bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rare Variant
APOC3
R19X Is Associated With Cardio-Protective Profiles in a Diverse Population-Based Survey as Part of the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment Study
Authors: Crawford Dana C. , Dumitrescu Logan , Goodloe Robert , Brown-Gentry Kristin , Boston Jonathan , McClellan Bob , Sutcliffe Cara , Wiseman Rachel , Baker Paxton , Pericak-Vance Margaret A. , Scott William K. , Allen Melissa , Mayo Ping , Schnetz-Boutaud Nathalie , Dilks Holli H. , Haines Jonathan L. , Pollin Toni I.
Published: November 2014

Background—

A founder mutation was recently discovered and described as conferring favorable lipid profiles and reduced subclinical atherosclerotic disease in a Pennsylvania Amish population. Preliminary data have suggested that this null mutation
APOC3
R19X (rs76353203) is rare in the general population.

Methods and Results—

To better describe the frequency and lipid profile in the general population, we as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology I Study and the Epidemiological Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment Study genotyped rs76353203 in 1113 Amish participants from Ohio and Indiana and 19 613 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES III, 1999 to 2002, and 2007 to 2008). We found no carriers among the Ohio and Indiana Amish. Of the 19 613 NHANES participants, we identified 31 participants carrying the 19X allele, for an overall allele frequency of 0.08%. Among fasting adults, the 19X allele was associated with lower triglycerides (n=7603; β=−71.20;
P
=0.007) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (n=8891; β=15.65;
P
=0.0002) and, although not significant, lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (n=6502; β= -4.85;
P
=0.68) after adjustment for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. On average, 19X allele participants had approximately half the triglyceride levels (geometric means, 51.3 to 69.7 versus 134.6 to 141.3 mg/dL), >20% higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (geometric means, 56.8 to 74.4 versus 50.38 to 53.36 mg/dL), and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (geometric means, 104.5 to 128.6 versus 116.1 to 125.7 mg/dL) compared with noncarrier participants.

Conclusions—

These data demonstrate that
APOC3
19X exists in the general US population in multiple racial/ethnic groups and is associated with cardio-protective lipid profiles.
Capturing the Body Live: A Framework for Technological Recognition and Extension of Physical Expression in Performance
Authors: Jessop Elena
Published: October 2014

Performing artists have frequently used technology to sense and extend the body’s natural expressivity through live control of multimedia. However, the sophistication, emotional content and variety of expression possible through the original physical channels are often not captured by these technologies and thus cannot be transferred from body to digital media. In this article the author brings together research from expressive performance analysis, machine learning and technological performance extension techniques to define a new framework for recognition and extension of expressive physical performance.
Regulating Genetic Information—Exploring the Options in Legal Theory
Authors: de Paor Aisling
Published: October 2014

Ground-breaking genetic discoveries and technological advances have introduced a new world of genetic exploration, and technological advances have facilitated the discovery of the genetic basis of a myriad of diseases. Genetic testing promises to potentially revolutionise health care and offer the potential of personalised medicine. Genetic technology may also offer the means to detect potential future disabilities. In light of rapid advances in genetic science and technology, questions arise as to whether an appropriate framework exists to protect the interests of individuals, prevent the misuse of genetic information by interested third parties, and also to encourage further advances in genetic science. In consideration of rapidly advancing genetic technologies and the ethical and legal concerns that arise, this article examines the regulation of genetic information, primarily from a theoretical perspective. It explores the preferable mode of regulation and choice of regulatory frameworks in legal theory, including non-discrimination, privacy and property.
Let Me Flee for Help . . . Israel as “I” and the Teqi‘ot of Yose ben Yose
Authors: Novick Tzvi
Published: November 2014

The representation of Israel in the first-person singular (as an “I”) occurs sporadically in early liturgical poetry. This article examines the unusually complex use of this technique in the teqi‘ot liturgy of Yose b. Yose. Close analysis of Yose’s teqi‘ot situates his use of the collective first-person singular at the nexus of an array of performative elements, i.e., elements that construct the poems as performances, situated in space and time, and vis-à-vis an audience. The article contextualizes Yose’s achievement against the backdrop of the teqi‘ot of Yose’s predecessors and contemporaries, and those of his great successor, Qillir.
Taste and Olfaction in Middle Ear Surgery
Authors: Ciofalo Andrea , Zambetti Giampietro , Romeo Martina , Vestri Anna Rita , Iannella Giannicola , Re Massimo , Magliulo Giuseppe
Published: October 2014

Objective:

The aim of this study was to assess pre- and postoperative taste ability in patients undergoing middle ear surgery for otosclerosis or chronic otitis media. Olfactory function was also evaluated to rule out taste deficits due to concomitant nasal pathology.

Methods:

All patients underwent ear, nose, and throat examination, otomicroscopy, nasal endoscopy, anterior rhinomanometry, taste testing, and olfactory testing. Patients were evaluated at 1 to 5 days preoperatively (T0), and at 1 (T1), 6 (T6), and 12 (T12) months postoperatively.

