bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of CAN Communication Network with Distributed Control Systems for Pure Electric Vehicle
Authors: Chen Xi , Wu Jian , Zhao Yang , Bai Hong Tao
Published: September 2013

Controller area network (CAN) is one of the popular networks with the international standard, and adopted mostly on the vehicle. SAE J1939 is designed to allow electronic devices from different vendors to communicate with each other through a standard architecture. CAN communication length have some relationship with CAN bus rate, which may influence the rate choice and network topology. We design a CAN network with distributed control systems for a pure electric vehicle. The identification bit implementation of data for vehicle controllers is present in accordance with J1939 protocol. The vehicle network topology is considered based on controlling functions and CAN bus harness arrangement. The communication process for them is given based on CANoe platform and finally tested in real electric vehicle environment.
Speech Control System for Robot Based on Raspberry Pi
Authors: Lu Chen Hong , Hu Yue Li
Published: September 2013

Raspberry Pi is a credit card sized Linux computer based on ARM11 architecture. Because of its small size, low power consumption and powerful performance, a robot controller is a suitable role for it to play. As a robot with artificial intelligence, speech recognition for controlling the robot and voice feedback to users is key parts of the entire system. In this essay, a robot called Lisa is assembled, and a speech control and interactive system is implemented based on Google voice API which is a voice recognition engine provided as a cloud service. In order to analysis complex voice commands, a semantic method is developed to catch key words from command sentences. Then try to make a pattern match between key words and instruction set build-in the robot control system. The speech recognition control and interactive system is effective and well behaved after experimental verification.
Research on Vehicle Height Dynamic Control
Authors: Song Hui Xin , Li Cui Fen , Hou You Shan , Wang Chao , Shao Chun Ming
Published: September 2013

In order to achieve the target of control vehicle height in running state,we designed a control schematic of which practicability was analyzed. By using AMEsim software, we established the mathematical model of the charging and releasing oil to simulate the performance of a 1/4 vehicle with hydro-pneumatic suspension. From the result, we get the conclusion that charging and releasing oil in running state has tiny effect on ride comfort, and stability of the vehicles.
Research on Control Strategy of Automatic Control System for Sewage Treatment
Authors: Hong Zhang , Liu Xiao Liang , Wei Fang
Published: September 2013

For the characteristics of the sewage treatment process and a combination of BP algorithm and conventional PID control, a PID controller is proposed based on BP neural network to realize the online adjustment of PID controller parameters. This control strategy will be applied to the control of the DO(Dissolved Oxygen) concentration in sewage treatment, and a contrast has been made with conventional PID control effect.
Development of Shearer Picks Brazed by Copper Brazing Agent and Property Study on Brazing
Authors: Zhang Ning , Ge Jin Guo , Yang Li , He Min
Published: September 2013

As wearing parts, shearer picks, in which the huge consumption and inefficient are caused by the poor quality of brazing, are widely used in the mining process. In this paper, the cemented carbide YG15, 42CrMo steel and HL105 copper brazing film were used as the head, body and solder, respectively, and the furnace brazing was used for shearer picks where the home-made water-soluble copper brazing agent was fabricated instead of the traditional dehydrated borax. The results show that the strength of the welded joint improves greatly and is up to a superior level. When the copper brazing agent and water in a four-to-six ratio, the solder is completely wetted, the best bending resistance of the head is obtained, the brazing seam of picks which are superior to the factory production is brimming, and thus the service life is significantly improved.
Finite Element Analysis on Rack and Pinion of Roadheader
Authors: Xu Man Man , Li Yu , Xie Sai Nan , Chen Qing Hua
Published: September 2013

To analyse the road-header rack and pinion by using the finite element analysis software COSMOS/WORKS. Compared to the traditional analytic calculation and numerical analysis method, it is more intuitively get 28 ° pressure angle spur gear rack meshing stress and strain distribution, which can rack and pinion improvements designed to provide scientific reference.
The Optimization Design of Hydraulic Support: Rolling Advancing Support Device of Hydraulic Support
Authors: Li Yan , Li Jing Xi , Wang Xin Feng
Published: September 2013

In order to provide a kind of simple structure, low cost, easy operation and high safety performance improvement of hydraulic support's advancing support method, this paper designed a kind of rolling advancing support device of hydraulic support. The device is fixed on the hydraulic support beam, made the top beam and roof between sliding friction into rolling friction, improved the advancing support method to move the rack doesn't need to drop column and column, directly to push the slip plane, simplifies the shift process, accelerated the propulsion speed of working face; At the same time, rolling advancing support device of hydraulic support with hydraulic support of the top beam fixed to form two new support overall, improve the performance of hydraulic support support, prolong the service life of hydraulic support.
Study on Mechanical Press for the Green Design of Environmentally Friendly Toilet and its Harmonic Response Analysis
Authors: Mao Ping Huai , Li Jing Xi , Li Yu Qin , Yang Hao
Published: September 2013

