bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desulfurization Behavior of Incoloy® 825 Superalloy by CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2 Slag
Authors: Cho Jin Hyung , Martinsson Johan , Sichen Du , Park Joo Hyun
Published: October 2021

Ni-based superalloy, which has excellent high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance, is mainly used in aviation materials, high-performance internal combustion engines, and turbines for thermal and nuclear power generation. For this reason, refining the impurities in Ni-based superalloys is a very important technical task. Nevertheless, the original technology for the melting and refining of Ni-based superalloys is still insufficient. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2slag on the removal efficiency of an impurity element sulfur in Incoloy®825 superalloy, one of the representative Ni-based superalloys, was investigated. The desulfurization behavior according to the change of TiO2content and CaO/Al2O3(=C/A, basicity) ratio as experimental variables was observed at 1773 K (1500 °C). Although the TiO2content in the slag increases to 15 mass pct, the mass transfer coefficient of sulfur in molten alloy showed a constant value. Alternatively, under the condition of C/A > 1.0 of slag, the mass transfer coefficient of sulfur showed a constant value, whereas under the condition of C/A < 1.0, the mass transfer coefficient of sulfur greatly decreased as CaO decreased. Hence, in the desulfurization of Incoloy®825 superalloy using the CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2slag, the TiO2content in the slag does not have a considerable effect on the desulfurization rate and desulfurization mechanism (metal phase mass transfer controlled regime), but the basicity of the slag has a significant effect on desulfurization mechanism. When the slag basicity decreases below the critical level,i.e.,C/A < 1.0, which is corresponding to sulfur distribution ratio,Ls< 200, it was confirmed that the desulfurization mechanism shifts from the metal phase mass transfer-controlled regime to the slag phase mass transfer-controlled regime due to the variation in the physicochemical properties of the slag such as viscosity and sulfide capacity. In addition, the different desulfurization rates between steel and Ni alloy melts were discussed by employing the diffusivity of sulfur in both systems.
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Martensitic Transformation in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Fabricated Using Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Technique
Authors: Dutkiewicz Jan , Rogal Łukasz , Kalita Damian , Kawałko Jakub , Węglowski Marek Stanisław , Kwieciński Krzysztof , Śliwiński Piotr , Danielewski Hubert , Antoszewski Bogdan , Cesari Eduard
Published: October 2021

The electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) method was applied in order to fabricate rectangular-shaped NiTi component. The process was performed using an electron beam welding system using wire feeder inside the vacuum chamber. NiTi wire containing 50.97 at.% Ni and showing martensitic transformation near room temperature was used. It allowed to obtain a good quality material consisting of columnar grains elongated into the built direction growing directly from the NiTi substrate, which is related to the epitaxial grain growth mechanism. As manufactured material showed martensitic and reverse transformations diffused over the temperature range from −10 to 44 °C, the applied aging at 500° C moved the transformation to higher temperatures and transformation peaks became sharper. The highest recoverable strain of about 3.5% was obtained in the as-deposited sample deformed along the deposition direction. In the case of deformation of the alloy aged at 500 °C for 2h, the formation of martensite occurs at significantly lower stress; however, at about 2.5% the stress begins to increase gradually and only a small shape recovery was observed due to a higher martensitic transformation temperature. In situ SEM tensile deformation in the direction perpendicular to deposition direction showed that the martensite began to appear at the surface of the sample and at the grain boundaries due to heterogeneous nucleation. In situ studies allowed to determine the following crystallographic relationships between B2 and B19’ martensite: (100)B2||(100)B19’and (100) B2 || (011)B19’; (011)B2|| (001)B19’and$${(011)}_{\mathrm{B}2}||{\left(11\bar{1 }\right)}_{\mathrm{B}1{9}^{\mathrm{^{\prime}}}}$$(011)B2||111¯B19′. Samples aged at 500 °C exhibited fully austenitic microstructure; however, with increasing degree of deformation, the formation of martensite was observed. The majority of needles were tilted about 45° with respect to the tensile direction, and the presence of type I (11$$\bar{1 }$$1¯) invariant twin boundaries was observed at higher degrees of deformation.
Hypnotisability and the Cerebellum: Hypotheses and Perspectives
Authors: Santarcangelo Enrica Laura , Manzoni Diego
Published: October 2021

Hypnotisability is a multidimensional trait predicting the proneness to enter hypnosis and/or accept suggestions and is associated with several psychophysiological correlates. This scoping review reports the differences between individuals with high (highs) and low hypnotizability (lows) in the left cerebellar lobules IV–VI grey matter volume, in the excitability of the right motor cortex and in motor and non-motor functions in which the cerebellum may be involved. A reduced cerebellar inhibition may explain the greater excitability of the highs’ right motor cortex. The latter may be involved in their greater proneness to ideomotor behaviour following sensorimotor suggestions. The associated experience of involuntariness and effortlessness could be due to the motor cortex greater excitability as well as to activation of a specific cerebellar-parietal circuit. Looser postural and visuomotor control with no learning across trials and greater attentional stability can be accounted for by a less accurate cerebellar predictive model of information processing. The highs’ stronger functional equivalence between imagery and perception/action and greater motor excitability may be involved in the highs’ greater proneness to respond to emotional stimuli. Paradoxical pain control may depend on reduced cortical inhibition of the pain matrix by the cerebellum. Cerebellar hypotheses are not alternative to other physiological mechanisms and should be tested in future research.
Comparison of Proactive Braking Intervention System Acceptability via Field Operation Tests in Different Regions
Authors: Ito Takuma , Matsumi Ryosuke , Saito Yuichi , Yamasaki Akito , Inoue Shintaro , Shimizu Tsukasa , Nagai Masao , Inoue Hideo , Kamata Minoru
Published: October 2021

