bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential regulation of L-type Ca2+ channels in cerebral and mesenteric arteries after simulated microgravity in rats and its intervention by standing
Authors: Xue Jun-Hui , Zhang Li-Fan , Ma Jin , Xie Man-Jiang
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to clarify whether simulated microgravity can induce differential changes in the current and protein expression of the L-type Ca2+ channel (CaL) in cerebral and mesenteric arteries and whether these changes can be prevented by daily short-duration −Gx exposure. Tail suspension [hindlimb unloading (HU)] for 3 and 28 days was used to simulate short- and medium-term microgravity-induced deconditioning effects. Standing (STD) for 1 h/day was used to provide −Gx as a countermeasure. Whole cell patch-clamp experiments revealed an increase in current density of CaL of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) isolated from cerebral arteries of rats subjected to HU and a decrease in VSMCs from mesenteric arteries. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase and decrease of CaL channel protein expression in cerebral and small mesenteric arterial VSMCs, respectively, only after 28 days of HU. STD for 1 h/day did not prevent the increase of CaL current density in cerebral arterial VSMCs, but it prevented completely (within 3 days) and partially (28 days) the decrease of CaL current density in small mesenteric arterial VSMCs. Consistent with the changes in CaL current, STD for 1 h/day did not prevent the increase of CaL expression in cerebrovascular myocytes but did prevent the reduction of CaL expression in mesenteric arterial VSMCs subjected to 28 days of HU. These data indicate that simulated microgravity up- and downregulates the current and expression of CaL in cerebral and hindquarter VSMCs, respectively. STD for 1 h/day differentially counteracted the changes of CaL function and expression in cerebral and hindquarter arterial VSMCs of HU rats, suggesting the complexity of the underlying mechanisms in the effectiveness of intermittent artificial gravity for prevention of postflight cardiovascular deconditioning, which needs further clarification.
Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Is Required for HER2/Neu–Induced Breast Cancer
Authors: Bentires-Alj Mohamed , Neel Benjamin G.
Published: March 2007

The protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B; PTPN1) is an important regulator of mammalian metabolism and also helps control signaling by growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix. Gene knockout studies in mice established PTP1B as a key negative regulator of the insulin and leptin receptors. Experiments using PTP1B−/− fibroblast lines, dominant-negative mutants, or small interfering RNAs indicate that PTP1B contributes to dephosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors as well. However, PTP1B also may have some positive (signal enhancing) roles downstream of some growth factor receptors and integrins. Previous studies indicated that PTP1B is overexpressed in a significant subset of breast and ovarian cancers, especially in those overexpressing HER2/Neu (HER2+ tumors). However, experiments using tissue culture cells yield conflicting results on the effects of PTP1B in HER2 signaling, leaving the consequences of PTP1B overexpression for breast carcinogenesis unclear. To determine how PTP1B deficiency affects HER2-evoked breast tumorigenesis, we generated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)–NeuNT transgenic mice lacking one or both alleles of PTP1B. Although heterozygous loss of PTP1B has no effect on tumorigenesis, homozygous PTP1B deficiency dramatically delays or prevents the onset of MMTV-NeuNT–evoked breast tumors. The effects of PTP1B deficiency correlate with defective extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in preneoplastic mammary glands from compound mutant mice. In contrast, PTP1B deficiency has no effect on MMTV-polyoma middle T tumorigenesis. Our data raise the possibility that PTP1B inhibitors may be chemopreventative for some forms of breast cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2420–4]
Relationship between Glomerular Filtration Rate and the Prevalence of Metabolic Abnormalities: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Authors: Clase Catherine M. , Kiberd Bryce A. , Garg Amit X.
Published: March 2007

Background and Aims: National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines recommend that all people with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 undergo evaluation for anaemia and metabolic bone disease. We aim to report the prevalence of metabolic complications in adults with low GFR. Methods: Analysis of 15,802 non-institutionalised adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III), a cross-sectional population-based survey conducted in the United States between 1986 and 1994. Renal function was estimated according the modification of diet in renal disease equation 7 (MDRD GFR), the Cockcroft-Gault formula and by the serum creatinine cut-off points described by Couchoud and colleagues. Haemoglobin <110 g/l occurred in 42.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28.3–56.0] of patients with MDRD GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 [stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD)] and 3.5% (95% CI 2.4–4.7) of patients with MDRD GFR between 30 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (stage 4–5 CKD). Corresponding prevalences for calcium <2.15 mmol/l were 8.2 (95% CI 1.6–14.8) and 3.4 (95% CI 1.7–5.2); for phosphate >1.6 mmol/l, 15.1 (95% CI 5.0–25.3) and 0.3 (95% CI 0–0.6); and for bicarbonate <23 mmol/l, 32.7 (95% CI 19.6–45.9) and 5.7 (95% CI 3.3–8.2), respectively. Similar results were obtained when patients were categorised by the Cockcroft-Gault formula or Couchoud’s cut-off points. Conclusions: The prevalence of complications in stage 3 CKD is low. These data do not support the recommendation for routine screening for metabolic complications of renal insufficiency in adults seen in primary care settings whose GFR exceeds 30 ml/min/1.73 m2.
The TGFβ1-Induced Fibronectin in Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells Is p38 MAP Kinase Dependent and Smad Independent
Authors: Niculescu-Duvaz Ioana , Phanish Mysore K. , Colville-Nash Paul , Dockrell Mark E.C.
Published: March 2007

