bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tales of the Earth
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Global change, a term unheard of only a few years ago, is now a standard phrase in scientists' vocabularies, and has even crept into the language of lay people. One of the best ways to understand global changes, and to keep alive concern for the environment, is to look at significant examples in the past where nature has affected humans, and in turn, where humans have affected nature. In Tales of the Earth, Charles Officer and Jack Page describe some of the great events of environmental history, blending accounts by interested observers with clear explanations of the science involved. The "tales" range from descriptions of earthquakes and catastophic volcanic eruptions - proving that the earth is still hot and moving - to accounts of floods and ice ages, meteors and comets, extinctions and plagues, killer smogs and the present-day depletion of the ozone layer. Proving that climate change is nothing new, and providing instances as diverse as the plague described in Boccaccio’s Decameron to the Chernobyl disaster, this fascinating book will interest anyone concerned with the environment or the natural world.
Beginning Again
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

David Ehrenfeld is one of the world’s leading writers on environmental issues. In this challenging new book, he examines both the current state of affairs and the prospects of preventing further damage to the planet. In calling for a more enlightened and sustainable relationship with the natural world, Professor Ehrenfeld also considers the influence exerted by certain social, economic, and political forces which seem to be pulling in the opposite direction.
Physicians and Healers
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

In primitive societies, the totality of health service consisted of the ministrations of the healer or “medicine man.” Since disease was believed to arise from supernatural forces, various magical measures were used to counteract those forces. Certain physical or medicinal interventions were also found helpful, from experience, to cope with disease. The relationship between patient and doctor was on a one-to-one basis, uncomplicated by laws or regulations, except for the influence of custom.
Health Commodities and Knowledge
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

Health commodities and knowledge in the health sciences are the final resources in every national health system, and their production and distribution are examined in this chapter.
Health Planning and Administration
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

Just as every national health system requires economic support, in the modern world it also requires management. In earlier centuries, when health needs were so great that almost any health service was its own justification, deliberate management may not have been necessary. But as the resources, organization, and services for health purposes grew larger and more complex, the need for prudent health system management became widely recog-nized.
Refusing the Favor
Authors: González Deena J
Published: November 2023

Refusing the Favor tells the little-known story of the Spanish-Mexican women who saw their homeland become part of New Mexico. A corrective to traditional narratives of the period, it carefully and lucidly documents the effects of colonization, looking closely at how the women lived both before and after the United States took control of the region. Focusing on Santa Fe, which was long one of the largest cities west of the Mississippi, Deena González demonstrates that women's responses to the conquest were remarkably diverse and that their efforts to preserve their culture were complex and long-lasting. Drawing on a range of sources, from newspapers to wills, deeds, and court records, González shows that the change to U.S. territorial status did little to enrich or empower the Spanish-Mexican inhabitants. The vast majority, in fact, found themselves quickly impoverished, and this trend toward low-paid labor, particularly for women, continues even today. González both examines the long-term consequences of colonization and draws illuminating parallels with the experiences of other minorities. Refusing the Favor also describes how and why Spanish-Mexican women have remained invisible in the histories of the region for so long. It avoids casting the story as simply "bad" Euro-American migrants and "good" local people by emphasizing the concrete details of how women lived. It covers every aspect of their experience, from their roles as businesswomen to the effects of intermarriage, and it provides an essential key to the history of New Mexico. Anyone with an interest in Western history, gender studies, Chicano/a studies, or the history of borderlands and colonization will find the book an invaluable resource and guide.
Problems for Disquotationalism
Authors: David Marian
Published: November 2023

The central thesis of disquotationalism is that sentence-truth, or rather, the sentence-truth predicate, is nothing but a disquotational device for abbreviating infinite lists. The thesis is underwritten by the disquotational definition of sentence-truth, combined with an explanation of the notation that occurs in the definiens of this definition.
The Crisis of 387/6
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

To understand the predicament in which the Athenians were caught in 387 one must look at a city, Abydos, and at a Spartan, Antalkidas. For Abydos provided the harbor whence the Spartan commander contrived to outmaneuver the Athenians and seize control of the straits. It was on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont, opposite Sestos, and for some years it had been for the Spartans their most reliable base in or near the eastern Aegean. In 394 Pharnabazos, commanding a Persian fleet and having Konon the Athenian in his service, had defeated the Peloponnesian fleet off Knidos. The two admirals followed up their victory by sailing into the eastern Aegean and freeing the maritime cities from Spartan control. Spartan harmosts fled from most of the cities and the liberators were welcomed. But Derkylidas, a highly competent officer who had an old grudge against Pharnabazos, was in Abydos at the time of the battle of Knidos. He rallied the people of Abydos to the Spartan cause and he captured Sestos. When Phamabazos and Konon attacked Abydos, Derkylidas withstood them successfully.
Destabilization in the North
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

