bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-Imagining the Morality of Management: A Modern Virtue Ethics Approach
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: July 2012

In this paper the problematic nature of the morality of management, in particular related to business organisations operating under Anglo-American capitalism, is explored. MacIntyre’s critique of managers in After Virtue (1985) serves as the starting point but this critique is itself subjected to analysis leading to a more balanced and contemporary view of the morality of management than MacIntyre provides. Paradoxically perhaps, MacIntyre’s own virtues-goods-practice-institution schema is shown to provide a way of re-imagining business organisations and management and thereby holds out the possibility of resolving the issue of the morality of management within such organisations. Implications for management practice are drawn out.
The Separation Thesis: Perhaps Nine Lives are Enough
Authors: Dienhart John W.
Published: July 2012

Is business intimately related to ethics or can the two be separated? I argue that examining this question by focusing on how the two areas might be separated is logically flawed. Examining how business and ethics are connected, however, can bear fruit. This examination shows that business is a proper subset of ethics. Understanding this intimate connection has two practical benefits. It removes the seemingly incommensurable conflict between financial and ethical responsibilities of managers and it gives us new and positive insights into Milton Friedman’s view that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.
The Tide is Turning on the Separation Thesis?: A Response to Commentators
Authors: Sandberg Joakim
Published: July 2012

In my article “Understanding the Separation Thesis” I noted that most scholars in the business ethics field seemed to have accepted R. Edward Freeman’s argument to the effect that what he calls “the separation thesis” should be rejected. I argue, however, that they seemed to understand this thesis (and its rejection) in quite different ways. This volume contains three responses to my article which, interestingly enough, can be taken to corroborate my original argument. I here make some brief comments on these responses.
Private Political Authority and Public Responsibility: Transnational Politics, Transnational Firms, and Human Rights
Authors: Kobrin Stephen J.
Published: July 2012

Transnational corporations have become actors with significant political power and authority which should entail responsibility and liability, specifically direct liability for complicity in human rights violations. Holding TNCs liable for human rights violations is complicated by the discontinuity between the fragmented legal/political structure of the TNC and its integrated strategic reality and the international state system which privileges sovereignty and non-intervention over the protection of individual rights. However, the post-Westphalian transition—the emergence of multiple authorities, increasing ambiguity of borders and jurisdiction and blurring of the line between the public and private spheres—should facilitate imposing direct responsibility on transnational firms. Mechanisms for imposing direct responsibility on TNCs are considered including voluntary agreements and international law. However, I conclude that a hybrid public-private regime which relies on non-hierarchical compliance mechanisms is likely to be both more effective and consistent with the structure of the emerging transnational order.
Understanding the Role of Moral Principles in Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective
Authors: Smith Jeffery , Dubbink Wim
Published: July 2012

Does effective moral judgment in business ethics rely upon the identification of a suitable set of moral principles? We address this question by examining a number of criticisms of the role that principles can play in moral judgment. Critics claim that reliance on principles requires moral agents to abstract themselves from actual circumstances, relationships and personal commitments in answering moral questions. This is said to enforce an artificial uniformity in moral judgment. We challenge these critics by developing an account of principle-based moral judgment that has been widely discussed by contemporary Kantian scholars. In so doing we respond to some basic problems raised by so-called “moral particularists” who voice theoretical objections to the role of principles as well as to contemporary business ethicists who have criticized principle-based moral judgment along similar lines. We conclude with some future areas of research.
Organizational Virtue Orientation and Family Firms
Authors: Payne G. Tyge , Brigham Keith H. , Broberg J. Christian , Moss Todd W. , Short Jeremy C.
Published: July 2012

This manuscript develops the concept of organizational virtue orientation (OVO) and examines differences between family and non-family firms on the six organizational virtue dimensions of Integrity, Empathy, Warmth, Courage, Conscientiousness, and Zeal. Using content analysis of shareholder letters fromS&P 500companies, our analyses find that there are significant differences between family and non-family firms in their espoused OVO, with family firms generally being higher. Specifically, family firms were significantly higher on the dimensions of Empathy, Warmth, and Zeal, but lower on Courage. Based on these findings we further develop the OVO concept through the discussion of implications and areas for future research.
Ethics in the Family Firm: Cohesion through Reciprocity and Exchange
Authors: Long Rebecca G. , Mathews K. Michael
Published: July 2012

The ubiquity of family dominated firms in economies worldwide suggests that inquiry into the nature of the ethical frames of these types of firms is increasingly important. In the context of a social exchange approach and the norm of reciprocity, this manuscript addresses social cohesion in a dominant family firm coalition. It is argued that the factors underlying this cohesion, direct versus indirect reciprocity, shape unique attributes of family firms such as intentions for transgenerational sustainability, the pursuit of non-economic goals, and strong interpersonal ties. Exchange structures, represented by direct and indirect reciprocity, lead family and non-family firms toward development of distinctive ethical frames of reference.
Drivers of Proactive Environmental Strategy in Family Firms
Authors: Sharma Pramodita , Sharma Sanjay
Published: July 2012

