bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the effects of religiosity on mortality, where longevity serves as a measure of the cumulative effects of religious involvement on physical health across the life span. It begins by discussing the average length of life, which has increased dramatically over the past several centuries both in the United States and around the world, but appears to have stabilized and may be declining in the United States. Next, risk factors for mortality are examined, including demographic, genetic, biomedical, environmental, psychological social, and behavioral influences. A case vignette is then presented that illustrates the effects of religiosity on longevity, followed by speculation on how religious involvement might impact longevity through known risk factors for mortality. The authors then review systematic quantitative research examining the effects of religiosity on mortality, covering both earlier and more recent research. Recommendations for future research are provided, followed by suggestions for application in the clinic and the community.
Public Health and Human Flourishing
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the impact that religious involvement has on public health and human flourishing, i.e., the achievement of complete well-being. The goal of public health efforts is on optimizing the health and well-being of both the individual and the community. Described here are six domains of human flourishing (happiness/life satisfaction, meaning/purpose, virtue/character, close social relationships, mental/physical health, financial/material stability) and four postulated major pathways that lead to this flourishing (family, education, work/employment, religious community). Also examined are challenges that threaten each of these flourishing domains and the pathways that lead to them. This is followed by a review of how religious involvement might impact these challenges, based on the research documented in this Handbook. Recommendations for future research are made, emphasizing the importance of longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials that may help to explain how religion contributes to human flourishing on the individual and community levels.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

The final chapter summarizes the main points provided in each section of the Handbook: research methodology (definitions, measurement, research design); research findings on religion and mental, social, behavioral, and physical health; the quality of the research (strength of the relationship, challenges regarding measurement, the complexity of the relationship, cumulative health effects over the lifetime, and research quality); clinical and public health implications; public health and public policy; and future research priorities. The authors also provide a few final comments on the relationship between religion and health, and what it all means for clinicians, clergy, and public policymakers.
Electoral Politics
Authors: Wilkins David E.
Published: November 2023

Drawing from the limited data available, this chapter examines how elections are conducted in Indian Country. There are several unique aspects to Native electoral politics, beginning with the fact that political parties play a very minor role in Tribal elections. Enrolled Tribal members hold a unique treble citizenship in that they can vote in their own nation’s elections, state elections, and federal elections. Most Tribal elections are fair and free, but in a few instances, corruption has led to requests for election oversight from the Carter Center. This chapter also provides examples of election procedures from several communities. It also contains discussion of how some Native communities still maintain “traditional” offices that date far back in history. Finally, there is discussion of how several nations deal with the complicated issue of campaign finance laws.
International Diplomacy in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Wilkins David E.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the rationale, structure, and goals of contemporary treatymaking between Indigenous nations. While a number of international states negotiated treaties and other diplomatic accords with Native nations in the past, most interracial and intercultural diplomacy ended in the early part of the twentieth century. Native nations, however, had historically forged accords before colonialism ravaged their nations, and beginning in the late twentieth century, they began a new round of diplomatic international accord making. This chapter will examine a number of these efforts, assessing the reasons Indigenous leaders chose to convene at the bargaining table with other Native leaders, their respective goals, and the political, legal, and cultural import of these treaties.
Embracing a Cosmopolitan Ideal
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter places Mario Lavista as a focal point within the context of the contemporary music scene in Mexico during the 1960s and 1970s. While some composers were still adhering to models of nationalism, a young generation mentored by Carlos Chávez was embracing serialism and experimental practices. Lavista’s early works exemplify his embrace of “international” avant-garde techniques to manifest an antinationalist position, which in turn became a central step in forging a cosmopolitan ideal. This ideal allowed him to claim universality as a strategy to challenge imposed stereotypes of what Mexican music should sound like. He articulated a different kind of Mexicanness driven by a creative engagement with what he labeled un pensamiento abstracto (abstract thinking). By adopting universalism, Lavista secured a place for himself within an influential circle of artists and intellectuals in Mexico—a move that helped him obtain national validation. The chapter discusses a series of experimental projects Lavista undertook while in Europe and upon his return to Mexico, including his exploration of indeterminacy, electronic music, and collective improvisation.
Mirrors of a Superior Order
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R.
Published: November 2023

