bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First report of Cephenemyia stimulator (Diptera, Oestridae) parasitizing Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Extremadura (Spain)
Authors: Calero-Bernal Rafael , Habela Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2013

We describe the first two cases of parasitization by the dipterous parasite Cephenemyia stimulator in roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Extremadura. The first case was detected in an adult male from a private hunting estate (39o24’ N, 5o32’ W) in Berzocana (Cáceres, Spain). A total of 77 C. stimulator larvae were counted, of which 34 corresponded to instar II (L-II) and 43 to instar III (L-III), all of which were located in the upper airways. The second case was detected in another male roe deer from a local hunting estate (39o19’ N, 5o22’ W) in Logrosán (Cáceres, Spain), from which a total of 37 larvae (2 L-II and 35 L-III) were collected, all of which were located in the oronasal cavities. This paper not only provides the first report of this parasite in Extremadura, but also describes the southernmost occurrence of a potentially autochthonous infestation by C. stimulator in European roe deer. We recommend implementing surveillance measures in roe deer populations in Spain and creating strict biosecurity guidelines on translocations, especially regarding animals from affected areas. The presence of C. stimulator in Extremadura suggests it has adapted well to the ecological conditions of the southern Iberian Peninsula.
RNA Isolation from Mammalian Samples
Authors: Liu Ximeng , Harada Shuko
Published: July 2013

RNA can be extracted from cultured cells, peripheral blood, bone marrow, plasma, serum, body fluids, and fresh or frozen tissues. RNA can also be extracted from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues. Methods for RNA extraction can be divided into three groups: phenol/chloroform extraction, silica spin‐column absorption, and isopycnic gradient centrifugation. Two different RNA isolation procedures are described in this unit. The first basic protocol describes a one‐step isolation involving monophasic lysis with guanidine isothiocyanate and phenol followed by chloroform extraction. The second basic protocol describes a silica‐column separation method for RNA isolation. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 103:4.16.1–4.16.16. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Engineering Customized TALE Nucleases (TALENs) and TALE Transcription Factors by Fast Ligation‐Based Automatable Solid‐Phase High‐Throughput (FLASH) Assembly
Authors: Reyon Deepak , Maeder Morgan L. , Khayter Cyd , Tsai Shengdar Q. , Foley Jonathan E. , Sander Jeffry D. , Joung J. Keith
Published: July 2013

Customized DNA‐binding domains made using transcription activator‐like effector (TALE) repeats are rapidly growing in importance as widely applicable research tools. TALE nucleases (TALENs), composed of an engineered array of TALE repeats fused to the FokI nuclease domain, have been used successfully for directed genome editing in various organisms and cell types. TALE transcription factors (TALE‐TFs), consisting of engineered TALE repeat arrays linked to a transcriptional regulatory domain, have been used to up‐ or downregulate expression of endogenous genes in human cells and plants. This unit describes a detailed protocol for the recently described fast ligation‐based automatable solid‐phase high‐throughput (FLASH) assembly method. FLASH enables automated high‐throughput construction of engineered TALE repeats using an automated liquid handling robot or manually using a multichannel pipet. Using the automated approach, a single researcher can construct up to 96 DNA fragments encoding TALE repeat arrays of various lengths in a single day, and then clone these to construct sequence‐verified TALEN or TALE‐TF expression plasmids in a week or less. Plasmids required for FLASH are available by request from the Joung lab (http://eGenome.org). This unit also describes improvements to the Zinc Finger and TALE Targeter (ZiFiT Targeter) web server (http://ZiFiT.partners.org) that facilitate the design and construction of FLASH TALE repeat arrays in high throughput. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 103:12.16.1–12.16.18. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Linking earthquakes and hydraulic fracturing operations
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, to extract oil and gas from rock, has been a controversial but increasingly common practice; some studies have linked it to groundwater contamination and induced earthquakes. Scientists discussed several studies on the connection between fracking and earthquakes at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco in December.
Anny Cazenave Receives 2012 William Bowie Medal: Citation
Authors: Peltier W. R.
Published: July 2013

Anny Cazenave was awarded the 2012 William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 5 December 2012 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.”
Bowen, Dufek, and Shelly Receive 2012 James B. Macelwane Medals: Citation
Authors: Zachos James
Published: July 2013

Gabriel J. Bowen, Josef Dufek, and David Richard Shelly were awarded the 2012 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 5 December 2012 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist”.
Mike Fuller Receives 2012 John Adam Fleming Medal: Response
Authors: Fuller Mike
Published: July 2013

