bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concussion History and Neuromechanical Responsiveness Asymmetry
Authors: Wilkerson Gary B. , Nabhan Dustin C. , Crane Ryan T.
Published: May 2020

Context

Detection of subtle changes in brain sensorimotor processes may enable clinicians to identify athletes who would derive the greatest benefit from interventions designed to reduce the risk for future injury and progressive neurologic or musculoskeletal dysfunction.

Objective

To develop a generalizable statistical model for identifying athletes who possess subtle alterations in sensorimotor processes that may be due to previous concussion.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Residential Olympic Training Center sports medicine clinic.

Patients or Other Participants

A primary cohort of 35 elite athletes and a secondary cohort of 40 elite athletes who performed identical tests the preceding year.

Intervention(s)

Two upper extremity tests of visual-motor reaction time and 2 tests of whole-body reactive agility were administered. The whole-body tests required lateral or diagonal responses to virtual-reality targets, which provided measures of reaction time, speed, acceleration, and deceleration.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Sport-related concussion history, which was reported by 54% (n = 19) of the athletes in the primary cohort and 45% (n = 18) of the athletes in the secondary cohort.

Results

Univariable analyses identified 12 strong predictors of sport-related concussion history, which we combined to create a composite metric with maximum predictive value. Composite lateral asymmetry for whole-body reactive movements and persisting effects of previous musculoskeletal injury yielded a logistic regression model with exceptionally good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.845) and calibration (predicted-observed probabilities within 7 subgroups: r = 0.959, P = .001). Application of the derived model to compatible data acquired from another cohort of elite athletes demonstrated very good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.772) and calibration (within 8 subgroups: r = 0.849, P = .008).

Conclusions

Asymmetry in whole-body reactive movement capabilities may be a manifestation of a subtle abnormality in the functional connectivity of brain networks that might be relevant to previously reported associations between sport-related concussion history and musculoskeletal injury occurrence.
Clinical Decision Algorithm Associated With Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Albano Thamyla Rocha , Rodrigues Carlos Augusto Silva , Melo Antonio Kayro Pereira , de Paula Pedro Olavo , Almeida Gabriel Peixoto Leão
Published: May 2020

Context

Understanding the factors that predict return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction facilitates clinical decision making.

Objective

To develop a clinical decision algorithm that could predict RTS and non-RTS based on the differences in the variables after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 150 athletes in any sport involving deceleration, jumping, cutting, or turning enrolled in the study. All participants answered the International Knee Documentation Committee and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI) questionnaires and performed balance and isokinetic tests.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The classification and regression tree (CART) was used to determine the clinical decision algorithm associated with RTS at any level and RTS at the preinjury level. The diagnostic accuracy of the CART was verified.

Results

Of the 150 participants, 57.3% (n = 86) returned to sport at any level and 12% (n = 18) returned to sport at the preinjury level. The interactions among the peak torque extension at 300°/s >93.55 Nm, ACL-RSI score >27.05 (P = .06), and postoperative time >7.50 months were associated with RTS at any level identified by CART and were factors associated with RTS. An ACL-RSI score >72.85% was the main variable associated with RTS at the preinjury level. The interaction among an ACL-RSI score of 50.40% to 72.85%, agonist : antagonist ratio at 300°/s ≤63.6%, and anteroposterior stability index ≤2.4 in these participants was the second factor associated with RTS at the preinjury level.

Conclusions

Athletes who had more quadriceps strength tended to RTS at any level more quickly, even with less-than-expected psychological readiness. Regarding a return at the preinjury level, psychological readiness was the most important factor in not returning, followed by a better agonist : antagonist ratio and better balance.
Hanehalkı Geliri Üzerinde Beden Kitle İndeksinin Etkisi: Araç Değişken Yaklaşımı
Authors: Banu Beyaz Sipahi
Published: May 2020

Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Beden Kitle İndeksi (BKİ)’nin artması önemli bir sağlık problemi olmasının yanı sıra sosyal ve ekonomik bir olgudur. Gıda fiyatlarında reel azalma, kişi başına gelir artışı, sosyo demografik faktörler ve kadınların işgücüne katılması BKİ dağılımını etkilemektedir. Ayrıca toplumda bireyler BKİ’den kaynaklanan çalışma koşullarında ve farklı sosyoekonomik gruplarda ayrımlar yaşamaktadırlar. Gelirin BKİ üzerindeki etkisi; daha düşük gelire sahip bireylerin fiyatı düşük ve enerjisi yoğun gıdaları tercih etmesi ile, daha yüksek gelirli bireylerin ise tüketim kalıplarını değiştirerek hazır gıdaları ve ev dışı gıda tüketimi tercihetmesi ile açıklanır. Oysa BKİ’nin gelir üzerindeki etkisi ise emek piyasasında yaşanan verimlilik ve performans kaybı ile açıklanmaktadır.  Bu çalışmanın amacı, TÜİK Sağlık Araştırması 2016 verilerini kullanarak Türkiye için hanehalkı geliri ile BKİ arasındaki eşanlı ilişkiyi dikkate almaktır. BKİ üzerinde öncelikli olarak gelir ve diğer sosyo-demografik değişkenlerin etkisine bakılmıştır. Ancak gelir üzerinde BKİ’nin dolaylı etkisi önemli olduğundan bu etki Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Yöntemi (GMM) ile incelenmiştir. Ayrıca gelir üzerinde BKİ dağılımlarının dolaylı etkisinin farklılık gösterdiği, kullanılan araç değişkenler ile ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonucunda hanehalkı geliri ile BKİ arasında nedensel ilişkinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Gelir üzerinde BKİ’in etkisinin ve BKİ üzerinde eğitimin etkisinin istatistiksel olarak pozitif yönlü olduğu bulunmuştur.
Desafios da Prática Docente no Ensino de Matemática nos Anos Iniciais: um estudo a partir de três narrativas
Authors: Braga Nathália Cristina dos Reis , Morais Marcelo Bezerra de
Published: May 2020

