bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of InP∕InAs∕InP core-multishell heterostructure nanowires by selective area metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Mohan Premila , Motohisa Junichi , Fukui Takashi
Published: March 2006

We report the growth of InP∕InAs∕InP core-multishell nanowire arrays by selective area metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The core-multishell nanowires were designed to accommodate a strained InAs quantum well layer in a higher band gap InP nanowire. The precise control over nanowire growth direction and heterojunction formation enabled the successful fabrication of the nanostructure in which all three layers were epitaxially grown without the assistance of any catalyst. The grown nanowires were highly uniform, vertically oriented, and periodically aligned with controllable dimensions. 4K photoluminescence measurements confirmed the formation of strained InAs quantum well on InP (110) sidewalls and the well widths corresponding to the photoluminescence peaks were in good agreement with calculated values.
Room-temperature electroluminescence of AlSb∕InAsSb single quantum wells grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Moiseev K. D. , Ivanov E. V. , Zegrya G. G. , Mikhailova M. P. , Yakovlev Yu. P. , Hulicius E. , Hospodková A. , Pangrác J. , Melichar K. , Šimeček T.
Published: March 2006

Intense mid-infrared (λ∼2μm) room temperature electroluminescence from metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown type-I single AlSb∕InAsSb∕AlSb quantum wells (QWs) is reported. The spectral position of the electroluminescent peaks is in good agreement with k∙p envelope function calculation in the frame of four-band Kane’s model taking into account the intermixing of s and p states in the deep quantum well. A four times increase of the emission intensity with temperature increasing from 77to300K can be explained by highly efficient radiative recombination of the electrons injected into the narrow AlSb∕InAsSb∕AlSb QW due to its specific design, leading to Auger process suppression.
Magnetocaloric effect in Ni–Fe–Ga shape memory alloys
Authors: Recarte V. , Pérez-Landazábal J. I. , Gómez-Polo C. , Cesari E. , Dutkiewicz J.
Published: March 2006

The magnetic entropy change in three different polycrystalline Ni53+xFe20−xGa27 (x=0.5,1,2) alloys was analyzed as a function of temperature under different applied magnetic fields. The temperature dependence of the ac magnetic susceptibility (χ) and the magnetization of the alloys have been used to characterize the different structural and magnetic transformations. In spite of the different magnetic states, the alloys show comparable magnetic entropy values. For x⩽1 the martensitic transformation takes place in the ferromagnetic state for measuring temperatures below room temperature, whereas the alloy with x=2 displays the martensitic transformation above room temperature between two paramagnetic phases. Maximum values of the magnetic entropy change are correlated with the martensitic transformation, irrespective of the particular magnetic state (ferromagnetic or paramagnetic) during the transformation.
Effect of misfit strains on fourth and sixth order permittivity in (Ba0.60,Sr0.40)TiO3 films on orthorhombic substrates
Authors: Simon W. K. , Akdogan E. K. , Safari A. , Bellotti J.
Published: March 2006

The in-plane dielectric response of [110] oriented Ba0.60Sr0.40TiO3 epitaxial films grown on [100] NdGaO3 is used to determine the field induced polarization at 10GHz. The nonlinear polarization curve is used to determine the linear and nonlinear permittivity terms for the in-plane principal directions, [001] and [1¯10]. Studied films are in the thickness range of 75–1200nm, and clearly show the influences that drive tunability down with increasing residual strain. The variation of the tunability, along the [001] direction, proves to be less sensitive to residual strain then the [1¯10] direction, although [1¯10] is capable of greater tunability at low residual strains.
Si and SiO2 layer transfer induced by mechanical residual stress
Authors: Loryuenyong V. , Cheung N. W.
Published: March 2006

Using the polymer SU-8 as a bonding and stress-inducing layer, we have demonstrated that Si and SiO2 layers can be transferred by mechanical cleavage to SU-8/glass substrates without ion implantation of the donor wafers. Cracks tend to propagate under mode II criterion (KII=0) at a characteristic depth defined by the residual stress and elastic properties of the Si/SU-8/glass matrix. An analytical model is developed and verified for the dependence of the measured characteristic crack depth on the elastic modulus of substrate materials.
Free volume kinetics during sub-Tg structural relaxation of a bulk Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glass
Authors: Haruyama Osami , Inoue Akihisa
Published: March 2006

The structural relaxation of bulk Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glass was examined under glass transition region. Assuming the isoconfigurational structural change, the room temperature density was measured after relaxing the bulk sample at 549K for any given time. The density relaxation was manifested by the process with a spectrum of relaxation times. The data were well described by a stretched exponential function with an average relaxation time of 1389s and Kohlrausch exponent of 0.66. The relaxation of reduced free volume was impossible to reproduce by means of bimolecular model for flow defect concentration.
High dielectric tunability in ferroelectric-paraelectric bilayers and multilayer superlattices
Authors: Zhong S. , Alpay S. P. , Mantese J. V.
Published: March 2006

