bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defect Engineering of Chalcogen‐Tailored Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Quasi‐Solid‐State Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Fu Jing , Hassan Fathy M. , Zhong Cheng , Lu Jun , Liu Han , Yu Aiping , Chen Zhongwei
Published: July 2017

A critical bottleneck limiting the performance of rechargeable zinc–air batteries lies in the inefficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions at the air electrodes. Hybridizing transition‐metal oxides with functional graphene materials has shown great advantages due to their catalytic synergism. However, both the mediocre catalytic activity of metal oxides and the restricted 2D mass/charge transfer of graphene render these hybrid catalysts inefficient. Here, an effective strategy combining anion substitution, defect engineering, and the dopant effect to address the above two critical issues is shown. This strategy is demonstrated on a hybrid catalyst consisting of sulfur‐deficient cobalt oxysulfide single crystals and nitrogen‐doped graphene nanomeshes (CoO0.87S0.13/GN). The defect chemistries of both oxygen‐vacancy‐rich, nonstoichiometric cobalt oxysulfides and edge‐nitrogen‐rich graphene nanomeshes lead to a remarkable improvement in electrocatalytic performance, where CoO0.87S0.13/GN exhibits strongly comparable catalytic activity to and much better stability than the best‐known benchmark noble‐metal catalysts. In application to quasi‐solid‐state zinc–air batteries, CoO0.87S0.13/GN as a freestanding catalyst assembly benefits from both structural integrity and enhanced charge transfer to achieve efficient and very stable cycling operation over 300 cycles with a low discharge–charge voltage gap of 0.77 V at 20 mA cm−2 under ambient conditions.
Rational Design of Three‐Layered TiO2@Carbon@MoS2 Hierarchical Nanotubes for Enhanced Lithium Storage
Authors: Wang Sibo , Guan Bu Yuan , Yu Le , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: July 2017

Here we demonstrate the rational design and synthesis of three‐layered TiO2@carbon@MoS2 hierarchical nanotubes for anode applications in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Through an efficient step‐by‐step strategy, ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets are grown on nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) coated TiO2 nanotubes to achieve the TiO2@NC@MoS2 tubular nanostructures. This smart design can effectively shorten the diffusion length of Li+ ions, increase electric conductivity of the electrode, relax volume variation of electrode materials upon cycling, and provide more active sites for electrochemical reactions. Owing to these structural and compositional features, the hierarchical TiO2@NC@MoS2 nanotubes manifest remarkable lithium storage performance with good rate capability and long cycle life.
Theoretical analysis of the spunbond process and its applications for polypropylenes
Authors: Kanai Toshitaka , Kohri Youhei , Takebe Tomoaki
Published: July 2017

The theoretical analysis of the spunbond process was set up and applied to polypropylene (PP) and its blends. The effect of blending low tacticity polypropylene (LMPP) to high tacticity PP on the spinnability of the spunbond process was investigated. A small amount of LMPP was found to stabilize the high‐speed spinning of PP, and very fine fibers were obtained. From the calculated results, it was speculated that the improvement of spinnability originated from the suppression of crystallization speed and strain rate in the spinning process. The physical properties of the spunbond nonwoven fabrics were also investigated.
Ultrathin and Porous Ni3S2/CoNi2S4 3D‐Network Structure for Superhigh Energy Density Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: He Weidong , Wang Chenggang , Li Huiqiao , Deng Xiaolong , Xu Xijin , Zhai Tianyou
Published: July 2017

3D‐networked, ultrathin, and porous Ni3S2/CoNi2S4 on Ni foam (NF) is successfully designed and synthesized by a simple sulfidation process from 3D Ni–Co precursors. Interestingly, the edge site‐enriched Ni3S2/CoNi2S4/NF 3D‐network is realized by the etching‐like effect of S2− ions, which made the surfaces of Ni3S2/CoNi2S4/NF with a ridge‐like feature. The intriguing structural/compositional/componental advantages endow 3D‐networked‐free‐standing Ni3S2/CoNi2S4/NF electrodes better electrochemical performance with specific capacitance of 2435 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 and an excellent rate capability of 80% at 20 A g−1. The corresponding asymmetric supercapacitor achieves a high energy density of 40.0 W h kg−1 at an superhigh power density of 17.3 kW kg−1, excellent specific capacitance (175 F g−1 at 1A g−1), and electrochemical cycling stability (92.8% retention after 6000 cycles) with Ni3S2/CoNi2S4/NF as the positive electrode and activated carbon/NF as the negative electrode. Moreover, the temperature dependences of cyclic voltammetry curve polarization and specific capacitances are carefully investigated, and become more obvious and higher, respectively, with the increase of test temperature. These can be attributed to the components' synergetic effect assuring rich redox reactions, high conductivity as well as highly porous but robust architectures. This work provides a general, low‐cost route to produce high performance electrode materials for portable supercapacitor applications on a large scale.
Growth and Intercalation of Graphene on Silicon Carbide Studied by Low‐Energy Electron Microscopy
Authors: Speck Florian , Ostler Markus , Besendörfer Sven , Krone Julia , Wanke Martina , Seyller Thomas
Published: July 2017

