bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-19 Effect of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Supplementation on Vital and Behavioral Responses of Weaned Beef Cattle
Authors: Simpson Monya D , AbdelRahim Gamal Eden , Herring Josh , Verghese Martha , Samuel Felix U , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Cebert Ernst , Kuan Xianyan , Jones Kendra
Published: November 2023

Weaning induces stress to both cows and calves and hence, reduces growth performance and behavioral characteristics. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of industrial hemp supplementation on the vital and behavioral parameters on calves. Twelve (12) apparently healthy calves, with average body weight of 600 lb and ages 6 months were used for this study. These calves were randomly divided into four (4) groups of three calves per group and hemp was supplemented. Group 1 (20/200 mg normal concentrate for 4 weeks, CC), group 2 (14 days feeding normal concentrate pre-weaning and 14 days of feeding 20/200 mg industrial hemp CH), group 3 (14 days of industrial hemp supplementation pre-weaning and 14 days of normal concentrate HC) and group 4 (4 weeks of hemp supplemented feed). Vital and behavioral vparameters were measured once per week, for two weeks pre-weaning and two weeks post-weaning. Temperature was measured using thermometer, pulse rate was measured using stethoscope and respiratory rate by costo-abdominal movement. The chute score, exit score and vocalization were observed scored and recorded. The rectal temperature decreased from week 1 to week 2 and thereafter increased significantly but where higher in the hemp supplemented groups. The respiratory rate decreased in all the groups from week 1 to week two and there after increased significantly in all the groups but least in the (HH and HC) hemp supplemented groups. The heart rate also increased steadily across the hemp supplemented group with the normal range. The chute score elaborated a greater percentage of calmness, greater percentage of walking proportion and greater percentage of non-vocalizers in the hemp supplemented groups compared with the non-hemp supplemented group. It was concluded that hemp supplementation at pre- and post-weaning could improve the thermoregulation, respiratory efficiency and cardiac function as well as improving the behavior of the calves at weaning.
PSIX-5 Spray Dried Plasma Increases Protein and Meat Inclusion in Extruded Dog Kibbles
Authors: Campbell Joy , Polo Javier
Published: November 2023

A common goal for pet food manufacturers extruding dry kibbles is to increase meat inclusion and protein content in both grain and grain free formulas. When extruding high meat formulas, variation of moisture and fat of the incoming raw meat ingredients adds to the complexity of producing consistent quality kibbles meeting all specifications. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in wet pet food for water binding and fat emulsification characteristics and in dry kibble extrusion with meat meals and other dry ingredients to produce quality kibbles. Thus, the objective of two studies was to evaluate if meat inclusion levels could be increased in extruded formulas with the use of SDP. Tests were done at the Wenger technology testing center to evaluate combinations of SDP levels ranging from 2.5 to 20% with meat level feed rates ranging from 25 to 50%. The ability to produce kibbles was conducted utilizing both grain free and grain formulations. Processing conditions were monitored on the various formulations during production along with kibble outcome measurements such as ability to extrude, solids, protein, and durability. In the first study, extrusion of grain free formulations with 0% SDP resulted in meat inclusion limit at 35% feed rate. Addition of 5, 10, and 15% SDP in grain free formulas increased protein content of the extruded kibble but meat inclusion was limited at 35% feed rate. However, use of 20% SDP in grain free formulas allowed for greater inclusion of meat from 35% and up to 45% feed rate while maintaining kibble quality and increasing protein. Extrusion of a grain formulation with 0% SDP also resulted in limits of 35% feed rate of meat inclusion. Addition of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20% SDP to grain formulations allowed for meat inclusion feed rate to be increased up to 50% depending on levels of SDP used, and protein was increased in all combinations. The second study was completed to evaluate a longer run extrusion measuring ability to extrude, cook, and durability. Grain free formulas were run at 35% feed rate of meat with 5, 10, or 20% SDP and maintained cook and durability. Grain formulas were run at 45% feed rate of meat with 2.5, 5, and 10% SDP and maintained durability with further optimization of cook needed. Overall, SDP included in the formulation allows for greater feed rate of meat inclusion and maintain or increase protein and durability in the dry kibble. Thus, depending on target meat inclusion feed rates or protein levels, SDP may be used during the extrusion process to produce dry kibbles with high meat inclusion.
PSIX-14 Evaluation of Dried Bakery Product Composition Impact on Extruded Pet Food
Authors: Koulicoff Larissa A , Zhang Yunyi , Alavi Sajid , Shi Yong-Cheng , Kim Hee Seong S , Aldrich Charles G G
Published: November 2023

New opportunities to upcycle co-products from the food industry into high-value pet food ingredients exist with ingredients such as dried bakery products (DBP), a granular coarse meal from heated and dried bakery products. It has yet to be reported for use in pet food. The objective of the study was to determine variations in the nutrient composition of DBP from various facilities in the US. The DBPs were collected from six production facilities on six dates of production (n = 36) and evaluated for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, ether extract, total dietary fiber (TDF), gross energy (GE), minerals, and amino acids (Tables 1, 2 and 3). Results were statistically analyzed with location as a fixed effect and date as a replicate using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v9.4), with significant at P < 0.05 using Tukey’s adjustment. Differences were observed in the DM, crude protein, ether extract, TDF, most minerals across locations. Crude protein content varied between 9.4 and 13.6%, crude fat content varied between 8.0 and 12.4%, and TDF content ranged from 6.9 to 20.7%, with the greatest proportion across all samples from insoluble dietary fiber range from 6.3% to 14.41%, and soluble fiber ranged from 0.56% to 13.03%. Ash content, gross energy level, copper and iron level did not differ (P > 0.05) among locations. These data suggest that DBP is a valuable ingredient but will need to be managed by location due to high variability among the manufacturing plants if used in modern pet food formulations. Future research will evaluate the effect of DBP inclusion in dog diets on palatability, digestibility, and stool consistency.
