bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The genus Piper (Piperaceae) in the Mata das Flores State Park, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Authors: Christ Jheniffer Abeldt , Sarnaglia-Junior Valderes Bento , Barreto Lucas Mesquita , Guimarães Elsie Franklin , Garbin Mário Luís , Carrijo Tatiana Tavares
Published: December 2016

Abstract The conservation and management of the Atlantic Forest depends upon reliable knowledge about how many and which species this biome shelters. Floristic inventories have an important role in this process, especially when conducted in poorly known remnants, with a high conservation priority. This paper presents the study of the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in the Mata das Flores State Park, Castelo municipality, Espírito Santo state (ES). The study was based on the analysis of dried specimens, as well as those observed in the field, from February 2012 to August 2015. Twenty species of piper were identified. Amongst these species, Piper dilatatum, P. macedoi and P. piliovarium were recorded for the first time for the Espírito Santo state. Piper bicorne, an endemic species from ES and known only for the Santa Leopoldina municipality, had its geographical distribution expanded to the Castelo municipality. Most of the Piper species in the MFSP occur in valleys, and they are commonly found near watercourses. This is worrying given that these areas are just the most affected by the expansion of the rural and urban areas that surround the Park.
Os limites para a revisão do texto literário a partir dos conceitos de autoria e estilo de Bakhtin
Authors: Perez Marcelo Spalding , Boenavides William Moreno
Published: December 2016

RESUMO Embora a relação dos escritores com os revisores seja tradicionalmente tensa, a revisão textual, sobretudo no texto literário, não se limita mais a aspectos normativos, como correção ortográfica ou de digitação, ampliando-se para a observação de aspectos como verossimilhança e encadeamento narrativo. Tais atribuições, porém, podem ampliar a tensão entre escritor e revisor à medida que coloca em jogo a autoria e o estilo, como ilustrado em obras como História do cerco de Lisboa. Este estudo trata exatamente dos limites para o revisor textual, buscando nos ensaios O autor e a personagem na atividade estética e O problema do conteúdo, do material e da forma na criação literária, de Mikhail Bakhtin, os conceitos de autoria e de estilo que possam contribuir para o entendimento do limite da intervenção do revisor. Tal limite se dá, como se verá, por ele jamais poder interferir diretamente no sentido básico do mundo e do "valor axiológico" expressos pelo objeto estético, sob pena de interferir no estilo e na autoria.
Dialogismo bakhtiniano e a estilística vossleriana
Authors: Puzzo Miriam Bauab
Published: December 2016

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as relações possíveis entre duas vertentes teóricas do início do século XX: o dialogismo bakhtiniano e a estilística de Vossler. Embora na demonstração de sua prática pedagógica em sala de aula Bakhtin não mencione essa teoria de base, ela ali está presente com algumas variantes que resultam do diálogo tenso com ela estabelecido. Este trabalho objetiva analisar a teoria de Vossler, com o intuito de observar como Bakhtin dialoga com os conceitos vosslerianos no que diz respeito à concepção de língua, gramática e estilo e em que medida se apropria de alguns conceitos em suas anotações de aula.
Versões reduzidas para protocolo clínico de enfrentamento das disfonias
Authors: Oliveira Gisele , Zambon Fabiana , Vaiano Thays , Costa Flavia , Behlau Mara
Published: December 2016

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é explorar duas versões reduzidas do Protocolo de Estratégias de Enfrentamento na Disfonia - PEED-27 e verificar suas correspondências com o protocolo original. Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de questionários PEED-27 de 100 indivíduos com queixa vocal 37 homens e 63 mulheres, com idade média de 43,7 anos, para comparação com versões reduzidas do instrumento. A análise dos três instrumentos mostrou que eles apresentam níveis de correlação elevados entre si e, portanto, seus resultados são comparáveis (PEED 27 x 15, r=+0,910, p< 0,001; PEED 27 x 10, r=+0,873, p<0,001; PEED 15 x 10, r=+0,924, p< 0,001). O PEED-10 e PEED-15 são as versões reduzidas e adaptadas para o português brasileiro e mostraram avaliar as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas por indivíduos disfônicos para enfrentar seu problema de voz. O clínico deve definir qual versão prefere usar, de acordo com o tempo disponível e seu interesse em maior ou menor detalhamento.
Potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico em adultos em posição de repouso e em movimentação
Authors: Lot Andreia Borges de Oliveira , Pereira Liliane Desgualdo
Published: December 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Registrar os potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico nas condições de repouso e movimento, no mesmo indivíduo, utilizando o novo equipamento/sistema Integrity, e verificar a concordância das respostas, quando comparadas a um equipamento/sistema convencional, padrão-ouro no mercado. Métodos Trinta adultos com audição normal, de ambos os gêneros, entre 18 e 30 anos, foram submetidos ao Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico. Para registro das respostas no mesmo indivíduo, foram usados dois equipamentos, um deles (Integrity) com tecnologia bluetooth, nas condições de repouso e movimento e outro, equipamento/sistema convencional, na condição de repouso. Resultados A comparação entre as latências absolutas e interpicos observada nas condições de repouso e movimento, no equipamento Integrity, foi de equivalência. Os tempos de exame observados nos dois equipamentos, na condição de repouso, foram iguais. O tempo de aquisição do potencial evocado auditivo, na condição de movimento, foi maior que na condição de repouso, no equipamento Integrity. Conclusão Os valores de referência em adultos ouvintes normais no equipamento Integrity foram os mesmos para as condições de repouso e em movimento. As latências obtidas nos dois equipamentos foram equivalentes na condição repouso. Houve concordância entre os valores das latências no equipamento Integrity, nas condições de repouso e de movimento.
Characterization, agricultural potential, and perspectives for the management of light soils in Brazil
Authors: Donagemma Guilherme Kangussu , Freitas Pedro Luiz de , Balieiro Fabiano de Carvalho , Fontana Ademir , Spera Silvio Túlio , Lumbreras José Francisco , Viana João Herbert Moreira , Araújo Filho José Coelho de , Santos Flávia Cristina dos , Albuquerque Manoel Ricardo de , Macedo Manuel Cláudio Motta , Teixeira Paulo Cesar , Amaral André Julio , Bortolon Elisandra , Bortolon Leandro
Published: December 2016

