bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Laser Assistance Machining on Residual Stress and Fatigue Strength for a Bearing Steel (100Cr6) and a Titanium Alloy (Ti 6Al 4V)
Authors: Germain Guenael , Morel Franck , Lebrun Jean Lu , Morel Anne , Huneau Bertrand
Published: March 2009

The use of Laser Assisted Machining (LAM) can improve different aspects of the
machinability of high strength materials. A study was undertaken to determine the optimum cutting
parameters and to quantify their influence on fatigue strength according to the type of microstructure
created. Two different materials were studied: a bearing steel (100Cr6 / AISI 52100) and an
aeronautical titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). In the bearing steel a significant increase of the fatigue
resistance was observed due to the transformation of the surface layer into martensite. For the
titanium alloy, a slight reduction in the fatigue strength was found as in this case the microstructure
and residual stress state of the surface layer was less beneficial. The surface roughness has also been
measured and no significant variation has been observed for different laser powers in each material.
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Study on the Mechanical Behavior of an Ultra-Fine-Grained Steel
Authors: Tao Kai Xiang , Choo Hahn , Li H. , Clausen Bjørn , Brown Donald W. , Jin Jae Eun , Lee Young-Kook
Published: March 2009

The martensitic phase transformation in an ultra fine grained (UFG) TRIP
(transformation induced plasticity) steel with combination of high strength and high elongation was
investigated during room temperature tensile test using in situ neutron diffraction. Two types of
specimens, namely coarse grained (grain size of about 50 μm) and ultra-fine-grained (grain size of
about 350 nm) specimens were examined. The lattice strain evolution of the austenite and
martensite phases was observed and the load partitioning between the phases was identified.
Strains, Stresses and Elastic Properties in Polycrystalline Metallic Thin Films: In Situ Deformation Combined with X-Ray Diffraction and Simulation Experiments
Authors: Goudeau Philippe , Faurie Damien , Girault Baptiste , Renault Pierre Olivier , Le Bourhis Eric , Villain Pascale , Badawi Frederic , Castelnau Olivier , Brenner Rénald , Béchade Jean Luc , Geandier G. , Tamura Nobumichi
Published: March 2009

X-ray diffraction is used in combination with tensile testing for measuring elastic
properties of metallic thin films. Size effect, elastic anisotropy and grain morphologies are
considered in all these experiments and supported by different kind of numerical simulations
operating at different length scales. Such instrumental studies are time consuming even if
synchrotron sources are used. New experiments are under progress for reducing acquisition data and
improving precision on strain measurements. After introducing briefly the main principles and
results of our techniques, first promising measurements on nanometric W/Cu multilayers using 2D
CCD detectors and high monochromatic flux at the Advanced Light Source Berkeley (USA) on
beam line 11.3.1 are presented. In addition, simulation experiments for analyzing elasticity in
textured gold film are discussed.
Oxford HEXameter: Laboratory High Energy X-Ray Diffractometer for Bulk Residual Stress Analysis
Authors: Korsunsky Alexander M. , Zhang Shu Yan , Dini Daniele , Vorster Willem J.J. , Liu Jian
Published: March 2009

Diffraction of penetrating radiation such as neutrons or high energy X-rays provides a
powerful non-destructive method for the evaluation of residual stresses in engineering components.
In particular, strain scanning using synchrotron energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction has been shown
to offer a fast and highly spatially resolving measurement technique. Synchrotron beamlines provide
best available instruments in terms of flux and low beam divergence, and hence spatial and
measurement resolution and data collection rate. However, despite the rapidly growing number of
facilities becoming available in Europe and across the world, access to synchrotron beamlines for
routine industrial and research use remains regulated, comparatively slow and expensive. A
laboratory high energy X-ray diffractometer for bulk residual strain evaluation (HEXameter) has
been developed and built at Oxford University. It uses a twin-detector setup first proposed by one of
the authors in the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction mode and allows simultaneous determination
of macroscopic and microscopic strains in two mutually orthogonal directions that lie approximately
within the plane normal to the incident beam. A careful procedure for detector response calibration
is used in order to facilitate accurate determination of lattice parameters by pattern refinement. The
results of HEXameter measurements are compared with synchrotron X-ray data for several samples
e.g. made from a titanium alloy and a particulate composite with an aluminium alloy matrix.
Experimental results are found to be consistent with synchrotron measurements and strain resolution
close to 2×10-4 is routinely achieved by the new instrument.
A New Type of X-Ray Diffractometer with Cooperating Robots for Residual Stress Analysis on Large Components
Authors: Hessert Roland , Satzger Wilhelm , Haase Alfried , Schafmeister Achim
Published: March 2009

For industrial applications concerning the nondestructive characterization of the nearsurface
material condition in terms of residual stresses, work hardening, phase transformation and
formation of reaction compounds there is a strong demand for X-ray diffraction measurements on
large components with complex geometry. Because many regions of interest on these components
are not accessible with conventional laboratory or even mobile X-ray diffractometers, a novel center-
free diffractometer with two cooperating robots named "Charon XRD" has been developed at
MTU Aero Engines. Using a special optical measuring system to synchronize the two six-axis robots
it was possible to achieve positioning accuracies that are comparable to those of conventional
stationary diffractometers. This paper describes the design and functionality of Charon XRD and
presents calibration and reference measurements, along with first measurements on aero-engine
components.
Varistor Ceramic: Residual Strain and Texture Analysis by Neutron Time-of-Flight Diffraction
Authors: Scheffzük Christian , Kluge-Weiss Petra , Greuter Felix
Published: March 2009