PSVIII-21 A Premium Dry Dog Food Elicits Gut Health Benefits Compared with a Grocery Dry Dog Food
Authors: Lin Ching-Yen , Daristotle Leighann , Franz Nolan
Published: November 2023

With the pet humanization trend, pet parents are continuously seeking approaches to improve the health of their pets. Compared with grocery dog foods produced to meet the basic needs of the dog, premium dog foods include high-quality ingredients and functional benefits that can be more appealing to consumers. However, little research is available comparing health measures in dogs fed premium foods vs. basic grocery foods. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of feeding a premium dog kibble diet (Blue Buffalo; BB) and a grocery dog kibble diet on digestibility, blood biomarkers, and fecal microbiome in healthy adult dogs. Sixty dogs (mean BW = 10.8 ± 2.0 kg; mean age = 8.2 ± 3.3 yr) were randomly selected to consume BB (n = 30) or the grocery diet (n = 30) for 180 days. On days 0, 90, and 180, fresh fecal samples were collected for fecal microbiome and dysbiosis index analysis and blood samples were collected for measurements of complete blood count, serum chemistry, and serum biomarkers. A separate 10-day digestibility study was conducted using 12 dogs (BB n = 6, grocery diet n = 6; mean BW = 12.0 ± 2.1 kg). Total fecal samples were collected from day 6 to day 10 for nutrient digestibility analysis. Protocols were approved by the facility’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee before the study. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS. Stool quality was not different (P > 0.05) between diet groups. Both diets were highly digestible without dietary effects (P > 0.05). All blood cell count and serum chemistry values were within the reference ranges. However, dogs fed the grocery diet had greater (P < 0.05) liver enzyme concentrations including alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and greater (P < 0.05) monocyte counts compared with BB. Dogs had greater (P < 0.05) serum pancreatic polypeptide when fed BB. A lower dysbiosis index (less dysbiotic microbiome) was observed in dogs consuming BB. Relative abundances of 23 bacterial genera were altered (P < 0.05) by the diets, with greater abundances of Bifidobacterium and Megamonas and decreased abundance of Streptococcus observed in the BB group compared with the grocery diet group. These results suggest that premium dry dog food could potentially elicit a positive impact on blood parameters and GI health.
PSX-29 Lidobands for Use in Lambs
Authors: Ralston Brenda , Olson Merle , Allan Nick , Hanson Andrea , Ross Joe , Beaugrand Kendall , Schatz Crystal , Nagel Denis , Hammad Ann
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo release concentrations of lidocaine into scrotal neck tissues and tail tissues following the application of lidocaine-loaded elastrator bands (LLBs) at acute time points (0.5, 1, 2, 24, and 72 hours) and chronic time points (14, 21, 28, and 35 days). To correlate the reaction of an animal to peripheral variable nerve stimulation with scrotal tissue lidocaine concentration. To correlate cortisol and substance P concentrations in treated animals at baseline (time 0) and 24, 72, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days to a control group. Fifty lambs were divided into ten groups consisting of Acute Pain Groups: Group A: 5 intact males. After baseline body weights, blood samples, and electro-cutaneous responses were collected, animals were band-castrated and tail-docked via LLBs on day 0, time (T) = 0. At T = 0.5 hr, the band was removed, and an electro-cutaneous response was measured at the tissue at the band sites. Punch tissue biopsies (including skin and subcutaneous tissue) were collected from the areas in direct contact with the band at each site for a total of 4 biopsies per animal. Group B: repeat of group A with the band removed and animal tested at T = 1 hr, Group C: T = 2 hr, Group D: T = 24 hr, Group E: T = 72 hr, Chronic Pain Groups: Group F: T = 14 d, Group G: T = 21 d, Group H: T = 28 d, Group I: T = 35 d, Control Group: Group J: repeat of group A except animals were band castrated and tail-docking with control bands (i.e., no lidocaine) on day 0. Body weight was recorded at T = 0 and 14, 21, and 28 d. A blood sample was collected at T = 0, 24, 72 hr, then T = 8, 21, 28, and 35 d. LLBs yielded decreased stimulation scores by 1 hr (60 min) post-banding with the tails and by 2 hr (120 min) for the scrotums. There were no adverse events or device failures (i.e., band breakage or failure to castrate/ tail-dock) observed during this study. Lidocaine-infused bands hold promise for reducing pain associated with castration and tail docking in lambs.
