bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XII.—On Archaic conceptions of property in relation to the Laws of Succession; and their survival in England
Authors: Gomme G. Laurence
Published: January 2012

Primogeniture, aided by legal powers and by the strong necessities of feudal polity, has become in this country the dominant form of succession to title and estate, and has consequently thrust out of consideration many other forms which exist here and there. Two of these other forms, Gavelkind and borough-English (so called), have received some attention from lawyers and legal antiquaries, and they obtain in many localities as the legal form of succession; but there are other customs which have been altogether neglected, and which obtain in only a few isolated localities. The lawyer at the bidding of statesmen has striven for the furtherance of the right of primogeniture, and every other custom has had to prove its case before it could obtain recognition. Therefore, in a certain sense the law has never recognised any other form of succession than primogeniture. But what I shall have to point out in the following pages is that in the annals of rural England there are many conceptions attached to the holding of property, which, though succumbing in law to primogeniture, have left a history behind which is well worth examining. Before Mr. Elton dealt with primogeniture and junior-right as common descendants from one parent, an examination of the right of primogeniture never led the inquirer beyond the area bounded by feudal history. But by examining the two forms of succession together it has been shown that we arrive at the archaic family.
XIII.—Arms and Armour at Westminster, the Tower, and Greenwich, 1547
Authors: Dillon Harold Arthur
Published: January 2012

The volume from which the following lists of arms and armour are taken is a neatly written MS. of 469 folios, presented to the Society in 1775 by Grustavus Brander, Esq. F.S.A.

The volume is complete in itself, but is in fact the larger portion of an inventory of the property of Henry VIII. taken in the first year of Edward VI. 1547. The remainder of the inventory is in the Harleian collection of MSS., and is contained in MSS. 1419 A and B. Of these two latter parts A contains the guardrobes and household stuff in the Tower of London, and at Greenwich, Westminster, Hampton Court, Otelands, Nonsuch, Windsor, and other palaces and houses of the late king. Part B enumerates various deliveries of stuff to different persons during the first four years of Edward VI. and is consequently a partial repetition of part A.
XV.—Observations on an Elizabethan picture of four persons of distinction playing cards
Authors: Scharf George
Published: January 2012

The curious panel-picture representing four gentlemen in the costume of the time of queen Elizabeth, and evidently persons of distinction, playing at cards, which I have the pleasure of exhibiting this evening by permission of Messrs. P. and D. Colnaghi, is not altogether new to the Society.

It was described little short of one hundred and three years ago by the Hon. Daines Barrington, in the Archaeologia, vol. viii. under the date May 4th, 1785.
XVI.—Episcopal Staves
Authors: Lee Frederick George
Published: January 2012

A staff of office is of great antiquity. It is believed to symbolize superiority, power, capacity, and function: the superiority, power, and authority of the person bestowing it, the presumed competence and capacity of the recipient, and the official function he endeavours to discharge. Sometimes such a staff is actually used as a support.
XVII.—On the Wall-Paintings in All Saints' Church, Friskney, Lincolnshire
Authors: Cheales Henry John
Published: January 2012

The discovery of additional subjects since I last had the honour to exhibit tracings of the Friskney wall-paintings has shown me that there was a general purpose of doctrinal teaching in the whole series, the recognition of which purpose gives a clue to the interpretation of each picture. The intention was, as I believe, to represent by a succession of subjects, progressively from west to east, the presence of Christ. First, in the flesh, “His earthly ministry”; second, in the “host”; the former in the series on the north, the latter on the south clerestory. The tracings before us are from the latter. They are a continuation (going from west to east) of the two subjects recorded in Vol. XLVIII. of Archaeologia, viz., The Gathering of the Manna, and The Last Supper. I have numbered them in the order in which they stand in the church, occupying the three spandrels east of that which contains the picture of The Last Supper, i.e. on the clerestory wall above the three easternmost bays of the south arcade.
XVIII.—On a Coptic Grave-shirt in the possession of General Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., etc.
Authors: Budge E.A. Wallis
Published: January 2012

That the Egypt of the Pharaohs was famous from the earliest times for the manufacture of linen is evident not only from the splendid specimens of linen bandages and sheets in which mummies are wrapped, but also from the testimony of ancient writers. Egyptian linen was, for the most part, made of flax, and a good idea of what an important matter the success of the flax crop was in Egypt may be gathered from the fact that the smiting of the flax when in. bloom by the hail (mentioned in Exodus ix. 31), was considered to be as great a calamity as the smiting of the barley when in the ear. The finest and best linen was worn by the priests of Egypt in the form of shirts, the κιθῶνας λινέους of Herodotus, ii. 37, 81, a commoner and coarser sort was used for the final bandages and “sheet” of mummies, perhaps also for sleeping upon, compare the of Prov. vii. 16, and the coarsest sort of all for sails, awnings, etc. Nearly all the flax woven in Egypt was grown in the Delta, and the best quality appears to have come from Pelusium; according to Strabo, Panopolis was famous in olden times for the manufacture of linen, and working in stones, and it is easy to show that the art of weaving linen and of ornamenting garments with woven or worked designs did not pass away from that town until ten or eleven centuries after the birth of Christ.
XX.—On Offa's Dyke
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: January 2012

