bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
НОВИНЕ У ДЕФИНИСАЊУ ПОЛИЦИЈСКИХ ОВЛАШЋЕЊА У ЗАКОНУ О ПОЛИЦИЈИ И УНУТРАШЊИМ ПОСЛОВИМА РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Authors: Јокић Дарко
Published: January 2018

Закон о полицији и унутрашњим пословима, поредконтроверзи везаних за процедуру доношења, произвео је низполемика садржајног карактера. У раду се даје краћи приказ појединихполицијских овлашћења која су овом законом уведена или другачиједефинисана, а чијом примјеном би требало да се обезбиједе условида полиција дјелотворније обавља послове из своје надлежности.Аутор у раду ближе појашњава нека од полицијских овлашћења која суиновирана или другачије дефинисана и то: прикупљање обавјештења;потрага за лицима и предметима; преглед лица, предмета и превознихсредстава; противдиверзиони преглед и надзор и снимање јавногмјеста.
ПОСЕБНЕ МЈЕРЕ БЕЗБЈЕДНОСТИ САОБРАЋАЈНЕ ПОЛИЦИЈЕ
Authors: Рикић Дејан
Published: January 2018

Глобалним планом деценије акције за безбједностсаобраћаја (2011–2020) дефинишу се општи циљеви, те пет стубова(колона) у оквиру којих је потребно предузимати мјере с циљемунапређења безбједности саобраћаја. Међу тим колонама истиче сеи стуб број 4 који се односи на унапређење понашања учесника усаобраћају. Унапређење безбједности саобраћаја ослања се, прије свега,на свеобухватне кампање, едукације, доношење адекватних прописа,али унапређење понашања учесника у саобраћају у нашим условима унајвећој мјери се ослања на унапређење система мјера и санкција, тењихову досљедну примјену од стране саобраћајне полиције. С обзиромна то да возачи, у нашим условима, најчешће не прихватају ризикод учешћа у саобраћајним незгодама усљед непоштовања прописа,преостаје нам једино да прописима дефинишемо систем мјера и санкцијапрема починиоцима прекршаја и кривичних дјела против безбједностисаобраћаја, те да њиховом досљедном примјеном од стране саобраћајнеполиције коригујемо понашање учесника у саобраћају и да их, нанеки начин, „приморамо“ да поштују прописе у саобраћају. У складуса тим, у овом раду ће бити приказане мјере које, у складу са важећимзаконодавством, стоје на располагању полицијским службеницима,као и санкције које полицијски службеници могу изрећи починиоцимапрекршаја у саобраћају. Примјеном наведених мјера, полиција, пријесвега, репресивно дјелује према починиоцу прекршаја, али дјелује ипревентивно на даље чињење евентуалних прекршаја или кривичнихдјела.
Теолошки допринос креирању културе дијалога у савременим плуралистичким друштвима
Authors: Стојановић Љубивоје
Published: January 2018

Креирање културе дијалога одговоран је процес и велики изазов за ангажовану теологију, посебно у наше време и на нашим просторима после конфликата чије последице и даље осећамо. Стварање климе поверења и подстицање помирења међу супротстављеним групама и појединцима могуће је само онда кад одговорност и оптимизам постану стваралачке одреднице којима се превазилазе анархија, песимизам и нихилизам. Важно је, такође, препознати и стално превазилазити религијски национализам који ствара идентитет отпора и продужава сукобе. Неопходно је подстицати културу мира која покреће и осмишљава идентитет спасења као стваралачку иновативност која стварно оприсутњује прошлост, садашњост и будућност. Тако се време осавремењује вечношћу што покајању и праштању даје смисао и оспособљава нас за богочовечанску динамику постојања.
El caseinato de sodio incrementa número de linfocitos B en ratones
Authors: Domínguez Vanihamín , Aguiñiga Itzen , Moreno Leticia , Torres Beatriz , Santiago-Osorio Edelmiro
Published: January 2018

Introducción. El caseinato de sodio, una sal de la caseína utilizada como agente proinflamatorio en ratones, es capaz de inducir granulopoyesis en vivo e incrementar la producción de citocinas esenciales en dicho evento.Objetivo. Evaluar si el caseinato de sodio es capaz de inducir un efecto biológico en células de origen linfoide y la producción de citocinas involucradas con este linaje.Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron ratones hembra BALB/c de 8 a 12 semanas de edad. Los animales se inyectaron cuatro veces, con intervalos de 48 horas, por vía intraperitoneal con 1 ml de caseinato de sodio (10 % de SFB p/v). La población de linfocitos B y la incorporación de bromodesoxiuridina (BrdU) se analizaron mediante citometría de flujo. La detección de la interleucina 7 se evaluó mediante la técnica de ELISA.Resultados. Tras la inyección por vía intraperitoneal, el número de linfocitos B 220+ provenientes del bazo de ratones tratados con caseinato de sodio aumentó comparados con los que solo recibieron el vehículo como tratamiento (89,01±1,03 Vs. 75,66±2,08), así como la incorporación de BrdU en células B220+ (38,59±4,48 Vs. 11,82±1,04). Se evidenció, asimismo, el incremento en la concentración de la interleucina 7 (IL-7) en el suero de los ratones tratados con caseinato de sodio, comparados con los que solo recibieron el vehículo (62,1±17,5 Vs. 26,9±4,4 pg/ml).Conclusión. El caseinato de sodio fue capaz de aumentar el número de linfocitos B en bazo de ratones, así como inducir la producción de IL-7, citocina clave para la linfopoyesis B.
The oldestArchaeopteryx(Theropoda: Avialiae): a new specimen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary of Schamhaupten, Bavaria
Authors: Rauhut Oliver W.M. , Foth Christian , Tischlinger Helmut
Published: January 2018

