bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cecal dilatation and volvulus
Authors: Smith Donald F.
Published: March 2023

Dilatation or volvulus of the cecum is the principal differential diagnostic ruleout for cows with an area of tympanitic resonance centered over the right paralumbar fossa. Because passage of digesta between the cecum and the ascending colon is not impeded by the presence of a cecocolic valve or constriction, distention of the cecum invariably results in concurrent dilatation of the proximal loop of the ascending colon (proximal colon) or portions of the spiral or distal loops of the ascending colon.

Dilatation of the cecum is a condition of mild severity and may be asymptomatic, with the diagnosis being made during routine examination of the cow for other purposes. The cecum becomes distended with gas and expands into the pelvic inlet with the apex directed caudally. In contrast, volvulus of the cecum is an acute, life-threatening condition characterized by abdominal distention, absence of feces, colic, and death if untreated. In this condition, the cecum and (usually) the first two segments of the proximal colon twist about the mesentery causing incarceration and eventually strangulation obstruction of the affected portions of the bowel. True cecal torsion; that is, twisting of the cecum on its longitudinal axis, is rare. Usually, reports of cecal torsion should be described more accurately as volvulus.
Herd investigation report
Authors: Hildebrandt Hugh H.
Published: March 2023

On July 1, 1987 the western Wisconsin farm was visited to investigate and advise on their calf raising facilities. The main concern was the poor health and death losses in the neonatal animals.
Grain feeding strategies to optimize milk production and body condition
Authors: McBride B. W.
Published: March 2023

It is still a common occurrence for dairymen to adjust grain feeding only according to the old rule of thumb; “feed 1 lb of grain for every 3 lbs of milk produced.” This is fine for the mature high producing cows but it is far from accurate for all the cows in the herd. The first step in optimum grain feeding strategy is to formulate a ration for the average cow in the herd then make the following adjustments according to the stage of lactation, age, body condition and body size.
Monitoring performance in dairy health management
Authors: Cote J. F. , Anderson N. G.
Published: March 2023

In Dairy Health Management (DHM), the emphasis is placed on the examination and monitoring of the herd on a regular basis. This includes the analysis of animal health and production records to compare actual performance, and to initiate actions or new control methods to decrease losses and increase productivity. The physical collection of the data to monitor the herd is a major stumbling block in many DHM programs. There is a great diversity, both in the ability and willingness of dairy-men and veterinarians to keep records, and in the record-keeping systems on most dairy farms. However, a great wealth of data can be obtained from records already arriving at the farm from many different sources. This paper discusses the collection of this data into a format for monitoring Dairy Health Management. The data collection encompasses production, udder health, reproductive efficiency, disease conditions, culling rates, body conditions, culling rates, body condition scores, feeding management, feeding efficiency, housing and environment and calf management.
Selenium status of 12 herds of Indiana dairy cattle
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Callahan C. J.
Published: March 2023

Ten of twelve herds of dairy cattle in Indiana that were surveyed were determined to have adequate selenium (Se) status (serum Se concentration >0.040 μg/ml); two herds had marginal Se status (serum Se concentration between 0.020-0.040 μg/ml). In 6 herds where Se supplementation was not given, mean serum Se concentration in lactating cows was 0.051 μg/ml (n=25) and in dry cows was 0.043 μg/ml (n=5). In 6 herds giving Se supplementation, mean serum Se concentration in lactating and dry cows were 0.071 μg/ml (n=26) and 0.049μg/ml ((n=14), respectively. Serum Se concentration had significant positive correlation to Se content of concentrate mixture but not to Se content of hay or corn silage. Two herds that were given no Se supplementation and had adequate Se status reported a high frequency (>20%) of placental retention but the incidence decreased to normal rates over the following year; one herd used no Se supplementation during this decline and a controlled field study of selenium-vitamin E prepartum injection in the other herd had similar decline in frequency of placental retention in cows either with or without selenium-vitamin E supplementation.
Production of marker bulls
Authors: Trent A. M.
Published: March 2023

In order to be effective, a procedure for producing marker animals must meet four requirements. First, insemination of the female by the marker animal must be prevented. Second, transmission of venereal disease from the marker or from cow to cow via the marker must be avoided. Third, the marker must retain sufficient libido to actively pursue fertile females throughout the breeding period. Finally, the procedure must be economically feasible to perform, meaning that the procedure is technically simple to perform, is not inordinately expensive, and does not have a high morbidity or mortality. The multitude of precedures available indicate that no one procedure has yet been identified that optimally fulfills all 4 requirements. While each technique has its individual proponents, objective comparisons of techniques under equivalent field conditions are minimal or absent. The following paper will describe several of the more common procedures and discuss their ability to fulfill each of the 4 requirements.

