bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah
Authors: Loveridge A. J. , Hunt J. E. , Murindagomo F. , Macdonald D. W.
Published: June 2006

Data were collected on species killed by lionsPanthera leoin Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe between 1998 and 2004. Lions killed predominantly large to medium‐sized herbivores, concentrating on buffaloSyncerus caffer, elephantLoxodonta africana, giraffeGiraffa camelopardalis, wildebeestConnochaetes taurinusand zebraEquus burchelli. These species made up 83% of all lion kills found and 94% of the biomass of kills actually observed. Elephant calves made up an unusually large proportion of lion prey during the study period (23% of kills recorded). All elephants killed were dependent juveniles. Elephant calves appear more vulnerable during the dry months of the year, particularly in years of below average rainfall. Elephant calves are usually well protected. However, high‐density aggregations of elephants around limited water sources during the dry season may deplete local food resources, forcing elephant herds to travel large distances between water and forage. Under these circumstances, elephant calves may become lost or separated from family groups, accounting for their high incidence in lion diet.
Nonablative lasers
Authors: Nouri Keyvan , Rivas Maria Patricia , Bouzari Navid , Faghih Sahar
Published: June 2006

The trend toward minimally invasive rejuvenation techniques has led to the widespread use of nonablative lasers. Nonablative lasers can be classified in two groups based on their wavelengths: lasers emitting light in the visible range, and those emitting in the infrared range. In this review, different laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) systems are presented and critically discussed along with findings of the studies in the literature.
Photoepilation: a potential threat to wound healing in a mouse
Authors: Huh Chang Hun , Oh Jun Kyu , Kim Beom Joon , Kim Mi Hyang , Won Chong Hyun , Eun Hee Chul
Published: June 2006

Background  Theoretically, the bulge area which is known to be a reservoir of epidermal stem cells should be destroyed to achieve permanent photoepilation. We wished to determine whether wound healing capability is perturbed after photoepilation.

Methods  Twenty C57/BL6 mice were used. After wax epilation to synchronize the hair cycle, one‐half of the backs of mice were photoepilated in the early anagen stage. After the two hair cycles of the mice to confirm the hair removal effect, 30% trichloroacetic acid was applied to the both halves of the backs of the mice. A skin biopsy was performed on both sides before and just after the injury, and 2, 6, 9, and 14 days thereafter. The specimens were evaluated histologically after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, and Verhoeff‐van Gieson.

Results  No differences in wound healing times were evident upon gross observation by the naked eye. However, the photoepilated hairless skin was observed to have a thicker epidermis and dermis than normal hairy skin by histological evaluation. The cellularity of the healed wound was much denser in the photoepilated. Collagen production of the neodermis in the normal hairy skin was first observed around the lower part of hair follicle, while it started from the upper papillary dermis in photoepilated skin.

Conclusion  Photoepilation may disturb the normal wound healing process, especially dermal wound healing, and increases the risk of producing hypertropic scar or keloid.
Combination of chemical peelings with botulinum toxin injections and dermal fillers
Authors: Landau Marina
Published: June 2006

Background Chemical peelings are one of the most powerful and diverse tools for skin rejuvenation. Depending on the chemical used, peelings are classified as superficial, medium, and deep. The depth of the peeling must be adjusted to the depth of the pathological process to be corrected. Deeper peels can eliminate pigmentary spots and wrinkles but are associated with longer recovery time. Chemical peels can be used in conjunction with other nonsurgical methods for skin rejuvenation such as botulinum toxin A (BTX‐A) and dermal fillers. Surprisingly, descriptions of such combinations are rare in the current medical literature.

Aims To review and describe our experience with a combination of chemical peels with other nonsurgical procedures for facial skin rejuvenation, such as BTX‐A injections and dermal fillers.

Patients Patients who came to the clinic for cosmetic treatments were assessed clinically and photographically to follow up the facial skin improvement following combination treatments.

Results and conclusions By combining chemical peels with dermal fillers and BTX‐A injections synergistic beneficial effect is achieved. These rejuvenating procedures significantly increase the satisfaction rate of our patients and are relatively easy to adopt by any practicing dermatologist.
The shape of beauty: determinants of female physical attractiveness
Authors: Fisher Maryanne L , Voracek Martin
Published: June 2006

Rarely has one research area gained as much attention as that which is observed for female physical attractiveness. The past decade has resulted in numerous, exciting developments, particularly with respect to three proposed determinants of beauty: waist to hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), and curvaceousness. The goal of our paper is to provide a highly necessary review of contemporary research on the female attractiveness, including an in‐depth examination of these factors.

In our review, we first discuss WHR, an index of fat deposition, which is calculated by measuring the circumference of the waist compared to the circumference of the hips. WHR is controlled by the sex hormones, and increases as women age, and hence, may influence perceptions of attractiveness. This factor has been hotly contested, as some researchers have claimed that a WHR of approximately 0.7 is universally most attractive, whereas others have found inconsistent findings, or suggest the importance of other factors, such as BMI.

Body mass index (BMI), calculated by dividing the body weight (in kilograms) by height (in meters) squared, serves as a measure of body fat. Although WHR and BMI are correlated, they lead to different conclusions, and the importance of BMI as a measure of female attractiveness is debated in the literature. Similar to WHR research, BMI and its role in attractiveness is not cross‐culturally consistent and is affected by the availability of resources within a given environment.

