bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Security of quantum key distribution with multiphoton components
Authors: Yin Hua-Lei , Fu Yao , Mao Yingqiu , Chen Zeng-Bing
Published: July 2016

Most qubit-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols extract the secure key merely from single-photon component of the attenuated lasers. However, with the Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) QKD protocol, the unconditionally secure key can be extracted from the two-photon component by modifying the classical post-processing procedure in the BB84 protocol. Employing the merits of SARG04 QKD protocol and six-state preparation, one can extract secure key from the components of single photon up to four photons. In this paper, we provide the exact relations between the secure key rate and the bit error rate in a six-state SARG04 protocol with single-photon, two-photon, three-photon and four-photon sources. By restricting the mutual information between the phase error and bit error, we obtain a higher secure bit error rate threshold of the multiphoton components than previous works. Besides, we compare the performances of the six-state SARG04 with other prepare-and-measure QKD protocols using decoy states.
Overexpression of Mycothiol Disulfide Reductase Enhances Corynebacterium glutamicum Robustness by Modulating Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Antioxidant Proteins under Oxidative Stress
Authors: Si Meiru , Zhao Chao , Zhang Bing , Wei Dawei , Chen Keqi , Yang Xu , Xiao He , Shen Xihui
Published: July 2016

Mycothiol (MSH) is the dominant low-molecular-weight thiol (LMWT) unique to high-(G+C)-content Gram-positive Actinobacteria, such as Corynebacterium glutamicum and is oxidised into its disulfide form mycothiol disulfide (MSSM) under oxidative conditions. Mycothiol disulfide reductase (Mtr), an NADPH-dependent enzyme, reduces MSSM to MSH, thus maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. In this study, a recombinant plasmid was constructed to overexpress Mtr in C. glutamicum using the expression vector pXMJ19-His6. Mtr-overexpressing C. glutamicum cells showed increased tolerance to ROS induced by oxidants, bactericidal antibiotics, alkylating agents and heavy metals. The physiological roles of Mtr in resistance to oxidative stresses were corroborated by decreased ROS levels, reduced carbonylation damage, decreased loss of reduced protein thiols and a massive increase in the levels of reversible protein thiols in Mtr-overexpressing cells exposed to stressful conditions. Moreover, overexpression of Mtr caused a marked increase in the ratio of reduced to oxidised mycothiol (MSH:MSSM) and significantly enhanced the activities of a variety of antioxidant enzymes, including mycothiol peroxidase (MPx), mycoredoxin 1 (Mrx1), thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA). Taken together, these results indicate that the Mtr protein functions in C. glutamicum by protecting cells against oxidative stress.
Importance of mosquito “quasispecies” in selecting an epidemic arthropod-borne virus
Authors: Vazeille Marie , Zouache Karima , Vega-Rúa Anubis , Thiberge Jean-Michel , Caro Valérie , Yébakima André , Mousson Laurence , Piorkowski Géraldine , Dauga Catherine , Vaney Marie-Christine , Manni Mosè , Gasperi Giuliano , de Lamballerie Xavier , Failloux Anna-Bella
Published: July 2016

Most arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), perpetuated by alternation between a vertebrate host and an insect vector, are likely to emerge through minor genetic changes enabling the virus to adapt to new hosts. In the past decade, chikungunya virus (CHIKV; Alphavirus, Togaviridae) has emerged on La Réunion Island following the selection of a unique substitution in the CHIKV E1 envelope glycoprotein (E1-A226V) of an East-Central-South African (ECSA) genotype conferring a higher transmission rate by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Assumed to have occurred independently on at least four separate occasions, this evolutionary convergence was suspected to be responsible for CHIKV worldwide expansion. However, assumptions on CHIKV emergence were mainly based on viral genetic changes and the role of the mosquito population quasispecies remained unexplored. Here we show that the nature of the vector population is pivotal in selecting the epidemic CHIKV. We demonstrate using microsatellites mosquito genotyping that Ae. albopictus populations are genetically differentiated, contributing to explain their differential ability to select the E1-226V mutation. Aedes albopictus, newly introduced in Congo coinciding with the first CHIKV outbreak, was not able to select the substitution E1-A226V nor to preferentially transmit a CHIKV clone harboring the E1-226V as did Ae. albopictus from La Réunion.
Correction: Total viable bacterial count using a real time all-fibre spectroscopic system
Authors: Bogomolny E.
Published: July 2016

Correction for ‘Total viable bacterial count using a real time all-fibre spectroscopic system’ by E. Bogomolny et al., Analyst, 2013, 138, 4112–4119.
Synthesis and applications of rhodacyclopentanones derived from C–C bond activation
Authors: Shaw Megan H. , Bower John F.
Published: July 2016

Methodologies that exploit rhodacyclopentanones derived from C–C bond activation are outlined.
Probing the energy levels of perovskite solar cells via Kelvin probe and UV ambient pressure photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Harwell J. R. , Baikie T. K. , Baikie I. D. , Payne J. L. , Ni C. , Irvine J. T. S. , Turnbull G. A. , Samuel I. D. W.
Published: July 2016

We present a study of the energy levels present in a perovskite solar cell using Kelvin probe and UV air photoemission measurements. By constructing a detailed map of the energy levels in the system we are able to predict the maximum open circuit voltage of the solar cell.
Gold-catalysed reactions of diynes
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: July 2016