Background/Aim: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a fibrokine implicated in the progression of renal fibrosis. Following TGFβ1 receptor activation, a number of signalling pathways are stimulated. This study investigates the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and Smad pathways in the TGFβ1-induced fibronectin (FN) production. Methods: Transformed human proximal tubular epithelial cells of the line HKC were used. Secreted FN was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Smad proteins by Western blotting. Chemical inhibitors were used to study the role of p38 MAP kinase and the TGFβ receptor ALK5. The Smad pathway was studied using a cell line overexpressing Smad7 and small interfering RNAs (siRNA). The FN mRNA expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: TGFβ1 produced a significant increase in FN secretion in both HKC and Smad7-HKC cells, and the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190 markedly reduced this (n = 3, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). ALK5 inhibition also reduced the TGFβ1-induced FN (n = 3, p < 0.05). Smad knockdown using the siRNA did not reduce the TGFβ1-induced FN secretion. TGFβ1 induced FN mRNA expression in HKC cells, and SB202190 decreased this induction (n = 5, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that TGFβ1-induced FN production in HKC cells is p38 MAP kinase dependent and Smad independent. Targeting p38 MAP kinase may be of therapeutic value in renal fibrosis.
Pravastatin Inhibits Carboxymethyllysine-Induced Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 Expression in Podocytes via Prevention of Signalling Events
Authors: Gu Leyi , Ni Zhaohui , Qian Jiaqi , Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: March 2007

Background: Up-regulation of local monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) production is involved in glomerular damage through macrophage recruitment and activation in diabetic nephropathy. Advanced glycation end-products induced chemokine production in cultured mesangial cells and podocytes. Statins prevented recruitment of macrophages to the glomeruli, suggesting that statins may have the ability of anti-inflammation. In the present studies, we investigated the effects of pravastatin in the carboxymethyllysine (CML)-induced MCP-1 expression in mouse differentiated podocytes. Methods: MCP-1 gene and protein expressions were examined using RT-PCR and ELISA. Dichlorofluorescein-sensitive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by confocal microscopy. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), nuclear factor (NF) ĸB and Sp1 were studied using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results: MCP-1 was induced by CML in a time- and dose-dependent manner. CML-induced MCP-1 mRNA and protein production were inhibited by 0.1 or 1 mM pravastatin. CML rapidly generated intracellular ROS in podocytes.Pravastatin did not have any ability of blocking ROS generation. Phosphorylated ERK was found in podocytes incubated with CML and was prevented by pravastatin in a dose-dependent manner. Both Western blotting and immunocytochemistry results suggested that pretreatment of podocytes with pravastatin prevented the CML-induced NF-ĸB and Sp1 translocation. Conclusion: These results suggest that pravastatin prevents CML to induce MCP-1 expression in podocytes via modulation of the intracellular ERK/NF-ĸB and Sp1 signalling pathway.
Mild Inflammation Accelerates Colon Carcinogenesis in Mlh1-Deficient Mice
Authors: Taniguchi Kazuki , Kakinuma Shizuko , Tokairin Yutaka , Arai Masami , Kohno Hiroyuki , Wakabayashi Keiji , Imaoka Tatsuhiko , Ito Eisaku , Koike Morio , Uetake Hiroyuki , Nishimura Mayumi , Yamauchi Kazumi , Sugihara Ken-ichi , Shimada Yoshiya
Published: March 2007

Objective: Inflammatory bowel disease, which frequently accompanies silencing of Mlh1, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. The interaction between inflammation and mismatch repair deficiency, however, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inflammation on colorectal carcinogenesis in Mlh1-deficient mice. Method: Inflammatory colitis was induced by treatment with 1% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 1 week in Mlh1 knockout (Mlh1–/–), Mlh1 heterozygous (Mlh1+/–) and wild-type (Mlh1+/+) mice at 10 weeks of age. The development of colon tumors was followed for a subsequent 15 weeks and the tumors were analyzed immunohistochemically for the expression and localization of iNOS, β-catenin and p53. Results: Male and female Mlh1–/– mice with DSS showed a 63 and 44% incidence of tumors, respectively, whereas no tumors were observed in Mlh1+/– and Mlh1+/+ mice. The mice without DSS treatment did not develop any tumors regardless of the genotype. While aberrant expression of β-catenin was not detected in colonic neoplasms, p53 and iNOS expression was increased in 100 and 77%, respectively. These immunohistochemical changes were consistent with those of human colon cancers associated with ulcerative colitis. Conclusion: Our results indicate that Mlh1 deficiency strongly accelerates colon carcinogenesis when combined with inflammation. Thus the cells with Mlh1 deficiency, either inherently or colitis associated, may be at an increased risk of cancer under inflammatory conditions.
Interactive Computer Graphic Image Analysis for Functional Neurosurgery
Authors: Rea G.L. , Goodman J.H. , Davis J.R.
Published: March 2007

