bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ESR Spectra, Electronic Structure, and Thermal Reactivity of Fluoroethane Cations
Authors: Komaguchi Kenji , Sakurai Hiroshi , Shiotani Masaru , Hasegawa Akinori
Published: December 2002

The ESR spectra for the cation radicals of CH3CH2F (FE) and its partially deuterated derivatives, formed by irradiation with γ-rays in SF6 matrices at 77 K, were observed at low temperatures. The spectra consist of two lines typical of an anisotropic hyperfine coupling to a 19F nucleus. The optimized geometry of FE•+ was obtained by the ab initio MO method, and hyperfine splittings were evaluated by density functional theory (DFT). Two structures, A and B, were obtained having 2A′ and 2A′′ electronic states, respectively. Structure A is in a lower energy state by 0.31 eV than structure B, and is assigned to the detected cation radical. This structure has a SOMO composed of the 2p orbitals of two C and an F atoms in the molecular plane, and has an elongated C–C bond of 0.1884 nm. This resembles the SOMO given for C2H6•+. Furthermore, the structural distortion of FE•+ in zeolite and the thermal dissociation of FE•+ in matrices are reported.
Magnetic Field Effect on the Fluorescence of m-Phenylenebis(phenylmethylene) in a Rigid Glass at 77 K
Authors: Tanimoto Yoshifumi , Akimoto Yukimi , Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Mukai Masahiro , Takui Takeji , Kinoshita Takamasa , Itoh Koichi
Published: December 2002

The magnetic field effect (≤ 0.59 T) on the quintet–quintet fluorescence of m-phenylenebis(phenylmethylene) (MPBP) was studied in a rigid glass, decaline–cyclohexane (3 : 1) mixture, at 77K. The fluorescence decay rate of MPBP increases in a magnetic field. The effect on the MPBP fluorescence is explained in terms of the Zeeman mixing of excited quintet sublevels of MPBP.
The Incomplete Cubane Complexes Having Co3O4 or Mo3S4 Core with the N–N–O Type Tridentates; l-histidinato and Ethylenediamine-N-acetato
Authors: Ama Tomoharu , Rashid Md Monzur , Sarker Ashok Kumar , Miyakawa Hideyuki , Yonemura Toshiaki , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Yasui Takaji
Published: December 2002

A trinuclear cobalt(III) complex, [Co3(l-his)3(μ-OH)3(μ3-O)]ClO4·H2O (l-Hhis: l-histidine), containing an incomplete cubane Co3O4 core was isolated and the structure was compared with [Co3(edma)3(μ-OH)3(μ3-O)]+ (Hedma: NH2CH2CH2NHCH2COOH) isomers. Using the edma and l-his as N–N–O type ligands, [Mo3(L)3(μ-S)3(μ3-S)]+ complexes with a Mo3S4 incomplete cubane core were also prepared, and their structures were determined by the X-ray diffraction method. A structural similarity between [Mo3(L)3(μ-S)3(μ3-S)]+ and [Co3(L)3(μ-OH)3(μ3-O)]+ is discussed; it is suggested that three N–H···O inter-ligand (intra-molecular) attractive interaction has an important role in stabilizing the incomplete cubane structure.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Property of a Dinuclear Vanadium(III) Complexes with N-Hydroxyethyliminodiacetate
Authors: Kanamori Kan , Ishida Kyoko , Fujimoto Kazuya , Kuwai Tomohiko , Okamoto Ken-ichi
Published: December 2002

A vanadium(III) complex with N-hydroxyethyliminodiacetate (heida(3-)) was prepared. The X-ray crystallography has revealed that the compound is a dinuclear vanadium(III) complex, which contains a di-μ-alkoxo bridge derived from the deprotonation of the hydroxyethyl group of the parent heida(2-) ligand. Each vanadium(III) center adopts a distorted octahedral structure. The temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurement suggests that the electronic spin moments of the two vanadium(III) centers are antiferromagnetically coupled (g = 1.98 and J = −36.9 cm−1).
Novel Regioselective Synthesis of 6-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-dioxin-3-methanol
Authors: Ganesh Thota , Sharma Kamalesh Kedarnath , Krupadanam Gazula Levi David
Published: December 2002

A novel regioselective synthesis of neolignan, 6-(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-dioxin-3-methanol, is described. 2-[bromo(phenyl)methyl]-oxirane upon condensation with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde gave regioselectively (±)-trans-3-hydroxymethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-dioxin-6-carbaldehyde, which upon reaction with dihydropyran in dichloromethane using (PPTS) gave 2-phenyl-3-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy-methyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-dioxin-6-carbaldehyde. This compound by a Wittig reaction with ethoxycarbonylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane gave stereoselectively ethyl 3-[trans-2-phenyl-3-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxymethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-dioxin-6-yl]-2-propenoate, which upon reduction with DIBAL-H afforded the title compound.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Silapericyclynes
Authors: Unno Masafumi , Saito Takashi , Matsumoto Hideyuki
Published: December 2002

Five new silapericyclynes, (i-Pr2SiC≡C)n (n = 6, 8, 10) and (i-Pr2SiC≡CMe2SiC≡C)n (n = 3, 4) were prepared, and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. For sila[6]pericyclynes, the ring structures depend upon the steric demand of the substituents on silicon atoms; (i-Pr2SiC≡C)6 crystallized in nearly planar structure, and (i-Pr2SiC≡CMe2SiC≡C)3 formed a chair structure with small dihedral angles (109.6° and 121.7°), while (Ph2SiC≡C)6 crystallized in boat and chair forms. The crystal structures of larger pericyclynes (i-Pr2SiC≡C)8, (i-Pr2SiC≡C)10, and (i-Pr2SiC≡CMe2SiC≡C)4 showed that the substituents, isopropyl groups, were included inside the rings. These compounds show absorption maxima in the range of 203–221 nm.
One-Pot Preparations of (Dichloroiodo)arenes from Some Arenes
Authors: Lulinski Piotr , Obeid Nicolas , Skulski Lech
Published: December 2002

Arenes (ArH) were substituted with some transient I3+ species, generated in situ in appropriate, anhydrous I2/NaIO4 or NaIO3/AcOH/Ac2O/concd H2SO4 mixtures, to form soluble organoiodine(III) intermediates, ArISO4. Next, excess concd hydrochloric acid was added to precipitate out the title ArICl2, and isolated in 46–88% optimized crude yields.
Artificial Neural Network for Predicting the Toxicity of Organic Molecules
Authors: Admans Gary , Takahashi Yoshimasa , Ban Satoshi , Kato Hiroaki , Abe Hidetsugu , Hanai Sosuke
Published: December 2002

Structure–activity relationships for aquatic toxicity were studied using neural networks and linear regression analysis. The structural features contributing to toxicity were identified in molecules exhibiting a level of toxicity greater than that of non-reactive organic molecules. A neural network was trained for the toxicity of non-polar narcotics, polar narcotics, or reactive toxicants. Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) were developed, relating a molecular aquatic toxicity to its log P and to a set of 16 structural descriptors based upon the presence of selected structural features. The inclusion of these structural descriptors into a QSAR was found to enhance the correlation of the equation, and thus to improve its ability for predicting aquatic toxicity.
Mixed Metal Compounds Bridged by 1,4-Diphenylbuta-1,3-diyne Derived by C–C bond Coupling of Alkynyl Ligands
Authors: Yamazaki Shinsaku , Taira Zenei , Yonemura Toshiaki , Deeming Anthony J , Nakao Akiko
Published: December 2002

New mixed-metal compounds, PtRu3(μ4-η1:η1:η2:η4-PhCCCCPh)(CO)10(dppe) with isomers 1 and 2, have been prepared by reacting cis-dialkynyl platinum(II) complex, Pt(C≡CPh)2(dppe), with Ru3(CO)12, via a C–C bond coupling of the alkynyl ligands.
Synthesis and Characterization of Europium Complex Nanowire
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Liu Weisheng , Wang Wenhua , Guo Xinyong
Published: December 2002

A new compound of benzyl 2-{2-[ethyl(phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethoxy}-1,1-bis{2-[ethyl(phenyl)amino]-2-oxoethoxymethyl}ethylcarbamate (L) was synthesized. The Eu(III) complex nanowires were fabricated by a template method and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum and TEM. The longer luminescence lifetime was found for the Eu(III) complex nanowire in comparison with that of Eu(III) complex powder which is prepared by deposition reaction in solvent.
Fabrication of Self-assembled Polymer Particle Monolayers on Gold Substrates
Authors: Taniguchi Tatsuo , Shinohara Suguru , Kawaguchi Seigou , Nagai Katsutoshi
Published: December 2002

Polymer particles bearing sulfonium groups are found to be self-assembled on a gold substrate by simply immersion into latex. Millimeter-sized large domain of 2-D highly ordered particle arrays were also obtained in a self-assembled particle monolayer. Polymer particles were selectively assembled on a patterned gold substrate at the particle size level by a combination with photolithographic technique.
A Catalytic and α-Selective Sialylation Using Novel 5-Azido Sialyl Fluoride
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Mandai Hiroki , Jona Hideki
Published: December 2002

Catalytic and α-selective sialylation of several glycosyl acceptors with 5-azido sialyl fluoride 2 was successfully carried out in n-valeronitrile using a combined catalyst system of stannic chloride (SnCl4) and silver perchlorate (AgClO4) (1:2) in the coexistence of MS 5A and the corresponding sialosides were obtained in excellent yields with high α-selectivities.
High Magnetic Field Effect on the Growth of 3-Dimensional Silver Dendrites
Authors: Katsuki Akio , Uechi Ichiro , Fujiwara Masao , Tanimoto Yoshifumi
Published: December 2002

A liquid/solid redox reaction between silver ion and copper metal was investigated under high magnetic field (maximum field strength: 15 T). 3-Dimensional silver dendrites produced via the reaction were affected drastically by the magnetic field. Dense and large quantity dendrites were obtained under the magnetic field. Magnetic force will determine the shape and quantity of the silver dendrites.
Selective Permeation of Nitric Oxide through Two Dimensional Cross-linked Polysiloxane LB Films
Authors: Kato Dai , Sakata Masayo , Hirayama Chuichi , Hirata Yoshiki , Mizutani Fumio , Kunitake Masashi
Published: December 2002

Novel two-dimensional (2D) cross-linked polysiloxane LB films were prepared and applied to nitric oxide (NO)-permselective films in order to block other electroactive interfering substances, such as l-ascorbic acid, l-cysteine, and acetaminophen. The 2D cross-linked siloxane LB films deposited on Pt electrodes were remarkably effective in the elimination of the interfering responses and a rapid response to NO remained with modified LB films consisting of monolayers or even several layers.
Reactivity Control of a Dinuclear Xenophilic Species, Tp#Ni–RuCp(CO)2, via Spin Crossover across a Metal-metal Bond [Tp#: Hydrotris(4-bromo-3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borato]
Authors: Uehara Kazuhiro , Hikichi Shiro , Akita Munetaka
Published: December 2002

A high-spin, triplet xenophilic complex, Tp#Ni-RuCp(CO)2, readily reacted with 2e-donors (L) via spin crossover at Ni associated with transposition of the resultant coordinatively unsaturated site from Ni to Ru to give diamagnetic adducts, Tp#Ni-RuCp(μ-CO)2(L).
Time-resolved Measurement in Laser Ablation Voltammetry
Authors: Hinoue Teruo , Umemoto Kisaburo
Published: December 2002

A time-resolved measurement in laser ablation voltammetry (TR-LAV) was demonstrated with aqueous solution of hexacyanoiron (III) (ferrocyanide) and acetonitrile (AN) solution of dicyclopentadienyliron (II) (ferrocene, Fc) in a time region between 0.05 and 1350 ms. TR-LA voltammograms of ferrocyanide exhibited a sigmoidal oxidation wave at delay time longer than 0.15 ms, whereas the voltammograms of Fc in AN were deteriorated in shape by the iR drop effect at short delay time.
A New Determination Method of Nitric Oxide (NO) with a NO-selective Electrode Demonstrated by the Kinetic Analysis of NO Generation and Decomposition
Authors: Nakashima Yoshitaka , Yasui Hiroyuki , Sakurai Hiromu
Published: December 2002

A new determination method of nitric oxide (NO) was proposed by a NO-selective electrode on the basis of the kinetic analysis for the time-dependent amperometric currents due to NO generation and decomposition. From the linear relationship between the observed currents and the estimated NO concentrations in NONOate (NOC7) at physiological pH, the method was concluded to be useful for quantification of NO.
Density Functional Studies on the Solvation Free Energy of the Proton in Methanol
Authors: Hwang Sungu , Chung Doo Soo
Published: December 2002

The proton solvation free energy in methanol was calculated by B3LYP flavor of density functional calculations with the Poisson-Boltzmann solvation model. Solvents were taken into account in a hybrid manner, i.e., one to five molecules of methanol were explicitly considered while other solvent molecules were represented with an implicit solvation model.
Synthesis and Fluorescence of Pyridine-N-alkyl carbazole Copolymer Prepared by Oxidative-coupling Reaction
Authors: Zheng Jinyun , Zhan Caimao , Qin Jingui , Zhan Rui
Published: December 2002

A new kind of copolymers incorporated pyridine and N-alkyl carbazole alternatively into main chain has been prepared by oxidative-coupling copolymerization. The polymers are thermostable, highly soluble, and processable. The fluorescence spectra of the polymers display blue light emitting properties.
Absorption Spectra of Colored Isomer of Diarylethene in Single Crystals
Authors: Kobatake Seiya , Morimoto Masakazu , Asano Yukako , Murakami Akinori , Nakamura Shinichiro , Irie Masahiro
Published: December 2002

The colored isomer produced in 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene crystal upon irradiation with ultraviolet light showed an absorption maximum at 535 nm, which is 30 nm longer than that in hexane, 505 nm. The spectral shift is ascribed to the strained structure of the photogenerated closed-ring isomer in the crystal.
Effects of para-Phenyl Group on the Reactivities of Sterically Congested Triplet Diphenylcarbene
Authors: Hirai Katsuyuki , Iikubo Takashi , Tomioka Hideo
Published: December 2002

Bis(2,6-dibromo-4-phenylphenyl)carbene dimerizes to give tetrakis(2,6-dibromo-4-phenylphenyl)ethene, which is further photolyzed to afford 1,8-dibromo-9,10-bis(2,6-dibromo-4-phenylphenyl)-3,6-diphenylphenanthrene.
A Novel Three-component Pseudo-polymorphism in the Cholamide Inclusion Crystals Promoted by the Combination of Organic Guest and Water
Authors: Yoswathananont Nungruethai , Kita Hisakazu , Tohnai Norimitsu , Sada Kazuki , Miyata Mikiji
Published: December 2002

Cholamide (1) exhibits a novel pseudopolymorphism in a three-component system composed of 1, acetonitrile, and water. Recrystallization of 1 from a guest solution composed of an equal amount of acetonitrile and water gave one polymorph (triangular, 1:1:1 molar ratio of 1:acetonitrile:water). Diminished water in the guest solution provided the other polymorph (bilayer, 1:1:2).
Polysaccharide-polynucleotide Interaction (XI); Novel Separation System of RNAs by Using Schizophyllan-appended Column
Authors: Kimura Taro , Koumoto Kazuya , Mizu Masami , Sakurai Kazuo , Shinkai Seiji
Published: December 2002

Schizophyllan belongs to the β-1,3-glucan family and can form a complex with particular polynucleotides.1 We applied this complexation to specifically separate polynucleotides by constructing a schizophyllan-appended column. The column trapped poly(C) and poly(A), while it did not show any affinity to poly(G), which is consistent with the experimental results obtained in the homogenous solution. The present results indicate that the s-SPG column can be a new separation device for biomolecules.
Sonochemical Synthesis of Antimony Trisulfide Nanowhiskers
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhu Jun-Jie , Chen Hong-Yuan
Published: December 2002

Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) nanowhiskers with diameters of 20–30 nm and lengths over 400 nm have been successfully prepared by a convenient sonochemical method under ambient air.
Scattering Linear Polarizer Based on a Polymer Blend of Photo-cross-linkable Polymer Liquid Crystal and Photoinactive Polymer
Authors: Kawatsuki Nobuhiro , Hasegawa Takako , Ono Hiroshi , Yamamoto Tohei
Published: December 2002

A polymer blend film of a photo-cross-linkable liquid crystal (PPLC) and an isotropic copolymer shows polarization-selective scattering generated by the photoinduced optical anisotropy of the PPLC.
Long‐Distance Magnetic Interaction between a MnIIIMnIV (S=1/2) Core and an Organic Radical: A Spectroscopic Model for the S2Yz. State of Photosystem II
Authors: Marlin Dana S. , Bill Eckhard , Weyhermüller Thomas , Rentschler Eva , Wieghardt Karl
Published: December 2002

Ein ausgezeichnetes Hilfsmittel für ein besseres Verständnis von weit reichenden Austausch‐Wechselwirkungen in komplizierten Systemen wie dem S2YZ.‐Zustand des Photosystems II ist ein relativ einfaches Modell für ähnliche Wechselwirkungen zwischen einem Dimangan‐Kern und einem organischen Radikal in dem Komplex [(Me4dtne)MnIIIMnIV(μ‐O)2(μ‐O2CPhNIT)](ClO4)2. EPR‐Spektroskopie dient als weiteres Hilfsmittel zur Bestimmung der Reichweite dieser dipolaren Kopplungen. Me4dtne=1,2‐Bis(4,7‐dimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclonon‐1‐yl)ethan; HO2CPhNIT=2‐(4‐Carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐3‐oxyimidazolidin‐1‐oxid.
Application of solubility parameters to the formulation of acrylate methacrylate film coating systems
Authors: Eichie F. E. , Okor R. S. , Groning R.
Published: December 2002

In order to optimize the formulation of the acrylate methacrylate (AMA) coating systems, the partial solubility parameters of AMA and those of various coating solvents and plasticizers have been computed using the group contribution method of Van Krevelan and Hoftyzer. The data were analyzed in accordance with the three‐dimensional solubility parameters whereby δh (the hydrogen‐bonding component) was plotted against the sum of δd (the dipole–dipole component) and δp (the polar component). The data were also analyzed according to a two‐dimensional solubility parameters whereby δh was plotted vs δp to obtain the energy maps for the various compounds. With the three‐dimensional analysis, the position of the reference polymer in the energy map was centrally located and was flanked by plasticizers and solvents that were shown experimentally to be compatible with the polymer. On the other hand, the two‐dimensional analysis displaced the location of the reference polymer in the energy map leftward to the Y axis, and was not flanked by plasticizers and solvents that were compatible with it. The results show that the concept of the three‐dimensional solubility parameters was more applicable to the theoretical selection of plasticizers and solvents for the polymer studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1339–1344, 2003
Absorption of glycerol and its effects on the physical properties of a collagen material: Leather
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Kung
Published: December 2002

An aqueous solution of glycerol was applied to a polymeric biomaterial, leather, to evaluate its effects on the physical properties of leather, particularly stiffness. The initial strain energy, Young's modulus, and acoustic‐emission methods were used to characterize the stiffness of the resultant leather treated with these glycerol solutions. The measurements revealed that the glycerol treatment significantly reduced the stiffness of the dried leather, indicating the strong lubrication function of glycerol for leather. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the mechanism of glycerol adsorption into the leather matrix. Fick's second law of diffusion was employed to systematically derive a mathematical model for the absorption rate. The effect of temperature on the absorption rate was also included in the model by incorporation of the Arrhenius equation into Fick's second law of diffusion. The resultant model fits the experimental data very well. It not only depicts the mechanism of absorption but also predicts the absorption rate as a function of key variables. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1221–1231, 2003
Oxygen plasma modification of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) film surfaces for tissue engineering purposes
Authors: Hasirci V. , Tezcaner A. , Hasirci N. , Süzer Ş.
Published: December 2002

Plasma glow‐discharge application is known as a technique to coat or modify the surfaces of various materials. In this study, the influence of oxygen rf‐plasma treatment on surface and bulk properties of a biological polyester, poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate), were studied by determining water content and water contact angle, and by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The plasma‐treated films absorbed more water than the untreated film, and the absorbance increased with the total power applied. The water contact angles decreased and O/C atomic ratio increased on treatment, indicating that the material became more hydrophilic due to increases in the oxygen‐containing functional groups on the surface of the polymer. A direct relation could be observed when the O/C ratio was plotted against the total power applied (treatment duration × treatment power). SEM revealed a visual record of surface modification, the extent of which increased with increased total power. It was thus possible to alter the surface chemistry and relevant properties of the polymer film using oxygen plasma as a tool. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1285–1289, 2003
Solute and solvent effects on the thermorheological properties of poly(oxyethylene)–poly(oxypropylene) block copolymers: Implications for pharmaceutical dosage form design
Authors: Jones David S. , Brown Andrew F. , David Woolfson A.
Published: December 2002

Despite their widespread use as platforms for topical drug delivery systems, there is a relative lack of information concerning the thermorheological and viscoelastic properties of poloxamer systems and the effects of formulation components on these properties. To address this deficit, we examined the effects of the poloxamer concentration (25 and 35% w/w), molecular weight blend (poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188), cosolvents (ethanol, propylene glycol, and glycerol), and presence of inorganic and organic electrolytes (sodium chloride and tetracaine hydrochloride, respectively) on these properties. The rheological properties were examined with a rheometer (4‐cm‐diameter, stainless steel, parallel‐plate geometry) in either thermal sweep (0.5 Hz) or frequency sweep (0.01–1.0 Hz and 37°C) modes. Increasing the poloxamer concentration increased the elasticity [i.e., increased the storage modulus (G′) and reduced the loss tangent (tan δ)] and reduced the sol–gel transition temperature (Tm) of all the formulations. Decreasing the ratio (407:188) increased Tm and reduced the elasticity of all the formulations. Increasing the concentration of ethanol, propylene glycol, or glycerol in the solvent reduced Tm. The presence of ethanol reduced G′ and increased tan δ in a concentration‐dependent fashion, whereas the viscoelastic properties of the poloxamers were more tolerant of glycerol (in particular) and propylene glycol. The elasticity of the formulations containing up to 10% glycerol and 5% propylene glycol was increased with respect to their aqueous counterparts. The presence of sodium chloride reduced Tm and, at lower concentrations (1 and 3%), increased G′ and reduced tan δ for aqueous poloxamer systems. Conversely, the addition of a model therapeutic agent, tetracaine hydrochloride (5 and 7% w/w), significantly increased Tm and altered the viscoelastic character of the poloxamer system, notably reducing G′ and increasing the loss modulus and tan δ. Alterations in the viscoelastic and thermorheological properties of aqueous poloxamer systems will have implications for their clinical performance. This study, therefore, has highlighted the need for the rational selection of components in the formulation of poloxamer systems as platforms for topical drug delivery. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1016–1026, 2003
Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes
Authors: Langevin Helene M. , Yandow Jason A.
Published: December 2002

Acupuncture meridians traditionally are believed to constitute channels connecting the surface of the body to internal organs. We hypothesize that the network of acupuncture points and meridians can be viewed as a representation of the network formed by interstitial connective tissue. This hypothesis is supported by ultrasound images showing connective tissue cleavage planes at acupuncture points in normal human subjects. To test this hypothesis, we mapped acupuncture points in serial gross anatomical sections through the human arm. We found an 80% correspondence between the sites of acupuncture points and the location of intermuscular or intramuscular connective tissue planes in postmortem tissue sections. We propose that the anatomical relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes is relevant to acupuncture's mechanism of action and suggests a potentially important integrative role for interstitial connective tissue. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:257–265, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is paleoanthropology science? Naming new fossils and control of access to them
Authors: Tattersall Ian , Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: December 2002

Progress in paleoanthropology is impeded when new fossil materials are published but unavailable for comparative study, as is too often the case. In this commentary, we review the stages of description and analysis that new fossils must undergo and conclude that it is disingenuous to argue that fossils have not been properly “published” when descriptions and new names formulated in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature have appeared in leading scientific journals. Once such names and descriptions have been published, it is imperative that the original fossils concerned be available to the scientific community for comparative analysis, for by the very nature of science, no statement about such fossils, however carefully prepared by the original describers (or anyone else), can be regarded as definitive. Science is a system of provisional knowledge that constantly requires re‐examination and testing. It cannot function as a system in which assertions have to be left unchallenged for want of free access to the primary data. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:239–241, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human dissection: An approach to interweaving the traditional and humanistic goals of medical education
Authors: Rizzolo Lawrence J.
Published: December 2002

Anatomy remains one of the core courses of medical school, but the time devoted to it is decreasing. To accommodate the explosion of medical knowledge, educators search to streamline the curriculum. Because it is time‐consuming, dissection comes under increased scrutiny. Even in the face of these pressures to reduce course hours, I would like to propose broadening, not reducing, the responsibilities of the anatomy instructor. Anatomy instructors can play a crucial role in helping medical schools meet the critical need to cultivate humanistic values, especially in the arena of end‐of‐life care. Anatomy can—and should—play an important role in a curriculum‐wide effort to address this issue. Just as dissection remains an essential technique to teach three‐dimensional concepts, the cadaver dissection lab is an ideal place to introduce concepts of humanistic care. The lab evokes the students' memories, speculations, and fears about serious illness in themselves, their families, and loved ones. Some programs address these reactions with supplemental activities, such as journaling, essay writing, and small group discussion. Valuable as these activities may be, anatomy instructors can achieve more by recognizing their role as a mentor, who can integrate humanistic values into traditional course objectives in a way that adds little time to the curriculum. The attitude of the instructor in ministering to the students' needs as they undertake the emotionally charged task of dissection can provide a model for how the students will respond, in turn, to the hopes and fears of their patients—and to their own reactions to dying. This approach will allow students to implement and practice humanistic values immediately, laying a foundation for their clinical training. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:242–248, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Modular Resource Center: Integrated units for the study of the anatomical sciences in a problem‐based curriculum
Authors: Mizer Linda A. , Farnum Cornelia E. , Schenck Pamela D.
Published: December 2002

The Modular Resource Center (MRC) at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University was created in 1993 as a way to provide visual resources in support of a newly implemented problem‐based curriculum in which the anatomical sciences are taught primarily in the first tutorial‐based course, The Animal Body. Over two dozen modules have been created specifically in support of this course, whereas additional modules have been created in support of other basic science courses. The basic unit of organization of the MRC is a module presented in a carrel that provides students a way to study, either alone or in groups, a given topic. The topic is presented through a script and an integrated set of anatomical materials including plastinated dissected specimens, vascular casts, skeletal preparations, models, radiographs, histological slides, and photo‐ and electron micrographs. The key feature of this resource center is that it is not a museum; rather it is more analogous to an interactive library, that can be used for reference, study, and review, not only by veterinary students but also by faculty, interns, residents, and undergraduates. A unique aspect is that all materials have been made by veterinary students working with faculty during the summer. Although started as a resource in support of a tutorial‐based curriculum, the MRC has evolved over a decade into an anatomy resource that would be highly valued in any curricular format. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:249–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose dependent pharmacokinetics of albendazole in human
Authors: Mirfazaelian A. , Rouini M. R. , Dadashzadeh S.
Published: December 2002

Pharmacokinetics of albendazole sulphoxide (ABZ‐SO) in three different single oral doses of albendazole (ABZ) (400, 800 and 1200 mg) was studied in 10 healthy human volunteers in a double blind three‐way crossover design. The serum levels of albendazole main metabolite, albendazole sulphoxide (ABZ‐SO), were analysed by a modified high‐pressure liquid chromatography method. (ABZ is not detectable in biological fluids itself.)

For ABZ‐SO, there was no significant difference in the biological half life, normalized serum peak concentration (Cmax−ABZ−SO/DoseABZ), time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) and mean residence time (MRT), whereas apparent clearance (Clp/F), apparent distribution volume (Vd/F), normalized area under the serum concentration‐time curve (AUCABZ−SO/DoseABZ) and normalized area under the first moment curve (AUMCABZ−SO/DoseABZ) of albendazole main metabolite (ABZ‐SO) were statistically different at different doses of the parent drug, resulting in substantially lower serum concentration and thereafter AUCABZ−SO/DoseABZ and AUMCABZ−SO/DoseABZ in higher doses. These observations indicate dose dependent pharmacokinetics of albendazole (observed for ABZ‐SO), which were explained on the basis of a change in fraction of dose absorbed (F) as a result of slow and incomplete dissolution of the main drug in the GI tract. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the high partition of YM992, a novel antidepressant, in rat brain ‐ in vitro and in vivo evidence for the high binding in brain and the high permeability at the BBB
Authors: Mano Yuji , Higuchi Saburo , Kamimura Hidetaka
Published: December 2002

Brain extracellular fluid (ECF) concentration of YM992, a novel antidepressant, was determined using brain microdialysis to investigate the high partition of this drug to the brain after systemic administration to rats. Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ECF and brain concentrations were determined at the steady‐state after intravenous infusion to rats. The concentration ratio of brain to plasma at the total concentration base was 71.3, while those of ECF to plasma and CSF to plasma at the free concentration base were comparable. The distribution volume in brain was 375 ml/g brain and in vitro binding of YM992 to rat brain was 98.1–98.5%, suggesting a high binding in the brain. The carotid artery injection study showed that the brain uptake index of YM992 was 141%, furthermore, the uptake clearance into brain after i.v. dosing to rats was 0.6 ml/min/g brain, indicating a high permeability at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These findings suggest that the high partition of YM992 to rat brain is attributed to its high level of binding in the brain as well as its high permeability at the BBB. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of zolpidem on human Cytochrome P450 activity, and on transport mediated by P‐glycoprotein
Authors: von Moltke Lisa L. , Weemhoff James L. , Perloff Michael D. , Hesse Leah M. , Harmatz Jerold S. , Roth‐Schechter Barbara F. , Greenblatt David J.
Published: December 2002

The influence of high concentrations of zolpidem (100 μM, corresponding to approximately 200 times maximum therapeutic concentrations) on the activity of six human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was evaluated in a model system using human liver microsomes. Zolpidem produced negligible or weak inhibition of human CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A. Transport of rhodamine 123, presumed to be mediated mainly by the energy‐dependent efflux transport protein P‐glycoprotein, was studied in a cell culture system using a human intestinal cell line. High concentrations of zolpidem (100 μM), exceeding the usual therapeutic range by more than 100‐fold, produced only modest impairment of rhodamine 123 transport. The findings indicate that zolpidem is very unlikely to cause clinical drug interactions attributable to impairment of CYP activity or P‐gp mediated transport. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of concomitant colestipol hydrochloride administration on the bioavailability of diltiazem from immediate‐ and sustained‐release formulations
Authors: Turner Scott W. , Jungbluth Gail L. , Knuth Dean W.
Published: December 2002

Effects of concomitant colestipol administration on plasma concentrations of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem from immediate‐release (IR) and sustained‐release (SR) formulations were assessed in two studies. In the first study, 12 subjects received 120‐mg diltiazem hydrochloride (diltiazem) SR capsules or 120‐mg diltiazem IR tablets administered alone and in combination with colestipol hydrochloride (colestipol). Following concomitant administration of SR diltiazem with colestipol, AUC0–∞ and Cmax, respectively, were 22 and 36% less, and were 27 and 33% lower for IR diltiazem. In the second study, subjects received 120‐mg diltiazem SR capsules at staggered times, without colestipol, 1 h prior to or 4 h following multiple doses of colestipol. A 17% decrease in AUC0–∞ was observed when diltiazem was taken 1 h before colestipol was given, and a 22% decrease when diltiazem was taken 4 h after colestipol, relative to diltiazem SR alone. Cmax values were similarly decreased. Results from these two studies show that colestipol can cause a significant decrease in diltiazem absorption from both IR and SR dosage forms. Staggering the administration of colestipol and diltiazem SR did not blunt this effect, indicating that concomitant administration of diltiazem and colestipol should be used with caution, and that the efficacy of diltiazem should be monitored to assure adequate dosing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on Estimation of the General Odds Ratio and the General Risk Difference for Paired‐Sample Data
Authors: Lui Kung‐Jong
Published: December 2002

Under the matched‐pair design, this paper discusses estimation of the general odds ratio ORG for ordinal exposure in case‐control studies and the general risk difference RDG for ordinal outcomes in cross‐sectional or cohort studies. To illustrate the practical usefulness of interval estimators of ORG and RDG developed here, this paper uses the data from a case‐control study investigating the effect of the number of beverages drunk at “burning hot” temperature on the risk of possessing esophageal cancer, and the data from a cross‐sectional study comparing the grade distributions of unaided distance vision between two eyes. Finally, this paper notes that using the commonly‐used statistics related to odds ratio for dichotomous data by collapsing the ordinal exposure into two categories: the exposure versus the non‐exposure, tends to be less efficient than using the statistics related to ORG proposed herein.
Preparation of a colored conductive paint electrode for electrochemical inactivation of bacteria
Authors: Lim Tae‐Kyu , Murakami Tadataka , Tsuboi Makoto , Yamashita Kazuharu , Matsunaga Tadashi
Published: December 2002

In this study we describe the preparation of a colored conductive paint electrode containing In2O3, SnO2, or TiO2 for the electrochemical inactivation of marine bacteria. When each colored conductive paint electrode was immersed in seawater containing 106 cells/mL for 90 min, marine microbe attachment to the TiO2/SnO2/Sb electrode surface was minimal. Preparation of electrodes coated with 40% particles is shown to be more cost‐effective, and because of their more translucent coatings they can be painted over with bright colors. When a potential of 1.0 V was applied for 30 min to the colored conductive paint electrode (40 wt% TiO2/SnO2/Sb) in sterile seawater, the survival ratio decreased to 55%. When 1.5 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was applied, all attached cells were inactivated. Chlorine was not detected below an applied potential of 1.5 V. A change in pH was not observed in the range of 0 to 1.5 V. This method might be effective for preventing bacterial cell accumulation and the formation of biofilms. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 81: 299–304, 2003.
Degradation of imazosulfuron in different soils—HPLC determination
Authors: Morrica Patrizia , Fidente Paola , Seccia Serenella , Ventriglia Mariacarla
Published: December 2002

Imazosulfuron, 1‐(2‐chloroimidazo [1,2‐a] pyridin‐3‐ylsulfonyl)‐3‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)urea, is a new sulfonylurea herbicide applied once per growing season. It is highly active at low application levels and is used to control most annual and perennial broad‐leaf weeds and some grasses in cereal crop. In this work the degradation of imazosulfuron in four different soils was investigated under aerobic laboratory conditions to evaluate its environmental fate. Test soils were treated with this herbicide in acetonitrile to obtain a final concentration of 0.2 mg kg−1 (100 g ha−1), extracted with methylene chloride and analyzed by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) using a C18 column coupled with UV detection. Recoveries of spiked soils ranged from 84.3 to 99.8% (RDS 0.0–4.9%; n = 4). The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.002 to 0.004 mg kg−1. Imazosulfuron half‐life, t1/2, was calculated in each of the investigated soil. In aerobic conditions it ranged between 1 and 50 days. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine mononitrate and riboflavin in multivitamin with minerals tablets by reversed‐phase ion‐pair high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Ke
Published: December 2002

A reversed‐phase ion‐pair high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) has been developed and validated for the routine analysis of nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine mononitrate and riboflavin in multivitamin with minerals tablets. HPLC separation of the vitamins was performed on a Hypersil C18 column and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm. The use of methanol‐aqueous 0.5% acetic acid solution (18:82, v/v; containing 2.5 mM sodium hexanesulfonate, pH = 2.8) as the mobile phase at a flow‐rate of 1.2 mL/min enables the baseline separation of the four analytes free from interferences with isocratic elution at 30°C. The analysis time was 17 min per injection. The method was linear in the ranges of 5–90, 2.5–90, 5–95 and 25–450 µg/mL for thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride and nicotinamide, respectively. The average coefficients of variation of within‐ and between‐day assays were 2.2 and 3.6% for thiamine mononitrate, 1.8 and 2.4% for riboflavin, 1.3 and 1.7% for pyridoxine hydrochloride and 1.0 and 1.5% for nicotinamide, respectively. The average recoveries of thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, pyridoxine hydrochloride and nicotinamide were 97.0, 97.2, 98.9 and 100.4% for the tablets, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine mononitrate and riboflavin in multivitamin with minerals tablets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of inhaled salbutamol in equine urine by ELISA and GC/MS2
Authors: Eenoo P. Van , Delbeke F. T.
Published: December 2002

Salbutamol is a β‐adrenergic agonist that is used in the treatment of asthma in humans and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses. Because of its stimulating and growth promoting properties, it is prohibited by horse racing authorities. Recently a number of adapters (eg Equinehaler®) have been designed, allowing the use of metered dose inhalers (MDI) approved for human use. However, information on detection times of salbutamol after administration of salbutamol in therapeutic doses by inhalation is lacking. In this study, 2 mg salbutamol (Ventolin®) was administered to four standardbred mares via an MDI with an Equinehaler® and urine was collected during 48 h. Quantification of salbutamol in horse urine was done via an overnight β‐agonist ELISA kit. Salbutamol was detected between 1 and 48 h post‐administration. Relatively large interindividual variations in the total amount excreted during the first 12 h were noticed. The maximum urinary concentrations varied between 4.6 and 8.1 ng/mL. The total amount excreted within the first 12 h varied between 0.2 and 0.7% of the administered dose. For confirmatory analysis in doping control, a GC/MS2 method was developed and validated. Analysis was performed on an ion trap instrument after solid phase extraction. The limit of detection was 0.25 ng/mL and was lower than in previously reported methods in human urine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development, validation and analytical error function of two chromatographic methods with fluorimetric detection for the determination of bisoprolol and metoprolol in human plasma
Authors: Braza Antonio J. , Modamio Pilar , Lastra Cecilia F. , Mariño Eduardo L.
Published: December 2002

This work describes two high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods for the individual determination of bisoprolol and metoprolol in human plasma. Analytical methods involve two different liquid–liquid extractions of human plasma, with diethyl ether for bisoprolol and with dichloromethane for metoprolol, coupled with a similar Nucleosil C18 reversed‐phase HPLC column. Fluorimetric detection was used to identify both β‐blockers. Retention times for bisoprolol and metoprolol were 8.7 and 3.2 min, respectively. Linear regressions for the calibration curves were linear at a concentration range of 6.25–200 ng/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐day precision coefficients of variations and accuracy bias were acceptable (within 15%) over the entire range for both drugs. Average recovery was 89% for metoprolol and 98% for bisoprolol. Once the methods had been validated, analytical error functions were established as standard deviation (SD; ng/mL) = 2.216 + 3.608 × 10−4C2 (C = theoretical concentration value) and SD­(ng/mL) = 0.408 + 0.378 × 10−1C for bisoprolol and metoprolol, respectively. The methods developed and their associated analytical error functions will be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and for determination of plasma concentration if posology individualization of these drugs is needed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective C‐glycosidation of unprotected D‐glycals with trimethylsilyl cyanide
Authors: Hayashi Masahiko , Kawabata Hirotoshi , Nakayama Shu‐Zo
Published: December 2002

Unprotected glycals reacted with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium compound to yield the 2,3‐unsaturated glycosyl cyanides in high yield and in α‐selectivity. Chirality 15:10–16, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereocontrolled addition of enolates to chiral 2‐acyl‐1,3‐oxathiane derivatives
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Kasuga Yuri , Yasui Takuya , Yoshioka Masahito , Yamin Bohari , Utimoto Kiitiro , Oshima Koichiro
Published: December 2002

Both enantiomers of 3‐hydroxyalkanoates and ‐alkanones were prepared by the diastereocontrolled addition of enolates to ketones containing (R)‐6‐methyl‐1,3‐oxathiane moiety as a chiral auxiliary; a formation of enolate from samarium(II) iodide and α‐bromoamide is also discussed. Chirality 15:38–40, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐pinacol‐type coupling reactions between α,β‐unsaturated ketones and aldehydes with low‐valent metals
Authors: Takai Kazuhiko , Morita Ryotaro , Matsushita Hiroshi , Toratsu Chika
Published: December 2002

Treatment of an α,β‐unsaturated ketone and an aldehyde with chromium(II) chloride and R3SiCl in DMF gives cross‐pinacol‐type coupling products, 1,2‐diols selectively. The anti/syn ratios of the produced 1,2‐diols are shown to depend on the reaction temperature: At lower temperatures, the anti adduct is produced selectively, but at higher temperatures, the anti/syn ratios gradually decrease. When a combination of manganese and a catalytic amount of lead are used instead of chromium(II), 1,6‐diketone, a dimer of the α,β‐unsaturated ketone, is produced selectively. Chirality 15:17–23, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric oxidation of racemic 2‐substituted 1,3‐oxathianes
Authors: Saito Bunnai , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: December 2002

Racemic 2‐substituted 1,3‐oxathianes were oxidized with good to high enantiomer‐differentiation by using urea hydrogen peroxide addition compound as oxidant in the presence of a catalytic amount of di‐μ‐oxo Ti(salen) complex, giving the corresponding sulfoxides diastereoselectively. Chirality 15:24–27, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1,2‐Silyl‐migrative cyclization of vinylsilanes bearing an amino group
Authors: Miura Katsukiyo , Takahashi Tatsuyuki , Hondo Takeshi , Hosomi Akira
Published: December 2002

In the presence of an acid catalyst, α‐alkyl‐substituted (Z)‐vinylsilanes 1, bearing a tosylamino group, were smoothly cyclized to trans‐2‐alkyl‐3‐silylpiperidines 2 (1,2‐silyl‐migration products) and (2R*, 1′S*)‐2‐(1′‐silylalkyl)pyrrolidines 3. The elaboration of the reaction conditions enabled the selective preparation of each cyclized product. The acid‐catalyzed cyclization of (Z)‐vinylsilane 5, whose methylene tether is shorter than that of 1 by one carbon, formed only the 1,2‐silyl‐migration product 6 with high trans‐selectivity. These cyclizations were found to proceed in a stereospecific manner. Chirality 15:41–52, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric carbon–carbon bond‐forming reaction at the 2‐position of a piperidine skeleton
Authors: Kanda Yasuhisa , Onomura Osamu , Maki Toshihide , Matsumura Yoshihiro
Published: December 2002

An asymmetric carbon–carbon bond‐forming reaction at the 2‐position of a piperidine skeleton was exploited. This method consisted of a reaction between 1‐(4‐methoxybenzoyl)‐3,4‐didehydro‐2‐methoxypiperidines and dimethyl malonate catalyzed by Cu(II)‐chiral 2,2′‐isopropylidenebis(4‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline) to afford a 2‐substituted piperidine skeleton with moderate enantioselectivity. Chirality 15:89–94, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.