bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Succession of endophytic fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the growth of plant and their correlation with secondary metabolites in the roots of plants
Authors: Dang Hanli , Zhang Tao , Wang Zhongke , Li Guifang , Zhao Wenqin , Lv Xinhua , Zhuang Li
Published: April 2021

Background

To decipher the root and microbial interaction, secondary metabolite accumulation in roots and the microbial community’s succession model during the plant’s growth period demands an in-depth investigation. However, till now, no comprehensive study is available on the succession of endophytic fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with roots of medicinal licorice plants and the effects of endophytic fungi and AMF on the secondary metabolite accumulation in licorice plant’s root.

Results

In the current study, interaction between root and microbes in 1–3 years old medicinal licorice plant’s root and rhizospheric soil was investigated. Secondary metabolites content in licorice root was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The composition and diversity of endophytic and AMF in the root and soil were deciphered using high-throughput sequencing technology. During the plant’s growth period, as compared to AMF, time and species significantly affected the diversity and richness of endophytic fungi, such as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Sarocladium. The growth period also influenced the AMF diversity, evident by the significant increase in the relative abundance of Glomus and the significant decrease in the relative abundance of Diversispora. It indicated a different succession pattern between the endophytic fungal and AMF communities. Meanwhile, distance-based redundancy analysis and Mantel tests revealed root’s water content and secondary metabolites (glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, and total flavonoids), which conferred endophytic fungi and AMF diversity. Additionally, plant growth significantly altered soil’s physicochemical properties, which influenced the distribution of endophytic fungal and AMF communities.

Conclusions

This study indicated a different succession pattern between the endophytic fungal and AMF communities. During the plant’s growth period, the contents of three secondary metabolites in roots increased per year, which contributed to the overall differences in composition and distribution of endophytic fungal and AMF communities. The endophytic fungal communities were more sensitive to secondary metabolites than AMF communities. The current study provides novel insights into the interaction between rhizospheric microbes and root exudates.
Life threatening abscess in the visceral space with penicillin and metronidazole resistant Prevotella Denticola following use of a laryngeal mask airway: case report
Authors: Vanden Eede Hervé , Norris Elizabeth , Torfs Michaël , Vanderveken Olivier
Published: April 2021

Background

Laryngeal mask airways (LMA) are commonly used for airway management. Complications with this device are rare. However, when they do occur, there is a high risk for respiratory problems, necessitating early diagnosis and treatment. We present the first case of a life-threatening abscess spreading in the visceral space caused by a penicillin and metronidazole resistant Prevotella Denticola after the use of an LMA.

Case presentation

A female patient was admitted to our day care centre for bunion surgery. A single use LMA size 3 (Solus®, intersurgical, Wokingham, Berkshire, United Kingdom) was successfully inserted. After surgery, the patient complained of a sore throat and amoxicillin was prescribed by the general practitioner. Three days after surgery the patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for obstructive breathing, due to an abscess in the visceral space. Retropharyngeal and certainly parapharyngeal abscesses in adults are already rare. This case however, is unique because it is the first case of abscess spreading into the visceral space after the use of an LMA. Amoxicillin/clavulanate and vancomycin were started. The abscess was incised 5 days later and microbiology showed 3 positive cultures of the anaerobe Prevotella denticola, resistant for penicillin and metronidazole, but sensitive for amoxicillin/clavulanate. The patient fully recovered.

Conclusion

LMA’s are easy to use and are established, safe tools to support ventilation of the airway. In this case, the authors hypothesise a small wound in the lateral pharyngeal wall probably created an opening into the visceral space causing infection with Prevotella denticola, supporting the idea that the pharyngeal mucosal space must be part of the visceral space. Additionally, early recognition and treatment of an LMA induced abscess is necessary to prevent evolution of complications leading to airway obstruction.
Effects of different thermal insulation methods on the nasopharyngeal temperature in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yang Guanyu , Zhu Zefei , Zheng Hongyu , He Shifeng , Zhang Wanyue , Sun Zhentao
Published: April 2021

Background

This study explored the comparison of the thermal insulation effect of incubator to infusion thermometer in laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Methods

We assigned 75 patients enrolled in the study randomly to three groups: Group A: Used warming blanket; group B: Used warming blanket and infusion thermometer; group C: Used warming blanket and incubator. The nasopharyngeal temperature at different time points during the operation served as the primary outcome.

Results

The nasopharyngeal temperature of the infusion heating group was significantly higher than that of the incubator group 60 min from the beginning of surgery (T3): 36.10 ± 0.20 vs 35.81 ± 0.20 (P<0.001)90 min from the beginning of surgery (T4): 36.35 ± 0.20 vs 35.85 ± 0.17 (P<0.001). Besides, the nasopharyngeal temperature of the incubator group was significantly higher compared to that of the control group 60 min from the beginning of surgery (T3): 35.81 ± 0.20 vs 35.62 ± 0.18 (P<0.001); 90 min from the beginning of surgery (T4): 35.85 ± 0.17 vs 35.60 ± 0.17 (P<0.001). Regarding the wake-up time, that of the control group was significantly higher compared to the infusion heating group: 24 ± 4 vs 21 ± 4 (P = 0.004) and the incubator group: 24 ± 4 vs 22 ± 4 (P = 0.035).

