bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of infrared thermometry and effect of otitis externa on external ear canal temperature in dogs
Authors: Huang Hui-Pi , Shih Hui-Mei
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare infrared thermometry with rectal thermometry as a method of assessing core body temperature in dogs and to assess the effect of otitis externa on external ear canal temperature (EECT).

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

650 dogs without history or clinical signs of otitis externa and 85 dogs with recurrent or chronic otitis externa.

Procedure

Rectal temperature was measured, using a mercury thermometer. External ear canal temperature was measured, using an infrared tympanic thermometer.

Results

Measurements of body temperature at the 2 sites did not agree. Sensitivity and specificity of infrared thermometry in detecting fever, as determined by rectal thermometry, were 69.7 and 84.6%, respectively. Use of methods to predict rectal temperature from EECT did not improve the accuracy of infrared thermometry. Otitis externa significantly influenced EECT.

Clinical Implications

Use of infrared thermometry as a replacement for rectal thermometry in assessing core body temperature in dogs was unsatisfactory. The 2 methods for measuring body temperature were not interchangeable in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:76-79)
Program for surveillance of causes of death of dogs, using the Internet to survey small animal veterinarians
Authors: Gobar Glenna M. , Case James T. , Kass Philip H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To develop a prototype program for surveillance of causes of death of dogs, using resources developed for the World Wide Web, to enable collection of data from veterinarians in small animal practice and dissemination of results in a timely manner at minimal expense.

Design

Epidemiologic survey.

Sample Population

Small animal veterinarians who were members of NOAH, Veterinary Information Network (VIN), or VetPlus-L.

Procedure

Internet electronic communications and Web pages were used for solicitation and collection of data, dissemination of results, and follow-up discussions with participants. Data were stored in a relational database.

Results

25 veterinarians actively submitted case material. On the basis of analysis by region and school of veterinary medicine attended, these veterinarians were representative of all small animal practitioners in the United States. During the 6-month study, 621 case reports were submitted. Analysis of results included determination of number of dogs, with proportions calculated for primary reason for death, primary clinical sign, and breed, as well as creation of a map depicting distribution of the practitioners. Additional data were obtained for analysis to provide information of interest.

Clinical Implications

A national database representative of dogs examined by small animal practitioners would be a valuable source of information. Rapidly and easily accessible return of information and results is important for any surveillance system. The program described here appears to be a successful method for collecting data from practitioners. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:251-256)
Demographic and needs assessment survey of animal care and control agencies
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Wittum Thomas E. , Neer Charles A. , Gordon John C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize demographic and needs assessment information for animal care and control agencies in Ohio.

Design

Mail survey.

Sample Population

222 animal care and control agencies.

Procedure

A questionnaire was mailed to animal care and control agencies in Ohio. Data were collected for 1996.

Results

Of 222 agencies contacted, 180 (81%) responded. Agencies estimated that they spent $28.4 million ($2.47/person). Approximately 339,207 animals were taken in, comprising 214,143 (63%) dogs, 114,877 (34%) cats, and 10,187 (3%) wildlife or other species. Of these animals, a fourth were adopted, about a tenth were reclaimed by their owners, and two thirds were euthanatized. Approximately 302,589 animal control complaints were received, and 22,053 (7%) citations were issued. One hundred three (57%) agencies reported 25,564 cruelty complaints; criminal charges were filed for 543 (2%) cases, with 445 (82%) resulting in guilty verdicts. Among 155 agencies that provided information, 87 (56%) had spay/neuter policies. Only 69 of 178 (39%) agencies reported an association with a veterinarian. Less than half (64/150; 43%) of the agencies administered vaccinations, and 69 of 152 (45%) treated animals for intestinal parasites. The top 5 things needed by agencies were capital/facility improvements, increased funding, improved legislation for animals, educational needs, and veterinary services.

Clinical Implications

In Ohio in 1996, 9.9% of dogs and 4.5% of cats received care or assistance from animal care and control agencies. Only 39% of animal care and control agencies have an association with a veterinarian. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:483-487)
Blastomycosis in dogs: 115 cases (1980-1995)
Authors: Arceneaux Kenneth A. , Taboada Joseph , Hosgood Giselle
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize diagnostic results, treatment, and outcome of dogs with blastomycosis during a 15-year period in Louisiana.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

115 dogs with blastomycosis.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed for dogs with blastomycosis examined between 1980 and 1995. Additional data were collected from the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory, via telephone interviews of owners, and by use of a random survey of the hospital population.

