bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERTAMBANGAN EMAS DAN SISTEM PENGHIDUPAN PETANI: STUDI DAMPAK PENAMBANGAN EMAS DI BOMBANA SULAWESI TENGGARA
Authors: Rahma Ma’mun Sitti
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to analyze the impact of gold mining on livelihoods of farmers in rural area of Bombana District. The research used sustainable livelihoods approach which focus on vulnerability context faced by farmers around gold mine site and ownership of and access to capital assets which were influenced by mining activity, which in the end lead to increasing or decreasing livelihood outcome of farmers in the area. The study was done in three villages around the gold mine site. Data was gathered through combination of quantitative and qualitative method using sample survey, in-depth interview and focus group discussion. The result showed that there was declining on rice production due to decreasing of farm land and land degradation as a result of draught season that affected the area. Watu-Watu village was the worst in terms of the loss of natural assets compare to other villages. Policy, institution and process which were represented by government and mining companies have added local communities’ exposure to vulnerability context they already faced. Livelihood diversification was chosen as coping strategy out of livelihood crisis due to the loss of productive assets caused by mining activities.
Keywords: gold, mining, farmers, livelihood, Bombana

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa dampak kegiatan peambangan emas terhadap capaian penghidupan masyarakat di wilayah pedesaan kabupaten BombanA, dengan menggunakan pendekatan penghidupan yang berkelanjutan, yang menekankan pada konteks kerentanan yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat petani di sekitar wilayah penambangan serta pola kepemilikan dan akses terhadap aset-aset penghidupan yang dipengaruhi oleh kegiatan penamanbangan, yang pada gilirannya dapat meningkatkan atau menurunkan kemampuannya dalam memperoleh capaian penghidupan yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan di tiga desa di loaksi penambangan. Metode penelitian menggabungkan antara metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode kualitatif melalui Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), fokus grup diskusi dan wawancara mendalam, dan metode kuantitatif dengan menggunakan sample survey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan produksi pertanian di lokasi penelitian yang disebabkan berkurangnya lahan pertanian dan kerusakan lahan akibat kekeringan yang melanda lokasipenelitian. Desa Watu-Watu merupakan desa yang terparah dalam hal kehilangan aset penghidupan dibandingkan kedua desa lainnya. Keberadaan kebijakan, kelembagaan dan proses yang diwakili oleh pemerintah dan perusahaan penambangan merupakan faktor yang semakin menekan posisi masyarakat setempat dalam konteks kerentanan yang dihadapinya. Upaya masyarakat untuk keluar dari krisis penghidupan akibat berkurang akses terhadap aset penghidupan melahirkan diversifikasi sumber nafkah sebagai bentuk coping strategy, dan tidak semata-mata tergantung pada sektor pertanian, tetapi juga pada sektor non pertanian.
Kata kunci: tambang emas, penghidupan, petan, Bombana.
KAPASITAS ADAPTASI KOMUNITAS PESISIR PADA KONDISI RAWAN PANGAN AKIBAT PERUBAHAN IKLIM (KASUS SEBUAH KOMUNITAS NELAYAN DI JAWA BARAT)
Authors: K. Panjaitan Nurmala , Adriana Galuh , Virianita Ratri , Karlita Nanda , Intan Cahyani Renita
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
Climate change provokes various problems on coastal community’s life such as reduction in the quantity and quality of the catch, sea-water flood, storms, tidal waves, and drought. Many impacts of climate change will not lead to the vulnerability of coastal communities when a community has sufficient adaptive capacity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the adaptive capacity of coastal communities to food insecurity as the impacts of climate change. Mix method approach such as survey, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observation was applied to collect the data. The unit analysis was community level (n = 100 poor fishery households, beneficiaries of government’s poor rice program). The adaptive capacity of communities to food insecurity is relatively low due to low institutional memory, unable to conduct innovative learning and especially the lack of connectedness with others outside the community. There is no Collective action to cope with food insecurity due to poverty, community’s culture and lack of local leadership.
Keywords: Climate change, adaptive capacity, coastal community, food insecurity

ABSTRAK
Perubahan iklim menimbulkan banyak masalah pada kehidupan komunitas pesisir seperti penurunan kualitas dan kuantitas tangkapan, rob, badai, gelombang pasang dan kekeringan. Berbagai dampak perubahan iklim tidak akan menyebabkan kerentanan komunitas pesisir bila komunitas itu mempunya kapasitas adaptasi yang memadai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa kapasitas adaptasi komunitas nelayan untuk melihat kesiapan komunitas dalam menghadapi kerawanan pangan akibat perubahan iklim. Pendekatan survei, wawancara mendalam, focus group discussion, dan observasi digunaan untuk mengumpulkan data. Unit analisa adalah pada tingkat masyarakat dengan sumber data 100 rumahtangga nelayan miskin yang merupakan penerima program raskin. Kapasitas adaptasi masyarakat terhadap kerawanan pangan tergolong rendah karena rendahnya institutional memory, tidak mampu melakukan innovative learning dan kurangnya connectedness terutama dengan pihak lain di luar komunitas. Aksi kolektif dari komunitas untuk mengatasi kerawanan pangan tidak ada yang disebabkan oleh kemiskinan,budaya komunitas dan kurang berfungsinya kepemimpinan lokal.
Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim, kapasitas adaptasi, pantai komunitas, kerawanan pangan
Winter Bird Use of Urban and Rural Habitats in Ontario
Authors: Smith Paul G. R.
Published: January 2017

