bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water Accounting Plus (WA+) – a water accounting procedure for complex river basins based on satellite measurements
Authors: Karimi P. , Bastiaanssen W. G. M. , Molden D.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Coping with the issue of water scarcity and growing competition for water among different sectors requires proper water management strategies and decision processes. A pre-requisite is a clear understanding of the basin hydrological processes, manageable and unmanageable water flows, the interaction with land use and opportunities to mitigate the negative effects and increase the benefits of water depletion on society. Currently, water professionals do not have a common framework that links hydrological flows to user groups of water and their benefits. The absence of a standard hydrological and water management summary is causing confusion and wrong decisions. The non-availability of water flow data is one of the underpinning reasons for not having operational water accounting systems for river basins in place. In this paper we introduce Water Accounting Plus (WA+), which is a new framework designed to provide explicit spatial information on water depletion and net withdrawal processes in complex river basins. The influence of land use on the water cycle is described explicitly by defining land use groups with common characteristics. Analogous to financial accounting, WA+ presents four sheets including (i) a resource base sheet, (ii) a consumption sheet, (iii) a productivity sheet, and (iv) a withdrawal sheet. Every sheet encompasses a set of indicators that summarize the overall water resources situation. The impact of external (e.g. climate change) and internal influences (e.g. infrastructure building) can be estimated by studying the changes in these WA+ indicators. Satellite measurements can be used for 3 out of the 4 sheets, but is not a precondition for implementing WA+ framework. Data from hydrological models and water allocation models can also be used as inputs to WA+.
Basin-wide water accounting using remote sensing data: the case of transboundary Indus Basin
Authors: Karimi P. , Bastiaanssen W. G. M. , Molden D. , Cheema M. J. M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The paper describes the application of a new Water Accounting Plus (WA+) framework to produce spatial information on water flows, sinks, uses, storages and assets, in the Indus Basin, South Asia. It demonstrates how satellite-derived estimates of land use, land cover, rainfall, evaporation (E), transpiration (T), interception (I) and biomass production can be used in the context of WA+. The results for one selected year showed that total annual water depletion in the basin (502 km3) plus outflows (21 km3) exceeded total precipitation (482 km3). The deficit in supply was augmented through abstractions beyond actual capacity, mainly from groundwater storage (30 km3). The "landscape ET" (depletion directly from rainfall) was 344 km3 (69% of total consumption). "Blue water" depletion ("utilized flow") was 158 km3 (31%). Agriculture was the biggest water consumer and accounted for 59% of the total depletion (297 km3), of which 85% (254 km3) was through irrigated agriculture and the remaining 15% (44 km3) through rainfed systems. While the estimated basin irrigation efficiency was 0.84, due to excessive evaporative losses in agricultural areas, half of all water consumption in the basin was non-beneficial. Average rainfed crop yields were 0.9 t ha−1 and 7.8 t ha−1 for two irrigated crop growing seasons combined. Water productivity was low due to a lack of proper agronomical practices and poor farm water management. The paper concludes that the opportunity for a food-secured and sustainable future for the Indus Basin lies in focusing on reducing soil evaporation. Results of future scenario analyses suggest that by implementing techniques to convert soil evaporation to crop transpiration will not only increase production but can also result in significant water savings that would ease the pressure on the fast declining storage.
Media as a Production and Distribution of Information: The Concept of Media Economy
Authors: Sultan Khalid , Jan Mirza , Paracha Sajjad Ahmed
Published: November 2012

Abstract This paper reviews the existing concepts on media that produce and distribute the information. Media sector present the highly unpredictable process among the audience. Media Economy is a best concept of understanding to see the media firms & industries. Media concentrate on the ownership and on the influence of advertisers’ owning companies. Structures and economics explain the media industry and developments in the market. This review paper discusses the rise the media economy for knowing microeconomics underpinning.
Compensation Methods and Employees’ Motivation (With Reference to Employees of National Commercial Bank Riyadh)
Authors: Aamir Alamzeb , Jehanzeb Khawaja , Rasheed Anwar , Malik Omair Mujahid
Published: November 2012

The main purpose of this research work is to compare the extrinsic and intrinsic rewards which are used as the factors of motivation in the banking sector of Saudi Arabia. With a case study research design, structured interviews were conducted from the eighty (80) employees of NCB seven branched in Riyadh, KSA. The interviews responses were analysed according to Likert technique. After getting scores of ten (10) reward factors, the Pearson correlation technique was calculated to check the relationship between the extrinsic and intrinsic factors and employees motivation. The results show that the employees of NCB were motivated both by the extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, in such way that extrinsic factors were more causing motivation. The analysis result shows that reward management has an intense direct positive relationship with employee motivation level also the intrinsic factors played important role in the motivation process. This research paper stress that banks in public sector shall apply the advance and updated human resource strategy regarding extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Key Words: Extrinsic Reward, Intrinsic Reward, Employees Satisfaction
The European Court of Human Rights: Al-Khawaja & Tahery v. United Kingdom
Authors: Barnes Rebecca P.
Published: November 2012