To evaluate the generalities of acceptability of a proactive braking intervention system, which anticipates an imaginary pedestrian rushing out from occluded areas, and driving environmental dependencies, we conducted field operation tests (FOTs), where 146 elderly drivers participated at three evaluation sites with different urban characteristics. Analyses regarding the coexisting traffic participants illustrate driving environmental characteristics at each evaluation site. Evaluations via TMT-J, DSQ, and WSQ compare the characteristics of experimental participants. Based on these results as premises, we analyze questionnaire answers regarding the proposed system. As a result, we confirm the generalities that more than half of the participants at each evaluation site expressed a desire to introduce the proposed system into their own vehicle.
Manufacturing readiness assessment for evaluation of the microneedle array patch industry: an exploration of barriers to full-scale manufacturing
Authors: Creelman Ben , Frivold Collrane , Jessup Sierra , Saxon Gene , Jarrahian Courtney
Published: October 2021

Microneedle array patch (MAP) technology is a promising new delivery technology for vaccines and pharmaceuticals, yet due to several differing and novel production methods, barriers to full-scale manufacturing exist. PATH conducted a manufacturing readiness assessment and follow-up interviews to identify both the current manufacturing readiness of the industry as well as how readiness varies by developer type and MAP type. Follow-up interviews identified barriers the industry faces in reaching full manufacturing readiness, including the perceived regulatory and investment risk of manufacturing MAPs at scale due to quality requirements and control methods, uncertain sterility requirements, lack of standard production methods (especially around dissolvable MAP drying methods), and the lack of available contract manufacturing organizations with MAP manufacturing capabilities. A Regulatory Working Group has been established to identify and address critical quality issues specific to MAP manufacturing with the aim of providing developers insight into what will be expected for MAP product approvals. Standardizing MAP production equipment and automatic, visual quality control could reduce the overall investment risk to developers and contract manufacturing organizations in pursuing pilot-scale manufacturing capabilities and ultimately lower barriers to the scale-up of full medical MAP product lines.

Graphical abstract
Reproduction of Varroa destructor does not elicit varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) or recapping behaviour in honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Sprau Lina , Hasselmann Martin , Rosenkranz Peter
Published: October 2021

Suppressed mite reproduction (SMR) is an important trait for the selection of Varroa resistant honey bee colonies. It has repeatedly been assumed that SMR is an effect of varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) when hygienic bees preferably remove those brood cells where the mite has reproduced. We here compare the VSH behaviour of honey bees toward brood cells artificial infested with a varroa mite. By infesting half of the brood cells directly after the cell capping and the other half only 24 h later, we established two groups with high (> 75%) and low (< 2%) mite reproduction. After 8 days, about 40% of the infested brood cells were removed, however without any difference between both groups. Likewise, no group differences were recorded in the percentage of recapped brood cells. This strongly indicates that the presence of mite offspring is not a crucial trigger for the VSH behaviour. SMR data like the percentage of non-reproducing mites are therefore not the optimal measure for the selection of colonies with high VSH.
A gene drive does not spread easily in populations of the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor
Authors: Faber Nicky R. , Meiborg Adriaan B. , Mcfarlane Gus R. , Gorjanc Gregor , Harpur Brock A.
Published: October 2021

Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) are the most significant threat to beekeeping worldwide. They are directly or indirectly responsible for millions of colony losses each year. Beekeepers are somewhat able to control varroa populations through the use of physical and chemical treatments. However, these methods range in effectiveness, can harm honey bees, can be physically demanding on the beekeeper, and do not always provide complete protection from varroa. More importantly, in some populations varroa mites have developed resistance to available acaricides. Overcoming the varroa mite problem will require novel and targeted treatment options. Here, we explore the potential of gene drive technology to control varroa. We show that spreading a neutral gene drive in varroa is possible but requires specific colony-level management practices to overcome the challenges of both inbreeding and haplodiploidy. Furthermore, continued treatment with acaricides is necessary to give a gene drive time to fix in the varroa population. Unfortunately, a gene drive that impacts female or male fertility does not spread in varroa. Therefore, we suggest that the most promising way forward is to use a gene drive which carries a toxin precursor or removes acaricide resistance alleles.
On Schneider’s Continued Fraction Map on a Complete Non-Archimedean Field
Authors: Haddley A. , Nair R.
Published: October 2021

