bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of monosodium glutamate by‐product in cow diet on performance of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Padunglerk Achira , Prasanpanich Somkiert , Kongmun Phongthorn
Published: April 2016

Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were monosodium glutamate by‐product (MSGB) replacement for soybean meal in concentrate at four levels: MSGB replacement at 0, 20, 40 and 60%, respectively. Pangola hay was given on an ad libitum basis. It was found that total dry matter intake, concentrate intake, pangola hay intake and all apparent digestibilities were not different among treatments. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen at 4 h post‐feeding was significantly different, in which the 0% treatment had the highest (P < 0.05) while the 20% treatment had the lowest. Milk fat percentage was the highest (P < 0.05) in the 0% treatment. MSGB replacement at 40% and 60% were shown to be the lowest (P < 0.05) feed cost for milk production, and profitability of milk production was the highest (P < 0.05) for the 60% treatment. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that MSGB replacement for soybean meal at 20‐60% in the feed for dairy cows presented no negative effects on their performances. In addition, it could decrease feed cost 2.9‐17.3% and increase milk production profit up to 33.3% in the 60% treatment.
Excretion rates of indigestible plastic balls of different specific gravities and diameters in dairy cattle
Authors: Seyama Tomohiro , Hirayasu Hirofumi , Kasai Koji
Published: April 2016

We used plastic balls to investigate how their specific gravity and diameter affect excretion rate and rumination in dairy cattle, to develop a capsule that can be used for reaching the lower gastrointestinal tract without physical breakdown and/or degradation in the rumen. Twelve types of indigestible plastic balls composed of a combination of four specific gravities (0.95, 1.19, 1.41, or 2.20) and three diameters (3.97, 6.35, or 7.94 mm) were orally administered to lactating dairy cows, and the balls were collected from feces, after 120 h post‐administration, to evaluate the recovery rate. Recovery rate of the balls with specific gravity 1.19 or 1.41 and diameter 6.35 or 7.94 mm was higher than those with specific gravity 0.95 or 2.20 and diameter 3.97 mm. The cumulative recovery rate at 24 and 48 h post‐administration was higher for balls with specific gravity 1.19 than that for balls with other specific gravities. These results suggest that specific gravity 1.19 or 1.41 and diameters 6.35−7.94 mm are optimal for use in bypass capsules for administration to cattle. In addition, the passage time of capsules differed between specific gravities 1.19 and 1.41.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling of acute N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide after doxorubicin infusion in breast cancer
Authors: Liang Shuang , Brundage Richard C. , Jacobson Pamala A. , Blaes Anne , Kirstein Mark N.
Published: April 2016

Aims

The aim of the present study was to develop a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) model to characterize the relationship between plasma doxorubicin and N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentrations within 48 h of doxorubicin treatment.

Methods

The study enrolled 17 female patients with stages 1–3 breast cancer and receiving adjuvant doxorubicin (60 mg m–2) and cyclophosphamide (600 mg m–2) every 14 days for four cycles. In two consecutive cycles, plasma concentrations of doxorubicin, doxorubicinol, troponin and NT‐proBNP were collected before infusion, and up to 48 h after the end of doxorubicin infusion. Nonlinear mixed‐effects modelling was used to describe the PK‐PD relationship of doxorubicin and NT‐proBNP.

Results

A three‐compartment parent drug with a one‐compartment metabolite model best described the PK of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol. Troponin concentrations remained similar to baseline. An indirect PD model with transit compartments best described the relationship of doxorubicin exposure and acute NT‐proBNP response. Estimated PD parameters were associated with large between‐subject variability (total assay variability 38.8–73.9%). Patient clinical factors, including the use of enalapril, were not observed to be significantly associated with doxorubicin PK or NT‐proBNP PD variability.

Conclusion

The relationship between doxorubicin concentration and the acute NT‐proBNP response was successfully described with a population PK‐PD model. This model will serve as a valuable framework for future studies to identify clinical factors associated with the acute response to doxorubicin. Future studies are warranted to examine the relationship between this acute response and subsequent heart failure. Should such a relationship be established, this model could provide useful information on patients' susceptibility to doxorubicin‐induced long‐term cardiotoxicity.
Phenotypical characterization of regulatory T cells in humans and rodents
Authors: Rodríguez-Perea A L , Arcia E D , Rueda C M , Velilla P A
Published: April 2016

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute a fascinating subpopulation of CD4+ T cells due to their ability to limit the immune response against self and non-self antigens. Murine models and antibodies directed against surface and intracellular molecules have allowed elucidation of the mechanisms that govern their development and function. However, these markers used to their classification lack of specificity, as they can be expressed by activated T cells. Similarly, there are slight differences between animal models, in steady state and pathological conditions, anatomical localization and strategy of analysis by flow cytometry. Here, we revised the most common markers utilized for Treg typification by flow cytometry such as CD25, forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and CD127, along with our data obtained in different body compartments of humans, mice and rats. Furthermore, we revised and determined the expression of other molecules important for the phenotypical characterization of Treg cells. We draw attention to the drawbacks of those markers used in chronic states of inflammation. However, until a specific marker for the identification of Tregs is discovered, the best combination of markers will depend upon the tissue or the degree of inflammation from which Tregs derive.
Mandibular Full‐Arch Fixed Prostheses Supported on 4 Implants with Either Axial Or Tilted Distal Implants: A 3‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Krennmair Stefan , Weinländer Michael , Malek Michael , Forstner Thomas , Krennmair Gerald , Stimmelmayr Michael
Published: April 2016

Purpose

This prospective study evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcome of distally cantilevered 4‐implant‐supported fixed mandibular prostheses (4‐ISFMP) with distal implants either in axial or distally tilted direction.

