bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Hybrid Model for Forecasting Crude Oil Price and the Techniques in the Model
Authors: Zheng Jing Wen , Li Shi Xiao , Kun Yang
Published: June 2014

Being able to predict crude oil prices with a reputation of intransigence to analysis or the directions of changing in crude oil price is of increasing value. We seek a method to forecast oil prices with precise predictions. In this paper, a hybrid model was proposed, which firstly decomposes the crude oil prices into several time series with different frequencies,then predict these time series which are not white noises, and at last integrate the predictions as the final results. We use Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) separately as the technique to decompose crude oil prices. Then we use Dynamic Artificial Neural Network (DAN2) and Back Propagation (BP) Neural Network separately as the technique to predict the deposed time series, and finally integrate the predictions produced by DAN2 or BP by Adaptive Linear Neural Network (ALNN) as the final result of predictions. EEMD has been proved as a very useful method to decompose the nonlinear and non-stationary time series, and DAN2, different from traditional artificial neural networks, also has obvious advantages over traditional ones. In this paper, EEMD and DAN2 are used to predict crude oil prices at the first time。
All in all, we build four models-EEMD-DAN2-ALNN, EMD-BP-ALNN, EEMD-BP-ALNN and EMD-DAN2-ALNN to test which technique, EMD or EEMD, could do better job in decomposition of crude oil prices in this kind of hybrid model and whetherDAN2 could outshine BP when used in this hybrid model.
Experimental results of four hybrid models indicate EEMD-DAN2-ALNN could gives the most precise predictions of crude oil prices, and DAN2 has a better performance than traditional neural networks-BP,when used in this hybrid model and EEMD could do a better job than EMD in decomposition of crude oil prices to yield precise predictions of crude oil prices in this model.
An Experiment on Durability Test (RCPT) of Concrete According to ASTM Standard Method Using Low-Cost Equipments
Authors: Iffat Shohana , Emon Abul Bashar , Manzur Tanvir , Ahmad Syed Ishtiaq
Published: June 2014

Durability means the resistance to physical or chemical deterioration of concrete resulting from interaction with environment (physical deterioration) or interaction between constituents (chemical deterioration) of concrete. A durable concrete ensures corrosion resistance of embedded steel which in turn ensures a better longevity of the structure as a whole. Concrete in structures in the coastal areas are the most susceptible to chemical deterioration as sea water, with high concentration of chloride ions, has quite a detrimental effect on durability of concrete. In these cases, the lower the chloride permeability, the better the durability of concrete. As instruments for standard chloride permeability test is very expensive, an experiment has been conducted to carry out Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) using improvised apparatus made of readily available low-cost materials. Several RCPT tests were performed using this simple method and results showed marked variation in chloride permeability for concrete with different quality.
Deep Pit Foundation Steel Sheet Pile Supporting Scheme of the 274# Pile Cap for Super Large Bridge over the Coastal Expressway and the North Jiangsu Irrigation Canal
Authors: Huang Kun , Feng Rui Wei
Published: June 2014

The results of considering the path effect and without considering the path effect computed by MIDAS/Civil are different, while the path effect can reflect the real stress of system in construction, but the deformation can not meet the construction standard. So we eliminate the stress of system and deformation accumulation in construction by changing the process of construction and using the hydraulic jack.
Analysis of Fuel Injection Parameter on Biodiesel and Diesel Spray Characteristics Using Common Rail System
Authors: Khalid Amir , Sapit Azwan , Anuar M.N. , Ramsy Him , Manshoor Bukhari , Zaman Izzuddin , Ngali Zamani
Published: June 2014

Precise control of fuel injection is essential in modern diesel engines especially in controlling the precise injection quantity, flexible injection timing, flexible rate of injection with multiple injections and high injection pressures. It was known that the fuel-air mixing is mainly influenced by the fuel injection system and injector nozzle characteristics. Thus, mixture formation during ignition process associated with the exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of spray characteristics on the mixture formation. In this study, common rail injector systems with different model of injector were used to simulate the actual mixture formation inside the engine chamber. The optical visualization system was constructed with a digital video camera in order to investigate the detailed behavior of mixture formation. This method can capture spray penetration length, spray angle, spray evaporation and mixture formation process clearly. The spray characteristic such as the penetration length, spray angle and spray area are increasing when the injection pressure increased. The mixture formation can be improved effectively by increasing the injection pressure.
Sound Absorption Properties of Dwi Matrix Renewable and Synthetic Polymer
Authors: Adnan Noor Quratul Aine , Rus Anika Zafiah M.
Published: June 2014