Abstract Light soils occupy 8% of the Brazilian territory and are especially expressive in the new and last agricultural frontier in Brazil: the Matopiba region - in the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí, and Bahia -, where they represent 20% of the area. These soils fit into the textural classes of sand and loamy sand or sandy loam, down to 0.75-m soil depth or deeper, and they are mainly represented by Neossolos Quartzarênicos (Quartzipsamments) and, partly, by Latossolos (Oxisols) and Argissolos (Ultisols). The understanding of soil functioning depends on the establishment of distinguishing criteria for: organic matter dynamics; content and mineralogy of the clay fraction; coarse sand and total sand contents, in relation to those of fine sand; mean diameter of the sand fraction; and water retention capacity. These criteria can contribute for the zoning and for the conservation and fertility management of light soils, as well as for the estimation of their agricultural potential. Integrated production systems, such as crop-livestock and crop-livestock-forestry integration, besides no-tillage with crop rotation, mixed forestry planting with legumes, and the use of green manure and cover crops are relevant for the proper management of these soils. The objective of this review was to characterize light soils and to highlight the main challenges regarding their agricultural potential and their conservation and fertility managements, in face of the expansion and consolidation of the new Brazilian agricultural frontier.
Condição física e desenvolvimento radicular de gramíneas em solo construído após mineração de carvão
Authors: Stumpf Lizete , Pauletto Eloy Antonio , Pinto Luiz Fernando Spinelli , Garcia Gabriel Furtado , Ambus Jordano Vaz , Silva Tiago Stumpf da , Pinto Marilia Alves Brito , Tuchtenhagen Ivana Kruger
Published: December 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condição física e a potencialidade de uso agrícola de um solo construído após mineração com carvão, além do desenvolvimento radicular de gramíneas tropicais nesse solo, tendo-se considerado diferentes períodos de revegetação. O solo foi construído no início de 2003, e o experimento instalado em novembro/dezembro de 2007. A condição física do solo construído foi avaliada nas parcelas ocupadas por gramíneas perenes, como Urochloa humidicola, Panicum maximum e U. brizantha. Em julho de 2012, foram coletadas amostras de solo com estrutura preservada e não preservada para a determinação dos atributos físico-químicos, nas camadas de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. Monólitos de solo foram coletados para caracterização do sistema radicular das diferentes gramíneas. Após 58 meses de revegetação, a condição física do solo construído ainda é inadequada ao uso agrícola que envolva práticas mais intensivas de manejo de solo. Entre as camadas avaliadas, somente a de 0,00-0,10 m fornece condições para que o solo cumpra suas funções no ecossistema. Urochloa brizantha mostra-se mais promissora para a recuperação da estrutura do solo na camada de 0,00-0,10 m, e a densidade radicular foi o atributo mais sensível para a diferenciação do desenvolvimento potencial das diferentes espécies nesta camada.
Impacto de plantas de cobertura e da drenagem do solo nas emissões de CH 4 e N 2 O sob cultivo de arroz irrigado
Authors: Zschornack Tiago , Rosa Carla Machado da , Camargo Estefânia Silva , Reis Cecília Estima Sacramento dos , Schoenfeld Rodrigo , Bayer Cimélio
Published: December 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto das plantas de cobertura de inverno azevém (Lolium multiflorum) e azevém+cornichão (Lotus corniculatus), bem como da drenagem parcial do solo, nas emissões de CH4 e N2O em um Planossolo cultivado com arroz irrigado. Amostras de ar foram coletadas semanalmente com câmara estática fechada, parcialmente inserida no solo (0,05 m). Calcularam-se o potencial de aquecimento global parcial (PAGp=CH4×25+N2O×298) e o PAGp por unidade de produtividade de grãos (PAGpPG). A drenagem parcial foi estabelecida pela suspenção temporária da irrigação por períodos de 8 a 15 dias, durante três ocasiões ao longo do ciclo da cultura. O aporte de resíduos pelas plantas de cobertura intensificou os fluxos de CH4 do solo, que excederam em dez vezes a emissão acumulada do solo em pousio invernal. As emissões de N2O foram maiores com o consórcio azevém+cornichão, em comparação ao azevém e ao pousio. O cultivo de plantas de cobertura elevou o índice PAGpPG (0,35 kg de CO2eq por quilograma de arroz), comparativamente ao pousio (0,06 kg kg-1). Nos tratamentos com cobertura de inverno, as estratégias de mitigação devem focar principalmente no CH4, que foi responsável pela maior porção (80%) do PAGp. A drenagem parcial reduziu em até 50% o PAGp e apresenta grande potencial para mitigar as emissões de gases em sistemas de produção de arroz irrigado.
Nitrogen availability, water-filled pore space, and N2O-N fluxes after biochar application and nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Carvalho Márcia Thaís de Melo , Madari Beáta Emoke , Bastiaans Lammert , Oort Pepijn Adrianus Johannes van , Leal Wesley Gabriel de Oliveira , Souza Diego Mendes de , Santos Roberto Carlos dos , Matsushige Iva , Maia Aline de Holanda Nunes , Heinemann Alexandre Bryan , Meinke Holger
Published: December 2016