Although he did not consider himself a Catholic, or a practitioner of any religion for that matter, starting in the early 1980s and until his passing Mario Lavista dedicated a significant portion of his creative endeavors to composing pieces that were connected in some way to Christianity. This chapter has at its core Lavista’s interest in using religious genres, particularly those from the Roman Catholic tradition. His incursion into religious music came after he wrote memorial pieces for Raúl Lavista, Rodolfo Halffter, and Gerhart Muench, and it was the result of his affinity for late-medieval and Renaissance Western European musical thought. The chapter explores the ways in which, by writing religious music, Lavista built spiritual bridges that connected him with other beings, human and spiritual. Among these connections were the performers who collaborated with him during the composition of these pieces, including Wendy Holdaway and Carmen-Helena Téllez. Lavista’s use of religious genres helped him to relocate the cosmopolitan in a musical space where he confronted the “anxiety of influence,” his own spirituality, and the contradictions he found in the practices of the Mexican Catholic Church.
A New Lens on Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

In recent years fewer young people make a smooth and linear transition to adulthood, and their lives seem to be characterized by instabilities and lack of commitment. However, when approaching the age of 30, the majority of young people are likely to have settled down. The major aim of this book is to understand how this gap between the instabilities and fluctuations of the 20s and the settling down when approaching the 30s is bridged. Based on a 12-year longitudinal study that followed 185 emerging adults from age 23 to age 35, with five assessments and two in-depth interviews, a different understanding of the journey that young people take is proposed. Reading career stories of emerging adults showed that the majority struggle to find their way in a changing world. A few progressed directly toward their goals, while others experienced difficulties and setbacks along the way but were able to find their way and readjust their goals over the years. Even those who had difficulties pursuing and achieving their dream were still struggling to keep jobs they did not necessarily like. Similar processes also characterized romantic development. Periods of romantic instabilities were found to serve as an arena for learning about relationships Conceptualized within the developmental systems theory, the author suggests that emerging adulthood instabilities and back-and-forth movements reflect progress toward developmental reorganization. Furthermore, fluidity and instabilities do not necessarily reflect getting lost but, rather, navigation aimed at developing new ways to make a successful transition to adulthood.
Introduction
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

In recent years fewer young people make a smooth and linear transition to adulthood, and this has led to increasing criticism of the young generation. However, when approaching the age of 30, most young people are likely to have settled down. The major aim of this book is to understand how this gap between the instabilities and fluctuations of the 20s, and the settling down when approaching the 30s is bridged. Based on a 12-year longitudinal study, a different understanding of the journey that young people take is proposed. This understanding is supported by the author’s findings and embedded within a number of developmental frameworks that are presented and discussed comprehensively throughout the book. Finally, the Introduction presents an outline of the book chapters.
Achieving Life Authorship
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines how patterns of progress made during emerging adulthood might guide future navigation through life. The chapter focuses on the psychological assets that a young person is supposed to acquire during the emerging adulthood years and that can affect future behavior and outcomes. It has been suggested that the young person is expected to construct a “ladder” on which to climb, as guided by their dreams. Guided by work on narrative identity, the chapter outlines the centrality of establishing an identity and becoming the author of one’s life. Reading the in-depth interviews showed the ways in which emerging adults pursue and achieve work and romantic authorship, the coordination of these two developmental tasks, and the establishment of authorship in either task. Finally, the chapter discusses and demonstrates how becoming an author of one’s life guides future outcomes and adaptation.
Developmental Pathways During Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

In line with the main tenets of the book, this chapter focuses on how young people in different societies and economies address the challenges of developing a career and establishing a romantic relationship in their own societies. For these purposes, economic and news reports, personal stories, and research from societies in economic crisis or non-Western societies were collected. Despite the dire conditions, the majority of Greek youth are not paralyzed or confused. They look for ways to support themselves, they search for opportunities, and some are even creative in finding their niche in their own country. Similarly, many young Egyptians make efforts for daily survival and are ready to accept jobs that are below their expectations. They even found “legal” to form romantic relationships in their traditional society. In sum, emerging adulthood appears to be a dynamic period, during which young people actively navigate toward settling down.
Artificial Justice
Authors: Dancy Tatiana
Published: November 2023