This research is to study the acoustic property of biopolymer foam and commercial consumer petroleum based epoxy foam. This is to evaluate the influence of proportion ratio of polymers matrix and filler namely as Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) towards the sound absorption coefficient (α) at different frequencies level (Hz). Biopolymer foam was prepared based on in-house synthesized monomer from vegetable oil with commercial polymethane diphenyl diisocyanate (Modified Polymeric-MDI) with the different proportion ratio of TiO2. The acoustic property of samples was examined by using an impedance tube test according to ASTM E-1050 of sound absorption coefficient (α). It was observed that epoxy gives higher value of α that is 0.9995 but shifted to higher absorption frequencies level as the TiO2 loading increased. Meanwhile the lowest composition ratio of TiO2 loading in biopolymer foam gives the best value of α at the lowest absorption frequency level as compared to epoxy composition ratios. Evidently, different percentage ratio of TiO2 varied α value which influence the absorption frequency level (Hz). Hence, the minimal alteration on the filler loading of epoxy or biopolymer greatly influences the acoustic performance of both polymers. Meanwhile, the commercial foam of noise reduction coefficient, NRC values of commercial foam were decreasing with the increasing proportion ratio of TiO2 while, the NRC values ​​of biopolymer foam were increased as the TiO2 ratio was increased. This is due to the sound coefficient in polymeric foam is related to the effect of the interaction between different characteristic for both material (biopolymer foam and commercial foam) and morphology of foam.
Comparison of Pineapple Leaf and Cassava Peel by Chemical Properties and Morphology Characterization
Authors: Daud Zawawi , Awang Halizah , Kassim Angzzas Sari Mohd , Hatta Mohd Zainuri Mohd , Aripin Ashuvila Mohd
Published: June 2014

Proper waste management in Malaysia is needed for the organic wastes such as pineapple leaf and cassava peel where affects the increase the amount of solid waste dump into landfill. Thus, to overcome this problem agro waste material can be constructed in many production industries to commercialize the use of alternative fibre for the paper industry. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of fibrous in pineapple leaf and cassava peel by production of alternative fibre based on chemical properties and surface morphology characteristic. This study conducted for the chemical composition by analysed by TAPPI Test method, Chlorination method and Kuchner-Hoffner method. Every chemical components analyse; Cellulose (Kuchner-Hoofner), Holocellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose, Ash content (T211-om-93), Lignin content (T222-om-98) and Sodium Hydroxide soluble (T203-om-88). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and determine the morphological characteristic of both crops. The result indicates that pineapple leaf more suitable for becoming an alternative fibre than cassava peels. Pineapple leaves have a high Holocellulose content (85.7%), cassava peels 66%, followed by Cellulose pineapple leaf (66.2%), cassava peels (37.9%). However, hemicellulose content in pineapple leaf (19.5%) less than cassava peels (37.0%). Lignin content of pineapple leaf is lower (4.2%) compared to cassava peels (7.52%) in this study. From SEM images, cassava peel contained abundance fibre such as hemicellulose and cellulose that is held by the lignin in it and Pineapple leaves give a condensed composition of fibre structure. The chemical compositions and morphology study of pineapple leaf and cassava indicate pineapple leaf have a high percentage to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry, promoting the green technology. However, cassava peels make some of properties that can also be through for the paper industry.
Anticandidal Activity of Cratoxylum formosum Gum and its Cytotoxicity
Authors: Thaweboon Sroisiri , Thaweboon Boonyanit , Dechkunakorn Surachai , Nisalak Passiri , Kaypetch Rattiporn
Published: June 2014

Cratoxylum
formosum is a plant widely distributed in mountainous area of various Asian countries. The extract prepared from the burnt bark has been used among the local people as a varnish to prevent tooth decay and other oral diseases. The aim of this study was to examine antifungal activity of C. formosum gum against Candida albicans and to evaluate its cytotoxicity. The gum prepared from the extract of C. formosum was investigated for antimicrobial activity against 3 strains of C. albicans. Inhibition of microbial growth was primarily tested by agar diffusion method. A two-fold broth dilution method was then used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the gum. Based on the MIC value, cytotoxicity test was performed on mouse fibroblasts (ATCC clone 929) using agar overlay technique. Inhibitory effect of the gum was seen against C. albicans with zones of inhibition ranging from 8.0 to 9.3 mm. MIC values were between 0.50 and 1.25 mg/mL. In term of cytotoxicity, C. formosum gum at the concentration of 20 MIC (25 mg/mL) was classified as grade 3 (moderate cytotoxicity) whereas those of 10 MIC and 1 MIC were grade 1 (slight cytotoxicity). In conclusion, the gum prepared from C. formosum extract exhibited antimicrobial activities against all the test strains of C. albicans. From the present study, it can be suggested that this plant can be used as a novel antifungal agent, effective against C. albicans infections, due to its inhibitory effects on C. albicans and acceptable biocompatibility. Further in vitro/in vivo studies should be conducted to understand the mechanisms of action and to establish the safe profile of this gum for clinical usage.
Determination of Bore Grinding Machine Parameters to Reduce Cycle Time
Authors: Buddhachakara Salakjitt , Tharmmaphornphilas Wipawee
Published: June 2014

