bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volume-pressure relationships of the thorax and lung in the newborn
Authors: Agostoni Emilio
Published: December 2017

The volume-pressure relationships of the respiratory apparatus have been studied in the dog fetus and in newborn and adult dogs. The mechanical changes produced when air first enters the lung have been described. In the newborn the lung-thorax compliance per unit vital capacity, taken over an extended range, is larger than in the adult: it is smaller, over the tidal volume range, during the first few days of life. The compliance of the thorax, particularly high at birth, decreases then progressively. The compliance of the lung after some days of life is similar to that of the adult. The relaxation volume and the functional residual capacity per total lung capacity increase significantly during growth. The lung retraction force, at relaxation volume, is smaller in the newborn than in the adult.

Submitted on June 19, 1959
Salivary glands as endocrine organs
Authors: Godlowski Z. Z. , Calandra J. C.
Published: December 2017

Total bilateral extirpation of submaxillary and sublingual glands produced in five dogs a significant increase of insulin sensitivity as measured by insulin sensitivity test. The glucose tolerance test in the same animals showed a less significant and less constant increase of the utilization of the administered glucose. Similar results were obtained in four dogs with a complete bilateral ligation of the secretory ducts, which resulted in the atrophy of the submaxillary and sublingual glands. Fourteen control experiments failed to show any significant fluctuations in insulin sensitivity or in utilization of the administered glucose. It is concluded that submaxillary and, possibly, sublingual glands are producing a factor which, if removed, potentiates the action of insulin; this factor is designated as submaxillary insulin inhibitor (S.I.I.). Submaxillary glands in dogs possess argentaffine cells in a large amount, and they are identified as the demilune formations; these cells have histochemical characteristics similar to the argentaffine cells found in the gastrointestinal tract.

Note:

(With the Technical Assistance of E. J. Kaminski)

Submitted on January 29, 1959
Replicability of measurements of density of the human body as determined by underwater weighing
Authors: Durnin J. V. G. A. , Taylor A.
Published: December 2017

Ten healthy young men were maintained for a period of 2 weeks on a diet, the calorific value of which exactly equaled their energy expenditure. During this period measurements of body density by underwater weighing were made on several occasions to determine the reproducibility. The standard error of a single observation was 0.0023 units of density. The replicability of the method seems satisfactory, since the formulas used to estimate total body fat do not justify a technique where the accuracy would be better than that obtained here.

Submitted on May 11, 1959
Effects of position on expiratory reserve volume of the lungs
Authors: Craig Albert B.
Published: December 2017

The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) reflects the resting position of the lungs and thorax and is the most variable subdivision of the lung volume. It was confirmed that the ERV decreased when the subject changed from the sitting to the supine position. When the subject's elbows were supported on the arms of the chair, the ERV increased 3.1% and a further increase was noted when the subject leaned forward in the sitting position. The maximal ERV was recorded in the hands-knee position. To explain these changes the effect of the weight of the shoulder girdle and of the abdominal contents must be considered. There may also be other effective elastic forces in the abdomen in addition to those elastic forces contributed by the lungs and thorax.

Submitted on August 31, 1959
Effect of digitalis glycosides in paroxysmal pulmonary edema
Authors: Testelli Mario R. , Musiker Seymour , Luisada Aldo A.
Published: December 2017

The action of the digitalis glycosides (acetylstrophantidin, ouabain and digitoxin) was tried before, during and after the onset of experimental pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema was produced by five different methods in 227 rabbits, 87 rats and 16 dogs. No useful effect of either rapid or slow-acting digitalis glycosides was demonstrated.

Submitted on March 2, 1959
Cerebral metabolism in problem drinkers under the influence of alcohol and chlorpromazine hydrochloride
Authors: Sutherland V. C. , Burbridge T. N. , Adams J. E. , Simon A.
Published: December 2017

Cerebral blood flow and metabolism studies by means of the nitrous oxide method of Kety and Schmidt were made in males who had been problem drinkers for an average of 11 years. Patients having psychoses, neuropathies, hepatic insufficiency and avitaminosis were excluded prior to the first of two studies per patient. The first study was on the effect of the oral administration of 1 gm/kg of alcohol alone and the second was made after treatment with chlorpromazine for 1 week, at which time the procedure with alcohol was repeated. The chronic use of alcohol produces an alteration in the metabolism of glutamic acid in the central nervous system and in the content of glutamic and lactic acids in the arterial blood. Further, chlorpromazine administration for a week affects more cerebral and peripheral changes than have been established for a single dose before as well as after alcohol ingestion. Despite a multiplicity of effects with alcohol, including a pronounced change in behavior after chlorpromazine, the values for cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption are normal.

Submitted on March 16, 1959
Dimensional responses of bronchi in apneic dogs to airway pressure, gases and drugs
Authors: Kilburn Kaye H.
Published: December 2017

To quantitate in vivo the morphological changes produced in bronchial dimensions by various stimuli, 42 sets of bronchograms were made of the right lungs of 23 anesthetized mongrel dogs. The effects of gases and drugs on bronchial length and width were estimated by comparing the bronchograms made at similar airway pressures with control bronchograms without these agents. Negative pressure, acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and 5% carbon dioxide narrow bronchial segments. Positive pressure, atropine and isoproterenol widen and, to a lesser degree, lengthen them. Theophylline ethylenediamine (aminophyllinè) lacks a consistent effect on dimensions. Modifications of these techniques in man might yield data of value in differentiating bronchial abnormalities in patients with normal inspiratory bronchograms.

