bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weight and measurements of kidneys in northwest indian adults
Authors: Sahni Daisy , Jit Indar , Sodhi Lavina
Published: September 2002

Weights and measurements of paired kidneys obtained from medicolegal autopsies of northwest Indian adults, 155 males and 84 females, were compared. The right and left kidneys weighed 108.7 ± 22.6 g and 111.8 ± 23.3 g (P > 0.05), respectively, in males. Corresponding weights in females were 96.6 ± 19.3 g and 99.4 ± 25.3 g (P > 0.05) for the right and left kidneys, respectively. Sex differences in the weights of both right and left kidneys were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Other measurements of the right kidney in males were as follows: length, 99.5 ± 9.4 mm; width at the middle of the hilum, 45.8 ± 6.2 mm; and the thickness 33.3 ± 5.2 mm, which did not differ from corresponding measurements of the left kidney (99.7 ± 10.9 mm, 46.4 ± 7.1 mm, and 34.0 ± 6.4 mm, respectively). Other measurements of the right kidney in females were as follows: length, 91.3 ± 8.7 mm; width at the middle of the hilum, 44.6 ± 4.6 mm; and thickness 31.2 ± 4.7 mm, which did not differ from those of the left kidney (92.1 ± 11.0 mm, 43.5 ± 6.5 mm, and 31.1 ± 6.1 mm, respectively). Sex differences in measurements of both right and left kidneys were significant except for the width of the kidney at the middle and below the hilum. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:726–732, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consanguinity and early mortality in the muslim populations of India and Pakistan
Authors: Hussain R. , Bittles A.H. , Sullivan S.
Published: September 2002

Empirical information from studies conducted in Pakistan has indicated a high level of offspring mortality that can be attributed to parental consanguinity even when non‐biological variables are controlled. However, with the exception of some small and geographically restricted studies, few comparable data are available on the influence of inbreeding in child survival among the Muslim population of India, which numbers between 100 and 120 million. The present study compares deaths during the first 5 years of life among the offspring of first cousin (F = 0.0625) and non‐consanguineous unions (F = 0), using data collected in the 1992–1993 Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and the 1990–1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS). The focus was on determinants of mortality in live‐born children to age 5 years. In both countries, bivariate analyses indicated that mortality was significantly increased in the offspring of first cousin unions during the neonatal and post‐neonatal, total infant, and under‐5 year periods. The findings were confirmed by multivariate regression, which incorporated control for a range of biological and demographic factors. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:777–787, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple sclerosis: Altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage
Authors: Werner Peter , Pitt David , Raine Cedric S.
Published: September 2002

Glutamate excitotoxicity, recently demonstrated in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is evoked by altered glutamate homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the major regulating factors in glutamate excitotoxicity by immunohistochemistry in MS and control white matter with markers for glutamate production (glutaminase), glutamate transport (GLAST, GLT‐1 and EAAT‐1), glutamate metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH] and glutamine synthetase [GS]), axonal damage (SMI 32) and CNS cell types. Active MS lesions showed high‐level glutaminase expression in macrophages and microglia in close proximity to dystrophic axons. Correlation between glutaminase expression and axonal damage was confirmed experimentally in animals. White matter from other inflammatory neurologic diseases displayed glutaminase reactivity, whereas normals and noninflammatory conditions showed none. All three glutamate transporters were expressed robustly, mainly on oligodendrocytes, in normal, control and MS white matter, except for GLT‐1, which showed low‐level expression around active MS lesions. GS and GDH were present in oligodendrocytes in normal and non‐MS white matter but were absent from both active and chronic silent MS lesions, suggesting lasting metabolic impediments. Thus, imbalanced glutamate homeostasis contributes to axonal and oligodendroglial pathology in MS. Manipulation of this imbalance may have therapeutic import.
Fertilin β and other ADAMs as integrin ligands: insights into cell adhesion and fertilization
Authors: Evans Janice P.
Published: September 2002

One of the most important cell–cell interactions is that of the sperm with the egg. This interaction, which begins with cell adhesion and culminates with membrane fusion, is mediated by multiple molecules on the gametes. One of the best‐characterized of these molecules is fertilin β, a ligand on mammalian sperm and one of the first ADAMs (A Disintegrin and A Metalloprotease domain) to be identified. Fertilin β (also known as ADAM2) participates in sperm–egg membrane binding, and it has long been hypothesized that this function is achieved through the interaction of the disintegrin domain of fertilin β with an integrin on the egg surface. There are now approximately 30 members of the ADAM family and, to date, five different ADAMs (fertilin β, ADAM9, ADAM12, ADAM15, ADAM23) have been described to interact with integrins (specifically α6β1, αvβ3, α9β1, αvβ5, and/or α5β1). This field will be discussed with respect to what is known about specific ADAMs and the integrins with which they interact, and what the implications are for sperm–egg interactions and for integrin function. These data will also be discussed in the context of recent knockout studies, which show that eggs lacking the α6 integrin subunit can be fertilized, and eggs lacking the integrin‐associated tetraspanin protein CD9 fail to fertilize. Key issues in cell adhesion that pertain to gametes and fertilization will also be highlighted. BioEssays 23:628–639, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oligotrophs versus copiotrophs
Authors: Koch Arthur L.
Published: September 2002