Thank you, Chris and Subir, for nominating me for the Fleming Medal and for your very kind comments on my research. In looking back over the medalists since 1962, it is hard to believe that I could be lucky enough to join such distinguished company. Yet, I have been very lucky through life. First, I was lucky to go to Christ's Hospital and Cambridge University. Second, my Aunt Marjorie married a physicist, Johnnie Clegg, who was an excellent teacher and inspiration for me. Third, to be born in England in the mid‐1930s was to be a member of a fortunate generation of scientists. Providing one safely negotiated World War II, one joined the academic world at a time of great excitement, of expansion, and support for science.
James R. Rice Receives 2012 Walter H. Bucher Medal: Response
Authors: Rice James R.
Published: July 2013

Thank you, Terry, for those generous remarks, also for easing me into geophysics many years ago at Brown and for the friendship and wonderful exchanges on friction, lab things, faulting, and earthquakes over the years since.
Keith Beven Receives 2012 Robert E. Horton Medal: Response
Authors: Beven Keith
Published: July 2013

I am extremely grateful to Jeff McDonnell for having led this nomination and for his very generous citation. I am also, of course, deeply honored by this award, particularly since I have the greatest respect for Robert Horton as perhaps the most important hydrologist of the twentieth century. Certainly as far as I know, he is the only hydrologist to have a waterfall named after him, near his home in Voorheesville, N. Y. That respect was deepened when a few years ago I had the opportunity to look over just a small selection of the 94 boxes of his papers in the National Archives. That showed that he had a much greater appreciation of the complexity of hydrological systems than he is given credit for in current textbooks. It is that complexity that I have struggled with throughout my career, complexity that is so poorly represented by the available measurement techniques and that makes hydrological prediction so difficult and shot through with epistemic uncertainties, i.e., uncertainties that arise from lack of knowledge rather than random natural variability. The GLUE methodology was mentioned in the citation. It is an on‐going research program that tries to deal with uncertainty in nonideal real‐world applications when simple statistical assumptions may not be enough.
David Simpson Receives 2012 Waldo E. Smith Medal: Citation
Authors: Lerner‐Lam Arthur
Published: July 2013

David Simpson was awarded the 2012 Waldo E. Smith Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 5 December 2012 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “extraordinary service to geophysics”.
David Simpson Receives 2012 Waldo E. Smith Medal: Response
Authors: Simpson David
Published: July 2013

It is a great honor to accept the Waldo E. Smith Medal. I do so in the name of many and in the spirit of collaboration and cooperation that lie at the core of the AGU and the IRIS Consortium.
Steven C. Wofsy Receives 2012 Roger Revelle Medal: Citation
Authors: Logan Jennifer A.
Published: July 2013

Steven C. Wofsy was awarded the 2012 Roger Revelle Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 5 December 2012 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions in atmospheric sciences, atmosphere‐ocean coupling, atmosphere‐land coupling, biogeochemical cycles, climate, or related aspects of the Earth system.”
Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks
Authors: Hossain Faisal
Published: July 2013

All nations have built their economies around water that is naturally available. Almost all sectors of the economy depend on water. Yet there is conflict among various users for the finite amount of water that is available. Managers and practitioners have long held the notion that competition rather than collaboration is the solution when there is conflict. Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks, by Shafiqul Islam and Lawrence Susskind, provides a refreshingly compelling alternative to overcoming water conflicts. The book argues that the dynamic sociopolitical and socioeconomic constraints of water resources are best addressed in a “diplomacy” framework. The book rebuts, using several case studies, the technically rigid competition approach of today's water sharing practice.
EPA releases progress report on hydraulic fracturing study
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provided a 21 December progress report on its ongoing national study about the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. The agency said that a draft of the congressionally requested study will be released in 2014 for public and peer review and that its progress report does not draw conclusions about the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing, often referred to as fracking.
Capacity Building for Sustainable Marine Research in the Asia‐Pacific Region
Authors: Hu Liuming , Avril Bernard , Zhang Jing
Published: July 2013

An international workshop on capacity building (CB) for marine research in the Asia‐Pacific region (http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working‐Groups/Capacity‐Building/2012‐CB‐Workshop) was held at the East China Normal University (ECNU), in Shanghai, China. The workshop brought together about 20 marine researchers and CB experts from 14 countries to discuss CB experiences, assess regional CB needs, and consider recommendations to improve regional CB, which would be of interest to other groups and other geographical regions.
What Do We Know About Calderas?
Authors: Acocella Valerio , Geyer Adelina , Geshi Nobuo
Published: July 2013

The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) Commission on Collapse Calderas organized its fourth workshop in the Vulsini Calderas District, Italy (http://www.gvb‐csic.es/CCC.htm). Vulsini includes the Bolsena and Latera calderas, formed in the past 0.6 million years. It is a famous type locality where fundamental concepts concerning caldera collapse and eruptive dynamics have been proposed.
Member Engagement Is Key to Our Success: A Note From AGU's New President, Carol Finn
Authors: Finn Carol
Published: July 2013