Strain/stress experiments for characterization of micro- and macro-strain distribution and
texture experiments were carried out on a varistor ceramic using neutron-TOF-diffraction. By a
radial strain scan, residual strain has been determined on the (1010 ), (0002), (1012), and (1120 )
Bragg reflections of the hexagonal ZnO as well as on the (400) reflections of the cubic spinel
Zn7Sb2O12. Residual strain values in the range of -1.5x10-4 (contraction) and 4x10-4 (dilatation)
were observed for ZnO, with indications of macro-strains across the cylindrical sample and
substantial micro-strains between the different phases. The texture on both phases (ZnO,
Zn7Sb2O12) is characterized by a weak, non-ideal fibre texture around the cylinder axis. The results
indicate that the texture pattern might coincide with the strain. To our knowledge, these are the first
texture and residual strain investigations in metal oxide varistor elements and they will be discussed
in detail.
Interdiffusion and Stress Development in Thin Film Diffusion Couples
Authors: Kuru Y. , Chakraborty Jay , Welzel U. , Wohlschlögel M. , Mittemeijer Eric Jan
Published: March 2009

Thin film diffusion couples (Pd-Cu, individual layer thicknesses: 50 nm) have been
prepared by DC-magnetron sputtering on silicon substrates coated with amorphous inter-layers
(Si3N4 on top of SiO2). The microstructural development, phase formation and the stress evolution
during diffusion annealing have been investigated employing Auger-electron spectroscopy in
combination with sputter depth profiling, ex-situ and, in particular, in-situ X-ray diffraction
measurements. Upon annealing at relatively low temperatures (175°C to 250°C) for durations up to
100 hours, considerable diffusional intermixing occurs. Interdiffusion is accompanied by the
sequential formation of a new phase (Cu3Pd). The detected stress changes are discussed in terms of
possible mechanisms of stress generation.
A Novel Closed-Form Calculation of the Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack in a Residual Stress Field
Authors: Meng Lee Tan Jeffrey , Fitzpatrick Michael E. , Edwards Lyndon
Published: March 2009

Exact closed-form stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions have been developed for a mode-
I through-thickness cracks in an infinite plate. Centre-crack problems have been analysed
comprehensively in the literature, but the focus has been on the effect of simple loading about the
crack centre. In the current work, the formula of Sih-Paris-Erdogan has been extended to consider
the SIF difference on the left and right crack tips, under the local influence of general asymmetric
and symmetric stress field. Exact SIF magnification factors convenient for computations have been
derived that simultaneously circumvent the problem of crack-tip stress singularity. The solutions so
obtained are applied to generate the residual SIFs that would act on a crack growing under the
influence of the residual stress fields associated with welded plates and cold-worked holes using the
measured residual stress profiles.
Development of Intergranular Stresses in Zirconium Alloy Cladding Tubes: Experimental and Numerical Studies
Authors: Gloaguen D. , Girard Emmanuel , Guillén Ronald
Published: March 2009

Complementary methods have been used to analyse residual stresses in zirconium alloy
tubes which were manufactured by cold rolling : X-ray diffraction and scale transition model. A
modified elasto-plastic self-consistent model (EPSC) has been used to simulate the experiments and
exhibits agreement with experimental data. X-ray diffraction analysis in rolling direction shows
opposite stress values for {10 14 } and { 2022} planes respectively. The measured strains were
generated by an anisotropic plastic deformation. Plastic incompatibility stress on X-ray
measurements should be taken into account so as to make a correct interpretation of the
experimental data.
Residual Stresses in 3D Sheet Metal Guillotining Using a Coupled Finite Elastoplastic Damage Model
Authors: Cherouat Abel , Belamri N. , Saanouni Khemais , Autesserre P.
Published: March 2009

This work deals with the numerical simulation of 3D guillotining of sheet metal
using anisotropic elastoplastic model accounting for non-linear isotropic and kinematic
hardening fully coupled with isotropic ductile damage and initial residual stresses. Both
theoretical and numerical aspects are presented. A 3D finite element model is developed for
the numerical simulation of the study state guillotining process. An explicit dynamic
resolution strategy is used to solve the associated initial and boundary value problem. Results
from the simulation of the guillotining process are given and the influence of residual stresses
is investigated.
Optimisation of Sheet Metal Bending Sequences Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Jiménez Pacheco Roberto , Villagrasa R. , Albajez J.A. , Aguilar-Martín Juan-José
Published: March 2009

This paper shows a solution to the problem of finding an optimum sheet metal bending
sequence using Genetic Algorithms (GA). First it shall be explained how the problem can be
modelled, previous to its solution by GA. Secondly the method for optimization, under different
criteria, is described. Finally the results obtained and the advantages of using the GA are shown.
Study of ECAE Process by Using FEM
Authors: Luri Rodrigo , Luis-Pérez C.J.
Published: March 2009

