bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐165L: Late‐News Poster: Measuring the Optical Performance of Flexible Displays under Hemispherical Diffuse Illumination
Authors: Hertel Dirk , Kelley Edward F. , Penczek John
Published: July 2015

Hemispherical diffuse illumination is a common ambient lighting environment. We highlight the unique issues related to measuring the ambient performance of curved displays under hemispherical diffuse illumination, and propose methods to address them. A flexible reflective e‐paper display (EPD) is measured inside an integrating sphere, and comparison made to the sampling sphere method. The EPD is measured not only in its flat state, but also when bent to cylindrical shapes of various radii of curvature.
P‐90: Phosphor Converted White Light Emitting Diode with High Angular CCT Uniformity by Adding Scattering Particles
Authors: Liao Wei‐Shen , Chang Shao‐Yu , Peng Yao‐Chi , Jao Chih‐Sheng , Lin Hoang‐Yan
Published: July 2015

The most common white LED is phosphor converted. It uses a blue LED chip to excite yellow phosphors to create white light. However, this type of white LED has poor angular CCT uniformity because of the structure of colloid or the light distribution of blue LED chip. It was reported to hurt our eyes for long‐term work under illumination of such a white LED. Therefore, this paper will be focused on the discussion of phosphor converted white LED. Then, we will try to reduce the poor angular uniformity by adding scattering particles into the colloid.
P‐16: The Research of Dual‐Layer Channel ITO/MZO Thin Film Transistors Fabricated on Glass at Low Temperature
Authors: Shi Pan , Han Dedong , Yu Wen , Chen Zhuofa , Zhao Nannan , Zhao Feilong , Wu Jing , Dong Junchen , Cong Yingying , Huang Lingling , Zhang Yi , Zhang Shengdong , Zhang Xing , Wang Yi
Published: July 2015

High‐performance dual‐layer channel ITO/MZO thin film transistors have been successfully fabricated on glass substrate at low temperature. The dual‐layer channel is composed of ITO and MZO layers. The use of the a‐ITO layer brought about enhanced subthreshold swing, enhanced saturation mobility and decreased threshold voltage compared to the MZO TFTs.
P‐19: Effect of Strain on Characteristics of Amorphous In‐Ga‐Zn‐O TFTs Fabricated on Engineered Aluminum Substrates
Authors: Mahmoudabadi Forough , Hatalis Miltiadis , Shah Kirit N. , Levendusky Thomas L.
Published: July 2015

This study reports the effect of strain induced by bending on characteristics of a‐IGZO TFTs fabricated on conformal aluminum substrates. The successful demonstration of IGZO TFTs on aluminum substrates presented in this study points to the promise of aluminum substrates for the use in future flexible display and electronics applications.
P‐25: Enhancement in Positive Bias Stress Stability of In‐Ga‐Zn‐O Thin‐Film Transistors with Vertically Graded‐Oxygen‐Vacancy Active Layer
Authors: Kim Yeong‐gyu , Yoon Seokhyun , Hong Seonghwan , Choi Jong Sun , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: July 2015

To enhance the bias stability of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs), we proposed a simple method to deposit the vertically graded‐oxygen‐vacancy active layer (VGA). The oxygen partial pressure was varied during deposition in order to fabricate VGA TFTs using sputtering. By adopting this method, we could control the concentration of oxygen vacancy in active layer according to the depth. The threshold voltage shift of optimized VGA TFTs was drastically improved under positive bias stress (PBS) condition compared with conventional ones.
P‐154L: Late‐News Poster: Stability Enhancement of Oxide TFTs By Blue Laser Annealing
Authors: Jin Seonghyun , Lee Suhui , Lee Eunji , Mativenga Mallory , Jang Jin
Published: July 2015

Highly stable, amorphous‐indium.gallium.zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with the conventional back channeletch (BCE) structure are achieved by post‐fabrication blue (445 nm) laser annealing (BLA). The blue laser has a 350 µm × 350 µm square beam profile and is scanned line by line in the TFT channel width direction. It is found that after BLA, the BCE a‐IGZO TFTs exhibited better stability under negative bias and light‐illumination stress.
P‐29: A Polymer/Fullerene‐based Material in Near‐Infrared Photodetector Application
Authors: Hsiao Hsia‐Tsai , Liang Yu‐Hsin , Peng Hsiang‐I , Tu Chun‐Hao , Liu Chu‐Yu , Chiang Ming‐Feng
Published: July 2015

A novel semiconducting polymer, PDPP3T, with alternating diketopyrrolopyrrole and terthiophene units is presented in this study. Due to PDPP3T has a small band gap of 1.3 eV, and high hole mobility of 0.04 cm(2) V(‐1) s(‐1), it can be used for organic photo sensor to absorb the near infrared (NIR) parts of the spectrum. The photo sensor are fabricated from Poly (diketopyrrolopyrrole‐terthiophene) (PDPP3T) and [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butylric acid methyl ester (PCBM) using a solution‐based, temperature assisted deposition protocol. Devices made by this protocol lead to photo and dark current of around 4.6µA/cm2 and 2.1nA/cm2 at ‐1V. The device yields a good linear response of photocurrent to the near infrared exposure (from 50‐400µW/cm2) for a range of operating biases
P‐156L: Late‐News Poster: Optical Tubes Using High‐Refractive Index Resin and Their Application for New Concept Lighting Design
Authors: Cha Young Ho , Kim Hun Chul , Lee Jae Woo , Hwang Jang Hwan , Kim Young Kwan
Published: July 2015

