bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining the Landscape of Translation
Authors: Melby Alan , Fields Paul , Hague Daryl R. , Koby Geoffrey S. , Lommel Arle
Published: July 2017

This article is the first in a three-part series on translation quality. The articles build on one another by addressing definitions of translation, quality, and finally translation quality. Concerning the meaning of translation, many definitions have been proposed in the translation-studies literature. This article, however, is not a literature review. Instead, it describes a "landscape" within which various definitions of translation can be "planted.” This landscape is delimited by two axes—namely, scope and specifications—and provides a framework for discussing such questions as (a) the relationship between translation and localization and (b) the role of translation specifications. Within that landscape, this article presents two opposing views about the definition of translation. The authors disagree about which of these views is most useful, but they agree that stakeholders must clearly define translation before they can meaningfully address translation quality.
XLIFF, XML Localisation Interchange File Format, translators, localisation standards
Authors: Torres del Rey Jesús , Morado Vázquez Lucía
Published: July 2017

XLIFF has become the main localisation data exchange standard, coming up against competitors only in open source projects with the PO format, and also coexisting with LCX in the Microsoft localisation environment. However, while more and more of the big internet services and translation provider companies offering or requiring machine and human translation realise that they must offer support for this standard, the advantages of XLIFF usage can be limited if integration with their multilingual information and communication processes is not matched with a real understanding of translators' needs. On the other hand, the format is still widely unknown by translators and aspiring localisers, who should be able to contribute to the development and, particularly, the implementation and leverage of XLIFF in their workplace and in the projects they are involved in, thus increasing the chances for XLIFF to evolve into a more and more useful tool. This gap is partly due to a glaring lack of academic articles dealing with the meaning, significance and usage of XLIFF which take into account the main concerns and the average knowledge of the translator as regards translation and localisation tasks. Ignacio García's 2006 "Formatting and the Translator: Why XLIFF Does Matter?" is one of few exceptions, although mostly dealing with just one aspect of the relationship between the standard format and the translation job.This paper aims at providing a comprehensive yet accessible view of the standard to its end users: translators and translation students. We will present, through practical examples, how the standard can have an impact in their daily routine and how they can make the most out of it.
La protection du sujet humain dans le passage de l’ÉPTC1 à 2 : une étude de cas du recours aux données secondaires et au consentement implicite en formation clinique
Authors: Dragon Jean , Benoit Monique
Published: July 2017

Objet 

: Notre étude met en lumière des différences importantes, en matière de culture et de certification éthique, entre les institutions de santé et les institutions du savoir. Ces différences sont à la source de maintes difficultés que nous avons rencontrées dans l’établissement de tels partenariats en matière d’éthique de recherche.

Méthodologie 

: Une étude de cas a permis d’examiner ces difficultés à travers les demandes éthiques de six cohortes de finissants effectuant un « stage » dans un programme de santé offert par plusieurs universités partenaires en Ontario (Canada). Cette étude de cas a donné lieu à l’analyse de 78 dossiers établissant un tableau composé d’indicateurs identifiant les problèmes rencontrés dans la mise en application des règles éthiques de l’Énoncé de Politique des Trois Conseils (ÉPTC1 et 2).

Résultats 

: Il s’est avéré que les difficultés rencontrées étaient généralement moins engendrées par la méconnaissance des exigences gouvernementales des règles de l’ÉPTC1 et 2 que par une culture de l’autonomie au sein de certains corps professionnels, notamment ceux impliqués dans les recherches cliniques, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l’utilisation des données secondaires et l’absence de consentement explicite aux fins de telles recherches.
Teaching and Supporting Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Aldersey Heather Michelle , Haines Shana Jackson
Published: July 2017

Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) often experience challenges due to low learning expectations and educational quality and limited educational access. Often, in locations impacted by higher levels of poverty, such as Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, educational disparities for children with ID are even more pronounced. To date, limited research has been conducted about educating children with ID from a teachers' perspective in Kinshasa. In this exploratory study, we analyzed data from 23 interviews with special education professionals who work with students with ID to describe their professional goals and explain the experience of delivering education to children with ID in Kinshasa. Most participants were drawn to their profession out of compassion and expressed the hope that they would help their students find jobs, live independently, and become valued members of society. The participants spoke in a uniform voice about how their passion and goals for their students were dampened by the difficulties they faced in educating their students, including low pay and the lack of a comprehensive system to support their work. Addressing these barriers is an important step towards ensuring the full personhood for all students in DRC, including children with ID.
Highly Elastic Graphene‐Based Electronics Toward Electronic Skin
Authors: Yun Yong Ju , Ju Jongil , Lee Joong Hoon , Moon Sung‐Hwan , Park Soon‐Jung , Kim Young Heon , Hong Won G. , Ha Dong Han , Jang Heeyeong , Lee Geon Hui , Chung Hyung‐Min , Choi Jonghyun , Nam Sung Woo , Lee Sang‐Hoon , Jun Yongseok
Published: July 2017

