bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Income adaptation of farmers as long covid-19 pandemy on sustainable ub forest management: a case from Indonesia
Authors: Kustanti A
Published: October 2021

This study has analysed farmers' income on their adaptation as long Covid-19 pandemic in University of Brawijaya (UB) Forest. UB Forest got a management right of State Forest Management (Ministry of Forestry and Live Environment/MLEF Indonesia). Preliminary, this forest was managed by State Company Forest, namely Perum Perhutani. But, in 2015 it was transferred to the University by MLEF Indonesia for Education and Training Centre. The agricultural plantation has conducted by 824 farmers who were involved in UB Forest management. There are 16 fields of farmers' land use in 514 ha area. After the forest transfer to the UB Forest, there was no clear how farmers right adjusted the vision and mission of UB. This research wants to analyse how the income adaption farmer as long Covid 19, right and obligation as a shape of participation, and UB Forest management with qualitative approach. Selected respondents were in-depth interviewed. The analysis method used Institutional Analysis Design/IAD (Ostrom, 1999) and Bundles of Right (Ostrom, 1990). Farmers adaptation as long Covid-19 on forest management at UB Forest based on bundles of rights as a Claimant. It means that farmers had two right as below: 1)access and withdrawal right (enter the land, cultivate agriculture land, land conservation, harvest the agricultural yield, watch the forest fire along with UB Forest Team, implementation innovation of UB civitas academic, maintain the tree in UB Forest area, including in education and research of UB) and 2)management right on an agricultural plantation under the tree (a decision the species of agricultural plant, manage the plant, and arrange the cycle of the plantation itself). The income of farmers as long as Covid-19 was declined 39 % from the normal condition.
Contribution of agrosilvopastoral pattern to sustainable communities economic improvement (study in Namaa Hamlet, Pelauw Village, Haruku Island Sub-District, Central Maluku Regency)
Authors: Sahureka M , Hadijah M , Marasabessy H
Published: October 2021

The agrosilvopastoral management pattern can provide multiple benefits to integrating the agriculture sector with the interrelated forestry and livestock sectors. This research in Namaa sub-village, Pelauw Village. The research aimed to : 1) Knowing the respondent's characteristics in agrosilvopastoral management, and 2) The contribution of the agrosilvopastoral pattern to improve community's economy. This research was conducted by using the purposive sampling method, with a representation of the 20 households of farmers. Primary and secondary data were taken by observation and interviews related to respondents' income and the agrosilvopastoral pattern. The data obtained were analyzed with a quantitative approach and qualitative descriptions. The results showed that the respondents' characteristics were the factors that influenced the management of agrosilvopastoral, namely the level of education, age level, number of family members, land area, and land ownership status, while the contribution of an agrosilvopastoral for respondents was 274,882,000 / year.
Physiological characters of four lowland chilli varieties (Capsicum annum L.) with root cutting
Authors: Kusumaningrum S , Sulistyaningsih E , Harimurti R , Dewi K
Published: October 2021

The root system plays some vital roles in overall plant development, promoting plant anchorage, absorption of nutrients and water, and hormone production. Cutting is an attempt to root regeneration and enhance the plant's metabolism capability, including canopies and roots for high yielding. Non-hybrid chilli can be used as a model plant because Indonesia's chilli yield has not been maximal yet. This research was aimed to determine the physiological characters of four lowland chilli varieties with root cutting. This study was designed using a randomized, complete block design (RCBD) with two factors: root cutting and varieties. The root cutting factor consisted of 4 levels: root cutting in seeding, root cutting in ridging, root cutting in seedling and ridging, and non-cutting. The varieties factor consisted of 4 levels, namely Lembang, Kencana, Tanjung, dan Ungu. The results showed that root cutting in ridging for Kencana, Lembang, and Ungu increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, CO2intercellular, chlorophyll accumulation, photosynthesis rate, and improved fruit yield per plant. However, Tanjung did not respond to root cutting treatment because it did not improve plant physiology characters and fruit yield than non-cutting treatment. It is concluded that root cutting in ridging can be improved plant physiology, which contributes to increasing yield on Kencana, Lembang, and Ungu.
Development of home-based ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF-HB) to overcome nutrition-related problems among children under five during the covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Sastrawan S , Menap M , Sulaiman L , Hendrayani H
Published: October 2021