We suggested a fluorescent lamp (FL)‐type lighting using a light pipe with a high‐refractive index optical resin with less number of LEDs than conventional LED lighting. In order to increase the efficiency of the FL‐type lighting, we introduced a technique to form a Fresnel lens in a light‐emitting part and designed edge‐type lighting structure using optical pipe which enables a high optical efficiency with less number of LEDs. We performed a simulation with this lighting design and obtained data indicating that this lighting design seems to produce an improved efficiency twice as much as the current 45W fluorescent lamp.
P‐102: Drive Scheme for Fast Gray‐To‐Gray Response in a Fringe‐Field‐Switching Liquid Crystal Cell
Authors: Choi Tae‐Hoon , Park Young‐Jin , Kim Jung‐Wook , Shin Dong‐Myung , Yoon Tae‐Hoon
Published: July 2015

We report a method for fast gray‐to‐gray (GTG) switching of a homogeneously aligned liquid crystal (LC) cell. Homogeneously aligned LCs are instantly vertically aligned by applying a vertical electric field for a short period of time before switching to a target gray level. Once the LCs are vertically aligned, we apply an in‐plane voltage higher than the data voltage that corresponds to a target gray level, while maintaining the vertical electric field. Then, at the time the vertical field is removed, we apply a data voltage required for switching to the target gray level. We experimentally demonstrate GTG switching of a homogeneously aligned LC cell at a low temperature (‐20°C), which is 7.5 times faster than a fringe‐field switching (FFS) cell at the same temperature, which is comparable to the switching speed of a fringe‐field switching cell at room temperature (23°C).
P‐168L: Late‐News Poster: Maximization of Electro‐Optic Performances in the Fringe‐Field Switching Liquid Crystal Mode using a Liquid Crystal with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy
Authors: Kim Jin Hyun , Kim Dae Hyung , Choi Han Sol , Jung Jun Ho , Lee Byeong Hoon , Kwon Youri , Murali Guntakrinda , Lim Young Jin , Lee Seung Hee , Bos Philip J.
Published: July 2015

The fringe‐field switching (FFS) mode that uses liquid crystals (LC) with negative dielectric anisotropy is used in high resolution FFS‐LCD owing to its higher transmittance over positive LC. In this paper, the FFS mode with electrode width 1 µm and distances between the electrodes 1.5 µm is proposed. In such an electrode structure, operating voltage (Vop) decreases with decreasing cell gap to 2 µm so that a proper Vop, high LC's light efficiency of 90%, and a fast response time less than 10 ms, can be achieved, which maximizes electro‐optic performance of the FFS mode. In addition, the color temperature of a white state becomes higher in the fine patterned FFS cell.
P‐47: Algorithm for Regional Mura Reduction By Using Gamma‐Curve Transformation in LCD Panels
Authors: Hu Hou‐Liang , Chu Li‐Wei , Kuo Ping‐Sheng , Lien Alan
Published: July 2015

A mura that would downgrade the LCD panels is unavoidable during the manufacturing. When LCD displays come to the era of ultrahigh resolution, the function of mura‐reduction represents more significant in Tcon design for cost reduction and improvement of display quality. In this paper, an algorithm of regional mura reduction is proposed, and demonstrated in HD displays. For hardware integration, a data compression method is also discussed to save the space of non‐volatile memory.
P‐112: A Wavelength Converter Based on Electrowetting
Authors: Yao Li‐Xiao , Liu Chao , Wang Ming‐Huan , Wang Qiong‐Hua
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we propose a wavelength converter, which is an expanded application of electrowetting liquid prism actuated in the micro‐system. With two immiscible fluids in the transparent cell, we can actively control the shape of the fluid‐fluid interface via electrowetting. Three different color filters are placed under the prism, and when we apply different voltages, light beam will through different filters because of the liquid prism's refraction. Our results show that we can obtain three different color lights from a non‐transparent cap's light hole. The device is capable of reasonable switch time (∼75ms and ∼140ms).
P‐113: Improvement of the Surface Anchoring Energy of the Photo‐Alignment Layer in a Liquid Crystal Display using the Two‐Band UV Exposure Method
Authors: Mun Byung‐June , Park Ki‐Woong , Lee Joun Ho , Choi Hyun Chul , Kim Byeong Koo , Kim Jae‐Hoon , Lee Gi‐Dong
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we proposed the photo‐alignment method with the strong surface anchoring energy by applying the two band UV exposure method on the photosensitive PI layer embedded with reactive mesogens (RMs) for achieving the fast response time properties of the in‐plane switching (IPS) LC mode. We first enhanced the interconnection between a RM polymer and a photo‐alignment layer through high band ultra‐violet (UV) exposure on the long pass UV filter over 340 nm and then established the alignment of LCs through low band linear polarized UV exposure at 254 nm after eliminating the UV filter. As results, we measured the surface anchoring energy and response time of the proposed photo‐alignment method and also confirmed that the optical response time was reduced by approximately 22.3 % compared to that of the IPS‐LC cell of pure photo‐alignment layer.
P‐54: WCS Material Development of FIT M+ Structural for Reduce the Power Consumption of a Large Size UHD TV
Authors: Park Chulho , Kim Eungyong , Byun Woojung , Nam Myungwoo , Yu Sangjeon , Park Jongwook , Shin Sangmun
Published: July 2015

LGD has developed M+ technology for reduces power consumption. The core technology is the development of WCS photoresist. We developed in the following two technologies. 1. The binder polymer molecular weight increase to 20,000. 2. Synthesized the PDI to 2.0. LGD‐WCS developed at UHD large size TV into mass production.
P‐59: 6‐inch Full Color AMOLED with Improved Bonding Strength of Laser Frit Encapsulations
Authors: Chiu Yi‐Wen , Liu Sheng‐Fa , Chiou Ji‐Yi , Liu Yen‐Wei , Lai Ming‐Hsiang , Huang Ching‐Yu , Niu Yi‐Fan
Published: July 2015