There are few points in ancient history more interesting than an inquiry into the age and object of the great “dykes”; such as those of north Wiltshire, between central and southern England; those north of Cambridge, which bar the only access into East Anglia from the south; those which run from the estuary of the Dee to that of the Severn, cutting off the whole of Wales; or the great earthwork nearly parallel to the Roman wall which crossed the island from the Solway to the Tyne.
IV.—The Excavations at South Shields, Durham
Authors: Bruce John Collingwood
Published: January 2012

It has long been known that the Romans had a camp at South Shields. The entrance into the Tyne was strongly protected by them. On the north bank of the river was a fort where Tynemouth Priory now stands, and another at Blake Chesters, about two miles to the west of Tynemouth. On the south bank were the camps of South Shields and Jarrow.
IX.—On two Manuscript Psalters in the Collection of William Bragge, Esq. F.S.A.
Authors: Franks Augustus W.
Published: January 2012

The two Psalters which Mr. Bragge has been good enough to exhibit on this occasion, at my request, are good specimens of writing and of illumination, of the middle of the thirteenth century; but are particularly interesting from the curious entries in the calendars prefixed to them.
XI.—On an Ebony Pax bearing the Legend of St. Veronica
Authors: Stephens George
Published: January 2012

In the early Church the kiss of peace, the simplest of all symbolisms, was a holy ceremony in public worship reverently kept up. Its use lingered on to the Middle Ages. In the twelfth century, when the separation of the sexes began to fall away, the custom came in of the priest kissing a carved ornament instead of his brother-minister, and this in its turn was saluted by the whole congregation. This substitute of any material, costly or simple, even of wood or glass, and generally small in size, after use was returned to the altar. In the West it bore many names—the Pax, Osculatorium, Deosculatorium Pacis, Osculare, Tabula Pacis, Asser ad Pacem, Paxillum, Paxilla, Porte-Paix, Porte-pax, Pax-brede, Pakys-bred, Pax-bord, and so on.
XII.—Notes on Little Horkesley Church, Essex
Authors: Markham Clements Robert
Published: January 2012

The church of Little Horkesley has long been sorely in need of thorough repair, and its sepulchral monuments give it a special claim to the attention of antiquaries. They are alike interesting for their antiquity and for the beauty of some of the uninjured brasses. Moreover, they serve to illustrate the history of the place during several centuries. They are the landmarks of local history, giving it accuracy and precision through the names and dates they supply; and they also display the styles of art which prevailed during successive ages. Prom all these points of view their preservation, and the due maintenance and restoration of the church which contains them, must be a matter of interest to all who desire to secure the safety of national monuments
XIX.—On the Use of the Greek Language, written phonetically, in the early Service Books of the Church in England; and on the earliest system of Musical Notation upon lines and spaces, one hitherto unnoticed, and seemingly peculiar to English use
Authors: Chappell William
Published: January 2012

While collecting materials for a new history of music I had occasion to examine many of the earliest Psalters and Books of Antiphons for the service of the English Church, and then noted three distinctive peculiarities, which seemed worthy of attention by the literary antiquary and by the historian. The first was, that parts of the service, such as the Gloria in excelsis and the Nicene Creed, had been sung occasionally in Greek, and that the Greek was written phonetically in English characters. The second, that the hymns and sequences differed from those which had been sung on the continent of Europe, and therefore few, if any, are included in the printed collections by Daniel, by Mone, or Morel; and, further, that many of them are remarkable for the intermixture of Greek and of Græco-Latin words. Not only did our ancestors substitute protus, deuterus, tritus, and tetardus for primus, secundus, tertius, and quartus, but also employed such addresses to the deity in their hymns and sequences as “Kyrie eleison, o theos agye” —“Pater, creator omnium, tu theos ymon”—“Pater ymas te exoramus;” half Greek and half Latin.
XXI.—Excavations at Mount Caburn Camp, near Lewes, conducted in September and October, 1877, and July, 1878
Authors: Fox Augustus Lane
Published: January 2012

Although many places from their extent may have possessed greater importance in early times, no British camp is perhaps better known to ourselves than Mount Caburn. Situated, not in the midst of a deserted heath as some of them are, but in the centre of a populous district, a very conspicuous feature from the town of Lewes, and close to the junction of the railways from Eastbourne and Newhaven, it has necessarily attracted the attention of all who pass that way. Various conjectures have been hazarded in local histories as to its origin and uses, and more numerous by far must have been the unrecorded speculations of the curious during the long period that Lewes has figured in history.
XVII.—The gate-house chapel, Croxden abbey, Staffordshire
Authors: Wardle George Young
Published: January 2012

The little building which forms the subject of this paper was, until the summer of last year, one of the very few examples left to us of the adjuncts to the gatehouse of a monastery. It is now utterly destroyed, not one stone being left on another. There is no published account of it, and the only plan which shows its relation to the other conventual buildings is, I believe, the one which accompanies this paper. I have prepared the following account in the belief that the Society of Antiquaries, though powerless to prevent the destruction of the ancient buildings of the country, will not hear of their demolition without wishing to preserve for its members authentic memorials of their existence. I am indebted chiefly to Mr. Charles Lynam, of Stoke upon Trent, for the drawings which enable me to place the features of the building plainly before you.
III.—Notice of the Life and Works of Lucas D'Heere, Poet and Painter of Ghent, with reference to an anonymous Portrait of a Lady in the possession of the Duke of St. Alban's and to the Portrait of Queen Mary of England in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries
Authors: Cust Lionel
Published: January 2012

The fact that the Society of Antiquaries possesses one of the most important and the earliest dated of the portraits ascribed to the hand of Lucas D'Heere, the poet-painter of Ghent, may cause the Fellows of the Society to take some interest in the life and works of this artist.