Bacteria can grow rapidly, yet there are some that grow slowly under apparent optimal conditions. These organisms are usually present in environments with low levels of nutrients, and are not found in conditions of more plentiful nutrients. They are known as “oligotrophs”in contrast to “copiotrophs”, which are common in environments with greater nutritional opportunities. This essay asks why do the oligotrophs not occupy richer environments, and why are copiotrophs not more prevalent in chronic starvation environments? BioEssays 23:657–661, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distinguishing malignant from normal oral tissues using FTIR fiber‐optic techniques
Authors: Wu Jin‐Guang , Xu Yi‐Zhuang , Sun Cuan‐Wen , Soloway Roger D. , Xu Duan‐Fu , Wu Qi‐Guang , Sun Kai‐Hua , Weng Shi‐Fu , Xu Guang‐Xian
Published: September 2002

Oral tissue samples were studied using mid‐IR fiber‐optic attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and other spectral techniques. The 1745 cm−1 band, which is assigned to the ester group (CO) vibration of triglycerides, is a reliable marker that is present in normal tissues but absent or a weak band in malignant oral tissues. Other bands such as CH stretching bands and the amide bands are also helpful in distinguishing malignant tissues from normal tissues. Subtraction spectra confirmed the above conclusion. In addition, Raman spectroscopic measurements were in agreement with the results observed from FTIR spectra. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 185–192, 2001
Functional expression and stabilization of horseradish peroxidase by directed evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Morawski Birgit , Quan Sara , Arnold Frances H.
Published: September 2002

Biotechnology applications of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) would benefit from access to tailor‐made variants with greater specific activity, lower Km for peroxide, and higher thermostability. Starting with a mutant that is functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we used random mutagenesis, recombination, and screening to identify HRP‐C mutants that are more active and stable to incubation in hydrogen peroxide at 50°C. A single mutation (N175S) in the HRP active site was found to improve thermal stability. Introducing this mutation into an HRP variant evolved for higher activity yielded HRP 13A7‐N175S, whose half‐life at 60°C and pH 7.0 is three times that of wild‐type (recombinant) HRP and a commercially available HRP preparation from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The variant is also more stable in the presence of H2O2, SDS, salts (NaCl and urea), and at different pH values. Furthermore, this variant is more active towards a variety of small organic substrates frequently used in diagnostic applications. Site‐directed mutagenesis to replace each of the four methionine residues in HRP (M83, M181, M281, M284) with isoleucine revealed no mutation that significantly increased the enzyme's stability to hydrogen peroxide. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 99–107, 2001.
Metabolic flux analysis with a comprehensive isotopomer model in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Dauner Michael , Bailey James E. , Sauer Uwe
Published: September 2002

Fluxes in central carbon metabolism of a genetically engineered, riboflavin‐producing Bacillus subtilis strain were investigated in glucose‐limited chemostat cultures at low (0.11 h−1) and high (0.44 h−1) dilution rates. Using a mixture of 10% [U‐13C] and 90% glucose labeled at natural abundance, 13C‐labeling experiments were carried out to provide additional information for metabolic flux balancing. The resulting labeling pattern in the proteinogenic amino acids were analyzed by two‐dimensional [13C, 1H] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. To account rigorously for all available data from these experiments, we developed a comprehensive isotopomer model of B. subtilis central metabolism. Using this model, intracellular carbon net and exchange fluxes were estimated on the basis of validated physiological data and biomass composition in combination with 2D NMR data from 45 individual carbon atom spectra in the amino acids. Glucose catabolism proceeded primarily via glycolysis but pentose phosphate pathway fluxes increased with increasing growth rate. Moreover, significant back fluxes from the TCA cycle to the lower part of glycolysis via the gluconeogenic PEP carboxykinase were detected. The malic enzyme reaction, in contrast, was found to be inactive. A thorough statistical analysis was performed to prove the reliability of the isotopomer balance model and the obtained results. Specifically, a χ2 test was applied to validate the model and the chi‐square criterion was used to explore the sensitivity of model predictions to the experimental data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 144–156, 2001.
Development of expression systems for the production of recombinant human serum albumin using the MOX promoter in Hansenula polymorpha DL‐1
Authors: Kang Hyun Ah , Kang Whankoo , Hong Won‐Kyuong , Kim Moo Woong , Kim Jeong‐Yoon , Sohn Jung‐Hoon , Choi Eui‐Sung , Choe Keun‐Bum , Rhee Sang Ki
Published: September 2002