In this work, the strain field attained by using a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process
called equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is studied by the finite element method (FEM). The
three-dimensional model with circular section includes shear friction between the part and the die,
the material strain hardening behaviour and a rigid-deformable contact between the billet and the
die. In the ECAE process the part is extruded through two channels with similar diameter that
intersect at an angle. When the extrusion process has been performed, the processed material
remains it cross section, so there is not any geometric limitation to achieve the desired plastic strain.
There are different ways of processing the material by using the ECAE process; those ways of
processing are called routes. In this work two passages of route C have been simulated. Using route
C means that the billet has been rotated 180º between each passage. Deformations imparted to the
processed material have been calculated and a comparison with experimental results has been
carried out.
Calculation of Reference Cutting Force as a Criterion of Rough Milling Using FEM Analysis
Authors: Lee Han Ul , Cho Dong Woo
Published: March 2009

For effective rough milling, an optimized criterion is required to select the feedrate. In this
study, a method to obtain the most appropriate reference cutting force for rough milling was
developed. The reference cutting force was determined by considering the transverse rupture strength
of the tool material and the area of the rupture surface. A finite element method analysis was
performed to accurately calculate the area of the rupture surface. Using the analyzed results, the effect
of various cutting parameters on the chipping phenomenon was determined. The calculation method
for the reference cutting force considered the area of the rupture surface, the effect of the rake angle,
and the axial depth of cut. The experimental results clearly show that the reference cutting force
obtained from the proposed method met the desired constraints.
Dry Drilling of Fiber Metal Laminates CF/AA2024. A Preliminary Study
Authors: Sánchez Carrilero M. , Álvarez Miguel , Ares E. , Astorga J.R. , Cano M.J. , Marcos Bárcena Mariano
Published: March 2009

Carbon Fiber (CF)/Metallic Alloy (MA) laminar structures, also known as Fiber Metal
Laminates (FML) allow diminishing the airship weight. Because of that the use of these materials is
growing continuously in the aerospace industry. These composites materials need to be drilled
because of the assembly requirements in the different airship elements. The most common problems
that can appeared when those structures are machined are related with the interaction of the tool
with dissimilar materials, which need different cutting parameters for the optimized machining
process.
This work reports on the results about a study of the dry drilling processes of hybrid composites
Carbon Fiber/aluminum alloy, and especially CF/AA2024.
Failure Prediction in Stretched Sheets of Aluminium 2024-T3
Authors: Vallellano C. , Guzman C. , Garcia Lomas J.
Published: March 2009

The present work analyses experimentally and numerically the failure limit of a 2024-T3
aluminium alloy sheet subjected to stretching. The capability of a number of ductile fracture criteria
to predict sheet failure is examined and compared with experimental results. The influence of the
hydrostatic pressure in the Freudenthal’s, the Cockcroft and Latham’s and the Bressan and
Williams’ criterion is analyzed. The effect of the normal stress on the fracture plane in the Bressan
and Williams’ criterion is also discussed.
Zr-Rich Phases in Sm(CoFeCuZr)z Magnets
Authors: de Campos Marcos Flavio , Romero S.A. , Neiva A.C. , Filho J. Trota , Lidizio Leandro Reis , Rechenberg Hercílio R. , Missell F.P.
Published: March 2009

Sm(CoFeCuZr)z commercial magnets are manufactured by powder metallurgy
techniques. Microstructural investigations of Sm(CoFeCuZr)z magnets have shown that, increasing
the Zr content, some impurity phases may appear. An alloy with composition (at%): 60.5% Co –
15.5% Fe – 11.5% Zr - 8.5% Sm - 4% Cu, homogenized at 1050oC, was investigated. Three main
phases were identified: rhombohedral 1:3 (ZrSm)1(CoFeCu)3, hexagonal 1:7 (SmZr)1(CoFeCu)7 and
cubic 6:23 (Zr)6(CoFe)23. Knowledge of possible phases present in 2:17-type magnets allows a
better understanding of the nanocrystalline microstructure responsible for high coercivity of these
magnets.
Design of a Machine by Low Cost and the High Performance for Produced Powder Materials
Authors: Coelho Rodrigo Estevam
Published: March 2009

Mechanical alloying and mechanical fine grinding processes are mostly based on
the high energy milling technique. Equipment of a horizontal high-energy ball mill that has
been developed in the Cefet-BA is a low cost machine with high performance. These milling
machines are equipped with a cylindrical stainless steel horizontal container. Inside the
container, a chamber of water circulation is used to maintain, powdered materials, the room
temperature. The grinding container inside to chamber horizontal container is a container,
cylindrical stainless steel, opened of the two sides. The container with the powder particles is
a sealed of two sides and vacuum out-gassed is realized. A motor driven rotor is used to
accelerate the grinding media and the milling process is realized due to the ball to
ball/rotor/wall impacts as their kinetic energy is transferred into the powder which is
randomly located between the colliding balls. The rotor milling machine equipment permits
two rpm e.g. 500 and 1500 rpm. Machines based on this design from lab scale (3.0 liter
volume), mainly to develop new powders and materials.
Preparation of Ta-12.5Si-25B Powders by Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Ramos Alfeu Saraiva , Ramos Erika Coaglia Trindade , de Moura Neto Carlos
Published: March 2009