The worsening in the environment and non-renewable resources are becoming scarce today, environmental protection, energy conservation has been deep into all aspects of social life. Flush toilets cost in view of the traditional water resources, pollution of the environment, and many other defects, and combined with the research status at home and abroad, the paper aims to study environmental intelligent to free water flush toilets green design its harmonic response analysis. This paper describes the environmental Smart Free water flush toilets mechanical part of the green design, including the design of the transmission system, mixing system design and green design of the exhaust system, especially introduces the main components of the spiral drum structure, transmission, installation. Secondly, Pro / Engineer to establish three-dimensional model of the spiral drum harmonic response analysis, finite element analysis software ANSYS platform, spiral drum.
The Higher Order Axis-Directional Crack-Tip Field for Reissner's FGMs Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Dai Yao , Zhang Lei , Chong Xiao , Xue Chun Fang
Published: September 2013

Reissners theory for cylindrical shell is adopted to analyze the axis-directional crack problem for FGMs cylindrical shell by using the asymptotic expansion method. The eigen-solution of the crack-tip fields for the cylindrical shell is obtained. The results are similar to Williams solution for the plane problems in homogeneous materials, and will be applied widely to engineering structures.
The Higher Order Crack-Tip Field of Circumferential Crack for Reissners FGMs Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Dai Yao , Zhang Lei , Chong Xiao , Xue Chun Fang
Published: September 2013

Reissners shell theory is employed to analyze the circumferential crack problem for FGMs cylindrical shell by using the asymptotic expansion method. The higher order crack tip fields for circumferential FGMs cylindrical shell which is similar to Williams solution are obtained.
Study on Product Technology of Peanut Protein Beverage
Authors: Li Dong , Zuo Yong , Tu Li Jun , Wang Wen Ting , Ren Zhong Qiao
Published: September 2013

The technologies of peanut protein beverage product have been studied by signal and orthogonal experiments. The results show that the optimum technology were baking 130¡æ and 20min, pH 6.5, add compound stabilizer (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.15%, xanthan gum 0.05%, sodium alginate 0.15% and pectin 0.10%), sugar 4%, peanut to water was 1:15, skimmed milk powder 0.5% and glycerol monostearate 0.09%.
An Improved Control Method to Solve Thin System Problem
Authors: Fu Chun Yang , Wang Qi
Published: September 2013

Recently, research of non-square systems mainly focuses on fat system, and control approach to thin systems is less. This paper proposes a new method using improved selection control to square the systems and then design IMC controller for thin systems in which the number of output variables exceeds the number of input variables. This proposed method is applied to the control problem in which there is an output variable that is barely impact on the system. Then we use PSO method to seek the parameters. Then we can come to a conclusion that this method has better performance to reducing loop method through simulation. Moreover, this new method is simple and easy to implement.
EMD and Zoom Envelope Spectrum for Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Xiang Jing Zhong , Zhu Hui , Gao Meng Jin , Chen Fang Jian , Shi Xian Jiang , Zhao Yan Ling
Published: September 2013

ntrinsic mode function component (IMF) has been effectively decomposed by using empirical mode (EMD) decomposition method, and the high-frequency resonance frequency band the rolling bearing components is extracted. Then the high frequency component of the IMF is shifted to the lower frequency by using real frequency modulation principle, and a new envelope refining spectrum is obtained through the Hilbert transform after low frequency sampling. The method not only simplifies the design of band-pass filtering process but improves refinement computational efficiency of the envelope spectrum. The method verifies the correctness of the theory and practical method through the analysis of the fault diagnosis of rolling bearing inner ring experiment.
A Monitoring Model of Unusual Transactions Based on Complex Event Processing
Authors: Wan Jing Xian , He Feng Ying , Liu Bin , Zhong Shang Ping
Published: September 2013

Faced with the demand for real-time "big data" processing, the existing financial risk early warning systems are generally difficult to identify hidden risks in massive data information quickly and accurately. This paper introduces a complex event processing technology (CEP), proposes a method of real-time monitoring for "big data", establishes a monitoring model of unusual transactions, designs and realizes a system based on this model. The model contains data acquisition and encapsulation module, custom rules modeling module and results display module. Using real data of a security company to test the system, the results show that, it can identify hidden risks in unusual transactions accurately, and the speed of processing is improved significantly comparing with the system which is based on traditional database analysis method.
The Simulation Research of Detecting Metal Debris with Different Shape Parameters of Micro Inductance Sensor
Authors: Zhang Fang Zhou , Liu Ben Dong , Wu Yu De , Li De Sheng
Published: September 2013

A micro inductance sensor model based on the software of Maxwell to detect the debris in oil is presented. The model is built to study the detecting performance of sensors with different turns and enwinding styles. It can be demonstrated that the planar coil with 15 turns has a better sensitivity to detecting metal debris with about 100 micro meters in size. The solenoid coil with 20 turns has a better performance to detect the micro metal debris. This simulation shows that the detecting performance of a sensor is related to its parameters such as the size, turns, style of enwinding.The optimization of coils for the detection of metal debris with 100 in size is presented at last.
Remote Control Techniques and Monitoring System for Roadheader
Authors: Wang Su Yu , Du Yi Bo , Wu Miao
Published: September 2013

