bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achieving a useful and person‐centred diabetes consultation is a shared responsibility between diabetologists and people with diabetes: a qualitative study of perspectives from people with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Schultz A. A. , Wad J. L. , Willaing I. , Nørgaard K. , Persson F. , Joensen L. E.
Published: August 2020

Aims

To explore perceptions of useful routine consultations with diabetologists from the perspective of adults with type 1 diabetes, including preferences for discussing psychosocial issues.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews in 2018/2019 with 33 people with type 1 diabetes (age 22–75 years, 20 men and 13 women, median diabetes duration 25 years) recruited from two diabetes clinics in the capital region of Denmark. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic text condensation.

Results

Achieving a useful consultation was perceived as a shared responsibility between people with diabetes and diabetologists. Participants’ perspectives of what constitutes a useful consultation and expectations for both consultation and diabetologist varied in relation to perceptions of (1) the interaction between the person with diabetes and diabetologist, including being prepared, being honest, experiencing good rapport and preferring a partnership with the diabetologist or ‘keeping it clinical’ and (2) the diabetologist’s approach to diabetes care, including providing up‐to‐date knowledge and listening and showing understanding.

Conclusions

Both content and style of diabetes consultations need to be adapted to the individual person with type 1 diabetes. People with diabetes have an important role in expressing their needs and preferences related to both content and style. Diabetologists need to be aware of and attentive to the many individual needs and expectations among people with diabetes, including the desire and need to discuss psychosocial issues. Dialogue tools for preparation and in consultations may enable people with diabetes to voice their needs and expectations and diabetologists to juggle these diversities.
Gender differences in Russia's job mobility and its rewards*
Authors: Privalko Ivan
Published: August 2020

This article considers age and gender differences in the probability and consequences of job mobility in Russia. Little is known about who is mobile and whether mobility impacts wages once the characteristics of movers are controlled for. Results show a gender difference in the likelihood of exit but not promotion. Results also show that promotions have a positive effect only on the wages of young women, but young men's wages are not affected. Further, young men see a significant decrease in wages following an exit, while young women are not affected by firm exit. The article shows that early mobility is particularly important for women, who earn less overall. Results help to understand processes of inequality in wages and conditions that occur due to sorting, and the importance of promotions as ‘life chances’ which lead to ‘career‐track jobs’. Gender differences in securing such life chances may help to understand gaps in earnings, which emerge later.
Prevalence of, and disability approaches to, temporomandibular joint trauma: A 17‐year cross‐sectional study
Authors: Figueiredo Cristina Paiva , Teixeira Helena M. , Afonso Américo Santos , Corte‐Real Ana
Published: August 2020

Background/Aim

Sociodemographic, cultural and environmental factors play significant roles in orofacial trauma. The main aim of the present work was to study the epidemiological data regarding temporomandibular trauma, in the orofacial trauma context. Secondly, follow‐up data between injury and sequelae were assessed, in the medico‐legal approach for this disability.

Material and Methods

An observational, cross‐sectional study, from 2000 to 2017, was performed, using the clinical reports of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences Institute of Portugal—Coimbra Central Branch. A descriptive analysis was performed.

Results

The injury group, 8.9% of the analysed population (2622 reports), included a majority of men (60.7%) with a mean age of 33.9 years. They were mainly students or retired (38.9%) and reported physical violence as the main external cause (56.4%) and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) trauma occurred with dental and facial trauma (84.2%). The sequela group, 2.9% of the analysed population, included a majority of men (65.6%) with a mean age of 40.1 years, focusing on a professional active population. They reported physical violence as the main external cause (46.3%) and TMJ (13.2%), soft tissues and teeth (12.8%) sequelae.

Conclusions

Not all TMJ injuries corresponded to sequelae (63.4%). The sequela resulting from TMJ trauma encompass soft and hard tissues and TMJ sequelae, isolated or not. Physical violence was the primary external cause of TMJ injuries in both groups. Conversely, road accidents were the major external cause of isolated TMJ sequelae, highlighting the need to reinforce safety measures.
Occurrence of Dothistroma needle blight in Lithuania and Belarus: The risk posed to native Scots Pine forests
Authors: Markovskaja Svetlana , Raitelaitytė Kristina , Kačergius Audrius , Kolmakov Pavel , Vasilevich Vladislav
Published: August 2020

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) caused by the ascomycetous fungusDothistroma septosporumis an important pine disease in Europe. In this study, we determined the distribution and abundance ofD. septosporumin local Scots pine forests and plantations in Lithuania and neighbouring Belarus by combining morphological observations and molecular tools. This is the first valid report on the occurrence ofD. septosporumin Belarus, based on detailed morpho‐cultural and molecular characteristics. Currently, in both countries only the asexual stage ofD. septosporumis found on needles of the native Scots pine and on various ornamental exotic pines planted in botanical gardens and arboreta. Our results show thatP. sylvestrismay now be considered the most common host with varying susceptibility toD. septosporum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of three different ITS haplotypes among Lithuanian and BelarusianD. septosporumisolates. Mating type (MAT) genes analysis showed that two mating types (MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2) occur in both countries, indicating a high probability ofD. septosporumsexual reproduction. Isolates from Lithuania were represented by the idiomorph MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2 in the ratio of 1:1, while isolates from Belarus were dominated by the idiomorph MAT1‐1 (ratio 3:1). Our results also demonstrate the importance of DNB monitoring for prevention and control of disease outbreaks in Lithuanian and Belarusian Scots pine forests in the future.
Effectiveness of CAD/CAM technology: A self‐assessment tool for preclinical waxing exercise
Authors: Chiang Harmeet , Staffen Adam , A Abdulmajeed Aous , Janus Charles , Bencharit Sompop
Published: August 2020