Epidermal electronics are extensively explored as an important platform for future biomedical engineering. Epidermal devices are typically fabricated using high‐cost methods employing complex vacuum microfabrication processes, limiting their widespread potential in wearable electronics. Here, a low‐cost, solution‐based approach using electroconductive reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets on elastic and porous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thin films for multifunctional, high‐performance, graphene‐based epidermal bioelectrodes and strain sensors is presented. These devices are fabricated employing simple coatings and direct patterning without using any complicated microfabrication processes. The graphene bioelectrodes show a superior stretchability (up to 150% strain), with mechanical durability up to 5000 cycles of stretching and releasing, and low sheet resistance (1.5 kΩ per square), and the graphene strain sensors exhibit a high sensitivity (a gauge factor of 7 to 173) with a wide sensing range (up to 40% strain). Fully functional applications of dry bioelectrodes in monitoring human electrophysiological signals (i.e., electrocardiogram, electroencephalography, and electromyogram) and highly sensitive strain sensors for precise detection of large‐scale human motions are demonstrated. It is believed that our unique processing capability and multifunctional device platform based on RGO/porous PDMS will pave the way for low‐cost processing and integration of 2D materials for future wearable electronic skin.
Amorphous GaN@Cu Freestanding Electrode for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ni Shibing , Huang Peng , Chao Dongliang , Yuan Guodong , Zhang Lichun , Zhao Fengzhou , Li Jinmin
Published: July 2017

GaN is demonstrated to be an ideal anode for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time. Amorphous GaN@Cu nanorods (a‐GaN@Cu) freestanding electrode is designed via a low‐temperature pulsed laser deposition method, which exhibits prominent rate capability and untralong lifespan as an anode for LIBs. With porous interconnected metal nanorods substrate to improve the structure integrity and electronic conductivity, the a‐GaN@Cu electrode delivers a capacity recovery of 980 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles from 0.25 to 6.25 A g−1 and a high discharge capacity of 509 mAh g−1 after 3000 cycles at 10.0 A g−1. The lithium storage in the a‐GaN is also systematically studied, which suggests a redox reaction mechanism.
A Flexible Glass Fiber Based Freestanding Composite Electrode for High‐Performance Lithium Polysulfide Batteries
Authors: Ragupathy P. , Ahad Syed Abdul , Kumar P. Ramesh , Lee Hyun‐Wook , Kim Do Kyung
Published: July 2017

Herein, a flexible, low‐cost, and freestanding membrane electrode (FSME) in lithium polysulfide batteries with high energy density and long cycle life is reported. The specially designed electrode offers adequate space to accommodate a large amount of sulfur and facilitate the enhanced immobilization of polysulfide ions. Moreover, polar‐based oxides inbuilt in the electrode favor in suppressing the polysulfide shuttling effect. The initial specific capacity of Li polysulfide (Li2S8) in FSME is 1210 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C with remarkable capacity retention upon cycling. The capacity stabilizes at 970 mAh g−1 at 100th cycle indicating the excellent cycling ability of FSME. Further, this membrane electrode alleviates the cost issues associated with most of the carbon nanotube‐based electrodes.
A Chiral Recognition System Orchestrated by Self‐Assembly: Molecular Chirality, Self‐Assembly Morphology, and Fluorescence Response
Authors: Noguchi Takao , Roy Bappaditya , Yoshihara Daisuke , Sakamoto Junji , Yamamoto Tatsuhiro , Shinkai Seiji
Published: July 2017

The newly developed oligophenylenevinylene (OPV)‐based fluorescent (FL) chiral chemosensor (OPV‐Me) for the representative enantiomeric guest, 1,2‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (1,2‐CHDA: RR‐ and SS‐form) showed the high chiral discrimination ability, resulting in the different aggregation modes of OPV‐Me self‐assembly: RR‐CHDA directed the fibrous supramolecular aggregate, whereas SS‐CHDA directed the finite aggregate. The consequent FL intensity toward RR‐CHDA was up to 30 times larger than that toward SS‐CHDA. Accordingly, highly enantioselective recognition was achieved. Application to the chirality sensing was also possible: OPV‐Me exhibited a linear relationship between the FL intensity and the enantiomeric excess through the morphological development of stereocomplex aggregates. These results clearly show that the chiral recognition ability is manifested by the amplification cascade of the chirality difference through self‐assembly.
Precisely Assembled Cyclic Gold Nanoparticle Frames by 2D Polymer Single‐Crystal Templating
Authors: Mei Shan , Qi Hao , Zhou Tian , Li Christopher Y.
Published: July 2017

In recent decades, extensive studies have been devoted to assembling nanoparticles (NPs) into various ordered structures to achieve novel optical properties. However, it still remains a challenging task to assemble NPs into cyclic one‐dimensional (1D) shapes, such as rings and frames. Herein, we report a directed assembly method to precisely assemble NPs into well‐defined, free‐standing frames using polymer single crystals (PSCs) as the template. Preformed poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) single crystals were used as the template to direct the crystallization of block copolymer (BCP) poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PEO‐b‐P4VP), which directs the gold NPs (AuNPs) to form AuNP frames. By controlling the PSC growth, we were able to, for the first time, precisely tune both the size and width of the AuNP frame. These novel AuNP frames topologically resemble NP nanorings and cyclic polymer chains, and show unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) behaviors.
Reversible Interconversion between 2,5‐Dimethylpyrazine and 2,5‐Dimethylpiperazine by Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation for Efficient Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Wada Tomokatsu , Shiraishi Takumi
Published: July 2017