The dielectric tunability of ferroelectric/paraelectric bilayers and multilayer superlattices are examined theoretically. A numerical analysis is carried out for a pseudomorphic (001) BaTiO3∕SrTiO3 heteroepitaxial bilayer on (001) SrTiO3 and a stress-free BaTiO3∕SrTiO3 bilayer. We show that these structures are capable of tunabilities greater than 90% due to electrostatic and electromechanical coupling between layers. Moreover, we develop the methodology for incorporation conventional integrated circuit silicon dielectrics into heteroepitaxial structures that can reduce current leakage while maintaining high tunability, thereby enabling the device designer flexibility toward the optimization of microwave and millimeter wave elements.
Large magnetic anisotropy in the quasi-one-dimensional system BaCo2V2O8
Authors: He Zhangzhen , Taniyama Tomoyasu , Itoh Mitsuru
Published: March 2006

Magnetic anisotropy in the one-dimensional spin chain system BaCo2V2O8 is investigated using magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, and heat capacity measurements. Unusual magnetic anisotropy is observed in the paramagnetic state at room temperature. The magnetic anisotropy energy of BaCo2V2O8 is estimated to be greater than 1.44(4)×107erg∕cm3 at 2K using a simple uniaxial two-sublattice mean-field model.
A 200nm thick glass-forming metallic film for fatigue-property enhancements
Authors: Chiang C. L. , Chu J. P. , Liu F. X. , Liaw P. K. , Buchanan R. A.
Published: March 2006

In this letter, we report the fatigue-property enhancement by a thin layer of glass-forming film. The fatigue life of a 316L stainless steel is considerably improved by at least 30 times, depending on the maximum applied stress when it is coated with a 200nm thick Zr47Cu31Al13Ni9 film. The application of the sputtered film yields an increase of the fatigue limit by 30%. The smooth surface, good adhesion, and compressive residual stress are found to play beneficial roles in achieving superior fatigue properties, revealing the glass-forming film as a potential material to enhance fatigue properties.
Growth of ultrathin ZrO2 films on Si(100): Film-thickness-dependent band alignment
Authors: Sandell A. , Karlsson P. G. , Richter J. H. , Blomquist J. , Uvdal P. , Grehk T. M.
Published: March 2006

The band alignment of ultrathin ZrO2 films of different thickness formed on Si(100) have been monitored with synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The films were deposited sequentially by way of metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. A significant decrease in the conduction band offset is found for increasing film thickness. It is accompanied by a corresponding increase of the valence band offset. The variations originate in the formation of an interfacial layer characterized by a lower degree of Zr-O interaction than in bulk ZrO2 but with no clear evidence for partially occupied Zr4d dangling bonds.
Current transport studies of ZnO∕p-Si heterostructures grown by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition
Authors: Chen X. D. , Ling C. C. , Fung S. , Beling C. D. , Mei Y. F. , Fu Ricky K. Y. , Siu G. G. , Chu Paul. K.
Published: March 2006

Rectifying undoped and nitrogen-doped ZnO∕p-Si heterojunctions were fabricated by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition. The undoped and nitrogen-doped ZnO films were n type (n∼1019cm−3) and highly resistive (resistivity ∼105Ωcm), respectively. While forward biasing the undoped-ZnO∕p-Si, the current follows Ohmic behavior if the applied bias Vforward is larger than ∼0.4V. However, for the nitrogen-doped-ZnO∕p-Si sample, the current is Ohmic for Vforward<1.0V and then transits to J∼V2 for Vforward>2.5V. The transport properties of the undoped-ZnO∕p-Si and the N-doped-ZnO∕p-Si diodes were explained in terms of the Anderson model and the space charge limited current model, respectively.
Micromagnetic investigation of the dynamics of magnetization switching induced by a spin polarized current
Authors: Lee Kyung-Jin , Dieny Bernard
Published: March 2006

Using micromagnetic modeling, we tested a prediction of single-domain spin-torque theory which switching current density depends only weakly on magnetic cell size. The switching time and current density are strongly affected by the cell size for low spin polarization. Larger samples with a small length-to-width ratio and small spin polarization can exhibit a nonmonotonous dependence of switching time on current. Excitation of incoherent spin waves caused by the circular Oersted field due to the current is responsible for this nonmonotonous dependence. However, the magnetic dynamics recovers a single-domain-like behavior when the spin polarization is high and/or the cell size is small.
Time-resolved and antibunching experiments on single quantum dots at 1300nm
Authors: Zinoni C. , Alloing B. , Monat C. , Zwiller V. , Li L. H. , Fiore A. , Lunghi L. , Gerardino A. , de Riedmatten H. , Zbinden H. , Gisin N.
Published: March 2006

We present time integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements on a single InAs∕GaAs quantum dot (QD), embedded in a planar microcavity, emitting in the 1300nm telecom band. The results of both measurements clearly identify the exciton and biexciton transitions from a single QD. By optimizing the extraction efficiency of the QD PL into the single mode fibers and carefully tuning two InGaAs avalanche photodiodes, we were able to measure the second order correlation function with integration times comparable to those made with silicon based technology. These measurements demonstrate that our single QDs are efficient sources of triggered single photons for quantum key distribution in the O band.
Multicriteria Analysis under Uncertainty with IANUS—Method and Empirical Results
Authors: Klauer Bernd , Drechsler Martin , Messner Frank
Published: March 2006

