bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumo energético e saciedade de gatos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com isoflavona
Authors: Pereira Layne Carolina , Martins Isabela Oliveira , Fonseca Isabella Dafini , Silva Ingrid Caroline , Miltenburg Tania Zoia , Merenda Monica Estela Zambon , Silva Ana Lucia Yoshida , Dalgallo Nayara , Vasconcellos Ricardo Souza
Published: September 2018

No presente estudo, avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com isoflavona na saciedade e ingestão calórica em gatos castrados. Utilizaram-se 16 animais, machos e fêmeas divididos em dois grupos de oito gatos, balanceados por sexo e condição corporal, os quais receberam respectivamente um alimento controle e o mesmo alimento adicionado de 1% de isoflavona, por 45 dias. O peso dos animais foi mantido constante ao longo do estudo, para se comparar a ingestão calórica e a saciedade foi avaliada com desafios no dia 20 e 40 de experimento. Não houve diferença entre os grupos controle e tratado com isoflavona para a ingestão calórica (p=0,345) e saciedade dos animais (p=0,151). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a isoflavona a 1% em dietas para gatos não modifica a necessidade energética ou promove efeitos sacietogênicos nos animais.
Análise de rótulos de rações secas denominadas light, calorias reduzidas e redução de peso para gatos
Authors: Butzge Juliana Luiz , Cardoso Luis Fernando Dutra , Santin Sarah , Rodrigues Gabriel Dutra , Hauptli Lucélia , Moraes Priscila Oliveira
Published: September 2018

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a composição nutricional informada no rótulo de rações secas para gatos. Foram analisadas 15 rações classificadas como light ou calorias reduzidas quanto o nível de proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra bruta (FB), matéria mineral (MM) e calculou-se a energia metabolizável (EM).  Os resultados foram divididos em dois grupos: adultos e castrados, de acordo com a recomendação da empresa. Para animais adultos, observou-se a média de 36,67% PB, 7,67% EE, 6,07% FB, 7,25% MM e 3.344,25 Kcal/kg EM e, respectivamente, para animais castrados 34,44%, 9,44%, 6,65%, 8,74%, e 3.515,43 Kcal/kg. Os ingredientes utilizados com maior frequência foram: farinha de subprodutos ou vísceras de aves/frango (100,00%), milho integral moído (86,67%), polpa de beterraba (80,00%), quirera de arroz (73,33%), levedura seca de cervejaria (73,33%), farelo de glúten de milho-60 (66,67%). A porcentagem de rações que apresentam L-cartinina em sua composição foi de 0,01% a 0,04%.  Houve uma ampla variação na composição nutricional informada nas rações declaradas light e calorias reduzidas.
USO DE REGISTRO ELETRÔNICO NA DETECÇÃO DA TUBERCULOSE: POTENCIALIDADES E DIFICULDADES NA VISÃO DOS PROFISSIONAIS
Authors: Tomberg Jéssica Oliveira , Gonzales Roxana Isabel Cardozo , Spagnolo Lílian de Moura Lima , Vieira Dagoberta Alves , Harter Jenifer , Herrera Javier Roger Raul Vargas
Published: September 2018

Objetivo: identificar as potencialidades e dificuldades do uso de um sistema de registro informatizado para a detecçãode casos de tuberculose na atenção primária à saúde. Método: estudo de intervenção nos municípios de Sapucaia ePelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2013 a 2014, com implantação de sistema de registro informatizado nasunidades de atenção primária à saúde, com posterior entrevista qualitativa. A análise dos dados foi realizada pormeio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temática de Bardin. Resultados: identificaram-se três categorias de análise:Agilidade no acompanhamento dos sintomáticos respiratórios, Envolvimento e sensibilização dos profissionais eDificuldades enfrentadas no uso do sistema de informação.Considerações finais: o sistema informatizado permitiuqualificar a agilidade dos registros, a comunicação entre profissionais e serviços de saúde e a reflexão sobre a atenção àtuberculose.As dificuldades estiveram relacionadas àestrutura física e organizacional das unidades de atenção primária.
ADVANCED TWO-PHASE PASSIVE THERMAL CONTROL DEVICES: LOOP HEAT PIPES AND PULSATING HEAT PIPES
Authors: Riehl Roger R.
Published: September 2018

