bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MEDIATION OF CHRIST'S NORMATIVE SPIRIT: A CONSTRUCTIVE READING OF SCHLEIERMACHER'S PNEUMATOLOGY
Authors: HECTOR KEVIN W.
Published: September 2010

Contemporary theologians have enriched our understanding of the Holy Spirit's identity and broadened our grasp of the pneumatological tradition, but a crucial question has not been sufficiently addressed: while we have renewed understandings of who the Spirit is and what the Spirit does, very little has been said about how the Spirit works. On the basis of some clues from Schleiermacher, this essay elaborates and defends an answer to this question. According to this proposal, Christ's normative Spirit is mediated through a process of mutual recognition which carries on the Spirit of Christ's beliefs and actions.
WONDER BETWEEN TWO: AN IRIGARAYAN READING OF GENESIS 2:231
Authors: DE VRIES ROLAND J.
Published: September 2010

Luce Irigaray, in the course of engagement with René Descartes, argues that we must return wonder to its first locus—that of sexual difference. I suggest that Irigaray's notion of wonder finds resonance in the poetic declaration of the first man in Genesis 2:23. While the creation narratives affirm the equality of woman and man, they also affirm the irreducibility of woman and man to each other. This insistence on wonder has implication for communicative exchange between woman and man. I also argue, however, against Irigaray, that wonder is as appropriate between humans and God as between the sexes.
Organised industrial relations in the information economy: the German automotive sector as a test case
Authors: Greer Ian
Published: September 2010

This paper explores changes in industrial relations in the German automotive sector. Historically, this sector has generated important insights about national ‘models’ and the political economy of work. It is argued that vertical disintegration has created new market‐mediated boundaries that have undermined existing patterns of organised industrial relations.
The limits of high performance work systems in unionised craft‐based work settings
Authors: McBride Jo
Published: September 2010

This paper focuses on constraints on the effectiveness of high performance work techniques deriving from the traditions of craft‐based trade unionism and long‐established structures and cultures within sector‐based employment relationships. The findings question the fundamentally managerialist nature of HPW accounts that assume labour's position in the high‐performance equation to be simply one of recipient of managerial initiatives.
EARLY IRON AGE BALANCE WEIGHTS AT LEFKANDI, EUBOEA
Authors: KROLL JOHN H.
Published: September 2010

Summary.  This report analyses the 16 stone balance weights and fragments recovered in 1994 from the ninth‐century BC Tomb 79 in the Toumba cemetery at Lefkandi, Euboea, the tomb of the ‘Warrior Trader’. In material, shapes, and mass standards, the weights are for the most part virtual duplicates of common LBA balance weights from Cyprus and the Levant and attest to (a) the long‐term continuity of maritime trading across the Bronze/Iron Age divide in the Cypro‐Levantine world, and (b) the active participation of Euboeans in this commercial sphere no later than the early ninth century. Discussed also is the relationship between some of these weights and the later Euboeic weight standard.
‘ALL CHILDREN ARE DWARFS’. MEDICAL DISCOURSE AND ICONOGRAPHY OF CHILDREN'S BODIES
Authors: DASEN VÉRONIQUE
Published: September 2010

Summary. Ancient medical discourse conveys a mainly negative view of children's bodies. From Hippocrates to Galen, newborn children are defined as imperfect and ugly beings, associating an excessive softness and weakness with various anomalies. Aristotle links their physical disproportions with those of dwarfs and animals. These disproportions induce physiological troubles and mental incapacities. Hot‐tempered and moist, children are dominated by their emotions and sensations. Often authors group them with other beings regarded as inferior, such as women, the old, the sick, the insane, the drunk. How are mythical and human children rendered in iconography? Do their characteristics correspond to the medical discourse? The image of children's bodies changes with the passing of time; the miniature adult of archaic Greece gradually turns into the plump toddler of the Hellenistic period. How can we interpret these transformations? Does the evolution of iconography reflect the transformation of society or does it mirror the progress of medical knowledge?
COULD YOU TAKE A PICTURE OF MY BOAT, PLEASE? THE USE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MEDITERRANEAN SHIP REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: LÓPEZ‐BERTRAN MIREIA , GARCIA‐VENTURA AGNÈS , KRUEGER MICHAŁ
Published: September 2010

Representations of ships, sailors and seafarers are common in many ancient societies. They were carved, drawn or painted on a great variety of raw materials – stone, wood, metal, textiles and pottery – and can be found in settings such as caves, tombs or royal palaces. Their presence at these sites raises the possibility that these images of maritime life have symbolic or ritual connotations.

