bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence‐based Danish guidelines for screening of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Grauslund Jakob , Andersen Nis , Andresen Jens , Flesner Per , Haamann Per , Heegaard Steffen , Larsen Michael , Laugesen Caroline Schmidt , Schielke Katja , Skov Jesper , Bek Toke
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among the leading causes of visual loss in the working‐age population. It is generally accepted that screening of DR is cost‐effective and can detect DR before it becomes sight‐threatening to allow timely treatment.

Methods

A group of retinal specialists was formed by the Danish Ophthalmological Society with the aim to formulate contemporary evidence‐based guidelines for screening of DR in order to implement these in the Danish screening system.

Results

We hereby present evidence for DR‐screening regarding (1) classification of DR, (2) examination techniques, (3) screening intervals and (4) automated screening. It is our recommendation that the International Clinical Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale should be used to classify DR. As a minimum, mydriatic two‐field disc‐ and macular‐centred images are required. In the case of suspected clinically significant diabetic macular oedema, supplementary optical coherence tomography can increase the diagnostic accuracy. There is solid evidence to support a flexible, individualized screening regimen. In particular, it is possible to prolong screening intervals to 24–48 months for patients with no or mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but it is also possible to use extended intervals of 12–24 months for patients with moderate NPDR given that these are well‐regulated regarding glycaemic control (HbA1c ≤ 53 mmol/mol) and blood pressure (≤130/80 mmHg). Automated screening of DR is encouraging but is not ready for implementation at present.

Conclusion

Danish evidenced‐based guidelines for screening of DR support high‐quality imaging and allow flexible, individualized screening intervals with a potential for extension to patients with low risk of DR progression.
Designing humans: A human rights approach
Authors: Liao S. Matthew
Published: October 2018

Advances in genomic technologies such as CRISPR‐Cas9, mitochondrial replacement techniques, and in vitro gametogenesis may soon give us more precise and efficient tools to have children with certain traits such as beauty, intelligence, and athleticism. In this paper, I propose a new approach to the ethics of reproductive genetic engineering, a human rights approach. This approach relies on two claims that have certain, independent plausibility: (a) human beings have equal moral status, and (b) human beings have human rights to the fundamental conditions for pursuing a good life. I first argue that the human rights approach gives us a lower bound of when reproductive genetic engineering would be permissible. I then compare this approach with other approaches such as the libertarian, perfectionist, and life worth living approaches. Against these approaches, I argue that the human rights approach offers a novel, and more plausible, way of assessing the ethics of reproductive genetic engineering.
Electroencephalographic evidence for improved visual working memory performance during standing and exercise
Authors: Dodwell Gordon , Müller Hermann J. , Töllner Thomas
Published: October 2018

While a substantial body of research has investigated the effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance, few have monitored exercise‐concurrent cognitive processes via electroencephalography and fewer still using an event‐related potential (ERP) approach. As such, little is known regarding how the temporal dynamics of cognitive processing are influenced during aerobic activity. Here, we aimed to elucidate the influence of aerobic exercise on the temporal dynamics of concurrent visual working memory (VWM) performance. Participants performed a VWM retro‐cue task at rest and during aerobic exercise across two postural modalities: seated (using a stationary bicycle) and standing upright (using a treadmill). Three consecutive phases of the VWM processing pipeline were assessed by means of lateralized ERPs: access of VWM representations, response selection, and response execution. Aerobic exercise and upright posture were found to have significant effects on VWM performance, facilitating processing speed in the retro‐cue task. This facilitation arose primarily at an intermediary stage between the phases of accessing VWM representations and response selection. Our findings hold implications not only for understanding the influence of aerobic activity on VWM, but also for contemporary models of VWM that are built exclusively on data recorded during stationary, seated conditions.
The triple‐filter bubble: Using agent‐based modelling to test a meta‐theoretical framework for the emergence of filter bubbles and echo chambers
Authors: Geschke Daniel , Lorenz Jan , Holtz Peter
Published: October 2018

Filter bubbles and echo chambers have both been linked recently by commentators to rapid societal changes such as Brexit and the polarization of the US American society in the course of Donald Trump's election campaign. We hypothesize that information filtering processes take place on the individual, the social, and the technological levels (triple‐filter‐bubble framework). We constructed an agent‐based modelling (ABM) and analysed twelve different information filtering scenarios to answer the question under which circumstances social media and recommender algorithms contribute to fragmentation of modern society into distinct echo chambers. Simulations show that, even without any social or technological filters, echo chambers emerge as a consequence of cognitive mechanisms, such as confirmation bias, under conditions of central information propagation through channels reaching a large part of the population. When social and technological filtering mechanisms are added to the model, polarization of society into even more distinct and less interconnected echo chambers is observed. Merits and limits of the theoretical framework, and more generally of studying complex social phenomena using ABM, are discussed. Directions for future research such as ways of comparing our simulations with actual empirical data and possible measures against societal fragmentation on the three different levels are suggested.
Targeting the extracellular matrix for delivery of bioactive molecules to sites of arthritis
Authors: Schultz Christopher
Published: October 2018

