bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An investigation into the occurrence of the toxic amino acid gizzerosine in fish meal
Authors: Wagener Wolfram W D , Koch Klaus R , Wessels Jacobus P H , Post Bernard J
Published: October 2006

A method is presented whereby the toxic amino acid gizzerosine can be determined in fish meals to a lower limit of 10 mg kg−1. Fish meal was hydrolysed with hydrochloric acid and, after concentration by freeze drying, derivatised with dansyl chloride solution without further clean‐up. A fraction containing the tridansyl derivative of gizzerosine was separated and collected by HPLC and from this the didansyl derivative was separated after treatment with formic acid on the same column as previously using the same mobile phase. Seventeen fish meals, some causing severe gizzard erosion in chickens, were analysed but in none of them could gizzerosine at or above this level be found.
Mannoproteins from flocculating and non‐flocculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts
Authors: Saulnier Luc , Mercereau Thierry , Vezinhet Françoise
Published: October 2006

Exocellular and cell‐wall mannoproteins of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, one flocculating and the other not, have been compared. Mannoproteins (mannose 78, glucose 2, protein 20%) are the major components of yeast exocellular polysaccharides, and their amounts and structure are similar whether the strains are flocculating or not. Cell‐wall mannoproteins have structural features in common with exocellular mannoproteins; however, differences in molecular weight and composition (mannose 63, glucose 1, protein 36%) were observed. The wall of the flocculating strain seemed to be richer in polysaccharides than the wall of the non‐flocculating strain, but the mannoprotein structure was similar.

The flocculating character does not involve modification of solubilised polysaccharides, which suggests that the introduction of flocculating yeast in champagne vinification could be considered without change in sensory properties due to polysaccharides.
Comparison of fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy with differential scanning calorimetry for the study of the staling of bread
Authors: Wilson R H , Goodfellow B J , Belton P S , Osborne B G , Oliver G , Russell P L
Published: October 2006

The staling of bread has previously been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and by simple rheological measurements. In this collaborative study, two spectroscopic techniques (Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) have been used in addition to differential scanning calorimetry to follow the progress of bread staling. Using each technique, changes in measured properties were apparent which, when fitted by first order exponential equations, gave calculated rate constants of similar magnitude. It is postulated that each technique gives independent information about the crystallisation process in the amylopectin fraction of the bread crumb.
Tannin levels in leaves of some oak species at different stages of maturity
Authors: Makkar Harinder Paul S , Dawra Rajinder K , Singh Bhupinder
Published: October 2006

Total phenolics, condensed tannins, degree of polymerisation, protein precipitation capacity, protein precipitable phenolics and specific activity (protein bound per unit tannins) were determined in the leaves of four oak species at different stages of maturation (4 days old to 1 year old). The content of total extractable phenols was higher in younger leaves in Quercus ilex Linn, Quercus semecarpifolia Sm and Quercus serrata Roxb, whereas in Quercus glauca Thumb the content was higher in the mature leaves. In all species studied, condensed tannins increased with maturation. Protein precipitation capacity had a trend similar to that of total phenols. In Q serrate and Q semecarpifolia the apparent degree of polymerisation increased, and the content of protein precipitable phenolics and specific activity decreased as the leaves matured. The decrease in protein precipitation capacity with maturation in these two species may be explained by both the decrease in the content and the change in the nature of phenols capable of binding proteins. Protein precipitation capacity was not detectable in Q ilex leaves. Protein precipitation capacity in the mature leaves decreased in the order of Q serrata > Q semecarpifolia > Q glauca > Q ilex.
Changes in the biodegradability of ryegrass and legume fibres by chemical and biological pretreatments
Authors: Morrison Ian M
Published: October 2006

Two moderately lignified lignocellulosic substrates, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L) stems, were modified by treatment with different chemical and biological reagents. The reagents were chosen to have effects on one or more of the components of the cell wall. The residues were analysed for yield of DM, composition of carbohydrate and non‐carbohydrate constituents and degradability as determined by both rumen liquor and a pepsin/cellulase method. The results were compared with the previous results for a highly lignified substrate, barley straw. Both degradability methods again gave results with similar ranking, and the rumen liquor method was more efficient than the pepsin/cellulase method. In these series, only cellulase treatment gave residues with decreased degradability. Treatments attacking the core lignin gave residues with the greatest increase in degradability, but the changes were not as pronounced as for the straw‐owing to the lower inherent lignin contents. Some differences between the grass and the legume may be due to the higher protein and lower esterified phenolic acid content of the lucerne.
Determination of acrylamide monomer in hydroponically grown tomato fruits by capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry
Authors: Castle Laurence , Campos Maria‐Jesus , Gilbert John
Published: October 2006

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L) fruits from plants grown hydroponically on polyacrylamide gel were obtained in order to assess any possible uptake of acrylamide monomer from the nutrient solution to the fruit during cultivation. Analysis of acrylamide in the gel itself involved aqueous extraction, bromination and then capillary GC determination with nitrogen‐specific detection. By standard addition a level of 0·18 ± 0·01 g kg−1 residual monomer was found to be present in a sample of gel used by an experimental horticultural station. Tomato fruits were analysed by extraction of the aqueous phase, bromination, silica‐gel cartridge clean‐up and capillary GC–MS determination by selected ion monitoring. The recovery of the method was 26–62% but losses throughout were compensated for by use of 2,3‐dibromo‐2‐dimethylpropionamide internal standard. No acrylamide monomer could be detected in tomato fruits from plants grown hydroponically on polyacrylamide gel at a limit of detection of 1 × 10−6 g kg−1, demonstrating that the monomer is not transferred from the growing medium into tomato fruits.
Characterisation of a trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) seeds
Authors: Annapurna S Sai , Ramadoss Candadai S , Prasad D Siva
Published: October 2006

