bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface modification of a screen-printed electrode with a flower-like nanostructure to fabricate a guanine DNA-based electrochemical biosensor to determine the anticancer drug pemigatinib
Authors: Al-Qargholi Basim , Al-dolaimy F. , Altalbawy Farag M. A. , Kadhim Abed J. , Alsaalamy Ali Hashiem , Suliman Muath , Abbas Ahmed hussien R.
Published: September 2023

The present study developed a DNA biosensor to determine pemigatinib for the first time.
Progress in organic photovoltaics based on green solvents: from solubility enhancement to morphology optimization
Authors: Kong Xiangyue , He Tian , Qiu Huayu , Zhan Lingling , Yin Shouchun
Published: September 2023

Green solvent processing is critical for the industrialization of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). From solubility enhancement to morphology optimization aspects, the progress of OPVs based on green solvents is reviewed in this paper.
Chemical vapour synthesis of carbon nano-onions filled with high-spin ferromagnetic γ-Fe50Ni50 nanocrystals: a structural and magnetic investigation
Authors: Liang Yini , Gu Aiqun , Wang Shanling , He Yi , Zheng Shuping , Guo Jian , Boi Filippo S.
Published: September 2023

The recent discovery of an innovative chemical vapour synthesis (CVS) approach for the encapsulation and stabilization of high-spin ferromagnetic γ-Fe nanocrystals inside carbon nano-onions (CNOs) has attracted significant attention.
Directionality and additivity effects of molecular acidity and aromaticity for substituted benzoic acids under external electric fields
Authors: Li Meng , Wan Xinjie , Rong Chunying , Zhao Dongbo , Liu Shubin
Published: September 2023

Direction and sum rules are key features of acidity and aromaticity for substituted benzoic acids in external electric fields.
Photocatalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran by S-scheme black phosphorus/CdIn2S4 heterojunction
Authors: Zhang Ming , Yu Zhihao , Zhang Yuxin , Sun Linhao , Cui Jifang , Xiong Jian , Han You , Lu Xuebin
Published: September 2023

In this paper, a S-type BP/CIS heterojunction was prepared by in situ growth method and applied to photocatalytic oxidation of HMF to DFF. The electron transfer pathway and the reaction pathway are deduced by DFT and relevant characterizations.
Computational thermostability engineering of a nitrile hydratase using synergetic energy and correlated configuration for redesigning enzymes (SECURE) strategy
Authors: Xu Jinling , Zhou Haisheng , Xu Jiaqi , Wang Ziyuan , Yu Zhonglang , Wang Zhe , Zhang Hongyu , Yu Haoran , Wu Jianping , Yang Lirong
Published: September 2023

A computational strategy using synergetic energy and correlated configuration for redesigning enzymes (SECURE) is proposed for the thermostability engineering of multimeric proteins.
Systematic degradation analysis in renewable energy-powered proton exchange membrane water electrolysis
Authors: Voronova Anastasiia , Kim Sol , Kim Dongwon , Park Hee-Young , Jang Jong Hyun , Seo Bora
Published: September 2023

A high-resolution, realistic solar profile was first simulated and employed to operate the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. The resulting degradation features were extensively scrutinized and compared to a set of typical stability tests.
Bubble-particle dynamics in multiphase flow of capillary foams in a porous micromodel
Authors: Okesanjo Omotola , Aubry Guillaume , Behrens Sven , Lu Hang , Meredith J. Carson
Published: September 2023

Surfactant-free capillary foams (CFs) are known to be remarkably tolerant to oil, and possess unique stability and flow properties, studied here for the first time in poros media.
Novel carbazole-based ionic liquids and their charge-transfer kinetics pertaining to Marcus theory towards highly efficient redox active electrolytes
Authors: Pithaksinsakul Kulika , Burton Tobias , Pareseecharoen Chayaporn , Deebansok Siraprapha , Promarak Vinich , Fontaine Olivier
Published: September 2023

Three novel redox ionic liquids (RILs) based on carbazole, incorporating imidazolium and bistriflimide (TFSI) groups, have been successfully synthesized and electrochemical properties comprehensively evaluated.
Cu(ii)-catalyzed cross coupling cyanomethylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines with α-bromoalkylnitrile
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Siddique , Qasim Ruqiya , Zhang Qing , Zeng Bing , Chen Jiamin , Wang Qifeng , Meguellati Kamel
Published: September 2023

Herein, we present a Cu(ii)-mediated C–C reaction with α-haloacetonitrile derivatives and aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines via a coupling of C(sp3)–Br and C(sp3)–H bonds, yielding cyanomethylated tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Thermal self-reduction of metal hydroxide acrylate monolayer nanoparticles leads formation of nanoparticulate and porous structured alloys
Authors: Tarutani Naoki , Hiragi Yuka , Akashi Kengo , Katagiri Kiyofumi , Inumaru Kei
Published: September 2023

Thermal self-reduction reaction of metal hydroxide acrylate monolayer nanoparticles enables formation of alloy nanoparticles and macro/mesoporous alloy materials.
Ti-doped iron phosphide nanoarrays grown on carbon cloth as a self-supported electrode for enhanced electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction
Authors: Wang Senhao , Wang Yuan , Zhang Tian C. , Ji Xu , Yuan Shaojun
Published: September 2023

