bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereotypical Beliefs about Overweight and Smoking and Decision-Making in Assignments to Sales Territories
Authors: Bellizzi Joseph A. , Klassen Michael L. , Belonax Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined job bias associated with business students' role-playing as sales managers who assigned trainees to sales territories. Personal characteristics of being extremely overweight and being a heavy smoker were studied. Research participants were given a personnel record (training record) of a sales trainee and asked to make a sales territory assignment decision; three vacant territories were also described. The participants were told to assign the trainee to one of the territories or to indicate a preference to not have the recruit assigned to any territory within the role-playing manager's region. Analysis indicates that a sales recruit described as extremely overweight was less likely to be assigned to an important or desirable sales territory and more likely to be assigned to an undesirable territory or not selected at all for an assignment within a sales region. Those described as heavy smokers were similarly treated but to a lesser degree. Overweight saleswomen were discriminated against more than overweight salesmen.
Some Evidence in Support of a Relationship between Human Auditory Signal-Detection Performance and the Phase of the Alpha Cycle
Authors: Rice Daniel M. , Hagstrom Earl C.
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the hypothesis presented by Lindsley in 1961 that human sensorimotor performance should vary with the phase of the alpha cycle. Although there have been a number of studies which have supported this hypothesis, there has been no work from a modality other than the visual modality. Since eye tremor is correlated in phase and frequency with the alpha rhythm, these visual results might be explained by the peripheral eye tremor and not necessarily by the central alpha rhythm. The present study measured human auditory signal-detection performance at four different phases of the temporally (T5-linked mastoids) measured alpha rhythm. These four different phases were defined on an a priori basis by a computer algorithm. Detection performance was significantly better at the negative peak of this alpha cycle than at the positive peak, but there was no significant difference between the positively and negatively going zero cross performances. These results are consistent with the Lindsley hypothesis.
Emotional Values of Words: Relations with Concreteness and Vividness of Imagery
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: September 2011

Prior research reports that concrete words are more likely to be associated with specific affective stimuli than abstract words and that the higher the imagery values are the higher will be the emotional values. Four lists of words (concrete-pleasant, concrete-unpleasant, abstract-pleasant, abstract-unpleasant) were presented to 120 students instructed to score each word on three scales: vividness of imagery, concreteness, and emotionality. A correlation of −.60 was obtained between concreteness and emotionality and of −.47 for emotionality with imagery. In addition, a positive correlation obtained between concreteness and emotionality both with concrete (.13) and abstract (.24) words and between vividness of imagery of words and emotionality in concrete words (.34) and abstract words (.61). It is concluded correlations between ratings of concreteness and emotionality and between ratings of vividness and emotionality are positive.
Age Differences in Cardiovascular and Cognitive Performance under Noise Conditions
Authors: Harrison David W. , Kelly Patti L.
Published: September 2011

Ambient white noise (80 dB), compared with quiet (52-dB) testing conditions, improved the performance of elderly and younger subjects on simple addition. Reliable age-related interactions were found on health measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as heart rate. Heightened sensory conditions reduced the physiological measures of arousal in the younger group, whereas significant cardiovascular reactivity was found among the older group. The results are suggestive of the potential for increased cardiovascular risk as a function of sensory stimulation in the elderly despite improvements on cognitive tasks. Additional research is needed to evaluate the multidimensional effects of extended sensory stimulation on the elderly.
Relationship of Eye Color to Professional Baseball Players' Batting Statistics Given on Bubblegum Cards
Authors: Beer John , Beer Joe
Published: September 2011

139 professional baseball players who appeared on Topps bubble gum cards (copyright 1987) were subjects. The players, whose printed eye colors could be identified from their photographs, were sorted into three categories of 45 dark-eyed white players, 27 light-eyed white players, and 67 black players. The statistics on the backs of the cards were dependent measures and included: Games, At Bat, Runs, Hits, Second Base, Third Base, Home Runs, Runs Batted In, Stolen Bases, SLG, Bunts, Strike Outs, and Batting Average. Analyses of variance performed on the data with light-eyed white and dark-eyed white players as independent variables yielded no significant effects for any of the statistics. Further analysis with light- and dark-eyed white players combined and black players as independent variables showed that black ball players scored more third-base hits, stole more bases, and had better batting averages than white players.
Visual Search: Spatial Frequency and Orientation
Authors: Moraglia Giampaolo
Published: September 2011

