bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Praesos. I
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The excavations at Praesos undertaken by the British School in 1901 were begun on May 7th and continued until July 3rd. The Cretan Exploration Fund contributed £200, the Society of Dilettanti £50, and the Prendergast Fund of Cambridge University £40, towards the cost of the campaign. With me were two members of the School, Mr. J. H. Marshall, of King's College, Cambridge, and Mr. R. Douglas Wells, architect. Mr. Wells made a survey of the city-plateau and the adjoining ravines (Plate VII) and a large number of plans and drawings, many of which accompany this article. Mr. Marshall rendered valuable help in the work of supervision, and undertook a systematic exploration of the surrounding district. I much regret that it has been impossible for him to contribute to this report more than the section on the Megalithic House, printed below (§ 4). Soon after the close of the season he was appointed Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, and has necessarily been absorbed in the duties of that important post. I have had the use of his notes on some of the tombs.
Praesos: The Terra-Cottas
Authors: Forster E. S.
Published: October 2013

The large find of terra-cottas made by the British School in 1901, and now in the Museum at Candia, having been handed over to me by Mr. Bosanquet for publication, I hope at some future date to give a more detailed and critical account of them. Meanwhile my object here is to give a short account of the find as a whole, dealing at greater length with only a few of the larger and more important discoveries.
Excavations at Petras
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

On a low spur of the hills that shut in the Sitia valley on the east, immediately overlooking the sea and separated from the port of Sitia by nearly a mile of sand-bar, stands the unimportant hamlet of Petras, originally Venetian, afterwards ‘Turkish’ or Moslem-Cretan, and for the most part ruined and deserted since 1896. Mr. Marshall came here in January, 1901, and collected sherds which left no doubt about the early date of the remains, treated by previous travellers as Hellenic. Lying on a deep bay and commanding as it does the easiest route into the Eteocretan highlands, it seemed likely that Petras might furnish useful clues, if not to the indigenous culture of the district, at any rate to the foreign influences that were at work here during the Bronze Age. Later, when two months of work at Praesos had produced very little Kamáres pottery of the familiar mid-Cretan types and no Mycenaean, it seemed doubly desirable to examine this, the nearest definitely Mycenaean site, and to ascertain what had been the local varieties of early pottery.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1910: § 6.—Inscriptions
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

The only inscriptions found in 1910, apart from three minute fragments (Nos. 3–5), were two columnar statue-bases extracted from the foundations of the Roman Amphitheatre at the Sanctuary of Orthia, and a much mutilated fragment of the rules for a Demeter festival from the site of the Eleusinion at Kalývia Sochás. To these are added three miscellaneous inscriptions found recently in Sparta and the neighbourhood though not in the course of our excavations. They are of little or no importance, but seemed worthy of inclusion here in order to complete the publication of all the inscribed stones on which at least one complete word is preserved, found on, or near, the site of ancient Sparta during the last five years.
The Latin Monuments of Chios
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The following is an attempt to present in one view the Italian and other western antiquities of the island of Chios. Some of these, as will be seen, have already been published, though for the most part in works not generally accessible: the others are the results of my own investigations in the island (1907–9). Like most other travellers in Chios I owe much to the kindness of residents and especially of M. Const. Kanellakes, who placed his unrivalled knowledge of his native island unreservedly at my disposal, and directed my attention to many points of interest which must else have escaped me. I am also indebted for much practical assistance and support to Messrs. L. and N. Zitelli. Since I began my collection of material the contents of the museum at Chios and some other monuments of the Latin period have been published by the daughter of the late gymnasiarch Prof. G. Zolotas: references to this publication are inserted in brackets with the initial Z. before the inscriptions concerned, but I have thought it unnecessary to republish fragmentary texts to which I have nothing to add. An asterisk denotes stones I have not myself seen.
A Panathenaic Amphora from Kameiros
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

When travelling in the island of Rhodes some ten years ago Dr. Duncan Mackenzie picked up on the Akropolis of Kameiros a handful of sherds, which I recently had occasion to examine. I found that several of them fitted together, and formed portions of an Attic b.-f. vase. The remains of one side represented a draped female figure standing to the left, and bearing a shield, with a pillar in front of her, while the five fragments of which the other portion consisted represented three armed men running to the left. In other words, here was a fragmentary Panathenaic amphora, recording a victory in the Armed Race.
Inscriptions from Praesos
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

These fragments of inscriptions were found on the Altar-hill at Praesos in the excavation of 1901 and 1904 (B.S.A. viii. 254–260; x. 115, 247). The two Eteocretan inscriptions and the terracottas and other minor finds were published forthwith. The stones now described are of some interest as indicating that the sanctuary on this hill—Dr. Halbherr's ‘Third Acropolis’— was the place where official records of treaties and other public documents were exhibited.
A Clay Sealing from Egypt
Authors: Walters H. B.
Published: October 2013