Conclusion

Warming blanket (38 °C) combined infusion thermometer (37 °C) provides better perioperative thermal insulation. Hospitals without an infusion thermometer can opt for an incubator as a substitute.

Trial registration

This trial was registered with ChiCTR2000039162, 20 October 2020.
Possible progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and active multiple sclerosis under dimethyl fumarate: the central role of MRI in informing therapeutic decisions
Authors: Vola Elena Augusta , Petracca Maria , Cocozza Sirio , De Angelis Marcello , Carotenuto Antonio , Pontillo Giuseppe , Morra Vincenzo Brescia , Tedeschi Enrico , Lanzillo Roberta
Published: April 2021

Background

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) can rarely occur in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients undergoing dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment. Our case stresses the limits of current diagnostic and stratification risk criteria, highlighting the potential role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in advising clinical choices.

Case presentation

A 54 years old MS male patient treated with DMF, after 3 years of clinical stability developed a subacute clinical worsening. He had no severe lymphopenia but MRI signs suggestive of a coexistence of PML and MS activity. Although his viral title was negative, DMF was discontinued, with clinical and radiological improvement.

Conclusions

This case highlights the challenges behind PML diagnosis, especially in patients not fulfilling the risk stratification criteria and that might present with concurrent disease activity, stressing the potential role of MRI in informing therapeutic decisions.
Efficacy of upfront hepatectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable colorectal liver metastasis
Authors: Ono Kosuke , Abe Tomoyuki , Oshita Akihiko , Sumi Yusuke , Yano Takuya , Okuda Hiroshi , Kurayoshi Manabu , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Ohdan Hideki , Noriyuki Toshio , Nakahara Masahiro
Published: April 2021

Background

Hepatectomy for resectable colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is recommended. However, the efficacy of upfront hepatectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is unclear due to the uncertainty of perioperative systemic chemotherapy. Moreover, it is crucial to predict the prognosis when considering perioperative chemotherapy. This study evaluated the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the prognosis of patients with resectable CRLM and assessed the usefulness of Beppu’s nomogram for predicting prognosis.

Methods

This retrospective study identified 88 consecutive inpatients who underwent primary hepatic resection for CRLM; 58 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 30 underwent upfront surgery. Factors associated with recurrence-free survival were identified via univariate and multivariate analysis. Furthermore, propensity score analysis using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was performed.

Results

On univariate analysis, poor recurrence-free survival was associated with multiple tumors, advanced primary tumor stage, vascular invasion by the primary tumor, a Beppu’s nomogram score ≥ 6, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. On multivariate analysis, a Beppu’s nomogram score ≥ 6 and neoadjuvant chemotherapy were independent risk factors for recurrence. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy recipients had a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion than non-recipients. Propensity score analysis revealed no significant difference in the recurrence-free survival rate between these groups.

Conclusions

Our results show that upfront hepatectomy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be considered for resectable CRLM treatment. Beppu’s nomogram score can be a tool for predicting the prognosis of patients with CRLM.
Individualized embryo selection strategy developed by stacking machine learning model for better in vitro fertilization outcomes: an application study
Authors: Xi Qingsong , Yang Qiyu , Wang Meng , Huang Bo , Zhang Bo , Li Zhou , Liu Shuai , Yang Liu , Zhu Lixia , Jin Lei
Published: April 2021

Background

To minimize the rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF)- associated multiple-embryo gestation, significant efforts have been made. Previous studies related to machine learning in IVF mainly focused on selecting the top-quality embryos to improve outcomes, however, in patients with sub-optimal prognosis or with medium- or inferior-quality embryos, the selection between SET and DET could be perplexing.

Methods

This was an application study including 9211 patients with 10,076 embryos treated during 2016 to 2018, in Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China. A hierarchical model was established using the machine learning system XGBoost, to learn embryo implantation potential and the impact of double embryos transfer (DET) simultaneously. The performance of the model was evaluated with the AUC of the ROC curve. Multiple regression analyses were also conducted on the 19 selected features to demonstrate the differences between feature importance for prediction and statistical relationship with outcomes.

Results

For a single embryo transfer (SET) pregnancy, the following variables remained significant: age, attempts at IVF, estradiol level on hCG day, and endometrial thickness. For DET pregnancy, age, attempts at IVF, endometrial thickness, and the newly added P1 + P2 remained significant. For DET twin risk, age, attempts at IVF, 2PN/ MII, and P1 × P2 remained significant. The algorithm was repeated 30 times, and averaged AUC of 0.7945, 0.8385, and 0.7229 were achieved for SET pregnancy, DET pregnancy, and DET twin risk, respectively. The trend of predictive and observed rates both in pregnancy and twin risk was basically identical. XGBoost outperformed the other two algorithms: logistic regression and classification and regression tree.

