bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myocardial Expression of the Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase Gene Is Elevated in Heart Failure and Normalized After Recovery
Authors: Cullen Martin E. , Yuen Ada H.Y. , Felkin Leanne E. , Smolenski Ryszard T. , Hall Jennifer L. , Grindle Suzanne , Miller Leslie W. , Birks Emma J. , Yacoub Magdi H. , Barton Paul J.R.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Combination therapy consisting of mechanical unloading using a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and pharmacological intervention can promote recovery from end-stage heart failure, but the mechanism is unknown. Preliminary microarray analysis revealed a significant and unexpected decrease in myocardial arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) gene expression during recovery in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and role of AGAT expression in heart failure and recovery.

Methods and Results—

We used quantitative real time (TaqMan) polymerase chain reaction to examine myocardial AGAT mRNA expression in implant and explant samples from recovering patients after combination therapy (n=12), end-stage heart failure (ESHF) samples from stable patients undergoing transplantation without LVAD support (n=10), and donor hearts with normal hemodynamic function (n=8). AGAT mRNA expression was significantly elevated in all heart failure patients relative to donors (4.3-fold [
P
<0.001] and 2.7-fold [
P
<0.005] in LVAD and ESHF relative to donors, respectively) and returned to normal levels after recovery. AGAT enzyme activity was detectable in both human and rat myocardia and was elevated in heart failure.

Conclusions—

Our data highlight local and potentially regulated expression of AGAT activity in the myocardium and suggest a specific response to heart failure involving elevated local creatine synthesis. These findings have implications both for the management of recovery patients undergoing combination therapy and for heart failure in general.
Marginal Cardiac Allografts Do Not Have Increased Primary Graft Dysfunction in Alternate List Transplantation
Authors: Lima Brian , Rajagopal Keshava , Petersen Rebecca P. , Shah Ashish S. , Soule Beth , Felker G. Michael , Rogers Joseph G. , Lodge Andrew J. , Milano Carmelo A.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Clinical success with modern heart transplantation (HT) has led to the development of an alternate list (AL) HT strategy, matching marginal cardiac allografts with recipients who do not meet standard criteria for HT. Marginal allografts may be at an increased risk for primary graft dysfunction (PGD), the leading cause of early mortality after HT.

1

The incidence of PGD in AL HT relative to standard list (SL) HT has not been evaluated, and may contribute to the greater mortality associated with AL HT.

2

The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of and predictors for PGD.

Methods and Results—

A retrospective analysis was performed on 260 consecutive adult patients undergoing either SL HT (n=207) or AL HT (n=53) at our institution from 1/2000 to 1/2005. PGD was defined by requirement for mechanical circulatory support immediately post-HT or more broadly as the need for either mechanical support or high-dose inotrope (epinephrine ≥0.07 μg/kg/min). Donor hearts allocated to AL recipients were turned down for SL HT for reasons that included coronary disease, left ventricular dysfunction or hypertrophy, and high-dose inotropic requirement. AL HT recipients were significantly older, with a higher proportion of diabetes mellitus and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Both groups experienced a similar incidence of significant rejection, but overall mortality was higher in the AL HT group.

2

The incidence of PGD did not differ between AL and SL HT recipients. Pre-transplant VAD and prolonged total ischemic times (≥4.5hours) were independent predictors of PGD.

Conclusion—

Select marginal donor hearts used in AL HT do not have an increased incidence of PGD. Pre-transplant VAD and prolonged ischemic times are more important determinants of PGD. These data support continued aggressive utilization of marginal donor hearts in AL HT.
Occurrence and Risk Factors for Reintervention After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Sabik Joseph F. , Blackstone Eugene H. , Gillinov A. Marc , Smedira Nicholas G. , Lytle Bruce W.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Reintervention after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is common. We sought to determine its occurrence and identify patient characteristics and operative techniques that influence the need or bias for reintervention.

Methods and Results—

From 1971 to 1998, 48 758 patients underwent primary isolated CABG, and 1000 patients per year were actively followed-up every 5 years (n =26 927). A multivariable time-related analysis was performed to model freedom from first coronary reintervention (either reoperation or percutaneous coronary intervention) and identify patient and operative characteristics associated with first reintervention. A total of 3997 patients underwent coronary reintervention, percutaneous in 1638 and reoperation in 2359. Freedom from reintervention was 99%, 96%, 88%, 73%, 60%, and 46% at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years, respectively. Risk of reintervention (hazard function) demonstrated a short, rapidly declining early phase followed by a longer, slow-rising late phase. Patient variables increasing the likelihood of coronary reintervention included younger age (
P
<0.0001), higher triglycerides (
P=
0.002), lower high-density lipoprotein (
P=
0.006), diabetes mellitus (
P
<0.0001), and more extensive coronary artery disease (
P=
0.0005). Increasing extent of arterial grafting performed at primary operation decreased the likelihood of coronary reintervention (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

Reintervention after primary CABG is common. Risk factors for arteriosclerosis and type of bypass conduit influence the need or bias for repeat coronary therapy. Aggressive post-CABG risk factor reduction and extensive arterial grafting at primary operation should decrease coronary reinterventions.
Preclinical Testing of Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves Re-Endothelialized Under Simulated Physiological Conditions
Authors: Lichtenberg Artur , Tudorache Igor , Cebotari Serghei , Suprunov Mark , Tudorache Greta , Goerler Heidi , Park Joon-Keun , Hilfiker-Kleiner Denise , Ringes-Lichtenberg Stefanie , Karck Matthias , Brandes Gudrun , Hilfiker Andres , Haverich Axel
Published: July 2006

Background—

The in vivo regeneration capacity of decellularized heart valve grafts is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate function, morphological changes, and cellular composition of decellularized versus re-endothelialized ovine pulmonary valves (PV) after implantation into lambs for 1 or 3 months.