Integrated assessment of decisions under uncertainty for sustainable development (IANUS) is a method for aiding public decisionmaking that supports efforts towards sustainable development and has a wide range of applications. We introduce the main features of IANUS and illustrate the method by using the results of a case study in the Torgau region (eastern Germany) with conflicts over economic development and groundwater protection in the Elbe River basin. IANUS structures the decision process into four steps: scenario derivation, criteria selection, modelling, and evaluation. Its overall aim is to support the finding of policy solutions in a participatory setting and to extract the information needed for a sound, responsible decision in a clear, transparent manner. The method is designed for use in conflict situations where environmental and socioeconomic effects need to be considered and so an interdisciplinary approach is required. Special emphasis is placed on a broad perception and consideration of uncertainty. Three types of uncertainty are explicitly taken into account by IANUS: development uncertainty (uncertainty about the social, economic and other developments that affect the consequences of decision), model uncertainty (uncertainty associated with the prediction of the effects of decisions), and weight uncertainty (uncertainty about the appropriate weighting of the criteria). The backbone of IANUS is a multicriteria method with the ability to process uncertain information. In the case study the multicriteria method PROMETHEE is used. As PROMETHEE in its basic versions is not able to process uncertain information an extension of this method is developed here and described in detail. One methodological lesson to be learned from the experience of the case study reads that the design of the participation process must be planned and executed carefully to prevent important stakeholders backing out of the participatory evaluation process—as happened with the decisionmakers in the Torgau case study.
Process-Guided Multicriteria Analysis in Wastewater Planning
Authors: Refsgaard Karen
Published: March 2006

One of the key challenges for municipalities provided by Agenda 21 is the management of water resources. A central aim of the Agenda is for municipalities to take increased responsibility for the planning of wastewater handling. This implies finding proper decisionmaking methods with which to assess and handle conflicts of interest due to the multiple criteria and multiple users. The author describes the development of a process-guided multicriteria analysis (MCA) method and discusses its use as a decisionmaking tool for wastewater planning in a Norwegian municipality. A number of alternatives and criteria considered to be relevant in the evaluation of wastewater planning were developed in a dialogue between a decisionmaker, an expert, and the author. Various techniques for the aggregation of alternatives, criteria, decisions, and actors preferences with different claims to comparability and commensurability were used. The decision actors found it easier to rank then to weigh criteria. The use of process-guided MCA in decisionmaking provides a structured way of articulating alternatives and preferences and a transparent way of showing the success and the robustness of the alternatives. The preferences were articulated after the calculation of scores, implying that the decisions were less generalisable but better informed than those achieved through prior articulation. By integrating the decision actors in the decisionmaking process, uncertainties about the relevant preferences and alternatives may have been reduced—thereby increasing the robustness of the results.
Configural Information in Gender Categorisation
Authors: Baudouin Jean-Yves , Humphreys Glyn W
Published: March 2006

The role of configural information in gender categorisation was studied by aligning the top half of one face with the bottom half of another. The two faces had the same or different genders. Experiment l shows that participants were slower and made more errors in categorising the gender in either half of these composite faces when the two faces had a different gender, relative to control conditions where the two faces were nonaligned or had the same gender. This result parallels the composite effect for face recognition (Young et al, 1987 Perception16 747–759) and facial-expression recognition (Calder et al, 2000 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance26 527–551). Similarly to responses to face identity and expression, the composite effect on gender discrimination was disrupted by inverting the faces (experiment 2). Both experiments also show that the composite paradigm is sensitive to general contextual interference in gender categorisation.
Large Sex Difference in Adolescents on a Timed Line Judgment Task: Attentional Contributors and Task Relationship to Mathematics
Authors: Collaer Marcia L , Hill Erica M
Published: March 2006

Visuospatial performance, assessed with the new, group-administered Judgment of Line Angle and Position test (JLAP-13), varied with sex and mathematical competence in a group of adolescents. The JLAP-13, a low-level perceptual task, was modeled after a neuropsychological task dependent upon functioning of the posterior region of the right hemisphere [Benton et al, 1994 Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual (New York: Oxford University Press)]. High-school boys ( N = 52) performed better than girls ( N = 62), with a large effect for sex ( d= 1.11). Performance increased with mathematical competence, but the sex difference did not vary significantly across different levels of mathematics coursework. On the basis of earlier work, it was predicted that male, but not female, performance in line judgment would decline with disruptions to task geometry (page frame), and that the sex difference would disappear with disruptions to geometry. These predictions were supported by a number of univariate and sex-specific analyses, although an omnibus repeated-measures analysis did not detect the predicted interaction, most likely owing to limitations in power. Thus, there is partial support for the notion that attentional predispositions or strategies may contribute to visuospatial sex differences, with males more likely than females to attend to, and rely upon, internal or external representations of task geometry. Additional support for this hypothesis may require development of new measures or experimental manipulations with more powerful geometrical disruptions.
Font Tuning Associated with Expertise in Letter Perception
Authors: Gauthier Isabel , Wong Alan C-N , Hayward William G , Cheung Olivia S
Published: March 2006

