bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Extraction of Bioclimatic Time Series from PDF Tables
Authors: Maggi Sabino , Fuina Silvana , Vicario Saverio
Published: February 2023

Since the development of the original specifications in the '90s the PDF document format has become the de-facto standard for the distribution and archival of documents in electronic form because of its ability to preserve the original layout of the documents, independently of the hardware, operating system and application software used to visualize them.Unfortunately the PDF format does not contain explicit structural and semantic information, making it very difficult to extract structured information from them, in particular data presented in tabular form. The automatic extraction of tabular data is a difficult and challenging task because tables can have extremely different formats and layouts, and involves several complex steps, from the proper recognition and conversion of printed text into machine-encoded characters, to the identification of logically coherent table constructs (headers, columns, rows, spanning elements), and to the breaking down of the data constructs into elemental objects.Several tools have been developed to support the extraction process. In this work we survey the most interesting tools for the automatic detection and extraction of tabular data, analyzing their respective advantages and limitations. A particular emphasis is given on programmable open source tools because of their flexibility and long-term availability, together with the possibility to easily tweak them to meet the peculiar needs of the problem at hand.As a practical application, we also present a workflow based on a set of R and AWK scripts that can automatically extract daily temperature and precipitation data from the official PDF documents made available each year by Regione Puglia, in Italy. The lessons learned from the development of this workflow and the possibility to generalize the approach to different kinds of PDF documents are also discussed.
Agricultural ditch remediation strategies - Integrated hydrological and ecological methods for decision making
Authors: Livsey John , Hallberg Lukas , Wynants Maarten , Bieroza Magdalena
Published: February 2023

Agricultural drainage ditches are critical for the removal of excess water from fields. Their traditional trapezoidal shape is effective for this purpose, while also minimizing their footprint and being easy to maintain. However, these drainage ditches also act as transport pathways for phosphorus and nitrogen. Moreover, their steep banks are susceptible to erosion during high flows, which can be a source of additional sediment and phosphorous mobilisation in river systems.  Within Sweden, 60% of water bodies are classified as having poor chemical and ecological status, with diffuse agricultural pollution and hydromorphological pressures being key drivers. Further, the European Green Deal has the ambition to reduce nutrient losses from agricultural catchments by 50%. Therefore, mitigation strategies in agricultural catchments are urgently needed. Ditch remediation, through the construction of two-stage or shallow slope ditches, has been proposed as a solution to reduce nutrient exports and hydromorphological pressures, while maintaining good drainage. Numerous ditch remediation actions have taken place within Sweden, with encouragement and funding from agricultural agencies. However, we currently lack an understanding of the factors controlling the effectiveness of ditch remediation strategies. Further, as aquatic ecosystems provide services beyond simple water conveyance, we are also limited in our understanding of benefits/trade-offs that may occur to these ecosystems as a result of remediation. Therefore, through the synoptic sampling of traditional and remediated ditches, we will analyse and compare channel properties, stream chemistry and macroinvertebrate communities to assess the effect of ditch remediation on both pollution reduction and ecosystems. The obtained data will then be used to model the effectiveness of various remediation strategies. This unique integration of hydrological and ecological methods will increase our understanding of ditch remediation and ultimately support farmers, landowners, and authorities in the design of cost-effective mitigation measures.
Peat core sequence in the Northern Carpathians, Romania. Fire and mining activities relationship over the late Holocene
Authors: Petras Anca
Published: February 2023

We aimed to understand relationship between fire and mining activities over the late Holocene, to predict modifications in study area are conditioned by climate change, and ongoing global warming could lead to wildfire changes or mining can cause change in landscapes, in region especially peatlands at mid-altitude. The reconstruction of long-term (thousands of years) wildfire regime and activity is possible by analyzing the abundance of carbonaceous vegetation fragments (charcoal) preserved in sediments accumulated in different depositional environments (e.g., peatlands). Charcoal is proxy used for reconstructing regional changes in wildfire regime and anthropogenic activity such as mining history, local soil and bedrock erosion was also reconstructed using a multi-proxy method: geochemistry, magnetic mineral properties and particle size analysis. Was analyzed sedimentary macroscopic charcoal from the Taul Mare (TG) peat bog, located in Lapus Mountains, northern Carpathians, Romania. The statistically analyses use a variate ordination method principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA was used to correlate fire regime, charcoal accumulation rate (CHAR), geochemistry, magnetic mineral properties and particle size using PAST4.11 software. Our results show correlation between morphological charcoal (e.g., wood, grass, etc.) in opposition with magnetic mineral properties and particle size having the highest values. This may be interpreted as reflecting climate change caused by anthropogenic activity in special mining having consequence in landscapes with changes in wildfire regime. The main results of PCA point to conclude the following: wildfire increase following anthropogenic activities; increases in wildfire have generally been accompanied by episodes of increased landscape openness and pastoral activities; the study area followed the mid-elevation mountains and proximity to landscape resources, pasture and mining. In conclusion our results show direct connection with statistically significant link between fire severity and magnetic mineral concentration, and direct relation between fires and erosion (regardless of severity). This study can offer information about previously unstudied environmental history in mid-elevation mountains, of the Northern Carpathians and highlights the importance of studies that what can improve our understanding of the fire regime caused by mining activities.
Urban Flood Resilience Assessment Using Arc GIS Based AHP Approach: A Case Study of Gyor City, Hungary
Authors: Ullah Ibrar , Kovacs Gabor , Lenner Tibor
Published: February 2023

