bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canadian Association of Neuroscience Review: Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems – Current Issues and Advances
Authors: Fenrich Keith , Gordon Tessa
Published: February 2016

Injured nerves regenerate their axons in the peripheral (PNS) but not the central nervous system (CNS). The contrasting capacities have been attributed to the growth permissive Schwann cells in the PNS and the growth inhibitory environment of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS. In the current review, we first contrast the robust regenerative response of injured PNS neurons with the weak response of the CNS neurons, and the capacity of Schwann cells and not the oligodendrocytes to support axonal regeneration. We then consider the factors that limit axonal regeneration in both the PNS and CNS. Limiting factors in the PNS include slow regeneration of axons across the injury site, progressive decline in the regenerative capacity of axotomized neurons (chronic axotomy) and progressive failure of denervated Schwann cells to support axonal regeneration (chronic denervation). In the CNS on the other hand, it is the poor regenerative response of neurons, the inhibitory proteins that are expressed by oligodendrocytes and act via a common receptor on CNS neurons, and the formation of the glial scar that prevent axonal regeneration in the CNS. Strategies to overcome these limitations in the PNS are considered in detail and contrasted with strategies in the CNS.
Treatment Optimization in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Freedman Mark S. , Patry David G. , Grand'Maison François , Myles Mary Lou , Paty Donald W. , Selchen Daniel H.
Published: February 2016

The treatment of multiple sclerosis has finally become possible with the advent of the current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that have had a significant impact on those living with this disease. Though demonstrating clear efficacy on a number of short-term outcome measures, unfortunately, these agents are not “cures” and many patients with multiple sclerosis continue to experience disease activity in spite of treatment. Clinicians are becoming more comfortable initiating therapy with DMTs, but it is now important to focus attention on monitoring the results of the chosen therapy and deciding whether or not a patient is responding well to treatment. At present, however, clinicians lack criteria for defining optimal versus suboptimal responses to DMTs as well as evidence-based guidelines on how to improve treatment outcomes. Using a recently published model as a framework, The Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Working Group developed practical recommendations on how neurologists can assess the status of patients on DMTs and decide when it may be necessary to modify treatment in order to optimize outcomes. The Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Working Group's recommendations are based on monitoring relapses, neurological progression and MRI activity. Other possible causes of suboptimal treatment responses or treatment failure are also considered.
Neurological Manifestations of West Nile Virus Infection
Authors: Burton Jodie M. , Kern Ralph Z. , Halliday William , Mikulis David , Brunton James , Fearon Margaret , Pepperell Caitlin , Jaigobin Cheryl
Published: February 2016

Background:

Over the past four years, West Nile virus (WNV) has become a significant health issue in North America. In 2002, WNV infection made its first appearance in the human population in Canada.

Methods:

Patients who presented to the University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto with neurological disease attributed to WNV infection were identified and followed by the neurology service. Clinical features and results of laboratory, electrodiagnostic, radiological and pathological studies are presented.

Results:

In August and September 2002, 26 patients were admitted with WNV infection; 14 presented with neurological illness. Encephalitis was the most common presentation (11 patients). Eleven patients developed neuromuscular disease; two at presentation and nine after encephalitis. While the majority had a motor process that localized to the anterior horn cell and/or motor neuron, two patients had evidence of a demyelinating neuropathy and one a sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. Less common manifestations included rhombencephalitis, ataxia, myelopathy and parkinsonism. Death occurred in four patients; two > 75 years of age, and two who were immunocompromised.

Conclusions:

The most common neurological manifestation of WNV infection was encephalitis with subsequent neuromuscular involvement. The diversity of clinical and pathological findings, however, suggests widespread involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system. A poorer prognosis for neurological recovery and overall survival was seen in older and immunocompromised patients.
Calgary Experience with West Nile Virus Neurological Syndrome During the Late Summer of 2003
Authors: Sayao Ana-Luiza , Suchowersky Oksana , Al-Khathaami Ali , Klassen Brian , Katz Nili R. , Sevick Robert , Tilley Peter , Fox Julie , Patry David
Published: February 2016

Background:

Between August 25 and September 25, 2003 seven patients with West Nile virus neurological manifestations were identified through the hospital neurology consultation services in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Three of the seven patients were treated with interferon alpha-2b (IFN alpha-2b). In this report we document the clinical characteristics of these seven cases.

Methods:

Clinical and laboratory information was obtained from a retrospective review of patient hospital and clinic charts. Patients were included if they had serological evidence of West Nile virus infection and had clinical evidence of aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, cerebellar syndrome or motor neuronopathy. Three patients received a treatment course of three million units IFN alpha-2b, administered by subcutaneous injection once per day for 14 days.