Modifications to the extracellular matrix (ECM) can be either causal or consequential of disease processes including arthritis and cancer. In arthritis, the cartilage ECM is adversely affected by the aberrant behaviours of inflammatory cells, synoviocytes and chondrocytes, which secrete a plethora of cytokines and degradative proteases. In cancer, the ECM and stromal cells are linked to disease severity, and metalloproteinases are implicated in metastasis. There have been some successes in the field of targeted therapies, but efficacy depends upon the type and stage of disease. ECM targets are becoming increasingly attractive for drug delivery, owing to changes in ECM structure and composition in the diseased state, and the long in vivo half‐life of its components. This review will highlight various strategies for targeting therapeutics to arthritic joints, including antibody and peptide‐mediated drug delivery platforms to aid delivery to the ECM and retention at disease sites.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc
Integrated profiling identifies caveolae‐associated protein 1 as a prognostic biomarker of malignancy in glioblastoma patients
Authors: Guo Qing , Guan Ge‐Fei , Cheng Wen , Zou Cun‐Yi , Zhu Chen , Cheng Peng , Wu An‐Hua
Published: October 2018

Aims

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal disease of the central nervous system with high mortality, and novel therapeutic targets and strategies for GBM are urgently needed. Caveolae‐associated protein 1 (CAVIN1) is an essential caveolar component‐encoding gene and has been poorly studied in glioma. To this end, in this study, we evaluated CAVIN1 expression in glioma tissue as well as the correlation between CAVIN1 expression and prognosis in glioma patients using the data collected from clinical samples or from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), Rembrandt, and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets.

Methods

Survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan‐Meier curve and log‐rank test. The predictive role of CAVIN1 in progressive malignancy in glioma was evaluated by using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Gene ontology (GO), Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) methods were used to interpret the functions of CAVIN1 in GBM.

Results

CAVIN1 expression was elevated in GBM compared with that in low‐grade glioma and nontumor brain samples and was correlated with unfavorable outcomes in glioma patients. Additionally, CAVIN1 could serve as an independent predictive factor for progressive malignancy in GBM. Furthermore, CAVIN1 was associated with disrupted angiogenesis and immune response in the tumor microenvironment of GBM.

Conclusions

We identified CAVIN1 as a prognostic biomarker and potential target for developing novel therapeutic strategies against GBM.
Acquired perforating calcific collagenosis in a drug addict with rhabdomyolysis and transient hypercalcemia
Authors: Wang Fang‐Ying , Ng Chau Y. , Wu Jennifer , Kuo Kang‐Ling , Chang Yao‐Yu , Kuo Tseng‐tong
Published: October 2018

Acquired perforating calcific collagenosis (APCC), which is characterized by the calcification of dermal collagen fibers with subsequent transepidermal elimination and perforation, is an extremely rare entity. Thus far, it has only been reported in a patient with direct contact exposure to calcium chloride. Here, we report a unique case of APCC occurring in a drug addict admitted for rhabdomyolysis. The present case is a 20‐year‐old male patient hospitalized for drug‐related rhabdomyolysis and multiple organ damage. During hospitalization, he gradually developed unusual skin rashes. There were multiple confluent umbilicated and keratotic erythematous to brownish papules and plaques with scratch‐like linear plaques on his lower abdomen, inguinal areas and gluteal sulci. Also, multiple well‐demarcated flesh‐colored rough, hard and thin plaques with a “crepe paper”‐like texture were found on the bilateral popliteal fossae, olecranon fossae and axillae. The histopathology of two biopsied lesions demonstrated acquired perforating calcific collagenosis. The lesions appeared during the rhabdomyolysis‐related hypercalcemia phase and resolved spontaneously after the calcium level returned to normal. This is the first reported case of disseminated APCC occurring during transient hypercalcemia due to rhabdomyolysis.
FACTOR AUGMENTATION, FACTOR ELIMINATION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Seater John , Yenokyan Karine
Published: October 2018

Economic growth theory distinguishes between reproducible and nonreproducible factors of production. In traditional growth models based on factor‐augmenting technical change, perpetual economic growth requires that each essential nonreproducible factor, such as labor, be augmented by a reproducible factor, such as human capital. Recent models of factor‐eliminating technical change deliver perpetual growth by eliminating the nonreproducible factors. Heretofore, the literature has kept factor augmentation and factor elimination separate. We analyze a model with both. The model generalizes the traditional factor augmentation approach by relaxing the usual restriction that factor elimination is absent. We obtain the striking result that factor‐augmenting technical change is a misspecification when factor‐eliminating technical change is present. The result raises several questions about technical change and endogenous growth. (JEL O41, O31, O33)
Entrepreneurship in Higher Education: The impact of competition‐based policy programmes exemplified by the German Excellence Initiative
Authors: Lehmann Erik E. , Stockinger Sarah A. E.
Published: October 2018

