bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclopolymerization protocol for the synthesis of a poly(zwitterion‐alt‐sulfur dioxide) to investigate the polyzwitterion‐to‐poly(anion‐zwitterion) transition
Authors: Ali Shaikh A. , Haladu Shamsuddeen A.
Published: December 2012

The zwitterionic monomer, 3‐(N,N‐diallyl,N‐carboethoxymethylammonio)propanesulfonate, on cocyclopolymerization with sulfur dioxide in DMSO using azoisobutyronitrile as the initiator afforded the polyzwitterion (PZ) copolymer in excellent yields. The PZ on acidic hydrolysis of the ester groups led to the corresponding polyzwitterionic acid (PZA). The pH‐responsive PZA on treatment with sodium hydroxide gave the new poly(eletrolyte‐zwitterion) (PEZ). The solubility, viscosity behaviors, and solution properties of the salt‐tolerant PZ, PZA, and PEZ were studied in detail. Like common PZs, PZ was found to be insoluble in salt‐free but soluble in salt‐added water. The apparent basicity constants of the carboxyl group in PEZ have been determined. As the name implies, the PEZ possesses dual type of structural feature common to both conventional anionic polyelectrolytes and PZs, and its aqueous solution behavior is found to be similar to that observed for a typical alternating anionic‐zwitterionic copolymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thermoplastic vulcanizate nanocomposites based on thermoplastic polyurethane and millable polyurethane blends reinforced with organoclay prepared by melt intercalation technique: Optimization of processing parameters via statistical methods
Authors: Barick Aruna Kumar , Jung Ji‐Yoen , Choi Myung‐Chan , Chang Young‐Wook
Published: December 2012

Statistical approaches including Taguchi design of experiments (DOE), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression analysis were employed to determine optimum processing conditions for successful preparation of a thermoplastic vulcanizate nanocomposite (TPVNC) based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/millable polyurethane (MPU) blend reinforced with an organoclay (TPU/MPU/organoclay = 50/50/3 wt/wt/wt) using an internal mixer. Total numbers of mixing layouts were designed by the application of Taguchi's orthogonal array (OA) methodology based on three parameters and three levels in the L9 selector matrix model. Mechanical properties of all runs were measured and fitted into the statistical software to determine signal to noise (S/N) ratio. Ranks of the parameters were determined based on the delta statistics of the larger is better case of the S/N ratio. The ANOVA parameters were analyzed and percentage contribution of each factor, along with the correlation coefficient of each variable, was measured. The multiple linear regression models for each property were correlated with the parameters through mathematical equations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed to examine any interfacial interactions between polyurethane matrix and organoclay. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and field emission transmission electron microscope (FETEM) were employed to analyze the dispersion of organoclays in the polymer matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was employed to observe cryo‐fractured morphology. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) were used to investigate dynamic mechanical properties and rheological properties of the trials, respectively. Based on all of these characterizations, an optimum processing condition was determined. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Barrier Enhancing Signals in Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Birukov Konstantin G. , Zebda Noureddine , Birukova Anna A.
Published: December 2012

Increased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:429‐484, 2013.
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training
Authors: Roberts Christian K. , Hevener Andrea L. , Barnard R. James
Published: December 2012

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:1‐58, 2013.
Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing
Authors: Thevis Mario , Kuuranne Tiia , Geyer Hans , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: December 2012

Frequently updated anti‐doping regulations and detection strategies for banned substances and methods of doping are vital for efficient and scientifically substantiated abatement of drug abuse, manipulation, and illicit performance enhancement in sport. In 2012, the ninth version of the Prohibited List as annually issued by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) reports on modest but relevant modifications from its 2011 predecessor. Awareness of old and new analytical challenges in sports drug testing, together with issues resulting from altered rules and regulations, have given rise to numerous research projects aiming at improved detection strategies to strengthen international anti‐doping efforts. In this annual banned substance review, emerging and advancing methods in the detection of known and recently outlawed substances are reported. New and/or enhanced procedures and techniques of doping analysis are reviewed together with information relevant to doping controls. The review surveys and critiques literature published between October 2011 and September 2012. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naturally occurring mutation affecting the MyD88‐binding site of TNFRSF13B impairs triggering of class switch recombination
Authors: Almejun Maria B. , Cols Montserrat , Zelazko Marta , Oleastro Matias , Cerutti Andrea , Oppezzo Pablo , Cunningham‐Rundles Charlotte , Danielian Silvia
Published: December 2012

