bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antiviral innate immune response of RNA interference
Authors: Sidahmed Abubaker , Abdalla Shaza , Mahmud Salahedin , Wilkie Bruce
Published: July 2014

RNA interference (RNAi) is an ancient, natural process conserved among species from different kingdoms. RNAi is a transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism in which, double-stranded RNA or hairpin RNA is cleaved by an RNase III-type enzyme called Dicer into small interfering RNA duplex. This subsequently directs sequence-specific, homology dependent, Watson-Crick base-pairing post-transcriptional gene silencing by binding to its complementary RNA and initiating its elimination through degradation or by persuading translational inhibition. In plants, worms, and insects, RNAi is the main and strong antiviral defense mechanism. It is clear that RNAi silencing, contributes in restriction of viral infection in vertebrates. In a short period, RNAi has progressed to become a significant experimental tool for the analysis of gene function and target validation in mammalian systems. In addition, RNA silencing has then been found to be involved in translational repression, transcriptional inhibition, and DNA degradation. RNAi machinery required for robust RNAi-mediated antiviral response are conserved throughout evolution in mammals and plays a crucial role in antiviral defense of invertebrates, but despite these important functions RNAi contribution to mammalian antiviral innate immune defense has been underestimated and disputed. In this article, we review the literature concerning the roles of RNAi as components of innate immune system in mammals and how, the RNAi is currently one of the most hopeful new advances toward disease therapy. This review highlights the potential of RNAi as a therapeutic strategy for viral infection and gene regulation to modulate host immune response to viral infection.
Human external ophthalmomyiasis caused by Lucilia sericata Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) – a green bottle fly
Authors: Kalezic Tanja , Stojkovic Milenko , Vukovic Ivana , Spasic Radoslava , Andjelkovic Marko , Stanojlovic Svetlana , Bozic Marija , Dzamic Aleksandar
Published: July 2014

Ophthalmomyiasis externa is the result of infestation of the conjunctiva by the larval form or maggots of flies from the order Diptera. If not recognized and managed appropriately, it can be complicated by the potentially fatal condition ophthalmomyiasis interna. Ophthalmomyiasis externa is mainly caused by the sheep bot fly (Oestrus ovis). We present the first case, to our knowledge, of ophthalmomyiasis externa in an elderly woman from Belgrade caused by Lucilia sericata Meigen – a green bottle fly.
Staff Compliance With Protocols to Improve the Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Authors: Mellor David , McCabe Marita , Bird Michael , Davison Tanya , MacPherson Sarah , Hallford David , Seedy Melissa
Published: July 2014

Using data from a larger study investigating the effectiveness of a structured clinical protocol to manage individuals in residential facilities who experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), the current study investigated whether external clinical support in using the protocol with specific residents increased compliance in its use, over and above only providing a generic workshop about the protocol and management of BPSD. Results indicated that provision of the workshop, in addition to clinical support, was associated with significantly higher compliance. However, compliance was only found to be related to positive outcomes when staff received the generic workshop and not clinical support. When clinical support was provided, compliance was not related to outcomes or worse outcomes. These findings, when considered in the context of the results of the larger trial, suggest that the relationship among clinical support, compliance with BPSD protocols, and clinical outcomes for residents and staff is complex and needs further investigation. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 41
(2), 44–52.]
Ciliary Body Medulloepithelioma Association With Pleuropulmonary Blastoma in a Familial Tumor Predisposition Syndrome
Authors: Kramer Gregory D. , Arepalli Sruthi , Shields Carol L. , Shields Jerry A.
Published: July 2014

Ciliary body medulloepithelioma can rarely present in association with pleuropulmonary blastoma as part of a familial tumor predisposition syndrome. This is thought to occur secondary to a germline mutation in the DICER1 gene. The authors describe a case of ciliary body medulloepithelioma in a 9-year-old girl with a known medical history of pleuropulmonary blastoma.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
2014;51:e48–e50.]
Las revistas femeninas españolas del siglo XIX. Reivindicación, literatura y moda
Authors: Palomo Vázquez María del Pilar
Published: July 2014

Se comentan las publicaciones periódicas del siglo XIX, dirigidas a la mujer. Tras un análisis cuantitativo del número de mujeres colaboradoras en prensa durante la centuria, se analizan las directrices generales de esas publicaciones. En la segunda parte se presentan ejemplos de su repercusión en autores coetáneos.
Las colaboraciones en prensa de Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda
Authors: Fanconi Paloma
Published: July 2014

En este artículo se analiza la presencia de Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda en la prensa de su momento, especialmente con sus colaboraciones literarias en prosa que luego publicara bajo el título de Leyendas en su edición de Obras completas, como una contribución de la escritora cubana a un género tan desarrollado en la época del romanticismo.
Security of Wireless Devices using Biological-Inspired RF Fingerprinting Technique
Authors: Rehman Saeed ur , Alam Shafiq , Ardekani Iman T.
Published: July 2014

