bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical solutions for the unsteady MHD rotating flow over a rotating sphere near the equator
Authors: Sweet Erik , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle , Gorder Robert
Published: June 2010

In this paper we investigate the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) rotating flow of a viscous fluid over a rotating sphere near the equator. The Navier-Stokes equations in spherical polar coordinates are reduced to a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations. Self-similar solutions are obtained for the steady state system, resulting from a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Analytical solutions are obtained and are used to study the effects of the magnetic field and the suction/injection parameter on the flow characteristics. The analytical solutions agree well with the numerical solutions of Chamkha et al. [31]. Moreover, the obtained analytical solutions for the steady state are used to obtain the unsteady state results. Furthermore, for various values of the temporal variable, we obtain analytical solutions for the flow field and present through figures.
Superoxide dismutase mRNA and protein level in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Skrzycki Michał , Majewska Monika , Czeczot Hanna
Published: June 2010

Impairments of antioxidant enzyme expression are often concomitant with the onset of cancer. Due to epigenetic factors causing an inflammatory state the gastrointestinal tract can become exposed to reactive oxygen species. The purpose of our work was to evaluate mRNA and protein levels of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in human colorectal adenocarcinoma due to its clinical advancement, and in colorectal cancer liver metastases. Evaluation of SOD expression in regard to CRC advancement, seems useful for clinical applications due to different tumor cells sensitivity to reactive oxygen species based treatment. Studies were conducted on a group of 27 patients: 15 diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma and 12 diagnosed with colorectal cancer liver metastases. The mRNA level was determined by RT-PCR, and protein level by Western blotting. We observed significant (P≤0.05) changes of mRNA and protein level of SOD isoenzymes in subsequent stages of colorectal adenocarcinoma advancement and in colorectal cancer liver metastases. Differences in mRNA and protein level of SOD isoenzymes in colorectal adenocarcinoma and its liver metastases indicates that SOD participate in adaptation of tumor cells to oxidative stress, and maintain certain level of ROS, necessary for appropriate cell proliferation. Expression of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes seems to be regulated not only at transcriptional level, but also posttranscriptional.
Factors Affecting Track Selection by Veterinary Professional Students Admitted to the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California, Davis
Authors: Chigerwe Munashe , Boudreaux Karen A. , Ilkiw Jan E.
Published: June 2010

Factors affecting track selection before admission to the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California, Davis, and factors affecting change of tracks after the first two years of the curriculum were investigated by means of a survey of the 118 students of the graduating class of 2009. The student's background experience before admission to the School of Veterinary Medicine and other personal reasons were significant factors affecting small-animal and mixed-animal track choices. The student's background experience before admission to the School of Veterinary Medicine was the only significant factor for choosing the zoological track. The most significant factor for students to change their track from the mixed or zoological track to the small-animal track was background experience before admission to the School of Veterinary Medicine. Anticipated increased employment opportunities after graduation was the most significant factor for students to change their track from the mixed- or small-animal track to the zoological track. Other personal reasons was the significant variable for students to change their track from small-animal or zoological to mixed-animal track. Thus, to increase the number of students interested in tracks with lower enrollment, exposure of potential applicants to experience relevant to that track before admission and Admissions Committee selection criteria are likely to increase the odds of students' choosing that track.
The Importance of Cultivating a Preference for Complexity in Veterinarians for Effective Lifelong Learning
Authors: Dale Vicki H.M. , Pierce Stephanie E. , May Stephen A.
Published: June 2010

Much attention has been paid to the link between students' approaches to study and the quality of their learning. Less attention has been paid to the lifelong learner. We conceptualized a tripartite relationship between three measures of learning preference: conceptions of knowledge (construction and use vs. intake), need for cognition (high vs. low), and approach to study (deep vs. surface) and hypothesized that an individual's profile on these three measures—reconceptualized as a preference for complexity versus simplicity—would affect their attitude toward continuing professional development (CPD). A questionnaire was mailed to 2,000 randomly selected, home-practicing UK veterinarians to quantify their learning preferences, motivation to engage in CPD, and perception of barriers to participation and to assess the relationships between these constructs. Analysis of 775 responses (a 38.8% response rate) confirmed our tripartite model of learning and showed that a preference for complexity was negatively correlated with barriers and positively correlated with intrinsic, social, and extrinsic motivating factors, suggesting that all play a role in the continuing education of this group of professionals. A preference for simplicity was negatively correlated with social motivation and positively correlated with barriers. This study demonstrates that approach not only affects the quality of learning but crucially affects motivation to engage in CPD and perception of barriers to lifelong learning. This should emphasize to veterinary educators the importance of fostering a preference for complexity from an early age, both in terms of its immediate benefits (better understanding) and longer-term benefits (continued engagement with learning).
Traditional and Nontraditional Evaluations of Student Outcomes in a Practical Final Examination of Veterinary Radiology
Authors: Koskinen Heli I.
Published: June 2010

