bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Issues of research ethics and clinical ethics in developing world, possible solution: a way forward
Authors: Khan Muhammad Waseem , Sultana Imrana Niaz , Khan Afrasiab
Published: November 2012

Research plays a pivotal role in the progress of inventions in medicines and medical technology. It is noticed that researchers from developing world or multinational companies are interested to conduct their research studies in developing countries, in doing so sometimes it is noticed that rather benefiting the participants it causes significant harm to the research study participants of developing countries. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human subjects. In research ethics the basic aim of ethics is distinguishing between right and wrong, to recognize the wrong doings and try to avoid them from harming research subjects in any research study whether that is done in developing country or developed country. It must follow the principle of non malefiecence or do no harm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12559 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(3):12-15
Ethics in clinical research
Authors: Fakruddin Md , Chowdhury Abhijit , Hossain Md Nur , Mannan Khanjada Shahnewaj Bin
Published: November 2012

History of unethical clinical research practice date back to a very long time, though the most remarkable unethical clinical research was those by the Nazis during second world war, which eventually shaken the scientific community and gives birth to the first guideline of ethics in clinical research, the Nuremberg Code. Following Nuremberg code, a number of ethical guidelines has been formulated most important of which are the declaration of Helsinski. To make any research involving human subjects or samples ethically acceptable, a number of key features have to be considered by the scientists. These guidelines are internationally accepted and without following these guidelines, no clinical research is acceptable in the world. Though, there are many countries in the world like Bangladesh, which dont have any ethical guidelines of their own and thus scientists in those countries do not adhere the any ethical guideline while conducting their research. Each country should have their own ethical guidelines and each clinical research institutes should have own ethical review committee to ensure ethical clinical research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12560 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(3):16-20
Semen characteristics of breeding bulls at the Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm of Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain ME , Khatun MM , Islam MM , Miazi OF
Published: November 2012

The experiment was conducted on 97 breeding bulls at the central cattle breeding and dairy farm, Savar, Dhaka to find out the physical and chemical properties of different bull semen. Out of 97 bulls, 9 were Local (L), 9 were Friesian (F), 13 were Sahiwal (SL), 12 were Local×Friesian (L×F), 10 were Sahiwal×Friesian (SL×F), 26 were Local×Friesian×Friesian (LF1×F), 18 were Local×Friesian× Friesian×Friesian (LF2×F) bulls. The semen of different crossbred and local bulls was examined for ejaculate volume, concentration, pH and motility percent of sperm before and after freezing. It was observed that, the maximum average ejaculate was obtained from SL×F and the mean value was 12.9 ml. However, the minimum average ejaculate was obtained from LF×F and the mean value was 7.4 ml. Before freezing, the maximum average sperm concentration was obtained from SL and the mean value was 1858.4 million/ml. The minimum average sperm concentration was obtained from LF1×F and the mean value was 1286.6 million/ml. The maximum average pH was obtained from LF2×F and the mean value was 6.5. The maximum average motility was obtained from SL and the mean value was 68.8%. However, the minimum average motility was obtained from L×F and the mean value was 63.7%. After freezing, sperm concentration, pH and motility reduced substantially irrespective of type of breed. It could therefore be inferred that freezing of semen should be undertaken with special care to maintain optimum semen quality.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11968
Feeding and management practices of Red Chittagong cattle in two selected upazilas of Chittagong district
Authors: Simul AI , Bhuiyan AKFH , Alam MK , Sarkar MM , Rahman MM
Published: November 2012

The present study was designed to obtain existing baseline information on feeding and management practices of Red Chittagong (RC) cattle in two Upazilas of Chittagong district. The results showed that among 42 cattle owners, agriculture was the main occupation (52.38%). The percentage of RC cattle was about 70% and concentration was higher in Anowara than that of Chandanaish upazila. Farmers of the study area supplied on an average 4.93, 8.35, 2.25, 1.54 (kg/d) of rice straw, green grass, rice polish and wheat bran respectively. About 45.24%, 21.43%, 30.95% and 2.38% farmers supplied whole and dry straw, chopped and dry straw, chopped straw soaked with water and straw with green grass respectively. About 55%, 14.3% and 13% of the farmers followed stall feeding (cut and carry system), grazing and stall feeding with grazing respectively for feeding green grasses. The average daily grazing period of cattle was 7.25 hours with highest and lowest 9 and 5 hours respectively daily. About 26.19% of the respondents made cattle house using tin and chatai. 81% of the cattle house had sufficient ventilation and light. The major disease outbreak in the area was FMD, which was 45% of the total disease incidence. About 36% respondents used vaccine and 95% took help from village doctor for treatment of their cattle. Cattle rearing contributed more (about 57%) to income generation of low income group than medium (6.89%) and high (8.25%) income groups. 35% respondents showed their interest to grow fodder crops and 65% of farmers were reluctant to grow fodder crops due to limitation of crop land.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11974
Chemical and bacteriological quality of popular Dahi available in some selected areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Sarkar MM , Nahar TN , Alam MK , Rahman MM , Rashid MH , Islam MA
Published: November 2012