This paper presents the development of two-phase passive thermal control devices that can be used at both ground and space applications. These devices operate by acquiring heat through their evaporation section and rejecting through their condensation section, keeping a tight control on the heat source temperature without the presence of moving parts. Recent researches with loop heat pipes (LHPs) have showed the great capability of such a device in managing high levels of heat while keeping the source temperature within certain levels. For this case, experimental tests of a LHP are presented, where the behavior related to its operation with power cycles can be evaluated and its performance can be verified. This paper also presents an investigation of a two-phase thermal control device called pulsating heat pipe (PHP) configured as an open loop. Experimental tests with different working fluids are presented, which shows the great capability of the PHP in operating at both horizontal and vertical orientations and promoting the thermal control, which is highly affected by the working fluid and geometric parameters. The experimental results presented for both devices are intended to contribute for the continuous development of these two passive thermal control devices.
MODELING OF PARTIAL OXIDATION OF METHANE IN A MEMBRANE REACTOR
Authors: Fernandes F. A. N. , Souza C. P. , Sousa J. F.
Published: September 2018

Partial oxidation of methane is one of the most important chemical processes for the production of syngas. In recent years, the abundant availability of natural gas and the increasing demand of hydrogen have led to high interest to further develop this process increasing the yield of syngas. In this work the partial oxidation of methane was studied from a modeling point of view in a membrane reactor and in a conventional reactor. A mathematical model of a membrane reactor used for partial oxidation of methane, assuming steadystate conditions, was developed to simulate and compare the maximum yields and operating conditions in the reactor with that in a conventional reactor. Simulation results show that different parameters affect methane conversion and H /CO ratio, such as temperature, operating conditions, and membrane 2 parameters such as membrane permeance. In a membrane reactor an increase in the operating pressure corresponds to an increase in methane conversion, since allows for a greater partial pressure gradient between the reaction and permeate zone, thus contributing to shift the equilibrium towards the products. As such, the membrane reactors are a good alternative to produce syngas especially for GTL processes. Operating conditions can be set to control the H2/CO ratio to a desired value, and high conversions at mild temperatures can be achieved reducing capital and operational costs.
OPPORTUNITIES OF INTEGRATING DESALINATION TO COGENERATION FOR BRAZILIAN CONDITIONS
Authors: Ferreira E. M. , Balestieri J. A. P. , Zanardi M. A.
Published: September 2018

One of the major problems in this century refers to the availability of potable water, necessary to the survival of populations. The world population is continually increasing and natural resources are proportionally decreasing, and the development of potable water production techniques demands intensive efforts. Electric power requirement is also necessary to the development of nations. Desalination processes are widely used in countries with low offer of potable water. Technologies nowadays in use are multi-stage-flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) process. In MSF and MED processes, the main technique is distillation. Reverse osmosis technique relies on the osmotic principle, in which a solvent passes through a membrane. Since the middle of 1950, these desalting techniques are widely used mainly in the Middle East countries, where water shortage is almost absolute. Although uncommonly conceived, discussing the implementation of desalination processes in association to cogeneration systems in Brazil is a necessary task for the long-term planning. In this way, this paper proposes to reviewthe successful experiences presented in the literature as a way of  establishing how electric power and fresh water production can be produced from seawater desalting processes in an optimized way. Another objective pursued in this paper is stimulating more attention to this matter, that deserves discussing the skill staff formation and the know-how of such technologies in the strategic planning to the water resource management, specially because these investments require a considerable time for human resources development and the knowledge of the most adequate technology to be implemented for the integration of desalting and cogeneration units.
APPLICATION OF STEAM TURBINES SIMULATION MODELS IN POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Bresolin C. S. , Schneider P. S. , Vielmo H. A. , França F. H. R.
Published: September 2018

The goal of this work is to simulate partial load operation of steam turbines indifferent controlling modes. An isentropic efficiency function is associated to aspecific steam turbine. The Schegliáiev and the Stodola's Ellipse Law, relatinglevels of pressure with mass flow, are compared. The proposed operational modes are: a) sliding pressure; b) throttling valve; c) nozzle valve. As a conclusion, Schegliáiev and Stodola's models leads to very similar results and the operational modes by valves establishes theoretical limits of operation for steam turbines. The sliding pressure control is more efficient considering design operation.
EFFECT OF RIBLETS AND SUCTION ON A FLAT PLATE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER
Authors: Oyewola M. O.
Published: September 2018

This work presents hot-wire measurements in a flat plate turbulent boundarylayer, subjected to the combination of riblets and suction. The suction is applied through a porous strip for a range of suction rates. The effect of riblets and suction has been quantified through the measurements of mean velocity and Reynolds stresses downstream of the suction strip on the riblets surface. The results of the mean velocity and Reynolds stresses indicate that there is no significant change in the distributions of riblets and smooth wall. However, there exist some changes with the combination of suction and riblets relative to the smooth surface. These changes arise from the interference of suction with the mechanism of the layer. The results suggest that riblets may not alter the effect suction has on the boundary layer structures.
The Impact of Big Data on SME´s Strategic Management: A Study on a Small British Enterprise Specialized in Business Intelligence
Authors: Costa Junior Joao Florencio da , Rezende Julio Francisco Dantas de , Cabral Eric Lucas dos Santos , Florentino Davidson Rogerio de Medeiros , Soares Adolfo Rebouças
Published: September 2018