The dominant theme of conversations about ‘algorithmic injustice’ has been concerns about equality, typically captured by the language of ‘bias’ and ‘discrimination’. This book unpacks the different sorts of reasons that we might invoke when we object to policies of decision-making on the grounds of algorithmic injustice. It is argued that these reasons extend beyond egalitarian concerns, and cannot be addressed only by eliminating unjustified differences between the benefits to which people have access. Importantly, they encompass the value of individual choice—of having meaningful opportunities to affect what happens to us by making appropriate choices, and of giving people the benefit of the doubt about their ability to choose well.
Introduction
Authors: Dancy Tatiana
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the book as a whole. It provides context to the questions asked and answered, and explains some of the concepts used throughout: What is a ‘statistical algorithm’? What are we trying to achieve, when we frame our conversations through the language of algorithmic justice? It sets out the contractualist framing of the book, which allows us to ‘look beneath’ concepts such as equality, fairness, and justice, towards the substantive reasons that contribute to a picture of what’s at stake for individuals when we use statistical algorithms to make decisions about how to treat others. And it sets out those reasons—reasons to insist upon some connection between the policy and benefit at which we aim, reasons to object to unjustified differences between the benefits to which people have access, and reasons to want the burdens of policy decisions to be contingent upon how we behave when we have adequate choices about what to do.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Dancy Tatiana
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book in outline, revisits some of the key claims, and emphasizes certain policy recommendations that have been made throughout. These recommendations include a proscriptive approach to the practice of allocating the burdens of criminal punishment by reference to the predictive outputs of algorithms such as the ‘Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions’ (COMPAS) system. They also include recommendations about transparency (what we need to know about a given algorithm to determine whether we can justify using it to make decisions about how to treat others), and oversight (in particular, limits to the use of ad hoc human discretion to override outputs in individual cases).
Writing and Rioting
Authors: Bayeh Jumana , Groth Helen , Murphet Julian
Published: November 2023

This chapter contends that the literary archive models ways of understanding this new era of riots in which we currently live. The prevalence of rioting as a tactic for expressing collective dissent may seem to epitomize the volatility of contemporary global politics, but literary writers have long registered the riot’s insurrectionary appeal. The writers that feature in this collection exemplify literature’s relationship to the quasi-political form of the riot; a relationship which has been complex and varied, sometimes participatory, reactive, incendiary, but above all archival. As this introduction details, assuming representational responsibility for popular activities that the nation state perceives as ephemeral and destructive, literature has fashioned instead a parallel archive of a style of collective practice that offers unique opportunities to the creative writer. The spontaneous logic of riotous activity presents especially demanding experiential conditions to the artist who would faithfully record it all. Tested in the innermost resources of their artistry, this introduction elaborates on how writers have not merely documented riots over the years, but developed diverse ways of seeing them, ways that attend more radically to the phenomenology and expressive nature of the riot, than historiographical explanations, sociological classifications, or political denunciations ever could.
A Sketch of the Mob
Authors: North Joseph
Published: November 2023

‘Riots’ and ‘mobs’ are closely connected concepts. But do ‘mobs’ really exist as such? Some of us have our doubts. This chapter offers a brief history and analysis of the concept of the ‘mob’. The term first acquired its modern English meaning in the period of reaction following the English Revolution, and I suggest that it remains essentially antidemocratic in its dominant range of use even today. The discourse of the ‘mob’ has at least three parts. First, it conflates the prospect of popular sovereignty with the prospect of ‘mob rule’. Second, it ties these concerns to gender (the word originally meant ‘sex worker’). Third, it often involves fantasies about Indigenous violence. I propose that all three parts extend across the term’s history, offering examples from one of Thomas Hobbes’ frontispieces, Edmund Burke’s response to the French Revolution, responses to the #metoo movement, and the 2021 pro-Trump ‘Capitol Riots’. Finally I turn to the anomalous case of Australia, which is one of the only places in the English-speaking world where the term ‘mob’ has acquired a strongly positive meaning, especially among Indigenous peoples. To show the texture of this, I turn to Bundjalung/Australian writer Melissa Lucashenko, suggesting that if we want to unlearn the anti-democratic discourse of the ‘mob’, then an Indigenous, pro-democratic, and strongly positive use of the term might be just what we need.
Phantom Justice and Orwellian Violence
Authors: Leung Janny H. C.
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to trace a literary movement in Hong Kong which began in 2019, closely following the social movement in 2019–2020 that ended with the imposition of the National Security Law (NSL). Through analysing selected publications, the chapter analyses the evolving legal consciousness in Hong Kong, especially with the passing of the NSL as a demarcation line. The chapter argues that these literary works serve as a testimony, as a way of redefining community, as cultural preservation, and as a method of practising freedom. They may be considered a literary response to the threat of erasure and to the reality of a new normal.
Elegiac Love and Death in Vergil's Aeneid
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