Results:

Four patients had cerebellar signs without change in consciousness, two had both encephalitis and neuromuscular weakness, and one patient had focal lower motor neuron arm weakness. The mean age was 52 (range 24 - 73). All patients had flu-like illness and fever as presenting symptoms and six had severe headaches. Two patients were immunocompromised prior to infection. Two patients with cerebellar signs (one with opsoclonus-myoclonus) improved spontaneously and exhibited only mild residual deficits on discharge. The other two patients with cerebellar findings developed brainstem involvement, one coinciding with and one subsequent to the cerebellar symptoms. Within one week of treatment with IFN alpha-2b these latter two patients showed marked improvement. One patient with encephalitis and neuromuscular weakness, was treated with IFN alpha-2b and subsequently recovered.

Interpretation:

In this case review of seven patients, multiple neurological symptoms occurred in each patient and the neurological presentation was varied. Four patients had predominant cerebellar findings and one patient had opsoclonus-myoclonus, not previously reported. The marked improvement in three patients who received IFN alpha-2b raises preliminary optimism towards this potential treatment.
Epilepsy in Nepal
Authors: Rajbhandari Krishna C.
Published: February 2016

This is a review of epilepsy in Nepal. Nepal is a predominantly rural country with a population of 21 million. A community-based survey in Morang district showed that the prevalence of epilepsy was 7.3 per 1,000 population. A cohort of 300 cases in Shree Birendra Military Hospital showed that neurocysticercosis was the most important etiological cause. There are seven neurologists, 10 CT scanners, three MRIs, and four EEG machines in the country. The practice of anticonvulsant use varied according to different geographical locations. The treatment gap may be in excess of 70%. The epidemiology study in Morang district showed that the proportion seeking modern treatment was higher among those with more frequent seizure. None of the patients were able to attribute their illness to brain disease. Various forms of traditional treatment are widely practiced in all casts among Hindus as well as Buddhists.
A Case of Adult Onset Tic Disorder Following Carbon Monoxide Intoxication
Authors: Ko Sang-Bae , Ahn Tae-Beom , Kim Jong-Min , Kim Yosik , Jeon Beom S.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Adult onset tic disorders are usually secondary in origin. We report a case of adult onset tic disorder following carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication with typical magnetic resonance imaging features.

Case Report:

A 36-year-old woman developed temporarily suppressible patterned movements on her face, neck, and shoulder associated with sensory discomfort after CO poisoning. Magnetic resonance images showed bilateral symmetric cavitary changes in the globus pallidus. Clonazepam relieved much of her symptoms.

Conclusion:

Our patient developed a mono-symptomatic tic disorder following CO intoxication. This further supports that altered outflow signals from the basal ganglia, especially the globus pallidus, may contribute to the development of tic disorders.
Foreign Accent Syndrome in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bakker Jacqueline I , Apeldoorn Suzanne , Metz Luanne M
Published: February 2016

Background:

Foreign accent syndrome is a speech disorder which leads listeners to perceive the patient as having a foreign accent. It has been recognized previously after stroke, brain injury or unknown causes.

Case report:

A 52-year-old woman with clinically definite relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) presented with episodes of what was perceived as a Dutch accent along with other neurologic symptoms that would resolve simultaneously. She was assessed by a speech therapist both during an episode and after complete recovery. Speech and MRI changes (showing deep white matter lesions in the corpus callosum, left pariental lobe and left frontal lobe) were consistent with previous reports of foreign accent syndrome.

Conclusions:

This patient's episodes of foreign accent are thought to be due to her MS. This is the first case reported of a patient with foreign accent syndrome secondary to MS.
Guideline Summary for Patients and Their Families
Authors: Becker Werner J. , Worthington Irene ,   on behalf of the Canadian Headache Society Acute Migraine Treatment Guideline Development Group
Published: February 2016

This acute migraine treatment guideline is summarized here to provide information for patients with migraine and their families. Acute migraine medications are used to treat individual migraine attacks at the time of the attack. Most patients with migraine will use an acute medication, but patients with migraine, especially if they have frequent attacks, should also consider whether they could change lifestyle factors which might be making their headache more frequent (skipping meals, not enough sleep, etc), or whether they need a migraine preventive medication. Preventive (or prophylactic) medications are quite different from acute medications. Preventive medications are taken daily to reduce the frequency (number) of migraine attacks, while acute medications are used to reduce or stop the pain of a migraine attack once it has started. It is important that acute medications not be taken too often.
Spinal Subspecialization in Post Graduate Neurosurgical Education
Authors: Toyota Brian D.
Published: February 2016

Background:

The growing science and technology of various neurosurgical areas fosters subspecialization. The transmission of this expanding knowledge base to the neurosurgical resident becomes an increasing challenge. A survey of neurosurgical residency program directors was undertaken to evaluate their response to the budding subspecialization of spine surgery within general neurosurgery.