The chemical and bacteriological qualities of popular Dahi collected from six areas of Bangladesh were evaluated. The areas were Dhaka (Savar), Rajshahi (Bogra), Khulna, Barishal (Gauronadi), Chittagong (Comilla) and Sylhet. Traditionally made 24 Dahi samples, 4 in each area, were collected and analyzed for chemical and bacteriological qualities. Acidity, pH, ash and protein content of Dahi were found insignificant difference among the samples of different areas. However, significance differences in chemical parameters (fat and sugar) were observed. The higher total viable bacteria and coliform count were found in Bogra region. An overall analysis of the results of this study revealed that the Dahi collected from selected areas were of acceptable quality. However, their sugar and ash content were very high.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11977
Feasibility of using fallen tea leaves as litter in broiler rearing
Authors: Chakma S , Miah MY , Ara A , Kawsar MH
Published: November 2012

One hundred eighty straight run day old Cobb-500 broilers were reared on rice husk, sawdust, wood shaving and chopped tea leaves litter up to 35 days of age. The broilers were fed ad libitum. At 35 days the body weight of chicken reared on sawdust attained the highest body weight (p<0.01) than other litters. FCR was the best on saw dust. The moisture content of different litters did not differ significantly. Oocyst population in rice husk was found to be higher (p<0.01) than those on other litters, except those reared on wood shaving. Moisture content of litters and oocyst population were positively correlated at 14 and 35 days and negatively correlated at 21 and 28 days of age. The litter cost per broiler and per kg broiler was the highest on rice husk (RH), intermediate on sawdust (SD), Wood shavings (WS) and the lowest on chopped fallen tea leaves (CFTL). It was concluded that it may be possible to minimize the cost of litter by using CFTL.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11978
Marketing of goat at different age and weight by different categories of farmers in selected areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun MA , Alam MR , Amin MR , Khan MSI
Published: November 2012

The factors influencing marketing of goats at different age and weight by different categories of farmers were investigated. The data were collected from village market (Hat) in selected places of Sirajgonj, Rajshahi, Kushtia, Mymensingh and Tangail districts. Goat owners belonged to one of the 4 categories of farmers at the Hat were interviewed through pre-tested questionnaire and the weight, body size and age of goats were determined. Landless and marginal farmers sold 58.81% of their goats at 6 months, 42.94% of small farmers at 10.5 months and 50% of medium farmers at 15.5 months of age. The average market weight and age of goats belonged to above categories of farmers were 8.39, 12.89, 17.10 and 17.20 kg and 6, 10.5, 15.5 and more than 18 months of age, respectively. The potential market weight of goats was found 17.10 kg at the age of 15.5 months. About 84% of farmers of all categories sold their goats for cash income, 15% for rearing problems and only 1% for disease prevalence.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11979
Introduction: Self-care Translated into Practice
Authors: Alftberg Åsa , Hansson Kristofer
Published: November 2012

No abstract available.
Crisis and Caring for Inner Selves: Psychiatric Crisis as a Social Classification in Sweden in the 1970s
Authors: Hansson Kristofer
Published: November 2012

This article aims to contribute to the understanding concerning the introduction of crisis psychotherapy in the 1970s in psychiatric clinics in Sweden. The article discusses how this psychotherapy became central in the work of the clinics in supporting patients to well-being and inner growth. The ambition was that patients in an acute crisis-situation would be offered care immediately, aiming at a short and intensive contact with the professionals to avoid hospitalization and long-term sick leave. These ideas were by no means new; in the 1960s, a Western debate had emerged in which the hospitalization in psychiatric clinics had received criticism. In Sweden, the psychiatrist Johan Cullberg was a key actor during the 1970s in the introduction of the psychiatric crisis perspectives. Here, his publication ’The psychic trauma’ from 1971 is analysed. The publication inspired psychiatric clinics to introduce crisis psychotherapy in three different pilot projects. The projects were presented in articles in the Swedish Medical Journal. These articles have also been analysed here. Self-care is highlighted through this material as a concept to be analysed. The question is discussed as to how the concept of the psychiatric crisis initiated and institutionalized a new form of social classification in which the patients were to take more responsibility for their own inner growth.
For Better or for Worse: Lifeworld, System and Family Caregiving for a Chronic Genetic Disease
Authors: Hagen Niclas , Lundin Susanne , O´Dell Tom , Petersén Åsa
Published: November 2012

Modernity has meant a cultural and social differentiation within the western society, which, according to Jürgen Habermas’ theory on communication, can be seen as a division between different forms of actions that takes place in different realms of the society. By combining Habermas’ notions of lifeworld and system with Arthur Frank’s analysis of stories as a way to experience illness, the article performs a cultural analysis of the meeting between families involved in caregiving in relation to Huntington’s disease and the Swedish welfare system. The ethnographic material shows how caregiving is given meaning through communicative action and illness stories, which are broken up by an instrumental legal discourse employed by the welfare system. This confrontation between communicative and instrumental action breeds alienation towards the state and the welfare system among the affected families. However, the families are able to empower themselves and confront the system through a hybrid form of action, which combines communicative and instrumental action. As such this hybridity, and the space that opens up on the basis of this hybridity, constitutes an important space within the modern society.
Making Place in the Media City
Authors: Klausen Maja
Published: November 2012

