bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Loss Accelerated by Clear-Cutting of a Forest Ecosystem
Authors: Bormann F. H. , Likens G. E. , Fisher D. W. , Pierce R. S.
Published: October 2006

The forest of a small watershed-ecosystem was cut in order to determine the effects of removal of vegetation on nutrient cycles. Relative to undisturbed ecosystems, the cut ecosystem exhibited accelerated loss of nutrients: nitrogen lost during the first year after cutting was equivalent to the amount annually turned over in an undisturbed system, and losses of cations were 3 to 20 times greater than from comparable undisturbed systems. Possible causes of the pattern of nutrient loss from the cut ecosystem are discussed.
Sleep Disorders: Disorders of Arousal?
Authors: Broughton Roger J.
Published: October 2006

In summary, the classical sleep disorders of nocturnal enuresis, somnambulism, the nightmare, and the sleep terror occur preferentially during arousal from slow-wave sleep and are virtually never associated with the rapid-eye-movement dreaming state. Original data are reported here which indicate that physiological differences from normal subjects, of a type predisposing the individual to a particular attack pattern, are presentthroughoutthe night. The episode, at least in the case of enuresis, appears to be simply a reinforcement of these differences to a clinically overt level.

A number of features are common to all four sleep disorders. These had been shown previously to be attributable to the arousal itself. New data obtained by means of evoked potential techniques suggest that these common symptoms of the confusional period that follows non-REM sleep are related to alterations of cerebral reactivity, at least of the visual system.

The symptoms which distinguish the individual attack types (that is, micturition, prolonged confusional fugues, overt terror) appear to be based upon physiological changes present throughout sleep which are markedly accentuated during arousal from slow-wave sleep. These changes may in some way be related to diurnal psychic conflicts. But, to date, it has proved impossible to demonstrate potentially causal psychological activity, dreaming or other forms of mental activity, or even a psychological void in sleep just preceding the attacks.

The presence of all-night or even daytime predisposing physiological changes and the difficulty in obtaining any solid evidence of a preceding psychological cause explain, no doubt, why the results of efforts to cure the disorders at the moment of their occurrence (for example, by conditioning procedures in nocturnal enuresis) have been far from satisfactory.

I stress the points that the attacks are best considered disorders of arousal and that the slow-wave sleep arousal episode which sets the stage for these attacks is a normal cyclic event. Indeed it is the most intense recurrent arousal that an individual regularly experiences.

The most fruitful possibilities for future research would appear to be more detailed studies of those physiological changes that predispose individuals to certain types of attacks when they undergo intense arousal or stress; the reversal of these changes by psychological or pharmacological means; and more refined investigations of the physiological and psychological characteristics of the process of cyclic arousal from non-REM sleep.
Extinction Following Intracranial Reward: The Effect of Delay between Acquisition and Extinction
Authors: Quartermain David , Webster Donald
Published: October 2006

Rats trained to press a bar for intracranial reinforcement gave as many responses during extinction as did water-reinforced controls, when extinction came immediately after an acquisition session. However, the experimental animals gave fewer responses in extinction than water-reinforced animals when extinction was delayed for 1 hour after acquisition. The activity level of the experimental animals was high immediately after acquisition but declined markedly over the delay period, which suggests that resistance to extinction after intracranial reinforcement is primarily a function of activity level.
Interconversions of Mitochondrial Pyridine Nucleotides
Authors: Bernofsky Carl , Utter Merton F.
Published: October 2006

Among the factors that can govern the relative rates of mitochondrial oxidation of isocitrate by means of the isocitrate dehydrogenases linked to diphospho- and triphosphopyridine nucleotides are the intramitochondrial concentrations of these nucleotides. Yeast mitochondria contain enzymes that can alter the ratio of these pyridine nucleotides by interconverting them. A diphosphopyridine nucleotide kinase catalyzes the formation of triphosphopyridine nucleotide from diphosphopyridine nucleotide and adenosine triphosphate; a phosphatase converts triphosphopyridine nucleotide to diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Both reactions are more active with the reduced forms of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes. These studies suggest that the activity of the mitochondrial triphosphopyridine-nucleotide-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase may be regulated by a cyclic system of pyridine-nucleotide interconversions involving triphosphopyridine nucleotide synthesis and breakdown.
Bracken and Locust Ecdysones: Their Effects on Molting in the Desert Locust
Authors: Carlisle D. B. , Ellis P. E.
Published: October 2006

Bracken contains ecdysone derivatives that are active when injected into locusts. However, when fed to the desert locust as its sole or chief diet, it does not affect molting, growth, or development. There is evidence that, in locusts, the active ecdysones are dehydroxylated to α-ecdysone and passed out through the gut in the feces. There is no evidence for any uptake of ecdysones from the gut.
Increases in the Levels of Cytokinins in Bleeding Sap of
Vitis vinifera
L. after CCC Treatment
Authors: Skene K. G. M.
Published: October 2006

Paper-chromatogramed extracts of bleeding sap from grapevines treated with (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) contained higher levels of substances with cytokinin activity than did untreated plants. With the chromatographic solvent used, CCC was unlikely to interfere with the expression of the cytokinin response.
Artificial Membranes: A New Type of Cell for Measuring Diffusional Resistance
Authors: Litt Mitchell , Smith William G.
Published: October 2006