It may be the case that both WHR and BMI influence female attractiveness. However, there has been little investigation of this possibility. We have explored this issue in our research, which revealed that both influence attractiveness, but in addition, we noticed that curvaceousness was also a factor. Curvaceousness is the degree of “hourglass” shape as determined, for example, by the size of the bust, relative to the circumference of the hips and waist, and the size of the buttocks. However, curvaceousness does not appear to be temporally stable as a marker of attractiveness, and it is not consistent across modes of presentation. For example, models in male‐oriented magazines are more curvaceous than models in female‐oriented magazines.

In summary, faced with these recent findings, it is difficult to ascertain agreement among the various factors, especially when researchers investigate each determinant in isolation. We conclude that, although researchers have made many important initial steps in examining female attractiveness, there remains much to be discovered.
Can the Quality of Care in Family Practice Be Measured Using Administrative Data?
Authors: Katz Alan , Soodeen Ruth‐Ann , Bogdanovic Bogdan , De Coster Carolyn , Chateau Dan
Published: June 2006

Objective. To explore the feasibility of using administrative data to develop process indicators for measuring quality in primary care.

Data Sources/Study Setting. The Population Health Research Data Repository (Repository) housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy which includes physician claims, hospital discharge abstracts, pharmaceutical use (Drug Program Information Network (DPIN)), and the Manitoba Immunization Monitoring Program (MIMS) for all residents of Manitoba, Canada who used the health care system during the 2001/02 fiscal year. Family physicians were identified from the Physician Resource Database. Indicators were developed based on a literature review and focus group validation.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Data files were extracted from administrative data available in the Repository. We extracted data based on the ICD‐9‐CM codes and ATC‐class drugs prescribed and then linked them to the Physician Resource Database. Physician practices were defined by allocating patients to their most responsible physician. Every family physician in Manitoba that met the inclusion criteria (having either 5 or 10 eligible patients depending on the indicator) was ‘scored’ on each indicator. Physicians were then grouped according to the proportion of the patients allocated to their practice who received the recommended care for the specific indicator.

Principal Findings. Using administrative health data we were able to develop and measure eight indicators of quality of care covering both preventive care services and chronic disease management. The number of eligible physicians and patients varied for each indicator as did the percent of patients with recommended care, per physician. For example, the childhood immunization indicator included 544 physicians who, on average, provided immunization for 65 percent of their patients.

Conclusions. Quality of care provided by family physicians can be measured using administrative data. Despite the limitations addressed in this paper, this work establishes a practical methodology to measure quality of care provided by family physicians that can be used for quality improvement initiatives.
Redacted Disclosure
Authors: VERRECCHIA ROBERT E. , WEBER JOSEPH
Published: June 2006

In this paper we investigate a firm's decision to redact proprietary information from its material contract filings. Information redaction results when the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) grants a firm's request to withhold information from investors in its material contract filings, presumably because the information is proprietary. We hypothesize that when firms redact information, measures of adverse selection deteriorate. That is, the redaction of proprietary information from material contracts should be associated with: a larger adverse selection component of the bid‐ask spread, reductions in market depth, and lower market turnover. In addition, we conjecture that the decision to redact depends on whether the firm plans on raising capital, the competitiveness of the firm's industry, and the performance of the firm. Overall the results of our analysis generally support our predictions. We find that when firms redact information, contemporaneous measures of the adverse selection component of the bid‐ask spread rise, and market depth and share turnover deteriorate; this suggests an increase in adverse selection. We also find firms are less likely to redact when they issue long‐term debt and are more likely to redact when they are in a competitive industry or experience losses.
Establishment of four pairs of canine mammary tumour cell lines derived from primary and metastatic origin and their E‐cadherin expression
Authors: Uyama R. , Nakagawa T. , Hong S.‐H. , Mochizuki M. , Nishimura R. , Sasaki N.
Published: June 2006

Four new pairs of canine mammary carcinoma cell lines derived from both primary and metastatic lesions were established. The cells were cultured in RPMI‐1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum and they showed stable growth for more than 120 passages. Using these cell lines, the expression of E‐cadherin was measured by flow cytometry and the function of E‐cadherin was evaluated by cell aggregation assay and results from the primary and metastatic lesions were compared statistically. E‐cadherin was strongly expressed in all of the cell lines, without a notable difference between cells of primary and metastatic origin. In the cell aggregation assay, the function of E‐cadherin was significantly weaker in the cells of primary origin (p < 0.05), as compared with cells of metastatic origin. The present results suggest that a reduction in E‐cadherin function may be implicated in the invasive and metastatic potential of canine mammary tumour cells; however, further study will be needed to clarify E‐cadherin function in the context of the metastasis of canine mammary carcinoma.
Clinical usefulness of intradermal fluorescein and patent blue violet dyes for sentinel lymph node identification in dogs
Authors: Wells S. , Bennett A. , Walsh P. , Owens S. , Peauroi J.
Published: June 2006