Although laser seal frit encapsulation owns great ability of protecting OLED from moisture and oxygen oxidation, the bonding strength is too weak to resist machenical force, which is easy to result in peeling the top and bottom substrates of OLED display. In this paper, we improve the bonding strength and production yield ratio by optimizing TFT array structure and process.
P‐65: Advanced Processing of ITO and IZO Thin Films on Flexible Glass
Authors: Junghähnel Manuela , Weller Stephanie , Gebel Thoralf
Published: July 2015

Ultra‐thin 100µm thick flexible glasses with a maximum dimension of 250×300 mm2 were deposited with transparent conductive ITO and IZO using in‐line magnetron sputtering under pilot scale conditions. The flexible glass was coated at room temperature with ITO and IZO and further refined by dynamic flash lamp annealing (FLA) in the millisecond range. After flashing the films, we achieved an improved transmittance and a reduced sheet resistance of the films.
P‐135: Recombination Zone Monitoring of the Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes during Lifetime Test
Authors: Jeon Sang Kyu , Noh Chang Ho , Kim Sung Han , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: July 2015

We studied the recombination zone shift during lifetime measurement in phosphorescent blue organic light‐emitting devices with a sensing layer. 3,3‐Di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)biphenyl was used as a host material for a blue phosphorescent dopant and a red sensing dopant. The red sensing layer was inserted at a thickness of 2 nm at three different positions of the emitting layer to follow the recombination zone change before and after life‐time measurement by monitoring the electroluminescence spectra. We found that the recombination zone is shifted to electron transport layer side according to the luminance decrease of the device via direct monitoring of the recombination zone shift. .
5.1: Influence of Pixel Density on the Image Quality of Smartphone Displays
Authors: Kubota Satoru , Hisatake Yuzo , Kawamura Tetsuya , Takemoto Masanori
Published: July 2015

We investigated the influence of pixel density on the image quality of the characters displayed on smartphone screens. The image quality of characters increased steadily as the pixel density increased up to around 700 pixels per inch (ppi), and the perception of jagged edges for aliased artifacts was not saturated at 800 ppi.
P‐178L: Late‐News Poster: New Silyl‐Substituted Phosphorescent Materials for Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lin Jin‐Sheng , Liou Jia‐Lun , Ku Chun‐Neng , Chang Meng‐Hao , Tseng Mei‐Rurng
Published: July 2015

A new sky‐blue phosphorescent material with silyl‐substituted ligand has been developed. Then, we utilize the double‐emission‐layers (DELs) concept to fabricate the blue PHOLED device. The DELs comprises two different host materials with higher triplet excited state. We successfully improve the high‐efficienct blue OLED which has up to 47.3 lm/W at practical brightness of 1000 cd/m2. By using the efficient yellow phosphor PO‐01 complex, the white OLED displayed a high current efficiency of 68.8 lm/W and at practical brightness of 1000 cd/m2 .
40.4: High Efficiency Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with >57 cd/A, >50 lm/W, and>25 % External Quantum Efficiency
Authors: Lan Yi‐Hsin , Huang Jau‐Jiun , Chuang Ya‐Ting , Leung Man‐kit , Chiu Tien‐Lung , Lin Chi‐Feng , Lee Jiun‐Haw
Published: July 2015

Blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) was successfully fabricated by using newly imidazole‐based host doped with bis [2‐(4’,6’‐difluoro)phenylpyridinato‐ N,C2’]iridium(III) picolinate with 57.24 cd/A, 50.42 lm/W and 25.67 % in external quantum efficiency.
P‐180L: Late‐News Poster: Speckle Contrast Reduction with Multi‐Projection Units for a MEMS Scanning Laser Projector
Authors: Tu Shih‐Yu , Lin Hoang Yan
Published: July 2015

We have demonstrated an efficient speckle reduction technique by static multi‐projection units for a MEMS‐scanning laser projector. For a green image, the speckle contrast (SC) could be reduced from 23.3% to 13.1%. The speckle and safety issues are overcome simultaneously for high luminous output. A mixing SC is defined for white light generation.
41.4: Invited Paper: Advances to In‐Car Human Machine Interface Systems
Authors: Marti Stefan , Rao Rashmi , Park IP
Published: July 2015

Given recent trends, it is inevitable that there will be more and more computers in vehicles: built‐in, brought‐in, worn, etc. Many of these devices will want to interact with us‐and we with them. If not designed and engineered appropriately, the user interfaces (UIs) of these devices may become increasingly complex and distracting to the driver. To avoid this, careful attention has to be paid to designing appropriate in‐vehicle interaction methods and human‐machine interfaces (HMIs). We suggest that at this point, updates to in‐vehicle HMIs cannot be just incremental, but have to be dramatic in order to reduce distraction and driver cognitive load. This paper will cover recent significant developments at Harman International that will be game‐changing for in‐car HMIs.
7.2: A Pixel Structure Using Switching Error Reduction Method for High Image Quality AMOLED Displays
Authors: Keum Nack‐Hyeon , Oh Kyonghwan , Hong Seong‐Kwan , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: July 2015

In this paper, an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) pixel structure is proposed to improve the image quality by using the switching error reduction method. The switching error is decreased by floating the storage capacitor before it is induced. The simulation results show that the switching error and the emission current error of the proposed pixel structure are reduced by 91.4% and 77.5%, respectively, compared to those of the conventional pixel structure, when the threshold voltage of the switching TFT varies from ‐1.9 V to ‐1.1 V.
42.3: Light Leakage Study of the Curved ADS Mode LCDs
Authors: You Jaegeon , Zhao Weili , Jung Chulgyu , Qin Guangkui , Kim Kiman , Yang Yafeng , Wu Zhongbao , Wang Xinxing
Published: July 2015

