bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Community's Role in Cross-Cultural Education
Authors: Bang Katherine C.
Published: March 2007

Every year thousands of strangers from abroad, representing rich and diverse backgrounds of nationality, pro fession, and personality, arrive in American communities. These communities, for the most part, have organized or are organizing themselves to meet effectively the needs of these men and women. In co-operation with campus advisers to foreign students, programs are being developed to open wide doors to family, civic, and cultural life into which students from abroad may enter if they choose. Working closely in co-operation with national agencies under contract to the State Department, with the International Cooperation Administra tion, and other governmental and nongovernmental groups, communities are also providing a variety of services for short- term visitors. Communities are stressing host-family programs through which strong interpersonal relationships can be de veloped. Both family and guest learn from one another as they participate in the dialogue between people of diverse backgrounds. Both professionals and volunteers involved in community programming recognize that goodwill is not enough. Through conferences, seminars, and publications, they have developed an expertise in technique. At the same time, they are continually searching for deeper insights into cross-cul tural contact through reading and consultation with social scientists and anthropologists.
The Peculiarities of Geography: Europe
Authors: Morot-Sir Edouard
Published: March 2007

Frequent examination has been made of the problems confronting the student arriving from Europe; the major problems of adaptation arise from differences in peda gogical methods, the rules of university social life, and the habits governing people's daily lives, from rules of courtesy to methods of cookery. But these are secondary problems governed by an historical situation which is the perpetually renewed dialogue between the United States and Europe. Moreover, the problem is a completely individual one and must remain so; there are no prefabricated solutions. In this perspective, cultural exchanges are part of an immense histori cal movement, the significance of which still partially escapes us. Thus, a solution should not be sought merely to the prob lems which are posed today by diverse national pasts, but a cultural policy should be formulated in preparation for a fu ture. On a practical level and in order to facilitate the arrival of this future, the major problem to be examined today, insofar as the European student is concerned, is that of scholastic equivalences. This problem is the result of an increasingly closer international and cultural co-operation. Furthermore, its solution would result immediately in the disappearance of numerous secondary problems which now beset the exchange student.
The Tree of Knowledge
Authors: Tagliacozzo Giorgio
Published: March 2007

We believe that information retrieval (IR) and machine translation (MT) develop ments portend a momentous advance in social science technique. This movement will depend in large part upon gathering agreement concerning language, terms, concepts, and modes of attack on reality. Therefore any endeavor to draw together wide areas of knowledge of man in a single network, such as the systems theory of the biologist Bertalanffy, may succeed in providing the orientation necessary for data coding and processing. In this light Professor Tagliacozzo, who serves jointly the New School for Social Research and the Voice of America, offers a potentially useful basis for deriving systematic categories for the mechanization of data work.
Sex and Statism in Russia
Authors: Burg David
Published: March 2007

An abstract of "Einige Betrachtungen zum Sexualproblem in der UdSSR," from the journal OSTEUROPA, X (May, 1960), pp. 281-95.
Due Process of Inquiry
Authors: Landau Martin
Published: March 2007

Professor Landau argues that inquiry and perception are limited by language forms, and that mixing concepts from different models leads to disorder in the process of inquiry and meaninglessness of conclusions. He discusses the pragmatics of model construction and concept formation, and relates the logic of models and concepts to explanative- predictive capabilities. The author is affiliated with the Department of Political Science and the Research Center in Comparative Politics and Administration at Brooklyn College.
Balance of the Imbalances
Authors: Wariavwalla Bharat
Published: March 2007

This and the next three articles were among the papers discussed at the Seminar on US-Soviet-Chinese Triangular Relations which was jointly organized by the China Programme of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, and the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi.—Editor.
Inside Story of Economic Readjustment in Communist China
Authors: Xin Lin
Published: March 2007

This article is taken from ZHENG MING (Contending) journal, Hong Kong, May 1979, no. 19, pp. 9-13 and translated by AMALENDU BHAUMIK, final year student of M.A. Chinese language, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. —EDITOR
The Role of Middle Powers
Authors: Holbraad Carsten
Published: March 2007

While the recent interest in the international role of middle-sized powers may be traced back to the end of the Second World War, some European writers of earlier centuries touched upon the subject. Both the older and the modern writers have used the term 'middle powers' in various senses and have failed to draw up satisfactory criteria for distinguishing them from other states. Yet, it is possible to examine the roles of middle-sized powers by studying their behaviour in a variety of historical situations. Here their typical roles are outlined in several distinct situations of the 'bipolar' system, namely, cold war, condominium and détente, as well as in two characteristic situations of the 'multipolar' system, namely, concert and competitive balance of power.
The Arab Position in the Nuclear Field: A Study of Policies up to I967
Authors: Evron Yair
Published: March 2007

