bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holy Wars, Empires, and the Portability of the Past: The Modern Uses of Medieval Crusades
Authors: Knobler Adam
Published: March 2006

On 12 June 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the islands of Malta. The Knights Hospitaller surrendered with little fight, and the independently recognized polity of the Knights of St. John, the last bastion of the medieval chivalric orders, fell. Founded in the Middle Ages as a military order created both to carry the sword against Islam and provide shelter and medical care for pilgrims to the Holy Land, the Knights had by the end of the eighteenth century become an anachronism. The Ottoman Empire, the last of the great Muslim powers of the Mediterranean, had long been considered little more than a pawn in larger political struggles on the Continent. The practical application of crusading as church policy had long fallen out of favor. As a military force, the Order was no longer of any consequence. The Grand Council that directed the Order consisted for the most part of Maltese or Italian nobles of little formal training in the strategy and tactics of “modern” warfare. Historians of the late eighteenth century had come to the conclusion that the crusades of the Middle Ages were little more than the fanatical hate mongering of an unenlightened time. As Edward Gibbon wrote: “The principle of the crusades was a savage fanaticism; and the most important effects were analogous to the cause…. The belief of the Catholics was corrupted by new legends…. The active spirit of the Latins preyed on the vitals of their reason and religion…. The lives and labours of millions, which were buried in the East, would have been more profitably employed in the improvement of their native country….”
Maurice Godelier and the Metamorphosis of Kinship, A Review Essay
Authors: Barnes Robert H.
Published: March 2006

Once it was thought that kinship was the preeminent subject of anthropology, one about which considerable progress was possible. “Kinship” itself was, for some, fairly unproblematic. Thus Radcliffe-Brown (1952: 46) asserted that, “if any society establishes a system of corporations on the basis of kinship … it must necessarily adopt a system of unilineal reckoning of succession,” and Fortes (1959: 209) announced that, “Kinship, being an irreducible factor in social structure has an axiomatic validity.” However, in the late 1960s and early 1970s one leading figure of anthropology after the other declared that there really was no such thing as kinship. “The process of making kinship into a single theoretical entity seems to me no better than the invention of ‘totemism’” (Terray 1969: 135–36; 1972: 140–41). “There is no such thing as kinship, and it follows that there can be no such thing as kinship theory” (Needham 1971: 5). “‘Kinship,’ like totemism, the matrilineal complex and matriarchy, is a non-subject since it does not exist in any culture known to man” (Schneider 1972: 59). “The whole notion of ‘a kinship system’ as an isolable structure of sentiments, norms, or categorical distinctions is misleading because it assumes, or seems to assume, that the ordering principles of a society are partitionable into natural kinds only adventitiously connected” (Geertz and Geertz 1975: 156). For various political and intellectual reasons, “kinship” appeared to many to have died out as an area of analytic interest within anthropology during the 1970s and 1980s, despite many indications to the contrary. Now Godelier has made a major effort to revive attention to matters usually bunched under the phrase “kinship,” and, at least as concerns French popular taste, seems largely to have succeeded. For him kinship has not died, but instead transformed itself both in fact and “theoretically.”
Celtic Fosterage: Adoptive Kinship and Clientage in Northwest Europe
Authors: Parkes Peter
Published: March 2006

Historians of Europe may be generally aware of the former significance of Celtic child-fostering, so prominently documented in the law books and legends of medieval Ireland. Yet there is no comprehensive survey of such fosterage from a comparative historical perspective, nor has its archival documentation been collated for analysis. The present essay aims to redress this neglect: it reviews extant evidence of Celtic fosterage in the British Isles, examined with reference to comparable institutions of adoptive kinship documented throughout western Eurasia, which comprised some of its scarcely recognized “elementary structures” of familial clientage and feudatory state formation (cf. Guerreau-Jalabert 1981; 1999; Mitterauer 2006).
Sexual Horns: The Anatomy and Metaphysics of Cuckoldry in European Folklore
Authors: Da Silva Francisco Vaz
Published: March 2006

It seems remarkable how often we call “myths” the kind of arbitrary constructs in other peoples' worldview that we tend to attribute to the nature of things in our own case. Double standards may be involved, of course; but it could also be the case that one tends to miss the semiotic essence of the cultural construct one calls “reality.” As every anthropologist knows, one's most cherished cultural assumptions tend to remain implicit; otherwise put, worldview is largely unconscious. This paper explores the possibility of plumbing unconscious aspects of one's own culture in order to assess what some might call—regarding other cultures—the mythic underpinnings of worldview.
“What Do You Really Want in German East Africa, Herr Professor?” Counterinsurgency and the Science Effect in Colonial Tanzania
Authors: Zimmerman Andrew
Published: March 2006

