bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivation or Confrontation
Authors: KEAR-COLWELL JON , POLLOCK PHILIP
Published: March 2007

Applying Prochaska and DiClimente's stages of change model to understanding the sequence of events necessary for an individual to alter patterns of behavior, this article examines the relative merits and problems of two intervention approaches—confrontational techniques and motivational interventions—to working with child sex offenders. It is proposed that confrontational techniques may be antitherapeutic and push offenders further from contemplating and taking responsibility for potential changes in their own behavior. It is suggested further that motivational interventions produce dissonance and then direct the change process in a more productive direction, with a greater probability of offenders taking responsibility for, and engaging in, active treatment.
Criminality and the Interpersonal Circle in Mentally Disordered Offenders
Authors: BLACKBURN RONALD
Published: March 2007

Many of the personality traits distinguishing offenders from nonoffenders reflect interpersonal characteristics. This study examined the relationship of levels of criminality to interpersonal style in forensic psychiatric patients suffering from major mental illness ( n = 143) and those without mental illness ( n = 59). Observers rated patients on a measure of the interpersonal circle (CIRCLE: Chart of Interpersonal Reactions in Closed Living Environments) from which scores on dominance-submission and nurturance-hostility dimensions were derived. Mentally ill offenders were more submissive than those without mental illness, but in both groups, offenders with higher levels of criminal convictions were more dominant than those with the lowest levels. Correlational analysis indicated that offenders with extensive criminal careers who are not mentally ill have a more dominant and coercive interpersonal style. Similar, but less pronounced trends were apparent among mentally ill offenders. These findings suggest that persistent lawbreaking may represent attempts to master a social environment perceived as hostile.
Psychological Aspects of Crime Scene Profiling
Authors: HOMANT ROBERT J. , KENNEDY DANIEL B.
Published: March 2007

Crime scene profiling is distinguished from psychological profiling and offender profiling, and the profiling process is described. A review of the literature on offender types indicates that it may be possible to generalize from various behavioral aspects of a crime scene to some characteristics of the perpetrator. There is some evidence that it may be possible to type offenders and crime scenes as organized or disorganized, and that this categorization may be related to certain aspects of offender personality. There is also some evidence that those who are FBI trained in profiling may perform better at the task. At this time, however, the evidence for the validity of profiles is weak, and it is recommended that profiling not be relied on to the exclusion of other alternatives. There is a need for more specific validity research, especially when profiling is generalized beyond its original purpose of providing leads and focusing investigations.
Resource Dependence and in Terorganiza Tional Relations
Authors: Aldrich Howard
Published: March 2007

A resource dependence model is proposed as a conceptual scheme to account for organizational behavior observed under conditions where interorganizational relations are a critical environmental contingency. The model is used to explain the pattern of transactions between 19 local Employment Service offices and 249 social service organizations in New York State. Four aspects of interorganization transaction are taken as problematic: intensity, reciprocity, standardization of interaction, and the degree of perceived cooperation in the relationship. The results support the important role assigned to the manipulation of authority by the resource dependence perspective, and the findings document the minimal role played by domain consensus.
Court Politics
Authors: Dexter Lewis A.
Published: March 2007

The conception of court politics provides an alternative to classic notions of bureau cracy. Many staffs in large organizations are expected to operate in contradistinction to bureaucratic norms—to carry out the wishes of the top man, to fit his purposes, conveniences, and so on. Courts may often be necessary; at any rate, they are often inevitable, simply because of the leaders' convictions that they must have "instru ments" and the fact that they must have surplus "resources" of manpower which they can direct as they choose. This paper is devoted to analyzing this conception in general and showing how and why, in particular, it is likely that the White House will often consist of a "court" team.
Incentives to Innovate in Public and Private Organizations
Authors: Roessner J. David
Published: March 2007

This article uses the different perspectives of economic theory, organization theory, public administration, and political science to explore the question of whether public organizations are inherently less innovative than private organizations, and synthesizes existing empirical evidence to test the predictions and explanations of theory. Theory generally leads one to expect that public organizations are less innovative than private ones, though the logic used frequently is tortuous. Empirical evidence, though limited, gives reason to doubt the hypotheses that public organiza tions are inherently immune to efforts to increase innovative behavior there. Some of the public policy implications of each discipline's perspective on the central ques tion are discussed and examples of efforts to apply these implications to public agencies are presented.
Power and Politics in Federal Regulatory Commissions
Authors: Welborn David M. , Brown Anthony E.
Published: March 2007

