bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the behavior of Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes, 1863) (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata, Caenolestidae) in captivity
Authors: Martin Gabriel M. , González-Chávez Baltazar
Published: January 2016

We describe the behavior in captivity of the dusky shrew-opossum Caenolestes fuliginosus from 17 specimens captured at Finca La Martinica (Colombia), which were kept alive in plastic terraria for different periods of time (between 1 and 12 consecutive days). We found that C. fuliginosus can climb and jump well and uses its nonprehensile tail as a support when climbing. Feeding observations showed a preference towards an animalivorous diet, which included moths/butterflies (Insecta, Lepidoptera), stick-insects (Insecta, Phasmatoidea), flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria), earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta), frogs (Amphibia, e.g., Pristimantis sp.), and dead rodents (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, e.g., Microryzomys sp., Thomasomys sp.). Individuals were active throughout the day and night, with no indication of daily torpor. Our observations showed C. fuliginosus is not aggressive towards congeners and often aggregates during rest, especially when several individuals are placed together. Unlike other New World marsupials, C. fuliginosus showed nonagonistic group feeding behavior when consuming carcasses. Stereotyped behavior patterns (e.g., grooming) were not frequently observed. Our work provides comparative information for further studies on caenolestids and other New World marsupials.

En este trabajo describimos el comportamiento en cautiverio del ratón Runcho, Caenolestes fuliginosus, a partir de la observación directa de 17 individuos capturados en Finca La Martinica (Colombia), que fueron mantenidos en terrarios plásticos por diferentes períodos de tiempo (entre 1 y 12 días consecutivos). Observamos que C. fuliginosus puede trepar y saltar bien, usando su cola no prensil como soporte al trepar. Los individuos mostraron preferencias alimenticias hacia una dieta animalívora que incluyó: polillas/mariposas (Insecta, Lepidoptera), insectos palo (Insecta, Phasmatoidea), gusanos planos de vida libre (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria), lombrices (Annelida, Oligochaeta), ranas/sapos (Amphibia, e.g., Pristimantis sp.) y roedores muertos (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, e.g., Microryzomys sp., Thomasomys sp.). Observamos actividad durante todo el día y la noche, sin preferencias, y no observamos torpor en ningún individuo. Los individuos no mostraron comportamiento agresivo hacia sus congéneres y, con frecuencia, se juntaron para descansar unos sobre otros. A diferencia de otros marsupiales del nuevo mundo, C. fuliginosus no mostró comportamiento agonístico cuando se alimenta de cadáveres. Patrones estereotipados de comportamiento (e.g., limpieza) no fueron frecuentemente observados. Nuestro trabajo aporta información comparativa para futuros estudios sobre el comportamiento de otros cenoléstidos y marsupiales del nuevo mundo.
Information Transfer at Hospital Discharge: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kattel Sharma , Manning Dennis M. , Erwin Patricia J. , Wood Harrison , Kashiwagi Deanne T. , Murad Mohammad Hassan
Published: January 2016

Background

Prompt, complete, and accurate information transfer at the time of discharge between hospital-based and primary care providers (PCPs) is needed for the provision of safe and effective care.

Purpose of the Study

To evaluate timeliness, quality, and interventions to improve timeliness and quality of hospital discharge summaries.

Data Sources

PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus database published in English between January 2007 and February 2014 were searched. We also hand-searched bibliographies of relevant articles.

Study Selection

Observational studies investigating transfer of information at hospital discharge (n = 7) and controlled studies evaluating interventions to improve timeliness and quality of discharge information (n = 12) were included.

Data Extraction

We extracted data on availability, timeliness, and content of hospital discharge summaries and on the effectiveness of interventions targeting discharge summaries. Results of studies are presented narratively and using descriptive statistics.

Data Synthesis

Across the studies, discharge summaries were completed within 48 hours in a median of 67% and were available to PCPs within 48 hours only 55% of the time. Most of the time, discharge summaries included demographics, primary diagnosis, hospital course, and discharge instructions. However, information was limited to pending test results (25%), diagnostic tests performed (60%), and postdischarge medications (78%). In 6 interventional studies, implementation of electronic discharge summaries was associated with improvement in timeliness but not quality.

