bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pain perception: Is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex?
Authors: Bushnell M. C. , Duncan G. H. , Hofbauer R. K. , Ha B. , Chen J.-I. , Carrier B.
Published: July 2002

Anatomical, physiological, and lesion data implicate multiple
cortical regions in the complex experience of pain. These regions
include primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, anterior
cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and regions of the frontal cortex.
Nevertheless, the role of different cortical areas in pain processing
is controversial, particularly that of primary somatosensory cortex
(S1). Human brain-imaging studies do not consistently reveal
pain-related activation of S1, and older studies of cortical lesions
and cortical stimulation in humans did not uncover a clear role of S1
in the pain experience. Whereas studies from a number of laboratories
show that S1 is activated during the presentation of noxious stimuli as
well as in association with some pathological pain states, others do
not report such activation. Several factors may contribute to the
different results among studies. First, we have evidence demonstrating
that S1 activation is highly modulated by cognitive factors that alter
pain perception, including attention and previous experience. Second,
the precise somatotopic organization of S1 may lead to small focal
activations, which are degraded by sulcal anatomical variability when
averaging data across subjects. Third, the probable mixed excitatory
and inhibitory effects of nociceptive input to S1 could be disparately
represented in different experimental paradigms. Finally, statistical
considerations are important in interpreting negative findings in S1.
We conclude that, when these factors are taken into account, the bulk
of the evidence now strongly supports a prominent and highly modulated
role for S1 cortex in the sensory aspects of pain, including
localization and discrimination of pain intensity.
Folding of a pressure-denatured model protein
Authors: Mohana-Borges Ronaldo , Silva Jerson L. , Ruiz-Sanz Javier , de Prat-Gay Gonzalo
Published: July 2002

The noncovalent complex formed by the association of two fragments of chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 is reversibly denatured by pressure in the absence of chemical denaturants. On pressure release, the complex returned to its original conformation through a biphasic reaction, with first-order rate constants of 0.012 and 0.002 s
−1
, respectively. The slowest phase arises from an interconversion of the pressure-denatured state, as revealed by double pressure-jump experiments. Below 5 μM, the process was concentration dependent with a second-order rate constant of 1,700 s
−1
M
−1
. Fragment association at atmospheric pressure showed a similar break in the order of the reaction above 5 μM, but both first- and second-order folding/association rates are 2.5 times faster than those for the refolding of the pressure-denatured state. Although the folding rates of the intact protein and the association of the fragments displayed nonlinear Eyring behavior for the temperature dependence, refolding of the pressure-denatured complex showed a linear response. The negligible heat capacity of activation reflects a balance of minimal change in the burial of residues from the pressure-denatured state to the transition state. If we add the higher energy barrier in the refolding of the pressure-denatured state, the rate differences must lie in the structure of this state, which has to undergo a structural rearrangement. This clearly differs from the conformational flexibility of the isolated fragments or the largely unfolded denatured state of the intact protein in acid and provides insight into denatured states of proteins under folding conditions.
A structural snapshot of an intermediate on the streptavidin–biotin dissociation pathway
Authors: Freitag Stefanie , Chu Vano , Penzotti Julie E. , Klumb Lisa A. , To Richard , Hyre David , Le Trong Isolde , Lybrand Terry P. , Stenkamp Ronald E. , Stayton Patrick S.
Published: July 2002

It is currently unclear whether small molecules dissociate from a
protein binding site along a defined pathway or through a collection of
dissociation pathways. We report herein a joint crystallographic,
computational, and biophysical study that suggests the Asp-128 → Ala
(D128A) streptavidin mutant closely mimics an intermediate on a
well-defined dissociation pathway. Asp-128 is hydrogen bonded to a
ureido nitrogen of biotin and also networks with the important aromatic
binding contacts Trp-92 and Trp-108. The Asn-23 hydrogen bond to the
ureido oxygen of biotin is lengthened to 3.8 Å in the D128A structure,
and a water molecule has moved into the pocket to replace the missing
carboxylate interaction. These alterations are accompanied by the
coupled movement of biotin, the flexible binding loop containing
Ser-45, and the loop containing the Ser-27 hydrogen bonding contact.
This structure closely parallels a key intermediate observed in a
potential of mean force-simulated dissociation pathway of native
streptavidin, where the Asn-23 hydrogen bond breaks first, accompanied
by the replacement of the Asp-128 hydrogen bond by an entering water
molecule. Furthermore, both biotin and the flexible loop move in a
concerted conformational change that closely approximates the D128A
structural changes. The activation and thermodynamic parameters for the
D128A mutant were measured and are consistent with an intermediate that
has traversed the early portion of the dissociation reaction coordinate
through endothermic bond breaking and concomitant gain in
configurational entropy. These composite results suggest that the D128A
mutant provides a structural “snapshot” of an early intermediate
on a relatively well-defined dissociation pathway for biotin.
The
AtCAO
gene, encoding chlorophyll
a
oxygenase, is required for chlorophyll
b
synthesis in
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Espineda Cromwell E. , Linford Alicia S. , Devine Domenica , Brusslan Judy A.
Published: July 2002