Based on its electronic, structural, chemical, and mechanical properties, many potential applications have been proposed for graphene. In order to realize these visions, graphene has to be synthesized, grown, or exfoliated with properties that are determined by the targeted application. Growth of so‐called epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide by sublimation of silicon in an argon atmosphere is one particular method that could potentially lead to electronic applications. In this contribution we summarize our recent work on different aspects of epitaxial graphene growth and interface manipulation by intercalation, which was performed by a combination of low‐energy electron microscopy, low‐energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy.
Spectral Classification of One‐Dimensional Binary Aperiodic Crystals: An Algebraic Approach
Authors: Maciá Enrique
Published: July 2017

A spectral classification of general one‐dimensional binary aperiodic crystals (BACs) based on both their diffraction patterns and energy spectrum measures is introduced along with a systematic comparison of the zeroth‐order energy spectrum main features for BACs belonging to different spectral classes, including Fibonacci‐class, precious means, metallic means, mixed means and period doubling based representatives. These systems are described by means of mixed‐type Hamiltonians which include both diagonal and off‐diagonal terms aperiodically distributed. An algebraic approach highlighting chemical correlation effects present in the underlying lattice is introduced. Close analytical expressions are obtained by exploiting some algebraic properties of suitable blocking schemes preserving the atomic order of the original lattice. The existence of a resonance energy which defines the basic anatomy of the zeroth‐order energy spectra structure for the standard Fibonacci, the precious means and the Fibonacci‐class quasicrystals is disclosed. This eigenstate is also found in the energy spectra of BACs belonging to other spectral classes, but for specific particular choices of the corresponding model parameters only. The transmission coefficient of these resonant states is always bounded below, although their related Landauer conductance values may range from highly conductive to highly resistive ones, depending on the relative strength of the chemical bonds.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Carbosulfonylation of Alkynes via Sulfonyl Radicals
Authors: García‐Domínguez Andrés , Müller Simona , Nevado Cristina
Published: July 2017

β,β‐Disubstituted vinyl sulfones were obtained with complete regio‐ and stereocontrol in a multicomponent reaction involving alkynes, organoboronic acids, and sulfonyl chlorides in the presence of a nickel catalyst. The reaction proceeds via sulfonyl radicals generated in situ under mild reaction conditions.
Preparation of chitosan functionalized end‐capped Ag‐NPs and composited with Fe3O4‐NPs: Controlled release to pH‐responsive delivery of progesterone and antibacterial activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO‐1)
Authors: Pourebrahim Faezeh , Ghaedi Mehrorang , Dashtian Kheibar , Kheirandish Shadi , Jannesar Ramin , Pezeshkpour Vahid
Published: July 2017

In this work, functionalized chitosan end‐capped Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and composited with Fe3O4‐NPs was prepared as pH‐responsive controlled release carrier for gastric‐specific drug delivery. The structure of prepared material was characterized by FE‐SEM, XRD, EDS and FT‐IR analysis. The loading behavior of the progesterone onto this novel material was studied in aqueous medium at 25°C and their release was followed spectrophotometrically at 37°C in seven different buffer solutions (pH 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2, 5.2, 6.2 and 7.2) to simulate intestine and gastric media which experimental results reveal more release rate in pH 1.2 (gastric medium) with respect to other buffers. This observation is attributed to dependency of the CS‐IMBDO‐Ag‐Fe3O4‐NPs and progesterone structure with buffer pH that candidate this new material as prospective pH‐sensitive carrier for gastric‐targeted drug delivery. On the other hand, the antibacterial properties of this material against gram‐negative bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO‐1) in agar plates was studied and accordingly based on broth micro dilution the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with respect to standard CLSI in different concentrations of CS‐IMBDO‐Ag‐Fe3O4‐NPs was calculated. The results reveal that MIC and MBC values are 50 and 1250 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, extracts of Portulaca oleracea leaves was prepared and its antibacterial activity in single and binary system with CS‐IMBDO‐Ag‐Fe3O4‐NPs as synergies effect against PAO‐1 was tested and results shown that these materials have significant synergistic effect for each other.
Cellulose monoacetate/polycaprolactone and cellulose monoacetate/polycaprolactam blended nanofibers for protease immobilization
Authors: Aykut Yakup , Sevgi Tuba , Demirkan Elif
Published: July 2017

Enzymes can be used multiple times when they are immobilized on a support. More enzymes can be immobilized on a surface when nanofibers are used as a supporting surface because the specific surface area increases tremendously. In this regard, polycaprolactam/cellulose monoacetate (PA6/CMA) and polycaprolactone/cellulose monoacetate (PCL/CMA) blended nanofibers (NFs) were prepared via an electrospinning process. Protease enzymes were immobilized on neat PA6, PCL, PA6/CMA, and PCL/CMA nanofibers and glutaraldehyde (GA) activated analogs through the physical adsorption method. The immobilized enzyme activity was measured by using a casein substrate, and the results were compared with free enzyme activity. Among all of the samples, the highest immobilization yield of about 82% was obtained with GA‐activated neat PCL NF samples. The best remaining activity of the immobilized enzymes on pure CMA NFs was found to be 59% after seven reuses. Even after nine reuses, enzyme activities are still observed on the CMA NF samples. It was expected that the addition of CMA in PCL and PA6 NFs would increase the reusability number to reach the reusability of CMA NFs, but it was not significantly enhanced. If CMA chains could be mostly collected on the sheath or close to the sheath of the NFs during the electrospinnig process, this target could be achieved. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45479.
The Suffolk Park shipwreck, Northern N.S.W.: Pre‐Cook explorers or 19th century trader?
Authors: Boyd W.E. , Charter C.J. , Lancaster G.J.
Published: July 2017