To optimize the secretory expression of recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) under the control of methanol oxidase (MOX) promoter in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL‐1, we analyzed several parameters affecting the expression of HSA from the MOX promoter. Removal of the 5′‐untranslated region derived from HSA cDNA in the expression cassette led to at least a fivefold improvement of HSA expression efficiency at the translational level. With the optimized expression cassette, the gene dosage effect on HSA expression was abolished and thus, a single copy of the expression vector integrated into the MOX locus became sufficient for the maximal expression of HSA. Northern blot analysis revealed that the levels of HSA transcript did not increase any further upon increasing copy number. The mox‐disrupted (moxΔ) transformant was constructed, in which the genomic MOX gene was transplaced with the HSA expression cassette, to examine the effect of the methanol oxidase‐deficient phenotype of the host on HSA expression. The moxΔ transformant showed higher levels of HSA production in shake‐flask cultures than the MOX wild‐type transformant, especially at low concentrations of methanol and a twofold higher specific HSA production rate in fed‐batch fermentation with an abrupt induction mode. The native prepro signal sequence of HSA secreted in H. polymorpha was correctly processed and the mature recombinant protein had a pI value identical to that of the authentic HSA. Our results suggest that the H. polymorpha expression systems developed in this study are suitable for large‐scale production of recombinant albumin. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 175–185, 2001.
Enantioseparation of aminoglutethimide and thalidomide by high performance liquid chromatography or supercritical fluid chromatography on mono‐2 and mono‐6‐O‐pentenyl‐β‐cyclodextrin‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Duval Raphaël , Lévêque Hubert , Prigent Yann , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: September 2002

Mono‐2 and mono‐6‐O‐pentenyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (mono‐2‐pent‐β‐CD and mono‐6‐pent‐β‐CD), covalently linked to mercaptopropylsilica gel (thiol‐Si) through thioether or sulfone linkage, reveal differentiated enantioselectivities in the separation of piperidine‐2,6‐dione‐related drugs, namely aminoglutethimide and thalidomide, in supercritical fluid conditions. Supercritical fluid chromatographic resolution on completely defined mono‐cyclodextrin derivative‐based chiral stationary phases (CSP) is a method of choice for the separation of aminoglutethimide but not effective for thalidomide. For both high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions, the impact of the position, imposed to be 2 or 6 in our synthetic pathway, of the pentenyl moiety on one of the glucopyranosidics of the CD cage is of crucial importance in the chiral discrimination phenomenon. Additionally, the nature of the heteroatom present in the spacer arm between the CD and the silica gel, in this case thioether or sulfone functionality, is also essential for the chiral recognition mechanism(s) for the solute enantiomer. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidence in the courts: A comparison of users and non‐users
Authors: Benesh Sara C. , Howell Susan E
Published: September 2002

Much work has been done on the correlates of confidence in the United States Supreme Court. However, very little research has been undertaken to discern the correlates of confidence in state and local courts. Using survey data from Louisiana, we examine confidence in state and local courts. We focus on the role of experience, arguing that the opportunity for wide participation in these courts makes the confidence calculation different from that of a remote institution like the US Supreme Court. We find that, indeed, experience matters and further, that type of experience matters. Those with more stake in the outcome of the court case and less control over it (e.g., defendants) are least confident in state and local courts, while those with little stake and substantial control (e.g., jurors) are most confident in them. Procedural justice concerns also loom large in the confidence calculation for these lower courts. Timeliness, courtesy, and equal treatment all affect public confidence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Race, income, and perceptions of the U.S. court system
Authors: Brooks Richard R. W. , Jeon‐Slaughter Haekyung
Published: September 2002

This article reports on the effect of income within race on African Americans' perception of the courts. Our findings are somewhat consistent with the previous research on black middle‐class relative dissatisfaction with various American institutions. That is, unlike whites and Latirios in our study, we find that higher‐income African Americans are more skeptical of the notion that blacks receive equal treatment in the courts. This same group also reported less confidence in the court's handling of specific types of cases (e.g., civil, criminal and juvenile delinquency cases.) However, better off blacks were more likely than poor blacks to have confidence in the U.S. Supreme Court and community courts. These findings point a more complex account of African American perceptions of the courts, an account that draws a distinction between diffused and specific support of the courts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reply to ‘Comment on a recently proposed resampling method’
Authors: Smilde Age K.
Published: September 2002

In a recent publication, Faber (J. Chemometrics 2000; 15: 171–190) criticizes the use of a jackknife procedure as proposed by Bijlsma et al. (Anal. Chim. Acta 1998; 376: 339–355). It is shown that this criticism is not correct. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probability distributions of enantiomeric excess in unstirred and stirred crystallization of 1,1′‐binaphthyl melt
Authors: Asakura Kouichi , Soga Tomomi , Uchida Tadashi , Osanai Shuichi , Kondepudi Dilip K.
Published: September 2002

Crystallization of 1, l′‐binaphthyl from its melt can generate optical activity spontaneously. Since crystallization is a stochastic process, the enantiomeric excess (ee) generated in each crystallization varies randomly. We investigated the qualitative features of probability distribution of the ee for crystallization at two temperatures, 150°C and 152°C, at which conglomerate crystallization occurs. No clear transparent crystals were produced at either temperature, indicating that the solid states formed in the melt were polycrystalline. The ee randomly fluctuated from run to run, with an average of 26.9% and 2.7% when the crystallization was carried out at 152°C, and 150°C, respectively. The spread of the probability distribution is also substantially different. We also studied the probability distribution of ee in stirred crystallization at different stirring RPM. The results show probability distribution's broadening and evolution to a bimodality with increasing stirring RPM—a typical behavior in symmetry‐breaking transitions. These results shed light on the nature of enantioselectivity in secondary nucleation and crystal growth. Chirality 14:85–89, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral detection of carotenoid assemblies
Authors: Zsila Ferenc , Bikádi Zsolt , Deli József , Simonyi Miklós
Published: September 2002

