bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presidential Address: India Beyond the Ganges—Desultory Reflections on the Origins of Civilization in Southeast Asia
Authors: Wheatley Paul
Published: April 2006

From the time when Southeast Asia first rose above their horizon, Europeans—the infinitesimal number of them who cared about such matters, that is—tended to treat that vague and insubstantial region beneath the sunrise as simply a more distant part of India. This practice went back at least to Claudius Ptolemy or, possibly, one of his redactors, who subsumed a good part of the region under the rubric “Trans-Gangetic India.” Subsequently the whole area came to be identified with one of the “Three Indies,” though whether India Major or Minor, Greater or Lesser, Superior or Inferior, seems, often to have been a personal preference of the author concerned. When Europeans began to penetrate into Southeast Asia in earnest, they continued this tradition, attaching to various of the constituent territories such labels as Further India or Hinterindien, the East Indies, the Indian Archipelago, Insulinde, and, in acknowledgment of the presence of a competing culture, Indochina. As recently as 1884, a German ethnographer saw nothing incongruous in designating the archipelago as “the Indian Islands,” a term that with the cultural predilection of his age, he Hellenized as Indonesia. Although the powerful and pervasive influence of the “most divine and wise Ptolemy” furnished impeccable authority for this nomenclature in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, there is no doubt that the practice also signified the recognition of South Asian cultural forms and institutions in the lands beyond the Bay of Bengal. Despite these forms differing subtly—and sometimes not so subtly—from those in India proper, they were so conspicuous that it was readily inferred, given the intellectual predisposition of the day, that they were the result of Indian colonization, if not conquest, in ancient times.
How Moral Is South Asia's Economy?— A Review Article
Authors: Appadurai Arjun
Published: April 2006

The five books discussed in this review article deal either with famine or with related issues concerning access to food in South Asia. Famine is a powerful but distorting lens through which to look at any society. Both the causes and the consequences of famine reveal important social and cultural facts about parts of South Asia at particular times. More important, the analysis of famine is inseparable from the problems of agricultural technology, inequality, and dependence in normal times. The underlying argument of this article is that famines raise questions about the changing relationship between the structures of enfranchisement and the realities of entitlement in the societies in which they occur.
Some Observations on the “Seventeenth-Century Crisis” in China and Japan
Authors: Atwell William S.
Published: April 2006

For more than three decades now, scholars have been debating whether or not a “general crisis” occurred in European social, economic, and political history during the seventeenth century. The debate is far from over, but one of its happy side effects has been that students of seventeenth-century Spain, France, or England now are rarely satisfied to study their chosen countries in total isolation. Indeed, it is generally agreed that many aspects of European history during the early-modern period need to be studied from an international perspective in order to be understood fully.

The author maintains that the same is true for early-modern China and Japan. Although they had radically different economic, social, and political systems, the Ming dynasty and Tokugawa shogunate experienced a number of problems during the midseventeenth century that were at once interrelated and strikingly similar to those occurring in other parts of the world at the same time.
Colonialism and the Ideological Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution—A Review Article
Authors: Popkin Samuel L.
Published: April 2006

Abstracts

Recent books on colonial Vietnam by David Marr and Martin Murray make possible an assessment of the relationship between economic change and the diffusion of modern ideologies among Vietnamese intellectuals. The ideological ferment that Marr documents occurred because the downfall of Confucianism left intellectuals without a way to analyze their country. Martin Murray's detailed description of colonial economic transformations helps to explain why most of the Vietnamese concern was with radical ideologies, and why there was no intellectual and economic basis for moderate political activity among the intelligentsia.
Agrarian Structure and the State in Java and Bangladesh
Authors: Hart Gillian
Published: April 2006

On the face of it, rural Java and Bangladesh appear remarkably similar. The similarities are particularly pronounced in lowland Java and southeastern Bangladesh where there are virtually identical population densities and nearly universal modern rice technology. Extraordinary population pressure on the land is accompanied by minute farm size and, despite lower land concentration than in many other parts of the world, both Java and Bangladesh display substantial disparities in control over land and high levels of landlessness or near-landlessness.
Contemporary Chinese Literature in Translation—A Review Article
Authors: Lee Leo Ou-fan
Published: April 2006

This article surveys the available English translations of contemporary Chinese literature from the People's Republic. In view of the post-Mao Party policy of relative freedom for creative writing, more works are pouring out of China than ever before. Of the most recent translations, the largest share belongs to Panda Books, a publishing subunit of the Foreign Languages Press in Beijing. Under the leadership of the Yangs (Xianyi and Gladys), a husband-and-wife team of great renown, this new Panda series has published more than a dozen titles as of 1984, and new ones continue to be received.

