bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Macroporosity Absolutely Required for Preliminary in Vitro Bone Biomaterial Study? A Comparison Between Porous Materials and Flat Materials
Authors: Lee Juliana T. Y. , Chow King L. , Wang Kefeng , Tsang Wai-Hung
Published: November 2011

Porous materials are highly preferred for bone tissue engineering due to space for blood vessel ingrowth, but this may introduce extra experimental variations because of the difficulty in precise control of porosity. In order to decide whether it is absolutely necessary to use porous materials in in vitro comparative osteogenesis study of materials with different chemistries, we carried out osteoinductivity study using C3H/10T1/2 cells, pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on seven material types: hydroxyapatite (HA), α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and b-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in both porous and dense forms and tissue culture plastic. For all materials under test, dense materials give higher alkaline phosphatase gene (Alp) expression compared with porous materials. In addition, the cell density effects on the 10T1/2 cells were assessed through alkaline phosphatase protein (ALP) enzymatic assay. The ALP expression was higher for higher initial cell plating density and this explains the greater osteoinductivity of dense materials compared with porous materials for in vitro study as porous materials would have higher surface area. On the other hand, the same trend of Alp mRNA level (HA > β-TCP > α-TCP) was observed for both porous and dense materials, validating the use of dense flat materials for comparative study of materials with different chemistries for more reliable comparison when well-defined porous materials are not available. The avoidance of porosity variation would probably facilitate more reproducible results. This study does not suggest porosity is not required for experiments related to bone regeneration application, but emphasizes that there is often a tradeoff between higher clinical relevance, and less variation in a less complex set up, which facilitates a statistically significant conclusion. Technically, we also show that the base of normalization for ALP activity may influence the conclusion and there may be ALP activity from serum, necessitating the inclusion of “no cell” control in ALP activity assay with materials. These explain the opposite conclusions drawn by different groups on the effect of porosity.
Gustatory Detection of Tetrodotoxin and Saxitoxin, and Its Competitive Inhibition by Quinine and Strychnine in Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Hara Toshiaki J.
Published: November 2011

Fish detect extremely low levels of marine toxins tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) via the specialized gustatory receptor(s). Physiological and pharmacological studies show that receptor(s) for TTX and STX are distinct from those which detect feeding stimulant amino acids and bile acids, and that TTX and STX do not share the same receptor populations, while interacting with quinine and strychnine in a competitive fashion suggestive of an antidotal relationship.
Analytical Challenges: Determination of Tetrodotoxin in Human Urine and Plasma by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Leung Kelvin Sze-Yin , Fong Bonnie Mei-Wah , Tsoi Yeuk-Ki
Published: November 2011

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a powerful sodium channel blocker found in puffer fish and some marine animals. Cases of TTX poisoning most often result from puffer fish ingestion. Diagnosis is mainly from patient’s signs and symptoms or the detection of TTX in the leftover food. If leftover food is unavailable, the determination of TTX in the patient’s urine and/or plasma is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Although various methods for the determination of TTX have been published, most of them are for food tissue samples. Dealing with human urine and blood samples is much more challenging. Unlike in food, the amount of toxin in the urine and blood of a patient is generally extremely low; therefore a very sensitive method is required to detect it. In this regard, mass spectrometry (MS) methods are the best choice. Since TTX is a very polar compound, there will be lack of retention on conventional reverse-phase columns; use of ion pair reagent or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) can help solve this problem. The problem of ion suppression is another challenge in analyzing polar compound in biological samples. This review will discuss different MS methods and their pros and cons.
Stigmasterol-Based Novel Low Molecular Weight/Mass Organic Gelators
Authors: Šusteková Jana , Drašar Pavel , Šaman David , Wimmer Zdeněk
Published: November 2011

Conjugates consisting of stigmasterol and L-phenylalanine, interconnected through short-chained dicarboxylic acyls by ester and amide bonds, respectively, were synthesized as potential low molecular weight/mass organic gelators (LMWGs/LMMGs). Their physico-chemical properties were subjected to investigation, especially their ability to form gels reversibly based on changes of the environmental conditions. Other self-assembly properties detectable by UV-VIS traces were measured in systems consisting of two miscible solvents (water/acetonitrile) with varying solvent ratios and using constant concentrations of the studied compounds. Partition and diffusion coefficients and solubility in water were calculated for the target conjugates. The conjugate 3a was the only compound from this series capable of forming a gel in 1-octanol. All three conjugates 3a–3c displayed supramolecular characteristics in the UV-VIS spectra.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3-Substituted-indolin-2-one Derivatives Containing Chloropyrrole Moieties
Authors: Jin Yun-Zhou , Fu Da-Xu , Ma Nan , Li Zhan-Cheng , Liu Quan-Hai , Xiao Lin , Zhang Rong-Hua
Published: November 2011