The present work reports on the preparation of the Ta5SiB2 compound by highenergy
ball milling and subsequent heat treatment from elemental Ta-12.5at%Si-25at%B
powder mixture. The milling process was carried out at room temperature in a planetary ball
mill under argon atmosphere. Following the milling process, the powders were heat-treated at
1200oC for 4h under Ar atmosphere in order to obtain the equilibrium microstructure. The
milled and heat-treated powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that the Si peaks disappeared after milling for
1h. It was noted that the broadening and the reduced intensity of Ta peaks occurred
continuously up to milling for 10h, suggesting that the Si and B atoms were preferentially
dissolved into the Ta lattice during ball milling to form a supersaturated solid solution. A halo
was formed in Ta-12.5at%Si-25at%B powders milled for 100h, suggesting that an amorphous
phase was achieved. No intermetallic phase was formed in powders milled for 200h. A large
amount of Ta5SiB2 was formed after heat treatment at 1200oC for 4h. In addition, peaks of
TaB and another unknown phase were also identified.
Production of Composite Parts of H13 and 316L by Two Components Injection Molding
Authors: Carvalho Marcio A. , Wendhausen Paulo A.P. , Hartwig T.
Published: March 2009

A new development in MIM aims at the manufacturing of parts out of two
materials, the Two Components Injection Molding, which allows the production of parts
with different materials in distinct locations, obtaining different properties in distinct
regions of the part. In this work an austenitic stainless steel was combined with tool
steel, based on the Two Components Injection Molding process, using dilatometric
experiments to analyze the behaviour of materials during sintering. Metallographic
analyses and tensile tests were made to verify the microstructure and the strength in the
contact area of the two materials.
Framework of Virtual Private Supply Chain Management
Authors: Wu Xiao Yong , Ni Yu Hua , Sun Ying Kai , He Hui
Published: March 2009

In the process of global economy development and competition, how to strengthen the
cooperation of enterprises in the supply chain environment plays a very important role to the success
of enterprises. As well known, the IT technology is one of the quite essential factors to provide
quicker and more accurate information for the enterprises, and therefore enhance the enterprises’
operation efficiency. In order to adapt to the supply chain (SC) environment and support for other
enterprises’ common development in SC, we have to develop more powerful and unified IT
technology.
What is elaborated in this paper is the framework of the information cooperation system which is
SC oriented. It does not deny or overthrow the legacy applications of enterprises, but to put forward
a framework based on the old applications in SC. It also unifies the Web Service and references the
principles of VPN. We call it the framework of Virtual Private Supply Chain Management (VPSCM).
The principle, the model and the use of VPSCM as well as some other related issues are going to be
explained in this paper.
Study on Approach to Fuzzy Product Configuration Based on Vague Customer Requirements
Authors: Zhu Bin , Wang Zhan , Yang Hai Cheng , Li Hong
Published: March 2009

Mass customization (MC) is an emergent concept in industry intended to provide
customized products through flexible processes in high volumes and at reasonably low costs. The
method of configuration is one of important ways to realize quickly product customization. But, in
business, particularly through the Internet, a customer normally develops in his mind some sort of
ambiguity, when given the choice of similar alternative products to choose. This paper proposes an
approach to product configuration according to uncertain and fuzzy requirements the customer
submits to the product supplier. Finally, the digital camera is taken as an example to further verify the
validity and the feasibility of the method.
Improving Supply Chain Traceability with the Integration of Logistics Information System and RFID Technology
Authors: Choy K.L. , Ng Stephen W.K.
Published: March 2009

Logistics information system (LIS) is becoming important as it provides efficient and
effective logistics management that aims to reduce cost and cycle time for its customers on the
supply chain. In view of the stringent competition, it is necessary for these systems to facilitate not
only the processes of the logistics service providers but also the operations of the supply chain
participants in order to support the outbound logistics effectively. In this study, a logistics
information hub, Integrated Logistics Information Management System (ILIMS), is presented to
suit this need. It not only provides the third party logistics (3PL) service providers a uniform way to
do business with trading partners, but also improve the traceability through the integration of Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. A case study is discussed in applying ILIMS to a
medium-sized 3PL company in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region resulting in a big improvement
on the outbound logistics performance in the supply chain.
Analysis of Chip Breaking Prediction in Cutting Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Liu Er Liang , Han Rong Di , Tan Guang Yu , Li Zhen Jia
Published: March 2009

As machining technology develops toward the unmanned and automated system, the
prediction of chip breaking is considered increasingly important, especially in continuous
machining such as in cutting aluminum alloys. In this paper, chip breakers with different parameters
are designed to produce chips that can be evacuated easily and reliably from the working zone. The
formulation of chip up-curl radius is constructed through analyzing the chips subject to chip
breaker. The predictive model of chip breaking is developed based on chip breaking conditions.
Chip breaking strain is obtained by using backward-deducing method and cutting experiments. In
order to verify the model, PCD tools with chip breakers are used to cut LY12, chip breaking areas
are compared with those obtained from the predictive model. Results show the chip breaking
predictive model is reasonable.
Study on Technology of Micro-EDM with Lower Working Voltage
Authors: Zeng Wei Liang , Wang Zhen Long , Gao Qiang , Li Wen Zhuo , Zhao Wan Sheng
Published: March 2009