Light leakage mechanism of curved ADS mode LCDs was studied by simulation and experiments; it was founded that the glass got an optical retardation because upper/bottom glass of the panel got a residual stress, under the effect of the stress optical coefficient, and then combining with LC layer's optical retardation, the light leakage occurred under cross polarizer. In this paper, simulation and experimental result was compared, and was proven to be perfect similar.
23.2: Predicting the Viewing Direction Performance of E‐paper Displays with Front Light under Ambient Lighting Conditions
Authors: Hertel Dirk , Penczek John
Published: July 2015

The inherent advantages of reflective e‐paper displays (EPD) — wide viewing direction range and excellent readability even under bright sunlight — can be extended into low‐light conditions by the addition of an integrated lighting unit (ILU) such as a front light. A methodology for predicting the viewing direction dependence of ambient contrast and color from display measurements and illumination models is here applied to reflective EPD where the ILU is switched on. First results show that an ILU improves the indoor performance of EPD, and enables their usage in environments with illumination otherwise inadequate for reading.
23.3: Flexible Semitransparent eWriter Displays
Authors: Braganza Clinton , Montbach Erica , Khan Asad , Doane J. William
Published: July 2015

Flexible semitransparent cholesteric liquid crystal eWriters have been developed. It was found that the absorption of the opaque layer used to enhance the contrast of the display can be lowered to allow for a new use model of the eWriter as a tracing device, among others.
43.3: Fast‐Response Fringe Field Switching LCD with Patterned Common Electrode
Authors: Xu Daming , Chen Haiwei , Wu Shin‐Tson , Li Ming‐Chun , Lee Seok‐Lyul , Tsai Wen‐Ching
Published: July 2015

A fast‐response and wide‐view fringe‐field switching LCD using patterned common electrodes is proposed. By applying a restoring pulse voltage on common electrodes, LC decay process is expedited. The GTG decay time can be reduced by >7X, depending on the applied erasing voltage. This new mode also preserves the wide‐view characteristics as the conventional FFS mode. It is attractive for reducing motion blurs.
P‐149: Oxide TFTs on Fabric Substrates for Wearable Displays
Authors: Park Junhong , Kim Eungtaek , Jang Woo Jae , Park Byoung‐Cheul , Kang Sin‐Hyeok , Park Sang‐Hee K. , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: July 2015

Transition metal oxide TFTs were fabricated on a fabric substrate for wearable display. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was employed to reduce process temperature. The gate electrode (Ti/Al/Ti) was deposited by thermal evaporation. The gate insulator and channel layer were Al2O3 and ZnO, respectively. Ti/Al was deposited by thermal evaporation to make the source and drain contacts for ZnO TFTs. The TFT fabricated on the fabric substrate showed TFT driving behavior with the following performances: µFE = 0.6 cm2/V‐s, on off ratio = 9.07×102, Subthreshold Swing = 1.725 decade‐1, Vth = ‐1.57 V. The results confirmed that it may be feasible to apply our low temperature fabrication of TFTs using the ALD process to wearable displays based on fabric substrates.
P‐182L: Late‐News Poster: A True Circular Flexible AMOLED Display for Wearable Applications
Authors: Jen Ko‐Ruey , Lin Li‐Fong , Chen Yi‐Chien , Wang Pei‐Yun , Huang Yu‐Chun , Lin Kuan‐Heng , Yang Chieh‐Hung , Huang Feng‐Yu , Wang Cheng‐Liang , Lin Jia‐Hua , Lee Wen‐Hui , Yu Chih‐Yu , Wang Wan‐Tsang , Hsu Ming‐chang , Tu Chia‐Hsun , Chang Yi‐Ming , Tu Ming‐Hung , Chang Lee‐Hsun , Lin Yu‐Hsin
Published: July 2015

A 1.25" circular plastic‐based AMOLED display has been developed for wearable application. By locating gate drivers in the active area and bending the plastic substrate outside the active area of the panel, we successfully realized a display with true circular shape and slim border, respectively.
24.2: Real‐Time Rendering 360° Floating Light‐Field 3D Display
Authors: Su Chen , Zhong Qing , Xu Liang , Li Haifeng , Liu Xu
Published: July 2015

With light field reconstruction technique, real‐time rendering a floating colorful three‐dimensional scene in the air is implemented. The high‐frame‐rate projector, rotating transmitted directional diffuser and high‐speed data processing and transmission module are utilized to create the light field of animated 3D scenes with higher light use efficiency.
24.4: Distinguished Student Paper: Floating 3D Image for High Resolution Portable Device Using Integral Photography Theory
Authors: Shih Chih‐Wei , Wang Jia‐Hong , Ting Chih‐Hung , Huang Yi‐Pai
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we achieved the floating 3D image based on integral photography theory to display the image in an oblique viewing angle on portable device. Considering the repeated image overlapping problem in the integral image system, it can be solved by adjusting the receiving angle. In the future, the floating 3D image could integrate with the 3D interactive system to provide more realistic visual experience.
25.4: Laser‐Excited Phosphor/Dye in Liquid for High‐Power Digital Projectors
Authors: Li Kenneth
Published: July 2015

Laser excited phosphor has been used to excite phosphor material, producing high intensity light output with smaller etendue than that of LEDs with the same long lifetime. Due to the difficulty of heat dissipation in using standard phosphor wheel configuration, the output of such projectors are limited to upper limit in the range of 6,000 lumens to 12,000 lumens. This paper describes the used of circulating liquid with a suspension of phosphor powder in an optical cell. When the phosphor particles in liquid are excited by the laser, a visible light with certain bandwidth is generated. Since each phosphor particle is surrounded by liquid, the heat sinking issues are eliminated. To provide high illumination efficiency, multiple types of phosphor can be used with different center wavelengths such that the proper output spectrum can be obtain. To add further flexibility, dye can be used in addition to phosphor give further flexibility to the choice of materials providing the desired output light spectrum. Using this technology, projector output can be extended to beyond 30,000 lumens for standard digital cinema and beyond 60,000 lumens for 3D digital cinema.
26.1: Invited Paper: Quantum Photonic Imager (QPI): A Novel Display Technology that Enables more than 3D Applications
Authors: El‐Ghoroury Hussein S. , Chuang Chih‐Li , Alpaslan Zahir Y.
Published: July 2015