Within two years after the battle of Leuktra the Athenians had joined Sparta against Thebes, and in the winter of 370/69 they had followed up their new diplomatic commitment by sending an armed force to the Peloponnese. They continued operations in alliance with the Lakedaimonians until 362, when the indecisive battle of Mantinea led to a treaty of common peace. But about the time of their change of alignment the Athenians also began to contemplate new designs for naval operations in the northern Aegean. The circumstances prompting the new initiatives and the degree of success achieved will be the main focus of attention in this chapter. A digression on developments in the western part of the Persian Empire will be needed to explain changes occurring in the straits between Asia and Europe. During the 360s Demosthenes grew to manhood, and it will be proper to consider what incited him to take an interest in politics.
War and Peace in the North
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

There was a state of war between Philip II and Athens from 357, when the king seized Amphipolis. But armed operations were mostly conducted at a safe distance from Athens and from places where the Athenians recognized that their vital interests were at stake. By sending cleruchs to the Chersonese in 353/2 and by dispatching Nausikles with a force to Thermopylai in the same year, they convinced themselves that they could maintain their security, even in an emergency. The outbreak of war between Philip and Olynthos in 349 gave them a new opportunity and they rose to meet it. The destruction of Olynthos shocked them but posed no threat to their own city. By 347 they could recognize that their war against Philip did not offer them any prospect of success; it would be better to acknowledge their losses and make peace. But in 346 Philip took advantage of developments in Phokis to seize control of Thermopylai and of the route into central Greece. His success transformed the geopolitical situation for the Athenians. The change in their condition is reflected in the deeds and utterances of Demosthenes. These developments will be the subject of this chapter.
The Athenians Frustrated
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

In 346 unexpected changes shattered Athenian security, when Philip gained control of Thermopylai and entrusted Nikaia to a Thessalian garrison. In 339 another change, likewise unforeseen, put a temporary end to Philip’s mastery of the route into central Greece. In the intervening years the Athenians feared and resented Macedonian power; they considered themselves threatened directly and they could do little against the threat, although they launched diplomatic initiatives of many kinds. Through the survival of Demosthenic and other speeches the state of opinion in Athens is better documented than for any other period of similar length. The evidence deserves to be approached without presuppositions. That will be the task of this chapter.
Doing Science
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

This book is an introduction to concepts needed in the different parts of the process of doing science. It includes topics that will help achieve clarity in the posing of scientific questions, the design of ways to answer the questions, and the methods to evaluate the results and effectively communicate scientific information. It will be useful to the professional or student in the practice of writing papers, books or journal articles and can be applied to most any area of science that requires presentation of data in an effective and informative way.
Essays in Quasi-Realism
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

In these essays, Simon Blackburn explores one of the most profound and fertile of philosophical problems: the way in which our judgements relate to the world. This debate has centred on realism, or the view that what we say is validated by the way things stand in the world, and a variety of oppositions to it. Prominent among the latter are expressive and projective theories, but also a relaxed pluralism that discourages the view that there are substantial issues at stake. The figure of the `quasi-realist’ dramatizes the difficulty of conducting these debates. Typically philosophers thinking of themselves as realists will believe that they alone can give a proper or literal account of some of our attachments-to truth, to facts, to the independent world, to knowledge, and to certainty. The quasi-realist challenge, developed by Blackburn in this volume, is that we can have those attachments without any metaphysic that deserves calling realism, so that the metaphysical picture that goes with our practices is quite idle. The cases treated here include the theories of value and of knowledge, modality, probability, causation, intentionality and rule-following, and explanation. A substantial new introduction has been added, drawing together some of the central themes.
Morals and Modals
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

Conclusions properly drawn must be true when the premises are; events must unfold in accordance with natural law; people must obey the moral laws. Why do we find it so tricky to give a satisfactory philosophy of these necessities? In the first part of this essay, I suggest that it is because we have a rooted, and inadequate, conception of what is needed to establish such an understanding. This conception dominates the philosophy of modality, just as it does other areas, but it makes a genuine advance in understanding impossible. The diagnosis here is quite simple, but it is not so simple to disentangle ourselves from its influence, and to become practised with tools that are better suited to the problem.
Errors and the Phenomenology of Value
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

