bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Laboratory for Advanced Electrical Teaching
Authors: Pillow M.E.
Published: November 2014

For some years now, courses have been carried out in this college with a strong emphasis on experimental electronics and wave‐guide physics, as well as on general circuit measurements, for first degree and post‐graduate students. Latterly diploma classes, and some for HNC students, have been added, and in order to provide satisfactory facilities for all these, one of the existing laboratories has been redesigned and its use planned. It appears to serve its purpose so well that its main features are to be reproduced in new extension laboratories, and the ideas embodied may be of use to other colleges.
Speaking Foreign Languages
Authors: Newark P.
Published: November 2014

The present popular expression of the movement in favour of oral work at the expense of written takes the form of audio‐visual aids, which are now receiving much publicity, both from direct method advocates and commercial firms. Audio‐visual methods vary, but the one that has been evolved by M. Paul Rivenc and his colleagues at the Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes pour la Diffusion du Francais (CREDIF) at Saint‐Cloud, just outside Paris, is the most important, and has the official support and generous financial backing of the French Ministry of Education.
TEACHING TOPICS
Authors: Dale H.B.
Published: November 2014

Thick cylinder. This experiment is designed to confirm the usual Lamé theory for thick cylinders subjected to internal pressure.
The Teaching of Physical Metallurgy — a Rational Approach
Authors: Clarke G.B.
Published: November 2014

In his inaugural lecture at Imperial College, Professor J. G. Ball pointed to the tendency of metallurgy to become a scientific discipline of logical inference, making teaching centred on plant skills, and the parrot‐learning of facts and alloy specifications quite out of date. The principles and practice of teaching with special reference to metallurgy have not received the attention accorded to allied subjects such as chemistry. The purpose of this article is to provoke thought, criticism and free discussion among those engaged in the dissemination of metallurgical knowledge.
The CAT's and Full University Status
Authors: Wales Peter
Published: November 2014

In the September issue Sir David Anderson said of the Colleges of Advanced Technology: “… until they are self‐governing and until they give their own award, preferably a degree, they will not be accorded at home or abroad the respect and status which they deserve”. Mr Wales's clear presentation of the points in the argument highlights the CATs' difficulties in having to work with carefully designed and built‐in status disadvantages.
Geometric Similarity — Some Applications in Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Pallett G.
Published: November 2014

Fluid mechanics is essentially an experimental subject, and similarity laws in one form or another are its natural background. Various types of similarity are possible: in the first place there is geometric similarity between the model and the prototype. If the ratio of any two corresponding dimensions in the two systems is a constant then there is geometric similarity. The ratio is called the scale ratio. At this stage it is worth pointing out that complete similarity, even in the geometric sense, is not often possible. Such factors as surface roughness or particle size may be very difficult to match. In the case of, say, river models practical considera‐tions necessitate separate vertical and horizontal scales.
‘g’ trouble
Authors: Francis J.R.D.
Published: November 2014

DR WALSHAW'S article on “Crowther and Numeracy” in the October 1960 issue ends by pointing out the difficulty of many engineering students in handling the gravitational acceleration ‘g’ in problems of applied mechanics. Although a great deal of this difficulty can be resolved by Dr Walshaw's methods of handling the units concerned, a contributory factor is that students rarely have placed before them a comparative table of different possible systems of units. Thus the less able students fail to realise the importance of consistency in using units in a particular problem.
Background to '56 — Foreground to '61
Authors: MacLennan A.
Published: November 2014

This second part of an article based on a recent study at Huddersfield describes the effects of the 1956 White Paper on the more advanced levels of technical education. Future articles will discuss the pattern of the rest of technical education since 1956 and consider the impact of the new White Paper
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE
Authors: Goss Bernard
Published: November 2014

AS CAREERS MASTER at my school, I decided some months ago to organise a Careers Convention. I first wrote to the nine secondary schools in the area last November and invited them to join in this venture. For various reasons — problems of travel, careers evenings of their own, etc — only two other schools decided to do so.
‘O’‐level Chemistry Books …
Authors: Holderness A.
Published: November 2014

THE VALUE of Dr Michael Bassey's ‘Field Review of ‘O’‐level Chemistry Textbooks’ must depend largely on his qualifications as a reviewer. The first two sections of the review associate him with Fisons Pest Control Ltd. and the third with a university department of extra‐mural studies. Does this mean that he has no direct experience of the teaching of chemistry in schools? If so—and there are considerable indications of this in his three articles — Dr Bassey's opinions must carry little weight. He would attach only minor importance to the views of teachers on pest control; me teaching body may well reciprocate.
National Certificates in Chemistry — a Radical Approach
Authors: Cotter M.J.
Published: November 2014

Approach is a fashionable word at present, particularly when applied to chemistry. New ‘approaches’ to the subject are frequently being devised, so it is time to take a closer look into the present system of training and producing qualified chemists.
Demonstration Boards for Electrical Craft Practice
Authors: Paddock J.O. , Galvin R.A.W.
Published: November 2014