Globally, family firms are the dominant organizational form. Family involvement in business and unique family dynamics impacts organizational strategy and performance. However, family control of business has rarely been adopted as a discriminating variable in the organizations and the natural environment (ONE) research field. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior we develop a conceptual framework of the drivers of proactive environmental strategy (PES) in family firms. We argue that family involvement in business influences the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control of a firm’s dominant coalition. Together these factors determine the extent of the dominant coalition’s intentions to undertake PES. Further, family firms with lower levels of relationship conflict within the controlling family will be more successful in translating the dominant coalition’s intentions to allocate resources for the pursuit of PES. Research implications of the theory are discussed.
On the Trail of the Lonesome Pine: Archaeological Paradigms and the Chaco “Tree of Life“
Authors: Wills W. H.
Published: July 2012

The great houses of Chaco Canyon (ca. A.D. 850–1150) are widely assumed to represent cosmological meaning through the orientation of walls and other features to celestial events. Archaeological models of such relationships are considered cosmographic. A prominent feature of these models is a lone pine tree at Pueblo Bonito that has been interpreted as a “tree of life” symbolically connecting the physical and heavenly worlds. This study suggests that this interpretation is inconsistent with contextual data and should be dismissed. Future cosmographic research in Chaco should endeavor to develop methods of independent verification that will strengthen inferences about cosmological symbolism in architecture.
Early Woodland Ritual use of Caves in Eastern North America
Authors: Crothers George M.
Published: July 2012

Mammoth and Salts caves in west-central Kentucky were Intensively mined for gypsum and other sulfate minerals during the Early Woodland period (ca. 1000–200 B.C.). I propose that this mining was part of a larger ritual performance assodated with the initiation of adolescent males into adulthood. Drawing on ethnological literature, I suggest that, beginning in the Early Woodland, caves became integral settings for male rites of passage. This argument is based on (1) ethnographic examples of male initiation that invokes the use of caves for secrecy and seclusion, (2) fecal steroid analysis that indicates exclusive male activity, (3) medicinal use of cave minerals as a purgative, (4) evidence of sensory deprivation and possible use of psychotropic substances to heighten states of consciousness, and (5) collection of gypsum as a symbolic marker of transitional rites. Using an institutional economic approach, I further suggest that Early Woodland ritual cave use is correlated with the formation of new social institutions and new forms of property relations stemming from the emergence of horticultural economies in the Eastern Woodlands.
Differential Temporal and Spatial Preservation of Archaeological Sites in a Great Lakes Coastal Zone
Authors: Lovis William A. , Monaghan G. William , Arbogast Alan F. , Forman Steven L.
Published: July 2012

Analysis of regional site taphonomy that incorporates depositional and postdepositional histories has become increasingly important in understanding the nature of preserved site populations and the strategies necessary for their discovery. We applied a systematic archival and field strategy directed at understanding such taphonomic processes in the coastal sand dunes of the northern and eastern Lake Michigan basin, and coupled these with a tactically directed program of OSL, 14C, and AMS dating. We demonstrate that long-term geological processes including lake level variation, episodic dune activation and stabilization, and the long-term effects of postglacial isostatic adjustments have markedly affected the potential for preservation of sites in coastal dune contexts over time and across subregions of the basin. Preservation potential for different time periods in coastal dunes is largely not synchronous with that of southern Michigan floodplains, posing substantial inferential problems. The archaeology of coastal dunes specifically, and coastal zones generally, must be used with extreme caution when cast against archaeological data from landforms with different formation processes and histories. While particularly true for the Great Lakes region, these results have implications for regional research broadly.
Catalytic Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Activated Phenols and 4‐Oxo‐4‐arylbutenoates
Authors: Bai Sha , Liu Xiaohua , Wang Zhen , Cao Weidi , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: July 2012

A highly enantioselective Friedel–Crafts reaction of activated phenols with (E)‐4‐oxo‐4‐arylbutenoates has been developed with the N,N′‐dioxide‐scandium(III) complex as the catalyst. A variety of (E)‐4‐oxo‐4‐arylbutenoates were found to be suitable substrates for the reaction. The desired products were obtained in moderate to high yields (up to 98%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).
Glucose transporter 1 deficiency in the idiopathic generalized epilepsies
Authors: Arsov Todor , Mullen Saul A. , Rogers Sue , Phillips A. Marie , Lawrence Kate M. , Damiano John A. , Goldberg‐Stern Hadassa , Afawi Zaid , Kivity Sara , Trager Chantal , Petrou Steven , Berkovic Samuel F. , Scheffer Ingrid E.
Published: July 2012

Objective:

We examined whether glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency causes common idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs).

Methods:

The IGEs are common, heritable epilepsies that usually follow complex inheritance; currently little is known about their genetic architecture. Previously considered rare, GLUT1 deficiency, due to mutations in SLC2A1, leads to failure of glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier and inadequate glucose for brain metabolism. GLUT1 deficiency was first associated with an encephalopathy and more recently found in rare dominant families with epilepsy and paroxysmal exertional dyskinesia (PED). Five hundred four probands with IGEs and 470 controls underwent SLC2A1 sequencing. Glucose transport was assayed following expression of SLC2A1 variants in Xenopus oocytes. All available relatives were phenotyped, and SLC2A1 was sequenced.

Results:

Functionally validated mutations in SLC2A1 were present in 7 of 504 (1.4%) probands and 0 of 470 controls. PED, undiagnosed prior to study, occurred in 1 proband and 3 of 13 relatives with mutations. The IGEs in probands and relatives were indistinguishable from typical IGE. Three cases (0.6%) had mutations of large functional effect and showed autosomal dominant inheritance or were de novo. Four (0.8%) cases had a subtle functional effect; 2 showed possible dominant inheritance, and 2 did not. These alleles leading to subtle functional impairment may contribute to complex, polygenic inheritance of IGE.