Urban flooding has gained great attention in recent years since population in urban areas have become more vulnerable to climatic extremes. The rate of urban flooding has increased around the globe mainly due to climate change. To cope with an increasing flooding issue, there has been an increased effort to manage flood management in urban areas. Similarly in this study, an attempt was made to develop a GIS based map to access flood resilience for the Gyor city. The Gyor city is particularly vulnerable to flooding due to its geographical proximity at the confluence of Raba, Rabca, Mosoni, Marcal and the great Danube rivers. Three elements i.e., hazard, Exposure, and coping capacity with each having pre-determined parameters were selected and processed through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. The product value map was then analyzed in ArcGIS using Specialized Flood Resilience Model (S-FRESI). The resultant product map shows that the majority of Gyorszentivan, Menfocsanak and Ipari Park districts have the very high resilience to floods, while most area of the  districts of Kismegyer, Nadorvaros,  Sziget, and Belvaros have very low resilience to floods. Similarly, the districts of Bacsa, Saras, Pinnyed, Gyimot and Likocs have most of the areas in medium resilience, while the remaining 6 districts possess areas with low, medium and high resilience. The study is very beneficial for future studies in assessing the areas that are more vulnerable to flooding and have low resilience and can help the decision makers to prepare a better urban flood management system.
Data-RAS A National Digital Soil Radioactivity Map
Authors: Barbetti Roberto , Corti Giuseppe , Fontana Flavio , Fontana Claudia
Published: February 2023

The Council Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environments of Florence, (CREA-AA), National Soil Archive (ARCAN) is an important resource for current and future soil research. ARCAN holds 32,612 archived specimens, collected from 13,156 sites across Italy. The ARCAN is also very relevant from a historical and agroecological point of view, collecting soil samples from surface and subsurface horizons, in some cases taken before Chernobyl and almost all after Chernobyl (1986-2021). In particular, 7,000 agricultural samples are representative of all regions of Italy, collected in the same year (1994), with the same standard sampling and analysis protocol. In this work we show up a new database management system (DATA-RAS) to achieve Vis-Nir spectroscopy data and environment radioactivity data on ARCAN soil samples. Combined use of Vis-Nir and gamma ray spectroscopy to predict soil properties offers a task to populate the database. After that it is possible to obtain a digital soil map of artificial or natural radioactivity of Italian soils. The main purpose of this work is show up an Entity Relationship model of DATA-RAS, that represents other than a database a Smart Data Exchange a system to better managing ARCAN and rapidly exchanging information with other national and European partners. The ultimate goal is to use the most advanced information and communication technologies to create an innovative platform that digitally manages open data with 3D methods and augmented and virtual reality techniques (AR and VR). The DATA-RAS platform will be integrated with scientific information systems and a natural language interface for knowledge communication.
Climatology and Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Region of Turkish Straits System, 1982-202
Authors: Tokat Erdal , Beşiktepe Şükrü
Published: February 2023

This study focuses on spatio-temporal climatology and long-term variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the region of Turkish Straits System for the period 1980-2021. For this purpose, daily SST data from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) version 5.3 were used. From this dataset, 40 years of monthly, seasonal, and yearly mean SST time series and spatial fields and their descriptive statistics were calculated. In addition, daily air temperature and sea temperature data that obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) for the period 1980-2021 were analysed and compared with AVHRR SST data. Interannual and interdecadal variability of the SST was investigated by using linear trend analysis. The results of this study showed that all regions are experiencing a steady warming trend. In comparison to the north Aegean Sea (0.050 °C.yr-1) and the western Black Sea (0.060 °C.yr-1), the Sea of Marmara shows the largest positive SST annual mean trend (0.064 °C.yr-1). The basin-averaged yearly mean SST anomalies exhibits a similar variability and pattern across all regions: From 1982 to 1998, negative anomalies dominant, from 1999 to 2006, anomalies generally fluctuate around normal, and from 2007 onward, positive anomalies predominant. The seasonal cycle is strong for all regions, with lower SST values in the winter months (January, February, and March) and higher SST values in the summer (July, August and September). From one decade to the next, the SST values in the seasonal cycle gradually increasing. According to the monthly mean climatic SST fields, due to the seasonal upwelling, the eastern Aegean Sea coast experiences lower SST values in the summer compared to all other regions. These findings imply that, over the 40-year study period, the SST values have consistently increased for all regions.
Structurally controlled kaolinite-alunite mineralization in the lithocap of a fossil geothermal system
Authors: Marchesini Barbara , Tavani Stefano , Mercuri Marco , Aldega Luca , Mondillo Nicola , Pizzati Mattia , Balsamo Fabrizio , Carminati Eugenio
Published: February 2023