Chlorophyll
b
is synthesized from chlorophyll a and is found in the light-harvesting complexes of prochlorophytes, green algae, and both nonvascular and vascular plants. We have used conserved motifs from the chlorophyll
a
oxygenase (
CAO
) gene from
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
to isolate a homologue from
Arabidopsis thaliana
. This gene,
AtCAO
, is mutated in both leaky and null
chlorina1
alleles, and DNA sequence changes cosegregate with the mutant phenotype.
AtCAO
mRNA levels are higher in three different mutants that have reduced levels of chlorophyll
b
, suggesting that plants that do not have sufficient chlorophyll
b
up-regulate
AtCAO
gene expression. Additionally,
AtCAO
mRNA levels decrease in plants that are grown under dim-light conditions. We have also found that the six major Lhcb proteins do not accumulate in the null
ch1
-
3
allele.
Single molecule physics and chemistry
Authors: Bai Chunli , Wang Chen , Xie X. Sunney , Wolynes Peter G.
Published: July 2002

New experiments using scanning probe microcopies and advanced
optical methods allow us to study molecules as individuals, not just as
populations. The findings of these studies not only include the
confirmation of results expected from studies of bulk matter, but also
give substantially new information concerning the complexity of
biomolecules or molecules in a structured environment. The technique
lays the groundwork for achieving the control of an individual
molecule’s motion. Ultimately, this work may lead to such practical
applications as miniaturized sensors.
Tanford–Kirkwood electrostatics for protein modeling
Authors: Havranek James J. , Harbury Pehr B.
Published: July 2002

Solvent plays a significant role in determining the electrostatic potential energy of proteins, most notably through its favorable interactions with charged residues and its screening of electrostatic interactions. These energetic contributions are frequently ignored in computational protein design and protein modeling methodologies because they are difficult to evaluate rapidly and accurately. To address this deficiency, we report a revised form of the original Tanford–Kirkwood continuum electrostatic model [Tanford, C. & Kirkwood, J. G. (1957)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
79, 5333–5339], which accounts for the effects of solvent polarization on charged atoms in proteins. The Tanford–Kirkwood model was modified to increase its speed and to improve its sensitivity to the details of protein structure. For the 37 electrostatic self-energies of the polar side-chains in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and their 666 interaction energies, the modified Tanford–Kirkwood potential of mean force differs from a computationally intensive numerical potential (DelPhi) by root-mean-square errors of 0.6 kcal/mol and 0.08 kcal/mol, respectively. The Tanford–Kirkwood approach makes possible a realistic treatment of electrostatics in computationally demanding protein modeling calculations. For example, pH titration calculations for ovomucoid third domain that model polar side-chain relaxation (including >2 × 10
23
rotamer conformations of the protein) provide pKa values of unprecedented accuracy.
Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes
Authors: Smith Kerry S. , Jakubzick Claudia , Whittam Thomas S. , Ferry James G.
Published: July 2002

Carbonic anhydrases catalyze the reversible hydration of CO
2
and are ubiquitous in highly evolved eukaryotes. The recent identification of a third class of carbonic anhydrase (γ class) in a methanoarchaeon and our present finding that the β class also extends into thermophilic species from the Archaea domain led us to initiate a systematic search for these enzymes in metabolically and phylogenetically diverse prokaryotes. Here we show that carbonic anhydrase is widespread in the Archaea and Bacteria domains, and is an ancient enzyme. The occurrence in chemolithoautotrophic species occupying deep branches of the universal phylogenetic tree suggests a role for this enzyme in the proposed autotrophic origin of life. The presence of the β and γ classes in metabolically diverse species spanning the Archaea and Bacteria domains demonstrates that carbonic anhydrases have a far more extensive and fundamental role in prokaryotic biology than previously recognized.
Specificities of CD40 signaling: Involvement of TRAF2 in CD40-induced NF-κB activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation
Authors: Lee Ho H. , Dempsey Paul W. , Parks Thomas P. , Zhu Xiaoqing , Baltimore David , Cheng Genhong
Published: July 2002

Several tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family proteins including TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6, as well as Jak3, have been implicated as potential mediators of CD40 signaling. An extensivein vitrobinding study indicated that TRAF2 and TRAF3 bind to the CD40 cytoplasmic tail (CD40ct) with much higher affinity than TRAF5 and TRAF6 and that TRAF2 and TRAF3 bind to different residues of the CD40ct. Using CD40 mutants incapable of binding TRAF2, TRAF3, or Jak3, we found that the TRAF2-binding site of the CD40ct is critical for NF-κB and stress-activated protein kinase activation, as well as the up-regulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene, whereas binding of TRAF3 and Jak3 is dispensable for all of these functions. Overexpression of a dominantly active IκBα strongly inhibited CD40-induced NF-κB activation, ICAM-1 promoter activity, and cell-surface ICAM-1 up-regulation. These studies suggest a potential signal transduction pathway from the CD40 receptor to the transcriptional activation of the ICAM-1 gene.
Cyclophilin C-associated protein: A normal secreted glycoprotein that down-modulates endotoxin and proinflammatory responsesin vivo
Authors: Trahey Meg , Weissman Irving L.
Published: July 2002