The present article seeks to describe how Big Data impacts on SMEs strategy, focusing both on planning and the use of strategy tools. It is a result of a participatory and practical action research in a small British Company ($2.5 Million annual turnover) specialized in business intelligence, conferences and tradeshows during 2014 to 2017. Throughout the research period, Big Data had a profound and multifaceted impact on the strategy and operations of the company, resulting in the changing of its products, adoption of new and more dynamic CRM systems, rethinking of the strategic tools utilized by the senior management and definition of new long term strategic goals. As a conclusion, it was noted that cultural predisposition to adopt Big Data technologies had a defining influence over the course of the strategic planning and operations; as the strategy for Big Data has to go beyond simply implementing technological changes – it actually has to exist before the adoption of new technologies is even considered – demanding commitment from the senior management team as well as the operational side of the business.
Communicative Language Teaching: Possible Alternative Approaches to CLT and Teaching Contexts
Authors: Alamri Wafaa Abdullah
Published: September 2018

There are various approaches of language teaching, in which communicative language teaching is the dominant approach worldwide. CLT approach allows language learners to express themselves and their views through collaborative activities undertaken during classes. This descriptive study has discussed CLT, offering both advantages and limitations. The CLT approach has led to major changes in such ways, in which language is taught and learnt. CLT aims to make “commnicative competence” the goal of language teaching and to develop procedures for teaching the four language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It is well known that CLT approach allows language learners to express themselves and their views through collaborative activities, undertaken during classes. CLT, which is applied in schools, universities, colleges, and language institutes in most countries worldwide, stimulates learners’ interests in learning by infusing the learning environment with new types of activities and materials that are both interactive and authentic. CLT is becoming a major language and its being used worldwide. The learners of the language are more focused towards learning the concepts. The emphasize is not towards understanding the language structures and lexical collocations. The main aim of the CLT is to make individuals competent in communication.
Use of RESRAD-Onsite 7.2 Code to Assess Environmental Risk around Tudor Shaft Mine Tailing Sites
Authors: Njinga Raymond Limen , Tshivhase Victor Makondelele
Published: September 2018

The RESRAD-onsite 7.2 code has been used to assess the total dose rate in Tudor shaft site contaminated over an area of 10 km2. The risk analysis simulation was span over a period of 1.0E+3 years. The maximum total dose of 1.64 mSv/yr was obtain at t = 8.17 ± 0.02 years. The total peak dose at time t = 0 yr. is 1.63 ± 1.0 mSv/yr for all pathways. This value is 6.53 times higher compare to the basic radiation dose limit of 2.5E-01 mSv/yr. The evaluated excess cancer risk was 3.46E-3 and is 10 times higher compared to the recommended limit of WHO. A cover layer depth of 1.25 m was simulated using the code and a total maximum peak dose for all pathways was 2.52E-01 mSv/yr at t = 5.0E+2 ± 1.0 years.
Factors Affecting Online Purchase Intention: Effects of Technology and Social Commerce
Authors: Athapaththu Jayani Chamarika , Kulathunga D.
Published: September 2018

With the rapid development of information communication technologies and enhanced Internet penetration, the nature of a consumer’s daily activities has changed and most offline activities have migrated towards online activities. Moreover, customers have shown a greater tendency to shift to online activities from their traditional offline activities. In this light, e-commerce transactions in Sri Lanka are expected to grow in the near future. Apart from traditional Internet technologies, a variety of new social commerce activities has started influencing the behavior of customer activities including the online purchasing. Even though the impact of traditional Internet technologies on purchase intention of customers has been examined by many researchers, the same has not been examined adequately in relation to social commerce related activities. Therefore, this study is aimed at identifying the factors affecting online purchase intention of customers from both the technological and social commerce perspective.

The theoretical model developed in the study was empirically tested through survey of 292 MBA students from two leading universities and a prominent institute in Sri Lanka. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that online purchase intention positively and significantly related with perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, website content and trust.

Moreover, it was identified that trust has a full mediation effect between perceived ease of use and purchase intention as well as between website content and purchase intention. Further, it was found that trust has a partial mediation between perceived usefulness and purchase intention.
MODELS AND METHODS OF PROCESSING OF INFORMATION ON LOADS OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS IN TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS
Authors: Sharko Artem
Published: September 2018

The paper presents one-dimensional discrete-continuous model of power spectrum estimation of the acoustic emission signal, that allows filtering the oscillating components of the acoustic emission signals. The mathematical formalism describing the environment was discussed, initiating the signals of acoustic emission. The problem of spectral analysis and synthesis of acoustic emission signals was solved with the help of Fourier transform. The dependence of acoustic vibrations spectra on the size of the medium parameters and microstructure has been discussed, as well.
THE CHANCES OF PRECISION ENHANCE FOR ULTRASONIC IMAGING
Authors: Rymarczyk Tomasz , Sikora Jan , Adamkiewicz Przemysław , Bożek Piotr , Gołąbek Michał
Published: September 2018