Results

Blastomycosis was detected mainly in young, large-breed dogs. Proximity to a body of water was a significant risk factor for affected dogs. Most dogs were affected in January and August through October. Clinical signs and results of physical examination reflected the multisystemic nature of the disease. Commonly affected systems included the respiratory tract and lymphatic, ocular, and cutaneous systems. Nodular interstitial and interstitial patterns were common findings on thoracic radiographs. Cytologic examination was successful in identifying organisms in samples from vitreous, skin, and lymph nodes. Similar results were achieved for dogs treated with a combination of amphotericin B and ketoconazole, compared with dogs treated with itraconazole.

Clinical Implications

Results of this study should assist veterinarians with the recognition and management of blastomycosis in dogs. Blastomycosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for large-breed dogs that live close to a body of water in areas in which the disease is endemic or in dogs with a history of being transported to endemic areas that subsequently develop signs of pulmonary, ocular, lymphatic, or cutaneous disease. Treatment with itraconazole was as effective as treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and ketoconazole. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:658-664)
Epizootic of paratuberculosis in farmed elk
Authors: Manning Elizabeth J. B. , Steinberg Howard , Rossow Kurt , Ruth George R. , Collins Michael T.
Published: December 2023

Elk infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis have clinical signs that are similar to those in infected cattle, but elk may die from the disease at a younger age than is commonly reported in cattle. Histologic lesions in elk are similar to classic lesions of paratuberculosis in cattle.

Diagnostic techniques such as bacterial culture of feces or tissues and microscopic examination of tissues are useful in confirming a diagnosis made by the agar gel immunodiffusion test.

Husbandry methods that can limit transmission of the infection include use of feed and water troughs that can be cleaned with tuberculocidal disinfectant, fencing off or draining areas of standing water, removal of manure from feeding areas, and prompt and continued isolation of elk with clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis.

The elk farming industry, characterized by frequent exchange and sale of elk, may benefit from increased veterinary attention to detection and control of paratuberculosis.
Efficacy of clomipramine in the treatment of canine compulsive disorder
Authors: Hewson Caroline J. , Luescher U. Andrew , Parent Joane M. , Conlon Peter D. , Ball Ronald O.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the efficacy of clomipramine for treatment of canine compulsive disorder (CCD).

Design

Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced AB-BA crossover clinical study

Animals

51 dogs with CCD.

Procedures

Dogs were given clomipramine (3 mg/kg [1.3 mg/lb] of body weight, PO, q 12 h) for 4 weeks and placebo for 4 weeks. At the end of each treatment each owner rated the severity of their dog's behavior, using 2 validated rating scales. Statistical analysis was made by ordinal regression. Compliance, adverse effects, and the effectiveness of masking were also assessed. Each dog's behavior was reevaluated 1 to 2 years after completing the study.

Results

Behaviors included spinning (n = 17) and self-mutilation by licking (acral lick dermatitis, 12). Both rating scales demonstrated a treatment effect. Compliance was satisfactory, and masking was effective. Sedation and reduced appetite were reported more commonly when dogs were given clomipramine than when they were given placebo. Forty-five dogs available for follow-up evaluation still had their behaviors; 6 dogs were lost to follow-up evaluation.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that clomipramine was effective in dogs with CCD and was not associated with serious adverse effects. However, treatment for 4 weeks was not curative. Behavior modification is likely to be necessary to manage CCD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1760–1766)
Attitudes of veterinary medical students, house officers, clinical faculty, and staff toward pain management in animals
Authors: Hellyer Peter W. , Frederick Casey , Lacy Michael , Salman M. D. , Wagner Ann E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether animal factors and level of professional veterinary medical training were associated with attitudes toward pain management in animals.

Design

Exploratory, descriptive survey.

Sample Population

Students in the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences professional veterinary medical curriculum (approx 540) and clinical faculty (approx 50), house officers (approx 25), and support staff (approx 100) in the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

Procedure

A descriptive survey including demographic, descriptive, and case-based questions was distributed to participants. Participation was voluntary and survey results were anonymous.

Results

357 of 720 surveys were completed and returned (31 by faculty, 29 by staff, 18 by house officers, and 279 by students). There was a high degree of concordance among survey participants regarding the overall importance of treating pain in animals. The extent to which pain should be alleviated and animal factors, such as breed, behavior, and clinical circumstances, accounted for much of the discordance among survey groups. Fourth-year veterinary students indicated that they were occasionally less likely to treat animals for pain than were second- or third-year veterinary students.