Este artigo discute uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi perceber quais desafios são enfrentados pelos professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, no cotidiano escolar, com relação ao ensino de Matemática, e como eles são encarados. Para isso, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa qualitativa, a partir de entrevistas com três professores que atuam na rede pública de ensino do município de Icapuí, estado do Ceará. É possível apontarmos que muitos dos desafios encontrados pelos professores estão vinculados à sua formação inicial, às metodologias de ensino e aos recursos utilizados em sala de aula; elas também estão vinculadas à indisciplina e à omissão da família no processo de educação junto às escolas. Consideramos que estes desafios não devem ser encarados como inibidores da profissão do professor, mas, sim, como fatores que os impulsionem à novos saberes, intentando o aprimoramento das práticas de ensino.
SIKAP, KEYAKINAN, NIAT DAN PERILAKU MASYARAKAT BINAAN KADER WARGA PEDULI AIDS (WPA) TERHADAP PENANGGULANGAN HIV DAN AIDS DI KOTA KUPANG
Authors: Manurung Imelda Februati Ester , Maulesu Rini , Weraman Pius , Roga Andreas Umbu
Published: May 2020

Tren sebaran kasus baru HIV menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pada kelompok ibu rumah tangga. Fakta ini menunjukkan bahwa HIV dan AIDS sudah menjadi masalah di masyarakat dan rumah tangga. Warga peduli AIDS (WPA) adalah salah satu kegiatan untuk penganggulangan HIV dan AIDS di tingkat kelurahan yang mendampingi setiap warga. Berbagai kegiatan penganggulangan HIV dan AIDS sudah dilakukan oleh masyarakat binaan kader WPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana gambaran sikap, keyakinan, niat dan perilaku masyarakat warga binaan kader WPA terhadap penanggulagan HIV dan AIDS. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh warga yang pernah memperoleh pembinaan dari kader WPA.  Jumlah sampel penelitian sebanyak 102 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan random sampling. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar nilai variabel responden berada dalam kategori baik yaitu pengetahuan sebanyak 72 (70,6%), Sikap 59 (57,8%), keyakinan 58 (56,9%), niat 56 (54,9%). Namun untuk variabel perilaku lebih banyak pada kategori buruk yaitu sebanyak 56 (54,9%) responden. Sebagian besar responden memiliki sikap, keyakinan dan niat dalam kategori baik, namun bila dibandingkan dengan responden yang bernilai buruk, perbedaannya tidak jauh. Oleh karena itu perlu pendampingan yang lebih intensif untuk meningkatkan sikap, keyakinan dan niat warga. Selain itu bimbingan terhadap warga yang masih takut melakukan tes HIV.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: PERSEPSI KONSUMEN TERHADAP LABEL TICK PADA PANGAN OLAHAN
Authors: Maemunah Siti
Published: May 2020

Label FOP merupakan label yang dicantumkan pada bagian utama label. Label FOP bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi zat gizi kepada konsumen dalam format yang mudah dipahami. Salah satu label FOP yang dikembangkan yaitu label “green tick” atau dikenal juga dengan label “simple healthier choice tick (tick)”, “healthier choice logo”, “Choices logo”, atau "pick the tick". Tujuan review artikel ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi persepsi label Tick pada label pangan berdasarkan pemahaman dan aspek penerimaan seperti kesukaan, sikap, daya tarik, dan persepsi beban kerja kognitif. Desain penelitian yang digunakan merupakan studi literatur menggunakan hasil penelitian yang dapat diakses melalui internet. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret hingga April 2020. Database yang digunakan yaitu PUBMED. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan label Tick lebih disukai oleh wanita dibandingkan laki-laki. Tingkat pendidikan menengah dan atas lebih menyukai label Tick. Responden dengan jenis pekerjaan sebagai karyawan lebih menyukai label Tick. Responden mendukung pencantuman label Tick pada produk pangan karena membantu konsumen untuk memilih produk pangan yang lebih sehat. Label Tick dapat diandalkan oleh konsumen dan mudah untuk diidentifikasi serta tidak membutuhkan waktu lama untuk memahami label Tick. Dari review literatur disimpulkan bahwa label Tick berperan membantu konsumen memilih produk pangan lebih sehat.
Orgasmic disorder in women
Authors: Cristian Delcea
Published: May 2020

Significant delay or absence of orgasm or reduced frequency during sexual intercourse with or without penetration / stimulation and / or after penetration. Markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations and individual psychological discomfort. Women with orgasm disorder have never had a clitoral or vaginal orgasm (penetration) regardless situation or stimulation. Worldwide prevalence of orgasmic disorder in women is 42% and can be maintained depending on partner, stimulation, situation or regardless partner, stimulation, situation etc. The disorder may emerge from the beginning of the sexual life or begin after a period of relatively normal sexual function.

