bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valvular Heart Disease in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Presentation of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Bonita Raphael E. , Cohen Ira S. , Berko Barbara A.
Published: August 2009

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare inheritable disorder of connective tissue. While musculoskeletal abnormalities are well known, cardiovascular involvement is rare. Aortic root dilation is the most common cardiovascular manifestation. OI preferentially affects the left‐sided heart valves, for unclear reasons, leading to aortic and mitral regurgitation. Valve replacement surgery carries a unique set of issues in this population, and fewer than 40 cases have been reported. We report a case of chronic severe aortic regurgitation in a patient with OI complicated by the development of a flail aortic valve leaflet and presenting with a transient ischemic attack. The patient subsequently underwent successful combined bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. We review the literature on valvular disease and other cardiovascular manifestations in OI and the related surgical considerations relevant to this patient population. (Echocardiography 2010;27:69‐73)
Interventricular Delay Optimization: A Comparison among Three Different Echocardiographic Methods
Authors: Bertini Matteo , Valzania Cinzia , Biffi Mauro , Martignani Cristian , Ziacchi Matteo , Pedri Stefano , Domenichini Giulia , Diemberger Igor , Saporito Davide , Rocchi Guido , Rapezzi Claudio , Branzi Angelo , Boriani Giuseppe
Published: August 2009

Aim of the study: To compare three different methods for obtaining interventricular‐(VV) interval optimization. Methods: A total of 30 patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) were enrolled. All the patients underwent VV‐interval optimization performed with three different echocardiographic methods at seven different settings: simultaneous right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular pacing, LV stimulation only, LV preexcitation (LV+20,+40,+60 ms, respectively), RV preexcitation (RV+20 and+40 ms, respectively). Optimal VV delay was selected by: (1) measuring the aortic velocity time integral (VTI method); (2) measuring the time to maximum delay between septal and lateral longitudinal motion in the four‐chamber view (velocity method); and (3) measuring the segment with maximal temporal difference of peak circumferential strain in short‐axis view at papillary muscles level, (strain method). Velocity and strain methods measurements were obtained relying on two‐dimensional ultrasound border tracking algorithm thus providing angle‐independent measurements. Results: Immediately after CRT, VTI, maximum peak circumferential strain delay and maximum septal‐to‐lateral delay were significantly improved (P < 0.001). Particularly, VV‐interval optimization determined a further improvement of these indices as compared to the other VV settings (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a substantial concordance was found between the optimal VV interval obtained according to the VTI method and velocity method (k = 0.68), between the optimal VV interval obtained according to the VTI method and strain method (k = 0.63); and between the optimal VV interval obtained according to the velocity method and strain method (k = 0.71). Conclusions: VV‐interval optimization was shown to determine a further benefit beyond CRT. A significant concordance was present between VV programming based on different echocardiographic methods. (Echocardiography 2010;27:38‐43)
Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Asynchrony in Patients with Clinical Hypothyroidism
Authors: Kaplan Şahin , Kırış Abdulkadir , Erem Cihangir , Kaplan Tuba , Kırış Gülhanım , Gedikli Ömer , Koçak Mustafa , Baykan Merih , Çelik Şükrü
Published: August 2009

Background: Hypothyroidism has a large number of adverse effects on the cardiovascular system such as impaired cardiac contractility. Left ventricular (LV) asynchrony is defined as loss of the simultaneous peak contraction of corresponding cardiac segments. Objective: To assess systolic asynchrony in patients with overt hypothyroidism. Methods: Asynchrony was evaluated in 31 patients with overt hypothyroidism and 26 controls. Clinical hypothyroidism was defined as serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) more than 4.2 μIU/mL with reduced free T4 less than 1.10 ng/dL. All the patients and controls were subjected to an echocardiographic study including tissue synchronization imaging (TSI). The time to regional peak systolic velocity (Ts) in LV via the six‐basal‐six‐mid‐segmental model was measured on ejection phase TSI images, and four TSI parameters of systolic asynchrony were computed. LV asynchrony was described by these four TSI parameters. Results: The demographic characteristics and conventional echocardiographic parameters of both groups were similar (except total and LDL cholesterol, TSH, free T3, and free T4). All TSI parameters of LV asynchrony were prolonged in hypothyroid patients compared to controls. The standard deviation (SD) of the 12 LV segments Ts was (53.5 ± 14.1 vs. 29.3 ± 15.5, P < 0.0001); the maximal difference in Ts between any 2 of the 12 LV segments was (154.5 ± 37.3 vs. 91.9 ± 45.2, P < 0.0001); the SD of Ts of the 6 basal LV segments was (47.9 ± 15.9 vs. 27.1 ± 16.4, P < 0.0001); and the maximal difference in Ts between any 2 of the 6 basal LV segments was (118.4 ± 37.9 vs. 69.3 ± 39.0, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of LV asynchrony was significantly higher in patients with hypothyroidism compared with controls (83.9% vs. 26.9%, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Patients with overt hypothyroidism show evidence of LV asynchrony by TSI. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2010;27:117‐122)
Tricuspid Annular Velocity Assessed by Doppler Tissue Imaging as a Marker of Right Ventricular Involvement in the Acute and Late Phase after a First ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Witt Nils , Alam Mahbubul , Svensson Leif , Samad Bassem A.
Published: August 2009