Clinical Implications

The diversity of opinions regarding the necessity or desirability of treating pain in animals, the apparent decrease in the likelihood of senior veterinary students to treat animals for pain under certain circumstances, and evidence of knowledge deficits regarding analgesic treatments among all groups contribute to the likelihood that pain in animals will neither be consistently recognized nor appropriately treated. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:238–244)
Deep digital flexor tenotomy as a treatment for chronic laminitis in horses: 35 cases (1988-1997)
Authors: Eastman Timothy G. , Honnas Clifford M. , Hague Brent A. , Moyer William , von der Rosen Horzt Dieter
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine long-term prognosis for horses with laminitis treated by deep digital flexor (DDF) tenotomy and to identify factors affecting success of the surgical procedure.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

35 horses with laminitis treated by DDF tenotomy between 1988 and 1997.

Procedure

Information was obtained from individual medical records and follow-up telephone interviews with owners and referring veterinarians. Cumulative proportions of horses that survived 6 months and 2 years after tenotomy were determined. Effect of Obel grade of lameness on 6-month and 2-year survival and effect of distal phalangeal rotation on survival and future performance were evaluated by χ2 analysis. Body weights of horses that survived ≥ 2 years were compared with those of horses that survived < 2 years by ANOVA.

Results

27 of the 35 (77%) horses survived ≥ 6 months, and 19 of 32 (59%) survived > 2 years. Obel grade of lameness and body weight at time of surgery had no effect on 6-month or 2-year survival. Degree of distal phalangeal rotation had no effect on 2-year survival or the ability of horses to be used for light riding. Twenty-two of the 30 (73%) owners interviewed indicated they would have the procedure repeated on their horses given similar circumstances.

Clinical Implications

DDF tenotomy is a viable alternative for horses with laminitis refractory to conventional medical treatment. In some instances, the procedure may be effective in returning horses to light athletic use. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:517–519).
Pulmonary aspergillosis in horses: 29 cases (1974–1997)
Authors: Sweeney Corinne R. , Habecker Perry L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To analyze medical records and identify factors that veterinarians can use to prevent pulmonary aspergillosis in horses or that would enable them to diagnose it as early as possible.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

29 horses.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed for horses with pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosed on the basis of characteristic postmortem findings. Information on history, clinical signs, disease progression, and postmortem findings was obtained.

Results

25 of 29 (86.2%) horses had primary (n = 20) or secondary (5) disease compatible with loss of integrity of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The remaining 4 horses had a non-GI tract disorder; only 1 of these 4 had clinical signs associated with the respiratory tract (ie, pleuropneumonia). Although 22 (75.9%) horses had various signs of respiratory tract disorders, an antemortem diagnosis of Aspergillus pneumonia was made in only 1 horse and was suspected in only 1 other. Fungal organisms were seen histologically in tissues other than the lung in 12 (41.4%) horses.

Clinical Implications

Horses with enteritis, colitis, typhlitis, or other diseases of the GI tract that result in mucosal compromise, and horses with clinical signs of respiratory tract disease, particularly if the horse's condition is unresponsive to treatment with antimicrobial agents, should be considered at high risk of having pulmonary aspergillosis. Immunosuppression from debilitating disease may also predispose horses to aspergillosis. Because invasive pulmonary aspergillosis can be difficult to diagnose, clinicians should be aware of clinical and epidemiologic settings in which this disease would develop. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:808–811)
Analysis of first gastric compartment fluid collected via percutaneous paracentesis from healthy llamas
Authors: Navarre Christine B. , Pugh David G. , Heath Allen M. , Simpkins S. Alan
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous paracentesis for fluid collection from the first gastric compartment of healthy llamas and to describe characteristics of that fluid.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

10 healthy adult llamas.

Procedure

Physical examinations were performed prior to sample collection and for 14 days afterwards. A CBC was performed prior to sample collection and 5 days later. A 16-gauge, 7.5-cm stainless steel needle, positioned approximately 20 cm caudal to the costochondral junction of the last rib, was pointed in a dorsocraniomedial direction and pushed through the abdominal wall into the lumen of the first gastric compartment. Fluid was aspirated and analyzed immediately for color, odor, consistency, pH, methylene blue reduction (MBR) time, protozoa, and bacteria.

Results

Fluid samples were obtained from 9 of 10 llamas. Mean volume was 4.1 ml, mean pH was 6.67, and mean MBR time was 173 seconds. Odor was slightly acidic, color was light brown-green to light yellow-green, and consistency was moderate. Small protozoa with variable iodine staining and gram-negative bacteria were commonly detected. With few exceptions, results of physical examinations and CBC remained within reference ranges.

Clinical Implications

Fluid samples from the first gastric compartment can be successfully obtained by percutaneous paracentesis. Fluid characteristics were similar to those of fluid collected via orogastric tube in llamas and cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:812–815).
Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States
Authors: Lund Elizabeth M. , Armstrong P. Jane , Kirk Claudia A. , Kolar Linda M. , Klausner Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine age, breed, sex, body condition score, and diet of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States during 1995, and estimate prevalences of the most common disorders for these animals.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Animals

31,484 dogs and 15,226 cats examined by veterinary practitioners at 52 private veterinary practices.

