bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exports’ effects on productivity from the view of industry heterogeneity
Authors: Jiao Yifan , Liu Qing , Liu Tianzhuo
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The relationship between exports and productivity has always been a hot topic for scholars, but no unified conclusions have been made by theory and empirical research so far. There is no denying that the relationship between the two is important though, exploring the factors affecting the relationship can bring much more reflection and inspiration.

Design/methodology/approach

After using stochastic frontier analysis which includes stochastic factors to calculate total factor productivity, this paper makes regressions on the panel data of Chinese manufacturing industries from 2004 to 2013. In addition, it also tests the roles of industry heterogeneity plays in analyzing the relationships between exports and productivity.

Findings

It turns out that in China, exports inhibit the growth of productivity overall, and scale effect is not reflected in the export sector. From the perspective of sub-sectors, exports dampen the productivity significantly in labor-intensive industries, which may be because of low learning ability. In industries with low R&D investment, exports also have significant and negative effects on industry productivity, which is because the R&D capital is not efficient and sufficient to be converted to productivity. In industries with high foreign capital rate, exports prohibit the growth of productivity because of the existence of much processing trade. In industries with low competition pressure, exports hinder the productivity because firms in such industries are possibly not competitive enough to survive in the fierce international market.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, previous research studies did not take the industry heterogeneity into consideration when discussing the effects of exports on productivity. In this paper, cost types, R&D investment, energy consumption efficiency, export destination, foreign investment rate, state-owned ratio, competition pressure and international competitiveness are all discussed in the analysis of export and productivity. This study provides new insights to help understand the mechanism of export and productivity and the conclusions are of rich policy implications.
Sustainability risk management in a cooperative environment under uncertainty
Authors: Moradi Mojtaba , Hafezalkotob Ashkan , Ghezavati Vahidreza
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This study considers a project scheduling model to assess the project risks and the impacts on project sustainability when subcontractors collaborate under uncertainty. Moreover, some allocation methods are applied for fair allocating utility of the project and supper-additivity, stability and satisfaction level of each coalition. Finally, sustainability concept is considered in risk assessment in all coalitions.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed mathematical programming model evaluates project risks when the subcontractors cooperate with each other by sharing their limited resources. Then, some cooperative game theory methods are applied for fair allocation of net present value, of the cooperation and finally sustainability aspects (economic, social and environmental) are investigated in risk assessment for each possible coalition.

Finding

The results of the proposed model indicate that the subcontractors can increase their profit by 10 per cent ($14,028,450 thousand) and save the equilibrium between sustainability aspects especially in grand coalition. It means that subcontractors do not have incentive to leave the coalition and the supper-additive property is feasible. Furthermore, risk assessment shows that project risks have less impact on subcontractor profits when they cooperate with each other.

Originality/value

Sustainability aspects may be investigated in project management in previous studies, but the authors study sustainability indicators when subcontractors form a coalition and share their resources in response to the risks of availability to resources and delay in completing the project under uncertainty.
An exploration of motives, constraints and future participation intention in sport and exercise events
Authors: Koronios Konstantinos , Kriemadis Thanos
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore relations among constraints and motivation for running events commitment along with relations among motivation and future commitment intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative approach was utilized for the aim of the present study and 1,944 questionnaires were gathered. The self-determination theory and the categorization among intrinsic and extrinsic motivators as proposed by Alexandriset al.(2002) were utilized and the suggested research tools were selected for the purposes of the study.

Findings

Intrapersonal constraints found to influence motivation factors while all three motivation factors had a significant effect on continuous participation intentions.

Research limitations/implications

The experimental data for the present research came from participants in a given running race. As mentioned in the discussion, the distinctive characteristics of running may have affected the examined relations in a way which might not be straightforwardly pertinent to different sports. Additional analysis in various activities is essential for the generalization of the findings.

Originality/value

This paper provides the context for a discussion. It shows that motivation factors (amotivation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) have a significant influence on individuals’ intention to participate in sport and exercise, as well as on their ability to negotiate associated constraints. The large sample is a major element of the originality of this study because adds to the validity of the results.
Selective integration of management systems: a case study in the construction industry
Authors: Chountalas Panos T. , Tepaskoualos Filippos A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Despite the widely recognized benefits of integrating management systems, many multi-certified organizations continue to implement two or more systems separately. This can happen either through ignorance or by deliberate intent. Focusing on the second reason, the purpose of this paper is to examine a number of factors that can lead an organization to consciously choose not to integrate all of its management systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents a case study of a construction company that has integrated the environmental management system and the occupational health and safety management system – which implies that the company is familiar with the practice of integration – while choosing to implement the quality management system separately from the other two.