Jack fruit seed (Artocarpus integrifolia Hook f) trypsin inhibitor (JSTI) was found to be rich in acidic amino acids and devoid of free thiol groups. The N‐terminal and C‐terminal amino acids of JSTI were aspartic acid and scrine, respectively. The inhibitor was stable under conditions of extremes of pH (3·0–12·0), at high temperatures and in the presence of denaturing agents. JSTI showed a non‐competitive type of inhibition with Ki values of 0·48 ± 0·17 nM and 0·16 ± 0·04 nM for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. The JSTI–trypsin complex exhibited chymotrypsin inhibitory activity suggesting the ‘double‐headed’ nature of the inhibitor. Chemical modification of lysine residues resulted in loss of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities of JSTI indicating that amino groups are essential for activity.
Effects of feeding semicarbazide to laying hens
Authors: Chodhury Sachchidananda D
Published: October 2006

Commercial laying hens ere fed diets containing semicarbazide (SC), a lathyrogen having properties similar to beta‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a naturally occurring lathyrogen. The administration of SC in the diet of laying hens produced some effects similar to that of BAPN intoxication. Differences ere also of course observed in their nature of toxicity. Unlike BAPN, SC reduced food consumption and consequently the body eight. The performance of laying hens indicated that SC is more toxic than BAPN although both the toxins shoed comparable effects at the 0·3 g kg−1 level. The level of SC that produces adverse effects appears to lie beteen 0 and 0·1 g kg−1 diet. It as concluded that SC could be used in place of BAPN for research ith layers but the levels need to be carefully determined on the basis of the objectives of the experiment.
Effectiveness of synthetic and potential natural antioxidants in improving the stability of sheep's anhydrous butter fat during long‐term storage
Authors: Amr Ayed S
Published: October 2006

Sheep's anhydrous butter fat as prepared by including separately heat grits, turmeric, rosemary, sage, rue and fennel at a level of 75 g dry matter kg−1 butter. The product as stored at room temperature in clear glass jars for a period of one year. The storage stabilities of the anhydrous butter fat samples ere compared ith a control and ith a sample treated ith a 1:1 mixture of BHA and BHT at a level of 0.25 g kg−1.

Both storage time and type of treatment had highly significant effects (P⩽0.01) on the peroxide value and free fatty acid content of the product. None of the treatments succeeded in keeping the peroxide value belo 5 mEq O2 kg−1 beyond the fourth month of storage. The BHA‐BHT mixture and rosemary helped extend the peroxide induction period to 10 and 6 months respectively.

Turmeric and heat grits ere as effective as BHA‐BHT in controlling the oxidative rancidity during the first four months of storage. The rest of the herbs exhibited a pro‐oxidant effect throughout the study hen they ere used separately. In a second experiment, some cases of positive synergistic interactions ere observed beteen turmeric and heat grits on one hand and the herbs used in the study on the other. This pattern as not regular as negative interactions ere also observed in some other cases.

Free fatty acid content of all the samples remained belo 10 g kg−1 as oleic acid; hoever, fennel had a significant (P⩽0.05) effect on controlling the evolution of free fatty acids.
Identification of aroma components of Spanish ‘Verdejo’ wine
Authors: Herraiz Tomas , Reglero Guillermo , Martin‐Alvarez Pedro J , Herraiz Marta , Cabezudo Maria D
Published: October 2006

Aroma components of ine resulting from fermentation of grape must from the Verdejo cultivar ere isolated by continuous liquid‐liquid extraction and further fractionation on a silica gel column. One hundred and thirty‐to substances, including alcohols, esters, carbonyl compounds, terpenes, acids and sulphur compounds, ere identified by using GC‐MS; some had not been previously detected in ines. Data are given hich could lead to the characterisation of the Verdejo cultivar and the effect of the elaboration of young ines. The sensory contribution of some volatile compounds to the flavour of Verdejo ine is also studied.
Effects of the attachment of small molecules by carbodiimide‐mediated condensation on the physicochemical and functional properties of bovine serum albumin
Authors: Murphy Margaret C , Hoell Nazlin K
Published: October 2006

The effects of attaching three small molecules, namely N‐butylamide, putrescine and lysine, via the carboxyl groups of bovine serum albumin on its physicochemical and functional properties ere studied. To levels of attachment ere achieved by choice of reaction time. All modified samples had high isoelectric points and ere highly positive hen separated electrophoretically. Partially and extensively modified samples behaved differently in their pH titration curves, their gelation properties and the hipping properties of their lysyl derivatives, in that partially modified samples had high values compared ith the control and extensively modified samples had loer values. This as explicable by to theories: either there is increased electrostatic attraction beteen molecules hose isoelectric points are closer to neutrality, or there is a midpoint here a partial degree of conformational disruption results in superior functional properties. The level of conformational disruption in the extensively modified samples as greater than the optimum, hich resulted in impaired functional properties. An EDC control sample produced ithout added nucleophile as extensively cross‐linked intra‐ or intermolecularly and had impaired functional properties.
Protein and energy requirements for starting and finishing broiler guineafowl (Numida meleagris) in the tropics
Authors: Agwunobi L Nnabenyi , Ekpenyong Thomas E
Published: October 2006

Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for starting and finishing guineafowls. Eighty one‐day‐old guinea‐fowl keets were tested in groups of 20 on four starter rations (made up of four protein contents 28, 26, 24, and 22% (w/w) with corresponding energy levels 13.8, 13.4, 13.0, and 12.6MJ kg−1 diet), for a period of 6 weeks and later changed to four finisher rations. The finisher rations were made up of four protein levels (24, 20, 16 and 12% w/w) and four corresponding energy levels (12.6, 12.2, 11.7, 11.3MJ kg−1 diet). These were fed from 7 to 12 weeks.

The result of this study indicated that the optimum protein and energy levels for starting guineafowl in the tropics were 22% (w/w) crude protein and 12.6 MJ kg−1 ME diet while that of finishing guineafowl 16% (w/w) crude protein and 11.7MJ kg−1 ME diet.
Changes in the quality parameters of seedling tea due to height and frequency of mechanical harvesting
Authors: Owuor Philip O , Othieno Caleb O , Robinson Janet M , Baker David M
Published: October 2006

Quality parameters of black tea change due to the use of a mechanical harvester, varying plucking round lengths and plucking heights. Compared with hand plucking, mechanically harvested teas have inferior quality as measured by volatile flavour compounds, theaflavins and caffeine. Similarly, longer plucking rounds produced inferior teas compared with shorter rounds. Raising mechanical plucking height by 2 cm from the previous plucking height caused less quality deterioration than increasing the height by 1 cm irrespective of plucking rounds.
Analysis of cyanide in cassava using acid hydrolysis of cyanogenic glucosides
Authors: Bradbury J H , Egan S V , Lynch M J
Published: October 2006

Guided by the results of NMR experiments on the reactivity of linamarin in alkali and acid, an acid hydrolysis method was developed for cyanide analysis in cassava. Hydrolysis in 2·0 M H2SO4 at 100°C for 50 min of a cassava extract produced cyanohydrins which rapidly decomposed to cyanide ion in alkali. Excess pH 6 buffer was added, followed by chloramine‐T and pyridine/barbituric acid (König reaction) to produce a purple solution which was measured spectrophotometrically at 583 nm. The colour intensity depended on pH and phosphate concentration, hence accurate results required similar solution conditions for KCN standards. The method gave reasonable agreement with results obtained by the use of linamarase, and adequate recoveries of added linamarin (70–95% dependent on conditions). Acid hydrolysis is cheaper than the enzymic method using linamarase, which is expensive. Also the pyridine/barbituric acid reagent used in the acid hydrolysis method is cheaper and more stable than the pyridine/pyrazolone normally used in the enzymic method. Six locally grown cultivars gave <30 mg HCN kg−1 fresh tuber, and one cultivar (SM 1–150) contained only 4 mg HCN kg−1 fresh weight. Analyses of the same cultivar grown more recently gave values of 13–27 mg HCN kg−1, showing the need for a study of the environmental factors influencing the cyanide content of cassava tubers.
Flavonol glycosides in tea—kaempferol and quercetin rhamnodiglucosides
Authors: Finger Andreas , Engelhardt Ulrich H , Wray Victor
Published: October 2006

Quercetin and kaempferol rhamnodiglucosides are characteristic compounds of Camellia sinensis. Their structures were determined as quercetin‐and kaempferol‐3‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosides]. Reversed phase HPLC methods for preparative isolation and analytical separation of both compounds were developed. The structural elucidation of the compounds by means of NMR spectroscopy, fast atom bombardment MS and GC‐MS of the sugar moieties is described. Black tea contains 0–0·95 g kg−1 quercetin rhamnodiglucoside and 0·05–1·25 g kg−1 kaempferol rhamnodiglucoside.
Fatty acids, mineral composition ond functional (bread and chapati) properties of high protein and high lysine barley lines
Authors: Anjum Faqir M , Ali A , Chaudhry Niaz M
Published: October 2006

Six barley lines derived from corsses involving Hiproly (SV 73608×Mona5) and Riso 1508 with higher yield recipients V 43‐42 and V 5681, along with the four parents, were analyzed for faty acids and mineral composition. Dough properties, bread and chapaties were charcterized by blending barley line (B82503) at 2.5‐25% with bread wheat flour (pak 81).

Fatty acid contents were myristic acid, 0.60‐1.16%; palmitic acid, 16.68‐20.84%; stearic acid, 1.30‐3.33% and degree of unsaturation 1.40‐1.50%. The derived lines contained similar amounts of essential fatty acids.

Significant variation for magnesium, copper, zinc, phosphorus and potassium was observed but overlapped among the lines and parents. The calciu, iron, and manganese showed non‐significant differences among lines and parents.