John Mackie described himself as a moral sceptic, and he described his theory of ethics as an error theory. The ordinary user of moral language wants to claim something that, according to Mackie, cannot be claimed without error: he wants to claim ‘something that involves a call for action or for the refraining from action, and one that is absolute, not contingent upon any desire or preference or policy or choice, his own or anyone else’s’ (p. 33). Again, someone in moral perplexity may want to know whether a course of action is wrong ‘in itself’ (p. 34), and ‘something like this is the everyday objectivist concept’, which is erroneous. For, according to Mackie, ordinary judgements and perplexities include an assumption that there are objective values, in a sense in which he denies that there are. This assumption is ingrained enough to count as part of the meaning of ordinary moral terms, but it is false.
Albertus Magnus
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

A Reporter Writes of the happenings of the day, while an essayist waits a year to two or ten or a century or a millennium and then comments on an event. Thus, when the Einstein Memorial in Washington, D.C., was dedicated on April 22, 1979, I thought about writing a personal note on my feelings about the statue, but fortunately I waited, and some seven years later I am seated at the memorial on a sunny Sunday afternoon trying to get my thoughts together.
Humans, Animals, And Physicians’ Waiting Rooms
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I Was In A Somewhat adversarial situation with an “animal rights” advocate who was trying to convince me that if we gave up eating meat and conducting animal research, it would make us kinder, gentler people. To a biologist, something in these words didn’t quite ring true. Having personally encountered the Cape buffalo and hippopotamus in Kenyan game preserves, I was well aware that these herbivores are among the most dangerous animals in East Africa. Their vegetarian diet does not induce gentleness. But a memory of an earlier reading placed the issue in a more human context, and I have looked up the appropriate references.
The Missing Volumes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I Am An Unrepentant Devotee of libraries. I have never outgrown habits acquired as a youngster, wandering down to Adriance Memorial Library in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., on Saturday afternoons and spending endless hours reading about whatever came to mind. It was truly a window on the world. Library books have a characteristic smell, a feel-one might almost say an aura. The edges of pages crack in characteristic ways. There is something sensual as well as intellectual in being surrounded by aged books. I also love the silence of the stacks, for aisle-wandering is a lonely occupation.
Killer Cheese
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Nutrition Remains One of the most enigmatic subjects in modern health care. It is doubly perplexing: First, because reliable information on human diet and health is so difficult to obtain by experiment or epidemiologic analysis, and second, because of the public’s unpredictable responses to the available information. A modest case study illustrates these features. Among the dietary caveats that have emerged over the past 20 years, three have stood out as having achieved consensus support among nutritionists. These are 1. Moderate the amount of fatty acid in the diet, with particular attention to minimizing saturated fatty acid. This recommendation comes with particular force from students of heart disease and cancer.
A Two-Coffee Culture
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I Was Quietly Studying my Linguaphone German book one evening and was startled to have Frau Pfaffinger state, “Kaffee schadet meiner Gesundheit.” The rough translation, “Coffee harms my health,” reminded me that I am behind on my triennial analysis of the medical literature on coffee. I carry out this periodic ritual to prepare myself for the many discussions I seem to get into on coffee and the state of health.
The Sidewalks Of New York
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

I Was Walking Down Seventh Avenue in a particularly sad and pensive mood, for I was returning from the funeral of two nephews whose lives had abruptly ended in an accident. Each intersection I passed from 39th Street to 33rd Street was the scene of some gridlock, which resulted from drivers moving into intersections when there was no clear route ahead. The obvious thought emerged that people thoughtlessly trying too hard to get an advantage were tying things up for themselves and everyone else. The clear and simple moral was noted, and I was searching for clear and simple morals.
Potlatch
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

WHEN WE TAKE A CLOSE LOOK at the activities of men and women in “primitive” societies, that study is designated as anthropology, but we lack a similar professional label for the scientific observation of our friends, relatives, colleagues, and neighbors. There is something very boorish about staring at our peers and taking notes. Thus I once thought that a true cultural study of contemporary Terre Haute, Ind., Oxnard, Calif., or Fairfax, Va., didn’t exist, although I knew Lewis Thomas had reported on the activities of the biologists on Stony Beach at Woods Hole, Mass. In general, there is a surprising reliance on questionnaires that ignore the primary existential fact that people lie, boast, and exaggerate. Consequently, I thought that there are features of society that are better understood in the Trobriand Islands than on Manhattan and Staten Islands. I have since become aware of modern studies by such scholars as John D. Dorst and Constance Perin, who focus on the anthropology of contemporary American life, and I must thus revise my views of cultural understanding. Such intellectual burdens are the price of discussing ideas with learned colleagues.
Planetary Protection
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