Competition‐based policy programmes are an external steering mechanism to create beneficial outcomes for societies that are entering the Continental European Higher Education landscape. The Excellence Initiative in Germany aimed to enhance research quality, international visibility and support peak performing universities. We want to study if there was a side effect of the Initiative on academic entrepreneurial activity and if so, whether or not it was a system‐wide and/or a winners effect. We measure entrepreneurial activity by the patenting activity and industry collaboration of a university. The analysis is based on 73 German universities observed from 2004 to 2011. Employing a difference‐in‐differences estimation, we find that the Initiative created an advantage for the whole of Germany while being an Excellence University does not have an impact on academic entrepreneurship with regards to patenting activity. However, we find a Matthew effect concerning rewards in industry collaboration. We conclude that the Initiative had positive side effects for the system and partly also for the winners of the competition.
Roller coaster: Distinctive prosodic cuing of turns preempting rejection resistance
Authors: Nielsen Mie Femø , Morris David Jackson
Published: October 2018

This paper explores the linkage between intonation nested in conversation turns where the speaker is introducing something delicate (e.g., presenting information liable to provoke distancing) or pre‐empting resistance to their proposal when there is a strong risk of rejection. These movements, which appear prosodically marked, deviate not only from the local context of the conversation, but from the conversation as a whole. A speech acoustic analysis of three examples of prosodic signalling within these turns suggests that speakers employ a distinct design and delivery which includes a high terminal peak in the intonation contour. We interpret this signalling to represent responsive and resistant local social actions in a rejection implicative sequential environment. Finally, they show evidence of being pre‐planned and important to the speaker.
Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Migration on Union Dissolution
Authors: Davis Jason , Jennings Elyse A.
Published: October 2018

This investigation uses data from Nicaragua to evaluate the temporal and geographic influences of migration on union dissolution. We investigate the impact of three migration types: internal (within Nicaragua), South‐South international (to Costa Rica), and South‐North international (to the United States). We perform event history analyses using data from the Latin American Migration Project (LAMP) to test whether longer migrations (time) and migration to international and more distant locations (place), and the combination of these two factors, is associated with increased rate of union dissolution among return migrants. Results suggest that total migration duration and internal migration (relative to non‐migration) are associated with an increased rate of union dissolution. Moreover, a longer duration of migration to any one of the three destinations increases this rate. In order to understand the familial risks associated with migration, then, we must consider both the time and place associated with the migration event.
Synthesis and characterization of (Pr, Ce)‐ZrSiO4 ceramic pigments: The properties of the pigments and the effect of Ce
Authors: Guo Dazhi , Xie Minggui , Ma Ning , Yang Qing , Luo Zhikun , Chu Yanhui , Zhang Yi , Rao Pinggen
Published: October 2018

A series of (Pr, Ce)‐ZrSiO4 ceramic pigments were synthesized and characterized using XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, XRF, colorimeter, and a UV‐VIS‐NIR spectrometer. The prepared pigments were mainly composed of the zircon phase and were well crystallized. Only a specific amount of Pr was incorporated into the ZrSiO4 lattice. Compared with Pr, Ce was almost completely incorporated into the ZrSiO4 lattice and was homogeneously distributed within the pigment particles. The dopant Ce reduced the amount of Pr dissolved in the ZrSiO4 lattice and thus caused the b* values of the samples to decrease slightly. Meanwhile, the presence of Ce induced an apparent increase in red tone in the samples. The enhanced red tone resulted primarily from an increase in the absorption of light with wavelengths between 500 and 565 nm. High‐temperature stability analysis demonstrated that it is feasible to improve the tone of Pr‐ZrSiO4 pigment by doping with Ce.
Metabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular risk in a population with prediabetes: A prospective study in a cohort of Chinese adults
Authors: Chen Zekai , Wu Shouling , Huang Jianhuan , Yuan Jinhuan , Chen Haojia , Chen Youren
Published: October 2018

Aims/Introduction

The prevalence of prediabetes has become a global epidemic, and prediabetes is often accompanied with metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the association between MS and cardiovascular (CV) risk among individuals with prediabetes in China remains unknown. The present study aimed to identify the relationship of MS with CV risk in Chinese adults with prediabetes.

Materials and Methods

Altogether, 19,464 participants with prediabetes were enrolled at baseline and were followed up prospectively. Prediabetes is defined as a fasting plasma glucose level between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L, and with neither a history of diabetes nor current use of hypoglycemic drugs. Participants were classified on the basis of the presence of MS, according to the definition of the International Diabetes Federation. Main outcomes include major CV events. Incidence rates were expressed in cumulative incidence and person‐years incidence. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate the risk of major CV events.