On December 15, 2011, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (‘‘ECtHR’’) issued its final ruling in Al-Khawaja & Tahery v. United Kingdom. This highly anticipated ruling reexamined the United Kingdom’s laws that allowed convictions based primarily on the statement of a witness unavailable for cross-examination. This is the second time the ECtHR has visited this issue, after the U.K. courts declined to follow the earlier ECtHR’s decision that found that the U.K. law violated the European Convention on Human Rights (‘‘European Convention’’).
Systemic Hypertension and Hypertensive Retinopathy Following PPA Overdose in a Dog
Authors: Ginn Jennifer A. , Bentley Ellison , Stepien Rebecca L.
Published: November 2012

A 4 yr old spayed female Labrador retriever was examined 4 hr after ingesting an overdose of phenylpropanolamine (PPA). Clinical signs included anxiety, piloerection, mucosal ulceration, cardiac arrhythmia, mydriasis, and hyphema. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included elevated creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), proteinuria, and pigmenturia. Ventricular tachycardia and severe systemic hypertension were documented. Hyphema and retinal detachment were documented oculus uterque (OU). Phenoxybenzamine, sotalol, and esmolol resolved the ventricular tachycardia, and blood pressure was controlled with nitroprusside. All clinicopathologic and cardiac abnormalities resolved within 7 days, and ocular changes resolved within 1 mo. Monitoring of blood pressure and rapid pharmacologic intervention were successful in controlling hypertension secondary to PPA overdose and minimizing retinal damage.
Treatment of Afibrinogenemia in a Chihuahua
Authors: Chambers Gregory
Published: November 2012

This report discusses the diagnosis and treatment of afibrinogenemia in a Chihuahua. Prolongations of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and thrombin clotting time (TCT) together with fibrinogen assay results of either no or trace amounts of fibrinogen support a diagnosis of afibrinogenemia. Differential diagnoses include common coagulopathies, liver failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Either aggressive cryoprecipitate or plasma transfusions are required to treat afibrinogenemia. The current guidelines for treatment of coagulopathies include plasma transfusions (either 15–30 mL/kg or until both PT and aPTT are normalized). This report describes a case in which bleeding persisted 2 days after standard plasma transfusion levels were administered and PT and aPTT levels had normalized. In this case, the bleeding was stabilized for up to 2 mo after administering > 54 mL/kg plasma. In human medicine, either cryoprecipitate or fibrinogen concentrate is used to increase blood fibrinogen levels to 100 mg/dL for minor bleeding and 200 mg/dL for major bleeding. Further studies are needed; however, the author of this report suggests that aggressive transfusions and monitoring are needed in veterinary afibrinogenemia cases.
Building Sustainable Regional Platforms for Incubating Science and Technology Businesses
Authors: Mian Sarfraz , Fayolle Alain , Lamine Wadid
Published: November 2012

The authors explore the role played by science and technology parks (STPs) as regional platforms for incubating science- and technology-based businesses. Using multiple case studies of the more established US and French STP facilities, they provide an analysis of the contributions made by STPs as regional drivers of innovative entrepreneurship. The paper concludes that successful STPs can act as platforms for incubating science and technology businesses. If modern STPs are to emerge as sustainable platforms of incubation, their business models must be responsive to changing contextual needs through the pursuit of realistic goals, providing high-quality value-added services, employing professionally competent management and maintaining financial strength.
Naucleactonin D, an Indole Alkaloid and other Chemical Constituents from Roots and Fruits of Mitragyna inermis
Authors: Donfack Erik V. , Lenta Bruno N. , Kongue Michel D. T. , Fongang Yannick F. , Ngouela Silvère , Tsamo Etienne , Dittrich Birger , Laatsch Hartmut
Published: November 2012

Phytochemical investigation of the roots and fruits of Mitragyna inermis (Rubiaceae) resulted in the isolation of a new indole alkaloid, named naucleactonin D (1), together with fourteen known compounds: nauclefiline (2), naucleficine (3), nauclefidine (4), angustoline (5), angustine (6), barbinervic acid (7), quinovic acid 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside (8), betulinic acid (9), a mixture of ursolic (10) and oleanolic acid (11), a mixture of stigmasterol and b-sitosterol, b-sitosterol 3-O- b-D-glucopyranoside, and strictosamide (12) as the major compound. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with published data. No 13C NMR data for 2 and 3 exist in the literature and compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, and 12 are reported for the first time from the genus Mitragyna. The crude extract and isolated compounds were tested in vitro for their preliminary cytotoxicity against brine shrimps (Artemia salina).
Synthesis of the Bifunctional Ligand N,Nʹ-[1,4- Phenylenebis(iminocarbonyl)]di(L-phenylalanine) and Crystal Structure of Its Supramolecular Coordination Polymer with Lead(II)
Authors: Stapf Manuel , Böhle Tony , Seichter Wilhelm , Mertens Florian O. R. L. , Weber Edwin
Published: November 2012

The new linker-type ligand 1, featuring two L-phenylalanine-terminated urea moieties attached to the para positions of a central phenylene unit has been synthesized. Its coordination polymer formed with lead(II) and containing DMF and water as solvent molecules has been prepared and structurally studied by X-ray crystallography.
Prediction of a Cyclic Helical Oligoacetylene Showing Anapolar Ring Currents in the Magnetic Field
Authors: Berger Raphael J. F.
Published: November 2012