Conclusions

Delayed or insufficient transfer of discharge information between hospital-based providers and PCPs remains common. Creation of electronic discharge summaries seems to improve timeliness and availability but does not consistently improve quality.
Weak rappers rock more: hermit crabs assess their own agonistic behaviour
Authors: Edmonds Elizabeth , Briffa Mark
Published: January 2016

Fighting animals use a variety of information sources to make strategic decisions. A neglected potential source of information is an individual's own performance during a fight. Surprisingly, this possibility has yet to be incorporated into the large body of theory concerning the evolution of aggressive behaviour. Here, by experimentally dampening the impact of their shell rapping behaviour, we test for the possibility that attacking hermit crabs monitor their own fight performance. Attackers with dampened raps did not show a reduction in the number of raps used. By contrast, they showed an increased frequency of a less intense agonistic behaviour, shell rocking. This change in behaviour, in attackers that are forced to rap weakly, indicates that they assess their own agonistic behaviour.
Global cropland and greenhouse gas impacts of UK food supply are increasingly located overseas
Authors: de Ruiter Henri , Macdiarmid Jennie I. , Matthews Robin B. , Kastner Thomas , Smith Pete
Published: January 2016

Producing sufficient, healthy food for a growing world population amid a changing climate is a major challenge for the twenty-first century. Agricultural trade could help alleviate this challenge by using comparative productivity advantages between countries. However, agricultural trade has implications for national food security and could displace environmental impacts from developed to developing countries. This study illustrates the global effects resulting from the agricultural trade of a single country, by analysing the global cropland and greenhouse gas impacts of the UK's food and feed supply. The global cropland footprint associated with the UK food and feed supply increased by 2022 kha (+23%) from 1986 to 2009. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) associated with fertilizer and manure application, and rice cultivation remained relatively constant at 7.9 Mt CO
2
e between 1987 and 2008. Including GHGE from land-use change, however, leads to an increase from 19.1 in 1987 to 21.9 Mt CO
2
e in 2008. The UK is currently importing over 50% of its food and feed, whereas 70% and 64% of the associated cropland and GHGE impacts, respectively, are located abroad. These results imply that the UK is increasingly reliant on external resources and that the environmental impact of its food supply is increasingly displaced overseas.
A comprehensive study of the delay vector variance method for quantification of nonlinearity in dynamical systems
Authors: Jaksic V. , Mandic D. P. , Ryan K. , Basu B. , Pakrashi V.
Published: January 2016

Although vibration monitoring is a popular method to monitor and assess dynamic structures, quantification of linearity or nonlinearity of the dynamic responses remains a challenging problem. We investigate the delay vector variance (DVV) method in this regard in a comprehensive manner to establish the degree to which a change in signal nonlinearity can be related to system nonlinearity and how a change in system parameters affects the nonlinearity in the dynamic response of the system. A wide range of theoretical situations are considered in this regard using a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system to obtain numerical benchmarks. A number of experiments are then carried out using a physical SDOF model in the laboratory. Finally, a composite wind turbine blade is tested for different excitations and the dynamic responses are measured at a number of points to extend the investigation to continuum structures. The dynamic responses were measured using accelerometers, strain gauges and a Laser Doppler vibrometer. This comprehensive study creates a numerical and experimental benchmark for structurally dynamical systems where output-only information is typically available, especially in the context of DVV. The study also allows for comparative analysis between different systems driven by the similar input.
Robustness of norm-driven cooperation in the commons
Authors: Schlüter Maja , Tavoni Alessandro , Levin Simon
Published: January 2016

Sustainable use of common-pool resources such as fish, water or forests depends on the cooperation of resource users that restrain their individual extraction to socially optimal levels. Empirical evidence has shown that under certain social and biophysical conditions, self-organized cooperation in the commons can evolve. Global change, however, may drastically alter these conditions. We assess the robustness of cooperation to environmental variability in a stylized model of a community that harvests a shared resource. Community members follow a norm of socially optimal resource extraction, which is enforced through social sanctioning. Our results indicate that both resource abundance and a small increase in resource variability can lead to collapse of cooperation observed in the no-variability case, while either scarcity or large variability have the potential to stabilize it. The combined effects of changes in amount and variability can reinforce or counteract each other depending on their size and the initial level of cooperation in the community. If two socially separate groups are ecologically connected through resource leakage, cooperation in one can destabilize the other. These findings provide insights into possible effects of global change and spatial connectivity, indicating that there is no simple answer as to their effects on cooperation and sustainable resource use.
Deep, Staged Transcriptomic Resources for the Novel Coleopteran ModelsAtrachya menetriesiandCallosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Benton Matthew A. , Kenny Nathan J. , Conrads Kai H. , Roth Siegfried , Lynch Jeremy A.
Published: January 2016