Findings

The findings of this study show that the reasons that led the company not to integrate all of its systems are not so much related to the compatibility of these systems, but are much deeper and have implications that touch upon its basic principles and values. Despite the occurrence of some organizational and operational problems (such as complexity of administrative issues and bureaucracy), the separate implementation of the systems allowed the company to preserve both the balance between the powers of its executives and the ability to attach special importance to each area: quality, environment, health and safety.

Originality/value

This study will be useful in order to understand that selective integration of management systems is based on the belief that integration is not ade factodesirable goal, especially when the estimated cost-benefit ratio of non-integration is better than that of integration.
Integrated geophysical exploration in onshore frontier basins
Authors: Martini F. , Rogers E. , Bennett S. , Davi R. , Doherty J.T. , Mongan J.
Published: October 2018

Faced with the challenge of rapidly screening a huge expanse of frontier exploration acreage, often characterized by sparse vintage data, it is our experience that a combination of appropriate air‐ and ground‐based geophysical techniques contributes positively to the exploration value chain. Airborne gravity gradiometry in conjunction with conventional gravity and magnetic data, as well as geological knowledge, add significant value to the screening process. This combination can subsequently assist in optimizing the location of the more time‐consuming and expensive seismic programme. In addition, analysis and inversion of passive seismic data have also proven useful in providing depth to basement estimates, and results derived from all the techniques investigated have been consistent within several study areas. Following initial tests, where the data were independently analysed and cross‐checked for consistency (including comparisons with active source seismic data and well data, when available), the company now routinely adopts the integration of these techniques in our frontier exploration acreage to support sedimentary basin delineation and mapping. This allows the optimal positioning and focussing of the higher spend and higher footprint programmes, such as active reflection seismic.
Inbreeding shapes tuberculosis progression in female adult badgers (Meles meles)
Authors: Queirós João , Vicente Joaquín
Published: October 2018

In Focus: Beton, C. H., Delahay, R. J., Smith, F. A. P., Robertson, A., McDonald, R. A., Young, A. J., Burke T. A., & Hodgson, D. (2018). Inbreeding intensifies sex‐ and age‐dependent disease in a wild mammal. Journal of Animal Ecology, 87, 1497‐1499. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12878

Increasing crossbreeding of relatives promotes inbreeding which, in turn, can cause a reduction in fitness and the emergence of a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. Benton et al., used the badger (Meles meles)—Mycobacterium bovis model system to study the relationship between inbreeding, disease, ageing and sex. A link between multilocus homozygosity (general effect) and TB progression (measured as antibody response to infection) and between homozygosity at specific loci (local effect) and TB progression were established in this study, highlighting the importance of host genetic background in determining host disease outcomes, and thus on shaping disease dynamics in wild populations. Moreover, the authors demonstrated for the first time in a natural population that this positive association might be modulated by sex and age. In infected individuals, inbreeding only affects disease progression in adult females.
Increased risk of recurrence in resected EGFR‐positive pN0M0 invasive lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ito Masaoki , Miyata Yoshihiro , Kushitani Kei , Yoshiya Tomoharu , Kai Yuichiro , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Mimura Takeshi , Konishi Kazuo , Takeshima Yukio , Okada Morihito
Published: October 2018

Background

This study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic and recurrent impact of EGFR mutation status in resected pN0M0 lung adenocarcinoma with consideration of the histological subtype.

Methods

Following retrospective analysis of whole 474 consecutive pathological N0M0 lung adenocarcinoma patients, the prognostic significance of EGFR mutation status was evaluated in limited 394 subjects. Overall survival and recurrence‐free interval (RFI) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using a log‐rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

The five‐year RFI was 85.7% and 93.3% for EGFR positive (n = 176) and negative (n = 218) cases, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 1.992, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.005–3.982; P = 0.048). Following the exclusion of specific subtypes free from recurrence or EGFR mutation (adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma), the five‐year RFI was obviously poorer in EGFR positive compared to negative cases (80.7% and 92.1%, respectively; HR 2.163, 95% CI 1.055–4.341; P = 0.035). Multivariate analysis excluding the specific subtypes confirmed that male sex, age, current or Ex‐smoking status, pleural invasion, and EGFR‐positive status were independently associated with shorter RFI. No significant differences in five‐year overall survival were found between the EGFR mutation positive and negative groups (88.7% and 93.7%, respectively; HR 1.630, 95% CI 0.787–3.432; P = 0.2).

