasis (17.9% vs. 6.3%; P < 0.001). When primary tumor diameter was accounted for, cumulative risks of extrathyroidal growth and lymph node metastasis were higher in patients with PTC than in patients with FTC (P < 0.001; log‐rank test). In striking contrast, the cumulative risk of distant metastasis was the same for PTC and FTC tumors of equal size (P = 0.89; log‐rank test) and increased once the primary tumor size was > 20 mm. Pulmonary metastasis was an earlier event than bone metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

The data suggested that earlier intervention is warranted to keep suspicious thyroid nodules from growing > 20 mm (or greater than T1) and spreading to distant organs. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Lymphatic and vascular embolizations are independent predictive variables of inguinal lymph node involvement in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Authors: Ficarra Vincenzo , Zattoni Filiberto , Cunico Sergio Cosciani , Galetti Tommaso Prayer , Luciani Lucio , Fandella Andrea , Guazzieri Stefano , Maruzzi Daniele , Sava Teodoro , Siracusano Salvatore , Pilloni Stefania , Tasca Andrea , Martignoni Guido , Gardiman Marina , Tardanico Regina , Zambolin Tiziano , Cisternino Antonio , Artibani Walter ,   For the Gruppo Uro‐Oncologico del Nord Est (North‐Eastern Uro‐Oncological Group) Penile Cancer Project
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to identify independent clinical and pathologic variables that were predictive of lymph node involvement in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in a multicenter series with the intent to select patients who were suitable to undergo immediate inguinal lymphadenectomy.

METHODS

Data were analyzed from 175 patients who underwent surgery for penile carcinoma in 11 urologic centers participating in the Gruppo Uro‐Oncologico del Nord‐Est (Northeast Uro‐Oncological Group) Penile Cancer Data Base. Pathologically positive lymph nodes were defined as the presence of histologically confirmed lymph node metastasis in patients who underwent either immediate or delayed inguinal and/or pelvic lymphadenectomy. Patients who had clinically positive lymph nodes with cytologically positive fine‐needle aspiration results and who had not undergone lymphadenectomy were censored.

RESULTS

Overall, lymph‐node involvement was observed in 71 of 175 patients (40.6%) included in the analyses. After analyzing the whole group of patients, the following variables were identified as independent predictors of pathologic lymph node metastasis: clinical lymph node status, pathologic stage of the primary tumor, venous and lymphatic embolizations, and histologic grade. In the subgroup of patients with clinically negative lymph nodes, tumor thickness, histologic grade, lymphatic and venous embolizations, infiltration of both corpus spongiosum and urethra, and pathologic stage of the primary tumor (according to the 1997 TNM classification system) were predictive of lymph node involvement on univariate analysis. The generated logistic regression model showed that venous and/or lymphatic embolizations and infiltration of the corpus spongiosum and/or urethra were independent predictors of pathologic lymph node metastasis in patients with clinically negative lymph nodes.

CONCLUSIONS

Venous and/or lymphatic embolizations played relevant roles as predictors of pathologic lymph node involvement in patients with penile neoplasia and should be considered important parameters in determining which patients with clinically negative lymph nodes should undergo immediate lymphadenectomy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Estimation of an optimal external beam radiotherapy utilization rate for head and neck carcinoma
Authors: Delaney Geoff , Jacob Susannah , Barton Michael
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

Radiotherapy is used commonly in the treatment of patients with head and neck carcinoma. The benchmark radiotherapy utilization rates for head and neck carcinoma largely are unknown. The objective of the current study was to determine the optimal radiotherapy utilization rate for patients with head and neck carcinoma and to compare this optimal rate with actual utilization rates where actual utilization data were available.

METHODS

An optimal radiotherapy utilization tree was constructed that depicted all patients with head and neck carcinoma in whom radiotherapy was indicated according to evidence‐based treatment guidelines. The proportions of patients with clinical attributes that indicated possible benefit from radiotherapy were obtained from epidemiological data and were inserted into the utilization tree. The optimal proportion of patients with carcinoma of the head and neck who should receive radiotherapy was calculated by merging the evidence‐based recommendations with the epidemiological data in the tree. Optimal rates of radiotherapy utilization were compared with actual rates obtained from population‐based studies.

