bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The operating room as a learning arena: Nurse anaesthetist and student nurse anaesthetist perceptions
Authors: Averlid Gertrud , Høglund Jakob S.
Published: February 2020

Aim

To examine which competencies mentors and student nurse anaesthetists perceive as important in a clinical anaesthesia education practice.

Background

Mentoring during clinical placement in the operating room can be challenging from the viewpoint of both a nurse anaesthetist and their students. The operating room is a work environment with many restrictions, and the nurse anaesthetist's work requires prompt decisions and actions. Simultaneously, the mentor is tasked with guiding and supporting the student.

Method

A qualitative approach including two focus group interviews was used. The analysis was conducted using systematic text condensation. The COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was applied.

Result

The analysis yielded two main categories, including two sub‐categories for each. The first, “Mentoring in the operating room,” contained sub‐categories “Application of knowledge and expectations” and “Mentoring experiences,” and the second, “Creating a good climate for learning,” contained sub‐categories “Impact on mentoring: human factors” and “Impact on mentoring: obstacle factors.” The mentor's knowledge of human relationships and learning strategies emerged as an important factor with the potential to influence the students’ learning and self‐confidence. Another valuable consideration was the ability to give constructive feedback, from the perspective of both. However, production pressure was a negative factor for effective knowledge transition.

Conclusions

The ability to give constructive feedback and having an awareness of one's own attitude—which should ideally be positive and inclusive—are crucial mentoring skills. Mutual expectations must be clearly communicated before the clinical placement period, including learning assumptions, a progression plan and learning outcomes. This will facilitate the planning and help to direct the optimal course of learning.

Implications for clinical practice

This study highlights that an awareness of the student's vulnerability and the mentor's pedagogical competence and learning strategy are crucial factors to take into account.
Postwar Reconfigurations of the US Empire and Global Military Occupation: Struggles against Enclosure in Okinawa
Authors: Matsumura Wendy
Published: February 2020

This article argues through an examination of an anti‐base struggle that erupted in early 1950 in Isahama, Okinawa that it is necessary to consider the ways that the so‐called new imperialism of the post‐World War II period required the transformation of social relations, even in places like Okinawa that are regarded as exceptional sites where US bases and facilities operate through the suspension of sovereignty. It asserts that a focus on the gendered dimensions of antagonisms that developed in Okinawa as the US built its military complexes there allows us to see how local communities, often led by women, fundamentally challenged the base‐related enclosures and pushed against the constant ideological work that the language of exception played in normalizing capitalist social relations in general. Finally, it claims that while Okinawa's case may not seem meaningful if taken in its singularity, if we keep in mind that the islands were just one locale within a global military empire that was comprised of hundreds of military complexes containing thousands of bases scattered throughout 64 countries at the height of the Cold War, the destabilizing force of struggles against enclosures as material and ideological sites through which capitalist social relations were naturalized should not be underestimated as valuable shapers of the post‐World War II American empire.
Respiratory health profile of Indigenous Australian children and young adults
Authors: Blake Tamara L , Chang Anne B , Marchant Julie M , McElrea Margaret S
Published: February 2020

Aim

National data report respiratory illness to be the most common chronic illness in Australian Indigenous people aged <35 years but multi‐centre data on specific diseases is sparse. Respiratory health is now known to be an independent predictor of future all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to describe the respiratory health profile (clinical and spirometry data) of randomly recruited Indigenous Australian children and young adults from several sites.

Methods

As part of the Indigenous Respiratory Reference Values study, 1278 Australian Indigenous children and young adults (aged 3–25 years) were recruited from nine communities (Queensland, n = 8; Northern Territory, n = 1). Self‐reported and medical records were used to ascertain respiratory history. Participants were classified as ‘healthy’ if there was no current/previous respiratory disease history. Spirometry was performed on all participants and assessed according to forced expiratory volume at 1 s impairment.

Results

Medical history data were available for 1245 (97.4%) and spirometry for 1106 participants (86.5%). Asthma and bronchitis were the most commonly reported respiratory conditions (city/regional 19.5% and rural/remote 16.8%, respectively). Participants with a history of any respiratory disease or those living in rural/remote communities had lower lung function compared to the ‘healthy’ group. Almost 52.0% of the entire cohort had mild–moderate forced expiratory volume at 1 s impairment (47.7% in ‘healthy’ group, 58.5% in ‘respiratory history’ group).