Let $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
denote the maximal ideal of the ring of integers of a non-Archimedean field K with residue class field k whose invertible elements, we denote $$k^{\times }$$

k
×

, and a uniformizer we denote $$\pi $$
π
. In this paper, we consider the map $$T_{v}: {\mathcal {M}} \rightarrow {\mathcal {M}}$$

T
v

:
M
→
M

defined by $$\begin{aligned} T_v(x) = \frac{\pi ^{v(x)}}{x} - b(x), \end{aligned}$$

T
v

(
x
)

=

π

v
(
x
)

x

-
b

(
x
)

,

where b(x) denotes the equivalence class to which $$\frac{\pi ^{v(x)}}{x}$$

π

v
(
x
)

x

belongs in $$k^{\times }$$

k
×

. We show that $$T_v$$

T
v

preserves Haar measure $$\mu $$
μ
on the compact abelian topological group $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
. Let $${\mathcal {B}}$$
B
denote the Haar $$\sigma $$
σ
-algebra on $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
. We show the natural extension of the dynamical system $$({\mathcal {M}}, {\mathcal {B}}, \mu , T_v)$$

(
M
,
B
,
μ
,

T
v

)

is Bernoulli and has entropy $$\frac{\#( k)}{\#( k^{\times })}\log (\#( k))$$

#
(
k
)

#
(

k
×

)

log

(
#

(
k
)

)

. The first of these two properties is used to study the average behaviour of the convergents arising from $$T_v$$

T
v

. Here for a finite set A its cardinality has been denoted by $$\# (A)$$

#
(
A
)

. In the case $$K = {\mathbb {Q}}_p$$

K
=

Q
p

, i.e. the field of p-adic numbers, the map $$T_v$$

T
v

reduces to the well-studied continued fraction map due to Schneider.
Empathy in Medical Education: Its Nature and Nurture — a Qualitative Study of the Views of Students and Tutors
Authors: Laughey William F , Atkinson Jane , Craig Alison M , Douglas Laura , Brown Megan EL , Scott Jessica L , Alberti Hugh , Finn Gabrielle M
Published: October 2021

Context

Medical education is committed to teaching patient centred communication and empathy. However, quantitative research suggests empathy scores tend to decline as students progress through medical school. In qualitative terms, there is a need to better understand how students and tutors view the practice and teaching of clinical empathy and the phenomenon of empathic erosion.

Methods

Working within a constructivist paradigm, researchers thematically analysed the individual interview data from a purposive sample of 13 senior students and 9 tutors.

Results

The four major themes were as follows: (1) ‘the nature of empathy’, including the concept of the innate empathy that students already possess at the beginning of medical school; (2) ‘beyond the formal curriculum’ and the central importance of role modelling; (3) ‘the formal curriculum and the tick-box influence of assessments’; and (4) the ‘durability of empathy’, including ethical erosion and resilience. A garden model of empathy development is proposed — beginning with the innate seeds of empathy that students bring to medical school, the flowering of empathy is a fragile process, subject to both enablers and barriers in the formal, informal, and hidden curricula.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into empathic erosion in medical school, including the problems of negative role modelling and the limitations of an assessment system that rewards ‘tick-box’ representations of empathy, rather than true acts of compassion. It also identifies factors that should enable the flowering of empathy, such as new pedagogical approaches to resilience and a role for the arts and humanities.
Medical Students’ Opinions of Anatomy Teaching Resources and Their Role in Achieving Learning Outcomes
Authors: Abdullah Elias , Lone Mutahira , Cray James J. , Dvoracek Peter , Balta Joy Y.
Published: October 2021

Several teaching resources are used to enhance the learning of anatomy. The purpose of this study was to examine the preference of medical students on the use of various resources to learn anatomy and their link to 12 learning outcomes. A selected response item questionnaire was administered that asked students to rank six laboratory teaching resources from most to least preferred, and rate how useful these six resources were towards achieving 12 learning outcomes. These learning outcomes covered many of the learning domains such as demonstrating an understanding of anatomy, visualizing structures, appreciating clinical correlations, and understanding anatomical variations. Medical students ranked cadaveric prosections paired with an active learning clinical tutorial as the highest rank and most useful resource for learning anatomy, followed by dissection videos, electronic resources, and printed material, followed by plastinated specimens and plastic models. Overall, cadaveric prosections were also rated as the most helpful teaching resource in achieving various learning outcomes. In conclusion, anatomy teachers should provide prosections coupled with clinical tutorials as well as electronic resources as students prefer these and think they help them learn anatomy. Future studies will investigate the impact of using these resources on students’ performance.
Correction to: One-dimensional drift-flux correlations for two-phase flow in medium-size channels
Authors: Hibiki Takashi
Published: October 2021

Correction to:

Takashi Hibiki

One-dimensional drift-flux correlations for two-phase flow in medium-size channels Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow 2019, 1(2): 85–100
10.1007/s42757-019-0009-y
A novel classification of tracheal defects and the reconstruction strategies: A retrospective study based on 106 cases
Authors: Xia Xin , Zhu Xiao‐Li , Zhu Ying‐Ying , Diao Wen‐Wen , Chen Xing‐Ming
Published: October 2021

Objective

The study aims to present a novel classification of tracheal defects and the corresponding reconstruction strategies.

