bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Federal Reserve Banks as Fiscal Agents and Depositories of the United States in a Changing Financial Environment
Authors: DeCorleto Donna A. , Trimble Theresa A.
Published: December 2020

Pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act, the Federal Reserve Banks perform a number of services for the United States and for other entities as fiscal agents and depositories. These roles have evolved since the relevant provisions of the Federal Reserve Act were implemented in 1915. An article in the April 2000 Federal Reserve Bulletin described these activities as being mainly the issuance and redemption of securities and the processing of payments to and from the federal government. Although the basic fiscal agent services have not changed since the article was published in 2000, considerable changes have occurred in the way those services are provided. For example, the Treasury and the Reserve Banks have implemented new web-based technology to improve the federal government's provision of services, much the same as financial services firms have used web-based technology to improve the ways that they do business and communicate with their customers. This article reviews the evolution of the Reserve Banks' fiscal agent role since early in the twentieth century, and describes fiscal agent and depository services today.
Trends in the Use of Payment Instruments in the United States
Authors: Gerdes Geoffrey R. , Walton Jack K. , Liu May X. , Parke Darrel W.
Published: December 2020

In 2003, for the first time, the number of electronic payments in the United States exceeded the number of check payments--a result of substantial growth in electronic payments (especially by debit card) and a decline in check payments. The shift toward electronic payments suggests that, as with other large economies, many payments formerly made by check are now being made with electronic payment instruments. As in past years, however, the value of checks far exceeded the value of commonly used electronic payments. Data gathered in 2004 also reveal some differences among geographic regions. Debit card use was substantially greater, and check use substantially lower, in the West than in other regions. In contrast, debit card use was considerably less common in the Northeast, and the decline in check payments since 2000 was less pronounced in that region. Indirect evidence--data on ATM withdrawals and cash back from debit card payments--suggests that cash remains a popular means of making payments. Industry data showing increases in ATMs and ATM transactions appear to reflect a shift toward greater use of ATMs and less use of checks to obtain cash, and do not necessarily indicate an increase in the use of cash.
The 2006 HMDA Data
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Brevoort Kenneth P. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

Since 1975, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) has required public disclosures from most mortgage lending institutions with offices in metropolitan areas. The release of the information, which includes the geographic location and other characteristics of the home mortgages lenders originate or purchase during a calendar year, is intended to help the public determine whether institutions are adequately serving their communities' housing finance needs; the disclosures are also intended to facilitate enforcement of the nation's fair lending laws and guide investment in both the public and private sectors. Under the 1975 act, the Federal Reserve Board implements the provisions of HMDA through regulation. The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) is responsible for facilitating public access to the HMDA data and for aggregating the data by metropolitan statistical area.
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: The 2006 Annual Revision
Authors: Gilbert Charles , Otoo Maria Ward
Published: December 2020

On December 11, 2006, the Federal Reserve published revisions to its index of industrial production and the related measures of capacity and capacity utilization. The revision affected the data from 1972 through October 2006, but the largest changes were for the period beginning in 2003. From the fourth quarter of 2002 to the third quarter of 2006, industrial production, as revised, increased about 1-3/4 percentage points less than previously reported. By year, the change in output was revised down a little for 2003, down substantially for 2004, up a little for 2005, and down a touch for 2006. Revisions for previous years were small.
Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2004 to 2007: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances
Authors: Bucks Brian , Kennickell Arthur B. , Mach Traci L. , Moore Kevin B.
Published: December 2020

The Federal Reserve Board&#x27;s Survey of Consumer Finances for 2007 provides insights into changes in family income and net worth since the 2004 survey. The survey shows that, over the 2004-07 period, the median value of real (inflation-adjusted) family income before taxes was little changed, while mean income climbed 8.5 percent. Unlike family income over this period, both median and mean net worth increased; the median rose 17.7 percent, and the mean rose 13.0 percent. This article reviews these and other changes in the financial condition of U.S. families, including developments in assets, liabilities, and debt payments.
U.S. Households' Access to and Use of Electronic Banking, 1989-2007
Authors: Bell Catherine J. , Hogarth Jeanne M. , Robbins Eric
Published: December 2020

Nationwide surveys show that consumers are increasingly embracing technology to make payments and manage their personal finances. However, only about one in two consumers could be considered a heavy user of electronic banking. This article examines changes over time in consumers’ access to, adoption of, and attitudes toward various e-banking products and services and looks at several emerging technologies.
The Mortgage Market in 2010: Highlights from the Data Reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Bhutta Neil , Brevoort Kenneth P. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

This article presents a number of key findings from a review of the data that mortgage lending institutions reported for 2010 under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA). The article documents home-purchase lending activity reflected in the HMDA data and discusses how the ending of the government's first-time homebuyer tax credit program during the year may have affected such lending. It also documents refinance lending activity and explores factors that may have muted such lending during 2010. In addition, the article closely examines patterns of lending across different racial or ethnic and income groups and across areas that differ in terms of housing market distress. Finally, it describes the federal government's role in the mortgage market over the past several years and investigates how upcoming changes in loan limits might affect this role and the mortgage market going forward.
Consumers and Debt Protection Products: Results of a New Consumer Survey
Authors: Durkin Thomas A. , Elliehausen Gregory E.
Published: December 2020

