bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defect Analysis of Carbonsteel Pipe Welding Connections Using Non-Destructive Testing with the Penetrant Test Method
Authors: Sumardani Nur Ichsan , Setiawan Ngainun Ibnu , Nuryadin Bebeh Wahid , Sumardani Dadan
Published: August 2020

In a welding process carried out on metallic materials is sometimes found defects in the material being tested, it is caused by many factors, such as the lack of good materials used and the lack of perfection of the welding process. At testing, it aims to know the surface defects in carbonsteel pipes to know the defects arising after welding. This test is performed with non-destructive tests (NDT) using Dye Penetrant testing method. This test uses 3 types of liquids, including; Cleaner, Penetrant, and developer. The results of these tests will then be observed whether defects occur after welding and what factors affect it. From the test, results there are known 10 locations defects on the surface of the carbonsteel pipe welding with a type of rounded indication of defects that are then followed up by re-welding on indications of such defects.
Analisa Komparasi Perangkat Speech Recognizing dan Potensinya dalam Membantu Proses Pembelajaan Difabel Rungu Guna Terciptanya Kampus Inklusif Di Era 4.0
Authors: Halim Chandra , Satria Febri
Published: August 2020

The lack of facilities and infrastructures for students with special needs will hamper the learning process. In fact, this has been explained in the definition of inclusive education which is to accommodate students with special needs to comprehend the material in the class. The fact is that there are only public facilities such as the guiding block for the blind, and some interpreters in the class to explain the material. This situation is exacerbated by the limitations of an interpreter to explain scientific terms. Therefore, we need a technology that can help deaf people to comprehend the material in the classroom directly. The technology is speech recognizing device. This device enables to process input signals in the form of sound and is converted into text.  This technology enables deaf people to comprehend material in the classroom without an interpreter. The research method is inferential statistics and observations. Observations were made by measuring 26 respondents speaking speed to obtain data using 3 different applications namely Speech Notes, Voice Notebooks, Speech to Text. Afterthat, the words obtained in the application are compared with the actual text to see the accuracy of each application. By using inferential statistics, the correlation test values obtained in the application of Voice Notebooks, Speech Notes, Speech to Text are 0.386,0.351, and 0.152, respectively. By using 5% significance level, we found that the most accurate speech recognizing application is Voice Notebook. Due to Voice Notebook application, we can support the special students in learning process in the class.
Their Dreams Are Not Ours: Black Higher Ed Reform During the Obama Administration
Authors: Lesure Jacques
Published: August 2020

The significance and educational contributions of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and subsequent support they should receive, was highly contentious during the Obama administration. Rooted in tensions born out of liberalism and racialized political economy —the cultural politics reflected in the state’s discussion and approach toward reform highlight deeply embedded logics and facets of coloniality that find themselves embedded in projects of progress taken up by a wide range of social and political institutions and actors. This conceptual essay builds a case for deeper inquiry into these paradoxes.
KONSEP PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBENTUKAN PERATURAN DAERAH RENCANA DETAIL TATA RUANG DAN KAWASAN
Authors: Saragih Tomy M
Published: August 2020

Organizing public participation in spatial planning becomes very important and needs to be considered in the process of spatial planning, both in the planning process, utilization, space utilization and control to minimize conflicts between interested parties.
Implementasi Kewajiban Notaris untuk Melekatkan Sidik Jari Para Penghadap pada Minuta Akta
Authors: Rahmawati Rizka
Published: August 2020

The unclear setting regarding the notary's obligation to attach the fingerprints of the viewers influences the implementation of these provisions. There is a vagueness of norms against the provisions of Article 16 paragraph (1) letter c UUJN-P because they are not explained in detail. In addition, there is also a norm conflict in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter c UUJN-P with Article 38 paragraph (4) UUJN-P number 2 concerning attachment of fingerprints. The problem is whether the background of the notary's obligation to attach fingerprints to the receipt of the deed, how is the procedure for carrying out the obligation of the notary in attaching fingerprints to the deed of the deed, and the legal consequences of the deed and notary the fingers of the viewers on the minuta deed based on UUJN-P jo. UUJN. This research will be conducted using a type of normative juridical research with a type of legislative approach (concept approach) and a conceptual approach. The obligation of the notary to attach the fingerprint of the face in the background with the aim of anticipating if at any time the viewers deny their signature to the Minutes of Deed and this is an attitude of caution. In addition, regarding the procedure of implementation, regarding the obligation of the notary to attach fingerprints using the thumb/left thumb stamp and made on a new sheet or additional width. Normatively not attaching fingerprints does not give effect to the position of the certificate, the deed of the Notary is still valid and binding and has the power of proof that is perfect. For a Notary who does not carry out the obligation to attach a fingerprint to the Minute of Deed, the Notary may be subject to administrative sanctions.
STATUS HUKUM JAMINAN PESAWAT DALAM PERKEMBANGAN OBJEK JAMINAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Sembiring Martin Ari Gunanta
Published: August 2020