Lucas D'Heere is not one of those painters whose life has fallen into oblivion through want of biographers. Carel van Mander, who in 1604 published his precious collection of biographies of Flemish, Dutch, and German painters, was actually a pupil of D'Heere, and included a full notice of his master's life in his series, which, from the intimate connection between the two painters, may fairly be accepted as authoritative. Further his biographies are avowedly based on a similar collection made by Lucas D'Heere himself.
XI.—The revision of the Statutes of the Order of the Garter by King Edward the Sixth
Authors: Thompson Edward Maunde
Published: January 2012

By the most gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen, I bring before the Fellows of the Society two MSS., the one in Latin and the other in English, of one of the several draft schemes which, were drawn up in the reign of Edward the Sixth for a revision of the Statutes of the Order of the Garter. They present the new Statutes as submitted at a Chapter on the 24th of April, 1552, with subsequent alterations and additions made by the king himself and by Sir William Cecil, Chancellor of the Order, with a view to submission to a later Chapter.
III.—Observations on the probable Sites of the Jewish Temple and Antonia, and the Acra, with reference to the results of the recent Palestine Explorations
Authors: Lewin Thomas
Published: January 2012

The recent publication of The Recovery of Jerusalem assists us materially in solving some of the most perplexing questions as to the topography of the Holy City. The points of greatest interest are 1. The genuineness of the Holy Sepulchre; 2. The lines of the walls; and, 3. The relative sites of the Temple and Antonia and the Acra.
VI.—Further Observations on the Expedition of the Emperor Augustus into Britain
Authors: Black William Henry
Published: January 2012

The evidence of an important fact which. I have lately made known to the Society of Antiquaries, bridging over (as it does) a whole century of our unwritten history, consists principally in the direct and positive assertion of it by the ancient commentator and critic, Servius; and the only objection that I have heard, publicly or privately, against the veracity of his statement, and the consequent view that I have taken of those passages in the Augustan Poets which relate to Britain, amounts to this, that we are required thereby to impugn or reject the opinions of two respectable historians more ancient than the commentator, namely, Cornelius Tacitus and Suetonius Tranquillus. I have thought proper therefore to vindicate in this second paper the authority of Servius, against the negative opinions of those other Roman writers, and their numerous followers.
VII.—A Description of the Chapel of Saint Erasmus in Westminster Abbey
Authors: Micklethwaite J. T.
Published: January 2012

The chapel of S. John Baptist, the north-western of the four polygonal chapels which surround the apse of Westminster Abbey, differs from the remaining three in that it is now entered, not by a door in the middle of the screen separating it from the ambulatory, but by a kind of vestibule cut through the northern of the two great piers which fill up the spaces between the last of the rectangular and the first of the polygonal chapels. It is to this vestibule that I wish to call attention, and in doing so I shall first desrcibe it in its present condition, and then point out the various changes which it seems to have undergone, and endeavour to draw some conclusions as to its history and the uses to which it has been put.
XI.—On Mediæval Representations of the Months and Seasons
Authors: Fowler James
Published: January 2012

None of the phenomena of Nature can earlier, or more widely, or more deeply have attracted notice and curiosity than the phenomena of the Seasons ; and none, probably, earlier or more widely became embodied in art and poetry. For that reason few subjects, probably, would prove of greater interest in themselves, or in the light which they reflected, incidentally, on the life and thought of those who have gone before us, if undertaken by an accomplished antiquary, than the enumeration, and description, and comparison of the different modes of representing the Seasons employed in different countries and ages, from the earliest to the latest times. Few subjects, on the other hand, could be chosen less fit for unexhaustive or discursive treatment, or that would sooner exhibit the incompetence of him who is incapable of more. I would willingly, however, bear this reflection, should the notes which I have collected be thought worthy of the attention of this Society, or should they, imperfect as they are, hereafter induce others, more able than myself, to contribute what they have seen and thought upon the subject.
XVIII.—On a Box of Carved Ivory of the Sixth Century
Authors: Nesbitt Alexander , Garrucci Raffaele
Published: January 2012

Having purchased the box which is the subject of the following memoir from a dealer in antiquities in Rome, I took an early opportunity of showing it to my learned friend, Padre Garrucci of the Collegio Romano, knowing that no one was more capable than he of appreciating and illustrating an object belonging to the earlier ages of Christianity, and feeling sure that I might rely on his unfailing courtesy and willingness to impart to others the stores of knowledge and learning which he possesses.
III.—An account of Discoveries made in Celtic Tumuli
near Dover, Kent
Authors: Woodruff Cumberland Henry
Published: January 2012

