bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Task of the Historian
Authors: Stein Robert M.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Gabrielle M. Spiegel, The past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography
“We Are Who We Are”: Humanity and Divinity in Russian Literature and History
Authors: Williams Robert C.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler, (eds.) Self and Story in Russian History
The End of Art: A Philosophical Defense
Authors: Danto Arthur C.
Published: March 2003

This essay constructs philosophical defenses against criticisms of my theory of the end of art. These have to do with the definition of art; the concept of artistic quality; the role of aesthetics; the relationship between philosophy and art; how to answer the question “But is it art?”; the difference between the end of art and “the death of painting”; historical imagination and the future; the method of using indiscernible counterparts, like Warhol's Brillo Box and the Brillo cartons it resembles; the logic of imitation—and the differences between Hegel's views on the end of art and mine. These defenses amplify and fortify the thesis of the end of art as set forth in my After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History (1997).
Measuring Employment Security in Europe Using Surveys of Employers
Authors: Morgan Julian , Genre Veronique , Wilson Caroline
Published: March 2003

Using results from surveys in which employers were questioned about their freedom to shed staff, we develop a measure of employment security in Europe. We seek to identify which institutional factors are correlated with the responses of employers and find that they appear to reflect the strength of legal restrictions and trade unions and the prevalence of atypical employment. Our results are used to compile an index of employment security that has both a temporal and a cross‐country dimension.
Maintaining a Scholarly Community: Casual Authorship and the State of IR Research
Authors: Jarley Paul , Chandler Timothy D. , Faulk Larry
Published: March 2003

Any field of study must have a core of journals devoted to a literature and a critical mass of scientists interested in a problem area to permit knowledge to accumulate and grow (Crane 1969). Analyzing authors' institutional affiliations and the topics of the articles published in the field's premier journals from 1986 to 1995, this article assesses the vitality of the contemporary industrial relations (IR) publication network. We find that authorship in IR journals is largely casual and that the quantity of publications by Industrial Relations Research Association (IRRA) members in IR journals has declined. In addition, more than half the frequent contributors to IR journals do not belong to the IRRA, and notable differences exist between IRRA members and nonmembers in the substance of their published research. These results lead us to question the survival of IR as a distinct scholarly community.
From the Drive System to the Capital‐Labor Accord: Econometric Tests for the Transition between Productivity Regimes
Authors: Gordon David M.
Published: March 2003

This article explores the emergence and consolidation of a new system of labor relations and productivity “regimes” in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. Was there a clearly identifiable transition in the U.S. between the “drive system,” which had structured labor relations after the turn of the century, and the “capital‐labor accord” that came to dominate the organization of production after World War II?

This article begins with a review of comparative international data. The U.S. economy achieved a major surge in relative productivity growth rates between the late 1930s and early 1950s, not attributable exclusively to wartime production itself.

The hypothesis that U.S. productivity growth accelerated beginning in the late 1930s as a result of the institutionalization of a new set of production relations, the capital‐labor accord, which formed one of the principal buttresses of the postwar social structure of accumulation (SSA), is formally tested. The econometric analysis supports the conclusion that this new set of production relations first took hold during the 1930s and 1940s, and that it can be distinguished clearly from the drive system prevailing from the turn of the century through the 1920s. It thus provides a formal econometric basis for tracing the transition between productivity regimes.
Household Behavior with Imperfect Labor Markets
Authors: Sadoulet Elisabeth , De Janvry Alain , Benjamin Catherine
Published: March 2003

A household model with differential asset endowments and idiosyncratic transactions costs in accessing labor markets is developed to (1) explain membership of farm households to alternative labor regimes (sellers, employers, or self‐sufficient in labor), (2) test for recursivity between production and consumption decisions selectively by labor regime, and (3) identify the determinants of differential labor productivity across labor regimes. The model is applied to a 1994 household survey of the Mexican land reform sector.
Islam, Law, and Political Control in Contemporary Iran
Authors: Tamadonfar Mehran
Published: March 2003

Muslims agree that the establishment of an Islamic state requires the implementation of Islamic principles and laws. In Iran, Khomeini and his supporters developed doctrinal justifications for uncontested clerical rule to ensure political order and social conformity. By emphasizing “communal interest” in legislation and establishing an extensive institutional mechanism of legal control, the clerics gradually marginalized the Shari'ah and sacrificed the Islamic notion of universality of law for legal territoriality. This legal trend is separating the clerics from their traditional role and is undermining their legitimacy. Ironically, the current attempts at legal and political reform by the reformers, as harshly opposed by the hard‐line clerics, would benefit the clerical class by pursuing a more liberal legal and political agenda consistent with the Shari'ah.
Religion and Ethnicity Among New Immigrants: The Impact of Majority/Minority Status in Home and Host Countries
Authors: Yang Fenggang , Ebaugh Helen Rose
Published: March 2003