The emerging field of gold-catalysed conversions of substrates containing two alkynes shows a spectacular range of new and unique reactivity patterns.
Bioinspired synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Mirabello Giulia , Lenders Jos J. M. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M.
Published: July 2016

Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a widespread magnetic iron oxide encountered in many biological and geological systems, and also in many technological applications.
Mandarin Lexical Tone Acquisition in Cochlear Implant Users With Prelingual Deafness: A Review
Authors: Tan Johanna , Dowell Richard , Vogel Adam
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this review article is to synthesize evidence from the fields of developmental linguistics and cochlear implant technology relevant to the production and perception of Mandarin lexical tone in cochlear implant users with prelingual deafness. The aim of this review was to identify potential factors that determine outcomes for tonal-language speaking cochlear implant users and possible directions for further research.

Method

A computerized database search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was undertaken in June and July 2014. Search terms used were
lexical tone AND tonal language, speech development AND/OR speech production AND/OR speech perception AND cochlear implants,
and
pitch perception AND cochlear implants,
anywhere in the title or abstract.

Conclusion

Despite the demonstrated limitations of pitch perception in cochlear implant users, there is some evidence that typical production and perception of lexical tone is possible by cochlear implant users with prelingual deafness. Further studies are required to determine the factors that contribute to better outcomes to inform rehabilitation processes for cochlear implant users in tonal-language environments.
Synthesis of 3-Aryl-1-aminopropane Derivatives: Lithiation–Boryl­ation–Ring-Opening of Azetidinium Ions
Authors: Casoni Giorgia , Myers Eddie , Aggarwal Varinder
Published: July 2016

In situ generated 2-phenyl-azetidinium ylides react with boronic esters to form acyclic γ-dimethylamino tertiary boronic esters. The transformation is believed to involve the formation of a zwitterionic boronate, which subsequently undergoes ring-opening 1,2-migration, which is promoted by the relief of ring strain. Owing to the configurational instability of the initially formed ylides, which appear to be in equilibrium with the open-chain carbene form, the reaction is not stereospecific. The C–B bond of the γ-dimethylamino tertiary boronic esters can be transformed into a variety of functional groups (C–OH, C–vinyl, C–H, C–BF3), thus giving a diverse selection of 3-aryl-1-aminopropanes, which represent a privileged motif among drug molecules.
Thermoelectric amplification of phonons in graphene
Authors: Dompreh K. A. , Mensah N. G. , Mensah S. Y. , Fosuhene S. K.
Published: July 2016

Amplification of acoustic in-plane phonons due to an external temperature gradient (∇T) in single-layer graphene (SLG) was studied theoretically. The threshold temperature gradient (∇T)0g and the threshold voltage (VT)0g in SLG were evaluated. For T=77 K, the calculated value for (∇T)0g=746.8  K/cm and (VT)0g=6.6 mV. The calculation was done in the hypersound regime. Further, the dependence of the normalized amplification (Γ/Γ0) on the frequency ωq and ∇T/T were evaluated numerically and presented graphically. The calculated threshold temperature gradient (VT)0g for SLG was higher than that obtained for homogeneous semiconductors (n-InSb) (∇T)0hom≈103 K/cm, superlattices (∇T)0SL≈384 K/cm, and cylindrical quantum wire (∇T)0cqw≈102 K/cm. This makes SLG a much better material for thermoelectric phonon amplification.
Phase separation in iron chalcogenide superconductor Rb0.8+xFe1.6+ySe2 as seen by Raman light scattering and band structure calculations
Authors: Pashkevich Yu. , Gnezdilov V. , Lemmens P. , Shevtsova T. , Gusev A. , Lamonova K. , Wulferding D. , Gnatchenko S. , Pomjakushina E. , Conder K.
Published: July 2016

We report Raman light scattering in the phase separated superconducting single crystal Rb0.77Fe1.61Se2 with Tc = 32 K over a wide temperature region 3–500 K. The observed phonon lines from the majority vacancy ordered Rb2Fe4Se5 (245) antiferromagnetic phase with TN = 525 K demonstrate modest anomalies in the frequency, intensity and halfwidth at the superconductive phase transition. We identify phonon lines from the minority compressed RbδFe2Se2 (122) conductive phase. The superconducting gap with dx2−y2 symmetry has been detected in our spectra. In the range 0–600 cm−1 we observe a weak but highly polarized B1g-type background which becomes well-structured upon cooling. A possible magnetic or multiorbital origin of this background is discussed. We argue that the phase separation in M0.8+xFe1.6+ySe2 is of pure magnetic origin. It occurs below the Néel temperature when the magnetic moment of iron reaches a critical value. We state that there is a spacer between the majority 245 and minority 122 phases. Using ab initio spin-polarized band structure calculations we demonstrate that the compressed vacancy ordered Rb2Fe4Se5 phase can be conductive and therefore may serve as a protective interface spacer between the purely metallic RbδFe2Se2 phase and the insulating Rb2Fe4Se5 phase providing percolative Josephson-junction like superconductivity all throughout of Rb0.8+xFe1.6+ySe2. Our lattice dynamics calculations show significant differences in the phonon spectra of the conductive and insulating Rb2Fe4Se5 phases.
The role of anharmonicity in the systems with spin crossover
Authors: Shelest V. V. , Khristov A. V. , Levchenko G. G.
Published: July 2016