This paper applies a central composite design (CCD) to determine proper machine parameters to reduce the cycle time of a bore grinding process. There are 6 machine parameters, which are rough grinding 2 starting position, fine grinding starting position, speed of rough grinding 1, speed of rough grinding 2, speed of rough grinding 3 and speed of fine grinding and 2 types of responses, which are cycle time and surface roughness considered in this study. A half CCD is used to find the optimal machine setup parameters. The experiment shows that new machine conditions can reduce cycle time from 2.98 second per piece to 2.76 second per piece and control surface roughness within specification of 1.0 um. After implementing the new machine conditions in the real setting, we found that the average actual cycle time is 2.76 second per piece with roughness of 0.841 um.
Effect of Alkaline Phosphate-Permanganate Conversion Coating on the Corrosion Resistance of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Byoun Young Min , Jeong Jin Hwan , Park Jong Kyu , Seo Sun Kyo , Lee Chi Hwan
Published: June 2014

Alkaline phosphate-permanganate conversion coating, chrome-free conversion coating was studied for corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Also, conventional acid phosphate -permanganate conversion coating was studied for comparison. Analysis and morphology observation for conversion coating layers was investigated in details by using SEM-EDS, XRD. SEM observation showed that a lot of cracks in surface and interface between conversion coating layer and AZ91D magnesium alloy substrate was observed in acid conversion coating, whereas cracks was not almost observed in alkaline conversion coating layer. SEM-EDS and XRD analysis showed that the main elements of both alkaline and acid conversion coating were Mg, O, K, P and Mn. It was found that both conversion coating layers was consisted of MgO, Mg (OH)2 and MnO2. Salt spray test showed that the alkaline conversion coating have a good corrosion resistance compared with acid conversion coating.
Effect of Fe Substituted Co-Free AB3-Type Hydrogen Storage Alloys Used for Ni-MH Batteries: A First-Principles Investigation
Authors: Zhang Min Yu , Wu Feng , Mu Dao Bin , Cao Guo Qing
Published: June 2014

In this paper, First-principles calculation were used to investigate the effect of Fe substituted Co-free AB3-type hydrogen storage alloys. (La3Mg6Ni27)1/3 alloy (Hex structure) and (La3Mg6Ni26Fe1)1/3 alloy's crystal structures were build by Material studio software, Bond structure and DOS results were calculated. To compare with the calculated results, (La3Mg6Ni27)1/3 alloy and (La3Mg6Ni26Fe1)1/3 alloy were synthesized by vacuum melting method. The effect of Fe on such alloys are discussed according to calculate results and experiment results, as a first-principle investigation.
Characteristics of AB3-Type Co-Free Hydrogen Storage Alloy in Low-Temperature Condition
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Min Yu , Mu Dao Bin , Yang Tao , Wu Feng
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the characteristics of melted and annealed Co-free AB3-type hydrogen storage alloys in low-temperature condition were investigated by electrochemical tests. A series of Co-free AB3-type hydrogen storage alloys were synthesized with vacuum melting method, and be annealed by low-temperature heat treatment. The structures of alloys are simply discussed through SEM and XRD results. And discharge ability and cycle ability of alloys were tested. Experiment results indicate that characteristics of different AB3-type hydrogen storage alloys are affected by low-temperature obviously, and heated treatment could increase the discharge capacity of hydrogen storage alloy effectively, and improve the charge-discharge stability of alloy. Furthermore, non-metal element substituted alloy shows better Low-temperature applicability due to its weak crystallization. The discharge capacity of La0.7Mg0.3Ni2.9B0.05 alloy remains 91.2% after 30 cycles at 273K. And discharge capacity of heated La0.7Mg0.3Ni2.9(FeB)0.1 alloy could reach to 250mA·g-1.
Thermal Properties of NiCrSiB Coating on Piston Engine
Authors: Baba Nor Bahiyah , Omar Megat Muhamad Amrun , Zin Norul Azlin Mohd
Published: June 2014

This paper discussed on the application of NiCrSiB coating on 3-straight cylinder piston of Perodua Kancil 660cc using a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying technique. NiCrSiB coating was known as protective coating that was investigated for its thermal properties. The coating showed a good surface finish as well as the bonding interface. The applied NiCrSiB coating on the piston was tested up to the engine temperature during the operation compared to the uncoated piston. It was found that the uncoated piston had a higher heat transfer than the coated piston. Another test was conducted at several temperatures along the radial of the piston to its centre. The results indicated that the uncoated piston had a higher temperature compared to the coated piston.
Investigation of Er3+ Doped in Na2O-Al2O3-BaO-CaO-Sb2O3-B2O3 -SiO2 Glasses: Physical, Optical and Visible Luminescence Properties
Authors: Tuscharoen S. , Chanthima N. , Kaewkhao J.
Published: June 2014

