bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐junction monolithic interconnected modules for concentrator photovoltaics
Authors: Albert Pierre , Jaouad Abdelatif , Hamon Gwenaëlle , Volatier Maïté , Deshayes Yannick , Béchou Laurent , Aimez Vincent , Darnon Maxime
Published: March 2021

A core issue in concentrator photovoltaic technology (CPV) is the resistive losses in cells that usually limits the maximum photoconversion efficiency under high concentration. We propose the use of three‐junction monolithic interconnected modules (MIM) to mitigate resistive losses by providing high‐voltage low‐current power. First, we present the fabrication of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge front‐contacted microcells with various designs and dimensions. Front‐contacted cells are the key enabler for the MIM fabrication and demonstrate good electrical characteristics under one sun, similar to standard‐contacted cells. The base front contact size is minimized to limit the unutilized area on the wafer. Second, fabrication techniques for interconnecting cells in MIM are described. Finally, electrical measurements show a record conversion efficiency of 35.1% under 798 suns for the first three‐junction MIM reported (17.8% when considering the entire device area). Versatility and further optimization of the devices are discussed to enlarge their field of application.
Impact of sample containers on gas chromatography mass spectrometry based plasma untargeted and targeted metabolomics
Authors: Chen Minqi , Liu Zhongqiu , Gong Lingzhi
Published: March 2021

Plasticware and glassware used in the sample processing stage could result in different analysis performance for macromolecules, which led to the speculation that a similar effect could happen to small molecules. To confirm the speculation, pooled human plasma sample spiked with and without metabolite standards was prepared with three most commonly used container materials (glass, deactivated glass and polypropylene) supplied by different manufacturers after a two‐step liquid‐liquid extraction, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) based untargeted and targeted metabolomics. The results showed that both GC–MS‐based targeted and untargeted metabolomics could be influenced significantly by not only the container material but also the manufacturing procedures employed by different vendors. As a general guideline, it would be highly practical to use the same type of container from the same manufacturer during a whole project. Our study could be extremely valuable for the fellow researchers when dealing with the sample containers for GC–MS‐based untargeted and targeted metabolomics.
Robust estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects using electronic health record data
Authors: Li Ruohong , Wang Honglang , Tu Wanzhu
Published: March 2021

Estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects is an essential component of precision medicine. Model and algorithm‐based methods have been developed within the causal inference framework to achieve valid estimation and inference. Existing methods such as the A‐learner, R‐learner, modified covariates method (with and without efficiency augmentation), inverse propensity score weighting, and augmented inverse propensity score weighting have been proposed mostly under the square error loss function. The performance of these methods in the presence of data irregularity and high dimensionality, such as that encountered in electronic health record (EHR) data analysis, has been less studied. In this research, we describe a general formulation that unifies many of the existing learners through a common score function. The new formulation allows the incorporation of least absolute deviation (LAD) regression and dimension reduction techniques to counter the challenges in EHR data analysis. We show that under a set of mild regularity conditions, the resultant estimator has an asymptotic normal distribution. Within this framework, we proposed two specific estimators for EHR analysis based on weighted LAD with penalties for sparsity and smoothness simultaneously. Our simulation studies show that the proposed methods are more robust to outliers under various circumstances. We use these methods to assess the blood pressure‐lowering effects of two commonly used antihypertensive therapies.
A Systematic Review of Dermatologic Manifestations Among Adult Patients with COVID-19 Diagnosis
Authors: Schwartzberg L.N. , Advani S. , Clancy D.C. , Lin A. , Jorizzo J.L.
Published: March 2021

Background

Infection with COVID-19 is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms. However, limited evidence exists of the involvement of the integumentary system among COVID-19 patients and evidence suggests that these symptoms may even be the first presenting sign.

Objective

To systematically evaluate the literature published on dermatologic signs of COVID-19 in order to educate doctors about the dermatologic signs of COVID-19 infection.

Methods

Lit COVID, World Health Organization COVID-19 database and PubMed were searched using terminology to identify adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection and dermatologic manifestations of disease. The last search was completed on 13 July 2020.

Results

There were 802 reports found. After exclusion, 20 articles were found with 347 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Within these articles, 27 different skin signs were reported.

Limitations

Limitations of this review include the recency of COVID-19 infection; so, there are limited published reports and that many reports are not by dermatologists, and so, the cutaneous signs may be misdiagnosed or misdescribed.