The first lymph node receiving drainage from a specific anatomic region is referred to as the sentinel lymph node (SLN). This study sought to evaluate the intradermal use of two dyes, patent blue violet (PBV) and fluorescein (FL), for SLN mapping in the dog. Multiple intradermal injections were performed in five healthy dogs using two dyes, PBV in 0.9% NaCl and FL in solutions of 0.9% NaCl and 6% hetastarch. Skin flaps were raised and followed to the first area of discrete stain uptake. Areas of uptake were identified as lymph nodes grossly and by cytology. Identification of a SLN for each area of intradermal injection was accomplished for 98% of the injection sites. Intradermal injections of both PBV and FL dyes produce readily visible staining of lymphatic vessels and SLNs in healthy dogs and are sufficient to allow ready identification of these structures during postmortem dissection.
Protein-Protein Interactions amongHelicobacter pyloriCag Proteins
Authors: Busler Valerie J. , Torres Victor J. , McClain Mark S. , Tirado Oscar , Friedman David B. , Cover Timothy L.
Published: June 2006

ManyHelicobacter pyloriisolates contain a 40-kb region of chromosomal DNA known as thecagpathogenicity island (PAI). The risk for development of gastric cancer or peptic ulcer disease is higher among humans infected withcagPAI-positiveH. pyloristrains than among those infected withcagPAI-negative strains. ThecagPAI encodes a type IV secretion system that translocates CagA into gastric epithelial cells. To identify Cag proteins that are expressed byH. pyloriduring growth in vitro, we compared the proteomes of a wild-typeH. pyloristrain and an isogeniccagPAI deletion mutant using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) in multiple pH ranges. Seven Cag proteins were identified by this approach. We then used a yeast two-hybrid system to detect potential protein-protein interactions among 14 Cag proteins. One heterotypic interaction (CagY/7 with CagX/8) and two homotypic interactions (involvingH. pyloriVirB11/ATPase and Cag5) were similar to interactions previously reported to occur among homologous components of theAgrobacterium tumefacienstype IV secretion system. Other interactions involved Cag proteins that do not have known homologues in other bacterial species. Biochemical analysis confirmed selected interactions involving five of the proteins that were identified by 2D-DIGE. Protein-protein interactions among Cag proteins are likely to have an important role in the assembly of theH. pyloritype IV secretion apparatus.
The Crystal Structure of Beryllofluoride Spo0F in Complex with the Phosphotransferase Spo0B Represents a Phosphotransfer Pretransition State
Authors: Varughese Kottayil I. , Tsigelny Igor , Zhao Haiyan
Published: June 2006

A number of regulatory circuits in biological systems function through the exchange of phosphoryl groups from one protein to another. Spo0F and Spo0B are components of a phosphorelay that control sporulation in the bacterium
Bacillus subtilis
through the exchange of a phosphoryl group. Using beryllofluoride as a mimic for phosphorylation, we trapped the interaction of the phosphorylated Spo0F with Spo0B in the crystal lattice. The transition state of phosphoryl transfer continues to be a highly debated issue, as to whether it is associative or dissociative in nature. The geometry of Spo0F binding to Spo0B favors an associative mechanism for phosphoryl transfer. In order to visualize the autophosphorylation of the histidine kinase, KinA, and the subsequent phosphoryl transfer to Spo0F, we generated in silico models representing these reaction steps.
YtsJ Has the Major Physiological Role of the Four Paralogous Malic Enzyme Isoforms in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Lerondel Guillaume , Doan Thierry , Zamboni Nicola , Sauer Uwe , Aymerich Stéphane
Published: June 2006

The
Bacillus subtilis
genome contains several sets of paralogs. An extreme case is the four putative malic enzyme genes
maeA
,
malS
,
ytsJ
, and
mleA. maeA
was demonstrated to encode malic enzyme activity, to be inducible by malate, but also to be dispensable for growth on malate. We report systematic experiments to test whether these four genes ensure backup or cover different functions. Analysis of single- and multiple-mutant strains demonstrated that
ytsJ
has a major physiological role in malate utilization for which none of the other three genes could compensate. In contrast,
maeA
,
malS
, and
mleA
had distinct roles in malate utilization for which they could compensate one another. The four proteins exhibited malic enzyme activity; MalS, MleA, and MaeA exhibited 4- to 90-fold higher activities with NAD
+
than with NADP
+
. YtsJ activity, in contrast, was 70-fold higher with NADP
+
than with NAD
+
, with

K
m

values of 0.055 and 2.8 mM, respectively.
lacZ
fusions revealed strong transcription of
ytsJ
, twofold higher in malate than in glucose medium, but weak transcription of
malS
and
mleA
. In contrast,
mleA
was strongly transcribed in complex medium. Metabolic flux analysis confirmed the major role of YtsJ in malate-to-pyruvate interconversion. While overexpression of the NADP-dependent
Escherichia coli
malic enzyme MaeB did not suppress the growth defect of a
ytsJ
mutant on malate, overexpression of the transhydrogenase UdhA from
E. coli
partially suppressed it. These results suggest an additional physiological role of YtsJ beyond that of malate-to-pyruvate conversion.
Analysis of theAnaplasma marginaleMajor Surface Protein 1 Complex Protein Composition by Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Macmillan Henriette , Brayton Kelly A. , Palmer Guy H. , McGuire Travis C. , Munske Gerhard , Siems William F. , Brown Wendy C.
Published: June 2006

