bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Development and Public Enterprise: The Case of Rural Iowa’s Telecommunications Utilities
Authors: van Wart Montgomery , Rahm Dianne , Sanders Scott
Published: March 2007

This article examines the creation of public enterprises as a form of economic development for rural American communities. These public enterprises have a beneficial economic development role to play when there is a private sector failure to deliver high-quality, low-cost services in critical economic areas. The study examines Iowa’s advanced telecommunications services in rural areas. Some rural areas perceive themselves to be well served by the private sector, but others perceive themselves to be woefully underserved. When rural Iowa communities believed themselves to be deprived of market-based services, they created public enterprise telecommunications utilities. Factors necessary for high-quality public enterprise telecommunication system success (as well as those leading to failure) are discussed. Also discussed are trends showing the importance of the new public enterprise telecommunications utilities.
Comparing State Enterprise Zone Programs: Variations in Structure and Coverage
Authors: Brintnall Michael , Green Roy E.
Published: March 2007

This article develops a framework to classify and compare state administered enterprise zone programs based on survey data from state program administrators. Three themes are described as having led to the design and implementation of individual state programs: economic theory, political theory, and programmatic experience. From these themes, seven key dimensions are identify ed, within which state programs can be expected to vary. The analysis measures the variation among states' programs within these dimensions and assesses the usefulness of the framework developed here as a guide to comprehensive evaluation of individual and comparative program performance.
Understanding the Japanese Economy: Barriers to Increasing Trade
Authors: Johnson Chalmers
Published: March 2007

Even if Japan took steps to end its neo-mercantifist barriers to free trade, Japanese domestic demand would remain low for structural reasons. If Japanese domestic demand is to be enlarged, structural reforms are needed that will stimulate private spending and investment. The report of the Maekawa Commission of 1986 to the Japanese prime minister is a blueprint for the structural enlargement of demand. Japan must do three things: end excessive savings, enhance household income, and reorient its economy from one based on exports to one devoted to meeting domestic needs.
Jobs and Commercial Office Development: Do New Offices Generate New Jobs?
Authors: Patton Carl V.
Published: March 2007

Using original data for a Midwestern city, the dynamics of job generation through new office building construction are examined in this article. A limited number of new business openings were associated with the construction of four new office buildings, either new businesses located in the new buildings or new businesses located in the spaces vacated by existing businesses that moved into the new buildings. Most tenants who moved into the new office buildings had already been located in the central business district. There were, however, 1075 new jobs associated with the tenant moves into the four new buildings, with 17% of this total being derived from new businesses and 83% being related to the expansion of existing businesses. The new office space also enabled businesses to upgrade their images, move into more efficient quarters, and position themselves for future expansion.
Using Tax Increment Financing for Urban Redevelopment Projects
Authors: Klemanski John S.
Published: March 2007

Part of a trend beginning in the mid 1970s, many states became quite aggressive and competitive in providing public financing, tax incentives, and regulatory relief for those businesses considering location or relocation in the state. This article focuses on a particular redevelopment financing mechanism called Tax Increment Financing (TIF), and attempts to assess some of its political and financial consequences in various states. TIF is a state-authorized, locally implemented plan that helps finance public improvements associated with private development projects. Currently, Tax Increment Financing has been authorized in about 33 states, but many states have experienced political, legal, and fiscal controversies with its implementation.
ES202: The Data Base for Local Employment Analysis
Authors: White Sammis B. , Zipp John F. , McMahon William F. , Reynolds Peter D. , Osterman Jeffrey D. , Binkley Lisa S.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the costs and benefits of using state-level unemployment compensation (UC) records, commonly known as ES202 data, for analyzing local economic change. Although the unedited UC records are helpful for the most general level for statewide analysis, these records must be edited considerably for more detailed questions and/or any substate analyses. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Urban Research Center detail the problems and issues they confronted in using Wisconsin's ES202 data to address these latter concerns. Included is a description of the type of data available from ES202 reports and a discussion of the many obstacles that are likely to confront all researchers attempting to transform raw ES202 data into a more useful form. The authors conclude that properly used, ES202 data provide a wide range of valuable information that can be used to inform local economic development policy
Regional Patterns of Exurban Industrialization: Results of a Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Nelson Arthur C.
Published: March 2007