Blending up to 10% barley flour with bread wheat flour gave farinograph characteristics comparable to those of pure wheat flour, but increasing the proportion of barley beyond this decreased the mix time and dough stability. Breadbaking tests verfied that up to 10% barley could be mixed with wheat without adversely affecting loaf volume and other quality attributes. For chapati making up to 20% barley could be blended into the wheat, yet yield acceptable quality.
Introduction of sulphydryl groups into pea vicilin: Formation of intra‐and inter‐polypeptide disulphide bonds
Authors: Dale Alison S , Elvin Peter , Yarwood Jennifer N , Gatehouse John A
Published: October 2006

Site directed mutagenesis was used to introduce two cysteine residues into the hydrophilic regions of the pea vichlin polypeptide previously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutated polypeptide was expresed and the resultant protein was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The presence of both intra‐ and inter‐polypeptide sulphydryl bonds was indicated by bands of different mobility from those of the native polypeptide. The association of mutated vicili polypeptides into disulphide‐bonded aggregates within the yeast was not a random process, trimers being the major aggregate produced. When the mutated vicilin was extracted from yeast and purified, random aggregates of the vicilin polypeptide were formed.
Bacteria in manure and on manured and NPK‐fertilised silage crops
Authors: Östling Charlotta E , Lindgren Sven E
Published: October 2006

The numbers of bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (enterobacteria), lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus‐ and Clostridium spores were enumerated in manure and on manured and NPK‐fertilised silage crops. The enterobacteria were biochemically characterised by means of the Minitek system (BBL). More than 90% of the enterobacteria on crops belonged to the genus Enterobacter. A majority of these (72%) were identified as E agglomerans. Manuring did not increase the number of enterobacteria on silage crops. E coli was the most frequent species in manure but was present at 10−3 times that of the total number of enterobacteria on the crop one week after manuring. The number of Bacillusspores was 20–40 times higher on manured crops and the number did not decline with time, whereas Clostridium spores, coliforms capable of growing at 44°C and E coli were reduced 6, 40 and 20 times respectively between manuring and harvesting (7 weeks).

Mechanical harvesting increased the number of Bacillus spores and coliforms capable of growing at 44°C on NPK fertilised crops probably due to soil contamination. Enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria increased during wilting. The most representative enterobacteria on wilted crops was a specific biovariant, possibly E agglomerans or Rahnella aquatilis.
Phenolic composition of black tea liquors as a means of predicting price and country of origin
Authors: McDowell Ian , Feakes John , Gay Clifton
Published: October 2006

Seventy‐seven black teas from seven countries were analysed by HPLC. The relative levels of the 11 most prominent peaks detected at 380 nm were determined. The teas were priced or scored by professional tea tasters. Statistical analysis of the HPLC results, with principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA), highlighted the characteristic differences in phenolic constituent levels which contributed most powerfully to the discrimination between countries. Multiple regression was used to investigate the relationship between price (or score) and phenolic constituent level. Certain phenolic constituents seem to be important in determining quality but further work is recommended to ensure the significance of the observed trends.
Use of esr spectroscopy for the detection of irradiated whiting (Merlangius merlangus)
Authors: Stewart Eileen M , Stevenson M Hilary , Gray Richard
Published: October 2006

Previously frozen whiting were thawed overnight and irradiated the following day with doses of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 kGy, with four replicates per treatment. Four unirradiated whiting were used as controls. The fins, scales and vertebrae were removed from each fish and freeze dried prior to determination of the free radical concentration using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The spectra which were derived from each of the components could be used to qualitatively detect irradiation. The signal strength increased significantly with increasing irradiation dose for both the vertebrae and fins although the response was more significant for the vertebrae. Thus the technique has potential for the quantification of the irradiation dose received. A further 20 defrosted whiting were irradiated at 5 kGy and an additional four served as unirradiated controls. After irradiation, the samples were stored in four groups each containing one control and five irradiated samples and analysed after storage periods of 0, 7, 14 and 21 days at 3±1°C. This simulates normal storage conditions for fresh fish. The signal from irradiated, freeze dried, ground vertebrae did not change significantly as storage time increased.
Physiological role of glucosinolates in brassica napus. Concentration and distribution pattern of glucosinolates among plant organs during a complete life cycle
Authors: Clossais‐Besnard Nelly , Larher Francois
Published: October 2006

Concentrations and distribution of glucosinolates in various organs of rape (Brassica napus L) were examined during major stages of development. Fluctuations in the total content as well as in the individual levels of glucosinolates were investigated in double low Drakkar and high glucosinolate Chine 32 cultivars. The distribution pattern of aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolates between the various organs, as well as the variation in the concentrations of individual glucosinolates during plant development were quite similar between the two cultivars. Peculiar stages of accumulation during the vegetative growth period and the seed maturation period were identified. These stages were followed by periods of intense degradation during flowering, germination and early growth stages of seedlings. Fluctuations in the amount and structure of the glucosinolates in each of these periods suggest a storage function for these compounds which are required at specific stages of development. The involvement of some of these compounds in hormonal control of flowering is also discussed.
Development of microorganisms during cold storage of pea and chickpea tempeh and effect of lactobacillus plantarum on storage microflora
Authors: Ashenafi Mogessie , Busse Martin
Published: October 2006

