bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscopic crystalline inclusions in Mahón cheese / Inclusiones cristalinas microscópicas en el queso Mahón
Authors: Frau M. , Mulet A. , Simal S. , Massanet J. , Rossello C.
Published: March 2007

The incidence, structure and composition of microscopic crystalline inclusions have been studied in 32 samples of Mahón cheese (non-cooked pressed cheese manufactured from cow's milk) at different ripening times. Samples were observed by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Circular, oval or kidney-shaped struc tures approximately 20 μm in diameter (range 4-65 μm), were observed in all Mahón cheese samples. The quantity of crystalline inclusions per unit surface observed in Mahón cheese was heteroge neous, with an average of 30 crystals/m2. It was possible to differentiate two different structures in the crystals: the nucleus with disorganized morphology and the cortex with radial laminar morphology. The ratio between nucleus and inclusion diameters was 0.2-0.5. Crystalline inclu sions observed in Mahón cheese were studied by X-ray microanalysis in SEM and TEM. Calcium and phosphorous were found to be the most common elements present in these inclusions.
Size characterization of selected food powders by five particle size distribution functions Caracterización del tamaño de partícula de alimentos en polvo mediante cinco funciones de distribuciones de tamaño
Authors: Yan H. , Barbosa-Cánovas G.V.
Published: March 2007

The properties of a food particulate system are highly dependent on its particle size distribution. The knowledge of this distribution is essential to the analysis of the handling, processing, and functionality of the food powder. Properly selected distribution functions are excellent tools with which to simplify and accurately describe the particle size distribution. The objectives of this study were to identify appropriate distribution functions for characterizing the particle size distribution of selected food powders. Granular sugar, corn meal and instant non-fat milk powder were clas sified into six or seven particle size cuts for each powder. The experimental data were fitted by five particle size distribution functions: (i) Gates-Gaudin-Schuhmann (GGS); ( ii) Rosin-Rammler (RR); (iii) Modified Gaudin-Meloy (MGM); (iv) Log-normal (LN); and ( v) modified beta (MB). These models were selected for their mathematical simplicity, adequate statistical properties and usefulness in describing other particulate systems similar to the food powders under considera tion. In all cases, it was found that the RR and MGM models were the best for the characteriza tion of all food powders considered, the LN and MB were best for sugar, and the GGS was suitable for corn meal. All five models should be considered for characterizing other food powder particle size distributions because all of them offer enough flexibility to properly describe particle size distributions for different types of food powders.
Barley in udon noodles Tallarines elaborados con cebada
Authors: Baik B.-K. , Czuchajowska Z.
Published: March 2007

Abraded (up to 20%) ground naked non-waxy and waxy barleys were blended with wheat flours. Amylograph peak temperatures of wheat/barley blends (85:15) decreased by 1.5 °C with non- waxy barley and by 3.5 °C with waxy barley. Peak viscosities of wheat flours was increased by the addition of non-waxy barley and decreased by the addition of waxy barley. Adding either non-waxy or waxy barley increased breakdown viscosities. Texture profile analysis (TPA) para meters of udon noodles prepared from wheat-barley blends were largely unaffected by non-waxy barley, but were lowered by waxy barley and by potato, corn or barley starches. Whereas incor poration of increasingly abraded non-waxy barley had little effect on the TPA parameters of udon noodles, addition of increasingly abraded waxy barley decreased hardness and chewiness of udon noodles. A shorter cooking time is required to cook noodles from wheat-barley blends (as indicated by lower peak viscosity temperatures and more open internal structures of noodles, as seen by scanning electron microscopy) than from wheat flour. Extent of colour darkening of udon noodles was reduced as the added barley flours were obtained from increasingly abraded grain.
Properties of an extruded product prepared from potato flakes and chicken thigh meat Propriedades de un producto extrudido a partir de copos de patatas y muslos de pollo
Authors: Ing-Jenq J. , Camire M.E. , Bushway A.A.
Published: March 2007