Debt protection products help consumers pay off a debt or continue or suspend payments upon the occurrence of unfortunate and unpredictable events like death, disability, and involuntary unemployment. The products can be useful to consumers whose low levels of insurance leaves them vulnerable to such events. Critics, however, have alleged that the distribution method that takes place at the point of sale provides an opportunity for lenders to mislead consumers about the value of the debt protection or even coerce them into purchasing the product. This article reexamines consumer experiences with and attitudes toward debt protection products by reporting on new consumer survey results.
The 2013 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data
Authors: Bhutta Neil , Ringo Daniel R.
Published: December 2020

This article provides an overview of the 2013 data reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 (HMDA) and documents mortgage market activity over time as well as lending patterns across different demographic groups and lender types. In addition, we use a unique data set composed of HMDA records matched to borrowers' credit records to reexamine the factors that might help explain the large differences in the incidence of higher-priced lending across borrowers of different races and ethnicities during the housing boom.
The 2014 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data
Authors: Bhutta Neil , Popper Jack , Ringo Daniel R.
Published: December 2020

This article provides an overview of the 2014 data reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 and analyzes mortgage market activity over time as well as lending patterns across different demographic groups and lender types. The number of home-purchase originations was about 4 percent higher in 2014 than in 2013, while the number of refinance loans was 55 percent lower. We document an increasing share of mortgage loans originated by independent, nondepository mortgage companies. In addition, we analyze the possible effects of recent changes to rules regulating the mortgage market.
Residential Mortgage Lending from 2004 to 2015: Evidence from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data
Authors: Bhutta Neil , Ringo Daniel R.
Published: December 2020

This article provides an overview of the 2015 data reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 and analyzes mortgage market activity over time as well as lending patterns across different demographic groups and lender types. The number of home-purchase originations was about 13 percent higher in 2015 than in 2014, and the number of refinance loans was 36 percent higher. The increase in lending was broad based across demographic and income categories.
Residential Mortgage Lending in 2016: Evidence from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data
Authors: Bhutta Neil , Laufer Steven , Ringo Daniel R.
Published: December 2020

This article provides an overview of the 2016 data reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 and analyzes mortgage market activity over time as well as lending patterns across different demographic groups and lender types. The number of home-purchase originations was about 10 percent higher in 2016 than in 2015, and the number of refinance loans was 16 percent higher. The increase in lending was broad based across demographic and income categories.
Survey of Finance Companies, 2015
Authors: Chen Lisa , Elliehausen Gregory E. , Wicks Mark
Published: December 2020

Finance companies are nondepository financial firms whose primary business is providing debt and lease financing to consumers and businesses. This article reports findings from a Federal Reserve survey of the assets and liabilities of finance companies in 2015. While the finance company industry provides a wide variety of credit and lease products, the survey indicates that firms in the industry are highly specialized. Nearly all finance companies hold a majority of their assets in one type of credit--consumer, real estate, or business credit. Firms specializing in consumer loans and leases account for most loan and lease receivables at finance companies. The article also compares the 2015 findings with those from similar Federal Reserve surveys conducted in 2010 and 2005. Overall, finance company industry assets declined by 10 percent between 2015 and 2010. Declines in credit and lease financing outstanding were spread broadly across types of financing, with the exceptions of consumer motor vehicle and business equipment financing. In addition, the 2015 survey for the first time collected data on finance company revenue and costs. Revenue and costs reflect differences in the types of loan or lease products that individual companies offer.
Arbitrage and Liquidity: Evidence from a Panel of Exchange Traded Funds
Authors: Rappoport David E. , Tuzun Tugkan
Published: December 2020

Market liquidity is expected to facilitate arbitrage, which in turn should affect the liquidity of the assets traded by arbitrageurs. We study this relationship using a unique dataset of equity and bond ETFs compiled from big trade-level data. We find that liquidity is an important determinant of the efficacy of the ETF arbitrage. For less liquid bond ETFs, Granger-causality tests and impulse responses suggest that this relationship is stronger and more persistent, and liquidity spillovers are observed from portfolio constituents to ETF shares. Our results inform the design of synthetic securities, especially when derived from less liquid instruments.
Collective Moral Hazard and the Interbank Market
Authors: Altinoglu Levent , Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: December 2020

The concentration of risk within financial system is considered to be a source of systemic instability. We propose a theory to explain the structure of the financial system and show how it alters the risk taking incentives of financial institutions. We build a model of portfolio choice and endogenous contracts in which the government optimally intervenes during crises. By issuing financial claims to other institutions, relatively risky institutions endogenously become large and interconnected. This structure enables institutions to share the risk of systemic crisis in a privately optimal way, but channels funds to relatively risky investments and creates incentives even for smaller institutions to take excessive risks. Constrained efficiency can be implemented with macroprudential regulation designed to limit the interconnectedness of risky institutions.
A Study on Affective Barriers in Intercultural Communication and Related Strategies
Authors: Zhu Sha
Published: December 2020