QPI is a new generation of spatial light modulator (SLM) that combines light source and light modulation at the pixel level, thus eliminating the waste in most existing SLMs where light is separately generated and modulated. This paper explains the QPI architecture and its 3D application and beyond.
8.2: Semiconductor Quantum Rods for Display Applications
Authors: Shaviv Ehud , Glozman Denis , Bonfil Yossi , Banin Uri , Amir Shlomo
Published: July 2015

Semiconductor Quantum rods offer new functionality for flat panel displays as they exhibit tunable narrow emission bands in addition to polarized emission and lower self‐absorption compared to other quantum materials. Qlight nanotech has developed a quantum rods based film for backlight units, enabling wide color gamut and the design of an energy‐efficient polarized backlight.
65.3: Development of Flexible Displays using Back‐Channel‐Etched In–Sn–Zn–O TFTs and Air‐Stable Inverted OLEDs
Authors: Nakata Mitsuru , Motomura Genichi , Nakajima Yoshiki , Takei Tatsuya , Tsuji Hiroshi , Fukagawa Hirohiko , Shimizu Takahisa , Tsuzuki Toshimitsu , Fujisaki Yoshihide , Shimidzu Naoki , Yamamoto Toshihiro
Published: July 2015

Flexible displays using back‐channel‐etched In–Sn–Zn–O (ITZO) TFTs and air‐stable OLEDs were developed. The TFTs with a solution‐processed passivation layer exhibited a high mobility (31.4 cm2/Vs) and high stability. ITZO was also used as an electron injection layer in the OLEDs instead of air‐sensitive materials.
13.3: Efficient Direct Light‐Field Rendering for Autostereoscopic 3D Displays
Authors: Ju Jeong Young , Sung Chang Hyun , Ho Cho Yang , Nam Dongkyung , Jay Kuo C.‐C.
Published: July 2015

The rapid advancement of 3D display technologies enables consumers to enjoy the 3D world visually through various display systems such as stereoscopic, multiview, and light field displays. Unfortunately, to achieve a sufficient level of reality, the complexity of the conventional multiview rendering process increases. This may hinder mass deployment of 3D display products. This paper proposes a novel method, called direct light field rendering, which can compose the display light ray image without reconstructing all the multiview images beforehand. By interpreting 3D display as sampling in the light field domain, we attempt to directly compute only the necessary samples, and not the entire light fields or multiview images. Our proposed algorithm consists of solving linear systems of two variables, requiring remarkably low complexities.
13.5L: Late‐News Paper: A Simple Pixel Circuit for Ultra High Resolution Active Matrix OLED‐on‐Silicon (OLEDoS) Microdisplays with Highly Uniform Luminance
Authors: Hong Sang‐Woon , Kwak Bong‐Choon , Na Jun‐Seok , Hong Seong‐Kwan , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: July 2015

In this paper, a simple pixel circuit is proposed for the high resolution organic light emitting diode‐on‐silicon (OLEDoS) microdisplay. The proposed pixel circuit achieves a wide input data voltage range using the body effect and suppresses the emission current deviation due to the threshold voltage variation of the driving transistor using the capacitive coupling effect. The proposed pixel circuit which consists of three n‐type MOSFETs and one storage capacitor occupies an area of 3 μm × 9 μm. The simulated results show that the proposed pixel circuit achieves maximum input data voltage ranges of 1.37 V, 1.51 V, and 1.34 V for red, green, and blue OLED, respectively, from 1‐gray to 255‐gray level, and the emission current error ranges from −2.85% to +2.96% under the threshold voltage variation of ±5 mV.
14.2: Invited Paper: Cadmium‐ and Indium‐Based Quantum‐Dot Materials
Authors: Coe‐Sullivan Seth
Published: July 2015

Currently, an exemption to the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (2011/65/EU) (RoHS2) is in place to enable manufacturers to bring to the market cadmium‐based quantum dot downconversion material in lighting and displays. The II‐VI downconversion materials (e.g. quantum dots), due to their narrowband, tunable, stable and efficient properties, will provide consumer products with the superior performance, efficiency, and net benefit to the environment for which there currently is no beneficial substitute available. In lighting, narrowband emission translates to warmer light sources with 20‐40% greater efficacy. Such products have already been placed on the market in the US. In the display market, narrowband emission translates to televisions, monitors, tablets and cellphones that can achieve 100% of color gamut (as defined by NTSC). This property has the added benefit of increased light throughput through the display, which can in turn reduce energy consumption for identical performance displays by 20% or more.