This paper presents examples of representations of Phoenician and Punic ships from the first millennium BC, in an attempt to understand the role of both their creators and their audiences. These images are subsequently analysed in more detail, focusing on their technical features and their historical contexts. This paper concludes with a consideration of the social and religious aspects of ancient Mediterranean navigation.
GREEN THESSALIAN STONE: THE BYZANTINE QUARRIES AND THE USE OF A UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL FROM THE LARISA AREA, GREECE. PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: MELFOS VASILIOS
Published: September 2010

The quarries of ‘green Thessalian stone’ provide important information about the use of materials and the application of technology in late antiquity. This stone was used for decorative purposes in Imperial Rome and especially in Byzantium. Sarcophagi, column shafts, facing slabs, tubs, ambones, iconostaseis and baptismal fonts are still found in places stretching from Syria to Britain and from Tunisia to Germany, as well as Rome, Constantinople and Thessaloniki. There are two important areas of quarrying at the Chasanbali Hill in the Larisa area of central Greece. At the southern site, quarrying operations took place mainly in late Roman times, whereas the northern quarrying zone provided mostly raw materials for making pillars and other architectural pieces during the Byzantine period. Green Thessalian stone is composed of an ophicalcite, a mosaic of green serpentinite and white marble fragments. Mineralogically, the Larisa ophicalcite consists largely of serpentine, calcite, magnetite, haematite and chromite. Chemical analyses reveal a high quantity of CaO (26.39 to 31.00 wt%), while Cr varies between 940 and 1430 ppm. C and O isotopic compositions of the marble inclusions show δ13C values ranging from +3.12 to +3.31 ‰ and δ18O values from −12.98 to −13.11 ‰.
CHINA'S EQUILIBRIUM REAL EXCHANGE RATE: A COUNTERFACTUAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Tyers Rod , Bain Iain , Bu Yongxiang
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  China's ‘equilibrium’ real effective exchange rate is explored using an adaptation of the Devarajan‐Lewis‐Robinson three‐good general equilibrium model under a variety of assumptions about the balance of trade. The absence of secondary indices of import and export prices necessitates their construction from trade data. Some undervaluation is suggested in the lead‐up to and during the financial crisis, due in part to an extraordinary accumulation of foreign reserves following exchange rate integration in 1994. If, instead, China had run a more typical trade balance prior to the crisis its real effective exchange rate would have been higher by about a tenth.
REVALUATION PRESSURE AND NEW EXCHANGE RATE ARRANGEMENTS FOR EAST ASIA: A SYMPOSIUM
Authors: Von Furstenberg George M.
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  This symposium offers a selection of significant research on the renminbi and broader East Asian exchange rate policy pressures and options first presented at a 22–27 May 2006 conference in Bellagio, Italy. Its venue, Villa Serbelloni, was made available by the Rockefeller Foundation. Reforms of the international monetary and financial system have been discussed there since the 1960s. As was the case then, the focus of the conference was once again on the declining international anchor functions and relations with the US dollar, but this time in and with continental East Asia, rather than Europe and Japan.
NEAR‐TERM EXCHANGE RATE FLEXIBILITY IN EAST ASIA: PRECURSOR TO REGIONAL MONETARY UNION?
Authors: Gudmundsson Már
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  Trade integration has advanced far in East Asia whereas financial integration has been lagging. Important policy initiatives have, however, been taken. This process will eventually require further relaxation of cross‐border capital controls, which in turn will make exchange rate stabilisation schemes more difficult to operate. These developments seem to run counter to the perceived need to promote intra‐regional exchange rate stability in order to maintain trade integration. However, it would be risky to impose regional exchange rate stabilisation schemes over an indefinite period. Monetary union could still be a worthy objective, but near‐term exchange rate stabilisation should not be part of the road map.
EFFICACY OF CHINA'S CAPITAL CONTROLS: EVIDENCE FROM PRICE AND FLOW DATA
Authors: Ma Guonan , McCauley Robert N
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  The paper argues that China's capital controls remain substantially binding. This has allowed the Chinese authorities to retain some degree of short‐term monetary autonomy, despite the fixed exchange rate to July 2005. Although the Chinese capital controls have not been watertight, we find sustained and significant gaps between onshore and offshore renminbi interest rates and persistent dollar/renminbi interest rate differentials during the period of a de facto dollar peg. While some cross‐border flows do respond to market expectations and relative yields, they have not been large enough to equalise onshore and offshore renminbi yields.
Human Rights Guarantees, Constitutional Law, and The Military Commissions Act of 2006
Authors: Cutler Leonard
Published: September 2010

In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the U.S. government in conjunction with NATO allies conducted a military campaign in Afghanistan that deposed the Taliban, destroyed Al‐Qaida camps, and took 700 suspected terrorists into custody for internment and trial by military commission at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Six years later about 355 detainees remained in Guantanamo amid reports of persecution, ill treatment, mental and physical health breaches, rape, and torture. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights Working Group on Arbitrary Detention recommended closure of the Guantanamo Bay facility, as have many foreign governments and prominent current and former U.S. officials. For its part, the Bush administration has denied committing any acts of torture against the detainees and has insisted that its approach to the trial and punishment of the alleged terrorists is legal and consistent with the principles of international humanitarian laws. This article focuses on the Military Commissions Act of 2006 and the extent to which the President, Congress, and the United States Supreme Court have addressed human rights guarantees consistent with the rule of law and principles of justice.
My Lai: The Struggle Over Outrage
Authors: Gray Truda , Martin Brian
Published: September 2010