Font tuning (FT) occurs when observers recognize a sequence of letters presented in the same font faster than in different fonts (Sanocki 1987, 1988 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance13 267–278; 14 472–480). Here, we test the hypothesis that FT is associated with expertise with a specific writing system. We developed a systematic search task allowing the measurement of FT over a large number of letters and generalized the finding of FT from English readers viewing Roman letters to Chinese readers viewing Chinese characters. Non-Chinese readers did not show evidence of FT for Chinese characters in this search task. We also used a simpler 3-letter identification task to directly compare novice and expert readers, and to explore FT for different aspects of font such as fill, slant, and aspect ratio. We found that experts tune to aspect ratio but not to the other font changes. These findings reveal that letters are not processed visually in the same manner as shapes, and suggest an explanation for the cortical specialization obtained in the visual system for letters.
An Investigation of Perceptual and Decisional Influences on the Perception of Hierarchical Forms
Authors: Copeland Angelina M , Wenger Michael J
Published: March 2006

When observers are asked to identify the global and local dimensions of hierarchical forms, their responses are typically faster when the dimensions are consistent rather than inconsistent. This effect, which we refer to as the dimensional consistency effect, has been demonstrated numerous times in paradigms requiring responses to a single dimension. However, most hypotheses regarding dimensional consistency effects address the simultaneous perception of both dimensions, and the manner in which the information about these dimensions may (or may not) ‘interact’. Most explanations of the dimensional consistency effect attribute the effect to perceptual influences. The present study uses the constructs of general recognition theory (Ashby and Townsend, 1986 Psychological Review93 154–179) to represent the source of the effect in terms of both perceptual and decisional influences. In addition, a complete identification response paradigm was used to collect data on the simultaneous perception of both global and local dimensions of hierarchical forms. Analyses of multidimensional signal detection measures and fits of parametric models of the perceptual space were used to guide inferences, with all sources of evidence pointing to both perceptual and decisional influences.
Active and Passive Movements Give Rise to Different Judgments of Coldness
Authors: VanDoorn George H , Richardson Barry L , Wuillemin Dianne B , Symmons Mark A
Published: March 2006

When the right index fingertip of twelve subjects was moved across a cold (15°C) tile by a machine (passive-guided condition), the subjects rated the temperature of the tile as being colder than when they moved the finger across the stimulus themselves (active condition). Results confirmed that active movements were associated with an attenuation of ‘coldness’. When these findings are considered alongside those of earlier experiments (see VanDoorn et al, 2005 Perception34 231–236), it may be concluded that intentionality of movement plays some role in this attenuation.
Visual Transients Reveal the Veridical Position of a Moving Object
Authors: Kanai Ryota , Verstraten Frans A J
Published: March 2006

The position of a moving object is often mislocalised in the direction of movement. At the input stage of visual processing, the position of a moving object should still be represented veridically, whereas it should become closer to the mislocalised position at a later processing stage responsible for positional judgment. Here, we show that visual transients expose the veridical position of a moving object represented in early visual areas. For example, when a ring is flashed on a moving bar, the part of the bar within the ring is perceived at the veridical position, whereas the part outside the ring is perceived to be ahead of the ring as in the flash-lag effect. Our observations suggest that a filling-in process is triggered at the edges of the flash. This indicates that, in early cortical areas, moving objects are still represented at their veridical positions, and the perceived location is determined by the higher visual areas.
Spatial Dependence of Color Assimilation by the Watercolor Effect
Authors: Devinck Frédéric , Delahunt Peter B , Hardy Joseph L , Spillmann Lothar , Werner John S
Published: March 2006

Color assimilation with bichromatic contours was quantified for spatial extents ranging from von Bezold-type color assimilation to the watercolor effect. The magnitude and direction of assimilative hue change was measured as a function of the width of a rectangular stimulus. Assimilation was quantified by hue cancellation. Large hue shifts were required to null the color of stimuli ≤9.3 min of arc in width, with an exponential decrease for stimuli increasing up to 7.4 deg. When stimuli were viewed through an achromatizing lens, the magnitude of the assimilation effect was reduced for narrow stimuli, but not for wide ones. These results demonstrate that chromatic aberration may account, in part, for color assimilation over small, but not large, surface areas.
Grouping and Trajectory Storage in Multiple Object Tracking: Impairments Due to Common Item Motions
Authors: Suganuma Mutsumi , Yokosawa Kazuhiko
Published: March 2006

In our natural viewing, we notice that objects change their locations across space and time. However, there has been relatively little consideration of the role of motion information in the construction and maintenance of object representations. We investigated this question in the context of the multiple object tracking (MOT) paradigm, wherein observers must keep track of target objects as they move randomly amid featurally identical distractors. In three experiments, we observed impairments in tracking ability when the motions of the target and distractor items shared particular properties. Specifically, we observed impairments when the target and distractor items were in a chasing relationship or moved in a uniform direction. Surprisingly, tracking ability was impaired by these manipulations even when observers failed to notice them. Our results suggest that differentiable trajectory information is an important factor in successful performance of MOT tasks. More generally, these results suggest that various types of common motion can serve as cues to form more global object representations even in the absence of other grouping cues.
A precise low-temperature crystal structure of Bis(cyclopentadienyl)beryllium
Authors: Nugent KW , Beattie JK , Hambley TW , Snow MR
Published: March 2006

