bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood groups, red cell enzymes, and cerumen types of the Ahousat (Nootka) Indians
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Birkbeck John , Lee Melvin , Petrakis Nicholas L.
Published: February 2006

A survey of the blood groups of a Nootka band produced frequencies characteristic of North American Indians for the ABO system (0.99 for 0, 0.0 for B, and 0.01 for A), Rhesus (0.822 for cDE, 0.011 for cde, 0.023 for cDe), Lutheran (1.00 for Lu(a—)), Duffy (0.505 for Fy(a+)) and Diego (0.039 for Di(a+)). K is not absent though the frequency is not great (0.028). Surprising results were obtained for the MN locus (0.399 for M, 0.601 for N), P (0.209 for P1), and Lewis (0.568 for Le(a+)). A frequency of phosphoglucomutase type PGM11 of 0.890 was found; all hemoglobins were type AA; no G‐6‐PD deficiency was found an all were type B positive; the frequency of the dry cerumen allele was found to be 0.323.
Bushman, Hottentot and South African Negro crania studied by distance and discrimination
Authors: Rightmire G. P.
Published: February 2006

Anthropometric, serological and previous skeletal studies bearing on the question of Bushman‐Hottentot similarities and the relationships of these populations to South African Negroes are summarized briefly. Measurements of well documented crania representative of these three groups are then examined using the multivariate statistical techniques of generalized distance and discriminant function analysis, and the following points emerge:

The Bushman‐Hottentot generalized distance as computed on Mahalanobis' D2for six characters, and again on D2and Penrose's C2Husing 12 measurements, appears small (and non‐significant) relative to the Bushman‐Negro and Hottentot‐Negro separations, which achieve statistical significance at the 5% level; in general the analysis suggests Bushmen and Hottentots to be fully as similar in cranial form as in blood group and serum protein distributions. That these peoples should be “lumped” in a Negro category appears doubtful on the evidence available.

Simple two‐group discriminant functions, computed on subsets of variables selected from the 35 original measurements, correctly assign “race” in 89% of cases when Bushman and Hottentot males are compared, and in 98–100% of cases when Bushman skulls are paired with those of Zulus. The latter discriminants also perform well when confronted with “new” (Sotho) skulls of both sexes. By showing which measurements or aspects of morphology are important to group separation, discriminant analysis provides an interpretation of differences between these series, and the functions themselves should prove efficient aids for classifying material of unknown of questionable origin, assuming that such skulls in fact belong in one of the parent groups included in the analysis.

A multiple discriminant approach, whereby seven groups of Bushman, Hottentot and Negro crania are located in a multidimensional space or statistical framework defined by six 29‐variable functions as axes, permits simultaneous discrimination by both sex and race and allows correct assignments to be made for nearly 80% of all (179) individuals tested. Examination of the scaled vector versions of the functions suggests that measurements of over‐all vault size are generally important in distinguishing between the sexes, while various aspects of skull form are the more efficient race discriminators. It seems likely that other shape‐directed measurements, more sensitive to racial variation in cranial morphology than many currently employed, could and should be devised in order to exploit fully the capabilities of discriminants as tools not only for assigning individual specimens to a population but also for classifying the populations themselves in objective terms.
Bigeneric nomina: An historical and evolutionary perspective
Authors: Eckhardt Robert B.
Published: February 2006

It is suggested that the addition of bigeneric or bispecific nomina to designate fossils which are intermediate between two chronogenera or chronospecies is inadvisable, because the use of either of these categories to describe cases involving a single phyletic line, consisting of a continuous chain of time‐sequential populations, misrepresents the nature of the evolutionary processes involved; and that in such cases fossils might best be referred to by specimen numbers.
Polymorphism of the C line of palmar dermatoglyphics with a new classification of the C line terminations
Authors: Plato Chris C.
Published: February 2006

The terminations of the C line of the palm were classified into four modal types according to the direction of their path. These are (1) Ulnar type with 3, 4, 5′, 5″, 6 or 7 terminations; (2) Radial type with terminations in the palmar areas 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13; (3) Proximal type representing the terminations X, x, or 8; and (4) Absent type where no c triradius is present. The frequency of these four modal types exhibits strong racial variation, as well as strong bilateral polymorphism.
The relationship between facial proportions and root length in the dentition of dogs
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse , Siegel Michael I.
Published: February 2006

The present analysis represents a follow‐up to a previous experimental study in which facial shortening obtained in rats by septum removal produced also shortening of the molar roots. In the present study relative root length was compared in short‐faced as against long‐faced dogs and significant correlations between relative facial length and dental root length were found. Root shortening in the maxilla of short‐faced dogs clusters around the areas of the premaxillary‐maxillary suture and the maxillary‐palatine suture. For the mandible it shifts one tooth more distally and is of lower statistical significance. This distribution seems to tie in with the greater growth arrest in the above sutural areas in the maxilla of short‐faced dogs and the lesser growth arrest of their mandible.
Metric variability of the postcanine dentition in colobus monkeys
Authors: Leutenegger Walter
Published: February 2006