Mouse cyclophilin C-associated protein (CyCAP) is a member of the scavenger-receptor cysteine-rich domain superfamily and is 69% identical to the human Mac-2 binding protein. Here, we show that CyCAP is a widely expressed secreted glycoprotein that modulates the host response to endotoxin. Gene-targeted CyCAP-deficient mice are more sensitive to the lethal effects of endotoxin. In response to endotoxin, CyCAP-deficient mice overproduced interleukin 12 and interferon-γ systemically and tumor necrosis factor α locally; these are proinflammatory molecules that also promote T helper 1 responses. Furthermore, macrophages stimulatedin vitrowith endotoxin in serum deficient in CyCAP secreted more tumor necrosis factor α, supporting the proposal that CyCAP specifically down-modulates endotoxin signaling.
Targeting G
βγ
signaling in arterial vascular smooth muscle proliferation: A novel strategy to limit restenosis
Authors: Iaccarino Guido , Smithwick L. Ashley , Lefkowitz Robert J. , Koch Walter J.
Published: July 2002

Restenosis continues to be a major problem limiting the effectiveness of revascularization procedures. To date, the roles of heterotrimeric G proteins in the triggering of pathological vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell proliferation have not been elucidated. βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins (G
βγ
) are known to activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases after stimulation of certain G protein-coupled receptors; however, their relevance in VSM mitogenesis
in vitro
or
in vivo
is not known. Using adenoviral-mediated transfer of a transgene encoding a peptide inhibitor of G
βγ
signaling (βARKct), we evaluated the role of G
βγ
in MAP kinase activation and proliferation in response to several mitogens, including serum, in cultured rat VSM cells. Our results include the striking finding that serum-induced proliferation of VSM cells
in vitro
is mediated largely via G
βγ
. Furthermore, we studied the effects of
in vivo
adenoviral-mediated βARKct gene transfer on VSM intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery restenosis model. Our
in vivo
results demonstrated that the presence of the βARKct in injured rat carotid arteries significantly reduced VSM intimal hyperplasia by 70%. Thus, G
βγ
plays a critical role in physiological VSM proliferation, and targeted G
βγ
inhibition represents a novel approach for the treatment of pathological conditions such as restenosis.
Comparative genomic hybridization, loss of heterozygosity, and DNA sequence analysis of single cells
Authors: Klein Christoph A. , Schmidt-Kittler Oleg , Schardt Julian A. , Pantel Klaus , Speicher Michael R. , Riethmüller Gert
Published: July 2002

A PCR strategy is described for global amplification of DNA from a single eukaryotic cell that enables the comprehensive analysis of the whole genome. By comparative genomic hybridization, not only gross DNA copy number variations, such as monosomic X and trisomic 21 in single male cells and cells from Down’s syndrome patients, respectively, but multiple deletions and amplifications characteristic for human tumor cells are reliably retrieved. As a model of heterogeneous cell populations exposed to selective pressure, we have studied single micrometastatic cells isolated from bone marrow of cancer patients. The observed congruent pattern of comparative genomic hybridization data, loss of heterozygosity, and mutations as detected by sequencing attests to the technique’s fidelity and demonstrates its usefulness for assessing clonal evolution of genetic variants in complex populations.
Reduced intracellular ionic strength as the initial trigger for activation of endothelial volume-regulated anion channels
Authors: Voets Thomas , Droogmans Guy , Raskin Gert , Eggermont Jan , Nilius Bernd
Published: July 2002

Most mammalian cell types, including endothelial cells, respond to cell swelling by activating a Cl
−
current termed
I
Cl,swell
, but it is not known how the physical stimulus of cell swelling is transferred to the channels underlying
I
Cl,swell
. We have investigated the precise relation between cell volume and
I
Cl,swell
in endothelial cells by performing whole-cell current recordings while continuously monitoring cell thickness (
T
c
) as a measure for cell volume. The time course of
T
c
was accurately predicted by a theoretical model that describes volume changes of patch-clamped cells in response to changes in the extracellular osmolality (OSM
o
). This model also predicts significant changes in intracellular ionic strength (Γ
i
) when OSM
o
is altered. Under all experimental conditions
I
Cl,swell
closely followed the changes in Γ
i
, whereas
I
Cl,swell
and cell volume were often found to change independently. These results do not support the hypothesis that Γ
i
regulates the volume set point for activation of
I
Cl,swell
. Instead, they are in complete agreement with a model in which a decrease of Γ
i
rather than an increase in cell volume is the initial trigger for activation of
I
Cl,swell
.
Structure of a two-domain chitotriosidase from
Serratia marcescens
at 1.9-Å resolution
Authors: van Aalten D. M. F. , Synstad B. , Brurberg M. B. , Hough E. , Riise B. W. , Eijsink V. G. H. , Wierenga R. K.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we describe the structure of chitinase B from
Serratia marcescens
, which consists of a catalytic domain with a TIM-barrel fold and a 49-residue C-terminal chitin-binding domain. This chitinase is the first structure of a bacterial exochitinase, and it represents one of only a few examples of a glycosyl hydrolase structure having interacting catalytic and substrate-binding domains. The chitin-binding domain has exposed aromatic residues that contribute to a 55-Å long continuous aromatic stretch extending into the active site. Binding of chitin oligomers is blocked beyond the −3 subsite, which explains why the enzyme has chitotriosidase activity and degrades the chitin chain from the nonreducing end. Comparison of the chitinase B structure with that of chitinase A explains why these enzymes act synergistically in the degradation of chitin.
Mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex geneTSC2are a cause of sporadic pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Authors: Carsillo Thomas , Astrinidis Aristotelis , Henske Elizabeth Petri
Published: July 2002