PSX-3 Animal Science for Non-Majors: Insights on the Relationship Between Student Background and Identity with Overall Course Experience
Authors: Dunlap Alice P Brandão Kathrin , Paudyal Sushil , Ramsey Shawn
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to investigate how a diverse student cohort was influenced by a general introductory Animal Science course offered to non-majors (ANSC 107, General Animal Science) by the Texas A&M University Department of Animal Science. To achieve this goal, an online survey was offered to students upon course completion and received 270 responses, from a total of 634 enrolled students. Questions on the survey covered aspects of student identity, such as classification, major and self-perception regarding agricultural background. The survey also inquired students about the influence of the course on decision making regarding their future interest in pursuing other animal science-related courses. Respondents in the survey were enrolled in 38 different majors, which were grouped according to college and domain of study, yielding four major-areas: Business, Administration and Economics, (BUAD, n = 36); Agriculture and Life Sciences (AGLS, n = 48); Humanities and Arts, (HUMA, n = 94) and Biomedical Sciences (BIMS, n = 92). There was an effect of major-area (P < 0.01) on perceived agricultural background. More students in AGLS self-identified as having an agricultural background compared with the ones in BIMS (P = 0.0059), who, in turn, also had greater self-perception of their agricultural background (P < 0.0001) when compared with HUMA and BUAD (P = 0.73; 55.72 ± 5.77%; 35.91 ± 4.2%; 4.25 ± 4.38%; 2.38 ± 6.99%, respectively). A major-area effect was also detected for student self-evaluation of their agricultural background in a scale of 0 (weak) to 10 (strong), with AGLS students showing stronger background (5.81 ± 0.42; P < 0.001) compared with BIMS, HUMA and BUAD (3.78 ± 0.30; 3.53 ± 0.32; 3.43 ± 0.51; respectively, P > 0.54). There was a major-area effect on the overall course experience, which was rated by students on a scale from 0 (Negative) to 10 (Positive). Students in BIMS had a more positive experience compared students in AGLS and HUMA (P < 0.04; 9.19 ± 0.19; 8.52 ± 0.26; 8.47 ± 0.20, respectively), but similar to the ones in BUAD (P = 0.38; 8.87 ± 0.32). Major-area also influenced interest of students in animal science based on the course, with students in AGLS, BIMS and BUAD rating their future interest in animal science greater than students in HUMA (P < 0.03, 7.95 ± 0.35; 7.93 ± 0.25; 7.77 ± 0.42; 6.65 ± 0.26, respectively). These results support that student background and perceived self-identity have a significant impact on their experiences in higher education, which is especially relevant for educators in the area of agriculture and animal science.
PSX-7 Determination of Tryptophan Requirements of Adult and Senior Labrador Retrievers Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique
Authors: Dickerson Sarah M , Timlin Claire , Fowler Jason , Graham April , Fischer Danielle , Coon Craig N
Published: November 2023

Nutritional requirements vary across the life stages of canines, and the consumer demand for advanced diets that meet the age-appropriate needs of their pets has steadily increased. Availability of veterinary care and high-quality nutrition has led to a longer average lifespan in companion animals, and although senior dogs represent a significant proportion of the pet population, few studies have targeted the specific amino acid requirements of the aging canine. In this study, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was used to compare the tryptophan (Trp) requirements of young adult and senior Labrador retrievers. After 2-day adaptation to Trp-adequate basal diet (Trp = 0.256% dry matter), dogs underwent individual IAOO studies. In brief, all dogs were randomly fed one of six test diets with varying levels of tryptophan ranging from deficient to sufficient (final Trp content in experimental diets was 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.224, 0.25 and 0.256% dry matter). Test diet was divided into 13 equal meals; at the 5th meal, a tracer amino acid was supplied (a bolus L-[1-13C] Phe based on body weight was first given, followed by [1-13C] Phe doses every thirty minutes spanning a four-hour period), and breath samples were collected via respiration mask every 30 minutes. Total production of 13CO2 during isotopic steady state was determined by enrichment of 13CO2 in breath samples and total CO2 production measured via indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using segmented linear regression. The Four Rivers mean and population requirements for tryptophan were 377.7 ± 31.9 mg/1,000 kcal ME (mean ± 2SD) in the young adults and 362.9 ± 31.5 mg/1,000 kcal ME for senior dogs, which are greater than the currently recommended amounts by NRC and AAFCO. As the pet food industry offers more specialized diets for aging canines, updating the amino acid requirements for such animals is increasingly important.
