bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tactical Tourism
Authors: Gould Kenneth A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the strategic development of nature-based tourism as a means by which to generate sustainable economies in the rainforests of Ecuador and Belize as an alternative to more socially and ecologically destructive extractive industry and export agri-culture. These efforts to generate economic exchange value from relatively intact ecosystems are the primary strategies of rainforest communities threatened by other schemes for converting “jungle wasteland” into a source of national capital accumulation. The success of rainforest communities’ efforts at preserving their ecosystems while establishing a viable local and regional economy is largely dependent on the relative short-run economic potential of less sustainable alternatives, the relative position of nature tourism in specific national economies, and the capacity of these communities to mobilize the support of politically powerful private capital investors and the state. In delineating the relationship between the transnational economy, the orientation of national states, and the aspirations of local communities, the strategic use of nature tourism development as a bulwark against unsustainable economic alternatives is far more likely to meet with success in Belize than in Ecuador.
Navigating the Energy Efficiency Maze
Authors: Shelton Ronald
Published: March 2007

Exciting advances during the past 10 years in building technologies, equipment systems, and techniques have made choosing the right energy-efficient option a confusing and time-consuming task for public works and facilities managers. Through a community-based energy-efficiency program, staff members of the U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories provide technical assistance to local efforts that are striving to save money by saving energy. Having formed more than 200 local and state partnerships, the labs are leading communities to a warehouse of strategies and solutions for their day-to-day energy problems.
Municipal Planning in Large Urban Centers with Multiple Jurisdictions
Authors: Becker Fred W. , Dluhy Milan J.
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates how a loss of municipal-levelplanning capability has occurred in metropolitan Miami, a large urban area with numerous independent municipalities. First, the loss of information bases crucial to decision making either because of exclusion or overload is described. Second, the impact of the loss or underuse of professional expertise in routine decision making is addressed. Third, solutions to the problem of inadequate municipal-level planning are discussed. In the course of proposing these solutions, strengths and weaknesses of organizational types are identified that must be considered before selecting a particular agentfor municipal planning services in large urban areas with numerous independent municipalities. The potential solutions that appear to make the most sense for the metropolitan Miami area may be appropriate for other urban areas with multiple municipalities. Finally, the issue of municipal planning as a public good for the entire urban community is raised in recognition of the political and financial disincentives associated with providing adequate municipal planning capability in the future.
Megaproject Oversight
Authors: Haynes Wendy
Published: March 2007

The U.S. General Accounting Office pegs the cost of the Boston Central Artery/ Tunnel (CA/T) Project at $10.8 billion and warns of increases. Public officials in Massachusetts fear that the very magnitude and complexity of this multibillion dollar megaproject creates a magnet for waste, fraud, and abuse of public funds. In 1996, the legislature directed the elected attorney general, the elected state auditor, and the appointed state inspector general to create a newcommission to coordinate independent state oversight of the project. This case study describes how Massachusetts officials responded to the charge. In this article, the author (a) identifies institutional barriers to cooperation among oversight agencies, (b) evaluates a number of the options for structuring oversight coordination, (c) discusses the Massachusetts experience so far, and (d) explores lessons learned so far that may assist other jurisdictions in grappling with megaproject oversight.
Techniques, Cases, & Issues State Planning in New Jersey
Authors: Luberoff David
Published: March 2007

In trying to develop a state plan to guide regulatory and spending decision making on land use as well as spending on transportation facilities and other forms of infrastructure, New Jersey has rejected mandatory compliance in favor of seeking voluntary compliance with the plan. Some have touted these efforts as offering new ways to achieve effective, democratic, comprehensive planning. Others, however, have argued that they did not produce significant results. This article examines the history of state planning in New Jersey and its effects on local and state decision making. It concludes that the planning process was explicitly designed to produce weak results and, to date, has produced few significant changes in decision making by either state agencies or localities. However, it also finds that the plan has significantly changed public discourse about land use and infrastructure spending in New Jersey. Whether such changes will result in significant shifts in actual policy making remains to be seen.
Elderly Female Serial Sexual Homicide
Authors: SAFARIK MARK E. , JARVIS JOHN , NUSSBAUM KATHLEEN
Published: March 2007