Material and Methods

Forty‐one mandibulary edentulous patients received acrylic veneered 4‐ISFMP with casted framework. Based on distal implant placement direction patients were assigned to 2 groups: 21 patients with four (2 anterior/2 posterior) axial implants (axial‐group I) and 20 patients with 2 anterior axial/2 distal tilted implants (tilted‐group II). Patients were prospectively followed for 3 years by annual examinations of implants and prosthetic survival rates including assessment for biological and mechanical complications. Additionally, peri‐implant marginal bone resorption [MBR], pocket depth [PD], plaque index [PI], bleeding index [BI] and gingival index [GI], and calculus index [CI] were evaluated at each annual follow‐up.

Results

37/41 patients (19 axial‐group I, 18 tilted‐group II) and 148/164 implants were followed at the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year evaluation (dropout rate: 11.8%) presenting no implant and denture loss (100% survival). The overall, MBR at year 1, 2, and 3 was 1.11 ± 0.4 mm, 1.26 ± 0.42 mm, and 1.40 ± 0.41 mm, respectively, representing a significant (p < .001) continuing time depending annual reduction. MBR and PD did not differ between anterior and posterior regions in both groups or for anterior and posterior regions between the groups. PI and CI were significantly (p < .001) higher for implants in anterior regions than for posterior regions in both groups. Moreover, posterior implant regions showed significantly (p < .001) higher PI and CI for axial‐group I than for tilted‐group II over time. Biological and mechanical complications as well as GI and BI did not differ between the groups over a 3‐year follow‐up period.

Conclusion

For clinical implant and prosthesis outcome no statistical significant mean differences were noted for distally cantilevered 4‐ISFMP supported by distal implants placed in tilted or axial direction.
Immediate Implant Placement in Sockets with Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Capparé Paolo , Crespi Giovanni , Lo Giudice Giuseppe , Gastaldi Giorgio , Gherlone Enrico
Published: April 2016

Background

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if the presence of granulation tissue in asymptomatic apical periodontitis compromised immediate implant placement.

Methods

Patients requiring extraction of one tooth (maxillary and mandibular incisive, canine or premolar) with asymptomatic apical periodontitis, were recruited for this prospective study. They were randomly scheduled into two groups: in first group (A) including 30 teeth, reactive soft tissue was debrided before implant placement, and in second group (B) including 30 teeth, reactive soft tissue was left in the apical lesion. Implants were positioned immediately after tooth extraction, and were loaded after 3 months in both groups. Cone beam computed tomography was performed before tooth extraction and at 1‐year follow‐up to evaluate the radiolucency around the root apex and the implant, bucco‐lingual bone levels were also checked.

Results

Sixty patients were included in this study. Sixty implants were placed immediately after tooth extraction and, at 1‐year follow‐up, a survival rate of 100% was reported. After one year both groups showed absence of radiolucent zone at the apical region of implants. All fresh sockets presented a buccal‐palatal bone reduction in both groups after one year, even if not statistically significant differences were found between baseline bone levels and within groups.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of the present study, the immediate placement of implants into the extraction sockets with asymptomatic apical periodontitis, in presence of primary stability, did not lead to an increased rate of complications and rendered an equally favorable type of tissue integration.
Lymph node ratio and surgical quality are strong prognostic factors of rectal cancer: results from a single referral centre
Authors: Leonard D. , Remue C. , Abbes Orabi N. , van Maanen A. , Danse E. , Dragean A. , Debetancourt D. , Humblet Y. , Jouret‐Mourin A. , Maddalena F. , Medina Benites A. , Scalliet P. , Sempoux C. , Van den Eynde M. , De Schoutheete J. C. , Kartheuser A.
Published: April 2016

Aim

Nodal stage is a strong prognostic factor of oncological outcome of rectal cancer. To compensate for the variation in total number of harvested nodes, calculation of the lymph node ratio (LNR) has been advocated. The aim of the study was to compare the impact, on the long‐term oncological outcome, of the LNR with other predictive factors, including the quality of total mesorectal excision (TME) and the state of the circumferential resection margin.

Method

Consecutive patients having elective surgery for nonmetastatic rectal cancer were extracted from a prospectively maintained database. Retrospective uni‐ and multivariate analyses were performed based on patient‐, surgical‐ and tumour‐related factors. The prognostic value of the LNR on overall survival (OS) and on overall recurrence‐free survival (ORFS) was assessed and a cut‐off value was determined.