The iconic primeval birdArchaeopteryxwas so far mainly known from the Altmühltal Formation (early Tithonian) of Bavaria, southern Germany, with one specimen having been found in the overlying Mörnsheim Formation. A new specimen (the 12th skeletal specimen) from the earliest Tithonian Painten Formation of Schamhaupten (Bavaria) represents the so far oldest representative of the genus. The new specimen shows several interesting anatomical details, including the presence of a postorbital in contact with the jugal, the presence of a separate prefrontal and coronoid, and opisthocoelous mid-cervical vertebrae. Based on observations on the new specimen, we discuss several problematic issues concerningArchaeopteryx, including the monophyly and diagnosis of the genus, the absence/presence of the sternum, the position of the gastralia, and variation in morphometrics and dental morphology in that genus. Based on a new diagnosis for the genusArchaeopteryx, the Berlin, Eichstätt, Solnhofen, Munich, Daiting, Thermopolis, 11th, and 12th specimens can be referred to this genus with high certainty. The Maxberg specimen is very probably also anArchaeopteryx, based on overall similarity, although none of the diagnostic characters can be evaluated with certainty. The ninth specimen (‘chicken wing’) might beArchaeopteryx, but cannot be referred to the genus with any certainty. In comparison with other paravians, the presence of distally thickened anterior pectoral ribs indicates that a rather large cartilagenous sternum was present in this taxon. In contrast to non-opisthopubic theropods, opisthopubic taxa, such asArchaeopteryxand many other paravians, have the posterior end of the gastral basket preserved at about half-length of the pubis, which might reflect the post-mortem collapse of enlarged abdominal air sacs in these taxa. Specimens that can be referred toArchaeopteryxshow a high amount of variation, both in the morphometrics of the limb bones as well as in the dentition. In respect to the latter aspect, variation is found in tooth number, spacing, orientation, and morphology, with no two specimens showing the exact same pattern. The significance of this variation is unclear, and possible explanations reach from high intraspecific (and possibly ontogenetic and/or sexual dimorphic) variation to the possibility that the known specimens represent a ‘species flock’ ofArchaeopteryx, possibly due to island speciation after the initial dispersal of the genus into the Solnhofen Archipelago.
TEMPORALITY IN A DISCUSSION OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Redyantanu Bramasta Putra , Damayanti Rully
Published: January 2018

Nowadays, sustainability has become one of the main aspects in architecture and urbanism. Limited land, space usage efficiency, public area occupancy by private sector and energy efficient are few examples of various factors that cause the temporality. Space temporality, instead of temporality in time and users, both planned and unplanned, becomes an interesting issue to be explored further. Literature studies and empirical observation are used in this article as reference to redefine the concept of ‘space’, in regards to its adaptability and flexibility in sustainable architecture. This research aims to construct a design guide of a temporal space (such as classifications, characters, and some other elements). There are several design guidelines that can help architect in designing an adaptable and flexible space or building. Space, user, and time (both adaptability and flexibility) are the key factors for a sustainable design.
DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT AND FORM FINDINGS THROUGH DIGITAL FABRICATION
Authors: Indrawan Stephanus Evert
Published: January 2018

The material processing for the needs of architectural, interior and furniture products were done manually all this time. Woodworking machinery (one of them is CNC) and CAD-based software were only been maximized as supporting tools to increase the speed of working process, resulting the outcome products were limited to manual working outcome only. This recent research on form processing aims to maximize the optimal use of material in the contexts of achieving structural ability and complex form. Plywood material becomes the focus in this research, due to its most frequent use in architecture, interior, and product design. With its texture that resembles the characteristics of original wood and its sheet-shaped form, this plywood material is easy to process and environmentally friendly. Digital fabrication enables the designer in design process and simulation through software to shorten the prototyping process which usually took loads of materials, thus can reduce the materials waste. The project that presented is an example of design production with physical examples.
STUDENTS’ SITTING PREFERENCES AT PLAZA IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
Authors: Marcillia Syam Rachma , Kesumasari Diana
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between sitting preferences and student activities by taking the case of public plaza at the Central Office of the Faculty of Engineering (KPFT) Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) in Yogyakarta. KPFT UGM as research object is divided into five zones, namely Zone A (west), Zone B and C (south), and Zone D and E (north). Field observation was done within one month period during working days (weekday) and weekends with observation time: in the morning (08.00-10.00), noon (12-14.00), and afternoon (16.00-18.00). In each of the observation zone, a place-centered mapping was investigated continuously. Informal interview and the questionnaire from 200 students as respondents also undertaken in this research. The results of this study showed that the students’ sitting preferences in the KPFT UGM influenced by the activities that they did. Some of the factors that affect the students’ sitting preferences are: 1) type of activities, 2) the number of people engage in the activity, 3) privacy needs, 4) the needs of the facilities, and 5) the distance between sitting zone in the KPFT UGM and the students’ major buildings.
THE EFFECT OF THE WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO ON COOLING ENERGY USAGE AND COMFORT TEMPERATURE
Authors: Budhiyanto Aris
Published: January 2018