A new hydrogen storage system based on the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, employing a single iridium catalyst, has been developed. Efficient hydrogen storage using relatively small amounts of solvent compared with previous systems was achieved by this new system. Reversible transformations between 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine and 2,5‐dimethylpiperazine, accompanied by the uptake and release of three equivalents of hydrogen, could be repeated almost quantitatively at least four times without any loss of efficiency. Furthermore, hydrogen storage under solvent‐free conditions was also accomplished.
Rheology and morphology study of immiscible linear low‐density polyethylene/poly(lactic acid) blends filled with nanosilica particles
Authors: Hoseini Maryam , Haghtalab Ali , Famili Mohammad Hossein Navid
Published: July 2017

The objectives of this study are to investigate the effect of silica nanoparticles on the morphology and rheological behavior of immiscible linear low‐density polyethylene/poly(lactic acid) (LLDPE/PLA) blends. Melt blending method is applied to prepare the blends and their nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscope and parallel plate rheometer were used to investigate morphology and rheological behavior of the blend nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscope results demonstrated a significant change in morphology behavior by incorporation of silica nanoparticles. A significant reduction in the PLA droplet for LLDPE/PLA (75/25) with 8 wt % silica was observed. The rheological studies illustrated that for all samples storage modulus and complex viscosity of blend nanocomposites are higher than neat blends. Finally, melt rigidity of blend nanocomposites was estimated by measurement of rheological properties using a rotational rheometer through small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments. As a result, through the shear data, a high value quantity as a criteria for melt rigidity is obtained for the LLDPE/PLA (75/25) with 8 wt % silica in comparing to the other samples. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45526.
Metal‐Free, Initiator‐Free Graphene Oxide‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Arenes
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Yang Yun , Fang Jingxian , Deng Guo‐Jun , Gong Hang
Published: July 2017

The direct C−H trifluoromethylation of arenes catalyzed by graphene oxide (GO) under safe conditions is described. This strategy is metal‐free, initiator‐free, safe, and scalable. It employs a readily available CF3 source and the reaction can be easily controlled to obtain a mono‐trifluorinated product. This method opens a new avenue for GO‐catalyzed chemistry.
Phototoxicity in live fluorescence microscopy, and how to avoid it
Authors: Icha Jaroslav , Weber Michael , Waters Jennifer C. , Norden Caren
Published: July 2017

Phototoxicity frequently occurs during live fluorescence microscopy, and its consequences are often underestimated. Damage to cellular macromolecules upon excitation light illumination can impair sample physiology, and even lead to sample death. In this review, we explain how phototoxicity influences live samples, and we highlight that, besides the obvious effects of phototoxicity, there are often subtler consequences of illumination that are imperceptible when only the morphology of samples is examined. Such less apparent manifestations of phototoxicity are equally problematic, and can change the conclusions drawn from an experiment. Thus, limiting phototoxicity is a prerequisite for obtaining reproducible quantitative data on biological processes. We present strategies to reduce phototoxicity, e.g. limiting the illumination to the focal plane and suggest controls for phototoxicity effects. Overall, we argue that phototoxicity needs increased attention from researchers when designing experiments, and when evaluating research findings.
Iterative analysis of cerebrovascular reactivity dynamic response by temporal decomposition
Authors: van Niftrik Christiaan Hendrik Bas , Piccirelli Marco , Bozinov Oliver , Pangalu Athina , Fisher Joseph A. , Valavanis Antonios , Luft Andreas R. , Weller Michael , Regli Luca , Fierstra Jorn
Published: July 2017

Objective

To improve quantitative cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) measurements and CO2 arrival times, we present an iterative analysis capable of decomposing different temporal components of the dynamic carbon dioxide‐ Blood Oxygen‐Level Dependent (CO2‐BOLD) relationship.

Experimental Design

Decomposition of the dynamic parameters included a redefinition of the voxel‐wise CO2 arrival time, and a separation from the vascular response to a stepwise increase in CO2 (Delay to signal Plateau – DTP) and a decrease in CO2 (Delay to signal Baseline –DTB). Twenty‐five (normal) datasets, obtained from BOLD MRI combined with a standardized pseudo‐square wave CO2 change, were co‐registered to generate reference atlases for the aforementioned dynamic processes to score the voxel‐by‐voxel deviation probability from normal range. This analysis is further illustrated in two subjects with unilateral carotid artery occlusion using these reference atlases.

Principal Observations

We have found that our redefined CO2 arrival time resulted in the best data fit. Additionally, excluding both dynamic BOLD phases (DTP and DTB) resulted in a static CVR, that is maximal response, defined as CVR calculated only over a normocapnic and hypercapnic calibrated plateau.

