bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stolen Valor
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: February 2021

In 2012, the US Supreme Court ruled, for the first time in its history, that lies and falsehoods are protected by the US Constitution. In the relevant case, a politician said that he had won the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was a palpable lie. Referring to the risks that would come from an Orwellian Ministry of Truth, the Court ruled that the government could not punish that lie. The Court was quite right to say that some false statements are protected by the Constitution, but its decision was wrong, even preposterous. A lie is worse than an innocent mistake, or even a negligent one, and if a politician says that he obtained a great honor, he imposes real harm on the public. The Court’s decision seems especially ill-considered in light of the nature and power of modern social media. It should not be read to say that falsehoods and lies are generally protected by the Constitution.
The War Lords and the Gallipoli Disaster
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: February 2021

This book offers a new history of an old subject: the genesis of Britain’s disastrous 1915 Dardanelles campaign. It also offers a new history of a new subject—the strategic implications of globalization—because in order to comprehend the former, it is necessary to grasp the latter. Thanks to the development of the international wheat market during the late nineteenth century, the British government came to realize that the national dependence upon imported food had become the Achilles heel of the British Empire. The book shows how the disruption of the global wheat trade during the early months of the First World War exceeded the government’s worst nightmare. By January 1915, the rising price of bread and consequent threat of social unrest required a political response. It came in the form of a seemingly unrelated event: the disastrous British attack at Gallipoli in the spring of 1915. Contrary to all previous narratives which argue this was done for the military–strategic objective of relieving pressure on the Western Front, this books demonstrates that the British government authorized the attack for mainly political–economic reasons: to open the flow of grain from Russia through the Dardanelles in order to bring down the politically dangerous level of bread prices in Britain, and to enable Russia to export wheat and earn foreign exchange that would obviate the need for huge British loans to support its war effort. In so doing, the book offers a case study of grand strategic policymaking under pressure.
Introduction
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: February 2021

The genesis of Britain’s 1915 Dardanelles campaign, or Gallipoli operation, has been traditionally understood in a military–diplomatic context—as a way to find an alternative to the stalemate of the Western Front. This book shows that in fact the War Council authorized the operation for mainly political–economic reasons, stemming from anxiety over rising domestic food prices and a reluctance to provide their Russian ally with massive loans. The responsible officials then misled the 1916 Dardanelles Commission, appointed by Parliament to investigate the disaster, over the origins and inception of the operation, by having Maurice Hankey, the secretary to the War Council, steer the inquiry in certain directions and away from others. The effects of their deception are visible in all subsequent books on the subject.
The Turkish Irritant
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: February 2021

The world war that began in the summer of 1914 confirmed widespread prewar expectations that a third war in the Balkans could drag in the superpowers. In the weeks that followed, Turkey, still neutral, became increasingly belligerent. British government policy was to appease Turkey in order to avoid conflict. Churchill disagreed with this policy, believing that war with Turkey was unavoidable and that the sooner it came, the better. At his instigation, the government reviewed contingency war plans to capture the Gallipoli but found that Britain lacked the resources to implement them. After Turkey joined the Central Powers in November 1914, Britain had no strategy for prosecuting the war against Turkey. But the British government was not much concerned, incorrectly believing that Turkey was incapable of hurting any vital British interests.
The Beggar Giant
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: February 2021

During late 1914, British strategic policy was to buttress France and wait for the Russian army to win the war against Germany. None of the allies was willing to make financial sacrifices for the greater strategic good if doing so risked endangering their postwar position. The weak economic and financial supports undergirding the Russian war machine, however, imperiled Britain’s hopes that its eastern ally could defeat Germany. Turkish entry into the war exacerbated Russia’s financial problems by preventing the export of Russian wheat through the Dardanelles. Not only did this cut the global supply of wheat by a third and cause grain prices to spiral, it also cut Russia off from its main source of foreign exchange and caused its international creditworthiness to collapse. At the end of 1914, Russia demanded massive loans from Britain to stay in the war, which Britain was reluctant to give.
Not Such a Bargain
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: February 2021

Despite general approval for an operation at the Dardanelles, it was not at all clear what exactly had been decided on January 28—or rather what a decision actually meant when situation was evolving so quickly. Throughout February 1915, Admiral Fisher implored certain members of the War Council to reconsider. Other options for British strategic policy remained in play, especially the previous decision for an offensive in the Balkans. Meanwhile, fear of social unrest in India caused the Indian government to embargo the export of wheat, placing further upward pressure on wheat prices and heightening concerns over food riots in Britain. As confusion reigned in London, the Royal Navy commenced its attack at Dardanelles. Overly optimistic assessments from the admiral in command caused London to expect victory within weeks. A deterioration in Russia’s military position added further urgency to the operation.
Living Law
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: February 2021