Methods

The retrospective study was designed to analyze patients with diagnosed primary or secondary tracheal tumors from 1991 to 2020. Surgical techniques, complications and prognosis were reviewed. Airway status and patient outcomes were the principal follow‐up measures. Tracheal defects were classified into two plane sizes (vertical (V) and horizontal (H) planes). Vertical defects were further categorized into three groups based on their tracheal ring numbers (V1, ≤ 5 rings; V2, 6‐10 rings; and V3, > 10 rings). Tracheal defects with horizontal plane size H1 and H2 represent defects less and more than one‐half the circumference of trachea. Thus, suitable reconstruction strategies were planned primarily based on “V” and “H” classifications. The reconstruction strategies performed were sleeve resection followed by an end‐to‐end anastomosis, window resection with sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap reconstruction, defects conversion with rotation anastomosis, and modified tracheostomy with secondary flap reconstruction.

Results

A total of 106 patients diagnosed with tracheal defects were enrolled in the study, of whom 59 patients underwent sleeve resection followed by end‐to‐end anastomosis; 40 patients received window resection alongside sternocleidomastoid (SCM) myoperiosteal flap reconstruction; five patients received converting defects with rotation anastomosis and two patients underwent modified tracheostomy with secondary stage flap reconstruction. Lumen stenosis occurred in three V2H1 defect cases and were treated by a second reconstruction surgery. Iatrogenic unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in two patients with the V3H2 defect type, who were treated by temporary tracheotomy and partial vocal cord resection and extubated successfully during follow‐up. All 106 patients achieved airway patency with adequate laryngeal function at the end of follow‐up. No anastomotic dehiscence or bleeding occurred in any patient postoperatively.

Conclusion

Though a significant number of multicenter studies concerning the reconstruction and classification of tracheal defects are needed, the study herein provides a novel classification of tracheal defects, which is primarily developed on the defect size. Therefore, the study might serve as a potential source for identifying suitable reconstruction strategies for practitioners.
Teaching Secondary History
Authors: Sharp Heather , Dallimore Jonathon , Bedford Alison , Kerby Martin , Goulding James , Heath Treesa Clare , von Guttner Darius , Zarmati Louise
Published: October 2021

Teaching Secondary History provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of teaching History to years 7–12 in Australian schools. Engaging directly with the Australian Curriculum, this text introduces pre-service teachers to the discipline of History. It builds on students' historical knowledge, thinking and skills and offers practical guidance on how to construct well-rounded History lessons for students. From inquiry strategies and teacher- and student-centred practice, to embedding the cross-curriculum priorities in planning and assessment, this text supports the learning and development of pre-service History teachers by connecting the 'big ideas' of teaching with the nuance of History content. Each chapter features short-answer and Pause and think questions to enhance understanding of key concepts, Bringing it together review questions to consolidate learning, classroom scenarios, examples of classroom work and a range of information boxes to connect students to additional material.
The Past, Present, and Future of Global Health Law Beyond Crisis
Authors: Gross Aeyal
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic generated wide interest in global health law (GHL). The ease of its spread, and its eruption at a time of massive global travel in a city that is a major transport hub, turned it into an unprecedented event in the post-World War II era.
Un nouveau “cheval de Troie”? Regard sur la codification des normes impératives du droit international général (jus cogens)
Authors: MOULIN THIBAULT
Published: October 2021

Depuis 2014, la Commission du droit international (CDI) étudie la question des normes impératives (jus cogens). Si ce projet a le mérite d’en éclaircir les aspects, cette contribution avance que certaines de ses observations peuvent aussi être assimilées à des “chevaux de Troie,” et pour deux raisons. Premièrement, certains principes entourant l’accès à l’impérativité pourraient favoriser la définition arbitraire de normes de jus cogens (rejet de la théorie de l’objecteur persistant en la matière, rôle des juridictions). Deuxièmement, certains effets attachés à l’impérativité pourraient être vecteurs de conséquences qui n’ont a priori pas été évaluées par la CDI (conformité des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité et des normes coutumières au jus cogens).
Establishing a data-based scattering kernel model for gas–solid interaction by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Wang Zijing , Song Chengqian , Qin Fenghua , Luo Xisheng
Published: October 2021

Scattering kernel models for gas–solid interaction are crucial for rarefied gas flows and microscale flows. However, most existing models depend on certain accommodation coefficients (ACs). We propose here to construct a data-based model using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and machine learning. The gas–solid interaction is first modelled by 100 000 MD simulations of a single gas molecule reflecting on the wall surface, which is fulfilled by GPU parallel technology. The results showed a correlation of the reflection velocity with the incidence velocity in the same direction, and also revealed correlations that may exist in different directions, which are neglected by the traditional gas–solid interaction model. Inspired by the sophisticated Cercignani–Lampis–Lord (CLL) model, two improved scattering kernels were constructed to better reproduce the probability density of velocity determined from MD simulation. The first one adopts variable ACs which depend on the incidence velocity and the second one combines three CLL-like kernels. All the parameters in the improved kernels are automatically chosen by the machine learning method. Compared with the numerical experiments of a molecular beam, the reconstructed scattering kernels are basically consistent with the MD results.
Richtmyer–Meshkov instability on two-dimensional multi-mode interfaces
Authors: Liang Yu , Liu Lili , Zhai Zhigang , Ding Juchun , Si Ting , Luo Xisheng
Published: October 2021