The crystal structure of
bis(cyclopentadienyl)beryllium has been redetermined
at 128(3) K. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n, with
unit cell a 5.993(5), b 7.478(4), c 8.978(5)�, β 85.94(6)�, and Z 2. The essential
'slip-sandwich' structure previously reported is confirmed. The beryllium is
disordered between two equivalent sites. In each site it is centrally bonded to
one ring and peripherally bonded to the other. There is a small alternation in
the C-C distances in the crystallographically equivalent rings towards a cyclopentadiene geometry. From the bond lengths and angles
the peripherally bonded cyclopentadienyl ring appears to be bonded to the
beryllium with a largely sp2 hybridized carbon. This indicates only a small
perturbation of the delocalized π-electron structure of the cyclopentadienyl ring and accounts for the
reported Raman spectrum of the compound.
Fragmentations of organic negative ions. Mercapto acids and esters. A reinvestigation
Authors: Bowie JH , Stringer MB , Duus F , Lawesson S , Larsson FCV , Madsen J+
Published: March 2006

Thioglycollates and β-thiopropionates
with SH and/or CO2H groups yield pronounced (M-H)- ions in their
negative ion spectra, not molecular negative ions as we previously reported.
Compounds containing R1-S-CH2- functionality (R1
= alkyl or aryl) undergo α cleavage to S to yield R1S- and
-S-CH2-ions. Hydrogen rearrangements are rare but thioglycollates R1SCH2CO2H
characteristically eliminate R1SH to yield CH2CO2-.
Fragment negative ions generally do not contain enough excess energy to allow
decomposition, so we have studied their collision induced dissociations. Simple
cleavage reactions are usual: for example BuSCH2CO2-
decomposes to yield both BuS- and BuSCH2-.
Group migration to sulfur is also observed; for example, ions -SCH2CO2R2
(R2 = alkyl or aryl) eliminate carbon dioxide to produce R2SCH2-
as the major product.
Photosolvolysis of bridgehead quaternary ammonium salts. II. Synthesis of some 2,5-Benzoxazonine derivatives and attempted synthesis of the 1,2,4,5,6,7-Hexahydro-3,5-benzoxazonine system
Authors: Bremner JB , Winzenberg KN
Published: March 2006

The medium-ring
heterocyclic derivative 1,9,10-trimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,5- benzoxazonine (6a) was obtained in fair yield from photosolvolysis of 8,9-dimethoxy-4-methyl-
2,3,6,10b-tetrahydro-5H-oxazolo[2,3-a]isoquinolinium iodide (5a) in methanol, together with minor
amounts of 3,9,10-trimethoxy-5-methy1-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,5-benzoxazonine
(8) and 2-[N-2- {2-(dimethoxymethyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl}ethyl-N-methylamino]ethanol (7). Photosolvolysis
products analogous to (6a) were obtained from other related lob-substituted oxazolo[2,3-aliso-quinolinium iodides in high to low yields
depending upon the nature of the angular substituent and the presence or
absence of substituents in the fused aromatic ring. No methanolysis of the
methiodide salts (5a-f) was observed in the absence of ultraviolet irradiation,
whereas 1-(2-ethenyl- 4,s-dimethoxypheny1)ethanone
(14) was formed on heating (5b) with methanolic
potassium hydroxide. Attempted synthesis of
1,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-3,5-benzoxazonine derivatives by photosolvolysis
of 8,9-dimethoxy-4-methyl-1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro-3H-oxazolo[4,3-a]isoquinolinium iodide (17) in methanol or water was
unsuccessful, ring-opened products being obtained in low yield instead.
Effect of catalyst and solvent on the stereochemistry of Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and 3-Phenylsulfinylprop-2-enoic acids and methyl esters
Authors: Proust SM , Ridley DD
Published: March 2006

In Diels-Alder reactions
between cyclopentadiene and the isomeric
3-phenylsulfinylprop-2-enoic acids and methyl esters, greatest
stereoselectivity (94% d.e.) results when methyl
(2)-3-phenylsulfinylprop-2-enoate (7) and benzene solvent are used. The major diastereoisomer, methyl (2-endo,3-endo,S-syn)-3-phenylsulfinylnorborn-5-ene-2-carboxylate
(8), also predominates when silica gel or aluminiumchloride catalysts are
used, but is formed in lesser amount to the anti-epimer (9) in the presence of stannic
chloride. Stereoselectivity of the reaction is decreased as reaction rate
accelerates. Mixturesof all four possible
diastereoisomers are formed in reactions with (E)-3-phenylsulfinylprop-2-enoic acid
(15) and its methyl ester (16), and the ratios of products vary with catalyst
and solvent. The stereochemistry at sulfur
in these adducts has been correlated unambiguously by chemical and spectroscopic
methods.
Purine analogues as amplifiers of phleomycin. IX. Some 2- and 6-substituted Thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazines, 2-substituted Thiazolo[4,5-c]- and Thiazolo[5,4-b]-pyridines and related compounds
Authors: Barlin GB , Ireland SJ , Rowland BJ
Published: March 2006