The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) has been widely recognized as a promising method for green ammonia synthesis.
“Setaria viridis”-like cobalt complex derived Co/N-doped carbon nanotubes as efficient ORR/OER electrocatalysts for long-life rechargeable Zn–air batteries
Authors: Yi Shicheng , Xin Rong , Li Xuxin , Sun Yuying , Yang Mei , Liu Bei , Chen Hongbiao , Li Huaming , Liu Yijiang
Published: September 2023

Co nanoparticle encapsulated N-doped carbon nanotubes (Co/N-CNT) as prominent ORR/OER electrocatalysts for high performance and long life rechargeable ZABs were developed.
Cell internalization kinetics and surface charge accessibility of surface-modified PAMAM dendrimers
Authors: Díaz Carola F. , Cifuentes Diego L. , Oyarzún Maximiliano , Jiménez Verónica A. , Guzmán Leonardo
Published: September 2023

The accessibility of surface cationic charges is a key determinant for the cell internalization capacity of surface-modified PAMAM dendrimers with acetyl, folate or poly(ethylene glycol) groups.
Tunable full-color emission of stilbazoles containing a 2-halo-3,4-dicyanopyridine acceptor
Authors: Ershova Anastasia I. , Fedoseev Sergey V. , Blinov Sergey A. , Ievlev Mikhail Yu. , Lipin Konstantin V. , Ershov Oleg V.
Published: September 2023

Synthesis of a series of novel push–pull stilbazole-based chromophores with tunable multicolor emission ranging from 442 nm to 710 nm and covering the whole visible spectrum is reported.
Design, synthesis, molecular docking and DFT studies on novel melatonin and isatin based azole derivatives
Authors: Saini Keshav Kumar , Upadhyay Ravindra Kumar , Kant Ravi , Vajpayee Arpita , Jain Kalpana , Kumar Amit , Kumar Lalita S. , Kumar Rakesh
Published: September 2023

In order to address the pressing demand for newer broad-spectrum antifungal medicines with enhanced activity, computer modelling was utilised to rationally develop newer antifungal azole-based drugs.
Carbon–carbon bond activation by Mg, Al, and Zn complexes
Authors: Parr Joseph M. , Crimmin Mark R.
Published: September 2023

Examples of carbon–carbon bond activation reactions at Mg, Al, and Zn are described in this review.
Greater transferability and accuracy of norm-conserving pseudopotentials using nonlinear core corrections
Authors: Li Wan-Lu , Chen Kaixuan , Rossomme Elliot , Head-Gordon Martin , Head-Gordon Teresa
Published: September 2023

We investigate the transferability of NLCC pseudopotentials (PPs) using the GTH protocol with various functionals (GGA, meta-GGA, hybrid), exploring their effects on thermochemical and non-thermochemical properties.
On-DNA hydroalkylation of N-vinyl heterocycles via photoinduced EDA-complex activation
Authors: Sharique Mohammed , Matsuo Bianca , Granados Albert , Kim Saegun , Arshad Mahwish , Oh Hyunjung , Wu Victoria E. , Huang Minxue , Csakai Adam , Marcaurelle Lisa A. , Molander Gary A.
Published: September 2023

The emergence of DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology has provided a considerable advantage to the pharmaceutical industry in the pursuit of discovering novel therapeutic candidates for their drug development initiatives.
Exploring Cognitive-Pragmatic Heterogeneity Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Cluster Analysis of Hint Comprehension
Authors: Cordonier Natacha , Fossard Marion , Tillé Yves , Champagne-Lavau Maud
Published: September 2023

Purpose:

Difficulties understanding nonliteral language (especially hints) are frequently reported following acquired brain injury (ABI). Several cognitive mechanisms, such as context processing, executive functions, and theory of mind (ToM), may underlie these disorders. However, their role remains controversial, mainly because of the characteristic heterogeneity of this population. Therefore, our study aimed to identify cognitive-pragmatic profiles in individuals with ABI.

Method:

A new task of hint comprehension, manipulating executive demand, markers of hints, and ToM and neuropsychological tests were administered to 33 participants with frontal ABI and 33 control participants. Cluster analysis, a method sensitive to profile heterogeneity, was applied and coupled with error analysis.

Results:

We highlighted two cognitive-pragmatic profiles. One subgroup of participants with ABI exhibited contextual insensitivity, leading them to infer the utterance meaning based on linguistic decoding alone—literal meaning. This difficulty in understanding hints was associated with deficits in working memory, inhibition, and ToM. The second subgroup of participants with ABI showed difficulty with literal statements, associated with impaired inhibition and ToM. In addition, the two subgroups differed only on the ToM task. This result suggests that various types of ToM deficit (misunderstanding vs. incorrect attribution of mental states) could contribute to the variability of the pragmatic profiles observed (difficulties in interpreting hints vs. literal statements).

