bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotypic Variation for Tolerance to Transient Drought During the Reproductive Phase of Brassica rapa
Authors: Guo Y. M. , Turner N. C. , Chen S. , Nelson M. N. , Siddique K. H. M. , Cowling W. A.
Published: November 2014

Brassica rapa L. is a genetically diverse parent species of the allotetraploid species, oilseed rape (B. napus) and a potential source of drought tolerance for B. napus. We examined the effect of a 13‐day drought stress period during the early reproductive phase, relative to a well‐watered (WW) control, on subsequent growth and development in nine accessions of B. rapa and one accession of Brassica juncea selected for their wide morphological and genetic diversity. We measured leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, water use, and leaf and bud temperatures during the stress period and aboveground dry weight of total biomass at maturity. Dry weight of seeds and reproductive tissue were not useful measures of drought tolerance due to self‐incompatibility in B. rapa. The relative total biomass (used as the measure of drought tolerance in this study) of the 10 accessions exposed to drought stress ranged from 47 % to 117 % of the WW treatment and was negatively correlated with leaf‐to‐air and bud‐to‐air temperature difference when averaged across the 13‐day stress period. Two wild‐type (B. rapa ssp. sylvestris) accessions had higher relative total and non‐reproductive biomass at maturity and cooler leaves and buds than other types. We conclude that considerable genotypic variation for drought tolerance exists in B. rapa and cooler leaves and buds during a transient drought stress in the early reproductive phase may be a useful screening tool for drought tolerance.
Educating Britain? Political Literacy and the Construction of National History
Authors: Brocklehurst Helen
Published: November 2014

Despite the reflexive nature of historical enquiry and the degree of national interconnectness now theorized by historians in the United Kingdom, education debates over history teaching in Britain often yield a comforting defence of Britain's ‘island story’. The singular ‘island story’ is an economical narrative device favoured by politicians and further mediated through newspapers which profit from such national cryogenics. Maintenance of a currency, or crisis, of Britishness can also be contrasted with the relative absence of longitudinal or comparative enquiry into identity and school curricula. In addition, the teaching of states, connections and post‐sovereign communities is largely under‐theorized, potentially contributing to the sterility of future debates about citizenship, agency and Britain's wider political reach. It is argued here that the public framing of history as nationhood and the underdevelopment of children's political literacy are mutually reinforcing conditions by which the state has constructed a stabilizing, yet shifting presence of the ‘national’.
Genetic diversity, virulence and fitness evolution in an obligate fungal parasite of bees
Authors: Evison S. E. F. , Foley K. , Jensen A. B. , Hughes W. O. H.
Published: November 2014

Within‐host competition is predicted to drive the evolution of virulence in parasites, but the precise outcomes of such interactions are often unpredictable due to many factors including the biology of the host and the parasite, stochastic events and co‐evolutionary interactions. Here, we use a serial passage experiment (SPE) with three strains of a heterothallic fungal parasite (Ascosphaera apis) of the Honey bee (Apis mellifera) to assess how evolving under increasing competitive pressure affects parasite virulence and fitness evolution. The results show an increase in virulence after successive generations of selection and consequently faster production of spores. This faster sporulation, however, did not translate into more spores being produced during this longer window of sporulation; rather, it appeared to induce a loss of fitness in terms of total spore production. There was no evidence to suggest that a greater diversity of competing strains was a driver of this increased virulence and subsequent fitness cost, but rather that strain‐specific competitive interactions influenced the evolutionary outcomes of mixed infections. It is possible that the parasite may have evolved to avoid competition with multiple strains because of its heterothallic mode of reproduction, which highlights the importance of understanding parasite biology when predicting disease dynamics.
Literature review of pain management for people with chronic pain
Authors: Takai Yukari , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko , Abe Yoshiki , Suzuki Mizue
Published: November 2014

Aim

Multimodal approaches toward relieving pain, patients' participation, and improving self‐efficacy are important for chronic pain management. The aims of this review were to identify possible options of nursing strategies for pain management in individuals with chronic pain and to determine the effectiveness of these strategies for pain relief/pain‐related problems; therefore, nurses and researchers could consider and/or adopt multimodal chronic pain management strategies.

Methods

A Systematic Integrated Literature Review was conducted. Published work related to pain management in individuals with chronic pain was identified by searching databases and reviewed.

Results

Among the studies reviewed, we identified 35 studies that focused on pain management strategies. In 10 studies, interventions such as integrated and multidisciplinary pain management programs were associated with significant decreases in pain intensity. However, they reported that the long‐term effectiveness of pain relief was not satisfactory. Individuals with chronic pain reported that strategies including pharmacotherapy, physical activity, social support from friends and family, acupuncture, heating, rest, diets, or life‐style changes helped them to effectively manage their pain.