This book discusses the political theology developed by German Jewish philosophy in the 20th century on the basis of its original reconstruction of the teachings of Jewish prophetology. In the shadow of the modern experiences with anti-Semitism, the rise of Zionism, and the return of charismatic authority in mass societies, the discourse of Jewish political theology advances the radical hypothesis that the messianic idea of God’s Kingdom correlates with a post-sovereignty, anarchist political condition of radical non-domination. However, this messianic form of democracy, far from being antinomian, was combined with the ideal of cosmopolitan constitutionalism, itself based on the identity of divine law and natural law. This book examines the paradoxical unity of anarchy and rule of law in the democratic political theology developed by Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, Gershom Scholem, Leo Strauss, and Hannah Arendt. Critical of the Christian theological underpinnings of modern “representative” political institutions, this group of highly original thinkers took up the banner of Philo’s project to unify Greek philosophy with Judaism, so influential for medieval Islamic and Jewish philosophy, and rejected the separation between faith and reason, biblical revelation and pagan philosophy. The Jewish political theology they developed stands for the idea that human redemption is inseparable from the redemption of nature.
Hermann Cohen and Socialist Democracy
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: February 2021

This chapter is dedicated to Hermann Cohen’s renewal of Jewish theologico-political thought. Cohen is the first to establish an internal, systematic connection between the Jewish messianic idea and a universalistic conception of democracy. He articulates a political theology of socialist democracy, not based on the analogy between One God and One King, but on that between One God and One Humanity. Cohen rejected Zionism as a solution to the political problem caused by the condition of minority nationality in which the Jewish people lived in European states. But he did not believe in assimilation either. He maintained that its messianic religion assigned the Jewish people the task of pointing the way to an international order based not on state sovereignty but on the supremacy of international law founded on human rights that recognized the plurality and right to self-determination of nationalities.
Gauging (Perceived) Corruption
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 aims to gauge both the reality of, as well as public opinion on, the central issue of corruption. It investigates public opinion on corruption among elected officials, source of corruption, effectiveness of laws and regulations in mitigating corruption, support for campaign finance reforms, etc. The data strongly suggest that people think corruption is rampant despite limited evidence that quid pro quo corruption is anything more than a minor problem. This fundamental attitude has not changed much in the wake of the Citizens United decision. Furthermore, they believe the problem is mostly intractable and that most of the commonly proposed reforms of the campaign finance system will not work. Nevertheless, they still support these reforms. Moving from simple descriptive data to more associational analyses, this chapter also explores the effect of campaign finance laws on campaign spending and then the effect of both on corruption attitudes. The results are not what the Court would have expected.
Introduction
Authors: Krzych Scott
Published: February 2021

Identifying the fact that conservative political media often produces confusion or bewilderment for viewers who encounter it but do not share its ideological assumptions—How could anyone believe this nonsense? is a likely refrain—the Introduction makes clear that incoherence is a constitutive feature of hysterical political discourse. This manner of political discourse seeks to perpetuate a feeling of affective turmoil for its intended audience as a means to deflect attention from more concrete or productive forms of democratic disagreement or exchange. The Introduction likewise argues that hysterical discourse can be understood as an extension of several key terms and concepts taken up in the work of such prominent political theorists as Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Jodi Dean, and Jacques Rancière.
Criminal Asset Forfeiture as a Political Tool?
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D.
Published: February 2021

When do U.S. Attorneys use their powers to seize the assets of criminal defendants? After introducing federal criminal asset forfeiture, the chapter details the close connection between criminal forfeiture and prosecutors’ political motivations by tracing the evolution of forfeiture policy in federal laws and Supreme Court opinions. To examine how presidential and congressional signals affect prosecutors’ decisions in this domain, we analyze criminal forfeitures in 89 federal districts from 1996 to 2013. As was the case with other prosecutorial decisions, our results indicate that criminal forfeiture serves as another important way that U.S. Attorneys respond to political signals from political superiors on the importance of prioritizing the fight of federal crime. We conclude by comparing criminal forfeitures to civil asset forfeitures, suggesting that federal prosecutors and the DOJ have largely replaced controversy-prone civil asset forfeitures with their less controversial cousin.
The Germanic Tradition
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: February 2021