Research shows that religion continues to be an important identity marker for new immigrants in the United States. However, immigrant groups differ in the ways they integrate religious and ethnic identities and the emphasis they place on each. In this paper, we argue that majority or minority status of their religious affiliation in the home and host countries is an important, but overlooked, factor in understanding strategies concerning religious and ethnic identities. By comparing two Chinese congregations, a Chinese Buddhist temple and a Chinese Christian church in Houston, Texas, we analyze what happens when an immigrant group moves from majority status in the home country to minority status in the United States (Chinese Buddhists) and when a minority group (Chinese Christians in China) become part of the Christian majority in the United States. We conclude by arguing the importance of going beyond U.S. borders and taking into account factors in their home countries in attempts to understand patterns of adaptation of the new immigrants.
Religious Heterogamy and Religiosity: A Comparison of Interchurch and Same‐Church Individuals
Authors: Williams Lee M. , Lawler Michael G.
Published: March 2003

Based on a national sample of Christian couples, interchurch respondents reported lower levels of religiosity than same‐church respondents on a number of religious variables. Respondents in same‐church marriages were similar in religiosity regardless of whether the relationship was initially interchurch or same‐church. The study did not find evidence that interchurch respondents were more likely than same‐church individuals to drift away from church practice. Strength of denominational identity at engagement was the strongest predictor of religious behavior among interchurch respondents, while church attendance at engagement was the strongest predictor among same‐church respondents. Interchurch respondents and their spouses were less likely to emphasize religion in raising children than same‐church respondents, and were more likely to differ as a couple on their emphasis on religion in raising children. Interchurch parents predominantly raise their children exclusively in one parent's church, although 12 percent reported raising their children in both churches.
Religious Homogamy, Marital Conflict, and Stability in Same‐Faith and Interfaith Jewish Marriages
Authors: Chinitz Joshua G. , Brown Robert A.
Published: March 2003

This study examined the relationship between a couple’s similarity in religious beliefs and practices and their level of marital conflict and stability. One‐hundred‐fifty‐five adult children of same‐faith and interfaith Jewish marriages reported on each of their parents’ religious beliefs and behaviors. Religious homogamy was defined as similar attitudes and beliefs about specific religious practices. The parents’ level of marital conflict was obtained by having their adult children fill out the Children’s Perception Questionnaire (Emery and O’Leary 1982). The major hypotheses tested were that a positive correlation would exist between religious homogamy and marital stability and this relationship would be mediated by the level of marital conflict. That is to say, as marital conflict increases, marital stability should decrease. It was expected that these correlations would still hold after controlling for religious denomination (same‐faith and interfaith). Partial support for the model was found: more disagreement on Jewish issues predicted higher levels of marital conflict. Higher conflict, in turn, predicted less marital stability.
An Asymptotic Theory for Estimating Beta‐Pricing Models Using Cross‐Sectional Regression
Authors: Jagannathan Ravi , Wang Zhenyu
Published: March 2003

Without the assumption of conditional homoskedasticity, a general asymptotic distribution theory for the two‐stage cross‐sectional regression method shows that the standard errors produced by the Fama–MacBeth procedure do not necessarily overstate the precision of the risk premium estimates. When factors are misspecified, estimators for risk premiums can be biased, and the t‐value of a premium may converge to infinity in probability even when the true premium is zero. However, when a beta‐pricing model is misspecified, the t‐values for firm characteristics generally converge to infinity in probability, which supports the use of firm characteristics in cross‐sectional regressions for detecting model misspecification.
An Equilibrium Analysis of Hedging with Liquidity Constraints, Speculation, and Government Price Subsidy in a Commodity Market
Authors: Zhou Zhongquan
Published: March 2003

We develop a simple commodity model to analyze (i) the effects of hedging with liquidity constraints, due to producers' inability to bear unlimited trading losses, (ii) the role of speculation in the process of risk allocation between consumers and producers, and (iii) the equilibrium implications of government price subsidies to the producers. We find that (1) liquidity constraints can cause futures prices to exhibit mean reversion, which then makes speculation profitable; (2) speculation tends to make futures price volatility an increasing function of futures price; and (3) government price subsidy, if actively hedged by the producers, serves to lower the futures risk premium and reduce futures volatility.
The Financing and Redeployment of Specific Assets
Authors: Habib Michel A. , Johnsen D. Bruce
Published: March 2003

