bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘But they aren't motivated …’ issues concerned with encouraging motivation for change in families
Authors: Kingston Philip
Published: November 2003

This article is an attempt to provide some frameworks for understanding aspects of the context of families which support or constrain motivation for change. A theme of the entire paper is that ambivalence is normal and that it is therefore useful to regard families both as motivated to change and motivated to maintain stability. Part I focuses particularly upon family–referrer– therapist relationships and Part II upon family–therapist relationships. Part I begins with an exploration of the idea of motivation as a process and outlines the usefulness of the concept of ambivalence. Its main focus however is upon the importance of considering referrers when attempting to assess the motivation of family members for change.

Part II considers the relationship between the family and the therapist and takes account of some important aspects of the contexts of both. It ends with a summary of some experiential exercises which enable one‘s personal understanding of motivation issues to develop.
Learning About Regionalism from Europe: ‘Economic Normalisation’ and Beyond
Authors: Gleeson Brendan
Published: November 2003

This paper critically analyses the European Union's regional policy framework and considers its implications for Australia's multi‐level governance system. The analysis is made with reference to the ‘new regionalist’ debates in Europe and North America that have asserted the importance of regional economic development in the context of globalisation. New regionalism's advocacy of ‘economic normalisation’ as a leading regional policy aim is critically evaluated against the EU policy experience. Conclusions about the adequacy of new regionalist claims are drawn for Australian policy debates.
Ian A. McFarland, Difference and Identity: A Theological Anthropology
Authors: Ray Jr. Stephen G.
Published: November 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Ian A. McFarland, Difference and Identity: A Theological Anthropology
George Newlands, John and Donald Baillie: Transatlantic Theology
Authors: Ledbetter Shannon
Published: November 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

George Newlands, John and Donald Baillie: Transatlantic Theology
William Werpehowski, American Protestant Ethics and the Legacy of H. Richard Niebuhr
Authors: Gehman Heidi
Published: November 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

William Werpehowski, American Protestant Ethics and the Legacy of H. Richard Niebuhr
Localization of RNAs in oocytes of Eleutherodactylus coqui, a direct developing frog, differs from Xenopus laevis
Authors: Beckham Yvonne M. , Nath Kimberly , Elinson Richard P.
Published: November 2003

Summary Eleutherodactylus coqui develops directly on land to a frog. The large 3.5‐mm oocyte of E. coqui has enough yolk to allow development without a feeding tadpole. In the smaller Xenopus laevis oocyte, 1.3 mm in diameter, mRNAs involved in germ layer formation, such as VegT and Vg1, are localized to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte. We hypothesized that an animal shift has occurred in the localization of the E. coqui Orthologs of VegT and Vg1 due to the large egg size. Through a combination of degenerate reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we cloned 1634 bp of EcVegT and 1377 bp of EcVg1. Northern blot analysis shows that the lengths of these transcripts are 2.5 kb and 1.3 kb, respectively. This result suggests that we have obtained the complete Vg1 transcript, although this transcript has an extremely short 3′ untranslated region compared with X. laevis, 256 bp and 1268 bp, respectively. Zygotic expression of EcVegT closely resembles that of VegT, supporting their orthology. Radioactive RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrated the presence of EcVegT and EcVg1 predominantly near the animal pole of the oocyte. RT‐PCR showed that the animal blastomeres, formed from the first horizontal cleavage, inherit half of the EcVegT and EcVg1 transcripts, although they contain only about 1% of the embryo volume. Our results indicate major differences between the molecular organization of the eggs of X. laevis and E. coqui.
Science Teacher Education: From a Fractured System to a Seamless Continuum
Authors: KAHLE JANE BUTLER , KRONEBUSCH MARIE
Published: November 2003

A discrepancy model is used to describe an ideal state of science teacher education, including undergraduate education, initial years of teaching, and lifelong professional development. Next, a description of the actual state of science teacher education provides a stark contrast with the ideal state. However, research reveals promising programs and practices that indicate ways to move from the actual to the ideal state. All phases of the discrepancy model—ideal, actual, and transition—are based upon findings in the literature. The types of policies and guidelines needed to reach the ideal state are delineated also. Although the recommendations will not “fix” science teacher education, they will—if widely implemented by districts and states—aleviate its most serious problems.
Systemic Reform: Good Educational Practice with Positive Impacts and Unresolved Problems and Issues
Authors: ANDERSON BERNICE TAYLOR , BROWN COSTELLO L. , LOPEZ‐FERRAO JULIO
Published: November 2003

This article describes the National Science Foundation's systemic reform programming, including major accomplishments and barriers to systemic reform. The challenges of systemic reform and new directions for education reform are discussed. The focus in on the results and challenges of policies implemented by the systemic initiatives, namely the mandate for the alignment of standards, curriculum, instruction, and assessment with the implementation of a standards‐based K‐12 mathematics and science education program; increased science and mathematics requirements for high school graduation; the delivery of intensive, high‐quality professional development; and improvement in student achievement after three years of funding. A broader view of education reform in the future will require policymakers and educators to pay more attention to formulating mutually supportive policies across education, health, and social services; establishing fiscal policies that provide sufficient funding to ensure equitable outcomes; and revising accountability policies to facilitate rather than impede the reform efforts.
Child Care and the Liberal Welfare Regime: A Review Essay
Authors: MORGAN KIMBERLY J.
Published: November 2003