The 1968 My Lai massacre, during the Vietnam War, and its aftermath can be conceptualized as a struggle over outrage. Examination of the events reveals that the perpetrators and their commanders took various actions that inhibited outrage over the unprovoked killing of civilians. These actions can be classified into five methods: covering up evidence; devaluing the victims; reinterpreting the episode as a military victory; setting up superficial investigations that gave the appearance of justice; and intimidating those who might speak out. These are the same five methods regularly used by perpetrators to inhibit outrage about other types of injustices. This case gives guidance on the sorts of techniques needed to raise concern about human rights violations during wartime.
Product Market Competition and Shareholder Rights: International Evidence
Authors: Knyazeva Anzhela , Knyazeva Diana
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the interaction between product market competition and international differences in shareholder rights in relation to firm performance and corporate policies. In contrast to existing literature, we provide evidence of complementarities between product market competition and country shareholder rights protections. The benefits of shareholder rights protections for firm performance are conditional on the presence of a competitive industry environment. We find that stronger shareholder rights protections are associated with better firm performance in competitive industries. However, this relation is not significant in concentrated industries. Consistent results are obtained from the analysis of key corporate policies.
Working at Intimacy: Gay Men's Workplace Friendships
Authors: Rumens Nick
Published: September 2010

Despite scholarly efforts to challenge the dualistic stereotype of men as rational and women as emotion experts, academics have paid little attention to the issues that arise when gay and lesbian sexualities are introduced into such debates. This article highlights the heterosexist content of much of the research on gender, emotion and organization, and argues the relevancy of investigating the largely neglected topic of intimacy and friendship in the work lives of gay men. Engaging with feminist, queer and sociological research that examines friendship in the lives of individuals who belong to sexual minority groups, I explore in this study the diversity in the way gay men find and work out intimacy in the context of workplace friendships with other gay men and with heterosexual men and women. The data for this article are drawn from in‐depth interviews with ten gay men employed in one UK National Health Service Trust. Study findings problematize conceptualizations of friendships at work as being bereft of intimacy, of little value and clearly distinguishable from business relationships. Dichotomous modes of thinking about the impact of gender and sexuality on intimacy and friendship are also challenged.
Understanding the High Rates of Employment among Low‐educated Women in Portugal: A Comparatively Oriented Case Study
Authors: Tavora Isabel
Published: September 2010

This article addresses the question of why Portugal is an exception among southern European countries in having a high rate of female employment. Cross‐national data show an even greater gap between Portugal and its southern European neighbours in the employment rates for low‐educated women. This article presents case‐based evidence on the work orientations, gender relations and reconciliation strategies of low‐educated women working in the clothing industry in Portugal. The analysis reveals that while economic need plays an important role in their attachment to employment, their work decisions are forged by a complex set of attitudes regarding employment and the family. Traditional values regarding the role of women in the family co‐exist with more modern values regarding their employment participation. Moreover, the institutional arrangements of childcare and reconciliation also appear to be more supportive than might be expected in a southern Europe welfare state. By focusing on a particular group of low‐educated women, the findings suggest that the same welfare policies may have different impacts on the reconciliation strategies of women of different socioeconomic groups.
Transformationsraum Fotografie: Berlin‐Hellersdorf am Übergang von DDR Zu BRD
Authors: Bräunert Svea
Published: September 2010

Built between 1979 and 1991, the housing complex Berlin‐Hellersdorf was one of the last and most ambitious construction projects of the GDR. Located at the interstice between East and West Germany, Hellersdorf can thus be seen as a space conducive to thinking about the 1990s post‐socialist transformations. The 1998 interdisciplinary project Peripherie als Ort. Das Hellersdorf Projekt picks up on this idea. Focusing on the works of Ulrich Wüst and Helga Paris, who have contributed to the Hellersdorf Project, the following essay analyses the role photography and architecture play as indices of socio‐political and spatial transitions. Entering into a dialogue with photography, East German prefab housing, commonly referred to as ‘Platte’, becomes a mnemonic space whose parallactic perspectives are materially bound to the past without denying the changing present. As such, Hellersdorf presents itself as a complex space outside Berlin's city centre that invites reflections about the transformations that have taken place since German unification.

Die zwischen 1979 und 1991 errichtete Großsiedlung Berlin‐Hellersdorf war eines der letzten und ehrgeizigsten Wohnungsbauprojekte der DDR. Solcherart am direkten Übergang von DDR zu BRD lokalisiert, kann Hellersdorf als Denkraum verstanden werden, anhand dessen sich die postsozialistischen Transformationsprozesse der 1990er‐Jahre exemplarisch nachvollziehen und problematisieren lassen. An diesen Gedanken anknüpfend, entstand 1998 das interdisziplinäre Vorhaben Peripherie als Ort. Das Hellersdorf Projekt, an dem sich unter anderem die Fotograf/innen Ulrich Wüst und Helga Paris beteiligten. Von ihren Arbeiten ausgehend, untersucht der vorliegende Essay die Bedeutung von Fotografie und Architektur als Indizes des Übergangs. Im Dialog mit der Fotografie wird der Plattenbau zum parallaktischen Erinnerungsraum, der in einer materiellen Verbindung mit der Vergangenheit steht, ohne jedoch die Veränderungen der Gegenwart leugnen zu können. Damit bietet Hellersdorf einen komplexen Raum abseits des Berliner Zentrums, der zum Nachdenken über die Transformationsprozesse seit der deutschen Vereinigung einlädt.
The Ghosts of Lenin, Thälmann and Marx in the Post‐Socialist Cityscape
Authors: Saunders Anna
Published: September 2010