Conclusion

EGFR mutations are associated with recurrence in pN0M0 lung adenocarcinoma. EGFR mutation status and histological subtype should be considered when evaluating the risk of recurrence in resected lung adenocarcinoma patients.
Cross country maize market linkages in Africa: integration and price transmission across local and global markets
Authors: Pierre Guillaume , Kaminski Jonathan
Published: October 2018

In order to study short‐run price shock propagation, we model twenty seven Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) domestic maize markets within a Global Vector Autoregression framework. The main purpose is to fully embed multilateral trade flows as a way to better structure local price transmission dynamics and interdependencies, and get a more comprehensive picture of food price shocks propagation. We found significant between‐country market contagion and prompt regional price shock propagation when trade connection exists. Yet, the integration of SSA domestic maize markets within the continent and with global markets remains generally weak. Furthermore, under regular market conditions, most local price series appear to be more responsive to regional neighbors than to global shocks.
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of refractoriness to optimal proton pump inhibitor therapy in non‐erosive reflux disease
Authors: Ribolsi Mentore , Cicala Michele , Zentilin Patrizia , Neri Matteo , Mauro Aurelio , Efthymakis Konstantinos , Petitti Tommasangelo , Savarino Vincenzo , Penagini Roberto
Published: October 2018

Background

The real size of the gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) population not responding to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy has still not been fully elucidated. Causes of PPI refractoriness include incorrect diagnosis and lack of adherence to therapy, in terms of incorrect dosage and timing.

Aims

To evaluate the prevalence of refractoriness to optimal PPI therapy and the contribution of non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD), reflux hypersensitivity, and functional heartburn, to PPI refractoriness. The association of functional GI symptoms in non‐responders was evaluated.

Methods

Frequency and severity of GERD symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain), dysphagia, belching, epigastric pain, postprandial distress, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), globus, and ear nose and throat (ENT) symptoms were evaluated in patients previously classified as non‐responders. Patients with at least one of the oesophageal symptoms with a frequency ≥3 /week were treated with esomeprazole 40 mg once daily for 8 weeks and then re‐evaluated. Non‐responders (patients with oesophageal symptoms ≥3 times per week) underwent 24 hour multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH monitoring.

Results

Of 573 consecutive patients, 92 with oesophageal symptoms and classified as PPI‐refractory underwent the esomeprazole trial; 60 did not respond. IBS, epigastric pain, and post‐prandial distress episodes were associated with a poor response on multivariate analysis. NERD, reflux hypersensitivity, and functional heartburn patients constituted 32%, 42%, and 26%, respectively of the PPI‐refractory group.

Conclusions

True refractoriness in patients with GERD symptoms attending a secondary care setting is lower than previously reported. Following a careful history and optimal PPI dosing, the rate of refractoriness was 20%. True NERD constitutes only a third of the PPI‐refractory group.
The risk of venous thromboembolism during and after hospitalisation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease activity
Authors: Chu Thomas P. C. , Grainge Matthew J. , Card Timothy R.
Published: October 2018

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) increases the risk of venous thromboembolism.

Aims

To determine when patients are at high risk of thromboembolic events, including after major surgery, and to guide timing of thromboprophylaxis.

Methods

Each IBD patient from Clinical Practice Research Datalink, linked with Hospital Episode Statistics, was matched to up to five non‐IBD patients in this cohort study. We examined their risk of thromboembolism in hospital and within 6 weeks after leaving hospital, with or without undergoing major surgery, and while ambulant. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox regression, with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and history of malignancy or thromboembolism.

Results

Overall 23 046 IBD patients had a thromboembolic risk 1.74‐times (95% CI = 1.55‐1.96) higher than 106 795 non‐IBD patients. Among ambulant patients, the thromboembolic risk was raised during acute (hazard ratio = 3.94, 2.79‐5.57) or chronic disease activity (3.97, 2.90‐5.45) but their absolute risk remained below 5/1000 person‐years. The hazard ratio for thromboembolism among in‐patients not undergoing major surgery was 1.13 (0.63‐2.02), compared to 2.43 (1.20‐4.92) among surgical patients, with a near doubling of absolute risk associated with surgery (59.5/1000 person‐years, compared with 31.1 without surgery). The absolute risk remained elevated within 6 weeks after leaving hospital (18.6/1000 person‐years in IBD patients after surgery).

Conclusions

IBD patients are at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Absolute risks are raised during active disease, when in hospital, and after leaving hospital following major surgery.
Reciprocal relationships between self‐efficacy, outcome satisfaction, and attendance at an exercise programme
Authors: Selzler Anne‐Marie , Rodgers Wendy M. , Berry Tanya R. , McFadden Kimberley , Husband Cassandra , Hall Craig
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to (i) investigate directional influences of self‐efficacy, outcome satisfaction, and attendance during an exercise programme and (ii) examine the predictive capabilities of self‐efficacy and outcome satisfaction on participant dropout.

Methods

Adults aged 35–65 years were recruited to a 12‐month exercise programme. Self‐efficacy was collected at baseline, three, six, nine, and 12 months, and outcome satisfaction at the same time‐points except baseline. Cross‐lagged panel analyses and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the primary and secondary objectives, respectively.