A Review Essay of Vicky Randall, The Politics of Child Daycare in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Sally S. Cohen, Championing Child Care (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); Deborah Brennan, The Politics of Australian Child Care, 2d. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Die aktuellen IT-Systeme in der gynäkologischen Onkologie
Authors: Kupka M. S. , Richter O. , Tutschek B.
Published: November 2003

Trotz der zunehmenden Integration von Informationstechnologie (IT) im Bereich der klinischen Medizin ist eine zufrieden stellende Funktionalität in der onkologischen Datenerfassung noch nicht erreicht worden. Obwohl zahlreiche Klassifizierungssysteme nutzbar sind, Vereinheitlichungen zur Basisdokumentation durchgeführt wurden und ein Krebsregistergesetz verabschiedet wurde, ist eine zur Perinatalerhebung äquivalente Organisationsstruktur noch nicht vorhanden. Hier sind Lösungen nicht so sehr im Bereich der technischen Möglichkeiten, sondern im Bereich der Gesundheitspolitik einschließlich der Finanzierungskonzepte zu suchen. Für die Qualitätssicherung in der gynäkologischen Onkologie ist eine einheitliche, zentral auswertbare Datenerhebung unerlässlich. Diese ist ohne moderne Werkzeuge der Informationstechnologie und ohne einen einheitlichen Datensatz nicht realisierbar.
Drosophila awd, the homolog of human nm23, regulates FGF receptor levels and functions synergistically with shi/dynamin during tracheal development
Authors: Dammai Vincent , Adryan Boris , Lavenburg Kim R. , Hsu Tien
Published: November 2003

Human nm23 has been implicated in suppression of metastasis in various cancers, but the underlying mechanism of such activity has not been fully understood. Using Drosophila tracheal system as a genetic model, we examined the function of the Drosophila homolog of nm23, the awd gene, in cell migration. We show that loss of Drosophila awd results in dysregulated tracheal cell motility. This phenotype can be suppressed by reducing the dosage of the chemotactic FGF receptor (FGFR) homolog, breathless (btl), indicating that btl and awd are functionally antagonists. In addition, mutants of shi/dynamin show similar tracheal phenotypes as in awd and exacerbate those in awd mutant, suggesting defects in vesicle-mediated turnover of FGFR in the awd mutant. Consistent with this, Btl-GFP chimera expressed from a cognate btl promoter-driven system accumulate at high levels on tracheal cell membrane of awd mutants as well as in awd RNA duplex-treated cultured cells. Thus, we propose that awd regulates tracheal cell motility by modulating the FGFR levels, through a dynamin-mediated pathway.
Subdomain cluster generation for domain decomposition methods using graph partitioning optimization
Authors: Charmpis Dimos C. , Papadrakakis Manolis
Published: November 2003

Balancing and dual domain decomposition methods (DDMs) comprise a family of efficient high performance solution approaches for a large number of problems in computational mechanics. Such DDMs are used in practice on parallel computing environments with the number of generated subdomains being generally larger than the number of available processors. This paper presents an effective heuristic technique for organizing the subdomains into subdomain clusters, in order to assign each cluster to a processor. This task is handled by the proposed approach as a graph partitioning optimization problem using the publicly available software METIS. The objective of the optimization process is to minimize the communication requirements of the DDMs under the constraint of producing balanced processor workloads. This constraint optimization procedure for treating the subdomain cluster generation task leads to increased computational efficiencies for balancing and dual DDMs.
Personal correlates of job satisfaction: empirical evidence from UK universities
Authors: Oshagbemi Titus
Published: November 2003

While several publications exist on the topic of job satisfaction, little is known about personal correlates of overall job satisfaction. This paper reviews the literature on single and multiple studies concerned about the relationships between age, gender, rank and length of service and job satisfaction. Collecting a large sample from UK universities, the paper finds that the rank of an individual and the length of service he/she has worked within higher education are significant predictors of the level of the individual's overall job satisfaction. However, while academic rank is positively and very strongly correlated with the overall job satisfaction, length of service in higher education is negatively related. In addition, while gender, age and length of service in present universities are not significantly associated directly with the overall job satisfaction, several of the interactive relationships of the variables, such as rank and gender or length of service in higher education and age, are statistically significant. The implications of the results are discussed as well as suggestions are given for further research.
Evolving and implementing a social economics: the American Catholic experience
Authors: O'Neil Daniel J.
Published: November 2003

This article is modeled after Robert Michels' classic study of European social democracy. It attempts to ascertain the possibility of evolving and implementing, independent of government sponsorship, an integrative social economics. The study focuses on the largest American denomination, American Catholicism, which possesses a hierarchical structure and sophisticated techniques of communication and mobilization. It examines a representative sample of Catholic publications dividing them into three ideological categories – Augustinian, Thomist, and Liberationist – and it scrutinizes these in terms of orientation on a variety of social economic issues. The paper concludes pessimistically about the improbability of evolving and implementing an integrative social economics.
Giant alatoform bivalves in the Upper Triassic of western North America
Authors: Yancey T. E. , Stanley, Jr G. D.
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT. Large, alatoform bivalves, Wallowaconcha raylenea gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Triassic of north‐eastern Oregon, are described and placed in a new family, Wallowaconchidae, within the Megalodontoidea, which also contains the families Megalodontidae and Dicerocardiidae (herein transferred). Major character innovations of wallowaconchids are the internal partitioning of wings and development of non‐articulating thin vanes on the hingeplate. The wallowaconchid hinge, which changed during ontogeny, differs greatly from the hinge of other bivalves. Wallowaconchids probably evolved from a species of the megalodontid Triadomegalodon. Although wallowaconchids are homeomorphs of the alate Permian alatoconchid bivalves, hinge structure shows that these two groups are unrelated.