This article discusses Arab reactions to the development of a nuclear option in Israel. Various Arab positions on this problem are identified and then posited within the framework of the different Arab politico-strategic postures on the conflict with Israel. The main emphasis is put on the Egyptian position and here three strategies directed at deterring Israel from 'going nuclear' are described and analysed: the threat of preventive war; the threat that Egypt will 'go nuclear'; the search for outside assur ances. The article also analyses the effects of the development of the Israeli option on the conventional arms race between Israel and Egypt. Thus, the article is a case , study in the strategic behaviour of pairs of enemies of which one is a near-nuclear weapon State. Within this context there is also a discussion of whether the Israeli option had forced the Egyptian leadership to change her basic posture on the Arab- Israeli conflict. That this did not take place, proves that one of the tacit uses of the Israeli option, namely, to force by its very existence, Egypt to modify her position vis-à-vis Israel, has failed. Finally, the article establishes that there was no correla tion between the development of the Israeli option and crisis and war of 1967. This conclusion shows that at least in the Middle East and until 1967, the notion that the proliferation of nuclear options might destabilize parts of the international system, is not borne out.
Factors Promoting Sphere of Influence Relationships
Authors: Mathisen Trygve
Published: March 2007

In the following article an attempt has been made to identify factors affecting the implementation of expansionist and imperialist policies, and consequently it sheds light on the problem why some weaker states become the sphere of influence of greater powers while other small states are less exposed to such influence. Domestic motive forces which may prompt a great power to embark on policies of expansion are only briefly dealt with.

On the basis of historical considerations a tentative conclusion is made concerning some factors affecting sphere of influence relationships. These factors are applied to the contemporary situation in an attempt to identify what areas are likely to remain exposed to strong great power influence, and to suggest in what directions the great powers are likely to expand their influence. It is assumed that the United States has reached at least a temporary climax with regard to the intensity and extension of its political influence. The Soviet Union and China, and most probably also Japan. are considered more capable of expanding their influence in the immediate future. It is, therefore, assumed that parts of Asia and Africa will remain areas of great power rivalry, but the present role of the great powers will reveal considerable changes, par ticularly in Southeast Asia.
Sweden's Debate on the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Garris Jerome
Published: March 2007

Superpower development of tactical nuclear weapons appeared to alter the nature of land combat in the early 1950's. By 1954, the military and the Conservative party ad vocated acquisition of such weapons for Sweden's defense. The other political parties and the Government were ambivalent. In particular, conflicting opinions within the ruling Social Democratic party threatened party unity at a point when the party could least afford the cleavages an atomic weapons decision would create.

Seizing on the dual issues of nuclear disarmament and inadequate technical capabilities, the Government successfully pursued a policy of postponing a decision for nearly fif teen years. By the late 1960's, the vast arsenals of the superpowers and progress in disarmament efforts made it possible for the Government to officially decide not to acquire nuclear weapons.
The Member States of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE): Current Preoccupations and Expectations
Authors: Birnbaum Karl E.
Published: March 2007

This article (a revised version of a paper presented at an IISS conference on East- West relations) is an interim report on one aspect of a study on multilateral East-West negotiations. The author attempts to assess the special preoccupations of WTO states in connection with CSCE and the differences between the Soviet Union and Rumania that surfaced in the course of the multilateral consultations and negotiations during 1973. He concludes that the impact of CSCE on intra-alliance relations in the East is likely to be marginal and long-term and that Soviet attitudes so far suggest confidence that the repercussions will remain manageable.
A Strategic Perspective on the Arctic
Authors: Huitfeldt Tonne
Published: March 2007

Strategically, the Arctic enjoys the unique - and also somewhat precarious - position as a 'buffer zone' between the two superpowers; the USA and the USSR. On the out skirts of the Arctic region, the Barents Sea has become, in military-political terms, one of the most important sea areas in the world. A factor of prime significance in this connection has been the growing Soviet emphasis on a forward naval strategy linked with the massive build-up of the Northern Fleet and the Kola base. Against this back drop, the author analyses the strategic importance of the Polar region, and the changes brought about by the discovery of oil, natural gas and minerals in Northern Siberia, Canada and Alaska as well as on the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean. Although the development and transit of these new resources could become a stabilizing factor in the area, there are still unresolved problems as regards division of rights and boundaries. The main strategic importance of the Polar region will still be derived from its location between the two superpowers. The author finds that the situation as it now develops in the Polar region could be exploited to achieve two important aims of Norwegian foreign policy: to strengthen Norway's ties with its Atlantic partners, and to increase the assurance of the Soviet Union. In order to achieve these aims, a common policy should be worked out in cooperation with other NATO members who have interests in the Polar region, i.e. Denmark, Iceland, Canada and the United States.
The Nordic Area and European Integration
Authors: Saeter Martin
Published: March 2007

