bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PACTEL and PWR PACTEL Test Facilities for Versatile LWR Applications
Authors: Kouhia Virpi , Purhonen Heikki , Riikonen Vesa , Puustinen Markku , Kyrki-Rajamäki Riitta , Vihavainen Juhani
Published: December 2011

This paper describes construction and experimental research activities with two test facilities, PACTEL and PWR PACTEL. The PACTEL facility, comprising of reactor pressure vessel parts, three loops with horizontal steam generators, a pressurizer, and emergency core cooling systems, was designed to model the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of VVER-440-type reactors. The facility has been utilized in miscellaneous applications and experiments, for example, in the OECD International Standard Problem ISP-33. PACTEL has been upgraded and modified on a case-by-case basis. The latest facility configuration, the PWR PACTEL facility, was constructed for research activities associated with the EPR-type reactor. A significant design basis is to utilize certain parts of PACTEL, and at the same time, to focus on a proper construction of two new loops and vertical steam generators with an extensive instrumentation. The PWR PACTEL benchmark exercise was launched in 2010 with a small break loss-of-coolant accident test as the chosen transient. Both facilities, PACTEL and PWR PACTEL, are maintained fully operational side by side.
The Fetal Safety of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Authors: Moretti Myla E. , Caprara Daniela , Drehuta Irina , Yeung Emily , Cheung Stefanie , Federico Lisa , Koren Gideon
Published: December 2011

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are known to cause fetal renal damage in pregnancy. Due to conflicting reports in the literature, their safety after first trimester exposure has been debated. Our aim was to determine whether the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for major malformations or other adverse outcomes. All subjects were prospectively enrolled from among women contacting a teratogen information service. At initial contact, details of maternal medical history and exposures were collected and follow-up interviews were conducted to ascertain pregnancy outcomes. Two comparator groups, women with hypertension treated with other antihypertensives, and healthy controls were also recruited. Baseline maternal characteristics were not different among the three groups. There were no differences in rates of major malformations. Both the ACE-ARBs and disease-matched groups exhibited significantly lower birth weight and gestational ages than the healthy controls (P<0.001for both variables). There was a significantly higher rate of miscarriage noted in the ACE/ARB group (P<0.001). These results suggest that ACE inhibitors/ARBs are not major human teratogens; however, they may be associated with an increased risk for miscarriage.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Lipid Metabolism: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Basseri Sana , Austin Richard C.
Published: December 2011

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in protein folding, assembly, and secretion. Disruption of ER homeostasis may lead to accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, a condition referred to as ER stress. In response to ER stress, a signal transduction pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. UPR activation allows the cell to cope with an increased protein-folding demand on the ER. Recent studies have shown that ER stress/UPR activation plays a critical role in lipid metabolism and homeostasis. ER-stress-dependent dysregulation of lipid metabolism may lead to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. In this paper, we examine recent findings illustrating the important role ER stress/UPR signalling pathways play in regulation of lipid metabolism, and how they may lead to dysregulation of lipid homeostasis.
Human Sperm Cryopreservation: Update on Techniques, Effect on DNA Integrity, and Implications for ART
Authors: Di Santo Marlea , Tarozzi Nicoletta , Nadalini Marco , Borini Andrea
Published: December 2011

Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa—introduced in the 1960's—has been recognized as an efficient procedure for management of male fertility before therapy for malignant diseases, vasectomy or surgical infertility treatments, to store donor and partner spermatozoa before assisted reproduction treatments and to ensure the recovery of a small number of spermatozoa in severe male factor infertility. Despite the usefulness of it, cryopreservation may lead to deleterious changes of sperm structure and function: while the effects of cryopreservation on cells are well documented, to date there is no agreement in the literature on whether or not cryopreservation affects sperm chromatin integrity or on the use of a unique and functional protocol for the freezing-thawing procedure. Therefore, sperm cryopreservation is an important component of fertility management and much of its successful application seems to affect the reproductive outcome of assisted reproduction technologies (ART): appropriate use of cryoprotectants before and sperm selection technologies after cryopreservation seem to have the greatest impact on preventing DNA fragmentation, thus improving sperm cryosurvival rates.
The Usefulness of Edible and Medicinal Fabaceae in Argentine and Chilean Patagonia: Environmental Availability and Other Sources of Supply
Authors: Molares Soledad , Ladio Ana
Published: December 2011