In this work, Na2O-Al2O3-BaO-CaO-Sb2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glasses doped with Er3+ was prepared and investigated for their physical, optical and visible luminescence properties. The increases in density, refractive index and molar volume of the glasses with additional doping content of Er2O3 into the network were due to a higher molecular weight and polarizability of Er2O3 in comparison with the glass former (SiO2 and B2O3). Ten absorption peaks were observed as a nature of Er3+ absorption in glass matrices. The glass exhibited four emission transitions which were assigned to 4F5/2→4I15/2 (460 nm), 4F7/2→4I15/2 (487 nm), 2H11/2→4I15/2 (522 nm) and 4S3/2→4I15/2 (545 nm) transitions. The strongest intensity was the green emission at 522 nm. The luminescence intensity was found to increase with Er2O3 content up to 4 mol% and it was decreased for higher Er2O3 contents due to concentration quenching effect.
Prediction of Long – Term Creep Properties of Kenaf Fiber Unsaturated Polyester Composites
Authors: Mutasher Saad A. , Osman Ekhlas A.
Published: June 2014

This research focuses on predicting long-term behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) and kenaf unsaturated polyester composite. The objectives of these tests are to establish a relationship between stress, strain and time at constant loading and temperature. The results obtained from these tests are used in predicting the life and strength of the polymer material. Based on the 1,000 hours experimental data, curve fitting and Findley Power Law models are employed to predict long-term behavior of the material. The results showed that curve fitting model accurately predicted the non-linear time dependent creep deformation of these materials with acceptable accuracy.
Composite Copolymer Acrylamide/Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization by the Application of Gamma Irradiation
Authors: Mulijani Sri , Erizal Erizal , Irawadi Tun Tedja , Katresna Tyas Cipta
Published: June 2014

Realizing the growing extraordinary interest in the development of polymer hydrogels, successful attempt has been made for synthesis of copolymer hydrogels from aqueous solution of acrylamide/bacterial cellulose (AAm/BC) with irradiation processing technology using Co-60 gamma source. The study envisaged to: (i) develop a novel high strength polymer nanocomposite hydrogels containing natural BC, and (ii) investigate chemical structure, morphology, and mechanical strength properties of the formed gels. The effectiveness of AAm/BC hydrogel for wound dressing application was also tested. Structure and properties of composite were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). While investigating the influence of irradiation dose and concentration of acrylamide on gel content, swelling properties and thermal stability of copolymer hydrogel,maximum gel content of prepared hydrogel was obtained at the radiation dose of 40 kGy. Swelling ratio and equilibrium water content increased with increasing irradiation dose and concentration of acrylamide in feed solution. The water absorption of hydrogel increased with increased standing time in swelling medium. It was rapid up to 24 h and got slowed down thereafter. The water absorption also increased with increasing concentration of irradiation dose in the feed solution. The water absorption of copolymer hydrogel obtained at 40 kGy irradiation dose decreased from 1800 to 1400%. This type of diffusion of prepared hydrogel was found to be a non Fickian diffusion. The thermal stability of copolymer hydrogel prepared at the irradiation dose of 40 kGy increased with increasing amount of AAm in the feed solution. The mechanical behavior of composite hydrogels at optimum irradiation dose performed value of tensile and strain at 46.3MPa and 36.6%, respectively.
Regulatory T Cells Restrain CD4+ T Cells from Causing Unregulated Immune Activation and Hypersensitivity to Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
Authors: Okeke Emeka B. , Okwor Ifeoma , Uzonna Jude E.
Published: June 2014

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and defects in Treg function have been linked to several autoimmune diseases. We previously reported that depletion of Tregs resulted in mortality to an otherwise nonlethal dose of LPS or Escherichia coli challenge. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which Treg depletion leads to enhanced susceptibility to LPS. Using different murine lymphocyte gene knockout models, we show that the enhanced sensitivity to LPS following Treg depletion is mediated by T cells. SCID or RAG1-deficient mice, which lack T and B cells, do not show enhanced susceptibility to LPS. However, reconstitution of SCID mice with wild-type CD4+ T cells restored Treg depletion-induced sensitivity to LPS. This CD4+ T cell–mediated hypersensitivity to LPS challenge in the absence of Tregs was also observed upon reconstitution of SCID mice with CD4+ T cells from CD25 knockout mice (which lack functional Tregs). Additionally, depletion of Tregs leads to increased CD4+ T cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to LPS challenge. Some CD4+ T cells express TLR4, and pretreatment of CD4+ T cells with LPS dramatically enhanced their ability to induce inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. Collectively, our results indicate that in the absence of functional Tregs, CD4+ T cells are pathologic and contribute to exaggerated immune activation that is detrimental for survival in LPS-induced acute inflammation. Our data also provide evidence for direct activation of CD4+ T cells by LPS through TLR4.
Autologous Tumor Vaccine Modified with Recombinant New Castle Disease Virus Expressing IL-7 Promotes Antitumor Immune Response
Authors: Zhao Lixiang , Mei Yu , Sun Qing , Guo Linghua , Wu Yan , Yu Xiao , Hu Bo , Liu Xiufan , Liu Haiyan
Published: June 2014