Vacuity legal product of governing aircraft as an object of fiduciary guarantees raises legal problems regarding itâ€™s status. Under the aircraft law the mortgage is guaranteed, but further arrangements regarding mortgage guarantees do not exist until now. The void of regulation has led to differing views about the guarantor institution that is authorized to guarantee aircraft. Apart from the guarantor institution, the types of financing and procedures for execution are difficult to determine because of the legal vacuum.
Transplantasi Organ Tubuh sebagai Pengganti Hukuman Qhisas dalam Hukum Islam (Studi Terhadap Delik Pelukaan Mata)
Authors: Ramly Amin
Published: August 2020

This paper deals with the study of Islamic criminal law, which regulates the study of transplants as a substitute for Qhishas punishment, the main issue is to see how the qhisas process of ophthalmic offenses, eye transplantation techniques, and fiqh analysis of eye transplants as a substitute for qhisas punishment. To be able to analyze the problems above, this study uses a type of qualitative research with a normative approach based on the rules of Islamic law (Al-Quran, hadith, and ijtihad), and analyzed by the inductive method according to the Shari'a perspective on the concept of transplantation as qhisas punishment. The results showed that the qhisas for the eye opening offense based on the argument of Al-Maidah verse 45, where the eye must be punished with the eyes, both in terms of the method of wounding practiced must be balanced between the victim and the offender, while the diyat above the eye opening offense is 100 dinars. The eye organ transplant can be done medically by removing the cornea of the eye rather than the eyeball, because the eyeball cannot be transplanted, and the transplant is carried out from the donor to the recipient on all medical requirements by medical means. The analysis of jurisprudence to the concept of eye transplantation as a substitute for the qhishas penalty in sharia is not allowed, because it does not meet the principle of qhishas justice, namely the balance between uqubah with deeds, where the offender is charged with qhishas punishment (medical eye opening) and also charged with diyat punishment (ie costs transplant operations that will be borne by the perpetrator) whose amount can be more than diyat value.
Penyelenggaraan Pemerintah Negeri di Pulau Ambon Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Pasca Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa
Authors: Lainsamputty Natanel
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this research is to analyze the state regulation in Ambon Island, Central Maluku Regency, to analyze the state Regulation after the enforcement of Act Number 6 of 2014 and analyze why the State is positioned as Adat Law on village administration in Ambon Island, Central Maluku Regency. This research is a normative-empirical legal research using secondary data type that covering three legal materials (primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials) and primary data obtained through interviews of respondents and interviewees. The results of this research indicate the first of the existence of government Negeri in the three districts of Leihitu District, Leihitu West District, and Salahutu District at the Central Maluku Regency in its regulation on pre-independence regime retained the original autonomy of the Negeri, but in the post-regime of the Negeri experienced various shifts State intervention is very dominant. Second, the State Regulation on Act Number 6 of 2014 must go through the process of inventory and classification of the existence of the State and determined by the Regional Regulation. Third, the position of the State in the Indonesian state administration system is Adat Law which has the right of autonomy to exercise power as a local self-governing community and local self governing.
Jaminan Sosial Tenaga kerja Bagi Mahasiswa Magang Profesi Pada Perguruan Tinggi Implementasi dari Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan
Authors: Soplantila Ronny
Published: August 2020

Higher education will send final semester students to internships in government agencies and private companies to provide experience before entering the workforce, but in practice never pay attention to the form of protection for students, while the labor law provides space for student interns to enter into workforce social security program, for this purpose the purpose of this study is to examine whether student internships can be equated with workers and are entitled to workforce protection. Guaranteed labor protection for intern students is very important both for intern students, universities and government agencies and private companies. Because it will protect students, comfort for family students and universities will feel free from moral burdens in the event of work accidents in government agencies and private companies where the student is placed.
Perlindungan Hukum Pemegang Saham Minoritas Perseroan Terbatas Tertutup dan Keadilan Berdasar Pancasila
Authors: Mustaqim Mustaqim , Satory Agus
Published: August 2020

Legal protection for the majority shareholders is sufficiently guaranteed, especially through the mechanism of the RUPS, but this is not the case for minority shareholders, thus creating an injustice problem for minority shareholders. The purpose of this study is to uncover and find out legal protection for minority shareholders in a limited liability company based on Pancasila justice. This research is normative juridical so it uses secondary data with the law approach and qualitative data analysis. The results showed that the General Meeting of Shareholders did not reflect legal protection for minority shareholders, because in every decision making through the General Meeting of Shareholders and various other decisions based on the attendance quorum about the majority of votes present at the General Meeting of Shareholders. Such matter is detrimental to the interests of minority shareholders because without the presence of minority shareholders, a General Meeting of Shareholders can be held, while minority shareholders also have the same rights and obligations and responsibilities. The majority of shareholders hold a large and full control over the company, resulting in minority shareholders, there is no guarantee to get justice based on Pancasila justice. Therefore, the General Meeting of Shareholders must be held if attended by all shareholders with voting rights present or represented. If this is not the case, the results of the General Meeting of Shareholders may be canceled.
SEROPREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE (BOS TAURUS) KEPT IN PERI URBAN AREAS OF PAKISTAN
Authors: Khan Umar Draz , Khan Ahrar
Published: August 2020

Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease of zoonotic importance that causes significant economic losses. Many factors affect the prevalence of brucellosis and variable with the diagnostic tests applied. These all necessitates to carry out seroprevalence frequently to suggest control measures, this study was thus carried out to the seroprevalence and various factors affecting its prevalence. Total of 335 cows of various age groups, breeds (Cross-bred (Sahiwal X Friesian), Friesian, Sahiwal, Cholistani and Jersey) and stages (pregnant/non-pregnant, lactating/non-lactating) were selected randomly for sampling. Blood was collected and serum was separated and subjected to Rose Bengal Precipitation Test (RBPT). RBPT positive samples were confirmed by c-ELISA for further analysis. The seroprevalence was 12.53% and 2.40% through RBPT and c-ELISA, respectively. The prevalence of the disease based on RBPT was higher in cross-bred, females, mature, good condition, pregnant and lactating animals as compared to their counterparts. It was concluded that the cross-bred cattle, pregnancy and lactation are playing important roles for the disease prevalence. Specific preventive measures be opted for control of the disease.
AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS: RECENT ADVANCES IN ALTERNATIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Khater Hanem Fathy
Published: August 2020

Coccidiosis induces huge economic losses to poultry production. Its control through anticoccidial live vaccines and drugs has been very successful with some limitations because of the cost of production of live vaccines, drug resistance, and residues representing public health concerns. Consequently, there is a crucial need for drug-free production of foods. Useful strategies include environmental, immunological, and genetic approaches; feed additives are recent attitudes involving probiotics, synbiotics, organic acids, phytobiotics as essential oils, antioxidants, and nanobiotics (nanoparticles). A combination of such additives is a recent useful trend. Transgenic Eimeria parasite could fill in the gap in the control of chicken coccidiosis as an efficient anticoccidial vaccine with improved protective efficacy using multiple vaccine antigens. Alternatives justify further studies as therapeutic or prophylactic anticoccidial agents. Full biological and toxicology profiles are crucial for the promising materials which deserve to be applied on a larger scale.
SALINITY TOLERANCE AND PHYTOREMEDIATION OF Na+ AND K+ IONS BY USING HALOPHYTES FROM CHOLISTAN RANGELAND, PAKISTAN
Authors: Rafay Muhammad
Published: August 2020

Salinity has been considered as the most important factor which adversely affects the plant growth and metabolism in arid and semi-arid areas. Salinity is increasing with times and is expected that 50% of arable land would be salinized till 2050. Present study investigated salinity tolerance and phytoremediation of Na+ and K+ by using halophytes; Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Aeluropus lagopoides, Panicum antidotale and Cenchrus setigerus. Plants were grown for 40 days in hydroponic solution for biomass productions, chlorophyll contents, membrane stability index (MSI) and phytoremediation. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and replications was used to check significance level at 5%. Fresh and dry biomass of each species was increased with increasing salinity level but decreased under highly saline conditions. P. antidotale contained highest fresh/dry weight (20.4 A) and (4.2A) at 140 mM NaCl treatment that decreased at 210 mM NaCl. A. lagopoides showed highest MSI at T3 (46.3 A) significance level that reduced at 210 mM NaCl (20.7 D). K+ concentrations in leaves/roots of all species reduced with elevated salinity (9327.4 A) was the highest K+ in leaves of A. lagopoides which reduced to (3976.2 D) at 210 mM NaCl. Na+ concentrations in the selected halophytes increased with the growing salt levels. Na+ concentration in leaves were (2331.8 D) and (3834.7 ppm) at 0 mM NaCl level while it was (9078 A) and (7494.3A) in P. antidotale and A. lagopoides at 210 mM NaCl respectively. Phytoremediation by halophytic grasses is time saving, economically viable and novel approach towards reclaiming saline soils.
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF BOVINE THEILERIOSIS PREVALENCE IN SOME SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Arfan
Published: August 2020