Conclusion

Dermatologic manifestations of COVID-19 may be the first presenting sign of infection; so, dermatologists and doctors examining the skin should be aware of the virus's influence on the integumentary system in order to promptly diagnose and treat the infected patients.
Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Nanoparticles Immobilized on Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Karami Kazem , Saadatzadeh Hossein , Ramezanpour Azar
Published: March 2021

Throughout the present research, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and also they have been exploited as the support for palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) using palladium complex. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT‐IR), Powder X‐ray Diffraction(PXRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE‐SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy(EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP‐OES) and Thermal gravimetric Analysis(TGA) were employed to characterize the Pd@CNC‐APTES nanocatalyst. The catalytic activity of the nanocatalyst has been investigated in the reduction of p‐Nitrophenol(p‐NP) and the other nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding amine. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recycled four times without the considerable loss of Pd content and with a high level of p‐NP conversion. Using experimental results, thermodynamic parameters were calculated by Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The findings revealed the significant catalytic activity of Pd@CNC‐APTES nanocatalyst for the reduction of p‐NP and its derivatives by sodium borohydride(NaBH4) at room temperature.
Optoelectronic Properties of Polycyclic Benzenoid Hydrocarbons of Various Sizes and Shapes for Donor‐π‐Acceptor Systems: A DFT Study
Authors: Rakhi Ramachandran , Suresh Cherumuttathu H.
Published: March 2021

The zigzag and armchair‐edged benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) possessing circular, parallelogram, rectangular and triangular shapes have been studied for a systematic evaluation of their optoelectronic properties for the design of donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) systems using M06L/6‐31+G(d) level of density functional theory (DFT). Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis of the PAHs is done to characterize their electron distribution while the time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) analysis was used for the absorption spectral analysis. MESP analysis showed Clar's sextet like electronic arrangement in armchair‐edged systems whereas zigzag‐edged ones showed significant electron localization towards the edges. The absorption spectra revealed a linear trend in absorption maximum (λmax) for most of the armchair‐edged systems with respect to the number of π‐electrons. MESP based assessment of the electron rich/deficient features of PAH systems led to the design of PAH‐π‐PAH type D‐π‐A systems wherein a conjugated diene moiety functions as the π‐spacer. The D‐π‐A behaviour of these systems significantly enhanced with the introduction of electron donating functional group NMe2 on donor PAH and electron withdrawing group COOH on the acceptor PAH. The MESP features, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) distribution, and absorption spectral features supported the strong D‐π‐A character of functionalized PAH‐π‐PAH. Among the different shapes studied, the rectangular PAH moiety showed the most efficient tuning of HOMO‐LUMO gap. The optical and electronic properties of PAH, PAH‐π‐PAH and functionalized PAH‐π‐PAH systems suggest the high tunable character of these properties with respect to the size and shape of the PAH.
Nitrogen doped Graphene Nano sheets (N−Gns) as Electrocatalyst for Electro‐Fenton Process for the Degradation of Highly Toxic Chlorophenoxy acid Herbicides from Water
Authors: Kamaraj Ramakrishnan , Aravind Priyadharshini , Vasudevan Subramanyan
Published: March 2021

For the development of a highly active and energy‐effective electro‐Fenton process, highly efficient 2e−pathway oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalytic materials forin situelectrochemical synthesis of H2O2are extremely important. A novel nitrogen‐doped graphene nanosheets (N‐Gns) is prepared, characterized, investigated for the oxygen reduction reaction, and employed for highly toxic chlorophenoxy acid herbicides degradation in water. Herein, we report novel nitrogen‐doped graphene nano sheets (N‐Gns), which exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic medium, which is utilized for Electro Fenton's reaction. The effects of operating parameters such as applied current, pH of the solution, inter‐electrode distance, ferrous ion concentration, oxygen flow rate and initial concentration of herbicides were investigated. The herbicides such as 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), 2‐(2,4‐ dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (2,4‐DP), 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4,5‐Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T), 2‐(2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (MCPP) were degraded by electro‐Fenton process. All the herbicides exhibited the total organic carbon removal efficiency greater than 95 % within 240 minutes. The four various places of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India, real water samples were collected and spiked with standard 2,4‐D solution and its degradation was studied by as‐prepared electrodes. The degradation efficiency was greater than 95 % with 300 min. It is comparatively less high than synthetic waste water (herbicides). It is due to the presence of natural organic matter in the real water samples. Hence the herbicides 2,4‐D, 2,4‐DP, 2,4,5‐T, MCPA and MCPP were successfully removed by the as‐synthesizedN doped graphene nano sheets (N‐Gns). The as‐prepared (N‐Gns) exhibits high activity and desirable stabilityand represents a potential candidate material as electro‐Fenton cathode for energy‐effective water treatment.
Recent Development in Synthesis of Carbon Dots from Natural Resources and Their Applications in Biomedicine and Multi‐Sensing Platform
Authors: Bag Puja , Maurya Rahul K. , Dadwal Ankita , Sarkar Mrinmoy , Chawla Pooja A. , Narang Raj K. , Kumar Bhupinder
Published: March 2021