This study deals with the use of microcomputer graphic analysis of preop-erative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in functional neurosurgical procedures. Three patients (2 treated for thalamotomy and 1 for thalamic stimulation) had preadmission MRI scans which delineated the classic internal landmarks used in functional neurosurgery. These data were then manipulated and stored using a microcomputer-based graphic analysis system. Intraoperative pattern matching of preadmission graphics with the intraoperative skull X-rays allo wed determination of the planned target in the x, y and z coordinates. The accuracy of the graphics FM-PC and AC-PC points was confirmed with the use of ventriculography, stimulation, and postoperative MRI scans. This simple, inexpensive method obviates the need for ventriculography, sedation, intraoperative MRI with a scan-compatible frame, and has the accuracy necessary for functional procedures.
Microcomputer Stereotactic Atlas
Authors: Goodman J.H. , Watkins E.S. , Davis J.R. , Mullin B.B.
Published: March 2007

A stereotactic atlas to determine thalamic target sites has been incorporated into a microcomputer. Variability studies of the thalamus with mean and standard deviations of nuclear borders are depicted graphically for overlay onto operative images. Internal landmarks traditionally used to reference target points for functional stereotaxis may be determined by conventional ventriculography or derived from magnetic resonance scans. Modeling of polyline vertices established from gray scale contour mapping and atlas reconstructions further enhance the spatial understanding of relationships to midline structures. Computer integration of anatomic reference points, graphically depicted images and stereotactic atlas data into head frame coordinates can be accomplished. This method is consistent with established stereotactic techniques and allows the visual conceptualization of imaged and graphic data for functional stereotaxis.
Computer-Interactive Stereotactic Resection of Deep-Seated and Centrally Located Intraaxial Brain Lesions
Authors: Kelly Patrick J. , Kall Bruce A. , Goerss Stephan J.
Published: March 2007

The carbon dioxide laser has been incorporated into a computer-interactive stereotactic system for precision resection of deep-seated intraaxial neoplasma defined by stereotactic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. One hundred and ninety-seven procedures were performed on 191 patients having deep-seated lesions. Postoperative results have been satisfactory as regards the postoperative condition of the patient in consideration of the completeness of tumor removal achieved.
Helmet for Infant Skull Fixation during Stereotactic Neurosurgery
Authors: Uematsu Sumio , Rosenbaum Arthur E. , Abel Diane L. , Erozan Yener S. , Gupta Prabodh K. , Carson Benjamin S. , Kumar Ashok J.
Published: March 2007

A thermoplastic helmet was designed to allow the use of the Leksell stereotactic frame in infants.
The Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) Arc: lts Concept as a Spatial Navigation System
Authors: Wells Jr. Trent H. , Cosman Eric.R. , Ball Roy E.
Published: March 2007

The Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) Arc System can be compared to spatial navigation because both utilize the concept of direction to and spatial location of a point in space by referencing to a horizontal angle (azimuth) and a vertical angle (declination) relative to the horizon. The BRW system also permits the determination of the distance from a reference surface of the arc system to the point (target). The methods of determining these parameters are explained in detail with illustrations.
Role of Stereotactic Biopsy in the Surgical Treatment of Cerebral Tumors
Authors: Rossi G.F. , Scerrati M. , Roselli R.
Published: March 2007

Out of 664 intracranial tumors subjected to surgical procedures since 1980, 163 underwent stereobiopsy. On the basis of this experience, we devised a scheme to help decide whether and why stereobiopsy is advisable.
Neural Noise as a Real Time Guide for Tumor Site Verification during Stereotactic Biopsy of Brain Tumors
Authors: Yoshida Masafumi , Kuramoto Shinken
Published: March 2007

Neural noise has been successfully used as a real time guide for verification of tumor site during stereotactic biopsy of brain tumors. This technique is a useful adjunct to other methods for tumor site verification and may possibly give pathophysiological information in peritumoral areas.
CT-Guided Stereotactic Biopsies of Lesions in the Medulla and a Case of Leigh's Disease
Authors: Sahni K.S. , Ghatak N.R. , Gulati A.N. , Leshner R.T. , Alberico A. , Young H.F.
Published: March 2007

CT-guided stereotactic biopsy of lower brain stem lesions in 7 consecutive cases is discussed. A frontal transincisural approach was used. Five patients had astrocytomas histologically. The single patient who had undergone empirical radiation therapy prior to tissue diagnosis revealed only necrosis. One patient was found to have pathology suggestive of Leigh''s disease. This patient was not radiated and is the first alive adult to have this diagnosis confirmed. Although controversy still exists in the management of brain stem lesions, we intend to demonstrate the value of tissue diagnosis in the management of such lesions.
Stereotactic Administration of Intratumoral Chronic Chemotherapy of Recurrent Malignant Gliomas
Authors: Bouvier G. , Penn R.D. , Kroin J.S. , Béique R.A. , Guérard M.-J. , Lesage J.
Published: March 2007

There is a continuous search for more efficient treatment of malignant cerebral gliomas. The work of Penn and Croin [9] demonstrates clearly that survival of rats having experimental gliomas is significantly increased by intratumoral chemotherapy. It has been shown that chronic depth electrodes for the investigation of epileptic patients is a reliable and safe method. Using this proven technology originally developed by Talairach, Szikla and co-workers we have developed catheters for intratumoral chemotherapy. Three patients have been treated. It is premature to pretend that this is a treatment which will lengthen the patient''s life. Nevertheless, the feasibility of the technique, its precision and safety are assured. Following this course of treatment, we have seen no deteriorations, no side effects, no bone marrow depressions, and no sign of toxicity. Chemical analysis has shown that cisplatin was delivered to the tumor.
Sedation for Stereotactic Headframe Application: A Randomized Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: Lanier William L. , Hool Geoffrey J. , Faust Ronald J. , Cucchiara Roy F. , Kelly Patrick J.
Published: March 2007

