bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Governance and Networked Firms
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: February 2006

This chapter synthesizes the results of the four case studies discussed in chapters three to six. Opposing policy trends in Italy, UK, France, and Germany were identified. The access to local collective competition goods (LCCGs) among machinery small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), technology transfer, marketing, and training and skills are analysed, and the increasing complexity of economic governance is discussed.
Life After Industrial Decline in St Etienne: Robust SMEs, Deterritorialization, and the Making of a Local Mode of Governance
Authors: Le GalÈs Patrick , Tirmarche Olivier
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines the impact of the restructuring of economic policies in St Etienne. It discusses the rise and fall of industrial development, the slow rise of services and dynamism of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), firms’ use of collective competition goods (CCGs), and economic development polices in St Etienne. It shows that economic programmes led to the deterritorialization of production and use of CCGs; and clustering for certain kinds of CCGs to establish a solid base prior to facing foreign markets.
Regeneration in Sheffield: From Council Dominance to Partnership
Authors: Crouch Colin , Hill Martin Scott
Published: February 2006

The global crisis in the steel industry from the mid-1970s led to plant closures and massive unemployment in Sheffield. This chapter examines the attempts to halt the decline of Sheffield’s industrial base, and the development of partnerships between local, regional, and European levels of government and the private sector from the mid-1980s. It then looks at some of the main projects aimed at reviving the city’s economy.
High-Tech Districts
Authors: Trigilia Carlo
Published: February 2006

This chapter presents the theoretical background for the four case studies discussed in chapters fifteen to eighteen, which focus on the success stories of high-tech local systems: the media industry in Cologne, Germany; the biotech sector in Oxford, UK; software activities in Pisa, Italy; and the ICT sector in Grenoble, France. It argues that high-tech systems may be viewed as a distinct type of local production systems.
4 Speaker Meaning and Expression
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter defines speaker meaning and expression in terms of intention and indication. Different types of speaker meaning are distinguished. These definitions are contrasted with those of Grice, which mistakenly assume that speaker meaning is the attempt to communicate. To express an idea or other mental state is to provide a publically observable indication of its occurrence in a certain way. Communication requires not only meaning but understanding, interpretation as well as expression.
10 Millian Theories
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter begins an argument against the ‘Frege-Mill dichotomy’, the assumption that names have either a descriptive sense or no sense at all. Millian theories denying that names have a sense are considered, as well as Millian theories identifying sense with reference. Russell’s and Frege’s problems are the principal objections. Modal version of Millianism that identifies the meaning of a name with an intension or character function cannot avoid these problems without unrealistic existence and identity assumptions.
12 Fregean Theories
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines ‘Fregean theories’, which hold that the meaning of a proper name can, in principle, be defined using general terms or descriptions. The classical description theory holds that the meaning of every proper name N can be given by a definite description of the form ‘the (unique) F’, for some general term F that is purely descriptive. It argues that no Fregean theory is plausible for standard proper names, although the classical theory fits logically descriptive names like May 9th. Objections cannot be completely eliminated by making scope distinctions or using rigid descriptions, nor by using indexical or metalinguistic descriptions.
9 A New Romantic Theory of Expression
Authors: Robinson Jenefer
Published: February 2006

Artistic expression ‘is an activity of an artist that consists, roughly speaking, in the manifestation and elucidation of an emotional state of a persona in the expressive character of a poem, a painting, a piece of music, etc., such that the work provides evidence for the emotional state of the persona and the persona's emotional state is communicated to other people (and also the artist himself) through the character of the work.’ (p. 270) Different works of art articulate emotion by emphasizing different elements in the emotion process. Representational paintings and poems can articulate the way the world appears to someone in the throes of an emotion, as in Caspar David Friedrich's Large Enclosure at Dresden or Keats' Ode to a Nightingale, or they can articulate more directly the thoughts and desires of a person in a particular emotional state. Paintings can also express emotions by the (e.g., violent or passionate) way in which they are painted or seem to have been painted. In addition, works of music and dance can enact the gestures, action tendencies, and behavior characteristic of a particular emotion.
Expanding the Electoral Marketplace
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Gray Mark
Published: February 2006