Background: Right ventricular (RV) involvement in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a clinically important problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of tricuspid annular velocity assessed by Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) as a marker of RV involvement in patients with a first STEMI. Methods: Seventy‐one patients with a first STEMI were examined by echocardiography before discharge and after 6 months. The patients were compared to 31 healthy subjects (HS). The diagnosis of RV infarction was based on the presence of ≥ 1 mm ST elevation in the right precordial ECG lead V4R. Tricuspid annular systolic and diastolic velocities using pulsed‐wave DTI were recorded at the RV free wall. Results: At day 1, tricuspid annular velocities were significantly reduced in patients with, compared to those without, ST elevation in V4R (11.1 vs. 13.7 cm/sec, 9.4 vs. 13.1 cm/sec and 14.1 vs. 15.9 cm/sec for systolic, early, and late diastolic velocities, respectively; P < 0.01). With a cutoff value for a tricuspid annular systolic velocity of 13 cm/sec, sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients with ST elevation in V4R were 89% and 71%, respectively. After 6 months, both tricuspid annular systolic and diastolic velocities in patients with RV infarction had increased significantly, but only tricuspid annular systolic velocity was still reduced compared to HS (12.3 vs. 14.7 cm/sec; P < 0.01). Conclusion: Tricuspid annular velocities assessed by DTI may be used as a marker of RV involvement in the acute and the late phase after a first STEMI. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2010;27:139‐145)
Echocardiographic Determination of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Healthy Bonnet Macaques
Authors: Mansoor Ather , Salciccioli Louis , Qureshi Ghazanfar , Kamran Haroon , Rosenblum Leonard A. , Kral John G. , Lazar Jason
Published: August 2009

Background: Nonhuman primates have served as models for human cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic diseases. Recently, echocardiographic measurement of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness has been shown to be a reliable marker of visceral adiposity, and greater EAT is associated with increased CV risk, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and metabolic syndrome. The objective of the present study was to determine EAT thickness in apparently healthy bonnet macaques and assess its relations with anthropometric and CV variables. Methods: Echocardiography was performed on 61 monkeys (41 females and 20 males, mean age 13.0 ± 4.7 years). EAT was measured on the right ventricular free wall in parasternal windows. Applanation tonometry was performed in 25 unselected monkeys using a SphygmoCor pulse wave system. Results: The mean EAT thickness was 2.4 ± 0.6 mm. EAT thickness was directly correlated with age (r = 0.26, P = 0.04), male gender (r = 0.47, P < 0.01), weight (r = 0.42, P < 0.01), crown–rump length (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.38, P < 0.01), diastolic BP (r = 0.46, P = 0.01), and HR (r =−0.49, P < 0.01). EAT thickness also correlated with augmentation index (r = 0.42, P = 0.04), LV mass (r = 0.48, P < 0.01), and left atrial (LA) diameter (r = 0.26, P = 0.04). Intra‐ and interobserver coefficients of variation between measurements of EAT were 1.4% and 3.7%. On multivariate analysis adjusting for age, gender, weight, and CRL, EAT was independently related to age and weight (r2= 0.47, P < 0.01). Conclusion: This study found echocardiography to be a feasible and practical method to evaluate EAT in nonhuman primates. In bonnet macaques, EAT thickness correlates with LV and LA dimensions and augmentation index, and is independently related to age and weight. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2010;27:180‐185)
Infection and the Risk of Topical Anesthetic Induced Clinically Significant Methemoglobinemia after Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Vallurupalli Srikanth , Das Smita , Manchanda Shalini
Published: August 2009

Background: Methemoglobinemia is a recognized complication of topical anesthesia with benzocaine during transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Though several risk factors have been described, the importance of individual factors is not known. We performed a retrospective study to identify determinants of the risk of methemoglobinemia. Materials and methods: All patients who underwent TEE with benzocaine topical anesthesia between June 2005 and June 2007 were included in this retrospective study. Results: Of the 886 patients who were included in the study, 140 had active infection (15.8%). The incidence of methemoglobinemia in this group was 2.9% (vs. 0%, P < 0.001). Compared to those without infection, patients in the active infection group were more likely to have a lower hemoglobin (P < 0.001), serum albumin level (P < 0.001), glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (P < 0.001), higher rates of dialysis (P < 0.001), a higher incidence of malignancy (P = 0.01), and increased use of acetaminophen and sulfa drugs (P < 0.001). However, multivariate logistic regression analysis did not identify any statistically significant covariates. Conclusion: In conclusion, patients with an active systemic infection who undergo TEE are at a higher risk of methemoglobinemia. However, none of the risk factors for methemoglobinemia including active infection reached statistical significance in the regression analysis which has to be interpreted with caution in view of the low event rate. (Echocardiography 2010;27:318‐323)
Accurate Localization and Echocardiographic‐Pathologic Correlation of Tricuspid Valve Angiolipoma by Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Misra Satyajeet , Sinha Prabhat K. , Koshy Thomas , Sandhyamani Samavedam , Parija Chandrabhanu , Gopal Kirun
Published: August 2009