Large wings on wallowaconchids were used for snowshoe support. They may have utilized elaborate vanes and wing chambers to culture microbial symbionts, either microalgae or bacteria. These bivalves are endemic to displaced island arc terranes in western North America, occurring in Yukon, Canada (Stikine terrane), Oregon, USA (Wallowa terrane), and Sonora, Mexico (Antimonio terrane). They occupied environmental niches similar to those of large megalodontid bivalves of Triassic tropical provinces.
A Review of the Eurasian fossil species of the bee Apis
Authors: Nel A. , Martınez‐Delclòs X. , Arillo A. , Peñalver E.
Published: November 2003

Fossil Apis species from the Oligocene, Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene of Eurasia are described and their relationships with Recent species are discussed. Several new populations of fossil bees are reported from the Oligocene and Miocene of France and Spain, including Apis aquisextusensis sp. nov. The present state of knowledge of fossil bee systematics is poor because of the general lack of preserved characters. Some of the problems, and items requiring further investigation, are identified.
Sexual dimorphism in a new species of the actinopterygian Peltopleurus from the Triassic of northern Italy
Authors: Lombardo Cristina
Published: November 2003

The new species Peltopleurus nuptialis is described on the basis of several well preserved specimens from the uppermost Ladinian Kalkschieferzone of Ca’ del Frate. This new species is characterized by small size and the presence of hook‐like fulcra on all fins except the caudal, and by tubercles on the rostral and nasal bones interpreted as secondary sexual traits. There is also a modified anal fin in supposed males, which probably acted as a gonopodium, pointing to a strong sexual dimorphism. A distinctive morphological variability seems to characterize peltopleurids: a comparison with groups of living fishes also showing morphological plasticity and sexual dimorphism is given in order to hypothesize similar behaviours and adaptations in the fossil forms.
The favorable prognostic impact of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases‐1 protein overexpression in breast cancer cells
Authors: NAKOPOULOU L. , GIANNOPOULOU I. , LAZARIS A. CH. , ALEXANDROU P. , TSIRMPA I. , MARKAKI S. , PANAYOTOPOULOU E. , KERAMOPOULOS A.
Published: November 2003

The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP1) inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis in experimental models; in addition, TIMP1 is supposed to possess another important function, cell growth promotion. The potential prognostic significance of TIMP1 in breast cancer remains unclear. We evaluated the significance of the immunohistochemical expression of TIMP1 in a well‐documented series of 133 infiltrating breast carcinomas by examining any possible statistical association between this expression and numerous clinicopathological parameters as well as patients' disease‐free interval. TIMP1 was generally expressed in both stromal and cancer cells in our specimens. TIMP1 was overexpressed in cancer cells of 60.15% of all cases. Tumors of high histological and nuclear grade were found to overexpress TIMP1 less frequently than the rest (p=0.003 and p=0.057, respectively). Interestingly, TIMP1 overexpression was inversely associated with cell proliferation, the latter being evidenced by Ki67 immunoreactivity (p=0.028). TIMP1 immunostaining was in parallel with metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP2) immunoexpression in both cancer and stromal cells. Multivariate analysis disclosed that TIMP1 overexpression in cancer cells was an independent determining factor for prognosis (p=0.006); TIMP1 overexpression in malignant cells appeared to correlate with favorable outcome, particularly in patients with lack of nodal metastases and in patients with MMP2‐negative immunophenotype (p=0.0252). The upregulation of TIMP1 cancer cell expression in breast cancer may suggest that this marker has a multifunctional role apart from that of metalloproteinase inhibitor since it was found to be related to malignant cells' differentiation and proliferation. TIMP1 overexpression in cancer cells appears for the first time to be a promising indicator of favorable prognosis in breast cancer.
Abnormal Coronary Function in Mice Deficient in α
1H
T-type Ca
2+
Channels
Authors: Chen Chien-Chang , Lamping Kathryn G. , Nuno Daniel W. , Barresi Rita , Prouty Sally J. , Lavoie Julie L. , Cribbs Leanne L. , England Sarah K. , Sigmund Curt D. , Weiss Robert M. , Williamson Roger A. , Hill Joseph A. , Campbell Kevin P.
Published: November 2003