This article reports preliminary results of current research into the changing spatial pattern of manufacturing in the contiguous states. Complete results are not due for two years. Results reported here are general in nature but portray trends important to those involved in economic development, especially activities aimed at attracting manufacturing firms. Between 1965 and 1985 total employment in the contiguous 48 states rose from 47.2 million to 80.2 million, a 70% increase. Manufacturing employment rose from 17.5 million to 19.3 million, or just 10%. During this period employment in exurban counties rose by 86 percent, from 7.6 million to 14.1 million. Manufacturing employment rose from 3.4 million to 4.5 million, or 32%. While exurban areas accounted for only 20% of the total number of jobs created during this period, it accounted for 61% of the new manufacturing jobs. By comparison, urban counties lost manufacturing employment, suburban counties accounted for 21%, small metropolitan counties accounted for 18%, and rural counties accounted for just 27% of new manufacturing jobs (figures adjusted for the loss of nearly one-half million manufacturing jobs in urban counties). Manufacturing is moving farther into the countryside, away from central cities and their traditional suburbs, but not so far away that goods, workers, and services cannot be shipped easily within a day to nearby urban areas. Exurban industrialization will lead to greater population dispersal If population shifts occasioned by exurban industrialization create new demands for services, retail and service jobs may follow. Exurban industrialization may place new pressures on local governments not prepared to accommodate the special needs of manufacturing or new residents. In this article the author offers only insight into this phenomenon. Work must be done to ascertain its many dimensions, implications, and possible policy responses.
Municipal Fiscal Health and Tax Abatement Policy
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: March 2007

Much attention in the urban economic development literature has focused on the relative merits of various economic development techniques and incentives. Less work has been done regarding why certain techniques are favored over others. In a study of 87 Michigan cities, this article explores the determinants of municipal tax abatement policy. Findings support the hypothesis that cities with growing economies tend to offer higher levels of tax abatements to promote further growth. Political factors such as governmental structure and competitiveness of elections are also important. The findings also suggest that commercial and industrial tax abatement policies are different, with commercial abatement levels being less easily explained
Financing Maryland Biotechnology
Authors: Acs Zoltan J. , Herron Lanny , Sapienza Harry J.
Published: March 2007

A well-developed venture capital network is important for launching regional science-based industries. Although these networks are not absolutely necessary for high-technology development, they help facilitate entrepreneurial start-ups and speed development. This article examines the degree to which the biotechnology industry in Maryland is supported by the "local" venture capital community. The authors find that the biotechnology industry is a significant importer of capital, suggesting that Maryland venture capital firms may not be playing an active enough role in economic development. Government policy should be used to strengthen the linkages between the venture capital community and the region's high-technology firms.
Planned Industrial and Commercial Developments in the United States: A Review of the History, Literature, and Empirical Evidence Regarding Industrial Parks and Research Parks
Authors: Peddle Michael T.
Published: March 2007

Planned industrial and commercial developments in the United States can be dated from the industrial districts developed in Chicago at the beginning of this century. This article traces the evolution of planned developments in the United States and examines some of the literature relating to planned developments and their role in local and regional economic development, including a look at the evolution of zoning and land use controls as applied to planned developments. Special attention is given to review of Luger and Goldstein's recent book, Technology in the Garden, allowing analysis of research parks as an evolutionary economic development institution. The available evidence leads to the conclusion that the most successful of recent planned developments have been mixed use developments that make use of agglomeration economies of several types of industries simultaneously, and diversify the economies and risk portfolios of the host regions.
Rural Tourism and Economic Development
Authors: Frederick Martha
Published: March 2007

Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives-economic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryan's book is multidisciplinary, in approach and covers all major topics of tourism study-economic, cultural, and environmental impacts; demand for tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative effects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith's book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.
Industrial Location Decisions of Biotechnology Organizations
Authors: Haug Peter , Ness Philip
Published: March 2007

Biotechnology will have a tremendous effect on future worldwide economic development and competitiveness. This article describes research on biotechnology location decisions and economic development and characteristics of American biotechnology companies and employment. This background provides a foundation for discussing empirical evidence from commercial biotechnology enterprises in the Greater Seattle region, a major American biotechnology concentration. Research findings indicate the importance of university research activities, academic spinoffs, and entrepreneurial behavior in biotechnology firm development. Research and development (R&D) and manufacturing facility location decisions emphasized founder preferences, proximity to either university or company facilities, labor agglomeration economies, and the local infrastructure. Federal and state regulations and taxes, marketing capabilities, and financing sources were leading operational restrictions affecting company growth. These findings suggest increasing university and company R&D funding and expanding existing high-technology complexes to encourage regional biotechnology economic development.
Three Strategies of State Economic Development: Entrepreneurial, Industrial Recruitment, and Deregulation Policies in the American States
Authors: Leicht Kevin T. , Jenkins J. Craig
Published: March 2007