Patterns of power and political processes within public agencies are poorly understood. From a political-economy perspective and based upon interview data, seven federal regulatory commissions are examined to ascertain the structure and foundations ofpower in them and salient characteristics of its mobilization and utilization. The analysis shows that contrary to common perceptions, the structure ofpower in the commissions is marked by substantial stability and integration in the position of chairman.
Three Dubious Hypotheses
Authors: Riggs Fred W.
Published: March 2007

The August issue of Administration & Society carried an article by M. Heper, C. L. Kim, and S. Par entitled " The Role of Bureaucracy and Regime Types: A Comparative Study of Turkish and South Korean Civil Servants." The present article criticizes these authors' interpretation of previous writings in comparative public administration and suggests reformations of the Heper-Kim-Pat hypotheses that will reconcile their data with earlier theoretical positions
Bureaucratic Ideology in the United States and the Soviet Union
Authors: Urban Michael E.
Published: March 2007

The concept of "bureaucratic ideology " is provided here, as well as empirical grounding by means of interviews with American and Soviet local government officials and with those who educate and train them. The interview data tend to support the concept developed previously as an abstraction from the professional literature on administration in these two countries. However, the data also require some qualifications in the concept as certain differences in outlook emerge between those who practice, and those who stud) and teach, public administration.
A Perspective on the British Planning Process
Authors: Kirby Andrew
Published: March 2007

This article assesses British planning practice, using that phrase in the widest possible context. Critical assessments of that practice are made in relation to four specific issues. The first is the lack of long-term social goals for which to plan, the second is the emphasis placed upon distinct professional identities, the third is the related development of technical planning, and the fourth is the weakness of the participative exercise. These issues are related to wider social and political ideas, and illustrated by examples from town and country planning, housing, and transportation.
Federal and State Mandating
Authors: Neiman Max , Lovell Catherine
Published: March 2007

It is not always realized that local governments are as regulated by state and federal directives as businesses and other private institutions. While government oversight of businesses is encompassed by the notion of regulation, the regulation of localities is subsumed under the heading of "the mandate issue. " Local governments are at the end of a funnel of requirements imposed by both their respective states and the federal government, and this article explores the definitional and descriptive spadework that must be done before more serious work can proceed in the study of mandates. The first inventory of federal mandates is provided, along with inventories of a sample of five states. The inventories are based on a typology developed for the study of mandates. The findings provide an empirical setting for the increased concern over the number of mandates and the trend for greater federal involvement in directing the affairs of local governments.
New Programs in "Old" Agencies
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Stewart Joseph
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of organizational adaptation to new goals is studied in the context of HEW's Office for Civil Rights (OCR). Scholars who have studied this subject have generally observed a reluctance by bureaucracies to assign high priorities to new responsibilities, particularly when the agency given a new task does not receive a commmensurate staff increase. As OCR acquired a series of new responsibilities that outstrip its staff increases, changes were required in OCR's substantive responsibilities as well as in its operating procedures. OCR adaptation to these changes is determined by analyzing workload data reported in various congressional appropriations hearings, recent agency annual operating plans, and interviews with 28 professional employees in 4 of the /0 regional offices. Analyses of these data indicate that OCR has generally made substantive and procedural reallocations in line with the new policy directives. Thus, earlier emphases have been replaced by new priorities. The article concludes with an analysis of propositions that may account for OCR's adaptability to new responsibilities.
Work and Nonwork Psychological Involvements
Authors: Romzek Barbara S.
Published: March 2007

This article explores relationships among employees' work and nonwork psychological involvements in an effort to uncover some of the complexity of employees as multidimensional human beings. The relationships found reflect a pattern of involvements consistent with Van Maanen and Schein `s (1977) three-dimensional interactional schema of work, family, and self-development. These findings suggest that models of employees' accommodation to work and nonwork involvements need to incorporate a separate "self" dimension. Although direct results indicate a segregation pattern of accommodation to work and nonwork psychological involvements, closer examination reveals a pattern of links between work and nonwork involvements, with personal life efficacy as the pivotal variable.
Linking Policy Intention and Policy Implementation
Authors: Calista Donald J.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that (1) the clarity of a policy intention depends upon the appropriateness of the organizational form to implement it, and (2) the assumptions held by policymakers regarding organization form, in practice, often lead to offsetting or contradictory implementations. The study examines a major recent policy reorganization-Florida's transformation of eight autonomous human services agencies into a single department. Its avowed purposes were to integrate and decentralize services. Elmore's (1978) fourfold model is employed to assess those intentions. The findings indicated that implementation became troubled as policymakers adopted inappropriate organizational assumptions to support their intentions. The conclusions suggest that implementation had to accommodate opposing dimensions of organizational strategy and managerial structure.
Sector Context and Performance
Authors: Bozeman Barry , Loveless Steve
Published: March 2007