Interpretation:

SLC2A1 mutations contribute to approximately 1% of IGE both as a dominant gene and as a susceptibility allele in complex inheritance. Diagnosis of GLUT1 deficiency has important treatment (ketogenic diet) and genetic counseling implications. The mechanism of restricted glucose delivery differs from the current focus on IGEs as ion channel disorders. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:807–815
Viscosity, pH, and moisture effect in the porosity of poly(furfuryl alcohol)
Authors: Oishi Silvia Sizuka , Rezende Mirabel Cerqueira , Origo Fábio Dondeo , Damião Alvaro José , Botelho Edson Cocchieri
Published: July 2012

The poly(furfuryl alcohol) is highly indicated to obtain advanced carbonaceous materials due mainly to its good carbon yield (around 50%) and a controllable cure reaction. In the processing of some carbonaceous materials, such as monolithic vitreous carbon, it is necessary to make sure that the material has the smallest porosity to be used in nobler applications such as heart valves and aerospace integrated systems. In this manuscript, a design of experiments was used to study the influence of viscosity, pH, and moisture in the porosity of the cured material. This study shows that the moisture exerts a significant influence on the porosity and the trend of the results lead to conclude that lower viscosity and moisture, and the use of non‐neutralized poly(furfuryl alcohol) resins lead to obtain materials with better quality. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Computer‐assisted learning in anatomy at the International Medical School in Debrecen, Hungary: A preliminary report
Authors: Kish Gary , Cook Samuel A. , Kis Gréta
Published: July 2012

The University of Debrecen's Faculty of Medicine has an international, multilingual student population with anatomy courses taught in English to all but Hungarian students. An elective computer‐assisted gross anatomy course, the Computer Human Anatomy (CHA), has been taught in English at the Anatomy Department since 2008. This course focuses on an introduction to anatomical digital images along with clinical cases. This low‐budget course has a large visual component using images from magnetic resonance imaging and computer axial tomogram scans, ultrasound clinical studies, and readily available anatomy software that presents topics which run in parallel to the university's core anatomy curriculum. From the combined computer images and CHA lecture information, students are asked to solve computer‐based clinical anatomy problems in the CHA computer laboratory. A statistical comparison was undertaken of core anatomy oral examination performances of English program first‐year medical students who took the elective CHA course and those who did not in the three academic years 2007–2008, 2008–2009, and 2009–2010. The results of this study indicate that the CHA‐enrolled students improved their performance on required anatomy core curriculum oral examinations (P < 0.001), suggesting that computer‐assisted learning may play an active role in anatomy curriculum improvement. These preliminary results have prompted ongoing evaluation of what specific aspects of CHA are valuable and which students benefit from computer‐assisted learning in a multilingual and diverse cultural environment. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Synchronization and Adaptive Anti‐Synchronization Control for Lorenz Systems under Channel Noise with Applications
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Jian‐Ping , Zheng Weixing
Published: July 2012

This paper studies synchronization and adaptive anti‐synchronization control for Lorenz systems with applications to secure communication, where the transmission channel is subject to noise disturbance and the parameters of the Lorenz systems are allowed to be uncertain. Based on the methods of the Lyapunov function, input‐to‐state stability theory, nonlinear parametric variation, and the Barbalat Lemma, estimates for errors of synchronization and adaptive anti‐synchronization are derived. These estimates help to design the feedback control and adaptive control laws with relatively small synchronization error bounds. Moreover, the information signal error in secure communication is also derived, which is used to design a secure communication scheme with a lower disturbance from channel noise and with higher security. Simulations are given to demonstrate the results.
Frequency‐domain fluorescence spectroscopy; principles, biochemical applications and future developments
Authors: Lakowicz Joseph R. , Laczko Gabor , Gryczynski Ignacy , Szmacinski Henryk , Wiczk Wieslaw , Johnson Michael L.
Published: July 2012

Time‐resolved fluorescence decays are frequently used for the characterization of biological macromolecules. Such data are usually obtained by measurements of the time‐dependent emission from samples excited with brief pulses of light. In this article we describe an alternative method, in which the time‐resolved emission is determined from the frequency‐response of the emission to intensity modulated light, a method we call frequency‐domain fluorometry. We describe the principles of this method, the instrumentation, and the methods used to analyze the data. We then describe the use of this method to recover the complex decays resulting from conformational distributions of flexible molecules and segmental mobility of aromatic residues in proteins. The present instrumentation allows measurements to 2 GHz, which has been used to measure rotational correlation times as short as 7 ps. In the future it may be possible to extend the frequency range to 6 GHz which should allow still faster processes to be quantified. It should be emphasized that the GHz frequency‐domain measurements are performed using low excitation intensities which do not damage the samples.
A thermodynamic description of quasibinary systems based on a four particle cluster model
Authors: Leute Volkmar
Published: July 2012

A cluster model considering four particle interactions between nearest neighbours is used to calculate the excess free enthalpy of quasibinary solid solutions of type M(XlY(1‐l)). By a quasichemical interpretation of the cluster variation it is shown, that the real behaviour of the solid solution depends uniquely on the association energy of the nearest neighbour pairs XX or YY. The relations between the experimentally determined interaction energies and the cluster energies, as derived for the random distribution assumption, hold good as long as the association energies are small compared to the thermal energy. — By means of the examples Pb(Te, S) and Br(Na, Li) it is demonstrated, that the random distribution assumption is a good approximation for the calculation of the miscibility gap unless the temperature is near the critical temperature.
A study of relative stability
Authors: Chou (Zhou Guo‐Zhi) Kuo‐Chih
Published: July 2012

