bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional expression and pharmacological modulation of TRPM3 in human sensory neurons
Authors: Vangeel Laura , Benoit Melissa , Miron Yannick , Miller Paul E. , De Clercq Katrien , Chaltin Patrick , Verfaillie Catherine , Vriens Joris , Voets Thomas
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose

The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel TRPM3 functions as a noxious heat sensor, plays a key role in acute pain sensation and inflammatory hyperalgesia in rodents. Despite its potential as a novel analgesic drug target, little is known about the expression, function and modulation in the humans.

Experimental Approach

We studied TRPM3 in freshly isolated human dorsal root ganglion (hDRG) neurons and human stem cell‐derived sensory (hSCDS) neurons. Expression was analysed at the mRNA level using RT‐qPCR. Channel function was assessed using Fura‐2‐based calcium imaging and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings.

Key Results

TRPM3 was detected at the mRNA level in both hDRG and hSCDS neurons. The TRPM3 agonists pregnenolone sulphate (PS) and CIM0216 evoked robust intracellular Ca2+ responses in 52% of hDRG and 58% of hSCDS neurons. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings in hSCDS neurons revealed pregnenolone sulphate (PS)‐ and CIM0216‐evoked currents exhibiting the characteristic current–voltage relation of TRPM3. PS‐induced calcium responses in hSCDS neurons were reversed in a dose‐dependent manner by the flavonoid isosakuranetin and by antiseizure drug primidone. Finally, the μ‐opioid receptor agonist DAMGO and the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen inhibited PS‐evoked TRPM3 responses in a subset of hSCDS neurons.

Conclusion and Implications

These results provide the first direct evidence of functional expression of the pain receptor TRPM3 in human sensory neurons, largely mirroring the channel's properties observed in mouse sensory neurons. hSCDS neurons represent a valuable and readily accessible in vitro model to study TRPM3 regulation and pharmacology in a relevant human cellular context.
Anti‐αLβ2 antibodies reveal novel endocytotic cross‐modulatory functionality
Authors: Mancuso Riccardo V. , Casper Jens , Schmidt Albrecht G. , Krähenbühl Stephan , Weitz‐Schmidt Gabriele
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose

Antibodies targeting cell surface receptors are considered to enable highly selective therapeutic interventions for immune disorders and cancer. Their biological profiles are found, generally, to represent the net effects of antibody–target interactions. The former therapeutic anti‐integrin αLβ2 antibody efalizumab seems to defeat this paradigm by eliciting, via mechanisms currently unknown, much broader effects than would be predicted based on its target specificity.

Experimental Approach

To elucidate the mechanisms behind these broad effects, we investigated in primary human lymphocytes in vitro the effects of anti‐αLβ2 antibodies on the expression of αLβ2 as well as unrelated α4 integrins, in comparison to Fab fragments and small‐molecule inhibitors.

Key Results

We demonstrate that anti‐αLβ2 mAbs directly induce the internalization of α4 integrins. The endocytotic phenomenon is a direct consequence of their antibody nature. It is inhibited when monovalent Fab fragments or small‐molecule inhibitors are used. It is independent of crosslinking via anti‐Fc mAbs and of αLβ2 activation. The cross‐modulatory effect is unidirectional and not observed in a similar fashion with the α4 integrin antibody natalizumab.

Conclusion and Implications

The present study identifies endocytotic cross‐modulation as a hitherto unknown non‐canonical functionality of anti‐αLβ2 antibodies. This cross‐modulation has the potential to fundamentally alter an antibody's benefit risk profile, as evident with efalizumab. The newly described phenomenon may be of relevance to other therapeutic antibodies targeting cluster‐forming receptors. Thus, pharmacologists should be cognizant of this action when investigating such antibodies.
Placing the second generation: A case study of Toronto
Authors: Preston Valerie , Ray Brian
Published: January 2020

We examine the social mobility of the second generation in the Toronto metropolitan area by analyzing whether the adult children of immigrants live in more affluent and desirable neighbourhoods than the first generation. Using 2016 census microdata, we compare the social characteristics of census tracts where immigrants and the second and third‐plus (3+) generations concentrate. The index of dissimilarity indicates the degree of residential separation among generations and for five ethno‐racial second‐generation groups: Chinese, South Asian, Black, Southern European, and Northern and Western European. The empirical findings show that the neighbourhoods where the first generation is over‐represented are less affluent than those where the second and 3+ generations concentrate, with the largest improvements in social status occurring between the first and second generations. Although they frequently live in more distant suburban neighbourhoods than the first generation, the second generation still tends to live in inner and outer suburbs more than the exurban 3+ generation. For the second generation, the degree of residential concentration varies across ethno‐racial groups with persistent segregation marking the residential locations of racial minorities. The findings highlight the variegated geographies and social mobility of the second generation in Canada's largest metropolitan area.
Parental perspective: Factors that played a role in facilitating or impeding the parents' understanding of their child's developmental diagnostic assessment
Authors: Pearson Tammy , Wagner Shannon , Schmidt Glen
Published: January 2020

Background

Full parental understanding of a child's diagnosis of a developmental disability is critical to be able to ensure the best health outcome for their child. Yet factors that parents perceived as influencing their comprehension during the final diagnostic meeting have not been well identified.