“What do you really want in German East Africa, Herr Professor?” was a question asked of the anthropologist Karl Weule by more than a few of his fellow passengers on board a ship bound for the German colony that is today Tanzania, in 1906. At least this was what Weule himself recalled after he returned from a journey during which he was caught up, and participated in, the counterinsurgency operations that followed one of the greatest anti-colonial uprisings that Africa had ever seen, the Maji Maji uprising. One elegant woman, Weule wrote, demanded: “And what do you want, Herr Professor, from all these tribes? Simply to collect for your museum in Leipzig? Or does the anthropology of today also have other, higher goals?” Anthropology did indeed, Weule explained, have “other, higher goals”: “The museum you speak of, my dearest, exists out in reality, as even the most hard-hearted Philistine would have to admit. … But how will anthropology be able to assert its much-contested status as a science, when it knows nothing higher and better than simply to bring together bows, arrows, spears, and thousands of other things? This collecting and preserving is really just … the elementary branch of our work. The other, higher part is the study [Aufnahme] of mental culture [geistige Kulturbesitzes].”
The Boot and the Spleen: When Was Murder Possible in British India?
Authors: Bailkin Jordanna
Published: March 2006

Could Britons in India commit murder? More precisely, could they be prosecuted and sentenced for doing so? As these epigraphs suggest, the Raj was deeply preoccupied with elaborating minute taxonomies of violence and death. In a variety of ways, British violence toward indigenes was made an object of policy initiatives by the Government of India. Defining violence, both indigenous and foreign, was one key task of the Raj, along with clarifying the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate violence. But this boundary shifted constantly over the colonial period, and indeed, it has continued to do so ever since. Given the extensive legal violence of colonial conquest, when and why were specific acts of white violence defined as murder?
J. Peter Brosius, Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, and Charles Zerner, eds. Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management. Lanham, Md.: Alta Mira Press, 2005 (512 pages)
Authors: Hathaway Michael
Published: March 2006

Since the 1990s, a transnational network of activists and organizations has played a critical role in new perspectives on rural development and land rights. The individuals and groups that constitute this network are linked by the issues of environmental conservation, social justice, and indigenous peoples' advocacy. This network forms a loose-knit set of overlapping alliances, which have pushed for substantial changes in how international agencies and state governments conceptualize and operationalize plans for development, especially in the developing world. This network challenges many long-held notions, including those of cultural citizenship, individual and group rights, and the state's role in social and environmental projects. Before the 1990s, dominant assumptions about the inevitability of state-led modernity meant that scholars and organizations generally accepted the role of the state as a force of assimilation and social betterment. Now, however, with a concomitant rise in indigenous identity politics and new urban-rural linkages for social justice, many academics and activists have pointed to the negative effects of state policy. In turn, a rising number of actors now champion moves for state decentralization, and the creation and expansion of community-based management. During this time of rapid change, scholars and activists have played critical roles in shaping new international configurations and have contributed to the rise of community-based rights.
Deborah Winslow and Michael Woost, eds. Economy, Culture, and Civil War in Sri Lanka. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004
Authors: Bass Danial
Published: March 2006

The ten authors in this volume address critical concerns about the economics of civil war in Sri Lanka, including how prolonged war affects economic development, why people volunteer to join the military during wartime, and who is benefiting economically from this violence. The collected essays provide analytical and methodological insight for scholars studying conflict and war throughout the world, and its authors question the economics of the current war on terrorism.
The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline
Authors: TØNNESSON STEIN
Published: March 2006

The history of the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands in the period 1930–56 will be analysed here within a context of regional political and strategic developments. The focus will be on how French and British authorities estimated the economic and strategic value of the two island groups in various periods. The Paracels and Spratlys are studied the way one would examine the pawns in a game of chess. In themselves they are unimportant, but in certain situations they gain significance, and mediocre players may pay inordinate attention to their protection. There is also the faint possibility that a pawn can be changed into a queen, for instance if oil is discovered. In order to understand the constellations that push simple pawns into the limelight, they must be seen in relation to the general balance of forces on the chessboard, and the strategies of all players.
Colonial Gifts: Family Politics and the Exchange of Goods in British India, c. 1780–1820
Authors: FINN MARGOT C.
Published: March 2006

In August 1851, James Russell travelled to London from his estate on the banks of the Tweed. As a young man decades earlier, Russell had served as a cavalry officer in India, and he was anxious to exploit this visit to the metropolis to renew his acquaintance with the men who had formed his social circle years ago in Hyderabad. Having arrived in London, James Russell called on Charles Russell (no relation) at the latter's residence in Argyle Street. Chairman of the Great Western Railway, Charles Russell too had passed his youth in India, serving as a lieutenant in the Company's army and as an assistant to the diplomatic Resident at Hyderabad—his older brother, Henry. In a letter to his brother—now Sir Henry and (thanks to his Indian fortune) the proprietor of an extensive landed estate in Berkshire—Charles described James Russell as ‘still a great oddity, almost mad I think’, but conceded that ‘all his feelings are those of [a] gentleman and his pursuits have always been intellectual’. To substantiate this assessment of his old friend's sensibilities, he instanced James Russell's retention and use of a dictionary given to him by Charles in Hyderabad. ‘He gratified me by telling me that he still retained “a handsome Greek Lexicon” which I gave him, when he resumed the study of Greek’, Charles informed his brother Henry. ‘On his way home [from India] he followed the retreat of the ten thousand with Xenophon in his hand; and he has since worked hard, he tells me, at the Greek historians, poets & dramatists’. Having reminisced in London with Charles, James Russell journeyed to Berkshire to visit Sir Henry Russell, who read excerpts from Charles's letter aloud to his guest. ‘I always liked him’, Sir Henry wrote to his brother upon James Russell's departure, ‘and when I read to him your reference to early days, his eyes filled with tears’.
Empire on the Cheap: The Control of Opium Smoking in the Straits Settlements, 1925–1939
Authors: GOTO-SHIBATA HARUMI
Published: March 2006