Conclusion

Decomposition and novel iterative modeling of different temporal components of the dynamic CO2‐BOLD relationship improves quantitative CVR measurements.
Ecotype Variation of Methyl Eugenol Content in Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia and Melaleuca linariifolia)
Authors: Shepherd Mervyn , Savins Dale , Dowell Ashley , Morrow Samantha , Allen Gareth , Southwell Ian
Published: July 2017

Methyl eugenol is a natural phenylpropanoid compound found in a wide range of plants used for food, flavouring, cosmetics, and health‐care. As a suspected rodent carcinogen, methyl eugenol may also be harmful to humans when present in significant concentrations. Consequently, its level has been restricted in some foodstuffs and cosmetics for some markets. In order to assess the potential to breed uniformly low methyl eugenol cultivars for an essential oil crop, tea tree, the source of ‘Oil of Melaleuca, terpinene‐4‐ol type’, we examine levels in individual trees (n = 30) from two geographic regions and six terpene chemotypes. Overall, methyl eugenol levels were low in this species (Mean [SD] 354 [239] ppm, n = 30), much lower than levels predicted to be of toxicological concern. Within each chemotype, there was a lack of evidence for correlations between terpenoid constituents and methyl eugenol levels. Further support for the independence of methyl eugenol and terpene biosynthesis was evident from similar mean levels in selected (Mean [SD] 586 [339] ppm, n = 12) and undomesticated Melaleuca alternifolia trees (Mean [SD] 480 [299] ppm, n = 5) with terpinen‐4‐ol type oils. By contrast, methyl eugenol level varied by geographic origin and chemotype. Trees from the upland region, where there is a prevalence of terpinolene type trees, had lower average methyl eugenol levels than trees from the coastal region, where there is a prevalence of terpinen‐4‐ol and 1,8‐cineole type trees.
Vitamin D insufficiency correlates with peripheral B10 cells in patients with pituitary tumours
Authors: Wang Weimin , Fu Li , Li Shengli , Xu Zhiming , Qiu Peng , Xu Tong‐Jiang , Yang Wei , Zhang Yu‐Bao , Xu Guang‐Ming , Lu Xiang‐Dong , Li Xinggang
Published: July 2017

The mechanism of pituitary gland tumour (PGT) is unclear. Aberrant immune tolerance is associated with the pathogenesis of tumour. Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) are involved in the immune regulation. Interleukin (IL)‐10 is one of the important immune regulatory molecules. This study aims to elucidate the role of VDR in the regulation of IL‐10 in peripheral B cells of PGT patients. In this study, the peripheral blood samples were collected from PGT patients and healthy subjects. B cells were purified from the blood samples and analysed by RT‐qPCR and Western blotting. The correlation between the expression of IL‐10 and VDR in the B cells was assessed. We observed that the serum VitD levels were negatively correlated with IL‐10 expression in peripheral B cells of patients with PGT. Low levels of VDR expression were found in peripheral B cells of PGT patients. Exposure to VitD suppressed the expression of IL‐10 in B cells. The VDR bounds the transcription factor of IL‐10 to interfere with the expression of IL‐10 in B cells. The VDR agonists inhibited IL‐10 expression in B cells from PGT patients. In conclusion, modulation of the expression of VDR can regulate the expression of IL‐10 in peripheral B cells of PGT patients, which may contribute to the treatment of PGT.
Introduction of 2,6‐Diaminopurines into Serinol Nucleic Acid Improves Anti‐miRNA Performance
Authors: Kamiya Yukiko , Donoshita Yuka , Kamimoto Hiroshi , Murayama Keiji , Ariyoshi Jumpei , Asanuma Hiroyuki
Published: July 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level by sequence‐specific hybridisation. Anti‐miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) are inhibitors of miRNA activity. Chemical modification of AMOs is required to increase binding affinity and stability in serum and cells. In this study, we synthesised AMOs with our original acyclic nucleic acid, serinol nucleic acid (SNA), backbone and with the artificial nucleobase 2,6‐diaminopurine. The AMO composed of only SNA had strong nuclease resistance and blocked endogenous miRNA activity. A significant improvement in anti‐miRNA activity of the AMO was achieved by introduction of a 2,6‐diaminopurine residues into the SNA backbone. In addition, we found that the enhancement in AMO activity depended on the position of the 2,6‐diaminopurine residue in the sequence. The high potency of the SNA‐AMOs suggests that these oligomers will be useful as therapeutic reagents for control of miRNA function in patients and as tools for investigating the roles of microRNAs in cells.
High‐Energy‐Resolution X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Identification of Reactive Surface Species on Supported Single‐Site Iridium Catalysts
Authors: Hoffman Adam S. , Sokaras Dimosthenis , Zhang Shengjie , Debefve Louise M. , Fang Chia‐Yu , Gallo Alessandro , Kroll Thomas , Dixon David A. , Bare Simon R. , Gates Bruce C.
Published: July 2017