The most direct causes of malnutrition are food consumption and infection. Yet the prolonged Covid-19 pandemic has limited low-income families’ ability to fulfil the need for nutrition consumption, particularly for children under five. Responding to this situation, we sought to develop home-based ready-to-use supplementary foods (RUSF-HB) from local ingredients that are energy-protein-dense, affordable, simple and easy to produce at home. We created three milk-free formulas (MFFs) and six standard formulas (STFs). Three cheap and abundant local foods: soybeans, cowpeas, and mung beans were combined with rice flour, refined sugar, and coconut oil. A cross-over study design was used to assess food organoleptic, which showed that the products were comparable in several sensory aspects except for the odour and the taste. Soybeans-based formulas contain slightly more energy and protein compared to mung beans or cowpeas-based ones. However, the mung beans-based formulas were more favourable to caregivers and children, particularly their taste and smell. The products contain slightly less energy than the recommended ones but high enough to supply macronutrient for those in need on a regular basis. The caregivers considered the total price for the products was affordable, and the formula was easy to follow.
Study of changes in carbon stock in primary and secondary forest in protection forest of Soya Village, Ambon City
Authors: Siahaya L , Pelupessy L , Komul Y D , Sahupala A , Siahaya T E , Seipala B B
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to determine changes in litter biomass and the effect of changes in litter biomass on carbon stock changes in Permanent Sample Plots of primary and secondary forest in the Protection Forest of Soya Village, Ambon City, for three years of measurement. This study used a sampling method with harvesting/collection and using laboratory analysis, where the working procedure used the SNI: 7724 guidelines. The data taken includes the water content of litter, total wet weight, dry weight of the sample, and wet weight of the sample to calculate the range of biomass or organic matter and carbon content of litter organic matter. The results showed that the average value of water content in both primary and secondary forests decreased. The depletion degree was higher in the first year than the second and third year. The biomass content of litter in primary forests decreased from year to year for three years of measurement. It causes a decrease in the carbon content in the primary forest. In contrast, the biomass content in secondary forests increased from year to year and increased carbon content from year to year for three years of measurement.
Institutional Characteristics of Supporting Potato Farming in South Sulawesi
Authors: Indrasti R , Rawung J B M , Sudolar N R , Handoko S , Nurjanani
Published: October 2021

Potatoes are one of the commodities that have been prioritized for development which considered as a source of carbohydrates, highly nutritious and have the potential for food diversification. In this case the institutional activities of potato farmers may contribute to support their agribusiness aspects. The purpose of the study was to analyze the feasibility of potato farming as well as to characterize the farmer institutions. Data collection was carried out through FGD (Focus Group Discussion) with 25 respondents of potato farmer group members and secondary data as supporting data. The survey was conducted in 2017 in South Sulawesi Province. Data were analyzed descriptively and R/C ratio was measured to determine the potato farming feasibility. The results showed that potato farming was feasible economically. The farmers were mostly active in supporting institutional activities, including group meeting activities, paying fees and extension activities.
Corn farming analysis in Babar Island, District of Babar Islands, Southwest Maluku Regency
Authors: Thenu S F W
Published: October 2021

Babar Island is corn production center in District of Babar Islands. Maize is the dominant food commodities and a major food source for the community. Corn is the dominant crop commodity in Barbar Island and become staple food for the community. The farming are traditional and subsystems to meet farmers household needs and the excess (if any) will be sold but in very limited quantities. However the sales purpose is not commercial but just to meet the households needs that can not be substituted by other goods and only by few farmers if necessary. The farming is carried out on slash and burn dry land by polyculture cropping pattern that is combination of annual and perrenial crops. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and profitability of corn farming in Barbar island, using survey methods with stratified random sampling technique. The results showed that the cost of corn production in Barbar Island, district of Barbar Islands, South West Maluku Regency is consisted of fixed cost and variable cost. The fixed cost components is including : equipment depreciation costs and land rent costs. The variable costs includes : inputs costs (seeds, fertilizers, chemical) and labor costs. Variable costs is the largest cost component for corn farming. Corn farming is profitable and viable, as indicated by the average income Rp.2.647.396 compared to the average cost incurred by farmers Rp.2.520.934 and BC ratio of 1.05. This means that the production costs of Rp.2.520.934 will generate benefit 1.05 times of the cost.
Characterization of bioplastics produced by haloarchaeon Haloarcula sp strain NRS20 using cost-effective carbon sources
Authors: Hagagy Nashwa , Saddiq Amna A N , Tag Hend M , Abdelgawad Hamada , Selim Samy
Published: October 2021