Methods:

A survey requesting background data, educational infrastructure and prevailing opinion was distributed to all 13 neurosurgical program directors in Canada. The responses were tabulated and results recorded. It is upon these results that conclusions and proposed directions are based.

Results/Conclusions:

The current practice of the overwhelming majority of Canadian academic neurosurgical centers is to have neurosurgical spinal subspecialists working under the umbrella of the general neurosurgical division. A large percentage of neurosurgical program directors in Canada believe that the management of spinal disease, including both intradural procedures and instrumentation, is and should remain an integral part of general neurosurgical training. A consensus statement regarding the requirements of neurosurgical training in spinal disorders is the expressed desire of almost all program directors. A proposed direction and resolution is discussed.
Discourses on the Intellectual: The Universal, the Particular and Their Mediation in the Works of Nazlı Eray
Authors: Erol Sibel
Published: February 2016

My intention in this article is to read Nazlı Eray's works in terms of her revision of the role and function of the Turkish intellectual. Eray's revision also serves as a critique of the Western notions of the intellectual, not only because Turkish definitions are influenced by Western debates, but also because she deliberately situates her writing in an international and cosmopolitan context. This article falls into three parts. The first part presents a general sketch of the tendency to particularize the universalist definitions of the intellectual in the West. From the 1920's to the present, the Western conception of the intellectual has moved towards a demystification and deprivileging of the intellectual's function and contribution to society. His image is reduced from an idealist and selfless leader who thinks in terms of the whole to a highly specialized expert in a limited field. In the second part, I show that the dynamics of defining the role of the intellectual in the Turkish context works conversely. From the 1920's to the present, the intellectual has been the spokesperson and implementor of specific ideologies, party or class politics. As embodied in İlhan and Batur's discussions of the intellectual, this is viewed as a problem in the Turkish context. The answer they propose to the supposedly blind and self-interested particularity of the Turkish intellectual is to push him toward a more universalist vision. I focus in this section on Atilla İlhan and Enis Batur because they have been vocal in the recent discussions of the role of the intellectual in Turkey. They are also symptomatic of the Turkish tendency to elevate the place of the intellectual. In other words, they are representative of the position undermined in Nazlı Eray's works. The last part of the article focuses on the ways in which Nazlı Eray deconstructs both the Turkish and Western narratives of the intellectual in order to reconcile a universalism of wide human definitions with the particularity of specific contexts and actions.
The Crisis of Population Knowledge in Turkey
Authors: Shorter Frederic C.
Published: February 2016

The main purpose of this paper is to present some basic information about the population of Turkey and its interpretation in a manner which readers of New Perspectives will find interesting for their purposes. One way to do this is to notice how certain population issues are handled in the public and scholarly discourse. Then, as a demographer and social scientist I will comment on some of these issues and hope to clarify them. Second is to present some of the main features of the macro-demography of Turkey. The account is unavoidably quantitative, but I hope digestible even by those who have aversions to numerical analysis. When the truly large changes in the size and age structure of the population are seen, important questions about the effect of these changes on other fields arise, and it is interesting to think about them. Third, the urbanization of Turkey is one of the central and most important changes in the demographic structure of the society during the last 40 years. I mention its characteristics along with a brief look at the effects on the demography of Istanbul.
Population of Turkey by Ethnic Groups and Provinces
Authors: Mutlu Servet
Published: February 2016

While there are no less than 51 ethnic groups in Turkey according to a recent and comprehensive study (Andrews 1989b, pp.53-178), there is little that is demonstratively known on their present numbers and spatial distribution. Even on the size of the second largest ethnic group, the Kurds, the estimates vary between 3 to 20 million (Özsoy, Koç and Toros 1992, pp.101-114; Abramowitz 1993, p.174; Dickey 1993, p.33; Pelletiere 1985, pp.15-16, 28-31; Bayrak 1993, p.585; van Bruinessen 1992, p.35; Burkay 1992, pp.22-25). Yet knowledge of the sizes of ethnic groups and their geographic location, especially of the Kurds, is of immediate public interest from the standpoint of search, design and implementation of policies towards the solution of what has come to be called the Kurdish or the Southeastern problem, depending upon the protagonist's ethnic affiliation or sympathies.
Politics and class: The Turkish Business Environment in the Neoliberal age
Authors: Buğra Ayşe , Savaşkan Osman
Published: February 2016