A prospective, randomized study was performed in 87 patients to compare the safety, efficacy and dose requirements of two sedation techniques for stereotactic headframe application. Sedation administration and headframe application averaged 30 min. Fifty patients weighing 76 ± 13 kg (mean ± SD) received mean doses of 154 µg fentanyl plus 5.5 mg droperidol i.v. (FD group). An additional 37 patients weighing 76 ± 19 kg received mean doses of 127 µg fentanyl plus 6.7 mg Valium® (diazepam; FV group). Both treatments provided excellent hemodynamic stability and a Iow incidence of adverse side effects while providing adequate analgesia and sedation. The incidence of anesthetist-assessed patient anxiety and discomfort was more favorable in the FD group.
Stereotactic Heavy-Partiele Irradiation of Intracranial Arteriovenous Malf ormations
Authors: Hosobuchi Y. , Fabricant J. , Lyman J.
Published: March 2007

Stereotactic irradiation appears to be effective in causing partial or complete thrombosis of AVM that are not surgically resectable. Use of heavy particles generated in a cyclotron allows better spatial definition and dose distribution than do other methods, allowing larger AVM to be treated [1–3]. From these preliminary results, it is evident that heavy-partiele irradiation therapy, like proton beam therapy, does not offer protection from recurrent hemorrhage for at least 12 months, nor is it devoid of major complications; it does offer a noninvasive mode of therapy for AVM that are difficult to treat surgically, however.
First United States 201 Source Cobalt-60 Gamma Unit for Radiosurgery
Authors: Lunsford L. Dade , Maitz Ann , Lindner Glenn
Published: March 2007

Installation of the first United States 201-source 60Co gamma unit for stereotactic radiosurgery was completed at the University of Pittsburgh in May, 1987. Despite a very favorable 19-year experience in Stockholm, introduction of this technology into the US proved to be a formidable task. Extensive internal and government regulatory review by the Health Systems Agency, the Food and Drug Administration and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ultimately resulted in approval of marketing and use of the gamma unit. Clinical use and radiobiological research has begun.
Stereotactic External Beam Calculations for Radiosurgical Treatment of Brain Lesions
Authors: Pike B. , Peters T.M. , Podgorsak E. , Pla C. , Olivier A. , de Lotbinière A.
Published: March 2007

Radiosurgical techniques are becoming increasingly popular for the selective destruction of brain lesions. To ensure precision in the procedure, set-up and treatment of lesions in this manner, we have adopted standard stereotactic methods to allow one to calculate accurately the absorbed dose and also to preserve accuracy in locating the target site in three dimensions. At McGill University, radiosurgery is performed using the dynamic technique, which utilizes the concurrent rotation of both the 10-MV photon beam linear accelerator (from 30 to 330 °) and the patient couch (from 75 to –75 °) about a common point centered on the target within the lesion. A three-dimensional treatment planning system for the calculation of dose distributions implemented in conjunction with CT, MRI and DSA stereotactic image analysis systems is presented.
Multiplanar CT-Guided Stereotaxis and 125I Interstitial Radiotherapy
Authors: Zamorano Lucia , Dujovny Manuel , Malik Ghaus , Yakar Daniel , Mehta Bharat
Published: March 2007

A method using Multiplanar CT-guided stereotactic biopsy and high-dose 125I interstitial radiotherapy in patients with malignant nonresectable or recurrent brain tumors is presented. Optimal interstitial radiotherapy requires careful preoperative planning, computer-assisted dosimetry, CT-guided stereotactic biopsy and implantation of catheters that will be loaded with 125I seeds. A method is presented by which the isodose curve distribution is adjusted to the tumor size, volume and axis, allowing treatment of the imaged and histologically determined border of the tumor with 60 Gy at a dose rate of 40 rad/h.
Iridium-192 Brachytherapy in Combination with Interstitial Microwave-Induced Hyperthermia for Malignant Glioma
Authors: Roberts David W. , Strohbehn John W. , Coughlin Christopher T. , Ryan Thomas P. , Lyons Bernard E. , Douple Evan B.
Published: March 2007

A phase I clinical trial assessing the feasibility and safety of hyperthermia in combination with l92Ir brachytherapy (60 Gy) for the treatment of malignant glioma now includes 14 patients. Hyperthermia (42–43 °C at tumor margin for 60 min) has been induced using stereotactically implanted afterloading catheters and a microwave (915 or 2,450 MHz) antenna array. Thermometry recorded along each catheter confirms the general ability of the technique to heat such volumes, but thermal heterogeneities are documented. Transient or permanent worsening of previous neurologic deficit, seen in 7 patients, has been the most common morbidity.
Interstitial Radiation in Recurrent Malignant Gliomas
Authors: Hitchon Patrick W. , Jani Shirish K. , VanGilder John C. , Godersky John C. , Doornbos Shirley
Published: March 2007