Research comparing public and private organizations has become more common, but questions remain as to whether differences in sector are significant or spurious. The research reported here, based on secondary data from a cross-national study of research units, examines differences in the performance of public and private sector units, controlling for a number of potentially confounding variables. Path analysis is used to `factor out "performance differences in public and private sector units. The findings suggest that sector context is not entirely a spurious function of such variables as size and technology, but itself makes a significant contribution to performance differences. It is further concluded that multiple criteria are important when seeking to measure R&D performance by sector. Public sector units appear advantaged with respect to certain activities and private sector ones with respect to others.
Incremental versus Methodological Policymaking in the Liberal State
Authors: Sternberg Ernest
Published: March 2007

Disjointed incrementalism became a feasible paradigm for American administrative decision making during the growth of interest-group liberalism. Over the same time, methods of quantitative rationalism gained their efficacy for administrative decision making amid the rise of a technocratic liberalism, and amid social transformations that made public life more systematic, enumerable, and quantifiable. How could both these forms of reasoning come to be plausible ways of responding to the world, despite their seeming incompatibility? How could the two paradigms coexist in American administration during the liberal era? In view of the apparent failings of incrementalism, did methodological policymaking fare better? This article argues that incrementalism and methodology each depended for its policymaking efficacy on historically derived structural conditions. Since history never fulfilled the requisites of any rationalist decision paradigm, the paradigms provided inadequate principles for public decisions.
Diffusion of Administrative Innovations in Canadian Public Administrations
Authors: Gow James Iain
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of 15 case studies on administrative innovation by the federal and provincial governments of Canada. The results show that the provinces, particularly Ontario, have recently challenged the federal government's traditional role as mentor in administrative affairs. More important is the process by which diffusion and innovation occur: It is a multitrack sociopolitical process in which ideas play an independent role. Although the majority of cases have their origins in some form of politics, the latter does not drive out problem solving.
Seeking the Polity's Bottom Line
Authors: Long Norton E.
Published: March 2007

Somehow we have lost sight of what ought to be the bottom line for the polity: the condition of the individual Political science, public administration, urban politics, and policy analysis have all lost sight of this concern that was once the focus of classical political philosophy. We must establish systematic inventories of the principal dimensions of the human condition against which we can make comparisons as actors, structures, and processes change.
The Remaking of British Administrative Culture
Authors: Christoph James B.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the basis and success of Margaret Thatcher's attempts to shape the senior British civil service into a responsive instrument of policy implementation from the standpoint of her political values. It also considers some key questions affecting the roles of civil servants in the post-Thatcher period. Emphasis is given to efforts to alter roles and attitudes in four central areas: deprivileging, reorganization, managerialism, and politicization. Although granting that Thatcherism has not succeeded in transforming all elements of traditional Whitehall culture, it is argued that for a number of reasons Thatcher's actions have erected formidable barriers to any hoped—for return to the heyday of the British mandarin or to the attitudes associated with it.
Red Tape and Task Delays in Public and Private Organizations
Authors: Bozeman Barry , Reed Pamela N. , Scott Patrick
Published: March 2007

Using a measure of red tape based on the amount of time required for the performance of core organizational tasks, hypotheses are tested as to why some organizations have more red tape than others. Among the explanations considered are organizational size, sector, "publicness" defined in terms of governmental interaction and influence independent of sector, and external constraint defined in terms of interorganizational agreements and percentage of time devoted to external activities. The data for the study come from a national study of more than 900 research-intensive organizations. The focus on these organizations assures that the core tasks performed are similar to one another and reduces the likelihood that findings are simply a function of differences in organizational mission. Results indicate that it is useful to think of red tape in terms of diverse dimensions related to key organizational tasks. Both sector and publicness are positively associated with measures of red tape, with publicness providing a somewhat more robust explanation along some dimensions of red tape. Contrary to previous studies, organizational size seems to have little bearing on differences in red tape.
The Administrator as Trustee of the Public Interest
Authors: Box Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Recent articles in Administration & Society have probed the question of administrative discretion, with most advocating an expanded sphere of responsibility for the administrator. This article argues that calls for greater discretion are useful from a normative viewpoint, but that administrative practice is constrained by the relationship between the administrator and the governing body. A typology of discretion is offered which distinguishes between normative theory and descriptive theory, or theory-in-use. An examination is made of the literature and practice of local administration as a locus for evaluating how administrators determine their sphere of discretion in daily practice.
Quantitative Research in Public Administration
Authors: Cozzetto Don A.
Published: March 2007