Carol Finn has been a member of AGU since 1980. She currently serves as a senior research geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, and her major research interests include geological interpretation of potential field data, volcano hazards, and tectonics. Finn received her B.A. in geology from Wellesley College, her M.S. in geophysics from the University of Colorado, and her Ph.D. in geophysics from the University of Colorado. She is a member of the Department of Geological Sciences Advisory Board for the University of Colorado and a fellow of the Geological Society of America, and she has written 54 referreed publications—half in AGU journals. Below are a few words from Finn as she starts her new position as AGU president.
Voyager observes magnetic field fluctuations in heliosheath
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

For the past several years, as the two Voyager spacecraft near the outer reaches of the solar system, they have been sending back observations that challenge scientists’ views of the physics at the edge of the heliosphere, the bubble created by charged particles flowing outward from the Sun. A new study looks at magnetic field fluctuations and cosmic ray intensity observed by Voyager 1.
Regional models do not add much value to climate change projections
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Global general circulation models are the dominant tool in the effort to forecast the effects of climate change. Given the expansive scope of these models, some simplifications need to be made when representing smaller‐scale processes, such as the effects of regional topography. To compensate, regional climate models are sometimes used to incorporate local influences and, in theory, improve the accuracy of projections of regional climate change. In testing the abilities of a regional model and a global model to represent historically observed climate change for the continental United States, however, Racherla et al. found that the regional model provided only a small increase in model accuracy and in some cases actually made the forecasts worse.
Final Draft of Next Generation Science Standards Available for Review
Authors: Asher Pranoti M.
Published: July 2013

The final public draft of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) was released on 8 January. As with previous drafts, scientists can review the draft at http://www.nextgenscience.org and provide feedback online to Achieve, Inc., by using the links on the NGSS Web page. The comment period ends on 29 January.
Call for improving air quality
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

The European Environmental Bureau (EEB), a federation of citizen organizations, has called for stricter policies in Europe to protect human health and the environment. “Air pollution emanates from sources all around us, be they cars, industrial plants, shipping, agriculture, or waste. The [European Union] must propose ambitious legislation to address all of these sources if it is to tackle the grave public health consequences of air pollution,” EEB secretary general Jeremy Wates said on 8 January.
The Need for Improved Maps of Global Cropland
Authors: Fritz Steffen , See Linda , You Liangzhi , Justice Chris , Becker‐Reshef Inbal , Bydekerke Lieven , Cumani Renato , Defourny Pierre , Erb Karlheinz , Foley Jon , Gilliams Sven , Gong Peng , Hansen Matt , Hertel Thomas , Herold Martin , Herrero Mario , Kayitakire Francois , Latham John , Leo Olivier , McCallum Ian , Obersteiner Michael , Ramankutty Navin , Rocha Jansle , Tang Huajun , Thornton Philip , Vancutsem Christelle , van der Velde Marijn , Wood Stan , Woodcock Curtis
Published: July 2013

Food security is a key global concern. By 2050, the global population will exceed 9 billion, and a 50% increase in annual agricultural output will be required to keep up with demand. There are significant additional pressures on existing agricultural land through increased competition from the biofuel sector and the need to elevate feed production, which is being driven by higher levels of meat consumption in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Tropical River Basins
Authors: Abad Jorge D. , Montoro Hugo , Latrubesse Edgardo
Published: July 2013

The Tropical Rivers 2012 international conference (http://www.crearamazonia.org/tropicalrivers2012/) was part of the International Geoscience Programme 582 project of The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's International Union for Geological Sciences (UNESCO‐IUGS). The aim of the IGCP 582 is to provide an integrated assessment of long‐term direct effects of climate variability and human‐induced change and management of tropical river basins. This assessment is to be achieved by identification, quantification, and modeling of key hydro‐geomorphologic indicators during the past and present times, and assessment of the potential influences of global change on fluvial systems and the socio‐economic implications of these changes.
Understanding Terrestrial Ecosystem Response to Antarctic Climate Change
Authors: Levy Joseph , Berry Lyons W. , Adams Byron
Published: July 2013

International observing platforms, such as the Arctic Observing Network (AON) and the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS), have become a primary method for detecting the long‐term effects of climate change on complex ecosystems. Based on the success of this model for research coordination, a workshop was held in Portland, Oregon, in July 2012, with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs Antarctic Integrated Systems Science program, to develop criteria for the implementation of a McMurdo Dry Valleys Terrestrial Observation Network (TON).
Jeffrey T. Kiehl Receives 2012 Climate Communication Prize: Response
Authors: Kiehl Jeffrey T.
Published: July 2013

I thank James Hurrell for his gracious citation of my work on communicating climate science to the public. I am deeply moved by his summary of my work over these past years. It clearly reflects how passionately I feel about this work and how important communication is for our field. I thank the Prize Committee for their recognition of my work and Nature's Own for supporting this important AGU prize. As climate scientists, I feel we have a duty to convey our research to the public in meaningful ways. This is especially true given that much of our scientific research is supported by tax‐paying citizens. I also believe there is a moral imperative to communicate our research to the world. Our understanding of the significant climatic changes occurring now and those that will occur in the future places a great burden on all of us as scientists. We cannot hold onto our science like some protected treasure but must convey both the facts and the serious implications of our science to more than just our peers.
Faisal Hossain Receives 2012 Charles S. Falkenberg Award: Response
Authors: Hossain Faisal
Published: July 2013

I am utterly thrilled and humbled by this award. This is by far the highest accolade I have or will have ever received in my lifetime for something that has become a mission for me. I thank the AGU, Earth Science Information Partnership (EISP), and the Falkenberg Award review committee for giving me a never‐ending source of inspiration. Thanks also go to colleagues who nominated me, namely, Manos Anagnostou, C. K. Shum, Marco Borga, and Mahbub Rahman.
John R. Delaney Receives 2012 Athelstan Spilhaus Award: Response
Authors: Delaney John R.
Published: July 2013

It is humbling and exhilarating to be honored as this year's recipient of the Spilhaus Award. Humbling because Athelstan himself set the standard as a highly productive scientific innovator with a gift for making science not just accessible but engaging to the public at large. Exhilarating because we are all now poised on the threshold of being able to achieve universal scientific engagement with a global audience. Rapidly emerging technologies, global societal problems, shifting international attitudes, and novel social media are converging to power a new paradigm of scientific inquiry and engagement. Scientists are now enabled to operate transparently on a stage of planetary to microscopic scale. The boundaries between research and education begin to blur as this convergence embraces scientific investigation, the arts, the environment, the economy, ethics, energy, health, and entertainment. It is into this complex cultural tapestry that we scientists must weave our stories of struggle and success to engage entire communities in the essential roles that science, technology, and people play.
Extreme‐pressure research explores how Earth's mantle solidified
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

During the earliest stages of the Earth's formation, the planet's mantle may have taken the form of a giant magma ocean, being fully or partially molten all the way down to the core‐mantle boundary. Though mantle material is predominantly solid today, some scientists suggest that regions of anomalously low seismic wave velocity deep within the mantle, known as ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs), may be indicative of a remnant magma ocean or of partial melting of minerals near the core‐mantle boundary. To understand how the early mantle solidified or whether modern melt could be the source of ULVZs, scientists need to know how various minerals and melts behave under the extreme conditions found near the center of the Earth.
Sunlight‐reflecting potential of aerosols overestimated
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Research into the role of aerosols in the atmospheric energy budget has predominantly been carried out in locations with high total aerosol loads. Less well understood are the effects of aerosols in relatively aerosol‐free regions. By measuring the concentrations of aerosols of various sizes in and near Sacramento, Calif., in June 2010, Kassianov et al. found that previous research had been overestimating the sunlight‐reflecting potential of atmospheric aerosols in clear, sunny skies.
A New State of Venus's Ionosphere
Authors: Balcerak Ernie , Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Observations from NASA's Pioneer Venus orbiter, which reached Venus in 1978, suggested that Venus's ionosphere had two states: a magnetized state with a large‐scale horizontal magnetic field and an unmagnetized state with no large‐scale magnetic field but with numerous small‐scale thin magnetic structures known as flux ropes. Venus's ionosphere was observed to be in the unmagnetized state most of the time, but strong solar wind pressure shifted it to the magnetized state.
Antarctic sea ice thickness affects algae populations
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

In the waters off Antarctica, algae grow and live in the sea ice that surrounds the southern continent—a floating habitat sure to change as the planet warms. As with most aquatic ecosystems, microscopic algae form the base of the Southern Ocean food web. Distinct algae populations reside in the sea ice surface layers, on the ice's underside, and within the floating ice itself. The algae that reside on the floating ice's underside are particularly important for the region's krill population, while those on the interior or surface layers are less accessible. Understanding how changing sea ice properties will affect the regional biology, then, depends on understanding how algae populations interact with the ice.
National Climate Assessment draft issued
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

The evidence for a changing climate has strengthened considerably since the last U.S. National Climate Assessment report, which was written in 2009, according to a draft report issued on 11 January that is expected to become the third National Climate Assessment after extensive review.
Lecture on DEEPSEA CHALLENGE: New Science and Technology at Extreme Depths
Authors: Williams Billy
Published: July 2013

James Cameron, National Geographic Explorer‐in‐Residence and a veteran of more than 80 manned submersible dives and 8 oceanographic expeditions, led a stimulating presentation (including first‐time public video) of the innovation in engineering associated with the development of the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER submersible and the preliminary scientific findings from CHALLENGER's explorations at extreme depths. On 26 March 2012, Cameron successfully piloted the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER—a solo passenger submersible outfitted for scientific exploration—to the ocean's deepest point, where he collected samples and documented the experience in the high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3‐D) imagery for which he's known globally.
AGU Publications Volunteers Feted At Elegant Editors’ Evening
Authors: Panning Jeanette
Published: July 2013

The 2012 Fall Meeting Editors’ Evening, held at the City Club of San Francisco, was hosted by the Publications Committee and is the premier social event for editors and associate editors attending the Fall Meeting. The evening commenced with a welcome from Carol Finn, incoming AGU president, in which she expressed her thanks to the editors and associate editors for volunteering their time to benefit AGU.
AGU Members Learn Ways to Get Involved in Science Policy
Authors: Uhlenbrock Kristan
Published: July 2013

Gasps filled the room as scientists listened to a talk about the looming U.S. “fiscal cliff” and sequestration impacts on the science community. This was but one example of efforts by AGU's Public Affairs team during this year's Fall Meeting to talk to members about the latest news on the federal budget and what was happening on Capitol Hill.
AGU Position Statements Addressed at Fall Meeting Town Hall
Authors: Hankin Erik
Published: July 2013

The AGU Outreach Committee and Public Affairs staff held a town hall at the 2012 Fall Meeting to discuss AGU position statements. The town hall, “AGU Position Statements: Announcing New Submission and Review Methods,” held on Monday, 3 December, provided background on AGU position statements, recent changes to the review and writing processes, updates on statements under revision, and ways for members to utilize and impact position statements.
AGU Hosts Networking Event for Female Scientists
Authors: McEntee Chris
Published: July 2013

At Fall Meeting this year I had the pleasure of cohosting a new event, a Networking Reception for Early Career Female Scientists and Students, with Jane Lubchenco, under secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration administrator, and Marcia McNutt, director of the U.S. Geological Survey. AGU recognizes the importance of having a diverse pool of new researchers who can enrich Earth and space sciences with their skills and innovation. That's why one of our four strategic goals is to help build the global talent pool and provide early‐career scientists with networking opportunities like this one.
AGU Board and Council Meetings
Authors: Enderlein Cheryl
Published: July 2013

The AGU Board and Council held meetings in San Francisco the weekend before Fall Meeting. Both meetings kicked off with a “Then and Now” presentation by Mike McPhaden, outgoing president; Carol Finn, incoming president; and executive director/CEO Chris McEntee. The presentation highlighted AGU's accomplishments under its strategic plan and new governance model in the past 2.5 years. The AGU leaders’ written State of the Union reports can be found at http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml.
Harold S. Johnston (1920–2012)
Authors: Wuebbles Donald
Published: July 2013

One of the most exceptional atmospheric chemists of the twentieth century, Harold “Hal” S. Johnston died on 20 October 2012 at the age of 92. Hal's pioneering work on atmospheric kinetics, both in laboratory and theoretical studies, greatly advanced understanding of the processes affecting ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere, especially related to the chemistry and impacts resulting from nitrogen oxides (NOx ).
Improving the Nation's Resilience to Disasters
Authors: Cutter Susan L. , Zoback Mary Lou
Published: July 2013

A recent report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) [2012] argues that increasing the nation's resilience to hazards and disasters is a “national imperative.” Escalating disaster losses and the increasing frequency of billion‐dollar loss events such as Hurricane Sandy portend an unsustainable future—one that the nation can ill afford. Disaster losses are occurring at a time of record unemployment, national debt, increasing disparities between the rich and poor, and major population shifts to coastal and other hazardous environments. Environmental degradation of many of the natural defenses against floods, storm surge, and wildfires continues unabated. The result is that routine events begin to have extreme consequences, and climate change may cause such events to become more intense, with even greater impacts and graver consequences than we have seen up to now [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2012].
First direct evidence that breaking waves cause horizontal eddies
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

As ocean waves pass from deeper water into the shallow coastal regions, they begin to break, churning up the surf zone waters. At the edges of the crests of the breaking waves, horizontally rotating eddies (vertical vortices) are generated, converting some of the waves' kinetic energy into turbulence. These horizontally rotating eddies are an important mechanism for dispersing nutrients, larvae, bacteria, sediments, and other suspended objects along the coastline.
Improving flood frequency analysis with more information
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Flood frequency estimates can be improved by combining local flood data with three additional types of information, Viglione et al. show. The authors combined local flood data with temporal information on historic floods, spatial information on floods in nearby catchments, and causal information on the flood process. Previous studies combined flood data with only one additional type of information.
Energy and Climate Change Report Provides Options for the White House
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

A newly approved energy and climate change report prepared by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) provides a menu of options for President Barack Obama to consider in dealing with climate change and includes components for a national climate preparedness strategy. The report was approved at a 15 March PCAST meeting in Washington, D. C., and is subject to final edits. It is the first report by the advisory council that focuses exclusively on climate, according to PCAST member Daniel Schrag, who provided a presentation about the document at the meeting.
Scientific Integrity and Media Policies Assessed at U.S. Federal Agencies
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

Two new reports from the nonprofit Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) provide analyses of U.S. government agencies’ policies on scientific integrity and media. An 8 March report, “Federal Agency Scientific Integrity Policies: A Comparative Analysis,” found that many of those policies at 22 agencies and departments that were written following a 2009 presidential directive “actively promote and support a culture of scientific integrity,” but a number of the policies have significant flaws.
Exploring the Ocean's Role in Climate Change
Authors: Wallace John M. , Chen Xianyao
Published: July 2013

The instrumental record of global surface temperature since the 1850s shows multidecadal variability (MDV) superimposed on a secular global warming trend. The unprecedented rate of warming in the late 20th century coincided with a pronounced upswing in MDV.
Lumley and Miller Student Scholarships Awarded to Ramos‐Garcés and Ahmed
Authors: McCarthy Lauren
Published: July 2013

As part of the strategic plan, AGU works to enhance engagement and involvement of students and early‐career scientists with the scientific community and uses its position as a diverse and inclusive organization to build the global talent pool in Earth and space science. Student travel grants, awards, and scholarships are a few of the essential ways students and early‐career scientists get involved in AGU every year.
River terraces not a good measure of ancient river behavior
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

When a river courses along one path for thousands of years, it can smooth the riverbed. As the river erodes the bedrock, the river level drops below the old riverbed. The beveled bedrock layers flanking the new river, made up of the old riverbed, are known as strath terraces. These terraces are commonly assumed to record the profile of the river's paleochannel. In devising a simplified analytical model to calculate the slope of a strath terrace, Finnegan found that the fidelity of strath terraces as recorders of river properties cannot be relied upon under the circumstances common to the formation of many terraces.
Estimating nutrient transport into and out of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Nutrients flowing into and out of the Arctic Ocean affect biological productivity. They can enter the Arctic from other oceans or from runoff from rivers, which may change as a warming climate affects the hydrological cycle. However, creating a complete budget tracking the flow of nutrients into and out of the Arctic is a challenging task that few studies have tackled.
Eddies contribute to striations in sea surface topography
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Scientists recently observed striations in sea surface topography in all ocean basins. These striations appear as alternating mesoscale jet‐like structures; they have speeds on the order of 1 centimeter per second and are typically separated by about 200 kilometers in the meridional direction. The cause of these striations has been debated. Contributing to this scientific discussion, Buckingham and Cornillon used a database of tracked eddies and a contour identification and eddy removal algorithm to show that eddies are a significant source of striations. The authors noted that a small portion of the energy was unaccounted for by propagating eddies, allowing for the existence of weak zonal flows. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans, doi:10.1029/2012JC008231, 2013)
Land use changes affect extreme temperatures
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Days with extreme hot and cold temperatures—the extremes that tend to be associated with serious socioeconomic consequences—are predicted to occur more often as Earth's climate changes due to human activity. These changes in extreme temperature days are affected by anthropogenic forcings, including greenhouse gas emission as well as land use change. The land use change effects on temperature extremes have been less well studied. Changes such as clearing forests for grassland can alter the climate through changing reflectivity (albedo) of the surface, through hydrological effects, and through changes in carbon dioxide emission or uptake.
The first three‐dimensional, first‐principles model of the plasmasphere
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Just beyond the ionosphere lies the plasmasphere, a ring of cold plasma that encircles the planet on closed geomagnetic field lines. Built up from charged ions ejected from the upper ionosphere at equatorial and midlatitudes, the plasmasphere grows and shrinks in response to the solar wind and the dynamic magnetosphere. How the plasmasphere responds to magnetic storms can in turn affect the behavior of the radiation belts. Working from a model of the ionosphere known as SAMI3, Huba and Krall have developed the first comprehensive three‐dimensional model of the plasmasphere that is built up from first‐principles physics. The authors' plasmasphere model is a simplified dynamic model that seeks to represent a region stretching out to roughly eight Earth radii.
Sustainability and Planetary Thresholds Are Focus of New Worldwatch Report
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

Sustainability versus “sustainababble” was one of the key themes in State of the World 2013: Is Sustainability Still Possible?, published by the nonprofit Worldwatch Institute in Washington, D. C. The report, released 19 April, also discussed passing or approaching planetary “boundaries” for some critical biophysical processes in the Earth's system and how to prepare for a much different world due to climate change and other environmental concerns.
Climate models sensitive to tuning of cloud parameters
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

One of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate model projections of future warming is the effects of clouds. Clouds have both warming and cooling effects, and their interactions with aerosols are complex and not fully understood. To predict future climate using models, researchers commonly tune uncertain cloud parameters to fit current observations, then run the model to project future warming. However, as Golaz et al. show, the choice of parameterization can have a large effect on the simulated warming. The authors studied the effects of tuning cloud parameters in the CMIP5 GFDL CM3 model, a commonly used coupled climate model. They constructed two alternate configurations with plausible but different combinations of parameters. The different configurations showed only very slight differences in modern day climate, but their simulations of warming from preindustrial times to the present differed greatly. This indicates that climate model simulation results depend strongly on cloud parameterization. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1002/grl.50232, 2013)
Large solar proton event explains 774–775 CE carbon‐14 increase
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Tree ring records indicate that in 774–775 CE, atmospheric carbon‐14 levels increased substantially. Researchers suggest that a solar proton event may have been the cause. In solar proton events, large numbers of high‐energy protons are emitted from the Sun, along with other particles. If these particles reach Earth's atmosphere, they ionize the atmosphere and induce nuclear reactions that produce higher levels of carbon‐14; the particles also cause chemical reactions that result in depletion of ozone in the ozone layer, allowing harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the ground.
Eyjafjallajökull's iron‐rich ash fertilized North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

In about a third of the global ocean, the abundance of life is limited by the amount of biologically available iron. When a region is depleted of this important nutrient, algal productivity can be stimulated by added iron, resulting in a temporary boom in biological activity. For much of the surface ocean, the wind‐borne transport of iron‐rich dust and the upwelling of nutrient‐filled water are the major sources of iron. Another potentially important source is the deposition of the iron‐rich ash produced by volcanic eruptions. Though satellite observations and modeling work suggest that volcanic ash could seed life in such a way, there have been only a limited number of direct observations of the effects of ash deposition on surface ocean waters.
Arctic Ocean not likely to become a significant carbon dioxide sink
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

One effect of declining summer Arctic sea ice extent in a warming climate is that it would expose more surface water to the air, potentially allowing for more air‐sea gas exchange and thus possibly improving the Arctic Ocean's ability to act as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). However, some recent research has shown that the southeastern Canada Basin in the Arctic Ocean actually has a relatively weak capacity to act as a sink for atmospheric CO2.
Field Studies Target 2012 Haida Gwaii Earthquake
Authors: James Thomas , Rogers Garry , Cassidy John , Dragert Herb , Hyndman Roy , Leonard Lucinda , Nykolaishen Lisa , Riedel Michael , Schmidt Michael , Wang Kelin
Published: July 2013

At 8:04 P.M. Pacific daylight time (PDT) on 27 October 2012 (03:04 universal time (UT), 28 October), Canada's second largest instrumentally recorded earthquake rocked Haida Gwaii (formerly Queen Charlotte Islands) and the mainland coast of British Columbia. The M 7.7 event off the west coast of Moresby Island caused a tsunami with local runup of more than 7 meters and amplitudes up to 0.8 meter on tide gauges 4000 kilometers away in Hawaii. Shaking was felt as far away as the Yukon, Alberta, Washington, and Montana, up to 1500 kilometers away. Little damage was caused, as the immediate region is an uninhabited National Park Reserve. The closest point of the rupture zone, as defined by aftershocks (Figures 1a and 1c), was 50 kilometers from the nearest community, Queen Charlotte, where damage was confined to a few chimneys and slumped roads.
Climatic controls on carbon storage in seasonally frozen soils
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

When soil goes through an annual freeze‐thaw cycle, the expansion and shrinkage of underground water causes a second cycle, one of heaving and sinking, that can produce unusual geometric patterns on the surface. Known as cryoturbation, this process drives buried boulders to the surface and lets fine particles settle in the holes left behind. In some regions, cryoturbation gives rise to circles on the surface (some a few meters wide): patches of bare soil ringed by rocks. In others, such as a site in northern Sweden analyzed by Becher et al., cryoturbation creates nonsorted circles: bare soil surrounded by trees or shrubs. The churning soil is inhospitable for the plants’ roots, and if anything, only a light dusting of moss or lichen covers the centers of the circles.
Charting the growth of the Turkish‐Iranian plateau
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Stretching from the Persian Gulf up through Turkey, the northwest‐southeast running Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt is a region of extensive crustal deformation and seismic activity. Near the Zagros Mountains the structure of the Middle Eastern region is the result of the intersection of three tectonic plates, with the Eurasian plate being squished on both sides by the Arabian and Indian plates. Convergence of the plates is driving the formation of the Turkish‐Iranian plateau, a high‐elevation expanse of relatively smooth terrain reaching in some places more than 2 kilometers into the sky and lying northeast of the Zagros belt.
James Cameron speaks out about ocean discovery and protection
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

Ocean explorer and filmmaker James Cameron delivered his DEEPSEA CHALLENGER submersible vehicle to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole, Mass., on 14 June, following a cross‐country journey from California. He has donated the vehicle to WHOI as part of a new Center for Marine Robotics. Cameron, who will serve on the center's advisory board, used the submersible in March 2012 to dive to the deepest part of the ocean, the Challenger Deep section of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean (see Eos, 93(50), 523, doi:10.1029/2012EO500003).
Early‐Career Scientists Discuss Research and Future Directions for the Paleoclimate Field
Authors: Bogus Kara , Bouimetarhan Ilham , Richey Julie
Published: July 2013

Projections of future climate and environmental change are largely dependent on reconstructions of Earth's climate. Paleoenvironmental studies are a key element in scientists' understanding of how the global hydrological cycle, oceanic and atmospheric circulation, and marine and terrestrial ecosystems respond to climate forcing, such as increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Despite many advances in the field of paleoclimatology, there are still large uncertainties in proxy calibration, chronology, and paleoclimate models that need to be addressed.
Hurricanes could increase over western Europe
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Damaging hurricanes are familiar along the North American East Coast but are relatively rare in western Europe. That could change as Earth's climate warms over the next century, according to a new study. Western European coastal areas do occasionally experience hurricane force storms in the current climate, but these occur mainly in winter and are formed not as tropical cyclones but by the midlatitude atmospheric baroclinic instability, which is driven by the north‐south atmospheric temperature gradient.
Extreme value analysis unveils dramatic Antarctic warming
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

Since the late 1940s the average temperature of the coldest days on the Antarctic Peninsula has soared by 14°C. Through a novel analysis of daily temperature records collected at the peninsula's Vernadsky Research Base, Frankze identified that the strong warming trend has affected the coldest 5% of days on the Antarctic Peninsula over the course of the observational period, from 1947 to 2011.
Isidore Zietz (1919–2013)
Authors: Horton Wright , Daniels David , Blakely Richard
Published: July 2013

Isidore “Izzy” Zietz, a leader in airborne geophysical methods, died 9 February 2013 at age 93. During a career that spanned more than half a century, he made fundamental contributions to the early development of potential‐field geophysics for airborne magnetic surveys; led the U.S. effort in compiling state, regional, and national aeromagnetic‐anomaly maps; and promoted their use in understanding upper crustal geology.
Applying “‐omics” Data in Marine Microbial Oceanography
Authors: Fuhrman Jed , Follows Mick , Forde Samantha
Published: July 2013

Due to biotechnological advances and the ever‐decreasing cost of sequencing in recent years, there has been a major shift in microbial oceanography to include data on the sequences of genes, gene transcripts, and proteins from environmentally relevant organisms and naturally occurring mixed communities in studies of marine ecosystems. This research area is collectively called “‐omics,” referring to genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of individual organisms and metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics of mixed communities. These data provide information about how organisms interact with their environment.
AGU Ocean Research Position Statement Revised
Authors: Hankin Erik
Published: July 2013

During a series of meetings in June, following months of work by a panel of experts that included input from AGU membership, the AGU Council and Board Executive Committee adopted a revised ocean research position statement.
The Role of Point Defects in the Mechanical Behavior of Doped Ceria Probed by Nanoindentation
Authors: Korobko Roman , Kim Seong K. , Kim Sangtae , Cohen Sidney R. , Wachtel Ellen , Lubomirsky Igor
Published: July 2013

The influence of dopant size and oxygen vacancy concentration on the room temperature elastic modulus and creep rate of ceria doped with Pr4+, Pr3+, Lu3+, and Gd3+, is investigated using a nanoindentation technique. Measurements are conducted with both fast (15 mN s−1) and slow (0.15 mN s−1) loading modes, including a load‐hold stage at 150 mN of 8 s and 30 s, respectively. Based on the data obtained using the fast loading mode, it is found that: 1) the dopant size is a primary determinant of the elastic modulus—the larger dopants (Pr3+ and Gd3+) produce lower unrelaxed moduli which are independent of the oxygen vacancy concentration. 2) The rearrangement of point defects is the major source of room temperature creep observed during load‐hold. Pr3+‐ and Gd3+‐doped ceria display the higher creep rates: due to their large size, they repel oxygen vacancies (VO), thereby promoting the formation of O7–CeCe–VO complexes that are capable of low temperature rearrangement. Lower creep rates are observed for Pr4+‐ and Lu3+‐doped ceria: the former has no vacancies and the latter, immobile vacancies. 3) Nanoindentation is a practical technique for identifying materials with labile point defects, which may indicate useful functionality such as high ionic conductivity, large electrostriction, and inelasticity.
Association between DRD2/DRD4 interaction and conduct disorder: A potential developmental pathway to alcohol dependence
Authors: Mota Nina R. , Bau Claiton H. D. , Banaschewski Tobias , Buitelaar Jan K. , Ebstein Richard P. , Franke Barbara , Gill Michael , Kuntsi Jonna , Manor Iris , Miranda Ana , Mulas Fernando , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Sergeant Joseph A. , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Faraone Stephen V. , Asherson Philip
Published: July 2013

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