We model the role various forms of nonrecourse secured debt play in efficiently redeploying assets whose value is state‐specific. Ex ante, an entrepreneur and an asset redeployer make noncontractible state‐specific investments in the primary and next‐best uses of an asset, respectively. The redeployer provides a secured nonrecourse loan equal to the value of the asset in the critical state that separates the good and bad states. In the event of a bad state, this contract averts ex post bargaining over the asset's quasi‐rents on redeployment and leaves the parties' ex ante investments undistorted.
Number of Shareholders and Stock Prices: Evidence from Japan
Authors: Amihud Yakov , Mendelson Haim , Uno Jun
Published: March 2003

Merton (1987) proposes that an increase in a firm's investor base increases the firm's value. In Japan, companies can reduce their stock's minimum trading unit—the number of shares in a “round lot”—which facilitates trading in the stock by small investors. We find that a reduction in the minimum trading unit greatly increases a firm's base of individual investors and its stock liquidity, and is associated with a significant increase in the stock price. Further, the stock price appreciation is positively related to an increase in the number of shareholders.
Can the Gains from International Diversification Be Achieved without Trading Abroad?
Authors: Errunza Vihang , Hogan Ked , Hung Mao‐Wei
Published: March 2003

We examine whether portfolios of domestically traded securities can mimic foreign indices so that investment in assets that trade only abroad is not necessary to exhaust the gains from international diversification. We use monthly data from 1976 to 1993 for seven developed and nine emerging markets. Return correlations, mean‐variance spanning, and Sharpe ratio test results provide strong evidence that gains beyond those attainable through home‐made diversification have become statistically and economically insignificant. Finally, we show that the incremental gains from international diversification beyond home‐made diversification portfolios have diminished over time in a way consistent with changes in investment barriers.
Bank Deposit Rate Clustering: Theory and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Kahn Charles , Pennacchi George , Sopranzetti Ben
Published: March 2003

Like security prices, retail deposit interest rates cluster around integers and “even” fractions. However, explanations for security price clustering are incompatible with deposit rate clustering. A theory based on the limited recall of retail depositors is proposed. It predicts that banks tend to set rates at integers and that rates are “sticky” at these levels. The propensity for integer rates increases with the level of wholesale interest rates and deposit market concentration. When banks set noninteger rates, rates are more likely to be just above, rather than just below, integers. The paper finds substantial empirical support for the theory's implications.
Is the Short Rate Drift Actually Nonlinear?
Authors: Chapman David A. , Pearson Neil D.
Published: March 2003

Aït‐Sahalia (1996) and Stanton (1997) use nonparametric estimators applied to short‐term interest rate data to conclude that the drift function contains important nonlinearities. We study the finite‐sample properties of their estimators by applying them to simulated sample paths of a square‐root diffusion. Although the drift function is linear, both estimators suggest nonlinearities of the type and magnitude reported in Aït‐Sahalia (1996) and Stanton (1997). Combined with the results of a weighted least squares estimator, this evidence implies that nonlinearity of the short rate drift is not a robust stylized fact.
Effectiveness of Capital Regulation at U.S. Commercial Banks, 1985 to 1994
Authors: Hovakimian Armen , Kane Edward J.
Published: March 2003

Unless priced and administered appropriately, a governmental safety net enhances risk‐shifting opportunities for banks. This paper quantifies regulatory efforts to use capital requirements to control risk‐shifting by U.S. banks during 1985 to 1994 and investigates how much risk‐based capital requirements and other deposit‐insurance reforms improved this control. We find that capital discipline did not prevent large banks from shifting risk onto the safety net. Banks with low capital and debt‐to‐deposits ratios overcame outside discipline better than other banks. Mandates introduced by 1991 legislation have improved but did not establish full regulatory control over bank risk‐shifting incentives.
Counterparty Risk and the Pricing of Defaultable Securities
Authors: Jarrow Robert A. , Yu Fan
Published: March 2003

Motivated by recent financial crises in East Asia and the United States where the downfall of a small number of firms had an economy‐wide impact, this paper generalizes existing reduced‐form models to include default intensities dependent on the default of a counterparty. In this model, firms have correlated defaults due not only to an exposure to common risk factors, but also to firm‐specific risks that are termed “counterparty risks.” Numerical examples illustrate the effect of counterparty risk on the pricing of defaultable bonds and credit derivatives such as default swaps.
Stock Splits: Evidence from Mutual Funds
Authors: Rozeff Michael S.
Published: March 2003

Mutual fund splits occur in high‐priced funds after unusually high returns. Split factors are related to the deviation of a fund's price from the mean of all fund prices. Post‐split prices are below the mean of other funds' prices. Post‐split numbers of shareholders and assets do not increase compared with funds having similar rates of asset growth. However, I find evidence that mutual fund splits bring per account shareholdings back up to normal levels. I argue that signaling, liquidity, and tick size theories do not apply to mutual fund splits.
Around and Around: The Expectations Hypothesis
Authors: Fisher Mark , Gilles Christian
Published: March 2003

