bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Special Responsibility
Authors: Walker Vanessa
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses U.S. relations with Chile during the Carter administration as an avenue to explore the innate tensions within a policy that simultaneously sought to promote human rights abroad and champion nonintervention. The administration, seeking to appeal to both domestic and international constituencies, sought an approach that balanced distancing the U.S. government from the Pinochet regime, maintaining pressure to improve human rights, and avoiding overt interference in domestic Chilean affairs, which could prompt a nationalist backlash. The competing demands of demonstrating to domestic audiences a cooler relationship with the Pinochet regime on the one hand, and implementing a human rights policy that would improve conditions in Chile on the other, shaped and at times undermined the Carter administration's efforts. The administration was always aware that its leverage was limited and that regime change from without was not a primary objective. The assassination of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C., on September 21, 1976, highlighted the tensions between the domestic and foreign policy objectives of the administration's human rights policy.
Weighing the Costs
Authors: Walker Vanessa
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the Carter administration's approach to Argentina, driven by a rich interaction between advocates and government officials in Buenos Aires and Washington. Argentina was the site of some of the Carter administration's most sustained and vigorous human rights efforts, yet it also revealed the limits of influence and competing priorities among administration officials and U.S. human rights groups. In Argentina, tensions arose around the dual objectives of U.S. policy: to defend human rights by distancing itself from dictatorships and to engage with repressive regimes to improve specific human rights problems. The Carter administration had built its foreign policy around the premise that the promotion and support of human rights would serve the national interest by building the United States' stature and influence in the international system. With Argentina, however, its human rights initiatives increasingly appeared to conflict with other national interests, particularly economic growth and new security concerns. With a struggling economy at home, the potential loss of trade and jobs due to human rights legislation curtailing international investment led some to question how this policy served the national interest.
European Philhellenism Crosses the Atlantic
Authors: Santelli Maureen Connors
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how Americans embraced European philhellenism and how it first evolved as a movement in the United States. Lord Byron's philhellenism and his subsequent pledge to join the Greek army particularly energized interest in the Greek cause on both sides of the Atlantic. Although the American philhellenic movement initially drew some momentum from its European counterpart, it quickly became a unique one in its own right. More than any other revolution of the nineteenth century, the Greek War of Independence saw Americans in both the North and South quickly connecting it with their own revolution, and they regarded it as their duty to raise public awareness and support for the cause. Americans quickly mobilized an active cause when it became obvious that the U.S. government would neither officially recognize Greek independence nor would provide the Greek army with military aid. This mobilization of popular support for the Greek cause generated what many newspapers termed “the Greek Fire.”
Reproductive Citizens
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: May 2021

In the familiar tale of mass migration to France from 1880 onward, we know very little about the hundreds of thousands of women who formed a critical part of those migration waves. This book argues that their relative absence in the historical record hints at a larger and more problematic oversight — the role of sex and gender in shaping the experiences of migrants to France before the Second World War. This compelling history of social citizenship demonstrates how, through the routine application of social policies, state and social actors worked separately toward a shared goal: repopulating France with immigrant families. Filled with voices gleaned from census reports, municipal statistics, naturalization dossiers, court cases, police files, and social worker registers, the book shows how France welcomed foreign-born men and women — mobilizing naturalization, family law, social policy, and welfare assistance to ensure they would procreate, bearing French-assimilated children. Immigrants often embraced these policies because they, too, stood to gain from pensions, family allowances, unemployment benefits, and French nationality. By striking this bargain, they were also guaranteed safety and stability on a tumultuous continent. The book concludes that, in return for generous social provisions and refuge in dark times, immigrants joined the French nation through marriage and reproduction, breadwinning and child-rearing — in short, through families and family-making — which made them more French than even formal citizenship status could.
Bachelors, Bureaucrats, and Marrying into the Nation
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the passage of the 1927 Law of Independent Nationality, in which French women who married immigrant men could for the first time retain their French nationality after marriage. It explains how the 1927 law permitted the French women's foreign-born husbands to obtain French citizenship with fewer delays and decreed that the children born of those unions on French soil would automatically become French. It also analyses the state's movement to facilitate intermarriage between Frenchwomen and foreign-born men on a vast scale, using marriage as a means to repopulate France. The chapter discusses the notion of republican motherhood, which held that Frenchwomen could use their influence within the domestic sphere to assimilate their foreign husbands and their half-foreign children into the French nation. It elaborates how intermarriages between Frenchwomen and immigrant men were favorable but indispensable for many Third Republican contemporaries.
