bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Healthcare provision for insect venom allergy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Worm Margitta , Ballmer-Weber Barbara , Brehler Randolf , Cuevas Mandy , Gschwend Anna , Hartmann Karin , Hawranek Thomas , Hötzenecker Wolfram , Homey Bernhard , Jakob Thilo , Novak Natalija , Pickert Julia , Saloga Joachim , Schäkel Knut , Trautmann Axel , Treudler Regina , Wedi Bettina , Sturm Gunter , Rueff Franziska
Published: December 2020

The population prevalence of insect venom allergy ranges between 3–5%, and it can lead to potentially life-threatening allergic reactions. Patients who have experienced a systemic allergic reaction following an insect sting should be referred to an allergy specialist for diagnosis and treatment. Due to the widespread reduction in outpatient and inpatient care capacities in recent months as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the various allergy specialized centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland have taken different measures to ensure that patients with insect venom allergy will continue to receive optimal allergy care. A recent data analysis from the various centers revealed that there has been a major reduction in newly initiated insect venom immunotherapy (a 48.5% decline from March–June 2019 compared to March–June 2020: data from various centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland). The present article proposes defined organizational measures (e.g., telephone and video appointments, rearranging waiting areas and implementing hygiene measures and social distancing rules at stable patient numbers) and medical measures (collaboration with practice-based physicians with regard to primary diagnostics, rapid COVID-19 testing, continuing already-initiated insect venom immunotherapy in the outpatient setting by making use of the maximal permitted injection intervals, prompt initiation of insect venom immunotherapy during the summer season, and, where necessary, using outpatient regimens particularly out of season) for the care of insect venom allergy patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Publishing against Apartheid South Africa
Authors: le Roux Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

In many parts of the world, oppositional publishing has emerged in contexts of state oppression. In South Africa, censorship laws were enacted in the 1960s, and the next decade saw increased pressure on freedom of speech and publishing. With growing restrictions on information, activist publishing emerged. These highly politicised publishers had a social responsibility, to contribute to social change. In spite of their cultural, political and social importance, no academic study of their history has yet been undertaken. This Element aims to fill that gap by examining the history of the most vocal and arguably the most radical of this group, Ravan Press. Using archival material, interviews and the books themselves, this Element examines what the history of Ravan reveals about the role of oppositional print culture.
Britain and Italy in the Era of the First World War
Authors: Marcuzzi Stefano
Published: December 2020

This is an important reassessment of British and Italian grand strategies during the First World War. Stefano Marcuzzi sheds new light on a hitherto overlooked but central aspect of Britain and Italy's war experiences: the uneasy and only partial overlap between Britain's strategy for imperial defence and Italy's ambition for imperial expansion. Taking Anglo-Italian bilateral relations as a special lens through which to understand the workings of the Entente in World War I, he reveals how the ups-and-downs of that relationship influenced and shaped Allied grand strategy. Marcuzzi considers three main issues – war aims, war strategy and peace-making – and examines how, under the pressure of divergent interests and wartime events, the Anglo-Italian 'traditional friendship' turned increasingly into competition by the end of the war, casting a shadow on Anglo-Italian relations both at the Peace Conference and in the interwar period.
ICD-11-Sonderserie: Fütter- und Essstörungen in der ICD-11
Authors: Gradl-Dietsch Gertraud , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Degenhardt Franziska , Hebebrand Johannes
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Umstellung auf die 11. Revision der Internationalen Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme (ICD-11) bedingt wesentliche Neuerungen bezüglich i) Zusammenführung der Fütter- und Essstörungen zu einer übergeordneten Kategorie, ii) Gruppierung der Störungsbilder nach ihrer Psychopathologie im Sinne eines Kontinuums psychopathologischer Auffälligkeiten zwischen Kindheit, Adoleszenz und Erwachsenenalter sowie iii) Berücksichtigung kultureller Unterschiede. Neben der Beschreibung der Revision der Kriterien der einzelnen Störungsbilder sollen die neu in die Klassifikation aufgenommenen Diagnosen Störung mit Vermeidung oder Einschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme (ARFID) und Binge-Eating-Störung (BES) vorgestellt werden.
Psychotische Störungen in der ICD-11: Die Revisionen
Authors: Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Meisenzahl Eva , Michel Chantal
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Übersicht über die hauptsächlichen Änderungen des neu benannten Kapitels „Schizophrenie oder andere primäre psychotische Störungen“ (6A2) von ICD-10 zu ICD-11 gegeben und diese mit der Psychosekategorie des DSM-5 verglichen. Die Änderungen umfassen den Verzicht auf die klassischen Subtypen der Schizophrenie sowie die Aufgabe des Primats Schneider’scher Erstrangsymptome und damit verbunden die Forderung von mindestens zwei Leitsymptomen (obligatorisch mindestens ein Positivsymptom) bei der Schizophrenie (6A20) sowie Zulassung bizarrer Wahninhalte auch bei „Wahnhaften Störungen“ (6A24), die neu auch induzierte wahnhafte Störungen (F24) beinhalten. Neu sind zudem der Fokus auf die jeweils aktuelle Episode, die Beschränkung der „Akuten und vorübergehenden psychotischen Störung“ (6A23) auf die polymorphe Störung ohne Symptome der Schizophrenie (F23.0), die Kodierung wahnhafter „Zwangs- und verwandter Störungen“ (6B2) ausschließlich unter den Zwangsstörungen, die Präzisierung der „Schizoaffektiven Störung“ (6A21) und die Einführung einer eigenen Kategorie „Katatonie“ (6A4) zur Beschreibung katatoner Symptome innerhalb verschiedener Krankheitsbilder. In Analogie zum DSM-5 steht zudem die optionale Zusatzkategorie „Symptomatische Manifestation primärer psychotischer Störungen“ (6A25) zur dimensionalen Symptomquantifizierung zur Verfügung. Entwicklungsspezifischen Besonderheiten wird auch in der ICD-11 in der Definition psychotischer Störungen keine Rechnung getragen.
A Parametric Shape Model Applied to Tracing the Migration of the Objects Near an Asteroid
Authors: Yan Z. J. , Gao Y. F. , Yu Y. , Shu L. Z. , Zeng X. Y. , Lv J.
Published: December 2020

In the past decades, space missions to small bodies (Galileo, OSIRIS‐REx, Hayabusa, Hayabusa2, Chang'e 2, Rosetta, etc.) have enriched us greatly with voluminous new knowledge on our solar system. In situ observations by these missions have revealed the extreme complexity and remarkable diversity of the spatial environment around their target asteroids. A study on the motion of objects in such complex environments is of great importance for understanding the evolution history of surface/subsurface materials on the asteroids. Establishing a reasonable dynamic model is obviously a crucial step. This paper proposes a method for tracking the motion of an object near the surface of an arbitrary asteroid. This method combines the irregular shape, an unlimited rotational state and asymmetric gravitational field, which are three key factors that dominate the complex movement of an object on and off the asteroid's surface. The gravitational attraction and potential are computed using the polyhedral method with corrections for the possible singularities. The asteroid's surface is then approximated using a continuous and differentiable surface, and the parametric representation forms of the body are derived based on polynomial series. An event‐driven scheme is designed, so that the orbital motion and surface motion are processed separately by checking the triggering events. The algorithm was implemented using C++. Benchmarking tests are organized on a local cluster, showing a satisfactory performance in both accuracy and efficiency. This method was further applied to improve the control accuracy of the landing spot of an asteroid surface lander.
A New Perspective for Charactering the Spatio‐temporal Patterns of the Error in GPM IMERG Over Mainland China
Authors: Zhu Siyu , Shen Yan , Ma Ziqiang
Published: December 2020

Evaluation is necessary and informative for processing and applying the precipitation products. However, researchers mainly focus on the statistical indicators of satellite‐based precipitation evaluation over manually determined regions without further considering the geographical information. To reveal the potential connections between geographical features and the error patterns of satellite precipitation estimates, this study focuses on proposing a new perspective for charactering the spatiotemporal patterns of errors in the Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for global precipitation measurement (GPM; IMERG) based on China Merged Precipitation Analysis over mainland China in the period from 2012 to 2018. We applied a quantitative cluster analysis method to analyze the characteristics of the errors in GPM IMERG based on three geographical features including elevation (Ele), latitude (Lat), and the distance from seashore (DFS). Additionally, the analysis was conducted in both warm and cold seasons to capture the temporal error patterns in IMERG. The results show that: (1) IMERG has the ability to capture spatiotemporal precipitation patterns over mainland China, with relative overestimations mainly over southeastern region; (2) geographical features (Ele, Lat, and DFS) have strong linear relationships with the statistical error indexes (e.g., correlation coefficient) of IMERG; and (3) the spatial patterns of errors in IMERG were automatically determined and demonstrated significant geographical characteristics. Finally, results of this study would provide valuable references for improving the quality of the IMERG over land.
Study of Antarctic Blowing Snow Storms Using MODIS and CALIOP Observations With a Machine Learning Model
Authors: Yang Yuekui , Anderson Adam , Kiv Daniel , Germann Justin , Fuchs Maya , Palm Stephen , Wang Tao
Published: December 2020

As a common phenomenon over Antarctica, blowing snow (BLSN), especially the large BLSN storms, play an important role in the Antarctic surface mass balance, radiation budget, and planetary boundary layer processes. This study presents the work on BLSN storm identification and analysis with observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite. Spectral analysis shows that BLSN identification is feasible with MODIS daytime data. A random forest machine learning model is developed and observations from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization are used for training. Model performance results show that machine‐learning based classification can achieve over 90% overall accuracy when classifying MODIS pixels into cloud, clear, and BLSN categories. The machine learning model is applied to MODIS observations during the month of October 2009 for BLSN storm analysis. Results show that the size of BLSN storms has a large spectrum and can reach hundreds of thousands km2. The MODIS based BLSN storm frequency map extends the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations coverage limit from 82°S to the South Pole. A BLSN storm belt, which extends from the South Pole region to the coastal area between 130°E and 160°E along the Transantarctic Mountains, provides a potential pathway of snow transport. These results are important in improving the understanding of BLSN impact on Antarctic surface mass balance and boundary layer processes.
Case Study of Blowing Snow Impacts on the Antarctic Peninsula Lower Atmosphere and Surface Simulated With a Snow/Ice Enhanced WRF Model
Authors: Luo Liping , Zhang Jing , Hock Regine , Yao Yao
Published: December 2020

To better capture the air‐snow‐ice interaction, a snow/ice enhanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF‐ice) model has been developed. This study examines the performance of WRF‐ice and its blowing snow component during a strong cyclone event from October 23 to 27, 2017 over the Antarctic Peninsula, which is characterized by a synoptic cyclone crossing the northern part of the Peninsula and an embodied mesoscale cyclone over the Weddell Sea. Evolution of the cyclone is accurately reproduced in the 5‐km resolution WRF‐ice simulation, and the simulated near‐surface conditions agree well with station and satellite observations. Numerical simulations show that the process of blowing snow sublimation can be prominent within the lower atmosphere when the air is dry, and produces moistening and cooling effects. Over relatively warm and humid areas, cloud enhancement by blowing snow can lead to either colder or warmer surfaces because of competing effects of longwave and shortwave cloud radiative forcings. In particular, additional moisture from blowing snow sublimation can slightly intensify precipitation over the mountains. Surface energy budget analysis indicates that absorbed shortwave (Sa), incoming longwave (Ld), and outgoing longwave (Lu) are dominant components of surface energy budget. When increases in Ld, Lu, and sensible heat flux are combined with decreases in Sa and latent heat flux due to blowing snow effects, a negative surface net heat flux (∼0.5 W/m2) occurs during daytime. A positive domain‐total surface mass balance (∼0.43 Gt) is generated during the simulated cyclone event due to increases in precipitation, decreases in runoff, and decreases in sublimation.
Temporal unsnarling of brain’s acute neuroinflammatory transcriptional profiles reveals panendothelitis as the earliest event preceding microgliosis
Authors: Kodali Mahesh Chandra , Chen Hao , Liao Francesca-Fang
Published: December 2020

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an acutely progressing brain dysfunction induced by systemic inflammation. The mechanism of initiation of neuroinflammation during SAE, which ultimately leads to delirium and cognitive dysfunction, remains elusive. We aimed to study the molecular events of SAE to capture its onset and progression into the central nervous system (CNS), and further identify the cellular players involved in mediating acute inflammatory signaling. Gene expression profiling on the cerebral vessels isolated from the brains of the mice treated with peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed that the cerebral vasculature responds within minutes to acute systemic inflammation by upregulating the expression of immediate early response genes, followed by activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. To identify the earliest responding cell type, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to sort the glial and vascular cells from the brains of the mice treated with LPS at different time points, and RNA-seq was performed on microglia and cerebral endothelial cells (CECs). Bioinformatic analysis followed by further validation in all the cell types revealed that panendothelitis. i.e., the activation of CECs is the earliest event in the CNS during the inception of acute neuroinflammation. Microglial activation occurs later than that of CECs, suggesting that CECs are the most likely initial source of proinflammatory mediators, which could further initiate glial cell activation. This is then followed by the activation of apoptotic signaling in the CECs, which is known to lead to the blood–brain barrier disruption and allow peripheral cytokines to leak into the CNS, exacerbate the gliosis, and result in the vicious neuroinflammatory cascade. Together, our results model the earliest sequential events during the advancement of systemic inflammation into the CNS and facilitate to understand the interplay between the vascular and glial cells in initiating and driving acute neuroinflammation during SAE.
Practical implications to contemplate when considering radical therapy for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors:   on behalf of AstraZeneca UK Limited, Storey Claire L. , Hanna Gerard G. , Greystoke Alastair
Published: December 2020

The type of patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) selected for concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) varies between and within countries, with higher-volume centres treating patients with more co-morbidities and higher-stage disease. However, in spite of these disease characteristics, these patients have improved overall survival, suggesting that there are additional approaches that should be optimised and potentially standardised. This paper aims to review the current knowledge and best practices surrounding treatment for patients eligible for cCRT. Initially, this includes timely acquisition of the full diagnostic workup for the multidisciplinary team to comprehensively assess a patient for treatment, as well as imaging scans, patient history, lung function and genetic tests. Such information can provide prognostic information on how a patient will tolerate their cCRT regimen, and to perhaps limit the use of additional supportive care, such as steroids, which could impact on further treatments, such as immunotherapy. Furthermore, knowledge of the safety profile of individual double-platinum chemotherapy regimens and the technological advances in radiotherapy could aid in optimising patients for cCRT treatment, improving its efficacy whilst minimising its toxicities. Finally, providing patients with preparatory and ongoing support with input from dieticians, palliative care professionals, respiratory and care-of-the-elderly physicians during treatment may also help in more effective treatment delivery, allowing patients to achieve the maximum potential from their treatments.
The biosecurity benefits of genetic engineering attribution
Authors: Lewis Gregory , Jordan Jacob L. , Relman David A. , Koblentz Gregory D. , Leung Jade , Dafoe Allan , Nelson Cassidy , Epstein Gerald L. , Katz Rebecca , Montague Michael , Alley Ethan C. , Filone Claire Marie , Luby Stephen , Church George M. , Millett Piers , Esvelt Kevin M. , Cameron Elizabeth E. , Inglesby Thomas V.
Published: December 2020

Biology can be misused, and the risk of this causing widespread harm increases in step with the rapid march of technological progress. A key security challenge involves attribution: determining, in the wake of a human-caused biological event, who was responsible. Recent scientific developments have demonstrated a capability for detecting whether an organism involved in such an event has been genetically modified and, if modified, to infer from its genetic sequence its likely lab of origin. We believe this technique could be developed into powerful forensic tools to aid the attribution of outbreaks caused by genetically engineered pathogens, and thus protect against the potential misuse of synthetic biology.
Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity
Authors: Grantham H. S. , Duncan A. , Evans T. D. , Jones K. R. , Beyer H. L. , Schuster R. , Walston J. , Ray J. C. , Robinson J. G. , Callow M. , Clements T. , Costa H. M. , DeGemmis A. , Elsen P. R. , Ervin J. , Franco P. , Goldman E. , Goetz S. , Hansen A. , Hofsvang E. , Jantz P. , Jupiter S. , Kang A. , Langhammer P. , Laurance W. F. , Lieberman S. , Linkie M. , Malhi Y. , Maxwell S. , Mendez M. , Mittermeier R. , Murray N. J. , Possingham H. , Radachowsky J. , Saatchi S. , Samper C. , Silverman J. , Shapiro A. , Strassburg B. , Stevens T. , Stokes E. , Taylor R. , Tear T. , Tizard R. , Venter O. , Visconti P. , Wang S. , Watson J. E. M.
Published: December 2020

Many global environmental agendas, including halting biodiversity loss, reversing land degradation, and limiting climate change, depend upon retaining forests with high ecological integrity, yet the scale and degree of forest modification remain poorly quantified and mapped. By integrating data on observed and inferred human pressures and an index of lost connectivity, we generate a globally consistent, continuous index of forest condition as determined by the degree of anthropogenic modification. Globally, only 17.4 million km2 of forest (40.5%) has high landscape-level integrity (mostly found in Canada, Russia, the Amazon, Central Africa, and New Guinea) and only 27% of this area is found in nationally designated protected areas. Of the forest inside protected areas, only 56% has high landscape-level integrity. Ambitious policies that prioritize the retention of forest integrity, especially in the most intact areas, are now urgently needed alongside current efforts aimed at halting deforestation and restoring the integrity of forests globally.
Predicting materials properties without crystal structure: deep representation learning from stoichiometry
Authors: Goodall Rhys E. A. , Lee Alpha A.
Published: December 2020

Machine learning has the potential to accelerate materials discovery by accurately predicting materials properties at a low computational cost. However, the model inputs remain a key stumbling block. Current methods typically use descriptors constructed from knowledge of either the full crystal structure — therefore only applicable to materials with already characterised structures — or structure-agnostic fixed-length representations hand-engineered from the stoichiometry. We develop a machine learning approach that takes only the stoichiometry as input and automatically learns appropriate and systematically improvable descriptors from data. Our key insight is to treat the stoichiometric formula as a dense weighted graph between elements. Compared to the state of the art for structure-agnostic methods, our approach achieves lower errors with less data.
Sis1 potentiates the stress response to protein aggregation and elevated temperature
Authors: Klaips Courtney L. , Gropp Michael H. M. , Hipp Mark S. , Hartl F. Ulrich
Published: December 2020

Cells adapt to conditions that compromise protein conformational stability by activating various stress response pathways, but the mechanisms used in sensing misfolded proteins remain unclear. Moreover, aggregates of disease proteins often fail to induce a productive stress response. Here, using a yeast model of polyQ protein aggregation, we identified Sis1, an essential Hsp40 co-chaperone of Hsp70, as a critical sensor of proteotoxic stress. At elevated levels, Sis1 prevented the formation of dense polyQ inclusions and directed soluble polyQ oligomers towards the formation of permeable condensates. Hsp70 accumulated in a liquid-like state within this polyQ meshwork, resulting in a potent activation of the HSF1 dependent stress response. Sis1, and the homologous DnaJB6 in mammalian cells, also regulated the magnitude of the cellular heat stress response, suggesting a general role in sensing protein misfolding. Sis1/DnaJB6 functions as a limiting regulator to enable a dynamic stress response and avoid hypersensitivity to environmental changes.
Immune suppressive landscape in the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment
Authors: Zheng Yingxia , Chen Zheyi , Han Yichao , Han Li , Zou Xin , Zhou Bingqian , Hu Rui , Hao Jie , Bai Shihao , Xiao Haibo , Li Wei Vivian , Bueker Alex , Ma Yanhui , Xie Guohua , Yang Junyao , Chen Shiyu , Li Hecheng , Cao Jian , Shen Lisong
Published: December 2020

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, and it relies heavily on the comprehensive understanding of the immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we obtain a detailed immune cell atlas of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) at single-cell resolution. Exhausted T and NK cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), alternatively activated macrophages and tolerogenic dendritic cells are dominant in the TME. Transcriptional profiling coupled with T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing reveal lineage connections in T cell populations. CD8 T cells show continuous progression from pre-exhausted to exhausted T cells. While exhausted CD4, CD8 T and NK cells are major proliferative cell components in the TME, the crosstalk between macrophages and Tregs contributes to potential immunosuppression in the TME. Our results indicate several immunosuppressive mechanisms that may be simultaneously responsible for the failure of immuno-surveillance. Specific targeting of these immunosuppressive pathways may reactivate anti-tumor immune responses in ESCC.
Nuclear numbers in syncytial muscle fibers promote size but limit the development of larger myonuclear domains
Authors: Cramer Alyssa A. W. , Prasad Vikram , Eftestøl Einar , Song Taejeong , Hansson Kenth-Arne , Dugdale Hannah F. , Sadayappan Sakthivel , Ochala Julien , Gundersen Kristian , Millay Douglas P.
Published: December 2020

Mammalian cells exhibit remarkable diversity in cell size, but the factors that regulate establishment and maintenance of these sizes remain poorly understood. This is especially true for skeletal muscle, comprised of syncytial myofibers that each accrue hundreds of nuclei during development. Here, we directly explore the assumed causal relationship between multinucleation and establishment of normal size through titration of myonuclear numbers during mouse neonatal development. Three independent mouse models, where myonuclear numbers were reduced by 75, 55, or 25%, led to the discovery that myonuclei possess a reserve capacity to support larger functional cytoplasmic volumes in developing myofibers. Surprisingly, the results revealed an inverse relationship between nuclei numbers and reserve capacity. We propose that as myonuclear numbers increase, the range of transcriptional return on a per nuclear basis in myofibers diminishes, which accounts for both the absolute reliance developing myofibers have on nuclear accrual to establish size, and the limits of adaptability in adult skeletal muscle.
Patient and public perspectives on cell and gene therapies: a systematic review
Authors: Aiyegbusi Olalekan Lee , Macpherson Karen , Elston Lauren , Myles Susan , Washington Jennifer , Sungum Nisha , Briggs Mark , Newsome Philip N. , Calvert Melanie J.
Published: December 2020

Cell and gene therapies offer opportunities for treating disease with potential to restore function, and cure disease. However, they are not without risk and pose complex logistical, economic, ethical and social challenges for health systems. Here we report our systematic review of the current evidence on patient and public knowledge and perspectives of cell and gene therapies, to inform future research, education and awareness raising activities. We screened 10,735 titles and abstracts, and evaluated the full texts of 151 publications. The final selection was 35 publications. Four themes were generated from the narrative synthesis of the study findings namely: (1) Knowledge and understanding of cell and gene therapies, (2) Acceptance of cell and gene therapies (3) Understanding of risk and benefits of therapy, and (4) Information needs and current sources of information. As potential funders or future recipients, it is important that the public and patients are aware of these therapies, understand the issues involved, and can contribute to the debate. This review highlights the need for appropriate patient and public education on the various aspects of cell and gene therapies. High quality studies exploring patient and public opinions and experiences of cell and gene therapy are required. Patient and public perceptions of these therapies, alongside evidence of clinical and cost-effectiveness, will be central to their uptake and use.
Programmed spatial organization of biomacromolecules into discrete, coacervate-based protocells
Authors: Altenburg Wiggert J. , Yewdall N. Amy , Vervoort Daan F. M. , van Stevendaal Marleen H. M. E. , Mason Alexander F. , van Hest Jan C. M.
Published: December 2020

The cell cytosol is crowded with high concentrations of many different biomacromolecules, which is difficult to mimic in bottom-up synthetic cell research and limits the functionality of existing protocellular platforms. There is thus a clear need for a general, biocompatible, and accessible tool to more accurately emulate this environment. Herein, we describe the development of a discrete, membrane-bound coacervate-based protocellular platform that utilizes the well-known binding motif between Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid and His-tagged proteins to exercise a high level of control over the loading of biologically relevant macromolecules. This platform can accrete proteins in a controlled, efficient, and benign manner, culminating in the enhancement of an encapsulated two-enzyme cascade and protease-mediated cargo secretion, highlighting the potency of this methodology. This versatile approach for programmed spatial organization of biologically relevant proteins expands the protocellular toolbox, and paves the way for the development of the next generation of complex yet well-regulated synthetic cells.
Universal scaling laws of collective human flow patterns in urban regions
Authors: Shida Yohei , Takayasu Hideki , Havlin Shlomo , Takayasu Misako
Published: December 2020

Detail observation of human locations became available recently by the development of information technology such as mobile phones with GPS (Global Positioning System). We analyzed temporal changes of global human flow patterns in urban regions based on mobile phones’ GPS data in 9 large cities in Japan. By applying a new concept of drainage basins in analogous to river flow patterns, we discovered several universal scaling relations. These include, the number of moving people in a drainage basin of diameter L is proportional to $$L^3$$

L
3

in the morning rush hour, which is surprisingly different from reasonable intuition of proportionality to the 2 dimensional area, $$L^2$$

L
2

. We show that this unexpected 3 dimensional feature is related to the strong attraction of the city center to become a 3 dimensional structure due skyscrapers.
FE vibration analyses of novel conforming meta-structures and standard lattices for simple bricks and a topology-optimized aerodynamic bracket
Authors: Doehring Todd , Nelson William , Harris Thomas , Freed Alan
Published: December 2020

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables production of components that are not possible to make using traditional methods. In particular, lattice-type structures are of recent interest due to their potential for high strength-to-weight ratios and other desirable properties. However, standard periodic lattice structures have problems conforming to complex curved and multi-connected shapes (e.g. holes or sharp-to-smooth mating edges). In addition, standard lattices have well known shear and fatigue weaknesses due to their periodic basis/structure. To address these problems, we developed a new type of shape-conforming meta-structure (HGon) that extends lattices, enabling automated conforming to complex shapes and parametric meta-topology control. HGons also have unique vibration dampening and optimization capabilities. This study presents initial FE analyses of (Part 1) dynamic vibration responses of new HGon meta-structures compared with periodic lattices of equivalent density for a series of basic rectangular structures and (Part 2) a complex multi-connected aerodynamic bracket with field-based stress meta-topology optimization. Results show significantly enhanced vibration dampening behavior and superior strength-to-weight ratios for HGon meta-structures as compared to standard lattices.
Author Correction: Mir-21 Mediates the Inhibitory Effect of Ang (1–7) on AngII-induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Targeting Spry1 in lung fibroblasts
Authors: Sun Na-Na , Yu Chang- Hui , Pan Miao-Xia , Zhang Yue , Zheng Bo-Jun , Yang Qian- Jie , Zheng Ze -Mao , Meng Ying
Published: December 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
An animal model study on the gene expression profile of meniscal degeneration
Authors: Fang Yehan , Huang Hui , Zhou Gang , Wang Qinghua , Gao Feng , Li Chunbao , Liu Yujie , Lin Jianping
Published: December 2020

Meniscal degeneration is a very common condition in elderly individuals, but the underlying mechanisms of its occurrence are not completely clear. This study examines the molecular mechanisms of meniscal degeneration. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the right rear limbs of seven Wuzhishan mini-pigs were resected (meniscal degeneration group), and the left rear legs were sham-operated (control group). After 6 months, samples were taken for gene chip analysis, including differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, gene ontology (GO) analysis, clustering analysis, and pathway analysis. The selected 12 DEGs were validated by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The two groups showed specific and highly clustered DEGs. A total of 893 DEGs were found, in which 537 are upregulated, and 356 are downregulated. The GO analysis showed that the significantly affected biological processes include nitric oxide metabolic process, male sex differentiation, and mesenchymal morphogenesis, the significantly affected cellular components include the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and the significantly affected molecular functions include transition metal ion binding and iron ion binding. The pathway analysis showed that the significantly affected pathways include type II diabetes mellitus, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, and AMPK signaling pathway. The results of RT-PCR indicate that the microarray data accurately reflects the gene expression patterns. These findings indicate that several molecular mechanisms are involved in the development of meniscal degeneration, thus improving our understanding of meniscal degeneration and provide molecular therapeutic targets in the future.
Changes in diaphragmatic excursion and lung compliance during gynaecologic surgery: open laparotomy versus laparoscopy—a prospective observational study
Authors: Kim Kyungmi , Kim Kyoung-Sun , Jeon A. Rom , Park Jong-Yeon , Choi Woo-Jong
Published: December 2020

This study compared the effects of open versus laparoscopic radical hysterectomy on intraoperative diaphragmatic excursion and lung compliance. We enrolled 20 women per group; Group O’s members underwent open radical hysterectomy, while Group L’s members underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy. Diaphragmatic excursion was measured by assessing tidal ventilation using M-mode ultrasonography before intubation (T0), after intubation with mechanical ventilation (T1), 90 min after incision (T2), and at the end of the operation with recovery of muscle relaxation (T3). Peak inspiratory pressure and static lung compliance were measured using an anaesthesia machine combined with a ventilator. Diaphragmatic excursion was significantly lower in Group L than in Group O at T2 (5.3 ± 1.7 mm vs. 7.7 ± 2.0 mm, P < 0.001) and T3 (8.4 ± 1.9 vs. 10.4 ± 2.4, P = 0.011). Impaired diaphragmatic excursion at T3 (< 10 mm under mechanical ventilation) occurred in 15 patients (83.3%) in Group L and seven (38.9%) in Group O (P = 0.006). Changes over time in peak inspiratory pressure and static lung compliance differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.001 each). Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy decreased diaphragmatic excursion and static lung compliance significantly more than open radical hysterectomy.

Korean clinical trial number: Korean Clinical Trials Registry (KCT0004477) (Date of registration: November 18 2019) (https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/search_result_st01_en.jsp?seq=14963<ype=&rtype=).
Effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment on TB incidence among HIV infected children and their clinical profile, retrospective cohort study, South West Ethiopia
Authors: Tiruneh Firew , Deyas Yared
Published: December 2020

Globally, 1.8 million HIV infected children live with HIV; nearly 53% of them were receiving HIV treatment. People who are infected with HIV are 18 times more likely to develop active TB. Despite antiretroviral treatment has shown marked reduction in TB incidence, TB continues to occur in Sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia among HIV infected people. The effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment is quite successful in developed countries. However, in developing country TB/HIV co-infection remains perplexing among children on the treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ART on the incidence of TB among Children infected with HIV in Southwest Ethiopia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on randomly selected 800 samples from ART clinic between 2009 and 2014. We used chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney U test to compare HAART naïve and HAART cohort. We used marginal structural models to estimate the effect of HAART on survival while accounting for time-dependent confounders affected by exposure. A total of 800 children were followed for 2942.99 child-years. The children were observed for a median of 51 months with IQR 31 and for a total of 2942.99 child-years. From 506 OIs that occurred, the most common reported OIs were Pneumonia (22%) and TB (23.6%). The overall TB incidence rate was 7.917 per 100 child years (95% CI, 6.933–9.002). Whereas among HAART (7.667 per 100-years (95% CI, 6.318–9.217) and 8.1686 per 100 person-years (95% CI 6.772–9.767) for HAART naïve. The mortality hazard ratio comparing HAART with no HAART from a marginal structural model was 0.642 (95% CI 0.442–0.931, p < 0.02). HAART reduced the hazard of TB in HIV-infected children by 36%. This is by far less than expected.
Author Correction: Violet LED light enhances the recruitment of a thrip predator in open fields
Authors: Ogino Takumi , Uehara Takuya , Muraji Masahiko , Yamaguchi Terumi , Ichihashi Takahisa , Suzuki Takahiro , Kainoh Yooichi , Shimoda Masami
Published: December 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Radiosurgery for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations in the pre-ARUBA era: long-term obliteration rate, risk of hemorrhage and functional outcomes
Authors: Peciu-Florianu Iulia , Leroy Henri-Arthur , Drumez Elodie , Dumot Chloé , Aboukaïs Rabih , Touzet Gustavo , Leclerc Xavier , Blond Serge , Lejeune Jean-Paul , Reyns Nicolas
Published: December 2020

The management of non-hemorrhagic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains a subject of debate, even more since the ARUBA trial. Here, we report the obliteration rate, the risk of hemorrhage and the functional outcomes after Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) as first-line treatment for non-hemorrhagic AVMs treated before the ARUBA publication, in a reference university center with multimodal AVM treatments available. We retrospectively analyzed data from a continuous series of 172 patients harboring unruptured AVMs treated by GKRS as first-line treatment in our Lille University Hospital, France, between April 2004 and December 2013. The primary outcome was obliteration rate. Secondary outcomes were the hemorrhage rate, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), morbidity and epilepsy control at last follow-up. The minimal follow-up period was of 3 years. Median age at presentation was 40 years (IQR 28; 51). Median follow-up was 8.8 years (IQR 6.8; 11.3). Median target volume was 1.9 cm3 (IQR 0.8–3.3 cm3), median Spetzler-Martin grade: 2 (IQR 1–2), median Pollock-Flickinger score: 1.07 (IQR 0.82–2.94), median Virginia score: 1 (IQR 1–2). Median treatment dose was 24 Gy at 50% isodose line. Twenty-three patients underwent a second GKRS after a median time of 58 months after first GKRS. The overall obliteration rate was of 76%, based primarily on cerebral angiography and/or rarely only upon MRI. Hemorrhage during the post-treatment follow-up was reported in 18 (10%) patients (annual risk of 1.1%). Transient post-GKRS morbidity was reported in 14 cases (8%) and persistent neurological deficit in 8 (4.6%) of patients. At last follow-up, 86% of patients had a mRS ≤ 1. Concerning patients with pretherapeutic epilepsy, 84.6% of them were seizure-free at last follow-up. GKRS as first-line therapeutic option for unruptured cerebral AVMs achieves high obliteration rates (76%) while maintaining a high-level patient’s autonomy. All hemorrhagic events occurred during the first 4 years after the initial GKRS. In cases with epilepsy, there was 84.6% seizure free at last follow-up. Permanent morbidity was reported in only 4.6%.
Implementation of the asparaginase activity assessment technique for clinical use: experience of a Brazilian Center
Authors: Cecconello Daiane Keller , Rechenmacher Ciliana , Werlang Isabel , Zenatti Priscila Pini , Yunes Jose Andres , Alegretti Ana Paula , Lanvers-Kaminsky Claudia , Daudt Liane Esteves , Michalowski Mariana Bohns
Published: December 2020

Acute lymphoid leukemia is a childhood cancer that in high-income countries has event-free survival rates of 80% and global survival rates of 90%. In Brazil these rates are under 70%. This difference may be due to the implementation of supportive care, including the assessment of asparaginase (ASNase) activity. ASNase may cause hypersensitivity reactions and silent drug inactivation. For this reason, ASNase activity monitoring is an essential tool to ensure an effective treatment. Our aim was to implement an ASNase activity measurement technique at a hospital setting. samples from children who were given Escherichia coli-derived ASNase were collected. The results of the analyses conducted in our laboratory Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre were compared to those of two institutions: Centro Infantil Boldrini and University of Munster. 262 samples were assessed. The results of the first analyses were compared with those obtained at Centro Infantil Boldrini and showed an ICC of 0.954. Thirty samples were sent to the University of Munster and presented an ICC was 0.960. Our results, when compared to those of national and international centers, showed an excellent agreement. The study was able to implement an ASNase activity test to monitor the treatment.
Ethanol affects behavior and HPA axis activity during development in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Du Wenxiao , Chen Xiaoli , Shi Min , Bian Fuhua , Zhao Zhenjun
Published: December 2020

Recent studies have shown that long-term alcohol intake from food can lead to numerous mental disorders in humans, and the social and health effects of excessive intake of alcohol currently represent serious problems for governments and families worldwide. However, to date, it has not been determined how alcohol affects the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The zebrafish offers a good model for studying the toxicology of food-grade ethanol. In the present study, using zebrafish larvae exposed to 1% ethanol, we performed zebrafish behavioral analysis. Samples were collected for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments, and statistical analysis was performed. We found that ethanol decreased the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae, which showed a more intense reaction to external stimuli. Ethanol also increased the level of HPA axis hormones in zebrafish larvae, influenced the level of neurotransmitters, and altered the expression of key genes in neurotransmitter metabolism. Ethanol exposure affects zebrafish behavior, increases the level of HPA axis hormones in zebrafish larvae, affects the level of neurotransmitters, and affects the expression of key genes in dopamine and serotonin metabolism. These findings may help to elucidate the effects of ethanol on HPA axis activity.
Noninvasive ventilation with a helmet in patients with acute respiratory failure caused by chest trauma: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Liu Qi , Shan Mengtian , Zhu Hailong , Cao Jianliang , Chen Rongchang
Published: December 2020

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is beneficial in acute respiratory failure (ARF) caused by chest trauma; however, NIV-related complications affect the efficacy. We evaluated whether NIV with helmet decreases the incidence of complications and improves its effects in a single center. Patients with ARF after chest trauma were randomized to receive NIV with helmet or face mask. The primary outcome was the rate of NIV-related complications. Secondary outcomes were PaO2/FiO2, patient’s tolerance, intubation rate, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and ICU mortality. The trial was terminated early after an interim analysis with 59 patients. The incidence of complications was lower in the helmet group [10% (3/29) vs 43% (13/30), P = 0.004], and PaO2/FiO2s were higher at 1 h and at the end of NIV (253.14 ± 64.74 mmHg vs 216.06 ± 43.86 mmHg, 277.07 ± 84.89 mmHg vs 225.81 ± 63.64 mmHg, P = 0.013 and 0.012) compared with them in face mask group. More patients reported excellent tolerance of the helmet vs face mask after 4 h of NIV [83% (24/29) vs 47% (14/30), P = 0.004] and at the end of NIV [69% (20/29) vs 30% (9/30), P = 0.03]. Differences in intubation rate, ICU stay, and mortality were non-significant (P = 0.612, 0.100, 1.000, respectively). NIV with helmet decreased NIV-related complications, increased PaO2/FiO2, and improved tolerance compared with NIV with face mask in patients with chest trauma.

Trial registration: Registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900025915), a WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (http://www.chictr.org.cn/searchprojen.aspx).
Gliding performance is affected by cranial movement of abdominal organs
Authors: Yoshida Naoki , Ota Hideki , Higuchi Satoshi , Sekiguchi Yusuke , Kakihana Takaaki , Sato Haruka , Kimura Tomoyoshi , Izumi Shin-Ichi , Kohzuki Masahiro
Published: December 2020

Swimming is an extremely popular sport around the world. The streamlined body position is a crucial and foundational position for swimmers. Since the density of lungs is low, the center of buoyancy is always on the cranial side and the center of gravity is always on the caudal side. It has been reported that the greater the distance between the centers of buoyancy and gravity, the swimmer’s legs will sink more. This is disadvantageous to swimming performance. However, the way to reduce the distance between the centers of buoyancy and gravity is yet to be elucidated. Here we show that swimmers with high gliding performance exhibit different abdominal cavity shapes in the streamlined body position, which causes cranial movement of the abdominal organs. This movement can reduce the distance between the centers of buoyancy and gravity, prevent the legs from sinking, and have a positive effect on gliding performance.
Aggregation-induced emission enhancement of gold nanoclusters in metal–organic frameworks for highly sensitive fluorescent detection of bilirubin
Authors: Xia Mengfan , Sui Yucun , Guo Ying , Zhang Yaodong
Published: December 2020

The confinement effect of metal–organic frameworks enables the aggregation-induced emission enhancement of gold nanoclusters for highly sensitive detection of bilirubin.
Bayesian inference assessment of protein secondary structure analysis using circular dichroism data – how much structural information is contained in protein circular dichroism spectra?
Authors: Spencer Simon E. F. , Rodger Alison
Published: December 2020

Bayesian modelling capturing uncertainty and correlations in circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggests it is not possible to identify more than 3 distinct secondary structure classes from CD spectra above 175 nm.
In-plane anisotropic 2D Ge-based binary materials for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Yang Yusi , Liu Shun-Chang , Li Zongbao , Xue Ding-Jiang , Hu Jin-Song
Published: December 2020

In-plane anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) materials possess unique in-plane anisotropic physical properties arising from their low crystal lattice symmetry.
Single-molecule conductance of dibenzopentalenes: antiaromaticity and quantum interference
Authors: Schmidt Maximilian , Wassy Daniel , Hermann Mathias , González M. Teresa , Agräit Nicolás , Zotti Linda A. , Esser Birgit , Leary Edmund
Published: December 2020

Single molecule junctions of antiaromatic dibenzo[a,e]pentalene are studied. 5,10 connection gives high conductance, whereas 2,7 gives low conductance due to destructive quantum interference. Comparison with aromatic analogues is made.