While the cadmium selenide based QDs contain small quantities of cadmium, the net life cycle reductions to energy consumption, carbon emissions, and cadmium waste and emissions are compelling and outlined below. In addition, these new materials will reduce dependency on several EC recognized critical materials such as yttrium, europium, and indium. The net benefit to the environment is due to the system level increase in efficiency that is achieved using the II‐VI downconversion materials, due to their narrowband, tunable, and efficient nature.
11.1: Invited Paper: Brain‐Display Interaction and Its Biomedical Application Using Steady‐State Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Lin Fang‐Cheng , Chien Yu‐Yi , Zao John K , Huang Yi‐Pai , Wang Yijun , Jung Tzyy‐Ping , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: July 2015

Applying steady‐state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) on a display system, a novel brain‐display interaction (BDI) system was presented. This study further proposed an imperceptible flickering visual stimulus to make a SSVEP‐based BDI more practical and promising for biomedical applications, such us glaucoma visual field loss diagnosis.
15.4: Weight Optimization of Near‐Eye Light Field Displays Based on Human Visual System
Authors: Ding Jun , Zhong Qing , Liu Mali , Li Haifeng , Liu Xu
Published: July 2015

According to human visual system, we utilize human eyes' central vision to design the weight matrix, which indicates perceptual significance of the rays, making optimization results closer to ground truth. In our design, we employ multiple LCD layers to optimize near‐eye displays, allowing both vertical and horizontal parallax.
67.4L: Late‐News Paper: Electrically Suppressed Helix Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals a better Alternative for the IPS Displays
Authors: Srivastava Abhishek K. , Tseng Man‐Chun , Chigrinov Vladimir. G. , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: July 2015

Recently the in‐plane switching (IPS) has been heavily exploited in particular for high‐resolution mobile displays. The IPS displays offer good optical quality, however, the complex fabrication and manufacturing cost offers several limitations for their application. On the other hand, electrically suppressed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals (ESHFLC's) because of their intrinsic in‐plane switching offer better solutions with simpler and cheaper fabrication for high‐resolution displays. In this article, the ESHFLC's with fast response time (˜10µs), high contrast ratio (˜ 10k: 1) with low driving voltage (2˜5V/µm) has been achieved through photo alignment technology with acceptable shock stability and without natural diffraction. The ESHFLC's provide good optical quality with simpler fabrication procedures and therefore could secure application for high–resolution displays.
54.1: Distinguished Paper: A Switched Emissive Transparent Display w/ Controllable Per‐pixel Opacity
Authors: Smithwick Quinn
Published: July 2015

An emissive transparent display with per‐pixel opacity employs rapid synchronized switching of a transparent display and transparent backlight between content with a scattering luminous backlight, and masks with a clear unlit backlight. A 144 fps transparent LCD panel is used in conjunction with a transparent backlight and controllably diffusive smartglass screen. The display is capable of producing opaque emissive content on a transparent field for novel display and compact spatial augmented reality applications.
22.2: Invited Paper: New HBL Development for High Efficiency and Long Lifetime of Blue OLED Device
Authors: Kim Tae Hyung , Park Ho Cheol , Lee Chang‐Jun , Kim Young‐Bae , Kim Hoe‐Moon
Published: July 2015

We were able to improve properties of blue organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) device by inserting new Hole Blocking Layer (HBL) between Emitting Layer (EML) and Electron Transport Layer (ETL). It was possible to improve properties of such blue device by using new HBL that has high electron mobility and that can block the holes at the same time. The fluorescent blue device that used new HBL‐1 and HBL‐2 showed very high efficiency: At 500 cd/m2, pure blue color coordinate (0.135, 0.108) and efficiency of 9.5 cd/A. On the other hand, fluorescent blue device that used HBL‐1 showed efficiency of 9.3 cd/A at pure blue color coordinate (0.134, 0.109), showing 50% lifetime increase as well.
68.3: Curved Mobile Phone Cover with Carbon NanoBud Touch
Authors: Bhat Chandrakant , Brown David P. , Chen Clement , Mikladal Bjørn F. , Ó Súilleabháin Liam , Soininen Erkki L. , Tian Dewei , Varjos Ilkka , Zhan Xiaowei
Published: July 2015

A touch‐integrated mobile phone cover lens has been developed using Carbon NanoBud material. This product is a new curved edge cover lens with high optical quality touch, a light‐weight, unbreakable and hard‐coated all‐plastic design, and cost effective manufacturing by Film Insert Molding.
27.1: Invited Paper: Opening the Door to New LCD Applications Via Polymer Walls
Authors: Greinert Nils , Schoenefeld Christian , Suess Patrick , Klasen‐Memmer Melanie , Bremer Matthias , Canisius Johannes
Published: July 2015

Free‐form, or unbreakable displays are attractive from a consumer point of view but are difficult to manufacture. We have developed state‐of‐the‐art liquid crystal mixtures that can create polymer wall structures within the display. This utilizes existing manufacturing techniques and enables flexible substrate based liquid crystal displays.
55.3: A Low‐Voltage and Fast‐Response Infrared Spatial Light Modulator
Authors: Peng Fenglin , Xu Daming , Chen Haiwei , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: July 2015

We report a low‐voltage and fast‐response polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) infrared phase modulator. By optimizing the UV curing temperature and LC host, we achieved V2ϰ= 22.8V at λ=1.55μm and response time about 1ms. Such a PNLC‐based spatial light modulator is useful for adaptive optics, adaptive lens, and laser beam steering.
56.2: Invited Paper: Progress in Color Rendition Measures for Lighting
Authors: David Aurelien
Published: July 2015

We discuss a method to evaluate the color rendition of light sources, which improves upon the well‐known Color Rendering Index. The method combines two measures (for color fidelity and gamut), and employs an optimized set of reflectance test samples. It is proposed as the basis for the upcoming IES Color Rendition Measure, and is proposed for consideration with the CIE.
69.3: a‐IGZO TFTs Reliability Improvement by Dual Gate Structure
Authors: Chang Kuo‐Jui , Chen Wen‐Tai , Chang Wei‐Cheng , Chen Wen‐Pin , Nien Cheng‐Chung , Shih Tsung‐Hsiang , Lu Hsueh‐Hsing , Lin Yu‐Hsin
Published: July 2015

