bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium) Size at Application Affects Herbicide Efficacy
Authors: Sellers Brent A. , Ferrell Jason A. , MacDonald Gregory E. , Kline William N.
Published: June 2009

Dogfennel is one of the most problematic weeds in Florida pasturelands and its control can become inconsistent as the plant matures. A premix of triclopyr + fluroxypyr has been recently introduced for weed control in pastures and rangeland; however, little published information exists concerning the control of dogfennel in pastures with this herbicide combination. Therefore, experiments were initiated to determine the efficacy of triclopyr + fluroxypyr compared with commonly used pasture herbicides on dogfennel at three heights. All herbicides utilized in this study are commonly used for dogfennel control. Dogfennel control was affected by both herbicide treatment and dogfennel height. In general, 0.80 + 0.28 kg ai/ha of 2,4-D amine + dicamba resulted in inconsistent control, especially as dogfennel plants increased in size. Increasing the rate of 2,4-D amine + dicamba to 1.21 + 0.42 kg/ha increased the consistency. Triclopyr + fluroxypyr provided similar levels of control as that of 1.21 + 0.42 kg/ha 2,4-D amine + dicamba. In all locations, control of 154-cm dogfennel was signficanatly lower than that of 38-cm dogfennel. These data indicate that triclopyr + fluroxypyr is an effective option for dogfennel control, but dogfennel height at the time of application is an important factor for optimizing control.
Evaluation of S-Metolachlor and S-Metolachlor Plus Atrazine Mixtures with Mesotrione for Broadleaf Weed Control in Corn
Authors: Whaley Cory M. , Armel Gregory R. , Wilson Henry P. , Hines Thomas E.
Published: June 2009

Field experiments were conducted in 2001, 2002, and 2003 to evaluate PRE applications of mesotrione at 150, 230, and 310 g ai/ha alone, and in mixtures with S-metolachlor at 1,070 g ai/ha and atrazine at 560 and 1,120 g ai/ha in corn. Corn injury was 11 to 18% with all treatments in 2002 when 3.2 cm of rainfall occurred within 10 d after PRE applications, but no injury was observed in 2001 and 2003 when rainfall was 0 and 1.1 cm within 10 d after PRE applications, respectively. Rainfall following PRE herbicide applications also influenced weed control, where weed control was generally poor with all herbicide treatments in 2001. Mesotrione at 150 g/ha controlled common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed at least 95% in 2002 and 2003, but control was 70% or less in 2001. PRE mesotrione at rates of 230 or 310 g/ha controlled common ragweed at least 83% in 2002 and 2003, but control exceeded 88% with mixtures of mesotrione at rates greater than 150 g/ha plus S-metolachlor plus atrazine at 560 g/ha. Morningglory species (ivyleaf morningglory, pitted morningglory, and tall morningglory) were not consistently controlled by mesotrione alone. In 2002 and 2003, mixtures of all mesotrione rates plus S-metolachlor plus atrazine at 1,120 g/ha controlled morningglory species at least 90%. Corn treated with mesotrione at any rate plus S-metolachlor plus atrazine at 1,120 g/ha consistently produced high yields. It is concluded that control with this three-way mixture would be most consistent with a minimum rate of mesotrione at 230 g/ha and atrazine at 1,120 g/ha.
Sodium Chloride Salt Applications Provide Effective Control of Sourgrass (Paspalum conjugatum) in Seashore Paspalum Turf
Authors: Brosnan James T. , DeFrank Joseph , Woods Micah S. , Breeden Greg K.
Published: June 2009

Sourgrass is a stoloniferous perennial grassy weed found on golf courses throughout Hawaii. No herbicides are currently labeled for selective control of sourgrass in seashore paspalum turf, a species used regularly on golf courses throughout the tropics. A single granular application of fine salt (99% sodium chloride, 1% sodium silicoaluminate, 83% of particles 0.5 to 0.25 mm in diameter) at a rate of 1,464 kg/ha provided 84 and 23% control of sourgrass 6 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Sequential granular applications of fine salt at 488 kg/ha provided 92 and 96% control of sourgrass in 2007 and 2008, respectively, at 6 WAIT. Granular applications of a coarse salt (100% sodium chloride, 75% of particles 2.0 to 1.0 mm in diameter) provided a lower level of control than fine salt at both the 1,464- and 488-kg/ha rates on three out of four rating dates in 2008; a similar trend was observed in 2007, but no significant differences were observed between these treatments. All salt treatments led to higher soil sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) and electrical conductivity (ECe) than the untreated check; however, levels reported in this study were significantly lower than the threshold SAR and ECelevels that have been associated with reduced seashore paspalum growth. Sequential applications of MSMA at 1.12 kg/ha and MSMA plus metribuzin at 1.12 kg/ha and 0.28 kg/ha, respectively, provided greater than 90% control in 2008, but less than 40% control in 2007. Greater seashore paspalum injury was observed following applications of MSMA and MSMA plus metribuzin than following salt applications. Additional research is needed to evaluate strategies for controlling sourgrass in seashore paspalum turf that do not induce phytotoxic injury after application.
Efficacy of Propoxycarbazone-sodium for Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat and Carryover on Double-Cropped Grain Sorghum
Authors: Peeper Thomas F. , Stone Amanda E. , Kelley Jason P.
Published: June 2009