The protective major surface protein 1 (MSP1) complex ofAnaplasma marginaleis a heteromer of MSP1a and MSP1b, encoded by a multigene family. Themsp1β sequences were highly conserved throughout infection. However, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified only a single MSP1b protein, MSP1b1, within the MSP1 complex.
Involvement ofBacillus subtilisClpE in CtsR Degradation and Protein Quality Control
Authors: Miethke Marcus , Hecker Michael , Gerth Ulf
Published: June 2006

The heat-inducible CtsR regulon ofBacillus subtiliscodes for three Clp proteins with chaperone or protease activity. While the importance of ClpC and ClpP has been elucidated for a wide range of cellular adaptation processes, this study deals with the physiological role ofB. subtilisClpE. Northern experiments and reporter gene analyses revealed that ClpE is essential both for efficient CtsR-dependent gene derepression and for rerepression during heat stress. ClpEP was found to destabilize the global regulator CtsR after heat shock in vivo with different kinetics than ClpCP, which is known to degrade CtsR in vitro and in vivo upon heat stress. Furthermore, ClpE was localized at heat-generated inclusion bodies by electron microscopy. The comparison of radiolabeled aggregated protein fractions of wild-type andclpEmutant cells during heat stress displayed a significant delay of protein disaggregation in the absence of ClpE. A kinetic Western blotting approach confirmed the long-term residence of ClpE in the insoluble cell fraction rather than in the cytoplasmic fraction. These observations indicate the involvement of ClpE in global protein disaggregation. As a characteristic structural element of ClpE, the N-terminal zinc finger domain was proven to be essential for basal in vitro ATPase activity.
Erwinia carotovoraSubspecies Produce Duplicate Variants of ExpR, LuxR Homologs That ActivatersmATranscription but Differ in Their Interactions withN-Acylhomoserine Lactone Signals
Authors: Cui Yaya , Chatterjee Asita , Hasegawa Hiroaki , Chatterjee Arun K.
Published: June 2006

TheN-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) signaling system comprises a producing system that includes acylhomoserine synthase (AhlI, a LuxI homolog) and a receptor, generally a LuxR homolog. AHL controls exoprotein production inErwinia carotovoraand consequently the virulence for plants. In previous studies we showed that ExpR, a LuxR homolog, is an AHL receptor and that it activates transcription ofrsmA, the gene encoding an RNA binding protein which is a global negative regulator of exoproteins and secondary metabolites. An unusual finding was that the transcriptional activity of ExpR was neutralized by AHL. We subsequently determined that the genomes of most strains ofE. carotovorasubspecies tested possess two copies of theexpRgene:expR1, which was previously studied, andexpR2, which was the focus of this study. Comparative analysis of the two ExpR variants ofE. carotovorasubsp.carotovorashowed that while both variants activatedrsmAtranscription, there were significant differences in the patterns of their AHL interactions, thersmAsequences to which they bound, and their relative efficiencies of activation ofrsmAtranscription. An ExpR2−mutant produced high levels of exoproteins and reduced levels of RsmA in the absence of AHL. This contrasts with the almost complete inhibition of exoprotein production and the high levels of RsmA production in an AhlI−mutant that was ExpR1−. Our results suggest that ExpR2 activity is responsible for regulating exoprotein production primarily by modulating the levels of an RNA binding protein.
The Ribulose Monophosphate Pathway Substitutes for the Missing Pentose Phosphate Pathway in the Archaeon
Thermococcus kodakaraensis
Authors: Orita Izumi , Sato Takaaki , Yurimoto Hiroya , Kato Nobuo , Atomi Haruyuki , Imanaka Tadayuki , Sakai Yasuyoshi
Published: June 2006

The ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, involving 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), is now recognized as a widespread prokaryotic pathway for formaldehyde fixation and detoxification. Interestingly, HPS and PHI homologs are also found in a variety of archaeal strains, and recent biochemical and genome analyses have raised the possibility that the reverse reaction of formaldehyde fixation, i.e., ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) synthesis from fructose 6-phosphate, may function in the biosynthesis of Ru5P in some archaeal strains whose pentose phosphate pathways are imperfect. In this study, we have taken a genetic approach to address this possibility by using the hyperthermophilic archaeon
Thermococcus kodakaraensis
KOD1. This strain possesses a single open reading frame (TK0475) encoding an HPS- and PHI-fused protein. The recombinant HPS-PHI-fused enzyme exhibited the expected HPS and PHI activities in both directions (formaldehyde fixing and Ru5P synthesizing). The TK0475 deletion mutant Δ
hps-phi
-7A did not exhibit any growth in minimal medium, while growth of the mutant strain could be recovered by the addition of nucleosides to the medium. This auxotrophic phenotype together with the catalytic properties of the HPS-PHI-fused enzyme reveal that HPS and PHI are essential for the biosynthesis of Ru5P, the precursor of nucleotides, showing that the RuMP pathway is the only relevant pathway for Ru5P biosynthesis substituting for the classical pentose phosphate pathway missing in this archaeon.
Can novice drivers be trained to scan for information that will reduce their likelihood of a crash?
Authors: Fisher D L , Pollatsek A P , Pradhan A
Published: June 2006