RESULTS

Radiotherapy was indicated at some point during their illness in 74% of all patients with head and neck carcinoma. By subsite, the optimal radiotherapy utilization rates were oral cavity, 74%; lip, 20%; larynx, 100%; oropharynx, 100%; salivary gland, 87%; hypopharynx, 100%; nasopharynx, 100%; paranasal sinuses, 100%; and unknown squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, 90%. All treatment recommendations were based on Level III or IV evidence. Assessment of actual radiotherapy utilization rates indicated an increased use of radiotherapy over time for head and neck carcinoma. However, there also were some decreases in the use of radiotherapy for some carcinoma subsites over the past 20 years, despite the lower actual rates compared with the optimal rates. The reasons for these reductions in use were not identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The actual radiotherapy utilization rate for patients with head and neck carcinoma corresponded reasonably closely to the optimal rate for some populations but also identified some shortfalls for other patient groups. The results of this study provide a way of assessing shortfalls in radiotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A study of wireless TCP access with base station diversity
Authors: Naito Katsuhiro , Okada Hiraku , Yamazato Takaya , Katayama Masaaki
Published: April 2005

It is known that performance is degraded in Internet access using TCP in a wireless environment, making communications almost impossible. This study proposes a cellular system in which a wireless terminal evaluates its own wireless environment and TCP performance and connects to multiple base stations. The TCP performance in the proposed system is evaluated and it is found to be greatly improved by applying base station diversity. By applying the proposed procedure for selecting the base station to which it will connect, the unnecessary use of wireless resources can be avoided. It is shown that in order to improve TCP performance, the cell radius should be set appropriately for the required TCP performance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(9): 49–61, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20169
Interleaver gain and code search for serially concatenated trellis coded modulations
Authors: Shohon Toshiyuki , Jimbo Keisuke , Ogiwara Haruo
Published: April 2005

An upper bound equation for the bit error rate of serially concatenated trellis coded modulation was proposed, but required an extremely large memory space for the numerical calculations and encountered problems in the execution. In this paper, we propose a method able to perform these numerical calculations. We also analyze the interleaver gain based on the upper bound equation. The results clearly show that a larger interleaver gain is obtained than the prediction from the result of serially concatenated convolution codes. We also present a guide for obtaining a large interleaver gain. This guide can be used even when the codes are limited in a code search, and the results of code searches are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(9): 21–32, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20156
Active contour road model for road tracking and 3D road shape reconstruction
Authors: Yagi Yasushi , Brady Michael , Kawasaki Yoshiteru , Yachida Masahiko
Published: April 2005

This paper proposes a road representation model that can detect and track road areas from road scenes photographed by monocular cameras and reconstruct 3D shapes of roads. This model can reconstruct road shapes smoothly and accurately while tracking the road boundaries stably with the parallel property of roads as the active or dynamic contour model constraints. Results of tests on 2500 real road scenes using the model reveal stable road area extraction at a level of 96%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(9): 42–52, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20189
Motion segmentation using orthogonal projection matrix of shape space and discriminant criterion
Authors: Ichimura Naoyuki
Published: April 2005

The author proposes a motion segmentation method based on a representation of an object in uniform motion using subspace. The motion segmentation is performed by breaking down the shape space of several objects into a set of subspaces. This breaking down uses discriminant analysis of the elements of an orthogonal projection matrix for the shape space. Because the discriminant analysis is needed for only one‐dimensional data, the algorithm is succinct. The proposed method can also be applied to data that includes noise and outlier values because only data that has information useful for motion segmentation based on the results of the discriminant analysis is selected. The author uses online and off‐line experiments using real images to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(9): 64–72, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20191
DNA adduct formation by the environmental contaminant 3‐nitrobenzanthrone after intratracheal instillation in rats
Authors: Bieler Christian A. , Cornelius Michael G. , Klein Reinhold , Arlt Volker M. , Wiessler Manfred , Phillips David H. , Schmeiser Heinz H.
Published: April 2005