Observers searched for a Gaussian-windowed patch of sinewave grating (Gabor pattern) through displays containing varying numbers of other such patterns (distractors). When the spatial frequencies of target and distractors differed by ± 2 octaves and their orientations by ± 60°, the search proceeded spatially in parallel irrespective of whether the target could be discriminated in terms of spatial frequency differences alone, orientation differences alone, or their combination. However, when target and distractors differed by only ±.5 octave in spatial frequency and by ± 15° in orientation, the search was serial and self-terminating, again irrespective of the nature of the target-distractor differences. These findings show that, contrary to some suggestions, the preattentive detection of targets defined by conjunctions of spatial frequency and orientation may occur, but only when the spectral distance between target and distractors allows their encoding by independent mechanisms.
Social-Psychological Environments and Cognitive Achievement
Authors: Randhawa Bikkar S. , Hunt Dennis
Published: September 2011

Differences in social-psychological environments between parochial and public schools, and between mathematics and English courses, were investigated for 317 boys and girls in Grade 10. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance produced significant main effects and an interaction of school × subject. Differential validities of environmental variables in predicting achievement using multiple regression suggested that perception of the learning environment for course content substantially predicted achievement in that course content. Incremental validity of the learning environment with achievement when IQ was partialled out was also substantial. Implications for instructional effectiveness and school organization are discussed.
Progressive Decline of Picture Naming in an Aging down Syndrome Man with Dementia
Authors: Kledaras Joanne B. , McIlvane William J. , Mackay Harry A.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to monitor picture naming longitudinally in a 59-yr.-old Down syndrome man with diagnosed dementia. On the test, the subject was shown a series of 40 pictures, and his task was to speak their names. Correct naming responses were followed by pennies. The test was repeated periodically over the course of 20 mo. The subject initially achieved 100% correct scores and maintained accuracy until the tenth month. Thereafter, his scores declined, gradually at first and then precipitously, until the subject scored less than 30% correct on the final test. Error analysis showed that low scores generally reflected loss of stimulus control by relevant characteristics of the test pictures; control apparently shifted to irrelevant features of the task. The results suggest that naming tests may ultimately prove useful in defining and documenting the nature of deterioration in Down dementia.
Temporal Lobe Signs and Enhanced Pleasantness Scores for Words Generated during Spontaneous Narratives
Authors: Ruttan L. A. , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Temporal lobe function has been strongly implicated in the processes of semantic selection. Within this context, enhanced activity of deep mesiobasal structures is expected to influence the affective dimensions of language use. Quantitative measures of the evaluative (pleasantness) dimension but not the activity (arousal) dimension of words generated during narratives of subjective experiences within an exotic setting were significantly correlated with the numbers of temporal lobe signs.
Auditory and Visual Effects on Solutions to Computerized Mathematics Problems as a Function of Rate of Digit Presentation
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Anderson Connie P.
Published: September 2011

This exploratory investigation concerned the effects of both auditory and visual stimulus variations on the accuracy of mental solutions to addition problems presented on a computer screen (CRT). 5 intensities of background noise and 5 background hues were presented randomly to 123 undergraduate volunteers as they mentally summed 25 numerals ranging from 1 to 5 at rates of either 1 sec. or 3 sec. per numeral timed from the onset of the previous numeral. A 2×2×5 mixed split-plot factorial analysis of variance gave a significant difference in errors between rates of digit presentation with greater accuracy associated with the 3-sec. rate. There was no significant difference in mean errors for auditory vs color modalities, yet a post hoc Newman-Keuls paired-comparison test of decibel levels at the 1-sec. rate of digit presentation gave a significant difference in mean errors between 60-dB and 70-dB sound-pressure levels (SPLs) of white masking noise. Also, a post hoc F test on differences between successive stages indicated significant differences suggesting a “learning set.” Comparisons between ‘everyday’ instances of these noise levels are made with implications for optimal computational environments.
The Effect of a Head-up Speedometer on Speeding Behavior
Authors: Briziarelli Gregory , Allan Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of a head-up display (HUD) was investigated as a means of controlling drivers' speeding behavior on a highway, a residential road, and as a means of minimizing the effects of speed adaptation. 40 subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions, using either a HUD or a conventional speedometer and being speed-adapted or nonspeed-adapted. Analysis indicated that no group drove significantly faster than any other group on any measured section of residential road or highway under any condition. Plausible explanations for the observed results are discussed.
Mechanisms Involved in the Münsterberg “Shifted Chequerboard” Illusion: An Empirical Test
Authors: Purghé Franco , Russo Angela
Published: September 2011