Procedure

Information on age, breed, sex, body condition score, diet, and assigned diagnostic codes were collected electronically from participating practices and transferred to a relational database. Prevalence estimates and frequencies for population description were generated using statistical software.

Results

Dental calculus and gingivitis were the most commonly reported disorders. About 7% of dogs and 10% of cats examined by practitioners during the study were considered healthy. Many conditions were common to both species (eg, flea infestation, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, vomiting). Dogs were likely to be examined because of lameness, disk disease, lipoma, and allergic dermatitis. Cats were likely to be examined because of renal disease, cystitis, feline urologic syndrome, and inappetence

Clinical Implications

Results can be used by veterinary practitioners to better understand and anticipate health problems of importance in cats and dogs they examine and to better communicate with clients regarding the most prevalent disorders in cats and dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1336–1341)
Apical fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone in Standardbred horses: 43 cases (1990-1996)
Authors: Woodie J. Brett , Ruggles Alan J. , Bertone Alicia L. , Hardy Joanne , Schneider Robert K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether fracture fragment dimensions, suspensory ligament damage, and racing status at the time of injury were associated with outcome in Standardbred horses with apical fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

43 Standardbred racehorses.

Procedure

Medical records, racing records, and radiographs were reviewed, and ultrasonographic findings were scored. Measurements of the fractured portion of the proximal sesamoid bone were made.

Results

Seventy-four percent (32/43) of horses were pacers, and 26% (11/43) were trotters. Statistical differences between trotters and pacers regarding ability to start, number of starts, or amount of money earned after injury were not detected. Females earned significantly more money per start after injury than males. Eighty-six percent (37/43) of fractures involved hind limbs and 14% (6/43) involved forelimbs. Horses with forelimb injuries earned less money per start. Severity of suspensory ligament damage did not affect postinjury racing performance. A higher proportion of horses that had raced before injury returned to racing after surgery than horses that had not raced before injury, although a significant difference between these groups was not detected. Eighty-eight percent of horses that raced before injury raced after injury. Fifty-six percent of horses that did not race before injury raced after injury. Fracture fragment dimensions did not affect outcome.

Clinical Implications

Dimensions of the apical fracture fragment of the proximal sesamoid bone in Standardbred horses and degree of suspensory ligament damage did not affect outcome. Prognosis for return to racing soundness is good in horses that had raced before injury and fair in horses that had not raced before injury. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1653-1656)
Nonsurgical treatment of suprascapular nerve injury in horses: 8 cases (1988-1998)
Authors: Dutton David M. , Honnas Clifford M. , Watkins Jeffrey P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the outcome of horses with suprascapular nerve injury treated with stall rest alone.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

8 horses.

Procedure

Information on signalment, history, limbs affected, severity of lameness, degree of muscle atrophy, gait abnormalities, and results of radiography and electromyography was obtained from medical records. All horses were treated with stall rest. Follow-up information on severity of lameness, gait abnormalities, degree of muscle atrophy, time between injury and resolution of gait abnormalities, and outcome was obtained during reexamination at the hospital or through telephone conversations with owners.

Results

In 4 horses, the injury was a réduit of trauma; in the other 4, the injury was suspected to be a result of trauma. All horses had pronounced instability of the shoulder joint during the weight-bearing phase. Follow-up information was available for 7 horses. Shoulder joint instability resolved in all 7 horses within 3 to 12 months (mean, 7.4 months) after the original injury. Two horses had complete return of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle mass 15 and 18 months after the injury. Two horses used as broodmares before the injury and 4 of 5 horses used for riding or in race training before the injury were able to return to preinjury activities.

Clinical Implications

Horses with suprascapular nerve injury treated with stall rest alone have a good prognosis for recovery of normal gait and return to performance; however, the recovery period may be prolonged. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1657-1659).
Associations among age, scrotal circumference, and proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa in young beef bulls during an initial breeding soundness examination
Authors: Coe Paul H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate age and scrotal circumference as predictors of semen quality in young beef bulls.

Design

Cohort study.

Animals

1,173 beef bulls < 15 months old.

Procedure

During initial breeding soundness examination, variables for bulls producing > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa were compared with those for bulls producing < 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa. Mean and 95% confidence interval for age and scrotal circumference were constructed to detect differences between groups of bulls over all observations and within the 5 most common breeds. For these 5 breeds, x2 analysis was used to evaluate differences in the proportion of bulls that had values less than the population mean for scrotal circumference, age, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa. Multivariate regression was used to quantify variation in the proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa that could be explained by age and scrotal circumference.