The postcanine dentition of three species of colobus monkeys (Colobus polykomos polykomos, Procolobus badius badius and Procolobus verus) is compared metrically for three characters: interdental relations, sexual dimorphism and interspecific relations. Interdental relations reveal that the postcanine teeth represent a single morphogenetic field, which supports Butler's concept on the nature of the differentiation and variability of mammalian dentition. However, comparisons of the coefficients of variation show that interdental differences are not significant, except in a few cases. Also, sex differences in variability are not significant. However, comparisons of the means reveal highly significant sex differences, particularly in the dimensions of the first lower premolar in all three species. The analysis of interspecific relations of the postcanine dentition supports the current idea about the systematics of colobus monkeys. The findings are discussed with comparative data from other cercopithecoids and hominoids.
Studies on agenesis in the permanent dentition
Authors: Baum Bruce J. , Cohen M. Michael
Published: February 2006

Tooth dimensions in 104 males and females with agenesis of one or more permanent teeth, other than third molars, have been examined. The amounts of size reduction from normal in mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth diameters appear to be independent. Also some apparent differences from normal tooth size variability were noted. Interestingly, first molars and canines, both considered to be stable components of the dentition, showed significant variability in tooth size. In addition the incidence of individual tooth agenesis within this sample was noted and maxillary lateral incisor was most frequently absent in both sexes.
Significance of canine wear in pongid evolution
Authors: St. Hoyme Lucile E. , Koritzer Richard T.
Published: February 2006

Pongid canines, as frequently claimed, do not prevent chewing motions which lead to the flattened “human” pattern of molar and canine wear. Teeth are worn flat in contemporary pongids as the results of physiologic function. It would therefore seem improper to use wear pattern in fossils such as Gigantopithecus for taxonomic purposes out of the physiological context.
New australopithecines from East Rudolf, Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Mungai J. M. , Walker A. C.
Published: February 2006

Five new specimens of fossil hominids, including a nearly complete cranium, from Plio‐Pleistocene sediments near Lake Rudolf, Kenya are described. These descriptions are presented without comparative data and no taxonomic assessments have been made to date. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published in due course.
The improper use of fossil nomenclature
Authors: Garn Stanley M.
Published: February 2006

Retention of obsolete genera and species, and premature acceptance of provisional genera and species unnecessarily inhibit meaningful communication between students of fossil man.
Morphological variation and heritability in three Melanesian populations: A multivariate approach
Authors: McHenry Henry , Giles Eugene
Published: February 2006

In two previous papers Giles, Walsh and Bradley ('66) and Giles, Wyber and Walsh ('70) have shown that the inhabitants of three adjacent villages on the edge of the Markham Valley in New Guinea have significant heterogeneity in all blood group frequencies tested. The language, environment, culture, and ancestry of these people are essentially identical. The differences in the blood group frequencies were attributed to genetic drift and particularly to founder effect.

In this paper the anthropometric data from these villages are analysed. Analysis of variance shows that 50% of the traits are significantly different. Multiple discriminant analysis demonstrates that the villages can be significantly separated morphologically. The heritability of each trait is determined using an analysis of within and among sibship variation. Traits with strong “genetic” components of variation and traits with strong “environmental” components contribute significantly to the morphological heterogeneity among the villages. Some speculations are presented on the cause of the “genetic” component of morphological variation.
Relative brain size: A critique of a new measure
Authors: Wanner James A.
Published: February 2006

An analysis of a relative brain size measuring technique proposed by Radinsky ('67) shows it to be inapplicable on lower taxonomic levels of primates. The relationship among foramen magnum area, total skeletal weight (a suggested index of body size) and cranial capacity are analyzed by a partial correlation technique. Results indicate that foramen magnum size is significantly associated with total skeletal weight through its relationship to cranial capacity.
Attributes of the radiographic standard of reference for the National Health Examination Survey
Authors: Pyle S. Idell , Waterhouse Alice M. , Greulich William Walter
Published: February 2006

In 1964, this standard was prepared at the request of the National Center for Health Statistics so that the skeletal age of the bones in the growing hand and wrist could be read from the films of the children and youths–age 5 to 18 years—from 40 areas of the United States who have been included in the National Health Survey.

The major directive from the National Center was to prepare a standard so that a skeletal age could be assigned to each growing bone without any reference to the sex or the age of the subjects in the Survey.

Between 1928 and 1964, the attributes of the present standard had been tested in the United States and abroad using films of children and youths of all races and several forms of standards. The widely‐used radiographic form was chosen.

