bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phacofragmentation and aspiration for cataract extraction in dogs: 56 cases (1980–1984)
Authors: Miller Thomas R. , Whitley R. David , Meek Lisa A. , Garcia G. Adolfo , Wilson Martha C. , Rawls Benjamin H.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-six cases of cataract removal in dogs by phacofragmentation and aspiration were reviewed. Improvement of vision was detected in the immediate postoperative period in 53 (94.6%) of 56 dogs. Vision was present in 25 (85.2%) of 29 dogs evaluated at 2 years after surgery, and in 5 (71.4%) of 7 dogs evaluated 4 years after surgery. Reasons for failure of visual improvement and complications in visual eyes were related primarily to development of postoperative anterior uveitis. Age of the dog at surgery was not a significant factor in the restoration of vision.
Nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis in dogs: 19 cases (1973-1985)
Authors: Paulsen Michael E. , Lavach J. D. , Snyder Stanley P. , Severin Glenn A. , Eichenbaum Jesse D.
Published: February 2025

We examined the age and breed prevalence and the response to treatment of 19 dogs with nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis. Biopsy specimens were evaluated to determine the histologic characteristics of the lesions. In these dogs, this disorder was an idiopathic, bilateral disease characterized histologically by the presence of chronic granulomatous inflammation and reticulin fiber formation. The onset of clinical signs developed predominantly in young to middle-aged Collies, with a slow progression and benign clinical course. With treatment, the condition rarely threatened vision and was controlled easily with azathioprine (2 mg/kg) and/or corticosteroid. The dose of immunosuppressive drug was tapered to allow for minimal systemic effects and continued remission of clinical signs. The response to treatment was highly variable.
Primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs: 21 cases (1976–1986)
Authors: Berger Bruce , Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2025

Case records from 21 dogs with hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism were evaluated. The dogs were ≥ 7 years old, and 6 were Keeshonds. The most common clinical signs were polydipsia/polyuria, listlessness, and muscle weakness. The serum calcium concentrations were 12.1 to 19.6 mg/dl. Serum phosphorus concentrations were low in 5 dogs, within the reference range in 13 dogs, and high in 3 dogs that also had high concentrations of bun. Twenty dogs had a parathyroid adenoma, and 1 had a parathyroid carcinoma. Nineteen dogs had their parathyroid tumor surgically removed. Within 5 days of tumor removal, 11 of the 19 dogs became hypocalcemic and the remaining 8, normocalcemic. Nine of the 11 hypocalcemic dogs developed clinical signs. Iatrogenic hypercalcemia was induced in 7 of 16 dogs treated orally with calcium carbonate plus vitamin D. Only 1 of 19 dogs that had their parathyroid tumor excised died in hypocalcemic tetany. Two additional dogs died within 2 weeks of surgery, one because of pancreatitis, the other due to renal failure. Eight dogs died 9 to 37 months after surgery of unrelated problems. Eight dogs were alive for at least 7 to 28 months after surgery.
Clinical and endocrine responses to embryonic and fetal death induced by manual rupture of the amniotic vesicle during early pregnancy in cows
Authors: Kassam A. , BonDurant R. H. , Basu S. , Kindahl H. , Stabenfeldt G. H.
Published: February 2025

Pregnancy was terminated in 4 cows by manual rupture of the amniotic vesicle on day 41 (n = 1) and day 46 (n = 3) after insemination. Each cow was necropsied 36 days after vesicle rupture, by which time only one cow had come into estrus. Luteal activity, monitored daily by plasma progesterone assay, was still evident in 2 cows 35 days after fetal death; in the remaining 2 cows, regression of the corpus luteum (cl) was achieved at 28 and 32 days, respectively. Uterine release of prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α), measured as the 15-keto metabolite (pgfm) pfg2α, was monitored by a plasma sampling schedule; specimens were obtained every 4 hours. There were no appreciable releases of pgf2α associated with fetal death. The first appreciable pgf2α release in episodic form was seen only in conjunction with cl regression. In all cows, a palpable membrane slip was evident for 18 days after rupture of the amniotic vesicle, although at that time, uterine resilience was diminished in the 2 cows in which the cl subsequently regressed. After 18 days, the uterus was noticeably edematous and fluid-filled in all cows; in 1 of the cows with a regressed cl, the uterus had returned to prepregnancy size and tone by day 33. The 2 cows with intact cl at necropsy had varying amounts of flocculent material in the uterine lumen, but the 2 cows with regressed cl had none.
Cutaneous vasculitis in horses: 19 cases (1978-1985)
Authors: Morris Debra Deem
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 19 horses with cutaneous vasculitis were reviewed. Most (73.7%) affected horses were between 3 and 10 years old, and there were significantly more mares (14) than stallions or geldings (5) (P<0.01). Subcutaneous edema of the limbs, body, and/or head was the predominant clinical sign (18/19 horses; 94.7%). The single most prevalent laboratory abnormality was neutrophilia (>7,000 neutrophils/μl), which was detected in 10 horses (52.6%). Leukocytoclastic vasculitis was evident in skin biopsy specimens from 12 of 14 horses (85.7%). All horses were treated with corticosteroids and supportive care, and the overall survival rate was 63.1% (12/19). The mean duration of treatment with corticosteroids in surviving horses was 14 (± 5.3) days. Of the 7 horses that died, 5 failed to respond to treatment (4 were euthanatized, 1 died), and 2 others had persistent debilitating sequelae (euthanatized). The only significant clinical or laboratory abnormality predictive of poor prognosis was fever (odds ratio, 17.81; P<0.05). Seven horses had history of, or were exposed to horses with, abscessed peripheral lymph nodes and likely were suffering from equine purpura hemorrhagica. In spite of histopathologic evidence of hypersensitivity-vasculitis and/or the clinical suspicion that the cause for vasculitis was immune mediated, 7 of 19 horses (36.8%) had no history of bacterial or viral infection nor a history of current drug administration.
Comparison of treatments for ovine foot rot
Authors: Bagley Clell V. , Healey Mark C. , Hurst Rex L.
Published: February 2025