Mutations in the transmembrane activator and calcium‐modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) were previously found to be associated with hypogammaglobulinemia in humans. It has been shown that proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) elicits class switch recombination (CSR) by inducing recruitment of MyD88 to a TACI highly conserved cytoplasmic domain (THC). We have identified a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia carrying a missense mutation (S231R) predicted to affect the THC. Aiming to evaluate the relevance of this novel mutation of TACI in CSR induction, we tested the ability of TACI, TLR9, or/and CD40 ligands to trigger CSR in naive B cells and B‐cell lines carrying S231R. IgG secretion was impaired when triggered by TACI or/and TLR9 ligands on S231R‐naive B cells. Likewise, these stimuli induced less expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase, I(γ)1‐C(μ), and I(γ)1‐C(μ), while induction by optimal CD40 stimulation was indistinguishable from controls. These cells also showed an impaired cooperation between TACI and TLR9 pathways, as well as a lack of APRIL‐mediated enhancement of CD40 activation in suboptimal conditions. Finally, after APRIL ligation, S231R‐mutated TACI failed to colocalize with MyD88. Collectively, these results highlight the requirement of an intact MyD88‐binding site in TACI to trigger CSR.
Improving the analysis of Y‐SNP haplogroups by a single highly informative 16 SNP multiplex PCR‐minisequencing assay
Authors: Valverde Laura , Köhnemann Stephan , Cardoso Sergio , Pfeiffer Heidi , de Pancorbo Marian M.
Published: December 2012

The SNP haplogroups of the Y‐chromosome are nonrandomly distributed among human populations. They are used for tracing the phylogeographical history of paternal lineages of male individuals and can be a useful tool for approaching the patrilineal bio‐geographic ancestry of unknown forensic evidences. With the aim of facilitating the inference of the principal informative worldwide Y‐SNP haplogroups, we have selected the minimum possible number of key Y‐SNPs to be amplified in a sensitive single multiplex PCR and detected by minisequencing. This assay, that includes 16 Y‐SNPs, was tested for male human specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Its effectiveness was assessed in a set of degraded DNA samples and in a panel of male individuals from different worldwide populations. All these tests demonstrated the convenience of this assay for assigning the major Y haplogroups to forensic evidences by one single PCR‐minisequencing reaction.
Early Farming in the Northern Boreal Zone: Reassessing the History of Land Use in Southeastern Finland through High‐Resolution Pollen Analysis
Authors: Alenius Teija , Mökkönen Teemu , Lahelma Antti
Published: December 2012

The early stages of agriculture in the Boreal forests of Northern Europe remain poorly understood. Although pottery appeared during the 6th millennium B.C., this has not been seen as an indication of a true Neolithic in the north. In later prehistory, vast parts of the region are thought to have remained a wilderness. In order to test these assumptions, a high‐resolution pollen analysis and an archaeological survey were carried out at Lake Huhdasjärvi, SE Finland. The results indicate signs of cultivation already by the early Neolithic, 5260–4260 B.C., and slash‐and‐burn cultivation concentrated on deciduous forests is recorded from ca. A.D. 600 onwards. By A.D. 930, an intensive form of swidden cultivation began in the coniferous forests, indicating a well‐established agricultural settlement. The discovery of Neolithic (late 6th millennium B.C.) buckwheat pollen suggests that the roots of agriculture in northernmost Europe may have to be searched for in China rather than the Near East.
“DO I STAY OR DO I GO?”—JOB CHANGE AND LABOR MARKET EXIT INTENTIONS OF EMPLOYEES PROVIDING INFORMAL CARE TO OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Schneider Ulrike , Trukeschitz Birgit , Mühlmann Richard , Ponocny Ivo
Published: December 2012

This article examines whether providing informal eldercare to an older dependent person predicts employees' intentions to change jobs or exit the labor market and, if so, which particular aspects of both caregiving (e.g. time demands, physical/cognitive care burden) and their current work environment shape these intentions. We used data from a sample of 471 caring and 431 noncaring employees in Austria and split the analyses by gender. We found different aspects of informal caregiving to be associated with the intention to change jobs and with the anticipated labor market withdrawal of male and female workers. A time‐based conflict between informal eldercare and paid work was significantly and positively related to the intended job change of female workers but not of their male counterparts. Flexible work arrangements were found to facilitate the attachment of female workers to their jobs and the labor market. Intentions to exit the labor market of male workers appeared to be triggered by a physical care burden rather than time demands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

HIGHLIGHTS

We studied the effects of providing informal eldercare on the turnover intention of men and women in a group of workers who were also the main carers providing support to a dependent older person with substantial care needs.

The intention of male and female workers to change jobs and exit the labor market is shaped by the different characteristics of informal caregiving.

Time‐based conflicts between informal care and paid work are associated with a higher relative risk of anticipating job changes for female workers. Flextime facilitates the job and labor market attachment of female workers with eldercare responsibilities.

The intensity of personal care provided to an older relative is significantly positively related to male workers' relative risk of anticipated labor market exit.