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive and often fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by a diffuse proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle cells in the lungs. LAM is of unusual interest biologically because it affects almost exclusively young women. LAM can occur as an isolated disorder (sporadic LAM) or in association with tuberous sclerosis complex. Renal angiomyolipomas, which are found in most tuberous sclerosis patients, also occur in 60% of sporadic LAM patients. We previously foundTSC2loss of heterozygosity in 7 of 13 (54%) of angiomyolipomas from sporadic LAM patients, suggesting that LAM and TSC could have a common genetic basis. In this study, we report the identification of somaticTSC2mutations in five of seven angiomyolipomas from sporadic LAM patients. In all four patients from whom lung tissue was available, the same mutation found in the angiomyolipoma was present in the abnormal pulmonary smooth muscle cells. In no case was the mutation present in normal kidney, morphologically normal lung, or lymphoblastoid cells. Our data demonstrate that somatic mutations in theTSC2gene occur in the angiomyolipomas and pulmonary LAM cells of women with sporadic LAM, strongly supporting a direct role ofTSC2in the pathogenesis of this disease.
The protelomerase of temperate
Escherichia coli
phage N15 has cleaving-joining activity
Authors: Deneke Jan , Ziegelin Günter , Lurz Rudi , Lanka Erich
Published: July 2002

Escherichia coli
phage N15 encodes the slightly acidic, 630-residue protein of 72.2 kDa called protelomerase (TelN). TelN is a component of the N15 replication system proposed to be involved in the generation of the linear prophage DNA. This linear DNA molecule has covalently closed ends. The reaction converting circular plasmids into linear molecules was catalyzed
in vitro
. We demonstrate that the product of
telN
functions as the protelomerase in the absence of other N15-encoded factors. Purified TelN processes circular and linear plasmid DNA containing the proposed target site
telRL
to produce linear double-stranded DNA with covalently closed ends. The 56-bp
telRL
target site consists of a central
telO
palindrome of 22 bp and two 14-bp flanking sequences comprising inverted repeats.
telO
is separated from these repeats by 3 bp on each side. The
telRL
sequence is sufficient for TelN-mediated processing. The ends of the DNA molecules generated
in vitro
have the same configuration as do those observed
in vivo
. TelN exerts its activity as cleaving-joining enzyme in a concerted action.
neurogenin3
is required for the development of the four endocrine cell lineages of the pancreas
Authors: Gradwohl Gérard , Dierich Andrée , LeMeur Marianne , Guillemot François
Published: July 2002

In the mammalian pancreas, the endocrine cell types of the islets of Langerhans, including the α-, β-, δ-, and pancreatic polypeptide cells as well as the exocrine cells, derive from foregut endodermal progenitors. Recent genetic studies have identified a network of transcription factors, including
Pdx1
,
Isl1
,
Pax4
,
Pax6
,
NeuroD
,
Nkx2.2
, and
Hlxb9
, regulating the development of islet cells at different stages, but the molecular mechanisms controlling the specification of pancreatic endocrine precursors remain unknown.
neurogenin3 (ngn3)
is a member of a family of basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors that is involved in the determination of neural precursor cells in the neuroectoderm.
ngn3
is expressed in discrete regions of the nervous system and in scattered cells in the embryonic pancreas. We show herein that
ngn3
-positive cells coexpress neither insulin nor glucagon, suggesting that
ngn3
marks early precursors of pancreatic endocrine cells. Mice lacking
ngn3
function fail to generate any pancreatic endocrine cells and die postnatally from diabetes. Expression of
Isl1
,
Pax4
,
Pax6
, and
NeuroD
is lost, and endocrine precursors are lacking in the mutant pancreatic epithelium. Thus,
ngn3
is required for the specification of a common precursor for the four pancreatic endocrine cell types.
Direct interaction between synaptotagmin and the intracellular loop I-II of neuronal voltage-sensitive sodium channels
Authors: Sampo Bernard , Tricaud Nicolas , Leveque Christian , Seagar Michael , Couraud François , Dargent Bénédicte
Published: July 2002