Sheep affected with foot rot were treated by vaccination and/or hour-long footsoaks, without hoof paring. The response to each treatment was obvious, but the cure rate was not satisfactory for eradication efforts. Booster vaccination and hoof paring combined with medication applied topically greatly improved the response to treatment. There was little difference in response to footsoaking or footbathing when hooves were pared.
Potassium depletion in cats: Renal and dietary influences
Authors: Dow Steven W. , Fettman Martin J. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Hamar Dwayne W.
Published: February 2025

Excessive urinary potassium loss was diagnosed in 7 cats with persistent hypokalemia and high serum creatinine concentrations. Renal tubular acidosis (proximal or distal) was not evident in the affected cats. Plasma aldosterone concentrations and plasma renin activities in affected cats were not significantly different from control values. Potassium depletion and hypokalemia were attributed to the combined effects of decreased dietary potassium intake and excessive urinary potassium losses. It was concluded that increased urinary potassium excretion may represent a basic response to renal dysfunction in cats. Data suggested that dietary potassium supplementation improved renal function in most cats in this study.
Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in naturally acquired and experimentally induced disease in dogs
Authors: Frazier Donita L. , Aucoin David P. , Riviere J. Edmond
Published: February 2025

Pharmacokinetic disposition of gentamicin was studied in 69 dogs—12 control and 33 subtotally nephrectomized dogs representing combined data from previous experimental studies, and 24 dogs with a variety of diseases and degrees of renal dysfunction. Drug disposition varied considerably within and between diseases, and dosages had to be altered to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations and to minimize drug toxicosis. Decreased drug clearance when serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations are normal may be indicative of subclinical renal disease and therefore may indicate a predisposition for development of nephrotoxicosis.

Results of the study indicated the need to individualize aminoglycoside dosage regimens on the basis of pharmacokinetic disposition of drug, especially in dogs with preexisting subclinical renal dysfunction. Because of the large variability normally encountered in dogs with various diseases, monitoring of renal function alone is not sufficient to accurately predict gentamicin clearance, volume of distribution, or half-life.
Efficacy of the morantel sustained-release bolus in grazing cattle in North America
Authors: Bliss D. H. , Newby T. J.
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of using a bolus containing morantel in a sustained-release preparation for controlling naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasitic infections in weaned calves and yearling cattle was investigated during the 1982 grazing season at selected sites in the United States and Canada. According to a common trial design under various climatic and management conditions, 10 field trials were conducted with the bolus. At the time of spring turnout, a bolus was administered to each calf or yearling in the treated group. Then, treated and control cattle grazed separate but equal areas of divided pasture(s). The epidemiologic pattern of parasitic gastroenteritis in control animals and the effect of treatment on this pattern was determined in each trial. Safety and practicality of use of the bolus also were established. When compared with untreated cattle (control), those given the bolus deposited significantly (P<0.05) fewer worm eggs (89% reduction) during the first 90 days of the grazing season, as well as significantly fewer (P<0.05) worm eggs (84% reduction) during the entire grazing season. Consequently, during the second half of the grazing season, larval populations on treated pastures remained significantly (P<0.05) lower (66% reduction), compared with numbers of larvae found on control pastures. For pastures grazed by treated and control cattle at trial initiation, mean worm counts recovered from tracer calves were equal, indicating comparable pasture contamination at the beginning of the grazing season. Subsequent worm counts from tracer calves indicated a significant (P<0.05) reduction (91%) in worm numbers for those grazing with the bolustreated cattle, compared with those grazing with untreated cattle, thus confirming a reduction in availability of infective larvae during the second half of the grazing season. Mean worm burdens acquired over the entire grazing season (as assessed by counts at necropsy in 5 or 6 cattle/group at trial termination) consequently were significantly (P<0.05) reduced (82%). The reduced level of infection (and therefore, pathogenicity) was reflected in the lack of increased plasma pepsinogen concentrations in control cattle and a significant (P<0.05) improvement (21%) in mean weight gain during the summer grazing season. We concluded that under selected North American conditions, a bolus of morantel (in sustained-release form) administered to young grazing cattle at the time of spring turnout effectively controlled parasitic gastroenteritis for the entire summer grazing season.
Factors influencing litter size in swine: Parity-one females
Authors: Clark L. Kirk , Leman Allen D. , Morris Roger
Published: February 2025