As good models for developing techniques, Haloarchaea are using as cell factories to produce a considerable concentration of bioplastics, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV). In this study, low-cost carbon sources by Sudan Black staining was applied for screening haloarchaea a hypersaline environment (southern coast of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). The growth of the selected isolate and PHB-production under different carbon sources, temperature, pH values and NaCl concentrations were investigated. The biopolymer was extracted and quantitatively measured. The biopolymer was qualitatively identified by Fourier-transform infra-red analysis (FTIR) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The potential Haloarcula sp strain NRS20 (MZ520352) could significantly accumulate PHB under nutrient-limiting conditions using different carbon sources including starch, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), sucrose, glucose and glycerol with 23.83%, 14%, 11%, 12% and 8% of PHB/CDW respectively under 25% NaCl (w/v), pH 7, at 37 °C. The results of FTIR pattern indicated that the significant peak at 1709.22 cm−1 confirmed the presence of the ester carbonyl-group (C=O) which is typical of PHB. HPLC analysis indicated that produced PHB was detected at 7.5 min with intensity exceeding the standard PHB at 8.0 min. Few potential species of haloarchaea were reported for economical PHB-production, here, Haloarcula sp strain NRS20 showed high content of PHB, exhibited a promising PHB-producer using inexpensive sources of carbon.
Mechanical response of shape-recovering metamaterial structures fabricated by additive manufacturing
Authors: Hassan Md Sahid , Chavez Luis A , Chou Chien-Chun , Hall Samuel E , Tseng Tzu-Liang , Lin Yirong
Published: October 2021

Three different metamaterial structures were fabricated using stereolithography 3D printing and a shape recovering material. Mechanical properties and recovery efficiency were assessed after compression testing. All three structures exhibited similar initial specific compressive moduli, while the highest specific toughness was observed for the stretch-dominated structure. The three metamaterial structures were re-tested after shape recovery. Significant strengthening was observed for all structures, with the bend-stretch-dominated structure strengthening to the highest degree. This strengthening phenomenon was characterized as strain hardening. It was found that the strengthening is highly geometry dependent. The geometry with stretch-dominated behavior exhibited the highest mechanical properties after a second test was performed. Improvements in specific toughness of up to 67% were observed after the second compressive test.
Publishing in Colombia
Authors: Guzman Diana Paola , Marín Colorado Paula Andrea
Published: October 2021

Milestones in the history of publishing in Colombia stretch from a little before the arrival of the printing press in the country to the 21st century with the emergence of dozens of independent publishers. Thus, important events in the history of books, publishing, and reading in Colombia in the 19th century intersect with the influence of numerous civil wars and confrontations between liberals and conservatives. In the 20th century, the figure of the modern editor emerges along with campaigns for the mass production of books. In the 21st century, editorial projects seek to resist against the phenomena of editorial concentration.
Policy Advice From Bureaucracy
Authors: Brans Marleen , Fobé Ellen
Published: October 2021

Policy advice is a core function of modern bureaucracies. It can be distinguished from closely related concepts such as policy design, policy analysis and policy work – all of which are also conducted by the civil service.

Civil servants remain critical advisory actors in the policy advisory system despite the fact that it latter has become more crowded and competitive. The bureaucracy is well placed to provide political executives with both long term and short-term policy advice. And bureaucrats often garner, even broker, input from other advisers in the advisory system.

The academic community has shown concerns over an alleged decline of the capacity for policy advice because of growing advice competition and a trend towards politicization. While such worries have legitimate grounds, they are also marked by a Westminster bias. After all, advice competition and politicization are nothing new in consensus style polities with a traditional reliance on advisory input from societal actors and political advisers. This is not to say that bureaucratic advisory capacity does not have its difficulties. New Public Management reforms, cutbacks, and the focus on policy delivery instead of policy formulation have certainly had their impact. Yet recurrent meta-policies have also aimed to strengthen policy advisory capacities of bureaucrats. The evidence-based movement swept across the globe and left its mark, for instance, as have government-wide programs, such as policy skills frameworks and guidelines on standards for policy advice. The latter are particularly useful when considering that bureaucratic policy advisers are not the Sir Humphrey Abbleby’s at the apex of the bureaucracies, but include, as evidenced by research, a great number of often invisible and incidental advisers lower down in the bureaucratic hierarchy.
Financial Turbulence and Crisis
Authors: Bakir Caner , Akgunay Sinan , Coban Mehmet Kerem
Published: October 2021