Introduction

This study assessed the utility of CAD/CAM technology as a self‐assessment tool for preclinical waxing compared to traditional student self‐assessment to evaluate preclinical work.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐seven students completed the wax‐up of the maxillary left central incisor with the goal of recreating original anatomy and completed a traditional self‐assessment. The original, unreduced cast and waxings were scanned with an intraoral scanner (E4D, Planmeca). Using CAD/CAM software (Compare, Planmeca), each waxing was superimposed over the original. Tolerance (250 µm) was set to illustrate under‐ and over‐contoured areas, enabling visualisation of the waxing compared to original in three dimensions. Students then completed another self‐assessment and an exit survey.

Results

Twenty‐four per cent of self‐assessment responses changed after using Compare Software. 20% changed from satisfactory to unsatisfactory. Four per cent changed from unsatisfactory to satisfactory. Greatest change in response occurred in the Incisal Edge (49%) rubric category. Interproximal Contact Area (3%) demonstrated least change in response. Seventy per cent strongly agreed that Compare Software enabled more effective assessment of Lingual Contour. Eight per cent strongly disagreed that Compare Software enabled more effective assessment of finishing.

Discussion

CAD/CAM software can improve student's critical self‐assessment. Different rubric categories demonstrated differing rates of response change, indicating more critical of certain aspects of the waxing. Majority strongly agreed that the software enabled more effective self‐assessment.

Conclusion

CAD/CAM technology enhances student's learning in dental wax‐up through improving self‐assessment. This technology may improve teacher‐student communication, reduce one‐on‐one teaching time and allow higher student‐teacher ratio.
COVID‐19‐related encephalopathy: a case series with brain FDG‐positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography findings
Authors: Delorme C. , Paccoud O. , Kas A. , Hesters A. , Bombois S. , Shambrook P. , Boullet A. , Doukhi D. , Le Guennec L. , Godefroy N. , Maatoug R. , Fossati P. , Millet B. , Navarro V. , Bruneteau G. , Demeret S. , Pourcher V. ,   the CoCo‐Neurosciences study group and COVID SMIT PSL study group
Published: August 2020

Aim

The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical features of COVID‐19‐related encephalopathy and their metabolic correlates using brain 2‐desoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose (FDG)‐positron‐emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging.

Background and purpose

A variety of neurological manifestations have been reported in association with COVID‐19. COVID‐19‐related encephalopathy has seldom been reported and studied.

Methods

We report four cases of COVID‐19‐related encephalopathy. The diagnosis was made in patients with confirmed COVID‐19 who presented with new‐onset cognitive disturbances, central focal neurological signs, or seizures. All patients underwent cognitive screening, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lumbar puncture, and brain 2‐desoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose (FDG)‐positron‐emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) (FDG‐PET/CT).

Results

The four patients were aged 60 years or older, and presented with various degrees of cognitive impairment, with predominant frontal lobe impairment. Two patients presented with cerebellar syndrome, one patient had myoclonus, one had psychiatric manifestations, and one had status epilepticus. The delay between first COVID‐19 symptoms and onset of neurological symptoms was between 0 and 12 days. None of the patients had MRI features of encephalitis nor significant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities. SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR in the CSF was negative for all patients. All patients presented with a consistent brain FDG‐PET/CT pattern of abnormalities, namely frontal hypometabolism and cerebellar hypermetabolism. All patients improved after immunotherapy.

Conclusions

Despite varied clinical presentations, all patients presented with a consistent FDG‐PET pattern, which may reflect an immune mechanism.
Dental care – an emotional and physical challenge for the sexually abused
Authors: Wolf Eva , McCarthy Erin , Priebe Gisela
Published: August 2020

The aim was to explicate persistent psychological and bodily memories of sexual abuse and how they are expressed during dental appointments. The participants comprised 13 sexually abused individuals (11 women), who recalled and expressed these experiences during a dental appointment. They were encouraged to describe, in detail, aspects of the appointment which triggered memories of the sexual abuse. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Qualitative Content Analysis. The identified overall theme illustrating the latent content was ‘An echo of sexual abuse transformed into (dys) functional reactions’. The first category covering the manifest content was ‘The inner invisible struggle’, with two subcategories: (i) mental inscriptions of the abuse experience; and (ii) consequences of the dental encounter. The second category was ‘The discoverable manifestations’, with two subcategories: (i) enigmatic communication; and (ii) expressions of bodily memories. The dental appointment arouses similar psychological stressful reactions as the episodes of abuse; both implicit and explicit expressions are recognizable. Dental staff can contribute to disclosure by improved understanding of the strain a dental appointment can cause in patients who have been subjected to sexual abuse and familiarity with the associated bodily expressions.
The Impact of Interparental Conflict on Children's Attention and Memory Performance
Authors: Zemp Martina , Paetzold Isabell , Milek Anne
Published: August 2020

Background

Previous research suggests that exposure to interparental conflict may affect children's attention and memory performance, but few studies have examined this hypothesis experimentally.