IT IS generally agreed that practical work has a vital part to play in the training of craft apprentices. While it may be argued that the apprentice has opportunities for learning the practical aspects of his chosen craft while at work, nevertheless the opportunity for carrying oat a wide variety of work is not always available. This situation often arises in the case of electrical craft students, as many electrical contracting firms are small concerns and are unable to provide melt apprentices with the wide variety of experience which is so desirable.
Teaching Machines
Authors: Sinnott W.R.
Published: November 2014

Viewing teaching as an industry, one might say that educational television and teaching machines are means of raising the teacher's productivity. Television widens greatly the range of the very able teacher, but it can make no real allowance for variations in pace between fust and slow learners. In the teaching machine, on the other hand, the pace of the machine is the pace of the student using it. It gives individual tuition in a real sense, taking much of the mechanical routine work of teaching from the teacher's hands so that he can spend his valuable time on the more essential aspects of his work. The first machine described here provides a useful and simple means of evaluating the principle of the teaching machine — if not the full possibilities of such a machine as the Autotutor II described overleaf
The Wages of Skill
Authors: Hansbury J.
Published: November 2014

In any discussion with students, either individually or collectively, it soon becomes apparent that most of them suffer to some extent from two main troubles: first, a feeling of lack of prospects in their jobs and, second, a feeling of boredom with their work. Because of this the writer has long held the view that, so far as very many students in Further Education are concerned, it is unwise to stream students using ability (i.e. I.Q.) as the basis of selection.
TEACHERS FROM INDUSTRY … 2
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

Second of a series designed to be of special interest to the new college teacher — and the potential recruit
PLANNING AND EQUIPPING AN ELECTRONICS LAB
Authors: Gray B.F.
Published: November 2014

We have all seen the type of electronics laboratory where there is one socket outlet per bench, where the measurements room is bang next to the machine shop and the electrical installation workshop is fifty yards away from the stores. Some mistakes are bound to happen in developing a laboratory. One can only avoid them by playing safe and following well‐trodden paths of unimaginative conformity — though to do so would be the worst mistake of all in a field where new ideas are constantly in the air. Unfortunately, many errors are simply due to insufficient foresight, poor planning, or lack of good advice.
TEACHERS FROM INDUSTRY … 3
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

This article deals with the work expected of teachers in the different grades, and the qualifications they would normally have. Next month — more on salaries
Development of a Scheme of Study towards a Diploma in Management Studies
Authors: Kingsford P.W.
Published: November 2014

The reborn Diploma in Management Studies is still very new, and courses for it started only last year. These courses are breaking new ground and, although they are limited in number, they have given rise to considerable argument. The following account of the experience of one College in breaking into the new ground is offered as a contribution to the discussion which is taking place in many other Colleges. The work here described was a team job
PRACTICAL WORK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS
Authors: Lowe R.F.
Published: November 2014

A method which can be employed to deal with the teaching of basic techniques without using too much material, or allowing the student to waste time by unnecessary repetitive work, is the use of progressive exercises. Taking centre‐lathe work as a typical example, the scheme outlined below applies this method for some turning operations.
A TEACHING AID FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Authors: Gray B.F.
Published: November 2014

COMPUTERS—both digital and analogue — feature fairly prominently in up‐to‐date syllabuses of electrical engineering subjects. But colleges concerned with this topic are often severely handicapped by not possessing a computer. This results in the subject being taught on a purely theoretical basis in many instances. Even where colleges possess their own digital or analogue computers, the demands made on the equipment are usually so large that the machines are available for instructional purposes only for limited periods.
STAFF‐STUDENT WEEKEND
Authors: Procter H.
Published: November 2014

At his Inaugural Dinner last year, the President of the Students' Union drew attention to the need for more joint activities between staff and students.
UNSOUND QUESTIONS IN GCE PHYSICS EXAMINATIONS … 1
Authors: Warren J.W.
Published: November 2014

IT HAS BEEN shown elsewhere that very many incorrect or absurd ideas are taught by textbooks of physics used in preparation for GCE examinations. The present article discusses examples of similar errors in examination questions. All the examples are taken from recent papers for Advanced Level and Scholarship set by school examination boards in England and Wales.
3 SOME EXPERIMENTS ON MATERIALS
Authors: Jackson S.A.
Published: November 2014

There are two main areas in which the laboratory experience of many HNC students is deficient when they have completed their courses. The first of these is in the application of electrical engineering ‘tools’ to methods of measurement and instrumentation.
8 TRANSIENT PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Pullman W.A.
Published: November 2014

It is well known that the pulsating air flow in intake and exhaust pipes of an engine or compressor can have appreciable effects on the performance of the machine. In order to predict these effects in advance a designer needs basic data on the frictional losses in pipes, bends, etc, under transient flow conditions.
11 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Brosan G.S.
Published: November 2014