Geothermal heat is a crucial source of renewable energy. Its present and future exploitation can be enhanced by the understanding of the in–situ structural and mineralogical processes and of how these processes may change the reservoir productivity.  Fossil hydrothermal system may thus be used as analogues to study in-situ fluid-rock interaction processes in active geothermal systems.We present the results of a structural-mineralogical study carried out in the lithocap of the Allumiere high-sulphidation epithermal system (Tolfa Mountains district, northern Latium, Italy). We integrated measurements of attitude of faults and fractures from field analysis with a virtual outcrop model constructed from drone imagery to model the distribution of major faults at the scale of the entire quarry. We then characterized the textures and mineralogical compositions of the alteration facies using optical petrography, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis and field-based short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer and we mapped their distribution in relation to major faults orientation.We interpreted that initial argillization was promoted by circulation of highly reactive fluid(s) along a major fluid conduit, probably in the form of a network of fault and fractures. Fluid circulation promotes hydrolytic alteration of the Plio-Quaternary pyroclastic rocks, forming a highly silicified carapace at the immediate vicinity of conduits. Enrichment in alunite and kaolinite increases towards distal areas, which in turn fades out into illite-smectite-bearing zone, where the country rock appears less altered.  Latest fracturing and fluid circulation occurs along two major sets of faults, oriented NE-SW and NW-SE that sharply put in contact different mineralogical facies.We propose that initial alteration induces a mineralogical-mechanical zonation that control latest reactivations of the system. Strain localization promotes a massive mineralization of alunite and kaolinite by continuous dissolution and precipitation along major faults.
Multispectral and thermal UAV monitoring of peatland response to climate warming
Authors: Langhammer Jakub , Lendzioch Theodora , Vlček Lukáš
Published: February 2023

Montane peatlands are one of the most sensible ecosystems influencing water storage, runoff volume, dynamics of runoff response, and water chemistry. Peat bogs in headwater catchments are also highly vulnerable to climate change's effects, particularly climate warming. This study examines the changes in mid-latitude montane peatland in response to the effects of climate warming. We tested a methodological approach for monitoring peatland changes in transient climate using multispectral and thermal Unpiloted Aerial Vehicles (UAV) imaging, enabling the understanding of spatial and temporal dynamics of changes in the peat bog at a high level of spatial detail. Our research aims to test the hypothesis, assuming that the decrease in precipitation and rise in air temperatures translates to drying, degradation, and reduction of the retention potential of montane peatlands. The study was conducted on the Rokytka mountain peat bog in Šumava, Czech Republic, which represents the largest complex of mountain peat bogs in Central Europe. The monitoring took place in the 2018-19 growing season, which represented the culmination of a prolonged period of heat and drought in the region, and was compared with 2021-22, representing, on the contrary, a wet season. Images were taken from an altitude of 100 meters using a UAV platform and Micasense RedEdge/Altum and FLIR sensors. The UAV monitoring was combined with continuous hydrological and hydropedological monitoring and in-situ calibration measurements. The high-resolution data showed different trajectories of changes in spectral vegetation indices and thermal response in the montane peatland. Multispectral imaging showed a progression of changes in the extent of wetland areas in response to warming and drought. High-resolution thermal mapping using UAVs then showed differential land surface temperatures in different vegetation categories and peatland zones. The study showed that the response of montane peatlands to climate change is highly diversified, even at a high level of spatial detail, among different zones of the given peat bog. For montane peatlands in remote areas and with often limited access, UAV monitoring using multispectral and thermal sensors proved to be a reliable tool for determining and modeling changing environmental conditions.
Indian Ocean mean state biases and IOD behaviour in CMIP6 multimodel ensemble
Authors: Gler Marimel , Turner Andy , Hirons Linda , Wainwright Caroline , Marzin Charline
Published: February 2023

