bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LC/PDA/ESI‐MS Profiling and Radical Scavenging Activity of Anthocyanins in Various Berries
Authors: Nakajima Jun-ichiro , Tanaka Ippei , Seo Shujiro , Yamazaki Mami , Saito Kazuki
Published: December 2004

Anthocyanin extracts of two blueberries, Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) and Vaccinium ashei (rabbiteye blueberry), and of three other berries, Ribes nigrum (black currant), Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry), and Sambucus nigra (elderberry), were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization ‐ mass spectrometry (LC/PDA/ESI‐MS). Both bilberry and rabbiteye blueberry contained 15 identical anthocyanins with different distribution patterns. Black currant, chokeberry, and elderberry contained 6, 4, and 4 kinds of anthocyanins, respectively. The radical scavenging activities of these berry extracts were analyzed by using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). All these extracts showed potent antiradical activities.
Characterization of Acylated Anthocyanins in Callus Induced From Storage Root of Purple‐Fleshed Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas L
Authors: Terahara N. , Konczak I. , Ono H. , Yoshimoto M. , Yamakawa O.
Published: December 2004

Four anthocyanins were isolated from a highly pigmented callus induced from the storage root of purple‐fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L) cultivar Ayamurasaki. The anthocyanins were respectively identified as cyanidin 3‐O‐(2‐O‐(6‐O‐(E)‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside)‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, cyanidin 3‐O‐(2‐O‐(6‐O‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐6‐O‐(E)‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside)‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, cyanidin 3‐O‐(2‐O‐(6‐O‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐6‐O‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside)‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, and peonidin 3‐O‐(2‐O‐(6‐O‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐6‐O‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside)‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. These anthocyanins were examined with respect to the stability in neutral aqueous solution as well as the radical scavenging activity against the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. These acylated anthocyanins exhibited both higher stability and higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than corresponding nonacylated cyanidin and peonidin 3‐O‐sophoroside‐5‐O‐glucosides.
The New Digital Media and Activist Networking within Anti–Corporate Globalization Movements
Authors: Juris Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2004

This article examines how anti–corporate globalization activists have used new digital technologies to coordinate actions, build networks, practice media activism, and physically manifest their emerging political ideals. Since the World Trade Organization protests in Seattle, and through subsequent mobilizations against multilateral institutions and forums in Prague, Quebec, Genoa, Barcelona, and Porto Alegre, activists have used e-mail lists, Web pages, and open editing software to organize and coordinate actions, share information, and produce documents, reflecting a general growth in digital collaboration. Indymedia has provided an online forum for posting audio, video, and text files, while activists have also created temporary media hubs to generate alternative information, experiment with new technologies, and exchange ideas and resources. Influenced by anarchism and peer-to-peer networking logics, anti–corpo-rate globalization activists have not only incorporated digital technologies as concrete tools, they have also used them to express alternative political imaginaries based on an emerging network ideal.
Digital Gambling: The Coincidence of Desire and Design
Authors: Schull Natasha Dow
Published: December 2004

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Las Vegas among game developers and machine gamblers, I correlate a set of digitally enhanced game features with phenomenological aspects of gamblers’ experience, demonstrating the intimate connection between extreme states of subjective absorption in play and design elements that manipulate space and time to accelerate the extraction of money from players. The case of the digital gambling interface exemplifies the tendency of modern capitalism to bring space, time, and money into intensified relation and sheds light on the question of what might or might not be distinctive about the rationalities and libidinal investments of the “digital age.”
The Changing Place of Cultural Production: The Location of Social Networks in a Digital Media Industry
Authors: Neff Gina
Published: December 2004

This article examines the role of place and placemaking within cultural industries in the digital era. The data for this article are drawn from a data set of attendance at more than nine hundred social networking events over a six-year period in New York City’s Internet, or “new media,” industry. These data confirm that place became more,not less,important to cultural production over this period. Networking, or the processes of the formation of social network ties, is concentrated in activities within narrow geographic clusters. This study suggests that the networking events within the industry—cocktail parties, seminars, ceremonies, and the like—mediate access to crucial resources within the industry.
Anger Expression Toward Parents and Depressive Symptoms Among Undergraduates in Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Hsiu-Lan , Mallinckrodt Brent , Wu Li-Chuan
Published: December 2004