The model describing the effect of anharmonicity on the spin-crossover properties of Fe(II) complex is proposed. It is shown that anharmonicity can be one of the important factors controlling the magnetic transitions of the low-spin high-spin type.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of RT4Al8 (R = Sc, Y, La, Lu; T = Fe, Mn, Cr) compounds. Hydrostatic pressure effects
Authors: Zhuravleva I. P. , Grechnev G. E. , Panfilov A. S. , Lyogenkaya A. A. , Kotlyar O. V. , Fedorchenko A. V. , Feher A.
Published: July 2016

We present results of theoretical and experimental studies of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of RFe4Al8, RMn4Al8, and RCr4Al8 compounds with nonmagnetic elements R = Sc, Y, La, and Lu. The electron spectrum and field induced magnetic moment, as well as their dependences on the unit cell volume, are calculated for the paramagnetic phase of the RT4Al8 systems. The calculations are supplemented by measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of representative RT4Al8 compounds as a function of temperature and hydrostatic pressure.
Potential application of mono/bi-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) sheet as an efficient transparent conducting electrode in silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Chaudhary Rimjhim , Patel Kamlesh , Sinha Ravindra K. , Kumar Sanjeev , Tyagi Pawan K.
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we have simulated the structure of n-type MoS2/silicon heterojunction solar cell and studied its function under different conditions. The optimization of parameters of the cell's layer has been carried out by using AFORS-HET software. In the present study, MoS2 has been considered as 3-D in nature instead of the reported 2-D nature. In order to ensure the formation of Schottky junction, electric contact has been made along the c-axis to collect the minority charge carriers. After optimizing the various parameters of n-type single layer MoS2, power efficiency of 12.44% has been achieved at the room temperature, which has further decreased to 9.042% as the layer number has increased up to 40. Furthermore, after optimizing the parameters of silicon wafer maximum efficiency of 16.4% has been achieved. Temperature dependence of the cell performance has also been studied and the maximum efficiency has been achieved at 300 K. In the present study, we have demonstrated that n-type ultrathin layer of MoS2 can be used as an excellent transparent conducting electrode.
Efficiency roll-off suppression in organic light-emitting diodes using size-tunable bimetallic bowtie nanoantennas at high current densities
Authors: Zhao Yukun , Yun Feng , Huang Yi , Wu Zhaoxin , Li Yufeng , Jiao Bo , Feng Lungang , Li Sanfeng , Ding Wen , Zhang Ye
Published: July 2016

Size-tunable bimetallic bowtie nanoantennas have been utilized to suppress the efficiency roll-off characteristics in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using both the numerical and experimental approaches. The resonant range can be widened by the strong dual-atomic couplings in bimetallic bowtie nanoantennas. Compared with the green OLED with conventional bowtie nanoantennas at a high current density of 800 mA/cm2, the measured efficiency roll-off ratio of the OLED with size-modulated bowtie nanoantennas is decreased from 53.2% to 41.8%, and the measured current efficiency is enhanced by 29.9%. When the size-modulated bowtie nanoantennas are utilized in blue phosphorescent OLEDs, the experimental roll-off ratio is suppressed from 43.6% to 25.9% at 250 mA/cm2, and the measured current efficiency is also enhanced significantly. It is proposed that the efficiency roll-off suppression is mainly related to the enhanced localized surface plasmon effect, which leads to a shorter radiative lifetime.
Spin contamination-free N-electron wave functions in the excitation-based configuration interaction treatment
Authors: Alcoba Diego R. , Torre Alicia , Lain Luis , Massaccesi Gustavo E. , Oña Ofelia B. , Capuzzi Pablo
Published: July 2016

This work deals with the spin contamination in N-electron wave functions provided by the excitation-based configuration interaction methods. We propose a procedure to ensure a suitable selection of excited N-electron Slater determinants with respect to a given reference determinant, required in these schemes. The procedure guarantees the construction of N-electron wave functions which are eigenfunctions of the spin-squared operator Sˆ2, avoiding any spin contamination. Our treatment is based on the evaluation of the excitation level of the determinants by means of the expectation value of an excitation operator formulated in terms of spin-free replacement operators. We report numerical determinations of energies and 〈Sˆ2〉 expectation values, arising from our proposal as well as from traditional configuration interaction methods, in selected open-shell systems, in order to compare the behavior of these procedures and their computational costs.
Acoustic beam control in biomimetic projector via velocity gradient
Authors: Gao Xiaowei , Zhang Yu , Cao Wenwu , Dong Erqian , Song Zhongchang , Li Songhai , Tang Liguo , Zhang Sai
Published: July 2016

A biomimetic projector (BioP) based on computerized tomography of pygmy sperm whale's biosonar system has been designed using gradient-index (GRIN) material. The directivity of this BioP device was investigated as function of frequency and the velocity gradient of the GRIN material. A strong beam control over a broad bandwidth at the subwavelength scale has been achieved. Compared with a bare subwavelength source, the main lobe pressure of the BioP is about five times as high and the angular resolution is one order of magnitude better. Our results indicate that this BioP has excellent application potential in miniaturized underwater sonars.
Real-time terahertz imaging through self-mixing in a quantum-cascade laser
Authors: Wienold M. , Hagelschuer T. , Rothbart N. , Schrottke L. , Biermann K. , Grahn H. T. , Hübers H.-W.
Published: July 2016