The object illustrated in Plate XVII, and Fig. 1, would perhaps never have emerged from the obscurity of a description in small type in an official catalogue but for Mr. Dawkins' discovery discussed on pp. 9 f. of this volume. In the British Museum Catalogue of Terracottas (p. 443) it is described as follows, under the number E 93: ‘Hemispherical seal of clay, with eight impressions of gems stamped over it, five representing a lion attacking a goat; another, a bearded head to r, with inscription; the other two are plain stamps.’ It was acquired in Egypt by the Rev. Greville Chester, and purchased from him in 1891.
IV. A Latin Inscription
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: October 2013

I subjoin here a Latin inscription of some interest, copied at Knossos. It is rather coarsely cut on a stela unearthed no one knows where some years ago, and first seen by us in the garden adjoining the house of Said Bey Barakakis. The dimensions of the stone are 99 cm. × 38 cm. × 24 cm., and the lettering varies from 5 to 3 cm. in height. The stone is much worn on the right and towards the bottom.
The Dictaean Cave
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: October 2013

The large double cavern situated to south-west of, and about 500 feet higher than Psychro, avillage of the upland Lasithi plain in Crete, has long been known to contain early votive objects (Plate IX. 1). The discovery was made by peasants about 1883, who were in the habit of housing goats and pigeons there, and in 1886 the noise of it brought to the spot Professor F. Halbherr in company with Dr. J. Hazzidakis. Their mission was to recover as many objects as possible from the peasants' hands, but also in the event they dug over about two square metres of the embanked terrace before the cave in the hope of finding remains of an altar. After their departure the peasants continued to burrow from time to time among the boulders in the upper cave, and to find bronzes, many of which were bought by Mr. A. J. Evans in 1894. In 1895 the latter, with Mr. J. L. Myres, visited the spot, and the same explorer, returning in 1896 and finding in Psychro a piece of an inscribed libation table, made a sinking into the deposit under the north wall of the upper grot, where the table had been found, and unearthed some objects. In 1897 came Mons. J. Demargne, of the French School at Athens, and boring under the south-western wall, found a second piece of a libation table, uninscribed.
The Palace of Knossos
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: October 2013

The fifth campaign on the Palace Site of Knossos had a twofold objective:—(I) The continued exploration of the Palace itself, with the special object of ascertaining its original elements, on which the Cists and Repositories found in 1903 had already thrown so much light; (2) the further investigation of dependencies lying beyond what may be called the inner enceinte. In addition to this, the discovery of an extensive Minoan Cemetery and of a Royal Tomb went greatly to swell the volume of the year's excavation.
A New Fragment of the Attic Tribute Lists
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: October 2013

On May 22nd 1904, one of the workmen engaged on the restoration of the Erechtheion noticed an inscribed fragment of white marble lying on the surface of the ground a little to the west of that temple. It was afterwards deposited in the Acropolis Museum, where I was able to take a copy and a squeeze by the kind permission of Mr. D. Philios, Ephor of the Acropolis, to whom my warm thanks are due for giving me permission to publish the inscription, as also to Mr. G. P, Stevens of the American School at Athens, who first drew my attention to the discovery of the stone. The fragment in question is 15 m. long, 14 m. broad and 10 m. thick, and contains portions of ten lines.
Third Eteocretan Fragment
Authors: Conway R. S.
Published: October 2013

§ 1. A Welcome addition to our knowledge of this language, the pre-Hellenic speech of Praesos and therefore the direct representative, according to all the traditions, of that spoken at the Court of Minos, was made in the continued explorations of the Altar-hill of Praesos by the British School in June 1904. As the nomos-fragment was found among débris which had fallen from the temple on the top of that hill, Mr. Bosanquet set himself to explore a line of ‘pockets,’ or vertical cavities in the rock along the side of the hill, some distance below the summit. One of these was choked with large pieces of rock which he removed by blasting; and he was rewarded by the discovery underneath of the new and most interesting inscription reproduced here.
Altaegyptische Pflüge, Joche, und andere Landwirtschaftliche Geräte
Authors: Schäfer Heinrich
Published: October 2013

Die Aegyptische Abteilung der königlichen museen zu Berlin besitzt seit dem Jahre 1897 einen altaegyptischen Pflug. Da dieser bisher noch nicht in brauchbarer Form veröffentlicht ist, benutze ich gern die freundliche Aufforderung, ihn hier abzubilden und dabei einiges zu bemerken, was mir bei der Durchsicht des in den Museen erhaltenen oder auf Denkmälern dargestellten ähnlichen Materials aufgefallen ist.

Der Pflug stammt aus der bekannten Nekropole von Drah abu-l-negga auf der Westseite von Theben. Genaueres über die Auffindung und das Grab, in dem er gefunden ist, liess sich indessen nicht ermitteln.
South-Western Laconia–Sites
Authors: Forster Edward S.
Published: October 2013

I propose in this paper to give some account of the topography and existing remains of the district lying between the range of Taygetus and the eastern coast of the Messenian Gulf. The ground covered extends from Pyrgos on the south, some eight kilometres south of Areopolis, to Kalamata.