Conclusion:

The experimental design adopted in this study provides valuable insight into the explanatory hypotheses of nonliteral language comprehension disorders and has important clinical implications.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24069516
Theoretical analysis of the electrical characteristics of lead‐free formamidinium tin iodide solar cell
Authors: Katunge Elizabeth K. , Njema George G. , Kibet Joshua K.
Published: September 2023

Green energy transition and climate change have gathered significant momentum in the world because of the rising population and increased clean energy demands. For this reason, renewable energy alternatives such as inexhaustible photo energy from the sun appear to be the ultimate solution to the world's energy needs. Formamidinium tin tri‐iodide (HC(NH2)2SnI3)‐based perovskites are found to be more efficient and stable than their methylammonium tin tri‐iodide (MASnI3) counterparts because of its wider bandgap and better temperature stability. A device simulation of FASnI3‐based solar cell is numerically performed using solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS‐1D). The focus is to investigate the effect of changing working temperature, metal back contact, absorber thickness, defect density, and doping concentration on the performance of the proposed solar cell device. The optimised solar cell parameters of the proposed solar cell were: short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 28.45 mAcm−2, open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.0042 V, fill factor of 63.73%, and power conversion efficiency of 18.21% at 300 K, thus, paving the way for novel perovskite solar cells which are environmentally benign because they are lead‐free, have better absorption efficiency, and can be injected into the production work flow for commercial applications.
Investigation of the nonlinearity of PIN diode on frequency reconfigurable patch antenna
Authors: Musa Umar , Shah Shaharil Mohd , Majid Huda A , Mahadi Ismail Ahmat , Mohamad Kamal A Rahim , Yahya Muhammad Sani , Abidin Zuhairiah Zainal
Published: September 2023

In this work, the nonlinearity of PIN diode on frequency reconfigurable patch antenna is investigated. To perform frequency reconfiguration, the proposed design makes use of the switching capabilities of a PIN diode. The antenna has a dimension of 41 × 44 mm2 corresponding to 0.33 λ0 × 0.35 λ0, where λ0 represents the wavelength in free space at 2.4 GHz fabricated on Rogers Duroid RO3003TM material. In the OFF state of the PIN diode, a single resonance (ISM 5.8 GHz) is achieved. However, in the ON state of the PIN diode, a dual‐resonance (ISM 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz) is achieved. A directional and bidirectional radiation pattern can be observed in the E‐plane at 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz, respectively, and omnidirectional radiation patterns can be viewed in the H‐plane for both 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz. The gain is measured to be 4.84 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 5.87 dBi at 5.8 GHz, with total efficiencies of 91.8% and 92.5% at 5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz, respectively. Two‐tone nonlinear measurements at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are used to evaluate the PIN diode. Several third‐order intermodulation distortion products (IMD3) frequencies are observed with input powers between 0 and 20 dBm. The IMD3 at 2.4 GHz is −36.18 dBm, while at 5.8 GHz is −47.19 dBm and the third‐order input intercept point (IIP3) of +66.65 dBm is obtained at 2.4 GHz, while +22.69 dBm at 5.8 GHz. Additionally, at 2.4 GHz, the 1‐dB gain compression (P1‐dB) could not be identified, showing that the antenna behaves linearly within the spectrum of input power. Similarly, the P1‐dB is detected at 14.8 dBm input power at 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna works in the linear region up to an input power level of 15 dBm, where the received signal strength of the IMD3 is minimal, according to the measurement of the nonlinearity caused by the PIN diode. The nonlinearity results confirm that the active reconfigurable antenna designed and implemented in this work is suitable for use in the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands for indoor and short‐range communication applications. Furthermore, the assessment of nonlinearity provides a deeper understanding of and helps mitigate the negative effects of nonlinearity on the proposed antenna. This measurement assists in refining biasing, selecting suitable linearization methods, improving the design, and evaluating performance at the system level. Ultimately, it enhances antenna performance and expands frequency reconfigurability by enabling optimization across multiple aspects.
An exit contract optimization problem
Authors: He Xihao , Tan Xiaolu , Zou Jun
Published: September 2023

We study an exit contract design problem, where one provides a universal exit contract to multiple heterogeneous agents, with which each agent chooses an optimal (exit) stopping time. The problem consists in optimizing the universal exit contract w.r.t. some criterion depending on the contract as well as the agents’ exit times. Under a technical monotonicity condition, and by using Bank-El Karoui’s representation of stochastic processes, we are able to transform the initial contract optimization problem into an optimal control problem. The latter is also equivalent to an optimal multiple stopping problem and the existence of the optimal contract is proved. We next show that the problem in the continuous-time setting can be approximated by a sequence of discrete-time ones, which would induce a natural numerical approximation method. We finally discuss the optimization problem over the class of all Markovian and/or continuous exit contracts.
Atomic force microscopy study of surface microstructure properties of hydroxypropylcellulose/cinnamaldehyde composite biofilm
Authors: Aditya Wardana Ata , Putri Wigati Laras , Rui Yan Xi , Ngwane Nkede Francis , Sultana Jothi Jakia , Thi Van Tran , Tanaka Fumina , Tanaka Fumihiko
Published: September 2023

This study used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine the microstructure properties of a composite biofilm made of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and cinnamaldehyde (CDH). The zeta potential of the HPC-based solution was found to decrease from -1.31 to - 3.24 (mV) with the addition of CDH-emulsified CDH, according to Zetasizer analysis. Additionally, the roughness of the surface properties showed an increasing trend. AFM analysis indicated that the surface roughness of the HPC film increased by 1.31 and 4.01 nm in terms of arithmetical mean deviation from the mean (Ra) and root mean square deviation from the mean (Rq), respectively, with the addition of CDH-emulsified CDH. Changes in the surface properties of the biofilm could affect its barrier properties, such as water resistance and light transmission.
Unleashing the Potential: Exploring Attitudes and Overcoming Challenges in Implementing Differentiated Instruction in the Philippines’ English Language Classrooms
Authors: Hatmanto Endro Dwi , Rahmawati Fitria
Published: September 2023

