bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound of Groin Pain in the Athlete
Authors: Pesquer Lionel , Rennie Winston J. , Lintingre Pierre-François , Reboul Gilles , Silvestre Alain , Dallaudiere Benjamin , Meyer Philippe
Published: November 2024

Groin pain is a common cause of disability in athletes. Imaging is crucial in a clinical diagnosis, given the multiple associated etiologies. The main sites of groin pain are the adductors, iliopsoas muscles, inguinal ring, hip joint, and pubic symphysis. Although magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard to image groin pain, ultrasound (US) offers excellent accuracy in pinpointing muscle injuries, inguinal disruption, and hernias. US requires a detailed knowledge of anatomical landmarks; imaging pitfalls, and pathologic patterns. We review the complex anatomy of the groin region, the sonographic appearance of the involved structures, and the strengths and weaknesses of US.
DHL’s Spreading COVID-19 Over the Sky? Handling Corporate Response to Misinformation with Humour
Authors: Oukropec Jindřich
Published: November 2024

Companies are increasingly faced with online misinformation that can damage their reputation. This article extends paracrisis research by identifying a new form of denial and explores how to refine paracrisis response strategies to better defend corporate reputation against misinformation. Using an explanatory research design and qualitative data analysis, this study introduces “denial by humour” as a distinct refutation strategy. The research outlines how this specific strategy functions within the broader context of crisis communication as one of the three types of refutation strategies. Through a detailed case study of DHL’s response to misinformation about the COVID-19 virus being spread from the sky, the paper enhances paracrisis research by identifying potentially effective communication tactics, including strategic silence, social media management, employee engagement, and crisis advertising. The article also provides managerial implications, highlighting the crucial role of stakeholders such as politicians, the media, and employees, and discusses appropriate preventive strategies such as media monitoring and the implementation of an ethical code of conduct.
Fluctuation levels in disordered systems (survey)
Authors: Lifshits I. M. , Gredeskul S. A. , Pastur L. A.
Published: November 2024

The theory of fluctuation levels in disordered systems is elucidated. The main attention is paid to the behavior of the density of states in that spectrum domain where it originates only because of low-probability potential fluctuations. Within the framework of a single approach, all results known at this time which describe the behavior of the density of states in the fluctuation spectrum domain are obtained.
Electron Fermi liquid in thin metallic films
Authors: Kondrat'ev A. S. , Kuchma A. E. , Meilanov R. P.
Published: November 2024

A microscopic approach is used to formulate the theory of a degenerate electron liquid in thin metal films. Various thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the electron Fermi liquid are studied.
Phenomenological theory of magnetic order and phase transitions in an anisotropic Fermi liquid
Authors: Akhiezer I. A. , Akhiezer I. T. , Chudnovskii E. M.
Published: November 2024

The Landau Fermi liquid theory is used without additional assumptions to describe the magnetically ordered states of various types and symmetries, and the phase transitions between these states.
Spontaneous magnetizaton of the Heisenberg ferromagnetic CuK2Cl4·2H2O under pressure
Authors: Galkin A. A. , D'yakonov V. P. , Fita I. M. , Tsintsadze G. A.
Published: November 2024

The results are reported of a study concerning the magnetization of the Heisenberg ferromagnet CuK2Cl4·2H2O(S = 1/2, Tc = 0.88° K) under hydrostatic compression. The spontaneous magnetization was determined from the magnetization isotherms for various pressures. Measurements were made on single crystals under hydrostatic pressures up to 10 kbar below 1°K in two mutually perpendicular directions: along the C4-axis and in the aa-plane. The direction of spontaneous magnetizations has been found to be perpendicular to the crystallographic C4-axis. As the pressure is raised, the magnetization of CuK2C14·2H2O decreases. The anisotropy field intensity along the C4-axis is 38 Oe at P = 0 and T = 0.45°K, increases by 8.0 kOe under the pressure of 10 kbar, but decreases to approximately 16.0 Oe at the phase transition temperature. Neither a residual magnetization nor a hysteresis was revealed in this experiment. This decrease in the spontaneous magnetization of CuK2C14·2H2O under pressure is explained here by a change in the ligand environment of the magnetic Cu2+ ion under pressure.
Possible existence of states with total angular momentum J = 1, 2 in the B-phase of superfluid He3
Authors: Chechetkin V. R.
Published: November 2024

Forms of collective modes are studied in the presence of Cooper pairs with J = 0, 1, 2. The Fermi liquid interaction is not regarded as weak and is considered exactly. The question of experimental excitation of corresponding collective modes is considered.
Temperature dependence of the electric resistivity of single-crystal rhenium and the effect of plastic deformation
Authors: Tulina N. A.
Published: November 2024