The sea border of the eastern shore of the Messenian Gulf consists of a narrow shelf of land lying along the foot of Taygetus, which here approaches everywhere nearer to the sea than on the side of the Laconian Gulf. It is everywhere mountainous, and in many places the outlying spurs of Taygetus run abruptly into the sea. Harbours are not infrequent, those of Limeni and Kardamyle being the safest and most commodious. The rivers are mere mountain torrents; water is scarce; the land is everywhere infertile, except here and there, where either a small stretch of plain borders the shore, as at Levctro, or a high plateau overlooks the sea, as at Koutiphari and Platsa; the rich valley of Kampos in the north is the only instance of an inland plain.
South-Western Laconia–Inscriptions
Authors: Forster Edward S.
Published: October 2013

I. Pyrgos: ruined Church of ῾´Αγ.Θεράπων S.E. of village. Funeral stele of red marble, ·35 m. × ·27 m., with apex of pedimental form: letters ·02 m

Γοργιπὶς χαῖρε

For single π cp. Collitz-Bechtel, 4583, 4585a, and Wünsch, Defixionum Tabellae, 36 et saepeΚύδιπος Λεύκιπος etc.).

2. Do.: Church of ῾´Αγ. Γεώργιος N.W. of village. Funeral stele of red marble, ·38 m. x·27 m., letters ·017 m.: built in above door and with cross cut on it.

Κλεπάτρα χαῖρε

Κλεπάτρα for Κλεοπάτρα cp. Θέγειτος(=Θεόγειτος=Θεογείτων) Ath. Mitt. i. 234, No. 7: Θεδωρίς (=Θεοδωρίς) Paris, Elatée, 282, No. 2: Θέτιμος Θέδωρος I.G. vii. saepe: see Meister, Griech. Dialekte, i. 248.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 1.—Nomenclature
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The rapid increase of our knowlege of prehistoric Aegean antiquities has inevitably brought with it the necessity for repeated amplification of nomenclature. In Schliemann's day, and for some time after, ‘Mycenaean’ seemed easily to cover the field. Presently ‘Proto- and Pre-Mycenaean’ had to be invented. Until lately in Crete all bronze-age fabrics were divided (and the division was taken as chronological as well as according to style), into Kamáres and Mycenaean, although considerable overlapping was observed. This division, though roughly not untrue of the bulk of the pottery, is now found to be too general.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 2.—Tà Ἑλληνικά and Early Minoan Discoveries
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Although the slopes of the καστρί had been rifled by native diggers there were indications on the southern side, at a site called Τὰ ῾Ελληνικά that something still remained. The trial pits struck at once two small burial-enclosures, lying close together. The northern of the two proved to be a structure some six by seven metres, with the western wall lacking, divided into two unequal compartments.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 6.—Block π
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

South-east of the part of this block now excavated, the ground falls away rapidly in a terraced slope, and all remains seem to have disappeared. In this direction a limit, or at all events a break, in the continuity of the town has been reached.

Of the first house all that is left is a row of rooms on the East side of Street ξ—π. These rooms go down to a considerable depth, and the remains in them are of the Late Minoan I period, although traces of floor levels some way up the walls show that they formed part of a house occupied at a later date. Above them at the north end of the row is a room at a higher level, probably belonging to the latest period of the town when the rise in level had led to the building of the steps that block the street just north of this point.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 7.—Blocks ς and υ
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

On the hillock to the south of the town a preliminary trial had brought to light a fine vase, and the commanding nature of this part of the site made it a likely position for a fine house. So, notwithstanding the shallowness of the soil as revealed by trial-pits, an area of some 600 sq. m. (Blocks ς and ύ on the plan) was cleared on the highest part of the knoll. The work was well repaid by the discovery of the two exquisitely carved ivory statuettes of boys, which are to be published later, but apart from these nothing of great importance was found.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 9.—The Larnax Burials
Authors: Currelly C. T.
Published: October 2013

In 1904 trial-pits on the cliffs brought to light a group of larnax-burials not far from the one that was found in 1902 and is described in B.S.A. viii. p. 302, and Fig. 17, p. 302. The indications visible were, as then, pieces of limestone set in line. In several cases the burials were found at the bottom of shallow pits, but in the largest group (5–8 on the plan given in Fig. 9) the larnakes had been thrust under a projecting ledge of conglomerate in a hole scooped out to receive them, and the whole covered up with earth.
Inscriptions from Eumeneia
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: October 2013