A novel technique allows determination of membrane diffusivities and eliminates the complications of the fluid resistance to mass transfer on either side of the membrane. Results on the permeability of a dialysis membrane of the type used in artificial kidneys agree with previous data and are obtained in much shorter time. The measured activation energy for diffusion demonstrates that the transport of salt through the membrane occurs by the same mechanism as the diffusion of salt in water, but that only 10 percent of the membrane surface is effective.
Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis Induced in Sheep by Injection of Human Lung and Freund's Adjuvant
Authors: Steblay Raymond W. , Rudofsky Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Sheep immunized with human lung and Freund's adjuvant develop progressive glomerulonephritis with deposition of autoantibodies and complement in the glomerular basement membrane. This nephritis appears to be the first autoimmune disease induced by antigens that are not organ-specific. By clinical and immunopathologic criteria, this nephritis appears identical to the nephritis induced in sheep by human glomerular basement membrane and greatly resembles certain nephritides of man, in particular, the nephritis in Goodpasture's disease.
Acquired Factor VIII Antibodies: Further Immunologic and Electrophoretic Studies
Authors: Shapiro Sandor S. , Carroll Kathleen S.
Published: October 2006

Seven new cases of acquired inhibitors of Factor VIII have been typed immunologically as γ2κ2 antibodies. Electrophoretic mobility on starch block of a combined group of 13 such antibodies is considerably more rapid than that of the bulk of immunoglobulin G.
Gravitational Inconsistency in the Lunar Theory: Numerical Determination
Authors: Mulholland J. Derral , Devine Charles J.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary numerical integrations of the lunar motion indicate that defects in the lunar ephemeris, due to omissions in the revised Brown lunar theory, produce errors of the order of several hundred meters in the coordinates at certain times. Such errors are large enough to affect adversely analyses of data from spacecraft, as well as determination of ephemeris time. Distinct planetary periodicities seem to appear in the residuals.
Showering as a Coolant for Rats Exposed to Heat
Authors: Epstein Alan N. , Milestone Ronald
Published: October 2006

Rats exposed to heat learn to take showers and thus defend themselves against hyperthermia; thereafter the rate of showering is a direct function of ambient temperature. The showering effectively replaces spreading of saliva as the major defense against heat in desalivate rats, and appears to be highly preferred to the use of saliva by the intact animal. Since rats will work to obtain heat when cold, it is now clear that learned behavior is effective and physiologically appropriate for thermoregulation at temperatures both above and below the neutral range.
The Case for the Radar Radius of Venus
Authors: Ash M. E. , Campbell D. B. , Dyce R. B. , Ingalls R. P. , Jurgens R. , Pettengill G. H. , Shapiro I. I. , Slade M. A. , Thompson T. W.
Published: October 2006

The Venus radius of 6085 ± 10 kilometers, deduced from combining observations made with the Venera 4 and Mariner V space probes is incompatible with the value of 6050 ± 5 kilometers determined from Earth-based radar measurements.
Radar Determination of the Radius of Venus
Authors: Melbourne W. G. , Muhleman D. O. , O'Handley D. A.
Published: October 2006

The radius of Venus has been determined from radar-range data taken at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Goldstone facility. A simultaneous integration of the equations of motion of the solar-system fit to this time-delay data gave a value of 6053.7 ± 2.2 kilometers. A discussion of other Venusian radius determinations is made.
Assay Systems for the Study of Gene Function
Authors: Ursprung Heinrich , Smith Kirby D. , Sofer William H. , Sullivan David T.
Published: October 2006

The study of genetic regulatory mechanisms operating in plants and animals is of paramount importance in contemporary biology. A precise understanding of the mechanisms that underlie normal cellular differentiation is a prerequisite for understanding neoplastic transformation and genetic disease. At present, we are not aware of a single assay system that can give answers to all questions we are already able to pose. Studies of RNA synthesis are valuable because they provide a direct measurement of transcriptional activity. But these studies remain incomplete until we succeed in unraveling the metabolic roles of the molecules whose synthesis we study. In this respect, the study of enzyme synthesis represents a better defined assay system, although the interpretation of observed fluctuations in synthetic rates is made difficult by the many steps that intervene between the genes and their finished protein products. We propose that a combination of protein biosynthetic and cytogenetic analysis is a promising assay system for further investigation.
Tetrodotoxin: Effects on Fish and Frog Melanophores
Authors: Fujii Ryozo , Novales Ronald R.
Published: October 2006

Tetrodotoxin blocks the response of killifish melanophores to electrical stimulation of their melanin-aggregating nerves. The direct response of killifish or frog melanophores to hormones is not affected. Since there is no effect on melanin aggregation resulting from the release of adrenergic neurotransmitter in killifish melanophores, we conclude that tetrodotoxin acts by blocking nerve conduction.
Martian Craters: Number Density
Authors: Marcus A. H.
Published: October 2006

The incremental frequency distribution of Martian crater diameters larger than 20 to 30 kilometers follows an inverse-square law, with density equal to that of craters on the lunar continents. This finding accords with the prediction that lunar continents and the Martian surface carry an equilibrium density (saturation) of craters originating in meteoroidal impact. Therefore crater statistics alone cannot be used for estimation of the age of the Martian surface.
Chromosomal Effect in vivo of Exposure to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Authors: Sparkes Robert S. , Melnyk John , Bozzetti Louis P.
Published: October 2006