We report on a fast self-mixing approach for real-time, coherent terahertz imaging based on a quantum-cascade laser and a scanning mirror. Due to a fast deflection of the terahertz beam, images with frame rates up to several Hz are obtained, eventually limited by the mechanical inertia of the employed scanning mirror. A phase modulation technique allows for the separation of the amplitude and phase information without the necessity of parameter fitting routines. We further demonstrate the potential for transmission imaging.
Dynamic spectral characteristics measurement of DFB interband cascade laser under injection current tuning
Authors: Du Zhenhui , Luo Gang , An Ying , Li Jinyi
Published: July 2016

The dynamic spectral properties of semiconductor lasers during its tuning are very important for frequency modulation-based applications. The spectral properties of a distributed feedback (DFB) interband cascade laser (ICL) under injection current tuning (i.e., slope efficiency, dynamic tuning rate, and instantaneous linewidth) were measured by using short delayed self-heterodyne interferometry combined with time-frequency analysis of the interferometric signal. The relations of these spectral characteristics with the injection current, tuning frequency, and operating temperature of the laser were investigated as well. The dynamic tuning rate of the laser varies from 0.07 nm/mA to 0.16 nm/mA depending on the injection current and tuning frequency, which is considerably below the static tuning rate 0.20 nm/mA. The laser instantaneous linewidth increases within 360 kHz to 760 kHz as the injection current increases or the tuning frequency increases. Unexpectedly, both the dynamic tuning rate and linewidth seem not to be related to the operating temperature of the laser. These results will be very useful for understanding the spectral properties and optimizing the frequency modulation of DFB-ICLs.
Near interface traps in SiO2/4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors monitored by temperature dependent gate current transient measurements
Authors: Fiorenza Patrick , La Magna Antonino , Vivona Marilena , Roccaforte Fabrizio
Published: July 2016

This letter reports on the impact of gate oxide trapping states on the conduction mechanisms in SiO2/4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). The phenomena were studied by gate current transient measurements, performed on n-channel MOSFETs operated in “gate-controlled-diode” configuration. The measurements revealed an anomalous non-steady conduction under negative bias (VG > |20 V|) through the SiO2/4H-SiC interface. The phenomenon was explained by the coexistence of a electron variable range hopping and a hole Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunnelling. A semi-empirical modified FN model with a time-depended electric field is used to estimate the near interface traps in the gate oxide (Ntrap ∼ 2 × 1011 cm−2).
Ultrathin triple-band polarization-insensitive wide-angle compact metamaterial absorber
Authors: Shang Shuai , Yang Shizhong , Tao Lu , Yang Lisheng , Cao Hailin
Published: July 2016

In this study, the design, realization, and characterization of an ultrathin triple-band polarization-insensitive wide-angle metamaterial absorber are reported. The metamaterial absorber comprises a periodic array of modified six-fold symmetric snowflake-shaped resonators with strip spiral line load, which is printed on a dielectric substrate backed by a metal ground plane. It is shown that the absorber exhibits three distinct near-unity absorption peaks, which are distributed across C, X, Ku bands, respectively. Owing to the six-fold symmetry, the absorber is insensitive to the polarization of the incident radiation. In addition, the absorber shows excellent absorption performance over wide oblique incident angles for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations. Simulated surface current and field distributions at the three absorption peaks are demonstrated to understand the absorption mechanism. Particularly, the absorption modes come from the fundamental and high-order dipole resonances. Furthermore, the experimental verification of the designed absorber is conducted, and the measured results are in reasonable agreement with the simulated ones. The proposed ultrathin (∼0.018λ0, λ0 corresponding to the lowest peak absorption frequency) compact (0.168λ0×0.168λ0 corresponding to the area of a unit cell) absorber enables potential applications such as stealth technology, electromagnetic interference and spectrum identification.
Dynamics and architecture of the NRBF2-containing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I of autophagy
Authors: Young Lindsey N. , Cho Kelvin , Lawrence Rosalie , Zoncu Roberto , Hurley James H.
Published: July 2016

Significance

Autophagy (self-eating) is an essential process for cellular self-renewal. It is initiated by the ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) protein kinase complex and the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) lipid kinase complex, and understanding the structures of these large complexes is central to understanding how autophagy is initiated. Here we show that the protein nuclear receptor binding factor 2 (NRBF2) is the fifth subunit of the active form of PI3KC3-C1 and the NRBF2-containing complex is 10-fold more active. NRBF2 binds at the base of the V-shaped PI3KC3 architecture and changes protein motions, which may explain the change in enzyme activity. NRBF2 converts PI3KC3-C1 into a dimer, which changes how we think about the role of PI3KC3 in vesicle tethering.
Higher thermoelectric performance of Zintl phases (Eu
0.5
Yb
0.5
)
1−x
Ca
x
Mg
2
Bi
2
by band engineering and strain fluctuation
Authors: Shuai Jing , Geng Huiyuan , Lan Yucheng , Zhu Zhuan , Wang Chao , Liu Zihang , Bao Jiming , Chu Ching-Wu , Sui Jiehe , Ren Zhifeng
Published: July 2016