Submitted on November 5, 1959
Effect of streptokinase, epinephrine and plasmin on the paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria serum hemolytic system
Authors: Auditore Joseph V.
Published: December 2017

pH-lysis curves have been constructed from data obtained from incubating the erythrocytes of five cases of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) with autologous and normal acidified sera. The effect of streptokinase, epinephrine and plasmin (bovine and human) on these pH-lysis curves has been investigated. Streptokinase, human plasmin and epinephrine had little or no effect on these pH-lysis curves when added to the acid serum-PNH red cell suspenson just prior to incubation at 37°C. A period of preliminary incubation was necessary to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of these substances on the PNH serum hemolytic system. This suggests that these reagents react with something in the serum. No inhibition could be demonstrated after preliminary incubation of PNH erythrocytes with streptokinase, plasmin and epinephrine. Small concentrations of bovine plasmin added directly to the acid serum-PNH red cell suspension enhanced the PNH hemolytic activity; high concentrations completely inactivated the PNH hemolytic system. Bovine plasmin by itself in small concentrations was not hemolytic. Thrombin failed to reactivate the PNH hemolytic mechanism of the streptokinase-, and plasmin-treated sera. The addition of thrombin restored completely the hemolytic activity of epinephrine-treated sera.

Submitted on June 22, 1959
Velocity of muscle shortening as a limiting factor in respiratory air flow
Authors: Agostoni Emilio , Fenn W. O.
Published: December 2017

The pressure volume relationship of the respiratory apparatus during maximum inspiration and expiration, made as quickly as possible through different resistances, has been determined. The time course of the alveolar pressure during such events has been described. The maximum work done by the respiratory muscles increases as the resistance increases and as the speed of muscle shortening decreases. The relationship between maximum work and mean velocity or, at a given volume, between alveolar pressure and instantaneous flow is nearly linear. The discrepancy between the relationship found and the hyperbolic one described by the characteristic equation of the muscles is ascribed to the geometrical and anatomical complexities of the respiratory apparatus. The results, however, show that the air flow is limited by the rate with which the muscles are able to mobilize chemical potential energy for the performance of work.

Submitted on December 10, 1959
Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on mixed venous CO2 tension in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Cain Stephen M. , Otis Arthur B.
Published: December 2017

The ventilation of one lung in dogs was isolated and that lung continually rebreathed into a small rubber bag. The Pco2 of a sample of the gas in the rebreathing bag was compared with the Pco2 calculated from pH and bicarbonate concentration determined in a sample of mixed venous blood drawn simultaneously. Before the injection of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, the difference between the two values for Pco2 was not significant. After acetazolamide, a highly significant difference (P < 0.001) was found. Apparently, when carbonic anhydrase was inhibited, the dissolved CO2 of mixed venous blood did not attain equilibrium with bicarbonate by the time the blood entered the lung.

Submitted on December 18, 1959
Carbon dioxide buffering in man
Authors: Berman Leonard B. , O'Connor Thomas F. , Luchsinger Peter C.
Published: December 2017

The administration of tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM) to six normal adults was followed by a series of changes in ventilation, arterial blood and urine. Alveolar ventilation and oxygen saturation fell significantly, as did alveolar CO2 excretion and tidal volume. Alveolar and blood CO2 tension rose slightly. Blood bicarbonate rose while other electrolytes were essentially unchanged. Urinary pH and electrolyte excretion increased strikingly without any change in endogenous creatinine clearances. No toxic effects were observed. The findings suggest that THAM cannot presently be recommended for clinical use in the treatment of respiratory acidosis, unless some means of stimulating respiration are also provided.

Submitted on November 19, 1959
Venous admixture in the pulmonary circulation of anesthetized dogs
Authors: Finley T. N. , Lenfant C. , Haab P. , Piiper J. , Rahn H.
Published: December 2017

The venous admixture to the pulmonary circulation in the anesthetized dog was calculated from the O2. tension of the alveolar gas and arterial blood and the O2 content of the arterial and mixed venous blood when breathing 43 or 99% oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. The average shunt flow varies from 1–10% and averages about 5% of the total flow. When positive pressure breathing is applied the shunt flow is reduced in every animal and averages 1.0%. Indirect evidence suggests that the major part of this shunt reduction with pressure breathing is due to the opening of lung areas which had spontaneously collapsed during the barbital anesthesia.

Submitted on November 30, 1959
Tolerance to explosive decompression of albino rats in a Ņfetalņ posture
Authors: Close Perry
Published: December 2017

The survival rate of male albino rats explosively decompressed in the ‘fetal’ posture is markedly improved over animals having normal prone posture. The fetal posture was obtained by forcing the animals to curl up in a gauze cylinder as a piston was lowered. Decompressions were obtained by puncturing a diaphragm between a small parasite chamber and an evacuated low pressure chamber. The decompressions ranged from sea level to pressure equivalents up to 90,000 feet in about 0.01 second. The experiments indicate that pulmonary damage in explosive decompression is probably due to lack of support of the thoracic viscera on the diaphragmatic surface.