Angiolipoma (angiolipohamartoma) of the tricuspid valve (TV) is a rare tumor which may be occasionally misdiagnosed as right atrial (RA) myxoma. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provides accurate information regarding the size, shape, mobility as well as site of attachment of RA tumors and is a superior modality as compared to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Correct diagnosis of RA tumors has therapeutic significance and guides management of patients, as myxomas are generally more aggressively managed than lipomas. We describe a rare case of a pedunculated angiolipoma of the TV which was misdiagnosed as RA myxoma on TTE and discuss the echocardiographic‐pathologic correlates of the tumor as well as its accurate localization by TEE. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 26, November 2009)
Lead‐Free Ferroelectric (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 Thin Films in the Morphotropic Phase Boundary Composition: Solution Processing and Properties
Authors: Alonso‐Sanjosé David , Jiménez Ricardo , Bretos Inigo , Calzada Maria L.
Published: August 2009

Ferroelectric (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 (BNT–BT) single perovskite thin films have been prepared, for the first time, by chemical solution deposition onto Pt/TiO2/SiO2/(100)Si substrates. A solution process has been developed for the preparation of precursor solutions. The handling of all the chemical reagents, refluxes, and distillations was carried out in air. In addition, the resulting solutions are stable in air, presenting a low gelation and trend to the formation of precipitate. Solutions containing a 10 mol% of Na excess, and a 10 mol% excess of Na+10 mol% excess of Bi, were prepared. These solutions were spin‐coated onto the substrates, obtaining amorphous layers that were crystallized in O2 by rapid thermal processing. Multiple deposition and crystallization were carried out to grow crystalline films with a thickness between 125 and 140 nm. At temperatures below 600°C, the perovskite phase coexists with a pyrochlore phase. At temperatures over 700°C or soaking times over 60 s, an interdiffusion substrate/film interface is formed. Single perovskite BNT–BT thin films are obtained at 650°C, with soaking times of only 6 s. There is an effect of the Na excess and Na+Bi excess on the film microstructure and the dielectric/ferroelectric properties. The films containing Na+Bi excess have a larger grain size, higher dielectric permittivities (at room temperature K′∼400), and higher saturation and polarization values (Ps∼23 μC/cm2 and Pr∼12 μC/cm2). The results of this work prove the feasibility of preparing these lead‐free compositions in thin film form, resulting in materials with promising functional properties when integrated with Si semiconductor substrates.
A New Method to Optimize Furnace Designs Using Daily Flow Rates to Maximize Energy Savings in the Steady Production
Authors: Feng Zhijun , Li Dongchun , Qin Guoqiang , Liu Shimin
Published: August 2009

Fluid dynamic simulations within a float glass furnace model with a variable siege height were performed by using the FLOTRAN module within an ANSYS software package. Steady circulatory patterns of glass fluid are established and identified in various regions of the furnace, and corresponding daily flow rates within the furnace were calculated. By increasing the siege height, the region of bottom backward flow was found to have decreased at the waist and working chamber. For a typical siege height of 0.3 m, the furnace required 5.39 × 1010 J/day less energy to reheat the glass fluids, as compared with a traditional siege height.
Fabrication and Characterization of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 Microtubular Dual‐Structured Electrolyte Membranes for Application in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology
Authors: Yang Naitao , Tan Xiaoyao , Ma Zifeng , Thursfield Alan
Published: August 2009

Samaria‐doped ceria (SDC, Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9) ceramic powders of submicrometer size were synthesized by a sol–gel auto‐combustion method. From these powders microtubes with a dual structure comprising of a dense layer and a porous substrate layer were fabricated in a single step through a phase inversion/sintering technique. A sintering temperature in excess of 1450°C is required for SDC to achieve gastight microtubes. The mechanical strength of the SDC microtubes increases with increasing sintering temperature and may attain up to 208 MPa when sintered at 1500°C. Electrical impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that the SDC microtubes have electrical conductivities of 4.46 × 10−4–0.072 S/cm and corresponding activation energy of 81.9 kJ/mol at temperatures between 400° and 800°C. Full fuel cells were fabricated by coating Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) on to the inner surface and a Ni‐SDC cermet on to the outer surface of the gastight microtubes to act as the cathode and the anode, respectively. The resultant BSCF|SDC|Ni‐SDC microcells have a stable output maximum of 106 mW/cm2 at 750°C when hydrogen and air were used as fuel and oxidant gas, respectively.
Cellular Anorthite Glass–Ceramics: Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties
Authors: Hojamberdiev Mirabbos , Torrey Jessica D. , Da Silva Beltrão Marilia Sérgio , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: August 2009

Highly permeable cellular anorthite glass ceramics with porosity of ∼95% were obtained by a simple replication technique using near‐stoichiometric glass powders and a polymeric foam as sacrificial template material. Impacts of sintering conditions and additions of minor constituents, respectively, on microstructural evolution and resulting macroscopic properties of the derived foams were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis and X‐ray microcomputer tomography. Apparent activation energies of crystallization and the Avrami coefficient were estimated from nonisothermal crystallization experiments to evaluate the impact of titania and zirconia, respectively, as potential nucleation agents. Consistent with SEM analyses, it was found that crystal growth occurs in two dimensions. While TiO2 primarily acts on the viscosity of the precursor glass and, thus, on the process of sintering by viscous flow, ZrO2 is found to exhibit at least some nucleation efficiency. As compared with sintering of ceramic powders and solid‐state reactions in general, the glass ceramic route enables significant reduction in sintering time and temperature.
Effect of Grain Growth on Densification and Conductivity of Ca‐Doped CeO2 Electrolyte
Authors: Yan Ming , Mori Toshiyuki , Zou Jin , Drennan John
Published: August 2009