Carbon has always found a spotlight in human life either in the form of graphite, diamonds, activated charcoal, carbon nanotubes, or carbon dots (CDs). Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) or CDs became the centre of attraction because of their potential applications in biomedical field such as bio‐imaging, drug nanocarriers, gene therapeutics, photosensitizing agents, theranostics and provides other multifunctional diagnostic platforms. There are numerous advantages of CDs due to their biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, water‐solubility, ease of scale‐up, and, most notably their fluorescence properties contrary to other carbon nanostructures. In last few years, significant efforts have been put by various research teams to synthesize and develop nanostructured materials possessing specific functional properties and characteristics. This work focus on the recent developments in the synthetic approaches applied for CDs using environment‐friendly sources. This review also highlights the mechanistic aspects, applications of CDs in biomedicine and a multi‐sensing platform along with challenges and future perspectives of this promising field. The authors believe that this review will help audible researchers to select a suitable environment‐friendly approach for the synthesis of CDs from green sources with required functions and properties. It will also guide researchers to develop a more convenient, efficient, and environment‐friendly method for the synthesis of new tunable carbon dots.
Superior Competitive Adsorption Capacity of Natural Bentonite in the Efficient Removal of Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Ahmed Said Abd El‐Aziz , Goda Mohamed Nady
Published: March 2021

In this study, natural bentonite has been used as a highly efficient, and low‐cost sorbent for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and fuchsine basic (FB) dyes from aqueous solutions. X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses (TG‐DTA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses for bentonite clay were performed. Results revealed that bentonite is an excellent sorbent for the elimination of these dyes with maximum adsorption capacities of 598.8, 929.7 and 875.2 mg g−1 for MB, CV, and FB, respectively. In addition, thermodynamic results reflected that the adsorption process is a spontaneous, endothermic, and of chemisorption nature. While kinetic studies specified that the adsorption of these dyes is ruled by the film diffusion and pore diffusion mechanism. Moreover, simultaneous removal of these dyes from their binary and ternary mixtures was also examined. A Regeneration study demonstrated that, bentonite can be recycled several times with almost the same efficiency.
Carbon Nitride‐Based Ruthenium Single Atom Photocatalyst for CO2 Reduction to Methanol
Authors: Sharma Priti , Kumar Subodh , Tomanec Ondrej , Petr Martin , Zhu Chen Johnny , Miller Jeffrey T. , Varma Rajender S. , Gawande Manoj B. , Zbořil Radek
Published: March 2021

With increasing concerns for global warming, the solar‐driven photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into chemical fuels like methanol is a propitious route to enrich energy supplies, with concomitant reduction of the abundant CO2 stockpiles. Herein, a novel single atom‐confinement and a strategy are reported toward single ruthenium atoms dispersion over porous carbon nitride surface. Ruthenium single atom character is well confirmed by EXAFS absorption spectrometric analysis unveiling the cationic coordination environment for the single‐atomic‐site ruthenium center, that is formed by Ru‐N/C intercalation in the first coordination shell, attaining synergism in N–Ru–N connection and interfacial carrier transfer. From time resolved fluorescence decay spectra, the average carrier lifetime of the RuSA–mC3N4 system is found to be higher compared to m‐C3N4; the fact uncovering the crucial role of single Ru atoms in promoting photocatalytic reaction system. A high yield of methanol (1500 µmol g‐1 cat. after 6 h of the reaction) using water as an electron donor and the reusability of the developed catalyst without any significant change in the efficiency represent the superior aspects for its potential application in real industrial technologies.
Nanoengineering Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Materials for Use in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reactions
Authors: Zhao Yingji , Zheng Lingling , Jiang Dong , Xia Wei , Xu Xingtao , Yamauchi Yusuke , Ge Jianping , Tang Jing
Published: March 2021

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to valuable chemicals is a sustainable technology that can achieve a carbon‐neutral energy cycle in the environment. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) processes using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring atomically dispersed active sites, large surface area, high porosity, controllable morphology, and remarkable tunability, have attracted considerable research attention. Well‐defined MOFs can be constructed to improve conductivity, introduce active centers, and form carbon‐based single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with enhanced active sites that are accessible for the development of CO2 conversion. In this review, the progress on pristine MOFs, MOF hybrids, and MOF‐derived carbon‐based SACs is summarized for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. Finally, the limitations and potential improvement directions with respect to the advancement of MOF‐related materials for the field of research are discussed. These summaries are expected to provide inspiration on reasonable design to develop stable and high‐efficiency MOFs‐based electrocatalysts for CO2RR.
Lowering the Contact Barriers of 2D Organic F16CuPc Field‐Effect Transistors by Introducing Van der Waals Contacts
Authors: Yan Hang , Li Yang , Qin Jing‐Kai , Xu Bo , Hu Ping‐An , Zhen Liang , Xu Cheng‐Yan
Published: March 2021