Theileriosis is an intracellular parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical countries and acts as a potential killer causing major constraint on animal�s productions leading to high morbidities and even mortalities. This review presents the actual status of Bovine Theileriosis (BTH) and their associated risk factors in Pakistan, China, India, Iran, and Bangladesh. Within this review also ascertains the correlation of BTH with tick abundance, seasonality, and cattle susceptibility. To identify the related papers from different internet databases including Google Scholar, Science Hub, PubMed, Science Direct and Scientific Information database were appraised for articles published during last decade. The research data collected from 5 Asian countries indicate highly variable prevalence of BTH ranging from 2.69-39%. Based on critical analysis of current data (2000-2019) of 5 Asian countries, the highest prevalence rate of BTH was recorded in China (39%) followed in order by Iran (33%), India (31.7%), Pakistan (21.2%) and Bangladesh (2.69%). The difference can be attributed to the ecological and graphical factors and may be different in housing systems. Main vector involves in the transmission of Theileriosis was Hyalomma (80%). June through September was the most favorable months for Theileriosis in all the Asian countries' understudies. Exotic cattle were observed more prone to BTH than local breeds. As far as diagnostic techniques were concerned, understudies data showed that in Asian countries the most adopted method for the diagnosis BTH was the conventional method (41%) after this, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (21%) and serological mixed techniques (23%) were used. Our results suggested updates and highlight the imperative information on the true burden of BTH in some Asian countries.
ANALISIS TEOLOGIS TERHADAP PANDANGAN JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU TENTANG ASAL-USUL DOSA
Authors: Bambangan Malik
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

 

Today there are many problems that make some people wonder about the suffering that surrounds them, even those that affect themselves. The question they raise is where is God right now? Is there still God? If God still exists, then why does He allow His people to suffer? This question ultimately leads to the orthodoxy of the Christian faith about God. Humans suffer because it is their own choice that starts from the first human choices namely Adam and Eve where they prefer not to obey God so they fall into sin. Departing from this understanding that led to various controversies about the origin of sin. Is there original sin or inherited sin as Augustine understood? How do you resolve this controversial issue? This article will discuss Jean Jacques Rousseau view of the origin of sin from the perspective of the Bible.

 

Keywords: Sin, Suffering, Crime

 

ABSTRAK

Zaman sekarang ini banyak terjadi persoalan-persoalan yang membuat beberapa orang yang bertanya-tanya tetang penderitaan yang ada di sekitar mereka, bahkan yang menimpa diri mereka sendiri.  Pertanyaan yang mereka lontarkan adalah dimanakah Tuhan saat ini?  Apakah masih ada Tuhan?  Jika Tuhan masih ada, lalu mengapa Dia membiarkan umat-Nya mengalami penderitaan?  Pertanyaan ini pada akhirnya membawa pada orthodoksi iman Kristen tentang Allah.  Manusia mengalami penderitaan karena itu adalah pilihannya sendiri yang dimulai dari pilihan manusia pertama yakni Adam dan Hawa dimana mereka lebih memilih untuk tidak taat kepada Tuhan sehingga mereka jatuh dalam dosa.  Berangkat dari pemahaman inilah yang menimbulkan berbagai kontroversi tentang asal-usul dosa.  Apakah ada dosa asal atau dosa warisan seperti pada pemahaman Agustinus?  Bagaimanakah menyelesaikan persoalan kontroversial ini?  Pada artikel ini akan dibahas tentang pandangan Jean Jacques Rousseau tentang asal-usul dosa dari sudut pandang Alkitab.

Kata Kunci: Dosa, Penderitaan, Kejahatan
MAKNA UNGKAPAN "Kamu Adalah Terang Dunia" MENURUT MATIUS 5:14 DAN PENERAPANNYA DALAM PELAYANANAN HAMBA TUHAN
Authors: Selan Yunus
Published: August 2020

Abstract: This research examines the meaning of the phrase "you are the light of the world" based on the text of Matthew 5:14 and applies it in the service of God's servants. By using qualitative research methods, especially interpretive literature study approaches, the meaning of the expression is obtained. Jesus' purpose was to make that expression to emphasize to each student to be an example and example, to be a counselor and guide. That is how every servant of God should apply.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini meneliti tentang makna ungkapan “kamu adalah terang dunia” berdasarkan teks Matius 5:14 dan menerapkannya dalam pelayanan hamba Tuhan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, khususnya pendekatan kajian pustaka interpretatif, maka diperoleh makna dari ungkapan itu. Maksud Yesus menegemukakan ungkapan itu untuk menegaskan kepad setiap murid untuk menjadi contoh dan teladan, menjadi penasihat dan pembimbing. Demikianlah yang seharusnya diterapkan oleh setiap hamba Tuhan.
De kracht van inertie
Authors: Lievens Matthias
Published: August 2020

The force of inertia. A Sartrean perspective on resistance

Although Sartre’s philosophy of freedom is often considered as a philosophy of resistance, rooted in the experience of the Second World War, Sartre did not formulate a full-blown theory of resistance. However, his Critique of Dialectical Reason contains a wealth of material that allows a rethinking of the notion of resistance. In much of the literature, this notion is inflated so as to include action, opposition, struggle, exodus and a range of other phenomena. In order to acquire a sharper sense of the specific meaning of resistance, this paper argues, this notion has to be reconnected with its origins in mechanical physics. Sartre’s key concept of inertia provides a starting point for such a theoretical strategy. Although human beings are fundamentally free, they can live their relation to others and to themselves as if they were inert things. From a Sartrean perspective, resistance means making oneself inert in order to be able to persevere and to hold the line in the face of a threat. Resistance occurs at both sides of a struggle, and can take different, asymmetrical forms. The two fundamental modes of sociality Sartre distinguishes, namely the group and the series, offer different types of resistance to opponents.
Bildung in het hbo. Opvattingen van docenten over hun taak in de vorming van studenten.
Authors: Sanderse Wouter , Huijsse Beau
Published: August 2020

Bildung in Dutch universities of applied sciences. Teachers’ perceptions about their task in students’ moral education.