The age of a shipwreck at Suffolk Park, northern New South Wales is reassessed. Using evidence from elemental analysis of metal artefacts, the construction style of the rudder, the age of an Aboriginal story possibly associated with the wreck, and local reports from the early 20th century, it is detemined that the vessel probably dates from the mid to late 19th century. This conclusion is in contrast with previous estimates of the vessel's antiquity, which suggested a much older age. The new evidence, however, is more secure, and supports earlier reservations about the presumed old age of the vessel.
The physical landscape as a social landscape: a Garawa example
Authors: PICKERING MICHAEL
Published: July 2017

Before archaeologists can attempt to identify ‘social landscapes’ it is necessary to define, precisely, what social landscapes are, the variables and processes that structured them and if and how they are likely to be reflected in the archaeological landscape. This paper suggests that the macro‐scale social landscapes of hunter‐gatherers will articulate with subsistence‐settlement landscapes and physical landscapes as components of the cultural landscape. An example of the correspondence between landscapes is shown through the case study of a social landscape of a northern Australian Aboriginal group. The size, shape and internal characteristics of social landscapes, defined by Garawa estates, and subsistence‐settlement landscapes, defined by the distribution of historic occupation sites, are shown to correspond, spatially and temporally, with the topographic and environmental features that characterise main drainage areas. I suggest this articulation between the physical and social landscapes reflects corporate macro‐strategies, enshrined as emic models, for ensuring the simultaneous and harmonious location and operation of both symbolic and material dimensions of Garawa hunter‐gatherer life. I conclude that the material characteristics of the regional archaeological record of hunter‐gatherers will primarily reflect the articulation between the physical and subsistence‐settlement landscapes. Macro‐scale social landscapes are inherent in, and reflected by, the patterning of the subsistence‐settlement landscape.
Ionic Complexes of Tetra‐ and Nonanuclear Cage Copper(II) Phenylsilsesquioxanes: Synthesis and High Activity in Oxidative Catalysis
Authors: Bilyachenko Alexey N. , Kulakova Alena N. , Levitsky Mikhail M. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Titov Aleksei A. , Dorovatovskii Pavel V. , Shul'pina Lidia S. , Lamaty Frédéric , Bantreil Xavier , Villemejeanne Benoît , Ruiz Cindy , Martinez Jean , Shubina Elena S. , Shul'pin Georgiy B.
Published: July 2017

Herein, we describe an approach to cage metallasilsesquioxanes by self‐assembly with 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane as a key reactant. This approach allowed us to achieve a unique family of complexes that includes anionic tetra‐ and nonanuclear cage copper(II) sodium silsesquioxane and cationic copper(I) 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane components. Additional representatives of this intriguing metallasilsesquioxane family (Cu9Na6 and Cu9Na3Cs3) were obtained through the replacement of the original ethanol‐based reaction medium by DMSO. The fascinating structural peculiarities of all products were established by using XRD and topological studies. Initial tests for the application of the synthesized complexes as catalysts revealed their very high activity in the homogeneous oxidation of alkanes and alcohols to produce alkyl hydroperoxides, ketones, and amides.
Towards a Universal Approach for the Analysis of Impedance Spectra of Perovskite Solar Cells: Equivalent Circuits and Empirical Analysis
Authors: Todinova Anna , Contreras‐Bernal Lidia , Salado Manuel , Ahmad Shahzada , Morillo Neftalí , Idígoras Jesús , Anta Juan A.
Published: July 2017

Impedance spectroscopy is a powerful electrochemical small‐perturbation technique that provides dynamic electrical data in solar cells. This technique has been widely used to characterize dye‐sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Physical parameters are normally obtained by fitting to an equivalent circuit, composed of electrical elements which theoretically correspond to physical processes involved in the photoconversion process. A variety of equivalent circuits to model the impedance spectra of PSCs are commonly used by different research groups. In this work, we evaluate their performance and adequacy. We demonstrate the analytical and numerical equivalence of impedance expressions for Voight, matryoshka, and hybrid circuits, which are used to fit a typical impedance spectrum of a PSC and compare the resulting parameters to the empirical values obtained without any equivalent circuit. The numerical equivalence can be demonstrated by using two‐ and three‐component impedance spectra. In contrast, Maxwell‐type equivalent circuits reveal parameters that have a more complex relation to empirical values. The presence of inductive effects such as “loops” and “negative tails” in impedance spectra are also discussed in terms of negative values of resistances and capacitances. We propose a general protocol to analyze impedance data of PSCs and to extract useful information from them.
Optimized Solid‐Phase‐Assisted Synthesis of Oleic Acid Containing siRNA Nanocarriers
Authors: Reinhard Sören , Zhang Wei , Wagner Ernst
Published: July 2017