The following inscriptions, along with a number of others which have been already published, were copied by Mr. A. J. B. Wace in the course of a visit paid to Ishekli, the site of the ancient Eumeneia, in the spring of 1903. Mr. Wace kindly handed his manuscript over to me with leave to publish any inscriptions which were still unknown. My delay in doing so is due to the fact that I had hopes of getting a copy of the closing lines of No. 2, either on a visit which I intended myself to pay to Eumeneia or through the kindness of some friend travelling in Asia Minor. This hope has not hitherto been fulfilled, and I should not feel myself justified in waiting any longer.
A Visit to Skyros
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

In March 1905 I went to Skyros for a week, primarily to see and photograph the Carnival masquerade described in B.S.A. vi. p. 125, by Mr. Lawson. I was there for the last of the three Sundays of Carnival, and the following Monday, when, to the scandal of the Hegoumenos of St. George of Skyros, it being the first day of Lent, the festival is at its height. Although the village sounds with the clatter of the bells of these strange figures all through Carnival, on this last Sunday the masqueraders, of whom Mr. Lawson has given an account, appear in the greatest numbers. A full set consists of three young men, disguised, one as an Old Man (γέρος) one as a Maid (κορέλλα) and one as a Frank (Φράγκος). The Frank's attire differs, but his distinctive features are a sheep-bell tied on at the waist behind, and a conch-shell to blow. He either has a cloth tied over his face, or wears a modern pasteboard mask. The κορέλλα is a boy dressed as a girl, generally with a modern mask, in the festal attire of a Skyrian bride.
II.—Geraki: 3.—Inscriptions
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The following inscriptions were found during the excavations of the School at Geráki in May and June 1905, or are hitherto unpublished inscriptions from the churches in the same town.

Mr. M. N. Tod has most kindly read the proofs and made very many valuable suggestions.
II.—Geraki: Historical Note
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W. , Wace Alan J. B.
Published: October 2013

In connection with the inscription from Geraki (No. 11) published above, and the parallel inscription from Mantinea, it seems worth while to discuss two obscure points. (1) The history ot Demetrius the Fair, the father of Antigonus Doson. (2) The worship of the earlier Diadochi.
A Votive Relief to Asclepius
Authors: Byzantinos G. P.
Published: October 2013

The National Museum of Athens has recently acquired a votive relief of a remarkable and perhaps unique character. It was found in Athens in January, 1904, during the excavation of a cellar in the house of E. Bosnopoulos, situated to the south of the Military Hospital and not far from the Asclepieion, whence it is likely that it was brought. In accordance with the Greek law of antiquities it was deposited in the Museum and has now been set up in the Hall of Votive Reliefs.
Terracotta Plaques from Praesos, East Crete
Authors: Forster Edward S.
Published: October 2013

With the larger terracottas excavated by the British School of Athens at Praesos in 1900 I have already dealt elsewhere (B.S.A. viii. pp. 271 ff.). My purpose here is to treat of the interesting series of plaques discovered during the same excavations, of which I was then only able to give but a summary account. Their interest lies not so much in their artistic merit as in the light they throw on the customs and beliefs of the Eteocretan people during a long period extending from the archaic to the Hellenistic age.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: § 2.—The City Wall
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

One object of the excavations of 1907 was to attempt to determine the course of the city wall, so as to fix the limits within which the buildings mentioned by Pausanias were probably situated. In addition to the part traced by excavation in 1906 along the river bank (General Plan, O 15, 14, P 13, (Pl. I.)) I had observed in other places remains of Greek masonry and other indications which possibly belonged to the city wall. These were accordingly examined by excavation, and with the results thus obtained and the assistance of the stamped tiles which were found in great numbers at one or two points, it has been possible to determine approximately the line of the city wall, and consequently the extent of ancient Sparta.
II.—Topography: §1.—Gythium and the North-West Coast of the Laconian Gulf
Authors: Forster Edward S.
Published: October 2013

I Propose here to discuss briefly the topography of the triangular district which is bounded on the west by the range of Taygetus, on the east by the sea from the mouth of the Eurotas to the Bay of Skutari, and on the north by an imaginary line drawn from the mouth of the Eurotas due west to Taygetus.
A Statute of an Attic Thiasos
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

The following inscription, which was found in the Peiraeus, was acquired by the British Museum in 1906. My warmest thanks are due to Dr. Cecil Smith, Head of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, for his kindness in giving me permission to publish it and supplying me with a copy and squeeze which have greatly facilitated the task.
Supplementary Notes on British Museum Manuscripts Relating to Levantine Geography
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

To some additional notes on this series I have appended the accounts of Chios given in the three unpublished Isolarii, as samples of their style and scope. Chios is chosen as being the native island of Lupaz-zolo, the most important of the three authors.
Damophon of Messene.—II
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