This study presents an investigation of the effect of building envelope, especially glass facade buildings on cooling energy usage and thermal comfort. An office building was modeled with various window-to-wall ratio (WWR) using panasap glass with SC=0.58 in order to analyze the effect of the WWR addition on cooling energy usage and comfort temperature. The result suggested that the average increase of the cooling energy usage is about 5.67% per 10% WWR addition, and of the operative temperature ranges from 0.350C to 0.560C per 10% WWR addition. Moreover, the building with above 20% WWR doesn’t provide comfort temperature.
Xom, a ventralizing factor, regulates beta‐catenin levels and cell fate
Authors: Xie Yanqi , Liu Chunming
Published: January 2018

Read the Original article at doi:10.1002/1873-3468.12949
Photochemical Mineralization of Terrigenous DOC to Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Ocean
Authors: Aarnos Hanna , Gélinas Yves , Kasurinen Ville , Gu Yufei , Puupponen Veli‐Mikko , Vähätalo Anssi V.
Published: January 2018

When terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) rich in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (tCDOM) enters the ocean, solar radiation mineralizes it partially into dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This study addresses the amount and the rates of DIC photoproduction from tDOC and the area of ocean required to photomineralize tDOC. We collected water samples from 10 major rivers, mixed them with artificial seawater, and irradiated them with simulated solar radiation to measure DIC photoproduction and the photobleaching of tCDOM. The linear relationship between DIC photoproduction and tCDOM photobleaching was used to estimate the amount of photoproduced DIC from the tCDOM fluxes of the study rivers. Solar radiation was estimated to mineralize 12.5 ± 3.7 Tg C yr−1 (10 rivers)−1 or 18 ± 8% of tDOC flux. The irradiation experiments also approximated typical apparent spectral quantum yields for DIC photoproduction (ϕλ) over the entire lifetime of the tCDOM. Based on ϕλs and the local solar irradiances in river plumes, the annual areal DIC photoproduction rates from tDOC were calculated to range from 52 ± 4 (Lena River) to 157 ± 2 mmol C m−2 yr−1 (Mississippi River). When the amount of photoproduced DIC was divided by the areal rate, 9.6 ± 2.5 × 106 km2 of ocean was required for the photomineralization of tDOC from the study rivers. Extrapolation to the global tDOC flux yields 45 (31–58) Tg of photoproduced DIC per year in the river plumes that cover 34 (25–43) × 106 km2 of the ocean.
Comparison of Freeboard Retrieval and Ice Thickness Calculation From ALS, ASIRAS, and CryoSat‐2 in the Norwegian Arctic to Field Measurements Made During the N‐ICE2015 Expedition
Authors: King Jennifer , Skourup Henriette , Hvidegaard Sine M. , Rösel Anja , Gerland Sebastian , Spreen Gunnar , Polashenski Chris , Helm Veit , Liston Glen E.
Published: January 2018

We present freeboard measurements from airborne laser scanner (ALS), the Airborne Synthetic Aperture and Interferometric Radar Altimeter System (ASIRAS), and CryoSat‐2 SIRAL radar altimeter; ice thickness measurements from both helicopter‐borne and ground‐based electromagnetic‐sounding; and point measurements of ice properties. This case study was carried out in April 2015 during the N‐ICE2015 expedition in the area of the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard. The region is represented by deep snow up to 1.12 m and a widespread presence of negative freeboards. The main scattering surfaces from both CryoSat‐2 and ASIRAS are shown to be closer to the snow freeboard obtained by ALS than to the ice freeboard measured in situ. This case study documents the complexity of freeboard retrievals from radar altimetry. We show that even under cold (below −15°C) conditions the radar freeboard can be close to the snow freeboard on a regional scale of tens of kilometers. We derived a modal sea‐ice thickness for the study region from CryoSat‐2 of 3.9 m compared to measured total thickness 1.7 m, resulting in an overestimation of sea‐ice thickness on the order of a factor 2. Our results also highlight the importance of year‐to‐year regional scale information about the depth and density of the snowpack, as this influences the sea‐ice freeboard, the radar penetration, and is a key component of the hydrostatic balance equations used to convert radar freeboard to sea‐ice thickness.
Currents and Mixing in the San Lorenzo Overflow, Northern Gulf of California
Authors: Rosas‐Villegas Froylán , López Manuel , Candela Julio
Published: January 2018