Conclusion

We identified possible options of pain management strategies and explored effectiveness of chronic pain interventions. The long‐term effects of pain relief interventions and social support for individuals with chronic pain require further investigation.
Exploring the biomechanics of taurodontism
Authors: Benazzi Stefano , Nguyen Huynh N. , Kullmer Ottmar , Hublin Jean‐Jacques
Published: November 2014

Taurodontism (i.e. enlarged pulp chamber with concomitant apical displacement of the root bi/trifurcation) is considered a dental anomaly with relatively low incidence in contemporary societies, but it represents a typical trait frequently found in Neandertal teeth. Four hypotheses can be envisioned to explain the high frequency in Neandertals: adaptation to a specific occlusal loading regime (biomechanical advantage), adaptation to a high attrition diet, pleiotropic or genetic drift effects. In this contribution we used finite element analysis (FEA) and advanced loading concepts based on macrowear information to evaluate whether taurodontism supplies some dental biomechanical advantages. Loads were applied to the digital model of the lower right first molar (RM1) of the Neandertal specimen Le Moustier 1, as well as to the digital models of both a shortened and a hyper‐taurodontic version of Le Moustier RM1. Moreover, we simulated a scenario where an object is held between teeth and pulled in different directions to investigate whether taurodontism might be useful for para‐masticatory activities. Our results do not show any meaningful difference among all the simulations, pointing out that taurodontism does not improve the functional biomechanics of the tooth and does not favour para‐masticatory pulling activities. Therefore, taurodontism should be considered either an adaptation to a high attrition diet or most likely the result of pleiotropic or genetic drift effects. Finally, our results have important implications for modern dentistry during endodontic treatments, as we observed that filling the pulp chamber with dentine‐like material increases tooth stiffness, and ultimately tensile stresses in the crown, thus favouring tooth failure.
Application of Survival Analysis to Estimate Equivalent Sweet Concentration of Low‐Calorie Sweeteners in Orange Juice
Authors: Alcaire Florencia , Zorn Shari , Silva Cadena Rafael , AntÚnez LucÍa , Vidal Leticia , Giménez Ana , Ares Gastón
Published: November 2014

The aim of the present work was to apply survival analysis to estimate equivalent sweet concentration of low‐calorie sweeteners in orange juice. Five low‐calorie sweeteners were considered: sucralose and four samples of stevia. For each sweetener, a series of six orange juice samples with different sweetener concentration were prepared. Groups of 34 consumers evaluated the series of six pairs of samples, each composed of one reference sample (sweetened with 10% sucrose) and one sample with low‐calorie sweetener. Consumers were asked to complete a paired‐comparison test and to indicate which of the samples was sweeter. The elicited data were analyzed using survival analysis. For each sweetener, the percentage of assessors perceiving the sample with the low‐calorie sweetener as sweeter than the sample with sucrose as a function of sweetener concentration was determined. Equivalent sweet concentrations were determined for each sweetener and compared with estimations obtained using logistic regression and published data.

Practical Applications

Equivalent sweet concentration of low‐calorie sweeteners can be estimated by applying survival analysis to the data obtained from paired‐comparison tests. This approach is based on a simple sensory methodology. Its main advantage is the consideration of individual differences among assessors, which may lead to more accurate estimations than those obtained with other methodologies.
The importance of mental health monitoring during transfer to adult care settings as examined among paediatric transplant recipients
Authors: Annunziato Rachel A , Arrato Nicole , Rubes Melissa , Arnon Ronen
Published: November 2014

Aim

Although the transfer out of paediatrics is established as a dangerous time for transplant recipients, the reasons for this are not well understood. One possible explanation is that in general, young adulthood is a period of vulnerability to psychological distress, which could impact self‐management. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether psychological distress is associated with medication non‐adherence after transfer.

Methods

Twenty paediatric liver transplant recipients (mean age = 22.42, standard deviation (SD) = 1.64) have been followed prospectively at our site for a year after they transferred from paediatrics. At their last visit in paediatrics, they completed the Symptom Checklist‐90, a measure of psychological distress. Additionally, patients’ medication adherence was tracked 1 year after transfer, using a validated measure, SDs of tacrolimus blood levels.

Results

Psychological distress and medication non‐adherence after transfer were significantly correlated, r = 0.50, P = 0.04. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between adherence status and changes in mental health after transfer.

Conclusion

Psychological distress may be one factor behind deteriorating medical outcomes when transplant recipients transfer out of paediatric settings. It is important to consider mental health screening as a part of the transition process. Further research is needed to determine if identified patients may require services in addition to transitional interventions.
Liposomal melatonin rescues methamphetamine‐elicited mitochondrial burdens, pro‐apoptosis, and dopaminergic degeneration through the inhibition PKCδ gene
Authors: Nguyen Xuan‐Khanh Thi , Lee Jaehwi , Shin Eun‐Joo , Dang Duy‐Khanh , Jeong Ji Hoon , Nguyen Thuy‐Ty Lan , Nam Yunsung , Cho Hyun‐Jong , Lee Jae‐Chul , Park Dae Hun , Jang Choon‐Gon , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Kim Hyoung‐Chun
Published: November 2014