Despite its voluminous production, the editors of the Panda series have made certain choices that are of dubious value. Especially weak is the representation of traditional literary works, which are often drastically abridged or collected in slender anthologies. In comparison, coverage of modern and contemporary works is more exciting. The translations are generally correct, the most felicitous from the hands of Gladys Yang. However, the translations suffer from a certain uniformity of style and sometimes from severe cuts. Volumes in the series are nevertheless a useful addition to the increasing library of English translations of contemporary Chinese literature, now more than adequate for an undergraduate course.
Interpretive Approaches to Southeast Asian Languages and Cultures—A Symposium: Introduction
Authors: Rogers Susan , McGinn Richard
Published: April 2006

The introduction to the symposium sets out a methodological framework for the apprehension of Southeast Asian rituals, languages, and literary texts so that they are at once open to cross-cultural comparative analysis and recorded in social and symbolic contextual detail. Philosopher Paul Ricoeur's use of the term “interpretation” is central here: he urges students of cultures to combine attention to structural features of language and culture (for example, grammatical patterns) with inquiries into social contextual features (for example, speech usage in real communities). Moving back and forth between the two sorts of analysis allows researchers to bring the insights of the one pole to the investigation of the other; the full hermeneutic process constitutes interpretation. This style of inquiry, a modification of the sort of interpretive social science developed by Geertz and Becker, allows Southeast Asianists to draw on careful ethnography to make crucial “course corrections” in anthropological and linguistic theory building in general.
Rural Collectivization and Decollectivization in China—A Review Article
Authors: Diamond Norma
Published: April 2006

Since 1979, China has changed its rural policies from emphasis on the collective economy to the support of a variety of household and individual contract systems. The forms of economic organization introduced between 1954 and the late 1970s have been criticized in the Chinese media and blamed for slow rates of development. However, in retrospect, it is not completely clear that the form itself was to blame. Three of the four books under review are in part defenses of the past and critiques of present-day policies. Basing their work on interviews with peasants and rural cadres, these authors present both the achievements and the failures stemming from state policies during the collective years, and some of the peasant reactions to them. They also raise questions about the long-term implications of the new system. The fourth author is uniformly critical of the collective decades and the present readjustments. The extent to which rural socialism was a failure and the advantages or disadvantages of the household economy are matters that scholars of China and economic development will continue to argue in coming decades.
Health, Fertility, and Society in India: Microstudies and Macrostudies—A Review Article
Authors: Miller Barbara Diane
Published: April 2006

Several studies of health and population dynamics in India are reviewed. The perspectives of the various authors include anthropology, public health, demography, and economics. The review focuses on how the studies contribute to the understanding of two areas of inquiry: the major social factors leading to continued ill health and high rates of population growth in India, and the major social factors constraining the use of available health and population programs. The argument presented in the conclusion is that, without simultaneous attention to social and gender inequality in relation to population and health, neither full understanding of their dynamics nor workable policies will eventuate.
Presidential Address: Japan and America—The Dynamics of Partnership
Authors: Morley James W.
Published: April 2006

The Japanese-American partnership, so long taken for granted, is today threatened by a deep division of American opinion between the “Japanophiles” and the Japan critics. The extremism of each group stems from a sentimental attitude which grew up in the early postwar period, that Japan and America have a “special” relationship outside the normal dynamics of the international system. Reviewing the history of this relationship since the end of the Occupation, the author finds it rather to have been characterized by a bargaining process common between any two allies, in which the outcomes have been heavily influenced by the changing degree of their interdependence. This interpretation supports the forecast of a continuation of the alliance, which the author believes is vital to both countries, but only if romantic notions are given up and replaced by a more realistic appreciation of the dynamics that govern the relationship.
Huang Zongxi in Context: A Reappraisal of His Major Writings
Authors: Struve Lynn A.
Published: April 2006

Too often the thought and scholarship of Huang Zongxi (1610–95), a prominent Chinese intellectual and political activist of the Ming-Qing transition period, are treated in isolation, as though the man stood in a sphere above and apart from most other thinkers of his day. The greatness of his scholarly achievements and the incisiveness of his ideas are stressed, with little attempt to relate those to the accomplishments and ideas of his mentors and contemporaries. This approach has created the widespread impression that Huang was one of only three or four figures who had anything very original to say in the seventeenth century. But the more we study seventeenth-century thought, the more we recognize that Huang Zongxi's forte was less in originality than in a keen awareness, examination, and articulation of issues that were current in his time. The perpetuation of notions about Huang's creative singularity obstructs our understanding not only of his intellectual milieu but also of the man's own attitude toward progress in learning. I do not wish to challenge the idea that Huang was an outstanding intellectual of the later imperial era in China but to urge that he be viewed differently: as someone who placed in bold relief ideas that emerged in the late Ming period and brought to fruition in writings of enduring value various approaches to scholarship that had been gestating since the latter part of the sixteenth century.
Approaches to Postwar Japanese Literature: Introduction
Authors: Scheiner Betsey
Published: April 2006