The article discusses practices of placemaking through empirical fieldwork undertaken in the subculture of urban exploration in Copenhagen. The making and experience of place is discussed, firstly, in relation to methodology and academic representation and secondly, in relation to urban space and media. The article begins by suggesting that the ethnographic research process should be grasped as the making of an ’ethnographic place’ (Pink 2010), which invites readers/audiences to imagine themselves into the places represented. Based on findings from the fieldwork, the article moves on to the methodologies associated with the examination of urban exploration and its academic representation. The article points to a ’multi-sited’ (Marcus 1995) and mobile ethnography (Lee & Ingold 2006) that acknowledges the ethnographer as ’emplaced’ (Howes 2005) in the research setting. Finally, urban exploration and the placemaking practices involved are positioned in a wider theoretical framework focusing on social media and urban space. The urban explorers use different social media platforms to share information and pictures, which is said to accelerate ’a mediatised sense of place’ (Jansson & Falkheimer 2006). Urban exploration is seen as a practice tied to the late modern ’media city’ (Fornäs 2006; McQuire 2010), where spatial experience is transformed due to the increased convergence of mobile and pervasive media with urban space.
Advantages of the Biomimetic Nanostructured Films as an Immobilization Method vs. the Carbon Paste Classical Method
Authors: Apetrei Constantin , Saja Jose , Zurro Javier , Rodríguez-Méndez Maria
Published: November 2012

Tyrosinase-based biosensors containing a phthalocyanine as electron mediator have been prepared by two different methods. In the first approach, the enzyme and the electron mediator have been immobilized in carbon paste electrodes. In the second method, they have been introduced in an arachidic acid Langmuir-Blodgett nanostructured film that provides a biomimetic environment. The sensing properties of non-nanostructured and nanostructured biosensors towards catechol, catechin and phenol have been analyzed and compared. The enzyme retains the biocatalytic properties in both matrixes. However, the nanostructured biomimetic films show higher values of maximum reaction rates and lowest apparent Michaelis-Menten constants. In both types of sensors, the sensitivity follows the decreasing order catechol > catechin > phenol. The detection limits observed are in the range of 1.8–5.4 μM for Langmuir-Blodgett biosensors and 8.19–8.57 μM for carbon paste biosensors. In summary, it has been demonstrated that the Langmuir-Blodgett films provide a biomimetic environment and nanostructured biosensors show better performances in terms of kinetic, detection limit and stability.
American Chestnut Growth and Survival Five Years after Planting in Two Silvicultural Treatments in the Southern Appalachians, USA
Authors: Clark Stacy , McNab Henry , Loftis David , Zarnoch Stanley
Published: November 2012

The ability to restore American chestnut (Castanea dentata) through the planting of blight-resistant (Cryphonectria parasitica) trees is currently being tested. Forest-based research on the species’ silvicultural requirements and chestnut blight development are lacking. Pure American chestnut seedlings were planted in a two-age shelterwood forest with low residual basal area and in a midstory-removal treatment with high residual basal area. Survival did not differ between silvicultural treatments and averaged 67 percent across both treatments by the fifth year. Trees in the two-age shelterwood were 2.36 m and 16.8 mm larger in height and ground-line diameter, respectively, compared to trees in the midstory-removal by the fifth growing season. Blight occurrence was not affected by silvicultural treatment. Exploratory analyses indicated that seedling grading at planting and keeping trees free-to-grow through competition control would have resulted in a two-year gain in height and GLD growth in the two-age shelterwood treatment. The two-age shelterwood represented the most efficacious prescription for chestnut restoration, but the midstory-removal prescription may offer a reasonable alternative in areas where harvesting must be delayed.
Modeling of the SV40 DNA Replication Machine
Authors: Simmons Daniel
Published: November 2012

The mechanism of SV40 DNA replication is certainly not completely understood. The proteins that are necessary for replication have been known for quite some time, but how they work together to form a nanomachine capable of faithfully replicating the virus DNA is only partially understood. Some of the proteins involved have been crystallized and their 3D structures determined, and several EM reconstructions of SV40 T antigen have been generated. In addition, there is a fair amount of biochemical data that pinpoints the sites of interaction between various proteins. With this information, various models were assembled that show how the SV40 DNA replication nanomachine could be structured in three dimensional space. This process was aided by the use of a 3D docking program as well as fitting of structures. The advantage of the availability of these models is that they are experimentally testable and they provide an insight into how the replication machine could work. Another advantage is that it is possible to quickly compare newly published structures to the models in order to come up with improved models.
Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba Attenuate CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury: An Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) Based Metabolomic Approach for the Pharmacodynamic Study of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs)
Authors: Wang Rui , Xiong Ai-Zhen , Teng Zhong-Qiu , Yang Qi-Wei , Shi Yan-Hong , Yang Li
Published: November 2012