Submitted on January 29, 1960
Extremity venous blood temperature and blood clotting mechanisms
Authors: Rubenstein Edward , Lack Arthur
Published: December 2017

The effect of extremity venous blood temperature on the clotting mechanisms was studied. In 20 normal adults, under ordinary indoor conditions, the mean temperatures and standard errors, as measured with needle thermistors, were: greater saphenous vein (lower 3rd of leg), 30.2°C ± 0.29; antecubital vein, 34.6°C ± 0.21; deep gastrocnemius muscle, 36.1±C ± 0.18. In 20 afebrile bed-confined patients the findings were: greater saphenous vein, 29.1°C ±1.12; antecubital vein, 34.2°C ± 0.55, gastrocnemius muscle, 33.7°C ± 0.71. In the range from 22° to 37°C the following linear negative temperature coefficients were found: one-stage prothrombin time, 4%/°C; Lee-White clotting time, 7%/°C; whole blood viscosity, 0.15 centipoise/°C. In vitro clot cohesiveness, as indicated by resistance to compressive and longitudinal stresses, and in vivo clot adhesiveness, as indicated by resistance to dislodgment of clots formed in rabbit venae cavae, were significantly less for clots formed at 25°–30°C than for clots formed at core body temperature. Such effects of low temperature on blood viscosity and the clotting mechanisms have pertinence in regard to the problem of thromboembolism.

Submitted on November 27, 1959
Interaction between certain traumas causing the lysis of red cells
Authors: Ketchel Melvin M.
Published: December 2017

Human red cells were subjected to pairs of the following traumas: heat, hypotonicity, freezing and acidity. Pairs of traumas were applied simultaneously or separately, and in some cases the same trauma was inflicted twice. The hemolysis in each tube of cells receiving two traumas was compared to the total hemolysis in two tubes of cells, each receiving only one trauma. When the pairs of traumas were inflicted simultaneously on a single tube of cells the resultant hemolysis was greater than the total hemolysis which occurred when each of the traumas was inflicted on separate tubes of cells. However, this synergism disappeared when the two traumas were applied separately, except when heating or freezing was one of the traumas involved and then only when one of these was the first trauma applied. The effect was small when the same trauma was administered twice. This synergistic action of pairs of traumas is probably related to the exponential nature of the sigmoid curve representing individual traumas.

Submitted on February 2, 1960
Continuously accelerating decay limbs in indicator dilution curves
Authors: Carleton Richard A. , Abelmann Walter H. , Levinson Gilbert E.
Published: December 2017

Indicator dilution curves with continuously accelerating decay limbs have been produced in a model and in man by increasing flow during the dilution process. Curves of similar configuration were obtained in a model when two sequential chambers with large ratios of residual to total volume were traversed by indicator. Flow estimates computed from curves distorted by large volumes had only a small error, but those from curves distorted by increasing flow were unreliable. An analysis of 30 curves in cardiovascular normals and of 24 curves in 19 patients with mitral or pulmonic stenosis revealed continuously accelerating decay limbs in one and 13 curves, respectively. This high incidence was attributed to the large volumes occurring with valvular stenosis. A mathematical relationship is presented which defines both the contour of any dilution curve from single or double chamber unidirectional flow systems and the magnitude or the change in magnitude of the ratios of residual to total volume required to produce continuously accelerating decay limbs.

Submitted on December 28, 1960
Physical fitness of Arctic Indians
Authors: Andersen Kristian Lange , Bolstad Atle , L⊘yning Yngve , Irving Laurence
Published: December 2017

The physical fitness of healthy young men of an arctic population of Indians was studied, using two types of physiological measurements during muscular work. In one series of experiments the respiratory gas exchange and heart rate were determined during apparently ‘steady-state’ exercise on an ergometer bicycle and the maximal O2 intake was estimated. In another series the response of pulmonary ventilation to a standard exercise load was measured on the same bicycle and the time to recuperate was determined, as well as the extraventilation caused by the exercise. Comparisons were made with results observed on a group of sedentary-living young men and champion athletes drawn from the population of Norway. The Indians' fitness to work occupies a somewhat intermediate position between the sedentary subjects and the athletes.

Submitted on August 3, 1959
Metabolic and thermal response to a moderate cold exposure in nomadic Lapps
Authors: Andersen K. Lange , L⊘yning Y. , Nelms J. D. , Wilson O. , Fox R. H. , Bolstad A.
Published: December 2017

A field investigation was conducted at Kautokeino in Finnmark to study the tolerance of the Lapps to cold. Their metabolism and skin and rectal temperatures were determined while they rested and slept naked for a night in a single-blanket sleeping-bag, exposed to a moderate cold stress. As compared with unacclimatized white men they showed a greater ability to endure the cold night. In general the Lapps slept well without visible shivering, whereas the controls were prevented from sleeping by the sensations of cold and vigorous shivering. The metabolic rates of the Lapps were close to their basal level, in contrast to the raised metabolism of the unacclimatized control subjects. Some of the Lapps maintained slightly higher peripheral skin temperatures than the control subjects, but had a much greater fall in their rectal temperatures, indicating a greater loss of stored body heat.