Fabaceae is of great ethnobotanical importance in indigenous and urban communities throughout the world. This work presents a revision of the use of Fabaceae as a food and/or medicinal resource in Argentine-Chilean Patagonia. It is based on a bibliographical analysis of 27 ethnobotanical sources and catalogues of regional flora. Approximately 234 wild species grow in Patagonia, mainly (60%) in arid environments, whilst the remainder belong to Sub-Antarctic forest. It was found that 12.8% (30 species), mainly woody, conspicuous plants, are collected for food or medicines. Most of the species used grow in arid environments. Cultivation and purchase/barter enrich the Fabaceae offer, bringing it up to a total of 63 species. The richness of native and exotic species, and the existence of multiple strategies for obtaining these plants, indicates hybridization of knowledge and practices. Only 22% of the total species used are mentioned in bothcontexts of food and medicine, reflecting low-use complementation. This study suggests a significant ecological appearance and a high level of availability in shops and exchange networks in Patagonia, highlighting the need to consider the full set of environmental and socioeconomic factors in research related to the use and cultural importance of plants in regional contexts.
The Actin-Bundling Protein L-Plastin: A Critical Regulator of Immune Cell Function
Authors: Morley Sharon Celeste
Published: December 2011

L-plastin is a leukocyte-specific protein that cross-links actin filaments into tight bundles, increasing the stability of actin-based structures such as podosomes and lamellipodia. While first identified as an abundant cytoplasmic protein in hematopoietically derived cells over 25 years ago, the requirement for L-plastin in multiple functions critical for immunity, such as antigen receptor signaling, adhesion, and motility, has only recently become clear. L-plastin has been identified as an important component in cellular processes critical for neutrophil, macrophage, osteoclast, eosinophil, and T- and B-lymphocyte biology. Following a brief description of the structure and function of L-plastin, the regulation of immune cell functions by L-plastin will be reviewed in detail.
On the Complexities of the Design of Water Distribution Networks
Authors: Izquierdo Joaquín , Montalvo Idel , Pérez-García Rafael , Matías Agustín
Published: December 2011

Water supply is one of the most recognizable and important public services contributing to quality of life. Water distribution networks (WDNs) are extremely complex assets. A number of complex tasks, such as design, planning, operation, maintenance, and management, are inherently associated with such networks. In this paper, we focus on the design of a WDN, which is a wide and open problem in hydraulic engineering. This problem is a large‐scale combinatorial, nonlinear, nonconvex, multiobjective optimization problem, involving various types of decision variables and many complex implicit constraints. To handle this problem, we provide a synergetic association between swarm intelligence and multiagent systems where human interaction is also enabled. This results in a powerful collaborative system for finding solutions to such a complex hydraulic engineering problem. All the ingredients have been integrated into a software tool that has also been shown to efficiently solve problems from other engineering fields.
Generalized Mixed Equilibrium Problems and Fixed Point Problem for a Countable Family of Total Quasi‐ϕ‐Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Zhu Jinhua , Chang Shih-Sen , Liu Min
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this paper is first to introduce the concept of total quasi‐ϕ‐asymptotically nonexpansive mapping which contains many kinds of mappings as its special cases and then to use a hybrid algorithm to introduce a new iterative scheme for
finding a common element of the set of solutions for a system of generalized mixed equilibrium problems and the set of common fixed points for a countable family of total quasi‐ϕ‐asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. Under suitable conditions some strong convergence theorems are established in an uniformly smooth and strictly convex Banach space with Kadec‐Klee property. The results presented in the paper improve and extend some recent results.
Molecular Ontogeny of Donor-Derived Follicular Lymphomas Occurring after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Weigert Oliver , Kopp Nadja , Lane Andrew A. , Yoda Akinori , Dahlberg Suzanne E. , Neuberg Donna , Bahar Anita Y. , Chapuy Bjoern , Kutok Jeffery L. , Longtine Janina A. , Kuo Frank C. , Haley Terry , Salois Maura , Sullivan Timothy J. , Fisher David C. , Fox Edward A. , Rodig Scott J. , Antin Joseph H. , Weinstock David M.
Published: December 2011

The relative timing of genetic alterations that contribute to follicular lymphoma remains unknown. We analyzed a donor–recipient pair who both developed grade 2/3A follicular lymphoma 7 years after allogeneic transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusions. Both patients harbored identical BCL2/IGH rearrangements also present in 1 in 2,000 cells in the donor lymphocyte infusion, and the same V(D)J rearrangement, which underwent somatic hypermutation both before and after clonal divergence. Exome sequencing of both follicular lymphomas identified 15 shared mutations, of which 14 (including alterations in EP300 and KLHL6) were recovered from the donor lymphocyte infusion by ultra-deep sequencing (average read coverage, 361,723), indicating acquisition at least 7 years before clinical presentation. Six additional mutations were present in only one follicular lymphoma and not the donor lymphocyte infusion, including an ARID1A premature stop, indicating later acquisition during clonal divergence. Thus, ultrasensitive sequencing can map clonal evolution within rare subpopulations during human lymphomagenesis in vivo.