Like the Napoleonic tradition, the Germanic tradition of public administration is based on law. In addition it is based on the ideas of Max Weber about the nature of a proper public bureaucracy, including factors such as the bureaucrat acting according to the law and obeying hierarchical superiors, the presence of files, and some form of accountability. In addition to the legal foundation, several other features stand out concerning the Germanic administrative tradition. One is the acceptance of political connections for the upper echelons of the administrative system. Another important feature is the limited concern with uniformity, given the federal structure of government, even given the common administrative law within the country. Also, the German administrative system has some corporatist elements, involving social actors in government decisions. Like the Napoleonic tradition, the Germanic tradition has also been diffused to countries such as Austria and Switzerland.
The Scandinavian Tradition
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: February 2021

The Scandinavian countries have a distinctive administrative tradition, although there is a good deal of variance among the four countries on some aspects of public administration. Although all democratic countries have some separation between administration and politics, this tends to be more pronounced in the Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden. Second, the administrative systems are closely linked with social actors through corporatist or corporate pluralist systems. This representation of the social interests is one component of an emphasis on participation in the public sector. And finally, public administration in these countries is responsible for delivering a large array of services associated with the welfare state. Despite the emphasis on the welfare state, public administration in these countries has been more open to New Public Management than the administrative systems in continental countries.
The European Union as a Distinctive Tradition?
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: February 2021

The bureaucracy of the European Union, housed within the European Commission, is different from most other bureaucracies. It does very little implementation—that is done by the member states—and focuses on making policies. In addition, this bureaucracy employs individuals from all the member states, and many of those employees are in Brussels for only a short time before returning to their national bureaucracies. The question posed in this chapter is whether the bureaucracy of the European Union has been able to develop an administrative tradition of its own, or whether it is merely an amalgam of the traditions of the member states. Yet another option is that each Directorate General within the Commission has its own distinctive culture, based in part on the policy domain for which it is responsible and the individuals employed.
Other Administrative Traditions
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: February 2021

The four traditions constituting the bulk of this book are from Western Europe. This chapter expands the analysis to look at four other administrative traditions. One is Central and Eastern Europe. Some countries in this region have been heavily influenced by Western European traditions, especially those of the former Hapsburg Empire, but they also display a number of distinctive features. A second tradition is Islamic administration, which has been influenced both by religion and by national cultures. Third, there is Asian public administration, and the question of the importance of the Confucian model is a central question when dealing with this tradition. Finally, there is administration in Latin America, still influenced by its Iberian past but which has been influenced also by the Napoleonic tradition and to a lesser extent by the United States. The same elements of administrative traditions used in reference to Western European countries are applied to these four traditions.
A Good Innings? The Demise of Collectivism in (Mostly) Private Pensions Provision
Authors: Berry Craig
Published: February 2021

In UK private pensions provision, collectivism has not quite gone, but it is in danger of being forgotten. This chapter focuses mainly upon defined benefit occupational pensions in the private sector, albeit in the context of wider collectivist commitments in dominant forms of provision, and indeed acknowledging that the state plays a crucial role as regulator, guarantor, and provider of private, occupational pensions. It reflects on the immense (and underappreciated) differences between defined benefit and defined contribution provision (and flawed attempts at creating hybrid forms of provision), before discussing in depth the political and economic factors behind defined benefit’s demise. It also considers recent efforts to regulate, reform, and rescue collectivist pensions in the private and public sectors—finding the state largely incapable of reducing the defined benefit ‘burden’ without itself instead acquiring the employer’s role as temporal anchor.
Language ideology and policy in a colonial and postcolonial context
Authors: Bassiouney Reem
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses the animosity against Arabic elements in Persian in present-day Iran. I argue that this phenomenon can be seen as a continuation of the modern anti-Arabism that appeared in Iran in the nineteenth century as a direct result of the domination of European culture, rooted in European racial thought and linguistic beliefs and ideologies. The chapter first outlines the historical background of anti-Arabism in Iran. This is followed by a discussion on the controversy around the rise of the Persian language, while also highlighting the significance of this language as an aspect of Iranian national identity. The chapter finally addresses language-related anti-Arabism and focuses on the hostility that can be observed in scientific scholarship.
Causes and consequences
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