Conclusion

Artificial intelligence based on determinant-weighting analysis could offer an individualized embryo selection strategy for any given patient, and predict clinical pregnancy rate and twin risk, therefore optimizing clinical outcomes.
Phycocyanin content and nutritional profile of Arthrospira platensis from Mexico: efficient extraction process and stability evaluation of phycocyanin
Authors: Khandual Sanghamitra , Sanchez Edgar Omar Lopez , Andrews Hugo Espinosa , de la Rosa Jose Daniel Padilla
Published: April 2021

Phycocyanin is a blue natural food colorant with multiple health benefits. Here we propose an efficient phycocyanin extraction method from Arthrospira platensis from Mexico. Three extraction methods were applied to optimize the extraction process, using water and buffer as solvents, with three pH values at two agitation times. The highest phycocyanin, 54.65 mg/g, was extracted from dry biomass with water as a solvent using an ultrasonication bar. The optimum condition of extraction was determined to be 1:50 biomass/solvent ratio for dry biomass, with the freeze/thaw method for 20 min repeated twice, and then agitated at 120 rpm for 24 h. The phycocyanin content was 48.88 mg/g biomass, with a purity of 0.47. For scalable phycocyanin productivity, the sonication method is recommended as there is no statistical difference. The phycocyanin stability was best at − 20 °C storage temperature at pH 7 for 35 days. Partial purification with ammonium sulfate was found to be suitable as a fractional precipitation method, first at 0–20% and then 20–65%, to get purity nearly 1. Total protein was found to be 55.52%, and total amino acids after phycocyanin extraction was 33%. The maximum phycocyanin yield using water as a solvent was the most interesting result regardless of the method used for extraction.
Towards an ideotype for food-fuel dual-purpose wheat in Argentina with focus on biogas production
Authors: Gabbanelli Nadia , Erbetta Elisa , Sanz Smachetti Maria Eugenia , Lorenzo Máximo , Talia Paola Mónica , Ramírez Ignacio , Vera Magdalena , Durruty Ignacio , Pontaroli Ana Clara , Echarte Maria Mercedes
Published: April 2021

Background

Wheat straw, one of the most abundant agricultural residues worldwide, can be used to produce biogas, which is considered one of the most efficiently produced renewable energies. Wheat grown with the dual-purpose of producing food and biogas should display simultaneously high grain and straw yields, low lodging susceptibility and high conversion efficiency of straw into biogas. The aims of this study were to determine the best food-fuel dual-purpose wheat candidates among 36 wheat genotypes—including French, CIMMYT and local (Criollo) germplasm—used in breeding programs in Argentina and to gain some insights into the relationships between key traits relevant for dual-purpose wheat genotypes.

Results

High variability in individual key traits for dual-purpose wheat ideotype has been found. Genotypes of French origin displayed the highest grain yield, and those of CIMMYT origin, the lowest straw yield. Genotypes of Criollo origin showed the highest lodging susceptibility, and French ones, the lowest. Straw yield was positively correlated with grain yield in all genotypes, and negatively correlated with plant height in genotypes of Criollo origin. Straw conversion into biogas was measured in terms of the biogas potential production and kinetic parameters Bmax (maximum specific biogas production) and k (first-order kinetic constant) were analyzed. All key traits were analyzed together by a principal component analysis. Baguette 31 and SNR Nogal, two genotypes of French origin, showed high grain yield, high-to-very high straw yield, low lodging susceptibility, and moderate-to-high Bmax and k. Buck Guapo and Buck Baqueano, two genotypes of Criollo origin, displayed good values for grain yield, straw yield and Bmax and k. However, their high lodging susceptibility precludes their production in shallow soils or high-input systems. Lastly, some old genotypes (e.g. Klein Atlas) harbored a good combination of all key traits and could prove valuable to be included in future breeding programs for dual-purpose wheat.

Conclusions

While none of the genotypes excelled in every key trait, a few candidates showed potential for dual-purpose ideotype, particularly Baguette 31 and SNR Nogal. The challenge lays in gathering all attributes for food and 2G fuel in the same genotype.
Beneficial effects of a decreased meal frequency on nutrient utilization, secretion of luteinizing hormones and ovarian follicular development in gilts
Authors: Hua Lun , Zhao Lianpeng , Mao Zhengyu , Li Wentao , Li Jing , Jiang Xuemei , Che Lianqiang , Xu Shengyu , Lin Yan , Fang Zhengfeng , Feng Bin , Wu De , Zhuo Yong
Published: April 2021

Background

Replacement gilts are typically fedad libitum, whereas emerging evidence from human and rodent studies has revealed that time-restricted access to food has health benefits. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of meal frequency on the metabolic status and ovarian follicular development in gilts.

Methods

A total of 36 gilts (Landrace × Yorkshire) with an age of 150±3 d and a body weight of 77.6±3.8 kg were randomly allocated into one of three groups (n = 12 in each group), and based on the group allocation, the gilts were fed at a frequency of one meal (T1), two meals (T2), or six meals per day (T6) for 14 consecutive weeks. The effects of the meal frequency on growth preference, nutrient utilization, short-chain fatty acid production by gut microbial, the post-meal dynamics in the metabolic status, reproductive hormone secretions, and ovarian follicular development in the gilts were measured.