Results:

Both groups of patients experienced worsening of the mean taste threshold postoperatively. This phenomenon was more serious in poststapedotomy patients. Follow-up showed progressive improvement in both groups. All values of olfactory testing were within the normal range for otosclerosis patients. Patients with chronic otitis media showed variable postoperative findings.

Conclusion:

Chorda tympani function can be negatively affected by middle ear surgery. Deficits may be more marked in stapedotomy patients than in those undergoing tympanoplasty. Postoperative recovery of taste is satisfactory, although with different timelines for the 2 types of pathology.
Efficacy and Safety of Semicircular Canal Occlusion for Intractable Horizontal Semicircular Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Authors: Zhu Qiubei , Liu Chang , Lin Cheng , Chen Xian , Liu Tao , Lin Shunzhang , Fan Jingping
Published: October 2014

Background:

Some studies have suggested that semicircular canal occlusion is effective and safe for treating intractable posterior semicircular benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PSC-BPPV), and adverse effects of canal occlusions for intractable horizontal semicircular BPPV (HSC-BPPV) were rarely reported. The aim of this study was to retrospectively discuss the efficacy of semicircular canal occlusion for intractable HSC-BPPV with at least 2 years of follow-up.

Methods:

From 2000 to 2011, 3 female patients (average age = 60 ± 6.9 years), with a diagnosis of HSC-BPPV refractory to head-shake and barbecue roll maneuver, underwent semicircular canal occlusion treatment in our hospital. The supine roll test was performed to diagnose HSC-BPPV and evaluate the treatment efficacy.

Results:

All patients with intractable HSC-BPPV had complete resolution of their positional vertigo after semicircular canal occlusion with a negative supine roll test. All patients reported transient postoperative disequilibrium, nausea, and vomiting, which resolved within 2 weeks. In addition, 1 patient (33.3%) had transient tinnitus, which resolved after 4 months. There were no other significant long-term complications.

Conclusion:

Semicircular canal occlusion appears to be a safe and well-tolerated treatment modality for intractable HSC-BPPV. However, further studies with large sample sizes are needed to confirm our conclusion.
Betahistine Exacerbates Amikacin Ototoxicity
Authors: Aksoy Fadlullah , Dogan Remzi , Ozturan Orhan , Yildirim Yavuz Selim , Veyseller Bayram , Yenigun Alper , Ozturk Burak
Published: October 2014

Objective:

Betahistine augments cochlear blood flow and is currently used as an efficient therapeutic agent. Amikacin is used in a wide range of areas, but its ototoxic effect continues to be problematic. This study investigates the effect of betahistine on amikacin-induced ototoxicity.

Methods:

Thirty-two healthy rats were randomized to 4 groups of 8 rats in each group (amikacin, amikacin + betahistine, betahistine, and no treatment). Amikacin was administered intramuscularly to groups 1 and 2 for 14 days. Betahistine was delivered by oral gavage to groups 2 and 3 for 21 days. Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests were conducted on all rats.

Results:

There were significant decreases in the DPOAE levels and significant increases in the ABR thresholds of the amikacin and amikacin + betahistine groups on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days, as compared to their basal values. The DPOAE levels of the amikacin + betahistine group significantly decreased on days 7, 14, and 21, and the ABR thresholds significantly increased on the same days, as compared to the amikacin group.

Conclusion:

Our study implies that amikacin’s ototoxic effects are augmented by the concurrent use of betahistine. Experimental and clinical research, supported by histopathological studies, is needed to affirm our findings.
The Ability of the 10-Item Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) to Predict Aspiration Risk in Persons With Dysphagia
Authors: Cheney Diane M. , Siddiqui M. Tausif , Litts Juliana K. , Kuhn Maggie A. , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: October 2014

Background:

Dysphagia is common and costly. The ability of patient symptoms to predict objective swallowing dysfunction is uncertain.

Purpose:

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) to screen for aspiration risk in patients with dysphagia.

Methods:

Data from individuals with dysphagia undergoing a videofluoroscopic swallow study between January 2012 and July 2013 were abstracted from a clinical database. Data included the EAT-10, Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS), total pharyngeal transit (TPT) time, and underlying diagnoses. Bivariate linear correlation analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated.