Derivatives of the thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine system are reported including those
with 2-phenyl substituents or fused benzene rings (as in thiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxalines) together with strongly basic N,N-dimethylaminoethylthio or N,N-dimethylaminopropylthio
side chains. Series of thiazolo[4,5-c]- pyridines, thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridines and quinoxalines
are also described. A new process for the preparation of
3-N,N-dimethylaminopropylthio derivatives of heterocycles
by reaction of the mercapto compound with 3-chloro-N,N-dimethylpropylamine
in ethanolic ammonia has been shown to give more reliable and improved results.
Of the compounds examined for amplification of the activity of phleomycin, N,N-dimethyl-
3-(2-methylthiazolo[4,5-pyrazin-6-ylthio)propylamine
and 3-[3-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropylthio)-
quinoxalin-2-ylthiol-N,N-dimethylpropylamine were the best, and showed four
star activity at 1 mM and 0.5 mM
respectively. A 2-phenyl substituent in, or a benzene ring fused to, thiazolo[4,5-b]- pyrazines did
not increase amplification. The 2-substituted thiazolo[4,5-c]pyridines
showed activity comparable to that of the 2-substituted thiazolo[4,5-blpyrazines
whereas that of the thiazolo[5,4-b]pyrazines was lower.
Crystal structure of 8-Hydroxy-1H-naphtho[2,1,8-mna]xanthen-1-one
Authors: Castleden IR , Engelhardt LM , Hall SR , White AH
Published: March 2006

The crystal structure of
8-hydroxy-1H-naphtho[2,1,8-mna]xanthen-1-one, C19H10O3,
obtained as an indefinite methanolsolvate, has been
determined at 295K by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods, being refined
by full matrix least squares to a residual of 0.056 for 892 independent 'observed'
reflections. Crystals are monoclinic, P21/c, a 5.128(4), b 10.024(9), c 27.45(2) �, β 107.73(6)�, Z 4.
The packing of the molecules is typically that of charge-transfer complexes, with
an interplanar spacing of c.3.5 �.
Monoalkylidenes of Meldrum's acid
Authors: Chhabra BR , Bolte ML , Crow WD
Published: March 2006

Meldrum's acid has been
found to react with equimolar quantities of aldehydes and secondary cyclic
aliphatic amines to yield the corresponding Mannich bases which decompose under
acidic conditions to afford the monoalkylidene derivatives in excellent yields.
Beyond Mule Kicks: The Poisson Distribution in Geographical Analysis
Authors: Griffith Daniel A. , Haining Robert
Published: March 2006

The Poisson model, discovered nearly two centuries ago, is the basis for analyses of rare events. Its first applications included descriptions of deaths from mule kicks. More than half a century ago the Poisson model began being used in geographical analysis. Its initial descriptions of geographic distributions of points, disease maps, and spatial flows were accompanied by an assumption of independence. Today this unrealistic assumption is replaced by one allowing for the presence of spatial autocorrelation in georeferenced counts. Contemporary statistical theory has led to the creation of powerful Poisson‐based modeling tools for geographically distributed count data.
Analyzing the Relationship Between Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease at the Small Area Level: A Bayesian Approach to Spatial Modeling
Authors: Law Jane , Haining Robert , Maheswaran Ravi , Pearson Tim
Published: March 2006

We model the relationship between coronary heart disease and smoking prevalence and deprivation at the small area level using the Poisson log‐linear model with and without random effects. Extra‐Poisson variability (overdispersion) is handled through the addition of spatially structured and unstructured random effects in a Bayesian framework. In addition, four different measures of smoking prevalence are assessed because the smoking data are obtained from a survey that resulted in quite large differences in the size of the sample across the census tracts. Two of the methods use Bayes adjustments of standardized smoking ratios (local and global adjustments), and one uses a nonparametric spatial averaging technique. A preferred model is identified based on the deviance information criterion. Both smoking and deprivation are found to be statistically significant risk factors, but the effect of the smoking variable is reduced once the confounding effects of deprivation are taken into account. Maps of the spatial variability in relative risk, and the importance of the underlying covariates and random effects terms, are produced. We also identify areas with excess relative risk.
Assessing Spatial Dependence in Count Data: Winsorized and Spatial Filter Specification Alternatives to the Auto‐Poisson Model
Authors: Griffith Daniel A.
Published: March 2006

The auto‐Poisson probability model furnishes an obvious tool for modeling counts of geographically distributed rare events. Unfortunately, its original specification can accommodate only negative spatial autocorrelation, which itself is a rare event. More recent alternative reformulations, namely, the Winsorized and spatial filter specifications, circumvent this drawback. A comparison of their performances presented in this article reveals some of their relative advantages and disadvantages.
The art of the tincture: analytical supervision
Authors: Cwik August J.
Published: March 2006

Using the alchemical metaphor, effective supervision can be seen as an excellent example of the tincture: a little goes a long way. This paper offers a model of the dynamics in analytical supervision: a mirroring of the professional‐self of the supervisee, the opportunity to learn through empirical factual knowledge, and, most importantly, experiential, interactive and dynamic learning. The container of supervision will be amplified using an image of the triple vessel of alchemy. The materia of supervision is discussed as ‘amalgams’ of complex related material. The supervisory field is seen in a triadic intersubjective and interimaginal manner. Jung's diagram of all the possible conscious and unconscious connections between patient and therapist is expanded to include the supervisory situation. Moving beyond projective identification as explanatory process, the concept of the mundus imaginalis is used as the medium for this triadic structure. The ‘analytic third’ expands to include the ‘supervisory fourth’ while incorporating the supervisor's imaginings of the patient as the quintessential experience of the imaginal other. The supervisor's attitude and state of mind are seen through the paradigm of active imagination. This state of mind is called supervisory reverie.
Fifty years on: a training for the 21st century, from couple to community
Authors: Wiener Jan , Perry Christopher
Published: March 2006