Results

The gilts in the T1 group presented a higher average daily gain (+ 48 g/d,P < 0.05) and a higher body weight (+ 4.9 kg,P < 0.05) than those in the T6 group. The meal frequency had no effect on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, and gross energy, with the exception that the T1 gilts exhibited a greater NDF digestibility than the T6 gilts (P < 0.05). The nitrogen balance analysis revealed that the T1 gilts presented decreased urine excretion of nitrogen (− 8.17 g/d,P < 0.05) and higher nitrogen retention (+ 9.81 g/d,P < 0.05), and thus exhibited higher nitrogen utilization than the T6 gilts. The time-course dynamics of glucose, α-amino nitrogen, urea, lactate, and insulin levels in serum revealed that the T1 group exhibited higher utilization of nutrients after a meal than the T2 or T6 gilts. The T1 gilts also had a higher acetate content and SCFAs in feces than the T6 gilts (P < 0.05). The age, body weight and backfat thickness of the gilts at first estrous expression were not affected by the meal frequency, but the gilts in the T1 group had higher levels of serum luteinizing hormone on the 18th day of the 3rd estrus cycle and 17β-estradiol, a larger number of growing follicles and corpora lutea, and higher mRNA expression levels of genes related to follicular development on the 19th day of the 3rd estrus cycle.

Conclusions

The current findings revealed the benefits of a lower meal frequency equal feed intake on nutrient utilization and reproductive function in replacement gilts, and thus provide new insights into the nutritional strategy for replacement gilts, and the dietary pattern for other mammals, such as humans.
Progress of amino acid nutrition for diet protein reduction in poultry
Authors: Kidd M. T. , Maynard C. W. , Mullenix G. J.
Published: April 2021

There is growing interest among nutritionists in feeding reduced protein diets to broiler chickens. Although nearly a century of research has been conducted providing biochemical insights on the impact of reduced protein diets for broilers, practical limitation still exists. The present review was written to provide insights on further reducing dietary protein in broilers. To construct this review, eighty-nine peer reviewed manuscripts in the area of amino acid nutrition in poultry were critiqued. Hence, nutritional research areas of low protein diets, threonine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, and glutamine have been assessed and combined in this text, thus providing concepts into reduced protein diets for broilers. In addition, linkages between the cited work and least cost formation ingredient and nutrient matrix considerations are provided. In conclusion, practical applications in feeding reduced protein diets to broilers are advancing, but more work is warranted.
Gut microbiota-derived inosine from dietary barley leaf supplementation attenuates colitis through PPARγ signaling activation
Authors: Li Daotong , Feng Yu , Tian Meiling , Ji Junfu , Hu Xiaosong , Chen Fang
Published: April 2021

Background

Ulcerative colitis is a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal homeostasis dysregulation. Barley leaf (BL) has a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine with potential health-promoting effects on intestinal functions. However, its mechanism of action is not yet clear. Here, we explore the potential modulating roles of gut microbial metabolites of BL to protect against colitis and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Results

Using 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota analysis, we first found that dietary supplementation of BL ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. The mechanisms by which BL protected against DSS-induced colitis were resulted from improved intestinal mucosal barrier functions via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ signaling. In addition, metabolomic profiling analysis showed that the gut microbiota modulated BL-induced metabolic reprograming in the colonic tissues particularly by the enhancement of glycolysis process. Notably, dietary BL supplementation resulted in the enrichment of microbiota-derived purine metabolite inosine, which could activate PPARγ signaling in human colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, exogenous treatment of inosine reproduced similar protective effects as BL to protect against DSS-induced colitis through improving adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR)/PPARγ-dependent mucosal barrier functions.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings suggest that the gut microbiota-inosine-A2AR/PPARγ axis plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, which may represent a novel approach for colitis prevention via manipulation of the gut microbial purine metabolite.
Link weights recovery in heterogeneous information networks
Authors: Botterman Hong-Lan , Lamarche-Perrin Robin
Published: April 2021

Socio-technical systems usually consist of many intertwined networks, each connecting different types of objects or actors through a variety of means. As these networks are co-dependent, one can take advantage of this entangled structure to study interaction patterns in a particular network from the information provided by other related networks. A method is, hence, proposed and tested to recover the weights of missing or unobserved links in heterogeneous information networks (HIN)—abstract representations of systems composed of multiple types of entities and their relations. Given a pair of nodes in a HIN, this work aims at recovering the exact weight of the incident link to these two nodes, knowing some other links present in the HIN. To do so, probability distributions resulting from path-constrained random walks, i.e., random walks where the walker is forced to follow only a specific sequence of node types and edge types, capable to capture specific semantics and commonly called a meta-path, are combined in a linearly fashion to approximate the desired result. This method is general enough to compute the link weight between any types of nodes. Experiments on Twitter and bibliographic data show the applicability of the method.
Use of live chat in higher education to support self-regulated help seeking behaviours: a comparison of online and blended learner perspectives
Authors: Broadbent Jaclyn , Lodge Jason
Published: April 2021

Help-seeking is an essential self-regulatory and metacognitive skill. In the online learning environment, much of the learning is self-directed and there are generally less opportunities to receive help in real time. The uses of email and discussion boards are the most common method of seeking help in these environments. The current study explored students’ perceptions of the use of live chat technology for online academic help-seeking within higher education, with a focus on comparing online and blended learners’ perspectives. Participants were 246 students who were studying psychology online (n = 91) or in blended learning (n = 155) environments. The live chat technology was well received by both groups, especially for its ability to provide instant, real-time, and convenient help. Live chat was particularly well received by online learners, who were more satisfied, felt more cared about by the teaching team, and would be more likely to recommend it to others than blended learners. Further, online learners reported that live chat gave them better access to staff, and felt that this feature was a good approximation for more traditional face-to-face conversations. As an online, synchronous, private help-seeking tool between student and teacher, these findings provide a strong endorsement for the use of live chat in higher education, particularly for online learners.
Impact of Cytochromes P450 3A4 and 2B6 gene polymorphisms on predisposition and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia: an Egyptian case-control study
Authors: Botros Shahira Kamal Anis , El Gharbawi Nesrine , Shahin Gehan , Al Lithy Hend , El Sherbiny Mahmoud
Published: April 2021