PSX-14 Effects of Forage and Grain-Based Finishing Diets on Fatty Acid Profile of Angus Steers Backgrounded Either in a Moderate Or in a High Plane of Nutrition
Authors: Gamage Nadini Haththotuwe , Giotto Francine , Fonseca Mozart A , de Mello Amilton
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile of beef backgrounded in two planes of nutrition and finished with forage-only or corn. Steers (n = 24) weighing approximately 298.63 ± 10.19 kg were randomly backgrounded in Triticale (100% DM; Moderate n = 12) and alfalfa (85% DM) and beardless wheat (15% DM; High, n = 12), blocked, and finished with forage-only (FORAGE – Alfalfa with 21% CP, 100% DM, n = 12) or with a grain-based diet (GRAIN - Alfalfa with 16% CP, 80% DM and Corn, 20% DM, n = 12). The feeding trial lasted 220 days (85 d backgrounding, 30 d finishing diet adaptation, and 105 d finishing). The fatty acid profile of strip loin steaks (m. longissimus lumborum) was assessed, and data were analyzed as a 2x2 factorial. Overall, no interaction effect between plane of nutrition and finishing diet was observed for individual or group of fatty acids. Minimal effects were observed for plane of nutrition. Steaks from steers backgrounded in Moderate had greater concentrations of C14:1T n-5 (P = 0.04) and C18:1TΔ n-9 (P = 0.04) when compared with steaks from steers backgrounded in High. Beef from steers finished with FORAGE showed higher concentrations of C10:0 (P = 0.01), C14:1T n-5 (P < 0.0001), C15:0 (P = 0.003), C16:0 (P = 0 .001), C16:1T n-7 (P < 0.0001), C17:0 (P = 0.001), C18:0 (P = 0.0002), C18:1TΔ n-9 (P = 0.0003), C18:2T n-6 (P = 0.005), C20:1 n-12 (P < 0.0001), C18:3 n-3 (P = 0.0003), 18:2 CLA t10c12 (P < 0.0001), C22:1 n-9 (P = 0.02), C22:2 n-6 (P = 0.001), and C22:5 n-3 (P = 0.02) when compared with beef from steers fed GRAIN. Beef fed GRAIN, had greater concentrations of C16:1 n-7 (P = 0.001), C18:1 n-9 (P = 0.004), C18:1Δ n-11 (P < 0.0001) and C18:2 n-6 (P = 0.02) when compared with beef fed FORAGE. Overall, backgrounding steers in moderate and high planes of nutrition does not affect the fatty acid profile of beef. Beef fed with FORAGE has higher total Omega 3 (P = 0.05), total Saturated (P < 0.0001), and total Trans fatty acids (P < 0.0001) when compared with beef fed GRAIN. GRAIN-fed beef has total Monounsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.0002) and higher Omega6:Omega3 (P = 0.0003). Regarding health indexes, based on its fatty acid profile, FORAGE-fed beef had Atherogenicity (P = 0.01) and Thrombogenicity indexes (P = 0.0001) when compared with beef fed GRAIN (Table 1).
PSXIII-26 Investigating the Genetic Background of Juniper Consumption in Goats
Authors: Mulim Henrique A , Walker John , Waldron Daniel F , Quadros Danilo , Benfica Lorena F , de Carvalho Felipe Egute , Brito Luiz F F
Published: November 2023

Junipers (Juniperus spp.) are woody invasive plants that have caused encroachment problems in the U.S. western rangeland, decreasing forage productivity and biodiversity. A potential solution to this issue is the use of goats in target grazing programs. Selecting goats for juniper consumption is of great interest to rangeland farmers. Therefore, our main objectives were to 1) estimate genetic parameters, including heritability and repeatability, for juniper consumption in Angora (ANG) and Boer x Spanish (BxS) composite population of goats grazing on West Texas rangelands (USA); and, 2) perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify candidate genes associated with juniper consumption. Fecal samples were collected multiple times between 2008 and 2017 and analyzed using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the percentage of juniper in the diet of goats, using calibration equations previously developed in controlled studies. We analyzed a dataset comprising 2,327 records from 459 ANG and 8,714 records from 1,996 BxS. The pedigree file included 1,601 and 2,426 ANG and BxS goats, respectively. Genomic information for 50,957 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 93 ANG and 238 BxS goats was included in the analyses. Sampling date and sex were fitted as categorical fixed effects and age as a linear covariate in the statistical models. Animal direct additive genetic and permanent environment were considered as random effects. Genetic parameters were calculated based on the Restricted Maximum Likelihood method under the single-step genomic BLUP procedure implemented in the BLUPf90+ family of programs. We used de-regressed estimated breeding values and whole-genome sequence data for the GWAS analyses with 8 million SNP for the ANG and 5.3 million SNP for the BxS. The software GCTA was employed for these analyses. Juniper percentage in their diets varied across the years and ranged from 2.14% (± 7.51%) to 14.6% (± 11.0%) for ANG and from 10.5% (± 14.7) to 33.8% (± 18.1) for the BxS population. The heritability estimate for juniper consumption was 0.19 (± 0.038) for ANG and 0.28 (± 0.022) for BxS, indicating that juniper consumption can be increased through selection. The repeatability values were 0.21 for ANG and 0.37 for BxS. The GWAS revealed 1,257 significant SNP located within or close to 220 genes in ANG, and 878 SNP related to 159 genes in BxS, suggesting their association with juniper consumption. These findings suggest that juniper consumption is under genetic control and has a polygenic inheritance pattern influenced by multiple genes of small effect. The heritability and repeatability estimates indicate that genetic improvement of juniper consumption is feasible in both goat populations.