Significance: For the first time, we define the molecular ontogeny of follicular lymphoma during clonal evolution in vivo. By using ultrasensitive mutation detection, we mapped the time-course of somatic alterations after passage of a malignant ancestor by hematopoietic cell transplantation. Cancer Discovery; 2(1); 47–55. ©2011 AACR.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
Monoclonal Antibodies against the Human Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes 1–5: Development and Immunohistochemical Application in Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Schmid Herbert A. , Lambertini Chiara , van Vugt Harmke H. , Barzaghi-Rinaudo Patrizia , Schäfer Judith , Hillenbrand Rainer , Sailer Andreas W. , Kaufmann Martina , Nuciforo Paolo
Published: December 2011

Background: Activation of somatostatin receptors (sstr1–5) by somatostatin and its analogues exerts an inhibitory effect on hormone secretion and provides the basis for the treatment of a range of endocrine diseases such as acromegaly, Cushing’s disease and neuroendocrine tumors (NET). The lack of well-characterized commercially available sstr subtype-specific antibodies prevents routine identification of the sstr expression profile in patients. Methods: We generated and characterized new mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the five human sstr subtypes using ELISA and immunohistochemistry, and tested their suitability in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues and archival samples of normal pancreatic tissue and NET. Results: All mAbs were highly specific with no cross-reactivity. The sstr1–5 immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal NET (n = 67) was correlated with clinicopathologic data. With the exception of sstr3, NET were highly positive for all receptor subtypes (42, 63, 6, 32 and 65% of tumors were positive for sstr1, sstr2a, sstr3, sstr4 and sstr5, respectively). sstr1, sstr2a and sstr5 were present at the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, whereas sstr3 and sstr4 were almost exclusively cytoplasmic. Immunoreactivity of sstr1, sstr2a and sstr4 tended to decrease as tumor aggressiveness increased. sstr5 showed an opposite pattern, with higher staining in well-differentiated carcinomas compared with well-differentiated tumors. sstr5 immunoreactivity was correlated with the presence of metastases and angioinvasion, suggesting a possible association with more aggressive behavior. Conclusion: Determination of the sstr1–5 by immunohistochemistry using subtype-specific mAbs is feasible in FFPE tissue and may provide a tool for routine clinical practice.
Baseline and Stimulated Cortisol Levels in Preterm Infants: Is There Any Clinical Relevance?
Authors: Sari Fatma Nur , Dizdar Evrim Alyamac , Oguz Serife Suna , Andiran Nesibe , Erdeve Omer , Uras Nurdan , Memik Raziye , Dilmen Ugur
Published: December 2011

Background/Aim: To evaluate the association between the cortisol levels and clinical outcomes in preterm infants. Methods: Baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels and ACTH-stimulated cortisol concentrations after low-dose synthetic ACTH (Synacthen®, 1 µg/kg) were measured in preterm infants <37 weeks of gestational age between the 5th and 7th days of life. Associations between cortisol concentrations and clinical outcomes were examined. The prevalence and prognostic utility of relative adrenal insufficiency (AI) were assessed. Results: Ninety-eight preterm infants were enrolled. Median baseline cortisol and ACTH levels were 13.7 µg/dl (25th-75th percentile, 9.7-21.1 µg/dl) and 11.5 pg/ml (25th-75th percentile, 6.9-22.6 pg/ml), respectively. Median peak cortisol level after ACTH stimulation was 33.6 µg/dl (25th-75th percentile, 27.2-40.2 µg/dl). The prevalence of relative AI, defined as baseline cortisol <15 µg/dl or Δ-cortisol <9 µg/dl, was 65%. Cortisol levels at baseline and at all time points during the test and relative AI were not associated with mortality or any other clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Neither baseline nor ACTH-stimulated cortisol levels were associated with clinical outcomes in preterm infants. A significant proportion of preterm infants hospitalized in the neonatal unit fulfilled the criteria for relative AI; however, relative AI did not affect outcome.
Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Colonic and Extracolonic Cancer Development
Authors: Compare Debora , Nardone Gerardo
Published: December 2011

It is estimated that 20% of malignancies worldwide can be attributed to infections, i.e. about 1.2 million cases per year. A typical example of the association between bacterial infection and gastrointestinal malignancies is Helicobacter pylori infection with both gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Bacteria are an important component of the human body. The human intestine contains >500 different types of microorganisms, the ‘gut microbiota’, that play important functions such as energetic metabolism, proliferation and survival of epithelial cells, and protection against pathogens. Chronic alteration of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, ‘dysbiosis’, could promote many diseases, including cancer. The mechanisms by which bacteria may induce carcinogenesis include chronic inflammation, immune evasion, and immune suppression. There are three effector pathways of T helper (Th) cell differentiation: Th1 responses promoted by procarcinogenic signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)1 and Stat4 signaling, Th2 responses promoted by Stat6 signaling, and Th17 responses promoted by Stat3 signaling. Interestingly, Th1 responses, driven by IL-12 and characterized by IFN-γ production, are typically anticarcinogenic, whereas Th17 responses are activated in various cancers. Furthermore, a T regulatory response, driven by IL-10 and TGF-β, counterbalances the proinflammatory effect of Th17 responses. Elevated numbers of T regulatory cells suppress the innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby contributing to tumor progression. The emerging relationship between gut microbiota and cancer has prompted new ways of thinking about cancer prevention and has led to the development of noninvasive diagnostic tests and innovative treatments, such as with probiotics. However, although in vitro and animal model studies suggest a protective anticancer effect of probiotics, the results of human epidemiological studies are controversial.
How to Deal with Measures of Association: A Short Guide for the Clinician
Authors: Knol M.J. , Algra A. , Groenwold R.H.H.
Published: December 2011