Already between 40 and 50 percent of the military contribution is derived from the sale of opium. I say nothing about the Imperial Government thus drawing any revenue from what it is committed to regard as a tainted source.
Differentiated Actors: Central–Local Politics in China's Rural Tax Reforms
Authors: CHELAN LI LINDA
Published: March 2006

How decisions and policies are made and implemented? This classical question in political science has attracted a considerable literature amongst observers of realpolitik in China, with its continental size, 1.3 billion population and five layers of government. Mirroring the move away from the traditional dualism of ‘top-down’ versus ‘bottom-up’ approaches in the general implementation literature, recent literature on Chinese central–local politics emphasizes the co-participation of central and local actors in decision-making and the dialectical interactive relationship between central and local power. Goodman recognizes, for instance, that central and local actors have differentiated roles to play in decision-making. Li makes the case of interactive central–local power, calling for a reconceptualization of central-local relations in a non-zero-sum schema. Recent studies on the ‘Open Up the West’ national policy augment the claim for ‘disaggregating’ China, and the relevance of the provincial, regional and local as levels and foci of analysis. Against the traditional emphasis over central predominance versus provincial power, this body of literature, adopting a ‘non-dualistic’ approach to power, highlights the co-existence of central and local power in a diffuse, complex decision-making process.
Children, Emotion, Identity and Empire: Views from the Blechyndens' Calcutta Diaries (1790–1822)
Authors: ROBB PETER
Published: March 2006

The voluminous Blechynden diaries, in the British Library, offer incomparable opportunities for studying (among other things) domestic life among middle-level British residents of Calcutta around the start of the nineteenth century. This paper is concerned with a small part of the history of the Blechynden household, focusing on Arthur Blechynden, son of Richard and his successor as superintendent of roads. Richard's diary runs to more than 70 volumes and Arthur's to seven. These sources permit none of the structural analysis that was made the basis of family history by Peter Laslett and others; but they touch several points of the richer canvas painted by Laurence Stone, and those genres that are concerned with individual lives, with emotion, with relationships, and with identity, the kinds of subject approached by the contributors to Roy Porter's collection Rewriting the Self. In this paper some of these issues will be taken up, with particular reference to ideas of individuality and of race. That discussion will then lead on to another, on the construction of British imperial identity outside Britain and in the context of the formation of empire, an aspect that seems worthy of more attention than it has received.
Ideology and Cosmology: Maoist Discussion on Physics and the Cultural Revolution
Authors: CHENG YINGHONG
Published: March 2006

The Cultural Revolution has reached its fortieth anniversary (1966–2006), but many questions about it remain unanswered or the answers themselves are controversial. Among the questions, why Mao and Maoist ideologists went such an extreme in seeking their political goals, and how they would justify the chaos and disasters the Chinese society suffered from 1966 to 1976, are perhaps the most fundamental one. To answer this question, Mao and China scholars have provided interpretations from political, economic, social, and cultural perspectives.
Destabilization and stabilization of proteins
Authors: Schellman John A.
Published: March 2006

Introduction 351

Part I. A succession of concepts 352

1. Cooperativity 352

2. Cosolvent interaction 352

3. Linearity 354

4. Solvent exchange 354

5. Excluded volume 356

6. Summation 357

Part II

1. The Kirkwood–Buff approach 357

Acknowledgments 360

References 360

In Part I the history of progress in the stabilization and destabilization of protein conformations by means of cosolvents is outlined in terms of distinct conceptual steps. In Part II it is shown that a straightforward application of the Kirkwood–Buff theory of solutions leads to formulas for the preferential interaction and the free energy of unfolding, which confirm and generalize the results of Part I.
Modeling the connection of the global ionospheric electric fields to the solar wind
Authors: Rothwell P. L. , Jasperse J. R.
Published: March 2006

A global ionospheric electrostatic potential model, which we refer to as Nopper‐Carovillano (N‐C), can be linked with a magnetospheric potential model. The latter model, which we refer to as Hill‐Siscoe‐Ober (H‐S‐O), computes a transpolar potential ΦPC(H‐S‐O) based on solar wind parameters and region‐1 field‐aligned currents (FAC) from the magnetosheath to the ionosphere. The polar ionospheric conductance required by H‐S‐O is defined by the N‐C model. In this way, the transpolar potential and the associated FAC are the same in both models. A distribution of region‐1 FAC in the N‐C model predicts a two‐cell convection pattern which is in reasonable agreement with plasma drifts measured by DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) satellites. The H‐S‐O model, as modified by N‐C, is compared with the Weimer potential model and with the transpolar potentials observed by DMSP satellites during the 6–7 April 2000 magnetic storm. Good agreement is found in both cases. The region‐2 (J2) current is estimated from the Siscoe (S‐RC) ring‐current circuit model which is driven by ΦPC(H‐S‐O). The resistor values in S‐RC, as determined by N‐C, when combined with the global potential solution, make it possible to estimate the time profile of the equatorial penetration electric field during the storm's main phase. With the values obtained, shielding occurs within 1 hour of onset. Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are seen some hours after the initial increase of ΦPC and are qualitatively consistent with the equatorial penetration electric field calculated by the combined model.
Tidal synchronicity of built‐environment radon levels in the UK
Authors: Crockett R. G. M. , Gillmore G. K. , Phillips P. S. , Denman A. R. , Groves‐Kirkby C. J.
Published: March 2006