It is shown that Bloch’s law ρ(T) = ρres+BT5 holds for the resistivity of single-crystal rhenium in the temperature range T < 40°K. Plastic deformation leads to an increase in the residual resistivity ρres and in the coefficient B, and to the appearance of an additional term AT2, quadratic in temperature.
The “phonon” mechanism of the effect of sound on the superconducting energy gap
Authors: Bar'yakhtar V. G. , Seminozhenko V. P.
Published: November 2024

Nonequilibrium effects of the phonon system of a superconductor caused by high-frequency sound irradiation on the energy gap Δ (ϵ ; T) are considered. It is shown that for low temperatures (T≪ Tc) and pumping frequencies (ω¯′<2Δ) the effect of energy redistribution of electronic excitations (the Éliashberg mechanism) can be neglected. For sufficiently high supplied power (approximately 1 W/cm2) the nonequilibrium gap can exceed appreciably the zero-temperature equilibrium value Δ (ϵ,0); for Al the relative excess can consist of 25%.
Alfvén wave generation and electron energization in the KiNET-X sounding rocket mission
Authors: Delamere P. A. , Lynch K. , Lessard M. , Pfaff R. , Larsen M. , Hampton D. L. , Conde M. , Barnes N. P. , Damiano P. A. , Otto A. , Moses M. , Moser-Gauthier C.
Published: November 2024

Active plasma experiments can be used to strongly perturb the space plasma environment. During the early phase of a chemical release (e.g., few to several seconds), the injected plasma cloud can excite a variety of waves rather than acting as “inert” tracer particles. It is during this early phase of the release that fundamental plasma processes can be studied. For example, the Trigger [Holmgren et al., J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5043 (1980)] and recent KINetic-scale Energy and momentum Transport eXperiment (KiNET-X) missions were both designed to study processes related to auroral electron energization. Early experiments relied primarily on ground-based optics to diagnose the plasma interaction. Advances in optical sensors have dramatically improved imaging capability of both the ion and neutral components of the injected cloud; therefore, optics remain an important part of these types of experiments. However, advances in plasma (fields and particles) instruments have enabled a new generation of possible experiments from the sounding rocket platform. In this article, we discuss previous sounding rocket (and orbital) active experiments, the related science objectives, and an overview of select results from the KiNET-X rocket mission. Specifically, KiNET-X produced an Alfvénic perturbation, a variety of high frequency waves, energized thermal electrons, and produced a field-aligned electron beam of ∼ 200 eV. The electron energization indicates non-ideal coupling of the injected barium cloud with the ambient ionospheric plasma.
Rotating solar furnace
Authors: Foulaadvand M. Ebrahim , Aghamohammadi Amir
Published: November 2024

A rotary solar furnace is conceptually introduced. In contrast to a conventional solar furnace, where the concentrator is fixed, in a rotary solar furnace both the concentrator and the heliostat rotate in concentric circular path around the concentrator's focus such that at each instant of time they face each other. The angular velocity of this motion equals the angular velocity of the Sun's projection line onto the Earth. In this dynamic solar furnace, the Sun appears always right above the heliostat. Consequently, the heliostat needs only a single-axis elevation tracking to redirect the sunlight along the concentrator's optical axis. This implies that the amount of harvested energy is maximal while the focus remains fixed in space. The daily concentrated radiation energy is analytically computed for each day of the year given the geographical latitude. It is shown the daily energy increase percentage crucially depends on the day of year and geographical latitude. This increase percentage reaches it maximum value in the summer solstice, which is slightly above 140 percent, for instance, in Tehran, Iran.
Design and experimental study of a semi-active shear-mode vibration absorber using magnetorheological elastomer
Authors: Liu Qianjie , Hu Bo , Liu Wei , Li Gang , Chen Qi , Hu Guoliang
Published: November 2024

This paper presents the design process of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) absorber with a shear symmetric structure based on detailed simulation and experiments. First, the MRE materials and dimensional parameters of the MRE absorber are determined, and magnetic field simulation is performed to analyze the magnetic induction performance in the working area. Then, a dynamic simulation model is constructed to analyze the frequency response characteristics of a semi-active vibration system. Finally, a vibration experimental platform is built to test the response performance of the shear-mode MRE absorber. The experimental results showed that the stiffness of the MRE absorber can be effectively adjusted by current. When the applied current changes from 0.5 to 2 A, a vibration reduction frequency band of 8.91 to 14.19 Hz will be formed. The closer the natural frequency in this frequency band is to the external excitation frequency, the better the vibration reduction effect, which verifies the effectiveness of semi-active vibration control for the primary system. These results validate the rationality and feasibility of the semi-active MRE absorber, providing a good reference for the design of MRE absorbers.
Reconstruction of tropical cyclone boundary layer wind field using physics-informed machine learning
Authors: Hu Feng , Li Qiusheng
Published: November 2024