Laboratory work can be split into two parts; demonstrations, by which many basic principles can be taught, and ‘task experiments’ in which students are taught how to perform experimental analysis. The students would have to determine what tests to make when solving an experimental problem; they would also have to decide what apparatus to use.
A LIBERAL STUDIES SCHEME TAKES SHAPE
Authors: Dowman A.
Published: November 2014

In our June 1961 issue, Mr Dowman described how his college had tackled the problem of liberalising the courses for its 500 full‐time students. Readers may be interested to know how things have developed over the last two years and perhaps to draw conclusions which might benefit them — or serve as a warning
Thoughts on ACCOUNTANTS, MONEY AND THINGS
Authors: Down Edwin
Published: November 2014

It is sometimes said that the training and experience of the accountant should qualify him for a very high office in his company and thus enable him to make a considerable contribution to the success of the business. After all, his whole work has been involved in trying to find out where the profits arose, where the leakages occurred and in supplying figures to management which enable day‐to‐day decisions of control to be made.
18 HIGH PRECISION TURNING ON A STANDARD TOOLROOM CENTRE LATHE
Authors: Scarr A.J.
Published: November 2014

This experiment is designed for investigating the possibilities of producing external and internal diameters to high orders of accuracy on a conventional toolroom centre lathe. This is something that can be achieved with simple, relatively inexpensive equipment giving at the same time an appreciation of the techniques associated with high‐precision manufacture.
BIRTH OF A COLLEGE … 2 — Embryo
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

IN FEBRUARY 1957 the sketch plans of Southgate Technical College were commenced. The Architects were the County Architect for Middlesex, H. J. Whitfield Lewis, F.R.I.B.A., the Assistant County Architect for Further Education, G. M. Holden, A.R.I.B.A., and the Job Architect, C. W. Pierce, L.R.I.B.A.
VALUE FOR MONEY IN TRAINING … 1
Authors: Allen Keith R.
Published: November 2014

THE National Economic Development Council, in its paragraphs on education and training, has called for developments and improvements in facilities. However firmly people in industry may be convinced of the wisdom of NEDDY's words, and not all are, the question of the cost of any developments and improvements should be carefully examined. It would be a pity if the surge of interest and enthusiasm for training, and the undoubted benefit and increase in efficiency which can result, were to cost more than they ought. It would be particularly unfortunate if such costs were to cause people to draw back once the first flush of enthusiasm had passed.
THE LANGUAGE LABORATORY
Authors: Friedmann H.
Published: November 2014

ONLY TWO YEARS ago the number of language laboratory installations on the market was so small that it was possible to become acquainted with them all in a few hours. Since then developments have been fast — so fast that a recent count showed over 120 laboratories in use in schools, colleges and universities — some colleges even boasting two or three. Many more are planned or in process of installation.
TEACHING HEAT TRANSFER — laboratories equipment and experiments
Authors: Pallett G.
Published: November 2014

IN THE LAST few years the subject of heat transfer has been steadily gaining in practical importance. This is not only due to advanced researches in the fields of rocketry, satellite re‐entry, and nuclear engineering, but also to extensive development work on more or less conventional equipment such as heat exchangers, transformers, alternators, chemical plant, etc.
BIRTH OF A COLLEGE …
Authors: Easton W.A.G.
Published: November 2014

Week I ON MONDAY, 2nd September 1963, the new College stirred into life as the full staff reported for duty. The first staff meeting was held that morning with all teaching and non‐teaching staff present. The afternoon saw an official welcome by the Chairman of the Governing Body, and this was followed by departmental staff meetings. On the same day the refectory opened fully to provide meals for the staff. The builders handed over the workshop block although the electricians were still hard at work on the wiring, and no power was available in any of the main workshops.
Six years of block release
Authors: WOOD G.V. , THORPE S. , DIXON J.T.
Published: November 2014

This article was prompted by the recent stimulating report in this journal of a controlled study of block release and day release courses made during the 1963–64 session in the Department of Engineering, Building and Agriculture, Whitwood Mining and Technical College.
The Bearing of the “Faurisson Affair” on Librarians and Their Responsibility to Intellectual Freedom
Authors: Taylor James A.
Published: November 2014

What has come to be known as the “Faurisson Affair” has wide‐ranging implications for librarians concerned with their function as caretakers of intellectual freedom and, particularly, the generally recognized obligations of librarians to provide access to all points of view on all controversial issues. I intend here to sketch the circumstances surrounding the “Faurisson Affair,” show how this ‘affair’ impacts on librarians and intellectual freedom, and suggest how librarians might best handle issues of this nature which contemporary events indicate will be occurring with increasing frequency. The issues involve nothing less than the question of the right to distort, fabricate, and falsely revise history in a free society where, for the purposes of this paper, the librarian represents the medium through which a concerned citizenry seeks accurate information. In brief, should the librarian provide access to patently false information surrounding controversial or otherwise highly emotional issues in the name of intellectual freedom?
An Analysis of Headquarters Executive Involvement in International Advertising
Authors: Wills J.R. , Ryans J.K.
Published: November 2014