The paper describes the gradual transformation of the structures, process and content of the adult training at the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP) from 1997 when the potential for individuation had gone awry through lack of a culturally relevant and coherent programme until 2005 when trainees’ professional and personal individuation could be enhanced by a process and a curriculum representing fairly the interests and beliefs of the range of different approaches to Jungian psychology that are to be found in the SAP. The process has taken eight years to complete and in the paper, the authors, two successive Directors of Training, describe the persistent resistances to necessary change from within their Society, focusing in particular on the key role of the founder member; the privileging of the internal world at the expense of significant external factors; a confusion of roles among members between volunteers and professionals and last, but by no means least, the contamination of the educative task and the creation of a training community by fantasies of the mother/infant couple.
Jung, the trickster writer, or what literary research can do for the clinician
Authors: Rowland Susan
Published: March 2006

This paper aims to show how literary scholarship can contribute to clinical debates by offering different methods of reading and interpreting works by Jung. Firstly, as texts form much of the means by which Jungian ideas are transmitted and worked upon, literary research offers methods of examining the way we read for authority and orthodoxy. Secondly, it is invaluable to look at the way in which Jung actually wrote. Jung portrays a dynamic psyche in action in his writings. His works are not only about a creative archetypal psyche, they enact and perform this creativity in the way in which he uses words. The rich playfulness demonstrated in The Collected Works is an example of a writer as a mythmaker of the psyche, one who absorbs unconscious creative energies into his writing in ways that dissolve modernity's cultural boundaries of science and art.

In addition, the aesthetic component in Jung's writing is not a decoration of his ideas. Rather, his ‘literary’ qualities are themselves forms of argument about the fragile state of modern subjectivity. Using his essays on ‘Synchronicity’, and the ‘Trickster’, the paper will show these works to be responses to three related crises that still face clinicians and scholars today: the problematic role of the hero myth as an individuation narrative, the nature of ‘science’, and the crisis of western modernity itself in desperate need of psychic healing. The paper will show that where writing on synchronicity aims to individuate science by adding a ‘feminine’ Eros to its Logos biases, the Trickster essay is designed to ameliorate modernity by providing frameworks to make visible marginal or excluded material. In these works Jung tries to rejuvenate the modern world by re‐connecting traditional symbolic systems with the psyche through myth as a language of psychic relating.
Keratin 17 mutation in pachyonychia congenita type 2 patient with early onset steatocystoma multiplex and Hutchinson‐like tooth deformity
Authors: OH Se‐Woong , KIM Moon Young , LEE Jeong Sun , KIM Soo‐Chan
Published: March 2006

Pachyonychia congenita type 2 (PC‐2) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypertrophic nail dystrophy, focal keratoderma, multiple pilosebaceous cysts, and other features of ectodermal dysplasia. It has been demonstrated that PC‐2 is caused by mutations in the keratin 17 and keratin 6b genes. In this report, we describe a missense mutation in the keratin 17 gene, M88T, in a Korean patient whose phenotype included early onset steatocystoma multiplex and Hutchinson‐like tooth deformities along with other typical features of PC‐2 such as hypertrophic nails, natal teeth and follicular hyperkeratosis.
A very large, rapidly developing, congenital giant cell fibroblastoma in a 5‐month old infant
Authors: ALIAĞAOĞLU Cihangir , BAKAN Vedat , ATASOY Mustafa , ŞAHIN Önder , TOKER Serdar , ALBAYRAK Mevlüt
Published: March 2006

Giant cell fibroblastoma is an uncommon soft tissue neoplasm that occurs in childhood. It seems to be the juvenile form of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, which is seen less frequently in children. Only one congenital case has been reported previously. In this report, we present a 5‐month‐old girl with a rapidly and atypically growing mass located on the upper part of the right scapula. We think that our case is very interesting, because no similarly large lesion (12 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm) related to giant cell fibroblastoma has been previously reported in the published work.
A case of genital folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma with an unique aggregated manifestation
Authors: HAMADA Manabu , KIRYU Hiromaro , SATOH Emiko , MOROI Yoichi , URABE Kazunori , FURUE Masutaka
Published: March 2006

Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma (FCH) is a recently recognized cutaneous hamartoma composed of follicular, sebaceous and mesenchymal components, and usually occurring on the head and neck. We describe herein a case of FCH with an unique aggregated manifestation in a genital lesion. The patient was a 40‐year‐old woman with a genital lesion composed of a pedunculated nodule, a dome‐shaped nodule and a subcutaneous nodule, measuring 5 cm in the greatest dimension. The largest, pedunculated nodule was histologically composed of an infundibulo‐cystic structure with follicular, sebaceous and mesenchymal elements accompanied by cystic structures of various sizes lined by stratified squamous epithelium and follicular germinative cells suggesting follicular cysts. The dome‐shaped nodule consisted of anastomosing strands of epithelial cells with follicular components. The subcutaneous nodule had two components, an infundibulo‐cystic structure and a cyst lined by squamous epithelium. In our case, the unusual clinical feature of large and multiple nodules was due to the presence of several prominent hamartomatous cystic structures with FCH. This is the third case of giant FCH. The clinical presentation and location of giant FCH is unusual.
Chondrolipoma of the popliteal fossa and Japanese reports
Authors: OHTSUKA Hisashi
Published: March 2006