This study examined variation in winter bird diversity, abundance, biomass and species and guild composition on plots in farmland, rural forests, mixed rural habitat, cities and three categories of urban natural areas in southern Ontario. Small (<20 g), insectivorous, upper canopy, bark foraging and forest species were more prevalent in rural mixed habitat, urban natural areas and especially rural forests. Larger (20-100 g), ground feeding and omnivorous birds typified cities and farms. Many bird species classified as forest, forest edge and field species during summer also favored these same habitats during winter. The 52 sample plots can be accurately classified into the seven habitat categories through discriminant analysis using the percentages of small species, insectivores, forest species and alien species. Urban natural areas, forests and mixed rural habitat showed the highest diversity while cities and farms showed the lowest diversity. Both bird abundance and biomass were highest in urban natural areas with open water and urban residential and commercial areas, whereas both were lowest in farmland.
Assessing an American Marten, Martes americana, Reintroduction in Vermont
Authors: Moruzzi Trina L. , Royar Kimberly J. , Grove Clayton , Brooks Robert T. , Bernier Christopher , Thompson Frank L. , DeGraaf Richard M. , Fuller Todd K.
Published: January 2017

During October-December 1989-1991, biologists from the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department and the USDA Forest Service reintroduced 115 (88 male, 27 female) American Martens (Martes americana) into the southern half of the Green Mountain National Forest. During the years of release, brief radio-contact was made with 9 of the 13 (8 male, 5 female) radiocollared animals, and several of these may have established residency. Results of winter track count surveys suggested the presence of at least four Martens in 1990. During winter 1994-1995, Trailmaster® cameras and boxed camera systems detected Martens at two, and Fishers (Martes pennanti) at 11, of 20 sites. During winter 1997-1998, Fishers were detected at 37 of 47 boxed camera sites, but no Martens were detected. During summer 1997 and 1998, no Marten photos were recorded at 285 pressure-plate camera stations in a larger area that included all Marten release sites. Although post-release monitoring may have been insufficient to definitively confirm Marten presence, results from the 1997 and 1998 camera surveys indicate that a viable population of Martens was not established in southern Vermont, perhaps due to competition with Fishers.
Food Habits of Ermine, Mustela erminea, in a Forested Landscape
Authors: Edwards Mark A. , Forbes Graham J.
Published: January 2017

Most research pertaining to the diet of North American weasels has been conducted in agricultural areas and may not be representative of diets in forested regions. Ermine carcasses (N = 155) collected from trappers during a two-week harvest (16-30 November 1996) in forested New Brunswick were analyzed for food habits. The contents of 81 stomachs and 98 gastrointestinal tracts (N = 179) were considered as separate eating events and used in the calculation of the percent frequency of occurrence. Results suggest that soricids (28.0%), arvicolines (24.6%), and cricetines (17.3%) comprised two-thirds of their autumn diet. At a species or genus level, the Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (17.3%) and shrews (Sorex spp.) (28.0%) were shown to have the highest percent occurrence. Squirrels, including the Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and the Eastern Chipmunk (Tamius striatus), comprised 11.2% of the Ermine’s diet; a value higher than has previously been reported.
An Occurrence of the Hawkweed-Leaved Saxifrage, Saxifraga hieraciifolia, in Southern British Columbia, and its Palaeobotanical Implications
Authors: Harris Stuart A.
Published: January 2017

The Hawkweed-Leaved Saxifrage (Saxifraga hieraciifolia), normally found in the alpine tundra in the Arctic, has been collected at 445 m in parkland near Chase, British Columbia. The closest previously recorded occurrence was on the tundra of the Liard Plateau, northern British Columbia. The new occurrence indicates that this species had migrated at least as far south as northern Washington State before the Late Wisconsin glaciation. The latter eliminated the species in British Columbia, but a small population survived south of the glaciers and then, after deglaciation, it migrated north into southern British Columbia, but along the lower limit of the main Boreal Forest instead of above treeline.
Energy Cost of Running in an Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
Authors: Fuglei Eva , Øritsland Nils A.
Published: January 2017

This work was conducted to determine effect of season and starvation on metabolic rate during running in the Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus) on Svalbard (78°55’N, 11°56’E), Norway. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure metabolic rate of foxes running on a treadmill and heart rate was monitored using implanted radio transmitters. The relationship between heart rate and metabolic rate was also examined. Metabolic rate increased with running speed. In July the metabolic rate during running almost fitted general equations predicted for mammals, while it was up to 20% lower in January, indicating seasonal variation in metabolic rate. There was a significant positive linear relationship between heart rate and weight specific metabolic rate, suggesting that heart rate can be used as an indicator of metabolic rate. Starvation for 11 days decreased the net cost of running by 13% in January and 17% in July, suggesting that a starved fox runs more energetically efficient than when fed. Heart rate measured in July decreased by 27% during starvation. Re-feeding reversed the starvation-induced reduction in metabolic rate and heart rate during running almost up to post-absorptive levels. The present results are from one fox, and must be considered as preliminary data until further studies are conducted.
A Tribute to Clarence Frankton 1906-2000
Authors: Brunton Daniel F.
Published: January 2017