This second part examines the role of headquarters management in international advertising from a decision making viewpoint. It presents the results of a study conducted among twenty‐eight US‐based multinational corporations, focusing on the four key international advertising decision areas of establishing objectives, establishing the budget, determining a creative strategy and media selection.
Jet Flow and Its Effects on Aircraft
Authors: Squire H.B.
Published: November 2014

The data on round jets in still air and in a general stream are analysed to determine the spread of the jet and the decay of the axial velocity distribution. The temperature distributions for heated jets are treated in the same way. Methods of model test technique for jets and jet aircraft are discussed; it is shown that the jet momentum is the most important quality in the representation of hot jets. Illustrations of the effect of jets on neighbouring surfaces, including the Coanda effect, are given, and finally an examination of the effect of jets on aircraft stability is made.
Performance Estimation of Civil Jet Aircraft
Authors: Edwards Alun D.
Published: November 2014

What follows considers only steady climbing conditions and ignores the possible use of kinetic energy, as in zooming.
Lift Correction for Finite Chord
Authors: Lockwood Taylor J.
Published: November 2014

IT has been noted by Falkner and others that the ordinary aspect‐ratio corrections based on lifting‐line theory are not as accurate as had always been assumed even for normal aspect ratios of the order of 6. Lifting‐surface theory involves heavy calculation, and the present work is intended to give at least an indication of the magnitude of the finite‐chord correction on a fairly simple basis.
The Calculation of the Volume of Rocket Combustion Chambers
Authors: Himpan Ing. Joseph
Published: November 2014

In contrast with previously known methods of calculating the volume of rocket combustion chambers which are concerned with a ‘characteristic length’ to be determined experimentally for each fuel and for each injection system, it will be shown that there is available: (a) a generally valid qualitative theoretical relationship between the combustion chamber volume VC and any desired combustion pressure, mass flow, fuel and combustion chamber shape. (b) a generally valid relationship, for practical design purposes, between the combustion chamber volume VC and any desired combustion pressure, mass flow, fuel and combustion chamber shape. Further, the theoretical results will be compared, by means of examples, with combustion chambers which have been tested in practice. Moreover, the important fact will be indicated that the formula proposed in this article must, in principle, also be applicable to the calculation of the volume of the gas turbine combustion chamber.
Asymmetrical Bending of Tapered Disks
Authors: Gradwell C.F.
Published: November 2014

THE problem considered is that of a tapered bored disk, built‐in at the inner edge and twisted about a diameter, the outer edge remaining plane and circular. The outer edge may be regarded as:
Farnborough 1950
Authors: Huls L.L.Th.
Published: November 2014

THE Eleventh S.B.A.C. Display, held at Farnborough, September 5 to 10, has marked another year of sustained progress in the British Aircraft Industry. Although the advances since the previous display appeared to be less spectacular than in the preceding years the achievements of the industry, judged by the successful development of both civil and military aircraft which are eminently suited for their tasks, are no less impressive. On the contrary, as the development of an aircraft after its first flight quite often is a more difficult task than the design and construction of the prototype, the impressive display of aircraft types ready to go into service in the near future is an even more convincing proof of the capabilities of the British aircraft industry than any display of spectacular new prototypes could have been.
Production Engineering, Administration and Management
Authors: Connolly J.V.
Published: November 2014

In previous divisions of this series, consideration has been given to a number of subjects which are individually parts of the process, or background, of Administration, Management and Production Engineering. This has been done without dealing exhaustively with each of them or with the prerequisite knowledge of other basic sciences needed for their understanding. Enough has been said, however, to indicate that, ideally, a wide field of knowledge should be available in a manager.
The Library Shelf
Authors: Zbrozek J. , D.W.
Published: November 2014

“Introduction to Helicopter Aerodynamics” is written in a simple and easily understandable way. The subject of helicopter performance, sometimes obscured by the complexity of the mathematical analysis, is here explained on the physical grounds and the necessary formulae are evolved using mathematics on the level of an average practical engineer.
Graphical Interpretation of Difficult Curves
Authors: Brailsford G.R.
Published: November 2014

VERY often in technical work we meet with a curve of the type, 8x2 + 12xy + 17y2—28x −46y + 17=0. It may occur in the solution of problems in structures, aerodynamics, performance, etc. At first sight a curve of this nature looks quite complicated, but in actual fact it is only an ellipse x2/4 + y2/1 = 1 which has been moved bodily and then rotated.
Shear Centre, Flexural Centre and Flexural Axis
Authors: Tatham R.
Published: November 2014