This study surveyed 559 Taiwanese undergraduates regarding anger expression toward parents and depressive symptoms. Five modes of anger expression were explored. All modes of expression were either neutral or positively associated with depressive symptoms. This result is contrary to studies of Western culture suggesting that some modes of anger expression may be beneficial. However, a significant buffering interaction effect was detected for women. Higher relative preference for outward verbal expression of anger (Verbal Out) was associated with fewer depressive symptoms at increasing levels of anger antecedents. For men, in contrast, greater preference for physical demonstrations of anger (Action Out) was associated with more depressive symptoms at increasing levels of anger antecedents. Implications of these findings for U.S. counselors serving clients with Taiwanese cultural values are discussed.
Exploring the Effects of Environmental Experience on Attachment to Urban Natural Areas
Authors: Ryan Robert L.
Published: December 2004

This study explored the relationship between place attachment and both environmental experience and environmental attributes within three urban natural areas in Michigan. To understand these relationships, 328 park users—including neighbors, visitors, volunteers, and staff—were asked about their attachment, use, environmental knowledge, and attitudes toward management using a photo questionnaire. The results showed that attachment has different manifestations related to experience—a place-specific attachment was generally held by neighbors and recreational users, whereas a conceptual attachment was held by volunteers, staff, and those with extensive natural-areas knowledge. Each form of attachment was associated with distinctive perspectives on management. The study showed that the expert’s vision of appropriate management of a natural area may differ from those of neighbors and users, which can readily lead to conflict. If, however, attachment is recognized as a multifaceted and far-reaching component of people’s relationship to a place, such conflicts can be mitigated.
Environment and Aging in Japan
Authors: Verderber Stephen , Song Jeung-Haeng
Published: December 2004

Over the past 30 years, environment and behavior research in Japan has paralleled the international growth of the field. Unfortunately, despite noteworthy periodic efforts to cross-culturally bridge language barriers between English- and Japanese-speaking researchers, public policy makers, planning and design practitioners, and students specializing in this subject area, significant communication obstacles persist. In response, a literature review is presented of recent research in Japan on the subject of environment and aging. The review spans a 17-year period (1985-2002). The objective is to enhance international communication, stimulate collaborative work, and foster appreciation of the broad parameters of the dramatic trends in aging occurring globally.
Is Cleanliness Next to Godliness?
Authors: Harris Paul B. , Sachau Daniel
Published: December 2004

We conducted a study to determine if the cleanliness of an apartment would affect observer impressions of the resident. Participants (210 female and 126 male undergraduate students) read a story in which a character’s apartment was described as clean or dirty or in which no information about housekeeping was provided. For each condition, half the characters were male and half were female. After reading the story, participants rated the personality of the character. Poor housekeepers received lower ratings on measures of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Intelligence, and Femininity but received higher ratings on measures of Openness and Neuroticism. Results indicated no significant interactions between housekeeping and participant or character gender. Findings support the idea that housekeeping is a cue utilized in environmental impression formation.
Enclosure and Safety in Urbanscapes
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: December 2004

Previous work in neurophysiology suggests that enclosure is such an important feature of the environment that there is a specific region in the brain responding directly to environmental enclosure. Previous experimental work suggested that 5 environmental features cause impressions of enclosure: the proportion of the scene covered by walls, the proportion of the scene covered by ground, how light or dark the scene is, the depth of view, and the number of sides open at the front of the scene. Direct quantitative replication of these results was obtained for a sample of 21 artificial scenes. Responses of judged safety were also obtained. Safety was most strongly correlated with the lightness of the scene ( r = .82).
Doing what We Want to Become
Authors: Leland Christine H. , Harste Jerome C.
Published: December 2004

The shortage of competent, caring professionals who see themselves as urban educators has long been recognized as a problem that teacher preparation programs need to address. The authors argue that situating an entire elementary teacher education program in an urban school setting and engaging candidates in ongoing conversations about difficult social issues can make a difference in how graduates see themselves and how they judge their ability to succeed as the next generation of urban teachers.
Social and Cultural Capital in an Urban Latino School Community
Authors: Monkman Karen , Ronald Margaret , Théramène Florence Délimon
Published: December 2004

The concepts of social and cultural capital explain how inequality is reproduced in schools. High-status cultural practices and knowledge, and access to these through elite social networks, become the indications through which success is recognized and rewarded. However, it is in the dynamics of negotiating social and cultural capital that processes of social reproduction can potentially be upset and derailed. This study analyzes those dynamics of negotiation in a low-income, Spanish speaking, urban school community. This process of reproduction can be derailed in ways that benefit children who are nonelite.
What Do they Really Want?
Authors: Daniels Erika , Arapostathis Mark
Published: December 2004