Cationic lipo‐oligomers containing unsaturated oleic acid are potent siRNA carriers based on electrostatic and hydrophobic lipo‐polyplex formation and endosomal membrane destabilization. Lipo‐oligomers can be produced by solid‐phase‐supported synthesis in sequence‐defined form. However, the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)‐mediated removal of acid‐labile protecting groups and cleavage from the resin can be accompanied by side products caused by the addition of TFA to the double bonds of oleic acid. Under aqueous conditions, these TFA adducts of oleic acid are converted into hydroxystearic acid derivatives. The cleavage protocol was optimized to decrease TFA adducts. The pure oleic acid (C18:1) containing lipo‐oligomer was compared with analogous structures containing saturated or modified hydrophobic moieties (stearic acid (C18:0), hydroxystearic acid, and 8‐nonanamidooctanoic acid). The structure containing intact oleic acid shows favorable pH dependency of lytic activity, efficient gene silencing, and excellent cell tolerability relative to its counterparts.
Polyfunctional Energetic Nitrates Derived from Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Reith Thomas
Published: July 2017

A variety of new energetic compounds were synthesized with the tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) moiety as a building block. The new nitrates were fully characterized, with use of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, vibrational analysis, mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis. The structure of each compound was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The energies of formation were calculated with the Gaussian program package, and the detonation parameters were predicted by using the EXPLO5 computer code. Because of the positive oxygen balance (ΩCO) of the presented compounds, their performance data as oxidizers were compared to the common oxidizer ammonium perchlorate.
KOtBu‐Mediated Domino Isomerization and Functionalization of Aromatic Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Suchand Basuli , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: July 2017

Transition‐metal‐ as well as ligand‐free base‐mediated domino isomerization and alkylation of allylic alcohols is presented. This protocol features the conversion of simple allylic alcohols into the corresponding ketones through isomerization in the presence of a simple base. Significantly, these in situ generated ketones subsequently undergo alkylation with styrenes as electrophiles, in a domino one‐pot fashion, as an atom‐ and step‐economical chemical process.
Polymorphisms of xenobiotic‐metabolizing genes and colorectal cancer risk in patients with lynch syndrome: A retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Kamiza Abram Bunya , You Jeng‐Fu , Wang Wen‐Chang , Tang Reiping , Chang Chun‐Yu , Chien Huei‐Tzu , Lai Chih‐Hsiung , Chiu Li‐Ling , Lo Tsai‐Ping , Hung Kuan‐Yi , Hsiung Chao A. , Yeh Chih‐Ching
Published: July 2017

Cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), and N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) are crucial for metabolism and clearance of xenobiotics. This study investigated whether CYP, GST, and NAT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with Lynch syndrome. The interaction between these SNPs and cigarette smoking or meat consumption was also explored. We identified 270 patients with Lynch syndrome from the Taiwan Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Consortium. A weighted Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). The GSTA1 rs3957356 TT (HR = 5.36, 95% CI = 2.39–12.0) and CYP1B1 rs1056836 CC (HR = 7.24, 95% CI = 3.51–14.9) were significantly associated with CRC risk when compared to wild‐type CC and GG genotypes, respectively. However, the CYP1A1 rs4646903 CC genotype significantly reduced the risk of CRC (HR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12–0.89) when compared to TT genotype. Moreover, significant interactions were observed between NAT1 acetylation and CYP1B1 rs1056827 and meat consumption.Our results suggest that xenobiotic‐metabolizing SNPs are not only associated with CRC risk in patients with Lynch syndrome in Taiwan but also interact with meat consumption to modify the disease risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:69–78, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Volatile profiles of the orpines roots: Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba, H. maximum (L.) Holub and H. spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba x telephium (L.) H. Ohba
Authors: Jovanović Snežana Č. , Jovanović Olga P. , Mitić Zorica S. , Golubović Tatjana D. , Zlatković Bojan K. , Stojanović Gordana S.
Published: July 2017

The family of succulent plants, Crassulaceae, is known for many benefits, as well for the limited distribution of aromatic representatives. It is also observed the deficiency of data on content and distribution of volatile compounds within the genus Hylotelephium. Accordingly, this is the first report on volatiles from roots of three Hylotelephium taxa: H. telephium, H. maximum and H. spectabile x telephium. Two types of volatiles were isolated: headspace (HS) volatiles and solvent extract volatiles from the distillation water (SE), further analyzed by GC–MS/FID. The obtained results contribute to the knowledge that some of the genera of Crassulaceae family “hides” unexplored sources of aromaticity and fragrance. All three SEs are characterized by low yields and the high content of monoterpene alcohol – myrtenol. The differences are mostly reflected in content of some myrtenol analogs (cis‐myrtanol, trans‐myrtanol and myrtenoic acid) and aliphatic alcohol oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol. HS volatiles of H. telephium and H. spectabile x telephium contain myrtenol and oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol, while H. maximum beside them contain 3‐octanol in significant amount. Additionally, characteristic distribution pattern of the SE volatiles could be used for chemotaxonomic purposes, while the distribution pattern of HS volatiles is practically inapplicable in that manner. Due to high content of myrtenol in root volatiles, it could be used in traditional medicine, as supplement, flavouring or aroma agent.
MEG biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: Absence of a prefrontal generator during auditory sensory gating
Authors: Josef Golubic Sanja , Aine Cheryl J. , Stephen Julia M. , Adair John C. , Knoefel Janice E. , Supek Selma
Published: July 2017