Monumental statues of socialist martyrs and the ideological fathers of communism marked many GDR cityscapes as unequivocally socialist. Such monuments were carefully designed to occupy symbolic and ritual space at the heart of urban centres, and were intended to serve as the location of political demonstrations and ceremonies – yet in reality became little more than empty ritual symbols. After the fall of the Wall, these structures rapidly lost their intended political and symbolic functions, yet as ‘unintended’ monuments they adopted a new symbolic potency, standing not only as historic documents, but also as potent sites of memory.

This article examines the discussions and decision‐making processes behind three such monuments: the Lenin‐Denkmal (Friedrichshain, Berlin), removed in 1991, the Ernst‐Thälmann‐Denkmal (Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin), which remains standing, and the Karl‐Marx‐Relief (Leipzig), now reinstated in a less prominent location. All three cases display a high level of interaction between residents, political parties and the local authorities, who employ language and imagery symbolic of the demonstrations of 1989, and call on the past to legitimise the present. It is only now that the monuments are serving their originally intended purpose – albeit temporarily – as sites of emotional and political engagement with the past.

Monumentale Denkmäler von sozialistischen Märtyrern und den ideologischen Vätern des Kommunismus markierten DDR‐Stadtlandschaften als sozialistisch schlechthin. Solche Denkmäler wurden sorgfältig entworfen, um symbolischen und rituellen Raum in Stadtzentren zu schaffen, und sollten als Orte politischer Demonstrationen und Feierstunden dienen – in Wirklichkeit wurden sie aber leere Symbole des Rituals. Nach dem Fall der Mauer verloren diese Monumente rasch ihre gewollten politischen und symbolischen Funktionen, aber als ‘ungewollte’ Denkmäler übernahmen sie eine neue symbolische Bedeutung und wurden nicht nur zu historischen Dokumenten, sondern auch zu potenten Erinnerungsorten.

Dieser Artikel untersucht die Diskussionen und Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse hinter drei solchen Denkmälern: Dem Lenin‐Denkmal (Friedrichshain, Berlin), das 1991 abgerissen wurde, dem Ernst‐Thälmann‐Denkmal (Prezlauer Berg, Berlin), das noch steht, und dem Karl‐Marx‐Relief (Leipzig), das am Rande der Stadt wieder aufgebaut wurde. Diese drei Beispiele zeugen von einem wichtigen Zusammenspiel zwischen Einwohnern, politischen Parteien und Bezirksregierungen, die alle die Vergangenheit hervorrufen, um die Gegenwart zu legitimieren, sowie eine Sprache und Symbolik anwenden, die die Demonstrationen vom Herbst 1989 wachrufen. Erst jetzt erfüllen diese Denkmäler somit ihren ursprünglichen Zweck – obgleich vorübergehend – als Orte, die ein emotional und politisch bestimmtes Geschichtsbewusstsein erzeugen.
The Topography of the Self in Christa Wolf's Der geteilte Himmel
Authors: Rechtien Renate
Published: September 2010

This article examines Christa Wolf's highly allegorised novel Der geteilte Himmel (1963) from the perspective of topography. It identifies the extent to which the East German cityscape, and in particular the divided city of Berlin, is constructed as a place that is heavily invested with a desire for the stabilisation of the socialist project alongside utopian longing for ‘arrival’ in socialism. At the same time, however, spatial relations such as the negotiation of the private in relation to the public domain, a topography that revolves around borders and boundaries (physical as well as metaphorical and psychic), and images whose intended function in the novel is to associate socialism with the forces of modernity and progress, ultimately tell a more complex story. They point to deeper tensions in the author that ultimately threaten to destabilise the surface narrative of the text.

Dieser Artikel unterzieht Christa Wolfs Der geteilte Himmel (1963) einer topographischen Analyse, welche die Konstruktion der Stadtlandschaft im Sozialismus, vor allem aber die der Stadt Berlin zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Teilung in diesem ausgesprochen allegorisch codierten Text untersucht. Dabei wird die Stadt als ein Ort entworfen, der einerseits stark mit der sozialistischen Utopie sowie mit dem Verlangen, den Aufbau des Sozialismus in der DDR zu stabilisieren, verknüpft ist. Gleichzeitig verweist er darauf, dass räumliche Anordnungen, die das Verhandeln von Grenzen zwischen dem öffentlichen und dem privaten Leben betreffen, sowie geographische als auch metaphorische Landschaften des Textes, die durch Grenzen und Grenzziehungen charakterisiert sind, und schließlich Motive, deren eigentliche Funktion es ist, den Sozialismus mit den Kräften der Moderne und des Fortschritts zu assoziieren, eine komplexere Geschichte erzählen. Letztendlich, so wird behauptet, kommen schon in diesem frühen Text der Autorin tiefere Spannungen zum Tragen, die den auf der Oberfläche liegenden Text untergraben und zu destabilisieren drohen.
Space, Time and Power: The Chronotopes of Uwe Tellkamp's Der Turm
Authors: Clarke David
Published: September 2010