Chromosome studies of persons exposed to lysergic acid diethylamide, either self-administered or received during medical therapy, failed to demonstrate significant chromosomal damage.
Artificial Diet for Cecropia and Other Saturniid Silkworms
Authors: Riddiford Lynn M.
Published: October 2006

A wheat-germ diet containing no leaf material has been perfected for the rearing of
Hyalophora cecropia
,
Hyalophora gloveri
, and
Samia cynthia
.
Total Chemical Synthesis of a D-Enzyme: The Enantiomers of HIV-1 Protease Show Reciprocal Chiral Substrate Specificity
Authors: Milton R. C. deL. , Milton S. C. F. , Kent S. B. H.
Published: October 2006

The D and L forms of the enzyme HIV-1 protease have been prepared by total chemical synthesis. The two proteins had identical covalent structures. However, the folded protein-enzyme enantiomers showed reciprocal chiral specificity on peptide substrates. That is, each enzyme enantiomer cut only the corresponding substrate enantiomer. Reciprocal chiral specificity was also evident in the effect of enantiomeric inhibitors. These data imply that the folded forms of the chemically synthesized D- and L-enzyme molecules are mirror images of one another in all elements of the three-dimensional structure. Enantiomeric proteins are expected to display reciprocal chiral specificity in all aspects of their biochemical interactions.
NF-κB Subunit Regulation in Nontransformed CD4
+
T Lymphocytes
Authors: Kang Sang-Mo , Tran Annie-Chen , Grilli Mariagrazia , Lenardo Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Regulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression by the p50 and p65 subunits of the DNA binding protein NF-κB was studied in nontransformed CD4
+
T lymphocyte clones. A homodimeric complex of the NF-κB p50 subunit was found in resting T cells. The amount of p50-p50 complex decreased after full antigenic stimulation, whereas the amount of the NF-κB p50-p65 heterodimer was increased. Increased expression of the IL-2 gene and activity of the IL-2 κB DNA binding site correlated with a decrease in the p50-p50 complex. Overexpression of p50 repressed IL-2 promoter expression. The switch from p50-p50 to p50-p65 complexes depended on a protein that caused sequestration of the p50-p50 complex in the nucleus.
Genetic Control of Drug Levels in Man: Antipyrine
Authors: Vesell Elliot S. , Page John G.
Published: October 2006

Antipyrine was administered to identical or monozygotic twins and to fraternal or dizygotic twins. Individuals with identical genotypes (monozygotic twins) exhibited significantly less variability in antipyrine halflife than did genetically different individuals (dizygotic twins). Therefore variations in antipyrine metabolism appear to be determined genetically rather than environmentally. In the 36 twins tested, antipyrine half-lives varied between 5.1 and 16.7 hours. No significant correlation occurred between half-lives for phenylbutazone and antipyrine in the 28 twins who received both drugs.
Seismic Waves within Earth's Outer Core: Multiple Reflection
Authors: Engdahl Eric R.
Published: October 2006

Seismic waves reflected as many as four times within Earth's outer core are routinely recorded from large earthquakes. Observations of these waves are confined to rays near grazing incidence on the core-mantle boundary, in agreement with theoretical expectation. Minor adjustments to outer-core velocities may be necessary to account for certain of these arrivals that are not predicted by present core models. A change of 10 kilometers or more in the currently accepted core radius, 3473 kilometers, is not corroborated by the new data.
Sorted Patterned Ground: New Appalachian Localities South of the Glacial Border
Authors: Clark G. Michael
Published: October 2006

Sorted stripes, nets, and polygons in the Appalachians of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Virginia display patterns and stone orientations visibly similar to those of ground patterned under current cold climates. Larger forms appear inactive or fossil and may provide data on the paleoclimate and slope stability.
Martian Surface Materials: Effect of Particle Size on Spectral Behavior
Authors: Salisbury John W. , Hunt Graham R.
Published: October 2006

The presence of abundant limonite on Mars has long been the subject of controversy. Some advocates of abundant limonite also suggest that the albedo differences between Martian light and dark areas are caused by different sizes of particles in those areas. We show that the relative albedo is reversed from the blue to the red for samples of limonite with particles of different sizes. Observations of Mars reveal no blue-red albedo reversal between the light and dark areas. Consequently, the hypothesis of particle size control of albedo is incompatible with the presence of abundant limonite on Mars.
Interferon Inducers in vitro: Difference in Sensitivity to Inhibitors of RNA and Protein Synthesis
Authors: Finkelstein Martin S. , Bausek Gerald H. , Merigan Thomas C.
Published: October 2006

Interferon can be induced by diverse agents in a variety of mammalian cell cultures through apparently two mechanisms. One results in an early (2 to 10 hours) appearance of interferon and is relatively resistant to inhibition by actinomycin, puromycin, or fluorophenylalanine. A second mechanism results in a late (18 to 24 hours) appearance of interferon and is more sensitive to inhibition by these inhibitors. The molecular basis for each mechanism is unclear. Since each interferon inducer may have multiple effects on the cell, the differences observed may not necessarily reflect a fundamental difference in the mechanism of interferon stimulation.
Molecular Aspects of Specific Cell Contact
Authors: Crandall M. A. , Brock T. D.
Published: October 2006