IN A MODEST OFFICE in NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., sits a young man who bears the awesome title “Planetary Protection Officer.” He is, I believe, the fourth or fifth person to carry this title: I have personally known at least three of his predecessors. The job of this official concerns itself with controlling interplanetary biological contamination accompanying missions from Earth to other planets and the possible return of extraterrestrial samples. I am in favor of someone’s having this responsibility, and I sleep easier knowing that the matter of planetary protection is part of the federal agenda. Since missions to Mars are planned for the first quarter of the twenty-first century, the problem of planetary protection is beginning to warm up once more.

I was involved in the last great dispute over planetary protection, and retelling the story may prove to be a useful exercise. The time was 1969, a few months before the launch of the first manned lunar module, when plans were being made for three humans to go to the moon and return to Earth with a collection of moon rocks. It was an exciting time for lunar scientists and for a nation and a world excited by the idea of men on the moon.
Holding the Wolf by the Ears: The Plantation Setting and the Social Order
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

The greatness of the past, the time when Virginia had been the mighty power of the New World, loomed ever above him [the Southern gentleman]. It increased his natural conservatism. He saw the change that was steadily creeping on. The conditions that had given his class their power and prestige had altered. The fields were worked down, and agriculture that had made his class rich no longer paid. The cloud was already gathering in the horizon; the shadow already was stretching towards him. He could foresee the danger that threatened Virginia. A peril ever sat beside his door. He was ‘holding the wolf by the ears.’
A Squire of Change Alley: The Plantation Legend and the Aristocratic Impulse
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

Some years previous to this period Mr. Petigru had engaged in the ordinary and legitimate proceeding of investing his professional profits in a plantation and negroes. It was the approved Carolina custom in closing every kind of career. No matter how one might begin, as lawyer, physician, clergyman, mechanic, or merchant, he ended, if prosperous, as proprietor of a rice or cotton plantation. It was the condition that came nearest to the shadow of the colonial aristocracy which yet remained.
Whistling in the Dark
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

The Historical Isolationism of the antebellum Southerner, the fact that he felt increasingly cut off and isolated from the historical forces which were reshaping the society of the Western world left him more and more defensive and touchy about his place within the South. The social order which he had imposed on his household and the surrounding county-an order which required the subordination of woman, Negro slave and nonslaveholding white-was submitted to careful and uneasy scrutiny by the novelists, who often stumbled upon social tensions and expressed reservations of a very worrying sort. It was impossible to live in nineteenth-century America without sharing some of its new concerns and obsessions-its sentimental preoccupation with the family, its evangelical benevolence, its endorsement of democratic change and social mobility. And yet it was impossible to share these new civic values without discovering grave inconsistencies in the planter’s social code. The novels written by Southerners reflect better than any other source this attempt of the South to wrestle with the nineteenth century and with itself.
The Rage for Order
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

The Social Problems in the South which worried and perplexed the novelists were not confined to those which concerned slavery and the status of women, deeply troubling as these were. Other tensions were building within the society at about the same time, and there is evidence that these tensions are responsible for certain features of the plantation novel as it developed. During the twenty years from Swallow Barn to Uncle Tom, Southerners betrayed a growing uneasiness over their ability to keep their house in order.
How Does Virtue Make a Difference?
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

Kant said that “purity of heart is to will one thing.” It may seem odd to quote the father of deontology at the start of a chapter devoted to the ways in which virtue ethics make a difference in the moral life of medicine, yet Kant’s insight goes straight to the point. Without principles, the moral life would rest on sand. There is too much variability in modem, secular, pluralistic society to trust that every person would act virtuously, or even that we could agree on what virtuous activity would entail in such an environment. Yet the obverse is also true. Ethics is far more than obeying rules. In the most extreme form of a rule-based ethics, presum ably, individuals need not accept the truth of the rules, just obey them. If the rules are obeyed, social conformity is achieved, but at the enormous cost of diminishing persons. This is a reductionistic ethic that relies on one virtue, obedience to the rules, to maintain the social order. It neglects all the other important virtues that enhance individual self-fulfillment and character.
The Fiery Furnace
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