Results:

The mean age of the entire cohort (N = 360) was 64.40 (± 14.75) years. Forty-six percent were female. The mean EAT-10 was 16.08 (± 10.25) for nonaspirators and 23.16 (± 10.88) for aspirators ( P < .0001). There was a linear correlation between the total EAT-10 score and the PAS ( r = 0.273, P < .001). Sensitivity and specificity of an EAT-10 > 15 in predicting aspiration were 71% and 53%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Subjective dysphagia symptoms as documented with the EAT-10 can predict aspiration risk. A linear correlation exists between the EAT-10 and aspiration events (PAS) and aspiration risk (TPT time). Persons with an EAT-10 > 15 are 2.2 times more likely to aspirate (95% confidence interval, 1.3907-3.6245). The sensitivity of an EAT-10 > 15 is 71%.
Influence of fibre misalignment and voids on composite laminate strength
Authors: Fedulov BN , Antonov FK , Safonov AA , Ushakov AE , Lomov SV
Published: October 2014

This article studies the effects of manufacturing defects of laminate composite materials on the first ply failure load and ultimate strength of the laminate, which are calculated using finite element modelling with Zinoviev’s damage model. The following types of defects are considered for cross-ply and quasi-isotropic layups: in-plane misalignement and out-of-plane waviness of fibres, misorientation of the layers and void content. The list of laminates studied in this article includes cross-ply and quasi-isotropic layups, loaded in tension and compression in 0°, 90°, 45° and 5° directions. The limits of the first ply failure load and strength degradation for a realistic range of the defect intensities are estimated.
Integral versus differential design for high-volume manufacturing of composite structures
Authors: Mårtensson Per , Zenkert Dan , Åkermo Malin
Published: October 2014

In order to decrease the weight of the automotive body structure and increase the energy efficiency of future cars, attention is now turning towards structural composites, mainly carbon fibre-reinforced plastics. Composites have several advantages such as their excellent weight-specific properties and the possibility to be manufactured in large integral designs for a reduced weight and potentially lower cost. However, carbon fibre composites are expensive and for a cost sensitive industry such as the automotive industry, the challenge lies in creating a favourable business case with a well-balanced trade-off between weight and cost. A method is proposed to visualise the cost and weight advantages of either pursuing an integral design or a differential design, i.e. dividing the structure into a greater number of parts that are later assembled. The method focuses on the impact on cost and weight and considers structures with different part sizes and geometrical complexities. It is shown that, depending on the manufacturing process and series volume, larger and more complex parts may become more cost effective when divided into several, later-joined sub-parts. However, for smaller and/or less complex shapes, an integral design solution is always the best choice.
LPS Induces Pulp Progenitor Cell Recruitment via Complement Activation
Authors: Chmilewsky F. , Jeanneau C. , Laurent P. , About I.
Published: October 2014

Complement system, a major component of the natural immunity, has been recently identified as an important mediator of the dentin-pulp regeneration process through STRO-1 pulp cell recruitment by the C5a active fragment. Moreover, it has been shown recently that under stimulation with lipoteichoic acid, a complex component of the Gram-positive bacteria cell wall, human pulp fibroblasts are able to synthesize all proteins required for complement activation. However, Gram-negative bacteria, which are also involved in tooth decay, are known as powerful activators of complement system and inflammation. Here, we investigated the role of Gram-negative bacteria-induced complement activation on the pulp progenitor cell recruitment using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of all Gram-negative bacteria. Our results show that incubating pulp fibroblasts with LPS induced membrane attack complex formation and C5a release in serum-free fibroblast cultures. The produced C5a binds to the pulp progenitor cells’ membrane and induces their migration toward the LPS stimulation chamber, as revealed by the dynamic transwell migration assays. The inhibition of this migration by the C5aR-specific antagonist W54011 indicates that the pulp progenitor migration is mediated by the interaction between C5a and C5aR. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a direct interaction between the recruitment of progenitor pulp cells and the activation of complement system generated by pulp fibroblast stimulation with LPS.
Coil optimization for low-field MRI: a dedicated process for small animal preclinical studies
Authors: Feuillet T , Seurin M-J , Leveneur O , Viguier E , Beuf O
Published: October 2014

We demonstrate a method for the fast in vivo quantification of small volumes, down to 25 µL, using low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils. The coils were designed so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the images. For this we developed an analytical model for describing the variations of the SNR with coil design and with size/shape suited to the object under observation. Based on the conclusions drawn from the model, the coil parameters were chosen in order to reach an SNR close to the maximum. For the validation of the model, coils were finally characterized in terms of quality factor using saline phantoms. The coil design procedure is illustrated here with two examples: first, the quantification of about 200 µL of intradermal injected gel on rabbits with a single loop surface coil and second, the imaging of the intervertebral disks in rat tails using a small volume coil to detect possible lesions. Such studies would not have been feasible for the clinical low-field MRI system at our disposal using any of the commercially available medium-sized manufactured coils. As a result of this simple optimization procedure, a wide range of applications is accessible even at low magnetic fields, leading to new opportunities for low-cost, though efficient, preclinical studies.
Rationalizing Delinquency
Authors: Rebellon Cesar J. , Manasse Michelle E. , Van Gundy Karen T. , Cohn Ellen S.
Published: October 2014