AERONAUTICAL engineers are afflicted by various ‘centres’ which will not stay put. Weights engineers spend much of their time chasing the elusive centre of gravity up and down the fuselage, the aerodynamicist worries about the centre of pressure, and the structural engineer, in addition to these, is cursed with the flexural centre and the shear centre. The main trouble connected with the flexural and shear centre seems to be historical in origin. No real attempt appears to have been made to keep pace with the development of wing structures from the old simple two‐spar, fabric‐covered, constant‐section wing. It is still quite common to see the flexural centre of a wing defined as the point at which a load must be applied, so as to produce bending of the wing without twist. In general, something more precise is required, and, particularly in these days of tapered, swept‐back, stressed‐skin wings, it would seem desirable to review the old definitions and usages of terms such as flexural centre, and flexural axis in order to avoid confusion and possible misstatements or misapplications. The advent of stressed‐skin construction has brought into fairly general use the term shear centre, which is often confused with the flexural centre, although the two points do not necessarily coincide. The use of sweep‐back has caused further confusion concerning the definition of twist. It is hoped that this brief survey may indicate the nature of the confusion that is known to exist—and, perhaps, lead to an authoritative decision, which may standardize terms and definitions.
Fundamental Dynamics of Reaction‐Powered Space Vehicles
Authors: Thompson L.N.
Published: November 2014

With the great advances made during the last decade or so in the fields of rocket engineering, materials research, supersonic aerodynamics, electronics and nuclear physics, the problem of extra‐terrestrial space flight has been removed from the realm of fantasy to the field of large‐scale engineering problems. Rocket‐powered reaction units occupy a leading position in the field of aeronautical research relating to high speeds, and the industrial application of atomic power is the object of many huge projects at present under development.
The Analysis of Fuselage Frames
Authors: Morse William
Published: November 2014

The work involved in solving certain fixed‐fixed arch problems can be considerably reduced by adopting the clastic centre method.
The Saunders‐Roe Princess Flying Boat
Authors: Brennan M.J.
Published: November 2014

In this article the requirement leading to the design is discussed and this is followed by a general description of the aircraft and its operating efficiency. The accommodation is described, with particular reference to the flight deck and equipment. The various systems and installations are next reviewed; followed by a detailed description of the various structural components, which, in many cases, have been designed round these systems. The development work that has been done in order to allow design and construction to be completed will be described in some detail in a later article.
High Temperature Alloys for Gas Turbines
Authors: Gaytor H.
Published: November 2014

THE wide range of creep resistant nickel‐base alloys now available has been developed primarily for use at elevated temperatures in the gas turbine engine. These products replaced the Cr.Ni. stainless steels used at high temperatures in the very early days of gas turbine development. Early work in the UK led to the introduction of the NIMONIC series of alloys. The first, NIMONIC alloy 75, was used by Whittle more than 30 years ago and was one of the alloys that made the gas turbine engine a practical proposition.
Designing from the Inside Out
Authors: Ford T.E.
Published: November 2014

At a symposium held at the Royal Aeronautical Society, the opening speaker from KLM posed the question whether in the traditional way of aircraft design being synonymous with aerodynamics, structures and thrust, other disciplines are being under‐rated. Less than optimum performance seems apparent in, for example, the application of the human sciences. The operator and the environment in which he is working need further study. Flight deck warning and caution systems need to be reviewed as well as displays, seats, and a general review of the layout.
Long range TriStar for British Airways
Authors: Ford Terence E.
Published: November 2014

Scheduled to enter service in 1979, British Airways ‐500 TriStars will be the first of this variant in operation and will be used on the airline's longer routes (up to 5,260 n miles). They will be suitable for such sectors as London‐Los Angeles, Sydney‐Hong Kong and New York‐Buenos Aires, carrying 246 passengers. The ‐500 has been designed to take advantage of a high degree of commonality with earlier TriStar models and from a maintenance standpoint, 95 per cent of the air‐frame spares and 100 per cent of the engine spares are the same as the ‐200 Series.
The Caledonian DC‐10s
Authors: Ford T.E.
Published: November 2014

Two DC 10–30 aircraft are now in full operation with British Caledonian Airways, the first having commenced operations with the airline in March this year and the other in May. The decision for BCAL to acquire wide‐body equipment had to be made on the basis that the in‐service date would be commercially right for the airline, and involved factors such as operating patterns, fleet size and market growth. Three types were initially considered; the Lockheed TriStar 1011–500, Boeing 747, and the DC 10–30. At the time that the decision was made (mid‐1976), it was apparent that the TriStar‐500 could only be considered further if the go‐ahead decision was assured, and the ‐100 proposed as an interim type was considered to fit in reasonably with BCAL's plans. The Boeing 747 SP was thought to provide too much capacity for the immediate and foreseeable requirements of the airline, and was more expensive. The final decision to acquire two DC 10's was taken in July last year, the deal also involving the option to acquire a further two aircraft at a later date.
General Aviation is big business at Oxford
Authors: Clarke Basil
Published: November 2014