Shock-tube experiments on eight kinds of two-dimensional multi-mode air–SF

$_6$

interface with controllable initial conditions are performed to examine the dependence of perturbation growth on initial spectra. We deduce and demonstrate experimentally that the amplitude development of each mode is influenced by the mode-competition effect from quasi-linear stages. It is confirmed that the mode-competition effect is closely related to initial spectra, including the wavenumber, the phase and the initial amplitude of constituent modes. By considering both the mode-competition effect and the high-order harmonics effect, a nonlinear model is established based on initial spectra to predict the amplitude growth of each individual mode. The nonlinear model is validated by the present experiments and data in the literature by considering diverse initial spectra, shock intensities and density ratios. Moreover, the nonlinear model is successfully extended based on the superposition principle to predict the growths of the total perturbation width and the bubble/spike width from quasi-linear to nonlinear stages.
The Territorial Representativeness of Italian Ministerial Elites: From the Regional “Parity Norm” to the Rise of Technocrats
Authors: Tronconi Filippo , Verzichelli Luca
Published: October 2021

The territorial composition of governments (that is, the geographical origin of its members) has received little attention from political scientists. However, prime ministers, ministers, and junior ministers clearly have a territorial characterization and preferential attachments to specific places that can potentially affect the way decisions are made and resources are allocated. In this article, we focus on these aspects, showing the evolution of the territorial representativeness of Italian governmental elites over the last four decades and proposing some interpretations of its changes. In particular, we describe the transition from a balanced regional representation (the “parity norm”) to a multitude of different patterns of territorial representation that we observe across parties nowadays. We propose three explanations for such changes: the first is based on the transformation of the party system in the nineties, with the emergence of parties such as the Northern League, with a specific regional focus; the second is based on the regionalization of the Italian state and its consequences on political career paths; the third is based on the increasing recruitment of technocrats in ministerial offices.
The semantics of conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations: A quantitative and theoretical perspective
Authors: LIEBER ROCHELLE , PLAG INGO
Published: October 2021

This paper addresses a fundamental problem of derivational morphology: which meanings are possible for the words of a given morphological category, which forms can be chosen to express a given meaning, and what is the role of the base in these mappings of form and meaning? In a broad empirical study we examine the extent to which two types of nominalizations in English – conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations – can express either eventive or referential readings, can be quantified as either count or mass, and can be based on verbs of particular aspectual classes (state, activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive). Past literature (for example, Grimshaw 1990 Brinton 1995, 1998 Borer 2013) has suggested an association between conversion nominalization, count quantification, and referential reading on the one hand, and between -ing nominalization, mass quantification and eventive reading on the other. Using a subset of the data reported in Andreou & Lieber (2020), we give statistical evidence that the relationship between morphological form, type of quantification, and aspectual class of base verb is neither categorical, as the literature suggests, nor completely free, but rather is probabilistic. We provide both a univariate analysis and a multivariate analysis (using conditional inference trees) that show that the relationship among the variables of morphological form, eventivity, quantification and aspectual class of base is complex. Tendencies sometimes go in the direction suggested by past literature (e.g. -ing forms tend to be eventive), but sometimes contradict past predictions (conversion also tends to be eventive). We also document that an important role is played by the specific verb underlying the nominalization rather than the aspectual class of verb. Finally, we consider what the pattern of polysemy that we uncover suggests with respect to theoretical modeling, looking at syntactic models (Distributed Morphology), lexical semantic models (the Lexical Semantic Framework), Analogical Models, and Distributional Semantics.
Prenatal negative affectivity and trauma-related distress predict mindful parenting during toddler age: Examining parent–infant bonding as a mechanism
Authors: Laifer Lauren M. , DiLillo David , Brock Rebecca L.
Published: October 2021

Despite findings demonstrating the importance of parental present-centered awareness, factors undermining mindful parenting have received less attention. Increasingly, evidence points to parental psychopathology as a salient risk factor for parenting difficulties. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate specific dimensions of parental trauma-related distress and general negative affectivity during pregnancy as predictors of mindful parenting during toddler age. Parental psychopathology, parent–infant bonding, and mindful parenting were assessed in a sample of heterosexual couples (N = 159) across four waves of data collection spanning pregnancy to child age two. Data were analyzed using path analysis within a dyadic framework. Results demonstrated the unique impact of maternal trauma-related distress during pregnancy (e.g., intrusions and avoidance) on facets of mindful parenting more than two years later. Further, among both mothers and fathers, general negative affectivity common across internalizing disorders undermined mindful parenting through impaired parent–infant bonding. Findings highlight the need for early intervention efforts that incorporate mindfulness strategies to reduce subthreshold symptoms of prenatal psychopathology, promote healthy bonding, and improve parental awareness and self-regulation, thereby enhancing the overall parent–child relationship.
Kerbing Relations through Time: Reuse, Connectivity and Folded Time in the Viking Age
Authors: Lund Julie
Published: October 2021