Calcium ion (Ca
2+
) influx through voltage-gated Ca
2+
channels is important for the regulation of vascular tone. Activation of L-type Ca
2+
channels initiates muscle contraction; however, the role of T-type Ca
2+
channels (T-channels) is not clear. We show that mice deficient in the α
1H
T-type Ca
2+
channel (α
1
3.2-null) have constitutively constricted coronary arterioles and focal myocardial fibrosis. Coronary arteries isolated from α
1
3.2-null arteries showed normal contractile responses, but reduced relaxation in response to acetylcholine and nitroprusside. Furthermore, acute blockade of T-channels with Ni
2+
prevented relaxation of wild-type coronary arteries. Thus, Ca
2+
influx through α
1H
T-type Ca
2+
channels is essential for normal relaxation of coronary arteries.
Impacts of Fine Root Turnover on Forest NPP and Soil C Sequestration Potential
Authors: Matamala Roser , Gonzàlez-Meler Miquel A. , Jastrow Julie D. , Norby Richard J. , Schlesinger William H.
Published: November 2003

Estimates of forest net primary production (NPP) demand accurate estimates of root production and turnover. We assessed root turnover with the use of an isotope tracer in two forest free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiments. Growth at elevated carbon dioxide did not accelerate root turnover in either the pine or the hardwood forest. Turnover of fine root carbon varied from 1.2 to 9 years, depending on root diameter and dominant tree species. These long turnover times suggest that root production and turnover in forests have been overestimated and that sequestration of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon in forest soils may be lower than currently estimated.
Hard Rock History
Authors: Lindsley Donald H.
Published: November 2003

Mind over Magma
The Story of Igneous Petrology. Davis A. Young. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003. 698 pp. $69.95, £46.95. ISBN 0-691-10279-1.

Young offers a comprehensive history of the study of igneous rocks from early descriptions of volcanic eruptions to recent applications of physical chemistry, isotopes, and fluid dynamics.
Prevalence of respiratory symptoms among female flight attendants and teachers
Authors: Whelan E A , Lawson C C , Grajewski B , Petersen M R , Pinkerton L E , Ward E M , Schnorr T M
Published: November 2003

Background:Potential health effects of the indoor environment in office buildings and aircraft have generated considerable concern in recent years.

Aims:To analyse the prevalence of self reported respiratory symptoms and illnesses in flight attendants (FAs) and schoolteachers.

Methods:Data were collected as part of a study of reproductive health among female FAs. The prevalences of work related eye, nose, and throat symptoms, wheezing, physician diagnosed asthma, chest illness, and cold or flu were calculated and stratified by smoking status in 1824 FAs and 331 schoolteachers.

Results:FAs and teachers were significantly more likely to report work related eye (12.4% and 7.4 %, respectively), nose (15.7% and 8.1%), and throat symptoms (7.5% and 5.7%) than were other working women (2.9% eye, 2.7% nose, and 1.3% throat symptoms). FAs were significantly more likely than teachers and referent working women to report chest illness during the prior three years (32.9%, 19.3%, 7.2%, respectively). Both study groups were more likely to report five or more episodes of cold or flu in the past year than were other working women (10.2% of FAs, 8.2% of teachers, 2.3% of referents), and both groups were more likely to report wheezing than other working women (22.8% of FAs, 28.4% of teachers, 16.4% of referents). FAs were significantly less likely than teachers and other working women to report ever having been diagnosed with asthma (8.2%, 13.3%, 11.8%, respectively).

Conclusions:Overall, FAs and schoolteachers report a higher prevalence of work related upper respiratory symptoms, chest illness, and cold or flu than the general working population.
Occupational exposure of midwives to nitrous oxide on delivery suites: Figure 1
Authors: Henderson K A , Matthews I P , Adisesh A , Hutchings A D
Published: November 2003

Aims:To compare environmental and biological monitoring of midwives for nitrous oxide in a delivery suite environment.

Methods:Environmental samples were taken over a period of four hours using passive diffusion tubes. Urine measurements were taken at the start of the shift and after four hours.

Results:Environmental levels exceeded the legal occupational exposure standards for nitrous oxide (100 ppm over an 8 hour time weighted average) in 35 of 46 midwife shifts monitored. There was a high correlation between personal environmental concentrations and biological uptake of nitrous oxide for those midwives with no body burden of nitrous oxide at the start of a shift, but not for others.

Conclusions:Greater engineering control measures are needed to reduce daily exposure to midwives to below the occupational exposure standard. Further investigation of the toxicokinetics of nitrous oxide is needed.
COMBINATORIAL PROPERTIES OF ARNOUX–RAUZY SUBSHIFTS AND APPLICATIONS TO SCHRÖDINGER OPERATORS
Authors: DAMANIK D. , ZAMBONI LUCA Q.
Published: November 2003

We consider Arnoux–Rauzy subshifts X and study various combinatorial questions: When is X linearly recurrent? What is the maximal power occurring in X? What is the number of palindromes of a given length occurring in X? We present applications of our combinatorial results to the spectral theory of discrete one-dimensional Schrödinger operators with potentials given by Arnoux–Rauzy sequences.
VARIETIES OF EQUALITY STRUCTURES
Authors: FEARNLEY-SANDER DESMOND , STOKES TIM
Published: November 2003

We consider universal algebras which are monoids and which have a binary operation we call internalized equality, satisfying some natural conditions. We show that the class of such E-structures has a characterization in terms of a distinguished submonoid which is a semilattice. Some important varieties (and variety-like classes) of E-structures are considered, including E-semilattices (which we represent in terms of topological spaces), E-rings (which we show are equivalent to rings with a generalized interior operation), E-quantales (where internalized equalities on a fixed quantale in which 1 is the largest element are shown to correspond to sublocales of the quantale), and EI-structures (in which an internalized inequality is defined and interacts in a natural way with the equality operation).
Advances in Dental Public Health
Authors: Holt Ruth D
Published: November 2003