State governments have adopted a wide variety of policies to promote economic development over the past two decades. There has been little progress, however in developing a clear conceptualization of the general strategies that underlie these programs or in assessing their impact on economic growth. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors examine a wide range of these policies, finding evidence of three general approaches: (1) an entrepreneurial approach focusing on new firm and technology development; (2) an industrial recruitment strategy emphasizing financial incentives for the relocation or expansion of existing enterprises; and (3) a deregulation approach that minimizes governmental control over private enterprise. These policies are modestly associated with particular regions of the United States. The entrepreneurial strategy appears to boost new business incorporations, and the recruitment approach reduces business failures. The results complement and extend other attempts to measure state economic development strategy.
Studying Regional Development: The Regional Context of Economic Development
Authors: McLean Beverly M.
Published: March 2007

This essay reviews four recent books on regional development and change. Taken as a group, these books illustrate the contribution of a wide range of disciplines and methods for studying regional development. The following essay presents their major arguments and conclusions. The advantages and disadvantages of their various methods are briefly discussed as well. Sources of Metropolitan Growth offers insights on the contribution of geographers and economists toward understanding locational factors that influence metropolitan growth and decline. The Rise of the Gunbelt and From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt provide historical analyses of how national policies influence regional development. The Pentagon and the Cities illustrates the contribution of multiple disciplines toward understanding effects of a federal policy.
International Trade and Shift-Share Analysis: A Specification Note
Authors: Dinc Mustafa , Haynes Kingsley E.
Published: March 2007

As part of the focus on estimating the links between regional economies and the global economy through international trade, the authors have examined some of the recent strategies. These approaches and extensions of a prior model are of great value, and in this vein, we support these approaches. As a complement to the Noponen, Markusen, and Driessen (1997) Economic Development Quarterly article, we have suggested some essential but minor modifications.
Directing Benefits to Need: Evaluating the Distributive Consequences of Urban Economic Development
Authors: Tao Jill L. , Feiock Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation of targeted development programs is made difficult by undefined or multiple goals, reliance on inappropriate aggregate units and levels for analysis, and neglect of distributional consequences resulting from development policy choices. This article presents a strategy for evaluating intergovernmental development programs that are targeted to areas of need and applies this approach to two separate state-sponsored economic development programs in Florida communities. The empirical analysis identifies factors that account for cities’ choices to use targeted development programs and the policy instruments used to achieve targeted outcomes. It then assesses the consequences of two of these policy instruments for both economic growth and community development. In doing so, the authors identify the consequences that problem definition and level of analysis choices have for the outcomes of evaluation efforts.
Metropolitan Development as a Complex System: A New Approach to Sustainability
Authors: Innes Judith E. , Booher David E.
Published: March 2007

A major national debate is under way about the effects of the regulation of development and land use patterns on metropolitan economies. Because this is often framed around whether sprawling development patterns are harmful or beneficial to the economy and environment, we are seemingly presented with an either/or choice. This article asserts that the debate misses the reality that metropolitan development occurs as part of a complex system. If we view metropolitan development as a complex system, there is no fundamental conflict between environmental goals and economic development. Examining the case of California, the authors demonstrate how the relationship between these is part of a larger system involving fiscal policy, governance structure, infrastructure policy, and other factors. The authors propose three strategies for improving metropolitan system performance to ensure sustainable metropolitan economies and environments: developing and using indicators for self-organizing urban systems, collaboration and consensus building among metropolitan stakeholders, and metropolitan leadership.
MOTHERHOOD AS IDEA AND PRACTICE
Authors: ELVIN-NOWAK YLVA , THOMSSON HELÉNE
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the meanings that motherhood has in the everyday life of women in Sweden and how they practice their mothering. The empirical foundation is qualitative interviews conducted with mothers who live in Sweden. Social constructionist and discursive psychology inspired the article, and according to the analysis three discursive positions were identified. The first position deals with the child-mother relationship and indicates that the child's psychological well-being is dependent on the mother's accessibility. The second discursive position deals with the child-mother-woman relationship. Within this framework, motherhood involves finding contentment in life beyond the child, to be able to convey that well-being to the child. The third discursive position focuses on the mother as a working woman rather than a mother. These three discursive positions are discussed in relation to a pronounced discourse within Swedish society, which centers on an intense politically induced struggle for gender equality.
REGION, POVERTY, SIBSHIP, AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN MEXICAN EDUCATION
Authors: POST DAVID
Published: March 2007