Contact‐size prints of 26 films of the hand and wrist were arranged as a maturity series to illustrate transitional osseous features which appear in the radiographic shadows of each bone during growth. A description of these features and standardized bone ages for males completed each standard plate.

Copies of a Manual containing the standard as used by the NHS film readers, details of its preparation, bone age equivalents for females related to the 26 standard films, and some new examples of use of bone ages will be provided for participants to this evaluation of skeletal age standards for children and youths.
The essential characteristics of a rating system
Authors: Tanner J. M.
Published: February 2006

The principles of the Tanner‐Whitehouse‐Healy system for assessing skeletal maturity will be described and in particular the statistical basis for the scores given to each stage of each bone in the hand and wrist. The uses of the system, particularly in clinical cases, will be discussed together with reliability of the ratings.

A revised system will be presented in which a part of the stages are amalgamated and the possibility of dropping some of the bones will be discussed. General discussion will be invited on the logical basis for selecting certain stages of certain bones as superior to others as assessors of maturity.
The use of the Greulich‐Pyle method in a longitudinal growth study
Authors: Johnston Francis E.
Published: February 2006

The Greulich‐Pyle method of assessing skeletal maturity is essentially suited to cross‐sectional analyses, though it may be used retrospectively in longitudinal studies, through the technique of regression analysis. When applied to the serial records of 120 Philadelphia children, considerable variability in maturation rate may be observed. This variability is both within and between‐individuals. While most seems to be random, there is the strong suggestion that individuals who are, during infancy and early childhood, slow maturers, speed up to greater‐than‐average rates during middle childhood and adolescence; the opposite may be inferred in those who are initially rapid maturers. Though these findings were consistent in the Philadelphia sample, they may be artifacts of the Greulich‐Pyle standards.
Reproducibility of rating stages of osseous development. (Tanner‐Whitehouse system)
Authors: Medicus Hildegard , Grøn Anna‐Marie , Moorrees Coenraad F. A.
Published: February 2006

The descriptions of stages of hand‐wrist development by Tanner and Whitehouse were used for assessment of skeletal maturation in the Forsyth longitudinal twin study, because this method facilitates direct comparison of rate and pattern of development between individuals.

In a sample of 300 hand‐wrist radiographs, reproducibility of ratings by the same observer ranged from 72 to 87%. Assessment by two observers produced equally high agreement for the short and long bones and only slightly lower agreement for the round bones. Differences did not exceed one stage except in rare instances. Each observer produced consistent ratings over time, but the second observer rated at a slightly lower level.

The findings at stage level revealed areas of major disagreement in ratings owing to factors such as the definition and duration of stages as well as the interpretation of the radiographic image.

Further research relating the attainment of the various stages of the hand‐wrist bones with other developmental events is needed to determine which maturity indicators and which developmental centers are most valuable clinically.
Comparison of Tanner‐Whitehouse and Greulich‐Pyle methods in a large scale Danish survey
Authors: Andersen Else
Published: February 2006

In Denmark no systematic investigation of skeletal development had been made prior to this investigation which involved 1009 school children aged 7–18 years in a transverse examination. The skeletal age was estimated according to the American atlas of Greulich‐Pyle. The English system of Tanner‐Whitehouse was also applied. In this latter method the stage of development of 20 selected bones in the hand and wrist is rated on a scale of 8 (in one case 9) possible stages. Each bone is awarded points according to its stage of development. These points are totalled for the 20 bones and reference to a table gives the skeletal age. The problem with this system is that the later stages of carpal bone development cannot be reliably placed on the scale. Their point system is calculated in such a way that a difference of one stage in rating of a single carpal bone in older children would give rise to a difference of up to two years in the skeletal age estimation. For younger children the method is, however, quite reliable. The investigation has shown that Greulich‐Pyle's atlas can be applied to Danish children of 7‐18 years of age provided that a correction of six months is made. A variable error of about four months was found when using Greulich‐Pyle compared to about two months with Tanner‐Whitehouse.
Choice of area for assessment
Authors: Cobb W. Montague
Published: February 2006

Multiple areas for assessment of skeletal maturity of an individual (hand, foot, knee, elbow, shoulder, hip) provide the broadest basis for accurate appraisal. Such studies are becoming progressively less feasible because: (1) the amount of radiation exposure involved may not be permitted; and (2) the greater time, expense and technical assistance required may not be justified by the knowledge yielded.

For most statistical series it is desirable today to limit radiographs to one area. The left hand, including lower forearm, would seem the area of choice. It is most convenient, permits maximum subjects cooperation, is cheapest, most rapidly done, and may be repeated most often without objection. Uniformity and clarity of radiograms are also easiest to obtain. Standardization of techniques for use with both fixed and portable machines by widely separated workers is most readily attained.

