bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalente of color vision anomalies among brazilian industrial workers and the telemedicine role
Authors: Machado Roberto , Junior Pedro Ribeiro , Filho Mauro Guimarães , Negreiros Ariadne , Negreiros Marco
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the use of a color blindness test (Eyecare Color Vision Test®) applied through of telemedicine to assess the prevalence of color blindness, its subtypes and intensity of presentation in Brazilian industrial workers.

Methods: An observational, cross‐sectional, and retrospective study was carried out. The study sample was a convenience sample, which included all patients from a company with headquarters in all Brazilian regions who underwent consultations for occupational purposes via telemedicine through Eyecare clinic between the months of October 2023 and January 2024. All patients underwent Eyecare Color Vision Test®, a validated virtual test based on the Ishihara Test that consists of 14 images with symbols and numbers. A score above 7 was considered normal for color vision defect.

Results: 2197 workers from 5 regions of Brazil were evaluated through telemedicine. 91.81% were male, the mean age was 37 years, mean visual acuity for right eye was 0.24 ( ± 0.18) and for left eye was 0.19 ( ± 0.16). 50 patients, all male, showed changes in the Eyecare Color Vision Test® which resulted in a prevalence of color blindness of 2.28%. From patients with color blindness, 44% had protanomaly or deuteranomaly, 26% had deuteranopia, 18% had protanopia and 12% had an undiagnostic subtype.

Conclusions: Our study was in line with international literature since we found a 2.28% prevalence of CVD in Brazilian industrial workers. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that telemedicine can be an important tool for democratizing access to eye health.

References

Parikh D, Armstrong G, Liou V, Husain D. Advances in Telemedicine in Ophthalmology. Semin Ophthalmol. 2020 May 18; 35(4): 210–5; 30.

Sorkin N, Rosenblatt A, Cohen E, Ohana O, Stolovitch C, Dotan G. Comparison of Ishihara Booklet with Color Vision Smartphone Applications. Optometry and Vision Science. 2016 Jul; 93(7): 667–72.
Investigating the temporal variability of the tear fluid proteome for biomarker discovery
Authors: Ponzini Erika , Santambrogio Carlo , Grandori Rita , Tavazzi Silvia
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: This study aims to investigate the intraday and day‐to‐day variability in the tear fluid proteome to better exploit its potential as a source of non‐invasive biomarkers by assessing the consistency of tear protein abundance over time.

Methods: Tear protein composition was monitored in two individuals over three weeks. Tears were collected weekly, both in the morning and in the afternoon, by microcapillary tube sampling. Ultrahigh‐resolution shotgun proteomics was used to analyze the tear fluid samples, providing a detailed profile of the tear proteome.

Results: The differential analysis of proteomics data provided a comprehensive overview of the tear fluid proteome. The majority of the identified proteins maintained consistent levels throughout the monitoring period. Specifically, only 25 proteins exhibited significant intraday variation, but no day‐to‐day fluctuation. These variations were observed in the morning and afternoon samples, indicating that while some proteins may be up‐ or downregulated within a day, the overall proteome remains largely stable.

The proteins that showed significant variation included those involved in immune response, protein synthesis, and cellular stress response. These findings suggest that while the tear proteome is generally stable, certain proteins may be sensitive to external factors or physiological changes occurring throughout the day.

Conclusions: The stability of the tear proteome indicates its viability for non‐invasive diagnostic applications, making it a promising source of biomarkers for personalized medical approaches. The study underscores the need for further research into the temporal variability of tear proteins to fully harness their potential.
Elevation of retinal dopamine content and metabolism in a retinitis pigmentosa mouse model
Authors: Vainionpää Katri , Pavela Ida , Jalkanen Aaro , Leinonen Henri
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogenous group of inherited retinal degenerations that impacts around 2 million patients worldwide and it is currently untreatable. Dopamine‐2‐receptor (D2R) agonists (pramipexole, bromocriptine) are efficacious against retinal degeneration in vivo; however the mechanisms remain unclear. As D2Rs are mainly presynaptic autoreceptors in the retina, targeting them could stabilize the dopamine system. The purpose of this research is to study the changes in the retinal dopaminergic system in progressive RP.

Methods: Fresh frozen retinas for ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and western blotting (WB) were collected from 3‐month‐old P23H rhodopsin‐mutant mice and their wildtype (WT) littermates. Dopamine, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) contents and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) activity in the retina were quantified with UHPLC. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa decarboxylase (DDC) and COMT proteins was assessed with WB.

Results: Whole retinal dopamine levels were significantly higher in the P23H mutant retinas compared to WT. Dopamine metabolites showed opposite regulation as DOPAC amounts were markedly lower whereas HVA content was markedly elevated in the P23H samples. In line with increased dopamine content and the changes in metabolites, P23H retinas showed increased COMT activity and expression.