This chapter tracks the changes in the total ‘amount of electing’ that have occurred in advanced industrial democracies. It establishes that citizen access through elections has grown through an increasing number of voting choices on different offices, more referendums, and more frequent elections. The largest increase has come in new forms of direct democracy, such as referendums and initiatives. Expanding enfranchisement also increased the proportion of the electorate eligible to vote across most advanced industrial democracies. The chapter also considers how changes in the amount of electing and the specific types of elections are altering the relationship between citizens and their government in significant ways.
Making Elections More Direct? Reducing the Role of Parties in Elections
Authors: Scarrow Susan E.
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines the role political parties play in elections in established representative democracies, and asks whether new institutions and procedures are reducing parties’ traditional role as political mediators. It traces the growing adoption and use of devices of direct democracy, the low usage of non-partisan elections, and the trend towards direct election of municipal executives. Taken together, these changes are indicative of a trend towards expanding citizens’ opportunities to have a direct say in policy decisions and in the selection of political leaders. However, the magnitude of the shift is small, and political parties still dominate most political decisions within these countries.
Changing Party Access to Elections
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Carter Elisabeth , Farrell David M.
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines whether it has become easier or more difficult for political parties to participate in elections. It does this by comparing the electoral systems and the wider electoral laws (including those governing ballot access, media access, and the receipt of state subventions) in operation in a number of OECD countries in 1960 to those in operation in 2000. While it finds there has been little electoral system change over this period, it does report evidence of changes in the wider electoral laws, the general evolution of which appears to have been towards a more liberal environment for all political parties. This does not necessarily mean an easier time for small or new parties, however, and may instead suggest a type of cartelization between the established parties.
Towards More Open Democracies: The Expansion of Freedom of Information Laws
Authors: Cain Bruce E. , Egan Patrick , Fabbrini Sergio
Published: February 2006

This chapter tracks the expansion of Freedom of Information (FoI) laws in advanced democracies, and examine the patterns of usage by citizens and the press in a few selected cases. In 1970s, only four nations had FoI laws, now they exist in 16 advanced industrial democracies and the European Union. These information laws are heavily utilized in some nations, giving citizens and groups new access to information on government policies. When combined with an aggressive, independent, and investigative press tradition, FoI laws can be used effectively to increase government accountability.
A Second Transformation of Democracy?
Authors: Warren Mark E.
Published: February 2006

The forms of representative democracy familiar to democratic theory are being overgrown by many new political forces that would appear to have democratic features. These include the rise of social movements, dramatic increases in the numbers and activities of civil society organizations, new forms of direct action, increasing use of referendums, devolution and de-concentration of decision-making and governance, stakeholder representation within bureaucracies, a growing use of the courts to press citizen interests, new experiments in deliberative democracy and collaborative governance, more vigorous public sphere debates about policies, public monitoring of government and corporate activities, new political uses of communication technologies, and small groups aggregated into networks that are now often global in scale. The first major transformation of democracy involved changes from pre-modern forms of local and direct democracy to modern forms of representative democracy. The question of whether these new changes so consequential that they amount to second major transformation of democracy is raised.
Micro-Econometrics for Policy, Program and Treatment Effects
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae
Published: February 2006

This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those that can be parameters of interest, and show how these can be identified and estimated under weak assumptions. The emphasis throughout the book is on semi- and non-parametric estimation methods, but traditional parametric approaches are also discussed. This book is ideally suited to researchers and graduate students with a basic knowledge of econometrics.
Design and instrument for hidden bias
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae
Published: February 2006

If the treatment (T) and control (C) groups are different in unobserved variables e as well as in observed variables x, and if e affects both the treatment and response, then the difference in outcome y cannot be attributed to the difference in the treatment d. The difference in x causing overt bias can be removed with one of the methods discussed in the preceding chapters, but the difference in e causing hidden bias is hard to deal with. In this and the following chapter, hidden bias due to the difference in e is dealt with. An econometrician’s first reaction to hidden bias (or endogeneity problem) is to ‘use an instrument’. But good instruments are hard to come by. Much easier, but less conclusive, is exploring ways to detect the presence of hidden bias; this is done in the name of ‘coherence’ (or consistency, if one does not mind the abuse of this term), whether the main scenario of the treatment effect is coherent with other auxiliary findings. This task can be done with multiple treatment groups, multiple responses, or multiple control groups, which are easier to find than instruments; checking coherence leads to an emphasis on study design rather than estimation techniques. The treatment-effect literature sheds new light on instrumental variables, i.e., the instrumental variable estimator is shown to be for the effect on those whose treatment selection is affected by the instrument.
6 The Bare Authority of Feeling: James Beattie in Context
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: February 2006