Dental public health has been defined as ‘the science and art of preventing oral diseases, promoting oral health and improving the quality of life through the organised efforts of society’.1 Dental practitioners most often have the oral health of individual patients as their primary focus but the aim of public health is to benefit populations.2

Early developments in dental public health were concerned largely with demonstrating levels of disease and with treatment services. With greater appreciation of the nature of oral health and disease, and of their determinants has come recognition of the need for wider public health action if the effects of prevention and oral health promotion are to be maximised.
“They don't want you to know the truth”: Evaluating predictors of beliefs in conspiracy theories
Authors: dos Reis Maria Isabela Caro Simões , Rabelo André , Pilati Ronaldo , Franco Vithor Rosa , de Almeida Manuela Flores , Iturri‐Angulo Natália , Rebouças Teresa Clara Joaquim
Published: January 2024

This work aims to evaluate the predictive effect of Social Dominance Orientation, Need for Closure, Attitudes toward Math, Paranormal Beliefs, Religiosity, and Education over General Conspiracy Beliefs (GCB) and Conspiracy Mentality (CM). Two studies were conducted with Brazilian samples. In Study 1, a higher Educational Level and being a female were negatively associated with GCB. In Study 2, Paranormal Beliefs had a positive predictive relationship with CM, while greater Religiosity was associated with lower CM. Future studies should explore the effects of mediators in the relationships found in this study and provide a better conceptualization and operationalization of conspiracy beliefs.
Motivated reasoning and climate change: Comparing news sources, politicization, intensification, and qualification in denier versus believer subreddit comments
Authors: Areni Charles S.
Published: January 2024

Motivated reasoning explains how climate change deniers can maintain their beliefs in the face of disconfirming evidence, suggesting that, compared to believers, the online comments of climate change deniers are more likely to (a) reference independent and social media websites advocating ideologically congruent positions, (b) politicize the issue, and (c) use intensifiers (e.g., definitely, undoubtedly). Automated text analysis of 156,844 comments from subreddit communities with opposing perspectives on climate change identified the internet domains associated with hyperlinks and the frequencies of political terms and intensifiers in user comments. Results were consistent with motivated reasoning by climate change deniers. In addition, climate change believers were more likely than deniers to use qualifiers in their comments.
Oxygen Self‐Supplied Nanoplatform for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy against Enterococcus Faecalis within Root Canals
Authors: Chen Jiawen , Zhang Hong , Zhao Tiancong , Yu Yiyan , Song Jiazhuo , Zhao Yuanhang , Alshawwa Hamed , Zou Xinying , Zhang Zhimin
Published: January 2024

The successful treatment of persistent and recurrent endodontic infections hinges upon the eradication of residual microorganisms within the root canal system, which urgently needs novel drugs to deliver potent yet gentle antimicrobial effects. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising tool for root canal infection management. Nevertheless, the hypoxic microenvironment within the root canal system significantly limits the efficacy of this treatment. Herein, a nanohybrid drug, Ce6/CaO2/ZIF‐8@polyethylenimine (PEI), is developed using a bottom‐up strategy to self‐supply oxygen for enhanced aPDT. PEI provides a positively charged surface, which enables precise targeting of bacteria. CaO2 reacts with H2O to generate O2, which alleviates the hypoxia in the root canal and serves as a substrate for Ce6 under 660 nm laser irradiation, leading to the successful eradication of planktonic Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and biofilm in vitro and, moreover, the effective elimination of mature E. faecalis biofilm in situ within the root canal system. This smart design offers a viable alternative for mitigating hypoxia within the root canal system to overcome the restricted efficacy of photosensitizers, providing an exciting prospect for the clinical management of persistent endodontic infection.
Sticky and Strain‐Gradient Artificial Epineurium for Sutureless Nerve Repair in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Seong Duhwan , Choi Yeonsun , Choi In Cheul , Lee Jaebeom , Choi Jae Hyuk , Park Ji Hun , Nam Jae Jun , Ju Jaewon , Ryoo Hyun Jae , Kwak Donghee , Lee Joonyeol , Kim Seong‐Gi , Kim Dong Hwee , Park Jong Woong , Shin Mikyung , Son Donghee
Published: January 2024

The need for the development of soft materials capable of stably adhering to nerve tissues without any suturing followed by additional damages is at the fore at a time when success in postoperative recovery depends largely on the surgical experience and/or specialized microsuturing skills of the surgeon. Despite fully recognizing such prerequisite conditions, designing the materials with robust adhesion to wet nerves as well as acute/chronic anti‐inflammation remains to be resolved. Herein, a sticky and strain‐gradient artificial epineurium (SSGAE) that overcomes the most critically challenging aspect for realizing sutureless repair of severely injured nerves is presented. In this regard, the SSGAE with a skin‐inspired hierarchical structure entailing strain‐gradient layers, anisotropic Janus layers including hydrophobic top and hydrophilic bottom surfaces, and synergistic self‐healing capabilities enables immediate and stable neurorrhaphy in both rodent and nonhuman primate models, indicating that the bioinspired materials strategy significantly contributes to translational medicine for effective peripheral nerve repair.
A Slug Flow Platform with Multiple Process Analytics Facilitates Flexible Reaction Optimization
Authors: Wagner Florian , Sagmeister Peter , Jusner Clemens E. , Tampone Thomas G. , Manee Vidhyadhar , Buono Frederic G. , Williams Jason D. , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: January 2024