The first representative of a possible new class of conjugated cyclic polyacetylenes is predicted using DFT calculations. These species have a helical secondary structure and a closed-shell electronic ground-state configuration. Molecular and spectroscopic properties are discussed, and a distinct anapolar ring current structure in a constant and homogeneous magnetic field, perpendicular to the main molecular plane is demonstrated.
Condensation Reactions of 2-Aminobenzohydrazide with Various Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: El-Shaieb Kamal M. , Ameen Mohamed A. , Abdel-Latif Fathy F. , Mohamed Asmaa H.
Published: November 2012

Technical iodine was found to catalyze the condensation between 2-aminobenzohydrazide (1) and some aldehydes and ketones in absolute ethanol under mild conditions to afford hydrazone and quinazoline derivatives, respectively. Condensation of 1with terephthalaldehyde (2) in 1 : 1 molar ratios afforded the hydrazone 3, while hydrazone 4was formed on using a double molar ratio of 1. On the other hand, compound 1condensed with 4-formyl [2.2]paracyclophane (5) to give the hydrazone 6. However, spiro-quinazolines 8, 10, 12, and 14 were formed when compound 1reacted with ketones such as N-benzylpiperidone (7), indane-1,2,3-trione (9), cyclohexane-1,2-dione (11), and dimedone (13), respectively. Treatment of 1with tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA, 18) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA, 20) furnished phthalazino-quinazoline 19 and 21, respectively. The products were fully characterized according to their spectral analyses. The mechanisms of formation of the products have been rationalized.
The Molecular and Crystal Structures of Galvinol Derivatives
Authors: Senge Mathias O.
Published: November 2012

Galvinols are interesting, sterically hindered compounds that serve as precursors for the generation of stable galvinoxyl radicals. In order to elucidate their basic structural chemistry and the influence of steric effects on their conformation a comparative analysis of several galvinol derivatives was undertaken. The aryl and quinoid subunits could clearly be identified, and substituents at the connecting methine bridge were found to influence the conformation of the molecules. As a result of the sterically hindered residues the molecules pack mainly through weak van der Waals interactions without formation of hydrogen bonds. The observation of different crystal forms and packing for galvinols and their conformational flexibility will impact current solid-state applications and provides unambiguous structural data for theoretical calculations.
Assembly of a Flexible 2,2ʹ-Oxydibenzoate and Silver(I) Ions to a Novel 3D Supramolecular Framework: Syntheses, Structure and Properties
Authors: Mei Chong-Zhen , Li Kai-Hui , Li Hai-Hua
Published: November 2012

Self-assembly of silver(I) cations, flexible 2,2ʹ-oxydibenzoate anions (L2-), and 1,2-bis(4- pyridyl)ethane (bpa) ligands affords a new three-dimensional supramolecular architecture, {[Ag2(L)(bpa)2]⋅(H2O)4}n (1), which has been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TGA, PXRD, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1exhibits layers further connected through hydrogen bonding and π...π stacking interactions. Its photoluminescence was also investigated.
High-pressure Synthesis and Characterization of the Alkali Metal Borate HP-RbB3O5
Authors: Sohr Gerhard , Neumair Stephanie C. , Huppertz Hubert
Published: November 2012

The rubidium triborate HP-RbB3O5 (HP=high-pressure) was synthesized under highpressure =high-temperature conditions of 6 GPa and 1000° C in a Walker-type multianvil apparatus. The precursor was gained from a mixture of rubidium carbonate Rb2CO3 and boric acid H3BO3 heated at 850 °C under normal pressure conditions. The single-crystal structure determination showed that HP-RbB3O5 is isotypic to HP-KB3O5, crystallizing monoclinically with eight formula units in the space group C2/c possessing the lattice parameters a=982.3(2), b=885.9(2), c=919.9(2) pm, and β = 104:0(1)°. The boron-oxygen framework consists of trigonal-planar BO3 groups as well as corner- and edge-sharing BO4 tetrahedra that are connected to a three-dimensional framework. Therein, the rubidium cations are surrounded by 10 oxygen anions. IR- and Raman-spectroscopic investigations were performed on single crystals of the compound.
Electoral Donations as Legal Bribes: Evidence from a Survey of Private Corporations in Colombia
Authors: Evertsson Nubia
Published: November 2012

In this article I study why companies give electoral donations to support political leaders. I collected and used a unique data set on electoral financing at the corporate level in Colombia. The data show that firms consider electoral contributions to be ‘legal bribes’. Consistent with the theory of bribery, these donations are made because of the low quality of election regulation, the high expectation of reciprocity, and the pre-existing relationships with incumbents. These features suggest ‘legal neutralization’: donors can break the law without committing crime.
Making Fitness to Plead Fit for Purpose
Authors: Shah Amar
Published: November 2012

In the England and Wales criminal justice system, consideration of a defendant’s ability to stand trial is known as ‘fitness to plead’. No accused person may face trial unless they are fit to plead to the charges against them. The fitness to plead criteria date back to the 19th century, and have been virtually unchanged. Developed from case law relating to sensory impairment and intellectual disability, they are now routinely utilised for severe and enduring mental illnesses, predominantly psychotic disorders. The fitness to plead criteria are no longer appropriate to meet modern understanding of complex mental disorders, and are shamefully archaic in comparison to civil capacity legislation. This paper outlines the development of the fitness to plead criteria and process, summarises current criticisms and proposes potential reform in this fundamental area of mental health law.
Predicting Willingness to Donate Organs According to the Demographic Characteristics of the Deceased's Family
Authors: Ashkenazi Tamar , Klein Moti
Published: November 2012

Background

Transplant professionals need to gain a better understanding of the factors that facilitate willingness to donate a family member's organs, in order to increase the rate of organ donation.