2D organic crystals exhibit efficient charge transport and field‐effect characteristics, making them promising candidates for high‐performance nanoelectronics. However, the strong Fermi level pinning (FLP) effect and large Schottky barrier between organic semiconductors and metals largely limit device performance. Herein, by carrying out temperature‐dependent transport and Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements, it is demonstrated that the introducing of 2D metallic 1T‐TaSe2 with matched band‐alignment as electrodes for F16CuPc nanoflake filed‐effect transistors leads to enhanced field‐effect characteristics, especially lowered Schottky barrier height and contact resistance at the contact and highly efficient charge transport within the channel, which are attributed to the significantly suppressed FLP effect and appropriate band alignment at the nonbonding van der Waals (vdW) hetero‐interface. Moreover, by taking advantage of the improved contact behavior with 1T‐TaSe2 contact, the optoelectronic performance of F16CuPc nanoflake‐based phototransistor is drastically improved, with a maximum photoresponsivity of 387 A W−1 and detectivity of 3.7 × 1014 Jones at quite a low Vds of 1 V, which is more competitive than those of the reported organic photodetectors and phototransistors. The work provides an avenue to improve the electrical and optoelectronic properties of 2D organic devices by introducing 2D metals with appropriate work function for vdW contacts.
Interface Engineering of 2D/3D Perovskite Heterojunction Improves Photovoltaic Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Ji Chao , Liang Chunjun , Song Qi , Gong Hongkang , Liu Ning , You Fangtian , Li Dan , He Zhiqun
Published: March 2021

The instability of 3D perovskite and the low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2D perovskite limit the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Using 2D perovskite to passivate 3D perovskite thin films by heterojunction engineering has become an effective strategy to develop stable and efficient PSCs. Therefore, it is important to find suitable 2D perovskite passivation materials. Herein, a 2D/3D heterojunction perovskite is formed in situ by introducing a long‐chain alkyl phenylbutylammonium (PBA+) cation. The 2D perovskite has the property of n = 2, which passivates the surface defects of the 3D perovskite, resulting in enhanced photoluminescence intensity and prolonged carrier lifetime. Moreover, the 2D layer changes the interface contact and energy‐level arrangement, making it a more n‐type semiconductor, which facilitates the electron transfer between perovskites and electron transport. This strategy significantly improves the open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) of the devices without sacrificing current, and the PCE is improved from 19.22% to 21.76%. The hydrophobic PBA+‐based 2D layer also improves the humidity stability of the films and enhances the working stability of the device. The PCE of the champion heterojunction perovskite device remains 87% of its initial value after illumination for 1000 h. The results show that heterojunction engineering plays an important role in the preparation of efficient and stable PSCs.
Literacy Development at Camp: Leveraging Language Models
Authors: Dostal Hannah M. , Scott Jessica A. , Weir Joan , Kang Ki Y. , Amadi-Ihebuzor Chidinma , Bernard Teri-Ann
Published: March 2021

There is little research on effective educational experiences for deaf and hard‐of‐hearing (d/hh) children in Jamaica. Using a formative and design experiment framework, in this project we explored the potential efficacy of an intensive literacy camp that provided professional development for d/hh adults working in classrooms with d/hh children, and provided literacy instruction for elementary‐age campers. We found that the children improved in all tested areas, and observations of d/hh adults provided evidence that with minimal training they were able to implement important facets of literacy instruction with the campers. Further research on these types of experiences and their potential for lasting impact after the camp is necessary.
Labor Supply and Well-Being During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Crisis in the Netherlands: Lessons from Microdata
Authors: von Gaudecker Hans-Martin , Siflinger Bettina
Published: March 2021

Like many other countries, the Netherlands shut down large parts of economic and social life in the spring of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Between late March and early May, schools and childcare facilities as well as restaurants, cafes, and bars were shut down; contact-related occupations were closed; gatherings were prohibited; and employees were advised to work from home as much as possible. While these regulations represented a sharp cut in individuals’ personal lives, they were more relaxed in the Netherlands than in many other European countries. At the same time, the Netherlands has enacted large-scale economic relief programs.

This chapter gives an overview of how labor supply and well-being have changed in the Netherlands in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that changes in the labor market have affected different groups of people differently and we discuss reasons for these differences. In addition, we illustrate how the consequences of the lockdown have altered the well-being of Dutch workers.
Plus Ça Change…? How the COVID-19 Crisis May Lead to a Revaluation of the Local
Authors: Groenleer Martijn , Bertram Daniel
Published: March 2021

The spread of the coronavirus around the world once again confronts us with the vulnerability of a globalized economy and society. As with previous global crises, it is not obvious that the COVID-19 crisis is leading to a process of de-globalization. It is much more likely that the crisis will accelerate localization—a process that has been going on for much longer. In fact, localization occurs simultaneously with globalization, and is inextricably bound up with it—in both the “old” and the “new common.” In this sense, the struggle to grapple with the current situation shows us the continuing importance of the local in a global context.
The Sciences During the New Common: A Missed Opportunity?
Authors: Kaptein Maurits
Published: March 2021