Max Abramovitz’s Temple Beth Zion
Authors: Kowsky Francis R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to Temple Beth Zion in Buffalo, a significant example of mid-twentieth-century modern architecture that was designed by prominent New York architect Max Abramovitz. It describes the Temple Beth Zion as a four-part complex that consists of the synagogue, a two-story religious school building, a multipurpose auditorium, and a chapel. It also talks about how Abramovitz turned to the aesthetic of neo-expressionism and brutalism for Temple Beth Zion, which is termed the antirational trends that appeared in postwar modernism. The chapter recounts the deep roots of Temple Beth Zion in the Buffalo community, tracing its origin to the late 1840s and referencing it as the fourth reform congregation in America.
The Character of Adolescents
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the character of adolescents. It is hard to say precisely how much the distinctive character of adolescents reflects a natural stage in the human maturation process and how much is the result of the intensive interaction with other teens that has become the norm in modern times. The safest bet is that it is a bit of both. With that framework in mind, the chapter first considers the distinctive qualities of teenagers that can reasonably be connected to the natural trajectory of human development, viewing this from a number of complementary vantage points. It then turns to the social setting of adolescence, where, as research psychologist Robert Epstein rightly points out, these teenage qualities have been given the opportunity to flourish and take root as never before.
Governing Together
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This chapter contends that if we face challenges nowadays working together as a society of reasoning adults, the problem is nowhere more apparent than in the political arena. Politics matters — or should matter — a great deal. Elected officials make weighty decisions on a regular basis: how much tax to collect, where to spend public funds, what areas of our lives to regulate and control, all the while debating and determining the appropriate balance to be struck between overarching values such as freedom, equality, and security. One way or another, these decisions affect each and every one of us, making politics one of the few areas of modern life that can truly be considered a common societal undertaking. In theory, we should all be attuned to what is happening in the world of politics and seek to contribute to the process where we can. Yet there are numerous problems with how the system works in practice and a strong sense of detachment felt by many. The adolescent character of both politicians and citizens, the chapter argues, is largely to blame.
Finding Balance
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter highlights ideas which are largely aimed at finding a renewed place for adult attributes in today's society — a goal that is admittedly hard to pin down. For we have changed a great deal over the course of the past one hundred years, to the point that the defining qualities of adulthood have become more ambiguous and contested. So perhaps the first step, and in many ways the most challenging one, is to initiate a conversation, a serious and wide-ranging conversation, about what it actually means to be an adult in this day and age. If we are to provide guidance for young people moving toward that stage of life, we have to decide what we see as the basic prerequisites of adulthood at this juncture in our social evolution. This will not be a simple reversion to some archetype of the past, but it will likely involve some rekindling of venerable adult qualities updated for modern times. Yet these must be successfully combined with the liberating attitude and philosophy that our adolescent selves have rightly insisted upon. In the final analysis, adolescent and adult qualities must both have their place, as we search for a healthy equilibrium that can bring out the best in all of us.
The Perverse Effect
Authors: Krcmaric Daniel
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates civil war duration and shows how culpable leaders respond to incentives to fight until the bitter end. It provides quantitative analysis that demonstrates civil wars last longer when culpable leaders are in power during the accountability era. It reviews a case study of Muammar Gaddafi during the 2011 Libyan revolution, which illustrates how the justice cascade has altered the decision calculus of culpable leaders. The chapter describes Gaddafi, who was unlike his peers during the impunity era, as he worried enough about an international prosecution to spurn the exile option. It recounts Gaddafi's decision to risk it all on the battlefield, which prolonged the Libyan conflict.
High Persianate Intellectuals
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the high Persianate intellectuals in Islamic history. The ulama were not the only patricians of Bukhara, but they were the only elite cadre whose claim to authority rested on the mastery of Perso-Islamic knowledge. Indeed, the Islamic scholars stood at the apex of a historical synthesis integrating a wide range of Perso-Islamic knowledge forms into a single whole. Just as Islamic and pre-Islamic Persian forms were inexorably intertwined in the city's mythologization, so too were the disciplines and social roles of the ulama. By the nineteenth century, tens of thousands of graduates were emerging from Bukhara's madrasas and it was not enough to simply have mastered Arabic grammar and theology: scholars distinguished themselves through their “extracurricular” and “postgraduate” scholastic pursuits. Never before had scholars had so much in common across such an eclectic range of competencies, nor would they again, following the rise of reformist Islam and the Soviet transformation.