Scholarly research in American public administration has been maligned by both academicians and practitioners. The criticisms range from dissatisfaction with research designs in doctoral dissertations to claims that refereed journal articles lack theoretical foundation. This article examines the application of quantitative methodologies in a random sample of four mainstream public administration journals over a 4-yearperiod. The evaluation reveals that a significant number of authors in the sample used inappropriate quantitative techniques. The implications of these findings are discussed within the broader context of policy prescription and evaluation.
Child Labor Laws
Authors: Sarbaugh-Thompson Marjorie , Zald Mayer N.
Published: March 2007

Models of public policy implementation proliferated during the 1970s and 1980s. We argue that these models should be robust across different time periods and should accurately postdict and explain the outcomes known to have occurred. This article looks at two models of policy implementation, one developed by Mazmanian and Sabatier and another developed by Nakwnura and Smallwood. Robustness and explanatory ability of these models are assessed using a historical case study of the first national child labor law. This demonstrates the advantages of a historical perspective on policy implementation. Looking at policy across time raises questions about current models of implementation.
Organizational Structure and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Finlay William , Martin Jack K , Roman Paul M. , Blum Terry C.
Published: March 2007

Popular and social scientific critiques of the bureaucratic model of organizational behavior argue that employment in highly structured, bureaucratic work organizations adversely affects worker attitudes and behavior. In particular, these critics suggest that bureaucratic structure is associated with lower employee job satisfaction. Several empirical studies, however, have yielded an unexpected positive relationship between bureaucratic structure and satisfaction. In this research, the authors argue that this paradoxical pattern is the result of these studies having used measures of organizational structure that conflate job and organizational characteristics. The authors show that among members of an emerging profession, highly structured organizational activities have a negative effect on employee satisfaction when job characteristics are controlled.
Beyond Woodrow Wilson
Authors: Rutgers Mark R.
Published: March 2007

The study of public administration is not as new as often supposed. In the 17th century, cameralism or polity sciences emerged, dealing with the proper administration to bring moral and economic well-being to people. The polity sciencesflourished well into the 19th century. Questions concerning its topics and approach (legal, socioeconomical, orpolitical), however, never were resolved.' This historicforerunner of the study of public administration indicates that the lack of a clear identity is a characteristic feature of an interdisciplinary field.
Interpreting Roads in Roadless Areas
Authors: Ginger Clare
Published: March 2007

This article examines how Bureau of Land Management personnel interpreted roads in the context of wilderness policy implementation. It assesses ambiguity of and change in policy using three frameworks from the organizational culture literature. The frameworks emphasize (a) shared understandings, (b) differences among agency units, and (c) fragmentation within units. The analysis shows how interpretations of roads are shaped by existing understandings and provide opportunities for new understandings to develop. It also shows how policy initiatives can be understood as simultaneously requiring organization-wide change, selective change, and no change. This suggests that using multiple analytical frames is important for understanding the implementation of ambiguous and changing policy.
Community Coalitions and Grassroots Policies of Empowerment
Authors: Couto Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Foundations and government agencies use community coalitions increasingly as instruments of social policy and program implementation. The rationales and hopes for community coalitions abound with terms such as grassroots, representation, development, and empowerment. This article examines the range and relationship of the conceptual meanings of these terms to explain their consequences on community coalition building. It arranges their differences in conceptual patterns and suggests that community coalitions have their greatest chance of success when their member groups share the same forms of representation and participation and pursue similar forms of empowerment and change. This discussion clarifies the different policy and program purposes that different community coalitions may serve. Thus, the article explains the difficulties with broad coalitions and may assist to make some community coalition building easier and to make all community coalitions more effective.
The Relationship Among Type A Behavior, Styles Used in Coping with Racism, and Blood Pressure
Authors: Clark Vernessa R. , Harrell Jules P.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between six cognitive styles used in coping with racism and blood pressure in 32 Black students was studied. It was hypothesized that an apathetic style would be associated with lower blood pressure readings. Also, the relationship between the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern and blood pressure was examined. As expected, weight was shown to have a strong relationship with blood pressure. The Type A dimension was positively related to diastolic pressure at rest and during mental arithmetic (mild stress). A style associated with a proactive and flexible orientation to the problems of racism was positively cor related with resting systolic blood pressure and the recovery of a diastolic pressure after stress.
The Relationship of Moral Judgment and Ego Development to Political-Social Values in Black College Students
Authors: Dunston Patricia J. , Roberts Albert
Published: March 2007