Twelve patients with recurrent supratentorial gliomas were treated with implanted 125I seeds. The interval from initial surgery to interstitial radiation ranged from 3 months to 9 years. The techniques for brachytherapy included volume implanta-tion by craniotomy in one, stereotactic implantation with low-activity seeds in 7 and high-activity seeds in 4 patients. The total dose received ranged from 5,500 to 27,000 cGy. CT scans performed sequentially on all patients showed progressive attenuation in areas previously enhancing, suggestive of tumor necrosis produced by the interstitial sources. The mean and median survival of these patients was 23 and 22 weeks, with the 4 most recent patients still alive.
Late Considerations in the Treatment of Low-Grade Malignancy Cerebral Tumors with Iodine-125 Brachytherapy
Authors: Frank F. , Fabrizi A.P. , Gaist G. , Frank-Ricci R. , Piazzi M. , Spagnolli F.
Published: March 2007

The authors report their series of 45 patients harboring inoperable, low-grade cerebral neoplasms, treated in the past 6 years with 125I stereotactic brachytherapy. The majority of these tumors were grade I and II astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas (82.2%). A 2.6- to 6-year follow-up shows good results in 65.6% with reduction or disappearance of the lesions on CT images and good social reentry. Nine patients (23.7%) died prior to follow-up. Young patients (less than 40 years) responded well to interstitial radiotherapy, while patients over 40 with the same histological findings of lowgrade tumors responded poorly to this type of treatment. Diffuse infiltrating cortico-subcortical tumors, optochiasmatic gliomas, hypothalamic and lower brainstem neoplasms do not respond satisfactorily to 125I radioisotope implantations.
Localizational Concepts in Epilepsy: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Rasmussen Theodore
Published: March 2007

The clinical seizure pattern, particularly the initial phenomena, plus the EEG, when satisfactory recording of the seizure onset can be achieved, determine the primary localization of epileptic phenomena. The EEG has also demonstrated, by the presence of interictal epileptiform spike discharges, the presence of a second-order localization of epileptic phenomena, namely, the location and extent of cortex adjacent to the site of origin of the neuronal seizure discharge that is recruited into action in a clinical epileptic seizure. Experience with cortical resection in the treatment of focal epilepsy has demonstrated the importance of a third-order localization of epileptic phenomena, namely, how much of the potentially epiieptogenic cortex must be excised in order to produce a satisfactory reduction of the seizure tendency.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment and Surgical Management of Epilepsy and Functional Neurological Disorders
Authors: Maxwell Robert E. , Gates John R. , McGeachie Robert
Published: March 2007

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers significant advantages over computerized tomography (CT) and teleradiographic techniques when used for the evaluation and management of epilepsy and functional neurological disorders. Depth recording and radiofrequency electrodes can be more accurately positioned within structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus. The extent of corpus callosum section, lobectomy, topectomy, and radiofrequency stereotactic lesions can now be readily confirmed and related with seizure, neurological, and behavioral outcome. Occult, usually low grade, intraparenchymal neoplasms not visualized on CT scans can be located by MRI and biopsied or excised by MRI stereotactic techniques.
Analysis of a Four-Year Experience with Depth Electrodes and a Two- Year Experience with Subdural Electrodes in the Evaluation of Ablative Seizure Surgery Candidates
Authors: Smith J.R. , Flanigin H.F. , King D.W. , Gallagher B.B. , Murro A.M. , Holmes G.L. , Huh K.
Published: March 2007

Chronically implanted depth and subdural electrodes have both been shown to be satisfactory means of localizing epileptogenic foci. Utilizing bilateral mesial temporal depth electrodes, we have localized mesial temporal foci in a large percentage of patients. Depth electrode investigation of a more limited number of patients with suspected extramesial temporal foci has not been as reliable in giving localizing information. We have more recently used subdural electrodes to investigate this latter category of patients, and preliminary findings suggest that this technique may be of localizing value in several subcategories.
Five-and-a-Half Years' Experience with Percutaneous Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizotomy in Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Dieckmann G. , Bockermann V. , Heyer C. , Henning J. , Roesen M.
Published: March 2007

The results of treating trigeminal neuralgia with percutaneous retrogang-lionic glycerol rhizotomy in 319 patients from an overall series of 394 patients with 459 operations carried out over a period of 5½years are reported. Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia was the diagnosis in 252 patients. 34 patients had trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. The remaining 33 patients suffered from symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia or atypical facial pain. 230 patients (91.3%) with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and 30 patients (88.2%) with multiple sclerosis reported complete freedom from pain. In 12 patients (4.8%) of those with tic douloureux and in 1 patient (2.9%) with multiple sclerosis, pain was alleviated, and the patients required a reduced pharmacotherapy. 10 patients (3.9%) and 3 patients (8.8%) were considered to be treatment failures. The rate of recurrences within the first 2 years was 10.9 and 40.0%, respectively. In the long-term, the rate of recurrences in patients with tic douloureux was 36.9%. 144 patients (45.1%) noticed a hypesthesia. 132 patients (41.4%) had hypalgesia following the procedure, and there was a decrease of symptoms in the long-term observation in 20.0% of the patients. 59 patients (18.5%) developed dysesthesia postoperatively which regressed only to an inappreciable extent in the long-term course. In 16 patients (5.0%) exclusively with a preexisting organic lesion or who had received surgical pretreatment, there was a loss of corneal sensation. The investigation showed on the one hand the effectiveness of the method, but on the other hand also the possibility of marked sensory disorder in selected cases.
Treatment of Lower Extremity Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy with Continuous Intrathecal Morphine Infusion
Authors: Goodman R.R. , Brisman R.
Published: March 2007