Our information as to Damophon's work at Lycosura is derived partly from Pausanias, and partly from the actual remains of the group. All the existing fragments have now been collected together in the newly-erected museum at Lycosura, and the gratitude of archaeologists is due to the Greek Archaeological Society, and to Dr. Kavvadias, the Ephor-General of Antiquities, for the opportunity thus afforded of seeing all the fragments together under one roof. During the last summer M. Kaloudes has added to his many services in the cause of Greek archaeology the partial restoration of two of the colossal members of the group, under the direction of Dr. Kourouniotis, Ephor of Antiquities for the Western Peloponnese. I am personally indebted to the Greek authorities for the opportunity of studying the fragments before, during, and since this restoration, and of publishing the results of my observations.
Cretan Palaces and the Aegean Civilization. III
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan
Published: October 2013

If we summarize the ethnological evidence from excavation set forth in the previous paper it is to the following effect:—Notwithstanding all the local deviations that appear on the surface, there is no essential distinction of race underlying the civilization reflected by the remains at Tiryns and Mycenae, and that in Crete in the latter part of the Late Minoan Age. This period is represented by the remains of partial occupation of the royal buildings and by the finds from the cemeteries of the same period at Knossos, Phaestos and elsewhere in Crete. On contemplation of the finds belonging to this period, nothing is more striking than the uniform fact that there is in the regular sequence of development no real break as yet with what preceded.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1908; § 1.—The Season's Work
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The work of the School in 1908 was again confined to the site of Sparta, and the continuance of the excavation of the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia demanded the greater part of the time and funds available. In expressing thanks to the Hellenic Government and to the Ephor General of Antiquities, Doctor Kavvadias, for their support and the interest which they have always taken in the work, especial mention must be made this year of the progress in furnishing the new rooms recently added to the Sparta Museum. One of these has now been filled with exhibition cases in which a representative series of the new finds has been placed, so labelled as to enable visitors to form some idea of the results of the excavation and the fresh light which it throws upon the art of early Sparta. The Hellenic Government was again ably represented at the excavation by Mr. Gerasimos Kapsalis.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1908 § 4.—Archaic Terracottas from the Sanctuary of Orthia
Authors: Farrell Jerome
Published: October 2013

During the three seasons of the excavation at the Hieron of Artemis Orthia about a thousand fragments of terracottas have been found. A number of these were discovered in the bank of the Eurotas or in the disturbed upper levels in the sixth-century temple, but the great majority came to light in the systematic digging of the precincts. Wherever possible, approximate dates for each type are given below, calculated in the light of Mr. Droop's analysis of the pottery, and of the relation of the finds to the epoch of the building of the second temple, now fixed at about B.C. 600.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1908 § 7.—A Third-Century Marble Head
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

The head illustrated in Figure 1 was found by Mr. Woodward in trenching along the face of the late Roman walls to the east of the big Southern Tower. It is of bluish local marble and ·26 m. high. The face is well preserved, but the top and back of the head are missing. This, as shewn to some extent by the photograph, is due to the fact that the back of the head is cut with four intersecting planes.
South-Eastern Elements in the Pre-Historic Civilization of Servia
Authors: Vassits Miloje M.
Published: October 2013

The geographical position of Servia lends great importance to its pre-historic finds, because on their correct interpretation and understanding depends the solution of many pre-historic problems. I hope that this paper may, at any rate, prepare the way for such a solution; its subject is the south-eastern element in the pre-historic civilization of Servia, so far as this has been established by investigation. The task has been greatly facilitated by the excavations carried out at Vinča in 1908.
Excavations at Melos—The East Gate
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

This excavation was undertaken with a view to determining the position of one of the town-gates. Although there are considerable remains of the fortifications, no gate of the ancient town was visible above ground. It was evident that the discovery of the gates, and consequently of the roads, would afford the best clues to internal and external topography.

Description of the Site.—Melos, as the map shows, possesses one of the finest natural harbours in the Ægean. The ancient town, like the cluster of modern villages, lay on high ground east of the straits by which the nearly landlocked bay is entered.
The Palace of Knossos
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: October 2013

When operations opened at Knossos, on February 23, 1903, it seemed to me at first sight probable that a comparatively short Campaign would exhaust the resources of the Palace Site, although the work entailed by the search for the tombs might itself be of gradual execution and uncertain quantity. But the site itself proved still inexhaustible, especially in its lower strata. The region of which the exploration had still to be completed on the South-East was supplemented by an unexpected extension of the site on the North-West, including the Theatral Area. Annexes, like a neighbouring building in the same quarter, proved of interminable extent and rich in contents, including a hoard of magnificent bronze vessels. What is practically an important dépendance of the Palace, described in this Report as the ‘Royal Villa,’ opened out to the North-East, and in addition to this, lower floor-levels, comprising deposits of extra-ordinary interest, were struck at a great number of points within the already excavated area of the Later Palace.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 2.—The Town
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The prehistoric town at Roussolakkos was laid out in regular blocks, each containing several houses. We went on the system of following up the streets and ascertaining the extent of an insula before excavating it. The blocks are named β, γ, δ and so on, and to each room as it is opened up a number is given, the Greek alphabet being used in order to avoid confusion with the letters and numbers by which the squares on the plan are denominated.