The results of ultrasonic imaging with the aid of an algorithm with the virtual rays is presented in this paper. The signal associated with the virtual rays is calculated as an arithmetical mean value of the signals of the rays surrounding the virtual one. Developed algorithm was tested on synthetic free noise data then polluted synthetic data in order to move for the real measurements. Conclusions about the imaging with new algorithm are not obvious. In same cases the significant improvement was achieved but in some not.
NEURAL NETWORK AND CONVOLUTIONAL ALGORITH TO EXTRACT SHAPES BY E-MEDICUS APPLICATION
Authors: Rymarczyk Tomasz , Stefaniak Barbara , Adamkiewicz Przemysław
Published: September 2018

The solution shows the architecture of the system collecting and analyzing data. There was tried to develop algorithms to image segmentation. These algorithms are needed to identify arbitrary number of phases for the segmentation problem. With the use of algorithms such as the level set method, neural networks and deep learning methods, it can obtain a quicker diagnosis and automatically marking areas of the interest region in medical images.
SPOTKANIE PRZESZŁOŚCI Z PRZYSZŁOŚCIĄ, CZYLI MUZEUM JAKO BUDYNEK TYPU SMART
Authors: Dechnik Mirosław
Published: September 2018

W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę technologii Smart Building w kontekście zastosowania w budynku muzeum. Zaprezentowano rolę zintegrowanego systemu sterowania i automatyzacji w inteligentnym budynku muzealnym, jego funkcje, a także problematykę maksymalizacji efektywność energetycznej, przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu optymalnych warunków konserwacji zabytków oraz przebywania ludzi.
Chronic pain – the idea of mechanism orientated treatment
Authors: Kocot-Kępska Magdalena , Zajączkowska Renata , Dobrogowski Jan , Przeklasa-Muszyńska Anna
Published: September 2018

Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying chronic pain syndromes is a significant progress in modern pain medicine. Understanding the basic differences between acute and chronic pain processes, learning about the mechanisms of transition from acute to chronic pain, allows us to change the approach to pain management from commonly used empirical approach to more rational mechanism-oriented pain treatment. In many patients with chronic pain, empiric therapy, which does not consider the mechanisms of pain, is not fully effective. Often, when planning pharmacotherapy, current knowledge about the pain etiology and mechanisms of pain chronification is not considered. Management based on already known mechanisms of pain, using rational pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological methods, may improve the quality and effectiveness of pain management.
Effectiveness of Resilience Teaching via Short Message Service on Stress of Mothers of Educable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Moghimi Masoud , Esmaeilpour Nafiseh , Karimi Zohreh , Zoladl Mohammad , Moghimi Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2018

Background: Caring of mentally retarded children at home is a challenging event and negatively affects family mental health. Objectives: Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of resilience teaching via short message service (SMS) on stress of mothers of educable mentally retarded children. Methods: In this field trial study, 70 mothers with educable mentally retarded children were selected through the convenience sampling method. They were then assigned into two groups of intervention and control through block random allocation. Mothers in the intervention group received four text messages each day, totally 180 messages within 1.5 months. The Abidin Short Form Parenting Stress Index and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were filled out by mothers in both groups of intervention and control at baseline and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS21, by descriptive and inferential test, considering the 95% confidence interval. Results: The mean of stress scores was 126 ± 23.9 and 129.3 ± 21.8 in the SMS and control groups, respectively before the intervention, and 86.08 ± 18.5 and 135.2 ± 23.1, respectively after the intervention (P < 0.05). In addition, the mean of resilience scores was 28.17 ± 10.82 and 25.89 ± 10.3 in the SMS and control groups, respectively before the intervention, and 57.62 ± 7.42 and 22.2 ± 8.17, respectively after the intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Teaching of resilience via short message service can reduce stress in mothers of educable mentally retarded children. In addition, since, the purposeful communication of client and nurse is a main issue in nursing, nurses can benefit from this education method for clients.
Estudo anatômico da madeira de Veludinho, Guettarda uruguensis Cham. et Schlecht
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso
Published: September 2018

The wood of Guettarda uruguensis Cham. et Schlecht described in its general, macroscopic and microscopic aspects. The species shows a good similary with anatomical literature references to the botanical genus and family Rubiaceae. Among the most important characters must be pointed ou the presence of extremely numerous pores in transversal section, pores of small size and occurring as solitary or in small multiples, simple perforation plates in vessels, small and vestured intervascular pitting, the absence of axial parenchyma, septate fibres and rays of Heterogeneous I type, with predominance of bi-seriate ones
Anatomia descritiva da madeira de Myrceugenia myrtoides Berg.
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso , Muñiz Graciela I. Bolzón
Published: September 2018