Elegiac Love and Death in Vergil’s Aeneid poses new questions about Vergil’s pervasive engagement with elegy, both amatory and funerary, throughout his final epic endeavour. A foundational discussion of elegiac experimentation in the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid 1–6 explores the aesthetic and conceptual development of destructive Vergilian amor (passion). The unique emphasis of subsequent chapters on the amatory and funerary elegiac dimensions of crucial episodes in Aeneid 7–12 illuminates the intergeneric character of Vergil’s martial maius opus. A detailed examination of the inter- and intratextual strands of pivotal moments in the Aeneid evinces Vergil’s intense engagement with literary predecessors and contemporaries, his evolving artistic vision, and his enduring influence on subsequent Roman poets. Each chapter of this volume enhances our understanding of the generic complexity of the Aeneid, presenting revisionary readings of key episodes and transformative interpretations of its main characters.
Introduction
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

The Introduction begins by explaining the aim, methodology, and scope of the volume and its examination of Vergilian experimentation with elegy in the Aeneid. A portrait of Vergil’s artistic milieu describes the profound influence of other ancient Greek and Roman authors and works on his conception of amor and his engagement with elegiac verse throughout his poetic career. A preliminary survey of Vergil’s elegiac experimentation in the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid 1–6, including a close examination of illustrative passages, operates on three foundational levels: it specifies conventional elegiac language and motifs that are crucial to Vergil’s intergeneric interplay; it elucidates his tendency to utilize amatory and funerary elegiac elements to depict amor as a dangerous and destructive force; and it identifies pivotal inter- and intratextual comparanda that are returned to and expanded upon throughout the chapters that focus on Aeneid 7–12.
The evolution of domestic institutional restraints and additional expectations for IR
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

The chapter begins by following the evolution of domestic institutional restraints on power, starting with earliest ones, of the Middle Ages, primarily in England and France. It includes three subsections focusing on national courts, assemblies and parliaments, and government bureaucracies, respectively. It notes both institutions that led to the empowerment of bureaucracies and those intended to restrain their power. The main purpose of this first part of the chapter is to assess the plausibility of the arguments presented in chapter 2. It considers those referring to a) the nature of institutional restraints, b) the main groups and their support for restraints, and c) the evolution of such restraints. The historical narrative describing the evolution of domestic institutional restraints also leads to an additional (sixth) argument. The chapter concludes with a discussion explaining how the arguments regarding domestic institutional restraints on power are expected to play out in the international realm.
Digital Contact Tracing Applications (DCTAs)
Authors: Latheef Sahar
Published: November 2023

Digital Contact Tracing Applications (DCTAs) can collect large amounts of personally identifiable information. The approach taken by public health officials in using DCTAs could impact individual rights such as autonomy and the right to informed consent. Approaches that lean towards mandatory use of DCTAs, could impact autonomy and informed consent more than other approaches. This chapter argues that given the state of emergency and extreme circumstances during a pandemic the scale of Covid-19, we ought to follow a public health ethics approach even if it impacts individual autonomy and informed consent to some extent, until such time when the risks are not as high and more information is available.
Giving God the Benefit of the Doubt
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that giving God the benefit of the doubt by thanking, praising, or apologizing to God helps individuals with ambiguous evidence for God to grow in more general tendencies to give other people the benefit of the doubt in similar ways. It begins by conceptualizing the tendencies of thankfulness, praisefulness, and contrition, which involve tending to err on the side of giving others sincere and commensurate praise, thanks, or apology. These tendencies, it is argued, are virtuous, because they involve an acute and corrective sensitivity to personal relationship goods. The chapter then explains how people who praise, thank, or apologize to God when having ambiguous evidence for God act in accordance with these tendencies. And it is argued that by so doing, they grow in these tendencies—either strengthening them or preventing their atrophy.
Leaving England
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

Roos’s troubles with his wife, his in-laws, and his own family led him to flee England in secret, sending a challenge to a duel to his brother-in-law that he did not intend to honor. Traveling in disguise, he eventually made it to Italy. His flight caused consternation at home. His in-laws were outraged at these actions, abandoning his wife and responsibilities at home. His own family were disappointed and troubled that he would leave England without a royal license, which was viewed as potential sedition. They also worried he might convert to Catholicism. The chapter discusses the laws and requirements around travel, ideas, practices, and politics regarding dueling, the political and religious climate in England and in Europe, and the network of informants and flow of information available to members of the Jacobean court and their agents and ambassadors in Europe. The primary sources consist of diplomatic letter collections, especially the letters to and from William Trumbull, English agent at Brussels, and Sir Dudley Carleton, English ambassador at The Hague.
The Political Seesaw
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