Carotenoid assemblies were produced by aqueous dilution of ethanolic solutions. UV/VIS and CD spectroscopy revealed the formation of J‐ and H‐types of aggregates of both right‐ and left‐handed kinds. Simulation of UV/VIS spectra of the aggregates showed characteristic differences between the two types. 6′‐Epimers of capsanthol ((all‐E,3R,3′S,5′R)‐β,κ‐carotene‐3,3′,6′‐triols) formed assemblies with increased chirality in dilute solution. While the absorption of 6′R‐capsanthol giving H‐type aggregate does not depend on the concentration, 6′S‐capsanthol yielding J‐type assembly showed concentration‐dependent absorption intensity. Dilute aggregate of 6′R‐capsanthol is characterized by an extremely large A value of −6,600. The transformation of J‐ to H‐type assembly was observed in the mixtures of the epimers producing an intermediate kind of aggregate. A hypothetical structure for H‐type assemblies is proposed. Chirality 13:446–453, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioconvergent synthesis of (−)‐(S)‐ and (+)‐(R)‐2‐acetyl‐3,6‐dihydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone starting from rac‐6‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxycyclohex‐2‐enone
Authors: Zaitsev V.G. , Mikhal'chuk A.L.
Published: September 2002

The synthesis of enantiomerically pure (−)‐(S)‐ and (+)‐(R)‐2‐acyl‐3,6‐dihydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone starting from diastereomerically pure N‐tosyl‐(S)‐proline esters 3‐methoxy‐6‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone 1 is presented. An enantioconvergent synthesis of either (−)‐(S)‐ and (+)‐(R)‐2‐acyl‐3,6‐dihydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone starting with the racemic α‐ketol 1 through a conversion of (∼1:1) mixture of diastereomeric esters into one diastereomer by a repeated crystallization, followed by dimethylaminopyridine‐catalyzed equilibration as key steps is described. Chirality 13:488–492, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors CalDAG‐GEFI and CalDAG‐GEFII are colocalized in striatal projection neurons
Authors: Toki Shinichiro , Kawasaki Hiroaki , Tashiro Nobutada , Housman David E. , Graybiel Ann M.
Published: September 2002

CalDAG‐GEFI and CalDAG‐GEFII (identical to RasGRP) are novel, brain‐enriched guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that can be stimulated by calcium and diacylglycerol and that can activate small GTPases, including Ras and Rap1, molecules increasingly recognized as having signaling functions in neurons. Here, we show that CalDAG‐GEFI and CalDAG‐GEFII mRNAs, detected by in situ hybridization analysis, have sharply contrasting forebrain‐predominant distributions in the mature brain: CalDAG‐GEFI is expressed mainly in the striatum and olfactory structures and deep cortical layers, whereas CalDAG‐GEFII is expressed widely in the forebrain. Within the striatum, however, the two CalDAG‐GEF mRNAs have nearly identical distributions: they are coexpressed in striatal projection neurons that give rise to the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia. Subcellular fractionation analysis of the substantia nigra with monoclonal antibodies against CalDAG‐GEFI suggests that CalDAG‐GEFI protein is present not only in the cell bodies of striatal projection neurons but also in their axons and axon terminals. These results suggest that the CalDAG‐GEFs may be key intracellular regulators whereby calcium and diacylglycerol signals can regulate cellular functions through small GTPases in the basal ganglia circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:398–407, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to fox odor inhibits cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult rats via an adrenal hormone‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Tanapat Patima , Hastings Nicholas B. , Rydel Tracy A. , Galea Liisa A.M. , Gould Elizabeth
Published: September 2002

To determine whether exposure to fox odor alters granule neuron production, we examined proliferating cells and their progeny in the dentate gyrus of adult male rats exposed to trimethyl thiazoline, a component of fox feces. Additionally, to determine whether this effect is adrenal hormone‐mediated, we examined animals exposed to fox odor after bilateral adrenalectomy and replacement with low levels of the endogenous glucocorticoid corticosterone. Stereologic analyses of the number of 5‐bromo‐2′deoxyuridine (BrdU) ‐labeled cells revealed that exposure to fox odor but not other, nonthreatening, odors (mint or orange) rapidly decreased the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus. This effect is dependent on a stress‐induced rise in adrenal hormones; exposure to fox odor resulted in an increase in circulating corticosterone levels and prevention of this increase (by means of adrenalectomy plus low‐dose corticosterone replacement) eliminated the suppression of cell proliferation. Examination at longer survival times revealed that the decrease in the number of new granule cells in fox odor‐exposed animals was transient; a difference was still detectable at 1 week after BrdU labeling but not at 3 weeks. In both fox and sham odor‐exposed animals, many new cells acquired morphologic and biochemical characteristics of mature granule neurons. The majority of these cells expressed a marker of immature granule neurons (TuJ1) by 1 week after BrdU labeling and markers of mature granule neurons (calbindin, NeuN) by 3 weeks after labeling. These findings suggest that stressful experiences rapidly diminish cell proliferation by increasing adrenal hormone levels, resulting in a transient decrease in the number of adult‐generated immature granule neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:496–504, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Colour memory for various sky, skin, and plant colours: Effect of the image context
Authors: Bodrogi Peter , Tarczali Tünde
Published: September 2002