Objective

To conduct an integrated analysis of demographic data relating to key family members, so as to help transplant professionals predict the likelihood that family members would be willing to donate organs.

Method

Demographic variables were collected on 753 brain-dead patients and 995 first-degree relatives in 20 Israeli hospitals from 2004 to 2009. The data were recorded by transplant coordinators who used a uniform format to document meetings with next of kin. The data were analyzed by using the Chaid Statistical Test from the SPSS statistical package.

Results

In this total study population, the most significant factor affecting the decision to donate was religion. With increasing religiousness, the likelihood of consent decreased. A large disparity was apparent among Moslems, Christians, and Jews. Within the religious groups, education (Jews), familial proximity to the deceased (Christians and Moslems), and the quality of relationships with the medical staff (Moslems) were the main predictors of consent.

Most countries have Christian, Moslem, and Jewish residents, so the conclusions of this study and its implications for practice should be relevant for transplant coordinators anywhere. The recommendations, which stem from the results of this study, relate to activities of transplant coordinators before and during their interaction with families, before the request for organ donation.
A novel role for lipid droplets in the organismal antibacterial response
Authors: Anand Preetha , Cermelli Silvia , Li Zhihuan , Kassan Adam , Bosch Marta , Sigua Robilyn , Huang Lan , Ouellette Andre J , Pol Albert , Welte Michael A , Gross Steven P
Published: November 2012

We previously discovered histones bound to cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs); here we show that this forms a cellular antibacterial defense system. Sequestered on droplets under normal conditions, in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), histones are released from the droplets and kill bacteria efficiently in vitro. Droplet-bound histones also function in vivo: when injected into Drosophila embryos lacking droplet-bound histones, bacteria grow rapidly. In contrast, bacteria injected into embryos with droplet-bound histones die. Embryos with droplet-bound histones displayed more than a fourfold survival advantage when challenged with four different bacterial species. Our data suggests that this intracellular antibacterial defense system may function in adult flies, and also potentially in mice.
Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus
Authors: Yan Huan , Zhong Guocai , Xu Guangwei , He Wenhui , Jing Zhiyi , Gao Zhenchao , Huang Yi , Qi Yonghe , Peng Bo , Wang Haimin , Fu Liran , Song Mei , Chen Pan , Gao Wenqing , Ren Bijie , Sun Yinyan , Cai Tao , Feng Xiaofeng , Sui Jianhua , Li Wenhui
Published: November 2012

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HBV-related diseases remain a major public health problem. Individuals coinfected with its satellite hepatitis D virus (HDV) have more severe disease. Cellular entry of both viruses is mediated by HBV envelope proteins. The pre-S1 domain of the large envelope protein is a key determinant for receptor(s) binding. However, the identity of the receptor(s) is unknown. Here, by using near zero distance photo-cross-linking and tandem affinity purification, we revealed that the receptor-binding region of pre-S1 specifically interacts with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a multiple transmembrane transporter predominantly expressed in the liver. Silencing NTCP inhibited HBV and HDV infection, while exogenous NTCP expression rendered nonsusceptible hepatocarcinoma cells susceptible to these viral infections. Moreover, replacing amino acids 157–165 of nonfunctional monkey NTCP with the human counterpart conferred its ability in supporting both viral infections. Our results demonstrate that NTCP is a functional receptor for HBV and HDV.
Membrane immersion allows rhomboid proteases to achieve specificity by reading transmembrane segment dynamics
Authors: Moin Syed M , Urban Sinisa
Published: November 2012

Rhomboid proteases reside within cellular membranes, but the advantage of this unusual environment is unclear. We discovered membrane immersion allows substrates to be identified in a fundamentally-different way, based initially upon exposing ‘masked’ conformational dynamics of transmembrane segments rather than sequence-specific binding. EPR and CD spectroscopy revealed that the membrane restrains rhomboid gate and substrate conformation to limit proteolysis. True substrates evolved intrinsically-unstable transmembrane helices that both become unstructured when not supported by the membrane, and facilitate partitioning into the hydrophilic, active-site environment. Accordingly, manipulating substrate and gate dynamics in living cells shifted cleavage sites in a manner incompatible with extended sequence binding, but correlated with a membrane-and-helix-exit propensity scale. Moreover, cleavage of diverse non-substrates was provoked by single-residue changes that destabilize transmembrane helices. Membrane immersion thus bestows rhomboid proteases with the ability to identify substrates primarily based on reading their intrinsic transmembrane dynamics.
Getting to grips with hepatitis
Authors: Chen Zhijian J , Ye Jin
Published: November 2012