Eighteen novel 3-substituted-indolin-2-ones containing chloropyrroles were synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated. The presence of a chlorine atom on the pyrrole ring was crucial to reduce cardiotoxicity. The presence of a 2-(ethyl-amino)ethylcarbamoyl group as a substituent at the C-4′ position of the pyrrole enhanced the antitumor activities notably. IC50 values as low as 0.32, 0.67, 1.19 and 1.22 μM were achieved against non-small cell lung cancer (A549), oral epithelial (KB), melanoma (K111) and large cell lung cancer cell lines (NCI-H460), respectively.
All-Optical Frequency Modulated High Pressure MEMS Sensor for Remote and Distributed Sensing
Authors: Reck Kasper , Thomsen Erik V. , Hansen Ole
Published: November 2011

We present the design, fabrication and characterization of a new all-optical frequency modulated pressure sensor. Using the tangential strain in a circular membrane, a waveguide with an integrated nanoscale Bragg grating is strained longitudinally proportional to the applied pressure causing a shift in the Bragg wavelength. The simple and robust design combined with the small chip area of 1 × 1.8 mm2 makes the sensor ideally suited for remote and distributed sensing in harsh environments and where miniaturized sensors are required. The sensor is designed for high pressure applications up to 350 bar and with a sensitivity of 4.8 pm/bar (i.e., 350 ×105 Pa and 4.8 × 10−5 pm/Pa, respectively).
Surface X-Ray Diffraction Results on the III-V Droplet Heteroepitaxy Growth Process for Quantum Dots: Recent Understanding and Open Questions
Authors: Cohen Eyal , Elfassy Naomi , Koplovitz Guy , Yochelis Shira , Shusterman Sergey , Kumah Divine P. , Yacoby Yizhak , Clarke Roy , Paltiel Yossi
Published: November 2011

In recent years, epitaxial growth of self-assembled quantum dots has offered a way to incorporate new properties into existing solid state devices. Although the droplet heteroepitaxy method is relatively complex, it is quite relaxed with respect to the material combinations that can be used. This offers great flexibility in the systems that can be achieved. In this paper we review the structure and composition of a number of quantum dot systems grown by the droplet heteroepitaxy method, emphasizing the insights that these experiments provide with respect to the growth process. Detailed structural and composition information has been obtained using surface X-ray diffraction analyzed by the COBRA phase retrieval method. A number of interesting phenomena have been observed: penetration of the dots into the substrate (“nano-drilling”) is often encountered; interdiffusion and intermixing already start when the group III droplets are deposited, and structure and composition may be very different from the one initially intended.
Interoperation of an UHF RFID Reader and a TCP/IP Device via Wired and Wireless Links
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Jin Ik Soo
Published: November 2011

A main application in radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor networks is the function that processes real-time tag information after gathering the required data from multiple RFID tags. The component technologies that contain an RFID reader, called the interrogator, which has a tag chip, processors, coupling antenna, and a power management system have advanced significantly over the last decade. This paper presents a system implementation for interoperation between an UHF RFID reader and a TCP/IP device that is used as a gateway. The proposed system consists of an UHF RFID tag, an UHF RFID reader, an RF end-device, an RF coordinator, and a TCP/IP I/F. The UHF RFID reader, operating at 915 MHz, is compatible with EPC Class-0/Gen1, Class-1/Gen1 and 2, and ISO18000-6B. In particular, the UHF RFID reader can be combined with the RF end-device/coordinator for a ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) interface, which is a low-power wireless standard. The TCP/IP device communicates with the RFID reader via wired links. On the other hand, it is connected to the ZigBee end-device via wireless links. The web based test results show that the developed system can remotely recognize information of multiple tags through the interoperation between the RFID reader and the TCP/IP device.
CD84 Negatively Regulates IgE High-Affinity Receptor Signaling in Human Mast Cells
Authors: Álvarez-Errico Damiana , Oliver-Vila Irene , Ainsua-Enrich Erola , Gilfillan Alasdair M. , Picado César , Sayós Joan , Martín Margarita
Published: November 2011

CD84 is a self-binding receptor from the CD150 (or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule [SLAM]) family that is broadly expressed in hematopoietic cells. It has been described that the adaptors SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and EWS-FLI1–activated transcript 2 (EAT-2) are critical for CD150 family members’ signaling and function. We observed that human mast cells express CD84 but lack SAP or EAT-2, that CD84 is tyrosine phosphorylated upon FcεRI engagement, and that the release of granule contents is reduced when FcεRI is coengaged with CD84 in LAD2 and human CD34+-derived mast cells. In addition, we observed that the release of IL-8 and GM-CSF was also reduced in FcεRI/CD84-costimulated cells as compared with FcεRI/Ig control. To understand how CD84 downregulates FcεRI-mediated function, we analyzed signaling pathways affected by CD84 in human mast cells. Our results showed that CD84 dampens FcεRI-mediated calcium mobilization after its co-cross–linking with the receptor. Furthermore, FcεRI-mediated Syk–linker for activation of T cells–phospholipase C-γ1 axis activity is downregulated after CD84 stimulation, compared with FcεRI/Ig control. The inhibitory kinase Fes phosphorylates mainly the inhibitory motif for CD84. Moreover, Fes, which has been described to become phosphorylated after substrate binding, also gets phosphorylated when coexpressed with CD84. Consistently, Fes was observed to be more phosphorylated after CD84 and FcεRI co-cross–linking. The phosphorylation of the protein phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 also increases after CD84 and FcεRI coengagement. Taken together, our results show that CD84 is highly expressed in mast cells and that it contributes to the regulation of FcεRI signaling in SAP- and EAT-2–independent and Fes- and Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1–dependent mechanisms.
Cofilin-Mediated F-Actin Severing Is Regulated by the Rap GTPase and Controls the Cytoskeletal Dynamics That Drive Lymphocyte Spreading and BCR Microcluster Formation
Authors: Freeman Spencer A. , Lei Victor , Dang-Lawson May , Mizuno Kensaku , Roskelley Calvin D. , Gold Michael R.
Published: November 2011