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the impact of the application of wood biochar, combined with N fertilizations, on N2O-N fluxes, nitrogen availability, and water-filled pore space (WFPS) of a clayey Oxisol under rice (wet season) and common bean (dry season) succession. Manual static chambers were used to quantify N2O-N fluxes from soil immediately after a single application of wood biochar (32 Mg ha-1) and after four crop seasons with N applications (90 kg ha-1 N). Soil ammonium (N-NH4+) and nitrate (N-NO3-) availability, as well as WFPS, was measured together with N2O-N fluxes. There was no interaction between biochar and N fertilization regarding N2O-N fluxes in any of the four seasons monitored, although these fluxes were clearly enhanced by N applications. At 1.5 and 2.5 years after biochar application, the WFPS decreased. In addition, in the seasons characterized by low WFPS, N2O-N fluxes and soil N-NO3- and N-NH4+ availability were enhanced after N applications. Long-term experiments in the field are important to quantify the impacts of biochar on N2O-N fluxes and to determine the dynamics of these fluxes on soil-related variables.
Delineation of irrigation management zones in a Quartzipsamment of the Brazilian semiarid region
Authors: Oldoni Henrique , Bassoi Luís Henrique
Published: December 2016

Abstract The objective of this work was to delineate irrigation management zones using geostatistics and multivariate analysis in different combinations of physical and hydraulic soil properties, as well as to determine the optimal number of management zones in order to avoid overlaping. A field experiment was carried out in a Quartzipsamment, for two years, in an irrigated orchard of table grape, in the Senador Nilo Coelho Irrigation Scheme, in the municipality of Petrolina, in the state of Pernanbuco, Brazil. Soil samples were collected for the determination of soil physico-hydraulic properties. A portable meter was used to measure soil apparent electrical conductivity. Spatial distribution maps were generated using ordinary kriging. Management zones for five different combinations of soil properties were defined using the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, and two indexes were applied to determine the optimal number of management zones. Two combinations of soil properties can be used in the management zone planning in order to monitor soil moisture.
Atributos químicos e qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo em sistemas de colheita de cana-de-açúcar com e sem queima
Authors: Signor Diana , Czycza Rodrigo Vianei , Milori Débora Marcondes Bastos Pereira , Cunha Tony Jarbas Ferreira , Cerri Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino
Published: December 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar atributos químicos do solo, quantificar os teores e os estoques de C e N, e avaliar a qualidade química da matéria orgânica do solo em sistemas de colheita de cana-de-açúcar com ou sem queima da palhada. Áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar foram avaliadas com ou sem queima da palhada, aos 6 e aos 12 anos após a última reforma do canavial. Além disso, também foram avaliadas uma área de vegetação nativa e outra cultivada por 19 anos sem queima. O teor de C no solo das áreas sem queima foi superior ao daquelas queimadas e inferior ao da área com vegetação nativa. O estoque de C a 0,0-0,3 m de profundidade, na área queimada, foi 22% menor do que o na área sem queima, aos 6 anos, e 43% menor, aos 12 anos. Os maiores graus de humificação ocorreram na área sem queima por 19 anos; e os menores, na área com vegetação nativa. Os solos cultivados apresentaram maior concentração de grupos fenólicos e carboxílicos nos ácidos húmicos. A fertilidade do solo aumenta em áreas de cana-de-açúcar sem queima, em razão da matéria orgânica do solo mais humificada e da maior quantidade de grupamentos carboxílicos e fenólicos.
Caracterização da macrofauna edáfica em sistemas de produção de grãos no Sudoeste do Piauí
Authors: Santos Djavan Pinheiro , Santos Glenio Guimarães , Santos Isis Lima dos , Schossler Thiago Rodrigo , Niva Cíntia Carla , Marchão Robélio Leandro
Published: December 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a macrofauna edáfica em sistemas de produção de grãos sob plantio direto e convencional no Sudoeste do Piauí, na região de Matopiba. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,3 m, com serrapilheira, em áreas cultivadas predominantemente com milho e soja, sob preparo convencional e plantio direto, em solos com diferentes texturas. Remanescentes de vegetação nativa adjacentes foram amostrados como referência. A macrofauna edáfica nos diferentes sistemas de uso do solo foi identificada até o nível de famílias, as quais foram agrupadas de acordo com suas funções ecológicas. Os grupos mais abundantes nas áreas amostradas foram Isoptera, Hymenoptera e Coleoptera, este com o maior número de famílias. A análise de componentes principais revelou que os grupos funcionais geófago/bioturbador, fitófago/praga e predador/parasita estão associados a solos de textura argilo-siltosa; enquanto o grupo detritívoro/decompositor, a solos mais arenosos. Os sistemas de manejo do solo alteram a estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados edáficos em relação à condição natural de Cerrado. O plantio direto proporciona maior abundância e riqueza de espécies que o preparo convencional, e minimiza o impacto de sistemas agrícolas sobre a biodiversidade da macrofauna edáfica.
Níveis críticos e faixas de suficiência de nutrientes derivados de métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional da palma-de-óleo
Authors: Matos Gilson Sergio Bastos de , Fernandes Antonio Rodrigues , Wadt Paulo Guilherme Salvador
Published: December 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar níveis críticos e faixas de suficiência de nutrientes para a palma-de-óleo (Elaeis spp.), a partir de métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas. Utilizaram-se os métodos chance matemática (ChM), sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS) e diagnose da composição nutricional (CND), além da avaliação do nível crítico obtido pela distribuição normal reduzida (DNR) em dados de produtividade e do teor de nutrientes de 144 amostras foliares de plantios no Pará. As regressões dos índices DRIS e CND com os teores foliares foram todas significativas, e o menor coeficiente de determinação foi encontrado para N. Os intervalos das faixas de suficiência obtidos com os métodos ChM, DRIS e CND nos talhões nutricionalmente equilibrados foram, em geral, mais estreitos do que os reportados na literatura, com poucos diagnósticos concordantes, sobretudo para K. Os níveis críticos obtidos pela DNR situaram-se dentro do intervalo das faixas nutricionais obtidas com os outros métodos. Os métodos ChM, DRIS, CND e DNR são adequados para a obtenção de valores de referência nutricionais e indicaram N, Ca, S, Mn e Zn como os nutrientes com maior frequência de deficiência nos talhões de palma-de-óleo avaliados.
Produção de forragem e atributos químicos e físicos do solo em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária
Authors: Bonini Carolina dos Santos Batista , Lupatini Gelci Carlos , Andrighetto Cristiana , Mateus Gustavo Pavan , Heinrichs Reges , Aranha Aline Sampaio , Santana Erikelly Aline Ribeiro de , Meirelles Guilherme Constantino
Published: December 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de forragem de capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha) e os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, em sistemas integrados de produção. Foram avaliados os sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária e lavoura-pecuária-floresta, em linhas simples (200 árvores por hectare) e linhas triplas (500 árvores por hectare), além do plantio exclusivo de eucalipto. A resistência mecânica à penetração do solo e a produção de forragem não diferiram entre os sistemas. A infiltração de água no solo foi menor nos sistemas agrossilvipastoris. Após dois anos da implantação dos sistemas, os teores de matéria orgânica, cálcio, magnésio e fósforo, na camada de 0-20 cm, aumentaram.
Transparência e a governança das águas
Authors: EMPINOTTI VANESSA LUCENA , JACOBI PEDRO ROBERTO , FRACALANZA ANA PAULA
Published: December 2016