The paper explores a group of graves in which the past was used actively in Viking Age eastern Norway. Studying the use of the past in the past was introduced in British landscape archaeology of the 1990s, but a reassessment and a renewed relevance of the theme may now be observed due to the rise of materiality studies and the affective turn within archaeology. Through an investigation of the apparently insignificant kerbstones on a number of Viking Age burial mounds in Eastern Norway, and their links to specific Roman period mounds and graves, the paper explores how time and the past were perceived in the Viking Age. This further opens potential for examining connections between the use of the past and identities and self-perceptions in a Viking Age society. The analysis also includes a movement away from understanding reuse merely as a means of power. The overall ambition is to demonstrate the relevance of studies of the past in the past in archaeology today.
Efficient TBox Reasoning with Value Restrictions using the wer Reasoner
Authors: BAADER FRANZ , KOOPMANN PATRICK , MICHEL FRIEDRICH , TURHAN ANNI-YASMIN , ZARRIESS BENJAMIN
Published: October 2021

The inexpressive Description Logic (DL)
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
, which has conjunction and value restriction as its only concept constructors, had fallen into disrepute when it turned out that reasoning in
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
w.r.t. general TBoxes is ExpTime-complete, that is, as hard as in the considerably more expressive logic
${\cal A}{\cal L}{\cal C}$
. In this paper, we rehabilitate
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
by presenting a dedicated subsumption algorithm for
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
, which is much simpler than the tableau-based algorithms employed by highly optimized DL reasoners. Our experiments show that the performance of our novel algorithm, as prototypically implemented in our
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
wer reasoner, compares very well with that of the highly optimized reasoners.
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
wer can also deal with ontologies written in the extension
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_ \bot }$
of
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
with the top and the bottom concept by employing a polynomial-time reduction, shown in this paper, which eliminates top and bottom. We also investigate the complexity of reasoning in DLs related to the Horn-fragments of
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_0}$
and
${\cal F}{{\cal L}_ \bot }$
.
Coalition-Based Gender Lobbying: Revisiting Women's Substantive Representation in China's Authoritarian Governance
Authors: Jiang Xinhui , Zhou Yunyun
Published: October 2021

While research on women's substantive representation in legislatures has proliferated, our knowledge of gender lobbying mechanisms in authoritarian regimes remains limited. Adopting a state-society interaction approach, this article addresses how women's interests are substantively represented in China despite the absence of an electoral mandate and the omnipresence of state power. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, this article maps out the intertwining of key political agents and institutions within and outside the state that mobilize for women's grievances and demands. We find that representation of women's interests in China requires the emergence of a unified societal demand followed by a coalition of state agency allies navigating within legislative, executive, and Party-affiliated institutional bodies. The pursuit of women's interests is also politically bounded and faces strong repression if the lobbying lacks state alliances or the targeted issue is considered “politically sensitive” by the government.
Approaching the ‘Death of Socrates’ through art education. A teaching proposal and the introduction of a new typology for teaching with similar artworks.
Authors: Zagkotas Vasileios , Fykaris Ioannis
Published: October 2021