For many japanese the events of August 1945 placed their country in a special position. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki gave Japan the dubious distinction of being the only country to have sustained atomic bomb attacks. Acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration meant that the military government was eradicated overnight, along with the extraordinary status of the emperor who had presided over it. Although the emperor himself remained on the throne, democracy came to Japan, and with it an entree into the international economic community.
Legal and Scholarly Activism: Recent Women's Studies on India—A Review Article
Authors: Minault Gail
Published: April 2006

Women's studies an interdisciplinary area of inquiry is a recent phenomenon in India. Some scholars view women's studies as a harmless fad; others see it as a threat to the intellectual integrity of disciplines, or at least to the male domination of faculties. Women's studies certainly questions the androcentric assumptions of many scholarly fields and seeks a greater piece of the academic pie for women scholars, but that is not the whole story. In the past decade or so, gender has joined class, race, and ethnicity as an element in theories about the major forces that shape society. Women's studies is not only concerned with changing intellectual inquiry but also with changing society itself. Scholars and activists sometimes inhabit different bodies, but by and large people who are concerned with inquiry into women's condition are also engaged in trying to change that condition.
Revisionism Reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of 1898
Authors: Wong Young-Tsu
Published: April 2006

The reform movement of 1898 sought to move the Qing empire toward comprehensive and unprecedented institutional change and thus was a critical event in modern Chinese history. Had it succeeded, China could have, like Meiji Japan, entered the modern era without revolutions. Yet, however determined and daring its leaders, the historic effort was suddenly and tragically cut short by a coup.

The standard view of the Reform Movement has been that, in reaction to China's repeated defeats and humiliation as well as the inadequacy of the Self-strengthening Movement, the reform-minded Kang Youwei (illustration 1) and Liang Qichao finally won support for change from a sympathetic Guangxu Emperor. The reformers then managed to put into effect a nationwide reform program through imperial decrees. But the movement, which lasted barely over one hundred days, came to an abrupt end when the Empress Dowager Cixi and her conservative supporters recaptured political power, executed or imprisoned many of the reformers, and placed the emperor under permanent house arrest.
Chinese Economic History and Development: A Note on the Myers—Huang Exchange
Authors: Wong R. Bin
Published: April 2006

Ramon myers recently reviewed in this journal four books analyzing China's prewar economy and Philip Huang added a reply to some of Myers's criticisms. They clearly disagree about how best to characterize China's Republican-period economy. Myers suggests that books by Loren Brandt, David Faure, and Thomas Rawski collectively reveal different aspects of modern economic development, while Huang presents the concept of “involutionary growth” as a means of understanding the economic situation. In response, Philip Huang corrects what he takes as misrepresentations of his argument by Myers through a restatement of his major themes.
Niangjia: Chinese Women and Their Natal Families
Authors: Judd Ellen R.
Published: April 2006

The classic model of Chinese kinship organization, with its complementary emphases on patrilineality, patrilocality, and patriarchy, continues as a framework for research on Chinese social organization despite accumulating evidence of alternative models or of disjunctures within the elite model. This model has come under critical scrutiny from a variety of perspectives, most notably anthropologically informed historical research (Watson 1982; Watson 1985) that has led to a questioning of the lineage model (Freedman 1965) and field-based research that has drawn attention to the prevalence of uxorilocal and “small daughter-in-law” (tongyangxi) marriage and to the nurturing of uterine families (Wolf and Huang 1980; Wolf 1972). My purpose is to contribute to this reassessment with a discussion of customary practices of postmarital dual residence for women and continuing ties between married women and their natal families. These practices and ties cannot be accounted for within the framework of the structural-functionalist model and require an adaptation of practiceoriented theory. This may illuminate the specific structuring patterns and disjunctures described below as well as suggest possibly fruitful lines of analysis for other societies in which lineages are salient. The contribution of this article is to identify and explore a significant dimension of structuring practices in informal kinship relations in rural China.
Family Farming and Household Enterprise in a Philippine Community, 1971–1988: Persistence or Proletarianization?
Authors: Eder James F.
Published: April 2006

The tenacity of family-farming householdsin agrarian economies experiencing capitalist penetration has long figured in a debate about the ultimate consequences of such penetration for agrarian social structure. On the one hand are those who argue that, while various forces may work to speed or delay the process, the most likely long-term outcome of the capitalization of agriculture is that envisioned by Lenin: polarization of the countryside into two opposing classes, capitalist farmers and landless laborers, linked by wage relations (Bartra 1974; de Janvry 1981). On the other hand are those who claim that, at least under some conditions, capitalist farming can stimulate small-scale entrepreneurship and socioeconomic differentiation, with the attendant persistence of small family farms (Goodman and Redclift 1982:109–12; Maclachlan 1987:16–23).
Herbaceous‐Layer and Overstory Species in Clear‐cut and Mature Central Appalachian Hardwood Forests
Authors: Gilliam Frank S. , Turrill Nicole L. , Adams Mary Beth
Published: April 2006