Conclusions: Retinal dopamine content and consequent COMT mediated metabolism are elevated in the P23H mouse retinas. This study is the first to show the association of dopaminergic overactivity and RP progression.
Exploring retinal layer alterations in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot oct study
Authors: Elvira‐Hurtado Lorena , Salobrar‐Garcia Elena , López‐Cuenca Inés , Matamoros José A. , Fernández‐Albarral José A. , Sanchez‐Puebla Lidia , Salas‐Carrillo Mario , Gil Pedro , de Hoz Rosa , Salazar Juan Jose , Ramírez Ana Isabel , Ramirez Jose Manuel
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: In the last decades, retinal alterations have been shown by OCT in Alzheimer's disease (AD), initially affecting the macular region in early AD, and subsequently progressing to the peripapillary retina, pointing out this tissue to be considered for diagnosis and follow‐up in AD. This study aimed to investigate retinal changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an intermediate stage between normal aging and AD, to know if in this preclinical stage there are changes in the retina.

Methods: Sixteen healthy subjects and 16 MCI patients were included. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation and macular OCT (SD‐OCT, Heidelberg, Germany) to assess retinal structure. The thickness of each retinal layer in the macular area was measured using the OCT software, with manual verification and modification of segmentation if necessary. Thicknesses of retinal layers, including retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), were analyzed. The inner and outer macular rings were evaluated according to the standard macular grid of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way ANOVA with Tukey´s multiple comparison test.

Results: Individuals with MCI exhibited significant thinning in the OPL in the inner ring of the superior sector (p < 0.01), along with significant thickening in the ONL in the same area (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Additionally, a trend towards thinning in the inner retinal layers was observed in the MCI group.

Conclusions: While in the inner retinal layers it was shown a thinning, it is noteworthy that in the ONL it was shown a thickening. OCT holds promise as a non‐invasive tool for MCI screening. Further research with larger sample sizes is warranted to validate and expand upon these findings.
Severe sight impairment due to Optic Disc Drusen: A case series
Authors: Khalifa Ahmad , Sobha Joseph
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management outcomes of three patients with severe sight impairment due to Optic Disc Drusen (ODD).

Methods: A retrospective review of three patients diagnosed with ODD was conducted. Data were collected on clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, interventions, and visual outcomes. Diagnostic modalities included ophthalmoscopy, ocular B‐scan ultrasound, OCT, and visual field testing. Interventions focused on maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) and providing supportive care.

Results: All three patients presented with severe visual impairment and were diagnosed with bilateral ODD. Patient 1, aged 86, was registered as Severely Sight Impaired (SSI) and exhibited bilateral foveal involving atrophy and left arcuate visual field defects. Patient 2, aged 72, showed minimal worsening of visual fields post‐cataract surgery, with normal IOP and was still driving as of the last follow‐up. Patient 3, aged 52, had bilateral advanced peripheral visual field defects and was advised to cease driving due to significant visual impairment. IOP‐lowering medications were prescribed to prevent further deterioration, and supportive interventions included ECLO referrals, provision of accessibility aids, and cane training.

Conclusions: Optic Disc Drusen can lead to severe visual impairment, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Despite interventions aimed at maintaining low IOP, visual outcomes remain severely poor. Supportive care and early registration for visual impairment certification are crucial for managing the quality of life in affected patients. Further research is needed to explore effective treatments to prevent vision loss in ODD.
Pigment dispersion syndrome – A unique presentation with extensive retina pigment deposition
Authors: Martins Pedro , Cabanas João Castro , Bilhoto Miguel , Fonseca Sofia
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To report a unique presentation of pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS).

Methods: Observational case report.

Results: An 81‐year‐old woman presented to our department for a routine appointment. Relevant ophthalmologic history comprised prior bilateral cataract surgery in 2009 with single piece in‐the‐bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in right eye (RE) and sulcus implantation in the left eye (LE), due to capsular rupture. Upon examination, best corrected visual acuity was 10/10 in OD and OS. Intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) was 9/9 mmHg; there was anisocoria, with OS > OD in photopic conditions. OS slit lamp examination showed IOL positioned in the sulcus, diffuse pigment deposition in the corneal endothelium and uneven extensive 360° iris transillumination defects. Gonioscopy revealed extensive angle pigment deposition in OS; colour fundus photographs displayed extensive retina pigment deposition, mainly in the peripapillary and perivascular areas. No glaucomatous cupping of the optic disc was observed. A diagnosis of left PDS was entertained; given the lack of vision complains, normal visual acuity, IOP, and no glaucomatous damage of the optic nerve, close monitoring of the patient was undertaken.

Conclusions: Pigment dispersion syndrome may arise from the iatrogenic damage to the iris of a single piece sulcus‐placed IOL and typically presents with extensive pigment deposition in the structures of the anterior segment, along with iris transillumination defects. To our knowledge, this is the second report of PDS with pigment deposition in the posterior segment. Indeed, although rare, convection currents may carry pigment to the vitreous and retina, which justifies the unusual findings in this patient and warrants a complete ophthalmologic evaluation in such cases.
Seeing the light: Hyperspectral retinal imaging as a surrogate marker for early stage Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ghesquiere Michiel , Christinaki Eirini , Van Eijgen Jan , Vandenbulcke Mathieu , Vandenberghe Rik , De Vos Maarten , Stalmans Ingeborg
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, affects millions, underscoring the need for early diagnostic methods. The retina, which can exhibit AD‐related pathological processes, offers a promising diagnostic site. This study aims to utilize Hyperspectral Retinal Imaging (HSRI) to differentiate between positive (+) and negative (‐) PET‐amyloid beta (Aβ) status. Within this cohort, a subset is Aβ+ while remaining cognitively healthy, indicating preclinical amyloid accumulation. Unlike most research targeting later symptomatic stages, our approach could facilitate interventions before clinically apparent neurodegeneration occurs.