Metabolomics has been frequently used in pharmacodynamic studies, especially those on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix Paeoniae Rubra are popularly used in TCM, and both have hepatoprotective effects. In this study, a CCl4-induced acute liver injury rat model was established and confirmed by the observed serum aminotransferase activities. The metabolomics approach was applied to study the influence of Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix Paeoniae Rubra on the metabolic changes in rats with acute liver injury. The partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of rat serum and their ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) fingerprints allowed discrimination of controlled, acute liver injury-model rats after administration of the two types of TCMs. The time-dependent PLS-DA plots showed that the changes in the metabolic patterns of the rats, which were administered with the TCMs, had stabilized within 2 h after they received the intraperitoneal CCl4 injection. The results indicated the protective effect of TCMs against liver injury. Several potential biomarkers were detected and identified, which included creatine, deoxycholic acid, choline, 5-methylenetetrahydrofolate, folic acid, and glycocholic acid. The physiological significance of these metabolic changes was discussed.
Copper Substitution and Noise Reduction in Brake Pads: Graphite Type Selection
Authors: Gilardi Raffaele , Alzati Luigi , Thiam Mamadou , Brunel Jean-François , Desplanques Yannick , Dufrénoy Philippe , Sharma Sanjeev , Bijwe Jayashree
Published: November 2012

Graphite is commonly used in brake pads. The use of graphite powder has the main goal of solid state lubrication and friction coefficient stabilization. In this article results on resin bonded brake pads with focus on noise performance and heat dissipation are presented. Experimental tests are based on model friction materials with a known formulation and a reduced number of components for a better identification of the role of the graphite type. Results clearly indicate that both noise performance and thermal conductivity are strongly affected by the type of graphite. Guidelines for the selection of graphite types for optimized friction materials are given.
Fatigue Failure Analyses on a Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.1Y Alloy at Different Temperatures
Authors: Wang Xi-Shu , Zhang Min , Song Xi-Ping , Jia Su , Chen Qiang , Kawagoishi Norio
Published: November 2012

The fatigue micro crack initiation and propagation tests of a TiAl alloy with 8% Nb content were carried out by using scanning electron microscopy in situ technology at room temperature and at 750 °C. These results indicated that the fatigue micro crack initiation was mainly caused by the stress concentration at room temperature, but at an elevated temperature (750 °C) the multi-cracks were caused by the coupled factors of both lamellar microstructure and stress concentration. Therefore, fatigue micro crack initiation behavior is much more dependent on the lamellar structure at an elevated temperature. One of the reasons is that the elevated temperature degrades the interface strength between the lamellar of the TiAl alloy with 8% Nb content. Therefore, the small fatigue crack propagation behavior of the alloy exhibited a mixture damage model of interlamellar and translamellar at a micro scale. The crack growth path and fracture characteristics provided a proof of crack deflection, branching and/or bridging induced either by interlamellar or by translamellar failure mode.
Spatial Control of DNA Reaction Networks by DNA Sequence
Authors: Allen Peter , Chen Xi , Ellington Andrew
Published: November 2012

We have developed a set of DNA circuits that execute during gel electrophoresis to yield immobile, fluorescent features in the gel. The parallel execution of orthogonal circuits led to the simultaneous production of different fluorescent lines at different positions in the gel. The positions of the lines could be rationally manipulated by changing the mobilities of the reactants. The ability to program at the nanoscale so as to produce patterns at the macroscale is a step towards programmable, synthetic chemical systems for generating defined spatiotemporal patterns.
By Improving Regional Cortical Blood Flow, Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sequential Apoptosis Galangin Acts as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent after Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Li Shaojing , Wu Chuanhong , Zhu Li , Gao Jian , Fang Jing , Li Defeng , Fu Meihong , Liang Rixin , Wang Lan , Cheng Ming , Yang Hongjun
Published: November 2012

Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with a complex pathophysiology. Galangin is a natural flavonoid isolated from the rhizome of Alpina officinarum Hance, which has been widely used as an antioxidant agent. However, its effects against ischemic stroke have not been reported and its related neuroprotective mechanism has not really been explored. In this study, neurological behavior, cerebral infarct volumes and the improvement of the regional cortical blood flow (rCBF) were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of galangin in rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, the determination of mitochondrial function and Western blot of apoptosis-related proteins were performed to interpret the neuroprotective mechanism of galangin. The results showed that galangin alleviated the neurologic impairments, reduced cerebral infarct at 24 h after MCAO and exerted a protective effect on the mitochondria with decreased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). These effects were consistent with improvements in the membrane potential level (Dym), membrane fluidity, and degree of mitochondrial swelling in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, galangin significantly improved the reduced rCBF after MCAO. Western blot analysis revealed that galangin also inhibited apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner concomitant with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression, down-regulation of Bax expression and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, a reduction in cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, the reduced expression of activated caspase-3 and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). All these data in this study demonstrated that galangin might have therapeutic potential for ischemic stroke and play its protective role through the improvement in rCBF, mitochondrial protection and inhibiting caspase-dependent mitochondrial cell death pathway for the first time.
Potentiometric Zinc Ion Sensor Based on Honeycomb-Like NiO Nanostructures
Authors: Abbasi Mazhar , Ibupoto Zafar , Hussain Mushtaque , Khan Yaqoob , Khan Azam , Nur Omer , Willander Magnus
Published: November 2012