The wood of Myrceugenia myrtoides Berg is analysed in its general and microscopic aspects. Quantitative data and photomicrographs of its anatomical structure are furnished. The most important features observed in the wood are those considered as predominant in Myrtaceae according to anatomical literature. For the identification, there must be emphasized the occurrence in the wood of simple perforation plates, elongated ray-vascular pit-pairs, spiral thickenings in vessels, vestured and bordered pits in fibers, very small and solitary pores in transversal section, and rays of heterogeneous I type.
Crossing SSH and STEM approaches in a MapDesign course using open data and software
Authors: Cannata Massimiliano , Profeta Giovanni , Voegeli Michela , Lüscher Manuel , Morandi Laura
Published: September 2018

This paper presents the design, realization and evaluation of a Map Design course conducted using an open source GIS (QGIS) to students of the bachelor in Visual Communication. The specific challenge was teaching approaches from Social Science and Humanities (SSH) and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines to integrate rigorous cartographic methodologies for map production with aesthetic visual aspects. This was successfully addressed with an hybridization approach that discuss themes from the two disciplines point of view and a goal-oriented course organization that produced as an output real map products. The general evaluation of this new course by students and teachers was positive. Despite the main criticism was related to the complexity of the used tools with respect to the course duration, the quality of the outputs demonstrated a very good capacity of students in learning and fusing of STEM and SSH concepts.
Groundwater modeling of the withdrawal sustainability of Cannara artesian aquifer (Umbria, Italy)
Authors: Beretta Giovanni Pietro , Avanzini Monica , Marangoni Tomaso , Burini Marino , Schirò Giacomo , Terrenghi Jacopo , Vacca Gaetano
Published: September 2018

The Cannara aquifer (Umbria, Italy) has been known for more than a century, and is one of the main drinking water supplies in the Umbria Region. In the beginning it was used for irrigation purposes, since this area was mainly agricultural up to the 1960s. The groundwater—exploited by Umbra Acque S.p.A. (a Company supplying drinking water)—is 150 m under ground level and is contained in a porous confined aquifer, which originally had artesian characteristics. Exploitation of 200–300 l/s with nine wells caused a reduction of piezometric level, maintaining the confined aquifer conditions, except for a very short period during which the aquifer was depressurised by drought, and for increase of emergency withdrawals replacing other water supplies (from springs) for drinking purposes. The occasional presence of iron and ammonium ions confirms the confinement of the groundwater and their hydrochemical facies in a redox environment, while in nearby areas and shallow aquifers anthropogenic contaminants (nitrates and chlorinated solvents) are reported. For the protection of this aquifer of strategic interest (the most important well field in Umbria), all hydrological and hydrochemical data available have been reviewed, and the aquifer recharge studied. Sustainable rates of withdrawal, and groundwater protection areas have been identified using a numerical flow model. Further action for monitoring groundwater of both shallow and artesian aquifers, together with well-revamping, have been proposed.
Unlocking a dark past
Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez Fernando , Rape Michael
Published: September 2018

A transcription factor called SALL4 could be the missing link between thalidomide and the limb defects caused by the drug.
A New Approach to the Analysis of Electromagnetic FEM Simulations Results at Electric Field Singularities
Authors: Betti Beneventi G. , DalRe M. , Vincetti L.
Published: September 2018

A new methodology to the analysis of the results of Finite-Element Modeling (FEM) simulations at electric field singularities is proposed. The method, that can be easily applied in the post-processing phase of the electromagnetic FEM analysis workflow, is based on the weighted averaging of the calculated electric field magnitude within small volumes including the singularity point under investigation. In the paper, the proposed approach is applied to the electrical stress analysis of a high-voltage device modeled by means of a commercial electromagnetic FEM tool. In comparison to the conventional metric of the maximum field evaluation usually adopted for the analysis of electrical stress in insulators, our approach features several advantages: (i) the outcome of the analysis is independent of the numerical grid refinement at the singularity, thus allowing direct comparison of calculated electric field with the material dielectric strength; (ii) the method is robust against slight modifications of the geometrical shape of the singularity; (iii) on the other hand, for a given shape, the analysis outcome responds to significant variations of the singularity size or, in other words, of its sharpness; (iv) in the analysis of highvoltage devices, the approach can be applied for the estimation of the discharge volumes corresponding to different singularity types of different device geometries. In the paper, the new methodology is explained in details and is applied to simple but significant case studies.
Good Corporate Governance Practices in Family Business: A Case Study in Indonesia
Authors: Wardhana Daniel Yudistya
Published: September 2018