Results

At baseline, the mean age was 51.9 ± 11.4 years, and 85.6% (n = 16,663) were men. During a median follow‐up period of 10.0 years, a total of 1,169 major CV events occurred, including 921 strokes and 273 cases of myocardial infarction. The cumulative incidences were 9.0% (8.1–10.0%), 6.8% (6.0–7.6%) and 2.5% (2.0–3.0%) for total CV events, strokes and myocardial infarction. Regardless of the risk of total CV events, or the risk of stroke or myocardial infarction, the number of prediabetes individuals with MS was higher than those without, and the hazard ratio was 1.50 (95% confidence interval 1.31–1.73), 1.42 (95% confidence interval 1.21–1.67), 1.78 (95% confidence interval 1.34–2.36), respectively.

Conclusions

Among the Chinese population with prediabetes, the risk for major CV events was significantly higher in those with MS than those without.
Encapsulation of structured lipids containing medium‐ and long chain fatty acids by complex coacervation of gelatin and gum arabic
Authors: Yüksel Alev , Şahin‐Yeşilçubuk Neşe
Published: October 2018

In this research, structured lipids (SLs) containing 78% of long‐chain fatty acids (FAs) at sn‐2 position and medium chain FAs at sn‐1,3 positions were encapsulated by complex coacervation method using gelatin and gum Arabic as wall materials in order to obtain protein–carbohydrate complexes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of experimental parameters such as wall material concentration (1–2%), core : wall ratio (1:1 and 2:1) and homogenization rate (7,400, 10,000, and 15,000 rpm) on encapsulation process of the SL. The highest microencapsulation efficiency (84.11 ± 0.77%) was obtained in gelatin 2% (w/v), gum arabic 2% (w/v), 1:1 core : wall ratio (w/w), and at 15,000 rpm homogenization rate. In addition, particle size for the coacervates ranged from 19 to 263 nm. Moreover, the samples had smaller polydispersity index (PDI) values, which mean that they showed homogeneous size distribution pattern. Besides, morphological characteristics and thermal behavior of the capsules were determined via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively.

Practical applications

Structured lipids (SLs) with medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C6‐C10) at sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions, and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs, C12‐C24) at sn‐2 position has gained attention for food, nutritional and clinical purposes. These SLs are generally designed for special health requirements and meet the daily requirements of fatty acids, especially the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) for their health‐enhancing and disease‐preventing properties. The addition of LCPUFAs into the product formulation may lead an increase in the stability problems of these fatty acids, thus appropriate technologies such as encapsulation of lipids should be implemented. Encapsulation technology enables SLs to be protected from possible detrimental effects of food processing and storage conditions. The use of encapsulation technology in conjunction with SL production are evolving and ongoing issues, hence there is only few studies in the literature that considered encapsulation of SLs.
Efficacy and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir in participants with hepatitis C virus genotype 1, 4, or 6 infection from the Asia–Pacific region and Russia: Final results from the randomized C‐CORAL study
Authors: Wei Lai , Jia Ji Dong , Wang Fu Sheng , Niu Jun Qi , Zhao Xu Min , Mu Shengmei , Liang Li Wen , Wang Zaiqi , Hwang Peggy , Robertson Michael N , Ingravallo Paul , Asante‐Appiah Ernest , Wei Bo , Evans Barbara , Hanna George J , Talwani Rohit , Duan Zhong Ping , Zhdanov Konstantin , Cheng Pin‐Nan , Tanwandee Tawesak , Nguyen Van Kinh , Heo Jeong , Isakov Vasily , George Jacob ,   on behalf of the C‐CORAL Investigators
Published: October 2018

Background and Aim

Although treatment with direct‐acting antivirals has dramatically improved morbidity and mortality attributable to chronic hepatitis C virus infection, universal access to these medicines has been slow in the Asia–Pacific region and Russia. This study evaluated efficacy and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir in participants with hepatitis C virus infection from Asia–Pacific countries and Russia (C‐CORAL).

Methods

C‐CORAL was a phase 3, randomized, placebo‐controlled study (NCT02251990). Treatment‐naive, HIV‐negative, cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic participants with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1, 4, or 6 infection were randomized to elbasvir 50 mg/grazoprevir 100 mg once daily for 12 weeks (immediate‐treatment group) or placebo followed by deferred treatment with elbasvir/grazoprevir (deferred‐treatment group). The primary efficacy outcome was sustained virologic response at 12 weeks, and the primary safety outcome was a comparison between the immediate‐treatment group and placebo phase of the deferred‐treatment group.

Results

A total of 489 participants were randomized (immediate‐treatment group, n = 366; deferred‐treatment group, n = 123). Sustained virologic response at 12 weeks in the combined immediate/deferred‐treatment groups was 94.4% (459/486; 95% confidence interval = 92.4–96.5%). Sustained virologic response at 12 weeks was 98.2% in participants with genotype 1b, 91.9% with genotype 1a, and 66.7% with genotype 6 infection. Similar rates of adverse events and drug‐related adverse events were seen in the immediate‐treatment group versus placebo phase of the deferred‐treatment group (51.0% vs 50.4% and 21.4% vs 21.1%).