Synaptotagmin, a synaptic vesicle protein involved in Ca
2+
-regulated exocytosis, displayed direct high affinity interaction with neuronal sodium channels. Monoclonal antibodies directed against synaptotagmins I and II adsorbed in a concentration-dependent and -specific manner [
3
H]saxitoxin prelabeled sodium channels extracted with detergent from nerve endings. Conversely, co-immunoprecipitation of synaptotagmin was achieved by antibodies against sodium channel subunits. Consistent with the co-immunoprecipitation assays, solubilized [
3
H]saxitoxin-prelabeled sodium channels were trapped on immobilized maltose binding protein (MBP)-synaptotagmin I.
In vitro
recombinant protein assays were employed to identify the interaction site of synaptotagmin I, which was located on the cytoplasmic loop between domains I and II of the sodium channel αIIA subunit. The co-immunoprecipitated synaptotagmin-sodium channel complexes were found to be Ca
2+
-dependent; this effect was mimicked by Ba
2+
and Sr
2+
but not Mg
2+
. Finally the complex was shown to be distinct from the synaptotagmin-SNARE protein complex that can selectively interact with presynaptic calcium channels (N and P/Q types). Thus, our findings demonstrate an unexpected and direct interaction between sodium channels and synaptotagmin. The Ca
2+
-regulated association between sodium channels and a protein implicated in vesicular fusion may have intriguing consequences for the establishment and regulation of neuronal excitability.
Effects of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1on cellular gene expression: Implications for carcinogenesis, senescence, and age-related diseases
Authors: Chang Bey-Dih , Watanabe Keiko , Broude Eugenia V. , Fang Jing , Poole Jason C. , Kalinichenko Tatiana V. , Roninson Igor B.
Published: July 2002

Induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1triggers cell growth arrest associated with senescence and damage response. Overexpression of p21 from an inducible promoter in a human cell line induces growth arrest and phenotypic features of senescence. cDNA array hybridization showed that p21 expression selectively inhibits a set of genes involved in mitosis, DNA replication, segregation, and repair. The kinetics of inhibition of these genes on p21 induction parallels the onset of growth arrest, and their reexpression on release from p21 precedes the reentry of cells into cell cycle, indicating that inhibition of cell-cycle progression genes is a mechanism of p21-induced growth arrest. p21 also up-regulates multiple genes that have been associated with senescence or implicated in age-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, amyloidosis, and arthritis. Most of the tested p21-induced genes were not activated in cells that had been growth arrested by serum starvation, but some genes were induced in both forms of growth arrest. Several p21-induced genes encode secreted proteins with paracrine effects on cell growth and apoptosis. In agreement with the overexpression of such proteins, conditioned media from p21-induced cells were found to have antiapoptotic and mitogenic activity. These results suggest that the effects of p21 induction on gene expression in senescent cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and age-related diseases.
Influence des caractéristiques propres à l'enfant sur les modalités d'étayage parental
Authors: Lemétayer Fabienne
Published: July 2002

Cet article présente les données d'une recherche relative à l'influence de la situation particulière des enfants trisomiques 21 sur les modalités d'étayage parental. Trente‐six dyades parent‐enfant trisomique 21 égalisés sur l'âge de développement avec trente‐six dyades parent‐enfant non décient de deuxième année de vie (14, 18 et 22 mois) ont ainsi participé avec leur parent à une tâche d'encastrement. Les résultats indiquent que, contrairement à toute attente, les parents des enfants trisomiques 21 de fin de deuxième année d'âge de développement tendent à favoriser plus que les parents des enfants non‐décients un fonctionnement autonome de l'enfant, à l'aide d'instructions plus indirectes. Ces résultats sont discutés en termes de spécificité des modalités d'étayage parental liées aux caractéristiques propres des enfants T21.
La socialisation des émotions chez le nourrisson: le rôle des expressions faciales contingentes des mères
Authors: Léveillé Élène , Cossette Louise , Blanchette Isabelle , Gaudreau Martine
Published: July 2002

Bien que l'on prête aux réponses contingentes des mères un rôle capital dans la socialisation des émotions du nourrisson, on possède, en fait, bien peu de données empiriques sur ces réponses. La présente étude comporte deux volets. Le premier consiste à décrire les expressions faciales que produisent les mères en réponse aux expressions faciales d'émotion de leur nourrisson. Le second a pour objectif d'évaluer l'impact des réponses faciales contingentes des mères sur les expressions d'émotion de leur nourrisson. Au total, 34 nourrissons et leur mère participent à quatre épisodes d'interaction face à face au cours de la première année. Leurs expressions faciales sont encodées à l'aide du système Max. Les résultats montrent qu'une large proportion des expressions faciales des mères se produisent dans un délai d'une seconde ou moins suivant l'apparition d'une nouvelle expression chez leur nourrisson. Les expressions faciales d'émotion des nourrissons sont donc non seulement suffisantes (réactivité) pour susciter des expressions faciales chez leur mère, elles sont également nécessaires (dépendance). Bien que les mères répondent de façon contingente à la plupart des expressions faciales d'émotion de leur nourrisson, leurs réponses varient selon le type d'expression faciale de leur nourrisson. On note, enfin, quelques liens entre les réponses contingentes des mères à un et deux mois et les expressions d'émotion de leur nourrisson à six et neuf mois.
The Relationship between Teacher Assessments and Pupil Attainments in Standard Test Tasks at Key Stage 2, 1996–98
Authors: Reeves David J. , Boyle William F. , Christie Thomas
Published: July 2002