Complementary macromolecules were isolated from yeasts of opposite mating type. These cell-surface molecules neutralize each other as do antibodies and antigens. Both yeast factors are glycoproteins of low molecular weight. Other specific cell associations may be due to the interaction of such complementary macromolecules.
Ionic Interaction of Sulfatide with Choline Lipids
Authors: Abramson Morris B. , Katzman Robert
Published: October 2006

Aqueous systems of sphingomyelin-sulfatide and lecithin-sulfatide were compared with aqueous systems of the individual lipids. The acid capacity of the mixed lipids increased, a result of the formation of an ionic bond between the sulfate of one molecule and the positive nitrogen of the other, making the phosphate available for direct titration. Cholesterol reduces this ionic interaction, probably because of the increased spacing of the ionized groups.
Pesticide Transformations: Production of Chloroazobenzenes from Chloroanilines
Authors: Bartha Richard , Linke H. A. B. , Pramer David
Published: October 2006

Aniline and 11 different chloroanilines were added to soil. No azo compound was formed from aniline, but all monochloro- and some dichloroanilines were transformed to their corresponding dichloro- and tetrachloroazobenzenes. Other dichloroanilines and the trichloroanilines were stable in soil. Peroxidase catalyzed the formation of azo compounds by some chloroanilines. Correspondence in the range of substrates used and products formed in the two systems suggests a peroxidatic mechanism for the synthesis of azo compounds from anilines in soil.
Gulf of California: A Result of Ocean-Floor Spreading and Transform Faulting
Authors: Larson Roger L. , Menard H. W. , Smith S. M.
Published: October 2006

Ocean-floor spreading tore southern Baja California from mainland Mexico 4 million years ago and has subsequently rafted it 260 kilometers to the northwest along the Tamayo Fracture Zone. Magnetic-anomaly profiles indicate spreading at the mouth of the gulf at 3.0 centimeters per year and a rise-crest offset of 75 kilometers inside the gulf across the Tamayo Fracture Zone.
Proton Magnetic Resonance of Proteins Fully Deuterated except for
1
H-Leucine Side Chains
Authors: Crespi Henry L. , Rosenberg Robert M. , Katz Joseph J.
Published: October 2006

The fully deuterated proteins C-phycocyanin, C-phycoerythrin, and cytochrome c have been obtained by biosynthesis with the leucine side chains, and only the leucine side chains, of normal (
1
H) isotopic composition. In these (isotopic hybrid) proteins, proton magnetic resonance analysis shows that the
1
H-leucine side chains are in a variety of environments. During protein biosynthesis, the alpha hydrogen of leucine is exchanged with a hydrogen (
2
H) from the aqueous medium.
Solar Constant: First Direct Measurements
Authors: Laue E. G. , Drummond A. J.
Published: October 2006

The solar constant was directly measured from an altitude of about 82 kilometers—apparently the first such determination. The total solar intensity was 136.1 milliwatts per square centimeter, or 1.952 calories per square centimeter, per minute-about 2.5 percent less than Johnson's derived value. Energy in the ultraviolet and visible regions (for λ less than 607 nanometers) was 7.0 percent less than that obtained by integration over Johnson's curve; for integral flux of λ greater than 607 nanometers there was almost perfect agreement. Seven supporting series of measurements from lower altitudes agreed extremely well with these results after correction for atmospheric extinction.
High-Pressure Polymorphism of Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Jamieson John C. , Olinger Bart
Published: October 2006

X-ray diffraction studies made in situ under conditions of high pressure and high temperature revealed the direct transition of rutile to the alpha lead dioxide form in titanium dioxide. Compressibility studies of this alpha lead dioxide form at room temperature showed anomalous behavior in that its molar volume converges close to, but not equal to, that of the rutile form. Under this circumstance an unexpectedly large error appears in the calculations of the equilibrium pressure for the two forms at 298°K.
Precambrian Rift: Genesis of Strata-Bound Ore Deposits
Authors: Kanasewich E. R.
Published: October 2006

Study of deep seismic reflections has detected a Precambrian rift valley below flat-lying sediments in southern Alberta. The anomalous magnetic and gravity trends show that the rift is continuous across Alberta and British Columbia (through the Kimberley lead-zinc field) and possibly the Coeur d'Alene mining district of Idaho. There is evidence that these ore bodies were deposited in a Precambrian rift under conditions similar to those prevailing in the hot-brine areas of the modern Red Sea.
Ecdysones and Analogs: Effects on Development and Reproduction of Insects
Authors: Robbins W. E. , Kaplanis J. N. , Thompson M. J. , Shortino T. J. , Cohen C. F. , Joyner S. C.
Published: October 2006

Ingestion of certain synthetic ecdysone analogs inhibited larval growth and development in several species of insects, whereas 20-hydroxyecdysone was inactive or considerably less active. Natural 20-hydroxyecdysone and ponasterone A, and a synthetic ecdysone analog inhibited ovarian maturation and egg production in the adult housefly. These effects appeared to be related to hormonal activity.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Age and Spreading Rates
Authors: Fleischer R. L. , Viertl J. R. M. , Price P. B. , Aumento F.
Published: October 2006

Fission-track dating of basaltic glass from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge gives results which are consistent with the proposal of ocean-floor spreading. Solidification ages from ∼10,000 years to ∼300,000 years were measured. Correlation is also possible between the magnetic anomaly patterns over the Crest Mountains at 45°N and the geochronology of the outcropping basalts. Renewed volcanic activity well removed from the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge has been demonstrated to have taken place in recent times.
Mosaic Unit Ruler: Does One Exist?
Authors: Moore Richard E. M.
Published: October 2006