Results

Coping and scheduling self‐efficacy had stronger reciprocal relationships with outcome satisfaction than task self‐efficacy, although the strength of these relationships varied across time. Initially, task self‐efficacy predicted programme attendance. Midway through the programme, outcome satisfaction predicted attendance, and by the end of the programme, coping self‐efficacy was the strongest predictor of attendance. Self‐efficacy and outcome satisfaction did not predict programme dropout.

Conclusions

The results support the reciprocal relationship between outcome satisfaction and scheduling and coping self‐efficacy and highlight the importance of sequentially targeting different beliefs and skills to facilitate successful initiation and maintenance of exercise behaviour.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Self‐efficacy and outcome satisfaction are related to exercise behaviour.

The relationship between self‐efficacy and outcome satisfaction are typically considered unidirectional.

The longitudinal relationships among self‐efficacy, outcome satisfaction, and physical activity participation are unclear.

What does this study add?

Outcome satisfaction had reciprocal relationships with both coping and scheduling self‐efficacy for exercise.

The importance of self‐efficacy and outcome satisfaction to exercise attendance changes over time. Task self‐efficacy was the strongest predictor of initial programme attendance. Midway through the programme, outcome satisfaction and task self‐efficacy were the strongest predictors of attendance, and by the end of the programme, coping self‐efficacy was the strongest predictor.
Responding to natural disasters: Examining identity and prosociality in the context of a major earthquake
Authors: Maki Alexander , Dwyer Patrick C. , Blazek Susanne , Snyder Mark , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin
Published: October 2018

How does a major natural disaster relate to individuals’ orientation towards society? We collected repeated cross‐sectional surveys before (n = 644) and after the 2010 Chile earthquake (n = 1,389) to examine levels of national identity, prosocial values, helping motivations, and prosocial behaviours in the context of such a calamitous societal event. Our research questions, derived from the literature on helping in times of crisis, considered how natural disasters may implicate identity and prosociality, as well as how identity, prosocial values, and motivations are linked to prosocial action after a disaster. Higher levels of national identity, helping motivations, and disaster‐related helping were found after the earthquake, suggesting that in the aftermath of a disaster, people unite under a common national identity and are motivated to take action related to disaster relief. National identity and prosocial values were closely linked to helping after the earthquake, but specific helping motivations rarely predicted prosocial behaviours. Additionally, proximity to the epicentre was related to higher levels of national identity and participation in reconstruction efforts. These findings contribute to our understanding of people's responses to natural disasters and suggest ways of encouraging prosocial behaviour in the aftermath of unexpected tragic events.
The causal impact of migration on US trade: Evidence from political refugees
Authors: Steingress Walter
Published: October 2018

Immigrants can increase international trade by shifting preferences towards the goods of their country of origin and by reducing bilateral transaction costs. Using geographical variation across US states for the period 2008 to 2013, I estimate the respective causal impact of immigrants on US exports and imports. I address endogeneity and reverse causality by exploiting the exogenous allocation of political refugees within the US refugee resettlement program that prevents immigrants from choosing the destination location. I find that a 10% increase in recent immigrants to a US state raises imports from those immigrants’ country of origin by 1.0% and exports by 0.8%.
Effect of adjuvant radiotherapy on the local recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion: A systematic review
Authors: Vonk Jasper , Smit Kim A. , Roodenburg Jan L. N. , van der Vegt Bert , Halmos Gyorgy B. , Vemer‐van den Hoek Johanna G. M. , Dijkstra Pieter U. , Witjes Max J. H.
Published: October 2018

Objectives of the Review

The decision whether to include postoperative radiotherapy on patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma depends on the risk of local recurrence. The objectives of this study were to systematically review literature on whether perineural invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients is associated with higher local recurrence rates and whether local recurrence is influenced by the administration of postoperative radiotherapy in patients presenting with perineural invasion.

Type of Review

Systematic review.

Search Strategy

Embase, PubMed, Web Of Science.

Evaluation Method

The databases above were searched for studies that analysed: the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients with perineural invasion, local recurrence and postoperative radiotherapy. The data of seven studies were analysed qualitatively.

Results

The overall quality of the studies was moderate to low. There was no evidence of the effect of postoperative radiotherapy on local recurrence rates in patients presenting with perineural invasion. Some evidence suggests that local recurrence rates may increase in cases of multifocal perineural invasion, especially if nerves >1 mm are involved but these data should be interpreted with caution due to the low‐quality evidence.