Why did gender inequality in secondary school access persist after Mexico made attendance compulsory in 1993? This research reveals an interaction between geography, poverty, and sibship structure in contributing to the underrepresentation of girls in Mexico's poorer southern states. Using regional and contextual information about enrollments and development, a multinomial logistic regression model is estimated. The results show that in addition to family and regional poverty, the position of girls within the sibship contributes to their remaining in or dropping out of school following the primary level and their likelihood of employment or domestic work as an alternative to schooling. The results have implications for Mexico's targeted approach to eliminating the effects of poverty on educational opportunity.
WOMEN AND THEIR HAIR
Authors: WEITZ ROSE
Published: March 2007

This article explores how women seek power through both resisting and accommodating mainstream norms for female hair and delineates the strengths and limitations of these strategies. The data help to illuminate the complex role the body plays in sustaining and challenging women's subordinate position, how accommodation and resistance lie buried in everyday activities, the limits of resistance based on the body, and why accommodation and resistance are best viewed as coexisting variables rather than as polar opposites. Finally, these data suggest the importance of defining resistance as actions that reject subordination by challenging the ideologies that support subordination.
FOR WHOM DOES EDUCATION ENLIGHTEN?
Authors: KANE EMILY W. , KYYRÖ ELSE K.
Published: March 2007

Beliefs have the potential to obscure and legitimate, or to challenge, inequalities of gender and race. Through an analysis of the association between education and beliefs about racial and gender inequality, this article explores for whom education is most likely to foster beliefs that challenge social inequality. Data from the 1996 General Social Survey suggest that education tends to have a greater positive impact on rejection of group segregation and rejection of victim-blaming explanations for inequality than it does on recognition of discrimination or endorsement of group-based remedies for inequality. This pattern is consistent with the view that education reproduces rather than challenges inequality, and it is evident for white men, white women, and African American men. African American women present an exception, which is considered in terms of the unique structural location and historical legacy surrounding African American women's relationship to education.
WOMEN, MEN, AND PATRIARCHAL BARGAINING IN AN ISLAMIC SUFI ORDER
Authors: HUTSON ALAINE S.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the rules and scripts that operate in a sub-Saharan African system, the Tijaniyya Islamic Sufi order in Kano, Nigeria. It analyzes the patriarchal bargains between women and men in the order and reveals how the actions of Muslim women with positions of spiritual authority were both independent and shaped by the order's patriarchy. The author argues that larger shifts across several decades in the Islamic world, the international Tijaniyya leadership, and the Nigerian state allowed Kano Tijaniyya women to act differently and increase their spiritual authority and personal autonomy without breaking the rules of their bargain. The author concludes by suggesting that analyses of other Muslim societies may lead to a better understanding of which strategies lead to women's marginalization and which strategies result in successful bargaining.
WHEN WIVES GET SICK
Authors: ALLEN SUSAN M. , WEBSTER PAMELA S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines factors related to husbands' contribution to housework when their wives become newly impaired. Data are from a sample of 319 married couples who participated in the National Survey of Families and Households, and in which wives developed physical limitations between baseline and five-year follow-up interviews. Using ordinary least squares regression, we found that husbands who have egalitarian attitudes toward marital roles and are happy in their marriage at baseline do more housework at follow-up than husbands who are traditional and/or are less happy. Given the slow rate of change in household division of labor, the lack of public policies to support people with impairment and family caregiving disproportionately burdens women.
The Fighting Spirit
Authors: McCAUGHEY MARTHA
Published: March 2007

This article presents ethnographic research on women's self-defense training and suggests that women's self-defense culture prompts feminists to refigure our understanding of the body and violence. The body in feminist discourse is often construed as the object of patriarchal violence (actual or symbolic), and violence has been construed as something that is variously oppressive, diminishing, inappropriate, and masculinist. Hence, many feminists have been apathetic to women's self-defense. As a practice that rehearses, and even celebrates women's potential for violence, women's self-defense illustrates how and why feminism can frame the body as both a social construction and as politically significant for theory and activism.
CITATIONS AND NETWORKING
Authors: FERBER MARIANNE A.
Published: March 2007

References to publications written by women constitute a significantly larger proportion of citations in articles written by women than in articles written by men in the same subfields. Further, the difference between citation patterns of men and women authors increases as the proportion of women in the discipline decreases, showing that these women are doubly disadvantaged in accumulating citations. These results suggest that the problems of members of an out-group tend to be most serious when their numbers are small and that they will find it increasingly easier to gain acceptance and recognition as their numbers increase.
GENDER AND CHANGES IN SUPPORT OF PARENTS IN CHINA:
Authors: YU LUCY C. , YU YANJU , MANSFIELD PHYLLIS KERNOFF
Published: March 2007