Ancient mosaic patterns tend to be certain absolute sizes (mosaic units). There is evidence that the mosaicists had these lengths marked on rulers. A ruler such as one which an ancient mosaicist might have used has been reconstructed. It is possible that an original may still exist.
Guatemala: Preliminary Zircon Ages from Central Cordillera
Authors: Gomberg David N. , Banks Philip O. , McBirney Alexander R.
Published: October 2006

Concordia resolution of uranium-lead analyses of zircons from rocks of the Guatemalan Cordillera indicates a period of plutonism, and perhaps metamorphism, in late Paleozoic times (345 ± 20 million years). Gneisses of the Chuacus Series yield an age of 1075 ± 25 million years which may be either the age of a source terrain for the original sediments, or the age of principal metamorphism. Zircons from a Paleozoic granite intruding the gneisses appear to contain inherited or contaminating material acquired during the process of magma generation or emplacement, or both.
Solid Ion-Exchange Electrode Selective for Calcium Ion
Authors: Schultz Franklin A. , Petersen Arne J. , Mask Charles A. , Buck Richard P.
Published: October 2006

A calcium-selective electrode with solid ion exchanger was prepared from a solution of the calcium salt of a dialkylphosphoric acid in collodion. The electrode responds rapidly and reproducibly to activity of calcium ion and demonstrates a selective response for calcium ion in the presence of alkaline earth and alkali metal cations.
Chemical Sensing: An Approach to Biological Molecular Mechanisms Using Difference Spectroscopy
Authors: Ash K. Owen
Published: October 2006

Stimulation of preparations of rabbit olfactory epithelium with aqueous solutions containing the odorants linalool or inalyl isobutyrate, or both, initiates molecular changes that can be monitored by a specific decrease in absorbance at 267 nanometers. This change in absorbance appears to be associated with a change in macromolecular conformation which is initiated by formation of a complex involving the stimulant molecules.
Immunoglobulin M Antibodies with Ten Combining Sites
Authors: Onoue K. , Grossberg A. L. , Yagi Y. , Pressman D.
Published: October 2006

Immunoglobulin M rabbit antibodies to a hapten are shown to have ten binding sites per molecule. The affinity for the specific hapten is approximately 100 times greater for one-half of the sites than for the other half. All sites are retained in the five 7
S
subunits produced by reduction and alkylation of the immunoglobulin M. Each of the 7
S
subunits of the IgM molecule apparently has one strong and one weak site.
Maintenance of Responding by Fixed-Interval Schedule of Electric Shock Presentation in Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Stretch R. , Orloff E. R. , Dalrymple S. D.
Published: October 2006

After stabilization of response rates engendered by a free-operant avoidance contingency, the lever-pressing of two squirrel monkeys was maintained for several months by a fixed-interval schedule of electric shock presentation. Initially, response-contingent shocks produced substantial increases in response rates. Continued exposure to the schedule resulted in a reduced overall rate accompanied by a change in the temporal patterning of responses. There was a pause in responding after most shock deliveries; the rate of responding then increased during the interval to reach a terminal value preceding shock presentation. Omission of shocks for part of the daily session led to higher rates of responding; the reintroduction of response-contingent shocks produced a lower overall rate and reinstated the temporal patterning of responding characteristic of the fixed-interval schedule.
Structure of Ribosomes of Chromatoid Bodies: Three-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis at Low Resolution
Authors: Morgan Richard S.
Published: October 2006

A three-dimensional Fourier synthesis at an axial resolution of 75 angstroms of optical diffraction data from electron micrographs of stained sections of chromatoid bodies reveals the position of the large and small ribosomal subunits within these crystals of ribosomes.
RNA and Protein in Nucleolar Structures of Dragonfly Oocytes
Authors: Halkka Liisa , Halkka Olli
Published: October 2006

Dragonfly and damselfly oocytes regularly contain two nucleolus-like bodies of different sizes, a primary nucleolus and a secondary nucleolus. The primary nucleolus stains more deeply with RNA stains than with an arginine stain; the secondary nucleolus stains conversely. The primary nucleolus incorporates uridine under all conditions tested; the secondary, only after precautions have been taken to preserve soluble RNA. Both incorporate lysine.
Herpetic Keratoconjunctivitis: Therapy with Synthetic Double-Stranded RNA
Authors: Park John H. , Baron Samuel
Published: October 2006

A study was undertaken in rabbits to determine how late in the course of keratoconjunctivitis caused by herpes simplex recovery could be effected by an inducer of interferon. Interferon was induced by means of synthetic double-stranded RNA copolymer formed with polynosinic acid: polycytidilic acid RNA. Therapy promotes recovery from severe and fully established keratoconjunctivitis for which treatment was begun as late as 3 days after virus inoculation. No drug toxicity was observed in the therapeutic dose range. These findings further support the proposed role of the interferon mechanism in the natural recovery of already established viral infection. They also suggest the usefulness of interferon inducers in viral infections of man.
Neurons: Secretory Activity during Limb Regeneration and Induction in the Newt
Authors: Van Arsdall Condit B. , Lentz Thomas L.
Published: October 2006