Conclusions

Elbasvir/grazoprevir for 12 weeks represents an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for treatment‐naive people with genotype 1 infection from Asia–Pacific countries and Russia.
A meta‐analysis of valve‐in‐valve and valve‐in‐ring transcatheter mitral valve implantation
Authors: Takagi Hisato , Hari Yosuke , Kawai Norikazu , Ando Tomo ,   for the ALICE (All‐Literature Investigation of Cardiovascular Evidence) Group
Published: October 2018

Objectives

We performed a meta‐analysis of transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI) for deteriorated bioprosthetic valves (valve‐in‐valve [VIV]‐TMVI) and/or failed annuloplasty rings (valve‐in‐ring [VIR]‐TMVI), comparing observed early (30‐day) mortality with predicted operative mortality.

Background

It remains unclear whether VIV/VIR‐TMVI reduces mortality as compared with redo MVS.

Methods

MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched current through 24 July 2018 using Web‐based search engines (PubMed and OVID) to identify studies including ≥10 patients undergoing VIV/VIR‐TMVI. For each study, data regarding observed 30‐day mortality and predicted operative mortality (Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality [STS‐PROM]) were used to generate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Study‐specific estimates were combined using the inverse variance‐weighted average of logarithmic RRs in the random‐effects model. One‐group meta‐analyses of 30‐day/late (including 30‐day) mortality rates were also performed in the random‐effects model.

Results

Of 270 potentially relevant articles screened initially, 17 eligible studies including a total of 1017 patients undergoing VIV/VIR‐TMVI were identified. In all but four studies, the STS‐PROM was available and varied from 7.7% to 22.0% (weighted mean, 11.5%). Pooled analyses of all VIV/VIR‐TMVI studies demonstrated the 30‐day mortality rate of 5.4% (95%CI, 4.0‐6.8%), the midterm (1‐ to 5‐year) mortality rate of 13.7% (95%CI, 9.0‐18.5%), and significantly lower observed 30‐day mortality than predicted operative mortality (RR, 0.67; 95%CI, 0.49‐0.91; P = 0.01).

Conclusions

VIV/VIR‐TMVI brought about relatively low early and midterm (1‐ to 5‐year) mortality, and observed 30‐day mortality was significantly lower than predicted operative mortality.
The total value of time of children undergoing treatment: A contingent valuation from the perspective of parents in the orthopaedic department of a Dutch hospital
Authors: Portrait France , Hoozemans Marco , van den Berg Bernard
Published: October 2018

Aim

Children spend substantial amounts of time receiving medical care (patients' time), and this patients' time plays an important role in parental choices for paediatric care. However, it is usually ignored in economic evaluations. This is a concern because economic evaluations are increasingly being used to inform child health policy decision‐making. This study aims to quantify the time children spend receiving medical care and attach a monetary value to it for use in economic evaluations. It applied the parents' perspective. Consequently, the derived money values are the time values for both child and the accompanying parent.

Methods

We used the contingent valuation methodology. We collected data on 83 children undergoing orthopaedic treatment in a Dutch hospital. Accompanying parents were asked to quantify and value the patients' time of their children. We separately explored travel, waiting and treatment time. We also checked whether the monetary valuation varied across parents' financial situation, children's health and level of pain.

Results

Parents were willing to pay about €33 (confidence interval (CI) 21.2–48.1) for a 1‐day reduction in treatment time; about €11.5 (CI 4.2–19.1) for an hour's reduction in waiting time; and about €4.5 (CI 1.5–7.4) for an hour's reduction in travel time. In addition, respondents with better financial conditions have, on average higher, willingness to pays.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first instance that patients' time of children has been monetarily valued. This methodology can be used to further develop economic evaluations of paediatric care and could be applied to larger samples with varying clinical conditions.
International bond risk premia, currency of denomination, and macroeconomic (in)stability
Authors: Chen Shu‐Hua
Published: October 2018

I show that, in real small‐open as well as large‐open economies, international borrowing produces a destabilizing effect that significantly lowers the minimum level of increasing returns to scale needed for indeterminacy. In this case, a sufficiently high debt‐to‐capital ratio coefficient in the borrowing rate schedule operates like an automatic stabilizer that mitigates belief‐driven cyclical fluctuations. The analysis conducted within the monetary setting shows that both the benchmark nominal interest rate and the inflation rate of the country of the denominated currency may lessen the destabilizing effect of international borrowing. When domestic sunspot shocks exert sufficiently strong effects on these two variables, international borrowing may instead stabilize the domestic economy. I also find that inflation indexed bonds remove the stabilizing effect of the inflation rate of the country of the denominated currency and make different types of international bonds under different monetary regimes exhibit qualitatively the same destabilizing effect as real bonds in real economies. In addition, flexible inflation targeting performs no worse than rigid inflation targeting in all cases. Finally, the quantitative analysis undertaken shows that in the past few decades the considerable increase in foreign indebtedness may have destabilized the U.S. economy by giving rise to belief‐driven fluctuations.
Inequality, educational choice, and public school quality in income‐mixing communities
Authors: Melindi‐Ghidi Paolo
Published: October 2018