In this study honeycomb-like NiO nanostructures were grown on nickel foam by a simple hydrothermal growth method. The NiO nanostructures were characterized by field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The characterized NiO nanostructures were uniform, dense and polycrystalline in the crystal phase. In addition to this, the NiO nanostructures were used in the development of a zinc ion sensor electrode by functionalization with the highly selective zinc ion ionophore 12-crown-4. The developed zinc ion sensor electrode has shown a good linear potentiometric response for a wide range of zinc ion concentrations, ranging from 0.001 mM to 100 mM, with sensitivity of 36 mV/decade. The detection limit of the present zinc ion sensor was found to be 0.0005 mM and it also displays a fast response time of less than 10 s. The proposed zinc ion sensor electrode has also shown good reproducibility, repeatability, storage stability and selectivity. The zinc ion sensor based on the functionalized NiO nanostructures was also used as indicator electrode in potentiometric titrations and it has demonstrated an acceptable stoichiometric relationship for the determination of zinc ion in unknown samples. The NiO nanostructures-based zinc ion sensor has potential for analysing zinc ion in various industrial, clinical and other real samples.
Porous Bead-Based Diagnostic Platforms: Bridging the Gaps in Healthcare
Authors: Chou Jie , Wong Jorge , Christodoulides Nicolaos , Floriano Pierre , Sanchez Ximena , McDevitt John
Published: November 2012

Advances in lab-on-a-chip systems have strong potential for multiplexed detection of a wide range of analytes with reduced sample and reagent volume; lower costs and shorter analysis times. The completion of high-fidelity multiplexed and multiclass assays remains a challenge for the medical microdevice field; as it struggles to achieve and expand upon at the point-of-care the quality of results that are achieved now routinely in remote laboratory settings. This review article serves to explore for the first time the key intersection of multiplexed bead-based detection systems with integrated microfluidic structures alongside porous capture elements together with biomarker validation studies. These strategically important elements are evaluated here in the context of platform generation as suitable for near-patient testing. Essential issues related to the scalability of these modular sensor ensembles are explored as are attempts to move such multiplexed and multiclass platforms into large-scale clinical trials. Recent efforts in these bead sensors have shown advantages over planar microarrays in terms of their capacity to generate multiplexed test results with shorter analysis times. Through high surface-to-volume ratios and encoding capabilities; porous bead-based ensembles; when combined with microfluidic elements; allow for high-throughput testing for enzymatic assays; general chemistries; protein; antibody and oligonucleotide applications.
Programmable Ultrasonic Sensing System for Targeted Spraying in Orchards
Authors: Stajnko Denis , Berk Peter , Lešnik Mario , Jejčič Viktor , Lakota Miran , Štrancar Andrej , Hočevar Marko , Rakun Jurij
Published: November 2012

This research demonstrates the basic elements of a prototype automated orchard sprayer which delivers pesticide spray selectively with respect to the characteristics of the targets. The density of an apple tree canopy was detected by PROWAVE 400EP250 ultrasound sensors controlled by a Cypress PSOC CY8C29466 microcontroller. The ultrasound signal was processed with an embedded computer built around a LPC1343 microcontroller and fed in real time to electro-magnetic valves which open/close spraying nozzles in relation to the canopy structure. The analysis focuses on the detection of appropriate thresholds on 15 cm ultrasound bands, which correspond to maximal response to tree density, and this was selected for accurate spraying guidance. Evaluation of the system was performed in an apple orchard by detecting deposits of tartrazine dye (TD) on apple leaves. The employment of programmable microcontrollers and electro-magnetic valves decreased the amount of spray delivered by up to 48.15%. In contrast, the reduction of TD was only up to 37.7% at some positions within the tree crown and 65.1% in the gaps between trees. For all these reasons, this concept of precise orchard spraying can contribute to a reduction of costs and environmental pollution, while obtaining similar or even better leaf deposits.
A Current Sensor Based on the Giant Magnetoresistance Effect: Design and Potential Smart Grid Applications
Authors: Ouyang Yong , He Jinliang , Hu Jun , Wang Shan
Published: November 2012

Advanced sensing and measurement techniques are key technologies to realize a smart grid. The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect has revolutionized the fields of data storage and magnetic measurement. In this work, a design of a GMR current sensor based on a commercial analog GMR chip for applications in a smart grid is presented and discussed. Static, dynamic and thermal properties of the sensor were characterized. The characterizations showed that in the operation range from 0 to ±5 A, the sensor had a sensitivity of 28 mV·A−1, linearity of 99.97%, maximum deviation of 2.717%, frequency response of −1.5 dB at 10 kHz current measurement, and maximum change of the amplitude response of 0.0335%·°C−1 with thermal compensation. In the distributed real-time measurement and monitoring of a smart grid system, the GMR current sensor shows excellent performance and is cost effective, making it suitable for applications such as steady-state and transient-state monitoring. With the advantages of having a high sensitivity, high linearity, small volume, low cost, and simple structure, the GMR current sensor is promising for the measurement and monitoring of smart grids.
Glucan–Resveratrol–Vitamin C Combination Offers Protection against Toxic Agents
Authors: Vetvicka Vaclav , Vetvickova Jana
Published: November 2012