We show how to construct models of the term structure of interest rates in which the expectations hypothesis holds. McCulloch (1993) presents such a model, thereby contradicting an assertion by Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1981), but his example is Gaussian and falls outside the class of finite‐dimensional Markovian models. We generalize McCulloch's model in three ways: (i) We provide an arbitrage‐free characterization of the unbiased expectations hypothesis in terms of forward rates; (ii) we extend this characterization to a whole class of expectations hypotheses; and (iii) we show how to construct finite‐dimensional Markovian and non‐Gaussian examples.
Real Rates, Expected Inflation, and Inflation Risk Premia
Authors: Evans Martin D. D.
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the term structure of real rates, expected inflation, and inflation risk premia. The analysis is based on new estimates of the real term structure derived from the prices of index‐linked and nominal debt in the U.K. I find strong evidence to reject both the Fisher Hypothesis and versions of the Expectations Hypothesis for real rates. The estimates also imply the presence of time‐varying inflation risk premia throughout the term structure.
Gravity‐Type Interactive Markov Models—Part I: A Programming Formulation of Steady States
Authors: Smith Tony E. , Hsieh Shang‐Hsing
Published: March 2003

An important class of interactive Markov migration models is characterized by gravity‐type transition kernels, in which migration flows in each time period are postulated to vary inversely with some symmetric measure of migration costs and directly with some population‐dependent measure of attractiveness. This two‐part study analyzes the uniqueness and stability properties of steady states for such processes. In this first part, it is shown that a flow version of the steady‐state problem can be given a programming formulation which permits global analysis of steady‐state behavior. Within this programming framework, it is shown that when attractiveness is diminished by increased population congestion, the steady states for such processes are unique. The second part of the study will employ these results to analyze the stability properties of such steady states.
Information Availability and Market Power in Export Competition: The Case of Regional Health Care Markets
Authors: Seninger Stephen F.
Published: March 2003

In this paper I analyze the spatial‐economic determinants of export competition. I develop a competing central place spatial interaction model to analyze the spatial availability of information, market power, distance, demand threshold, and interregional market variables. Model estimates are based on national data from The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, and I examine Medicare health exports from the Seattle hospital market to markets throughout the Pacific Northwest. Information availability and market power for the Seattle export hospitals have a significant effect on export sales of hospital Medicare services. Intra and interregional competition with other major hospital markets are significant determinants of export competition. Distance to the Seattle market has a strong, negative effect on export sales and on patient migration from other markets.
Labor Productivity in Western Europe 1975–1985: An Intercountry, Interindustry Analysis
Authors: Dietzenbacher Erik , Hoen Alex R. , Los Bart
Published: March 2003

Using intercountry input‐output tables and disaggregated employment data, we decompose labor productivity growth between 1975 and 1985 in six Western European countries into partial effects of six determinants including changing international trade and changing final demand. To this end, new multiplicative decomposition formulas are derived and implemented. In a similar way, we study labor productivity changes in vertically integrated industries. The effects of structural change on convergence are investigated also. We see this paper as an attempt to merge the convergence literature with earlier single‐country productivity‐change decompositions using input‐output data.
Equilibrium and Economic Growth: Spatial Econometric Models and Simulations
Authors: Fingleton Bernard
Published: March 2003

Neoclassical theory assumes diminishing returns to capital and spatially constant exogenously‐determined technological progress, although it is questionable whether these are realistic assumptions for modeling manufacturing productivity growth variations across European Union (E.U.) regions. In contrast, the model developed in this paper assumes increasing returns and spatially varying technical progress, and is linked to endogenous growth theory and particularly to ‘new economic geography’ theory. Simulations, involving 178 E.U.regions, show that productivity levels and growth rates are higher in all E.U. regions when the financially assisted (Objective 1) regions have faster output growth. This also reduces inequalities in levels of technology. Allowing the core regions to grow faster has a similar effect of raising productivity growth rates across the E.U., although inequality increases. Thus, the simulations are seen as an attempt to develop a type of ‘computable geographical equilibrium’ model which, as suggested by Fujita, Krugman, and Venables (1999), is the way theoretical economic geography needs to evolve in order to become a predictive discipline.
Prejudice as Group Position: Microfoundations of a Sociological Approach to Racism and Race Relations
Authors: Bobo Lawrence D.
Published: March 2003