An investigation was made of interrelationships among ego development, moral judgment, self-concept, and political- social values within a Black College-age population. Two alternative models were structured of possible interrelation ships based on the literature generated by the research groups of Lawrence Kohlberg and Jane Loevinger. Data gathered on 193 college students were probed by regression analyses. The results failed to validate either of the two proposed models, but they did indicate that moral judgment has a greater causal influence that did ego development. The discussion explores factors that might account for our failure to obtain a more complex pattern of relationships among these variables.
The Incidence of Photographs of Racial Minorities in Introductory Psychology Texts
Authors: Gay Judith
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this report was to examine the frequency of photographs of racial minorities in 1985-1986 introductory psychology texts. Results showed that Whites were overrepresented in the texts and that racial minorities were underrepresented, even when crosscultural photographs were included. The results of this report suggested that many texts do not reflect, as one might expect, the racial diversity of the United States.
Factors Affecting the Level of African American Identification
Authors: Thompson Vetta Sanders
Published: March 2007

Two hundred and one African Americans, including 99 males and 102 females, were interviewed in an attempt to identify variables that impact on racial identification. All participants were eighteen years of age or older and resided within a large midwestern city. The data were collected utilizing two instruments. A structured interview protocol was developed that elicited life course data for individuals including geographical, educational, social, and family history. Information on political and social activities, as they related to Black empowerment movements, was collected, as well. The questionnaire was a 44-item instrument that assessed the level of sociocultural participation and the orientation of the subject on two parameters of racial identification: cultural identity and psychological identity. The results indicated that participation in African American political organizations and experiences with racism were important factors in determining identification on the psychological parameter. Sex, education, and the age at which racism was experienced were important factors in determining cultural identification.
Relationship between Cultural Identity and Exchange Disposition
Authors: Taylor Jerome , Rogers John
Published: March 2007

Defining exchange disposition as a general inclination toward social interaction with other Blacks including the sharing of information, affection, goods, or services, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the manner in which exchange disposition is influenced by patterns of Black cultural identity. In this study of 910 Black college students from 11 institutions located in the United States, it was found that persons in nationalist phases of Black cultural identity perceived themselves as least open to sharing with other Blacks whom they perceived as least open to sharing with them. Theoretical basesfor these findings were clarified along with implications forfuture research.
The Significance of Social Context: The Case of Adolescent Childbearing in the African American Community
Authors: Henly Julia R.
Published: March 2007

The incidence of adolescent childbearing is significantly higher among African Americans compared to Whites, whereas the rates of early childbirth have declined more rapidlyforAfricanAmericans over the past two decades. Although traditional measures of socioeconomic status do not account for the difference in adolescent childbirth rates by race, there are important reasons to question the external validity of these conventional variables. After summarizing differences in teen childbearing by race, this article addresses the problems inherent in a comparative approach to understanding race differences. More meaningful measures of socioeconomic status that provide a richer account of the social context of adolescents at risk of early childbearing are outlined. The social context approach might help inform literature on the role of family factors in adolescent childbearing, and some recent exanples of such an approach are provided. The resiliency shown by African American adolescents living within socially disadvantaged communities is also discussed. Finally, a brief excursion into how attention to the social context of teen childbearing might inform public policy is undertaken.
Suicidal Behavior among African American College Students: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Molock Sherry D. , Kimbrough Regina , Lacy Monica Blanton , McClure Karla P. , Williams Steven
Published: March 2007