We report high‐energy‐resolution X‐ray absorption spectroscopy detection of ethylene and CO ligands adsorbed on catalytically active iridium centers isolated on zeolite HY and on MgO supports. The data are supported by density functional theory and FEFF X‐ray absorption near‐edge modelling, together with infrared (IR) spectra. The results demonstrate that high‐energy‐resolution X‐ray absorption spectra near the iridium LIII (2p3/2) edge provide clearly ascribable, distinctive signatures of the ethylene and CO ligands and illustrate effects of supports and other ligands. This X‐ray absorption technique is markedly more sensitive than conventional IR spectroscopy for characterizing surface intermediates, and it is applicable to samples having low metal loadings and in reactive atmospheres and is expected to have an increasing role in catalysis research by facilitating the determination of mechanisms of solid‐catalyzed reactions through identification of reaction intermediates in working catalysts.
Sommerpause? Nicht für die Verfahrenstechnik in der Pharmazie!
Authors: Bröckel Ulrich
Published: July 2017

No abstract.
The second Southern African Bird Atlas Project: Causes and consequences of geographical sampling bias
Authors: Hugo Sanet , Altwegg Res
Published: July 2017

Using the Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP2) as a case study, we examine the possible determinants of spatial bias in volunteer sampling effort and how well such biased data represent environmental gradients across the area covered by the atlas. For each province in South Africa, we used generalized linear mixed models to determine the combination of variables that explain spatial variation in sampling effort (number of visits per 5′ × 5′ grid cell, or “pentad”). The explanatory variables were distance to major road and exceptional birding locations or “sampling hubs,” percentage cover of protected, urban, and cultivated area, and the climate variables mean annual precipitation, winter temperatures, and summer temperatures. Further, we used the climate variables and plant biomes to define subsets of pentads representing environmental zones across South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. For each environmental zone, we quantified sampling intensity, and we assessed sampling completeness with species accumulation curves fitted to the asymptotic Lomolino model. Sampling effort was highest close to sampling hubs, major roads, urban areas, and protected areas. Cultivated area and the climate variables were less important. Further, environmental zones were not evenly represented by current data and the zones varied in the amount of sampling required representing the species that are present. SABAP2 volunteers' preferences in birding locations cause spatial bias in the dataset that should be taken into account when analyzing these data. Large parts of South Africa remain underrepresented, which may restrict the kind of ecological questions that may be addressed. However, sampling bias may be improved by directing volunteers toward undersampled regions while taking into account volunteer preferences.
Temporal degradation of data limits biodiversity research
Authors: Tessarolo Geiziane , Ladle Richard , Rangel Thiago , Hortal Joaquin
Published: July 2017

Spatial and/or temporal biases in biodiversity data can directly influence the utility, comparability, and reliability of ecological and evolutionary studies. While the effects of biased spatial coverage of biodiversity data are relatively well known, temporal variation in data quality (i.e., the congruence between recorded and actual information) has received much less attention. Here, we develop a conceptual framework for understanding the influence of time on biodiversity data quality based on three main processes: (1) the natural dynamics of ecological systems—such as species turnover or local extinction; (2) periodic taxonomic revisions, and; (3) the loss of physical and metadata due to inefficient curation, accidents, or funding shortfalls. Temporal decay in data quality driven by these three processes has fundamental consequences for the usage and comparability of data collected in different time periods. Data decay can be partly ameliorated by adopting standard protocols for generation, storage, and sharing data and metadata. However, some data degradation is unavoidable due to natural variations in ecological systems. Consequently, changes in biodiversity data quality over time need be carefully assessed and, if possible, taken into account when analyzing aging datasets.
Structural Diversification of Light‐Metal Coordination Polymers Using 4‐(Methylsulfonyl)benzoate with a Charge‐Polarized Neutral Methylsulfonyl Coordination Moiety
Authors: Ochi Rika , Noro Shin‐ichiro , Hijikata Yuh , Kubo Kazuya , Nakamura Takayoshi
Published: July 2017

We attempted the synthesis and crystallographic characterization of light‐metal coordination polymers (CPs) using a 4‐(methylsulfonyl)benzoate (msbza–) ligand with a charge‐polarized neutral methylsulfonyl coordination moiety, in order to diversify the limited structures of light‐metal CPs, as compared with heavy‐metal CPs. As expected from the results of DFT calculations, all of the obtained CPs {three‐dimensional (3D) [Mg2Na2(msbza)6(H2O)3]n (1), two‐dimensional (2D) [KH(msbza)2]n (2) and 2D [Na(msbza)]n (3)} exhibited coordination of the methylsulfonyl moiety to light‐metal cations, in addition to coordination of the carboxylate. These structural features suggest that the use of a neutral methylsulfonyl coordination site is a powerful tool for the structural diversification of light‐metal CPs. In addition, the 3D CP 1, with the rare and unique tetranuclear Mg2Na2 secondary building unit, showed an unprecedented single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation via the low‐crystalline state.
Addition of Lithium Iodide into Precursor Solution for Enhancing the Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Hui , Wu Jihuai , Liu Quanzhen , Huang Jianling , Tu Yongguang , Lin Jianming , Huang Miaoliang
Published: July 2017