Magnetoencephalography (MEG), a direct measure of neuronal activity, is an underexplored tool in the search for biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we used MEG source estimates of auditory gating generators, nonlinear correlations with neuropsychological results, and multivariate analyses to examine the sensitivity and specificity of gating topology modulation to detect AD. Our results demonstrated the use of MEG localization of a medial prefrontal (mPFC) gating generator as a discrete (binary) detector of AD at the individual level and resulted in recategorizing the participant categories in: (1) controls with mPFC generator localized in response to both the standard and deviant tones; (2) a possible preclinical stage of AD participants (a lower functioning group of controls) in which mPFC activation was localized to the deviant tone only; and (3) symptomatic AD in which mPFC activation was not localized to either the deviant or standard tones. This approach showed a large effect size (0.9) and high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (100%) in identifying symptomatic AD patients within a limited research sample. The present results demonstrate high potential of mPFC activation as a noninvasive biomarker of AD pathology during putative preclinical and clinical stages.Hum Brain Mapp 38:5180–5194, 2017. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transepithelial transport of milk‐derived angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory peptide with the RLSFNP sequence
Authors: Guo Yuxing , Gan Junai , Zhu Qian , Zeng Xiaoqun , Sun Yangying , Wu Zhen , Pan Daodong
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

To exert an antihypertensive effect after oral administration, angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory peptides must remain active after intestinal transport. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the transport permeability and route of ACE‐inhibitory peptide Arg‐Leu‐Ser‐Phe‐Asn‐Pro (RLSFNP) across the intestinal epithelium using Caco‐2 cell monolayers.

RESULTS

Intact RLSFNP and RLSFNP breakdown fragments F, FNP, SFNP and RLSF were found in RLSFNP transport solution across Caco‐2 cell monolayers using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. RLSFNP fragments FNP, SFNP and RLSF also contributed to ACE inhibitory effects. Protease inhibitors (bacitracin and leupeptin) and absorption enhancers (sodium glycocholate hydrate, sodium deoxycholate and Na2EDTA) improved the transport flux of RLSFNP. A transport inhibitor experiment showed that intact RLSFNP may be transported via the paracellular route.

CONCLUSION

Intact RLSFNP can be transported across the Caco‐2 cell monolayers via the paracellular route. Extensive hydrolysis was the chief reason for the low permeability of RLSFNP. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Intraoperative radiotherapy: Patient selection, management, and follow‐up
Authors: Holmes Dennis R. , Zimmerman Robert
Published: July 2017

Intraoperative partial breast radiotherapy is an alternative or an adjunct to fractionated whole breast irradiation for the administration of adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer following breast conserving surgery. Establishing intraoperative radiotherapy as a therapeutic modality requires a multidisciplinary approach to patient selection, workup, surgery, radiation protocols, chemotherapy, and patient follow up. In this article, we review the published evidence for best clinical practice, as a guide to the introduction of intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer treatment.
Contributions of the oligopeptide permeases in multistep of Vibrio alginolyticus pathogenesis
Authors: Liu Wenjia , Huang Lixing , Su Yongquan , Qin Yingxue , Zhao Lingmin , Yan Qingpi
Published: July 2017

Vibrio alginolyticus has been associated with several diseases of cultivated marine animals, and has led to considerable economic losses. The oligopeptide permease (Opp) has been proven to play a variety of important roles in nutrition and virulence in several bacteria. In our previous research, the opp gene cluster was identified in Vibrio alginolyticus with transcriptome sequence, which also indicated that the Opp system might play roles in the regulation of adhesion. In this study, the relationship between V. alginolyticus virulence and the opp gene cluster was determined using gene silencing followed by RT‐qPCR, in vitro adhesion assay, growth curves detection in the presence of glutathione (GSH) as a toxic substrate, hemolysis assay, biofilm assay, and artificial infection. Silencing these genes led to deficiencies in adhesion, peptide internalization, biofilm production, hemolytic activity, and virulence. The expression levels of hapr, hapa, tlh, and hlya, which are important genes closely related to the hemolytic activity of Vibrio, were significantly downregulated in all of the RNAi groups. Furthermore, the expression of oppA, oppB, oppC, oppD, and oppF was significantly influenced by temperature, starvation, and pH. These results indicate that (1) oppABCDF contributed in multistep of V. alginolyticus pathogenesis, including adhesion, biofilm production, and hemolytic activity; (2) oppABCDF was sensitive to different temperatures, changes in pH, and increased starvation time.
Average glandular dose coefficients for pendant‐geometry breast CT using realistic breast phantoms
Authors: Hernandez Andrew M. , Boone John M.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To design volume‐specific breast phantoms from breast CT (bCT) data sets and estimate the associated normalized mean glandular dose coefficients for breast CT using Monte Carlo methods.

Methods

A large cohort of bCT data sets (N = 215) was used to evaluate breast volume into quintiles (plus the top 5%). The average radius profile was then determined for each of the six volume‐specific groups and used to both fabricate physical phantoms and generate mathematical phantoms (V1‐V6; “V” denotes classification by volume). The MCNP6 Monte Carlo code was used to model a prototype bCT system fabricated at our institution; and this model was validated against physical measurements in the fabricated phantoms. The mathematical phantoms were used to simulate normalized mean glandular dose coefficients for both monoenergetic source photons “DgNCT(E)” (8–70 keV in 1 keV intervals) and polyenergetic x‐ray beams “pDgNCT” (35–70 kV in 1 kV intervals). The Monte Carlo code was used to study the influence of breast size (V1 vs. V5) and glandular fraction (6.4% vs. 45.8%) on glandular dose. The pDgNCT coefficients estimated for the V1, V3, and V5 phantoms were also compared to those generated using simple, cylindrical phantoms with equivalent volume and two geometrical constraints including; (a) cylinder radius determined at the breast phantom chest wall “Rcw”; and (b) cylinder radius determined at the breast phantom center‐of‐mass “RCOM”.