Care to an older person in need of supervision makes the labor market exit of female workers less likely, lending thus support to the idea of the respite effect of work.
The relative sensitivity of macrophyte and algal species to herbicides and fungicides: An analysis using species sensitivity distributions
Authors: Giddings Jeffrey M , Arts Gertie , Hommen Udo
Published: December 2012

Lemna spp. are the standard test species representing aquatic macrophytes in the current risk assessment schemes for herbicides and plant growth regulators in the European Union and North America. At a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 2008 workshop on Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides (AMRAP), a Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) working group was formed to address uncertainties about the sensitivity of Lemna spp. relative to other aquatic macrophyte species. For 11 herbicides and 3 fungicides for which relevant and reliable data were found for at least 6 macrophyte species, SSDs were fitted using lognormal regression. The positions of L. gibba (the most commonly tested Lemna species) and Myriophyllum spicatum (for which standardized test methods are under development) in each SSD were determined where data were available. The sensitivity of standard algal test species required for pesticide registration in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) relative to the macrophytes in each SSD was also examined (algae were not included in the SSD). L. gibba was among the most sensitive macrophyte species for approximately 50% of the chemicals examined. M. spicatum was among the most sensitive macrophytes for approximately 25% of the chemicals. In most cases, the lowest FIFRA algal species endpoint was lower than the most sensitive macrophyte endpoint. Although no single species consistently represented the most sensitive aquatic plant species, for 12 of 14 chemicals L. gibba and the FIFRA algae included an endpoint near or below the 5th percentile of the macrophyte SSD. For the other compounds, M. spicatum was the most sensitive species of all aquatic plants considered. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 308–318. © 2012 SETAC
Group Divisible Designs with Block Size Four and Group Type for
Authors: Wei Hengjia , Ge Gennian
Published: December 2012

Nonuniform group divisible designs (GDDs) have been studied by numerous researchers for the past two decades due to their essential role in the constructions for other types of designs. In this paper, we investigate the existence problem of ‐GDDs of type for . First, we determine completely the spectrum of ‐GDDs of types and . Furthermore, for general cases, we show that for each and , a ‐GDD of type exists if and only if , and , except possibly for , and .
Equitable List Coloring of Graphs with Bounded Degree
Authors: Kierstead H. A. , Kostochka A. V.
Published: December 2012

A graph G is equitably k‐choosable if for every k‐list assignment L there exists an L‐coloring of G such that every color class has at most vertices. We prove results toward the conjecture that every graph with maximum degree at most r is equitably ‐choosable. In particular, we confirm the conjecture for and show that every graph with maximum degree at most r and at least r3 vertices is equitably ‐choosable. Our proofs yield polynomial algorithms for corresponding equitable list colorings.
The Reaction of N‐Isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane with Ester Derivatives of 2‐Oxopropyl Alcohol (2‐Oxopropyl 4‐Bromobenzoate, 2‐Oxopropyl Benzoate, and 2‐Oxopropyl Acetate) in the Presence of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids: A One‐Pot Efficient Three‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Fully Substituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Ahmadi Yavar , Karimi Zahra , Rezaei Aram
Published: December 2012

Reactions of N‐isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane with ester derivatives of 2‐oxopropyl alcohol (2‐oxopropyl 4‐bromobenzoate, 2‐oxopropyl benzoate, and 2‐oxopropyl acetate) in the presence of aromatic carboxylic acids proceed smoothly at room temperature and in neutral conditions to afford sterically congested 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives in high yields. The reaction proceeds smoothly and cleanly under mild conditions and no side reactions were observed.
Novel Synthesis of Pyrazolyloxothiazolidine Derivatives
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Ibrahim Yusria R. , El‐Sheref Essmat M. , Aly Ashraf A. , Bräse Stefan , Brown Alan B.
Published: December 2012

1‐Substituted 3‐[3‐(methyl/phenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl]thioureas react with the triple bond of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate forming (Z)‐methyl 2‐[(Z)‐3‐substituted‐2‐(3‐(methyl/phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ylimino)‐4‐oxothiazolidin‐5‐ylidene)acetates. Rational for these conversations are presented.
Synthesis and Chemical Reactivity of Pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolinones
Authors: Hassanin Hany M. , Ibrahim Magdy A. , Gabr Yassin A. , Alnamer Youssif A.
Published: December 2012

The present review covers the methods developed for the synthesis of different pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolinones as well as the chemical reactivity of these compounds towards various types of chemical reactions.
An Efficient and Facile Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione Derivatives of Biological Interest
Authors: Shah Nimesh M. , Patel Manish P. , Patel Ranjan G.
Published: December 2012