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta e discute como o conceito de gestão da transparência é considerado na área de recursos hídricos e qual a sua contribuição dentro da perspectiva neoliberal de práticas públicas. Para fundamentar tal discussão, analisa-se como a transparência se transformou em um indicador de qualidade da prática da governança da água. Por fim, o artigo provoca os leitores a refletirem sobre como a disponibilização de informações pode indicar não apenas mais uma prática de controle de governo, mas também como a falta de dados ou dados de má qualidade podem reorientar ações e contribuir na desigualdade de acesso e distribuição da água nos países.
Expansão canavieira e o uso da terra no estado de São Paulo
Authors: CAMARA MARCIA REGINA GABARDO DA , CALDARELLI CARLOS EDUARDO
Published: December 2016

RESUMO Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a expansão canavieira no estado de São Paulo e a consequente competição pelo uso do solo em relação às demais atividades agropecuárias, entre 1995 e 2013. Para tanto, utiliza-se o modelo shift-share em duas etapas; inicialmente, com vistas à decomposição da taxa de crescimento do valor da produção de cana-de-açúcar - nos efeitos área, rendimento e preço -, e, em uma segunda etapa, tencionando avaliar a evolução da área com cana-de-açúcar - nos subefeitos escala e substituição. Os resultados sugerem que a expansão canavieira em São Paulo foi impulsionada, principalmente, pelo aumento da área cultivada e preços, com baixa contribuição do efeito rendimento. Ademais, o estudo permite concluir que a evolução da atividade representa um conflito pelo uso terra no estado, fato evidenciado pela elevada contribuição do efeito substituição na expansão da área cultivada.
Cuidados paliativos
Authors: GOMES ANA LUISA ZANIBONI , OTHERO MARÍLIA BENSE
Published: December 2016