Despite recent efforts to sample broadly across metazoan and insect diversity, current sequence resources in the Coleoptera do not adequately describe the diversity of the clade. Here we present deep, staged transcriptomic data for two coleopteran species,Atrachya menetriesi(Faldermann 1835) andCallosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius 1775). Our sampling covered key stages in ovary and early embryonic development in each species. We utilized this data to build combined assemblies for each species which were then analysed in detail. The combinedA. menetriesiassembly consists of 228,096 contigs with an N50 of 1,598 bp, while the combinedC. maculatusassembly consists of 128,837 contigs with an N50 of 2,263 bp. For these assemblies, 34.6% and 32.4% of contigs were identified using Blast2GO, and 97% and 98.3% of the BUSCO set of metazoan orthologs were present, respectively. We also carried out manual annotation of developmental signalling pathways and found that nearly all expected genes were present in each transcriptome. Our analyses show that both transcriptomes are of high quality. Lastly, we performed read mapping utilising our timed, stage specific RNA samples to identify differentially expressed contigs. The resources presented here will provide a firm basis for a variety of experimentation, both in developmental biology and in comparative genomic studies.
Flood policy in Spain: a review for the period 1983-2013
Authors: Olcina Jorge , Sauri David , Hernández Maria , Ribas Anna
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to assess the main changes regarding flood policy in Spain during the period 1983-2013, that is right after the large and very damaging episodes of 1982-1983 in Valencia, Catalonia and the Basque Country.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is above all a review paper that looks retrospectively at flood policy in Spain during the past three decades. In order to collect and organize the information the authors follow the methodology of the IPCC regarding vulnerability studies. That is, the authors provide evidence for an overall assessment of the evolution of exposure, sensibility and adaptive capacity to floods in Spain for the period of reference. The authors approach these issues through the own experience and expertise on this subject as noted in the reference list.

Findings

– While exposure to floods has generally increased (especially after the massive growth of urbanization in flood prone land of the 1990s and early 2000s) overall flood policy has contributed to make Spain less sensible and more adapted to floods. Still some issues remain unsolved especially the control of urban growth and the adaptation of the built environment to floods. For these reasons absolute economic losses from floods may continue to be important in the future (perhaps more so with climate change) even though, overall, Spanish society may have become less vulnerable and therefore more resilient than in the past.

Originality/value

– The paper provides a retrospective study and assessment of policies taken and their changes regarding floods at a national level over a long period of time (30 years) which is a theme still relatively little explored in the scientific literature on this hazard.
Heterogeneity analysis of the effects of technology progress on carbon intensity in China
Authors: Li Ke , Lin Boqiang
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of technology progress on carbon intensity in China. Abatement of carbon emission has become one of the most important targets for the Chinese government. Numerous studies confirm that technology progress is the main factor responsible for reduction in CI. However, very few studies analyze the impacts of technology progress on CI for various regions. There is also inadequate knowledge on the transmission mechanisms of the impacts. These are the motivations for this research.

Design/methodology/approach

– Given energy consumption and CO2 emissions, an improved MLPI, which stands for the generalized technology progress related to energy and environment, is introduced and decomposed into technical and efficiency changes. Using a panel data of 30 provinces from 1997 to 2012, the authors construct different panel data models to investigate the effects of technology progress (and its decomposition elements) on CI.

Findings

– Results show that technology progress is conducive for reducing CI, with the main factor being technical change. It also finds that the two components of technology progress have completely different effects in the three regions of China. Dynamic panel data models with threshold effects indicate that capital deepening enforces and weakens the negative effects of technical change and efficiency change on CI.

Originality/value

– The above conclusions provide new evidences for policy-makers with respect to capital deepening, technical innovation and allocative efficiency enhancement with a view to achieving CI reduction.
Assessing the internalization of the mission
Authors: Marimon Frederic , Mas-Machuca Marta , Rey Carlos
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Many companies have a mission statement that they disseminate through corporate communication to stakeholders and particularly to employees. However, the communication action alone does not ensure that employees take true “ownership” of the mission. Having a mission and internalizing that mission are quite different. The purpose of this paper is to provide a scale to assess the internalization of the mission (IM). Additionally, the authors explore the relationship between IM and organizational alignment.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on previous research on mission internalization, the authors test the conditions necessary for reaching true mission internalization. A first sample of 132 managers from two companies was used for an exploratory analysis: thereafter, a second universal sample of 400 people was used to confirm the scale. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the dimensions deployed in the latent IM construct. This construct has been examined as a second-order factor. A multi-group analysis across these two companies provides nomological validation of the IM scale.

Findings

– A scale of 18 items gathered under five dimensions is proposed. Accordingly, the findings are that IM comprises five dimensions: leadership, importance, knowledge, co-workers’ engagement and implication. The five dimensions count equally for the IM.

Practical implications

– This study provides a useful measure to assess the IM. To achieve a good degree of internalization across employees, the employees must feel that the mission is worthy of engagement and that it is aligned with their personal values.