Conclusion

The high prevalence of poor respiratory health among Indigenous Australian children/young adults places them at increased risk of future all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. Respiratory assessments including spirometry should be part of the routine evaluation of Indigenous Australians.
Taste Aversion Learning Based on Swimming and Lithium Chloride Injection in Rats: Implications From Cross‐familiarization Tests and Stimulus Selectivity1
Authors: Nakajima Sadahiko
Published: February 2020

In rats, swimming causes avoidance of the taste solution consumed immediately before the swimming. Several lines of research have shown that this taste avoidance reflects Pavlovian conditioned aversion based on correlations between the taste and swimming‐induced nausea. The present research compared swimming‐based taste aversion learning (TAL) with conventional TAL based on nausea‐inducing lithium chloride (LiCl). By exploiting cross‐familiarization techniques, Experiments 1A and 1B suggested that different physiological states are induced by swimming and LiCl. This claim was supported by Experiment 2, which reports stimulus selectivity in saccharin and sucrose aversions based on swimming and LiCl.
A peptide coating preventing the attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis on the surfaces of dental implants
Authors: Fang Dongdong , Yuran Sivan , Reches Meital , Catunda Raisa , Levin Liran , Febbraio Maria
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a peptide‐based coating can prevent the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key human pathogen associated with periodontitis and peri‐implantitis.

Background

Nonsurgical and surgical interventions have been used for the treatment of peri‐implantitis; however, the effectiveness of these approaches is usually unsatisfactory. The main reason is that dental plaque on the surface of the implant is difficult to remove due to its rough surface and thread design. Recently, a peptide‐based coating for implant surfaces that can reject the adhesion of Escherichia coli and improve the attachment of host cells was developed.

Methods

A salivary pellicle was created on the surfaces of peptide‐coated bare discs and verified with anti‐human immunoglobulin G, A and M, and anti‐fibrinogen. Early colonizers, Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus sobrinus, and the later colonizer, Porphyromonas gingivalis, were labelled with green and red fluorescent dyes, respectively, and seeded on the discs. Bacterial attachment was semi‐quantified by fluorescence intensity.

Results

The salivary pellicle was evenly distributed on the discs, with or without the peptide coating, with an average thickness of 3.84 µm. A multi‐species dental biofilm was created on the salivary pellicle. The peptide coating resulted in an approximate 25% reduction in the attachment of Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus sobrinus, and a 50% reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis, when compared to control, uncoated implant discs.

Conclusion

The novel peptide‐based coating can inhibit the attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis. It may have the potential to impede the development of peri‐implantitis.
Reindeer trampling promotes vegetation changes in tundra heathlands: Results from a simulation experiment
Authors: Egelkraut Dagmar , Barthelemy Hélène , Olofsson Johan
Published: February 2020

Question

Herbivores exert strong influences on vegetation through activities such as trampling, defoliation, and fertilization. The combined effect of these activities on plant performance may cause dramatic vegetation shifts. Because herbivore pressures and the relative importance of their different activities are not equally distributed across the landscape, it is important to understand their isolated effect. One example of an herbivore‐induced vegetation shift is the reindeer‐driven transition from a subarctic tundra vegetation dominated by dwarf shrubs into a more productive, graminoid‐dominated state. Here, we asked how each of the grazing activities by reindeer separately and combined shape vegetation composition.

Location

Nordreisa, Norway.

Methods

We used a field experiment over six summers to study the separate and interacting effects of reindeer trampling, defoliation, addition of faeces and removal of moss on tundra heath vegetation, and to identify which of these factors were most important in driving the plant community towards a graminoid‐dominated state.

Results

The combination of all treatments resulted in the strongest changes in vegetation, but trampling was the single most important factor altering the vegetation composition by reducing the abundance of both evergreen and deciduous dwarf shrubs. In contrast to what was expected, none of our treatments, separate or combined, resulted in an increased abundance of graminoids in 5 years, although such rapid vegetation changes have been observed in the field in similar environmental conditions.

Conclusions

Trampling is the key process by which reindeer influence the abundance of functional groups, but only many processes combined result in strong changes in community composition. Moreover, additional factors not included in this experiment, such as urine, may be important in causing a state shift to a graminoid‐dominated community.
Patents for self‐replicating technologies: Game theoretic analysis of genetically modified seed
Authors: Smith Pamela J. , Tilman Andrew R.
Published: February 2020

This paper examines the implications of patents for farmers’ decisions to use genetically modified (GM) seed versus traditional non‐GM seed. We consider a game theoretic approach employing the replicator equation to assess the conditions for farmers’ adoption decisions. The results show that farmers may choose GM seeds even when this decision leads to lower profits than using traditional seeds. This result emerges because of the self‐replicating characteristic of the technology of seeds and their dispersion via acts of nature and/or intentional infringement. This result is robust across our baseline model and extended model that includes the option for farmers to intentionally infringe upon the GM seed technology. This result is also robust with respect to a wide range of initial conditions and parameter values representing economic conditions including the dispersal of the GM technology, monitoring effort, payoff of GM seed relative to traditional seed, cost of patent infringement, cost of contamination, and added cost of legally using GM seed.
Social structure of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in a variable low‐latitude environment, the Galápagos Archipelago
Authors: Denkinger Judith , Alarcon Daniela , Espinosa Bitinia , Fowler Lynn , Manning Cindy , Oña Javier , Palacios Daniel M.
Published: February 2020