Methods and Results—

PV (n=21) were decellularized using detergents. Twelve PV were repopulated with autologous jugular veins endothelial cells (ECs) in a dynamic pulsatile bioreactor under simulated physiological conditions. Morphological evaluation before implantation included histological stainings (H&E, Movat-pentachrome, von-Kossa, DAPI), immunostainings (anti-perlecan, anti-eNOS, anti-procollagen-I, anti-SM-α-actin), electron microscopy (EM), and DNA extraction. Decellularization led to cell-free scaffolds with preserved extracellular matrix (ECM) including basement membrane. Reseeded PV (n=5) were completely covered with ECs expressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and von Willebrand factor (vWF). The function of orthotopically implanted decellularized and re-endothelialized PV (n=7, each) was analyzed after 1 and 3 months by echocardiography and revealed no differences in competence between both groups. A confluent EC monolayer expressing eNOS/vWF was only found in re-endothelialized PV but not in decellularized PV, whereas the valve matrices were comparable repopulated with interstitial cells expressing SM-α-actin and procollagen-I. More thrombotic and neointima formations were observed in decellularized PV. No signs of calcification were detected in both PV types.

Conclusion—

In vitro re-endothelialization of detergent-decellularized valves with autologous ECs under simulated physiological conditions significantly improves total EC valve coverage 3 months after implantation, whereas the valve repopulation with interstitial cells in vivo occurs most likely by cell migration inside the scaffold.
Increased Neointimal Formation After Surgical Vein Grafting in a Murine Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Salzberg Sacha P. , Filsoufi Farzan , Anyanwu Anelechi , von Harbou Kai , Karlof Eva , Carpentier Alain , Dansky Hayes M. , Adams David H.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for the development of neointimal hyperplasia and subsequent vein graft failure after coronary or peripheral artery bypass grafting. We evaluate a new mouse model of surgical vein grafting to investigate the mechanisms of neointimal formation in the setting of type 2 diabetes.

Methods and Results—

Surgical vein grafts were created by inserting vein segments from age-matched C57BL/KsJ wild-type mice into the infra-renal aorta of
lepr
db/db
diabetic and C57BL/KsJ wild-type mice. Mice were euthanized &4 weeks later, and vein grafts were analyzed using morphometric and immunohistochemical techniques. A significant increase in neointimal formation was noted in
lepr
db/db
mice (139±64 versus 109±62 mm
2
;
P
=0.008) after 4 weeks. This difference was mainly secondary to an increase in collagen formation within the lesion in the vein grafts from
lepr
db/db
mice (0.53±0.4 versus 0.44±0.05;
P
<0.001), whereas only slight increases (
P
=not significant) in alpha actin-stained smooth muscle cells were noted in the
lepr
db/db
mice.

Conclusion—

We established a new physiologically relevant model of surgical vein grafting in mice. In this report, type 2 diabetes was associated with significant increase in extracellular matrix deposition in addition to increased smooth muscle cell deposition. This new model may allow mechanistic studies of cellular and molecular pathways of increased neointimal formation in the setting of diabetes.
Mitral Valve Repair With Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR ETlogix Annuloplasty Ring for Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Daimon Masao , Fukuda Shota , Adams David H. , McCarthy Patrick M. , Gillinov A. Marc , Carpentier Alain , Filsoufi Farzan , Abascal Vivian M. , Rigolin Vera H. , Salzberg Sacha , Huskin Anna , Langenfeld Michelle , Shiota Takahiro
Published: July 2006

Background—

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is associated with asymmetric changes in annular and ventricular geometry. Surgical repair with standard symmetric annuloplasty rings results in a high incidence of residual or recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR). The Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams (CMA) IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring is the first remodeling ring specifically designed to treat asymmetric leaflet tethering and annular dilatation. We used quantitative 2-dimensional echo to examine early results of mitral valve (MV) repair with the CMA IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring in patients with IMR.

Methods and Results—

Fifty-nine patients (aged 68±12 years) with grade ≥2+ IMR (graded on a scale of 0 to 4+) underwent MV repair with the CMA IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring. We assessed the mitral annular diameter (MAD), tethering area (TA), and tenting height (TH) of the MV in 4-chamber, 2-chamber, and long axis views at mid-systole before and 3 to 10 days after surgery. After surgery, 57 of 59 (97%) patients had grade 0 or 1+ MR, whereas 2 patients had 2+ MR. MV repair with the CMA IMR ETlogix ring significantly reduced MAD, TA, and TH (
P
<0.001, for all 3 echo views), particularly in the long axis and 4-chamber views.

Conclusion—

Surgical repair of IMR with the novel asymmetric CMA IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring provided excellent early results with effective reduction of MR, MAD, and leaflet tethering. This novel etiology-specific strategy may result in improved outcomes in IMR patients.
Role of Stromal-Derived Factor-1α in the Induction of Circulating CD34+CXCR4+ Progenitor Cells After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Mieno Shigetoshi , Ramlawi Basel , Boodhwani Munir , Clements Richard T. , Minamimura Keisuke , Maki Takashi , Xu Shu-Hua , Bianchi Cesario , Li Jian , Sellke Frank W.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Cardioplegia and cardiopulmonary bypass (CP/CPB) leads to an increase in circulating progenitor cells. The role of stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), a key regulator of progenitor cell mobilization, and other cytokines in this process is not clear.