When reading medical literature as a clinician, many different measures of association are presented. To judge whether results of studies can be applied to clinical practice, it is essential to understand and to be able to interpret the measure of association reported in the article. In this paper, we will present how to deal with the most commonly used measures of association including the risk and rate difference, number needed to treat, risk and rate ratio, hazard ratio and odds ratio. By means of examples, we will discuss the different measures of association for the three main study designs used in clinical research: randomized controlled trial, observational cohort study and case-control study.
Peculiarities of Immature Individuals Developing from Both Resting and Subitaneous Eggs of Polyphemus pediculus (Cladocera, Onychopoda)
Authors: Butorina L. G.
Published: December 2011

Juveniles of Polyphemus pediculus (Linnaeus, 1761) emerge into the aquatic environment from resting eggs at an earlier stage of development, compared to those that hatch from subitaneous eggs. They become sexually mature after five moults, while individuals originating from subitaneous eggs become mature after four moults. The numbers of moults under both circumstances are strictly stable. Morphometric characteristics, body length, and the ratio of the entire body and its parts change with every moult, but the intensity of these changes is different in individuals originating from different types of eggs. Newborns originating from resting eggs, are larger, but have less setae on antennae I-II and on the third endopodal segments of thoracic limbs I-III. Morphometrically they are closer to sexually mature individuals of Polyphemus exiguus Sars, 1897, than to immature individuals of P. pediculus originating from subitaneous eggs. Their morphometric correspondence to mature individuals of the freshwater form of their own species, P. pediculus is even less. As a consequence, the numbers of setae on the first segments of the endopodites of the thoracic limbs can not be used as a systematic character for the species of the genus Polyphemus.
Picturing Protest
Authors: Corrigall-Brown Catherine , Wilkes Rima
Published: December 2011

Images of collective action shape public understanding of social movement campaigns and issues. Modern media includes more images than ever before, and these images are remembered longer and are more likely to elicit emotional responses than are textual accounts. Yet when it comes to media coverage of collective action, existing research considers only the written accounts. This means that little is known about the extent to which images of collective action events conform to or diverge from the “protest paradigm,” a pattern of reporting found in articles that tends to marginalize protesters and legitimizes authorities. The authors address this gap by analyzing newspaper photographs of one of the most significant recent cases of Indigenous-state conflict in North America—the 1990 “Oka Crisis.” This 78-day armed standoff between Indigenous peoples and Quebecois and Canadian authorities was sparked by the attempted expansion of a golf course onto Mohawk territory. The mass media produced thousands of articles and photographs in their coverage of the event. This article uses these photographs to assess the manner in which images frame collective action and collective actors. The authors find that images of collective action frame these events differently and in a more nuanced way than do textual accounts. For example, while challengers are just as likely to be shown in images of collective action, they are less likely to be specifically named. In addition, officials are more likely to be shown in dominant positions, but certain groups of officials (particularly government representatives) are also the most likely to be shown as emotional and angry. These findings illustrate the sometimes conflicting messages depicted in images of collective action.
2011 Society of Counseling Psychology Presidential Address
Authors: Israel Tania
Published: December 2011

Within a system of societal inequities, privilege consists of unearned advantages that are conferred on individuals based on membership or assumed membership in a dominant group. This article describes the relationship between privilege and oppression, dimensions of privilege, characteristics of privilege, costs of privilege, and resistance to awareness of privilege. Understanding of privilege can enhance counseling psychology practice, research, training, and professional organizations. The article concludes with recommendations for exploring privilege and a vision for systemic change.
Human–Human Reliance in the Context of Automation
Authors: Lyons Joseph B. , Stokes Charlene K.
Published: December 2011

Objective: The current study examined human–human reliance during a computer-based scenario where participants interacted with a human aid and an automated tool simultaneously.

Background: Reliance on others is complex, and few studies have examined human–human reliance in the context of automation. Past research found that humans are biased in their perceived utility of automated tools such that they view them as more accurate than humans. Prior reviews have postulated differences in human–human versus human–machine reliance, yet few studies have examined such reliance when individuals are presented with divergent information from different sources.

Method: Participants ( N = 40) engaged in the Convoy Leader experiment. They selected a convoy route based on explicit guidance from a human aid and information from an automated map. Subjective and behavioral human–human reliance indices were assessed. Perceptions of risk were manipulated by creating three scenarios (low, moderate, and high) that varied in the amount of vulnerability (i.e., potential for attack) associated with the convoy routes.