The formula for calculating the relative stability of the solution for the binary system involving an intermediate compound has been presented, and an analysis concerning all three kinds of stability has been made. The investigation shows that, the compositions corresponding to three kinds of stability peak in the central region of composition axis normally should be close to each other. Upon combining advantages of all three kinds of stability, a new quantity, so called “relative excess stability”, has been suggested. The formula presented here has been applied to the Mg—Si binary solution.
Reaction between C6H5(CH3)CHOO• and HO•2 radicals in liquid phase. I. Product study at 371 K
Authors: Móger G. , Gál D.
Published: July 2012

Both 1‐phenylethyl peroxy (HRO•2) and HO•2 radicals were generated simultaneously by the photochemical interaction of triplet anthraquinone (TQ) with ethylbenzene (RH2) at 371 K and the quantum yields of product formations have been measured. Evidences have been presented that the interaction of HO•2 and HRO•2 radicals yields alkoxy radicals (HRO•) and comparison has been carried out between the reaction of hydrogen abstraction by HRO•2 leading to alcohol and the reaction of β‐scission of HRO•, producing benzaldehyde.—According to the measurements k/kβ = 0.3 ± 0.1 M−1.
Effect of Temperature on the Ion‐Solvent Interactions in Water‐Urea Mixtures from Volume Data
Authors: Woldan Marian
Published: July 2012

Densities of solutions of NaCl, NaI, KCl, KBr, and CsCl in three mixtures containing 10 wt% (3.22 mol%), 20 wt% (6.98 mol%) and 30 wt% (11.39 mol%) urea in water have been measured at 333.15 K using the magnetic float densitometer. The apparent molal volumes of the electrolytes calculated from the experimental data were extrapolated to infinite dilution by means of the Masson equation. The ionic partial molal volumes of alkali‐metal and halide ions have been estimated. The partial molal volumes of transfer of ions from water to water‐urea mixtures were separated into the two components: V̄0elect(tr) and V̄0disord(tr). The effect of urea and temperature on V̄0elect(tr) and V̄0disord(tr) in the temperature range 298.15–333.15 K is discussed.
A p‐V‐T Surface for Trifluoromethane
Authors: Rubio Ramón G. , Zollweg John A. , Streett William B.
Published: July 2012

The density of trifluoromethane has been measured from 126 to 332 K and up to 1000 bar. The results have been correlated in terms of the Strobridge equation of state, and compared with results from the literature. The ability of other semitheoretical equations of state to fit the data has been tested, as well as a variational theory. The spinodal curve has been estimated from the expansivity data.
Absorption and Phosphorescence Spectra of Xanthone: Dimer and Tetramer Formations at Low Temperatures
Authors: Hoshi Toshihiko , Okubo Jun , Sakaguchi Yoshikazu , Kobayashi Michio , Inoue Hiroyasu
Published: July 2012

Absorption spectra of xanthone have been measured in polyethylene film, a 1:1 mixture of methanol and ethanol, a 1:1 mixture of methylcyclohexane and isopentane (MP) at various temperatures. It is found that xanthone forms dimer and tetramer in MP at low temperatures. As for the dimer, phosphorescence and its excitation spectra have been observed. From comparison of the observed and the MO calculated results, assignment of the electronic bands has been made. The 0‐0 bands of the first electronic transitions of monomer, dimer, and tetramer in MP are at 334.6 nm (room temperature), 346.7 nm (132 K), and 357.7 nm (101 K), respectively. The structure of the dimer is considered to be a C2 sandwich type.
The Electric Field Gradients at the Nitrogen and Chlorine Sites in 1,2,4,5‐Tetrachloro‐3,6‐Dinitrobenzene and 1,3,5‐Trichloro‐2,4‐Dinitrobenzene. A 14N NMR and 35Cl NQR Single Crystal Study
Authors: Wigand Silvia , Weiden Norbert , Weiss Alarich
Published: July 2012

35Cl and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors were determined at 295 K for 1,2,4,5‐tetrachloro‐3,6‐dinitrobenzene and 1,3,5‐trichloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene. The Zeeman split single crystal 35Cl NQR gives the quadrupole coupling constant e2qQh−1(35Cl) = 76.937(4) MHz and the asymmetry parameter η(35Cl) = 0.1207(5) for 1,2,4,5‐tetrachloro‐3,6‐dinitrobenzene, and e2qQh−1(35Cl(1)) = 74.672(6) MHz, η(35Cl(1)) = 0.1097 (10), e2qQh−1(35Cl(3)) = 77.167(6) MHz, η(35Cl(3)) = 0.0969(20), e2qQh−1(35Cl(5)) = 74.422(6) MHz, η(35Cl(5)) = 0.1143(10) for 1,3,5‐trichloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene. By high field NMR e2qQh−1(14N) and η(14N) were determined at 295 K. For 1,2,4,5‐tetrachloro‐3,6‐dinitrobenzene it is found e2qQh−1(14N) = 0.757(2) MHz, η(14N) = 0.025(3). Φzz(14N) deviates from the bond direction C  N by about 3.3°, Φxx is parallel to the benzene ring plane. For 1,3,5‐trichloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene it is found: e2qQh−1(14N(2)) = 0.722(2) MHz. Φ(14N(2)) = 0.069(3), e2qQh−1(14N(4)) = 0.738(2) MHz, Φ(14N(4)) = 0.064(3). Φzz(14N(2)) and Φzz(14N(4)) nearly coincide with the corresponding C  N bond directions. Φxx(14N(4)) is nearly parallel to the benzene ring plane, whereas Φxx(14N(2)) is twisted about 18° against the ring plane.