Intercultural communication acts a pivotal part in international activities and there are many barriers involved in it. If the communicators are short of the understanding of the barriers in the process of intercultural communication, especially the affective barriers, the whole interaction will be affected; even worse, there will be some serious conflicts. Thus, this paper will study the affective barriers in intercultural communication, analyze the possible causes of the barriers, and put forward some effective strategies to help communicators enhance their cross-cultural competence.
SYMBOLISM OF FLOWERS IN POLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Authors: Nepop-Aidachych L.
Published: December 2020

The author explores the symbolism of flowers in the Polish language and culture. On the basis of the articles of the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols („Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych”) (Flowers Volume („Kwiaty”)), it is determined which symbolic meaning saregiven to the flower in general and to certain types of flowers, in whichgenres of folklor et hes evalues arerealized, what be camethe basis for the formation of suchmeanings. For the reconstruction of symbolic meanings boththe Polish linguistic information and the information outside the linguistic field are used, which testify to the functioning of the corresponding conceptin Polish culture. Based on the comparison of the linguistic images of the individual flowers and the flowerin generalitisre vealedt hatt hev astmajority of linguistic image softhe flowers have both common withthe general concept and differen tsymbolic meanings, som ehave only specific one sandothers do not have thematall. Ways and technique sof analysis of the symbolism of flowers in Polish language and culture are offered.
Epidemiologia das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias em candidatos à doação de sangue
Authors: Santos Junior Paulo Celso Curvelo , Teles Weber de Santana , Santos Camila Alves , Menezes Alef Nascimento , Jeraldo Veronica de Lourdes Sierpe
Published: December 2020

O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar o perfil epidemiológico de candidatos à doação de sangue do Hemocentro de Sergipe entre 2012 e 2017. Foram avaliadas variáveis sociodemográficas e de sorologia reagente das infecções transmitidas pela transfusão sanguínea de todos os candidatos a doação. Foram registrados 157.549 candidatos à doação, predominantemente do sexo masculino (71,7%), com faixa etária de 26-36 anos (36,1%) e considerados candidatos de repetição (72,6%). A prevalência de sorologia reagente foi de 5,4%, destacando-se Hepatite B (43,8%), Sífilis (28,7%) e HIV (16,7%). Os indivíduos com sorologia positiva, majoritariamente de primeira doação (p < 0,05), apresentaram quase 5 vezes mais chances de serem reagentes, comparados com doadores de repetição. A avaliação local dos hemocentros é reflexo da condição da população em relação às doenças infecto parasitárias e pode ser de extrema relevância para definir campanhas de saúde que incluam a importância da doação de sangue e a prevenção destas doenças.
The development of an algorithm of introduction of new drug on the existing pharmaceutical production. Stage 2. Transfer of technologies
Authors: Bacevich Anna , Dzjuba Anatoliy S. , Kaukhova Irina E. , Tretiakov Alexandra
Published: December 2020

Transfer of technologies is a logical, controllable and documented procedure of transfer of technology and control methods of medicine from the developer to the producer or from one producer to another [1]. A lot of departments of the enterprise involved in this process, their organization and coordination of work determines the character, timeliness and completeness of the transfer that has a direct influence on the quality of products. The task of the company in transfer of technologies is to preserve the quality of products and compliance with GxP rules, while material resources, time and space of the enterprise are economizing. Transfer of technologies divides into a preparatory stage and two main stages.

The universal algorithm of the project of transfer of technology for the introducing a new drug at the operating enterprise is developed, the system of the organization of control and risk assessment of project activity is defined.
Multi-vector analysis of the market for drugs used to treat hepatitis C
Authors: Narkevich Igor A. , Nemyatykh Oksana D. , Siukaeva Dina D. , Tsitlionok Evgenia A. , Lisacenco Valeria O. , Grinyuk Anastassiya S.
Published: December 2020

The article presents a study on the structural assessment of the range of drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C. Methods of content analysis, data aggregation, grouping, comparative and marketing analysis have been used. The information base of the study was the State Register of Medicines and National Register of Medicines of April 24, 2020, as well as instructions for the medical use of drugs. It was revealed that 52 trade names of medicinal products (23 INN) and 17 substances had been registered in the Russian Federation. The analysis carried out by pharmaceutical producing countries has shown that the leading positions in the supply structure are occupied by Russian manufacturers (73.08%). Structuring by dosage forms enables to isolate tablets, covering 32.69%, as well as solutions and capsules, which are 23.08%, respectively. The largest share in the structure of the assortment of substances is occupied by interferon alpha-2b (20.93%). The results of the analysis has shown that the manufacturer carries out all stages of production for the majority of drugs. The index of renewal of the researched drug market over the past 5 years is 16.27%.
Aeromagnetic Interpretations of the Crittenden County Fault Zone
Authors: Marlow Christopher , Powell Christine , Cox Randel
Published: December 2020

The Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ) is a potentially active fault zone located within 25 km of Memphis, Tennessee, and poses a significant seismic hazard to the region. Previous research has associated the fault zone with basement faults of the eastern Reelfoot rift margin (ERRM) and described it as a northeast-striking, northwest-dipping reverse fault. However, we suggest that there is an incomplete understanding of the fault geometry of the CCFZ and the ERRM in this region due to significant gaps in seismic reflection profiles used to interpret the fault systems.