Methods and Results—

Peripheral blood (n=24), atrial and skeletal tissue (n=6) samples were taken from patients undergoing CP/CPB before (pre-CP/CPB), 4 hours (post-CP/CPB), and 4 days (POD4) after CP/CPB. The number of circulating CD34+CXCR4+ cells increased post-CP/CPB (442±53 versus 286±27;
P
=0.04 versus pre-CP/CPB), but not at POD4 (382±50;
P
=0.28 versus pre-CP/CPB). Plasma levels of SDF-1α increased post-CP/CPB as compared with pre-CP/CPB (3325±325 versus 2911±165 pg/mL;
P
=0.046) but returned to baseline at POD4 (2838±224 pg/mL;
P
=0.90). Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were similar post-CP/CPB (
P
=0.90 versus pre-CP/CPB) but increased at POD4 (220±40 pg/mL versus 134±26 pg/mL;
P
=0.04 versus pre-CP/CPB). Serum levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) increased early after CP/CPB as compared with pre-CP/CPB (265.0±41.7 versus 11.1±1.1 pg/mL;
P
<0.001) and returned to baseline at POD4 (
P
=0.84 versus pre-CP/CPB). The circulating CD34+CXCR4+ cells were positively correlated with plasma levels of SDF-1α early after CP/CPB (
r
=0.56,
P
<0.01), but not at other times. Protein expression of SDF-1α was elevated in the atrial myocardium after CP/CPB (9.4-fold;
P
=0.03).

Conclusions—

Exposure to CP/CPB leads to an increase in circulating CD34+CXCR4+ progenitor cells, which is associated with increased myocardial SDF-1α expression. The numbers of CD34+CXCR4+ progenitor cells positively correlate with the plasma levels of SDF-1α post-CP/CPB, suggesting an important role of SDF-1α in progenitor cell mobilization.
Environmental Implications of Resource Use:Environmental Input‐Output Analyses for Germany
Authors: Moll Stephan , Acosta José
Published: July 2006

In a German case study, environmental input‐output analyses (eIOA) combined with NAMEA‐type tables were conducted for eleven selected environmental pressure variables. (NAMEA is an acronym for national accounts matrix including environmental accounts.) The analyses were conducted to derive the production‐cycle‐wide resource use and environmental impact potentials of final‐demand product groups. The methodology permits identification and preliminary ranking of 10 product chains along which about two‐thirds of German production‐born environmental pressures arise. The most relevant product groups are construction work, food, motor vehicles, basic metals, and electricity. The ten product groups are characterized by both high resource requirements and high residual outputs (air emissions, wastes). The EU policy areas of integrated product policy and sustainable use of natural resources may address these product chains as a priority in order to identify and explore the possibility of reducing the environmental impacts from products throughout their life cycles and to decouple environmental impacts from resource use.
Intimate Partner Violence Resource Materials
Authors: Edwardsen Elizabeth A. , Morse Diane
Published: July 2006

Objective: To determine the educational impact of placing partner violence resource information in a medical setting. Method: A cross-sectional study with a structured interview. Setting: Emergency department (ED) in an urban academic medical center. Participants: adult patients and visitors. Interventions: Educational materials and community resource information. Results: 51 patients and 71 visitors ( N = 122) met the inclusion criteria and consented to enrollment during a 2-week study period. Of the participants, 71% were female and 29% were male. Sixty-five (53%) of the participants noticed the literature or cards. Ten (8%) read the materials. Seven (6%) retained a copy of the literature. Nineteen (16%) of the participants acknowledged knowing someone who could benefit from the information. Nine (7%) revealed that some of the information was new to them. Conclusions: Placing intimate partner violence resource pamphlets and cards in a medical setting is one means of educating the community and promoting violence prevention.
Prevalence and Predictors of Dating Violence Among Adolescent Female Victims of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Cyr Mireille , McDuff Pierre , Wright John
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this study was to advance knowledge of dating violence behaviors among adolescent victims of child sexual abuse (CSA), first, by determining the prevalence of psychological and physical dating violence and the reciprocity of violence, and second, by investigating the influence of certain CSA characteristics to dating violence. Respondents included 126 females ages 13 to 17 years. More than 45% reported experiencing some sort of physical violence in their dating relationships. Psychological violence was reciprocal in more than 90% of the cases. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant contribution of CSA characteristics. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the duration of the sexual abuse and the presence of violence or completed intercourse during the abuse could significantly contribute to dating violence above and beyond other known risk factors. Discussion underscores the need to gain a better understanding of CSA and other risk factors that might influence violent dating behaviors.
Postshelter Adjustment of Children From Violent Families
Authors: Jarvis Kelly L. , Novaco Raymond W.
Published: July 2006