In drawing attention to the necessity of an active adaptation to the changing European environment, the author analyses the positions of the Nordic countries in relation to superpower interests and European cooperation moves and measures. He concentrates especially on the likely implications for the Nordic countries from the all-European perspective, underlining the fundamental difference between such a perspective and that of continued bloc politics in Europe with respect to Nordic cooperation as well as to the participation of the Nordic countries in the wider European groupings.
Britain and the EEC: Exit, Voice or Loyalty?
Authors: Lodge Juliet
Published: March 2007

Britain's relations with Europe are examined with reference to Hirschman's concepts of Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Exit and voice are not necessarily strict alternatives. Non- exit may occasion passivity not voice. Exit is the end-point of a protest continuum. If voice fails to improve a member's material position he may exit. Cost-benefit calculations deter a member from exit after exercising voice since the cost of exit increases over time. Exit threats increase the effectiveness of voice and expedite organisational remedial action. The effectiveness of voice declines after the threat to exit is issued if the organisation believes the voicer wishes to remain a member, or if the threat ceases to be credible. Britain called a referendum to maintain the credibility of the exit threat. A cost-benefit analysis of the relative effectiveness of voice from within the EEC or from without - rather than loyalty - caused Britain to advocate continued membership.
Towards a West European Defence Community? —
Authors: Hagelin Bjorn
Published: March 2007

Through their NATO membership several West European states have been able to solve their military production problems with the aid of the USA. This solution, however, has come to be looked upon in certain quarters as more of a hindrance than a contribution to the development of Western Europe. This report describes the principal efforts made to meet the military demands in West European states by means of joint West European production. A central question is whether this co- production may be conducive to better conditions for a defence community within Western Europe. Three results of the study may be worth emphasizing. First, that it is between the four major West European states that a considerable part of the co-production has developed. Secondly, that industrial possibilities for military pro duction in Western Europe might have increased due to the coordinating agencies formed as a consequence of the co-production. Thirdly, that these coordinating agen cies may provide West European industries with better means for political pressure.
The Cognitive Dynamics of Swedish Security Elites: Beliefs about Swedish National Security and How They Change
Authors: Hart Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a full-length study of the cognitive behavior of highly-influential elites who deal professionally with the analysis of international politics with respect to Swedish national security. It attempts to relate findings in the field of cognitive psychology to the actual behavior of Swedish observers in the examination and inter pretation of international events. Especial emphasis is given to processes of concep tualization, threat perceptions and changes in beliefs that have occurred. The deriva tion of 'cognitive archetypes' is discussed and these are related to the relative openness vs. constraint exhibited by elites in accommodating new information about the interna tional environment.
Norwegian Policy Elites' Attitudes Toward the UN: A Functionalist Perspective
Authors: Mykletun Jostein
Published: March 2007

The article is based on the author's Ph.D. dissertation, Only Through a Function: A Case Study of Norwegian Policy Elites' Attitudes Toward the United Nations, Uni versity of Minnesota, 1975. The central purpose of the study was to provide an empirical test of the functionalist notion that people who participate in the activities of international organizations develop favorable attitudes toward further international cooperation. The subjects in the study are Norwegian civil servants and parliamen tarians. Although generally weak, and lacking statistical significance, overall, direc tional support was found for the proposed relationship between contact with interna tional organization and attitude change. The author suggests some measures that may further enhance the influence of UN Charter ideals on Norway's foreign policy.
Danish Elite Attitudes Towards European Integration1
Authors: Sørensen Carsten Lehmann
Published: March 2007

During the months preceding the Danish EC referendum in 1972, 90 persons consti tuting the very top of the political elite were interviewed. Categorized in four sub- elites - the parliamentary, administrative, organization and communications elites- this highest layer of the Danish political system is portrayed with respect to social background and other potentially important characteristics. Elite attitudes towards EC membership and European integration in general showed a pro-European con sensus motivated by economic considerations. Social and political integration were also viewed with sympathy, provided the extent of social integration remained limited, and provided political integration excluded security policy. Only elite attitudes towards the supranational EC institutions revealed cleavages and ambiguity. More than anything else, Danish elite attitudes seemed to be determined by a small state's overall depen dence on the surrounding European system both in an economic and political sense.
Explaining SALT. Some Observations on Different Interpretations
Authors: Heurlin Bertel
Published: March 2007