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of 1H‐pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione derivatives through a one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction of 2‐chloro‐3‐formyl quinolines, malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate and 2,3‐dihydro‐1,4‐phthalazinedione using a catalytic amount of piperidine in refluxing ethanol. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against a panel of pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi.
Synthesis and Antitubercular Evaluation of N‐Arylpyrazine and N,N′‐Alkyl‐diylpyrazine‐2‐carboxamide Derivatives
Authors: Bispo Marcelle de Lima Ferreira , Gonçalves Raoni Schroeder Borges , Lima Camilo Henrique da Silva , Cardoso Laura Nogueira de Faria , Lourenço Maria Cristina Silva , de Souza Marcus Vinícius Nora
Published: December 2012

Two series of pyrazinamide (PZA) derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Some compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration activity of 50–100 μg/mL, greater than the first line antituberculosis drug PZA in Alamar Blue assay (>100 μg/mL). The obtained activities can be considered promising results, which characterizes these compounds as good start points to development of new antitubercular agents.
Four Decades of Creative Vision: Insights from an Evaluation of the Future Problem Solving Program International (FPSPI)
Authors: Treffinger Donald J. , Solomon Marianne , Woythal Deb
Published: December 2012

E. Paul Torrance, a pioneer in creative education, and his associates founded the Future Problem Solving Program (now FPSPI, or Future Problem Solving Program International) in the mid‐1970s as a competitive, interscholastic program and as a curriculum project integrating creative problem‐solving and future studies. Since its founding, the program has emerged to be international in scope, and has expanded to incorporate multiple components to engage students’ creative strengths and talents in varied ways. This report presents highlights of an international evaluation of the program, the results of which support and sustain Torrance's creative vision for education.
How to Promote Innovative Behavior at Work? The Role of Justice and Support Within Organizations
Authors: Young Linn D.
Published: December 2012

To provide a more developed research model of innovation in organizations, we reconsidered current thinking about the effects of organizational justice on innovative behavior at work. We investigated the mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) between the two constructs. As hypothesized, empirical results showed that justice dimensions were related to innovative behavior of employees, whereas all of their relationships became no longer significant when POS intervened (full mediation). This indicates that organizational justice promotes innovative behavior through the psychological mechanism of POS rather than directly. We discussed implications and limitations of this study, and proposed future research avenues.
Phenyl‐functionalized silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles for the extraction of chlorobenzenes, and their determination by GC‐electron capture detection
Authors: Saraji Mohammad , Khaje Nasrin
Published: December 2012

We have prepared a solid phase for the extraction of chlorobenzenes (CBs) by coating magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with silica via a sol‐gel process using a mixture of tetraethoxysilane and triethoxyphenylsilane. The nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry. The nanoparticles were used for the extraction of 1,4‐dichlorobenzene (1,4‐DCB), 1,2,3‐trichlorobenzene (1,2,3‐TCB), 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene (1,2,4‐TCB), and 1,2,3,4‐tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,3,4‐TeCB) from water, followed by their determination by GC‐electron capture detection. Under optimal conditions, enrichment factors ranging from 220 to 360 were obtained. All determination coefficients (r2) are >0.99, and linear response is found in range 0.025–1.5 μg/L (at the lower end), and 6–120 μg/L (at the higher end). Detection limits are 6, 10, 11, and 500 ng/L for 1,2,3,4‐TeCB, 1,2,4‐TCB, 1,2,3‐TCB, and 1,4‐DCB, respectively. All RSDs are <6% (for n = 5). The method was successfully applied to the determination of CBs in environmental water samples.
The use of molecularly imprinted polymers for the multicomponent determination of endocrine‐disrupting compounds in water and sediment
Authors: Matějíček David , Grycová Alena , Vlček Jiří
Published: December 2012

The method employing molecularly imprinted polymers for the extraction and clean up of endocrine‐disrupting compounds (estrogens, bisphenol A, and alkylphenols) from water and sediment is described. The identical extraction/clean‐up and LC‐MS/MS condition were used for the analysis of both types of samples. The method showed high recoveries ranging from 90 to 99% with excellent precision (intrabatch: 3.6–9.3%; interbatch: 5.6–11.4% for water; intrabatch: 4.3–8.5%; interbatch: 6.1–9.6% for sediment). The LOD was in the range of 0.7–1.9 ng/L and 0.3–0.6 ng/g for water and sediment, respectively. Overall extraction on molecularly imprinted polymers substantially enhanced sample clean‐up. The difference in efficiency of clean‐up was particularly pronounced when a large sample volume/weight was extracted and analyzed. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the analysis of 20 water and sediment samples.
Ultra‐thin, high performance tunnel junctions for III–V multijunction cells
Authors: Bauhuis Gerard J. , Mulder Peter , Schermer John J.
Published: December 2012