Results

From 1998 to 2013, out of 456 patients, 357 with nonmetastatic disease were operated on for rectal cancer. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy was administered to 66.7% of the patients. The mean number of lymph nodes retrieved was 12.8 ± 8.78 per surgical specimen. A lower lymph node yield was obtained in patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (11.8 vs 14.2; P = 0.014). The 5‐year ORFS was 71.8% and the 5‐year OS was 80.1%. Multivariate analysis confirmed LNR, the quality of TME and age to be independent prognostic factors of OS. LNR, age and perineural infiltration were independently associated with ORFS. Low‐ and high‐risk patients could be discriminated using an LNR cut‐off value of 0.2.

Conclusion

LNR is an independent prognostic factor of OS and ORFS. In line with the principles of optimal surgical management, the quality of TME and lymph node yield are essential technical requirements.
‘Crisis’ and ‘everyday’ initiators: A qualitative study of coercion and agency in the context of methadone maintenance treatment initiation
Authors: Damon Will , Small Will , Anderson Solanna , Maher Lisa , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas , McNeil Ryan
Published: April 2016

Introduction and Aims

Patient attrition is common among people enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs and most pronounced during the first year of treatment. However, the experiences of patients initiating MMT have been overlooked in the literature. This study explores experiences of MMT initiation among MMT patients, focusing on contextual influences on MMT initiation and perceptions of MMT and their subsequent influence on treatment retention.

Design and Methods

Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 39 MMT patients in Vancouver, Canada. Individuals reporting enrolment in MMT were recruited from within two ongoing cohort studies comprised of people who use drugs. Interview transcripts were analysed using an inductive and iterative approach.

Results

Two groups of MMT initiators were identified: (i) ‘crisis initiators’ prescribed methadone following critical transition events, such as incarceration or pregnancy; and (ii) ‘everyday initiators’ enrolled in MMT as part of routine healthcare utilisation. While most ‘crisis initiators’ and some ‘everyday initiators’ described experiencing coercion during MMT initiation, ‘crisis initiators’ were further subjected to the coercive leveraging of their vulnerability to motivate ‘consent’ for MMT. ‘Crisis initiators’ developed negative views towards MMT and were more likely to discontinue treatment. Long‐standing patient–provider relationships and open dialogue were associated with more positive views regarding MMT, regardless of the circumstances of initiation.

Discussion and Conclusion

Findings underscore the need for clear and effective communication regarding treatment regimens and expectations during MMT initiation. Furthermore, training in trauma‐informed care may help reduce perceptions of coercion and rates of early treatment termination. [Damon W, Small W, Anderson S, Maher L, Wood E, Kerr T, McNeil R. Crisis’ and ‘everyday’ initiators: A qualitative study of coercion and agency in the context of methadone maintenance treatment initiation. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:253–260]
Knockdown of zebrafish Nanog increases primordial germ cells during early embryonic development
Authors: Wang Huannan , Liu Yanhua , Ye Ding , Li Jianzhen , Liu Jiangdong , Deng Fengjiao
Published: April 2016

Nanog is a homeodomain transcription factor that plays a prominent role in maintaining the pluripotency and self‐renewal capacity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in mammals. Medaka Nanog is necessary for S‐phase transition and proliferation during embryonic development. However, whether Nanog regulates the proliferation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) during embryonic development has not yet been investigated. In this study, we identified the homologue of the mammalian Nanog gene in zebrafish (zNanog). The expression of both zNanog mRNA and protein was demonstrated in the spermatogonia (male germ stem cells) of the testis and the early oocytes of the ovary. During the embryonic development, zNanog mRNA is expressed in the cytoplasm of PGCs, and its protein is localized to the PGC nuclei. We also found that zNanog depletion using morpholinos resulted in the increases and aberrant localization of PGCs in the zebrafish embryos from the sphere stage to the 50% epiboly stage. These data indicated that zNanog inhibits the PGCs proliferation in early embryonic development of zebrafish.
The effect of hypopituitarism on fatigue after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Khajeh L. , Ribbers G. M. , Heijenbrok‐Kal M. H. , Blijdorp K. , Dippel D. W. J. , Sneekes E. M. , van den Berg‐Emons H. J. G. , van der Lely A. J. , Neggers S. J. C. M. M. , van Kooten F.
Published: April 2016

Background and purpose

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) survivors often complain of fatigue, which is disabling. Fatigue is also a common symptom of pituitary dysfunction (PD), in particular in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). A possible association between fatigue after SAH and long‐term pituitary deficiency in SAH survivors has not yet been established.

Methods

A single center observational study was conducted amongst 84 aneurysmal SAH survivors to study the relationship between PD and fatigue over time after SAH, using mixed model analysis. Fatigue was measured with the Fatigue Severity Scale and its relationships with other clinical variables were studied.

Results

Three‐quarters of respondents (76%) have pathological fatigue directly after SAH and almost two‐thirds (60%) of patients still have pathological levels of fatigue after 14 months. The severity of SAH measured with a World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) score higher than 1 (P = 0.008) was associated with long‐term fatigue. There is no statistically significant effect of PD (P = 0.8) or GHD (P = 0.23) on fatigue in SAH survivors over time.