Lithium iodide is mixed into the perovskite precursor solution as an additive. X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, steady‐state photoluminescence, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra, and electrochemical impedance spectra are used to characterize and analyze the perovskite solar cells prepared from this solution. It is found that the LiI additive can improve the crystallinity and the quality of perovskite crystal, enhance the light absorbance and the charge carrier extraction of the perovskite films, and reduce the charge‐transfer resistance of the device. As a consequence, the open‐circuit voltage and the fill factor of the perovskite solar cells increase. Under optimal conditions, the LiI‐containing perovskite solar cell can achieve a power conversion efficiency of 16.53 % whereas the device based on a perovskite without added LiI has an efficiency of 14.22 % under the same experimental conditions. The simple process and significant improvement in the performance render this method promising.
Provenance and tectonic setting of the Quemoco sandstones in the North Qiangtang Basin, North Tibet: Evidence from geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology
Authors: Wang Zhongwei , Wang Jian , Fu Xiugen , Feng Xinglei , Wang Dong , Song Chunyan , Chen Wenbin , Zeng Shengqiang , Yu Fei
Published: July 2017

The geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology of the Quemoco sandstones from the Woruo Mountain area, North Qiangtang Basin, are analysed to discriminate their provenance and tectonic setting. The sandstones were classified as litharenite according to their geochemical data. The index of chemical variability and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio values suggest that the compositional maturity and recycling are weak to moderate. The weathering indices, such as chemical index of alteration, plagioclase index of alteration, and chemical index of weathering, and A–CN–K (Al2O3–(CaO* + Na2O)–K2O) ternary plot reflect that the source areas have undergone a weak degree of weathering. The TiO2 versus Zr, La/Th versus Hf, and Co/Th versus La/Sc bivariate diagrams and multimajor elements discrimination diagram of Quemoco sandstones indicate that the provenances were primarily derived from felsic igneous rocks and may also have less intermediate igneous source rocks. The paleocurrent data and low composition and textural maturity of the Quemoco sandstones suggested that the provenances are mainly from the southwest of the study area and with proximal source features. The U–Pb ages studied here could be divided into 8 groups: 206–219 Ma, 268–283 Ma, 446–630 Ma, 700–970 Ma, 1006–1346 Ma, 1457–1843 Ma, 2087–2214 Ma, and 2331–2587 Ma. The provenances are mainly from the Central Uplift Belt and surrounding of the study area according to the detrital zircon ages and rare earth element parameters, which are composed of Late Triassic tuff, Permian basalt, Early Ordovician granite, Cambrian granite gneiss, and Precambrian crystalline basement. Two multidimensional tectonic discrimination diagrams based on major elements show a complicated tectonic setting composed of a collision, rift, and minor arc setting for the Quemoco sandstones, which is consistent with the nature of a rifted margin during the late Late Triassic.
The art of the cover
Authors: Porter Nora
Published: July 2017

Often, it's difficult to match up our cover artwork with the subjects of our lead articles and special reports. Of necessity, we sometimes turn to pure abstraction. How else to illustrate technical policy articles on subjects such as changing research protocols or informed consent, or abstract ideas like congruence, duality, imbalance, causality? At such times, we have to be pretty creative, and my search for cover art can be long and challenging. In the end, we hope that the reader will make the connection between cover and content. However, at other times, the subject of a lead article or special report overflows with artistic possibilities.
Conservationism and Bioethics
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E.
Published: July 2017

The lead article in this issue of the Hastings Center Report (July‐August 2017) explores the ideas underpinning the Precision Medicine Initiative, the effort announced by President Obama in 2015 to promote the development of treatments adjusted to genetic and other variations. Authors Maya Sabatello and Paul Appelbaum hold that the effort works by appealing to a sense of collective identity and shared commitment—an understanding that they call the “PMI nation.” But what are the moral implications of this idea? Sabatello and Appelbaum's question about the impact of an imagined community is an unusual way of exploring a set of values questions. In the second article, Johann Brännmark defends what is, at least in bioethics, an unusual philosophical framework for moral values. Brännmark starts by calling attention to large, never‐quite‐solved problems with the field's going way of understanding personhood and autonomy, and then argues that the body of tradition, law, and international governance known as the human‐rights framework offers a solution to those problems. And a supplement to this issue offers a set of essays on a topic outside the usual range for bioethics: the prospect of “de‐extinction”—that is, of using genetic and reproductive technologies to construct simulacra of extinct animals that might eventually be introduced into the wild.
The Precision Medicine Nation
Authors: Sabatello Maya , Appelbaum Paul S.
Published: July 2017

The United States’ ambitious Precision Medicine Initiative proposes to accelerate exponentially the adoption of precision medicine, an approach to health care that tailors disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle. It aims to achieve this by creating a cohort of volunteers for precision medicine research, accelerating biomedical research innovation, and adopting policies geared toward patients’ empowerment. As strategies to implement the PMI are formulated, critical consideration of the initiative's ethical and sociopolitical dimensions is needed. Drawing on scholarship of nationalism and democracy, we discuss the PMI's construction of what we term “genomic citizenship”; the possible normative obligations arising therefrom; and the ethical, legal, and social challenges that will ensue. Although the PMI is a work in progress, discussion of the existing and emerging issues can facilitate the development of policies, structures, and procedures that can maximize the initiative's ability to produce equitable and socially sensitive outcomes. Our analysis can also be applied to other population‐based, precision medicine research programs.
Looking Back at the Ethical Tangles of Pediatric AIDS
Authors: Zuger Abigail
Published: July 2017