In the present work three alternative hypotheses proposed as explanations of the Münsterberg illusion are discussed: the Moulden and Renshaw 1979 hypothesis, which explains this effect using Helmholtz's 1856 “irradiation theory,” the Gregory and Heard 1979 hypothesis, which proposes a mechanism of “border locking,” and the McCourt 1982 hypothesis, which sustains a relation between this effect and brightness induction phenomena. To check these hypotheses, we took four measures, each one obtained by using a different pair of patterns mounted on circular displays which could be tilted by 360°. The results do not support McCourt's hypothesis but, on the other hand, they seem to be partially in agreement, or at least not to be in disagreement, with the hypotheses both of Moulden and Renshaw and of Gregory and Heard.
Dual Attention to Dynamically Structured Naturalistic Events
Authors: Stoffregen Thomas A. , Becklen Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Videotapes of two naturalistic events, a basketball-like game and a vocalizing human face, were presented in a dual-task situation, with subjects responding to target events in individual episodes. The fact that the stimulus episodes consisted of natural motions permitted subjects to base their attention on the partially determinate structure that characterizes such motions. Simultaneous visual presentations were in full transparent overlap; the auditory presentations were overlapped spatially. Performance on the dual task improved significantly in all experimental conditions over two days of practice. Performance approached control-group ceiling levels for events available to different modalities (hearing and sight). When information was available only in a single modality, performance was lower over-all, but practice effects were still significant. The results are discussed in the context of a cognitive skills approach to attention.
Listeners' Perceptual Strategies in Word Recognition: Shadowing Misarticulated Speech
Authors: Small Larry H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine the perceptual salience of various types of phonetic, lexical, and prosodic information by examining subjects' responses to altered words in a continuous speech-shadowing task. 48 subjects shadowed a prose passage in which the word initial consonant of 14 two-syllable words was altered by either mispronouncing or deleting it. Analysis of responses showed that subjects made use of lexical stress and stressed vowel information during word recognition to cope with the altered auditory signal
Order of Item Difficulty on Picture Arrangement: Data from a Normal Elderly Sample
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Paolo Anthony M. , Brungardt Terry M.
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 226 normal elderly persons the order of item difficulty for the WAIS—R Picture Arrangement subtest was examined. Means for age and education were 80.8 yr. ( SD = 5.2) and 10.9 yr. ( SD = 2.9), respectively. The current order of items does not conform to the expectation of increasing difficulty. When testing elderly persons, intrasubtest scatter on Picture Arrangement should not be used to infer pathology.
Psychology of Computer Use: XVI. Effect of Computer-Pointing Devices on Children's Processing Rate
Authors: Jones Tom
Published: September 2011

Computer-pointing devices for input into microcomputers have become a commonplace component in direct manipulation interfaces. Use of these peripheral devices by children should result in processing rates comparable to those obtained when children are pointing with their fingers or other means. Recent research suggests that children's processing rates are substantially lower when they are manipulating computer devices. One possibility is that a child's motor system is subjected to a greater load because the child's hands are not visible while the action of pointing with a computer is being carried out. The effect of two conditions (viewing hands, not viewing hands) on 6-, 8-, and 10-yr.-old children's processing rates was investigated. Results showed that there was no difference between the two conditions although low processing rates similar to those previously obtained were recorded.
Is Locomotor Distance Estimation Guided by Visual Imagery?
Authors: Corlett John T. , Anton John , Kozub Steve , Tardif Michel
Published: September 2011

70 subjects were tested for their visual subscale scores on the Movement Imagery Questionnaire and also for their ability to walk, without vision, to a previously viewed target location 9 m away. Imagery ability was hypothesized to correlate with accuracy of “blind” target-directed walking which the literature suggests, without empirical support, is imagery-dependent. No support for this hypothesis was found. Low, medium, and high imagers showed no differences in ability to reproduce target distance accurately or consistently by walking the estimated distance without further visual updating. The results call into question whether task performance is imagery-based or whether subjects use alternative strategies to approach the target.
Behavioral Impressions Associated with Perceived Understanding
Authors: Cahn Dudley D. , Frey Lawrence R.
Published: September 2011

Data from 245 partners indicated that 13 general behavioral impressions correlated ± .38 or higher with perceived understanding.
Validation of Graphology through Use of a Matching Method Based on Ranking
Authors: Nevo Baruch
Published: September 2011

Matching models are offered as a possible solution to some of the major methodological problems presented in the research on validation of graphology. Past studies based on matching procedures are briefly summarized. An improved variation of matching based on ranking is presented, together with a report on a study conducted by the author in which such a procedure was instituted. Analyses show that raters can match, with a probability higher than chance, persons known to them with graphological reports of those persons.
Pleasantness and Emotionality of Words: Relation When Stimuli are Controlled
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: September 2011