Objective

The goal of this study was to address this gap by completing an experimental approach using audiotaped couple conflict simulations.

Method

School classes of fifth‐ and sixth‐graders were randomly assigned to listen to one of the following three types of conversations: (a) an unresolved couple conflict, (b) a resolved couple conflict, or (c) a neutral couple conversation. Children's attention and memory performance were measured before and after stimulus exposure by performance tasks and their emotional insecurity was assessed by self‐report.

Results

Children's emotional insecurity moderated the impact of the simulated couple conflict on their memory performance but not on attention. At low levels of emotional insecurity, children performed better in the memory task after hearing the unresolved couple conflict compared with the control group.

Conclusion

Children's responses to simulated conflicts differ by a child's history of interparental conflict and conflict characteristics, such as whether arguments are resolved.

Implications

Consideration of the family background is warranted when studying or treating child cognitive performance problems.
NsiR3, a nitrogen stress‐inducible small RNA, regulates proline oxidase expression in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Álvarez‐Escribano Isidro , Brenes‐Álvarez Manuel , Olmedo‐Verd Elvira , Georg Jens , Hess Wolfgang R. , Vioque Agustín , Muro‐Pastor Alicia M.
Published: August 2020

NsiR3 (nitrogen stress‐inducible RNA 3) is a small noncoding RNA strongly conserved in heterocyst‐forming cyanobacteria. In Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, transcription of NsiR3 is induced by nitrogen starvation and depends on the global nitrogen regulator NtcA. A conserved NtcA‐binding site is centered around position −42.5 with respect to the transcription start site of NsiR3 homologs, and NtcA binds in vitro to a DNA fragment containing this sequence. In the absence of combined nitrogen, NsiR3 expression is induced in all cells along the Nostoc filament but much more strongly in heterocysts, differentiated cells devoted to nitrogen fixation. Co‐expression analysis of transcriptomic data obtained from microarrays hybridized with RNA obtained from Nostoc wild‐type or mutant strains grown in the presence of ammonium or in the absence of combined nitrogen revealed that the expression profile of gene putA (proline oxidase) correlates negatively with that of NsiR3. Using a heterologous system in Escherichia coli, we show that NsiR3 binds to the 5′‐UTR of putA mRNA, resulting in reduced expression of a reporter gene. Overexpression of NsiR3 in Nostoc resulted in strong reduction of putA mRNA accumulation, further supporting the negative regulation of putA by NsiR3. The higher expression of NsiR3 in heterocysts versus vegetative cells of the N2‐fixing filament could contribute to the previously described absence of putA mRNA and of the catabolic pathway to produce glutamate from arginine via proline specifically in heterocysts. Post‐transcriptional regulation by NsiR3 represents an indirect NtcA‐operated regulatory mechanism of putA expression.

Database

Microarray data are available in GEO database under accession numbers GSE120377 and GSE150191.
Biochemical characterization of AeD7L2 and its physiological relevance in blood feeding in the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Martin‐Martin Ines , Kern Olivia , Brooks Steven , Smith Leticia Barion , Valenzuela‐Leon Paola Carolina , Bonilla Brian , Ackerman Hans , Calvo Eric
Published: August 2020

Aedes aegypti saliva facilitates blood meal acquisition through pharmacologically active compounds that prevent host hemostasis. Among these salivary proteins are the D7s, which are highly abundant and have been shown to act as scavengers of biogenic amines and eicosanoids. In this work, we performed comparative structural modeling, characterized the binding capabilities, and assessed the physiological functions of the Ae. aegypti salivary protein AeD7L2 compared to the well‐characterized AeD7L1. AeD7L1 and AeD7L2 show different binding affinities to several biogenic amines and biolipids involved in host hemostasis. Interestingly, AeD7L2 tightly binds U‐46619, the stable analog of thromboxane A2 (KD = 69.4 nm), which is an important platelet aggregation mediator, while AeD7L1 shows no binding. We tested the ability of these proteins to interfere with the three branches of hemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood coagulation. Pressure myography experiments showed these two proteins reversed isolated resistance artery vasoconstriction induced by either norepinephrine or U‐46619. These proteins also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by low doses of collagen or U‐46619. However, D7 long proteins did not affect blood coagulation. The different ligand specificity and affinities of AeD7L1 and AeD7L2 matched our experimental observations from studying their effects on vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, which confirm their role in preventing host hemostasis. This work highlights the complex yet highly specific biological activities of mosquito salivary proteins and serves as another example of the sophisticated biology underlying arthropod blood feeding.
Nitrogen‐induced acidification, not N‐nutrient, dominates suppressive N effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Pan Shang , Wang Yang , Qiu Yunpeng , Chen Dima , Zhang Lin , Ye Chenglong , Guo Hui , Zhu Weixing , Chen Aiqun , Xu Guohua , Zhang Yi , Bai Yongfei , Hu Shuijin
Published: August 2020