The article presents, discusses and assesses some characteristic approaches to the study of SALT. Ten explanatory models are identified: the bureaucratic politics inter pretation, the domestic or democratic politics interpretation, the Royal Court inter pretation, the Soviet Marxist-Leninist interpretation, the Military Industrial Complex interpretation, the 'Autism' model interpretation, the technological innovation and momentum interpretation, the action-reaction interpretation, the linkage politics inter pretation, and the strategic interpretation. The article concludes that studies dealing with SALT as a political factor in an international context are needed.
Review Article : On 'A Major Event in the Social Sciences'
Authors: Holm Hans-Henrik
Published: March 2007

So far only the first two volumes on peace research and one of the volumes on methodology have been published. Even though final judgement will have to await the remaining volumes, this essay is an attempt to give a more comprehensive view than one would get from just looking at the published volumes. Since many of the articles are already available to the present author in one form or the other, I have tried to sketch the general changes within Galtung's writings with respect to the concept of peace, the epistemological basis and in the areas analyzed. The major trend is one of expansion. The consequences of this expansion are discussed, and it is concluded that the Essays may prove to be a source of creativity for the social scientist.
The 'Early' Morgenthau. A Comment on the Intellectual Origins of Realism
Authors: Amstrup Niels
Published: March 2007

Hans J. Morgenthau is the most important representative of the 'realist' school in the discipline of international politics. It seems, however, to have been forgotten that before his departure to the United States in 1937 he had written several books and articles on international law and on the relations between law and politics. An analysis of Morgenthau's 'European' writings demonstrates, in the first place, that important elements of his post-war 'realist' thoughts on international politics are found in his pre-war writings and, secondly, that these thoughts were by no means new nor surprising to contemporary European scholars. In conclusion, it is suggested that the intellectual origins of 'realism' are not to be found in the American debate between 'utopians' and 'realists', but in a much older and quite established European academic tradition.
The Mass Media TNCs: An Overall Review of their Operations and of Control Options
Authors: Varis Tapio
Published: March 2007

Varis, Tapio. The Mass Media TNCs: An Overall Review of their Operations and of Control Options. Cooperation and Conflict, XIII, 1978 193-213.

Recent discussions on transnational corporations (TNCs), especially in the UN, have been extended to include global communications and the mass media. An effort is made here to approach a definition of the mass media TNCs, as well as to describe the actual operations of these enterprises. The main focus is on the information media, al though some observations on the entertainment media are also made. The control options of these TNCs are discussed with particular attention to the problems connected with the introduction of an international code of conduct. The general conclusions are that a more systematic collection of data is needed, and that more preparatory research on the definitional aspects must be carried out. The paper suggests that institutions, unions, and other groupings active in international communication could give continuous input to the work of the code of conduct for the media, and should strengthen and use the existing alternative sources of information. A carefully planned national and inter national communication policy is of vital importance for progress in this field.
Finland and the New International Economic Order
Authors: Vesa Unto
Published: March 2007

Vesa, U. Finland and the New International Economic Order. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 105-120.

Finland's position towards the NIEO issues can be explained by two sets of factors: first, her overall foreign policy 'ideology', which is characterized as an active, peace-seeking policy of neutrality, and secondly, her position in the international system and in the international division of labour. Structurally, Finland has a kind of intermediate position, which allows more room for political and diplomatic manoeuvering than other countries have in discussions concerning global development issues. Due to her intermediate position on the North-South axis, Finland also has similar short-term interests with developing countries in some issues. . Because of these two sets of factors Finland's policy in some phases since 1974 may have come closest to the developing countries. While Finland thus has acquired the image of a progressive capitalist country, her poor record in development assistance has undermined her foreign policy credibility. It can be expected that along with increasing trade and development cooperation with developing countries the role of self-interests becomes a more pronounced background factor also for Finland, whereby her progressive image might further be en dangered.
Foreign Policy as Events: A Critique of an Operational Definition
Authors: Svendsen Bo Anker
Published: March 2007

The operationalization of foreign policy as events has played an important role in the comparative study of foreign policy. The thesis of the article is that this operationalization is far more problematic than assumed by the events data movement. First of all, there are phenomena which cannot be referred to a specific point in time and which are not aimed at a specific target, as assumed in the creation of events data. Secondly, states influence each other through other kinds of behaviour, and, thirdly, it is extremely difficult to make a classification which covers all types of events in a meaningful way. These problems limit the usefulness of events data.
A Banner of Hope? North-South Negotiations and the New International Development Strategy for the Eighties
Authors: Holm Hans-Henrik
Published: March 2007

Holm, H.-H. A Banner of Hope? North-South Negotiations and the New International Development Strategy for the Eighties. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 197-215.