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have strong social matrilineal bonds and form groups and long‐lasting associations, but little is known about their population or social structure in an equatorial setting such as the waters around the Galápagos Islands. Using 91 encounters and identification photographs from 1991 to 2017, we identified 64 killer whales of which 18 individuals were locals with high resighting rates. Group size was small, ranging from 1 to 15 animals, with 69% of the groups containing four or fewer animals. Using social network analysis (SOCPROG 2.7) whales grouped into three distinct units and one loose association with frequent exchange between different groups. One male–male unit showed a strong association (association strength = 0.55). Overall, associations lasted over at least 3 years. Our data give first evidence of a loose social organization of Galápagos killer whales, similar to fission‐fusion societies.
Molecular epidemiology of Tinea gladiatorum in contact sports in northern Iran
Authors: Kermani Firoozeh , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Hedayati Mohammad T. , Abastabar Mahdi , Haghani Iman , Aghili Seyed Reza , Shokohi Tahereh
Published: February 2020

Background

Tinea gladiatorum as the major health concern among combat athletes and the most common cause of a decrease in the quality of their sports activities.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the molecular epidemiology of tinea gladiatorum in contact sports in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran.

Materials/Methods

In total, 631 suspected athletes out of 4240 ones were screened for tinea gladiatorum in this cross‐sectional study from May 2018 to February 2019. The infection was confirmed by direct microscopy and culture tests. The causative agents were identified by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method on ITS rDNA region. The indoor environmental factors were evaluated in 81 sports halls in terms of temperature (°C), humidity (%), density (m2/athletes) and the number of ventilators.

Results

Tinea gladiatorum was confirmed in 6.5% (278/4240) of the athletes. Tinea corporis was the most common type of tinea (192/278; 69.0%), and 175 cases (27.7%) had more than one type of tinea. Moreover, Trichophyton tonsurans (192/203; 94.5%) was the most aetiological agent in all athletes followed by Microsporum canis (6/203; 2.9%), Trichophyton rubrum (2/203; 0.9%) and Trichophyton interdigitale (1/203; 0.4%). There was no significant association between the prevalence of tinea gladiatorum and the indoor environmental factors.

Conclusion

T. tonsurans is the most common agent of tinea gladiatorum in Northern Iran. Since no positive culture of dermatophyte was obtained from mats, it seems that skin‐to‐skin contact would be the most probable mode of transmission among wrestlers. Accordingly, periodical checkups should be considered by health care providers.
Gastrointestinal motility and morphology in mice: Strain‐dependent differences
Authors: Gama Loyane Almeida , Rocha Machado Mariana Pirani , Beckmann Ana Paula Simões , Miranda José Ricardo de Arruda , Corá Luciana Aparecida , Américo Madileine Francely
Published: February 2020

Background

BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are widely used in biomedical research; however, the differences between strains are still underestimated. Our aims were to develop an experimental protocol to evaluate the duodenal contractility and gastrointestinal transit in mice using the Alternating Current Biosusceptometry (ACB) technique and to compare gastrointestinal motor function and morphology between BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains.

Methods

Male mice were used in experiments (a) duodenal contractility: animals which had a magnetic marker surgically fixed in the duodenum to determine the frequency and amplitude of contractions and (b) gastrointestinal transit: animals which ingested a magnetically marked chow to calculate the Oro‐Anal Transit Time (OATT) and the Fecal Pellet Elimination Rate (FPER). The animals were killed after the experiments for organ collection and morphometric analysis.

Key Results

BALB/c and C57BL/6 had two different duodenal frequencies (high and low) with similar amplitudes. After 10 hours of monitoring, BALB/c eliminated around 89% of the ingested marker and C57BL/6 eliminated 33%; OATT and FPER were slower for C57BL/6 compared with BALB/c. The OATT and amplitude of low frequency had a strong positive correlation in C57BL/6. For BALB/c, the gastric muscular layer was thicker compared to that measured for C57BL/6.

Conclusions and Inferences

The experimental protocol to evaluate duodenal contractility and fecal magnetic pellets output using the ACB technique in mice was successfully established. BALB/c strains had higher duodenal frequencies and a shorter time to eliminate the ingested marker. Our results showed differences in both motor function and gastrointestinal morphology between BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains.
What is the optimal timing for implant placement in oral cancer patients? A scoping literature review
Authors: Alberga Jamie M. , Vosselman Nathalie , Korfage Anke , Delli Konstantina , Witjes Max J. H. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Vissink Arjan
Published: February 2020

Background

Oral cancer patients can benefit from dental implant placement. Traditionally, implants are placed after completing oncologic treatment (secondary implant placement). Implant placement during ablative surgery (primary placement) in oral cancer patients seems beneficial in terms of early start of oral rehabilitation and limiting additional surgical interventions. Guidelines on the ideal timing of implant placement in oral cancer patients are missing.

Objective

To perform a scoping literature review on studies examining the timing of dental implant placement in oral cancer patients and propose a clinical practice recommendations guideline.

Methods

A literature search for studies dealing with primary and/or secondary implant placement in MEDLINE was conducted (last search December 27, 2019). The primary outcome was 5‐year implant survival.