This paper presents new machining technology of micro-EDM with lower working
voltage in RC pulse power source. How to control the discharging energy of one pulse supplied by
RC power is crucial to the technology of micro-EDM. The process of discharging has been studied,
then the feasibility of machining with lower working voltage has been put forward, in order to
reduce the discharge energy of one pulse effectively. On the basis of a great deal of experiments,
the effect of working voltage on surface quality is studied, also the effect of working voltage on
machining efficiency has been found out and been analyzed theoretically. The result shows that
lower working voltage can reduce the working energy observably, and then improve the machining
surface quality attended by reducing of machining efficiency. However, there is a good machining
effect when the working voltage is about 15~20V. Considering working efficiency, a new
technology of block electro-discharge grinding (BEDG) with lower working voltage has been
applied. As shown by the experimental result with the technology, the minimum diameter of
micro-shaft reaches 32m. Moreover, the micro-shaft has very high surface quality of Ra 0.1252m
and its coaxial diameter error is controlled within 0.152m.
Study on Machinability of 35CrMnSiA Steel in Hard Turning Process
Authors: Zhao Wen Xiang , Pang Si Qin , Long Zhen Hai , Wang Xi Bin
Published: March 2009

35CrMnSiA, is a kind of important engineering materials that used widely in modern manufacturing fields. The machinability of 35CrMnSiA Steel with hardness of HRc40±2 in high speed turning process was studied in this paper. It is concluded that, when high speed turning of this ultra-high strength alloy steel, the chief wear mode of ceramics is the crater on rake faces; the interaction of depth of cut and feed rate is one of statistic significant effects on cutting force; the interaction of cutting velocity of cut and feed rate is one of statistic significant effects on surface roughness Ra; besides, the empirical formula of average cutting temperature, cutting forces, surface roughness Ra, was established.
Research on Adhesion Failure of Milling Insert and Mechanical-Thermal Coupled Field in Milling of Difficult-to-Cut Materials
Authors: Tan Guang Yu , Liu Guang Jun , Li Guan Hui , Sun Yu Jing , Sun Bao Jun , Rong Yi Ming
Published: March 2009

The measuring temperature and force experiments of cutting heat-resistance steel
(3Cr-1Mo-1/4V alloy and 1Cr18Ni9 alloy) by plane milling insert and milling insert with complex
groove that invented by ourselves has been done, meanwhile, the falling process of
sticking-welding chip when milling insert cut-in and cut-out has been observed by high-speed
photograph. Mechanical-thermal coupled field has been analyzed using ANSYS, and equivalent
complex stress of the coupled field is larger than the stress of single field distinctly, it shows that
they have a relation of direct proportion. The results of test and analysis show that the main reasons
of adhesion failure are heat that produced in cutting process and the change of temperature grads
during cut-in or cut-out and alternate tension stress and stress impact during cut-in or cut-out.,
which provides technical support and experimental data for the groove's optimization and
reconstruction of milling insert with 3D complex groove.
Surface Roughness Characteristics of Finely Ground Ceramics
Authors: Shen Jian Yun , Lin Wei Min , Ohmori Hitoshi , Xu Xi Peng
Published: March 2009

In the present study, surface roughness after grinding with different mesh size diamond
wheels were measured to study the surface roughness characteristics of engineering ceramics.
According to the surface behaviours and measured surface roughness, the relation between the
surface roughness and the properties of these brittle materials was described. Coupled with the
micro-observation of ground surfaces, it was concluded that the grinding condition and material
properties led to the differences of surface roughness characteristics of brittle materials. The silicon
nitride ceramic was the most easily machined to ductile surface among these ceramics.
Metal Machinability Evaluation with DEA Method
Authors: Chen Yao , Yu Ai Bing , Jia Da Wei , Zhao Nan
Published: March 2009

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) evaluation system of metal materials was established.
Evaluated metal materials were regarded as decision making units (DMUs). Property parameters of
metal materials were selected as inputs of DMUs, and machining process parameters were selected
as outputs of DMUs. Input and output data sequences could be obtained through data processing
operations. Mathematics programming model was founded and optimal values of all the evaluated
materials were calculated based on the model. Machinabilities of metal materials could be evaluated
by comparing the optimal values. Taken 1Cr18Ni9Ti, GCr15, Q235, 45# and LY11 for example,
machinabilities of five metal materials were ranked. Research results suggest that DEA method can
synthetically consider the relationship between property parameters and machining process
parameters. DEA is proved to be a reasonable and available method to evaluate metal material
machinability.
Experimental Study on the Growth Behaviors of Oxide Layers in ELID Pre-Dressing Process
Authors: Ma Bao Ji , Zhu Yu Quan , Stephenson D.J.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this experimental research are investigation the growth behaviors of the
oxide layer at different pre-dressing conditions in ELID pre-dressing, effects of voltage and duty
ratio of the power supply, wheel speed on the oxide layer formation characteristics on the metal
bond diamond wheel surface. The results indicated that the oxide layer thickness on the wheel
surface increase with pre-dressing time. The oxide layer growth rate is faster in beginning period
time of pre-dressing process then slow down. Both the thickness and growth rate of oxide layer
increase with the increase of duty ratio and applied voltage. It takes longer time for oxide layer
growth rate to reach to stable state in lower duty ratio condition than in higher duty ratio condition.
There are no effects of wheel speed on oxide layer growth behaviors in the wheel speed range of
1000rpm to 4000 rpm.
A Study on Ti3SiC2 Reinforced Copper Matrix Composite by Warm Compaction Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Ngai Tungwai Leo , Li Yuan Yuan , Zhou Zhao Yao
Published: March 2009