For special purposes the choice of area must be determined by the information sought. Special measures will often have to be devised to answer the questions being investigated.
Skeletal maturity indicators in infancy
Authors: Falkner Frank
Published: February 2006

Present methods are unsatisfactory, for unless an individual infant is widely deviant no satisfactory assessment can be made. Application of various methods to the perinatal period and possible new approaches will be discussed. There is a great need for useful estimates of maturity in this area of growth.
Problems in combining skeletal age for an individual
Authors: Lee M. M. C.
Published: February 2006

Maturity imbalance between bones from different areas of the body, or between different bones in the same area or even between different centers within the same bones, are not an infrequent experience in doing radiographic assessment of skeletal maturation. Data from previous works have demonstrated tremendous variation concerning the pattern, degree, and causes of the imbalance. In view of the incomplete and contradictory knowledge concerning the mechanism producing such imbalance, it was only recommended to obtain the unweighted arithmetic mean of all the separately assessed bones as the overall skeletal age for an individual. It was hoped, however, that enthusiastic collection of new data on multiple bone assessments would soon take place which would facilitate a further recognition of the significance in skeletal maturity imbalance.
Dysharmonic maturation of the hand in the congenital malformation syndromes
Authors: Poznanski Andrew K. , Garn Stanley M. , Kuhns Lawrence R. , Sandusky Sam T.
Published: February 2006

In many congenital malformation syndromes the pattern of hand‐wrist development does not fit the sequence pictured in the Greulich‐Pyle atlas. Not infrequently, there is a difference in maturation level of carpal and phalangeal centers in excess of that found in clinically normal children. Usually, the carpal centers are less developed than the phalangeal centers, whereas overall skeletal maturation is retarded (as in trisomy 18) or advanced (as in cerebral gigantism). In still other conditions, specific carpal centers are disproportionately delayed. By way of example, the capitate is differentially delayed in epiphyseal dysplasia, the lunate in homocystinuria, and the scaphoid in Fanconi's anemia and other radial hypoplasia syndromes. Side to side (i.e., bilateral) asymmetries may also occur in the developing hand, as in paralysis, in conditions involving increased local vascularity (as in hemangioma and rheumatoid arthritis) or in conditions associated with decreased vascularity.

In the presence of excessive dysharmonic development or major bilateral asymmetry, with or without agenesis of one or more hand bones, assigning meaningful bone ages in congenital malformation syndromes becomes difficult. On the other hand, the degree and pattern of dysharmonic maturation may be helpful in diagnosis.
Some aspects of the analysis of hand‐wrist bone‐age readings
Authors: Peritz E. , Sproul A.
Published: February 2006

Principal components analysis was applied to the individual center bone‐age readings from the study outlined by Sproul and Peritz ('71) in the preceding paper. The first two components are amenable to a simple interpretation. The first one is a general skeletal maturity factor, which can be expressed as a weighted mean bone‐age, with slightly higher weights attached to the metacarpals and phalanges II to V than to the other bone centers. The second component is a measure of the contrast between hand‐bone and finger‐bone ages, with generally high positive weights for the bone‐ages of radius and carpals, low weights for metacarpals and negative weights for phalanges. The weights for the first component vary little between races and sexes or with children's height. The weights for the second component are less homogeneous. The first component accounts for some two thirds of the variability; the second component accounts for roughly nine percent of it. Mean values for the first two components vary considerably with the children's height. Various other results relating the first two components to height and parents' height are presented. An analysis of the correlation matrices of individual center bone ages revealed particularly high correlations (0.8 to 0.9) within rows, with the exception of thumb bone centers.
Some African fossil foot bones: A note on the interpolation of fossils into a matrix of extant species
Authors: Oxnard Charles E.
Published: February 2006

Certain fossil foot bones (a terminal toe phalanx from Olduvai, specimens of tali from Spy, Skhūl, Olduvai, Kromdraai, Songhor and Rusinga) have been investigated by other workers using the multivariate statistical approach. The conclusions of their studies have, in the main, been based upon examination of early canonical variates alone. It is demonstrated here that if the full analyses (generalized distances) are taken into account, then almost exactly opposite conclusions obtain. The terminal toe phalanx from Olduvai is widely different from those of modern men; the Neandertal tali differ more from modern human bones than previously realized; the specimens from Olduvai, Kromdraai, Songhor and Rusinga are all completely dissimilar from both African ape and modern human tali.
Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition. II. Carabelli's Cusp
Authors: Bang Gisle , Hasund Asbjörn
Published: February 2006

A study of coastal and inland Alaskan Eskimos revealed that a faintly developed Carabelli's cusp was present in 42.7%. No sex difference in the occurrence of Carabelli's cusp was evident and no family showed any difference in the distribution of the frequencies when each family was compared to the rest of the population.

A general tendency toward a higher prevalence of Carabelli's cusp in the coastal Eskimos may be due to more admixture with white people along the coast.

Alaskan Eskimos have a significantly higher frequency of Carabelli's cusp than do Aleuts.