The rarity of Celtic tumuli in the eastern part of Kent contrasts strongly with
the comparative abundance of Anglo-Saxon sepulchral remains which have been
discovered in that part of the county. One of the former, explored by Douglas,
and a large and interesting barrow in Iffins Wood, near Canterbury, opened about
thirty years ago by Mr. Bell, are, as far as I know, the only recorded instances
of Celtic tumuli in East Kent.
X.—On Wall Decorations in Sectile Work as used by the Romans, with special reference to the Decorations of the Palace of the Bassi at Rome
Authors: Nesbitt Alexander
Published: January 2012

It is proposed in the following memoir to do two things : one, to give some account of that species of mosaic decoration which by the Romans was distinguished as “opus sectile,” particularly as applied on walls; the other, to describe the very remarkable building which has afforded by far the most important examples of work of that character of which we have any knowledge, viz., the church of San Andrea in Catabarbara, which was probably originally the great hall or basilica of the palace of the Bassi on the Esquiline hill in Rome.
XIII.—Notes on the Keep, the Roman Pharos, and the Shafts at the Shot Yard Battery, Dover Castle
Authors: Peck W. Emerson
Published: January 2012

Traditionally the erection of the Keep of Dover Castle is ascribed to Bishop Gundulf, the brother-in-law of William the Conqueror; but, while the absence of ornaments and the severe simplicity of the interior mark its early character, the style of the exterior, in which the flat pilaster, so typical of the early Norman castle, has developed into the protruding square turret, seems to denote a later date.
XVIII.—An Account of Excavations made on the site of the Chapter-house of Durham Cathedral in 1874
Authors: Fowler J. T.
Published: January 2012

The sad story of the demolition of the Chapter-house at Durham has been so often told that it need not be repeated here. The eastern portion of that fine Norman building having been levelled to the ground at the end of the last century, its site came to form a portion of the Deanery garden, formerly the centry-garth or cemetery of the Abbey. In the summer of 1874, while a party of friends staying at the Deanery were surveying the spot, some curiosity was expressed as to whether the floor remained buried under the soil, and whether any part of the stone chair, the sedes episcopalis, in which the bishops were placed at their enthronement, was still in existence. An iron rod forced into the ground in several places was found to be stopped by something hard, at a greater depth westward than eastward, the difference being caused by the steps of the apse. A small excavation a little to the east of the present east wall revealed the inscribed slab of Ralph Flambard, and another on the site of the chair brought to light the lower courses of the semicircular eastern wall; no trace however of the chair itself could be found. It was now determined by the Dean that the removal of the earth should be proceeded with until at least all the central portion of the floor should be exposed, in order that the grave-covers indicated in Browne Willis's plan, of which one had been already found, might again be seen.
XVII.—On the Mural Paintings in All Saints Church, Friskney, Lincolnshire
Authors: Cheales Henry John
Published: January 2012

The accompanying plates are copies of two fresh subjects in the series of mural paintings lately discovered on the clerestory-walls of All Saints church, Friskney. Four of this series have been already described in the Archaeologia, viz., the Assumption, the Stable at Bethlehem, the Last Supper, and the Gathering of the Manna; the copies before us of the newly-found pictures represent (I) the Ascension, and (II) the Resurrection.
XIX.—Reginald, bishop of Bath (1174-1191); his episcopate, and his share in the building of the church of Wells
Authors: Church C.M.
Published: January 2012

I venture to think that bishop Reginald Fitzjocelin deserves a place of higher honour in the history of the diocese, and of the fabric of the church of Wells, than has hitherto been accorded to him.

His memory has been obscured by the traditionary fame of bishop Robert as the “author,” and of bishop Jocelin as the “finisher,” of the church of Wells; and the importance of his episcopate as a connecting link in the work of these two master-builders has been comparatively overlooked.
XXV.—Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, dated respectively 1245 and 1402
Authors: Simpson W. Sparrow
Published: January 2012

Very manifold and multiform are the materials from which ecclesiastical history is compiled. Sometimes from the great chronicle of an ancient abbey, in whose annals the zealous scribe has set down the minutest details, from the erection and endowment of the sumptuous church itself to the smallest payment at the celebration of an obit; sometimes from a dry catalogue of names without a single incident to vary the monotony; sometimes from the life of some great prelate, of heroic virtue and of saintly grace, towering above his fellows as Saul amongst the men of Israel; and sometimes from some petty quarrel about precedence between two officers so unimportant that the utter abolition of the offices which they held would seem the best and simplest settlement of the dispute; sometimes from manorial records, dreary and repellent at first sight, but full of precious information as to the history of property, the relative position of tenant and of lord, the value of labour and of money; and sometimes from a mere inventory or catalogue of goods, a list of plate, ornaments, jewels, vestments, a bare document full of wearisome iteration, a collection of the driest of dry bones.
IV.—On the Sculptured Doorways of the Lady Chapel of Glastonbury Abbey
Authors: Hope W.H. St. John
Published: January 2012

At the west end of the great abbey church of SS. Peter and Paul at Glastonbury are the ruins of a chapel of very remarkable character.