This article examines the evocation of Dresden in the 1980s in Uwe Tellkamp's bestselling novel Der Turm (2008). The article highlights how Bakhtin's notion of ‘chronotopes’ can illuminate the spatial politics of the city as imagined by Tellkamp and the critique of its ‘Bildungsbürgertum’ formulated in his novel. Whereas the inhabitants of the ‘Turmviertel’ portrayed in the text attempt to create a space rooted in cultural nostalgia as a refuge from the influence of the state, Tellkamp demonstrates how this strategy is founded on a misconception of the nature of state power in the GDR. This power can be understood with reference to Giorgio Agamben as the power to reduce the citizen to a state of ‘bare life’.

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Darstellung des Dresden der 1980er Jahre in Uwe Tellkamps Erfolgsroman Der Turm (2008). Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf die Bachtinische Vorstellung von ‘Chronotopen’, um die Politik des Raums in der Stadt, wie sie von Tellkamp entworfen wird, sowie die Kritik des Romans am Bildungsbürgertum der Stadt zu erklären. Obwohl die Einwohner und Einwohnerinnen des ‘Turmviertels’ im Text einen alternativen Raum zu entwerfen versuchen, der von einer kulturellen Nostalgie lebt und der dem Einfluss des Staates widerstehen soll, zeigt Tellkamp wie dieser Versuch auf ein falsches Bild der Machtverhältnisse zurückgeht. Mit Giorgio Agamben kann man sagen, dass hier die Staatsmacht auf der Macht gründet, den Bürger bzw. die Bürgerin auf ‘nacktes Leben’ zu reduzieren.
A Model of Faking Likelihood in the Employment Interview
Authors: Levashina Julia , Campion Michael A.
Published: September 2010

There has been surprisingly little research on faking in the employment interview, despite the fact that professional judgment would suggest that faking might occur in the interview. Based on a review of the literature on faking in personality tests and the literature on deception, we propose a model of faking during an employment interview and develop 19 testable propositions to guide future research. We argue that faking is a function of capacity, willingness, and opportunity to fake. Structured interviews provide less opportunity for intentional distortion; however, some components of structure may actually increase faking. Finally, job candidates distort their responses in job desirable ways.
The Validity of Verifiable and Non‐verifiable Biodata Items: An Examination Across Applicants and Incumbents
Authors: Harold Crystal M. , McFarland Lynn A. , Weekley Jeff A.
Published: September 2010

This study examines the influence of item verifiability (non‐verifiable vs. verifiable), context (applicant vs. incumbent), and keying procedure on biodata mean test scores and validity. Concurrent and predictive validation studies were conducted using a sample of 425 call center incumbents and a sample of 410 call center applicants. Although applicants did not obtain significantly higher mean biodata scores, results provide support for the hypothesis that the non‐verifiable biodata composite would be less valid in the applicant context, while the verifiable biodata composite would be equally valid across both the applicant and incumbent contexts. The same pattern of results was obtained using both item‐ and option‐keying procedures. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Higher‐Order Factor Structures and Intercorrelations of the 16PF5 and FIRO‐B
Authors: Dancer Laura J. , Woods Stephen A.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the intercorrelations and the independent and combined factor structures of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire Fifth Edition (16PF5) and the Fundamental Interpersonal Orientation‐Behaviour Scale (FIRO‐B). Four thousand four hundred and fourteen U.S. participants completed these measures as part of executive assessments between 1994 and 2003. Exploratory factor analyses supported the five‐factor higher‐order structure of the 16PF5; however, the three‐component structure for the FIRO‐B was not supported. A six‐factor structure was found to underlie the variance in the measures in combination. Five of these were close to the 16PF5 higher‐order structure, but a sixth factor labelled Social Independence also emerged. This new factor consisted of the 16PF5 primaries of Liveliness and Social Boldness, and the FIRO‐B Wanted Control scale.
Tenement City: The Emergence of Multi‐storey Districts Through Large‐scale Private Landlordism in Nairobi
Authors: HUCHZERMEYER MARIE
Published: September 2010

Large‐scale private landlordism dominates low‐income housing provision in Nairobi, with extreme residential densities in districts where rooming tenements reach seven floors above ground. This trend differs from the small‐scale private landlordism, predominantly with owner occupation, which has been documented for the developing world. Nairobi's large‐scale multi‐storey private rental has remained unmentioned in housing and tenure literature on the developing world. The terms ‘tenement’ and ‘tenement city’ are largely associated with nineteenth and early twentieth century rental investment in Europe and the US when cities were shaped by the profit‐making interests of landlords. In this article, two case studies of tenement areas in Nairobi, low‐income Huruma and middle‐income Umoja Inner Core, are analysed in terms of the evolution of the tenement investment and current residential densities. The ongoing, mostly unauthorized construction of tenements suggests that Nairobi could be termed a tenement city, a reality that is not currently addressed by the urban discourse.