Why do financial turbulence and crises occur? What are different types of financial crises? Why do different countries experience financial crises, while some are more resilient? These are intriguing questions that relate to financial turbulence and crisis. The financial system is inherently susceptible to turbulence and crises: The world has witnessed several rounds of financial turbulence since the early 2000s. The 2008 global financial crisis and the worldwide financial turbulence that took place following the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic are examples. Periods of financial turbulence relate to heightened uncertainty and volatility in financial markets, and some of those periods can trigger financial crises. It is puzzling that although some countries can weather financial turbulence without falling into a financial crisis, others do not. This was observed during the global financial crisis. For example, financial turbulence triggered a financial crisis in some of the liberal market economies such as the United States and the United Kingdom. In contrast, Australia and Canada remained relatively resistant to financial turbulence. The existing literature tends to justify how and why a period of financial turbulence resulted in a financial crisis by looking at individual structural-, institutional-, or actor-level factors. In addition to the independent (separate) effects of these three principal explanatory factors, there is a need for detecting and analyzing their individual; interactive; and/or cumulative structural, institutional, and agential explanatory factors at work. Thus, it is crucial to explore some of the interrelated dynamics informing agency behavior which generate socioeconomic outcomes. Specifically, we call for a rigorous and refined analysis of how and why complementarities and enabling conditions that stem from interactions between structural and institutional factors influence actors’ agency and socioeconomic/political outcomes.
Information Processing and Digitalization in Bureaucracies
Authors: Erkkilä Tero
Published: October 2021

Bureaucracies and their processing of information have evolved along with the formation of states, from absolutist to welfare state and beyond. Digitalization has both reflected and expedited these changes, but it is important to keep in mind that digital-era governance is also conditioned by existing information resources as well as institutional practices and administrative culture. To understand the digital transformations of states, one needs to engage in contextual analysis of the actual changes that might show even paradoxical and unintended effects. Initially, the studies on the effects of information systems on bureaucracies focused on single organizations. But the focus has since shifted toward digitally enhanced interaction with the society in terms of service provision, responsiveness, participatory governance, and deliberation, as well as economic exploitation of public data. Indeed, the history of digitalization in bureaucracies also reads as an account of its opening. But there are also contradictory developments concerning the use of big data, learning systems, and digital surveillance technologies that have created new confidential or secretive domains of information processing in bureaucracies. Another pressing topic is automation of decision making, which can range from rules-based decisions to learning systems. This has created new demands for control, both in terms of citizen information rights as well as accountability systems. While one should be cautious about claims of revolutionary changes, the increasing tempo and interconnectedness characterizing digitalization of bureaucratic activities pose major challenges for public accountability. The historical roots of state information are important in understanding changes of information processing in public administration through digitalization, highlighting the transformations of states and new stakeholders and forms of collaboration, as well as the emerging questions of accountability. But instead of readily assuming structural changes, one should engage in contextualized analysis of the actual effects of digitalization to fully understand them.
Probation Officers, Discretion, and Participatory Management
Authors: Davis Lynnea , Houston P. J. , Rudes Danielle S.
Published: October 2021

Probation officers (POs) are perhaps the correctional workers with the greatest reach, since more people are under probation supervision relative to every other correctional branch (i.e., jail, prison, and parole). The individuals under probation supervision and the community-at-large depend on POs to do their job well. However, POs have a job that requires them to make numerous decisions within an organization with conflicting goals and ambiguous roles, often with great discretionary power and little oversight. This relatively autonomous discretionary power often produces racial disparities in probation outcomes, the misuse of evidence-based tools such as risk and needs assessments, and ultimately the inability of probation organizations to effectuate change. These effects have negative consequences for probation organizations, probationers, and POs themselves.

Participatory management produces an organizing framework that calls for hierarchical organizations to take a balanced approach to decision-making by increasing information sharing throughout the organizational hierarchy. This organizational structure carries the potential to remedy these aforementioned problems. By increasing oversight and accountability for POs via participatory management, POs’ discretionary power may be managed without limiting decision-making. Participatory management may create additional benefits such as increasing the efficiency of probation organizations, improving client outcomes for probationers, and increasing occupational satisfaction for POs. There are numerous potential threats to participatory management and several solutions for overcoming them. The main solution calls on probation agencies to make participatory management as effective as possible by constructing an equal balance between a loosely and tightly coupled organizational implementation of policies and practices.
Development of Lung Innervation
Authors: de Melo e Silva Talita , Czeisler Catherine Miriam , Otero José Javier
Published: October 2021

Breathing is essential for survival and is precisely regulated by the nervous system. From a neuroanatomical perspective, the respiratory tract is innervated by afferent and efferent autonomic nerves, which regulate aspects of airway function and ensure appropriate tissue oxygenation. The general concepts of how the peripheral nervous system (PNS) develops as it relates to lung function are reviewed. The vagus (cranial nerve X), a mixed motor and sensory nerve, supplies parasympathetic and sensory fibers to the airways. During development, preganglionic visceromotor efferent neurons of the cranial nerves arise in the hindbrain basal plate and later migrate dorsally through the neuroepithelium.