Few studies have examined the adjustment of battered women and their children after exiting domestic violence shelters. Participants were 62 women who had endured severe partner abuse, completed a shelter program with their children, and resided in the community for at least 6 months. Field interviews concerned mothers' and children's abuse histories and included measures of maternal depression, maternal trauma, and child behavior problems. Nearly all women had lived violence free since shelter exit. Child internalizing behaviors were associated with direct abuse, maternal depression, and shelter program. Externalizing behaviors were related to maternal depression and shelter program. Neither severity of interparental violence nor maternal trauma symptoms was related to child behavior problems. Mothers' family of-origin abuse predicted current satisfaction with child functioning, beyond the effects of maternal depression and child behavioral problems. Findings suggest a need for postshelter therapeutic services and further research addressing the adjustment of such families.
Psychological Health in Midlife Among Women Who Have Ever Lived With a Violent Partner or Spouse
Authors: Loxton Deborah , Schofield Margot , Hussain Rafat
Published: July 2006

This study examines the psychological health correlates of domestic violence in a large random sample of mid-aged Australian women ( N = 11,310, age 47 to 52 years). Logistic regressions were used to investigate the associations between domestic violence and depression, anxiety, and psychological wellbeing, after adjusting for demographic variables (marital status, income management, area). Results indicate increased odds of having experienced domestic violence for those who had: ever experienced a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, or an “other” psychiatric disorder; recent symptoms of depression and anxiety; used psychoactive medication for depression or anxiety in the 4 weeks prior to the survey; and who reported current depression. Current psychological well-being had an inverse association with a history of domestic violence: As psychological well-being decreased, the odds of having ever experienced domestic violence increased. The results indicate that a history of domestic violence is associated with decreased psychological well-being in mid-aged Australian women.
Interleukin-10 induces apoptosis in developing mast cells and macrophages
Authors: Bailey Daniel P , Kashyap Mohit , Bouton L Andrew , Murray Peter J , Ryan John J
Published: July 2006

Interleukin (IL)-10 is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine capable of inhibiting the inflammatory response. As mast cells and macrophages are central effectors of inflammation, we investigated the effects of IL-10 on mast cell and macrophge development from mouse bone marrow progenitors. Bone marrow cells were cultured in IL-3 + stem cell factor (SCF), giving rise to mixed populations of mast cells and macrophages. The addition of IL-10 greatly decreased the expansion of bone marrow progenitor cells through a mechanism requiring signal tranducer and activator of transcription-3 expression. The inhibitory effects were a result of the induction of apoptosis, which occurred with caspase-3 activation and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Supporting a role for the mitochondrion, bone marrow cells from p53-deficient or Bcl-2 transgenic mice were partly resistant to the effects of IL-10. Further, IL-10 decreased Kit receptor expression and inhibited survival signaling by SCF or IL-3. These data indicate that IL-10 induces an intrinsic, mitochondrial apoptosis cascade in developing mast cells and macrophages through mechanisms involving blockade of growth factor receptor function. The ability of IL-10 to inhibit survival could support immune homeostasis by dampening inflammatory responses and preventing chronic inflammation.
Gonadotropin-Induced Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid for Cyclooxygenase-2 and Production of Prostaglandins E and F2α in Bovine Preovulatory Follicles Are Regulated by the Progesterone Receptor
Authors: Bridges P. J. , Komar C. M. , Fortune J. E.
Published: July 2006

Follicular production of prostaglandins (PGs) is essential for ovulation, but the factors mediating gonadotropin-induced secretion of PGE and PGF2α remain largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that gonadotropin-induced changes in progesterone and its receptor (PR) mediate the increase in periovulatory PGs. Heifers were treated with PGF2α and GnRH to induce luteolysis and the LH/FSH surge (ovulation occurs ∼30 h after GnRH). Because there are two increases in intrafollicular progesterone/PR mRNA during the bovine periovulatory period, we first examined the temporal pattern of PG production by follicles collected at 0, 3.5, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after GnRH. Although PGs did not increase in the follicular fluid until 24 h after GnRH, acute secretion of PGs by follicle wall (theca + granulosa cells) was initiated by 18 h and had increased manyfold by 24 h after GnRH. In vitro, FSH and LH induced dramatic transient increases in PG production by follicle wall and granulosa, but not theca, cells isolated from preovulatory follicles (0 h after GnRH). PG accumulation peaked on d 2 of culture, mimicking the secretion pattern after a gonadotropin surge in vivo. In cultures of follicle wall and granulosa cells, the PR antagonist mifepristone (MIFE, 1 μm) inhibited LH-induced PG secretion and the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (1 or 10 μm), but not the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (1 or 10 μm), overcame the effect of MIFE on PGs. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that MIFE inhibited LH-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in granulosa cells in vitro. Again, treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate overcame the effect of MIFE. Together these results provide strong evidence that periovulatory increases in cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA, PGE, and PGF2α are mediated by gonadotropin-induced increases in progesterone/PR, indicating that in some species there is an important functional relationship between these pathways in the ovulatory cascade.
Spherical Charge Analysis with Ab Initio Wave Functions: Modified Oxidation Number of Open Shell Molecule, CH2
Authors: Ueno Kaori , Nagashima Umpei , Takano Keiko , Hosoya Haruo
Published: July 2006

Spherical charge analysis based on the difference of spherically averaged electron density (Δρ0(R)) was extended to various open shell states of CH2 using wave functions obtained from RHF, UHF, and full CI calculations. The Δρ0(R) values around C and H atoms were calculated with natural orbitals to interpret the oxidation state of component atoms for the lowest and second lowest 3B1 and 1A1 states. Modified oxidation numbers are assigned systematically to the component atoms in CH2 based on the extended Δρ0(R) analysis.