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is the main coupled mode of interannual variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The largest IOD event in 2019 is thought to have influenced the strong Indian monsoon precipitation, widespread Australian bushfires, and extreme rainfall and flooding in East Africa during that year. Despite its socio-economic importance, the region suffers large biases in weather and climate models used for seasonal forecasts and climate projections.In this study, the performance of 42 models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in reproducing the observed climate over the Indian Ocean is examined. Model simulations of precipitation and 850 hPa winds in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) experiments for the period 1979-2014 are compared to observational and reanalysis data. Biases in the mean state during boreal summer (JJA) in the AMIP models are analysed to determine whether biases in the seasonal cycle established in JJA impact the IOD behaviour. Skill metrics are calculated to quantify the model performance in reproducing the observed JJA mean state and cluster analysis on the mean state biases is performed to characterise bias patterns in summer that may affect the Indian Ocean seasonal cycle and IOD. Results show that AMIP models simulate varying bias patterns in JJA and that the AMIP multi-model mean outperforms all individual models in reproducing the observed JJA mean state. For comparison, the Indian Ocean mean state biases are investigated in coupled models from the 20th-century all-forcings (CMIP) experiments to determine the impact of ocean-atmosphere coupling and coupled sea surface temperature biases on model performance. The IOD behaviour in the AMIP and CMIP models is assessed and the response of the atmospheric circulation to IOD forcing is examined by performing regression analysis. We investigate whether the ability of a model to capture characteristics of the IOD and simulate IOD teleconnection patterns is related to its representation of the mean state. We expand this work to investigate the variability in the Indian Ocean in the Met Office Global Seasonal Forecasting System version 6, GloSea6, with a focus on examining the systematic errors that develop in the region. The work will contribute to our understanding of Indian Ocean biases in weather and climate models, and their likely sources, and thus the wider implications for predictability of the IOD.  
The Influence of {Ba2+}:{SO42-} Solution Stoichiometry on BaSO4 Crystal Nucleation and Growth in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Seepma Sergej , Kuipers Bonny W. M. , Wolthers Mariette
Published: February 2023

The impact of solution stoichiometry, upon formation of BaSO4 crystals in 0.02 M NaCl suspensions, on the development of particle size was investigated using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Measurements were performed on a set of suspensions prepared with predefined initial supersaturation (Ωbarite = {Ba2+}{SO42-}/Ksp = 1000) and dissolved ion activity stoichiometries (raq = {Ba2+}:{SO42-} = 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100), at a pH of 5.5 to 6.0, and ambient temperature and pressure. At this Ωbarite and set of raq, the average apparent hydrodynamic particle size of the largest population present in all suspensions grew from ~ 200 nm to ~ 700 nm within 10 to 15 minutes. This was independently confirmed by TEM imaging. Additional DLS measurements conducted at the same conditions in flow confirmed that the BaSO4 formation kinetics were very fast for our specifically chosen conditions. The DLS flow measurements, monitoring the first minute of BaSO4 formation, showed strong signs of aggregation of prenucleation clusters forming particles with a size in the range of 200 – 300 nm for every raq. The estimated initial bulk growth rates from batch DLS results show that BaSO4 crystals formed fastest at near stoichiometric conditions and more slowly at non-stoichiometric conditions. Moreover, at extreme SO4-limiting conditions barite formation was slower compared to Ba-limiting conditions. Our results show that DLS can be used to investigate nucleation and growth at carefully selected experimental and analytical conditions. Additional SEM imaging on formed BaSO4 crystals for a range of initial conditions of Ωbarite (i.e. 31, 200, 1000 and 6000), raq (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100) and different background electrolytes (i.e. NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, MgSO4 and SrCl2) confirms that {Ba2+}:{SO42-} impacts the growth rate significantly in different directions for the different background electrolytes at the different Ωbarite-values. Furthermore, the BaSO4 crystal morphology varies with raq and the type of background electrolyte. The combined DLS, TEM and SEM results imply that solution stoichiometry should be considered when optimizing antiscalant efficiency to regulate BaSO4 (scale) formation processes.
Abrupt output increase of soil CO2 emissions from summit and peripheral areas of Vulcano Island 2021-2023
Authors: Inguaggiato Salvatore , Vita Fabio , Inguaggiato Claudio , Mazot Agnes , Diliberto Iole Serena , Cangemi Marianna
Published: February 2023

The Active cone of La Fossa caldera is a close conduit volcano affected by solphataric activity, manifested in the hot fluids released from fumaroles and the associated thermal anomalies in groundwater and exposed ground.The evaluation of the volcanic activity changes are inferred by the near real-time monitoring of soil CO2 fluxes diffused at the La Fossa Cone and the peripheral areas of Palizzi and Levante Bay and by the discontinuous monitoring of CO2 fluxes diffused by soil in areas around the CO2 continuous monitoring stations, La Fossa Cone, Palizzi and Levante Bay. In particular, from June 2021 to February 2023 we evaluated in near real time the level and duration of the exhaling crisis affecting the Island of Vulcano, by measuring the changes in mass and energy carried by the fluid release.The first summit volatiles increase degassing (VSCS station) started in June 2021 reaching in September 2021 the value of 34,000 g m2 d-1 more of one order of magnitude higher respect to the background values (1000 g m2 d-1).While, the first great increase of CO2 output in the peripheral area, measured with the soil CO2 survey, have been recorded at Levante Bay in May 2022 (17 t d-1) higher respect to the base values recorded in the past (2-4 t d-1). At November 2022 a new strong increase of soil CO2 degassing, have been estimated at Levante Bay area, reaching a values of 46 t d-1.The strong and deep input of volatiles released from the underlying magma batch strongly modified the chemical composition of the shallow plumbing system, bringing the system to a higher level of CO2 total pressure than the average background recorded in recent decades.
U/Ca and U/Mn in foraminiferal coatings as a proxy for ocean oxygenation changes: new calibration and constraints on glacial oxygenation changes
Authors: Hu Rong
Published: February 2023