The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Helsinki recognized the lack of systems to measure the quality of education. At the department level, this meant lack of systems to measure the quality of students' outcomes. The aim of this article was to compare the quality of outcomes of a final examination in veterinary radiology by calculating the correlations between traditional (quantitative scores traditionally given by veterinary teachers) and nontraditional (qualitative Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome, or SOLO, method) grading results. Evaluation of the quality of the questions is also included. The results indicate that SOLO offers criteria for quality evaluation, especially for questions. A correlation of 0.60 (p<0.01) existed between qualitative and quantitative estimations, and a correlation of 0.79 (p<0.01) existed between evaluators, both using traditional scores. Two suggestions for a better system to evaluate quality in the future: First, development of problem-solving skills during the learning process should also be assessed. Second, both the scoring of factual correctness of answers (knowledge) and the grammatical structure of an answer and the quality of presentation should be included in the quality evaluation process.
Use of Alumni and Employer Surveys for Internal Quality Assurance of the DVM Program at the University of Montreal
Authors: Doucet Michèle Y. , Vrins André
Published: June 2010

Annual alumni and employer surveys, initially designed as outcomes assessment tools, were integrated into a new internal quality assurance strategy to improve the doctor of veterinary medicine program at the University of Montreal's Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire. Data collected annually from the classes of 2004–2007 indicated that alumni and their employers were generally satisfied with their level of preparation after one year of professional activity. Specific weaknesses were found in non-technical skills such as communication and resource management. These data were used in support of other forms of feedback to guide curricular reform.
Xylan sorption kinetics at industrial conditions Part 1. Experimental results
Authors: Ribe Espen , Lindblad Margaretha Söderqvist , Dahlman Olof , Theliander Hans
Published: June 2010

The sorption kinetics for birch black liquor xylan onto unbleached softwood kraft fibers at industrial relevant process conditions was investigated. The impact of process conditions on total sorption and rate was studied. It was found that an unbleached fiber can increase its weight up to 40% by sorption of xylan if process conditions are favorable and sufficient xylan is present in the liquor. A decrease in pH, an increase in temperature and an increase in ionic strength enhances both the initial sorption rate and the maximum sorption, as expected from the literature. Moreover, an increased xylan charge from 5 to 10 g/l increased sorption by about 20-30% on average. At the highest temperature tested some deviations from the expected results were obtained, which indicates that more than one mechanism affect sorption. Analysis of the surface carbohydrate composition suggests that xylan is preferably sorbed on the fiber surfaces. This is especially obvious at higher sorption temperatures. SEM pictographs of the cellulose fibers indicate that xylan sorbs as single xylan chains at 87 and 127°C. In contrast, at 167°C globular structures are observed on the fibers, which probably is due to precipitation of globular xylan aggregates from the liquor.
Review: Reduction of energy consumption in TMP refining through mechanical pre-treatment of wood chips
Authors: Gorski Dmitri , Hill Jan , Engstrand Per , Johansson Lars
Published: June 2010

This review covers the effect of mechanical pre-treatment of wood chips on the energy consumption in refining and the quality of pulp. To understand the mechanisms of mechanical pre-treatment, a short description of relevant refining theory and reported effects of pre-treatment on wood morphology is given. Mechanical pre-treatment offers a chance to utilize the energy needed to defibrate chips in a more efficient way, minimizing the cyclic elastic deformations which are the main defibration mechanism in refining. Studies of fibre morphology indicate that compressive pretreatment mechanically introduces favorable weak points in the S1 and S2 fibre walls where defibration proceeds easier upon subsequent refining. Published results which cover the effect of the pretreatment on energy consumption and pulp properties are reviewed. Energy reduction of between 10% and 30% is reported in the literature. High ratio of volumetric compression is necessary. Pressurized conditions are required to ensure that the fibres are not damaged during the pre-treatment. Other effects of compressive pretreatment include a more uniform chip size and moisture content, better penetration of chemicals and removal of extractives from the chips. A list of equipment used for chip pre-compression is provided together with published results of pilot-scale and mill-scale operation.
A pilot web former designed to study retention-formation relationships
Authors: Svedberg Anna , Lindström Tom
Published: June 2010

A pilot-scale fourdrinier former has been developed for the purpose of investigating the relationship between retention and paper formation (features, retention aids, dosage points, etc.). The main objective of this publication was to present the R-F (Retention and formation)-machine and demonstrate some of its fields of applications. For a fine paper stock (90% hardwood and 10% softwood) with addition of 25% filler (based on total solids content), the relationship between retention and formation was investigated for a microparticulate retention aid (cationic polyacrylamide together with anionic montmorillonite clay). The retention-formation relationship of the retention aid system was investigated after choosing standardized machine operating conditions (e.g. the jet-to-wire speed ratio). As expected, the formation was impaired when the retention was increased. Since good reproducibility was attained, the R-F (Retention and formation)-machine was found to be a useful tool for studying the relationship between retention and paper formation.
Dynamic simulation and optimization of an SC papermaking line – illustrated with case studies
Authors: Linnala Mikko , Ruotsalainen Henri , Madetoja Elina , Savolainen Jouni , Hämäläinen Jari
Published: June 2010

