bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To evaluate disparity between clinical and pathological tumor-node-metastasis staging in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients and its impact on overall survival: An institutional study
Authors: Gupta Karan , Panda Naresh K , Bakshi Jaimanti , Das Ashim
Published: February 2016

Background: Accurate clinical staging is important for patient counseling, treatment planning, prognostication, and rational design of clinical trials. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, discrepancy between clinical and pathological staging has been reported. Objective: To evaluate any disparity between clinical and pathological tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) patients and any impact of the same on survival. Materials and Methods: Retrospective chart review from year 2007 to 2013, at a tertiary care center. Statistical Analysis: All survival analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 15 (Chicago, IL, USA). Disease-free survival curves were generated using Kaplan-Meier algorithm. Results: One hundred and twenty-seven patients with OCSCC were analyzed. Seventy-nine (62.2%) were males and 48 (37.8%) females with a mean age at presentation 43.6 years (29-79 years). The highest congruence between clinical and pathological T-staging seen for clinical stage T1 and T4 at 76.9% and 73.4% with pathological T-stage. Similarly, the highest congruence between clinical and pathological N-stage seen for clinical N0 and N3 at 86.4% and 91.7% with pathological N-stage. Of clinically early stage patients, 67.5% remained early stage, and 32.5% were upstaged to advanced stage following pathological analysis. Of the clinically advanced stage patients, 75% remained advanced, and 25% were pathologically downstaged. This staging discrepancy did not significantly alter the survival. Conclusion: Some disparity exists in clinical and pathological TNM staging of OCSCC, which could affect treatment planning and survival of patients. Hence, more unified and even system of staging for the disease is required for proper decision-making.
Acute Coronary Syndromes in Women: Recent Treatment Trends and Outcomes
Authors: Graham Garth
Published: February 2016

In the USA and internationally, women experience far-ranging differences with respect to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and myocardial infarction (MI). Women suffer from more comorbidities than men, such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and poor mental health. They sometimes exhibit atypical MI presentation symptoms and are overall less likely to present with chest pain. Women are more likely than men to encounter delays between the onset of symptoms and arrival at the hospital or to guideline treatment. The use of various surgical and pharmacological treatments, including revascularization approaches, also differs. Women, on average, have worse outcomes than men following MI, with more complications, higher mortality rates, and poorer recovery. Internationally, outcomes are similar despite various differences in health care and culture in non-US countries. In this review, we detail differences regarding ACS and MI in women, describing their complex correlations and discussing their possible causes. Educational approaches that are tailored to women might help to reduce the incidence of ACS and MI, as well as outcomes following hospitalization. Although outcomes following acute MI have been improving over the years, women may require special consideration in order to see continued improvement.
Deep Vein Thrombosis – Current Management Strategies
Authors: Endig Heike , Michalski Franziska , Beyer-Westendorf Jan
Published: February 2016

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a frequent and potentially life-threatening condition, and acute and late complications are common. The diagnostic approach to DVT needs to be reliable, widely available, and cost-effective. Furthermore, several therapeutic options are available for DVT treatment and the choice of anticoagulant drug, dosage, and treatment duration has to reflect the specific situation of the individual DVT patient. This review was aimed to provide bedside guidance for clinicians faced with common (and less common) clinical scenarios in DVT treatment.
The KSBA compactification for the moduli space of degree two $K$3 pairs
Authors: Laza Radu
Published: February 2016

Inspired by the ideas of the minimal model program, Shepherd-Barron, Kollár, and Alexeev have constructed a geometric compactification for the moduli space of surfaces of log general type. In this paper, we discuss one of the simplest examples that fits into this framework: the case of pairs

(X,H)

consisting of a degree two

K3

surface

X

and an ample divisor

H

. Specifically, we construct and describe explicitly a geometric compactification

\overline{\mathcal P}_2

for the moduli of degree two

K

3 pairs. This compactification has a natural forgetful map to the Baily–Borel compactification of the moduli space

\mathcal F_2

of degree two

K

3 surfaces. Using this map and the modular meaning of

\overline{\mathcal P}_2

, we obtain a better understanding of the geometry of the standard compactifications of

\mathcal F_2

.
Noncommutative Hodge-to-de Rham spectral sequence and the Heegaard Floer homology of double covers
Authors: Lipshitz Robert , Treumann David
Published: February 2016

Let

A

be a dg algebra over

\mathbb F_2

and let

M

be a dg

A

-bimodule. We show that under certain technical hypotheses on

A

, a noncommutative analog of the Hodge-to-de Rham spectral sequence starts at the Hochschild homology of the derived tensor product

M \otimes_A^L M

and converges to the Hochschild homology of

M

. We apply this result to bordered Heegaard Floer theory, giving spectral sequences associated to Heegaard Floer homology groups of certain branched and unbranched double covers.
Boundary estimates for certain degenerate and singular parabolic equations
Authors: Avelin Benny , Gianazza Ugo , Salsa Sandro
Published: February 2016

We study the boundary behavior of non-negative solutions to a class of degenerate/singular parabolic equations, whose prototype is the parabolic

p

-Laplacian equation. Assuming that such solutions continuously vanish on some distinguished part of the lateral part