We affirm that there is no correlation between values of pleasantness-unpleasantness and emotionality; however, the level of pleasantness and of unpleasantness influence the intensity of emotionality. We presented four lists of-words (concrete-pleasant, concrete-unpleasant, abstract-pleasant, abstract-unpleasant) to 120 subjects who scored each word on two scales, pleasantness and emotionality. We obtained a correlation of .01 between the two variables; however, we found a positive correlation (.55) when we used pleasant words and a negative correlation (−.58) when we used unpleasant words.
Pupil Response: A Psychophysiological Measure of Fear during Analogue Desensitization
Authors: Sturgeon Robert S. , Cooper Leslie M. , Howell Robert J.
Published: September 2011

15 highly aroused snake phobics individually constructed fear hierarchies by selecting colored photographs of snakes. Subjects either imagined fear scenes based on their photographs or were exposed to duplicate projected slides during desensitization. Pupillary responses of the Slide Group were also recorded before, during, and after desensitization. Fear of snakes was significantly reduced for both groups within five or fewer desensitization sessions. Changes in pupil size of the Slide Group appear to reflect arousal of fear as well as reduction of fear after treatment. Current technology makes pupillary response a viable psychophysiological measure of fear.
Perceptions of Ideal Group Size in Sport Teams
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Widmeyer W. Neil , Brawley Lawrence R.
Published: September 2011

Among possible definitions of optimal sizes of teams, participants in basketball, volleyball, soccer, and hockey agreed a roster size of about 25% greater and 25% smaller than perceived ideals of 11.9, 9.8, 16.3, and 16.1 respectively, were unsatisfactary for competition. Advantages and disadvantages of discrepant sizes were related to resources, team organization, and opportunity to compete.
Learning Effects While Passively Viewing the Necker Cube
Authors: Beer John
Published: September 2011

Over a 2-wk. period 15 high school students passively viewed a Necker cube for 5 trials (90 sec. per trial). The number of reversals per trial indicates there were practice effects. Measures of tolerance of ambiguity (Tolerance of Ambiguity), anxiety (General Anxiety Scale and Test Anxiety Scale), and rigidity (Breskin's Rigidity) were administered. Pearson correlations indicate that tolerance of ambiguity was not associated with viewing an ambiguous figure, the Necker cube. Analysis also suggests the more rigid the person's outlook, the fewer reversals were reported, and exposure to viewing the figure lowers anxiety.
A Simple Procedure for Developing Equivalent Forms of Interest or Personality Questionnaires
Authors: Zaccaria M. A. , Schmid J. , Klubeck S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of a simple method for developing parallel or equivalent forms of interest and personality questionnaires which have multiple keys. The method involves the pairing of items for popularity levels, phi coefficients, and item content. The use of this method yielded two 16-subtest forms, each subtest containing 12 items. Using Votaw's test of compound symmetry (7), a stringent statistical criterion which tests simultaneously for equivalence of means, variances, and covariances with an external criterion, it was found that only three of the 16 subtests did not meet this test of equivalence. Further analyses determined that in all three cases there were statistically significantly different means. In one of these cases the variances were also statistically significantly different. It is concluded that the simplified method outlined in this article can be used to develop statistically equivalent subtests for interest and personality questionnaires.
Ego Involvement as an Experimental Variable
Authors: Iverson Marvin A. , Reuder Mary E.
Published: September 2011

Experimental studies of ego involvement are reviewed with respect to definitions of the concept, procedures and designs used, and effects of these on retention, perception, motor responses, problem solving, preferences, evaluative judgments, set-shifting tasks, level of aspiration, and test responses. Generalizing from their review, the writers propose the hypothesis that varying reactions to ego involving conditions reflect, at least in part, a continuum of motivation. The relationship between degree of ego involvement and efficacy of response appears to be a curvilinear one, inhibitive or disruptive at the extremes and optimally facilitative near the middle. There also appears to be a common personality dimension which is responsive to ego-involving conditions.
Relationship between Behavior in a Stress Situation and Later Separation from Flight Training with Expressed Anxiety toward Flying
Authors: Voas Robert B. , Bair John T. , Ambler Rosalie K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between reactions of cadets during simulated high altitude in a decompression chamber and the later development of anxiety toward flying as reported in terminal interviews. The results for 1540 cadets indicated that significantly more of those who withdrew because of anxiety toward flying had anxiety reactions in the decompression chamber than of those who completed the Naval Air Training Program.
A Plea for More Research and Less Diagnosis
Authors: Fiske Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Intuitive processes have their place in the clinical judgments of the therapist. They are also necessary in the scientific analysis of personality. But in diagnostic classification for the purpose of deciding the treatments to be given to patients, intuitive processes are ineffective and should be replaced by objective procedures whose efficiency has been established empirically.
Actuarial and Clinical Approaches to Psychodiagnosis
Authors: Hutt Max L.
Published: September 2011