Dynamic modeling and simulation software can be used to simulate the industrial processes such as papermaking in order to improve the efficiency of the process. A dynamic simulation model can be combined with an optimization method to maximize the advantages which simulation tools can offer. In this paper, we combine dynamic process simulation and optimization to see how it can benefit a papermaking process which was envisaged to consist of a TMP mill, stock preparation, short circulation, a paper machine, and a reel. The aim is to increase the efficiency and minimize the costs involved in papermaking.
Geometry Related Inter-Instrument Differences in Spectrophotometric Measurements
Authors: Edström Per , Neuman Magnus , Avramidis Stefanos , Andersson Mattias
Published: June 2010

The L&W Elrepho d/0 and the Spectrolino 45/0 instruments are examined using paper samples with different properties. External factors that influence the measurements - such as the sample background, the instrument calibration and the sample inhomogeneity - are studied, and a methodology for their minimization is presented. Experimental measurements show that such external factors, if not minimized by proper routines, affect the inter-instrument differences far more (up to 4-5 ΔE*ab) than the instrument geometry (the effect of which is small and of order 0.1 ΔE*ab). The DORT2002 radiative transfer model is used to simulate differences caused by instrument geometry. The simulated and measured differences are found to agree in magnitude, and the differences are mapped against sample properties. It is observed that the 45/0 instrument detects higher reflectance from paper samples with negligible absorption and transmittance. When there is considerable absorption (dyed samples) or transmittance (thin samples), the d/0 instrument detects higher reflectance. The physical mechanism behind this behavior is studied and explained using DORT2002, and the instrument differences are shown to depend on the anisotropy of the reflected light. The model/measurement agreement is satisfactory as the characteristic behavior is captured in almost all cases studied. This new understanding is important for facilitating accurate data exchange between the paper and graphic arts industries, but also for interpretation of reflectance measurements in general.
Pre-extraction and PSAQ pulping of Siberian larch
Authors: Kämppi Riikka , Hörhammer Hanna , Leponiemi Anja , van Heiningen Adriaan
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to find conditions under which it is possible to produce hemicelluloses-rich extract from Siberian larch in addition to pre-extracted pulp with a yield comparable to normal kraft pulp. The study was conducted in order to determine proof of concept of a process utilizing Siberian larch for production of papermaking pulp and biochemically obtained value-added products, i.e. biofuels or lactic acid. By pre-extraction at 160 ºC for 60 minutes approximately 17% of the wood material could be dissolved. At kappa number 30, the pre-extracted kraft pulp gave 5% lower total yield than a conventional kraft pulp. Addition of 4% polysulfide (PS) and 0.1% anthraquinone (AQ) on wood increased the pre-extracted kraft pulp yield nearly to the same level as that of regular kraft pulp. Pre-extraction at 160 ºC for 60 minutes allowed reduction of EA charge by 3% on wood and Hfactor by 300-450. The viscosity of the pre-extracted PSAQ kraft pulps was higher than that of conventional larch kraft pulps and had a somewhat inferior strength and optical properties. The results indicate that under optimized conditions it is possible to produce preextracted PSAQ larch pulp without significant losses in pulp yield and quality, and in addition generate a new feed stock of carbohydrates for further utilization for value-added products.
Volatiles from a Rare Acer spp. Honey Sample from Croatia
Authors: Jerković Igor , Marijanović Zvonimir , Malenica-Staver Mladenka , Lušić Dražen
Published: June 2010

A rare sample of maple (Acer spp.) honey from Croatia was analysed. Ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) using: 1) pentane, 2) diethyl ether, 3) a mixture of pentane and diethyl ether (1:2 v/v) and 4) dichloromethane as solvents was applied. All the extracts were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The most representative extracts were 3) and 4). Syringaldehyde was the most striking compound, being dominant in the extracts 2), 3) and 4) with percentages 34.5%, 33.1% and 35.9%, respectively. In comparison to USE results of other single Croatian tree honey samples (Robinia pseudoacacia L. nectar honey, Salix spp. nectar and honeydew honeys, Quercus frainetto Ten. honeydew as well as Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies L. honeydew) and literature data the presence of syringaldehyde, previously identified in maple sap and syrup, can be pointed out as a distinct characteristic of the Acer spp. honey sample. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC and GC/MS identified benzaldehyde (16.5%), trans-linalool oxide (20.5%) and 2-phenylethanol (14.9%) as the major compounds that are common in different honey headspace compositions.
Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococci
Authors: Stefani Stefania , Bongiorno Dafne , Mongelli Gino , Campanile Floriana
Published: June 2010

Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone to be used clinically, is effective in the treatment of infections caused by various Gram-positive pathogens, including multidrug resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus. It has been used successfully for the treatment of patients with endocarditis and bacteraemia, osteomyelitis, joint infections and tuberculosis and it is often used for treatment of complicated infections when other therapies have failed. Linezolid resistance in Gram-positive cocci has been encountered clinically as well as in vitro, but it is still a rare phenomenon. The resistance to this antibiotic has been, until now, entirely associated with distinct nucleotide substitutions in domain V of the 23S rRNA genes. The number of mutated rRNA genes depends on the dose and duration of linezolid exposure and has been shown to influence the level of linezolid resistance. Mutations in associated ribosomal proteins also affect linezolid activity. A new phenicol and clindamycin resistance phenotype has recently been found to be caused by an RNA methyltransferase designated Cfr. This gene confers resistance to lincosamides, oxazolidinones, streptogramin A, phenicols and pleuromutilins, decrease the susceptibility of S. aureus to tylosin, to josamycin and spiramycin and thus differs from erm rRNA methylase genes. Research into new oxazolidinones with improved characteristics is ongoing. Data reported in patent applications demonstrated that some oxazolidinone derivatives, also with improved characteristics with respect to linezolid, are presently under study: at least three of them are in an advanced phase of development.
NSAIDs and Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ettarh Raj , Cullen Anthony , Calamai Alvise
Published: June 2010