Mixtures of 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% chicken thigh meat with potato flakes were adjusted to 21% mois ture content and extruded. A Brabender single screw extruder was used with zones 1 and 2 at 110 °C, zones 3 and 4 at 130 °C and zone 5 at 150 °C, feed rate 900 g/min and screw speed 60 rpm. Extrudates were then baked at 121 °C to a final moisture content of approximately 5%. As the meat content increased, fat and protein contents increased and shear force and expansion decreased. Air cell size and number decreased and extrudates appeared sponge-like at 0, 10 and 20% chicken and as a continuous protein-carbohydrate structure at 30 and 40% chicken. Total aerobes, yeasts and moulds were less than 11 cfu/g of extrudate.
Note: Application of neural network modelling for the control of dewatering and impregnation soaking process (osmotic dehydration) Nota: Aplicación del sistema de simulación de redes neurales para el control de la deshidratación osmótica
Authors: Trelea I.C. , Raoult-Wack A.L. , Trystram G.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this work was to elaborate a predictive model of the mass transfer (water loss and solute gain) that occurs during dewatering and soaking by using neural network modelling. Two separate feedforward networks with one hidden layer were used (for water loss and solute gain respectively). Model validation was carried out on results obtained previously, which dealt with agar gel soaked in sucrose solution over a wide experimental range (temperature, 30-70 °C; solu tion concentration, 30-70 g sucrose/100 g solution; time 0-500 min; agar concentration, 2-8%). The best results were obtained with three hidden neurons, which made it possible to predict mass transfer, with an accuracy at least as good as the experimental error, over the whole experimental range. The technological interest of such a model is related to a rapidity in simulation compa rable to that of a traditional transfer function, a limited number of parameters and experimental data, and the fact that no preliminary assumption on the underlying mechanisms was needed.
Stabilization of papain from papaya peels / Estabilización de la papaína de la cáscara de papaya
Authors: Espin N. , Islam M.N.
Published: March 2007

Crude papain in papaya peels was stabilized before drying by the addition of various chemicals (ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, erythorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium tetrathionate, 4-hexylresorcinol, t-butyl hydroquinone [TBHQ], rutin, α-tocopherol, trehalose, and sucrose). Chemicals were added to the ground papaya peels at 0, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5% (w /w). Drying temperatures were 40, 55 and 60 °C. Enzyme activity was measured before and after drying by the casein digestion method. Percentage of enzyme activity retained (% EAR) was calculated by assigning a value of 100% EAR to fresh peels. Possible synergism between chemicals was also studied for a 1:1 ratio chemical/chemical at 1% total concentration. The highest % EAR was obtained at 55 °C for all chemicals except for sucrose and trehalose which showed their best effect at 40 °C. TBHQ rutin, α-tocopherol and 4-hexylresorcinol showed a destabilizing effect. Maximum protective effect occurred at 1% concentration. At this concentration sodium tetrathionate showed the best protective effect (90% EAR) followed by sodium metabisulfite (85% EAR), while both sodium ascorbate and sodium erythorbate retained 75% of the original activity. Ascorbic acid and erythorbic acid were 10% less effective than their corresponding sodium salts, possibly due to lower pH. Trehalose showed only 57 % EAR while sucrose failed to produce any appreciable effect. No synergistic effect was shown by any combination of chemicals.
Efectos de la conservación frigorífica en la fisiología y calidad del melocotón Sudanell
Authors: Fernández-Trujillo J.P. , Martínez J.A. , Artés F.
Published: March 2007

Firm-ripe (R) and firm-breaker (B) Sudanell and Sudanell-1 peach cultivars were stored at 0 °C and 90-95% relative humidity (RH) for 40 days plus a subsequent ripening period of 3 days at 20 °C. For one batch thermal pretreatment at 30 °C for 84 h was also applied. In Sudanell peaches after 2 weeks of cold storage plus subsequent ripening, radiating internal flesh browning (IB) was marked. In Sudanell-1 cv, a short delay in the appearance of IB was detected. The latency period of IB was 2 weeks for Sudanell R, and 3 weeks for Sudanell B and Sudanell-1. In Sudanell-1 R ethylene emis sion decreased to a minimum after 12 days of storage, probably related to the latency period of IB. Concomitantly with IB development, flesh firmness decreased, remaining relatively high after sub sequent ripening, when abnormal and astringent flavors appeared. When the latency period was surpassed ethylene emission and respiration increased slightly. After 48 h of thermal pretreatment, these emissions were reduced and remained constant until the end of treatment. This effect per sisted throughout cold storage and IB development was reduced. After 2 weeks of storage fungal attacks appeared and were widespread after 4 weeks (mainly Alternaria sp. alone or associated to IB). Sudanell-1 showed the highest weight losses due to fungal attacks and dehydration.
Review: Selected indicators of the quality of thermal processed milk / Revisión: Indicadores seleccionados para el control de calidad de la leche tratada térmicamente
Authors: López-Fandiño R. , Olano A.
Published: March 2007

Selected indicators of the quality of processed milk are reviewed in three sections: indices of heat treatment, detection of adulterations and assessment of shelf life. The characterization of the thermal process to which milk was submitted can be achieved by measuring either the formation of new compounds (lactulose, furosine) or the degradation of thermolabile constituents (enzymes, whey proteins). The presence of certain compounds may indicate fraudulent additions committed for eco nomic reasons. Finally, residual or reactivated heat stable enzymes may cause serious storage defects in UHT milk and, therefore, the proteolytic and lipolytic activities and the degree of protein and lipid degradation are useful predictors of the shelf life. Different analytical methods for the determination of the selected quality indicators are also summarized.
Fruity flavor increase of Spanish Airén white wines made by brief fermentation skin contact / Aumento del aroma afrutado de los vinos blancos Airén fermentados en presencia de hollejos
Authors: García-Romero E. , Pérez-Coello M. , Cabezudo M.D. , Sánchez-Muñoz G. , Martín-Alvarez P.J.
Published: March 2007