Doped ceria has been pursued in the past decades as a promising electrolyte material for intermediate temperature‐solid oxide fuel cells. In this study, the effects of grain growth conditions on the densification and conductivity of CaxCe1−xO2−y (x=0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) are systematically investigated. It has been found that the densification of Ca‐doped CeO2 depends strongly upon the specific calcination and sintering pathway, based on which the processing windows for achieving high sintering density are established. It is demonstrated that Ca‐doped CeO2 show competing conductivities in the intermediate temperature region compared with rare earth‐doped CeO2. The detailed microstructures associated with various processing pathways have also been realized in terms of microdomain, superstructure, and glassy phase.
Supply and Demand of Board‐certified Emergency Physicians by U.S. State, 2005
Authors: Sullivan Ashley F. , Ginde Adit A. , Espinola Janice A. , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: August 2009

Objectives:  The objective was to estimate the emergency medicine (EM) board‐certified emergency physician (EP) workforce supply and demand by U.S. state.

Methods:  The 2005 National Emergency Department Inventories‐USA provided annual visit volumes for U.S. emergency departments (EDs). We estimated full‐time equivalent (FTE) EP demand at each ED by dividing the actual number of visits by the estimated average EP visit volume (3,548 visits/year) and then summing FTEs by state. Our model assumed that at least one EP should be present 24/7 in each ED. The number of EM board‐certified EPs per state was provided by the American Board of Medical Specialties (American Board of Emergency Medicine, American Board of Pediatrics) and the American Osteopathic Board of Emergency Medicine. We used U.S. Census Bureau civilian population estimates to calculate EP population density by state.

Results:  The supply of EM board‐certified EPs was 58% of required FTEs to staff all EDs nationally and ranged from 10% in South Dakota to 104% in Hawai’i (i.e., there were more EPs than the estimated need). Texas and Florida had the largest absolute shortages of EM board‐certified EPs (2,069 and 1,146, respectively). The number of EM board‐certified EPs per 100,000 U.S. civilian population ranged from 3.6 in South Dakota to 13.8 in Washington, DC. States with a higher population density of EM board‐certified EPs had higher percent high school graduates and a lower percent rural population and whites.

Conclusions:  The supply and demand of EM board‐certified EPs varies by state. Only one state had an adequate supply of EM board‐certified EPs to fully staff its EDs.
Subtle Bias Against Muslim Job Applicants in Personnel Decisions1
Authors: Park Jaihyun , Malachi Eva , Sternin Orit , Tevet Roni
Published: September 2009

Contemporary theories of prejudice suggest that racism still exists in society, but is expressed in subtle and justifiable manners. Employing such theoretical frameworks, the present study examined subtle ways in which social category information is used differentially in personnel decisions. Participants (managers or undergraduates) were presented with background information and a résumé (with a typical Muslim or European American name) for a hypothetical job applicant. After reviewing the résumés, participants judged the applicant on hirability, salary assignment, and other job‐related characteristics. Results showed that the Muslim applicant, relative to the American, was unfavorably judged in salary assignment and job‐related characteristics in the presence of negative information. Both managers and undergraduates exhibited the same bias. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Clinical outcome of submerged vs. non‐submerged implants placed in fresh extraction sockets
Authors: Cordaro Luca , Torsello Ferruccio , Roccuzzo Mario
Published: August 2009

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of submerged vs. non‐submerged tapered implants placed into fresh extraction sockets.

Materials and methods: A prospective, controlled, multicenter, randomized, clinical trial has been performed in two centers in Rome and Torino (Italy). Thirty healthy patients were recruited according to the following inclusion criteria: need for an immediate post extraction implant, ages between 18 and 70, horizontal defect depth <2 mm, smokers <10 cigarettes/day and absence of any circumstance or condition that could represent contraindications to implant surgery. The patients were randomly allocated to submerged or non‐submerged treatment groups immediately after flap elevation and tooth extraction. Submerged implants were exposed 8 weeks after the first surgery; all implants were loaded with provisional restorations 12 weeks after the first surgery and with definitive restoration 12 weeks thereafter. Clinical and radiographic parameters were evaluated at baseline, at implant loading and at the 1‐year follow‐up visit.

Results: The results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups in the mean value of keratinized tissue (KT) height after surgery that was significantly reduced for submerged implants when compared with transmucosal implants (mean reduction of KT at year follow‐up: T group 0.2 mm, S group 1.3 mm; P=0.007).

Conclusion: Similar outcomes were found for submerged and non‐submerged implants placed in fresh extraction sockets with a horizontal peri‐implant defect smaller than 2 mm, except for a reduction of KT in the submerged group. Either with a submerged or a non‐submerged procedure, 1 mm of mean soft tissue recession is seen after 1 year when compared with the pre‐extraction situation.
Inferior alveolar canal course: a radiographic study
Authors: Liu Tie , Xia Bing , Gu Zhiyuan
Published: August 2009

Objectives: To describe the morphology and course of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) as it appears in digital panoramic radiographs.