Tunnel junctions (TJ) made of p‐Al0.1 Ga0.9As/n‐GaAs are used because of their high peak current and low series resistance, but are not fully transparent. The influence of reducing the thickness of these tunnel junctions on the characteristics of InGaP/GaAs tandem cells was investigated. It was found that ultra‐thin TJs with excellent performance can be realized. Even for a 7.5/6‐nm thick TJ, which is the thinnest possible in our growth reactor, the peak current density is at least 600 A/cm2. The series resistance of the TJs was found to be at a constant level of 0.6 ± 0.2 mΩ cm2 for all total thicknesses of the TJ in the 13.5–40 nm range. Because of a lower absorption in the TJ, a tandem cell with a 7.5/6‐nm thick TJ, compared with a cell with a 20/20‐nm thick TJ, gained 0.53 ± 0.05 mA/cm2 in short circuit current to a value of 14.8 mA/cm2. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction and application of dynamic protein interaction network based on time course gene expression data
Authors: Wang Jianxin , Peng Xiaoqing , Li Min , Pan Yi
Published: December 2012

In recent years, researchers have tried to inject dynamic information into static protein interaction networks (PINs). The paper first proposes a three‐sigma method to identify active time points of each protein in a cellular cycle, where three‐sigma principle is used to compute an active threshold for each gene according to the characteristics of its expression curve. Then a dynamic protein interaction network (DPIN) is constructed, which includes the dynamic changes of protein interactions. To validate the efficiency of DPIN, MCL, CPM, and core attachment algorithms are applied on two different DPINs, the static PIN and the time course PIN (TC‐PIN) to detect protein complexes. The performance of each algorithm on DPINs outperforms those on other networks in terms of matching with known complexes, sensitivity, specificity, f‐measure, and accuracy. Furthermore, the statistics of three‐sigma principle show that 23–45% proteins are active at a time point and most proteins are active in about half of cellular cycle. In addition, we find 94% essential proteins are in the group of proteins that are active at equal or great than 12 timepoints of GSE4987, which indicates the potential existence of feedback mechanisms that can stabilize the expression level of essential proteins and might provide a new insight for predicting essential proteins from dynamic protein networks.
Estimating the efficacy of an interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome medication in a randomized trial with both non‐adherence and loss to follow‐up
Authors: Yang Wei , Propert Kathleen J. , Richard Landis J.
Published: December 2012

We are motivated by a randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of amitriptyline for the treatment of interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome in treatment‐naïve patients. In the trial, both the non‐adherence rate and the rate of loss to follow‐up are fairly high. To estimate the effect of the treatment received on the outcome, we use the generalized structural mean model (GSMM), originally proposed to deal with non‐adherence, to adjust for both non‐adherence and loss to follow‐up. In the model, loss to follow‐up is handled by weighting the estimation equations for GSMM with one over the probability of not being lost to follow‐up, estimated using a logistic regression model. We re‐analyzed the data from the trial and found a possible benefit of amitriptyline when administered at a high‐dose level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality Pattern in Surgical Wards of a University Teaching Hospital in Southwest Nigeria: A Review
Authors: Ayoade Babatunde A. , Thanni Lateef O. , Shonoiki‐Oladipupo Olatunji
Published: December 2012

Background

There are many reports from different parts of the world addressing different aspects of surgical mortality. There are few reports from our country, however, and most of them have dealt with mortality in the emergency room. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of mortality associated with surgical care and the trends in prevalence of surgical mortality. We used our results as benchmarks to identify areas of improvement.

Methods

The records of all patients who died during admission for surgical care in Olabisi Onabanjo Teaching Hospital Sagamu between January 2006 and December 2010 were studied retrospectively. Relevant data were extracted, including demographics, surgical diagnosis, co‐morbid conditions, length of hospital stay, surgical procedure performed, outcome of treatment, and date of death. Results were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 15.

Results

The total admission in the surgical wards for 2005–2010 was 5,444, with a total of 2,217 surgical operations carried out during the same period. There were 277 (5.09 %) deaths (165 male and 112 female patients). Of 277 deaths, only 170 case notes (61 %) were available for review. Primary causes of death were classified as cancer (50 deaths, 29.4 %), trauma (66, 38.8 %), infection/inflammatory (16, 9.4 %), and other (38, 22.4 %). Surgical operations were performed in 60 (35.3 %) of the patients who died. No surgery was done in 110 (64.7 %) of those who died.

Conclusions

The pattern of surgical mortality is not directly related to surgical procedures as most of the deaths occurred in the nonoperative care group. Trauma‐associated deaths topped the list.
Blunt Hollow Viscus and Mesenteric Injury: Still Underrecognized
Authors: Matsushima Kazuhide , Mangel Patricia S. , Schaefer Eric W. , Frankel Heidi L.
Published: December 2012

Background

Despite the availability of more accurate imaging modalities, specifically multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), the diagnosis of non‐ischemic (NI‐) and ischemic (I‐) blunt hollow viscus and mesenteric injury (BHVMI) remains challenging. We hypothesized that BHVMI can be still missed with newer generations of MDCT and that patients with I‐BHVMI have a poorer outcome than those with NI‐BHVMI.