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiosis with most terrestrial plant roots, obtaining photosynthates in return for mineral nutrients. Ecological theories based on the economics of trading partnership predict that nutrient enrichment would suppress AMF. Experimental results from nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions, however, were highly variable, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show distinct AMF responses to soil N:P stoichiometry manipulations via gradients of long‐term N and P additions in a Mongolian steppe. A complementary experiment with an acid addition gradient was designed to help tease apart the effect of N‐induced acidification from N nutrient. AMF root colonization and extraradical fungal biomass progressively decreased along the P gradient under two distinct host plant species, suggesting a carbon (C)‐P tradeoff. In contrast, low to moderate N inputs increased both AMF parameters, corresponding to the increasing N:P ratio. Yet, high N inputs reduced AMF colonization and biomass, and the magnitudes of N‐led inhibition were similar to those under acid additions that induced comparable changes in soil pH. Structural equation modeling further showed that while soil N:P stoichiometry primarily controlled the effect of P addition on AMF, N‐induced soil acidity overtook the N:P stoichiometry under high N inputs and dominated the effects of reactive N on AMF. In addition, AMF community composition in roots was more dependent on host plants and unresponsive to changes in soil nutrients. We further proposed a comprehensive framework that integrates biological and geochemical effects of reactive N and P inputs on AMF. Together, these results indicate that while the C‐P tradeoff controls P suppression of AMF, N‐induced acidification dominates the N inhibition. Our findings suggest that incorporation of geochemical impacts of N and P inputs would facilitate modeling efforts to project mycorrhizal impact on plant interactions and soil C balance under future nutrient enrichment scenarios.
Canopy photosynthetic capacity drives contrasting age dynamics of resource use efficiencies between mature temperate evergreen and deciduous forests
Authors: Xu Hang , Xiao Jingfeng , Zhang Zhiqiang , Ollinger Scott V. , Hollinger David Y. , Pan Yude , Wan Jiaming
Published: August 2020

Forest resource use efficiencies (RUEs) can vary with tree age, but the nature of these trends and their underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Understanding the age dynamics of forest RUEs and their drivers is vital for assessing the trade‐offs between forest functions and resource consumption, making rational management policy, and projecting ecosystem carbon dynamics. Here we used the FLUXNET2015 and AmeriFlux datasets and published literature to explore the age‐dependent variability of forest light use efficiency (LUE) and inherent water use efficiency as well as their main regulatory variables in temperate regions. Our results showed that evergreen forest RUEs initially increased before reaching the mature stage (i.e., around 90 years old), and then gradually declined; in contrast, RUEs continuously increased with age for mature deciduous forests. Changing canopy photosynthetic capacity (Amax) was the primary cause of age‐related changes in RUEs across temperate forest sites. More importantly, soil nitrogen (N) increased in mature deciduous forests through time but decreased in older evergreen forests. The age‐dependent changes in soil N were closely linked with the age dynamics of Amax for mature temperate forests. Additionally, soil nutrient conditions played a greater role in deciduous forest RUEs than evergreen forest RUEs. This study highlights the importance of stand age and forest type on temperate forest RUEs over the long term.
“Ein poetischer Schleier”: Bildung and Failed Conversion in Fanny Lewald's Jenny (1843)
Authors: Greenberg Lea H.
Published: August 2020

This article analyzes the intersection of literature and Christian‐Jewish love in Lewald's 1843 novel Jenny, where Bildung is both a medium to transcend the constraints of Jewish identity and a force reinscribing these constraints. Literature is the space in which the novel's protagonist, Jenny, falls for her Christian tutor and pursues conversion. In order to reconcile her secular worldview with the spiritual demands of conversion, Jenny attempts to encode Christian doctrine into a system of understanding shaped by her literary imagination and engagement with Bildung. This strategy fails, ending her romance and reinforcing an identification with her father. Bildung, which in part propelled German Jews into the middle class, ultimately prevents Jenny from escaping her status as a Jewish woman. The Jewish daughter's secular education in conjunction with her romantic rebellion away from the Jewish family stages the limitations of—and anxieties toward—refashioning Jewish identity in the non‐Jewish world.
Zur Gehorsamskritik im Burgtheater des Vormärz. Friedrich Halm, Eduard von Bauernfeld und der österreichische Liberalismus um 1848
Authors: Wagner Martin
Published: August 2020

Dieser Aufsatz widmet sich der Gehorsamskritik in den Komödien zweier der populärsten Burgtheaterautoren des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Friedrich Halm und Eduard von Bauernfeld. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass sowohl in Halms Verbot und Befehl (1848) als auch in Bauernfelds Großjährig (1846) ein älterer, auf direkte Unterwerfung ausgelegter Gehorsamsbegriff mit einem neuartigen ersetzt wird, in dem gehorsames und freigewähltes Verhalten tendenziell zusammenfallen. Während bei Halm diese Wandlung des Gehorsamsbegriffs als liberale Errungenschaft insgesamt positiv gewertet wird, wird sie bei Bauernfeld als Perpetuierung der bestehenden Machtverhältnisse stärker in Frage gestellt. Mit dieser Parallellektüre der impliziten politischen Theorie zweier heute kaum je im Detail besprochener Stücke aus der Zeit des Vormärz wird neues Licht auf den Beitrag des Burgtheaters zum liberalen Diskurs im neunzehnten Jahrhundert geworfen.
Reframing human rights: the global network of moral conservative homeschooling activists
Authors: Permoser Julia Mourão , Stoeckl Kristina
Published: August 2020