Conclusions

High‐quality evidence regarding the prognostic value of perineural invasion and the impact of postoperative radiotherapy in patients presenting with perineural invasion is lacking in the literature, making it difficult to select a postoperative strategy for early‐stage tumours.
Collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of the hand: A potential clue to the diagnosis of alkaptonuria
Authors: Good Allison J. , Snodgrass Alexandra L. , De Benedetto Anna , Motaparthi Kiran
Published: October 2018

Collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of the hand (CEMPH) is a rare, chronic keratoderma characterized by hyperkeratotic linear plaques located along the radial and ulnar aspects of the hands bilaterally. As an isolated finding, CEMPH occurs secondarily to chronic trauma and photodamage. Herein, CEMPH is described as a manifestation of alkaptonuria (AKU). In addition to keloidal collagen, ochronotic fibers and fragmented, thickened elastic fibers were observed. Additionally, mucin deposition—not previously described in this clinical context—was also identified. Given their overlapping clinicopathologic features, CEMPH due to AKU should be distinguished from the acquired variant as well as acrokeratoelastoidosis.
Cardiovascular disease and other childhood‐onset chronic conditions in adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey D
Published: October 2018

This commentary is on the systematic review by McPhee et al. on pages 915–923 of this issue.
Differential elevational cline in the phenology and demography of two temporally isolated populations of a damselfly: Not two but one taxon?
Authors: Amari Hichem , Zebsa Rabah , Lazli Amel , Bensouilah Soufyane , Mellal Mohamed Khalil , Mahdjoub Hayat , Houhamdi Moussa , Khelifa Rassim
Published: October 2018

1. Temporal isolation by cohort splitting is a life‐history mechanism that has been reported in many temperate insects, including those inhabiting freshwater habitats. Although the cohorts seem to maintain separate temporal niches in a specific location, the temporal isolation may be disrupted across a geographic gradient due to constraints imposed by seasonality.

2. This prediction was tested on two temporally isolated populations of the obligatory univoltine Lestes virens (Odonata, Lestidae) in north‐east Algeria. Although the two cohorts emerge at the same time in spring, one cohort reproduces in summer, while the second cohort estivates in summer and reproduces in autumn. A survey assessing the phenology and abundance was conducted on eight ponds across an elevational gradient (5–1012 m asl) using capture–mark–recapture and adult density sampling.

3. In all sites from low to high elevation, the species showed cohort splitting. The phenology of reproduction of both cohorts showed a delay with elevation, but the cline was 2.2 days for the summer cohort and 0.7 days for the autumn cohort per 100 m of elevation. Moreover, the density of adults in the autumn cohort was higher than that of summer cohort across the entire elevational range, and the difference increased with elevation.

4. These findings regarding the differential elevational cline in the phenology show that the temporal isolation of the two cohorts becomes narrower at high elevation, suggesting potential inter‐cohort temporal overlap at higher elevations.

5. The claim that the two cohorts of L. virens are true temporally isolated species needs further investigation.
Characterisation of the in vivo interactions between detomidine and methadone in horses: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling
Authors: Gozalo‐Marcilla M. , Luna S. P. L. , Moreira da Silva R. , Crosignani N. , Lopes N. P. , Taylor P. M. , Pelligand L.
Published: October 2018

Background

Pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling offers new insights to design protocols for sedation and analgesia in standing horses.

Objectives

To evaluate the parameters and interactions between detomidine and methadone when given alone or combined in standing horses.

Study design

Randomised, placebo‐controlled, blinded, crossover.

Methods

Eight adult healthy horses were given six treatments intravenously: saline (SAL); detomidine (5 μg/kg bwt; DET); methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt; MET) alone or combined with detomidine (2.5 [MLD], 5 [MMD] or 10 [MHD] μg/kg bwt). Venous blood samples were obtained at predetermined times between 0 and 360 min after drug administration. Plasma detomidine and methadone were measured using a single, liquid/liquid extraction technique by liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC‐MS/MS). Sequential PK/PD modelling compared rival models, with and without PK and PD interaction between drugs, to fit the PD data including height of the head above the ground (HHAG), a visual analogue scale for sedation (VAS), electrical (ET), thermal (TT) and mechanical (MT) nociceptive thresholds and gastrointestinal motility (GIM) [1].

Results

Two and three compartment models best described the PK of detomidine and methadone, respectively. Detomidine decreased its own clearance as well as the clearance of methadone. The interaction of methadone on the effect of detomidine revealed an infra‐additive (partial antagonism) effect for HHAG (α = −1.33), VAS (α = −0.98) and GIM (α = −1.05), a positive potentiation for ET (pot = 0.0041) and TT (pot = 0.133) and a synergistic to additive effect for MT (α = 0.78).

Main limitations

This is a small experimental study.