Laboratory scale vinification assays were carried out with musts of the Spanish Airén white variety from the 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 vintages from Valdepeñas, Spain, which were fermented both with and without skins. The variables involved in the statistical functions that discriminated be tween wines of different vintages were magnesium, potassium, iron, absorbance at 320 nm, total acidity, succinic acid and the 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol ratio. The wines fermented with skins contained higher concentrations of methanol, proline, ethyl acetate, glycerol and ashes than did those fermented without skins. The sensory profile method showed a considerable im provement in the fruity flavor as a result of mild maceration with the skins during the first 48 hours of fermentation of Airén wines.
Imperfect squeezing flow viscosimetry for commercial refried beans / Viscosimetría de extensión biaxial imperfecta de frijoles refritos
Authors: Suwonsichon T. , Peleg M.
Published: March 2007

The imperfect squeezing flow patterns of almost intact canned fat free and vegetarian refried beans of two national brands were determined using all Teflon and grooved metal sensors. The force versus height curves were remarkably reproducible and characteristic of the products and brands irrespec tive of the upper plate's diameter and the sensor's finish. Both types of product had a very high degree of plasticity but those of one brand were more sensitive to the deformation rate. The consis tency of the corresponding products of the two brands could be compared in terms of an apparent stress at a predetermined height (1.5 and 2.5 mm), and their yield stress in terms of an apparent residual stress, or percent force drop, after a given time (60 and 120 s). At a deformation rate of 6 mm/min the apparent stress at a height of 1.5 mm was in the order of 9-11 or 15-19 kPa for the fat free products and 14-15 versus 18-20 kPa for the vegetarian products. After 120 s of relaxation, the stress decayed to about 30 to 60% of its initial level depending on the product and brand. The re sidual stress level was generally higher when determined with the grooved metal sensors. The prod ucts with relatively higher stresses at a given height also showed a relatively slower relaxation pat tern suggesting that consistency and apparent yield stress may be related rather than independent properties of refried beans.
Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of fruits and vegetables evaluated by the Ames test and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay / Mutagenicidad y citotoxicidad de frutas y vegetales evaluadas por el test de Ames y el ensayo del bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolio (MTT)
Authors: Martínez A. , Ikken Y. , Cambero M.I. , Marín M.L. , Haza A.I. , Casas C. , Morales P.
Published: March 2007

The mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of the aqueous (H2O) and ethanolic (EtOH) extracts of fruits and vegetables were studied by the Ames test and the MTT assay. A significant mutagenic activity was found for three H2O extracts of broccoli ( Brassica oleracea), carrot ( Dacus carota) and licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) and for one EtOH extract of kiwi ( Ananas sativus ) of the nine species analyzed. The frameshift tester strain TA98 was reverted by broccoli (2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 mg/mL; p < 0.01) and carrot (9.6 mg/mL; p < 0.001) aqueous extracts and by kiwi (9.6 mg/mL; p < 0.0001) EtOH extract, whereas strain TA100 was only sensitive to the mutagens of licorice H,O extract, within the nine fruits and vegetables tested. The mutagenic response of the extracts was not altered by the presence of S9 mix. Cytotoxicity was only found for three of the nine species tested. Percentage cytotoxic ac tivities at 4.8 mg/mL in pineapple ( Actinidin diasinensis) and garlic ( Allium sativum) H,O extracts were 77 and 91 %, respectively. Licorice EtOH extract was the only one that showed a cytotoxic activity at all of the concentrations used. The percentage of cytotoxic activity of licorice extract was 63% at 0.24 mg/mL and increased with increasing concentration of licorice up to 4.8 mg/mL. Thus, licorice (EtOH) extract was the most cytotoxic of the species tested.
Note. Shelf life of a saturated vitamin E carrier system for use in the food industry / Nota. Vida útil de un sistema de microencapsulación de vitamina E para alimentos
Authors: Berrocal M.C. , Abeger A.
Published: March 2007