Submitted on August 19, 1959
Effect of environmental temperature on work and resting metabolism
Authors: Malhotra M. S. , Ramaswamy S. S. , Ray S. N.
Published: December 2017

Observations of basal metabolic rate were taken on seven young adult male subjects at convenient intervals throughout a year. The energy expenditure was studied on 11 subjects while taking part in four military activities, i.e. marching, parade, rifle drill and physical training exercise, both in summer and winter. There was no significant difference in the BMR values of the subjects for different months. The winter values for energy expenditure of different exercises were about 3% higher than those of summer. But when these values were corrected for the weight change in winter, the differences in the energy expenditure values were not significant. It has been concluded that climate has no influence either on the resting or the working metabolism. However, due to the additional clothing worn in winter, the total energy expenditure may be a little higher in winter.

Submitted on February 18, 1960
Drowning treated with intermittent positive pressure breathing
Authors: Redding Joseph , Voigt G. Carl , Safar Peter
Published: December 2017

A standardized dog experiment was designed to simulate human victims of submersion who seem to first develop laryngospasm, followed by flooding of the lungs. The tracheal tube of lightly anesthetized dogs was clamped until the onset of apnea. The lungs were then flooded for 30 seconds with fresh water or sea water, or apnea was permitted to continue for a comparable period without flooding. Resuscitation was attempted with intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB), utilizing room air. All control dogs (obstructive asphyxia, without flooding) survived. Freshwater drowning caused mild arterial hypotension, severe rise in venous pressure and bradycardia, followed by sudden ventricular fibrillation in 1–4 minutes in spite of IPPB. Sea-water drowning caused severe arterial hypotension, slight rise in venous pressure and bradycardia. IPPB led to partial reoxygenation and partial restoration of circulation. When IPPB was discontinued all dogs started breathing spontaneously, but within a few minutes developed asystole with pulmonary edema.

Submitted on January 25, 1960
Effect of heparin on in vivo turnover of clotting factors
Authors: Hasselback R. , Hjort Peter F.
Published: December 2017

The rapid turnover rate of plasma proteins involved in coagulation has been offered as evidence for a process of continuous subclinical in vivo coagulation. By administration of a continuous intravenous drip of heparin to four normal subjects, no significant change was demonstrated in the rate of disappearance of proconvertin and prothrombin from the circulation after blocking the production of these factors by the administration of a large dose of Warfarin sodium. This evidence does not disprove the existence of continuous coagulation, but the rapid turnover rate of coagulation factors would not appear to be sound evidence for such a process.

Submitted on March 11, 1960
Hypothermic facilitation of retrograde V-A conduction
Authors: Francis Carolyn K. , Campbell Carol A. , Hoff H. E.
Published: December 2017

A group of Gaspé fishermen used to cold water immersion and control subjects from the same vicinity were studied to determine if the fishermen's hands were adapted to cold. With one hand immersed in cold water, the pressor response was greater in the control subjects; the fishermen maintained a higher finger temperature and complained less of pain; heat flow from the fishermen's hands was greater than in the control group; finger numbness as measured by a modification of Mackworth' V-test was variable and not significantly different in the two groups. Skin biopsies showed no difference in skin thickness or cell size but there was a significantly greater number of mast cells in the fishermen's skin. The differences between the fishermen and the control subjects may be related to repeated cold exposure.

Submitted on June 7, 1960
Treatment of sea-water aspiration
Authors: Redding Joseph S. , Voigt G. Carl , Safar Peter
Published: December 2017

Lightly anesthetized dogs were subjected to obstructive asphyxia (simulating laryngospasm). When spontaneous breathing efforts ceased, the lungs were flooded with sea water for 30 seconds, according to a standardized experiment described previously. Five dogs were treated with intermittent positive pressure artificial respiration with 100% oxygen (IPPB/O2) for 3 hours. Five additional dogs were treated identically except for the addition of an intravenous infusion of dog plasma 50 ml/kg body weight, 10 minutes after the start of artificial respiration. All the dogs treated only with IPPB/O2 for 3 hours were more completely reoxygenated than were those ventilated with IPPB/air for 10 minutes in the earlier experiment. However, death with pulmonary edema followed the cessation of IPPB/O2 as well as IPPB/air. When the hemoconcentration and hypovolemia, caused by flooding of the lungs with sea water, were corrected by plasma infusion in addition to IPPB/O2, four of the five dogs survived.

Submitted on May 19, 1960
Embolic fat as a measure of adequacy of various oxygenators
Authors: Owens Guy , Adams Jesse E. , Scott H. W.
Published: December 2017

Previous work has demonstrated that prolonged employment of the filming oxygenator in bypass procedures is associated with considerable deposition of embolic fat within the vascular tree of both humans and experimental animals. Mongrel dogs were subjected to 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass in which macrobubble and membrane oxygenators were employed. All other conditions were standardized. All animals were sacrificed shortly after restoration of normal clotting and cardiac function. Brain, lung, liver and kidney specimens were fixed for 24 hours in 10% formalin, after which frozen sections were made and stained with Sudan IV and hematoxylin. Embolic fat was found extensively in brain, liver and kidney tissue in the five animals in which the macrobubble device had been employed. The quantity of fat appeared similar to that previously noted in animals in which the filming device had been used. No fat emboli were noted in tissues obtained from the four animals exposed to the membrane oxygenator. This suggests that the direct contact of blood and gas contributes to the development of embolic fat.