First paragraph:Two events which say much about the way botanist Clarence (“Clarrie’) Frankton viewed the world and the study of its natural environment occurred in mid-May 2000, only weeks before his death 11 June. Although succumbing to the ravages of cancer and strokes which left him confined to his west-end Ottawa, Ontario home, he could only be described as “chipper” and even buoyant when botanical discoveries were put before him. Days earlier he had directed his wife Enid back to the shores of the Ottawa River to collect a particular specimen. Clarrie had been working on the identity of this non descript shrub since the previous fall and he was sure it would be in flower now. It was, and despite his substantial physical challenges, he worked the specimen through and determined it to be Prunus americana, precisely the rare (for the Ottawa Valley) introduced taxon that he had argued for all along. And in light of my earlier skepticism regarding that possibility, he made sure I was reminded right away how it all had turned out. His playful and inspiring competitiveness, however, was just as quickly put aside a few days later as he lauded the discovery of a locally rare native species (Cardamine bulbosa) and enthusiastically assessed the implications of the find. Clarrie was like that, always looking forward, always building upon what he already knew, always keenly anticipating the new challenge ahead.
Black Color Morph of the Brown Lemming, Lemmus trimucronatus = L. sibiricus
Authors: Holt Denver W. , Maples Michael T. , Savok Chris
Published: January 2017

A black pelage Brown Lemming is reported from Barrow, Alaska. The occurrence of this black color morph appears to be rare. During twelve years of Snowy Owl research and lemming trapping, only one has been seen. Of 554 snap-trapped Brown Lemmings and 1649 Brown Lemmings found cached at owl nests, no black individuals were found. The pelage of the black morph is described using a Munsell Soil Color Chart.
Death of Gray Wolves, Canis lupus, in Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, Dens in Wisconsin
Authors: Wydeven Adrian P. , Boles Sarah R. , Schultz Ronald N. , Doolittle Thomas
Published: January 2017

Three Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) were found dead in porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) dens in northern Wisconsin between 1996-2000. Use of these dens appeared to be cases of shelter-seeking behavior by wolves suffering from sarcoptic mange.
First Record of Mink Frog, Rana septentrionalis, from Insular Newfoundland
Authors: Warkentin Ian G. , Campbell Christine E. , Powell Kristin G. , Leonard Tina D.
Published: January 2017

Two populations of the Mink Frog (Rana septentrionalis) were identified near Corner Brook Newfoundland during wider surveys for anurans on the west coast of the island. This brings to six the number of anuran species which are known to have been introduced to insular Newfoundland, with four known to be currently extant.
Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus, Attacks on Greater Sage-Grouse, Centerocercus urophasianus, in Southern Alberta
Authors: Fletcher Quinn E. , Dockrill Craig W. , Saher D. Joanne , Aldridge Cameron L.
Published: January 2017

The Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is an endangered species in Canada, making it critical to understand all known causes of mortality. We report the first recorded observations of female Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) attacks on male Greater Sage-Grouse. Although no attacks were successful, our observations suggest that Northern Harriers are predators of Greater Sage-Grouse.
First Record of the Deepwater Sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsonii, from George Lake in Whiteshell Provincial Park, Manitoba
Authors: Murray L. , Papst M. H. , Reist J. D.
Published: January 2017

Two adult female specimens of Deepwater Sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsonii, were collected by gillnet from George Lake near Point Du Bois, Manitoba, 36.8 km east of Lac Du Bonnet on 21 September 2000. This constitutes the first confirmed occurrence of the species in George Lake. The only other Manitoba lakes with known populations of Deepwater Sculpin are Lake Athapapuskow and West Hawk Lake. Deepwater Sculpins have also been collected from Reindeer Lake; however, these individuals were collected from the deeper Saskatchewan side of the lake.
Extralimital Sighting of a Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus, in Northeast Saskatchewan
Authors: Goodyear Michael A.
Published: January 2017

The first documented occurrence of a Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) in northeastern Saskatchewan, 420 km from the western coast of Hudson Bay, is described. The bear was most likely a sub-adult male in fair condition, with respect to body fat. Early break-up of ice on Hudson Bay in the spring of 1999 may have contributed to this significant extralimital sighting.
Marsh Rice Rat, Oryzomys palustris, Predation on Forster's Tern, Sterna forsteri, Eggs in Coastal North Carolina
Authors: Brunjes John H. , Webster W. David
Published: January 2017

Nesting success of Forster’s Terns (Sterna forsteri) was examined on two small islands in the Cedar Island area of North Carolina. Forster’s Terns laid an average of 2.1 eggs per nest (n = 50) on Chainshot Island and 2.1 eggs per nest (n = 43) on Harbor Island in clutches that consisted of 1 to 3 eggs. On Chainshot Island every egg (n = 107) was lost to predation. On Harbor Island, 72 of 92 eggs were preyed upon. A trapping program, initiated on both islands, yielded 32 Marsh Rice Rats (Oryzomys palustris). Stomach contents of 23 rats were inspected, with 92.3% from Chainshot Island and 70% of the stomachs from Harbor Island containing yolk and feathers of Forster’s Terns.
Documenting Pronglorn Antelope, Antilocapra americana, in the Peace River Grasslands, Alberta
Authors: Ferguson Theresa A.
Published: January 2017