Biological immunomodulators are routinely evaluated as a natural source of molecules with profound effects on the immune system. They belong to a group of physiologically active compounds, collectively termed biological response modifiers. Most of the studies were focused on immune system stimulation. Recently, they have become the focus of studies seeking molecules that are able to overcome negative effects of various immunotoxins. This paper concentrates on the effects of a glucan/resveratrol/vitamin C combination on immunosuppressive effects of mercury and perfluorinated hydrocarbons. Effects described in this review have strong clinical potential, as environmental contaminants have adverse effects on all aspects of the immune system and represent a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals.
Phylogeny of palaeotropic Derris‐like taxa (Fabaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences shows reorganization of (infra)generic classifications is needed
Authors: Sirichamorn Yotsawate , Adema Frits A. C. B. , Gravendeel Barbara , van Welzen Peter C.
Published: November 2012

• Premise of the study: Palaeotropic Derris‐like taxa (family Fabaceae, tribe Millettieae) comprise 6–9 genera. They are well known as important sources of rotenone toxin, which are used as organic insecticide and fish poison. However, their phylogenetic relationships and classification are still problematic due to insufficient sampling and high morphological variability.

• Methods: Fifty species of palaeotropic Derris‐like taxa were sampled, which is more than in former studies. Three chloroplast genes (trnK‐matK, trnL‐F IGS, and psbA‐trnH IGS) and nuclear ribosomal ITS /5.8S were analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian methods.

• Key results: Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of individual and combined markers show more or less similar tree topologies (only varying in terminal branches). The old‐world monophyletic genera Aganope, Brachypterum, and Leptoderris are distinct from Derris s.s., and their generic status is here confirmed. Aganope may be classified into two or three subgeneric taxa. Paraderris has to be included in Derris s.s. to form a monophyletic group. The genera Philenoptera, Deguelia, and Lonchocarpus are monophyletic and distinct from each other and clearly separate from Derris s.s. Morphologically highly similar species of Derris s.s. are shown to be unrelated. Our study shows that previous infrageneric classifications of Derris are incorrect. Paraderris elliptica may contain several cryptic lineages that need further investigation.

• Conclusions: The concept of the genus Derris s.s. should be reorganized with a new generic circumscription by including Paraderris but excluding Brachypterum. Synapomorphic morphological features will be examined in future studies, and the status of the newly defined Derris and its closely related taxa will be formalized.
New efficient ligand for sub-mol % copper-catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions running under air
Authors: Larsson Per-Fredrik , Astvik Peter , Norrby Per-Ola
Published: November 2012

A new efficient ligand, N,N’’-dimethyldiethylene triamine (DMDETA), has been synthesized and evaluated for sub-mol % copper-catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions. The efficiency of the ligand was determined by kinetic methods. DMDETA proved to display efficiency similar to DMEDA and, in addition, the resulting catalyst was tolerant to air.
Durkheim's re-imagination of Australia: a case study of the relation between theory and « facts »
Authors: Watts Miller William
Published: November 2012

Résumé On explore ici Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse du point de vue de la relation entre théorie et faits. Dans les premiers volumes de L’Année sociologique , Durkheim avait construit un modèle dans lequel l’Australie fournissait l’exemple de la manière dont, à l’origine, société et religion fusionnaient dans le monde du clan totémique. Il avait la certitude d’avoir discrédité les théories concurrentes. Mais, voilà que sa propre théorie semblait disqualifiée par le choc de nouvelles informations sur l’Australie, avec la description ethnographique par Spencer et Gillen d’une société dont la vie ordinaire ne reposait nullement sur le totémisme, le clan ou la religion. Les Formes sont issues de l’effort pour répondre à Spencer et Gillen et recoller ensemble société et religion. Ce faisant, Durkheim donne souvent une représentation erronée de leur description, sans toutefois la travestir totalement. On peut voir là une reconstruction pleine d’imagination, qui l’a poussé à développer une théorie nouvelle et féconde qui lui est propre : une transfiguration tant de l’Australie de Spencer et Gillen que de l’Australie durkheimienne antérieure.
Animisme et totemisme : Durkheim vs Wundt
Authors: Rol Cécile
Published: November 2012

Résumé Dans Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse et en deux autres occasions Durkheim critique le point de vue de Wundt sur les origines du totémisme et sur les rapports entre religion et société, en Australie et en général. Wundt répond à Durkheim en 1914 et en 1917. Deux différentes manières d’expliquer les phénomènes sociaux sont à la base de leur controverse.
Les Formes élémentaires dans la pensée anthropologique du XX e siècle
Authors: Sanchez Pascal
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’apport de Durkheim à l’anthropologie contemporaine apparaît ambivalent. D’un côté Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse illustrent au plus haut point les débats d’une époque marquée par l’évolutionnisme et ont été l’objet d’analyses critiques dès leur publication. D’un autre côté, le livre de Durkheim a conservé une rare vitalité et exercé une influence durable sur l’anthropologie du xx e  siècle. En effet, la contribution de Durkheim à l’édification d’une anthropologie scientifique est considérable : il a réussi à formuler un nouveau langage (le fonctionnalisme), il a inventé un nouvel objet (les croyances collectives), et il a indiqué comment renverser deux obstacles épistémologiques majeurs – l’irrationalité supposée du primitif et la thèse de la mentalité primitive.
Conséquences psychosomatiques de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité
Authors: Albrand Louis Étienne
Published: November 2012