Deep-sea oxygen concentrations reflect combined effects of air-sea exchange in high-latitude surface waters, ventilation through ocean circulation and the organic carbon remineralization at depth. Reconstruction of past bottom water oxygen (BWO) concentrations has been challenging due to limitations of each existing BWO proxy whose fidelity may be complicated by diagenetic or depositional factors. Therefore, evaluations on BWO changes with multiple-proxy approach are always preferred. In this study, we exploit the authigenic uranium content on mixed planktonic foraminiferal coatings as a BWO proxy by presenting new foraminiferal U/Ca and U/Mn ratios of the Holocene and last glacial maximum (LGM) sediments from 54 sites throughout the Pacific Ocean, covering a range of modern BWO from 8-210 μmol/kg. As expected, foraminiferal U/Ca and U/Mn are influenced by sedimentation rates and organic carbon fluxes. Nevertheless, we also observe a negative correlation of Holocene U/Ca and U/Mn with BWO, with decreasing sensitivities towards higher BWO, suggesting the control of BWO on foraminiferal U/Ca and U/Mn variations. Based on the comparison of our foraminiferal U/Ca and U/Mn ratios between the Holocene and LGM and existing redox proxy data, we provide new constraints on Equatorial and South Pacific oxygenation changes during the LGM. First, the boundary between better oxygenated upper ocean and less oxygenated deeper ocean in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific was limited to a narrower water depth range between ~0.6 and 0.7 km. Second, our data imply better oxygenation in the upper and bottom waters of the Pacific Ocean and mid-depth deoxygenation, which contrasts with findings in the deep Atlantic and Indian Oceans. After excluding influences from other factors such as sedimentation rates and productivity, our study demonstrates foraminiferal U/Ca and U/Mn provide a useful proxy for BWO reconstruction in the Pacific, thus helping to constrain the glacial-interglacial oceanic carbon cycle.
The WOODPDLAKE project. Lakes, wood and sediment: Natural and Cultural Heritage affected by climate changes
Authors: Tamantini Swati , Sidoti Giancarlo , Antonelli Federica , Galotta Giulia , Moscatelli Maria Cristina , Kržišnik Davor , Vinciguerra Vittorio , Marabottini Rosita , Macro Natalia , Romagnoli Manuela
Published: February 2023

Wooden pile dwellings (WPD) are an inexhaustible and precious source of information on landscape evolution and contingent cultural activities. There have been significant investigations on WPD submerged in Alpine areas, but important knowledge gaps are evident regarding Mediterranean volcanic and karstic lakes. The conservation of the latter archaeological remnants is endangered by the climatic change impacts and anthropogenic pressure, further exacerbated by the sensitive and circumscribed lake environments. Wood from pile dwellings is waterlogged, and its conservation mostly depends on the surrounding environment i.e. sediments and water quality. This project aims to study all the aspects of WPD in volcanic and karstic lakes through studies ranging from their potential exploitation, the investigation into their conservation and restoration, monitoring lake environment and forecasting scenarios through an aquarium reproducing the most significant abiotic conditions occurring in the lake. This last study will be achieved by means of an aquarium model. Three case studies have been selected in which agricultural practices influence climatic stress and pollution impact: Lake Banyoles in Spain and Lakes Bolsena and Mezzano in Italy. The foreseen investigations will employ an extraordinarily wide spectrum of skills and disciplines (palynology, dendrochronology, micromorphology, soil science and innovative tools like isotopic analysis). The characterization of wooden materials will involve gravimetric measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetry. Samples will derive from different sources to include immersed, reburied finds and restored wood, lake water and lake sediment samples. The main activities will be devoted to fields campaigns and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), high-resolution methods for monitoring environmental conditions (for example the installed probe will measure water lake temperature, pH and so on), capitalization of results (network of big data about lake sites), involvement of local actors and population on the historical, cultural and environmental value of WPDs to establish decision-making processes and to foster high-quality tourism.
Dissipation due to ageostrophic turbulence in the upper-ocean mixed layer
Authors: Brüggemann Nils , Linardakis Leonidas , Korn Peter
Published: February 2023