Methods: Data was used from 37 Aβ‐ and 25 Aβ+ individuals of which 8 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). HSRI were captured using an easy‐to‐use hyperspectral snapshot camera, covering a spectral range of 460–630 nm. Images were taken from primary, inferior, and superior views of the retina, with further regions of interest (ROI) defined in the primary view. After preprocessing, these spectra were used to train machine learning classifiers [1].

Results: The best classifier performance was observed using XGBoost with the superior spectra (AUC = 0.72), and using a Linear Discriminant Analysis classifier in superior quadrants (S1 AUC = 0.74, S2 AUC = 0.68). Lower performance in other ROI underscored the variability in amyloid deposition across the retina, correlating with previous findings that retinal Aβ deposits in AD patients are frequently concentrated in the superior quadrants.

Conclusions: We were able to achieve similar performance of previous research in AD patients [1], but in a preclinical cohort of cognitively normal participants up to MCI patients. Consistent with the literature, the superior retinal regions seem most discriminative for Aβ status. Further exploration of the specificity of the HSRI signal will pave the way for early AD detection, potentially improving outcomes through earlier therapeutic intervention.

Reference

S. Lemmens et al., ‘Combination of snapshot hyperspectral retinal imaging and optical coherence tomography to identify Alzheimer's disease patients’, Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 144, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1186/s13195‐020‐00715‐1.
Tracking macular sensitivity and inner retinal thickness in long‐term type 1 diabetes: A five year prospective examination in patients without diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Fernández‐Espinosa Guisela , Orduna‐Hospital Elvira , Sopeña‐Pinilla María , Arias‐Álvarez Marta , Boned‐Murillo Ana , Díaz‐Barreda María Dolores , Arcas‐Carbonell María , Sánchez‐Cano Ana , Pinilla Isabel
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To compare macular sensitivity and retinal thickness in patients with long‐term type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) without signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR) after 5 years of follow‐up.

Methods: Thirty‐two eyes from 32 long‐term DM1 patients without signs of DR were included. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including microperimetry to assess macular sensitivity and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) to measure retinal layer thicknesses focusing on inner retinal layers (IRL). The data were compared with results from 5 years prior using parametric tests (paired samples t‐test).

Results: The mean age of the DM1 patients was 43.19 ± 10.17 years, with a mean disease duration of 29.84 ± 8.98 years and good glycaemic control (HbA1c: 7.55 ± 0.90%). Regarding sex distribution, 14 eyes were from female subjects (43.75%) and 18 were from male subjects (56.25%). In 2023, patients exhibited significantly worse best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) compared to 2018 (p < 0.001). DM1 patients did not show changes in macular sensitivity in any analysed macular rings over the 5‐year of follow up period. Central macular sensitivity remained unchanged, with a mean of 27.56 ± 2.50 dB in 2018 compared to 27.50 ± 2.49 dB in 2023. Macular integrity showed significant differences between the two time points (p = 0.045). Retinal thickness showed significant differences, particularly in the IRL across most of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) areas.

Conclusions: Long‐term DM1 patients without DR lesions showed no changes in macular sensitivity after 5 years of follow‐up. However, these patients demonstrated worsened macular integrity and lower BCVA. Additionally, after 5 years, long‐term DM1 patients without DR displayed significant alterations in retinal thickness, especially in the IRL. Longer follow‐up periods should be considered for the evaluation of retinal neurodegeneration.
A case of choroidal neovascularization in punctate inner choroidopathy
Authors: Sopeña‐Pinilla Maria , Merino Jacobo Yañez , Ciubotaru Olga , Bestué Ana Pueyo , Bestué Ignacio Pueyo , Fernandez‐Velasco Diego , Gracia Victor Mallen , Cervilla Jose Javier Bermudez , Merino Andres Biescas , Rius Nuria , Baron Nieves Pardiñas
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: To report a case of a 28‐year‐old male diagnosed with unilateral choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC).

Methods: This is a retrospective case report.

Results: A 25‐year‐old male presented with a 10‐day history of central visual acuity (VA) loss in his left eye (LE). Best corrected VA (BCVA) was 20/20 in both eyes. Slit lamp examination was normal. Fundoscopy revealed multiple yellowish dots in the papillomacular bundle in the LE and one singular dot in the right eye (RE), with no signs of vitritis. Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed hypoautofluorescent lesions surrounded by a hyperautofluorescent ring. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed foveal subretinal fluid in the LE. Serological tests were positive for varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein‐Barr virus; all other tests, including syphilis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis and tuberculosis, were negative. Treatment with oral corticosteroids effectively resolved the subretinal fluid. The patient was diagnosed with PIC and showed positive progress without immunosuppressive therapy.