In his very popular Essay on Truth, James Beattie reiterates Kames’s claim that we have a natural belief in the freedom of will, but argues that this belief is so strong and universal, and so essential to morality and religion, that there is no reason to answer arguments which purport to show it to be false. Such an approach to the free will question is to be found also in writers such as Berkeley, Butler, Price, and Johnson.
8 Liberty and Necessity after Reid
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: February 2006

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the terms of the free will debate are regarded as having been set by the confrontation between Priestley and Reid. A Reidian libertarianism is developed by James Gregory and Dugald Stewart, while English writers such as Thomas Belsham and William Godwin take up Priestley’s version of necessitarianism. For Stewart, as for Locke, the principal question concerning liberty and necessity is the character of introspective experience.
A Critique of the Systemic and Sociological Approaches to Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona
Published: February 2006

This chapter offers a critique of systemic and sociological approaches to eating disorders. The fundamental assumption of these approaches is that mental disorders are adaptations to illogic and deviant relational systems. Mental disorders are thus transactional problems. The subjects of the analysis of systemic approaches may be two (for example, mother and daughter), three (sufferer and parents), more than three (the whole family), indeterminate (sufferer and social context), or intergenerational (it may include the parents of the sufferer’s parents). This chapter argues that these approaches provide important information on eating disorders. However, it moves three critiques to them. First, they often utilise the same moral categories that support eating disorders, and thus risk reinforcing the moral logic that is at the heart of the disorder. Second, they generally suggest that the variables in the family or society may cause or explain eating disorders, whereas this chapter takes the view that the variables that are identified in the systems give elements to aid in the understanding of what the person feels and experiences, but cannot cause or explain eating disorders. Third, these approaches risk presenting the individual as determined by the context in which he or she lives. The role of the individual in the articulation of external influences is emphasized.
Eating or Treating? Legal and Ethical Issues Surrounding Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona
Published: February 2006

This chapter presents UK legislation concerning people with mental disorders. It provides an account of both Statute and Case Law, and It explains issues such as competence and coercive treatment in cases of mental disorders. It then focuses on the particular case of eating disorders, and looks at issues of competence to refuse treatment for eating disorders and legislation relating to force-feeding. The legal account is accompanied by a punctual philosophical and ethical critique of UK jurisdiction. It suggests that the Mental Health Act should be abolished.
Truth and the End of Inquiry
Authors: Misak C. J.
Published: February 2006

This book elucidates and defends C.S. Peirce’s pragmatist account of truth. Peirce was interested in exploring truth’s connections to the practices of inquiry, belief, and assertion. This distinctly pragmatic project resulted in the view that truth is what would be agreed upon, were inquiry to be pursued as far as it could fruitfully go. The view that a belief is true if it would be indefeasible connects truth to human practices, but which takes truth to be something to be discovered. That is, Peirce’s view of truth is much more objectivist than some currently popular brands of pragmatism. In this expanded edition, advances in the understanding of Peirce’s theory of truth are noted, and include a new chapter which shows how Peirce’s view of truth is friendly to moral judgements.
Retirement pensions
Authors: Clasen Jochen
Published: February 2006

The chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of pension policy. It explains basic parameters of public pension systems and the scope of private provision, comparing contemporary systems with those which existed in the late 1970s. Using a number of indicators, it assess the scale and profile of change in each country. The different reform profiles are identified and their genesis discussed in the context of major legislative changes. It argues that the impact of policy legacies have played a major role in shaping policy profiles. The notion of ‘path dependence’ is a more instructive concept in pension than in unemployment or family policy, rendering radical policy change less likely in Germany than in the UK. However, changes in contextual conditions, not least due to German unification, have contributed to programmatic re-orientations and power relations within major political parties.
7 Positive and Negative Integration
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: February 2006

Repeated policy failures suggest that the system created by the European treaties is more suitable to the promotion of negative integration than to the development of measures of positive integration. Positive integration is often identified with positive values like social protection and the correction of market failures, negative integration with deregulation, social dumping, and the protection of economic interests. In fact, economic and other special interests may find it convenient to support measures of positive integration, while fundamental rights are often better protected by negative integration. At any rate, in an increasingly diverse EU it may be necessary to revert to a negative-integration regime, under which most regulatory responsibilities would be left with the people who are directly affected by a given problem, and who have to bear the costs of its solution.
3 Regimes of Political Consolidation: The Putin Presidency in Soviet and Post‐Soviet Perspective
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines the leadership of Vladimir Putin from the perspective of consolidative regimes in Soviet and post-Soviet history. It focuses on the New Economic Policy from 1921-27, period of ‘high Stalinism’, Brezhnev’s consolidative regime, and Yeltsin’s consolidative phase. It argues that Putin seeks — with varying levels of success and failure — to simultaneously liberalize much of the economy and to integrate it into global capitalism, while pushing the political system back towards greater authoritarianism, greater central control over regions, breaking the power of selected economic tycoons, and ensuring that Moscow retains dominant influence over the energy and resources sector.
4 Soviet Political Leadership and ‘Sovietological’ Modelling
Authors: Service Robert
Published: February 2006