Originality/value

– The paper addresses gaps in the current literature on mission statements regarding the effective implementation of the corporate mission. The results can serve as criteria for managers to obtain better IM for all employees.
Methodology of technological evolution for three-dimensional printing
Authors: Park Sangsung , Kim Juhwan , Lee Hongchul , Jang Dongsik , Jun Sunghae
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– An increasing amount of attention is being paid to three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The technology itself is based on diverse technologies such as laser beams and materials. Hence, 3D printing technology is a converging technology that produces 3D objects using a 3D printer. To become technologically competitive, many companies and nations are developing technologies for 3D printing. So to know its technological evolution is meaningful for developing 3D printing in the future. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– To get technological competitiveness of 3D printing, the authors should know the most important and essential technology for 3D printing. An understanding of the technological evolution of 3D printing is needed to forecast its future technologies and build the R
&
D planning needed for 3D printing. In this paper, the authors propose a methodology to analyze the technological evolution of 3D printing. The authors analyze entire patent documents related to 3D printing to construct a technological evolution model. The authors use the statistical methods such as time series regression, association analysis based on graph theory, and principal component analysis for patent analysis of 3D printing technology.

Findings

– Using the proposed methodology, the authors show the technological analysis results of 3D printing and predict its future aspects. Though many and diverse technologies are developed and involved in 3D printing, the authors know only a few technologies take lead the technological evolution of 3D printing. In this paper, the authors find this evolution of technology management for 3D printing.

Practical implications

– If not all, most people would agree that 3D printing technology is one of the leading technologies to improve the quality of life. So, many companies have developed a number of technologies if they were related to 3D printing. But, most of them have not been considered practical. These were not effective research and development for 3D printing technology. In the study, the authors serve a methodology to select the specific technologies for practical used of 3D printing.

Originality/value

– Diverse predictions for 3D printing technology have been introduced in many academic and industrial fields. Most of them were made by subjective approaches depended on the knowledge and experience of the experts concerning 3D printing technology. So, they could be fluctuated according to the congregated expert groups, and be unstable for efficient R
&
D planning. To solve this problem, the authors study on more objective approach to predict the future state of 3D printing by analyzing the patent data of the developed results so far achieved. The contribution of this research is to take a new departure for understanding 3D printing technology using objective and quantitative methods.
Transaction costs and the sharing economy
Authors: Hansen Henten Anders , Maria Windekilde Iwona
Published: January 2016

Purpose

The paper aims to discuss the so-called sharing economy from a business modeling and industrial structure perspective. The illustrative cases examined are Airbnb and Uber. The research question raised is concerned with the extent to which transaction cost theory can be used to explain the changing industrial structures in the application areas that the Internet-based platforms are addressing and how other theoretical frameworks can be helpful in understanding these developments.

Design/methodology/approach

As the sharing economy topic is relatively new, the paper takes its point of departure in a brief overview of the different issues discussed in the academic literature and the press regarding this emerging phenomenon. The paper presents relevant theoretical approaches to analyzing business models of sharing platforms and industrial structure implications. It, thereafter, presents the cases of Airbnb and Uber to discuss the relevance of the theories put forward.

Findings

The paper concludes by proposing a theoretical framework for analyzing the structural implications of the sharing economy based on theories on multi-sided platforms, transaction costs and substitution and complementation.

Research limitations/implications

The research implications are to establish a comprehensive theory framework for analyzing the development of commercial sharing platforms.

Originality/value

The originality and value of the paper is related to the novelty of topic and the development of a theory framework for analyzing the business models of commercial sharing platforms. Only little has been written from an academic analytical perspective on the sharing economy, and there is a need for developing a coherent framework for analyzing these developments.
Non-destructive detection methods for discontinuities of interconnection structures
Authors: Blecha Tomas
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the non-destructive methods for detection and localization of interconnection structure discontinuities based on the signal analysis in the frequency and time domain.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper deals with the discontinuity characterization of interconnection structures created on substrates used for electronics, and methods for their detection and localization, based on the frequency analysis of transmitted signals. Used analyses are based on the theoretical approach for the solution of discontinuity electrical parameters and are the base for diagnostic methods of discontinuity identification.

Findings

– The measurement results of reflection parameters, frequency spectrums of transmitted signals and characteristic impedance values are presented on test samples containing multiple line cracks and their width reduction.

Practical implications

– Obtained results can be used practically, not only for the detection of transmission lines discontinuities on printed circuit boards but also in other applications, such as the quality assessment of bonded joints.

Originality/value

– Developed methods allow the quick identification and localization of particular discontinuities without the destruction of tested devices.
Effects of the inverse alpha‐agonist doxazosin in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Manoharan A. , Morrison A. E. , Lipworth B. J.
Published: January 2016

Background

We examined the paradoxical hypothesis that the alpha‐receptor inverse agonist doxazosin might produce beneficial effects in allergic rhinitis.

Objectives

To evaluate single and chronic dosing effects of doxazosin on nasal airflow and symptoms in allergic rhinitis.