3‐Nitrobenzanthrone (3‐NBA) is an environmental pollutant and suspected human carcinogen found in emissions from diesel and gasoline engines and on the surface of ambient air particulate matter; human exposure to 3‐NBA is likely to occur primarily via the respiratory tract. In our study female Sprague Dawley rats were treated by intratracheal instillation with a single dose of 0.2 or 2 mg/kg body weight of 3‐NBA. Using the butanol enrichment version of the 32P‐postlabeling method, DNA adduct formation by 3‐NBA 48 hr after intratracheal administration in different organs (lung, pancreas, kidney, urinary bladder, heart, small intestine and liver) and in blood was investigated. The same adduct pattern consisting of up to 5 DNA adduct spots was detected by thin layer chromatography in all tissues and blood and at both doses. Highest total adduct levels were found in lung and pancreas (350 ± 139 and 620 ± 370 adducts per 108 nucleotides for the high dose and 39 ± 18 and 55 ± 34 adducts per 108 nucleotides for the low dose, respectively) followed by kidney, urinary bladder, heart, small intestine and liver. Adduct levels were dose‐dependent in all organs (approximately 10‐fold difference between doses). It was demonstrated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that all 5 3‐NBA‐derived DNA adducts formed in rats after intratracheal instillation are identical to those formed by other routes of application and are, as previously shown, formed from reductive metabolites bound to purine bases. Although total adduct levels in the blood were much lower (41 ± 27 and 9.5 ± 1.9 adducts per 108 nucleotides for the high and low dose, respectively) than those found in the lung, they were related to dose and to the levels found in lung. These results show that uptake of 3‐NBA by the lung induces high levels of specific DNA adducts in several organs of the rat and an identical adduct pattern in DNA from blood. Therefore, 3‐NBA‐DNA adducts present in the blood are useful biomarkers for exposure to 3‐NBA and may help to assess the effective biological dose in humans exposed to it. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with apoptotic tumors in combination with anti‐OX40 and anti‐4‐1BB monoclonal antibodies induces T cell–mediated protective immunity in Her‐2/neu transgenic mice
Authors: Cuadros Camilo , Dominguez Ana Lucia , Lollini Pier‐Luigi , Croft Michael , Mittler Robert S. , Borgström Per , Lustgarten Joseph
Published: April 2005

Tumor cells express tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs), which can serve as targets for the immune system. However, the majority of TAAs are overexpressed products of normal cellular genes; as such, self‐tolerance mechanisms have hindered their use for the induction of effective antitumor responses. One such normal self‐protein is the growth factor receptor Her‐2/neu, which is overexpressed in 25–35% of all mammary carcinomas in humans. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that Her‐2/neu mice are functionally tolerant to neu antigens and contain only a low avidity T‐cell repertoire to neu antigens. However, this residual low‐avidity T‐cell repertoire has antitumor activity. In this study, we compared the immune responses of Her‐2/neu mice immunized with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with soluble neu protein or with apoptotic tumor cells. Analysis of the antitumor response shows that Her‐2/neu mice vaccinated with DCs pulsed with Her‐2/neu antigens retard tumor growth; however, vaccination with DCs pulsed with apoptotic tumor cells induces a stronger antitumor effect. Administration of multiple immunizations in combination with the costimulatory agonist anti‐OX40 or anti‐4‐1BB MAb significantly enhanced the immune responses in these mice, resulting in complete tumor rejection if the tumor burden was small and substantial tumor reduction with a larger tumor burden. These results have important implications for the design of tumor vaccination strategies, suggesting that the use of vaccines that stimulate a broad immune response in combination with costimulatory molecules as immunomodulators could significantly improve the antitumor immune response in tolerant hosts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suppression of the TIG3 tumor suppressor gene in human ovarian carcinomas is mediated via mitogen‐activated kinase‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms
Authors: Lotz Kristina , Kellner Tobias , Heitmann Michaela , Nazarenko Irina , Noske Aurelia , Malek Anastassia , Gontarewicz Artur , Schäfer Reinhold , Sers Christine
Published: April 2005