The relation between the twist angle α and the asymmetry parameter of the 14N electric field gradient is discussed.
Optical High Resolution Studies of Adsorbed and Matrixdoped Oxazine Dyes
Authors: Basché Th. , Sauter B. , Bräuchle Ch.
Published: July 2012

Fluorescence excitation and line narrowing spectra of oxazine dyes adsorbed on porous silica gels show maintenance of vibrational structure and small shifts in electronic absorption when compared to the spectra of the same molecules embedded in an ethanol glass. Persistent spectral holes burnt into the longwavelength tail of the S0—S1 absorption of the adsorbed species are broader than in bulk. This phenomenon is thought to be caused by low frequency adsorbate motions of the adsorbed molecules.
The Phase Diagram of the Cesium/Cesium Bromide System
Authors: Grob W. , Schmutzler R. W.
Published: July 2012

The phase diagram of the Cs/CsBr system has been determined by differential thermal analysis. The results show complete miscibility of Cs and CsBr in the liquid phase and no indication of any noteworthy solubility of cesium in crystalline CsBr. The shape of the liquidus line indicates a clear demixing tendency in the liquid phase as is expected in analogy to the other alkali metal/alkali halide systems.
Polycrystalline Boron Phosphide Semiconductor Electrodes
Authors: Goossens A. , Kelder E. M. , Schoonman J.
Published: July 2012

Thin films of polycrystalline boron phosphide (BP) are obtained by using conventional thermally activated chemical vapor deposition. BBr3 and PBr3 are used as reactants and BP is formed at 940°C in a H2 environment. A rough black layer is obtained on alumina substrates. All films are n‐type with a high donor density. (Photo‐) current‐voltage curves are presented. The transient photocurrent response and the presence of a substantial photocurrent at subbandgap illumination strongly suggests the presence of a high density of surface states. Impedance spectra of the unilluminated electrode could be modelled adequately with an equivalent circuit. Numerical values of the space charge capacitance were obtained at anodic potentials. The flatband potential was determined from Mott‐Schottky plots, and appeared to depend strongly on the electrolyte pH. The flatband potential of BP is (+0.182 – 0.073 pH) V vs. SHE. This value is not concordant with reported theoretical predictions based on atomic electronegativities.
Bimolecular Reactions of Fluorine Atoms with CH3I and CH2I2
Authors: Wörsdörfer U. , Heydtmann H.
Published: July 2012

A fast flow reactor with a differentially pumped, double cone molecular beam inlet system into a quadrupole mass spectrometer is described. The total rate constants of the reactions F + CH3I,k2= (1.68 ± 0.3) · 10−10cm3s−1and F + CH2I2, k3= (2.0±0.2)· 10−10cm3s−1were measured at room temperature in this apparatus. The branching ratios for the HF and IF forming channels were determined in each case and consecutive processes are discussed.
Rotator cuff muscles perform different functional roles during shoulder external rotation exercises
Authors: Tardo Daniel T. , Halaki Mark , Cathers Ian , Ginn Karen A.
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was to compare activity in shoulder muscles during an external rotation task under conditions of increasing arm support to investigate whether changing support requirements would influence muscle recruitment levels, particularly in the rotator cuff (RC) muscles. Electromyographic recordings were collected from seven shoulder muscles using surface and indwelling electrodes. The dominant shoulder of 14 healthy participants were examined during dynamic shoulder external rotation performed at 90° abduction with the arm fully supported, partially supported, and unsupported. Linear regressions between arm support load and the averaged muscle activity across participants for each muscle showed infraspinatus predominantly contributing to rotating the shoulder whilst supraspinatus, deltoid, upper trapezius, and serratus anterior were predominantly functioning in support/stabilization roles. During dynamic shoulder external rotation in mid‐range abduction, the RC muscles perform different functional roles. Infraspinatus is responsible for producing external rotation torque, supraspinatus is playing a larger joint stabilizer role, and subscapularis is contributing minimally to joint stability. The results also indicate that increasing support load requirements during an external rotation task may be a functionally specific way to retrain the stabilization function of axioscapular muscles. Manipulating joint stabilization requirements while maintaining constant rotational load is a novel method of investigating the differential contribution of muscles to joint movement and stabilization during a given task. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
It's good for me: It has added fibre! An exploration of the role of different categories of functional foods in consumer diets
Authors: Cornish Lara Spiteri
Published: July 2012