Colon cancer is common worldwide and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in patients. Fortunately, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that continuous therapy with NSAIDs offers real promise of chemoprevention and adjunct therapy for colon cancer patients. Tumour growth is the result of complex regulation that determines the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. How NSAIDs affect this balance is important for understanding and improving treatment strategies and drug effectiveness. NSAIDs inhibit proliferation and impair the growth of colon cancer cell lines when tested in culture in vitro and many NSAIDs also prevent tumorigenesis and reduce tumour growth in animal models and in patients, but the relationship to inhibition of tumour cell proliferation is less convincing, principally due to gaps in the available data. High concentrations of NSAIDs are required in vitro to achieve cancer cell inhibition and growth retardation at varying time-points following treatment. However, the results from studies with colon cancer cell xenografts are promising and, together with better comparative data on anti-proliferative NSAID concentrations and doses (for in vitro and in vivo administration), could provide more information to improve our understanding of the relationships between these agents, dose and dosing regimen, and cellular environment.
A Bacterial Biosensor for Oxidative Stress Using the Constitutively Expressed Redox-Sensitive Protein roGFP2
Authors: Arias-Barreiro Carlos R. , Okazaki Keisuke , Koutsaftis Apostolos , Inayat-Hussain Salmaan H. , Tani Akio , Katsuhara Maki , Kimbara Kazuhide , Mori Izumi C.
Published: June 2010

A highly specific, high throughput-amenable bacterial biosensor for chemically induced cellular oxidation was developed using constitutively expressed redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein roGFP2 in E. coli (E. coli-roGFP2). Disulfide formation between two key cysteine residues of roGFP2 was assessed using a double-wavelength ratiometric approach. This study demonstrates that only a few minutes were required to detect oxidation using E. coli-roGFP2, in contrast to conventional bacterial oxidative stress sensors. Cellular oxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide, menadione, sodium selenite, zinc pyrithione, triphenyltin and naphthalene became detectable after 10 seconds and reached the maxima between 80 to 210 seconds, contrary to Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and sodium arsenite, which induced the oxidation maximum immediately. The lowest observable effect concentrations (in ppm) were determined as 1.0 x 10−7 (arsenite), 1.0 x 10−4 (naphthalene), 1.0 x 10−4 (Cu2+), 3.8 x 10−4 (H2O2), 1.0 x 10−3 (Cd2+), 1.0 x 10−3 (Zn2+), 1.0 x 10−2 (menadione), 1.0 (triphenyltin), 1.56 (zinc pyrithione), 3.1 (selenite) and 6.3 (Pb2+), respectively. Heavy metal-induced oxidation showed unclear response patterns, whereas concentration-dependent sigmoid curves were observed for other compounds. In vivo GSH content and in vitro roGFP2 oxidation assays together with E. coli-roGFP2 results suggest that roGFP2 is sensitive to redox potential change and thiol modification induced by environmental stressors. Based on redox-sensitive technology, E. coli-roGFP2 provides a fast comprehensive detection system for toxicants that induce cellular oxidation.
EMMNet: Sensor Networking for Electricity Meter Monitoring
Authors: Lin Zhi-Ting , Zheng Jie , Ji Yu-Sheng , Zhao Bao-Hua , Qu Yu-Gui , Huang Xu-Dong , Jiang Xiu-Fang
Published: June 2010

Smart sensors are emerging as a promising technology for a large number of application domains. This paper presents a collection of requirements and guidelines that serve as a basis for a general smart sensor architecture to monitor electricity meters. It also presents an electricity meter monitoring network, named EMMNet, comprised of data collectors, data concentrators, hand-held devices, a centralized server, and clients. EMMNet provides long-distance communication capabilities, which make it suitable suitable for complex urban environments. In addition, the operational cost of EMMNet is low, compared with other existing remote meter monitoring systems based on GPRS. A new dynamic tree protocol based on the application requirements which can significantly improve the reliability of the network is also proposed. We are currently conducting tests on five networks and investigating network problems for further improvements. Evaluation results indicate that EMMNet enhances the efficiency and accuracy in the reading, recording, and calibration of electricity meters.
Acute Hypoxia Induces HIF-Independent Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells through Increased Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression: The Role of Hypoxic Inhibition of Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity for the Induction of NF-κB
Authors: Winning Sandra , Splettstoesser Frank , Fandrey Joachim , Frede Stilla
Published: June 2010