The chapter describes the political tensions and events during the summer and fall of 1618. Lake’s longtime political patron, the earl of Suffolk, got into trouble with the king. The earl of Suffolk served as Lord Treasurer, but he and his wife were accused of outsized graft. When Lake tried to warn the Suffolks, he angered the king and was told to absent himself from court. This crisis for Lake occurred at the same time as the Star Chamber court cases began. After further investigation, Suffolk was removed from his post. Lake hoped to be restored before the conclusion of the court cases, and rumors to that effect circulated throughout the summer and fall. Sir Walter Raleigh had returned disgraced from his latest American voyage, having attacked Spanish positions when expressly ordered not to do so. An outraged Spain demanded the popular Raleigh punished and he was executed. Anti-Spanish sentiments flourished, making the political climate more difficult for the Spain-friendly Lake. The Star Chamber trials were delayed, and the king decided that he would sit as a judge. The whole fall of 1618, court observers were looking for signs to see if Lake might be restored, or if he would fall. The collection of witness testimonies became more frantic, as the countess of Exeter tried to establish contact with the elusive Diego da Silva, Roos’s Spanish servant who had inherited Roos’s foreign goods.
Fallout
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

The Lakes, Lady Roos, and their servant Sara Swarton were all imprisoned separately. Lake immediately set about trying to convince the king to lessen the punishment, which did not work. James had been informed that English Catholic exiles had been praying for a Lake victory, since they thought he would be friendly toward the Catholic cause in England. To ensure that no one would think him biased, James ordered further investigations into the Lake and Lady Roos’s frauds. Lady Lake and Lady Roos became targets of accusations and rumors of sexual misconduct, including incest, both in letters and in scurrilous libels. Others believed that their lies made them morally corrupt. Lady Roos made further confessions about the fraudulent documents. By June, the Lakes and Lady Roos were supposed to formally submit their confessions in the court of Star Chamber. Because Lady Roos had confessed further, the king allowed her to submit in writing, rather than in person. Lady Roos and Swarton were both released. Lake and his wife refused to submit, and continued imprisoned. By late summer, the king relented toward Lake and allowed him to be released on bond. The sources for this chapter consists of letters of courtiers and court observers.
Submissions and Restoration?
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

Lake’s situation continued to improve. The king allowed Lake to remain free, and seemed willing to allow him to provide his submission in writing. The countess of Exeter insisted on a submission in person, however. A curious incident occurred, where a man accused the countess of Exeter of having consulted a practitioner of magic to influence the king in her favor. The man was questioned under torture. After Lake submitted in Star Chamber, he seemed poised to return to the king’s favor, with the help of the Spanish ambassador Gondomar, who had returned to England to negotiate a Spanish match for Prince Charles. Lady Lake stubbornly refused to submit, however, and wrote a letter to the countess of Exeter, accusing her of not admitting her own guilt. Lady Lake’s stubborn refusal did not help her husband’s cause: despite positive signs, Lake was never restored to the king’s favor and service.
Transformations in occult protection amid violence in the Central African Republic
Authors: Lombard Louisa , Kozaga Mobito
Published: November 2023

While there has been extensive attention to the ways occult practice is part of wartime combatants’ professional repertoires, there has been less consideration of the ways that people who are not professional combatants delve into the realm of the occult for their own protection. The Central African Republic is a particularly good case for exploring those occult practices because popular participation in protection, fighting, and occult practice has been widespread, particularly during the country’s ‘crisis’, as the sporadic violent conflicts since 2013 are known. More people are seeking occult modes of protection than before, and more people are offering services as purveyors of this knowledge. This chapter identifies two main tendencies in this popularization of occult protection: young men departing from their families and joining with others at specific sites where occult knowledge can be gained; and travelling salespeople who peddle forms of occult protection for anyone willing to pay. The chapter shows how these tendencies build on but reshape historical practices of occult agency. Gaining and seeking occult knowledge as a protection strategy has a range of observable effects. However, those effects are variable and can change over time. Non-observable (occult) effects are even slipperier to document. Occult practice is central to civilians’ protective agency during war, but one must be cautious in generalizing about its status or effects.
The Priest Who Invited Greene
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