A physics-informed machine learning model is proposed in this paper to reconstruct the high-fidelity three-dimensional boundary layer wind field of tropical cyclones. The governing equations of the wind field, which incorporate a spatially varying eddy diffusivity coefficient, are derived and embedded within the model's loss function. This integration allows the model to learn the underlying physics of the boundary layer wind field. The model is applied to reconstruct two tropical cyclone events in different oceanic basins. A wide range of observational data from satellite, dropsonde, and Doppler radar records are assimilated into the model. The model's performance is evaluated by comparing its results with observations and a classic linear model. The findings demonstrate that the model's accuracy improves with an increased amount of real data and the introduction of spatially varying eddy diffusivity. Furthermore, the proposed model does not require strict boundary conditions to reconstruct the wind field, offering greater flexibility compared to traditional numerical models. With the assimilation of observational data, the proposed model accurately reconstructs the horizontal, radial, and vertical distributions of the wind field. Compared with the linear model, the proposed model more effectively captures the nonlinearities and asymmetries of the wind field, thus presents more realistic outcomes.
Fabrication and characterization of rubcrete-iron composite for mixed radiation shielding
Authors: Ochieng Lawrence Otieno , Hashim Nadir Omar , Kebwaro Jeremiah Monari , Andala Dickson
Published: November 2024

Mixed radiation environments need unique shielding materials that can effectively attenuate photons and neutrons simultaneously. Most ordinary shielding materials can only shield one form of radiation effectively. In this work, a novel composite material was fabricated in our laboratories and characterized for photon and neutron shielding. Waste materials were used as partial substitutes for aggregates in concrete, which is a sustainable practice in the building industry at present. The main components of the composite material are iron filings, rubber, and concrete. Concrete samples were mixed with iron filings at varying percentages (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and a fixed 5% crumb rubber content. The material’s photon and neutron shielding characteristics were evaluated through experimental and simulation methods. Gamma-ray attenuation measurements were experimentally carried out using a NaI(TI) spectrometer and a Cs-137 0.662 MeV energy source. In contrast, GEANT4, PHY-X/PSD, and NIST-XCOM codes were used to simulate photon and neutron cross-sections. The findings indicate that an increase in iron filings results in enhanced radiation attenuation, reflected by a higher linear attenuation coefficient (μ). The linear attenuation coefficient values range from (0.1590 ± 0.0004) to (0.2045 ± 0.0003) cm−1 for samples with no crumb rubber and from (0.1521 ± 0.0002) to (0.1920 ± 0.0004) cm−1 for samples with 5% crumb rubber. Half Value Layer (HVL) decreases with an increase in iron content and is slightly higher in samples with crumb rubber. The HVL results from simulations and measurements agree. This study optimizes the potential of concrete as a radiation-shielding material while promoting sustainable construction and environmental practices.
Estimating the predictability limit of meteorological variables using permutation entropy
Authors: Shu Z. R. , Deng H. C. , Chan P. W. , Yan L.
Published: November 2024

Understanding and quantifying the predictability of various meteorological variables remains a significant challenge in atmospheric sciences, particularly in regions with complex climates. This study aims to assess the predictability limit of wind speed, pressure, temperature, and relative humidity using permutation entropy (PermEn) analysis. By analyzing the statistical properties of PermEn values associated with each variable, our results revealed distinctive patterns of complexity and predictability. It shows clear evidence that pressure generally exhibits the lowest PermEn value, while wind speed tends to have the largest PermEn. However, the variation of PermEn values remains largely stable across different terrain conditions, which is primarily attribute to the use of daily observational data. The study also discusses the impact of window length on PermEn calculations, highlighting that longer window lengths are more likely to capture a broader range of dynamics, including more intricate and diverse temporal structures. This expanded pattern diversity leads to increased complexity of the time series, resulting in higher PermEn values. Additionally, the seasonal variation patterns of permutation entropy were found to differ among the meteorological variables considered. These findings provide valuable insight into the relative predictability of various meteorological variables, which can have important implications for atmospheric modeling, weather forecasting, and risk management.
Impact of inlet flow velocity on sediment reduction in pump station forebays
Authors: Qiao Qiao , Wang Haidong , Huang Lingxiao , Jing Hefang , Wang Boya
Published: November 2024

Pump stations are critical for effective water management in China, particularly in sediment-laden regions such as Ningxia, where vortex flow patterns in forebays result in sediment deposition and diminished operational efficiency. Through this research endeavor, numerical simulations and engineering measurements were employed to systematically analyze the causes of adverse flow patterns induced by the water-sediment two-phase flow in a sudden expansion pump station located in Ningxia, focusing on seven cases that examined vortex behavior and sediment concentration. Results indicate that in a forward forebay, the inflow velocity at the diversion channel entrance is correlated with suspended sediment concentration. Compared to other cases, case 5 produces a smaller vortex that has a minimal impact on the flow pattern and exhibits the lowest sediment concentration. Applying the Q-criterion reveals that case 5 possesses the smallest vortex structure volume. Additionally, a quadratic polynomial relationship between inlet velocity and sediment deposition efficiency was established, further confirming the accuracy of case 5. At an inlet velocity of 1.065 m/s, sediment deposition was markedly reduced as the vortex strength decreased, enabling sediment particles to escape, thereby enhancing the operational efficiency of the pump station. This study offers optimized operational conditions and theoretical guidance for the management of pump stations in high-sediment regions.
How dynamic surface restructuring impacts intra-particle catalytic cooperativity
Authors: Punia Bhawakshi , Chaudhury Srabanti , Kolomeisky Anatoly
Published: November 2024