Multiple criminological theories predict that attitudes toward delinquency should affect an individual’s delinquent behavior. Criminological research, however, has not sufficiently incorporated social psychological theory predicting the reverse causal relationship, and tends to suffer from important methodological limitations. The present study addresses these issues using longitudinal data from the New Hampshire Youth Study (N = 626). After using latent variable models to demonstrate the discriminant validity of attitudinal and behavioral measures, it uses structural equation models to examine whether attitudes are stronger predictors of behavior or vice versa. Net of controls, results provide qualified support for a reciprocal relationship but suggest that behavior affects attitudes much more than attitudes affect behavior. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for future research and for interventions aimed at controlling delinquency.
Ubiquitous Aspirin: A Systematic Review of Its Impact on Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Kyle Meghann Elizabeth , Wang James C. , Shin Jennifer J.
Published: October 2014

Objective

This systematic review evaluates the impact of aspirin on audiometric outcomes with respect to: (1) doses exceeding 325 mg daily, (2) doses of 325 mg daily or less, (3) studies applicable to the general populace, and (4) studies applicable to those with inflammatory conditions. It also assesses the impact of aspirin on (a) self‐reported hearing loss, (b) noise‐induced audiometric changes, and (c) the adverse otological effects of aminoglycoside therapy.

Data Sources

Computerized searches of MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases were performed, updated through January 2014, and supplemented by manual searches and inquiries to topic experts.

Review Methods

A systematic review was performed according to an a priori protocol. Data extraction was performed by 2 independent parties and focused on relevant audiological measurements, potential confounders, and study design elements associated with risk of bias, including utilization of randomization, prospective/retrospective data collection, and incorporation of blinding.

Results

The 37 criterion‐meeting studies included a combined total of 185,155 participants. Aspirin ingestion ≥1.95 g/d was associated with worse audiometric results (4‐112 dB threshold shift); the effect was dose dependent and reversible in the short term. There were no audiometric data that confirm that long‐term doses of 81 mg or 325 mg daily have no hearing consequences. Paradoxically, aspirin (in doses shown to be detrimental in isolation) had a protective effect when co‐administered with intravenous gentamicin.

Conclusions

With the large‐scale population utilization of aspirin for cardiovascular prophylaxis, the potential risks to hearing health should be considered for future longitudinal study, particularly given that short‐term effects may be reversible.
Comparison of the Incidence of Postoperative Hypocalcemia following Total Thyroidectomy vs Completion Thyroidectomy
Authors: Merchavy Shlomo , Marom Tal , Forest Veronique‐Isabelle , Hier Michael , Mlynarek Alex , McHugh Tobial , Payne Richard
Published: October 2014

Objective

To study the rate of postoperative hypocalcemia following completion thyroidectomy (CT), in comparison with the hypocalcemia rate following total thyroidectomy (TT).

Study Design and Setting

A retrospective study, performed at the McGill University Thyroid Cancer Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from 2007 to 2012.

Subjects and Methods

Medical records of adult patients undergoing CT and TT operated by a single surgeon were reviewed. Data were extracted for demographics, postoperative calcium levels, surgical logs, and final surgical pathology. Hypocalcemia was defined as corrected serum calcium level ≤1.90 mmol/L, with concurrent serum parathyroid hormone <8 ng/L, and/or any signs or symptoms of hypocalcemia.

Results

There were 68 CTs and 146 TTs. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in 1 of 68 (1.5%) and 18 of 146 (12.5%) patients in the CT and TT groups, respectively. The rate of hypocalcemia was significantly lower in the CT compared with the TT group (P =. 02). In both groups, there were no cases of permanent hypocalcemia.

Conclusion

The risk of transient of hypocalcemia in patients undergoing CT is significantly lower than the rate of hypocalcemia in patients undergoing TT.
Language Analysis as a Window to Bereaved Parents’ Emotions During a Parent–Physician Bereavement Meeting
Authors: Eggly Susan , Manning Mark A. , Slatcher Richard B. , Berg Robert A. , Wessel David L. , Newth Christopher J. L. , Shanley Thomas P. , Harrison Rick , Dalton Heidi , Dean J. Michael , Doctor Allan , Jenkins Tammara , Meert Kathleen L.
Published: October 2014

Parent–physician bereavement meetings may benefit parents by facilitating sense making, which is associated with healthy adjustment after a traumatic event. Prior research suggests a reciprocal relationship between sense making and positive emotions. We analyzed parents’ use of emotion words during bereavement meetings to better understand parents’ emotional reactions during the meeting and how their emotional reactions related to their appraisals of the meeting. Parents’ use of positive emotion words increased, suggesting the meetings help parents make sense of the death. Parents’ use of positive emotion words was negatively related to their own and/or their spouse’s appraisals of the meeting, suggesting that parents who have a positive emotional experience during the meeting may also have a short-term negative reaction. Language analysis can be an effective tool to understand individuals’ ongoing emotions and meaning making processes during interventions to reduce adverse consequences of a traumatic event, such as a child’s death.
Influences of nanoclays on the flame retardancy of fiber-filled and unfilled polyamide-6 with and without aluminum diethylphosphinate
Authors: Kaynak Cevdet , Polat Osman
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate contribution of nanoclays to the flame retardancy of polyamide-6 and its 15 wt% short glass fiber–reinforced composite with and without an organophosphorus flame-retardant aluminum diethylphosphinate. Nanocomposites were compounded by melt mixing method via twin-screw extruder, and the specimens for testing and analyses were shaped by injection and compression molding. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analyses indicated that nanoclay layers had intercalated/exfoliated morphology in the polyamide-6 matrix. UL-94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index, and mass loss cone calorimetry revealed that use of only 5 wt% nanoclays could improve many flammability parameters, such as peak heat release rate. Contribution of silicate layers was much more significant when 5 wt% nanoclays were used together with 15 wt% aluminum diethylphosphinate. Various analyses clarified that the basic flame retardancy mechanism of nanoclays was the formation of insulative barrier via tortuous pathway of silicate layers preventing the underlying polymer from heat and mass transfer during fire. It was also found that all the mechanical properties lost due to the use of aluminum diethylphosphinate could be compensated when its 5 wt% was replaced with nanoclays.
Study of lignin dispersion in low-density polyethylene
Authors: Diop Amadou , Mijiyawa Fayçal , Koffi Demagna , Kokta Bohuslav V , Montplaisir Daniel
Published: October 2014