The place is San Francisco, the year 1981. The newly minted young doctor, all shiny confidence, sits at his desk. Suddenly, he stares down at a lab result, startled (cue the ominous introductory chords). This opening scene can mean only one thing in a medical memoir: the mysterious disease not yet known as AIDS has come to town. As the generation who first encountered AIDS ages into its memoir‐writing years, we will be seeing more of these first chapters, and despite their inevitable redundancies, each may well bring something unique to the table. Every illness subsumes many worlds, but the AIDS epidemic in particular has contained multitudes, each smaller epidemic whirling at a different speed and spinning out a different set of urgencies. In Lethal Decisions: The Unnecessary Deaths of Women and Children from HIV/AIDS, Arthur Ammann offers a comprehensive if problematic account from the world of pediatric AIDS.
The impact of alcohol hangover symptoms on cognitive and physical functioning, and mood
Authors: van Schrojenstein Lantman Marith , Mackus Marlou , van de Loo Aurora J.A.E. , Verster Joris C.
Published: July 2017

Hangover research often records the presence and severity of symptoms experienced the day after heavy alcohol consumption. However, usually no information is gathered on the impact of experiencing these symptoms on mood, cognition, and physical activities.

An online survey was held among Dutch students, aged 18–30 years, who recently had a hangover. Overall hangover severity (i.e., a single 1‐item rating) and the severity of 22 individual symptoms were rated on an 11‐point scale ranging from 0 (absent) to 10 (extreme). In addition, for each symptom, participants were asked to rate their respective negative impact on (a) cognitive functioning, (b) physical functioning, and (c) mood, on a 6‐point Likert scale ranging from 0 (no impact) to 5 (extreme).

N = 1837 subjects completed the survey. The mean (SD) overall (1‐item) hangover severity score was 6.1 (1.9). Sleepiness, being tired, thirst, and concentration problems were the most frequently reported hangover symptoms. These symptoms also reached the highest severity scores (ranging from 6.3 to 7.0). The 4 symptoms with the biggest combined impact on mood, and cognitive and physical functioning were being tired, sleepiness, headache, and concentration problems. In conclusion, whereas severity and impact scores usually correspond well, some frequently reported symptoms with moderate to high severity scores had little impact on mood, and cognitive and physical functioning (i.e., reduced appetite, regret, and thirst).
Multiple DSM‐5 substance use disorders: A national study of US adults
Authors: McCabe Sean Esteban , West Brady T. , Jutkiewicz Emily M. , Boyd Carol J.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Our aim is to determine the lifetime and past‐year prevalence estimates of multiple Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM‐5) substance use disorders (SUDs) among U.S. adults.

Methods

The 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions featured in‐person interviews with a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18 and older.

Results

The majority of past‐year nonalcohol DSM‐5 SUDs had at least 1 other co‐occurring past‐year SUD, ranging from 56.8% (SE = 3.4) for past‐year prescription opioid use disorder to 97.5% (SE = 2.7) for past‐year hallucinogen use disorder. In contrast, only 15.0% (SE = 0.6) of past‐year alcohol use disorders had a co‐occurring past‐year SUD. The odds of past‐year multiple SUDs were greater among males, younger adults, African‐Americans, and those with mood, personality, posttraumatic stress, or multiple psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions

Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment often focus on individual substance‐specific SUDs rather than multiple SUDs, despite evidence for substantial rates of polysubstance use in clinical and epidemiological studies. There are notable differences in the prevalence of multiple SUDs between alcohol use disorders and other nonalcohol SUDs that have important clinical implications; for example, multiple SUDs are more persistent than individual SUDs. These findings suggest that clinical assessment and diagnosis should screen for multiple SUDs, especially among adults with nonalcohol DSM‐5 SUDs.
Digitalis use and lung cancer risk by histological type in men
Authors: Li Wentao , Xie Shao‐Hua , Tse Lap‐Ah , Lagergren Jesper
Published: July 2017

Lung cancer risk and tumor characteristics differ between sexes. Estrogen has been suggested to counteract lung cancer development. We aimed to test the hypothesis that digitalis use decreases lung cancer risk due to its estrogenic and other anticancer properties in men. This was a nationwide Swedish population‐based cohort study between July 1, 2005 and December 31, 2013. Data on the use of digitalis and organic nitrates in all male individuals were derived from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Registry. New lung cancer diagnoses among cohort participants were identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer in digitalis users (exposed participants) compared to users of organic nitrates without digitalis medication (unexposed participants). The study cohort contained 74,437 digitalis users and 297,301 organic nitrates users. Long‐term use (≥2 years) of digitalis was associated with decreased HRs of total lung cancer (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.39–0.79) and squamous cell carcinoma (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.87). This large and population‐based study suggests decreased risks of lung cancer overall and squamous cell carcinoma associated with long‐term use of digitalis in men.
The eigenvalue problem in phase space
Authors: Cohen Leon
Published: July 2017