In Chapter 10 Schumpeter’s personal role in the bank and industrial group are explained along with the financial consequences of the failures that overshadowed his life until the early 1930s. His participation in the management of the Biedermannbank and in the strategic control of the industrial group are precisely documented and analysed. Finally, it is recorded in detail how he managed to gradually pay off his debts until the early 1930s. Thanks to the support of old friends, clever negotiations with his creditors and a good income as a professor and economic publicist, he succeeded step by step in overcoming the debts that threatened his existence. It was precisely during these years that he worked particularly hard on his money book, which he was unable to complete due to permanent financial worries.
The EU’s engagement with its Member States on human rights
Authors: Wouters Jan
Published: February 2021

The European Union’s (EU’s or Union’s) own Member States are themselves bound, under the Treaties, to respect and promote human rights. However, in recent years, the consensus over human rights has been challenged by what has been called ‘backsliding’ in some Member States. This chapter captures the reciprocal relationship between the EU and its Member States with regard to human rights protection and promotion and surveys how the EU may engage with the Member States to uphold human rights throughout the Union. It examines the channels—legal, political/diplomatic, and others—through which they impact each other in this field. A number of opportunities and challenges are identified, followed by a set of recommendations.
The EU’s engagement with the Council of Europe and the OSCE on human rights
Authors: Jaraczewski Jakub , Jóźwicki Wladyslaw , Kędzia Zdzislaw
Published: February 2021

The chapter outlines the relationship between the European Union (EU) and two other regional organisations active in the field of human rights in Europe: the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Due to the specific nature of these organisations and the history of their interaction with the EU, specific modalities and dynamics have developed in both bilateral engagements, which the chapter attempts at characterising. When it comes to the EU’s engagement with the Council of Europe, the chapter outlines the special status of the European Convention of Human Rights in the EU legal system as well as the EU’s complicated history of and current attempts to accede to the Convention. The chapter also shows political interactions between the two organisations on different, mostly political, fora as well their common endeavours in the field of human rights, especially within the frames of the so-called Joint Programmes. Regarding the relationship between the EU and the OSCE, the chapter explores the modalities of the EU’s presence within the OSCE and the impact of the OSCE’s unique traits, such as its lack of legal personality and the requirement of unanimous agreement in all decision-making processes. Challenges and opportunities within both engagements are presented with a view towards highlighting the actions the EU could undertake in order to improve cooperation and strengthen its impact in the field, leading to better protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.
The human rights encounter between the EU and its Southern Mediterranean Partners
Authors: Gunn T Jeremy , Lagresa Alvaro
Published: February 2021

In 2004, the European Commission adopted its ‘European Neighbourhood Policy’ (ENP) to guide relations with the states on its periphery, including its ten ‘Southern Partners’ (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria (suspended in 2011), and Tunisia). The ENP promoted the Southern Partners as a ‘ring of friends’, each of which would develop bilateral relations with the EU under the common ENP framework. The ENP and the bilateral Euromed Association Agreements (EMAAs) emphasise the linkage of democracy, human rights, rule of law, trade, economic development, and security relations. Historical European interference in the region, however, in particular the colonial rule of several European countries, has left an enduring taint of hypocrisy and double standards. As of today, none of the ten states, with the arguable and qualified exception of Israel, has developed a representative democracy. Respect for human rights and the rule of law remains a challenge in the region. At the same time, the EU frequently prioritises its ‘hard interests’ in trade and security over its ‘soft values’ of promoting human rights. It is recommended that the EU adhere to its official policies rather than employ mere human rights rhetoric, and to require its Southern Partners to effectively implement their EMAAs (presumably through the ‘essential-elements clauses’). The EU is capable of using its vast and disproportionate economic influence to implement its ‘more for more’ policy: the more the Southern Partners comply with the EMAAs, the better will be economic relations with the EU.
EU trade policy and human rights
Authors: Hachez Nicolas , Marx Axel
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the various ways in which European Union trade policy is used to leverage human rights, with a specific focus on the use of conditionality in bilateral and unilateral trade instruments. Bilateral instruments studied are the human rights clauses and ‘trade and sustainable development’ chapters in free trade agreements, as well as the provisions relating to foreign direct investment. Unilateral instruments studied are the various versions of Generalised Scheme of Preferences. For each of these instruments, the chapter presents the current state of play, discusses key challenges to effectively promote human rights, and reflects on opportunities for reform. This chapter then formulates recommendations, insisting on the need for more precise and more ambitious commitments, a more systematic and inclusive approach towards monitoring and enforcement; and a more targeted sanctioning system.
Human rights in the EU’s common security and defence policy
Authors: Carrasco Carmen Márquez
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the European Union’s (EU´s) Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and discusses how the EU’s commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights and support to democracy and rule of law are included in this foreign policy area. It begins with an analysis of the origins, evolution, and structures of CSDP. It then considers the legal and policy framework on the protection and respect for human rights in CSDP missions and operations, and continues by identifying and discussing the opportunities and challenges at the conceptual, legal, and operational levels, and in the ambit of policy discourse, that the integration of human rights into crises management operations raises. The chapter provides some recommendations to improve the EU approach to human rights issues when establishing and deploying its crisis management missions and operations. It concludes by asserting that if the EU does not live up to its own proclaimed standards of human rights protection, it would not only jeopardise the success of its missions and operations but, it would also weaken its credibility as an international security actor, capable of losing its international legitimacy in the long run.
The EU’s (strategic) use of human rights tools and instruments
Authors: Nowak Manfred , Podstawa Karolina
Published: February 2021