In our recent work on radon in UK homes the authors have observed tidal‐periodic variations in built‐environment radon levels and here report results from our ongoing investigations. These tidal variations have been quantified using a variety of analytical techniques, including a novel correlation technique developed as part of this investigation. The observed variations are cyclic at the 14–15‐day tidal period and lag new/full moons by varying periods of days, the magnitude of the variation and lag being dependent on factors such as location, underlying geology and rock/soil hydration. As well as quantification and discussion of tidal effects on radon levels, the potential effects of such phenomena on the reliability of short‐term radon measurements are discussed.
Infrasound from large surf
Authors: Garcés M. , Aucan J. , Fee D. , Caron P. , Merrifield M. , Gibson R. , Bhattacharyya J. , Shah S.
Published: March 2006

Simultaneous infrasonic, visual, and ocean‐bottom pressure sensor observations of large swells on the island of Kauai and small to medium‐sized surf on the island of Hawaii yielded a clear relationship between breaking wave height and low‐frequency atmospheric sound amplitudes in the 1–20 Hz frequency range. These experiments confirmed that infrasound can be generated by barreling waves as well as by waves crashing against rocky shorelines and exposed ledges. As will be demonstrated in a companion paper, breaking wave period may also be extracted from infrasound data. The results of these experiments demonstrate that low‐frequency sound may be used for real‐time estimates of the amplitude, period, and spatial distribution of surf in the littoral zone, with a potential application to the identification of breaking wave types.
Infrasonic estimation of surf period
Authors: Aucan Jérôme , Fee David , Garcés Milton
Published: March 2006

Synchronous infrasonic, video, and wave height measurements were performed during high surf at Polihale beach, Kauai, on March 4–12, 2005. During the experiment, atmospheric sound levels in the 0.5–20 Hz frequency band were associated with large breaking ocean waves. The envelope of surf infrasound signals yields breaking wave periods comparable to those derived from nearshore sea surface elevation measurements. Our analysis confirms that individual plunging waves are partly responsible for the generation of surf infrasound. We demonstrate the potential to extract breaking wave period from a single, well sited infrasonic microphone.
An orthogonal projection and regularization technique for magnetospheric radio tomography
Authors: Zhai Yuhu , Cummer Steven A.
Published: March 2006

A challenging problem in ill‐posed inverse problems is incorporating prior knowledge of the solution into reconstruction techniques. This problem is particularly important in magnetospheric radio tomography where the path integrated measurements of the target region may be sparse. We present in this paper an orthogonal projection and regularization (OPR) technique that incorporates prior knowledge of magnetospheric parameters from existing models or past measurements into a direct reconstruction algorithm. The OPR scheme extracts first an optimal orthonormal basis containing the main features of the unknowns from an ensemble of modeled or measured snapshots through the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and then projects the line‐of‐sight equations onto the subspace spanned by the empirical orthonormal basis. The resulting low‐dimensional model is well‐conditioned, its coordinates are uncorrelated, and it contains prior knowledge of the solution. The magnetospheric parameters in the transformed coordinate are reconstructed from the low‐dimensional model and quantities in the physical coordinate are easily recovered from the POD transformation. On the basis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations and hypothetical satellite constellations, we demonstrate that the POD‐based method may perform significantly better than the regularized direct method with sparse path‐integrated measurements, combined with a few (5–10) model snapshots.
Saturation of the Farley‐Buneman instability via three‐mode coupling
Authors: Otani Niels F. , Oppenheim Meers
Published: March 2006

Characteristics of type‐1 radar echoes obtained from the E region ionosphere have yet to be conclusively explained. The dynamical properties of the saturated state of the Farley‐Buneman instability are widely thought responsible for these type‐1 echoes. In this paper we present a different perspective and new details on a previously proposed three‐wave coupling mechanism (Otani and Oppenheim, 1998) for the saturation of the Farley‐Buneman instability. A novel method is presented for the analysis of general, three‐wave systems with stationary, sinusoidal solutions. Computer simulations of the three‐wave system produce steady states in close agreement with those obtained from the method. Despite the fact that the system only contains three modes, a number of features also agree well with observation, including density fluctuation magnitudes (∣δn∣/n0 = 5%), propagation speeds (clustered around the sound speed), and power falloff as a function of elevation angle. We demonstrate how the spatial distributions of the phases of the electron advection term and electron E × B velocity for the secondary modes lead to the partial cancellation of the destabilizing zero‐order electron drift, thereby saturating the Farley‐Buneman instability. The mechanism is consistent with the one previously advanced, which described saturation of the instability in terms of the diversion of electron flow around density peaks.
Cylindrical lower‐hybrid electron holes at the Earth's dayside magnetopause
Authors: Jovanović D. , Shukla P. K. , Morfill G. E.
Published: March 2006