Results

Sixteen out of 808 studies were considered eligible. Both primary and secondary implant placement showed acceptable overall implant survival ratios with a higher pooled 5‐year implant survival rate for primary implant placement 92.8% (95% CI: 87.1%–98.5%) than secondary placed implants (86.4%, 95% CI: 77.0%–95.8%). Primary implant placement is accompanied by earlier prosthetic rehabilitation after tumor surgery.

Conclusion

Patients with oral cancer greatly benefit from, preferably primary placed, dental implants in their prosthetic rehabilitation. The combination of tumor surgery with implant placement in native mandibular bone should be provided as standard care.
Plant responses to insect eggs are not induced by egg‐associated microbes, but by a secretion attached to the eggs
Authors: Paniagua Voirol Luis R. , Valsamakis Georgios , Lortzing Vivien , Weinhold Arne , Johnston Paul R. , Fatouros Nina E. , Kunze Reinhard , Hilker Monika
Published: February 2020

Plants can enhance their defence against herbivorous insects by responding to insect egg depositions preceding larval feeding. The similarity of plant responses to insect eggs with those to phytopathogens gave rise to the hypothesis that egg‐associated microbes might act as elicitors. We tested this hypothesis by investigating first if elimination of microbes in the butterfly Pieris brassicae changes the responses of Brassica nigra and Arabidopsis thaliana to eggs and larvae of this insect species. An antibiotic treatment of butterflies mitigated the plant transcriptional response to the eggs and the egg‐mediated enhancement of the plant's defence against larvae. However, application of cultivated microbial isolates from the eggs onto Arabidopsis thaliana did not enhance the plant's anti‐herbivore defence. Instead, application of an egg‐associated glandular secretion, which is attaching the eggs to the leaves, elicited the enhancing effect on the plant's defence against larvae. However, this effect was only achieved when the secretion was applied in similar quantities as released by control butterflies, but not when applied in the reduced quantity as released by antibiotic‐treated butterflies. We conclude that glandular secretions rather than egg‐associated microbes act in a dose‐dependent manner as elicitor of the egg‐mediated enhancement of the plant's defence against insect larvae.
Does Coproduction of Public Services Support Government's Social Equity Goals? The Case of U.S. State Parks
Authors: Gazley Beth , LaFontant Chantalle , Cheng Yuan (Daniel)
Published: February 2020

The growing phenomenon of government‐supporting charities prompts the question of whether these institutions help or hinder public values of equity in service access. Logit and tobit regression analysis using multiple data sources from the California and Florida state parks systems compares public parks with and without supporting “friends” groups. The results suggest that while parks philanthropy has produced real benefits in rallying citizen support for improved public spaces, it also introduces some distributional consequences that policy makers should not ignore. Namely, a philanthropic failure hypothesis is supported whereby wealthier Florida counties with greater income inequality are more likely to benefit from a charity supporting a nearby state park. Finding no similar result in California, the authors conclude that the association between community wealth and park charity presence may also depend on state characteristics such as the funding structure of each state park system, not just community wealth differences.
Restoration scenario planning at a Spanish quarry can be informed by assessing ecosystem services
Authors: Calvo Robledo Ana , MacDonald Michael A. , Butt Charlie
Published: February 2020

We carried out an ecosystem service (ES) assessment at Soto de Pajares, a 400 ha active gravel quarry site located close to protected areas in the southeast of the Community of Madrid, Spain. The currently approved restoration plan is for quarry‐made excavations to be restored back to agricultural land. However, the site has been identified as being important for nature, so different restoration strategies should be considered. To better understand how these compare in terms of ES provision, which had not previously been done at mineral extraction sites in Spain, we used an established toolkit: the Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site‐based Assessments (TESSA). We compared the agriculture‐focused restoration plan and two nature‐focused alternative scenarios, one without public access (conservation scenario) and the other with public access (compromise scenario). Monetary estimations of the value of agricultural production, climate change mitigation, and recreation were calculated in three scenarios. Results indicated that the compromise scenario provided the greatest annual value (€91,409), mainly due to its potential visitors, surpassing both agricultural (€68,504) and conservation (€48,556) scenarios. Considering the higher costs associated with restoring sites to agricultural production, nature conservation may be an attractive option for extraction companies. The use of TESSA at this site has provided valuable information to quarry managers to help guide their decision‐making.
Components of the Gs signaling cascade exhibit distinct changes in mobility and membrane domain localization upon β2‐adrenergic receptor activation
Authors: Bondar Alexey , Jang Wonjo , Sviridova Ekaterina , Lambert Nevin A.
Published: February 2020