This chapter gives a biographical sketch of the university professor and Catholic priest Leopoldo Durán, from his birth in 1917 until his first meeting with the writer in August 1975, providing yet unpublished information about the man who became one of Greene’s closest friends in his later years. Special attention is given to the process that led Durán to ask for a canonical leave from his priestly duties and dedicate himself to academic research on Greene’s work and to establish an epistolary relationship with the writer since 1964, which would lead to a personal meeting in 1975 and the subsequent beginning of the travelling tradition from July 1976 onwards.
The Years of Friendship with Greene (1976–91)
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

As a continuation of the profile of Leopoldo Durán begun in Chapter 1, this chapter summarizes the most relevant events in his life between 1976 and 1991, the years in which he was regarded by Graham Greene as one of his closest friends. Given the special relationship between the two, most of the events related to Durán’s life are somehow connected to his writer friend. Thus, details are provided of Durán’s ten visits to Greene at his home in Antibes, which were carried out between 1979 and 1989. The events surrounding the making of Monsignor Quixote and the development of the television adaptation are also reconstructed, especially those aspects that were not mentioned during the narrative of Greene’s trips around the Peninsula because they occurred elsewhere or at other times.
The Final Years of Leopoldo Durán
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

In continuity with Chapters 1 and 3, this chapter completes Durán’s biographical profile by adding some relevant events from his later years of life, between 1991 and 2008. As happened in the previous chapters, many of these episodes are related to Greene, such as the publication history of other critical studies on the author (not without controversy), the attempt to sell his legacy of Greenean manuscripts to American academic institutions, or the project to create the Graham Greene Library in the Osera monastery. In addition to the biography, this chapter completes an outline of the psychological profile of the man who became Greene’s friend in the eleventh hour and the model for the creation of his last memorable protagonist, the monsignor descendant of Don Quixote.
Conclusions
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

This final chapter reflects on some of the aspects developed in those preceding it and, in the light of various documentary evidence, ventures a hypothesis that links the beginning of Greene’s travelling tradition around the Peninsula with his role as an informant within the British Secret Service. However, in light of the testimonies collected throughout this book, the growing intimacy with Durán can be certainly considered a key factor in the consolidation of that tradition. Added to this was the creative inspiration to write Monsignor Quixote based on his Spanish friend and set in the post-Franco Spain. Thus, if the making of the novel occupied much of the interest of Greene’s trips between 1977 and 1981, its effects continued to be felt in subsequent years, as in the two invitations to the Marqués de Murrieta winery in 1983 and 1987 and the filming of the television adaptation in the spring of 1985.
The politics of dominating Addis Ababa, 2005–18
Authors: Gebremariam Eyob Balcha
Published: November 2023

After surviving a major electoral challenge in 2005, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) remained the dominant political force in Addis Ababa for a considerable time. This chapter explores how the EPRDF succeeded in dominating socio-economic and political spheres in Addis Ababa until the party’s demise in 2018. It argues that three interrelated strategies enabled the EPRDF to dominate and govern Addis Ababa from 2005 to 2018. The first overarching strategy was the use of a legitimizing discourse of developmentalism, deployed to generate acquiescence and legitimacy among the public. The second strategy was politically inspired legal manoeuvring, which helped the EPRDF to shape and reshape formal and informal channels of governance and control for the ruling coalition. The third strategy involved various forms of co-optation, including both ‘passive co-optation’ and ‘co-operative empowerment’, as well as ‘coercive distribution’. These dynamics are explored empirically through the role of Urban Consumers’ Cooperatives and youth employment programmes.
Conclusions
Authors: Goodfellow Tom , Jackman David
Published: November 2023

This chapter concludes the volume by drawing together findings from the comparative analysis of our cases and considering some of their implications. We explore, in turn: the position of capital cities in variable geographies of dominance; the role of spaces, institutions, and coalitions in strategies for urban control; the ways in which dominance can be co-constituted by elites and urban populations; the limits of repression and the question of when generative strategies come to the fore; the distinction between ‘persistent’ versus ‘episodic’ strategies of dominance; the varying effects of external versus intra-coalitional threats to dominance; and the factors that overall appear to favour more developmental outcomes in the pursuit of urban dominance. Following this, we conclude and reflect on the broader implications of these findings in the context of urbanization alongside rising authoritarianism worldwide, and the challenges they pose to ideas and practices of ‘development’.
Innovate, Adapt, or Go Extinct
Authors: Velarde Gissel
Published: November 2023