Abstract This article explores relationships between pupil attainments on standard National Curriculum tests at the end of Key Stage 2, teacher assessments, and pupil characteristics of gender, age, English as an additional language (EAI), and special educational needs (SEN) using representative samples drawn from schools in England in 1996, 1997 and 1998. Levels of agreement between teacher assessments and test results were remarkably consistent across all years and all subject areas. In all subject areas, teacher assessments were more likely to be lower than corresponding test results for pupils with SEN compared to their peers. Other pupil characteristics demonstrated only weak associations with extent of agreement. There was evidence that schools have become more similar over time with regard to patterns of differences between teacher assessments and test results. This is suggestive of increased consistency amongst teachers in the way that they interpret and apply the Key Stage assessment levels.
Theory's Spell—on qualitative inquiry and educational research
Authors: Thomas Gary
Published: July 2002

Abstract Theory's secure place in qualitative inquiry is challenged on three counts. First, it is argued that the search for theory in such inquiry originates in a kind of crypto—functionalism, and makes any inquiry dependent on its discovery inconsistent with the starting points of qualitative inquiry. Second, theory's supposed importance for policy formulation cannot in itself justify it, even if theory had the right credentials for that purpose (which it does not). Third, arguments that it is used successfully and uncontroversially in the arts and humanities—and even that its pursuance there represents some essence of scholarship—are belied by examining discussion about theory in those arenas. The author concludes by arguing that educators' irrepressible interest in theory leads qualitative inquiry into sterile terrain.
Ironies of Emancipation: Changing Configurations of ‘Women's Work’ in the ‘Mission of Sisterhood’ to Indian Women
Authors: Haggis Jane
Published: July 2002

On her arrival in Travancore in 1819 Mrs Mault, as wife of the new missionary, immediately set about establishing a school for convert girls and a ‘lace industry’ to employ convert women. Her actions reflect that pattern of activism and organization historians of gender and imperialism have identified as the ‘mission of domesticity’ conducted by European and North American Christian missionary women to their non-Christian ‘sisters’ in the colonial empires being established by their respective nation-states throughout the nineteenth century. Mrs Mault was herself among the first generation of missionary women to pioneer this specifically female branch of colonizing endeavour, designed to ‘emancipate’ Indian women in terms of the norms of metropolitan ideologies of femininity and womanhood.

Drawing on a case study of the London Missionary Society's activities in South Travancore, South India during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, I argue that this ‘mission of domesticity’ was not a straightforward transfer of conventions of marriage and motherhood to the colonial context. On the contrary, the project was from the start caught in a complex and contradictory web of agency and discourse which ‘remade’ not only convert women but missionary women as well. Central to this process of refiguring femininity on the imperial fulcrum were changes to the meanings of ‘work’ in relation to both ‘home’ and womanhood, articulated through a religious idiom and framework of action. The consequences of these processes, the article argues, were somewhat contrary. On the one hand, the Indian Christian woman is reconstructed as a wife, mother and worker, while on the other, the missionary women are bifurcated: the missionary wife increasingly viewed as an amateur appendage to her husband, firmly secured in the domestic sphere, while the single woman attains a new status as a professional worker.
Education of a Civil Servant's Daughter: Readings from Monica Chanda's Memoirs
Authors: Karlekar Malavika
Published: July 2002

Nineteenth-century Bengal was a period of change, conflict and accommodation both among the bhadralok – literally translated to mean the gentle folk, the middle classes – as well as between them and the British rulers. The world view of the bhadralok and its search for a new paradigm had its material basis in changes in existing land relations, the emergence of the market and of urban spaces as well as the spread of education and literacy. Often changes in familial patterns, new roles for girls and women, their education and introduction to wider society, reflected developments in Britain. As the colonial encounter brought about a range of changes in a rapidly evolving social, economic and geographic scenario, it is important to try and understand inter-personal dynamics and at the level of individual consciousnesses.