PSXIV-6 Comparison of Changes in Snp Effects and Gebv Using Different Training Populations in Simulated Data
Authors: Dutta Gaurav , Santana Bruna , Ampofo Issabelle , Curutchet Agustin , Riser Molly M , Fragomeni Breno O
Published: November 2023

Genome-wide association studies using SNPs aim to capture QTL effects across the genome. However, the results of GWAS vary across studies, even when traits and populations are similar. Fluctuation in estimating SNP effects and variances can be caused by several biological factors such as selection, genetic architecture of trait, and population stratification, and by nonbiological factors, such as method and inflation of the predictor error for SNP effects. The current study aims to compare changes in SNP effects and GEBVs using different training populations. A simulation study was conducted using data from 20,000 individuals generated in the AlphaSimR package in R. Data for a trait with 10 chromosomes were simulated, and linkage disequilibrium was created by random crossing across 1,000 generations. The trait genetic architecture was controlled by 100 loci on each chromosome, accounting for 100% of the genetic variation. Pedigree, phenotypes, and genotypes for all individuals in the population were created, but phenotypes for individuals in the last generation were masked for validation purposes. The training population was then divided into three types comprising all, only odd, and only even animals. Genomic breeding values (GEBV) were estimated using the genomic information by single-step GBLUP. SNP effects and variance were calculated by back-solving the GEBVs. The correlation between all and odd populations was 0.83, all and even populations was 0.81, and odd and even populations were 0.40. Correlations for all 50k SNP effects between all and odd population was 0.75, the all and even population was 0.75, and the odd and even populations was 0.20. Changing the training population data by half led to small changes in accuracy. However, SNP effects fluctuated across populations more than GEBVs. Visual inspection of Manhattan plots showed that the peak regions varied with the training population used. The top regions were more stable and experienced fewer fluctuations, while the intermediate regions varied more often. The largest differences were between the odd and even scenarios. The regions explaining more variance were not the same, and the variations were greater when less data were used for training (odd and even). Overall, the fluctuations in SNP effects in GWAS highlight the complexity of genetic influences on traits, and how sensitive those studies are to small changes in the data. Understanding the factors that contribute to GWAS fluctuations may help improve the design and interpretation of such studies. We expect to derive a novel tool that uses the fluctuations of SNP effects to leverage QTL discovery.
PSVII-19 Evaluation of Live and Carcass Performance of Holstein Steers Fed Lubabegron During the Finishing Period
Authors: Wagner Reagan , Hays Tayler , Horton Taylor , Kayser William , Rincker Phillip , Woerner Dale R
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of duration of lubabegron supplementation on live and carcass performance of Holstein steers. Holstein steers (n = 330) were enrolled in a feeding program supplementing lubabegron daily into a total mixed ration (TMR) at 3.2 g/ton for 0 (control) 28, 56, or 84 d. Steers were stratified by initial body weight (BW = 538 ± 37 kg) and then randomly assigned to treatments and pens. There were 8 pens total with approximately 40 head per pen. A GrowSafe feed intake recording system was used for the duration of the study to collect daily feed intake and feeding behavior on individual animals. Samples of premix were taken weekly for treatments to ensure nutrient requirements were being met and lubabegron concentration was accurate. Prior to departure from the feedlot and immediately upon arrival at the harvest facility, mobility of all animals was assessed. Individual IDs were matched with carcass identification and used throughout the harvest process to ensure the integrity of individual data. Carcasses were chilled for 48 hours and then went through USDA quality and yield grading protocols. Cattle fed lubabegron for 28 and 56 d had the greatest (P ≤ 0.01) average daily gain, total gain, as well as the least feed to gain ratio (P = 0.01) as compared with control steers and those fed lubabegron for 84 d. Conversely, control steers had the greatest (P < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio. No differences (P ≥ 0.08) were observed between supplementation time for initial body weight, final body weight, and dry matter intake. Additionally, mobility scores were not different among supplementation protocols, neither at the feed yard, nor the harvest facility (P ≥ 0.64). Steers within the 28 d and 56 d treatments had among the greatest (P = 0.02) hot carcass weight. Ribeye area was increased (P = 0.01) by at least 3.87 cm2, when the cattle were fed lubabegron for any period of time. Cattle fed lubabegron for 56 and 84 d had an increased (P = 0.01) dressing percentage compared with 28 d and controls. While overall marbling scores were decreased (P = 0.04), the percentage of carcasses receiving USDA Prime, Choice, or Select quality grades were not different for animals receiving supplementation (P ≥ 0.31). The data suggest that lubabegron can positively influence live growth attributes; thus, translating to increased carcass yield, without sacrificing animal mobility or carcass quality.