Background

It has been postulated that the interaction between environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility is a possible cause for the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) detoxification enzymes are responsible for the elimination of oxidative stress. Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may cause AML due to enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. To study the association between CYP3A4 (A290G) and CYP2B6 (G516T) gene polymorphisms and the predisposition and prognosis of AML, 50 upfront AML patients and 50 healthy individuals were genotyped for CYP2B6 (G516T) and CYP3A4 (A290G) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. The polymorphisms were evaluated in relation to the response to chemotherapy and survival.

Results

CYP2B6 gene mutation carries a threefold risk of developing AML (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–6.9), whereas CYP3A4 gene mutation carries approximately fourfold risk (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.4–10.1). The presence of combined gene mutation conferred about 15-fold increased risk of developing AML compared with the presence of a single gene mutation (OR, 14.8; 95% CI, 1.8–124.2). CYP3A4 gene mutation is associated with worse overall survival (P = 0.030).

Conclusion

CYP enzyme gene polymorphisms are associated with the development of AML. Elimination of oxidative stress in genetically susceptible individuals may decrease the risk of AML and may improve survival.
What does anorexia nervosa mean? Qualitative study of the representation of the eating disorder, the role of the family and treatment by maternal caregivers
Authors: Marinaci Tiziana , Carpinelli Luna , Savarese Giulia
Published: April 2021

Background

Anorexia nervosa is a serious health problem worldwide. The literature widely recognises the roles of the family and caregivers in modulating the onset, development, maintenance and treatment of this disorder. However, few studies have addressed the problem from the perspective of maternal caregivers.

Aims

This study aims to fill this gap by exploring how the meaning given to the term ‘eating disorder’ influences how mothers communicate with each other about a family member's health problems, how they present symptoms and how this problem is managed.

Method

A narrative research project was conducted to capture the mothers’ experiences of living with a daughter diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. In particular, four semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the ways in which they made sense of the disorder, their roles in treatment and their daughters’ treatment experiences.

Results

The results show that the ways in which mothers characterise the disease guide their method of tackling it and the relationship they have with their daughter, as well as how they see their role in the care and treatment process.

Conclusions

Anorexia is experienced as something that is uncontainable, and a dimension of its accommodation characterises the relationship between mothers and daughters receiving treatment for the disorder. Treatment is accompanied by a delegating dimension, and the clinical implications are discussed in this study.
The Complex History of Have Gotten in American English
Authors: Anderwald Lieselotte
Published: April 2021

This article challenges the accepted opinion that the American English perfect form HAVE gotten is a straightforward historical retention of an earlier British English form. Although HAVE gotten was presumably part of the settler input in North America, it (almost) died out in American English as well, but was then revived in the nineteenth century, as historical corpus data show. Contrary to expectations, this revival was not an innovation from below. Instead, the rise of HAVE gotten was promoted by careful writers who deliberately avoided the highly stigmatized stative HAVE got. This explains why perfect HAVE gotten appears in more formal text types first, and how it became specialized to dynamic contexts only. The morphological Americanism HAVE gotten is thus a curious case of an (unintended) side-effect of marginally successful prescriptivism.1
Influences and Convergences in the Dissemination of Cameralist Ideas in Portugal
Authors: Cunha Alexandre Mendes
Published: April 2021

The connection between economic and legal knowledge is an important gateway to the reflection on how Cameralist perspectives traveled within the framework of continental Europe enlightened reformism during the eighteenth century. This article focusses on the Iberian context in the last decades of the eighteenth century to show how some legal sources, particularly the ones related to the interpretation and justification of police ordinances as part of the studies of direito pátrio (national law), offered important facets to understand this dissemination process. The discussion in detail of certain aspects of the Portuguese case finishes up by illustrating broader aspects of how Cameralism spread throughout Europe, showing that along with routes of influence there were also processes of convergence of ideas (i.e., ideas that experienced relatively autonomously combinations and recombination and that ended up converging more or less coincidentally in some aspects). The agents of enlightened reformism in different European monarchies and in Portugal in particular, collected a wide range of ideas and inspirations for administrative action which included, sometimes consciously, sometimes inadvertently, Cameralist sources and ended up producing, by design or chance, an interesting amalgam through the superposition these different sources.
Signs of Happiness
Authors: Luna-Fabritius Adriana
Published: April 2021

Although it has been argued that Cameralism had a prominent place in the formation of the modern economic mind and that public happiness was a crucial intersection of early modern economic discourses, its (re) discovery by mainstream economics has been considered partial and unconvincing. Therefore, it is crucial to understand that it was in the aftermath of the political and economic crisis of the Thirty Years’ War that happiness was established at the core of the foundations of Spanish Imperialism in the 1650s and then again in the 1760s. The text Signs of Happiness by Francesc Romà i Rossell (1768) is the best thread to reconstruct the evolution of Spanish imperialism. It spins the thread from the 1650s when happiness expanded the public sphere until the publication of his proposal where happiness is defined as the ability to recover from the decline through internal development and the improvement of agriculture, industry, and commerce. It is then when happiness and Cameralist teachings came together to sharpen Romà i Rossell’s science of government to transform the monarchy and underpin the creation of the Spanish nation.
Cameralism in the Habsburg Monarchy and Hungary
Authors: Szántay Antal
Published: April 2021