By Wednesday, July 22, 2020, the coronavirus had killed over 611,000 people and infected over fourteen million globally. It devastated lives and will continue to do so for a long time to come; the economic consequences of the pandemic are only just starting to materialize. This makes it a challenging time to write about the new common. However, we need to start somewhere. At some point, we need to reflect on our own roles, the roles of our institutions, the importance of our economy, and the future fabric of everyday life. In this chapter, I will discuss one minor—and compared to the current crisis seemingly inconsequential—aspect of the new common: I will discuss my worry that we are on the verge of missing the opportunity to properly (re-)define the role of the sciences as we move from our old to our new common.
Growing Up in Times of COVID-19: When a Window of Opportunity is Temporarily Closed
Authors: Keijsers Loes , Bülow Anne
Published: March 2021

During the COVID-19 crisis, the governmental restrictions seriously affected the daily lives of adolescents (aged 12–25). They could not attend school, had to limit face-to-face contact with peers, and had to stay at home with their parents. This chapter combines insights from theoretical models on adolescent development with some of the first empirical findings of the impact of COVID-19 on adolescents. We will discuss how lockdown and social distancing measures affect mental health and well-being in a formative and vulnerable period in life. Specifically, the authors focus on delayed attainment of developmental tasks toward adulthood, the importance of friendships, and how parents can promote developmental growth and resilience in a “new common.” Advice is included on how future society can and should be shaped around the developmental needs, risks, and opportunities that characterize adolescence.
Efficient Scientific Self-Correction in Times of Crisis
Authors: Nuijten Michèle
Published: March 2021

Science has been invaluable in combating the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences. However, science is not flawless: especially research that is performed and written up under high time pressure may be susceptible to errors. Luckily, one of the core principles of science is its ability to self-correct. Traditionally, scientific self-correction is achieved through replication, but this takes time and resources; both of which are scarce. In this chapter, I argue for an additional, more efficient self-correction mechanism: analytical reproducibility checks.
Is COVID-19 a Crime? A Criminological Perspective
Authors: Spapens Toine
Published: March 2021

Is COVID-19 a crime? The answer to that question seems relatively straightforward. Although the virus may be viewed as a “villain,” we cannot treat it as a criminal. However, how the virus impacts societies and government responses to the crisis raises serious criminological questions. In this chapter, I briefly address three. I will start by looking at the effects of COVID-19 and particularly the lockdowns on criminal activities. My second question is whether we should rethink our response to crimes that may facilitate future pandemics, particularly wildlife trafficking. Finally, I will discuss some examples of systemic inequalities, which affect the impact of the virus on societies. Given the current state of affairs, I will raise questions and ideas for future research, rather than provide clear-cut answers.
In-Work Poverty in Times of COVID-19
Authors: Bekker Sonja , Buerkert Johanna , Quirijns Quirine , Pop Ioana
Published: March 2021

The corona crisis has an unequal impact on worker’s income. Workers with unstable jobs prior to the crisis, have been affected hardest due to the loss of work and income (Börner, 2020). An example is the group of workers who cannot make ends meet, despite having a job. In order to explore the impact of the coronavirus crisis on in-work poverty, it is relevant to get a better insight into how low income is defined because in the Netherlands low income and poverty are calculated in various ways. For this chapter we use two indicators (Statistics Netherlands, 2018; SCP, 2018). The first is the poverty threshold, indicating whether or not the income is sufficient to meet basic needs such as buying food, housing, and participating in social activities. The second is the low-income threshold, representing stable purchasing power over time.
Who Are the People in Your Gayborhood? Understanding Population Change and Cultural Shifts in LGBTQ+ Neighborhoods
Authors: Hess Daniel Baldwin , Bitterman Alex
Published: March 2021

Gay neighborhoods, like all neighborhoods, are in a state of continual change. The relevance of gay neighborhoods—originally formed to promote segregation of individuals who identify as sexual minorities—is lately challenged by advances in technology, experiences with pandemics, shifts in generational opinion and social values, increasing acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals, and (in certain places) increased rights and protections for LGBTQ+ individuals. This confluence of change has created for many people anxiety related to the belief that gay neighborhoods may be dissolving or even disappearing altogether. Seeking to address these concerns, this opening chapter of the bookThe Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods: Renaissance and Resurgencepresents eight important takeaway messages distilled from the chapters in this volume that, taken together, provide an in-depth overview of the formation, maturation, current challenges, and future prospects of LGBTQ+ spaces in urban environments. Findings suggest that shifts in patterns of residence, socialization, and entertainment for LGBTQ+ residents and visitors across metropolitan space have resulted in certain gay neighborhoods becoming less gay while other neighborhoods become more gay. In this time of social change, economic inequities, public health crises, and technological evolution, gay neighborhoods provide a culturally and historically significant template for communities in confronting adversity, fear, and discrimination. At this point in their maturity, gay neighborhoods have reached a plateau in their evolution; from here we pause to consider the current state of gay neighborhoods—and trajectories that might describe their future form—as we contemplate the importance of gay neighborhoods in the ongoing advancement of LGBTQ+ people everywhere. We conclude by observing that while gayborhoods have experienced a certain level of de-gaying, the trend toward viewing gayborhoods as inclusive and gay-friendly places de-emphasizes the self-segregation aspects of gayborhoods that were important to their initial formation; consequently, while gay neighborhoods may become less gay, other neighborhoods may also become more gay.
After the Life of LGBTQ Spaces: Learning from Atlanta and Istanbul
Authors: Doan Petra L. , Atalay Ozlem
Published: March 2021