The effect of electron correlation on the Δρ0(R) values around the nucleus in this system was found to be so small that the modified oxidation numbers are not changed by fair introduction of electron correlation effect into the calculation. The difference of spin multiplicity and state symmetry on the Δρ0(R) curves is also discussed.
Preparation and Characterization of (Amino carboxamidato-N,N′)(chloro)(dimethyl sulfoxide-S)platinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Komorita Takashi , Fuyuhiro Akira , Tanimoto Kazumi , Yamauchi Koji , Fujita Kazumi
Published: July 2006

Several square-planar complexes of the [PtCl(aaa-N,N′)(dmso-S)] type were prepared (aaa = amino acid amidate, dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide). The crystal and molecular structures for cis(NH2,S)-[PtCl(Dl-alaa)(dmso)]·H2O (4) and trans(NH2,S)-[PtCl(Dl-vala)(dmso)] (3b) were determined by X-ray diffraction (alaa = alaninamidate, vala = valinamidate). The crystal of 4 was triclinic, space group with a = 9.144(2), b = 9.172(3), c = 7.371(2) Å, α = 109.41(2)°, β = 99.69(2)°, γ = 76.13(3)°, Z = 2, and final R = 0.029 and RW = 0.034. The crystal of 3b was monoclinic, space group P21 with a = 7.158(2), b = 9.948(2), c = 8.741(2) Å, β = 102.76(2)°, Z = 2, and final R = 0.041 and Rw = 0.050. Both complexes were found to contain a carboxamidato group coordinating to platinum(II) through the nitrogen atom. A larger trans influence was observed for the coordinating carboxamidato nitrogen atom than for the amino one. The prepared complexes were characterized by NMR, visible and UV, and CD spectra in comparison with the complexes of [PtCl(aa-N,O)(dmso-S)] type (aa = amino acidate).
Reactions of Amino Acid Decyl Esters with Nucleophiles Catalyzed by Polymer-Supported Amine–Metal Complexes
Authors: Ohtani Noritaka , Inoue Yukihiko , Inagaki Yuichi , Fukuda Kenji , Nishiyama Taisuke
Published: July 2006

The reactions of alanine decyl ester (AlaODc) with nucleophiles were catalyzed by a crosslinked polystyrene-supported ethylenediamine–copper(II) ion complex (Cu en-PS) under toluene/resin two-phase conditions or toluene/aqueous buffer/resin three-phase conditions. In the two-phase reactions with octylamine, the rate was increased with a decreasing metal content of the resin. The catalytic efficiency was also dependent on other factors, that is, metal ion, ligand structure, and substrate structure. In the three-phase reactions with water, the hydrolysis was very fast when acetate ions were present in the aqueous phase. It has been suggested that the reactions proceed via a substrate-coordinated intermediate complex under both conditions.
Steric Effects of Substituents on the Photochromism of Indolylfulgides
Authors: Uchida Soichi , Yamada Shintaro , Yokoyama Yasushi , Kurita Yukio
Published: July 2006

Photochromic fulgides with a bulky 1-alkyl-1-indolylmethylidene and/or a bulky alkylidene substituent were synthesized and their photochromic as well as absorption spectroscopic properties were compared with those of the known prototype indolylfulgide, 3-[1-(1,2-dimethyl-3-indolyl)ethylidene]-4-isopropylidenedihydro-2,5-furandione. An increase in steric bulkiness of the alkyl group (R1) on the indolylmethylidene group increased the coloring quantum yield (ΦEC = 0.046 (R1 = methyl) to 0.31 (R1 = isopropyl)), whereas an increase in the steric bulkiness of the other alkylidene group (R2) increased the bleaching quantum yield (ΦCE = 0.051 (R2 = isopropylidene) to 0.42 (R2 = 2-adamantylidene)). When both R1 and R2 were bulky, however, the coloring quantum yield was not large, although the bleaching quantum yield was still large. When the methyl group on the 2-position of the indole ring was substituted with an ethyl group, the absorption maximum of the colored form showed a 32-nm bathochromic shift.
Removal of Dilute Nitrogen Oxide by the Absorption in Mn–Zr Oxide
Authors: Eguchi Koichi , Watabe Mitsunori , Ogata Shigeki , Arai Hiromichi
Published: July 2006

The removal of NO by absorption in manganese zirconium oxide (Mn–Zr oxide) was investigated in both the presence and absence of gaseous O2. The Mn–Zr oxide at Mn/Zr = 1 exhibited a high NO absorption rate and capacity at 200 °C. The absorption was promoted in the presence of O2. The absorption capacity was not strongly affected by the NO concentration (75—900 ppm) and W/F (0.125—1 g s cm−3). An infrared analysis of the absorbed species indicated that the absorption proceeds as the formation of nitrate in the bulk solid. The absorption and desorption were reversible, and the oxide solid was recovered upon heating a preabsorbed sample at 400 °C. Although the amorphous phase of the Mn–Zr oxide which is formed after heating at 450 °C is effective for NO absorption, due to good mixing of manganese oxide and zirconium oxide, heating at higher temperatures (≥550 °C), leading to a decrease in the surface area and crystallization of single oxides, resulted in a decrease in the absorption capacity. NO removal appears to proceed by the oxidation of NO on the Mn sites, and a subsequent absorption at the Zr sites as (NO3)− species.
How Does Objective Quality Affect Perceived Quality? Short-Term Effects, Long-Term Effects, and Asymmetries
Authors: Mitra Debanjan , Golder Peter N.
Published: July 2006