S_T

of a Lipschitz cylinder, we prove Carleson-type estimates, and deduce some consequences under additional assumptions on the equation or the domain. We then prove analogous estimates for non-negative solutions to a class of degenerate/singular parabolic equations of porous medium type.
Morita theory for finitary 2-categories
Authors: Mazorchuk Volodymyr , Miemietz Vanessa
Published: February 2016

We develop Morita theory for finitary additive 2-representations of finitary 2-categories. As an application we describe Morita equivalence classes for 2-categories of projective functors associated to finite dimensional algebras and for 2-categories of Soergel bimodules.
Invariance and the knot Floer cube of resolutions
Authors: Gilmore Allison L.
Published: February 2016

This paper considers the invariance of knot Floer homology in a purely algebraic setting, without reference to Heegaard diagrams, holomorphic disks, or grid diagrams. We show that (a small modication of) Ozsváth and Szabó’s cube of resolutions for knot Floer homology, which is assigned to a braid presentation with a basepoint, is invariant under braid-like Reidemeister moves II and III and under conjugation. All moves are assumed to happen away from the basepoint. We also describe the behavior of the cube of resolutions under stabilization. The techniques echo those employed to prove the invariance of HOMFLY-PT homology by Khovanov and Rozansky, and are further evidence of a close relationship between the theories. The key idea is to prove categoried versions of certain equalities satisfied by the Murakami–Ohtsuki–Yamada state model for the HOMFLY-PT polynomial.
Complexity classes as mathematical axioms II
Authors: Cui Shawn X. , Freedman Michael H. , Wang Zhenghan
Published: February 2016

The second author previously discussed how classical complexity separation conjectures, we call them “axioms,” have implications in three manifold topology: polynomial length strings of operations which preserve certain Jones polynomial evaluations cannot produce exponential simplications of link diagrams. In this paper, we continue this theme, exploring now more subtle separation axioms for quantum complexity classes. Surprisingly, we now find that similar strings of operations are unable to effect even linear simplications of the diagrams.
Orbifold completion of defect bicategories
Authors: Carqueville Nils , Runkel Ingo
Published: February 2016

Orbifolds of two-dimensional quantum field theories have a natural formulation in terms of defects or domain walls. This perspective allows for a rich generalisation of the orbifolding procedure, which we study in detail for the case of topological field theories. Namely, a TFT with defects gives rise to a pivotal bicategory of "world sheet phases" and defects between them. We develop a general framework which takes such a bicategory

\mathcal B

as input and returns its "orbifold completion"

\mathcal B_{\mathrm {orb}}

. The completion satisfies the natural properties

\mathcal B \subset \mathcal B_{\mathrm {orb}}

and

(\mathcal B_{\mathrm {orb}})_{\mathrm{orb}} \cong \mathcal B_{\mathrm {orb}}

, and it gives rise to various new equivalences and nondegeneracy results. When applied to TFTs, the objects in

\mathcal B_{\mathrm {orb}}

correspond to generalised orbifolds of the theories in

\mathcal B

. In the example of Landau–Ginzburg models we recover and unify conventional equivariant matrix factorisations, prove when and how (generalised) orbifolds again produce open/closed TFTs, and give nontrivial examples of new orbifold equivalences.
Geometric filtrations of string links and homology cylinders
Authors: Conant James , Schneiderman Robert , Teichner Peter
Published: February 2016

We show that the group of string links modulo order

n

twisted Whitney tower concordance is an extension of the image of the nilpotent Artin representation by a finite 2-group. Moreover, this 2-group is generated by band sums of iterated Bing-doubles of any string knot with nonzero Arf invariant. We also analyze the Goussarov–Habiro clasper filtration of the group of 3-dimensional homology cylinders modulo homology cobordism, importing techniques from our work on Whitney towers to improve on results of J. Levine. In particular, we classify the graded group associated to the Goussarov–Habiro filtration in all orders except

4n + 1

. In this last case, it is classified up to unknown 2-torsion with a precise upper bound. These calculations confirm conjectures of Levine in the even cases, and improve on his conjectures in the odd cases. In the last section of this paper we connect the settings of string links and homology cylinders by analyzing a geometric map, originally formulated by N. Habegger.
An odd categorification of $U_q (\mathfrak{sl}_2)$
Authors: Ellis Alexander P. , Lauda Aaron D.
Published: February 2016

We define a 2-category that categorifies the covering Kac–Moody algebra for

\mathfrak{sl}_2

introduced by Clark and Wang. This categorification forms the structure of a super-2-category as formulated by Kang, Kashiwara, and Oh. The super-2-category structure introduces a

\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}_{2}

-grading giving its Grothendieck group the structure of a free module over the group algebra of

\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb Z_2

. By specializing the

\mathbb{Z}_{2}

-action to +1 or to −1, the construction specializes to an “odd” categorification of

\mathfrak{sl}_2

and to a supercategorification of

\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2}

, respectively.
Многогранники Ньютона и неприводимые компоненты полных пересечений
Authors: Khovanskii Askold Georgievich
Published: February 2016

Вычислено число неприводимых
компонент многообразия, заданного в $(\mathbb C^*)^n$ общей
системой уравнений с заданными многогранниками Ньютона.
Каждая такая компонента, в свою очередь, может быть задана
общей системой уравнений, многогранники Ньютона которой
находятся явно. Известно, что многие дискретные инварианты
многообразия находятся по многогранникам Ньютона. Результаты
статьи позволяют вычислить такие инварианты для каждой
неприводимой компоненты многообразия.
Библиография: 7 наименований.
Изомонодромные деформации связностей Ламе, уравнение Пенлеве VI и симметрия Окамото
Authors: Loray Frank
Published: February 2016