Conclusions

Different PK/PD interactions were demonstrated for each PD parameter and could be modelled in vivo. The modelling of our data will allow us to simulate and predict the effect of constant rate infusions of both drugs for future investigations.
Consistent trophic amplification of marine biomass declines under climate change
Authors: Kwiatkowski Lester , Aumont Olivier , Bopp Laurent
Published: October 2018

The impact of climate change on the marine food web is highly uncertain. Nonetheless, there is growing consensus that global marine primary production will decline in response to future climate change, largely due to increased stratification reducing the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean. Evidence to date suggests a potential amplification of this response throughout the trophic food web, with more dramatic responses at higher trophic levels. Here we show that trophic amplification of marine biomass declines is a consistent feature of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) Earth System Models, across different scenarios of future climate change. Under the business‐as‐usual Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) global mean phytoplankton biomass is projected to decline by 6.1% ± 2.5% over the twenty‐first century, while zooplankton biomass declines by 13.6% ± 3.0%. All models project greater relative declines in zooplankton than phytoplankton, with annual zooplankton biomass anomalies 2.24 ± 1.03 times those of phytoplankton. The low latitude oceans drive the projected trophic amplification of biomass declines, with models exhibiting variable trophic interactions in the mid‐to‐high latitudes and similar relative changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass. Under the assumption that zooplankton biomass is prey limited, an analytical explanation of the trophic amplification that occurs in the low latitudes can be derived from generic plankton differential equations. Using an ocean biogeochemical model, we show that the inclusion of variable C:N:P phytoplankton stoichiometry can substantially increase the trophic amplification of biomass declines in low latitude regions. This additional trophic amplification is driven by enhanced nutrient limitation decreasing phytoplankton N and P content relative to C, hence reducing zooplankton growth efficiency. Given that most current Earth System Models assume that phytoplankton C:N:P stoichiometry is constant, such models are likely to underestimate the extent of negative trophic amplification under projected climate change.
Micro‐CT analysis of danger zone thickness in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars
Authors: Ordinola‐Zapata R. , Martins J. N. R. , Versiani M. A. , Bramante C. M.
Published: October 2018

Aim

To evaluate dentine thickness from both distal (‘danger zone’) and mesial (‘safety zone’) aspects of the MB1 and MB2 canals of maxillary first molars at the furcation level using micro‐CT imaging.

Methodology

One hundred maxillary first molars with two canals in the MB root were selected from a Brazilian subpopulation and scanned at a resolution of 19.6 μm in a micro‐CT device. From each specimen, two axial cross‐sectioned images were selected at 2 and 3 mm apical to the furcation level of the MB root and evaluated for the smallest dentinal thickness. Measurements were made from the outer perimeter of the MB1 and MB2 canals towards the external root surface from both distal (danger zone) and mesial (safety zone) aspects of the root. The influence of an isthmus was also considered in the analysis, and samples were classified according to the presence or absence of an isthmus in the axial sections. Non‐parametric Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used to compare dentinal thickness between MB1 and MB2 canals with a significant level set at 5%. Colour‐coded 3D models of dentine thickness throughout the MB root were created and evaluated qualitatively.

Results

At both levels, median dentine thickness of the MB2 canal was significantly lower in both distal and mesial aspects of the root in comparison with the MB1 canal (P < 0.01). The presence of an isthmus was not a variable that influenced dentinal thickness. Colour‐coded models indicated that dentine thickness was dependent on the cross‐sectional shape of the MB root. At least 50% of the sample had <1 mm of dentine thickness at the danger zone of the MB2 canal.

Conclusions

Danger zones in the MB roots of maxillary first molars were not symmetrical. MB2 canals had less dentine thickness on both aspects of the root compared to the MB1 canal.
Abnormal Fasting Glucose Increases Risk of Unrecognized Myocardial Infarctions in an Elderly Cohort
Authors: Stacey Richard Brandon , Zgibor Janice , Leaverton Paul E. , Schocken Douglas D. , Peregoy Jennifer A. , Lyles Mary F. , Bertoni Alain G. , Burke Gregory L.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To investigate glucose levels as a risk factor for unrecognized myocardial infarctions (UMIs).

Design

Cohort

Setting

Cardiovascular Health Study.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older with fasting glucose measurements (N=4,355; normal fasting glucose (NFG), n = 2,041; impaired fasting glucose (IFG), n = 1,706; DM: n = 608; 40% male, 84% white, mean age 72.4 ± 5.6).

Measurements

The relationship between glucose levels and UMI was examined. Participants with prior coronary heart disease (CHD) or UMI on initial electrocardiography were excluded. Using Minnesota codes, UMI was identified according to the presence of pathological Q‐waves or minor Q‐waves with ST‐T abnormalities. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, antihypertensive and lipid‐lowering medication use, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and smoking status.

Results

Over a mean follow‐up of 6 years, there were 459 incident UMIs (NFG, n=202; IFG, n=183; DM, n=74). Participants with IFG were slightly more likely than those with NFG to experience a UMI (hazard ratio (HR)=1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.91–1.36, p = .30), and those with DM were more likely than those with NFG to experience a UMI (HR=1.65, 95% CI=1.25–2.13, p < .001). After adjustment HR for UMI in IFG those with IFG were no more likely than those with NFG to experience a UMI (HR=1.01, 95% CI=0.82–1.24, p = .93), whereas those with DM were more likely than those with NFG to experience a UMI (HR=1.37, 95% CI=1.02–1.81, p = .03). The 2‐hour oral glucose tolerance test was not statistically significantly associated with UMI.