Good corporate governance (GCG) practices have been broadly acknowledged in both industry and government these days. In general, good execution and practice of good corporate governance indicate thehealth of corporations. The awareness of good corporate governance practice developed among familybusiness regardless the size of the business. Thus, this research aims to explore the general perception offamily business towards the good corporate governance practices and the importance of good corporategovernance in their business. The focus of this study is family business in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.This research uses descriptive and quantitative model. Every data that was obtained from the respondents willbe described in detail and explained with quantitative model to analysis the implementation of good corporategovernance in SMEs. The results from 60 family businesses show that mostly the SMEs understand thatcompany financial and non-financial report should be reported on regular basis (mean= 2.83) they alsodiscloses the internal salary system to the employee (mean= 2.68) it might be due to the directcommunication by the owner or management to the employees. SMEs agree that detailed job description isnecessary (mean= 2.97) as well as standard operational procedure document (mean= 2.67). Also, most ofSMEs agree that a regular payment period is important (mean= 3.58) and reporting the tax on time(mean=3.27). SMEs agree that the owners or family members should be independent in recruiting employees(mean=2.55) and deciding company strategies (mean=2.43) and SMEs perception of fairness showed thatfamily member have limited opportunity to work at the company (mean=3.30).
Image Repair
Authors: Benoit William L.
Published: September 2018

Image repair, based on image repair theory, concerns responses to accusations or suspicions of wrongdoing regarding some misstep by an organization or as a result of criticism, or even attack launched against it. The fundamental image repair situation—where a spokesperson defends against an accusation—can become complex in several ways. Typically the attacker is the alleged victim; however, someone else can criticize the offender. At times one rhetor defends another (third party image repair). Image repair discourse can be used preemptively, trying to forestall anticipated future accusations. This theory of crisis response presumes that strategic communication can be used to restore an organization's image.
Balanced Scorecard
Authors: Nørreklit Hanne , Kure Nikolaj , Trenca Mihaela
Published: September 2018

This entry describes the main principles that underlie the balanced scorecard (BSC) as presented by Kaplan and Norton in 1992. The BSC has attracted worldwide attention since it was introduced by Kaplan and Norton. With its huge diffusion among organizational practices, the model itself has been subject to a number of interpretations and variations; however, Kaplan and Norton emphasized that some main principles must be present before a model can be called a “real” BSC. This entry has two purposes: first, to describe the main principles that underlie the BSC as presented by Kaplan and Norton in two key publications; and, second, to describe three types of criticism of the BSC that have been put forward in scholarly research.
Boundary Spanning
Authors: Aarts Noelle
Published: September 2018

In order to stay in tune with their environment, organizations have to continuously interact with that environment. This requires spanning the boundary of each organization to accomplish such interaction. Boundary spanning is about crossing borders, margins, and sections, and aligning external and internal events, formal and informal communication, as well as intended messages and unintended signals. The focus of boundary spanning is on conversations in which mutual dependencies between actors, both within and between organizations, are shaped and reshaped. Boundary spanning presumes a complexity view regarding strategic change as well as an interactional and dynamic perspective of communication. Several mechanisms are identified that are decisive for the success or failure of boundary‐spanning activities.
Cocreation of Meaning
Authors: Aggerholm Helle Kryger
Published: September 2018

This entry provides an introduction to the theory of cocreation of meaning, at both a microlevel and a macrolevel. Rooted in symbolic interactionism, the cocreation of meaning theory sees human beings as constructing social reality in a shared, dynamic, and social process of meaning‐construction. Through the facilitation of such microlevel dialogical interactions new meanings are continually created in ongoing processes of de‐ and reconstruction, aggregating to form cocreated, univocal, coherent meanings. Implications of the cocreation of meaning theory for strategic communication are introduced, and future directions for research within this field are presented.
Colonialism/Postcolonialism
Authors: Munshi Debashish , Pal Mahuya
Published: September 2018

Strategic communication involves the study of communication practices between and among different internal and external organizational stakeholders. Strategic communication practices are not power‐neutral. Only a critical analysis of the intent of a particular practice can determine whether it is benevolent or manipulative. Strategic communication practice is overwhelmingly about meeting organizational goals. It is largely embedded in the bottom‐line‐driven, capitalist system that privileges stakeholders with considerable power in line with the neocolonial logic of neoliberalism. Conceived and developed in literary and cultural studies, postcolonial theory has challenged Eurocentric assumptions of the world and has opened up ways of looking at politics, economy, and society through the eyes of people historically marginalized by dominant discourses. A postcolonial approach critiques mainstream meanings of strategic communication to unearth the sometimes latent colonialist ideas of domination in a globalized world. This approach allows communication scholars and practitioners to acknowledge the dynamics of power at every step.
Communication as Constitutive of Organization (CCO)
Authors: Vásquez Consuelo , Schoeneborn Dennis
Published: September 2018