Materials and methods: Three hundred and eighty‐six digital rotational panoramic radiographs (OPG) were studied using the Clinview Software (6.1.3.7 version, Instrumentarium). Among the 386 radiographs, 86 radiographs with 5‐mm steel balls were used to calculate the magnification.

Results: The average magnification of radiographs in this study was 7.24±7.55%. The course of IAC as seen in the panoramic radiograph may be classified into four types: (1) linear curve, 12.75%, (2) spoon‐shaped curve, 29.25%, (3) elliptic‐arc curve, 48.5%, and (4) turning curve, 9.5%. On panoramic radiographs, the IAC appeared closest to the inferior border of the mandible in the region of the first molar. In relation to the teeth, on panoramic radiographs, the IAC appeared closest to the distal root tip of the third molar and furthest from the mesial root tip of the first molar.

Conclusion: In the OPG, there are four types of IAC: linear, spoon shape, elliptic‐arc, and turning curve. The data found in the study may be useful for dental implant, mandibule surgery, and dental anesthesia. The limitations of the panoramic radiograph in depicting the true three‐dimensional (3D) morphology of the IAC are recognized, computed tomography (CT) and cone beam (CB)3D imaging being more precise.
Resonance frequency measurements in vivo and related surface properties of magnesium‐incorporated, micropatterned and magnesium‐incorporated TiUnite®, Osseotite®, SLA® and TiOblast® implants
Authors: Sul Young‐Taeg , Jönsson Jörgen , Yoon Goui‐Seong , Johansson Carina
Published: August 2009

Objective: To investigate implant stability using resonance frequency measurements of topographically changed and/or surface chemistry‐modified implants in rabbit bone.

Material and methods: Six groups of microstructured, screw‐shaped titanium implants: two oxidized, cation‐incorporated experimental implants [Mg implants and MgMp implants with micropatterned thread flanges (80–150 μm wide and 60–70 μm deep)] and four commercially available clinical implants (TiUnite®, Osseotite®, SLA®, and TiOblast®) were installed in 10 rabbit tibia for 6 weeks. The surface properties of the implants were characterized in detail using several analytical techniques. Implant stability was measured using a resonance frequency analyzer (Osstell™).

Results: Surface characterization of the implants revealed microstructured, moderately rough implant surfaces varying 0.7–1.4 μm in Sa (mean height deviation), but with clear differences in surface chemistry. After 6 weeks, all implants showed statistically significantly higher increases in implant stability. When compared with one another, MgMp implants showed the most significant mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) value relative to the others (P≤0.016). In terms of increment (ΔISQ) in implant stability, MgMp implants showed a significantly greater value as compared with Osseotite® (P≤0.005), TiOblast® (P≤0.005), TiUnite® (P≤0.005), SLA® (P≤0.007), and Mg implants (P≤0.012). In addition, transducer direction dependence of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements was observed such that the differences in the mean ISQ values between longitudinal and perpendicular measurements were significant at implant placement (P≤0.004) and after 6 weeks (P≤0).

Conclusion: The present study found that implant surface properties influence RFA measurements of implant stability. Surface chemistry‐modified titanium implants showed higher mean ISQ values than did topographically changed implants. In particular, cation (magnesium)‐incorporated micropatterns in MgMp implants may play a primary role in ΔISQ.
Five‐year evaluation of the influence of keratinized mucosa on peri‐implant soft‐tissue health and stability around implants supporting full‐arch mandibular fixed prostheses
Authors: Schrott Alexander René , Jimenez Monik , Hwang Jae‐Woong , Fiorellini Joseph , Weber Hans‐Peter
Published: August 2009

Background: The question of the importance of keratinized mucosa around dental implants for the prevention of peri‐implant disease could not be answered in the relevant literature so far.

Objective: To investigate the influence of peri‐implant keratinized mucosa on long‐term peri‐implant soft‐tissue health and stability over a period of 5 years.

Material and methods: A total of 386 mandibular dental implants were placed in 73 completely edentulous patients, and subsequently restored with fixed full‐arch prostheses. At prosthesis delivery (baseline) and after 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, modified plaque index (mPlI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mBI), distance between implant shoulder and mucosal margin (DIM) and width of peri‐implant keratinized mucosa (KM) were recorded. Statistical analysis included multivariate logistic regression, multivariate ordinal logistic regression, generalized estimating equations and Bonferroni's correction.

Results: Fifty‐eight patients with 307 implants completed the 5‐year study. Statistically significantly higher plaque accumulation on lingual sites (mean mPlI 0.67, SD 0.85), bleeding tendencies on lingual sites (mean mBI 0.22, SD 0.53) and larger soft‐tissue recession on buccal sites (mean DIM −0.69 mm, SD 1.11 mm) were found when the width of KM was <2 mm, compared to sites with≥2 mm of KM (mean mPlI 0.40, SD 0.68, P=0.001; mean mBI 0.13, SD 0.41, P<0.01; mean DIM −0.08 mm, SD 0.86 mm, P<0.001). The width of keratinized mucosa had no effect on bleeding tendency or plaque accumulation on buccal sites (P>0.05).