Связностью Ламе называется логарифмическая $\mathrm{sl}(2,\mathbb C)$-связность $(E,\nabla)$
над эллиптической кривой $X\colon \{y^2=x(x-1)(x-t)\}$, $t\neq 0,1$, имеющая простой полюс на
бесконечности. Показано, что если такая связность неприводима, то она инвариантна относительно стандартной инволюции и опускается до логарифмической $\mathrm{sl}(2,\mathbb C)$-связности на $\mathbb P^1$
с полюсами в точках $0$, $1$, $t$ и $\infty$. Поэтому изомонодромная деформация $(E_t,\nabla_t)$ неприводимой связности Ламе, при которой эллиптическая кривая $X_t$ меняется
в семействе Лежандра, параметризуется некоторым решением $q(t)$ шестого дифференциального уравнения Пенлеве $\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{VI}}$. Вариация векторного расслоения $E_t$ при такой деформации
вычислена в терминах отображения модулей Ту: она задается другим решением $\tilde q(t)$ уравнения $\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{VI}}$, связанным с $q(t)$ посредством симметрии Окамото $s_2 s_1 s_2$ (в обозначениях Ноуми-Ямада). Поставлен мотивированный задачей Римана-Гильберта для классического
уравнения Ламе вопрос о том, имеют ли трансценденты Пенлеве полюсы. Часть результатов работы была анонсирована в [6].
Библиография: 35 наименований.
Доказательство гамма-гипотезы для трехмерных многообразий Фано с решеткой Пикара ранга 1
Authors: Golyshev Vasilii Viktorovich , Zagier Don
Published: February 2016

Для всех 17 деформационных классов трехмерных многообразий Фано ранга 1 проверена (первая) гамма-гипотеза, связывающая гамма-класс многообразия Фано и асимптотику на бесконечности решений Фробениуса
квантового дифференциального уравнения, ассоциированного с этим многообразием. В ходе доказательства вычислены соответствующие пределы ("пределы Фробениуса") для дифференциальных уравнений Пикара-Фукса типа Апери, ассоциированных с семействами многообразий Фано при зеркальной симметрии. Предложены два подхода к доказательству: комбинаторный и основанный на модулярных свойствах дифференциальных уравнений. Формулировка гамма-гипотезы для трехмерного многообразия Фано всегда содержит
рациональное кратное числа $\zeta(3)$. Приведены численные данные, позволяющие предположить, что высшие пределы Фробениуса дифференциальных уравнений типа Апери могут быть связаны с кратными дзета-значениями.
Библиография: 31 наименование.
Теоремы конечности для предельных циклов: схема обновленного доказательства
Authors: Ilyashenko Yulij Sergeevich
Published: February 2016