Submitted on June 15, 1960
Coronary lipid deposition during chronic anemia or high altitude exposure
Authors: Fillios Louis C. , Andrus Stephen B. , Naito Chikayuki
Published: December 2017

Experimental anemia and polycythemia were studied in hypercholesteremic rats. The following results were noted: a) chronic anemia favors a significant increase in endocardial and coronary lipid deposition; b) rats made polycythemic by prolonged exposure to simulated high altitudes also had a marked degree of coronary involvement but no apparent increase in endocardial sudanophilia; whereas c) sea-level cobalt polycythemia does not appear to favor an increase in coronary or endocardial sudanophilia, suggesting that d) polycythemia, per se, does not favor an increase in lipid deposition at these sites. These findings suggest that tissue hypoxia may account for the above increases in coronary sudanophilia, while changes in endocardial sudanophilia appear to be related more closely to the circulating cholesterol for all the groups.

Submitted on May 16, 1960
Ventilatory response of SCUBA divers to CO2 inhalations
Authors: Froeb Herman F.
Published: December 2017

A study was made to compare the minute ventilatory response of SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) divers and nondivers to CO2 inhalations under ambient conditions at rest and during light exercise. Furthermore, other respiratory parameters and lung function measurements were made for comparison with published reports of apneustic divers. The SCUBA diver and the nondiver in this study were similar with respect to basal ventilation, divisions of the lung volume, and spirographic functions. There was some tendency for the SCUBA divers to have a slightly diminished ventilatory response to CO2 inhalations during rest compared to the nondivers, but this was not a clear-cut phenomena. Furthermore, the ventilatory response to CO2 bore no relation to time spent in diving. The respiratory adaptations which have been described in the literature for the apneustic diver under ambient conditions were not present in the SCUBA diver.

Note:

(With the Technical Assistance of Christa McReynolds, Mabel Pearson and Roy Engstrom)

Submitted on June 3, 1960
Metabolic effects of somatotropin in rats acclimated to adverse environments
Authors: Hale Henry B. , Mefferd Roy B.
Published: December 2017

Effects of somatotropin (STH, growth hormone) in low dosage on metabolic functions were determined in adult male rats acclimated to hot, neutral or cold environments or to low barometric pressure. Urinary determinations (24-hour, fasting) provided the means for evaluating nitrogen and mineral metabolism. The interplay between STH and environmental factors thus received some clarification. STH had certain effects in normal rats which were clearly heat- or altitude-mimetic. In combination, STH and heat had synergistic effects on urea, phosphate and the calcium/phosphorus ratio; and STH and altitude acted synergistically on phosphate and the sodium/potassium and calcium/phosphorus ratios. STH and cold had antagonistic effects on urea, uric acid and the uric acid/creatinine ratio, but synergism was evident in the sodium/potassium ratio. The effects of STH during the initial stage of recovery from heat, altitude or cold were also studied. While some of the recovery reactions were augmented by STH, others were blocked or at least diminished, and there were instances where STH had normalizing effects.

Submitted on October 6, 1960
Magnesium in blood and tissues during cold acclimation
Authors: Neubeiser R. E. , Platner W. S. , Shields J. L.
Published: December 2017

Serum, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle Mg were determined on control and cold-exposed rats at 10-day intervals for 6 weeks. Serum Mg was also measured at 1- and 5-day periods. Deep colonic temperatures were measured at 1, 4, 12, 22, and 40 days and footpad temperatures at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 40 days of cold exposure. Heart and skeletal muscle Mg levels were elevated significantly at 10 days, serum Mg at 1, 5, 10, and 20 days, and deep colonic temperatures at 1, 12, and 22 days. The elevated Mg levels of heart and skeletal muscle suggest that the greater amount of serum Mg did not come from these tissues. The loss of liver Mg at 40 days of exposure remains obscure. Footpad temperature decreased from control throughout the acclimation period. The existence of peripheral hypothermia coupled with increased tissue Mg suggests hypothermic peripheral tissues such as skin as the most likely source of the transient rise of serum Mg during cold acclimation.

Submitted on July 5, 1960
Effect of amobarbital on the course of human dark adaptation
Authors: Granger G. W.
Published: December 2017

Following light adaptation to a luminance of 120 mL for 5 minutes, absolute thresholds for a centrally fixated, 7-degree test field in 'white' light were measured during the course of 30 minutes' dark adaptation. Viewing was monocular and the measuring light was exposed in 0.018-second flashes. The resulting curves, defining the relation between log threshold luminance and time in the dark, displayed the typical features of 'rod' dark adaptation and were found to be highly reproducible in three experienced observers. Neither the shape of the curves nor their position along the log luminance axis was affected by the oral administration of a sedative dose (0.30 gm/70 kg) of amobarbital. It was concluded that the results supported the views of Hecht and other photochemical theorists concerning the stability of human dark adaptation and its resistance to fluctuations in the state of the central nervous system, but were not necessarily incompatible, as was sometimes supposed, with the hypothesis of a neural component in visual adaptation.