When lymphocytes encounter APCs bearing cognate Ag, they spread across the surface of the APC to scan for additional Ags. This is followed by membrane contraction and the formation of Ag receptor microclusters that initiate the signaling reactions that lead to lymphocyte activation. Breakdown of the submembrane cytoskeleton is likely to be required for the cytoskeleton reorganization that drives cell spreading and for removing physical barriers that limit Ag receptor mobility. In this report, we show that Ag receptor signaling via the Rap GTPases promotes the dephosphorylation and activation of the actin-severing protein cofilin and that this results in increased severing of cellular actin filaments. Moreover, we show that this cofilin-mediated actin severing is critical for the changes in actin dynamics that drive B and T cell spreading, for the formation of BCR microclusters, and for the increased mobility of BCR microclusters within the plasma membrane after BCR engagement. Finally, using a model APC, we show that activation of this Rap–cofilin signaling module controls the amount of Ag that is gathered into BCR microclusters and that this is directly related to the magnitude of the resulting BCR signaling that is initiated during B cell–APC interactions. Thus, Rap-dependent activation of cofilin is critical for the early cytoskeletal changes and BCR reorganization that are involved in APC-dependent lymphocyte activation.
Intraperitoneal Rupture of the Bladder after Urinary Catheterization
Authors: Jambet Sophie , Facy Olivier , Landreau Pierre , Duperron Céline , Kretz Benjamin
Published: November 2011

Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder is a rare cause of peritonitis. Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder was diagnosed during an emergency laparotomy for suspected mesenteric ischemia. The patient had undergone iterative urinary catheterization after a vascular bypass. The perforation was excised and sutured and the patient was catheterized for urinary rest for 15 days. Urinary catheterization is a possible cause of intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder.
Anthracyclines: A Cornerstone in the Management of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Luminari Stefano , Montanini Antonella , Federico Massimo
Published: November 2011

Since anthracyclines were introduced in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the late 1960s, they have been acknowledged as a cornerstone in the management of the disease and, in particular, of aggressive lymphomas. The high efficacy of anthracycline-containing regimens must, however, be balanced against the drug-related toxicity, which mainly affects the cardiovascular system and represents a major concern for clinicians, especially in the treatment of elderly patients. Patients’ outcomes could be further improved, particularly for those at high risk of cardiotoxicity, by substituting liposomal doxorubicin for conventional doxorubicin. This approach has already been tested and shown to be effective in several cancers, especially in different subsets of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The use of liposomal doxorubicin in combination regimens for other conditions, such as follicular lymphoma and splenic marginal zone lymphoma, is also under investigation, and early results are promising.
Case Studies of Elderly Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Luminari Stefano , Federico Massimo
Published: November 2011

The treatment of patients with non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is often the treatment of elderly patients, as most patients are older than 65 years at diagnosis. These elderly patients present particular therapeutic challenges, because they may be more frail and at greater risk of treatment-related toxicity, especially anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity, than younger patients. The following two case studies illustrate the challenges and therapeutic decision-making in managing elderly patients with an aggressive and an indolent form of lymphoma.
A Brief Literature Review on the Management of Post-Haemorrhoidectomy Pain
Authors: Uzzaman Mohammed Mohsin , Siddiqui Muhammed Rafay Sameem
Published: November 2011

The most commonly encountered complication after haemorrhoidectomy is post-operative pain. Relief of this pain may aid earlier recovery. A literature search was performed examining the different surgical and medical agents for the relief of post haemorrhoidectomy pain using Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane library databases. Pain can be relieved by surgical or medical agents. Surgery incorporates a risk of incontinence. A number of studies examine the role of medical agents. A variety of surgical techniques and medical agents are available to the clinician in the treatment of post haemorrhoidectomy pain. Tailored management to individual patients should ensure appropriate symptomatic control and prompt recovery.
Conquering the digital divide: Botswana and South Korea digital divide status and interventions
Authors: Sedimo Nonofo C. , Bwalya Kelvin J. , Du Plessis Tanya
Published: November 2011