Fur trade records of the 1800-1855 period document the harvest of antelope in the central Peace River area of northern Alberta.
Movement of Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, in a Natural Reach of the Ottawa River
Authors: Haxton Tim
Published: January 2017

A radio-telemetry project was conducted on four Lake Sturgeon in a natural reach of the Ottawa River, Canada. The objective was to ascertain the extent of their movement within a natural river reach. Lake Sturgeon displayed high fidelity to a basin and did not move extensive distances. Maximum distance traveled between tracking locations was 10 km and mean home range was 1528 ha. Mean distance moved did not significantly differ between seasons. Mean water depth in which Lake Sturgeon were located was 3.5 m. Lake Sturgeon were not located within 52 km of the upstream dam.
Subtidal Hydroids (Cnidaria) of Northumberland Strait, Atlantic Canada, with Observations on Their Life Cycles and Distributions
Authors: Calder Dale R.
Published: January 2017

Hydroids were examined in collections from a biological survey of Northumberland Strait undertaken by Fisheries and Oceans Canada from June to August 1975. No investigations have been undertaken previously on hydroids of the study area. Forty-eight species referable to 12 families were present in the samples, with Sertulariidae dominating in both numbers of species (12) and frequency. Gonophores were found in 30 of the species. As usual in hydroids of higher latitudes, a majority of those represented do not have a medusa stage in their life cycle. Gonophores in 42 of the 48 species are known to be fixed sporosacs while free medusae or medusoids occur in only six. Two major species groups were distinguished in a numerical analysis of hydroid species/station data. One of these groups included the three most ubiquitous species (Calycella syringa, Hydrallmania falcata, Sertularia latiuscula) together with 15 others most prevalent in samples from shallower (<20 m) and warmer stations. The second group included species occurring primarily in samples from stations in deeper (>20 m) and mostly colder waters. Two species (Lafoeina tenuis, Halecium lankesteri) are new to the Atlantic coast of North America. Eight others (Bougainvillia sp., Eudendrium dispar, Eudendrium ramosum, Cuspidella humilis, Opercularella pumila, Halecium scutum, Halecium sessile, Diphasia fallax) are reported in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence for the first time. The subtidal hydroid fauna in open waters of Northumberland Strait is a cold-water assemblage typical of the boreal zone in the western North Atlantic, and no relict warm-temperate species were found.
Methods for Capturing Free-Ranging Black Bears, Ursus americanus, in Difficult Locations
Authors: McDonald John E.
Published: January 2017

Long-term research or monitoring studies involving radiomarked Black Bears (Ursus americanus) conducted in areas with high human and road densities may require that radiocollars be replaced or bears recaptured for other purposes. The use of trained bear hounds is particularly suited to recapturing specific bears. However, in certain situations, hounds may not be used safely or bears may seek refuge in difficult locations. Effectiveness of two methods to capture bears via remote darting and chemical immobilization are described: (1) stalking and rushing females with cubs; and (2) allowing treed bears to descend. Both methods rely on assumptions about Black Bear behavior. Nine captures of eight individual bears are discussed; one bear drowned after being immobilized, and all others survived >5 months after capture.
First Report of a Sea Louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Infestation on Juvenile Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, in Nearshore Habitat
Authors: Morton Alexandra B. , Williams Rob
Published: January 2017

High infestation rates of the Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) have been reported on juvenile salmonids in Europe since 1989; however, this species has not been reported on juvenile Pacific salmonids until now. Magnitude of Sea Lice infestation was examined in 2001 on juvenile Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) migrating through a British Columbia archipelago. On average, the 751 juvenile Pink Salmon sampled weighed 2.25 g (± 0.039 SE), were infected with 11.3 (± 0.41 SE) Sea Lice per fish and 6.1 (± 0.24SE) Sea Lice per gram host weight. Fully 75.0% of fish were infected at loads equivalent to or higher than the lethal limit reported for much larger Sea Trout (Salmo trutta) post-smolts. Abundance (Kruskal-Wallis statistic = 100.95, p<0.0001) and intensity (KW= 70.05, p<0.0001) of lice, and mean number of lice/g host weight (K-W= 112.23, p<0.0001) were significantly higher in juvenile Pink Salmon in close proximity to salmon farms, than in Pink Salmon distant from salmon farms.
Status of Marine Turtles in British Columbia Waters: A Reassessment
Authors: McAlpine Donald F. , Orchard Stan A. , Sendall Kelly A. , Palm Rod
Published: January 2017

Marine turtles in British Columbia have previously been considered off course stragglers. Here we document 20 new reports for Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas, and Leatherback Turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, for the province. Until recently there had been no concerted effort to acquire data on marine turtle abundance or frequency off British Columbia. Observations presented here allow a reassessment of marine turtle status in British Columbia waters. We suggest Green Turtles and Leatherbacks should be considered rare vagrants and uncommon seasonal residents, respectively, off British Columbia and that they are a natural part of the British Columbia marine environment.
Introduced Marine Species in the Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) Region, British Columbia
Authors: Sloan N. A. , Bartier P. M.
Published: January 2017