This chapter discusses studies of the USSR. In the years following the October 1917 Revolution, most studies of the USSR — carried out by either emigres or persons associated with conflicts in the country — focused on the Soviet leadership and its politics. With the inception of the New Economic Policy in 1921, writers began discussing whether the nature of the Soviet order had already begun to change. In the late 1930s, attention focused on the totalitarian model, enhanced by state support for academic study of the USSR. This was followed by studies by ‘revisionists’, who sought to incorporate long overlooked aspects of the Soviet past and present into Sovietology.
Quakers, Jews, and Science
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: February 2006

This study examines how two religious minorities — the Quaker and Anglo-Jewish communities — engaged with the sciences. It argues that for both Quakers and Jews, science offered educational and career opportunities and ways of participating in the wider society. Members of both communities pursued their own scientific interests, with Quakers being attracted principally to the observational sciences. Drawing on a wealth of documentary material, this book charts the involvement of Quakers and Jews in many different aspects of science: scientific research, science education, science-related careers, and scientific institutions ranging from the Royal Society to the Great Exhibition. Particularly instructive are the responses of both communities to the challenge of modernity posed principally by Darwin’s theory of evolution. It is shown that both communities were generally pro-evolution, and looked askance at those dogmatic Christians who opposed Darwin’s theory. During the closing years of the nineteenth century, progressives in both communities deployed science, especially the theory of evolution, in their arguments against traditionalists within their own ranks.
Education and Careers
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: February 2006

The Quakers founded their own schools to ensure that their children learned Quaker values and would not be contaminated by, say, Anglican principles. Science played a significant role in Quaker schools, especially Bootham School (York), which had a flourishing Natural History Society and an observatory. Jewish children often attended the Jewish schools (where science was not so prominent) or the public schools. With Oxford and Cambridge closed to non-Anglicans until the mid-19th century, Quakers flocked to Scottish universities, especially Edinburgh Medical School. Some Jews also attended Scottish universities, but the study of mathematics under Augustus de Morgan at University College London proved particularly attractive. With the opening of Oxford and Cambridge to non-Anglicans, the first cohorts of Jewish and Quaker science students are traced.
Development Policies and Governance
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

East Asia’s success can be attributed to a market friendly policy or getting the basics right. The development of agriculture, social risk management, technology openness, and the accumulation of physical and human capital gave East Asian economies the economic basics or fundamentals, while interventionist policies and export promotion encouraged rapid growth. Most East Asian countries had authoritarian regimes which were effective in leading economic development.
Causes of the East Asian Crisis: Structural Weakness vs. Liquidity Panic View
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

Critics and experts blamed structural weaknesses and misguided macroeconomic policies as the major causes of the 1997 financial crisis. These include financial sector frailties, weakness in the corporate and government sectors, a deteriorating external situation, and contagion. It is argued that neither the structural nor liquidity-panic view accounts for the causes and consequences of the crisis. East Asian countries had failed to reform and improve the efficiency of their financial and corporate sectors.
Reserve Accumulation in East Asia and Transpacific Trade Imbalance
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

The imbalance in massive foreign currency reserves held by East Asian countries combined with a record US current account deficit has the potential to throw the global economy into financial turmoil or recession. Different views on this imbalance are explored, along with policy options and intra-regional cooperation.
A Long Road to Anglo-Americanization
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

How East Asian emerging economies will narrow the gap in per-capita income vis-á-vis developed economies remains to be seen. Two policy options are examined: trade liberalization and export promotion. China’s rapid growth, its increasing influence in the region, and relations with neighboring countries will determine the scope and speed of economic liberalization in East Asia.
PLEASURE AS A SENSORY QUALITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

This chapter contends that the fact that a bodily sensation is one of pleasure consists in its having a sensory quality of pleasantness, which is supervenient upon other qualities of the sensation. The rather widespread view that the pleasantness of a sensation consists in its being the object of a positive reaction of liking is rejected. The perception of beauty is analysed in an analogous way.
THE CONCEPT OF EMOTION
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