Radio Frequency (RF) fingerprinting is a security mechanism inspired by biological fingerprint identification systems. RF fingerprinting is proposed as a means of providing an additional layer of security for wireless devices. RF fingerprinting classification is performed by selecting an “unknown” signal from the pool, generating its RF fingerprint, and using a classifier to correlate the received RF fingerprint with each profile RF fingerprint stored in the database. Unlike a human biological fingerprint, RF fingerprint of a wireless device changes with the received Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and varies due to mobility of the transmitter/receiver and environment. The variations in the features of RF fingerprints affect the classification results of the RF fingerprinting. This chapter evaluates the performance of the KNN and neural network classification for varying SNR. Performance analysis is performed for three scenarios that correspond to the situation, when either transmitter or receiver is mobile, and SNR changes from low to high or vice versa.
Big Data in Healthcare
Authors: Koumpouros Yiannis
Published: July 2014

The era of open data in healthcare is under way. The progress in technologies along with their adoption by the healthcare providers and the maturity of the citizens has brought the healthcare industry to the tipping point. An unprecedented amount of healthcare data is being generated today. This data comes from researchers, healthcare professionals and organizations, and patients. If we can harness this data, it can help us improve our understanding of disease and pinpoint new and improved therapies more efficiently than ever before. Big Data technologies are coming to market in a rapid way. The challenges, however, are still there due to fragmented systems and databases, semantic differences, legal barriers, and others. The hidden and unexploited knowledge is hindered by these barriers. The big data revolution promises a solution both to this situation, as well as to act as a catalyst to the viability of the healthcare systems. This is supported by the numerous efforts and explored in this chapter.
Demystifying Quality of Healthcare in the Cloud
Authors: Moumtzoglou Anastasius
Published: July 2014

Healthcare services have experienced a sharp increase in demand while the shortages in licensed healthcare professionals have formed one of the toughest challenges that healthcare providers face. In addition, illness has become more complex while advancement in technology and research have expedited the rise of modern and more effective diagnoses and treatment techniques. Cloud computing allows healthcare professionals to share medical records, including all sorts of image and accuracy while new applications or workloads can be started much faster, without going through the entire procurement process or testing the interoperability of the entire infrastructure. Moreover, although the notion of organizational culture is now routinely invoked in organizations and management literature, it remains an elusive concept. However, it is clear that managing the culture is one path towards improving healthcare, and cloud computing introduces a dynamic system adaptation, affecting the quality of care. This is explored in this chapter.
Technetium-99m-methylene Diphosphonate Uptake in Hepatic Necrosis Secondary to Respiratory Failure
Authors: Mahajan Madhuri , Digamber Negi , Sharma Rajkumar
Published: July 2014

Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scintigraphy has long been used for the evaluation of benign as well as malignant skeletal conditions. However, non-osseous tracer uptake on a bone scan is an unusual finding. On one hand, there is a need for awareness of the pathophysiologic basis underlying such uptake, as it may be of critical clinical relevance in the evaluation of the patient. On the other hand, some alterations in biodistribution may be of little clinical significance, but have deleterious consequences on the quality of the bone study. Recognition of these abnormalities will reduce errors and provide important clinical information. We described a case of 57-year-old male patient with history of carcinoma base of tongue, where a 99mTc-MDP bone Scintigraphy was performed for metastasis survey. It revealed avascular necrosis of head of right femur. In addition incidentally demonstrated diffuse increased pathologic uptake of Tc-99m-MDP in the liver and multiple foci in bilateral lungs. This article reviews several possible reasons for such diffuse hepatic uptake. In the present case diffuse hepatic necrosis secondary to respiratory failure due to bilateral miliary pulmonary metastasis is considered to be the cause of the diffuse liver uptake of 99mTc-MDP.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Lung: Unusual Imaging Findings
Authors: Pavithran K. , Manoj P. , Vidhyadharan G. , Shanmughasundaram P.
Published: July 2014

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare neoplasm, most commonly seen in children and adolescents. It can occur in nearly every part of the body. Imaging properties and the clinical presentation of IMT can mimic malignant process. A 41-year-old female presented with cough of 3 months duration. Chest X-ray showed a coin shadow in the right upper lobe. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan showed a 3.2 × 2.4 cm lesion with homogeneous appearance with a very high fluorodeoxyglucose uptake value, suggesting a neoplastic process. She underwent lobectomy and the final diagnosis was IMT.
Case Report of Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography Study Differentiating Tumor from Accessory Spleen
Authors: Aggarwal Reena , Wagner Thomas , Navalkissoor Shaunak
Published: July 2014