This historical review of a marine area’s introduced species was facilitated by geo-referenced marine species inventories of the Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) region. One plant, 14 invertebrate, and two fish introduced species have been recorded since the early 20th century from the marine waters around Haida Gwaii. Records of species occurrences are listed and mapped, and modes of introduction are discussed. It will be important to continue documenting areas’ introduced species locations to track the progress of invasions that could affect local marine ecosystem well-being. Erratum for figure included.
Unusual Behavior by Bison, Bison bison, Toward Elk, Cervus elaphus, and Wolves, Canis lupus
Authors: Mech L. David , McIntyre Rick T. , Smith Douglas W.
Published: January 2017

Incidents are described of Bison (Bison bison) in Yellowstone National Park mauling and possibly killing a young Elk (Cervus elaphus) calf, chasing wolves (Canis lupus) off Elk they had just killed or were killing, and keeping the wolves away for extended periods. During one of the latter cases, the Bison knocked a wolf-wounded Elk down. Bison were also seen approaching wolves that were resting and sleeping, rousting them, following them to new resting places and repeating this behavior. These behaviors might represent some type of generalized hyper-defensiveness that functions as an anti-predator strategy.
Morphology and Population Characteristics of Vancouver Island Cougars, Puma concolor vancouverensis
Authors: Wilson Steven F. , Hahn Apryl , Gladders Aaron , Goh Karen M. L. , Shackleton David M.
Published: January 2017

Cougars are a management concern on Vancouver Island because they are a top predator and because there have been frequent attacks on humans on the island. However, little is known about Cougar ecology in the Pacific Northwest of North America. We studied Cougar morphology and population characteristics as part of a larger study in two areas on Vancouver Island. We derived a multivariate measure of body size to describe changes with age and sex. Body size was similar in the two study areas. Survival rates for adult females were higher than those reported elsewhere; however, hunters avoided shooting females in general, and radio-collared Cougars in particular. Litter size at first detection was lower than reported in many other studies and may be related to food availability.Includes erratum for a figure in this article.
Conservation Evaluation of the Pacific Population of Tall Woolly-heads, Psilocarphus elatior, an Endangered Herb in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W. , Illingworth Jeanne M.
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Psilocarphus elatior occurs in British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. This paper examines the status of the Pacific populations located on southeastern Vancouver Island in southwestern British Columbia. The Pacific population consists of 12 recorded sites of which only five have been confirmed since 1993. In British Columbia, P. elatior is associated with dried beds of vernal pools and other open, moist depressions at lower elevations. In British Columbia, P. elatior populations occur in large numbers at only two of the seven locations.
Interactions of Brown Bears, Ursus arctos, and Gray Wolves, Canis lupus, at Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska
Authors: Smith Tom S. , Partridge Steven T. , Schoen John W.
Published: January 2017

We describe several encounters between Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) and Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) that were observed at Katmai National Park and Preserve in southwest Alaska. Katmai Brown Bears and Gray Wolves were observed interacting in a variety of behavioral modes that ranged from agonistic to tolerant. These observations provide additional insight regarding the behavioral plasticity associated with bear-wolf interactions.
Lichen Zonation on Coastal Rocks in Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve, Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia
Authors: Brodo Irwin M. , Sloan Norm A.
Published: January 2017

The occurrence of 43 marine lichen species on intertidal rocky shores of southern Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia is described and related particularly to elevation on the shore (duration of seawater immersion) and exposure to waves. In the area of Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site on Moresby Island, rockdwelling marine lichens are distributed in zones much as they are elsewhere in the world, although some species found abundantly only in Haida Gwaii give the local shores a unique appearance. In common with other areas, there is a conspicuous black band of Verrucaria species (in this case, nine species plus other black lichens) at the upper edge of the intertidal zone. A conspicuous white band of Coccotrema maritimum above the black band is a unique feature of this flora. The unusually large percentage of endemic, near-endemic or disjunct lichen species and their phytogeography suggest that at least the headland rocks along the west coast were refugia during the last glacial maximum. Verrucaria striatula and V. sandstedei are reported for the first time from British Columbia. Erratum for figure included.
Collapsing Burrow Causes Death of a Eurasian Beaver, Castor fiber
Authors: Thomsen Liat R. , Sharpe Fiona , Rosell Frank
Published: January 2017

The death of a Eurasian Beaver Castor fiber caused by a collapsing burrow in southeast Norway is reported. Two days of heavy rainfall had presumably caused the burrow to collapse, suffocating the animal.
Bird Communities of the Garry Oak Habitat in Southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Erickson Wayne R.
Published: January 2017