We have demonstrated that mitochondrial oxidative damage and PKCδ overexpression contribute to methamphetamine‐induced dopaminergic degeneration. Although it is recognized that antioxidant melatonin is effective in preventing neurotoxicity induced by methamphetamine, its precise mechanism remains elusive. C57BL/6J wild‐type mice exhibited a similar degree of dopaminergic deficit when methamphetamine was administered during light and dark phases. Furthermore, dopaminergic neuroprotection by genetic inhibition of PKCδ during the light phase was comparable to that during the dark phase. Thus, we have focused on the light phase to examine whether melatonin modulates PKCδ‐mediated neurotoxic signaling after multiple high doses of methamphetamine. To enhance the bioavailability of melatonin, we applied liposomal melatonin. Treatment with methamphetamine resulted in hyperthermia, mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ, oxidative damage (mitochondria > cytosol), mitochondrial dysfunction, pro‐apoptotic changes, ultrastructural mitochondrial degeneration, dopaminergic degeneration, and behavioral impairment in wild‐type mice. Treatment with liposomal melatonin resulted in a dose‐dependent attenuation against degenerative changes induced by methamphetamine in wild‐type mice. Attenuation by liposomal melatonin might be comparable to that by genetic inhibition (using PKCδ(−/−) mice or PKCδ antisense oligonucleotide). However, liposomal melatonin did not show any additional protective effects on the attenuation by genetic inhibition of PKCδ. Our results suggest that the circadian cycle cannot be a key factor in modulating methamphetamine toxicity under the current experimental condition and that PKCδ is one of the critical target genes for melatonin‐mediated protective effects against mitochondrial burdens (dysfunction), oxidative stress, pro‐apoptosis, and dopaminergic degeneration induced by methamphetamine.
Penile Histomorphometrical Evaluation in Hypertensive Rats Treated with Sildenafil or Enalapril Alone or in Combination: A Comparison with Normotensive and Untreated Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Felix-Patrício Bruno , Medeiros Jorge L. , De Souza Diogo B. , Costa Waldemar S. , Sampaio Francisco J.B.
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is frequently associated to hypertension and antihypertensive drugs; however, the penile morphological aspects on these situations are poorly known.

Aim

Evaluate the penile morphology of untreated hypertensive rats and rats treated with enalapril or sildenafil alone or in combination to verify the hypothesis that morphological alterations promoted by hypertension on corpus cavernosum could be ameliorated by the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors.

Methods

Fifty male rats were assigned into five groups: normotensive rats, untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and SHR treated with enalapril or sildenafil alone or in combination. Blood pressure was measured weekly. At the conclusion of the study, the rats were euthanized, and their penises were collected for histomorphometrical analysis.

Main Outcome Measures

The cross-sectional areas of the penis, tunica albuginea, and corpus cavernosum were measured. The density of the corpus cavernosum structures was quantified.

Results

Both groups of SHR rats treated with enalapril became normotensive. Untreated SHR showed no difference in penile and cavernosal cross-sectional area compared with normotensive rats; however, those rats treated with enalapril or sildenafil alone demonstrated an increase in these parameters. Rats receiving combination therapy showed no cross-sectional area differences compared with normotensive rats. Cavernosal connective tissue density was increased, while the sinusoidal spaces were diminished in untreated SHR. All treatments were effective in maintaining connective tissue density in comparison with normotensive animals. Cavernosal smooth muscle density was similar in all groups, with the exception of the combination therapy group, which demonstrated a reduction in smooth muscle.

Conclusions

Hypertension promoted structural alterations in the corpus cavernosum that may be related to ED. Enalapril- and sildenafil-treated animals had preservation of normal corpus cavernosum structure and an increase in penile and cavernosal cross-sectional area. The combination of these drugs showed less benefit than individual use.
Repeatability and Intra‐ and Inter‐observer Agreement of Cervical Vertebral Sagittal Diameter Ratios in Horses with Neurological Disease
Authors: Hughes K.J. , Laidlaw E.H. , Reed S.M. , Keen J. , Abbott J.B. , Trevail T. , Hammond G. , Parkin T.D.H. , Love S.
Published: November 2014

Background

Sagittal ratio values (SRVs) of cervical vertebrae are used for ante‐mortem diagnosis of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy, but intraobserver and interobserver variability in measurement may influence radiographic interpretation of vertebral stenosis in horses with neurological disease.

Objectives

To determine intraobserver repeatability inSRVs, intra‐ and interobserver agreement inSRVs and whether or not agreement was influenced by animal age.

Animals

Forty‐two horses (>1 year old) with neurological disease from which laterolateral computed radiographic images of C2–C7 were obtained.

Methods

Four observers made measurements from C2 to C7 for each horse and interobserver agreement for intra‐ and intervertebralSRVs was determined using Bland–Altman analysis (acceptable agreement: limits of agreement [LOA] ≤ 0.05) on all horses and those ≤3 (n = 25) and >3 (n = 17) years old. Each observer also made repeated measurements for 10 horses and intraobserver repeatability and agreement were determined.