In our study, we diagnose dissipation by ageostrophic turbulence in the upper ocean. To this end, we use the Max Planck Institute's ocean model ICON-O with a telescoping grid configuration, where the resolution is enhanced up to values smaller than 600m over large areas of the North Atlantic. This allows to represent parts of the ageostrophic turbulence spectrum associated with submesoscale instabilities and eddies. We diagnose the dissipation associated with the ageostrophic eddies and investigate to what end ageostrophic turbulence is providing an efficient energy transfer towards smaller scales. We find that such an energy transfer and the associated dissipation is strongly enhanced within the upper-ocean and within and south of the Gulf Stream front. Attempts are made to develop parameterizations for the ageostrophic downscale energy flux to couple this energy dissipation with other ocean energy reservoirs. Therewith, we aim to obtain a more realistic view on the ocean energy cycle.
Groundwater evolution in Europe - comparing recharge model outputs with spring discharge from hydroclimatic sensitive karst areas
Authors: Giese Markus , Charlier Jean-Baptiste , Hartmann Andreas , Caballero Yvan
Published: February 2023

Groundwater resources are generally evaluated by quantifying groundwater recharge and its storage into the aquifer using for example conceptual or numerical models. Recharge modelling provides a preliminary estimation of the renewable part of the groundwater resource. Moreover, results of regional groundwater recharge models may be used as input data for models on a smaller scale, i.e. at the catchment scale dedicated to water management for present and future conditions. It is thus necessary to constrain the recharge models for example by comparing their outputs to historical long-term observations of groundwater flows that can be derived from time series of groundwater levels or spring discharge.Karst systems with their high infiltration rate and preferential flow in enlarged conduit networks, react quickly to climatic events and changes. Thus, they can be used as proxies to evaluate the impact of global change on groundwater resources. Karst systems are present in different climatic regions of Europe, which allows comparing long-term trends of groundwater recharge with spring discharge (similar or opposing trends). In our study, two different regional recharge models covering entire Europe – one calculating potential groundwater recharge using simple soil water balance methods and one calculating groundwater recharge over karst areas only using 1-D physical equations for infiltration – are compared to the measured spring discharge from a large European database of more than 100 monitored karst systems. To identify and highlight changes in dominant recharge processes related to changing climatic or physiographic (land cover / land use) conditions, different variables used in the regional recharge models will be correlated to indices describing dynamics of karst spring discharge. The results of our study will help to understand the impact of climatic and groundwater recharge related influences on various geographic locations and give insights on uncertainties in the model structure of the applied regional groundwater recharge models.
Multiscale magnetic modelling in the ancient abbey of San Pietro in Crapolla
Authors: Bianco Luigi , Fedi Maurizio , La Manna Mauro
Published: February 2023

We present a multiscale analysis of magnetic data in the archaeological site of San Pietro in Crapolla (Massa Lubrense, near Naples, Italy). The site consists of the ruins of an ancient abbey. We computed the Wavelet Transform of the Gradiometric measurements and decomposed the data at different scales and positions by a multiresolution analysis, allowing an effective extraction of local anomalies. Modelling of the filtered anomalies was performed by multiscale methods known as “Multiridge analysis” and “DEpth from eXtreme Points (DEXP)”.  The first method analyses a multiscale dataset at the zeroes of the first horizontal and vertical derivatives besides the potential field data themselves (ridges).  The Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima  lines converged to buried remains. The field, scaled by a power law of the altitude (DEXP transformation) allowed estimates of source depths at its extreme points. The depth estimations for the buried structures obtained from the two methods are very close each other and fairly agree with those from the modelling of GPR anomalies. On the basis of these results, an archaeological excavation followed our indications and brought to light ancient walls.
Growth reduction of- and interactions with nanoplastic particles in a soil bacterium and a soil fungus
Authors: Mafla Endara Paola Micaela , Ohlsson Pelle , Beech Jason , Hamemr Edith C.
Published: February 2023

Micro- and Nanoplastics have become a very common pollutant of soil ecosystems, but their effect on soil microorganisms is not well understood. We exposed a model soil bacterium (Pseudomonas) and a model soil fungus (Coprinopsis) to different concentrations of nanosized polystyrene beads in microfluidic soil chips. The transparent chips allowed us to perform direct investigation of the effect of beads on abundance of the microbes and on interactions of individual cells with the nanobeads. Growth of both the bacteria and the fungi was reduced by the exposure to nanoplastics, along with a reduction in bacterial enzymatic activity. Nanobeads were strongly attracted to fungal hyphae, causing a high concentration of beads along the first hyphae to enter a pore space, and thus freeing the surrounding from a large proportion of the beads. This study contributes to our understanding of direct toxicity effects and interactions of nanoplastics to soil microbes.
The water-energy-food nexus through the valuation of ecosystem services in an Andes-Pacific transboundary catchment.
Authors: Correa Alicia , Forero Jorge , Codato Daniele , Mulligan Mark , Marco Renau Jorge
Published: February 2023