The main properties of the San Lorenzo (SL) overflow are studied, using data from two nonsimultaneous ADCP moorings (located at the sill, and 5 km downstream), as well as CTD and LADCP profiles. Strong tidal currents at the sill modulate the overflow, which is not shut down during the neaps. At the downstream site, the largest flood currents are associated with colder water advected from the sill, flowing downslope, and creating an asymmetry in the semidiurnal tidal cycle. The overflow introduces a significant fortnightly harmonic at the downstream site, and delays the M2 tidal currents for more than an hour with respect to the currents at the sill. The overflow mixes with the overlying water by entrainment during its supercritical stage, reaching near‐bottom velocities as high as 1.5 ms−1 and an estimated mean transport of 0.11 Sv; almost twice that estimated at the sill for the same period of the year. Estimated Froude numbers during spring tides suggest the development of an internal hydraulic jump. After relaxation of the maximum downstream currents, high‐frequency temperature fluctuations, likely linked to upstream traveling waves, are consistently observed. Direct estimations of the turbulent dissipation rates were used to compute diapycnal diffusivity (Kρ) profiles. Mean estimates of Kρ, as high as 5.5 × 10−2 m2s−1, show that shear at the interface is the most significant source of cross‐isopycnal mixing along the SL overflow during ebb tides.
Atmospheric Ice‐Nucleating Particles in the Dusty Tropical Atlantic
Authors: Price H. C. , Baustian K. J. , McQuaid J. B. , Blyth A. , Bower K. N. , Choularton T. , Cotton R. J. , Cui Z. , Field P. R. , Gallagher M. , Hawker R. , Merrington A. , Miltenberger A. , Neely III R. R. , Parker S. T. , Rosenberg P. D. , Taylor J. W. , Trembath J. , Vergara‐Temprado J. , Whale T. F. , Wilson T. W. , Young G. , Murray B. J.
Published: January 2018

Desert dust is one of the most important atmospheric ice‐nucleating aerosol species around the globe. However, there have been very few measurements of ice‐nucleating particle (INP) concentrations in dusty air close to desert sources. In this study we report the concentration of INPs in dust laden air over the tropical Atlantic within a few days' transport of one of the world's most important atmospheric sources of desert dust, the Sahara. These measurements were performed as part of the Ice in Clouds Experiment‐Dust campaign based in Cape Verde, during August 2015. INP concentrations active in the immersion mode, determined using a droplet‐on‐filter technique, ranged from around 102 m−3 at −12°C to around 105 m−3 at −23°C. There is about 2 orders of magnitude variability in INP concentration for a particular temperature, which is determined largely by the variability in atmospheric dust loading. These measurements were made at altitudes from 30 to 3,500 m in air containing a range of dust loadings. The ice active site density (ns) for desert dust dominated aerosol derived from our measurements agrees with several laboratory‐based parameterizations for ice nucleation by desert dust within 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. The small variability in ns values determined from our measurements (within about 1 order of magnitude) is striking given that the back trajectory analysis suggests that the sources of dust were geographically diverse. This is consistent with previous work, which indicates that desert dust's ice‐nucleating activity is only weakly dependent on source.
Discrete Regularization for Calibration of Geologic Facies Against Dynamic Flow Data
Authors: Khaninezhad Mohammad‐Reza , Golmohammadi Azarang , Jafarpour Behnam
Published: January 2018

Subsurface flow model calibration involves many more unknowns than measurements, leading to ill‐posed problems with nonunique solutions. To alleviate nonuniqueness, the problem is regularized by constraining the solution space using prior knowledge. In certain sedimentary environments, such as fluvial systems, the contrast in hydraulic properties of different facies types tends to dominate the flow and transport behavior, making the effect of within facies heterogeneity less significant. Hence, flow model calibration in those formations reduces to delineating the spatial structure and connectivity of different lithofacies types and their boundaries. A major difficulty in calibrating such models is honoring the discrete, or piecewise constant, nature of facies distribution. The problem becomes more challenging when complex spatial connectivity patterns with higher‐order statistics are involved. This paper introduces a novel formulation for calibration of complex geologic facies by imposing appropriate constraints to recover plausible solutions that honor the spatial connectivity and discreteness of facies models. To incorporate prior connectivity patterns, plausible geologic features are learned from available training models. This is achieved by learning spatial patterns from training data, e.g.,
‐SVD sparse learning or the traditional Principal Component Analysis. Discrete regularization is introduced as a penalty functions to impose solution discreteness while minimizing the mismatch between observed and predicted data. An efficient gradient‐based alternating directions algorithm is combined with variable splitting to minimize the resulting regularized nonlinear least squares objective function. Numerical results show that imposing learned facies connectivity and discreteness as regularization functions leads to geologically consistent solutions that improve facies calibration quality.
Early risk pathways to physical versus relational peer aggression: The interplay of externalizing behavior and corporal punishment varies by child sex
Authors: Zulauf Courtney A. , Sokolovsky Alexander W. , Grabell Adam S. , Olson Sheryl L.
Published: January 2018

Children who aggress against their peers may use physical or relational forms, yet little research has looked at early childhood risk factors and characteristics that uniquely predict high levels of relational versus physical aggression in preadolescence. Accordingly, the main aim of our study was to link early corporal punishment and externalizing behavior to children's physical and relational peer aggression during preadolescence and to examine how these pathways differed by sex. Participants were 193, 3‐year‐old boys (39%) and girls who were reassessed following the transition to kindergarten (5.5 years) and preadolescence (10.5 years). A series of autoregressive, cross‐lagged path analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between child externalizing problems and corporal punishment at ages 3 and 5.5 years, and their association with physical and relational aggression at age 10.5. Multiple group analysis was used to determine whether pathways differed by sex. Three developmental pathways were identified: (i) direct associations between stable childhood externalizing problems and later physical aggression; (ii) a direct pathway from early corporal punishment to preadolescent relational and physical peer aggression; and (iii) an indirect pathway from early corporal punishment to later physical aggression via continuing externalizing problems in middle childhood. Child sex moderated the nature of these pathways, as well as the direction of association between risk and outcome variables. These data advance our understanding of the etiology of distinct forms of peer aggression and highlight the potential for more efficacious prevention and intervention efforts in the early childhood years.
Evaluation of the accuracy and clinical practicality of a calculation system for patient positional displacement in carbon ion radiotherapy at five sites
Authors: Kubota Yoshiki , Hayashi Hayato , Abe Satoshi , Souda Saki , Okada Ryosuke , Ishii Takayoshi , Tashiro Mutsumi , Torikoshi Masami , Kanai Tatsuaki , Ohno Tatsuya , Nakano Takashi
Published: January 2018