Ukraine
Authors: Sobol Valeria
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces Ukraine as the quintessential locale of the Russian imperial uncanny. It discusses Ukraine's complicated history of its integration into the Russian Empire. Unlike Finland, Ukraine was perceived as a repository of specifically Slavic authenticity and national culture. The topic of Ukraine in the Russian imperialist discourse and Gogol's complicated relationship to his Ukrainian and Russian “selves” have been sufficiently addressed in scholarship. Thus the chapter only outlines the major factors that contributed to the image of Gothic Ukraine in the Russian literary imagination as its uncanny double and briefly discusses Gogol's stories The Night before Christmas and A Terrible Vengeance (1832) as case studies.
Afterword
Authors: Sobol Valeria
Published: May 2021

This chapter reflects on the contemporary moment, which has witnessed a revival of Russia's expansionist and imperial discourse. It discusses “physiognomy” — a concern that pervaded Russian literary criticism of the time and found its manifestation in such uncanny fictional characters as the characters of the stories discussed in this book. The book discussed the anxieties that underlay several literary works of the time that deployed, seriously or subversively (and often both), popular Gothic tropes. The Gothic conventions served not exclusively as purely literary techniques intended to create a mysterious and suspenseful atmosphere in the work, to provoke certain emotions in the reader, or, in some cases, to mock a fashionable literary form. The chapter concludes that the book reconstructs a coherent tradition of the Russian imperial uncanny — a fictional space into which the Russian Empire projected its colonial fantasies and anxieties, and where it created its monsters and doubles that continue to haunt the Russian historical imagination.
Anti-Christian Violence in India
Authors: Bauman Chad M.
Published: May 2021

Does religion cause violent conflict, this book asks, and if so, does it cause conflict more than other social identities? Through an extended history of Christian–Hindu relations, with particular attention to the 2007–2008 riots in Kandhamal, Odisha, this book examines religious violence and how it pertains to broader aspects of humanity. Is “religious” conflict sui generis, or is it merely one species of intergroup conflict? Why and how might violence become an attractive option for religious actors? What explains the increase in religious violence over the last twenty to thirty years? Integrating theories of anti-Christian violence focused on politics, economics, and proselytization, the book additionally weaves in recent theory about globalization and, in particular, the forms of resistance against Western secular modernity that globalization periodically helps to provoke. With such theories in mind, the book explores the nature of anti-Christian violence in India, contending that resistance to secular modernities is, in fact, an important but often overlooked reason behind Hindu attacks on Christians. Intensifying the widespread Hindu tendency to think of religion in ethnic rather than universal terms, the ideology of Hindutva, or “Hinduness,” explicitly rejects both the secular privatization of religion and the separability of religions from the communities that incubate them. And so, with provocative and original analysis, the book questions whether anti-Christian violence in contemporary India is really about religion, in the narrowest sense, or rather a manifestation of broader concerns among some Hindus about the Western sociopolitical order with which they associate global Christianity.
A Prehistory of Hindu-Christian Conflict
Authors: Bauman Chad M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a historical exposition on the development of Hindu–Christian conflict and on how certain conflicts in India came to be understood as “religious” conflicts between “Hindus” and “Christians.” It emphasizes the world-historical forces that played and continue to play a role in the construction of Hindu–Christian conflict. It also elaborates how colonization and globalization contributed to the construction of Hindu–Christian conflict. The chapter analyses local and global factors that explain why particular groups come into conflict, why at a particular time, and why in a particular way. It mentions the resistance of some Hindus to what they perceive as the undesirable but inexorable global diffusion of modern, secular ideals as one of the reasons for the conflict between Hindus and Christians.
“Darkness, Loneliness, Loud Noises, and Men”
Authors: Bauman Chad M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at economic competition and frustration as the significant cause of the Pana–Kandha conflict in Kandhamal. It also describes Pandals as a visible, public demonstration of presence that often precipitate contestation over space, as one did at the beginning of the 2007 riots in Kandhamal. It also follows reports in newspapers that were written after the dust of Kandhamal had settled to some degree and corresponded closely with accounts provided by victims. The chapter refers to Sangh Parivar politicians and sympathizers who alleged that the broad correspondence in the narratives of victims, minority-rights activists, and government commissions were derived from a mutual reliance from the Western, liberal, anti-Hindu, minority-oriented bias of the national, English-language press. It reviews the element of propaganda involved in how both Christians and their critics tell the story of what happened in Kandhamal.