In memory‐matching techniques, the remembered colour might differ from the original colour even if the viewing situation is the same. Our aim was to point out whether these so‐called memory shifts are significant in the everyday situations of viewing photos depicting sky, skin, or plant, or viewing standalone uniform colour patches of sky, skin, or plant colours. In many cases, significant memory shifts have been found. Considering only one type of object (sky or skin or plant), memory shifts turned out to be systematic in the sense that they were directed toward specific intervals of hue, chroma, and lightness. This tendency was more explicit for photos than for standalone colour patches. A method to quantify prototypical colours and their tolerance bounds was suggested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 278–289, 2001
The influence of luminance on color‐difference thresholds
Authors: Carreño Fernando , Zoido Jesús Manuel
Published: September 2002

We present a discussion about the influence of luminance on the geometry of color‐difference thresholds. By assuming that color matchings are normally distributed in XYZ space, we have shown [Appl Opt 38:208–219 (1999)] that the probability density function of color matches in (x, y, Y) space is not a normal distribution function and it is an asymmetric one. Due to this asymmetry, the curves of equally noticeable chromaticity differences show asymmetries around the color center. The influence of luminance on the shape of these curves is analyzed, and we conclude that the lower the luminance, the larger the asymmetry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 362–368, 2001
The impact of chronic illness on subjective quality of life: a comparison between general population and hospital inpatients with somatic and psychiatric diseases
Authors: Kilian Reinhold , Matschinger Herbert , Angermeyer Matthias C.
Published: September 2002

In a comparative study 1720 healthy persons from the general population and 242 hospital patients with the ICD‐10 diagnosis Cancer, Heart Disease, Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, Arthritis, Diseases of the Respiration System and Schizophrenia completed the WHOQOL‐BREF. The results of comparative multiple regression analysis show that the different diseases have a characteristic impact on the four subscales of the WHOQOL‐BREF. Somatic diseases were found to have a strong negative impact on physical health, psychological well‐being, and overall quality of life but not on social relationships. Among the somatic diseases only arthritis and multiple sclerosis had a significant negative impact on the environmental domain of quality of life. Schizophrenia was found to have a significant negative impact on physical health, psychological well‐being, social relationships, environment, and on overall quality of life. For the different somatic diseases the results of the study indicate that a decrease in quality of life is not primarily a result of the severity of the disease in the sense of its mortality, but more a result of the impairment in daily functioning resulting from the disease. The broader impact of schizophrenia in contrast to that of the somatic diseases, seems to result from the negative social reactions and the economic deprivation often associated with this type of mental illness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanding field of purinergic signaling
Authors: Burnstock Geoffrey
Published: September 2002

This article attempts to paint a broad picture of the extraordinary explosive recent developments in the purinergic signaling field. After a brief historical review and update of purinoceptor subtypes, the focus is on the physiological roles of purines and pyrimidines. These are considered both in terms of short‐term signaling in neurotransmission, secretion, and vasodilatation and in long‐term (trophic) signaling in development, regeneration, proliferation, and cell death. Examples of trophic signaling include cartilage development in limb buds, glial cell proliferation, development of skeletal muscle, changes in receptor expression in smooth‐muscle phenotypes, maturation of testicular spermatids, and bone remodeling. Plasticity of purinoceptor expression in pathological conditions is described, including the increase in the purinergic component of parasympathetic nervous control of the human bladder in interstitial cystitis and outflow obstruction and in sympathetic cotransmitter control of blood vessels in hypertensive rats, the appearance of P2X7 receptors in the glomeruli of the kidney from diabetic and transgenic hypertensive animal models, and up‐regulation of P2X1 and P2Y2 receptor mRNA in hearts of rats with congestive heart failure. The role of P2X3 receptors in nociception is considered, and a new hypothesis about purinergic mechanosensory transduction in the gut is explored. A personal view of some of the areas ripe for future development concludes this article, including a discussion of different strategies that could lead to the development of purinergic therapeutic agents. Drug Dev. Res. 52:1–10, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleoside transporter and nucleotide vesicular transporter: Two examples of mnemonic regulation
Authors: Sen Raquel P. , Delicado Esmerilda G. , Miras‐Portugal M. Teresa , Gualix Javier
Published: September 2002