Statistical evaluation revealed that in the Alaskan Eskimo dentition the formation of Carabelli's cusp is independent of the size of the molars and the suppression of the third molars.
Problems in the interpretation of Ramapithecus: With special reference to anterior tooth reduction
Authors: Conroy Glenn C.
Published: February 2006

The dental proportions of Ramapithecus specimen FT 1271‐2 (from Fort Ternan, Kenya) have been compared with undoubted fossil pongids from the Miocene of East Africa. Compared to its Miocene pongid contemporaries, Ramapithecus exhibits distinct anterior tooth reduction both in its incisor and canine dimensions. This distinction is most clearly seen in comparisons of Ramapithecus with pongids of similar cheek tooth size, i.e., Dryopithecus africanus and Pan paniscus. The differences in dental proportions between the phylogenetic lines of D. africanus to Pan and Ramapithecus to Homo are discussed in terms of various dietary hypotheses. The similarities in dental proportions of Gorilla and Ramapithecus illustrate their non‐frugivorous dietary preferences, but have little or no value as far as the taxonomic assessment of Ramapithecus is concerned.
Morphology of the orbital region in adults following the cleft lip/palate repair in childhood
Authors: Farkas Leslie G. , Lindsay William K. , Vanderby Meindert B.
Published: February 2006

Four measurements and two qualitative signs related to the orbits of 145 adult Caucasian cleft lip/palate patients operated on in childhood were compared with similar data on 100 normal Caucasian Canadians. The average interorbital distance in male patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip/palate was greater than in controls, while the interorbital distance in both male and female patients with isolated cleft palate was the same as that in controls. A hypertelorism increased interorbital distance of greater than 2 S.D. above the normal was recorded in 10 cleft patients out of 145, the maximum in male cleft patients being 48 mm and in female cleft patients 38 mm.

Orbital eye fissure length asymmetry was seen only in the cleft study group while a dislocation of the eye fissure levels in the frontal plane was found both in patients with clefts and in controls. No direct relationship was found between the extent of the cleft and the incidence of hypertelorism, nor between the site of the cleft and eye fissure asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip/palate patients.

The epicanthic fold was significantly more frequent in cleft lip/palate patients (28/145) than in controls (10/100). Anti‐mongoloid eye fissure type was recorded only in patients with cleft but mongoloid eye fissure was present both in patients with clefts and controls.
Developmental implications of dichotomous ossification sequences in the wrist region
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Sandusky Sam T. , Miller Richard L. , Nagy Jerrold M.
Published: February 2006

As shown in radiographs of 3,764 children of European ancestry under 11 years of age, there are 55 dichotomous (present‐absent/absent‐present) ossification sequences for nine wrist region centers in boys and 48 such sequences for girls, with statistically significant sexual dimorphism in more than half of the “alternative” sequences. Substantial samples of Meso‐American origin (“Chicanos”) and largely‐African origin (“Blacks”) evidence additional dichotomous ossification sequences, with clear population differences, while Down's syndrome children (47,G +) show a major excess of the numerically rarer sequences of the wrist region.
Genetic drift and polygenic inheritance
Authors: Livingstone Frank B.
Published: February 2006

The interaction of random gene drift and selection was studied by computer simulation for two quantitative traits, which were considered to approximate stature and skin color differences in human populations. The expected effects of gene drift, fixation of alleles and reduction of genotypic and phenotypic variances, were found in the simulation. Stabilizing selection, which seems to be the type of selection operating on these traits, was found to increase the effects of gene drift. Since there seems to be no evidence of reduction in phenotypic and presumably genotypic variability in small human populations, the applicability of these simple genetic models to human traits raises problems for which several possible solutions exist.
Relationships between the frontal sinus and climatic conditions: A skeletal approach to cold adaptation
Authors: Koertvelyessy T.
Published: February 2006

Previous studies in physical anthropology, using superficial facial features, show that the relationship between human facial morphology and climate is not clear. An alternate approach to the problem is the investigation of the deeper facio‐anatomical structures (i.e., cranial sinuses and/or foramina) in relation to climatic variables. The present investigation statistically analyses the relationship between climatic conditions (wind chill equivalent temperatures and absolute humidities) and the occurrence and size of frontal sinuses in 153 Eskimo crania. Conditional results from tests of significance of differences and correlation suggest a relationship between low wind chill equivalent temperatures and small frontal sinus surface areas. These results are interpreted in light of cranial sinus function and environmental physiology.
New australopithecine endocast, SK 1585, from Swartkrans, South Africa
Authors: Holloway Ralph L.
Published: February 2006