Keywords: orgasmic disorder in women, s-on, therapy, testing, evaluation, sexual disorders.
Sexual deviations. Considerations regarding pedophilia - mith and reality
Authors: Bondrea Amalia , Delcea Cristian
Published: May 2020

Taking to consideration the antropology venues, the medical disclosures regarding paraphilia, centered on pedophilia, the present paper tries to make an introduction review on the topic under discussion. However, regardless the type of studies made over the time, whether they consisted in questionnaires and forums where people were invited to comment upon this sexual disorder or deviation, to more complex medical research involving MRI scans and DNA analysis, none of them proved their effectiveness, or found a real cause.
Sexual deviance. The Sexual sadism
Authors: COSTRACHEVICI Larisa-Maria , Cristian Delcea
Published: May 2020

Sexual deviance is in some way a socially constructed phenomenon that shifts over time with public opinion. The various forms of sexual deviancy are grouped and defined utilizing the DSM-IV descriptions (American Psychitric Association, 1994), because this clasification it is the most frequently used in forensic settings. Adult sexual assault is an essential focus of forensic psychology, variously diagnosed as sexual sadism, paraphilia NOS (not otherwise specified), or undiagnosed. Other forms of sexual deviance presented here include voyeurism, exhibitionism, frotteurism, sexual sadism, rape and pedophilia. Each category is briefly explored through its etiology, course, epidemiology, assessment and treatment (Sbraga, 2004). Sexual sadism is said to be a disorder in which sexual satisfaction is reached and causing another suffering, psysical or mental pain through humiliation. In this article, its about addressing some theoretical aspects regarding the sexual deviance, but also the exemplification of a parafilic category, namely sexual sadism.
Evaluación de un extracto de alga como un bioestimulante del rendimiento de vegetales de hoja orgánicos en Tennessee
Authors: Sandhu Ravneet K. , Nandwani Dilip , Nwosisi Sochinwechi
Published: May 2020

Los bioestimulantes son una mejor alternativa a los costosos fertilizantes orgánicos utilizados en la producción de cultivos orgánicos certificados. Los extractos de algas marinas (Stimplex®), derivado de algas marrones (Ascophyllum nodosum) presente en el agua marina, pueden ser utilizados como un ‘bioestimulante’ en la agricultura para mejorar el rendimiento de las plantas y mejorar el crecimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue elucidar el efecto de Stimplex® sobre el rendimiento de las hortalizas de hoja verde producidas en un sistema de cultivo orgánico. Un ensayo de invernadero se llevó a cabo en el otoño de 2015 y primavera de 2016 en la granja de investigación orgánica de la Universidad Estatal de Tennessee. Seis vegetales de hoja –lechuga, mostaza, col rizada, acelgas suizas, amaranto y berza verde– se asperjaron foliarmente con Stimplex® (Tratado) bisemanalmente por seis semanas a la dosis recomendada de 3.2 ml/L (0.4 onzas/galón de agua) y seis no tratados (Control). Las plántulas se produjeron en el invernadero a partir de semillas orgánicas en macetas, y a lo largo del estudio se siguieron las prácticas de manejo orgánico según las normas del programa nacional orgánico. Por cada vegetal de hoja se utilizaron cinco plantas en maceta tratadas y cinco plantas en maceta no tratadas con tres replicaciones. Los resultados mostraron que las plantas tratadas con Stimplex® eran más vigorosos, sanos y aumentaban el rendimiento sobre las plantas no tratadas, excepto los amarantos. El aumento porcentual en el rendimiento vegetal de todos los cultivos fue entre 11% y 35%. El aumento más alto y más bajo en el rendimiento de la planta se observó en las hojas de mostaza (35.8%) y acelgas suizas (11.0%). Los resultados sugieren que Stimplex® estimula mayores rendimientos en los vegetales de hoja.
DENSIDAD DE PLANTACIÓN DE PAPAYA-PLÁTANO INTERCALADO Y SU EFECTO SOBRE EL RENDIMIENTO DE FRUTOS
Authors: Racancoj-Coyoy Astrid , Valencia-Chin Elide , Tirado-Corbalá Rebecca , Linares-Ramírez Angela
Published: May 2020

Resumen en inglés
ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ'NDE BİRİNCİ BEŞ YILLIK KALKINMA PLANI DÖNEMİNDE (1953-1957) KADINLARIN PROPAGANDA POSTERLERİNDEKİ SUNUMU
Authors: ÇAKI Caner , DÜNDAR Gufran
Published: May 2020