In response to market ideology permeating the education system, an appeal has been made to the notion of Bildung to understand better what (higher) education should be about. Traditionally, it denotes a process of becoming human through which individuals can develop their capacities and talents in a harmonious way by relating to cultural sources. Worldwide, empirical research on Bildung is extremely scarce, and the picture of how lecturers at universities of applied science understand their task to contribute to students’ moral education is very fragmented. An online survey was filled out by employees (n = 686) of ten different institutes of a large Dutch university of applied science. Students’ formation turned out to be part of their task perceptions, and was largely understood in terms of stimulating critical thinking and inquiring attitudes. The majority claimed to stimulate Bildung by being a role model and by incorporating it in their daily lessons. Lecturers experienced a packed curriculum, a focus on testing and assessment, and a poor institutional vision on Bildung as obstacles to act on their perceptions. The article ends with a discussion of the (limited) power of the Bildung tradition for universities of applied sciences today.
Fragmentation Without Cleavages? Endogenous Fractionalization in the Brazilian Party System
Authors: Zucco Cesar , Power Timothy J.
Published: August 2020

This article investigates the causes of party system hyperfragmentation in Brazil. We ask why hyperfragmentation — understood as extreme multipartism that continues to fractionalize — occurs despite significant changes to social cleavages or to electoral rules. Using survey
data from federal legislators, we rule out the possibility of new issue-based multidimensionality. Using new estimates of the ideological position of legislative parties, we show that new party entry was not driven by polarization or convergence among traditional parties. We advance an alternative
explanation of "fragmentation without cleavages," arguing that changing dynamics of electoral list composition, federal party funding, and coalition management have changed the context of political ambition. For strategically minded elites, it is more attractive than ever before to be a dominant
player in a small party.
Satellite soil moisture data assimilation impacts on modeling weather and ozone in the southeastern US – part I: an overview
Authors: Huang Min , Crawford James H. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Carmichael Gregory R. , Bowman Kevin W. , Kumar Sujay V. , Zhan Xiwu
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This study evaluates the impact of satellite soil moisture data assimilation (SM DA) on regional weather and ozone (O3) modeling over the southeastern US during the summer. Satellite SM data are assimilated into the Noah land surface model using an ensemble Kalman filter approach within National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Land Information System framework, which is semicoupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with online Chemistry (WRF‐Chem, standard version 3.9.1.1). The SM DA impacts on WRF-Chem performance of weather states and energy fluxes show strong spatiotemporal variability, and many factors such as dense vegetation, complex terrain, and unmodeled water use from human activities may have impacted the effectiveness of the SM DA. The changes in WRF-Chem weather fields due to the SM DA modified various model processes critical to its surface O3 fields, such as biogenic isoprene and soil nitric oxide emissions, photochemical reactions, as well as dry deposition. The SM DA impacted WRF-Chem upper tropospheric O3 partially via altering atmospheric transport and in-situ chemical production of O3 from lightning and other emissions. It is shown that WRF-Chem upper tropospheric O3 response to the SM DA has comparable magnitudes with its response to the estimated US anthropogenic emission changes within two years. As reductions in US anthropogenic emissions would be beneficial for mitigating European O3 pollution, our analysis highlights the important role of SM in quantifying pollutants' transport from the US to Europe. It also emphasizes that using up-to-date anthropogenic emissions is necessary for accurately assessing the SM DA impacts on the model performance of O3 and other pollutants over a broad region. Additionally, this work demonstrates that the SM DA impact on WRF-Chem O3 performance at various altitudes is complicated by not only the model's emission input but also other factors such as the model representation of stratosphere-troposphere exchanges. This work will be followed by a Noah-Multiparameterization (with dynamic vegetation) based study over the southeastern US, in which selected processes including photosynthesis and O3 dry deposition will be the foci.
Methane mapping, emission quantification and attribution in two European cities; Utrecht, NL and Hamburg, DE
Authors: Maazallahi Hossein , Fernandez Julianne M. , Menoud Malika , Zavala-Araiza Daniel , Weller Zachary D. , Schwietzke Stefan , von Fischer Joseph C. , Denier van der Gon Hugo , Röckmann Thomas