Results: Results indicated that participants reduced their behavioral reliance on the human aid when faced with higher risk decisions (suggesting increased reliance on the automation); however, there were no reported differences in intentions to rely on the human aid relative to the automation.

Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that when individuals are provided information from both a human aid and automation, their reliance on the human aid decreased during high-risk decisions.

Application: This study adds to a growing understanding of the biases and preferences that exist during complex human–human and human–machine interactions.
Cognitive Neurophysiologic Synchronies
Authors: Stevens Ronald H. , Galloway Trysha L. , Wang Peter , Berka Chris
Published: December 2011

Objective:

Cognitive neurophysiologic synchronies (NS) are low-level data streams derived from electroencephalography (EEG) measurements that can be collected and analyzed in near real time and in realistic settings. The objective of this study was to relate the expression of NS for engagement to the frequency of conversation between team members during Submarine Piloting and Navigation (SPAN) simulations.

Background:

If the expression of different NS patterns is sensitive to changes in the behavior of teams, they may be a useful tool for studying team cognition.

Method:

EEG-derived measures of engagement (EEG-E) from SPAN team members were normalized and pattern classified by self-organizing artificial neural networks and hidden Markov models. The temporal expression of these patterns was mapped onto team events and related to the frequency of team members’ speech. Standardized models were created with pooled data from multiple teams to facilitate comparisons across teams and levels of expertise and to provide a framework for rapid monitoring of team performance.

Results:

The NS expression for engagement shifted across task segments and internal and external task changes. These changes occurred within seconds and were affected more by changes in the task than by the person speaking. Shannon entropy measures of the NS data stream showed decreases associated with periods when the team was stressed and speaker entropy was high.

Conclusion:

These studies indicate that expression of neurophysiologic indicators measured by EEG may complement rather than duplicate communication metrics as measures of team cognition.

Application:

Neurophysiologic approaches may facilitate the rapid determination of the cognitive status of a team and support the development of novel adaptive approaches to optimize team function.
The Correlation among Immigrant Homeownership, Objective and Subjective Characteristics, and Civic Participation: New Evidence from the Israeli Experience
Authors: Arbel Yuval , Ben-Shahar Danny , Tobol Yossef
Published: December 2011

The correlation between immigrant objective and subjective characteristics and the likelihood of achieving homeownership is tested empirically. Also, the article examines whether homeownership promotes civic participation and community involvement among immigrants. Observing a sample of immigrants who arrived in Israel between the years 1989 and 2004, it is found that a longer stay in the receiving country, living in proximity to other immigrants, being over 35 years old, holding a full-time job, earning above average income and being a single or divorced woman associate with greater likelihood of attaining homeownership. Moreover, it is found that the subjective notion of both respect for the receiving culture and proficiency in the language positively correlate with homeownership. Finally, it is found that the previous empirical findings, according to which native homeownership is tied to civic participation, extend to the immigrant population. Research findings may serve decision-makers in setting policies that advance homeownership among immigrant populations.
The Changing Meaning of Neighbourhood Attachment in Chinese Commodity Housing Estates: Evidence from Guangzhou
Authors: Zhu Yushu , Breitung Werner , Li Si-ming
Published: December 2011

The housing reform in urban China since the 1990s and the ensuing spatial and social dynamics gave rise to new kinds of neighbourhoods with new logics of neighbouring and neighbourhood attachment. Meanwhile, neighbourhoods are actively promoted as platforms for policy implementation. Both are reasons to revisit the meaning of neighbourhood attachment in the Chinese context. This article focuses on the roles of neighbourly interaction and physical environment, juxtaposing post-reform commodity housing estates against traditional neighbourhoods. The analysis draws on both qualitative and quantitative datasets from three case studies in Guangzhou and a city-wide survey. Results indicate that, compared with traditional neighbourhoods, residents of commodity housing estates have weak neighbourly interactions but strong neighbourhood attachment, which is based mainly on their satisfaction with the physical environment and less on their neighbourly contacts. Neighbourhoods in China have apparently shifted their function from social arenas to privatised living environments.
Factors Contributing to Perceptions About Policies Regarding the Electronic Monitoring of Sex Offenders
Authors: Button Deeanna M. , Tewksbury Richard , Mustaine Elizabeth E. , Payne Brian K.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to explore factors contributing to perceptions about electronic monitoring policies governing sex offenders. Guided by Tannenbaum’s theory of attribution and Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization, the authors examine the influence of demographic characteristics, victimization experiences, and neighborhood characteristics on perceptions about policies regarding the electronic monitoring of sex offenders. Ordinary least squares regression and logistic regression analyses of stratified telephone survey data reveal that factors associated with favorable views on the use of global positioning satellite monitoring for registered sex offenders appear to stem primarily from individuals’ demographic characteristics. Experiential and neighborhood factors do provide some influence over individuals’ views of electronic monitoring policies for sex offenders. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
Predicting Juvenile Offending
Authors: Ang Rebecca P. , Goh Dion H.
Published: December 2011