A Geography of Anger
Authors: Bauman Chad M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the constructivist approach to Hindu–Christian conflict that is recognized with the instrumentalists and discusses the important role of material interests while acknowledging that religion really does matter. It explains how religion provides to proponents of Hindutva a convenient organizing principle that unites disparate local conflicts. It also explores the unifying banner that serves the interests of the largely upper-caste Hindu leaders of the Sangh Parivar that enables them to unify Hindus against a common, external enemy. The chapter describes the Hindu–Christian conflict in India that is often framed by proponents of Hindutva as a clash of incompatible world views. It refers to Hindus associated with the Sangh that perceive in the universalizing religion of Christianity as an implicit rejection of their view that religions are and should be ethnic.
The Truth Society
Authors: Liston Noelle Molé
Published: May 2021

This book seeks to understand how a period of Italian political spectacle, which regularly blurred fact and fiction, has shaped how people understand truth, mass-mediated information, scientific knowledge, and forms of governance. The book scrutinizes Italy's late-twentieth-century political culture, particularly the impact of the former prime minister and media mogul Silvio Berlusconi. By doing so, the book examines how this truth-bending political era made science, logic, and rationality into ideas that needed saving. With the prevalence of fake news and our seeming lack of shared reality in the “post-truth” world, many people struggle to figure out where this new normal came from. The book argues that seemingly disparate events and practices that have unfolded in Italy are historical reactions to mediatized political forms and particular, cultivated ways of knowing. Politics, then, is always sutured to how knowledge is structured, circulated, and processed. This book offers Italy as a case study for understanding the remaking of politics in an era of disinformation.
The Trial against Disinformation
Authors: Liston Noelle Molé
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the trial and subsequent conviction of scientists following the April 2009 earthquake in the city of L'Aquila. It talks about members of the National Commission for the Forecast and Prevention of Major Risks (Commissione Grandi Rischi) that were charged with manslaughter and grievous injury for issuing public reassurances in 2012, which were alleged to frame the victims' choice to stay home and, subsequently, led to their deaths. It also shows how the L'Aquila trial represents a seismic rupture of belief, which became a judicial experiment in holding disinformation accountable. The chapter explores why citizens of L'Aquila have found scientists' public statements credible. It elaborates how the incrimination of Commissione Grandi Rischi meant that Italians had faith in the moral capabilities of politicians and the purity of scientific truth, suspending their more rational skepticism to the contrary.
Resident Aliens
Authors: Yahaya Nurfadzilah
Published: May 2021

This chapter opens up with a short story written in 1941 by a Dutch writer, which tells of a young Javanese man named Karto and his encounter with an old Arabian. The depiction of the Arab man as a vulture suggests that Arabs in the Dutch Indies were opportunistic scavengers always ready to pounce on the spoils of Natives' misfortunes and prey on their presumed naiveté. The chapter sees how the identities of the Arabs became more rooted in prejudice as Dutch jurisdictions hardened. Drawing upon these prejudices, Dutch legal authorities intensely cultivated the exclusion of Arabs from the bulk of the Native population from the mid-nineteenth century onward. The chapter also outlines the impact of divided Foreign Orientals and scattered Arabs in the Netherlands Indies over a huge geographical expanse across several thousand islands in the colony. Ultimately, the chapter analyses how the property fell into the hands of Foreign Orientals through various mechanisms such as inheritance, powers of attorney, and transfer of debt.
Legal Incompetence
Authors: Yahaya Nurfadzilah
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the jurisdictional problems that Arab populations experienced under Dutch colonial rule. The one thing that the Dutch feared above all else was not the slippage of Arab identity into the category of “Natives” but rather the possible equation of Arabs with themselves, Europeans. The possibility of fluid jurisdictions horrified Dutch authorities. The chapter examines the attempt by the Arab elite in the Netherlands Indies to appeal to Ottoman protection as subjects potentially led to a paradigm of diplomacy in the colony that inadvertently allowed some colonial subjects more latitude than the Dutch colonialists intended for them since they certainly did not possess equal status. The chapter also discusses how the Arab affairs — and one might even argue Muslim affairs in general — remained to some extent in Arab hands in the Netherlands Indies through the symbiotic relationships between colonial officials and the Arab elite.
Constructing the Index of Arabs
Authors: Yahaya Nurfadzilah
Published: May 2021

This chapter elaborates the gradual dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War contributed to the nationalization of the Arab diaspora in the British and Dutch colonial imagination. It highlights a phenomenon which linked the diaspora to an Arab nation instead of the colonies in Southeast Asia where they had established themselves. As much as the surveillance was focused on Southeast Asia, the chapter reveals that the British interests in the Middle East, in the wake of the demise of the major imperial power in the region (the Ottomans), dictated the direction of surveillance policies. It outlines how the First World War formed a watershed moment in the history of British–Arab relations in Southeast Asia. The chapter also looks at how the strained wartime resources caused colonial officials to feel more vulnerable and isolated, leading them to cement their alliance with the Arab community. Ultimately, the chapter examines the constant attempts of the members of the Arab diaspora who continually tried to prove their utility and legitimacy to colonial authorities, culminating in 1915, in the wake of the Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore, in an alliance with the British of Muslims loyal to the king of England.