Sixteen year old drivers are involved in 10.3 fatal crashes per 100 million vehicle miles, a rate almost double that of 18 year olds and almost eight times that of 45–64 year olds, who are the safest group of drivers. Crash rates are particularly higher during the first month of licensure and decline rapidly for about six months and 1000 miles and then much more slowly for at least two years, consistent with a typical learning curve. Research indicates that drivers who have their learner’s permit or are just newly licensed have particular difficulties identifying areas of a scenario from which hidden risks could emerge. Standard driver education programs do not appear to address these difficulties adequately. This suggests that some alternative form of driver training could reduce the crashes, either in the classroom or on the road. A PC based program designed to teach drivers to recognize risks early on is shown to improve their awareness of hazards, both on an advanced driving simulator and on the road.
Legislative advocacy is key to addressing teen driving deaths
Authors: Gillan J S
Published: June 2006

The increased crash risk of young, novice drivers, especially in their teenage years, has been a growing concern at both the state and federal levels. Teenage drivers are involved in fatal crashes at more than double the rate of the rest of the population per 100 000 licensed drivers. The best way of stemming these losses is to enact laws adopting graduated licensure systems that restrict young, novice drivers to conditions that reduce crash risk exposure when they first operate motor vehicles and to educate the public on the need for this legislation. Legislated teenage driving restrictions involve night-time vehicle driving restrictions, prohibitions on other teenage passengers, and the required presence of supervising adults. These restrictions are relaxed as teenage drivers successfully progress through initial and intermediate stages of graduated licensure before being granted unrestricted driver licenses. Unfortunately, many states have incomplete graduated licensing systems that need further legislative action to raise them to the desirable three-stage system that has been shown repeatedly to produce the greatest safety benefits. These state efforts should be buttressed by federal legislation that has proved to be crucial in allied driver behavioral concerns. Because reducing crash risk involves other strategies, stringent enforcement of primary seat belt laws as well as improved motor vehicle crash avoidance capabilities and crashworthiness must accompany efforts to reduce young driver crash risk.
Serine proteases and metalloproteases associated with pathogenesis but not host specificity in the Entomophthoralean fungus Zoophthora radicans
Authors: Xu J , Baldwin D , Kindrachuk C , Hegedus D D
Published: June 2006

The protease activity of a Zoophthora radicans strain that was highly infective toward Pieris brassicae (cabbage butterfly) larvae was compared with that of isogenic strains that were adapted to Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) larvae through serial passage. All strains produced three distinct serine proteases ranging in size from 25 to 37 kDa; however, the original strain from P. brassicae also produced large amounts of an approximately 46 kDa metalloprotease. Subsequently, a cDNA encoding a 43 kDa (mature enzyme) zinc-dependent metalloprotease, ZrMEP1, was isolated from the original fungal strain and most likely corresponds to the 46 kDa protease observed with in-gel assays. ZrMEP1 possessed characteristics of both the fungalysin and thermolysin metalloprotease families found in some pulmonary and dermal pathogens. This is the first report of this type of metalloprotease from an entomo pathogenic fungus. A cDNA encoding a trypsin-like serine protease, ZrSP1, was also identified and was most similar to a serine protease from the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. In artificial media, ZrMEP1 and ZrSP1 were found to be differentially responsive to gelatin and catabolite repression in the fungal strains adapted to P. brassicae and P. xylostella, but their expression patterns within infected larvae were the same. It appears that while these proteases likely play a role in the infection process, they may not be major host specificity determinants.Key words: Zoophthora radicans, metalloprotease, serine protease, pathogenesis, entomopathogen, host specificity.
Reidentification of cellulolytic enzyme-producing Trichoderma strains W-10 and G-39
Authors: Lee Ching-Fu , Liu Daniel Yuen Teh , Lai Ming Tsong , Hseu Tzong-Hsiung
Published: June 2006

Strain W-10, originally identified as Trichoderma koningii, and its supposed mutant G-39, published for production and gene expression of cellulase and xylanase, demonstrated morphological characteristics distinct from those of T. koningii, respectively. To clarify the identification derived from morphological characteristics, several methods were used, including electrophoretic karyotyping, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis of rDNA, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting using the universal primer L45. All the molecular characteristics showed that strains G-39 and W-10 were identical to T. reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively. The results strongly supported that T. koningii G-39 and W-10 should be reassigned as T. reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively. Strain G-39 should be considered a mutant from T. reesei QM9414 whose spores were contaminated with those of strain W-10 during a laboratory operation. According to this, we declare that T. koningii G-39 and W-10 must be renamed as T. reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively.Key words: PCR fingerprinting, electrophoretic karyotypes, ITS, Trichoderma.
Chemical characterization and quantification of siderophores produced by marine and terrestrial aspergilli
Authors: Vala Anjana K , Dave B P , Dube H C
Published: June 2006