Conclusion: In patients exercising good oral hygiene and receiving regular implant maintenance therapy, implants with a reduced width of <2 mm of peri‐implant keratinized mucosa were more prone to lingual plaque accumulation and bleeding as well as buccal soft‐tissue recession over a period of 5 years.
Guided bone regeneration using rhGDF‐5‐ and rhBMP‐2‐coated natural bone mineral in rat calvarial defects
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Ferrari Daniel , Sager Martin , Herten Monika , Hartig Brigitte , Becker Jürgen
Published: August 2009

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of either recombinant human growth and differentiation factor 5 (rhGDF‐5)‐ or recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP‐2)‐coated natural bone mineral (NBM) on guided bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model.

Material and methods: Two monocortical critical‐size calvarial defects (diameter 6 mm, depth 1.5 mm) were prepared in a total of 90 rats each (n=180 defects) and randomly allocated to the following groups: (1) NBM+collagen membrane (BG), (2) rhBMP‐2+NBM+BG, (3) rhGDF‐5+NBM+BG, (4) autogenous bone (AB)+BG, or (5) untreated control (C). At 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks, dissected blocks were processed for histological [e.g. area (mm2) of mineralized tissue (MT)] and immunohistochemical (osteocalcin – OC, angiogenesis – TG) analysis.

Results: At 2 weeks, both coated NBM groups exhibited the formation of a thin hard tissue bridge underneath the BG. All test groups revealed significantly higher mean MT values than the C group at 24 weeks. rhBMP‐2+NBM+BG‐treated defects revealed significantly higher mean MT values in comparison with the AB+BG (8 and 24 weeks), NBM+BG (2 and 4 weeks), and rhGDF‐5+NBM+BG (2, 16, and 24 weeks) groups, respectively. Immunoreactions to either OC or TG were comparable in all test groups.

Conclusion: It was concluded that (i) all treatment procedures investigated supported bone regeneration at 24 weeks and (ii) rhBMP‐2 might have the potential to improve the outcome of healing, particularly during the early stages of healing.
A retrospective analysis of maxillary sinus septa on reformatted computerised tomography scans
Authors: Van Zyl Andre W. , Van Heerden Willie F. P.
Published: August 2009

Objectives: This study analysed 200 consecutive computerised tomography (CT) scans, reformatted with specialised software for the identification of maxillary sinus septa. All patients were routine implant patients who had undergone CT scans for dental implant planning.

Materials and methods: The data of two hundred consecutive patients (400 maxillary sinuses) who had been sent for CT scan, were reformatted with CT software. The group consisted of 115 edentulous and 85 dentate (below sinuses) patients. Septa were identified using three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and panoramic views. No septa were included unless they were clearly visible on the 3D reconstruction. The prevalence, height and number of septa were analysed for both groups of patients.

Results: The prevalence of sinus septa was found to be 69% (138 patients), with a significant number of these patients showing multiple septa (89/138). The mean age of the patients was 54 (±14). The prevalence of edentulous patients with septa (71%) was not statistically different from the dentate patients (66%) (P=0.7).

Discussion: This study found a higher prevalence of patients with maxillary sinus septa than what has been reported previously. This may be due to the exact nature of the CT software and the ease of use of the 3D reconstruction for identification of septa. Another explanation could be that all septa that were visible on the 3D reconstruction were included and there was no minimum cut‐off height. No significant differences were found between edentulous and dentate patients.
Dimensional ridge alterations following immediate implant placement in molar extraction sites: a six‐month prospective cohort study with surgical re‐entry
Authors: Matarasso S. , Salvi G. E. , Iorio Siciliano V. , Cafiero C. , Blasi A. , Lang N. P.
Published: August 2009

Aim: To assess dimensional ridge alterations following immediate implant placement in molar extraction sites.

Material and methods: Twelve subjects received 12 immediate transmucosal implants in molar extraction sites. Peri‐implant defects were treated according to the principles of Guided Bone Regeneration by means of a deproteinized bone substitute and a bioresorbable collagen membrane. Changes in vertical (IS‐BD, CREST‐BD) and horizontal distances (EC‐I, IC‐I) of alveolar bony walls to the bottom of the defects (BD) and to the implant surfaces (I) were compared between implant placement and surgical re‐entry at 6 months.

Results: The implant survival rate at 6 months was 100%. Statistically significant differences (P<0.01) were observed in the mean changes in vertical distances IS‐BD and CREST‐BD between baseline and re‐entry. At re‐entry, all peri‐implant marginal defects assessed from the internal socket wall to the implant surface (IC‐I) were healed. The residual combined thickness of the buccal wall with the newly formed peri‐implant bone at sites with an initial thickness of 1 mm was statistically significantly smaller (P<0.05) compared with that of sites with an initial buccal thickness of 2 mm (2.50 ± 0.76 vs. 4±0 mm).