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Characterizing and attributing methane (CH4) emissions across varying scales is important from environmental, safety, and economic perspectives, and is essential for designing and evaluating effective mitigation strategies. Mobile real-time measurements of CH4 in ambient air offer a fast and effective method to identify and quantify local CH4 emissions in urban areas. We carried out extensive campaigns to measure CH4 mole fractions at the street level in Utrecht, The Netherlands (2018 and 2019) and Hamburg, Germany (2018). One hundred and forty five leak indications (LIs, i.e., methane enhancements of more than 10 % above background levels) were detected in Hamburg and 81 in Utrecht. Measurements of the ethane / methane ratio (C2 / C1), methane / carbon dioxide ratio (CH4 / CO2), and CH4 isotope composition (δ13C and δD) show that in Hamburg about 1/3 of the LIs, and in Utrecht 2/3 of the LIs (based on a limited set of C2/C1 measurements), were of fossil fuel origin. We find that in both cities the largest emission rates in the identified LI distribution are from fossil fuel sources. In Hamburg, the lower emission rates in the identified LI distribution are often associated with biogenic characteristics, and partly combustion. Extrapolation of detected LI rates along the roads driven to the gas distribution pipes in the entire road network yields total emissions from sources that can be quantified in the street-level surveys of 440 ± 70 t/yr from all sources in Hamburg, and 150 ± 50 t/yr for Utrecht. In Hamburg, C2/C1, CH4/CO2, and isotope-based source attribution analyses shows that 50–80 % of all emissions originate from the natural gas distribution network, in Utrecht more limited attribution indicates that 70–90 % of the emissions are of fossil origin. Our results confirm previous observations that a few large LIs, creating a heavy tail, are responsible for a significant proportion of fossil CH4 emissions. In Utrecht, 1/3 of total emissions originated from one LI and in Hamburg > 1/4 from 2 LIs. In Hamburg, the local gas utility detected only 20 % of the LIs that were identified as from a fossil source, but the largest leaks were located and fixed quickly once the LIs were shared.
Methane retrieved from TROPOMI: improvement of the data product and validation of the first two years of measurements
Authors: Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Butz Andre , Hasekamp Otto , aan de Brugh Joost , Schneider Andreas , Hase Frank , Kivi Rigel , Wunch Debra , Pollard David F. , Shiomi Kei , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Velazco Voltaire A. , Roehl Coleen M. , Wennberg Paul O. , Warneke Thorsten , Landgraf Jochen
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard of the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5-P) satellite provides methane (CH4) measurements with high accuracy and exceptional temporal and spatial resolution. TROPOMI CH4 measurements are highly valuable to constrain emissions inventories and for trend analysis, with strict requirements on the data quality. This study describes the improvements that we have implemented to retrieve CH4 from TROPOMI using the RemoTeC full-physics algorithm. The updated TROPOMI CH4 product features a constant regularization scheme of the inversion that stabilizes the retrieval and yields less scatter in the data, and includes a higher resolution surface altitude database. We have tested the impact of three state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopic databases (HITRAN 2008, HITRAN 2016 and Scientific Exploitation of Operational Missions – Improved Atmospheric Spectroscopy Databases SEOM-IAS) and found that SEOM-IAS provides the best fitting results. The most relevant update in the TROPOMI XCH4 data product is the implementation of a posteriori correction fully independent of any reference data that is more accurate and corrects for the underestimation at low surface albedo scenes and the overestimation at high surface albedo scenes. After applying the correction, the albedo dependence is removed to a large extent in the TROPOMI versus satellite (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite – GOSAT) and TROPOMI versus ground-based observations (Total Carbon Column Observing Network – TCCON) comparison, which is an independent verification of the correction scheme. We validate two years of TROPOMI CH4 data that shows the good agreement of the updated TROPOMI CH4 with TCCON (−3.4 ± 5.6 ppb) and GOSAT (−10.3 ± 16.8 pbb) (mean bias and standard deviation). Low and high albedo scenes as well as snow covered scenes are the most challenging for the CH4 retrieval algorithm, and although the posteriori correction accounts for most of the bias, there is a need to further investigate the underlying cause.
Climate-driven desertification triggered the end of the Ancient Silk Road
Authors: Dong Guanghui , Wang Leibin , Zhang David Dian , Liu Fengwen , Cui Yifu , Li Guoqiang , Shi Zhilin , Chen Fahu
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The Ancient Silk Road played a crucial role in cultural exchange and commercial trade between western and eastern Eurasia during the historical period. However, the exchanges were interrupted in the early 16th century AD, in the Ming dynasty. Three causes of the demise of the ancient Silk Road have been suggested: (1) the thriving of the sea trade route after the great geographic discovery in the Ming dynasty; (2) frequent incursions by the Wala and Turpan kingdoms, or fighting in border areas; and (3) climate change. In this study, new evidence from a sedimentary site in Dunhuang oasis together with analysis of historical archives indicate that neither the sea trade route nor the frontier wars were the pivotal reason for the closure of the Jiayuguan Pass. Extreme droughts and desertification events, caused by climate change, occurred in the Dunhuang area, west of the Jiayuguan Pass, during ~ 1440–1460 AD. After ~ 1450 AD, desertification rendered the ancient Silk Road impassable in the area, which resulted in a steep fall in the volume of trade as well as political chaos and mass migrations. The final closure of the Jiayuguan Pass in 1539 AD and the abandonment of Dunhuang city further interrupted the operation of the ancient Silk Road.
Simulating stable carbon isotopes in the ocean component of the FAMOUS general circulation model with MOSES1 (XOAVI)