To improve our understanding of the structure of both fault systems in this region, we apply two processing techniques to gridded aeromagnetic data. We use the horizontal gradient method on reduction-to-pole magnetic data to detect magnetic contacts associated with faults as this technique produces shaper gradients at magnetic contacts than other edge detection methods. For depth to basement estimations, we use the analytic signal as the method does not require knowledge of the remnant magnetization of the source body.

We suggest that the CCFZ extends approximately 16 km farther to the southwest than previously mapped and may be composed of three independent faults as opposed to a continuous structure. To the northeast, we interpreted two possible faults associated with the ERRM that intersect the CCFZ, one of which has been previously mapped as the Meeman–Shelby fault. If the CCFZ and the eastern rift margin are composed of isolated fault segments, the maximum magnitude earthquake that each fault segment may generate is reduced, thereby, lowering the existing seismic hazard both fault systems pose to Memphis, Tennessee.
Review of Current Machine Learning Approaches for Anomaly Detection in Network Traffic
Authors: Ali Wasim Ahmed , N Manasa K , Aljunid Mohammed , Bendechache Malika , Sandhya P.
Published: December 2020

Due to the advance in network technologies, the number of network users is growing rapidly, which leads to the generation of large network traffic data. This large network traffic data is prone to attacks and intrusions. Therefore, the network needs to be secured and protected by detecting anomalies as well as to prevent intrusions into networks. Network security has gained attention from researchers and network laboratories. In this paper, a comprehensive survey was completed to give a broad perspective of what recently has been done in the area of anomaly detection. Newly published studies in the last five years have been investigated to explore modern techniques with future opportunities. In this regard, the related literature on anomaly detection systems in network traffic has been discussed, with a variety of typical applications such as WSNs, IoT, high-performance computing, industrial control systems (ICS), and software-defined network (SDN) environments. Finally, we underlined diverse open issues to improve the detection of anomaly systems.
Did hydroxychloroquine played crucial role as prophylactic drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection in resource-constrained and overloaded health care systems in countries like India: a prospective multicentre study in dedicated COVID hospitals
Authors: Dalal Dhaval , Govindwar Ankush , Gangwani Gaurav , Dalal Komal , Nipane Humeshwari , Gawali Vijaykumar
Published: December 2020

Background: The Indian council medical research (ICMR) recommended to use hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a prophylactic agent against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2019 (SARS-COV-2) infection to cater need to protect high-risk individuals considering its pre-clinical data. This study explores role of HCQ in health care workers serving in coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods: The study was planned as multi center observational study, conducted from April, 2020 to August 2020 at COVID-19 hospitals in India. HCQ 400 mg twice a day on day-1 followed by 400 mg once weekly for next 7 weeks was administered to Health care workers (HCW). RTPCR test was conducted at 3 months post last dose of prophylaxis in symptomatic health care workers. IgG test was conducted in all participants at 3 months.Results: We enrolled 1310 asymptotic frontline healthcare workers, of which 585 (45%) were male and 725 (55%) were female. Chi-Sqaure test statistical analysis in RTPCR Test showed p=0.515, p=0.634, p=0.00 in doctor and nurse, housekeeping and other staff respectively. Chi-Sqaure test statistical analysis in IgG antibody tests showed p=0.305, p=0.449 and p=o.345 in doctor and Nurse, Housekeeping and Other staff respectively.Conclusions: HCQ did not provide statistically significant pre exposure prophylaxis to doctors, nurses and housekeeping staff. However for, “other staff members category” it showed highly statistically significant prophylaxis effect with respect to RTPCR positive test results in comparison with HCW who did not consume HCQ prophylaxis. And hence HCQ could certainly play a crucial role in resource-constrained and overloaded health care systems in countries like India.
Recovery of 157 COVID-19 patients with tailored treatment regime: a single centre study at dedicated COVID hospital in India
Authors: Samant Prafulla , Godse Ajay , Gautam Swapnil , Sankhe Ajay , Gourabathini Sivaprasad , Karpe Rishikesh , Gawali VijayKumar , Ali Heena , Bagul Mayur
Published: December 2020