Recent experiments indicated that nanoparticles (NPs) might efficiently catalyze multiple chemical reactions, frequently exhibiting new phenomena. One of those surprising observations is intra-particle catalytic cooperativity, when the reactions at one active site can stimulate the reactions at spatially distant sites. Theoretical explanations of these phenomena have been presented, pointing out the important role of charged hole dynamics. However, the crucial feature of nanoparticles that can undergo dynamic structural surface rearrangements, potentially affecting the catalytic properties, has not yet been accounted for. We present a theoretical study of the effect of dynamic restructuring in NPs on intra-particle catalytic cooperativity. It is done by extending the original static discrete-state stochastic framework that quantitatively evaluates the catalytic communications. The dynamic restructuring is modeled as stochastic transitions between states with different dynamic properties of charged holes. Our analysis reveals that the communication times always decrease with increasing rates of dynamic restructuring, while the communication lengths exhibit a dynamic behavior that depends on how dynamic fluctuations affect migration and death rates of charged holes. Computer simulations fully support theoretical predictions. These findings provide important insights into the microscopic mechanisms of catalysis on single NPs, suggesting specific routes to rationally design more efficient catalytic systems.
Hamiltonian non-Hermicity: Accurate dynamics with the multiple Davydov D2Ansätze
Authors: Zhang Lixing , Shen Kaijun , Yan Yiying , Sun Kewei , Gelin Maxim F. , Zhao Yang
Published: November 2024

We examine the applicability of the numerically accurate method of time dependent variation with multiple Davydov Ansätze (mDA) to non-Hermitian systems. As illustrative examples, three systems of interest have been studied, a non-Hermitian system of dissipative Landau–Zener transitions, a non-Hermitian multimode Jaynes–Cummings model, and a dissipative Holstein–Tavis–Cummings model, all of which are shown to be effectively described by the mDA method. Our findings highlight the versatility of the mDA as a powerful numerical tool for investigating complex many-body non-Hermitian systems, which can be extended to explore diverse phenomena such as skin effects, excited-state dynamics, and spectral topology in the non-Hermitian field.
Compensation to visual impairments and behavioral plasticity in navigating ants
Authors: Schwarz Sebastian , Clement Leo , Haalck Lars , Risse Benjamin , Wystrach Antoine
Published: November 2024

Desert ants are known to rely heavily on vision while venturing for food and returning to the nest. During these foraging trips, ants memorize and recognize their visual surroundings, which enables them to recapitulate individually learned routes in a fast and effective manner. The compound eyes are crucial for such visual navigation; however, it remains unclear how information from both eyes are integrated and how ants cope with visual impairment. Here, we manipulated the ants’ visual system by covering one of the two compound eyes and analyzed their ability to recognize familiar views. Monocular ants showed an immediate disruption of their ability to recapitulate their familiar route. However, they were able to compensate for this nonnatural impairment in a few hours by engaging in an extensive route-relearning ontogeny, composed of more learning walks than what naïve ants typically do. This relearning process with one eye forms novel memories, without erasing the previous memories acquired with two eyes. Additionally, ants having learned a route with one eye only are unable to recognize it with two eyes, even though more information is available. Together, this shows that visual memories are encoded and recalled in an egocentric and fundamentally binocular way, where the visual input as a whole must be matched to enable recognition. We show how this kind of visual processing fits with their neural circuitry.
Identification of movie encoding neurons enables movie recognition AI
Authors: Hiramoto Masaki , Cline Hollis T.
Published: November 2024

Natural visual scenes are dominated by spatiotemporal image dynamics, but how the visual system integrates “movie” information over time is unclear. We characterized optic tectal neuronal receptive fields using sparse noise stimuli and reverse correlation analysis. Neurons recognized movies of ~200-600 ms durations with defined start and stop stimuli. Movie durations from start to stop responses were tuned by sensory experience though a hierarchical algorithm. Neurons encoded families of image sequences following trigonometric functions. Spike sequence and information flow suggest that repetitive circuit motifs underlie movie detection. Principles of frog topographic retinotectal plasticity and cortical simple cells are employed in machine learning networks for static image recognition, suggesting that discoveries of principles of movie encoding in the brain, such as how image sequences and duration are encoded, may benefit movie recognition technology. We built and trained a machine learning network that mimicked neural principles of visual system movie encoders. The network, named MovieNet, outperformed current machine learning image recognition networks in classifying natural movie scenes, while reducing data size and steps to complete the classification task. This study reveals how movie sequences and time are encoded in the brain and demonstrates that brain-based movie processing principles enable efficient machine learning.
Universal Scaling Laws in Quantum-Probabilistic Machine Learning by Tensor Network: Toward Interpreting Representation and Generalization Powers
Authors: Bai Sheng-Chen , Ran Shi-Ju
Published: November 2024