Conclusions

Fatigue is a common symptom amongst SAH survivors. WFNS is a usable clinical determinant of fatigue in SAH survivors. Neither PD nor GHD has a significant effect on long‐term fatigue after SAH.
Association of serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels and cerebral microbleeds in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhang J. B. , Li M. F. , Zhang H. X. , Li Z. G. , Sun H. R. , Zhang J. S. , Wang P. F.
Published: April 2016

Background and purpose

The association between the presence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) was investigated.

Methods

Consecutive AD patients who underwent magnetic resonance examination with susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) were prospectively examined. The presence of CMBs on SWI was independently interpreted. The number and location of microbleeds were assessed. Demographics including age, sex and risk factors were obtained. Serum VEGF levels were measured with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Of the 146 AD patients included, 47 (32.2%) patients had CMBs on SWI. The CMBs were most commonly located in strictly lobar locations (29/47, 61.7%). The mean VEGF levels were higher in the patients with CMBs than in those without (336.72 ± 15.18 vs. 192.37 ± 11.34 pg/ml). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that, for each 10 pg/ml increase of VEGF levels, there was a significant increase in the presence of CMBs after adjusting for age and sex, and after additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, silent lacunar infarction and white matter hyperintensity in patients with AD (odds ratio 2.37; 95% confidence interval 1.53−4.02, P = 0.004).

Conclusion

Serum VEGF levels are associated with the presence of CMBs in patients with AD.
Differences in body sizes and physiological conditions among castes in the ponerine antCryptopone sauteri(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Yamaguchi Yuki , Yazawa Hiromi , Iwanishi Satoru , Kudô Kazuyuki
Published: April 2016

In several poneroid ant species, mated workers alone undertake reproduction. The reproductive systems of such species have been examined extensively. However, few studies have investigated species with alate queens, which reproduce after shedding their wings. We compared body sizes and the numbers of ovarioles between queens and workers in the antCryptopone sauteriwith alate queens. We also compared ovariole development between the castes to evaluate their reproductive systems. Approximately 60% of the nests collected were queenless. We often detected unmated queens in the nests throughout the year, but did not obtain strong evidence for their reproduction. Although significant differences were observed in the number of ovarioles and body characteristics between the queens and workers, the differences were not as prominent as those observed in Formicinae and Myrmicinae. We propose two alternative hypotheses, failure of nuptial flight or postponement of reproduction, to explain the presence of unmated queens in the nests.
Juvenile recruitment in loggerhead sea turtles linked to decadal changes in ocean circulation
Authors: Ascani François , Van Houtan Kyle S. , Di Lorenzo Emanuele , Polovina Jeffrey J. , Jones T. Todd
Published: April 2016

Given the threats of climate change, understanding the relationship of climate with long‐term population dynamics is critical for wildlife conservation. Previous studies have linked decadal climate oscillations to indices of juvenile recruitment in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), but without a clear understanding of mechanisms. Here, we explore the underlying processes that may explain these relationships. Using the eddy‐resolving Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator, we generate hatch‐year trajectories for loggerhead turtles emanating from Japan over six decades (1950–2010). We find that the proximity of the high‐velocity Kuroshio Current to the primary nesting areas in southern Japan is remarkably stable and that hatchling dispersal to oceanic habitats itself does not vary on decadal timescales. However, we observe a shift in latitudes of trajectories, consistent with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In a negative PDO phase, the Kuroshio Extension Current (KEC) is strong and acts as a physical barrier to the northward transport of neonates. As a result, hatch‐year trajectories remain mostly below 35°N in the warm, unproductive region south of the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF). During a positive PDO phase, however, the KEC weakens facilitating the neonates to swim north of the TZCF into cooler and more productive waters. As a result, annual cohorts from negative PDO years may face a lack of resources, whereas cohorts from positive PDO years may find sufficient resources during their pivotal first year. These model outputs indicate that the ocean circulation dynamics, combined with navigational swimming behavior, may be a key factor in the observed decadal variability of sea turtle populations.
Prognostic implications of baseline anaemia and changes in haemoglobin concentrations with amphotericin B therapy for cryptococcal meningitis
Authors: Tugume L , Morawski BM , Abassi M , Bahr NC , Kiggundu R , Nabeta HW , Hullsiek KH , Taseera K , Musubire AK , Schutz C , Muzoora C , Williams DA , Rolfes MA , Meintjes G , Rhein J , Meya DB , Boulware DR
Published: April 2016

Objectives

Anaemia represents a common toxicity with amphotericin B‐based induction therapy in HIV‐infected persons with cryptococcal meningitis. We sought to examine the impact of amphotericin‐related anaemia on survival.