RESUMO Reconhecido como uma forma inovadora de assistência à saúde, o Cuidado Paliativo vem ganhando espaço no Brasil, especialmente na última década. Diferencia-se fundamentalmente da medicina curativa por focar no cuidado integral, através da prevenção e do controle de sintomas, para todos os pacientes que enfrentem doenças graves, ameaçadoras da vida - conceito que também se aplica a familiares, cuidadores e equipe de saúde e seu entorno, que adoece e sofre junto. Neste artigo, recuperamos o histórico do movimento dos Cuidados Paliativos no mundo, apresentamos seus conceitos e princípios e apontamos o estado da arte da prática no Brasil, especialmente da organização dos serviços e das recentes regulamentações a que estão submetidos profissionais, pacientes e instituições públicas e privadas que nela orbitam.
Sociodemographic profile of medicines users in Brazil: results from the 2014 PNAUM survey
Authors: Bertoldi Andréa Dâmaso , Pizzol Tatiane da Silva Dal , Ramos Luiz Roberto , Mengue Sotero Serrate , Luiza Vera Lucia , Tavares Noemia Urruth Leão , Farias Mareni Rocha , Oliveira Maria Auxiliadora , Arrais Paulo Sergio Dourado
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of medicine use by the Brazilian population and its distribution according to sociodemographic factors. METHODS Study using data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), a nationwide household survey of a representative sample of the Brazilian urban population. The data were collected between September 2013 and February 2014. The overall use of medicines, defined as the use of any medicine, use of medicines for treating chronic medical conditions and for acute health conditions, was evaluated. The independent variables included gender, age group, socioeconomic position, and region of Brazil. Analyzes included prevalence calculations, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and Pearson Chi-square tests to evaluate the differences between groups, considering a 5% level of significance. RESULTS The prevalence of medicines use was 50.7% (95%CI 49.3–52.2), with 39.3% (95%CI 37.5–41.1) accounting for men and 61.0% (95%CI 59.3–62.6) for women. Medicines use was observed to increase with increasing age, except among children within the zero to four years age group. The lowest prevalence for medicines use was found among those with a low socioeconomic position and those who reside in the North region of Brazil. The prevalence of medicine use to treat chronic diseases was 24.3% (95%CI 23.3–25.4), whereas it was 33.7% (95%CI 32.1–35.4) for treating acute diseases. CONCLUSIONS We found extensive variability in the prevalence of medicines use across regions of Brazil. The poorest regions (North, Northeast, and Midwest) have a lower prevalence of medicines use to treat chronic diseases, indicating the need to minimize inequalities in access to medicines within the country.
Catastrophic expenditure on medicines in Brazil
Authors: Luiza Vera Lucia , Tavares Noemia Urruth Leão , Oliveira Maria Auxiliadora , Arrais Paulo Sergio Dourado , Ramos Luiz Roberto , Pizzol Tatiane da Silva Dal , Mengue Sotero Serrate , Farias Mareni Rocha , Bertoldi Andréa Dâmaso
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the magnitude of the expenditure on medicines in Brazil according to region, household size and composition in terms of residents in a situation of dependency. METHODS Population-based data from the national household survey were used, with probabilistic sample, applied between September 2013 and February 2014 in urban households. The expenditure on medicines was the main outcome of interest. The prevalence and confidence intervals (95%CI) of the outcomes were stratified according to socioeconomic classification and calculated according to the region, the number of residents dependent on income, the presence of children under five years and residents in a situation of dependency by age. RESULTS In about one of every 17 households (5.3%) catastrophic health expenditure was reported and, in 3.2%, the medicines were reported as one of the items responsible for this situation. The presence of three or more residents (3.6%) and resident in a situation of dependency (3.6%) were the ones that most reported expenditure on medicines. Southeast was the region with the lowest prevalence of expenditure on medicines. The prevalence of households with catastrophic health expenditure and on medicines in relation to the total of households showed a regressive tendency for economic classes. CONCLUSIONS Catastrophic health expenditure was present in 5.3%, and catastrophic expenditure on medicines in 3.2% of the households. Multi-person households, presence of residents in a situation of economic dependency and belonging to the class D or E had the highest proportion of catastrophic expenditure on medicines. Although the problem is important, permeated by aspects of iniquity, Brazilian policies seem to be protecting families from catastrophic expenditure on health and on medicine.
A study of the main factors affecting the performance of self-sensing concrete
Authors: Adresi Mostafa , Hassani Abolfazl , Tulliani Jean-Marc , Lacidogna Giuseppe , Antonaci Paola
Published: December 2016

Concrete sensors, which are manufactured by mixing conductive fibres (such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) with concrete, are one of the most significant and economical types of sensor. Two main factors affecting the performance of concrete sensors are the amount of CNTs and the quality of their dispersion in the mixture with regard to the combined effects of the surfactant composition and CNTs dispersed with different levels of energy. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of the main parameters affecting concrete sensor performance using various criteria (sensitivity of the sensor, standard deviation of the prediction error, repeatability, cross-correlation and hysteresis) in both static and dynamic loading regimes. Dynamic criteria such as sensitivity, internal repeatability, cross-correlation and hysteresis showed that the energy levels for the dispersion of CNTs have a greater effect on improving sensor performance than the amount of CNTs. On the contrary, the repeatability indicated that the amount of CNTs has a greater effect on sensor performance than the dispersion quality (energy level) of the CNTs. On the whole, the sensor produced with 0·15 wt% (by weight of cement) CNTs, superplasticiser and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant using the maximum energy level (ultrasonic bath for 2 h and 90 min of probe's ultrasonication) offered the best performance both in the static and dynamic load regimes.
Teenage trespass on the railways – a systems approach
Authors: Waterson Patrick E. , Kendrick Victoria L. , Underwood Peter J.
Published: December 2016

Rail trespass and risk-taking behaviours are particularly high among 16–25 year olds. The aim of the research described in this paper is to understand how the communication of safety information to these groups can be improved. The study involves focus groups with 117 young people and 43 interviews with stakeholders drawn from the rail industry alongside professionals involved in working with young people. Participants in the focus groups are shown a set of four safety videos which describe the dangers of trespass. The findings demonstrate a number of misconceptions about the dangers and legality of trespass among young people (e.g. lack of awareness of electrocution dangers). Material which includes emotional, ‘real-life’ information in the form of safety narratives is judged to be the most effective in communicating trespass risks. The study also underlines the importance of combining and integrating technical, educational and community-based efforts to reduce trespass.
Integration of Foreign Genetic Material Provokes Local Mutagenesis in the Recipient Genome
Authors: Глазунова О.А. , Glazunova О.А.
Published: December 2016