The Chinese traditionally have valued sons over daughters, depending on their sons to support them in old age. Recent changes, however, suggest a shift toward greater gender equality, with daughters also keeping elderly parents. The present study, undertaken in 1979 in the People's Republic of China, assessed attitudes of 48 university staff members toward financial support for aged parents and living arrangements in old age, with an emphasis on gender differences. We found that most sons and daughters gave financial support to their parents regularly and most men and women still believed adult children should share housing with their aged parents. In this sample, the sons assumed this responsibility far more than the daughters, and few of the respondents believed their parents should live with a daughter. However, when asked to project their own preferences in old age, sons thought they would prefer to live with a son, but daughters feel they would like to live with a daughter. These results are discussed in terms of two important cultural changes, the new marriage laws and the one-child policy, that were implemented at the time of the study.
MOTHERHOOD, MULTIPLE ROLES, AND MATERNAL WELL-BEING:
Authors: MILLER MELODY L. , MOEN PHYLLIS , DEMPSTER-McCLAIN DONNA
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of social integration (number of roles occupied) on the psychological well-being of American women who were wives and mothers of young children in the 1950s. The sample, drawn from a 1956 data archive, consisted of 358 married mothers with children under age 13 who lived in upstate New York. The authors focused on two measures of psychological well-being, self-esteem and general life satisfaction, and three measures of women's subjective appraisal of the mother role. Using hierarchical multiple regression and controlling for potentially important individual and structural variables, the authors found that the number of nonfamily roles beyond those of wife and mother that this sample of women occupied was positively related to both self-esteem and general life satisfaction and was negatively related to feelings of detachment from the mothering role. These effects remained regardless of whether or not women were in the labor force and regardless of their social class. The paid worker role per se was not related to self-esteem or general life satisfaction but was related to feelings of maternal discontent and maternal inadequacy.
ETHNICITY AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER IN THE CHINESE DIASPORA
Authors: GESCHWENDER JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the relationship between married women's waged labor and their position in the racial stratification order, comparing Chinese-Canadians in British Columbia and Chinese-Americans in California and Hawaii. It utilizes a theoretical perspective that sees gender as differentially constructed within ethnic groups and as reflecting the interaction of group heritage, historical experiences, and location in the stratification order. Both historical and current census data are examined. Chinese women had initially low rates of participation in the waged labor force. They first functioned as unpaid labor in family enterprises, entering the waged labor force only after the decline of the era of ethnic enterprise. This may initially have been a response to the limited earning capacity of Chinese males, but women remained there even after husbands' income improved. It would appear that the Chinese community initially possessed a set of norms comparable to the cult of domesticity, but their experiences in North America produced a normative transformation. They shifted from believing that “a married woman's place was in the home” to believing that “a married woman has an obligation to work and help support her family.”
CHANGES IN U.S. MEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD THE FAMILY PROVIDER ROLE, 1972-1989
Authors: WILKIE JANE RIBLETT
Published: March 2007

This article examines changes in men's attitudes toward the family provider role using data from the National Opinion Research Center, General Social Surveys for 1972 through 1989. Men's attitudes have become more egalitarian over this period; however, men approve more of sharing provider-role enactment than of sharing provider-role responsibility. Cohort succession was a more important source of change than change within cohorts. Differences among men in attitudes toward the provider role were associated with differences in men's provider-role experiences, although there was a time lag between change in actual experience and change in attitudes. The findings suggest that structural change in the economy of the family that has changed men's experience as breadwinners is the major force altering gender expectations about family roles. Attitudes among some groups of men, those not directly affected by these changes and married men who gain privileges from the breadwinner status, however, continue to reflect past ideology.
TOWARD AN INTEGRATION OF THEORY AND RESEARCH ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN
Authors: BRADLEY KAREN , KHOR DIANA
Published: March 2007

This article develops an approach to cross-national research on the status of women that merges theoretical and methodological concerns. The approach consists of understanding the concept status of women within three dimensions—political, economic, and cultural. The article differentiates between a public and a private domain within each dimension. To understand and compare the status of women in different countries, it is argued that it is imperative to study the interrelationships among the dimensions and domains of status of women. Contrasting the approach taken here with that of extant research on gender inequality and with efforts to locate a universal measure of women's status provides an illustration of the complexity involved in analyzing the status of women, the meaninglessness of talking globally about a single measure of status of women, and the necessity to go beyond male-centered measures of status to capture more fully women's status and experiences.
PATRIARCHAL BARGAINS AND LATENT AVENUES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY:
Authors: EBAUGH HELEN ROSE
Published: March 2007