The influence of age at conception, number of matings per conception, season of conception, and breed of female on parity-1 litter size was investigated in 4,944 females from 5 commercial swine herds located in North America. The influence of age at conception on reproductive performance of females in subsequent parities also was investigated. As the age at conception increased from 180 to 245 days, litter size increased 0.017 and 0.012 pig per day, respectively, (P<0.05) in 2 of the 3 herds that recorded such data. Age at conception did not influence litter size when conception occurred after 245 days of age. Longevity (parity achieved before death or culling) of females was not influenced by age at first conception. Gilts that conceived before 220 days of age had significantly shorter weaning-to-conception intervals in one herd and shorter farrowing-to-conception intervals in another herd throughout subsequent parities. In 1 of 3 herds that recorded such data, live and total litter size increased from 9.46 to 10.46 and 10.16 to 11.50, respectively (P<0.05), as number of matings increased from 1 to 3 per conception. No significant influence of number of matings per conception was observed in the other 2 herds. The effect of season of conception was variable among herds. In 2 herds, there was no significant effect of season of conception on subsequent litter size. In 2 herds, conception during December, January, February, and March was associated with a 0.5-pig reduction (P<0.05) in subsequent live litter size, whereas, in one herd, conception during June, July, August, and September was associated with a 0.5-pig reduction (P<0.05) in litter size. The 2 herds with Landrace × Large White F1 females were found to produce the largest mean live and total litter sizes (P<0.01) at first parity.

Age at conception, number of matings per conception, season of conception, and breed were associated with variation in parity-1 litter size, but the associations varied among herds. No evidence of interaction of the variables that influenced parity-1 litter size was found. The amount of variation in litter size, explained by a model using main effects of all these variables, was small (the maximum R2 in any herd was <0.025) but significant (P<0.05) in each herd.
Sensitivity and specificity of radioimmunoassay of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity for the diagnosis of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Williams David A. , Batt Roger M.
Published: February 2025

Concentrations of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (tli) measured by radioimmunoassay were low (<1.9 μg/L) in 25 dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (epi), compared with 100 clinically normal (control) dogs (5.2 to 34.0 μg/L; P<0.001; sensitivity, 100%). Serum tli concentrations (5.5 to 35.0 μg/L) in a group of 50 dogs with small intestinal disease (sid) were not significantly different from those of control dogs, values being greater than the lower limit of the control range in all cases (specificity, 100%). Results of bentiromide (N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid [bt-paba]) tests and fecal proteolytic activity (determined by use of an azocasein substrate) were abnormal in 21 of 22 dogs with epi (sensitivity, 95%). Bentiromide test results were subnormal in 13 of 35 dogs with sid (specificity, 63%), whereas fecal proteolytic activity was subnormal in 7 of 34 dogs with sid (specificity, 79%). It was concluded that assay of serum tli is a highly sensitive and specific test for the identification of dogs with epi.
Gray-scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of adrenal neoplasia in dogs: Six cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Poffenbarger Ellen M. , Feeney Daniel A. , Hayden David W.
Published: February 2025

In addition to survey abdominal radiography, 2-dimensional gray-scale ultrasonography was utilized as a non-invasive imaging mode in 6 dogs with adrenal neoplasia. Ultrasonography was a safe method of obtaining information about the organ of involvement, extra-adrenal extent of disease, vascular invasion or compression, and internal architecture of abdominal masses in the area of the adrenal gland. The data obtained ultrasonographically was determined to be useful in diagnosing adrenal neoplasia.
Ultrasonographic studies on the reproductive tract of mares after parturition: Effect of involution and uterine fluid on pregnancy rates in mares with normal and delayed first postpartum ovulatory cycles
Authors: McKinnon A. O. , Squires E. L. , Harrison L. A. , Blach E. L. , Shideler R. K.
Published: February 2025

During breeding of mares, ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid accumulations in the first postpartum ovulatory period was associated with significantly decreased pregnancy rates, when compared with rates in control mares (P<0.005). The previously gravid uterine horn was recognized as the larger horn, when assessed for size by ultrasonography, for a mean of 21 days (range, 15 to 25 days) after parturition. On the basis of similar measurements obtained during 3 ultrasonographic scans (5-day period), uterine involution was determined to be completed in a mean of 23 days (range, 13 to 29 days). Progestin treatment did not affect uterine size, fluid accumulation, or rate of involution after parturition. However, delaying the first postpartum ovulation with 8 days of progestin treatment significantly improved pregnancy rates (P<0.05). More (P<0.05) mares became pregnant (23 of 28, 82%) when ovulation occurred after day 15 in the first postpartum ovulatory period, compared with those mares that ovulated before day 15 (6 of 12, 50%). We concluded that ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid and postpartum progestin treatment can be used to manipulate breeding strategies and to improve pregnancy rates in mares bred during the first postpartum ovulatory period.
Scintigraphic appearance of stress-induced trauma of the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpal bone in racing Thoroughbred horses: 121 cases (1978-1986)
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William J. , Seeherman Howard J.
Published: February 2025

Review of 121 bone scintigrams obtained on racing Thoroughbred horses with clinical histories indicative of forelimb lameness revealed 3 scintigraphic patterns of stress-induced trauma to the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpal bone: (1) focal, intense uptake associated with recent stress fracture; (2) regional uptake of varying intensity or a mixed pattern of uptake associated with chronic stress fracture; and (3) diffuse, mild to moderate uptake associated with periostitis (bucked shins). The latter scintigraphic pattern appeared to be an exaggerated manifestation of the normal remodeling process evident in immature horses (2 to 3 years old).