Autologous tumor vaccine modified with nonlytic Newcastle disease virus (ATV-NDV) is a promising vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. IL-7 plays a critical role in lymphocyte development and homeostasis. To improve the efficacy of ATV-NDV, we inserted the murine IL-7 gene into the genome of nonlytic NDV strain LX using reverse genetic system. The insertion of the IL-7 gene neither affected the main features of NDV replication nor its tumor selectivity. The gene product was biologically active and stable. Then we tested the antitumor effects of the autologous tumor vaccine modified with LX/(IL-7) in the murine tumor models. We showed that tumor cells modified with LX/IL-7 induced a strong antitumor activity both in prophylaxis and therapeutic models. The IFN-γ production and the cytotoxicity of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were significantly enhanced after immunization with tumor cells modified with LX/(IL-7) in both models. Although the tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were both increased and their IFN-γ productions also were upregulated, the antitumor activity of the tumor vaccine modified with LX/(IL-7) was dependent on CD8+ T cells. Our results demonstrated that the autologous tumor vaccine modified with NDV strain LX/(IL-7) could promote the antitumor immune responses mediated by CD8+ T cells and significantly improve the efficacy of the ATV-NDV.
TCR Affinity and Tolerance Mechanisms Converge To Shape T Cell Diabetogenic Potential
Authors: Bettini Maria , Blanchfield Lori , Castellaw Ashley , Zhang Qianxia , Nakayama Maki , Smeltzer Matthew P. , Zhang Hui , Hogquist Kristin A. , Evavold Brian D. , Vignali Dario A. A.
Published: June 2014

Autoreactive T cells infiltrating the target organ can possess a broad TCR affinity range. However, the extent to which such biophysical parameters contribute to T cell pathogenic potential remains unclear. In this study, we selected eight InsB9–23-specific TCRs cloned from CD4+ islet-infiltrating T cells that possessed a relatively broad range of TCR affinity to generate NOD TCR retrogenic mice. These TCRs exhibited a range of two-dimensional affinities (∼10−4–10−3 μm4) that correlated with functional readouts and responsiveness to activation in vivo. Surprisingly, both higher and lower affinity TCRs could mediate potent insulitis and autoimmune diabetes, suggesting that TCR affinity does not exclusively dictate or correlate with diabetogenic potential. Both central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms selectively impinge on the diabetogenic potential of high-affinity TCRs, mitigating their pathogenicity. Thus, TCR affinity and multiple tolerance mechanisms converge to shape and broaden the diabetogenic T cell repertoire, potentially complicating efforts to induce broad, long-term tolerance.
Kenya comprehensive school health policy: lessons from a pilot program
Authors: Wasonga Job , Ojeny Betty , Oluoch Gordon , Okech Ben
Published: June 2014

The study assessed the implementation of Kenya comprehensive school health pilot intervention program. This pilot program has informed the Kenya Comprehensive School Health Policy which is a critical document in the achievement of Millennium Development Goals relating to child health, gender equality, universal education and environmental sustainability. The study was based on focus group discussions, field observations and in-depth interviews with government officers who implemented the pilot program. The findings were categorized into implementation process, what is working well, what is not working well and lessons learned. During the course of the study, it was noted that involvement of all stakeholders enhances program ownership and sustainability but if they are not well coordinated or where supportive supervision and monitoring is not carried out, then some components of the comprehensive school health program may not be sustainable. We learnt that comprehensive school health program increases students’ enrolment, attendance and retention, factors that are very important in a country’s human resources development. The study has shown that although the formulation of a policy may be participatory and bottom-top, the implementation requires allocation of enough resources and coordination to bridge the gap between policy formulation and implementation.
Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XXV
Authors: Blake W
Published: June 2014

This list presents 180 radiocarbon age determinations made by the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory. They are on 171 geological samples from various areas as follows: Newfoundland (22); Nova Scotia (9); Quebec (8); Ontario (20); Manitoba (l); Alberta (24); British
Columbia (38); Yukon Territory (4); Northwest Territories, mainland (15); Northwest Territories, Arctic Archipelago·ù7); Svalbard (2). Tables l and 2 summarize details of background and standard for the 2 L and 5 L counters during the period from November 7, 1984 to September 10, 1985;
Table 3 gives the number of counts used to determine the average background and standard counting rates; and Table 4 lists the number of different background and standard gas preparations used for counting.
Geological Survey of Canada radiocarbon dates XXX
Authors: McNeely R , Jorgensen P K
Published: June 2014

This list presents 247 radiocarbon age determinations made by the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Geological Survey of Canada, plus 13 AMS dates done by other /aboratories, and 22 dates made at the Alberta Environmental Centre in Vegreville. The total number (260)
of samples from various areas are as follows: Newfoundland (19); Labrador (2); Nova Scotia (10); New Brunswick (3); Québec (37); Ontario (2); Manitoba (6); Alberta (4 ); British Columbia (34 ); Yukon Territory (8); Northwest Territories, main/and (51); Northwest Territories, Arctic Archipelago
(76); U.S.A., New York(]); Denmark, Green/and ( 1 ). Seventeen sampi es were dated ( eleven of which were counted in both the 2 L and 5 L counters) as part of an international Collaborative Study (Scott et al., 1990). Tables 1 and 2 summarize the details of background and standard counts for the 2 L
and 5 L counters during the period /rom January 9, 1990, to January 8, 1991.
The use of medication as a preemptive strategy in teething children in a Nigerian community
Authors: Opeodu O. I. , Denloye O. O.
Published: June 2014