It was built on the site of a vetusta ecclesia dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of very great antiquity, which was consumed by fire, together with the great church and nearly all the abbey buildings, in 1184.

As the vetusta ecclesia, from its sanctity and the number of relics it contained, was a holy place much resorted to by pilgrims, its reconstruction was forthwith commenced, and carried out with such speed that “about 1186” it was ready for consecration by Reginald, bishop of Bath.
VIII.—On a newly-discovered Manuscript containing Statutes compiled by Dean Colet for the Government of the Chantry Priests and other Clergy in St. Paul's Cathedral
Authors: Simpson W. Sparrow
Published: January 2012

St. Paul's Cathedral was, as might be expected from its position and influence, unusually rich in obits and in chantries. From the foundation of the chantry of master John de London, early in the reign of Henry II., to that of Robert Brocket, citizen and baker, in the twenty-fourth year of Henry VIII., a continuous stream of benefactors appears amongst the records of the cathedral, who desired to express their piety by the endowment of chantries for their own souls and for the souls of members of their families.
XVIII.—Benefactions of Thomas Heywood, Dean (1457-1492), to the Cathedral Church of Lichfield
Authors: Cox J. Charles
Published: January 2012

The roll of the Deans of Lichfield will favourably compare with those of any of our cathedral churches of the old foundation. Several of them have been distinguished scholars and theologians; one or two of them made some mark in the history of their country at a time when high ecclesiastics were frequently statesmen; twelve of their number obtained preferment to sees episcopal and archiepiscopal; whilst three, including the present Dean (whose name will ever be associated with the noble restoration of the west front of the cathedral church), were for many years Prolocutors to the Province of Canterbury.
II. Notices of the old Clochard or Bell-Tower of the Palace at Westminster
Authors: Hunter Joseph
Published: January 2012

Now that the public attention is so much directed upon the Tower at Westminster which is to receive the great clock and bell which are to proclaim the hour to the whole population of London, it appears not unseasonable to draw into notice the ancient and long-lost Bell-Tower which formed part of the buildings of the ancient Palace of Westminster, and stood very near to the site of the more splendid and imposing Tower recently erected.
VII. On the Distaff and the Spindle, as the Insignia of the Female Sex in former times
Authors: Akerman John Yonge
Published: January 2012

It is the especial province of the antiquary to collect and arrange, under one view, the scattered notices to be found in old writers, and to illustrate those notices by comparing them with the monuments which time has spared, and the usages which yet linger among us. By such means, passages in history, which are, in themselves, purely incidental and subordinate, are made to bear their share in the illustration of past ages, and thus to afford occasional glimpses of the manners and customs of the generations that have preceded us.
IX. An Account of the Discovery of Anglo-Saxon Remains at Kemble, in North Wilts; with Observations on a Grant of Land at Ewelme to the Abbey of Malmesbury by King Æthelstan, in the year 931
Authors: Akerman John Yonge
Published: January 2012

In the month of July last, while engaged in some antiquarian inquiries on the borders of Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, I accidentally heard of the discovery of sepulchral remains in the village of Kemble. Convinced from the account I then received, that these relics were of the Anglo-Saxon period, I lost no time in proceeding to Kemble, where I obtained abundant proof of the discovery, and a sufficient description of the objects discovered, to satisfy me that my conjectures were well founded.
XI. Additional Observations to Mr. Ashpitel's Paper on Chancels, by John Henry Parker, Esq., F.S.A. In a Letter addressed to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Director
Authors: Parker John Henry
Published: January 2012

I was unfortunately not able to attend the Meeting of our Society on the evening when my friend Mr. Ashpitel read his learned and valuable paper on Chancels, but I have since been favoured with the perusal of it, and have been requested to make some additional observations on the subject. Far be it from me to attempt to answer Mr. Ashpitel; on the contrary, I would rather confirm what he has stated and illustrate it by some notice of the practice in France and England, Mr. Ashpitel having avowedly confined his attention chiefly to Italy. He has clearly demonstrated that in this instance, as in many others, considerable errors and confusion have arisen from a different sense being given to the same word, or from a gradual change in its meaning. We were all probably aware previously that the word chancel is derived from the Latin word cancellus, or the Italian cancelli, signifying a railing or screen; but it had not occurred to us that the original use of this railing or screen was to protect the chorus or choir from the pressure and interruption of the people while they were singing; hence the two words chancel and choir are synonymous in the sense of the place for singing, but that place is not by any means necessarily the eastern limb of the church. He has shown us that in Italy this singing-place, choir, or chancel, is continually changed even in the same church at different seasons of the year.
XIV. Relation of the Lord Fauconberg's Embassy to the States of Italy in the year 1669, addressed to King Charles II.; transcribed from the original MS. signed by Lord Fauconberg himself, preserved in a Volume of the Sloane Collection in the British Museum, No. 2752
Authors: Ellis Henry
Published: January 2012