We examine the relationship between objective and perceived quality for 241 products in 46 product categories over a period of 12 years. On average, we find that the effect of a change in objective quality is not fully reflected in customer perceptions of quality until after about six years. In the first year after a quality change, only about 20% of the total effect over time is realized. These effects are significantly larger and quicker for a decrease in quality relative to an equivalent increase. Interestingly, we also find that brand reputation has a “double” advantage. High-reputation brands are rewarded three years quicker for an increase in quality and punished one year slower for a decrease in quality compared to low-reputation brands. These differences in response time are a meaningful measure of brand equity. Finally, we examine the differences in quality effects across several product- and category-specific variables and discuss the implications of our findings.
Editorial: Errors in the Variables, Unobserved Heterogeneity, and Other Ways of Hiding Statistical Error
Authors: Shugan Steven M.
Published: July 2006

One research function is proposing new scientific theories; another is testing the falsifiable predictions of those theories. Eventually, sufficient observations reveal valid predictions. For the impatient, behold statistical methods, which attribute inconsistent predictions to either faulty data (e.g., measurement error) or faulty theories.

Testing theories, however, differs from estimating unknown parameters in known relationships. When testing theories, it is sufficiently dangerous to cure inconsistencies by adding observed explanatory variables (i.e., beyond the theory), let alone unobserved explanatory variables. Adding ad hoc explanatory variables mimics experimental controls when experiments are impractical. Assuming unobservable variables is different, partly because realizations of unobserved variables are unavailable for validating estimates.

When different statistical assumptions about error produce dramatically different conclusions, we should doubt the theory, the data, or both. Theory tests should be insensitive to assumptions about error, particularly adjustments for error from unobserved variables. These adjustments can fallaciously inflate support for wrong theories, partly by implicitly under-weighting observations inconsistent with the theory. Inconsistent estimates often convey an important message—the data are inconsistent with the theory! Although adjustments for unobserved variables and ex post information are extraordinarily useful when estimating known relationships, when testing theories, requiring researchers to make these adjustments is inappropriate.
Complexity of hexagonal approximants in the RE
13Zn~58 system (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb and Dy)
Authors: Piao Shuying , Pay Gómez Cesar , Lidin Sven
Published: July 2006

For the RE
13Zn58quasi crystal approximants (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy), single crystals were prepared from the elements and their structures were refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. They are derived from the Gd13Cd58type structure and crystallize in the space group P63/mmc or its subgroups. The crystal structures of Ce and Pr compounds are identical to that of the archetype, in the Nd compound a pair exchange disorder changes the composition and for Sm a further, partially occupied interstitial position lowers the symmetry to P63
mc. For the compounds with Gd, Tb and Dy, the occupancy may order, lowering the symmetry further. For the case of Tb13Zn59 high quality single crystals allowed us to refine the fully ordered orthorhombic super structure.
Mosaic-like tilings derivated from o-Co4Al13 and m-Co4Al13 crystal structures
Authors: Burkhardt Ulrich , Ellner Martin
Published: July 2006

Both well known crystal structures m-Co4Al13 and o-Co4Al13 are described in a simplified two-dimensional representation of regular pentagons and prolate rhombs. The dichromatic tilings differ in the periodic arrangements of prolate rhombs (brick-like and parquet-like, respectively) but show the same matching rules for the regular pentagons. The 2D scheme is used to show the variety in combination of these structural fragments that leads to related periodic as well as cyclical tilings. Starting from different initial nuclei, cyclical tilings with point group symmetry C5v or C10 are related to multiple twinned arrangements of the structure m-Co4Al13. Different decorations of these tilings are compared and characterised by their symmetry.
Ti2Rh6B – a new boride with a double perovskite-like structure containing octahedral Rh6 clusters
Authors: Fokwa Boniface P. T. , Eck Bernhard , Dronskowski Richard
Published: July 2006

Single crystals of Ti2Rh6B were synthesized by arc-melting the elements in a water-cooled copper crucible under an argon atmosphere. The new silver-like compound with metallic luster crystallizes in space group Fm-3m (no. 225) with a = 7.8191(5) Å, V = 478.05(5) Å3, and Z = 4. The refinement converged to R
1 = 0.0169 and wR
2 = 0.0486 for all 96 unique reflections and 7 parameters. The structure can be described as a defect double perovskite, A2BB'O6, where the A site is occupied by titanium, the B site by boron, the O site by rhodium but the B' site is vacant leading to the formation of perfectly octahedral Rh6 clusters and BRh6 units. Rh—B, Rh—Ti, and Rh—Rh interactions are observed. According to density-functional (LMTO) electronic structure calculations, the strongest bonding occurs for the Rh—B contacts, and the Rh—Rh bonding within the clusters is more than two times stronger than in the BRh6 units.
Ag6GeS4X2 (X: Cl, Br): surprisingly no filled Laves phases but the first representatives of a new structure type
Authors: Wagener Michael , Deiseroth Hans-Jörg , Reiner Christof
Published: July 2006