The TIG3 gene is a retinoic acid inducible class II tumor suppressor gene downregulated in several human tumors and malignant cell lines. Diminished TIG3 expression correlates with decreased differentiation whereas forced expression of TIG3 suppresses oncogenic signaling pathways and subsequently induces differentiation or apoptosis in tumor cells. Analysis of TIG3 mRNA expression in a large set of cDNA pools derived from matched tumor and normal human tissues showed a significant downregulation of TIG3 in 29% of the cDNA samples obtained from ovarian carcinomas. Using in situ hybridization, we demonstrated expression of TIG3 in the epithelial lining of 7 normal ovaries but loss of TIG3 expression in 15/19 of human ovarian carcinoma tissues. In SKOV‐3, CAOV‐3 and ES‐2 ovarian carcinoma cell lines, downregulation of TIG3 mRNA was reversible and dependent on an activated MEK‐ERK signaling pathway. Re‐expression of TIG3 mRNA in these cells upon specific interference with the MEK‐pathway was correlated with growth inhibition of the cells. In OVCAR‐3 and A27/80 ovarian carcinoma cells, TIG3 suppression is MEK‐ERK independent, but expression could be reconstituted upon interferon gamma (IFNγ) induction. Overexpression of TIG3 in A27/80 ovarian carcinoma cells significantly impaired cell growth and despite increased mRNA levels, TIG3 protein was hardly detectable. These results suggest that TIG3 is negatively regulated by an activated MEK‐ERK signaling pathway. Further mechanisms must interfere with TIG3 expression that are independent of MEK and partially include interferon‐responsive components. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful combination of local CpG‐ODN and radiotherapy in malignant glioma
Authors: Meng Yuxia , Carpentier Antoine F. , Chen Lin , Boisserie Gilbert , Simon Jean‐Marc , Mazeron Jean‐Jacques , Delattre Jean‐Yves
Published: April 2005

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG‐ODN) display broad immunostimulating activity and are currently under clinical trial in various malignancies, including recurrent glioblastomas. Combining CpG‐ODN with another therapy that could induce antigen release might enhance tumor‐specific immune response. We investigated whether radiotherapy (RT) could be associated advantageously to intratumoral injections of CpG‐ODN. Fisher rats bearing 9L glioma were treated with various combinations of RT and CpG‐28, an oligonucleotide with good immunostimulating activity. RT and CpG‐28 induced complete tumor remission in one‐third of the animals. When both treatments were combined, complete tumor remission was achieved in two‐thirds of the animals (p < 0.001 when compared to non‐treated rats, p < 0.03 when compared to CpG‐28 alone). Such efficacy was not observed in nude mice, underlying the role of T cells in antitumor effects. The combination of both treatments appeared optimal when the delay between RT and CpG‐28 administration was <3 days (from 100% survival for a 3 days delay, to 57% survival for a 21 days delay, p < 0.05). Tumor infiltration by immune cells and expression within tumors of the CpG receptor, TLR9, were not modified by irradiation. These results support an attractive strategy of sequential radiotherapy and immunotherapy by CpG‐ODN and have potential implications for future clinical trials with CpG‐ODN. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic role of cyclooxygenase‐2 in neoadjuvant‐treated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Sivula Anna , Buskens Christianne J. , van Rees Bastiaan P. , Haglund Caj , Offerhaus G. Johan A. , van Lanschot J. Jan B. , Ristimäki Ari
Published: April 2005

Based on our previous demonstration that elevated cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression is a prognostic factor for reduced survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, the aim of our study was to analyze the role of COX‐2 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We analyzed COX‐2 protein expression from 117 consecutive patients by immunohistochemistry using a COX‐2 specific monoclonal antibody. Eighty‐one patients had not received any therapy before surgery whereas 36 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy as part of a randomized controlled trial. In the patients who received no chemotherapy, COX‐2 expression was low in 75% and high in 25% of the specimens. In this patient group, high COX‐2 expression associated with distal location of the tumor (p = 0.02), but did not correlate with any other clinicopathological parameter tested, including overall survival. In the patient group who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, postoperative COX‐2 expression was low in 69% and high in 31%. Interestingly, in this patient group low COX‐2 expression correlated with development of distant metastases (p = 0.03) and to reduced overall survival (p = 0.02). Our results show that the prognostic significance of COX‐2 depends on the histological type of esophageal carcinoma and preoperative treatment of the patient. In conclusion, COX‐2 is not a prognostic marker in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, but low COX‐2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in the neoadjuvant‐treated patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.