Methods

Fifteen patients randomized to receive 3–5 weeks of oral doxazosin 4 mg daily or placebo in crossover fashion. Measurements were taken at baseline and after first and last doses.

Results

There was a fall in peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) between baseline vs. first dose of doxazosin: mean difference −19 L/min (95% CI −35 to −2) P = 0.03, with recovery between first and last doses: 21 L/min (95% CI 7–34) P = 0.006. Nasal visual analogue scale (VAS) and blockage scores were worse between baseline vs. first dose of doxazosin: mean difference VAS −10 mm (95% CI −18 to −2) P = 0.02, blockage −0.7 (95% CI −1.3 to −0.1) P = 0.02, with recovery between first and last doses: VAS 15 mm (95% CI 4–25) P = 0.009, blockage 1.1 (95% CI 0.5–1.6) P = 0.001. The oxymetazoline dose–response for PNIF was blunted after single vs chronic dosing with doxazosin: mean difference −17 L/min (95% CI −30 to −4) P = 0.01. Heart rate and diastolic blood pressure showed the same pattern. There was a significant difference between doxazosin and placebo for nasal blockage score and heart rate after single but not chronic dosing.

Conclusions

There was a disconnect between single and chronic dosing effects of doxazosin for nasal symptoms, oxymetazoline response and cardiovascular outcomes, in turn suggesting alpha‐1 receptor up‐regulation.
The effect of an inhibitor of gut serotonin (LP533401) during the induction of periodontal disease
Authors: Lima G. M. G. , Corazza B. J. M. , Moraes R. M. , de Oliveira F. E. , de Oliveira L. D. , Franco G. C. N. , Perrien D. S. , Elefteriou F. , Anbinder A. L.
Published: January 2016

Background and Objective

LP533401 is an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, which regulates serotonin production in the gut. Previous work indicates that LP533401 has an anabolic effect in bone. Thus, we hypothesized that inhibition of gut serotonin production may modulate the host response in periodontal disease. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of LP533401 in a rat periodontitis model to evaluate the role of gut serotonin in periodontitis pathophysiology.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐four rats were divided into three groups: treated group (T: ligature‐induced periodontal disease and LP533401, 25 mg/kg/d) by gavage; ligature group (L: ligature‐induced periodontal disease only); and control group (C: without ligature‐induced periodontal disease). After 28 d, radiographic alveolar bone support was measured on digital radiographs, and alveolar bone volume fraction, tissue mineral density and trabeculae characteristics were quantified by microcomputed tomography in the right hemi‐mandible. Left hemi‐mandibles were decalcified and alveolar bone loss, attachment loss and area of collagen in the gingiva were histologically analyzed.

Results

Significant difference between the L and C groups was found, confirming that periodontal disease was induced. We observed no difference between the T and L groups regarding alveolar bone destruction and area of collagen.

Conclusion

LP533401 (25 mg/kg/d) for 28 d does not prevent bone loss and does not modulate host response in a rat model of induced periodontal disease.
Cyclosporine A promotes cell proliferation, collagen and α‐smooth muscle actin expressions in rat gingival fibroblasts by Smad3 activation and miR‐29b suppression
Authors: Chen J. , Yang F. , Yu X. , Yu Y. , Gong Y.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β/Smad3 signaling promotes tissue fibrosis, and miR‐29b is a downstream inhibitor of TGF‐β/Smad3‐mediated fibrosis, both of which may be involved in the pathogenesis of cyclosporine A‐induced gingival overgrowth. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of miR‐29b and TGF‐β/Smad3 signaling in cyclosporine A‐stimulated rat gingival fibroblasts.

Material and Methods

We explored the effect of cyclosporine A on cell proliferation, type Ι collagen (COL1) and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) expressions in rat gingival fibroblasts with the Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunofluorescence. The expressions of TGF‐β1, Smad3 and miR‐29b were also evaluated after cyclosporine A treatment. The effects of Smad3 and miR‐29b on cyclosporine A‐induced alterations were further determined by Smad3 knockdown and miR‐29b overexpression using transient transfection experiments.

Results

We found that cyclosporine A increased cell proliferation, COL1 and α‐SMA expressions in rat gingival fibroblasts. TGF‐β1 mRNA and protein expressions were upregulated and phosphorylated Smad3 was activated by cyclosporine A treatment, while miR‐29b expression was significantly suppressed. Moreover, Smad3 knockdown and miR‐29b overexpression reversed cyclosporine A‐enhanced cell proliferation, COL1 and α‐SMA expressions in gingival fibroblasts. In addition, the suppression of miR‐29b upon cyclosporine A exposure was significantly elevated by Smad3 knockdown, whereas cyclosporine A‐induced Smad3 activation was not altered by miR‐29b overexpression.