The system which could be described as "trinity, seven subsystems" has realized automatic remote control of the machine working process with orientation, localization and formalization. At local place, it realized automatic position and pose online detection, automatic orientation tunneling, automatic section cutting and forming and adaptive control of cutting arm swaying speed. It was the first time that realized absolute measuring of roadheader frame position and pose error under coal mine working condition in our country which could avoid error accumulation in relative measuring and guarantee the high precision of orientation tunneling. In underground remote, it realized remote monitoring, wireless remote control and video surveillance, thus realized remote control with multiple angles, visualization and one-button control under the condition of dustiness and vibration. At any network access point on ground using mining ring network, it realized real-time monitoring and displaying of roadheader running state parameters, and realized the functions of remote fault diagnosis and alarming. The whole system has been tested many times underground. The application results show that it is stable and reliable. With the development of automation, intellectualization, and informatization and other high technology, this system will be more and more suitable for fully mechanized excavation face.
Robust Fault Estimation Based on Adaptive Observer
Authors: Yuan Zhi , Wu Li Na , Wang Zheng Fang , Liu Jie
Published: September 2013

This paper investigates the adaptive observer-based robust fault estimation problem for linear uncertain systems with disturbances. Sufficient conditions for the existence of such a fault estimation observer are given in terms of matrix inequalities. The solution is obtained by the linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique. An example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A Group Testing-Based Distributed Network Traffic Monitoring Approach for Smart Grid
Authors: Zhao Hong Hao , Meng Fan Bo , Zhao Qing Qi , Ma Wei Zhe , Lin Zhi Chao , Yin Gui Hua
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we address the problem of real-time network traffic monitoring in the communication network of smart grid. And we propose an effective distributed network traffic monitoring approach. In our algorithm, instead of measuring all the origin-destination pairs, we just need to measure partial origin-destination pairs that flows our communication network. From the measured origin-destination pairs, we can obtain all the origin-destination pairs via our recovery algorithm. Finally, we validate the properties of our method by real network data.
Research and Realization of I/O Monitoring Based on Xen Cloud Platform
Authors: Liu Fa Gui , Wang Wen Yang , Xiong Zhi , Lin Jun
Published: September 2013

With the wide application of cloud platform, how to better utilize virtualization technology has become a great challenge for many IT enterprises. This paper proposed an I/O monitoring framework for XCP-based platform. Combining mobile technology, monitoring tools on both server and client side are developed respectively. Functional testing is carried out on the I/O monitoring tools, whose effectiveness and reliability are verified. The XCP-based I/O monitor platform is able to supervise the I/O of virtual machines, which provides a great way for cloud platform operation management.
Water Monitor and Purify
Authors: Chen Chui Xin , Mao Yang Hong
Published: September 2013

At present, the water resources is increasing attention, water quality monitor and purify is widespread attention. The system uses sensors to monitor water, if the water contains excessive metal minerals or water turbid, the sampled data input SCM to process, MCU sends control signal, and motor start to work, pumping the water out and purify, and then monitor the purified water, if the water unqualified, and then purify again, until the water is qualified. The system also sets up a sound and light alarm and screen display, for prompting monitor information. The system is practical, it has guidance and reference for actual water quality monitor and purify.
Energy Conservation Potential in Stainless Steel Making by use of Molten Pig Iron and Liquid Ferro-Chrome
Authors: Singhal Lokesh Kumar , Patra Sudipta
Published: September 2013

Stainless steel is mostly manufactured by Electric Arc Furnace Argon Oxygen Decarburization route utilising 100% solid charge of steel scrap/DRI/stainless steel scrap and ferroalloys.The process consumes around 415/450 KWH of power per ton of stainless steel.In the state of Odisha, we are endowed with both iron and chromite ores,which offer opportunity for use of molten pig iron and liquid ferrochrome for energy efficient stainless steel making for a plant located there. This paper analyses potential for energy conservation in EAF for three different grades of stainless steel belonging to AISI 200,300,400 series. In this concept, melting is performed in two different furnaces,one EBT type and the other Spout type.In EBT furnace only high ferrous melt with liquid pig iron and DRI/Scrap are charged and dephosphorized. In the spout furnace high carbon ferrochrome which has a tendancy to solidify rapidly due to its high melting point of nearly 1575°C is diluted with scrap which brings down its melting point drastically to enable it to be kept molten.Silicon in the high carbon ferrochrome is gainfully utilised to raise the temperature of molten pool.The diluted ferrochrome is taken in ladle in appropriate portion to which dephosphorised decarburized molten steel is added from EBT furnace for charging into AOD.
The material and energy balance have been carried out for the entire charge mix using classical approach of energy calculation. Both variants of DRI and scrap addition to hot metal have been considered for the EBT furnace. Calculations for EBT furnace have been validated using data from an existing carbon steel plant using similar practice of steel making. Calculated values for such energy efficient stainless steel making have been compared with data on existing stainless steel plant using solid charge. Energy usage can be reduced by more than 60% with this approach.
Keywords: Electric arc furnace, Stainless steel melting, liquid ferrochrome, energy conservation.
Manufacturing and Critical Applications of Stainless Steel – An Overview
Authors: Venkatraman Mahadevan , Pavitra K. , Jana Vijaya , Kachwala Tohfiq
Published: September 2013