In this article the development strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade is analysed through a comparison with the previous UN development strategies and by looking at the negotiations preceding the adoption in the General Assembly. It is shown that the development strategy is without realistic goals and has no means for ensuring that the development is guided in the direction wanted. Through discussion of the content of the new development strategy, the North-South debate is treated on the basis of four different models: the union-bargaining model, the ideological model, the power model and the economic structure model. The co-existence of confrontation and compromise, posi tive-sum game and negative-sum game is explained by combining factors from these four models, and it is concluded that there is a great need for concrete analysis of the political economy of international negotiations.
Third World Militaries and Politics: An Introductory Essay
Authors: Ball Nicole
Published: March 2007

Ball, N. Third World Militaries and Politics: An Introductory Essay. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 41-60.

The involvement of militaries in the political process in third world countries has increased during the last three decades. At the same time, developing countries have continued to be confronted with very serious social and economic problems, and the attainment of self-reliant development remains an elusive goal. To understand the role played by organized force in the development process, it is necessary to understand the distribution of economic and political power within a society and how the military as one group of societal élites, albeit a particularly powerful group, fits into this structure. The distinction between civilian and military regimes is increasingly difficult to make. Very few military officers can rule without civilian assistance and many civilian rulers require the backing of the military or allow the military to have influence over the policy-making process. This paper looks at four broad groups within society which benefit the most by some degree of military involvement in the economic and political life of a country: domestic civilian groups, the military as an institution, individuals within the military, and foreign powers. Some of the major reasons why each of these groups favors a political and economic role for the military and how their interests coincide will be outlined. The ability of the military to control social and economic change through its monopoly over the use of force is pointed out, and it is suggested that self-reliant development can never occur as long as militaries continue to be involved in the governing process.
The International Petroleum Game and Norway's Dilemma
Authors: Noreng Øystein
Published: March 2007

Noreng, Ø. The International Petroleum Game and Norway's Dilemma. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 85-93.

The first part of this article outlines trends in the world petroleum market, which is a 'political' and oligopolistic market. The international oil market with governments as oligopolists favours the politicization of the oil trade. The international gas market is more compartmentalized. In Western Europe the supply side is oligopolistic, whereas the demand side is a monopsony, a single buyer, a cartel of gas importers on the continent. The second part of the article deals with Norway's dilemma as a marginal supplier of oil and the world's third exporter in the international gas market. Norwegian petroleum policy has essentially been elaborated with domestic economic and social considerations in mind, with the foreign policy aspects being singularly absent. The conscious separation of petroleum policy and foreign policy appears to be a defence mechanism to avoid difficult dilemmas. It is probably the only way the current foreign policy can be combined with a petroleum policy that is acceptable to Norwegian interests.
Unilateralism and Alliance Cohesion: The United States, Western Europe, and the Regulation of Energy-related Trade with the Soviet Union
Authors: Braathu Jan
Published: March 2007

Braathu, J. Unilateralism and Alliance Cohesion: The United States, Western Europe, and the Regulation of Energy-related Trade with the Soviet Union. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 21-41.

The point of departure for this paper is the nature of Alliance cohesion and the means of achieving this over an extended period of time. A historical overview of East-West energy transactions involving both the Western export of oil and natural gas equipment and technologies as well as the import of oil and gas seeks to trace the evolution of American trade control policies and their effect upon the West European energy relationship with the Soviet Union. But the effects of these trends of policy are also sought related to the evolution of intra-Alliance relationships in general. The major underlying force is the strain between the unilateralism of sanctions-policy concep tualization and the prerequisite of multilateral implementation.
China and the Nordic Countries, 1950-1970
Authors: Ska Marita
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to clarify the development of relations between the People's Republic of China and the Nordic countries during the period 1950-1970. A general historical background to Chinese-Nordic relations is given and then this twenty-year period is subjected to detailed historical analysis. The so-called Nordic balance in China relations — which is defined as a balance related to the two Great Powers in each Nordic country's China relations — was shaped early in the crisis of the Korean War. Denmark, Norway and Sweden had more traditional reasons for tying diplomatic relations with the People's Republic, whereas Finland's motivations were more of a political nature. The author claims that there has been a reversal in the Nordic balance in China relations caused by the Sino-Soviet conflict. This phenomenon can be discerned in political, economic and cultural contacts with certain variations.
CMEA Relations with Africa: A Case of Disparity in Foreign Policy Instruments
Authors: Skak Mette
Published: March 2007