Results

Mean (± SD) age and scrotal circumference differed significantly for bulls that produced > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa (12.7 ± 1.1 months and 35.6 ± 2.7 cm) and bulls that produced < 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa (12.1 ± 1.2 months and 34.8 ± 3.3 cm). The proportion of bulls younger than mean age at first examination and the proportion producing > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa differed among breeds. Age and scrotal circumference explained only 11 % of the variation in semen quality.

Clinical Implications

Among young beef bulls, those that were older and had larger testes were more likely to produce > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa. Age and scrotal circumference were not sufficient predictors of semen quality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1664-1667)
Comparison of serum fructosamine and blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations for assessment of glycemic control in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Elliott Denise A. , Nelson Richard W. , Reusch Claudia E. , Feldman Edward C. , Neal Larry A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To correlate serum fructosamine concentrations with established measures of glycemic control and to compare serum fructosamine and blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) concentrations as a means for assessing glycemic control in diabetic cats.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study.

Animals

26 healthy cats, 5 cats with stress-induced hyperglycemia, 15 untreated diabetic cats, and 36 treated diabetic cats.

Procedure

Control of glycemia was classified and monitored and serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations were measured for 12 poorly controlled diabetic cats before and after improving glycemic control, 8 well-controlled treated diabetic cats before and after glycemic control deteriorated, and 5 cats with diabetes mellitus before and after onset of stress-induced hyperglycemia.

Results

Mean serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations were significantly higher in untreated diabetic cats, compared with healthy cats, and in 24 poorly controlled diabetic cats, compared with 12 well-controlled diabetic cats. Mean serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations decreased significantly in 12 poorly controlled diabetic cats after improving glycemic control and increased significantly in 8 well-controlled diabetic cats after glycemic control deteriorated. A significant stress-induced increase in mean blood glucose concentration was evident 12 hours after insulin administration, but not in 5 docile diabetic cats that became fractious.

Clinical Implications

Serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations are clinically useful tools for monitoring control of glycemia in cats with diabetes mellitus. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1794-1798)
Comparison of an amitraz-impregnated collar with topical administration of fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
Authors: Estrada-Peña Agustin , Ascher Frederic
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare the efficacies of amitraz and fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

30 dogs.

Procedure

In 3 trials, dogs were allocated to 3 groups of 10 each. In trial 1, dogs were experimentally infested on day -1, and on day 0 were fitted with an amitraz-impregnated collar, treated topically with fipronil, or not treated. Ticks were counted daily until day 7, when viability of ticks and their progeny was determined. In trial 2, dogs were treated on day 0 and experimentally infested on days 7, 8,10, and 13. Ticks were counted on days 8, 10, 13, and 18, and viability of ticks and their progeny was determined on day 18. In trial 3, dogs were exposed weekly to a tick-infested environment from day -3 to day 70. Dogs were treated on day 0, and ticks were counted and removed weekly from day 3 to day 77.

Results

Fipronil and amitraz were acaricidal and inhibited attachment and feeding. Amitraz had a significantly greater effect than fipronil on numbers of live, feeding ticks, egg hatchability, and larval viability, indicating partial ability to interrupt the tick life cycle. In field conditions, amitraz remained effective over the entire observation period.

Clinical Implications

Amitraz had stronger and more sustained effects against tick infestation than fipronil. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1799-1803)
Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with anticonvulsants
Authors: Kantrowitz Lawrence B. , Peterson Mark E. , Trepanier Lauren A. , Melián Carlos , Nichols Rhett
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether administration of phenobarbital, potassium bromide, or both drugs concurrently was associated with abnormalities in baseline serum total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, or thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) concentrations in epileptic dogs.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

78 dogs with seizure disorders that did not have any evidence of a thyroid disorder (55 treated with phenobarbital alone, 15 treated with phenobarbital and bromide, and 8 treated with bromide alone) and 150 clinically normal dogs that were not receiving any medication.

Procedure

Serum total T4, total T3, free T4, and TSH concentrations, as well as serum concentrations of anticonvulsant drugs, were measured in the 78 dogs with seizure disorders. Reference ranges for hormone concentrations were established on the basis of results from the 150 clinically normal dogs.

Results

Total and free T4 concentrations were significantly lower in dogs receiving phenobarbital (alone or with bromide), compared with concentrations in clinically normal dogs. Administration of bromide alone was not associated with low total or free T4 concentration. Total T3 and TSH concentrations did not differ among groups of dogs.