Authors: Dentith Jennifer E. , Ivanovic Ruza F. , Gregoire Lauren J. , Tindall Julia C. , Robinson Laura F.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ocean circulation and the marine carbon cycle can be
indirectly inferred from stable and radiogenic carbon isotope ratios
(δ13C and Δ14C, respectively), measured directly
in the water column, or recorded in geological archives such as sedimentary
microfossils and corals. However, interpreting these records is non-trivial
because they reflect a complex interplay between physical and biogeochemical
processes. By directly simulating multiple isotopic tracer fields within
numerical models, we can improve our understanding of the processes that
control large-scale isotope distributions and interpolate the spatiotemporal
gaps in both modern and palaeo datasets. We have added the stable isotope
13C to the ocean component of the FAMOUS coupled atmosphere–ocean
general circulation model, which is a valuable tool for simulating complex
feedbacks between different Earth system processes on decadal to
multi-millennial timescales. We tested three different biological
fractionation parameterisations to account for the uncertainty associated
with equilibrium fractionation during photosynthesis and used sensitivity
experiments to quantify the effects of fractionation during air–sea gas
exchange and primary productivity on the simulated δ13CDIC
distributions. Following a 10 000-year pre-industrial spin-up, we simulated
the Suess effect (the isotopic imprint of anthropogenic fossil fuel burning)
to assess the performance of the model in replicating modern observations.
Our implementation captures the large-scale structure and range of δ13CDIC observations in the surface ocean, but the simulated
values are too high at all depths, which we infer is due to biases in the
biological pump. In the first instance, the new 13C tracer will
therefore be useful for recalibrating both the physical and biogeochemical
components of FAMOUS.
APPLICATION OF U-NET CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK TO BUSHFIRE MONITORING IN AUSTRALIA WITH SENTINEL-1/-2 DATA
Authors: Lee I. K. , Trinder J. C. , Sowmya A.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This paper aims to define a pipeline architecture for near real-time identification of bushfire impact areas using Geoscience Australia Data Cube (AGDC). A series of catastrophic bushfires from late 2019 to early 2020 have captured international attention with their scale of devastation across four of the most populous states across Australia; New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia. The extraction of burned areas using multispectral Sentinel-2 observations are straightforward when no cloud or haze obstruction are present. Without clear-sky observations, precisely locating the bushfire affected regions are difficult to achieve. Sentinel-1 C-band dual-polarized (VH/VV) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is introduced to effectively elicit and analyse useful information based on backscattering coefficients, unaffected by adverse weather conditions and lack of sunlight. Burned vegetation results in significant volume scattering; co-/cross-polarised response decreases due to leafless trees, as well as coherence change over fire-disturbed areas; two sensors acquired images in a shortened revisit time over the same effected areas; all of which provided discriminative features for identifying burnt areas. Moreover, applying U-Net deep learning framework to train the recent and historical satellite data leads to an effective pre-trained segmentation model of burnt and non-burnt areas, enabling more timely emergency response, more efficient hazard reduction activities and evacuation planning during severe bushfire events. The advantages of this approach could have profound significance for a more robust, timely and accurate method of bushfire detection, utilising a scalable big data processing framework, to predict the bushfire footprint and fire spread model development.
BUILDING EXTRACTION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR IMAGE BASED ON ASSOCIATED FEATURE AND SVM
Authors: Sheng Y. , Zhao Z. , Chen H.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The identification and extraction of building is a vital task in urban environmental planning and research. High-resolution SAR technology has the advantages of all-day, all-weather and strong penetration, and has become one of the important technical means to study urban areas. A novel method for building extraction using both associated features and SVM that based on the full polarization SAR image of GF-3 is proposed in this paper. Firstly, filtering the GF-3 image to reduce the speckles of the image, then texture features based on Span map are extracted by using GLCM. Principal component analysis is used to remove the correlation between them and select the best texture features. The normalized circular-pol correlation coefficient is introduced as the polarization feature and combines with the best texture features. Finally, the image is classified and extracted by SVM. In this paper, the extraction results are compared with the results of the texture feature building extraction method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain higher extraction precision, and the extraction effect is obviously optimized.
REMOTE ATTITUDE SENSING BASED ON HIGH-SPEED MUELLER MATRIX ELLIPSOMETRY