This is a critical examination of the evidence and issues involved in actuarial and clinical methods of psychodiagnostic evaluation. After demonstrating that the evidence to date is inadequate and largely irrelevant to the problem, consideration is given to the basic issues involved. The basic difficulty in arriving at adequate criterion variables is stressed. The answer to the general question of which methods are superior under specified conditions is seen to lie in an area of interest to all psychology: the psychology of prediction. In the field of psychodiagnosis, two types of predictions are specified, prediction of carefully specified behavioral events and prediction of carefully specified behavioral processes. In the first, clinical judgment is required in assigning weights to prediction variables according to individual patterns. In the latter, contingency predictions about emergent behavior are required. While improvement of both actuarial and clinical methods is undoubtedly necessary, it is maintained that not actuarial methods but “human judgement, let us hope based on sufficient evidence, will always have the last word.”
MMPI Correlates of the Inventory of Factors STDCR
Authors: Nelson Marven O. , Shea Sally
Published: September 2011

In a study of the correlations between the factors measured by MMPI and STDCR, 52 college freshmen and sophomores completed both tests. Correlations between the factors in the two tests revealed that: (a) a large number of MMPI factors seem to test traits not tested by STDCR; and (b) factors S and R of STDCR seem to measure in trait areas similar to factors D, Ma, and Si of MMPI; and factor D of STDCR overlaps to some degree with factors D and Si of MMPI.
Level of Current and Time between Sessions as Factors in “Adaptation” to Shock
Authors: Dinsmoor James A. , Campbell Sam L.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 16 rats were exposed to no shock, 200 microamperes, or 400 microamperes, respectively, for 50 min. The next day, half of each group were trained to press a bar to turn off a 200 μa shock and half were trained to turn off a 400 μa shock. The higher the current during the first (exposure) session, the lower and more variable was the rate of pressing during the second (training) session. The higher the current during training, the higher and less variable was the rate of pressing. The persistence of the effects of prior exposure after 24 hr. suggests that some kind of learned behavior is involved.
The Pigeon and the Spectrum and other Perplexities
Authors: Guttman Norman
Published: September 2011

Recent developments in the study of stimulus generalization by means of operant conditioning methods require a re-examination of the problem of stimulus generalization and a review of the role of this concept in description and analysis of behavior. No final view of the outlines of learning theory can be achieved until more complete and fundamental information about generalization has been obtained. It has been established that in the pigeon orderly and reproducible bidirectional gradients can be obtained for individual Ss along the light-wavelength continuum. A dilemma is posed by the finding that these gradients are orderly on a physical scale; but not on an equal-discriminability scale. The form of the generalization function raises questions as the interpretation and meaning of the just-noticeable-difference concept. The problem of multidimensional stimulus generalization is discussed. The understanding of stimulus relationships in the generalization phenomenon is proposed as an issue of greater significance and difficulty than that of the control of generalization by such conventionally more prominent variables as drive and reinforcement.
Intelligence and the Distortion of Responses on the Taylor Anxiety Scale
Authors: Voas Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Taylor has suggested that where a negative relationship exists between intelligence and scores on her anxiety questionnaire, it is due to the ability of the more intelligent Ss to “outguess” the anxiety scale and present themselves in a favorable light. 84 naval cadets took the Taylor scale under instructions to give the “best” answer. Under these conditions a statistically significant correlation of —.29 between the Taylor scores and ACE scores was obtained. Where 319 Ss were given the scale under “normal” circumstances, the correlation was only .06. These results are interpreted as supporting Taylor's position.
Some Evidence for the Concurrent Validity of the Heineman Anxiety Scale
Authors: Voas Robert B. , Bair John T. , Ambler Rosalie K.
Published: September 2011

231 cadets who had failed or were withdrawing from the Naval Flight Training Program were classified into “anxiety” or “no-anxiety” groups. The “anxiety” group had a significantly higher score on the Heineman forced-choice form of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale than did the “no-anxiety” group.
Validity Studies of Scores from a Delinquency-Proneness Scale
Authors: Curtis H. A. , King F. J. , Kropp R. P.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate two modes of administration (paper and pencil and slide projector) of a delinquency-proneness (D-P) scale in relation to criterion data concerning past and future school and legal difficulties and withdrawal from school. D-P scores were also considered in relation to measures of personal aggression, indolence, and rigidity. Ss were 400 male and female white tenth grade students in three Florida public schools. It was concluded that neither mode was superior to the other in predicting the criterion measures. A statistically non-significant tendency for persons with high aggression and low rigidity to produce higher D-P scores on the projected mode than on the paper and pencil mode was noted. The discrepancy between the magnitude of D-P scores for the two modes increased as the item exposure interval for the projected mode decreased.
Weight Loss in Rats Continuously Deprived of Food, Water, and Both Food and Water
Authors: Dufort Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Weight measurements were taken on four groups of rats treated according to a factorial design that combined presence or absence of food with presence or absence of water in the home cage. A 12-day deprivation period was followed by ad libitum recovery for 22 days. The main findings were: (1) Ss deprived of both food and water lost more weight than Ss deprived of either food only or water only, (2) weight loss for Ss deprived of food only and water only did not differ significantly, (3) the deprived groups were not significantly different in weight at the end of recovery, but they all weighed less than the non-deprived control group. The results were related to those of previous studies.
Influence of Patterns of Events in Sequence on Resistance to Extinction
Authors: Capaldi Abigail B. , Capaldi E. J.
Published: September 2011