Myeloid cells recruited to sites of bacterial inflammation are exposed to low oxygen tension, hypoxia, and high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines that significantly affect myeloid cell function. Therefore, we analyzed the direct consequences of acute and severe hypoxia on monocytic adhesion to the endothelium in coculture experiments. Marked upregulation of monocytic ICAM-1, but no other monocytic adhesion molecule, was responsible for an ≈50-fold increase in adhesion of the monocytic cells THP-1 to human and rat endothelial cells. ICAM-1 expression was rapidly induced after the onset of severe hypoxia, but it decreased after 4 h. Knockdown of ICAM-1 by siRNA in endothelial and monocytic cells abolished the adhesion, indicating that ICAM-1 expression on both cell types was indispensable for hypoxia-induced adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium. siRNA-mediated knockdown of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, HIF-2α, and the NF-κB family member p65 revealed that hypoxic upregulation of ICAM-1 resulted from hypoxic NF-κB induction but not from activation of HIFs. Within the leukocyte-adhesion cascade, our results provide evidence for prolyl hydroxylase-dependent but HIF-independent activation of hypoxia-induced monocyte–endothelial adhesion and assign a new function to monocytic ICAM-1 under acute hypoxic conditions.
sRAGE Induces Human Monocyte Survival and Differentiation
Authors: Wang Yijie , Wang Hongmei , Piper Melissa G. , McMaken Sara , Mo Xiaokui , Opalek Judy , Schmidt Ann Marie , Marsh Clay B.
Published: June 2010

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is produced either as a transmembrane or soluble form (sRAGE). Substantial evidence supports a role for RAGE and its ligands in disease. sRAGE is reported to be a competitive, negative regulator of membrane RAGE activation, inhibiting ligand binding. However, some reports indicate that sRAGE is associated with inflammatory disease. We sought to define the biological function of sRAGE on inflammatory cell recruitment, survival, and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. To test the in vivo impact of sRAGE, the recombinant protein was intratracheally administered to mice, which demonstrated monocyte- and neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation. We also observed that sRAGE induced human monocyte and neutrophil migration in vitro. Human monocytes treated with sRAGE produced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our data demonstrated that sRAGE directly bound human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Binding of sRAGE to monocytes promoted their survival and differentiation to macrophages. Furthermore, sRAGE binding to cells increased during maturation, which was similar in freshly isolated mouse monocytes compared with mature tissue macrophages. Because sRAGE activated cell survival and differentiation, we examined intracellular pathways that were activated by sRAGE. In primary human monocytes and macrophages, sRAGE treatment activated Akt, Erk, and NF-κB, and their activation appeared to be critical for cell survival and differentiation. Our data suggest a novel role for sRAGE in monocyte- and neutrophil-mediated inflammation and mononuclear phagocyte survival and differentiation.
CXCL13 Blockade Disrupts B Lymphocyte Organization in Tertiary Lymphoid Structures without Altering B Cell Receptor Bias or Preventing Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Henry Rachel A. , Kendall Peggy L.
Published: June 2010

Lymphocytes that invade nonlymphoid tissues often organize into follicle-like structures known as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs). These structures resemble those found in spleen or lymph nodes, but their function is unknown. TLOs are recognized in many autoimmune diseases, including the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. In some cases, TLOs have been associated with the B lymphocyte chemoattractant, CXCL13. Studies presented in this article show that CXCL13 is present in inflamed islets of NOD mice. Ab blockade of this chemokine unraveled B lymphocyte organization in islet TLOs, without reducing their proportion in the islets. These chaotic milieus contained B lymphocytes with the same distinct repertoire of B cell receptors as those found in mice with well-organized structures. Somatic hypermutation, associated with T–B interactions, was not impaired in these disorganized insulitis lesions. Finally, loss of B lymphocyte organization in islets did not provide disease protection. Thus, B lymphocytes infiltrating islets in NOD mice do not require the morphology of secondary lymphoid tissues to support their role in disease.
NLRP3 Plays a Critical Role in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Mediating Th1 and Th17 Responses
Authors: Gris Denis , Ye Zhengmao , Iocca Heather A. , Wen Haitao , Craven Robin R. , Gris Pavel , Huang Max , Schneider Monika , Miller Stephen D. , Ting Jenny P.-Y.
Published: June 2010

The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity is important in multiple sclerosis (MS). The inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 to process pro–IL-1β and pro–IL-18, is rapidly emerging as a pivotal regulator of innate immunity, with nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing protein family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) (cryopyrin or NALP3) as a prominent player. Although the role of NLRP3 in host response to pathogen associated molecular patterns and danger associated molecular patterns is well documented, its role in autoimmune diseases is less well studied. To investigate the role of NLRP3 protein in MS, we used a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Nlrp3 expression was elevated in the spinal cords during EAE, and Nlrp3−/− mice had a dramatically delayed course and reduced severity of disease. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate including macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4, and CD8+ T cells in the spinal cords of the Nlrp3−/− mice, whereas microglial accumulation remained the same. Nlrp3−/− mice also displayed improved histology in the spinal cords with reduced destruction of myelin and astrogliosis. Nlrp3−/− mice with EAE produced less IL-18, and the disease course was similar to Il18−/− mice. Furthermore, Nlrp3−/− and Il18−/− mice had similarly reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production. Thus, NLRP3 plays a critical role in the induction of the EAE, likely through effects on capase-1–dependent cytokines which then influence Th1 and Th17.
Critical Role for TNF in the Induction of Human Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells by Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Authors: Kleijwegt Fleur S. , Laban Sandra , Duinkerken Gaby , Joosten Antoinette M. , Zaldumbide Arnaud , Nikolic Tatjana , Roep Bart O.
Published: June 2010