Prevention of impregnation by the marker is achieved in three basic ways—prevention of viable sperm production, prevention of sperm transportation to the penis, or prevention of transportation of semen from the marker into the female reproductive tract. Elimination of disease transmission by the marker is approached in two ways—prevention of intromission or use of a disease free marker. Preservation of libido depends on maintenance of circulating hormone levels, and to some extent on preservation of neuroendocrine feedback occurring during the act of copulation.
Nutritional management of the dairy heifer
Authors: McBride B. W.
Published: March 2023

Many dairymen realize that early calving heifers are more profitable simply because they start producing milk at an earlier age. However, it is becoming apparent that too rapid a growth rate in prepubertal heifers has a detrimental effect on mammary gland development.
Strategic timed used of fenbendazole deworming blocks in stocker cattle
Authors: Whittier William D. , Zajac Anne M. , Hansen Jorgen W. , Myers Gil H.
Published: March 2023

Groups of 25 cattle were treated with fenbendazole (Panacur, 5 mg/kg) by oral drench (group I) or ivermectin (Ivomec, 200 µg/kg) subcutaneously (group II) before being turned out on separate pastures known to be contaminated with helminth larvae. Group I animals were provided with fenbendazole-medicated blocks (Safeguard Dewormer Block, designed to deliver 5 mg/kg fenbendazole over 3 days) for 3 days from day 21 after grazing began and from day 42. Group II animals had access to similar blocks for 8 days from 35 days after grazing began; the animals in both groups had been trained to use the blocks. The average weight gain over the whole trial period (111 days) was significantly larger in both groups of treated animals than in controls (15 untreated animals). From days 29 to 72 of the trial, group I animals gained significantly more weight than group II animals. Egg counts in treated animals were significantly lower than in controls from days 29-72, and serum pepsinogen levels were lower in group I animals than in group II animals at the end of the trial. Pasture larval counts were highest in pastures grazed by controls and lowest in those grazed by group I animals.
Implementing production management programs in your practice
Authors: Johnson Andrew P.
Published: March 2023

The veterinary profession cannot forget its need to properly diagnosis and treat disease; however, we also must change to meet the needs of our clients. A changing practice is a surviving practice. I am concerned that practices that wait too long will have others moving into their practice area to do those things that their clients have wanted them to do. I find the future of veterinary medicine to be a bright one, and hope that everyone else will be able to prosper as well.
Prevention of pneumonia in weaned calves
Authors: Anderson John F. , Bates Donald W.
Published: March 2023

Health and productivity in animals are planned, not accidents. Microorganisms cause disease. When susceptible animals are exposed to concentrated aerosols of pathogenic organisms, they get sick. The most important step in preventing pneumonia in weaned calves is to correct environmental and managerial deficiencies which allow transmission of large numbers of organisms with sufficient virulence to cause disease. Buildings that house animals should be designed with regard to disease prevention. Virulence of an organism increases by serial passages through susceptible individuals, so young non-immune animals should not be exposed to recovered carrier animals. Potential exposure of calves to older animals carrying disease is often disregarded in the interests of economical construction. Environments and management procedures should be designed so a novice animal caretaker can perform assigned duties without contributing to disease.
Cerebellar abiotrophy in a Charolais calf
Authors: Jones Timothy J.
Published: March 2023

The Charolais calf presented was found to be experiencing convulsive seizures. These seizures continued to increase in severity therefore the calf was euthanized. The significant necropsy findings were: Histological examination of the brain demonstrated degeneration of the Purkinjie cells in the cerebellum. The brain stem and spinal cord revealed a moderate degree of Wallerian degeneration. The calfs entanglement in the electric fence could have precipitated or exaggerated the convulsive seizures. This particular selective degeneration of the Purkinjie cells of the cerebellar cortex is pathognomonic for cerebellar abiotrophy due to the characteristic pathological features
Herd mastitis investigation report
Authors: Heier James
Published: March 2023

A case study of an investigation into a herd mastitis problem is described where possible causes are identified and preventative techniques are recommended.
British Cattle Veterinary Association meeting
Authors: Andrews Anthony H.
Published: March 2023

Report from the British Cattle Veterinary Association Congress.
Urinary bladder carcinoma suggestive of enzootic hematuria with secondary hydronephrosis in a Holstein cow
Authors: Karcher Lance F. , Anderson Wayne I. , Dietze Amy E.
Published: March 2023

A three-year-old Holstein cow, in the third month of her second lactation, was evaluated at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine in February 1987 for a depressed appetite and decreased milk production of one month’s duration. The cow had calved uneventfully and milk production had peaked at nearly 100 lbs per day prior to illness. Early in the course of disease, she had received a 7-10 day regimen of systemic penicillin from the owner without any apparent beneficial response. No treatments were administered within the two weeks immediately prior to presentation at the Large Animal Clinic. At the time of admission to the Large Animal Clinic, her daily milk production was between 5 to 20 pounds
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (B.S.E.)
Authors: Pinsent P. J. N.
Published: March 2023