The neural crest is a migratory and multipotent embryonic cell population that develops at the dorsal portion of the neural tube, which delaminates from the neuroepithelium to enter distinct pathways, forming various derivatives, among which include the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest cells emerging from the vagal region migrate into the ventral foregut and give rise to intrinsic ganglia in the respiratory tract that are innervated from the vagus and send out postganglionic fibers.

The lung is innervated by sympathetic nerves derived from the upper thoracic and cervical ganglia. The sympathetic preganglionic neurons are derived from trunk neural crest cells that migrate, forming two chains of sympathetic ganglia referred to as the lateral vertebral sympathetic chains. Neural crest cells that migrate along defined pathways to generate sympathetic ganglia also derivate the dorsal root ganglia that send somatosensory afferent innervations to the respiratory tract.
The Role of Trade in Building the Mongol Empire
Authors: Togan Isenbike
Published: October 2021

Perennial interest of the nomads in exchange and trade is known, but the transition from exchange to trade is not so well known. Exchange is a kind of barter, while trade entails traders and profits. Though both continued in war and peace, records are scarce for peacetime. Wartime activities are well documented and make it clear that once the transition from exchange to trade was accomplished, war and conquest facilitated the expansion of networks. Expansion, opening up new routes, and maintenance of the old were accomplished by conquest along these routes. The roads needed to be connected to provide safety, eliminate anxiety, and establish an environment of trust for commercial transactions. Muslim merchants were the active participants of these new commercial ventures, which had the protection of Chinggis Khan’s army of conquest. However, in building the empire, Chinggis Khan would first resort to a conciliatory attitude before taking any military measures.

Trade and trade routes were the main arteries of the Mongol Empire. These networks were the agreement points among all contenders of power, merchants, warriors, and the commanding members of the ruling dynasty. It was this agreement on the importance of trade that secured the endurance of the empire.
The Commercial History of Japan, 600–1200
Authors: Farris William W.
Published: October 2021

Because Japan was overwhelmingly rural with few consumers, commerce did not play a significant role in the economy or most people’s lives during the six centuries from 600 to 1200. This period may be divided into three phases based upon the nature of commercial relations. The 8th century witnessed a construction boom led by a relatively centralized state. Besides building five capital cities and numerous other governmental and religious structures, the state minted copper cash. Low-ranking bureaucrats traded in lumber, cloth, and other commodities, often for profit. The commercially most advanced region in Japan was in and around the numerous capitals located in the Kinai (Kyoto-Osaka-Nara) region. Interregional trade bound local regions together and was a source of illegal profiteering for officials. Gift-giving and barter dominated the less developed provinces, mostly in eastern Japan. Across the ocean, Japan participated in exchange with China and Korea on a limited basis to 800.

Beginning as early as 735, epidemics and famines decimated Japan’s population. The value of copper cash declined, as inflation commenced. Government revenues also dropped. Government-appointed tax farmers garnered tax items for the tiny elite at court, enriching themselves in the process. The Song Dynasty (960–1279) arose in China and began trading with the Japanese elite, providing a spur to Japan’s commercial development for the rest of period. Overseas merchants were forced by Japan’s ruling elite to stop at Dazaifu in northern Kyushu, where Chinese goods could be obtained for Japanese gold.

Japan’s depopulation continued unabated, subject to particularly harsh epidemics between 990 and 1050. To reverse flight from the land, the court initiated a two-pronged land system consisting of tax-farmed provincial areas and estates cultivated by sharecroppers and paying rents to capital and local elites. The rents were paid in-kind, and to secure the value of goods such as rice, salt, lacquer, iron, tea, and many other products, values were pegged to a gold standard. Song merchants also received gold for their wares. To buy Japanese raw materials, the Chinese paid with their own copper cash, helping to remonetize the archipelago. By the 1170s, inflation took off in Japan. A Ningbo–Hakata trade route became established for Song merchants, with bulk items such as sulfur, lumber, and mercury traded from Japan to China. By the late 1100s, the warrior family known as the Ise Taira took control of overseas trade with China, bolstering the family’s power at the Kyoto court.
Uyghur Historiography
Authors: Kamalov Ablet
Published: October 2021