This chapter defines an emotion as a normally felt pattern of bodily changes which is caused by a belief. The belief should not be conceived as evaluative, since that would rule out a definition of evaluation by reference to emotion. In the case of some, but not all kinds of emotion, this pattern includes the acquisition of some desire. The most important point for the present book is that emotions — in contrast, e.g., to moods —involve a belief for this ensures that there can be reasons for having emotions, that they can be assessed in terms of rationality.
SOMATIST THEORIES OF OUR IDENTITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

If the criticisms of immaterialism and non-reductionism in chapter 19 and of matter-based psychological views in chapter 20 are correct, it would seem that animalism or the biological view that personal identity consists in the identity of human organisms must be right. This chapter argues that this view is also mistaken, for we can imagine that the organic matter of our bodies is imperceptibly transformed into something inorganic. But it would be absurd to say that we cease to exist in these circumstances when our consciousness flows on without any introspectible change; so, we are not essentially human organisms. The upshot is a factual nihilism, that no view of our nature and identity can be tenable because there are incompatible psychologist and animalist strands in our commonsensical conception of ourselves.
THE IDENTITY OF MATERIAL BODIES
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

Since it has been found that identity consists in the identity of our bodies, as the subject and object of our experiences, this chapter takes a brief look at the identity of material bodies through time. Although it seems possible to formulate a sufficient condition of this identity in terms of spatio-temporal continuity, the problem is to formulate this condition in a non-circular way. There are also problems about the necessity of such a condition, having to do, for instance, with the fact that the disintegration of a thing into parts followed by a creation of the same sort of thing sometimes amounts to a reappearance of numerically the same thing and sometimes does not. It is suggested that this matter is decided partly by pragmatic considerations and, thus, that the distinction between identity and non-identity is less deep than it might be thought to be. The chapter ends by considering what the account given implies the famous ship of Theseus.
SELF-CONCERN AND SELF-APPROVAL
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

Chapter 23 concluded that the bias towards oneself is not rationally justifiable. This chapter tries to provide a causal explanation of the elements of this bias. It explains how self-concern arises out of the anticipation of future experiences. And it explains self-approval, or liking for oneself, as being based on properties one is aware of oneself as having rather than on the recognition of identity.
MORAL INDIVIDUALISM: AUTONOMY AND AGREEMENT
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

Moral individualism is the doctrine that rationality leaves room for the individualities or personalities of subjects to express themselves in the moral realm in an autonomous choice between idealism and fulfilment-maximization. By leaving this room for autonomy, moral individualism avoids some objections that have been launched, by Bernard Williams in particular, against monistic theories like utilitarianism. On the other hand, moral individualism also provides a great deal of space for moral disagreement. The chapter ends by pointing to some factors that enable us to enter into agreements that could limit the extent of this disagreement.
THE DILEMMA AS REGARDS PERSONAL NEUTRALITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

This chapter sets out the second dilemma or conflict between the rationalist aim of having rational attitudes and the satisfactionalist aim of fulfilment-maximization. Since it has been found that the bias towards oneself is irrational, rationalists must strive to rid themselves of it. It goes without saying that prudentialist maximizers whose goal is to see to it that their own life contains as much fulfilment as possible should retain this bias. But this chapter argues that it is irrational, even for those satisfactionalists who accept the requirement of universalizability and endorse the universal fulfilment-maximization goal of utilitarianism, to strive to rid themselves of this bias.
THE DEONTOLOGICAL ELEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar
Published: February 2006

This chapter focuses on two doctrines that make up deontology: the act-omission doctrine and the doctrine of the double effect. Some arguments against these doctrines are sketched. The main point is that the tenability of these deontological doctrines is not of great moment for this book. If they are false, it would follow that we could be as much responsible for what we let happen as for what we do, and for what we do with foresight as for what we do with intention. But the feasibility of extending our desert-entailing responsibility reactions in these two ways is not of much interest if it is the case, as this part of the book argues, that we are rationally obliged to dispose of these reactions entirely. It is also suggested that the idea of responsibility underlying these deontological doctrines is the idea of ultimate responsibility.
3 Quine on Quantifying In
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: February 2006

This chapter provides shorter version of the previous chapter and develops some of its themes. It argues that the status of Quine’s arguments against quantifying into modal contexts varies depending upon whether a logical or a metaphysical modality is in question. Various ways of making sense of de re logical modality are distinguished.
7 The Varieties of Necessity
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: February 2006