Flow processing offers many opportunities to optimize reactions in a rapid and automated manner, yet often requires relatively large quantities of input materials. To combat this, the use of a flexible slug flow reactor, equipped with two analytical instruments, for low‐volume optimization experiments are reported. A Buchwald–Hartwig amination toward the drug olanzapine, with 6 independent optimizable variables, is optimized using three different automated approaches: self‐optimization, design of experiments, and kinetic modeling. These approaches are complementary and provide differing information on the reaction: pareto optimal operating points, response surface models, and mechanistic models, respectively. The results are achieved using <10% of the material that would be required for standard flow operation. Finally, a chemometric model is built utilizing automated data handling and three subsequent validation experiments demonstrate good agreement between the slug flow reactor and a standard (larger scale) flow reactor.
Does the reference period matter when evaluating the effect of SNAP on food insecurity?
Authors: Heflin Colleen , Ziliak James P.
Published: January 2024

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the cornerstone food assistance program in the United States and has been shown to reduce the risk of food insecurity. Most research on the causal effect of SNAP on food insecurity relies on the 12‐month food insecurity scale along with usage of SNAP at any point during the year. However, recent social surveys ask about experiences with food insecurity in the 30 days prior to the survey. In this paper, we examine whether similar protective effects of SNAP against food insecurity are obtained whether using the 30‐day or 12‐month food insecurity scale using the December Supplement of the Current Population Survey for 2002–2019. Results indicate comparable average treatment effects of SNAP in mitigating food insecurity across both 30‐day and 12‐month reference periods.
Kinetics Controlled Perovskite Crystallization for High Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Ge Jinghao , Chen Ran , Ma Yabin , Wang Yunfan , Hu Yingjie , Zhang Lu , Li Fengzhu , Ma Xiaokang , Tsang Sai‐Wing , You Jiaxue , Jen Alex K. Y. , Liu Shengzhong Frank
Published: January 2024

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells have recently developed rapidly compared to crystalline silicon solar cells. To have an effective way to control the crystallization of perovskite thin films is the key for achieving good device performance. However, a paradox in perovskite crystallization is from the mismatch between nucleation and Oswald ripening. Usually, the large numbers of nucleation sites tend to weak Oswald ripening. Here, we proposed a new mechanism to promote the formation of nucleation sites by reducing surface energy from 44.9 mN/m to 36.1 mN/m, to spontaneously accelerate the later Oswald ripening process by improving the grain solubility through the elastic modulus regulation. The ripening rate is increased from 2.37 Åm ⋅ s−1 to 4.61 Åm ⋅ s−1 during annealing. Finally, the solar cells derived from the optimized films showed significantly improved PCE from 23.14 % to 25.32 %. The long‐term stability tests show excellent thermal stability (the optimized device without encapsulation maintaining 82 % of its initial PCE after 800 h aging at 85 °C) and an improved light stability under illumination. This work provides a new method, the elastic modulus regulation, to enhance the ripening process.
Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric with Afterglow Emission
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Xu , Wang He , Ni Hao‐Fei , Wang Na , Wang Chang‐Feng , Huang Pei‐Zhi , Jia Qiang‐Qiang , Teri Gele , Fu Da‐Wei , Zhang Yujian , An Zhongfu , Zhang Yi
Published: January 2024

Luminescent ferroelectrics are holding exciting prospect for integrated photoelectronic devices due to potential light‐polarization interactions at electron scale. Integrating ferroelectricity and long‐lived afterglow emission in a single material would offer new possibilities for fundamental research and applications, however, related reports have been a blank to date. For the first time, we here achieved the combination of notable ferroelectricity and afterglow emission in an organic‐inorganic hybrid material. Remarkably, the presented (4‐methylpiperidium)CdCl3 also shows noticeable antiferroelectric behavior. The implementation of cationic customization and halogen engineering not only enables a dramatic enhancement of Curie temperature of 114.4 K but also brings a record longest emission lifetime up to 117.11 ms under ambient conditions, realizing a leapfrog improvement of at least two orders of magnitude compared to reported hybrid ferroelectrics so far. This finding would herald the emergence of novel application potential, such as multi‐level density data storage or multifunctional sensors, towards the future integrated optoelectronic devices with multitasking capabilities.
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp3)−SCF3 Coupling of Carbon‐Centered Benzyl Radicals with (Me4N)SCF3
Authors: Zhang Wei , Tian Yu , Liu Xiao‐Dong , Luan Cheng , Liu Ji‐Ren , Gu Qiang‐Shuai , Li Zhong‐Liang , Liu Xin‐Yuan
Published: January 2024