The paper describes Soviet and East European relations with African LDCs on the basis of the concept of disparity, i.e. of the asymmetrical relationships between economic and non-economic (military) foreign policy instruments of this group of states. This approach highlights the weak economic potential of CMEA countries in relation to LDCs, and more specifically the low degree of CMEA integration with the surrounding world economic system. CMEA countries tend to reform their economies in the market economy direction, the East-South sphere included, and otherwise they offer a much more technology-oriented cooperation than does the West. These trends notwithstanding, the economic Third World policy of the East does not seem to suit the LDCs themselves very well, especially not the poor, highly agricultural and hunger- stricken African countries. Meanwhile, CMEA itself seems to be retreating from the more general Third World engagement, emphasizing internal CMEA economic and development problems.
Abandonment vs. Entrapment: Denmark and Military Integration in Europe 1948-1951
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj
Published: March 2007

Petersen, N. Abandonment vs. Entrapment: Denmark and Military Integration in Europe 1948-1951. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 169-186.

The article analyses Danish attitudes towards NATO integration in the early years of the alliance in a perspective derived from alliance theory. In particular, Glenn Snyder's hypotheses on the motivations which drive the 'alliance game', i.e. intra-alliance relations, are utilized in analysing the Danish Government's reaction to the US proposal of September 1950 to create a joint, integrated force including German contingents for the defence of Western Europe. It is shown that both fears of 'entrapment' in the alliance and fears of 'abandonment' by the Allies played a significant role in the deliberations of Danish decision-makers, but that the fear of abandonment or, expressed positively, the demand for security outweighed both fears of losing freedom of action and fears of a German rearmament. The article highlights especially the role which Denmark's practically undefended border to the south played in the formulation of security policy in the 1950s.
Negotiating with the LDCs: Situation and Context
Authors: Elgström Ole
Published: March 2007

In this article I introduce and analyze some characteristic features of bilateral foreign aid negotiations, as compared to other types of negotiations between states. A first typical trait is the apparent asymmetry of power between the negotiating actors. According to bargaining theory, this would predict also an asymmetry of outcome. Such a conclusion is challenged, however, by other distinguishing features of aid negotiations. The normative aspect, stating the existence of moral obligations, the repetitive nature of most aid negotiations, the existence of asymmetries of attention and resolve, and some tactical characteristics of such negotiations: all these aspects might be interpreted as creating more promising conditions for the weaker actor. To understand and explain foreign aid negotiations — their processes and outcomes — it is not enough, however, to study the negotiatory situation as such. An analysis of extra-negotiatory contextual factors is also needed. I distinguish between three categories: relations between the actors outside of the aid negotiations, relations between the actors and other actors, and the domestic contexts of both actors.
Soviet Foreign Policy towards Her European Allies: Interests and Instruments
Authors: Neumann Iver B.
Published: March 2007

Neumann, I. B. Soviet Foreign Policy towards Her European Allies: Interests and Instruments. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 215-229.

The aim of this article is to construct a taxonomy for possible Soviet interests towards the CMEA 6, then to discuss what foreign policy instruments the Soviet Union disposes of, and finally to assess whether Soviet instruments are capable of fulfilling Soviet interests. Soviet interests are far-reaching. She wants to have the CMEA 6 as a buffer against aggression, and to prevent CMEA 6 complicity in invasion. Her role as the leader of one of the two main military alliances in the world underlines her status as a superpower. At home, the legitimacy of the communist regime is enhanced by there being other countries which employ the Soviet model. Effective Soviet foreign policy instruments are indeed limited. The military instruments at her disposal can only be used at very high political cost, whereas economic subsidies make up an economic cost. The Soviet Union still depends critically on the actual use of force and on the threat of use of force in her relations with the CMEA 6. As the long-term costs of using military foreign policy instruments are considerable, the prospects for Soviet interest fulfilment towards the CMEA 6 are poor.
Domestic Political Regime Changes and Foreign Policy Restructuring in Western Europe: A Conceptual Framework and Initial Empirical Analysis
Authors: Hagan Joe D.
Published: March 2007

Hagan, J. D. Domestic Political Regime Changes and Foreign Policy Restructuring in Western Europe: A Conceptual Framework and Initial Empirical Analysis. Coop eration and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 141-162.