Настоящая работа является первой из двух частей, в которых излагается дайджест доказательства теоремы конечности для предельных циклов полиномиального векторного поля на плоскости. В то же время даются схемы
доказательств еще двух теорем: аналогичного результата для аналитических векторных полей и описания асимптотики преобразования монодромии для сложных циклов таких полей.
Библиография: 12 наименований.
Predicting abundance and variability of ice nucleating particles in precipitation at the high-altitude observatory Jungfraujoch
Authors: Stopelli Emiliano , Conen Franz , Morris Cindy E. , Herrmann Erik , Henne Stephan , Steinbacher Martin , Alewell Christine
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Nucleation of ice affects the properties of clouds and the formation of precipitation. Quantitative data on how ice nucleating particles (INPs) determine the distribution, occurrence and intensity of precipitation are still scarce. INPs active at −8 °C (INPs−8) were observed for two years in precipitation samples at the High-Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) at 3580 m a.s.l. Several environmental parameters were scanned for their capability to predict the observed abundance and variability of INPs−8. Those singularly presenting the best correlations with observed number of INPs−8 (residual fraction of water vapour, wind speed, air temperature, number of particles with diameter larger than 0.5 μm, season and source region of particles) were implemented as potential predictor variables in statistical multiple linear regression models. These models were calibrated with 84 precipitation samples collected during the first year of observations; their predictive power was successively validated on the set of 15 precipitation samples collected during the second year. The model performing best in calibration and validation explains more than 75 % of the whole variability of INPs−8 in precipitation and indicates that a high abundance of INPs−8 is to be expected whenever high wind speed coincides with air masses having experienced little or no precipitation prior to sampling. Such conditions occur during frontal passages, often accompanied by precipitation. Therefore, the circumstances when INPs−8 could be sufficiently abundant to initiate the ice phase in clouds may frequently coincide with meteorological conditions favourable to the onset of precipitation events.
Total Atmospheric Mercury Deposition in Forest Areas in Korea
Authors: Han Jin-Su , Seo Yong-Seok , Kim Moon-Kyung , Holsen Thomas M. , Yi Seung-Muk
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric mercury dry and wet deposition, mercury in throughfall and litterfall, and mercury volatilization from soil were measured during August 2008 to February 2010 in a temperate deciduous forest in Korea. The yearly estimated mercury budget was calculated using two input approaches. For this location the annual mercury accumulation was estimated to be 6.8 μg m-2 yr-1 or 3.9 μg m-2 yr-1 depending on the approach used. Cumulative wet and throughfall fluxes were 4.3 and 6.7 μg m-2 yr-1, respectively. The annual litterfall flux was 4.6 μg m-2 yr-1 and was highest from October to December due to the increased litter production during that period. The annual Hg emission flux from soil was 6.8 μg m-2 yr-1. The overall ratio of wet deposition, throughfall, and litterfall was 1 : 1.6 : 1.1. Cumulative dry deposition fluxes of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) were highest in spring 2009 (10.0 ± 2.0 μg m-2 yr-1), followed by summer 2009 (5.8 ± 4.2μg m-2 yr-1), winter 2008 (5.1 ± 5.0 μg m-2 yr-1), winter 2009 (4.6 ± 5.7 μg m-2 yr-1), fall 2008 (1.9 ± 1.0 μg m-2 yr-1) and fall 2009 (1.2 ± 1.4 μg m-2 yr-1) while dry deposition fluxes for particulate bound mercury (PBM) were highest in summer 2009 (9.6 ± 9.0 μg m-2 yr-1), followed by winter 2009 (5.3 ± 5.9 μg m-2 yr-1), winter 2008 (3.8 ± 2.0 μg m-2 yr-1), spring 2009 (3.3 ± 2.6 μg m-2 yr-1), fall 2008 (3.0 ± 1.7 μg m-2 yr-1) and fall 2009 (1.2 ± 0.4 μg m-2 yr-1). The VWM TM concentration in throughfall (14.4 ± 7.1 ng L-1) was about two times higher than that in wet deposition (5.9 ± 3.8 ng L-1). Wet deposition and throughfall fluxes were higher in summer than those in other seasons possibly due to a high precipitation depth.
Photochemical Degradation of Isoprene-derived 4,1-Carbonyl Nitrate
Authors: Xiong F. , Borca C. H. , Slipchenko L. V. , Shepson P. B.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In isoprene-impacted environments, carbonyl nitrates are produced from NO3-initiated isoprene oxidation, which constitutes a potentially important NOx reservoir. To better understand the fate of isoprene carbonyl nitrates, we synthesized a model compound, trans-nitrooxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al (4,1-isoprene carbonyl nitrate) and investigated its photochemical degradation process. The measured OH and O3 oxidation rate constants for this carbonyl nitrate are 4.1 (±0.7) × 10−11 cm3 molecules−1 s−1 and 4.4 (±0.3) × 10−18 cm3 molecules−1 s−1. The UV absorption spectrum of the carbonyl nitrate was determined, and the result is consistent with TDDFT calculations. Based on its UV absorption cross section and photolysis frequency in a reaction chamber, we estimate that the ambient photolysis frequency for this compound is 3.1 × 10−4 s−1 for a solar zenith angle (SZA) of 45°. The fast photolysis rate and high reactivity toward OH lead to a lifetime of less than one hour for the carbonyl nitrate, with photolysis being a dominant daytime sink. The nitrate products derived from the OH oxidation and the photolysis of the isoprene carbonyl nitrate were identified with an iodide-based chemical ionization mass spectrometer. For the OH oxidation reaction, we quantified the yields of two nitrate products, MVK nitrate and ethanal nitrate, which together contributed to 37 (±5) % of the first-generation products.
Assessment of lidar depolarization uncertainty by means of a polarimetric lidar simulator
Authors: Bravo-Aranda J. A. , Belegante L. , Freudenthaler V. , Alados-Arboledas A. , Nicolae D. , Granados-Muñoz M. J. , Guerrero-Rascado J. L. , Amodeo A. , D'Amico G. , Engelmann R. , Pappalardo G. , Kokkalis P. , Mamouri R. , Papayannis A. , Navas-Guzmán F. , Olmo F. J. , Wandinger U. , Haeffelin M.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Lidar depolarization measurements distinguish between spherical and non-spherical aerosol particles based on the change of the polarization state between the emitted and received signal. The particle shape information in combination with other aerosol optical properties allow the characterization of different aerosol types and the retrieval of aerosol particle microphysical properties. Regarding the microphysical inversions, lidar depolarization technique is becoming a key method since particle shape information can be used by algorithms based on spheres and spheroids, optimizing the retrieval procedure. Thus, the identification of the depolarization error sources and the quantification of their effects are crucial. This work presents a new tool to assess the lidar polarizing sensitivity and to estimate the systematic error of the volume linear depolarization ratio (δ), combining the Stokes–Müller formalism and the Monte Carlo technique. This tool is applied to a synthetic lidar system and to several EARLINET lidars with depolarization capabilities at 355 or 532 nm. The results evidence that the lidar polarization sensitivity can lead to δ relative errors larger than 100 %, being more probable its overestimation. The lidar systems show δ relative errors larger than 100 % for δ values around the molecular one (~0.004), decreasing up to ~10 % for δ = 0.45. However, among them, POLIS system shows the best behaviour with δ relative errors of 25 % and 0.22 % for δ = 0.004 and δ = 0.45, respectively, evidencing how a proper characterization of the lidar polarizing sensitivity can drastically reduce the δ systematic errors. In this regard, we provide some indications to reduce the lidar polarizing sensitivity and to improve its characterization.
The role of basal hydrology in the surging of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Authors: Roberts William H. G. , Payne Antony J. , Valdes Paul J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We use the Glimmer ice sheet model to simulate periodic surges over the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. In contrast to previous studies we use the depth of water at the base of the ice sheet as the switch for these surges. We find that the surges are supported within the model and are quite robust across a very wide range of parameter choices, in contrast to many previous studies where surges only occur for rather specific cases. The robustness of the surges is likely due to the use of water as the switch mechanism for sliding The statistics of the binge-purge cycles resemble observed Heinrich Events. The events have a period of between 10–15 thousand years and can produce fluxes of ice from the mouth of Hudson Strait of 0.05 Sv – a maximum flux of 0.06 Sv is possible. The events produce an ice volume of 2.50 × 106 km3 with a range of 4.30 × 106 km3–1.90 × 106 km3 possible. We undertake a suite of sensitivity tests varying the sliding parameter, the water drainage scheme, the sliding versus water depth parametrization, and the resolution all of which support the ice sheet surges. This suggests that internally triggered ice sheet surges were a robust feature of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and are a possible explanation for the observed Heinrich Events.
Description and evaluation of a new four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Liu X. , Ma P.-L. , Wang H. , Tilmes S. , Singh B. , Easter R. C. , Ghan S. J. , Rasch P. J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols play an important role in the climate system by influencing the Earth's radiation budgets and modifying the cloud properties. Despite the importance, their representations in large-scale atmospheric models are still crude, which can influence model simulated burden, lifetime, physical, chemical and optical properties, and the climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols. In this study, we improve the current three-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM3) in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) by introducing an additional primary carbon mode to explicitly account for the microphysical ageing of primary carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere. Compared to MAM3, the four-mode version of MAM (MAM4) significantly increases the column burdens of primary particulate organic matter (POM) and black carbon (BC) by up to 40 % in many remote regions, where in-cloud scavenging plays an important role in determining the aerosol concentrations. Differences in the column burdens for other types of aerosol (e.g., sulfate, secondary organic aerosols, mineral dust, sea salt) are less than 1 %. Evaluating the MAM4 simulation against in situ surface and aircraft observations, we find that MAM4 significantly improves the simulation of seasonal variation of near-surface BC concentrations in the polar regions, by increasing the BC concentrations in all seasons and particularly in cold seasons. However, it exacerbates the overestimation of modeled BC concentrations in the upper troposphere in the Pacific regions. The comparisons suggest that, to address the remaining model POM and BC biases, future improvements are required related to (1) in-cloud scavenging and vertical transport in convective clouds and (2) emissions of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols.
Simulating the thermal regime and thaw processes of ice-rich permafrost ground with the land-surface model CryoGrid 3
Authors: Westermann S. , Langer M. , Boike J. , Heikenfeld M. , Peter M. , Etzelmüller B. , Krinner G.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Thawing of permafrost in a warming climate is governed by a complex interplay of different processes of which only conductive heat transfer is taken into account in most model studies. However, observations in many permafrost landscapes demonstrate that lateral and vertical movement of water can have a pronounced influence on the thaw trajectories, creating distinct landforms, such as thermokarst ponds and lakes, even in areas where permafrost is otherwise thermally stable. Novel process parameterizations are required to include such phenomena in future projections of permafrost thaw and subsequent climatic-triggered feedbacks. In this study, we present a new land-surface scheme designed for permafrost applications, CryoGrid 3, which constitutes a flexible platform to explore new parameterizations for a range of permafrost processes. We document the model physics and employed parameterizations for the basis module CryoGrid 3, and compare model results with in situ observations of surface energy balance, surface temperatures, and ground thermal regime from the Samoylov permafrost observatory in NE Siberia. The comparison suggests that CryoGrid 3 can not only model the evolution of the ground thermal regime in the last decade, but also consistently reproduce the chain of energy transfer processes from the atmosphere to the ground. In addition, we demonstrate a simple 1-D parameterization for thaw processes in permafrost areas rich in ground ice, which can phenomenologically reproduce both formation of thermokarst ponds and subsidence of the ground following thawing of ice-rich subsurface layers. Long-term simulation from 1901 to 2100 driven by reanalysis data and climate model output demonstrate that the hydrological regime can both accelerate and delay permafrost thawing. If meltwater from thawed ice-rich layers can drain, the ground subsides, as well as the formation of a talik, are delayed. If the meltwater pools at the surface, a pond is formed that enhances heat transfer in the ground and leads to the formation of a talik. The model results suggest that the trajectories of future permafrost thaw are strongly influenced by the cryostratigraphy, as determined by the late Quaternary history of a site.
Dynamic Relations of Consumer Prices: A Case Study of Recent Effects on the Japanese Headline CPI
Authors: Tsuji Chikashi
Published: February 2016