Background: The regimen in treatment of COVID-19 disease patients is quite variable, with wide range of outcomes. We present our successful recovery rates of COVID-19 disease patients with our tailored treatment based on comorbidity and clinical symptoms.Methods: We retrospectively analysed 157 consecutive discharged patients with COVID‐19 from 20th March 2020 to 20th May 2020. They were admitted and treated at Pandit Bhimsen Joshi general hospital.Results: The Gender distribution was 86 (54.8 %) males and 71 (45.2%) females. Mean length of hospital stay was 13 days. Among the total of 157 patients, 41(26.1%) had co-morbidities. Study results revealed that patients with comorbidities have three times (OR=2.92) higher risk of death compared with patients without any comorbidities. Diabetic patients have four times (OR=4.1) higher risk of death compared with patients without any comorbidities. X-ray of patients showed 88% had no pulmonary involvement, 6.3% bilateral alveolar shadow, 3.18% unilateral alveolar shadow and 2.54% unilateral consolidation.Conclusions: Generally, focus is on fever as primary symptom, our majority patients were asymptomatic. Three tailor made regimens approach for asymptomatic, mild cases and moderate to severe COVID-19 cases yielded in good recovery rate. Study results revealed that patients with comorbidities have three times (OR=2.92) higher risk of death compared with patients without any comorbidities. Diabetic patients have four times (OR=4.1) higher risk of death compared with patients without any comorbidities.
Las relaciones transnacionales de solidaridad con los movimientos revolucionarios latinoamericanos durante la guerra fría Introducción
Authors: Ágreda Portero José Manuel , Apelt Friederike
Published: December 2020

Los movimientos revolucionarios latinoamericanos que emergieron desde los años cincuenta crearon redes transnacionales de solidaridad para con su causa. El presente dossier expone investigaciones que pretenden avanzar en su conocimiento. A partir de un planteamiento común se propone el estudio desde amplios y variados parámetros: cultura, género, política, derechos humanos o sociedad civil global, entre otros. En resumen, se exponen los trabajos de doce investigadores que, teniendo como contexto global la guerra fría, intentan comprender las relaciones entre los movimientos revolucionarios y diferentes actores que se movilizaron en solidaridad. Además, para ampliar la perspectiva, el dossier también incluye una contribución fuera de cartel sobre las relaciones entre la solidaridad holandesa y portuguesa en apoyo de las independencias africanas.
A System for Modelling of Processes for Data Accumulation and Synthesis in Higher Education
Authors: Totkov George , Gaftandzhieva Silvia , Pashev George , Atanasov Stoyan
Published: December 2020

The paper presents a proprietary software system for Modelling of Processes for Data Accumulation and Synthesis in Higher Education, which is designed and developed to overcome the lack of tools suitable enough for work-flows manipulation in the field of Higher Education (HE). The system allows modelling processes in the form of "workflows", accumulation, aggregation and synthesis of information e-resources in relevant digital repositories, virtualization of processes, dynamic visualization of processes and/or their elements, integration and synchronization of heterogeneous software systems working with the system. A special focus is set on processes related to Quality Evaluation.
Vocational Teachers' Perceptions and Perspectives in the Implementation of STEM Learning in the 21st Century
Authors: Nurtanto Muhammad , Sudira Putu , Kholifah Nur , Samsudin Achmad , Warju Warju
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study is to measure perceptions and analyse the perspectives of vocational teachers related to STEM understanding. A total of 157 respondents were actively involved in providing perceptual assessments with a score of 1-5 (rating scale). A total of 10 participants were involved in indepth interviews to see the vocational perspective. The results of the study showed that the perception of vocational teachers obtained a score of 77.5% (M = 3.87, SD = .63). The descriptive analysis explains that the implementation of learning considers the preparation, implementation, carrying capacity of leaders, in order to produce skills appropriately. The aspect of collaboration skills is a key factor in the success of STEM learning, considering multidisciplinary.
Tools for Creating and Presenting Online Learning Resources for Preschool Kids
Authors: Georgiev Vladimir , Nikolova Alexandra
Published: December 2020

This article introduces a module for presenting interactive learning resources for kids in online and mobile environments. Traditional e- Learning systems are not suitable for children in preschool age, as they do not provide specific functionalities to meet the audience's presentation, interaction and focus requirements. To solve this problem, we propose a set of interactive software components for creating and visualizing lessons for kids, which can be integrated in existing and new e- Learning platforms and mobile applications. The article describes the challenges of using learning management systems, points out the needs of the specific audience, and finally reveals the functionalities of a module for realizing learning resources for kids.
Attachment in Structuring Information in Students' Mental Representations
Authors: Kozárová Nina , Komora Juraj
Published: December 2020

This study examines structuring of information in education and its attachment to mental representations of students. Structuring of information is perceived as a psycho-didactic issue. Research methods used within this study include experimentation and testing of concept mapping. The research sample consisted of 96 participants. The analysis of results showed that non-linear structuring of information improved students' results in experimental groups in the researched parameter: operationalization.
Associated Factors with Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Patients Admitted to Emergency Department
Authors: Aminiahidashti Hamed , Assadi Touraj , Montazer Seyed Hossein , Bahar Adeleh , Nozari Mahdis , Hosseininejad Seyed Mohammad
Published: December 2020