Warranted as well by the generall practice of Ambassadors of the late and present age as commanded by your Majesty's instructions of the 10th of January, in the 21 yeare of your Majesty's most happy raigne, at such time as you were graciously pleased to honor me with the caracter of your Extraordinary Ambassador to divers of the Princes of Italy, I most humbly prostrate at your Majesty's feet, and doe with all submission and reverence offer to your Majesty's consideration this following accompt of the Observations I made in the several places where I carryed that caracter.
XVI. Unpublished Letters from the Queen of Bohemia, daughter of James I. to Sir Edward Nicholas. In a Letter from John Evans, Esq., F.S.A., to J. Y. Akerman, Esq., Secretary
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2012

I have great pleasure in sending you for communication to the Society of Antiquaries copies of a series of letters written by the Queen of Bohemia, the daughter of James I., which are I believe unpublished, and which, like all the letters of that unfortunate princess, will be found of some interest. They are all addressed to Sir Edward Nicholas, who, as you are well aware, was Secretary of State to both the Charleses. The letters which passed between the Queen and Sir Edward, from August 1654 to January 1655, fifteen in number, have already been published in the Appendix to Evelyn's Diary, edited by the late Mr. Bray; and the twenty-five I now send you may be regarded as a continuation of the same correspondence, embracing as they do the period from April 1655 to January 1656.
V.—Further Excavations at Lanuvium
Authors: Savile Lord
Published: January 2012

Since the last communication on the subject of my excavations at Lanuvium, which the Society of Antiquaries did me the honour to publish in 1886, those excavations have been carried on continuously, but very slowly, in consequence of the difficulties arising from the necessity of devising some means for disposing of the earth extracted in the course of excavation.
IX.—The Vanished Memorials of St. Thomas of Canterbury
Authors: Milman Henry Salusbury
Published: January 2012

If any Fellows of our Society have lately perused the copious literature on those Memorials of St. Thomas which were long the glories of Christ Church, the cathedral church of Canterbury, and vanished in 1538, I would ask them to compare their experience of the result with mine. I rose from the perusal with a hazy vision of those objects and of the transactions concerning them, such haziness arising from the confused manner in which the notices of them were treated, the neglect to seek for definite meanings of terms, the clinging to sham tradition as if it were real history. In such cases the proper remedy is that which is now being applied to the general history of our country, namely, to rebuild the story out of affirmative evidence arranged in order of date and construed in harmony with known events and practices. I propose to apply that remedy here.
X.—On some fifteenth-century Drawings of Winchester College; New College, Oxford; etc.
Authors: Kirby Thomas Frederick
Published: January 2012

By the kind permission of the Warden of New College, Oxford, I have the honour to exhibit copies of four pen and ink drawings attributed to the year 1463.

They are from a MS. at New College, Oxford, entitled Brevis Chronica de ortu vita et gestis nobilibus reverendi viri Willelmi de Wykeham, which is generally attributed to Thomas Chandler. I do not find him in the Dictionary of National Biography, but he was a man of some note in his day, having been warden, first of Winchester and then of New College; chancellor of the university of Oxford, and of the churches of Wells and York; master of St. Cross hospital, near Winchester; dean of Hereford and the chapel royal; and secretary of state under Henry VI. and Edward IV. He died in 1490.
XIII.—An Archaeological Survey of Hertfordshire
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2012

The county of Hertford from its proximity to London, from its containing the important Ancient British Capital Verulamium, from its being traversed by several British and Roman roads, and from the presence within it of more than one Roman station, might naturally be expected to prove rich in ancient remains, indications of the existence of which would profusely stud an archaeological map. As a fact, however, it seems doubtful whether such a map will exhibit so many interesting features as that of several other counties more remote from the metropolis; and certainly, for variety and number of archaeological discoveries, it cannot compete with that of Kent.
III.—Injunctions of John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, to certain Monasteries in his Diocese
Authors: Peacock Edward
Published: January 2012

The accompanying documents, which have been transcribed from the register of John Longland, who was Bishop of Lincoln from 5 May 1521 until 7 May 1547, will not, I think, be without interest for some of our Fellows, throwing as they do a clear though but feeble light on the manner of life in certain monastic houses immediately before the Dissolution. In case you agree with me in this, I shall be obliged to you if you will read them at any meeting of the Society when it may be convenient for you to do so. I am indebted for the transcript from which my copy is taken to the Reverend A. R. Maddison, M.A., F.S.A.
IV.—On the Constitutional History of the Bermudas, the oldest remaining British Plantation
Authors: Lefroy John Henry
Published: January 2012

The Crown of England claimed in the sixteenth century, “by right of discovery and actual possession, taken on the part of Queen Elizabeth, by the deputies of Sir Walter Raleigh,” whatever lay to the north of the parallel of 32° on the American continent. The claim was limited in terms, perhaps, to the eastern or Atlantic shores: but the grants did not long stop there, for, so early as 1609, when the width of the continent was scarcely known, they were made to extend across it “from sea to sea,” and it was fiercely denied that Spain, which had never planted a colony in that region, possessed prior or any rights there.
VII.—The Grave-Mounds of Lunkhofen, in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. Communicated by Dr. Ferdinand Keller, Hon. F.S.A., with a Translation by William Michael Wylie, Esq., F.S.A.
Authors: Keller Ferdinand , Wylie William Michael
Published: January 2012