This study investigates Filipino English language teachers’ views and issues with diversified education. Differentiated instruction, a student-centered approach, fosters inclusive education by giving students alternative ways to engage with the subject, process knowledge, and demonstrate mastery. However, there is little data on its use in Filipino English language classes. This study examines English language teachers’ views on tailored education and identifies the challenges they encounter when adopting differentiated education. Mixed-methods data collection was used to collect data on teachers’ varied instructional attitudes and obstacles. Most poll respondents were positive about differentiated instruction and confident in constructing effective differentiated units. However, inadequate resources, time, various student needs, reluctance to change, assessment and evaluation, and classroom management were highlighted. Alternative resources, collaboration, prioritization, and time-saving measures helped overcome these challenges. This study found that flexible scheduling, differentiating content, process, and product, cooperative learning, digital technologies, and stakeholder involvement can help teachers meet students’ diverse needs and promote equal learning outcomes.
Assessment of Production Rate and Quality Analysis of Essential Oil of Clove Oil Obtained from Hydro-Distillation of Clove Leaves
Authors: Caroko Novi , Hartati Indah
Published: September 2023

Clove is one of the leading and potential commodities of the plantation in Madigondo. Currently, the community earns the economic advantage of clove plantation only from the buds. However, other parts of the clove plant have varied potential utilization. For instance, the abundant clove leaves are a valuable and potential source of essential oil. The community considered clove leaves as plantation waste due to a lack of knowledge on further clove leaves processing. The isolation of essential oil from clove leaves can be conducted by applying hydrodistillation. In this research, the hydrodistillation of clove leaves was conducted to characterize the essential oil of clove leaves as well as to investigate the production potency of clove leaves essential oil. The research was also conducted to determine the production rate and capacity of the hydrodistillation of clove leaves. The research shows that the optimum duration of the clove leaves hydrodistillation is 90 minutes. The yield of clove leaves hydrodistillation is 5.4%. The obtained essential oil of clove leaves has to have a density of 1.019 gram/mL and a typical odor of clove oil with a bright and yellow color. Those criteria meet the SNI 06-2387-2006 for oil of clove leaves.
Building Resilience: Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Rice Production Based on Agricultural Infrastructure in West Java Province, Indonesia
Authors: Jamil Ali , Chairunnisya R Ayu
Published: September 2023

Climate change threatens the sustainability of the agricultural sector and has the potential to affect food availability in West Java, Indonesia’s rice production centre. This study aims to examine how agricultural infrastructure has developed over the past five years and how this has affected the vulnerability index. Climate, production, agricultural infrastructure and facilities data were collected from various sources, including the Central Statistics Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Directorate General of Agricultural Infrastructure and Facilities. The data were analysed to obtain Pearson correlation values and vulnerability levels based on the ratio of production inputs to harvested area. The results show that climatic elements affect rice production in West Java, especially rainfall (r = 0.82), which is negatively correlated with production. The increase in rainfall causes significant flooding, which leads to crop failure. Production inputs such as agricultural machinery, ponds and rehabilitated tertiary irrigation networks (RTIN) support production and mitigate climate impacts. Rice production has a high Pearson correlation with the vulnerability index (r =0.75). The vulnerability ratio for West Java in 2022 was 0.0015, which means it is classified as vulnerable.
The Influence of Direct Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment on Soot Characteristics under Low Exhaust Gas Temperature
Authors: Iamcheerangkoon Teerapong , Chollacoop Nuwong , Sawatmongkhon Boonlue , Wongchang Thawatchai , Theinnoi Kampanart , Juntasaro Ekachai
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology utilizing a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, both with and without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), in reducing soot particles and their impact on nitrogen oxides (NOx). The experiment involved maintaining a constant flue gas flow rate of 10 l/min, employing high voltage values of 0, 6, and 10 kV, fixed frequency of 500 Hz and setting the various IMEP of 5, 6, and 7 bar and the engine speed at 2,000 rpm. The findings demonstrated that NTP was successful in removing NOx by approximately 16.84% and 17.01%, achieving particle matter (PM) removal efficiencies of around 60.79% and 81.13%, and effectively reducing activation energy by approximately 18.34% and 31.5% (with and without EGR, respectively) at a high voltage of 10 kV. These results highlight the potential of NTP technology in mitigating emissions and reducing the environmental impact associated with diesel engines.
Spirulina Cultivation Using Biogas CO2 as the Carbon Source: Preliminary Study on Biomass Growth and Productivity
Authors: Kumar Oruganti Raj , Kumar Kumara Madhu , Tejavath Rakesh , Sriariyanun Malinee , Bhattacharyya Debraj
Published: September 2023

Anthropogenic activities are causing a rapid increase in global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which significantly contribute to global warming. Microalgae can be a sustainable solution for simultaneous wastewater treatment and sequestering CO2 through photosynthesis. The current study reports a comparative evaluation of Spirulina sp. microalgal biomass growth and lipid productivity during its cultivation supplied with air and biogas from an anaerobic digester. It was observed that there was a 4-fold increase in biomass productivity in the reactor sparged with biogas compared to air supply. The reactor sparged with biogas showed a significant increase in lipid content. This increase in biomass productivity could be attributed to the increased availability of CO2, favoring algal growth.
Conversion of lignocellulose residue obtained from biorefinery stream to electricity by microbial fuel cell
Authors: Katam Keerthi , Saisriyoot Maythee , Roddecha Supacharee , Pornwongthong Peerapong , Sriariyanun Malinee
Published: September 2023