A maximum of 20% (w/w) lignin was used as a filler in low-density polyethylene (LDPE), together with 3–6% maleic anhydride-grafted LDPE as compatibilizer and 3–10% copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) as lignin’s dispersing agent. The resulting composites were investigated for both their mechanical properties and their melting point following the ASTM standards as well as their behaviour was compared with neat LDPE. The results reveal that addition of compatibilizer significantly improved the mechanical properties of lignin, yielding closer values to those of neat LDPE. In fact, the addition of 3% maleated polyethylene induced a 37% increase of the Young’s modulus, whilst 3% CuSO4·5H2O provides a good lignin dispersion. The above observations are further supported by the scanning electron micrographs of the blend specimens. Finally, the differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the melting temperature and the crystallinity of LDPE slightly increase with the addition of 3% CuSO4·5H2O.
Foreign-Born Care Givers in Washington State Nursing Homes
Authors: Acker Katherine , Pletz Anna Maria , Katz Aaron , Hagopian Amy
Published: October 2014

Objective: Following national trends, Washington State relies heavily on foreign-born workers to provide long-term care. Our study assesses state nursing facility characteristics, quality ratings, and the views of facility administrators about the implications of an increasing number of foreign-born employees. Methods: We used independently available data to supplement a survey of nursing home administrators. Results: Nearly half of the administrators reported difficulty hiring U.S.-born job applicants. Three in four administrators reported problems related to language differences, and just more than a third reported challenges related to cultural and/or religious differences. Nonetheless, the proportion of foreign-born employees was positively associated with independent facility quality ratings. Almost half of the administrators reported discrimination by patients/clients toward their foreign-born workers. Quality ratings were negatively associated with for-profit, chain, or multi-ownership status. Discussion: The proportion of foreign-born employees in nursing facilities may be associated with improved performance.
Confucian pluralism and China’s dream of a harmonious world
Authors: Chang Peter T. C.
Published: October 2014

This article will critique three aspects of the conservative re-sacralization project deemed incongruent with China’s dream of a harmonious world. The first pertains to the prevailing Han-centric rendition of the Confucian tradition. Rebuttals are made in support of an emerging multicultural ‘global Confucianism’, an international movement that would further the Chinese quest for a universal ethical order. The next criticism relates to the proposal by conservatives for a Confucian church and the installation of Confucianism as China’s state religion. In response, counterarguments are advanced for the re-institution of ‘civil Confucianism’. One key issue is whether scholar-officials or clerics can restore a more holistic, pluralistic re-enchanted China. The final contention addresses the conservative melancholic Hobbesian worldview. The Confucian vision, I explain, is essentially sanguine and the clash of civilizations not inevitable. Moreover, China and the United States share core values for both to jointly sustain a harmonious world.
Children and youth NGOs in China: Social activism between embeddedness and marginalization
Authors: Yang Katja M. , Alpermann Björn
Published: October 2014

The proliferation of civic groups has been one of the most intriguing features of China’s societal transformation over the past three decades. The massive spread of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has given rise to a broad debate among China scholars about the nature of Chinese state–NGO relations. Several authors have developed theoretical concepts that highlight and explain the multifaceted and highly complex nature of relations between civic organizations and the party-state. Against this backdrop we develop the notion of embeddedness versus marginalization to unravel these complexities and clarify ambiguities. Drawing on in-depth case studies of nine Chinese NGOs working with children and youth, this article proposes a comprehensive conceptualization of Chinese civic groups’ political embeddedness versus marginalization. First, we identify three separate indicators of embeddedness: formal registration, informal ties with public authorities, and the political economy of NGO–government relations. Second, we discuss three factors that have a major influence on these indicators of embeddedness. While some of the dynamics discussed might be specific to children and youth NGOs, comparisons with the findings on NGOs working in different fields suggest that the notion of embeddedness versus marginalization may also apply to other sectors of social activism. Therefore, our study offers a more nuanced understanding of Chinese state–NGO relations.
Sexuality and Eschatology: In Search of a Celibate Utopia in Pseudepigraphic Literature
Authors: Loader William
Published: October 2014