Conclusion

Fasting glucose status, particularly in the diabetic range, forecasted UMI during 6 years of follow‐up in elderly adults. Further studies are needed to clarify the level of glucose at which risk is greater. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:43–49, 2019.
The effect of cash holdings on firm performance in large Italian companies
Authors: La Rocca Maurizio , Cambrea Domenico Rocco
Published: October 2018

This paper examines the relationship between cash holdings and performance in Italy over 36 years. Specifically, in light of the presence of conflicting evidence concerning the worth of cash stock, which could lead to a positive effect rather than a negative one, the role of moderating factors that can shape the magnitude of this relationship is investigated. The results show that the value of cash holdings is affected by firm‐specific characteristics, as well as factors related to the institutional context. Although other studies have analyzed moderators one at a time, this is the first work to consider how they jointly work. When the moderators are considered together, some of them become no longer statistically significant while others become even more economically and statistically relevant.
Gliosarcoma: Neuroimaging and Immunohistochemical Findings
Authors: Peckham Miriam E. , Osborn Anne G. , Palmer Cheryl A. , Tsai Amy , Salzman Karen L.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Gliosarcoma (GSC) is an intra‐axial lesion which often abuts a dural margin and is composed of glial and mesenchymal elements. This lesion is considered a variant of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)‐wild type glioblastoma (GBM). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the imaging and molecular features of GSC in a large patient cohort.

METHODS

Pathology‐proved GSC cases were collected from our quaternary care center spanning the last 16 years and IDH status was documented. Older GSC cases without prior immunohistochemical testing underwent tissue block staining to obtain IDH status. When available, p53, phosphate and tensin (PTEN), MIB‐1, EGFR amplification, and MGMT methylation were recorded and imaging findings tabulated. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine correlation of molecular markers and imaging characteristics.

RESULTS

A total of 25 cases were identified (21 de novo, 4 post‐treatment). All lesions contacted a dural, pial, or ependymal surface and were negative for an IDH R132H mutation, including postradiation GSC. In total, 16 of 16 cases showed nonamplification of EGFR/CEP7, 2 of 16 demonstrated MGMT methylation, and multiple lesions demonstrated p53 and PTEN mutations. Imaging features included areas of nodular thickening in necrotic lesions which appeared to abut the site of dural contact. There was no significant correlation of molecular markers with imaging characteristics.

CONCLUSION

GSC was IDH(–) in all cases, supporting the current understanding of this lesion being a wild‐type GBM variant. Additional molecular markers demonstrated no significant correlation with imaging findings in this cohort.
Responding to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Australia
Authors: Shelton Doug , Reid Natasha , Till Haydn , Butel Francoise , Moritz Karen
Published: October 2018

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a significant public health issue in Australia that is poorly diagnosed, chronic and costly. FASD is a diffuse acquired brain injury secondary to prenatal alcohol exposure. The prevalence rate of FASD among the general population in Australia is currently unknown; however, an Australian study in a selected high‐risk population reported some of the highest rates of FASD in the world. A common misconception among clinicians is that a child must have ‘the face’ of FASD to have the disorder. This is incorrect. The three sentinel facial features only occur in the minority of individuals with FASD. FASD should be considered as a ‘whole body’ disorder as increased susceptibility to chronic health problems suggests suboptimal in utero environments places the individual at risk of later disease. Clinicians are reluctant to consider FASD as a possible diagnosis because of the concern of inducing stigma; however, this concern is neither supported by the evidence nor patient stories. The Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD is now available to assist health professionals in providing timely and accurate diagnoses, which can lead to improved outcomes via evidence‐based intervention and is an important first step in future prevention.
Tics and Tourette syndrome
Authors: Efron Daryl , Dale Russell C
Published: October 2018

Tourette syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder. The genetic basis is complex, and both in utero and ex utero environmental factors may modify the phenotypic expression of the disorder. Inflammation related to aberrations in immune activation appears to play a pathogenic role in some cases. Multiple neurochemical pathways are involved. Rather than being a pure movement problem, tics are now understood to also have a sensory component. This has resulted in new psychological therapeutic strategies and other potential treatments. Furthermore, comorbidities are common, particularly attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorder, and often cause more difficulties than the tics. The approach to treatment is dependent on the degree and types of impairment. For many patients, education, acceptance and understanding are all that is needed. In more severe cases, psychological and/or pharmacological interventions may be indicated. In this article, the clinical features and pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome are reviewed, and a pragmatic management approach is discussed.
Models of care in neurodevelopmental–behavioural paediatrics
Authors: Jongeling Brad , Roberts Gehan
Published: October 2018