In general, lignocellulose biorefinery has the main functions to fractionate biomass compositions and convert them to value-added products. However, leftover organic compounds in output streams are mixed with large amounts of wastewater becoming the cost and burden for treatment. Therefore, to close the loop of circular economy, this review paper explores the potential of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a sustainable and efficient way to convert lignocellulose residue, a byproduct of biorefinery processes, into electricity. Lignocellulose residue is a complex mixture of carbohydrates and lignin that is often difficult to dispose of properly. By using MFCs, this waste material can be converted into valuable energy while reducing the environmental impact of its disposal. The paper covers the different types of MFCs, their working principles, and their potential application in lignocellulose residue conversion. It also discusses the factors that affect the performance of MFCs, including substrate availability, electrode material, and reactor design. Additionally, the paper reviews the current state of research in this area, highlighting recent advances and identifying areas for future exploration. Overall, this review paper demonstrates the promise of MFCs as a sustainable and innovative approach to converting lignocellulose residue into electricity.
Immobilization of Cellulase on Zinc Oxide Deposited on Zeolite Pellets for Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose
Authors: Eom Tokla , Isanapong Jantiya , Kumnorkaew Pisist , Songthanasak Krisanavej , Pornwongthong Peerapong
Published: September 2023

The consumption of fossil fuels to fulfill the global energy demand can cause global warming issues. Renewable energy, i.e., bioethanol, from lignocellulosic biomass, is a promising source of alternative energy to fossil fuels. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol requires the release of fermentable sugars during the saccharification process using cellulase. However, the utilization of this enzyme on an industrial scale is not feasible due to its difficult separation, instability, and high cost. Here, we present a method for cellulase immobilization on functionalized zinc oxide prepared from either zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZnO(I)) or zinc acetate dihydrate (ZnO(II)) solutions on zeolite (ZEO) pellets. The immobilized cellulase on ZnO-ZEO structures was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Xray diffraction spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The immobilization efficiencies of immobilized cellulase either on ZnO(I)-ZEO or ZnO(II)-ZEO were determined as 58.17 ± 0.75% and 55.51 ± 0.81%, respectively. The immobilized cellulase on ZnO-ZEO was capable of catalyzing microcrystalline cellulose breakdown, releasing reducing sugars. The immobilized cellulase on these structures could be recycled up to four repetitive runs. Based on kinetic data, both the Michaelis constants (Km) and maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of the immobilized cellulase on the ZnO-ZEO structures were lower than those of free cellulase. This suggests that immobilized cellulase has a higher affinity toward the substrate, but a lower reaction rate than the free enzyme.
Ultrafiltration in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Walpoth B. H. , von Albertini B.
Published: September 2023

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may result in hemodilution and volume overload. Restoration of a normal hematocrit is important for post-operative myocardial performance. Diuretics, conventionally used in the post-operative period may be ineffective due to renal impairment or lead to electrolyte imbalance.

Hollow-fiber hemofilters, made of an anisotropic polysulfone membrane (AMICON Diafilter) have been used for the ultrafiltration of blood in cardiac surgery during CPB. The hemofilter is inserted in the arterial line of the CPB. With this method ultrafiltration of the priming volume and restoration of the pre-operative hematocrit can be achieved and edema can be reversed.

In our experiments, performed in dogs (n = 5) we removed 1 L of an ultrafiltrate of plasma water in 15 minutes without hemodynamic changes or electrolyte imbalance. In the same time hematocrit increased from 19 to 29% (p < 0.05) and protein concentration from 2.7 to 5.4 g/dl (p < 0.05). Simultaneous studies with Crlabelled RBC’s demonstrated that blood volume was not significantly altered from pre CPB values during ultrafiltration, suggesting that the origin of the removed ultrafiltrate was mainly from the extravascular space.
Alpha-Stat and pH-Stat Management Techniques in Artificial Blood Oxygenators
Authors: Riley Jeffrey B. , Justison George A.
Published: September 2023

This clinical observation relates blood pCO2, solubility, total CO2 content, oxygenator FiCO2 and ventilation rate, CO2 transfer, and respiratory quotient during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

Techniques employed to obtain the above parameters include blood gas analysis, temperature correction, gas and blood flow settings, mass spectrometry, Kelman's algorithm of the SingerHasting nomogram, and O2 and CO2 transfer calculations.

Membrane lung O2 and CO2 transfer curves demonstrate the following respiratory quotient (RQ) and CO2 blood content requirements for two common hypothermic pCO2 management techniques:

TECHNIQUE
COOLING
WARMING

pH-Stat
CO2 content increase, RQ lower than normal
CO2 content decrease, RQ much greater than normal

Alpha-Stat
CO2 content constant, RQ normal
CO2 content constant, RQ normal

Oxygen, carbon dioxide transfer versus patient temperature plots from hypothermic CPB demonstrate the perfusionist's complete control of blood CO2 content and blood pCO2.
The Effect of Methylprednisolone on Complement Activation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Ferries LeRoy H. , Marx James J. , Ray Jefferson F.
Published: September 2023

A prospective randomized trial in 80 patients having heart surgery was undertaken to test the hypothesis that steroids (ST) (methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg) would prevent or reduce complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with membrane (MEM) or bubble (BUB) oxygenators. Group I patients had MEM and ST; Group II, MEM without ST; Group III, BUB and ST; Group IV, BUB without ST. Complement activation was assessed by C3a radioimmunoassay determinations obtained before, during and after CPB.