This disease is probably a genuinely new disease. It apparently only exists in Great Britain, and it seems unlikely that it was present in this country before 1984. It is a slowly progressive encephalopathy of adult cattle producing, microscopically, a spongiform appearance of sections of brain tissue. It runs a relatively lengthy course which invariably ends in death. It is probably due to an “unconventional viral” agent similar to that of scrapie.
Gastric cryptosporidiosis of feeder cattle, beef cows, and dairy cows
Authors: Anderson Bruce C.
Published: March 2023

Cryptosporidium infection in cattle is discussed, with emphasis on its diagnosis by acid-fast faecal smear.
Evaluating herd reproductive status using the dairyCHAMP program
Authors: Williamson Norman B.
Published: March 2023

We must use reproductive records to select the cows which should be examined by veterinarians. They may be at risk or fail to meet targets. The DairyCHAMP program allows this to be done for predetermined categories of cows, but we set the intervals used in their selection. Thus, expert palpators may select for pregnancy diagnosis at 30 days and occasional palpators may set the selection for 49 days.

We need to monitor herd performance by comparing reproductive indices to herd targets to identify opportunities to improve herd production efficiency. Many indices of reproductive performance have been described, so it may be difficult and confusing to decide which indices to use and how to use them. The DairyCHAMP program provides calculated indices which are derived in an epidemiologically correct and consistent manner to allow herd performance to be reliably monitored and evaluated.

This paper highlights some features of the DairyCHAMP program in the evaluation of reproductive performance in dairy herds. It considers reproductive indices and their use to monitor herd reproductive performance to keep herds profitable.
Vegetative endocarditis in cattle
Authors: Hoffman J. A.
Published: March 2023

Vegetative endocarditis due to bacterial colonization of the endocardium has been known to occur in cattle for many years. Currently it is thought that abscesses or chronic infection plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The earliest clinical signs are usually non-specific and closely resemble those of other disease entities such as traumatic reticuloperitonitis and pneumonia. Affected cattle typically present with a history of recurrent fever, anorexia, weight loss, and depression of a few weeks to several months duration. Intermittent or shifting leg lameness without external trauma is sometimes associated with endocarditis. Tachycardia, systolic murmurs and loud pounding heart sounds are common findings upon physical exam. If untreated the clinical signs usually increase in intensity and signs of congestive heart failure often become evident. The CBC changes usually seen with endocarditis are those due to chronic inflammation. In the cases discussed here, hyperfibrinogenemia and a decreased plasma protein:fibrinogen ratio were the most common findings. Serum chemistry abnormalities are dependent upon the organ systems secondarily affected. Blood culture is a practical and useful tool to aid in the diagnosis of endocarditis. However, it is important to interpret the results of blood culture in keeping with the other clinical findings. The most commonly recovered organisms are Corynebacterium pyogenes and Streptococcus spp..
One year antibody responses of four inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-bovine viral diarrhea vaccines
Authors: Frey Merwin L.
Published: March 2023

Four groups of heifers were each vaccinated twice with one of 4 commercially available inactivated vaccines containing IBRV and BVDV antigens: Vira Shield-4, Triangle 3; Premier IB and IBPL; Horizon II. Sera from all animals were antibody negative at first vaccination. Only Vira Shield-4 was effective in eliciting high serum neutralizing titres of cytopathic BVDV and IBRV antibodies that persisted over a 1-year period, and was the only vaccine to elicit more than a minimal level of antibody to noncytopathic BVDV.
Tissue culture-derived Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine
Authors: Loan R. W. , Tigges M. G. , Purdy C. W.
Published: March 2023

A tissue culture-derived P. haemolytica bacterin in oil adjuvant provided up to 100% protection in calves against experimental challenge inoculation of homologous bacteria. In a field study, vaccination reduced morbidity by 70% and reduced treatment days by 80%.
Current status of insecticide resistance in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.)
Authors: Byford Ronnie L. , Crosby Buff L.
Published: March 2023

The distribution, present status and management of resistance in H. irritans to insecticides (especially to pyrethroids) is reviewed and discussed for the USA.
Efficacy and long-lasting activity of spiramycin in young beef cattle with infectious enzootic broncho-pneumonia
Authors: Alzieu J. P. , Bichet H. J. , Levrier B. , Van Gool F. , Bayle R. , Libersa M. , Espinasse J.
Published: March 2023

Multicentric clinical trials performed in young beef cattle with I.E.B.P. demonstrated the excellent efficacy of spiramycin at an optimum dose of 100?000 IU/kg. The recommended frequency of administration in curative treatment is 2 injections at a 48 hour interval and the clinical recovery rate is 80-90%. A single injection of 100?000 IU/kg confers very high protection in metaphylactic treatment. The activity of spiramycin against Mycoplasma and Pasteurella, the principal agents involved in I.E.B.P., may be explained by the excellent diffusion and concentration of this antibiotic in the lung tissue and bronchial secretions.
Bloat in calves
Authors: Doll K.
Published: March 2023