Many gay villages (or “gayborhoods”) arose in the wake of the gay liberation movement attracted a good deal of academic research within the last 40 years. Unfortunately, this hyper focus on certain spaces often populated by white gay men has frequently eclipsed research on other types of LGBTQ areas as well as other geographies beyond the global north. This chapter aims to address this gap, taking an ordinary cities perspective (Robinson, 2006) and asking how we can develop models that are conceptually useful for understanding the life of a more diverse array of LGBTQ spaces across the globe. To answer this question we avoid linear models of change by developing a new model based on a conceptual framework derived from physics: centripetal and centrifugal forces. The advantage of this model is its explicit recognition of the ways that social, economic, and political forces and their manifestations influence queer spaces. We use two cases from relatively under-studied regions; Atlanta and Istanbul to illustrate the utility of this framework. The “in-betweenness” of these cities, linking south and north as well as west and east, makes them a haven for queers and others fleeing the conservative surroundings in the search for more attractive and welcoming places for marginalized LGBTQ individuals. This chapter draws on the authors’ lived experiences, prior research, and additional interviews to conduct a relational reading of queer spaces with emphasis on the ways that LGBTQ people circulate and congregate in a wider range of urban areas. This comparative strategy and relational reading of queer spaces expands the narrow focus from normalized narratives of gayborhoods to a broader “analysis of the heterogeneity and multiplicity of metropolitan modernities” (Roy 2009, p. 821) of queer spaces.
Understanding Generation Gaps in LGBTQ+ Communities: Perspectives About Gay Neighborhoods Among Heteronormative and Homonormative Generational Cohorts
Authors: Bitterman Alex , Hess Daniel Baldwin
Published: March 2021

Using Strauss-Howe generational theory as a guiding structure, this chapter examines differences between generational identity for LGBTQ+ individuals compared to heteronormative generational identity. We theorize that LGBTQ+ individuals may identify with two generational cohorts—one defined by birth year and a second related to “coming of age” as a sexual minority. A case study examining the lifespan of four LGBTQ+ celebrity personalities demonstrates the concept of generational layering. We argue “generational layering” affects various aspects of LGBTQ+ life, including connection to place as reflected in attitudes of LGBTQ+ people regarding gay neighborhoods. The chapter concludes with five takeaway messages that clarify the relationship between LGTBQ+ people, the generational cohorts to which they belong and with which they identify, and the attitudes of various LGBTQ+ generational cohorts toward gay neighborhoods.
Commemorating Historically Significant Gay Places Across the United States
Authors: Miller Camden , Bitterman Alex
Published: March 2021

The stories of gay spaces across the United States are largely unrecorded, undocumented, and are not centrally collected or archived beyond informal reports and oral histories. Evidence demonstrates that the preservation of historic sites allows for future generations to benefit from intangibles related to community and identity. However, the LGBTQ+ community has been unable to gain benefits that place-based, historic sites can provide, due to an inability to commemorate spaces that have shaped LGBTQ+ history in significant ways. This chapter explores the disparities between the preservation and commemoration of significant LGBTQ+ spaces and the amount of funding distributed to these sites. As of 2016, LGBTQ+ sites comprised only 0.08 percent of the 2,500 U.S. National Historic Landmarks and 0.005 percent of the more than 90,000 places listed in the National Register of Historic Places. This representation is well short of the share of American adults that identify as LGBTQ+ , which in 2017 was approximately five percent of the United States population. In 2010 the Administration of President Barack Obama launched the LGBTQ Heritage Initiative under the National Historic Landmarks Program. This effort underscored a broader commitment to include historically underrepresented groups, including LGBTQ+ individuals. As a result, LGBTQ+ communities became eligible to receive funding for projects through the Underrepresented Community Grant Program. An analysis of the distribution of Underrepresented Community Grant Program funds revealed that the LGBTQ+ community receives considerably less funding compared to other underrepresented communities. The findings from this study suggest that there is still a significant amount of work that remains to be done to integrate LGBTQ+ histories into historic preservation programs that exist at various levels of programming (local, state, and federal).
The Rainbow Connection: A Time-Series Study of Rainbow Flag Display Across Nine Toronto Neighborhoods
Authors: Bitterman Alex
Published: March 2021