This research integrates and elaborates the basic premises of Blumer's group position theory of prejudice. It does so in order to make explicit, more fully integrated, and empirically pliable the theoretical foundations of a sociological analysis of the nature of racial prejudice. In so doing, the research identifies important areas of agreement between Gordon Allport's approach to prejudice and that of Blumer. Blumer neither provided a full synthetic statement of his several major pieces on prejudice nor pursued sustained empirical research in the area. Hence, the present article (1) identifies the core assumptions of the group position model, (2) summarizes a recent line of empirical work examining claims embedded in the group position approach, (3) specifies how this approach differs from other closely related approaches, and (4) identifies major tasks for future theoretical and empirical work.
The Immigration Dilemma: The Role of Perceived Group Competition, Ethnic Prejudice, and National Identity
Authors: Esses Victoria M. , Dovidio John F. , Jackson Lynne M. , Armstrong Tamara L.
Published: March 2003

In this article, we discuss the role of perceived competition for resources in determining negative attitudes toward immigrants and immigration in North America. We first provide background information on immigration policies and levels of immigration to Canada and the United States. Following an overview of our theoretical perspective, we then describe the research we have conducted in Canada and the United States indicating that perceived zero‐sum competition between groups, whether situationally induced or a function of chronic belief in zero‐sum relations among groups, is strongly implicated in negative immigration attitudes. In addition, we describe our recent attempts to improve attitudes toward immigrants and immigration through the targeting of zero‐sum beliefs and through manipulations of the inclusiveness of national identity.
Recent Research in Language Learning Studies: Promises and Problems
Authors: Schachter Jacquelyn
Published: March 2003

From the perspective of a psycholinguist, I discuss 3 leading questions that have arisen from a number of foundational, descriptive SLA studies: First, considering the language to be learned, why are certain L2 constructions learnable and others not? What is it about these constructions which makes them so difficult to acquire? Second, in considering input requirements, can we say that adult learners can take advantage of metalinguistic information about the language and negative input? Do adults differ from child learners in the L2 input requirements? And finally, is focal attention required for the acquisition of the syntax and the phonological rules of a target language? Do we need to notice in order to learn, or can we learn subconsciously? I review recent studies and make suggestions for further investigations.
Methodological Rigor in the Study of Transfer: Identifying L1 Influence in them Interlanguage Lexicon
Authors: Jarvis Scott
Published: March 2003

Numerous conflicting claims exist concerning the nature of L1 influence. This article argues that much of the confusion could be eliminated if a unified framework were established for this area of inquiry. Such a framework would minimally require transfer studies to consider at least 3 potential effects of L1 influence: (a) intra‐L1‐group similarities, (b) inter‐L1‐group differences, and (c) L1‐IL performance similarities. This study examines all three types ofevidence in the English lexical reference of Finnish‐speaking and Swedish‐speaking Finns at multiple levels of age and L2 exposure in three different but related elicitation tasks. The results suggest a subtle yet demonstrable presence for L1 influence in this area of interlanguage performance.
A Temporal Analysis of Formulation Processes in L1 and L2 Writing
Authors: de Larios Julio Roca , Marín Javier , Murphy Liz
Published: March 2003

This cross‐sectional study used verbal protocol analysis to compare the temporal distribution of formulation processes of Spanish EFL writers composing L1 and L2 argumentative texts. We studied three groups at different levels of L2 proficiency. Results showed the same total formulation time regardless of whether participants wrote in L1 or L2. L2 proficiency, however, affected times. Higher‐proficiency participants devoted less time to formulation, concentrated formulation in the central stages of composing, and increased the interaction between formulation and other subprocesses. Fluent formulation was twice as common as problem‐solving formulation when writing in L2 and five times as common in L1; these ratios appeared to be invariant across proficiency. Theoretical and methodological implications for the study of L2 writing processes are discussed.
Triangulation in Classroom Research: A Study of Peer Revision
Authors: McGroarty Mary E. , Zhu Wei
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the effects of training for peer revision in college freshman English composition classes. Four instructors and 169 students participated. Each instructor taught one class in the experimental condition, which included training for peer revision via instructor conferences, and one class in the control condition, which employed peer revision without such training. We assessed the effects of training in terms of (a) students' ability to critique peer writing; (b) quality of student writing; and (c) students' attitudes toward peer revision and writing in general. We used different measures, data sources, and methods. The combination of measures, data sources, and methods not only allowed triangulation of the finding that training for peer revision improved students' ability to critique peer writing and their attitudes toward peer revision but also illuminated other aspects of peer revision processes.
Chapter Three: The Emergency of Verbal Morphology
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen
Published: March 2003

Tense‐Aspect Morphology in European Languages, p.96

Tense‐Aspect Morphology Related to Past in English, p.104

The Acquisition of Tense‐Aspect Morphology, p.111

Longitudinal Studies of the Acquisition of Tense‐Aspect Morphology, p.114

Cross‐Sectional Studies of the Acquisition of Tense‐Aspect Morphology, p.120

A Study of the Emergence of Tense‐Aspect Morphology Related to Past in English, p.126