Recurrent bloat in calves and juvenile cattle is not a single entity but a symptom, disguising a variety of quite different disturbances. The changes most significant in the differential diagnosis are discussed. Prior to the creation of a ruminal fistula (trocar, rumen needle, permanent fistula) it should be checked whether the tympany could be relieved by treatment of the causal disease. Conservative therapy is facilitated by the use of a balloon stomach tube which can be left in situ for up to 5 days and which prevents a bloat in most cases.
Treatment of North Dakota beef cows and calves with ivermectin
Authors: Wohlgemuth Kurt , Melancon John J. , Hughes Harlan , Biondini Mario
Published: March 2023

A 2-year field study was carried out in North Dakota, USA to determine if there was an economic benefit from treating cows and/or their calves with ivermectin (Ivomec) at 200 µg/kg sc. Three herds were used; each herd was divided into 4 similar groups: group I - cows and their calves treated with ivermectin (cows in the autumn and calves in late June); group II - only cows treated each autumn; group III - only calves treated in late June; group IV - neither cows nor their calves treated. A total of 953 calves were weaned over the 2-year period. Calves were individually weighed at weaning and the actual market value (based on local market conditions) of each calf was calculated. Calves in groups I and II averaged at least 20 lb more than calves in group IV at weaning; this difference was significant. Calves from cows treated with ivermectin returned a significant economic benefit over controls.
Urea (ammonia) toxicosis in cattle
Authors: Whitehair C. K.
Published: March 2023

A review on the nature of urea ammonia toxicosis in cattle including results from studies on cattle losses under field conditions and from experimental work. It is concluded that toxic amounts of urea for cattle are 0.3-0.5 g/kg body weight. However, it is stressed that, although it can produce toxicosis, ammonia is a specific, essential metabolite in the degradation and synthesis of proteins.
American Association of Bovine Practitioners Twenty-Second Annual Conference
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Description and program for the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (2nd : 1989).
Future of veterinary medicine
Authors: Sterner Keith E.
Published: March 2023

Keynote paper presented at the XVI World Buiatrics Congress, Salvador-Bahia-Brazil, August 13-17, 1990.
Breeding soundness examination of a Longhorn bull pelleted with lead shot
Authors: Elmore Ronnie G. , Brinsko Steven P. , Morris David L. , Warner Gary D.
Published: March 2023

This case is presented because it 1) demonstrates the importance of being thorough while conducting a lameness and/or breeding soundness examination of a bull, 2) is an example of one bull that in spite of an extemely poor prognosis for fertility has since sired more than twenty-five calves, and 3) is an example of a bull that responded favorably to unconventional and radical treatment. Although not used routinely, selected radiographic and ultrasonographic examination of the scrotal contents can aid in the diagnosis of some infertile bulls.
Rectal palpation
Authors: Momont Harry
Published: March 2023

Rectal palpation is considered by most to be a safe, accurate method for pregnancy diagnosis in cows from about day 30 to 35 of pregnancy until term. Diagnosis is possible a few days earlier in heifers. A diagnosis of nonpregnant should never be made until the uterus has been retracted and carefully palpated along its entire length.

Differential diagnoses that should be considered for pregnancy in the cow include pyometra, fetal mummification, fetal death and/or maceration, segmental aplasia with accumulation of fluid, adhesions of the reproductive tract to other abdominal organs, uterine lymphoma, abscesses of the reproductive tract, and ovarian tumors. Mistakes involving these conditions should not be made if the examiner relies on the positive signs of pregnancy mentioned above.
Biotechnology and its future in bovine medicine
Authors: Osburn Bennie I.
Published: March 2023

The most significant technological advances that resulted in improvement in disease control in the last century include vaccinations and antibiotics. Vaccines became a popular method of disease control early in the century. In the late 1940's and early 1950's the introduction of antibiotics and pesticides had a dramatic effect on improving the health status of animals. Although a significant improvement in animal health care occurred, disease was not eliminated. Diseases and the related animal production continue to cause an estimated $15 to $16 billion dollars a year loss in the United States alone. New methods and approaches are needed to significantly improve upon these disease losses. Recent advances in the areas of molecular biology, immunochemistry and genetics have brought a number of new approaches and hopes for significantly reducing animal health and disease problems. In this manuscript we will address the applications of these newer technologies to disease diagnosis, vaccinations and the immunomodulators that may improve animal health.
Objective studies in bovine conformation
Authors: Greenough Paul R.
Published: March 2023

Traditionally the conformation of cattle has been evaluated subjectively by lay individuals. Over the years this has lead to the selection of shape and size on the basis of aesthetics rather than "functional efficiency." The term "functional efficiency" is used by Bonsma (1973) and is best used when conformation is related to factors of economic importance such as fertility, susceptibility to disease, production, calvability and longevity.
Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) problems in Michigan
Authors: Sterner Edward F.
Published: March 2023

After attending the Bovine Practitioners meeting in St. Louis, December, 1977, I would like to present a somewhat different point of view and findings than Dr. Hellend presented in his paper on polybrominated biphenyl or PBB.
Cost of producing milk
Authors: Conlin Joe
Published: March 2023