The current interest among resource managers in ecosystem management necessitates a better understanding of the response of plant species diversity to forest management practices. This study attempted to assess the effects of one forest management practice–clear‐cutting–on plant biodiversity in a mid‐Appalachian hardwood forest by comparing species composition and diversity between two young (≈ 20 yr following clear‐cutting) and two mature (> 70 yr following selective cutting) watersheds. Sampling was confined to the herbaceous layer (vascular plants ≤ 1‐m in height) and woody overstory (stems ≥ 2.5 cm diameter at 1.5‐m height). The important tree species occurred on all watersheds, but the relative importance of these species varied greatly with stand age. Less shade‐tolerant species, such as black cherry (Prunus serotina) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), are replaced by more‐tolerant species, such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum), as the stand matures. Analysis of tree species richness per plot suggests that the competitive thinning process decreases species evenness as the stand develops. Important herb‐layer species included stinging nettle (Laportea canadensis), violets (Viola spp.), seedling of striped maple (A. pensylvanicum), and several fern species. In sharp contrast with the trees, these species appeared to vary little with stand age. Species diversity (H') did not vary with stand age for either the overstory or the herbaceous layer. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a significant correlation between species composition of the two strata for the mature watersheds, but not the young, clear‐cut watersheds. Thus, we suggest a temporal shift in processes influencing species composition following disturbance from allogenic factors (e.g., soil characteristics) to autogenic factors (e.g., stand characteristics), which lead to a linkage between forest strata later in succession. The degree to which forest management alters species composition in these central Appalachian forest ecosystems may be tied to the degree of alteration of the link between strata.
Origin of Hawksbill Turtles in a Caribbean Feeding Area as Indicated by Genetic Markers
Authors: Bowen B. W. , Bass A. L. , Garcia-Rodriguez A. , Diez C. E. , van Dam R. , Bolten A. , Bjorndal K. A. , Miyamoto M. M. , Ferl R. J.
Published: April 2006

Hawksbill turtles move between nesting colonies and feeding grounds, but in most cases it is not known which reproductive populations occupy a particular feeding habitat. In this study, genetic markers derived from mitochondrial DNA sequences are used to estimate the contribution of Caribbean nesting colonies to a feeding ground at Mona Island, Puerto Rico (n = 41). Maximum likelihood analysis indicates that this feeding population is not composed primarily of turtles from the neighboring nesting colony (also on Mona Island), but is drawn from nesting populations throughout the Caribbean region. A sampled nesting colony in the southern hemisphere (Bahia, Brazil) did not contribute, at detectable levels, to the Mona Island feeding ground. From this evidence, we concluded that hawksbill turtles recruitment to feeding grounds over a scale of hundreds of kilometres, but not over the scale of 7000 km that separate Mona Island from Bahia, Brazil. These data indicate that a hawskbill turtle harvest on feeding grounds will reduce nesting populations throughout the Caribbean region.
Effects of Damage to Living Plants on Leaf Litter Quality
Authors: Findlay Stuart , Carreiro Margaret , Krischik Vera , Jones Clive G.
Published: April 2006

The leaves of plants in nature are commonly subjected to damage from a wide variety of agents, including herbivory, air pollutants, and simple physical damage. Despite the attention paid to damage effects on living plants, the potential effects on the quality of litter derived from damaged leaves has not been considered. We used controlled laboratory assays of decomposition to show that both ozone (0.2 mL/m3, 4 h) and mite damage, but not ultraviolet radiation (UV‐B) exposure, to living leaves of cottonwood plants resulted in a decrease in decomposition rate of litter derived from damaged leaves. Decomposition rates were ≈ 50% slower for litter from damaged plants, and there was a twofold increase in the refractory fraction. Contrary to expectation, there was a negative relationship between rate of decomposition and litter nitrogen content. Our finding of slow decomposition of high‐nitrogen litter is explained by a general mechanism whereby cellular damage causes increases in complex phenolic material. Such materials can lead to reductions in decomposition and binding of available nitrogen. We suggest that this mechanism can translate a common occurrence, damage by a diversity of processes, into long‐term and possibly large‐scale alterations in detritus processing.
Impacts of Lakeshore Residential Development on Coarse Woody Debris in North Temperate Lakes
Authors: Christensen David L. , Herwig Brian R. , Schindler Daniel E. , Carpenter Stephen R.
Published: April 2006