Authors: Zhang S. , Jiang H. , Gu H. , Chen X. , Liu S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The attitude metrology of moving objects has always been a hot topic in engineering applications. In this article, a novel optical method based on the high-speed Mueller matrix ellipsometry (MME) is proposed for real-time remote attitude sensing. With the help of an electric level, all the attitude angles of a free-moving object with a birefringent waveplate attached can be simultaneously extracted in real time. Compared with existing ellipsometry-based attitude metrology that can only be used in the transmission mode, the proposed method with the advantages of the high-speed MME can expand the application to both the transmission and reflection modes while maintaining higher accuracy and robustness in an ultra-large measurement range. The basic principle is presented via theoretical derivation, and the change in the Mueller matrix of the birefringent waveplate versus the attitude angles is explored in the simulated experiments. In a series of the dynamic experiments, with the extremely high temporal resolution and accuracy of the high-speed MME, an angular resolution up to 0.00022° and an angular accuracy better than 0.01° are achieved in the real-time attitude tracking of the free-moving object. As an additional benefit, the real-time angular velocity and acceleration of all the attitude angles can be obtained simultaneously. These experimental results demonstrate that the proposed attitude metrology is ready to be applied to the real-time remote attitude sensing with high angular resolution and accuracy.
Spatial variability of heavy metal concentration in urban pavement joints – A case study
Authors: Weber Collin J. , Santowski Alexander , Chifflard Peter
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Heavy metals are known to be among the one of the major environmental pollutants especially in urban areas and, as is generally known, can pose environmental risks as well as direct risks to humans. This study deals with the spatial distribution of heavy metals in different pavement joints in the inner-city area of Marburg (Hesse, Germany). Pavement joints, defined as the joint between paving stones and filled with different materials, have so far hardly been considered as anthropogenic urban soils. Nevertheless, they have an important role as possible sites of infiltration for surface runoff accumulation areas, and are therefore a key feature of urban water regimes. In order to investigate the spatial variability of heavy metals in pavement joints, a geospatial sampling approach was carried out on six inner-city sampling sites, followed by heavy metals analyses via ICP-MS, and additional pH and organic matter analyses. To obtain a risk assessment of heavy metal pollution, different pollution indices were calculated based on regional geochemical background values. Pavement joints examined consist mainly of basaltic gravel, sands, organic material and anthropogenic artefacts (e.g., glass, plastics) with an average joint size of 0.89 cm and a vertical depth of 2–10 cm. In general, the pavement joint material shows high organic matter loads (average 11.0 % by mass) and neutral to alkaline pH values. Besides high Al and Fe content, the heavy metals Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb are mainly responsible for the contamination of pavement joints. From the Geo-accumulation Index, the pollution in pavement joints regarding those metals, can be considered as moderate to high. Deterioration of soil quality was reported according to the Pollution Load Index (PLI) for 82.8 % of all sampling points, as well as a very strong potential Ecological Risk (RI) for 27.6 % of the points. The identified spatial pattern of maximum heavy metal loads in pavement joints, could not be attributed solely to traffic emissions, as commonly reported for urban areas. Higher concentrations were detected at runoff accumulation areas (e.g., drainage gutters), and at the lowest sampling points with high drainage accumulation tendencies. Additional Spearman correlation analyses show clear positive correlation between runoff accumulation value and PLI or RI index (rsp = 0.83; p
Observing traveling waves in glaciers with remote sensing: New
flexible time series methods and application to Sermeq Kujalleq
(Jakobshavn Isbræ), Greenland
Authors: Riel Bryan , Minchew Brent , Joughin Ian
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The recent influx of remote sensing data provides new opportunities for quantifying spatiotemporal variations in glacier surface velocity and elevation fields. Here, we introduce a flexible time series reconstruction and decomposition technique for forming continuous, time-dependent surface velocity and elevation fields from discontinuous data and partitioning these time series into short- and long-term variations. The time series reconstruction consists of a sparsity-regularized least squares regression for modeling time series as a linear combination of generic basis functions of multiple temporal scales, allowing us to capture complex variations in the data using simple functions. We apply this method to the multitemporal evolution of Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbrae), Greenland. Using 555 ice velocity maps generated by the Greenland Ice Mapping Project and covering the period 2009–2019, we show that the amplification in seasonal velocity variations in 2012–2016 was coincident with a longer-term speedup initiating in 2012. Similarly, the reduction in post-2017 seasonal velocity variations was coincident with a longer-term slowdown initiating around 2017. To understand how these perturbations propagate through the glacier, we introduce an approach for quantifying the spatially varying and frequency-dependent phase velocities and attenuation length scales of the resulting traveling waves. We hypothesize that these traveling waves are predominantly kinematic waves based on their long periods, coincident changes in surface velocity and elevation, and connection with variations in the terminus position. This ability to quantify wave propagation enables an entirely new framework for studying glacier dynamics using remote sensing data.