EVEN people who have been for many years in civil aviation are somewhat surprised to learn that the number of movements at Oxford Airport, Kidlington, is usually equal to and occasionally exceeds those at Heathrow. Yet this is true and to spend some hours at that airfield is to learn what crowded airspace near the ground is really all about.
Water Soluble Fluxes for PCB Soldering and Contamination Control
Authors: Ellis Brian N.
Published: November 2014

After an introduction briefly describing the historical background of flux selection for soldering in the electronics industry, a logical development is presented showing that water soluble fluxes offer many advantages not available with the more traditional resin types. Brief details of water soluble fluxes are presented with the emphasis on their practical use, including cleaning methods and equipment. Emphasis is placed on the use of proprietary neutralisers. The second half of the paper is devoted to the cleanliness testing after flux removal, and a description of a new measuring instrument is given. Cleanliness standards, backed by practical experience, are stated, with figures replaced by an arbitrary scale to emphasise the variability of the results according to the nature of the contamination. It is recommended that routine contamination control be carried out in all plants where quality of the finished product is a preoccupation. The combination of the use of water soluble fluxes with contamination control gives by far the most efficient, reliable and cost‐effective soldering possible with today's technology, and this will be used increasingly over the next decade.
LAW LIBRARIES IN THE U.S.A.
Authors: HOWARD DRAKE K.
Published: November 2014

I had the good fortune to go to the United States for two and half months from August to October, 1950. My journey and stay there were made possible by the award of a Visiting Fellowship to the Yale Law School, by a travel grant to the U.S.A. from the U.S. Educational Commission in the United Kingdom (the Fulbright Commission), and a contribution towards maintenance and travel while in the U.S.A. by the Department of State from the Smith‐Mundt Fund. To all these authorities I would like to express my very sincere thanks. Needless to say, I was received with great kindness and given a warm welcome everywhere.
LOCAL CO‐OPERATION—A POSITIVE FORCE
Authors: CHESSHYRE H.A.
Published: November 2014

Though there may be little profit in tracing the antecedents of the local co‐operative schemes between public, college, special and institutional libraries currently operating in this country, it is pertinent to recall the aims of the International Institute of Bibliography. The nineteenth century dream of establishing, by co‐operation, a world bibliography of intellectual literature, and, more particularly, of supplying on demand comprehensive bibliographies on any specialized subject was obviously doomed from its conception.
The RETRIEVAL PROCESS
Authors: VICKERY B.C.
Published: November 2014

Before documentary information can be used, a complex series of operations have to take place: 1. information must be recorded in documents, 2. each document must be stored with others in some accessible place and its location known, 3. characteristic aspects of each document must be identified, to form a document profile, and this must be recorded with others in some file, 4. the potential user must formulate some query or express some interest in terms of characteristics recorded about documents, 5. this user profile must be compared with document profiles and the locations of matching documents identified, 6. the documents themselves must be located and presented to the user.
A COMPUTER‐ASSISTED FLEXIBLE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
Authors: SHAW T.N.
Published: November 2014

AS part of a policy of simplifying the indexing task in information retrieval, a system is being developed for using a computer to create indexes from a variety of styles of indexing. One of the main guiding principles in the design is ease of operation by people, both for indexing and retrieval.
A CASE STUDY OF The UNITERM INDEX TO US CHEMICAL PATENTS USING A WEIGHTED TERM SEARCH TECHNIQUE
Authors: HAYGARTH JACKSON A.R. , MATTHEWS F.W.
Published: November 2014

The phenomenon of a rapidly increasing volume of technical literature is well known. The cost and time involved in the intellectual indexing and classification of much of this literature is uneconomic. A lowering of indexing standards and free text searching is being forced upon us. Computer applications and techniques are being devised to turn cheap and crude input into an acceptable level of output. This paper describes the application of such a technique and evaluates the search results. The search was conducted on the Uniterm Index to US Chemical Patents, issued by Information for Industry Incorporated, known as IFI.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING TECHNICAL LIBRARY EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: WESSEL C.J.
Published: November 2014

In July 1966 John I. Thompson & Company accepted a contract with the Picatinny Arsenal, US Department of the Army, to perform a study aimed at developing ‘Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of library operations and services’ under the ATLIS Program (Army Technical Library Improvement Studies). The study was divided into three phases aimed at:
FIELD CALCULATION IN SINGLE CYLINDERS OF INFINITE LENGTH BY USING A COUPLED T‐Ω AND A BOUNDARY ELEMENT TECHNIQUE
Authors: Antonopoulos C.S. , Tsiboukis T.D. , Kriezis E.E.
Published: November 2014