The purpose of criminal investigative analysis is to assist law enforcement in identifying and apprehending violent offenders by identifying important suspect and crime scene characteristcs. The genesis of criminal investigative analysis grew out of micro-level reviews of unusually violent crime cases. Although the descriptive terminology used to identify the process has changed over the years, the process of assessing violent criminal behavior has not. Lack of agreement as to what constitutes criminal investigative analysis has also led some to view the process as more art than science. In an effort to clarify some of these issues, an analysis of cases of serial sexual homicides of elderly women is conducted. Although the sexual homicide of elderly women represents a small percentage of overall homicides in the United States, the authors provide empirical evidence supporting the use of criminal investigative analysis in solving these unusual cases. The FBI regularly consults on various types of violent homicide cases using this methodology and valuable investigative information often is yielded in other cases as well.
A Reexamination of the Concept of Victim-Precipitated Homicide
Authors: POLK KENNETH
Published: March 2007

This article draws on a qualitative analysis of homicide in Victoria, Australia, to examine the concept of “victim precipitated homicide.” Despite the enduring popularity of the term, there are many problems in its use for the present-day study of homicide, including the lack of adequate detail in files for the determination of the role of the victim for a large number of cases, as well as the fact that inevitably, the various actors in a homicide scene have different views of what happened, so it may be difficult to establish the facts of the case (especially given that the voice of the victim will not be present). Understanding the nature of the interactions that link victims, offenders, and bystanders in unfolding homicide scenarios may prove theoretically richer than focusing on what may be the unanswerable question of “who started it?”
Homicide and Drugs
Authors: RILEY K. JACK
Published: March 2007

Recent declines in homicide rates in many U.S. cities have prompted a search for potential explanations. Changes in drug market activity, including reductions in crack cocaine use, have been offered as contributing factors to this decline. Combining data from structured interviews with policy makers and community representatives and from existing data programs (especially Drug Use Forecasting), the relationship of changing drug use and drug market patterns to homicide trends is extensively investigated in 6 cities. Findings include a low awareness of specific local drug use trends, strong perceptions of links between drugs (particularly crack) and violence, and a correlation between trends in cocaine use among arrestees and homicide rates. The latter finding may be at least partially explained by the larger evident risks, both individual and aggregate, associated with crack use and crack purchases.
Educational Development and Homicide in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: AUSTIN ROY L. , KIM YOUNG S.
Published: March 2007

Researchers disagree on the direction of the relationship between educational development and homicide in developing countries. They also disagree on the criminological theory that best explains the relationship. Also, dependable quantitative studies are absent from the literature. In the present study, multiple regression analysis shows a positive relationship between these variables in sub-Saharan Africa, despite controls for geographic region, labor force participation, gross domestic product, population size, urbanization, and the age structure of the population. The results are unfavorable to two anomie/strain explanations and one social control explanation but provide support for another social control explanation.
Beyond Public Records Databases
Authors: BLOCK CAROLYN REBECCA , McFARLANE JUDITH M. , WALKER GAIL RAYFORD , DEVITT CHRISTINE OVCHARCHYN
Published: March 2007

As a means of better understanding homicide incidents, methods for identifying, locating, and interviewing confidants of homicide victims are still in their infancy. This article discusses a set of strategies that worked in studies conducted on risk of injury and death in intimate partner relationships in Houston and Chicago and key factors that may affect completion rates of proxy interviews. Primary considerations when using proxy respondent methodology include maximizing the use of public records, hiring and training interviewers for fieldwork skills as well as interview skills, and developing a protocol for interviewer and respondent safety.
The Socioeconomic Distribution of American Casualties in the Indochina War: Implication for Tax Equity
Authors: Berney Robert E. , Leigh Duane E.
Published: March 2007

This paper extends the discussion of the burden of the draft as a tax to Abstract whether draftee-casualties in time of war are distributed in an equitable manner. Clearly, horizontal equity did not exist for the draftee since so few draft-age males were required to serve; horizontal equity in the distribution of casualties did not exist since most draftees were assigned to combat units where the risk of death was obviously higher. Evidence presented in this article supports the hypothesis that the risk of becoming a casualty is inversely related to the civilian income-earning potential of the draftee, implying lack of vertical equity.
An Economic Theory of Referendum Voting: School Construction and Stock Adjustment
Authors: Mikesell John L. , Blair John P.
Published: March 2007

Local public project referenda provide the voter a unique opportunity to shape public activity. Prior studies of these votes fail to develop a behavioral model of this choice, usually relying on ad hoc explanations of variables that, for one reason or another, contribute to forecasts of referendum results. Our paper outlines a stock adjustment model of school bond referenda and tests this model using data from a set of school elections in West Virginia. The unique features of our model are treatment of the bond voting decision as an input decision and, hence, as involving derived demand; analysis of the bond referendum as a stock adjustment decision; and concentration on voting as a decision between discrete, mutually exclusive options.
State Education Aid Formulas: a Comment on the Equivalence of Flat Grants and Foundation Programs
Authors: Talley Wayne K.
Published: March 2007