Results

Adequate intraobserver repeatability was achieved for 6 sites. Within observers, paired measurements had a median difference ≤5.7%, but a large range in differences often occurred, most frequently at intervertebral sites. For C5, C6, C7, and C3–4,LOA ≤ 0.05 were achieved by at least 1 observer. With the exception of C5 for 1 pair,LOAwere >0.05 for interobserver agreement, regardless of animal age.LOAwere largest at intervertebral sites.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Within and between observers, measurement error may limit the diagnostic accuracy ofSRVs and result in discrepancies of diagnosis and treatment and warrants consideration when used clinically in horses with neurological disease.
Association of Obesity with Serum Leptin, Adiponectin, and Serotonin and Gut Microflora in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Park H.‐J. , Lee S.‐E. , Kim H.‐B. , Isaacson R.E. , Seo K.‐W. , Song K.‐H.
Published: November 2014

Background

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is involved in hypothalamic regulation of energy consumption. Also, the gut microbiome can influence neuronal signaling to the brain through vagal afferent neurons. Therefore, serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system and the composition of the microbiota can be related to obesity.

Objective

To examine adipokine, and, serotonin concentrations, and the gut microbiota in lean dogs and dogs with experimentally induced obesity.

Animals

Fourteen healthy Beagle dogs were used in this study.

Methods

Seven Beagle dogs in the obese group were fed commercial food ad libitum, over a period of 6 months to increase their weight and seven Beagle dogs in lean group were fed a restricted amount of the same diet to maintain optimal body condition over a period of 6 months. Peripheral leptin, adiponectin, 5HT, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) levels were measured by ELISA. Fecal samples were collected in lean and obese groups 6 months after obesity was induced. Targeted pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using a Genome Sequencer FLX plus system.

Results

Leptin concentrations were higher in the obese group (1.98 ± 1.00) compared to those of the lean group (1.12 ± 0.07, P = .025). Adiponectin and 5‐hydroytryptamine of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF‐5HT) concentrations were higher in the lean group (27.1 ± 7.28) than in the obese group (14.4 ± 5.40, P = .018). Analysis of the microbiome revealed that the diversity of the microbial community was lower in the obese group. Microbes from the phylum Firmicutes (85%) were predominant group in the gut microbiota of lean dogs. However, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria (76%) were the predominant group in the gut microbiota of dogs in the obese group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Decreased 5HT levels in obese group might increase the risk of obesity because of increased appetite. Microflora enriched with gram‐negative might be related with chronic inflammation status in obese dogs.
Nutrition and epigenetics: An emerging field
Authors: Johnson I. T. , Belshaw N. J.
Published: November 2014

Epigenetics refers to heritable changes to gene expression encoded not by differences in the genetic sequence but by other chemical modifications to chromatin, such as methylation of the DNA backbone, or acetylation and methylation of the histone core. The total set of such epigenetic marks can be referred to as the epigenome, but unlike the genome, epigenetic marks differ between tissues and are modified by metabolic conditions and environmental exposures throughout life. In humans and animal models, key metabolic pathways, such as those of energy metabolism and obesity, are believed to be partly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and to be subject to metabolic and nutritional modification in utero and throughout life. There is growing interest in the possibility that extremes of energy or micronutrient availability may modulate the epigenome and hence modify the development and disease susceptibility of individuals. Particular interest is evident for methyl donors, including folic acid, which might directly modify DNA methylation in humans.
Post‐disaster psychosocial support and quality improvement: A conceptual framework for understanding and improving the quality of psychosocial support programs
Authors: Dückers Michel L. A. , Thormar Sigridur B.
Published: November 2014

This article is original in that it addresses post‐disaster psychosocial support programs from a quality‐improvement perspective, not from the traditional viewpoint of mental health services. Based on a combination of renowned quality models, a framework is sketched that offers chances to better understand and optimize the quality of post‐disaster psychosocial service delivery. The quality is reflected in the program's structure, process, and outcome. Moreover, quality can be expressed in scores per criterion (i.e. need centeredness, effectiveness, safety, timeliness, efficiency, and equity) that are proposed to be related to the “attitude” (more passive or active) toward affected people. When quality and attitude are combined in a 2‐D parabolic model, psychosocial support is preferably found in the middle of the attitude‐axis (high quality); extremely passive or active positions are to be avoided (low quality). Well‐timed assessments of structure, process, and outcome aspects, and associations between them, will help planners, providers, and evaluators understand if the optimum is reached, as well as provide guidance for quality improvement.
Poor quality of external validity reporting limits generalizability of overweight and/or obesity lifestyle prevention interventions in young adults: a systematic review
Authors: Partridge S. R. , Juan S. J.‐H. , McGeechan K. , Bauman A. , Allman‐Farinelli M.
Published: November 2014

Young adulthood is a high‐risk life stage for weight gain. Evidence is needed to translate behavioural approaches into community practice to prevent weight gain in young adults. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness and reporting of external validity components in prevention interventions. The search was limited to randomized controlled trial (RCT) lifestyle interventions for the prevention of weight gain in young adults (18–35 years). Mean body weight and/or body mass index (BMI) change were the primary outcomes. External validity, quality assessment and risk of bias tools were applied to all studies. Twenty‐one RCTs were identified through 14 major electronic databases. Over half of the studies were effective in the short term for significantly reducing body weight and/or BMI; however, few showed long‐term maintenance. All studies lacked full reporting on external validity components. Description of the intervention components and participant attrition rates were reported by most studies. However, few studies reported the representativeness of participants, effectiveness of recruitment methods, process evaluation detail or costs. It is unclear from the information reported how to implement the interventions into community practice. Integrated reporting of intervention effectiveness and enhanced reporting of external validity components are needed for the translation and potential upscale of prevention strategies.
Lung transplant waitlist mortality: Height as a predictor of poor outcomes
Authors: Keeshan Britton C. , Rossano Joseph W. , Beck Nicole , Hammond Rachel , Kreindler James , Spray Thomas L. , Fuller Stephanie , Goldfarb Samuel
Published: November 2014

The LAS was designed to minimize pretransplant mortality while maximizing post‐transplant outcome. Recipients <12 are not allocated lungs based on LAS. Waitlist mortality has decreased for those >12, but not <12, suggesting this population may be disadvantaged. To identify predictors of waitlist mortality, a retrospective analysis of the UNOS database was performed since implementation of the LAS. There were 16 973 patients listed for lung transplant in the United States; 12 070 (71.1%) were transplanted, and 2498 (14.7%) patients died or were removed from the wait list. Significantly more pediatric patients died or were removed compared with adults (22.0% vs. 14.4%, p < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, in addition to higher LAS at time of listing (adj. HR1.058, 1.055–1.060), shorter height (1.008, 1.006–1.010), male gender (1.210, 1.110–1.319), and requiring ECMO (1.613, 1.202–2.163) were associated with pretransplant mortality. Post‐transplant survival was not affected by height. The current age cutoff may impose limitations within the current lung allocation system in the United States. Height is an independent predictor of waitlist mortality and may be a valuable factor for the development of a comprehensive lung allocation system.
New era of pediatric ventricular assist devices: Let us go to school
Authors: Ozbaran Mustafa , Yagdi Tahir , Engin Cagatay , Ulger Zulal , Ozbaran Burcu , Kose Sezen , Kacamak Duygu , Engin Yaprak
Published: November 2014

As there is still a shortage of pediatric donor hearts, several techniques have been used to assist pediatric patients to survive until transplantation. VADs provide long‐term support and ability of mobilization for children before a suitable heart becomes available. Several devices such as paracorporeal pumps have been used for this purpose, with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. However, discharge is not possible, as there is no mobile drive unit for these small‐sized pumps. The possible negative psychosocial impact of long‐term hospitalization, away from home and school, may cause some adjustment problems in the future. In this case series, three pediatric patients that underwent intracorporeal LVAD implantation and returned to school are presented to share clinical experience and also to attract attention to the potential social and psychiatric implications.
Minimum Exposure Limits and Measured Relationships Between the Vitamin D, Erythema and International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection Solar Ultraviolet
Authors: Downs Nathan , Parisi Alfio , Butler Harry , Turner Joanna , Wainwright Lisa
Published: November 2014

The International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established guidelines for exposure to ultraviolet radiation in outdoor occupational settings. Spectrally weighted ICNIRP ultraviolet exposures received by the skin or eye in an 8 h period are limited to 30 J m−2. In this study, the time required to reach the ICNIRP exposure limit was measured daily in 10 min intervals upon a horizontal plane at a subtropical Australian latitude over a full year and compared with the effective Vitamin D dose received to one‐quarter of the available skin surface area for all six Fitzpatrick skin types. The comparison of measured solar ultraviolet exposures for the full range of sky conditions in the 2009 measurement period, including a major September continental dust event, show a clear relationship between the weighted ICNIRP and the effective vitamin D dose. Our results show that the horizontal plane ICNIRP ultraviolet exposure may be used under these conditions to provide minimum guidelines for the healthy moderation of vitamin D, scalable to each of the six Fitzpatrick skin types.
Diffuse pulmonary ossification in permanent vegetative state
Authors: Porzionato Andrea , Macchi Veronica , Da Broi Ugo , Giraudo Chiara , Miotto Diego , Rodriguez Daniele , Moreschi Carlo , De Caro Raffaele
Published: November 2014

Diffuse pulmonary ossification (DPO) is a rare condition characterized by diffuse metaplastic bone formation in the lungs. Two patterns have been described: dendriform, with a coral‐like network of bone spiculae along the alveolar septa; and nodular, with lobulated fragments in the alveolar spaces. Dendriform DPO is frequently associated with chronic pulmonary pathologies. We present here the first case of DPO associated with a long‐lasting vegetative state. Micro‐computed tomography (MicroCT) was applied to analyze the distribution of pulmonary ossification in volumes of lung samples. It showed a mean volume percentage of ossification of 0.79% and 3‐D reconstructions permitted to reveal the branching pattern and internal cavities of some ossifications. The occurrence of DPO in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) may be favored by recurrent pulmonary infections, due to aspiration and immunological defects, and respiratory instability, due to brain damage and the fact of being bedridden. Fibrotic reactions probably represent a preliminary step in bone formation. Further studies could examine the incidence and clinical significance of DPO in subjects in PVS or patients who are bedridden for other reasons. MicroCT may facilitate analysis of more case histories, with greater sensitivity with respect to classic microscopic analyses.
Relation between two twisted inverse image pseudofunctors in duality theory
Authors: Iyengar Srikanth B. , Lipman Joseph , Neeman Amnon
Published: November 2014

Grothendieck duality theory assigns to essentially finite-type maps $f$ of noetherian schemes a pseudofunctor $f^{\times }$ right-adjoint to $\mathsf{R}f_{\ast }$, and a pseudofunctor $f^{!}$ agreeing with $f^{\times }$ when $f$ is proper, but equal to the usual inverse image $f^{\ast }$ when $f$ is étale. We define and study a canonical map from the first pseudofunctor to the second. This map behaves well with respect to flat base change, and is taken to an isomorphism by ‘compactly supported’ versions of standard derived functors. Concrete realizations are described, for instance for maps of affine schemes. Applications include proofs of reduction theorems for Hochschild homology and cohomology, and of a remarkable formula for the fundamental class of a flat map of affine schemes.
PAPEL DE LAS EMPRESAS Y DE LOS ESTADOS EN LA DEBIDA DILIGENCIA EN DERECHOS HUMANOS
Authors: Ibáñez-M. Pilar , Ordoñez-S. Viviana
Published: November 2014

La relación de las empresas con los derechos humanos ha ido tomando cada vez más fuerza y en ese sentido se hace necesario precisar conceptos y apreciaciones sobre cuáles responsabilidades le son atribuibles a las empresas y cuáles a los Estados. Así, en el presente artículo las autoras buscan acercarse al concepto de debida diligencia, consagrada en los principios rectores sobre las empresas y los derechos humanos de John Ruggie, la cual recae en cabeza de las empresas en cuanto al respeto y protección de los derechos humanos, al tiempo que se quiere mostrar cuáles aspectos de este deber son responsabilidad de los particulares y cuáles del Estado. Por tanto, se expondrán, a lo largo del artículo, (I) el concepto de debida diligencia; (II) cómo elaborar un proceso de debida diligencia en el marco de derechos humanos; (III) el desarrollo e implementación de procesos de debida diligencia en derechos humanos; (IV) límites a la debida diligencia de las empresas; y (V) precisar en materia de debida diligencia, cuáles son las obligaciones del Estado y cuáles sus límites. A modo de conclusión, las autoras buscan dar recomendaciones que permitan tanto a empresas como a Estados, un cumplimiento efectivo de sus obligaciones y responsabilidades.

 
Hydrodynamic Simulation and Optimization of an Oil Skimmer
Authors: Ni Shaoyu , Qiu Wei , Zhang Anran , Prior David
Published: November 2014

Oil spills can cause severe environmental damage. In situ burning or chemical dispersant methods can be used in many situations; however, these methods can be highly toxic and fail in slightly rough seas. Oil recovery techniques have also been developed to recover oil using skimmer equipment installed in ships. The challenges arise when a vessel is operated in heavy sea and current conditions. An oil skimmer has recently been developed by Extreme Spill Technology (EST) Inc. for automated oil recovery using a vacuum device installed in a vessel. Initial tests have shown that the prototype vessel is efficient in oil recovery. This paper presents the numerical and experimental studies of the hydrodynamic performance of the vacuum tower installed in the oil skimmer developed by EST. While the principle of the vacuum mechanism for oil skimming is simple, the hydrodynamic aspects of the recovery process is very complicated since it involves multiphase and multiscale moving interfaces, including oil, water, atmospheric air, and attenuate compressible air on the top part of the vacuum tower, and moving interface of oil slick, oil droplets, and air bubbles of different scales. The recovery process was simplified into a three-phase flow problem involving oil, water, and air and was simulated by using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to capture the moving surfaces between the fluid phases. Model tests were carried out to simulate the oil recovery process and for validation studies. Numerical results were compared with the experimental data. Studies were also extended to optimize the geometry of the tower for maximum oil recovery.
Irregular Nonlinear Wave Simulation and Associated Loads on Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Marino E. , Nguyen H. , Lugni C. , Manuel L. , Borri C.
Published: November 2014

The accuracy of predicted loads on offshore wind turbines depends on the mathematical models employed to describe the combined action of the wind and waves. Using a global simulation framework that employs a domain-decomposition strategy for computational efficiency, this study investigates the effects of nonlinear waves on computed loads on the support structure (monopile) and the rotor–nacelle assembly of a bottom-supported offshore wind turbine. The fully nonlinear (FNL) numerical wave solver is invoked only on subdomains where nonlinearities are detected; thus, only locally in space and time, a linear solution (and associated Morison hydrodynamics) is replaced by the FNL one. An efficient carefully tuned linear–nonlinear transition scheme makes it possible to run long simulations such that effects from weakly nonlinear up to FNL events, such as imminent breaking waves, can be accounted for. The unsteady nonlinear free-surface problem governing the propagation of gravity waves is formulated using potential theory and a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) is used to discretize Laplace’s equation. The FNL solver is employed and associated hydrodynamic loads are simulated in conjunction with aerodynamic loads on the rotor of a 5-MW wind turbine using the NREL open-source software, fast. We assess load statistics associated with a single severe sea state. Such load statistics are needed in evaluating relevant load cases specified in offshore wind turbine design guidelines; in this context, the influence of nonlinear wave modeling and its selection over alternative linear or linearized wave modeling is compared. Ultimately, a study such as this one will seek to evaluate long-term loads using the FNL solver in computations directed toward reliability-based design of offshore wind turbines where a range of sea states will need to be evaluated.
Integrated Mechanical and Thermodynamic Optimization of an Engine Linkage Using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Sullivan Thomas A. , van de ven James D. , Northrop William F. , McCabe Kieran
Published: November 2014

In order to improve the thermodynamic efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE), a Stephenson-III six-bar linkage is optimized to serve as a replacement for the traditional slider–crank. Novel techniques are presented for formulating the design variables in the kinematic optimization that guarantee satisfaction of the Grashof condition and of transmission angle requirements without the need for an explicit constraint function. Additionally, a nested generalization of the popular NSGA-II algorithm is presented that allows simultaneous optimization of the kinematic, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties of the mechanism. This approach successfully solves the complex six-objective optimization problem, with challenges for future refinement including improvement of the combustion simulation to attain better accuracy without prohibitive computational expense.
Comparison Between an Intelligent Controller and a Sliding Mode Controller to Positioning Pneumatic Actuators
Authors: Garmsiri Naghmeh , Sepehri Nariman
Published: November 2014

Sliding Mode Control (SMC) technique is a well-established method in positioning pneumatic actuators due to its consistent performance in the presence of model uncertainties. Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC) is a new model free controller with flexible structure and low computational load. It has been successfully applied to many control problems. In this work we study, for the first time, how well a BELBIC performs in comparison with SMC approach in positioning a pneumatic actuator. Different position tracking tasks are evaluated on a low-cost pneumatic actuator and in presence of significant friction. Comparison is done based on positioning accuracy, non-oscillatory motion and robustness to external load. The results show that while both controllers successfully track different trajectories, SMC is generally more accurate. BELBIC maintains its performance in the presence of large static friction. Furthermore, it produces less oscillatory control action. This work concludes that BELBIC can be a good choice for positioning of pneumatic actuators.
Fuel Optimal Controller for Hydrostatic Drives: A Simulation Study and Model Validation
Authors: Backas Joni , Ghabcheloo Reza , Hyvönen Mika , Huhtala Kalevi
Published: November 2014

This paper presents an optimal controller for fuel efficiency of a hydraulic mobile machine with hydrostatic drive (HSD). The solution is validated using a semi-empirical simulated research platform. The drive transmission of the machine includes one variable displacement hydraulic pump and four two-speed hub motors. There is no energy storage installed. Thus, the structure of the HSD and presented improvements in fuel economy are comparable to traditional machines.

The optimal controller is compared to a baseline controller that intuitively keeps the components at their high efficiency regions. In simulated hill tests, fuel economy was improved by up to 25.9 % depending on the slope of the hill and velocity reference.
Prediction of Drive Torque in Hydraulic Wheel Loader
Authors: Ahopelto Miika , Huhtala Kalevi
Published: November 2014

This research presents method for the online estimation and prediction of drive forces in heavy duty vehicles. The estimation is based on the measured velocity and longitudinal dynamics. The same method can be applied for the prediction but the reference velocity is given as the input of the system instead of actual velocity. The prediction and estimation of drive forces are essential when optimizing the fuel consumption or emission. Especially, the control of the diesel engine requires information about loading torque for the prevent stalling of engine and guarantee rapid reaction of the machine.
Research on Double-Axis Electro-Hydraulic Proportional Loading Control System With Intelligent Dual-PID for Membrane Materials
Authors: Chen Guishun , Shi Guanglin , Huang Ruijia
Published: November 2014

Membrane material is one kind of special material with nonlinear feature. Its mechanical characteristic is so complicated and anisotropic that the performance is quite different between the single-axis loading and the double-axis loading. So the experimental results with the single-axis loading will usually lead to unexpected results. With the development and widely application of membrane materials, the double-axis property experiment plays an increasingly important role all around the world. Considering the situation mentioned above, a double-axis electro-hydraulic proportional loading control system with intelligent dual-PID is proposed in this paper, which controls four cylinders respectively with the help of four electro-hydraulic proportional directional valves. The cylinders provide pulling force to membrane material directly under the control of electro-hydraulic proportional directional valves. And the opening of each electro-hydraulic proportional directional valve is adjusted by intelligent dual-PID according to the pulling force as well as the position of cylinder. The simulation model of double-axis electro-hydraulic proportional loading control system with intelligent dual-PID is built and an intelligent dual-PID algorithm is also designed in this paper. The simulation and experiments show that the double-axis electro-hydraulic proportional loading control system with intelligent dual-PID can fulfill the loading precision requirement of double-axis membrane material experiment.
Direct-Driven Hydraulic Drive Without Conventional Oil Tank
Authors: Minav Tatiana A. , Sainio Panu , Pietola Matti
Published: November 2014

In the past few years, direct-driven hydraulic drive (DDH) has synthesized the advantages of compact high power of the hydraulic system and flexible control of the electric motor. This paper investigates the direct-driven hydraulic setup for the non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) application. In the proposed setup, the speed and position control of a double-acting cylinder is implemented directly with a Synchronous Torque Motor drive in a close-loop system without conventional control valves and oil tank. In relation to this, hydraulic accumulator is employed as a replacement of the conventional oil tank. For position and speed control of this closed-loop system, only single feedback is applied from motor’s rotor encoder. As a result, excellent control capabilities of a modern electric drive brings along safety functions and monitoring capabilities of the motor and controller to benefit the hydraulic system. Functionalities of motor controllers offer opportunities to duplicate conventional sensors based on either safety or reliability demands. The system is investigated by means of measurements and also simulation models.
ECF Micropump-Integrated Micro Hand by MEMS Technology
Authors: Kim Joon-wan , Yokota Shinichi , Satoh Masaya , Edamura Kazuya
Published: November 2014

On purpose to realize a novel flexible micro-hand for biological and medical applications, this paper presents a major step forward in this direction by directly integrating micropumps into eccentric tube type micro-fingers driven by the ECF (Electro-Conjugate Fluid) jet. ECF is a functional fluid which can generate the strong jet by applying high DC voltage between the electrodes. The ECF eccentric tube type micro-hand (ECF-ETMH) comprises three elastic PDMS micro-fingers with eccentric void and their corresponding MEMS-fabricated ECF micropumps. Because of the geometrical asymmetry created by an eccentric void in a cylindrical elastic body, this micro-finger acts bending motion upon the pressurization of the eccentric void by the ECF jet. Each ECF micropump has 41 pairs of a triangular prism and slit electrodes (TPSEs) that are designed to generate maximum pressures of 300kPa at the applied voltage of 3.5kV. We successfully fabricated eccentric tube type micro-fingers (ETMF) by high aspect ratio micromolding. Although we could not succeed in integrating the ECF micropumps and ETMFs due to the leakage, we experimentally proved the feasibility of this micro-hand system by investigating the characteristics of them separately.
Analytical Thermal Field Theory Applicable to Oil Hydraulic Fluid Film Lubrication
Authors: Johansen Per , Roemer Daniel B. , Pedersen Henrik C. , Andersen Torben O.
Published: November 2014

An analytical thermal field theory is derived by a perturbation series expansion solution to the energy conservation equation. The theory is valid for small values of the Brinkman number and the modified Peclet number. This condition is sufficiently satisfied for hydraulic oils, whereby the analytical approach provides an alternative to existing computationally expensive numerical methods. The paper presents the dimensional analysis, which provides the foundation for the derivation of the analytical approximation. Subsequently, the perturbation method is applied in order to find an asymptotic expansion of the thermal field. The series solution is truncated at first order in order to obtain a closed form approximation. Finally a numerical thermohydrodynamic simulation of a piston-cylinder interface is presented, and the results are used for a comparison with the analytical theory in order to validate the modelling approach.
Developed Measuring Methods for Hydraulic Fluid Dynamics and Viscosity at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Karjalainen J.-P. , Karjalainen R. , Huhtala K.
Published: November 2014

Hydraulic fluid is one of the most important components in every fluid power system. Therefore, fluid properties have to be known with a good accuracy in an increasing number of applications, for example in system’s design, modelling and control. The fluid of interest may be a power transmission fluid as well as a fuel. In defining the needed fluid characteristics, the large variety of different fluid types sets many demands for a single measuring system. Moreover, known fluid properties, of fuels in particular, are needed at constantly higher pressures and temperatures, raising the bar for practical measuring concepts — user-friendliness, safety and equipment cost are also essential criteria.

In this paper, two accurate, but rather simple and affordable measuring concepts are presented. The speed of sound in a fluid, hydraulic fluid density and adiabatic tangent fluid bulk modulus are all defined with a direct measurement of the pressure wave propagation. The dynamic and kinematic fluid viscosities are defined with a remotely operated, modified falling ball viscometer. Both the presented methods have been developed further from the previously published concepts of the same authors. With these improved systems, all the mentioned fluid parameters can reliably be measured at up to at least 2,500 bar and at up to at least +150°C. Moreover, the same equipment can be applied to any type of hydraulic fluid, a fuel or a power transmission fluid, regardless of the base fluid, additives or viscosity grade.

In addition to presenting the measuring concepts and the equipment used in detail, a selected sample of experimental results will also be presented to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the methods.