A Nairobi, la propriété privée à grande échelle domine l'offre de logements à faible loyer, avec des densités résidentielles extrêmes dans des quartiers où les immeubles de rapport proposant des chambres s'élèvent sur sept étages. Cette tendance se distingue de la propriété privée à petite échelle, occupée essentiellement par le propriétaire, décrite pour les pays en développement. La location à grande échelle dans les immeubles privés à plusieurs étages de Nairobi n'a jamais été abordée dans les travaux sur le logement ou ses modes d'occupation dans les pays en développement. ‘Immeuble de rapport’ et ‘cité ouvrière’ sont des expressions associées d'abord aux investissements pratiqués dans le logement locatif au XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, en Europe et aux Etats‐Unis, lorsque l'urbanisme était dicté par les intérêts mercantiles des propriétaires. Cet article présente deux études de cas de quartiers locatifs de Nairobi, l'un à faible revenu (Huruma), l'autre à revenu moyen (Umoja Inner Core). L'analyse s'appuie sur l'évolution de l'investissement dans les immeubles de rapport et sur les densités résidentielles courantes. Compte tenu de la construction actuelle — sauvage le plus souvent — d'immeubles de rapport, Nairobi pourrait être qualifiée de cité ouvrière, une réalité ignorée pour le moment par les débats urbains.
Re‐urbanizing London Docklands: Gentrification, Suburbanization or New Urbanism?
Authors: BUTLER TIM
Published: September 2010

This article is based on a study of Docklands in London, which was undertaken as part of a larger study of gentrification in inner London. Using interview and survey data, the article compares Docklands with the gentrification that has taken place elsewhere in inner London. Whilst there were important differences between these inner‐London study areas, all differ qualitatively from the process in Docklands. The article questions whether the distinction that is normally drawn between ‘gentrification by capital’ and ‘gentrification by collective social action’ is appropriate and argues that this disguises the nature of the urban regeneration being undertaken in Docklands. It is suggested that this is more a process of re‐urbanization in which some of the characteristics normally associated with suburban development are being brought to an area near the centre of the city, but in a context more normally reserved for gentrification. The data from the survey show that for many of the respondents in Docklands, the kind of life they are seeking is often associated with some conceptions of suburban life. It is suggested that both gentrification and suburbanization as concepts need to be used with care in understanding contemporary processes of re‐urbanization such as are occurring in Docklands and the central areas of other British cities.

Cet article s'appuie sur une étude du quartier des Docks de Londres, menée dans le cadre de travaux plus vastes relatifs à l'embourgeoisement du centre londonien. Des données provenant d'entretiens et d'enquêtes permettent une comparaison entre cette zone et d'autres quartiers centraux ayant connu un embourgeoisement. S'il existe d'importantes différences entre ces quartiers du centre‐ville, tous divergent au plan qualitatif du processus des Docks. En s'interrogeant sur la pertinence de la distinction entre ‘embourgeoisement par le capital’ et ‘embourgeoisement par l'action sociale collective’, l'article avance que cette vision dissimule la nature de la régénération urbaine entreprise dans le quartier des Docks. Il s'agit davantage d'un processus de ré‐urbanisation dans lequel des caractéristiques associées habituellement à l'aménagement des banlieues sont apportées dans une zone située près du centre‐ville, bien que dans un contexte plus normalement réservéà l'embourgeoisement. Les résultats d'enquête montrent que, pour bon nombre des personnes interrogées, le genre de vie recherché dans le quartier des Docks se rapproche de certaines conceptions de la vie suburbaine. Il convient donc d'utiliser avec prudence les concepts d'embourgeoisement et de suburbanisation si l'on veut comprendre les processus contemporains de ré‐urbanisation, tels que ceux qui ont lieu dans le quartier des Docks et dans le centre d'autres grandes villes britanniques.
Labour Geography: A Work in Progress
Authors: CASTREE NOEL
Published: September 2010

This short essay takes stock of where the field of ‘labour geography’ has got to and where it might productively go. The first part identifies labour geography's signature characteristics as they have emerged over the last 15–20 years. These are its insistence that geography is constitutive of employment issues, its emphasis on worker agency, its analytical promiscuousness, its acute awareness of power and inequality, and its Left sensibility politically speaking. The second part of the essay is programmatic and looks to the future. It is argued that labour geographers ought to more carefully conceptualize and study worker agency; to connect labour migration more organically with existing research on place‐based workers; to develop a more substantive understanding of how states regulate employment and workers’ lives; to look to synthesize different geographical dimensions of worker existence and strategy; to aim to examine working peoples’ lives holistically; and to be more explicit about the normative basis of their ‘pro‐labour’ stance and its implications for worker strategy.