This article presents an initial investigation into the causal linkage between domestic political regime changes and foreign policy restructuring in Western Europe. A theoretical framework is developed that incorporates three elements: a typology of four kinds of regime change, a conceptualization of shifting regime properties (the leadership's orientation to foreign affairs and its internal political fragmentation) that underlay significant regime changes, and three dimensions of foreign policy restructuring likely to be affected by changes in domestic political conditions. Also reported are results from a preliminary empirical assessment of regime change effects on trends in Western European voting in the United Nations, trade with the Soviet Union, and military budgets over the past two decades.
Kelstrup, Morten. The Process of Europeanization. On the Theoretical Interpretation of Present Changes in the European Regional Political System. Cooperation and Conflict, XXV, 1990, 21-40
Authors: Kelstrup Morten
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to interpret the political developments in Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s and at the same time to discuss the use of theory in such "macro-interpretations" of the present changes. First, elements of the "process of Europeanization" are identified, followed by a discussion on how "world-system theory", "neorealism" and "the school of interdependence" might be used in the understanding of the process of Europeanization. The discussion focuses especially on the concepts of "security complex" and "regime". Some of the main theoretical deficits in the use of theories are pointed out. It is claimed that we need a better understanding of changes in power structures and improved concepts for analysis on the "middle" level between structural-level and state-level analysis. On the basis of the theoretical discussion the article presents an interpretation of the present changes in Europe. The interpretation is based on reflections on the kind of structural changes which are taking place in the present international system. It is claimed that there are tendencies which form a new international regime for overall security and internal change in Europe. The European Community is seen as adopting an increasing role in this all-European process. The main obstacles to such a new stability regime in Europe are seen as a possible setback in the Soviet Union and/or a destabilizing revitalization of the German problem.
The World War Pattern: Outbreak of International Wars (1823-1989) as Stochastic Diffusion Processes
Authors: Petersen Damgaard
Published: March 2007

Petersen, I. D. The World War Pattern: Outbreak of International Wars (1823-1989) as Stochastic Diffusion Processes. Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 1-20. This article describes outbreak of international wars in the period 1823-1989 as a sequential series of stochastic diffusion processes. These processes are of two types: Processes of decreasing probability of international war as a function of time and processes of increasing probability of international war as a function of time. Both types are characterized by having in all three different levels of intensity: fast, moderately fast or slow. It is hypothesized that they are conditioned by changing states of the international system/world system. Superimposed on these basic diffusion processes, however, is another pattern of diffusion (somewhat reminiscent of an epidemiological model), occurring twice, leading up to both World Wars. This pattern could also be found in a somewhat truncated form in the first half of the 19th century and in the period after the Second World War. In both cases, lesser wars seem to have taken the place of real world wars.
Andrén, N. On the Meaning and Uses of Neutrality. Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 67-83
Authors: Andren Nils
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with four aspects of neutrality. The first is the changing use of the word — from a purely legal concept to a broad political term. Behind this transformation lies a number of factors related to the development of the post-World War II political system. The second aspect bears on the use and understanding of the concept in Swedish foreign policy — and its ensuing role in domestic politics. The third aspect concerns the various kinds of judgement to which the Swedish policy of neutrality has from time to time been exposed. One conclusion is that Swedish policy of neutrality is criticized both on the basis of imprecise definitions of neutrality and because of ambivalence in Sweden's own application of the principle. A fourth and final observation deals with the possibilities for a revised paradigm for neutrality as an effect of the new developments in the European security order.
Fagerberg, J. The Process of Economic Integration in Europe: Consequences for EFTA Countries and Firms. Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 197-215
Authors: Fagerberg Jan
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the impact of the completion of the EC internal market on the competitive position of EFTA firms (and, hence, also on economic growth in EFTA countries). The discussion falls into three parts. First, the process of European economic integration in recent decades — as reflected in the composition of EC imports — is examined. Then follows a discussion of the likely effects of the internal market, and to what extent these should be expected to deviate much from what can be observed from European economic integration in the past. Finally, the special problems and opportunities of EFTA firms — as firms from small countries with small domestic markets — are considered. The conclusion is that EFTA firms are in a good position to exploit the possibilities offered by the current deregulation efforts and opening up of markets implied by the EC internal market plans.
Human Relations in the Hotel Industry
Authors: Whyte William Foote
Published: March 2007

Readers will recall the series on "Human Re lations in the Restaurant Industry" which ap peared in recent numbers of this magazine. The article that follows is an excerpt from a new book by the same author, Prof. William Foote Whyte of the N.Y. State School of Industrial & Labor Relations at Cornell University. This book, Ac tion Research for Management, will be published in January 1965 by the Dorsey Press of R. D. Irwin, Inc.

Research for this new volume was conducted by Professor Whyte and his associates in a large hotel during 1947, soon after the publication of the restaurant study. The hotel's employe turn over was well over 20 percent monthly. For this reason, among others, the hotel's executive vice president and general manager invited Professor Whyte (then an associate professor in sociology at the University of Chicago) to set up a project at "Hotel Tremont" to learn what was wrong with his personnel department's hiring practices and with his department heads' supervision.