Method

This study used a qualitative interpretive description approach. Seventeen parents were interviewed who received a child's developmental diagnosis from one of the clinical multidisciplinary teams located in northern British Columbia. The interviews focused on the factors that played a role in facilitating or impeding the parents' understanding of their child's diagnosis, and on the identification of factors that influenced the way in which the child's clinical recommendations were pursued.

Results

Two overarching themes with nine subthemes emerged from parents' reported experiences of receiving their child's developmental diagnosis. The themes and subthemes included (a) clinical encounter (including the subthemes structural considerations, professional diversity and new insights, questions regarding the assessment process, and validation) and (b) manner of the delivery of the diagnosis (emotional impact, impact on parenting practices, professionalism, professional language, and quantity of information).

Conclusions

Parents' accounts established and clarified the positive and negative parental determinants that aided or challenged their ability to understand their child's developmental diagnosis during the final clinical interaction with the multidisciplinary team.
Expression of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: XIAP is an independent marker of impaired cause‐specific survival
Authors: Schnoell Julia , Kadletz Lorenz , Jank Bernhard J. , Oberndorfer Felicitas , Brkic Faris F. , Gurnhofer Elisabeth , Cede Julia , Seemann Rudolf , Kenner Lukas , Heiduschka Gregor
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins are crucial to carcinogenesis since their expression results in evasion of apoptosis. Overexpression of inhibitors of apoptosis has repeatedly been associated with resistance to treatment and poor prognosis in various cancers. The role of inhibitors of apoptosis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of inhibitors of apoptosis and their potential prognostic value in adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Design, setting and participants

Forty‐nine patients, diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland between 1996 and 2016, were retrospectively included in this study. The expression of cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, Birc6, Livin and Survivin was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and their association of survival and prognosis was evaluated during a median follow‐up of 6.4 years.

Main outcome measure

Cause‐specific survival and recurrence‐free survival rates.

Results

XIAP, cIAP2, Livin and nuclear Survivin showed high expression levels in adenoid cystic carcinoma in most patients. There was no significant association of cIAP1, cIAP2, Livin, Birc6 and Survivin with outcome. However, high XIAP expression was associated with worse cause‐specific survival and worse response to radiotherapy and proved to be an independent marker in multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that high expression of XIAP may be used as a prognosticator for poor survival and poor response to radiotherapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma patients.
Fish distributions reveal discrepancies between zonal attachment and quota allocations
Authors: Fernandes Paul G. , Fallon Niall G.
Published: January 2020

The oceans’ fisheries contribute to human wellbeing by providing essential nutrients, employment, and income. Changes in fish distribution, due to climate change or stock expansion, jeopardize conservation objectives because fishers catch more than is allocated as quota. Quotas, or catch shares, should, therefore, correspond to the share of the fish stock biomass present within a country's Exclusive Economic Zone, a concept known as Zonal Attachment. Here, we assess the Zonal Attachment of transboundary fish stocks present in northern Europe, in the waters of the United Kingdom, the European Union (without the United Kingdom), and Norway. In 12 of 14 important fish stocks, estimates of Zonal Attachment to the United Kingdom were significantly higher than current quota allocations, explaining the country's substantial discard problem. With environmental change, and stock recovery under improved fisheries conservation, scientific evidence should be used not only to set catch limits, but also to re‐examine catch shares.
Cell‐free microRNAs as early predictors of graft viability during ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion of human donor livers
Authors: Matton Alix P. M. , Selten Jasmijn W. , Roest Henk P. , de Jonge Jeroen , IJzermans Jan N. M. , de Meijer Vincent E. , Porte Robert J. , van der Laan Luc J. W.
Published: January 2020

Background

Cell‐free microRNAs (miRs) have emerged as early and sensitive biomarkers for tissue injury and function. This study aimed to investigate whether the release of hepatocyte‐derived microRNAs (HDmiRs) and cholangiocyte‐derived miRs (CDmiRs) correlates with hepato‐cholangiocellular injury and function during oxygenated, normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of human liver grafts.

Methods

Donor livers (n = 12), declined for transplantation, were subjected to oxygenated NMP (6 hours) after a period of static cold storage (median 544 minutes (IQR 421‐674)). Perfusate and bile samples were analyzed by qRT‐PCR for HDmiR‐122 and CDmiR‐222. Spearman correlations were performed between miR levels and currently available indicators and classic markers.

Results

Both HDmiR‐122 and CDmiR‐222 levels in perfusate at 30 minutes of NMP strongly correlated with hepatocyte injury (peak perfusate AST) and cholangiocyte injury (peak biliary LDH). In bile, only CDmiR‐222 correlated with these injury markers. For hepato‐cholangiocellular function, both miRs in perfusate correlated with total bilirubin, while HDmiR‐122 (in perfusate) and CDmiR‐222 (in bile) correlated with bicarbonate secretion. Both the relative ratio of HDmiR‐122/CDmiR‐222 and AST in perfusate at 30 minutes significantly correlated with cumulative bile production, but only the relative ratio was predictive of histopathological injury after 6 hours NMP.