The psychrotrophic count and pH of unacidified pea tempeh increased during storage at 4°C and the product was not acceptable after 1 week's storage. Acidification of pea during soaking did not markedly improve the keeping quality of the product. Inoculation of cooked pea with Lactobacillus plantarum resulted in a product with better keeping quality. Unacidified and acidified chickpea tempeh did not spoil within 2 weeks' storage. Inoculation with L plantarum resulted in a product which did not spoil within 3 weeks' storage. Micrococcus and Bacillus spp dominated the flora during storage. Bacillus pumilus was the most frequently isolated Bacillus sp, and the most frequently isolated Micrococcus sp was M varians.
Liquid chromatographic determination of free and total sulphites in fresh sausages
Authors: Paíno‐Campa Gonzalo , Peña‐egido Mjesús , García‐Moreno Concepción
Published: October 2006

The present work describes a method for the determination of free and total sulphite in fresh sausages and its implementation on 48 samples. The method includes the extraction of sulphite, both free and total, by dissolution of the sample in a suitable solvent and determination by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The method is that previously reported by Kim and Kim (J Food Sci 51 1986 1360–1361) improved by certain modifications the principal of which consists of working atpH 10 for the extraction of total sulphite. Use of this pH permits reversible dissociation of the combined sulphite. In reproducibility assays carried out on sausages, variation coefficients of 3.3 and 5% were obtained for free and total sulphite, respectively. To evaluate recovery, sulphite was added to the samples as hydroxymethylsulphonate. Mean recovery was 86.4% with a variation coefficient of 3.8%.

In 62% of the sausages analysed, amounts of total sulphites higher than 450 μ SO2 g−1 were found. Among the samples, considerable variation was observed in the distribution of sulphite between the free and combined forms.
Micromalting triticale: Optimising processing conditions
Authors: Blanchflower Andrea J , Briggs Dennis E
Published: October 2006

Small‐scale trials were carried out to optimise the conditions for micromalting triticale grain, using three varieties grown in the UK. Compared with barley, triticale grains required short steeping periods with a short air rest. They malted rapidly, and produced malts with high hot water extracts after 4 or 5 days' germination. Applications of gibberellic acid and potassium bromate during malting significantly altered the qualities of malts. Gibberellic acid increased hot water extracts, soluble nitrogen levels and malting losses. When the additives were used in combination, high hot water extracts were obtained and malting losses were reduced relative to controls, but unexpectedly the level of total soluble nitrogen was elevated and did not significantly differ from that obtained using gibberellic acid alone. Both additives usefully reduced wort viscosities, which were unacceptably high by barley malt brewing standards. Wort separation from small‐scale mashes was slow.
Combination of mass spectrometry and site‐specific NMR isotope analyses in the characterisation of amino acids
Authors: Vallet Claude , Arendt Margaretha , Mabon Francoise , Naulet Norbert , Martin GéRard J
Published: October 2006

Experimental strategies have been developed which make amino acid probes accessible to the NMR study of site‐specific natural isotope fractionation. A multi‐isotope approach, based on combined mass spectrometry determination of hydrogen‐, carbon‐ and nitrogen‐overall isotope contents and on 2H‐NMR determination of site‐specific hydrogen isotope ratios, shows that relatively wide ranges of variation are exhibited by the isotopic parameters of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, proline and lysine samples from different origins. Moreover, relatively large deviations with respect to a random distribution of deuterium among the molecular sites are quantified and compared. A noticeable enantiomeric imbalance at the methylenic site adjacent to the chiral centre is also detected in natural samples of L ‐glutamic and L ‐aspartic acids in particular. The results are analysed in terms of filiation criteria and technological effects. It is shown in particular that the C3 or C4 metabolic origin of the raw materials utilised in fermentation processes can be recognised. Principal component analyses involving the two mean isotopic variables δ13C and δ15N and the three site‐specific variables (D/H)x (D/H)β and (D/H)γ associated with positions α, β and γ of glutamic acids, for example, are helpful for interpreting the main discriminating factors. This approach provides the basis for new applications to origin recognition of fundamental constituents and metabolites of plant or animal species.
Differences in fatty acid composition of fish faeces as determined by two extraction methods
Authors: Takeuchi Toshio , Ackman Robert G , Lall Santosh P
Published: October 2006

Chloroform‐methanol, a supposedly efficient solvent system for lipid extraction, was applied to heterogeneous samples, respectively fish diets and fish faeces. Comparisons were made of the compositions of the fatty acids prepared from solvent‐recovered lipids with those obtained by total saponification. These show that solvent extraction, followed by saponification prior to fatty acid methyl ester preparation, gives differences attributable to incomplete extraction. Direct sample saponification in ethanolic alkali is recommended if all fatty acids in the diet are of interest.
Phospholipids of marine origin. The lantern fish (Lampanyctodes hectoris)
Authors: de Koning Adrianus J , Evans Anna Alida
Published: October 2006

Lantern fish of the species Lampanyctodes hectoris were shown to contain phospholipids (10 g kg−1) and non‐phosphorylated lipids (140 g kg−1). The phospholipid fraction consisted of phosphatidyl choline (47% of total phospholipids), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (42%), phosphatidyl serine (3%), phosphatidyl inositol (1%), sphingomyelin (4%), lyso‐phosphatidyl choline (1%) and cardiolipins (2%).