Material staining with aldehyde fuchsin appeared in sensory ganglion cells supplying a regenerating limb or nerve-induced blastema and in regenerating nerve fibers within the blastema. With the electron microscope, large (1000 to 2500 angstroms), dense granules were observed in the perikarya and within end bulbs of peripheral nerves. Secretory materials may be elaborated and transported by neurons during limb regeneration and induction in the newt.
Spores, Pollen, and Microplankton from the Horizon Beta Outcrop
Authors: Habib Daniel
Published: October 2006

Palynology was used for dating a pre-Pleistocene deep-sea organic lutite layer situated stratigraphically near seismic horizon beta, below horizon A. The spores and pollen are closely identified, quantitatively, with nonmarine and marine Middle Cretaceous assemblages (Albian-Cenomanian) on the continents, an age designation that is confirmed by the occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, foraminifers, and coccoliths in the investigated cores. The abundance of these well-preserved, land-derived assemblages in an area far removed from a source suggests some tectonic displacement since their deposition.
Sterol Precursors of Cholesterol in Adult Human Brain
Authors: Galli Giovanni , Paoletti Enrica Grossi , Weiss Joseph F.
Published: October 2006

Adult human brain contains cholestanol and two series of cholesterol precursors having 30, 29, 28, and 27 carbon atoms; one has an unsaturated steroid nucleus, and the other is unsaturated in both nucleus and side chain. The ability of preparations of brain to incorporate a specific precursor into cholesterol, as well as into these sterol metabolites in vitro, indicates that cholesterol synthesis continues long after brain maturation ceases.
Receptors Sensitive to Carbon Dioxide in Lungs of Chicken
Authors: Peterson D. F. , Fedde M. R.
Published: October 2006

Receptors responsive to the removal of carbon dioxide from ventilatory gas were demonstrated in the lungs of the chicken. Apnea was induced in 0.64 second after rapid lowering of respired carbon dioxide in the absence of blood flow through the lungs. Afferent impulses from the receptors are conducted centrally in the vagi.
Species Diversity: Benthonic Foraminifera in Western North Atlantic
Authors: Buzas Martin A. , Gibson Thomas G.
Published: October 2006

Maximum species diversity occurs at abyssal depths of greater than 2500 meters. Other diversity peaks occur at depths of 35 to 45 meters and 100 to 200 meters. The peak at 35 to 45 meters is due to species equitability, whereas the other two peaks correspond to an increase in the number of species.
Microtubules in Brain Homogenates
Authors: Kirkpatrick Joel B.
Published: October 2006

Microtubules from neurons are preserved in homogenates of mammalian brain by medium containing organic solvents at acidic
p
H. By means of negative staining and electron microscopy, the relative concentration of microtubules in suspensions can be assayed. Microtubules from brain have a filamentous substructure.
Sweetclover-Weevil Feeding Deterrent B: Isolation and Identification
Authors: Akeson W. R. , Haskins F. A. , Gorz H. J.
Published: October 2006

Deterrent B, a compound apparently involved in the resistance of
Melilotus infesta
to the sweetclover weevil
Sitona cylindricollis
, has been isolated from leaves by a combination of preparative paper chromatography, sublimation, and crystallization. The compound has been identified as ammonium nitrate. Isolated deterrent B and ammonium nitrate have identical feeding deterrent activities. Although the deterrent principle was isolated as the ammonium salt, nitrate ion is probably responsible for the deterrent activity in vivo.
Hydrocarbons of Blue-Green Algae: Geochemical Significance
Authors: Winters Kenneth , Parker P. L. , Van Baalen Chase
Published: October 2006

The hydrocarbon compositions of 11 species of blue-green algae are simple and qualitatively similar. Three marine coccoids contain only monoenoic and dienoic C
19
hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons of the remaining eight species are C
15
to C
18
. Hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight (C
20
or more) were not detected. Blue-green algae do not appear to be the source material for the long-chain (greater than 20 carbons) hydrocarbons found in ancient sediments.
Chloroplast Ribosomes: Stereospecificity of Inhibition by Chloramphenicol
Authors: Ellis R. J.
Published: October 2006

Chloroplast ribosomes from tobacco leaves show the same stereospecificity of inhibition by chloramphenicol as bacterial ribosomes do. Cytoplasmic ribosomes from the same leaves are unaffected by chloramphenicol. These results remove doubts raised by nonstereospecific effects of chloramphenicol on higher plant cells and support the concept that chloroplasts have evolved from prokaryotes.
Prostaglandins: Enzymatic Analysis
Authors: Änggård Erik , Matschinsky Frank M. , Samuelsson Bengt
Published: October 2006

By means of a specific nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase from swine lung, an enzymatic method has been developed for the assay of prostaglandins. The method permits analysis with a lower limit of 10
-12
mole of prostaglandin.
Geomagnetic Reversal in Brunhes Normal Polarity Epoch
Authors: Smith Jerry D. , Foster John H.
Published: October 2006

The magnetic stratigraphy of seven cores of deep-sea sediment established the existence of a short interval of reversed polarity in the upper part of the Brunhes epoch of normal polarity. The reversed zone in the cores correlates well with paleontological boundaries and is named the Blake event. Its boundaries are estimated to be 108,000 and 114,000 years ago ± 10 percent.
Cerumen Types in Choctaw Indians
Authors: Martin Lawrence M. , Jackson John F.
Published: October 2006