Ten aspergilli (five each from marine and terrestrial habitats) were screened for siderophore production. All test isolates produced siderophores as indicated by a positive reaction in the FeCl3test, chrome azurol sulphonate assay, and chrome azurol sulphonate agar plate test. Further, the test isolates were compared for their siderophore production potential and chemical characteristics. Examination of the chemical nature of the siderophores revealed that all test isolates produced hydroxamate siderophores that were trihydroxamate hexadentates. Wide-spread occurrence of siderophores in marine isolates indicate their functional role in maintaining overall productivity of coastal waters. Among all test aspergilli, marine Aspergillus versicolor was found to be the largest siderophore producer (182.5 µg/mL desferrioxamine mesylate equivalent), least siderophore production was recorded in a marine strain of Aspergillus niger (3.5 µg/mL desferrioxamine mesylate equivalent).Key words: catecholates, carboxylates, hexadentates, hydroxamates, siderophores.
EVOLUTION OF LIOUVILLE DENSITY IN BILLIARDS: THE QUANTUM CONNECTION
Authors: BISWAS DEBABRATA
Published: June 2006

The study of classical Liouville density arises naturally in chaotic systems where a probabilistic treatment is more appropriate. In this review, we show that the evolution of a density projected onto the configuration space has a quantum connection in billiard systems. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the concerned evolution operator have an approximate one-to-one correspondence with the quantum Neumann eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. For exceptional billiard shapes such as the rectangle, this correspondence is even exact. Despite the approximate nature of the correspondence, we demonstrate that the exact quantum Neumann eigenstates can be used to expand and evolve an arbitrary classical projected-density. For the rectangular and stadium billiards, results are compared with the actual evolution of the density using classical trajectories and are found to be satisfactory.
A finite‐dimensional integrable system associated with a polynomial eigenvalue problem
Authors: Xu Taixi , Mu Weihua , Qiao Zhijun
Published: June 2006

M. Antonowicz and A. P. Fordy (1988) introduced the second‐order polynomial eigenvalue problem (∂ = ∂/∂x, α = constant) and discussed its multi‐Hamiltonian structures. For n = 1 and n = 2, the associated finite‐dimensional integrable Hamiltonian systems (FDIHS) have been discussed by Xu and Mu (1990) using the nonlinearization method and Bargmann constraints. In this paper, we consider the general case, that is, n is arbitrary, provide the constrained Hamiltonian systems associated with the above‐mentioned second‐order polynomial ergenvalue problem, and prove them to be completely integrable.
The compactificability classes: Thebehavior at infinity
Authors: Kovár Martin Maria
Published: June 2006

We study the behavior of certain spaces and their
compactificability classes at infinity. Among other results we
show that every noncompact, locally compact, second countable
Hausdorff space X such that each neighborhood of infinity (in
the Alexandroff compactification) is uncountable, has (X) = (ℝ). We also prove some criteria for
(non‐) comparability of the studied classes of mutual
compactificability.
Mixed Jacobi‐like forms of several variables
Authors: Lee Min Ho
Published: June 2006

We study mixed Jacobi‐like forms of several variables associated
to equivariant maps of the Poincaré upper half‐plane in
connection with usual Jacobi‐like forms, Hilbert modular forms,
and mixed automorphic forms. We also construct a lifting of a
mixed automorphic form to such a mixed Jacobi‐like form.
Error estimates of a difference approximationmethod for a backward heat conduction problem
Authors: Xiong Xiang-Tuan , Fu Chu-Li , Qian Zhi , Gao Xiang
Published: June 2006

We introduce a central difference method for a backward
heat conduction problem (BHCP).
Error estimates for this method are provided together
with a selection rule for the regularization parameter
(the space step length). A numerical experiment is
presented in order to illustrate the role of the
regularization parameter.
Generalized lifting modules
Authors: Wang Yongduo , Ding Nanqing
Published: June 2006

We introduce the concepts of lifting modules and (quasi‐)discrete
modules relative to a given left module. We also introduce the
notion of SSRS‐modules. It is shown that (1) if M
is
an amply supplemented module and 0 → N′ → N → N″ → 0
an exact sequence, then M is
N‐lifting if and only if it is N′‐lifting and N″‐lifting;
(2) if M is a Noetherian module, then M is lifting if and only
if M is R‐lifting if and only if M is an amply supplemented
SSRS‐module; and (3) let M be an amply supplemented SSRS‐module
such that Rad(M) is finitely generated, then M = K ⊕ K′,
where K
is a radical module and K′
is a lifting module.
On the mean value property of superharmonic andsubharmonic functions
Authors: Dalmasso Robert
Published: June 2006

We prove a converse of the mean value property for superharmonic
and subharmonic functions. The case of harmonic functions was
treated by Epstein and Schiffer.
Propagation and cancellation of singularities in a class of Fuchsian operators and their perturbations
Authors: Nagaraj B. R. , Jain Rahul
Published: June 2006

We obtain some new necessary conditions for wavefront propagation in the noninvolutive Fuchsian operator class t∂2/∂t2 + λ(x, Dx)∂/∂t + β(x, Dx). The point of view here is to show that cancellation of propagation of a new singularity in some semilinear systems can be arranged by means of Fuchsian perturbation admitting exact (left and right) microlocal parametrices.
A new hierarchy of integrable system of 1 + 2dimensions: from Newton′s law to generalized Hamiltoniansystem. Part II
Authors: Huang Xuncheng , Tu Guizhang
Published: June 2006