The history of Uyghurs, the Turkic Muslim people indigenous to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China, also known as East Turkestan, is represented differently in historiographies of many countries. Chinese historiography depicts Uyghurs as migrants in their homeland, referring to the migration of nomadic Uyghurs from the present territory of Mongolia in 840 ce, in contrast to the Han Chinese who started settling down in this region much earlier. The history of Uyghurs is interpreted in Chinese works based on the concept of a “Chinese nation,” according to which all peoples populating the country have comprised one nation since ancient times. Uyghurs are therefore depicted as people who never set up their own independent states. The Uyghur ethnocentric vision of the past, on the contrary, substantiates the indigenousness of Uyghurs to their homeland. It highlights the Central Asian origin of Uyghurs, who belong to the family of Turkic nationalities and have a history much longer than that of the Han Chinese. As an oppressed ethnic minority in China, Uyghurs were excluded from writing their own history; therefore, a Uyghur national narrative was developed mainly outside China. Soviet historians made significant contributions to the formulation of the main principles of Uyghur national history. The process of writing Uyghur history is influenced by dominating narratives in PRC and other countries that have sizable Uyghur communities (Turkey and post-Soviet Central Asian nations). Despite the domination of narratives on the history of Uyghurs in many countries, academic research on Uyghur history has gained significant achievements, although as a field of research Uyghur and Xinjiang studies occupy peripheral positions in Central Eurasian studies.
Bone Tool Technology in the Stone Age of Africa
Authors: Bradfield Justin
Published: October 2021

Bone, like other organic materials, featured prominently in the technological repertoires of most historically documented hunter-gatherer communities practising a Stone Age economy. Unlike stone, however, bone does not survive as well archaeologically, resulting in less attention generally being paid to this aspect of material culture. Yet, despite their poorer preservation, bone tools are found in several hominin sites dating to the last two million years in South and East Africa, where two regionally distinct varieties of bone tool occur. Traceological analyses (which comprise use-wear, fracture, and residue analyses) have gone a long way in elucidating the functions of these tools and those from younger periods.

Deliberately modified bone tools are found sporadically at archaeological sites dating throughout the last two million years, but never in large numbers. Bone tools offer us many insights into past cultures and now-vanished technologies. For example, insect extraction, musicality, basket weaving, and garden agriculture were all expressed through the medium of bone. These bone artefacts often constitute the sole evidence for such technologies and their associated behaviors. To this list might be added bow-and-arrow technology, although here there is plenty of confirmatory evidence from lithic and residue studies.

Despite their ubiquitously fewer numbers, bone tools are no less important for understanding aspects of the past than their lithic counterparts and have been the focus of several anthropological debates. The degree of similarity in manufacturing techniques, finished product morphology, and decorative motifs have led some researchers to extrapolate similarities in overarching cultural traditions. But the same similarities are seen in other parts of the world. Even a recurrence of decorative motifs may mean different things to different people at different times. The presence of well-made bone tools in Iron Age sites continues to be seen as evidence for trade between hunter-gatherers and farmers. But without concrete evidence that the bone tools moved from one place to another, such facile interpretations only serve to underplay farmer agency. Apart from trying to work out function, bone tool studies globally are focused on identifying the specific animal species selected to make tools and what such selection strategies might reveal about the symbolic importance of animals in human societies.
Isotopes and Diet in African Hominins and Hunter-Gatherers
Authors: Loftus Emma
Published: October 2021

Stable isotope methods are firmly established as a key tool for investigating the diets of ancient humans, offering insights into broad dietary composition at the scale of an individual’s life. African archaeology and ecosystems have played an important role in the global development of stable isotope approaches, but archaeological applications have been constrained in many African settings by poor preservation conditions for organic remains and limited institutional capacity for large analytical sampling programs. Yet growing numbers of research and training laboratories around the world, declining relative analytical costs, and increasing familiarity among archaeologists and paleoecologists with both the prospects and limitations of stable isotope approaches, all indicate that such methods will continue to increase in importance for modern archaeological practice.

Complex ecological patterning in carbon, nitrogen, and other isotopes within Africa offers a rich background for interpretation. Carbon isotopes largely reflect patterning in vegetation, with the major isotopic distinction between tropical grasses and most other plants aiding the reconstruction of broad food classes. Aquatic and terrestrial environments may also differ sharply in carbon isotope patterning, providing a tool for investigating marine food exploitation. Nitrogen isotope patterning, by comparison with carbon isotopes, is more complex and less well-characterized in many African environments but has been useful for identifying the consumption of marine resources. Other isotopes, including sulfur, strontium, oxygen, and metal isotopes, such as calcium and zinc, may offer complementary insights that can help to interpret ancient food systems.