This article investigates the possible backgrounds in Jewish pseudepigraphical literature of the notion expressed in Mk 12.25 that the age of resurrection life will be without sexual relations. It identifies the potential for such a view to develop on the basis of presuppositions present in Jubilees of paradise as a temple, then turns to a discussion of depictions of resurrected life in Jewish literature, which normally envisages resurrected life as a transformed state corresponding to present realities and so including both sacred space and other space where marriage and sexual relations belong, often producing abundant progeny. It then considers eschatologies which envisage both an earthly messianic reign and, following it, a more heavenly state, before returning to Mark and related early Christian eschatologies. It concludes that Mk 12.25 most likely reflects notions of resurrected life being in holy space, perhaps linked to ideas of the transformed state as rendering sexual relations also unimportant.
The discourse of benevolent paternalism in the introduction to The Baby Book
Authors: Ermann Katja , Ponsford Matthew , Spence Heather , Wright Stephanie
Published: October 2014

This study utilized the perspective of critical discourse analysis to examine the introductory chapter of the third edition of the Searses’ seminal book on attachment parenting, The Baby Book. Focused mainly on the use of language within the text by parenting “experts,” a qualitative approach was taken to elucidate the text within its historical and cultural context. Throughout the analysis, we found that despite endorsing practices that counter the standard parenting advice, The Baby Book discourse remains firmly placed in the tradition of benevolent paternalism. Our analysis revealed how values surrounding parenting are constructed and reconstructed within a parenting manual by enforcing traditional gender roles. This text continues in the historical tradition of parenting “experts” using language to reinforce the dominant discourse around parenting practices, including gender role reinforcement.
Robust guaranteed cost H∞ control for singular systems with multiple time delays subject to input saturation
Authors: Ma Yuechao , Fu Lei , Cao Yanhong
Published: October 2014

This article investigates the robust guaranteed cost H∞ control problem for a class of singular systems with multiple time delays subject to input saturation. The delay-dependent sufficient condition and the robust guaranteed cost H∞ controller are proposed which guarantee that the closed-loop system is regular, impulse free and stable via Lyapunov theory, singular value theory and linear matrix inequality approach. A guaranteed cost function for the closed-loop systems has an upper bound irrespective of all admissible parameter uncertainties. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Doing the ‘dirty work’ of the green economy: Resource recovery and migrant labour in the EU
Authors: Gregson Nicky , Crang Mike , Botticello Julie , Calestani Melania , Krzywoszynska Anna
Published: October 2014

Europe has set out its plans to foster a ‘green economy’, focused around recycling, by 2020. This pan-European recycling economy, it is argued, will have the triple virtues of: first, stopping wastes being ‘dumped’ on poor countries; second, reusing them and thus decoupling economic prosperity from demands on global resources; and third, creating a wave of employment in recycling industries. European resource recovery is represented in academic and practitioner literatures as ‘clean and green’. Underpinned by a technical and physical materialism, it highlights the clean-up of Europe’s waste management and the high-tech character of resource recovery. Analysis shows this representation to mask the cultural and physical associations between recycling work and waste work, and thus to obscure that resource recovery is mostly ‘dirty’ work. Through an empirical analysis of three sectors of resource recovery (‘dry recyclables’, textiles and ships) in Northern member states, we show that resource recovery is a new form of dirty work, located in secondary labour markets and reliant on itinerant and migrant labour, often from accession states. We show therefore that, when wastes stay put within the EU, labour moves to process them. At the micro scale of localities and workplaces, the reluctance of local labour to work in this new sector is shown to connect with embodied knowledge of old manufacturing industries and a sense of spatial injustice. Alongside that, the positioning of migrant workers is shown to rely on stereotypical assumptions that create a hierarchy, connecting reputational qualities of labour with the stigmas of different dirty jobs – a hierarchy upon which those workers at the apex can play.
Establishing female-only areas in psychiatry wards to improve safety and quality of care for women
Authors: Kulkarni Jayashri , Gavrilidis Emmy , Lee Stuart , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E , Grigg Jasmin , Hayes Emily , Lee Adeline , Ong Roy , Seeary Amy , Andersen Shelley , Worsley Rosie , Keppich-Arnold Sandra , Stafrace Simon
Published: October 2014

Objective:

Our aim was to assess the impact of creating a female-only area within a mixed-gender inpatient psychiatry service, on female patient safety and experience of care.

Method:

The Alfred hospital reconfigured one of its two psychiatry wards to include a female-only area. Documented incidents compromising the safety of women on each ward in the 6 months following the refurbishment were compared. Further, a questionnaire assessing perceived safety and experience of care was administered to female inpatients on both wards, and staff feedback was also obtained.