The Hamiltonian equation provides us an alternate description of
the basic physical laws of motion, which is used to be described
by Newton′s law. The research on Hamiltonian integrable systems is
one of the most important topics in the theory of solitons. This
article proposes a new hierarchy of integrable systems of 1 + 2

dimensions with its Hamiltonian form by following the residue
approach of Fokas and Tu. The new hierarchy of integrable system
is of fundamental interest in studying the Hamiltonian systems.
A characterization of open mapping in terms of convergent sequences
Authors: Schochetman Irwin E.
Published: June 2006

It is certainly well known that a mapping between metric spaces is
continuous if and only if it preserves convergent sequences. Does
there exist a comparable characterization for the mapping to be
open? Of course, the inverse mapping is set‐valued, in general. In
this research/expository note, we show that a mapping is open if
and only if the set‐valued inverse mapping preserves convergent
sequences in an appropriate set‐theoretic sense.
Explicit isomorphisms of real Clifford algebras
Authors: Değırmencı N. , Karapazar Ş.
Published: June 2006

It is well known that the Clifford algebra Clp,q associated
to a nondegenerate quadratic form on ℝn (n = p + q) is isomorphic to a matrix algebra K(m) or direct sum K(m) ⊕ K(m) of matrix algebras, where K = ℝ, ℂ, ℍ. On the other hand, there are
no explicit expressions for these isomorphisms in literature. In
this work, we give a method for the explicit construction of these
isomorphisms.
Summation identities for representation of certain real numbers
Authors: Grossman George , Tefera Akalu , Zeleke Aklilu
Published: June 2006

We present identities used to represent real numbers of the formxum±yvnfor appropriately chosen real numbersx,y,u,vand nonnegative integersmandn. We present the proofs of the identities by applying Zeilberger′s algorithm.
Collapsing along monotone poset maps
Authors: Kozlov Dmitry N.
Published: June 2006

We introduce the notion of nonevasive reduction and show that for any monotone poset map ϕ : P → P, the simplicial complex Δ(P) NE‐reduces to Δ(Q), for any Q⊇Fixϕ.

As a corollary, we prove that for any order‐preserving map ϕ : P → P satisfying ϕ(x) ≥ x, for any
x ∈ P, the simplicial complex Δ(P) collapses to Δ(ϕ(P)). We also obtain a generalization of Crapo′s closure theorem.
Continuity of the maps f ↦ ∪x∈Iω(x, f) and f ↦ {ω(x, f) : x ∈ I}
Authors: Steele T. H.
Published: June 2006

We study the behavior of two maps in an effort to better
understand the stability of ω‐limit sets ω(x, f) as we perturb either x or f, or both. The first map is the
set‐valued function Λ taking f in C(I, I) to its collection of ω‐limit points Λ(f) = ∪x∈Iω(x, f), and the second is the map Ω taking f in C(I, I) to its collection of ω‐limit sets Ω(f) = {ω(x, f) : x ∈ I}. We characterize those functions f
in C(I, I) at which each of our maps Λ and Ω is continuous, and then go on to show that both Λ and Ω are continuous on a residual subset of C(I, I). We then
investigate the relationship between the continuity of Λ and Ω at some function f in C(I, I) with the chaotic
nature of that function.
Strong implicative hyper K‐ideals
Authors: Jun Young Bae , Kim Kyung Ho , Roh Eun Hwan
Published: June 2006

A condition for a strong hyper K‐ideal to be a strong
implicative hyper K‐ideal is given. Homomorphic images and
inverse images of strong implicative hyper K‐ideals are
considered.
Reduced p.p.‐rings without identity
Authors: Guo Xiaojiang , Shum K. P.
Published: June 2006

We give some necessary and sufficient conditions for p.p.‐rings
without identity to be reduced. Our results strengthen and extend
the results of Fraser and Nicholson as well as some recent results
we obtained on reduced p.p.‐rings with identity.
Long-Term and Short-Term Changes in Antihypertensive Prescribing by Office-Based Physicians in the United States
Authors: Stafford Randall S. , Monti Veronica , Furberg Curt D. , Ma Jun
Published: June 2006

Medication choices for the treatment of elevated blood pressure have a large potential impact on both patient outcomes and health care costs. Historic trends of prescribing for hypertension will advance the understanding of physician practice of evidence-based medicine. This study describes both long- and short-term trends in US antihypertensive prescribing from 1990 through 2004. Data were extracted from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index, a continuing survey of a national sample of US office-based physicians. Cox and Stuart and
z
tests were performed. Diuretics ranked among the top 3 antihypertensive drug classes throughout the entire study time span. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) were preferred over diuretics beginning in 1993, with diuretics surpassing CCBs in 2000. β-Blockers were consistently the fourth most common class until 2002, when exceeded by angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs). Most recent trends indicated an immediate but short-lived increase in the prescription of thiazide diuretics after the new clinical evidence released in December 2002 demonstrating clinical equivalence of thiazides to ACE inhibitors and CCBs. In contrast, prescription of ACE inhibitors declined, accompanied by continuation of a pre-existing increase in the prescription of ARBs, whereas prescription of CCBs remained essentially stable after the new evidence was released. The recorded long- and short-term trends indicate that evidence-based clinical recommendations had an impact on antihypertensive prescribing practices, but the magnitude of impact may be smaller and of more limited duration than desired.
Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Muscle in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
Authors: Ledermann Hans -Peter , Schulte Anja-Carina , Heidecker Hanns-Georg , Aschwanden Markus , Jäger Kurt A. , Scheffler Klaus , Steinbrich Wolfgang , Bilecen Deniz
Published: June 2006

Background—

Blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to measure T2* changes in skeletal muscle tissue of healthy volunteers. The BOLD effect is assumed to primarily reflect changes in blood oxygenation at the tissue level. We compared the calf muscle BOLD response of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) to that of an age-matched non-PAOD group during postischemic reactive hyperemia.