The article argues that Cameralism and the Habsburg Monarchy were in strong mutual interchange during the eighteenth century. After the Great Turkish War and the War of the Spanish Succession, the Habsburg Monarchy had to incorporate vast territories into the monarchy’s governmental system. Integration, unification, and centralization were on the agenda. Viennese government circles relied on Cameralism as the leading theory of state, economy, and society, while Cameralism rose, broadened, and became institutionalized in administration and higher education. The most important works of late-seventeenth-century Cameralism were formulated in the service of Emperor Leopold I. Cameralism with different branches of knowledge serviceable for the state became fully institutionalized in the higher education in the Habsburg Monarchy—including Hungary. Cameralism, specifically the ideas of Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi, can be linked to the fundamental administrative reforms of Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz under Maria Theresa in the 1740s and of Emperor Joseph II in the 1780s. Justi developed an idea of government characterized by centralization, uniformity, and bureaucracy, which became a priority goal of Joseph II’s reforms. Finally, Cameralism was the backbone of policies in finances, taxation, and trade regulations though more openminded toward rising economic ideas.
Λογική και σημασιολογία για γλώσσες που περιέχουν ασαφή κατηγορήματα
Authors: Τριανταφύλλου Ευάγγελος
Published: April 2021

Διατυπώνεται μια τυπική σημασιολογική θεωρία για γλώσσες που περιέχουν ασαφή κατηγορήματα, βάσει συγκεκριμένων φιλοσοφικών παραδοχών -όσον αφορά την φύση του φαινομένου της ασάφειας και τα χαρακτηριστικά των ασαφών εκφράσεων- που προκύπτουν έπειτα από κατάλληλη φιλοσοφική διερεύνηση τόσο του υπό εξέταση φαινομένου όσο και των υπολοίπων θεωριών που έχουν μέχρι αυτό το σημείο προταθεί. Βάσει αυτής προσδιορίζεται ένα συγκεκριμένο σύστημα μη κλασικής λογικής που διέπεται από μια μη μεταβατική σχέση συνέπειας, μελετώνται τα χαρακτηριστικά του και προσδιορίζονται δύο συντακτικά συστήματα αποδείξεων, για τα οποία επιπλέον δίνονται αποδείξεις ορθότητας και πληρότητας. Τέλος, ερευνώνται συγκεκριμένες επεκτάσεις της γλώσσας με επιπλέον εκφράσεις, οι οποίες συνοδεύονται από κατάλληλο εμπλουτισμό της περιγραφής της αντίστοιχης σημασιολογικής δομής εντός της μεταγλώσσας. Εμπλουτίζεται έτσι η γλώσσα αντικείμενο με έναν τελεστή ο οποίος μεταφράζεται στην φυσική γλώσσα ως 'ξεκάθαρα', κάτι που επιτρέπει την εμφάνιση γλωσσικών φαινομένων που χαρακτηρίζονται από ασάφεια ανώτερης τάξης εντός αυτής. Από σημασιολογική άποψη, ο εμπλουτισμός της γλώσσας αντικείμενο βασίζεται σε μια κατασκευή που αποτελείται από μια άπειρη ιεραρχία ασαφών γλωσσών. Η συγκεκριμένη ιεραρχία γίνεται μέχρι ενός σημείου να αντιμετωπιστεί ως μια ιεραρχία ασαφών εν μέρει μεταγλωσσών. Οι γλώσσες εντός αυτής της ιεραρχίας -πέραν της αρχικής γλώσσας αντικείμενο- εμπλουτίζονται λοιπόν με μια κατάλληλη κατηγορηματική έκφραση που γίνεται να ερμηνευτεί ως ένα είδος κατηγορήματος αλήθειας, οπότε και επαληθεύεται ότι ορισμένα μη μεταβατικά χαρακτηριστικά αντικατοπτρίζονται εντός των ασαφών μεταγλωσσών ως μη μεταβατικότητα της αναγκαίας διατήρησης αλήθειας.
Deep learning techniques in digital media
Authors: Τζελέπη Μαρία
Published: April 2021