The excavated area was surveyed by Mr R. M. Dawkins, who has prepared an excellent plan on which the walls of different periods are so far as possible distinguished; but another season must elapse before the problems of stratification can be handled with absolute confidence. The simplified copy reproduced in this provisional report has been redrawn from Mr Dawkins' plan by Herr Seyk, draughtsman to the German Archaeological Institute at Athens. The majority of the drawings of vases in this report are also Mr Dawkins' work, the remainder being by Mr Currelly and Mr Halvor Bagge.

It should be noted that in the following articles we have adopted a conventional orientation following that of the plan; north, south, east, and west are used as though the top of the plan were due north.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 6.—Block δ
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

This block, although not fully uncovered, is already the largest yet found (area 1800 sq. m.). It contains several houses, one being in point of architecture the finest yet found. Unfortunately this excellence has led to much destruction, for the freestone blocks used in the best walls are prized as building material by the modern inhabitants. In consequence much of this insula, especially the West end, is completely ruined. There has also been much rebuilding, by which the level has been raised. Thus the fine pavement of the main street in front of this block is secondary: the earlier street was at the level of the bottom of the gutter, which is in fact formed of the part of the earlier pavement left uncovered by the construction of the new way.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 8.—The Pottery
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

§1.—A very great quantity of pottery has been found in the two seasons' work at Palaikastro. It will give an idea of the amount to say that in the season of 1903 about 650 vases were found more or less complete, of which 160 come from the cemeteries and the rest from the houses. In addition the Roussolakkos site yielded great quantities of fragments. From fifty to eighty baskets full were brought in daily. All the sherds were washed, a record kept of their nature, and the more interesting kept as samples. The rest were piled in labelled heaps for future reference or search.

In giving an account of this pottery it will be best to follow as far as possible a chronological order in dealing with the various fabrics. Both in this and in other ways, Dr Mackenzie's article, ‘The Pottery of Knossos,’ J.H.S. xxiii, p. 157, which has been followed here as closely as possible, has cleared the way very much. The article on the ‘Pottery from Zakro,’ J.H.S. xxiii, p. 248, was unfortunately written before it appeared.

Setting down in chronological order the places from which the pottery came, we have:—

I. The cave-burials of H. Nikolaos, with their hand-made pottery of very early shapes.

II. The Kamáres cemeteries. These include (a) The burials on the gravel ridge described in B.S.A. viii. p. 290. These as a whole are the earliest of all. (b) The large bone-enclosure, shewn in B.S.A. viii. p. 291, Fig. 5. (c) The bone-enclosure at Patema.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 11.—Human Remains at Hagios Nikolaos
Authors: Duckworth W. L. H.
Published: October 2013

About a week after my arrival at Palaikastro, Mr Tod having made preliminary investigations resulting in the discovery of human crania associated with pottery of a very early period at Hagios Nikolaos, it was suggested that I should visit the locality. The present report contains an account of the results of my examination made in accordance with that suggestion. The date was April 3rd, 1903, and some final notes were added on April 8th, 1903. The simple building dignified by the title of Hagios Nikolaos is placed about five miles inland from the shore of Grandes Bay, hidden in a perfect labyrinth of intersecting valleys and ravines. The particular glen, on the southern slope of which the church is situated, runs, generally speaking, east and west, but turns at either extremity eastwards, running first to the south and then sharply resuming an eastward direction; while the western end, the head of the valley, trends slightly to the north.

A steep ascent across a couple of fields above the church brings one to the foot of the rocks forming the southern boundary of the valley, where the familiar local structure of an easily-weathered limestone is met with at once. Thence one must scramble up among great masses of lentisk and carob, with numerous thyme and sage bushes, in the interstices of fallen boulders, till, at about sixty feet above the foot of the scarp, one arrives at a cleft which gives access (cf. Fig. 1.A), to the ‘cave’ discovered by Mr Tod.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 12.—Ossuaries at Roussolakkos
Authors: Duckworth W. L. H.
Published: October 2013

The following account is practically identical with section (a) of my Report to the Cretan Committee of the British Association (cf. Reports, Section H, 1903, Southport meeting). On the 26th March, 1903, the day of my arrival at Palaikastro, I commenced work on the ossuary discovered and partially excavated in the preceding year (cf. Report by R. C. Bosanquet, in Man, 1902). The work consisted in exposing the crania in the several compartments of that enclosure, and I soon found that the only reliable method of obtaining satisfactory cranial measurements was to clear away the surrounding earth from each skull and to measure while the specimen was still in situ. Subsequently, each skull (to the number of about thirty) was carefully removed, and then, moistened paper having been spread over and around it, a covering of plaster of Paris was finally applied: in this way it was hoped to render the skulls less liable to destruction in the transit to Candia or to such other destination as might be determined upon.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 13.—The Sanctuary-site of Petsofà
Authors: Myres J. L.
Published: October 2013

The plain and bay of Palaikastro are bounded on the south by an abrupt ridge of hills, which run out seaward into a prominent cape. Landwards, this ridge is cut off from the mass which culminates in Mt. Simódhi by a northward and a southward valley, which carry an almost impassable track from the Palaikastro plain to the cove of Karoúmes. The highest peak of this ridge, which bears the name of Petsofà, stands directly south of Roussolakkos, and rises steeply above it to a height of 270 metres. Southwards beyond the summit the slope is at first more gentle, but becomes abrupt about a quarter of a mile further on, and drops rapidly to sea-level on the south side of the promontory. The actual summit is formed by a ragged crest of limestone, precipitous on the north side, and descending less rapidly southwards into the general slope already mentioned.