This paper was presented at the Minnesota Dairy Conference for Veterinarians held at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota (Minnesota, USA, 5-6 June 1991). Costs associated with milk production are examined with reference to the dairy profit equation, profit = (price - cost) × vol., and financial performance parameters and simulated budget summaries for dairy farms in Wisconsin, USA. Profit performance was found to be highly variable from farm to farm relative to all production measures; highly profitable farms had larger herd sizes, higher production per cow, lower feed costs, received a higher milk price and had better control of practically all production cost categories; and the benefit of tighter control of economic efficiencies improved profitability by >$2.50/cwt independent of productivity.
Perioperative evaluation of cows with right abomasal displacement and abomasal volvulus
Authors: Fubini S. L. , Grohn Y. T. , Smith D. F.
Published: March 2023

Clinical, clinicopathological and surgical data from 458 adult dairy cows with right abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus were analysed to determine the association between these variables and outcome, classified as productive, salvaged or terminal. Heart rate was higher in the salvaged and terminal cattle, than the productive cattle. Hyponatraemia was increasingly severe in the salvaged and terminal cows. All groups of cows were hypochloraemic and hypokalaemic, with the lowest values in the salvaged group. Cows in the productive and salvaged groups had metabolic alkalosis. As the outcome became less favorable there was evidence of superimposed metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap.
Prevalence of bovine virus diarrhea and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Mexico
Authors: Cortese V. S. , Cravens R. L. , Dominguez J.
Published: March 2023

Two studies were performed to determine the prevalence of Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) based on the serological evidence of serum neutralizing titers. Cattle from a large dairy farm in Tizayuca, State of Mexico, Mexico, and feeder cattle entering Texas from the southwestern coastal areas of Mexico were studied. The serological results of the dairy farm cattle showed 100% were exposed to BRSV, and 100% were exposed to BVD. Similar exposures were detected in the herds calves, with the serology showing 100% exposure to BRSV and 60% to BVD at 1:2 dilution or greater. Exposures were detected in the feeder calves entering Texas, showing 60% exposure to BRSV and 31% exposure to BVD at 1:8 dilution or greater.
Laboratory studies of bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Brown Swiss cattle
Authors: Oyster R. , Leipold H. W. , Troyer D. , Cash W. , Johnson D. , Stowe H. D.
Published: March 2023

Laboratory evaluation of cattle affected with bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (BPDME) showed normal CBC's, routine chemistry, and normal urinalysis results. Statistically significant differences were not detected between control and affected cattle for CK; SDH; LDH; blood cholinesterase; plasma cholinesterase; liver selenium; liver copper; serum vitamin E; and CSF parameters of CK; protein; and glucose. Cytological examinations of CSF from affected cattle were within normal limits and did not suggest degenerative or inflammatory conditions. BPDME is currently classified as a spinocerebella degenerative disease with familial predisposition. It is concluded from this study that the parameters tested are not involved in the pathogenesis of BPDME.
Left-side displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows at pasture in Australia
Authors: Jubb T. F. , Malmo J. , Davis G. M. , Vawser A. S.
Published: March 2023

The presentation of approximately 40 dairy cows affected with left-side displacement of the abomasum (LDA) per annum in a cattle practice in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia provided an opportunity to conduct a survey and case-control study of the disease in a grazing environment. The study, involving 37 dairy cows at pasture, revealed significant differences from the pattern of the disease occurring in the northern hemisphere where cows in older age groups, of larger frame size, higher production and fed high grain rations are at increased risk. Affected cows were diagnosed over a 10-month period and represented approximately 0.06% of the dairy cow population. Most cases were diagnosed in the early lactation period. Evidence for a genetic predisposition was suggested by the discovery that one sire generated a disproportionately large number (9) of the cows with LDA. Although affected cows were average producers in their herds, being a member of a high-producing herd was a significant risk factor.
Characteristics of Business – Farms and Veterinary Practices
Authors: Milligan Robert A.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians and farm managers are facing challenging and exciting, albeit difficult, circumstances. Both businesses, like essentially all others, are operating in an environment characterized by increasing competitive pressures, faster technological change, and greater pressure to consider societal concerns. In this discussion we discuss six characteristics of businesses succeeding in the next generation.
Treatment of Postpartum Metritis In Dairy Cows Caused by Actinomyces Pyogenes
Authors: Callahan C. J. , Horstman L. A.
Published: March 2023

Three treatments (oxytetracycline infusions, prostaglandin injections, and no treatment) were applied to Holstein cows with postpartum metritis from which A pyogenes had been isolated from the uterus. Gross involution was not different between groups, but oxytetracycline infusions significantly reduced (P <0. 005) the incidence of A pyogenes infected uteri. Numbers were too small to pass judgement on fertility between groups, but when all groups were combined fertility was definitely reduced.
Problem Identification in a Dairy Herd
Authors: Ariav Raanan , Damman Dan , Johnson Kevin , Reha Jennifer
Published: March 2023