A rare case of chondrolipoma of the right popliteal fossa in a 24‐year‐old female was reported with review of the Japanese published work. Eleven patients with chondrolipoma including lipoma with cartilaginous metaplasia, including my case, have been reported in Japan. The patients ranged in age from 7–79 years. All cases occurred in adults except for one. Six patients were male and five were female. Two lesions each arose on the tongue, upper back and popliteal fossa, and one each on the buccal submucosa, shoulder, breast, lateral chest and sole. The duration of the lesions ranged from 1 month to 20 years. The lesions ranged 1–10 cm in greatest dimension. The presented tumor was an early one because of the shortest duration and the smallest size in Japan. Recent criteria for a benign mesenchymoma including a chondrolipoma were also described.
Scleromyxedema: An experience using treatment with systemic corticosteroid and review of the published work
Authors: LIN Yi‐Chiun , WANG Hsi‐Ching , SHEN Jui‐Lung
Published: March 2006

Scleromyxedema, a rare cutaneous mucinosis of unknown cause, is a variant of generalized papular mucinosis that is also known as generalized lichen myxedematosus. It is characterized clinically by generalized papular or scleroderma‐like eruptions. Histopathological examination reveals mucin deposition and a proliferation of fibroblasts in the upper dermis. We describe the case of a man with scleromyxedema treated with systemic corticosteroids whose skin lesions improved gradually within 4 weeks.
Lipoid proteinosis: A case with ophthalmological and psychiatric findings
Authors: BAHADIR Sevgi , ÇOBANOĞLU Ümit , KAPICIOĞLU Zerrin , KANDIL Sema Tanrıöver , ÇIMŞIT Gülseren , SöNMEZ Müjgan , YAYLI Savaş
Published: March 2006

Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is an uncommon, recessively inherited disorder. The disease usually has its onset in the newborn period and is manifested by hoarseness. The skin and mucous membrane involvement arises between the first and second year of age. A 14‐year‐old male presented with the complaint of blistering on various sites of his skin, from the age of 12 months, resulting in scarring. Ophthalmological and psychiatric findings also appeared during the clinical course. The histological findings of skin biopsy included extensive deposits of amorphous eosinophilic material in the papillary dermis. No known therapy exists for LP.
Extending the evidence hierarchy to enhance evidence‐based practice for substance use disorders
Authors: Tucker Jalie A. , Roth David L.
Published: March 2006

Purpose  This paper examines the evidence‐based practice (EBP) movement in the context of the developmental status of theory, research and practice on substance use disorders. 

Scope  Hierarchical views that favor randomized controlled trials (RCTs) over other forms of evidence are reviewed, and the benefits and limitations of RCTs are considered as they intersect with contemporary issues in the field.

Findings  RCTs with lengthy follow‐up intervals comprise an important piece of the relevant evidence base, especially for establishing treatment efficacy, but their continued centrality as the ‘gold standard’ of evidence for informing substance abuse practice is questioned. 

Conclusions  Given the status of knowledge, advances in science and practice will probably come from longitudinal studies of the changeable course of addictive behaviors and processes over long time frames and that investigate linkages with treatment selection factors and other surrounding contextual variables that also change through time. Benefits of evidentiary pluralism for advancing an interdisciplinary approach to research and practice are considered.
A review of the acute subjective effects of MDMA/ecstasy
Authors: Baylen Chelsea A. , Rosenberg Harold
Published: March 2006

Aim  Although several relatively recent reviews have summarized the neuropsychiatric effects associated with chronic ecstasy use, there is no published comprehensive review of studies on the acute subjective effects (ASEs) of MDMA/ecstasy.

Design  The present study reviewed the prevalence, intensity and duration of ASEs collected from 24 studies that provided frequency data on the prevalence of self‐reported ecstasy effects and/or provided data on the intensity of ecstasy effects.

Findings  Although hundreds of ASEs have been reported following MDMA consumption, we identified a subset of effects reported repeatedly by meaningful proportions and large numbers of participants across multiple investigations, most of which were either emotional (e.g. anxiety, depression, closeness, fear, euphoria, calmness) or somatic (e.g. nausea/vomiting, bruxism, muscle aches/headache, sweating, numbness, body temperature changes, fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, increased energy). Only one sexual ASE (sexual arousal/increased sensual awareness), one cognitive ASE (confused thought), one sensory–perceptual ASE (visual effects/changes in visual perception), one sleep‐related ASE (sleeplessness) and one appetite‐related ASE (decreased appetite) were reported across five or more investigations. Three factors—number of hours between ingestion and assessment, dose level, and gender—have been associated with the acute subjective experience of MDMA/ecstasy. 

Conclusions  This review provides useful information for clinicians and researchers who want to understand the desirable and undesirable ASEs that may motivate and restrain ecstasy use, for public health advocates who seek to reduce biomedical harms (e.g. fainting, dehydration, shortness of breath, bruxism) associated with recreational use of MDMA/ecstasy, and for educators who wish to design credible prevention messages that neither underestimate nor exaggerate users’ experiences of this drug.