Significance

The search for high-efficiency thermoelectric materials encompasses many classes of semiconductors. Zintl phases are attractive thermoelectric materials for thermoelectric applications. Here, we report the high thermoelectric performance of the rarely studied bismuth (Bi)-based Zintl phases (Eu
0.5
Yb
0.5
)
1−x
Ca
x
Mg
2
Bi
2
with the record figure-of-merit
ZT
as high as 1.3 at 873 K. This
ZT
value is, to our knowledge, the highest ever reported in CaAl
2
Si
2
-based structures, especially compared with the best antimony (Sb)-based YbZn
0.4
Cd
1.6
Sb
2
compound. Because Sb-based Zintl compounds have been studied for many decades, this Bi-based Zintl phase with high thermoelectric properties could be a good thermoelectric material candidate in the future.
Daily Increment Validation and Effects of Streamflow Variability and Water Temperature on Growth of Age-0 Flathead Chub
Authors: Haworth Matthew R. , Bestgen Kevin R.
Published: July 2016

We studied age-0 Flathead Chub Platygobio gracilis through two reproductive seasons in Fountain Creek, Colorado, to better understand effects of hatching date, water temperature, and streamflow on daily growth rates. Analysis of laboratory-reared Flathead Chub of known age confirmed that daily growth increments were deposited in otoliths beginning at hatching and at a rate of one per day thereafter. That information enabled relatively accurate and unbiased estimation of age and daily growth rates of age-0 fish hatched from May to August in 2012 and 2013. Flathead Chub growth was substantially higher in 2012 than 2013, and in both years, daily growth rate was faster for individuals captured earlier in the year and in warmer water temperatures. Growth was faster during stable low-flow periods following short-term flow spikes caused by runoff from thunderstorms but was slower when flows fluctuated over longer periods. Insights into the reproductive ecology and early life history of Flathead Chub, a species imperiled in portions of its range, demonstrated implications of hydrologic alteration on growth of fishes of North American Great Plains streams and may inform strategies to assist in conservation of remaining populations.

Received August 24, 2015; accepted February 18, 2016 Published online July 7, 2016
The Influence of Stock Assessment Frequency on the Achievement of Fishery Management Objectives
Authors: Li Yang , Bence James R. , Brenden Travis O.
Published: July 2016

Because of resource limitations with respect to both funding and staff expertise, there is growing interest among fishery management agencies in moving from annual to less-frequent assessments of fish stocks. We conducted simulations based on Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes to evaluate (1) how statistical catch-at-age assessment frequency, the time lag between data collection and assessment, and approaches to setting target harvests in the years between assessments affected the achievement of management objectives; and (2) how the outcomes were influenced by the quality of assessment data, features of the populations, and characteristics of the fisheries exploiting the populations. We found that as assessments became less frequent, relative yields were reduced and the risk of stock depletion and interannual variation in yield increased. The effects of less-frequent assessments were ameliorated in populations with greater levels of productivity and when target mortality was lower. Conversely, the effects of assessment frequency were largely insensitive to changes in recruitment variation or the quality of assessment data. A 1-year lag between data collection and assessment when assessments were conducted annually primarily affected the risk of stock depletion and the interannual variation in yield. As recruitment variation increased, relative yield also became sensitive to the 1-year lag. Approaches to setting harvest targets in years between full assessments were less important than assessment frequency, and no single approach consistently outperformed other rules. Although populations with low productivity were the most sensitive to changes in assessment frequency and the lag between data collection and assessment, the management of those populations benefited to a greater extent from implementation of an appropriate target mortality rate than from more-frequent assessments or removal of the 1-year lag.

Received November 18, 2015; accepted March 9, 2016 Published online July 7, 2016
Simple Genetic Assay Distinguishes Lamprey Genera Entosphenus and Lampetra: Comparison with Existing Genetic and Morphological Identification Methods
Authors: Docker Margaret F. , Silver Gregory S. , Jolley Jeffrey C. , Spice Erin K.
Published: July 2016

Several species of lamprey belonging to the genera Entosphenus and Lampetra, including the widely distributed Pacific Lamprey E. tridentatus and Western Brook Lamprey L. richardsoni, co-occur along the West Coast of North America. These genera can be difficult to distinguish morphologically during their first few years of larval life in freshwater, thus hampering research and conservation efforts. However, existing genetic identification methods are time consuming or expensive. Here, we describe a simpler genetic assay using the Pacific Lamprey microsatellite locus Etr-1; the assay was found to be 100% reliable in distinguishing Entosphenus from Lampetra, even in genetically divergent Lampetra populations. Using a sample of 244 larvae (18–136 mm TL) from the Columbia River basin, we tested the accuracy with which previously described differences in caudal fin pigmentation can distinguish these genera. Attempts at morphological identification were abandoned for 50-mm and smaller larvae because differences in caudal fin pigmentation were very difficult to discern. However, morphological identification was correct for 81.8% of 51–70-mm larvae and 100% of 71-mm and larger larvae, which roughly corresponds with the results of previous studies. In agreement with previous work using mitochondrial DNA, our assay also supported placement of the Kern Brook Lamprey L. hubbsi (formerly E. hubbsi) into the genus Lampetra.