When Group I was compared to Group II, there was a significant increase in C3a generation in the presence of ST. Also, when Groups I and III combined — both with ST — were compared to Groups II and IV — both without ST — a significant increase in C3a with ST was observed. In contrast, comparing MEM to BUB (Group I vs. III or II vs. IV) no significant difference in C3a was seen.

Thus the hypothesis- that ST would prevent or reduce complement activation — was not confirmed and ST appears to actually increase complement activation. Also, MEM oxygenators were not associated with less activation of C3a than BUB oxygenators.
Factors Affecting the Activated Clotting Time
Authors: Kase Phyllis B. , Dearing James P.
Published: September 2023

The activated clotting time (ACT) has become an important tool for monitoring the status of coagulation potential in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Variability in results leads to confusion in interpretation of results. This study examined several CPB variables that may affect the ACT.

Samples from a controlled patient population were analyzed to evaluate relationships between blood gas analysis, hematocrit, total protein concentration and temperature at which ACT was performed and the ACT.

Duplicate samples were drawn for ACT determination (one in a 37 °c. heat block and one at room temperature). Concurrent blood gas analysis, hematocrit and total protein measurements were made.

There were significant differences between room temperature and heat block ACT during all stages of CPB but, at most times, a strong correlation existed (r ranged between .21 and .89). A positive correlation between post heparin ACT and hematocrit was shown, r = .48, while a negative correlation between post protamine ACT and hematocrit occurred, r=-.23.

Conditions under which the ACT is measured are very important for accuracy and it may be desirable to adjust a patient’s dose response based on the hematocrit.
Perfusion Considerations for Infants Weighing Ten Kilograms or Less
Authors: Hartley-Winkler Mary , Lamberti John J. , Rohrer Charlene
Published: September 2023

Technical and philosophical perfusion considerations for infants weighing 10 kg. or less are addressed. Experience derived from 178 infants weighing from 1.7 to 10 Kg. is reviewed.

Specific topics include cannulation, priming, equipment selection, deep hypothermia vs. normothermia vs. moderate hypothermia, and special considerations in congenital cardiac surgery.

From January 1979 to December 1983, 178 consecutive infants weighing 10 Kg. or less have undergone complete surgical correction of congenital cardiac defects at the Donald Sharp—Children’s Hospital Cardiac Center in San Diego. The smallest infant weighed 1700 Gms. The average weight was 7.1 Kg. Ages ranged from one day to four years (average age 13¾ months). The overall operative mortality was 8% and was unrelated to age or weight, but was directly related to the complexity of the surgical repair. Of the eleven deaths, none were directly attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
The Effects of Hematocrit, Amplifier Input Impedance and Magnet Excitation Frequency on the Accuracy of Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Authors: Wagoner Philip A.
Published: September 2023

Since the introduction of electromagnetic flowmeters, clinical users have found it necessary to contend with several problems in the accuracy of the flow signal. The cumulative results of these inaccuracies has commonly been referred to as the “hematocrit effect”.

Blood was pumped through an in vitro circuit containing a segment of canine femoral artery. The hematocrit of the blood was varied from 10% to 70%. Flow through the artery segment was measured with two clinically popular electromagnetic flowmeters employing perivascular probes. Measured flow was compared to actual flow to quantitate the “hematocrit effect”.

Both flowmeters increasingly overindicated flow as the hematocrit was decreased (r = .85, p < .01, m =- 1.51). The overindication of flow was a result of entering a manufacturer’s precalibration constant that inaccurately corrects for voltage assumed lost to erythrocyte impedance.

It is recommended that electromagnetic flowmeters not be used to evaluate coronary artery graft flow unless adequate compensation for hemodilution is made.

The amplifier input impedance and magnet excitation frequency were found to be great enough to prevent detraction from the flowmeter’s accuracy at all hematocrits studied (r > .90, p < .01).

In an ancillary study, the Carolina Medical Electronics, Inc. model 701-D Cliniflow IF™ flowmeter was found to be independent of the “hematocrit effect” (all rs > .98, all ps < .01). The Cliniflow II™ has a “user dictated” microprocessor that accurately compensates for the hematocrit effect.
Remote Monitoring for the Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump
Authors: Van Sickle Charles V. , Smith Bradford D. , Snyder Beryl V. , Schwartz Richard L. , Rice Philip L.
Published: September 2023

A system was developed for the transtelephonic transmiSSion of an ECG and arterial blood pressure waveforms from an intra-aortic balloon pump to a remote location. This system extends the capabilities of the balloon pump supervisory personnel and supplements patient care by improving communications. It has been demonstrated that ECG and arterial blood pressure waveforms can be easily transmitted by telephone, and that these signals are reproduced with such fidelity that trouble shooting and advice can be communicated from a site other than the patient's bedside. This technique was successfully employed in ten patients to date.
Balloon Counterpulsation Together with Bio-Medicus Pump Closed Circuit Membrane Oxygenation for Left Ventricular Assist: A Case Report
Authors: Gifford David , Wheeldon Dereck , Wallwork John , Spratt Philip
Published: September 2023

A 23-year old male was admitted at 1,093 days post cardiac transplantation in cardiac failure. Despite inotropic support and later intra-aortic balloon pumping there was a slow continued fall in cardiac output, renal function and a worsening metabolic state. The patient was then placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), consisting of a Bio-Medicus pump and Kolobow membrane oxygenator in a closed circuit configuration (without reservoir). Vascular access was by femoral artery and vein using a non-obstructive technique. Anticoagulation management consisted of a heparin infusion of 2,000 Iu/hour into a peripheral line to an ACT of 170 seconds and a prostacyclin infusion of 3ng/Kg/min. into the venous line.