Methods

We used data from Ugandan and South African trial participants to characterize the variation of haemoglobin concentrations from diagnosis to 12 weeks post‐diagnosis. Anaemia severity was classified based on the haemoglobin concentration at cryptococcal meningitis diagnosis, and nadir haemoglobin values during amphotericin induction. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate 2‐ and 10‐week mortality risk. We also estimated 10‐week mortality risk among participants with nadir haemoglobin < 8.5 g/dL during amphotericin induction and who survived ≥ 2 weeks post‐enrolment.

Results

The median haemoglobin concentration at meningitis diagnosis was 11.5 g/dL [interquartile range (IQR) 9.7–13 g/dL; n = 311] with a mean decline of 4.2 g/dL [95% confidence interval (CI) −4.6 to −3.8; P < 0.001; n = 148] from diagnosis to nadir value among participants with baseline haemoglobin ≥ 8.5 g/dL. The median haemoglobin concentration was 8.1 g/dL (IQR 6.5–9.5 g/dL) at 2 weeks, increasing to 9.4 g/dL (IQR 8.2–10.9 g/dL) by 4 weeks and continuing to increase to 12 weeks. Among participants with haemoglobin < 8.5 g/dL at diagnosis, mortality risk was elevated at 2 weeks [hazard ratio (HR) 2.7; 95% CI 1.5–4.9; P < 0.01] and 10 weeks (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–2.2; P = 0.03), relative to those with haemoglobin ≥ 8.5 g/dL. New‐onset anaemia occurring with amphotericin therapy did not have a statistically significant association with 10‐week mortality (HR 2.0; 95% CI 0.5–9.1; P = 0.4).

Conclusions

Amphotericin induced significant haemoglobin declines, which were mostly transient and did not impact 10‐week mortality. Individuals with moderate to life‐threatening anaemia at baseline had a higher mortality risk at 2 and 10 weeks post‐enrolment.
Different effects of arginine vasopressin on high‐mobility group box 1 expression in astrocytes isolated from stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and congenic SHRpch1_18 rats
Authors: Yamagata Kazuo , Sone Natumi , Suguyama Sari , Nabika Toru
Published: April 2016

Stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Izm) develop severe hypertension and astrocytic oedema following ischaemic stimulation. During ischaemic stress high‐mobility group box 1 (Hmgb1) expression in astrocytes is induced, and subsequently potentiates deterioration of the brain due to ischaemic injury, which manifests as both cerebral inflammation and astrocytic oedema. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) induces brain injury and increases astrocytic swelling. After stroke, Hmgb1 and peroxiredoxin (Prx) are released at different times and activate macrophages in the brain via Toll‐like receptors (Tlr2s). The purpose of this study was to examine whether AVP and/or hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) contribute to Hmgb1 regulation following ischaemic stroke. Thus, Hmgb1, Prx2 and Tlr2 expression levels in astrocytes isolated from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY/Izm), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/Izm), SHRSP/Izm and congenic rat strain SHRpch1_18 treated with AVP and/or H/R were compared. Gene and protein expression levels were determined by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and real‐time quantitative PCR, and Western blot. mRNA expression of Hmgb1, Prx2 and Tlr2 induced by AVP was dose‐dependent, and Hmgb1 and Prx2 expression was higher in SHR/Izm, SHRSP/Izm and SHRch1_18 than in WKY/Izm. Tlr2 expression with AVP was reduced in SHR/Izm compared to WKY/Izm. In SHRpch1_18, Hmgb1 expression increased after AVP plus H/R. AVP‐modulated expression of Hmgb1 protein was reduced by the addition of the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC). These results suggest that oxidative stress by AVP enhanced expression of Hmgb1, Prx2 and Tlr2 in astrocytes. We hypothesize that regulation of Hmgb1 by AVP during H/R might be related to induction of inflammation and stroke in SHRSP/Izm and SHRpch1_18 rats.
New reduction strategy in the biobjective knapsack problem
Authors: Daoud Malika , Chaabane Djamal
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the admissible region of a biobjective knapsack problem is our main interest. Although the reduction of feasible region has been studied by some authors, yet more investigation has to be done in order to deeply explore the domain before solving the problem. We propose, however, a new technique based on extreme supported efficient solutions combined with the dominance relationship between items' efficiency. An illustration of the algorithm by a didactic example is given and some experiments are presented, showing the efficiency of the procedure compared to the previous techniques found in the literature.
Subepidermal moisture (SEM) and bioimpedance: a literature review of a novel method for early detection of pressure‐induced tissue damage (pressure ulcers)
Authors: Moore Zena , Patton Declan , Rhodes Shannon L , O'Connor Tom
Published: April 2016