Conclusions

These results suggest that cyclosporine A promotes cell proliferation, collagen and α‐SMA expressions in rat gingival fibroblasts by Smad3 activation and miR‐29b suppression.
Convergent recruitment of new pollinators is triggered by independent hybridization events inNarcissus
Authors: Marques Isabel , Jürgens Andreas , Aguilar Javier Fuertes , Feliner Gonzalo Nieto
Published: January 2016

Hybridization can generate new species if some degree of isolation prevents gene flow between the hybrids and their progenitors. The recruitment of novel pollinators by hybrids has been hypothesized to be one way in which such reproductive isolation can be achieved.

We tested whether pollinators contributed to isolation between two naturalNarcissushybrids and their progenitors using pollination experiments, observations, plus morphological and floral‐volatile measurements. These hybrids share the same maternal but different paternal progenitors.

We found that only the hybrids were visited by and pollinated by ants. The two hybrids exceeded their progenitors in floral‐tube aperture size and nectar production. The emission of floral volatiles by hybrid plants was not only equal to or higher than the progenitor species, but also contained some new compounds not produced by the progenitors.

The recruitment of ants as novel pollinators in the hybrids involved the combination of increased nectar secretion and the production of novel floral scent compounds. A breakdown of chemical defence against ants may also be involved. This study provides support for the hypothesis that the recruitment of novel pollinators can contribute to reproductive isolation between hybrids and their progenitors.
Quandaries of a decade‐long restoration experiment trying to reduce invasive species: beat them, join them, give up, or start over?
Authors: Cordell Susan , Ostertag Rebecca , Michaud Jené , Warman Laura
Published: January 2016

We evaluate the outcomes and consequences of a decade‐long restoration project in a Hawaiian lowland wet forest as they relate to long‐term management actions. Our initial study was designed both to promote native biodiversity and to develop knowledge that would enable land management agencies to restore invaded forests. Our premise of success followed the prevalent perception that short‐term management, such as removal of invasive species, ideally translates into long‐term and sustainable restoration. We were therefore disappointed and perhaps discouraged in our results—little recovery of native biodiversity despite ongoing and labor‐intensive management. Not only did we fail to return the invaded forest to a native‐dominated system but also our efforts lead to recruitment of new non‐native species assemblages. The sobering truth of many restoration projects in Hawaii and elsewhere is that we can never completely walk away and “consider the job finished,” or we have to accept that some ecosystems cannot be returned to an all‐native state. Essentially, costs of restoration may outweigh the accomplishment. This setback gave us an opportunity to reconsider and modify our initial approach. By starting over with a new direction using both native and non‐invasive but non‐native species, we have adopted a new philosophy of “join them.” In our revision, we changed the players in the game by following invasive species removal with outplantings of native and non‐invasive non‐native species that will functionally fill missing roles in the ecosystem. We link social interest in the new experiment to changing attitudes about naturalness.
Latina and African‐American Girls in the Juvenile Justice System: Needs, Problems, and Solutions
Authors: Lopez Vera , Nuño Lidia
Published: January 2016

This review focuses on Latina and African‐American girls in the juvenile justice system with a special emphasis on their mental health, substance abuse, and treatment needs. Like many young women in the juvenile justice system, Latina and African‐American girls often have histories of neglect, abuse, and trauma, which contribute to later mental health and substance abuse issues. Despite these histories, juvenile justice professionals sometimes rely on stereotypes rooted in cultural deficit thinking to explain Latina and African‐American girls' delinquency. Relying on gendered, racialized, and classed stereotypes and assumptions can result in decisions that negatively impact Latina and African‐American girls' access to mental health, substance abuse, and other types of treatment. Policy and practice implications for better addressing the needs of Latina and African‐American girls are discussed.
Are there Reasons for Optimism in the Battle against Sexual Assault?
Authors: Lankford Adam
Published: January 2016

Rape and sexual assault remain major criminological problems in the United States. However, there are a number of reasons for future optimism. American society appears to be gradually evolving in important ways, and changing attitudes reflect more appreciation for human rights, human equality, and support for victims of sexual violence. In addition, advances in technology offer new ways for the justice system to catch and prosecute sex offenders, and the scholars researching these crimes continue to make important strides in critical areas. Furthermore, several data sources suggest that the prevalence of rape and sexual assault has decreased over the past 40 years. As long as Americans continue to demand more progress and more justice, they may have a chance to make that happen.
Small Mammal Community of Forest Stands in Drahanská vrchovina Upland (Czech Republic)
Authors: Čepelka Ladislav , Purchart Luboš , Suchomel Josef
Published: January 2016