According to their relevant roles in the regulation and availability of extracellular levels of purinergic signals, the nucleoside transporter and the nucleotide vesicular transporter are subject to acute regulation. The plasma membrane nucleoside transporter has been shown to exhibit several regulatory mechanisms, such as regulation by long‐term signals, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes, and allosteric modulation. The present work reviews studies concerning allosteric modulation of nucleoside and nucleotide vesicular transporters, as the first reported examples of mnemonic behavior in transporter proteins, presenting kinetic and allosteric cooperativity. This fact implies that the protein can exhibit different conformations, each one with specific kinetic parameters. Transport substrates are able to induce slow conformational changes between the different forms of the transporter. This kinetic mechanism can provide several physiological advantages, since it allows strict control of transport capacity by changes in substrate concentrations. This allosteric modulation has been confirmed in several experimental models, the nucleoside transporter in chromaffin and endothelial cells from adrenal medulla and the nucleotide vesicular transporter in the chromaffin cell granules and rat brain synaptic vesicles. Taking into account these considerations, the mnemonic regulation described here could be a widespread mechanism among transporter proteins. Drug Dev. Res. 52:11–21, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolism of extracellular nucleotides in human airways by a multienzyme system
Authors: Picher Maryse , Boucher Richard Charles
Published: September 2002

Extracellular nucleotides are involved in the control of mucociliary clearance (MCC) in human airways. Because of their therapeutic potential for obstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), we investigated nucleotide metabolism on airway epithelial surfaces. The mucosal surface of human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells in culture dephosphorylated ATP into ADP, AMP, and adenosine. Bronchial cells hydrolyzed ATP at a faster rate than nasal cells, 3.8 ± 0.5 nmol·min–1 cm–2 and 2.2 ± 0.4 nmol·min–1 cm–2, respectively. The ratios of ATP/ADP hydrolysis for bronchial and nasal epithelia were 2.9 ± 0.6 and 2.1 ± 0.4, respectively. Divalent cations were required for ATP hydrolysis (Ca2+ > Mg2+) and pH dependency profile revealed two peaks, at pH 7.5 ad 9.0. Kinetic analysis supported the coexpression of more than one ATP‐hydrolyzing activity on nasal (Km = 17 ± 2 μM, 129 ± 5 μM, and 405 ± 12 μM) and bronchial (Km = 12 ± 5 μM and 136 ± 8 μM) epithelial cells. Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed the coexpression of all three families of ATP‐hydrolyzing ectoenzymes: ecto‐nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto‐nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the presence of a multienzyme system in human airways, with the capacity to control ATP concentrations under physiological and pathological conditions. The identification of the major enzyme(s) responsible for ATP hydrolysis in human airways may lead to the development of specific inhibitors that would improve nucleotide‐based treatments of MCC in patients with CF. Drug Dev. Res. 52:66–75, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of the inhibitory action of ATP in rat hippocampus
Authors: Inoue Kazuhide , Koizumi Schuichi
Published: September 2002

We have already shown, by calcium imaging with an electrophysiological method and direct detection of glutamate, that ATP inhibits the glutamate release from cultured rat hippocampus [Koizumi and Inoue, 1997; Inoue et al., 1999], although ATP induces fast synaptic currents and produces an increase in intracellular calcium in a subpopulation of cultured hippocampal neurons [Inoue et al., 1992; Inoue et al., 1995]. We have examined the mechanism of the inhibition by ATP using the FM1‐43 method as well as the methods mentioned above. Our results suggest that ATP stimulates G protein–coupled P2Y receptors locating in the presynaptic nerve ending to activate PLCβ, presumably resulting in the inhibition of presynaptic N‐and P/Q‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels. Meanwhile, ATP stimulates the release of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that inhibits the excitable function of glutamate. Besides these actions of ATP on the regulation of neurotransmitters, it is already reported that ATP also activates microglia cells to release plasminogen [Inoue et al., 1998] and IL‐6 [Shigemoto et al., 2000], which were reported to act as neurotrophic factors. Taken together, these data suggest that ATP may protect the hippocampal function from excess stimulation. Drug Dev. Res. 52:95–103, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and analytical studies on the performance of hybrid isolation systems
Authors: Chang Shih‐Po , Makris Nicos , Whittaker Andrew S. , Thompson Andrew C. T.
Published: September 2002

This paper presents experimental and analytical results on the seismic response of a rigid structure supported on isolation systems that consist of either lead rubber or sliding bearings. Shake table tests are conducted with various levels of isolation damping that is provided from the bearings and supplemental viscous fluid dampers. The table motions originated from recorded strong ground motions that have been compressed to the extent that the mass of the model structure corresponds to the mass of a typical freeway overcrossing. Experimental data are used to validate mechanical idealizations and numerical procedures. The study concludes that supplemental damping is most effective in suppressing displacements of rigid structures with moderately long isolation periods (TI≤3 sec) without affecting base shears. Friction damping is most effective in suppressing displacement amplifications triggered by long duration pulses—in particular, pulses that have duration close to the isolation period. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body image and body change techniques among young adolescent boys
Authors: McCabe Marita P. , Ricciardelli Lina A.
Published: September 2002