Three years post diagnosis, a new lesion was detected during a routine check‐up in his LE, along with an enlargement of the atrophic lesions in the RE. The patient did not refer changes in VA. OCT revealed a small parafoveal retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) and hyperreflective material at the site of the new fundus lesion. FA demonstrated minimal diffusion in both foci, which were confirmed as CNV through OCT angiography (OCTA). Treatment with subcutaneous methotrexate and anti‐VEGF was initiated with a favorable outcome.

Conclusions: PIC is an idiopathic condition characterized by multiple areas of choroidal inflammation. A differential diagnosis with other white dot syndromes must be made. Hyperreflective lesions and PED on OCT may indicate CNV formation, and OCTA can be useful in the characterization of these lesions.
Impacts of delayed surgical intervention on postoperative visual acuity in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Authors: Armanazi Mohammed , Masri Abdul , Hu Albert , Masri Moness
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: The referral pathway of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) was examined to determine the effects of delayed surgical intervention. Visual outcomes of macula‐on and macula‐off RRD patients were compared based on duration to intervention.

Methods: Retrospective cohort review of 90 cases with RRD repaired between January 2012 and July 2023. The probability of patients experiencing a decline in final visual acuity (VA) was assessed by stratifying them according to macular status and investigating how the time to an initial primary care visit, subsequent visit to a retina specialist, and surgical intervention impacted their final VA. Low vision was defined as VA of logMAR > 0.5.

Results: The mean durations from symptom onset, primary care visit, and retina specialist visit to surgery were 8.8 days, 1.5 days, and 0.7 days, respectively. The average final VA was logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.3 ± 0.08. With each additional day from the primary care visit to surgery, the odds of having logMAR > 0.5 increased by approximately 20% (p = 0.042). Similarly, each day of delay between seeing a retina specialist visit to surgery, the odds of having logMAR > 0.5 increased by about 78% (p = 0.005) and these patients were twice as likely to have macula‐off with each day of delay (p = 0.036).

Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the importance of timely access to primary care and timely specialist intervention for RRD. For each day of delay to a primary care visit and a retina specialist visit, the risk of postoperative low vision significantly increases. Moreover, each day of delay following the retina specialist visit doubles the risk of macular detachment.
Transferrin is a drug candidate for the treatment of geographic atrophy (GA)/dry age‐related macular degeneration (AMD)
Authors: Bordet Thierry , Youale Jenny , Bigot Karine , Jaworski Thara , Lebon Cécile , Françon Anaïs , Delaunay Kimberley , Bénard Romain , De Bastard Thaïs , Kaddour Naël , Behar‐Cohen Francine , Picard Emilie
Published: January 2025

Aims/Purpose: Iron (Fe) is vital for retinal health but toxic when unbound, causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis. Aging leads to retinal iron accumulation, exacerbating diseases like AMD. This study aimed to determine if an iron‐transferrin (Tf) imbalance contributes to GA and if apo‐Tf (not Fe‐bound) supplementation could benefit these patients.

Methods: Iron and Tf levels were measured in the aqueous humor of patients undergoing ocular surgery, comparing normal retinas (n = 31) to early GA (n = 7) and late GA (n = 10) patients using mass spectrometry and ELISA. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were exposed to 0.5 mM FeCl3 for 48 hours to study the protective effects of apo‐Tf.

Results: Iron levels were higher in early GA patients but not statistically significant. In contrast, Tf concentrations were significantly lower in early GA patients compared to controls (p = 0.0072) and late GA (p = 0.0241). Total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC) was significantly lower in early GA patients (p = 0.0073), while Tf saturation (TSAT) was higher compared to controls (p = 0.0313) and late GA (p = 0.0321), indicating free iron overload due to Tf deficiency in early GA. Using a sustained iron overload model in iPSC‐RPE cells, apo‐Tf reduced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and prevented iron‐induced toxicity by restoring normal iron homeostasis. Importantly, Apo‐Tf egressed excess iron accumulated in the RPE without depleting the intracellular iron pool. Apo‐Tf also mitigated ferroptosis, preserved tight junctions, and reduced inflammasome and complement pathway activation, highlighting its protective role against iron‐mediated retinal damage.

Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that early GA correlates with iron‐Tf imbalance. Apo‐Tf supplementation effectively mitigates iron‐induced oxidative stress in iPSC‐derived RPE cells and could be a promising therapeutic approach for preventing or slowing the progression of GA.
Societal costs of decreased visual acuity: A Finnish cohort study with 15 years of registry data follow‐up
Authors: Taipale Joonas , Purola Petri K. M. , Väätäinen Saku , Nättinen Janika E. , Koskinen Seppo V. P. , Uusitalo Hannu M. T.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To examine what direct and indirect societal costs are associated with decreased visual acuity (VA).

Methods

Nationally representative sample of 8028 Finnish adults aged 30 years or older with survey data and clinical examination including VA assessment was evaluated. These data were linked with multiple national registers to capture health care services utilization during 1999–2013. All direct and indirect costs were calculated using prevalence‐based bottom‐up approach and adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities with generalized linear models. The results in 2019 cost level are presented according to VA groups at baseline per person, and with population estimates.