It is argued that there are three fundamental forms of necessity — the metaphysical, the natural and the normative — and that none of these are reducible to the others or to any other form of necessity. It is shown that certain currently fashionable views on scientific essentialism and ethical naturalism must be given up once these distinctions are maintained.
8 Tense and Reality
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: February 2006

It is argued that if one is going to be a realist about tense, then one should be a nonstandard realist in preference to a standard realist; rather than taking the present time to be privileged, one should take the contents of all times to be equally real. It is also argued that if one is going to be a nonstandard realist about tense, then one should be a fragmentalist rather than a relativist; rather than holding reality to be relative to a time, one should take it to be fragmented, not ‘of a piece’.
9 Necessity and Non‐Existence
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: February 2006

It is argued that just as there is a distinction between tensed and tenseless sentences so is there a distinction between worldly and unworldly sentences. This distinction has important implications for questions of possible non-existence, the nature of sortal concepts, such as man or set, and the different ways in which an object might exist.
Introduction: Technology's Question to Theology
Authors: Pattison George
Published: February 2006

This introductory chapter explains the point and urgency of the question concerning technology for theology, and contrasts this with more conventional ways of examining the relationship between religion and science.
Theologies of Technology
Authors: Pattison George
Published: February 2006

This chapter explores the ideas of theologians who have attended to the question of theology. Classically, theology sought the subordination of technology to spiritual values (Maritain, Guardini, Berdyaev, and Tillich are amongst those discussed). Despite some techno-optimists such as Teilhard de Chardin, the pessimism of Jacques Ellul has had most influence in recent periods, particularly on green, liberation, and feminist theologies. A narrativist approach to the question is examined but found wanting.
Seeing the Mystery
Authors: Pattison George
Published: February 2006

Language must be led by what is extra-linguistic. This chapter explores ideas of vision that might inform thinking about God in language. Drawing from Bakhtin and Tillich, from an icon of Andrei Rublev, and from the film After Life, the idea of a reverse vision is developed; vision that flows back upon itself, as offering one idea of vision that might aid non-technological thinking. In light of P. Florensky’s reflections on truth, this is connected with the notion of liturgy as a site of active remembrance and hope.
Conclusion
Authors: Pattison George
Published: February 2006

This chapter reiterates the point that thinking about God as a counter-movement to technology is not the same as rejecting technology, but as contributing to the attempt to live humanly with technology. The idea of God explored in the book is of God as free and giving freedom, as the one who is pure possibility and yet a possible object of active remembrance within the movement of historical time. However, the question remains open whether this God will be identical to the God of Christian faith.
Ascent (and Descent)
Authors: Harrison Carol
Published: February 2006

The ‘revolution’ in Augustine’s thought effected by his reading of the Platonists in 386 led to two seemingly antithetical emphases: a philosophical emphasis on the immutable, eternal, incorruptible God who must be sought by moving away from bodily, temporal, mutable reality on the one hand; and a thoroughly Christian emphasis on the Creator God who has drawn human beings from nothing, and upon their absolute contingency upon Him on the other. It is argued that Augustine’s early thought can only be rightly understood when it is seen within the creative tension set up by these two apparently polarized ideas, and that it is here that his characteristic theology of a transcendent Creator and of fallen humanity’s complete and absolute dependence upon Him emerges. This chapter focuses on the ‘philosophical emphasis’ by elucidating Augustine’s early arguments for Christianity as the ‘true philosophy’, the various ways in which Augustine describes the ascent of the soul to God, the relation between faith (authority) and reason, and by comparing the early Soliloquia and Confessiones 10. It demonstrates that his ‘philosophical’ reflection is fundamentally and intrinsically Christian.
Creation from Nothing
Authors: Harrison Carol
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines one of the central features of Augustine’s early works which sets them apart from philosophical reflection, and provides the foundation for his early formulation of this ‘mature’ grasp of the faith: the idea of ‘creation from nothing’ — creatio ex nihilo. It demonstrates that what has been described as Augustine’s early ‘Christian philosophy’ was never less than fully integrated into his faith in a Trinitarian God, who forms human beings from nothing, reforms them through the incarnation, and inspires in them love and delight through the Holy Spirit. It argues that he never shared the classical ideal of human autonomy and self-determination to attain perfection, but that he was always acutely conscious of human beings’ created dependence upon God’s grace.
The Fall
Authors: Harrison Carol
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines the various ways in which Augustine talks about human fallenness and sin in the early works, and how these relate both to this understanding of creation from nothing and to the Fall of Adam and Eve. It considers how far ‘original sin’ can be legitimately spoken of in these works, and concludes that its characteristic features — human solidarity in Adam’s sin, ignorance and difficulty in willing, the role of habit, concupiscence and inability to do the good without grace — shape Augustine’s understanding from the beginning.
The Will
Authors: Harrison Carol
Published: February 2006