Ce texte court examine ce qui a été réalisé dans le domaine de la ‘géographie du travail’ et les orientations fructueuses qui pourraient être suivies. La première partie détermine les traits identitaires de la géographie du travail qui ont vu le jour au cours des 15 à 20 dernières années: son insistance pour que la géographie soit partie prenante dans les questions d'emploi, son accent sur l'agence des travailleurs, sa promiscuité analytique, sa conscience aiguë du pouvoir et de l'inégalité, et sa sensibilité de gauche au plan politique. La seconde partie, programmatique, s'intéresse à l'avenir et à ce que les géographes du travail devraient faire: conceptualiser et étudier l'agence des travailleurs avec davantage de rigueur; relier de façon plus organique la migration du travail et les recherches existantes sur la main‐d'œuvre locale; offrir une compréhension concrète de la manière dont les Etats régulent l'emploi et la vie des actifs; veiller à synthétiser les différentes dimensions géographiques dans l'existence et la stratégie des salariés; chercher à analyser globalement la vie des populations actives; être plus explicite sur le fond normatif de leur attitude ‘pro‐travail’ et sur ses implications pour la stratégie des salariés.
Evolution in the structure of employment and unemployment and its consequences for general pensions schemes1
Authors:   Federation of German Pensions Insurance Institutes (Federal Republic of Germany)
Published: September 2010

The statutory pension insurance scheme in the Federal Republic of Germany has been financed by the allocation procedure de jure for some time now and de facto for a considerable period. Consequently, the annual expenditures have to be covered by revenues in a given year. As a result, the allocation procedure implies a contract between generations. In 1987, the main sources of revenue were: 83.2 per cent revenue from contributions and 15 per cent from the Federal subsidy.
Eine Gabe an St. Nimmerlein? - Zur zeitlichen Dimension der Schuldenbremse
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich
Published: September 2010

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the tax and transfer systems in the European Union and the US to act as an automatic stabilizer in the current economic crisis. We consider two scenarios: a proportional income shock and a shock on employment which increases the rate of unemployment.We find that automatic stabilizers absorb 38 per cent of a proportional income shock in the EU, compared to 32 per cent in the US. In the case of an unemployment shock 48 per cent of the shock is absorbed in the EU, compared to 34 per cent in the US. Under the assumption that only credit constrained households adjust current spending on consumption goods to current disposable income, the cushioning of disposable income leads to a demand stabilization of 26 to 35 per cent in the EU and 19 per cent in the US. There is large heterogeneity within the EU. Automatic stabilizers in Eastern and Southern Europe are much lower than in Central and Northern European countries. With respect to income stabilization, Germany is above the European average for both scenarios. Demand stabilization in Germany is weaker because the number of liquidity constrained households is below the EU average.
Föderalismusreform II: Zur Frage des Controlling der Konsolidierungshilfen
Authors: Ragnitz Joachim
Published: September 2010

In 2009, German federal fiscal relationships were reorganized in order to introduce binding rules for a reduction of public deficits. One element of this reform are so called “consolidation transfers” for heavily indebted states as an measure to reduce debt. In turn, receiving states have to run a strict consolidation strategy in the years to come, that is a reduction of public expenditure. It is shown that these bail-out rules will only help if the accompanying regulations will be enforced in a restrictive matter; however. There are risks that this will not be pursued in a proper way.
Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten in Entscheidungsprozessen über föderale Finanzbeziehungen oder: Die ewig Unvollendete
Authors: Renzsch Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

The system of intergovernmental fiscal relations in the Federal Republic of Germany has been always extremely difficult to regulate. The Parliamentary Council of 1948/49 left this task unfinished, and the first fiscal reform of 1955 was only partly successful. The 1969 reform seemed to be more successful, but it became clear quite soon that intensified interlocking politics created new problems for the decision-making process. Also, it created incentives to finance public policies by debts. The financing of German unity was based on the 1969 regulations. In recent years the overburdening of the existing rules became obvious. Growing problems caused a shift of paradigm in the direction of less interlocking politics and financing.
Sinnhaftigkeit und Effektivität der deutschen Schuldenbremse
Authors: Feld Lars P.
Published: September 2010

Since 2009 Germany has a new debt regime that requires the federal government to reduce its structural deficits to 0.35 percent of GDP until 2016 and the Länder to balance their budgets structurally until 2020. In this paper the rationale for a debt brake is discussed, the provisions of the new regime are summarized and its effectiveness is assessed. Although the new debt brake basically provides for a reasonable framework to achieve sustainable public finances, several loopholes remain that enable finance ministers to avoid fiscal consolidation. Particularly problematic are the provisions for the Länder which have incentives to appear excessively indebted until 2019 in order to negotiate better financial conditions in the fiscal equalization system that must be revised until 2019. These incentives may be stronger than the constitutional provision to reduce deficits.
What's the Buzz? Undercover Marketing and the Corruption of Friendship1
Authors: KENNETT JEANETTE , MATTHEWS STEVE
Published: September 2010

abstract  Undercover marketing targets potential customers by concealing the commercial nature of an apparently social transaction. In a typical case an individual approaches a marketing target apparently to provide some information or advice about a product in a way that makes it seem like they are a fellow consumer. In another kind of case, a friend displays a product to you, and encourages its purchase, but fails to disclose their association with the marketing firm. We focus on this second type of case and argue that the constitutive dispositions of friendship that provide for the development and maintenance of intimacy also render friends especially vulnerable to undercover marketing techniques and so to the exploitation of friendship for commercial ends. We show how this is corrupting both of the friendship and the commercial agent.
Consciousness and the Moral Permissibility of Infanticide1
Authors: HASSOUN NICOLE , KRIEGEL URIAH
Published: September 2010

abstract  In this paper, we present a conditional argument for the moral permissibility of some kinds of infanticide. The argument is based on a certain view of consciousness and the claim that there is an intimate connection between consciousness and infanticide. In bare outline, the argument is this: it is impermissible to intentionally kill a creature only if the creature is conscious; it is reasonable to believe that there is some time at which human infants are not conscious; therefore, it is reasonable to believe that it is permissible to intentionally kill some human infants.
The Effect of International Terrorism on EU Intelligence Co‐operation
Authors: MÜLLER‐WILLE BJÖRN
Published: September 2010