This report is the work of four senior veterinary students. Their assignment was to identify and prioritize the production problems on a dairy using the "Goal Form" from the Bovine Practitioner, No. 26, September 1991, pages 21 to 28.
Surgical Correction of Left Displaced Abomasum
Authors: Bückner R.
Published: March 2023

Surgical correction of left displaced abomasum was performed in 200 adult cattle using a modified technique. Manual reposition of the dislocated organ, localization of the pylorus and fixation of the omentum majus are described in detail.
Survey Results of the Occurrence of a Seasonal Teat Lesion Syndrome in Dairy Cows in Wisconsin
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Nelson Kay , Thomas Chester , Letchworth Geoffery
Published: March 2023

Seventy-two dairy practitioners in the state of Wisconsin participated in a telephone survey to determine the prevalence of a seasonal vesicular skin disease of dairy cows. Results of the survey indicated that there was widespread recognition of a skin disease that appears clinically similar to bovine herpes mammillitis but with the following differences: sporadic occurrence, non-infectious pattern of occurrence, almost exclusive predilection for first-calfheifers with severe udder edema, and dry gangrene and sloughing of teats.
Future Foods, Fats and Fads
Authors: Hettinga David H.
Published: March 2023

Consumer demand for safety, good nutrition and especially good taste and texture are primary driving forces for new product development. Today, consumers are motivated to a very high degree for their foods to also deliver good health. This motivation has created an intense focus on fat and therein lies a major opportunity, as well as a challenge to the product developer.
Herd Health Monitoring and Records Analysis
Authors: Fetrow John
Published: March 2023

Food animal veterinarians who wish to do more than just react to their clients' problems need to become involved in the management of the farm. To do so, they must become information managers. They must be able to extract information from farm record systems. They must also become computer literate and be comfortable with data and numbers. While there will always be a need to look at the individual animal, more and more herd problems will be investigated by examining record systems, not just animals. To do so efficiently, veterinarians must be adept at data management. In addition to information about the specific farm, veterinarians must also understand the general conditions facing agricultural industries in the area.
Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Pre-conference program and description of the 26th Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, 1993.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Anaesthesia in cattle (I)
Authors: Jones R. S.
Published: March 2023

Whilst there have been considerable advances in general anaesthetic techniques in the bovine species in the past 30 years, the procedure can give rise to a variety of problems. The problems are mainly related to the relatively unique anatomy and physiology of the digestive and cardiopulmonary systems of the bovine species. Whilst there is a considerable reluctance in some centres to use general anaesthesia, except in extremely rare or exceptional circumstances, this should not be the general approach. It is only by the refinement of and familiarity with techniques of general anaesthesia that progress can be made. If careful attention is paid to the physiological and pathological problems that are likely to occur, it is possible to carry out general anaesthesia in cattle in a relatively safe manner.
Update on control and management of Johne's disease
Authors: Sockett Donald C.
Published: March 2023

The new diagnostic tests for Johne's disease, when used and interpreted properly, will provide us with some important new tools to fight Johne's disease. However, no test will control Johne's disease without proper changes in the health management of the herd. Many of these changes involve improving the hygiene, identifying and removing infected animals and preventing infection of calves with the Johne's disease bacteria.
Cell-mediated immunity in the neonatal calf
Authors: McVey D. Scott , Black Robert
Published: March 2023

To understand the immunological capabilities of the bovine neonate, the complete ontogeny of the bovine immune system must be understood. As in most species, the developing bovine fetus is deficient in a number of different cellular and humoral factors that play important roles in host defenses during postnatal life. In the bovine fetus, as in other species, the immune response appears to develop and mature sequentially. During this development, maternal cells and humoral factors serve as the major protective barriers to infectious agents. However, the newborn calf is essentially agammaglobulinaemic because of the syndesmochorial placentation that does not permit the transfer of maternal immunoglobulins to the fetal circulation. The newborn calf is dependent on the absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum to provide adequate humoral immunity. Colostrum also contains numerous leukocytes. The role and relative importance of these cells are not clear. However, recent data suggest that these maternally derived cells may influence the development of effective cellular immunity.
Fasciola hepatica prevalence and management in Kittitas County, Washington, beef cow-calf herds
Authors: Charlton D. D. , Hancock D. D. , Gay J. M. , Holler S. L. , Foreyt W. J. , Lagerquist J. E. , Dixon R. C. , Warnock D.
Published: March 2023

Twenty-three beef cow-calf operations in Kittitas County, Washington were surveyed during October, 1993, for Fasciola hepatica and management practices related to its control. Sixteen of the herds were pastured on irrigated valley pastures year-round and 7 herds were grazed on dryland range pastures during the summer months. All the valley pastured herds and 6 of 7 (89%) of the range pastured herds tested positive for fluke eggs. The within-herd prevalence was significantly lower in the range pastured herds compared to the valley pastured herds (19% vs 58%). Fluke control in 1993 (Jan 1 to Oct. 15) was practiced by only two ranches among the 23 surveyed. One ranch used Albendazole the other Clorsulon, but both were Fasciola hepatica egg positive.
Nutritional strategies for small herds
Authors: Galligan David T. , Ferguson James
Published: March 2023

Effective herd health programs are traditionally based on strategies to control disease prevalence so that farm profit is maximized. In the past veterinary services focused on improving production efficiency primarily through reproductive consultation and mastitis control programs. Veterinary nutritional consulting has only recently become an integral component of herd health programs and it is gradually becoming recognized that sound management advice in this area may have a greater impact on economic efficiency than other traditional services. A survey of ration evaluation revealed a mean potential 14% feed cost saving through ration reformulation.