The analytic model of lower‐hybrid electron holes (Jovanović and Shukla, 2004) is applied to analyze the strong coherent unipolar electric field signals perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field with a characteristic frequency in the lower‐hybrid frequency range, recorded at the dayside magnetopause by the Polar mission (Mozer et al., 2004). On the basis of a good agreement with theoretical predictions, these structures are identified as the oblique cylindrical electron holes. Their localization results from the balance of nonlinearity associated with the electrons that are trapped along the magnetic field direction and undergo the × drift in the perpendicular direction and the dispersion provided by the electron polarization drift. It is suggested that electron holes can be related to the nonlinear evolution of the Buneman instability of lower‐hybrid waves, driven by the parallel electric field that develops in the course of collisionless reconnection.
A new non‐pressure‐balanced structure in interplanetary space: Boundary layers of magnetic clouds
Authors: Wei Fengsi , Feng Xueshang , Yang Fang , Zhong Dingkun
Published: March 2006

Here is analyzed the observational data of 70 magnetic cloud boundary layers (BLs) from the Three‐Dimensional (3‐D) Plasma and Energetic Particle (3DP) and 50 BLs from the Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) instruments on Wind spacecraft from February 1995 to June 2003. From this analysis, we discover that the boundary layer of a magnetic cloud is a new non‐pressure‐balanced structure different from the jump layer (i.e., shocked front) of an interplanetary shock wave. The main results are that (1) the BL is often a non‐pressure‐balanced structure with the magnetic pressure decrease associated with the abrupt variation of field direction angle (θ, ϕ) for about 90% and more than 85% of the BLs investigated from 3DP and SWE data, respectively; (2) the events of heated and accelerated plasma in the BLs are about 90%, 85% and 85%, 82% of the BLs investigated, respectively, from 3DP and SWE data; (3) the reversal flows are observed and their occurrence ratio is as high as 80% and 90% of the BLs investigated from 3DP and SWE data, respectively; and (4) the plasma and field characteristics for the BLs are also obviously different from those in the jump layers (JLs) of shock waves. These results show that there exist important dynamic interactions inside the BLs. As a preliminary interpretation, this could be associated with the magnetic reconnection process possibly occurring inside the BLs. Thus the study of the BLs, as a new non‐pressure‐balanced structure in interplanetary space, could open a “new window” for revealing some important physical processes in interplanetary space.
Pulsations of the auroral kilometric radiation
Authors: Hanasz J. , de Feraudy H. , Schreiber R. , Panchenko M.
Published: March 2006

Radio spectrograms derived from Interball‐2/Polrad satellite data have been found to include the signature of a specific type of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR), characterized by 3 to 10 periodic emission intensifications. These occur at frequencies of several mHz, which are well matched with the frequency range of Pc 5 pulsations. From 61 events of pulsating AKR observed by Interball‐2, 39 samples were found to pulsate at nearly the same frequency as field line resonances (FLRs) recorded simultaneously with IMAGE, the ground‐based magnetometer array. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that FLRs are able to drive AKR pulsations. This is confirmed by the observed correlation between the AKR and FLR pulsation frequencies, together with analysis of the AKR source locations. The longitudinal extent of FLR structures, spanning several hours, is inferred from the large distances separating the pulsating AKR source footprints from the ground magnetometer observations. The discussion shows that FLRs are plausible sites for pulsating AKR sources, since their nonlinear evolution can lead to (1) cavity formation by the parallel electric fields of standing inertial Alfvén waves, and (2) the effective transfer of electromagnetic energy from these waves into the acceleration of downflowing electrons, to energies of up to several keV during each half of a pulsation cycle.
Perturbations of midlatitude subionospheric VLF signals associated with lower ionospheric disturbances during major geomagnetic storms
Authors: Peter W. B. , Chevalier M. W. , Inan U. S.
Published: March 2006