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes containing different concentrations of vitamin E (0, 5, 15 and 25%) were prepared by extrusion through 100 nm pore size filters, and stored at 5 °C in the dark under an oxygen atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics chosen as shelf life indicators for this vitamin E-carrier system were vitamin E fluorescence, mean diameter of the system, products of phospholipid oxidation and total products of lipid degradation. Encapsulated vitamins underwent an exponential degradation process (first order kinetics). The complete alteration of the system was confirmed by thin layer chromatography on the 150th day of storage (16% remaining vitamin) al though this did not affect the macroscopic appearance of the suspension. Physical stability was con firmed by the mean diameter which ranged from 85.1 ±5.2 nm to 69.7±5.1 nm without the loss of the monodisperse nature of the liposome suspension.
Partnering with Physicians: A Win-Win Strategy
Authors: Reid Gina C.
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates one agency's attempt to enhance communication between physicians and home health care providers. Elmhurst Memorial Home Health and Hospice developed four interdisciplinary care teams, each of which cover their entire geographic service area. Patients are assigned to these care teams based on their referring physician. This method of assignment allows the physician to establish contact with one team coordinator and a core group of caregivers. This model provides the opportunity for increased communication and case conferencing at regularly established intervals. Physicians, staff, and patients are extremely satisfied with this model; it has proven to be a win-win strategy for all involved.
HIV and Home Health Care: Challenges Faced Treating the Stigmatized Patient
Authors: Hinnen Robert D. , Collins Maryann
Published: March 2007

Standards of care for home health were established on the premise of traditional medical models. However, since the arrival of HIV/AIDS in the United States during the 1980s, modernized treatment models have challenged home health standards. In this article, several challenges are highlighted to help health care practitioners become better aware of psychosocial issues that may arise when treating patients with HIV/AIDS. Social stigmatization and the family redefinition are discussed and practical recommendations are provided to help develop culturally competent treatment plans.
The Culture of Adolescence
Authors: Esposito Linda
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the culture of adolescence from the social constructionist view and stages of development as described by the experts in developmental theory. Issues are explored regarding the self-concept and "voice" of the adolescent and implications for the home health care professional. Suggestions for the use of health behavior change theory are briefly outlined.
Cultural Competence: Developing Policies To Address the Health Care Needs of Culturally Diverse Clientele
Authors: Goode Tawara D. , Sockalingam Suganya
Published: March 2007

Home health care organizations striving to effectively serve their clientele may be experiencing barriers, one of which is serving a culturally and linguistically diverse population. The National Center for Cultural Competence (NCCC) identifies seven salient reasons in this article for incorporating cultural competence into organizational policy. The article provides an examplary definition that can be adapted and useful to home health care organizations. A checklist, developed by the NCCC, is also included to facilitate policy making that supports culturally and linguistically competent health care delivery.
Caring for Family Caregivers and the Cognitively Impaired Care-Receiver
Authors: Fitzgerald Dorcas C.
Published: March 2007

Research validating the role of the family as caregivers has been well documented for the past quarter century. Although family caregiving is not new, today's new technology has increased both the complexity and the time span of care. Hence, caring for chronically ill or physically or mentally incapacitated older family members has become a normal family function. Subsequently, the focus and findings of numerous studies centered on the identification of "caregiver burden, " "caregiver stress, " and "caregiver strain. " This article provides interventions to assist the nurse in caring for family caregivers, as well as care receivers.
The respiratory care vendor in the community
Authors: Maguire James M. , Zimbel Vianna A.
Published: March 2007

Patients have the right to choose the equipment company. To do so, they must be educated by the professional staff they are involved with in both the hospital and the home. The authors present standards for evaluating an effective equipment company and review the physiology of the most common pulmonary diseases and types of respiratory equipment with a focus on the team approach. All home care providers dealing with pulmonary patients will benefit from this article.
Home rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A physical and occupational therapy approach
Authors: Johnson Norma J. , Grindler Doreen
Published: March 2007

The rehabilitation of the pulmonary patient in the home care setting is interdisciplinary. In this article, the core team consists of the physical and the occupational therapists. The team may be altered by the patient's needs. The authors present a basic home care model including a patient manual designed to increase the patient's awareness of the important part he or she plays in the recovery process. The goal is to ultimately increase the patient's quality of life.
Nursing assessment in psychiatric home health care
Authors: Gerace Laina M.
Published: March 2007

There is an increasing need for home care nursing follow-up for patients with psychiatric diagnoses. Ongoing assessment is the basis on which the nurse plans interventions. This article presents concise, comprehensive information necessary to perform a psychiatric nursing assessment. The discussion divides the assessment into sections: the macrolevel assessment, which includes the community, home, and family responses; and the microlevel assessment, which includes the patient's level of function, the psychosocial stressors, and the caregiver's stressors.
Helping families cope with the chronically ill child at home
Authors: Krajewski Denise M.
Published: March 2007

There are an increasing number of chronically ill children being cared for in the home setting. The entire family of the ill child faces mental and physical stress. This article deals with the grieving process that develops in families as a result of caring for a chronically ill child. There are ways to minimize the negative emotional impact of caring for an ill child. The discussion focuses on recognizing problems and suggests interven tions to incorporate into nursing care plans.
Occupational therapy services for the homebound psychiatric patient
Authors: Menosky Judy
Published: March 2007