This article investigates the contemporary Turkish business environment as shaped by the economic, political and cultural transformations of the past 30 years. The changes in the forms and mechanisms of government intervention in the economy, the spatial relocation of industry, the rise of “Anatolian capital,” and the cleavages within the business community generated by the increasing salience of Islam in society and politics are some of the interrelated themes that will be pursued in the article. To understand the current context and the configurations of interest in the business community it is necessary to have a closer look at the manifestations of politics in business life. Political factors are important at the level of government-business relations where the political authority continues to mobilize a series of legislative and administrative mechanisms for the privileged treatment of those businesspeople with the right political and sectarian affiliations. Politics also enters the business environment through the role played by different business associations. These associations not only represent the interests of different segments of the business community, but they also shape the ways in which economic interests are defined, presented in policy terms and pursued through different strategies. In this context, the article also draws attention to the political cleavages that are manifested at the local level where they are managed and kept under control with different degrees of success.
Paradoxes of a Cold War Sufi woman: Samiha Ayverdi between Islam, nationalism, and modernity
Authors: Aytðrk İlker , Mignon Laurent
Published: February 2016

Widely recognized by nationalists, Islamists and conservatives as the heroine of the Turkish Right in the twentieth century, Sâmiha Ayverdi influenced the renaissance of right-wing politics in Turkey as an important leader of the Rifaȋ order, a prolific author, an unyielding anti-communist, and finally as an institution-builder for right-wing causes. This article focuses on the apparent paradoxes in Ayverdi's long career, such as her modernist interpretation of Islam, her relationship with her sufi master, preference for memoirs, and her unabashed elitism. Such characteristics defy clichés associated with the stereotypical conservative/nationalist/Islamist intellectual in Cold War Turkey. Our in-depth study of Ayverdi's works thus reveals the complexity of right-wing identities, and the fact that our protagonist is an outspoken woman intellectual also adds an important twist to the story.
The Changing World Food Order: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Yenal Deniz , Yenal N. Zafer
Published: February 2016

The last two decades of the twentieth century have witnessed new methods of domination by the core of the capitalist world economy over its periphery. On matters concerning international organization of capital accumulation the core makes use of international institutions such as the G7, the IMF and the World Bank, and the GATT on a larger scale than ever before. In the present study, we will discuss the history of world agriculture and food production in the twentieth century in an attempt to explain how the current structure of metropolitan domination in these sectors has been shaped in the post-war era. We will, then, investigate the transformations that Turkish agriculture and food production have been undergoing during this period.
Who Lives with Whom in Istanbul
Authors: Gökçay Gülbin , Shorter Frederic
Published: February 2016

Living groups are an important subject in sociology, demography, economics, social medicine, and anthropology. In many studies, households are chosen as the most suitable unit of investigation, though other choices also have their advantages and limitations (Yanagisako, 1984 pp. 161-205). The household is preferred in the present study, because it enables us to present new information that has been collected by the Turkish census and to discuss its implications for understanding living arrangements during the life course.
The Bank Notes of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, 1863-1876
Authors: Clay Christopher
Published: February 2016

During the middle and later decades of the nineteenth century successive generations of Ottoman statesmen made a sustained effort to transform the traditional-style Islamic empire, responsibility for which they had inherited, into a modern state. The difficulties they faced were enormous and, as is well known, ultimately proved insurmountable, so that what was left of the their territories finally disintegrated in the decade following the revolution of 1908. However, if there was one problem above all others to which could be ascribed the failure in turn of the Tanzimat, Hamidian, and Young Turk reformers, it was the financial weakness of the central government. Partly because of the inadequate tax base provided by an overwhelmingly agricultural economy, partly because of an inadequate administrative machine (especially in respect of tax collection and the control of expenditure), and partly because of the high level of military expenditure necessitated by constant external and internal threats to its integrity, the nineteenth century Ottoman state never had enough money, and from this one overwhelming fact derived a host of other woes.
They Work Harder Now: Postponed Retirement in Village Turkey
Authors: Olson Emelie A.
Published: February 2016

In accord with a widespread belief that “modernization” brings about improvement in the quality of life, it is also sometimes assumed that in communities undergoing urbanization, industrialization, and mechanization the older generation will enjoy more leisure time than did their own parents. Whether or not this might be true generally, the reverse seems to be true for farm families in two villages in southwestern Turkey.