The conflicts between missionaries and colonists that led to the tragic events of 1823 started fifteen years earlier, when the first missionaries of the London Missionary Society arrived in Demerara. They came deeply ignorant of the protocols and the unspoken rules of a slave society, and with their heads full of notions that were likely to provoke the colonists’ outrage and to aggravate the tensions that pitted masters and managers against slaves, and colonists against the mother country. In their day-to-day dealings with slaves, masters, managers, and royal authorities, the missionaries generated irritation on the part of the authorities, loyalties among slaves, and hatred among masters. Increasingly threatened by the new economic and ideological trends in the mother country and fearful of losing control over their slaves, the colonists vented their anger on the missionaries. A close examination of their interaction not only sheds light on the process that led to Smith’s indictment, but also helps to explain some of the circumstances that led to the rebellion. Before the LMS sent John Wray to Demerara, no one had given “religious instruction” to the slaves. In 1794, British Methodists had applied to the government of the United Provinces for permission to send missionaries, but the Court of Policy refused.Some time later, in 1805, when a Methodist missionary from Nevis approached the governor about settling in the colony to preach to slaves, he was told to leave on the first ship.
Voices in the Air
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

Garrison scorned those who saw an outside instigator behind every revolt. But one had to be an abolitionist like Garrison to understand the point so well. Slaveowners, managers, and royal authorities would have found it too threatening to recognize that the seeds of rebellion really were everywhere, grounded in the slave experience itself. It would have been even more threatening to admit that the slave experience transcended the boundaries of the plantations to encompass a larger world of symbols and meanings, market fluctuations and imperial policies, struggles for power and revolutionary ideologies-a world they could not hope to control.
The Reality of the Soviet Managem.ent Model
Authors: Kaple Deborah A
Published: November 2023

In 1949, the Chinese Communists looked toward the Soviet Union for ideas and even a blueprint for China’s socialist transformation. As discussed in the last chapter, the CCP chose to study the Soviets’ post­ war recovery model, which seemed to provide an answer to China’s immediate needs and to fulfill two other important functions: It offered a rationale for Communist Party leadership at all levels of manage­ ment (and society), and it described the methods for training, indoctrinating, and controlling the population. But what exactly was this model? This chapter examines the USSR’s industrial management model of 1946-1950 as it was portrayed in Soviet sources and explains how it actually functioned.
Control: Manipulating the Masses
Authors: Kaple Deborah A
Published: November 2023

The Chinese Communist Party’s third goal in 1949 was simply to establish its control over industrial production and over all workers. The CCP’s understanding of the Soviet Union’s postwar experience largely shaped its policies on and ideas about industrialization and socialization and, similarly, its aim of political control. Based on the Soviet literature, total Party primacy in the factory was seen as the only method that would guarantee overall Communist Party control of enterprise management and administration.
Introduction
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Art Tatum’S Name is now a secure part of American popular culture, and almost everyone understands that to put someone on Tatum’s level is to bestow the highest praise. A play reviewer can write: “Stoppard handles words the way that Art Tatum used to handle a keyboard,” and the compliment is widely understood, even by people who never heard Art play the piano. More than thirty-five years after his death, his name is still a metaphor for excellence, and not just in America but the world over. I recently met a young jazz pianist and her mother, both from Azerbaijan in the former Soviet Union, and they were offended that I thought they might not know who Art Tatum was.
Early Development
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Art Tatum, JR., was born on October 13, 1909, in Toledo, Ohio. Teddy Roosevelt had just been succeeded by William H. Taft as President and times were not bad. World War I was still five years away, the Great Depression, twenty years. That remarkable and complex instrument, the piano, had escaped the confines of royal or upper-class music rooms and every household that could afford one had a piano in the parlor, like a household pet. In 1909 an American production record of 364,545 pianos was set, and American manufacturers (294 of them) for the first time turned out more pianos-considerably more--than the European builders. Large numbers of elephants were dying to provide ivories for them
Early Musical Development
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Tatum Was Clearly a musical prodigy, responsive and reactive to sound and to music from a tender age. Early on he began wanting to play the piano more than anything, he set himself the highest standards and he was willing to work at achieving them, and his visual handicap was no handicap at all when it came to music. He had an extraordinary memory (for music, of course, but also for voices, for sports information, and even for remembering hands of cards in bridge and pinochle), and he must have begun storing up musical ideas from an early age.
To California and Back
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Tatum Was Twenty-Sis when he made the long voyage to the West Coast. The movie industry was in high gear by the mid-1930s. It and the life that swirled around it attracted all kinds of creative people to Southern California. Fats Waller had gone out the year before, at age thirty-one, to appear in two movies. Among others, both George Gershwin and Nat Cole moved there the same year Art put in his first appearance in California (1936).
The Mind of a Pianist
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