In this article, we investigate the composition and actions of a principled issue network within the field of human rights that uses rights‐claims to pursue traditionalist goals: the moral conservative pro‐homeschooling network. We analyse the rising importance of homeschooling within the global moral conservative movement and examine the transnationalization of pro‐homeschooling advocacy. We show that the transnational homeschooling advocacy network, while not successful in court cases, has managed to establish home education as part of a global conservative agenda and has made incursions into redefining the terms of the debate within international organizations. Moral conservative homeschooling advocates use a vocabulary of rights and freedoms, and even of moral pluralism, but in the conservative reading human rights are reframed and used to defend a pro‐family agenda that establishes the patriarchal family as the ultimate source of authority and the primary carrier of rights.
Enhanced Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation revealed attenuation of exogenous plasmid DNA installation in recipient bacteria by exonuclease VII and SbcCD
Authors: Kiyokawa Kazuya , Ohmine Yuta , Yunoki Kazuya , Yamamoto Shinji , Moriguchi Kazuki , Suzuki Katsunori
Published: August 2020

In DNA transfer via type IV secretion system (T4SS), relaxase enzyme releases linear ssDNA in donor cells and recircularizes in recipient cells. Using VirB/D4 T4SS, Agrobacterium cells can transfer an IncQ‐type plasmid depending on Mob relaxase and a model T‐DNA plasmid depending on VirD2 relaxase. Mobilization to Escherichia coli of the former plasmid is much more efficient than that of the latter, whereas an entirely reverse relationship is observed in transfer to yeast. These data suggest that either plasmid recircularization or conversion of ssDNA to dsDNA in the recipient bacterial cells is a rate‐limiting step of the transfer. In this study, we examined involvement of exonuclease genes in the plasmid acceptability. By the VirD2‐dependent T‐DNA plasmid, E. coli sbcDΔ and sbcCΔ mutant strains produced threefold more exconjugants, and a sbcDΔ xseAΔ mutant strain yielded eightfold more exconjugants than their wild‐type strain. In contrast to the enhancing effect on the VirD2‐mediated transfer, the mutations exhibited a subtle effect on the Mob‐mediated transfer. These results support our working hypothesis that VirD2 can transport its substrate ssDNA efficiently to recipient cells and that recipient nucleases degrade the ssDNA because VirD2 has some defect(s) in the circularization and completion of complementary DNA synthesis.
Patients' expectations and experiences of stem cell therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Kenihan Lucinda , McTier Lauren , Phillips Nicole M.
Published: August 2020

Background

Stem cell therapy is a novel treatment option for people living with osteoarthritis. Research investigating stem cell therapy for this debilitating condition has predominantly involved the pathogenesis of the cells and efficacy of the treatment. There is little understanding of patients' expectations and experiences of stem cell therapy treatment.

Objective

To explore the expectations and experiences of people undergoing stem cell therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

Design

An exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews was conducted.

Setting and participants

Participants were recruited into two groups: (a) Expectations Group (n = 15); the expectations of stem cell treatment were explored with participants that were yet to commence stem cell therapy. (b) Experiences Group (n = 15); the experiences of stem cell therapy were explored with participants 12 months after their initial stem cell treatment. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis to identify themes in both groups.

Results

Themes for the Expectations Group were active involvement in the treatment; treatment will improve symptoms; and benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Themes for the Experiences Group were symptoms of treatment; satisfaction with treatment; and anticipation of further improvement.

Discussion and conclusions

The findings are the first qualitative study to represent patients' perspective on expectations and experiences of stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis. They provide insight into the potential areas for improvement within this field to aid patients' preparation and approach to the treatment, promoting patient‐centred care.
Comparison of p53 immunohistochemical staining in differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) with that in inflammatory dermatoses and benign squamous lesions in the vulva
Authors: Liu Y Ariel , Ji Jennifer X , Almadani Noorah , Crawford Richard I , Gilks C Blake , Kinloch Mary , Hoang Lien
Published: August 2020

Aims

Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), the precursor lesion to human papillomavirus‐independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC), can be difficult to distinguish from vulvar inflammatory dermatoses. Our goal was to determine if p53 could be a useful biomarker for dVIN, by characterizing p53 percentage, intensity and patterns of staining in dVIN and its histological mimics.

Methods and results

We studied p53 immunohistochemical staining patterns in 16 dVIN cases and 46 vulvar non‐neoplastic squamous lesions [12 lichen sclerosus (LS); seven lichen simplex chronicus; three lichen planus (LP); six psoriasis; 13 spongiotic dermatitis (SPO); and five candidiasis]. dVIN cases were adjacent to a p16‐negative invasive VSCC in resection specimens. All dVIN cases showed null‐type or moderate to strong uniform p53 staining in >70% of basal cells, with moderate to strong continuous parabasal staining extending to two‐thirds of the epidermis. This was in contrast to weak or weak to moderate patchy p53 staining in the majority of other lesions. Moderate to strong and increased basal p53 staining (≥70%) was also observed in a subset of LS cases (5/12, 42%), LP cases (1/3, 33%), and SPO cases (36%, 4/11); however, in all categories, this was limited to the basal layer, and any staining in the parabasal layers was patchy.