Why, in some urban communities, do rich and poor households cohabit while, in others, we observe sorting by income? Does income inequality impact residential choices and community segregation? To answer these questions, I develop a two‐community general equilibrium framework of school quality, residential choice, and tax decision with probabilistic voting. The model predicts that an equilibrium with income mixing in which households segregate across public schools and low‐ and high‐income households choose to live in the same community might emerge in highly unequal societies. In this particular equilibrium, income‐mixing communities perform lower public school quality than communities populated by middle‐income households. The effect of inequality on the quality of public schooling in the income‐mixing community is ambiguous and depends on the relative endowments of private goods, such as housing, in the two communities.
John Maynard Keynes, Joan Robinson and the prospect theory approach to money wage determination
Authors: McDonald Ian M.
Published: October 2018

In the 1930s, John Maynard Keynes and Joan Robinson observed a flex–fix sequence of money wage adjustment, which is changes in aggregate demand may initially change money wages but then money wages will settle at new levels even if unemployment is high. Their discussion of this pattern alluded to the importance of loss aversion in wage setting. This paper shows how loss aversion in wage setting can explain the flex–fix sequence of money wage behaviour in a way which is consistent with the observations and ideas of Keynes and Robinson.
The role of psychology in a multidisciplinary psychiatric inpatient setting: Perspective from the multidisciplinary team
Authors: Wood Lisa , Williams Claire , Billings Jo , Johnson Sonia
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Psychologists routinely work in psychiatric inpatient settings and it is acknowledged that they cannot work in isolation from the multidisciplinary team. The aim of this study was to examine the multidisciplinary team's perspective on the role of psychology within the acute psychiatric inpatient setting.

Design

A qualitative approach was taken utilizing semi‐structured interviews for data collection.

Methods

Interviews were undertaken with 12 multidisciplinary team members (occupational therapists, psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, and clinical managers) examining their perspectives on the role of psychology within the acute psychiatric inpatient setting. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data.

Results

The analysis identified two key themes ‘psychological treatments’, which describes the perceived function of psychology on the ward, and ‘integrated psychological working’ outlining key issues that psychologists should consider when working in multidisciplinary teams.

Conclusions

Psychology is seen by multidisciplinary team members as an integral, but not first line, treatment option in the psychiatric inpatient setting. Both direct work and indirect work were valued by multidisciplinary staff participants. The multidisciplinary team do not have a clear understanding of the role of psychology. Education dialogue about the role are required.

Practitioner points

The role of psychology in the psychiatric inpatient setting is valued by the multidisciplinary team.

Psychology was not viewed as a first‐line treatment option in the psychiatric inpatient setting but an ‘add‐on’ to medical treatment.

Psychology was a valued source of support for skilling‐up and offering reflective space to the multidisciplinary team.

Psychologists need to better promote their role and their skills to the multidisciplinary team.
A case of combined small cell lung carcinoma with unique morphology: Investigation of tumorigenesis
Authors: Asahina Miki , Fukumura Yuki , Mamat Osman , Saito Tsuyoshi , Hayashi Takuo , Uekusa Toshimasa , Suzuki Kenji , Yao Takashi
Published: October 2018

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) usually grows in a pure form with no other associated histological components. However, combined small cell lung carcinoma (cSCLC), which is accompanied by other histological components (cSCLCs) may sometimes occur. Herein, we analyzed the tumorigenesis of cSCLC containing a demarcated area of pure SCLC. A 76‐year‐old man had a 25‐mm mass in the perihilar portion of his right upper lung. Histologically, the cSCLC contained two relatively demarcated areas: one area composed of pure SCLC cells and another area of SCLC, squamous‐like component (SLC), and spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) cells. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was observed at allele 3p in all tumor components and at 22q in the pure SCLC component. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis and LOH study suggested that all components were likely to be monoclonal in origin and revealed that the pure SCLC component was not the precursor of the cSCLC. In the tumorigenesis of this case, the pure SCLC and the cSCLC may have originated from a common pluripotent tumor cell and then diverged, although we cannot state this conclusively. Further studies with more cases are necessary to test this theory.
Measurements of 18O‐Pi uptake indicate fast metabolism of phosphate in tree roots
Authors: Scheerer U. , Netzer F. , Bauer A. F. , Herschbach C.
Published: October 2018