Induction of ECMO was followed by a rapid hemodynamic and metabolic improvement allowing the patient to sit up, talk and eat normally. One hundred and one hours later a new donor organ was located and transplanted.

This system has much to recommend it. The equipment forms a compact module. The device functions safely with minimal perfusionist supervision. The system produces excellent offers effective short and medium term support for a range of cardiac and pulmonary disorders. hemodynamic function and offers effective short and medium term support for a range of cardiac and pulmonary disorders.
Clinical Trials of a New Low Prime Hollow Fiber Membrane Oxygenator
Authors: Dearing James P. , James David A. , Sutton Robin G. , Kratz John M. , Crawford Fred C.
Published: September 2023

A new membrane oxygenator has been introduced by Travenol Laboratories with continued development carried out by Sarns Inc. The polypropylene hollow fibers are wound in a pattern perpendicular to the blood flow path and serve as the conduit for the ventilating gas. The membrane surface area is 1.8 M2. The device contains an integral stainless steel bellows heat exchanger and a temperature probe well built into the blood outlet. The oxygenator is held by a wire frame holder that can be mounted in any direction on the heart lung machine. A selection of various size collapsible PVC venous reservoir bags is available to meet individual patient needs. The venous inlet connector of the bag contains a temperature probe port and a connector for the cardiotomy drain line as well as a recirculation line that attaches to the oxygenator.

Twenty consenting adult patients undergoing either CABG or valve replacement were perfused using this oxygenating system. The largest patient had a BSA of 2.3 M2 while the smallest was 1.48 M2. The mean patient size was 1.92 M2. For patients 2.0 M2 or larger, a one liter reservoir bag was employed requiring a total system prime of 2.0 liters. For the remaining patients, a 500 ml bag and 1.75 liters of prime were used. In all but one case, the prime consisted of 500 ml of HES and the balance, Lactated Ringers to which was added 500 units heparin per liter of total prime. The remaining case utilized four units of fresh frozen plasma as a substitute for the HES and for 500 ml of the Lactated Ringers.

The blood gas results were very consistent and showed a very strong correlation between FiO2 setting, BSA, blood temperature and pO2. The PaCO2 was easily controlled to achieve alpha-stat by ventilating the oxygenator at the optimal ventilation rate. Results include an average PaO2 of 137 mmHg with a mean O2 transfer of 104 ml per minute and a maximum transfer of 244 ml per minute. There were no gas exchange nor acid-base problems. The heat exchanger performance was satisfactory.

The mean elevation in plasma hemoglobin was 19 mg/dl. The average decrease in platelet count was 37% while the hemodilutional hematocrit decrease was 26%. These data indicate that the oxygenator's blood handling characteristics compare favorably to other membrane oxygenators.
An In Vitro Comparison of Micro Air Passage in the Venous Reservoir Bag
Authors: Tyndal Charles M. , Berryessa Richard , Tornabene Susan P.
Published: September 2023

The increasing use of membrane oxygenators and collapsable venous reservoir bags (VRB) imposes a concern not associated with bubble oxygenators: Venous line air. Since no defoamer is present, a VRB must rely on flow characteristics or a barrier to remove air from the venous return. The purpose of this study is to determine the air removal efficiency of seven commercially available VRBs.

Seven VRBs with clear crystaloid solution were tested for microbubble passage using an ultrasonic bubble detector at the outlet. At 5 LPM flow, 50cc of air was injected into a stopcock in the venous line. Microbubble counts were taken in six trials of each bag, and divided into three size ranges: 10–50µ, 50–100µ, and >100µ. The means and standard deviations are presented below.

VRB
10-50µ
50-100µ
>100µ

BMR1400
208.00 ± 50.29
307.00 ± 82.8
48.83 ± 18.2

BMR1900
165.83 ± 62.39
1.83± .09
0.00±0

J&J1000
147.33 ± 40.75
46.16 ± 19.98
4.33 ± 3.44

SM1300
226.16 ± 55.07
56.00 ± 22.91
11.66 ± 12.64

SM1500
332.33 ± 66.41
116.00 ± 24.30
13.33 ± 10.58

SHILEY1500
110 ± 18.54
7.33 ± 3.61
0.00±0

TERUMO1000
206.00 ± 49.68
49.80 ± 15.66
4.00 ± 5.51

There were significant differences (p<.001) between the bags in all three microbubble size ranges. Although the two best VRBs, BMR1900 and Shiley1500 had similar counts, their design is remarkably dissimilar. The BMR1900 contains a 200µ heparin coated screen and is the only VRB utilizing a barrier in the blood path.
Left Ventricular Assist with the New Bio-Pump 80
Authors: Dixon C. Martin , Kao Race L. , Magovern George J.
Published: September 2023

Six male mongrel dogs were studied on left ventricular bypass (left atrium to femoral artery) for twenty-four hours without anti-coagulation. The circuit consisted of standard perfusion cannulae, polyvinylchloride tubing, polycarbonate connectors, and the new Bio-Pump 80. Bypass flows averaged 2.2 1/m. Hematologic and biochemical parameters were measured according to protocol.

The coagulation profile during the 24 hours remained normal. The prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen values were not statistically different from preoperative control values. Fibrin split products were consistently negative and hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets were stable over the 24 hour period. Serum hemoglobin levels were negligible over the course of the experiment. The biochemical results also remained at normal levels, with the exception of creatinine, which was significantly lower.