Résumé La France a le plus grand taux de suicide dans ses prisons en Europe. Ses morts touchent des jeunes, des primo-délinquants, souvent des détenus en préventive. Si la peine de mort a été supprimée, la prison reste mortifère. Plus de 120 suicides par pendaison chaque année.
La peine de mort en mer. Évocation historico-juridique
Authors: Biotti-Mache Françoise
Published: November 2012

Résumé Rarement étudiées, et seulement en complément des peines de mort exécutées à terre, les peines de mort exécutées « en mer » présentent, cependant, historiquement et juridiquement, des spécificités qui les rendent curieuses, originales et donc, intéressantes. Si la « planche » évoque immanquablement les films de pirates de notre enfance, revenus récemment à l’honneur par la magie de Jack Sparrow, il existe des peines oubliées, et qui sait ce que sont le gibet flottant, la bouline, l’estrapade ou la grande cale. Qui sait ce que fut l’effroyable discipline des galères du Roi. Mais tout ce « folklore » a une justification, à savoir, et tout ensemble, une société, une autorité, un droit et une justice. Ces différents points feront l’objet d’une évocation historique et juridique qui entraînera le lecteur, au fil des siècles, mais aussi, au fil des navigations au long cours, vers des horizons lointains, dans le temps et dans l’espace.
Les avancées du dialogue social
Authors: Dupré la Tour Nathanaël
Published: November 2012

La nouvelle majorité souhaite donner tout son poids au dialogue social, sur fond de querelles économiques autour de la baisse du coût du travail en France. Mais qu’en pensent les acteurs sociaux eux-mêmes ? Après les réformes des années Sarkozy, dans quel état d’esprit abordent-ils la phase de négociation qui vient de s’ouvrir ?
Beaubourg, les Halles, la Villette : comment trouver sa place ?
Authors: Jarrigeon Anne
Published: November 2012

Comment l’architecture façonne-t-elle nos déplacements, nos activités, comment transforme-t-elle la ville ? L’auteur analyse trois projets parisiens majeurs, qui avaient tous pour but non seulement d’ériger des bâtiments, mais de préserver des espaces communs de circulation ; avec des résultats plus ou moins heureux?
La place minorée des femmes dans les organisations. Exploration d'un facteur explicatif : la culture organisationnelle. Cas d'une entreprise de transport public
Authors: Ponchut Marine , Barth Isabelle
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’une des causes des inégalités entre les hommes et les femmes sur le marché du travail est dépistable dans les structures des organisations, qui ne sont pas neutres sur le plan du genre comme on le suppose, mais qui ont été conçues par et pour des hommes. En développant cette théorie et en empruntant à Max Weber le concept de clôture sociale, Sarah Rutherford a théorisé le rapport entre culture organisationnelle et exclusion des femmes. Ses travaux ont abouti à une grille de lecture, qui permet de décrire les manifestations de la culture d’entreprise desservant l’intégration des femmes. En cernant le degré de fermeture d’une organisation à celles-ci, il serait alors possible d’imaginer les leviers pour amorcer un rééquilibrage entre les sexes. Nous avons testé sa grille sur la holding d’un groupe de transport de voyageurs afin de comprendre pourquoi les femmes ne sont pas présentes aux postes les plus hauts de la hiérarchie. Trois axes ont été identifiés comme étant à l’origine de la marginalisation des femmes : la congruence entre les caractéristiques masculines et les attentes sur les postes de direction, la séparation des sphères professionnelle et privée et la culture des longues heures de travail.
Une approche organisationnelle du harcèlement moral
Authors: Bouville Gregor , Campoy Eric
Published: November 2012