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a critical input from forested watersheds into aquatic ecosystems. Human activities often reduce the abundance of CWD in fluvial systems, but little is known about human impacts on CWD in lakes. We surveyed 16 north temperate lakes to assess relationships among CWD, riparian vegetation, and shoreline residential development. We found strong positive correlation between CWD density and riparian tree density (r2 = 0.78), and strong negative correlation between CWD density and shoreline cabin density (r2 = 0.71) at the whole‐lake scale. At finer spatial scales (e.g., between sampling plots), correlations between CWD and riparian vegetation were weaker. The strength of relationships between CWD and riparian vegetation was also negatively influenced by the extent of cabin development. Overall, there was significantly more CWD in undeveloped lakes (mean of 555 logs/km of shoreline) than in developed lakes. Within developed lakes, CWD density differed between forested sites (mean of 379 logs/km of shoreline) and cabin‐occupied sites (mean of 57 logs/km of shoreline). These losses of CWD will affect littoral communities in developed north temperate lakes for about two centuries. Because CWD is important littoral habitat for many aquatic organisms, zoning and lake management should aim to minimize further reductions of aquatic CWD and woody vegetation from lakeshore residences.
Ecosystem Management with Multiple Owners: Landscape Dynamics in a Southern Appalachian Watershed
Authors: Wear David N. , Turner Monica G. , Flamm Richard O.
Published: April 2006

Ecosystem management is emerging as an organizing theme for land use and resource management in the United States. However, while this subject is dominating professional and policy discourse, little research has examined how such systems‐level goals might be formulated and implemented. Effective ecosystem management will require insights into the functioning of ecosystems at appropriate scales and their responses to human interventions, as well as factors such as resource markets and social preferences that hold important influence over land and resource use. In effect, such management requires an understanding of ecosystem processes that include human actors and social choices. We examine ecosystem management issues using spatial models that simulate landscape change for a study site in the southern Appalachian highlands of the United States. We attempt to frame a set of ecosystem management issues by examining how this landscape could develop under a number of different scenarios designed to reflect historical land‐cover dynamics as well as hypothetical regulatory approaches to ecosystem management. Scenarios based on historical change show that recent shifts in social forces that drive land cover change on both public and private lands imply a more stable and a more forested landscape. Scenarios based on two hypothetical regulatory instruments indicate that public land management may have only limited influence on overall landscape pattern and that spatially targeted approaches on public and private lands may be more efficient than blanket regulation for achieving landscape‐level goals.
The Effects of Land Use on the Structure of Ground‐Foraging Ant Communities in the Argentine Chaco
Authors: Bestelmeyer Brandon T. , Wiens John A.
Published: April 2006

We examined the responses of a ground‐foraging ant community to a gradient of land‐use intensity in a grazing agroecosystem in the Chaco of northern Argentina. The gradient extended from a highly degraded condition characteristic of traditional grazing practices, through an area of less severe disturbance where grazing was less concentrated, to two areas in which grazing had been managed for 3 and 18 yr, respectively. Ground cover changed along this gradient from bare to litter‐covered, ground‐layer vegetation changed from sparse to a structurally complex mixture of grasses and forbs, and canopy cover increased in areas of intermediate grazing intensity and then decreased. Community diversity varied among the sites depending on both season and scale of analysis. Site‐scale ant species richness was slightly higher in sites of intermediate disturbance in the summer‐wet season but was much greater in the least disturbed site in the winter‐dry season. The same dry‐season pattern was evident in both species richness and diversity at the scale of transects within sites, whereas species richness at the scale of individual traps within transects was significantly lower at sites of intermediate disturbance than at either highly restored or highly degraded sites. Abundances of individual ant species and functional groups also changed along the land‐use gradient. Litter‐inhabiting cryptic species and specialized predators responded positively to grazing management, whereas opportunists and the hot‐climate specialist Forelius nigriventris were prevalent in highly disturbed areas. Other functional groups exhibited redundancy and species turnover along the gradient. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) revealed that the ant faunas at the extremes of the land‐use gradient were more similar than expected. We hypothesize that the interaction of local‐scale habitat features with historical and biogeographic influences may determine the responses of this ant community to land use, and that highly degraded areas may have conservation value because they are regional sources of arid‐adapted ants.
Monitoring Martes Populations in California: Survey Design and Power Analysis
Authors: Zielinski William J. , Stauffer Howard B.
Published: April 2006