This preliminary study examined suicidality in 233 African American college students who attended a historically Black college. Suicidality involves both suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors. Suicidal ideation includes the thoughts andfeelings that are often associated with suicidal behavior (e.g., developing a suicide plan, preoccupation with thoughts of death, etc.). Suicidal behavior involves the deliberate attempt to take one's life. The results indicate that the suicidality among African American college students is similar to the suicidality manifested in White American college students with the exception of two critical areas: African American college students report less suicidal ideation than the literature reports on White American college students, andfewerAfrican American than White college students use alcohol or illicit drugs while making a suicide attempt. This study also found preliminary evidence that suggests that the measures typically used to measure suicide and its correlates in White American samples (e.g., Beck Depression Inventory and the Scale for Suicidal Ideation) appear to reliably measure these phenomena in an African American sample as well. Issues pertaining to the role of the supportive Black institution in ameliorating the stress associated with suicidal behavior and methodological concerns regarding the measurement of depression, suicidal ideation, and suicidal attempts in African American college students are discussed.
The Influence of Television Images on Black Females' Self-Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Perkins Karen R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role television images play in African American women's perceptions of their own physical attractiveness. The significance physical attractiveness can carry, in general, is discussed in relation to age, gender, and race. Several studies investigating the psychological effects of idealized media images of beauty are presented and reviewed. In general, these studies indicate that a woman 's self-image and satisfaction with her own appearance can be influenced by these media images. However, the bulk of the research conducted within this area hasfailed tofocus on these issues with regard to Black women, and anecdotal and inferential data, as well as literary sources, strongly suggest that many African American women painfully struggle with the present culturally sanctioned, exclusionary images of beauty. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness and stimulateformal investigation into the possible psychological effects of media images in relation to African American women. Several research questions are posed. Suggestions are outlined that may assist parents, educators, and clinicians in prevention of transmitting this toxic, pervasive issue.
Cultural Therapeutic Awareness and Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Scott Karen D. , Scott Anthony A.
Published: March 2007

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary blood disorder in which abnormal red blood cells damage the cerebrovascular system as well as organs such as the liver and spleen. Children with sickle cell anemia manifest high mortality rates, depression, pain, strokes, and social maladjustment. Interventions often challenge the family’s beliefs and attitudes. A cognitive behavioral approach, the Health Belief Model, was offered as a strategic option in working with African American clients diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Two descriptive case studies were presented. Whereas one case illustrated a lack of a coordinated system of care, the other demonstrated the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary system of services. The purpose of this article is to present a brief description of the medical, neurological, and psychoeducational problems caused by sickle cell anemia and to suggest that services be provided by culturally competent, systems-oriented professionals.
Positive Peers-Differential Impact of a Social Intervention Strategy on Four Personality Subgroups
Authors: Rosenberg Steven L.
Published: March 2007

Using specific educational and social strategies the Positive Peer Group Intervention Program (PPIG) is designed to improve self concept among at-risk students. Teachers were asked to identify children showing any one of four functional and/or dysfunctional characteristics of leaders (Positive Leaders; Controversial Leaders; Rejected Isolates and Neglected Isolates). 'Facilitators' worked with each of these groups. Since each group demonstrated qualitatively different social skills, it was hypothesized that the program would impact them differentially. Scales from the Piers Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale were analysed in a pre-post experimental-control design. After demonstrating statistically significant results, the differences among the four groups were investigated. The practical and educational implications of these differences are discussed.
Parental Attitudes towards Curriculum in Iranian Elementary Schools
Authors: Ghazi Ghassem , Wulf Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

Educators throughout the world are concerned about meeting the educational needs of the communities they serve. Frequently, however, not enough is known about parental attitudes toward curriculum, course offerings and the need for psychological services. Questions such as 'What do parents expect of schools?', 'Which course offerings are important?' and 'Are the schools doing what the children's parents want them to do?' are important in all times and places. This study investigated those issues in Iran in the summer of 1978. The purpose of the study was to determine Iranian parents' and Iranian educators' perceptions of whether the schools should be teaching only basic skills, or whether they have a role in fostering creativity and psychological guidance.
Adolescent Adjustment after Incest
Authors: Fischer Margaret
Published: March 2007