Southern Great Plains wheat growers typically apply either sulfosulfuron or propoxycarbazone-sodium for selective control of cheat. Although astute growers apply herbicides early in the growing season, herbicide application is often delayed until mid-winter or later. The effects of application timing of propoxycarbazone-sodium on cheat efficacy and on injury to the following grain sorghum crop have not been documented. Application of each herbicide at 17 intervals throughout the growing season indicated that cheat control with propoxycarbazone-sodium was greater than or equal to 90% even when application was delayed for several months after seeding. In contrast, cheat control with sulfosulfuron was variable when application was delayed more than 6 wk after wheat was seeded. Delaying sulfosulfuron application decreased wheat yield. Grain sorghum was not affected by propoxycarbazone-sodium residues regardless of application timing to wheat. Conversely, grain sorghum was severely injured by sulfosulfuron residues regardless of herbicide application timing.
Herbicide Options for Controlling Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn in a Corn Replant Situation
Authors: Steckel Lawrence E. , Thompson M. Angela , Hayes Robert M.
Published: June 2009

In the spring of 2007, a widespread freeze occurred that led to the replanting of about 81,000 hectares of corn in Tennessee. Limited research was available on effective herbicide options to control failed stands of glyphosate-tolerant corn where replanting to corn was desired. Therefore, in 2007 on three failed freeze-damaged corn stands (27,000 plants/ha) and in 2008 on two non–freeze-damaged corn stands (81,000 plants/ha), studies were initiated to determine how to control the failed stand while not harming subsequent replant corn. The results from this research clearly show that producers have several effective options to manage undesirable glyphosate-tolerant corn before replanting to corn. Clethodim at 0.14 kg/ha, paraquat at 0.84 kg/ha, or paraquat at 0.70 kg/ha plus a photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor provided very good control of the original corn stand without affecting the yield of the replanted corn. Moreover, the addition of a PSII inhibitor could provide residual weed control in the replanted corn. Paraquat should be applied at rates of 0.70 kg/ha or greater to obtain consistent control of an undesirable corn stand.
Nitrogen Rate, Vine Density, and Weed Management Affect Colonization of Cranberry Beds following Disturbance
Authors: Sandler Hilary A.
Published: June 2009

The interactive effects of nitrogen rate (0, 28, 56, and 112 kg/ha), vine density (0, 1.8, 3.6, and 5.4 t/ha of the cultivar ‘Stevens’), and weed management (preemergence herbicide, postemergence control, inoculation with weed seeds, and untreated) were determined on the recolonization of open spaces caused by localized biomass removal in a newly planted commercial cranberry bed. To assess the effect of the 64 treatment combinations on initial colonization, all cranberry and weed biomass was removed from a randomly selected 930-cm2area in each plot in Year 1. To quantify recolonization of the disturbed area, the same quadrat was resampled and all plant biomass was collected in Year 2. Cranberry biomass production in the disturbed area increased in a quadratic fashion with increasing N rates for all vine densities except zero. Cranberry biomass in the year after disturbance was positively correlated with cranberry biomass present in the previous year. Weed stem biomass in the year after disturbance was positively correlated with weed stem biomass from Year 1 and negatively correlated with percentage cranberry biomass from Year 1 and Year 2. Less than one-third of the treatment combinations recovered enough to produce at least 200 g/m21 yr postdisturbance (a reasonable expectation of biomass production). Growers who have low weed pressure and extensive cranberry cover on their farms can expect that disturbed areas will be recolonized by cranberry vines when they utilize adequate, but not excessive, nitrogen regimes.
Efficacy and Economics of Summer Fallow Conventional and Reduced-Tillage Programs for Sugarcane
Authors: Etheredge Luke M. , Griffin James L. , Salassi Michael E.
Published: June 2009