Submitted on May 23, 1960
Effect of negative-pressure inflation of the lung on pulmonary vascular resistance
Authors: Thomas Lewis J. , Griffo Zora J. , Roos Albert
Published: December 2017

Pulmonary vascular resistance was studied as a function of both transpulmonary pressure and lung volume, using excised dog lungs inflated by lowering pleural pressure and perfused with fresh, heparinized dog blood. The absolute magnitude of the vascular pressures was kept constant. Measurements were taken under static conditions. In all cases, resistance was found to be lowest at approximately half maximal lung volume and showed a progressive rise on either further inflation or further deflation. Also, the course of resistance as a function of transpulmonary pressure was found to vary significantly according to inflation history, especially inflation vs. deflation, but was found to be relatively constant when plotted against lung volume. It is thus concluded that pulmonary vascular resistance is volume-dependent rather than pressure-dependent when inflation is accomplished by lowering the pressure around the lung.

Submitted on September 19, 1960
Measurement of dynamic resistance to breathing in unanesthetized dogs
Authors: McIlreath Fred J. , Craig Albert B. , Anzalone Anthony J.
Published: December 2017

Measurements of air-flow resistance were made using unanesthetized dogs prepared with exteriorized tracheas. Pressure-flow relationships obtained from these experiments adhered to Rohrer's equation. Drugs that are classically known to alter tone of bronchial musculature substantially change the pressure-flow relationship in these animals.

Submitted on October 6, 1960
Ventilatory responses to embolization of lung
Authors: Cahill John M. , Attinger Ernst O. , Byrne John J.
Published: December 2017

Marked changes in respiratory rate and volume occurred when anesthetized and spontaneously breathing dogs were subjected to pulmonary embolization with barium sulfate. Following embolization, there was a statistically significant fall in lung compliance, and, although a rise in pulmonary air-flow resistance occurred in the majority of instances, this change was not statistically significant. When the dogs were ventilated in approximately the resting tidal range by means of a pump and embolization was carried out, a statistically significant fall in lung compliance as well as a significant rise in pulmonary resistance was seen. Embolization of spontaneously breathing vagotomized animals in three instances revealed a fall in lung compliance and a rise in pulmonary resistance. The experimental observations of others are reviewed and the clinical implications are discussed.

Submitted on October 28, 1960
Unequal distribution of pulmonary diffusing capacity and the alveolar-arterial PO2 differences: theory
Authors: Piiper Johannes
Published: December 2017

The effects of unequal distribution of pulmonary diffusing capacity to the pulmonary blood flow on the alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference have been studied theoretically. It is demonstrated that, if the diffusing capacity is not distributed proportionally to the blood flow in a lung, the alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference will in most circumstances be greater than in a lung with the same total diffusing capacity and the same total blood flow, but with equal distribution of diffusing capacity to blood flow.

Submitted on May 23, 1960
Blood gas tension measurement using a mass spectrometer
Authors: Strang L. B.
Published: December 2017

A bubble equilibration method for the analysis of blood gas tensions is described. A small bubble is equilibrated with blood in a syringe as in the Riley technique and subsequently analyzed in a respiratory mass spectrometer with a modified sampling system. The method is extremely simple and rapid and has an accuracy comparable with the other available techniques.

Submitted on January 16, 1961
Blood glucose replacement rates in normal and diabetic humans
Authors: Reichard George A. , Jacobs A. Gerson , Kimbel Philip , Hochella Norman J. , Weinhouse Sidney
Published: December 2017

The rate of decrease in specific activity of blood glucose following intravenous injection of uniformly C14–labeled glucose in a series of 13 nondiabetic and 19 diabetic humans was measured over periods of 3—6 hr. In the nondiabetic humans the specific activity decreased exponentially for about 3 hr, then usually slowed down gradually over the next 3 hr. From the curves obtained up to 3 hr, rates of blood glucose replacement were estimated to be 120 mg/kg/hr, with a range of from 84 to 153 mg/kg/hr. The high and fluctuating blood glucose levels of the diabetic subjects made estimations of replacement rate somewhat uncertain, but despite a wider spread of values, the average, at 109 mg/kg/hr, was not markedly different from that of the nondiabetic subjects. Mild diabetics on the whole had a lower replacement rate, whereas severe diabetics had a markedly higher replacement rate than the normal subjects. The proportion of blood glucose carbon appearing in the respiratory CO2 was also similar—in nondiabetics, 25±3%, and in diabetics, 22 ± 5%. Despite the higher glucose pool in the diabetics, the glucose spaces were about the same at 30 ± 5% and 29 ± 3%, respectively. Taking into consideration a glucose utilization rate by brain of 60—70 mg/kg/hr, the turnover data indicate that relatively little of the glucose which enters the blood in the fasting human is used by the peripheral musculature.