PSXI-17 Prediction Models for Phosphorus Excretion of Pigs
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Beob G
Published: November 2023

The objective of the present study was to develop prediction equations for daily phosphorus excretion based on body weight (BW) and dietary phosphorus concentration of pigs. Four experiments were conducted using pigs with an initial body weight of 15 kg, 30 kg, 50 kg, and 78 kg. In the experiment 1, the experimental diets were mainly based on corn, soybean meal, whey powder, fish meal, and blood plasma. In the experiments 2, 3, and 4, the diets based on corn, soybean meal, and fibrous ingredients were formulated. All experimental diets were supplemented with commercial phytase at 500 FTU/kg. In all experiments, a total collection method and the marker-to-marker procedure were used for fecal and urinary collection. Fecal and urinary phosphorus excretions were determined. Correlation coefficients among BW, daily phosphorus intake, and daily phosphorus excretion of pigs were determined. Prediction equations for phosphorus excretion were developed using BW and dietary phosphorus concentration as independent variables. The BW had positive correlations with fecal and total phosphorus excretion (r = 0.78 and P < 0.001 for fecal phosphorus excretion and r = 0.78 and P < 0.001 for total phosphorus excretion). The prediction equations for predicting fecal phosphorus excretion and total phosphorus excretion were: fecal phosphorus excretion (g·pig–1·d–1) = –0.647 – 0.00065 × BW2 + 0.270 × BW × dietary phosphorus concentration (R2 = 0.81; P < 0.001); total phosphorus excretion (g·pig–1·d–1) = –0.619 – 0.00064 × BW2 + 0.277 × BW × dietary phosphorus concentration (R2 = 0.85; P < 0.001) where BW in kg and phosphorus concentration in %. The BW of pigs corresponding to the age was predicted using the NRC model. The mean phosphorus excretion of pigs weighing from 7 kg to 120 kg at day 22 to 180 was calculated using a developed estimation equation, with BW and total phosphorus requirement used as independent variables. Daily fecal and total phosphorus excretions were 3.77 g·pig–1·d–1 and 4.01 g·pig–1·d–1, respectively.
PSXII-14 Effects of Feeding 10-G on Performance and Carcass Quality of Yearling Beef Steers
Authors: Thompson Aubrey C , Lawrence Ty E , Lucherk Loni W , Martens Kevin , Tennant Travis C
Published: November 2023

Life Products’ direct fed microbial, 10-G, is a lipid-coated and heat protected mixed culture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus plantarum. Previous small-pen research has reported inconsistent benefits to performance and carcass characteristics from feeding 10-G. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of feeding 10-G on growth performance and carcass quality in yearling steers. In this randomized complete block design, 6,400 yearling steers were allocated to treatment (10-G or control) within a block (n = 16), where pen served as experiment unit. Trial diets were composed of steam-flaked corn, wheat silage, corn silage, and Sweet Bran Plus. The addition of 10-G within the treatment diet was at an inclusion of 2 g·animal-1·day-1 to provide 1x109 cfu for approximately 170 days. Mean initial body weight was 358 kg and cattle were on feed for an average of 182 days. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed between treatments for dry matter intake (control: 9.75 vs 10-G: 9.80 kg), final body weight (control: 641vs 10-G: 641 kg), average daily gain (control: 1.55 vs 10-G: 1.55 kg/d), or feed efficiency (control: 2.85 vs 10-G: 2.87). When evaluating carcass characteristics, there were no differences (P > 0.10) for hot carcass weight (control: 415 vs 10-G: 413 kg) or liver abscess prevalence (control: 17.4 vs 10-G: 18.2%). However, dressed carcass yield was decreased (P = 0.05) by 0.17% for cattle fed 10-G (control: 64.51 vs 10-G: 64.34%). No differences (P > 0.10) were observed for marbling score (control: Small29 vs 10-G: Small27), ribeye area (control: 100.00 vs 10-G: 100.00 cm2), backfat thickness (control: 1.30 vs 10-G: 1.30 cm). USDA quality grade outcomes. In conclusion, the supplementation of 10-G direct fed microbial did not influence live or carcass performance within this trial.
PSI-24 Trace Mineral Source, Diet Type, and Rumensin Influences Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics
Authors: Levenson Jonah R , Loh Huey Yi , Miller Alexandra C , Thomas Tyler A , Thorndyke Meghan P , Wagner John J , Engle Terry E , Heldt Jeff S
Published: November 2023

Sixteen Angus crossbred steers (531 ± 22.7 kg), fitted with rumen canulae, were used to determine the impact of trace mineral (TM) source, diet type, and Rumensin (R) or Rumensin + Tyolsin (RT) supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics. In experiment 1, steers were individually housed and fed a high concentrate finishing diet for 21 d. Steers were then blocked (n = 4 steers/block) based on mean dry matter intake (DMI) over the acclamation period. Steer blocks were then randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments for 28 d. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Factors included: 1) TM source (Sulfate or Hydroxy Cu, Mn, and Zn TM supplemented at 18, 40, and 90, mg/kg DM, respectively), and 2) with or without RT (supplemented at 36.3 and 11 g/metric ton DM, respectively). Following the 28-d feeding period, rumen samples were collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-feeding. On experiment 2, all steers were then transitioned to a lactating dairy diet for 21 d. Steers were then blocked and assigned to treatments for 28 d. Treatments included: 1) TM source (Sulfate or Hydroxy Cu, Mn, and Zn TM supplemented at 10, 50, and 60, mg/kg DM, respectively) and 2) with or without R (0.0 or 24.2 g of R/metric ton DM). Following the 28-d feeding period, rumen samples were collected as described previously. Rumen fluid samples from both experiments were analyzed for short chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and ammonia concentrations. Within an experiment, data over the three time periods (0, 2, and 4 h) were averaged for each parameter measured before statistical analysis. In experiment 1, Molar proportions of acetate were lesser (P < 0.04) and propionate greater (P < 0.01) in steers receiving Hydroxy TM compared with steers receiving Sulfate TM. All other rumen fermentation characteristics measured in this experiment were similar across TM source. Rumen molar concentrations of acetic acid were less in steers receiving RT than steers not receiving RT. Steers receiving RT and Hydroxy TM tended (P < 0.10) to have decreased rumen ammonia concentrations compared with steers receiving RT and Sulfate TM. In experiment 2, there were no TM source impacts on the rumen fermentation characteristics measured. Supplementation of R reduced molar concentrations (P < 0.02) and proportions (P < 0.01) of acetate and increased molar concentrations and proportions of propionate (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively) and butyrate (P < 0.02, P < 0.04, respectively). These data indicate that TM source, R, and RT may modulate rumen fermentation characteristics but their impacts on rumen fermentation may be diet dependent.