In a recent paper in this journal, Gilmer and Morgan attempted to prove that there is equivalence among certain forms of education subsidy programs-flat grants, foundation programs, and equalized apportionment formulas. This paper demonstrates that the proof presented by Gilmer and Morgan does not support the conclusion that these subsidy programs are equivalent.
Tax Deductibility of Interest On Consumer Debt
Authors: White Melvin I. , White Anne
Published: March 2007

In theoretical and practical discussion of the income tax treatment of personal expenditures, interest cost on consumer debt has been a persistent subject of misunderstanding. This article shows the source of the misunderstanding to be twofold: an erroneous theoretical conclusion that deduction of consumer interest cost is inconsistent with an ideal definition of income, and a confusion about the "second best" treatment of interest cost incurred to purchase durable goods when the tax law already lapses from the ideal by not inputing rental values. The article suggests that even for durable goods purchases the continuance of deductibility is probably best.
The Public Good Demand Function: Tax Share as a Dependent Variable
Authors: Jhun U-Jin , Yoo Jang H.
Published: March 2007

Demand function for public goods has conventionally been specified with the Abstract Walrasian type. In this study, it is argued thatforpublicgoods, demand should be more properly specified with a Marshallian- type function in which tax share is a function of the quantity demanded of public goods. First, theoretical reasoning why the demand function for public goods must be of the Marshallian type is discussed, and the demandfunction of this specification is developed and estimated to evaluate its merits.
Fiscal Federalism: a Voting System Where Spillovers Taper Off Spatially
Authors: Tollison Robert D. , Willett Thomas D.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we present a point voting system with declining weights on votes Abstract for the representation of spillover interests among governments in a federalist system. In theory our model represents a formalization in terms of voting of Musgrave's proposal of varying benefit taxes to solve the problems caused by intergovernmental spillovers. We apply the voting system to a case of benefit incidence that tapers off spatially from a point of supply, although the principle involved can be generally applied to the whole range of benefit and cost spillover activities on expenditure items among governments on the same or differ ent levels. An important conclusion of our analysis is that there should ration ally be two-way representation and regional partial voting rights in the theory and practice of fiscal federalism.
The Logic of "Irrational" Politics: Nixon's Reelection Committee
Authors: McKenzie Richard B. , Yandle Bruce
Published: March 2007

President Nixon's re-election committee had in 1972 more than $50 million with which to wage its campaign against George McGovern. Because it was commonly presumed that Nixon would easily win the election, the "dirty tricks" and the Watergate burglary have been variously described as "irrational" and "illogical" acts, as well as inept campaign management. Observers of the 1972 campaign have assumed that the unfair campaign activities in 1972 were in duced by the abundance of campaign funds which the Republicans had. Ac cordingly, restrictions on campaign expenditures have been legislated. In this article, a theory of campaign expenditures is formulated, leading to an under standing ofpolitical expenditures on what are called "productive" and "preda tory" political strategies. With the model that is developed, alternative policies for reducing "predatory politics" are evaluated.
Capital Composition Changes: Effects of Changing Haig-Simons Income Tax Rates
Authors: Raboy David G.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates changes in capital stock composition that are caused by Abstract changing statutory tax rates in a pure Haig-Simons net income tax. Such a tax system allows the deduction of economic depreciation. An increase in the statutory tax rate results in an increase in the effective tax rate, which in turn leads to a decrease in the demand for capital services and, eventually, a contraction of the capital stock. This contraction results in an increase in the marginal product of capital and the related pretax return to physical capital. Increasing pretax returns impact differently on the user cost of long-lived assets relative to that for short lived assets. At equilibrium, following the tax increase, there will be relatively fewer durable assets. In general, such compositional shifts are optimal responses to a second-best situation; in certain instances, however, such shifts are inefficient.
Value-Added Tax as a Source of Social Security Financing
Authors: Sheng Cheng Hu
Published: March 2007

This article considers the effects on income distribution and the incentive to save of the partial substitution of the value-added tax for the payroll tax for social security. The Harberger-type model is employed in which the sources and uses of income are taken into account in determining the effects of the tax substitution. Attention is given to the distribution of both actual and full income. The data for this analysis are drawn mainly from the Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during 1972 and 1973.
Use of Distributional Weights in Cost-Benefit Analysis: a Survey of Schools
Authors: Brent Robert J.
Published: March 2007