Results

Satisfactory agreement was observed for dose estimations using MCNP6 compared with both physical measurements in the V1, V3, and V5 phantoms (R2 = 0.995) and reference bCT dose coefficients using simple phantoms (R2 = 0.999). For a 49 kV spectrum with 1.5 mm Al filtration, differences in glandular fraction [6.5% (5th percentile) vs. 45.8% (95th percentile)] had a 13.2% influence on pDgNCT for the V3 phantom, and differences in breast size (V1 vs. V5) had a 16.6% influence on pDgNCT for a breast composed of 17% (median) fibroglandular tissue. For cylindrical phantoms with a radius of RCOM, the differences were 1.5%, 0.1%, and 2.1% compared with the V1, V3, and V5 phantoms, respectively.

Conclusion

Breast phantoms were designed using a large cohort of bCT data sets across a range of six breast sizes. These phantoms were then fabricated and used for the estimation of glandular dose in breast CT. The mathematical phantoms and associated glandular dose coefficients for a range of breast sizes (V1–V6) and glandular fractions (5th to 95th percentiles) are available for interested users.
The relationship between health eating and overweight/obesity in Canada: cross‐sectional study using the CCHS
Authors: So H. , McLaren L. , Currie G.C.
Published: July 2017

Objective

The relationship between Canada's Food Guide (CFG) adherence and overweight/obesity at the population level is unknown. Our objective was to explore the association between overweight/obesity and CFG adherence in Canada.

Methods

Using 24‐h dietary recall data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), we conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of Canadians' consumption of four predefined food types from CFG (grain products, vegetables and fruit, milk and alternatives, meat and alternatives). Respondents aged 18 to 65 years with measured BMI were included. The total number of servings in each food group was compared with the number of recommended servings in CFG to determine adherence. Linear regression was used to explore the association between overweight/obesity and CFG adherence.

Results

Participants who met the minimum servings in vegetables and fruit had a lower measured BMI. Also, participants who met the minimum servings in meat and alternatives had a higher measured BMI. These associations were observed for the sample as a whole and for those with overweight/obesity, and, for meat and alternatives, among women.

Conclusion

There is evidence that following the CFG recommendation is associated with measured BMI, for some food groups. This relationship needs to be validated using longitudinal data.
Weaning from long term continuous positive airway pressure or noninvasive ventilation in children
Authors: Mastouri Meriem , Amaddeo Alessandro , Griffon Lucie , Frapin Annick , Touil Samira , Ramirez Adriana , Khirani Sonia , Fauroux Brigitte
Published: July 2017

Objectives

A significant number of children are able to discontinue long term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) but the underlying disorders, weaning criteria, and outcome of these children have not been studied.

Study design

Retrospective cohort follow up.

Subject selection

Consecutive children who were weaned from long term CPAP/NIV between October 2013 and January 2016.

Methodology

Underlying disorders, weaning criteria, and clinical outcome were analyzed.

Results

Fifty eight (27%) of the 213 patients on long term CPAP/NIV could be weaned from CPAP/NIV with 50 patients being weaned from CPAP and 8 from NIV. Most patients were young children with upper airway anomalies, Prader Willi syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CPAP/NIV was discontinued following spontaneous improvement of sleep‐disordered breathing in 33 (57%) patients, upper airway surgery (n = 14, 24%), maxillofacial surgery (n = 6, 11%), neurosurgery (n = 1, 2%), upper airway and neurosurgery (n = 2, 3%), or switch to oxygen therapy (n = 2, 3%). CPAP/NIV was discontinued due to normal nocturnal gas exchange during spontaneous breathing in all patients, with an obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index ≤6 events/h on a combined poly(somno)graphy in 27 patients. A relapse of obstructive sleep apnea was observed after a median delay of 2 years in six patients who resumed CPAP and in one patient who underwent midface distraction.

Conclusions

Weaning from CPAP/NIV is possible in children treated with long term CPAP/NIV but is highly dependent on the underlying disorder. Spontaneous improvement is possible but most children need specific surgery. Long term follow‐up is necessary in children with underlying disorders.
Measurement of the properties of GaN layers using terahertz time‐domain spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Tachi Kohei , Asagami Shiho , Fujii Takashi , Araki Tsutomu , Nanishi Yasushi , Nagashima Takeshi , Iwamoto Toshiyuki , Sato Yukinori , Morita Naotake , Sugie Ryuichi , Kamiyama Satoshi
Published: July 2017