Compromises
Authors: Yahaya Nurfadzilah
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the institution of the religious endowment known as waqf. In the eyes of colonial authorities, the waqf was essentially a trust, a form of preemptive asset-shielding. The waqf was simultaneously an apotheosis of Arab diaspora's efforts to settle in Southeast Asia and their eventual compromise with colonial authorities. The chapter examines the waqf's complex history in the Islamic world during the fourteenth century and how its revenues are disbursed for a pious purpose. It investigates the Muslim legal practitioners' accusation to the colonial judges of deliberately misinterpreting Islamic law when presiding over cases involving waqfs. The chapter also presents the English legal definition of “charity,” the meaning of charity in colonial courts, and the legal definition of charity in England in cases involving waqfs. Ultimately, the chapter explains the putative opposition of “colonialism” to “Islamic law.” It argues that restrictions imposed by English common law concerning trusts on religious waqfs were exploited by both colonial officials and Arab Muslims who wanted to reap the profits from the sale of failed waqfs.
The Black and White
Authors: Crosby Sara
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how the author found a dead black-and-white warbler many years ago. It details the author's first visit to a taxidermy studio. Even though the idea of having the warbler mounted and displayed on the author's mantle was irresistible, they knew it was also illegal. In 1918, Congress passed the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, or the MBTA. The MBTA saved hundreds of species from the destruction, and sometimes extinction, brought on by the effects of commercial bird trade. It essentially bans any human contact with migratory birds. One may not kill, capture, or pursue them; one may not collect their eggs or nests or even their feathers; and one may not pick them up if they are dead. Taxidermists know all this, and so — with the exception of the permitted, but regulated game birds from hunting — they will not get near a migratory bird. The author then joined a team of local Audubon Society volunteers in order to get a salvage permit, which lets people temporarily possess a migratory bird.
This Is My Tribe
Authors: Bancroft Thomas
Published: May 2021

This chapter reflects on the author's first time seeing a ruby-crowned kinglet in the spring of sophomore year in high school. The author had gone to Presque Isle on Lake Erie to look for spring migrants with some birding buddies. Often during the third week of May, thousands of northbound birds congregate on this thin peninsula before making the overwater flight across the lake. Many of these species only pass through Pennsylvania from their Latin America winter homes to Canada's boreal forests where they breed. In Washington, wintering kinglets migrate down from high-elevation spruce-fir forests where they breed or from Canadian breeding sites, to live through the cold months in the Puget Sound lowlands.
Guardian of the Garden
Authors: Golden Renata
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes what the author saw while watching the birdhouse outside her bedroom window. She enjoyed watching the domesticity of western bluebirds. The author then contrasts the beauty of the bluebird and the menace of the coachwhip. An ancient battle fraught with symbolism was being fought in the author's high desert garden. In Navajo culture, a bluebird is an allegory of creativity and creation, but a snake communicates with the supernatural. In Christian religions, the snake is blamed for the mess we've inherited, all because of a woman's desire for more. The author maintains a healthy respect for snakes and finds them fascinating, beautiful, and maligned. On the other hand, the author is an active advocate for bluebirds.
Death and the Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Authors: Nelson John R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how the author used birding as a way to cope with the deaths of close friends and family relatives. Birding distracts the author, but he never thought of birding as a distraction. A distraction could not offer such moments of discovery — a capuchinbird's shocking air raid siren song in a remote Brazilian forest or, at home, a baby hawk flapping and hopping with ungainly resolve and rising in first flight. The author also spent hours in his yard watching birds' family lives. However, distraction does not always work. Sometimes grief overtook the author, no matter what birds were around, whether siskins at home or a wondrous blue celestial monarch flitting through a canopy on Mindanao.
Hiding the Guillotine
Authors: Taïeb Emmanuel , Roth Mitchel P.