An exchange with genetic information is one of the key factors driving bacterial evolution. However, the mechanisms for integration of horizontally
transferred genes into the regulatory network of a new host remain almost unexplored so far. The present work aimed to investigate this adaptive process,
specifically, involvement of the transcription machinery of bacterial cells. Two foreign genes in the genome of Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 were
substituted with their copies from the genomes of predicted donors, and a long-term evolution experiment was initiated for both mutant and control
cultures. After 2000 (for the sfmA gene) and 4000 (for the ydhZ gene) generations, modified and native genomic regions were amplified and used for
population sequencing. Spontaneous mutations were analyzed, and it was found that substitutions of G/C- to A/T-pairs occurred more frequently in
the modified regions as compared to non-modified, whereas A/T → G/C substitutions occurred more rarely. That means that the host genome responds
to integration of foreign genetic material with an adaptive reaction aimed to enrich the modified region with A/T-pairs. In the course of long-term
evolution, it may result either in “silencing” of an unfavourable gene with a specific suppressor of foreign genes, H-NS, or in creation of a promoter
acceptable for adequate expression as a part of promoter island.
EVALUATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF ESTONIAN OIL SHALE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Aruküla Heino
Published: December 2016

The most important mineral wealth of Estonia is oil shale, which is used as fuel for generating electricity, thermal energy, for producing the shale oil, impregnation oil, cement, concrete and other products.Estonian oil shale (Kukersite) deposit occupies an extensive territory (about of 1830 square km). Proved reserves in this deposit were estimated' about 4 billions tons of bil shale. (Fig. 1). The industrial oil shale seam (thickness 2,5 - 3,2 m) contains 6 "oil shale' layers (A - F2) which are separated from one other by limestone intercalation poor in kerogene. The calorific value of oil shale layers ranges between 7-15 MJTkg. The bedding depth of oil shale deposit is from a few meters up to 150 m, now maximum depth in mines are about 70 m. At present oil shale mining is carried out in 6 mines and 3 opencast, oil shale output was 14,6 million tons in 1996.The most important quality characteristics of oil shale are: calorific value Q, moisture W, ash content A, carbonic acid content C02, which have influence on efficiency of using oil shale in power and thermal processing plants and construction materials production. Therefore it is important to elaborate standards of oil shale quality, characteristics and investigate how to guarantine the required for consumers stable quality of oil shale. Checking necessary number of samples from mines, opencasts, power plants and. other consumers, evaluating precision of sampling and determination of quality characteristics is also important.
CONCEPTIONS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN THE POLISH OPENCAST MINING
Authors: Chrzan Tadeusz , Greinert Henryk
Published: December 2016

In the paper the influence of surface mining on the environment is presented. The sizes of mining areas and depression funnels has been shown. Also are presented the amount of cover materials and the quantity of water pumped out from the mines in five regions of brown coal mining in Poland.Various conceptions of land reclamation are discussed, from the method of pioneer vegetation in the years of 1950 - 1970, trough selective excavation of the humus soil in the years 1970 - 1980, to conception of the direct introduction of the final type of vegetation.In the lost part of the paper three models of agricultural land remediation are discussed, as well as the yields of the cultivated plants on recultivated former mining areas.
ANALYSIS OF THE SIMULATED ANNEALING METHOD IN CLASSIC BOLTZMANN MACHINES
Authors: Grabusts Pēteris
Published: December 2016

The paper analyses a model of a neural net proposed by Hinton et al (1985). They have added noise to a Hopfield net and have called it Boltzmann machine (BM) drawing an analogy with the behaviour of physical systems with noises. The concept of simulated annealing is analysed. The experiment aimed at testing the state of thermal equilibrium for a Boltzmann net with three neurons, specified threshold values and weights at two different temperatures, T=1 and T=0,25, is described.
ПРОГНОЗНАЯ ЛАНДШАФТНО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ КАРТА ГОРНОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ РОССИИ
Authors: Воробьев А.
Published: December 2016

Территория России весьма неоднородна по своему качеству (растительности, почвам, гидрологии, рельефу и загрязненности). Ранжирование территории по какому- то одному показателю дает неполноценную характеристику [8,10,12]. Механически суммировать различные показатели с получением достоверных результатов - не возможно. Наиболее объективную оценку и с наименьшими затратами обеспечивает ландшафтно-геохимическое картирование территорий, т.к. является синтезирующим показателем.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINE BLASTING
Authors: Tomberg Tonu , Toomik Arvi
Published: December 2016

The blasting is the predominating method o f breaking rocks in various surface and underground mines. At the same time some damaging impacts on environment are evident: noise, gas, dust, flyrock and ground vibration. The last factor is most important for safety o f constructions, buildings and various natural objects in the vicinity o f mining area. The ground vibration parameters, crucial for safety o f endangered objects have a significant correlation with charge weight and distance o f blasting. The properties o f vibration medium impact on the value o f these parameters. This study tried to associate the main vibration parameter, particle velocity with blasting parameters and properties o f vibration medium. The blast vibrations were studied in the soil o f Quaternary sediments and in Ordovician limestone in Estonian oil shale mining area in opencast and underground mines. The analysis o f measured data pointed significant correlation between vibration velocity and scaled distance from charges. The formulas and nomographs for prediction o f vibration velocity and fo r maximum permitted charge weights were elaborated fo r basic rocks and fo r soil, fo r oil shale underground and opencast mines. Using these formulas and nomographs in blast design will make possible to diminish the impact o f mine blasting on the objects located in the vicinity of mining area.
USING INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS IN MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING TASKS
Authors: Savchenko Clara
Published: December 2016