Scintigraphy was most helpful in identifying radiographically occult stress fractures, determining the extent of cortical involvement before surgical intervention in cases of chronic stress fractures, and monitoring the fracture healing process.
Heterotopic polyodontia in horses: Nine cases (1969-1986)
Authors: Fessler John F.
Published: February 2025

Nine horses with heterotopic polyodontia, examined at Purdue University since 1969, were treated surgically and had a favorable outcome. Six of the horses had received prior medical or surgical treatment, but without success. An understanding of the congenital nature of the problem contributed to an accurate diagnosis in each case. General anesthesia, aseptic technique, removal of all aberrant tissue, and wound suture for primary healing appeared to be essential for preserving ear function and obtaining an effective treatment.
Functional suture-holding layer of the esophagus in the dog
Authors: Dallman Mark J.
Published: February 2025

Several investigators have stated that the suture-holding layer of the esophagus is the mucosa. In this study, the component layers of the esophagus were separated. Segments of the cervical esophageal wall, muscularis, submucosa, and submucosa-mucosa were each sutured, and the suture lines were subjected to tensile forces. When subjected to tensile force, all suture lines failed when sutures pulled through the tissue. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Based on this analysis, it was concluded that the full esophageal wall had the greatest ability, and the muscularis the least ability, to hold sutures against tension. Therefore, when no significant difference in suture-holding ability between the submucosa alone and the submucosa-mucosa together was demonstrated, it was concluded that the submucosa was the suture-holding layer of the esophagus.
Computed tomography in the diagnosis of canine hyperadrenocorticism not suppressible by dexamethasone
Authors: Voorhout G. , Stolp R. , Lubberink A. A. M. E. , van Waes P. E. G. M.
Published: February 2025

Computed tomography (ct) was performed in 10 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism not suppressible by dexamethasone. In 6 of these dogs, a unilateral adrenal mass was found on ct images. Specimens of the masses were obtained via retroperitoneal laparotomy; histologic examination revealed 4 carcinomas, 1 adenoma, and 1 nodular hyperplasia. In the 4 other dogs, ct revealed symmetric bilateral adrenal gland enlargement. In 2 of these dogs, contrast-enhanced ct revealed a mass in the pituitary fossa, which could be identified at necropsy as a pituitary tumor. The other 2 dogs were successfully treated with mitotane.
Management of arytenoid chondropathy and failed laryngoplasty in horses: 75 cases (1979-1985)
Authors: Tulleners Eric P. , Harrison Ian W. , Raker Charles W.
Published: February 2025

By use of endoscopy 75 horses with respiratory noise and/or exercise intolerance were determined to have structural arytenoid cartilage abnormalities (60 primary, 11 after previous laryngeal surgery), or failed left laryngoplasty (4 horses) for laryngeal hemiplegia in which the arytenoid cartilage still appeared normal. Eighty-eight percent of the horses were either Thoroughbred (54 horses; 72%) or Standardbred (12 horses; 16%) racehorses; only 9 horses (12%) had occupations not related to racing. Seventy-six percent of the racehorses were 2 to 4 years old; all non-racehorses were greater than 4 years old. The male:female ratio was approximately 2:1.

Of the horses with cartilage abnormalities, 28 had left-sided involvement, 22 had right-sided involvement, and 21 had bilateral involvement. Sixty-two arytenoidectomies were performed, 58 for cartilage abnormalities (22 left, 19 right, 17 bilateral), and 4 for failed left laryngoplasties.

Overall, 45% of the Thoroughbred racehorses that returned to racing after arytenoidectomy raced successfully (50% left, 75% right, 22% bilateral); only 20% of the Standardbreds were able to race. Seventy-five percent of non-racehorses were able to return to their previous use. Many horses were retired intentionally after surgery.
Permanent tracheostomy in Equidae: 47 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Shappell Kristie K. , Stick John A. , Derksen Frederik J. , Scott Edward A.
Published: February 2025

Between 1981 and 1986, permanent tracheostomy was performed in 46 ponies and 1 adult Quarter Horse stallion. Permanent tracheostomies of 19 ponies and the horse were examined in June 1986 and evaluated for vertical length of stomal orifice (X̄ ∓SD = 25.0 ∓ 4.7 mm in the ponies and 55 mm in the horse), degree of tracheal obstruction (0/20), regrowth and apposition of epidermis (3/20 ), and whether or not stomal airflow occurred with nasal occlusion (20/20 ). In addition, the animals were evaluated to determine whether they developed dyspnea (0/20) during exercise, and the number of months since tracheal surgery and (X̄∓SD = 32.2 ∓ 17.2 months) was calculated.