Context: Teething, which is the eruption of primary teeth in infancy, had been associated with various types of symptoms by both the parents and some healthcare workers. The association of symptoms with teething had led to the use of medications to alleviate these symptoms, which in some cases had claimed the lives of some of the children. Aims: This study aims at assessing the belief and practice of nursing mothers concerning the use of pre-emptive medications for children in order to prevent perceived symptoms of teething. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study among nursing mothers who brought their children to immunization clinic. Subject and Methods: An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the belief of nursing mothers on the use of pre-emptive medications against perceived symptoms of teething, the drugs used and the age of their children when they started using the drug(s). Statistical Analysis: Data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 14. Analysis included frequency, mean of quantitative values and cross tabulations. Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between those mothers, who believed that the medication should be used and those who did not believe in relationship with their age and their socio-economic status. Results: A total of 290 nursing mothers were assessed with 169 (58.3%) believing that drugs should be used as a pre-emptive measure for teething to be uneventful. Twenty-five (8.6%) of the mothers started the medications soon after birth, whereas 34.5% started it after the third month of life. Conclusions: There is the need for greater public enlightenment in order to reduce the use of medication(s) as a pre-emptive measure against “teething” as seen among the studied group.
Evaluation of patient perceptions after labial frenectomy procedure: A comparison of diode laser and scalpel techniques
Authors: Butchibabu Kalakonda , Koppolu Pradeep , Mishra Ashank , Pandey Ruchi , Swapna Lingam Amara , Uppada Uday Kiran
Published: June 2014

Background: Frenectomy is the complete excision of the frenum along with its attachment to the underlying bone. It can be done by conventional technique, electrosurgery or soft tissue lasers. Aim: To evaluate the effects of diode laser and scalpel technique on degree of post-operative pain and discomfort experienced by patients on the 1st, 3rd and the 7th post-operative days after frenectomy. Materials and Methods: Ten patients who required frenectomy were randomly assigned to undergo treatment with diode laser or scalpel. The data were analyzed with paired t-test and intragroup comparison was determined by ANOVA. Results: Intergroup comparison of the mean VAS scores for discomfort and pain for both the groups showed significant difference. The VAS scores of pain and discomfort within scalpel group between 1st and 3rd day did not show any significant difference, however between 7th day versus 3rd and 1st day difference was highly significant. The VAS scores of pain and discomfort within laser group between all the days showed significant difference. Conclusion: Taking into consideration the clinical outcome, the diode laser is a dependable alternative as it is an efficient and satisfactory option for procedures like frenectomy.
Oral vesiculobullous lesions: Consider the platelets
Authors: Steel Clare , Mann Lorna , Crosher Richard
Published: June 2014

Oral vesiculobullous lesions or “blood blisters” can be found on a routine dental examination and may have many causes. Trauma is often the first diagnosis followed by a variety of bullous conditions, such as pemphigus and pemphigoid. Using a case report, we highlight the other, more serious, possibility of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) to raise awareness to the General Dental Practitioners and the need for prompt treatment.
Cabergoline Treatment in Invasive Giant Prolactinoma
Authors: Alsubaie Sadeem , Almalki Mussa H.
Published: June 2014

Patients with invasive giant prolactinoma suffer from a constellation of symptoms including headache, blurred vision, lethargy, and sexual dysfunction. Cabergoline, a potent dopamine agonist, is a known medication prescribed for the treatment of invasive giant prolactinoma. Here, we report a case of invasive giant prolactinoma in a 52-year-old Saudi male with dramatic response to cabergoline treatment clinically, biochemically, and radiologically.
Quantitative properties of convex representations
Authors: Sambarino Andrés
Published: June 2014

Let

\Gamma

be a discrete subgroup of

\mathrm{PGL}(d,\mathbb R)

. Fix a norm

\|\ \|

on

\mathbb R^d

and let

N_{\Gamma}(t)

be the number of elements in

\Gamma

whose operator norm is

\leq t

. In this article we prove an asymptotic for the growth of

N_{\Gamma}(t)

when

t\to\infty

for a class of

\Gamma

’s which contains, in particular, Hitchin representations of surface groups and groups dividing a convex set of

\mathbb P(\mathbb R^d)

. We also prove analogue counting theorems for the growth of the spectral radii. More precise information is given for Hitchin representations.
A Qualitative Research Synthesis Examining the Effectiveness of Interventions Used by Occupational Therapists in Mental Health
Authors: Wimpenny Katherine , Savin-Baden Maggi , Cook Clare
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

To date, a range of qualitative studies have been undertaken in intervention effectiveness, but none has synthesized such studies within the occupational therapy mental health literature. This research article presents a qualitative research synthesis that identifies those interventions used by occupational therapists, internationally, which are viewed as effective from both clients' and carers' perspectives.