The interpretation of representations and generalization powers has been a long-standing challenge in the fields of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence. This study contributes to understanding the emergence of universal scaling laws in quantum-probabilistic ML. We consider the generative tensor network (GTN) in the form of a matrix-product state as an example and show that with an untrained GTN (such as a random TN state), the negative logarithmic likelihood (NLL) L generally increases linearly with the number of features M, that is, L ≃ kM + const. This is a consequence of the so-called “catastrophe of orthogonality,” which states that quantum many-body states tend to become exponentially orthogonal to each other as M increases. This study reveals that, while gaining information through training, the linear-scaling law is suppressed by a negative quadratic correction, leading to L ≃ βM – αM
2 + const. The scaling coefficients exhibit logarithmic relationships with the number of training samples and quantum channels χ. The emergence of a quadratic correction term in the NLL for the testing (training) set can be regarded as evidence of the generalization (representation) power of the GTN. Over-parameterization can be identified by the deviation in the values of α between the training and testing sets while increasing χ. We further investigate how orthogonality in the quantum-feature map relates to the satisfaction of quantum-probabilistic interpretation and the representation and generalization powers of the GTN. Unveiling universal scaling laws in quantum-probabilistic ML would be a valuable step toward establishing a white-box ML scheme interpreted within the quantum-probabilistic framework.
Ultralow-Temperature Heat Transport in Quantum Spin Liquid Candidates: A Brief Review
Authors: Li 李 Na 娜 , Zhao 赵 Xia 霞 , Sun 孙 Xue-Feng 学峰
Published: November 2024

Heat in solids can be transported by various quasiparticles, making low-temperature heat transport a powerful tool for probing charge-neutral excitations in quantum materials. In recent years, ultralow-temperature heat transport has been instrumental in detecting exotic excitations in quantum spin liquids (QSLs). A non-zero residual thermal conductivity, κ
0/T, serves as compelling evidence for the presence of itinerant spinons and the gapless nature of a disordered state. Additionally, the thermal Hall effect (THE) in QSLs can arise from contributions by spinons or Majorana fermions. In this review, we summarize key thermal conductivity findings from various QSL candidates, focusing on the role of spinons in both heat transport and phonon scattering. We also examine different experimental observations and the underlying mechanisms of THE in QSL candidates with three-dimensional pyrochlore structures, as well as two-dimensional honeycomb and triangular lattices. This review offers valuable insights and guidance for understanding ultralow-temperature heat transport in QSLs.
New physics as a possible explanation for the Amaterasu particle
Authors: Lang Rodrigo Guedes
Published: November 2024

The Telescope Array experiment has recently reported the most energetic event detected in the hybrid technique era, with a reconstructed energy of 240 EeV, which has been named “Amaterasu” after the Shinto deity. Its origin is intriguing since no powerful enough candidate sources are located within the region consistent with its propagation horizon and arrival direction. In this work, we investigate the possibility of describing its origin in a scenario of new physics, specifically under a Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) assumption. The kinematics of UHECR propagation under a phenomenological LIV approach is investigated. The total mean free path for a particle with Amaterasu's energy increases from a few Mpc to hundreds of Mpc for -δ
had,0 > 10-22, expanding significantly the region from which it could have originated. A combined fit of the spectrum and composition data of Telescope Array under different LIV assumptions was also performed. The data is best fitted with some level of LIV both with and without Amaterasu. Robustness with data from the Pierre Auger Observatory is investigated by exploring an intermediate composition scenario. Similar improvements in the description of the data with LIV are found for that. New physics in the form of LIV could, thus, provide a plausible and robust explanation for the Amaterasu particle.
System Design for a Wide Field-of-view Near-infrared Telescope for Dome A in Antarctica
Authors: Li Zheng-Yang , Cong Jia-Nan , Wu Zhi-Xu , Jiang Peng , Chen Jia-Li , Chen Chao , Li Xiao-Yan , Pei Chong , Yao Xu , Yang Chen-Wei , Ji Tuo , Ashley Michael C. B.
Published: November 2024

Dome A in Antarctica likely has the best observing conditions on the Earth’s surface in the near-infrared owing to its sky-light background and superior seeing conditions. This work introduces the system design and on-sky performance of the first wide field-of-view near-infrared telescope at Dome A. We present the lens design, tolerance analysis and stray light analysis of the optical system. We then evaluate a preliminary alignment method suitable for daytime use based on visual inspection. Finally, we describe a direct drive motor with maze structures, and an optical system with thermal compensation that is specially designed for the extreme environment in Antarctica. The on-sky performances demonstrate that this pilot near-infrared telescope not only successfully explores new technologies for extreme environments, but also presents an opportunity for 2670 hr of uninterrupted synergistic observation with the 0.5 m AST3-2 telescope at Dome A. The distinctive attributes of our design render it invaluable in many astronomical fields and holds significant promise for the monitoring of space debris and near-earth asteroids.
The Crack Group in Mexican Literature, 1996–2016
Authors: Alvarado Ramón
Published: November 2024