Global change has economic, environmental, and social impacts that threaten access to water resources for communities and ecosystems globally. Mismanagement in other sectors, such as food and energy, can further reduce water security. Scientists use the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus as a conceptual tool to identify the interactions between these three systems. Its implementation at natural-local scales (catchments) is essential for proposing sound policies for water resource management and adaptation to global change.This study aims to identify synergies and trade-offs between WEF through the valuation of related ecosystem services in an Andean-Pacific transboundary catchment of Ecuador and Colombia (Mira-Mataje - 11,791 km2). We used remotely- sensed and globally available datasets in the spatially distributed assessment model Co$tingNature, to first screen interactions of the related ecosystems. Subsequently, we analyzed the polycentric knowledge from stakeholder’s: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), community leaders, academics, and State sector workers. Finally, we combined the above analyses into a WEF-related ecosystem services weighted-hypernetwork.Preliminary results show that some services related to energy and food production have negative impacts on water security throughout the catchment. We identify a significant overlap between areas rich in ecosystem services and ancestral territories of ethnic communities and recognize some key intensive anthropogenic activities that affect water security. In addition, we confirm the paramount dependency of Andean cities on water supply from mountain ecosystems. We identified a widespread perception among stakeholders that WEF-related ecosystem services are at risk due to global change and that, in different ways, all are taking steps to adapt to global change. Finally, there is the potential availability of water service in medium and low catchment areas, although the challenge is to improve distribution and purification systems to supply rural areas and make water service accessible to all.Keywords: Ecosystem services, water-energy-food, remote sensing, weighted-hypernetwork, local knowledge, transboundary tropical catchment.
Depth estimation of gravity and magnetic sources from Wavelet transform spectral analysis
Authors: Abbas Mahmoud Ahmed , Milano Maurizio , Barbolla Dora Francesca
Published: February 2023

Spectral analysis, based on Fourier Transform, provides a high-resolution analysis in frequency domain but it has not resolution in the space domain. Due to this lack of space resolution, also celebrated methods such as the Spector and Grant’s one, cannot yield information about the position of the source identified in the frequency domain. We propose to fix these issues by resorting to a scalogram analysis, obtained through the continuous wavelet transform of the potential fields, using the Morlet analyzing wavelet. In the scalogram it is indeed possible distinguishing and locating the source contributes for both their space and scale contents. The depths to top and bottom of the potential fields causative sources are investigated locally along bounded subvolumes, subareas, and scale-profiles on the 3D scalogram. The application of such local spectral analysis to synthetic examples and real data leads to results in good agreement  with the known information about the causative sources, providing simultaneously good space and scale resolutions.
Hydrological modeling to support co-designed NEXUS management strategies
Authors: Rulli Maria Cristina , Galli Nikolas , Chiarelli Davide Danilo
Published: February 2023

The introduction of participatory processes directly and actively involving stakeholders has been steadily gaining importance also in the definition of water management policies. Moreover, for policies to be sustainable, the decision-making process has to keep a multisectorial vision of water management, for instance taking into account the mutual interactions between water, agriculture and energy production, while being careful to move within the limits of the ecosystem. This inclusive approach to the water-energy-food-ecosystem nexus (WEFE Nexus) is the way in which a community of practice made by both technicians and stakeholders can make conscious and sustainable decisions. In this context, the use of hydrological models takes on a key role, not only to describe the current state of resources use, but also to evaluate the impact on resources of different management strategies. However, it is fundamental to properly structure the information pathway from the stakeholders to the model, as well as the return pathway of model results to the stakeholders. On this depends the successful creation of a fruitful and transparent interaction between technicians and stakeholders. An instance of how models can be applied to this context is the use, within the PRIMA NEXUS-NESS project, of the spatially distributed hydrological model WATNEEDS, developed at Politecnico di Milano,. The project aims at co-creating WEFE Nexus management strategies in 4 different case studies, defined as Nexus Ecosystem Labs (NELs) in 4 different countries of the Mediterranean area: Spain, Italy, Tunisia, and Egypt. The 4 NELs are very different from each other in terms of characterizations and problématiques, but they all present major sustainability challenges that can be conceptualized in terms of WEFE Nexus. In the context of NEXUS NESS, WATNEEDS has been enhanced in terms of spatial ductility and range of possible model scenarios, with the aim to describe the current status of water resources in each NEL and to evaluate the management alternatives proposed by the different stakeholders. Among the alternatives the model can analyse, we report changing the crop calendar, implementing new crops or redistributing the existing crops in the territory, changing or modernizing the irrigation systems, and moving towards indoor cultivation techniques. As an example, we report the results relative to some of the interventions proposed by the stakeholders during the first set of project Workshops, held between May and June 2022. The final results will be provided to the stakeholders in November, to illustrate the different impacts that each choice can lead to, not only in terms of water use, but also of WEFE Nexus in general. In this way, using hydrological models in the evaluation of co-created and participatory policy decisions demonstrates its crucial role in the definition of shared and sustainable management strategies.
Low-cost Hydrological Monitoring System For Assessing Shallow Landslide Occurrence Along Linear Infrastructures
Authors: Pavanello Margherita , Bordoni Massimiliano , Vivaldi Valerio , Reguzzoni Mauro , Tamburini Andrea , Villa Fabio , Meisina Claudia
Published: February 2023