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine with differential effects on immune cells and diseases. Anti-TNF therapy was shown to be effective in rheumatoid arthritis but proved inefficient or even detrimental in other autoimmune diseases. We studied the role of TNF in the induction of Ag-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) by tolerogenic vitamin D3-modulated human dendritic cells (VD3-DCs), which previously were shown to release high amounts of soluble TNF (sTNF) upon maturation with LPS. First, production of TNF by modulated VD3-DCs was analyzed upon maturation with LPS or CD40L with respect to both secreted (cleaved) TNF (sTNF) and expression of the membrane-bound (uncleaved) form of TNF (mTNF). Next, TNF antagonists were tested for their effect on induction of Ag-specific Tregs by modulated DCs and the subsequent functionality of these Tregs. VD3-DCs expressed greater amounts of mTNF than did control DCs (nontreated DCs), independent of the maturation protocol. Inhibition of TNF with anti-TNF Ab (blocking both sTNF and mTNF) during the priming of Tregs with VD3-DCs prevented generation of Tregs and their suppression of proliferation of CD4+ T cells. In contrast, sTNF receptor II (sTNFRII), mainly blocking sTNF, did not change the suppressive capacity of Tregs. Blocking of TNFRII by anti-CD120b Ab during Treg induction similarly abrogated their subsequent suppressive function. These data point to a specific role for mTNF on VD3-DCs in the induction of Ag-specific Tregs. Interaction between mTNF and TNFRII instructs the induction of suppressive Tregs by VD3-DCs. Anti-TNF therapy may therefore act adversely in different patients or disease pathways.
Iodothyronine Interactions with the System L1 Amino Acid Exchanger in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Mitchell Fiona E. , Roy Lisa A. , Taylor Peter M.
Published: June 2010

Thyroid hormones enter isolated white adipocytes largely by a System L1-type amino acid transporteren routeto exerting genomic actions. Differentiated 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes in culture express mRNA for LAT1 (the catalytic subunit of high-affinity System L1). L-[125I]-T3uptake into 3T3-L1 adipocytes included a substantial saturable component inhibited by leucine. L-[3H]phenylalanine uptake into 3T3-L1 cells was saturable (Kmof 31 μM), competitively inhibited by T3(Kiof 1.2 μM) and blocked by leucine, BCH, and rT3as expected for substrate interactions of System L1. Efflux of preloaded L-[3H]phenylalanine from 3T3-L1 adipocytes wastransstimulated by external leucine, demonstrating the obligatory exchange mechanism of System L1 transport. T3(10 μM) did not significantlytransstimulate L-[3H]phenylalanine efflux, but did competitively inhibit thetransstimulatory effect of 10μM leucine. The results highlight strong competitive interactions between iodothyronines (T3, rT3) and amino acids for transport by System L1 in adipocytes, which may impact cellular iodothyronine exchanges during altered states of protein nutrition.
Satellite remote sensing of Asian aerosols: a case study of clean, polluted and dust storm days
Authors: Lee K. H. , Kim Y. J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Satellite-based aerosol observation is a useful tool for the estimation of microphysical and optical characteristics of aerosol during more than three decades. Until now, a lot of satellite remote sensing techniques have been developed for aerosol detection. In East Asian region, the role of satellite observation is quite important because aerosols originating from natural and man-made pollution in this region have been recognized as an important source for regional and global scale air pollution. However, it is still difficult to retrieve aerosol over land because of the complexity of the surface reflection and complex aerosol composition, in particular, aerosol absorption. In this study, aerosol retrievals using Look-up Table (LUT) based method was applied to MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 1 (L1) calibrated reflectance data to retrieve aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over East Asia. Three case studies show how the methodology works to identify those differences to obtain a better AOT retrieval. The comparison between the MODIS and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) shows better results when the suggested methodology using the cluster based LUTs is applied (linear slope=0.94, R=0.92) than when operational MODIS aerosol products are used (linear slope=0.78, R=0.87). In conclusion, the suggested methodology is shown to work well with aerosol models acquired by statistical clustering the observation data in East Asia.
A Murine Model of Atypical Antipsychotic‐Induced Weight Gain and Metabolic Dysregulation
Authors: Coccurello Roberto , Moles Anna
Published: June 2010