We formulate the standard quantum mechanical eigenvalue problem in quantum phase space. The equation obtained involves the c‐function that corresponds to the quantum operator. We use the Wigner distribution for the phase space function. We argue that the phase space eigenvalue equation obtained has, in addition to the proper solutions, improper solutions. That is, solutions for which no wave function exists which could generate the distribution. We discuss the conditions for ascertaining whether a position momentum function is a proper phase space distribution. We call these conditions psi‐representability conditions, and show that if these conditions are imposed, one extracts the correct phase space eigenfunctions. We also derive the phase space eigenvalue equation for arbitrary phase space distributions functions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic covalent bond from first principles: Diarylbibenzofuranone structural, electronic, and oxidation studies
Authors: Schleder Gabriel R. , Fazzio Adalberto , Arantes Jeverson T.
Published: July 2017

A structure that can self‐heal under standard conditions is a challenge faced nowadays and is one of the most promising areas in smart materials science. This can be achieved by dynamic bonds, of which diarylbibenzofuranone (DABBF) dynamic covalent bond is an appealing solution. In this report, we studied the DABBF bond formation against arylbenzofuranone (ABF) and O2 reaction (autoxidation). Our results show that the barrierless DABBF bond formation is preferred over autoxidation due to the charge transfer process that results in the weakly bonded superoxide. We calculated the electronic and structural properties using total energy density functional theory. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PyRETIS: A well‐done, medium‐sized python library for rare events
Authors: Lervik Anders , Riccardi Enrico , van Erp Titus S.
Published: July 2017

Transition path sampling techniques are becoming common approaches in the study of rare events at the molecular scale. More efficient methods, such as transition interface sampling (TIS) and replica exchange transition interface sampling (RETIS), allow the investigation of rare events, for example, chemical reactions and structural/morphological transitions, in a reasonable computational time. Here, we present PyRETIS, a Python library for performing TIS and RETIS simulations. PyRETIS directs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in order to sample rare events with unbiased dynamics. PyRETIS is designed to be easily interfaced with any molecular simulation package and in the present release, it has been interfaced with GROMACS and CP2K, for classical and ab initio MD simulations, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mineral trioxide aggregate enhances the osteogenic capacity of periodontal ligament stem cells via NF‐κB and MAPK signaling pathways
Authors: Wang Yanqiu , Zhou Yixiang , Jin Lin , Pang Xiyao , Lu Yadie , Wang Zilu , Yu Yan , Yu Jinhua
Published: July 2017

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), as a bioactive material, has a widespread application in clinical practice. To date, the effects of MTA on the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) remain unclear. hPDLSCs were isolated from human periodontal ligament tissues and cultured with MTA conditioned media. Cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay was performed to assess the proliferation capacity of MTA‐treated hPDLSCs. Immunofluorescence assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, real‐time RT‐PCR, and western blot analyses were used to investigate the odonto/osteogenic capacity of hPDLSCs as well as the involvement of NF‐κB and MAPK pathways. ALP activity assay revealed that 2 mg/ml was the optimal concentration for the induction of hPDLSCs by MTA. The protein expression of DSP, RUNX2, OCN, OSX, OPN, DMP1, ALP, and COL‐I in MTA‐treated hPDLSCs was significantly higher than those in control group (p < 0.01). When hPDLSCs were treated with the inhibitors of NF‐κB and MAPK pathways (U0126, SP600125, SB203580, and BMS345541), the effects of MTA on the differentiation of hPDLSCs were suppressed. Mechanistically, P65 was detected to transfer from cytoplasm to nuclei, as indicated by western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, MAPK‐related proteins and its downstream transcription factors were also upregulated in MTA‐treated hPDLSCs. Together, mineral trioxide aggregate can promote the odonto/osteogenic capacity of hPDLSCs via activating the NF‐κB and MAPK pathways.
Infrared ion spectroscopy inside a mass‐selective cryogenic 2D linear ion trap
Authors: Cismesia Adam P. , Tesler Larry F. , Bell Matthew R. , Bailey Laura S. , Polfer Nicolas C.
Published: July 2017

We demonstrate operation of the first cryogenic 2D linear ion trap (LIT) with mass‐selective capabilities. This trap presents a number of advantages for infrared ion “action” spectroscopy studies, particularly those employing the “tagging/messenger” spectroscopy approach. The high trapping efficiencies, trapping capacities, and low detection limits make 2D LITs a highly suitable choice for low‐concentration analytes from scarce biological samples. In our trap, ions can be cooled down to cryogenic temperatures to achieve higher‐resolution infrared spectra, and individual ions can be mass selected prior to irradiation for a background‐free photodissociation scheme. Conveniently, multiple tagged analyte ions can be mass isolated and efficiently irradiated in the same experiment, allowing their infrared spectra to be recorded in parallel. This multiplexed approach is critical in terms of increasing the duty cycle of infrared ion spectroscopy, which is currently a key weakness of the technique. The compact design of this instrument, coupled with powerful mass selection capabilities, set the stage for making cryogenic infrared ion spectroscopy viable as a bioanalytical tool in small molecule identification.