The role of the occupational therapist in the treatment of psychiatric disorders has been greatly expanded over the years. As the treatment for psychiatric disorders has shifted to the home care setting, the need to develop a team approach to provide the most effective treatment for the patient and family has grown. Although occupational therapy services for patients with medical diagnoses have been offered for many years, the expertise of these professionals was for the most part overlooked when it came to providing services for psychiatric disorders. This article describes a 1-year pilot program that may serve as a model for any agency that provides services to patients with medically related emotional disorders or psychiatric diagnoses. Assessment descriptions and an interviewing tool are included.
Home dobutamine therapy
Authors: Gorski Lisa A. , Schmidt Terese Baldwin
Published: March 2007

The infusion of dobutamine in the home for the treatment of congestive heart failure represents a new challenge. The authors present a review of the drug information, a simplified overview of hemodynamic concepts, a drug conversion guide, results of selected dobutamine studies, nursing care plans, nursing diagnoses, and a case study showing the positive results that are attainable.
Supportive care and the dying child
Authors: Cassidy Maureen
Published: March 2007

Hospice care for children is approached in a "curing" as well as "caring" manner. A life-threatening diagnosis is made, but aggressive attempts to cure continue to the end. The curing-caring situation is itself a conflict, but it must be done. The author shares her experience and provides a perspective for the team to consider and practice. The experience of caring for a dying child, although devastating, may enrich our lives.
Holistic nursing management of arthritic pain
Authors: Sopko Joanne S.
Published: March 2007

Holistic pain management requires a thorough family and client history, physical exami nation, and mutual goal setting. Interventions must be individualized based on the goals set. Included in this article are traditional and nontraditional pain control techniques, which are useful in the management of pain.
Collaborative project to examine social support in elder homebound diabetics
Authors: Zink Margo R. , Gadomski Mary , O'Connell Patricia Buckley , Nizzi-Herzog Marie
Published: March 2007

Social support has a significant effect on the response to illness and treatment. The au thors present some of the findings and practical applications originating from a collabora tive study, including a clinical indicator tool for the diabetic patient. This information gives the home health care professional an expanded knowledgebase to use in developing individualized care plans for the elder home care diabetic.
Providing visuoperceptual remediation treatment for stroke patients in the home setting
Authors: Jabri Janet
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on strategies for treating a specific area of cognitive dysfunction and visuoperceptual disorders with the neurologically impaired patient in the home health care setting. Practical retraining tasks and functional activities of daily living that can be utilized in the home care setting are presented, with an overall gain in functional inde pendence as the goal.
Home pediatric rehabilitation
Authors: Del Vecchio JoAnn
Published: March 2007

As more babies and children survive with defects, major illness, or trauma, more families will require therapeutic intervention for these children to reach their physical, social, and cognitive potential. This brief article describes the role of home health care therapies and the need for more to be made available for these special patients.
Home phototherapy for the jaundiced full-term newborn
Authors: Murphy Beverly N. , Welch Rebecca
Published: March 2007

This article addresses not only the use of home phototherapy equipment but also gives practical and useful information on setting program guidelines. It includes background information on jaundice as well as criteria for admission and discharge from a home phototherapy program.
Home care revisited: 1993
Authors: Dumas Linda
Published: March 2007

Teacher, clinician, caregiver, risk-taker ... these four words describe the complex yet gratifying role of the home health care nurse. Efforts to perform this role are fraught with obstacles and chal lenges and often done in a hostile environment. The author shares her perspectives as a long-term provider and professional in this thought-provoking article.
Home health care staffing problems: There is a solution
Authors: Collins Joan A. , Wiese Neita , Berghash Karen
Published: March 2007

A creative staffing method frequently used in acute care settings over the past decade is beginning to gain the attention of the home health care industry. This method is the use of traveling health care professionals. This article describes the role a professional health care travel company can play in providing a viable solution to home health staffing shortages.
Democracy and Disaster: The Crisis of (Meta) Planning in America
Authors: Black Michael , Worthington Richard
Published: March 2007

In this essay we examine the connection between a crisis in the American political economy and the recurrence of industrial crisis which imperil the health, safety and welfare of Americans and others affected by U.S.-based in dustrial operations. The crisis of the political economy (manifested by uneven growth rates, polarization, voter cynicism and other indicators) arises from the need for increased coordination and planning of economic and industrial ac tivity. This planning threatens elite control and undermines the ideology of laissez faire economics which legitimates the prevailing order. Weak planning and an unstable political consensus are natural results of this contradiction. A system which we call metaplanning (planning without planning) has evolved in response to this impasse. The early sections of the paper deal with the imple mentation of new industrial policies which are the core of metaplanning, dem onstrating how these policies simultaneously enhance systemic capacities for coordination while reassuring the public that the traditional American aver sion to strong government is being upheld. The implication of metaplanning for industrial crises are examined in a final section. We argue that metaplan ning facilitates private investment in profit rather than safety, early commer cialization of new technologies which shifts risks onto the public, and distorts democratic processes and goals in the public management of industrial hazards.
"RATs" to technology! Conflict, power and the crisis of industrial siting
Authors: Plotkin Sidney
Published: March 2007