The receptor that allows hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses to enter human liver cells has been identified as a protein that transports bile acids in the liver.
Heuristic dynamic programming using echo state network as online trainable adaptive critic
Authors: Koprinkova‐Hristova Petia , Oubbati Mohamed , Palm Günther
Published: November 2012

The present paper proposes an implementation of a relatively new recurrent neural network architecture—the echo state network (ESN)–within the frame of heuristic dynamic programming. The ESN is trained online to estimate the utility function and to adapt the control policy of an embodied agent. With the advantage of an easy training algorithm, the ESN architecture offers a simple way to calculate the derivatives required for adapting the controller. Experimental results are provided to validate the proposed learning approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Addition of Malonates and β‐Keto Esters to Nitroalkenes over an Organonickel‐Functionalized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica
Authors: Jin Ronghua , Liu Ketang , Xia Daquan , Qian Qingqian , Liu Guohua , Li Hexing
Published: November 2012

A periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with chiral cyclohexyldiamine‐based nickel(II) complexes incorporated within the silica framework was prepared through a co‐condensation of (1R,2R)‐cyclohexyldiamine‐derived silane and Ph‐bridged silane followed by complexation of nickel(II) bromide in the presence of (1R,2R)‐N,N′‐dibenzylcyclohexyldiamine. Structural analyses by X‐ray powder diffraction, nitrogen sorption and transmission electron microscopy disclosed its orderly mesostructure while characterization by solid‐state NMR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated the well‐defined single‐site chiral bis(cyclohexyldiamine)‐based nickel(II) active centers incorporated within the PMO material. In particular, as a heterogeneous chiral catalyst, this periodic mesoporous organosilica showed high catalytic activity and excellent enantioselectivity in asymmetric Michael addition of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds to nitroalkenes (more than 92% conversions and up to 99% ee values). More importantly, this heterogeneous catalyst could be recovered easily and reused repeatedly nine times without obviously affecting its ee value, showing good potential for industrial applications.
Proline‐Functionalized Magnetic Core‐Shell Nanoparticles as Efficient and Recyclable Organocatalysts for Aldol Reactions
Authors: Yacob Zekarias , Nan Alexandrina , Liebscher Jürgen
Published: November 2012

Novel magnetically tagged organocatalysts have been developed based on core‐shell nanoparticles consisting of magnetite cores and polyacrylate shells containing 4‐hydroxyproline moieties. These catalysts allow the performance of direct asymmetric aldol reactions of aromatic aldehydes with ketones in the presence of benzoic acid providing high yields and ees. Straightforward magnetic separation and recycling of a catalyst for up to 9 runs is possible without a significant loss of efficiency.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ECDYSONE IN THE CRYOPROTECTIVE DEHYDRATION STRATEGY OF Megaphorura Arctica (ONYCHIURIDAE: COLLEMBOLA)
Authors: Grubor‐Lajšić Gordana , Petri Edward T. , Kojić Danijela , Purać Jelena , Popović Željko D. , Worland Roger M. , Clark Melody S. , Mojović Miloš , Blagojević Duško P.
Published: November 2012

The Arctic springtail, Megaphorura arctica, survives sub‐zero temperatures in a dehydrated state via trehalose‐dependent cryoprotective dehydration. Regulation of trehalose biosynthesis is complex; based in part on studies in yeast and fungi, its connection with oxidative stress caused by exposure of cells to oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or dehydration, is well documented. In this respect, we measured the amount of H2O2 and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutases: copper, zinc—CuZnSOD and manganese containing–MnSOD, and catalase—CAT), as the regulatory components determining H2O2 concentrations, in Arctic springtails incubated at 5 °C (control) versus −2 °C (threshold temperature for trehalose biosynthesis). Because ecdysone also stimulates trehalose production in insects and regulates the expression of genes involved in redox homeostasis and antioxidant protection in Drosophila, we measured the levels of the active physiological form of ecdysone—20‐hydroxyecdysone (20‐HE). Significantly elevated H2O2 and 20‐HE levels were observed in M. arctica incubated at −2 °C, supporting a link between ecdysone, H2O2, and trehalose levels during cryoprotective dehydration. CAT activity was found to be significantly lower in M. arctica incubated at −2 °C versus 5 °C, suggesting reduced H2O2 breakdown. Furthermore, measurement of the free radical composition in Arctic springtails incubated at 5 °C (controls) versus −2 °C by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy revealed melanin‐derived free radicals at −2 °C, perhaps an additional source of H2O2. Our results suggest that H2O2 and ecdysone play important roles in the cryoprotective dehydration process in M. arctica, linked with the regulation of trehalose biosynthesis.
The Role of Ritual in the Organised Abuse of Children
Authors: Salter Michael
Published: November 2012

Over the last 30 years, allegations of ritual child sexual abuse have emerged from child protection cases and legal proceedings and from adults and children in psychotherapy. These allegations have been met with disbelief from many practitioners and academics. Children and adults disclosing ritual abuse continue to present in a range of circumstances and recent substantiations of ritual abuse allegations call for a grounded analysis of their claims. This paper is based on qualitative interviews with 16 adults who described experiencing ritual abuse in childhood. They described the ways in which sexually abusive groups generated shared rationales of religious or mythological justifications for organised abuse. Participants were forced to internalise these rationales in degrading and dehumanising ordeals, whereupon they became active in facilitating their own abuse and/or the abuse of others. Ritual abuse can therefore be conceptualised as a device or strategy that enjoins the participation of victims in organised abuse whilst simultaneously accomplishing exculpation for perpetrators. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Recent substantiations of ritual abuse allegations call for a grounded analysis of their claims’

Key Practitioner Messages

Ritual abuse can be understood as a strategy that legitimises sexual exploitation to victims and perpetrators of organised abuse.