Grabhügel, Todtenhügel, Tumuli sind bekanntlich Grabdenkmäler, in welchen, unter einem Erdhaufen, ein oder mehrere Leichname unverändert oder zu Asche verbrannt, und in letzterem Falle in einer Urne verwahrt, gewöhnlich auf dem ursprünglichen, natürlichen, Boden beigesetzt sind. Um die Urne zu schützen, ist dieselbe in eine im natürlichen Boden angebrachte Vertiefung versenkt,(1) oder sie ist in einem rohen Gewölbe von Feldsteinen aufgestellt. (2) Ueber den Leichnamen erhebt sich ein 3—30 Fuss holier Hügel von Erde und Steinen, und bis auf 60 Durchmesser. In einigen steinigen Gegenden ganz aus Steinen. Ein Theil der Hügel ist von einem einfachen, zwei- und bisweilen dreifachen Kranz von Steinen umgeben, deren Gewicht bis zu einem Zentner ansteigt. Die Spitze der Hügel ist ebenfalls zuweilen mit solchen Steinen besetzt.(3) Oftmals deckt derselbe Hügel mehrere Leichname von denen, einige verbrannt, die anderen unverbrannt sind. Man findet in diesen Hügeln keine Waffen aus Stein; und obwohl viel Bronzegeräthe darin angetroffen wird, so gehört doch keiner von ihnen in die eigentliche Bronzezeit, da auch Eisen in ihnen reichlich vorhanden ist.
IX.—The Fret or Key Ornamentation in Mexico and Peru
Authors: Greg Robert Philips
Published: January 2012

One of the commonest as well as most characteristic forms of ornamentation on the old pottery, spindle-whorls, and even buildings of ancient Mexico and Peru, dating as far back as, or anterior even to, the Spanish conquest of America, is one very nearly allied to, if not indeed identical with, the well-known meander, Greek fret or key-pattern.
V. On a Vase representing an Adventure of Perseus
Authors: Birch Samuel
Published: January 2012

The Vase, of which a tracing is laid before the Society, has been described in the Catalogue of the Greek Vases in the Museum, although its subject could not at the time be made out, and the present memoir must be considered as an attempt to interpret its meaning, a task rendered the more difficult as there is not any distinct mention of the subject by the classical writers, and it is one transmitted only by the artists of Greece. It occurs on one of the hundred select vases presented by the late Prince of Canino to Cardinal Fesch, and subsequently ceded by the possessors to the British Museum. The Vase is of the shape called hydria or calpis, ornamented with red figures upon a black background, and its style is that usually known as the commencement of the decadence of the fictile art. It has no inscription, unfortunately, to aid in its decipherment. It was found in the sepulchres of the ancient Vulci.
XIII. Further Particulars of Thomas Norton, and of State Proceedings in Matters of Religion, in the Years 1581 and 1582
Authors: Cooper William Durrant
Published: January 2012

Your recent communication to the Society has drawn their attention to some facts relating to Thomas Norton, which were not known to me when I wrote the Memoir for the Shakespeare Society; and, as it is clearly proved, both by your communication and by documents in the State Paper Office, that the author of the first three acts of our earliest tragedy in blank verse was also the citizen grocer and the active and zealous Member for the City of London in 1571, and again from 1572 to 1582, who was declared to be “a man wise, bold, and eloquent,” and to have addressed the Members “in his accustomed manner of natural eloquence,” it may not be uninteresting to notice some of the State transactions in which Norton was engaged in the years 1581 and 1582, when the renewed movement was made against the Catholics by the Parliament and the Government.
IV.—Notes on the Cathedral Church of St. Cecily at Albi
Authors: Twigge R. W.
Published: January 2012

The city of Albi is built on the steep banks of the Tarn, which drains the high table-land sloping gradually from the Cevennes to the vast plain of Languedoc. From whichever side the city be approached the lofty and massive structure of the cathedral church is seen dominating the surrounding buildings. The church, with the adjoining episcopal fortress, crowns the cliff on the left bank of the river. Adjacent to the west end of the church, and occupying the extreme point of the cliff, is the site of Castel-viel, now represented by a group of humble dwellings. Here was once a Gaulish oppidum, and later a Roman fort was erected to protect the ferry over the Tarn, which divided the territory of the Ruteni. This bourg was defended by an important fort belonging to the viscounts of Albi, who held it from their over-lords, the counts of Toulouse, and it was isolated on three sides by the ravines through which the Tarn and its tributary stream the Verdusse run, and on the east side by a moat dividing it from Albi.
VII.—The Battle of Bosworth
Authors: Gairdner James
Published: January 2012