The story of the Crack Group begins with the public reading of the “Crack Manifesto” in 1996. Mexican literature, in that final decade of the 20th century, was recognized in the Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to Octavio Paz in 1990. This gesture also implied consolidating the literary establishment while closing ranks with hegemonic figures. There were few spaces for new writers to publish, and literature was still regarded as a solitary act. Faced with this scenario, five writers under the slogan of “literary friendship” decided to change the rules of the game: They would read the “Manifesto” and would each complement it with their own novel. It could have been just another gesture, but those in control of literature saw it as an affront. It was not possible for them to go against the established aesthetics and themes that exalted a national literature. Their books expanded literary frontiers and dared to trace themes under the distinctive quality of a cosmopolitan literature. What started as a “serious joke” has become a milestone—and not only in Mexican literature. We cannot overlook the fact that, also in 1996, the McOndo anthology was released: two isolated incidents that would later converge to speak of a new period in the literature of the American continent. This assertion is supported by a trajectory of more than twenty years that was confirmed by the “Postmanifesto-Crack 1996–2016.” The Crack Group has built its trajectory that is supported by writings that detail the agonizing 20th century and the promising diverse 21st century.
Oral Poetry from Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula Part II: Strophic Sung Poetry and Poetry in the Modern South Arabian Languages
Authors: Liebhaber Samuel
Published: November 2024

Alongside the multiline folk qaṣīdah (the topic of “Oral Poetry from Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula Part I: The Qaṣīdah”), multiple genres of strophic sung verse from Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula offer an arena in which social and political concerns are contested at public gatherings and celebrations. Not all such collective verses are political; many address topics of lyric and sentimental content and allow greater latitude for personal expression. A further category of strophic sung poems—in the form of work songs, lullabies, and popular ditties—accompanies daily life. Although these songs originated as oral expressions of intimate sentiment, they increasingly embraced a sophisticated and cosmopolitan tone in from the mid-20th century onwards. Finally, poetry composed in the unwritten Modern South Arabian (MSA) languages of Yemen and Oman offers a counterpoint to poetry from Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula that has been composed in Arabic. Unlike Arabic literary and vernacular poetry, poetry in MSA languages has evolved without reference to a written and literary tradition; consequently, it manifests features that suggest its primary orality. Starting in the early 2000s, MSA-language-speaking poets began to experiment with writing their poetry; this experimentation has led to shifts in form and content as aspects of the written text-concept have taken root in their poetic practice.
Archaeological Studies in Myanmar
Authors: Moore Elizabeth
Published: November 2024

In Myanmar, from the Paleolithic to the early historic periods location has been an essential part of site layout and artifacts within wider cultural production. For all periods, there are issues of the classification and identification of implements that are complicated by multiperiod habitation. The result is frequent stratigraphic and artifactual ambiguity. Archaeological studies on the period from the Late Paleolithic to Neolithic eras have largely relied on artifact classification and minimally on the relationship to the local ecosystem. In many cases, hunter-gatherer foragers may have lived side by side with more sedentary groups who stored goods and stimulated a more hierarchical society. Archaeological research on the stone-using cultures began during the 19th century in tandem with colonial oil exploration. A pivotal 1943 survey was conducted of the geological terraces of the Upper Ayeyarwady River between Magway and Nyaung-U. This identified a Paleolithic culture utilizing fossil wood and river pebbles for tools dating to c.750,000 BP. The close link between environment and habitation strategies was matched in numerous Neolithic cultures that exploited natural resources at lowland open-air and cave sites. Near the Lower Chindwin, Upper Myanmar, associations with local resources are seen at Nyaung’gan, a bronze inhumation cemetery site of c.1500 bce on the rim of a extinct volcano. In a different way, local resources such as copper and soils determined the location of a series of bronze-iron mortuary sites in the plains of the Salween River (c.600 bce–300 CE) that flanked the Shan Plateau. These local chiefdoms exhibited status in abundant pottery and metal goods of burials. Mother-goddess figures and kye doke (bronze packets) representing bundles of fodder indicate a matrilineal ancestral culture engaged in incipient wet-rice cultivation. The subsequent emergence from c.200 bce of early urbanized Buddhist kingships and monastic communities continued in this agriculturally favorable landscape. Thus, for the period from the early stone cultures to the beginnings of the Buddhist societies that were expanding rice cultivation and interregional trade, understanding the local ecosystems is essential in accurately assessing the material culture.
History of Pastoralist Strategies and Resilience in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Mutisya-Kioko Eric
Published: November 2024

Since the spread of pastoralism in East Africa thousands of years ago, pastoral societies continue to face adverse and unpredictable ecological conditions as well as social, economic, and political changes. The former relates to aridity, drought, and livestock diseases while the latter includes violent conflicts and raiding, poor market participation, and policy changes relating to land use. The arid and semi-arid areas of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia are particularly notable in the history of these changes. The Borana/Boran, Turkana, Somali, Samburu, and Rendille have inhabited these two regions for centuries, although historical processes of ethnic intermixture have created a fluid situation, making it often difficult to distinguish groups, clans, and their localities.