This study extends extant research by examining the impetus behind the consumption of both nutritionally rich and nutritionally poor functional foods. It uses diaries and in‐depth interviews and demonstrates that nutritionism theory, that is, where focus shifts from base food products to their constituent nutrients, is central to consumers' perception and consumption of functional foods. An unfortunate consequence is that consumers are unable to distinguish between nutritionally rich and nutritionally poor functional foods, believing instead the health claims of both. Nutritionally poor foods are often as unhealthy and calorific as nonfortified alternatives, and thus this consumption behaviour can have a negative impact on consumer well‐being. This is exacerbated by functional foods being used to boost unhealthy diets as an alternative to more substantial dietary overhaul and being habitually used as substitutes for healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables. Finally, this article reveals that theories of guilt and justification can and should be applied to the consumption of functional foods because many consumers often use functional foods and the nutrients therein to assuage any guilt resultant from unhealthy eating patterns. This study has important implications for nutrition policies. It illustrates the necessity of educating consumers about (i) what constitutes a healthy diet and (ii) the role of nutrients as building blocks in healthy diets, highlighting the importance of choosing appropriate sources for these nutrients. This should enable them to make healthier dietary choices and reduce their propensity to use functional foods as a quick fix to unhealthy eating patterns. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Service recovery following dysfunctional consumer participation
Authors: Hibbert Sally A. , Piacentini Maria G. , Hogg Margaret K.
Published: July 2012

This article introduces the notion of dysfunctional consumer participation. It advances a theoretical model of service recovery for contexts in which the smooth functioning of a service has been disrupted by consumers' dysfunctional contributions, founded on justice theory and cognitive appraisal theory. The model presents perceived justice as the core element of the evaluation of service recovery encounters. Stressful appraisal evokes emotions in consumers and influences the cooperative or resistant nature of consumer participation in service recovery processes directly and indirectly via its impact on consumers' emotions. Dysfunctional consumer participation is represented as an interactional process in which resistant consumer participation in service recovery provokes an adaptive response from service providers. Outcomes of the service recovery process for consumers and organisations are outlined. The contribution of this work lies in the domain of transformative consumer research, and our proposed framework enables managers with commercial (e.g., customer retention, sales) and social responsibilities (e.g., staff stress, consumer welfare) to analyse situations in which consumers' actions have disrupted the smooth functioning of services and consider strategies to restore workable relationships with them. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Addition of Cyclic Enol Silyl Ethers to 2‐Alkenoyl‐Pyridine‐N‐Oxides Catalysed by CuII–Bis(oxazoline) Complexes
Authors: Livieri Alessandro , Boiocchi Massimo , Desimoni Giovanni , Faita Giuseppe
Published: July 2012

Asymmetric reactions involving (E)‐3‐aryl‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl‐N‐oxide)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones and cyclic enol silyl ethers show good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99.9 % ee) when catalysed by bis(oxazoline)–CuII complexes. Different reaction pathways can be followed by different enol silyl ethers: with 2‐(trimethylsilyloxy)furan, a Mukaiyama–Michael adduct is obtained, whereas a hetero Diels–Alder cycloadduct was formed by using (1,2‐dihydronaphthalen‐4‐yloxy)trimethylsilane. In the latter reaction, the absolute configuration of the product is consistent with a reagent approach to the less hindered Re face of the coordinated substrate in the reactive complex.
Dialane with a Redox‐Active Bis‐amido Ligand: Unique Reactivity towards Alkynes
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Moskalev Mikhail V. , Lukoyanov Anton N. , Tishkina Alexandra N. , Baranov Evgenii V. , Abakumov Gleb A.
Published: July 2012

The treatment of 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dpp‐bian) with one equivalent of AlCl3 and three equivalents of sodium in toluene at 110 °C produced a stable dialane, (dpp‐bian)AlAl(dpp‐bian) (1). The reaction of compound 1 with pyridine gave Lewis‐acid–base adduct (dpp‐bian)(Py)AlAl(Py)(dpp‐bian) (2). Acetylene and phenylacetylene reacted with compound 1 to give cycloaddition products [dpp‐bian(R1R2)]AlAl[(R2R1)dpp‐bian] (3: R1=R2=CH; 4: R1=CH, R2=CPh). These addition reactions occur across Al‐N‐C moieties and result in the formation of new CC and CAl bonds. At elevated temperatures, compound 4 rearranges into complex 5, which consists of a radical‐anionic dpp‐bian ligand and two bridging alken‐1,2‐diyl moieties, (dpp‐bian)Al(HCCPh)2Al(dpp‐bian). This transformation is accompanied by cleavage of the dpp‐bian‐ligand–alkyne CC bond, as well as of the AlAl bond. In contrast to its analogous gallium complex, compound 1 is reactive towards internal alkynes. In the reaction of compound 1 with PhCCMe, besides symmetrical addition product [dpp‐bian(R1R2)]AlAl[(R2R1)dpp‐bian] (R1=CMe, R2=CPh; 6), monoadduct [dpp‐bian(R1R2)]AlAl(dpp‐bian) (R1=CMe, R2=CPh; 7) was also isolated. Complexes 1–7 were characterized by IR, 1H NMR (1–4), and electronic absorption spectroscopy (3–5); the molecular structures of compounds 1–7 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis, Coupling, and Condensation Reactions of 1,2‐Diborylated Benzenes: An Experimental and Quantum‐Chemical Study
Authors: Seven Ömer , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Zhu Hui , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Holthausen Max C. , Wagner Matthias
Published: July 2012