Fishers (Martes pennanti) and American martens (M. americana) have been protected from trapping in California since the mid‐1900s, yet in portions of each of their historic ranges their numbers are extremely low, perhaps due to the effects of timber harvest. We propose a method capable of detecting declines in the occurrence and distribution of fishers or martens using baited track‐plate stations. The proposed sampling unit is a small grid of stations that has a high probability of detecting animals when they are present. These multistation units are sufficiently spaced to meet the assumption of independence for a binomial model. We propose a stratified random sampling design with strata sampled for proportions of occurrence at discrete points in time. Stratification is based on variation in occurrence by region and is estimated from preliminary survey data. A previously published bias adjustment is applied to the proportion of units with detections to adjust for possible failure to detect resident individuals at a sampling unit. A Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to determine the sample size necessary to detect 20 and 50% declines, with 80% power, in the proportion of sampling units with occurrence. We assume a 10‐yr sampling interval. Sensitivity analysis, using a range of values for means and standard deviations of strata proportions, determined that power was much more sensitive to changes in mean than the standard deviation. When the best current estimates of the fisher strata proportions were input for 10 strata (five regional and two habitat) in California, 115 and 17 sampling units per stratum were necessary to detect 20 and 50% declines, respectively. For some circumstances this sampling effort was also sufficient to achieve strata estimates with 5% error and to detect statistical differences between individual stratum proportions. The steps in the process of implementing a monitoring program for Pacific fishers in California are outlined as an example of the planning and preparation necessary to monitor changes in the distribution of a rare forest carnivore.
Hydrologic and Geomorphic Factors Affecting Conservation of a River‐ Breeding Frog (Rana Boylii)
Authors: Kupferberg Sarah J.
Published: April 2006

Organisms that live in highly variable environments, such as rivers, rely on adaptations to withstand and recover from disturbance. These adaptations include behavioral traits, such as habitat preference and plasticity of reproductive timing, that minimize the effects of discharge fluctuation. Studies linking hydrologic regime, habitat preference, and population processes, however, are predominantly limited to fish. Information on other sensitive taxa is necessary to facilitate conservation of multispecies assemblages and restoration of biodiversity in degraded river channels. I studied the functional relationship between physical habitat and reproduction of the foothills yellow‐legged frog (Rana boylii), a California State Species of Special Concern. From 1992 to 1994, I mapped breeding sites along 5.3 km of the South Fork Eel River in northern California and monitored egg survival to hatching. Frogs selected sites over a range of spatial scales and timed their egg‐laying to avoid fluctuations in river stage and current velocity associated with changes in discharge. The main sources of mortality were desiccation and subsequent predation of eggs in a dry year and scour from substrate in wet years, both caused by changes in stage and velocity. At the finest spatial scale, frogs attached eggs to cobbles and boulders at lower than ambient flow velocities. At larger scales, breeding sites were near confluences of tributary drainages and were located in wide, shallow reaches. Clutches laid in relatively narrower and deeper channels had poor survival in rainy as well as dry springs. Most breeding sites were used repeatedly, despite between‐ and within‐year variation in spring stage of the river. This pattern of site selection suggests that conservation of Rana boylii may be enhanced by maintaining or restoring channels with shapes that provide stable habitat over a range of river stages.
Rereading the 1890s: Venereal Disease as “Constitutional Crisis” in Britain and British India
Authors: Levine Philippa
Published: April 2006

My tale is an eloquent one, with heroes and villains, crises and angst, passion and fury. What it lacks in resolution it more than makes up for in dramatic tension. It is a story set in Britain and India in the 1890s, a time of intense polarities. This was the decade in which Oscar Wilde, Britain's most lionized playwright, was imprisoned for homosexuality; in which the spark of “new unionism” flared and then fizzled; in which Britain competed in the “scramble for Africa,” adding new colonial possessions to its already ample stockpile. It was the decade of imperial budgets, of mounting tension in South Africa, of the call for tariff reform, of the “new Woman,” and of that curious political hybrid, Liberal-Unionism.
Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History
Authors: Rawski Evelyn S.
Published: April 2006

Thirty years ago, Association for Asian Studies President Ho Ping-ti summarized the state of Qing studies in his address, “The Significance of the Ch'ing Period in Chinese History” (Ho 1967). Since that time, there have been major shifts in scholarly perceptions of the nature and significance of Qing rule that bear directly on contemporary issues of nationalism and ethnicity. I will survey the recent secondary literature, compare current formulations of Qing history with those enunciated by Professor Ho, and appraise their implications for our understanding of China.
Modernization, the State, and the Construction of a Tharu Identity in Nepal
Authors: Guneratne Arjun
Published: April 2006

In the lowlands of nainital district in northwestern Uttar Pradesh, occupying discrete and adjacent territories, live two ethnic groups known as the Tharu and the Buxa.1 Both are indigenous to the area. They have much in common, in their dress, language, and ritual practices, and their origin myths even posit a shared ancestry for both groups (Hasan 1979). Despite these similarities, the two groups consider themselves to be distinct peoples orjāt(Stewart 1865, 148; Hasan 1979); they do not intermarry, although elopements (socially disapproved unions) are not uncommon. Both are listed as Scheduled Tribes in the Indian Constitution, a status that entitles them to special protection and benefit in education and government service. The Buxas live in the westernmost part of the district, while the Rana Tharu to their east also live in large numbers in the adjacent Nepali district of Kanchanpur.
Stateless in South Asia: The Making of the India-Bangladesh Enclaves
Authors: van Schendel Willem
Published: April 2006