In the years 2006–2011 was studied community of small terrestrial mammals in the Drahanská vrchovina Upland. There were compared four stands of different age and tree species composition (30 years old spruce stand; 105 years old spruce forest; 125 years old mixed stand, and 40 years old beech stand). Totally 276 individuals of small terrestrial mammals were trapped and analyzed. The vast majority of cases were Apodemus flavicollis (163), Clethrionomys glareolus (81 specimen), and Apodemus sylvaticus (28). Besides previous species has been confirmed Sorex araneus (2) and Microtus arvalis (1). At all sites the most numerous species was A. flavicollis. Changes in species abundance were synchronized not only among themselves, but also in comparison to southern Moravia. The smallest amplitude and thus the smallest variation showed a population of mammals in old mixed forest. The highest population densities were found in younger spruce stand. The highest biodiversity according to all aspects except the number of species has been found among spruce stands.
The effect of thinning on humus conditions in spruce and beech stands in the Highlands area of the Czech Republic
Authors: Menšík Ladislav , Kostková Eva , Kulhavý Jiří
Published: January 2016

The study evaluates the effect of the type of thinning (above thinning vs. below thinning) on the humus conditions (i.e. forest floor stock, the content and stock of carbon and nitrogen, C/N ratio, and the proportion of carbon in humic substances) in spruce stands found on acid granodiorite (acid site) in forest vegetation zone (FVZ) 4 to 5 (Field research station Rájec-Němčice /FRS/, Department of Forest Ecology /DFE/ Mendel University in Brno) and in beech stands found on a solidified limestone sediment (nutrient rich site) in FVZ 3 to 4 (Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny /TFE Křtiny/); the sites indicated above are part of the upland of Drahanská vrchovina Upland (Czech Republic). Thinning was conducted in spruce stand in 2005, 2010; in beech stand in 2011. The stock of forest floor was determined to be 17–18 t.ha-1 under the beech stands and 51–54 t.ha-1 in the stands of spruce. The C/N ratio in the layers of forest floor and soil horizons at each site is similar and is not statistically significantly different. In spruce and beech stands in layers F and H fulvic acids prevail – a lower HA to FA ratio, the transformation of humic substances is more complete in layer H under spruce stands compared with beech. In the Ah horizon, the situation is reversed, with the transformation of humic substances being more complete under beech stands. The results incorporated using multivariate statistical methods (PCA) confirmed that thinning has no statistically significant effect on humus conditions in young spruce and beech stands in different types of habitats.
Cesium fortifies next-generation solar cells
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: January 2016

A dash of the metal could hold the key to making cheap, durable perovskite photovoltaics.
Dominance of the suppressed: Power-law size structure in tropical forests
Authors: Farrior C. E. , Bohlman S. A. , Hubbell S. , Pacala S. W.
Published: January 2016

Size distributions of tropical trees

The distribution of tree size in tropical forests follows a power-law regardless of location. This pattern has largely eluded mechanistic explanation. Using 30 years of tree demography and growth data from a forest plot in Panama, Farrior
et al.
show that the power-law size structure emerges after natural local disturbances such as the gaps formed by falling trees. A model of forest dynamics identifies the structural parameter governing the power-law distribution. A mechanistic understanding of tropical forest structural dynamics will benefit forest carbon cycling studies.

Science
, this issue p.
155
Ancient grasslands at risk
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: January 2016

Highly biodiverse tropical grasslands are at risk from forest-planting efforts
A mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite absorber for tandem solar cells
Authors: McMeekin David P. , Sadoughi Golnaz , Rehman Waqaas , Eperon Giles E. , Saliba Michael , Hörantner Maximilian T. , Haghighirad Amir , Sakai Nobuya , Korte Lars , Rech Bernd , Johnston Michael B. , Herz Laura M. , Snaith Henry J.
Published: January 2016

Perovskites for tandem solar cells

Improving the performance of conventional single-crystalline silicon solar cells will help increase their adoption. The absorption of bluer light by an inexpensive overlying solar cell in a tandem arrangement would provide a step in the right direction by improving overall efficiency. Inorganic-organic perovskite cells can be tuned to have an appropriate band gap, but these compositions are prone to decomposition. McMeekin
et al.
show that using cesium ions along with formamidinium cations in lead bromide–iodide cells improved thermal and photostability. These improvements lead to high efficiency in single and tandem cells.