Records of the other 27 ponies were evaluated. Six of the 27 were not dyspneic with exercise at their last routine physical examination. Twenty-one ponies had died or been euthanatized, but only 5 of these deaths were attributed to complications associated with the respiratory tract; 3 ponies had collapsing tracheas, and 2 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The permanent tracheostomy technique described provided a functional and cosmetic airway and was associated with a low rate of complications.
Use of 99mTc diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for assessment of renal function in dogs with suspected renal disease
Authors: Krawiec Donald R. , Twardock A. Robert , Badertscher Robert R. , Daniel Gregory B. , Dugan Steven J.
Published: February 2025

The effectiveness of technetium 99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc dtpa) to assess renal function in 13 dogs with suspected renal disease was evaluated. Glomerular filtration rates (actual gfr) were determined on the basis of endogenous creatinine clearance. Predicted gfr were determined by using 99mTc dtpa within 72 hours after the determination of creatinine clearance. The percentage of an iv administered dose of 99mTc dtpa in the kidneys (percentage dose) was determined. Two equations were used to calculate predicted gfr, which were derived from previously reported linear regression analysis of inulin (In) and creatinine (Cr) gfr vs percentage dose 99mTc dtpa in dog kidneys. The correlations of actual gfr vs predicted gfr (In) and actual gfr vs predicted gfr (Cr) were both r = 0.92. The dogs’ mean actual gfr was 1.73 ± 1.35 ml/min/kg. Their mean predicted gfr (In) and predicted gfr (Cr) were 1.92 ± 1.42 ml/min/kg and 1.85 ± 1.27 ml/min/kg, respectively. Therefore, 99mTc dtpa can be used with high accuracy as an agent to predict gfr in dogs with suspected renal disease. The procedure for determining gfr by use of nuclear medicine was rapid and noninvasive and appeared to induce little stress in the animals evaluated.
Prognostic value of anion gap calculation in cattle with abomasal volvulus: 58 cases (1980-1985)
Authors: Garry F. B. , Hull B. L. , Rings D. M. , Kersting K. , Hoffsis G. F.
Published: February 2025

Values for anion gap, serum chloride, and base excess were tabulated for 58 dairy cows with abomasal volvulus. Test values for survivors (n = 40) and nonsurvivors (n = 18) were compared. Surviving cattle were released for production or salvage. Nonsurviving cows died or were euthanatized. Accuracy of preoperative anion gap, serum chloride, and base excess values in predicting outcome was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and negative predictive value of these at assigned cutoff values.

Anion gaps ≥30 mEq/L were indicative of a poor prognosis. At this value, the sensitivity (0.889), specificity (0.925), predictive value (0.842), negative predictive value (0.949), and efficiency (0.914) were higher than when serum chloride concentration ≤84 mEq/L or base excess value ≤0 were used to denote poor prognosis.

We concluded that preoperative anion gap calculation could reliably predict the outcome of cows with abomasal volvulus and was more accurate than either serum chloride concentration or base excess value.
Ultrasonographic features of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs: 18 cases (1980-1986)
Authors: Wrigley Robert H. , Park Richard D. , Konde Linda J. , Lebel Jack L.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 18 dogs in which ultrasonography was useful in making a diagnosis of splenic hemangiosarcoma were reviewed. Splenic ultrasonography revealed masses with echo patterns that ranged from anechoic fluid to hyperechoic tissue. In 7 dogs, metastasis was detected ultrasonographically as anechoic to hypoechoic lesions in the liver.
Accidental self-inoculation with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacterin (Johne's bacterin) by veterinarians in Wisconsin
Authors: Patterson Christopher J. , LaVenture Martin , Hurley Sarah S. , Davis Jeffrey P.
Published: February 2025

We surveyed Wisconsin veterinarians to assess the frequency and severity of accidental self- and other human exposure to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacterin (Johne's bacterin). Of 199 veterinarians administering the bacterin to cattle, 22 reported one or more exposures, including 19 needle-stick exposures, 8 skin surface exposures, and 2 oral mucosa exposures. The mean incidence of needle sticks was 5.5/100 veterinarians/year of bacterin use or 1/1,000 doses administered. The mean total doses given in the needlestick exposure group was 276 ± 318 vs 80 ± 268 in the group without needle-stick exposure, and the mean number of months administering the bacterin was 21.7 and 16.1, respectively; 63% of needle-stick exposures took place during the injection process. Five adverse reactions were reported, and each resulted from needlestick exposure. The only systemic reaction followed an exposure to the original bacterin formulation of sonically ruptured M paratuberculosis in Freund incomplete adjuvant. The remaining reactions were to the current formulation of whole killed M paratuberculosis in mineral oil and ranged from a small nodule persisting for 4 to 6 months to painful inflammation of a finger persisting for 24 months. We anticipate an increase in incidence of these minimally debilitating injuries as the use and distribution of the bacterin expands. For hand wounds, we recommend conservative management. Surgical intervention should be considered if a granuloma persists and causes the patient functional difficulty.
Efficacy of lidocaine hydrochloride for laryngeal desensitization: A clinical comparison of techniques in the cat
Authors: Dyson Doris H.
Published: February 2025