We examine the effects on the midlatitude ionospheric D region of the 7 April 2000 storm and the “Halloween storm” of late October 2003 by means of the associated perturbations of several subionospheric VLF signals propagating in both the northern and southern hemispheres. We use VLF nighttime data from the Holographic Array for Ionospheric/Lightning Research (HAIL), located in the United States (L = 2–3), as well as data from Palmer Station, Antarctica (L = 2.4). On 7 April 2000, a ∼5 dB depression in VLF amplitudes is observed at multiple HAIL stations, with a depression onset that occurs later for VLF signal paths at lower latitudes. On both 7 April 2000 and 31 October 2003, fluctuations in the amplitude of the VLF signals are first observed in the premidnight sector and persist through the end of the data‐recording period (dawn). The frequency content of the fluctuations is predominantly in the 0.01 to 0.02 Hz range but extends up to ∼0.03 Hz. Increases in the energetic electron flux in the loss cone as measured by the NOAA‐POES satellites are observed on both 7 April 2000 and 31 October 2003. We suggest that both the signal depressions and subsequent fluctuations are associated with variations in the precipitation flux of energetic electrons onto the upper atmosphere. Auroral activity patterns based on data from the NOAA‐POES satellites show that the equatorward edge of the auroral oval expanded equatorward to lower L shells (L < 3) during both geomagnetic storms. Using the auoral activity patterns and multiple VLF/LF signal paths, we provide evidence that the fluctuations and the signal depression coincide with the equatorward edge of the auroral oval extending over the perturbed VLF/LF Great Circle Paths. Quantitative modeling of subionospheric VLF wave propagation incorporating energetic electron flux measurements (and the associated altitude profiles of secondary ionization) yields results consistent with the variations in the VLF signal amplitude observed.
Origin of geosynchronous relativistic electron events
Authors: Kim H.‐J. , Kim K. C. , Lee D.‐Y. , Rostoker Gordon
Published: March 2006

We have investigated the characteristics of solar wind and magnetospheric conditions associated with the occurrence of geosynchronous relativistic electron events. Most of the geosynchronous relativistic events for April 1999 to December 2002 are found to occur during prolonged (a number of days) quiet intervals following the appearance of high‐speed solar wind streams. In a typical relativistic event, the electron fluxes begin to increase by orders of magnitude when the solar wind density drops after reaching a sharp peak at the leading edge of a high‐speed stream. The increased fluxes stay at a high level until the quiet solar wind conditions cease. In addition, enhanced ULF wave activity and substorm injections of 10s to 100s keV electrons are observed at the time of the large flux increases in the events. We found that geosynchronous relativistic events can be observed only when both the solar wind and magnetospheric wave/substorm injection conditions are favorable regardless of whether or not a magnetic storm takes place. These observations suggest the following scenario for the occurrence of a geosynchronous relativistic electron event: (1) Quiet solar wind conditions (i.e., no strong solar wind pressure and large southward turnings of IMF Bz) can lead to stable and more dipole‐like magnetospheric configurations in which the geosynchronous orbit is located well inside the trapping boundary of the energetic electrons. (2) If a large population of MeV electrons is generated (by some acceleration process(es) involving enhanced ULF wave and substorm injections) in the inner magnetosphere, it can be trapped and effectively accumulated to a high intensity. (3) The high electron flux can persist for a number of days in the geosynchronous region as long as the solar wind conditions remain quiescent. The occurrence of a geosynchronous relativistic electron event requires not only the proper acceleration process and sufficient seed electrons but also no significant loss process that dominates over any acceleration/source.
Propagation of ENSO temperature signals into the middle atmosphere: A comparison of two general circulation models and ERA‐40 reanalysis data
Authors: García‐Herrera R. , Calvo N. , Garcia R. R. , Giorgetta M. A.
Published: March 2006

The vertical propagation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) temperature signal has been analyzed in two general circulation models, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model and the Middle Atmosphere European Center–Hamburg Model, and in the ERA‐40 reanalysis data set. Monthly mean data have been used, and composite differences (El Niño–La Niña) have been computed. Our results show that the ENSO signal propagates into the middle atmosphere by means of planetary Rossby waves. Significant wave‐like anomalies are observed up to around 40 km. This propagation is strongly influenced by the zonal mean zonal winds, being most effective in midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere because ENSO events tend to peak in northern winter, when stratospheric winds are westerly in the Northern Hemisphere, and allow vertical propagation of Rossby waves. In addition, zonal mean temperature anomalies are observed in the middle atmosphere in the tropics and at polar latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. These anomalies are the result of changes in the residual mean meridional circulation: Our analysis reveals that during an El Niño event, vertical wave propagation and divergence of Eliassen‐Palm flux are enhanced, forcing a stronger residual circulation in the stratosphere, which cools the tropics and warms the higher latitudes. This pattern is highly significant in the models during certain months but much less in the ERA‐40 data, where other sources of variability (in particular the quasi‐biennial oscillation) also influence the residual circulation.
Transverse systems along the extensional Tyrrhenian margin of central Italy and their influence on volcanism
Authors: Acocella Valerio , Funiciello Renato
Published: March 2006