Lantern fish (L hectoris) meals normally contain unacceptably high lipid contents (150 g kg−1 and over); this characteristic was found not to be due to a high phospholipid level in the lantern fish.

The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was C22:6n‐3 (25% total fatty acids) followed by C16:0 (18%), C18:ln‐9 (16%) and C20:5n‐3 (8%). This distribution was different from that of the non‐phosphorylated lipids where the major fatty acid was C16:0 (21%) followed by C18:ln‐9 (19%), C20:5n‐3 (11%), C20:l (7%) and C22:6n‐3 (7%). The lantern fish press oil and residual meal lipids had fatty acid distributions similar to those of the non‐phosphorylated lipids.
Production results, serum cholesterol concentration and carcass composition of broiler chickens fed diets based on bran or inner endosperm from oats with and without enzyme supplementation
Authors: Pettersson Dan , Åman Per
Published: October 2006

Broiler chickens were fed diets based on bran or inner endosperm from oats (Avena sativa L), given with or without a supplementary fibre‐degrading enzyme, in order to study the effects of the dietary fibre on production results, carcass composition and serum cholesterol concentration. Enzyme supplementation of the oat‐bran‐based diet significantly improved production results and caused an increase in total serum cholesterol concentration and carcass fat whereas carcass crude protein and water content decreased. On enzyme supplementation of the diet based on inner endosperm, a significant although less pronounced improvement in production results was obtained. Chickens fed the inner endosperm diet generally had higher total serum cholesterol concentrations which increased further on enzyme supplementation. Carcass fat content also increased on enzyme supplementation, and at day 27 chickens fed the enzyme‐supplemented diet based on inner endosperm had the highest carcass fat content in comparison with all other diets. The results show that dietary fibre exerts a greater influence on total serum cholesterol concentration than energy or fat intake since chickens fed the enzyme‐supplemented oat‐bran diet had the highest intake of metabolisable energy and fat but still displayed lower total serum cholesterol concentrations than chickens fed the enzyme‐supplemented low fibre diet based on inner endosperm.
Rapid classification by HPLC of plant pigments in fresh tea (camellia sinensis l) leaf
Authors: Taylor Sarah J , McDowell Ian J
Published: October 2006

A simple, rapid and reproducible reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using multiwavelength detectors is described for the separation and classification of carotenoids and chlorophylls present in the fresh leaf of tea (Camellia sinensis L). Classification and tentative identification from retention time and spectral data for 28 pigments from the fresh leaf of tea are presented, eight of which are reported here for the first time.
Studies of the distribution and bioavailability of soil zinc fractions
Authors: Banjoko Victor A , McGrath Stephen P
Published: October 2006

This investigation was undertaken to study the distribution and availability of Zn in different soil fractions. The proportions of total Zn present in the soils in exchangeable, organically bound, complexed or adsorbed and residual fractions were determined by sequential extraction with CaCl2, H2O2, EDTA and HCl/HNO3, respectively. Most of the total Zn was, on average, present in the EDTA‐Zn (15.5%) and HCl/HNO3‐Zn (78%) forms. The CaCl2‐Zn and H2O2‐Zn fractions averaged 5.0 and 1.5% of the total Zn respectively. Zinc present in exchangeable (CaCl2‐Zn), organically bound (H2O2‐Zn) and complexed (EDTA‐Zn) forms was closely related to the bioavailability of Zn to maize plants grown on these soils. The residual Zn (HCl/HNO3‐Zn) was not readily available.
New source of α‐eleostearic acid: Ricinocarpus bowmanii and Ricinocarpus tuberculatus seed oils
Authors: Rao K Sundar , Kaluwin C , Jones G P , Rivett D E , Tucker D J
Published: October 2006

Seed oils of Ricinocarpus bowmanii F Muell and Ricinocarpus tuberculatus Muell Arg (Euphorbiaceae) were found to contain 60.9 and 46.8% of a‐eleostearic acid (cis‐9, trans‐1 1, trans‐13‐octadecatrienoic acid). a‐Eleostearic acid was identijied and estimated by using a combination of spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses.
Differential response of ducks and chicks to dietary sorghum tannins
Authors: Elkin Robert G , Rogler John C , Sullivan Thomas W
Published: October 2006

White Pekin ducklings were reared in floor pens and given access to nipple‐type waterers in order to eliminate a feeding behaviour previously observed in battery brooder‐raised ducks in which sorghum tannins were possibly detoxicated by exposure of the ground grain to water. High‐tannin sorghum (HTS)—soya bean meal and low‐tannin sorghum (LTS)—soya bean meal diets, suboptimal in protein, with or without supplemental methionine, and either in dry mash or pellet form, were fed to both day‐old ducks and chicks for either 14 or 17 days, respectively. The chicks were reared in battery brooders. In contrast to previous findings with ducks raised in battery brooders, HTS‐fed ducks reared in floor pens exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency values compared with LTS‐fed ducks. However, the magnitude of the growth depression caused by feeding ducks HTS versus LTS was much less than that observed in chicks fed the identical diets (17 versus 33%, respectively). Methionine supplementation of the HTS diets completely overcame the reduced weight gain in ducks, but feed efficiency values were still significantly poorer than those of ducks fed methionine‐supplemented LTS diets. In contrast, although HTS‐fed chicks responded to dietary methionine supplementation, they still exhibited poorer weight gain and feed eficiency values compared with birds fed LTS diets similarly supplemneted. Increasing the dietary level of supplemental methionine did not result in any further improvement in performance of chicks fed either LTS‐ or HTS‐based diets. It was concluded that, compared with chicken, ducks are less affected by dietary sorghum tannins.
Nutritional and antinutritional composition of vegetable and grain amaranth leaves
Authors: Prakash Dhan , Pal M
Published: October 2006