Science
, this issue p.
151
Performance and Verification of a Real-Time PCR Assay Targeting the
gyrA
Gene for Prediction of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Hemarajata P. , Yang S. , Soge O. O. , Humphries R. M. , Klausner J. D.
Published: January 2016

In the United States, 19.2% of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin. We evaluated a real-time PCR assay to predict ciprofloxacin susceptibility using residual DNA from the Roche Cobas 4800 CT/NG assay. The results of the assay were 100% concordant with agar dilution susceptibility test results for 100 clinical isolates. Among 76 clinical urine and swab specimens positive for
N. gonorrhoeae
by the Cobas assay, 71% could be genotyped. The test took 1.5 h to perform, allowing the physician to receive results in time to make informed clinical decisions.
Type I Interferon Counteracts Antiviral Effects of Statins in the Context of Gammaherpesvirus Infection
Authors: Lange Philip T. , Darrah Eric J. , Vonderhaar Emily P. , Mboko Wadzanai P. , Rekow Michaela M. , Patel Shailendra B. , Sidjanin Duska J. , Tarakanova Vera L.
Published: January 2016

The cholesterol synthesis pathway is a ubiquitous cellular biosynthetic pathway that is attenuated therapeutically by statins. Importantly, type I interferon (IFN), a major antiviral mediator, also depresses the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Here we demonstrate that attenuation of cholesterol synthesis decreases gammaherpesvirus replication in primary macrophages
in vitro
and reactivation from peritoneal exudate cells
in vivo
. Specifically, the reduced availability of the intermediates required for protein prenylation was responsible for decreased gammaherpesvirus replication in statin-treated primary macrophages. We also demonstrate that statin treatment of a chronically infected host attenuates gammaherpesvirus latency in a route-of-infection-specific manner. Unexpectedly, we found that the antiviral effects of statins are counteracted by type I IFN. Our studies suggest that type I IFN signaling counteracts the antiviral nature of the subdued cholesterol synthesis pathway and offer a novel insight into the utility of statins as antiviral agents.

IMPORTANCE
Statins are cholesterol synthesis inhibitors that are therapeutically administered to 12.5% of the U.S. population. Statins attenuate the replication of diverse viruses in culture; however, this attenuation is not always obvious in an intact animal model. Further, it is not clear whether statins alter parameters of highly prevalent chronic herpesvirus infections. We show that statin treatment attenuated gammaherpesvirus replication in primary immune cells and during chronic infection of an intact host. Further, we demonstrate that type I interferon signaling counteracts the antiviral effects of statins. Considering the fact that type I interferon decreases the activity of the cholesterol synthesis pathway, it is intriguing to speculate that gammaherpesviruses have evolved to usurp the type I interferon pathway to compensate for the decreased cholesterol synthesis activity.
Antibody Response to Hypervariable Region 1 Interferes with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Keck Zhen-yong , Girard-Blanc Christine , Wang Wenyan , Lau Patrick , Zuiani Adam , Rey Felix A. , Krey Thomas , Diamond Michael S. , Foung Steven K. H.
Published: January 2016

Hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) (amino acids [aa] 384 to 410) on the E2 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus contributes to persistent infection by evolving escape mutations that attenuate binding of inhibitory antibodies and by blocking access of broadly neutralizing antibodies to their epitopes. A third proposed mechanism of immune antagonism is that poorly neutralizing antibodies binding to HVR1 interfere with binding of other superior neutralizing antibodies. Epitope mapping of human monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) that bind to an adjacent, conserved domain on E2 encompassing aa 412 to 423 revealed two subsets, designated HC33 HMAbs. While both subsets have contact residues within aa 412 to 423, alanine-scanning mutagenesis suggested that one subset, which includes HC33.8, has an additional contact residue within HVR1. To test for interference of anti-HVR1 antibodies with binding of antibodies to aa 412 to 423 and other E2 determinants recognized by broadly neutralizing HMAbs, two murine MAbs against HVR1 (H77.16) and aa 412 to 423 (H77.39) were studied. As expected, H77.39 inhibited the binding of all HC33 HMAbs. Unexpectedly, H77.16 also inhibited the binding of both subsets of HC33 HMAbs. This inhibition also was observed against other broadly neutralizing HMAbs to epitopes outside aa 412 to 423. Combination antibody neutralization studies by the median-effect analysis method with H77.16 and broadly reactive HMAbs revealed antagonism between these antibodies. Structural studies demonstrated conformational flexibility in this antigenic region, which supports the possibility of anti-HVR1 antibodies hindering the binding of broadly neutralizing MAbs. These findings support the hypothesis that anti-HVR1 antibodies can interfere with a protective humoral response against HCV infection.

IMPORTANCE
HVR1 contributes to persistent infection by evolving mutations that escape from neutralizing antibodies to HVR1 and by shielding broadly neutralizing antibodies from their epitopes. This study provides insight into a new immune antagonism mechanism by which the binding of antibodies to HVR1 blocks the binding and activity of broadly neutralizing antibodies to HCV. Immunization strategies that avoid the induction of HVR1 antibodies should increase the inhibitory activity of broadly neutralizing anti-HCV antibodies elicited by candidate vaccines.