A method, which is using the electric vector potential T and the magnetic scalar potential Ω is presented for the calculation of the electro‐magnetic field inside conducting cylinders of infinite length.The current source is an oscillating current dipole arbitrarilly oriented. The Green's function method is used for the transformation of the Helmholtz's equations for T and Ω into integral ones. Finally a boundary element technique is used to obtain a system of simultaneous equations. In this system the number of the unknows is greater than the number of the availiable simultaneous equations.Thus some additional conditions between the field quantities, have to be added to the boundary conditions to obtain the final solution of the problem. Problems of electrical machines, electromagnetic shielding or even, problems related to human bodies can be treated with the following analysis.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES FOR EELS
Authors: Vattuoneb L. , Repettoa M. , Roccab M.
Published: November 2014

Electron energy loss spectrometers (EELS) for surface studies require a high energy resolution (▵E ? 3 meV) monochromatic electron beam with the highest possible current. In order to improve the transmission of such a device, and so the achievable current, a 3D simulation of electron trajectories taking into account space charge effects was performed for typical three lenses cathode systems, electrostatic cylindrical deflector analyzer (CDA 127°) and acceleration lenses. The results of the analysis are presented and their effects on the overall design of the device are discussed.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC FIELD ANALYSIS IN A LINEAR MOTOR BY MEANS OF SCALAR POTENTIAL
Authors: Gawrylczyk K.M.
Published: November 2014

The field of magnetic levitation by ferromagnetic attraction in conjunction with a linear propulsion system has experienced interest for many years. The increasing capacity of modern computers allow the use of numerical field calculation methods under very realistic conditions. This paper deals with possibilities of a scalar potential magnetic field analysis in a short‐stator propulsion system. The eddy currents in the railway were modelled by the special boundary condition for a thin sheet. The numerical algorithm is based on a finite element method with tetrahedrons. To increase the accuracy of calculations the adaptive technique was introduced. As results the calculated forces, power losses in the railway and the adaptive meshes were shown.
Metal spraying aids lubrication
Authors: WILLIAMS A.E.
Published: November 2014

For more than a quarter of a century the technique of metal spraying has been a commercial success in this country, but it is only in the past few years that its possibilities as an aid to lubrication have been fully recognised. Exhaustive tests have shown that metal‐sprayed journals, for example, have an increased life of at least 40 per cent, due to the capacity of the sprayed metal for retaining an oil film. While the metal spraying method of building up worn parts cannot be applied universally to all worn lubricated surfaces— for instance, it is unsuitable for certain components which are subject to appreciable shock, such as cams, gear teeth, etc.,—it offers an efficient means of salvaging much material that would normally be discarded, and simultaneously increases the efficiency of the built up part, when this has to be lubricated.
FINANCING: AN IMPEDIMENT TO EXPORTING BY SMALL AND MEDIUM FIRMS
Authors: Mahone Charlie E.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study, based on a survey of 354 Florida companies, was to identify and assess the importance of factors that limit exports, with particular focus on the different types of export financing that were the most difficult to obtain. Statistical analysis was used to determine the significance of responses given by different sized firms. Four of the top five factors that limited the ability to export were related either to the unavailability of export financing or the lack of available information on export opportunities. Foreign buyer credit and various unsecured loans were the most difficult to obtain. Public and private policymakers should reevaluate their export promotion programs and make the changes necessary to eliminate the various obstacles to exporting.
Irish Consumers' Perception of Chinese Brands and How to Improve the “Made in China” Image
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Gao Yuhui
Published: November 2014

The Chinese government launched the “going abroad” policy in 2001 to encourage Chinese companies to invest and create Chinese brands in international markets. However, the perceptions of Chinese brands among Western consumers have been shown to be consistently low, especially among European consumers. This research aims to investigate the Irish consumers' perception of Chinese brands and how to improve the “Made in China” image. This paper also investigates consumers' perceptions and attitudes when making purchase decisions for Chinese brands based on gender, age, and nationality. The paper provides important recommendations for Chinese companies who plan to enter the European, and more particularly, the Irish market.
Current and future directions in clinical fatigue management: An update for emergency medicine practitioners
Authors: Cheng Yi Han , Roach Gregory D , Petrilli Renee MA
Published: November 2014

Physicians worldwide are working round the clock to meet the demands of healthcare systems, especially in acute medical settings such as EDs. Demanding shift work schedules cause fatigue and thus deterioration in mood and motor performance. This article explores the effects of sleep deprivation, focusing on cognition, executive decision‐making and the implications for clinical care. Humans are capable of functioning and even adapting to sleep restriction; however, clinicians should be aware of pitfalls and absolute minimums for sleep. Fatigue management training shows promise in enhancing safety in aviation and might have a role in medical shift work. Strategic napping improves performance during night shift in the ED, but does not fully negate fatigue. Drugs offer limited benefit for performance under sleep‐deprived conditions, and whenever possible, sleep and/or strategic napping takes precedence.
Cilostazol Does not Improve Peripheral Arterial Disease‐Linked Oxidative Stress
Authors: Bernal‐Lopez M. Rosa , Peña Daniel , Gomez‐Martin Pilar , Tinahones Francisco J. , Gomez‐Huelgas Ricardo
Published: November 2014

Aim

Cilostazol is a drug widely used to treat peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. It is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and causes arterial vasodilatation. It has been speculated that cilostazol might act to improve oxidative stress in these patients.