Method, p.127

Analysis and Results, p.138

Comparing Meaning‐Oriented and Form‐Oriented Approaches, p.184

Chapter Summary, p.186
Pedagogical Design of Computer Mediated Communication Tasks: Learning Objectives and Technological Capabilities
Authors: Salaberry M. Rafael
Published: March 2003

It has been claimed that the recent emergence of internet‐based communication constitutes a technological innovation with the potential to create a paradigmatic shift in teaching and learning second languages (e.g., Berge & Collins, 1995; Dede, 1993; Harasim, 1990). However, for this shift to happen, materials designers need to assess critically the effects of the techno‐logical capabilities of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) as well as the features that characterize a potentially new type of literacy. Such a critical assessment will have to be based on the analysis of how specific pedagogical objectives are achieved through the design and implementation of instructional activities in CMC environments. In this respect, the analysis of such theoretical constructs as the grounding criterion and the principle of least collaborative effort (Clark & Brennan, 1991) provides a useful framework for the examination of factors that affect the choice of communication medium. In particular, different learning objectives may be achieved with a variety of technological tools (e.g., from word processors to collaborative writing software) that exhibit a range of levels of technical sophistication.
Using the Computer to Compare Foreign and Native Language Writing Processes: A Statistical and Case Study Approach
Authors: Thorson Helga
Published: March 2003

Writing process research has attracted significant attention in English composition studies. However, much less research exists on the relationship between foreign language (FL) and first language (L1) writing processes. This study focuses on whether university students studying a FL (in this case German) at an American university use the same processes and writing strategies in FL and L1 writing in two different genres (letter and article). Using a computerized tracking device, individual writing sessions were analyzed through statistical techniques and individual case studies. Statistical results provided evidence that students wrote less, but revised more, when writing in the FL than in the L1. In their L1, students tended to revise less in the letter genre than when writing an article. The author advocates using the computer for writing process research, given that it is an unobtrusive and efficient method of data collection and because it provides researchers with an easy way to replicate research and to share data.
Writing in the Secondary Foreign Language Classroom: The Effects of Prompts and Tasks on Novice Learners of French
Authors: Way Denise Paige , Joiner Elizabeth G. , Seaman Michael A.
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the effects of 3 different writing tasks (descriptive, narrative, and expository) and 3 different writing prompts (bare, vocabulary, and prose model) on 937 writing samples culled from 330 novice learners enrolled in 15 classes of Levels 1 and 2 high school French. In order to assess the quality, fluency, syntactic complexity, and accuracy of the writing samples, the researchers employed 4 evaluation methods: holistic scoring, length of product, mean length of T‐units, and percentage of correct T‐units. Results indicate that the descriptive task was the easiest and the expository task the most difficult. The prose model prompts produced the highest mean scores, and the bare prompts produced the lowest mean scores. Based on these findings, the researchers question whether the description of a novice writer in the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines(1986) should be used as a blueprint for curriculum development and textbook construction for secondary novice foreign language learners.
Wittgensteinian Semantics
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: March 2003

Wittgenstein emphasizes two points concerning his notion of family resemblance. One is that the use of a family resemblance expression resists characterization by certain kinds of rules; the other is that due to the prevalence of family resemblance in the philosophical lexicon, philosophical inquiry must in many cases proceed differently from how it traditionally has. This paper develops an interpretation of family resemblance that seeks to do justice to these claims. I argue that what is characteristic about family resemblance expressions is not that they exhibit a basic semantic feature unique to themselves, but that they combine a number of semantic properties that happen not to be coinstantiated elsewhere. These features include (1) content variability (also a property of ambiguous expressions, polysemes, and standard indexicals), (2) a feature I call “topicality” (which is also a characteristic of polysemes), and (3) “semantic openness” (a feature of many ordinary indexicals). The notions of topicality and semantic openness are explained, and certain terms of natural language are shown to be family resemblance expressions. I conclude by indicating some of the potential philosophical ramifications of these results.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: A Sixth Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: March 2003

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565‐582 and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. Further extracts have appeared in each of the subsequent issues.

This extract, the sixth of the series, completes the history of the use of the various types of Wild instrument in the United Kingdom. It is concerned with the later post‐war instruments, in numerical order, from the A7 Autograph to the A10 and therefore includes a note on one of the most popular and successful analogue plotting instruments ever produced, the Wild A8 Stereoplotter.

At the moment, none of the instruments dealt with in this extract appear to be under immediate threat. However, their role as production instruments is fading fast in most organizations but they are being retained, often for training purposes.