Some 10–15 m. down this face, however, the natural slope of the ground is interrupted by a zig-zag terrace-wall, ABCDE, which still stands some 2·5 m. high at its external angle C, and holds up an artificial platform of made-earth within it. The little enclosure which lies against its outer face between C and D is wholly modern, though built almost wholly of ancient stones from the walls above: the older workmen described it as a ‘look-out,’ but it seemed also to have served as a sheep-pen.
Excavations at Schimatari and Dilisi in Boeotia
Authors: Brown A. C. B.
Published: October 2013

These excavations arose out of the discovery by Professor Burrows, of an inscription built into the wall of the church of H. Dimitrios near Schimatari Station. This inscription, which was published by him in the last number of the Annual, was the base of his provisional identification of this site with that of the Temple of Apollo at Delium. Excavation was rendered possible by a grant from the Craven Committee at Oxford and proved that the identification was not supported by archaeological evidence. The excavation of other sites in the more immediate neighbourhood of Dilisi, a village on the coast which has generally been considered to occupy the position of the ancient Delium, led also to purely negative results, but as the sites excavated at Dilisi included all the places at which ancient remains are known to have existed, and most of the places which might naturally have been chosen as temple-sites, the excavations have at least cleared the ground for future investigators.
Damophon of Messene
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

Our knowledge of Damophon of Messene is primarily derived from the fragments of the great group made by him for the temple of Despoina at Lycosura, and discovered there by M. Cavvadias during the excavations undertaken in the summer of 1889. The best known fragments are the three heads and the piece of embroidered drapery in the National Museum at Athens, but a great number of smaller pieces exist in the magazines at Athens and in the museum recently erected at Lycosura.

From Pausanias we learn that Damophon erected many statues in Messene and in the sanctuary of the Great Goddesses at Megalopolis; that he worked at Aigion and Lycosura; and that he was entrusted with the repairs of the Zeus of Pheidias at Olympia. There is no mention of Damophon in other classical writers.
I.—Mediaeval Fortresses
Authors: Traquair Ramsay
Published: October 2013

The troubled state of the Peloponnesus during the Middle Ages left its mark on no buildings more evidently than on its castles. Each successive owner obtained his title at the cost of some part of the building, and his first thought on gaining possession was either to strengthen the fortress he had just captured, or to dismantle it utterly and leave behind him a useless pile of ruins. Military architecture too, is little influenced by respect for the past and the more important castles must have been frequently modernised, so but little is left of their original structure. The lack of those ornamental details which are the main clue to the age of more elaborate buildings renders a classification of the different types of plan and of masonry of some importance; where mouldings or other details are found their evidence is usually conclusive, but in their absence we must be guided by the form of the plan and by the masonry.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 5.—The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The traveller who approaches Sparta from the north and crosses the Eurotas by the new bridge (P. 12) sees before him a series of low rounded hills which extend across his path in the form of a crescent and hide from his view the modern town. Straight before him the ragged core of the Byzantine fortification wall rises on the crest of the hill, and a bridle-path which climbs the steep slope to the old North Gate of the Byzantine Acropolis (M. 13. 14) is still the shortest way from the bridge to the modern town. The carriage road bends to the left, and runs parallel with the Eurotas for over half a mile through low-lying meadows, then rises to cross the south-eastern horn of the crescent and forthwith turns inland. It is at this point, where the line of heights sinks towards the river and ends in a tongue-shaped precipitous promontory, that the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia has been found (O. 15). North and north-west of this rocky tongue the ground between high-road and river sinks towards a hollow which in luxuriant fertility surpasses even the water-meadows, with their deep crops of vetch and clover, that line the bank higher up. Olives give place to mulberry-trees, and we enter a garden full of cucumber- and melonbeds, oranges and young peach-trees.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 12.—The Roman Stoa and the later Fortifications
Authors: Traquair Ramsay
Published: October 2013

In plan the walls surrounding the Acropolis of Sparta form an irregular oblong, terminated to the east and west by two small hills which formed citadels or outlook points. Though no single complete part remains, and in many places the walls are levelled to the ground, the lines can still be traced fairly completely. (Plate VIII. 3.)