In contrast with the well‐established C(sp2)−SCF3 cross‐coupling to forge the Ar−SCF3 bond, the corresponding enantioselective coupling of readily available alkyl electrophiles to forge chiral C(sp3)−SCF3 bond has remained largely unexplored. We herein disclose a copper‐catalyzed enantioselective radical C(sp3)−SCF3 coupling of a range of secondary/tertiary benzyl radicals with the easily available (Me4N)SCF3 reagent. The key to the success lies in the utilization of chiral phosphino‐oxazoline‐derived anionic N,N,P‐ligands through tuning electronic and steric effects for the simultaneous control of the reaction initiation and enantioselectivity. This strategy can successfully realize two types of asymmetric radical reactions, including enantioconvergent C(sp3)−SCF3 cross‐coupling of racemic benzyl halides and three‐component 1,2‐carbotrifluoromethylthiolation of arylated alkenes under mild reaction conditions. It therefore provides a highly flexible platform for the rapid assembly of an array of enantioenriched SCF3‐containing molecules of interest in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
A Platform Approach to Cleavable Macrocycles for the Controlled Disassembly of Mechanically Caged Molecules
Authors: Saady Abed , Malcolm Georgia K. , Fitzpatrick Matthew P. , Pairault Noel , Tizzard Graham J. , Mohammed Soran , Tavassoli Ali , Goldup Stephen M.
Published: January 2024

Inspired by interlocked oligonucleotides, peptides and knotted proteins, synthetic systems where a macrocycle cages a bioactive species that is “switched on” by breaking the mechanical bond have been reported. However, to date, each example uses a bespoke chemical design. Here we present a platform approach to mechanically caged structures wherein a single macrocycle precursor is diversified at a late stage to include a range of trigger units that control ring opening in response to enzymatic, chemical, or photochemical stimuli. We also demonstrate that our approach is applicable to other classes of macrocycles suitable for rotaxane and catenane formation.
Dopants Induce Persistent Room Temperature Phosphorescence in Triarylamine Boronate Esters
Authors: Wu Zhu , Bergmann Katrina , Hudson Zachary M.
Published: January 2024

Purely organic materials exhibiting room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) are promising candidates for oxygen sensors and information encryption owing to their cost‐effective and environmentally friendly nature. Herein, we report a bimolecular RTP system where DTBU acts as the guest and TBBU serves as the host. In contrast to previously reported results, we find that both pure DTBU and TBBU do not exhibit RTP in the solid state even under N2 atmosphere. A DTBU/TBBU system with a low doping ratio (0.1 mol %) exhibits persistent yellowish‐green afterglow with a lifetime of 340 ms and is highly sensitive to oxygen. A DTBU/TBBU system with a higher doping ratio (10 mol %) maintains a phosphorescence lifetime of 179 ms under air. Applications of DTBU/TBBU at varied doping ratios in both oxygen sensing and information encryption are demonstrated. We propose that the T1 state of TBBU acts as an energy transfer intermediate between Tn and T1 of DTBU, ultimately leading to the generation of persistent RTP. Overall, this work demonstrates the critical importance of material purity in the design of RTP systems, and how an understanding of host–guest doping enables their photophysical properties to be precisely tuned.
Composition and oxidative stability of silflower (Silphium integrifolium) seed oil and its potential as a new source of squalene
Authors: Hwang Hong‐Sik , Liu Sean X. , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Singh Mukti , Van Tassel David L.
Published: January 2024

Silphium integrifolium Michx. (silflower), a perennial plant, is of great interest as a potential new oilseed crop due to its long, strong, deep, extensive root systems, which can prevent erosion, capture dissolved nitrogen, and out‐compete weeds eliminating the need for frequent irrigation and herbicide uses. In this study, oil was extracted from unhulled silflower seeds, and its composition and oxidative stability were evaluated. The oil content in unhulled silflower seeds was 15.2% (wt/wt), and its fatty acid composition was similar to that of sunflower oil. The level of total polar compounds (TPC) in the oil was 12.3% (wt/wt), and the content of total phenolics was 1.12 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g oil. Noteworthily, 4.89% squalene was isolated from silflower oil indicating its potential application as an alternative source of squalene. Silflower oil had lower oxidative stability as indicated by the oxidative stability index (OSI) at 110°C and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), presumably due to its high level of chlorophyll (1002.8 mg/kg). Even after a typical refining process involving degumming, alkali refining, and bleaching with Fuller's earth, silflower oil contained 725.5 mg/kg chlorophyll, and its oxidative stability was not improved. Further treatments with bleaching agents including bentonite, sepiolite, and Tonsil® lowered the chlorophyll level to 4.2, 474.5, and 38.5 mg/kg, respectively, and some aspects of oxidative stability were improved and better than those of refined sunflower oil. This study presents the potential of silflower oil as new edible oil and a great plant source of squalene.
Implementing a Standardized Phase‐of‐Care Craniotomy Education Program
Authors: Watford Christina , Fencl Jennifer
Published: January 2024