Clinical Implications

Results indicate that serum total and free T4 concentrations may be low (ie, in the range typical for dogs with hypothyroidism) in dogs treated with phenobarbital. Serum total T3 and TSH concentrations were not changed significantly in association with phenobarbital administration. Bromide treatment was not associated with any significant change in these serum thyroid hormone concentrations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1804-1808)
Evaluation of the association between medial patellar luxation and hip dysplasia in cats
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Langenbach Anke , Green Pamela A. , Rhodes W. Harker , Gregor Thomas P. , Giger Urs
Published: December 2023

Objective

To investigate the association between hip dysplasia (HD) and medial patellar luxation (MPL) in cats.

Design

Cross-sectional prevalence study.

Animals

78 cats.

Procedure

A complete history was obtained. Cats were examined to detect MPL and HD. Radiographs of the stifle and hip joints were obtained. Hip joints were evaluated by use of Norberg angle, distraction index, and scoring consistent with that established by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals.

Results

There were 43 male and 35 female cats (mean age, 2.5 years). Eleven cats had clinical signs of disease in the pelvic limbs. Medial subluxation of the patella (subgrade 1) was seen in 31 of 33 cats with otherwise normal stifle joints. Medial patellar luxation was found in 45 of 78 (58%) cats, and 35 of 45 (78%) had grade-1 MPL. Bilateral MPL was seen in 32 of 45 (71%) cats. A weak association existed between MPL and HD, because cats were 3 times more likely to have HD and patellar luxation than to have either condition alone. Concurrent MPL and HD were detected in 19 of 78 (24%) cats, and HD was diagnosed radiographically in 25 of 78 (32%) cats (19 mild, 4 moderate, 2 severe). Eighteen of the 25 cats with HD had bilateral HD.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Clinically normal cats may have a certain degree of laxity in the stifle joint, evident as medial patellar subluxation (< grade 1). There is a weak association between MPL and HD, and both conditions may develop, alone or in combination, more frequently than has been reported. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:40-45)
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided chemical parathyroid ablation for treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs
Authors: Long Craig D. , Goldstein Richard E. , Hornof William J. , Feldman Edward C. , Nyland Thomas G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy, feasibility, and safety of ultrasound-guided chemical ablation of parathyroid masses in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

8 dogs.

Procedure

In all dogs, a solitary parathyroid mass was evident ultrasonographically. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol, and a 27-gauge needle was directed into the parathyroid mass under ultrasound guidance. Ethanol (96%) was injected into the mass until there was evidence of diffusion of fluid throughout the mass. Serum total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were monitored daily for 5 to 7 days after the ablation procedure and again 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. Dogs were also monitored for adverse effects. Follow-up ultrasonography was performed 5 days and 1 month after the ablation procedure.

Results

One injection was required in 7 dogs, and 2 injections were required in 1. Serum total and ionized calcium concentrations were within reference ranges within 24 hours after treatment in 7 dogs and within 5 days in 1 dog. Serum PTH concentration decreased and serum phosphorus concentration increased within 24 hours after treatment in all 8 dogs. Transient hypocalcemia developed in 4 dogs during the first 5 days after treatment, but only 1 dog required treatment for hypocalcemic tetany. Hypercalcemia recurred in 1 dog 1 month after the procedure and surgical removal of the parathyroid mass was required. Other adverse effects were not reported.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Ultrasound-guided chemical ablation of parathyroid masses is a safe and effective alternative to surgery for dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:217–221)
A survey of teaching and implementation: The veterinarian's role in recognizing and reporting abuse
Authors: Landau Ruth E.
Published: December 2023

Many families seeking assistance from domestic violence agencies are known to local humane societies or animal control officials because of previous incidents of animal abuse. This is because pets are often the first victims of family disputes that erupt into violence.1 Analysis of domestic violence statistics indicates that veterinarians potentially treat hundreds of thousands of abused pets each year. Because veterinarians may be the first or only individuals to have access to abusive family situations, it is it important for veterinarians to be aware of potential signs of abuse of pets and their owners and to be familiar with the mechanisms for reporting suspected incidents of abuse.