The two new deeply coloured, air stable, isotypic compounds Ag6GeS4X2 (X: Cl, Br) were obtained in the course of a series of experiments to prepare new “non-metallic filled Laves phases (= argyrodites)”. Although the chemical compositions of the new compounds are in accordance with the desired rare type of doubly halide (X) substituted argyrodites Ag6GeS4X2, their crystal structures are not of the argyrodite type. Instead they are the first members of the new family of “non-metallic filled NaHg2 phases”, i.e. the partial structure of the non-metal atoms S and X (Cl, Br) corresponds to the arrangement of Na and Hg atoms in NaHg2 (= X2S4) with Ge located in tetrahedral holes exclusively and Ag located in tetrahedral as well as octahedral holes. The lattice constants of the new phases are (both space group Pnma, Z = 4): Ag6GeS4Cl2 (a = 643.0(1) pm, b = 761.0(2) pm, c = 2266.0(5) pm), Ag6GeS4Br2 (a = 654.0(1) pm, b = 772.7(2) pm, c = 2289.9(5) pm). High temperature X-ray powder studies show an irreversible loss of halogen resulting in inhomogeneous decomposition products with argyrodite structure.
Low- and high-temperature structures of YbCuBi
Authors: Tkachuk Andriy V. , Mozharivskyj Yurij , Mar Arthur
Published: July 2006

A variable temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction study was undertaken on the intermetallic compound YbCuBi, which undergoes a phase transition at ∼375 K. At low temperatures (T = 193 K, a = 4.5821(3) Å, c = 7.8107(8) Å; T = 295 K, a = 4.5825(6) Å, c = 7.8597(10) Å), YbCuBi adopts the LiGaGe-type (ordered CaIn2-type) structure (Pearson symbol hP6, space group P63
mc, Z = 2). At high temperatures (T = 393 K, a = 4.5885(14) Å, c = 7.913(2) Å; T = 473 K, a = 4.594(4) Å, c = 7.928(6) Å), YbCuBi adopts the ZrBeSi-type (ordered Ni2In-type) structure (Pearson symbol hP6, space group P63/mmc, Z = 2). The structure consists of Yb atoms separating hexagonal ∞
2[CuBi] nets, which are buckled at low temperatures but planar at high temperatures.
Entangled Objects and Hybrid Practices
Authors: Tronchetti Carlo , Van Dommelen Peter
Published: July 2006

The Iron Age statues of Monte Prama (west-central Sardinia) have long been famous for their unique nature and reputation as the best known examples of Phoenician colonial influence on indigenous Nuragic traditions. These statues, however, form part of a much more complex site that in turn was integrated within a wider colonial landscape. In this paper we propose a new reading of the Monte Prama evidence both by examining the site itself in minute detail and by exploring its wider social and colonial contexts. This detailed analysis enables us to advance our understanding of the colonial situation in west central Sardinia during the 7th century BC.
Monitoring and displacements at Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station tunnels
Authors: Clayton C. R. I. , Van Der Berg J. P. , Thomas A. H.
Published: July 2006

A wide variety of instrumentation was deployed during the construction of the sprayed-concrete lined tunnels at Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station. This paper presents data from the in-tunnel displacement monitoring system and for settlements above the tunnels, providing data on instrument survival and performance, and an overall summary of the displacements arising from tunnel excavation.
Investigating six-degree-of-freedom loading of shallow foundations on sand
Authors: Bienen B. , Byrne B. W. , Houlsby G. T. , Cassidy M. J.
Published: July 2006

Laboratory studies of the response of shallow foundations have previously considered only planar loading. This paper describes experimental work carried out using a loading device that applies general loading onto model shallow foundations. The loading, involving all six degrees of freedom [vertical (V), horizontal (H2, H3), torsion (Q) and overturning moment (M2, M3)], has been applied to a 150 mm diameter circular flat rough foundation on a loose dry silica sand. Aspects of the loading rig design are briefly described, but the main focus is the presentation of the experimental results. These provide evidence for the generalisation of existing work-hardening plasticity models from planar loading to general loading conditions. This evidence is used to extend an existing numerical model to the six-degree-of-freedom case, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results.
Nitrogen Excretion and Ammonia Emissions from Pigs Fed Modified Diets
Authors: Panetta D. M. , Powers W. J. , Xin H. , Kerr B. J. , Stalder K. J.
Published: July 2006

Two swine feeding trials were conducted (initial body weight = 47 ± 2 and 41 ± 3 kg for Trials 1 and 2, respectively) to evaluate reduced crude protein (CP) and yucca (Yucca schidigeraRoezl ex Ortgies) extract–supplemented diets on NH3emissions. In Trial 1, nine pigs were offered a corn–soybean meal diet (C, 174 g kg−1CP), a Lys‐supplemented diet (L, 170 g kg−1CP), or a 145 g kg−1CP diet supplemented with Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp (LMTT). In Trial 2, nine pigs were fed diet L supplemented with 0, 62.5, or 125 mg of yucca extract per kg diet. Each feeding period consisted of a 4‐d dietary adjustment followed by 72 h of continuous NH3measurement. Urine and fecal samples were collected each period. Feeding the LMTT diet reduced (P< 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) compared to diet L. Fecal N concentration decreased with a reduction in dietary CP, but urinary ammonium increased from pigs fed diet LMTT (2.0 g kg−1, wet basis) compared to those fed diet C (1.1 g kg−1) or L (1.0 g kg−1). When pigs were fed reduced CP diets NH3emission rates decreased (2.46, 2.16, and 1.05 mg min−1for diets C, L, and LMTT). Yucca had no effect on feed intake, ADG, or G:F. Ammonium and N concentrations of manure and NH3emission rates did not differ with yucca content. Caution must be executed to maintain animal performance when strategies are implemented to reduce NH3emissions.
Iron and Arsenic Release from Aquifer Solids in Response to Biostimulation
Authors: McLean J. E. , Dupont R. R. , Sorensen D. L.
Published: July 2006