Conclusions: The marginal defects around immediate implants placed in molar extraction sites were completely filled after 6 months of healing through de novo bone formation. Bone resorption was observed from the external aspects of the buccal and oral socket walls. Dimensional changes of the external socket walls were mostly pronounced at the buccal aspects.
Complementary seed dispersal by three avian frugivores in a fragmented Afromontane forest
Authors: Lehouck V. , Spanhove T. , Demeter S. , Groot N. E. , Lens L.
Published: September 2009

Questions: To what extent does species‐specific variation in gut passage time (GPT), habitat use and mobility of three key avian frugivores synergistically affect the distribution of Xymalos monospora seeds within and among isolated forest fragments?

Location: Three fragments of a severely fragmented cloud forest, Taita Hills, southeast Kenya.

Methods: We experimentally determined GPTs of X. monospora seeds and recorded movements and habitat use by Turdus helleri, Andropadus milanjensis and Tauraco hartlaubi through radiotelemetry, and combined these data to generate species‐specific seed dispersal patterns.

Results: Differences in mobility and habitat use among the three frugivores caused significant complementarity in seed dispersal, despite the fact that gut transit times were highly comparable. While the most sedentary and forest‐dependent species mainly led to short‐distance dispersal away from parent trees, two more mobile species dispersed seeds further away from the source trees, both within indigenous forest patches and towards exotic plantations and isolated fruiting trees in the landscape matrix. A. milanjensis inhabiting a very small forest fragment spent significantly more time in the landscape matrix than conspecifics residing in the two larger fragments.

Conclusions: By varying distances over which seeds are carried away from parent trees and the habitat types in which they are ultimately deposited, avian frugivores affect the spatial distribution of seeds and early plant recruits in a distinct and complementary manner. Because landscape properties are expected to lead to different constraints on avian mobility for habitat specialists and for generalists, ecosystem processes such as avian seed dispersal are shaped by complex interactions between disperser behaviour and the environment.
What makes a community age‐friendly: A review of international literature
Authors: Lui Chi‐Wai , Everingham Jo‐Anne , Warburton Jeni , Cuthill Michael , Bartlett Helen
Published: August 2009

This paper undertakes a comprehensive review of the growing international literature on age‐friendly communities. It examines a range of approaches and identifies the key attributes associated with creating a sustainable environment for seniors. The authors critically evaluate emerging policy trends and models and suggest directions for future research attention. The discussion provides important information and insights for the development of ageing policy and planning in Australia.
Recruiting older adults to health research studies: A systematic review
Authors: Auster Josephine , Janda Monika
Published: August 2009

Aim:  To provide a systematic review of papers comparing the effectiveness of different strategies to recruit older adults (aged 50 years and over) to participate in health research studies, to guide successful recruitment in future research.

Methods:  Four major databases were searched for papers published between 1995 and 2008 with: target group aged 50 years or over; participants allocated to receive one of two or more recruitment strategies; and an outcome measure of response rate or enrolment in study.

Results:  Twelve papers were included in the review.

Conclusion:  For postal questionnaires, recruitment strategies used with older adults had comparable outcomes to those used to recruit from the general population. For other types of studies, strategies involving face‐to‐face contact may be more effective than indirect methods, but this needs to be balanced against feasibility. Overall, little evidence on the topic exists and more rigorous investigation is necessary.
Review of non‐convulsive status epilepticus and an illustrative case history manifesting as delirium
Authors: Epstein Daniel , Diu Eric , Abeysekera Tamara , Kam Daniel , Chan Yin
Published: August 2009

Non‐convulsive status epilepticus can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The condition can be difficult to recognise, and can mimic delirium due to other underlying pathologies. There are several clinical subtypes, although these can be difficult to distinguish by their clinical features alone. Electroencephalogram is the key diagnostic tool to making the diagnosis, but this investigation is a limited resource in many institutions. In this review, we present a case of non‐convulsive status epilepticus, manifesting as delirium, and then proceed to a literature review on this important diagnosis.
Medical masters: A pilot study of adaptive ageing in physicians
Authors: Peisah Carmelle , Gautam Mamta , Goldstein Marion Z
Published: August 2009

Aim:  To describe models of career and lifestyle options for ageing doctors that suggest adaptability to ageing and retirement.

Method:  Doctors aged 60 or older from Australia, Canada and the United States (n= 25) deemed to be ageing well by peers were administered a semistructured interview to obtain demographic and qualitative data regarding lifestyle, attitudes to ageing and retirement.

Results:  Emergent themes included: (i) insights into the physical and psychological vicissitudes of ageing and the effects of such on practice; (ii) the need for adaptations in working hours and choice of work; (iii) the importance of long‐term retirement planning; (iv) the usefulness of a transitional phase to ease into retirement; and (v) the need to cultivate a variety of medical and non‐medical pursuits and relationships early in one's career.

Conclusion:  These insights might encourage doctors to engage in long‐term occupational, familial, social and financial planning and provide potential models of adaptive ageing in doctors for further study.
Management and organisational barriers in the acquisition of computer usage skills by mature age workers
Authors: Keogh Mark
Published: August 2009

Aim:  To investigate workplace cultures in the acquisition of computer usage skills by mature age workers.

Methods:  Data were gathered through focus groups conducted at job network centres in the Greater Brisbane metropolitan region. Participants who took part were a mixture of workers and job‐seekers.

Results:  The results suggest that mature age workers can be exposed to inappropriate computer training practices and age‐insensitive attitudes towards those with low base computer skills.