“Onlyin the eyes of the law are we indians.” With these words Anu Chairman sketched the position of tens of thousands of people living beyond the reach of state and nation in dozens of enclaves in South Asia. Much of the recent wave of literature on the nation is concerned with critiquing an earlier generation of scholars who tended to assume a correspondence between nations and states. In the new literature, the connections among nation, state, territory, sovereignty, history, and identity are all problematized. Nations are seen as being socially constructed in many different ways. Thus, there are nations without states, new nations that are invented before our eyes while older ones disintegrate, and older diasporic nations that are being joined by a host of new transnational communities. Nations are now conceived as more fluid, malleable, and unpredictable than ever before.
Development or Involution in Eighteenth-Century Britain and China? A Review of Kenneth Pomeranz'sThe Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy
Authors: Huang Philip C. C.
Published: April 2006

Kenneth pomeranz argues that “the great divergence” between development and involution in Europe and China did not occur until after 1800. Until then, Europe and China were comparable in population history, agriculture, handicraft industry, income, and consumption. Europe before 1800, in other words, was much less developed than the last two decades of scholarship have led us to believe, while China before 1800 was much less involuted. To make his case, Pomeranz spotlights England, the most advanced part of Europe, and the Yangzi delta area, the most advanced part of China. They diverged only after 1800, mainly because of the lucky availability of coal resources for England, and also of other raw materials from the New World.
Folsom and Yuma Points from the Estancia Valley, New Mexico
Authors: Hurt Wesley R.
Published: April 2006

A promising field for sites of ancient man lies in the region of the Estancia Valley, central New Mexico. This area was covered by the vast, extinct Pleistocene Lake Estancia, estimated by Antevs to have been at its height 15,000 years ago. The lake covered approximately 450 square miles and had a maximum depth of about 150 feet. Today, evidence of the lake remains in the form of beach terraces and gravels. Some 160 miles to the east are the Clovis sites excavated by Howard, while about thirty miles to the west is Sandia Cave, a site of ancient man excavated by the University of New Mexico.
The “Tlateles” of Lake Texcoco
Authors: Apenes Ola
Published: April 2006

In the lake region of the Valley of Mexico Nature and Man have combined to .produce radical changes in the character of the landscape. The giant elliptic bowl about forty-five miles wide by fifty-five miles long, which was formed during the elevation of the Mexican plateau, has been the stage of violent volcanic outbursts, followed by interludes of sedimentation. In geologically speaking recent times and, accordingly, since man made his appearance in the valley, sedimentation has been the dominating, if not sole factor. Owing to the fact that the Valley of Mexico has no natural outlet, the sediments brought down from the surrounding steep and high mountain ranges have accumulated in enormous quantities, forming a huge floor, over which the water from the mountain sides spreads in a shallow sheet. Since precipitation is often violent, and very irregularly distributed throughout the year, and since even evaporation under the strong tropical sun is too slow to prevent great quantities of water from remaining in the valley for a considerable time, the history of man in this region is a narrative of an endless struggle against the wet element. Even today the work is going on, although the tunnel outlet finished in 1900 has put a stop to inundations on a large scale. The colonial works have turned the lake bottom into an arid and salty desert, only partly covered by water.
The First Two Seasons at Awatovi
Authors: Brew J. O.
Published: April 2006

Since the publication, in 1891, of Mindeleff's maps and descriptions of five ruined pueblos along the rim of Antelope Mesa, the Jeddito Valley in the Hopi Reservation, northeastern Arizona, has been known as an interesting archaeological area. Subsequent short field trips by Fewkes, Russell, Hough, Kidder, the Cosgroves, Gladwin, Morris, and Hargrave have furnished further information about the large sites, called attention to the great number of small sites, and emphasized the archaeological importance of the region as a melting pot in which were blended elements of cultures and probably peoples from many directions. San Juan, Little Colorado, and Puerco met here; the San Francisco Mountains are within sight to the west, and a Rio Grande tongue is still to be heard on the Hopi mesas.
Some Early Types of Points from the Lower Yellowstone Country
Authors: Mulloy William , Lewis Oscar
Published: April 2006

The projectile points described below are surface finds discovered by Oscar Lewis within a few miles of his ranch located about twenty miles south of Glendive, Montana. As some of the types represented are those which have been found to have considerable antiquity elsewhere and the complex is similar to that recorded in Pictograph Cave I, a cultural horizon buried under two other prehistoric and one historic horizon at Pictograph Cave near Billings, Montana, their occurrence in this locality is of interest.
The Khmer Settlement Pattern: A Possible Analogy with that of the Maya
Authors: Coe Michael D.
Published: April 2006