The location of dangerous industrial installations is now regularly attended by intense local opposition. The roots of such conflict lie in the unequal power relationships inherent in modern techno-planning. As a result, conventional reformist solutions, such as administrative centralization or compensation, are unlikely to reduce the tendency toward local outbreaks of anti-industrialism. The paper proposes instead the establishment of Regional Academies of Tech nology ( RATs ) as a useful resource for a political movement aimed at demo cratic planning of industrial development.
Community planning for industrial risk: a Title III research agenda
Authors: Kartez Jack D.
Published: March 2007

Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) mandates a nationwide local government effort to plan for industrial risk and crisis response. Title III planning is primarily defined by its requirements for public participation, but the law is somewhat vague on that criterion as well as on expected planning outcomes. Title III is misconstrued in some quarters as risk communication, yet that is only one part of planning. An evaluative frame work is presented in this paper for analyzing the performance of this planning mandate, drawing on both planning theory in general and lessons from disaster planning research in particular.
Cultural rationalities in crisis sensemaking: a study of a public inquiry into a major industrial accident
Authors: Gephart Robert P. , Steier Lloyd , Lawrence Thomas
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the sensemaking which occurred during a public in quiry into a fatal gas pipeline accident. The research conceives of the public inquiry as an important stage in crises, and investigates the role of multiple perspectives and rationalities in crisis sensemaking. Stakeholders at the in quiry are shown to differ in terms of their social organization, the cultural biases they hold, and the interpretations they make of events and risks. The paper extends the multiple perspectives approach to crises by linking this approach to theoretical developments in cultural analysis, and by showing the implica tions multiple perspectives have for inquiry and crisis stakeholders.
The crisis of crisis management in the courts
Authors: Heydebrand Wolf , Seron Carroll
Published: March 2007

Since 1960, US district courts have faced a mounting volume and complexity in their caseload and, simultaneously, a relative decline in the fiscal and orga nizational resources available to meet the rising demand. Courts are attempt ing to manage this double threat to their identity by adopting a combination of computerization and a strategy of informalism, much like other organizations in the public and private sector. But courts are unique among public sector organizations in that formal-legal rules play a constitutive role in their orga nization and procedures. Insofar as informal and technocratic strategies of cri sis management become functionally autonomous, they tend to undermine the normative premises of courts and generate a second-order problem, viz, a crisis of crisis management.
Beyond contingency planning: towards a model of crisis management
Authors: Smith Denis
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the central contributions to the crisis management liter ature, addresses its various dimensions and details the major phases within which crises occur. The paper seeks to develop a schematic model for crises and concludes by advocating that management needs to acknowledge the lim itations of its contingency planning in order to allow for more effective deci sion making. The model suggests that there are three phases within a crisis: the precipitation phase in which the potential for a crisis is created, the operational phase of the crisis, and the post-crisis phase. The resultant model provides a framework for the subsequent analysis of crisis events.
Fire alarms and siren songs: the role of issues management in the prevention of, and response to, organizational crises
Authors: Mahon John F. , Cochran Philip L.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is on the interplay between and among issues and crisis management. These linkages have not been previously explored in any depth. This analysis addresses: (1) the process by which issues become crises and suggests specific criteria to evaluate the potential for an issue to become a cri sis ; (2) offers reasons why organizations miss the warning signs of impending crises; and (3) offers examples of recent crises and draws lessons from those experiences.
"We were always re-organizing...": some crisis management implications of the Exxon Valdez oil spill
Authors: Harrald John R. , Cohn Ruth , Wallace William A.
Published: March 2007

The confusion and conflict surrounding the evolution of the Exxon Valdez spill response organization are described. The organizational impacts of post Exxon Valdez initiatives are identified and a comparison is made of the organiza tional structures specified by the several federal crisis management plans. Re search results in the fields of crisis management, organizational design, and organizational decision making are used to develop recommendations for im proving the ability to organize for response. The authors show that responders must resolve three conflicting goals: anticipating the phenomena of emergent organization; cooperating with diverse stakeholders; and creating a high per forming, decision focused organization. Contingency planners developing or ganizational structures, however, typically pursue the concept of organiza tional control rather than the goal of effective decision making. This type of planning increases the probability that not only will an emergent organization evolve as it did in the case of the Exxon Valdez, but that it will be unanticipated and unmanageable.
The democracy of risk
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: March 2007

As liberal democracies are forced to make ever more political decisions con cerning the distribution of technological risk, the theory of democracy itself is evolving away from traditional liberal definitions of authority, equity, and self- interest. This essay argues that the environment of risk in which liberal demo cracies find themselves is one of great import for the definition of democracy. Risk and democracy share certain conceptual similarities as well as similar def initional difficulties. Therefore, successful policies for determining the accept ability and fair distribution of risk in society will necessitate a reconceptuali zation of democracy and its constituent ideas along more communitarian and participatory lines.
Product harm crisis at the crossroads: monitoring recovery of replacement products
Authors: Siomkos George J. , Kurzbard Gary
Published: March 2007