Background: Botswana is putting in place initiatives towards establishing itself as a knowledgebased economy. Transformation from a resource-based to a knowledge-based economy is partly hinged on innovation, research and development capability, knowledge channels, and the funding of research and development activities.Objectives: Bridging the digital divide and narrowing the intra-national divide brings about global information and communication technology (ICT) usage that translates into changing work patterns and eventually transformed economies. This article outlines the different interventions implemented in Botswana to bridge the divide. The South Korean experience in bridging the divide is discussed so as to serve as lessons on how to effectively bridge the divide to Botswana’s initiatives.Method: Using a mix of exploratory and empirical study, this article presents the findings on the status of ICT uptake in Botswana and investigates the level of the digital divide in the country.Results: The results of the study show that the digital divide is much more evident in Botswana than in South Korea. South Korea has put in place robust strategic initiatives towards reducing the digital divide and this has largely transcended into its transformation into a full-fledged knowledge society.Conclusion: This article is timely as it unearths the different pointers that may be utilised in policy formation and what interventions need to be taken at both the individual and national level to bridge the digital divide.
Visual Evidence of Ischemic Preconditioning during PCI Using 80 Lead ECG Body Surface Mapping
Authors: Dadkhah Shahriar , Dowlatshahi Samaneh , Sharain Korosh , Sharain Roza
Published: November 2011

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a well-documented phenomenon. Short episodes of sublethal ischemia provide cardioprotective effects for subsequent longer duration ischemic events. Although the exact mechanism of IPC is not yet known, the chemical basis of IPC seems to involve preservation of ATP or collateral vascularization recruitment. In this case report, we present visual evidence of ischemic preconditioning using Heartscape Technologies 80 Lead ECG device. The 80 Lead ECG is described as a body surface mapping modality, converting its inputted 80 lead ECG data into a 3-Dimensional color coded map. The 80 lead ECG device can detect instantaneous ischemic changes. Different studies have been performed to show different clinical and biochemical aspects of IPC. However data regarding direct visual evidence of this phenomenon is lacking. The secondary objective of this study is to show the ability of 80 lead ECG to identify ST-segment elevation and depression during ischemic events. The utility of 80 Lead ECG body surface mapping is enormous when evaluating ischemic events.
Improving Client Safety: Strategies to Prevent and Reduce Practice Errors in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Mu Keli , Lohman Helene , Scheirton Linda S. , Cochran Teresa M. , Coppard Brenda M. , Kokesh Stephanie R.
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE. This qualitative focus group study investigated the strategies to prevent or reduce practice errors used by occupational therapists who practice in physical rehabilitation and geriatrics.

METHOD. A total of 34 occupational therapists from four geographic regions across the United States participated in four focus groups. Participants worked in the areas of physical rehabilitation or geriatrics and had a minimum of 1 year of practice. Participants responded to open-ended, guiding questions. Data collected from the focus groups were analyzed qualitatively for themes.

RESULTS. Analysis of the collected data yielded four themes related to specific strategies occupational therapists use to prevent or reduce practice errors: (1) strengthen orientation and mentoring for new therapists, (2) ensure competency through performance competency checks, (3) enhance existing or establish new safety policies and procedures, and (4) advocate for the profession and for systemic change.

CONCLUSION. Findings of the study suggest that occupational therapists implement various discrete strategies to prevent or reduce practice errors and improve client safety. Occupational therapy practice and professional training must emphasize the inevitability of practice errors; the importance of orientation and training, including assertiveness training; and the inclusion of performance-based competency checks.
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Tailoring Methods of Multimedia-Based Fall Prevention Education for Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Schepens Stacey L. , Panzer Victoria , Goldberg Allon
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE. We attempted to determine whether multimedia fall prevention education using different instructional strategies increases older adults’ knowledge of fall threats and their fall prevention behaviors.

METHOD. Fifty-three community-dwelling older adults were randomized to two educational groups or a control group. Multimedia-based educational interventions to increase fall threats knowledge and encourage fall prevention behaviors had two tailoring strategies: (1) improve content realism for individual learners (authenticity group) and (2) highlight program goals and benefits while using participants’ content selections (motivation group). Knowledge was measured at baseline and 1-mo follow-up. Participants recorded prevention behaviors for 1 mo.

RESULTS. Intervention group participants showed greater knowledge gains and posttest knowledge than did control group participants. The motivation group engaged in more prevention behaviors over 1 mo than did the other groups.