Abstract Shallow landslides induced by heavy rainfall are a worldwide widespread phenomena and their related hazard is expected to increase due to more intense rainfall as a consequence of climate change (EEA Report No 15/2017). Since 2017, a decision-making tool based on Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) has been proposed as an objective approach to obtain landslide susceptibility maps and plan proper remedial works along linear infrastructure corridors (Tamburini et al., 2017). The study of low-cost sensors for Landslides Early Warning Systems (LEWS) as a risk mitigation tool to these phenomena along highways, railways and pipelines is here presented. Soil hydrological conditions before a rainfall event for the estimation of trigger moments (Bordoni et al., 2019) are the starting point of a LEWS. Different sensors for the measure of these parameters, particularly soil volumetric water content, exist with different pros and cons. The aim of the research is to compare seven low-cost sensors selected by IMAGEO Srl company together with HORTUS Srl. The sensors have been engineered with a datalogging system and an automatic in-cloud transmission of the data and in June 2022 have been located on field at 2 different depths (-0.6 m and -1.2 m) at the test-site of Montuè in the Northern Apennines (Italy) where an Hydrometeorological Monitoring Station (Andromeda Project) is operating since 2012 with high-cost TDR probes present at the same depths. In November 2022 a volumetric water content profiler with nine measurement depths up to 1 m deep has been added to the new monitoring system.The comparison between the hydrological data acquired by different sensors allows to evaluate the quality and reliability of the low-cost system before its final installation along the infrastructures lines. Monitored data together with rainfall parameters provided by both in situ rain gauges and ERA5-LAND satellite-derived data are used as input for the reconstruction of soil moisture values physically based thresholds. The near real-time access to the monitored data allows to send warning alert when the established thresholds are exceeded, resulting in a LEWS able to identify periods of imminent landslide danger and to assess security along the lines. 
Characteristics of the Stratospheric Tropical Circulation of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model E3SMv2
Authors: Jablonowski Christiane , Nguyen Lisa , Golaz Jean-Christophe , Rosenbloom Nan , Meehl Gerald A.
Published: February 2023

The Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 (E3SMv2) was publicly released by the Department of Energy (DoE) in September 2021. An important component of the model validation were historical climate simulations that followed the protocols of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). In particular, five historical ensemble members were recently released, and 16 additional ensemble members will soon become available as part of an E3SMv2 Large Ensemble (LE). The paper sheds light on the characteristics of the E3SMv2 CMIP6 stratospheric circulation which has not yet been documented in the literature. Particular attention is paid to the tropical stratosphere which includes the so-called water vapor tape recorder and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. In addition, the general circulation and its variability are briefly described to reveal E3SMv2’s strengths and weaknesses. We compare E3SMv2’s circulation to observations and ERA5 reanalysis data. Furthermore, selected comparisons to the predecessor version E3SMv1 as well as other CMIP6 models are provided to put the results into context. The analysis informs the DoE Sandia National Laboratories project CLDERA which uses the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption for climate attribution studies.
Estimation of moisture fluxes in East Antarctica and their impact on the isotopic composition of the snow surface
Authors: Ollivier Inès , Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Stenni Barbara , Casado Mathieu , Landais Amaëlle
Published: February 2023

The ability to infer past temperatures from ice core records has in the past relied on the assumption that after precipitation, the stable water isotopic composition of the snow surface layer is not modified before being buried deeper into the snowpack and transformed into ice. However, in extremely dry environments, such as the East Antarctic plateau, the precipitation is so sparse that the surface is exposed to the atmosphere for significant time before burial. During that exposure, several processes have been recently identified as impacting the snow isotopic composition after snowfall: (1) exchanges with the atmosphere (i.e. sublimation/condensation cycles), (2) wind effects (i.e. redistribution and pumping) and (3) exchanges with the firn below (i.e. metamorphism and diffusion).Here we present the data over several seasons and years of the atmospheric water vapor and snow surface isotopic composition at Dome C, East Antarctica. To understand the link between these two elements, we investigate the moisture fluxes at the surface of the ice sheet, at the snow-air interface. No eddy-covariance measurements are available for the recent years, we therefore make use of the available primary meteorological parameters measured continuously on site to estimate the surface moisture fluxes using the bulk method. We estimate that the cumulative effect of the moisture fluxes is positive: about 12% of the mean annual accumulation is sublimated away. Alongside, we see an enrichment in d18O in the snow surface during the summer months, when most of the moisture fluxes are taking place. The snow d-excess is also affected and evolving in anti-phase with d18O. This indicates occurrence of fractionation during sublimation in line with previous field and laboratory studies. The moisture fluxes could be a key driver of changes in the snow isotopic composition between precipitation events influencing the climate signal stored in the isotopic record of ice cores.