The second chapter tells how some fortunes were made in the past and how some fortunes are made today thanks to luck, technology, and innovation. It tells the stories of some of the most thriving tech companies from their beginnings in garages, student residencies, or small apartments. It also analyzes features that differentiate them from the competition. At the same time, it revisits case studies of big companies that fade out. It explains why several countries are adapting Artificial Intelligence strategies and the fundamental pillars of those strategies. The chapter presents how companies and startups can acquire Artificial Intelligence in their operations and what are the minimum requirements for those projects. Moreover, it reviews the characteristics of technological ventures that make a startup successful in attracting capital. Finally, the chapter points out considerations for developing Artificial Intelligence projects and what factors have been observed on high-performance teams.
The ‘Gappiness Problem’ in Moral Psychology and the Relevance of Phronesis
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter has two aims. First, to offer a critical review of the literature on two well-known single-component solutions to the proverbial problem of a gap between moral knowledge and moral action: moral identity and moral emotions. Second, to take seriously the suggestion that the development of phronesis bridges the gap in question. The idea of a neo-Aristotelian multicomponent solution to the ‘gappiness problem’ invites comparisons with another multicomponent candidate, the neo-Kohlbergian four-component model, with which it shares at least surface similarities. Some space is thus devoted to the proposed theoretical uniqueness of a phronesis-based multicomponent model vis-à-vis the neo-Kohlbergian one. The main conclusion is that—remaining weaknesses in its developmental psychological grounding notwithstanding—the conceptualization of the neo-Aristotelian model in the last three chapters holds significant promise of solving the ‘gappiness problem’. However, this can only be ascertained through empirical research.
A New Measure of Phronesis
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes two empirical ‘proof of concept’ studies (one conducted with an adult sample and the other with an adolescent sample) that evaluated our new neo-Aristotelian phronesis model via a newly designed phronesis assessment battery. The studies investigated whether the proposed phronesis model is an empirically tractable model for future investigations of wise decisions and actions. In both pilot studies, the hypothesized phronesis model fitted the data well. The studies used the best available, validated measures in empirical Moral Psychology to approximate the components of the phronesis model. These measures structurally related to the predicted latent components very well. Most importantly, the latent components were found to be structurally related to a predicted second-order latent phronesis variable and, promisingly, this variable was strongly associated with the prosocial behaviour variable. Finally, some implications of these findings are elicited, and future research steps are charted.
Phronesis and the Civic Virtues
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

While there is renewed interest in phronesis in educational circles, phronesis is almost exclusively discussed in the context of adjudicating between conflicting moral virtues, not between civic virtues. Educationally, phronesis is rarely invoked in the literature on Civic Education. More generally, the relationship between Character Education and Civic Education continues to be marked by a tension, although both forms tend to draw on Aristotle’s corpus. The initial aim of this chapter is to unpack the association between the civic and the moral (characterological) in Aristotle’s writings. The chapter delineates different kinds of primacy in Aristotelian Virtue Ethics and shows how the civic is (teleo)logically prior to the moral, while secondary in a developmental and analytical sense. Moreover, four levels of civic virtue are identified. The ultimate aim of the chapter is to shed light on the relationship between phronesis and the civic virtues: a hitherto underdeveloped topic.
How to Clone Oneself?
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

The ability to reproduce is often seen as one of the principal dividing lines between living and non-living systems. But is it possible to make a machine that can self-reproduce? One of the founders of computing, John von Neumann, asked this question in late 1940s, when in a series of lectures, he described principles how a mechanical self-replicating device can be built. This chapter begins with a discussion of von Neuman’s work, including the description of self-replicating cellular automata. Next it briefly discusses the concepts of information and information processing, and how the ability to inherit and process information distinguishes biological systems from much simpler forms of self-replication, such as crystal growth. This is followed by a discussion of deterministic and stochastic processes, and about how to build reliable devices from unreliable components. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of microbes as an example of the simplest relatively autonomous self-replicating system that is known to exist.
Evolving Replicators
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the first in a series of four chapters discussing various aspects of evolution. The main principles of biological evolution are introduced via exploring how bacteria evolve in a laboratory, in particular, discussing the long-term evolutionary experiment of E. coli bacteria by Richard Lenski. Next, the bacterial evolution in the wild is discussed. It is shown how the bacterial evolution is linked to the changes of information in their genomes. It is also discussed what is needed for a system to be able to evolve (i.e. evolvability) and how fast an evolving system can change before it breaks down. In parts of this chapter, elementary mathematics is used to show that the theory of evolution is a hard, rather than a soft science.
From DNA to Language
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