Continuous intrathecal morphine infusion has been used in 3 patients with refractory lower extremity reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndromes. Two patients have experienced prolonged significant benefit.
Brainstem Discharge Sites: Therapeutic Targets for Chronic Pain
Authors: Andy Orlando J.
Published: March 2007

Optimum mesothalamic targets for therapeutic electrode implants are characterized by (1) spontaneously occurring focal discharges, (2) attenuation of the discharges by electrical stimulation, and (3) stimulation-induced pain relief.
Cerebellar Stimulation for Spastic Cerebral Palsy -Double-Blind Quantitative Study
Authors: Davis Ross , Schulman Joseph , Nanes Mario , Delehanty Ann
Published: March 2007

Thirty spastic cerebral palsy (CP) patients were involved in a double-blind quantitative study to determine the effectiveness of chronic cerebellar stimulation, (CCS) and 19 patients completed the testing. Of the 12 patients undergoing the fïve motor performance tests, 8 (66%) showed improvements with the stimulation. Of the 16 patients tested for active motion in seven bilateral joints, 10 (63%) showed increases with CCS. Profiles of six mood states were tested in 15 patients, and CCS produced an overall 15% improvement.
Thalamic Functional Tuning of the Cortex in Dichotic Listening Tasks
Authors: Bhatnagar Subhash C. , Andy Orlando J. , Korabic Edward W. , Saxena Varun K. , Tikofski Ronald S. , Hellman Robert S.
Published: March 2007

In dichotic listening tasks, the (dominant) right ear''s superiority in processing verbal stimuli has been attributed to its direct access to the linguistically dominant left hemisphere. The roles played by the extralinguistic factors, such as induced attentiveness and functional tuning of the auditory system, have not been carefully examined. The evidence for the facilitating effects of subcortical stimulation on processing dichotic stimuli is presented.
CT Appearance of Experimental Thalamic Radiofrequency Lesion in Dog
Authors: Ebisutani Daizo , Matsumoto Keizo , Murayama Yoshihisa , Soga Tetsuro
Published: March 2007

The location and extent of thalamic lesions following thalamotomy can be identified as a large low density area in the acute stage to a small spot in the chronic stage. Stereotactic experimental radiofrequency lesions were placed in the thalamus of 35 mongrel dogs. CT images and whole brain specimens were obtained on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 60. The appropriate time to map the lesions in the thalamus was thought to be about day 14, because of the thalamic size ratio and the correction of the ventricular deformity. The histological area of the lesion at day 14 corresponded better to the contrast-enhanced area than to that of the plain CT. These results suggest that the lesion demonstrated by contrast-enhanced CT scans at day 14 gives the best anatomical mapping of the actual histological defect.
Stereotactic Aspiration of Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle
Authors: Musolino A. , Munari C. , Fosse S. , Blond S. , Betti O. , Daumas-Duport C. , Chodkiewicz J.-P.
Published: March 2007

From January, 1979, to July, 1986, 10 patients (6 females, 4 males; 12–59 years, mean 37) with colloid cysts of the third ventricle were treated by stereotactic aspiration (Talairach''s method). Five cysts have been completely aspirated. The mean residual volume of the other 5 was 19% of the initial volume. Clinical symptoms completely cleared in all but one patient. The advantages of the procedure are discussed.
Interaction Between Na
+
/K
+
-Pump and Na
+
/Ca
2+
-Exchanger Modulates Intercellular Communication
Authors: Matchkov Vladimir V. , Gustafsson Helena , Rahman Awahan , Briggs Boedtkjer Donna M. , Gorintin Sarah , Hansen Anne Kirstine , Bouzinova Elena V. , Praetorius Helle A. , Aalkjaer Christian , Nilsson Holger
Published: March 2007

Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na
+
/K
+
-pump, has previously been shown to interfere with intercellular communication. Here we test the hypothesis that the communication between vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated through an interaction between the Na
+
/K
+
-pump and the Na
+
/Ca
2+
-exchanger leading to an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca
2+
]
i
) in discrete areas near the plasma membrane.

[Ca
2+
]
i
in smooth muscle cells was imaged in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cell pairs (A7r5) and in rat mesenteric small artery segments simultaneously with force. In A7r5 coupling between cells was estimated by measuring membrane capacitance.

Smooth muscle cells were uncoupled when the Na
+
/K
+
-pump was inhibited either by a low concentration of ouabain, which also caused a localized increase of [Ca
2+
]
i
near the membrane, or by ATP depletion. Reduction of Na
+
/K
+
-pump activity by removal of extracellular potassium ([K
+
]
o
) also uncoupled cells, but only after inhibition of K
ATP
channels. Inhibition of the Na
+
/Ca
2+
-exchange activity by SEA0400 or by a reduction of the equilibrium potential (making it more negative) also uncoupled the cells. Depletion of intracellular Na
+
and clamping of [Ca
2+
]
i
at low concentrations prevented the uncoupling.

The experiments suggest that the Na
+
/K
+
-pump may affect gap junction conductivity via localized changes in [Ca
2+
]
i
through modulation of Na
+
/Ca
2+
-exchanger activity.
Weekends: A Dangerous Time for Having a Stroke?
Authors: Saposnik Gustavo , Baibergenova Akerke , Bayer Neville , Hachinski Vladimir
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose—

Weekend admissions are associated with higher in-hospital mortality. However, limited information is available concerning the “weekend effect” on stroke mortality. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of weekend admissions on stroke mortality in different settings.