Methods

We performed an eight‐year retrospective review at a level 1 trauma center. Ischemic‐BHVMI was defined as devascularization confirmed at laparotomy. Non‐ischemic‐BHVMI included perforation, laceration, and hematoma without devascularization. The sensitivity of each generation of MDCT for BHVMI was calculated. Potential predictors and outcomes of I‐BHVMI were compared to the NI‐BHVMI group.

Results

Of 7,875 blunt trauma patients, 67 patients (0.8 %) were included in the BHVMI group; 13 patients did not have any CT findings suggestive of BHVMI (sensitivity 81 %), and 11 of them underwent surgical intervention without delay (<5 h). Newer generations of MDCT were not associated with higher sensitivity. Patients with I‐BHVMI had a significantly higher rate of delayed laparotomy ≥12 h (23 % versus 2 %; p = 0.01) and a significantly longer length of hospital stay (median 14 versus 9 days; p = 0.02) than those with NI‐BHVMI.

Conclusions

Even using an advanced imaging technique, the diagnosis of I‐BHVMI can be delayed, with significant negative impact on patient outcome.
Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior: Community Violence, Cognitive, and Behavioral Predictors Among Urban African American Youth
Authors: McMahon Susan D. , Todd Nathan R. , Martinez Andrew , Coker Crystal , Sheu Ching-Fan , Washburn Jason , Shah Seema
Published: December 2012

We use longitudinal multilevel modeling to test how exposure to community violence and cognitive and behavioral factors contribute to the development of aggressive and prosocial behaviors. Specifically, we examine predictors of self‐, peer‐, and teacher‐reported aggressive and prosocial behavior among 266 urban, African American early adolescents. We examine lagged, within‐person, between‐person, and protective effects across 2 years. In general, results suggest that higher levels of violence exposure and aggressive beliefs are associated with more aggressive and less prosocial peer‐reported behavior, whereas greater self‐efficacy to resolve conflict peacefully is associated with less aggression across reporters and more teacher‐reported prosocial behavior. Greater knowledge and violence prevention skills are associated with fewer aggressive and more prosocial teacher‐reported behaviors. Results also suggest that greater self‐efficacy and lower impulsivity have protective effects for youth reporting higher levels of exposure to community violence, in terms of teacher‐reported aggressive behavior and peer‐reported prosocial behavior. Differences among reporters and models are discussed, as well as implications for intervention.
Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase induces glioma cells proliferation and invasion by stabilizing forkhead box M1
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Guo Shaolei , Li Qingzhi , Yang Lixuan , Xia Zhibai , Zhang Longjuan , Huang Zhengsong , Zhang Nu
Published: December 2012

Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is the first enzyme branching from glycolysis in the three-step serine biosynthetic pathway. Recent evidence has shown that PHGDH is amplified in human breast cancer and melanoma and plays a key role in cancer metabolism. However, PHGDH expression in glioma and a potential non-metabolic role in tumorigenesis have not been reported. We analyzed PHGDH levels in specimens from glioma patients and found that PHGDH, although negative in normal brain tissues, was highly expressed in astrocytic tumors and increasingly expressed in more aggressive cancer types. Inhibition of PHGDH expression in glioma cells downregulated the expression of VEGF, MMP-2, CHK2 and cyclin D1 and reduced glioma cell proliferation, invasion and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, we found that the oncogenic transcription factor FOXM1 was also downregulated in PHDGH-silenced glioma cells. Using LC/LC MS analysis, we identified PHGDH as a novel binding partner of FOXM1. PHGDH interacted with and stabilized FOXM1 at the protein level, promoting the proliferation, invasion and tumorigenicity of glioma cells. Our data identified PHGDH as a potential prognostic marker of glial brain tumors and identified a non-metabolic role for PHGDH in glioma tumorigenesis, providing a novel angle of targeting the PHGDH–FOXM1 axis in future brain tumor therapy.
Collaborative Study for the Analysis of Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils using LC–MS
Authors: Blumhorst Michael R. , Collison Mark W. , Cantrill Richard , Shiro Hiroki , Masukawa Yoshinori , Kawai Shigeru , Yasunaga Koichi
Published: December 2012