In Australia, children with developmental–behavioural presentations experience large variations in both access to specialist health care and in the care they receive from specialists. A recent survey of members of the Neurodevelopmental and Behavioural Paediatric Society of Australasia confirmed that this variation persists even among public services provided by paediatric doctors with a special interest in this field. In this article, we discuss the challenges of establishing a single model of developmental–behavioural paediatric care and set out principles of best practice in the field. An essential part of working towards excellence in care involves defining our outcomes, utilising standardised measures, collecting systematic data, working in partnership with families to address their concerns and goals, participating in reflective practice and demonstrating a willingness to change current practice based on the results.
Transcatheter arterial embolisation in four dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Oishi Y. , Tani K. , Taura Y.
Published: October 2018

Four dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma were treated by transcatheter arterial embolisation. In all dogs, the tumour‐supplying arteries were selectively embolised with gelatine sponge particles. Post‐embolisation tumour volumes decreased relative to pre‐embolisation volumes in all dogs. No adverse reactions were observed in three dogs after treatment but one dog showed pancreatitis. These results suggest that transcatheter arterial embolisation is a feasible treatment for dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Transformation of text in the English classroom: does ‘context’ really matter?
Authors: Matruglio Erika , Vale Emma
Published: October 2018

This paper investigates the language demands of creating texts in the English classroom, which involve transformations in context. In particular, it focuses on the tensions inherent in tasks which require more traditional textual analysis to be presented in ways other than traditional ‘essay’ format. These tasks are interpreted differently by students and can result in texts which vary in terms of their choice of ‘written‐like’ or ‘spoken‐like’ styles. This paper uses data from year nine English students presenting speeches to an imagined jury arguing for Shakespeare's Macbeth's guilt or innocence and explores the implications of shifts along the mode continuum evident in the students' language. It raises the question of the relative importance of transformations of language and context and the extent to which control of mode is valued. Language analysis of student responses focusing on genre, periodicity, use of vocatives and endophoric reference suggests the imagined context required by the task is less important than the literary context in assessing student responses and can act as a distraction. Findings have implications for alignment of teaching and assessment practices in English classrooms.
Nitric oxide inhibits biofilm formation by Vibrio fischeri via the nitric oxide sensor HnoX
Authors: Thompson Cecilia M. , Tischler Alice H. , Tarnowski Denise A. , Mandel Mark J. , Visick Karen L.
Published: October 2018

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important defense molecule secreted by the squid Euprymna scolopes and sensed by the bacterial symbiont, Vibrio fischeri, via the NO sensor HnoX. HnoX inhibits colonization through an unknown mechanism. The genomic location of hnoX adjacent to hahK, a recently identified positive regulator of biofilm formation, suggested that HnoX may inhibit colonization by controlling biofilm formation, a key early step in colonization. Indeed, the deletion of hnoX resulted in early biofilm formation in vitro, an effect that was dependent on HahK and its putative phosphotransfer residues. An allele of hnoX that encodes a protein with increased activity severely delayed wrinkled colony formation. Control occurred at the level of transcription of the syp genes, which produce the polysaccharide matrix component. The addition of NO abrogated biofilm formation and diminished syp transcription, effects that required HnoX. Finally, an hnoX mutant formed larger symbiotic biofilms. This work has thus uncovered a host‐relevant signal controlling biofilm and a mechanism for the inhibition of biofilm formation by V. fischeri. The study of V. fischeri HnoX permits us to understand not only host‐associated biofilm mechanisms, but also the function of HnoX domain proteins as regulators of important bacterial processes.
Pronunciation Instruction Can Improve L2 Learners’ Bottom‐Up Processing for Listening
Authors: KISSLING ELIZABETH M.
Published: October 2018

Listening is widely regarded as an important skill that is difficult and necessary to teach in L2 classrooms. Listening requires both top‐down and bottom‐up processing, yet pedagogical techniques for the latter are often lacking. This study explores the efficacy of pronunciation instruction (PI) for improving learners’ bottom‐up processing. The study recruited 116 relatively novice learners of Spanish as a foreign language and provided the experimental groups with brief lessons in PI emphasizing segmental or suprasegmental features followed by production‐focused or perception‐focused practice. Learners’ bottom‐up processing skill was assessed with a sentence‐level dictation task. Learners given PI on suprasegmental features followed by perception‐focused practice found target language speech to be more intelligible than controls, indicating that they had improved their bottom‐up processing. However, learners given PI on segmental features followed by production‐focused practice found target language speech to be more comprehensible. The results indicate that PI is a worthwhile intervention for reasons that go beyond pronunciation, even when instructional time is limited, and that a range of features and practice types should be included in PI to improve listening skills.