Method:

Qualitative research synthesis was used to analyse, synthesize, and interpret results from qualitative studies. Twenty-two studies, collectively capturing client, carer, and occupational therapists' perspectives, were synthesized by the research team.

Findings:

The findings identified four themes, which indicated that the occupational therapist needs to exhibit professional artistry, facilitate occupational engagement, pace occupation to support the achievement of client goals and new horizons; and also recognized the importance of inclusion that promotes client participation and a sense of belonging in a range of socio-cultural contexts.

Conclusion:

The use of occupational interventions that provide space for healing, self-rediscovery, identity formation, and community participation, were valued more than short, psychological-based interventions focused on case management and the assessment of mental stability, which were seen as superficial in scope. Occupational therapists need to demonstrate an authentic therapeutic relationship that is built upon care, trust, and respect, in order for interventions to have impact.
Women's Experiences of Being in an Acute Psychiatric Unit: An Occupational Perspective
Authors: Kennedy Jennifer , Fortune Tracy
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

The need to address gender sensitivity and implement strategies to improve the treatment of women within inpatient mental health facilities has gained international recognition. Ascertaining service users' perspectives is a critical prerequisite to ensure that potential strategies are appropriate. This study aimed to identify factors influencing the occupational engagement of women service users in an acute inpatient mental health unit in Melbourne, Australia.

Method:

In this phenomenological study, five women were interviewed about their experiences of occupational engagement. Data were analysed according to Colaizzi's (1978) procedure, to generate an ‘essence statement’. Fieldnotes were kept and an audit trail of the analysis process was recorded.

Findings:

Three main themes emerged: (1) Living in hospital is difficult; (2) What we need from staff; and (3) More meaningful things to do, please.

Conclusion:

Study findings highlight a need for more empathetic communication with staff, more effective use of the physical environment to enable improved perceptions of safety, and more meaningful occupational opportunities.
The Effects of Social and Therapeutic Horticulture on Aspects of Social Behaviour
Authors: Sempik Joe , Rickhuss Cathy , Beeston Alex
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

Social and therapeutic horticulture has been shown to be a useful intervention for a wide range of vulnerable groups, including those with a mental health problem and/or learning or physical disabilities. However, there is still a need for additional research that examines evidence of its effectiveness.

Method:

This study analysed scores in four areas ( social interaction, communication, motivation, and task engagement) collected as part of routine assessment during a programme of social and therapeutic horticulture. The sample comprised a heterogeneous group of participants and included a range of vulnerable people, predominantly those with a learning disability or a mental health problem.

Findings:

Scores for social interaction were significantly higher after 90 days of participation. This effect appeared to be most evident in participants with a learning disability.

Conclusion:

Social and therapeutic horticulture provides the opportunity for social interaction. Increased scores relating to social interaction suggest that the programme was effective in promoting such interaction and that it may, therefore, promote social inclusion among vulnerable and isolated groups.
Developing Online Professional Networks for Undergraduate Occupational Therapy Students: An Evaluation of an Extracurricular Facilitated Blended Learning Package
Authors: Bodell Sarah , Hook Angela
Published: June 2014

This practice analysis evaluates an extra curricular opportunity provided to undergraduate occupational therapy students. A blended learning package was designed and facilitated by two experienced educators, aiming to equip students with the knowledge and skills required to use online social media to create professional networks and facilitate continuing professional development. Feedback was sought on the design and impact of the package, with students revealing an increased confidence in online professional networking. Suggestions for change included more guidance about online professionalism. It can be concluded that the package is effective in preparing students to use the online environment for continuing professional development.
Reevaluation of the Employment Impact of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games
Authors: Hotchkiss Julie L. , Moore Robert E. , Rios‐Avila Fernando
Published: June 2014