The long-term survival of these communities depends on widespread strategies that individuals and groups rely on to navigate both natural and anthropogenic shocks and stress. Notably, therefore, natural and social-economic changes continuously inform anticipatory actions linked to notions of “controlling” the future by reducing potential risks and uncertainties.

The dominant pastoralist strategies in northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia include seasonal mobility, herd diversification, accumulation, and dispersion, the creation of social networks and alliances, livelihood and income diversification, conflict, and raiding, with the latter becoming increasingly maladaptive. History gives a view of these societal changes and adaptations over time rather than fixation in some invariant “traditional” state. These adaptive strategies are reminiscent of historical patterns that are based on modifying behaviors at both individual and group levels according to existing environmental, social-economic, and political conditions. The capacity of pastoral societies to navigate change and the lessons they draw from adaptive actions constitutes an important aspect of the resilience of the pastoral economy and society in East Africa.
Defining Planets
Authors: Sykes Mark  V. , Adams Elisabeth , Runyon Kirby , Stern S. Alan , Metzger Philip T.
Published: November 2024

For religious institutions in Latin western Europe of the 16th century, Earth was the center of the universe, and the orderly and predictable motion of the heavenly planets about the Earth (which included the Sun) reflected divine will and an inducement to moral improvement. The discovery by Copernicus that the Earth was not at the center of the universe, but was itself a planet orbiting the Sun, was revolutionary. The invention of the telescope resulted in the discovery of more planets by Galileo and others, initially thought to be planets orbiting planets. All planets were expected to feature geological processes seen on Earth. It was even speculated that these other worlds also supported intelligent life.

The search for and discovery of a predicted “missing planet” at the beginning of the 19th century opened the door to a rapidly growing number of new small planets, which appeared as points of light in the sky, and were also referred to as “asteroids,” meaning “star-like.” All planets at this time, which then included asteroids, were thought to have formed from a disk of nebular dust and gas surrounding the early Sun. While in the 19th century it was thought by some that asteroids may have arisen from the breakup of a larger planet, it was not until the 1950s when the smaller members of this population were shown to be collisional fragments that there was a paradigm shift in the scientific literature away from their being considered a type of planet.

Near the end of the 20th century, planets around other stars were discovered. These planets now number in the many thousands, greatly expanding the diversity of planet characteristics and solar system architectures. Since then, a growing number of small planets have been discovered in the Solar System (often referred to as ice dwarfs), many of which are hypothesized to have or have had subsurface oceans. Dwarfs are also satellites of planets. Ice dwarfs are the most common type of planet in the Solar System and are hypothesized to be the most common type of planet around other stars. If life can arise in subsurface oceans of these worlds, it raises the question of whether life might be common in the universe.

The use of the term “planet” today in the scientific literature continues to reflect its heritage from the time of Galileo, that is, planets are geophysical objects, regardless of their orbits. So, by definition, planets would be those objects large enough to be gravitationally round, in generally hydrostatic equilibrium, at which point differentiation commences and geophysical processes, similar to those observed on Earth, are observed to “turn on.”
The Visual International Relations Project
Authors: Gansen Sarah , James Patrick
Published: November 2024

Founded in 2019, the Visual International Relations Project (VIRP) seeks to improve communication in a vast and complex discipline. The principal means toward that end is an archive of single-page diagrams that represent the arguments of publications in International Relations (IR). These graphics are based on an easily intelligible set of rules from the systemist method and created with user-friendly software. Over 1,000 systemist figures appear in the VIRP archive at present and cover a wide range of subject matter. Entries are added to the archive on an ongoing basis.

Graphics from the VIRP archive are intended to assist with research and teaching in IR. A few examples follow by way of introduction and many more could be added. In each instance, cognitive psychology undergirds the claims that are made on behalf of the VIRP in terms of value added. Research from cognitive psychology supports the blending together of communication in words and graphics in order to achieve higher levels of understanding and retention.

With regard to research, a systemist diagram can assist with “brush clearing” at the stage of a literature search. The graphic might be able to decide for a researcher whether to invest the time in a careful reading of an item in the context of a specific project. Another possibility is to read through a set of systemist diagrams when embarking on a new area of work, in order to gain basic familiarity before moving on to the more extensive task of reading through the relevant literature.