The European Union (EU) disposes of a comprehensive toolbox of instruments allowing it to implement its human rights commitments in internal and external policies. And yet, in this contentious policy setting, the use of human and fundamental rights tools gives rise to criticism ranging from allegations of double standards to its lack of effectiveness and the sham commitment to the use of these tools. The question arises as to the design of the overall architecture for the use of these tools, and whether their use collectively brings the EU closer to its goal of promoting and protecting human rights worldwide. This chapter attempts to uncover the existing practices, and challenges the strategic and organised manner of the pursuit of EU human and fundamental rights objectives within the limits of the existing toolbox and with the due exploitation of opportunities it offers. To this end, we will present a comprehensive oversight and typology of the human rights-related tools but also challenge their use. Finally, the contribution engages in the discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the toolbox, in particular in the context of their implementation, coherence, and effectiveness. The chapter draws from the broad range of experiences of the EU and Member States’ internal and external policies. In particular, it focuses on the 2015–19 rule of law crisis, the implementation of human rights strategies, and action plans in a variety of settings, and the gradual changes in the external trade-human rights nexus.
Introduction
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

As a verbal descriptor, theoretical concept, and natural unit of biological organization, “habitat” has a long history in ecology. Use of the term dates back over 250 years to Linnaeus. However, the modern concept of habitat was slow to emerge. Starting in the early twentieth century, it became relatively common to use “habitat” as a descriptor for the vegetation and other environmental conditions where a species is found. Eventually, habitat came to be defined in a more multi-faceted way as the physical structure of the place where a species exists as well as the resources provided at the location. More so than any other ecologists, Joseph Grinnell and Victor Shelford are to be given the most credit in bringing about our modern concept and definition of habitat. In the 1920s, Georgy Gause conducted what was probably the first quantitative study of habitat; he examined the habitat associations of 15 grasshopper species. In the 1930s, through the writings of Aldo Leopold, wildlife ecology emerged as an academic discipline distinct from ecology. In studying habitat, wildlife ecologists were also attempting to determine the habitat requirements of a species. This was another important step forward; recognition that daily survival of individuals and maintenance of the population and species came about to the extent that necessary habitat conditions and resources were met. Although there is currently some debate about the exact definition of habitat and related terms, the modern concept of habitat is widely accepted.
Introduction
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: February 2021

Chapter 1 (Introduction) explains the basic concepts and supplies the background information for the study of the Assyrian empire and of empires at large. The chapter briefly discusses the concepts of empires and imperialism, provides some background to the study of empires, and defines the study area. This is followed by a discussion of the Assyrian empire, its development, structure, and policies, the way the empire administered and controlled its territories, both the provinces and the client kingdoms, and more specifically its control over the southwest. The chapter also briefly reviews the sources of information for the study, and provides a road map for the book.
Before the Empire
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: February 2021

Chapter 2 (‘Before the Empire: the Southern Levant in the Eighth Century bce’) lays the foundation for the research. In order to understand the impact of Assyrian imperial domination, one must reconstruct the reality on the ground before the arrival of the empire, and the chapter therefore describes the flourishing settlement of the mid-eighth century bce, its distribution across the landscape, and the economic significance of the various regions. The information is presented geographically, outlining the situation in each of the kingdoms, and in many cases in each of the subregions within them, providing a detailed snapshot of the demography and economy of the region before the Assyrian armies arrived on the horizon.
Assyrians in the Southwest?
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: February 2021