We present a case report where Tc-99m sulfur colloid single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) scan was useful in characterizing a soft tissue abdominal mass and helped with patient management. A 63-year-old male with no previous history of trauma had an incidental finding of a soft tissue nodule adjacent to the splenic hilum, unchanged in size over 4 months and with similar enhancing features as the spleen. A Tc-99m sulfur colloid SPECT/CT scan was performed to determine the nature of the nodule. It showed no uptake of tracer within this mass, therefore excluding splenic tissue. This prompted subsequent investigations and this tissue was found to represent a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, which was excised.
Impact of clinico-radiological parameters on the outcome of treatment in brain tuberculosis
Authors: Lone Manzoor , Ganie Farooq , Ramzan Altaf , Kelam Mohd , Khan Abdul , Gani Masratul
Published: July 2014

Objectives: The Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of clinico-radiological parameters on the outcome of the treatment in brain tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology Skims Srinagar India for a period of two years from November 2009 to November 2011. A total of 61 patients presenting with brain tuberculosis admitted at skims during these two years were included in the study. Patients having clinical, laboratory and radiological findings suggestive of brain tuberculosis were included in the study. On correlating the CT characteristics-tuberculomas, basal exudates and hydrocephalus with sequelae at 6,12 and 18 months - focal deficit, cognitive impairment, and diplopia. Results: It was seen that basal exudates correlated with all the three neurological sequelae i.e.; with focal deficit (P = 0.001), cognitive impairment (P = 0.011), and diplopia (P = 0.021). Hydrocephalus correlated well with cognitive impairment (P = 0.031) and tuberculoma correlated with none of these clinical characteristics. Conclusion: We concluded that the mortality and neurologic sequelae were directly related to the clinical stage of disease at presentation. Correlating the CT characteristics we concluded that basal exudates correlated with all the three sequelae i.e.; with focal deficit, cognitive impairment, and diplopia. Hydrocephalous correlated well with cognitive impairment and tuberculoma correlated with none of these clinical characteristics.
Aneurysmal bone cyst: An unusual presentation of back pain
Authors: Singh D , Singh N , Pant M
Published: July 2014

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a rare benign tumor comprising 1.4% of all primary bone tumors. It commonly involves humerus, femur, tibia, and pelvic bones. Spinal involvement is rare. The pathological appearance of the lesion is one of the blown out distension with fluid filled cavities from which it gains the name aneurysmal bone cyst. The World Health Organization has defined it as an expanding lesion with blood filled cavities separated by septa of trabecular bone or fibrous tissue containing osteoclast giant cells. We describe the case of a 20-year-old Asian male who presented with backache and pain in right leg. Radiology was suggestive of an ABC involving the posterior elements of the lumbar vertebra. Excision was performed. We discuss this unusual case, reviewing the current literature on biological behavior and management of aneurysmal bone cyst.
A hybrid model for mapping simplified seismic response via a GIS-metamodel approach
Authors: Grelle G. , Bonito L. , Revellino P. , Guerriero L. , Guadagno F. M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In earthquake-prone areas, site seismic response due to lithostratigraphic sequence plays a key role in seismic hazard assessment. A hybrid model, consisting of GIS and metamodel (model of model) procedures, was introduced aimed at estimating the 1-D spatial seismic site response in accordance with spatial variability of sediment parameters. Inputs and outputs are provided and processed by means of an appropriate GIS model, named GIS Cubic Model (GCM). This consists of a block-layered parametric structure aimed at resolving a predicted metamodel by means of pixel to pixel vertical computing. The metamodel, opportunely calibrated, is able to emulate the classic shape of the spectral acceleration response in relation to the main physical parameters that characterize the spectrum itself. Therefore, via the GCM structure and the metamodel, the hybrid model provides maps of normalized acceleration response spectra. The hybrid model was applied and tested on the built-up area of the San Giorgio del Sannio village, located in a high-risk seismic zone of southern Italy. Efficiency tests showed a good correspondence between the spectral values resulting from the proposed approach and the 1-D physical computational models. Supported by lithology and geophysical data and corresponding accurate interpretation regarding modelling, the hybrid model can be an efficient tool in assessing urban planning seismic hazard/risk.
New data on the palaeo–incisions network of the south–eastern Baltic Sea
Authors: Gerok Dmitrij , Gelumbauskaitė Leonora Živilė , Flodén Tom , Grigelis Algimantas , Bitinas Albertas
Published: July 2014

The present study area is located within the south–eastern segment of the Baltic Sea framed by 55o30’–56o30’ N and 19o00’–21o15’E. The area is re-visited with the aim to describe in more detail the geologic prerequisite and development of the palaeo–incisions as well as the timing of their subsequent infillings. The channels form distinctive features in the sedimentary bedrock along the outer limits of pre–Weichselian ice sheets, on average reaching depths into the bedrock of 50 m in the nearshore zone of Lithuania to 100 m along the slope to the Gotland depression in the west. The development of palaeo–incisions systems is governed by the easily eroded late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic bedrock of the present area. Only rare ocurrences of channels have been reported from the middle and lower parts of the Palaeozoic further west in the Baltic Sea. The present investigation supports a mechanism that the channels formed below the ice near the ice sheet margin by melt water erosion under high pressure. The channels start at random where a fracture in the ice develops forming outlet of water contained below the central part of the ice sheet. The channels often merge together in the direction of the ice margin, possibly gradually adapting to previous fracture systems in the bedrock. The investigated incisions were infilled prior to the advance of the Weichselian ice sheet and some have been reopened and repeatedly infilled.
3D Laser Scanning of Heritage Areas after Earthquakes: San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, Chile
Authors: Devilat Bernadette
Published: July 2014