Methods—

We analyzed all hospital admissions for ischemic stroke from April 2003 to March 2004 through the Hospital Morbidity Database. The Hospital Morbidity Database is a national database that contains patient-level sociodemographic, diagnostic, procedural, and administrative information including all acute care facilities across Canada. The major inclusion criterion was admission to an acute care facility with a principal diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Clinical variables and facility characteristics were included in the analysis.

Results—

Overall, 26 676 patients were admitted to 606 hospitals for ischemic stroke. Weekend admissions comprised 6629 (24.8%) of all admissions. Seven-day stroke mortality was 7.6%. Weekend admissions were associated with a higher stroke mortality than weekday admissions (8.5% vs 7.4%; odds ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29). Mortality was similarly affected among patients admitted to rural versus urban hospitals or when the most responsible physician was a general practitioner versus specialist. In the multivariable analysis, weekend admissions were associated with higher early mortality (odds ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.26) after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and medical complications.

Conclusions—

Stroke patients admitted on weekends had a higher risk-adjusted mortality than did patients admitted on weekdays. Disparities in resources, expertise, and healthcare providers working during weekends may explain the observed differences in weekend mortality.
Magnesium for Treatment of Acute Lacunar Stroke Syndromes
Authors: Aslanyan Stella , Weir Christopher J. , Muir Keith W. , Lees Kennedy R.
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose—

A prespecified interaction analysis of the neutral Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke (IMAGES) trial revealed significant benefit from magnesium (Mg) in patients with noncortical stroke. Post hoc analysis indicated that this effect was seen in lacunar clinical syndromes (LACS), interaction
P
=0.005. We have now examined whether this interaction could be explained by confounding baseline factors.

Methods—

LACS was defined on the basis of neurological signs and did not include imaging. We investigated the interaction between baseline variables and Mg treatment on global outcome. We used logistic-regression models to test whether the Mg-LACS interaction remained significant after adjusting for stratification variables, sex, a novel stroke severity score, and baseline variables that had an interaction with treatment (
P
<0.1).

Results—

The Mg (n=383) and placebo (n=382) groups of LACS patients were well matched on baseline factors. In addition to LACS, we found an interaction between beneficial Mg treatment effect and younger age (
P
=0.003), higher baseline diastolic blood pressure (
P
=0.02), higher mean blood pressure (
P
=0.02), and absence of ischemic heart disease (
P
=0.07). Even so, the adjusted Mg-LACS interaction remained significant (odds ratio [OR] 0.57; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.83;
P
=0.003). In the LACS subgroup, Mg improved Barthel Index <95 (OR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.98), modified Rankin Scale >1 (OR 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.91), and global outcome (OR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.92) but not Barthel Index <60 or mortality.

Conclusions—

The positive treatment effect of Mg in LACS cannot be ascribed to general issues of severity, time to treatment, blood pressure, or other baseline factors; equally, this finding may be due to chance. A large trial of Mg treatment in LACS appears justified.
EXP3179 Inhibits Collagen-Dependent Platelet Activation via Glycoprotein Receptor-VI Independent of AT
1
-Receptor Antagonism
Authors: Grothusen Christina , Umbreen Sumaira , Konrad Ildiko , Stellos Konstantinos , Schulz Christian , Schmidt Boris , Kremmer Elisabeth , Teebken Omke , Massberg Steffen , Luchtefeld Maren , Schieffer Bernhard , Gawaz Meinrad
Published: March 2007

Objective—

Thrombus formation after atherosclerotic plaque rupture critically involves the platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI. We investigated the impact of EXP3179, an active metabolite of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT
1
)-receptor antagonist Losartan (LOS) on GPVI-dependent platelet activation.

Methods and Results—

EXP3179 and LOS but not EXP3174—the major AT
1
-receptor blocking metabolite of LOS—dose-dependently inhibited collagen-I (
P
<0.01) and GPVI-dependent platelet aggregation (
P
<0.01) analyzed by optical aggregometry. Platelet activation was further determined by flow cytometry measuring the expression of platelet PAC-1, an epitope of the activated fibrinogen-receptor complex. EXP3179 and LOS inhibited collagen-I (
P
<0.01) and GPVI-dependent PAC-1 expression (
P
<0.01). EXP3179 and LOS but not EXP3174 decreased the adhesion of GPVI-receptor expressing Chinese hamster ovarian cells on collagen-I under arterial shear conditions determined by flow chamber analysis (
P
<0.01 and
P
<0.05). EXP3179 also reduced human atherosclerotic plaque material-induced platelet aggregation (
P
<0.01) in vitro and murine platelet adhesion after acute vessel injury in vivo as determined by intravital microscopy (
P
<0.01).