It is now almost accepted practice that distributional weights be incorporated into cost-benefit criteria. While there are still major dissenters on this issue, notably Harberger, the relevant questions now involve the nature of the weights themselves. A number of alternative formulations have been recommended, ranging from "a priori" to "revealed preference" schools. Recognition of these options allows one to select a framework of assumptions in which one may feel comfortable, without being encouraged to return to the traditional position of excluding distributional considerations. Thus, Harberger's influential pur ported defense of the traditional school, which includes some legitimate reservations, should be interpreted as a criticism of certain schools, not the use of weighting per se. By going back to first principles of what distributional weights are trying to achieve, this survey attempts to dispel various widespread misconceptions concerning distributional weights. It argues that redistribution in kind is the major theoretical justification. This provides a perspective from which to judge the type of distributional weighting that is most consistent with some recent advances in the welfare economics literature.
Joint Supply and the Finance of Charitable Activity
Authors: Posnett John , Sandler Todd
Published: March 2007

This article puts forth a joint-supply model of charity, in which the purchase of a private good yields excess revenues used to finance a public charitable output. Joint supply is an especially effective fund-raising technique when the private and public goods are Hicksian complements. Competitive advantages, gained through tax-exempt status, also allow charities to outcompete for-profit competitors. Evidence drawn from U. K. charities demonstrates that large successful charities generate a sizable portion of revenues from direct-trading activities.
Education Budget Reductions Via Tax Credits: Some Further Considerations
Authors: Martinello F. , West E.G.
Published: March 2007

Donald Frey shows that estimates of cost savings induced by tuition tax credits are very sensitive to the demand and supply elasticities for private education. Conse quently the authors survey the literatures on these elasticities to try to determine an appropriate range. They also develop models of donor and school behavior to show that the donations made to private schools do not necessarily imply small supply elasticities. Other considerations, such as the transfer of existing public school resources to the private system and underestimates of costs in the public system, are also discussed
Tax Rates, Labor Supply, and the Structure of Preferences
Authors: Gahvari Firouz
Published: March 2007

This article examines the labor supply response to a change in the income tax rate when tax revenues finance the provision of government goods. It first shows that even if taxpayers value government goods directly as equivalent income, there will still exist an income effect. It then discusses the nature of the "income effect" and the issues of complementarity and substitutability that arise when government goods are not valued as equivalent income. Finally, it proves that there is no income effect associated with a cut in the income tax rate if and only if preferences are weakly separable between private and government goods and linear in nonleisure private goods.
On the Definition of Tax Neutrality: Distributional and Welfare Implications of Policy Alternatives
Authors: Formby John P. , Smith W. James , Thistle Paul D.
Published: March 2007

The fairness of a tax change is often judged by examining its impact on tax burdens or net incomes of different income classes. Two competing definitions of tax neutrality give surprisingly different and conflicting answers to the fairness question. If the objective is to maximize welfare, the Lorenz dominance principle offers guidance as to how tax neutrality should be defined. In the presence of asymmetric information the different definitions of tax neutrality make it possible for politicians to adopt the definition that favors their constituency and/or serves a particular political agenda. The median voter model is applied to explore the definition of neutrality in a democracy. In general, decisions by rational self-interested voters and politicians may, but do not necessarily, result in the definition that leads to Lorenz dominance.
State-Local Fiscal Behavior: Analysis of Interjurisdictional Differences, 1962-1987
Authors: Fisher Ronald C. , Navin John C.
Published: March 2007

Interstate differences in expenditures and effective tax rates are examined to see whether the pattern of differences has changed substantially over the past 25 years. The results show that there has been only very modest convergence of per capita expenditures and increased variation of effective tax rates. The pattern of state fiscal behavior is remarkably stable. However, by 1987, the variation in both fiscal measures was greater than expected, given the changes in interstate differences in economic conditions over this period.
Welfare and the Private Provision of Public Goods When Altruism Increases
Authors: Kaufman Dennis A.
Published: March 2007

The desirability of an exogenously induced change in the preferences of individuals is investigated in the case of the voluntary private provision of a charitable public good. Because a change in individual preferences implies a change in the means used to evaluate equilibrium allocations, the welfare criterion of "social supenority," an extension of the conventional Pareto criterion, is used to compare economic states based on different preferences. This article establishes necessary and sufficient conditions under which the adoption of nonidentical altruistic (externality internalizing) preferences by heterogenous individuals increases the private provision of the public good and produces an altruistic state that is socially superior to the initial state.
Factors That Influence the Level of Underground Government
Authors: Merrifield John
Published: March 2007

Bennett and DiLorenzo have called the rapidly rising levels of off-budget spending "underground government," which they viewed as an end-run around voter-enacted limitations on spending, taxation, and debt. Marlow and Joulfaian argue that high levels of off-budget spending occur for the same reasons as high levels of on-budget spending. In this article, state data are used to develop two econometric models of off-budget spending. The models are used to test the hypotheses of Bennett and DiLorenzo, and Marlow and Joulfaian, and to develop new ones. Many of the significant variables have not been included in any previous models, and some of them have policy-making implications.
Efficient Management of Household Solid Waste: a General Equilibrium Model
Authors: Atri Said , Schellberg Thomas
Published: March 2007

In the context of a dynamic general equilibrium model, the authors develop an efficient system of Pigovian taxes and refunds reflecting disposal and recycling costs. This system would lead to both efficient disposal and recycling, replacing existing inefficient schemes that rely on volume-based fees and/or lump-sum taxes. The authors show that excise taxes as well as government-mandated refunds for recycling are required for efficiency. They also propose a method of implementation in which private recycling markets arise in response to tax/refund incentives.
Optimal Commodity Taxation With Costly Noncompliance
Authors: Lovely Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Because noncompliance has efficiency and equity implications, it should be a concern in the design of the commodity tax structure. This article derives the optimal commodity tax conditions and modifications to their standard interpretation when consumers engage in costly border crossing to evade local taxes. It presents a model of costly noncompliance behavior and a modified version of Roy's theorem describ ing the effect on indirect utility of a tax change when cross-border shopping occurs. This modified Roy's theorem permits the inverse elasticity rule, proportionate shrinkage rule, and covariance interpretation of the optimal tax conditions to be adapted to the case of costly noncompliance.
A Revelation Approach To Optimal Taxation
Authors: Martinez-Vazquez Jorge , Rider Mark
Published: March 2007

Since the seminal work of Ramsey (1927) and especially Diamond and Mirrlees (1971), a large body of literature has striven to identify rules characterizing optimal tax structures. The fundamental limitation of such an approach has been the lack of information necessary to implement the rules derived in the optimal tax literature. This article offers an alternative approach to the optimal tax problem. The authors present a mechanism that induces individuals to honestly reveal the total tax burden they bear under alternative tax structures. Under certain conditcons, the mechanism could conceptually be used to find Ramsey's solution to optimal commodity taxation. The article also illustrates how the revelation approach can be operationalized by experiments designed to test theorems derived m the optimal tax literature.
Mystery Shopper Benchmarking of Durable-Goods Chains and Stores
Authors: Finn Adam
Published: March 2007

With increased attention being paid to retail performance, a considerable amount of academic work has been devoted to the assessment of retail services. This work has moved beyond an initial reliance on classical test theory methods to the more managerially relevant perspective provided by generalizability theory and begun to compare the quality of data provided by customers with that collected by mystery shoppers. However, initial work on mystery shopping is limited to the evaluation of individual retail outlets, not retail chains, and to convenience-goods retailers, where personal selling is of only minor importance. This article examines the psychometric quality of mystery shopping data for retail chains and durable-goods retailers. At issue are whether more visits are required to evaluate retail chains than individual stores and whether the more extended period of sales interaction characteristic of durable retailing increases or reduces the number of shopper visits needed to make reliable decisions when evaluating retailers.
“New Lads”?
Authors: WHEATON BELINDA
Published: March 2007

Historically, sport has been so closely identified with men that sport has become one of the key signifiers of masculinity in many Western societies. Traditional institutionalized sports cultures in these societies have been a central site for the creation and reaffirmation of masculine identities and for the exclusion and/or control of women. Since the 1970s, women have permeated many sporting spheres; thus, exploring the role sport plays in the reproduction and/or transformation of contemporary relations between and within the sexes is a prime concern. This article explores how gender relations and identities in a less institutionalized, “new sport” culture are constructed. Ethnographic research focused on a windsurfing community in England and examined men's (and women's) sporting experiences within this community. The ethnographic data suggests that while competing masculinities are negotiated in the windsurfing culture, this individualized new sport broadens the recognized boundaries of sporting masculinities.
Sex and Sexuality in Men's Personal Advertisements
Authors: PHUA VOON CHIN
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author examines 2,400 men's personal advertisements from the Internet to explore gender role and sex role preferences in mate selection. Using content analysis, the author examines how men define their gender roles and sex roles, and how they express role preferences in their mate. The results show that when compared with gay men, straight men are less concerned about gender roles and sex roles. Gay men's personal advertisements are the real analytic lens here because they are the ones faced with the ambiguities that need to be negotiated, whereas straight men may have taken gender-typical roles for granted. The author also discusses how men knowingly or unknowingly express and reproduce cultural norms of heterosexuality and gender-typical behavior, and how they may perpetuate forms of heterosexism and sexism.
Masculinity and Fatherhood Reexamined
Authors: FOX DIANA J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines contradictory perspectives on fatherhood in an agricultural community in Jamaica. In recent years, scholars of the Caribbean family have focused on fatherhood as part of a general island-wide concern over the development of positive male images. To date, studies of rural Jamaica have focused on female-headed households, generating some fairly stereotypical profiles of Caribbean men as irresponsible fathers and unfaithful, abusive partners, on the margins of family life. The article revisits this image, reflecting on gender roles and relationships through an ethnographic case study of one particular father. Richard, a hatter with three children, lives in a common-law marriage. At the time of research, he was at the center of community controversy which challenged his responsibility as a father. A study of the controversy reveals that fatherhood is contested terrain where an emerging cultural disposition toward nurturing fathers competes with conventional notions of the aloof disciplinarian.
Glass Fiber Insulating Exterior Sheathings
Authors: Jansen Paul E.
Published: March 2007

The background, construction, and application of glass fiber insulating exterior sheathings are discussed.
Large Climate-Moderating Envelopes for Enclosed Structures-a Preliminary Evaluation of Energy Conservation Potential
Authors: Giles G.E. , Park J.E. , Wendt R.L.
Published: March 2007

One method of reducing the energy consump tion of one or more buildings is to isolate the buildings within a large envelope. The envelope moderates the effects of sun, wind and precipitation and provides a more benign climate for habitation, commerce and, in some climates, agricultural ac tivities. In this paper, results of a preliminary study of the qualitative energy conservation benefits are given for a large climate-moderating envelope (LCME). The study included the effects of weather, fluid circulation and radiant transport within the envelope and energy storage in the earth mass beneath the LCME. Based on model studies for selected days, the annual energy savings for summer-dominated climates was estimated to be ∼70%. The energy savings for a winter-dominated climate LCME were estimated to be some what smaller, ∼40%.
Round Robin Fire Safety Tests on Cellulose Insulation Testing Program: Round 2
Authors: Siddiqui Sarfraz A.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the California Bureau of Home Furmshmgs - Insulation Pro gram round robin fire safety, second round testing results for Cellulose Insulation material. The results of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings proficiency test ing program from manufacturer's in-house quality control testing laboratories and other National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) accredited laboratories are given. Tables show the statistical results of data submitted by partici pating laboratories for critical radiant flux and smoldering combustion.
Influence of Additional Thermal Insulation on Performance of Existing Walls Using Prefabricated Lightweight Panels
Authors: Khomutov Alexander F.
Published: March 2007

The effects of adding thermally insulated, prefabricated, lightweight panels to existing building walls has been investigated. The performance and durabil ity of the retrofitted wall has been investigated in the laboratory and in the field. A new strategy for ventilating cavity walls and controlling heat flow with thermally ac tivated dampers on vents is presented.
The History and Future of Limit States Design*
Authors: Allen D.E.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses limit states design as it relates to practical think ing, provides a brief history of its development, and finally discusses future develop ments such as limit states design for durability and for the design of materials.
Democracy and Danger on the Beach
Authors: Freeman James
Published: March 2007

Through an ethnographic study of a stretch of beach in Rio de Janeiro's Copacabana and Ipanema neighborhoods, the author argues that the public space of the city can act as a sort of public sphere where the politics of everyday class and race interaction can be part of larger scale politics, even in a very divided city like Rio de Janeiro. But Rio's beaches only confer a sort of marginal citizenship on their users. They are not the location of discursive democracy idealized by some social theorists, nor are they the egalitarian classless and color-blind spaces mythologized by the Brazilian elite. Rather, they are the site of an unequal, often confrontational politics of class whereby the legitimacy of the social order is challenged, renegotiated, and ultimately reproduced.
Learning Preferences and Cognitive Style
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene , Allinson Christopher W. , Hayes John
Published: March 2007

A wide variety of professional institutions are exhorting their members to update their professional knowledge and skills through `continuous professional development' (CPD). However, those who involve themselves in CPD are likely to have clear preferences for different learning methods and activities. It is argued that cognitive style is one factor which may influence individuals' preferences. This study explores, using the Cognitive Style Index and a learning preferences inventory, the cognitive styles and learning preferences of 127 personnel practitioners in the UK. Respondents preferred traditional and work based methods of learning over self-directed methods. The relationship between cognitive style and preference appeared to be mediated by gender. The implications for CPD policy and practice and the theoretical and empirical elaboration of the cognitive style construct are discussed.
Critical Facilitation: Learning through Intervention in Group Processes
Authors: Gregory Wendy J. , Romm Norma R. A.
Published: March 2007

What managers do in terms of managing groups of people in the workplace, or interacting with different stakeholder groups, requires similar skills to those of the process facilitator in management consultancy. There are different views of the role of the facilitator in the management literature that have been advanced as ways of aiding group processes. This article offers an account of how the role of facilitators might be extended towards a process of `critical facilitation'. The view that we present is elucidated through our using an exemplar of our application of this approach. This mode of facilitation was used by us as part of a research initiative aimed at exploring standard setting in the National Health Service in a region of the UK. It involved facilitating peer-group and multi-agency workshops involving six cross-organizational groups. By using this exemplar we show how facilitators might intervene in group discussions and become involved in various ways in the challenging of statements made, as part of the process of discourse. Our view of how statements can be scrutinized is based on a pragmatized version of Habermas's concentration on different types of validity claims that may be invoked in speech situations. We suggest that critical facilitation does not consist of assuming an uninvolved (more or less detached) attitude, but rather of developing an orientation of openness to discourse. We rely to some extent on Habermas's view of what discourse might involve, although we do not concur with his requirement that the search for consensus must inform the process.
Reengineering as Knowledge Management
Authors: McNulty Terry
Published: March 2007

This study of business process reengineering within a UK hospital engages with the following phenomena of interest to organizational scholars and practitioners: corporate change programmes; new forms of organizing; and knowledge processes in and around organizations. A hospital change programme is conceptualized here as a form of knowledge management whereby organizational leaders used business process reengineering in an attempt to effect changed organizational arrangements and performance. Utilizing Cook and Brown's distinction between knowledge and knowing, the article observes shifts in the ambition, organization and practice of the reengineering programme over time. Data linking the process and performance of the reengineering programme suggest that viewing reengineering, and other best practice concepts, as objective transferable knowledge resources is of limited theoretical and practical utility. Rather, the encounter between reengineering as `off-the shelf' prescription and the hospital setting reveals the interaction between `knowledge' and `knowing' to be a social process more subject to politicized relations and arrangements than presently theorized. Thus the study promotes a more socialized view of knowledge management and greater links between contemporary developments in theorizing about organizational change, learning and knowledge processes. Other observations emanating from the study are that greater attention needs to be given to assumptions of knowledge transfer and use within debate about best-practice concepts and corporate change programmes. Possibilities for transforming organizations to effect new organizational form and process are also theorized as more complex than some contemporary writing suggests.
Bringing Design into the Management Curriculum
Authors: Oakley Mark
Published: March 2007

Concern about the role played by design in industrial and economic achievement now extends to include the problems of managing design. In turn, this leads to consideration of how management education prepares students to deal with design and designers. This paper surveys current design management teaching and reports on recent research undertaken to pin-point the essential ingredients of a curriculum to bring design into management courses.
The Implications for Organizations of In-House Management Qualifications
Authors: Loan-Clarke John
Published: March 2007

Changes in the types of management qualifications available potentially provides greater opportunity for organizations to undertake accredited management development activities in-house rather than using business schools. However, organizations have little experience of doing this and need to think through the implications of attempting it. This article describes the experience of a self-governing hospital trust (SGHT) in running its own management National Vocational Qualification level 5/Diploma in Management programme. The SGHT's experience is analysed using Simpson et al. `s (1994) framework of issues concerning the implications of accredited versus non-accredited management development. `Political' issues related to resourcing accredited programmes, resentment by senior management, role conflict for in-house training staff, and the power in-house accredited programmes give to participants are highlighted from the case study. A critical analysis suggests that the senior management of the organization used management development as a displacement activity, rather than as an enabling activity. Implications for organizations considering using in-house accredited management development are identified.
External Consistency: The Key to Success in Management Development Programmes?
Authors: Kessels Joseph , Harrison Rosemary
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on factors influencing the effectiveness of corporate education programmes-those seeking to achieve a positive impact on organizational as well as individual learning. The authors report on two recent studies. They examine the first-covering 31 educational programmes in The Netherlands-to identify factors influencing the design, quality and effects of corporate education. They apply the conceptual framework thus derived to the second-a development programme for clinical directors working in the UK National Health Service-in order to explore initial propositions. Their findings suggest that `external consistency' (shared and coherent perceptions between key stakeholders as to the goals and interventions appropriate for a programme) is the primary determinant of success for formal programmes; that a relational and systematic approach in curriculum development has a major part to play in achieving such consistency; and that external consistency is of particular importance in developmental programmes for managers whose roles have a significant strategic component. The paper offers a conceptual framework and empirical data related to the effectiveness of an integrated systematic and relational approach in the design of formal programmes. Its conclusions offer encouragement for the further development of validated prescriptive theories about corporate education.
`Relevance' in Management Research
Authors: Dehler Gordon E.
Published: March 2007

Reforms are under way in educational institutions that ultimately impact programmatic, educational, and research agendas. Of particular concern in this paper is the lingering debate over the relationship of management research to the practice of management. This article elaborates that debate by exploring the dilemma from both the practitioner's and academic researcher's perspectives, respecting the legitimacy of each viewpoint. Practitioners judge knowledge based on its instrumentality; academics view practitioners as one of several key constituents and therefore adopt a broader approach that considers instrumental knowledge among several potential outcomes. Particular attention is devoted to the avoidance of simplifying the issue by developing `solutions' that purport to resolve the dilemma, favoring instead an approach that problematizes it and thereby embraces the extant complexity. A framework for complex understanding is developed focusing on context, process, contradiction and action. The intent of this argument is to promote and extend the ongoing dialogue in the management learning arena.
Incorporating Reflection into Work Practice
Authors: Rigano Donna , Edwards John
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a case study of a worker attempting to embed reflection into his workplace practice which offers insights into reflection and professional performance. Data drawn from interviews with the worker and from his journal reveal how his understanding of reflection developed with time, how he incorporated reflection into his work practice, how he improved aspects of his professional performance, and what he learned about his own learning. Some implications for adult educators working in the field of professional self development are also offered.
Entrepreneurial Identities: Reflections from Two Case Studies
Authors: Cohen Laurie , Musson Gill
Published: March 2007

The central focus of this paper is an analysis of the enterprise discourse and how it is articulated by individuals working in small business environments, to construct and reconstruct material practices and psychological identities. The core argument is that, even if people do not take the enterprise culture seriously, even if they feel unaffected by its values and claims, they are inevitably reproducing it through their involvement with the daily practices which are imbued with the notion of enterprise (du Gay and Salaman, 1992). As such, the paper takes a social constructionist perspective which seeks to illustrate how individuals are constituted by the discourse of enterprise, and to provide some empirical evidence of the processes and practices which both reflect and construct that experience.
The Viewing Self and the World We View: Beyond the Perspectival Illusion
Authors: Hoskin Keith
Published: March 2007

This paper approaches the question of how we see (and know) by investigating the historically changing nature of the self that views. Recognizing that viewing in geometrical perspective requires the self to combine two different fixed views, it traces the history of what it therefore sees as a doubling or splitting of the self. It first shows how the perspectivally viewing self is made possible by an earlier medieval splitting and immobilizing of the self, and that it remains thereafter in its essence split. It then points to an internal evolution in this split self in the late 18th century, as it comes alive as the self-examining self. It links the development of both the medieval and 18th-century reconstructions of the self to changes in the practices through which humans learn. It concludes by reflecting on the relation between this modern pygmalion-like form of the self and the viewing of the world as `organ'-ized.
Back to the Oracle: Postmodern Organization Theory as a Resurfacing of Premodern Wisdom
Authors: Cummings Stephen
Published: March 2007

Post-modernism, a term increasingly utilized in organization theory, has recently been divided into two `types'—epistemological postmodernism and the periodization post-modernism (distinguished by its hyphen). Both modes have, in different ways, been marginalized. While the case against epistemological postmodernism is not dwelt on, the claim that a `softer' version of post-modernism as periodization is nothing new and therefore insignificant is questioned. This paper posits that the emergence of this brand of post-modernism, while not new, is indicative of a significant shift that should be interrogated. However, by steering us to see such a shift as nothing new, insignificant and a distraction, a traditional `modern `frame of cultural and historical development is likely to distract from such an interrogation. An alternative `post-modern' frame, one which attempts to aid the temporary decoupling of newness and significance, enabling post-modernism to be seen as nothing new and significant, is described here. This frame enables post-modern-type thinking to be readily traced in many of our pasts. To illustrate, this paper `travels' to ancient Athens to think about post-modern organization theory.