In this study, the authors compared logistic regression and predictive data mining techniques such as decision trees (DTs), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and support vector machines (SVMs), and examined these methods on whether they could discriminate between adolescents who were charged or not charged for initial juvenile offending in a large Asian sample. Results were validated and tested in independent samples with logistic regression and DT, ANN, and SVM classifiers achieving accuracy rates of 95% and above. Findings from receiver operating characteristic analyses also supported these results. In addition, the authors examined distinct patterns of occurrences within and across classifiers. Proactive aggression and teacher-rated conflict consistently emerged as risk factors across validation and testing data sets of DT and ANN classifiers, and logistic regression. Reactive aggression, narcissistic exploitativeness, being male, and coming from a nonintact family were risk factors that emerged in one or more of these data sets across classifiers, while anxiety and poor peer relationships failed to emerge as predictors.
Congruence and Coverage
Authors: Leete Laura , Bania Neil , Sparks-Ibanga Andrea
Published: December 2011

Recent literature identifies disadvantaged neighborhoods lacking access to healthy food as “food deserts” where limited food choices may affect health and socioeconomic outcomes. Researchers have applied varying definitions of food deserts, however, making generalizations problematic. We use GIS methods to examine the congruence and coverage of different definitions for Portland, Oregon. Each identifies somewhat different neighborhoods as food deserts, with none accounting for the majority of socioeconomically vulnerable populations living with low food access. To supplement, we introduce the concept of the food hinterland—home to a significant share of the vulnerable population living with low food access.
Gentrification and Toronto’s Changing Household Characteristics and Income Distribution
Authors: Skaburskis Andrejs
Published: December 2011

This study compares the changes in the household characteristics and income distributions of men and women in the Toronto census tracts that gentrified in the 1970s with the changes taking place across the metropolitan area. Higher-income women were gentrifiers from the beginning and lower-income men were more likely to be displaced. The factors driving gentrification are also transforming the rest of the metropolitan area, making the continuation of gentrification appear inevitable unless aggressive social housing programs are implemented to secure tenure for lower-income households and help mitigate the loss of lower priced housing in the inner city.
Addition-curable phenolic resin with arylacetylene groups: preparation, processing capability, thermal properties, and evaluation as matrix of composites
Authors: Luo Zhenhua , Yang Ming , Wang Mingcun , Zhao Tong
Published: December 2011

Ethynyl phenyl azo novolac resin with substitution extent of 100% (EPAN100) was synthesized by a two-step procedure, including coupling reaction between salicyl alcohol and diazonium sulfate of 3-ethynyl aniline to get 4-(3-ethynylphenyl) azo salicyl alcohol (EPAS), and its polycondensation reaction. EPAS and EPAN100 were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), and gel permeation chromatography. The melt viscosity characteristics of the resin were investigated by TA AR2000 rheometer. The cure characteristics and cure schedule of EPAN100 were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and the FT-IR technique. The DSC curve of EPAN100 showed a cure exotherm between 120 and 280 °C with an enthalpy of 416 J g−1, which was far lower than that of 1079 J g−1 for polyarylacetylene resin (PAA). Dynamic mechanical analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to investigate the thermal stability of EPAN100. The results showed that cured EPAN100 resin possessed significantly improved thermal stability and char-yielding property relative to novolac-type phenolic resin. The onset decrease temperature of storage modulus ( Tonset) and glass transition temperature ( Tg) were 350 and 400 °C, respectively. The 5% weight loss temperature ( Td5) was approximately 420 °C, and the char yield at 900 °C in nitrogen was approximately 79%. In comparison with PAA-matrix composites, the composites of EPAN100 resin presented much higher mechanical strength both at room and high temperature. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that silica cloth/EPAN100 resin possessed better interaction between resin and fibers.
Chelating and biological properties of an azo polymer resin: synthesis, characterization and its application
Authors: Sasidaran Manjiny , Sankar Ramasamy , Kandasamy Periyasamy , Vijayalakshmi Soundarajan , Kaliyappan Thananjayan
Published: December 2011

The polymeric ligand (resin) was prepared from 1-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol (4HPA2N-F) with formaldehyde in the presence of oxalic acid as a catalyst. Poly (4HPA2N-F) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The molecular weight of the polymer was determined by gel permeation chromatography. Polychelates were obtained when the dimethylformamide solution of the polymer containing a few drops of ammonium hydroxide was treated with a aqueous solution of Cu(II)/Ni(II). The Infrared spectra of polychelates suggest that the metals were coordinated through the oxygen of the phenolic–OH group and nitrogen of the azo group. The thermogravimetic analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the incorporation of the metal ion significantly enhanced the degree of crystallinity. The sorption properties of the chelate-forming polymer towards various metal ion Cu(II) and Ni(II) were studied as a function of pH, nature and concentration of electrolytes. The antibacterial activities of polymer and its metal complexes against several microorganisms were also investigated by using agar well diffusion method.
Preparation and characterization of poly(aryl ether ketone)s with pyridyl groups on the side chains
Authors: Liu Ling Zhi , Wang Guibin , Zhang Yun He , Zhang Shu Ling
Published: December 2011