Çin Halk
Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC), yaklaşık çeyrek asır süren bir iç savaşın ardından 1950
yılında kurulmuştu. İç savaşın harap
ettiği ülke, 1953 yılında Çin Komünist Partisi (ÇKP) lideri Mao Zedong döneminde
Birinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı'nı başlatmıştı. Kalkınma planı ile Çin'in hem
ekonomik hem de toplumsal kalkınması amaçlanmaktaydı. Özellikle Mao, kalkınma planı
kapsamında Çinli kadınların ekonomik ve toplumsal hayatta daha aktif rol
oynamasını hedeflemekteydi. Bu amaçla Çin yönetimi, Çinli kadınları da kalkınma
planına dahil edebilmek amacıyla yoğun bir propaganda faaliyeti yürütmüştür.
Çin yönetimi ülkede okuma yazma oranının düşük olması nedeniyle propaganda
faaliyetlerinde genel olarak görsel ve işitsel kitle iletişim araçlarına
yönelmekteydi. Özellikle bu dönemde posterler Çin propagandası tarafından
etkili bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ÇHC'de gerçekleştirilen Birinci
Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı bağlamında kullanılan propaganda posterlerinde Çinli
kadınların nasıl ve ne şekilde sunuldukları ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Çalışmada amaçlı örneklem metodu kullanılarak belirlenen altı Çin propaganda
posteri nitel araştırma yöntemleri içerisinde yer alan göstergebilimsel analiz
yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında belirlenen propaganda
posterleri ABD'li göstergebilimci Charles William Morris'in göstergebilim
kavramları üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Çin propaganda
posterlerinde kadınların sanayi ve tarımda aktif olarak görev almalarının
teşvik edildiği, aynı zamanda çocuk doğurmak, ev işleri yapmak ve çocuk bakmak
gibi aile içi görevler ile de idealize edildiği ortaya konulmuştur.
Republic of San Marino
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: May 2020

The Staff Report was prepared by a staff team of the IMF for the Executive Board’s consideration on March 27 on a lapse of time basis. The staff report reflects discussions with the Sammarinese authorities in January 2020 and is based on the information available as of January 31, 2020. It focuses on San Marino’s near- and medium-term challenges and policy priorities and was prepared before COVID-19 became a global pandemic and resulted in unprecedented strains in global trade, commodity, and financial markets. It, therefore, does not reflect the implications of these developments and related policy priorities. The outbreak has greatly amplified uncertainty and downside risks around the outlook. Staff is closely monitoring the situation and will continue to work on assessing its impact and the related policy response in San Marino and globally.
Papua New Guinea
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: May 2020

The Staff Report was prepared by a staff team of the IMF for the Executive Board’s consideration on March 9, 2020. The staff report reflects discussions with the PNG authorities in October 28-November 9, 2019 and is based on the information available as of November 21, 2019. It focuses on PNG near- and medium-term challenges and policy priorities and was prepared before COVID-19 became a global pandemic and resulted in unprecedented strains in global trade, commodity and financial markets. It, therefore, does not reflect the implications of these developments and related policy priorities. The outbreak has greatly amplified uncertainty and downside risks around the outlook. Staff is closely monitoring the situation and will continue to work on assessing its impact and the related policy response in PNG and globally.
Republic of Madagascar
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic is having a severe impact on Madagascar’s economy. During the last two months, tourist arrivals have declined dramatically, and disruptions are beginning to materialize in mining and manufacturing exports, as well as international supply chains which are impacting trade and investment. The first Covid-19 cases were recently confirmed in the country. Even before this, the public health system faced many challenges, including coping with yearly outbreaks of the plague.
Jordan
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: May 2020

Jordan has made progress in reforming its economy since the 2017 Article IV
consultation, but significant challenges remain. Despite a difficult environment,
macroeconomic stability has been preserved, external imbalances have improved
markedly, and reserves buffers have remained adequate. The exchange rate peg
continues to serve the economy well, and the financial system is sound. While structural
reforms advanced, notably to improve Jordan’s business climate, key impediments to
growth remain, reflected in weak growth outcomes and high unemployment.
Notwithstanding some early progress, fiscal consolidation also proved difficult to
maintain, amid persistent fiscal slippages and tax administration deficiencies, and public
debt was not reduced. Regional conflicts and the hosting of Syrian refugees weigh on
social conditions, public finances, investment, and the external accounts.
The Gambia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

The Gambia remains a fragile state, grappling with a large public debt burden
and the legacy of mismanagement left by the previous regime. Considerable progress
has been achieved under the transitional justice agenda and broader initiatives aimed at
improving governance. Building on successful macroeconomic stabilization with financial
support from the IMF, the World Bank, and other international partners, the authorities
established a satisfactory performance track record through the Staff-Monitored
Program (SMP) covering 2019, approved by the IMF Management in April 2019.
Tunisia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: May 2020