Submitted on November 25, 1960
Thermal reflex sweating in normal and paraplegic man
Authors: Seckendorf Russell , Randall Walter C.
Published: December 2017

Ten normal subjects and five patients with anatomically complete lesions of the spinal cord (T3–T8) were exposed to similar alterations in environmental temperature in a controlled climate chamber while sweating and temperature changes were recorded. In both groups, sweating was recruited in a similar pattern, starting first on the distal portions of the lower extremities and then successively on the thigh, trunk, upper extremities, and head. Sweating was far less intense on the paraplegic patient's lower extremity, but it illustrates positive sweating reflexes to thermal stimulation mediated by the “isolated” spinal cord. Sweating was dramatically inhibited when the subject was suddenly chilled by introducing relatively cool air (20—25 C) into the chamber. The normal subject reported a sensation of cooling, and sweating decreased before there occurred any detectable alteration in oral or rectal temperatures. Although multiple recordings of skin temperature were made, they were found to be quite unreliable at high environmental temperatures and cannot be considered reliable indexes of the presence or absence of relatively minute sweating responses. The functional participation of cutaneous thermoreceptors and the spinal cord in the mediation of thermal reflex sweating appears a certainty, but the low intensity of such sweating suggests that higher central nervous (hypothalamic) facilitation is essential for normal intensity.

Submitted on March 17, 1961
Effect of short periods of arterial occlusion on blood flow and oxygen uptake
Authors: Abramson David I. , Tuck Samuel , Bell Yvonne , Mitchell Roscoe E. , Zayas Agenor M.
Published: December 2017

In 17 experiments, performed on the forearm of normal subjects, the effect of 2½, 5, and 10 min of arterial occlusion was studied. Blood flow was obtained with the venous occlusion plethysmograph, and oxygen uptake was calculated using the Fick principle. Arterial occlusion resulted in the production of an oxygen debt which was subsequently repaid. With progressively longer periods of anoxia there was a proportionate increase in the magnitude of the debt. Similar conclusions could not be drawn from blood flow studies alone, since the vascular change represented only one means of repayment of the oxygen debt during reactive hyperemia, the other being a greater extraction of oxygen from each unit of blood early in the postocclusion period. The constant overswing on either side of the control base line, observed in the records of oxygen uptake, suggested the absence of delicately balanced and efficient checks on the mechanisms responsible for repayment of the oxygen debt incurred in the period of tissue anoxia.

Submitted on March 27, 1961
Coronary arteriography as a physiologic investigational technique
Authors: Meyer John A. , Figley Melvin M. , Haight Cameron , Sloan Herbert E. , Ellsworth Waverley J. , Boblitt Delbert E.
Published: December 2017

An experimental study was undertaken for the purpose of standardizing techniques of radiographic visualization of the coronary arteries, with the object of clinical application of the techniques. An interesting and unforeseen result of the study was the opportunity afforded to confirm, in the intact animal, many indirect observations and hypotheses regarding coronary arterial flow, mechanics of left ventricular ejection, motion and closure mechanisms of the aortic valve, and drug effects on the coronary arteries.

Submitted on December 30, 1960
Role of mixed venous blood Pco2 in respiratory control
Authors: Cropp Gerd J. A. , Comroe Julius H.
Published: December 2017

The Pco2 of mixed venous blood has been increased abruptly by 5—49 mm Hg, without altering the volume or pressure of blood returning to the right ventricle, by infusion of blood with 550—700 mm Hg Pco2 into the right atrium, and simultaneous withdrawal of equal volumes of blood from the inferior vena cava. Twenty-five such blood exchanges in four anesthetized cats, four anesthetized dogs, and three unanesthetized dogs failed, with one exception, to increase respiratory frequency or tidal volume if PaCOCO2 remained constant; respiration increased only when PaCOCO2 rose. Correlation of ventilatory minute volume with PvCOCO2 was poor ( r = 0.296; P > 0.1) but was good with PaCOCO2 ( r = 0.608; P < 0.001). Experiments on the innervated and denervated carotid body (dog) demonstrated that chemoreceptors can respond rapidly (0.5 sec) to changes in PaOO2 or PaCOCO2. The absence of demonstrable ventilatory response to increased PvCOCO2 over periods of 0.5–3.0 min in animals in whom increments in PaCOCO2 led promptly to increased ventilation indicates that there are no CO2 receptors in the precapillary pulmonary circulation of importance in the physiological regulation of respiration.

Submitted on May 25, 1961
H+ and pCO2 as chemical factors in respiratory and cerebral circulatory control
Authors: Lambertsen C. J. , Semple S. J. G. , Smyth M. G. , Gelfand R.
Published: December 2017

Page 473: C. J. Lambertsen, S. J. G. Semple, M. G. Smyth, and R. Gelfand, “H+ and pCO2 as chemical factors in respiratory and cerebral circulatory control.” Page 478, column 1, line 10—delete /m2; page 479, column 2, lines 1 and 2—delete /m2; page 481, column 1, lines 1 and 2—delete /m2; lines 8 and 9—delete per square meter; equation 4—delete /m2.
Determination of body surface area in Indian Hindu children
Authors: Banerjee Sachchidananda , Bhattacharya Ashim Kumar
Published: December 2017

Body surface area (BSA) was actually measured in 13 Indian Hindu children, of ages varying between 3 and 12 yr, with tape and surface integrator. In 9 out of 13 children the results obtained were lower than the BSA calculated with the weight-height formula of Du Bois and Du Bois. Based on the actual measurements, a new constant for the weight-height formula was obtained and a new equation: surface area, cm2 = weight 0.425 kg x height 0.725 cm x 70, has been suggested for the BSA of Indian children. A nomogram for reading off surface area in metric units based on the above formula was prepared. A significant difference existed between the BSA calculated with the new formula and that of Du Bois and Du Bois.