Post-incestual adjustment of 26 Alaskan native and non-native adolescents, 19 girls and seven boys, tended to be poor, although adaptation levels improved by rescuing seduced victims or removing the offender from the family home. Characteristics of the offender, the spouse, and the victim were identified as well as the dynamics within the family setting. An Incomplete Sentences Blank and a behavioural checklist indicated that in the aftermath of incest there was a high rate of delinquency, chronic rule violations, substance abuse and running away among victims. Low tolerance for frustration, depression and hostility towards authority figures were frequently observed behaviours. Over-eating was common among female victims and hysterical seizures were noted in four cases. Sexual acting-out occurred in 46 per cent of the subjects studied. Pitfalls apt to be encountered in treatment of victims were discussed.
Towards a Future for School Psychology in Egypt
Authors: Abou-Hatab Fouad A.-L.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to present a brief history of school psychology in Egypt, to outline its major trends, to evaluate its current status, and to give some guides for its future. The analysis shows that when psychology was presented for the first time in 1929 it took the form of educational psychology. In 1934 a version of educational psychology similar to school psychology was introduced in the Higher Institute of Education (now Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University), with the progress of a 'testing movement' and the foundation of the first psychological clinic for school children and adolescents. For more than 50 years both psychometric and clinical movements achieved gains and losses. At present, however, the school psychologist, unlike the social worker, is not recognized as a member of the school services team. Speculations for the future are based on Bardon's (1982) thesis of the 'industrial-organizational model', which implies that the psychometric and clinical functions are necessary but not sufficient.
The National School Psychology Inservice Training Network (USA)
Authors: Davis Thomson F. , Reynolds Maynard C. , Weinberg Richard A. , Ysseldyke James E.
Published: March 2007

The National School Psychology Inservice Training Network was funded in 1978 as a response to the demands of United States Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975). It has produced and widely disseminated four training modules on innovative assessment and intervention strategies consistent with this special education legislation: Sequential Stages of the Appraisal Process, Nonbiased Assessment, Non-Test-Based Assessment and School Psychology in the Classroom. The Network will focus on its longrange goal of redefining the roles, functions and training needs of school psychologists in the United States during its current three-year grant.
A Comparison of High-Ability and Low-Ability Pupil Scores on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices at the Primary School Attached to South China Normal University and the Guangzhou School for the Deaf! Mute, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
Authors: Armfield Aaron
Published: March 2007

During the Spring term of 1982, the author and the faculty of the Psychology Teaching Group of South China Normal University, Guangzhou (Canton), People's Republic of China, administered Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices to a population of students at the Primary School attached to South China Normal University and a population of students at the Guangzhou School for the Deaf/Mute.
School Psychology in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Berg Detlef
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the school psychological system in the Federal Republic of Germany. Main tasks and their relative importance within the services are reported on the basis of a nationwide survey. University psychology training in Germany is not specific to the demands of the school psychologist's work. In general, an additional examination and practice as a teacher are required. There has recently been an attempt to develop a psychology course with special regard to the schools.
Time-Limited Play Therapy
Authors: Osterweil Zahava O.
Published: March 2007

The present paper proposes a time-limited play therapy (TLPT) for children. In the TLPT, children are given the opportunity to express themselves through free play in the presence of a sympathetic non-intruding adult. A positive relationship is built in a limited number of sessions, and the child is confronted, from the very start, with inevitable separation. The curative effect of play, the time-limited relationship with the adult and the working-through of separation are aimed at enhancing the child's ability for self-expression and interpersonal relations.
School Psychology in Yugoslavia
Authors: Vucic Lidija
Published: March 2007

The School Psychological Service in Yugoslavia has been organized since 1958. In the beginning the School Psychological Service was organized only in elementary schools in big cities, but later it broadened to smaller cities and even to some villages, as well as to the other kinds of educational institutions (high schools, schools for handicapped children and pre-school institutions). Now the School Psychological Service varies quite a bit from one part of the country to another. At first, school psychologists dealt almost exclusively with problems of clinical psychology in the school (behaviour disorders, misfits, etc.). After a few years, when these problems were ameliorated, the school psychologists shifted their attention to the psychological aspects of educational problems. This shift is in line with the development of educational and school psychology throughout the world. Some school psychologists take part in research projects organized by psychological and educational institutes and university departments, and many of them also do some applied research of their own. Psychologists, including school psychologists, are educated at eight universities in Yugoslavia. The university psychology course lasts four years. At the university of Belgrade a biennial postgraduate specialization for school psychology has also been organized. At the end of the specialization each candidate writes a thesis based upon research into a psychological problem in school work.
A Nigerian Undergraduate Counsellor Training Programme
Authors: Bojuwoye Olaniyi
Published: March 2007

This article describes an attempt by a Nigerian university to develop a personnel preparation programme to meet a national need for guidance and counselling professionals. The contemporary model is criticized, yet the present system is deemed appropriate to meet the existing needs.
Vocational School Psychology in the USA
Authors: Hohenshil Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