The Archive contains no mention of the last and most refined range of analogue instruments produced by Wild as their Aviomap (AM) series. With the benefit of hindsight it is now obvious that, at the time of their introduction, the transition from analogue to analytical techniques was about to take place at an accelerating pace. There is therefore no entry in the Archive for any AM or AM‐U instrument; none (or perhaps only a very few) seem to have been imported into the United Kingdom.
Videometric Tracking of Wind Tunnel Aerospace Models at Nasa Langley Research Center
Authors: Shortis M. R. , Snow W. L.
Published: March 2003

Wind tunnel engineers require measurements of position and orientation of aerospace models under test conditions. The measurement technique must be non‐contact, non‐intrusive and have a high sample rate. Videometric techniques based on multiple, synchronized CCD cameras can supply position and orientation data at 30Hz or 60Hz with acceptable accuracies. This paper describes a data acquisition system designed and implemented at NASA Langley Research Center to capture the position and orientation of free‐flight aerospace models. System calibration and data processing techniques are discussed. Two examples of model tests will be described and examples of data output will be presented.
Building a Coastal GIS Using Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Drummond J. E. , Tait D. A. , Zamlope Zahari
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the recent emergence of integrated coastal zone management as an application for the gathering, management and distribution of geospatial data. The requirements of a geospatial database of the coastal zone are outlined and the contribution of digital photogrammetry is examined. A saltmarsh monitoring project, which uses digital photogrammetry and was initiated by the authors, is described
Three Dimensional Visualization of the Built Environment Using Digital Orthophotography
Authors: Georgopoulos A. , Nakos B. , Mastoris D. , Skarlatos D.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, different ways of performing large scale mapping of built up areas are discussed. Emphasis is placed on large scale representation through digital orthophotographs as the visualization medium of the real world. In an application, the process of creating perspective views of an orthophotograph draped on the digital terrain model of the study area is described; these views include the blocks of the built environment as three dimensional objects. The cartographic product is derived from a pair of overlapping aerial photographs processed through photogrammetric and GIS software packages. Finally, the perspective view of the digital orthophotograph is assessed as a large scale visualization tool for the communication of spatial information.
Photogrammetric Solutions for Industrial Automation and Process Control
Authors: Bösemann W.
Published: March 2003

Digital photogrammetric systems have been introduced to solve various measurement problems in industrial applications for many years, ever since high resolution CCD cameras and powerful computer technologies have been available. For a successful implementation of a digital photogrammetric system into the production line, not only does the actual measurement task have to be solved but also a complete integration of the system into the production process usually has to be supplied by the system manufacturer. Three examples of successful implementations of photogrammetric systems for industrial automation and process control are presented in this paper.
Object Recognition in Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Schenk T.
Published: March 2003

Object recognition and image understanding have increasingly become major subjects of interest for research activity in digital photogrammetry. This paper provides an overview of object recognition in photogrammetry, beginning with a problem statement and brief paradigm description. In order to exemplify the concept, automatic interior orientation is presented as an object recognition problem. Subsequent sections discuss the current status of object recognition by identifying relevant criteria, such as modelling, system strategies and inference components. Such criteria are useful for comparing object recognition systems or proposed approaches. Strengths and weaknesses of current systems are summarized, followed by a more detailed analysis of the modelling problem. Finally, two new approaches (scale‐space and fusion of multisensor/multispectral data) are mentioned. These approaches serve as examples of promising new trends which have the potential of advancing object recognition to a new level.
Fuzzy Logic System for Road Identification Using Ikonos Images
Authors: Amini Jalal , Lucas Caro , Saradjian Mohammad , Azizi Ali , Sadeghian Saeed
Published: March 2003

Research into both extraction of man‐made objects and automatic change detection from aerial and satellite images has made significant progress in recent years. This paper presents an approach, based on a fuzzy logic system, for the identification of suburban roads in Ikonos images. The linguistic variables are the mean and standard deviation (SD) of different objects with Gaussian membership function. After the roads have been identified provisionally and their skeleton extracted, the skeleton can be vectorised and then used as direct input to a GIS for further analysis. The method was tested on an Ikonos “Geo” image covering Bilesavar in north‐western Iran. For the suburban area of Bilesavar, the results showed that grey scale values ranged from 20 to 190 for non‐roads and 226 to 228 for roads, the optimum width of the Gaussian kernel function was 3 and the SD was 0.4. It was also found that about 91% of main roads with a width of 6 to 12 pixels could be extracted from high resolution satellite imagery by the algorithm. The computer program for this study has been developed in visual C++ based on Windows 98
Welfare Reform: Assessing its Political, Economic, and Social Effects
Authors: Condrey Stephen E.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Rebecca M. Blank, It Takes a Nation: A New Agenda for Fighting Poverty

Anne Marie Cammisa, From Rhetoric to Reform?: Welfare Policy in AmericanPolitics

Martha Shirk, Neil G. Bennett, and J. Lawrence Aber, Lives on the Line: American Families and the Struggle to Make Ends Meet