This chapter argues against scholars’ interpretations of books one to three of Augustine’s work, On Free Will. Namely, scholars who view book one as revealing Augustine’s early, optimistic estimate of the freedom and ability of the will, and books two and three as betraying the later bishop’s pessimistic conviction of the fallen will’s inability to do anything but sin without grace. It is argued that this work should be read as a unified piece. Book one sets out a theoretical picture of the freedom and ability of the will which was only possessed by Adam, while books two and three reflect on the ignorance and difficulty which characterize its operation after the Fall. Augustine’s own later comments on the work, as well as other works written at the same time, are examined in order to support this interpretation.
Grace
Authors: Harrison Carol
Published: February 2006

This final chapter draws together the arguments discussed in the preceding chapters to build an overall picture of how Augustine describes the operation of grace in his early works, and to address some of the more contentious issues which have risen for scholars concerning its mode of operation. It examines Augustine’s early teaching on grace in relation to his reflection on divine providence, divine admonition, Christology, the role of delight, and its inspiration by the Holy Spirit, thereby demonstrating that he was always anti-Pelagian and always thoroughly ‘Augustinian’.
11 The Second Censure and the ‘Thomist Turn’
Authors: Iribarren Isabel
Published: February 2006

This chapter deals with the second Dominican censure against Durandus in 1316/17, representing the ‘Thomist turn’ of the controversy. The chapter brings to light the chief features of fourteenth-century elaborations of Thomism, in its twofold connection to the notion of a ‘common opinion’ and the accepted interpretation of Aristotelian metaphysics. Unlike the first censure, Durandus will no longer be judged simply against the standards of Church orthodoxy, but also on the basis of his departure from Thomist teaching. Aquinas’s promotion as a theological authority is thus being opeated on this identification with Church doctrine as a criterion for orthodoxy.
City versus Countryside: The Growth of an Urban Identity and its Meanings in Canton
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y.
Published: February 2006

The conventional belief that China has a strong anti-urban tradition is only partially true. By the early 20th century, it became clear that the city, and ‘modern’ city in particular, had replaced the countryside as a source of pride among both urban and rural dwellers. The socio-cultural gulf between the city and the country irreversibly widened, a trend that continues to take its toll on rural China and many of its related socio-cultural values.
The Limits of Hatred: Popular Attitudes Towards the West in Republican Canton
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y.
Published: February 2006

The Cantonese displayed acceptance of Westerners and their cultures in the late imperial and Republican period, in spite of their reputation for being xenophobic and anti-foreign since the days of the Opium War. Many people in Canton adopted an unmistakably pro-West attitude, from popular favourable perceptions of such foreign ‘imperialist enclaves’ as Hong Kong and Shameen to the advocacy for total Westernization by senior academics from a Canton university. Despite its much propagated anti-imperialist stance, the local nationalist government was, in reality, highly conciliatory when dealing with foreign powers.
The ‘Problem’ of Opium Smoking in Canton
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y.
Published: February 2006

Both the causes of opium consumption, and the allegedly calamitous social, political, economic, and cultural impact of opium smoking on Cantonese society were greatly exaggerated in official propaganda and scholarly writings. Opium served Canton and its urban inhabitants many positive social, cultural, economic, and political purposes, making it difficult to over-simplify the phenomenon of opium smoking as nothing but pernicious.
Gambling in Canton: Myth and Reality of a Calamity
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y.
Published: February 2006

Each successive political regime in Canton criticized its predecessor for legalizing gambling, and hence ‘poisoning’ its people with a long list of gaming-related social problems. In official propaganda, gambling became such a highly politicized topic that the real situation was purposely obscured. In fact, the problem of compulsive gambling was not as common as alleged. The popularity of some forms of gambling revealed the commonness of rational betting among ‘gamblers’, and the sincerity of the governments in regulating gambling.
Cantonese Opera as a Mirror of Society
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y.
Published: February 2006

The commercial success of Cantonese opera was attributed to the industry’s eagerness and ability to ‘modernize’ the stage. These changes did not necessarily represent a total distancing from its operatic traditions, but tradition and change were ambiguously and awkwardly mixed. This period also witnessed the rise of many legendary opera stars, an unprecedented socio-cultural phenomenon that reflected the increasing importance of the masses in influencing the course of social change in the city, independent of the so-called ‘high culture’.
Dispute with Kant
Authors: Beiser Frederick
Published: February 2006