Although much research exists on student motivation, few studies speak directly with students or highlight their voices. In this grounded theory study, we interviewed and observed reluctant learners in an alternative high school to learn what factors they saw as contributing to their school successes and failures. Themes emerging from the participants’ words were echoed by themes found in motivation research. Building relationships with teachers, being interested in school assignments, and feeling competent to perform tasks were mentioned by the students as influencing their levels of engagement. The qualitative data suggested ways for teachers to create motivating learning environments.
Sex, Lies, and Strategic Interference: The Psychology of Deception Between the Sexes
Authors: Haselton Martie G. , Buss David M. , Oubaid Viktor , Angleitner Alois
Published: December 2004

The desires of one sex can lead to deceptive exploitation by the other sex. Strategic Interference Theory proposes that certain “negative” emotions evolved or have been co-opted by selection, in part, to defend against deception and reduce its negative consequences. In Study 1 (N = 217) Americans reported emotional distress in response to specific forms of deception. Study 2 (N =200) replicated the results in a German sample. Study 3 (N =479) assessed Americans’ past experiences with deception and conducted additional hypothesis tests using a procedure to control for overall sex differences in upset. Each study supported the hypothesis that emotions track sex-linked forms of strategic interference. Three clusters of sex differences proved robust across studies—emotional upset about resource deception, commitment deception, and sexual deception. We discuss implications for theories of mating and emotion and directions for research based on models of antagonistic coevolution between the sexes.
Unconscious Affective Reactions to Masked Happy Versus Angry Faces Influence Consumption Behavior and Judgments of Value
Authors: Winkielman Piotr , Berridge Kent C. , Wilbarger Julia L.
Published: December 2004

The authors explored three properties of basic, unconsciously triggered affective reactions: They can influence consequential behavior, they work without eliciting conscious feelings, and they interact with motivation. The authors investigated these properties by testing the influence of subliminally presented happy versus angry faces on pouring and consumption of beverage (Study 1), perception of beverage value (Study 2), and reports of conscious feelings (both studies). Consistent with incentive motivation theory, the impact of affective primes on beverage value and consumption was strongest for thirsty participants. Subliminal smiles caused thirsty participants to pour and consume more beverage (Study 1) and increased their willingness to pay and their wanting more beverage (Study 2). Subliminal frowns had the opposite effect. No feeling changes were observed, even in thirsty participants. The results suggest that basic affective reactions can be unconscious and interact with incentive motivation to influence assessment of value and behavior toward valenced objects.
Perceptions of Entitativity and Attitude Change
Authors: Rydell Robert J. , McConnell Allen R.
Published: December 2004

The current work explored the properties of groups that lead them to be persuasive and the processes through which such persuasion occurs. Because more entitative groups induce greater levels of information processing, their arguments should receive greater elaboration, leading to persuasion when members of groups present strong (vs. weak) counter attitudinal arguments. Experiment 1 explored these hypotheses by examining if idiosyncratic perceptions of group entitativity and manipulations of argument strength affect attitude change and argument elaboration. Experiment 2 experimentally manipulated group entitativity and argument strength independently to examine the causal relationship between entitativity, attitude change, and argument elaboration. In both experiments, it was found that groups greater in entitativity were more persuasive when presenting strong (vs. weak) arguments and induced greater argument elaboration. Implications for our understanding of entitativity, persuasion, and information processing about social groups are discussed.
Engagement and Arousal: Optimism’s Effects During a Brief Stressor
Authors: Nes Lise Solberg , Segerstrom Suzanne C. , Sephton Sandra E.
Published: December 2004

Optimism is usually associated with better psychological and physiological adjustment to stressors, but some contradictory findings exist. The purpose of this study was to investigate how optimism could result in negative immunological changes following difficult stressors. Because optimists are likely to see positive outcomes as attainable, they may invest greater effort to achieve their goals. It is proposed that such engagement would be more physiologically demanding when pursuing difficult goals. Participants (N = 54) worked on 11 difficult or insoluble anagrams. Optimism when combined with high self-awareness increased time spent working on the anagrams and skin conductance and salivary cortisol during the recovery period. The results support the notion that the increased engagement that arises from optimism may lead to short-term physiological costs.
Adult Attachment Dimensions and Specificity of Emotional Distress Symptoms: Prospective Investigations of Cognitive Risk and Interpersonal Stress Generation as Mediating Mechanisms
Authors: Hankin Benjamin L. , Kassel Jon D. , Abela John R. Z.
Published: December 2004