With the emergence of human language, large amounts of information ‘broke out’ of the DNA ‘harness’ for the first time in the history of life on Earth. This chapter discusses what is unique to human language (and absent in other animals’ communications) that allows for the transmission of unlimited amounts of information. How did biological evolution lead to the emergence of such abilities? Do humans have specific language genes? How did genes enabling the faculty of language evolve? Language not only enabled humans to communicate unlimited amounts of information by means other than inherited DNA, but it also raised cultural evolution to a qualitatively different level. Cultural evolution led to the emergence of writing and created means of recording and processing information different from those that fundamentally rely on DNA, RNA, and proteins making up the animal and human brain.
How peace operations assisted the ICC outside the DRC
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a so-called plausibility probe—several smaller case studies to see whether the theoretical framework might plausibly hold up in other contexts. It looks at UN–ICC interactions in the other ICC situations where a UN peace operation was active: CAR, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Sudan. For each of these cases, the chapter presents a short background, analyses the degree to which the explanatory conditions were present, and describes the assistance provided by the relevant UN peace operation to the ICC. Through additional documentary and interview evidence, these plausibility probes largely confirm the findings from the DRC case studies, but also suggest several new changes that need to be made to the theoretical framework to improve the degree to which it travels to other cases.
Non-canonicity via modal particles
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 deals with the expression of non-canonical question interpretations via the syntactic category of modal particles. After an introduction to the interactions between modal particles and speech acts and to crucial differences from similar syntactic categories, the chapter illustrates how elements of this particular category function as cues for non-canonical meanings in questions by bringing data to bear from languages as diverse as Basque and German. The end of the chapter proposes a cross-linguistic syntax for modal particles in questions that represents them as functional heads in the clausal architecture and captures both their clause-medial and left- and right-peripheral occurrences.
Constraining Effects of Party Bases
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces a new element to the theoretical framework of the survival of centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs): the ideological composition of their electorates. It abandons the assumption that CAPs do not differ in their ability to adopt a strategy of survival and argues that CAPs that originally attract voters both from the left and from the right struggle more with the adoption of a new strategy. Ideology, which only plays a minor role in the pure protest strategy of CAPs in their first elections, gains importance as far as the strategies of survival are concerned. Using data on voters’ attitudes, this chapter shows that although all CAPs attract voters with lower political trust, the ideological coherence of their electorates varies greatly from one party to the next. CAPs with heterogeneous electorates are less likely to survive. Qualitative descriptions of parties that struggled with their diverse electorates complement the analyses.
International Cooperation Against All Odds
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

This book recasts how we understand international relations through an examination of how the human evolutionary predisposition to be “ultrasocial” as a species impacts which political ideas succeed, transform, manipulate, and inspire on a global scale. At a time when pessimism about our current world order is at an all-time high, this book overturns widespread assumptions that international relations is mainly about conflict, power, and national self-interest. Scientists have uncovered new evidence that, as a species, we are biologically hard-wired, soft-wired, and pre-wired to be other-regarding and cooperative. Humans are ultrasocial, and yet this predisposition is completely ignored in governments across the world. Political leaders, experts, and the media have cultivated a myopic vision of global conflict, feeding an obsession on crises of the moment rather than recognizing frequent and significant breakthroughs in peaceful cooperation and overall trends in the decline of violence. This book shows how, time and time again, our ultrasocial predisposition has pushed us toward big ideas that inspire and bring us together around the power of possibility. Featuring original research on international cooperation in outer-space exploration, European Union integration, nuclear weapons, and climate change, among other examples, Mai’a K. Davis Cross shows ultrasociality at work in a range of contexts.
Conclusion to Part I
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The study of international relations has historically tended to focus on crises, conflict, violence, tribalism, and ruthless competition. But the preponderance of scientific evidence from a range of disciplines supports the notion that humans have evolved to be ultrasocial and to have an empathic consciousness. To the extent that there is a common human culture, it gravitates toward empathy. If we can integrate the most recent discoveries about the social brain into our approach to politics and international relations, not only will we gain crucial understanding about how things have happened and continue to happen, but also new possibilities for international cooperation will emerge. Simply put, the stakes are too high to ignore the underlying presence of ultrasociality. By choosing this new starting point, a new approach to international relations, infused with the power of possibility, can be revealed.