Current detection of pressure ulcers relies on visual and tactile changes at the skin surface, but physiological changes below the skin precede surface changes and have a significant impact on tissue health. Inflammatory and apoptotic/necrotic changes in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin, such as changes in interstitial fluid (also known as subepidermal moisture (SEM)), may precede surface changes by 3–10 days. Those same epidermal and subepidermal changes result in changes in the electrical properties (bioimpedance) of the tissue, thereby presenting an objective, non‐invasive method for assessing tissue damage. Clinical studies of bioimpedance for the detection of pressure ulcers have demonstrated that changes in bioimpedance correlate with increasing severity of pressure ulcer stages. Studies have also demonstrated that at anatomical locations with pressure ulcers, bioimpedance varies with distance from the centre of the pressure ulcers. The SEM Scanner, a handheld medical device, offers an objective and reliable method for the assessment of local bioimpedance, and therefore, assessment of tissue damage before signs become visible to the unaided eye. This literature review summarises pressure ulcer pathophysiology, principles of bioimpedance and clinical research using bioimpedance technology to assess pressure ulcers.
The Effect of Accounting Conservatism on Corporate Investment during the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Balakrishnan Karthik , Watts Ross , Zuo Luo
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the effect of accounting conservatism on firm‐level investment during the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. Using a differences‐in‐differences design, we find that firms with less conservative financial reporting experienced a sharper decline in investment activity following the onset of the crisis compared to firms with more conservative financial reporting. This relationship was stronger for firms that were financially constrained, faced greater external financing needs, or had higher information asymmetry. We also find that more conservative firms experienced lower declines in both debt‐raising activity and stock performance. The evidence suggests that accounting conservatism reduces underinvestment in the presence of information frictions.
Deciphering range dynamics: effects of niche stability areas and post‐glacial colonization on alpine species distribution
Authors: Marta Silvio , Lacasella Federica , Gratton Paolo , Cesaroni Donatella , Sbordoni Valerio
Published: April 2016

Aim

Niche stability areas (NSAs) are portions of the species range where climate conditions remain suitable through time. They represent the core of species ranges. Their distribution and extent, coupled with dispersal and colonization, shape the realized range of species. In this study, we quantified the roles of survival within NSAs and post‐glacial dispersal in determining the current distribution of two groups of alpine butterflies (two taxa in the Erebia tyndarus species complex; three taxa in the Parnassius apollo–P. phoebus species complex).

Location

Holarctic.

Methods

NSAs were identified for each taxon by combining current and past potential distributions models, estimated using different modelling techniques and general circulation models. We then (1) assessed the distributional bias towards NSAs by comparing actual occurrence records with randomized occupancies of the current potential range and (2) quantified post‐glacial dispersal by examining the distribution of distances from each occurrence record to the nearest NSA.

Results

In almost all taxa, realized distributions are biased towards NSAs. However, while Erebia's present range is strongly dominated by NSAs, some populations of Parnassius are found very far from NSAs, suggesting more effective colonization of the available geographical space.

Main conclusions

Our study highlights the relative roles of survival within NSAs and post‐glacial dispersal in shaping the ranges of different alpine butterflies during the Holocene. Results suggest that Erebia was unable to disperse far from NSAs, thus experiencing increasing range fragmentation. Parnassius populations, on the other hand, coupled local survival with northward dispersal. As NSAs allowed the long‐term survival of the species, acting as sources for recolonization, and tend to preserve most of each species’ genetic diversity, identifying NSAs and understanding their importance in determining the current distribution of species represents a pivotal task for the conservation of biological diversity.
Net Blood Pressure Reduction Following 9 Months of Lifestyle and High‐Intensity Interval Training Intervention in Individuals With Abdominal Obesity
Authors: Sosner Philippe , Bosquet Laurent , Herpin Daniel , Guilbeault Valérie , Latour Elise , Paquette‐Tannir Laurie , Juneau Martin , Nigam Anil , Gayda Mathieu
Published: April 2016

The authors aimed to study the impact of a combined 9‐month lifestyle program (Mediterranean diet nutritional counselling, and high‐intensity interval training twice a week) on blood pressure (BP) in individuals with abdominal obesity, taking into account the regression‐to‐the‐mean phenomena. A total of 115 participants (53±9 years; 84 women; waist circumference [WC]: 111±13 cm; systolic/diastolic BP [SBP/DBP]: 133±13/82±8 mm Hg; 13% diabetics; 12% smokers; and 30% taking antihypertensive therapy) were retrospectively analyzed before and after the program. After 9 months, we observed an improvement in weight (−5.2±5.6 kg) and WC (−6.3±6.0 cm), and an average SBP/DBP net decrease of −5.1±13.7/−2.8±8.7 mm Hg. These changes were not uniform: 67 participants (58%) decreased their SBP by 2 mm Hg or more. The characteristics of responders included a higher baseline BP than nonresponders (SBP/DBP: 137.2±13.7/83.1±7.3 mm Hg vs 127.0±10.3/80.0±7.3 mm Hg, P<.05) and a higher proportion of participants with a baseline BP ≥130/85 mm Hg (81% vs 52%, P=.001) or with the metabolic syndrome (75% vs 54%, P=.02).
Seasonal occurrence of spotted wing drosophila in various small fruits and berries in Pennsylvania and Maryland
Authors: Joshi N. K. , Butler B. , Demchak K. , Biddinger D.
Published: April 2016