Results

Total direct health care costs ranged from 1996 €/year/person for those with VA ≥1.0 to 3277 €/year/person for those with weak (0.32–0.5) VA. The increase in direct costs was notable even before the onset of visual impairment. Indirect costs showed monotonously increasing trend with decreasing VA. At the population level, the additional annual direct costs associated with decreased VA were estimated at 1.9 billion €. Only 2% or less of the additional costs are due to increased direct eye‐related secondary health care usage. Estimated additional annual national indirect costs were 1.2 billion €.

Conclusions

In addition to those with visual impairment or blindness, health care need, and societal costs are elevated even among those with adequate VA. We conclude, that focusing on prevention of VA decrease would not only help sustain the patients' quality of life but could also reduce the future societal costs.
Radiocarbon dating in South America and the impact of the continent's first 14C‐AMS facility to archaeological research
Authors: Macario Kita Damasio , de Oliveira Fabiana Monteiro , Chanca Ingrid Silva , Carvalho Carla , Alves Eduardo Queiroz , Pedroza Igor
Published: January 2025

Due to the lack of formal historical records, the pre‐Columbian history of the American continent is often referred to as prehistory. The large population decline following the arrival of Europeans, mainly due to the extinction of several cultural groups, combined with the lack of written records, means that researchers may often have to rely primarily on archaeological evidence. For this reason, the radiocarbon dating technique has been crucial for deciphering America's pre‐Columbian history. Technical advances impacted the accessibility of radiocarbon dating, but the influence of in‐house facilities cannot be overlooked. This short review explores the evolution of radiocarbon dating in Brazil, where Latin America's first 14C‐AMS facility, LAC‐UFF, emerged, fostering collaborations within South America and overseas. Besides facilitating analyses and reducing costs, the LAC‐UFF has empowered a new generation of radiocarbon researchers and aided archaeologists through workshops, summer schools, and training programs. Some recent case studies are discussed as examples of the diversity of applications developed by the LAC‐UFF group. Sustained public investment in cutting‐edge technology and interdisciplinary research is a key factor in ensuring a bright future for radiocarbon dating in South America, strengthened by international collaborations.
Claim‐making in hydrosocial spaces: The temporality of displacement around Kenya's Masinga Dam reservoir
Authors: Rieber Arne , Nyaga Benson
Published: January 2025

The political ecology of dams offers an important perspective for analysing the interplay between ecosystem change and social power dynamics in the context of modern development visions. Currently, there is a resurgence of ‘dam fever’ in Kenya under President Ruto's green growth vision, which envisages the construction of 1,000 small and large dams across the country. This article shows that, while new dams are being planned, the first wave of dam development in Kenya in the last century is not a closed historical event, but continues to generate conflicts and claim‐making around reservoirs, and continues as an active dynamic in the here and now. To date, the communities affected by the cascade of five large dams on Tana River, which is currently being proposed for expansion, have not been adequately compensated for the losses they suffered between the 1960s and 1980s. This lack of compensation has reinforced the displaced communities’ rights to the submerged lands and buffer zones around the dams, even though these rights remain unrecognised within contemporary Kenyan legal frameworks. This case illustrates how the failure to provide compensation during displacement not only leads to significant loss of land, livelihoods and household assets, but also to ongoing claim‐making over land and water and the contestation of the hydrosocial territory of dam reservoirs. By exploring the temporalities of infrastructure and hydrosocial spaces, this paper shows how claim‐making is rooted in these temporalities, and how these temporalities result in the ongoing burden of securing one's very existence around infrastructure.
Growing Pains: The History of Human Development and the Future of the Field
Authors: McCormick Kathleen C. , Mendle Jane
Published: January 2025

Research on child development has been advanced by the contributions of human development and human development family science (or studies) departments, which trace their origins to the land grant movement, home economics programs, and the child study movement that coalesced in the United States in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In this article, we detail the main historical influences on the field, as well as contemporary strengths and opportunities for the field. We highlight the interdisciplinarity and applied work that are uniquely inherent strengths of human development and family science/studies. We also discuss challenges that are both historic and contemporary in reviewing how experiences of racial and gender discrimination affected and affect scholars in the field, as well as issues of field identity and purpose. Finally, we recommend that the field acknowledge and publicize its past to capitalize on the strengths of its history and to address historical challenges that remain relevant to the study of human development and family science today.
Clinical toxicity of nitazene detections in two Australian emergency department toxicosurveillance systems
Authors: Isoardi Katherine Z. , Alfred Sam , Weber Courtney , Harris Keith , Soderstrom Jessamine , Syrjanen Rebekka , Thompson Amanda , Schumann Jennifer , Stockham Peter , Sakrajda Paul , Fatovich Daniel , Greene Shaun L. ,   the EDNA and EDNAV Investigators
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Nitazenes are a group of potent synthetic opioids that have had increasing prominence as novel psychoactive drugs in the last 5 years. We describe emergency department nitazene‐related presentations.