CONCLUSION. Tailoring fall prevention education by addressing authenticity and motivation successfully improved fall threats knowledge. Combining motivational strategies with multimedia education increased the effectiveness of the intervention in encouraging fall prevention behaviors.
Relationship Between Postural Control and Fine Motor Skills in Preterm Infants at 6 and 12 Months Adjusted Age
Authors: Wang Tien-Ni , Howe Tsu-Hsin , Hinojosa Jim , Weinberg Sharon L.
Published: November 2011

We examined the relationship between postural control and fine motor skills of preterm infants at 6 and 12 mo adjusted age. The Alberta Infant Motor Scale was used to measure postural control, and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales II was used to measure fine motor skills. The data analyzed were taken from 105 medical records from a preterm infant follow-up clinic at an urban academic medical center in south Taiwan. Using multiple regression analyses, we found that the development of postural control is related to the development of fine motor skills, especially in the group of preterm infants with delayed postural control. This finding supports the theoretical assumption of proximal–distal development used by many occupational therapists to guide intervention. Further research is suggested to corroborate findings.
Critical Reasoning Scores of Entering Bachelor’s and Master’s Students in an Occupational Therapy Program
Authors: Mitchell Anita Witt , Xu Yonghong Jade
Published: November 2011

We compared the critical reasoning (CR) of four classes of students entering a bachelor of occupational therapy program (n = 88) with the CR of five classes of students entering an entry-level master of occupational therapy program (n = 126) using the Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA) and controlling for grade point average and reading comprehension as measured by the Nelson–Denny Reading Test. A multivariate analysis of covariance revealed a small but statistically significant difference between the groups’ CR scores. The univariate tests indicated that the groups differed with respect to their scores on one WGCTA subscale, Recognition of Assumptions; contrary to expectations, the bachelor’s students scored higher than the master’s students, although the effect size indicated small differences between the groups. Possible explanations for the findings and implications for occupational therapy education are discussed.
Evaluating sources of uncertainty in modelling the impact of probabilistic climate change on sub-arctic palsa mires
Authors: Fronzek S. , Carter T. R. , Luoto M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. We present an analysis of different sources of impact model uncertainty and combine this with probabilistic projections of climate change. Climatic envelope models describing the spatial distribution of palsa mires (mire complexes with permafrost peat hummocks) in northern Fennoscandia were calibrated for three baseline periods, eight state-of-the-art modelling techniques and 25 versions sampling the parameter uncertainty of each technique – a total of 600 models. The sensitivity of these models to changes in temperature and precipitation was analysed to construct impact response surfaces. These were used to assess the behaviour of models when extrapolated into changed climate conditions, so that new criteria, in addition to conventional model evaluation statistics, could be defined for determining model reliability. Impact response surfaces were also combined with climate change projections to estimate the risk of areas suitable for palsas disappearing during the 21st century. Structural differences in impact models appeared to be a major source of uncertainty, with 60% of the models giving implausible projections. Generalized additive modelling (GAM) was judged to be the most reliable technique for model extrapolation. Using GAM, it was estimated as very likely (>90% probability) that the area suitable for palsas is reduced to less than half the baseline area by the period 2030–2049 and as likely (>66% probability) that the entire area becomes unsuitable by 2080–2099 (A1B emission scenario). The risk of total loss of palsa area was reduced for a mitigation scenario under which global warming was constrained to below 2 °C relative to pre-industrial climate, although it too implied a considerable reduction in area suitable for palsas.
GXN: Building Networks for Collaborative Research on Materials in Architecture
Authors: Jørgensen Kasper Guldager
Published: November 2011

Kasper Guldager Jørgensen, Head of GXN at Danish practice 3XN, explains the vision behind the internal research group that investigates ecological design through digital processes and innovative material solutions. With a developed network of specialists, this relatively small group is able to draw on a much wider field of disciplines in its collaborations, whether it is working on an urban environmental project or contributing to materials studies with manufacturers and educational institutions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning From Nature: Omega Center for Sustainable Living
Authors: Lesniewski Laura
Published: November 2011

Laura Lesniewski, Principal of BNIM, describes how Elements, an internal division of the US firm focused on sustainable design and research, made an essential contribution to BNIM's new facility for the Omega Institute for Holistic Studies in Rhinebeck, New York. Through the adoption of building information modelling (BIM) and other new tools and analysis techniques, and the optimisations of the three primary flows through the building – energy, air and water – it has realised a new standard in ecological design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation and the Future of Design Tools for Ecological Research
Authors: Marsh Andrew , Khan Azam
Published: November 2011

In sustainable terms, the complexity and inefficiencies of buildings present the most challenging environmental problem. Simulation remains the primary tool for the designer to develop intuitions and analysis of performance. As Azam Khan, Head of the Environment & Ergonomics Research Group at Autodesk, and Andrew Marsh, Senior Principal Engineer at Autodesk, explain, simulation can only be improved through the development of three key areas: more detailed modelling, building integration and by becoming indispensable to the design process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BIO SKIN Urban Cooling Facade
Authors: Yamanashi Tomohiko , Hatori Tatsuya , Ishihara Yoshito , Kawashima Norihisa ,   (Nikken Sekkei Ltd), Niwa Katsumi ,   (Nikken Sekkei Research Institute)
Published: November 2011