Results:

The occurrence of documented incidents compromising females’ safety was found to be significantly lower on the ward containing a female-only area. Women staying on this ward rated their perceived safety and experience of care significantly more positively than women staying where no such gender segregation was available. Further, the female-only area was identified by the majority of surveyed staff to provide a safer environment for female patients.

Conclusions:

Establishing female-only areas in psychiatry wards is an effective way to improve the safety and experience of care for female patients.
Informing Dissemination Research
Authors: Strekalova Yulia A.
Published: October 2014

This study examined nanomedicine coverage by the elite and regional U.S. newspapers. The study sought to study prevalent topics; examine time, risk and benefit, thematic and episodic, and societal and personal impact frames; and identify dominating overarching themes.Technology application and economic consequence were dominant topics, but contrary to the studies of other emerging technologies, regulations and moral issues were the least discussed topics for nanomedicine. A variety of data analytic techniques, including cluster analysis, were performed to analyze data. The analysis has identified three themes, Technology Prospects, High-Risk High-Reward, and Investment Costs, that dominated nanomedicine coverage.
Relationship Between Drug Structure and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Value Used for Acceptable Daily Intake Analysis
Authors: Grabowski Tomasz , Jaroszewski Jerzy Jan , Gad Shayne Cox , Feder Marcin
Published: October 2014

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antimicrobial agent for a microbial population (MIC50, obs and MIC90, obs) is an interpolated value determined for antibacterial drugs by in vitro methods. Many studies have tried to determine the correlation between the MIC50, obs or MIC90, obs value and the physicochemical parameters to allow quantitaive structure activity relationship (QSAR) predictions of efficacy. A rigorous evaluation of approaches to this problem is presented here. In order to find a correlation between chemical structure and the derivatives of the MIC values for 9 indicatory bacterial strains, it is necessary to employ a number of physicochemical parameters in combination. Only an arithmetic expression composed of many features illustrating the chemical structure of the molecule can be linked to the ƒMIC50, obs value. This article demonstrated that, despite the complexity of the MIC value used as the end point, it is possible to validate the model in a limited extent.
Familial cardiomyopathy in Norwegian Forest cats
Authors: März Imke , Wilkie Lois J , Harrington Norelene , Payne Jessie R , Muzzi Ruthnea A L , Häggström Jens , Smith Ken , Luis Fuentes Virginia
Published: October 2014

Norwegian Forest cats (NFCs) are often listed as a breed predisposed to cardiomyopathy, but the characteristics of cardiomyopathy in this breed have not been described. The aim of this preliminary study was to report the features of NFC cardiomyopathy based on prospective echocardiographic screening of affected family groups; necropsy findings; and open-source breed screening databases. Prospective examination of 53 NFCs revealed no murmur or left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction in any screened cat, though mild LV hypertrophy (defined as diastolic LV wall thickness ≥5.5mm) was present in 13/53 cats (25%). Gross pathology results and histopathological sections were analysed in eight NFCs, six of which had died of a cardiac cause. Myocyte hypertrophy, myofibre disarray and interstitial fibrosis typical of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were present in 7/8 cats, but endomyocardial fibrosis suggestive of restrictive cardiomyopathy was also present in the same cats. Pedigree data analysis from 871 NFCs was supportive of a familial cardiomyopathy in this breed.
The TRPV1 receptor agonist capsaicin is an ineffective bronchoprovocant in an experimental model of feline asthma
Authors: Grobman Megan E , Krumme Stacy , Dodam John R , Reinero Carol R
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), a key feature of feline asthma, can be measured using bronchoprovocation testing. Limitations of both direct and indirect bronchoprovocants evaluated to date in experimental feline asthma have led to a search for a more specific indirect bronchoprovocant (ie, one which relies on existing inflammatory cells or activated neural pathways in diseased but not healthy airways). We hypothesized that capsaicin, a transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 agonist, would lead to dose-responsive increases in airway resistance as measured by ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics in experimentally asthmatic cats.

Methods

Five cats induced to have asthma using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) were studied. Twenty-four hours after aerosol challenge of BGA, cats were anesthetized and underwent neuromuscular blockade for ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics. Cats were monitored with pulse oximetry for hemoglobin desaturation. Parameters recorded on a breath-by-breath basis on the ventilator included airway resistance (Raw) and compliance. Saline at baseline and 10-fold increasing concentrations of capsaicin (0.4–4000.0 µM) were aerosolized for 30 s and data collected for 4 mins between doses. The intended endpoint of the study was a doubling in baseline airway resistance, halving of compliance or oxygen desaturation <75%.

Results

All cats completed the trial, reaching the highest dose of capsaicin without reaching any of the aforementioned endpoints. No biologically significant alteration in any other pulmonary mechanics parameter was noted.