Οι πρόσφατες εξελίξεις στον τομέα της Βαθιάς Μάθησης έχουν οδηγήσει σε εξαιρετικά αποτελέσματα για την αντιμετώπιση προβλημάτων ανάλυσης ψηφιακών μέσων, όπως είναι η κατηγοριοποίηση και η ανάκτηση εικόνων. Ωστόσο, οι μέθοδοι Βαθιάς Μάθησης, παρόλο που είναι ικανές να αντιμετωπίσουν αποτελεσματικά τα παραπάνω προβλήματα, παρουσιάζουν υψηλή υπολογιστική πολυπλοκότητα. Αυτό καθίσταται σημαντικό εμπόδιο στην εφαρμογή τους σε συσκευές με περιορισμένη υπολογιστική ισχύ. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετήθηκαν μέθοδοι Βαθιάς Μάθησης για την αντιμετώπιση των προβλημάτων της ανάκτησης εικόνων με βάση το σημασιολογικό τους περιεχόμενο, της κατηγοριοποίησης εικόνων, όπως επίσης και της αυτόματης περιγραφής βίντεο με λέξεις. Οι κύριες στοχεύσεις της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής συνοψίζονται στην ανάπτυξη μεθόδων μάθησης αναπαραστάσεων προσαρμοσμένων στα συγκεκριμένα προβλήματα ανάλυσης ψηφιακών μέσων, όπως επίσης και στην ανάπτυξη ελαφρών μεθόδων Βαθιάς Μάθησης που θα επιτρέπουν την εφαρμογή τους σε συσκευές με περιορισμένους υπολογιστικούς πόρους. Για τον σκοπό αυτό, αρχικά αναπτύχθηκε γενική μέθοδος για την εκμάθηση αποτελεσματικών αναπαραστάσεων προσαρμοσμένων στο πρόβλημα της ανάκτησης εικόνων με βάση το σημασιολογικό τους περιεχόμενο. Η μέθοδος, στη συνέχεια, προσαρμόστηκε με σκοπό την εκμάθηση αναπαραστάσεων που βελτιώνουν παράλληλα με την ακρίβεια ανάκτησης, τις απαιτήσεις μνήμης και την ταχύτητα ανάκτησης. Στη συνέχεια, αναπτύχθηκαν ελαφρά μοντέλα Βαθιάς Μάθησης ικανά να εφαρμοστούν ακόμη και σε πραγματικό χρόνο για δεδομένα υψηλής ανάλυσης σε συσκευές με περιορισμένη υπολογιστική ισχύ, για την αντιμετώπιση γενικών προβλημάτων κατηγοριοποίησης εικόνων. Παράλληλα, αναπτύχθηκαν διάφορες τεχνικές κανονικοποίησης βασισμένες στην έννοια της μάθησης πολλαπλών εργασιών (π.χ. κανονικοποίηση βασισμένη στους αλγορίθμους ένθεσης γράφων, κανονικοποίηση βασισμένη στο κριτήριο της τετραγωνικής αμοιβαίας πληροφορίας), που επέτρεψαν την βελτίωση της ικανότητας γενίκευσης των προτεινόμενων ελαφρών μοντέλων. Εν συνεχεία, προτάθηκαν δύο μέθοδοι απευθείας απόσταξης γνώσης από το ίδιο το μοντέλο στον εαυτό του. Οι προτεινόμενες μέθοδοι επέτρεψαν την εκπαίδευση αποτελεσματικών ελαφρών μοντέλων σε προβλήματα κατηγοριοποίησης. Τέλος, προτάθηκε μέθοδος αυτόματης περιγραφής βίντεο με λέξεις, ικανή να συλλέξει διαφορετικούς τύπους πληροφορίας, παρέχοντας βελτιωμένα αποτελέσματα.
Mastering by Students of the Second Grades of the Universal Educational Action of Classification
Authors: Yankovskaya Tat'yana
Published: April 2021

The article discusses the problem of the formation of a universal educational action of classification among junior schoolchildren of the second grade, which refers to intellectual operations of a cognitive nature. Three stages of the formation of the classification action are revealed: the choice of an essential basis for grouping objects; classification according to a given basis; classification on an independently chosen basis. Examples of assignments developed on the basis of the content of various elementary school subjects are given, in the process of completing which students of the second grade consistently master the logical actions of classification.
Ways of Overcoming Difficulties in the Formation of Metasubject Achievements of Primary Schoolchildren on the Basis of the Study of Historical Material
Authors: Vorozheykina N.
Published: April 2021

The article describes the difficulties in the formation of a number of universal educational actions in younger schoolchildren, such as semantic reading, analysis of visual (pictorial) information when mastering the historical material of the course "The World Around". The informational function of a textbook on the subject "The World Around" is considered as the main means of teaching, contributing to the formation of systematized historical ideas among junior schoolchildren. The possibilities of improving the cognitive activity of students in the process of working with textual and visual information of historical content presented in the textbook are revealed, which has a direct impact on the successful acquisition of metasubject skills by primary schoolchildren, stated in the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education for learning outcomes.
Low-Price Guarantees in a Dual Channel of Distribution
Authors: Jiang Juncai , He Chuan
Published: April 2021

In a dual channel, the manufacturer's low-price guarantee facilitates price discrimination and channel coordination and the manufacturer may choose price-beating, price-matching, or no guarantee.
Data Set: 187 Weeks of Customer Forecasts and Orders for Microprocessors from Intel Corporation
Authors: Manary Matthew P. , Willems Sean P.
Published: April 2021

Problem definition: This data set contains 187 consecutive weeks of Intel microprocessor demand information for all five distribution centers in one of its five sales geographies. For every stock keeping unit (SKU) at every location, the weekly forecasted demand and actual customer orders are provided as well as the SKU’s average selling price category. These data are provided by week and by distribution center, producing 26,114 records in total. Academic/practical relevance: The 86 SKUs in the data set span five product generations. It provides years of product evolution across generations and price points. Methodology: As a data set paper, its purpose is to provide interesting and rich real-world data for researchers developing forecasting, inventory, pricing, and product assortment models. Results: The data set demonstrates the presence of significant forecast bias, heterogeneity of forecast errors between distribution centers, generational differences, product life cycles, and pricing dynamics. Managerial implications: This data set provides access to a rich pricing and sales setting from a major corporation that has not been made available before.
Examining change in migration strategies over the life course of international PhD students
Authors: Rakovcová Dana , Drbohlav Dušan
Published: April 2021