Purpose

We developed a system for calculating patient positional displacement between digital radiography images (DRs) and digitally reconstructed radiography images (DRRs) to reduce patient radiation exposure, minimize individual differences between radiological technologists in patient positioning, and decrease positioning time. The accuracy of this system at five sites was evaluated with clinical data from cancer patients. The dependence of calculation accuracy on the size of the region of interest (ROI) and initial position was evaluated for clinical use.

Methods

For a preliminary verification, treatment planning and positioning data from eight setup patterns using a head and neck phantom were evaluated. Following this, data from 50 patients with prostate, lung, head and neck, liver, or pancreatic cancer (n = 10 each) were evaluated. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the results calculated by our system and the reference positions were assessed. The reference positions were manually determined by two radiological technologists to best‐matching positions with orthogonal DRs and DRRs in six axial directions. The ROI size dependence was evaluated by comparing RMSEs for three different ROI sizes. Additionally, dependence on initial position parameters was evaluated by comparing RMSEs for four position patterns.

Results

For the phantom study, the average (± standard deviation) translation error was 0.17 ± 0.05, rotation error was 0.17 ± 0.07, and ΔD was 0.14 ± 0.05. Using the optimal ROI size for each patient site, all cases of prostate, lung, and head and neck cancer with initial position parameters of 10 mm or under were acceptable in our tolerance. However, only four liver cancer cases and three pancreatic cancer cases were acceptable, because of low‐reproducibility regions in the ROIs.

Conclusion

Our system has clinical practicality for prostate, lung, and head and neck cancer cases. Additionally, our findings suggest ROI size dependence in some cases.
Nonprecious Intermetallic Al7Cu4Ni Nanocrystals Seamlessly Integrated in Freestanding Bimodal Nanoporous Copper for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis
Authors: Sun Jie‐Song , Wen Zi , Han Li‐Ping , Chen Zhi‐Wen , Lang Xing‐You , Jiang Qing
Published: January 2018

Tremendous demands for renewable hydrogen generated from water splitting have stimulated intensive research on developing earth‐abundant, non‐noble, and versatile metal catalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). Here, self‐supported Cu‐Ni‐Al hybrid electrodes that are composed of electroactive Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni core/shell nanocrystals seamlessly integrated in self‐supported 3D bimodal nanoporous Cu skeleton (Bi‐NP Cu/Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni) as robust HER electrocatalysts in alkaline electrolyte are reported. As a result of the proper architecture, in which the Bi‐NP Cu skeleton not only facilitates both electron and electrolyte transports but also provides high specific surface areas to fully use high electrocatalytic activity of Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni core/shell nanocrystals, the Bi‐NP Cu/Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni hybrid catalysts exhibit a low onset overpotential of 60 mV and a small Tafel slope of 110 mV dec−1, enabling the catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 139 mV. The highly stable electrochemical performance makes them promising candidates as cathode catalysts in alkaline‐based devices.
Hybrid Photonic Nanostructures by In Vivo Incorporation of an Organic Fluorophore into Diatom Algae
Authors: Ragni Roberta , Scotognella Francesco , Vona Danilo , Moretti Luca , Altamura Emiliano , Ceccone Giacomo , Mehn Dora , Cicco Stefania R. , Palumbo Fabio , Lanzani Guglielmo , Farinola Gianluca M.
Published: January 2018

Biotechnological processes harnessing living organisms' metabolism are low‐cost routes to nanostructured materials for applications in photonics, electronics, and nanomedicine. In the pursuit of photonic biohybrids, diatoms microalgae are attractive given the properties of the porous micro‐to‐nanoscale structures of the biosilica shells (frustules) they produce. The investigations have focused on in vivo incorporation of tailored molecular fluorophores into the frustules of Thalassiosira weissflogii diatoms, using a procedure that paves the way for easy biotechnological production of photonic nanostructures. The procedure ensures uniform staining of shells in the treated culture and permits the resulting biohybrid photonic nanostructures to be isolated with no damage to the dye and periodic biosilica network. Significantly, this approach ensures that light emission from the dye embedded in the isolated biohybrid silica is modulated by the silica's nanostructure, whereas no modulation of photoluminescence is observed upon grafting the fluorophore onto frustules by an in vitro approach based on surface chemistry. These results pave the way to the possibility of easy production of photonic nanostructures with tunable properties by simple feeding the diatoms algae with tailored photoactive molecules.
Origin and Control of Polyacrylonitrile Alignments on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Lee Juho , Choi Ji Il , Cho Art E. , Kumar Satish , Jang Seung Soon , Kim Yong‐Hoon
Published: January 2018