Company responses to product harm crises must include a decision as to whether product replacement is indicated. A model is provided to assist man agers in making product replacement decisions on the basis of empirical stan dards. In addition, a monitoring mechanism is suggested to assess the efficacy of company responses after they have been undertaken. Both parts of the model, taken conjointly, provide an ongoing technique to help ensure new product replacement success. The model has the additional advantage of being gener ally applicable to all cases of product harm crisis management involving prod uct recalls.
The Texas City Disaster: a re-examination
Authors: Stephens Hugh W.
Published: March 2007

The explosion of two ships loaded with ammonium nitrate fertilizer at the Texas City docks on April 16 and 17, 1947, produced the worst industrial dis aster in United States history. Despite this, inaccuracies persist about exactly what happened, the event has never been analyzed in terms of crisis manage ment, and landside-waterside relationships are overlooked. This article applies the concepts of risk reduction, contingency planning, and incident response to these problems. Analysis reveals that the key elements of the Texas City Disaster were ignorance and complacency about hazardous materi als, system interaction, and a perceptual and organizational void between land and marine operations. Although safety practices have improved since 1947, uneven relationships between potential system interaction and disaster response capabilities persist at ports and along navigable waterways and con stitute the potential for future hazardous material disasters.
Validation of the ADHD Rating Scale as a clirlician administered and scored instrument
Authors: Faries Douglas E. , Yalcin Ilker , Harder Donald , Heiligenstein John H.
Published: March 2007

There are several parent- and teacher-scored rating scales that are validated and available for assessing the severity of ADHD symptoms in pediatric populations. However, we are not aware of any symptom severity rating scales with published validation results when administered and scored by clinicians following a semi-structured interview with the parent or guardian.

In a recent clinical trial, in order to have consistency in assessing entry severity criteria and changes in symptom severity over time across patients, we used the ADHD Rating Scale, administered and scored by trained clinicians. Using data from this trial, we assessed the validity and reliability of the ADHD Rating Scale when completed by trained clinicians based on interviews with parents.

Results Indicate that this version of the scale has acceptable levels of inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and responsiveness. The psychometric properties were comparable to other validated scales for assessing ADHD symptom severity. Overall, this study supports the use of the ADHD Rating Scale as a clinician administered and scored tool for assessing the severity of ADHD symptoms in pediatric patients.
The Effectiveness of Drug Education Programs: A Critical Review
Authors: Berberian Rosalie M. , Gross Cynthia , Lovejoy Jennifer , Paparella Susan
Published: March 2007

Twenty-seven studies were reviewed to determine whether school-based drug abuse prevention efforts have succeeded Most of the studies reviewed either did not examine program impact on actual drug using behavior or were not designed with a degree of scientific rigor sufficient to warrant acceptance of their findings as valid. Those studies leading to reliable results regarding program effect on drug use were contradictory in their conclusions. In view of the possibility that educational efforts aimed at drug abuse prevention may be counterproductive, it is suggested that school-based programs henceforward be designed and conducted as experiments with controlled manipulation of relevant variables.
Health Interventions for African American and Latino Youth: The Potential Role of Mass Media
Authors: Romer Daniel , Kim Stephen
Published: March 2007

Children in Latino and African American families are far more likely to live in urban, high-poverty settings that greatly increase risks to healthy development. During adolescence, these settings are particularly hazardous for their role in the social transmission of risk behavior. Community-wide health promotion using local mass media can counteract these influences by reaching preadolescents and adolescents, their parents, and other adults in urban communities with safe-behavior messages. These messages can be designed to make safer behavior more acceptable and normative in the community, to increase awareness of community resources for adoles cents, and to reverse the stereotyping and disregard that characterize media content about impoverished communities. Evidence is reviewed that, despite their poverty status, African American and Latino communities have considerable social resources to which community-wide health promotion can appeal, including strong family bonds, religious attachment, and concern about the community. The influence of these resources is exemplified by relatively low rates of adolescent drug use. Health promotion conducted regularly through local mass media could be an effective strategy to improve the health of adolescents in urban communities.
Particle Modeling of Plasmas On Supercomputers
Authors: Dawson John M. , Decyk Viktor K. , McNamara Brendan
Published: March 2007

Particle simulation of plasmas (ionized gases) has become a powerful tool for in vestigating the physics of this complex state of matter, such as normal modes of nonuniform plasmas, and nonlinear be havior. Whereas much of this complex behavior is difficult to measure experi mentally, computer modeling can provide detailed information to augment our un derstanding of physical phenomena. We describe the basic methods of particle simulation and present a number of ex amples that highlight applications of this approach to plasma physics.
Programming Parallel Vision Algorithms: a Dataflow Language Approach
Authors: Shapiro Linda G.
Published: March 2007