A new bisphenol monomer with pyridyl groups (compound 3) was synthesized via a two-step reaction. A series of functional poly(aryl ether ketone)s with pyridyl groups on the side chains (Py-PAEKs) were prepared by a nucleophilic substitution polycondensation of new bisphenol monomer, 2, 2-di(4-hydroxy phenyl)propane and easily available bisfluoro monomer at various molar ratios. Structures of compound 3 and Py-PAEKs were determined by means of 1H-NMR, IR spectra and elemental analysis. Thermal analysis of Py-PAEKs revealed that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and the 5% weight loss temperature ( T5%) of these copolymers varied in the range of 147–176 °C and 432–330 °C, respectively, which showed strong chain rigidity and excellent thermal stability. Moreover, Py-PAEKs were soluble in some organic solvents under heating, which made them potentially used for self-assembly of rigid polymers.
Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) of rock glaciers in the Schöderkogel-Eisenhut area, Schladminger Tauern Range, Austria
Authors: Rode Matthias , Kellerer-Pirklbauer Andreas
Published: December 2011

Schmidt-hammer rebound values ( R-values) enable relative-age dating of landforms, with R-values relating to degree of weathering and therefore length of exposure. This method – recently termed as Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) – was applied to date five rock glaciers (size range, 0.01–0.12 km2) and one recent rockfall deposit at the study area Schöderkogel-Eisenhut, in the Schladminger Tauern Range (14°03′E, 47°15′N), Austria. The rock glaciers consist of gneiss or high metamorphic series of mica-schist that are comparable in their R-values. Four of them are relict (permafrost absent) and one is intact (containing patches of permafrost). On each of the five rock glaciers, SHD was carried out at 4–6 sites (50 measurements per site) along a longitudinal transect from the frontal ridge to the root zone. Results at all five rock glaciers are generally consistent with each other sharing statistically significant R-values along transects. The range between the highest and the lowest mean R-value at each of the five rock glaciers is 9.9–5.2. Using rock glacier length and surface velocity data from nearby sites, the rock glacier development must have lasted for several thousand years. Furthermore, by using SHD results from rock glaciers of known age from other sites in the region with comparable geology, approximate surface ages of 6.7–11.4 ka were estimated. This indicates long formation periods for all five rock glaciers. Our results suggest that many of the 1300 relict rock glaciers in central and eastern Austria were formed over a long period during the Lateglacial and Holocene period.
Exasperating or Exceptional? Parents’ Interpretations of Their Child’s ADHD Behavior
Authors: Lench Heather C. , Levine Linda J. , Whalen Carol K.
Published: December 2011

Objective: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood disorder associated with parent—child conflict and parental stress. This investigation explored whether parents’ interpretation of symptomatic behavior predicted negative interactions with and perceptions of their child. Method: We recruited parents of 7-12 year old children who were diagnosed with ADHD (n = 41), were diagnosed with ADHD but whose parents construed symptomatic behavior positively (Indigo children; n = 36), and had no diagnosis (n = 26). Parents completed a questionnaire about their experiences with their child. Results: Relative to parents who used only the ADHD label for children’s behavior, parents who also perceived symptomatic behavior as a sign of positive characteristics reported less frequent negative experiences with their child and less intense negative emotions during those experiences. They also viewed their children as more self-efficacious and as more likely to have a positive future. Conclusion: Positive perceptions of child symptomatic behavior appeared to buffer the impact of ADHD symptoms on parents and parent-child relationships.
The need to belong and symptoms of acute physical health in early adolescence
Authors: Begen Fiona M , Turner-Cobb Julie M
Published: December 2011

This study examined the role of social belonging and self-esteem in acute physical health and mood in 159 young adolescents (aged 11 to 14 years). Standardized self-report measures of belongingness (school, home and community), self-esteem, acute physical symptoms, and affect, were completed for the previous month. Higher levels of inclusive belonging were associated with fewer physical symptoms and better affect. Domain specific belonging was independently linked to acute physical symptoms and level of affect, with pathways between belonging and outcome mediated by self-esteem. Findings emphasize the need for greater recognition of the role of belonging in physical health outcomes.
Materialized identities on the ‘hidden frontier’: ethnographic museum policies in the Italian Tyrol
Authors: Kezich Giovanni
Published: December 2011