Six groups of Ss were trained to guess whether or not a second light would be illuminated following the illumination of a first light. Two consistent groups, two 50% partial groups, and two patterns in sequence groups were employed. In one sequence group consistent training followed partial training and in the other the opposite sequence of patterns was employed. All groups received extinction training. It was found that the sequence groups differed from each other in extinction and from the consistent and partial control groups.
Adrenalectomy of the Pregnant Rat and Behavior of the Offspring
Authors: Havlena Joan , Werboff Jack
Published: September 2011

Albino rats were adrenalectomized on either Day 10½ or Day 16½ of gestation. The offspring were reared by foster mothers. At 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 days of age they were evaluated on the open field and timidity box tests. There were no behavioral or adrenal size differences among the offspring of adrenalectomized and sham-operated or unoperated control mothers. Consistent and significant sex differences on all measures were found, with females showing higher activity, greater emotionality, and larger adrenal glands than the males.
Formation of a Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) Following Lesions of the Amygdaloid Complex in Rats
Authors: Kellicutt M. H. , Schwartzbaum J. S.
Published: September 2011

Formation of a conditioned emotional response (CER), using suppression of food-reinforced bar-pressing as an index, was studied in a group of rats with amygdaloid lesions ( N = 5) and in a sham-operate control group ( N = 5). In contrast to control animals, which typically suppressed in two to three sessions, none of the amygdaloid operates met criterion within the set limit of 15 sessions or showed signs of suppression. Increasing the intensity and duration of shock also proved ineffective in these animals. Only by punishing each bar-press during the CS period could their responding be suppressed. Further tests on generalization of conditioned suppression, performed on two of the control animals, revealed relatively flat generalization gradients, consistent with other findings. Results were discussed in terms of amygdaloid effects on non-reinforced behavior in discrimination situations. “Inhibition” of responding associated with nonreinforcement appears to involve some of the same processes that operate in shock-motivated behavior.
Learning as a Function of Subliminal Reinforcements
Authors: Jones Austin , Manis Melvin , Weiner Bernard
Published: September 2011

Three studies were conducted to assess the effects of subliminal reinforcements on learning. In the first two, Ss were given a discrimination task in which five geometric forms, repeated over 100 trials, were to be assigned to one of two categories. The categories were unbalanced; four geometric forms comprised one category, the remaining form the other. Response was required on each trial. Immediately after each response, the appropriate reinforcing word, “Right” or “Wrong,” was flashed at a subliminal brightness-contrast In Exp. I, under low motivation (without money incentives), Ss showed no learning of the correct discrimination, nor any evidence of probability learning with respect to relative frequency of stimulus categories. In Exp. II, the above procedure was replicated with money as the incentive. There again was no evidence of discrimination learning, i.e., acquisition of the correct response. There was, however, a significant linear trend ( p < .05) in the proportion of responses made to the more frequent stimulus category; Ss showed an increasing tendency to “match” the relative frequency of their two classes of response with the corresponding two stimulus classes. In Exp. III, Ss who were motivated by a money incentive attempted to guess whether E was thinking of an odd or an even number. Following each response, Ss were reinforced by tachistoscopic presentation of the word “Right” or “Wrong,” at time intervals which were too brief to permit recognition; half of the Ss were positively reinforced for emitting the response “Odd,” and half for the response “Even.” After 100 learning trials had been completed, the reinforcement contingencies were switched for an additional 20 trials, e.g., Ss who had been reinforced for “Odd” were now reinforced for “Even.” Ss in Exp. III showed no evidence of probability learning. Some possible explanations for the conflicting results of Exps. II and III were discussed.
Method for Direct Determination of Inverted Factor Loadings
Authors: Haertzen Charles A.
Published: September 2011

A procedure is presented for the determination of orthogonal markers and for the direct calculation of inverted factor loadings Orthogonal markers are determined by deviations from regression.
A Modification of the F Scale of the Mmpi
Authors: Costa Louis D. , London Perry , Levita Eric
Published: September 2011