Increasing density is the best way to increase the performance of powder metallurgy
materials. Conventional powder metallurgy processing can produce copper green compacts with
density less than 8.3g/cm3 (a relative density of 93%). Performances of these conventionally
compacted materials are substantially lower than their full density counterparts. Warm compaction,
which is a simple and economical forming process to prepare high density powder metallurgy parts
or materials, was employed to develop a Ti3SiC2 particulate reinforced copper matrix composite
with high strength, high electrical conductivity and good tribological behaviors. Ti3SiC2 particulate
reinforced copper matrix composites, with 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mass% Ti3SiC2 were prepared by
compacting powder with a pressure of 700 MPa at 145°C, then sintered at 1000°C under cracked
ammonia atmosphere for 60 minutes. Their density, electrical conductivity and ultimate tensile
strength decrease with the increase in particulate concentration, while hardness increases with the
increase in particulate concentration. A small addition of Ti3SiC2 particulate can increase the
hardness of the composite without losing much of electrical conductivity. The composite containing
1.25 mass% Ti3SiC2 has an ultimate tensile strength of 158 MPa, a hardness of HB 58, and an
electrical resistivity of 3.91 x 10-8 Ω.m.
Laser Marking System of 3D Nondestructive Anti-Counterfeiting Identifiers Based on Liquid Crystal Mask
Authors: Lu Jin Zhon , Zhang Yong Kang , Kong De Jun , Yin Su Min , Zhou Jian Zhong , Feng Ai Xin
Published: March 2009

The theoretical researches on fabrication, measurement and identification of laser
marking system of 3D(three-dimension) anti-counterfeiting identifiers have been done in this paper.
3D identifiers were fabricated and 3D identifiers’ modelings were reconstructed, and binary coding
of gray images were encoded by programmable control of liquid crystal mask, spatial modulating of
laser beam and photolithography fabrication technics. We regarded the depth of 3D identifiers as
anti-counterfeiting information, and the original marking data and anti-counterfeiting information
are saved in remote database server by database technology and computer network technology，so
true produces can be distinguished from fake through network. The basic theory of 3D
nondestructive anti-counterfeiting identifiers based on liquid crystal mask was built, and a new
technology of creating 3D anti-counterfeiting identifiers by laser shock wave was set up, which
differs entirely from marking by laser ablation (or laser thermal effect). A new high-efficiency
theory of detecting and identifying on 3D anti-counterfeiting identifiers by 3D identifiers’
reconstruction and binary coding was set up. The study enriches dynamic plastic deformation theory
of partial high-strain-rate and anti-counterfeiting design & manufacturing theory which is also a
highlight based on advanced manufacturing theory of mechanical effect on laser shock wave.
The Calculation of Two-Phase Gas/Liquid Homogenous Flow in Bearing Chambers
Authors: Wu Hao Tian , Chen Guo Ding
Published: March 2009

The research of lubrication oil flow on gas/liquid two-phase flow is necessary in the
designing process of engine bearing. It influences the consequent design and the whole engine’s
reliability. This paper proposes the two-phase homogenous flow model considering lubrication oil
and air. Based on the homogenous flow model, the Navier-Stokes equations is solved by the
methods of the turbulent model and Finite Differential Method (FDM) to obtain the flow field and
the influence of conditional and structural parameters on the flow. With the results, the results from
single flow model and two-phase homogenous flow are compared. And the effects of air volume
fraction, rotor speed and lubrication oil speed at entrance on exit pressure and speed are discussed.
Mechanical Models and Numerical Simulation of Rolling Compaction for Metal Powders
Authors: Liu Ming Jun , Xia Wei , Zhou Zhao Yao , Chen Pu Qing , Wang Jun Jun , Li Yuan Yuan
Published: March 2009

The rolling compaction can produce porous or dense strips with special functions. The
mechanical behaviors in rolling compaction are hard to predict accurately and efficiently by
traditional means. The numerical simulation based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) provides a
flexible and efficient way for such problems. This paper introduces three-dimensional (3-D) FEM
simulations for the rolling compaction of the iron matrix powders. The elliptical yield criterion,
elasto-plastic constitutive relationship and the friction model were analyzed. Simulations were
based on the second-developed user subroutine in MSC.Marc. Effects of friction and rolling
velocity on the rolling force, distribution of the density and some other parameters were analyzed.
Optimization Design of Heterogeneous Mold Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Ren Li , Guo Dong Ming , Yang Rui , Jia Zhen Yuan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, regardless of the cooling system of the mold, the optimization design for the material distribution of heterogeneous injection mold is investigated, which is made of two base materials with different thermo-mechanical properties. A mathematical model is constructed in which both a function related to casting average temperature and the temperature gradients throughout all the cavities during the solidification process are taken as the objective function while the von Mises stress constraints of the mold are considered for reducing the stress concentration in the mold. The Finite element method (FEM) and the finite difference method (FDM) are utilized to analyze the transient heat conduction of the mold and casting. The constrained optimal design problem is solved using real coded genetic algorithm. A smooth bicubic B-spline interpolation is proposed for representing the continuous variation of material distribution. The effectiveness of the optimization results is verified by a numerical example.
Technology of Redevelop and Intelligent Reconfiguration Oriented to Open CNC System
Authors: Wang Tai Yong , Hu Shi Guang , Zhao Jian , Zhao Li , Zhang Zhi Qiang
Published: March 2009