Thirty-one North American veterinary schools and a sample of large and small animal practitioners in Indiana were surveyed to understand to what degree current veterinary curricula prepare students to recognize abuse of animal patients and human clients and to what extent practitioners recognize and report their suspicions of abuse to appropriate authorities. The data indicate a discrepancy between beliefs about prevalence of abuse and the amount of time spent educating veterinary students to recognize and report that abuse. I hypothesize that: 1) practicing veterinarians are reluctant to report suspicions of domestic family violence directed against animals, children, or spouses for various reasons (eg, lack of adequate training, fear of litigation, time constraints, fear that violence will escalate, belief that it is not their place to intervene, lack of contact information, fear of losing a client's business); 2) practicing veterinarians (in large and small animal practices) may not be aware that animal patients and human clients may have been abused and, being unfamiliar with this diagnosis, are unfamiliar with the mechanism for reporting the abuse, especially when it involves human victims; and 3) veterinary school curricula could be modified so that veterinary students are trained to recognize human and animal abuse, thereby reducing risks to animal patients, other animals in the household, and human clients. I believe that recognition of animal and human abuse is in line with veterinarians’ responsibilities to protect animal health, relieve animal suffering, and promote public health.
Ultrasonographic appearance of exogenous isobutane gas in the mammary glands of dairy cows
Authors: Trostle Steven S. , O'Brien Robert T. , Britt Jenks , Waller Kenneth R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether exogenous isobutane gas infused into the udders of dairy cattle could be detected ultrasonographically, and if so, what effects volume of gas infused and infusion pressure had on how long after infusion exogenous isobutane gas could be detected.

Design

Randomized block design.

Animals

8 Holstein cows 28 to 32 days after parturition.

Procedure

In each cow, 1 mammary gland was not treated and the other 3 received 1 of 3 treatments by means of intramammary infusion: low volume-high pressure, low volume-low pressure, and high volume-high pressure infusion of isobutane gas. Mammary glands were examined ultrasonographically 1 hour before and 1,3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours after treatment.

Results

After intramammary infusion of isobutane gas, bright echoes and associated acoustic shadows were seen ultrasonographically; echoes were no longer seen 72 hours after gas infusion. Percentages of mammary glands in which bright echoes were detected were not significantly different among the 3 treatment groups at any time during the study.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that exogenous isobutane gas infused into the mammary glands to enhance the appearance of the udder of show dairy cattle can be readily detected by ultrasonography. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:366–368)
Effects of phenobarbital treatment on serum thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in epileptic dogs
Authors: Gaskill Cynthia L. , Burton Shelley A. , Gelens Hans C. J. , Ihle Sherri L. , Miller James B. , Shaw Darcy H. , Brimacombe Michael B. , Cribb Alastair E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether phenobarbital treatment of epileptic dogs alters serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Animals

78 epileptic dogs receiving phenobarbital (group 1) and 48 untreated epileptic dogs (group 2).

Procedure

Serum biochemical analyses, including T4 and TSH concentrations, were performed for all dogs. Additional in vitro analyses were performed on serum from healthy dogs to determine whether phenobarbital in serum interferes with T4 assays or alters free T, (fT4) concentrations.

Results

Mean serum T4 concentration was significantly lower, and mean serum TSH concentration significantly higher, in dogs in group 1, compared with those in group 2. Thirty-one (40%) dogs in group 1 had serum T4 concentrations less than the reference range, compared with 4 (8%) dogs in group 2. All dogs in group 2 with low serum T4 concentrations had recently had seizure activity. Five (7%) dogs in group 1, but none of the dogs in group 2, had serum TSH concentrations greater than the reference range. Associations were not detected between serum T4 concentration and TSH concentration, age, phenobarbital dosage, duration of treatment, serum phenobarbital concentration, or degree of seizure control. Signs of overt hypothyroidism were not evident in dogs with low T4 concentrations. Addition of phenobarbital in vitro to serum did not affect determination of T4 concentration and only minimally affected fT4 concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Clinicians should be aware of the potential for phenobarbital treatment to decrease serum T4 and increase TSH concentrations and should use caution when interpreting results of thyroid tests in dogs receiving phenobarbital. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999:215:489–496)
Isolation of Salmonella organisms from the mesenteric lymph nodes of horses at necropsy
Authors: House John K. , Smith Bradford P. , Wildman Terry R. , Carrigan Mark J. , Kamiya Darin Y.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of Salmonella infections in horses at necropsy.

Design

Cross-sectional prevalence survey.

Animals

102 horses.

Procedure

Mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from horses that were necropsied. Horses had died or were euthanatized because of severe disease or at the request of the owner. Twenty-eight of the horses were racehorses euthanatized following acute catastrophic injuries on the racetrack. Mesenteric lymph nodes were submitted for Salmonella culture via direct plating of tissue specimens on MacConkey agar and by use of 4 enrichment culture techniques that used tetrathionate and selenite enrichment broth and brilliant green and Salmonella-Shigella selective plating media.