Despite the classic patriarchy of the Roman Catholic church, American Catholic nuns entered into patriarchal bargains that latently gained them access to resources and status within the system. By means of educational advancement and professional careers, encouraged by the male hierarchy as necessary to performing the works of the church, nuns gained both informal power in the system and an awareness of their disadvantaged position. This article analyzes the shifts that have occurred in these bargains during the past 40 years in terms of the submerged networks of feminist consciousness that have existed in Catholic convents for decades. The article concludes with a description of the current crisis occurring within religious orders as they experience a decline in membership and rapidly increasing median ages of members.
GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES
Authors: RICE TOM W. , COATES DIANE L.
Published: March 2007

It is widely believed that gender role attitudes are more traditional in the southern United States than elsewhere in the nation. We examine this notion, using eight gender-related questions from the NORC General Social Survey data. Responses to these questions suggest that Southerners tend to hold more conservative opinions on questions about women in politics and employed women. On questions of whether employed women can be good mothers, however, Southern and non-Southern opinions are very similar. An examination of how Southerners and non-Southerners answered the gender questions over time shows that attitudes in both regions have become more egalitarian.
GENDER STRATIFICATION IN THE SCIENCE PIPELINE
Authors: HANSON SANDRA L. , SCHAUB MARYELLEN , BAKER DAVID P.
Published: March 2007

This study uses a “science pipeline” model and cross-national data to examine women's participation in science education and occupations in seven countries. Gender stratification in later science education and in science occupations is found in every country examined. Young women's participation in science education decreases with each stage in the science pipeline, but there is considerable cross-national variation in the extent of gender stratification in science. Findings show greater gender stratification in science occupations than in science education, suggesting factors other than training help maintain inequality in high-status science occupations.
THE SHAPING OF ACTIVIST RECRUITMENT AND PARTICIPATION
Authors: IRONS JENNY
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the ways gendered experiences varied by race with regard to women's recruitment and participation in the civil rights movement of Mississippi. The author analyzes 13 interviews with both African American and white women who were connected to the movement. By privileging the voices of movement actors, this study begins to illuminate the ways recruitment and participation varied by race. Three types of women's participation are distinguished: (1) high-risk activism, (2) low-risk institutional, and (3) activist mothering and “women's work.” Explanations for these different forms of participation are found in examining two primary patterns of recruitment.
The "Time and Change" Test: An Appropriate Method to Detect Cognitive Decline in the Elderly
Authors: Mussi Chiara , Foroni Micaela , Valli Angela , Ascari Stefania , Tolve Ivana , Salvioli Gianfranco
Published: March 2007

The Time and Change (T&C) test is an easy and time-saving test validated for the detection of dementia. Our aim was to determine how geriatric features like depression, disability, and comorbidity are able to influence the result of the T&C and, consequently, to decide whether it could be a reliable screening test for cognitive impairment in the elderly. A total of 220 participants (mean age = 75.8 ± 9.6 years, 63.7% females) underwent the T&C, Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Clock Drawing Test; Activities of Daily Living, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, comorbidity, and depression were also evaluated. Time and Change-positive participants were older, had poorer cognitive tests, and had higher levels of disability and comorbidity than participants testing negative. Multivariate analysis showed that cognitive impairment and comorbidity were the only features that influenced the T&C, regardless of age, education, disability, and depression. We conclude that the T&C should be implemented in primary care because it quickly identifies elderly patients with cognitive impairment who need a more accurate evaluation. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:12-15).
Hypothyroidism: Does Treatment Cure Dementia?
Authors: Clarnette Roger M. , Patterson Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

Demented individuals are traditionally investigated for potentially reversible causes. Hypothyroidism is generally accepted as being a condition that, if identified and treated, may be associated with improvement in mental state. A literature search was carried out to determine if data exist to show that this is so. Analysis of 2781 cases from studies of etiology in dementia revealed only one case of reversible dementia due to hypothyroidism. Problems associated with interpretation of previous reports include lack of acceptable criteria for diagnosis of dementia and inadequate follow-up. A randomized controlled trial will be needed to resolve this issue.
Modulation of Cytokine Expression by Hypericum Extract
Authors: Thiele B. , Brink I. , Ploch M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of hypericum extract LI 160 on the stimulated cytokine expression was investigated in vitro in a whole blood culture system. Blood samples were taken from five healthy volunteers and four depressive patients. The release of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was measured quantitatively after an incubation time of 24 hours on microtiter plates. A massive suppression of the interleukin-6 release was found for PHA-stimulated hypericum extract. Possible relations to the antidepressive effects of hypericum extract are discussed.
Pharmaceutical Quality of Hypericum Extracts
Authors: Wagner H. , Bladt S.
Published: March 2007