The images show a record done in January 2013 using a three-dimensional (3D) terrestrial laser scanner, technology that allows obtaining a point cloud with precision of millimetres. It combines laser measurements and photographs to build a colour and accurate 3D model of the current state in a short period of time, which can be edited and used as a basis for assessment and further design. It is a three-dimensional representation of the specific state of a place that allows us to virtually transport ourselves to it, to walk it, to observe it, to dimension it and to study it. Because of that, this technology could be considered as a very powerful tool for intervention and reconstruction processes after earthquakes, which occur regularly in the country. During three days on site, two persons scanned the heritage area of San Lorenzo de Tarapacá from its streets, including some interior spaces, demonstrating that it is possible to obtain a huge amount of data in little time. This is relevant because after an earthquake there is a limited window of time to record before demolition and other changes to the built environment take place.
Exclusive Use of Alternative Medicine as a Positive Choice
Authors: Skovgaard Lasse , Pedersen Inge Kryger , Verhoef Marja
Published: July 2014

Background: A survey of members of the Danish MS Society revealed that a minority of MS patients choose to forgo all types of conventional treatment and use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) exclusively. A qualitative follow-up study was performed to elucidate the choice of exclusive CAM use by exploring treatment assumptions among a group of exclusive CAM users.

Methods: The study was based on a phenomenological approach. Semistructured in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 participants, using program theory as an analytical tool, and emerging themes were extracted from the data through meaning condensation.

Results: Four themes characterized the participants' treatment assumptions: 1) conventional medicine contains chemical substances that affect the body in negative ways; 2) CAM treatments can strengthen the organism and make it more capable of resisting the impact of MS; 3) the patient's active participation is an important component of the healing process; 4) bodily sensations can be used to guide treatment selection.

Conclusions: Exclusive use of CAM by MS patients may reflect embracing CAM rather than a rejection of conventional medicine. Health-care practitioners, patient organizations, and health authorities within the MS field should be aware of possible changes in patients' attitudes toward both CAM and conventional treatment interventions.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Prevalence and Management Among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Khalaf Kristin M. , Coyne Karin S. , Globe Denise R. , Armstrong Edward P. , Malone Daniel C. , Burks Jack
Published: July 2014

Background: This study was conducted to assess self-reported prevalence and management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), along with drivers of treatment seeking, among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: An online, cross-sectional survey was administered to US-residing participants with self-reported MS to assess presence of LUTS, including urinary incontinence (UI). Participants experiencing LUTS were asked additional questions related to management and current therapies. Multivariate logistic regression identified drivers of treatment-seeking behavior.

Results: A total of 1052 participants completed the survey; 1047 were included in the analysis. Nine hundred sixty-six participants (92%) reported at least one LUTS, the most common being post-micturition dribble (64.9%), urinary urgency (61.7%), and a feeling of incomplete emptying (60.7%). Eight hundred twenty-six (79%) reported having some type of UI. Of those with any type of LUTS, 70% (n = 680) had previously discussed urinary symptoms with a health-care provider (HCP), while only 32% (n = 311) had seen an HCP in the past year. Logistic regression found urgency (odds ratio [OR] 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00–1.44]), intermittent urine stream (OR 1.40 [95% CI, 1.15–1.69]), and urgency UI (OR 1.78 [95% CI, 1.22–2.60]) to be significant predictors of seeking treatment. Of those who had discussed LUTS with an HCP, 480 (70.6%) were currently receiving at least one LUTS treatment; the most common treatments were reducing fluid intake, pelvic exercises, oral anticholinergic medications, and avoiding certain foods/alcohol.

Conclusions: LUTS are commonly experienced among people with MS but are largely untreated. Proper LUTS assessment and work-up is warranted in MS patients.
Assessing Adult Learner’s Numeracy as Related to Gender and Performance in Arithmetic
Authors: Awofala Adeneye O. A. , Anyikwa Blessing E.
Published: July 2014

The study investigated adult learner numeracy as related to gender and performance in arithmetic among 32 Nigerian adult learners from one government accredited adult literacy centre in Lagos State using the quantitative research method within the blueprint of descriptive survey design. Data collected were analysed using the descriptive statistics of percentages, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics of factor analysis, independent samples t-test, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that numeracy skill assessed by the numeracy self-assessment scale was a multi-dimensional construct (numeracy in everyday life, numeracy in workplace, and numeracy in mathematical tasks). Adult learners showed average numeracy strength as gender differences in perception of numeracy skills and performance in arithmetic among adult learners reached zero-tolerance level. Numeracy in workplace and numeracy in mathematical tasks made statistically significant contributions to the variance in adult learners’ performance in arithmetic. Based on this base line study, it was thus, recommended that future studies in Nigeria should investigate adult learners’ numeracy skills using more robust and psychometrically sound instruments such as the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALLS) and the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS).
Determination of the enrichment of isotopically labelled molecules by mass spectrometry
Authors: González‐Antuña Ana , Rodríguez‐González Pablo , García Alonso J. Ignacio
Published: July 2014