Analyses of enamel carbon isotopes from eastern and South African hominins have demonstrated the significance of diverse dietary resources for millions of years among several groups of hominins, including the gracile and robust australopithecines and early Homo. The puzzle of extensive consumption of 13C-enriched foods, especially among the eastern African robust australopithecines, has driven wide-ranging research into the dietary diversity of hominin species, targeting questions of ecological niche separation and dietary flexibility. In southern African coastal settings, stable isotope evidence for differential access to dietary resources among foraging groups has demonstrated the maintenance of more sedentary, territorial settlement systems during some periods in the Holocene. Research in these fields is ongoing, with new insights emerging from applications of alternative isotopic systems, increased sampling resolution, and sophisticated statistical modeling approaches.
Disaster Anthropology
Authors: Koons Adam , Trivedi Jennifer
Published: October 2021

Disaster Anthropology uses theoretical and methodological tools from across anthropological subfields to understand the effects of disasters. Anthropologists based in academia and practice, often working collaboratively or across disciplines, seek to understand the relationships among historical, social, cultural, economic, political, environmental, and climatic factors in every type of disaster and humanitarian crisis across the globe. Practitioners often work within disaster response agencies in such functions as policy reform, program design, and disaster response management. Academics work in anthropology and interdisciplinary centers and departments, studying and teaching about disaster and anthropological issues.

Disaster anthropologists link closely with broader interdisciplinary disaster studies and practices. They contribute an anthropological, holistic, and long-term perspective, including the use of ethnography and participant observation, theories, and analyses. In the early 21st century there has been considerable, and constantly increasing, recognition of disaster anthropology. This area of work includes recognition of what disaster anthropology has to contribute and its place as an appropriate field of engagement for anthropologists. This recognition has been demonstrated by the publication of numerous books, chapters, articles, special journal issues, and hundreds of conference presentations. Disaster anthropology has gained the support of the major anthropology associations such as the American Anthropological Association (AAA) and the Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA), resulting in the formation of specialized formalized bodies such as the Risk and Disaster Topical Interest Group (RDTIG) within the SfAA, and the Culture and Disaster Network (CADAN). Accordingly, there are also an increasing number of targeted university anthropology courses on disasters.

Disaster anthropologists contribute to the overall understanding of how and why disasters have the impacts that they do and what the consequences of disasters can be. By examining disaster contexts, disaster anthropologists improve understanding of pre-existing circumstances that contribute to those disasters, including people’s perspectives on hazards, risks, uncertainty, inequality, and inequity. Disaster anthropologists have shown that disasters are the visible, explicit result of deeper and more complex processes. Anthropologists share this work in governmental, nongovernmental, academic, and public arenas. Disaster anthropology brings together critical lines of inquiry from the larger fields of anthropology and disaster studies, offering valuable perspectives not only on understanding but also on improving disaster conditions.
Anthropological Perspectives on Fair Trade
Authors: Lyon Sarah
Published: October 2021

Fair trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency, and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers. Minimum prices and social premiums linked to fair trade certifications, which require independent audit of the environmental, economic, and social conditions of commodity production and exchange, are integral to the system. Anthropological explorations of fair trade practices emphasize the cultural dimensions, socio-economic conditions, and political economy. Anthropological scholarship explores how experiences of fair trade are diversely influenced by gender; racial and ethnic identities; differences in wealth and resources, education, and geographic location; and political hierarchies and social institutions. The nuanced insights into fair trade impact produced through detailed, ethnographically driven anthropological research ultimately illustrate the limits of social movement-driven, rural-development alternatives and produce empirically informed, practical suggestions for how the current system could be improved. Anthropological expertise is appreciated within the fair trade assemblage, which encompasses development organizations, certification firms, importers, and retailers.
The West African Stone Age
Authors: Allsworth-Jones Philip
Published: October 2021

In terms of artefacts present, West Africa is not short of evidence relating to human occupation during the Quaternary. The problem hitherto has been one of context and dating; there has been some progress in this regard but poor preservation conditions still restrict the presence of organic remains prior to the beginning of the Late Stone Age (LSA). Nonetheless, an excellent climatic record for the last 520 kya has been established on the basis of cores obtained from Lake Bosumtwi. Stratified Acheulean sites have been excavated at Sansandé and Ravin Blanc on the Falémé River in eastern Senegal. The succeeding Sangoan is an entity for which a consistent and reliable classification remains to be achieved. Despite this, excavations at Anyama in the Ivory Coast have produced a sizeable quantity of material, with a terminus post quem thermoluminescence (TL) date of 254 ± 51 kya. Our knowledge of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) has been transformed by the work carried out at Ounjougou in Mali. More than twenty-five distinct archaeological occurrences have been detected, extending from about 75 to 25 kya. The MSA elsewhere is abundant, and at Adrar Bous is in place beneath the Aterian, but much of it lacks a good stratigraphic context. The following dry period, the Ogolian, must have had a dramatic effect on human settlement, and the majority of LSA sites postdate this episode. There is no apparent link between them and the MSA. Nonetheless, the LSA at Shum Lake in Cameroon does have 14C dates in the range 32,700–12,800 BP. The most significant LSA site is Iwo Eleru, notable for the presence of modern human remains with “archaic” characteristics. A parallel situation has been detected at Ishango in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo both indicating a hitherto unsuspected “deep substructure” in Late Pleistocene African populations.
Human and Nonhuman Rights to Water
Authors: Strang Veronica
Published: October 2021