The new SK 1585 endocast, found by Dr. Brain at Swartkrans, 1966, is that of a robust australopithecine, matching the endocast of the Olduvai Hominid 5 in volume, and being almost identical to it in morphology. Aside from Olduvai Hominid 5 it is the only robust australopithecine endocast complete enough to permit easy reconstruction, as only a small portion of the frontal lobe is missing. While the gyral and sulcal patterns are not clear, there are a number of features indicating that the brain is not that of a pongid, but that is has been reorganized to a hominid pattern, particularly the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes.
Frostbite in a pre‐Columbian mummy
Authors: Post Peter W. , Donner Donald D.
Published: February 2006

Radiographs of a prehistoric inhabitant of the Atacama desert show pathological bone changes which are consistent with frostbite, gangrene and autoamputation. The burial position of the body suggests a reversal of sex roles during life, possibly resulting from the frostbite injuries.
Cold response, body form, and craniofacial shape in two racial groups of Hawaii
Authors: Steegmann A. T.
Published: February 2006

The goals of this research were two. A first aim was to determine relationships between craniofacial anatomy and craniofacial response to cold, and a second, to apply the results to historical and evolutionary models.

Detailed anthropometric measurements were taken on 58 young men native to Hawaii; 33 were of Japanese descent, and 25 of European ancestry. Facial and other temperatures were recorded during 70 minutes of cooling at 0°C. Heat loss was enhanced by ten foot‐per‐second air movement.

Though the Europeans showed more cold‐induced vasodilation at facial sites, there were cross‐sample correlation agreements which suggested that temperatures remain lower in the presence of high cheek thickness, protrusive malar area, and probably a smaller, shorter head. Consequently, the Coon‐Garn‐Birdsell “cold‐engineered face,” based on a frostbite selection model, is rejected, and an effort is made to fit Asiatics, Europeans and European Neanderthals to current findings.

Additional detail is presented on shape‐temperature regressions as well as simple racial comparisons for cranio‐facial shape, body build, and temperature.
An anthropometric study of northeastern Brazilians
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B.
Published: February 2006

Nearly 200 males from a distinct Brazilian population referred to as “Nordestinos” were examined for 11 bodily measurements, two derived measurements, four indices, and nine anthroposcopic observations. The population, formed principally from a mixture of Portuguese whites, Bantu Negroes, and Brazilian Indians inhabits a marginal area characterized by extreme poverty. They are small to medium in stature with leg length slightly shorter than sitting height. They are broad‐headed, and more than half have broad faces and medium nose shapes. The majority have brown eyes and black hair. A total of 36.9% show normal occlusion. The hybrid population is more variable in many metrical traits than Xingú Indians of Brazil. In stature and cephalic index and in a number of other characters the averages do not lie in an intermediate position between those of the parental populations even when these traits are distinct in the latter.
Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Punjabis in north India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Roberts D. F. , Wig N. N. , Singh Sarbjit
Published: February 2006

Seven red cell isoenzyme systems were investigated on a sample of 140 Punjabis from Hoshiarpur and Chandigarh, shown to be representative by comparison of their blood group frequencies with other samples from the area. Phenotype and gene frequencies are given for adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase locus 1 and 2, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphohexose isomerase. The high frequencies of the ADA2 and AK2 genes in Indian samples and the presence of the rare variant 3‐1 of phosphohexose isomerase are confirmed.
Population genetics of chimpanzee blood groups
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Gordon E. B. , Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J.
Published: February 2006

A series of 60 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were tested for their human‐type A‐B‐O blood groups and for ten simian‐type blood factors. Of the 60 chimpanzees four were group O and 56 group A; combining this with our previous results, among 274 chimpanzees there were 36 group O and 238 group A.

Gene frequency analysis of the V‐A‐B types (determined by three antisera, anti‐Vc, anti‐Ac and anti‐Bc) of the 60 chimpanzees indicated inheritance by four allelic genes, namely, the amorphic gene v and the three additional alleles vA, vB and V. This theory allows for the existence of ten genotypes but only seven V‐A‐B phenotypes, since the type V.AB is excluded.

Gene frequency analysis confirmed that Cc and cc are contrasting antigens determined by corresponding allelic genes. The distribution of the C‐c‐E‐F types among the 60 chimpanzees, as well as among 133 chimpanzees previously tested, is compatible with the postulation of five allelic genes, namely, the amorph c, and the alleles CE, CF, CEF and the very rare allele C.

The blood factor Gc appears to define a separate blood group system, independent of the V‐A‐B and C‐E‐F systems. The newly defined blood factor Lindsay appears to be related to the V‐A‐B system, while factor Hc may be related to the C‐E‐F system.
The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians VII. Anthropometric differences among Yanomama villages
Authors: Spielman Richard S. , Da Rocha F. J. , Weitkamp Lowell R. , Ward Richard H. , Neel James V. , Chagnon Napoleon A.
Published: February 2006

Anthropometric data on 12 variables in 19 villages of the Yanomama Indians demonstrate significant heterogeneity in physique among villages of this tribe. Mahalanobis' distances (D2) calculated from the data lead to the tentative conclusion of a general correspondence between anthropometric and geographic distances separating villages. The mean stature of the Yanomama is smaller than that of most other South American tribes which have been measured, and the Yanomama are genetically distinct from the other small Indians as shown by genetic distances based on allele frequencies for a variety of genetic markers.