Conclusions:  There is a need for managers to be observant of ageist attitudes in the work place and to develop age‐sensitive strategies to help mature age workers learn computer usage skills. Mature age workers also need to develop skills in ways which are practical and meaningful to their work.
Physical activity of older Australians measured by pedometry
Authors: Ewald Ben , Duke Janine , Thakkinstian Ammarrin , Attia John , Smith Wayne
Published: August 2009

Aim:  To established population norms for pedometer determined step counts in older Australians.

Methods:  A representative sample of 684 participants over the age of 55 years wore a pedometer for a week in Newcastle, Australia.

Results:  Response rate was 32%. Median daily step count was 8605 in those aged 55–59 years declining to 3778 in those over 80 years old. The proportion who reached 8000 steps per day was 62% in those 55–59 years and 12% in those over 80 years. Daily step counts were highest on Thursdays and Fridays and least on Sundays. Weekend days had on average 620 less steps than weekdays. After adjusting for age, there was a negative association of step count with body mass index >30, and with a history of arthritis but no significant association with other demographic variables.

Conclusion:  Pedometry is feasible in an elderly sample, and research involving pedometers must take days of the week into account.
Future research on dementia relating to culturally and linguistically diverse communities
Authors: Low Lee‐Fay , Draper Brian , Cheng Ada , Cruysmans Benedict , Hayward‐Wright Nicky , Jeon Yun‐Hee , LoGiudice Dina , Wu Helen Zong Ying , Zogalis Georgia , Brodaty Henry
Published: August 2009

About one in five older Australians were born overseas. However, there has been very little information published in Australia or internationally about dementia in persons from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This limits our ability to plan for and provide evidence‐based medical care, social care and aged care services to persons from CALD backgrounds. This paper describes challenges to conducting CALD dementia research; these include sampling, having valid instruments and costs. Nine key research recommendations in the areas of epidemiology, community knowledge, carers, service delivery, screening and assessment, medical management, residential aged care and minority CALD reached by consensus by an expert group are presented. The paper closes with some strategies to encourage CALD research. The material presented here will provide guidance for future research endeavours.
Four‐item fall risk screening tool for subacute and residential aged care: The first step in fall prevention
Authors: Stapleton Caroline , Hough Peter , Oldmeadow Leonie , Bull Karen , Hill Keith , Greenwood Kenneth
Published: August 2009

Aim:  To report the reliability, accuracy and compliance of a brief fall risk screening tool in subacute and residential aged care.

Method:  A 9‐item tool, developed by expert and literature review, was administered to 291 persons admitted to subacute and residential aged care at Peninsula Health (PH) Victoria, Australia. Items were analysed for their ability to predict falls and the four strongest incorporated into a screening tool. Reliability was assessed on six nurses.

Results:  Most predictive items were recent falls (0.82), psychological status (0.55), medications (0.46) and cognition (0.41) χ2 (4, n= 291) = 89.89, P < 0.0001. The final 4‐item tool (PH‐FRAT) provides 80% accuracy (sensitivityER 70.2%, specificityER 68.8%) and high reliability (ICC = 0.79). The PH‐FRAT is now used in 50 local subacute and residential facilities.

Conclusion:  The 4‐item PH‐FRAT is a popular, moderately predictive, reliable and brief method of screening fall risk in subacute and residential aged care.
SHORT‐TERM CHANGES IN ADULT ARREST RATES INFLUENCE LATER SHORT‐TERM CHANGES IN SERIOUS MALE DELINQUENCY PREVALENCE: A TIME‐DEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP*
Authors: TAYLOR RALPH B. , HARRIS PHILIP W. , JONES PETER R. , WEILAND DORIS , GARCIA R. MARIE , MCCORD ERIC S.
Published: August 2009

The impacts of quarterly adult arrest rates on later male serious delinquency prevalence rates were investigated in Philadelphia police districts (N = 23) over several years using all male delinquents aged 10–15 years who were mandated to more than “straight” probation. An ecological deterrence model expects more arrests to lead to less delinquency later. A community justice or mass incarceration model, the ecological version of general strain theory, and an ecologized version of the procedural justice model, each anticipates more arrests lead to more delinquency later. Investigating quarterly lags from 3 to 24 months between adult arrests and later delinquency, the results showed a time‐dependent relationship. Models with short lags showed the negative relationship expected by ecological deterrence theory. Models with lags of about a year and a half showed the positive relationship expected by the other three theories. Indicators needed so future works can gauge the relative merits of each theoretical perspective more accurately are described. The spatial distributions of current and 1920s delinquency rates were compared.
THE DYNAMICS OF CRIME REGIMES*
Authors: BERK RICHARD , MACDONALD JOHN
Published: August 2009

Crimes have many features, and the mix of those features can change over time and space. In this article, we introduce the concept of a crime regime to provide some theoretical leverage on collections of crime features and how the collections of features can change. Key tools include the use of principal components analysis to determine the dimensions of crime regimes, visualization methods to help reveal the role of time, summary statistics to quantify crime regime patterns, and permutation procedures to examine the role of chance. Our approach is used to analyze temporal and spatial crime patterns for the city of Los Angeles during an 8‐year period. We focus on the number of violent crimes over time and their potential lethality.