Children and adults subject to ritual abuse may actively collude in their own victimisation, complicating efforts at detection, intervention and treatment.

Practitioners should consider the ways in which ritual abuse reflects common rationalisations for sexual crimes that assign blame and responsibility to victims.
Lanthanide(III) Complexes of Bis‐semicarbazone and Bis‐imine‐Substituted Phenanthroline Ligands: Solid‐State Structures, Photophysical Properties, and Anion Sensing
Authors: Nadella Sandeep , Selvakumar Paulraj M. , Suresh Eringathodi , Subramanian Palani S. , Albrecht Markus , Giese Michael , Fröhlich Roland
Published: November 2012

Phenanthroline‐based hexadentate ligands L1 and L2 bearing two achiral semicarbazone or two chiral imine moieties as well as the respective mononuclear complexes incorporating various lanthanide ions, such as LaIII, EuIII, TbIII, LuIII, and YIII metal ions, were synthesized, and the crystal structures of [ML1Cl3] (M=LaIII, EuIII, TbIII, LuIII, or YIII) complexes were determined. Solvent or water molecules act as coligands for the rare‐earth metals in addition to halide anions. The big LnIII ion exhibits a coordination number (CN) of 10, whereas the corresponding EuIII, TbIII, LuIII, and YIII centers with smaller ionic radii show CN=9. Complexes of L2, namely [ML2Cl3] (M=EuIII, TbIII, LuIII, or YIII) ions could also be prepared. Only the complex of EuIII showed red luminescence, whereas all the others were nonluminescent. The emission properties of the Eu derivative can be applied as a photophysical signal for sensing various anions. The addition of phosphate anions leads to a unique change in the luminescence behavior. As a case study, the quenching behavior of adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) was investigated at physiological pH value in an aqueous solvent. A specificity of the sensor for ATP relative to adenosine‐5′‐diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate (AMP) was found. 31P NMR spectroscopic studies revealed the formation of a [EuL2(ATP)] coordination species.
Stereo‐ and Regioselective Direct Multi‐Deuterium‐Labeling Methods for Sugars
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Yabe Yuki , Iwata Hiroki , Fujiwara Yuta , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: November 2012

Deuterium‐labeled sugars can be utilized as powerful tools for the architectural analyses of high‐sugar‐containing molecules represented by the nucleic acids and glycoproteins, and chiral building blocks for the syntheses of new drug candidates (heavy drugs) due to their potential characteristics, such as simplifying the 1H NMR spectra and the stability of CD bonds compared with CH bonds. We have established a direct and efficient synthetic method of deuterated sugars from non‐labeled sugars by using the heterogeneous Ru/C‐catalyzed H–D exchange reaction in D2O under a hydrogen atmosphere with perfect chemo‐ and stereoselectivities. The direct H–D exchange reaction can selectively proceed on carbons adjacent to the free hydroxyl groups, and the deuterium labeling of various pyranosides (such as glucose and disaccharides), as well as furanosides, represented by ribose and deoxyribose was realized. Furthermore, the desired number of deuterium atoms can be freely incorporated into selected positions by the site‐selective protection of the hydroxyl groups using acetal‐type protective groups because the deuterium exchange reaction never proceeds on positions adjacent to the protected hydroxyl groups.
Kinetic analysis and modelling of thermal degradation of perspex (PMMA) and perspex blend plastic waste
Authors: AL‐Harbi Meshari , Alshaiban Ahmad , Yassin Mohamed F. , Elmi Abdirashid
Published: November 2012

The thermal decomposition of pure perspex and a mixture of 50% perspex and 50% poly(ethylene terephthalate; PET) was carried out between 295 and 325°C using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) in air and nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. The weight losses of decomposition products were measured during these experiments. The thermal degradation process is slower in inert atmosphere than air, where oxidation reaction expedites the decomposition process. Kinetic rate constants (k), pre‐exponential factor (A) and activation energy (E) for both pure prespex and a blend of perspex/PET were calculated for both air and N2 conditions. The thermal degradation process followed a third‐order reaction in air and second‐order in N2. A second‐order (n = 2) model for the pyrolytic process based on simultaneous reactions was developed using experimental data for pure and blend. The pyrolytic products are gases, liquids, waxes, aromatics and char, which can be ultimately used as raw material and fuel in various applications. It is important to note that the addition of PET to perspex was found to suppress/inhibit the decomposition of perspex compared with pure perspex. Pre‐exponential factor (A) and activation energy (E) values support such an observation. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Photophysics of Schiff Bases: Theoretical Study of Salicylidene Methylamine
Authors: Jankowska Joanna , Rode Michał F. , Sadlej Joanna , Sobolewski Andrzej L.
Published: November 2012