Since some subjects were measured more than once by the same and by different observers, it was possible to calculate approximate estimates of variance within and between observers. Univariate analysis indicates that face height and nose height are especially susceptible to systematic differences in technique between observers. The variances obtained in this field study compare favorably with those of some classical laboratory studies described in the literature. It was found that measurement error nevertheless probably makes a substantial contribution to anthropometric distance between villages. The median error variance as a fraction of that of Herskovits ('30) is 0.62 for the seven measurements in common with this study. The median value of the error variance for the 12 variables in this study is between 16% and 17% of the total variance.
The biological relationships of some prehistoric and historic pueblo populations
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: February 2006

Genetic evidence from the skeletal remains of three Pueblo populations, those of Hawikuh, Pueblo Bonito, and Puye, does not indicate that important racial differences arose between these groups, either through genetic influx or selection. They formed a unified group when compared with several non‐Southwestern skeletal samples. Significant genetic variability, however, exists between each pair of populations, contradicting the idea of their belonging to a unified Pueblo Indian gene pool or to a fixed physical type. No differences can be detected between prehistoric populations and those contacted by Europeans. Genetic drift, supplemented by the action of non‐random cultural associations and disease, provides a better explanation of the biological variability of Pueblo Indian populations than gene flow or directional selection.
Quantitative hair form variation in seven populations
Authors: Hrdy Daniel
Published: February 2006

Although hair form has received much attention in the past, it has rarely been studied systematically, and never using direct curling variables. In the present study, seven groups were scored on eight variables, including four newly‐devised curling variables. These data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques to give information about the population relations and mechanisms of hair form. “Racial” groups were separated using a principal components analysis. African and Melanesian populations were shown to have significantly different quantitative hair form traits, especially in regard to their regularity of curvature. The physiological, environmental, and genetic factors contributing to hair form variation are discussed.
Growth standards for the tibia and radius in children aged one month through eighteen years
Authors: Gindhart Patricia S.
Published: February 2006

Standards for the growth of the tibia and the radius are presented for normal males and females ages one month through 18 years. Using radiographs of subjects from the Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development longitudinal program, means and standard deviations for bone length, interval increments and annual increments were determined.

Males and females show little difference in growth of the tibia until adolescence while statistically significant differences are found at nearly all ages in the radius. The adolescent growth spurt occurs in the male from 12–15 years and in the female from 9–12 years.
Norms of size and annual increments of six anatomical measures of the cranium in boys and girls from four to fifteen years of age
Authors: Sekiguchi Takeshi , Savara Bhim Sen , Arya Bhupendra S.
Published: February 2006

Norms of size and annual increments of six cranial dimensions are presented. The sample consists of 20 boys and 23 girls observed longitudinally from 4 to 15 years of age. The reported measurements are corrected for magnification of distortion and represent actual size rather than a roentgenographic projection. The dimensions of the cranial vault are observed to be closer to the adult size at age four years than the dimension involving the cranial base. The cranial base dimension continues to grow until adolescence. The elongation in cranial base dimensions during adolescence may be attributed to bone deposition on glabella.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. I. Introduction: People and habitats
Authors: Damon Albert
Published: February 2006

To introduce a set of genetic studies among Solomon Islanders, four tribal groups on Bougainville and Malaita Islands are described. They were observed in 1966 and 1968 by social anthropologists and biomedical scientists from Harvard University. The groups varied in habitat and way of life from fishermen living on artificial islets in a saltwater lagoon (the Lau, on Malaita) to shifting agriculturists (the Nasioi, on Bougainville, and the Kwaio and Baegu, on Malaita). The Nasioi were darker than the Malaitans and spoke a non‐Austronesian rather than a Melanesian language; they were also more Westernized. Coverage of residents in designated hamlets ranged from 78% to over 95%. In all, 1,626 persons were studied: 256 Nasioi, 443 Kwaio, 442 Lau, and 485 Baegu. Genetic differences have been found between the Nasioi and the Malaitans, and between the Lau and the other Malaitans.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. IV. Mid‐phalangeai hair
Authors: Hindley Stewart W. , Damon Albert
Published: February 2006

Among 425 Lau and 467 Baegu of northern Malaita, there were no tribal differences in mid‐phalangeal hair. The trait was present more often in males than in females, and after puberty than before it. Age differences were more marked for males than for females. Among 168 men 20 years of age and older in both tribes, the frequency of mid‐phalangeal hair was 58.3%; among 189 women of similar age, 34.4%. These frequencies were at or just below those reported for Caucasian samples, just above that for Japanese, and considerably above those for Negroes and American Indians. Analysis of family data did not confirm the hypothesis that the absence of mid‐phalangeal hair is recessive to its presence.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. V. Assortative mating, with special reference to skin color
Authors: Baldwin John C. , Damon Albert
Published: February 2006