This study attempts to empirically examine the relations between the headline consumer price index (CPI) and several other CPIs in Japan by applying the vector error correction models (VECMs). Our investigations derive the following interesting findings. First, we reveal that as to our four combinations of the CPIs tested in this paper, 1) all variable coefficients in the cointegrating equations are statistically significant in our VECM models and the statistical significance is very strong. Thus, we understand that our four bivariate combinations of the CPIs tested in this paper are all strongly cointegrated and the VECM approach is very effective to capture the time-series effects of the categorized CPIs on the Japanese headline CPI. Further, we also find that 2) as far as judging by the results of our impulse response analyses, for the period from May 2011 to June 2015, the headline CPI for Japan is weakly or little affected by the CPI of energy and the CPI of food for Japan. We further clarify that 3) according to the results of our impulse response analyses, the Japanese headline CPI is positively affected by both the CPI of utilities for Japan and the CPI of transportation and communication expenses for Japan.
Comparison of Choroidal Thickness Changes following Intravitreal Dexamethasone, Ranibizumab, and Triamcinolone in Eyes with Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Yumusak Erhan , Ornek Kemal , Dikel Nevin H.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To evaluate short-term choroidal thickness changes following intravitreal dexamethasone implant (DEX), ranibizumab (RAN), and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and macular edema (ME).