Phosphorus (P) nutrition of beech ecosystems depends on soil processes, plant internal P cycling and P acquisition. P uptake of trees in the field is currently not validated due to the lack of an experimental approach applicable in natural forests. Application of radiolabelled tracers such as 33P and 32P is limited to special research sites and not allowed in natural environments. Moreover, only one stable isotope of P, namely 31P, exists. One alternative tool to measure P acquisition in the field could be the use of 18O‐labelled 31P‐phosphate (31P18O4
3−). Phosphate (Pi) uptake rates calculated from the 18O enrichment of dried root material after application of 31Pi
18O4
3−
via nutrient solution was always lower compared to 33P incorporation, did not show increasing rates of Pi uptake at P deficiency under controlled conditions, and did not reveal seasonal fluctuations in the field. Consequently, a clear correlation between 33P‐based and 18O‐based Pi uptake by roots could not be established. Comparison of Pi uptake rates achieved from 33P‐Pi and 18O‐Pi application led to the conclusion of high Pi metabolism in roots after Pi uptake. The replacement of 18O by 16O from water in 18O‐Pi during root influx, but most probably after Pi uptake into roots, due to metabolic activities, indicates high and fast turnover of Pi. Hence, the use of 18O‐Pi as an alternative tool to estimate Pi acquisition of trees in the field must consider the increase of 18O abundance in root water that was disregarded in dried root material.
Nutrition, growth and resilience of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) × giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) hybrid‐ a review
Authors: Shapawi Rossita , Abdullah Faihanna Ching , Senoo Shigeharu , Mustafa Saleem
Published: October 2018

The hybrid grouper discussed in this paper is a cross between female tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and male giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Performed for the first time at this institute, the hybridization was motivated by the need to meet grouper demand. The hybrid has been a subject of thorough scientific investigations ever since it was produced. Qualities such as dietary needs, efficiency in growth and production and environmental resilience are of considerable aquaculture advantage, and account for interest in its commercial‐scale farming in the wider Asia‐Pacific region. This paper reviews scientific evidences on tolerance of hybrid grouper to environmental variability, nutrition, growth and genetic and other aspects. It makes serious attempt to summarize the pertinent data published on specific research questions to improve understanding of the diverse evidences, and to be able to identify gaps in knowledge. This has helped in articulating the current state of research and defining topics for future studies on the hybrid. From the analysis of published data it is obvious that hybrid has a higher production potential and resilience. Nevertheless, the hybrid is vulnerable to health problems linked to nutritional deficiencies and other factors. More comprehensive data on dietary requirements of the hybrid, especially larval stages, will help in formulating feeds that cater to metabolic requirements and improve the survival and biomass gains. Information on hybrid's dietary flexibility can be used in developing feeds for grow‐out stages comprising ingredients from sustainable sources. The hybrid could be a suitable candidate for adapting aquaculture to climate change.
Improved Methods for Estimating Flood Depth Exceedances Within Storm Surge Protection Systems
Authors: Johnson David R.
Published: October 2018

Contemporary studies conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimate probability distributions of flooding on the interior of ring levee systems by estimating surge exceedances at points along levee system boundaries, calculating overtopping volumes generated by this surface, then passing the resulting volumes of water through a drainage model to calculate interior flood depths. This approach may not accurately represent the exceedance probability of flood depths within the system interior; a storm producing 100‐year surge at one point is unlikely to simultaneously produce 100‐year surge levels everywhere around the system exterior. A conceptually preferred approach estimates surge and waves associated with a large set of storms. Each storm is run through the interior model separately, and the resulting flood depths are weighted by a parameterized likelihood of each synthetic storm. This results in an empirical distribution of flood depths accounting for geospatial variation in any individual storm's characteristics. This method can also better account for the probability of levee breaches or other system failures. The two methods can produce different estimates of flood depth exceedances and damage when applied to storm surge flooding in coastal Louisiana. Even differences in flood depth exceedances of less than 0.2 m can still produce large differences in projected damage. This article identifies and discusses differences in estimated flood depths and damage produced by each method within multiple Louisiana protection systems. The novel coupled dynamics approach represents a step toward enabling risk‐based design standards.
Security of Separated Data in Cloud Systems with Competing Attack Detection and Data Theft Processes
Authors: Levitin Gregory , Xing Liudong , Huang Hong‐Zhong
Published: October 2018

Empowered by virtualization technology, service requests from cloud users can be honored through creating and running virtual machines. Virtual machines established for different users may be allocated to the same physical server, making the cloud vulnerable to co‐residence attacks where a malicious attacker can steal a user's data through co‐residing their virtual machines on the same server. For protecting data against the theft, the data partition technique is applied to divide the user's data into multiple blocks with each being handled by a separate virtual machine. Moreover, early warning agents (EWAs) are deployed to possibly detect and prevent co‐residence attacks at a nascent stage. This article models and analyzes the attack success probability (complement of data security) in cloud systems subject to competing attack detection process (by EWAs) and data theft process (by co‐residence attackers). Based on the suggested probabilistic model, the optimal data partition and protection policy is determined with the objective of minimizing the user's cost subject to providing a desired level of data security. Examples are presented to illustrate effects of different model parameters (attack rate, number of cloud servers, number of data blocks, attack detection time, and data theft time distribution parameters) on the attack success probability and optimization solutions.
Gentrification Of The Changing State
Authors: Van Gent Wouter , Boterman Willem
Published: October 2018