Chapter 6 (‘Assyrians in the Southwest? The Evidence for Assyrian Administration and Presence’) reviews the relevant evidence for the actual presence of Assyrian administration or individuals in the region, for example in the form of Assyrian administrative documents, Assyrian buildings, and more. Once identified, the nature of the evidence and their distribution is assessed in order to learn how much administration was involved in the running of the Southern Levant, and where this administration operated. The evidence shows that administration was very limited, and that the limited data comes mostly from small subregions on the fringes of the devastated provinces. The marginality of the region is also indicated by the lack of, as of yet, of any evidence for the renaming of sites in the local provinces.
The Empire in the Southwest
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: February 2021

In light of the information provided in the previous chapters, Chapter 7 (‘The Empire in the Southwest: Reconstructing Assyrian Activity in the Provinces’) examines the way the empire operated in the southwestern provinces, including the activity of the local governors, the deportation of some of the population, and the settling of foreign deportees. The evidence shows that indications for Assyrian administration are lacking from most of the provinces’ areas, and that they were not of much significance for the imperial authorities, which concentrated their efforts on the frontiers facing the flourishing clients. It is only in these regions that we find evidence for significant imperial activity. Combining the archaeological and textual evidence also shed light on the status of Dor, which appears to have been managed by Tyre, and indicate that parts in the coastal plain (including the anchorages) were administered by the clients.
Local Responses to the Empire
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: February 2021

Chapter 8 (‘Local Responses to the Empire: From Armed Resistance to Integration’) focuses on the local responses in the southwest to the Assyrian imperial rule. Such studies are somewhat rare regarding the Assyrian empire, but the present case study has a number of advantages, and in addition to the large archaeological database available, we have a unique textual source, reflecting the voice of (some of) the conquered, i.e. the Hebrew Bible. Notably, in most imperial settings, texts, if they exist at all, represent the imperial view, but the Hebrew Bible, as complex as it is as a historical source, provides insights into some local views of imperial rule. The evidence allows us to reconstruct the local responses to Assyrian rule in different political units, and by various groups within these units, from armed resistance, through more subtle forms of resistance, to cooperation, collaboration, and even integration. The evidence reveals, once again, profound differences between the provinces and the clients, as well as between the different clients.
Southeast Asia
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: February 2021

Migration governance in Southeast Asia is shown to be strongly influenced by representations of its temporariness, which shape responses to labour migration and to forced displacement. The idea that migrant workers are temporary and that forcibly displaced people require temporary protection in the region and resettlement outside it has become embedded within repertoires of migration governance in Southeast Asia that shape what governing actors know how to do and also what they think they should be doing. The chapter focuses on ASEAN as a key regional grouping but one that has significant constraints on its ability to act on migration issues and on the Bali Process, which is a more informal regional consultation process and brings Australian influence into the Southeast Asian region.
De jure and de facto Openness in South America
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: February 2021

Resurgent regionalism since the 2000s in South America brought with it a notably progressive approach to migration at both national and regional level. The emergence and effects of this approach are assessed and also related to wider concerns about governability insofar as they affect responses to migration, but also how they relate more broadly to the operation and effects of political systems in South America. Particular attention is paid to the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and its development of a Residence Agreement that provides rights and protections for citizens of member states and more generally of a regional response that consciously opposed itself to US regional hegemony and to the EU as a template for regional migration governance.
North America
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: February 2021

While there is no formalized regional migration governance in North America and little prospect of it developing, there are powerful regionalized effects linked to US hegemony and the interest of US capital. Understandings and representations of migration in the US governance system have had powerful regional effects and shaped responses in both Canada and Mexico. An increased focus on the deterrence that existed prior to the 9/11 terror attacks of 2001 has shaped regionalized responses. The election of Donald Trump as president in 2016 brought nativist and racist rhetoric to US immigration policy and to relations with its neighbours, but ramped up provisions that, unwilling as he was to admit it, were already well established.
Conclusions
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: February 2021

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. It specifies the value of migration governance repertoires as a way to look inside the ‘black box’ of migration governance and to know more about how know-how and expectations about role held by key actors play a powerful role in the outputs and outcomes that emerge from these systems. It is shown that regions play a key role in mediating the relationship between the global and national level. More than this it, is argued that regions play an important role in shaping the ways in which global norms and standards are understood and interpreted. This means that it is not simply a question of adaptation to global standards but, in contrast, how global norms and standards are rendered meaningful at regional and national levels. The chapter also shows how understandings of what is ‘normal’ about migration—of its causes and effects—are the backdrop against which intermittent crises are interpreted.
Introduction
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis
Published: February 2021