Cerumen from 432 Choctaw Indians from Mississippi was classified as sticky or dry. The frequency of the autosomal recessive dry type was intermediate between that for Indians of western North America and that for Mayan groups of southern Mexico.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Electrophoretic Variant in a New Guinea Highland Population
Authors: Blake N. M. , Kirk R. L. , Pryke E. , Sinnett P.
Published: October 2006

Six examples of a variation in the LDH-A subunit have been detected in 408 samples from three exogamous clans in the New Guinea Highlands. The New Guinea variant is similar to the Memphis-4 variant. Origin of the New Guinea variant could not be traced by genealogy but it seems likely to have persisted for several generations.
Sedimentary Phosphate Method for Estimating Paleosalinities: Limited Applicability
Authors: Müller German
Published: October 2006

The sedimentary phosphate method for estimating paleosalinities was tested on argillaceous sediments from different formations and environments. Results reveal that the method cannot be used generally.
Hemophilia A: Polymorphism Detectable by a Factor VIII Antibody
Authors: Feinstein Donald , Chong May N. Y. , Kasper Carol K. , Rapaport Samuel I.
Published: October 2006

Plasma from 54 patients with hemophilia A was tested for neutralizing activity with a human antibody to factor VIII. The plasma from 52 patients had no demonstrable neutralizing activity. Two plasma samples had neutralizing activity equivalent to that of normal plasma despite the lack of factor VIII clotting activity. Apparently, most patients with hemophilia A do not synthesize factor VIII, whereas a few synthesize an inactive molecule with a presumed genetic structural mutation of the active site but with antigenic determinants in common with normal factor VIII. Thus, hemophilia A is a disease caused by more than a single genetic mechanism.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Propagation of Measles Virus from Brain Biopsy in Tissue Culture
Authors: Chen Tsu Teh , Watanabe Itaru , Zeman Wolfgang , Mealey John
Published: October 2006

Measles virus was propagated in monolayer cultures established from brain tissue of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Syncytial cells were rendered fluorescent with measles specific antiserums only, by means of an indirect technique. The ultrastructural appearance of the microtubular aggregates was identical in brain tissue and in the cultured cells. Fusion experiments produced a cytopathic effect in human embryonic kidney and VERO cell cultures. The virus was identified by hemagglutination-inhibition, but only in the supernatant of disrupted cultured cells.
Genetic Control of the Antibody Response: Relationship between Immune Response and Histocompatibility (
H-2
) Type
Authors: McDevitt Hugh O. , Chinitz Allen
Published: October 2006

The immune responses of inbred mice to a related series of three synthetic polypeptide antigens are genetically controlled traits which are closely correlated with the genotype for the major histocompatibility (
H-2
) locus. All strains of the same
H-2
type exhibit the same pattern of immune response, independent of the remainder of a given strain's genetic background. There is marked antigen-specific polymorphism between strains of different
H-2
types with respect to their patterns of response.
Plant Injury by Air Pollutants: Influence of Humidity on Stomatal Apertures and Plant Response to Ozone
Authors: Otto Harry W. , Daines Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Ozone injury to Bel W3 tobacco and pinto bean plants increases with increasing humidity. The degree of plant injury sustained correlates well with porometer measurements; this indicates that the size of stomatal apertures increases with increasing humidity. Humidity may therefore influence plant response to all pollutants and may account in part for the greater sensitivity of plants to ozone-type injury in the eastern United States compared with the same species of plants grown in the Southwest.
Ontogeny of Soluble and Mitochondrial Tyrosine Aminotransferases
Authors: Koler Robert D. , Vanbellinghen Patricia J. , Fellman J. H. , Jones Richard T. , Behrman Richard E.
Published: October 2006

The development of the soluble and mitochondrial forms of tyrosine aminotransferase was observed in fetal and neonatal rhesus monkey tissues. The mitochondrial activity is detectable in early fetal life; the soluble form reaches significant activity just before the birth of the animal.
Alcohol and Recall: State-Dependent Effects in Man
Authors: Goodwin Donald W. , Powell Barbara , Bremer David , Hoine Haskel , Stern John
Published: October 2006

Male volunteers performed four memory tasks either while sober or under effects of alcohol. Twenty-four hours later they were tested under the same or different conditions. In tasks measuring recall and interference, learning transfer was better when the subject was intoxicated during both sessions than when he was intoxicated only during the learning session. In a task measuring recognition, transfer was not significantly affected by changing state. Thus, alcohol appears to produce "dissociated" or state-dependent effects in man, but not all forms of memory are equally sensitive to the phenomenon.
Areal Spread of the Effect of Cloud Seeding at the Whitetop Experiment
Authors: Neyman Jerzy , Scott Elizabeth , Smith Jerome A.
Published: October 2006

With reference to arguments that weather modification technology is sufficiently advanced for the federal government to finance cloud-seeding operations as a means of alleviating water shortages, an analysis of the Whitetop rain stimulation experiment was performed. The average 24-hour precipitation in six concentric regions up to 180 miles from the center of the target on 102 days of cloud seeding was less than that on the 96 experimental days without seeding. For distances less than 30 miles, the apparent loss of rain due to seeding was 32 percent. With the increase in distance, this apparent loss decreased to a minimum of 9 percent for gages between 120 and 150 miles from the center. However, the 48 gages at distances between 150 and 180 miles showed a 22 percent apparent loss of rain due to seeding. The estimated average loss of rain within the whole region of about 100,000 square miles was 21 percent of what would have fallen without seeding. When a 5-year experiment, expected to produce a 5 to 10-percent increase, shows a 20-percent decrease in rainfall, the relevant technology does not appear reliable enough for practical use.
Cloning of the γ Chain of the Human IL-2 Receptor
Authors: Takeshita Toshikazu , Asao Hironobu , Ohtani Kiyoshi , Ishii Naoto , Kumaki Satoru , Tanaka Nobuyuki , Munakata Hiroshi , Nakamura Masataka , Sugamura Kazuo
Published: October 2006