Methods

In this prospective study, 35 eyes of 35 patients with RVO and ME who were treated with intravitreal injections of DEX, RAN, and TA were included. Choroidal thickness was measured using semiautomated segmentation of enhanced depth imaging with optical coherence tomography at fovea and parafoveal areas. Changes in choroidal thickness following treatment were compared statistically.

Results

Choroidal thickness decreased following DEX, RAN, and TA treatments (all p>0.05). In the DEX group, at the first month nasal 1,500 µm (N11,500) and at the third month subfoveal (SF3) and nasal 500 µm (N3500) choroidal thickness revealed a significant reduction compared to RAN and TA groups (all p<0.05). In the TA group, choroidal thickness showed a significant reduction only at nasal 1,500 µm (N31,500) at the third month (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Choroidal thickness was decreased in all 3 groups. The DEX and TA groups showed a significant reduction at some areas. Ranibizumab had the smallest effect on choroidal thickness after 3 months among all groups.
Dislocation after Total HIP Replacement – There is no Such Thing as a Safe Zone for Socket Placement with the Posterior Approach
Authors: Timperley Andrew John , Biau David , Chew David , Whitehouse Sarah L.
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Malorientation of the socket contributes to instability after hip arthroplasty but the optimal orientation of the cup in relation to the pelvis has not been unequivocally described. Large radiological studies are few and problems occur with film standardisation, measurement methodology used and alternative definitions of describing acetabular orientation.

Methods

A cohort of 1,578 patients from a single institution is studied where all patient data was collected prospectively. Risk factors for patients undergoing surgery are analysed. Radiological data was compared between a series of non-dislocating hips and dislocating cases matched 2:1 by operation type, age and diagnosis.

Results

The overall dislocation rate for all 1,578 cases was 3.23% but the rate varied according to the type of surgery performed. The rate in uncomplicated primary cases was 2.4% which increased to 9.3% for second stage implantation for a two stage procedure for infection. There was no significant difference in the variability of the dislocating and non-dislocating groups for either inclination (p = 0.393) or anteversion (p = 0.661).

Conclusions

A “safe zone” for socket orientation to avoid dislocation could not be defined. The cause of dislocation is multifactorial, re-establishing the anatomic centre of rotation, balancing soft tissues and avoidance of impingement around the hip are important considerations.
Veno-veno-arterial ECMO Support for Acute Myocarditis Combined with ARDS: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Jae Ha , Park Jin Han , Min Ho Ki , Seo Guang-Won , Song Pil-Sang , Her Charles , Jang Hang Jea
Published: February 2016

Background

In patients who developed a combined situation of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with refractory hypoxemia and acute cardiac failure with circulatory collapse, traditional veno-venous or veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation approach alone may not be sufficient enough to maintain both an acceptable range of gas exchange and a hemodynamic stability.

Case report

A 27-year-old male patient was suffering from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by community-acquired pneumonia and acute myocarditis with circulatory shock. After mechnical ventilation for respiratory support, he was in a persistently refractory shock state. Veno-veno-arterial mode of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was thus applied to provide both respiratory and circulatory support simultaneously, with good success.

Discussion

Modifying to a veno-veno-arterial mode can be another alternative strategy in a combined situation of refractory respiratory and cardiac failure, thus providing not only respiratory support but also circulatory support. In veno-veno-arterial mode, the returning circuit from the pump was divided with a Y connector into 2 reinfusion circuits; each reinfusion circuit was connected to the contralateral side femoral vein and artery, respectively. The distribution of reinfusion flow was adjusted depending on the patient's cardiopulmonary status.

Conclusions

Although there is no consensus about the veno-veno-arterial mode of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, this combined mode can be helpful in patients with acute refractory respiratory and cardiac failure, as shown in the present case. We need further experience and improvements in the circuit system used in the veno-veno-arterial mode of ECMO.
Simulation of Acute Haemodynamic Outcomes of the Surgical Strategies for the Right Ventricular Failure Treatment in Pediatric LVAD
Authors: Di Molfetta Arianna , Ferrari Gianfranco , Iacobelli Roberta , Filippelli Sergio , Fresiello Libera , Gagliardi Maria G. , Toscano Alessandro , Trivella Maria G. , Amodeo Antonio
Published: February 2016

Background

Right ventricular failure (RVF) is one of the major complications during LVAD. Apart from drug therapy, the most reliable option is the implantation of RVAD. However, BIVAD have a poor prognosis and increased complications. Experiments have been conducted on alternative approaches, such as the creation of an atrial septal defect (ASD), a cavo-aortic shunt (CAS) including the LVAD and a cavo-pulmonary connection (CPC). This work aims at realizing a lumped parameter model (LPM) to compare the acute hemodynamic effects of ASD, CPC, CAS, RVAD in LVAD pediatric patients with RVF.