With the increase of expanded functions, Open CNC system is getting overstuffed
gradually, which leads to the decrease of flexibility and reliability. Also, it is hard for users to
define their special functions of CNC system. The paper proposes a strategy of intelligent
reconfiguration based on floating hierarchical structure. The stepwise control structure of CNC
system is broken and a reticular structure is built. Each function unit is assigned a code-array
representing its layer levels. By changing values of the code-arrays, the system adjusts layer
levels of the function units to adapt change of external environment. Redundant structure and
technology of switch circuit are applied to establish internal structure of function unit. Technology
of redevelop based on self-conducted configuration and structured language description is put
forward. Strategies of simulation and evaluation are applied to prevent the CNC system from
being damaged by improper redevelop.
Analysis on Mechanics Property of PCD Tool While Machining Ceramics Overlay of HPL Flooring
Authors: Bai Qing Shun , Liang Ying Chun , Yao Ying Xue , Bex Phillip
Published: March 2009

Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is an ideal tool material for machining high-pressure
laminated (HPL) flooring with ceramics overlay. In this paper, the finite element (FE) model of
PCD cutter was built firstly, then stress distribution of PCD cutter for machining wear resistance
layer embedded with Al2O3 particles was analyzed. The analysis results showed that the stress
distribution was variable in rake and flank face of tool, which leads to the final uneven wear profile.
Moreover, the test of cutting load was carried out. From the analysis and test, it was shown that
PCD cutter was suffering from the fatigue loading of high cycling while machining. At last, a series
machining experiments was conducted and the wear characteristics were examined. The analysis
results were verified by the wear characteristics of PCD tool. Machining experiments also revealed
that the typical micro crack in wear region had great effects on the wear of tool.
Numerical Simulation of Orthogonal Cutting Process of a Kind of Difficult-to-Cut Material
Authors: Sheng Jing , Yuan Wei Zheng
Published: March 2009

A orthogonal cutting of a kind of difficult-to-cut material is simulated using a finite
element model, which is considered dynamic effects, thermo-mechanical coupling, tool-chip friction,
chip separation criteria. Marc program is the computational tool in the model. Johnson-Cook’s model
is employed as the constitutive law for the workpiece material. The frictional behavior of the
sticking and sliding tool-chip interface is described by Coulomb’s law. Remeshing technique and
mesh adaptive technique are also used.
The research mainly specializes plane strain and continuous flow chip. The emphasis is placed on
the parametric modeling of tool and workpiece. Then the cutting force and temperature in cutting
process from initial state to steady state is conducted by simulation. Finally the Experimental value is
compared with the simulated data.
Applying Hierarchical Clustering to Discover the Typical Process Route
Authors: Liu Shu Nuan , Tian Xi Tian , Zhang Zhen Ming , Huang Li Jiang
Published: March 2009

In order to discover the typical process route (TPR) in the Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) database, Hierarchical Clustering algorithm is adopted. A mathematics model based on the data matrix was built to describe the process route (PR). On the base of the operation code, the distance between operations, between the PRs, between clusters were measured to evaluate the PR similarity. Then, the PR clusters were eventually merged by the hierarchical clustering algorithm. Three methods are listed to confirm the clustering granularity that determines the clustering result. This TPR discovery method is successfully applied to discover the axle sleeves’ TPR.
Preparation and Characterization of Monosized Germanium Micro Particles by Pulsated Orifice Ejection Method
Authors: Masuda Satoshi , Takagi Kenta , Dong Wei , Kawasaki Akira
Published: March 2009

Monosized germanium micro particles are prepared by a newly developed Pulsated
Orifice Ejection Method (POEM). The obtained particles are categorized into two kinds of the
microstructures as refined and coarse ones. The morphological difference is estimated to be
determined by the undercooling level during nucleation. Actually, the increase in the temperature of
the melt was effective in coarsening the microstructure, because the temperature of the melt
intensely relates to the undercooling level. The transition temperature of coarse and refined
microstructures is found to be 1300-1350K. Furthermore, a triggered nucleation could improve the
crystallinity of the particles in the short separation.
Effect of Secondary Carbide Addition on Properties of Ti(C0.7N0.3)-Ni Cermets
Authors: Ahn Sun Yong , Kim H. , Kang Shin Hoo
Published: March 2009

The effect of WC or NbC addition on various properties of Ti(C0.7N0.3)-Ni cermets was
investigated. The microstructure of Ti(C0.7N0.3)-xWC-20Ni showed a typical core/rim structure,
irrespective of the WC content, whereas the structure of Ti(C0.7N0.3)-xNbC-20Ni was different and
was dependent on the NbC content. The hardness (HV) and the fracture toughness (KIC) had a
tendency to increase marginally, while the coercive force (HC) and the magnetic saturation (4πσ)
decreased gradually with an increase in WC or NbC content in the systems studied. In addition,
increasing WC content in Ti(C0.7N0.3)-xWC-20Ni system, decarburization was retarded, while
denitrification was accelerated.
Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of in Situ Synthesized Chromium-Nickel-Graphite Composites
Authors: Pirso Jüri , Viljus Mart , Letunovits Sergej , Juhani Kristjan
Published: March 2009