Published: May 2021

This book examines the question of state involvement in violence by tracing the evolution of public executions in France. Why did the state move executions from the bloody and public stage of the guillotine to behind prison doors? The book exposes the rituals and theatrical form of the death penalty and tells us who watched, who participated in, and who criticized (and ultimately brought an end to) a spectacle that the state called “punishment.” France's abolition of the death penalty in 1981 has long overshadowed its suppression of public executions over forty years earlier. Since the Revolution, executions attracted tens of thousands of curious onlookers. But, gradually, there was a shift in attitude and the public no longer saw this as a civilized pastime. Why? The book answers this question. It demonstrates the ways in which the media was at the vanguard of putting an end to the publicity surrounding the death penalty. The press had ample reason to be critical: cities were increasingly being used for leisure activity and prisons for those accused of criminal activity. The agitation surrounding each execution, coupled with a growing identification with the condemned, would blur these boundaries.
Lyric as Comedy
Authors: McRae Calista
Published: May 2021

A poet walks into a bar... this book explores the unexpected comic opportunities within recent American poems about deeply personal, often embarrassing, experiences. Lyric poems, the book finds, can be surprising sites of a shifting, unruly comedy, as seen in the work of John Berryman, Robert Lowell, A. R. Ammons, Terrance Hayes, Morgan Parker, Natalie Shapero, and Monica Youn. The book draws out the ways in which key American poets have struggled with persistent expectations about what expressive poetry can and should do. It reveals how the modern lyric, rather than bestowing order on the poet's thoughts and emotions, can center on impropriety and confusion, formal breakage and linguistic unruliness, and self-observation and self-staging. The close readings in the book also provide new insight into the theory and aesthetics of comedy, taking in the indirect, glancing comic affordances of poetry. In doing so, the book captures varieties of humor that do not align with traditional terms, centering abjection and pleasure as facets of contemporary lyric practice.
Coming to Terms with Our Self
Authors: McRae Calista
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws together multiple aspects of lyric. It discusses how Morgan Parker, Natalie Shapero, and Monica Youn assert the value of humor to a record of personal experience and consider how to handle feeling that is bound up with gendered expectations and critical discourse around mainstream poetry. It also mentions how Parker splices lyric with extraliterary enumerative forms and with dramatic monologue in order to document the experience of contemporary black womanhood in the United States. The chapter analyses Shapero's incorporation of splinters of the well-wrought formalist poem that convey ambivalence about a tumultuous contemporary world. It then explains how Youn dissects romantic obsession and reflects how it has been depreciated by avant-garde and traditional criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Geheran Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter gives a vivid picture of what the Jews had to go through at the hand of the Nazis. It discusses what some Jewish veterans had to do to prove their “Germaness.” The chapter tries to understand the motives of the Jewish victims and what they did in order to cope with the circumstance they were in. It argues that Jewish veterans needed to orient themselves towards normative masculine identity, and and cultivated a distinctive manner of thinking and behaving, where courage, self-assertion, and endurance became the measure against which ideal manhood was evaluated. The chapter raises the question of the complexity of the Jewish identity during the time of the holocaust.
The Politics of Comradeship
Authors: Geheran Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the Jewish experience under the Weimar Republic from 1918 to 1933. Germany's devastating defeat in November 1918 left the German nation tattered and fragmented. When the war ended, Jewish veterans, like so many other Germans, looked forward to a return to normalcy. Instead, the returning soldiers found themselves embroiled in civil war, insurrections from the Right and Left, economic upheaval, and an unprecedented outpouring of anti-Semitism starting with the Judenzahlung. Historians have traditionally portrayed the fourteen turbulent years of the Weimar Republic as a period of Jewish disillusionment, but as the chapter argues, Jewish veterans used their record of fighting in the trenches to discredit the claims of antisemitic activists and generate ambivalence among a German public that saw former soldiers as persons to be respected, regardless of background.
“These Scoundrels Are Not the German People”
Authors: Geheran Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the Nazi seizure of power from 1933 to 1935. The chapter extends the argument that Jewish veterans used their record of fighting to counter antisemetic attacks into the early years of the Third Reich, demonstrating that Hitler's seizure of power in 1933 did not bring “social death” for the Jewish Frontkampfer. The reign of terror the Nazis unleashed on Jews, Communists, and other groups stood in marked contrast to their failed attempts to marginalize Jewish ex-servicemen, whose record of service in the front lines in World War I enabled them to claim and negotiate a special status in the new Germany. Jewish veterans did not break with their identity as Germans, and continued to demand recognition of their sacrifices from the German public as well as the Nazi Party.