Recently, the display and use of the rainbow flag in historically defined gay neighborhoods has grown even as gay residents and businesses have been driven away by gentrification, rising real-estate costs, and cultural homogenization. At the same time, prevelence and use of the rainbow flag and the rainbow motif has increased in areas not usually considered part of recognized gay neighborhoods. This chapter explores the prevalence and persistence of the display of the rainbow flag and rainbow motif in nine neighborhoods across Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The visual assessment of rainbow flag use across these neighborhoods serves as a potential model for examining the rate of spread of rainbow flags and visual rainbow motif symbols as a means for tracking the movement of the LGBTQ+ community across urban neighborhoods. Initial results suggest potential significance of the prevalence and persistence of the rainbow flag and the rainbow motif. These include; (1) a possible diaspora of LGBTQ+ residents from traditionally defined gay neighborhoods to newly emerging gay or LGBTQ-friendly neighborhoods, (2) a newfound inclusivity or pride among residents of other neighborhoods, and (3) “rainbow washing” due to overuse of the rainbow motif by non-LGBTQ businesses and organizations connected with pride celebrations. While overuse of the rainbow flag may diminish historically coded meaning of the rainbow, that well-intentioned use of the rainbow flag is a positive and welcoming indicator for LGBTQ+ individuals and it may lead to the emergence of additional LGBTQ-friendly enclaves that, over time, could potentially emerge as new gay neighborhoods.
Are “Gay” and “Queer-Friendly” Neighborhoods Healthy? Assessing How Areas with High Densities of Same-Sex Couples Impact the Mental Health of Sexual Minority and Majority Young Adults
Authors: Wienke Chris , Whaley Rachel B. , Braatz Rick
Published: March 2021

Neighborhoods with large concentrations of gay men, lesbians, and other sexual minorities have long served as places where sexual minority young adults find self-enhancing resources. Yet, it is unclear whether such neighborhood environments also confer health benefits. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we explored the relationship between the proportion of same-sex couples in neighborhoods and the mental health of sexual minority and majority young adults, controlling for other neighborhood- and individual-level factors. Results indicate that for sexual minorities, neighborhoods with higher percentages of same-sex couples are associated with lower levels of depression symptoms and higher levels of self-esteem. Conversely, for heterosexuals, there are no differences in health outcomes across neighborhood contexts. Taken together, the findings highlight the importance of striving for neighborhood-level understandings of sexual minority young adults and their mental health problems.
Introduction
Authors: Theisen-Womersley Ph.D. Gail
Published: March 2021

This chaper aims to offer an introduction to trauma and resilience among displaced communities in humanitarian contexts across the globe. Key
themes being introduced include the various definitions of trauma, the importance of the sociocultural environment on the ways in which trauma manifests, factors
influencing individual and group resilience, and a consideration of the impact of political and economic factors on the mental health of displaced and forced migrant
populations.
Working with PTSD in the Asylum Procedure
Authors: Theisen-Womersley Gail
Published: March 2021

Europe is living through a refugee crisis of historic proportions, with subsequent evolving responses having now become one of the continent’s defining challenges of the early twenty-first century (Médécins Sans Frontières, 2016; UNHCR, .The sea route to Europe: The Mediterranean passage in the age of refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, 2015).
Prevalence of PTSD Among Displaced Populations—Three Case Studies
Authors: Theisen-Womersley Gail
Published: March 2021

As explored in chapter two, displaced populations face a myriad of traumatic events, throughout the migration process. It comes as no surprise than, that two landmark, systematic meta-reviews found prevalence rates among refugee populations of 40% (Turrini et al., .International Journal of Mental Health Systems 11:51, 2017) and 30.6% (Steel et al., .JAMA 302:537–549, 2009) respectively.
Culturally Informed Manifestations of Trauma
Authors: Theisen-Womersley Gail
Published: March 2021

Human beings have an inherent need to make sense of their experiences. This may be particularly true of traumatic experiences which have the potential to shake the bedrock on which one’s belief systems are based (Drožđek & Wilson, 2007; Herman, 1992). Globally, the literature attests to substantial variations in how people worldwide respond to traumatic events.
Marketplace-Level Domain Ontologies
Authors: Horsch Martin Thomas , Chiacchiera Silvia , Cavalcanti Welchy Leite , Schembera Björn
Published: March 2021

To enable semantic interoperability with external services and platforms, the Virtual Materials Marketplace (VIMMP) project has developed a system of marketplace-level domain ontologies, supporting the ingest and retrieval of data and metadata at the VIMMP marketplace front end; these ontologies are expressed in OWL2 using TTL notation [1]. Internally, VIMMP uses the marketplace-level domain ontologies as a part of its approach to data management, underlying the interactions with users. This chapter and the subsequent two chapters present ontologies from the VIMMP project and their relation to other work, including other ontologies.
Compositional Analysis of Probabilistic Timed Graph Transformation Systems
Authors: Maximova Maria , Schneider Sven , Giese Holger
Published: March 2021

The analysis of behavioral models is of high importance for cyber-physical systems, as the systems often encompass complex behavior based on e.g. concurrent components with mutual exclusion or probabilistic failures on demand. The rule-based formalism of probabilistic timed graph transformation systems is a suitable choice when the models representing states of the system can be understood as graphs and timed and probabilistic behavior is important. However, model checking PTGTSs is limited to systems with rather small state spaces.