While one of the most promising applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is to enhance polymer orientation and crystallization to achieve advanced carbon fibers, the successful realization of this goal has been hindered by the insufficient atomistic understanding of polymer–CNT interfaces. Herein, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)‐CNT hybrid structures are theoretically studied as a representative example of polymer–CNT composites. Based on density functional theory calculations, it is first found that the relative orientation of polar PAN nitrile groups with respect to the CNT surface is the key factor that determines the PAN–CNT interface energetics and the lying‐down PAN configurations are much more preferable than their standing‐up counterparts. The CNT curvature is identified as another important factor, giving the largest binding energy in the zero‐curvature graphene limit. Charge transfer analysis explains the unique tendency of linear PAN alignments on the CNT surface and the possibility of ordered PAN–PAN assembly. Next, performing large‐scale molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that the desirable linear PAN–CNT alignment can be achieved even for relatively large initial misorientations and further demonstrate that graphene nanoribbons are a promising carbon nano‐reinforcement candidate. The microscopic understanding accumulated in this study will provide design guidelines for the development of next‐generation carbon nanofibers.
3D Manufacture of Gold Nanocomposite Channels Facilitates Neural Differentiation and Regeneration
Authors: Qian Yun , Song Jialin , Zheng Wei , Zhao Xiaotian , Ouyang Yuanming , Yuan Weien , Fan Cunyi
Published: January 2018

Conductive nerve guidance channels are promising alternative therapies in peripheral nerve tissue engineering because they have excellent biocompatibility, biodegradation, and electrical conductivity. Gold, a kind of conductive material, is investigated widely concerning its potential roles in promoting peripheral nerve repair. In the present study, a polydopamine‐coated gold/polycaprolactone nanoscaffold is fabricated via a multilayer molding method and its proliferative, adhesive, and neural differentiation potential for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and Schwann cells (SCs) in vitro is evaluated. Functional, electrophysiological evaluation, and morphological assessment all exhibit satisfactory recovery of sciatic nerves with increased thickness and number of myelinated fibers in vivo. In addition, increased microvessels are confirmed in gold nanocomposite channels, indicating their potential benefits in angiogenesis. Functional regeneration is further enhanced by neurotrophic growth factors released from BMSC and SC loading. The gold nanocomposite channel will have great potential in peripheral nerve restoration.
DNA‐Templated Magnetic Nanoparticle‐Quantum Dot Polymers for Ultrasensitive Capture and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells
Authors: Li Zhi , Wang Ganglin , Shen Yi , Guo Nannan , Ma Nan
Published: January 2018

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration and analysis has emerged as an important platform for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. A great challenge, however, is to efficiently capture low abundant CTCs with high purity from blood samples in a rapid and high‐throughput manner for accurate and sensitive CTC detection. Herein, a new class of DNA‐templated magnetic nanoparticle‐quantum dot (QD)‐aptamer copolymers (MQAPs) is developed for rapid magnetic isolation of CTCs from human blood with high capture efficiency and purity approaching 80%. The phenotype of CTCs is simultaneously profiled with QD photoluminescence (PL) at single cell level. These MQAPs are constructed through hybridization chain reaction to achieve amplified magnetic response, extraordinary binding selectivity for target cells over background cells, and ultra bright ensemble QD PL for single cell detection. MQAPs are free from nonspecific binding that would otherwise compromise the capture purity of target cells. As a result, facile isolation and enumeration of rare CTCs in blood samples could be achieved in 20 min with high sensitivity and accuracy.
High‐Resolution Liquid Alloy Patterning for Small Stretchable Strain Sensor Arrays
Authors: Sahlberg Arne , Nilsson Frida , Berglund Albin , Nguyen Hugo , Hjort Klas , Jeong Seung Hee
Published: January 2018

Soft material applied technology has in recent years become more advanced, enabling for, e.g., soft robotics, skin electronics, and wearable systems. Yet, the processing technology of soft materials has not been sufficiently developed to create high performance in soft and stretchable systems, as compared to the processing technology of conventional electronics or electromechanical systems. Liquid alloys have shown excellent properties for soft and stretchable electrical interconnectors and conductors, which is a basic building block to produce electric or electromechanical systems. In order to overcome the limited resolution of previously developed liquid alloy patterning methods for large‐area printed circuits, this work explores the possibility of employing shrinking substrates. By utilizing the characteristics of liquid alloys and elastomers the pattern resolution is improved through a stretch‐shrink patterning (SSP) process. The process provides highly conductive liquid conductors of high resolution and can be combined with existing printing techniques for liquid alloys. The SSP process increases design flexibility of soft and stretchable systems that use liquid alloys and enables designs with finer and denser patterns, and cost‐effective production for small scale systems.
Room‐Temperature Vapor Deposition of Cobalt Nitride Nanofilms for Mesoscopic and Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kang Jin Soo , Kim Jae‐Yup , Yoon Jungjin , Kim Jin , Yang Jiwoong , Chung Dong Young , Kim Min‐cheol , Jeong Hansol , Son Yoon Jun , Kim Bong Gyu , Jeong Juwon , Hyeon Taeghwan , Choi Mansoo , Ko Min Jae , Sung Yung‐Eun
Published: January 2018

Organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells, typically mesoscopic and perovskite solar cells, are regarded as promising candidates to replace conventional silicon or thin film photovoltaics. There have been intensive investigations on the development of advanced materials for improved power conversion efficiencies, however, economical feasibilities and reliabilities of the organic/inorganic photovoltaics are yet to reach at a sufficient level for practical utilizations. In this study, cobalt nitride (CoN) nanofilms prepared by room‐temperature vapor deposition in an inert N2 atmosphere, which is a facile and highly reproducible procedure, are proposed as a low‐cost counter electrode in mesoscopic dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and a hole transport material in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for the first time. The CoN film successfully replaces conventional Pt in DSCs, resulting in a power conversion efficiency comparable to the ones based on Pt. In addition, PSCs employing the CoN manifest high efficiency even up to 15.0%, which is comparable to state‐of‐the‐art performance in the cases of PSCs employing inorganic hole transporters. Furthermore, flexible solar cell applications of the CoN are performed in both mesoscopic and perovskite solar cells, verifying the advantages of the room‐temperature deposition process and feasibilities of the CoN nanofilms in various fields.
Morphology, diet, and stable carbon isotopes: On the diet of Theropithecus and some limits of uniformitarianism in paleoecology
Authors: Souron Antoine
Published: January 2018

Geladas were long supposed to be the only living primates feeding almost entirely on graminoids and accordingly display dramatic dental and manual adaptive traits. A recent study of Theropithecus gelada, the first in a relatively undisturbed habitat, revealed a more diverse diet, also incorporating large quantities of forbs. The peculiar adaptive traits of T. gelada are also observed in extinct Theropithecus as early as 3.7 Ma. Stable carbon isotopic data of extinct Theropithecus from eastern Africa indicate that specimens older than 3 Ma consumed a significant proportion of C3 plants (on average ca. 40% of total food intake) whereas specimens younger than 2 Ma consumed more C4 plants (on average ca. 80%). Recent paleobotanical evidence suggests that C3 herbaceous plants were still present in non‐negligible proportions in Plio‐Pleistocene lowland tropical ecosystems. Together, the shared morphological adaptive traits of extant and extinct Theropithecus and the varied diets of extant T. gelada suggest that the paleodiets of Theropithecus may have been dominated by herbaceous plants, comprising both C3 forbs and graminoids and C4 graminoids. The changes in stable carbon isotopes could correspond to a replacement of C3 plants by C4 plants within the herbaceous strata rather than a shift from C3 woody vegetation to C4 graminoids. This synthesis highlights the need for a more exhaustive knowledge of the ecology of extant species to achieve meaningful paleodietary and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. A strong selectivity for food resources that are rare in the landscapes (as in T. gelada) should also be considered when interpreting stable carbon isotopes of extinct African mammals (and notably hominids).
Expression profiling suggests microglial impairment in human immunodeficiency virus neuropathogenesis
Authors: Ginsberg Stephen D. , Alldred Melissa J. , Gunnam Satya M. , Schiroli Consuelo , Lee Sang Han , Morgello Susan , Fischer Tracy
Published: January 2018

Objective

CD16+/CD163+ macrophages (MΦs) and microglia accumulate in the brains of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis (HIVE), a neuropathological correlate of the most severe form of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders, HIV‐associated dementia. Recently, we found that some parenchymal microglia in brain of HIV+ subjects without encephalitis (HIV/noE) but with varying degrees of neurocognitive impairment express CD16 and CD163, even in the absence of detectable virus production. To further our understanding of microglial activation in HIV, we investigated expression of specific genes by profiling parenchymal microglia from archival brain tissue of patients with HIVE and HIV/noE, and HIV− controls.

Methods

Single‐population microarray analyses were performed on ∼2,500 laser capture microdissected CD163+, CD16+, or CD68+ MΦs/microglia per case, using terminal continuation RNA amplification and a custom‐designed array platform.

Results

Several classes of microglial transcripts in HIVE and HIV/noE were altered, relative to HIV− subjects, including factors related to cell stress, immune activation, and apoptosis. Additionally, several neurotrophic factors were reduced in HIV infection, suggesting an additional mechanism of neuropathogenesis. The majority of transcripts altered in HIVE displayed intermediate changes in HIV/noE.

Interpretation

Our results support the notion that microglia contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their potential loss of function in the context of chronic inflammation contributes to neuropathogenesis. Furthermore, they indicate the utility of profiling MΦs/microglia to increase our understanding of microglia function, as well as to ascertain alterations in specific pathways, genes, and potentially, encoded proteins that may be amenable to targeted treatment modalities in diseases affecting the brain. Ann Neurol 2018;83:406–417
Supramolecular Modulation of Structural Polymorphism in Pathogenic α‐Synuclein Fibrils Using Copper(II) Coordination
Authors: Choi Tae Su , Lee Jeeyoung , Han Jong Yoon , Jung Byung Chul , Wongkongkathep Piriya , Loo Joseph A. , Lee Min Jae , Kim Hugh I.
Published: January 2018