Methods and Results—

PAOD patients (n=17) with symptoms of intermittent calf claudication and an age-matched non-PAOD group (n=11) underwent T2*-weighted single-shot multiecho planar imaging on a whole-body magnetic resonance scanner at 1.5 T. Muscle BOLD MRI of the calf was performed during reactive hyperemia provoked by a cuff-compression paradigm. T2* maps were generated with an automated fitting procedure. Maximal T2* change (ΔT2*
max
) and time to peak to reach ΔT2*
max
for gastrocnemius, soleus, tibial anterior, and peroneal muscle were evaluated. Compared with the non-PAOD group, patients revealed significantly lower ΔT2*
max
-values, with a mean of 7.3±5.3% versus 13.1±5.6% (
P
<0.001), and significantly delayed time-to-peak values, with a mean of 109.3±79.3 versus 32.2±13.3 seconds (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

T2* time courses of the muscle BOLD MRI signal during postocclusive reactive hyperemia revealed statistically significant differences in the key parameters (ΔT2*
max
; time to peak) in PAOD patients compared with age-matched non-PAOD controls.
Upsurge in T-Wave Alternans and Nonalternating Repolarization Instability Precedes Spontaneous Initiation of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Humans
Authors: Shusterman Vladimir , Goldberg Anna , London Barry
Published: June 2006

Background—

Analysis of repolarization instability, manifested by T-wave alternans (TWA), has proved useful for arrhythmia risk assessment. However, temporal relations between TWA and the spontaneous initiation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) in humans are unknown. We examined continuous dynamics of repolarization in Holter electrocardiograms with spontaneous sustained (>30 seconds) VTA.

Methods and Results—

Ambulatory electrocardiograms from 42 patients (79% with ischemic heart disease; left ventricular ejection fraction, 37±15%) were digitized, and the lead with the highest magnitude of the T wave was selected for analysis. TWA was examined by the modified moving average and intrabeat average analyses. To examine non-TWA (longer-period) oscillations in the repolarization segment, spectral energy of oscillations of consecutive T-wave amplitudes was calculated with the use of the short-time Fourier transform. Heart rate variability was assessed with the Fourier transform as well. TWA increased before the onset of VTA and reached a peak value of 23.6±11.7 μV 10 minutes before the event (
P
=0.0007). Spectral power of the oscillations of consecutive T-wave amplitudes increased nonuniformly, with the greatest increase in the respiratory range (2.6 μV
2
;
P
=0.005). In the TWA range, the change was smaller but highly pronounced relative to the 60- to 120-minute level (65%;
P
=0.003). The low-frequency and high-frequency heart rate variability power declined before the arrhythmia (
P
=0.04 and
P
=0.06, respectively).

Conclusions—

The magnitude of repolarization instability, manifested by TWA and beat-to-beat oscillations of T-wave amplitudes at other frequencies, increased before the onset of VTA. Tracking of these dynamics can facilitate timely detection of high-risk periods and may be useful for initiation of preventive treatments.
Cold War, chilly climate: Exploring the roots of gendered discourse in organization and management theory
Authors: Runté Mary , Mills Albert J.
Published: June 2006

Prior to the mid-1970s, gender was virtually absent from theories of management and organization (OMT), particularly within the North American context. In recent years, four strands of research have brought gender into management theory - gender and organizations, women in management, work-family conflict, and diversity management - but largely in ways that reinforce the masculinist project. With the exception of the more critical gender and organizations approach, gender continues to be discussed in OMT in ways that privilege masculinity and problematize femininity. This is particularly true of the work-family conflict literature and, to a lesser extent, the women in management literature. In this article, we are interested in the root of the gendered discourse within OMT. Through a feminist hermeneutic excavation of the development of modern OMT in post-war USA, we conclude that the continued masculinist project owes much to Cold War discourses of family and work
Cold War political culture and the return of systems rationality
Authors: Landau Ori
Published: June 2006

This study places systems rationalism - the most important phase in managerial systems discourse’s dissemination - within the context of Cold War’s incipience in the United States. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are offered based on primary data collected systematically from the Harvard Business Review and Advanced Management, supplemented by additional macro-data and secondary historiographic sources. The study’s findings indicate that systems rationalism was shaped by a formative event, short but intensive, combining two processes: the eruption of the Cold War political culture and concurrent managerial struggles over hegemony. Managerial discourse appropriated Cold War ideological concepts and national myths and translated them into rational-instrumental terms. The resultant discursive formation hybridizing particularistic-ethnocentrism and universal-rationalism became the birthplace of systems rationalism. Systems rationalism’s possible contributions to the enhancement of managerial power are discussed, as well as implications for the understanding of present managerial discourse