Assessment of laryngeal relaxation and ease of intubation in cats was made after preanesthetic medication with acepromazine/meperidine/atropine (im) and induction of anesthesia 20 minutes later by thiopental administration (iv). Healthy cats (n = 32) scheduled for elective surgery were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups to be provided with laryngeal desensitization: group 1, 2% lidocaine HCl (2 mg/kg of body weight) given iv 30 seconds before thiopental induction; group 2, 2% lidocaine HCl (2 mg/kg) topically applied to the larynx; group 3, 10% lidocaine HCl (10 mg) as a topical aerosol; and group 4, no treatment before intubation. A significant (P<0.05; anova) difference between groups in the reaction to intubation attempts was apparent. Cats receiving 2% lidocaine iv or no treatment for desensitization had a greater response to intubation than did those receiving 2% or 10% lidocaine topically. The number of attempts required to intubate cats was significantly (P<0.05) greater in cats with no treatment than in cats treated topically with 2% or 10% lidocaine. Response to iv administration of 2% lidocaine HCl was not significantly different from the response to other treatments, indicating little advantage over no laryngeal desensitization. It was concluded that topical application of 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg) or 10% lidocaine aerosol 1½ minutes before intubation provides effective laryngeal de sensitization in the cat.
Estimation of the costs of mastitis, using National Animal Health Monitoring System and milk somatic cell count data
Authors: Lightner Jean K. , Miller Gay Y. , Hueston William D. , Dorn C. Richard
Published: February 2025

Data collected by the National Animal Health Monitoring System in Ohio for a 12-month period during 1986 and 1987 were used to determine the relative magnitude of costs associated with mastitis in the following categories: milk production loss, veterinary services, drugs, producer labor, and “other” factors. The cost of milk loss associated with mastitis that was reported by producers cooperating in the National Animal Health Monitoring System program was compared with estimates based on bulk tank somatic cell counts and individual cow milk somatic cell counts. Using producer-reported estimates, milk loss accounted for about one third of the total cost associated with mastitis. When estimates of milk loss were replaced by estimates based on bulk tank somatic cell counts, milk loss accounted for over 80% of the total cost of mastitis. Estimates of the cost of milk loss based on studies relating milk yield to somatic cell counts differed considerably. Consequently, it was unclear how to best estimate the relative magnitude of the milk loss component of mastitis costs.
Prevalence of Giardia in the feces of pups
Authors: Hahn Nina E. , Glaser Carol A. , Hird David W. , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: February 2025

Fecal specimens were collected from 117 healthy pups (79 privately owned pups and 38 pups from an animal shelter) and analyzed for Giardia. Giardia cysts or trophozoites were found in 35.9% of the dog feces.
Echocardiographic findings in 103 cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Bond Betsy R. , Fox Philip R. , Peterson Mark E. , Skavaril Russell V.
Published: February 2025

Using M-mode echocardiography, cardiac abnormalities were studied in 103 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism. In addition, follow-up echocardiography was performed on 24 of these cats to assess the long-term (4 to 21 months) effect of treatment (thyroidectomy or radioiodine) on thyrotoxic cardiac disease. The most common echocardiographic abnormality in the 103 untreated hyperthyroid cats was hypertrophy of the left ventricular caudal wall (71.9%). Hypertrophy of the interventricular septum also was documented in 39.8% of the 103 cats. Other abnormalities included high values for left atrial diameter(70.0%), aortic root diameter (18.5%), and left ventricular diameter at end diastole (45.6%). In some of these cats, indices of contractility were enhanced; in 21.4% and 14.6% of the cats, values for shortening fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, respectively, were greater than those values measured in clinically normal cats.

After treatment of the hyperthyroidism, left ventricular hypertrophy resolved or improved in many of the cats, as indicated by decreases in left ventricular caudal wall and interventricular septum thicknesses. Hyperdynamic wall motion resolved in all cats after treatment, as evidenced by consistent decreases in shortening fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. Despite these improvements, some cats had one or more persistently abnormal echocardiographic values after treatment. These results suggested that in cats, hyperthyrodism commonly is associated with largely reversible cardiomyopathy. In those cats in which cardiomyopathy persists or worsens after treatment, underlying primary cardiomyopathy or thyroid hormone-induced cardiac structural damage may exist.
Economic modeling of the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at insemination to improve fertility in dairy cows
Authors: Weaver Leon D. , Daley Cynthia A. , Goodger W. J.
Published: February 2025

Economic and sensitivity analysis methods were used to evaluate financial returns from use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the time of insemination to enhance fertility of dairy cows. A computer spread sheet was used to determine the best service(s) for GnRH treatment, the increase in conception rate required for economic benefit from treatment, and how profits from GnRH treatment are affected by drug cost, herd reproductive efficiency, and production costs.