Three prospective studies examined the relation between adult attachment dimensions and symptoms of emotional distress (anxiety and depression). Across all three studies, avoidant and anxious attachment prospectively predicted depressive symptoms, and anxious attachment was associated concurrently with anxiety symptoms. Study 2 tested a cognitive risk factors mediational model, and Study 3 tested an interpersonal stress generation mediational model. Both cognitive and interpersonal mediating processes were supported. The cognitive risk factors pathway, including elevated dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem, specifically mediated the relation between insecure attachment and prospective elevations in depression but not anxiety. For the interpersonal stress generation model, experiencing additional interpersonal, but not achievement, stressors over time mediated the association between insecure attachment and prospective elevations in depressive and anxious symptoms. Results advance theory and empirical knowledge about why these interpersonal and cognitive mechanisms explain how insecurely attached people become depressed and anxious.
Technocracy, Democracy, and U.S. Climate Politics: The Need for Demarcations
Authors: Lahsen Myanna
Published: December 2004

Ulrich Beck and other theorists of reflexive modernization are allies in the general project to reduce technocracy and elitism by rendering decision making more democratic and robust. However, this study of U.S. climate politics reveals complexities and obstacles to the sort of democratized decision making envisioned by such theorists. Since the early 1990s, the U.S. public has been subjected to numerous media-driven campaigns to shape understandings of this widely perceived threat. Political interests have instigated an important part of these campaigns, frequently resorting to ethically problematic tactics to undermineattemptsat policy action designed to avert or reducethe threat. The disproportionate in fluence of such interests suggests the need for a more level political playing field characterized by more equalized access to power and influence.
Lost in the Mall with Mesmer and Wundt: Demarcations and Demonstrations in the Psychologies
Authors: Ashmore Malcolm , Brown Steven D. , Macmillan Katie
Published: December 2004

This article analyzes the demarcations made within psychology as a feature of the “memory wars”—the current controversy around “recovered” or “false” memory. As it is played out inside professional psychology, the dispute features clinical practitioners acting largely as proponents of recovered memory and experimentalists as proponents of false memory. Tracing a genealogy of this dispute back to a pair of original sites (Mesmer’s salon and Wundt’s laboratory), we show how the traditions’engagement in three modes of scientific demonstration varies systematically in terms of the modes of social relation inherent in their epistemic practices and the kinds of “reliable witness” these practices produce. We conclude that whereas the experimentalist tradition is able to transporttheir produced witnesses from oneto anothersite of demonstration with relative ease, the clinical tradition has much greater difficulty in doing so and thus has to engage in a variety of compensatory demonstrative strategies.
Demarcating Epidemiology
Authors: Amsterdamska Olga
Published: December 2004

Although epidemiology as a scientific study of disease in populations claimed an independent disciplinary status already in the mid–nineteenth century, its history in the twentieth century can be seen as a continuous and often contentious attempt to define the field’s social and intellectual boundaries vis-à-vis a variety of neighboring scientific fields and public health practices. In a period dominated by laboratory biomedical sciences, epidemiologists repeatedly tried to spell out how their discipline met the requirements of scientificity despite its focus on disease as a collective phenomenon and its reliance on nonlaboratory methods. This article asks about the relationship between the changing institutional and intellectual contexts of British epidemiological practice and the epidemiologists’attempts to define both science in general and epidemiology in particular. An examination of the epidemiologists’boundary-making endeavors is also used to reflect on the circumstances in which scientists engage in the discourse of disciplinary demarcations.
Communitarian Journalism and Flag Displays after September 11: An Ethical Critique
Authors: Borden Sandra L.
Published: December 2004

This analysis suggests that neither objectivity nor descriptive articulations of civic-public journalism provide the best normative frameworks for evaluating journalistic flag displays after September 11. The core ethical problem was that journalists displayed an oppressive, nationalistic patriotism resting on hegemonic assumptions that neither perspective adequately addresses. Journalists are encouraged to adopt communitarian journalism as the philosophical foundation for constructing an alternative patriotism rooted in a broadly human conception of the common good.
Family Life Cycle and Peasant Income in Socialist China: Evidence from Qin Village
Authors: Li Huaiyin
Published: December 2004

Using account books and household registers from a production team of Qin village in Jiangsu Province, China, this article examines the changing laborer-to-dependent ratios in the peasant households over the family life cycle and their effects on income disparity within the collective in the 1970s. It demonstrates that birth control in the late 1970s caused remarkable changes to the family cycle of the households, which in turn affected their economic situation in different phases of the cycle. Moreover, the changing family cycle interwove with different labor remuneration systems to shape economic differentiation in the collective. Income inequality among the households was the greatest in the early 1970s under the egalitarian system and greatly reduced in the late 1970s when work incentives were introduced to the village.
The Changing Meaning of Family: Individual Rights and Irish Adoption Policy, 1949-99
Authors: Shanahan Suzanne
Published: December 2004