An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate a method for determining glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE) in edible oils. Samples were dissolved in tert‐butyl methyl ether/ethyl acetate and subjected to two solid‐phase extraction (SPE) steps. The first SPE step utilized methanol elution from a C18 cartridge, and the second SPE step utilized n‐hexane/ethyl acetate elution from a silica cartridge. The final extract was analyzed using liquid chromatography with a single quadrupole mass spectrometer in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Quantification was performed using external standardization. Eighteen samples (9 oils × 2 blind duplicates) were assayed for glycidyl palmitate, glycidyl stearate, glycidyl oleate, glycidyl linoleate and glycidyl linolenate by 17 collaborating laboratories from seven countries. Sample matrices included palm, olive, corn, soybean and rapeseed oils. Repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 6.85 to 19.88 % and reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 16.58 to 35.52 % for samples containing greater than 0.5 mg/kg of individual GE. HORRATR values ranged from 0.62 to 14.70 for determination of total GE. The method provides acceptable results for quantification of GE in edible oils.
Influence of Temperature on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Oil From Sunflower Genotypes Grown in Tropical Regions
Authors: Grunvald Anna Karolina , de Carvalho Claudio Guilherme Portela , Leite Rodrigo Santos , Mandarino José Marcos Gontijo , de Bastos Andrade Carlos Alberto , Amabile Renato Fernando , de Paulo Campos Godinho Vicente
Published: December 2012

The influence of temperature on the fatty acid composition of the oils from conventional and high oleic sunflower genotypes grown in tropical regions was evaluated under various environmental conditions in Brazil (from 0° S to 23° S). The amounts of the oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids from the sunflower oil were determined using gas chromatography (GC). The environment exhibited little influence on the amounts of oleic and linoleic fatty acids in high oleic genotypes of sunflower. In conventional genotypes, there was broad variation in the average amounts of these two fatty acids, mainly as a function of the minimum temperature. Depending on the temperature, especially during the maturation of the seeds, the amount of oleic acid in the oil of conventional sunflower genotypes could exceed 70 %. Higher temperatures led to average increases of up to 35 % for this fatty acid. Although the minimum temperature had the strongest effect on the fatty acid composition, locations at the same latitude with different minimum temperatures displayed similar values for both oleic acid and linoleic acid. Furthermore, minimum temperature had little influence on the amounts of palmitic and stearic fatty acids in the oil.
Acrolein Production from Crude Glycerol in Sub‐ and Super‐Critical Water
Authors: Cheng Leming , Liu Lu , Ye X. Philip
Published: December 2012

To better understand the effects of water properties on the reaction characteristics of acrolein production from glycerol, dehydration of refined glycerol and crude glycerol was comparatively conducted in both sub‐ and super‐critical water states, and the effect of changing water properties was studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The effects of reaction temperature, pressure, residence time, water/glycerol ratio, and catalyst concentration on the yields and distribution of chemical products were also examined. Acrolein yield >80 mol% from both refined glycerol and crude glycerol can be achieved by controlling water properties in the sub‐critical water state with the addition of sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst and the formation of undesired acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde can be greatly restrained. These results provide valuable information for the production of value‐added chemicals from crude glycerol.
Apolipoprotein E protects astrocytes from hypoxia and glutamate‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Zhou Shuai , Wu Haitao , Zeng Chun , Xiong Xuehua , Tang Shuang , Tang Zhaohua , Sun Xiaochuan
Published: December 2012

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is predominantly synthesized by astrocytes in the brain. In this study, we investigated the role of apoE in astrocyte apoptosis. We demonstrated that apoE protects astrocytes from hypoxia‐induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Glutamate release from astrocytic cultures is significantly lower from WT mice than from apoE knockout mice. Furthermore, the protective effect of apoE is mimicked by an NMDA receptor antagonist, MK‐801. Finally, the apoE activator T0901317 significantly reduced the effect of glutamate‐induced apoptosis of astrocytes. These results suggest that apoE protects astrocytes from hypoxia‐induced apoptosis associated to NMDA receptor activation. Approaches that elevate apoE secretion in astrocytes might provide a novel strategy in the protection of neuronal ischemic injury.
Delayed onset post-traumatic bilateral facial nerve paralysis – A rare case report
Authors: Vijay Sundar I. , Kurmi Dhruba Jyoti , Rao Kishore , Sharma Vinod , Chopra Sanjeev , Jain S.K.
Published: December 2012

Bilateral facial nerve palsy [FNP] is a rare condition which in most instances is idiopathic. Traumatic brain injury causing bilateral FNP is even more rare and brings with it unique neurosurgical considerations. Delayed presentation of bilateral FNP after mild head injury is socially debilitating as well as neurosurgically puzzling. We present a case of delayed onset bilateral FNP who developed FNP two weeks after mild head injury along with a brief discussion of the peculiar anatomical characteristics and management options of this condition.
2-subnormal quadratic offenders and Oliver's p-group conjecture
Authors: Lynd Justin
Published: December 2012