This Seems Like a good point at which to take time out from Tatum’s life story and consider him simply as a professional pianist. What exactly was Art Tatum doing at the piano, and how did he arrive at doing it? A technical answer to that question will come only from a patient reading of Schuller, Howlett, Howard, and a few others who have tried to analyze what went into a Tatum performance. Readers who are interested in the question, but who may not have the time to find and study those sources, deserve at least a sketch of an answer.
Pioneers Of The Loosa Chitto
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

The east side of the Mississippi, from the Yazoo River south past Natchez, is bordered by a narrow strip of flood land that quickly rises 75 to 200 feet above the bottom. The black alluvial soil below the bluffs is some of the most fertile in North America. The hills, irregular, steep, and divided by narrow, deep ravines, consist of a fine topsoil collected from the prairies in the Far West by centuries of winds that jettisoned their cargo when the Mississippi ridge forced them abruptly upward. The fine, yellowish silt, called loess, although acidic, is nevertheless excellent for farming, except that its powdery quality renders it extremely susceptible to erosion. Only the dense thickets of cane, with their mesh of entangled roots, aided by the canopy of a walnut, oak, and magnolia forest, hold the soil and prevent rains from carrying it away in creeks that carve their way through the hills.
Brothers And Neighbors: The Politics Of Patriarchy
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

One warm but windy spring day Benjamin Wailes took a leisurely ride around his neighborhood. From his home at Fonsylvania plantation near the Big Black River he headed southward, over his pasture toward Ivanhoe, an old plantation built by John Stephens forty years earlier, but recently purchased by Wailes for his niece Susan Covington. Susan had lived in the neighborhood as a girl, although she had moved to Natchez when her father died, since then visiting her childhood home infrequently. From Ivanhoe Wailes rode westward to Old Mr. Harris’s place, and then on to Doc Hunt’s. Finding no one at the doctor’s home Wailes ambled through the fields, examining the cluster of Indian mounds south of Hunt’s house. Several, he noted “have been ploughed over for a long period and the smaller ones almost obliterated. “ Wailes continued his tour, heading north at Mrs. Cameron’s farm toward the old Valentine plantation. The new owner, a former Vicksburg miller named Austin Mattingly, intercepted the passerby and offered to sell him a load of bricks. The two men settled on a price of eight dollars per thousand before Wailes rode on, passing Mattingly’s quarters and barns, near the large artificial pond graced by magnolia trees, and traveling beyond the brick kiln to a shallow creek, which he followed for perhaps two miles to the church. Bethel Methodist, more commonly known simply as Redbone church, attracted a large congregation from the neighborhood on most Sundays. Wailes usually attended, although sometimes he visited Antioch Baptist or, on occasion, if the visiting preacher happened to be a favorite, the chapel at Asbury campground. None was particularly close to Fonsylvania, each requiring a journey of about eight or ten miles round trip. One Sunday Wailes arrived at Redbone after Mr. Drake had already begun his sermon. A large crowd filled the building.
Hamlets And Towns:The Urban Process
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

By 1860 nearly half the population of Warren County, numbering 8000, lived in or nearby Warren County’s only incorporated city.1 Vicksburg: The public wharf crammed with steamboats, barges, and pirogues so that much of the city’s business district actually floated upon the Mississippi; Levee Street clogged at certain times of the year with wagons, stacks of cotton bales, and discharged freight so “that a man could scarcely get about on horseback “; avenues ascending steep hills and lined with stores, restaurants, taverns, small manufacturing businesses, and law offices; hilltop mansions with names that betrayed the self-importance of their owners-the Castle, Belmont; an imposing new courthouse with massive columns on all sides, built by slaves but symbolic of the power of the masters, standing like the Parthenon with a whole civilization at its feet. Vicksburg was by the end of the antebellum era the center of Warren County society. But it was not the county’s only urban place.2
A Piace Apart From The Countryside: The City Of Vicksburg
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

The villages and towns in and around Warren County from their earliest existence were tied closely to the countryside. To the extent that they supported a predominantly rural economy they differed from larger cities, north and south, where the urban-rural relation was reversed, where the countryside functioned to support a predominantly urban and manufacturing economy. But the relationship between town and country in Warren County indicated only a stage of development and not some unique urban process peculiar to the Old South. While urban development in the South lagged behind the Northeast it nevertheless unfolded in a similar manner. By 1860 Vicksburg’s relationship with the surrounding rural area had begun to change, as the town showed signs of leading the local economy while portions of the countryside settled into a more secondary and supportive role.
Dispersion of Contaminants
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