This chapter sets up the methodological and theoretical parameters. Agamben’s homo sacer and ‘State of Exception’ are keys for interpreting Latin love elegy’s links to the juridical order. This theoretical background is closely linked to the age of Augustus. The chapter offers definitions of the key concepts of amor, a word related both to extrajuridical desire and to the juridical discourse of sexuality (cf. Foucault), and lex, which can mean both ‘law’ and ‘rule’. The technical and non-technical uses of lex bleed into one another in ways that Ovid will exploit in his poetry to document the interdependence of legal authority and poetic justice. The chapter gives an overview of current scholarship on law in Ovid and further explains its contribution to the interdisciplinary field of law and literature.
Logic and its possibilities
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: February 2021

This chapter presents an account of logic that accommodates the target theological contradictions.
Building Inclusive States
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Robinson James A.
Published: February 2021

Fragility arises when states are ineffective and when they are also illegitimate and unaccountable. These features are interconnected. People don’t want to cooperate with, or cede resources to, a state they cannot influence. We present a simple framework where the key to exiting fragility is a balance between the state and society. The state needs to develop more capacity, but to do this society needs to develop the ability to discipline and control it. We emphasize the existence of this type of “virtuous circle”—a phenomenon we call the “Red Queen effect.” We argue that the way of thinking about state-building is in terms of both widening the corridor in which the Red Queen effect operates and devising strategies to get into the corridor. We show how the framework helps account for the diminishing fragility of the state in post-apartheid South Africa, Somaliland, Sierra Leone, and Colombia.
Transition Programs
Authors: Collier Paul
Published: February 2021

Many of the countries that are now among the poorest are stuck in a syndrome of fragility. Social, political, and economic characteristics interact in a dysfunctional, but locally stable, equilibrium. The transition from this trap requires highly distinctive International Financial Institution (IFI) policies. For much of the time, since the society is trapped by its own internal pressures, no IFI action can ignite transformation. But fragility periodically triggers potential change and during these “pivotal moments” IFI help can be decisive. However, because the situation is highly constrained, normal programs are liable to be ineffective. The path out of fragility must be set by the government and kept sufficiently simple that success gradually cumulates from seemingly modest early steps. The sinews of state effectiveness can be built, but the process of building them is analogous to erecting scaffolding: it cannot be understood by studying states that have long been in a well-functioning equilibrium.
Exports, Exchange Regimes, and Fragility
Authors: Elbadawi Ibrahim , Soto Raimundo , Martínez Isaac Z.
Published: February 2021

Economic growth is significantly slower in fragile environments and twice as volatile as in other emerging economies. Backwardness also shows in exports, which have remained stagnant and non-diversified since the 1980s. We revisit the role of exchange regimes in fostering exports and economic growth and, thereby, in reducing political fragility. We use a DSGE model tailored to replicate key features of fragile economies: presence of frictions in market adjustment and learning, influence of external shocks, and the crucial role of governments in providing public investment and delivering social transfers to the population. Our DSGE model allows us to track the response of variables associated with fragility to shocks that are likely to be important in fragile economies. The simulations we perform below illustrate the types of general-equilibrium interactions that may complicate the analysis of the effects of shocks that typically affect fragile economies on endogenous variables that may influence fragility.
Vector Control, Optimal Control, and Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics
Authors: Bonsall Michael B.
Published: February 2021

Understanding methods of vector control is essential to vector-borne disease (VBD) management. Vaccines or standard medical interventions for many VDBs do not exist or are poorly developed so disease control is focused on managing vector numbers and dynamics. This involves understanding not only the population dynamics but also the population genetics of vectors. Using mosquitoes as a case study, in this chapter, the modern genetics-based methods of vector control (self-limiting, self-sustaining) on mosquito population and disease suppression will be reviewed. These genetics-based methods highlight the importance of understanding the interplay between genetics and ecology to develop optimal, cost-effective solutions for control. The chapter focuses on how these genetics-based methods can be integrated with other interventions, and concludes with a summary of regulatory and policy perspectives about the use of these approaches in the management of VBDs.
International Commerce in the Wake of Empire
Authors: Dungy Madeleine
Published: February 2021