To make a satisfactory study of the story of a battle it is no doubt desirable to visit the field of action and examine it carefully with one's own eyes. Where much time has elapsed and many changes have taken place in the aspect of the country the written records are not always easy to interpret; and where even these are scanty and obscure a large number of open questions will naturally be the result. Such has been the case with the famous battle of Bosworth Field, of which we possess virtually only one narrative, and that not written by an eye-witness or even by an Englishman, but by an intelligent foreigner who settled in England some years after. Polydore Vergil, the first writer of a connected history of England, arrived in this country about eighteen years after the battle, and doubtless gained his information about it from those who had seen and taken part in it. The accounts given by the subsequent English chroniclers, Hall, Grafton, and Holinshed, are little more than translations, a little amplified, of the description given by Polydore. Nevertheless, their additions to the narrative, as we shall see, are not without significance.
XII.—On some Waxed Tablets said to have been found at Cambridge
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: January 2012

Close to the inner margin of the King's Ditch at Cambridge, which until quite recently was the only ditch known to exist, excavations were lately made for the foundations of Messrs. Fosters' new bank. The ditch which runs along Hobson Street was only just touched, but there was at this spot a large quantity of sand and gravel. This had apparently been thrown out of the ditch, which here skirted the edge of an extensive gravel bed. No water passed through this dry subsoil from any side, and the area was soon built over, so that no rain fell into it. These were, therefore, conditions very favourable for the preservation of perishable materials
XV.—The Prebendal Stalls and Misericords in the Cathedral Church of Wells
Authors: Church C. M.
Published: January 2012

I propose in this paper to trace the history of the prebendal stalls in the church of Wells, their number and original arrangement in choir and chapter, and to describe the carved “misericords” still remaining in the stalls.
XX.—The Dolmens and Burial Mounds in Japan
Authors: Gowland William
Published: January 2012

The Papers which I have the honour of laying before the Society contain a summary of my explorations and investigations of the dolmens of Japan during a long residence in that country.

We have but little exact knowledge of the mode in which the Japanese disposed of the bodies of their famous dead in the very earliest times. The somewhat vague statements of their ancient traditional records would seem to point to burial or mere deposition on the summits of natural hills as their earliest practice, but the most ancient remains yet discovered have not been found in such localities, but on the lower grounds bordering the plains, and on the plains themselves.
Comparative hepatitis A seroepidemiology in 10 European countries
Authors: KURKELA S. , PEBODY R. , KAFATOS G. , ANDREWS N. , BARBARA C. , BRUZZONE B. , BUTUR D. , CAPLINSKAS S. , DAVIDKIN I. , HATZAKIS A. , HELLENBRAND W. , HESKETH L. M. , NARDONE A. , NEMECEK V. , PISTOL A. , SOBOTOVÁ Z. , VRANCKX R. , ANASTASSOPOULOU C. G.
Published: January 2012

The WHO recommends hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunization according to level of transmission and disease burden. We aimed to identify susceptible age groups by standardized serosurveys to inform HAV vaccination policy in participating countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, England, Finland, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, and Slovakia. Each country tested national serum banks (n = 1854–6748), collected during 1996–2004, for anti-HAV antibodies. Local laboratory results were standardized to common units. Forty-one per cent of those aged <30 years and 6% of those aged ⩾30 years were susceptible to HAV in Romania; compared to 70–94% and 26–71%, respectively, elsewhere. Romania reported high HAV incidence in children and young adults. Other countries reported HAV disease primarily in older risk groups. The results suggest low level of HAV transmission in most of Europe. Romania, however, appeared as an area with intermediate transmission. Vaccination of risk groups in countries with high susceptibility of young and middle-aged adults needs to be continued.
Unintended consequences: Theatre deregulation and opera in France, 1864–1878
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: January 2012

The French legislation of 6 January 1864 which deregulated spoken and lyric theatre nationwide showed little sensitivity to the distinctive financial ecology of regional theatre. Its effects were precisely the opposite of those its architects intended, and caused most disruption to the very constituencies the legislation was intended to help. Comparative analysis of the immediate aftermath of this ‘liberté des théâtres’ reveals a state of near chaos across France. Town councils oscillated between abandoning to the market their traditions of theatre as artistic social service, and pouring in yet more taxpayers' money just to maintain the status quo. Opera, as the most expensive art form, was the immediate casualty, ceding considerable ground to a vigorous entertainment sector based around the operetta repertory (including opéra-bouffe) and the café-concert chanson.
Classic staging: Pauline Viardot and the 1859Orphéerevival
Authors: Willson Flora
Published: January 2012

The 1859 revival of Gluck'sOrphée, reworked for the occasion by Berlioz, was one of a series of operaticrésurrectionsstaged at the Théâtre-Lyrique in Paris during the Second Empire. Starring Pauline Viardot (1821–1910) in the title role, it was the first major revival of Gluck's opera since the 1820s and attracted considerable attention in the press and elsewhere. Critics and others were fascinated by Viardot's dramatic presence on stage, producing images (both in pictures and words) of her Orpheus that are often striking in their awareness of time past. Indeed, ambivalence about the past and its artefacts might be said to haunt the reception of a work – and performer – many designated as the epitome of theclassique. Contextualising thisOrphéewithin the changing meanings of the termclassiquein the mid-nineteenth century, the article focuses on a particularly revealing moment in the transition between an operatic culture based on new works and one ever more reliant on revivals of acknowledged masterpieces.