The establishment of a large museum focusing on local identity is influenced by many aspects of the current political scenario, deeply affecting the general orientation and intended meaning of its exhibits. Such has been the case for the Museo degli Usi e Costumi della Gente Trentina, founded in 1968 by the ethnographer Giuseppe Šebesta, and based in the vicinity of Cole and Wolf’s celebrated and much contended ‘hidden frontier’ between Germanic and Romance worlds in the Italian Alps. Yet local identity is often elusive and easily eschews immediate reduction to material embodiments, as the intricacies of museum politics in the context of the local dialectics of cultural identification demonstrate.
Negotiating material identities: young men and modernity in Djenné
Authors: Joy Charlotte
Published: December 2011

UNESCO’s recent emphasis on countries’ intangible cultural heritage (ICH) has raised questions about what such a programme of validation means in practice. In this article, a discussion of the restoration of traditional boys’ houses ( sahos) on the outskirts of Djenné in Mali is used to question what is actually preserved through architectural restoration. An exploration of modern boys’ houses highlights their dynamic social function and the tension between a heritage vision of a town that looks inwards, and the outward-looking ambitions of young men in Djenné.
Bodily/material culture and the fighter’s subjectivity
Authors: Warnier Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2011

In this article, the author contends that the practice of warfare involves fighters’ subjectivity, which can be partly accessed by investigating fighters’ bodily/material culture. If this is the case, one would expect there to be a subjectivity gap between the social scientist, on the one hand, and the experienced fighter, on the other. This problem is discussed with regard to a Cameroon kingdom of the early 20th century and a fighter in the First World War (as analysed by the historians Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker), which enables the author to make significant comparisons.
Evaluating the effectiveness of explicit instruction on implicit and explicit L2 knowledge
Authors: Akakura Motoko
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effectiveness of explicit instruction on second language (L2) learners’ implicit and explicit knowledge of English. Explicit instruction on the generic and non-generic use of English articles was delivered by CALL activities. Four tasks assessed acquisition: elicited imitation, oral production, grammaticality judgement, and metalinguistic knowledge tasks. A pretest and two posttests were conducted immediately and six weeks after the treatment. Durable effects for explicit instruction were found on measures of implicit knowledge and on ungrammatically supplied items on measures of explicit knowledge. This study’s findings contribute towards our understanding of the efficacy of explicit instruction on implicit and explicit knowledge at relatively advanced stages of L2 acquisition.
The effects of guided careful online planning on complexity, accuracy and fluency in intermediate EFL learners’ oral production: The case of English articles
Authors: Ahmadian Mohammad Javad
Published: December 2011

The purpose of the study reported in this article was twofold: First, to see whether guided careful online planning assists intermediate learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in accurate oral production of English articles ( an/a and the); and, second, to see whether guided careful online planning has any effects on global complexity and fluency of intermediate EFL learners’ oral language performance. Forty-five intermediate EFL learners were required to perform an oral narrative task under three planning conditions: guided careful online planning, unguided careful online planning, and pressured online planning ( n = 15). Results pointed to the positive effects of guided careful online planning on the accurate production of English articles as well as the global complexity of language in learners’ speech. However, compared to pressured online planners, the global fluency of guided and unguided careful online planners was adversely affected.
Development of a Media Campaign on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders for Northern Plains American Indian Communities
Authors: Hanson Jessica D. , Winberg Austin , Elliott Amy
Published: December 2011

Alcohol-exposed pregnancies are especially of concern for American Indians. The Indian Health Service reported that 47% to 56% of pregnant patients admitted to drinking alcohol during their pregnancy. In addition, rates of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are estimated to be as high as 3.9 to 9.0 per 1,000 live births among American Indians in the Northern Plains, making prevention of alcohol-exposed pregnancies an important public health effort for this population. The goal of this article is to add to the literature on universal prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorders by describing the development, dissemination, and evaluation of a media campaign on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders that was created by and for American Indian communities in the Northern Plains.
Implementing Heart Healthy Dietary Guidelines
Authors: Rippe James M. , Waite Mary Abbott
Published: December 2011

Over recent decades, abundant scientific evidence has led to authoritative dietary guidelines and recommendations for heart healthy eating and lifestyle behaviors. But most children and adults do not regularly achieve these goals. Consequently, our focus must now be on helping individual patients and our communities implement these guidelines in everyday life. This article reviews current evidence for insights and practical techniques that can help individuals move from ideal goals to real practice of heart healthy nutrition and lifestyle behaviors.
Implementing Lifestyle Medicine Guidelines Into Pharmacy Practice
Authors: Lenz Thomas L.
Published: December 2011

The adoption of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines has been challenging for the medical community. The adoption of lifestyle medicine–related guidelines may be even more challenging due to enhanced social barriers with behaviors such as exercise and nutrition. Pharmacists are well placed within the community to offer lifestyle medicine care to their patients. The practice of this is reported to be low possibly due to a lack of education in both pharmacy school as well as continuing education for practicing pharmacists. Additionally, examples of best practices for implementing lifestyle medicine guidelines in pharmacy practice are lacking. This article discusses these topics and suggests that national pharmacy organizations become more actively involved in implementing and educating pharmacists in lifestyle medicine.