The field of vocational school psychology is a relatively new area of research and practice in the USA. Vocational counseling, vocational assessment and vocational planning were not viewed as functions of school psychology until about fourteen years ago (Hohenshil, 1974). In the past, most vocational development activities were primarily relegated to school counselors, teachers and parents. School psychologists in the United States have traditionally had the major responsibility for classifying children for special education services, and consulting with teachers and parents regarding behavior management techniques and learning styles. Some school psychologists have also been actively involved in such therapeutic practices as individual and group counseling. But, for the most part they have not been actively involved in secondary schools, and especially vocational programming (Shepard and Hohenshil, 1983).
Paired Reading Projects in Hong Kong
Authors: Winter Sam
Published: March 2007

Paired Reading (PR) is a tutoring technique used to encourage children's oral reading skills. Most reports involving clinical applications of PR have involved parent-tutors trained to work with low-progress readers. Peertutor applications have been reported recently. This paper outlines PR, its effectiveness and some of the reasons for its substantial impact upon educational practice in the UK. The paper also reviews some of the mechanisms which may underlie the effects of PR. It is suggested that the critical components of PR may be small in number and shared with other effective tutoring approaches. The paper also examines issues relating to the teaching of English as a Second Language (ESL) in the Hong Kong education system. There follows a discussion of the relevance of PR in ESL teaching and a report of a Hong Kong peer-tutored PR project which focuses upon this area. Finally, after an examination of Chinese orthography, this paper considers whether PR might be applied to languages other than English and describes a study involving an application of the technique to encourage Chinese reading skills of Cantonese-speaking pupils in Hong Kong.
Bullying in School
Authors: Lane David A.
Published: March 2007

Research into bullying owes a substantial debt to the work of several Scandinavian pioneers, most notably Heinemann (1973), Olweus (1974), Pikas (1976, 1989), Roland (1983, 1988) and Roland and Munthe (1989). They have given us theoretical perspectives and models of working which have been only slowly influencing UK practitioners.

Tattum (1988) has made the point that, in contrast, in the UK bullying has received scant attention from national and local authorities or from the teachers' unions. Schools have given it a low priority compared with disruptive behaviour and truancy. In the UK research into the problem has lagged far behind the lead offered by Pikas and others. There have been some attempts to place it on the national agenda (Orton, 1982) but UK efforts have been patchy.

In spite of the debt, the Scandinavian research has left us with certain difficulties. These include both the theoretical models and the contrast in emphasis on work with victims and bullies rather than on the school as a whole. This paper considers both of these issues but concentrates on the broader perspective to intervention which has characterized the UK position and which is increasingly influencing work in Scandinavia.
Bullying: Perceptions of Adolescent Victims in the Midwestern USA
Authors: Hoover John H. , Oliver Ronald , Hazler Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Retrospective data were collected from adolescent students in order to clarify perceptions of victimization by bullies in small-town midwestern schools. Seventy-two percent of females and 81 percent of male respondents felt that they had experienced bullying at some point in their student careers (76.8 percent overall). Fewer students were considered chronic victims as self-reported severity of bullying increased. Though there are some difficulties in making a direct comparison, preliminary results indicate that victimization by bullies is more prevalent in the USA than in European countries.
On Children and Systems
Authors: Osterweil Zahava
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a new approach to pyschological intervention in educational settings, especially in the school. It suggests an integration between psychoanalytic self psychology and strategic therapy. The theoretical discussion is followed by case presentations which demonstrate (a) the need for collaboration between the different systems bearing a significant influence upon the life of the child; and (b) the relevant issues, or meeting points, between psychoanalytic self psychology and strategic therapy.
Gender Related Learning Style Patterns of Middle School Pupils
Authors: Hickson Joyce , Baltimore Michael
Published: March 2007

Women's development has emerged as a fairly recent area of research. The learning style model has been tested extensively in the areas of teaching and learning. Yet empirical studies in the area of gender related preferences are limited and contradictory. The focus of the present study was to investigate learning style differences which may be a function of gender characteristics. Of the 211 subjects in the present study, which used the middle school as its context, 108 were males and 103 were females. Subjects were administered the Learning Style Inventory and discriminant analysis was conducted to determine if there were significant between-group differences in learning style. Six of the twenty-two variables significantly discriminated between the male and female group. Implications of the study were discussed.