All dogs were electively sacrificed at the end of the 24 hour assist period. Autopsy revealed minor renal infarcts in two animals; all other organs were found to be grossly intact. There were no technical problems with the Bio-Pump 80. Thrombi were seen at approximately twenty per cent of the connector/tubing junctions. Four of the Bio-Pumps had no thrombus accumulation in any part of the pump, while two pumps had small amounts of thrombus present around the center shaft.
Technical Considerations for Transporting Patients, by Air Ambulance, with Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps
Authors: Kramer Richard P. , Snow Norman J.
Published: September 2023

An increasing demand for the conveyance of patients with acute cardiac decompensation to tertiary cardiovascular centers in our service area prompted investigation of a method for utilizing the intra-aortic balloon pump on helicopters and fixed wing aircraft of the Metro Life Flight system.

Mounting a DatascopeR System 84 transport balloon console onto an aluminum helicopter litter allowed convenient loading and cabin configuration. Carbon dioxide CO2 was the driving gas, and no recognizable altitude effects occurred. Reliance on on-board electrical power minimized CO2 usage and maintained adequate reserves for complementary ground transportation. Compressor start-up can create a power drain which trips inverter circuit breakers. This can be avoided by connecting the tubing from the compressor to the console after it is running. Lengthening of the pressure tubing to the slave chamber facilitated patient movement. Special attention to CO2 tank position and ground support preparation (personnel and equipment) have assured safe, expeditious transportation for eight patients with cardiogenic shock (seven) or refractory angina pectoris (one).
A nonconforming immersed virtual element method for elliptic interface problems
Authors: Park Hyeokjoo , Kwak Do Young
Published: September 2023

This paper presents the lowest-order nonconforming immersed virtual element method for solving elliptic interface problems on unfitted polygonal meshes. The local discrete space on each interface mesh element consists of the solutions of local interface problems with Neumann boundary conditions, and the elliptic projection is modified so that its range is the space of broken linear polynomials satisfying the interface conditions. We derive optimal error estimates in the broken H1-norm and L2-norm, under the piecewise H2-regulartiy assumption. In our scheme, the mesh assumptions for error analysis allow small cut elements. Several numerical experiments are provided to confirm the theoretical results.
Stomatognathes System: Stellenwert für die
Osteopathie
Authors: Prätorius Oliver , Herdick Thomas
Published: September 2023

Wir beißen uns zunehmend intensiver durchs Leben. Dieses emotionale
Beißen in Fehlkontakten schwächt die Muskulatur. Die Folge sind
Fehlhaltungen mit dysfunktionalen Gewebereaktionen, die osteopathisch behandelt
werden können.
Systemische agrohomöopathische Intervention auf der Grundlage
der metabolischen Ähnlichkeit lebender Organismen
Authors: Lorenzo Francesco Di , Dinelli Giovanni
Published: September 2023

Moderne Landwirtschaft muss den sich ändernden gesellschaftlichen
Anforderungen in Bezug auf die Lebensmittelqualität und auf die
Umweltfragen, die in Verbindung mit der Primärproduktion stehen
(z. B. Biodiversität, Wasser- und Luftqualität sowie
Klimawandel), gerecht werden. In diesem Zusammenhang sind
Win-win-Lösungen auf Betriebsebene erforderlich. Dazu gehören
eine nachhaltigere Lebensmittelproduktion, eine Verringerung der Luft-, Wasser-
und Bodenverschmutzung sowie stärkere Bemühungen um Erhaltung
der Biodiversität und der natürlichen Ressourcen. Zur
Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen wird derzeit eine neue Disziplin
entwickelt, die als „systemische Agrohomöopathie“
bezeichnet wird. Dieser Ansatz berücksichtigt Pflanzen und ihre
Interaktionen mit der Umgebung als ein einheitliches Agrarökosystem,
„Holon“ genannt. Eine der Grundlagen dieses Ansatzes sind extrem
verdünnte Substanzen, deren Gebrauch für Landwirte unbedenklich
ist und die frei von ökologischen Nebenwirkungen sind. Dieser Bericht
beschreibt die Prinzipien und die Anwendung dieses Ansatzes.
Effekt der Behandlung mit isopathischem Arsenicum album C6 auf das
Wachstum von kontaminierten Weizensetzlingen
Authors: Bhikha Reyna
Published: September 2023

Die Agrohomöopathie hat viele Vorteile für das Pflanzenwachstum,
wie z. B. die nichttoxische Eradikation von biotischem und abiotischem
Stress bei Pflanzen, sodass Pflanzen resistent gegenüber
Schädlingen und schädlichen Nebenwirkungen von Chemikalien
werden. Es gab Untersuchungen zur isopathischen Behandlung mit dem Mittel
Arsenicum album bei Weizensamen, die mit dem auch in Pestiziden vorkommenden
As₂O₃ kontaminiert waren. In einem einzelnen verblindeten, placebokontrollierten
Laborexperiment wurden die Auswirkungen einer isopathischen Behandlung mit
Arsenicum album C6 auf das Wachstum von Weizensetzlingen untersucht. Diese
Studie wurde sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ analysiert. Trotz der
positiven qualitativen Befunde ist die praktische Anwendbarkeit dieser Studie
begrenzt, da die quantitativen Befunde eine geringe bis mittlere
Effektgröße aufweisen.