Financial returns increased from use of GnRH at insemination under most herd conditions. Herds with conception rates ≤45% benefited from GnRH treatment at any 1 or 2 inseminations. Herds with conception rates ≥60% benefited from GnRH treatment only at second or later services. Selection of second and/or third insemination as the GnRH treatment service usually resulted in the greatest total return. The enhancement of fertility necessary to achieve the break-even point with GnRH treatment at third service was 2% for low-and 5% for high-conception-rate herds. Base-line herd conception rates, estrus detection efficiency, replacement costs, value of excess days not pregnant, and cost of treatment had the greatest effect on returns from treatment. Herds with high conception rates and low replacement costs were likely to realize the least benefit from GnRH treatment at insemination. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that GnRH treatment at insemination is a profitable procedure under most herd conditions. Optimal treatment regimens for specific herds may best be determined by using herd performance and management data for calculating returns.
Efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in dogs
Authors: Braden T. D. , Johnson C. A. , Wakenell P. , Tvedten H. W. , Mostosky U. V.
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of clindamycin in the treatment of experimentally induced, posttraumatic Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis was studied in dogs. At the end of the experiment, bacteria could not be isolated from bone marrow of 15 of 16 (93.7%) dogs treated with clindamycin, whereas bacteria could not be isolated from similar specimens obtained from 6 of 13 (46.1%) untreated dogs. None of the 16 dogs treated with clindamycin had histopathologic evidence of osteomyelitis at the end of the experiment. Five of the 13 untreated control dogs had histopathologic evidence of osteomyelitis. The recovery rate was 31% in untreated dogs, whereas 94% of dogs treated with clindamycin recovered from osteomyelitis. Clindamycin, 11 mg/kg of body weight, given orally, q 12 h, for 28 days, was efficacious in the treatment of experimentally induced, posttraumatic S aureus osteomyelitis in dogs.
Effect of third carpal slab fracture and repair on racing performance in Thoroughbred horses: 31 cases (1977-1984)
Authors: Martin G. S. , Haynes P. F. , McClure J. R.
Published: February 2025

Between 1977 and 1984, 31 Thoroughbred horses (mean age, 2.8 years) were surgically treated for slab fractures of the third carpal bone. All fractures involved the articular surfaces of the intercarpal and the carpometacarpal joints in a frontal plane and had a cuboidal or slab shape. In 20 of the horses, the bone was fractured during racing and in 8 of the horses, the bone was fractured during race training. The right limb was affected more frequently than was the left limb (24 vs 7, P < 0.05). Twenty-one (67.6%) horses raced at least once after recovery from the surgery. Data were available from 11 claiming horses that had raced at least twice before their injuries and 4 times after recovery. A claiming horse is one that competes where any horse entered is subject to being purchased for the designated amount of the claiming race; therefore, each race tends to automatically attract entrants of similar ability. In this group of 11 horses, claiming value decreased from a mean of $13,900 to a mean of $6,500 (P < 0.05), and the mean finish position was 5.8 ± 3.16 before injury and 5.8 ± 3.30 after recovery. The mean claiming value for horses that had not raced before injury, but had raced after recovery (n = 5) was $8,150.
Jamshidi needle biopsy for diagnosis of bone lesions in small animals
Authors: Powers Barbara E. , LaRue Susan M. , Withrow Stephen J. , Straw Rod C. , Richter Sherri L.
Published: February 2025

Sixty-two bone lesions in 59 small animals were biopsied using a Jamshidi-type biopsy needle. In all instances, the Jamshidi needle biopsy diagnosis was confirmed or disputed by results of histologic examination of specimens obtained by surgical resection or by amputation or at necropsy. In 57 of 62 bone lesions, biopsy resulted in an accurate diagnosis of tumor vs nontumor, yielding an accuracy rate of 91.9%. The specific tumor type or lesion type was identified accurately by Jamshidi needle biopsy in 51 of 62 lesions, yielding an accuracy of 82.3%. Of the 62 bone lesions, 48 were intramedullary osteosarcoma and 62.5% of these were subclassified correctly by Jamshidi needle biopsy results as osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, osteoclastic, or poorly differentiated osteosarcoma. Jamshidi needle biopsy was easy, quick, and safe, and its high accuracy rate of diagnosis indicated that it should be a valuable aid for diagnosis of bone lesions in small animals.
Adrenocortical suppression associated with topical otic administration of glucocorticoids in dogs
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Fehrer-Sawyer Susan L. , Meyer D. J. , Feder Brett
Published: February 2025

Commercial otic preparations that contained dexamethasone or triamcinolone acetate were applied twice daily to both ears of 2 groups of dogs (n = 8).

Marked adrenocortical suppression, reflected by low serum cortisol concentrations, was observed in all dogs. Results of acth response tests were blunted after 7 days of treatment. Twenty-one days after treatment, serum Cortisol concentrations still were suppressed in all dogs, compared with pretreatment control concentrations. Fourteen days after cessation of otic treatment, 5 of 8 dogs still had inadequate release of Cortisol in response to acth.
Compliance with recommended drug withdrawal requirements for dairy cows sent to market in Michigan
Authors: Marteniuk Judith V. , Ahl Alwynelle S. , Bartlett Paul C.
Published: February 2025

By examination of computerized individual cow records from January 1981 through June 1985, compliance with premarketing drug withdrawal times was investigated in 23 dairy herds. During this period, 877 cows were culled from 23 herds; 33 cows from 12 herds were in violation of premarketing drug withdrawal times. Six herds had 1 violation, 2 herds had 2 violations, 2 herds had 3 and 4 violations, and 2 herds had 7 and 9 violations.