In comparison with conventional, first‐generation antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol), the administration of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) has been associated with a higher risk of metabolic derangements, including body weight increase, dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, fat accumulation, and even liability to develop type II diabetes. Since this is a serious clinical problem that may be further exacerbated in overweight schizophrenics, establishing animal models of AAP‐induced adverse effects may contribute to clarifying the mechanisms underlying these effects. Here we present three basic protocols by which this problem has been modeled. The three protocols differ in many aspects (routes of administration, extent of the chronic treatment, diets, and dosage regimen), and the pros and cons of each procedure are systematically detailed throughout. It should be noted that several factors (e.g., species, sex, duration, and class of AAPs) could restrict the feasibility of these models, as well as their correspondence to the clinical condition. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 52:9.33.1‐9.33.22. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Web‐Based Analysis and Publication of Flow Cytometry Experiments
Authors: Kotecha Nikesh , Krutzik Peter O. , Irish Jonathan M.
Published: June 2010

Cytobank is a Web‐based application for storage, analysis, and sharing of flow cytometry experiments. Researchers use a Web browser to log in and use a wide range of tools developed for basic and advanced flow cytometry. In addition to providing access to standard cytometry tools from any computer, Cytobank creates a platform and community for developing new analysis and publication tools. Figure layouts created on Cytobank are designed to allow transparent access to the underlying experiment annotation and data processing steps. Since all flow cytometry files and analysis data are stored on a central server, experiments and figures can be viewed or edited by anyone with the proper permission, from any computer with Internet access. Once a primary researcher has performed the initial analysis of the data, collaborators can engage in experiment analysis and make their own figure layouts using the gated, compensated experiment files. Cytobank is available to the scientific community at http://www.cytobank.org. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 53:10.17.1‐10.17.24. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐Throughput Assessment of Mammalian Cell Viability by Determination of Adenosine Triphosphate Levels
Authors: Tolliday Nicola
Published: June 2010

There are many assays available for high‐throughput assessment of mammalian cell viability or cytotoxicity. Approaches include measurement of metabolic capacity, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, induction of apoptosis, intracellular esterase and protease activity, and cellular membrane integrity. This unit provides an in‐depth protocol for measurement of cellular ATP levels as a readout of mammalian cell viability, using the CellTiter‐Glo assay from Promega Corporation. A comparison of the key parameters (sensitivity, speed, and cost) for this and other common high‐throughput viability assays is also presented. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:153‐161 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hollow Mesoporous Zirconia Nanocapsules for Drug Delivery
Authors: Tang Shaoheng , Huang Xiaoqing , Chen Xiaolan , Zheng Nanfeng
Published: June 2010

Hollow mesoporous zirconia nanocapsules (hm‐ZrO2) with a hollow core/porous shell structure are demonstrated as effective vehicles for anti‐cancer drug delivery. While the highly porous feature of the shell allows the drug, doxorubicin(DOX), to easily pass through between the inner void space and surrounding environment of the particles, the void space in the core endows the nanocapsules with high drug loading capacity. The larger the inner hollow diameter, the higher their DOX loading capacity. A loading of 102% related to the weight of hm‐ZrO2 is achieved by the nanocapsules with an inner diameter of 385 nm. Due to their pH‐dependent charge nature, hm‐ZrO2 loaded DOX exhibit pH‐dependent drug releasing kinetics. A lower pH offers a faster DOX release rate from hm‐ZrO2. Such a property makes the loaded DOX easily release from the nanocapsules when up‐taken by living cells. Although the flow cytometry reveals more uptake of hm‐ZrO2 particles by normal cells, hm‐ZrO2 loaded DOX release more drugs in cancer cells than in normal cells, leading to more cytotoxicity toward tumor cells and less cytotoxicity to healthy cells than free DOX.
Analysenautomation in Wasserlaboratorien mit flow‐stream‐Automaten Teil 5. Die automatische Bestimmung von Eisen im Wasser
Authors: Vogler P.
Published: June 2010

Es wird eine auf der Photometrie des Eisenorthophenanthrolinkomplexes basierende Eisenbestimmung auf flow‐stream‐Automaten beschrieben. Durch sie können in zwei Meßbereichen wahlweise 0,02 … 2 mg/1 Fe oder 0,5 … 20 mg/1 Fe mit Standardabweichungen um 1% (im mittleren Teil des Meßbereiches) bestimmt werden. Pro Arbeitstag sind auf einem Automaten etwa 220 Doppelbestimmungen des Eisengehaltes von Wasserproben ausführbar. Eine versierte Arbeitskraft kann dabei zwei bis drei Automaten bedienen.

Das automatische Bestimmungsverfahren ist noch weniger störanfällig als das zugrunde liegende störungsarme manuelle Verfahren (AUSGEWÄHLTE METHODEN 1973).