At the south eastern corner are the ruins of a Roman Stoa of the Imperial period (A). They shew a series of small compartments (Fig. 1), covered with barrel vaults, ten on either side of three larger central rooms, which are roofed with crossgroined vaults and large semicircular niches at the back. The ground on the north side is as high as the vaults and originally must have formed a terrace overlooking the street on to which the Stoa opened on its south side.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 13.—Topographical Conclusions
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

It is not intended in the present preliminary report to discuss controversial questions of Spartan topography. The solution of some of these will be provided, it is to be hoped, by our future excavations on the site. It is permissible, however, to dwell for a short time on the position of the Acropolis and the Agora, since the information of Pausanias and the results of last year's work are sufficient, in my opinion, to establish their identity.

That the whole surface of the Palaeocastro hill should have been called the Acropolis is unlikely. A passage in Thucydides renders its position on the theatre-hill, or western summit, almost certain. From this passage we learn that Pausanias, the king of Sparta during the Persian wars, was buried ἐν τῷ προτεμενίσματι or, as the Scholiast explains ἐν τῷ προπυλαίῳἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ ἰεροῦ προαστείῳ. The Hieron referred to is the temple of Athena Chalkioikos on the Acropolis, and we know that the tomb of Pausanias was opposite the theatre. We may thus legitimately infer that the temple of Athena stood on the theatre-hill.
II—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 14.—Inscriptions from the Altar, the Acropolis, and other Sites
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The writing is neat, and the forms suggest the third century B.C. as a possible date. The sense is doubtful.
The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, 1911: § 1.—Introduction
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

In the spring of 1910 the work which had engaged the School at Sparta since 1906 was brought to an end, and it was decided to devote a season to a supplementary excavation at the prehistoric site of Phylakopi in Melos, the scene of the School's activity from 1896 to 1899. These dates are of some significance; the work in Crete, which has revolutionised our ideas of the Bronze Age in the Aegean, was only begun in 1900 with the first work at Knossos, and on the mainland of Greece the recent work of the German Institute at Tiryns, the Greek and German work at Chaironea and Orchomenos in Boiotia, and the prehistoric researches in Thessaly and North Greece, first of Tsountas at Dimini and Sesklo and later, over a much enlarged field, of Mr. Wace and his colleagues, had none of them been even begun when the first excavation at Phylakopi was closed in 1899. It was in fact the first important prehistoric excavation in Greece since the death of Schliemann. Few comparisons with other sites were therefore possible; the results of the work of Schliemann and of his successors at Mycenae and the researches in the Cyclades published by Tsountas were the main guides for Mr. Edgar in his pioneer work on the pottery from Phylakopi.
A Tholos Tomb at Kirk Kilisse
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

In the rather uninteresting landscape of the Thracian plains artificial mounds are almost everywhere a conspicuous feature. These mounds have long attracted the attention of archaeologists, but, on the Turkish side of the frontier at least, few have been scientifically explored. In Eastern Rumelia, where considerably more has been done, excavation has shewn that a large proportion of the mounds are places of burial, others representing, like the Thessalian magoules, prehistoric settlements, and others again sites of ancient watch-towers or even of Turkish camps.

The neighbourhood of Kirk Kilisse, some thirty-five miles east of Adrianople, boasts its full share of these monuments. About half an hour south of the town is a group of three tumuli in a line running W.S.W. and E.N.E. All are said to have been excavated by the Russians during the campaigns of 1828 and 1878. The southernmost tomb of the group remains open, shewing the arrangement of the tomb-chamber and its approach.
Damophon of Messene.—III
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

Had I been aware, when I published the reconstruction of the great group of Damophon at Lycosura in volume xiii. of this Annual, that there was even then lying under lock and key in the National Museum of Athens a coin bearing on its reverse a representation of that very group, such misgivings as I had about the correctness of my reconstruction would have been greatly intensified.

The lucky re-discovery of this coin (Fig. 1) and its publication by M. Staïs in the last number of the Journal International d'Archéologie Numismatique afford an embarrassing opportunity for testing the value of the reconstruction, in which M. Staïs has treated me with great consideration. Before discussing his analysis of the coin, I should like to express to him my gratitude for acquainting me so promptly with its discovery and providing me with a cast.
The First English Traveller's Account of Athos
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

John Covel, afterwards Master of Christ's College, Cambridge, visited Athos from Lemnos on his way from Constantinople to England in the spring of 1677. His letter of recommendation from Nointel (which he hoped might be of use if he fell amongst French ‘privateers’) and his circular letter to the monasteries from Manolaki Petrovitzes are preserved in his correspondence.

The Athos notes are bound partly in the Folio MS. (Add. 22, 912) and partly in the Quarto (Add. 22, 914). They are very hastily written and ill arranged. I have therefore taken considerable liberties with the text, revising punctuation, resolving contractions, and (for the convenience of the reader) often transcribing words written wholly or partly in the Greek character; such words are indicated by italics.