The proton‐transfer reaction in a model aromatic Schiff base, salicylidene methylamine (SMA), in the ground and in the lowest electronically‐excited singlet states, is theoretically analyzed with the aid of second‐order approximate coupled‐cluster model CC2, time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) using the Becke, three‐parameter Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional, and complete active space perturbation theory CASPT2 electronic structure methods. Computed vertical‐absorption spectra for the stable ground‐state isomers of SMA fully confirm the photochromism of SMA. The potential‐energy profiles of the ground and the lowest excited singlet state are calculated and four photophysically relevant isomeric forms of SMA; α, β, γ, and δ are discussed. The calculations indicate two S1/S0 conical intersections which provide non‐adiabatic gates for a radiationless decay to the ground state. The photophysical scheme which emerges from the theoretical study is related to recent experimental results obtained for SMA and its derivatives in the low‐temperature argon matrices (J. Grzegorzek, A. Filarowski, Z. Mielke, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 16596–16605). Our results suggest that aromatic Schiff bases are potential candidates for optically driven molecular switches.
Asynchronous sum‐of‐products logic minimization and orthogonalization
Authors: Lemberski Igor , Fišer Petr , Suleimanov Ruslan
Published: November 2012

We propose a method of the asynchronous sum‐of‐products (SOP) logic simplification that comprises of minimization and orthogonalization. The method is based on a transformation of the conventional single‐rail SOP synchronous logic into the dual‐rail asynchronous one operating under so‐called modified weak constraints. We formulate and prove the product terms constraint that ensures a correct logic behavior. We have processed the MCNC benchmarks and generated the asynchronous SOP logic. The complexity of the logic obtained is compared with the state‐of‐the‐art representation. Using our approach, we achieve a significant improvement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A module‐integrated isolated solar micro‐inverter without electrolytic capacitors
Authors: Chiu Huang‐Jen , Lo Yu‐Kang , Chuang Ching‐Chun , Yang Chung‐Yu , Cheng Shih‐Jen , Kuo Min‐Chien , Huang Yi‐Ming , Jean Yuan‐Bor , Huang Yung‐Cheng
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a module‐integrated isolated solar micro‐inverter. The studied grid‐tied micro‐inverters can individually extract the maximum solar power from each photovoltaic (PV) panel and transfer to the AC utility system. A harmonic suppression technique is used to reduce the DC‐bus capacitance. Electrolytic capacitors are not needed in the studied solar micro‐inverter. High conversion efficiency, high maximum power point tracking accuracy and long lifespan can be achieved. The operation principles and design considerations of the studied PV inverter are analyzed and discussed. A laboratory prototype is implemented and tested to verify its feasibility. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Progress in Complex Plasmas
Authors: Meichsner J. , Bonitz M. , Piel A. , Feske H.
Published: November 2012

An overview on recent developments in the field of complex plasmas is presented. The focus is directed on the activities of research groups participating in the Collaborative Research Centre 24 “Fundamentals of Complex Plasmas” at the Universities in Greifswald and Kiel as well as at the Leibniz‐Institute for Plasma Research and Technology. This article summarizes results on strongly correlated dusty plasmas, reactive as well as electronegative plasmas and plasma‐surface interaction, and gives an introduction to the following articles of this special issue. Important developments are highlighted and future research directions are outlined (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hybrid of Europium‐Doped Layered Yttrium Hydroxide and Organic Sensitizer – Effect of Solvent on Structure and Luminescence Behavior
Authors: Sun Yahong , Chu Nankai , Gu Qingyang , Pan Guohua , Sun Genban , Ma Shulan , Yang Xiaojing
Published: November 2012

The organic sensitizer terephthalic acid and its anion terephthalate (TA) were introduced into the galleries of europium‐doped layered yttrium hydroxide (LYH:Eu). In contrast to using water as solvent, the use of formamide resulted in the introduction of more organic guests and markedly enhanced the Eu3+ luminescence. Formamide prevented water from entering the system, leading to an excess of terephthalic acid molecules, and more efficient coordination of the TA guest with the Eu3+ in the layers of the composite, all of which may have contributed to the enhanced Eu3+ luminescence.
A Sensitive Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Histone Deacetylase Activity Using an Acetylated Peptide
Authors: Wu Huiwang , Liu Shucheng , Zhu Wenping , Jiang Jianhui , Shen Guoli , Yu Ruqin
Published: November 2012

A sensitive electrochemical biosensor was developed for activity detection of histone deacetylase sirtuin2 (SIRT2) using an acetylated peptide substrate. This substrate could be recognized by anti‐acetylated peptide antibody, which could be detected using secondary antibody conjugated alkaline phosphatase which provided an amplified electrochemical signal. In the presence of SIRT2, the substrate was deacetylated, resulting in a decreased electrochemical signal that was correlated to the concentration of SIRT2. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor exhibited a wide linear range from 1 nM to 500 nM with a detection limit of 0.1 nM. The proposed biosensor was also used for detection of SIRT2 inhibitor.
Voltammetric and Amperometric Determination of Mixtures of Aminobiphenyls and Aminonaphthalenes Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Zavázalová Jaroslava , Dejmková Hana , Barek Jiří , Pecková Karolina
Published: November 2012