Of the 64 items of the MMPI F scale, 41 were rewritten by three judges with a view toward reducing item ambiguity and reading difficulty. Scores on the revised ( F′) scale were significantly higher than those on the original scale ( F) in a total of 198 Ss from several colleges and a professional group. The test-retest reliability of the F′ scale was 88, whereas that of the F was .77. We feel that the revision of the scale may perhaps increase its reliability by reducing the communality of several items through an increase of the social desirability of deviant responses.
Predictive Validity of Mental Ability Tests for Selecting Clerical Employees
Authors: Rainwater J. H. , Michael William B. , Stewart Roger
Published: September 2011

Through use of correlational and multiple-regression techniques comparable predictive validities and regression weights of six tests in the Career Test Battery of the Los Angeles County Civil Service Commission were obtained for two independent samples of 228 and 223 typist-clerks relative to a criterion concerning appraisal for promotability to a higher level position.
Patient Attitudes Related to Some Problems in Psychiatric Architecture
Authors: Davis Gary A.
Published: September 2011

Interviews were used to elicit attitudes and opinions of open-ward patients concerning the physical and socio-psychological mental hospital environment. Some particular problems discussed are: (a) the psychological influence of maximum security measures, (b) ward size, (c) dining and sleeping arrangements, (d) the use of concentrated vs dispersed wards, (e) the “refuge effect” of a comfortable hospital, and (f) aesthetic considerations. The results indicated that the physical plant and facilities, including a large variety of activities, are important to patients. In addition, patient-perceived qualities of a good hospital, hospital purposes, and recent trends in hospital design are discussed.
Familiarity and Novelty of Stimulus and Response Terms in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Cook John Oliver , Browin James Edwin
Published: September 2011

The results of a 2 × 2 design varying the familiarity and novelty of stimulus and response terms in a paired-associate task confirmed the prediction that, in terms of the number of correct pairings, the order of the four treatments from highest to lowest is FF, NF, FN, and NN ( P < .01 for comparisons between any two treatments). An examination of this score and eight other dependent variables suggests that paired-associate learning is a complex set of interdependent processes. Altering one process by manipulating an independent variable appears to affect one or more other processes, as measured by the change in the dependent variables that reflect these processes.
Effects of Drive, Discrimination Training and Response Disruption on Response Strength in the Absence of Primary Reinforcement
Authors: Mc Namara H. J.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed to study the relationship of both drive and performance variables to the learning of a response in the absence of primary reinforcement. A procedure approximating that proposed by Zimmerman was utilized to study a bar-pressing response. It was found that the speed of learning of the bar-pressing response was related to previous reinforcement but that reinforcement and discriminative training were not necessary conditions for learning. It was also found that, while drive and an exit response were necessary conditions for learning, they were not necessary to maintain the response once it was established.
Formal Assessment Procedures in Police Selection
Authors: Narrol Harvey G. , Levitt Eugene E.
Published: September 2011

An attempt is made to estimate the extent to which formal psychological and psychiatric techniques are being employed in the selection of police recruits. To do this, the authors surveyed the 61 U. S. cities with populations greater than 150,000, according to the 1950 census. The kinds of techniques in use, and the frequency with which they are employed, are listed in Table 1. Items found in the most popular type of instrument, specially devised policeman selection tests, are classified and discussed. It is concluded that the varied items do not assess different aptitudes but, rather, lead to an unintentional pre-occupation with correlates of general intelligence. Further discussion focuses on the following factors: (a) even those departments which recognize policeman examinations to be intelligence tests, usually use the former in preference to standardized IQ tests; (b) little is being done to evaluate the personalities of applicants; (c) it appears that there is little or no research being done upon police selection techniques; (d) not many psychologists are involved either in research upon, or in the use of, the selection procedures now employed.
Relation between Seizure Latency and Maze Activity in Rats
Authors: O'Connell Richard H.
Published: September 2011

A high positive correlation was found between audiogenic seizure latency and subsequent activity in a complex maze for 22 rats. The relationship appeared to be independent of the type of seizure, and it disappeared as familiarity with the maze increased. The maze activity of rats who failed to display seizure could not be predicted by considering them to be Ss with very long latencies.
The Case of E and the Thirty Thirsty Rats
Authors: Reinhardt H. E.
Published: September 2011

This paper considers the relation of the statistician and his client and argues that their motives and methods are the same.
Influence of an International Crisis upon Manifest Anxiety
Authors: Rankin R. J. , Jones B. N.
Published: September 2011