Thirty years ago, living in one of these villages, I was struck by a pattern that contrasted with my own experiences first as a Midwestern farmgirl and later as an urbanite in the Midwest and California. That is, parents in this village, dubbed Dutluk (Mulberry Orchard), typically enjoyed semi-retirement by the time their oldest son was in his mid-twenties. During this stage of their lives, these middle-aged and older people spent a good deal of their time in civic activities, socializing with friends, playing with the grandchildren, grooming the cows, etc. The older generation was also more likely than the younger one to perform the namaz (ritual prayer) daily. The married son(s) and daughter(s)-in-law did most of the strenuous work, although unmarried sons and daughters also did increasing amounts of work as they matured.
The Timing of Capital Account Liberalization: The Turkish Experience
Authors: Ersel Hasan
Published: February 2016

Liberalization programs are aimed at the removal of the restrictions placed upon the working of the market mechanism. These restrictions may be broadly classified under two categories. The first category of restrictions is aimed at the control of domestic markets, particularly financial markets. The underlying idea behind liberalization programs is that the removal of such restrictions will have a positive impact on the efficiency of domestic markets. The second group of restrictions are of an indirect nature and are aimed at the protection of the domestic economy from the effects of developments in international markets. Liberalization programs advocate the removal of the restrictions that prevent the integration of these markets. The removal of these restrictions is expected to increase competition, and enhance efficiency in resource allocation.
Macro Economic Determinants of Electoral Support for Incumbents in Turkey, 1950–1995
Authors: Alı Çarkoğlu
Published: February 2016

The assertion that economic conditions prevailing during a government's tenure influence the level of electoral support it receives is frequently expressed in Turkey. Despite frequent references to economic dimensions of electoral behavior in Turkish media and academic circles, however, there are only a few systematic analyses of the impact of macro-economic performance on incumbents' electoral success. Bulutay and Yıldırım (1969) and Bulutay (1970) were the first attempts in this direction. These pioneering empirical analyses were mainly descriptive and rely on cross-sectional observations across provinces for the elections between 1950 and 1969. Based solely on developments in the agricultural sector they concluded that economic factors were first among the factors determining election outcomes. Özselçuk (1975) included macro-economic indicators, such as changes in per capita income and prices, in a regression model to explain changes in incumbents' vote share. Özselçuk provided some evidence that incumbents' electoral support was shaped by developments in macro-economic indicators, however, his analyses were technically deficient and his results were poorly documented.
Identity and Coexistence in the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1600
Authors: Dursteler Eric
Published: February 2016

Of the many European states that interacted with the Ottoman Empire in the early modern era, few did so as extensively as the Most Serene Republic of Venice,La Serenissima. The two empires shared a lengthy border and a common historical trajectory for almost 500 years, during which time the political and economic fortunes of both were intimately intertwined. While occasionally interrupted by brief periods of open hostility, for the most part this relationship was characterized by peaceful coexistence. Venetian historiography at present, however, is unable to explain this reality. Rather, in painting the picture of Venice’s relations with the Ottoman Empire, scholars have relied on broad strokes that depict a series of rather simple, binary relationships—East/West, Muslim/Christian, Venetian/Turk. This dichotomy is readily apparent in the titles of important monographs on the topic:Islam and the West, Europe and the Turk, Venezia e i turchi.
Global Encounters and Gender Hierarchies in the Community of ‘Garipçe’
Authors: Erginsoy Güliz
Published: February 2016

Until recently, much of the discussion on globalization has been focused on trans- or supra-local forces at work, with relatively little attention paid to questions of locality—that is, people and groups situated in networks of social relations in a specific time and place. In most analyses, ‘the local’ was conceived in highly abstract and general terms, as the presumed site of reaction, resistance and opposition to the homogenizing forces of globalization. Today, mechanistic interpretations of globalization as an outside threat that engenders ‘local reactions’ has come under increasing criticism. The need to examine the specific socio-economic and cultural-ideological configurations, within which global flows are accommodated, in order to understand how people negotiate meaningful lives amidst changing power relations, has become apparent. The present study is an effort in this direction.
The Shaping of Party Preferences in Turkey: Coping with the Post-Cold War Era
Authors: Kalaycıoğlu Ersin
Published: February 2016

An overview of general elections and the party system from the beginning of multi-party politics in Turkey would indicate a proclivity towards an increasing number of major parties coupled with fragmentation of the party system. The predominant party system of the 1950s favored stability over representativeness (see Table 1). The 1961 Constitution established new electoral rules and a liberal political regime, which provided for more opportunity for representativeness. The 1965 and 1969 elections produced party governments, with a proportional representation formula that wasted almost no votes; even those parties with the smallest number of followers won some seats in the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) (see Table 1). For a while in the 1960s Turkey therefore appeared to have discovered the optimal ground of converging stable governments with consummate representativeness. The party governments of the 1960s, however, gave way to the unstable coalition governments of the 1970s, which coincided with a wave of terror and political instability. Coalition governments came to be equated with political instability and terror in the minds of not only the masses, but also the most powerful political forces in the country.
Gender and National Fantasy: Early Turkish Radio Drama
Authors: Ahıska Meltem
Published: February 2016