Résumé Le harcèlement moral au travail est souvent étudié dans le cadre d’une approche individuelle centrée sur l’analyse d’un « jeu » pathologique entre un « bourreau » et une victime. Cet article privilégie une approche organisationnelle en analysant les déterminants organisationnels du harcèlement moral. Notre étude repose sur une analyse quantitative des antécédents organisationnels (organisation du travail, conditions de travail, relations sociales, ressources de l’emploi) du harcèlement moral à partir des données de l’enquête nationale Sumer. Les résultats de modèles de régression logistique binomiale minimisent l’influence sur le harcèlement moral de facteurs individuels tels que l’âge, l’ancienneté ou le sexe et soulignent, à l’inverse, l’influence forte de l’organisation du travail, des conditions de travail, des relations sociales et des ressources de l’emploi. Notre recherche nous conduit à développer un certain nombre d’implications managériales.
Quitter son emploi pour devenir entrepreneur
Authors: Gabarret Inès , Vedel Benjamin
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’impulsion donnée par les gouvernements à la création d’entreprise, d’un côté, et les mutations de l’environnement de travail, de l’autre, affaiblissent la perception de valeur de la carrière traditionnelle. Dans ce contexte, la création d’entreprise se présente comme une alternative dans une trajectoire professionnelle. L’objectif de ce texte est de comprendre pourquoi certains cadres salariés décident de quitter leurs emplois pour créer leurs entreprises et oriente notre recherche sur l’analyse de la motivation entrepreneuriale. Nous verrons que la motivation entrepreneuriale des cadres hautement qualifiés est imparfaitement retranscrite par les théories existantes de la littérature en entrepreneuriat (push ou pull). Pour appréhender ce phénomène, 10 études de cas ont été menées. Les résultats montrent que la motivation entrepreneuriale du cadre salarié est composée de deux groupes de facteurs aux caractéristiques non économiques : l’insatisfaction dans leur relation au travail, et le désir d’indépendance. Il apparaît aussi que la motivation entrepreneuriale ne peut être expliquée suivant une logique de choix exclusif de variables mais correspond plutôt à une composition particulière propre à chaque individu. Sur ces résultats, nous proposons d’interpréter la motivation entrepreneuriale à la lumière de deux continuums : push/pull et économique/non-économique.
La passion entre trauma et langage dans l'œuvre de Kateb Yacine
Authors: Bellakhdar Saïd
Published: November 2012

Dans deux romans, Nedjma et Le polygone étoilé , Kateb Yacine, écrivain algérien de langue française (1929-1981) nous offre l’exemple singulier d’une quête passionnée pour une femme associée, par des réseaux sémantiques, à l’histoire d’une famille et à la grande Histoire d’un pays. Tombé amoureux, dès la première rencontre, d’une cousine plus âgée que lui, l’écrivain n’a de cesse, par son écriture, de maintenir vivant le souvenir de cette femme et sa présence par l’évocation poétique. Nous sommes en droit de nous demander si cette écriture n’est pas le moyen de garder en soi l’objet perdu et d’exprimer la douleur liée à cette perte ainsi que l’élaboration d’autres traumatismes dus à l’incarcération qui a suivi les manifestations de Mai 1945. À ces derniers s’en ajoute d’autres plus anciens relatifs à la séparation d’avec l’objet maternel et au passage de la langue arabe à la langue française, l’ensemble impliquant de douloureux renoncements.
Shahriar/Shéhérazade avec Sade
Authors: Ayouch Soraya
Published: November 2012

Cet article se propose de comparer de façon inédite deux œuvres magistrales : L’œuvre du marquis de Sade et le couple Shéhérazade-Shahriar des Mille et une nuits , d’un auteur inconnu mais issue de la mémoire des peuples d’Égypte, d’Iran et de l’Inde, et transmis à l’humanité. Sade écrit, majoritairement en prison à l’époque de la Révolution, portant à son comble l’érotisme jusqu’à l’obscène dans la sexualité, et le blasphème jusqu’au crime, hormis celui des femmes historiennes. Dans le couple Shéhérazade-Shahriar, c’est elle qui se fait narratrice par le fil des histoires, sortant le roi d’une scène primitive ayant mis à mal l’amour envers les femmes et la fonction de transmission. La puissance symbolique des mots et la signification véhiculée mènent le roi à sortir de la pulsion au crime, dans un effet d’après coup pris dans la logique des mots et de la relation à sa femme.
Lorenzaccio : un meurtre pour exalter la vie ?
Authors: Rousseau Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2012

Le meurtre commis par Lorenzaccio dans la pièce de théâtre d’Alfred de Musset vient interroger, au-delà des enjeux politiques, la possibilité de percevoir la recherche d’une sensation d’être vivant dans l’accomplissement de l’acte de tuer. La rencontre avec cette œuvre littéraire sera l’occasion de revenir sur le concept psychanalytique de sentiment d’exister développé par Winnicott pour mieux saisir ce qui anime Lorenzo de Médicis dans sa quête sanglante.
Le joueur d'échecs de Stefan Zweig : deux fonctionnements pour une même passion
Authors: Favre Claire
Published: November 2012

La question des passions s’illustre parfaitement dans les romans de Stefan Zweig. À travers ses personnages et leurs verbalisations des vécus intrapsychiques, il permet au lecteur d’appréhender les processus et les mécanismes de la passion. Dans un contexte de prise en charge de patients débordés par leurs agirs, nous préciserons en quoi les romans de Zweig et plus spécifiquement Le joueur d’échecs , viennent enrichir notre pratique clinique.
Transition of Care for Adolescent Patients With Chronic Illness: Education for Nurses
Authors: Osterkamp Erin M. , Costanzo Amy J. , Ehrhardt Barbara S. , Gormley Denise K.
Published: November 2012

Because of the longevity of children diagnosed with chronic illness, many adult institutions are now seeing an influx of adolescents with chronic illnesses. An urgent need exists to educate adult care nurses on adolescent development, childhood chronic illness, and techniques to guide young adult patients through illness and hospitalization. This article describes the development of an educational program for nurses who care for these chronically ill young adult patients who are transitioning to adult care.