This article examines child adoption discourse to investigate the changing cultural conceptions of children, family, and individual rights. Through an analysis of Irish child adoption debate from 1949 to 1999, the author explores the relationship between the worldwide individual rights imperative and culturally specific, national ideals of family. This analysis reveals two general policy dynamics. First, these debates reveal how policies are often “discursively dependent.” The seemingly arbitrary framing of a social problem in one era sets the agenda, language, and framework for debate in future periods. Second, they demonstrate how state social policies are complicit in the changing social construction of family and help constitute “motherhood,” “fatherhood,” and “childhood” as core social categories and as inalienable individual rights and identities. Concretely, in the case of Ireland, these dynamics have together yielded an otherwise unanticipated history of adoption policy and policy discourse.
Female Extramarital Relationships and their Regulation in Early Colonial Thembuland, South Africa, 1875-95
Authors: Phoofolo Pule
Published: December 2004

This article eavesdrops on testimonies of court cases seeking damages for adultery in the late 1800s in colonial Thembuland, South Africa. It explores issues of gender, power, agency, and sexuality in this period and region. These testimonies suggest a picture that sounds a corrective to that of available studies. The article finds that domestic conflicts, especially their dramatic manifestation in extramarital relationships, were already features of life before the social disruptions brought on by late-nineteenth-century industrialization and the migrant labor regime and twentieth-century urbanization in South Africa. Family tensions, and extramarital relationships especially, were rooted in contradictions inherent in the changing gender relations of power within African families themselves. These testimonies also reveal that the precolonial ideal that constructed women as chattel and without legal standing, contrasted sharply with the very different picture of women’s freedom that the prevalence and conduct of extramarital relationships suggest.
Property and Gender in the Inheritance Patterns of a Southern Appalachian Community: Boone County, West Virginia, 1865-1924
Authors: Weissman Karen Hyde
Published: December 2004

This article reviews the wills recorded in a rural county in southern West Virginia over a seven-decade period. It analyzes changes through time in the division of property by gender and implications about the meaning of gender within the context of the history of the United States and the women’s movement. The analysis is grounded in studies of Southern Appalachian culture and argues briefly for an ecological model in the examination of inheritance and property distribution.
Advanced Practice Nursing: Continuation of the Dialogue
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline , Graham Iain
Published: December 2004

This column continues the dialogue about advanced practice nursing. Professor Iain Graham of Bournemouth University shares his ideas about advanced practice nursing in the United Kingdom and answers questions about the tasks and responsibilities of advanced practice nurses within the National Health Service.
Children’s Experiences of Being Without a Place to Call Home: What the Research Tells Us
Authors: Menke Edna M.
Published: December 2004

The article provides a critique of qualitative nursing research regarding children’s experiences of being without a place to call home. The phenomena under study were the lived experience of being without a home, feeling uncomfortable, hope, and what was special in the children’s lives. Parse’s criteria for the critique of qualitative research were used. A synthesis of the interpretive findings about the children’s experiences is presented. Recommendations for advancing nursing theory, nursing research, and nursing practice are discussed.
The Phenomenological Movement and Research in the Human Sciences
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: December 2004

Phenomenology, as a modern movement in philosophy, has focused discussion upon human subjectivity in new and critically important ways. Because human participants can relate intentionally to objects of the world consciousness manifests relationships to things and others that are other than cause-effect relationships. Consequently, the concepts and practices of the natural sciences are not the best model for the human sciences to follow. Husserl in his philosophy introduced a method for a more adequate approach to the achievements of consciousness and when properly modified the phenomenological method can serve as the basis for the human sciences, including nursing. The use of such a method can make the qualitative analysis of phenomena rigorous and scientific.
Feeling Lonely: Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Karnick Paula M.
Published: December 2004

Much has been written about the phenomenon of loneliness. Despite the plethora of theoretical information concerning loneliness, the phenomenon lacks a clear, consensual definition. Nurses often work with persons who feel lonely. Feeling lonely is a phenomenon that is a universal lived experience that is significant to health and quality of life. In this column, the author examines the existing body of theoretical knowledge regarding the phenomenon of feeling lonely. The author’s perspective is the human becoming theory, in which health is viewed as the way individuals live what is important to them.
Becoming a Living-Learning Organization
Authors: Vander Woude Diana L. , Letcher Deborah C.
Published: December 2004