An anodically pretreated boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrode was used for the voltammetric and amperometric determination of the genotoxic pollutants 2‐aminobiphenyl, 4‐aminobiphenyl, 1‐aminonaphthalene, and 2‐aminonaphthalene. Their simultaneous voltammetric determination is only possible when the difference of the peak potentials of the particular analytes is higher than ca. 140 mV. Their complete separation using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with amperometric detection at a BDD film electrode in wall‐jet arrangement results in limits of detection in the 10−8 mol L−1 concentration range and can be lowered to nanomolar concentrations, as demonstrated by their determination in azo dye sunset yellow using solid‐phase extraction at Lichrolut EN cartridges.
CA 125 Immunosensor Based on Poly‐Anthranilic Acid Modified Screen‐Printed Electrodes
Authors: Taleat Zahra , Ravalli Andrea , Mazloum‐Ardakani Mohammad , Marrazza Giovanna
Published: November 2012

In this paper, two simple and sensitive approaches for CA 125 detection are presented by using antibody immobilized on poly‐anthranilic acid modified graphite screen‐printed electrodes. The first proposed approach is a label‐free impedimetric immunosensor. The immunoassay is based on poly‐anthranilic acid (PAA) modified graphite screen‐printed electrodes with subsequent covalently monoclonal antibody anti‐CA 125 immobilization. The modified screen‐printed electrodes are used to capture the protein from the sample solutions. A curve calibration by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was obtained. The second approach is based on a sandwich format. The monoclonal anti‐CA 125 antibodies immobilized on poly‐anthranilic acid modified graphite screen‐printed electrodes is used to capture the protein from the sample solution. The sandwich assay is then performed by adding secondary anti‐CA 125 antibodies labeled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The antibody‐AuNPs captured onto immunosensor surface induced the silver deposition from a silver enhancer solution. The deposited AgNPs could be measured by anodic stripping analysis (ASV) in acid solution. A curve calibration by ASV was obtained. The experimental conditions were examined and were optimized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The performance of both immunosensors in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility and selectivity were studied.
Tubular Detector of Silver Solid Amalgam for Electrochemical Measurements in Flow Systems
Authors: Yosypchuk Oksana , Barek Jiri , Yosypchuk Bogdan
Published: November 2012

This paper presents the application of the tubular detector based on silver solid amalgam (TD‐AgSA) for electrochemical determinations of reducible inorganic (Cd2+, Zn2+) and organic (4‐nitrophenol) compounds under flow injection analysis conditions. The newly developed TD‐AgSA is simple, robust and inexpensive. The limits of detections of Zn2+, Cd2+ and 4‐nitrophenol are 1.4×10−6, 7.0×10−7, and 5.0×10−7 mol dm−3, respectively (i.e. 0.09, 0.08 and 0.07 ppm). The obtained results proved the long‐term stability of the detector (RSD of the determination of Zn2+, Cd2+, and 4‐nitrophenol were 0.8, 0.9 and 0.8 % (n=10; cZn=7.7×10−5 mol dm−3, cCd=4.5×10−5 mol dm−3 and c4‐NPh=3.6×10−5 mol dm−3), respectively and its applicability for cathodic measurements in aqueous solutions at potentials up to −2 V.
Ecological risk assessment in the context of global climate change
Authors: Landis Wayne G. , Durda Judi L. , Brooks Marjorie L. , Chapman Peter M. , Menzie Charles A. , Stahl Ralph G. , Stauber Jennifer L.
Published: November 2012

Changes to sources, stressors, habitats, and geographic ranges; toxicological effects; end points; and uncertainty estimation require significant changes in the implementation of ecological risk assessment (ERA). Because of the lack of analog systems and circumstances in historically studied sites, there is a likelihood of type III error. As a first step, the authors propose a decision key to aid managers and risk assessors in determining when and to what extent climate change should be incorporated. Next, when global climate change is an important factor, the authors recommend seven critical changes to ERA. First, develop conceptual cause–effect diagrams that consider relevant management decisions as well as appropriate spatial and temporal scales to include both direct and indirect effects of climate change and the stressor of management interest. Second, develop assessment end points that are expressed as ecosystem services. Third, evaluate multiple stressors and nonlinear responses—include the chemicals and the stressors related to climate change. Fourth, estimate how climate change will affect or modify management options as the impacts become manifest. Fifth, consider the direction and rate of change relative to management objectives, recognizing that both positive and negative outcomes can occur. Sixth, determine the major drivers of uncertainty, estimating and bounding stochastic uncertainty spatially, temporally, and progressively. Seventh, plan for adaptive management to account for changing environmental conditions and consequent changes to ecosystem services. Good communication is essential for making risk-related information understandable and useful for managers and stakeholders to implement a successful risk-assessment and decision-making process. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:79–92. © 2012 SETAC