In terms of teaching, consider the value of the archive as a memory aid. For a professor reviewing the contents of a lecture, items cited along the way could be viewed in the archive rather than re-read in full. Based on experience, the viewing of systemist graphics can provide a sufficient level of recall for lecture-related purposes. Along the same lines, consider the vast amount of reading that a doctoral student must complete in order to get ready for qualifying exams. Viewing graphic summaries for respective items on the reading list could provide a way to more efficiently prepare for a comprehensive exam that is based on literally hundreds of academic publications.

The VIRP, at this stage of development, already has a track record of accomplishment in research and teaching. A hybrid contribution, already implemented in multiple settings, is to facilitate brainstorming sessions. For this reason alone, the VIRP may be regarded as a resource for policymakers as well as academe.
Extremism in the West
Authors: Hafez Mohammed M.
Published: November 2024

Western societies are experiencing a surge in extremism, ranging from expressions of anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, homophobia, and xenophobia to outright violence and terrorism. This extremism and violence are emanating from multiple sources, including radicalized individuals acting on their own volition, ideological political movements and populist parties, and militant networks from all ends of the political spectrum. Yet, despite the diversity of motivations and ideological narratives, extremism in the West can be traced to four major factors that combine to produce radicalization: personal and collective grievances, networks and small group dynamics, political and religious ideologies, and permissive political environments and enabling structures. Understanding how grievances, networks, ideologies, and opportunities combine to undergird radicalization processes is an important step to formulating effective responses to extremism in the West.
Substantive Legitimate Expectations: Re-shaping the Boundaries of Judicial Reach in Public Law Remedies in Commonwealth Jurisdictions
Authors: Maripe Bugalo
Published: November 2024

A legitimate expectation is a state of affairs established in a court of law, usually in proceedings for judicial review, in which a public authority that has made a promise, or has acted in terms of a regular practice, as to the conduct of public affairs, is held to the promise or practice, and can only be allowed to resile from the promise, or deviate from the practice, if it has accorded a beneficiary of the promise or practice, a prior hearing. Thus, the presence of a legitimate expectation imports an obligation on the part of an authority to accord a hearing to affected parties, the obligation to observe the audi alteram partem rule (simply the audi rule). For a long time, the only favorable result for a claimant of a legitimate expectation was the setting aside of the decision of the public authority on procedural grounds. This is what is described in this Article as the orthodox approach. With time courts in some countries, notably England, began enforcing the promises and practices, in the sense of granting relief in line with the legitimate expectations, thus granting substantive outcomes. This came amid some spirited reluctance, as it was thought that this was against principle. The main objection was that granting such relief amounted to usurpation of executive power and was judicial overreach into an area reserved for the executive, and therefore breaking the boundaries of separation of powers. Notwithstanding these objections, courts have continued to grant substantive relief.

This Article argues that granting substantive outcomes is the proper province of the judiciary and does not amount to judicial overreach, and that substantive outcomes in many cases provide appropriate protection to individuals in cases of broken promises and disappointed expectations. It will be argued that the courts in many countries have in the past, without saying so, in fact granted substantive relief. It is time that an express exposition be made to the effect that substantive relief in cases of proved legitimate expectations is available as a remedy, for the guidance of public administrators and the public alike.
Longitudinal Patterns and Predictors of Cognitive Impairment Classification Stability
Authors: McDowell Cynthia , Tamburri Nicholas , Gawryluk Jodie R , MacDonald Stuart W S
Published: November 2024

Objective

Classifications such as Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (CIND) are thought to represent the transitory, pre-clinical phase of dementia. However, increasing research demonstrates that CIND represents a nonlinear, unstable entity that does not always lead to imminent dementia. The present study utilizes a longitudinal repeated measures design to gain a thorough understanding of CIND classification stability patterns and identify predictors of future stability. The objectives were to i) explore patterns of longitudinal stability in cognitive status across multiple assessments and ii) investigate whether select baseline variables could predict 6-year CIND stability patterns.

Method

Participants (N = 259) included older adults (aged 65–90 years) from Project MIND, a six-year longitudinal repeated measures design in which participants were classified as either normal cognition (NC) or CIND at each annual assessment. A latent transition analysis approach was adapted in order to identify and characterize transitions in CIND status across annual assessments. Participants were classified as either Stable NC, Stable CIND, Progressers, Reverters, or Fluctuaters. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to test whether baseline predictors were associated with cognitive status stability patterns.

Results

The sample demonstrated high rates of reversion and fluctuation in CIND status across annual assessments. Additionally, premorbid IQ and CIND severity (i.e., single vs. multi-domain impairment) at baseline were significantly associated with select stability outcomes.

Conclusions

CIND status was unstable for several years following baseline assessment and cognitive reserve may delay or protect against demonstrable cognitive impairment. Further, consideration of cognitive impairment severity at the time of initial classification may improve CIND classifications.