Conclusion

Early levels of HDmiR‐122 and CDmiR‐222, in perfusate and/or bile, are predictive of excretory functions and hepato‐cholangiocellular injury after 6 hours NMP. These miRs may represent new biomarkers for graft viability and function during machine perfusion.
Beeinträchtigung der dermatoskopischen Untersuchung durch Körperbehaarung und klinischer Nutzen eines automatisierten Haarentfernungsalgorithmus
Authors: Fink Christine , Uhlmann Lorenz , Vogt Karsten , Schneiderbauer Roland , Menzer Christian , Toberer Ferdinand , Schank Timo E. , Enk Alexander , Haenssle Holger A.
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund und Studienziele

Körperbehaarung könnte Ärzte bei der dermatoskopischen Untersuchung beeinträchtigten. Es ist daher denkbar, dass die Entwicklung eines automatisierten Haarentfernungsalgorithmus (automated‐hair‐removal‐algorithm [AuHRA]) die diagnostische Genauigkeit verbessert. Allerdings wurde bisher weder untersucht wie stark genau die Beeinträchtigung der Ärzte durch Körperbehaarung ist, noch wie groß der Nutzen von AuHRA ist. Ziel dieser Studie ist, die Beeinträchtigung durch Körperbehaarung bei der dermatoskopischen Untersuchung zu analysieren und das Ausmaß der Verbesserung der Sichtbarkeit von dermatoskopischen Strukturen nach der Anwendung der AuHRA‐Software bei digitalen Bildern von haarbedeckten Nävi zu evaluieren.

Patienten und Methodik

In dieser Studie beurteilten sechs Dermatologen insgesamt 59 Bildersets, die dermatoskopische Aufnahmen von benignen Nävi beinhalteten. Jedes Set umfasste jeweils drei Aufnahmen desselben Nävus (unrasiert / mechanisch rasiert / virtuell rasiert mittels AuHRA). Die Aufnahmen wurden im Hinblick auf den Grad der Verbesserung durch Haarentfernung beurteilt.

Ergebnisse

Im Vergleich zu unrasierten Läsionen bewerteten die Dermatologen die mechanisch rasierten Läsionen als am besten beurteilbar (+1.36, p < 0,001), gefolgt von den virtuell rasierten Läsionen (+0.79, p < 0,001). Die Mehrheit der Dermatologen beurteilte die Anwendung von AuHRA als hilfreich und bestätigte die medizinische Notwendigkeit.

Schlussfolgerungen

Eine erhebliche Beeinträchtigung der dermatoskopischen Untersuchung durch Körperbehaarung wurde in dieser Studie bestätigt. Ein klinischer Nutzen der virtuellen Rasur durch AuRHA im Vergleich zu unrasierten oder mechanisch rasierten Läsionen konnte gezeigt werden.
Spektrum der Ichthyosen in einer österreichischen Ichthyosekohorte von 2004–2007
Authors: Seidl‐Philipp Magdalena , Schatz Ulrich A. , Gasslitter Irina , Moosbrugger‐Martinz Verena , Blunder Stefan , Schossig Anna S. , Zschocke Johannes , Schmuth Matthias , Gruber Robert
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund

Ichthyosen sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Krankheiten, deren klinische Klassifizierung schwierig ist. Hier wird die Ichthyosekohorte eines Expertisezentrums für Genodermatosen im Detail beschrieben.

Patienten und Methodik

Eingeschlossen wurden Patienten mit klinisch oder genetisch bestätigter Ichthyose, die zwischen 2004 und 2017 untersucht und in einer Datenbank aufgenommen wurden. Krankheitsbeginn, Phänotyp, Histologie, Komorbiditäten und Familienanamnese wurden detailliert beschrieben. Bei den genetisch getesteten Patienten wurden Jahr und Methode der genetischen Testung protokolliert und die Prävalenz der unterschiedlichen Autosomal‐rezessive‐kongenitale Ichthyose (ARCI)‐Gene und ‐Phänotypen, die Prävalenz der syndromalen Ichthyosen und die Genotyp‐Phänotyp‐Korrelationen analysiert.

Ergebnisse und Methodik

Von den insgesamt 198 eingeschlossenen Patienten wurden 151 genetisch getestet. 81 Patienten hatten eine Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV), 43 eine X‐chromosomale Ichthyose (XLI), 38 eine ARCI, 9 eine keratinopathische Ichthyose (KPI) und ein Patient eine Exfoliative Ichthyose. 26 Patienten litten an einer syndromalen Ichthyose. Im Vergleich zu den syndromalen Ichthyosen wurde bei den häufigen Ichthyosen (IV, XLI) und KPI eine gute Phänotyp‐Genotyp‐Korrelation beobachtet. In 91 % der ARCI‐Patienten konnte die exakte Diagnose durch genetische Testung gestellt werden. Lediglich bei 33 % der Patienten mit syndromaler Ichthyose bestand vor der genetischen Testung ein Verdacht auf die tatsächliche Diagnose. In 86 % der Fälle wurde eine kausale Mutation nachgewiesen.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Arbeit beschreibt das Spektrum der Ichthyosen an einem Expertisezentrum und zeigt, dass für diese Gruppe die genetische Testung von Genodermatosen ein diagnostischer Standard werden sollte.
ICF mobility and self‐care goals of children in inpatient rehabilitation
Authors: Rast Fabian M , Labruyère Rob
Published: January 2020

Aim

To develop a detailed priority list of family‐centred rehabilitation goals on the activity level within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) chapters d4 ‘Mobility’ and d5 ‘Self‐care’ in a paediatric population with a broad range of health conditions.