This paper presents an overview of development of stainless steel for critical applications and its metallurgical aspects in general. Novel emerging methods of processing of stainless steel are also discussed. Advances in steel making aspects with respect to stainless steel and other specialty steels especially in nuclear applications are presented. Overview of alloy design, physical metallurgical aspects of steel for critical applications is discussed. Advances in manufacturing of stainless steel, strengthening mechanisms, corrosion resistance, challenges in stainless steel applications have also been elaborated.
Improvement in Properties of 301LN Austenitic Stainless Steel for Metro Coach Manufacture
Authors: Srikanth S. , Saravanan P. , Saravanan D. , Sisodia S. , Ravi K. , Bandyopadhyay A.
Published: September 2013

Metastable austenitic stainless steel type 301LN is widely used for fabrication of structural components of Metro Coaches. The steel exhibits both high strength and enhanced plasticity due to strain hardening as well as formation of strain-induced martensite (α) during cold deformation (TRIP effect). The current market requirement, as projected by many of the ongoing Metro Rail Projects in India, calls for manufacture of this steel with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in excess of 1000 MPa and yield (YS/UTS) ratio of less than 0.8, as this would facilitate substantial reductions in tare weight and crash-worthiness of metro coaches. The typical property requirements in high temper (HT) as per one typical Metro Coach specification are: Yield Strength (YS) ~ 751-921 MPa, Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) ~ 1001-1151 MPa, Elongation ~ 22% min, Hardness ~ 36 HRC max and YS/UTS ratio <0.8. previous="" plant="" experience="" has="" shown="" that="" the="" maximum="" attainable="" uts="" in="" this="" grade="" through="" cold="" rolling="" is="" only="" to="" tune="" of="" 970="" mpa="" and="" any="" excess="" deformation="" severely="" impairs="" both="" ductility="" 22="" hardness=""> 36 HRC) beyond acceptable limits. In the present work, an innovative thermomechanical processing (TMP) methodology has been evolved for the attainment of this seemingly unlikely combination of properties through experimental cold rolling and short annealing simulations in Gleeble 3500 C thermomechanical simulator. The novel process methodology entails imparting heavy cold reductions (CR) of 45-50% in Sendzimir Mill followed by brief/ short reversion annealing treatments (80-160 s) by means of single furnace operation at 750 °C at standard line operating speeds for 300 series in Annealing Pickling Line-1 (AP Line-1) of Salem Steel Plant (SSP) in India. The improvement in properties (strength-ductility combination) has been attributed to grain refinement through formation of submicron grained austenitic (γ) microstructure by controlled reversion of strain-induced martensite (α) during the short annealing treatment. The process is distinct from conventional long annealing treatments (300-360 s), which are employed to soften the steel after cold rolling by means of recovery and recrystallization processes.
AFM Characterization of Structural Evolution and Roughness of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel under Severe Deformation by Wavy Rolling
Authors: Sekhar K. Chandra , Kashyap Bhagwati Prasad , Sangal Sandeep
Published: September 2013

Stainless steels such as ferrritic, austenitic, martensitic and duplex stainless steels are well known for their corrosion resistance to varying extents. Among these, austenitic stainless steels exhibit superior corrosion resistance and better ductility for formability. Therefore, the ability to give simple to intricate shapes in this grade of steel brings their potential for a wide range of applications. However, the meta-stable austenite in AISI 304 is known to undergo a strain induced martensitic (SIM) transformation during conventional rolling at room temperature. This strain induced martensite causes reduction in ductility and limits formability of stainless steel. Therefore, wavy rolling technique was developed to strengthen the stainless steel through microstructural refinement. In the current study, wavy rolling with 1.5 mm amplitude was conducted on 1 mm thick stainless steel sheet to different cycles ranging from 1-4. These rolled samples were characterized by optical and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) with resolutions down to the nanolevel. This AFM tool is in a position to bring out the details of grain refinement and topographical roughness emerging from crystalline and microstructural defects like orientation, precipitation, stacking faults, deformation bands, slip lines and shear bands with progress in rolling as referred by the number of rolling cycles here. The structural development is semi-quantitatively related to the degree of deformation and its effect on tensile properties during wavy rolling cycle. Keywords: Structural properties; Roughness; Deformation; Wavy rolling.
Surface Engineering of Stainless Steels: Role of Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT)
Authors: Gatey Atul M. , Hosmani Santosh S. , Singh Rajkumar , Suwas Satyam
Published: September 2013

Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) technique has became popular to develop a nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials for upgrading their overall properties and performance. In this paper, we have presented the SMATing behavior of low stacking fault energy material like AISI 304 using optical microscopy, SEM, microhardness measurement and XRD analysis. SMATing was performed for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 min by using hardened bearing-steel balls (size: 5.7 mm diameter, hardness: 500HV0.1) at 50 Hz vibrating frequency. XRD analysis indicated the lowest grain-size of about 8.6 nm in the surface region of specimen SMATed for 60 min. In comparison with the non-SMATed specimen, 17 times increase in the dislocation density and 4 times increase in the micro-strain were observed in this SMATed specimen. Improvement in the surface-hardness due to the SMAT was almost two times hardness before SMAT was 190 HV0.1 and after SMAT it was 400 HV0.1. There is a gradual decrease in the hardness value across the cross-section of the specimen, and core-hardness value was reached after 300 μm depth below the surface. XRD results indicated the possibility of martensitic phase transformation at the surface during SMATing of AISI 304 steel. SMATed AISI 304 specimens showed good thermal stability at 550°C for 6 h which was confirmed by microhardness measurement
Power Beam Processing of Stainless Steels
Authors: Shanmugarajan B. , Buvanashekaran G.
Published: September 2013

Stainless steels are one of the versatile materials available in five grades viz., austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex stainless steels and precipitation hardenable variety, having applications in various industrial sectors covering thermal power plants, nuclear, fertilizer, urea processing plants, cryogenic industries, aerospace & defence, etc. Each grade of stainless steels has its own unique characteristics in terms of strength, corrosion resistance, hardening behavior etc. Power beam processing using lasers or electron beam can be effectively utilized to process almost all the grades of stainless steels to enhance the performance for intended application. The non-contact and autogenous nature of the process coupled with precise and low heat input processing offers greater benefits compared to processing with conventional processes. This paper describes the application and advantages of power beam processing of different grades of stainless steels. Keywords: laser processing, electron beam processing, stainless steels, welding, cladding, hardening.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds
Authors: Kumar Anish , Sasi B. , Sharma Govind K. , Rao B. Purnachandra , Jayakumar T.
Published: September 2013

The paper presents advanced ultrasonic and eddy current NDE techniques developed in the authors laboratory for nondestructive evaluation of austenitic stainless steel welds. The paper discusses the performance and comparison of 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and de-noising methods applied on eddy current images obtained from stainless steel weld pad with machined longitudinal notches and a systematic approach for eddy current defect characterisation in weld pads by neural network. The simulation and experimental results on the effect of elastic anisotropy on ultrasonic phased array inspection in austenitic stainless steel weld are also discussed. A guided wave based ultrasonic method developed for detection of defects in stainless steel welds and its validation with complimentary techniques such as radiography and in-situ metallography are also presented.
Deformation Fatigue and Fracture vis-a-vis Deformation Induced Martensite in AISI 304LN Stainless Steel
Authors: Ray Kalyan Kumar , Roy Himadri , Ray Ayan , Dutta Krishna , Tarafder Soumitra
Published: September 2013

Understanding of deformation, fracture or fatigue behaviour of AISI 304LN grade stainless steel with reference to in-situ evolution of deformation induced martensite (DIM) is important for the structural integrity of numerous critical engineering components made of this steel. The primary objective of this report is to present a concise overview on the state-of-the-art of these aspects based on a series of investigations by the authors and their co-workers through over more than a decade. The major experiments involved are determination of tensile, fatigue and fracture behaviour of the steel using standard testing procedures. The associated structural and sub-structural changes in the deformation volume or at local regions such as fracture surfaces or crack tips are characterized. The nature and amount of DIM have been detected through microstructural analysis, X-ray diffraction, hardness measurement, ferrofluid based technique, ferritoscope assessment and TEM, in addition to extensive fractographic analysis by SEM. The major highlights of the investigations centre on revelations of the role of DIM on tensile deformation of 304LN stainless steel at various strain rates and temperatures, illustrating the association of DIM with constrained and unconstrained deformation ahead of crack tips in monotonic and cyclic fracture tests, and examination of the extent of DIM transformation during stress controlled and strain controlled cyclic loading and fatigue crack growth, with an underlying theme of continuously emphasizing the nature, location and amount of DIM formed.
Stainless Steel - A Versatile Engineering Material for Critical Applications
Authors: Narahari Prasad S. , Narayana Rao M.
Published: September 2013