Hypericum extracts contain at least ten constituents or groups of components that may contribute to the pharmacological effects. It is not yet possible to correlate the antidepressive mode of action with specific constituents; therefore, the pharmaceutical quality of the extracts was characterized on the basis of typical leading substances and especially the hypericins. For the analysis and improvement of the production procedure, the content of hypericin and pseudohypericin was measured experimentally. The drug material was extracted with different solvents and the yield was analyzed for each kind of solvent, its concentration and extraction temperature. Optimal yields were obtained with 80% methanol at temperatures of 80°C.
Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Crystalline Polymers and Their Continuous Fiber Composites
Authors: Jang B. , Liu C.W. , Wang C.Z. , Shih W.K.
Published: March 2007

The morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties of a model crystalline thermoplastic (PP), its rubber toughened versions, and their corresponding continuous fiber composites were investigated. Adding a rubbery phase in a PP matrix results in a less regular spherulite texture with less sharp spherulite boundaries. The average spherulite dimensions have not been reduced appreciably. The rubber particles are found to be uni formly dispersed in the PP matrix and their sizes increase with an increased weight frac tion of rubber. "Transcrystalline" regions can be found with those thin PP specimens con taining a low fraction of glass fibers. Delamination is the dominant failure mode in PP-fiber composite subjected to low-velocity impact. The maximum load tolerated by the laminates just prior to delamination appears to be controlled by the resin yield strength and the fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. The magnitudes of the residual thermal stresses have been estimated and are found to decrease with increasing end-use (or test) tempera ture. No evidence of crazing can be found in fiber-PP composites. A much lesser degree of stress whitening phenomenon was observed in glass fiber reinforced rubber-modified PP than in their unreinforced counterparts. A toughness increase of PP matrix using the technique of rubber modifications did not necessarily lead to an improvement in impact re sistance of fiber composite. In general, the matrix toughness and composite impact prop erties cannot be definitively correlated for this model group of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics.
Interfacial Crystallization and Adsorption in Polycarbonate/Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Brady R.L. , Porter R.S.
Published: March 2007

A polycarbonate (PC)/carbon fiber (CF) composite system has been ex amined with regard to interfacial crystallization and adsorption by altering times and tem peratures of annealing Times up to 180 min and temperatures of 245, 275, and 300°C have been investigated Transverse tensile. transverse toughness, and scanning electron micros copy results on unidirectional, continuous-fiber composites indicate improved fiber/matrix adhesion at longer times and higher temperatures of annealing The data indicate that ad sorption rather than interfacial crystallization is the likely mechanism for increased adhe sion Interfacial crystallization can occur as a consequence of adsorption Adsorption has been used to explain previous data on PC/CF and PEEK/CF. Isothermal transverse tough ness values have been found to fit well to a Langmuir-type expression. The temperature dependence of adsorption as measured by transverse toughness is described well by an Ar rhenius equation
The Effect of Diaphragm Stiffness on the Quality of Diaphragm Formed Thermoplastic Composite Components
Authors: Monaghan M.R. , Mallon P.J. , O'Bradaigh C.M. , Pipes R.B.
Published: March 2007

An experimental autoclave with a forming rate control system and sophisticated data acquisition facilities has been employed for polymeric diaphragm form ing of carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Central displacement mea surements were recorded using a high temperature linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), while forming into a hemispherical mould. Using this facility the pressure versus displacement relationships were established for Upilex-R, Upilex-S, and Kapton-H and superplastic aluminium (Supral) diaphragms. Both Upilex-S and Kapton-H were found to have similar stiffness values, about eight times greater than Upilex-R, while the Supral is about sixteen times stiffer than Upilex-R. Pressure versus displacement characteristics are reported for (0°)8, (0°)16, (0°/90°) 2 s, (0°/90°)4 s and (0°/+45°/-45°/90°) s carbon fibre reinforced PEEK (APC-2) layups, which show that the laminate stiffness at forming tem perature is very low relative to the diaphragm stiffness of Upilex-S, Kapton or Supral. The effect of diaphragm stiffness on squeeze flow is clearly demonstrated as the stiffer di aphragms, Upilex-S and Supral, require higher pressures to complete the forming and consequently cause increased squeeze flow over that shown when using Upilex-R. How ever, it has also been demonstrated that the use of these stiffer diaphragms reduces the risk of laminate buckling. When forming with Upilex-R diaphragms, out of plane buckling was eliminated for a (0°/+45°/-45°/90°), APC-2 layup by reducing the forming rate to 6 mm/mm
Postforming of Thermoplastic Composite I-Beams
Authors: Snyder David L. , Strong A. Brent , Lawson John S.
Published: March 2007