The journey of becoming a living-learning organization brings forth many challenges while relating with community. Parse’s nursing theory of human becoming provides a framework for understanding meaning, rhythmicity, and cotranscendence while relating with others. In this column the authors discuss how the theory of human becoming and the key components of a learning organization informed the cocreation of a shared vision for Sioux Valley Hospitals and Health System. Parse’s community change concepts, moving-initiating, anchoring-shifting, ponderingshaping, are intertwined within story as discovery, intention, innovation, and fostering human potential in this organizational change process is explored.
Practice Possibilities for Nurses Choosing True Presence With Persons Who Live With a Different Sense of Hearing
Authors: Aquino-Russell Catherine E.
Published: December 2004

Living with a different sense of hearing is a silencing experience that can change persons’patterns of relating and even deprive them of effective ways to give and receive messages with other human beings. People who live with having a different sense of hearing are often stigmatized, labeled, and judged by nurses, healthcare professionals, and family members alike. This column examines practice possibilities for nurses who choose the human becoming way of being with persons living with a different sense of hearing.
Managing Complications of Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: Smythe Maureen A. , Dager William E. , Patel Nima M.
Published: December 2004

Understanding the frequency, risk factors, and management of anticoagulant-induced adverse events will assist clinicians in optimizing patient outcomes. The most frequent adverse event of all anticoagulants is major bleeding. Risk factors for major bleeding have been identified with the heparin compounds, the direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), fondaparinux, and warfarin therapy. Understanding these risk factors can help prevent bleeding events. For cases of clinically significant bleeding, reversal agents exist primarily for heparin and warfarin. Although less common, nonbleeding adverse events of anticoagulant therapy can also be life threatening. The heparin compounds are associated with the development of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and osteoporosis. HIT can result in life-threatening thrombosis and is usually managed with a DTI. Nonbleeding adverse events with warfarin therapy include skin reactions and the development of venous limb gangrene. Appropriate initiation of warfarin therapy may decrease the risk of venous limb gangrene.
The Future of Anticoagulation
Authors: Dobesh Paul P. , Kim Karissa , Stacy Zachary
Published: December 2004

Anticoagulant agents, such as unfractionated heparin and warfarin, have been in use for roughly 50 years. Over the past decade, injectable agents such as low-molecular-weight heparins, pentasaccharide, and direct thrombin inhibitors have been major advances in preventing and treating thrombosis. Despite these somewhat recent additions, there is still enormous potential to improve on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these agents, as well as improve patient outcomes. There are currently a large number of anticoagulant agents (injectable and oral) that could be available for use in the next several years. Many of these new agents have unique mechanisms that may provide practitioners with anticoagulant alternatives. This review gives a detailed analysis of the anticoagulant agents that may add to our armamentarium in the management of thrombosis.
Anticoagulation in Hypercoagulable Conditions: Special Considerations in the Treatment and Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Wittkowsky Ann K.
Published: December 2004

Patients with hypercoagulable conditions, including malignancy, are at increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolic events (VTE). The general approach to treatment and prevention of VTE in patients with thrombophilia is similar to that of patients who present with VTE associated with transient risk factors, including immobility, trauma, and surgery. However, several important issues must be considered in the initial management of acute VTE, in the long-term prevention of VTE following an initial event, and in VTE prophylaxis in patients with hypercoagulable conditions. Patients with antithrombin deficiency are prone to heparin resistance and may require concurrent antithrombin concentrates or anticoagulation with direct thrombin inhibitors for adequate treatment of acute VTE. In patients with malignancy, low-molecular-weight heparins have been found to be more effective than unfractionated heparin for the initial treatment of VTE. Long-term prevention is preferred for most patients with hypercoagulable conditions, and the latest trials show that low-intensity warfarin is not as effective as typical moderate-intensity therapy for chronic therapy. Primary prophylaxis of asymptomatic carriers is not warranted unless they are exposed to additional risk factors, including surgery, trauma, immobilization, and pregnancy. Prolonged prophylaxis may be appropriate in patients with malignancy who undergo surgical procedures.
Chemotherapy Error Reduction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Create Templated Order Sets
Authors: Dinning Connie , Branowicki Patricia , O’Neill Jill Brace , Marino Barbara L. , Billett Amy
Published: December 2004

More than 48,000 newly diagnosed cancer patients can expect to have some adverse events related to their care each year. Historically, 20% of these adverse events have been medication related, and two thirds have been thought to be preventable. Since the majority of these errors occurred during the order writing process, the prioritized changes made at the joint pediatric program for Children’s Hospital, Boston, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute have been the initiation of templated orders and the development of a computerized order entry system. The goal of this initiative was to decrease errors related to chemotherapy administration by creating legible, complete, clearly defined order sets, and at the same time, to make order writing and reviewing more efficient. Chemotherapy templates were created using a consistent format and a rigorous multidisciplinary review process. Each order set includes the following: identification of the patient and cycle of chemotherapy to be given, criteria necessary to receive chemotherapy, chemotherapy orders with modifications if appropriate, and supportive care orders. Templated order sets have reduced the duplication of work efforts by significantly reducing the number of changes made during the order verification process; orders are more complete, and standardization has occurred.
A Survey of Pediatric Oncology Nurses’ Perceptions of Parent Educational Needs
Authors: Kelly Katherine Patterson , Porock Davina
Published: December 2004

Educating parents of children with cancer is a primary nursing responsibility in pediatric oncology. A survey using Delphi techniques was conducted with nurses attending a Children’s Oncology Group Nursing Workshop to identify priority educational topics from pediatric oncology nurses’ perspective. In round 1 of the survey, nurses were asked to identify 5 priority educational topics and 5 topics they spend the most time teaching parents. Twenty-four educational categories were identified by 199 nurses, and responses were sorted by category and frequencies tabulated. Information about treatment was the most frequently cited priority. Bone marrow suppression (BMS) was the second most important priority and was the topic nurses spent most time in teaching. Round 2 of the survey was sent via e-mail to 132 consenting participants from round 1. Nurses were asked to rate the importance of the categories from round 1 (presented in random order) during 4 time periods (diagnosis, initial treatment, maintenance, and off therapy). Nurses reported different teaching priorities across the continuum of treatment. Of note, teaching about end-of-life issues and alternative therapy were ranked as low in importance across all time points. These findings can be used to inform educational programs and materials development for parents of children with cancer.
Outpatient Chemotherapy Administration: Decreasing Wait Times for Patients and Families
Authors: Hendershot Eleanor , Murphy Cory , Doyle Sandra , Van-Clieaf Judy , Lowry Jane , Honeyford Lisa
Published: December 2004

Increasingly, there is a trend to deliver chemotherapy, where possible, in the outpatient ambulatory setting. In the few studies that have explored the setting of cancer care, long wait times are frequently linked to dissatisfaction. Several factors contribute to lengthy waiting times for patients and their families: long registration processes, lag times associated with obtaining laboratory results, time required for patient assessments and preparation of chemotherapeutic agents, adequacy of nursing resources, and physical space constraints in relation to patient volumes. With the goal of improving care delivery in the outpatient clinic, a fast-tracking system was established. Program planning included establishing patient eligibility criteria, protocol and treatment appropriateness, interdepartmental collaboration, development of a communication plan for families and staff, negotiation of physical space, and allocation of human resources. This was instituted by reallocating existing resources and establishing an autonomous nurse-managed chemotherapy clinic. This fast-tracking program has enabled us to use our existing resources with greater efficiency and improve patient care from safety and quality-of-life perspectives for those included in the program.
A Comparison of Two Group Interventions for Adolescent Aggression: High Process Versus Low Process
Authors: Martsch Martin D.
Published: December 2004

Objective: This study compared two group treatments for aggressive behavior in adjudicated male adolescents: a cognitive-behavioral program (low process) and a program integrating group interaction with cognitive-behavioral training (high process). Method: The court-ordered adolescents were divided into two age groups, younger and older, and randomly assigned to one of the two treatment conditions for 10 weekly 2-hour sessions. Data were collected at pretest, posttest, and 9-month follow-up. Dependent variables included recidivism, behavior ratings, parent-teen conflict, anger control, social problem-solving, and social skills. The analysis was ANOVA on the ranks of adjusted gain scores. Results: High process was more effective for the older boys, and low process was more effective for the younger boys on conduct disorder and parent-adolescent conflict. Conclusions: The older boys appeared more cognitively and socially able to take advantage of the self-determined, interactive format, whereas the younger boys seemed to respond better to the leader-guided, highly structured format.
Do Batterer Intervention Programs Serve African American and Caucasian Batterers Equally Well? An Investigation of a 26-Week Program
Authors: Buttell Frederick P. , Carney Michelle M.
Published: December 2004

Objective: The purpose of the study was to (a) evaluate a 26-week batterer intervention program by investigating changes in psychological variables related to abuse (i.e., truthfulness, violence, lethality, control, substance use, and coping abilities) between pretreatment and post treatment assessments in a sample of men involuntarily placed in treatment and (b) to investigate the differential effectiveness of this same program for African American and Caucasian batterers. Method: The study employed a secondary analysis of 142 treatment-completers who were randomly selected from a larger pool of 733 men. Results: Analysis failed to provide empirical support for the contention that both African American and Caucasian batterers would demonstrate significant changes, in the desired direction, on psychological variables related to violence, as a result of their participation in a 26-week batterer treatment program. Conclusion: Implications of the findings for social workers are explored and discussed.
The National Science Foundation: Funding Opportunities for Social Workers
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina
Published: December 2004