Women started reflecting and writing about their lives by the middle of the last century; the preferred form was the journal or diary. Several wrote many years later, often in widowhood. Monica Chanda was one such woman: the only daughter of Sarala and J.N. Gupta, a member of the Indian Civil Service, she was persuaded, at the age of 70, to write about her childhood, a period of her life she loved reminiscing about to her children and grandchildren. Life in the districts, her mother's role as civil service wife par excellence, early schooling and its later denial are evocatively sketched in this brief memoir. The present article will deal with constructions of a post-Victorian Indo-Anglian girlhood as perceived by Monica, using extensive quotations from the unpublished text. It will also try to trace the symbiotic relationship with the British Raj – viewed often with mixed feelings by the colonized.
The Role of Body Image in Women's Mental Health
Authors: Cussins Anne Marie
Published: July 2002

This article was inspired by the Body Image Summit on 21 June 2000 in London at which a panel, headed by Tessa Jowell, Minister for Women, led a discussion among representatives of the media and British fashion industry. The aims of the Summit were to consider the effects of advertising images on teenage girls and women and to develop a consensus from within these industries to incorporate a social and ethical awareness in their promotional activities. A negative reaction to this forum was the main result. In this article I offer both a sociological and psychoanalytically based discussion of the problem of body image for women. I also consider how society and women themselves could begin to counteract the pernicious effects of being sold unrealistically thin, ideal images of womanhood continually perpetrated by consumerism.
Disrupting Identity through Visible Therapy: A Feminist Post-structuralist Approach to Working with Women who have Experienced Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Warner Sam
Published: July 2002

This article draws on feminism and post-structuralism to theorize a narrative framework for developing and critiquing therapeutic practices with women who have experienced child sexual abuse. I argue that both objectivism and relativism provide poor guides for conducting therapy and that it is only through situating our knowledges precisely that more liberatory therapy practices may be developed. This approach, termed ‘visible therapy’, is used to directly and explicitly challenge normative constructions of women, child sexual abuse and therapy. I argue that it is necessary to explicate the embedded assumptions produced through practices of abuse, and which serve to construct children's experiences of that abuse, in order to ward against their reproduction within therapy relationships. I demonstrate that it is through situating and explicating the operations of power that the authenticity of experience and identity may be questioned and women's ongoing positioning as guilty victims may be challenged. Thus, I am concerned not with who women ‘really are’ but with how they come to know and be known through practices of both abuse and therapy. This, then, is about making the tactics of abuse and therapy visible. Problems are not located within individuals, but rather within the narratives which situate both past and current relationships but which, through reiteration, obscure their own social production. I conclude that it is only when categorical identity is no longer assumed that progressive therapy practices with women who have been sexually abused can be developed and maintained.
Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change?
Authors: Kilvington Judith , Day Sophie , Ward Helen
Published: July 2002

There has been considerable recent debate about prostitution in Europe that reflects concerns about health, employment and human rights. Legal changes are being introduced in many countries. We focus on two examples in order to discuss the likely implications. A new law in The Netherlands is normalizing aspects of the sex industry through decriminalizing both workers and businesses. In Sweden, on the other hand, prostitution is considered to be a social problem, and a new law criminalizes the purchasers of sexual services in an attempt to reduce demand.

Both reforms appear to have had their desired effect at one level; in The Netherlands, health and safety regulations will be introduced as in any other job, and EU sex workers gain full social, legal and employment rights; in Sweden there was initially a tenfold decrease in the numbers of women working visibly on the streets, and some workers have left the industry. However, in both countries, the new legislation has also driven some sex work underground. Many sex workers are excluded by the Dutch system and move underground to become effectively invisible to the authorities. In Sweden sex workers and their clients also become less visible in order that the latter can avoid sanction. Social and economic changes, such as increased migration and the growing use of the Internet will also render the sex industry less visible both to state regulation and to health care workers.

The major problems of prostitution for the workers remain exploitation, stigma, abuse and criminalization. These are not unique to the industry, and can only be tackled effectively by the self-organization of sex workers into unions and rights groups, along with full decriminalization. An alternative vision is promised through self-organization and anti-racist actions by sex workers in Germany; normalization and workers’ rights are tackled alongside training programmes for those seeking alternatives. Policy makers throughout Europe would do well to look at their experience and not simply at the clash of legal reforms.
Women, Citizenship and Difference
Authors: Yuval-Davis Nira
Published: July 2002

The article discusses some of the major issues which need to be examined in a gendered reading of citizenship. However, its basic claim is that a comparative study of citizenship should consider the issue of women's citizenship not only by contrast to that of men, but also in relation to women's affiliation to dominant or subordinate groups, their ethnicity, origin and urban or rural residence. It should also take into consideration global and transnational positionings of these citizenships. The article challenges the gender-blind and Westocentric character of many of the most hegemonic theorizations of citizenship, focusing in particular on the questions of membership in ‘the community’, group rights and social difference and the ways binaries of public/private and active/passive have been constructed to differentiate between different kinds of citizenships. The article argues that in order to be able to analyse adequately people's citizenship, especially in this era of ethnicization on the one hand and globalization on the other hand, and with the rapid pace at which relationships between states and their civil societies are changing, citizenship should best be analysed as a multi-tiered construct which applies, at the same time to people's membership in sub-, cross- and supra-national collectivities as well as in states.
Women, Wives and the Campaign against Pit Closures in County Durham: Understanding the Vane Tempest Vigil
Authors: Spence Jean
Published: July 2002