The positive bias thermal stress (PBTS), negative bias thermal stress (NBTS) and negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) stabilities of dual gate amorphous‐indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) thin film transistors via applying different top gate voltage is concentrated in this paper. These dual gate devices show better PBTS/NBTS stress stabilities (smaller ΔVth shift) than conventional bottom gate TFT device. Additionally, these dual gate devices also exhibits better NBIS stress results than conventional bottom gate TFT device.
70.3: Low Power Consumption and Wide Color Gamut AMOLED Display with Four Primary Colors
Authors: Chen Chung‐Chia , Lee Meng‐Ting , Wu Shu‐Fen , Yang Hsueh‐Yeh , Shen Shih‐Ming , Lin Yu‐Hsin
Published: July 2015

First four primary‐color (RGBY) AMOLED display was demonstrated by a 4.65‐ panel with HD resolution (1280 x 720, 317 ppi). The RGBY display possessed superior NTSC ratio of 112% and low power consumption, which is 16% lower than conventional three color AMOLED panel under same panel size and pixel density. The introduction of yellow color significantly improved image quality and panel power consumption, and therefore made it a favorable display for mobile apparatus.
28.3: Invited Paper: Progress on Phosphorescent OLED Materials
Authors: Balaganesan Banumathy , Huang Heh Lung , Guo Huang Ming , Hsu Po Wei , Yao Cheng Chung , Lu Hsuan Lung
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we present the development of phosphorescent host materials, having triplet energy more than 2.5 eV, to sensitize red phosphorescent dopants. Some of the new phosphorescent hosts exhibited lifetimes (T70) of about 40,000h at an initial luminance of 1000 cd/m2, with efficiencies as high as 28 cd/A at a driving voltage of about 4.2 V.
60.1: Distinguished Paper: A Capacitive Touch Panel for Simultaneous Detection of Non‐Conductive and Conductive Objects
Authors: Brown Chris , Kay Andrew , Sugita Yasuhiro , Kida Kazutoshi
Published: July 2015

We present a mutual capacitance touch panel with a novel electrode pattern and recognition algorithms for the simultaneous detection of conductive and non‐conductive objects. A prototype of the novel touch panel was fabricated using standard techniques and integrated with a standard touch panel controller to demonstrate its improved usability.
72.3: The Mechanical Reliability of Glass Displays in Bending
Authors: Scott Glaesemann G. , Hemanth Vepakomma K.
Published: July 2015

The mechanical reliability of glass under stress is controlled by the strength of the existing flaw population and the subcritical growth of those flaws under stress. Each glass application requires a mechanical reliability strategy that is optimized for that application. The purpose here is to establish that strategy for the case of glass in displays where the intent is to bend the display permanently. Fracture mechanics is used as a well‐established framework for combining strength and fatigue effects on display glass sheets.
29.2: Silicon Ink‐Based Poly Si CMOS TFT Fabricated on 300mm Stainless Steel Foil Substrates
Authors: Takashima Mao , Chandra Aditi , Li Joey , Kamath Arvind
Published: July 2015

Laser crystallized CMOS TFTs were fabricated on thin 300 mm stainless steel substrates using novel coated silicon in a Printed Dopant PolySilicon (PDPS) process‐flow [1]. Silicon ink will be a key building block for low‐cost, continuous large‐area coating or printing in very high‐volume roll‐to‐roll manufacturing. RF devices with PECVD‐equivalent TFT characteristics using semiconductor‐grade inks are routinely fabricated using this process. This technology is foundational to low‐cost, high‐volume, RF (13.56MHz), display and integrated sensor system circuits on thin, large‐area flexible and durable substrates.
72.4: Development of a Laser Optical System for a 4K Laser Backlit LCD TV
Authors: Okimoto Nami , Maeda Saki , Niikura Eiji , Sawanaka Tomohiko , Kida Hiroshi
Published: July 2015

We have developed a Laser Backlight LCD TV that uses red laser diodes and cyan LEDs. The laser diode is smaller divergence angle than the LED. Therefore in the backlight we have developed an optical system suitable to the characteristics of the laser light with a simple configuration.
29.3: High Resolution Flexible AMOLED with Integrated Gate‐Driver using Bulk‐Accumulation a‐IGZO TFTs
Authors: Geng Di , Kim Hyo Min , Mativenga Mallory , Chen Yuan Feng , Jang Jin
Published: July 2015

We report the design and fabrication of a high resolution AMOLED with integrated gate driver using bulk‐accumulation amorphous‐indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistor (TFT) on a plastic substrate. The gate driver consisting 7 TFTs and 1 capacitor is small in physical size which is only 40 µm in width (pitch). At the supply voltage (VDD) of 20 V, the clock frequency of the gate driver approaches 250 kHz, corresponding to a pulse width of 2 µs. The gate driver could be operated under mechanical bending radius of 2mm, making it applicable to flexible high resolution active‐matrix displays. The demonstrated AMOLED on flexible substrate achieves good image quality with very high resolution.
30.3: The Design Parameters for a Curved Barrier‐type Auto‐stereoscopic Display
Authors: Lin Wei‐Chieh , Cheng Yun‐Ting , Huang Kuo‐Chung , Lin Hoang Yan
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we verify the design method from planar to flexible barrier‐type auto‐stereoscopic displays used in mobile device. According to the design method, the curvature radius R of display, and the aperture ratios aB and aD of barrier and pixel are the only parameters to change the viewing zone. For R larger or smaller than a threshold value, aB and aD have different effects on 3D performance.
32.1: Front Light for Electrophoretic Display Applications
Authors: Huang Hsin‐Tao , Pao Yu‐Nan , Chen I‐Jeng
Published: July 2015

A new front light unit (FLU) that is based on a light guide plate (LGP) with a micro structure was developed as a flat front lighting source for electrophoretic, bi‐stable reflective display (e‐Paper) applications. Unlike a traditional flat FLU, which involves “air bonding” method, with the drawback of reflecting light from both sides of the LGP, degrading optical performance, a front light design with “direct adhesive bonding” method is proposed herein, which has the advantage of reducing light reflection and improving optical performance.
33.2: Neuron MOS Devices using Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Kimura Mutsumi , Shimada Kenji , Matsuda Tokiyoshi
Published: July 2015