Nutrition is an important economic input component for the dairy herd, large or small. Feed can range from 40-60% of the value of milk production depending on herd size and on efficiency of production. Small herds, which do not enjoy the economies of scale effects on feed prices realized by large herds will tend to have higher feed cost/lb of product produced. Inefficient feeding programs will have a higher proportional effect on small farm profitability.
Bovine growth promoting implants
Authors: Schultz Richard H.
Published: March 2023

Growth Promoting Implants have and will continue to be one of the most economically beneficial practices in the field of beef production. Of current products on the market the recently introduced combination of trenbolone acetate and estradiol (Revalor-S) appears to give the best results in ADG and F/G compared to other products when used as single implants. Most products are used in reimplantation regimens in which many combinations have been successfully tested, however, much variability has been seen with several of these regimens. Due to many variables affecting efficacy of the implants and the different modes of action of different implants the most beneficial use of the existing products requires an assessment of the goals of the beef producer and selection of regimens to best satisfy these goals. Implantation of heifers intended for breeding can be legally done with Synovex-C after 45 days of age. The advisability of this practice is in question due to potential impact of subsequent reproduction but appears to be safe. More work is needed. Implantation with growth promoting hormones will continue to be a key part of beef production and will continue to be improved through new methods and new products.
Acupuncture in cattle practice
Authors: Nichol John
Published: March 2023

Acupuncture is only a part of Chinese medicine and is not a complete or alternative system but must be taken seriously as a clinical procedure of considerable value. It is not a panacea for all ills, but having practiced it now for over 12 years, the results obtained lead me to the belief that it should receive much more attention as a clinical technique for the treatment of many diseases, either alone or in conjunction with Western medicine.
Manual method for the assessment of health and fertility performance in commercial dairy herds
Authors: Wassell T. R. , Chamberlain A. T.
Published: March 2023

During the last 5 years, an on-going research project has been monitoring the uptake of dairy herd health schemes by both farmers and veterinarians. This work concentrated on all the elements that will affect the success of the herd health scheme, rather than just looking at the recording part of the scheme. The element that appeared to be causing the veterinarians the most trouble was the problem of farmer motivation, particularly in the form of they dont think they have sufficient problems to justify the joining of a herd health scheme. With this problem in mind, a pilot method was developed for the veterinarian to quickly appraise a client farmers herd by using easily accessible information from a sample of 20 randomly selected cows in the herd. Ten indices were used in the first part of the analysis, examining physical aspects of health and fertility performance of the herd. Six were then taken to give an assessment of the financial losses occurring on the farm and help identify in which areas there is most room for improvement. The technique was tested on a sample of 52 veterinarians attending a conference who were asked to analyse several problem farms. The participants then completed a feedback questionnaire on the usefulness of such an approach to farm analysis, and most importantly, its usefulness in the adoption of the herd health scheme by the farmer. Ninety one percent of the respondents identified the method as a useful aid to the introduction of a computerised herd health scheme.
Interference of bovine Fasciola hepatica on the tuberculin intradermal test reaction
Authors: Belloi A. , Agosti M. , Proverbio D. , Avezza F.
Published: March 2023

Based on observations in a 231-head cattle herd, the authors suggest that Fasciola hepatica infection may interfere with tuberculin skin test by producing false positive reactions. The authors suggest that this could be due to saprophytic mycobacteria carried by the parasite.
Improving dairy herd reproductive efficiency
Authors: Penny Colin D.
Published: March 2023

The paper discusses the necessity of rectal palpation in herd fertility monitoring and records the results of a trial in 3200-dairy-cow units where any cows calved >65 days with no service record were given routine prostaglandin (Estrumate, 500 µg) injection. Any cows not served following injection were re-injected 2 weeks later until served. Progesterone assays of milk were carried out on the day of injection and low-progesterone cows (<2 ng/ml) had a PRDI inserted. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out 32-42 days after service by ultrasound scanner. 23% of the cows entered the prostaglandin injection scheme and 73% of them were served within 19 days after the 1st injection. Reduction in calving to 1st service, calving to conception and calving intervals were observed in all herds compared to the previous breeding season figures. The authors suggest that good reproductive results can be achieved without rectal palpation in dairy herds.
Response of serum LH and milk progesterone to two GnRH agonists, fertirelin and buserelin, in cows with ovarian follicular cysts
Authors: Osawa T. , Nakao T. , Moriyoshi M. , Kawata K. , Kimura M. , Kaneko K. , Takagi H.
Published: March 2023