PSII-29 Effect of Dietary Alpha-Amylase Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Eating Pattern and Carcass Quality in Crossbred Dairy Beef Bulls Fed High-Concentrate Diets.`
Authors: Devant Maria , Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Duclos Julie , Tamassia Luis
Published: November 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary alpha-amylase supplementation on growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Ninety-nine bulls (187 ± 2.6 kg of BW, and 146 ± 1.0 days of age) were grouped in 6 pens of 15 to 17 animals/pen and fed concentrate, straw, and water ad libitum. Pens were assigned to one of 2 treatments: 1) CTR (n = 51), no treatment; 2) RUM (n = 48), RumiStar600 CT concentrate inclusion (630 mg/kg DM, based on 600 kilo novo units (KNU) of alpha-amylase activity). After 168 days, using twelve 14-days periods to record daily concentrate intake per animal, daily water consumption per pen, and fortnightly BW per animal animals were transported to slaughterhouse within one month, the whole study lasted an average of 210 days. Also, on days 0, 42, 84 and 168 concentrate samples were collected for enzyme activity and nutrient content analyses. Carcass quality was recorded at the slaughterhouse. Data were analyzed using a mixed model. The BW was greater (P < 0.01; interaction treatment by time) in RUM than in CTR treatment from period 1 to period 12. Concentrate intake tended (P = 0.10) to be greater in RUM than in CTR treatment in periods 1, 9 and 10. Bulls from RUM treatment had a greater (P < 0.01) ADG and a better feed conversion ratio than CTR bulls in periods 8, 10 and 12. Water consumption was similar between treatments, and no health problems related to treatments were recorded. Treatment did not affect carcass conformation. Preslaughter BW (539 vs. 523 ± 6.4 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P = 0.01) and hot carcass weight (306 vs. 295 ± 4.1 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P < 0.01) were greater in RUM than in CTR bulls. Also, fatness grade tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in RUM than in CTR treatment (score 1: 8 vs. 25 %; score 2: 77 vs. 63 %; score 3: 15 vs. 12 %; RUM vs. CTR, respectively). In conclusion, dietary alpha-amylase supplementation (600 KNU of alpha-amylase activity/kg DM of concentrate) for at least 168 days improved growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets.
PSIII-23 Supplementing Bovacillus to Newly Weaned Cattle During a 90-Day Grazing Period
Authors: Mackey Shea , Cooke Reinaldo F , Rahmel Logan W , Colombo Eduardo , Pickett Autumn , Harvey Kelsey M M , Karisch Brandi B , Cappellozza Bruno I
Published: November 2023

This experiment compared performance, health, and physiological responses of weaned cattle receiving Bacillus subtilis derivative in a 90-d grazing period. Recently weaned Angus-influenced steers (n = 120) were obtained from an auction yard on d -1 and transported 150 km to research facility. Immediately after arrival on d -1, shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded and steers were grouped with access to native forage and water. On d 0, an additional body weight was recorded and combined with d -1 values to represent initial body weight (BW; 236 ± 2 kg). Steers were ranked according to initial BW and allocated to 1 of 12 pastures (4-ha pastures; 10 steers/pasture). Pastures were randomly assigned to receive daily supplementation with dried distillers grains at 1% of BW with either: 1) Bacillus subtilis ingredient (BOV; 2 g/steer daily of Bovacillus; Chr Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark), or 2) no additive (CON). Cattle received treatments for the duration of the experiment (d 0 to d 90) while housed in pastures containing stockpiled native forage, primarily Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum dilatatum, as well as free-choice access to water and a commercial mineral + vitamin mix not including ionophores. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs were assessed daily throughout the experimental period. Steer unshrunk BW was recorded on d 14, 28, 56, and 90 and shrunk BW recorded on d 91 added 8% shrink as final BW. Blood samples and fecal swabs were collected from all steers on d 0, 14, 28, 56, and 90. Average daily gain (ADG) was increased in BOV groups compared with CON (0.858 and 0.760 kg/d, respectively) from d 56 to d 90 (P = 0.09) although this BW gain was not sufficient to impact final BW. Steer BW did not differ between treatments for all days (P ≥ 0.43). Incidence of BRD was within the expected range for high-risk stocker cattle, although the number of sick animals was not reduced due to BOV supplementation (P = 1.00). Steers not completing the trial due to health-related complications tended to be increased in CON vs. BOV (P = 0.08). Differences in percentage of steers not completing the experiment, in conjunction with treatment effects for ADG in the final third of the experiment, increased the production total BW per BOV pasture by 43% (790 vs. 550 kg BW change; P = 0.02). Bacillus subtilis supplementation was effective in increasing production BWt during a 90-d grazing period despite no observed difference in BRD incidence.