Biostimulation has been used at various contaminated sites to promote the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE), but the addition of carbon and energy donor also stimulates bacteria that use Fe(III) as the terminal electron acceptor (TEA) in potential competition with dechlorination processes. Microcosm studies were conducted to determine the influence of various carbon donors on the extent of reductive dissolution of aquifer solids containing Fe(III) and arsenic. Glucose, a fermentable and respirable carbon donor, led to the production of 1500 mg Fe(II) kg−1, or 24% of the total Fe in the aquifer sediment being reduced to Fe(II), whereas the same concentration of carbon as acetate resulted in only 300 mg Fe(II) kg−1 being produced. The biogenic Fe(II) produced with acetate was exclusively associated with the solid phase whereas with fermentable carbon donors as whey and glucose, 22 and 54% of the Fe(II) was in solution. With fermentation, some of the metabolites appear to be electron shuttling chemicals and chelating agents that facilitate the reductive dissolution of even crystalline Fe(III) oxides. Without the presence of electron shuttling chemicals, only surficial Fe in direct contact with the bacteria was bioavailable, as illustrated when acetate was used. Regardless of carbon donor type and concentration, As concentrations in the water exceeded drinking water standards. The As dissolution appears to have been the result of the direct use of As as an electron acceptor by dissimilatory arsenic reducing bacteria. Our findings indicate that selection of the carbon and energy donor for biostimulation for remediation of chlorinated solvent impacted aquifers may greatly influence the extent of the reductive dissolution of iron minerals in direct competition with dechlorination processes. Biostimulation may also result in a significant release of As to the solution phase, contributing to further contamination of the aquifer.
Estimates of endemic waterborne risks from community-intervention studies
Authors: Calderon Rebecca L. , Craun Gunther F.
Published: July 2006

The nature and magnitude of endemic waterborne disease are not well characterized in the United States. Epidemiologic studies of various designs can provide an estimate of the waterborne attributable risk along with other types of information. Community drinking water systems frequently improve their operations and may change drinking water treatment and their major source of water. In the United States, many of these treatment changes are the result of regulations promulgated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. A community-intervention study design takes advantage of these “natural” experiments to assess changes in health risks. In this paper, we review the community-intervention studies that have assessed changes in waterborne gastroenteritis risks among immunocompetent populations in industrialized countries. Published results are available from two studies in Australia, one study in the United Kingdom, and one study in the United States. Preliminary results from two other US studies are also available. Although the current information is limited, the risks reported in these community-intervention studies can help inform the national estimate of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis. Information is provided about endemic waterborne risks for unfiltered surface water sources and a groundwater under the influence of surface water. Community-intervention studies with recommended study modifications should be conducted to better estimate the benefits associated with improved drinking water treatment.
Bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene during NAPL-enhanced biodegradation in soil and in liquid culture
Authors: Kanaly R.A. , Watanabe K. , Matsui S.
Published: July 2006

The high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (HMW PAH) benzo[a]pyrene is generally persistent in the environment and its persistence may be due to bioavailability limitations. However, the presence of degradation-capable microorganisms and a suitable cosubstrate are also necessary. This is especially the case for benzo[a]pyrene because it may only be degraded by fortuitous metabolism. Non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-enhanced benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation and indicators of bioavailability were measured in soil and liquid culture. In soil, 14CO2 from 7-[14C]benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation and overall CO2 production were monitored for 83 d after treatment with different types of NAPLs in biometer flasks. Monitoring was followed by soil extraction and measurement of 14C residues and of the remaining NAPL by gravimetry. In liquid culture, 7-[14C]benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation was monitored after treatment with different NAPLs and followed by a radiocarbon mass balance of 14C residues. Results indicated that although benzo[a]pyrene may have been bioavailable in both media types, benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation only occurred when a suitable NAPL cosubstrate was present to facilitate biodegradation. In soil, rapid increases in the rate and onset of benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation were shown to occur in benzo[a]pyrene-contaminated soils that were treated with mineral oil, which was a relatively non-biodegradable NAPL cosolvent, plus a hexane fraction-NAPL which was biodegradable and contained suitable cosubstrate(s).
Occurrence of nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants and nonylphenol carboxylic acids in wastewater in Japan
Authors: Komori K. , Okayasu Y. , Yasojima M. , Suzuki Y. , Tanaka H.
Published: July 2006

Nonylphenol (NP) is known to be a byproduct of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) which are used as detergents in industry. It is important that not only NP but also NPnEO and their related substances are analysed when behaviour of NP in the wastewater treatment process is surveyed. NPnEO are biodegraded to shorter ethoxylate (EO) chain NPnEO or nonylphenol carboxylates (NPnEC) under aerobic conditions, and then biodegraded to NP under anaerobic conditions. NP is one of the suspected endocrine disruptors (ED). Moreover, shorter EO chain NPnEO has greater toxicity than longer EO chain NPnEO. We conducted a field survey of NP and its related substances in 20 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The concentrations (median) of NP and its related substances in the WWTPs' influent ranged from 0.1 to 8.3 μg/L, showing NP concentration as the same level as those previously reported. The reduction of the long EO chain NPnEO in the WWTPs was almost complete, while the removal efficiency for the short EO chain NPnEO was less significant than the long EO chain NPnEO, suggesting that the degradation rate of the short EO chain NPnEO was lower than that of the long EO chain NPnEO in the wastewater treatment processes.