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) (Drosophila suzukii), a major invasive pest of small fruit crops, was first found in Pennsylvania and Maryland during the 2011 crop season, and since then, it has been established throughout the fruit growing regions of both states. A season‐long field study was conducted to find out the seasonal occurrence of SWD in several fruit crops (e.g. blueberry, tart and sweet cherry, floricane‐fruiting summer red raspberry, blackberry, primocane‐fruiting fall raspberries and table grapes) in Pennsylvania and Maryland in 2014. This is the first study determining seasonal occurrence of SWD using a standard commercial lure (Pherocon® SWD Dual‐Lure™)‐baited traps in this region. In both states, SWD adults were not captured prior to the month of July, and populations of SWD were found to build up in fruit crops only from mid‐July onwards. This indicates early season fruit crops or varieties are not at risk from SWD fruit injury in these two states. Such early fruit crops, for instance strawberry, sweet and tart cherry, are generally harvested before SWD populations build up in this region. In this context, implications of SWD population in various small fruit crops grown in this region and the utility of SWD Dual‐Lure ™ in season‐long monitoring of SWD population are discussed.
Encapsulation of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oil in Liposome: Antibacterial Activity Against E. Coli O157:H7 in Broth Media and Minced Beef
Authors: Khosravi‐Darani Kianoush , Khoosfi Mahin Ebrahimi , Hosseini Hedayat
Published: April 2016

Concerns for occurrence of food‐borne disease and harmful impacts of chemical preservatives encourage the use of natural preservatives such as essential oils (EOs). However, EOs are unstable in the presence of oxygen, light and temperature. Attempts have been made to overcome this unstability by entrapment methods. The purpose of this study was to produce liposomal Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZtEO) and compare antibacterial activity of free and liposomal ZtEO against E. coli O157:H7 in broth media and minced beef. Central composite design was applied to elevate the main and interactive impact of independent variables on encapsulation efficiency of ZtEO, as response. The highest encapsulation efficiency of 54.5% best condition was achieved by applying 2.5% wt/vol phosphatidyl choline, 0.81 proportion ratio of essential oil to phosphatidyl choline, temperature of 35C and time of 42 min. The minimum inhibitory concentration of liposomal essential oil was significantly less than the corresponding free oil in both media and minced beef against E. coli O157:H7. It can be concluded that increased antimicrobial activity, after encapsulation in liposomes, can promote the use of natural products as potent preservative and conservation agents in the food industry.

Practical Applications

The activity of many natural antimicrobials such as essential oils is abolished in many food products for a variety of reasons. Interference and cross‐reactions of the antimicrobial and various food constituents, such as protein and fat, are difficult to overcome and often require large amounts of antimicrobial in order to gain significant reductions in the pathogen load in a product. Liposome encapsulation technologies, such as that reported here, may allow for the maintenance of antimicrobial activity by protecting the antimicrobial against cross‐reactions with food components.
Development of a shear‐force scanning near‐field cathodoluminescence microscope for characterization of nanostructures’ optical properties
Authors: BERCU N.B. , TROYON M. , MOLINARI M.
Published: April 2016

An original scanning near‐field cathodoluminescence microscope for nanostructure characterization has been developed and successfully tested. By using a bimorph piezoelectric stack both as actuator and detector, the developed setup constitutes a real improvement compared to previously reported SEM‐based solutions. The technique combines a scanning probe and a scanning electron microscope in order to simultaneously offer near‐field cathodoluminescence and topographic images of the sample. Share‐force topography and cathodoluminescence measurements on GaN, SiC and ZnO nanostructures using the developed setup are presented showing a nanometric resolution in both topography and cathodoluminescence images with increased sensitivity compared to classical luminescence techniques.
Functional role of striatal A2A, D2, and mGlu5 receptor interactions in regulating striatopallidal GABA neuronal transmission
Authors: Beggiato Sarah , Tomasini Maria Cristina , Borelli Andrea Celeste , Borroto‐Escuela Dasiel Oscar , Fuxe Kjell , Antonelli Tiziana , Tanganelli Sergio , Ferraro Luca
Published: April 2016

In this study, the functional role of individual striatal receptors for adenosine (A2AR), dopamine (D2R), and the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu5R in regulating rat basal ganglia activity was characterized in vivo using dual‐probe microdialysis in freely moving rats. In particular, intrastriatal perfusion with the D2R agonist quinpirole (10 μM, 60 min) decreased ipsilateral pallidal GABA and glutamate levels, whereas intrastriatal CGS21680 (A2AR agonist; 1 μM, 60 min) was ineffective on either pallidal GABA and glutamate levels or the quinpirole‐induced effects. Intrastriatal perfusion with the mGlu5R agonist (RS)‐2‐chloro‐5‐hydroxyphenylglycine (600 μM, 60 min), by itself ineffective on pallidal GABA and glutamate levels, partially counteracted the effects of quinpirole. When combined with CGS21680 (1 μM, 60 min), (RS)‐2‐chloro‐5‐hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG; 600 μM, 60 min) fully counteracted the quinpirole (10 μM, 60 min)‐induced reduction in ipsilateral pallidal GABA and glutamate levels. These effects were fully counteracted by local perfusion with the mGlu5R antagonist MPEP (300 μM) or the A2AR antagonist ZM 241385 (100 nM). These results suggest that A2ARs and mGlu5Rs interact synergistically in modulating the D2R‐mediated control of striatopallidal GABA neurons.

image

Using dual‐probe microdialysis, we characterized the functional role of striatal adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) interactions in regulating rat basal ganglia activity. The results suggest the possible usefulness of using an A2AR antagonist and mGluR5 antagonist combination in the treatment of Parkinson's disease to increase the inhibitory D2 signaling on striatopallidal GABA neurons.
Exploring the experiences of nurses and doctors involved in stroke care: a qualitative study
Authors: Theofanidis Dimitrios , Gibbon Bernard
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectives

To describe the current stroke care delivery arrangements in Greece and to explore nursing and medical staff knowledge, skills and attitudes, towards stroke care and management.