Robert M. Solow, Work and Welfare
Questions About Policy Transparency
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed:

Neal Finkelstein, ed., Transparency in Public Policy: Great Britain and the United States.
Performance Measurement in U.S. Counties: Capacity for Reform
Authors: Berman Evan , Wang XiaoHu
Published: March 2003

This study examines the capacity of U.S. counties to undertake performance measurement. Based on a national survey of counties with populations over 50,000, the authors address the following questions: To what extent do counties implement performance measurement? Which capacities must be present for different levels of implementation and success? What can counties do to increase their capacity for performance measurement? And, what is the effect of county structure and functions on the use of performance measurement? This study finds that the success of performance measurement is greatly affected by counties' underlying organizational capacities.
Book Reviews: Values for Public Administration Renewal
Authors: Stever James A.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Richard Stillman II, Creating the American State: The Moral Reformers and the Modern Administrative World They Made.

Camilla Stivers, Bureau Men, Settlement Women: Constructing Public Administration in the Progressive Era.

David H. Rosenbloom, Building a Legislative‐Centered Public Administration: Congress and the Administrative State—1946–1999.
Roadblocks in Reforming Corrupt Agencies: The Case of the New York City School Custodians
Authors: Segal Lydia
Published: March 2003

Reformers have traditionally assumed that agencies can combat corruption through controls such as tighter oversight, increased regulation, internal audits, reorganizations, and performance accountability mechanisms. But this case study of the New York City school custodial system shows how a corrupt agency can derail these devices. New York City's $500,000,000 custodial system, responsible for maintaining its 1,200 schools, has been unleashing scandals since the 1920s despite decades of regulations, multiple reorganizations, and layers of oversight. Its history shows that a deviant culture—a management “captured” by special interests—and an infrastructure enmeshed in abusive policies will resist controls, no matter how well‐crafted. True reform requires tackling institutionalized corruption through strategies like overhauling management, eradicating special interests, and aggressively punishing misconduct.
A New Statistical Analysis of Capital Punishment Incorporating U.S. Postmoratorium Data
Authors: Yunker James A.
Published: March 2003

Objective. This article reports on a basic regression analysis of the deterrence hypothesis incorporating U.S. data that has accumulated since the resumption of capital punishment in 1977. Methods. The cross‐sectional approach employs data on state homicide rates and estimated execution rates between 1976 and 1997 across 50 states and the District of Columbia. The time series approach employs annual data on the U.S. national homicide rate and estimated national execution rate between 1930 and 1997. Results. Using state data, statistically weak support is found for the deterrence hypothesis. Using national time series data, considerably stronger statistical support is found for the deterrence hypothesis. It is also shown that the same time series regression using data from 1930 to 1976 does not support the deterrence hypothesis, thus showing the probative value of the more recent data. Conclusions. Statistical data from the postmoratorium period are likely to be useful in evaluating the deterrence hypothesis, and therefore social scientists should be carefully examining this evidence.
Public Attitudes toward Abortion in Israel: A Research Note
Authors: Remennick Larissa I. , Hetsroni Amir
Published: March 2003

Objective. For the first time since the mid‐1970s, this study explored sociodemographic correlates of abortion attitudes among Israeli Jews and compared them with those reported by the General Social Survey in the United States. Methods. A survey in the representative sample of Jewish adults living in urban areas across Israel (N= 546) that included two related items on the attitude toward abortion for nonvital reasons. Results. Using multiple regression, four statistically and socially significant correlates of antiabortion attitudes were identified: Greater religiosity (especially Ultra‐Orthodox affiliation), lower than average income, greater number of children, and right‐wing political preference. Gender and age did not emerge as significant correlates of abortion attitudes. Whereas American Jews form the mainstay of the prochoice camp, Jews in Israel are clearly divided along the lines of religiosity, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and political views. Conclusions. In both Israel and the United States, the sociodemographic profiles of abortion supporters and opponents have been rather similar and stable over the last 25 years. This may point to the stable patterns of religiosity in both societies, since antiabortion sentiments have mainly been fueled by religious fundamentalism, regardless of formal denomination.
American Political Culture in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Wilson Richard W.
Published: March 2003

In order to formulate a comparative model of political cultures, a theory that integrates psychological, sociological and economic variables is developed. Within societies dominant political cultural themes stress particular patterns of right and obligation. These patterns simultaneously undergird social solidarity and justify an unequal distribution of rewards. Differences among political cultures exist vertically on an historical dimension of increasing moral comprehensiveness and horizontally on a dimension of moral content. Internal tensions deriving from technological development and from social discourse about the moral adequacy of norms stimulate change. A case study of American political culture, with its contrasting emphases on egalitarianism and individualism, assesses the theoretical claims.