Using empirical methods published more recently than our earlier analysis found in this journal, we continue to find a statistically significant and substantial employment impact of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta. Post‐Olympics versus pre‐Olympics employment gains in counties affected by the Olympics exceeded employment gains in the rest of the counties in Georgia by 11% by the end of 2000. In addition, Olympics‐affected counties in the metro Atlanta area experienced employment gains relative to other major Southern metropolitan statistical areas of roughly 5%. These results stand up to robustness and falsification tests.
The response of the equatorial tropospheric ozone to the Madden–Julian Oscillation in TES satellite observations and CAM-chem model simulation
Authors: Sun W. , Hess P. , Tian B.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant form of the atmospheric intra-seasonal oscillation, manifested by slow eastward movement (about 5 m s−1) of tropical deep convection. This study investigates the MJO's impact on equatorial tropospheric ozone (10° N–10° S) in satellite observations and chemical transport model (CTM) simulations. For the satellite observations, we analyze the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) level-2 ozone profile data for the period of January 2004 to June 2009. For the CTM simulations, we run the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry (CAM-chem) driven by the GOES-5 analyzed meteorological fields for the same data period as the TES measurements. Our analysis indicates that the behavior of the Total Tropospheric Column (TTC) ozone at the intraseasonal time scale is different from that of the total column ozone, with the signal in the equatorial region comparable with that in the subtropics. The model simulated and satellite measured ozone anomalies agree in their general pattern and amplitude when examined in the vertical cross section (the average spatial correlation coefficient among the 8 phases is 0.63), with an eastward propagation signature at a similar phase speed as the convective anomalies (5 m s−1). The ozone anomalies on the intraseasonal time scale are about five times larger when lightning emissions of NOx are included in the simulation than when they are not. Nevertheless, large-scale advection is the primary driving force for the ozone anomalies associated with the MJO. The variability related to the MJO for ozone reaches up to 47% of the total variability (ranging from daily to interannual), indicating the MJO should be accounted for in simulating ozone perturbations in the tropics.
Fine-mode organic mass concentrations and sources in the Amazonian wet season (AMAZE-08)
Authors: Chen Q. , Farmer D. K. , Rizzo L. V. , Pauliquevis T. , Kuwata M. , Karl T. G. , Guenther A. , Allan J. D. , Coe H. , Andreae M. O. , Pöschl U. , Jimenez J. L. , Artaxo P. , Martin S. T.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Real-time mass spectra of non-refractory species in submicron aerosol particles were recorded in a tropical rainforest in the central Amazon Basin during the wet season from February to March 2008, as a part of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (AMAZE-08). Organic material accounted on average for more than 80% of the non-refractory submicron particle mass concentrations during the period of measurements. Ammonium was present in sufficient quantities to partially neutralize sulfate. In this acidic, isoprene-rich, HO2-dominant environment positive-matrix factorization (PMF) of the time series of particle mass spectra identified four statistical factors to account for the 99% variance of the signal intensities of the organic constituents: an HOA factor having a hydrocarbon-like signature and identified as regional and local pollution, an OOA-1 factor associated with long-range transport, an OOA-2 factor implicated as associated with the reactive uptake of isoprene oxidation products, especially of epoxydiols to acidic haze, fog or cloud droplets, and an OOA-3 factor consistent with the fresh production of secondary organic material (SOM) by a mechanism of gas-phase oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) followed by gas-to-particle conversion of the oxidation products. The OOA-1, -2, and -3 factors had progressively less oxidized signatures. Aqueous-phase oxidation of water-soluble products of gas-phase photochemistry might have been also involved in the formation of the OOA-2 factor. The campaign-average mass concentrations were in a ratio of 7 : 5 for the OOA-2 compared to the OOA-3 pathway, suggesting the comparable importance of particle-phase compared to gas-phase pathways for the production of SOM during the study period.
Chemical composition, sources, and processes of urban aerosols during summertime in Northwest China: insights from High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Xu J. , Zhang Q. , Chen M. , Ge X. , Ren J. , Qin D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. An aerodyne High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed along with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and a Multi Angle Absorption Photometers (MAAP) to measure the temporal variations of the mass loading, chemical composition, and size distribution of sub-micrometer particulate matter (PM1) in Lanzhou, northwest China, during 12 July–7 August 2012. The average PM1 mass concentration including non-refractory PM1 (NR-PM1) measured by HR-ToF-AMS and black carbon (BC) measured by MAAP during this study was 24.5 μg m−3 (ranging from 0.86 to 105μg m−3), with a mean composition consisting of 47% organics, 16% sulfate, 12% BC, 11% ammonium, 10% nitrate, and 4% chloride. The organics was consisted of 70% carbon, 21% oxygen, 8% hydrogen, and 1% nitrogen, with the average oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O / C) of 0.33 and organic mass-to-carbon ratio (OM / OC) of 1.58. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the high-resolution mass spectra of organic aerosols (OA) identified four distinct factors which represent, respectively, two primary OA (POA) emission sources (traffic and food cooking) and two secondary OA (SOA) types – a fresher, semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) and a more aged, low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA). Traffic-related hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and BC displayed distinct diurnal patterns both with peak at ~07:00–11:00 (BJT: UTC +8) corresponding to the morning rush hours, while cooking OA (COA) peaked during three meal periods. The diurnal profiles of sulfate and LV-OOA displayed a broad peak between ∼07:00–15:00, while those of nitrate, ammonium, and SV-OOA showed a narrower peak at ~08:00–13:00. The later morning and early afternoon peak in the diurnal profiles of secondary aerosol species was likely caused by mixing down of pollutants aloft, which were likely produced in the residual layer decoupled from the boundary layer during night time. The mass spectrum of SV-OOA also showed similarity with that of coal combustion aerosol, likely contributed by coal combustion activities in Lanzhou during summer. The sources of BC were estimated by a linear decomposition algorithm that uses the time series of the NR-PM1 components. Our results indicate that a main source of BC was local traffic (47%) and that transport of regionally processes air masses also contributed significantly to BC observed in Lanzhou. Finally, the concentration and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated.