bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Type A Intramural Hematoma
Authors: Estrera Anthony , Miller Charles , Lee Taek-Yeon , De Rango Paola , Abdullah Saad , Walkes Jon-Cecil , Milewicz Dianna , Safi Hazim
Published: September 2009

Background—

Management of acute type A intramural hematoma (IMH) remains controversial, varying from immediate surgery to medical management only. Conversion to typical dissection remains a concern. We analyzed our experience managing acute type A IMH.

Methods and Results—

Between October 1999 and May 2008, 251 patients with acute type A aortic dissection were treated, including 36 (14.3%) with type A IMH. Seven IMH patients (19%) were repaired immediately, 28 (80%) managed initially with optimal medical management and eventual repair and 1 (3%) with medical management only. End points analyzed were early mortality and conversion to typical dissection (flow in the false lumen of the ascending aorta). Time (hours) from onset of symptoms defined initiation of IMH. Early mortality for acute type A IMH was 8.3% (3/36): 14.3% (1/7) with immediate repair and 7.1% (2/28) when optimal medical management with eventual repair was undertaken (
P
=0.69). The 1 medically managed Asian patient survived with resolution of the IMH. Conversion to type A IMH to typical dissection occurred in 33% (12/36) of cases. No conversions were observed within 72 hours. Aortic diameter did not predict conversion. In actuarial analysis among the initially medically managed group with eventual repair, the hazard conversion to typical dissection increased significantly at 8 days from the onset of symptoms (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

Despite optimal medical management, conversion of type A IMH to typical dissection still remains a concern, with the most significant risk beyond 8 days. In our patient population, timely surgical repair is recommended.
Evaluation of Revascularization Subtypes in Octogenarians Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Aziz Abdulhameed , Lee Anson M. , Pasque Michael K. , Lawton Jennifer S. , Moazami Nader , Damiano Ralph J. , Moon Marc R.
Published: September 2009

Background—

Recent data suggest that octogenarians’ long-term survival after complete coronary artery bypass graft revascularization is superior to incomplete revascularization. Discriminating between variable definitions of “complete” complicates interpretation of survival data. We aimed to clarify octogenarian long-term survival rates by stratifying revascularization subtypes.

Methods and Results—

From 1986 to 2007, 580 patients 80 to 94 years of age underwent coronary artery bypass graft. Functional complete revascularization was defined as at least 1 graft to all diseased coronary vessels with >50% stenosis. Traditional complete revascularization was defined as 1 graft to each major arterial system with at least 50% stenosis. Incomplete revascularization was defined as leaving diseased, ungrafted regions. Revascularization was functional in 279 (48%), traditional in 181 (31%), and incomplete in 120 (21%). Long-term survival was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Of 537 operative survivors, there were 402 late deaths. Cumulative long-term survival totaled 2890 patient-years. Late survival (Kaplan-Meier) was similar between functional (mean, 6.8 years) and traditional (6.7 years) groups (
P
=0.51), but diminished with incomplete (4.2 years) revascularization (
P
=0.007). Survival by group at 5 years was: 59±3% functional, 57±4% traditional, and 45±5% incomplete. Survival at 8 years was: 40±3% functional, 37±4% traditional, and 26±5% incomplete. To minimize selection bias in patients with limited life expectancy, Kaplan-Meier analysis was repeated including only patients with survival >12 months. Survival was again impaired with incomplete revascularization (
P
=0.04), and there was no difference between functional and traditional complete revascularization (
P
=0.73).

Conclusions—

Bypassing all diseased arterial vessels after revascularization does not afford significant long-term survival advantage compared to a traditional approach. Incomplete revascularization, related to more extensive disease, is associated with an 18% decline in survival. These data suggest that it is important to avoid incomplete revascularization in octogenarians, but the supplementary endeavor required to perform functional complete revascularization does not improve survival.
Comparison of Ascending Aorta Versus Femoral Artery Cannulation for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A
Authors: Kamiya Hiroyuki , Kallenbach Klaus , Halmer Dominique , Özsöz Merve , Ilg Kathrin , Lichtenberg Artur , Karck Matthias
Published: September 2009

Background—

The site of cannulation for repair of ascending aortic dissection remains controversial. We present our experience with ascending aortic cannulation for acute aortic dissection type A.

Methods and Results—

From January 1988 to September 2007, we operated on 242 patients for acute aortic dissection type A. Medical records of 235 patients who received ascending aortic cannulation or femoral cannulation were retrospectively reviewed. Long-term follow-up was complete in 97% of patients. Cannulation was accomplished in 82 patients through the ascending aorta and in 153 patients through the femoral artery. Preoperative patient characteristics were almost comparable between groups. Similarly, there were no differences in preoperative patient characteristics and intraoperative parameters including operation time, bypass time, cross-clamp time, hypothermic circulatory arrest time, and percentage of total arch replacement. The 30-day mortality rate was 14% in the aortic group and 23% in the femoral group (
P
=0.07), and incidence of stroke was 4.9% in the aortic group and 4.5% in the femoral group (
P
=0.86). During follow-up (mean, 5.5 years), survival at 5 years and 10 years was 65% and 41% in the aortic group and 64% and 46% in the femoral group, respectively (
P
=0.97).

Conclusions—

The cannulation site should be chosen according to the patient’s pathology and status, and the present study suggests that ascending cannulation in patients with acute aortic dissection type A can be a safe alternative, offering acceptable early and long-term outcomes.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Effects of a Targeted Exposure of Intravenous Repinotan in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Teal Philip , Davis Stephen , Hacke Werner , Kaste Markku , Lyden Patrick D. , Fierus Monika ,   for Bayer HealthCare AG
Published: September 2009

Background and Purpose—

Repinotan hydrochloride is a serotonin (5-HT)
1A
receptor full agonist with evidence of neuroprotection in animal models of permanent and transient focal ischemia. The purpose of this Phase IIb study was to investigate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a targeted exposure to repinotan in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—

This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study of 681 patients stratified according to whether or not tissue plasminogen activator was administered and then randomly assigned to treatment with repinotan or placebo. A continuous 72-hour intravenous infusion of repinotan or placebo was to be started within 4.5 hours from the onset of ischemic symptoms. A Point-of-Care test was used to adjust the infusion rate if appropriate. The goal of Modified Randomized Exposure Controlled Trial (mRECT) was to show whether repinotan is statistically superior to placebo (α≤0.10) as measured by the response rate on the primary efficacy variable, Barthel Index (≥85) at 3 months, using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.

Results—

For the intention-to-treat population at 3 months, the response rate on the Barthel Index was 37.1% (127 of 342) for patients on repinotan and 42.4% (143 of 337) for patients taking the placebo (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel probability value=0.149). No apparent safety concerns were identified.

Conclusions—

mRECT demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a rigorous trial using a short therapeutic window demanding clinical and radiographic criteria to optimize patient selection and a Point-of-Care test to achieve a targeted exposure to repinotan. The study failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit of repinotan. The development of repinotan in acute ischemic stroke was discontinued.
The Frequency of High-Impact Convective Weather Events in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota
Authors: Blumenfeld Kenneth A.
Published: September 2009

Thunderstorms frequently produce brief flooding or minor damage, though far fewer lead to major flooding and widespread or significant damage. Outbreaks of such storms exact large tolls on their victims and can compromise, or completely overwhelm, the emergency response infrastructure. This paper derives empirical frequencies and recurrence intervals of “high end” convective weather events in the Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area from archived tornado, hail, damaging-wind, and high-density daily rainfall data, as well as historical records and accounts. Two classes of high-impact events are analyzed: those with the potential to produce widespread damage or disruption and those virtually certain to do so. Storms in this first class recur within the area, on average, 3 times per year, while the more extreme storms recur every 2–2.5 yr on average. Owing to well-established spatial and temporal inhomogeneities in observed severe weather data, true recurrence intervals are probably somewhat shorter. In the context of ongoing regional population growth, the area is becoming increasingly vulnerable to major damage and potential casualties from these major storm events.
Global Precipitation Retrievals Using the NOAA AMSU Millimeter-Wave Channels: Comparisons with Rain Gauges
Authors: Surussavadee Chinnawat , Staelin David H.
Published: September 2009

A surface-precipitation-rate retrieval algorithm for 13-channel Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) millimeter-wave spectral observations from 23 to 191 GHz is described. It was trained using cloud-resolving fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulations over 106 global storms. The resulting retrievals from the U.S. NOAA-15 and NOAA-16 operational weather satellites are compared with average annual accumulations (mm yr−1) for 2006–07 observed by 787 rain gauges globally distributed across 11 surface classifications defined using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer infrared spectral images and two classifications defined geographically. Most surface classifications had bias ratios for AMSU/gauges that ranged from 0.88 to 1.59, although higher systematic AMSU overestimates by factors of 2.4, 3.1, and 9 were found for grassland, shrubs over bare ground, and pure bare ground, respectively. The retrievals were then empirically corrected using these observed biases for each surface type. Global images of corrected average annual accumulations of rain, snow, and convective and stratiform precipitation are presented for the period 2002–07. Most results are consistent with Global Precipitation Climatology Project estimates. Evidence based on MM5 simulations suggests that near-surface evaporation of precipitation may have necessitated most of the corrections for undervegetated surfaces. A new correction for radio-frequency interference affecting AMSU is also presented for the same two NOAA satellites and improves retrieval accuracies.
Noise-Induced Instability in the ENSO Recharge Oscillator
Authors: Levine Aaron F. Z. , Jin Fei-Fei
Published: September 2009

The conceptual El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) recharge oscillator model is used to study the linear stability of ENSO under state-dependent noise forcing. The analytical framework developed by Jin et al. is extended to more fully study noise-induced instability of ENSO. It is shown that in addition to the noise-induced positive contribution to the growth rate of the ensemble mean (first moment) evolution of the ENSO cycle, there is also a noise-induced instability for the ensemble spread (second moment). These growth rates continue to increase as the strength of the multiplicative noise increases. In both the analytical solution and the numerical model, the criticality threshold for instability of the second moment occurs at a lower value of the parameter that measures multiplicative forcing than the threshold for the first moment. The noise-induced instability not only enhances ENSO activity but also results in a large ensemble spread and thus may reduce the effectiveness of ENSO prediction. As in the additive noise forcing case, the low-frequency variability in the forcing is the important part for forcing El Niño events and the high-frequency forcing alone cannot effectively excite ENSO.
Why Nocturnal Long-Duration Rainfall Presents an Eastward-Delayed Diurnal Phase of Rainfall down the Yangtze River Valley
Authors: Chen Haoming , Yu Rucong , Li Jian , Yuan Weihua , Zhou Tianjun
Published: September 2009

Hourly observational records and 6-hourly reanalysis data were used to investigate the influences of large-scale forcings on the diurnal variation of summer rainfall along the Yangtze River (YR). The results show that long-duration (more than six hours) rainfall events dominate the summer rainfall along the YR. These events tend to start during the night and to peak after several hours of development. The eastward-delayed initiation of the nocturnal long-duration rainfall events is thought to be due to the diurnal clockwise rotation of the low-tropospheric circulation, especially the accelerated nocturnal southwesterlies. In the early evening, the anomalous easterly flow toward the Tibetan Plateau (TP) causes low-level convergence over the Plateau’s eastern slope that induces the formation of rainfall in the upper YR valley. The anomalous wind sequentially rotates clockwise to a southerly flow at midnight and accelerates the meridional wind in the middle valley, resulting in the initiation of rainfall between 2300 and 0300 LST. In the early morning, the accelerated southwesterlies in southern China, when combined with decelerated winds in the north of the YR, causes a strong convergence along the YR and contributes to the early morning rainfall in the lower valley. Furthermore, the development of the convection systems is suppressed in the afternoon by the mid- and low-level warm advection downstream from the TP. This helps explain why long-duration events do not typically start in the afternoon in the upper YR valley.
Equatorial Pacific 13°C Water Eddies in the Eastern Subtropical South Pacific Ocean*
Authors: Johnson Gregory C. , McTaggart Kristene E.
Published: September 2009

Argo float profile data are used to analyze warm, salty, weakly stratified, subthermocline eddies of tropical origin in the eastern subtropical South Pacific Ocean. These eddies contain anomalous signatures of the equatorial Pacific “13°C Water” that is carried poleward within the Peru–Chile Undercurrent (PCU) as it flows along the west coast of South America. From their source along the Chilean coast between ∼29° and 39°S, the eddies spread westward and slightly northward, likely at least partly advected by the subtropical gyre. The eddy water properties contrast strongly with the colder, fresher, more strongly stratified waters of subantarctic origin being carried northward then westward by the gyre. Near the eddy source, about 6% of Argo profiles sample eddies that are above selected thresholds for both salinity and potential vorticity anomalies relative to maps of the mean distributions of these properties on and around the core isopycnal for the eddies. The proportion of such profiles diminishes to about 1% near the northwestern limit of the eddy range, near 15°S and 115°W. These eddies are anticyclonic, with a subsurface radial velocity maximum near the core isopycnal for water property anomalies, hence a reduced surface expression. Their geostrophic signature sometimes extends below 1000 dbar, suggesting the eddies may influence float subsurface trajectories. Radial transports around the eddy centers are estimated to be on the order of 2 × 106 m3 s−1 for the potential density layer 26.0 < σθ < 27.0 kg m−3, about the same magnitude as the mean poleward transport of the PCU.
Water Vapor Measurements by Howard University Raman Lidar during the WAVES 2006 Campaign
Authors: Adam M. , Demoz B. B. , Venable D. D. , Joseph E. , Connell R. , Whiteman D. N. , Gambacorta A. , Wei J. , Shephard M. W. , Miloshevich L. M. , Barnet C. D. , Herman R. L. , Fitzgibbon J.
Published: September 2009

Water vapor mixing ratio retrieval using the Howard University Raman lidar is presented with emphasis on three aspects: (i) comparison of the lidar with collocated radiosondes and Raman lidar, (ii) investigation of the relationship between atmospheric state variables and the relative performance of the lidar and sonde (in particular, their poor agreement), and (iii) comparison with satellite-based measurements. The measurements were acquired during the Water Vapor Validation Experiment Sondes/Satellites 2006 campaign. Ensemble averaging of water vapor mixing ratio data from 10 nighttime comparisons with Vaisala RS92 radiosondes shows, on average, an agreement within ±10%, up to ∼8 km. A similar analysis of lidar-to-lidar data of over 700 profiles revealed an agreement to within 20% over the first 7 km (10% below 4 km). A grid analysis, defined in the temperature–relative humidity space, was developed to characterize the lidar–radiosonde agreement and quantitatively localizes regions of strong and weak correlations as a function of altitude, temperature, or relative humidity. Three main regions of weak correlation emerge: (i) regions of low relative humidity and low temperature, (ii) regions of moderate relative humidity at low temperatures, and (iii) regions of low relative humidity at moderate temperatures. Comparison of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Tropospheric Emission Sounder satellite retrievals of moisture with those of Howard University Raman lidar showed a general agreement in the trend, but the satellites miss details in atmospheric structure because of their low resolution. A relative difference of about ±20% is usually found between lidar and satellite measurements for the coincidences available.
On the Origin of Atmospheric Frontal Lines off the East Coast of Taiwan Observed on Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Images
Authors: Alpers Werner , Chen Jen-Ping , Pi Chia-Jung , Lin I-I.
Published: September 2009

Frontal lines having offshore distances typically between 40 and 80 km are often visible on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired over the east coast of Taiwan by the European Remote Sensing Satellites 1 and 2 (ERS-1 and ERS-2) and Envisat. In a previous paper the authors showed that they are of atmospheric and not of oceanic origin; however, in that paper they did not give a definite answer to the question of which physical mechanism causes them. In this paper the authors present simulations carried out with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, which shows that the frontal lines are associated with a quasi-stationary low-level convergence zone generated by the dynamic interaction of onshore airflow of the synoptic-scale wind with the coastal mountain range of the island of Taiwan. Reversed airflow collides with the onshore-flowing air leading to an uplift of air, which is often accompanied by the formation of bands of increased cloud density and of rainbands. The physical mechanism causing the generation of the frontal lines is similar to the one responsible for the formation of cloud bands off the Island of Hawaii as described by Smolarkiewicz et al. Four SAR images are shown, one acquired by ERS-2 and three by Envisat, showing frontal lines at the east coast of Taiwan caused by this generation mechanism. For these events the recirculation pattern, as well as the frontal (or convective) lines observed, were reproduced quite well with the meteorological model. So, it is argued that the observed frontal lines are not seaward boundaries of (classical) barrier jets or of katabatic wind fields, which have characteristics that are quite different from the flow patterns around the east coast of Taiwan as indicated by the SAR images.
Tornadoes without NWS Warning
Authors: Brotzge J. , Erickson S.
Published: September 2009

During a 5-yr period of study from 2000 to 2004, slightly more than 26% of all reported tornadoes across the United States occurred without an NWS warning being issued. This study examines some of the reasons behind why no warnings were issued with these tornadoes, and what climatological, storm classification, and sociological factors may have played a role in the lack of warnings. This dataset of tornado records was sorted by F scale, geographically by region and weather forecast office (WFO), hour of the day, month of the year, tornado pathlength, tornado-to-radar distance, county population density, and number of tornadoes by day and order of occurrence.

Results show that the tornadoes most likely to strike when the public is least likely to be aware were also those tornadoes with the greatest chance of not being warned. Singular tornado events (one tornado report per day within a WFO county warning area) and the first tornado report of the day were the most difficult scenarios on which to warn, with over half of all solitary tornado events not warned. Geographic areas that experienced a significant proportion of weak, solitary, and/or nocturnal tornadoes had a much higher ratio of missed warnings. In general, the stronger the tornado, as estimated from its F-scale rating and/or track length, the greater chance it was warned. However, the tornado distance from radar had a significant impact on tornado warning statistics. In addition, many weak tornadoes were not warned, and the overall ratio of missed tornado warnings to reported tornadoes actually increased over more densely populated regions, likely due to more complete postevent verification.
Parent Perception of Healthy Infant and Toddler Growth
Authors: Laraway Kelly A. , Birch Leann L. , Shaffer Michele L. , Paul Ian M.
Published: September 2009

We hypothesized that parents of infants prefer growth at higher percentiles and are averse to growth at lower percentiles. Of 279 participating parents, only 10% desired their child’s weight to be in the lowest quartile. For children weighing in the lowest quartile, 57% of parents thought their child’s weight was “too low.” In contrast, 66% of parents whose child’s weight was in the top quartile preferred their child weigh that much. When viewing hypothetical infant growth trajectories, 47% ranked a growth chart demonstrating growth along the 10th percentile for weight as “least healthy” of 6 growth patterns, and 29% chose charts showing an infant at the 90th percentile for weight at age 1 as “healthiest.” In conclusion, parents are averse to growth at the bottom of the weight growth chart but are much less likely to feel negatively about growth at higher percentiles. This is troubling given the childhood obesity epidemic.
A Counseling Model for Self-Relation Coordination for Chinese Clients With Interpersonal Conflicts
Authors: Chen Ping-Hwa
Published: September 2009

This article proposes a self-relation coordination counseling model for contemporary Taiwanese clients. The model is based on an analysis of the interpersonal disturbances of people suffering from conflict resulting from the coexistence of a Confucian cultural heritage and Western values. The goal of the proposed model is to help clients experiencing conflict between personal interests and social harmony to develop a balanced psychosocial homeostasis by coordinating the self and related others. Major counseling tasks and methods are delineated and discussed.
Eusebius of Caesarea
Authors: Barnes Timothy D.
Published: September 2009

The life and writings of Eusebius of Caesarea have been misunderstood on various levels. This article seeks to assess recent attempts to clarify the details of his life and work. It describes Eusebius’ life before he became a subject of Constantine and considers what is known about his participation in ecclesiastical politics after Constantine’s conquest of the East in 324. It offers a discussion of Eusebius’ extant writings and of his theological views, including his interpretation of human history.
Household Structure, Coupling Constraints, and the Nonpartner Victimization Risks of Adults
Authors: Yule Carolyn , Griffiths Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

Victimization studies consistently find that household structure influences the risk of personal and property victimization among adult household members, with those in “traditional” homes enjoying the most protection from victimization and lone parents experiencing the greatest vulnerability. Drawing on the concept of coupling constraints , which represents space-time limitations on adults’ routine activities, this study builds upon and extends research on the household structure— victimization relationship by considering how the presence and age of children shapes adult victimization risk. Data from 11,952 urban respondents in the Canadian General Social Survey (1999) confirm that adults’ life course stage, captured in age-graded responsibilities to children, has an independent and direct influence on nonpartner victimization. The heightened victimization risk experienced by lone parents relative to other types of households is largely explained by their parental coupling constraints.
Credo in Unum Deum: A Challenge
Authors: Sanders James A. , Capetz Paul E.
Published: September 2009

A canon is both fixed and dynamic. The interpretive dynamics of the biblical canon did not cease when the several faith communities closed their canon. Each community claims that its canon is normative for its communal life. Yet, the canonical process has in fact continued in all faith communities: Jewish, Christian and Muslim. Interpretations of it reflect the times and cultures in which it is cited. Central to the canon is its evolving understanding of God. Thoughall three religions claim to be monotheistic, each has been stalled for centuries at claiming that only its particular view of God is correct. It is time to move forward toward a fuller understanding of what believing in the One God of All means today.
Emotions as Within or Between People? Cultural Variation in Lay Theories of Emotion Expression and Inference
Authors: Uchida Yukiko , Townsend Sarah S. M. , Rose Markus Hazel , Bergsieker Hilary B.
Published: September 2009

Four studies using open-ended and experimental methods test the hypothesis that in Japanese contexts, emotions are understood as between people, whereas in American contexts, emotions are understood as primarily within people. Study 1 analyzed television interviews of Olympic athletes. When asked about their relationships, Japanese athletes used significantly more emotion words than American athletes. This difference was not significant when questions asked directly about athletes' feelings. In Study 2, when describing an athlete's emotional reaction to winning, Japanese participants implicated others more often than American participants. After reading an athlete's self-description, Japanese participants inferred more emotions when the athlete mentioned relationships, whereas American participants inferred more emotions when the athlete focused only on herself (Study 3). Finally, when viewing images of athletes, Japanese participants inferred more emotions for athletes pictured with teammates, whereas American participants inferred more emotions for athletes pictured alone (Studies 4a and 4b).
The associations between information and communication technology (ICT) and peer and parent relations in early adolescence
Authors: Punamäki Raija-Leena , Wallenius Marjut , Hölttö Hanna , Nygård Clas-Håkan , Rimpelä Arja
Published: September 2009

The study aims were, first, to examine the associations between the type and intensity of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and peer and parent relationships. Second, the study explored gender- and age-specific ICT usage and their associations with peer and parent relationships. The participants were 478 Finnish 10- and 13-year-old girls and boys. They reported the frequencies of digital game playing, using a computer for information seeking, communication, and Internet surfing, and evaluated the qualities of peer relationships (popularity, loneliness, and friendship) and communication with mother and father (open and conflicting). As hypothesized, intensive usage of ICT for entertainment (digital playing and Internet surfing) was associated with poor relations with both peers and parents, while intensive usage of ICT for communication (email and chat rooms) was associated with good peer relations, and poor parent relations. The associations were, however, gender-specific. Among girls intensive digital game playing was associated with poor mother—daughter and among boys with poor father—son communication. ICT is discussed as provider of new tools for playing, exploring, and communicating in childhood and adolescence.
Shifting gears: Coping flexibility in children with and without ADHD
Authors: Babb Kimberley A. , Levine Linda J. , Arseneault Jaime M.
Published: September 2009

This study examined developmental differences in, and cognitive bases of, coping flexibility in children with and without ADHD. Younger (age 7 to 8) and older (age 10 to 11) children with and without ADHD ( N = 80) responded to hypothetical vignettes about problematic interactions with peers that shifted from controllable to uncontrollable over time. We assessed children’s coping strategies, perceptions of controllability, coping repertoire size, and executive function. Coping flexibility was defined as reporting more strategies directed toward adjusting to, rather than changing, situations as they became uncontrollable. Older children without ADHD demonstrated greater coping flexibility than did younger children without ADHD or either age group with ADHD. The age difference in coping flexibility was mediated by older children’s greater accuracy in perceiving decreases in controllability. Children with ADHD (both younger and older) reported more anti social strategies than did children without ADHD, a difference that was accounted for by their smaller repertoire of coping strategies. Programs directed toward enhancing coping flexibility may need to target different cognitive skills for children with and without ADHD.
Russia Turns East
Authors: Thornton William H. , Thornton Songok Han
Published: September 2009

As the crucial Eurasian swing state, Russia is fast emerging as the twenty-first century ‘decider’. Early globalists took it as a foregone conclusion that Russia would swing toward the West. But increasingly it has ‘turned East’, striking a fate-ful alliance with China and other authoritarian regimes by way of a resuscitated ‘Second World’. By buttressing Putinism, globalization is helping to perform what amounts to a democratic abortion. Yet these policies are not set in stone. This study holds that another globalization is possible, and another Russia as well. To prevent the consolidation of a new Second World, every effort must be made to convince Russian leaders that democracy, far from being Russia's nemesis, could be its best geopolitical ally.
What has Globalization to do with Wildlife Use in the Remote Amazon? Exploring the Links between Macroeconomic Changes, Markets and Community Entitlements
Authors: Espinosa M. Cristina
Published: September 2009

This article explores to what extent poverty, markets and entitlements act as incentives or deterrents for more intensive use of wildlife. Taking into consideration neoliberal ‘Fuji-shock’ of 1990 that eliminated subsidies and support for small-scale agriculture in Peru, I use data on wildlife use in two communities in Loreto that have different entitlements to natural resources and different access to markets and landforms. Results show the community with better entitlements and access to markets makes more intensive use of wildlife and forest products, which challenges the easy association between poverty and resource degradation, and the need to consider access to markets. In a context of low and volatile prices for agriculture and vulnerable livelihoods, extraction of wildlife and forest resources has become more intensive and includes protected wildlife species. Analysis suggests the strong environmental implications of neoliberal globalization at the micro level and the need to frame wildlife use in the context of adaptive livelihoods and macroeconomic changes.
Psychometric Properties of the KPAS in Diverse Ethnic Groups of Midlife Women
Authors: Lee Bokim , Im Eun-Ok , Chee Wonshik
Published: September 2009

The Kaiser Physical Activity Survey (KPAS), designed specifically for diverse activity domains (housework, caregiving, occupational activity), is used to assess physical activity among multiethnic midlife women. This study evaluates KPAS reliability and validity (not widely documented) in measuring physical activity among 341 groups in this classification. Internal consistency coefficients are adequate for all ethnic groups except non-Hispanic (N-H) African Americans. To evaluate construct validity, the researchers use multiple analytic approaches, including correlation between behavioral intention and KPAS scores and factor analysis. KPAS scores correlate positively with behavioral intention scores among all ethnic groups. Eight factors are extracted among all groups except N-H Asian Americans. In the convergent validity test, N-H African Americans and N-H Asian Americans show unique patterns. Overall, the KPAS proves reliable as a reasonably accurate instrument to assess physical activities among multiethnic groups of midlife women. However, cultural sensitivity among N-H African Americans and N-H Asian Americans needs further examination.
The Effects of Choice Making on Toy Engagement in Nonambulatory and Partially Ambulatory Preschool Students
Authors: Liso Danielle R.
Published: September 2009

This study evaluated the effects of an experimenter-delivered choice-making procedure. Three nonambulatory and partially ambulatory preschoolers were given access to six teacher-nominated preferred toys in two conditions: child choice and interventionist choice. Using an alternating treatment design and a 10-second momentary time-sampling procedure, results showed that children were comparably engaged with the toys in both conditions. Results are discussed in terms of implementing choice procedures with very young children with severe disabilities. Suggestions for further study of the effects of choice using comprehensive preference assessment strategies and considerations of individual participant characteristics are discussed.
Violating Prescriptive Stereotypes on Job Resumes: A Self-Presentational Perspective
Authors: Tyler James M. , McCullough Jennifer Dane
Published: September 2009

The authors investigate the earliest stage of the job-screening process—the resume, which represents an applicant’s initial self-presentation efforts, and examine whether women are evaluated more negatively on hiring-related decisions when their resume communicates an identity that violates gender stereotypic prescriptions. This question is important because resumes determine whether an applicant is interviewed and because, in general, women suffer negative sanctions when their behavior violates stereotypic prescriptions.The results show that when women’s resumes violated these prescriptions, men evaluated them more negatively, with women’s perceived social skills mediating the applicant gender—evaluation relationship. These findings provide the first evidence showing that gender biases emerge at the earliest phase of the job-seeking process, that is, when a woman’s resume projects an identity-image that violates gender stereotypes.
Comparison of arterial and capillary blood gas values in poisoning department assessment
Authors: Eizadi-Mood Nastaran , Alfred Sam , Yaraghi Ahmad , Huynh Chanh , Moghadam Ali Shayesteh
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to compare simultaneously obtained arterial and capillary blood gas (CBG) values in comatose-poisoned patients presented with stable vital signs. Forty-five adult patients with a diagnosis of coma because of poisoning and stable vital signs were included in this prospective study. With respect to pH, the arterial blood gas (ABG) and CBG values correlated satisfactorily (r2 = .91) and had an acceptable limit of agreements (LOAs; —0.04 to 0.06). With respect to base excess (BE), the ABG and CBG values correlated well (r2 = .85), but their 95% LOAs seem too wide to allow substitution (—4.4 to 2.7). PCO2 (r2 = .61), HCO3 (r2 = .71) and PO2 (r2 = .53) correlated less reliably. A capillary PCO2 of 51.7 mm Hg had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95.12% for detecting hypercarbia (area under the curve, 0.99; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.90-0.99; p < .0001). In conclusion, CBG analysis for pH may be a reliable substitute for ABG analysis in the initial evaluation of patients presenting with coma and stable vital signs to the poisoning emergency department (PED). Subsequent ABG may be required in patients with capillary PCO2 > 51.7 mm Hg.
Children’s Social Identification With a Friendship Group: A Moderating Effect on Intent to Conform to Norms
Authors: Kwon Kyongboon , Lease A. Michele
Published: September 2009

This study examined third- through fifth-grade children’s social identification (i.e., positive affects and emotions) with their friendship group as a process by which friendship group norms might affect children’s behaviors. A confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional model of social identification. Reciprocated friendship group nomination was positively associated with social identification; fifth graders reported a higher level of social identification than third graders. Sex and perceived popularity were not related to social identification. The authors hypothesized that the effect of friendship group norms on children’s intent to conform to those norms would be greater when they strongly identify with their group. This hypothesis was supported with regard to trend and misbehavior norms but not academic norms.
Methylphenidate Side Effects in Advanced Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Lasheen Wael , Walsh Declan , Mahmoud Fade , Davis Mellar P. , Rivera Nilo , Khoshknabi Dilara Seyidova
Published: September 2009

Introduction: Methylphenidate (MP) is often recommended for symptom control in advanced cancer. Little is known about its side effects in frail adults. Objectives: To evaluate MP-associated symptoms or side effects (S/E). Methods: Data was collected from 2 published prospective cohort series and a phase 2 study of MP for symptom control in advanced cancer. All 3 reports had identical dosing schedules and symptom assessments. Initial MP doses were 10 mg/d (5 mg at 8 AM and at 12 noon) titrated up to a maximum of 30 mg/d. Depression, fatigue, and symptoms identified as possible MP S/E were evaluated for presence (prevalence) and for severity (using categorical scales) before MP (day 0) and on days 3, 5, and 7 thereafter. The categorical scale used was none, mild, moderate, and severe. Results: 62 patients were enrolled. Fifty completed 7 days of MP with a median age of 69 (range 30-90) years. Thirty-five received MP 10 mg/day. Most (96%) had improvement in depression and/or fatigue. Among the 62 patients, new symptom prevalence throughout the study was agitation (16%), insomnia (16%), dry mouth (15%), nausea (10%), tremors (6%), anorexia (5%), headache (3%), palpitations (2%), and vomiting (2%). Patients could have more than 1 symptom simultaneously. Seven (11%) withdrew due to MP S/E. Some symptoms present before MP showed significant improvement during MP therapy. Conclusions: (1) Treatment with MP (10-20 mg/d) in advanced cancer is well tolerated. (2) S/E symptoms with MP appeared to improve spontaneously despite continued MP therapy. (3) Depression and fatigue improved at doses lower than those recommended in other clinical conditions. (4) MP improved depression and fatigue, and some secondary symptoms associated with them. Methylphenidate (MP) appears safe when used in the treatment of depression and fatigue in advanced cancer.
Research in Pediatric Palliative Care: Closing the Gap Between What Is and Is Not Known
Authors: Knapp Caprice A.
Published: September 2009

Pediatric palliative care provides physical and psychosocial care to children with life-limiting illnesses and their families. Services are provided by physicians, nurses, volunteers, and other providers in a myriad of settings. Over the past 30 years, a portfolio of research has amassed on palliative care. Yet, much remains unknown, particularly about pediatric palliative care. This article is the first in a series and it provides a general overview of what is known and unknown about the provision and need for pediatric palliative care. Subsequent articles will focus on specific topics such as decision making and support care. The purpose of this series is to inform and promote discussion about research in pediatric palliative care.
Working With American Indian Students and Families
Authors: Pewewardy Cornel , Fitzpatrick Michael
Published: September 2009

Although most American Indian students are educated in the public school system, there is limited literature regarding (a) how general and special educators can effectively meet the unique educational needs of these students or (b) what strategies educators can use while working with their families. Additionally, there are limited resources available regarding how American Indians view special education, disability issues, and the relationship between school and family. The worldview of American Indians differs from mainstream America, which has led to the overrepresentation of American Indian students in special education programs. This article provides culturally responsive research-based practices to help foster school and family relationships and improve the educational outcomes of American Indian students.
Traveling With Cognitive Tests: Testing the Validity of a KABC-II Adaptation in India
Authors: Malda Maike , van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Srinivasan Krishnamachari , Transler Catherine , Sukumar Prathima
Published: September 2009

The authors evaluated the adequacy of an extensive adaptation of the American Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, second edition (KABC-II), for 6- to 10-year-old Kannada-speaking children of low socioeconomic status in Bangalore, South India. The adapted KABC-II was administered to 598 children. Subtests showed high reliabilities, the Cattell—Horn—Carroll model underlying the original KABC-II was largely replicated, and external relations with demographic characteristics and an achievement measure were consistent with expectations. The subtests showed relatively high loadings on the general cognitive factor, presumably because of the high task novelty and, hence, cognitive complexity of the tests for the children. The findings support the suitability and validity of the KABC-II adaptation. The authors emphasize that test adaptations can only be adequate if they meet both judgmental (qualitative) and statistical (quantitative) adaptation criteria.
Explaining Participation in Intra-Party Elections
Authors: Wauters Bram
Published: September 2009

This article focuses on the participation of party members in intra-party elections and on explanations for this behaviour. The number of intra-party elections is increasing, but their study remains an under-researched phenomenon in contemporary party politics. I test whether participation theories applicable to participation in society also obtain in intra-party elections. The theories tested are: instrumental motivation theory, mobilization theory, resource theory and participation as habit. My analysis on the individual level focuses on two particular internal elections in Belgian parties (VLD and VU) that differ in type and in the membership and ideology of the parties organizing these elections. The results largely confirm the instrumental motivation theory and participation as habit. Neither the mobilization theory nor the resource theory are supported.
Comparing Negative and Positive Campaign Messages
Authors: Arceneaux Kevin , Nickerson David W.
Published: September 2009

Considerable research indicates that personal contact from political campaigns can mobilize people to vote, but little attention has been given to whether the tone of the message matters. Studies of message tone have mostly been confined to mass media campaigns and ignored the growing role grassroots techniques play in contemporary political campaigns. Two randomized field experiments were conducted to determine the importance of message tone in grassroots contact. We find evidence that personally delivered messages can be effective at influencing voting preferences, but neither experiment uncovered a systematic difference between the effects of negative and positive messages on voter turnout or political attitudes.
A new set of ESTs and cDNA clones from full-length and normalized libraries for gene discovery and functional characterization in citrus
Authors: Marques M Carmen , Alonso-Cantabrana Hugo , Forment Javier , Arribas Raquel , Alamar Santiago , Conejero Vicente , Perez-Amador Miguel A
Published: September 2009

Background

Interpretation of ever-increasing raw sequence information generated by modern genome sequencing technologies faces multiple challenges, such as gene function analysis and genome annotation. Indeed, nearly 40% of genes in plants encode proteins of unknown function. Functional characterization of these genes is one of the main challenges in modern biology. In this regard, the availability of full-length cDNA clones may fill in the gap created between sequence information and biological knowledge. Full-length cDNA clones facilitate functional analysis of the corresponding genes enabling manipulation of their expression in heterologous systems and the generation of a variety of tagged versions of the native protein. In addition, the development of full-length cDNA sequences has the power to improve the quality of genome annotation.

Results

We developed an integrated method to generate a new normalized EST collection enriched in full-length and rare transcripts of different citrus species from multiple tissues and developmental stages. We constructed a total of 15 cDNA libraries, from which we isolated 10,898 high-quality ESTs representing 6142 different genes. Percentages of redundancy and proportion of full-length clones range from 8 to 33, and 67 to 85, respectively, indicating good efficiency of the approach employed. The new EST collection adds 2113 new citrus ESTs, representing 1831 unigenes, to the collection of citrus genes available in the public databases. To facilitate functional analysis, cDNAs were introduced in a Gateway-based cloning vector for high-throughput functional analysis of genes in planta. Herein, we describe the technical methods used in the library construction, sequence analysis of clones and the overexpression of CitrSEP, a citrus homolog to the Arabidopsis SEP3 gene, in Arabidopsis as an example of a practical application of the engineered Gateway vector for functional analysis.

Conclusion

The new EST collection denotes an important step towards the identification of all genes in the citrus genome. Furthermore, public availability of the cDNA clones generated in this study, and not only their sequence, enables testing of the biological function of the genes represented in the collection. Expression of the citrus SEP3 homologue, CitrSEP, in Arabidopsis results in early flowering, along with other phenotypes resembling the over-expression of the Arabidopsis SEPALLATA genes. Our findings suggest that the members of the SEP gene family play similar roles in these quite distant plant species.