Conclusion

Strong and uniform p53 staining of basal cells, extending into the parabasal layers, and a complete absence of staining (null type) is useful in distinguishing dVIN from other mimics in the vulva. p53 staining of lesser intensity or quantity, particularly basal overexpression only, overlaps with that in vulvar inflammatory lesions.
Microbial ecology and predicted metabolic pathways in various oral environments from patients with acute endodontic infections
Authors: Moraes L. C. , Lang P. M. , Arcanjo R. A. , Rampelotto P. H. , Fatturi‐Parolo C. C. , Ferreira M. B. C. , Montagner F.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To assess in a cross‐sectional clinical study the effect of antibiotics on the diversity, structure and metabolic pathways of bacterial communities in various oral environments in patients with acute primary infections.

Methodology

Samples of saliva (SA), supragingival biofilm (SB) and from the pulp cavity (PC) were collected from teeth with acute primary infections and then grouped according to previous use of antibiotics (NoAtb = no antibiotics [n = 6]; Atb = antibiotics [n = 6]). DNA sequencing was conducted using MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The V1–V3 hyper‐variable region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. A custom Mothur pipeline was used for 16S rRNA processing. Subsequent analyses of the sequence dataset were performed in R (using vegan, phyloseq and ggplot2 packages) or QIIME.

Results

Twelve patients aged from 22 to 56 years were recruited. Participants in the Atb group had taken the beta‐lactamics amoxicillin (5/6) or cephalexin (1/6) for 2–3 days. A total of 332 bacterial taxa (OTUs) were identified, belonging to 120 genera, 60 families and nine phyla. Firmicutes (41%) and Bacteroidetes (38%) were the most abundant phyla in all samples. Taxa clustered significantly by oral site (PCoA analysis; P < 0.05, ANOSIM). Use of antibiotics had little effect on this clustering. However, SA, SB and PC had different degrees of richness, diversity and evenness. The greatest diversity was observed in SB samples and the least diversity was observed in PC samples. Metabolic prediction identified 163 pathways and previous use of antibiotics had a major effect on the estimated functional clustering in SA and PC samples.

Conclusion

The ecological niche had a strong influence on the bacterial content of samples from various oral sites. Previous exposure to antibiotics may exert an effect on the phylogenetic composition of SA. Metabolic pathways appear to be modulated by antimicrobial agents in SA and PC samples. The dynamics of host/microbial interactions in the apical region and the functional ecology of the infected pulp cavity should be revisited.
Densification and electrical conductivity of Fe and Mn‐doped Ce0.83Sm0.085Nd0.085O2‐& by solid‐liquid method
Authors: Jiang Dingbang , Wang Jianxin , Su Yu , Chang Xiaohui , Cao Baohua , Chen Ming , Wang Qin , Guan Wanbing , Yang Jun
Published: August 2020

Fe and Mn‐doped Ce0.83Sm0.085Nd0.085O2‐& (SNDC) powders are successfully synthesized by the simple and efficient solid‐liquid method. The crystallinity and morphologies of the powders were characterized by X‐ray diffractometer, Raman spectrum, and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of doping on sintering behavior, grain interior, and grain boundary conductivity are studied. The doping of Fe can effectively reduce the sintering temperature from 1450oC to 1250°C and keep the same density. Compared with SNDC, 1 mol% Fe‐doped SNDC (Fe‐SNDC) sintered at 1250°C shows a higher total conductivity of 2.13 × 10−2 S·cm‐1 at 650°C. Also, it exhibits that doping of Fe can increase the conductivity of grain interior and grain boundary simultaneously. The present work shows that the Fe‐SNDC synthesized by solid‐liquid method can be used as a potential electrolyte for intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells.
Quality improvement in community pharmacy: a qualitative investigation of the impact of a postgraduate quality improvement educational module on pharmacists understanding and practice
Authors: Latif Asam , Gulzar Nargis , Gohil Sejal , Ansong Theo
Published: August 2020

Objective

Quality improvement (QI) is increasingly featuring in the United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) agenda to promote safety, effectiveness and patient experience. However, the use of QI techniques by healthcare professionals appears limited and constrained with only isolated examples of good practice. This study explores QI within the pharmacy context. Focusing on the community pharmacy ‘Healthy Living Pharmacy scheme’, this study aims to explore changes in QI understanding resulting from a postgraduate QI educational intervention.

Methods

Four focus groups were held involving 13 community pharmacists enrolled onto a newly developed postgraduate QI educational module. Two focus groups were held before and two after the module’s completion. Knowledge of QI and practical applications following the learning was explored.

Key findings

Three themes emerged: pharmacists’ motivation for learning about QI, conceptual understanding and translation into practice. Pharmacists expressed positive views about learning new skills but expressed logistical concerns about how they would accommodate the extra learning. Prior knowledge of QI was found to be lacking and its application in practice ineffectual. Following completion of the QI module, significant improvements in comprehension and application were seen. Pharmacists considered it too soon to make an assessment on patient outcomes as their improvements required time to effectively embed changes in practice.