Identifying the bird communities of a habitat could contribute to conservation efforts and provide benchmarks for ecosystem studies. Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) ecosystems in British Columbia are among the most endangered in Canada and warrant conservation. Four bird communities were determined by analyzing an extensive sample of Garry Oak habitat bird data. These communities were defined objectively by aggregations of the bird species themselves from across the various sites and areas. Characteristic species of these communities include American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus), Bewick’s Wren (Thryomanes bewickii), Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) and Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Poecile rufescens) in community 1; House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi), Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus), White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys), and Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus) in community 2; Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana),Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata), American Goldfinch, Pine Siskin, Pacific-slope Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis), Cassin’s Vireo (Vireo cassinii) and Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) in community 3; and Northwestern Crow (Corvus caurinus) and European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in community 4. Differences between the communities are suggested from the life history traits of the species, including a community consisting mostly of insectivores when on breeding territory (number 1), one with species foraging primarily in shrubs and trees (community 3), and another with tree-nesting ground gleaners (number 4). One community (number 3) had analogues in two widely disparate areas: oak-associated in north-central New Mexico, and aspen (Populus tremuloides)-related in northcentral British Columbia; otherwise communities reported in the literature were generally not directly comparable.
Stranding of a Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia breviceps, in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada
Authors: Measures Lena , Roberge Benoît , Sears Richard
Published: January 2017

A Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia breviceps, stranded alive and later died in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Canada on 28 August 2001. This is the northern-most stranding of this species in the western Atlantic. The whale was estimated to be approximately 3 m long and a longitudinal section from one tooth (31 mm long and 5.0 mm in diameter) revealed 3.5 growth layer groups.
New Records of Vascular Plants in the Yukon Territory VI
Authors: Cody William J. , Kennedy Catherine E. , Bennett Bruce , Caswell Phil
Published: January 2017

Based on field reconnaissance mainly in 2002 in the southern part of the Yukon and particularly in and adjacent to Kluane National Park, information is provided on geographically significant plant occurrences. Six native taxa, Atriplex alaskensis, Claytonia megarrhiza, Corispermum ochotense var. alaskanum, Oxytropis arctica, Polemonium acutiflorum forma lacteum and Polemonium boreale forma albiflorum, and four introduced taxa. Arabis caucasica, Camelina sativa, Senecio eremophilus, and Setaria viridis are reported new to the known flora of the Yukon Territory. Significant range extensions for 158 native and 21 introduced taxa are included. Parrya arctica, Armoracia rusticana, Atriplex patula and Papaver nudicaule ssp. nudicaule are excluded from the Yukon flora.
Hummock Vegetation at the Arctic Tree-line near Churchill, Manitoba
Authors: Tews Jörg
Published: January 2017

Hummocks, small earth or peat mounds, are widely distributed in the arctic and develop as a consequence of biomass accumulation and cryoturbation in the active layer. There is general agreement that the type of vegetation covering peat hummocks may alter the accumulation rate of organic material and thus hummock growth and local carbon sink dynamics. Studies on hummock plant community compositions from the arctic are very scarce. Here, I present results of a case study from the arctic tree-line near Churchill, Manitoba (Canada). Vegetation composition, hummock height and soil moisture content were recorded in 40 peat hummocks located along a tree-line gradient from open forest to tundra. Based on a cluster analysis I found three moss-dominated types of hummock vegetation, according to (1) a Tomenthypnum nitens (golden fuzzy fen moss) type on low hummocks, (2) a Hylocomium splendens (stair-step moss) type on medium-sized hummocks, and (3) a Pleurozium schreberi (red-stemmed feathermoss) type on hummocks higher than 60-70 cm. I found hummock height to increase towards the forest interior with decreasing water content of the upper organic layer on the hummock top. This is indicated by a significant change in vegetation composition towards drought resistant moss species on higher hummocks. Furthermore, species richness decreased with increase in hummock height. Based on evidence from historical tree-line invasion the overall results suggest that hummock height increases due to peat accumulation over the course of time resulting in a typical change in plant community composition.
Significant Vascular Plant Records from the Hamilton Area, Ontario
Authors: Rothfels Carl
Published: January 2017

Four additions to the known vascular flora of Ontario (Aesculus pavia, Ambrosia × helenae, Anthriscus caucalis, Verbena bonariensis) and ten other provincially significant records are discussed. Of the 14 taxa listed, two (Actaea × ludovici and Ambrosia × helenae) are native.
Do Rhinoceros Auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata, Fledglings Fly to the Sea from Their Natal Burrows?
Authors: Hayward James L. , Clayburn Jere K.
Published: January 2017

The mode of departure of Rhinoceros Auklet fledglings from their nest burrows has remained uncertain. Both walk-down and fly-down hypotheses have been proposed. Here we use the unique geography of Protection Island, Washington, to evaluate the fly-down hypothesis. Some fledglings raised on Protection Island do appear to walk to the water, but our results suggest that many of the island’s fledgling Rhinoceros Auklets fly to the sea.
Erratum: Lichen Zonation on Coastal Rocks in Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve, Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia. (2004) 118(3): 405-424.
Authors: Brodo Irwin M. , Sloan Norm A.
Published: January 2017

Figure 2 had an omission.
Charophytes of Insular Newfoundland II: Chara evoluta and Chara canescens
Authors: Mann Henry , Nambudiri E. M. V.
Published: January 2017