A third subunit, the γ chain, of the human interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) was identified, and a complementary DNA clone encoding this member of the cytokine receptor family was isolated. The γ chain is necessary for the formation of the high- and intermediate-affinity receptors, which consist of αβγ heterotrimers and βγ heterodimers, respectively. The IL-2R on murine fibroblastoid cells can be internalized after binding IL-2 only if the γ chain is present; α and β are insufficient for internalization. Thus, the γ chain is an indispensable component of the functional IL-2R.
Negative Inotropic Effects of Cytokines on the Heart Mediated by Nitric Oxide
Authors: Finkel Mitchell S. , Oddis Carmine V. , Jacob Timothy D. , Watkins Simon C. , Hattler Brack G. , Simmons Richard L.
Published: October 2006

The direct effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the contractility of mammalian heart were studied. Tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-2 inhibited contractility of isolated hamster papillary muscles in a concentration-dependent, reversible manner. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N
G
-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) blocked these negative inotropic effects. L-Arginine reversed the inhibition by L-NMMA. Removal of the endocardial endothelium did not alter these responses. These findings demonstrate that the direct negative inotropic effect of cytokines is mediated through a myocardial nitric oxide synthase. The regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and myocardial nitric oxide synthase may provide new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiac disease.
Infectious Diseases in Primitive Societies
Authors: Black Francis L.
Published: October 2006

Incidence of various infectious diseases in several Amazon Indian tribes has been determined serologically. Diseases that infect only man fall into two distinct categories. Those which can persist in an individual for a prolonged period are highly endemic, but those which are infectious only in the acute phase die out quickly after introduction. The suggestion is made that the latter diseases could not perpetuate themselves before the advent of advanced cultures and did not exert selective pressures on the human genetic constitution until relatively recently.
Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity: Control by Cyclic Nucleotides
Authors: Byus Craig V. , Russell Diane H.
Published: October 2006

Both exposure to cold and administration of aminophylline result in rapid increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. These increases are followed by dramatic increases in ornithine decarboxylase activity. Inhibitor studies suggest that the increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity is due to new enzyme synthesis. The data suggest that the decarboxylase activity is regulated by an increase in cyclic AMP.
Potassium Chloride-Induced Lordosis Behavior in Rats Is Mediated by the Adrenal Glands
Authors: Whalen Richard E. , Neubauer Blake L. , Gorzalka Boris B.
Published: October 2006

Potassium chloride applied topically to the neocortex facilitates lordosis behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. This effect is absent in rats that are also adrenalectomized. Potassium chloride fails to facilitate lordosis in estrogen-primed rats, with intact adrenals, which are pretreated with dexamethasone, an inhibitor of the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Adrenalectomized rats that have been treated with dexamethasone are capable of responding to progesterone with the display of lordosis. The results suggest that application of potassium chloride to the neocortex acts as a stressor that causes the release of adrenal progestin.
Synodic Month: Variations in the Geologic Past
Authors: Miller Richard H.
Published: October 2006

The value of 31.56 ± 0.74 days for the synodic month in the Upper Cambrian is used together with a maximum in the expected number of days in a synodic month to argue that solar tidal dissipation is important in the dynamics of the earth-moon system and that the moment of inertia of the earth cannot have been much larger then than it is now. The tendency of the measurements to remain near 30 days may be a resonance effect.
Fusidic Acid: Inhibition of Factor T
2
in Reticulocyte Protein Synthesis
Authors: Malkin Martin , Lipmann Fritz
Published: October 2006

The steroid antibiotic fusidic acid inhibits reticulocyte protein synthesis. This inhibition appears to be due to interference with the activity of the T
2
supernatant fraction, and strengthens the proposition that T
2
is functionally analogous to the G-factor of bacterial protein synthesis, which is also specifically inhibited by this antibiotic.
Molecular Order of Participation of Inhibitors (or Activators) in Biological Systems
Authors: Loftfield R. B. , Eigner E. A.
Published: October 2006

From a Hill plot it is frequently possible to determine whether exactly one, two, or several inhibitor (or activator) molecules are involved in a critical rate-determining biological process.
Gaussian Behavior of the Electroencephalogram: Changes during Performance of Mental Task
Authors: Elul Rafael
Published: October 2006

The probability distribution of the amplitude of scalp electroencephalogram has been investigated in an adult subject in the idle state, and during performance of a mental arithmetic task. Based on a large sample, the electroencephalogram in this subject in the idle state follows a Gaussian (normal) probability function 66 percent of the time. During performance of the arithmetic task, the portion of Gaussian electroencephalogram decreases to 32 percent. The probability function characterizing gross electroencephalographic activity is determined by the degree of mutual interaction of individual cellular generators of wave activity in the tissue underneath the recording electrode. The data imply an increase in the cooperative activity of cortical neuronal elements during performance of a mental task.