We have developed neuron MOS devices using TFTs. They possess
floating and multiple input gate terminals capacitively connected.
We evaluated neuron MOS transistors, a neuron inverter, which
can be a variable threshold voltage inverter, and an almighty logic
circuit. The neuron MOS devices have great potential for artificial
neural networks.
33.4: Flexible IGZO TFTs with a Disruptive Photo‐patternable and Thermally Stable Organic Gate Insulator
Authors: Hsieh Hsing‐Hung , Lin Shiuan‐Iou , Sheets William C. , Kang Su Jin , Chou Cheng‐Wei , Hung Wan‐Yu , Xia Yu , Bull Scott , Facchetti Antonio , Hsiao Chung‐Chin
Published: July 2015

A new photo‐patternable and thermally‐stable organic gate insulator has been developed specifically for IGZO TFTs. Combined with an optimized device platform, flexible IGZO TFTs show groundbreaking performance such as high field‐effect mobilities, negligible I‐V hysteresis, excellent optical transparency and good thermal and bias‐temperature stress stability. A 5" flexible AMOLED utilizes these technologies has been fabricated.
34.2: Invited Paper: Highly Efficient and Stable OLEDs Using Hosts with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Duan Lian
Published: July 2015

It is demonstrated that materials with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are ideal host materials for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). TADF‐sensitized‐fluorescent OLEDs exhibit maximum power efficiency up to 45 lm/W. TADF‐sensitized‐phosphorescent OLEDs show high efficiency, low voltage and long lifetime even at low phosphor concentrations of <3 wt%.
20.3: Optimizing the Balance of Holes and Electrons in Inverted Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Inserting Electron Transportation Barrier Layer
Authors: Jiang Yibin , Tang Haoning , Chen Shuming , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: July 2015

In this study, the hole‐electron balance of quantum dot lightemitting diodes (QDLED) was tuned in order to achieve efficiency enhancement. This hole‐electron balance optimization was realized by inserting thin barrier layer in the electron transportation layer. Although the current density was slightly sacrificed because of the electron blocking of the barrier layer, the charge balance was improved hence leading to 123% efficiency enhancement.
21.2: Highly Reliable Oxide Thin Film Transistor with Novel Oxide Passivation Layers By All‐Printing Processes
Authors: Matsumoto Shinji , Saotome Ryoichi , Hirano Yukiko , Sone Yuji , Arae Sadanori , Kusayanagi Minehide , Nakamura Yuki , Ueda Naoyuki , Yamada Katsuyuki
Published: July 2015

We have developed highly reliable oxide TFT arrays by allprinted maskless process from gate to passivation layers with 100 ppi RGB resolution. The threshold voltage shifts under positive and negative bias‐temperature‐stress at 50 °C after 105 seconds were less than 0.8 and 0.3 V, respectively.
21.4: Deposition Conditions and HRTEM Characterization of CAAC IGZO
Authors: Lynch David M. , Zhu Bin , Levin Barnaby D. A. , Muller David A. , Ast Dieter G. , Greene Raymond G. , Thompson Michael O.
Published: July 2015

Crystallinity and texture of c‐axis aligned crystal indium gallium zinc oxide (CAAC IGZO) films deposited by RF reactive sputtering were studied and characterized over a range of deposition conditions. The characteristic CAAC (009) peak at 2θ=30° was observed by X‐ray diffraction, and nanocrystalline domain texture was determined using a general area detector diffraction system (GADDS). Highly ordered CAAC films were obtained near the InGaZnO4 composition at a substrate temperature of 310°C and in 10% O2. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirmed the formation of CAAC showing 2‐3 nm domains aligned over 15 nm x 15 nm fields of view. Cross‐section HRTEM of the CAAC/substrate interface shows formation of an initially disordered IGZO layer prior to CAAC formation, suggesting a nucleation mechanism similar to ZnO thin films.
22.1: Invited Paper: New Fluorescent Blue Host Materials for Achieving Low Voltage in OLEDs
Authors: Okinaka Keiji , Ikeda Takeshi , Mitsuya Masayuki , Saito Hiroyuki , Ito Hirokatsu , Kawamura Masahiro , Kuma Hitoshi
Published: July 2015

New fluorescence blue host (BH) materials for achieving low voltage have been developed. Low efficiency and short lifetime were main issues to reduce operation voltage when using former generation blue hosts. Therefore new molecular structure of BH was designed to improve both electron and hole mobility and optimize ionization potential (IP) for overcoming the issues. New BHs showed lower voltage and comparable lifetime than former generation BHs. Furthermore, as a result of device optimization using the new BH, low voltage of 3.0V with a high current efficiency of 7.23cd/A, CIE‐y of 0.053 at 10mA/cm2 was successfully achieved in a top‐emission device.
A pragmatic approach towards secure sharing of digital objects
Authors: Singh Reena , Gonsalves Timothy A.
Published: July 2015

Current access control models have limitations in scenarios where digital objects are decomposed into smaller objects before sharing. We propose an access control model (digital object‐based access model) for such scenarios involving object decomposition. Our model applies to the generic class of objects composing of documents, videos, and audio. We use temporal logic of actions to formally specify access policies in our model and verify different properties. Using mathematical modelling and simulation, we compare the usability and performance of our model in comparison with the widely used traditional access control model and role‐based access control model. With business process outsourcing as an example, we demonstrate that our model also yields a considerable reduction in the number of access permissions to be managed by an administrator as compared with other two models. Simulations show an improvement in the time required for access authorization in our model as compared with these two models. These improvements exhibited by our model become more prominent with the increase in the number of users and objects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.