Stainless Steel is a family of versatile materials that has been put into a wide variety of application by mankind. Stainless steels are iron-based alloys containing minimum 12% chromium and upto 25% nickel with minor additions of carbon, nitrogen, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, niobium, copper and selenium. It has a wide range of applications from small pins to the construction of automobiles, petrochemical, space, aeronautical, ship building industries, nuclear and thermal power stations. Certain grades of stainless steels, because of their biocompatibility are used for manufacture of biomedical implants. In fact steel touches every sphere of our daily life. By and large stainless steel family consists of hundreds of grades with varieties of compositions and a large spectrum of mechanical properties. The corrosion and oxidation resistance of stainless steels have been significantly improved through fine-tuned chemical compositions and microstructural constituents, leading to the evolution of super stainless steels. Stainless steel development from design to application is a long-term continuous effort. The recent advances in stainless steels are mainly due to new ways of manufacture, processing and usage of advanced equipments. In spite of inroads by a range of competing materials, stainless steels occupy an important place as structural materials, because of their outstanding strength to weight ratios, ductility, fracture toughness, repairability, corrosion, etc for a given cost. Over the years, MIDHANI has catered to the requirements of Indian Space, Nuclear, Thermal, aeronautical and Defence sector for many high performance materials. A wide range of special stainless steels many of them being tailor made to customers specific needs have been developed and supplied. This has been possible with the help of state of the art facility and excellent quality assurance system available in MIDHANI. The presentation will high light MIDHANI role in development and commercial production of different varieties of stainless steels for critical applications.
Characterisation of Fatigue Crack Growth and Fracture Behaviour of SS 316L(N) Base and Weld Materials
Authors: Sasikala Gomathy , Nani Babu Matcha , Shashank Dutt Bhyravajoshulu , Venugopal Shreedhar
Published: September 2013

This paper summarizes the results of the studies on fracture mechanics characterisation of SS 316L(N) and its welds. The results presented include the fracture toughness and FCG properties of the base and weld materials at different temperatures. Influence of nitrogen content on the base material properties is discussed. Further, the effects of long-term ageing at different temperatures on the fracture and FCG behaviour of the welds are presented and discussed. The weld metal has been subjected to extended thermal ageing, and a detailed study has been undertaken to characterize the (i) FCG properties and (ii) quasistaticJ-R curves for the indigenously developed SS 316(N) weld material at both ambient and service temperatures. The ageing conditions covered include the advanced ageing according to the RCC-MR design code, i.e, > 4000 h at 923 K and the low temperature ageing, i.e., 643-823 K the operating range for the SS 316L(N) components in PFBR. The results are discussed in detail in the light of microstructural changes taking place in the weld metal and their influence on the operating micromechanisms.
Study of Creep Damage in a 10.86% Cr Heat Resistant Steel using Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography
Authors: Gupta C. , Toda Hiroyuki , Schlacher C. , Mayr Peter , Sommitsch Christof , Uesugi Kentaro , Suzuki Yoshio , Takeuchi Akihisa , Kobayashi Masakazu
Published: September 2013

Synchrotron X-ray microtomography(SR-μCT) scans have been carried out on sample coupons extracted from the fracture specimens of a 10.86% Cr heat resistant steel exposed to crep deformation at 873K over stresses of 120, 150, and 180 MPa. The 3D cavitation characteristics in terms of void volume fraction, numbwer density and size distribution as a function of the applied stress has been determined by quantitative analysis of the reconstructed tomograohy slice datasets. The relationship between heterogenous spatial distribution of creep voids and variation in rupture life has been exploited in terms of microstructural sites during the onset of creep embrittlement.
Improvement in Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Thick Pipe: Metallurgical, Mechanical & Full Scale Pipe Weld Tests
Authors: Singh P.K. , Bhasin V. , Singh R.K. , Vaze K.K.
Published: September 2013

The paper aims at demonstration of reduction in residual stress, distortion and sensitisation in austenitic stainless steel pipe welds. The welding processes considered are Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Shielded Metal Arc welding (SMAW) along with Hot wire GTAW with narrow gap welding technique. It was shown that residual stress is significantly reduced in case of hot wire GTAW. The reduction in residual stress is due to the low heat input and high deposition rate. Lower heat input leads to higher cooling rate giving more margins on sensitization in heat affected zone (HAZ). This has been confirmed by measuring temperature and cooling rate during welding in HAZ of the weld joints. Susceptibility to sensitization of the welds has been compared by carrying out ASTM E262 Practice A and E along with Electo-Potentiokinetic Reactivation (EPR) method. The results of the tests show that values are within acceptable limit for both the cases. However, hot wire GTAW has marginally better sensitization resistance. Fatigue crack growth rate and fracture resistance behavior of the above mentioned weld joints have been compared by carrying out tests on the specimens (Compact Tension) and full scale pipe welds with crack. Fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness of the weld joints (hot wire GATW) is superior to conventional GTAW and SMAW. The paper presents the details of the above mentioned studies.
Role of Modelling in the Development of High Performance Steels for Important Engineering Applications
Authors: Sivaprasad Palla V. , Girase Narendra , Sarkar Supriya , Wijk Olle
Published: September 2013