Methods

Data of 5 pediatric patients undergoing LVAD were retrospectively collected to reproduce patients baseline hemodynamics with the LPM. The effects of continuous flow LVAD implantation complicated by RVF was simulated and then the effects of ASD, CPC, CAS and RVAD treatments were simulated for each patient.

Results

The model successfully reproduced patients' baseline and the hemodynamic effects of the surgical strategies. Simulating the different surgical strategies, an unloading of the right ventricle and an increment of left ventricular preload were observed with an improvement of the hemodynamics (total cardiac output: ASD +15%, CPC +10%, CAS +70% RVAD +20%; right ventricular external work: ASD -19%, CPC -46%, CAS -76%, RVAD -32%; left ventricular external work: ASD +12%, CPC +28%, RVAD +64%).

Conclusions

The use of numerical model could offer an additional support for clinical decision-making, also potentially reducing animal experiments, to compare the outcome of different surgical strategies to treat RVF in LVAD.
Clinical Prognostic Value of Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 in Various Human Cancers: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Authors: Li Yang , Yang Ze , Wan Xiaoya , Zhou Jianguo , Zhang Yu , Ma Hu , Bai Yuju
Published: February 2016

Background

Many studies have investigated the prognostic value of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in human cancers. However, these studies were often limited by small sample sizes. Therefore, we performed this updated meta-analysis to summarize the potential value of MALAT1 as a biomarker for early treatment and to predict survival in various human malignant neoplasms, through the inclusion of the latest literature and improved methodology.

Methods

Twelve eligible articles were systematically obtained from PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Cochrane Library, from inception up to June 30, 2015. Survival was assessed using pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results

By combining the results of 12 studies, we found elevated MALAT1 expression was associated with poor survival in most cancers, with a pooled HR of 1.90 (95% CI, 1.56-2.30) for overall survival (OS) and 3.06 (95% CI, 2.06-4.56) for recurrence-free survival/disease-free survival. Subgroup analyses according to ethnicity, tumor type, assay method, sample size, HR-calculation method and analysis type did not affect the predictive role of MALAT1 for OS in various cancer types. Further, by combining results from studies that used multivariate analyses, we found elevated MALAT1 was an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.58-2.48).

Conclusions

MALAT1 could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in various cancers and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and early detection of recurrence.
A new Infraclavicular Landmark-Based Approach to the Axillary Vein as an Alternative Method of Central Venous Cannulation
Authors: Gawda Ryszard , Czarnik Tomasz , Weron Rafal , Nowotarski Jakub
Published: February 2016

Purpose

We developed the new technique of the axillary vein catheterization, which is connected with the determination of only two anatomical points of reference for puncture site identification. The primary outcome of this study was to determine the rate of successful catheterizations and the assessment of procedure success rate, depending on cannulation side as well as physician experience. The secondary objective was to evaluate the early complication rate and to determine whether this method can be used in clinical practice.

Methods

The methodology of this prospective, cohort study included catheterization of the axillary vein via the infraclavicular approach. All procedures were performed by the first two authors, each of whom had different levels of experience with the technique. The choice of the cannulation side was based on clinical factors, and the technique was identical on the right and left sides.

Results

The cannulation success rate reached 85.6% (N = 153). The correlation between physician experience and the procedure success rate as well as between cannulation side and procedure success rate were not significant. A common early complication was a puncture of axillary artery (14.4%) with the following proper cannulation in the majority of patients (77.3%, p<0.01, exact test).

Conclusions

The procedure success rate, 85.6% (95% CI [80.0, 91.2%]), is comparable to other landmark-based techniques of the central vein cannulation. The moderately high percentage of axillary artery puncture points out that the approach should be used only as an alternative method to the central vein catheterization.
Which Arm and Vein are more Appropriate for Single-Step, Non-Fluoroscopic, Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Insertion?
Authors: Jeon Eui-Yong , Cho Young K. , Yoon Dae Y. , Hwang Jin Ho
Published: February 2016

Objective

We investigated which arm and vein led to the most successful outcomes during non-fluoroscopic peripherallyinserted central catheter (PICC) insertion.

Methods

A total of 743 cases from July 2012 to March 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. We also analyzed the following: 1) accessed arm (right or left), 2) accessed vein (cephalic, basilic, or brachial), 3) primary and secondary success rates, 4) causes of failure (location of obstacles), and 5) problemsolving methods for catheter repositioning.