Numbering 65, Nikken Sekkei's research group is the size of many substantial practices. Tomohiko Yamanashi, Tatsuya Hatori, Yoshito Ishihara and Norihisa Kawashima at Nikken Sekkei Ltd and Katsumi Niwa at the Nikken Sekkei Research Institute (NSRI) describe the unique collaborative processes that make the NSRI's contribution essential to any Nikken projects requiring the development of cutting‐edge technology or urban planning proposals. Here, they detail the development of BIO SKIN, an innovative facade system developed for the Sony Research and Development Center in Tokyo, which addresses the urban heat island effect, one of the main environmental research areas of the NSRI. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10 Design: Beyond Neutrality
Authors: Givens Ted
Published: November 2011

The very term ‘sustainable design’ implies an aspiration to retain the status quo. What, however, if buildings could have a more proactive effect? Air quality is generally regarded as an environmental problem that has to be tackled by municipal agencies at the urban scale, which architectural design can have little or no impact on. Here Ted Givens of 10 Design, a newly established practice in Hong Kong, describes the Indigo Tower, a project undertaken with researchers at Hong Kong University, which explores the way that a building can enhance the wider air quality of its environment through bio‐purification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic‐Scale Imaging and Quantification of Electrical Polarisation in Incommensurate Antiferroelectric Lanthanum‐Doped Lead Zirconate Titanate
Authors: MacLaren Ian , Villaurrutia Rafael , Schaffer Bernhard , Houben Lothar , Peláiz‐Barranco Aimé
Published: November 2011

Lanthanum doping of zirconium rich lead zirconate titanate gives rise to incommensurate, long‐period antiferroelectric structures. The structure of two stacking sequences in this incommensurate phase is determined using quantitative analysis of high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images, with the lead atom positions located with an exceptional precision of about 6 pm. This allows the estimation of local polarisation variations across the stacking units, and the polarisation varies in an approximately sinusoidal fashion along the stacking direction. The measured peak Pb atom displacements of about 28 pm and peak polarisation values of about 60 μC cm−2 match extremely well to reported values for the commensurate antiferroelectric PbZrO3 phase.
Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among farmers: A systematic review
Authors: Osborne Aoife , Blake Catherine , Fullen Brona M. , Meredith David , Phelan James , McNamara John , Cunningham Caitriona
Published: November 2011

Objective

To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among farmers and to establish the most common regional MSDs reported.

Methods

Comprehensive electronic searches of Pubmed, Web of Science, CINAHL, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Agris Database, and Cochrane Library were carried out using keywords for MSDs and farmers. Pooled estimates of prevalence with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for overall MSD prevalence and the most common regional MSDs reported.

Results

Twenty‐four studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into this review. From these studies, life‐time prevalence of any form of MSD among farmers was 90.6% while 1‐year MSD prevalence was 76.9% (95% CI 69.8–82.7). The majority of studies focused on spinal MSDs with low back pain (LBP) the most frequently investigated. Life‐time LBP prevalence was 75% (95% CI 67–81.5) while 1‐year LBP prevalence was 47.8% (95% CI 40.2–55.5). The next most common regional MSDs reported were upper (range 3.6–71.4%) and lower extremities (range 10.4–41%).

Conclusions

The systematic review identified the prevalence of MSDs by body region in farmers and established that LBP was the most common MSD, followed by upper and then lower extremity MSDs. Reported trends suggest that the prevalence of MSDs in farmers is greater than in non‐farmer populations. Case‐definition uniformity among MSD researchers is warranted. More studies are needed regarding upper and lower extremity MSDs, gender, workplace, and task context of MSDs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:143–158, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering with N‐Acyl functionalized ManNAc analogs: Cytotoxicity, metabolic flux, and glycan‐display considerations
Authors: Almaraz Ruben T. , Aich Udayanath , Khanna Hargun S. , Tan Elaine , Bhattacharya Rahul , Shah Shivam , Yarema Kevin J.
Published: November 2011

Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) is a maturing technology capable of modifying cell surface sugars in living cells and animals through the biosynthetic installation of non‐natural monosaccharides into the glycocalyx. A particularly robust area of investigation involves the incorporation of azide functional groups onto the cell surface, which can then be further derivatized using “click chemistry.” While considerable effort has gone into optimizing the reagents used for the azide ligation reactions, less optimization of the monosaccharide analogs used in the preceding metabolic incorporation steps has been done. This study fills this void by reporting novel butanoylated ManNAc analogs that are used by cells with greater efficiency and less cytotoxicity than the current “gold standard,” which are peracetylated compounds such as Ac4ManNAz. In particular, tributanoylated, N‐acetyl, N‐azido, and N‐levulinoyl ManNAc analogs with the high flux 1,3,4‐O‐hydroxyl pattern of butanoylation were compared with their counterparts having the pro‐apoptotic 3,4,6‐O‐butanoylation pattern. The results reveal that the ketone‐bearing N‐levulinoyl analog 3,4,6‐O‐Bu3ManNLev is highly apoptotic, and thus is a promising anti‐cancer drug candidate. By contrast, the azide‐bearing analog 1,3,4‐O‐Bu3ManNAz effectively labeled cellular sialoglycans at concentrations ∼3‐ to 5‐fold lower (e.g., at 12.5–25 µM) than Ac4ManNAz (50–150 µM) and exhibited no indications of apoptosis even at concentrations up to 400 µM. In summary, this work extends emerging structure activity relationships that predict the effects of short chain fatty acid modified monosaccharides on mammalian cells and also provides a tangible advance in efforts to make MOE a practical technology for the medical and biotechnology communities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:992–1006. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Degradation of reactive dyes in a photocatalytic circulating‐bed biofilm reactor
Authors: Li Guozheng , Park Seongjun , Rittmann Bruce E.
Published: November 2011

Decolorization and mineralization of reactive dyes by intimately coupled TiO2‐photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) on a novel TiO2‐coated biofilm carrier were investigated in a photocatalytic circulating‐bed biofilm reactor (PCBBR). Two typical reactive dyes—Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Yellow 86 (RY86)—showed similar first‐order kinetics when being photocatalytically decolorized at low pH (∼4–5) in batch experiments. Photocatalytic decolorization was inhibited at neutral pH in the presence of phosphate or carbonate buffer, presumably due to electrostatic repulsion from negatively charged surface sites on TiO2, radical scavenging by phosphate or carbonate, or both. Therefore, continuous PCBBR experiments were carried out at a low pH (∼4.5) to maintain high photocatalytic efficiency. In the PCBBR, photocatalysis alone with TiO2‐coated carriers could remove target compound RB5 and COD by 97% and 47%, respectively. Addition of biofilm inside macroporous carriers maintained a similar RB5 removal efficiency, but COD removal increased to 65%, which is evidence of ICPB despite the low pH. ICPB was further proven by finding microorganisms inside carriers at the end of the PCBBR experiments. A proposed ICPB pathway for RB5 suggests that a major intermediate, a naphthol derivative, was responsible for most of the residual COD, while most of the nitrogen in the azo‐bonds (NN) was oxidized to N2. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:884–893. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early prediction of instability of chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing recombinant antibodies and antibody‐fusion proteins
Authors: Dorai Haimanti , Corisdeo Susanne , Ellis Dawn , Kinney Cherylann , Chomo Matt , Hawley‐Nelson Pam , Moore Gordon , Betenbaugh Michael J. , Ganguly Subinay
Published: November 2011

One of the most important criteria for the successful manufacture of a therapeutic protein (e.g., an antibody) is to develop a mammalian cell line that maintains stability of production. Problems with process yield, lack of effective use of costly resources, and a possible delay in obtaining regulatory approval of the product may ensue otherwise. Therefore the stability of expression in a number of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) derived production cell lines that were isolated using the glutamine synthetase (GS) selection system was investigated by defining a culture as unstable if the titer (which is a measure of productivity) of a cell line expressing an antibody or antibody‐fusion protein declined by 20–30% or more as it underwent 55 population doublings. Using this criterion, a significant proportion of the GS‐selected CHO production cell lines were observed to be unstable. Reduced antibody titers correlated with the gradual appearance of a secondary, less productive population of cells as detected with flow cytometric analysis of intracellular antibody content. Where tested, it was observed that the secondary population arose spontaneously from the parental population following multiple passages, which suggested inherent clonal instability. Moreover, the frequency of unstable clones decreased significantly if the host cell line from which the candidate production cell lines were derived was apoptotic‐resistant. This data suggested that unstable cell lines were more prone to apoptosis, which was confirmed by the fact that unstable cell lines had higher levels of Annexin V and caspase 3 activities. This knowledge has been used to develop screening protocols that identify unstable CHO production cell lines at an early stage of the cell line development process, potentially reducing the cost of biotherapeutic development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1016–1030. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Synthetic Nickel Electrocatalyst with a Turnover Frequency above 100 000 s−1 for H2 Production
Authors: Bianchini Claudio , Fornasiero Paolo
Published: November 2011

The break‐through article “A Synthetic Nickel Electrocatalyst with a Turnover Frequency Above 100 000 s−1 for H2 Production” by Monte L. Helm et al. (Science 2011, 333, 863) presents results of great interest in the field of hydrogen production, in view of a fantastic turnover frequency obtained by an elegant catalyst design, inspired by nature, and the use of a largely available and cheap metal.
Supramolecular Hybrid of Metal Nanoparticles and Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Wrapped by a Fluorene–Carbazole Copolymer
Authors: Ozawa Hiroaki , Ide Natsuko , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Niidome Yasuro , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: November 2011

The first approach for the preparation of metal nanoparticle/semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) hybrids with specified chirality is described. For this purpose, a copolymer of a fluorene derivative with two long‐chain alkyl substituents and a carbazole derivative carrying a thiol group was used. The copolymer was found to selectively dissolve (7,6)‐ and (8,7)SWNTs, as determined by UV/Vis/NIR absorption and Raman spectroscopy and 2D photoluminescence mapping. Gold and silver nanoparticles with diameters of about 3.8 and about 3.2 nm, respectively, were readily attached along the SWNTs by means of coordination bonds between the nanoparticles and the thiol moieties on the copolymer, as revealed by atomic force and electron microscopy studies. The study provides a novel way to design and fabricate metal nanoparticle/semiconducting SWNT hybrids with specific nanotube chirality.
Solid‐State Photochromism of Chromenes: Enhanced Photocoloration and Observation of Unstable Colored Species at Low Temperatures
Authors: Harada Jun , Ueki Keigo , Anada Masahide , Kawazoe Yuta , Ogawa Keiichiro
Published: November 2011