The rare Newfoundland disjuncts Chara evoluta and Chara canescens are compared morphologically, ecologically, and geographically. Although very similar morphologically, they can readily be distinguished by their monoecious/dioecious nature, cortical cell features and coronula size. Ecological differences are more subtle and difficult to quantify. In Newfoundland the two species are restricted to coastal saline lagoons in the southwest region of the Island, with C. evoluta exhibiting an association with Chara aspera. The flora and fauna of these unique habitats are poorly documented even though it is known that they are associated with other rare species including the Piping Plover and the Banded Killifish. Consideration of some degree of protection as special habitats within the provincial ecological reserve strategy is suggested. An updated key to all species of charophytes known to inhabit Newfoundland and Labrador is included, and a brief overview of their ecological distributions is provided.
Seasonal Diets of Newfoundland Martens, Martes americana atrata
Authors: Gosse John W. , Hearn Brian J.
Published: January 2017

We analyzed scats (n = 679) and stomach contents (n = 25) collected from 1980-2003 to assess the relative frequencies of food types utilized by Newfoundland Marten (Martes americana atrata) during summer and winter. Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were the most prevalent food item occurring in 80% and 47.5% of samples from summer and winter, respectively. Apart from Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americana), which occurred in 28% of winter samples, all other food types occurred in <16% of samples during each season. Diet breadth was widest during winter and may be related to a lower availability of Meadow Voles during this time of year. Erratum included.
An Ancient Wolf, Canus lupus, Den and Associated Human Activity in the Southwestern Yukon Territory
Authors: Farnell Richard , Hare P. Gregory , Drummond Daniel R.
Published: January 2017

The recovery of an ancient hunting artifact in an active Wolf den indicates that Wolf denning sites may be reused for many centuries. It also suggests that traditional practices of predator management by humans may have great antiquity.
Facts from Faeces: Prey Remains in Wolf, Canis lupus, Faeces Revise Occurrence Records for Mammals of British Columbia's Coastal Archipelago
Authors: Price Michael H. H. , Darimont Chris T. , Winchester Neville N. , Paquet Paul C.
Published: January 2017

Archipelagos often harbour taxa that are endemic and vulnerable to disturbance. Conservation planning and research for these areas depend fundamentally on accurate and current taxonomic inventories. Although basic ecological information is in its infancy, the temperate rainforest islands of coastal British Columbia are undergoing rapid human-caused modification, particularly logging. We report herein new mammal records for these islands as determined by prey remains in the faeces of Wolves (Canis lupus), the area’s apex mammalian terrestrial predator. Of particular interest is our detection of Marten (Martes americana) on islands previously inventoried and island occupancy by Moose (Alces alces), which have apparently migrated recently to coastal British Columbia. Remains in faeces provided valuable new species occurrence information, but more extensive and focused inventories are required to generate predictions of island occupancy by mammals based on biotic and abiotic landscape features.
Territorial Behavior in Belted Kingfishers, Ceryle alcyon, During Fall Migration
Authors: Hamas Michael J.
Published: January 2017

The Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) exhibits territorial behavior during breeding and on the wintering grounds. However, behavior during migration is poorly documented. Here, I report on kingfishers exhibiting territorial behavior during fall migration along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron, Michigan.
Passage Through a Small Drainage Culvert by Mule Deer, Odocoilus hemionus, and Other Mammals
Authors: Krawchuk Alissa , Larsen Karl W. , Weir Richard D. , Davis Helen
Published: January 2017

Cameras with infra-red triggers were used to monitor the passage of wildlife through underground passages that ran under a major highway and railway. Several species of mammals were detected traveling through the passages; of particular interest was the movement of Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) through a relatively small culvert that would not have been predicted to see usage by these animals.
Cyclopyxis acmodonta n. sp. and Arcella formosa n. sp.: Two New Species of Testate Rhizopods (Arcellinida, Protozoa) from Remnant Wetlands in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Nicholls Kenneth H.
Published: January 2017

Species of the testate rhizopod genera Arcella and Cyclopyxis are found predominantly in the benthos of shallow ponds, forest pools, marshes and other freshwater habitats. Their taxonomy is based on the morphology of their tests — the shell-like structure that houses the living single-celled amoeboid protoplast. This paper describes a new species of Cyclopyxis discovered in two coniferous forest bogs, and a new species of Arcella from a Typha-dominated marsh on the north shore of Lake Ontario, Canada. Cyclopyxis acmodonta Nicholls n. sp. differs from its closest relative C. stellata (Wailes) Deflandre 1929 in its much smaller size and its irregularly shaped pseudostomal aperture, which is embellished with numerous, tiny, sharp-pointed toothlike quartz granules around the interior margin. Although the saucer-like indentations over the dorsal surface of the test of A. formosa Nicholls, Meisterfeld & Török n. sp. resemble similar structures found in several other Arcella species, the large size of A. formosa (165-235 mm in diameter) and its low profile (low height-to-diameter ratio) are the main features distinguishing this new species from other Arcella species.
New Records of Vascular Plants in the Yukon Territory VII
Authors: Cody William J. , Bennett Bruce A. , Caswell Phil
Published: January 2017