The electrical properties of an n‐type GaN wafer and epitaxial layer were evaluated using terahertz time‐domain spectroscopic ellipsometry (THz‐TDSE). The electrical properties, such as carrier density and mobility, were determined by fitting the reflective spectra of the sample using the Drude model. The measured properties of the GaN by THz‐TDSE are consistent with those obtained by conventional Hall methods. For the GaN epitaxial layer on sapphire substrates, the thickness was obtained by THz‐TDSE and compared with other measurements. THz‐TDSE has shown to be a suitable technique for evaluating the electrical properties of n‐type GaN materials non‐destructively and without contacts.
UV radiation hardness of photovoltaic modules featuring crystalline Si solar cells with AlOx/p+‐type Si and SiNy/n+‐type Si interfaces
Authors: Witteck Robert , Min Byungsul , Schulte‐Huxel Henning , Holst Hendrik , Veith‐Wolf Boris , Kiefer Fabian , Vogt Malte R. , Köntges Marc , Peibst Robby , Brendel Rolf
Published: July 2017

We report on the UV radiation hardness of photovoltaic modules with bifacial n‐type Passivated Emitter and Rear Totally diffused crystalline Si cells that are embedded in an encapsulation polymer with enhanced UV transparency. Modules with front junction cells featuring an AlOx/p+‐type Si passivation interface at the illuminated side are stable for a UV irradiation dose of 598 kWh m−2. In contrast, irradiating modules with back junction cells featuring an a‐SiNy/n+‐type Si passivation interface at the illuminated side reduces the output power by 15%. The quantum efficiency of the a‐SiNy‐passivated module degrades in the spectral range between 300 and 1000 nm, which we ascribe to a degradation of the surface passivation. Modeling the experimental data shows that photons with an energy above 3.4 eV contribute to the degradation effect and enhance the front surface recombination current density by a factor of 15.
MRI‐compatible breast/rib phantom for evaluating ultrasonic thermal exposures
Authors: Menikou Georgios , Yiannakou Marinos , Yiallouras Christos , Ioannides Cleanthis , Damianou Christakis
Published: July 2017

Introduction

The target of this study was the development of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible breast phantom for focused ultrasound which includes plastic (ABS) ribs. The objective of the current study was the evaluation of a focused ultrasound procedure using the proposed phantom that eliminates rib heating.

Material and Methods

The proposed phantom was evaluated using two different focused ultrasound exposures. The surrounding breast tissue was mimicked using an agar–silica–evaporation milk gel (2% w/v – 2% w/v – 40% v/v).

Results

The attenuation of the ABS was similar to that of ribs. MR thermometry of focused ultrasound exposures were acquired using the breast/rib phantom. In one exposure focused ultrasound was applied with far‐field targeting of the ribs. In the other exposure, the transducer was positioned laterally, thus avoiding exposure of the rib to focused ultrasound.

Conclusions

Due to growing interest in using MRI guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) for patients with breast cancer, the proposed breast/rib phantom can be utilized as a very useful tool for evaluating ultrasonic protocols.
Extension of the association structure in joint models to include weighted cumulative effects
Authors: Mauff Katya , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Nijpels Giel , van der Heijden Amber A.W.A , Rizopoulos Dimitris
Published: July 2017

Motivated by a study measuring diabetes‐related risk factors and complications, we postulate an extension to the standard formulation of joint models for longitudinal and survival outcomes, wherein the longitudinal outcome has a cumulative effect on the hazard of the event, weighted by recency. We focus on the relationship between the biomarker HbA1c and the development of sight threatening retinopathy, since the impact of the HbA1c marker on the risk of sight threatening retinopathy is expected to be cumulative, with the evolution of the HbA1c marker over time contributing to progressively greater damage to the vascular structure of the retina. Opting for a parametric approach, we propose the use of the normal and skewed normal probability density functions as weight functions, estimating the relevant parameters directly from the data. The use of the recency‐weighted cumulative effect specification allows us to incorporate differences in the development of the longitudinal profile over time in the calculation of hazard ratios between subjects. The proposed functions provide us with parameters with clinically relevant interpretations while retaining a degree of flexibility. In addition, they also allow answering of important clinical questions regarding the relative importance of various segments of the biomarkers history in the estimation of the risk of the event. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incentive Redesign and Collaboration in Organizations: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Lee Sunkee , Puranam Phanish
Published: July 2017

Research summary: Separating the individual from the social effects of incentives has been challenging because of the possibility of synergies in team production. We observe a unique natural experiment in a South Korean e‐commerce company in which a switch from pay‐for‐performance to fixed (but different) salaries took place in a staggered and effectively random manner across employees. In this case, social and individual effects perspectives make opposing predictions, enabling a critical test. We find evidence consistent with social effects of incentives, particularly as predicted by goal framing theory. The results have implications for the design of incentives to foster collaboration, organizational learning, and organizational performance.

Managerial summary: Managers often neglect the deeper hypothesis behind pay‐for‐performance schemes—that people primarily care about how much they are individually paid. An opposing school of thought contends that incentives have social effects too—that individuals care about not only what they receive but also what their peers receive. It is difficult to say whether individual or social effects would be more salient in a context, without a proper experiment with randomization. We exploit a rare opportunity provided by a company that changed its incentive system in a random order, thus unintentionally creating a natural experiment. The results strongly validate the existence of social effects of incentives, but also make the general case for the opportunity to learn from experimenting with organization design in a systematic manner. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanodot‐Sensitized Modulation of Alzheimer's β‐Amyloid Self‐Assembly, Disassembly, and Toxicity
Authors: Chung You Jung , Kim Kayoung , Lee Byung Il , Park Chan Beum
Published: July 2017

