Localization of actinide-bearing particles in sediment samples from the Fukushima restriction zone
Authors: Diacre Aurélie , Fichet Pascal , Sardini Paul , Donnard Jérôme , Fauré Anne-Laure , Marie Olivier , Shozugawa Katsumi , Susset Michael , Hori Mayumi , Pointurier Fabien , Evrard Olivier 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;The Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident that occurred in March 2011 released significant quantities of radionuclides into the environment. Ten years after the accident, questions still remain, particularly about the processes that led to the partial core meltdown of reactors 1 and 3. So far, some answers have been provided by the investigation of particles containing caesium (Martin et al., 2020) and sometimes uranium (Ochiai et al., 2018). Indeed, the composition of particles, which were produced and spread at the time of the reactor explosion, reflect the conditions that prevailed in the reactor. Accordingly, the objective of the current research is to develop a method for specifically locating actinide-bearing particles in sediment samples collected in the vicinity of FDNPP. To identify and locate such particles, three already existing methods have been upgraded, including 1) the method of fission tracks already used in the field of non-proliferation studies, 2) the autoradiography through the use of imaging plates that are currently employed in the context of the localization of particles containing radio-caesium and the dismantling of nuclear facilities (Haudebourg and Fichet, 2016), and 3) a real time autoradiography method through the use of the BeaQuant&amp;#174; instrument which has been developed for detecting radioactive particles in biology and geosciences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, a sediment sample collected nearby FDNPP, which may contain particles containing both radio-caesium and actinides, was selected. This sample was dried and sieved to 63 &amp;#181;m before being processed according to the different analysis protocols. &amp;#160;A quality control sample containing only uranium oxide particles was also analysed, as these particles are devoid of gamma-emitters.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first results of this comparison of autoradiography methods for the detection of actinide-bearing particles in Fukushima samples will be presented. The method of fission tracks was particularly efficient for detecting both natural and anthropogenic uranium.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The next steps of this study will be to implement this method identified as optimal to isolate and characterise a larger number of particles released by FDNPP. The full characterization of these particles (size, morphology, elemental and isotopic compositions) will provide novel insights to determine their origin and to improve our understanding of their formation processes within the reactors and anticipate their fate in the environment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Haudebourg, R., Fichet, P., 2016. A non-destructive and on-site digital autoradiography-based tool to identify contaminating radionuclide in nuclear wastes and facilities to be dismantled. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 309, 551&amp;#8211;561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4610-7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Martin, P.G., Jones, C.P., Cipiccia, S., Batey, D.J., Hallam, K.R., Satou, Y., Griffiths, I., Rau, C., Richards, D.A., Sueki, K., Ishii, T., Scott, T.B., 2020. Compositional and structural analysis of Fukushima-derived particulates using high-resolution x-ray imaging and synchrotron characterisation techniques. Sci. Rep. 10, 1636. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58545-y&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ochiai, A., Imoto, J., Suetake, M., Komiya, T., Furuki, G., Ikehara, R., Yamasaki, S., Law, G.T.W., Ohnuki, T., Grambow, B., Ewing, R.C., Utsunomiya, S., 2018. Uranium Dioxides and Debris Fragments Released to the Environment with Cesium-Rich Microparticles from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 2586&amp;#8211;2594. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06309&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;