Background and Purpose: Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes and its associated healthcare costs, this study aimed to identify the factors contributing to the increase in blood glucose followed by inadequate control in diabetic patients registered in the Imam Hospital in Sari.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on diabetic patients admitted to the emergency department suffering from increase in blood glucose (more than 200 mg/dL). Demographic, clinical, and social information were entered into the checklist, and the factors associated with the rise in blood glucose was investigated.
Results: In this study, 301 diabetic patients with increase in blood glucose levels were included. Mean age was 65±10.6 years, 50.8% (153) were between 70-61 years, and lethargy with 37.9% (114 patients) had the highest cause of complaints in patients, meanwhile, 38.9% (117) of the patients had 4 visits a year by specialist. In addition, 53.8% (162) had "while at work" physical activity status and only 6.6% (20) of the patients had sportive-recreational activity. 42.2% (127) of the studied cases were also not in any type of abuse situation (clean), and 32.9% (99) of them experienced drug abuse. Among the referring patients, 51.5% were suffering hyperglycemia with infection, and 22.6% were documented to be with reduced or discontinued medication.
Discussion: Based on the results, a general description of associated factors with hyperglycemia patients can be used for the prevention and treatment of these patients and the prevention of future complications.
Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Social Support with Burnout in Nurses in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Safa'i Kochaksaraei Sadegh , Heidari Gorgji Mohammad Ali , Yaghoobi Tahere , Yazdani Cherati Jamshid , Jafari Hedayat
Published: December 2020

Background and purpose: Since job burnout affects the patientschr('39') quality of care, it is useful to identify more effective factors in improving the quality of services. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and social support with job burnout among nurses.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in the winter of 2018. The research population included 214 nurses of intensive care units in the medical and educational center of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences by census sampling method. Data were gathered using Bradbury and Graveschr('39') social intelligence, Philips et al.’s social support, and Maslach and Jackson’s burnout questionnaires. For analyzing the research hypotheses, Pearson correlation, linear regression, and Sobel test were used. 
 Findings: Two of the nurses exhibited low emotional intelligence (%0.93), while two of them had average (%0.93) and 210 had high emotional intelligence (%98.13). 18.22% had low burnout, 73.36% had average and 8.41% had high burnout rate. The correlation between emotional intelligence with social support was 0.125, and the probability was greater than 0.05. The correlation between emotional exhaustion and perceived social support, personality deprivation, individual performance, and job burnout were found to be 0.012, 0.07, -0.045, and 0.015, respectively; whereas probability values for all of these relationships were more than 0.05. The correlation between emotional intelligence and emotional exhaustion, personality deprivation, individual function, and burnout were -0.263, -0.125, -0.313, and -0.335, respectively. The probability values except for the personchr('39')s depersonalization variable, for other relationships, were also less than 0.05, and the relationship was documented to be significant.
Conclusion: There was a significant and inverse relationship between emotional intelligence and job burnout, but there was found not a significant relationship between social support with job burnout, and emotional intelligence with social support.
O santo visita o rei: festividade afrorreligiosa em São João de Pirabas e o complexo da encantaria na Amazônia oriental
Authors: Freitas Thayanne Tavares , Veras Hermes De Sousa
Published: December 2020

No dia 20 de janeiro, afrorreligiosos se mobilizam para cultuar Rei Sabá, entidade encantada que, segundo uma de muitas histórias, se petrificou na Praia do Castelo, região insular da cidade São João de Pirabas, localizada no nordeste do estado do Pará, na Amazônia oriental. Embarcações saem da cidade para a ilha, levando afrorreligiosos, pessoal de apoio e outras pessoas interessadas em assistir e participar da festividade. O ápice da atividade é quando se entrega oferendas na pedra onde se reconhece o encantado. O ato é acompanhado de giras coletivas, juntando as comunidades de terreiros participantes. Por acontecer no dia do mártir da igreja católica, São Sebastião, os afrorreligiosos celebram-no em uma missa no dia anterior, na paróquia de São João Batista. Em 2019, o Templo de Umbanda Oxóssi e Mamãe Oxum, liderado por Mãe Rita, levou um andor em forma de barquinha, com a imagem de São Sebastião para a pedra do Rei Sabá (Rei Sebastião), assim, o santo se encontrou com o rei encantado, eclodindo na multiplicidade dessa entidade.
Manifestações do racismo institucional e religioso em comunidades quilombolas no Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Arruda Dyego De Oliveira , Mariani Milton Augusto Pasquotto , Nolasco Gabriel Luis Pereira , Santos Caroline Oliveira
Published: December 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender aspectos das dimensões institucional e religiosa do racismo que se manifesta em comunidadesquilombolas no Mato Grosso do Sul, no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Como estratégia metodológica, realizou-se uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, na qual foram realizados processos de observação participante, diálogos e interações com quilombolas de sete comunidades localizadas no Mato Grosso do Sul. De um modo geral, foi possível constatar que as manifestações de racismo institucional e religioso fazem com que as comunidades quilombolas sejam espaços de significativa precariedade, nos quais os sujeitos aquilombados subsistem, sem que consigam acessar um conjunto de serviços públicos básicos, além de serem compulsoriamente impelidos a renunciar elementos de sua história, cultura e até de sua subjetividade. Sem a pretensão de esgotar a temática, o artigo traz, nas considerações finais, algumas problematizações que reforçam a necessidade do engajamento no combate às manifestações de racismo na sociedade contemporânea.
Editorial
Authors: Alves Daiana Travassos , Silva Érica Quinaglia
Published: December 2020