The paper presents investigation into the solution of multiple criteria decision making problems. Influence diagrams can be used as a formal model of decision making under risk.
VIENOTAS VIDES AIZSARDZĪBAS VADĪBAS SISTĒMAS IZVEIDE
Authors: Roska A. , Jaunzeme A.
Published: December 2016

Latvijā vides aizsardzības jomā ir izstrādāta virkne tiesību aktu un normatīvo dokumentu, tomēr joprojām nav izstrādāts vienots mehānisms šo dokumentu izpildes nodrošināšanai uz vietām un it sevišķi rūpniecības un lauksaimniecības uzņēmumos.Jau 1995.gadā tika izstrādāts un apstiprināts "Vides aizsardzības politikas plāns Latvijai", kurā formulēti mūsu vides aizsardzības politikas mērķi un uzskaitīti principi, uz kuriem šai politikai jābalstās, kā arī līdzekļi, ar kuriem tā ieviešama.Lai veiktu savas darbības saskaņā ar "Vides aizsardzības politikas plānu Latvijai" un īstenotu tajā izvirzītos uzdevumus, katram uzņēmumam ir jāizstrādā savs vides politikas plāns pietiekoši ilgam laika periodam, jānosprauž vadlīnijas izvirzīto vides aizsardzības mērķu sasniegšanai, kā arī jāizstrādā rīcības programma, ja ne vides stāvokļa uzlabošanai, tad vismaz tā saglabāšanai.Šo mērķi vislabāk varētu sasniegt, ieviešot starptautisko standartu ISO 14001, kā arī Eiropas Savienības akceptēto vides menedžmenta sistēmas aprakstu.ISO 14001 ir standarts par vides pārvaldību, ko Eiropas standartizācijas komiteja apstiprinājusi 1996.gada 21.augustā. Šim standartam kopš tā apstiprināšanas vienmēr ir bijusi nozīmīga loma, lai veicinātu rūpniecības uzņēmumus un citas organizācijas darboties un attīstīties videi draudzīgā veidā.
ДЕСЯТЬ ЛЕТ ПЛАТНОГО ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В ЭСТОНИИ
Authors: Рейнсалу Энно
Published: December 2016

С конца восьмидесятых годов в Эстонии действует система платежей за пользование природными ресурсами. Ввод системы поставил перед собой задачу сократить эксплуатацию минеральных ресурсов и ограничить загрязнение природной среды. Платежи были установлены на добычу полезных ископаемых, выкачивание вод, спуск сточных вод в водоемы, загрязнение воздуха и складирование отходов. Все перечисленные виды платежей автор трактует как единую систему платного природопользования. Ведь по существу, также как ресурсом горной промышленности является полезное ископаемое, так и водоемы и атмосфера, куда выбрасываются отходы, можно рассматривать как промышленное звено производства.
TOOMPEA HILL STABILITY AND TALLINN AREA SUBSIDENCE
Authors: Pastarus Juri-Rivaldo
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses the deformation of the Toompea Hill, using the theoretical and numerical modeling. Analysis showed that the Toompea Hill deformation is connected with the subsidence of the territory of Tallinn. Numerical modeling, using one? dimensional model and FLAC-program evaluated the calculations. Total deformations of the layers and surface subsidence are quite small and do not exceed 7 mm, owen to the consolidated Vendian sandstone and clays.
BILINGVĀLĀS MĀCĪBAS VIDES ZINĀTNĒS
Authors: Opincāne Elita
Published: December 2016

Izglītības sistēmas uzdevums ir sagatavot jauno sabiedrības locekli dzīvei. Mums jāpalīdz jauniešiem attīstīt ikdienas dzīvei nepieciešamās iemaņas. Tām visām nepieciešams stingrs ētiskais un morālais pamats. Pēc Eiropas Savienības projekta “Vidējā izglītība Eiropā” tās irspēja sadarboties,spēja uzņemties iniciatīvu,spēja domāt un spriest,spēja risināt problēmas,radoŠums,elastība,spēja sazināties,analītiskums,spēja iemācīties, kā mācīties,aktīva attieksme,spēja strādāt mainīgos, nenoteiktos apstākļos.Visas prasības skaidri prognozēt nav iespējams, taču, ja pastāv Latvija kā valsts, visiem tās iedzīvotājiem būs jāapgūst latviešu valoda kā otrā valoda, t.i., jāprot lietot visās dzīves jomās un visdažādākajās situācijās.
ПУТИ СНИЖЕНИЯ ВРЕДНЫХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ КВАРЦЕВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НА ОКРУЖАЮЩУЮ СРЕДУ
Authors: Исаев В. , Орешникова Н.
Published: December 2016

Дня современного кварцевого производства проблемы снижения загрязнения окружающей среды исключительно актуальны практически на всех стадиях традиционных технологий. Добычные работы (отбойка от массива), первичная подготовка (дробление), обогатительные процессы (классификация, измельчение) сопровождаются значительным выходом кварцевой пыли, а глубокое обогащение кварца не может быть реализовано без использования неорганических кислот (РСдб РА). Кроме того, из-за низкой эффективности обогащения объем отходов кварцевого производства значительно превышает объем конечной продукции (выход кварцевого концентрата в лучшем случае составляет ~ 30%).
RESEARCHES OF ENVIROMEMT-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES AND MANUFACTURER’S COSTS IN PIG FARMING
Authors: Ilsters Andrievs
Published: December 2016