The G protein signaling cascade is a key player in cell signaling. Cascade activation leads to a redistribution of its members in various cellular compartments. These changes are likely related to the “second wave” of signaling from endosomes. Here, we set out to determine whether Gs signaling cascade members expressed at very low levels exhibit altered mobility and localize in clathrin‐coated structures (CCSs) or caveolae upon activation by β2‐adrenergic receptors (β2AR). Activated β2AR showed decreased mobility and sustained accumulation in CCSs but not in caveolae. Arrestin 3 translocated to the plasma membrane after β2AR activation and showed very low mobility and pronounced accumulation in CCSs. In contrast, Gαs and Gγ2 exhibited a modest reduction in mobility but no detectable accumulation in or exclusion from CCSs or caveolae. The effector adenylyl cyclase 5 (AC5) showed a slight mobility increase upon β2AR stimulation, no redistribution to CCSs, and weak activation‐independent accumulation in caveolae. Our findings show an overall decrease in the mobility of most activated Gs signaling cascade members and confirm that β2AR and arrestin 3 accumulate in CCSs, while Gαs, Gγ2 and AC5 can transiently enter CCSs and caveolae but do not accumulate in and are not excluded from these domains.
Retrospective evaluation of outpatient canine parvovirus treatment in a shelter‐based low‐cost urban clinic
Authors: Perley Kimberly , Burns Charlotte C. , Maguire Caroline , Shen Virginia , Joffe EmmaRose , Stefanovski Darko , Redding Laurel , Germanis Lisa , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Watson Brittany
Published: February 2020

Objective

To evaluate survival and associated risk factors when utilizing an outpatient treatment protocol for treatment of canine parvovirus (CPV) performed in a shelter‐based low‐cost urban clinic.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

Animals

Ninety‐five CPV positive dogs presented between June 1 and July 31, 2016. Owners elected for outpatient care when inpatient care was not financially feasible and the dog was considered medically stable for outpatient care.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Of the 95 CPV positive dogs, 79 (83%) survived treatment. Logistic regression indicated that an increasing number of days with clinical signs prior to treatment and an increase in percent body weight during treatment were significantly associated with survival (odds ratio [OR], 3.15,P = 0.020; and OR, 1.29,P = 0.027, respectively). Hypothermia upon presentation (T < 37℃) was negatively associated with survival (OR, 0.002;P = 0.002).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The survival rate of this clinic suggests that an outpatient program may be a potential alternative treatment to inpatient care. Longer duration of clinical signs prior to treatment and an increase in percent body weight during treatment appear to be associated with increased survival outcomes, while hypothermia on presentation appears to be associated with decreased survival outcomes.
Geothermal Energy in Colombia as of 2018
Authors: Moreno-Rendón David Alejandro , López-Sánchez Jacqueline , Blessent Daniela
Published: February 2020

Colombia is a country with great potential for the exploitation of geothermal energy due to its high volcanic activity caused by the subduction between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates. However, this energy is yet to be exploited. This article seeks to describe, by means of a literature review and information processing, the current status of geothermal energy in Colombia, including the current regulations, the limitations, the recommendations to develop the geothermal energy, and some of the most important projects, studies, and research papers that have been emerged on the discovery, exploration, and exploitation of geothermal energy within the country, emphasizing the areas where exploration projects have been initiated, such as the Nevado del Ruiz volcano, the Tufiño–Chiles–Cerro Negro volcanic system, the Azufral volcano geothermal area, and the Paipa geothermal area. Over the years, energy vulnerability in Colombia and a government policy of fostering sustainable development in different territories have generated favorable conditions for the exploitation of geothermal resources. Nevertheless, there are several technical, infrastructural, legal, and institutional barriers that slow the proper development of these projects.
Arbitrabilidad objetiva: ¿Qué se puede y qué no se puede someter a arbitraje nacional según las fuentes colombianas de derecho?
Authors: Naizir Sistac Juan Carlos
Published: February 2020

Este artículo tiene por objeto estudiar la arbitrabilidad objetiva en el arbitraje nacional o doméstico en Colombia, logrando proponer un catálogo o lista de asuntos que no son arbitrables con origen en la propia ley, en las varias decisiones que han proferido las cortes y la doctrina, adicionalmente se comentan ciertas áreas o temas que aunque sean arbitrables actualmente han resultado ser controversiales para el conocimiento de los árbitros. Luego de identificar y estudiar los asuntos que no son arbitrables en Colombia para luego referirnos a ciertos asuntos puntuales que pueden ser sometidos a arbitraje y que vale la pena destacar, se concluye que fruto de la libertad de la ley se ha construido una lista de asuntos no arbitrables en Colombia que en ningún momento pretende ser limitativa ni mucho menos taxativa pero que reflejan la evolución que ha tenido el legislador y las cortes en una construcción que no debe tener fin. Para la elaboración se ha empleado el método dogmático de investigación jurídica, que tiene en cuenta las disposiciones legales, la doctrina y la jurisprudencia de las altas Cortes en Colombia.
¡No creo en lo que dicen! Pero defenderé su derecho a decirlo. Una reflexión sobre la importancia constitucional y para los derechos humanos de la libertad de expresión
Authors: Chaux Donado Francisco José
Published: February 2020