Methods

This is a prospective series of patients with analytically confirmed nitazene presentations identified by the Emerging Drugs Network of Australia and Emerging Drugs Network of Australia Victoria. Both studies' databases were searched between July 2020 and February 2024 with clinical data and blood nitazene concentrations abstracted.

Results

There were 32 presentations, 23 (72%) males, with a median age of 31 years (range 18–63 years). Only five (16%) intentionally ingested a nitazene, with most (12, 38%) believing they had taken alternative opioids. Co‐exposures occurred in 31 (97%), mostly metamfetamine. Naloxone was administered in 23 (72%) presentations, with a median total dose of intravenous naloxone within 1 h post hospital presentation of 400 μg (interquartile range [IQR] 160–450 μg). Four (13%) received a naloxone infusion. Thirteen (41%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. The median length of stay was 17 h (IQR 7–39 h). Protonitazene was the commonest nitazene detected in 23 (72%) presentations with a median concentration of 2.0 μg/L (range 0.7–15 μg/L). The lowest concentration of protonitazene in a patient that received naloxone was 0.7 μg/L.

Discussion and Conclusions

Most patients were unaware they were using nitazenes. Given their potency, this has important implications for harm, particularly in those not intentionally using opioids. Nitazene exposure was mostly unintentional. Naloxone use was common and standard dosing regimens appeared effective in most cases.
Prognostic Value of Transvalvular Flow Rate in Aortic Stenosis: Implications for Risk Stratification
Authors: Bar Gil Elad M. , Sergienko Ruslan , Roguin Nir , Birman Shoham , Kobal Sergio L.
Published: January 2025

Background

Timing of treatment of aortic stenosis (AS) is of key importance. AS severity is currently determined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with a main focus on mean trans‐aortic gradients. However, echocardiography has its limitations. The transvalvular flow rate (Q), is defined as the ratio of stroke volume (SV) to ejection time (ET): Q = SV/ET.

Purpose

To examine the prognostic value of aortic transvalvular flow rate (Q), in patients with moderate or severe AS.

Methods

Clinical data from 824 patients diagnosed with AS between 2017 and 2020, and followed up until 2022 for four clinical outcomes: mortality, congestive heart failure (CHF), transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) was used for this retrospective study. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed for the whole cohort and for the moderate AS subgroup, to identify prognostic markers. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis was conducted for different transvalvular flow rates and AS severities.

Results

Findings demonstrate that lower Q is a significant risk factor for all‐cause mortality even when adjusted for other echocardiographic and clinical variables. Survival analysis for the composite outcome occurrence (TAVI, SAVR, CHF, or mortality) and mortality showed significant differences between groups stratified by AS severity and Q (p value <0.0001). Specifically, Q was more substantial in the moderate AS group.

Conclusion

Transvalvular flow rate (Q) is independently prognostic for all‐cause mortality. Furthermore, patients with moderate AS and lower Q should be closely monitored. Flow rate assessment should be integrated into the diagnosis, classification, and prognosis framework for AS.
Does Tax‐Aggressive Behavior Motivate More CSR Engagement?
Authors: Wang Xin , Chan Kam Fong , Chang Millicent , Shan Yuan George , Yang Joey W.
Published: January 2025

Using an international sample of listed companies from 36 countries, we investigate whether firms' engagement in tax‐aggressive behavior drives them to increase their corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities. Consistent with the reputation risk mitigation theory, our results show that U.S. and Canadian firms ramp up their ESG activities 4 years after engaging in tax‐aggressive practices, aligning with the typical duration for the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) investigations. In contrast, firms in other countries act sooner, within 2–3 years. Further analysis shows that firms in countries with stringent law enforcement, and those adopting International Financial Reporting Standards, are less likely to enhance CSR/ESG activities following aggressive tax policies. These findings highlight the significant influence of regulatory and disclosure environments in shaping corporate behavior in tax policies.
Pallidal Spike‐Train Variability and Randomness Are the Most Important Signatures to Classify Parkinson's Disease and Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Sedov A. , Pavlovsky P. , Filyushkina V. , Dzhalagoniya I. , Semenova U. , Zakharov N. , Gamaleya A. , Tomskiy A. , Shaikh Aasef G.
Published: January 2025

Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and cervical dystonia (CD) are associated with abnormal neuronal activity in the globus pallidus internus (GPi). Reduced firing rate and presence of spiking bursts are typical for CD, whereas PD is characterized by high frequency tonic activity. This research aims to identify the most important pallidal spiking parameters to classify these conditions. We analysed the single unit activity of the globus pallidus externus (GPe) and internus (GPi) in 11 CD and 10 PD patients who underwent standard‐of‐care DBS implantation. We compared firing rate, firing pattern and oscillatory characteristics of tonic, burst and pause cells and used logistic regression and random forest models to classify patients according to their pallidal activity. In the GPi, we discovered prevalence of high firing rate tonic cells in patients with PD, whereas in dystonia, burst neurons with high firing rate were predominant. GPi pause cells were mostly observed in CD patients and exhibited less spike variability compared to PD. Characteristics of neurons and their distribution in the GPe was similar. Logistic regression and random forest models identified spike variability and randomness as the key features for distinguishing between PD and CD, instead of firing rate or oscillation properties. Our study demonstrates that pallidal activity can predict PD and CD with high accuracy. Burst dynamics and characteristics of spiking randomness including entropy appear to be the most meaningful reflections of the neurophysiology of studied diseases.
Postcolitis Alterations in Dose‐Dependent Effects of 5‐HT1A Agonist Buspirone on Nociceptive Activity of the Raphe Magnus and Dorsal Raphe Neurons in Rats
Authors: Lyubashina Olga A. , Sushkevich Boris M. , Sivachenko Ivan B.
Published: January 2025