Editorial em português
INCONSCIENTE COLETIVO CIBERNÉTICO singularidade tecnológica na era da internet das coisas
Authors: Pereira Eduardo Dos Santos
Published: December 2020

Internet das Coisas (Internet of Things - IoT) vai muito além da conexão de equipamentos diversos, como lâmpadas e sensores de temperatura, a rede mundial de computadores. Uma das grandes visões ligadas a essa tecnologia está na possibilidade de usar o fluxo de dados desses equipamentos para gerar sistemas que tomam decisões de forma autônoma. Como por exemplo, uma geladeira conectada a rede poderia fazer compras de forma automática, baseada nos costumes de uma família. Por outro lado, uma perspectiva interessante é de que num futuro relativamente próximo, devido ao avanço acelerado do desenvolvimento tecnológico, uma superinteligência artificial poderia emergir. Esse ponto de ruptura é conhecido como singularidade tecnológica. Neste contexto, o presente artigo é apresentado na forma de um ensaio teórico, o qual busca refletir em como a IoT poderia alcançar a singularidade tecnológica e como isso implicaria na redução do livre arbítrio a nível de sociedade.
OS TRAÇADOS DA CIDADE: A BELÉM DA PRIMEIRA METADE DO SÉCULO XX
Authors: TEIXEIRA Tatiane do Socorro Correa
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo visa compreender acerca dos traçados da cidade de Belém entre as décadas de 40 e 50. Objetiva apresentar os lugares de lazer existentes na cidade, o espaço urbano da capital, constituído por um território central, moderno, marcado pelos resquícios da Belle Époque, pelos grandes clubes carnavalescos e territórios com caracterizações depreciativas. Belém emerge como uma trama na qual os fios se intercruzam pelas relações sociais, pelas práticas culturais, sendo uma cidade conectada por fluxos e refluxos de pessoas cotidianamente, que tem nas suas manifestações culturais, a exemplo do carnaval, um marco nos bairros e, consequentemente, na cidade. Portanto, essa multiplicidade de espaços do carnaval belenense comporta as transformações pelas quais Belém passou no final do XIX para o século XX. Assim, estamos discutindo Cidade na perspectiva de Le Goff (1988), Ferrara (1999), Avelino (2009), Arantes (1999), Correa (2010). Palavras-chave: Cidade. Belém. Lazer.
Co-treatment of Brazilein Enhances Cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin on WiDr Colorectal Cancer Cells Through Cell Cycle Arrest
Authors: Utami Diah Tri , Nugraheni Nadzifa , Jenie Riris Istighfari , Meiyanto Edy
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: The presence of adverse side effects limits the use of doxorubicin (Dox) despite its cost-effectiveness compared to other chemotherapeutic agents. Brazilein (Be), the major compound of Caesalpinia sappan, performs co-chemotherapeutic potency in several cancer cell lines. This study evaluates the chemosensitizing effects of Be to Dox on colon cancer cell line, WiDr.METHODS: The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Be and its combination with Dox. The synergistic effect of Be and Dox was examined by using the Combination index (CI) parameter. Cell cycle and apoptosis profiles were done using flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI)/RNase and Annexin V staining, respectively.RESULTS: The combination of Dox and Be at half of IC50 on WiDr cells showed a synergistic effect with a combination index of 0.4. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed that the combination caused cell cycle termination at the S and G2/M phase. This finding corresponded with the data that single treatment of Dox and Be induced cell cycle arrest at the different phases, namely S and G2/M phase, respectively. However, the combination treatment for 24 hours did not induce apoptosis. This combination should be further clarified as there was a possibility that many cells may underwent permanently arrest that halts to proceed apoptosis.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that Be synergizes with Dox to suppress the growth of WiDr cells via cell cycle arrest, hence, Be is potential to be developed as a co-chemotherapeutic agent. Our findings suggested that Be synergizes with Dox to suppress the growth of WiDr cells via cell cycle arrest, hence, Be is potential to be developed as a co-chemotherapeutic agent.KEYWORDS: Brazilein, colon cancer WiDr, co-treatment, Doxorubicin, cell cycle arrest
Las perspectivas de tutela aplicables ante la publicidad engañosa en el derecho chileno
Authors: López Díaz Patricia Verónica
Published: December 2020