Solid‐state photochromism of benzopyrans and naphthopyrans (chromenes) was investigated in the temperature range between 300 and 80 K. Variable‐temperature diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of microcrystalline powders showed that the extent of photocoloration was greatly enhanced at low temperatures. All the chromenes examined exhibited solid‐state photochromism at low temperatures, even when they showed little or no photocoloration at room temperature. The solid‐state photochromic properties of the chromenes were quite similar to those reported for analogous photochromic compounds of spiropyrans and spirooxazines, which indicates that these classes of compounds are generally photochromic even in the solid state. Photobleaching reactions of the colored merocyanine forms proceeded at low temperatures through the formation of a colorless intermediate, instead of directly resuming the original closed form. In addition to two stable planar merocyanine forms, which are usually observed in the photochromic reactions in solution, photoreactions at low temperatures allowed us to observe unstable colored species, which were tentatively assigned as nonplanar cisoid forms, and were stabilized in the solid state at low temperatures.
Increased β‐catenin activity in the anterior neural plate induces ectopic mid‐hindbrain characteristics
Authors: Paek Hunki , Antoine Michelle W. , Diaz Frank , Hébert Jean M.
Published: November 2011

Background: The early telencephalon shares molecular features with the early mid‐hindbrain region. In particular, these two developing brain areas each have a signaling center that secretes FGFs and an adjacent one that secretes WNTs. WNTs and FGFs each play essential roles in regulating cell fates in both the telencephalon and mid‐hindbrain. Despite this similarity, telencephalic and mid‐hindbrain precursors express distinct genes and ultimately generate different cell types, tissue morphologies, and neural functions. Results: Here we show that genetically increasing the level of β‐catenin, a mediator of canonical WNT signaling, in the anterior neural plate causes a loss of telencephalic characteristics and a gain of mid‐hindbrain characteristics. Conclusion: These results, together with previous ones demonstrating that increased WNT signaling in the anterior neural plate increases FGF expression, suggest that the levels of WNT and FGF signaling regulate telencephalic versus mid‐hindbrain fates. Developmental Dynamics 241:242–246, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regioselective Synthesis of Dimethylamino‐ or Arylalkylamino‐‘‘Crowned” Tröger's Base Analogues Under Vilsmeier–Haack Conditions
Authors: Reddy Manda Bhaskar , Manjula Alla , Rao Bommena Vittal , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: November 2011

Under typical Vilsmeier–Haack conditions, Tröger's base undergoes regioselective dimethylamino or arylalkylamino substitution on the methano bridge of the dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine system, revealing a hitherto unknown reactivity pattern. The regioselectivity of the reaction was established by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The key feature of this reaction is its generality; it is compatible with different substitution patterns on the Tröger's base and can be performed with DMF as well as with other formamides. The wide scope of the reaction has been applied in the synthesis of several uncommon Tröger's base analogues.
Revisiting psychophysical work on the quantitative and qualitative odour properties of simple odour mixtures: a flavour chemistry view. Part 2: qualitative aspects. A review.
Authors: Ferreira Vicente
Published: November 2011

The different psychophysical studies carried out on the qualitative properties of simple and complex mixtures are reviewed. Many of the early studies conducted on binary mixtures have been reprocessed and compared by using similar representations and data treatments. Results confirm that the intensity ratio of the mixture constituents is the main driver of quality, so that the most intense compound tends to dominate the overall odour of the mixture. In contrast to what was previously thought, in most binary mixtures one of the components is more powerful than the other, dominating the overall odour of the mixture in a larger range of mixture compositions. In some but not all subsets of odorants, a clear hierarchy in their relative dominance has been observed. Pleasantness, complexity or freshness arise as major but not unique factors determining the order of dominance. Steven's coefficients could also have an influence, while polarity and temporal processing rates seem to have no influence. Competitive interactions at receptor level seem to play a limited role. In some aroma pairs, a small change in odour composition (26%) provokes the shift in odour dominance, while in others a 500% intensity change may be required for the shift. There is sound evidence that one or several odour descriptors of minor non‐dominant odour components can be detected in the odour of the mixture. In more complex mixtures, results support the fact that some odorants in specific odour backgrounds are detected more easily than others. The most frequent qualitative outcome of a complex mixture will be an average of the odour qualitative descriptors of the odour chemicals present in the mixture, except when the mixture contains within its constituents a series of odour chemicals at specific intensity ratios able to trigger a configurational recognition process ending with the recognition of a different odour object. Key challenges for the modelling of the aroma properties of complex systems are enunciated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.