Bernard of Clairvaux
Authors: McGuire Brian Patrick
Published: May 2021

This intimate portrait of one of the Middle Ages' most consequential men, delves into the life of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux to offer a refreshing interpretation that finds within this grand historical figure a deeply spiritual human being who longed for the reflective quietude of the monastery even as he helped shape the destiny of a church and a continent. Heresy and crusade, politics and papacies, theology and disputation shaped this astonishing man's life, and this book presents it all. Following Bernard from his birth in 1090 to his death in 1153 at the abbey he had founded four decades earlier, the book reveals a life teeming with momentous events and spiritual contemplation, from Bernard's central roles in the first great medieval reformation of the Church and the Second Crusade, which he came to regret, to the crafting of his books, sermons, and letters. We see what brought Bernard to monastic life and how he founded Clairvaux Abbey, established a network of Cistercian monasteries across Europe, and helped his brethren monks and abbots in heresy trials, affairs of state, and the papal schism of the 1130s. By re-evaluating Bernard's life and legacy through his own words and those of the people closest to him, the book reveals how this often-challenging saint saw himself and conveyed his convictions to others. Above all, the biography depicts Saint Bernard of Clairvaux as a man guided by Christian revelation and open to the achievements of the human spirit.
A Saint’s Origins
Authors: McGuire Brian Patrick
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the origins of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. The site of Bernard's birth is a hill on the outskirts of Dijon, the capital of Burgundy. He was the third of seven children born to Tescelin Sorus and Aleth of Montbard. Bernard's father and brothers took their place in the world in order to serve secular lords, especially the Duke of Burgundy. Later in life, Bernard seems to have shown no aversion to the military persuasion. He helped invent a way of life that combined monasticism and knighthood. Praying at night and fighting during the day became, thanks to Bernard, a commendable religious vocation. Bernard's attachment to knights, in the hope of their becoming monks, is also shown in a story about how some young knights found their way to Clairvaux. Meanwhile, the story of Bernard's participation in the mystery of Christ's birth indicates that as a child he took part with great intensity in the liturgical year and made Christian symbols an integral part of his life.
Race-ing Fargo
Authors: Erickson Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Tracing the history of refugee settlement in Fargo, North Dakota, from the 1980s to the present day, this book focuses on the role that gender, religion, and sociality play in everyday interactions between refugees from South Sudan and Bosnia-Herzegovina and the dominant white Euro-American population of the city. The book outlines the ways in which refugees have impacted this small city over the last thirty years, showing how culture, political economy, and institutional transformations collectively contribute to the racialization of white cities like Fargo in ways that complicate their demographics. The book shows that race, religion, and decorum prove to be powerful forces determining worthiness and belonging in the city and draws attention to the different roles that state and private sectors played in shaping ideas about race and citizenship on a local level. Through the comparative study of white secular Muslim Bosnians and Black Christian Southern Sudanese, the book demonstrates how cross-cultural and transnational understandings of race, ethnicity, class, and religion shape daily citizenship practices and belonging.
Diversity and Inclusion in Fargo
Authors: Erickson Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides data on the beliefs, practices, and discourse about refugees and race beyond refugee resettlement and welfare agencies. It aims to provide a broader, richer context for refugee resettlement in Fargo by highlighting a spectrum of tensions between those who welcome refugees and those who do not. Primarily, it uses the lenses of race and sociality as markers of difference. In doing so, it is able to explain what tensions indicate about the structures within which resettlement work is done — for example, education, police, media, politics, and civil society, and a range of practices surrounding and shaping refugee resettlement in the city. It makes the case that diversity is good for a city, if not also difficult for the trailblazers who embody and support it.
Resettled Orientalisms
Authors: Erickson Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights the challenges Bosnians faced, obstacles they overcame, and ways in which they pushed the boundaries of “normal” in Fargo. It describes relationships between and among Bosnian Muslims, Roma, other people, and institutions in the city. The chapter argues that relationships between Bosnian Muslims and Roma were of mutual misrecognition and that this misrecognition made it more difficult to form a “Bosnian” coalition that could liaison — as other refugee groups did — with the city for more rights, recognition, and entitlements. The case of Bosnians in Fargo challenges the idea that the nation or the state is the primary means of establishing group identity. The chapter encourages the reader to think more about everyday practices as a means to initiate and form greater solidarities.
The Politics of Chronic Hunger
Authors: Jurkovich Michelle
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on one case of an economic and social right, the right to food. It mentions the development of an alternative model of advocacy, called the buckshot model, which explains the trajectories of campaigns in terms of the right to food. It also discusses international anti-hunger activism, which cites the fore advocacy surrounding the human right to food. The chapter emphasizes how the fulfillment of other human rights is either impossible or substantively meaningless without the realization of the right to food. It points out that more people die from hunger and related causes globally than in all wars, civil and international, combined.