The notion of “communication as constitutive of organization” (CCO) is at the center of a growing theoretical development within organizational communication studies. CCO scholarship is based on the idea that organization emerges in and is sustained and transformed by communication. This entry presents CCO scholarship with regards to its underlying premises, main schools of thought, and key implications for strategic communication.
Communication Strategy
Authors: Steyn Benita
Published: September 2018

This entry provides a historical overview of the development of the concept of (corporate) communication strategy in South Africa. First, it refers to the initial 1997 conceptualization of communication strategy as functional strategy on the meso organizational level, and subsequently, to its empirical verification in 1999 as the core activity of the (redefined) communication manager role. Second, it describes the implementation, evaluation, and improvement of a hypothesized framework for communication strategy development in a four‐year action research project. Third, it provides a conceptualization of communication strategy as consisting of bothdeliberateandemergentstrategy. Lastly, it outlines the contribution of the communication function to organizational strategy development as beingcommunication strategydevelopment (the communication manager role) as well as providing inputs intoenterprise strategydevelopment on the macro organizational level (the communication strategist role). Enterprise strategy is briefly explicated as the organization's societal role/social strategy, or as bridging strategy.
Community Relations
Authors: du Plessis Neeltje
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this entry is initially to provide a philosophical and theoretical background against which the practice of community relations can be set. The discussion sees community relations as a values‐driven function that builds legitimacy in the public sphere through context regulation based on reflection. The role of community relations is considered to be to influence the values and behavior of the company and all its agents, as well as to constantly question and test community values and behavior to build stronger communities. Next, a six‐step process for the practice of community relations is proposed to achieve the dual role identified in the first part of the discussion. Finally a short list of characteristics and skills is proposed for the twenty‐first century community relations practitioner.
Complexity
Authors: Stroh Ursula
Published: September 2018

Instability and risk increasingly impact the global business world, and corporations need to embrace change to stay competitive and survive. Complexity theory offers one approach to dealing with the uncertainty. This entry provides a brief history and explains the theory's key concepts such as connectionism, self‐organization, relationships, and social responsibility. The necessity for organizations to interact with constantly fluctuating internal and external environments makes the relevance of complexity characteristics for strategic communication in organizations evident. Future communication managers will not control or lead change; instead they will embrace contradictions and ambiguity by encouraging their stakeholders to self‐organize to cocreate contingent strategy.
Crowdsourcing
Authors: Freberg Karen
Published: September 2018

One of the most common forms of providing a contributed response in a community is crowdsourcing. By this process, groups of individuals come together to provide their insights based on a call from an organization or brand, or even from individuals asking others to contribute. This entry will discuss the concept of crowdsourcing and the various characteristics and types being used in strategic communication today.
Customer Relations
Authors: Lubbers Charles A.
Published: September 2018

Customer relations has evolved from a term related to the unidirectional, sales‐oriented activities of a business to the bidirectional activities encouraging customer input into the production and distribution of goods and services. The final evolution includes the wide variety of customer engagement strategies being employed currently. The financial cost of acquiring a new customer greatly exceeds the costs associated with keeping a current customer. Additionally, current customers are more likely to offer several additional benefits beyond their continued business. Thus, customer engagement strategies have evolved in an attempt to enhance customer loyalty and to improve customer relations.
Decision Making
Authors: White Jon
Published: September 2018

Decision making benefits from incorporating the perspective available through strategic communication management into helping to define decision problems (problems that give rise to the need to make a decision) and to decide among decision options. An examination of what is involved in decision making shows the points at which strategic communication can make a contribution. This entry explores the decision‐making process, problem definition, participation in the decision‐making process, and the consequences for decision making of power, influence, and personality. Opportunities for strategic communication to make a significant contribution to decision making are drawn out.
Dominant Coalition
Authors: Ni Lan , Izzo Denily A.
Published: September 2018

This entry introduces the concept and scope of the dominant coalition and discusses how it is important in the practice of strategic communication in three main ways: (i) The values and perspectives of the dominant coalition influence the practice of strategic communication; (ii) strategic communication practices influence the perceptions of the dominant coalition; and (iii) the strategic communication of organizational members themselves influences the formation of and access to the dominant coalition. Changes in this concept are discussed, followed by the main current focus and future directions in research.
Environmental Communication
Authors: Hansen Anders
Published: September 2018

Environmental communication refers to any type of communication about the environment or socially and politically defined concerns about the environment. Since its emergence in the 1960s, public mediated communication about the environment has become firmly established as a key feature of public and political communication. Environmental communication research has provided key insights into the multiple factors (including news values, journalistic practices, source communication strategies, policy, and public concerns) which impact on the social construction and representation of the environment. There are four key strategy‐focused players in environmental communication: corporations/businesses, government, environmental pressure groups, and NGOs. Developments in the media and communications landscape offer new opportunities and challenges for strategic communication about the environment and the dynamics of public communication, public opinion, policy, and political decision making with regard to the environment.
Gap Analysis
Authors: Kim Sora , Ji Yingru
Published: September 2018