The serotonergic raphe magnus (RMg) and dorsal raphe (DR) nuclei are crucial pain–regulating structures, which nociceptive activity is shown to be altered in gut pathology, but the underlying neuroplastic changes remain unclear. Considering the importance of 5‐HT1A receptors in modulating both pain and raphe neuronal activity, in this study, we aimed to determine whether 5‐HT1A‐dependent visceral and somatic nociceptive processing within the RMg and DR is modified in postcolitis conditions. In anaesthetised male Wistar rats, healthy control and recovered from TNBS‐induced colitis, the microelectrode recordings of RMg and DR neuron responses to noxious colorectal distension (CRD) or tail squeezing (TS) were performed prior and after intravenous administration of 5‐HT1A agonist, buspirone. In postcolitis animals, 5‐HT1A autoreceptor‐ and heteroreceptor‐activating high doses of buspirone (2 and 4 mg/kg) lost normally occurring ability to facilitate CRD‐ and TS‐evoked activation of RMg neurons, causing inhibition of the local nociceptive signalling similar to 5‐HT1A autoreceptor‐activating low doses (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg). Conversely, the normally inherent property of buspirone at all doses to reduce visceral and somatic pain–related neuronal excitation in the DR was weakened after colitis. These phenomena were associated with a loss of normally occurring inhibitory effect of the compound's high doses on hemodynamic reactions to CRD and TS, revealing deficient antinociceptive action at a systemic level. The data suggest postcolitis changes in buspirone‐dependent 5‐HT1A autoreceptor‐ and heteroreceptor‐mediated signalling, which can directly or indirectly lead to reduced RMg pain–related activity and increased DR nociceptive excitation, impairing their functioning in the visceral and somatic pain control.
Experimental Research on Characterizing Elastic–Plastic Mixed‐Mode Crack Extension Based on Ultimate Elastic Strain Energy Storage
Authors: Chang Dongdong , Fan Tianfeng , An Zheng , Yang Xiaofa , Lu Yuxiang , Han Xuanxuan , Lin Wenqi , Zuo Hong , Dong Yingxuan
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a new insight into describing elastic–plastic mixed‐mode crack extension based on ultimate elastic strain energy storage (ESES). The experimental fixture and specimen are specially designed and processed, and a series of experiments of mixed‐mode I–II crack extension are conducted with different loading angles. It is found that the ultimate ESES invariably decreases as the crack length increases during mixed‐mode crack extension with different loading angles, whereas the ultimate elastic strain energy storage release rate (ESESRR) is demonstrated to be stable in various loading angles. Moreover, the magnitude of the initial ultimate ESES can measure the difficulty of crack initiation, and its value is affected by loading conditions and specimen shape. Eventually, the theoretical and experimental values of the ultimate ESESRR fit well by excluding three nonnegligible physical factors. Therefore, the ultimate ESESRR provides a new perspective to characterize mixed‐mode I–II crack extension in elastic–plastic materials.
Soil Microbiome Inoculation for Resilient and Multifunctional New Forests in Post‐Agricultural Landscapes
Authors: Gomes Sofia I. F. , Gundersen Per , Bezemer T. Martijn , Barsotti Davide , D'Imperio Ludovica , Georgopoulos Konstantinos , Justesen Mathias Just , Rheault Karelle , Rosas Yamina M. , Schmidt Inger Kappel , Tedersoo Leho , Vesterdal Lars , Yu Ming , Anslan Sten , Aslani Farzad , Byriel David Bille , Christiansen Jesper , Hansen Sascha H. , Kasal Naksha , Kosawang Chatchai , Larsen Heidi , Larsen Klaus S. , Lees Jane , van Dijke Annemiek C. P. , Kepfer‐Rojas Sebastian
Published: January 2025