El presente artículo tiene por propósito indagar las diferentes perspectivas de tutela de la publicidad engañosa en el derecho chileno a partir de un examen de la Ley sobre protección de los derechos de los consumidores, de la Ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad, del código civil, de la Ley sobre Competencia Desleal, de la Ley sobre Propiedad Intelectual y de la Ley sobre Propiedad Industrial, evidenciando un eventual concurso entre ellas y determinando si este puede solucionarse a través del principio de especialidad o de la elección que realice el afectado por ella según su propio interés.
Problem zmiany językowej a normalizacja i kodyfikacja polszczyzny
Authors: Siuciak Mirosława
Published: December 2020

Artykuł dotyczy relacji zachodzących między zmianami językowymi a procesami normalizacji i kodyfikacji. Normalizacja jest tutaj rozumiana jako proces naturalny, przebiegający na skutek przeobrażeń w uzusie, w którym jeden z rywalizujących wariantów językowych zdobywa przewagę i wypiera zazwyczaj wariant starszy. Natomiast kodyfikacja jest zjawiskiem zewnętrznym, sterowanym przez specjalistów — językoznawców, którzy arbitralnie wyznaczają obowiązującą w języku normę. Kodyfikacja przeprowadzana jest zazwyczaj w powiązaniu ze zmianami w uzusie, staje się wówczas potwierdzeniem procesu normalizacji. Zdarza się jednak, że językoznawcy preferują pewne formy wbrew powszechnym użyciom bądź też nie nadążają za zmianami, w związku z czym skodyfikowana norma wzorcowa w pewnych aspektach odbiega znacznie od uzusu.
W historii polszczyzny wyraźną cezurę stanowi XIX w. Przed tym okresem normalizacja przebiegała w sposób naturalny, bez ingerencji lingwistów, dlatego przeobrażenia systemu językowego były w tym czasie znaczące. Od XIX w. każda zmiana podlegała już ocenie specjalistów, w związku z czym pewne naturalne procesy językowe zostały wyhamowane. Na skutek rozwoju językoznawstwa i zwiększenia roli lingwistów w życiu społecznym w XX w. rola czynników kodyfikacyjnych znacznie wzrosła, chociaż wielu lingwistów przyjęło i zachowuje po dziś dzień postawę asekuracyjną wobec obserwowanych zmian.
Cultural and social factors determining the use of private tutoring services in Poland
Authors: Kotarski Hubert
Published: December 2020

This article presents the results of are search based on a sample survey, random survey questionnaire, carried out on the overall population of first-year students of the University of Rzeszow following first-cycle and long-cycle programmes. The aim of this article was to identify cultural and social factors determining the use of private tutoring services by the surveyed students. The University of Rzeszow is the largest public institution of higher education in the south-eastern part of Poland and educates students in 13 faculties. This research has provided interesting insights into the discussion on the development of informal education in the form of additional, paid lessons in Central and Eastern Europe and their impact on the formal education system functioning in the countries of this part of Europe.

 

Keywords: System of education, cultural capital, private tutoring, higher education.
The effect of digital platforms in the motivation of future primary education teachers towards mathematics
Authors: Mendez David , Mendez Miriam , Anguita Juana Maria
Published: December 2020

Motivation is a key element of daily life. At present, ICTs are considered to be highly motivating elements that are of great importance in all sectors of the society. The objective of this research study is to measure and assess the intrinsic motivation level of university students aiming to become Elementary School teachers regarding the use of digital platforms in their math classes. Using the Self-Determination Theory and the Intrinsic Motivation Theory, these students were given a test with 20 questions based on the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory. The results support the conclusion that all participants had a high level of intrinsic motivation, which was highest in students with no previous experience in the use of said resources. It is important to improve, through motivation, the knowledge and skills of future teachers regarding the use of ICTs to enable them to awaken their students’ interest in mathematics and facilitate their learning process.

 

Keywords: Intrinsic motivation, ICTs, digital platforms, math classes, school teachers.
Teachers’ perception of educational challenges in the face of the COVID 19
Authors: Videla Carmen Gloria Burgos , Meneses Eloy Lopez , Diaz Javiera Martinez
Published: December 2020

The health context related to the COVID-19 virus has implied challenges for various areas in which the educational sphere stands out. Preventive measures of social distancing and quarantine have led to classes being given virtually (online), and in this scenario research is emerging that focuses on the educational challenges of teachers. The DIFPRORET project, educational difficulties, activities and challenges in confinement is applied to a sample of 200 teachers, with a qualitative method and methodological strategy of content analysis. The findings show the difficulty in the use of platforms, understanding of distance education, creative action and the generation gap with 64.26%. With this, a hierarchical map is expressed that gives account of three significant constructs: didactic operation, progressive learning and curricular innovation, which allows us to conclude that under these constructs translate the perceptions of teachers on educational challenges.

 

Keywords: Digital strategy, COVID-19.