Conclusion—

EXP3179 acts as a specific inhibitor of the platelet collagen receptor GPVI independent of AT
1
-receptor antagonism. Further investigations may clarify its individual potential as a novel pharmacological approach to specifically inhibit atherothrombotic events by GPVI-receptor blockade.
Recursive Finite Newton Algorithm for Support Vector Regression in the Primal
Authors: Bo Liefeng , Wang Ling , Jiao Licheng
Published: March 2007

Some algorithms in the primal have been recently proposed for training support vector machines. This letter follows those studies and develops a recursive finite Newton algorithm (IHLF-SVR-RFN) for training nonlinear support vector regression. The insensitive Huber loss function and the computation of the Newton step are discussed in detail. Comparisons with LIBSVM 2.82 show that the proposed algorithm gives promising results.
Model Selection for Convolutive ICA with an Application to Spatiotemporal Analysis of EEG
Authors: Dyrholm Mads , Makeig Scott , Hansen Lars Kai
Published: March 2007

We present a new algorithm for maximum likelihood convolutive independent component analysis (ICA) in which components are unmixed using stable autoregressive filters determined implicitly by estimating a convolutive model of the mixing process. By introducing a convolutive mixing model for the components, we show how the order of the filters in the model can be correctly detected using Bayesian model selection. We demonstrate a framework for deconvolving a subspace of independent components in electroencephalography (EEG). Initial results suggest that in some cases, convolutive mixing may be a more realistic model for EEG signals than the instantaneous ICA model.
Information and Topology in Attractor Neural Networks
Authors: Dominguez D. , Koroutchev K. , Serrano E. , Rodríguez F. B.
Published: March 2007

A wide range of networks, including those with small-world topology, can be modeled by the connectivity ratio and randomness of the links. Both learning and attractor abilities of a neural network can be measured by the mutual information (MI) as a function of the load and the overlap between patterns and retrieval states. In this letter, we use MI to search for the optimal topology with regard to the storage and attractor properties of the network in an Amari-Hopfield model. We find that while an optimal storage implies an extremely diluted topology, a large basin of attraction leads to moderate levels of connectivity. This optimal topology is related to the clustering and path length of the network. We also build a diagram for the dynamical phases with random or local initial overlap and show that very diluted networks lose their attractor ability.
New Social Movements with Old Party Politics
Authors: Alcañiz Isabella , Scheier Melissa
Published: March 2007

The Movimiento Territorial de Liberación (MTL) is a radical piquetero (picketer) group formed by unemployed workers and activists from the Communist party in Argentina. The autonomous and radical nature of the MTL is primarily attributable to prior linkages of the Communist party to urban and skilled workers outside Peronist clientelistic networks and party access to project financing independent of state spending. The relationship is beneficial to both the movement and the party.
Zapatista Anticapitalist Politics and the “Other Campaign”
Authors: Mora Mariana
Published: March 2007

Zapatista indigenous autonomy offers new political road maps that chart courses through a complex and contradictory terrain marked by a rearticulation of neoliberal hegemonic forces and a legacy of left politics of recognition positioned between mestizaje ideologies and Indianist discourses. The emerging cartography locates practices of resistance to the political-economic and the cultural logics of late capitalism in the ways in which autonomy links political identity claims to self-governing practices and to struggles for resource redistribution. Similarly, it critiques the ethnic-racialized ordering of society by unmasking the way biological and cultural traits work interchangeably to define dominant constructs of indigenous subjectivity.
The Media and the Public Image of Dutch Veterans from World War II to Srebrenica
Authors: Algra Gielt , Elands Martin , Schoeman Jan René
Published: March 2007

This article contends that the Dutch news media create “types” in their journalistic portrayal of Dutch veterans. Generations of Dutch veterans have been a popular subject for journalists in Holland. It appears that the Dutch media have focused on failures and misconduct rather than the sacrifices of veterans. The authors will show that this negative impression is incorrect. The authors' survey of reports in the media served as the basis of this article. Particular attention is paid to Srebrenica and its negative impact on the Dutch military and veterans. The authors discuss the results of opinion polls conducted in 2005. It is argued that in the “run-up” to Srebrenica, the definition of the situation was a matter of political and media conflict in which opinion was prioritized over fact. The article concludes with comments about the media imagery of Dutch veterans and some comparisons with American Vietnam veterans.
Cytoprotective Effect of Podophyllum hexandrum Against Gamma Radiation is Mediated via Hemopoietic System Stimulation and Up-Regulation of Heme-oxygenase-1 and the Prosurvival Multidomain Protein Bcl-2
Authors: Rajesh Arora , Sagar R. , Singh S. , Kumar R. , Sharma A. K. , Prasad J. , Singh S. , Gupta M. , Sharma R. K. , Puri S. C. , Krishna B. , Siddiqui M. S. , Lahiri S. S. , Tripathi R. P. , Qazi G. N.
Published: March 2007

The radioprotective effect of a hydroalcoholic extracted material (REC-2000) from the rhizome of Podophyllum hexandrum was studied in mice exposed to lethal γ radiation (10 Gy). The extract (REC-2000) was found to restore the hemoglobin content (14.73 ± 0.33) and total leukocyte count (TLC) (4166.66 ± 0.02) in lethally (10 Gy) γ-irradiated mice on the 15th day in comparison to the radiation control mice. The hemoglobin content of the drug + radiation group was observed to be significantly (21.25%) higher than the radiation control group on the 10th day. Similarly, the TLC was significantly increased (83.33 times) in the drug + radiation group as compared to a radiation (10 Gy) only group on the 10th day. Enhanced expression of heme-oxygenase-1 and Bcl-2 protein observed by Western blotting further supports the observation of hemopoietic recovery in irradiated mice. These findings indicate that the bioactive constituents present in REC-2000 exert the radioprotective effect by modulating the hemopoietic system.