Results

The primary success rate was 46.3% (344/743) with 49.4% (123/249) on the right arm and 44.7% (273/494) on the left arm. The secondary success rate was 53.7% (399/743) with 50.6% (126/249) on the right arm and 55.3% (273/494) on the left arm. The causes of failure were 100% (43/43) for the left cephalic vein, 61.5% (8/13) for the right cephalic vein, 50.6% (43/85) for the left brachial vein, and 51.1% (23/45) for the right brachial vein, 51.1% (187/366) for the left basilic vein, and 49.7% (95/191) for the right basilic vein. The failure rate through the left cephalic vein was significantly higher than that for other veins. The most common locations of obstacles were the subclavian vein (28.8%, 115/399), axillary vein (24.3%, 97/399), and brachiocephalic vein (19.3%, 77/399). The most common problem-solving methods were with guidewire assistance (74.7%, 298/399), venographic guidance (13.8%, 55/399), and fluoroscopic guidance (11.5%, 46/399).

Conclusions

Right-arm access through the basilic or brachial vein may be more appropriate for successful nonfluoroscopic PICC insertion compared with the access through the left arm and the cephalic vein.
Systematic Review of Drug Eluting Balloon Angioplasty for Arteriovenous Haemodialysis access Stenosis
Authors: Khawaja Aurang Z. , Cassidy Deirdre B. , Shakarchi Julien Al , McGrogan Damian G. , Inston Nicholas G. , Jones Robert G.
Published: February 2016

Background

Native or prosthetic arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are preferred for permanent haemodialysis (HD) access. These are marked with circuit steno-occlusive disease leading to dysfunction or even failure. Late failure rates have been reported as high as 50%. Standard angioplasty balloons are an established percutaneous intervention for HD access stenosis. Reported restenosis rates remain high and practice guidelines recommend a wide 6-month primary patency (PP) of at least 50% for any intervention. Neointimal hyperplasia is one of the main causes for access circuit stenosis. Drug eluting balloon (DeB) angioplasty has been proposed as an alternative intervention to reduce restenosis by local drug delivery and possible inhibition of this process.

Purpose

To systematically assess the reported efficacy and safety of DeB angioplasty in percutaneous management of prosthetic and autologous HD access stenosis.

Methods

Protocol for the review was developed following the PRISMA-P 2015 statement. An electronic database (Medline, EMBASE, Clinical Trials.gov and Cochrane CENTRAL) search was conducted to identify articles reporting on the use of DeB intervention in HD AV access. Backward and forward citation search as well as grey literature search was performed. The MOOSE statement and PRISMA 2009 statement were followed for the reporting of results. Data from the included studies comparing DeBs with non-DeBs were pooled using a random effects metaanalysis model and reported separately on randomised and non-randomised studies.

Results

Six studies reported on 254 interventions in 162 participants (mean 27 ± 10 SD). The pooled mean and median duration of follow-up was 12 and 13 months (range 6-24 months). These comprised two randomised control trials (RCTs) and four cohort studies. Participant's mean age was 64 ± 5 years and 61% were male. Target lesions (TLs) ranged from under 2 mm to 5.9 mm and 51 were reported as de novo stenosis. Device failure described as wasting of the DeB was reported in two studies (55% and 92.8%). At 6 months TL PP was reported between 70% to 97% for DeBs in the RCTs and cohort studies, and 0% to 26% for non-DeBs. TLs treated with DeBs were associated with a higher primary patency at 6 months as compared to non-DeB balloons (RCTs: odds ratio [OR] 0.25, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.77 and I2 = 19%, cohort studies: OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.31 and an I2 = 20%). No procedure-related major or minor complications were reported.

Conclusions

Current literature reports DeBs as being safe and may convey some benefit in terms of improved rate of restenosis when used to treat AV access disease. However, this body of evidence is small and clinically heterogeneous. A large multicentre RCT may help to clarify the role of DeBs in the percutaneous treatment of AV HD access stenosis.
El potencial de los museos en la conservación del patrimonio cultural
Authors: Campos Solórzano Melissa Regina
Published: February 2016

El artículo es el resultado de una reflexión que parte de la investigación titulada “Propuesta para un museo sin muros para la reactivación de la memoria urbana en la calle Arce”, que buscó formular una propuesta museológica de exposición en la vía pública para crear un vínculo real entre la comunidad y el Patrimonio Cultural del Centro Histórico de San Salvador, iniciada en 2011, a partir de los estudios en Maestría en Patrimonio Cultural y Territorio realizados en la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Colombia, tomando como caso de estudio el proceso de reordenamiento de la calle Arce en la ciudad de San Salvador, El Salvador, Centroamérica.
Registro y documentación histórica del pecio SS Colón en Acajutla, Departamento de Sonsonate. El Salvador
Authors: Gallardo Mejía Francisco Roberto
Published: February 2016

El tránsito de buques a vapor en el Océano Pacífico entre 1850 y principios de 1900s fue un fenómeno histórico  descomunal en América y marca la época de oro en la navegación con máquinas impulsadas con este tipo de combustión.Durante este periodo de tiempo se estableció un complejo sistema de transporte y comunicación que unió los continentes y constantemente se rompieron marcas de tiempo en viajes marinos y capacidad de carga.Este fenómeno náutico fue vital para el desarrollo industrial y económico de muchos países en el continente americano. La gran cantidad de productos que eran transportados por estos buques incluyendo añil y café generaron los ingresos para hacer posible el desarrollo de los países que contaban con puertos en el Océano Pacífico.El transporte de miles de pasajeros con diversas profesiones y especialidades o simples aventureros que buscaban una mejor vida también propició el traslado de conocimiento para el impulso tecnológico de muchas naciones americanas.