The contaminants generated by primary and secondary sources tend to spread continuously within the environment. This chapter reviews how the characteristics of the medium affect the dispersion of contaminants within and between the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, and the biosphere. Some of the basic transport phenomena are illustrated in Figure 4–1, and these will be discussed in the sections that follow.
Fate of Environmental Chemicals: Translocation, Transformations, and Sinks
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

Following their release, chemical contaminants may be converted to different forms and/or transferred within and between the various compartments of the environment, i.e., the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, and the biosphere. The transformation, degradation, and sequestration of chemicals in the environment may occur via three processes: (1) chemical, for example, atmospheric oxidation by O2, and its subclass, photochemical reaction; (2) biological, the degradation due to the metabolic action of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, which occurs mainly in soil and aquatic sediments; and (3) physical, for example, solubility and gravitational settlement.
Human Exposure Assessment
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

As discussed further in Chapters 9, 10, and 11, exposure assessment is a key element in risk assessment and risk management. There are a number of pathways for making quantitative exposure assessments (Fig. 8–1). Some, such as personal monitoring of concentrations in the breathing zone of selected individuals, can provide relatively precise information on those individuals, but only point estimates for a population at risk. Measurements of concentrations in environmental media (air, drinking water, food) can also be precise for the samples that are collected and analyzed, but of somewhat limited relevance for individuals in the population. Population distributions of exposure are often estimated using mathematical models with varying degrees of validation. This chapter focusses initially on techniques for direct measurements of exposures and concentrations in environmental media, and ends with a discussion of the limitations of the measurement data and models for exposure assessments in populations.
Measurement I: Questionnaires
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

Most epidemiologic studies use questionnaires to obtain at least some information from participants regarding their exposure to possible risk factors, their exposure to potential confounding variables, or the occurrence of the diseases of interest. For instance, cohort studies attempting to identify risk factors for coronary heart disease use questionnaires to obtain data on smoking habits as a possible risk factor or as a possible confounding variable when other associations are being considered; such studies also often obtain information by questionnaire on the occurrence of angina pectoris as one of the outcomes of interest. Case-control studies concerned with .such exposures as smoking or use of oral contraceptives most often ascertain exposure to these possible risk factors by means of questionnaires. Even when information on the risk factor and disease of primary interest is obtained through laboratory measurement or through existing records, data on potential confounding variables may have to be determined by questionnaire. In addition, various symptoms, measures of disability, and other indicators of quality of life can be determined only by asking people. Thus, good methods of questionnaire design are of crucial importance to epidemiologists. Whereas statistical analysis can be repeated if done incorrectly initially, there is seldom a second chance to obtain information by questionnaire from large numbers of participants if the questionnaire was poorly constructed in the first place.
Yon Don’t Dave To Suffer
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

This is the book that anyone who has taken care of a loved one with cancer wished they had from the beginning. Its purpose is to provide a comprehensive manual for families who want to be sure they are aware of the kinds of options available to relieve pain and suffering that may result from cancer treatments, side effects of medications, and effects of the disease itself. It begins with a review on why cancer pain is still an everyday tragedy when modern medical techniques can relieve it in almost every case. It then goes on to give the consumer numerous tips on working most efficiently with doctors. The book goes step-by-step through medications commonly used to relieve cancer pain, from the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to the opioids (narcotic pain-relievers), and then explains how other medications are also used to enhance the pain-relieving effects of standard painkillers or to relieve side effects. A chapter here also explains‘high-tech‘ neurosurgical options for pain that has not responded well to simpler techniques. The next section first focuses on ways to relieve the common complaints of constipation and nausea and other side effects and discomforts commonly associated with cancer and cancer treatments. The book then explains how psychological and cognitive approaches can help relieve pain and suffering associated with cancer, including numerous techniques that families may employ. A section here deals with depression and other psychological components that contribute to suffering. The book concludes with a detailed chapter on how to cope with the myriad of problems that may occur with the advanced stages of cancer. The book has a detailed appendix of resources on where to get information relating to cancer, referrals to paid specialists, group support, hospice, and home care. It also includes detailed tables on medications mentioned in the book, a glossary, bibliography, and index.
Cancer Pain Undermines Cancer Treatment
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

To be struck with cancer, or have a loved one afflicted with cancer, is frightening. To endure the pain of cancer is overwhelming. To witness that anguish in a loved one is heartbreaking. To discover later, however, that the suffering might have been prevented is the worst of all.
Population Trends From The North American Breeding Bird Survey
Authors: Peterjohn Bruce G , Sauer John R , Robbins Chandler S
Published: November 2023