La libertad de expresión es uno de derechos más importantes y un elemento estructural de la moderna democracia constitucional. A través de él, se protege y garantiza el intercambio de ideas, la deliberación política y la generación de consensos para la vida en sociedad. Se trata de la garantía de poder formular nuestros propios argumentos, de decir lo que pensamos y de gozar de libertad para dar opiniones y comunicarlas.  Todos los medios de comunicación, se reducirían a un simple instrumento de propaganda sin la libertad de expresión. Incluso, una multiplicidad de derechos se reduciría a la nada, sin la posibilidad de un dialogo libre, sincero y autónomo. Este artículo es un intento por exponer la calidad fundamental de la libertad de expresión para el derecho constitucional occidental y para el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. La parte inicial se encarga del fundamento e importancia de la libertad de expresión, para luego exponer sus efectos prácticos, finalmente, se plantea una conclusión donde se postula que al ser la libertad de expresión un derecho humano, esta debe entenderse siguiendo el método de interpretación moral.
Control-Oriented Physics-Based NOX Emission Model for a Diesel Engine With Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Authors: Duraiarasan Saravanan , Salehi Rasoul , Stefanopoulou Anna , Mahesh Siddharth , Allain Marc
Published: February 2020

Stringent NOX emission norm for heavy duty vehicles motivates the use of predictive models to reduce emissions of diesel engines by coordinating engine parameters and aftertreatment. In this paper, a physics-based control-oriented NOX model is presented to estimate the feedgas NOX for a diesel engine. This cycle-averaged NOX model is able to capture the impact of all major diesel engine control variables including the fuel injection timing, injection pressure, and injection rate, as well as the effect of cylinder charge dilution and intake pressure on the emissions. The impact of the cylinder charge dilution controlled by the engine exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in the highly diluted diesel engine of this work is modeled using an adiabatic flame temperature predictor. The model structure is developed such that it can be embedded in an engine control unit without any need for an in-cylinder pressure sensor. In addition, details of this physics-based NOX model are presented along with a step-by-step model parameter identification procedure and experimental validation at both steady-state and transient conditions. Over a complete federal test procedure (FTP) cycle, on a cumulative basis the model prediction was more than 93% accurate.
Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Rotation and Holes Arrangement in Cold Bridge-Type Impingement Cooling Systems
Authors: Paccati Simone , Cocchi Lorenzo , Mazzei Lorenzo , Andreini Antonio
Published: February 2020

This work presents the results of a numerical analysis performed on a gas turbine leading edge cooling system. The investigation was carried out in order to provide a detailed interpretation of the outcomes of a parallel experimental campaign. The cooling geometry consists of a cold bridge-type impingement system: a radial channel feeds an array of holes, which in turn generate impingement jets cooling down the inner side of the leading edge surface. Coolant is extracted by five rows of holes, replicating film cooling and showerhead systems. Two impingement geometries were considered, presenting different holes arrangements and diameters but sharing the same overall passage area, in order to highlight the effect of different coolant distributions inside the leading edge cavity.

For both geometries, a single test point was investigated in static and rotating conditions, with an equivalent slot Reynolds number of around 8200 and feeding conditions corresponding to the midspan radial section of the blade. Both steady Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) approach and scale adaptive simulation (SAS) were tested. Due to the strong unsteadiness of the flow field, the latter proved to be superior: as a consequence, the SAS approach was adopted to study every case. A fairly good agreement was observed between the measured and computed heat transfer distributions, which allowed to exploit the numerical results to get a detailed description of the phenomena associated with the different cases. Results reveal that the two holes arrangements lead to strongly different heat transfer patterns, related to the specific flow phenomena occurring inside the leading edge cavity and to the mutual influence of the various system features. Rotational effects also appear to interact with the supply condition, altering the jet lateral spreading and the overall heat transfer performance.
Pressure Transient Analysis for a Finite-Conductivity Fractured Vertical Well Near a Leaky Fault in Anisotropic Linear Composite Reservoirs
Authors: Ren Junjie , Gao Yangyang , Zheng Qiao , Wang Delong
Published: February 2020

Geologic discontinuities usually exist in subsurface permeable formations, where multiple reservoir regions with distinct properties are separated by linear leaky faults. This kind of heterogeneous reservoir is usually called a linear composite reservoir. Although many analytical/semi-analytical linear composite models have been established to investigate the pressure behavior for linear composite reservoirs, almost all of these models were aimed at vertical wells without hydraulic fracturing and there are few analytical/semi-analytical models of fractured vertical wells in linear composite reservoirs. This paper first derives the Laplace-space point source solution for anisotropic linear composite systems separated by a partially communicating fault. Then, superposition principle and fracture discrete scheme are employed to acquire the semi-analytical solution for finite-conductivity fractured vertical (FCFV) wells in anisotropic linear composite reservoirs with a fault. The proposed solution is validated against numerical solutions under different reservoir scenarios. The characteristic of the pressure behavior for an FCFV well in anisotropic linear composite reservoirs with a fault is discussed in detail. The proposed model can be employed to obtain accurate pressure response with high computational efficiency. It is a good start to further develop analytical/semi-analytical models for other complex well types in an anisotropic linear composite reservoir with a fault.
Process Failure Detection via Recurrence Quantification Analysis in a Slot-Rectangular Spouted Bed
Authors: Rowan Steven L. , Breault Ronald W. , Weber Justin M. , Soundarrajan Narasimhan
Published: February 2020