1,2‐Bis(pinacolboryl)benzene (1,2‐C6H4(Bpin)2, 2) was synthesized in preparatively useful yields from 1,2‐C6H4Br2, iPrOBpin, and Mg turnings in the presence of 1,2‐C2H4Br2 as an entrainer. Compound 2 is a versatile starting material for the synthesis of (un)symmetrically substituted benzenes (i.e., 1,2‐C6H4(Ar1)(Ar2)) through sequential Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. Alternatively, it can be transformed into bis‐borate Li2[1,2‐C6H4(BH3)2] (3) through reduction with Li[AlH4]. In the crystal lattice, the diethyl ether solvate 3⋅OEt2 establishes a columnar structure that is reinforced by an intricate network of B(μ‐H)Li interactions. Hydride‐abstraction from compound 3 with Me3SiCl leads to the transient ditopic borane 1,2‐C6H4(BH2)2, which can either be used in situ for subsequent hydroboration reactions or trapped as its stable NMe2Et diadduct (6). In SMe2 solution, the putative diadduct 1,2‐C6H4(BH2⋅SMe2)2 is not long‐term stable but rather undergoes a condensation reaction to give 9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐diboraanthracene, HB(μ‐C6H4)2BH, and BH3. 9,10‐Dihydro‐9,10‐diboraanthracene was isolated from the reaction mixture as its SMe2 monoadduct (7), which dimerizes in the solid state through two BHB bridges ((7)2, elucidated by X‐ray crystallography). In contrast, hydride‐abstraction from compound 3 in THF or CH2Cl2 provides the unique exo‐adduct H2B(μ‐H)2B(μ‐C6H4)2B(μ‐H)2BH2 (8, elucidated by X‐ray crystallography). Quantum‐chemical calculations on various conceivable isomers of [1,2‐C6H4(BH2)2]2 revealed that compound 8 was the most stable of these species. Moreover, the calculations confirmed the experimental findings that the NMe2Et diadduct of 1,2‐C6H4(BH2)2 is significantly more stable than the corresponding SMe2 complex and that the latter complex is not able to compete successfully with borane‐dimerization and ‐condensation. The reaction cascade in SMe2, which proceeds from 1,2‐C6H4(BH2)2 to the observed adducts of HB(μ‐C6H4)2BH, has been elucidated in detail and the important role of BCB‐bridged intermediates has been firmly established.
Functional Nanoimprinting
Authors: Andrews Hayley G. , Wood Thomas J. , Schofield Wayne C. E. , Badyal Jas Pal S.
Published: July 2012

A cure‐activated nanolayer transfer technique is described, which when combined with soft imprinting (lithography) can be used to fabricate multiple surface‐functionalized replicas from the same mould without the need for a separate secondary functionalization step. For instance, the hierarchical roughnesses of plant leaves and moth wings are successfully replicated to yield superhydrophobicity. The inherent simplicity and nanometer‐scale precision of this approach makes it highly attractive for a plethora of surface‐functionalization and patterning applications.
CD14, CD16 and HLA‐DR reliably identifies human monocytes and their subsets in the context of pathologically reduced HLA‐DR expression by CD14hi/CD16neg monocytes: Expansion of CD14hi/CD16pos and contraction of CD14lo/CD16pos monocytes in acute liver failure
Authors: Abeles (Robin) Daniel , McPhail Mark J. , Sowter David , Antoniades Charalambos G. , Vergis Nikhil , Vijay Godhev K. Manakkat , Xystrakis Emmanuel , Khamri Wafa , Shawcross Debbie L. , Ma Yun , Wendon Julia A , Vergani Diego
Published: July 2012

Changes in monocytes and their subsets (CD14hi/CD16neg, CD14hi/CD16pos and CD14lo/CD16pos) have been described in several diseases. The combination of CD14, CD16 and HLA‐DR has been suggested to discriminate monocytes from the CD16pos/HLA‐DRneg NK‐cells and neutrophils but no data exist whether this strategy can be used in situations when monocyte HLA‐DR expression is pathologically reduced. Monocytes and their subsets were concurrently identified through negative (exclusion of CD66bpos neutrophils, CD56pos NKcells, CD19pos B‐cells, and CD3pos T‐cells) and positive gating (inclusion of monocytes by expression of CD14, CD16, and HLA‐DR) strategies on 30 occasions [9 healthy controls (HC) and 21 patients with conditions associated with low monocyte HLA‐DR expression]. Bland‐Altman and Passing and Bablok regression statistics did not demonstrate any significant measurement bias between the two strategies of monocyte identification. Monocyte subset phenotype was then compared in 18 HC and 41 patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Compared with HC, in ALF, the percentage of CD14hi/CD16pos monocytes was higher (7% vs 4%) whilst the percentage of CD14lo/CD16pos was lower (1.9% vs. 7%) (P ≤ 0.001); HLA‐DR and CD86 MFIs on all monocyte subsets were lower, whilst CCR5, CD64, and CD11b MFIs were higher (P < 0.05). The relative expression by monocyte subsets of HLA‐DR, CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1, and CD11a was similar in ALF patients and HCs. Repeat analysis of an identical antibody‐fluorochrome “backbone” targeting HLA‐DR, CD14, and CD16 was assessed in 189 samples across 5 different experiments. There was excellent agreement in the results obtained using the positive gating strategy (interclass correlation coefficients > 0.8). Monocytes and their subsets can be reliably identified using an antibody‐fluorochrome “backbone” of HLA‐DR, CD14, and CD16. CD16pos monocytes continue to constitutively express HLA‐DR even in conditions where HLA‐DR is pathologically reduced on CD14hi/CD16neg monocytes. Understanding the changes in monocyte pheontype in ALF and similar clinico‐pathological diseases may allow the development of novel biomarkers or therapeutic strategies. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Mapping differentiation kinetics in the mouse retina reveals an extensive period of cell cycle protein expression in post‐mitotic newborn neurons
Authors: Pacal Marek , Bremner Rod
Published: July 2012