Received November 23, 2015; accepted March 9, 2016 Published online July 7, 2016
Bioconversion of AHX to AOH by resting cells of Burkholderia contaminans CH-1
Authors: Choi Jae-Hoon , Kikuchi Ayaka , Pumkaeo Panyapon , Hirai Hirofumi , Tokuyama Shinji , Kawagishi Hirokazu
Published: July 2016

Fairy rings are zones of stimulated grass growth owing to the interaction between a fungus and a plant. We previously reported the discovery of two novel plant-growth regulating compounds related to forming fairy rings, 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX) and 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH). In this study, a bacterial strain CH-1 was isolated from an airborne-contaminated nutrient medium containing AHX. The strain converted AHX to AOH and identified as Burkholderia contaminans based on the gene sequence of its 16S rDNA. The quantitative production of AOH by resting cells of the strain was achieved. Among seven Burkholderia species, two bacteria and two yeasts tested, B. contaminans CH-1 showed the highest rate of conversion of AHX to AOH. By batch system, up to 10.6 mmol AHX was converted to AOH using the resting cells. The yield of this process reached at 91%.
Pho4 mediates phosphate acquisition inCandida albicansand is vital for stress resistance and metal homeostasis
Authors: Ikeh Mélanie A. C. , Kastora Stavroula L. , Day Alison M. , Herrero-de-Dios Carmen M. , Tarrant Emma , Waldron Kevin J. , Banks A. Peter , Bain Judith M. , Lydall David , Veal Elizabeth A. , MacCallum Donna M. , Erwig Lars P. , Brown Alistair J. P. , Quinn Janet
Published: July 2016

During interactions with its mammalian host, the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans is exposed to a range of stresses such as superoxide radicals and cationic fluxes. Unexpectedly, a nonbiased screen of transcription factor deletion mutants revealed that the phosphate-responsive transcription factor Pho4 is vital for the resistance of C. albicans to these diverse stresses. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that Pho4 does not induce stress-protective genes directly. Instead, we show that loss of Pho4 affects metal cation toxicity, accumulation, and bioavailability. We demonstrate that pho4Δ cells are sensitive to metal and nonmetal cations and that Pho4-mediated polyphosphate synthesis mediates manganese resistance. Significantly, we show that Pho4 is important for mediating copper bioavailability to support the activity of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase Sod1 and that loss of Sod1 activity contributes to the superoxide sensitivity of pho4Δ cells. Consistent with the key role of fungal stress responses in countering host phagocytic defenses, we also report that C. albicans pho4Δ cells are acutely sensitive to macrophage-mediated killing and display attenuated virulence in animal infection models. The novel connections between phosphate metabolism, metal homeostasis, and superoxide stress resistance presented in this study highlight the importance of metabolic adaptation in promoting C. albicans survival in the host.
Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: progress in screening and early diagnosis
Authors: Molberg Øyvind , Hoffmann-Vold Anna-Maria
Published: July 2016

Purpose of review

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the major determinant of morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). In highly selected SSc patients, it was recently shown that stem cell therapy early in the disease course improved survival and reduced the extent of ILD, providing a rationale for early ILD detection strategies in this disease. Here, we review recent progress on ILD screening and early diagnosis in SSc.

Recent findings

Two studies showed that over 60% of unselected SSc cases with ILD by high-resolution computer tomography (HRCT) had normal range pulmonary function tests (PFTs); indicating poor performance of PFTs for ILD screening purposes. Serial, paired HRCT and PFT analyses indicated that screening by HRCT at baseline predicted risk for lung fibrosis development, progression rate of fibrosis and PFT decline. Analyses of circulating biomarkers, like CCL18, and nonradiating lung imaging modalities, like ultrasound and MRI, showed promise as tools for early ILD detection; but further work is needed.

Prospective cohort data indicated poor performance of PFT as a stand-alone method for ILD screening. Lung HRCT appeared promising, but radiation is an issue. Promising biomarker data indicate the possibility of new ILD screening algorithms in SSc.
Treatment of Periprosthetic Humerus Fractures With Open Reduction and Internal Fixation
Authors: Kurowicki Jennifer , Momoh Enesi , Levy Jonathan C.
Published: July 2016

Periprosthetic humerus fractures are relatively uncommon occurrence that can be difficult to manage nonoperatively. Locking plate technology has enhanced the surgical management of these fractures. However, adequate fixation around the stem remains of some concern. We describe an osteosynthesis technique using a locking plate utilizing eccentrically placed screw holes to place “skive screws” in the proximal end of the plate to achieve fixation around the stem of the implant. A clinical series of 5 consecutive patients treated with this technique is presented with an average follow-up of 29 months (range, 12–48). Two additional patients had less than 1-year follow-up. All patients demonstrated fracture healing. Functional outcomes were limited with only 1 patient achieving forward elevation above 90 degree, and the average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Function score was 28. Pain relief was nearly uniform with an average visual analog scale pain score of 0.5.
Intratumoral expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a negative prognostic marker for patients with cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Kuźbicki Łukasz , Lange Dariusz , Stanek-Widera Agata , Chwirot Barbara W.
Published: July 2016