The aim of the present study was to examine the level of body image disturbance among adolescent boys and to determine how body image disturbance was related to body change techniques. Twenty boys from year 7 (mean age = 12.55 years, SD = 0.61) and 20 boys from year 9 (mean age = 14.85 years, SD = 0.59) were interviewed individually about their body image and body change strategies. The boys were questioned about the importance and their satisfaction with their weight, body size, body shape, muscle tone and parts of their body and the frequency with which they used the following techniques: eating less to lose weight, eating more to gain weight, and exercise to change body size, shape or muscle tone. The results demonstrated that of those boys who wanted to change their body (50 per cent), 12 wanted to lose weight and eight wanted to gain weight. The most frequent strategy used to change body size or shape was exercise, rather than changing eating patterns. Year 7 boys were more satisfied with their weight than year 9 boys, and boys with a larger body mass index (BMI) were less satisfied with their muscle tone and more likely to change their eating habits to decrease their body size or shape than boys with a smaller BMI. The implications of these findings for obtaining a better understanding of how male body image and body change strategies are different from girls are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effective discharge and gravel‐bed rivers
Authors: Emmett William W. , Wolman M. Gordon
Published: September 2002

Effectiveness in geomorphology may be associated with transport (work) and with landform. Bedload transport may relate to both. Determination of that discharge which transports more bedload than any other entails assessment of the magnitude and frequency of bedload transport. This involves arraying daily mean discharges, computing the bedload for each unit of discharge, and determining the discharge that transports the most bedload. For those rivers in which the relationships of bedload discharge to water discharge are not dominated by very large‐size particles and where daily mean discharges are an adequate description of streamflow characteristics, a large body of data demonstrates that this discharge is often analogous to bankfull discharge and often has a frequency of recurrence of one to two years.

Rivers with constraints on the mobility of bed material, typically armoured channels with steeper than average relationships of bedload discharge to water discharge, may have an effective discharge occurring at higher stages and greater recurrence intervals than bankfull discharge. Bedload discharges were measured at five snow‐melt dominated, gravel‐bedded rivers in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA; drainage areas at the sites ranged from about 55 to 4950 km2 and bankfull discharges ranged from about 6·5 to 650 m3 s−1. Median bed‐surface particles, d50, ranged from 40 to 173 mm, and d90 ranged from 132 to 310 mm. Exponents of the bedload ratings, indicating the steepness of the relationship of bedload discharge to water discharge, ranged from 2·30 to 5·06. Values of the exponent correlated well with values of either d50 or d90 of the bed‐surface material and demonstrate the effect of the bed‐surface material on the bedload rating. Effective discharge was determined for each site. The ratio of effective discharge to bankfull discharge, Qe/Qb, ranged from 0·98 to 1·31. The values of Qe/Qb correlated well with exponent values from the bedload ratings. Data indicate that, as the exponent of the bedload rating increases from typical to more steep values, effective discharge increases from near‐bankfull discharge to, in the present study, about 1·3 bankfull discharge. This represents about a doubling of the recurrence interval. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast GC instrumentation and analysis for field applications
Authors: Overton Edward B. , Carney Kenneth R. , Roques Ned , Dharmasena H. P.
Published: September 2002

Environmental contaminants are found in a wide variety of molecular shapes and sizes, with organic pollutants exhibiting vapor pressures in the 103–10−6 torr range. This translates into a need for chemical analyzers that are capable of analyzing both volatile compounds (i.e., those compounds that have high vapor pressures at ambient temperatures) as well as semivolatile substances (i.e., those compounds that must be heated before they exhibit substantial vapor pressures). Volatile environmental analytes are found in gaseous, liquid, or solid sample matrices, whereas semivolatile analytes exist as either liquids or solids, including aerosol dispersions. Unfortunately, conventional field‐portable GC analyzers are only capable of analyzing for volatile analytes. A small, fast, dual‐high‐resolution‐column GC instrument that is capable of analyzing both volatile and semivolatile analytes has been developed and patented. As typically configured, it uses two narrow‐bore, 100‐micron ID separation columns, is temperature programmable at rates of 5–20 °C per second, and uses less than 150 W of dc power. Typical separation times for compounds with Kovatt's retention indices of <1000 are 10–15 s, and compounds with retention indices of up to 2500 are separated in <1min. Because the instrument has dual columns and detectors, analytes are simultaneously analyzed on columns with different liquid phases, thus providing added confidence in the quality of the analytical data. Because this fieldable GC device uses a solid‐sorbent trapping system with a conventional heated injector inlet system, it can analyze a wide variety of sample matrices, including gases, dilute gases, thermal extracts from VOS tubes, purge‐and‐trap water/soil extracts, headspace samples, membrane extracts, SPME, thermal and SCF extracts, liquid organic solvent extracts, and direct aqueous samples. This report describes this new instrument and presents typical data from analysis of volatile and semivolatile analytes in a variety of sample matrices. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 97–105, 2001
Forecasting with k‐factor Gegenbauer Processes: Theory and Applications
Authors: Ferrara L. , Guégan D.
Published: September 2002

This paper deals with the k‐factor extension of the long memory Gegenbauer process proposed by Gray et al. (1989). We give the analytic expression of the prediction function derived from this long memory process and provide the h‐step‐ahead prediction error when parameters are either known or estimated. We investigate the predictive ability of the k‐factor Gegenbauer model on real data of urban transport traffic in the Paris area, in comparison with other short‐ and long‐memory models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Management in Agricultural Markets: A Review
Authors: Tomek William G. , Peterson Hikaru Hanawa
Published: September 2002