Based on field reconnaissance mainly in 2003 in Kluane National Park but also many other areas throughout the Yukon, information is provided on geographically significant plant occurrences. Thirteen native taxa, Agrostis humilis, Blysmopsis rufa, Carex bebbii, C. lenticularis var. dolia, C. nigricans, C. sartwellii, C. siccata, Diphasiastrum sitchense, Najas flexilis, Oxytropis arctica var. arctica, Oxytropis arctica var. murrayi, Saxifraga nelsoniana ssp. carlottae and Swertia perennis and two introduced taxa, Bromus japonicus and Leymus mollis ssp. mollis s.l. are reported new to the flora of the Yukon Territory. Significant range extensions for 109 native and eight introduced taxa are included and three species, Clematis occidentalis, Polygonum persicaria, and Verbena hastata are deleted from the flora.
Additions to the Flora of the Continental Northwest Territories from the Great Slave Lake Area
Authors: Catling Paul M.
Published: January 2017

Eleven species are reported as new to the flora of the continental Northwest Territories. The new native species include Artemesia dracunculus, Chenopodium leptophyllum, Eleocharis erythropoda, Panicum capillare, Schoenoplectus pungens and Symphyotrichum lanceolatum subsp. hesperium var. hesperium. New alien species reported include Achillea ptarmica, Chaenorhinum minus, Galium aparine, Malva neglecta and Silene cserei. Sonchus arvensis, previously reported, is based on material referable to a subsp. uliginosus. Forms new to the flora include Achillea millefolium f. rosea and Actaea rubra f. neglecta. Locations, habitats and distinctive features are provided for the additional taxa. The Hay River lowland ecoregion is a floristically rich area that deserves more botanical exploration. Erratum included.
Observations of Autumn Courtship and Breeding in Brown Bears, Ursus arctos, from Coastal British Columbia
Authors: Nevin Owen T. , Gilbert Barrie K.
Published: January 2017

Over a period of four years, autumn courtship behaviour in Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) was observed on three separate occasions, with copulation observed once and two litters of cubs potentially resulting from autumn breeding. These are the first recorded observations of these behaviours.
Mortality of Deer Mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, in Wire Mesh Live-Traps: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Jung Thomas S. , O'Donovan Kieran S.
Published: January 2017

Live-capture of animals occasionally results in the death of some individuals. Here, we report upon an unusual occurrence of trap-related mortality observed in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) captured in wire mesh live-traps during field sampling in southeastern Yukon. Eight of 85 marked individuals (9.4%) were found with their snouts caught in the wire mesh of our live-traps; four of these individuals were found dead. We suggest a modification to Ugglan live-traps that would likely decrease such incidents.
Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina brevicauda, Apparently Killed by Red Squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Authors: Nero Robert W.
Published: January 2017

On 2 November 2003, a freshly killed Short-tailed Shrew found beneath a bird feeder was likely the victim of an aggressive locally-resident Red Squirrel. The minimal amount of snow cover at the time is hypothesized to have prevented an escape such as had been observed in an encounter between these species in a previous year.
Do Juvenile Nearctic River Otters (Lontra canadensis) Contribute to Fall Scent Marking?
Authors: Olson Zach H. , Stevens Sadie S. , Serfass Thomas L.
Published: January 2017

We present photographic evidence in support of the hypothesis that juvenile Nearctic River Otters (Lontra canadensis) contribute to the observed fall peak in scent marking.
Breeding and Non-Breeding Range of Canada, Branta canadensis, and Cackling Geese, Branta hutchinsii, in the Eastern Canadian Arctic
Authors: Mallory Mark L. , Fontaine Alain J. , Boyd Hugh
Published: January 2017

The accepted breeding distribution of Canada Geese from the Atlantic Population (Branta canadensis interior) in the eastern Canadian Arctic is currently confined to northern Québec and the south coast of Baffin Island. Here we provide evidence based on observations from scientific studies, Inuit hunters, and territorial Wildlife Officers that B. c. interior now breeds in growing numbers 500 km farther north on northeastern Baffin Island than previously reported. Cackling Geese (B. hutchinsii), which breed more widely across eastern Arctic Canada, to about 72°N, may also be increasing there. Moreover, individuals of both species are seen occasionally as far north as Ellesmere Island in small flocks and within migrating or moulting flocks of Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens) or Brant (B. bernicla hrota), though none of these far northern stragglers are known to have bred. Whether these observations reflect a recent range expansion or improved distributional knowledge from more intensive recent survey efforts remains unknown.
Body Size Distribution and Frequency of Anthropogenic Injuries of Bluntnose Sixgill Sharks, Hexanchus griseus, at Flora Islets, British Columbia
Authors: Dunbrack Robert , Zielinski Robert
Published: January 2017

The Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus) is a widely distributed demersal species whose population biology is poorly understood. Although H. griseus is normally found in deep continental slope waters, individuals from a population in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, make unexpected diurnal movements onto a shallow reef (Flora Islets) between June and August. This shallow water activity allowed in situ length measurements to be made on 35 free-swimming Bluntnose Sixgill Sharks using stereo videography. The measured sharks were all large juveniles and sub-adults, although smaller juveniles and pregnant females are known to occur in deeper adjacent waters. The restricted size distribution at Flora Islets may arise because small juveniles avoid contact with larger conspecifics and mating takes place offshore. All measured sharks were individually identified by unique scar patterns. In 13 of 35 sharks these scars were consistent with injuries expected from hooking and entanglement by commercial fishing gear.