Submitted on December 30, 1960
Quantitation of oxygen consumption and spontaneous muscular activity of the rat
Authors: Bramante Pietro O.
Published: December 2017

Oxygen consumption (Vo2) and spontaneous muscular activity of albino rats, recorded with apparatus previously described and quantitated with a new technique, exhibited highly significant correlations when paired in successive 10-min periods with a 5-min lag of Vo2 ( y) in respect to spontaneous muscular activity ( x). Since fasting and nonfasting male rats of different weights (range: 156—462 g) showed at perfect rest a quite narrow scatter of metabolic rates ( y = yaKgb ± 6% se) and since y was linearly correlated with x (se = 7.1% fasting; 5.5% nonfasting), theoretical Vo2 values could be predicted from y = Kgyb( m + nx) when the appropriate value of b, experimentally found (in this case 0.48), was used. In two-thirds of the observations the lowest 5-min values of Vo2 did not represent the true basal metabolic rate of the animal since they coincided with variable amounts of spontaneous activity. Data show that the basal metabolic rate of the albino rat is more predictable than generally admitted.

Submitted on May 26, 1961
Analysis of physiological tremor during rest and exhaustion
Authors: Vetter Klaus , Horvath Steven M.
Published: December 2017

Statistical analysis of tremor, frequency, and amplitude in healthy subjects demonstrated a difference in tremor between right and left upper extremities in right-handed and left-handed individuals. The deviations of tremor components, frequency and amplitude, from absolute resting point are represented by simple bell-shaped curves in subjects at rest and at the point of physical exhaustion. The qualitatively similar pattern in these two states suggested that the autonomous nervous system functions adequately, as far as tremor is concerned. However, the normal inverse relationship between the frequency and the amplitude of the tremor became more pronounced at the moment of exhaustion.

Submitted on October 6, 1960
Hypothermia below 25 C for one day in the rat
Authors: Connaughton Peter J. , Lewis F. John
Published: December 2017

Adult rats were subjected to 24 hr of hypothermia at body temperatures below 25 C because of several characteristics which indicated that rats might withstand such a procedure better than dogs. Two groups were studied: in one the animals were enclosed in a poorly ventilated Lucite cylinder; the rats in the other group were merely wrapped in a cooling blanket. Those rats cooled while in a poorly ventilated enclosure had a significantly increased survival rate; factors which may have influenced this increased survival are discussed. The changes in hematocrit, respiratory rate, and heart rate parallel those observed previously in the dog subjected to the same procedure.

Submitted on October 26, 1960
Pulmonary capillary blood flow during cardiac catheterization
Authors: Linderholm Håkan , Kimbel Philip , Lewis David H. , Dubois Arthur B.
Published: December 2017

Methods for the measurement of mean and instantaneous pulmonary capillary blood flow by means of a horizontal body plethysmograph have been described. Methods of calibration were described for the determination of the rate with which N2O was taken up by the blood from the recorded plethysmographic pressure. They included a correction factor for leaks, and for changes from mainly adiabatic to more isothermal conditions. Duplicate determinations with the plethysmographic N2O uptake method of mean pulmonary capillary blood flow showed a good reproducibility and comparison with the direct Fick method during cardiac catheterization on six patients did not show any statistically significant difference. Examples illustrating the use of the method for comparison between the pulmonary vascular pressure gradient and the pulmonary capillary pulse flow curves are presented.

Submitted on June 26, 1961
Effect of acetazolamide on respiratory gas exchange during hyperventilation in man
Authors: Strömme Johan H. , Fog J.
Published: December 2017

The effects of acetazolamide on the CO2 output and on the O2 uptake during hyperventilation have been investigated. Nine healthy men were given acetazolamide orally in doses of 10–12 mg/kg body wt. All showed a decrease in CO2 output during hyperventilation performed 2 hr after the dosage as compared to values obtained in tests without premedication. The mean reduction was about 12%. During these tests no significant change was recorded in the O2 uptake. The decreased output of CO2 is presumed to be caused by an inhibition by acetazolamide of the carbonic anhydrase present in the erythrocytes.

Submitted on May 12, 1961
Composition of palmar and forearm sweat
Authors: Collins K. J.
Published: December 2017

Sodium, chloride, lactate, and potassium concentrations were determined in capsule samples of sweat collected simultaneously on the palm and forearm from six normal and three hyperhidrotic subjects. The rate of sweat output on the forearm induced in the normal subjects by indirect heating or by intradermal injection of acetyl-β-methylcholine always exceeded that on the palm. Similar sweat rates in the two regions were produced by exposing subjects with palmar hyperhidrosis to hot environments. The sodium and chloride concentrations in sweat from the two regions did not differ significantly. As with forearm sweat, palmar sweat sodium and chloride concentrations varied directly with the rate of secretion. Lactate and potassium concentrations were consistently higher in palmar samples. It is concluded that palmar sweat sodium chloride is well within the normal range of hypotonicity and that palmar sweat contains a slightly higher proportion of lactate and potassium than forearm sweat.

Submitted on September 8, 1961