Stainless steels of different types and grades are being developed world over to meet ever increasing demand for enhanced materials performance. Advanced stainless steel products have applications in a variety of industries including nuclear, defence, space, chemical, oil and gas, medical and appliance. It is understood that the properties of the alloys strongly depend not only on the chemical composition but also on their microstructure, which in turn depends on parameters in the manufacturing process. Therefore, the challenge to the manufacturing industry is not only selection of optimum composition but also relevant manufacturing processes to meet the requirements. Designing a manufacturing process and optimum process schedules using experimental trials is both time consuming and expensive. Modeling and simulation play an important role to reduce these times effectively. This paper presents important points to be considered to produce clean steels and highlights the applicability of modeling techniques that can be effectively applied in a manufacturing industry. Some of the case studies that are included in the paper are Computational Fluid Dynamics model to understand gas atomisation Finite element modeling of compound tube extrusion In conclusion, the power of modeling and simulation to understand manufacturing processes is highlighted.
Influence of Copper on Redistribution Behaviour of Boron in Titanium Stabilized and Low Carbon Steel as Observed by Neutron Induced Alpha Autoradiography
Authors: Shriwastwa Bharat B. , Kumar Arun
Published: September 2013

Boron content and its distribution play a significant role in modifying the metallurgical and mechanical properties of many steels and alloy at lower level of concentration. Precipitation of boron at the grain boundaries, have shown to improve the creep strength in titanium stabilized steel, high temperature ductility in low carbon corrosion resistant steel and the hardenability in low carbon steel in general. Titanium-stabilized steel (DIN 1.4970), was developed as a possible material for fast breeder sodium-cooled nuclear reactor core components for its superior creep strength, high micro-structural stability and elevated void swelling resistance. It is well known that, helium produced during neutron irradiation through the 10B(n,α)Li7 reaction, affects the mechanical properties and the amount of void swelling in nuclear reactor materials. Two nos. of Ti-stabilized steel samples with 40ppm boron and 2ppm boron (DIN 1.4970 & DIN1.4970LB steel) were analyzed for boron re-distribution behavior during different thermo-mechanical treatment using a technique known as Neutron Induced Alpha Autoradiography (NIAA). This technique is a well known technique, and widely used for revealing the spatial distribution of boron in the materials with a resolution approaching to ppm level. This technique has also been used to detect the influence of copper addition on boron distribution pattern in steel specimen. Mapping of boron autoradiography of Low carbon steels containing 20ppm of boron with and without copper was able to demonstrate this behavior. Boron track mapping of Low carbon steel without copper, in solution annealing treatment, show the uniform distribution of boron throughout the matrix, whereas when the similar steel with 1.48% copper was mapped, it shows the precipitation of boron at the grain boundaries.
Austenitic Stainless Steels for Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Authors: Kamachi Mudali U.
Published: September 2013

Austenitic stainless steels have received much attention in recent years due to their excellent combination of corrosion, mechanical and wear properties. They are finding wide applications in chemical, power, oil, refinery, biomedical, marine sectors and other industries where both good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion and wear resistances are demanded. In the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and waste storage and processing plants involving nitric acid as the main process medium, type 304L stainless steels (SS) are employed as work horse materials for manufacturing more than 90% of the plant components. Though these alloys form a protective Cr2O3 passive film over the surface in nitric acid under plant operating conditions, they undergo various types of corrosion failures in service. Welding and other metallurgical parameters including alloying elements, cold working, heat treatment etc. degrade the performance of the alloy in service. For qualifying the alloy for plant applications, ASTM A262 practice A and C are currently employed, however, long term performance under simulated plant operating conditions is necessary to understand the failure modes and life prediction of components. Today, nitrogen represents an economically, environmentally, attractive and versatile alloying element to steels and stainless steels. The beneficial effect of nitrogen alloying in stainless steels are manifolds, including solid solution strengthening, precipitation effects, phase control and corrosion and wear resistances. Recent years have seen a rapid development of these alloys with improved properties owing to advances in alloy processing technologies. The objective of the lecture is to bring out the various corrosion issues in reprocessing plants, short term laboratory versus long term field corrosion data, modeling for life prediction, effect of redox ions, nitrogen alloying, welding and corrosion damage, etc. and highlight the remedial actions to overcome the shortcomings due to corrosion issues.
Biofouling and Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Stainless Steels
Authors: Natarajan K.A.
Published: September 2013

Stainless steels are among the most investigated materials on biofouling and microbially-influenced corrosion (MIC). Although, generally corrosion-resistant owing to tenacious and passive surface film due to chromium, stainless steels are susceptible to extensive biofouling in sub-soil, fresh water and sea water and chemical process environments. Biofilms influence their corrosion behavior due to corrosion potential ennoblement and sub-surface pitting. Both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms catalyse microbial corrosion of stainless steels through biotic and abiotic mechanisms. MIC of stainless steels is common adjacent to welds at the heat-affected zone. Both austenite and delta ferrite phases may be susceptible. Even super stainless steels are found to be amenable to biofouling and MIC. Microbiological, electrochemical as well as physicochemical aspects of MIC pertaining to stainless steels in different environments are analyzed.
Influence of pH on Hydrogen Absorption in Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Viswanathan V. , Deepashri Nage
Published: September 2013