Women figure centrally in representations of modernity and of nations. This has caught the attention of researchers both in the West and in the context of “Third World” nationalisms. Yuval-Davis states: ”[I]t is women –not just (?) the bureaucracy and intelligentsia—who reproduce nations, biologically, culturally and symbolically” (1997, p. 2). However, an analysis of “women” as the subjects of the nation differs from a perspective that dwells on the representations of women produced by a (mostly) male elite. Jordanova argues that the Enlightenment in the West was a set of mental and practical activities of the male elite “who gained influence because of their ideas and ‘knowledge’” (1995, p. 64), and whose concern was “to establish the validity of their vision of the world” (p. 64). She shows convincingly that these activities were “sexual” in nature.
The Prophet Muhammad as an Exemplar in War: Ottoman Views on the Eve of World War I
Authors: Hagen Gottfried
Published: February 2016

The past to which a society refers in search of clues for self-identification and confirmation for its hopes and aspirations is not an objective reality. It is a myth that can be defined as “a (preferably narrative) reference to the past in order to shed light from there on present and future” (Assmann 1997, p. 78). However, the function of myth is not generally to legitimize the present order or to continue it into the future. It may also work as a counter-principle of the present, contrasting it with a better past and betraying the experience of a fundamental deficiency in present society. Assmann thus distinguishes several functions of the myth collectively termed mythomotoric: It can either serve the present (präsentisch, fundierend) or criticize it (kontrapräsentisch, in its extreme forms revolutionary) (Assmann 1997, pp. 80-86).
The Children's Protection Society: Nationalizing Child Welfare in Early Republican Turkey
Authors: Libal Kathryn
Published: February 2016

“Song of the Children's Protection Society”(Himaye-i Etfal Türküsü)

Oh, Homeland! Homeland! Homeland!

It is these Turkish children

Who protect you, who make you shine,

Who increase your renown.

Oh, Nation! Nation! Nation!

It is these Turkish children

For whom you wished happiness

And created this great state.

It is these Turkish children

Who walk, crawl,

Who adorn your homes

Who await nurturance and assistance.

It is these Turkish children

For whom assistance should be endless.

Do not distinguish rich from poor,

They are all your eyes, your heart, and your equals.

It is these Turkish children

Who will be the guardians of the country tomorrow,

Armed with science and ammunition,

The grandchildren of the Grey Wolf.

-Aka Gündüz, 1929
Crossing the “Exaggerated Boundaries” of Black Sea Culture: Turkish Themes in the Work of Odessa Natives Ilf and Petrov
Authors: Sabatos Charles
Published: February 2016

One of the most significant developments in literary studies over the last twenty years has been the postcolonial discourse that emerged with Edward Said's groundbreaking Orientalism, which has been enormously beneficial in heightening awareness of a set of Western assumptions that had gone virtually unquestioned for centuries.

One of Said's role models, whom he mentions in both Orientalism and Culture and Imperialism and discusses at greatest length in his essay “Secular Criticism,” is Erich Auerbach, the Jewish-German scholar who wrote the literary history Mimesis during his exile in Istanbul. Auerbach's own explanation of his situation in exile occurs at the very end of Mimesis: “I may also mention that the book was written during the war and at Istanbul, where the libraries are not equipped for European studies …. On the other hand, it is quite possible that the book owes its existence to just this lack of a rich and specialized library” (Auerbach 1953, p. 557).
Covering Disasters, Natural or Otherwise: Media, Politics, and the Public Sphere in Post-Earthquake Turkey
Authors: Gavrilis George
Published: February 2016

On 17 August 2000, the somber first anniversary of the Marmara earthquake, the mainstream Turkish media found a sole reason for celebration. Alongside lengthy reports of vigils in remembrance of the dead and protests of the state's anemic relief efforts, the media celebrated its partnership with civil society and all but declared an end to a state that was at once heavy-handed and ineffectual. Amplifying this theme, an article that compiled a list of the earthquake's “winners” and “losers” placed the media and civil society in the former category and a host of state agencies charged with disaster response in the latter one.Hürriyet, a high-circulation mainstream newspaper, described this praise as well deserved, stating that journalists had effectively “exposed all the naked truths” of the state's inability to provide for its population.
“Discovering Our Past”: Are “We” Breaking Taboos? Reconstructing Atatürkism and the Past in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Yazıcı Berna
Published: February 2016

In 1993, a documentary film titledSarı Zeybek,which narrates the last days of Atatürk, the founder of the Turkish Republic, appeared on a private TV channel in Turkey. Having roused considerable interest, the film reappeared on screens a few more times and later was made into a video. Can Dündar, the producer of the film, writes:

When I was a child, I could not understand why the statues of Atatürk were put so high, that as I tried to stare at them, my neck would start to hurt. I could not know why he would always appear alone in his pictures …. Atatürk was a statue far away and a lonely picture …. With this film, in which we narrate his last 300 days, this statue came down to earth. We could touch him …. We loved not the tough hero of poems, but this emotional man whose eyes would fill with tears as he watched the celebrations of the Republic from his window. Unfortunately, they have not introduced us to this man in schools.Sarı Zeybekis a brave step for this late introduction [on the back cover of the tape].
The Study of the Armenian Crisis of the late Ottoman Empire, or, “Seizing the Document by the Throat”
Authors: Deringil Selim
Published: February 2016

For a Turkish historian of the Ottoman Empire of the late nineteenth century, venturing into the Armenian crisis is like venturing into a minefield. It is fraught with dangers, the least of which is to be labeled a traitor by one's countrymen, and the worst of which is to be accused of being a “denialist” by one's Armenian colleagues. Even “balanced” analysis seems to have become politically incorrect of late, at least in some circles. The basic problem in the Armenian-Turkish polemic is that the sides do not actually address each other. They seize upon various capsule phrases, clichés and assumed political positions to heap opprobrium and abuse upon one another, to the point where we are confronted by something resembling a blood-feud. Thus Richard Hovanissian's obsession is to have the “Turkish side” admit, in a great ceremony of mea culpa, the claim of Genocide. On the other hand, Turkish historians and their like-minded foreign colleagues, at best, do contortionist acts to show that what happened to the Armenian people in 1915 does not fit the UN definition of genocide, which was fashioned after the Second World War to account for the Jewish Holocaust.
Business Relations into/from Gendered Social Relations: Exchange in the Transnational Suitcase Trade Market of Laleli
Authors: Yükseker Deniz
Published: February 2016

In the past decade there has been a resurgence of studies in the social sciences that emphasize the role of “the social” in market exchange and economic development. This is a welcome change from the “asocial”homo economicusof neoclassical theory and finds various expressions, most notable among them being studies on social capital, trust, and networks. Simplified, the argument is that men and women do not enter into economic transactions in a social vacuum; rather, their community ties, their face-to-face relations, and their networks of such relations facilitate gainful exchange and may ultimately contribute to successful economic development in a country or region.
Negotiation of Identities: The Muslim Minority in Western Thrace
Authors: Dragonas Thalia
Published: February 2016

Understanding the identity construction of a minority requires an understanding of the intricate interplay between the real and the symbolical groups it belongs to. In such a context, individuals and groups adopt identity strategies (at the personal or/and the collective level) by means of which they assert their existence, their social visibility, and their integration in the wider community, while at the same time valuing and establishing their own internal coherence. The case of the Muslim minority in Western Thrace is a very good example of this identity construction, which arose from incessant dynamic confrontations between the dominant values of the majority and the affirmation of their own individual ones. Taking into consideration the socio-historical context, this paper will try to analyze the complex interplay of national, ethnic, religious, linguistic, and cultural identities of the minority groups constituting the Muslim minority of Thrace.
The Turkish Banking System, Financial Crises and the IMF in the Age of Capital Account Liberalization: A Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Alper C. Emre , Öniş Ziya
Published: February 2016

Recent episodes of financial crises in emerging markets progressively highlighted the importance of a sound and well-functioning banking sector for macroeconomic stability and sustainable economic growth. The Asian crisis of 1997, in particular, drew attention to the fundamental role that a deficient banking system could play in terms of generating major financial crises with devastating repercussions on the real economy and with significant possibilities of contagion in an emerging market context. The recent twin economic crises experienced by Turkey in 2000 and 2001 illustrated in a rather dramatic fashion the strong correspondence between a poorly functioning and under-regulated banking system, on the one hand, and the sudden outbreak of macroeconomic crises on the other. Indeed, the Turkish experience shows that both public and private banks can contribute significantly to the outbreak of economic crises. In retrospect, it may be argued that private commercial banks played an instrumental role in the first of the twin crises experienced in November 2000, whilst, public banks emerged as the central actors in the context of the subsequent crisis of February 2001.
Presenting the Desert to the Ottomans During WWI: The Perspective of theHarb Mecmuası
Authors: Ginio Eyal
Published: February 2016

Recent studies in social and cultural history underscore the modern war experience as a crucial event in which the collective and the individual merge together in an extensive and demanding encounter. This challenging convergence can affect, question, or reshape social and political structures and shared collective identities, as well as different individual self-identities or sub-identities of small communities. This encounter is not molded merely according to the ability and coercive force of the modern state to superimpose its will upon its subordinated citizens; rather, it is formed by an ongoing negotiation between the state, through its various agencies, and the citizens, in order to win the latter's support and willingness to participate in the war effort. With the onset of general mobilization in nineteenth-century Europe, the need to persuade the citizens to join forces with the state produced many new forms of propaganda. An assortment of texts and activities conveyed the establishment's messages, with the intention to garner wide public support for the war's aims and to increase cohesion among its citizens. The various means of propaganda used by the state, combined with diversified responses from below, shaped the cultural arena of the war.
On Humans, Fish, and Mermaids: The Republican Taxonomy of Tastes and Arabesk
Authors: Ergin Murat
Published: February 2016