Two groups were given the TMAS twice, one group under relatively normal conditions and one under conditions of stress on the retest. The stressing variable was an international crisis. There was a significant drop in the TMAS retest scores for the stressed group. Eleven items that showed stress sensitivity were identified, and it was suggested that these items be modified.
Maze Learning by Secondary Reinforcement without Discrimination Training
Authors: Reynolds William F. , Schwartz Milton M. , Pavlik Wiluam B. , Besch Norma F.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine whether discrimination training is necessary to establish a neutral stimulus as a secondary reinforcer. Twenty rats were discrimination trained with 65 reward trials and 25 nonreward trials (black end-box positive, white end-box negative, and vice versa); 20 rats were single-stimulus trained to either a black or white end-box for 65 reward trials. T-maze test trials were given at a rate of 1 free choice and 3 forced-choice trials per day for 11 days. One-half of the Ss in each training group were given standard nonreward test trials; one-half of the Ss from each training condition were rewarded for both maze choices. The results showed that all 4 experimental groups performed significantly better than chance in the T maze. The successful test effects were attributed, in part, to the control of such factors as frustration and stimulus novelty. The data further suggest that discrimination training is not necessary for the production of secondary reinforcement effects.
Three Empathy Measures as Correlates of Test and Rating Criteria
Authors: Smouse Albert D. , Aderman Morris , van Buskirk Charles
Published: September 2011

In order to compare subjective, projective and objective measures of empathy both directly and as to relative power in predicting various group criteria, three empathy measures were obtained from 119 senior and 110 junior nursing students. Measures were ranks of a positive empathy-relevant item among other self values and of a negative empathy-relevant item among self faults, an Incomplete Sentence Test, and the Diplomacy Test of Empathic Ability. Criteria were achievement tests and ratings of individual performances in various areas. Preliminary research and the results suggest three conclusions. (1) As indicated by the generally low correlations among the empathy measures, the indices of empathy are not measuring the same thing. This may be explained by viewing empathy as consisting of several components, with each measure of empathy focusing more or less on one component. (2) Providing the empathy-relevant value and fault statements used in this study were opposites, the self-assessment of empathy within a framework of self values is not significantly related to the self-assessment of empathy when stated negatively and viewed within a framework of self faults. (3) Empathy as measured has limited value in predicting nursing criteria irrespective of whether the measures are used singly or in combination. Except for two of the nursing criteria, very little predictive accuracy is gained by using more than one empathy measure.
Ego Control Patterns and Attribution of Hostility
Authors: Altrocchi John , Perlitsh Hilda D.
Published: September 2011

As a step toward clarifying personality factors in interpersonal perception, it was hypothesized that patterns of ego control are related to the degree of hostility attributed to self and others and by others to self. On the basis of MMPI scores used as indices of ego control patterns, 41 repressors, 14 expressors, 24 expressor-sensitizers, and 22 sensitizers were selected from 296 nursing students. Love scores from the ICL were used as measures of hostility attributed. While the results were not reliable enough for clear conclusions, they were consistent with the hypotheses. Repressors attributed little hostiliy to themselves and others, and little hostility was attributed to them by others. The degree of hostility attributed by expressors to others and by others to them was significantly greater than the degree of hostility they attributed to themselves. Sensitizers were not described as particularly hostile and did not attribute much hostility to others; the degree of hostility attributed to self was slightly more in this group than in the repressors or expressors, but was significantly more for the expressor-sensitizers than for repressors or expressors. Relating patterns of ego control to attribution of hostility is seen as a fruitful approach to further research in the field of personality and interpersonal perception, but the need for further controls and improved methods in such research is clear.
A Quasineurological Model Elucidating the Causality of Freud's Topographic Formulation
Authors: Stein Arthur
Published: September 2011

Freud's topographic formulation is central to psychoanalytic theory. Nevertheless, there is little understanding of the causality underlying the topographic phenomena. This paper elaborates Hebb's theory, introducing more complex operations which are used as concrete explanation for the topographic formulation. A simplified six-step developmental outline of the unconscious process is employed to show how punishment may lead to fear and fear-avoidance, permanent anxiety and defense against anxiety, cognitive deficit and repression, and behavioral rigidification It becomes possible to see how the mental apparatus can give rise to the rational and irrational, how these two spheres of action may reside side by side and interpenetrate.
Aggressive Response Strength as a Function of Interference with Goal-Oriented Responses near to and Far from Their Goal
Authors: Cutter Henry S. G.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was tested that interference with a goal-oriented activity close to the goal leads to stronger aggressive responses than does interference with a goal-oriented activity far from the goal. One group of fourth-grade Ss attempting to score 100 on a pinball machine task was interfered with by a “tilt” light after scoring 90 points (close to the goal), another group was interfered with by the “tilt” light after scoring 20 points (far from the goal), while an uninterfered-with group served as a control. The hypothesis was not supported. The interfered-with Ss became more self punishing, as measured by the Rosenzweig P-F Study, than the control group.