Follicular cysts were diagnosed in 172 Holstein cows by rectal palpation, and the diagnosis was confirmed in 41.3% of the cows, using 3 consecutive milk progesterone tests. For 57 cows with cysts, treated with 200 μg fertirelin or 20 μg buserelin 14 days after first examination, the average serum LH concentration 2.0-2.5 h after treatment was 22.5 and 20.6 ng/ml respectively, and luteinization occurred in 76.7 and 66.7% of cows. Of cows treated with fertirelin and buserelin, 75 and 72% respectively showed an increase in milk progesterone to ?1.0 ng/ml. The percentage of cows conceiving within 180 days of treatment was 70.8 and 61.9% respectively in the 2 groups, and the service period averaged 71±41 and 63±53 days respectively. The differences between treatments were not significant.
Strategies to control neospora infection in cattle
Authors: Thurmond Mark , Hietala Sharon
Published: March 2023

The paper reviews herd health strategies to control Neospora caninum infection in cattle by discussing the usefulness of herd prevalence information, diagnostic methods, control of congenital infection and postnatal transmission.
Calf feeding practices in relation to health
Authors: Blowey R. W.
Published: March 2023

Factors involved in the appearance of infectious diseases in young calves which may be the consequence of management or feeding practices are discussed. This paper was also published in Cattle Practice JBCVA (1994) volume 2, part 3.
New treatment for abomasal bloat in calves
Authors: Kumper H.
Published: March 2023

Abomasal bloat in calves can be a rapidly progressing, life-threatening disease. Gas must be removed from the tympanic abomasum as fast as possible to prevent the calf from choking. It is very difficult to reach the abomasum with a stomach tube and in most cases it is also not possible to remove all gas from the abomasum by a single puncture in the distended right flank. A report is given about a way of abomasal puncture that can remove all abomasal gas by one single puncture. The calf is turned upside down and a puncture is done with a 1.4x50 mm needle medial on the highest point of the distended abdominal wall just between the navel and xiphoid. Between 1985 and 1992, twenty of twenty one calves that were suffering from abomasal tympany could be healed, without further complications, by one single puncture. When the state of health is getting worse or when the calf is bloating again within 2 or 3 hours after the puncture, a diagnostic laparotomy must be done, in order to recognize and to treat a possibly twisted abomasum.
Buiatrics
Authors: Stober M.
Published: March 2023

The modern acceptance of buiatrics implies the entire art of medicine, surgery and theriogenology for cattle, including appropriate prevention and management, and thus covers a broad field of scientific research (applied pathophysiology, microbiology, parasitology, toxicology, laboratory techniques, environmental control, etc.) and practical experience (individual care and herd health programming for dairy and beef cattle, wild and zoo ruminants).
Postpartum pathologic changes associated with a palpable uterine lumen in dairy cattle
Authors: Stevens R. D. , Dinsmore R. P. , Ball L. , Powers B. E.
Published: March 2023

15 holstein cows with a palpable uterine lumen (PUL) at first postpartum palpation were identified and each cow was matched with a normal cow for parity and stage of lactation. Blood was collected from each cow and the uterus cultured, flushed with lactated Ringer's solution and biopsied. Analysis of blood samples indicated that all cows were healthy. Bacteria were isolated form 14 of 15 PUL cows and 13 of 15 normal cows. Uterine flush analysis showed evidence of an inflammatory response in 5 PUL cows and 1 normal cow. Mean scores from microscopical examination of the biopsy specimens were greater in PUL cows, indicating increased pathologic changes in this group.
Semen sexing
Authors: Stroud Brad
Published: March 2023

Can we indeed, predetermine the gender of farm animals through the use of sexed semen? For years, animal scientists, mothers, fathers, aunts, uncles, cousins, soothsayers, Ouija boards, barbers, and shoe salesmen have all boasted about a 50% success rate. Not bad, but cattle ranchers across America need a little more substance than that before opening up their pocket books for sexed semen.

To be accepted in the real world of cattle breeding, sexed semen should be predictable to the 90% level, provide pregnancy rates comparable to existing AI standards, and affordable. Currently, the world offers no such services to the cattle industry. However, there is some promising technology in this field that at least offers some hope for the future.
Prospects for vaccines against gastrointestinal helminth parasites of ruminants
Authors: Smith W. D.
Published: March 2023

Vaccines for several of the more important species of ruminant helminth are being developed, spurred on by the increasing frequency of anthelmintic resistant strains of worms. Several highly protective antigens have been identified, but so far highly protective recombinant versions of these have only been produced for Taenia ovis. Of the gut helminths, Haemonchus and Fasciola are likely to be the first candidates for defined antigen vaccines. The approaches which have been used to identify the various antigens and likely strategies for their use are discussed.