Leaders at a community hospital in the southeastern United States sought to add a craniotomy program to meet the needs of the local patient population. Perioperative and critical‐care nurses required specific knowledge and skills to care for patients undergoing craniotomy procedures. The facility's education team applied adult learning theories and an innovation diffusion framework when developing an evidence‐based craniotomy education program. A clinical nurse specialist conducted a gap analysis and readiness assessment to determine the nurses’ knowledge, skills, and competence to care for patients; attitudes and behaviors toward implementation of the new program; and preferred learning methods. The three‐tiered phase‐of‐care education program included didactic learning sessions, shadowing experiences, hands‐on experience with equipment, and simulation sessions. The program focused on effective collaboration and care transitions. Nurses were satisfied with the program, and they continue to participate in ongoing quarterly simulation sessions with case study scenarios to enhance their skills.
Preparation of Cu(OH)2/Cu2S arrays for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Xu Xiangchao , Qiao Fen , Liu Yanzhen , Liu Wenjie
Published: January 2024

Cu(OH)2 has the advantages of ease of structural regulation, good conductivity, and relatively low cost, making it a suitable candidate material for use as an electrocatalyst. However, its catalytic efficiency and stability still need to be improved further. Therefore, Cu(OH)2/Cu2S was successfully prepared on copper foam (CF) using the in situ growth and hydrothermal method. The structural characterization showed that sulfidation treatment induced transformation of Cu(OH)2/CF from smooth nanorods into a coral‐like structure, which exposed more active sites of Cu(OH)2/Cu2S and enhanced the performance of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Compared with Cu(OH)2, Cu(OH)2/Cu2S showed better alkaline HER performance, especially when the vulcanization concentration was 0.1 M, the overpotential of Cu(OH)2/Cu2S was 174 mV, and the reaction kinetics was 64 mv dec−1 at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. In this work, the morphology and electronic structure of copper‐based metal sulfide electrocatalysts were adjusted by sulfide treatment, which provided a new reference for improving HER performance.
‘It's a sanity restorer’: Narcotics anonymous (NA) as recovery capital during COVID‐19 in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Mappledoram Meghan , Blake Denise , McGuigan Kathryn , Hodgetts Darrin
Published: January 2024

Narcotics Anonymous has flourished globally across 143 countries as a key community response to problematic substance use, despite disruptions, including the COVID‐19 pandemic. This research sought to understand how the Aotearoa New Zealand Narcotics Anonymous (NA) community engaged with NA meetings online during the 2020–2021 COVID‐19 pandemic. During in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews, 11 NA members shared their stories of addiction, abstinence‐based recovery, experiences of NA and managing pandemic restrictions. A narrative analysis identified four tropes particularly relating to how community members managed during the pandemic: responding via technology; maintaining recovery connections; creating opportunities; and consistency. Each trope showcases how NA members were able to connect online and garner support for their abstinence‐based recoveries and, more generally, during unprecedented times. In addition, the NA members in this research narrated the opportunities the pandemic restrictions created for them, such as engaging with the NA programme in new ways and improving their quality of life. Members of NA were able to maintain their psychological, physical, spiritual and community wellbeing during the COVID‐19 pandemic primarily due to existing recovery capital—peer‐based support and the principles of the 12‐steps of NA. The implications are that access to peer‐based communities and salient recovery identities are pivotal during ordinary and extraordinary times. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Structural insights into the semiquinone form of human Cytochrome P450 reductase by DEER distance measurements between a native flavin and a spin labelled non‐canonical amino acid
Authors: Bizet Maxime , Byrne Deborah , Biaso Frédéric , Gerbaud Guillaume , Etienne Emilien , Briola Giuseppina , Guigliarelli Bruno , Urban Philippe , Dorlet Pierre , Kalai Tamas , Truan Gilles , Martinho Marlène
Published: January 2024

The flavoprotein Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the unique electron pathway from NADPH to Cytochrome P450 (CYPs). The conformational dynamics of human CPR in solution, which involves transitions from a “locked/closed” to an “unlocked/open” state, is crucial for electron transfer. To date, however, the factors guiding these changes remain unknown. By Site‐Directed Spin Labelling coupled to Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy, we have incorporated a non‐canonical amino acid onto the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domains of soluble human CPR, and labelled it with a specific nitroxide spin probe. Taking advantage of the endogenous FMN cofactor, we successfully measured for the first time, the distance distribution by DEER between the semiquinone state FMNH• and the nitroxide. The DEER data revealed a salt concentration‐dependent distance distribution, evidence of an “open” CPR conformation at high salt concentrations exceeding previous reports. We also conducted molecular dynamics simulations which unveiled a diverse ensemble of conformations for the “open” semiquinone state of the CPR at high salt concentration. This study unravels the conformational landscape of the one electron reduced state of CPR, which had never been studied before.
Gold‐catalyzed endo‐selective Ring‐opening of Epoxides and its Application in Construction of Poly‐ethers
Authors: Wu Kehuan , Kang Kaiwen , Liu Dan , Zhang Chiyue , Wang Xinyu , Zhang Miaocheng , Li Qi
Published: January 2024

Tetrahydropyran and tetrahydropyran‐fused poly‐ethers scaffolds are found in many classes of natural products and medicinally relevant small molecules. Here we describe a catalytic system for 6‐endo selective ring‐opening of epoxides by Au(I) or Au(III) catalyst that provides rapid access to various tetrahydropyran‐derived motifs. It also could efficiently construct the subunits of marine ladder‐like poly‐ethers through emulating the Nakanishi's hypothesis on the biosynthesis of these toxins. The synthetic utility of this method is also demonstrated in the preparation of the tricyclic core of tetrahydropyran‐containing macrolide natural products lituarines A−C.