This entry provides the definition of gap analysis and how it has been applied in different fields. Gap analysis is either a tool or a process to identify where gaps are and what differences exist between an organization's current situation and “what ought to be” in place. There are various approaches of gap analysis in the extant literature of marketing, management, issues management, and communication fields, where core differences rest with the kinds of gaps of interest. Regardless of each discipline's focus on different gaps, all kinds of gaps are indicators of failure to achieve organizational legitimacy. Through gap analysis, an organization seeks to modify its current situation to reach a desired situation as the continuous widening of any gap may lead to the loss of organizational legitimacy and threaten the survival of the organization.
Health Communication
Authors: Dutta Mohan J.
Published: September 2018

This entry emphasizes how communication has matured as a discipline, being at the forefront now of experiments aimed at the improvement of human health and well‐being. Whereas the mainstream framework of health communication pragmatically addresses health at the individual, interpersonal, small group, organizational, community, and mass media levels, the critical cultural approach interrogates the flow of power and meaning in the ways in which health and communication are structured. Strategy lies at the center of how the communication of health is conceptualized, from the individual level to relationships involving the community, organizations, and societies. The ongoing debates and acknowledgment of complexities in health communication processes have set the stage for multi‐level, multi‐method conversations that examine the interplay of communication and health.
Intermediaries
Authors: Frandsen Finn
Published: September 2018

The role and function of intermediaries is to mediate the relationship between organizations and their stakeholders. Some intermediaries, such as trade associations, represent and work in the interest of an industry and its member organizations. When a trade association is formed, the member organizations create a new social order among themselves. Creating a trade association can be understood as a way for member organizations to affect the environment making it less uncertain. Other types of intermediaries, such as trade unions or advocacy groups, represent and work in the interest of specific stakeholder groups (i.e., employees and consumers). Consultancies, think tanks, governmental agencies, and the media can also be defined as intermediaries.
Knowledge Society
Authors: Kastberg Peter
Published: September 2018

The term “knowledge society” describes a society in which the generation, proliferation, and exploitation of knowledge play the dominant roles in the creation of societal wealth. At the heart of the knowledge society is an understanding that the speed with which knowledge is created and accumulated is both unprecedented and accelerating. This goes hand in hand with the fact that in a knowledge society the stock of intangible capital outweighs that of tangible capital and knowledge is the entity around which all other societal growth parameters evolve. An influential description of the infrastructure of a knowledge society is the so‐called triple helix of knowledge production and utilization. The triple helix consists of university–industry–government relations in which knowledge is created, refined, and made public by one or a combination of the strands of the helix. These, in turn, are made up of knowledge‐intensive organizations, whether private, public, or non‐profit.
Legitimacy (Legitimatizing)
Authors: Stokes Ashli Quesinberry
Published: September 2018

This entry provides an introduction to the concept of legitimacy, offering an overview of how organizational behavior and societal value systems must be congruent if an organization seeks continued existence and approval to operate. Definitions of legitimacy are provided, with case study examples that conceptualize legitimacy problems and solutions. The entry then gives a sampling of different approaches and challenges in studying legitimacy, linking the concept to other areas of public relations/strategic communication. This comprehensive overview provides an insight into why legitimacy remains such a fundamental and vital area of scholarship.
Monitoring
Authors: Ingenhoff Diana
Published: September 2018

Issue monitoring is essential for successful strategic issues management and strategic communication. It can be described as a sensemaking activity that consists primarily of identifying, analyzing, and tracking issues that have been observed in the internal or external environments during the environmental scanning process and assessed to be relevant for the organization due to their potential impact on an organization's strategy—both as a threat and as an opportunity. Methods to identify, analyze, and track issues that are championed by respective stakeholders, as well as future challenges and developments in issue monitoring, are presented.
Negotiation
Authors: Plowman Kenneth D.
Published: September 2018

Negotiation has been a focus of strategic communication and public relations since the Grunigs' Excellence project in 1992. It traces its roots further back to organizational communication. Since that time, actionable or operational negotiation has used the two‐way models of communication up through mixed motives. Current models of negotiation in strategic communication include the strategies ofcontention,avoidance,accommodation,compromise,cooperation,unconditionally constructive and win‐win or no deal,principled, andmediated or cultural, andperseverance. Strategic communication managers, functioning in the roles of organizational scanners of the environment, often help an organization manage its response to conflict and to rapid changes in that environment. Other research also has brought together conflict and strategic communication in relationships, power, strategic management contingency and crisis, crisis and image repair, activism and unconditionally constructive, the mediatization of conflict, within organizations, at the leadership level, and internationally or culturally.