Structural variation of α‐synuclein (αSyn) fibrils has been linked to the diverse etiologies of synucleinopathies. However, little is known about what specific mechanism provides αSyn fibrils with pathologic features. Herein, we demonstrate Cu(II)‐based supramolecular approach for unraveling the formation process of pathogenic αSyn fibrils and its application in a neurotoxic mechanism study. The conformation of αSyn monomer was strained by macrochelation with Cu(II), thereby disrupting the fibril elongation while promoting its nucleation. This non‐canonical process formed shortened, β‐sheet enriched αSyn fibrils (<0.2 μm) that were rapidly transmitted and accumulated to neuronal cells, causing neuronal cell death, in sharp contrast to typical αSyn fibrils (ca. 1 μm). Our approach provided the supramolecular basis for the formation of pathogenic fibrils through physiological factors, such as brain Cu(II).
N‐Carboxyanhydride Polymerization of Glycopolypeptides That Activate Antigen‐Presenting Cells through Dectin‐1 and Dectin‐2
Authors: Zhou Matthew N. , Delaveris Corleone S. , Kramer Jessica R. , Kenkel Justin A. , Engleman Edgar G. , Bertozzi Carolyn R.
Published: January 2018

The C‐type lectins dectin‐1 and dectin‐2 contribute to innate immunity against microbial pathogens by recognizing their foreign glycan structures. These receptors are promising targets for vaccine development and cancer immunotherapy. However, currently available agonists are heterogeneous glycoconjugates and polysaccharides from natural sources. Herein, we designed and synthesized the first chemically defined ligands for dectin‐1 and dectin‐2. They comprised glycopolypeptides bearing mono‐, di‐, and trisaccharides and were built through polymerization of glycosylated N‐carboxyanhydrides. Through this approach, we achieved glycopolypeptides with high molecular weights and low dispersities. We identified structures that elicit a pro‐inflammatory response through dectin‐1 or dectin‐2 in antigen‐presenting cells. With their native proteinaceous backbones and natural glycosidic linkages, these agonists are attractive for translational applications.
Base‐Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air‐Stable Precursors
Authors: Tintori Guillaume , Nabokoff Pierre , Buhaibeh Ruqaya , Bergé‐Lefranc David , Redon Sébastien , Broggi Julie , Vanelle Patrice
Published: January 2018

Organic electron donors (OEDs) are powerful reducing agents recognized for their potential in the reduction of challenging substrates and in original applications. Nonetheless, their low stability in atmospheric oxygen or over time complicates their manipulation and storage. To overcome these constraints and enhance OED practicality, new air‐ and moisture‐stable aminopyridinium carboxylate and carbonate precursors were synthesized and thermally activated to generate the potent electron donor in situ. Carboxylate adducts proved to be excellent latent OED systems, enabling the facile and efficient reduction of challenging substrates. Their reduction properties were correlated to their structural characteristics by thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis.
Effect of tetrathionate on thiosulfate leaching of gold in copper–ammonia system
Authors: Shi Changliang , Nie Yanhe , Zi Futing , Wang Qiang , Chen Yunlong , Yu Hong
Published: January 2018

Gold thiosulfate leaching have the best prospects for industrial application; however, the effect of polythionate on this system is complicated. Effect of tetrathionate on thiosulfate leaching of gold in a copper–ammonia system over a prolonged period of time was studied in detail. The results show that the gold concentration is higher in the tetrathionate‐added solution at the end of experiment. Scanning electron microscope and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy were utilized to study the passive layer on gold surface. The results show that the blue material adsorbed on gold surface in tetrathionate system is copper hydroxide species. Besides that, the UV‐visible spectrophotometer absorbance peak of Cu(II) complex in tetrathionate‐added solution locates at higher wavelength.
Controlled dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified by hyperbranched polylysine
Authors: Lu Hongwei , Zou Liming , Xu Yongjing , Li Yan Vivian
Published: January 2018

Hyperbranched polymers have been found effective in controlling the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions. In this study, hyperbranched polylysine (HBPL) was synthesized using lysine and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as precursors via Michael addition. The HBPL then was used to noncovalently modify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to prepare MWCNTs‐HBPL. The obtained MWCNTs‐HBPL composites were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the HBPL was successfully attached to the surface of MWCNTs via noncovalent interactions. The dispersibility of the MWCNTs‐HBPL composites in aqueous solutions was investigated using digital photographs, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. The results demonstrated that both the mass ratio of MWCNT to HBPL and the pH of the solution had a significant impact on the dispersibility of the MWCNTs/HBPL solution, suggesting that HBPL treatment is an effective method of controlling the dispersibility of MWCNTs in aqueous solutions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46249.
On the challenges facing the handling of solid biomass feedstocks
Authors: Ilic Dusan , Williams Kenneth , Farnish Richard , Webb Erin , Liu Gary
Published: January 2018

With a major global emphasis on the management of waste, alternative resources and a shift to environmentally sustainable technologies, demand for large volumes of heterogeneous solid biomass feedstocks for energy or chemical use is expected to rise significantly. In transforming a sporadic supply of a low‐value, highly variable product, to continuous and controlled high throughput systems, a thorough understanding of the feedstock properties will increase in importance. Appropriate characterisation tests are necessary to define technical specification and selection criteria for handling equipment and to appraise the requirement and location for additional processes or pre‐treatment to be integrated into the handling chain. Such tests may also influence the material characteristics to be used in the conversion process. This paper discusses the main feedstock attributes associated with a number of handling chain phases and the approach to obtain them. The framework for a holistic approach to the characterisation and design of biomass feedstock handling systems for further development and practical implementation is also proposed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd