bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mean-level change and intraindividual variability in self-esteem and depression among high-risk children
Authors: Kim Jungmeen , Cicchetti Dante
Published: January 2009

This study investigated mean-level changes and intraindividual variability of self-esteem among maltreated ( N = 142) and nonmaltreated ( N = 109) school-aged children from low-income families. Longitudinal factor analysis revealed higher temporal stability of self-esteem among maltreated children compared to nonmaltreated children. Cross-domain latent growth curve models indicated that nonmaltreated children showed higher initial levels and greater increases in self-esteem than maltreated children, and that the initial levels of self-esteem were significantly associated with depressive symptoms among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. The average level (mean of repeated measurements) of self-esteem was predictive of depression at the final occasion for both maltreated and nonmaltreated children. For nonmaltreated children intraindividual variability of self-esteem had a direct contribution to prediction of depression. The findings enhance our understanding of developmental changes in self-esteem and the role of the average level and within-person variability of self-esteem in predicting depressive symptoms among high-risk children.
Examination of the contribution of clique characteristics to children's adjustment: Clique type and perceived cohesion
Authors: Kwon Kyongboon , Lease A. Michele
Published: January 2009

In a sample of 473 4th- and 5th-grade students, we examined the interaction between the type of clique to which a child belongs and the clique's level of perceived cohesion on a clique member's social and emotional adjustment. Perceived cohesion of a clique was operationalized as the degree to which the clique was perceived as an entity and was measured by submitting peers' similarity judgments of same-gender peers to a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. Clique types were determined based on clique members' average scores on a wide range of social behaviors. Correlation analyses indicated that the degree to which children were perceived to be similar to each other was highly related to the strength of their affiliative ties, providing support for a similarity-based assessment of the perceived cohesion of a clique. It was also found that perceived cohesion moderates the link between the type of clique to which a child belongs and self-reported social and emotional adjustment outcomes.Whether it is beneficial or not to belong to a highly cohesive clique appears to depend on the type of clique to which a child belongs.
Boys' and girls' motivations for refraining from prompting friends to talk about problems
Authors: Rose Amanda J. , Swenson Lance P. , Robert Christopher
Published: January 2009

Girls' and boys' peer relationships are thought to have unique strengths and weaknesses. However, developmentalists have done a better job of identifying strengths of girls' friendships than boys' friendships. The present research was aimed at better understanding boys' friendship strengths. The study focused on the frequency with which youth ( N = 514) reported that they would prompt a friend to talk about problems. It was hypothesized that boys would be more likely than girls to refrain from prompting friends to talk about problems due to prosocial motivations (e.g., not wanting to embarrass the friend; wanting to distract the friend). However, contrary to predictions, girls' motivations were more prosocial and less selfish than were boys' motivations. Moreover, a similar relation was found for boys and girls between their likelihood of prompting a friend to talk about problems and their friends' reports of emotional connection. Implications for research aimed at uncovering boys' friendship strengths are discussed.
Differential Evaluation of Excisional Non-occluded Wound Healing in db/db Mice
Authors: Tkalčević Vanesa Ivetić , Čužić Snježana , Parnham Michael J. , Pašalić Ivanka , Brajša Karmen
Published: January 2009

The full-thickness wound in the genetically diabetic (db/db) mouse is a commonly used model of impaired wound healing. We investigated delayed healing of non-occluded, excisional, full-thickness, dermal wounds in db/db mice in comparison to their normal littermate controls and refined methods for monitoring skin wound re-epithelialization, contraction, granulation tissue formation, and inflammation. We have confirmed with a computer-assisted planimetry method the results of previous studies showing that healing of non-occluded full excision wounds in db/db mice does not occur by contraction as much as in healthy mice. In addition, we have developed separate histological methods for the assessment of re-epithelialization, contraction, granulation tissue (mature, immature, fibrosis), and inflammation (lipogranulomas, secondary, nonspecific). Using a new approach to histological assessment, we have shown that wound closure in db/db mice is delayed owing to: (1) delayed granulation tissue maturation; (2) ‘‘laced,’’ widely distributed granulation tissue around fat lobules; and (3) obstruction by lipogranulomas, whereas the rate of re-epithelialization seems to be the same as in C57Bl/6 mice. This methodology should permit a more precise differentiation of effects of novel therapeutic agents on the wound healing process in db/db mice.
Anchorages Effects on CFRP-to-concrete Bond Strength
Authors: Anil Özgür , Belgin Çağåtay M.
Published: January 2009

In this study, the effect of the number of applied anchorages, arrangement, and types of anchorage on stress distribution between the CFRP strip and the concrete surface were studied. Two different anchoraging arrangements with two types of anchorage and three different numbers of anchorages are tested on 12 test specimens by keeping the concrete compressive strength and the CFRP strip bond length constant. In addition, two test specimens without any anchorages, totalling 14 specimens, were tested. It is observed that the anchorages had an impact on the stress distribution of the CFRP strips and increased the strength and the stiffness of the specimens. The specimens did not fail by peeling of the CFRP strips, instead they were ruptured at the point where the anchorages were situated.
Teaching Massage to Nursing Students of Geriatrics Through Active Learning
Authors: Adler Patricia A.
Published: January 2009

The use of massage in nursing practice has declined through the years in favor of high-tech interventions. This article describes a project using active learning to teach nursing students massage with dementia residents in assisted living. Students participated in a workshop to practice basic relaxation massage techniques with the guidance of their clinical instructor and then provided massages to resident volunteers. Afterward, students discussed their experience and completed a resident assessment form. The students requested more such activities, and the residents and facility management invited the students to return for another session. The instructor observed growth in the students' assessment skills and in their confidence. Use of massage to teach nursing students how to care for and relate to older adults with cognitive impairment is recommended. Further research is needed on the use of massage as an active learning method for nursing students in long-term care.
Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle Changes During Hydration and Prognosis in Advanced Cancer
Authors: Davis Mellar P. , Yavuzsen Tugba , Khoshknabi Dilara , Kirkova Jordanka , Walsh Declan , Lasheen Wael , Lagman Ruth , Karafa Matthew T.
Published: January 2009

Introduction. We wished to determine bioelectrical impedance (BIA) correlates before hydration or changes during hydration and determine if these changes were prognostically important.

Methods and Materials. Fifty eligible patients underwent BIA measurements 3 consecutive days. Laboratory studies (electrolytes, creatinine, and hemoglobin) on day 1; weights and vital signs were recorded. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were made at 30 and 60 days. Hazard ratios (HRs) based on Cox proportional hazards model were calculated.

Results. Weight loss was associated with shorter survival. A higher phase angle (PA) on day 1 predicted longer survival. Increased PA during hydration predicted shorter survival: increased weight during hydration predicted longer survival.

Discussion. Higher phase angle before hydration predicts poorer survival and, paradoxically, an increase in phase angle during hydration predicted poorer survival and preexisting intracellular dehydration, cachexia, or poor membrane function. Conclusions. Phase angle and weight during hydration predict survival in cancer.
Prospective Evaluation of Transition to Specialized Home Palliative Care in Japan
Authors: Kusajima Etsuko , Kawa Masako , Miyashita Mitsunori , Kazuma Keiko , Okabe Takeshi
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study was to clarify patients' characteristics and the level of symptom management in the transition to specialized home palliative care, and to examine prospectively real-time evaluation of both terminal cancer patients and their families. This study was conducted at one of the largest institutions offering specialized home palliative care in Japan. We asked both the patient's and the family's health status at the initial assessment and 2 weeks later. One hundred sets of patients and their families were included in this study. Regarding patient characteristics at the time of referral to the specialized home palliative care service, patients referred from outpatient settings had more severe physical symptoms than patients referred from inpatient settings. The specialized home palliative care service could contribute to patients' symptom and families' psychosocial status.
Respiratory Support in Oncology Ward Setting: A Prospective Descriptive Study
Authors: Mishra Seema , Bhatnagar Sushma , Gupta Deepak , Gaurav Nirvani Goyal  , Agrawal Ravi , Jain Roopesh , Chauhan Himanshu
Published: January 2009

Background. Mechanical ventilation in cancer patients is a critical issue The present prospective descriptive study was designed (1) to assess the patient population needing respirator support in ward setting at a premier state-run oncology institute in India, (2) to observe and analyze the course of their disease while on respirator, and (3) to coordinate better quality of life measures in cancer patients at the institute based on the present study's outcomes.

Methods. Beginning from March 2005 to March 2006, all cancer patients who were connected to respirator in the wards were enrolled in the current study. Our anesthesiology department at the cancer institute also has primary responsibility for airway management and mechanical ventilation in high dependency units of oncology wards. Preventilation variables in cancer patients were assessed to judge the futility of mechanical ventilation in ward setting. Subsequently, patients were observed for disease course while on respirator. Final outcome with its etio-pathogenesis was correlated with predicted futility of mechanical ventilation.

Results. Over a period of 1 year, 132 (46 men and 86 women) cancer patients with median age 40 years (range 1-75 years) were connected to respirator in oncology wards. Based on the preventilation variables and indications for respirator support, right prediction of medical futility and hospital discharge was made in 77% of patients. Underestimation and overestimation of survival to hospital discharge was made in 10% cases and 13% cases, respectively.

Conclusion. Based on preventilation variables, prediction of outcome in cancer patients needing respirator support can be made in 77% cases. This high probability of prediction can be used to educate patients, and their families and primary physicians, for well-informed and documented advance directives, formulated and regularly revised DNAR policies, and judicious use of respirator support for better quality-of-life outcomes.
The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Ischemia and Ischemic Tolerance
Authors: Meller Robert
Published: January 2009

Ubiquitin modification targets a protein for rapid degradation by the proteasome. However, polyubiquitination of proteins can result in multiple functions depending on the topology of the ubiquitin chain. Therefore, ubiquitin signaling offers a more complex and versatile biology compared with many other posttranslational modifications. One area of potential for the application of this knowledge is the field of ischemia-induced brain damage, as occurs following a stroke. The ubiquitin proteasome system may exert a dual role on neuronal outcome following ischemia. Harmful ischemia results in an overload of the ubiquitin proteasome system, and blocking the proteasome reduces brain infarction following ischemia. However, the rapid and selective degradation of proteins following brief ischemia results in endogenous protection against ischemia. Therefore, further understanding of the molecular signaling mechanisms that regulate the ubiquitin proteasome system may reveal novel therapeutic targets to reduce brain damage when ischemia is predicted or reduce the activation of the cell death mechanisms and the inflammatory response following stroke. The aim of this review is to discuss some of the recent advances in the understanding of protein ubiquitination and its implications for novel stroke therapies.
Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women
Authors: Hunnicutt Gwen
Published: January 2009

Feminist scholars have produced abundant writings on violence against women, yet theory development has stagnated. The effort to construct a theory of patriarchy to explain violence against women was derailed by criticism. In this article, the author addresses some of these criticisms, uncovers the explanatory strengths of this concept, and lays some foundations for a more fully developed theory of violence against women. The concept of patriarchy holds promise for theorizing violence against women because it keeps the theoretical focus on dominance, gender, and power. It also anchors the problem of violence against women in social conditions, rather than individual attributes.
Does a Healthy Diet Help Weight Management Among Overweight and Obese People?
Authors: Saquib Nazmus , Rock Cheryl L. , Natarajan Loki , Flatt Shirley W. , Newman Vicky A. , Thomson Cynthia A. , Caan Bette J. , Pierce John P.
Published: January 2009

A randomized dietary intervention trial across 4 years examined diet, weight, and obesity incidence (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) differences between study groups. Participants were 1,510 breast cancer survivors with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 at entry. Dietary intake was assessed yearly by telephone; weight and height were measured at clinic visits. Intervention participants consumed more fruit, vegetables, and fiber and less energy from fat than control participants during follow-up cross-sectionally ( p < .0001) and longitudinally ( p < .0001); weight did not differ between study groups at any follow-up visit, and significant weight change difference was observed between groups only in the 1st year ( p < .0001). Diet and weight results remained unchanged after stratifying by age and BMI. No difference in obesity incidence was found during follow-up ( p > .10) among overweight members of either study group. Without specific efforts to reduce total energy intake, dietary modification does not reduce obesity or result in long-term weight loss.
Disability pension is associated with the use of benzodiazepines 20 years later: A prospective study
Authors: Hartz Ingeborg , Lundesgaard Eldar , Tverdal Aage , Skurtveit Svetlana
Published: January 2009

Aim: The Norwegian government states that actions are needed to stimulate working capacity in disability pension (DP) recipients with such a potential. Identification of factors that may impair rehabilitation efforts, such as information on the start of benzodiazepines in DP recipients, may be useful in this context.Thus, the aim of the study was to describe the association between receipt of DP and later prescriptions of benzodiazepines among non-users at baseline. Methods: We followed a cohort reporting non-use of benzodiazepines, 6645 men and 6455 women aged 40—42 years who underwent health surveys in 1985—89 in two Norwegian counties, with respect to subsequent use of benzodiazepines by linkage to the Norwegian Prescription Database for 2004—2006. At baseline, 83 men and 163 women reported receiving DP. Results: In both genders, the proportion started on at least one prescription of a benzodiazepine was approximately doubled among those reporting being on a DP 20 years in the past, 21% of all men and 29% of all women, respectively. Univariate odds ratios for a benzodiazepine prescription for men and women on a DP were 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5—4.4) and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.5—2.9), respectively, as compared with those not receiving a DP. After adjustment for alcohol use, smoking habits, physical activity, socioeconomic and health variables, the odds ratios were lowered for both genders, being 2.1 (95% CI = 1.2—3.7) (men) and 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1—2.3) (women). Conclusions: For both men and women, the chance of being prescribed benzodiazepines was higher among those reporting being DP recipients 20 years in the past.
Effects of Practice, Visual Loss, Limb Amputation, and Disuse on Motor Imagery Vividness
Authors: Malouin Francine , Richards Carol L. , Durand Anne , Descent Micheline , Poiré Diane , Frémont Pierre , Pelet Stéphane , Gresset Jacques , Doyon Julien
Published: January 2009

Background. The ability to generate vivid images of movements is variable across individuals and likely influenced by sensorimotor inputs. Objectives. The authors examined (1) the vividness of motor imagery in dancers and in persons with late blindness, with amputation or an immobilization of one lower limb; (2) the effects of prosthesis use on motor imagery; and (3) the temporal characteristics of motor imagery. Methods. Eleven dancers, 10 persons with late blindness, 14 with amputation, 6 with immobilization, and 2 groups of age-matched healthy individuals (27 in control group A; 35 in control group B) participated. The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire served to assess motor imagery vividness. Temporal characteristics were assessed with mental chronometry. Results. The late blindness group and dance group displayed higher imagery scores than respective control groups. In the amputation and immobilization groups, imagery scores were lower on the affected side than the intact side and specifically for imagined foot movements. Imagery scores of the affected limb positively correlated with the time since walking with prosthesis. Movement times during imagination and execution (amputation and immobilization) were longer on the affected side than the intact side, but the temporal congruence between real and imagined movement times was similar to that in the control group. Conclusions. The mental representation of actions is highly modulated by imagery practice and motor activities. The ability to generate vivid images of movements can be specifically weakened by limb loss or disuse, but lack of movement does not affect the temporal characteristics of motor imagery.
Effect of boron and phosphorus on HAZ microfissuring of Allvac 718 Plus superalloy
Authors: Vishwakarma K. R. , Chaturvedi M. C.
Published: January 2009

Heat affected zone (HAZ) microfissuring was investigated in electron beam welds of two Allvac 718 PLUS (718 Plus) alloys with different boron and phosphorus contents. Two preweld solution heat treatments were used and microfissuring susceptibility was evaluated by measuring the HAZ crack lengths in both alloys after bead on plate welding. The segregation behaviour of boron and phosphorus was studied before and after welding by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Hot ductility behaviour of the alloys in the standard solution preweld heat treatment was also examined. The results of crack measurements, segregation studies and hot ductility tests correlated well with each other. It was observed that besides constitutional liquation of Nb rich MC type carbides, segregation of B and P largely influenced the microfissuring susceptibility of the alloy. Heat affected zone microfissuring increased with an increase in B + P concentrations and with an increase in the preweld solution heat treatment temperature. Segregation behaviour of B and P and its contribution to microfissuring in Allvac 718 Plus alloy were discussed.
Caspase-8 dependent histone acetylation by a novel proteasome inhibitor, NPI-0052: a mechanism for synergy in leukemia cells
Authors: Miller Claudia P. , Rudra Sharmistha , Keating Michael J. , Wierda William G. , Palladino Michael , Chandra Joya
Published: January 2009

Combination studies of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and proteasome inhibitors are providing preclinical framework to build better strategies against hematologic malignancies. Our previous work found that a novel proteasome inhibitor, NPI-0052, and HDACi synergistically induce apoptosis in leukemia cells in a caspase-8– and oxidant-dependent manner. Here we extend those observations to primary leukemia cells and identify novel mechanisms of synergy. Because the proximal targets of NPI-0052 and HDACi are inhibition of proteasome activity and histone acetylation, we initially examined those biochemical events. Increased acetylation of histone-H3 was detected in Jurkat and CLL primary cells treated with NPI-0052, alone or in combination with various HDACi (MS/SNDX-275 or vorinostat). Hyperacetylation by NPI-0052 occurred to a lesser extent in caspase-8–deficient cells and in cells treated with an antioxidant. These results indicate that NPI-0052 is eliciting caspase-8 and oxidative stress-dependent epigenetic alterations. In addition, real-time PCR revealed that MS/SNDX-275 repressed expression of the proteasomal β5, β2, and β1 subunits, consequently inhibiting respective enzymatic activities. Overall, our results suggest that crosstalk by NPI-0052 and HDACi are contributing, along with caspase-8 activation and oxidative stress, to their synergistic cytotoxic effects in leukemia cells, reinforcing the potential clinical utility of combining these 2 agents.
Donor T cells primed on leukemia lysate-pulsed recipient APCs mediate strong graft-versus-leukemia effects across MHC barriers in full chimeras
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Koestner Wolfgang , Hapke Martin , Schlaphoff Verena , Länger Florian , Baumann Rolf , Koenecke Christian , Cornberg Markus , Welte Karl , Blazar Bruce R. , Sauer Martin G.
Published: January 2009

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of host origin drive graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects but can also trigger life-threatening graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers. We show that in vitro priming of donor lymphocytes can circumvent the need of recipient-derived APCs in vivo for mediating robust GVL effects and significantly diminishes the risk of severe GVHD. In vitro, generated and expanded T cells (ETCs) mediate anti-leukemia effects only when primed on recipient-derived APCs. Loading of APCs in vitro with leukemia cell lysate, chimerism status of the recipient, and timing of adoptive transfer after HCT are important factors determining the outcome. Delayed transfer of ETCs resulted in strong GVL effects in leukemia-bearing full chimera (FC) and mixed chimera (MC) recipients, which were comparable with the GVL/GVHD rates observed after the transfer of naive donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). Upon early transfer, GVL effects were more pronounced with ETCs but at the expense of significant GVHD. The degree of GVHD was most severe in MCs after transfer of ETCs that had been in vitro primed either on nonpulsed recipient-derived APCs or with donor-derived APCs.
A re-examination of radioimmunotherapy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: prospects for dual-targeted antibody/radioantibody therapy
Authors: Sharkey Robert M. , Press Oliver W. , Goldenberg David M.
Published: January 2009

Antibody-based therapies, both unconjugated antibodies and radioimmunotherapy, have had a significant impact on the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Single-agent rituximab is an effective therapy, but it is being increasingly used with combination chemotherapy to improve the objective response and its duration. The approved anti-CD20 radioimmunoconjugates (90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan or 131I-tositumomab) have had encouraging results, with trials now seeking to incorporate a radioimmunoconjugate in various settings. However, new preclinical data raise important questions concerning current radioimmunoconjugate treatment regimens and ways to improve them. In radioconjugate therapy, nearly 900 mg of the unlabeled anti-CD20 IgG antibody is predosed to the patient before the anti-CD20 antibody conjugated to either 90Y or 131I is given. Combining an unconjugated anti-CD20 antibody therapy with a radioimmunoconjugate binding to a noncompeting antigen might improve responses by allowing optimal uptake of each agent. Preclinical models have indicated that careful consideration should be given to predosing when using competing antibodies, but that consolidation anti-CD20 therapy enhances the efficacy of radioimmunoconjugate therapy. New technologies, such as pretargeted radioimmunotherapy, also hold promise by reducing toxicity without sacrificing efficacy, and consideration should be given to fractionating or giving multiple radioimmunoconjugate treatments. This perspective discusses how these issues could affect current and future clinical trials.
Risk of plasma cell and lymphoproliferative disorders among 14621 first-degree relatives of 4458 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in Sweden
Authors: Landgren Ola , Kristinsson Sigurdur Y. , Goldin Lynn R. , Caporaso Neil E. , Blimark Cecilie , Mellqvist Ulf-Henrik , Wahlin Anders , Bjorkholm Magnus , Turesson Ingemar
Published: January 2009

Familial clustering of the precursor condition, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) has been observed in case reports and in smaller studies. Using population-based data from Sweden, we identified 4458 MGUS patients, 17505 population-based controls, and first-degree relatives of patients (n = 14621) and controls (n = 58387) with the aim to assess risk of MGUS and lymphoproliferative malignancies among first-degree relatives of MGUS patients. Compared with relatives of controls, relatives of MGUS patients had increased risk of MGUS (relative risk [RR] = 2.8; 1.4-5.6), multiple myeloma (MM; RR = 2.9; 1.9-4.3), lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia (LPL/WM; RR = 4.0; 1.5-11), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL; RR = 2.0; 1.2-2.3). Relatives of patients with IgG/IgA MGUS had a 4.0-fold (1.7-9.2), 2.9-fold (1.7-4.9), and 20-fold (2.3-170) elevated risk of developing MGUS, MM, and LPL/WM, respectively. Relatives of IgM MGUS patients had 5.0-fold (1.1-23) increased CLL risk and nonsignificant excess MM and LPL/WM risks. The results were very similar when we assessed risk by type of first-degree relative, age at MGUS (above/below 65 years), or sex. Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin lymphoma was not increased among MGUS relatives. Among first-degree relatives of a nationwide MGUS cohort, we found elevated risks of MGUS, MM, LPL/WM, and CLL, supporting a role for germline susceptibility genes, shared environmental influences, or an interaction between both.
Surface proteins that promote adherence of Staphylococcus aureusto human desquamated nasal epithelial cells
Authors: Corrigan Rebecca M , Miajlovic Helen , Foster Timothy J
Published: January 2009

Background

The natural habitat of Staphylococcus aureus is the moist squamous epithelium in the anterior nares. About 20% of the human population carry S. aureus permanently in their noses and another 60% of individuals are intermittent carriers. The ability of S. aureus to colonize the nasal epithelium is in part due to expression of surface proteins clumping factor B (ClfB) and the iron-regulated surface determinant A (IsdA), which promote adhesion to desquamated epithelial cells present in the anterior part of the nasal vestibule. S. aureus strain Newman defective in IsdA and ClfB exhibited reduced but not completely defective adherence to squamous cells in indicating that other cell surface components might also contribute.

Results

Surface proteins IsdA, ClfB, and the serine-aspartic acid repeat proteins SdrC, SdrD and SdrE were investigated to determine their contribution to the adherence of S. aureus to desquamated nasal epithelial cells. This was achieved by expression of ClfB, IsdA, SdrC, SdrD and SdrE on the surface of the surrogate Gram-positive host Lactococcus lactis and by isolating mutants of S. aureus Newman defective in one or more factor. The level of adherence of strains to squamous cells isolated from the nares of volunteers was measured. Results consistently showed that ClfB, IsdA, SdrC and SdrD each contributed to the ability of S. aureus to adhere to squamous cells. A mutant lacking all four proteins was completely defective in adherence.

Conclusion

The ability of S. aureus Newman to adhere to desquamated nasal epithelial cells is multifactorial and involves SdrD and SdrC as well as ClfB and IsdA.
A survey of pediatricians' attitudes regarding influenza immunization in children
Authors: Levy Daniel J , Ambrose Christopher S , Oleka Napoleon , Lewin Edward B
Published: January 2009

Background

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices advocates that influenza immunization is the most effective method for prevention of illness due to influenza. Recommendations for vaccination of children against influenza have been revised several times since 2002, and as of 2008 include all children 6 months to 18 years of age. Nevertheless, influenza immunization rates have remained low.

Methods

We surveyed practicing pediatricians in Maryland in the spring of 2007 to determine their attitudes and practices toward childhood influenza immunization.

Results

The overall response to the survey was 21%. A total of 61% of respondents reported that immunization either is cost neutral or produces a loss, and 36.6% noted it was minimally profitable. Eighty-six percent of respondents were receptive to supporting school-based immunization programs, and 61% indicated that they would participate in such programs. Respondents reported higher rates of immunization of select patient groups than those noted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Conclusion

Vaccination was reported to occur at multiple types of patient encounters, as recommended. Survey respondents stated that practice-based immunization was not a profitable service. Pediatricians were supportive of school-based immunization programs, and more than half stated they would be actively involved in such programs. School-based programs may be critical to achieving high vaccination coverage in the school-aged population.
A method for statistically comparing spatial distribution maps
Authors: Levine Rebecca S , Yorita Krista L , Walsh Matthew C , Reynolds Mary G
Published: January 2009

Background

Ecological niche modeling is a method for estimation of species distributions based on certain ecological parameters. Thus far, empirical determination of significant differences between independently generated distribution maps for a single species (maps which are created through equivalent processes, but with different ecological input parameters), has been challenging.

Results

We describe a method for comparing model outcomes, which allows a statistical evaluation of whether the strength of prediction and breadth of predicted areas is measurably different between projected distributions. To create ecological niche models for statistical comparison, we utilized GARP (Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production) software to generate ecological niche models of human monkeypox in Africa. We created several models, keeping constant the case location input records for each model but varying the ecological input data. In order to assess the relative importance of each ecological parameter included in the development of the individual predicted distributions, we performed pixel-to-pixel comparisons between model outcomes and calculated the mean difference in pixel scores. We used a two sample Student's t-test, (assuming as null hypothesis that both maps were identical to each other regardless of which input parameters were used) to examine whether the mean difference in corresponding pixel scores from one map to another was greater than would be expected by chance alone. We also utilized weighted kappa statistics, frequency distributions, and percent difference to look at the disparities in pixel scores. Multiple independent statistical tests indicated precipitation as the single most important independent ecological parameter in the niche model for human monkeypox disease.

Conclusion

In addition to improving our understanding of the natural factors influencing the distribution of human monkeypox disease, such pixel-to-pixel comparison tests afford users the ability to empirically distinguish the significance of each of the diverse environmental parameters included in the modeling process. This method will be particularly useful in situations where the outcomes (maps) appear similar upon visual inspection (as are generated with other modeling programs such as MAXENT), as it allows an investigator the capacity to explore subtle differences among ecological parameters and to demonstrate the individual importance of these factors within an overall model.
Percutaneous retrieval of a biliary stent after migration and ileal perforation
Authors: Culnan Derek M , Cicuto Bryan J , Singh Harjit , Cherry Robert A
Published: January 2009

We present a case of a migrated biliary stent that resulted in a distal small bowel perforation, abscess formation and high grade partial small bowel obstruction in a medically stable patient without signs of sepsis or diffuse peritonitis. We performed a percutaneous drainage of the abscess followed by percutaneous retrieval of the stent. The entero-peritoneal fistula closed spontaneously with a drain in place. We conclude, migrated biliary stents associated with perforation distal to the Ligament of Trietz (LOT), may be treated by percutaneous drainage of the abscess and retrieval of the stent from the peritoneal cavity, even when associated with a large intra-abdominal abscess.
Management of major bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case report
Authors: Manouras Andreas , Pararas Nikolaos , Antonakis Pantelis , Lagoudiannakis Emannuel E , Papageorgiou George , Dalianoudis Ioannis G , Konstadoulakis Manoussos M
Published: January 2009

Introduction

Bile duct injury is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Several series have described a 0.5% to 0.6% incidence of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to analyze the presentation, characteristics, related investigation, and treatment results of major bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Case presentation

A rare case of a 48-year-old Greek woman with a triple bile duct injury (right and left hepatic duct ligation and common bile duct cross-section) is presented. A Roux en Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed after repeated endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies, percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the ducts and magnetic resonance cholangiographies to delineate the biliary anatomy and assess the level of injury.

Conclusion

Early recognition and an adequate multidisciplinary approach are the cornerstones for the optimal final outcome. Suboptimal management of injuries often leads to more extensive damage to the biliary tree and its vasculature. Early referral to a tertiary care center with experienced hepatobiliary surgeons and skilled interventional radiologists would appear to be necessary to assure optimal results.
Influence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on pathfinding of dentate granule cell axons, the hippocampal mossy fibers
Authors: Tamura Makoto , Tamura Naohiro , Ikeda Takamitsu , Koyama Ryuta , Ikegaya Yuji , Matsuki Norio , Yamada Maki K
Published: January 2009

Mossy fibers, the dentate granule cell axons, are generated throughout an animal's lifetime. Mossy fiber paths and synapses are primarily restricted to the stratum lucidum within the CA3 region. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin family protein that activates Trk neurotrophin receptors, is highly expressed in the stratum lucidum in an activity-dependent manner. The addition of a Trk neurotrophin receptor inhibitor, K252a, to cultured hippocampal slices induced aberrant extension of mossy fibers into ectopic regions. BDNF overexpression in granule cells ameliorated the mossy fiber pathway abnormalities caused by a submaximal dose of K252a. A similar rescue was observed when BDNF was expressed in CA3 pyramidal cells, most notably in mossy fibers distal to the expression site. These findings are the first to clarify the role of BDNF in mossy fiber pathfinding, not as an attractant cue but as a regulator, possibly acting in a paracrine manner. This effect of BDNF may be as a signal for new fibers to fasciculate and extend further to form synapses with neurons that are far from active BDNF-expressing synapses. This mechanism would ensure the emergence of new independent dentate gyrus-CA3 circuits by the axons of new-born granule cells.
The generation and properties of human macrophage populations from hemopoietic stem cells
Authors: Way Kerrie J , Dinh Hang , Keene Martin R , White Kirby E , Clanchy Felix I L , Lusby Patricia , Roiniotis John , Cook Andrew D , Cassady A Ian , Curtis David J , Hamilton John A
Published: January 2009

Information about the development and function of human macrophage lineage populations, such as osteoclasts, is limited because of the lack of defined in vitro systems for their large-scale generation. Two M-CSF-containing cytokine cocktails were found under serum-free conditions to expand dramatically and to differentiate over time human CD34+ hemopoietic stem cells into nonadherent and adherent macrophage populations. These populations exhibited increasing degrees of maturity over a 3-week period characterized by morphology, surface marker expression (CD11b, CD86, CD64, CD14, and c-Fms), phagocytic function, and gene-expression profiling using quantitative PCR and microarray analysis (principal component analysis, k-means clustering, and gene ontology classification). As assessed by the last criterion, the adherent population obtained at 3 weeks from the one protocol tested had high similarity to the well-studied peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. The one population tested could be induced to differentiate into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, as judged by morphology, gene expression, and bone-resorbing ability. In addition to the large numbers of macrophage lineage cells able to be produced, this replicating system may be suitable for the molecular analysis of macrophage lineage commitment and progression and for gene targeting and delivery.
A Convenient LC-MS Method for Assessment of Glucose Kinetics In Vivo with d-[13C6]Glucose as a Tracer
Authors: Zhang Haoyue , Stevens Robert D , Young Sarah P , Surwit Richard , Georgiades Anastasia , Boston Raymond , Millington David S
Published: January 2009

Background: The isotope-labeled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) combined with computer modeling is widely used to derive parameters related to glucose metabolism in vivo. Most of these methods involve use of either 2H2-labeled or 13C1-labeled d-glucose as a tracer with GC-MS to measure the isotope enrichment. These methods are challenging, both technologically and economically. We have developed a novel approach that is suitable for labeled-IVGTT studies involving a large cohort of individuals.

Methods: The tracer, d-[13C6]glucose, is a low-cost alternative with the significant advantage that the sixth isotope of natural glucose has virtually zero natural abundance, which facilitates isotopomer analysis with <1% labeled glucose in the infusate. After deproteinization of plasma samples collected at various times, glucose is converted to a stable derivative, purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE), and analyzed by HPLC–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to accumulate the isotope-abundance data for the A+2, A+3, and A+6 ions of the glucose derivative. A 2-pool modeling program was used to derive standard kinetic parameters.

Results: With labeled-IVGTT data from 10 healthy male individuals, the values for insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness, and the plasma clearance rate estimated with the 2-pool minimal model compared well with values obtained via traditional methods.

Conclusions: The relative simplicity and robustness of the new method permit the preparation and analysis of up to 48 samples/day, a throughput equivalent to 2 complete IVGTT experiments, and this method is readily adaptable to existing 96 well–format purification and analytical systems.
An Empirical Relationship for Determining Shear Wave Velocity in Granular Materials Accounting for Grain Morphology
Authors: Patel A. , Bartake P. P. , Singh D. N.
Published: January 2009

It is well recognized that shear wave velocity in the soil mainly depends on its type, state of compaction, and the confining stress. However, the influence of other geometrical parameters of soil particles (such as size, shape, roundness, and sphericity) on the shear wave velocity has not received much attention of the earlier researchers. It must be noted that these parameters primarily control the delegation of the applied normal stress in the soil and hence would directly influence the magnitude of shear wave velocity in it. With this in view, investigations were conducted to determine shear wave velocity in different types of granular materials (sands, glass beads, and cenospheres) by employing bender elements. Details of the methodology adopted for this purpose are presented in this paper. Experimental data have been used to develop an empirical correlation predicting shear wave velocity in granular materials by inputting their mean grain size and shape, and the confining stress, under dry and saturated states. The utility and efficiency of these relationships has also been demonstrated.
An In Situ Test Method for Evaluating the Coupled Pore Pressure Generation and Nonlinear Shear Modulus Behavior of Liquefiable Soils
Authors: Cox Brady R. , Stokoe Kenneth H. , Rathje Ellen M.
Published: January 2009

An in situ test method for evaluating the coupled response between excess pore water pressure generation and nonlinear shear modulus behavior has been developed. This technique is an active, strain-based method that may be used to directly evaluate the liquefaction resistance of soils in place. The test is based on the premise of dynamically loading a native soil deposit in a manner similar to an earthquake while simultaneously measuring its response with push-in sensors. Dynamic loading is performed via a large, buggy-mounted hydraulic shaker (vibroseis) that is used to generate vertically propagating (downward), horizontally polarized shear waves (Svh-waves) of varying amplitude within an instrumented portion of a liquefiable soil deposit. The newly-developed, push-in sensors consist of a three-component (3D) MEMS accelerometer and a miniature pore water pressure transducer. The new test method has been used to conduct field experiments in liquefiable soil deposits approximately 3 to 4 m below the ground surface. These tests were successful at measuring: (1) excess pore water pressure generation, and (2) nonlinear shear modulus behavior in native silty-sand deposits as a function of induced cyclic shear strain and number of loading cycles. These accomplishments represent a large step forward in the ability to accurately evaluate the susceptibility of a soil deposit to earthquake-induced liquefaction. While typical test results are presented herein, this paper primarily focuses on the equipment, field testing practices, and data analysis procedures for the new test method.
Determination of Shrinkage Limit of Fine-Grained Soils by Wax Method
Authors: Prakash K. , Sridharan A. , Baba J. Ananth , Thejas H. K.
Published: January 2009

Shrinkage limit of fine-grained soils is one of the parameters that is used for predicting the volume stability of soils in the field. ASTM Standard D427-04 (2007) involves the use of mercury, a health hazardous substance. Many stringent precautionary safety and disposal measures have to be exercised before its use in the laboratory. The present technical note presents the wax method of determining the shrinkage limit of soil in the laboratory which does not require the use of mercury, and also to substantiate the method proposed by the ASTM standard. It involves the use of wax as a coating on the dry soil pat and the water displacement method for the determination of the dry volume of soil pat. The experimental results have shown that the values of shrinkage limit of soils determined by the wax method and by the mercury displacement method are within certain statistical bounds.
A Discussion of the Benefits and Problems of ASTM C 1324 for Analyzing Hardened Masonry Mortars
Authors: Powers Laura , Coleman Ann , Papas Susanne
Published: January 2009

Laboratory testing of mortars by chemical analysis and petrography is generally appropriate to determine mortar composition, and to provide a basis for the formulation of compatible repair or replacement mortars. In cases of masonry distress and failures, analysis by C 1324 alone is often less useful unless the laboratory work is guided by knowledge obtained in the field. In addition to requiring the technical skills of experienced chemists and petrographers, the application of C 1324 requires knowledge of the specifications for mortar for unit masonry and benefits from the knowledge of how mortars are prepared and installed.

The quality of the sampling for laboratory tests, the physical condition of the samples obtained, and the mortar constituents can all influence the reliability of the results obtained by the chemical analysis and the petrographic examination. We review the development of the standard, discuss related standards, and present our experience with modern mortars prepared in the field and tested in the laboratory in accordance with ASTM C 1324 to provide insight into the results and limitations of such analysis.
Evaluation of ASTM Methods to Determine Splitting Tensile Strength in Concrete, Masonry, and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Authors: Parker Cody K. , Tanner Jennifer E. , Varela Jorge L.
Published: January 2009

Tensile strength of concrete or masonry is a fundamental material characteristic used to predict crack formation. ASTM C 496 and C 1006 are specifically designed to determine the splitting tensile strength of concrete cylinders and masonry units, respectively. Finite element studies for the above tests were completed with the maximum tensile strength compared to the theoretical value in the corresponding ASTM equations. The objectives of this paper are as follows: (1) evaluate current ASTM test methods to determine splitting tensile strength using finite element analysis; (2) evaluate the splitting tensile strength of masonry assemblages through modifying an existing ASTM test; (3) evaluate the application of ASTM test methods to determine the splitting tensile strength of autoclaved aerated concrete; and (4) evaluate a proposed ASTM test to evaluate the splitting tensile strength of thin-bed mortar used in AAC construction. A case study of the splitting tensile strength of autoclaved aerated concrete is used to propose a single test method for this new material.