Method

Twenty‐two months after implementing a systematic, family‐centred, goal‐setting process, the rehabilitation goals of 212 inpatients were retrospectively allocated to the most detailed level of ICF categories by two independent researchers. The overall frequencies of these goals were calculated and stratified by health condition, functional independence, and age.

Results

Ninety‐three females and 119 males were included in the study (mean age 10y 9mo, SD 4y 5mo, range 2y 1mo–21y 5mo). The five most frequent rehabilitation goals were ICF codes d4500 ‘Walking short distances’ (11%), d4200 ‘Transferring oneself while sitting’ (9%), d5400 ‘Putting on clothes’ (7%), d451 ‘Going up and down stairs’ (6%), and d4153 ‘Maintaining a sitting position’ (5%). These top goals varied in the subgroups with regard to the underlying health condition, functional independence, and age.

Interpretation

The findings of this study are not generalizable due to the large heterogeneity in priorities. However, they can be used to incorporate families' needs into future research designs and the development of new technologies.

What this paper adds

Walking short distances is the most frequent mobility/self‐care goal of paediatric rehabilitation.

The top goals depend on health condition, functional independence, and age.

Priorities vary considerably between children undergoing rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation goals need to be assessed individually for each child.
Long QT interval in Rett syndrome: expanding the knowledge of a poorly understood phenomenon
Authors: Kaufmann Walter E
Published: January 2020

This commentary is on the original article by Clark et al. on pages 833–836 of this issue.
Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Maunder Alison , Bessell Erica , Lauche Romy , Adams Jon , Sainsbury Amanda , Fuller Nicholas R.
Published: January 2020

Aim

To update the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of complementary medicines to assist in weight loss by conducting a systematic review and meta‐analysis of herbal medicines for weight loss.

Methods

Four electronic databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science) were searched from inception until August 2018. A total of 54 randomized placebo‐controlled trials of healthy overweight or obese adults were identified. Meta‐analyses were conducted for herbal medicines with ≥4 studies available. Weight differences of ≥2.5 kg were considered clinically significant.

Results

As a single agent, only Phaseolus vulgaris resulted in a statistically significant weight loss compared to placebo, although this was not considered clinically significant. No effect was seen for Camellia sinensis or Garcinia cambogia. Statistically, but not clinically, significant differences were observed for combination preparations containing C. sinensis, P. vulgaris or Ephedra sinica. Of the herbal medicines trialled in ≤3 randomized controlled trials, statistically and clinically significant weight loss compared to placebo was reported for Irvingia gabonensis, Cissus quadrangularis, and Sphaeranthus indicus combined with Garcinia mangostana, among others, but these findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the small number of studies, generally poor methodological quality, and poor reporting of the herbal medicine interventions. Most herbal medicines appeared safe for consumption over the short duration of the studies (commonly ≤12 weeks). Some warrant further investigation to determine effect size, dosage and long‐term safety.

Conclusion

There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend any of the herbal medicines for weight loss included in the present review.
Liraglutide as add‐on to sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: LIRA‐ADD2SGLT2i, a 26‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Blonde Lawrence , Belousova Lidia , Fainberg Udi , Garcia‐Hernandez Pedro A. , Jain Sunil M. , Kaltoft Margit S. , Mosenzon Ofri , Nafach Jalal , Palle Mads Sundby , Rea Rosangela
Published: January 2020

Aim

To compare the effect of liraglutide or placebo added on to sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) ± metformin on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

Patients with type 2 diabetes on a stable SGLT2i dose ± metformin (with HbA1c 7.0%–9.5% and body mass index [BMI] ≥ 20 kg/m2) were randomized 2:1 to add‐on liraglutide 1.8 mg/day or placebo in this parallel, double‐blind, multinational trial. Primary and confirmatory secondary endpoints were changes in HbA1c and body weight from baseline to week 26, respectively. The proportions of patients achieving HbA1c (<7.0%) targets and safety events after week 26 were also assessed.

Results

Of 303 patients randomized (one in error), 280 completed treatment. Mean changes in HbA1c from baseline to week 26 with liraglutide (n = 202) and placebo (n = 100) were − 0.98% and − 0.30%, respectively (estimated treatment difference [ETD]: −0.68% [95% CI: −0.89, −0.48]; P < 0.001). Mean body weight changes from baseline were − 2.81 versus −1.99 kg, respectively (ETD: −0.82 kg [95% CI: −1.73, 0.09]; P = 0.077); 51.8% of liraglutide‐treated patients achieved HbA1c < 7.0% versus 23.2% receiving placebo (odds ratio: 5.1 [95% CI: 2.67, 9.87]; P < 0.001). More patients treated with liraglutide reported ≥1 treatment‐emergent adverse events (66.3%) versus placebo (47.0%).