Most Neotropical migrant birds are difficult to count accurately and are moderately common over large breeding distributions. Consequently, little historical information exists on their large-scale population changes, and most of this information is anecdotal. Surveys begun in this century such as Breeding Bird Censuses and Christmas Bird Counts have the potential to provide this information, but only the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) achieves the extensive continental coverage necessary to document population changes for most Neotropical migrant birds. Conservationists and ecologists have begun to use BBS data to estimate population trends, but there is still widespread confusion over exactly what these data show regarding population changes. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding population changes in Neotropical migrant birds and the methods used to analyze these changes. The primary emphasis is on the BBS (Robbins et al. 1986) because this survey provides the best available data for estimating trends of Neotropical migrants on a continental scale. To address questions about methods of analyzing survey data, we review and compare some alternative methods of analyzing BBS data. We also discuss the effective ness of the BBS in sampling Neotropical migrant species, and review possibilities for use of alternative data sets to verify trends from the BBS.
The Strength Of Inferences About Causes Of Trends In Populations
Authors: James Frances C , Mcculloch Charles E
Published: November 2023

The idea that land birds that breed in the United States and Canada and spend the winter in the New World tropics have been suffering severe population declines is the basis for the United States government sponsored program Partners in Fliyhtand is the rationale for the publication of this volume. We believe that the evidence of an overall decline in populations of Neotropical migrants is weak (James et al., in press). Analyses of the best data for population trends in North American land birds for the past 25 years, the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), indicate general declines in some species of Neotropical migrants and increases in others, but no overall pattern that pertains to the group as a whole (Peterjohn et al., Chapter I, this volume). However, documentation of population trends is not the issue in this paper. Instead we will address methods for the confirmation of hypothesized causes of population trends, once population trends have been established. The confirmation of causes is more a matter of logic than of data analysis. It involves the design of the study, how comparisons are made among observations, rather than the significance of statistical tests. Of course, both steps, documentation of trends and determination of their causes, should precede decisions about management.
An Assessement Of Potential Hazards Of Pesticides And Environmental Contaminants
Authors: Gard Nicholas W , Hooper Michael J
Published: November 2023

Since the discovery in the 1940s of the pesticidal properties of synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon and organophosphorus com pounds, these chemicals have played an increasingly important role in pest control and public health programs worldwide. Large quantities of pesticides and industrial pollutants are released into the environment each year, and are frequently disseminated from point of release by biotic and abiotic processes, resulting in extensive global contamination. Soon after use of organochlorine pesticides became prevalent, adverse effects on nontarget species were detected. Population declines or extensive mortality in several species of birds provided the earliest indications of the hazards posed by environ mentally persistent organochlorine com pounds such as l,1’••(2,2,2-trichloroethyl idene)bis[4-chlorobenzene] (DDT) (Rudd and Genelly 1955, Hickey and Hunt 1960, Wurster et al. 1965). Other classes of pesticides including organophosphorus com•• pounds, though generally less persistent, were potentially as hazardous to wildlife because of their greater acute toxicity. Monitoring of avian populations has proved to be an important method of assessing effects of chemical contaminants in the environment. In many respects, birds arc ideal indicators of environmental pollution. Besides being ubiquitous, conspicuous and intensively studied, birds are often more sensitive to contaminants than other vertebrates (Grue et al. 1983). Migratory bird species are exposed to potentially harmful contaminants on breeding, migration and wintering habitats, and consequently can indicate the magnitude of contamination over vast geographic regions.
Livestock Grazing Effects In Western North America
Authors: Saab Victoria A , Bock Carl E , Rich Terrell D , Dobkin David S
Published: November 2023

Livestock grazing is the most widespread economic use of public lands in western North America (Platts 1991). Approximately 86 million hectares of US Federal land in 17 western states are used for livestock production (Sabadell 1982). In the American West, grazing by domestic ungulates began in the 1840s, increased rapidly in the 1870s, and peaked around 1890 (Young and Sparks 1985). By 1900 much rangeland vegetation had been altered by the combination of extreme drought and high intensity grazing (Yensen 1981, Young and Sparks 1985). Range-management practices, including grazing systems (Appendix) and fenced pastures, were initiated in the early 1900s to help restore damaged rangelands (Behnke and Raleigh 1979). By the mid-1960s, management by allotment (designated areas for a prescribed number of livestock under one plan of management) had become an accepted practice on public lands, and is still in use today (Platts 1991).