The Tyrrhenian margin of central Italy has undergone Plio‐Quaternary extension, developing NW‐SE normal faults and NE‐SW faults. The NE‐SW faults decrease in frequency toward NE with the stretching factor β, becoming negligible for β < 1.3. Plio‐Quaternary volcanoes, aligned NW‐SE, formed at the intersection among NE‐SW and NW‐SE faults; fissure eruptions are mostly controlled by NE‐SW faults. Structural field data show normal motions for 76% of NW‐SE Quaternary faults and transtensive for 73% of NE‐SW Quaternary faults. Analogue experiments simulating the NE‐SW Tyrrhenian extension show that transverse transtensive faults form with differential extension Δβ > 0.21. These data suggest that the NE‐SW transtensive structures are transfer faults of the NW‐SE normal faults due to relevant differential extension (Δβ > 0.21) within a stretched crust (β > 1.3). The minor dip‐slip and strike‐slip components of the NE‐SW and NW‐SE faults, respectively, possibly result from the NW‐SE extension due to the southeastward slab retreat beneath the Calabrian arc. The NE‐SW and NW‐SE extensions in the central southern Tyrrhenian Sea account for the composite kinematics of the NE‐SW structures, which, in turn, exert a twofold role in controlling volcanism. Where their dip‐slip component forms basins, the associated decompression induces magma accumulation (developing central volcanoes) at the intersection among NW‐SE and NE‐SW systems. Where transfer faults are mainly strike slip, their inferred subvertical attitude enhances their permeability to magma, accounting for the observed NE‐SW fissure eruptions. Regional extension, forming NW‐SE faults, enhances the overall generation and rise of magma along the margin, but NE‐SW structures focus magma rise and emplacement at shallower levels.
Diffuse and focused carbon dioxide and methane emissions from the Sousaki geothermal system, Greece
Authors: D'Alessandro W. , Brusca L. , Kyriakopoulos K. , Rotolo S. , Michas G. , Minio M. , Papadakis G.
Published: March 2006

We report first data on chemical composition of the gas emitted by the geothermal system of Sousaki, Greece. Gas manifestations display typical geothermal gas composition with CO2 as the main component and CH4 and H2S as minor species. Soil gas composition derives from the mixing of two end‐members (atmospheric air and geothermal gas). Soil CO2 fluxes range from<2 to 33,400 g m−2 d−1. The estimated diffuse output of hydrothermal CO2, estimated for an area of 0.015 km2, is about 630 g s−1, while a tentative estimation of CH4 diffuse output gave a value of about 1.15 g s−1. Point sources accounted for lower flux values of ∼26 g s−1 of CO2, ∼0.1 g s−1 of CH4 and ∼0.02 g s−1 of H2S.
Physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular disease risk in adults: interactions with insulin resistance and obesity
Authors: Gill Jason M. R. , Malkova Dalia
Published: March 2006

There is a considerable body of evidence gathered from studies over the past half a century indicating that a high level of physical activity and a moderately high or high degree of cardiorespiratory fitness reduces the risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease). Recent data suggest that high levels of physical activity or fitness may be particularly beneficial to individuals with insulin-resistant conditions, such as the metabolic syndrome, Type II diabetes or obesity. These individuals, if unfit and sedentary, exhibit increased CVD risk, but their dose–response relationship for physical activity/fitness appears to be particularly steep such that, when they undertake high levels of activity (or have high fitness), their level of risk becomes closer to that of their normal weight or nondiabetic peers. This may be due to effects of physical activity in normalizing the metabolic dysfunction particularly associated with insulin-resistant conditions.
Overview + Detail in a Tomahawk Mission-to-Platform Assignment Tool: Applying Information Visualization in Support of an Asset Allocation Planning Task
Authors: Cushing John , Janssen Lecha Dawn , Allen Stephen , Guerlain Stephanie
Published: March 2006

Information visualization techniques such as overview + detail displays have traditionally been applied and studied in domains with static data sets supporting information retrieval tasks. This study examines how these techniques can be extended to the design of interfaces for decision support systems (DSSs). Specifically, we developed a computerized decision support tool to assist Naval Tomahawk Strike Coordinators in the complex process of assigning a set of planned missions to a set of available launch platforms based on a number of different constraints and objectives, and compared user performance on two realistic scenarios (a within-subjects factor) across two versions of this tool (a between-subjects factor). The first version of the Mission-to-Platform Assignment Tool provided users with only a set of detail displays when assigning missions, whereas the second version had an additional, abstracted ‘overview’ display that allowed users to see the effect of early decisions on later decisions. The results showed that subjects performing this planning task with the overview + details display version completed scenarios, on average, 21% faster, with 22% fewer errors and with 74% fewer required workspace navigation activities than a comparable group using just the detail displays version. Subjects in the former group also rated their situational awareness 14% higher than those subjects without the overview display.
Measurements of bremsstrahlung spectra of Lanzhou ECR Ion Source No. 3 (LECR3)
Authors: Zhao H. Y. , Zhao H. W. , Ma X. W. , Zhang S. F. , Feng W. T. , Zhu X. L. , Zhang Z. M. , He W. , Sun L. T. , Feng Y. C. , Cao Y. , Li J. Y. , Li X. X. , Wang H. , Ma B. H.
Published: March 2006

In order to diagnose the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma, electron bremsstrahlung spectra were measured by a HPGe detector on Lanzhou ECR Ion Source No. 3 at IMP. The ion source was operated with argon under various working conditions, including different microwave power, mixing gas, extraction high voltage (HV), and so on. Some of the measured spectra are presented in this article. The dependence of energetic electron population on mixing gas and extraction HV is also described. Additionally, we are looking forward to further measurements on SECRAL (Superconducting ECR Ion Source with Advanced design at Lanzhou).
Design of the channel for irradiation of materials with highly charged ion beams obtained from the mVINIS ion source
Authors: Šiljegović M. , Dobrosavljević A. , Draganić I. , Čizmić B. , Jelić G.
Published: March 2006