We present an approach for the analysis of large-scale systems modeled as probabilistic timed graph transformation systems by systematically decomposing their state spaces into manageable fragments. To obtain qualitative and quantitative analysis results for a large-scale system, we verify that results obtained for its fragments serve as overapproximations for the corresponding results of the large-scale system. Hence, our approach allows for the detection of violations of qualitative and quantitative safety properties for the large-scale system under analysis. We consider a running example in which we model shuttles driving on tracks of a large-scale topology and for which we verify that shuttles never collide and are unlikely to execute emergency brakes. In our evaluation, we apply an implementation of our approach to the running example.
Effects of Program Representation on Pointer Analyses — An Empirical Study
Authors: Prakash Jyoti , Tiwari Abhishek , Hammer Christian
Published: March 2021

Static analysis frameworks, such as Soot and Wala, are used by researchers to prototype and compare program analyses. These frameworks vary on heap abstraction, modeling library classes, and underlying intermediate program representation (IR). Often, these variations pose a threat to the validity of the results as the implications of comparing the same analysis implementation in different frameworks are still unexplored. Earlier studies have focused on the precision, soundness, and recall of the algorithms implemented in these frameworks; however, little to no work has been done to evaluate the effects of program representation. In this work, we fill this gap and study the impact of program representation on pointer analysis. Unfortunately, existing metrics are insufficient for such a comparison due to their inability to isolate each aspect of the program representation. Therefore, we define two novel metrics that measure these analyses’ precision after isolating the influence of class-hierarchy and intermediate representation. Our results establish that the minor differences in the class hierarchy and IR do not impact program analysis significantly. Besides, they reveal the sources of unsoundness that aid researchers in developing program analysis.
Certified Abstract Cost Analysis
Authors: Albert Elvira , Hähnle Reiner , Merayo Alicia , Steinhöfel Dominic
Published: March 2021

A program containing placeholders for unspecified statements or expressions is called an abstract (or schematic) program. Placeholder symbols occur naturally in program transformation rules, as used in refactoring, compilation, optimization, or parallelization. We present a generalization of automated cost analysis that can handle abstract programs and, hence, can analyze the impact on the cost of program transformations. This kind of relational property requires provably precise cost bounds which are not always produced by cost analysis. Therefore, we certify by deductive verification that the inferred abstract cost bounds are correct and sufficiently precise. It is the first approach solving this problem. Both, abstract cost analysis and certification, are based on quantitative abstract execution (QAE) which in turn is a variation of abstract execution, a recently developed symbolic execution technique for abstract programs. To realize QAE the new concept of a cost invariant is introduced. QAE is implemented and runs fully automatically on a benchmark set consisting of representative optimization rules.
Bootstrapping Automated Testing for RESTful Web Services
Authors: Chen Yixiong , Yang Yang , Lei Zhanyao , Xia Mingyuan , Qi Zhengwei
Published: March 2021

Modern RESTful services expose RESTful APIs to integrate with diversified applications. Most RESTful API parameters are weakly typed, which greatly increases the possible input value space. This poses difficulties for automated testing tools to generate effective test cases to reveal web service defects related to parameter validation. We call this phenomenon the type collapse problem. To remedy this problem, we introduce FET (Format-encoded Type) techniques, including the FET, the FET lattice, and the FET inference to model fine-grained information for API parameters. Enhanced by FET techniques, automated testing tools can generate targeted test cases. We demonstrate Leif, a trace-driven fuzzing tool, as a proof-of-concept implementation of FET techniques. Experiment results on 27 commercial services show that FET inference precisely captures documented parameter definitions, which helps Leif to discover 11 new bugs and reduce $$72\% \sim 86\%$$

72
%
∼
86
%

fuzzing time as compared to state-of-the-art fuzzers.
Finding a Universal Execution Strategy for Model Transformation Networks
Authors: Gleitze Joshua , Klare Heiko , Burger Erik
Published: March 2021

When using multiple models to describe a (software) system, one can use a network of model transformations to keep the models consistent after changes. No strategy exists, however, to orchestrate the execution of transformations if the network has an arbitrary topology. In this paper, we analyse how often and in which order transformations need to be executed. We argue why linear execution bounds are too restrictive to be useful in practice and prove that there is no upper bound for the number of necessary executions. To avoid non-termination, we propose a conservative strategy that makes execution failures easier to understand. These insights help developers and users of transformation networks to understand under which circumstances their networks can terminate. Additionally, the proposed strategy helps them to find the cause when a network cannot restore consistency.