All living kinds, human and nonhuman, require rights to water. A UN Declaration upholds rights to clean drinking water and basic sanitation for humans, and some environmental legislation seeks to assure minimal flows of water in ecosystems. However, such rights are situated within complex social and political relations that are often far from equal. The distribution and management of water is entangled in issues such as ethnicity, class, gender, and levels of enfranchisement, and is heavily dependent upon how beliefs and values about water are represented in dominant narratives. Although water has been regarded a “common good” for millennia, many forms of collective ownership of freshwater have been overridden by colonial appropriations and by attempts to enclose and privatize water resources and to reframe them as commercial assets.

An accelerating global water crisis caused by climate change, intensifying farming, and the over-allocation of water resources reveals unsustainable pressures on freshwater ecosystems. There have been concomitant losses of access to water for less powerful human communities, and most particularly for nonhuman beings. As a result, approximately two hundred species become extinct every day. Widespread environmental degradation has caused indigenous communities to critique the exploitative practices of colonial societies and to promote alternate and more egalitarian visions of human-nonhuman relationships. Inspired by these alternate cultural beliefs and values, and sometimes in alliance with indigenous people, conservation organizations and environmental activists have sought ecological justice to protect nonhuman beings and their habitats. Many are demanding that the UN should declare “rights for nature” and that the International Court of Criminal Justice should define “ecocide” as an international crime. Anthropologists have challenged dominant dualisms about culture and nature, providing accounts of diverse cultural worldviews in which all living kinds inhabit a nonbifurcated world. They have underlined the fluid interelationalities between human and nonhuman beings and the material environment. Building on a strong disciplinary history of advocating for human rights, they are exploring ways to articulate nonhuman needs and interests, for example, in new forms of river catchment management. There is growing consensus about the need to encourage forms of “pan-species democracy” that will ensure that all living kinds have sufficient rights to water and to the conditions that enable them to flourish.
Freed, Anne O.
Authors: Ivanova Vesela , Stancheva-Popkostadinova Vaska
Published: October 2021

Anne O. Freed (1917–2012) is among the pioneers in clinical social work in the United States. She served as a clinician, administrator, researcher, lecturer, and mentor. She advanced clinical social work practice and furthered the awareness of mental health issues in geriatric practice. Anne introduced clinical social work to Bulgaria.
Stevenson, Olive
Authors: Tompsett Hilary
Published: October 2021

Olive Stevenson (1930–2013) was an internationally recognized social work practitioner, educator, scholar, public servant, and consultant. She is particularly remembered for her contribution to the Maria Colwell Enquiry Report in 1974, which investigated a child’s death at the hands of her stepfather. The report was the first of what later became known as Serious Case Reviews. Stevenson authored a minority report, expressing dissent from some of the main report’s conclusions and strongly supporting social workers. This was much appreciated by practitioner social workers and leaders of Social Service departments at the time. She is also regarded by many in the United Kingdom as the leading social work academic of her generation over a 50-year career during a period of considerable change and challenge for the social work profession.
Diabetes duration and the risk of dementia: a cohort study based on German health claims data
Authors: Reinke Constantin , Buchmann Nikolaus , Fink Anne , Tegeler Christina , Demuth Ilja , Doblhammer Gabriele
Published: October 2021

Objective

Diabetes is a risk factor for dementia but little is known about the impact of diabetes duration on the risk of dementia. We investigated the effect of type 2 diabetes duration on the risk of dementia.

Design

Prospective cohort study using health claims data representative for the older German population. The data contain information about diagnoses and medical prescriptions from the in- and outpatient sector.

Methods

We performed piecewise exponential models with a linear and a quadratic term for time since first type 2 diabetes diagnosis to predict the dementia risk in a sample of 13,761 subjects (2,558 dementia cases) older than 65 years. We controlled for severity of diabetes using the Adopted Diabetes Complications Severity Index.

Results

We found a U-shaped dementia risk over time. After type 2 diabetes diagnosis the dementia risk decreased (26% after 1 year) and reached a minimum at 4.75 years, followed by an increase through the end of follow-up. The pattern was consistent over different treatment groups, with the strongest U-shape for insulin treatment and for those with diabetes complications at the time of diabetes diagnosis.

Conclusions

We identified a non-linear association of type 2 diabetes duration and the risk of dementia. Physicians should closely monitor cognitive function in diabetic patients beyond the first few years after diagnosis, because the later increase in dementia occurred in all treatment groups.