Afforestation is increasingly recognized as a critical strategy to restore ecosystems and enhance biodiversity on post‐agricultural landscapes. However, agricultural legacies, such as altered soil structure, nutrient imbalances, and depleted microbial diversity, can slow down forest establishment or cause ecosystems to deviate from expected successional trajectories. In this opinion paper, we explore the potential of soil inoculations as a tool to overcome these challenges by introducing beneficial microbial communities that can accelerate ecosystem recovery and forest development. Restoring soil biodiversity is a crucial aspect of this process that drives broader ecosystem functionality and resilience. We highlight the need to carefully consider the type and timing of inoculations and to ensure compatibility between the inoculum and recipient site characteristics to optimize the establishment of introduced species. While tree productivity is often a central focus of afforestation efforts, the restoration of soil biodiversity, which will also contribute to increased ecosystem‐level functions, should also be a priority for long‐term forest resilience. Agricultural legacies add complexities to the restoration process, creating unique challenges that need to be addressed in restoration planning. Thus, successful inoculation strategies require a thorough understanding of both donor and recipient site characteristics, also in relation to potential mismatches related to soil physiochemical properties to avoid unintended consequences such as the non‐establishment of introduced species. Additionally, we call for the re‐evaluation of afforestation targets and the development of standardized monitoring protocols that track the success of inoculation efforts, particularly regarding soil health, microbial community establishment, and biodiversity recovery. By integrating inoculation practices within a broader restoration framework, we can enhance the resilience, biodiversity, and ecosystem functionality of newly afforested landscapes. Ultimately, this approach may play a critical role in ensuring the success of large‐scale afforestation projects.
Glocal Capitalist Class: How Same‐Nation Interlocks Facilitate Transnational Corporate Political Unity in Global Environmental Politics
Authors: Kaplan Rami , Marantz Erez Aharon
Published: January 2025

Elite theorists assume that transnational capitalist class unity is facilitated through transnational elite spaces and networks. We argue for a more glocal notion of transnational unification that highlights the role of same‐nation networks of interlocking directorates linking major transnational corporations (TNCs) in disseminating corporate political behaviours on a global scale. The same‐nation elite networks are effective mechanisms of transnational unity because their members, whom we call ‘glocal interlockers’, are at once socialized into the global system and influential figures in their national TNC communities. Empirically, we analyze how interlocking directorates among the world's largest 189 TNCs facilitated the worldwide adoption of private environmental practices in the period 2006–2013, in the context of TNCs’ mobilization to preempt an intergovernmental regulatory regime on climate change by promoting a global governance privatization agenda. We find that firms’ level of centrality in glocal interlocks networks explained their levels of private environmental practices adoption, while their centrality in the transnational inner circle of cross‐border interlockers did not. These results suggest that the persistence of local elite formations can enable rather than hinder transnational corporate unity.
Modulation of the Oxygenation State and Intracellular pH of Erythrocytes by Inositol‐Trispyrophosphate Investigated by 31P NMR Study of 2,3‐DPG
Authors: Koj Sabina , Niedziela Tomasz , Rossowska Joanna , Schmitt Jean‐Louis , Lehn Jean‐Marie , Nicolau Claude , Kieda Claudine
Published: January 2025

The hypoxic microenvironment is crucial for tumour cell growth and invasiveness. Tumour tissue results from adaptation to reduced oxygen availability. Hypoxia first activates pro‐angiogenic signals for alleviation. Pathologic, tumour angiogenesis maintains hypoxia, impairing treatment outcomes. Vessel normalisation requires physioxia. Oxygen delivery by red blood cell (RBC) carrying haemoglobin (Hb) is enhanced by myo‐inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP), an effector of oxygen transport by RBCs. Altering glycolytic activity, it lowers intracellular pH and increases oxygen release from Hb. 31P NMR tracking of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG), allosteric effector of Hb and non‐penetrating anion in RBCs, reports on erythrocytes internal environment. 31P resonances of 2,3‐DPG are pH‐sensitive, their positions indicate the oxygenation state of RBCs and interactions with effectors such as ITPP. Here we show in vitro and in vivo, that modifying Hb activity through band‐3 anion transporter, ITPP enhances oxygen release and controls RBC internal pH. Its blood availability validates applicability of ITPP‐based strategies.
Experiences of Intern Nurses Returning From Distance Education to Clinical Practice During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Dülgerler Şeyda , Demirkol Hacer , Yılmaz Gülay , Engin Esra
Published: January 2025

Rationale

The present study aimed to understand the experiences of intern nurses returning to clinical practice after a year‐long distance education during the pandemic.

Methods

The study was conducted using the qualitative content analysis method. The participants were 32 intern nurses. The data included specific narratives on the experience of intern nurses returning from distance education to clinical practice during the pandemic. Data were collected through a total of four focus group interviews. Data analysis was conducted using an inductive qualitative analysis approach.

Results

The content analysis identified three main categories. The category ‘Feelings during Clinical Practice’ included the subcategories ‘fear’, ‘uncertainty’ and ‘intolerance’. The category ‘Challenges during Clinical Practice’ included the subcategories ‘sleep problems’, ‘alienation from clinical placement’, ‘lack of knowledge and experience’, ‘hospital staff’, ‘difficulty reaching nurse educator’ and ‘lack of protective equipment’. The category ‘Suggestions for Clinical Practice’ included the subcategories ‘psychological support’, ‘case discussion and academic counselling’ and ‘protective equipment support’.

Conclusions

The study revealed that intern nurses faced various challenges in clinical settings following their year‐long distance education. The results may help nurse educators understand the experiences of intern nurses returning to clinical practice after a year‐long distance education and determine the teaching strategies to be followed in specific situations like pandemics in the future.