During the summer fallow period of the sugarcane production cycle, glyphosate in conjunction with frequent tillage is used to destroy sugarcane regrowth and reduce perennial weed infestations. For tillage to be reduced or eliminated in fallowed fields, weed control must be maintained and sugarcane must be completely destroyed so as not to interfere with the subsequent planting operation. Field studies were conducted to evaluate glyphosate rates and formulations for control of sugarcane, bermudagrass, and johnsongrass. Glyphosate (isopropylamine salt) applied in April at 1.68, 2.24, and 2.80 kg ai/ha controlled 15-cm sugarcane at least 95% 42 d after treatment (DAT). Control of 25- and 40-cm sugarcane was maximized at 1.68 kg/ha (91 and 86% control, respectively). In another study, 25-cm sugarcane was controlled equally with isopropyl amine and potassium salt glyphosate formulations. Bermudagrass control 40 d after glyphosate was applied at 1.12 kg/ha was 86% and increased to 98% when the same rate was applied sequentially. In fallowed sugarcane fields, conventional-tillage, reduced-tillage, and no-tillage programs were implemented from mid-April through mid-August to evaluate weed control and economics. When a glyphosate application was substituted for a tillage operation, bermudagrass and johnsongrass control was increased compared with the conventional tillage alone program, but differences in sugarcane and sugar yield among the various programs the following year were not observed. Based on 2006 costs, elimination of a single tillage operation reduced cost $18.49/ha and addition of glyphosate (2.8 kg/ha plus application cost) increased cost $43.47/ha. Total cost for the conventional tillage–alone fallow program was $110.94/ha; where herbicide was used in the reduced-tillage and no-tillage programs, total cost was $19.47 to $77.38/ha more.
Integration of a Brassicaceae Cover Crop with Herbicides in Plasticulture Tomato
Authors: Bangarwa Sanjeev K. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Gbur Edward E.
Published: June 2009

Weeds are a major constraint in tomato production, especially in the absence of methyl bromide. Field trials were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the integrated use of a mustard ‘Caliente’ (a blend of brown and white mustard) cover crop with one-half and full rate PRE/POST herbicides for weed control and crop response in polyethylene-mulched tomato. Caliente was flail mowed and incorporated into the soil prior to forming beds. PRE herbicides were applied under polyethylene mulch, and POST herbicides were sprayed over the top of tomato. Full rates forS-metolachlor, halosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron were 1,600, 27, and 7.9 g ai/ha, respectively. Caliente had no effect on weed control or tomato injury and yield. Except for large crabgrass control and tomato injury and yield, only the main effect of herbicide selection and application rate affected these parameters. Tomato injury was minimal (< 6%) from PRE- and POST-applied herbicides.S-metolachlor applied PRE provided 66% purple nutsedge, 67% yellow nutsedge, and 77% Palmer amaranth control at 4 wk after transplanting (WATP).S-metolachlor–treated plots at the full rate produced the highest marketable fruit yield among herbicide treatments, with jumbo fruit yield equivalent to the hand-weeded treatment. Trifloxysulfuron was the best POST-applied herbicide based on marketable yield and weed control. POST-applied trifloxysulfuron provided 41% purple nutsedge, 58% yellow nutsedge, and 55% Palmer amaranth control at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied PRE controlled purple and yellow nutsedge 70 and 78%, respectively, at 4 WATP, and POST-applied halosulfuron controlled purple nutsedge 74% and yellow nutsedge 78% at 8 to 9 WATP. Halosulfuron applied either PRE or POST failed to control Palmer amaranth and large crabgrass. Greater weed control and marketable tomato yield were achieved with full rates of herbicides. This research demonstrates no additional advantage of Caliente mustard when used with herbicides in tomato. None of the PRE or POST herbicides applied alone were sufficient to maintain season-long, broad-spectrum weed control and optimum marketable yield in tomato. Therefore, integration of PRE and POST herbicides at full rates is suggested.
U.S. Farmer Awareness of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Resistance Management Strategies
Authors: Johnson William G. , Owen Micheal D. K. , Kruger Greg R. , Young Bryan G. , Shaw David R. , Wilson Robert G. , Wilcut John W. , Jordan David L. , Weller Stephen C.
Published: June 2009

A survey of farmers from six U.S. states (Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Mississippi, and North Carolina) was conducted to assess the farmers' views on glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds and tactics used to prevent or manage GR weed populations in genetically engineered (GE) GR crops. Only 30% of farmers thought GR weeds were a serious issue. Few farmers thought field tillage and/or using a non-GR crop in rotation with GR crops would be an effective strategy. Most farmers did not recognize the role that the recurrent use of an herbicide plays in evolution of resistance. A substantial number of farmers underestimated the potential for GR weed populations to evolve in an agroecosystem dominated by glyphosate as the weed control tactic. These results indicate there are major challenges that the agriculture and weed science communities must face to implement long-term sustainable GE GR-based cropping systems within the agroecosystem.
Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone transporters, including MCT8, MCT10, and OATPs, and the effects of genetic variation in these transporters
Authors: van der Deure Wendy M , Peeters Robin P , Visser Theo J
Published: June 2009

Thyroid hormone is a pleiotropic hormone with widespread biological actions. For instance, adequate levels of thyroid hormone are critical for the development of different tissues such as the central nervous system, but are also essential for the regulation of metabolic processes throughout life. The biological activity of thyroid hormone depends not only on serum thyroid hormone levels, but is also regulated at the tissue level by the expression and activity of deiodinases, which activate thyroid hormone or mediate its degradation. In addition, thyroid hormone transporters are necessary for the uptake of thyroid hormone into target tissues. With the discovery of monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) as a specific thyroid hormone transporter and the finding that mutations in this transporter lead to a syndrome of severe psychomotor retardation and elevated serum 3,3′,5-tri-iodothyronine levels known as the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome, the interest in this area of research has greatly increased. In this review, we will focus on the molecular aspects of thyroid hormone transporters, including MCT8, MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptides, and the effects of genetic variation in these transporters.
Political Economy of US States and Rates of Fatal Occupational Injury
Authors: Loomis Dana , Schulman Michael D. , Bailer A. John , Stainback Kevin , Wheeler Matthew , Richardson David B. , Marshall Stephen W.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We investigated the extent to which the political economy of US states, including the relative power of organized labor, predicts rates of fatal occupational injury.