Guarding the Daughter
Authors: Streicher Ruth
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces constructions of gendered and sexualized difference in the Thai imperial formation by examining the more intimate matters of the conflict. These include discourses regarding rape and romantic relationships, the establishment of female paramilitary units to police Patani women, and military support for women's groups in the South. The focus of concern for the Thai military is not ultimately the daughter but the respectability of the family. The seduction of the daughter risks sullying the image of the imperial family and putting into question the father's masculine ability to protect; worse, the sexualized intrusion threatens the body politic because the undesired union might yield unwanted offspring. The “mission of 'guarding our daughter'” consequently aims at policing her sexuality in order to restore both the paternal authority of the Thai state over the southern provinces and the respectful order that regulates the rightful reproduction of the imperial formation.
Conclusion
Authors: Streicher Ruth
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter studies the politics of the current military junta from the vantage point of the southern Thai counterinsurgency. Imperial practices of policing, it argues, are now applied on a national scale. The continuities of the imperial formation are key to understanding how the current military regime operates. For one, the military centrally relies on counterinsurgency techniques. In this reading, the counterinsurgency campaign in the South has helped to revive important practices and institutions of policing that seemed to have vanished after the Cold War, and, as in other imperial laboratories — European colonies that served as sites for experimenting with modern practices of government — it has helped to develop innovations that the junta now deploys to govern the country. What is more, the current military regime puts into play the axes of difference that undergird the Thai imperial formation, thus fortifying its structure to stabilize military rule.
Taking Care of Our Own
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

Mixing personal history, interviewee voices, and academic theory from the fields of care work, the sociology of work, medical sociology, and nursing, this book introduces us to the hidden world of family caregivers. Using a multidimensional approach, the book seeks to understand and analyze the types of skilled work that family caregivers do, the processes through which they learn and negotiate new skills, and the meanings that both caregivers and nurses attach to their care work. The book is based on sixty-two in-depth interviews with family caregivers, home and community health-care nurses, and other expert observers to provide a lens through which in-home care processes are analyzed, while also exploring how caregivers learn necessary procedures. Further, the book examines the emotional labor of caregiving, as well as the identities of caregivers and nurses who are key players in the labor process, and gives attention to the ways in which the labor is transferred from medical professionals to family caregivers.
Integrating Care Work with Life
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses what it's like for caregivers to work at home in contrast to work done by nurses in the hospital. Homes, by their very nature, lack the resources and support of a hospital, and often geography — the physical separation between the home and the hospital — places obstacles in the coordination of care. Unlike bureaucratic settings, which have standard work shifts, care work at home takes place over a twenty-four-hour period and caregivers' schedules are completely different from the schedules of the organizations they depend on for resources, such as delivery companies, vendors, or pharmacies. As is evident from contrasting the bustle of a busy hospital with the atmosphere in many homes, the division of labor and the people who do it are entirely different. In the hospital, nurses work in shifts to provide patient care. At home, there are far fewer people available, and they are in deeply embedded, preestablished familial roles and relationships, as well as existing patterns of housework and childcare. Because home is oriented toward relationships, “private” activities, and provisioning, rather than toward bureaucratic standards, compliance with medical regimens can also be more difficult. Whether or not caregivers received training in the hospital or rehabilitation, most said they were still very anxious, sometimes even overwhelmed and frightened, the first time they had to perform procedures by themselves at home. Caregivers dealt not only with the medical procedures, however, but also with their feelings about the care recipient's overall health and prognosis, and whether the recipient would be able to adapt to new regimens.
“You Do What You Gotta Do”
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the complexity of caregivers' feelings about the labor they perform; it probes their emotions and their identities. How do they frame and make sense of the labor they perform? How are their perspectives tied to their identities? These questions are asked within the framework of prior studies of emotion work and emotional labor and Erickson and Stacey's theory of emotion practice, which advocates considering both macro- and microprocesses, as well as context, in examining the emotional labor of both paid and unpaid workers. Nurses have multifaceted forms of emotional labor and are skilled “emotional jugglers” who are able to adapt to the situation at hand without experiencing negative impacts on their identity. The chapter also take insights from Lopez's organized emotional care, which demonstrates how structural supports have been instrumental in reducing the emotional burdens of paid care workers in institutional settings. The analyses of emotion and identity for caregivers and nurses alike are seen within the context of the mutual labor process that is enacted — a labor process that transfers professional skills from paid to unpaid workers.