The representation of the ‘dying Socrates’ was extremely popular among artists during the 17th and 18th centuries, while there are several artworks with this concept during the early 19th century. This article's main aim is to use the methodological tool of the Grammar of Visual Design in forming a teaching proposal based on the Harvard University ‘Artful Thinking Project’. This teaching proposal can be applied to a Language, a Philosophy or a History course. As a second aim, we propose a new typology for that era's artworks on the subject of the last moments of Socrates.
Ansatzpunkte für die Prävention frühen jugendlichen Alkoholkonsums
Authors: Supke Max , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung. Ziele: In der vorliegenden Studie werden sowohl frühkindliche als auch elterliche Risikofaktoren, die jugendliche Trinkmotivation und die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Müttern und Jugendlichen hinsichtlich des jugendlichen Alkoholkonsums zur Ableitung von präventiven Ideen ausgewertet. Methodik: Die Daten von 239 Familien aus dem längsschnittlichen deutschen Projekt Zukunft Familie wurden vom Kindergartenalter ( M = 4.5 Jahre) bis in das Jugendalter ( M = 14 Jahre) erhoben. Mittels binär logistischer Regressionsmodelle wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen psychischen Auffälligkeiten im Kindesalter, der soziodemographischen Situation sowie Verhaltensweisen der Eltern und dem Alkoholkonsum der Kinder zehn Jahre später analysiert. Ergebnisse: Kinder von Müttern mit einer höheren Schulbildung und aus Familien mit einem höheren sozialen Status hatten ein erhöhtes Risiko, schon vor dem gesetzlich erlaubten Mindestalter, regelmäßig Alkohol zu trinken. Bei den im Durchschnitt 4.5-jährigen Kindern erwiesen sich internalisierende Auffälligkeiten als Schutzfaktor vor einem frühzeitigen jugendlichen Konsum. Alkohol wurde im Jugendalter vor allem aus sozialen und Verstärkungsmotiven getrunken. Mütter unterschätzten signifikant den Konsum ihrer Kinder um das Vier- bis Fünffache. Schlussfolgerung: Präventionsmaßnahmen könnten den Jugendlichen Alternativen aufzeigen, um die sozialen und verstärkenden Motivationen auf risikofreien Wegen zu erreichen. Zur verbesserten Einschätzung des kindlichen Konsums, könnten Mütter in Hinweisen geschult werden, die auf einen übermäßigen Konsum hindeuten. Das erhöhte Risiko von Kindern aus Familien mit einem höheren sozialen Status könnte dabei berücksichtigt werden.
Prävention des riskanten und abhängigen Substanzkonsums bei geflüchteten Menschen
Authors: Lorenz Miriam Hedwig , Taggert Julia , Laging Marion , Heidenreich Thomas
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Geflüchtete Menschen können aufgrund ihrer Erlebnisse im Herkunftsland und auf ihrer Flucht, sowie der Stressoren im Ankunftsland eine besonders vulnerable Gruppe für riskante und abhängige Formen des Substanzkonsums sein. Derzeit gibt es nur sehr begrenzte gesicherte Forschungserkenntnisse zur Suchtprävention bei dieser spezifischen Zielgruppe. Methodik: In vier internationalen Datenbanken mit gesundheits-, sozialwissenschaftlicher oder medizinischer Ausrichtung wurde in Anlehnung an die PRISMA-Leitlinien recherchiert, um Publikationen zu identifizieren, welche sich mit der Prävention des riskanten Substanzkonsums bei geflüchteten Menschen befassen. Ergebnisse: Es wurden 19 Publikationen als relevant eingestuft, die bedeutende Erkenntnisse zum Bedarf an Prävention, jedoch wenige Ergebnisse zur konkreten Gestaltung von wirkungsvollen Präventionsmaßnahmen hervorbrachten. Zentral für Präventionsansätze ist der Fokus auf die Risiken in der Ankommenssituation der geflüchteten Menschen, in welcher der Substanzkonsum als Bewältigungsressource genutzt wird. Zudem ist der Zielgruppe der Zugang zu Präventions- und Interventionsangeboten durch zahlreiche Barrieren erschwert. Schlussfolgerungen: Es besteht Forschungsbedarf zur Durchführbarkeit, Wirksamkeit und kulturellen Adaption von Präventionsmaßnahmen zu riskantem und abhängigem Substanzkonsum bei geflüchteten Menschen, um zukünftig evidenzbasierte, bedarfsorientierte, zielgruppenspezifische und kultursensible Angebote zu entwickeln, implementieren und evaluieren zu können.
Relative Structural Complexity of Plate‐Boundary Fault Systems Controls Incremental Slip‐Rate Behavior of Major Strike‐Slip Faults
Authors: Gauriau Judith , Dolan James F.
Published: October 2021

A comparison of published incremental fault slip rates from four major strike‐slip faults with the proximity and number of other active faults in the surrounding plate boundary systems shows that the behavior of the primary fault is correlated with the structural complexity of its tectonic setting. To do this, we characterize the relative structural complexity of the fault network surrounding a fault location of interest by defining the coefficient of complexity, which quantifies the density and displacement rates of the faults in the plate‐boundary network at specified radii around the site of interest. We show that the relative constancy of incremental slip rates measured along primary faults of the Alpine, San Andreas, North Anatolian, and Dead Sea fault systems reflects the proximity, number, and activity of their close neighbors. Specifically, faults that extend through more structurally complex plate boundary fault systems exhibit more irregular slip behavior than faults that pass through simpler settings. We suggest that these behaviors are likely a response to more complex stress interactions within more structurally complicated regional fault systems, as well as possible temporal changes in fault strength and/or kinematic interactions amongst mechanically complementary faults within a system that collectively accommodates overall relative plate motion. Our results provide a potential means for better evaluating the future behavior of large plate‐boundary faults in the absence of well‐documented incremental slip‐rate behavior, and may help improve the use of geological slip‐rate data in probabilistic seismic hazard assessments.
Evidence of Episodic Nitrate Injections in the Oligotrophic North Pacific Associated With Surface Chlorophyll Blooms
Authors: Wilson Cara
Published: October 2021

Summer blooms of chlorophyll develop in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and 30°N. It is thought that episodic injections of subsurface nutrients fuel these blooms, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Here data from Biogeochemical‐Argo floats are examined to look for evidence of subsurface mixing that could stimulate these surface chlorophyll features. Data are examined from 25 floats that measured 5,569 profiles near Hawaii between September 2002 to April 2021. Since not all floats had nitrate sensors, but all floats had oxygen sensors, nitrate concentrations were calculated from oxygen measurements using the “CArbonate system and Nutrients concentration from hYdrological properties and Oxygen using a Neural‐network” model. There were 14 times when the nitracline, defined as the depth where nitrate is 1 µmol kg−1, reached 100 m during the summer (June–September). In six of these 14 episodes, the nitracline anomaly was the result of shoaling isopycnals. During the other eight episodes nitrate increased along isopycnal surfaces, indicating diapycnal mixing was occurring. In these events, referred to as injection events, perturbations to the vertical nitrate distribution extended all the way down to 300 m depth, and lasted up to 3.5 months, spanning hundreds of kilometer. Seven of the eight injection events occurred within cyclonic eddies, one occurred within an anticyclonic eddy. The timing of the injection events often coincided with a change in eddy dynamics, either eddy speed or eddy transformation. The injection events in cyclonic eddies were followed by a surface increase in chlorophyll in the surrounding area as observed in satellite data.
Effects of Wave Coherence on Longshore Variability of Nearshore Wave Processes
Authors: Salatin Reza , Chen Qin , Bak A. Spicer , Shi Fengyan , Brandt Steven R.
Published: October 2021