Background

Stroke care is diverse in the Greek public healthcare system and is delivered in a medical, neurology or a recently introduced, specialised unit. These settings are available alternatively under a central rota system.

Design

Descriptive qualitative investigation using semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

A purposeful sample of 21 hospital staff were interviewed and verbatim data was transcribed for content analysis. Staff were selected from the various settings involved in stroke care; six medical and 15 nursing staff (12 female) were interviewed.

Results

A number of themes emerged from the interview data and these include: (1) current facilities, (2) admission destination, (3) stroke nursing care, and (4) family involvement and continuing education needs.

Discussion

Innovation and development can occur, even in the face of adversity, due to the commitment, passion and insight of healthcare professionals to enhance stroke care to aspire to international standards.

Conclusions

Greek stroke nurses can achieve their professional potential within the appropriate working environment. The Stroke Bay working ethos and environment enhances professional autonomy and scope of practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

By exploring staff's knowledge and attitudes towards stroke care, nurses and healthcare professionals in general will gain a better understanding of their multiple clinical roles as stroke care providers by reflecting on their patients’ needs.
User acceptance of observation and response charts with a track and trigger system: a multisite staff survey
Authors: Elliott Doug , Allen Emily , McKinley Sharon , Perry Lin , Duffield Christine , Fry Margaret , Gallagher Robyn , Iedema Rick , Roche Michael
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectives

To examine user acceptance with a new format of charts for recording observations and as a prompt for responding to episodes of clinical deterioration in adult medical–surgical patients.

Background

Improving recognition and response to clinical deterioration remains a challenge for acute healthcare institutions globally. Five chart templates were developed in Australia, combining human factors design principles with a track and trigger system for escalation of care. Two chart templates were previously tested in simulations, but none had been evaluated in clinical practice.

Design

Prospective multisite survey of user acceptance of the charts in practice.

Methods

New observation and response charts were trialled in parallel with existing charts for 24 hours across 36 adult acute medical–surgical wards, covering 108 shifts, in five Australian states. Surveys were completed by 477 staff respondents, with open‐ended comments and narrative from short informal feedback groups providing elaboration and context of user experiences.

Results

Respondents were broadly supportive of the chart format and content for monitoring patients, and as a prompt for escalating care. Some concerns were noted for chart size and style, use of ranges to graph vital signs and with specific human factors design features. Information and training issues were identified to improve usability and adherence to chart guidelines and to support improved detection and response for patients with clinical deterioration.

Conclusions

This initial evaluation demonstrated that the charts were perceived as appropriate for documenting observations and as a prompt to detect clinical deterioration. Further evaluation after some minor modifications to the chart is recommended.

Relevance to clinical practice

Explicit training on the principles and rationale of human factors chart design, use of embedded change management strategies and addressing practical issues will improve authentic engagement, staff acceptance and adoption by all clinical users when implementing a similar observation and response chart into practice.
New sonographic morphology score for the differentiation of malignant from benign ovarian tumors
Authors: Shen Zhi Yong , He Ai Qin , Xia Gan Lin , Wu Ming Feng , Li Jun , Ding Yong Sheng
Published: April 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of a new sonographic morphology score (SMS) to differentiate malignant from benign ovarian tumors.

Methods

Data on 84 ovarian tumors in patients hospitalized in our hospital between 2013 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. We established a new sonographic morphology score for ovarian tumors based on volume and structure scores. The efficacy of the new SMS was compared with that of Ueland's index (the old SMS). Receiver–operator curves (ROC) of the two SMS were constructed, and the areas under the curve were calculated and compared. The ROC of the new SMS was also compared with those for the patients' CA‐125 and CA‐72‐4 levels.

Results

The area under the ROC of the new SMS for ovarian tumors was 0.836, while for the old SMS for ovarian tumors it was 0.709. By Z‐test (Z = 2.452, P = 0.0384), there was a significant difference between the new SMS and the old SMS in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. There was no significant difference in the area under the ROC between the new SMS and CA‐125 and CA‐72‐4 in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors. With a cut‐off value of 6, the sensitivity, specificity, positive prognostic value, and negative prognostic value of the new SMS were 0.797, 0.85, 0.944, and 0.567, respectively.

Conclusion

The new SMS may be used to differentiate malignant ovarian carcinomas from benign tumors except in the case of ovarian thecoma.