This chapter reveals how imperial conceptions of regional economic integration lived on in the League of Nations even as the Habsburg successor states, including the Austrian Republic, embraced a national approach to administration. It focuses on an influential Austrian bureaucrat, Richard Riedl, who saw an ethnic German commercial elite as the key unifying force in Central and Eastern Europe. He promoted this vision from the upper echelons of the late-imperial Austrian state and then as an independent expert based in the Vienna Chamber of Commerce in the 1920s. He used the League of Nations to devise an innovative code of trans-border commercial rights that proposed to curtail government authority over international trade networks. The Austrian government ultimately rejected Riedl’s formula, affirming its national regulatory prerogatives. Riedl’s story shows how the League’s sprawling ‘multiverse’ complicated post-imperial state-building by opening direct policy-making channels to business leaders.
Reappraising the Tax Gap
Authors: Murphy Richard
Published: February 2021

The tax gap has been described as the amount of tax jurisdictions do not collect, caused by the tax system not being appropriately complied with—in the manner intended by the tax authority—given the current tax laws in operation. That description does, however, ignore the fact that substantial parts of their potential tax revenues are not collected by all governments as a result of their decisions not to tax some tax bases, or because of granted tax allowances, reliefs and exemptions, many of which in turn provide opportunities for tax abuse. This chapter considers the implications of reframing the tax gap to include these tax losses that arise as a result of government policy and suggests the changes in perception, including in macro-economic as well as micro-economic thinking, that might result if this were done. For this, the use of tax spillover analysis is recommended.
Game Theory and the Law
Authors: Ahlert Marlies
Published: February 2021

Classical game theory analyses strategic interactions under extreme idealisations. It assumes cognitively unconstrained players with common knowledge concerning game forms, preferences, and rationality. Such ideal theory is highly relevant for human self-understanding as a rational being or what Selten called ‘rationology’. Yet, ideal theory is highly irrelevant for real actors who are in Selten’s sense boundedly rational. Starting from essential features of real bargaining problems, elements of Selten’s ‘micro-psychological’ and Raiffa’s ‘telescopic’ behavioural bargaining theory are introduced. From this, an outline of a workable rationality approach to bargaining emerges. It suggests relying on telescopic elements from Raiffa’s model to provide general outcome orientation and on insights from Selten’s aspiration adaptation model of individual decision making to develop process-sensitive action advice. A bird’s eye view of a prominent recent case of ‘bargaining in the shadow of the courts’ shows a surprisingly good fit of outcomes with the implications of Raiffa’s telescopic approach while remaining compatible with a Seltenian process. Though due to a lack of specific information because the micro-foundations for the telescopic theory cannot be provided, it is at least clear how further case studies and experiments might be put to work here.
The Wonder of Rational Christianity
Authors: Murphy Gretchen
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines Sally Sayward Wood’s 1800 novel Julia and the Illuminated Baron in the context of the Bavarian Illuminati crisis, arguing that Wood engaged this conflict in order to address concerns about secularity in the early republic. These concerns stemmed from several developments: the rising liberal conception of rational Christianity, the New England Federalist conception of established religion as an efficient means of promoting morality in a republic, and the fragilization of faith that Charles Taylor has associated with religious pluralism. The chapter argues that Wood’s use of gothic form sought to stave off feared secularization by combining an aesthetic sense of religious wonder with Enlightened rationalism. The chapter interprets this blend as a postsecular expression of intertwined modernity and Protestantism that was essential to Wood’s Federalist conception of religion in a republic. The chapter also considers the theological and political influence of Wood’s father Nathanial Barrell’s Sandemanisnism on Wood’s conception of rational Christianity.
Suspending Unbelief
Authors: Murphy Gretchen
Published: February 2021

This chapter interprets Catharine Maria Sedgwick’s novel Redwood as her response to a challenge posed by William Ellery Channing: to add an accession of feeling to overly-cool Unitarianism. Redwood responds to Channing’s challenge and to the period’s larger orthodox backlash against Unitarianism by reconciling liberalism with the conviction of belief, a balance that Sedgwick presents as essential for national cohesion in a post-revolutionary context. The novel portrays this post-revolutionary context as threatened by various forms of radicalism (slave revolts, class resentment, Shaker enthusiasm) that the novel links to memories of the French Revolution. It offers sentimental Protestant Christianity, characterized by a balance of zealous belief and broadminded tolerance, as the solution, albeit one that is expressly intolerant to non-Christians and unbelievers. The chapter draws on correspondence, sermons, and religious print culture to explain these theological and political problems and imagined solutions in Sedgwick’s novel.