There has recently been increased attention paid to the nature of the settlement pattern of Classic Maya civilization. It now seems likely that Classic Maya “cities“ were not secular, urban communities in which large numbers of people were grouped together in close proximity. On the other hand, if these were merely ceremonial centers in which the populace gathered for certain rituals, then the political and religious organization of these centers, and the actual socio-political structure of the entire Maya area, are as yet undetermined.
Radiocarbon Dates from the Manakaway Site, Connecticut
Authors: Suggs Robert C.
Published: April 2006

The Manakaway site, situated at the tip of Greenwich Point in Greenwich, Connecticut, is a shell midden about 40 by 120 feet in extent, with a depth of about 20 inches. It was excavated by the author during a 3-month period in the summer of 1956 (Suggs 1956a, 1956b).
Charcoal Concentration from Early Sites for Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Matson Frederick R.
Published: April 2006

Can Flecks of charcoal in soils and hearths be concentrated into a usable sample for radiocarbon dating? It is impracticable to ship large volumes of soil with low carbon content from distant sites, yet dating them may be most important. This question was informally discussed following the Wenner-Gren Conference on African Prehistory held at the University of Chicago in February, 1953, and as a result Robert J. Braidwood proposed that an experimental field laboratory be established that summer at an excavation where water and electricity were available if needed. The Department of Anthropology of the University of Chicago and the Illinois State Museum were sponsoring the excavation of a rock shelter near Modoc, Illinois, and I was invited to conduct experiments there, trying out any technics that I wished. It was hoped that these experiments would result in establishing a simple procedure that could be used in many parts of the world for procuring radiocarbon samples.
A Plainview Point from Northern Tamaulipas
Authors: Borbolla Sol Arguedas R. De La , anda Luis Aveleyra Arroyo De
Published: April 2006

Immediately after the exploration of the Santa Isabel Iztapan mammoth site in the Valley of Mexico had been completed (see pp. 332-40) the recently created Direccion de Prehistoria of the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia of Mexico undertook further reconnaissance in the reservoir basin of Falcon Dam on the Rio Grande. Work was concentrated on the Mexican side, where Aveleyra (1951) had located nine sites with abundant lithic materials.
The Enigmatic Crystal River Site
Authors: Bullen Ripley P.
Published: April 2006

The Crystal River site, on the west coast of Florida about 65 miles north of Tampa, presents one of the many unsolved problems of Florida archaeology. Included in the site is a curving shell ridge, shaped like a fishhook with a temple mound where the barb of the hook would be, a large sand or sand and shell burial mound surrounded by a platform to the north, another temple mound further to the north, and a large deposit of shell to the northwest (Moore, 1903, Fig. 16). Obviously, this is a large and complicated site. Practically the only archaeological work done at Crystal River is that of Moore who, during his three visits, dug all the burial mound and part of its surrounding platform (Moore, 1903; 1907; 1918). Moore did no work in the shell midden or temple mounds and our knowledge of the site is limited to its burial complex.
Sites of the Paleo-Indian in the Middle Rio Grande Valley
Authors: Hibben Frank C.
Published: April 2006

The problem of the antiquity of man in early America has rapidly divided itself into a series of detailed researches, each one dealing with special facets of the matter. To date the greatest progress in the relationship between the various cultures of the paleo-Indian has been made with geologic methods by which the rhythm of climatic changes of the late Pleistocene and recent times has been tied in with deposits involving human materials. The radiocarbon method has now appeared to bolster and refine the time scale. From all of these activities there is rapidly emerging a clearing picture of early times in the Americas.
A Distinction between Blades and Microblades in the American Arctic
Authors: Taylor William E.
Published: April 2006

Width frequencies plotted for 293 microblades and blades from the pre-Dorset Arnapik site on Mansel Island, Northwest Territories, produce a bimodal curve which suggests a maximum width of 11 mm. as a criterion for distinguishing microblades from blades.
A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming
Authors: Agogino George A.
Published: April 2006

The Hell Gap point, excavated from a cultural level dated by radiocarbon at 8890 B.C. (10,850±550 B.P.), is described by H. M. Wormington. It represents the oldest known cultural level at Hell Gap, an extensive multi-component quarry site occupied by paleo-Indian groups over a considerable period of time.
The Platonic Academy of Florence*
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: April 2006

Since the beginnings of its greatness, Florence was a town of merchants and of craftsmen where the arts, literature, and religious devotion were highly cultivated and where the vernacular tongue, probably after the French and Provençal model, was used as a literary language much earlier than in the rest of Italy, not only in lyrical poetry but also in all other branches of literature. The example of Dante alone is sufficient to show that the interest in philosophy and theology was very much alive in early Florence. Yet the university which was founded during the fourteenth century never occupied a predominant place in the intellectual life of the city, and hence the learned disciplines characteristic of the medieval universities were less strongly represented in Florence than in the old university centers.