Da in der überwiegenden Zahl der Fälle die direkte Eisenbestimmung in Wasserproben kein eindeutiges Ergebnis liefert, wird zugleich eine teilautomatische Bestimmung des Gesamteisengehaltes von Wässern angegeben. Der hierfür erforderliche Aufschluß wird mit Hilfe der gleichen Aufschluß‐apparatur ausgeführt, wie sie bereits früher für die teilautomatische Bestimmung von Gesamt‐phosphat und organisch gebundendem Stickstoff beschrieben wurde (VOGLER 1976a).
Paternal occupation and brain cancer in offspring: A mortality‐based case‐control study
Authors: Wilkins John R. , Koutras Ruth A.
Published: June 2010

A mortality‐based case‐control study of selected risk factors for childhood brain tumors was undertaken. Ohio‐born children who died from brain cancer during the 1959‐1978 vicennium were compared to control children (of the same age, race, and sex) by using information obtained from the subjects' birth certificates. Differences between the case and the control children with respect to paternal occupation, the focus of the study, were examined. Controlling for the potentially confounding effects of several nonoccupation‐al factors, case fathers were found more likely than control fathers to have been employed (at the time of birth of their children) in agriculture, in metal‐related jobs, in structural work jobs in the construction industry, and in electrical assembling, installing, and repairing occupations in the machinery industry. Although the results must be interpreted with caution, the findings lend support to the hypothesis that parental occupation is a potential risk factor for childhood brain tumors.
P‐values for the Optimal Version of Fisher's Exact Test in the Comparison of Two Independent Proportions
Authors: Andrés Antonio Martín , Del Castillo J. D. Luna
Published: June 2010

One of the accepted criteria for comparing two independent proportions, in the case of small samples, is the so‐called “Fisher's exact test”. The authors give tables of P‐values for critical regions constructed under the optional version of the said test, and with the following characteristics: i) they do not distinguish between rows and columns, with the consequent saving of space; ii) they give P‐values for one‐and two‐tailed tests; iii) they contain all the significant critical regions for P‐values between 0.05% and 10%, so that the test can be carried out according to Bonferroni's rule.
EuroSCORE is a good global predictor of long‐term outcomes in high‐risk but not in low‐risk patients after unprotected left main angioplasty
Authors: Rekik Sofiene , Brunet Jérôme , Bayet Gilles , Hager François Xavier , Meille Laurent , Quatre Jean Michel , Sainsous Joël
Published: June 2010

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention is increasingly emerging as a valuable alternative to surgery for the treatment of patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease. In this study, we aimed to assess the ability of the EuroSCORE risk stratification model to predict long‐term major adverse cardiac events after unprotected left main angioplasty according to the individual level of risk. Methods: Two hundred forty‐six consecutive patients who underwent ULMCA in a single high volume center over a 5‐year period were included. Major adverse cardiac events were defined as a combined end point of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization. Results: Areas under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve of EuroSCORE in the entire cohort were 0.687 (P = 0.005; 95% CI: 0.575–0.846) and 0.589 (P = 0.038; 95% CI: 0.511–0.673) respectively for cardiac death and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). One hundred twenty‐four patients had a EuroSCORE value > 6 and constituted the high surgical risk (HSR) group. Actuarial 4‐year survivals free from cardiac death and free from MACE were significantly lower in this group respectively at 84% versus 93% (log rank P = 0.02) and 50% versus 74% (log rank P = 0.004). EuroSCORE was the only independent predictor of long‐term cardiac mortality by the Cox analysis (HR = 3.95, P = 0.027, 95% CI: 1.16–13.39). It had a good discriminatory power for predicting both cardiac death and MACE with AUC respectively at was 0.705 (P = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.55–0.86) and 0.65 (P = 0.013, 95% CI: 0.54–0.78) in the HSR cohort but not in the lower risk (EuroSCORE ≤ 6) cohort. Conclusion: EuroSCORE is a good predictor not only of cardiac death but also of MACE after ULMCA angioplasty; however, the discriminatory ability of EuroSCORE appears to be limited to patients with high surgical risk as defined by EuroSCORE values >6. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bifurcation lesions: Functional assessment by fractional flow reserve vs. anatomical assessment using conventional and dedicated bifurcation quantitative coronary angiogram
Authors: Sarno Giovanna , Garg Scot , Onuma Yoshinobu , Girasis Chrysafios , Tonino Pim , Morel Marie‐Angele , van Es Gerrit‐Anne , Pijls Nico , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: June 2010

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of both conventional quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and the dedicated three branch QCA model for bifurcations in the prediction of a functionally significant lesion according to fractional flow reserve (FFR) in patients with bifurcation lesions. Methods: Twenty patients with bifurcation lesions underwent coronary angiography together with a functional evaluation of both the main branch and side‐branch using FFR. QCA was performed off‐line with both conventional QCA software (CAASII, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, The Netherlands) and three branch QCA software (CAAS5, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, The Netherlands). A stenosis was considered hemodynamically significant when the FFR value was ≤0.80 and anatomically significant when the diameter stenosis was >50%. The QCA and FFR data were correlated by means of the Pearson correlation. Results: Eighteen bifurcation lesions were suitable for the QCA analysis. In the main vessel, a significant inverse correlation with FFR was seen with both conventional QCA (Pearson r = 0.52 for the MV, P = 0.02), and the three branch QCA model (Pearson r = 0.67 for the MV, P = 0.002). Conversely, in the side‐branch, the correlation between QCA and FFR was only significant with the three branch QCA model (Pearson r = 0.57, P = 0.02 for the SB). Conclusions: In bifurcation lesions the correlation between the anatomic severity of a coronary stenosis and its functional significance appears to be somewhat higher when QCA is performed using the three branch model. This is most notable for side‐branch stenoses which can be overestimated when using conventional QCA. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.