This essay analyzes arabesk, a form of popular music in Turkey, as it pertains to debates around culture, politics, and modernity. I argue that arabesk, rather than being limited to discussions of music as an aesthetic form, reveals important issues as to the historical unfolding of discursive patterns that still very much outline the boundaries of cultural debates in Turkish society. The historic changes of arabesk music corresponds to turning points in the cultural and political history of Turkey. Furthermore, following the historical trajectory of arabesk makes it possible to analyze large-scale transformations in the ideological landscape of Turkey. In order to understand the complexity of these issues, it is important to trace the historical foundations of Turkish cultural politics, especially during the early Republican era (1920-1950), which was formative in establishing and maintaining an extensive regime of cultural classification.
From Allegory to Parable: Inscriptions of Anatolia in the Turkish Novel
Authors: Parla Jale
Published: February 2016

The Turkish novel became a national chronotope proper with the founding of the Republic in 1923 and the emergent conception of the national geography following the War of Independence (1919-1922). This was the Anatolian territory, with Ankara as the new capital of the nation instead of İstanbul which had been the Ottoman Empire's center for almost five centuries. Anatolia became the motherland on which the national consciousness of the new nation would be inscribed. In the novels of the republican era, Anatolian iconography and mythography illustrate how this setting became a persistent element of narrative structure as a significant topos in both senses of the word: as place and theme. An inquiry into the permutations of the theme of Anatolia since the War of Independence will reveal the changing attitudes and ideas related to Turkish nationalism and its most outstanding component, the cult of the father personified by Atatürk. This essay, however, does not only aim at a survey of an ideology's history via literature; it also investigates the Anatolian iconography and mythography, as they figure in the Turkish novel of the republican era, and touches upon the various narrative strategies that major Turkish novelists have employed in their search for the right form for this important content, the right form to either reinforce or undermine a sacred story.
Suffragettes of the Empire, Daughters of the Republic: Women Auto/biographers Narrate National History (1918-1935)
Authors: Adak Hülya
Published: February 2016

This paper explores modes of autobiographical writing by female authors in the early republican period. Women's autobiographies draw a strict distinction between the narration of the private and the public self, as they promote the narration of the undomestic, professional self at the expense of the private. Ironically, even if the autobiographers in question were politically active in suffrage, women's autobiographies either do not represent the authors' involvement in such campaigns, or praise state feminism for granting emancipation. “Personal is political” only becomes a maxim for a later generation of women writers, with autobiographies and autobiographical novels of the post-1970 period underscoring the importance of exploring the subjectivity of the adult woman/narrator. More recent examples of auto/biographical writing blur the boundaries between private and public and narrate gendered accounts of republican history.
“Cinema Grande” and the Rhetoric of Illusion in Uyurkulak'sHar
Authors: Gürle Meltem
Published: February 2016

This article traces the patterns of irony and thecarnivalesquein Murat Uyurkulak's fantastic fictionHar, focusing especially on the depiction of a group of misfits,yamuklar(the crooked), as portrayed in the central chapter, “Cinema Grande.” Arguing that a reconfigured carnival spirit finds its way into Uyurkulak's novel, the article explores from a Bakhtinian perspective the ways in which the author offers a modern version of popular festive elements, especially the jester or the fool who signifies the symbolic destruction of authority and resistance to the mechanisms of power. The employment of thecarnivalesqueenables the author not only to speak of what is essentially unspeakable, but also to displace the illusion of progress fabricated by authority. This turns out to be possible only through artistic illusion. By focusing on the portrayal of the outcasts in Cinema Grande, this article also draws attention to the different representations of madness in Atay's “disconnected” and Uyurkulak's “crooked.”
Labor Transformation through the Prism of the Household: Evidence from The Turkish Tourism Industry
Authors: Aykaç Aslıhan
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this article is to use the household as an analytical construct in order to examine how the process of labor transformation in the tourism industry is experienced within the immediate circumstances of workers in three coastal towns in Turkey. I argue that the recent growth of the tourism industry in Turkey absorbs a major portion of its labor force from agriculture, and factors such as the scale of operation, maintenance of links to the rural background, and the social composition of tourism workers yield different patterns of labor transformation. The best site for evaluating these patterns of labor transformation is the household, which provides access to social as well as economic aspects of labor transformation. Household analysis explains the complexity of labor transformation due to the coexistence of traditional forms of production and the market economy. The article is based on ethnographic evidence on household structures, household composition and division of labor in three coastal towns.