This chapter reexamines Schiller’s dispute with Kant in Anmut und Würde and the Ästhetische Briefe. It contends that its Kantian expositors, who have neglected crucial texts, have completely misunderstood the issues. Rather than seeing the main issue as one about the conditions of moral action, it is maintained as concerning the highest good.
Autonomy and Enlightenment
Authors: Beiser Frederick
Published: February 2006

This chapter explains how Schiller reconciled two apparently conflicting requirements of art: aesthetic autonomy and moral relevance. It contends that Schiller not only gradually resolved the tension between these requirements, but that he did so in a perfectly coherent way. The stages in his attempt to resolve this conflict are surveyed.
A European Union with Teeth?
Authors: Howorth Jolyon
Published: February 2006

Common wisdom has it that European disagreements over the American-led invasion of Iraq killed the prospects for a European defense and foreign policy—but the common wisdom is wrong. In recent years, Europeans have moved fairly steadily in the direction of a meaningful European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). The member-states remain divided on many policy issues and a number of deep obstacles remain to a strong common policy. But few now question the idea that Europe should play a greater role on the world stage, and the past several years have seen modest but concrete steps toward that goal.
Continental Divide? The Transience of Transatlantic Troubles
Authors: Rathbun Brian
Published: February 2006

Most commentary on the recent degradation of transatlantic relations sees it as the product of differences either in “national interests” between the United States and Europe, or of deep-seated national political philosophies and styles. Yet much of the disagreement is the temporary result of divergent partisan worldviews on the two sides of the ocean. Most Europeans are to the political left of the Bush administration, and many of their substantive criticisms of Bush’s policies reflect positions in well-established Right-Left debates.
The Politics of Eurocracy: Building a New European State?
Authors: Kelemen R. Daniel
Published: February 2006

Independent agencies like those common in the US federal government have proliferated in the EU in recent years. The EU has increasingly adopted a ‘hub and spoke’ model of bureaucracy, with independent agencies appended to the central Brussels administration. Some analyses attribute this format to the pursuit of efficient governance in a thinly-stretched ‘regulatory state’. But actually, institutional legacies and national concerns about political control in the EU have driven it much more than economic or administrative concerns.
EU Interest Representation or US‐Style Lobbying?
Authors: Greenwood Justin , Young Alasdair R.
Published: February 2006

While the number of interest groups competing for influence at the European level has exploded, the EU policy process is usually described as strikingly apolitical. The initial surge in interest group participation was principally a consequence of the transfer of authority to the EU, and of greater policy activity in the wake of the single market program. Subsequent efforts to integrate interest groups more fully into the policy process reflected an effort to extend democracy. The still-limited scope of EU authority, however, also restricts the successful extension of democracy at the European level.
Transatlantic Risk Perceptions, Public Health, and Environmental Concerns: Coming Together or Drifting Apart?
Authors: Kurzer Paulette
Published: February 2006

Why has the problem of tobacco energized NGOs and policy entrepreneurs in the USA but much less in the EU? Why has transgenic food provoked similar kinds of collective responses in the EU, but much less in the USA? First, the USA and EU-15 possess different ‘cultural markers’ in that they express different values/collective preferences. Second, institutional arrangements vary and steer even similar preferences and values to produce different political results.
What Lies Beyond a Confederal Europe?
Authors: Ansell Christopher , Chen Rebecca
Published: February 2006

The institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still retains many of the qualities of an international organization, but has also developed a government-like institutional structure. This government is conventionally described as confederal because it is dominated by its member states, but in some respects, the EU is more federal than confederal. As the complexity of EU food safety regulation illustrates, this amalgam of intergovernmental, confederal, and federal features gives the EU its distinctive character.
The EU ‘Polity’ and the Europeanization of National Polities
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: February 2006

Europeanization has radically altered its member states’ governance practices, but these changes have been uneven and often go unacknowledged in national political discourse. ‘Simple’ polities like Britain and France have had to make even greater adjustments than ‘compound’ polities such as Germany and Italy. National leaders’ failure to communicate fully with regard to Europeanization, however, has ensured that popular ideas about national democracy have not kept pace with EU-driven changes in national institutions. This is especially problematic for simple polities, where the challenge to traditional democratic practices and ideas is greater than in compound polities.