A general method for the determination of the enrichment of isotopically labelled molecules by mass spectrometry (MS) is described. In contrast to other published procedures, the method described here takes into account and corrects for measurement errors such as the contribution at M − 1 due to loss of hydrogen or lack of spectral resolution and provides an uncertainty value for the determined enrichment. The general procedure requires the following steps: (1) evaluation of linearity in the mass spectrometer by injecting the natural abundance compound at different concentration levels, (2) determination of the purity of the mass cluster using the natural abundance analogue, (3) calculation of the theoretical isotope composition of the labelled compound using different tentative isotope enrichments, (4) calculation of ‘convoluted’ isotope distributions for the labelled compound taking into account the purity of the mass cluster determined with the natural abundance analogue and (5) comparison of the isotope distributions measured for the labelled compound with those calculated for different isotope enrichments using linear regression. The method was applied to a series of commercially available 13C‐ and 2H‐labelled compounds and to a suite of singly 13C‐labelled β2‐agonist prepared in‐house both by gas chromatography (GC)–MS, GC–tandem MS (MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–MS/MS with satisfactory results. It was observed that the main uncertainty source for the isotope enrichment was the uncertainty in the purity of the measured cluster as determined with the natural abundance compound. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MALDI‐MS analysis and imaging of small molecule metabolites with 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene (DAN)
Authors: Korte Andrew R. , Lee Young Jin
Published: July 2014

1,5‐diaminonaphthalene (DAN) has previously been reported as an effective matrix for matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐mass spectrometry of phospholipids. In the current work, we investigate the use of DAN as a matrix for small metabolite analysis in negative ion mode. DAN was found to provide superior ionization to the compared matrices for MW < ~400 Da; however, 9‐aminoacridine (9‐AA) was found to be superior for a uridine diphosphate standard (MW 566 Da). DAN was also found to provide a more representative profile of a natural phospholipid mixture than 9‐AA. Finally, DAN and 9‐AA were applied for imaging of metabolites directly from corn leaf sections. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Evaluation of the optimization space for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in comparison with APCI
Authors: Fredenhagen Andreas , Kühnöl Jürgen
Published: July 2014

The usefulness of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is difficult to evaluate for unknowns due to the fragmented literature. Specifically, the variation of dopants with a wide set of compounds or the use of APPI in the negative mode have rarely been explored. Thirty compounds were selected that were not suitable for ESI with a wide variety of functional groups and investigated with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and APPI in the positive and negative ion modes. The influence of the mobile phase (eluents containing acetonitrile or methanol) and – for APPI – four different dopants (acetone, chlorobenzene, toluene, and toluene/anisole) were explored. Stepwise variation of the organic mobile phase allowed to elucidate the ionization mechanism.

Atmospheric pressure photoionization was especially useful for compounds, where the M●+ and not the [M + H]+ was formed. The dopants chlorobenzene and anisole promoted the formation of molecular ions M●+ for about half of the compounds, and its formation was also positively influenced by the use of mobile phases containing methanol. In the negative ion mode, APPI offered no advantage toward APCI. Best results were generally achieved with the dopant chlorobenzene, establishing that this dopant is suitable for a wide set of compounds. For one quarter of the compounds, significantly better results were achieved with mobile phases containing methanol for both APPI and APCI than those with acetonitrile, but only in the positive mode. With either of the methods – APPI or APCI – about 10% of the compounds were not detected. Strategies to get results quickly with difficult unknowns will be discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid analysis of lubricants by atmospheric solid analysis probe–ion mobility mass spectrometry
Authors: Barrère Caroline , Hubert‐Roux Marie , Afonso Carlos , Racaud Amandine
Published: July 2014

Formulated lubricants are complex mixtures composed of base oil(s) and additives with various functions (detergents, corrosion inhibiter, antioxidant, viscosity modifiers, etc.). Because of the aliphatic nature of base oil and the chemical diversity of additives, the characterization of lubricant is currently a long and complex process. The comprehensive analysis of lubricant samples involves several techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The coupling of atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP) with ion mobility‐mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) has been shown to be an efficient tool for the characterization of complex mixture containing vaporizable polar to non‐polar compounds. This approach affords the coupling of a direct ionization technique that does not require sample preparation, with a bi‐dimensional separation method with high peak capacity. In this work, we show that ASAP‐IM‐MS is a suitable method for rapid and direct characterization of lubricant samples.

Indeed, base oil and additives yielded, by ASAP, ions series which could be separated by IM‐MS. Molecular additives such as Zn‐dithiocarbamate, phosphite, thiophosphate and Alkyl diphenylamine were ionized as molecular ions [M]+• or protonated molecules [M + H]+, depending of their polarity. In some cases, fragment ions were observed, confirming the additive identification. In addition, high molecular weight polymeric additives such as poly(alkyl methacrylate) (PAM) were pyrolized in the ASAP source leading to characteristic fragment ions. ASAP‐IM‐MS is shown to be a powerful tool for studying complex mixtures, allowing the first comprehensive analysis of lubricants in just a few minutes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perioperative Antibiotics Covering Bile Contamination Prevent Abdominal Infectious Complications After Pancreatoduodenectomy in Patients With Preoperative Biliary Drainage
Authors: Sudo Takeshi , Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Hashimoto Yasushi , Kondo Naru , Nakagawa Naoya , Ohge Hiroki , Sueda Taijiro
Published: July 2014

Background

Although bile contamination caused by preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) is a risk factor for infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy, the appropriate perioperative antibiotic regimen remains unclear. We evaluated a perioperative antibiotic strategy targeting bile contamination associated with PBD procedures for preventing abdominal infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Methods

Consecutive patients (n = 254) underwent pancreatoduodenectomy at a single center. Perioperative antibiotics were mainly cefazolin in non‐PBD cases (n = 116) and cefozopran in internal‐PBD cases (n = 87). They were based on preoperative bile cultures in 51 of the external‐PBD cases. Intraoperative bile cultures were examined prospectively. Morbidity and abdominal infectious complication rates were evaluated.

Results

The incidence of positive intraoperative bile cultures was significantly higher in the internal‐PBD (85 %) and external‐PBD (90 %) cases than in the non‐PBD cases (26 %) (p < 0.001). The 91 % susceptibility to cefazolin for non‐PBD was significantly higher than the 61 % for internal‐PBD or 45 % for external‐PBD (p < 0.001). Overall morbidity rates (23, 23, and 25 %) and abdominal infectious complications (13, 17, and 14 %) did not differ among the non‐PBD, internal‐PBD, and external‐PBD cases, respectively. Only susceptibility to perioperative antibiotics of biliary microorganisms classified as resistant was a significant independent risk factor for abdominal infectious complications (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

A perioperative antibiotic strategy particular to PBD procedures is valid for covering biliary microorganisms during pancreatoduodenectomy. Perioperative antibiotics covering bile contamination may prevent abdominal infectious complications after pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with and without PBD.
Do Daughters Really Cause Divorce? Stress, Pregnancy, and Family Composition
Authors: Hamoudi Amar , Nobles Jenna
Published: July 2014

Provocative studies have reported that in the United States, marriages producing firstborn daughters are more likely to divorce than those producing firstborn sons. The findings have been interpreted as contemporary evidence of fathers’ son preference. Our study explores the potential role of another set of dynamics that may drive these patterns: namely, selection into live birth. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the characteristic female survival advantage may begin before birth. If stress accompanying unstable marriages has biological effects on fecundity, a female survival advantage could generate an association between stability and the sex composition of offspring. Combining regression and simulation techniques to analyze real-world data, we ask, How much of the observed association between sex of the firstborn child and risk of divorce could plausibly be accounted for by the joint effects of female survival advantage and reduced fecundity associated with unstable marriage? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that relationship conflict predicts the sex of children born after conflict was measured; conflict also predicts subsequent divorce. Conservative specification of parameters linking pregnancy characteristics, selection into live birth, and divorce are sufficient to generate a selection-driven association between offspring sex and divorce, which is consequential in magnitude. Our findings illustrate the value of demographic accounting of processes which occur before birth—a period when many outcomes of central interest in the population sciences begin to take shape.
Effect of pulsed magnetic field pre-treatment of AISI 52100 steel on the coefficient of sliding friction and wear in pin-on-disk tests
Authors: Babutskyi Anatolii , Chrysanthou Andreas , Zhao Chuanli
Published: July 2014

Disc specimens manufactured from commercial bearing rollers (AISI 52100 steel, 62–63 HRC) in initial state and after pre-treatment by pulsed magnetic field (PMF) with a magnetic field strength of 1–7 MA/m were tested with sunflower oil using pin-on-disk apparatus. According to the obtained results the treatment causes a reduction in the coefficient of friction and wear. To explain the results, nano- and microhardness tests as well as optical and atomic force microscopy were used. Reasons of the effect of PMF on the friction and wear were discussed.
The Mixed Effects of Participant Diversity and Expressive Freedom in Online Peer-to-Peer Problem Solving Communities
Authors: de Almeida Stefânia Ordovás , Dholakia Utpal M. , Hernandez José Mauro C. , Mazzon José Afonso
Published: July 2014

Online peer-to-peer problem solving (P3) communities provide a cost-effective and reliable means of delivering education and service support to customers of complex, frequently evolving products. Through a multi-disciplinary conceptual framework, we examine the roles of diversity perceptions and expressive freedom in affecting learning and social identification of online P3 community participants, and in turn, their effects on the participants’ relationship with, and future intentions towards the brand. We test our hypotheses via a structural equation model with survey data obtained from 555 active members of the two largest XBOX online P3 communities in Brazil. Our results reveal that greater perceived diversity facilitates learning but hinders social identification, whereas expressive freedom has positive effects on learning, but no effect on social identification. Social identification fully mediates the effects of the antecedents on outcomes. We also discuss the theoretical contributions and the managerial implications of our findings, and suggest opportunities for future research.
Surface exposure dating reveals MIS-3 glacial maximum in the Khangai Mountains of Mongolia
Authors: Rother Henrik , Lehmkuhl Frank , Fink David , Nottebaum Veit
Published: July 2014

This study presents results from geomorphological mapping and cosmogenic radionuclide dating (10Be) of moraine sequences at Otgon Tenger (3905 m), the highest peak in the Khangai Mountains (central Mongolia). Our findings indicate that glaciers reached their last maximum extent between 40 and 35 ka during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. Large ice advances also occurred during MIS-2 (at ~ 23 and 17–16 ka), but these advances did not exceed the limits reached during MIS-3. The results indicate that climatic conditions during MIS-3, characterized by a cool-wet climate with a greater-than-today input from winter precipitation, generated the most favorable setting for glaciation in the study region. Yet, glacial accumulation also responded positively to the far colder and drier conditions of MIS-2, and again during the last glacial–interglacial transition when precipitation levels increased. Viewed in context of other Pleistocene glacial records from High Asia, the pattern of glaciation in central Mongolia shares some features with records from southern Central Asia and NE-Tibet (i.e. ice maxima during interstadial wet phases), while other features of the Mongolian record (i.e. major ice expansion during the MIS-2 insolation minimum) are more in tune with glacier responses known from Siberia and western Central Asia.
Carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions of late Pleistocene mammal teeth from dolines of Ajoie (Northwestern Switzerland)
Authors: Scherler Laureline , Tütken Thomas , Becker Damien
Published: July 2014

Fossils of megaherbivores from eight late Pleistocene 14C- and OSL-dated doline infillings of Ajoie (NW Switzerland) were discovered along the Transjurane highway in the Swiss Jura. Carbon and oxygen analyses of enamel were performed on forty-six teeth of large mammals (Equus germanicus, Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, and Bison priscus), coming from one doline in Boncourt (~ 80 ka, marine oxygen isotope stage MIS5a) and seven in Courtedoux (51–27 ka, late MIS3), in order to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions of the region. Similar enamel δ13C values for both periods, ranging from − 14.5 to − 9.2‰, indicate that the megaherbivores lived in a C3 plant-dominated environment. Enamel δ18OPO4 values range from 10.9 to 16.3‰ with a mean of 13.5 ± 1.0‰ (n = 46). Mean air temperatures (MATs) were inferred using species-specific δ18OPO4–δ18OH2O-calibrations for modern mammals and a present-day precipitation δ18OH2O-MAT relation for Switzerland. Similar average MATs of 6.6 ± 3.6°C for the deposits dated to ~ 80 ka and 6.5 ± 3.3°C for those dated to the interval 51–27 ka were estimated. This suggests that these mammals in the Ajoie area lived in mild periods of the late Pleistocene with MATs only about 2.5°C lower than modern-day temperatures.
Modernism and the Grounds of Law
Authors: Fitzpatrick Peter
Published: July 2014

Existing approaches to the relation of law and society have for a long time seen law as either autonomous or grounded in society. Drawing on untapped resources in social theory, Fitzpatrick finds law pivotally placed in and beyond modernity. Being itself of the modern, law takes impetus and identity from modern society and, through incorporating 'pre-modern' elements of savagery and the sacred, it comes to constitute that very society. When placing law in such a crucial position for modernity, Fitzpatrick ranges widely from the colonizations of the Americas, through the thought of the European Enlightenment, and engages finally with contemporary arrogations of the 'global'. By extending his previous work on the origins of modernity, this book makes a significant contribution to continuing developments in law and society, legal philosophy, and jurisprudence.
Electronic Thin-Film Reliability
Authors: Tu King-Ning
Published: July 2014

Thin films are widely used in the electronic device industry. As the trend for miniaturization of electronic devices moves into the nanoscale domain, the reliability of thin films becomes an increasing concern. Building on the author's previous book, Electronic Thin Film Science by Tu, Mayer and Feldman, and based on a graduate course at UCLA given by the author, this new book focuses on reliability science and the processing of thin films. Early chapters address fundamental topics in thin film processes and reliability, including deposition, surface energy and atomic diffusion, before moving onto systematically explain irreversible processes in interconnect and packaging technologies. Describing electromigration, thermomigration and stress migration, with a closing chapter dedicated to failure analysis, the reader will come away with a complete theoretical and practical understanding of electronic thin film reliability. Kept mathematically simple, with real-world examples, this book is ideal for graduate students, researchers and practitioners.
The Monied Metropolis
Authors: Beckert Sven
Published: July 2014

This book, first published in 2001, is a comprehensive history of the most powerful group in the nineteenth-century United States: New York City's economic elite. This small and diverse group of Americans accumulated unprecedented economic, social, and political power, and decisively put their mark on the age. Professor Beckert explores how capital-owning New Yorkers overcame their distinct antebellum identities to forge dense social networks, create powerful social institutions, and articulate an increasingly coherent view of the world and their place within it. Actively engaging in a rapidly changing economic, social, and political environment, these merchants, industrialists, bankers, and professionals metamorphosed into a social class. In the process, these upper-class New Yorkers put their stamp on the major political conflicts of the day - ranging from the Civil War to municipal elections. Employing the methods of social history, The Monied Metropolis explores the big issues of nineteenth-century social change.
Nations and Nationalism since 1780
Authors: Hobsbawm E. J.
Published: July 2014

Nations and Nationalism since 1780 is Eric Hobsbawm's widely acclaimed and highly readable enquiry into the question of nationalism. Events in the late twentieth century in Eastern Europe and the Soviet republics have since reinforced the central importance of nationalism in the history of the political evolution and upheaval. This second edition has been updated in light of those events, with a final chapter addressing the impact of the dramatic changes that have taken place. Also included are additional maps to illustrate nationalities, languages and political divisions across Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Awakening of Muslim Democracy
Authors: Cesari Jocelyne
Published: July 2014

Why and how did Islam become such a political force in so many Muslim-majority countries? In this book, Jocelyne Cesari investigates the relationship between modernization, politics, and Islam in Muslim-majority countries such as Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, Tunisia, and Turkey - countries that were founded by secular rulers and have since undergone secularized politics. Cesari argues that nation-building processes in these states have not created liberal democracies in the Western mold, but have instead spurred the politicization of Islam by turning it into a modern national ideology. Looking closely at examples of Islamic dominance in political modernization, this study provides a unique overview of the historical and political developments from the end of World War II to the Arab Spring that have made Islam the dominant force in the construction of the modern states, and discusses Islam's impact on emerging democracies in the contemporary Middle East.
Democratic Militarism
Authors: Caverley Jonathan D.
Published: July 2014

Why are democracies pursuing more military conflicts, but achieving worse results? Democratic Militarism shows that a combination of economic inequality and military technical change enables an average voter to pay very little of the costs of large militaries and armed conflict, in terms of both death and taxes. Jonathan Caverley provides an original statistical analysis of public opinion and international aggression, combined with historical evidence from the late Victorian British Empire, the US Vietnam War effort, and Israel's Second Lebanon War. This book undermines conventional wisdom regarding democracy's exceptional foreign policy characteristics, and challenges elite-centered explanations for poor foreign policy. This accessible and wide ranging book offers a new account of democratic warfare, and will help readers to understand the implications of the revolution in military affairs.
A History of Psychology in Western Civilization
Authors: Alexander Bruce K. , Shelton Curtis P.
Published: July 2014

This book is a re-introduction to psychology. It focuses on great scholarly thinkers, beginning with Plato, Marcus Aurelius and St Augustine, who gave the field its foundational ideas long before better known 'founders', such as Galton, Fechner, Wundt and Watson, appeared on the scene. Psychology can only achieve its full breadth and potential when we fully appreciate its scholarly legacy. Bruce Alexander and Curtis Shelton also argue that the fundamental contradictions built into psychology's history have never been resolved, and that a truly pragmatic approach, as defined by William James, can produce a 'layered' psychology that will enable psychologists to face the fearsome challenges of the twenty-first century. A History of Psychology in Western Civilization claims that contemporary psychology has overemphasized the methods of physical science and that psychology will need a broader scientific orientation alongside a scholarly focus in order to fully engage the future.
Electromagnetic Scattering by Particles and Particle Groups
Authors: Mishchenko Michael I.
Published: July 2014

This self-contained and accessible book provides a thorough introduction to the basic physical and mathematical principles required in studying the scattering and absorption of light and other electromagnetic radiation by particles and particle groups. For the first time the theories of electromagnetic scattering, radiative transfer, and weak localization are combined into a unified, consistent branch of physical optics directly based on the Maxwell equations. A particular focus is given to key aspects such as time and ensemble averaging at different scales, ergodicity, and the physical nature of measurements afforded by actual photopolarimeters. Featuring over 120 end-of-chapter exercises, with hints and solutions provided, this clear, one-stop resource is ideal for self-study or classroom use, and will be invaluable to both graduate students and researchers in remote sensing, physical and biomedical optics, optical communications, optical particle characterization, atmospheric physics and astrophysics.