Because of the well-known heterogeneity of melanomas, prognosis of the disease is often difficult to assess even for lesions classified in similar stages. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of COX-2 as a melanoma prognostic marker and to establish an optimum algorithm for analysis of COX-2 expression levels in lesions of interest. Expression of COX-2 was detected immunohistochemically in standard sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 85 primary melanomas, 36 lymph node metastases, and five skin metastases including 39 cases of paired primary and metastatic lesions obtained from the same patient. Enhanced expression of COX-2 in primary melanomas is an indicator of poorer prognosis. A significant correlation was found between high expression of COX-2 in primary lesions and shorter survival. The enhancement of COX-2 expression is also positively correlated with other prognostic factors such as tumor thickness and infiltration level, ulceration, high mitotic index, more invasive histologic type, vertical growth phase, and lymph node metastasis. On the whole, the results suggest that intratumoral expression of COX-2 is a strong negative prognostic marker for patients with melanoma. Moreover, our work shows that a simple and objective immunohistochemical scoring algorithm involving the determination of only a percentage fraction of positively stained cells is sufficient to obtain the prognostic information.
Phase I Trial Using Induction Ciplatin, Docetaxel, 5-FU and Erlotinib Followed by Cisplatin, Bevacizumab and Erlotinib With Concurrent Radiotherapy for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Ahn Peter H. , Machtay Mitchell , Anne Pramila R , Cognetti David , Keane William M. , Wuthrick Evan , Dicker Adam P. , Axelrod Rita S.
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

Bevacizumab (avastin) and erlotinib (tarceva) had shown early clinical activity against head and neck cancer (HNC). We initiated a phase I trial of induction cisplatin, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil and erlotinib (TPF-E) followed by cisplatin, bevacizumab and erlotinib (PA-E) with radiotherapy (XRT) for advanced HNC. The goal was to determine maximum tolerated erlotinib dose.

Methods:

Eligible patients had stage IVA or higher HNC with good performance status, hematologic, and renal reserve. Two cycles of induction TPF-E were administered. XRT was administered with concurrent weekly cisplatin and bevacizumab every 2 weeks. Initial erlotinib dose was 50 mg daily from start of induction chemotherapy until radiotherapy completion. Erlotinib dose escalations to 100 and 150 mg were planned.

Results:

Thirteen patients with previously untreated locoregional disease (11 patients) or oligometastatic (2 patients) HNC were enrolled. Totally, 11 of 13 patients completed XRT as planned. Four of 8 patients in cohort 1 (erlotinib 50 mg), 3 of 4 patients in cohort 2 (100 mg), and 0 of 1 patients in cohort 3 (150 mg) completed the regimen. Two patients had significant gastrointestinal complications (bleeding and perforation), and 1 had dose-limiting diarrhea. Maximum tolerated dose was reached at 50 mg erlotinib. At median 23.4 months follow-up, 5 patients (38%) have no evidence of disease, and 2 (15%) have stable but measurable disease.

Conclusions:

Erlotinib in combination with induction TPF followed by erlotinib, cisplatin, and bevacizumab with XRT is active but toxic. Gastrointestinal toxicities partly caused high rates of study withdrawal. All doses studied in this protocol caused unexpected toxicities and we do not recommend advancement to phase II.
Relaxant Effects of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Bazedoxifene, and Estrogen Receptor Agonists in Isolated Rabbit Basilar Artery
Authors: Castelló-Ruiz María , Salom Juan B. , Fernández-Musoles Ricardo , Burguete María C. , López-Morales Mikahela A. , Arduini Alessandro , Jover-Mengual Teresa , Hervás David , Torregrosa Germán , Alborch Enrique
Published: July 2016

We have previously shown that the selective estrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, improves the consequences of ischemic stroke. Now we aimed to characterize the effects and mechanisms of action of bazedoxifene in cerebral arteries. Male rabbit isolated basilar arteries were used for isometric tension recording and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bazedoxifene relaxed cerebral arteries, as 17-β-estradiol, 4,4′,4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol [estrogen receptor (ER) α agonist], and G1 [G protein-coupled ER (GPER) agonist] did it (4,4′,4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol > bazedoxifene = G1 > 17-β-estradiol). 2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (ERβ agonist) had no effect. Expression profile of genes encoding for ERα (ESR1), ERβ (ESR2), and GPER was GPER > ESR1 > ESR2. As to the endothelial mechanisms, endothelium removal, N
G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, and indomethacin, did not modify the relaxant responses to bazedoxifene. As to the K+ channels, both a high-K+ medium and the Kv blocker, 4-aminopyridine, inhibited the bazedoxifene-induced relaxations, whereas tetraethylammonium (nonselective K+ channel blocker), glibenclamide (selective KATP blocker) or iberiotoxin (selective KCa blocker) were without effect. Bazedoxifene also inhibited both Ca2+- and Bay K8644-elicited contractions. Therefore, bazedoxifene induces endothelium-independent relaxations of cerebral arteries through (1) activation of GPER and ERα receptors; (2) increase of K+ conductance through Kv channels; and (3) inhibition of Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels. Such a profile is compatible with the beneficial effects of estrogenic compounds (eg, SERMs) on vascular function and, specifically, that concerning the brain. Therefore, bazedoxifene could be useful in the treatment of cerebral disorders in which the cerebrovascular function is compromised (eg, stroke).
Tuberculous Valvular Endocarditis With Brain Abscesses
Authors: Arslan Ferhat , Ceylan Bahadir , Arslan Birsen Yigit , Omaygenç Mehmet Onur , Ertan Gülhan , Mert Ali
Published: July 2016