Married couples in four Solomon Islands tribes did not mate assortatively for body size or shape. All four groups had high correlations (0.6 to 0.9) between spouses' age and moderate correlations, 0.3 to 0.5, for age‐associated traits like nose height, ear length, and grayness of hair. Three brownskinned groups from Malaita (Kwaio, Lau, and Baegu) showed significant assortative mating for skin color whereas the very dark‐skinned Nasioi, from Bougainville, did not. The positive correlations between spouses for skin color, with r's for various bodily regions ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 in the three Malaitan tribes, persisted when age was partialled out. As expected with assortative mating, the Malaitans' skin color was highly variable.
New australopithecines from East Rudolf, Kenya (III)
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. C.
Published: February 2006

A further ten australopithecine specimens from the Plio‐Pleistocene deposits of East Rudolf, Kenya, are described. These include a fragmentary skull, several mandibles and two pieces of femur. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published later.
Ridge counts of plantar dermatoglyphic interdigital areas and the relation of their trends to the anatomical axis
Authors: Pateria H. N.
Published: February 2006

Brahman and Bhangi, two endogamous groups of Hindu society, have been studied for ridge counts of plantar interdigital areas. No significant sexual difference, excepting a–b ridge count for Brahmans, was observed. Similarly, nonsignificant bilateral variation is exhibited. No ethnic variation is observed as regards the mean total a–b, b–c and c–d counts.

The distribution of ridge counts can be correlated with the anatomical axis of the palm and sole. The palm (Pateria, '67) shows the minimum value for b–c and the sole for a–b. Therefore the minimal counts coincide with anatomical axes, corresponding to the common localization of syndactyly.
The use of principal components analysis in physical anthropology
Authors: Andrews Peter , Williams David B.
Published: February 2006

A principal components analysis of eighty fossil and modern hominid skulls employing a total of 25 measurements is presented. The results are discussed briefly, but the central concern of this paper is to examine how the multivariate functions are arrived at and what they show in terms of biological function. A number of sources of error are discussed deriving from the method of calculating the cross‐products matrix, the incomplete representation of sample variance, the use of data sets involving more than one biological function, and the use of samples that are unevenly constructed. It is concluded that more than one kind of cross‐product matrix should be used in principal components analysis so that distortions that arise from the method of normalizing the cross‐product matrix and the position of the origin of the new set of axes counter‐balance each other; that data sets should never encompass more than one functional complex; and that constituent samples in the total sample matrix should be of equal size as far as possible. It is also concluded that the number of variables that can be usefully employed in one data set is limited, by analogy with the law of diminishing returns.
New evidence of the genus Homo from east Rudolf, Kenya. I
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F.
Published: February 2006

Three new fossil hominid specimens that were recovered in 1970 from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Rudolf are described. They include the left side of the body and the symphyseal region of an adult mandible that contains three molar teeth (KNM‐ER 730), an edentulous left‐sided mandibular fragment (KNM‐ER 731) and the shaft of a left femur (KNM‐ER 737).

The specimens are described in anatomical detail, illustrated and selected measurements given. It is concluded that they should be attributed to the genus Homo sp. indet. Detailed comparative studies will be published in due course.
A study of some immunological and clinical characteristics of gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer in three racial groups of the Venezuelan population
Authors: Lechin Fuad , Van Der Dijs Bertha , Peña Carmen , Chacon Mireya
Published: February 2006

Circulating gastric‐mucosa antibodies were found more frequently among patients with different forms of chronic gastritis than among a miscellaneous control group and groups that presented prepyloric ulcer or duodenal ulcer. A higher incidence of circulating antibodies and of chronic gastritis lesions among Caucasians and “Mestizos” than among Negroes was also observed. The latter showed a higher tendency to duodenal ulcer and prepyloric ulcer. The high incidence of gastritis and gastric ulcer of the Chinese and the Mestizos support the ethnic relation between these two human groups. Our study favors the hypothesis that genetic and ethnic factors influence, on the one hand, chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer and, on the other hand, duodenal and prepyloric ulcers.
The Gm and Inv allotypes of some Ashkenazic Jews living in northern U.S.A.
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: February 2006

Determination of the Gm haplotypes among the serum samples of 249 Ashkenazic Jews living in northern U.S.A. has confirmed the presence of Black African admixture and has established the presence of San (Bushman) admixture. A rough estimate indicates that the haplotypes from these sources contribute about 2% of the genome of the people sampled.

The Inv allele frequency is very low (0.037 ± 0.009). This has been found in other Jewish populations and may be characteristic of Jews.