Conclusions and relevance

Capsaicin does not appear to be an effective bronchoprovocant in a feline asthma model.
The Dietary Composition of Women Who Delivered Healthy Full-Term Infants, Preterm Infants, and Full-Term Infants Who Were Small for Gestational Age
Authors: Bobiński Rafał , Mikulska Monika , Mojska Hanna , Ulman-Włodarz Izabela
Published: October 2014

The impact of diet on the health of pregnant women remains an unresolved clinical issue. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the dietary intake of mothers who gave birth to full-term infants whose sizes were appropriate for gestational age (AGA), preterm birth (PTB) infants, and full-term infants who were small for gestational age (SGA). Of the 103 women who participated, 50 gave birth to AGA infants, 30 gave birth to PTB infants, and 23 gave birth to SGA infants. The composition of each woman’s diet was analyzed using a questionnaire completed 3 days postchildbirth. Findings revealed a number of differences between the groups. The percentage of energy obtained from fat and the calcium and lactose intake was all highest in Group AGA. The largest number of differences in intake of fatty acids (FAs) was observed among short- and medium-chain FAs. Lower levels of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, and C14:0 were observed in the diets of women in Group PTB than in Group AGA. C18:0 intake was also lower in Group PTB than in Group AGA. The reduced short-, medium-, and long-chain FA intake by women in Group PTB also affected the total saturated FA intake, which was lowest in that group. These findings suggest that, even in mothers giving birth to children with only slight deviations from normal birth weight or normal gestational duration, differences in diet can be identified, particularly regarding FA content, which may affect the health of the newborn.
Brokering cooperation: Intermediaries and US cooperation with non-state allies, 1776–1945
Authors: Grynaviski Eric
Published: October 2014

International Relations scholars tend to focus their attention on agents with institutional sources of power, such as presidents. Yet, decades of scholarship in other fields has shown that ordinary individuals–traders, missionaries, and soldiers–often have the ability to shape international cooperation and conflict. Under what conditions do individuals distant from institutional power shape international politics? I argue that intermediaries — key figures who broker deals between parties — are crucial for cooperation when information is low and contact between the parties is sparse. To demonstrate the argument that intermediaries matter, I investigate alliances between the US and its non-state allies — non-state political communities abroad and in North America — between 1776 and 1945. In each case, there are intermediaries who are uniquely suited to broker cooperation by identifying partners for cooperation, explaining others’ interests, providing reassurances, and managing identity issues. These intermediaries are often those who we tend to think of as unimportant political agents. However, because they fill key information roles, they have unexpected sources of political power. Using four case studies, I test to see whether intermediaries’ performance of these roles matters in a diverse range of cases.
Border crossings and shifting sexualities among Mexican gay immigrant men: Beyond monolithic conceptions
Authors: Carrillo Héctor , Fontdevila Jorge
Published: October 2014

This article describes patterns of interpretation and practice of same-sex desires pre- and post-migration among self-identified gay and bisexual Mexican immigrant men to the USA. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 80 such men, we argue that, contrary to stereotypes, their pre-migration interpretations and practices are considerably diverse and not solely informed by highly gendered understandings and styles of sexual interaction between men. After migration, some shift their interpretations and practices considerably, while others retain those that informed their sexualities pre-migration, either adapting them to their new sexual contexts or resisting any changes. These findings, which reveal the complexity and diversity of sexual interpretations among immigrant gay and bisexual men, pose a challenge to proposed systems of classifying same-sex desires as well as to conventional understandings of the impact of international migration on gay sexuality.
Introduction: Queer migration, asylum, and displacement
Authors: Lewis Rachel A , Naples Nancy A
Published: October 2014

This special issue of Sexualities emerges in response to the growing visibility of LGBTQI immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers within global gay rights advocacy. Despite the increasing prominence of LGBTQI issues on the international human rights agenda, there has been relatively little discussion of the relationship between queer migration and LGBTQI human rights activism in the field of sexuality studies. This special issue seeks to bring queer migration and sexual citizenship studies into critical conversation with current literature in the area of gender, sexuality and human rights.
Toward a new architecture for global mental health
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J. , Pedersen Duncan
Published: October 2014

Current efforts in global mental health (GMH) aim to address the inequities in mental health between low-income and high-income countries, as well as vulnerable populations within wealthy nations (e.g., indigenous peoples, refugees, urban poor). The main strategies promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other allies have been focused on developing, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based practices that can be scaled up through task-shifting and other methods to improve access to services or interventions and reduce the global treatment gap for mental disorders. Recent debates on global mental health have raised questions about the goals and consequences of current approaches. Some of these critiques emphasize the difficulties and potential dangers of applying Western categories, concepts, and interventions given the ways that culture shapes illness experience. The concern is that in the urgency to address disparities in global health, interventions that are not locally relevant and culturally consonant will be exported with negative effects including inappropriate diagnoses and interventions, increased stigma, and poor health outcomes. More fundamentally, exclusive attention to mental disorders identified by psychiatric nosologies may shift attention from social structural determinants of health that are among the root causes of global health disparities. This paper addresses these critiques and suggests how the GMH movement can respond through appropriate modes of community-based practice and ongoing research, while continuing to work for greater equity and social justice in access to effective, socially relevant, culturally safe and appropriate mental health care on a global scale.