The Covid-19 outbreak aggravates Tunisia’s already elevated macroeconomic
imbalances. The crisis is expected to reduce growth to an unprecedented -4.3 percent. It
will also give rise to urgent fiscal and BOP financing needs of 2.6 and 4.7 percent of
GDP in 2020, respectively, with large downside risks due to exceptional uncertainty. If
not addressed, these gaps cause immediate and severe economic disruption.
Senegal
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has weakened the macroeconomic outlook for
Senegal’s economy. Containment measures to avoid the propagation of the virus, lower
external demand, reduced remittances, and the sudden stop of travel and tourism are
having a significant impact on growth and generating an urgent budgetary and
balance-of-payments (BOP) needs. The authorities have taken strong actions to address
the pandemic by declaring a state of emergency, closing schools, suspending flights,
banning public gatherings, and imposing a curfew. They are implementing a
comprehensive plan to upgrade the health system and contain the economic impact,
including by setting up a national solidarity fund and providing targeted support to
vulnerable households and firms.
Gabon
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic and concurrent collapse in oil prices are expected to put the economy under extreme stress, particularly in a context of limited buffers. Economic growth will slow, and the fiscal and external positions will weaken, creating significant additional financing needs in 2020.
Ghana
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Ghanaian economy will be
severe. The economic shock initially materialized through trade disruptions with China,
the decline in commodity prices, and tightening of financial conditions, even before the
first confirmed case on March 12. The authorities’ policy response to the pandemic has
been timely and proactive, focusing on public health preparedness measures, partial
lockdowns, and a targeted economic relief package. The pandemic and ensuing
containment and behavioral responses are dampening domestic growth, affecting
revenue mobilization, and putting significant pressures on foreign exchange reserves.
Sierra Leone
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

Good progress has been made in stabilizing Sierra Leone’s economy. After coming to
office in April 2018, the Government moved quickly to implement key reforms. After
stabilizing in 2018, growth recovered in 2019. Fiscal execution in line with the budget saw
domestic borrowing needs stabilize.
The Gambia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

On March 23, 2020, the Executive Board of the IMF approved a 39-month
Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement for The Gambia in the amount of
SDR 35.0 million (equivalent to 56.3 percent of quota). Faced with the COVID-19
pandemic, the authorities’ initial policy response has focused on public health
preparedness and containment. Staff has lowered the 2020 real GDP growth projection for
The Gambia from 6.3 percent to 2.5 percent, although this assessment is subject to
elevated downside risks.
Panama
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: May 2020

The Staff Report was prepared by a staff team of the IMF for the Executive Board’s consideration on March 24, 2020. The staff report reflects discussions with the Panamanian authorities during February 4–17, 2020 and is based on the information available as of February 21, 2020. It focuses on Panama’s near and medium-term challenges and policy priorities and was prepared before COVID-19 became a global pandemic and resulted in unprecedented strains in global trade, commodity and financial markets. It, therefore, does not reflect the implications of these developments and related policy priorities. The outbreak has greatly amplified uncertainty and downside risks around the outlook. Staff is closely monitoring the situation and will continue to work on assessing its impact and the related policy response in Panama and globally.
Cote d'Ivoire
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

Côte d’Ivoire will be significantly impacted by COVID-19 pandemic: the number
of cases in the country has increased rapidly since the first confirmed case was reported on
March 11 and the global crisis is expected to severely affect supply chains and external
demand. The authorities’ policy response to the pandemic has been swift, putting in place
measures to help contain and mitigate the spread of the disease and designing a health
response plan. They have complemented these steps with an economic package to provide
targeted support to vulnerable populations and firms affected by the pandemic. The
pandemic will also temporarily dampen domestic revenue mobilization and complicate
access to international market financing.
Implementation Plan in Response to The Board-Endorsed Recommendations From The IEO Evaluation Report on IMF Advice on Unconventional Monetary Policies
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: May 2020

The Management Implementation Plan was prepared before COVID-19 became a global pandemic and resulted in unprecedented strains in global trade, commodity, and financial markets. The actions in this plan and their timeline, therefore, do not reflect the implications of these developments and related policy priorities. The actions aim to: Strengthen in-house expertise on monetary policy; Deepen the work on UMP and related policies; Further strengthen financial spillover analysis; Explore ways to enhance the Fund’s traction.
Cabo Verde
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

Cabo Verde’s economic situation has been improving in recent years, with growth above historical trends, low inflation, strengthening fiscal and external positions, and declining public debt-to-GDP ratio. Inefficiencies in, and fiscal risks related to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are being addressed through privatization and restructuring, consistent with the authorities’ reform agenda under their Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development. However, vulnerabilities remain, hence sustained reform implementation is needed to improve the business environment, support broad-based growth and build resilience.
Cabo Verde
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