Methods

We analyzed 25 patients with demonstrated lower limb peripheral arterial disease to determine whether lipid peroxidation (LPO) or total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were modified after 6 months of cilostazol treatment (postintervention phase) with respect to the basal phase.

Results

Analysis of plasma samples determined that LPO levels decreased significantly over the postintervention phase (26 ± 15 vs. 11 ± 7 pM, P = 0.0003). However, when TAC levels were analyzed, no significant differences were observed (0.80 ± 0.21 vs. 0.85 ± 0.17 mM, P = 0.42). Under basal conditions, LPO showed a positive correlation to treatment as judged by the ankle–brachial index (r = 0.800, P = 0.002) as well as uric acid (r = 0.508, P = 0.03) and CRP (r = 0.481, P = 0.05) levels. In contrast, TAC negatively correlated with triglycerides (r = −0.879, P < 0.0001) and microalbuminuria (r = −0.868, P < 0.0001). In the postintervention phase, TAC negatively correlated with HbA1c (r = −0.570, P = 0.02) and triglycerides (r = −0.864, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Our data indicate that cilostazol treatment does not improve oxidative stress in PAD patients after 6 months of treatment. However, lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity were affected by cilostrazol treatment, which could be related to altered reactive oxygen species production. Further research may be needed to determine the critical dose of cilostazol to clarify the protective role of this drug in PAD.
NLMpy: a python software package for the creation of neutral landscape models within a general numerical framework
Authors: Etherington Thomas R. , Holland E. Penelope , O'Sullivan David
Published: November 2014

Neutral landscape models (NLMs) are widely used to model ecological patterns and processes across landscapes. However, the ability to generate NLMs is often made available through standalone bespoke software packages that have platform limitations.

We have developed a python package that brings together some of the more popular NLM algorithms using a general numerical framework.

The resulting NLMpy package: (i) allows for the creation of NLMs directly within a python modelling workflow or by other modelling software capable executing a python script, (ii) enables the first opportunity to create a NLM that combines different algorithms, (iii) provides easy integration with geographic information system data and (iv) creates a framework for developing other NLMs.
Penning prior to release decreases post‐translocation dispersal of jewelled geckos
Authors: Knox C. D. , Monks J. M.
Published: November 2014

Translocation is an essential conservation tool often used to re‐establish reptile populations following anthropogenic extirpation, but is not always successful. One factor potentially limiting success is dispersal of individuals from the release site immediately after translocation and consequent non‐overlap of ranges. ‘Penning’ involves the use of an enclosure to restrict dispersal of translocated animals for a pre‐determined period of time, with the aim of habituating animals to the release site so that they will establish a breeding population. We evaluated the utility of penning for limiting post‐translocation dispersal of jewelled geckos (Naultinus gemmeus) by simultaneously tracking 19 geckos that had either been translocated into a pen for 9–10 months prior to the pen's removal (n = 10) or were translocated to a nearby site with no physical barrier to dispersal (n = 9) over a 3‐week period. The area occupied by penned geckos did not increase following removal of their pen, despite suitable habitat being available outside the pen area. In contrast, un‐penned geckos moved distances of up to 40 m outside of their release area, and effectively increased the area that they were occupying as a group 4.4‐fold over the 3‐week period. We suspect that when Naultinus geckos are released without time in a pen, some individuals may disperse too far to contribute to a breeding population and, consequently, the likelihood of population establishment and rate of population growth may be diminished. Our hypothesis is supported by a survey we conducted the following summer in which all four adult female geckos found at the penned site were gravid, but neither of the females resighted at the un‐penned site was gravid. We believe that the potential advantages of penning (e.g. restricting initial dispersal, increased ease of monitoring) may outweigh the disadvantages (e.g. cost) for many herpetofauna translocations.
Assessing thermal suitability of translocation release sites for egg‐laying reptiles with temperature‐dependent sex determination: a case study with tuatara
Authors: Jarvie S. , Besson A. A. , Seddon P. J. , Cree A.
Published: November 2014

Suitable habitat for translocated animals should meet the candidate species' total abiotic and biotic needs through space and time and for all life stages. An important aspect of habitat assessment for reptile translocations is the thermal suitability of the release site. Here we provide a strategic framework for evaluating the thermal suitability of a release site for egg‐laying reptiles with temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). We apply the framework to a case study of tuatara Sphenodon punctatus reintroduced to the south‐eastern South Island of New Zealand. Our approach allows the assessment of the thermal suitability of future translocation sites for tuatara, and can be readily modified for any translocation of a reptile species with TSD.