A large part of Latvia pig fa rm with their equipment for removal of manue are badly acting on the surrounding environment. To install the depositeries for manue with the necessary capacity at existing pig farms require the capital investments about 7-10 million lats. When the depositories are built, it is important to improve the system of manue removing in order not to allow to liquefy the mass of the manue. Examination of pig farms resulted in working out the measures to decrease the liquefying of the manue. Experiments were carried out in a finishing pig farm with 1200 pigs. The liquid fraction was separated from the excrements. For removing out the dense manue with humidity of 86-88 % a scraper-transporter had been used. In the farm in question this measure has decreased the liquefying 2,5-3 times. Calculations and analyses of the expenses have showed, that the smallest (approximately 5 lats/pig per year) they are if pigs are kept on slatted floors. The total expenses to build the premises in this case are by 20 % less.
MINING BLOCK STABILITY ANALYSIS IN ESTONIAN OIL SHALE MINES BY STATISTICAL METHODS
Authors: R.Pastarus J. , Tomberg T.
Published: December 2016

This paper analysis the stability o f the mining blocks in Estonian oil shale mines, where the room-and-pillar mining system is used. The pillars are arranged in a singular grid. The processes in overburden rocks and pillars have caused the subsidence of the ground surface. Statistical analysis o f the pillars cross-sectional area evaluated the calculations. Normal distribution control allows determing the stability of a mining block. By normal distribution of the pillars cross-section area a potential collapse of a mining block can be expected. Theoretical and in situ investigations in Estonian oil shale mines showed that their results are close to the modeling ones. The surface subsidence parameters will be determined by conventional calculation schemes. Presented method suits well for mining block stability analysis and spontaneous failure prognosis.
SIMULATION OF THE HEAT TRANSPORT PROBLEMS WITH RADIATION IN PLATE
Authors: Kalis H. , Kangro I.
Published: December 2016

In the literature [1 -5 ] simple and effective algorithms for mathematical modelling processes of distribution of heat in multilayered spaces are created. In the given work the way of improvement o f accuracy of algorithms is considered at approximation of integrals derivatives more the supreme orders are used.
BIOMASS COMPACTION POTENTIALITIES
Authors: Kronbergs Ēriks
Published: December 2016

Substantial increases in global energy consumption and depletion o f fossil energy resources demand for development o f alternative energy resources. The more significant part (74%) of renewable energy sources has been planned for biomass energy in European Union. Substitution of fossil feedstocks for energy and materials by biomass is important measure for GHG emission mitigation. Development o f biodegradable polymers, construction materials and organic fertilizers from biomass let us challenge economy to a more sustainable way.Naturally biomass is material of low density therefore new mobile equipment and technologies for biomass communition and densification have to be worked out. Compacted biomass has higher volumetric energy density and can be easier transported and stored than natural biomass.Wheat straw biomass densification experiments have been carried out. Chopped straw with moisture content less 10% has been used for densification. Fine chopping significantly influence compacting density and is more preferable as heating. Cold compacting of fine chopped wheat stalk material with addition o f molasses more than 9% and sapropel more than 18% provide density lg/cm3 without any heating. The same density (Ig/cm3) has been obtained in compacting o f straw and peat composition. These results are useful for briquetting technology design.
REDUCTION OF LEAKAGE FROM ORGANIC MANURE
Authors: Plūme Imants
Published: December 2016

Environmental problems of leakage minimisation from solid manure handling in Latvia are discussed. Volume and composition of leakage from solid manure are investigated in storage period. Amount of plant nutrients in effluents are measured 0,099 kg nitrogen, 0,029 kg phosphorus and 0,381 kg potassium per tonne manure in 14-day period of accumulation and storage of solid manure in trailer. Plant nutrients losses in effluent from densely stockpiled manure are 0,40 kg nitrogen, 0,197 kg phosphorus and 1,372 kg potassium per tonne manure in 5— moth storage period while leakage were occurred. In first 2— month period nutrient losses are 74 % nitrogen, 54 % phosphorus and 54 % potassium of whole amount of losses in 5-month period. Proposed recommendations are aimed to minimise the leakage from solid manure in farms in Latvia.
FOREST RESOURCES AND HUMAN SAFETY
Authors: Staša Jānis , Šķēle Arnolds
Published: December 2016

The target of the work is to become counscious and to analizē the most important possible risk for humans safety, when we use forest resources. The branch of forestry is very significant in the Latvia economy. From analising the data of statistics, observations and results of the investigation it is realized, that the for esty branch has one o f the largest numbers (24,4%) of accidents, and doesn't included accidents in farmers forest, small enterprises and individual workers. Causes o f the accidents are incomplete listing of the rules o f forest work and laws, ignorance or taking no notice o f the rules, economical problems, when counsciouly by ignoring the laws. Risk of accidents also occur, when we transport timber, in hunting etc.
DEVELOPMENT OF LINUX-BASED NETWORK ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: Stočka Vitauts
Published: December 2016

Administration and control of medium-sized and large computer networks is one o f the most important tasks for any organization. Existing solutions are either too expensive for educational institutions or consists of many separate programs with little or no centralized managements. This work describes system in development based on "Linux” operational system and popular open standards. The central part of the system is LDAP database for information about servers, computers, users etc. This database is used by many less or more independent modules, including mail, proxy and other Internet servers. Access to these services is controlled by firewalls and specialized client/server authorization system, which is needed to prevent password sniffing and other methods of unauthorized access. System is managed from a centralized web-based administration interface. System is under development and will be implemented in several stages, module by module.