The use of composite materials for structural members has been restricted by the lack of data on the use of these composites, by the inherent brittleness of many of these materials, and by the expensive manufacturing methods associated with their fabri cation. This study examines a new process to postform a constant cross section structural section (I-beam) from a straight section to a bent or contoured section. The structural pieces were tested for stiffness and compared with finite element analysis to determine the net change, if any, due to the bending. Statistical analysis of these results indicated that the bending procedure had little or no significant effect on the stiffness of the samples. This process may, therefore, result in a method of using preformed, standard shaped composite structural members and postforming those members for specific applications.
The Discourse of the Middle Ground
Authors: Livesey Sharon M.
Published: March 2007

In this study, Foucauldian theory is used to interpret a corporate social report published by the Royal Dutch/Shell Group to reveal the contours of an emerging corporate discourse of sustainability and the knowledge-power dynamics entailed by social reporting. The report could be read simply as a corporate attempt to reestablish discursive regularity and hegemonic control in the wake of challenges by environmentalists and human rights activists. However, the author interprets it in the context of the larger sociopolitical discursive struggle over environment and social justice and finds that Shell’s “embrace” of the concept of sustainable development has transforming effects on the company and on the notion of sustainability itself. This contradictory and ambiguous result is characteristic of discursive struggle, which is where, according to Foucault, power is played out and social change occurs.
Symlog
Authors: Keyton Joann , Wall Victor D.
Published: March 2007

SYMLOG, an acronym for the System for Multiple Level Observation of Groups, represents both theory and method for defining and analyzing the interaction among group participants. Based upon Bales's life work, SYMLOG provides efficient data-capture techniques allowing managers and interventionists to collect group member perceptions about the interaction in their work group or in the larger organization. SYMLOG, as introduced by Bales and Cohen (1979), has been subjected to validity and reliability investigations; minor revisions have emerged. Researchers are using SYMLOG in their investigations of group and organizational communication; consultants are using SYMLOG to distinguish among work groups and provide effective feedback in interventions.
Strategies for Managerial and Employee Intervention in the Idealization-Frustration-Demoralization Cycle
Authors: Switzer David E. , Switzer Jo Young
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness with which employees discharge their responsibilities in organizations is affected dramatically by the extent to which they feel disillusioned with their work. Managers with whom the authors work as consultants lament a cycle that begins with idealization, turns to frustration, and, left unchecked, yields demoralization (the IFD cycle). The authors investigate this cycle and advance two propositions: (1) employees have the right to function in organizations that conscientiously provide resources to obstruct the IFD cycle; and (2) employees have the responsibility to participate authentically in opportunities to obstruct the IFD cycle. Specific interventions into the cycle for restoration of “organizational health” are suggested.
The Experience and Expression of Emotion in the Workplace
Authors: Waldron Vincent R. , Krone Kathleen J.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated Rafaeli and Sutton's (1989) model of emotional expression in the workplace by examining descriptions of emotional interactions occurring among members of a state government agency. The results indicated that qualities of felt emotions influenced emotional expression, which in turn yielded changed relational perceptions and changed communication behavior subsequent to the emotional event. Content analysis of the event descriptions resulted in preliminary generalizations about the types of emotions experienced by members, the nature of repressed emotional messages, and the dimensions of relationship changes stemming from the emotional events. The results are interpreted as evidence of the importance of emotional communication in relationship reformulation and are consistent with Van Maanen and Kunda's (1989) recent depiction of emotional control as part of organizational culture.
Argumentativeness and Aggressiveness
Authors: DeWine Sue , Nicotera Anne Maydan , Parry Doug
Published: March 2007

This article explores the development and testing of two popular communication instruments: argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness scales. One measures the degree to which an individual engages in verbal attacks on another individual's position on some controversial topic, and the second measures the degree to which one engages in attacks on another's self-concept. The authors make recommendations about the use of the two instruments and present new evidence of their reliability and validity.