This article surveys and evaluates the current state of knowledge about producers' marketing strategies
to manage price and revenue risk for farm commodities. The review highlights gaps between concepts and their
implementation. Many well‐developed models of price behavior exist, but appropriate characterization and
estimation of the probability distributions of commodity prices remain elusive. Hence, the preferred measure of
price risk is ambiguous. Numerous models of optimal marketing portfolios for farmers have been specified, but
their behavior appears to be inconsistent with most, if not all, of these models. In addition, some research
suggests that farmers can earn speculative profits, which is inconsistent with notions of efficient markets. The
conclusions discuss what academic research can and cannot accomplish in relation to assisting producers with
risk‐management decisions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:953–985,
2001
Intrinsic optical signals in the rat optic nerve: Role for K+ uptake via NKCC1 and swelling of astrocytes
Authors: Macvicar Brian A. , Feighan Denise , Brown Angus , Ransom Bruce
Published: September 2002

Measurements of extracellular space volume and imaging of intrinsic optical signals (IOSs) have shown that neuronal activity increases light transmittance by causing cellular swelling. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these volume changes and the contribution of astrocyte swelling to the changes in tissue volume are unclear. In this study, we have investigated IOSs in optic nerves to analyze the mechanisms contributing to these signals in a system consisting of only axons and glial cells. We examined both intact optic nerves and enucleated optic nerves, which contained no axons and consisted primarily of astrocytes. Electrical stimulation of intact optic nerves evoked an increase in light transmittance, which was graded with increasing stimulation frequency and was mimicked by raising extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o). The stimulation‐induced IOS grew in amplitude and had a time course similar to extracellular space shrinkage. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocked the electrically induced but not the high K+‐induced IOS. In enucleated nerves, light transmittance progressively increased in higher [K+]o. The high [K+]o‐induced IOSs were reversibly depressed by furosemide and bumetanide, antagonists for Na‐K‐2Cl cotransport, but were unaltered by TTX. We also used a monoclonal antibody to the NKCC1 form of the Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter to show that NKCC1 is expressed in optic nerves as shown in Western blotting and is colocalized in GFAP immunopositive astrocytes. In summary, these results indicated that KCl uptake into astrocytes via an Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter during raised [K+]o contributes to the generation of cellular swelling and the intrinsic optical signals. GLIA 37:114–123, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocytes express an α/β‐interferon‐susceptible Mx gene: Molecular characterization of the encoded protein
Authors: Szuchet Sara , Plachetzki David C. , Karialukas Reda
Published: September 2002

Interferons (INFs) are cytokines that exert a plethora of biological activities by interacting with receptors and inducing the synthesis of effector proteins. One such effector is an antiviral protein called Mx, widely distributed among vertebrates. Mx proteins belong to the superfamily of large GTPases, which includes dynamins, products of the Drosophila shibire gene, the yeast Vps1p, and others. Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) synthesize, assemble, and maintain myelin in the central nervous system. In an effort to identify genes implicated in establishing a myelinogenic phenotype, we isolated a 2,494 bp cDNA that encodes a protein of 654 amino acids, which are 95% identical to ovine Mx (from endometrium of pregnant sheep) and 83% similar to human MxA. Cultured OLGs express the mRNA and protein. We present structural features of this protein and speculate on the origin of its induction and the functional significance of its presence in OLGs. The finding that OLGs express an IFN‐susceptible protein raises interesting possibilities in light of the evidence that β‐IFN is therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. GLIA 37:183–189, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
13C isotopomer analysis of glucose and alanine metabolism reveals cytosolic pyruvate compartmentation as part of energy metabolism in astrocytes
Authors: Zwingmann Claudia , Richter‐Landsberg Christiane , Leibfritz Dieter
Published: September 2002

After incubation of glial cells with both 13C‐labeled and unlabeled glucose and alanine, 13C isotopomer analysis indicates two cytosolic pyruvate compartments in astrocytes. One pyruvate pool is in an exchange equilibrium with exogenous alanine and preferentially synthesizes releasable lactate. The second pyruvate pool, which is of glycolytic origin, is more closely related to mitochondrial pyruvate, which is oxidized via tri carbonic acid (TCA) cycle activity. In order to provide 2‐oxoglutarate as a substrate for cytosolic alanine aminotransferase, glycolytic activity is increased in the presence of exogenous alanine. Furthermore, in the presence of alanine, glutamate is accumulated in astrocytes without subsequent glutamine synthesis. We suggest that the conversion of alanine to releasable lactate proceeds at the expense of flux of glycolytic pyruvate through lactate dehydrogenase, which is used for ammonia fixation by alanine synthesis in the cytosol and for mitochondrial TCA cycle activity. In addition, an intracellular trafficking occurs between cytosol and mitochondria, by which these two cytosolic pyruvate pools are partly connected. Thus, exogenous alanine modifies astrocytic glucose metabolism for the synthesis of releasable lactate disconnected from glycolysis. The data are discussed in terms of astrocytic energy metabolism and the metabolic trafficking via a putative alanine‐lactate shuttle between astrocytes and neurons. GLIA 34:200–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.