Bob Oliver conjectures that if p is an odd prime and S is a finite p-group, then the Oliver subgroup $\mathfrak{X}(S)$ contains the Thompson subgroup Je(S). A positive resolution of this conjecture would give the existence and uniqueness of centric linking systems for fusion systems at odd primes. Using the ideas and work of Glauberman, we prove that if p ≥ 5, G is a finite p-group, and V is an elementary abelian p-group which is an F-module for G, then there exists a quadratic offender which is 2-subnormal (normal in its normal closure) in G. We apply this to show that Oliver's Conjecture holds provided that the quotient $G=S/\mathfrak{X}(S)$ has class at most log2(p − 2) + 1, or p ≥ 5 and G is equal to its own Baumann subgroup.
Platinum-group element geochemistry of intraplate basalts from the Aleppo Plateau, NW Syria
Authors: MA GEORGE S.-K. , MALPAS JOHN , GAO JIAN-FENG , WANG KUO-LUNG , QI LIANG , XENOPHONTOS COSTAS
Published: December 2012

Early–Middle Miocene intraplate basalts from the Aleppo Plateau, NW Syria have been analysed for their platinum-group elements (PGEs). They contain extremely low PGE abundances, comparable with most alkali basalts, such as those from Hawaii, and mid-ocean ridge basalts. The low abundances, together with high Pd/Ir, Pt/Ir, Ni/Ir, Cu/Pd, Y/Pt and Cu/Zr are consistent with sulphide fractionation, which likely occurred during partial melting and melt extraction within the mantle. Some of the basalts are too depleted in PGEs to be explained solely by partial melting of a primitive mantle-like source. Such ultra-low PGE abundances, however, are possible if the source contains some mafic lithologies. Many of the basalts also exhibit suprachondritic Pd/Pt ratios of up to an order of magnitude higher than primitive mantle and chondrite, an increase too high to be attributable to fractionation of spinel and silicate minerals alone. The elevated Pd/Pt, associated with a decrease in Pt but not Ir and Ru, are also inconsistent with removal of Pt-bearing PGE minerals or alloys, which should have concurrently lowered Pt, Ir and Ru. In contrast, melting of a metasomatized source comprising sulphides whose Pt and to a lesser extent Rh were selectively mobilized through interaction with silicate melts, may provide an explanation.
Desire among the Ruins: The Politics of Difference in American Visions of Porfirian Mexico
Authors: RUIZ JASON
Published: December 2012

Travel to Mexico became instantly faster, smoother, and cheaper for Americans when workers finally linked US and Mexican rail lines in 1884. Following the opening of the international rail connection, Americans went south of the border in droves and produced a wide array of representations depicting Mexico under the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911, a period known as the “Porfiriato”). Travelogues, picture postcards, stereographs, and magic-lantern slides with Mexican themes all circulated heavily in US popular culture during this time. This essay examines the politics of difference in these representations – chiefly travel writing and postcards – arguing that travelers and other observers played a crucial but overlooked role in popularizing the view of Mexico as a logical field for capitalist (and sometimes territorial) expansionism. By positioning Mexican bodies as both desirable and dangerous, I argue, the creators of travel discourse set the stage for contradictory and ambivalent views of Mexico that reverberate in the United States even today.
Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea following grommet insertion: management using a multi-layered graft technique and an important lesson revisited
Authors: Patil S , Trinidade A , Yung M , Donnelly N
Published: December 2012

Background:

A spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak can sometimes only become apparent following grommet insertion and usually represents dehiscence of the tegmen tympani, which is an uncommon condition.

Objectives:

This report aimed to reaffirm the importance of recognising this unusual presentation and outline management options.

Case report:

A 63-year-old man with conductive hearing loss and type B (flat) tympanometry underwent grommet insertion into his left ear, which resulted in cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea. A defect of the tegmen tympani was found. This was successfully repaired via a transmastoid approach using a multi-layered grafting technique.

Conclusion:

Dehiscence of the tegmen tympani is uncommon and may only come to light following grommet insertion, which may be problematic for the uninformed otolaryngologist. Education is important to ensure early recognition and appropriate management.
Congenital cholesteatoma in identical twins
Authors: Al Balushi T , Naik J Z , Al Khabori M
Published: December 2012

Objective:

We present an extremely rare case of congenital cholesteatoma in identical twins.

Method:

Case report of congenital cholesteatoma in identical twins, and a literature review, are presented.

Results:

Both cases presented to the ENT out-patient clinic, but with different clinical pictures. Both were managed surgically.

Conclusion:

Congenital cholesteatoma presents as a whitish mass in the middle ear, with an intact tympanic membrane. It is a rare entity comprising between 3.7 and 24 per cent of total cholesteatoma cases. The key to its diagnosis is the absence of previous ear infection, ear surgery and local trauma. To our best knowledge, this paper represents the first report in the world literature of congenital cholesteatoma in identical twins.