This article examines PhD students’ migration plans and strategies, their development over time, and the circumstances of their potential or real return within the changing life course context. The research is based on a longitudinal qualitative study conducted over six years (2012–17) among 21 international PhD students coming from developing countries, studying in the Netherlands. Results are discussed in the context of a cultural shift and the migration–development nexus. We argue that: (1) strong feelings of responsibility towards both their family and the development of their country of origin are leading factors shaping their migration strategies; (2) specialisation of their research project and its applicability in the home country also importantly influences their return potential; and (3) an apparent moral responsibility towards the home society and a willingness to help countries of migratory origin was growing stronger over the observation time (in harmony with post-materialist values the informants gained when studying in the Netherlands) along the progressing life course, which creates a broad potential for brain gain.
The collective disorientation of the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Velasco Pablo Fernández , Perroy Bastien , Casati Roberto
Published: April 2021

One of the chief features of this global crisis is that we find ourselves in a shifting landscape. The resulting disorientation extends beyond health research and into many domains of our individual and collective lives. We suffer from political disorientation (the need for a radical shift in economic thinking), from social disorientation (the rearrangement of social dynamics based on distancing measures), and from temporal disorientation (the warping of our sense of time during lockdown), to name but a few. This generalised state of disorientation has substantial effects on wellbeing and decision making. In this paper, we review the multiple dimensions of disorientation of the COVID-19 crisis and use state-of-the art research on disorientation to gain insight into the social, psychological and political dynamics of the current pandemic. Just like standard, spatial cases of disorientation, the non-spatial forms of disorientation prevalent in the current crisis consist in the mismatch between our frames of reference and our immediate experience, and they result in anxiety, helplessness and isolation, but also in the possibility of re-orienting. The current crisis provides a unique environment in which to study non-spatial forms of disorientation. In turn, existing knowledge about spatial disorientation can shed light on the shifting landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic.
GPU-accelerated calculation of computer-generated holograms for line-drawn objects
Authors: Nishitsuji Takashi , Blinder David , Kakue Takashi , Shimobaba Tomoyoshi , Schelkens Peter , Ito Tomoyoshi
Published: April 2021

The heavy computational burden of computer-generated holograms (CGHs) has been a significant issue for three-dimensional (3D) display systems using electro-holography. Recently, fast CGH calculation methods of line-drawn objects for electro-holography were proposed, which are targeted for holography-based augmented reality/virtual reality devices because of their ability to project object contours in space with a small computational load. However, these methods still face shortcomings, namely, they cannot draw arbitrary curves with graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration, which is an obstacle for replaying highly expressive and complex 3D images. In this paper, we propose an effective algorithm for calculating arbitrary line-drawn objects at layers of different depths suitable for implementation of GPU. By combining the integral calculation of wave propagation with an algebraic solution, we successfully calculated CGHs of 1, 920 × 1, 080 pixels within 1.1 ms on an NVIDIA Geforce RTX 2080Ti GPU.
Investigation on many-body effects in micro-LEDs under ultra-high injection levels
Authors: Zhan JingLin , Chen ZhiZhong , Li ChengCheng , Chen YiYong , Nie JingXin , Pan ZuoJian , Deng ChuHan , Xi Xin , Jiao Fei , Kang XiangNing , Li ShunFeng , Wang Qi , Yu TongJun , Tong YuZhen , Zhang GuoYi , Shen Bo
Published: April 2021

Micro-LEDs can work under an extremely high injection level and are widely used in high-brightness micro-displays and visible light communication. With the increase of carrier concentration, many-body effects gradually become important factors affecting devices’ characteristics. Considering the effects of carrier scattering, bandgap renormalization, and Coulomb enhancement (CE), changes in the electroluminescence spectra of micro-LEDs are analyzed as the current density increases from 49.2 to 358.2 kA/cm2, the latter representing an ultra-high injection level. Affected by plasma screening, CE decreases below about 150 kA/cm2. After that, polarization screening dominates and effectively alleviates the spatial separation of electrons and holes, which results in CE increases to the maximum injection level of 358.2 kA/cm2. It is established that CE promotes radiative recombination processes. Different from the traditional phenomenon of “efficiency droop”, the enhanced attraction between carriers leads to an abnormal increase of external quantum efficiency at high current density.
Broadband chromatic dispersion measurements in higher-order modes selectively excited in optical fibers using a spatial light modulator
Authors: Zolnacz Kinga , Szatkowski Mateusz , Masajada Jan , Urbanczyk Waclaw
Published: April 2021

We propose an improvement of the interferometric method used up to now to measure the chromatic dispersion in single mode optical fibers, which enables dispersion measurements in higher-order modes over a wide spectral range. To selectively excite a specific mode, a spatial light modulator was used in the reflective configuration to generate an appropriate phase distribution across an input supercontinuum beam. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach using chromatic dispersion measurements of the six lowest order spatial modes supported by an optical fiber in the spectral range from 450 to 1600 nm. Moreover, we present the results of numerical simulations that confirm sufficient selectivity of higher-order mode excitation.