Conclusions

Quality improvement forms an important part of the NHS quality and safety agenda; however, community pharmacists may not currently have adequate knowledge of QI principles. The postgraduate educational intervention showed promising results in pharmacist’s knowledge, organisational culture and application in practice.
Etching time and bonding of adhesive systems to dentin of primary teeth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gindri Larissa D'Olanda , Fröhlich Tatiana Tambara , Rosso Carolina Ramos , Rocha Rachel de Oliveira
Published: August 2020

Background

Due to the chemical and morphological differences between primary vs. permanent teeth, the time reduction of the acid etching or acidic primer can result in higher values of bond strength.

Aim

To assess through a systematic review and meta‐analysis the influence of the reducing etching (acid etching or acidic primer) time on the bond strength of adhesive systems to primary dentin.

Design

A systematic search was carried out in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Studies that evaluated the effect of reducing the etching time on the bond strength of adhesive systems to primary dentin were included. Meta‐analyses were performed using a random‐effects model, with subgroups for etch‐and‐rinse and self‐etching adhesives, with a significance level of P < .05. The risk of bias and heterogeneity between studies (Cochrane and I2 tests) were assessed.

Results

Eight studies were included in the systematic review and seven in the meta‐analyses. The shortening etching time did not influence the immediate dentin bond strength for etch‐and‐rinse (Z = 0.07, P = .95) and self‐etching adhesives (Z = 0.41, P = .69). After ageing, however, the shorting etching time improved the bond strength for etch‐and‐rinse adhesives (Z = 2.01, P = .04). All studies presented high bias risk.

Conclusions

Reducing the acid‐etching time to primary dentin improves the long‐term bond strength to this substrate.
International consensus on pressure injury preventative interventions by risk level for critically ill patients: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Lovegrove Josephine , Fulbrook Paul , Miles Sandra
Published: August 2020

The aim of this modified Delphi study was to determine a minimum pressure injury preventative intervention set for implementation relative to critically ill patients' risk level. Preventative interventions were identified via systematic review, risk levels categorised by an intensive‐care‐specific risk‐assessment‐scale (COMHON Index), and panel members (n = 67) identified through an international critical care nursing body. Round 1: panel members were asked to rate implementation of 12 interventions according to risk level (low, moderate, high). Round 2: interventions were rated for use at the risk level which received greatest round 1 support. Round 3: interventions not yet achieving consensus were again rated, and discarded where consensus was not reached. Consensus indicated all patients should receive: risk assessment within 2‐hours of admission; 8‐hourly risk reassessment; and use of disposable incontinence pads. Additionally, moderate‐ and high‐risk patients should receive: a reactive mattress support surface and a heel off‐loading device. High‐risk patients should also receive: nutritional supplements if eating orally; preventative dressings (sacral, heel, trochanteric); an active mattress support surface; and a pressure‐redistributing cushion for sitting. Repositioning is required at least 4‐hourly for low‐risk, and 2‐hourly for moderate‐ and high‐risk patients. Rigorous application of the intervention set has the potential to decrease pressure injuries in intensive care.
Enhanced up‐conversion luminescence and optical thermometry characteristics of Er3+/Yb3+ co‐doped Sr10(PO4)6O transparent glass‐ceramics
Authors: Cui Sanchuan , Chen Guohua
Published: August 2020

In this paper, the Yb3+/Er3+ co‐doped parent glass (PG) with composition (in mol%) of 30P2O5‐10B2O3‐38SrO‐22K2O and transparent glass‐ceramics (GCs) containing hexagonal Sr10(PO4)6O nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized for the first time by melt‐quenching method and subsequent heating treatment in air. Under 980 nm laser prompting, the GCs samples showed intense red and green up‐conversion emissions compared to those characteristics for the PG sample. The emission intensities varied with Er3+ concentration and heat treatment conditions. Furthermore, in Yb3+/Er3+ co‐doped GCs specimens, the optical thermometry was researched by means of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of 4S3/2 and 2H11/2 levels. The GC sample heated at 620°C for 5 hours possessed a high relative temperature sensitivity (Sr) of 0.769% K−1 at 303 K and the maximal absolute temperature sensitivity (Sa) of 5.951 × 10−3 K−1 at 663 K, respectively. It is expected that the as‐fabricated GC materials with Sr10(PO4)6O NCs are promising efficient up‐conversion materials for optical temperature sensor.
Intrinsic hardness of boron carbide: Influence of polymorphism and stoichiometry
Authors: Cheenady Amith Adoor , Awasthi Amnaya , Subhash Ghatu
Published: August 2020