Background: Knowledge of gene expression kinetics around neuronal cell birth is required to dissect mechanisms underlying progenitor fate. Here, we timed cell cycle and neuronal protein silencing/induction during cell birth in the developing murine retina. Results: The pan‐cell cycle markers Pcna and Mcm6 were present in the post‐mitotic ganglion cell layer. Although confined to the neuroblastic layer (NBL), 6–7% of Ki67+ cells lacked six progenitor/cell cycle markers, and expressed neuronal markers. To define protein extinction/induction timing, we defined G2/M length throughout retinogenesis, which was typically 1–2 h, but <10% cells took double this time. BrdU‐chase analyses revealed that at E12.5, Tubb3 (Tuj1) appeared at M‐phase, followed by Calb2 and Dcx at ∼2 h, Elavl2/3/4 at ∼4 h, and Map2 at ∼6 h after cell birth, and these times extended with embryonic age. Strikingly, Ki67 was not extinguished until up to a day after cell cycle exit, coinciding with exit from the NBL and induction of late markers such as Map1b/Uchl1/Rbfox3. Conclusions: A minor population of progenitors transits slowly through G2/M and, most importantly, some cell cycle proteins are retained for an unexpectedly long period in post‐mitotic neurons. The high‐resolution map of cell birth kinetics reported here provides a framework to better define mechanisms that regulate neurogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 241:1525–1544, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hip fracture and risk of acute myocardial infarction: A nationwide study
Authors: Chiang Chia-Hung , Liu Chia-Jen , Chen Ping-Jen , Huang Chin-Chou , Hsu Chien-Yi , Chen Zu-Yin , Chan Wan-Leong , Huang Po-Hsun , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Chung Chia-Min , Lin Shing-Jong , Chen Jaw-Wen , Leu Hsin-Bang
Published: July 2012

Osteoporotic fractures are associated with increased mortality risk. However, little data are available on the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after hip fracture. Therefore, we investigated whether hip fracture increased the risk of AMI in a large, nationwide cohort study. We obtained data from 8758 patients diagnosed with hip fracture from 2000 to 2009 and from 4 matched controls for each patient from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID 2000), Taiwan. Controls were matched for age, sex, comorbid disorders, and enrollment date. All subjects were followed up from the date of enrollment until AMI, death, or the end of data collection (2009). Cox's regression model adjusted for age, sex, comorbid disorders, and medication was used to assess independent factors determining the risk of development of AMI. As expected, despite the matching, the hip fracture patients had more risk factors for AMI at baseline. A total of 8758 subjects with hip fractures and 35,032 controls were identified. Among these patients, 1183 (257 hip fracture patients and 926 controls) developed AMI during the median 3.2-year (interquartile range 1.4 to 5.8 years) follow-up period. Patients with hip fractures had a higher incidence of AMI occurrence when compared with controls (8.7/1000 person-years versus 6.82/1000 person-years). Multivariate analysis adjusted for baseline covariates indicated that hip fracture was associated with a greater risk for AMI development (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–1.48; p < 0.001). We conclude that hip fracture is independently associated with a higher risk of subsequent AMI. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Incidence of atypical nontraumatic diaphyseal fractures of the femur
Authors: Dell Richard M , Adams Annette L , Greene Denise F , Funahashi Tadashi T , Silverman Stuart L , Eisemon Eric O , Zhou Hui , Burchette Raoul J , Ott Susan M
Published: July 2012

Bisphosphonates reduce the rate of osteoporotic fractures in clinical trials and community practice. “Atypical” nontraumatic fractures of the diaphyseal (subtrochanteric or shaft) part of the femur have been observed in patients taking bisphosphonates. We calculated the incidence of these fractures within a defined population and examined the incidence rates according to duration of bisphosphonate use. We identified all femur fractures from January 1, 2007 until December 31, 2011 in 1,835,116 patients older than 45 years who were enrolled in the Healthy Bones Program at Kaiser Southern California, an integrated health care provider. Potential atypical fractures were identified by diagnostic or procedure codes and adjudicated by examination of radiographs. Bisphosphonate exposure was derived from internal pharmacy records. The results showed that 142 patients had atypical fractures; of these, 128 had bisphosphonate exposure. There was no significant correlation between duration of use (5.5 ± 3.4 years) and age (69.3 ± 8.6 years) or bone density (T-score −2.1 ± 1.0). There were 188,814 patients who had used bisphosphonates. The age-adjusted incidence rates for an atypical fracture were 1.78/100,000/year (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–2.0) with exposure from 0.1 to 1.9 years, and increased to 113.1/100,000/year (95% CI, 69.3–156.8) with exposure from 8 to 9.9 years. We conclude that the incidence of atypical fractures of the femur increases with longer duration of bisphosphonate use. The rate is much lower than the expected rate of devastating hip fractures in elderly osteoporotic patients. Patients at risk for osteoporotic fractures should not be discouraged from initiating bisphosphonates, because clinical trials have documented that these medicines can substantially reduce the incidence of typical hip fractures. The increased risk of atypical fractures should be taken into consideration when continuing bisphosphonates beyond 5 years. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.