PSVII-27 Effect of Pre-And Postpartum Supplementation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
3
on Lactational Performance of Holstein Cows
Authors: Holub Glenn A , Chapman James D , Zanzalari Ken P , Gott Paige N , Craig Bridget M , Dann Heather M
Published: November 2023

Vitamin D supports several physiological functions, from mineral homeostasis to immune activity. The aim of this study was to provide 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] to late gestation and early lactation dairy cows and evaluate the impact on lactational performance. Holstein cows (n = 100) that finished their first or greater lactation were enrolled in a randomized block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 25 cows per treatment group). Prepartum treatments were 0 or 3 mg of 25(OH)D3 per cow daily from 28 d before expected calving until calving. Postpartum treatments were 0 or 1.5 mg of 25(OH)D3 per cow daily from calving until 63 d after calving. Treatments were top-dressed at feed delivery using a cornmeal carrier. The 25(OH)D3 source was Hy· D100. Prepartum [30 IU/kg body weight (BW)] and lactation (40 IU/kg BW) rations also provided a basal amount of cholecalciferol fed to NASEM 2021 recommendations. Dry cows were fed individually, and group housed in a bedded pack. Lactating cows were fed individually, group housed in a freestall, milked 3x/d, and milk sampled 6x/wk. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v. 9.4). The model contained fixed effects [prepartum treatment (PRE), postpartum treatment (POST; removed for prepartum data) week, and their interactions] and a random effect (block). Prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) averaged 16.3 kg/d and 2.04% of BW, was not affected by prepartum treatment (P ≥ 0.89) and was decreased closer to calving (P ≤ 0.01). As expected, week after calving affected (P ≤ 0.05) lactational performance. Postpartum DMI was greater for cows fed 3-1.5 mg than those fed 0 to 1.5 mg (Table 1). Colostrum yield and quality were not affected by prepartum treatment (P ≥ 0.91) and averaged 5.7 kg with an IgG content of 75.6 g/L. Actual milk yield was not affected by prepartum or postpartum treatments. Interestingly, there was a carryover effect of prepartum treatment on yield of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM). Cows fed 3 mg during late gestation produced more than those fed 0 mg. Postpartum treatment did not affect component-corrected milk yield. Providing additional vitamin D in the form of 25(OH)D3 to late gestation cows improved lactational performance by increasing intake and the yield of component-corrected milk.
PSXI-15 Estimating Vegetation Index for Outdoor Free-Range Pig Production Using Yolo
Authors: OH Sang-Hyon , Jung Yu-Jeong , Kang Mun Hye , Jang Jae-Cheol , Park Jin-Hyun
Published: November 2023

In the United States, outdoor pig production is steadily increasing thanks to the niche market strategy for small farmers, consumer antipathy to factory farm products, and the trend of eco-friendly and animal welfare, and research on this is continuing. One of the advantages of outdoor pig production is that farms can be run with small capital, and one of the disadvantages is that cover crops can be devastated due to the burrowing nature of pigs, resulting in underground water being overnourished if management is neglected. Recent scientific advances have made it possible to take images from unmanned aerial vehicles. Utilizing this technology to ascertain the situation of grazing land in outdoor grazing pig production will greatly help farmers maintain pastures at the recommended rate without leaving pastures until they are irreparable. The objective of this study was to quantitatively estimate the level of grazing area damage in outdoor free-range pig production using an UAV with an RGB image sensor. Ten corn field images were captured by an UAV over a period of approximately two weeks, during which gestating sows were allowed to graze freely on the corn field measuring 100×50 m2. The images were corrected to a bird's-eye view, and then divided into 32 segments and sequentially inputted into the YOLOv4 detector to detect the corn images according to their condition. The 43 raw training images selected randomly out of 320 segmented images, each with different degrees of corn devastation, were flipped to create 86 images, and then these images were further augmented by rotating them in 5-degree increments to create a total of 6,192 images. The increased 6,192 images are further augmented by applying three random color transformations to each image, resulting in a total of 24,768 datasets. The system accumulates the number and area of the detected labels to calculate the corn occupancy rate. The occupancy rate of corn in the field was estimated efficiently using YOLO. As of the first day of observation (day 2), it was evident that almost all the corn had disappeared by the ninth day. When grazing 20 sows in a 50×100 m2 cornfield (250 m2/sow), it appears that the animals should be rotated to other grazing areas to protect the cover crop after at least five days. In agricultural technology, most of the research using machine and deep learning is related to the detection of fruits and pests, and research on other application fields is needed. In addition, large-scale image data collected by experts in the field are required as training data to apply deep learning. If data required for deep learning is insufficient, a large number of data augmentation is required.