Results

Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of 2 foals (2/102, 1.96% of the horses). Salmonella organisms were not isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of adult horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Prevalence of Salmonella infections in horses of our study (1.96%) suggests that the results of cross-sectional surveys, using bacteriologic culture to determine prevalence of Salmonella infection, should be interpreted with caution. Prevalence of Salmonella infections determined in a single facility may not reflect the prevalence of Salmonella-infected horses in the general population; furthermore, obtaining a Salmonella isolate from a horse does not establish that the horse is a chronic Salmonella carrier. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:507–510)
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer sharing rangeland with cattle
Authors: Sargeant Jan M. , Hafer Dale J. , Gillespie Jerry R. , Oberst Richard D. , Flood Susan J. A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the prevalence of fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with access to cattle pastures.

Design

Survey study.

Sample Population

212 fecal samples from free ranging white-tailed deer.

Procedure

Fresh feces were collected on multiple pastures from 2 farms in north central Kansas between September 1997 and April 1998. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified by bacterial culture and DNA-based methods.

Results

Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified in 2.4% (5/212) of white-tailed deer fecal samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

There is considerable interest in the beef industry in on-farm control of E coli O157:H7 to reduce the risk of this pathogen entering the human food chain. Results of our study suggest that the design of programs for E coli O157:H7 control in domestic livestock on pasture will need to account for fecal shedding in free-ranging deer. In addition, the results have implications for hunters, people consuming venison, and deer-farming enterprises. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:792–794)
Breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in young dogs
Authors: Duval Julie M. , Budsberg Steven C. , Flo Gretchen L. , Sammarco Jill L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe clinical features of dogs < 2 years old with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and to evaluate breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors.

Design

Case-control study.

Animals

201 dogs < 2 years old with rupture of the CCL and 804 age-matched control dogs.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed for breed, sex, and body weight, and results were compared with results of age-matched control dogs.

Results

Breed predisposition was detected for Neapolitan Mastiff, Akita, Saint Bernard, Rottweiler, Mastiff, Newfoundland, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Labrador Retriever, and American Staffordshire Terrier. Increased risk was detected for neutered males and neutered females, compared with sexually intact males and sexually intact females, respectively. Differences in prevalence of rupture of the CCL were not detected between all males and females, sexually intact males and sexually intact females, or neutered males and neutered females. Body weights of dogs with ruptured CCL were significantly greater than those of control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Several large breeds of dogs are predisposed to rupture of the CCL at a young age. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:811–814)
Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis: 93 cases (1987–1994)
Authors: Steel Catherine M. , Hunt Andrew R. , Adams Paul L. E. , Robertson Ian D. , Chicken Catherine , Yovich John V. , Stick John A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify factors affecting the prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

93 foals with septic arthritis.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed to obtain clinical findings, laboratory test results, radiographic findings, treatment method, and outcome. Race records for Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds were evaluated to determine whether foals subsequently raced and whether they raced successfully.

Results

43 foals had 1 affected joint, 44 foals had multiple affected joints, and number of affected joints was not recorded for 6 foals. The femoropatellar and tarsocrural joints were most commonly affected. Osteomyelitis or degenerative joint disease were detected in 59% (46/78) of foals. Failure of passive transfer, pneumonia, and enteritis were common. Foals were treated with lavage, lavage and intra-articular administration of antibiotics, lavage and arthroscopic debridement with or without partial synovectomy, or lavage and arthrotomy to debride infected bone and systemic administration of antibiotics. Seventy-three foals survived to be discharged from hospital, and approximately a third raced. Isolation of Salmonella spp from synovial fluid was associated with an unfavorable prognosis for survival and multisystem disease was associated with an unfavorable prognosis for survival and ability to race; other variables were not significantly associated with survival and ability to race.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

With treatment, the prognosis for survival of foals with septic arthritis was favorable, whereas prognosis for ability to race was unfavorable. Multisystem disease, isolation of Salmonella spp from synovial fluid, involvement of multiple joints, and synovial fluid neutrophil count ≥ 95% at admission may be of prognostic value. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:973–977)
Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Glickman Lawrence T. , Glickman Nita W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine prevalence and risk factors for gastric ulcers in show horses.

Design

Field survey.

Animals

50 horses in active training that had been transported to at least 1 event in the 30 days prior to endoscopy.

Procedure

Interview of owner, physical examination, serum biochemical analysis, CBC, and gastric endoscopy were performed.

Results

Gastric ulceration was detected in 58% of the horses. Horses with a nervous disposition were more likely to have ulceration than quiet or behaviorally normal horses. Horses with gastric ulceration had significantly lower RBC counts and hemoglobin concentrations than those without ulceration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Show horses have a high prevalence of gastric ulceration. Lower RBC counts and hemoglobin concentrations may be the result of chronic gastric ulceration. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1130–1133)