In recent years, economic growth has been robust, inflation low, the external and fiscal positions have been improving, and fiscal risks were reduced with progress in State-Owned Enterprises reforms. These results are at the risk of being eroded by the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. The authorities have been proactive from the outset. They have taken measures to contain the outbreak and help businesses, households and the most vulnerable mitigate the fallouts of the pandemic.
Delayed and rapid deglaciation of alpine valleys in the Sawatch Range, southern Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Tulenko Joseph P. , Caffee William , Schweinsberg Avriel D. , Briner Jason P. , Leonard Eric M.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We quantify retreat rates for three alpine glaciers in the Sawatch Range of the southern Rocky Mountains following the Last Glacial Maximum using 10Be ages from ice-sculpted, valley-floor bedrock transects and statistical analysis via the BACON program in R. Glacier retreat in the Sawatch Range from at (100 %) or near (~ 83 %) Last Glacial Maximum extents initiated between 16.3 and 15.6 ka and was complete by 14.2–13.7 ka at rates ranging between 9.9 and 19.8 m a−1. Deglaciation in the Sawatch Range commenced ~ 2–3 kyr later than the onset of rising global CO2, but approximately in-step with rising temperatures observed in the North Atlantic region at the Heinrich Stadial 1/Bølling transition. Our results highlight a possible teleconnection between the North Atlantic sector and the southern Rocky Mountains. However, deglaciation in the Sawatch Range also approximately aligns with the timing of Great Basin pluvial lake lowering. Recent data-modeling comparison efforts highlight the influence of the large North American ice sheets on climate in the western United States, and we hypothesize that recession of the North American ice sheets may have influenced the timing and rate of deglaciation in the Sawatch Range. While we cannot definitively argue for exclusively North Atlantic forcing or North American ice sheet forcing, our data demonstrate the importance of regional forcing mechanisms on past climate records.
Uncertainty analysis of the rate of change of quantile due to global warming using uncertainty analysis of non-stationary frequency model of peak-over-threshold series
Authors: Lee Okjeong , Choi Jeonghyeon , Won Jeongeun , Kim Sangdan
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Several methods have been proposed to analyze the frequency of non-stationary anomalies. The applicability of the non-stationary frequency analysis has been mainly evaluated based on the agreement between the time series data and the applied probability distribution. However, since the parameters of the estimated probability distribution contain a lot of uncertainty, the uncertainty in the correspondence between samples and probability distribution is inevitably large. In this study, an extreme rainfall frequency analysis is performed that fits the Peak-over-threshold series to the covariate-based non-stationary Generalized Pareto distribution. By quantitatively evaluating the uncertainty of daily rainfall quantile estimates at Busan and Seoul sites of the Korea Meteorological Administration using the Bayesian approach, we tried to evaluate the applicability of the non-stationary frequency analysis with a focus on uncertainty. From the point of view of the agreement between the time series data and the applied probability distribution, the non-stationary model was found to be slightly better. When comparing the performance of the stationary and non-stationary model from the uncertainty point of view, the uncertainty of the non-stationary model was greater than that of the stationary model since the non-stationary model included variability arising from covariates. However, it was found that if the appropriate covariate corresponding to the quantile was selected (that is, if the variability of the covariate was eliminated), the reliability of the non-stationary model could be higher than that of the stationary model. Given the covariate, it was confirmed that the uncertainty reduction in quantile estimates for the increase in sample size is more pronounced in the non-stationary model. In addition, how to use the dew point-based non-stationary frequency analysis when integrating information on global temperature rise is described. Finally, it is proposed how to quantify the uncertainty of the rate of change in the future quantile due to global warming using the rainfall quantile ensemble obtained in the uncertainty analysis process.
The contribution of air temperature and ozone to mortality rates during hot weather episodes in eight German cities during the years 2000 and 2017
Authors: Krug Alexander , Fenner Daniel , Mücke Hans-Guido , Scherer Dieter
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Hot weather episodes are globally associated with increased mortality. Elevated ozone concentrations occurring simultaneously contribute to mortality during these episodes, yet to what extent both stressors are linked to increased mortality rates varies from region to region. This study analyzes time series of observational data of air temperature and ozone concentrations for eight German cities during the years 2000 and 2017. By using an event-based risk approach, various air temperature thresholds were explored for each city to detect hot weather episodes which are statistically associated with increased mortality. Multiple linear regressions were calculated to investigate the relative contribution of air temperature and ozone concentrations to mortality rates during these episodes, including their interaction. Results were compared for their similarities and differences among the investigated cities. In all investigated cities hot weather episodes, linked to increased mortality rates, were detected. Results of the multiple linear regression further point towards air temperature as the major stressor explaining mortality rates during these episodes by up to 60 %, and ozone concentrations by up to 20 %. The strength of this association both for air temperature and ozone varies across the investigated cities. An interactive influence was found between both stressors, underlining their close relationship. For some cities, this interactive relationship explained more of the observed variance in mortality rates than each individual stressor alone. We could show that during hot weather episodes, not only air temperature affects urban populations. Concurrently high ozone concentrations also play an important role for public health in German cities.
Landfast ice growth and displacement in the Mackenzie Delta observed by 3D time-series SAR speckle offset tracking
Authors: Choe Byung-Hun , Samsonov Sergey V. , Jung Jungkyo
Published: May 2020