With rising demands, oil and gas exploration of high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) wells are increasing worldwide. Due to aggressiveness of HPHT environments, piping and equipments are constructed with high-strength corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs). Duplex stainless steel is one of the candidate alloys that offer high strength along with corrosion resistance. It possesses the advantages of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steels and hence, the name duplex or dual phase stainless steel. In order to control corrosion, cathodic protection is commonly being employed on the structures and equipment. Cathodic protection is accomplished by applying a direct current to the structure which causes the structure potential to change from the natural corrosion potential (Ecorr). The required cathodic protection current is supplied by sacrificial anode materials or by an impressed current system. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is an associated phenomenon, which results in the production of hydrogen ions, leading to its absorption in the protected metal and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement of metals and welds. To prevent this embrittlement, cathodic protection is closely studied in terms of finding the critical potential, pH, temperature etc. that does not cause hydrogen embrittlement. This paper describes the study carried out to find the role of pH on the absorption of hydrogen in Duplex Stainless steel. It has been observed that at a critical pH, hydrogen intake in the sample is very high, as compared to the pH below and above the critical pH. Critical pH observed for duplex stainless steel is a trade of between hydrogen evolution and absorption for given duplex structure.
Anodic Polarization Behavior of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Srinivasan Narayanan , Revelly Ajay Kumar , Kain Vivekanand , Samajdar Indradev , Hutchinson Christopher R. , Sivaprasad Palla
Published: September 2013

The anodic polarization behavior of Sanicro 28 austenitic stainless steels has been established in the cold worked (10 to 80% reduction in thickness) samples in 1N HCl, 1M H2SO4+ 1.5N HCl and 3N HCl solutions at room temperature. The current oscillations during the potentiodynamic scans appeared in 3N HCl implying formation of meta stable pits and this solution more severe than 1N HCl and 1M H2SO4+ 1.5N HCl. Two anodic peaks were observed in as-received and the cold worked samples in 3N HCl. In as-received state, the first anodic peak appeared at-3.95 mVSCEand the second anodic peak appeared at 116 mVSCE. It was established that selective dissolution started from 18mVSCE. The grains and grain boundaries were not attacked at the beginning of the first peak-168 mVSCEand started revealing at 18 and 216 mVSCEin the potentiodynamic polarization test. The fore-scatter detector (FSD) attached to FEI Quanta EBSD revealed the pitting morphology of the specimens. It is shown that pit dimensions, types, distribution, the shape of pits in all deformation conditions is hemispherical and number of pits did not depend on the microstructural features, irrespective of the plastic deformation and it may not be related to severity of plastic deformation.
Influence of Rice Husk Ash on the Engineering Properties of Fired-Clay Brick
Authors: Khoo Y.C. , Johari I. , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of rice husk ash (RHA) on the engineering properties of fired-clay brick with the present of 10% sand. Temperature 1200°C is selected as the optimum temperature based on the preliminaries study. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), were carried out to determine the characteristic of raw materials used. Mechanical properties of rice husk ash-clay bricks are determined in terms of compressive strength, porosity and water absorption. The results shows that increase in RHA replacement percentage reduce the compressive strength and linear shrinkage of fired-clay bricks while the porosity and water absorption value increase. From the investigation, we can conclude that the optimum mixing ratio for fired-clay brick containing RHA is 15% because it complied with the minimum requirement for building material in term of strength and water absorption.
Characterization of ZnO Nanopowder and Antibacterial Response against Staphylococcus aureus under UVA Illumination
Authors: Ann Ling Chuo , Mahmud Shahrom , Bakhori Siti Khadijah Mohd , Sirelkhatim Amna Hassan , Dasmawati Mohamad , Habsah Hasan , Azman Seeni , Rahman Rosliza Abdul
Published: September 2013

In this study, we study the physical property and antibacterial bioactivity of ZnO nanopowder towards Staphylococcus Aureus. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis were used to characterize the ZnO nanopowder. The major morphology consists of nanorods which have length 70-200 nm and width 30-120 nm. FTIR spectra performed a well-synthesis of ZnO that has Zn-O stretching bond (482 cm-1). UV-Vis absorption spectra showed an intense UV absorption at 387 nm, corresponding to optical bandgap 3.24 eV. Raman spectroscopy exhibited a prominent peak in E2high mode located at 435 cm-1. The antibacterial response of ZnO was performed toward Staphylococcus aureus. Higher concentration of ZnO had caused higher inhibition of the bacteria. Besides, the increment of capability of ZnO towards the bacteria was observed under UV radiation. It was believed that the irradiation had induced oxygen to be released from the surface of the ZnO and caused the increasing of reactive oxygen species, which enhance the bacteria inhibition.