The foliage of 61 accessionso f amaranthus comparising both the grain and vegetable types referable to 10 species were evaluated for carotenoid, protein, nitrate, odxalate and moisture contents (fresh weight). Carotenoid varied from 90 to 200 mg kg−1 in vegetable types and from 60 to 200 mg kg−1 in the leaves of grain types. Variation for leaf protein was found to be 14‐30, 15‐43 g kg−1; nitrate 1.8.‐8.8, 4.1‐9.2 g kg−1; oxalate 5.1‐19.2, 3‐16.5 g kg−1; and moisture 780‐860, 750‐840 g kg−1 in vegetable and grain types, respectively. Analysis of the amino acid composition of leaf protein of some high carotenoid lines revealed a well balanced composition with high lysine (40‐56 g kg−1). variation of all the five parameters (carotenoid, protein, nitrate, oxalate and moisture) with respect tot he leaf position in vegetable type (4‐ and 8‐week‐old plants) and with respect to age (‐ to 4‐month‐old plants) in grain types was also studied.
Substitution of fish silage protein and a free amino acid mixture for fish meal protein in a chicken diet
Authors: Espe Marit , Haaland Herborg , Njaa Leif R
Published: October 2006

White Leghorn chickens were fed a basal diet with about 550 g kg−1 of the protein from fish meal. Graded amounts of fish silage protein or an amino acid mixture simulating fish meal protein were substituted for parts of the dietary fish meal protein. In two experiments 150 and 300 g kg−1 of fish meal protein were replaced by fish silage protein or by an amino acid mixture simulating fish meal. In one experiment graded amounts of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g kg−1 of fish meal protein were replaced by fish silage protein.

Growth and feed efficiency were the same or better when some of the protein was from fish silage. The results showed that replacement of dietary fish meal with fish silage did not reduce the dietary quality of the feed for young growing chickens.

It is concluded that it might be advantageous to substitute fish silage for some of the fish meal under the experimental conditions used.
Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of pig meat lipids by dietary means
Authors: Morgan Colin A , Noble Raymond C , Cocchi Massimo , McCartney Ruth
Published: October 2006

Pigmeat products have been associated with an unhealthy image due to the relative proportions of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The aim of this experiment was to improve the fatty acid profile of the carcass fat by feeding various dietary sources of fat.

Groups of 10 female Large While × Landrace pigs were fed one of four experimental diets. Five in each group were slaughtered at 70 kg live weight and the remaining five at 100 kg live weight. The diets were offered ad libitum and daily intake was recorded. The diets were based on barley, soya bean meal and fishmeal. Diet 1 contained 50 g tallow kg−1, a relatively saturated fat, and diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 50 g soya oil kg−1, an unsaturated fat. Diet 3 also contained 7.5 g GLA oil kg−1, which is rich in gamma linolenic acid, with the aim of increasing the production of arachidonic acid in the body fat. Diet 4 was supplemented with 9.5 g EPAnoil kg−1, which is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.

There were no significant differences between dietary treatments in performance (daily liveweight gain or the efficiency of food conversion to liveweight gain) of the pigs slaughtered at 70 kg live weight, but small differences were observed at 100 kg live weight, where pigs on treatments 2, 3 and 4 performed slightly better than those on treatment 1. At both slaughter weights the lipid content of the m semitendinosus was higher than that of the m longissimus dorsi (approximately 24 and 13 g kg−1, respectively).

The pattern of fatty acids in the dietary fat was reflected to varying degrees in the carcass fat. Diet 1 resulted in the highest levels of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids whereas diets 2, 3 and 4 gave high levels of linoleic and linolenic acids. The extra gamma linolenic acid in diet 3 did not result in a consistently significant increase in the production of arachidonic acid. The supplement of EPAnoil gave significant increases in the levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the body lipids.

The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio of the body lipid was increased with diets 2, 3 and 4 to about 1.0. In spite of high levels of linoleic acid, there were no adverse effects during the processing of the carcasses and the taste panel evaluation did not reveal any treatment differences.
Physico‐chemical and nutritional properties of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) heated under pressure
Authors: Ros Gaspar , Collins Jimmie L
Published: October 2006

Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) at four stages of maturity were heated in water at 34.5 kPa for varying times up to 40 min. All measurements except ash were affected by the stage of maturity and time of heating. Changes occurred most rapidly during the first 10 min of heating. The greenness of the most immature cowpeas was lost. The degrees of firmness of all groups differed initially but decreased rapidly during the first 5 min and more slowly thereafter. Fresh cowpeas were softened sufficiently for eating after 10 min at which time pH increased 0.65 units to pH 6.75 and acidity decreased to 0.17%. In‐vitro protein digestibility of the most mature, unheated cowpeas was 70.7% and increased to 83.4% after 10 min heating. Heating decreased the original trypsin inhibitor activity by 81.7% after 5 min and 85.9% after 10 min.
Properties of actomyosin isolated from cod (Gadus morhua) after various periods of storage in ice
Authors: Chalmers M , Careche M , Mackie I M
Published: October 2006