Abstract. This study investigates the growth and displacement of landfast ice along the shoreline of the Mackenzie Delta by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) speckle offset tracking (SPO). Three-dimensional (3D) offsets were reconstructed from Sentinel-1 ascending and descending SAR images acquired on the same dates during the November 2017–April 2018 and October 2018–May 2019 annual cycles. The results showed horizontal and vertical displacements of floating landfast ice caused by ice breakups and pressure ridges, which are mainly driven by drift sea ice motions and Mackenzie Delta discharges. Cumulative vertical offsets of approximately −1 to −2 m were observed from freshwater landfast ice, which is due to longer radar penetration into the ice-water interface with increasing landfast ice thickness. Numerical ice thickness model estimates confirmed that the cumulative vertical downward offsets indicate the growth of freshwater landfast ice thickness. Time-series analysis showed that significant growth and displacement of floating landfast ice in the Mackenzie Delta occur between November and January.
Pollen morphological variability correlates with a large-scale gradient of aridity
Authors: Fatmi Hindel , Mâalem Souhaïl , Harsa Bouchra , Dekak Ahmed , Chenchouni Haroun
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The study of the morphology of living organisms is essential to understand
their evolution and diversity. This study aims to determine the importance
of climatic gradients in the diversity of pollen morphotypes using Atriplex halimus L.
(Amaranthaceae) as a model species. Atriplex halimus is a perennial shrubby plant,
polymorphic and very resistant to severe environmental conditions. In seven
bioclimatic zones, ranging from mesic conditions in the north to
hot–hyperarid in the south, pollen samples were collected from 49 sites,
with seven accessions per bioclimate. Under a light microscope, pollen grains
were selected and analyzed from three anthers of different flowers. Besides
the usual pollen grain types, some previously unknown morphotypes, such as
sulcate, triangular, and ovoid, were observed and described at the different
climatic zones. A total of 10 pollen grain shapes were quantified and
discussed following their specific occurrences within different climatic
zones. Occurrence frequencies of different pollen shapes ranged between 0 %
and 85.7 %, where the pantoporate spheroidal was the most widespread in
all climatic zones, especially in the desert climate (85.7 %). Five
pollen types occurred exclusively once per climate zone. The pantoporate
prolate spheroidal in mesomediterranean climate with a long dry season
(28.6 %), sulcate in the xerothermomediterranean climate (14.3%),
pantoporate subtriangular in the subdesert climate with a short dry season
(14.3 %), and pantoporate subprolate and boat-shaped in a subdesert
climate with a long dry season with 14.3 % for each. Our findings help to
understand the evolutionary effects of climate gradients on pollen
morphology and variability in arid and desert areas and point towards a
high degree of specialization in order to maximize trade-offs between
pollination efficiency and protection of pollen grains from dehydration.
American “Populism” and the Spatial Contradictions of US Govern-ment in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Agnew John
Published: May 2020

President Donald Trump has been the public face of the blundering managerial response of the US federal government to the Coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, beyond Trump’s personal failure lies a failure of the US governmental system. More specifically, the role of the federal government in fashioning nationwide policies across a range of areas, including public health, that one think would be empowered by a self-defined “nationalist” or right-wing populist in the White House, has been crippled by an anti-federalist ideology and the institutional inertia it has created. These have roots going back to the 1980s and the distortion of historic US federalism that these have entailed.
Gapping is not only low coordination
Authors: Kalinin Aleksandr
Published: May 2020

This squib is concerned with the validity of an approach to Gapping that exploits low coordination and ATB-movement (Johnson 2009). In this squib, I show that low coordination combined with ATB-movement has the following problems: (1) ATB-movement is not compatible with the Copy theory of Movement; (2) there is no universal correlation between partial vP/VP-topicalization and Gapping; (3) Gapping is possible in CP coordination, violating the low coordination requirement.
Conflict narratives and conflict handling strategies in intercultural contexts
Authors: Pali Brunilda
Published: May 2020

Conflict narratives and conflict handling strategies in intercultural contexts - Reflections from an action research project based on restorative praxis

A rapidly growing field of research and practice, restorative justice has primarily found its gravitational centre within the criminal justice system, as an alternative of dealing with the aftermath of crime. Less explored remains the application of restorative justice in complex, urban, or intercultural contexts, an application which raises a whole set of conceptual and practical challenges. This article is based on an action project which aimed to research conflict narratives in intercultural contexts and transform them through restorative praxis. Mostly used in educational, organizational, and health care settings, action research remains an underused but a highly interesting methodology for criminology and criminal justice research. Its alternative epistemology makes it particularly apt for scientific projects that aim both at investigating crime and justice related issues and at engendering change, either at the level of criminal justice or communities. Although action research has focused mostly on creating change at the level of practical knowledge, when conceived in a critical manner, action research aims not only at improving the work of practitioners, but also at assisting them to arrive at a critique of their social or work settings. Practice concerns at the same time problem setting or problem framing. By zooming into one of the case studies of the project, more specifically the social housing estates in Vienna, I focus in this article specifically on the tensions and dilemmas created by processes of engagement in a problematizing approach to the context and to practice. During these processes, together with other social actors, such as inhabitants and professionals, we named problems (in our case social conflicts) and framed the context in which we addressed them. I argue that participatory forms of inquiry, such as action research, should actively reframe rather than merely describe contexts and problems they work with.
Prepping and verstehen
Authors: Mills Michael F. , Fleetwood Jennifer
Published: May 2020