The low-energy part of the TESLA Accelerator Installation comprises an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (the mVINIS ion source) and the channel for modification of materials (L3A). The L3A channel is long and has low beam transmission (30%–50%), so it is not suitable for high fluence implantations (over 1016cm−2). Therefore, we are planning to introduce an experimental channel (L4), close to the mVINIS Ion Source, where we shall be able to achieve high beam currents on the target and, consequently, irradiation of materials to high fluences. During the ion implantation, we shall be able to measure fluence rate, achieve uniform fluence distribution by a mechanism for x and y sample movements, and control the sample temperature in the range of 0–200°C.
Fullerenes in electron cyclotron resonance ion sources
Authors: Biri S. , Fekete É. , Kitagawa A. , Muramatsu M. , Jánossy A. , Pálinkás J.
Published: March 2006

Fullerene plasmas and beams have been produced in our electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) originally designed for other purposes. The ATOMKI-ECRIS is a traditional ion source with solenoid mirror coils to generate highly charged ions. The variable frequencies NIRS-KEI-1 and NIRS-KEI-2 are ECR ion sources built from permanent magnets and specialized for the production of carbon beams. The paper summarizes the experiments and results obtained by these facilities with fullerenes. Continuous effort has been made to get the highest C60 beam intensities. Surprisingly, the best result was obtained by moving the C60 oven deep inside the plasma chamber, very close to the resonance zone. Record intensity singly and doubly charged fullerene beams were obtained (600 and 1600nA, respectively) at lower C60 material consumption. Fullerene derivatives were also produced. We mixed fullerenes with other plasmas (N, Fe) with the aim of making new materials. Nitrogen encapsulated fullerenes (mass: 720+14=734) were successfully produced. In the case of iron, two methods (ferrocene, oven) were tested. Molecules with mass of 720+56=776 were detected in the extracted beam spectra.
Electron cyclotron resonance ion source related development work for heavy-ion irradiation tests
Authors: Koivisto H. , Suominen P. , Tarvainen O. , Virtanen A. , Parkkinen A.
Published: March 2006

The European Space Agency (ESA) uses the facilities at the Accelerator Laboratory (Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä: JYFL) for heavy-ion irradiation tests of electronic components. Electron cyclotron resonance ion source related development work has been carried out in order to meet the requirements set by the project. During the irradiation tests several beam changes are performed during the day. Therefore, the time needed for the beam changes has to be minimized. As a consequence, a beam cocktail having nearly the same m∕q ratio is used. This makes it possible a quick tuning of the cyclotron to select the required ion for the irradiation. In addition to this requirement, very high charge states for the heavy elements are needed to reach a penetration depth of 100μm in silicon. In this article we present some procedures to optimize the ion source operation. We also present results of the first three-frequency heating tests. The main frequency of 14GHz was fed from a klystron and both secondary frequencies were launched from a traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA). Two separate frequency generators were used simultaneously to provide different signals for the TWTA. During the test an improvement of about 20% was observed for Kr25+84 and Xe30+129 ion beams when the third frequency was applied.
Performance of first high temperature superconducting ECRIS
Authors: Kanjilal D. , Rodrigues G. , Kumar P. , Mandal A. , Roy A. , Bieth C. , Kantas S. , Sortais P.
Published: March 2006

High temperature superconducting (HTS) electron cyclotron resonance ion source called PKDELIS was designed, developed as a collaborative project mainly between Inter University Accelerator Centre (formerly Nuclear Science Centre) and Pantechnik. One of the major criteria of the design was to get a high performance source suitable for cryogen-free operation on a high voltage platform with minimum requirements of electrical power and cooling water. Ion beams having A∕q of ∼7 are required from this source for the high current injector of the superconducting linear accelerator. The HTS coils have been operational since 2003. A 80mm gap, medium resolution, “third order” corrected analyzing magnet having a bending radius of 300mm has been coupled close to the source. The analyzed beam is collected using a high power, water cooled Faraday cup. The design and performance of the source and issues related to the extraction and transport of the beam are discussed in detail.
Improvements on metallic ion beams at GANIL with the large-capacity oven
Authors: Lehérissier P. , Lemagnen F. , Canet C. , Barué C. , Dupuis M. , Flambard J. L. , Dubois M. , Gaubert G. , Jardin P. , Lecesne N. , Leroy R. , Pacquet J. Y.
Published: March 2006

In the last two years the development of the large-capacity oven was continued. First tests on-line with calcium, lead, tin and magnesium beams were achieved. We successfully produced 30μA of Ca9+, 13μA of Pb23+, 8μA of Sn21+, and 50μA of Mg7+. Some deformation of the filament appeared when working at high temperature. Several configurations of the filament and the use of an alternate power supply have been tested to solve this problem. The beam’s intensities and the ionization efficiencies were improved in comparison with the standard microoven performances. The results of magnesium beam, 110μA of Mg5+ obtained with the “MIVOC” method are compared with those using the oven technique.