Natural actomyosin was isolated from cod (Gadus morhua L) stored in ice for up to 28 days. The gelling properties, apparent viscosity, Ca2‐‐ATPase activity and component protein composition by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis were determined for each preparation of natural actomyosin. The apparent viscosity, protease activity, trimethylamine (TMA) content and pH of the fish muscle were also determined. The results showed that the apparent viscosity and Ca2‐‐ATPase activity tended to decrease slightly during ageing of the fish in ice, whereas some of the gelling properties showed a maximum between 3 and 6 days of storage. However, there was no change in the apparent viscosity of the muscle as a whole even after the fish were considered to be stale according to the TMA values. The ratio of myosin heavy chain to actin in the actomyosin changed with the time of storage of the fish, being highest at 3 days when gelling properties were maximal and decreasing progressively thereafter.
Partial purification of horse‐specific soluble muscle proteins by immunoadsorption chromatography
Authors: Martín Rosario , García Teresa , Sanz Bernabé , Hernández Pablo E
Published: October 2006

Immunoadsorption chromatography has been used to isolate horse‐specific soluble muscle proteins from crude horse protein extracts. Horse‐specific polyclonal antibodies against soluble horse muscle proteins immobilised on a Protein A‐Sepharose CL‐4B matrix were used to adsorb the corresponding antigens. Analysis of the crude soluble horse muscle proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) showed the existence of 20 protein subunits in the gel. SDS‐PAGE of the proteins recovered by affinity chromatography showed nine protein subunits, three of which were enriched after the immunopurification step. These affinity‐recovered horse‐specific soluble muscle proteins may be used as antigens in the development of monoclonal antibodies to detect and quantify horse meat in raw, unheated meat mixtures.
Rumen degradability In sacco of physically and chemically treated oat and barley grain
Authors: Pauly Thomas , Spörndly Rolf , Udén Peler
Published: October 2006

The effects on rumen degradation of chemical and physical treatment of oats and barley were investigated by use of the in‐sacco technique. Whole oats (75% DM) were treated with 0, 30 and 50 g NaOH, 30 g NH3 or urea per kg DM. Three different strengths of NaOH (11, 22.5 and 45% w/v) were tested at the 30 g kg−1 DM level. Oat hulls and crushed, shelled‐crushed and shelled‐whole oats were also tested, with or without addition of NaOH. Whole barley was subjected to a pearling treatment, removing 7, 11 and 18% of the DM, mainly hulls. A part of the pearled barley was also steeped in cold water for 8 h. All pearled samples were reconstituted before in‐sacco incubations. Barley was also ‘clipped’ into pieces or crushed manually, using a hammer. All samples were incubated for variable amounts of time up to 24 h (48 h for oat hulls). Oat samples were analysed for DM, NDF, ADF and lignin and barley samples for DM, NDF and starch. To compare the effects on rumen pH and ammonia‐N, two rumen fistulated cows were fed 50% hay and either 50% whole NaOH‐treated oats (30 g NaOH kg−1 DM) or crushed oats.

In‐sacco results showed that whole oats treated with 3 or 5% NaOH had 24 h DM degradation of 61% and 68%, respectively, compared with 7% for the untreated oats. Extra water additions with the NaOH had no significant effect. Shelled oats were degraded more (85%) at 24 h than whole oats treated with NaOH (max 68%). NH3 (30%) or urea (22%). Alkali treatment had no additional effect on the shelled oats. Crushing gave the most rapid degradation for both whole and shelled oats. However, treatment with NaOH after crushing reduced degradation. Only 10% DM of the hulls were degraded at 48 h, but treatment with 5% NaOH increased this value to 55%.

In the rumen study, mean rumen pH was similar for both diets, but pH variation was smaller and ammonia level consistently higher after feeding NaOH‐treated oats.

Increasing the pearling intensity of the barley improved starch disappearance at 24 h from 45% to 83%. Steeping further enhanced disappearance by an average of 10 percentage units. Clipping gave a degradation very similar to the highest pearling intensity.
Effect of including barley or molassed sugar beet feed in grass silage diets on their digestion by cattle and sheep
Authors: Rooke John A , Rymer Caroline , Maya Faisal M , Armstrong David G
Published: October 2006

The objective of the experiment was to compare the digestion of barley, a starch‐based feedingstuff, with molassed sugar beet feed (SBF), a high‐fibre, sugar‐containing feedingstuff, when fed to cattle and sheep receiving silage.

There were between‐species differences in rumen measurements. Sheep had higher mean daily rumen ammonia‐N concentrations; the molar proportions (mmol mol−1 total rumen volatile fatty acids) of propionic acid were higher and those of n‐butyric acid lower in sheep than in cattle.

The feeding of barley was associated with increased rumen populations of protozoa and increased rumen ammonia‐N concentrations compared with the feeding of SBF.

There were no significant differences between the diets fed in whole tract or rumen digestion of organic matter or nitrogen. However, feeding SBF tended to increase the quantities of non‐ammonia‐N and microbial N entering the small intestine daily: feeding barley did not improve N flow to the small intestine.