Taking Jason Hackworth and Neil Smith’s seminal paper on the ‘changing state of gentrification’ as a starting point, this paper argues for a reconceptualization of state‐led gentrification to further our understanding of urban transformation. Rather than seeing the State as an extension of capital interests, we contend that class‐state relations may produce urban spaces through representative politics and State hegemonies. To illustrate, we present a brief historical and geographical overview of the transformation of Amsterdam from 1982 to 2015, based on policy documents, media reports, archival research, interviews and secondary literature, as well as social and electoral data at the neighbourhood level. As the gentrification frontier advanced and working class voting blocs diminished, new electoral politics took hold, which permitted a new middle class hegemony to institute policy and institutional changes to further push gentrification and capital interests, leading to subsequent waves of urban change.
Motion Characteristic Analysis of a Floating Structure in the South China Sea Based on Prototype Monitoring
Authors: Wu Wen-Hua , Tang Da , Cui Xiao-Wei , Wang Shi-Sheng , Feng Jia-Guo , Yue Qian-Jin
Published: October 2018

Due to the complexity of ocean environmental loading models and the nonlinearity and empirical parameters involved in hydrodynamic numerical modeling and model testing, many uncertainties still exist in the design and operation of floating platforms. On-site prototype measurements provide a valid strategy for obtaining accurate environmental loading parameters and floater motion responses. A prototype monitoring system was built as part of a joint industrial project in the South China Sea. Long-term ocean environmental loading parameter data and structural dynamic motion responses were collected from 2012 to the present. In this study, the dynamic motions of the platform structure were analyzed using an artificial neural network (ANN) and data obtained during a typhoon. Numerical modeling was performed to analyze the platform parameters using a radial basis function (RBF), and hydrodynamic modeling was conducted using ansys-aqwa. Five geometric parameters related to the platform design were selected for optimization and included the mass, moments of inertia of the three rotation degrees, and the position of the center of gravity (COG). The mean values of the surge and pitch and the standard deviations of the roll and pitch were used as the input parameters. The model validations showed that the proposed ANN-based method performed well for obtaining the optimal platform parameters. The maximum errors of the roll, pitch, surge, and sway motions were within 5%. The updated response amplitude operators (RAOs) and new design indices for a 100-year return period of a typhoon were determined to guide operations and evaluate platform designs.
Responding to the growing issue of research reproducibility
Authors: Baer Donald R. , Gilmore Ian S.
Published: October 2018

An increasing number of studies, surveys, and editorials highlight experimental and computational reproducibility and replication issues that appear to pervade most areas of modern science. This perspective examines some of the multiple and complex causes of what has been called a “reproducibility crisis,” which can impact materials, interface/(bio)interphase, and vacuum sciences. Reproducibility issues are not new to science, but they are now appearing in new forms requiring innovative solutions. Drivers include the increasingly multidiscipline, multimethod nature of much advanced science, increased complexity of the problems and systems being addressed, and the large amounts and multiple types of experimental and computational data being collected and analyzed in many studies. Sustained efforts are needed to address the causes of reproducibility problems that can hinder the rate of scientific progress and lower public and political regard for science. The initial efforts of the American Vacuum Society to raise awareness of a new generation of reproducibility challenges and provide tools to help address them serve as examples of mitigating actions that can be undertaken.
Influence of Occupational Socialization on the Perspectives and Practices of Internationally Born Sport Pedagogy Faculty Members Working in American Universities
Authors: Park Chan Woong , Curtner-Smith Matthew D.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the influences of occupational socialization on 11 sport pedagogy internationally born faculty members’ (IFMs) perspectives and practices regarding physical education teaching and physical education teacher education (PETE). Method: Data sources were formal and informal interviews and documents illustrating the IFMs’ practices. They were analyzed using constant comparison and analytic induction. Findings and Conclusions: All of the IFMs’ possessed progressive teaching orientations and were committed to carrying out high-level PETE. There were few differences between the current perspectives and practices of IFMs who originated from different regions of the world. The acculturation, professional socialization, and organizational socialization of a significant proportion of IFMs had been positive and led to them possessing strong traditional teaching orientations early in their careers. IFMs’ secondary professional socialization generally played a crucial role in their development of progressive ideas about physical education and PETE. IFMs’ secondary organizational socialization was also largely supportive of these progressive beliefs.
Fluorescent Proteins, Promoters, and Selectable Markers for Applications in the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Takacs Constantin N. , Kloos Zachary A. , Scott Molly , Rosa Patricia A. , Jacobs-Wagner Christine
Published: October 2018

Genetic manipulation of the Lyme disease spirochete
B. burgdorferi
remains cumbersome, despite significant progress in the field. The scarcity of molecular reagents available for use in this pathogen has slowed research efforts to study its unusual biology. Of interest,
B. burgdorferi
displays complex cellular organization features that have yet to be understood. These include an unusual morphology and a highly fragmented genome, both of which are likely to play important roles in the bacterium’s transmission, infectivity, and persistence. Here, we complement and expand the array of molecular tools available for use in
B. burgdorferi
by generating and characterizing multiple fluorescent proteins, antibiotic selection markers, and promoters of varied strengths. These tools will facilitate investigations in this important human pathogen, as exemplified by the polar and midcell localization of the cell envelope regulator BB0323, which we uncovered using these reagents.