While the US has revamped its intelligence community by creating the Department of Homeland Security, little seems to have happened at the European level. The article seeks to explain why some intelligence co‐operation takes place within the EU and why the bulk does not. It uses a new model, the ‘intelligence cube’, to develop a discussion on co‐operation in distinct areas. Following a functionalist approach, suggesting that collaboration is utility driven, it proposes that efficiency considerations offer the most convincing explanation why no new European Intelligence Agency has been created and why so little co‐operation takes place within EU structures.
Crisis Management and Corporate Strategy in African Firms: Towards a Contingency Approach
Authors: Ouedraogo Alidou
Published: September 2010

Crisis management logic suggests that preparing for a crisis should be a critical part of organizational strategy. This article aims to explore the difficulties in translating this logic into business practices in the African context. By comparing the application of the three most popular theoretical perspectives used in the field of strategy with the context of African firms, we come to the conclusion that another approach, the contingency perspective, must be integrated in order for African companies to manage small business crises successfully. This study is based on four case studies. It ends with two proposals for future research and practice in crisis management in African firms: (1) introducing a logic of solidarity; and (2) introducing the idea of the ‘palabre’.1
Developing Local Emergency Management by Co‐Ordination Between Municipalities in Policy Networks: Experiences from Sweden
Authors: Palm Jenny , Ramsell Elina
Published: September 2010

This study aims to increase our understanding of how co‐operation in inter‐municipality policy networks in a Swedish region is established and maintained regarding emergency management. We discuss how a network of five municipalities emerged and took shape. Overall, we conclude that co‐ordination and co‐operation in municipal emergency management are probably relatively easy to develop, because it is easy for the involved actors to see the benefits. Sharing resources is seen as crucial when establishing and, not least, financing efficient, high‐quality emergency management. The municipalities' lack of resources to provide effective emergency services, as required by law, makes them dependent on each other. Limits for co‐ordination were connected to distance and other geographical factors. Other limits of equal importance were linked to factors such as culture/tradition, mutual understanding, size of partners, and unwillingness to give up authority as well as a prior barrier for co‐operation between small and bigger municipalities.
AN ASSESSMENT OF FASHION AWARENESS OF FEMALES BASED ON SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
Authors: HORRIDGE PATRICIA E. , KHAN SAMINA , HUFFMAN KAREN ELISE
Published: September 2010

A sample of 252 females was queried to determine the differences in fashion awareness. The study aimed to assess the fashion awareness of females as affected by the city of residence, by their reference to different selected fashion magazines, and the extent of fashion awareness existing among women based on the following variables: age, marital status, education, number of dependent children in the family, income, and courses taken relating to fashion. The study determined that fashion awareness of the participants was affected by fashion reading media, age, marital status, education, income, and courses taken relating to fashion. Fashion awareness was not affected by city size or number of dependent children in the family.
Effect of deep‐fat frying of potato chips and chicken on the quality of soybean oil
Authors: Goburdhun Daya , Seebun Padmini , Ruggoo Arvind
Published: September 2010

The type of products may affect the quality of oil during deep‐fat frying. The quality changes in pure soybean oil during frying of potato chips and chicken drumsticks were evaluated and compared. The oil was subjected to continuous frying at 180°C for a period of 315 min. The parameters used to assess the oil quality were peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), free fatty acids (FFA), refractive index (RI) and colour. The percentage of oil absorbed by the two products was determined. The oil was also assessed visually for any change in colour, viscosity, turbidity, flavour and deposit. Results showed that, for both products, PV, IV, FFA, RI and colour changed significantly with time (P < 0.05). Potato absorbed oil during frying (6.9%), whereas chicken released fat into the frying medium (2.4%). When the rates of change of the various parameters in the oils were compared for the two products, significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted for PV and colour only. The oil used during the frying of chicken appeared visually to be at a more advanced stage of deterioration.
A preliminary investigation of factors affecting seafood consumption behaviour in the inland and coastal regions of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Bose Shekar , Brown Naomi
Published: September 2010

This paper examines whether there are any substantial differences in factors influencing seafood consumption (at‐home) behaviour of consumers from two different regions of Victoria, Australia. We have used the logit modelling procedure and found that there exist noticeable regional differences in seafood consumption behaviour. In the case of the inland region, it is found that the variables price, distance, taste, quality and season are significant at the conventional level. For the coastal region, the factors quality, age and number of persons employed (at the 5% level) and size of households (at the 10% level) significantly influence the seafood consumption behaviour.