Methods. We described states’ political economies with 6 contextual variables measuring social and political conditions: “right-to-work” laws, union membership density, labor grievance rates, state government debt, unemployment rates, and social wage payments. We obtained data on fatal occupational injuries from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality surveillance system and population data from the US national census. We used Poisson regression methods to analyze relationships for the years 1980 and 1995.

Results. States differed notably with respect to political–economic characteristics and occupational fatality rates, although these characteristics were more homogeneous within rather than between regions. Industry and workforce composition contributed significantly to differences in state injury rates, but political–economic characteristics of states were also significantly associated with injury rates, after adjustment accounting for those factors.

Conclusions. Higher rates of fatal occupational injury were associated with a state policy climate favoring business over labor, with distinct regional clustering of such state policies in the South and Northeast.
Real-Time Public Health Surveillance for Emergency Preparedness
Authors: Chretien Jean-Paul , Tomich Nancy E. , Gaydos Joel C. , Kelley Patrick W.
Published: June 2009

Public health agencies conduct surveillance to identify and prioritize health issues and evaluate interventions. Recently, natural and deliberate epidemics have motivated supplementary approaches to traditional surveillance methods based on physician and laboratory reporting.

Fueled initially by post–September 11, 2001, bioterrorism-related funding, and more recently used for detecting natural outbreaks, these systems, many of which are called “syndromic” systems because they focus on syndromes recorded before the diagnosis, capture real-time health data and scan for anomalies suggesting an outbreak. Although these systems as typically implemented have often proven unreliable for detecting natural and simulated epidemics, real-time health-related data hold promise for public health.

If redesigned to reliably perform beyond outbreak detection, syndromic systems could demonstrate unprecedented capabilities in responding to public health emergencies.
Gender-Specific Correlates of Incarceration Among Marginally Housed Individuals in San Francisco
Authors: Weiser Sheri D. , Neilands Torsten B. , Comfort Megan L. , Dilworth Samantha E. , Cohen Jennifer , Tulsky Jacqueline P. , Riley Elise D.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We assessed how different patterns of housing instability affect incarceration and whether correlates of incarceration are gender specific.

Methods. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess associations between patterns of housing instability and recent jail stays among a reproducible sample of 1175 marginally housed adults in San Francisco, California.

Results. Over the previous year, 71% of men and 21% of women in the sample reported jail stays. Among women, long-term single-room occupancy hotel stays ( > 90 days) were protective for incarceration. Stays in the street were associated with incarceration among both genders, but among men, short-term (i.e., ≤ 90 days) street stays were associated with the highest odds of incarceration, and among women, long-term street stays were most correlated with incarceration. Sex trade increased the odds of incarceration among men only; recent drug use was associated with incarceration among both genders.

Conclusions. Correlates of incarceration differed by gender, and patterns of housing instability differentially affected incarceration for men and women. Policies to improve housing options and drug treatment for the urban poor are critical to breaking the cycle of incarceration and homelessness and improving health outcomes.
Influences of Cross-Border Mobility on Tuberculosis Diagnoses and Treatment Interruption Among Injection Drug Users in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Deiss Robert , Garfein Richard S. , Lozada Remedios , Burgos Jose Luis , Brouwer Kimberly C. , Moser Kathleen S. , Zuniga Maria Luisa , Rodwell Timothy C. , Ojeda Victoria D. , Strathdee Steffanie A.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We sought to identify correlates of reported lifetime diagnoses of TB among injection drug users in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico.

Methods. Injection drug users in Tijuana were recruited into a prospective cohort study during 2006 and 2007. We used weighted multivariate logistic regression to identify correlates of TB diagnoses.

Results. Of the 1056 participants, 103 (9.8%) reported a history of TB, among whom 93% received anti-TB medication and 80% were diagnosed in the United States. Treatment was prematurely halted among 8% of patients; deportation from the United States was the cause of half of these treatment interruptions. History of travel to (odds ratio [OR] = 6.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53, 27.20) or deportation from (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.07, 3.12) the United States and incarceration (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.06, 4.58) were independently associated with a reported lifetime diagnosis of TB.

Conclusions. Mobility and migration are important factors in identifying and treating TB patients diagnosed in the US–Mexico border region. Strengthening capacity on both sides of the border to identify, monitor, and treat TB is a priority.
Pathways to and From Homelessness and Associated Psychosocial Outcomes Among Adolescents Leaving the Foster Care System
Authors: Fowler Patrick J. , Toro Paul A. , Miles Bart W.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We evaluated the prevalence and nature of housing problems among adolescents leaving foster care because of their age to provide evidence that can inform public and programmatic policies designed to prevent homelessness.

Methods. Housing and psychosocial outcomes in a sample of 265 adolescents who left the foster care system in 2002 and 2003 in a large midwestern metropolitan area were evaluated over a 2-year follow-up period. Analyses focused on identifying latent housing trajectory categories across the first 2 years after participants' exit from foster care.

Results. Findings revealed 4 latent housing classifications. Most participants (57%) had experienced stable housing situations since their exit from foster care. Those in the remaining 3 categories endured housing problems, and 20% were chronically homeless during the follow-up period. Housing instability was related to emotional and behavioral problems, physical and sexual victimization, criminal conviction, and high school dropout.

Conclusions. Adolescents in foster care are at considerable risk of homelessness. Preventive initiatives can reduce homelessness in this population by implementing improved foster care programming and developing empirically informed interventions targeting foster care adolescents.
Use of a Social and Character Development Program to Prevent Substance Use, Violent Behaviors, and Sexual Activity Among Elementary-School Students in Hawaii
Authors: Beets Michael W. , Flay Brian R. , Vuchinich Samuel , Snyder Frank J. , Acock Alan , Li Kin-Kit , Burns Kate , Washburn Isaac J. , Durlak Joseph
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of a 5-year trial of a comprehensive school-based program designed to prevent substance use, violent behaviors, and sexual activity among elementary-school students.

Methods. We used a matched-pair, cluster-randomized, controlled design, with 10 intervention schools and 10 control schools. Fifth-graders (N = 1714) self-reported on lifetime substance use, violence, and voluntary sexual activity. Teachers of participant students reported on student (N = 1225) substance use and violence.

Results. Two-level random-effects count models (with students nested within schools) indicated that student-reported substance use (rate ratio [RR] = 0.41; 90% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25, 0.66) and violence (RR = 0.42; 90% CI = 0.24, 0.73) were significantly lower for students attending intervention schools. A 2-level random-effects binary model indicated that sexual activity was lower (odds ratio = 0.24; 90% CI = 0.08, 0.66) for intervention students. Teacher reports substantiated the effects seen for student-reported data. Dose-response analyses indicated that students exposed to the program for at least 3 years had significantly lower rates of all negative behaviors.

Conclusions. Risk-related behaviors were substantially reduced for students who participated in the program, providing evidence that a comprehensive school-based program can have a strong beneficial effect on student behavior.
Secondhand Smoke in Pennsylvania Casinos: A Study of Nonsmokers' Exposure, Dose, and Risk
Authors: Repace James L.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. I assessed air pollution, ventilation, and nonsmokers' risk from secondhand smoke (SHS) in Pennsylvania casinos exempted from a statewide smoke-free workplace law.

Methods. I measured respirable suspended particles (RSPs), particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs), and carbon dioxide inside and outside casinos; measured changes in patrons' urine cotinine after casino visits; and assessed SHS impact on workers and patrons, using exposure–response models, air quality standards, and odor and irritation thresholds.

Results. PPAH and RSP concentrations in casinos were, on average, 4 and 6 times, respectively, that of outdoor levels despite generous ventilation and low smoking prevalence. SHS infiltrated into nonsmoking gaming areas. Patrons' urine cotinine increased 1.9 ng/mL on average after about 4-hour visits.

Conclusions. SHS-induced heart disease and lung cancer will cause an estimated 6 Pennsylvania casino workers' deaths annually per 10 000 at risk, 5-fold the death rate from Pennsylvania mining disasters. Casinos should not be exempt from smoke-free workplace laws.
Prevalence, Characteristics, and Associated Health and Health Care of Family Homelessness Among Fifth-Grade Students
Authors: Coker Tumaini R. , Elliott Marc N. , Kanouse David E. , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Gilliland M. Janice , Tortolero Susan R. , Cuccaro Paula , Schuster Mark A.
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We describe the lifetime prevalence and associated health-related concerns of family homelessness among fifth-grade students.

Methods. We used a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 5147 fifth-grade students in 3 US cities to analyze parent-reported measures of family homelessness, child health status, health care access and use, and emotional, developmental, and behavioral health and child-reported measures of health-related quality of life and exposure to violence.

Results. Seven percent of parents reported that they and their child had experienced homelessness (i.e., staying in shelters, cars, or on the street). Black children and children in the poorest families had the highest prevalence of homelessness (11%). In adjusted analyses, most general health measures were similar for children who had and had not been homeless. Children who had ever experienced homelessness were more likely to have an emotional, behavioral, or developmental problem (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 2.6; P = .01), to have received mental health care (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.6, 3.2; P < .001), and to have witnessed serious violence with a knife (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.3; P = .007) than were children who were never homeless.

Conclusions. Family homelessness affects a substantial minority of fifth-grade children and may have an impact on their emotional, developmental, and behavioral health.
Effects of a Prekindergarten Educational Intervention on Adult Health: 37-Year Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Muennig Peter , Schweinhart Lawrence , Montie Jeanne , Neidell Matthew
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We used 37 years of follow-up data from a randomized controlled trial to explore the linkage between an early educational intervention and adult health.

Methods. We analyzed data from the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program (PPP), an early school-based intervention in which 123 children were randomized to a prekindergarten education group or a control group. In addition to exploring the effects of the program on health behavioral risk factors and health outcomes, we examined the extent to which educational attainment, income, family environment, and health insurance access mediated the relationship between randomization to PPP and behavioral and health outcomes.

Results. The PPP led to improvements in educational attainment, health insurance, income, and family environment Improvements in these domains, in turn, lead to improvements in an array of behavioral risk factors and health (P = .01). However, despite these reductions in behavioral risk factors, participants did not exhibit any overall improvement in physical health outcomes by the age of 40 years.

Conclusions. Early education reduces health behavioral risk factors by enhancing educational attainment, health insurance coverage, income, and family environments. Further follow-up will be needed to determine the long-term health effects of PPP.
The Limits of Collaboration: A Qualitative Study of Community Ethical Review of Environmental Health Research
Authors: McGrath Moriah McSharry , Fullilove Robert E. , Kaufman Molly Rose , Wallace Rodrick , Fullilove Mindy Thompson
Published: June 2009

Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of various systems of community participation in ethical review of environmental health research.

Methods. We used situation analysis methods and a global workspace theoretical framework to conduct comparative case studies of 3 research organizations at 1 medical center.

Results. We found a general institutional commitment to community review as well as personal commitment from some participants in the process. However, difficulty in communicating across divides of knowledge and privilege created serious gaps in implementation, leaving research vulnerable to validity threats (such as misinterpretation of findings) and communities vulnerable to harm. The methods used in each collaboration solved some, but not all, of the problems that hindered communication.

Conclusions. Researchers, community spokespersons, and institutional review boards constitute organizational groups with strong internal ties and highly developed cultures. Few cross-linkages and little knowledge of each other cause significant distortion of information and other forms of miscommunication between groups. Our data suggest that organizations designed to protect human volunteers are in the best position to take the lead in implementing community review.
Promoting Health in American-Occupied Japan Resistance to Allied Public Health Measures, 1945-1952
Authors: Nishimura Sey
Published: June 2009

As soon as the authority of the Public Health and Welfare Section (PHW) of the Supreme Commander for Allied Powers waned in May 1951, the Japanese government overturned several measures it had implemented. Although the PHW contributed greatly toward improving public health conditions, not all of its activities were models of cooperative success. Many Japanese perceived some measures—terminated pensions for wounded Japanese veterans, lack of support for segregated orphanages for mixed-race children, and suppression of Japanese atomic bomb medical reports—as promoting US national interest at the expense of Japanese public health needs. Similarly, the PHW's upgrade of nursing education and separation of the professions of medicine and pharmacy were reversed because neither professionals nor the public saw these measures as urgent. Their reinstitution toward the end of the twentieth century suggests that the progressive measures were sound, but broke too sharply with Japanese tradition and were enforced prematurely.
Features of Computer-Mediated, Text-Based Messages that Support Automatable, Linguistics-Based Indicators for Deception Detection
Authors: Lee Chih-Chen , Welker Robert B. , Odom Marcus D.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT: Researchers are assessing the viability of automating deception detection in TAC (text-based, asynchronous, computer-mediated) messages. Viability is conditional on whether deceivers incorporate different features in their TAC messages than truth tellers do and on whether these differentiating features support deception indicators suitable for automation. We propose that deceivers incorporate different features in their messages to realize impression-management goals. They avoid message features people associate with lying (defensive-targeted features) and include message features people associate with truth telling (promotive-targeted features). In a series of three studies, we assessed features that may be part of deceivers' impression-management strategies and then assessed whether deceivers' messages contain different levels of these features than truth tellers' messages. The results show that deceivers construct different messages than truth tellers do and that the differences relate to promotive-targeted features. These findings suggest that researchers look to promotive goals of deceivers for automatable deception indicators in TAC communication.
The Effects of Inter-Firm Cost Correlation, IT Investment, and Product Cost Accuracy on Production Decisions and Firm Profitability
Authors: Callahan Carolyn M. , Gabriel E. Ann , Smith Rodney E.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT: Using analytical and simulation techniques, we investigate the effect of inter-firm cost correlation, IT investment, and product cost accuracy on production decisions, and ultimately firm profitability in an imperfectly competitive market. Along with an unprecedented growth in investments in information technology (IT) over the last two decades, firms have made significant investments in IT to increase product cost accuracy. Yet, a variety of studies present mixed evidence as to the linkage between IT investment, product cost accuracy, and organizational performance. Further, while previous research has shown that IT may contribute to the improvement of organizational performance, contextual factors are important. We reexamine this issue in an imperfectly competitive market and product cost setting. We assert that knowledge of inter-firm cost correlation may be used to reduce the IT investment needed to achieve product cost accuracy and thereby optimize production and ultimately firm profit. To motivate our hypotheses, we develop and analyze an analytical model which incorporates IT investment, a costly, endogenous, imprecise product cost report, and inter-firm cost correlation. Using simulation techniques, we illustrate that production decisions informed by inter-firm cost correlation require less IT investment and result in higher firm profitability. Our emphasis on the initial design of product costing systems and the related IT requirements definition phase suggest that our result could be helpful to firm managers in establishing the optimal levels of IT investment and product cost accuracy in their specific product market setting.
Auditors' Training and Proficiency in Information Systems: A Research Synthesis
Authors: Curtis Mary B. , Jenkins J. Gregory , Bedard Jean C. , Deis Donald R.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a review of extant literature examining issues relating to auditors' knowledge of and training in information systems. This review is important due to the rapidly increasing use of technology in business, recent changes in U.S. auditing standards on information technology and internal control, and signals of interest by regulators in possible future standards on auditors' information systems (IS) knowledge. We review prior research both to provide information on the current status of our literature, and to identify specific questions about which there is insufficient research. Our review covers three broad areas. First, we review the current environment of IS in financial reporting and assurance, and summarize related auditing standards. Second, we consider prior research on how financial statement (“generalist”) auditors acquire and use IS knowledge. Third, we discuss research on the interaction between generalist and IS auditors. Each section concludes with suggestions for future research.
An Investigation of Factors Influencing the Use of Computer-Related Audit Procedures
Authors: Janvrin Diane , Bierstaker James , Lowe D. Jordan
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT: We provide data on the extent to which computer-related audit procedures are used and whether two factors, control risk assessment and audit firm size, influence computer-related audit procedures use. We used a field-based questionnaire to collect data from 181 auditors representing Big 4, national, regional, and local firms. Results indicate that computer-related audit procedures are generally used when obtaining an understanding of the client system and business processes and testing computer controls. Furthermore, 42.9 percent of participants indicate that they relied on internal controls; however, this percentage increases significantly for auditors at Big 4 firms. Finally, our results raise questions for future research regarding computer-related audit procedure use.
Effects of a Diet Higher in Carbohydrate/Lower in Fat Versus Lower in Carbohydrate/Higher in Monounsaturated Fat on Postmeal Triglyceride Concentrations and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Strychar Irene , Cohn Jeffrey S. , Renier Geneviève , Rivard Michèle , Aris-Jilwan Nahla , Beauregard Hugues , Meltzer Sara , Bélanger André , Dumas Richard , Ishac Alain , Radwan Farouk , Yale Jean-François
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of a eucaloric diet higher in carbohydrate/lower in fat versus lower in carbohydrate/higher in monounsaturated fat on postmeal triglyceride (TG) concentrations and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in nonobese subjects with type 1 diabetes and in good glycemic control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a parallel group design study, 30 subjects were randomly assigned and completed one of the two eucaloric diets. Assessments included: BMI, blood pressure, A1C, plasma lipids, and markers of oxidation, thrombosis, and inflammation. At 6 months, subjects were hospitalized for 24 h to measure plasma TG excursions.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between groups other than decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels and weight gain in the lower-carbohydrate/higher–monounsaturated fat group. During the 24-h testing, the lower-carbohydrate/higher–monounsaturated fat group had a lower plasma TG profile.

CONCLUSIONS

A diet lower in carbohydrate/higher in monounsaturated fat could offer an appropriate choice for nonobese type 1 diabetic individuals with good metabolic and weight control.
A Controlled Examination of Medical and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Low Back Pain in Combination With Widespread Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Friedrich Martin , Hahne Julia , Wepner Florian
Published: June 2009

Background

Little is known about chronic low back pain (CLBP) in combination with widespread musculoskeletal pain (WMP).

Objective

This study examined factors that may be common to these conditions, with the objective of detecting factors that could improve the course of these diseases.

Design

This was a prospective case control study.

Patients and Intervention

A group of patients with CLBP and WMP (CLBP+WMP group, n=97) was compared with a group of individuals who were pain-free and without a history of musculoskeletal problems (control group, n=97) and with a group of patients with CLBP but without WMP (CLBP-only group, n=52). The mean age of the participants was 42.9 years (SD=8.74); 76% were women, and 24% were men.

Measurements

A total of 74 variables were measured, including sociodemographic, physical, and psychosocial variables. After univariate examination for group differences and analyses of variables available for all 3 groups, logistic regression on selected factors was performed. The α level was set at .05, but was adjusted to avoid randomly significant results.

Results

For a number of variables, significant differences among the 3 groups were observed. For regression model 1 for the CLBP+WMP and control groups, 4 out of 9 variables showed significant likelihood tests: income (lower in the WMP group), depression, anxiety, and fear-avoidance behavior. For regression model 2, 2 out of 13 variables showed significant likelihood tests: endurance capacity (more in the CLBP+WMP group) and balance capability (worse in the CLBP+WMP group). The models predicted at least 91.2% of all cases to the correct group. The regression analysis regarding the CLBP+WMP and CLBP-only groups predicted 86.7% of all cases to the correct group. Three out of 10 variables showed significant likelihood tests: high disability, fear-avoidance behavior, and number of treatments.

Limitations

Some variables in testing the patients with WMP and the individuals who were pain-free were not used with the patients with CLBP only.

Conclusions

Patients with CLBP and WMP should be examined for indicated physical and psychosocial factors. Therapeutic management should consider them in the early stage of the disease. These findings also might apply to patients with fibromyalgia or myofascial pain.
Comparison of Maximum Tolerated Muscle Torques Produced by 2 Pulse Durations
Authors: Scott Wayne B. , Causey James B. , Marshall Tara L.
Published: June 2009

Background

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an effective therapeutic technique for strengthening weak muscles. A positive dose-response relationship exists between the elicited muscle forces during training and strength (force-generating capacity) gains. Patient discomfort limits NMES muscle forces, potentially compromising efficacy.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare the NMES muscle torques produced by stimulation trains consisting of 2 different pulse durations.

Design

During a single testing session, the 2 pulse duration conditions (50 and 200 microseconds) were tested on the opposite lower extremities of the participants.

Methods

The study participants were 10 adults without remarkable medical histories. The maximum tolerated isometric knee extensor torque was the primary dependent variable. The peak currents and phase charges that produced the maximally tolerated torques, as well as the sensory, motor, and pain thresholds for the 2 pulse conditions, were compared.

Results

The 200-microsecond pulse duration condition resulted in participants tolerating significantly greater muscle torques; it was associated with significantly greater phase charges but significantly lower peak currents.

Limitations

This study only compared muscle torques in response to stimulation trains consisting of pulses with short (50-microsecond) or medium (200-microsecond) durations and did not examine long (∼400- to 600-microsecond) durations. Furthermore, the result of this study may not apply to NMES that uses stimulation patterns other than monophasic, square-wave pulsed current.

Conclusions

It has been suggested that short pulse durations are most appropriate for NMES because they are less likely to recruit nociceptors. The results of this study, however, support the use of a medium pulse duration rather than a short pulse duration when the goal is to produce a maximum torque response from a muscle. These observations may be related to the currents and phase charges for the pain thresholds for the 2 pulse duration conditions.
Screening for Elevated Levels of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Regarding Work or Physical Activities in People Receiving Outpatient Therapy
Authors: Hart Dennis L. , Werneke Mark W. , George Steven Z. , Matheson James W. , Wang Ying-Chih , Cook Karon F. , Mioduski Jerome E. , Choi Seung W.
Published: June 2009

Background

Screening people for elevated levels of fear-avoidance beliefs is uncommon, but elevated levels of fear could worsen outcomes. Developing short screening tools might reduce the data collection burden and facilitate screening, which could prompt further testing or management strategy modifications to improve outcomes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to develop efficient yet accurate screening methods for identifying elevated levels of fear-avoidance beliefs regarding work or physical activities in people receiving outpatient rehabilitation.

Design

A secondary analysis of data collected prospectively from people with a variety of common neuromusculoskeletal diagnoses was conducted.

Methods

Intake Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) data were collected from 17,804 people who had common neuromusculoskeletal conditions and were receiving outpatient rehabilitation in 121 clinics in 26 states (in the United States). Item response theory (IRT) methods were used to analyze the FABQ data, with particular emphasis on differential item functioning among clinically logical groups of subjects, and to identify screening items. The accuracy of screening items for identifying subjects with elevated levels of fear was assessed with receiver operating characteristic analyses.

Results

Three items for fear of physical activities and 10 items for fear of work activities represented unidimensional scales with adequate IRT model fit. Differential item functioning was negligible for variables known to affect functional status outcomes: sex, age, symptom acuity, surgical history, pain intensity, condition severity, and impairment. Items that provided maximum information at the median for the FABQ scales were selected as screening items to dichotomize subjects by high versus low levels of fear. The accuracy of the screening items was supported for both scales.

Limitations

This study represents a retrospective analysis, which should be replicated using prospective designs. Future prospective studies should assess the reliability and validity of using one FABQ item to screen people for high levels of fear-avoidance beliefs.

Conclusions

The lack of differential item functioning in the FABQ scales in the sample tested in this study suggested that FABQ screening could be useful in routine clinical practice and allowed the development of single-item screening for fear-avoidance beliefs that accurately identified subjects with elevated levels of fear. Because screening was accurate and efficient, single IRT-based FABQ screening items are recommended to facilitate improved evaluation and care of heterogeneous populations of people receiving outpatient rehabilitation.