The researchers soon found that supervisory people, in their dealings with workers, reflected their own uncertainties and insecurities which stemmed from autocratic, uncommunicative top management. These tensions were funneled down through all echelons. Employes on the lower levels reflected their frustrations in dealing with one another, with guests, and with their super visors. They soon left or were fired.

Thus Action Research for Management is a penetrating study of a hotel operation in trouble. The search for solution begins in the snarled human relations at the bottom of the heap, but the path for better adjustment is found to lead to the controls upstairs.

Because the hotel's administrative officers were well known, the publication of this study was delayed until a time when portraits acutely drawn would have become less recognizable. The delay in publication, however, in no way dimin ishes the timeliness nor the value of this study in human dynamics. The excerpts below merely set the stage for the drama which follows in the book.— Editor.
FISH — Food for Gourmets
Authors: Szathmary Louis
Published: March 2007

Chef Louis shares his favorite fish recipes. He reports that in 1965 over 10 percent of his menu sales were fish entrées and that lobster was not the leader. More important, his total food cost, when fish other than lobster is the entrée, is only 98 cents of The Bakery's $5 prix-fixe menu, or 20 percent. Last year Holiday and Town & Country magazines listed The Bakery as one of America's 100 Famous Restaurants. Louis Szathmary As sociates serve as food consultants to the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the National Duckling Council, Dean's Food Company and many other organizations. Chef Louis is also contributing editor of Cooking for Profit mag azine, published by the American Gas Associa tion. —Editor
Sweden's Nacka Hospital Food System Centralizes Preparation and Distribution
Authors: Bjorkman Allan
Published: March 2007

This report was presented before the 14th In ternational Hospital Congress, held in Stock holm in June 1965, by Allan Bjorkman, assistant professor at the University of Stockholm, and K. A. Delphin, at that time superintendent of Stockholm's Nacka Hospital and who now heads AB Kostekonomi, a food service consulting com pany.

The institutional food service administrator, particularly one who operates his own central commissary, will find this article of timely inter est. This type of food service should take into consideration all major systems of holding and reconstituting frozen foods (freezing, freeze- drying), dehydrated and canned foods. This article's contentions are most impressive: the safe bacteriological state of the finished product, preparation by ordinary culinary methods and usual recipes, the palatability life of the stored products, the variety of items included, to name a few. The possibility of reconstituting frozen products without the thermal trauma often ex perienced appears to be the principal benefit in the Nacka System. -Cdr. Leslie E. Bond (U.S.N. Ret'd), School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University.
Success is a Journey — not a Destination
Authors: Hicks Leonard
Published: March 2007

This article is a digest of information on the many components that go into the total picture of international and domestic tourism.

It allows the reader the option of reaching his own conclusions by presenting both a statistical and interrogatory approach to the numerous factors that spell tourism.-L H
Front Office Communications: Old and New
Authors: Farrell Thomas
Published: March 2007

This is a report on a study of the structure and effectiveness of communication systems in the front offices of hotels and motels. The author, Professor Thomas Farrell also wrote a report on "Communications in the Food Service Industry" which was published in the November 1963 and November 1964 issues of this magazine. This re port is available as a reprint.

This front office study was supported in part by Sonesta International Hotels (formerly the Ho tel Corporation of America) and in part by the Statler Foundation through a grant made to the School of Hotel Motel and Institution Manage ment at Michigan State University.

Dr. Farrell, who made the original study while he was a Professor of Communications at Michi gan State University, is currently a Professor of Engineering Communications at the University of Iowa. During the years that have elapsed since the study was made, Professor Farrell has up dated his material to provide more recent ob servations. — Ed.
Looking Up
Authors: Culligan Patrick E.
Published: March 2007

The excesses of the '80s are behind us, and the U.S. lodging business is turning the corner
Hypertext: Publishing Method of the Future
Authors: Weaver Pamela A. , McCleary Ken W.
Published: March 2007

Imagine having the essential points of this article accessible through your computer. If the bare kernel of the argument requires further explanation, you can call up explanations and definitions on your screen. These characteristics are the essence of hypertext. Want further explanation? We've provided the hard copy below just for that purpose
Strategic Marketing
Authors: Cunningham Mark W. , Dev Chekitan S.
Published: March 2007

Just as a football team uses an end run to by-pass the defense, the "Tom Bodett" radio campaign effectively made an end run around the lodging competition by cutting through clutter with an appropriate message. Here's how that campaign was researched, planned, implemented, and measured