The majority of the women who campaigned to save the Vane Tempest Colliery from closure in 1993 were involved because of their political understanding and allegiances rather than as a consequence of their practical involvement in mining life. Even those women who were married to miners did not conform to the stereotypical conception of ‘miner's wife’. However, the supporting labour movement and the media persisted in conceptualizing the Women's Vigil through romantic and masculinist discourses of miners and mining communities which could only locate the women as ‘wives’, which confined the campaign within historical stereotypes no longer appropriate to the actual situation and which persistently set the idea of socialism against that of feminism. This not only situated the women's campaign as secondary and subject to that of the NUM but it also subverted the possibilities of the women fully articulating their own experience and understanding within the campaign. The situation was further complicated by memories of the miners’ strike of 1984–5 in which women played such an important role. One aspect of this role, that of maintaining mining families in the face of hardship, continued to inform understanding of the women's role in the fight to prevent closure, although it was no longer appropriate.

The Women's Vigil engaged with a much wider set of concerns and with a wider range of individuals and groups than did that of the miners themselves. There were serious possibilities for broadening the political campaign around the women's slogan of ‘Jobs, community and environment’ which were never fully exploited because of the difficulties of admitting that women could inhabit any position other than that of ‘miners’ wives’.

This experience of the Vane Tempest Vigil indicates the significance and the centrality of gender issues within class based political action.
‘Getting Out and Getting Away’: Women's Narratives of Class Mobility
Authors: Lawler Steph
Published: July 2002

This article is concerned with the ways in which women narrate a move from a ‘working-class’ position to a position marked (in however fragmentary and complex a way) as ‘middle class’. While such a move might be seen in terms of a straightforward escape from a disadvantaged social position, I argue here that what has to be analysed is the pain and the sense of estrangement associated with this class movement.

Drawing on the class narratives of a group of seven white British women, the article uses Bourdieu's concepts of symbolic capital and habitus to explore the cultural and symbolic configurations of class. These configurations may be inscribed into the self, so that the self, itself, is class marked. Since working-class selves are frequently marked in pathological terms, this raises particular difficulties for the idea of an ‘escape’ from such a position. Class in this sense is embedded in people's history and so cannot be so easily ‘escaped’. The usual conventions of life-narratives – in which the self remains the same entity from birth to death and later events are a culmination of earlier ones – are also disrupted in this case.

But if a working-class position is marked as pathological, so too is taking on the markers of middle-class existence. To do so is not only to risk ‘getting it wrong’, but it is also to risk the scorn attached to ‘pretentiousness’. There is a particular jeopardy here for women, since it is women who have been especially associated with desires for artefacts associated with bourgeois existence. The article argues for a focus for classed desires and class envy, not in pathological terms, but in terms of a coherent response to political and social exclusions.
Being with People and Being Alone in Late Life: Costs and Benefits for Everyday Functioning
Authors: Lang Frieder R. , Baltes Margret M.
Published: July 2002

Being alone and being with people are both important determinants for adaptation in the everyday life of elderly people. We examined the relationship between social contact (engagement in activities alone or in the presence of others), difficulties experienced with daily activities when with people or when alone, everyday satisfaction, and self-reported autonomy. Greater levels of social contact are associated with greater everyday satisfaction as long as participants report no difficulty in daily activities. However, greater levels of social contact are associated with lower self-reported autonomy among very old participants (85-104 years) and social contact is unrelated to self-reported autonomy among old participants (70-84 years). The findings suggest that the compensatory use of social resources and the selective narrowing of social contact in daily activities contribute to adaptive everyday functioning in later life.
Identity Processing Orientation, Cognitive and Behavioural Strategies and Well-being
Authors: Nurmi Jari-Erik , Berzonsky Michael D. , Tammi Kaisa , Kinney Andrew
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate interrelationships among the identity negotiation styles that people use, the cognitive and behavioural strategies they deploy, and their sense of subjective well-being. To examine this, 198 American and 109 Finnish college students completed the Identity Style Inventory, the Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale, and the revised Beck’s Depression Inventory. Results showed that people with an information-oriented identity style reported the highest level of self-esteem, those with a normative style had the most stable self-conceptions, and those with a diffuse/avoidant style displayed the highest level of depressive symptomatology. Moreover, dysfunctional cognitive and attributional strategies, such as expecting to fail and engaging in task-irrelevant behaviour, were associated with low self-esteem, unstable self-conceptions, and depressive symptomatology. Finally, the associations between identity processing styles and well-being were found to be mediated by the cognitive strategies that people deploy.
A Nonstandard Method for Estimating a Linear G rowth Model in LISREL
Authors: Rovine Michael J. , Molenaar Peter C.M.
Published: July 2002

A structural equation modelling approach for estimating a linear growth curve model is presented. This method can be used for a wide variety of models based on the General Linear Mixed Model. This model is a simple example of a multilevel or random coefficients model. The logic of the method is described, and then a LISR E L implementation is presented. A s an example of the individual linear growth curve model, growth data presented by Pothoff and Roy (1964) is analysed.