This article introduces the National Science Foundation as a potential funding source for social work researchers and describes the experience of one faculty member in seeking funding from this source. The author provides an overview of the foundation, discusses its programmatic structure, proposal preparation, selection criteria, and review process, and presents a summary of a successfully funded proposal.
The Four Cornerstones of Evidence-Based Practice in Social Work
Authors: Gilgun Jane F.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this article is to place evidence-based practice within its wider scholarly contexts and draw lessons from the experiences of other professions that are engaged in implementing it. The analysis is based primarily on evidence-based medicine, the parent discipline of evidence-based practice, but the author also draws on evidence-based nursing and evidence-based social work in the United Kingdom. It was found that the experiences of other practice professions have a great deal to offer social work practice. Similar to medicine, nursing, and our British colleagues, U.S. social work practice will benefit from increased research activity, more widespread availability of reviews of research, on-line resources, and many more training opportunities. Similar to nursing administrators, social work administrators have the responsibility to allow social work practitioners the time and training to become familiar with research relevant to their practice.
The Society for Social Work and Research at 10 Years of Age and Counting: An Idea Whose Time Had Come
Authors: Padgett Deborah K.
Published: December 2004

Since its founding in 1994, the Society for Social Work and Research (SSWR) has grown dramatically, in large part because of its annual conference featuring the best in social work research. SSWR’s growth has also given rise to an appreciation for greater diversity in methods. Although disparities in research infrastructure (and procurement of funding) persist, SSWR continually seeks ways to provide training and support to help level the playing field. As SSWR begins a second decade, the board will embark on a strategic planning agenda dedicated to building on and expanding organizational strengths. These include the promotion of rigorous practice-relevant research at SSWR’s annual conference, support for doctoral students and early career scholars, strong advocacy for expanded research funding and training opportunities, and productive partnerships with other professional organizations. SSWR was founded as an idea whose time had come, and its relevance continues to grow.
Developing Resilience: How Women Maintain Their Health in Northern Geographically Isolated Settings
Authors: Leipert Beverly D. , Reutter Linda
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore how women maintain their health in northern geographically isolated settings, using a feminist grounded theory method. Twenty-five women of diverse backgrounds in northern British Columbia, Canada, engaged in qualitative interviews over a 2-year period to express perspectives about how the north affects their health and how they maintain their health in northern settings. Findings reveal that the women experienced vulnerability to physical health and safety risks, psychosocial health risks, and risks of inadequate health care. The women responded to these vulnerabilities by developing resilience through the strategies of becoming hardy, making the best of the north, and supplementing the north. These strategies, which reflect both individual and collective actions, were determined by the needs and interests of the women and their social and personal resources. The findings have implications for women’s health research and health practices and policies in geographically isolated settings.
Telephone Social Support or Nursing Presence? Analysis of a Nursing Intervention
Authors: Finfgeld-Connett Deborah
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this qualitative analysis is to elucidate more fully telephone social support as it was delivered within the context of a randomized controlled investigation. To this end, the author used constant comparative methods to analyze telephone logs. The findings are congruent with the operational definition of social support that was selected for the randomized controlled study; however, they are also suggestive of nursing presence. Components of nursing presence that emerged from the data include (a) maintenance of psychological presence, (b) interpersonal reciprocity characterized by a mutual desire to work together, (c) therapeutic communication and full attention to the here and now, and (d) expert nursing practice within the nurse-patient dyad. Outcomes include problem solving, adaptive behavior change, and diminished distress. Researchers are encouraged to continue to use qualitative methods to define and differentiate the concepts of social support and nursing presence more clearly. This is particularly important as the demand for empirically based nursing interventions grows.
The Meaning of Death as Experienced by Elderly Women of a Korean Clan
Authors: Shin Kyung Rim , Cho Myung Ok , Kim Jeong Sun
Published: December 2004

The objective of this ethnography is to describe the meaning of death as experienced by the elderly. The authors collected data through participant observation and ethnographic interview with 14 key informants in a Korean clan between September 1994 and November 2001. They examined the data using taxonomy, proxemics, and value analysis techniques. Meanings of death included the end of pain, the dispersion of existence, moving to the next life by transcending the boundary, returning to the original place, and escalating into the world of the men’s group. These meaning are constructed in a sociocultural context of research fields and in accordance with patterns of behavior in everyday life.