The self‐assembly of amyloidogenic peptides into β‐sheet‐rich aggregates is a general feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, which signifies the need for the effective attenuation of amyloid aggregation toward alleviating amyloid‐associated neurotoxicity. This study reports that photoluminescent carbon nanodots (CDs) can effectively suppress Alzheimer's β‐amyloid (Aβ) self‐assembly and function as a β‐sheet breaker disintegrating preformed Aβ aggregates. This study synthesizes CDs using ammonium citrate through one‐pot hydrothermal treatment and passivates their surface with branched polyethylenimine (bPEI). The bPEI‐coated CDs (bPEI@CDs) exhibit hydrophilic and cationic surface characteristics, which interact with the negatively charged residues of Aβ peptides, suppressing the aggregation of Aβ peptides. Under light illumination, bPEI@CDs display a more pronounced effect on Aβ aggregation and on the dissociation of β‐sheet‐rich assemblies through the generation of reactive oxygen species from photoactivated bPEI@CDs. The light‐triggered attenuation effect of Aβ aggregation using a series of experiments, including photochemical and microscopic analysis, is verified. Furthermore, the cell viability test confirms the ability of photoactivated bPEI@CDs for the suppression of Aβ‐mediated cytotoxicity, indicating bPEI@CDs' potency as an effective anti‐Aβ neurotoxin agent.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Property of a Cobalt(II) Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Chen Dong‐Hui , Sheng Tian‐Lu , Zhu Xiao‐Quan , Lin Ling , Wen Yue‐Hong , Hu Sheng‐Min , Fu Rui‐Biao , Wu Xin‐Tao
Published: July 2017

The three‐dimensional (3D) porous cobalt(II) metal‐organic framework (MOF), [Co3(L)2(DMA)2(MeOH)2·4(DMA)·6(MeOH)]n (1) [L = fully deprotonated 2,7‐bis(4‐benzoic acid)‐N‐(4‐benzoic acid) carbazole, DMA = N,N‐dimethylacetamide], was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. Based on X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction, structural analysis indicates that complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. Complex 1 possesses a 3,6‐connected three‐dimensional (3D) topological structure with a point symbol of {42·6}2{44·62·87·102} when a trinuclear CoII cluster was regarded as 6‐connected node and the organic ligands could be regarded as 3‐connected linkers between the 6‐connected nodes. The framework structure exhibits a one‐dimension (1D) channel with an accessible void of 4223.0 Å3, amounting to 42.8 % of the total unit‐cell volume (9862.0 Å3). Moreover, the magnetic properties of complex 1 were studied.
Two Reliable Simple Relationships between Flash Points of Hydrocarbon Kerosene Fuels and Their Molecular Structures
Authors: Zohari Narges , Qhomi Mohamad‐Moein Ebrahimzadeh
Published: July 2017

This study presents two new reliable simple correlations for predicting flash point of kerosene hydrocarbons using multiple linear regression method. The methodology assumes that the flash point of kerosene fuels can be expressed as a function of elemental composition and several structural parameters. The proposed correlations have determination coefficients of 0.910 and 0.977. Also, the first model has root mean square deviation (RMSD) and the average absolute deviations (AAD) of 10.6 and 8.2 K, respectively, for 111 kerosene fuels with different molecular structures as training set. The RMSD and AAD for the second improved model are 5.39 and 4.33 K, respectively. The predictive power of two correlations is checked using a cross validation method. (R2 = 0.977, Q2Ext = 0.975, and Q2LMO = 0.979). Also, these correlations give good predictions for further 25 kerosene fuels as test set. The proposed model can also be applied for designing novel kerosene fuels.
Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Laparoscopic Versus Open Appendicectomy in Adults with Complicated Appendicitis: an Update of the Literature
Authors: Athanasiou Christos , Lockwood Sonia , Markides Georgios A.
Published: July 2017

Aims

To review and compare the outcomes of laparoscopic (LA) versus open appendicectomy (OA) in complicated appendicitis in adult patients, eight years after the last literature review.

Methods

The PRISMA guidelines were adhered to. Pre‐defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to search the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases and extract relevant data. Methodological and quality assessment was undertaken with outcome meta‐analysis and subgroup analyses of methodological quality, type of study and year of study. Assessment of clinical and statistical heterogeneity and publication bias was conducted.

Results

Three randomised control trials (RCTs) (154LA vs 155OA) and 23 case–control trials were included (2034LA vs 2096OA). Methodological quality was low to average but with low statistical heterogeneity. Risk of publication bias was low, and meta‐regression indicated shorter length of hospital stay (LOS) in more recent studies, Q = 7.1, P = 0.007. In the combined analysis LA had significantly less surgical site infections [OR = 0.30 (0.22,0.40); p < 0.00001] with reduced time to oral intake [WMD = ‐0.98 (‐1.09,‐0.86); P < 0.00001] and LOS [WMD = ‐3.49(‐3.70,‐3.29); p < 0.00001]. There was no significant difference in intra‐abdominal abscess rates [OR = 1.11(0.85,1.45); p = 0.43]. Operative time was longer during LA [WMD = 10.51 (5.14,15.87); p = 0.0001] but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.13) in the RCT subgroup analysis.

Conclusions

LA appears to have significant benefits with improved morbidity compared to OA in complicated appendicitis (level of evidence II).