Boron carbide comprises of polymorphs that differ in crystallographic arrangement and stoichiometry. Consequently, specimens extracted from the same batch can exhibit variability in mechanical properties depending on the constituent mixture of polymorphs. In this work, density functional theory simulations and estimates from three models (bond resistance model, bond strength model, and electronegativity model) are utilized to (i) investigate the influence of polymorphism and stoichiometry on the intrinsic hardness of boron carbide, (ii) reveal the sensitivity of the estimates to the model used, and (iii) test their conformance to experimental data. The study finds intrinsic hardness of boron carbide to be primarily a function of stoichiometry, with polymorphism having a lower influence. Furthermore, hardness estimates are shown to exhibit substantial sensitivity to the model used, differing by as much as 9 GPa for the same polymorph. Thus, the search for new superhard materials should be guided by more than just one model. Our analysis finds bond resistance model to offer the best conformance to experimental data, indicating that bond length is a much stronger influencer of intrinsic hardness in covalent crystals than coordination numbers and electronegativities of bonding atoms.
Phase equilibria studies in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO system with CaO/SiO2 ratio of 0.9
Authors: Wang Dongqing , Chen Mao , Jiang Yang , Wang Shuai , Zhao Zhixing , Evans Tim , Zhao Baojun
Published: August 2020

Phase equilibria and liquidus temperatures in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO system at a CaO/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.9 in the liquid phase have been experimentally determined employing high‐temperature equilibration and quenching technique followed by electron probe X‐ray microanalysis. Isotherms at 1573, 1623, 1673, and 1773 K were determined and the primary phase fields of wollastonite, melilite, olivine, periclase, spinel, and corundum have been located. Compositions of the olivine and melilite solid solutions were analyzed and discussed. Comparisons between the newly constructed diagram, existing data, and FactSage predicted phase diagrams were performed and differences were discussed. The present study will be useful for guidance of industrial practices and further development of thermodynamic modeling.
The effect of cesium content on the thermodynamic stability and chemical durability of (Ba,Cs)1.33(Al,Ti)8O16 hollandite
Authors: Zhao Mingyang , Amoroso Jake W. , Fenker Kalee M. , DiPrete David P. , Misture Scott , Utlak Stephen , Besmann Theodore , Brinkman Kyle
Published: August 2020

Titanate‐based hollandite ceramics are promising nuclear waste forms for Cs immobilization. In this work, a series of Al‐substituted hollandite (Ba,Cs)1.33(Al,Ti)8O16 was investigated across a broad compositional range with varying Cs content. Powder X‐ray diffraction showed that all samples exhibited a tetragonal hollandite phase. Enthalpies of formation determined by high‐temperature melt solution calorimetry indicated enhanced thermodynamic stability with increased Cs content, which generally agreed with sublattice‐based thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, enthalpies of formation of the samples were primarily affected by three factors: (a) relative sizes of cations on the A‐sites and B‐sites, (b) tolerance factor, and (c) optical basicity. Fractional element release revealed that Cs retention was significantly improved for the high Cs‐containing hollandite compositions, which were supported by the evolution of microstructure of the pre and postleach particles. Elution studies of Al‐substituted hollandite spiked with radioactive 137Cs indicated that transmutation of Cs to Ba in the hollandite was accompanied by an increase in the retention of the Cs decay product, suggesting long‐term stability of Al‐substituted hollandite phase.
Enhanced thermal stability of CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphors by superficial carbon modification
Authors: Tian Junhang , Zhuang Weidong , Liu Ronghui , Liu Yuanhong , Chen Guantong , Jiang Ze , Zhang Xia , Gao Wei , Li Wenjin
Published: August 2020

To satisfy increasing stringent application requirements for high power wLEDs, we propose a superficial carbon modification method to enhance thermal stability of red‐emitting CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphor via carbon coating by mechanical mixing and thermal post‐treatment at high temperature under N2‐H2 atmosphere. The modifications on the crystal surface include (a) elimination of amorphous phase, (b) introduction of carbon and (c) inhibition of the oxidation of Eu2+. During the whole processing, the route of carbon and its effects on the crystal structure and luminescence properties are investigated by XPS, TEM, SEM, Raman spectra and TG‐DSC analysis. After superficial carbon modification, the thermal quenching characteristic is improved by 5.7%, and the relative brightness decays more slowly during the aging test, which means that the superficial carbon modified samples still maintain good luminescence performance at high temperature and have superior performance for long‐term applications. All above indicate that the superficial carbon modification method is a promising application to enhance the thermal stability for analogous Eu2+‐activated nitride phosphors.
Choice or circumstance: When are women penalized for their success?
Authors: Toneva Yanitsa , Heilman Madeline E. , Pierre Gaëlle
Published: August 2020

Past research shows that successful women in traditionally masculine roles often experience interpersonal penalties not sustained by similarly successful men. In two studies we, addressed the question of how the perceived motivation of women for counter‐stereotypical positions affects whether such penalties occur. Specifically, we investigated whether women who are successful in male gender‐typed roles are less likely to be penalized when their attainment of the role is due to circumstance than to focused and intentional goal pursuit. In Study 1, we compared reactions to women and men who had been successful in a leadership role on a STEM project and showed that when a woman had been arbitrarily assigned to the leadership role she incurred fewer interpersonal penalties than when she had actively pursued it. In Study 2, we replicated and extended these findings by demonstrating similar effects for a successful woman in a financial position when she had attained her position due to a series of lucky breaks rather than purposeful goal‐directed efforts. The results of these studies support the idea that the perception that women have actively chosen to pursue counter‐normative goals plays an important role in determining whether they are penalized for their success in traditionally male domains. It was not simply being in the role, but how she got there, that determined whether the derogation and dislike shown to be directed at successful women in past research occurred.