Tuberculous endocarditis (TBE) is a rare clinical entity, usually encountered during the course of miliary tuberculosis. Brain abscess is a very rare complication of TBE. Here, we report a case of valvular TBE presenting with meningoencephalitis due to septic embolization. The literature on well-documented cases of valvular TBE was also reviewed. Early diagnosis, an appropriate treatment strategy, surgical intervention, and close follow-up may lead to favorable outcomes in TBE. Surgical intervention (valve replacement and repair) may be required in 70% of TBE cases.
Bacteraemic Cellulitis Caused by Pseudomonas putida—2 Cases
Authors: Wilson Paul Andrew , Varadharan Hemalatha
Published: July 2016

Pseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative bacillus which is widely distributed in soil and water habitats. It is not a common human pathogen and infrequently causes bacteraemia, which is most often intravenous catheter-associated. There are only 2 reports of bacteremia occurring due to soft tissue infection caused by P. putida. We report 2 cases of P. putida cellulitis with bacteremia. Both occurred in immunosuppressed patients who sustained minor trauma with definite or likely exposure to water and soil.
Impaired conditioned pain modulation in youth with functional abdominal pain
Authors: Morris Matthew C. , Walker Lynn S. , Bruehl Stephen , Stone Amanda L. , Mielock Alyssa S. , Rao Uma
Published: July 2016

Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is associated with enhanced pain responsiveness. Although impaired conditioned pain modulation (CPM) characterizes adults with a variety of chronic pain conditions, relatively little is known about CPM in youth with FAP. This study assessed CPM to evoked thermal pain in 140 youth (ages 10-17), 63 of whom had FAP and 77 of whom were healthy controls. Multilevel models demonstrated weaker CPM effects in youth with FAP than in healthy youth, as evident in slower within-person decreases in pain ratings during the conditioning phase. Weaker CPM effects were associated with greater somatic symptom severity and functional disability. Pain responses in youth with FAP were heterogeneous, with 43% of youth showing an unexpected increase in pain ratings during the conditioning phase, suggesting sensitization rather than CPM-related pain inhibition. These findings highlight directions for future research on the emergence and maintenance of FAP in youth.
A Prenatal Coparenting Intervention With Unmarried Father–Mother Dyads: Fidelity of Intervention Delivery by Male–Female Community Mentor Teams
Authors: Salman-Engin Selin , Little Tara , Gaskin-Butler Vikki , McHale James P.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Most prenatal preventive interventions for unmarried mothers do not integrate fathers or help the parents plan for the development of a functional coparenting alliance after the baby’s arrival. Furthermore, properly trained professionals have only rarely examined the fidelity of these interventions.

Purpose:

This report examines whether experienced community interventionists (home visitors, health educators, fatherhood service personnel) with no formal couples’ therapy training are capable of pairing together to deliver with adequate fidelity a manualized dyadic intervention designed for expectant unmarried mothers and fathers.

Methods:

Three male and four female mentors (home visitors, health educators, fatherhood personnel) working in paired male–female co-mentor teams delivered a seven-session “Figuring It Out for the Child” curriculum (six prenatal sessions, one booster) to 14 multirisk, unmarried African American families (parent age ranging from 14 to 40). Parental well-being and views of fatherhood were assessed before the intervention and again 3 months after the baby’s birth. Quality assurance analysts evaluated mentor fidelity (adherence to the curriculum, competence in engaging couples with specified curricular content) through a review of the transcripts and audiotapes from the sessions. Mentors also rated their own adherence.

Results:

Although the mentors overestimated adherence, quality assurance analyst ratings found acceptable levels of adherence and competence, with no significant male–female differences in fidelity. Adherence and competence were marginally higher in sessions that required fewer direct couples’ interventions. Parents reported satisfaction with the interventions and showed statistically significant improvement in the family dimensions of interest at 3–4 months posttreatment.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:

Findings support the wisdom of engaging men both as interventionists and as recipients of prenatal coparenting interventions—even in families where the parents are uncoupled and non-co-residential.
Repeatability and Reproducibility of Virtual Subjective Refraction
Authors: Perches Sara , Collados M. Victoria , Ares Jorge
Published: July 2016

Purpose

To establish the repeatability and reproducibility of a virtual refraction process using simulated retinal images.

Methods

With simulation software, aberrated images corresponding with each step of the refraction process were calculated following the typical protocol of conventional subjective refraction. Fifty external examiners judged simulated retinal images until the best sphero-cylindrical refraction and the best visual acuity were achieved starting from the aberrometry data of three patients. Data analyses were performed to assess repeatability and reproducibility of the virtual refraction as a function of pupil size and aberrometric profile of different patients.

Results

SD values achieved in three components of refraction (M, J0, and J45) are lower than 0.25D in repeatability analysis. Regarding reproducibility, we found SD values lower than 0.25D in the most cases. When the results of virtual refraction with different pupil diameters (4 and 6 mm) were compared, the mean of differences (MoD) obtained were not clinically significant (less than 0.25D). Only one of the aberrometry profiles with high uncorrected astigmatism shows poor results for the M component in reproducibility and pupil size dependence analysis. In all cases, vision achieved was better than 0 logMAR. A comparison between the compensation obtained with virtual and conventional subjective refraction was made as an example of this application, showing good quality retinal images in both processes.

Conclusions

The present study shows that virtual refraction has similar levels of precision as conventional subjective refraction. Moreover, virtual refraction has also shown that when high low order astigmatism is present, the refraction result is less precise and highly dependent on pupil size.