A study was conducted to explore the applicability of recurrence and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to the detection of process failures in spouted bed reactor systems. Three different potential failure modes were examined in a transparent, cold flow slot-rectangular spouted bed. These being, a simulated air leak from a side wall of the reactor, a simulated gas leak from the top wall of the reactor, and simulated agglomeration of solids via introduction of larger “klinker” particles. Bed pressure drop time history data were collected and analyzed via generation of recurrence plots (RPs) and RQA parameters. In general, the simulated agglomeration case was quite easily detected via ever RQA Parameter examined, whereas the simulated air leaks were detected by only a single RQA parameter.
Carbon monoxide, CO(g), by high-resolution near-ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: O’Connor Christopher R. , Boscoboinik Jorge Anibal , Karatok Mustafa , van Spronsen Matthijs A.
Published: February 2020

Near-ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and x-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy were used to characterize gas-phase carbon monoxide, CO(g). In this submission, the authors show the survey, valence band, O 1s, C 1s, O KLL Auger, and C KLL Auger spectra acquired using high-resolution synchrotron NAP-XPS with a photon energy of 647.08 eV.
Comparative study of BeMgZnO/ZnO heterostructures on c-sapphire and GaN by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Ding Kai , Avrutin Vitaliy , Izyumskaya Natalia , Özgür Ümit , Morkoç Hadis
Published: February 2020

Growth of ZnO directly on c-plane sapphire, with a large in-plane lattice mismatch of 18%, is relatively well understood for O-polar variety. However, the two-dimensional (2D) growth of Zn-polar ZnO on c-sapphire, needed for 2D electron gas formation, with low background electron density is in its infancy. While Zn-polar ZnO can be grown on GaN with the resulting small lattice mismatch (1.8%), the parallel conduction through GaN (bulk and/or surface) in fabricated BeMgZnO/ZnO heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) limits its utility for the time being. In this contribution, the authors report on the growth of high-quality Zn-polar BeMgZnO/ZnO HFET structures directly on sapphire substrates, in an effort to avoid the aforementioned parallel conduction, by employing an MgO and low-temperature ZnO buffer stack. The residual 2D equivalent concentration in the HFET structure on GaN is ∼2 × 1012 cm−2, which is detrimental, while highly resistive (>100 Ω.cm) Zn-polar ZnO layers with smooth surfaces on c-sapphire have been obtained via controlling the buffer stack growth conditions, which is vital to the realization of HFET device structures. Compared with the highest room temperature electron mobility of ∼250 cm2/V s in BeMgZnO/ZnO HFETs on GaN templates, a slightly lower electron mobility of ∼220 cm2/V s was achieved on c-sapphire due to a somewhat lower overall crystalline quality.
Improving active noise control without secondary path modeling using subband phase estimation
Authors: Chen Kai , Xue Jinpei , Lu Jing , Qiu Xiaojun
Published: February 2020

The problem of the secondary path variation on feedforward active noise control (ANC) systems can be solved by applying a phase shift on the reference signal. The existing algorithms choose the phase shift from several fixed candidates by monitoring the residual noise power, which has the problem of deteriorated convergence speed, especially when the difference between the chosen phase shift and the true phase value is large. In this paper, an improved ANC algorithm is proposed by having a better estimation of the phase shift in each subband with the least squares method. Simulation results validate the faster convergence speed of the proposed algorithm, and its computational load is discussed.
Multiple constraint matched field processing tolerant to array tilt mismatch
Authors: Byun Gihoon , Hunter Akins F. , Gemba Kay L. , Song H. C. , Kuperman W. A.
Published: February 2020

A multiple constraint method (MCM) specifically designed to accommodate the uncertainty of array tilt is developed for matched field processing (MFP). Combining the MCM with the white noise gain constraint method results in a processor that is tolerant to both array tilt and environmental mismatch. Experimental results verify the robustness of the proposed MFP to localize and track a surface ship radiating broadband noise (200–500 Hz), using a 56-m long vertical array with tilt in approximately 100-m deep shallow water.
Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bollinger Alexander , Molitor Rebecka , Thies Stephan , Koch Rainhard , Coscolín Cristina , Ferrer Manuel , Jaeger Karl-Erich
Published: February 2020

Major challenges hampering biotechnological applications of esterases include the requirement to accept nonnatural and chemically demanding substrates and the tolerance of the enzymes toward organic solvents which are often required to solubilize such substrates. We describe here a high-throughput screening strategy to identify novel organic-solvent-tolerant carboxylic ester hydrolases (CEs). Among these enzymes, CEs active against water-insoluble bulky substrates were identified. Our results thus contribute to fostering the identification and biotechnological application of CEs.
A Novel Tail-Associated O91-Specific Polysaccharide Depolymerase from a Podophage Reveals Lytic Efficacy of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Chen Yibao , Li Xiangmin , Wang Shuang , Guan Lingyu , Li Xinxin , Hu Dayue , Gao Dongyang , Song Jiaoyang , Chen Huanchun , Qian Ping
Published: February 2020

Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. The Shiga-like toxin causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. Although antibiotic therapy is still used for STEC infections, this approach may increase the risk of HUS. Phages or phage-derived depolymerases have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans, as in the case of the “San Diego patient” treated with a phage cocktail. Here, we showed that phage PHB19 and its O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase Dep6 degraded STEC biofilms and stripped the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from STEC strain HB10, which was subsequently killed by serum complement
in vitro
. In a mouse model, PHB19 and Dep6 protected against STEC infection and caused a significant reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. This study reports the use of an O91-specific polysaccharide depolymerase for the treatment of STEC infection in mice.
Fecal Viral Community Responses to High-Fat Diet in Mice
Authors: Schulfer Anjelique , Santiago-Rodriguez Tasha M. , Ly Melissa , Borin Joshua M. , Chopyk Jessica , Blaser Martin J. , Pride David T.
Published: February 2020

Prior studies have shown that high-fat diet (HFD) can have profound effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome and also demonstrate that bacteria in the GI tract can affect metabolism and lean/obese phenotypes. We investigated whether the composition of viral communities that also inhabit the GI tract are affected by shifts from normal to HFD. We found significant and reproducible shifts in the content of GI tract viromes after the transition to HFD. The differences observed in virome community membership and their associated gene content suggest that these altered viral communities are populated by viruses that are more virulent toward their host bacteria. Because HFD also are associated with significant shifts in GI tract bacterial communities, we believe that the shifts in the viral community may serve to drive the changes that occur in associated bacterial communities.
No Consistent Evidence for Microbiota in Murine Placental and Fetal Tissues
Authors: Theis Kevin R. , Romero Roberto , Greenberg Jonathan M. , Winters Andrew D. , Garcia-Flores Valeria , Motomura Kenichiro , Ahmad Madison M. , Galaz Jose , Arenas-Hernandez Marcia , Gomez-Lopez Nardhy
Published: February 2020

The prevailing paradigm in obstetrics has been the sterile womb hypothesis, which posits that fetuses are first colonized by microorganisms during the delivery process. However, some are now suggesting that fetuses are consistently colonized
in utero
by microorganisms from microbial communities that inhabit the placenta and intra-amniotic environment. Given the established causal role of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (i.e., intra-amniotic infection) in pregnancy complications, especially preterm birth, if the
in utero
colonization hypothesis were true, there are several aspects of current understanding that will need to be reconsidered; these aspects include the magnitude of intra-amniotic microbial load required to cause disease and its potential influence on the ontogeny of the immune system. However, acceptance of the
in utero
colonization hypothesis is premature. Herein, we do not find consistent evidence for placental and fetal microbiota in mice using culture, qPCR, and DNA sequencing.
Improving urinary catheterisation practices in a rural hospital in Ontario
Authors: Gazarin Mohamed , Ingram-Crooks Jennifer , Hafizi Fatima , Hall Lynn , Weekes Kirsti , Casselman Cindy , Burnett Sean , Lennard Mikyla , Pinches Amanda , Tse Darren
Published: February 2020

Introduction

A urinary catheter constitutes a one-point patient restraint, can induce deconditioning and may lead to patient mortality. An audit performed at Winchester District Memorial Hospital revealed that 20% of patients had a urinary catheter, of whom 31% did not meet the criteria for catheterisation. The main objective of this study was to use the Influencer Change Model and the Choosing Wisely Canada toolkit to create a bundle of interventions that would reduce the unnecessary use of urinary catheters in hospitalised patients.

Methods

In a rural teaching hospital, a time-series quasi-experiment was employed to decrease inappropriate use of urinary catheters. Both the Choosing Wisely Canada toolkit for appropriate use of urinary catheters and the Influencer change management approach were used to create effective interventions.

Results

This study revealed that there was no improvement in appropriate urinary catheter use during Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle 1. There was gradual improvement during PDSA cycle 2, with the percentage of inappropriate urinary catheter use dropping from an initial 31% before any interventions to less than 5% by the end of this study.

Discussion/conclusion

This study aimed to reduce the inappropriate use of urinary catheters in a rural hospital with limited resources. The findings indicate that by using a change model, such as the Influencer Change Model, it is possible to promote better patient care through empowering healthcare staff to implement accepted protocols more stringently and thereby to decrease the inappropriate use of urinary catheters to 0%.
BET 1: The clinical impact of policies aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of emergency departments
Authors: Bali Trishan , Flesher William
Published: February 2020

A short-cut systematic review was carried out to establish if strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the ED could succeed while maintaining comparable care standards. Of 2914 papers found in the searches, 40 were selected for full-text review and none were eligible for inclusion. The main reason for exclusion was article type. Given the wide-ranging proposals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in healthcare, there is a dramatic paucity of evidence on the pragmatic effects on patient care.