Computer vision requires the processing of large volumes of data and requires parallel architectures and algorithms to be useful in real-time, industrial applica tions. The INSIGHT dataflow language was designed to allow encoding of vision algorithms at all levels of the computer vision paradigm. INSIGHT programs, which are relational in nature, can be translated into a graph structure that represents an architecture for solving a particular vision problem or a configuration of a reconfi gurable computational network. We consider here IN SIGHT programs that produce a parallel net architecture for solving low-, mid-, and high-level vision tasks.
The Element By Element Method as a Preconditioner for Linear Systems Coming From Finite Element Models
Authors: de La Bourdonnaye Armel
Published: March 2007

Since in many finite element problems, lots of opera tions are repetitive on elements, it is of great interest to study methods that use this repetition in order to vec torize and parallelize the computation. Among these ele ment by element methods we present a preconditioner for the conjugate gradient algorithm. We also present the results of computations run on an Alliant FX/8 machine.
Atomic Resolution Structures of Dna and Dna Modified By Carcinogens
Authors: Hingerty Brian E. , Broyde Suse
Published: March 2007

We have developed new search techniques to deal with the multiple minimum problem in the computation of energy-minimized structures of DNA and DNA modified by carcinogens. These techniques have yielded atomic resolution views that agree with experimental results, and have permitted prediction of novel structures where data are lacking. In one strategy, wide searches of con formation space are employed in combination with sub unit buildup methods. The second strategy narrows the conformation space search to domains actually occupied by the molecule by means of measured distances that are employed as constraints in first-stage minimizations, but are finally released to yield unconstrained structures that are within bounds of the data. Such experimental structures are then also useful as starting forms for en ergy minimizations of chemically related substances for which no data are available. Structures for unmodified B and Z DNA and for DNA modified by benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxides, which agree with experimental data, as well as structures of DNA modified by carcinogenic aro matic amines, for which detailed data are not available, have been computed by these methods.
The High Energy Monte Carlo Grand Challenge: Simulating Quarks and Gluons
Authors: Bitar K.M. , Edwards R. , Heller U. , Kennedy A.D. , Liu W. , DeGrand T.A. , Gottlieb S.A. , Krasnitz A. , Kogut J.B. , Renken R.L. , Ogilvie M.C. , Rossi P. , Sinclair D.K. , Wang K.C. , Sugar R.L. , Teper M. , Toussaint D.
Published: March 2007

Quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the interaction of quarks and gluons, can be simulated on modern su percomputers. Using the Hybrid algorithm on a 124 spacetime lattice, the High Energy Monte Carlo Grand Challenge (HEMCGC) group has recently performed the most realistic calculation of the hadronic spectrum to date. The inclusion of the effects of light virtual quark antiquark pairs leads to a significant improvement over previous work. Achievement of these results required innovative work in basic theoretical physics, algorithm design, and software development. The next decade of progress in this challenging field will require machines several orders of magnitude more capable than today's supercomputers.
Implementation of Iterative Methods for Large Sparse Nonsymmetric Linear Systems On a Parallel Vector Machine
Authors: Ma Sangback , Chronopoulos Anthony T.
Published: March 2007

We restructure three outstanding iterative methods for large sparse nonsymmetric linear systems. These methods are CGS (conjugate gradient squared), CRS (conjugate residual squared), and Orthomin(k). The re structured methods are more suitable for vector and parallel processing. We implemented these methods on a parallel vector system. The linear systems for the nu merical tests are obtained from discretizing four two- dimensional elliptic partial differential equations by finite difference and finite element methods. A vectorizable and parallelizable version of incomplete LU precondi tioning is used. We restructured the subroutines to en hance the data locality in vector machines with storage hierarchy. Speedup was measured for multitasking by four processors.
An Ab Initio Theoretical Study of the CH + H2 ⇌ Ch3 * ⇌ Ch2 + H Reactions
Authors: Aoyagi Mutsumi , Shepard Ron , Wagner Albert F.
Published: March 2007

Ab initio calculations of the electronic wave function and associated potential energy of CH 3 at geometries appro priate for the title reaction described here allow charac terization of the reactants and the energetically most fa vorable routes that are followed during the reaction. The quantum mechanical description of the electronic mo tion at each molecular geometry involves the response of each electron to the average field of all other elec trons and the approximate correlated response of each electron to the instantaneous position of the other elec trons. The basic methodology for the computation of this wave function, using extensive orbital basis sets and large-scale configuration expansions, is described. This calculation is one of the largest ever attempted for the characterization of a polyatomic reaction path. However, the path description involves a fine balance of energy contributions that requires this level of sophistication. The calculated properties of the reactants, the interme diate CH3, and the reaction paths to form CH3 are pre sented. The computed energetics compare favorably to experimental results.