Conclusions

Liraglutide significantly improved glycaemic control compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes, insufficiently controlled with SGLT2is with/without metformin, with no unexpected safety findings.
Shellfish subsidies along the Pacific coast of North America
Authors: Cox Kieran D. , Davies Hailey L. , Davidson Katie H. , Gerwing Travis G. , Dudas Sarah E. , Juanes Francis
Published: January 2020

Spatial subsidies are associated with pronounced ecosystem responses, as nutrients cross ecological boundaries and cascade through food webs. While the importance of subsidies is known, the role of shellfish, specifically molluscs, as a marine subsidy has not been formally described. Focusing primarily on the Pacific coast of North America, we identify vectors that transport shellfish‐derived nutrients into coastal terrestrial environments, including birds, mammals, and over 13 000 yr of marine resource use by people. Evidence from recipient ecosystems suggests shellfish drastically influence soil chemistry, forest productivity and the diversity of primary producers at the regional and landscape level. Responses in higher trophic levels have not yet been investigated, but given documented responses in lower trophic levels, this may be due to a lack of examination. To determine if the processes we describe within the northeast Pacific are pertinent to coastal environments worldwide, we also explore shellfish subsidies globally, with a specific focus on temperate and tropical islands. As shellfish are not as spatially or temporally constrained as other subsidies, our examination suggests our findings are applicable to many other geographical regions along the marine–terrestrial interface.
The three‐dimensional macronutrient niche of an invasive generalist predator
Authors: Christensen Jonathan , Nielsen Søren Magnus Bang , Toft Søren
Published: January 2020

1. Harvestmen are predators, although they suspected of being partly omnivorous by including fruits in their diet.

2. In the present study, the right‐angled mixture triangle (RMT) was used to analyse the macronutritional niche of the harvestman Opilio canestrinii, an invasive species in northern Europe. The study design followed a double‐test procedure in which the animals were subjected to two self‐selection tests: the first one immediately after being caught in the field and the second after 1 week of ad libitum feeding during which the animals became satiated and nutritionally balanced. A comparison of results from the two tests indicates whether the animals were food limited in the field, and whether they were limited by a particular macronutrient.

3. Females were found to be food limited in the field, whereas males were not. Opilio canestrinii had a target intake of 28% lipid : 52% protein : 20% carbohydrate [i.e. with a considerable proportion of carbohydrate (sugar) in the diet]. Both sexes were non‐protein limited in the field, with sugar being more limiting than lipid.

4. The results indicate considerable inclusion of plant‐derived sugar in the natural diet. This conclusion was supported by a separate experiment showing enhanced performance (survival, gain in mass) in animals whose only energy supply was fresh fruit.

5. It is concluded that the harvestman is best characterized as an omnivorous predator.
Spectral Presences ofSi Pai: Begoña Aretxaga'sCipayoand Uncanny Experiences ofSi Paiin Aceh 2008
Authors: Good Mary‐Jo DelVecchio
Published: January 2020

This essay explores the spectral presence ofSi Pai, a colonial figure from the Ottoman Empire, during postconflict research in Aceh, Indonesia. I found the uncanny in the emergences over time of the spectral presence ofSi Pai, linked to the presence of my friend Begoña Aretxaga, who had written aboutcipayoin a book we dedicated to her memory. The meanings ofSi Paiare analyzed, using Bakhtin's writing on the history of language and Aretxaga's analysis drawing on Abraham and Torok. The meanings ofsipahiflow across centuries of Ottoman and Persian and colonial military histories, and through webs of emotion and experiences of violence, where soldiers employed or enslaved by Empires, including those from afar, British and Dutch, wreak havoc on civilian life, plundering and committing evil, before finding their way in Aceh. Research in postconflict Aceh provides the ethnographic core; yet, this essay weaves a tale of the uncanny through a journey of anthropological and historical inquiry and uncanny appearances.
Specularizing the Object Cause of Desire of the Dead Other: A Ghost Story
Authors: Rahimi Sadeq
Published: January 2020

The ghost that haunts is usually understood as the return of a subject that has lived and died, and yet it, or some representation of it, has refused to leave. Such refusal to leave, however, should not be understood as the manifestation of an agency that wills to stay—at least not in the traditional sense in which we think of the agency of the subject. This article uses a case study of psychosis to trace the ghost's persistence to the semiotic processes that underlie haunting as a phenomenological experience. It examines the psychoanalytic notion of objet petit a as the object cause of desire of an individual or a group of people, left unanchored by certain circumstances. The orphaned objet petit a thus represents the unfulfilled desire of dead subject(s) that lingers in the shared symbolic space demanding heed from the subjects of that symbolic order. As the specularization of such demand, the ghost may represent an individual or a group of people, an era, or a historical past as such. The ghost in this sense provides a window to the process of subjectivity as a pantemporal articulation of meaning, power, and history and hauntology a grammar promising to unpack that otherwise cryptic language.
Chunnilal's Hauntology: Rajasthan's Ghosts, Time Going Badly, and Anthropological Voice
Authors: McDowell Andrew J.
Published: January 2020

Ghosts are omnipresent in rural Rajasthan. I recount five ghostly incidents to consider the possibility of ghosts within anthropological fieldwork and voice. Haunting space and time, ghosts also seem to be haunted by desire, power, literature, and bodies. Looking closely to the multiple hauntings of and on ghosts, I examine the ways such multiplex spooks acquire or usurp voice. By taking seriously the possibility of ghosts within or occupying the everyday of claims making, I engage the ways ghosts might point anthropology toward a more anxious relationship with utterance and an ethics of voice that allows for a haunted subject. Recognizing the multiplex nature of ghosts renders them irreducible to windows onto psyche, memory, or social forms and instead leads to a more dynamic perspective on the subject which cannot be unitary or wholly reflexive in a world with ghosts.
To Disclose or not to Disclose? That is the Question in Collaborative Law
Authors: Hoffman David A. , Schepard Andrew
Published: January 2020

Collaborative Law (CL) is a dispute resolution process increasingly used in family law and divorce designed to encourage problem solving negotiations by parties represented by counsel. Many states have adapted legislation to authorize and facilitate CL and thousands of lawyers have been trained in the CL process. CL lawyers and participants sign a Participation Agreement in which they agree that the lawyers will be disqualified if the CL process terminates without settlement. They also promise full and voluntary disclosure of information. The extent of the obligation of disclosure is, however, unclear. Through analysis of an extended hypothetical divorce settlement negotiation, this article advocates that CL lawyers and clients should assume an obligation to disclose material facts without a request from the other side. Traditional legal ethics, based on an adversarial framework, requires only disclosure of information when requested by another party. In addition, in traditional legal ethics, a lawyer cannot disclose information obtained in the course of the lawyer‐client relationship without the client's consent even if material to the negotiation. Some authority regulating CL, however, suggests that CL participants and counsel should disclose material information without a specific request even if a client does not want the information disclosed. In that situation, the CL lawyer should encourage the client to disclose the information but if the client refuses to do so, withdraw from the representation. This Article reviews the arguments for and against an obligation of affirmative disclosure in CL. It suggests that affirmative disclosure obligations should be the subject of discussion between CL participants and lawyers and that CL Participation Agreements should be drafted to establish a clear obligation. Finally, this article identifies key areas for further discussion and research on CL disclosure obligations.
The Protection of Confidentiality in Australian Family Law
Authors: Harman Judge Joe
Published: January 2020

This paper identifies and discusses the legislative provisions which protect confidentiality in family law proceedings in Australia. The purpose of discussing these protections is two‐fold: firstly, to identify the scope and operation of these protections for Australian legal practitioners; secondly, to allow comparison of Australian protections to those offered in other jurisdictions. This paper will consider duties of confidentiality and evidential privileges in the context of settlement negotiation, mediation, arbitration, lawyer‐client relationships and medical, counselling and other therapeutic relationships. The rationale for the protection of confidentiality in some of these relationships and circumstances, but not in others, will also be considered in an attempt to understand why it is so.
Saved By the Bell: Reclaiming Home Court Advantage for At‐Risk Youth Funneled into the School‐to‐Prison Pipeline
Authors: Spence Rainét N.
Published: January 2020

Far too often, minority students are faced with punitive disciplinary actions and are consequently directed to the “school‐to‐prison” pipeline. From education to discipline, implementation of policies that criminalize minor delinquent behavior pushes these students out of school and into the juvenile justice system. Traditional disciplinary actions that would land students in the principal's office have gradually transformed to students being handcuffed and thrown in jail. This Note proposes a model statute requiring states with a high criminal delinquency rate to implement school‐based youth courts in public high schools.
Macroscale drivers of Atlantic and Gulf Menhaden growth
Authors: Midway Stephen R. , Schueller Amy M. , Leaf Robert T. , Nesslage Geneviève M. , Mroch Raymond M.
Published: January 2020

The identification of anthropogenic and environmental drivers on length‐at‐age of fish stocks is important to understanding ecosystem dynamics and harvest intensity. We evaluated coastwide annual growth ofn = 187,115 Atlantic Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) andn = 299,185 Gulf Menhaden (B. patronus), using samples collected from the North, Mid‐, and South Atlantic from 1961 to 2016 and across the Gulf of Mexico from 1977 to 2016. Using hierarchical models of age 1 growth and age 2 growth, we evaluated a suite of candidate predictors including fishery landings, easterly (U) and northerly (V) wind velocity, river discharge, juvenile abundance, and the Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO). We found age 2 growth rates were smaller than age 1 growth rates for both species and that Atlantic Menhaden growth rates were 3–4 times greater than Gulf Menhaden. Age 1 growth rate of Atlantic Menhaden was positively affected by landings lagged by one year, indicating a density‐dependent mechanism. In addition, AMO (negative effect), and wind U (positive effect) and wind V (negative effect) in the North Atlantic region were significant factors influencing coastwide age 1 Menhaden growth. Wind V (negative effect) and AMO (positive effect) influenced age 1 Gulf Menhaden growth. No environmental factors were found to have an effect on age 2 Atlantic Menhaden growth, and AMO was the only significant predictor (weak negative effect) of age 2 Gulf Menhaden growth. Fishing pressure was the primary influence on age 1 Atlantic Menhaden growth, whereas age 1 Gulf Menhaden growth was primarily influenced by environmental conditions.
The meagre future of benthic fauna in a coastal sea—Benthic responses to recovery from eutrophication in a changing climate
Authors: Ehrnsten Eva , Norkko Alf , Müller‐Karulis Bärbel , Gustafsson Erik , Gustafsson Bo G.
Published: January 2020

Nutrient loading and climate change affect coastal ecosystems worldwide. Unravelling the combined effects of these pressures on benthic macrofauna is essential for understanding the future functioning of coastal ecosystems, as it is an important component linking the benthic and pelagic realms. In this study, we extended an existing model of benthic macrofauna coupled with a physical–biogeochemical model of the Baltic Sea to study the combined effects of changing nutrient loads and climate on biomass and metabolism of benthic macrofauna historically and in scenarios for the future. Based on a statistical comparison with a large validation dataset of measured biomasses, the model showed good or reasonable performance across the different basins and depth strata in the model area. In scenarios with decreasing nutrient loads according to the Baltic Sea Action Plan but also with continued recent loads (mean loads 2012–2014), overall macrofaunal biomass and carbon processing were projected to decrease significantly by the end of the century despite improved oxygen conditions at the seafloor. Climate change led to intensified pelagic recycling of primary production and reduced export of particulate organic carbon to the seafloor with negative effects on macrofaunal biomass. In the high nutrient load scenario, representing the highest recorded historical loads, climate change counteracted the effects of increased productivity leading to a hyperbolic response: biomass and carbon processing increased up to mid‐21st century but then decreased, giving almost no net change by the end of the 21st century compared to present. The study shows that benthic responses to environmental change are nonlinear and partly decoupled from pelagic responses and indicates that benthic–pelagic coupling might be weaker in a warmer and less eutrophic sea.
The boundary conditions for regulation: Welfare systems, state traditions, and the varied governance of work safety in Europe
Authors: Rothstein Henry , Paul Regine , Demeritt David
Published: January 2020

Studies of the relationship between the welfare and regulatory state have hitherto either focused on the latter displacing the former, or presented regulation as an alternative means for achieving welfare goals. Little is known, however, about their varied mutual interactions. This article addresses that gap by examining the coevolution of workers' compensation and occupational safety regulation in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Drawing on an extensive international analysis of primary documents, secondary literature, and interviews with regulator, insurance, business, and labor representatives, the article identifies strikingly varied but stable national preferences for: (a) the use of financial versus regulatory instruments and (b) the allocation of regulatory responsibilities between state and nonstate actors. The article presents a novel explanation of that variation as dependent on the relative coherence of interactions between the particular cost‐control logics of welfare provision and wider norms and traditions of state action in each country.
Varieties of consumer credit data regimes: A regulatory governance approach
Authors: Mizrahi‐Borohovich Inbar , Levi‐Faur David
Published: January 2020

Credit markets are expanding, and with them also the automated, large‐scale commercialization of personal credit data. The increasing use of data and scores for commodified decision making lends greater urgency to the study of credit data regulatory regimes. This article promotes a comparative regulatory governance perspective as the basis for theory‐driven, multidimensional measurement. In order to measure consumer protection, we distinguish three different subregimes (collection, profiling, and use) and construct a two‐dimensional index of consumer protection (market restriction and user empowerment). We then assess the index and demonstrate its applicability and validity, building on empirical analysis of the regulatory regimes in the United States, France, Sweden, and Israel for the year 2019. Our approach points to a new direction in researching and measuring regulatory regimes in a comparative manner, which looks beyond national analysis toward an in‐depth understanding of other, equally important, levels of variation.
Modes of regulatory governance: A political economy perspective
Authors: Guidi Mattia , Guardiancich Igor , Levi‐Faur David
Published: January 2020

This article introduces the special issue by presenting a framework for the study of regulatory politics using the analytical tools and approaches of comparative political economy. Having traced the evolution of studies on regulation, it argues that scholars should pay more attention to the systemic features affecting regulation and to the relationship between regulatory policies and their outcomes. The article presents the foundations of an analytical framework based on the “regulatory policy process,” a comprehensive approach that links inputs, outputs, and outcomes. The review of the contributions to this special issue shows that regulatory regimes can be better understood by placing them within the broader political economy of a state or region. A renewed focus on regulatory outcomes can help foresee what one should expect from the impact of a certain regulatory regime on a political‐economic system.
Determination of suitable insect part for non‐lethal DNA sampling: case study of DNA quality and regeneration capability of dragonflies
Authors: Ožana Stanislav , Pyszko Petr , Dolný Aleš
Published: January 2020

Genetics has been widely used in insect ecology and conservation. To minimise the effect of DNA sampling on organisms as much as possible, it would be ideal to use non‐invasive or non‐lethal DNA sources. Therefore, it is also very important to determine the responses of organisms to DNA sampling.

In this study, the quality and quantity of genomic DNA samples from three types of insect tissues (exuvia, mid‐legs and wings) were evaluated. As model organisms, we used two dragonfly species of different sizes (Leucorrhinia dubia, Anax imperator). We also tested the regenerative ability of dragonfly larvae as a repair mechanism after mid‐leg cut‐off, with respect to factors such as size and quantity of diet.

We found that DNA of sufficient quality for analyses was obtained from all tested tissues. Nonetheless, isolates from exuviae were conclusively less useful for sequencing than those from the mid‐legs and wings. The highest quantity of DNA was obtained from the mid‐legs. The survival of larvae is not affected by removing the legs, which can usually regenerate.

All the tested tissues could be a source of adequate DNA; however, we concluded that primarily the legs should be used because they provided the best DNA samples in terms of quantity and quality of DNA. Furthermore, their exploitation would not affect individuals seriously if young larvae with sufficient time (at least 6 months) for regeneration are sampled. The exuviae should be used for absolutely non‐invasive studies involving endangered or protected species.
Using Meglumine Diatrizoate to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of cracked teeth on Cone‐beam CT images
Authors: Yuan M. , Gao A. T. , Wang T. M. , Liang J. H. , Aihemati G. B. , Cao Y. , Xie X. , Miao L. Y. , Lin Z. T.
Published: January 2020

Aim

To explore in a laboratory setting the feasibility of using Meglumine Diatrizoate (MD) to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of cracked teeth on cone‐beam CT (CBCT) images.

Methodology

Twenty‐four teeth were cracked artificially by soaking them cyclically in liquid nitrogen and hot water. The number and position of crack lines were evaluated with a dental operating microscope and used as the gold standard. The artificially cracked teeth were then examined using routine scanning (RS) and enhanced scanning (ES) modes, respectively. For the ES mode, MD was painted on the surface of the crack lines, and then, CBCT scanning with the same parameters was performed after 10 min. A radiological graduate student and an experienced radiologist evaluated the presence or absence of crack lines, respectively. The differences between the RS and ES modes were determined and assessed using McNemar’s test. Inter‐examiner agreement and intra‐examiner agreement were assessed using kappa analysis.

Results

Fifty‐seven crack lines were found in the 24 cracked teeth. In the RS mode, the accuracy of detection of crack lines was 23% (radiological graduate student) and 32% (experienced radiologist), whereas in the ES mode, the accuracy was 61% (radiological graduate student) and 65% (experienced radiologist). The inter‐examiner agreement was 0.693 in RS mode and 0.849 in ES mode. The intra‐examiner agreement was 0.872 and 0.949 for the radiological graduate student in RS and ES mode respectively; and one for the experienced radiologist both in RS and ES mode.

Conclusions

Compared with routine scanning mode, more crack lines could be detected in enhanced scanning mode using Meglumine Diatrizoate as a contrast medium. MD could be a potential contrast medium to improve the accuracy of detection of crack lines on CBCT images.
Effects of a 4‐week Omaha System transitional care programme on rheumatoid arthritis patients' self‐efficacy, health status, and readmission in mainland China: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Chen , Gao Li , Zhang Wen‐Hao , Wang Jing , Liu Rong‐Rong , Cao Bao‐Hua
Published: January 2020

Background and aim

To our knowledge, the practice of transitional care was not common in mainland China. This study was designed to test the intervention effects of a specific dose (4 weeks) of an Omaha‐based system transitional care programme for Chinese patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods

The intervention group adopted a 4‐week nurse‐led transitional care intervention based on the Omaha System. The control group used a comparable length of routine care. The outcome indexes were a Chinese version of the Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale‐8, Health Assessment Questionnaire‐Disability Index, and hospital readmission rates. Data were collected from June 2018 to December 2018.

Results

Finally, 88 patients (44 in the intervention group and 44 in the control group) entered the data analysis. Baseline sociodemographic data for both groups were not found to be statistically significant. The self‐efficacy and HAQ‐DI of the intervention group were significantly different from the control group. Although the readmission rates of the intervention group were lower than that of the control group, it was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

This 4‐week transitional care intervention dose is sufficient to provide evidence for improving self‐efficacy to implement disease management and enhancing physical function of patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.
Results from a double blinded, randomised, placebo‐controlled, feasibility trial of melatonin for the treatment of delirium in older medical inpatients
Authors: Lange Peter W. , Clayton‐Chubb Daniel I. , Watson Rosie , Maier Andrea B.
Published: January 2020

Background

Delirium is common in elderly inpatients, causing distress, cognitive decline and death. No known intervention improves the course of delirium; current treatments are symptomatic, and limited by lack of efficacy and adverse effects. There is an urgent need to find an effective treatment for delirium.

Aims

To determine the feasibility of a trial of oral melatonin 5 mg nightly for five nights for the treatment of delirium in older medical inpatients, and determine the participants required to demonstrate a clinically and statistically significant decrease in severity of delirium in older medical inpatients treated with melatonin.

Methods

This was a double blinded, randomised controlled trial in general internal medicine units of a tertiary teaching hospital. Older (≥70 years) inpatients with confusion assessment method positive hyperactive or mixed delirium were suitable for inclusion. Subjects received melatonin 5 mg oral nightly for five nights or matching placebo. The primary outcome was the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) administered daily.

Results

No adverse effects occurred due to melatonin. In the treatment group, the mean change in MDAS from baseline during treatment period was 2.5 ± 5.0 points, in the placebo group, 2.1 ± 4.1 points, a non‐significant difference. A power calculation accounting for drop‐out (31.0%), suggests 120 participants would be required to demonstrate with 90% power that melatonin 5 mg reduces the severity of delirium by 3 points or more on MDAS.

Conclusions

A trial of the hypothesis that 5 mg melatonin nightly for five nights reduces delirium severity in older medical inpatients would require 120 patients, and is feasible.