Cr-C-Ni composites were synthesized in situ from elemental powders of Cr, Ni and C by high
energy milling followed by reactive sintering. The milled powders with the grain size in nano-scale were
pressed to compacts and sintered. During the thermal treatment that was performed after the pressing the
chromium carbide was formed first and then the Cr3C2-Ni cermets were sintered in one cycle. The interface
between the binder phase and the carbide grains of the in situ composite has a good bonding strength as it is
not contaminated with oxidation films or other detrimental surface reactions. The microstructure of such
cermets is fine-grained and more homogeneous than that of cermets produced by conventional method. As a
result the cermets have higher hardness, transverse rupture strength and 1.2-2 times higher wear and erosion
resistance.
Performance of Cemented Carbides in Cyclic Loading Wear Conditions
Authors: Kübarsepp Jakob , Klaasen H. , Sergejev Fjodor
Published: March 2009

The present study describes the wear and mechanical behaviour of some carbide
composites (TiC-base cermets and WC-base hardmetals) in cyclic loading applications (blanking of
sheet metal). Adhesive wear as well as fatigue endurance were tested, followed by XRD
measurements. The results show that the blanking performance of a carbide composite is dependent
on its level of resistance to adhesion wear and fatigue sensitivity. XRD measurement revealed that
fatigue damage is preceded by plastic strain in both the ductile binder and the brittle carbide phase.
Thermoelectric Properties of Nanostructured CoSb3 Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Ur Soon Chul , Kwon Joon Chul , Choi Moon Kwan , Kweon Soon Young , Hong Tae Whan , Kim Il Ho , Lee Young Geun
Published: March 2009

Undoped CoSb3 powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying of elemental powders using a nominal stoichiometric composition. Nanostructured, single-phase skutterudite CoSb3 was successfully produced by vacuum hot pressing using as-milled powders without subsequent annealing. Phase transformations during synthesis were investigated using XRD, and microstructure was observed using SEM and TEM. Thermoelectric properties in terms of Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and figure of merit were systematically measured and compared with the results of analogous studies. Lattice thermal conductivity was reduced owing to increasing phonon scattering in nanostructured CoSb3, leading to enhancement in the thermoelectric figure of merit. Mechanical Alloying associated with vacuum hot pressing technique offers an alternative potential processing route for the production of skutterudites.
The Atmosphere Effect on Synthesis of TiB2 Particles by Carbothermal Reduction
Authors: Kang Shin Hyuk , Kim Beom Seob , Kim Deug Joong
Published: March 2009

The carbothermal reduction synthesis process of titanium diboride (TiB2) particles was
studied. In the synthesis of TiB2 using carbothermal reduction from a mixture of TiO2, B2O3 and
carbon, solid-solid reactions occur. TiO2 particles rapidly react with carbon to TiC, which then
reacts with boron oxide and carbon to TiB2. In the vacuum condition, TiB2 particles were formed
within 10 minutes at temperature of 1300oC. It seems that a high exothermic reaction eventually
results in the increase of reaction rate. In flowing argon atmosphere, TiB2 particles were formed at
temperature of 1550oC after a reaction of 0 minute and it showed a finer particle size than that in
the vacuum condition. This is attributed to the faster heat elimination due to the flowing argon. In
high atmospheric pressure of argon gas such as 20 atm in reaction or cooling state, the synthesized
TiB2 particles shows a mixture of diverse sized particles.
Oxidation State of Manganese in LiMn2O4 Powders and Its Effect on Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Kim Seon Hye , Lee Kook Jae , Shim Kwang Bo , Kim Chang Sam
Published: March 2009

Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) powders for lithium ion batteries were synthesized from
two separate raw material pairs, LiOH/MnO and LiOH/MnO2. The prepared powders and their
electrochemical properties were investigated. Powders calcined at 780°C were composed of a single-phase
spinel structure but those treated at 850°C showed a higher intensity ratio of I400 to I311, a slightly larger
lattice parameter, and an increased discharge capacity by 10% under 3.0~4.3V voltage range. The XPS study
on the oxidation states of manganese repealed that powders made from LiOH/MnO had less Mn3+ ion and
gave better battery performances than those from LiOH/MnO2.
Texture Evolution in Ni Substrate Prepared by Powder Metallurgy and Casting Methods
Authors: Lim Jun Hyung , Kim Kyu Tae , Park Eui Cheol , Joo Jin Ho , Kim Hyoung Sub , Lee Hoo Jeong , Jung Seung Boo , Nah Wan Soo
Published: March 2009

Cube textured Ni substrate were fabricated for YBCO coated conductors from the initial specimens prepared by powder metallurgy (P/M) and casting and the effects of annealing temperature and reduction ratio on texture formation and microstructural evolutio were evaluated. The initial specimens were rolled by 98.6% and 99.2% reduction ratio and then annealed in the temperature range of 600°C to 1200°C. The microstructure and texture were evaluated by optical microscopy and X-ray pole-figure analysis. We observed that microstructure of the initial specimen varied with preparation methods.Texture analysis indicated that a strong cube texture formed for substrate made by P/M, and the degree of texture did not significantly vary with annealing temperature of 600°C~1100°C. On the other hand, the texture of substrate made by casting was more dependent on the annealing temperature and twin texture ({221}<221>) and several minor texture components started to form at 1000°C. In addition, the texture of substrate made by P/M was significantly dependent on the reduction ratio.