Fifty drugs had been used; 15 drugs were used in violation of drug withdrawal times before cows were sent to market. The most commonly used drugs in violation were Oxytetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and a combination of lincomycin/spectinomycin.

Significant differences between cows in violation and cows not in violation were not observed for age, lactation number, milk production, herd size, or month of culling. However, the 12 herds in violation of premarket drug withdrawal times had significantly (P<0.05) more cows culled within 30 days for retained placenta and milk fever, and more cows culled within 30 and 100 days for mastitis, metritis, and displaced abomasum. Although not significant, the 2 herds with 7 and 9 violations had more hired vs family labor than did the other herds with violations.
Intramuscular injection techniques and the development of clostridial myositis or cellulitis in horses
Authors: Brown Christopher M. , Kaneene John B. , Walker Robert D.
Published: February 2025

A survey of 584 veterinarians in equine practice was performed to determine their intramuscular injection techniques and the influence of those techniques on the development of clostridial myosins or cellulitis. Usable responses were obtained from 439 veterinarians (75.2%). Of these, 414 used a new needle and syringe for each injection, 241 swabbed the site with a cleansing/disinfectant agent, and 242 swabbed the top of multidose injection bottles with a similar solution. Only 2 clipped the hair at the injection site. Twenty eight of the respondents reported that at least 1 horse developed a clostridial infection at the injection site following 1 of their injections. None of the various injection techniques had a significant influence on the development of clostridial infection at the injection site.
Use of narcotic antagonists to modify stereotypic self-licking, self-chewing, and scratching behavior in dogs
Authors: Dodman Nicholas H. , Shuster Louis , White Stephen D. , Court Michael H. , Parker Denise , Dixon Ross
Published: February 2025

We evaluated 2 narcotic antagonists, naltrexone and nalmefene, for treatment oj refractory self-licking, self-chewing, and scratching behavior in dogs. Eleven dogs with various irritative or pruritic disorders were medicated with naltrexone (1 mg/kg of body weight, sc) or nalmefene (1 to 4 mg/kg, sc), after a period of control observation during which the dogs had not been medicated. The time for which the dogs were involved in self-licking, self-chewing, or scratching was determined retrospectively by analysis of videotapes. The rates of involvement in either activity before and after treatment were calculated and compared statistically. Treatment with a narcotic antagonist significantly reduced the time spent self-licking, self-chewing, or scratching in 7 of 11 dogs, was partially effective in 3 dogs, and was ineffective in one dog. Dogs with acral lick dermatitis responded most to treatment.
Prognostic factors for radiation treatment of mast cell tumor in 85 dogs
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Miller Lisa M. , Théon Alain
Published: February 2025

Ninety-five mast cell tumors in 85 dogs were therapeutically irradiated. Median and mean tumor-free times for dogs were 17 and 62.7 months, respectively. Percentages of dogs tumor-free at 1 and 2 years were 78.8 and 77%, respectively. Factors significantly affecting tumor-free time were clinical stage (P<0.001) and neoplasm location (P = 0.019). Median and mean survival times were 19 and 61.2 months, respectively. Survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 76.2 and 73.2%, respectively. Prognostic factors that significantly affected survival rates were clinical stage (P<0.001), neoplasm grade (P = 0.006), and neoplasm location (P = 0.034). Radiation therapy was an effective treatment of mast cell tumor in dogs.
Breeding soundness examination of yearling beef bulls
Authors: Spitzer J. C. , Hopkins F. M. , Webster H. W. , Kirkpatrick F. D. , Hill H. S.
Published: February 2025

Yearling beef bulls were subjected to a breeding soundness examination (bse) at completion of performance testing programs at 4 locations over 5 years. Of 862 bulls, 80.1% were classified as satisfactory potential breeders, 7.3% as questionable potential breeders, and 12.7% as unsatisfactory potential breeders. Year (P<0.01), location (P<0.01), and breed (P<0.01) affected the percentage of bulls classified as satisfactory; age of the bulls did not affect this percentage. Adjusted mean scrotal circumference (sc) measurements were 31, 33.2, and 34.8 cm for bulls classified as unsatisfactory, questionable, and satisfactory (P<0.01), respectively. Of 109 bulls classified as unsatisfactory, 2.8% were so classified because of poor semen quality alone; 41.3% had no ejaculate in 4 separate electroejaculation attempts. Other abnormalities in these 109 bulls included reproductive tract infections (22%), persistent penile frenulum (16.5%), testicular abnormalities (8.3%), fibropapilloma (1.8%), hernia (1.8%), aplastic epididymis (1.8%), penile abnormalities (1.8%), pendulous sheath (0.9%), and eye abnormalities (0.9%). Age had a significant effect on sc in bulls at 3 locations and on percentage of normal cells, primary abnormalities, and secondary abnormalities as well as bse score at 1 location. Percentage of primary and secondary abnormalities as well as sc were different across years at 2 locations, and percentage of normal and motile cells as well as bse score were different across years at 1 location. Breed effects were significant for sc, percentage of primary abnormalities, and bse Score at 3 locations and for percentage of normal and motile cells at 1 location.