Coherent waves are pairs of waves having identical frequency and waveform with constant phase difference leading to a stationary wave interference in the wavefield of phase‐resolving wave models. The resulting stationary interference due to the presence of coherent water waves results in the longshore variation of the wave height in longshore uniform topography. Consequently, this variation affects the radiation stress throughout the domain and leads to the longshore variation in mean water level, mean current field, shear wave amplitude, wave setup, and wave runup. Here, we have developed a new method of wave energy spectrum discretization for the phase‐resolving wave models like FUNWAVE‐TVD, which either eliminates the coherent waves at the offshore boundary condition or limits them to a controlled number. Then, effects of the coherent waves on some nearshore wave processes are probed using both a flat bottom case as well as a longshore uniform sloping beach. The results shed light on the effects of wave coherence on the nearshore wave processes and demonstrate the usefulness of the newly developed wavemaker as a tool for the scientific community to further assess the hydrodynamics in nearshore environments.
Significant Amplification of Instantaneous Extreme Precipitation With Convective Self‐Aggregation
Authors: Da Silva Nicolas A. , Muller Caroline , Shamekh Sara , Fildier Benjamin
Published: October 2021

This work explores the effect of convective self‐aggregation on extreme rainfall intensities through an analysis at several stages of the cloud lifecycle. In addition to increases in 3‐hourly extremes consistent with previous studies, we find that instantaneous rainrates increase significantly (+30%). We mainly focus on instantaneous extremes and, using a recent framework, relate their increase to increased precipitation efficiency: the local increase in relative humidity drives larger accretion efficiency and lower re‐evaporation. An in‐depth analysis based on an adapted scaling for precipitation extremes reveals that the dynamic contribution decreases (−25%) while the thermodynamic is slightly enhanced (+5%) with convective self‐aggregation, leading to lower condensation rates. When the atmosphere is more organized into a moist convecting region and a dry convection‐free region, deep convective updrafts are surrounded by a warmer environment which reduces convective instability and thus the dynamic contribution. The moister boundary‐layer explains the positive thermodynamic contribution. The microphysic contribution is increased by +50% with aggregation. The latter is partly due to reduced evaporation of rain falling through a moister near‐cloud environment, but also to the associated larger accretion efficiency. Thus, a potential change in convective organization regimes in a warming climate could lead to an evolution of tropical precipitation extremes significantly different than that expected from thermodynamical considerations. The relevance of self‐aggregation to the real tropics is still debated. Improved fundamental understanding of self‐aggregation, its sensitivity to warming and connection to precipitation extremes, is hence crucial to achieve accurate rainfall projections in a warming climate.
p27kip1 expression and phosphorylation dictate Palbociclib sensitivity in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer
Authors: Rampioni Vinciguerra Gian Luca , Dall’Acqua Alessandra , Segatto Ilenia , Mattevi Maria Chiara , Russo Francesca , Favero Andrea , Cirombella Roberto , Mungo Giorgia , Viotto Davide , Karimbayli Javad , Pesce Margherita , Vecchione Andrea , Belletti Barbara , Baldassarre Gustavo
Published: October 2021

In colorectal cancer, mutation of KRAS (RASMUT) reduces therapeutic options, negatively affecting prognosis of the patients. In this setting, administration of CDK4/6-inhibitors, alone or in combination with other drugs, is being tested as promising therapeutic strategy. Identifying sensitive patients and overcoming intrinsic and acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition represent still open challenges, to obtain better clinical responses. Here, we investigated the role of the CDK inhibitor p27kip1 in the response to the selective CDK4/6-inhibitor Palbociclib, in colorectal cancer. Our results show that p27kip1 expression inversely correlated with Palbociclib response, both in vitro and in vivo. Generating a model of Palbociclib-resistant RASMUT colorectal cancer cells, we observed an increased expression of p27kip1, cyclin D, CDK4 and CDK6, coupled with an increased association between p27kip1 and CDK4. Furthermore, Palbociclib-resistant cells showed increased Src-mediated phosphorylation of p27kip1 on tyrosine residues and low doses of Src inhibitors re-sensitized resistant cells to Palbociclib. Since p27kip1 showed variable expression in RASMUT colorectal cancer samples, our study supports the possibility that p27kip1 could serve as biomarker to stratify patients who might benefit from CDK4/6 inhibition, alone or in combination with Src inhibitors.