Prepping and verstehen - A narrative criminological perspective

Talk, chat, and stories are ubiquitous in ethnographic research. Engaging with the recently burgeoning literature around narrative criminology, this article argues that considerations of stories and storytelling can add much to cultural criminologists’ pursuit of ‘criminological verstehen’ (Ferrell, 1997). In doing so, we focus on one case study: ethnographic research grounded within the USA’s contemporary ‘doomsday’ prepping subculture. The article considers the value of attending to narrative during the pursuit of verstehen at two levels. First, we address the importance of storytelling upon entry to the ethnographic field – drawing attention to how the narratives researchers share, and their respect for certain stories, can facilitate deep and experiential access to stigmatized fields of activity (such as prepping). Second, we explore how narrative remains in play during immediate experiences. In particular, we argue that fleeting excitements featured in prepping lifestyles are often shaped by the significance of the ‘moments’ in which they occur to numerous personal narratives. We therefore contend that, for ethnographers interested in verstehen, a consideration of narrative offers a means to expand and deepen empathetic appreciation of participants’ worldviews and activities.
De emotionele beleving van kwalitatief onderzoekers bij onderzoek naar kwetsbare groepen en gevoelige thema’s
Authors: Wittouck Ciska , Herkes Gwen
Published: May 2020

Emotional experiences of qualitative researchers studying vulnerable groups or sensitive topics

A narrative review was conducted to develop more coherent awareness and knowledge regarding emotional experiences of qualitative researchers studying sensitive topics or vulnerable groups, as discussions about this topic are currently fragmented and scattered. Qualitative researchers experience many painful as well as enjoyable emotions, which can influence their personal, social and professional lives. These emotions are recurrently reported in relation to the unpredictability of qualitative research and the different roles of qualitative researchers. More structural and individual attention for emotional experiences of qualitative researchers is necessary, for instance, in academic (doctoral) training and general handbooks on qualitative research.
Some thoughts about success fees for mediators
Authors: Van Leynseele Patrick
Published: May 2020

Some thoughts about success fees for mediators

Traditionally, it has been taught, or prohibited, for mediators to charge ‘success fees’ or ‘contingency fees’ as remuneration for the work they do. This article argues that such overall prohibition lacks nuances. Mediation rules and rules of ethics for mediators should not prevent the parties and the mediators from agreeing on some sort of higher remuneration in case of successful outcome of the mediation. There are limits. In particular, making the mediator’s remuneration a percentage of the settlement amount should remain prohibited.

However, if the mediator’s interests are aligned with those of the parties, which shall frequently be the case, there should be no blank prohibition for the mediator to charge higher fees in case of successful outcome of the mediation process.

There is a need for the mediator to be fully transparent about the system he proposes, which includes explaining to the parties and securing their understanding of the pros and cons of the remuneration system he suggests.
De bescherming van kinderen tegen lijfstraffen en andere wrede of vernederende straffen: General Comment No. 8 nader toegelicht
Authors: Lok B.L.
Published: May 2020

De bescherming van kinderen tegen lijfstraffen en andere wrede of vernederende straffen:General Comment No. 8 nader toegelicht

Het Kinderrechtencomité vaardigt General Comments uit, waarin het duiding geeft aan bepaalde kinderrechten(thema’s). Op dit moment zijn er 24 General Comments. In deze rubriek wordt General Comment 8 uitgelicht. Deze General Comment ziet op het recht van het kind op bescherming tegen fysieke straffen en andere wrede of vernederende vormen van bestraffing.
The antioxidant icariin protects porcine oocytes from age-related damage in vitro
Authors: Yoon Jae-Wook , Lee Seung-Eun , Park Yun-Gwi , Kim Won-Jae , Park Hyo-Jin , Park Chan-Oh , Kim So-Hee , Oh Seung-Hwan , Lee Do-Geon , Pyeon Da-Bin , Kim Eun-Young , Park Se-Pill
Published: May 2020

Objective: If fertilization does not occur within a specific period, the quality of unfertilized oocytes in the oviduct (in vivo aging) or in culture (in vitro aging) will deteriorate over time. Icariin (ICA), found in all species of Epimedium herbs, has strong antioxidant activity, and is thought to exert anti-aging effects in vitro. We asked whether ICA protects oocytes against age-related changes in vitro.Methods: We analyzed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and expression of antioxidant, maternal, and estrogen receptor genes, and along with spindle morphology, and the developmental competence and quality of embryos in the presence and absence of ICA.Results: Treatment with 5 μM ICA (ICA-5) led to a significant reduction in ROS activity, but increased mRNA expression of glutathione and antioxidant genes (superoxide dismutase 1 [SOD1], SOD2, peroxiredoxin 5, and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐like 2), during aging in vitro. In addition, ICA-5 prevented defects in spindle formation and chromosomal alignment, and increased mRNA expression of cytoplasmic maturation factor genes (bone morphogenetic protein 15, cyclin B1, MOS proto‐oncogene, serine/threonine kinase, and growth differentiation factor‐9). It also prevented apoptosis, increased mRNA expression of antiapoptotic genes (BCL2-like 1 and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 5), and reduced mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes (BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 and activation of caspase-3). Although the maturation and cleavage rates were similar in all groups, the total cell number per blastocyst and the percentage of apoptotic cells at the blastocyst stage were higher and lower, respectively, in the control and ICA-5 groups than in the aging group.Conclusion: ICA protects oocytes against damage during aging in vitro; therefore, it can be used to improve assisted reproductive technologies.