bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh‐Detectivity Photodetectors with Van der Waals Epitaxial CdTe Single‐Crystalline Films
Authors: Lian Qin , Zhu Xuanting , Wang Xudong , Bai Wei , Yang Jing , Zhang Yuanyuan , Qi Ruijuan , Huang Rong , Hu Weida , Tang Xiaodong , Wang Jianlu , Chu Junhao
Published: April 2019

Van der Waals epitaxy (vdWE) is crucial for heteroepitaxy of covalence‐bonded semiconductors on 2D layered materials because it is not subject to strict substrate requirements and the epitaxial materials can be transferred onto various substrates. However, planar film growth in covalence‐bonded semiconductors remains a critical challenge of vdWE because of the extremely low surface energy of 2D materials. In this study, direct growth of wafer‐scale single‐crystalline cadmium telluride (CdTe) films is achieved on 2D layered transparent mica through molecular beam epitaxy. The vdWE CdTe films exhibit a flat surface resulting from the 2D growth regime, and high crystal quality as evidenced by a low full width at half maximum of 0.05° for 120 nm thick films. A perfect lattice fringe appears at the interfaces, implying a fully relaxed state of the epitaxial CdTe films correlated closely to the unique nature of vdWE. Moreover, the vdWE CdTe photodetectors demonstrate not only ultrasensitive optoelectronic response with optimal responsivity of 834 A W−1 and ultrahigh detectivity of 2.4 × 1014 Jones but also excellent mechanical flexibility and durability, indicating great potential in flexible and wearable devices.
Higher Wages, Less Gym Time? The Effects of Minimum Wages on Time Use
Authors: Lenhart Otto
Published: April 2019

This study examines the effects of minimum wages on time use. Analyzing data from the American Time Use Survey from 2003 to 2017, I investigate the role of time allocated toward exercise and other health‐enhancing activities as a potential mechanism underlying the link between minimum wages and health. The study finds that a $1 increase in minimum wages is associated with reductions in exercising and total personal health time by 13 and 20 minutes during the week, respectively. This decline in health time is fully reallocated toward additional leisure time. The results are largely driven by males and employed individuals.
In Situ Structure Characterization in Slot‐Die‐Printed All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 9%
Authors: Zhong Wenkai , Hu Qin , Jiang Yufeng , Li Yu , Chen Teresa L. , Ying Lei , Liu Feng , Wang Cheng , Liu Yi , Huang Fei , Cao Yong , Russell Thomas P.
Published: April 2019

Herein, high‐performance printed all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) based on a bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) blend film are demonstrated using PTzBI as the donor and N2200 as the acceptor. A slot‐die process is used to prepare the BHJ blend, which is a cost‐effective, high‐throughput approach to achieve large‐area photovoltaic devices. The real‐time crystallization of polymers in the film drying process is investigated by in situ grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering characterization. Printing is found to significantly improve the crystallinity of the polymer blend in comparison with spin coating. Moreover, printing with 1,8‐diiodooctane as the solvent additive enhances the polymer aggregation and crystallization during solvent evaporation, eventually leading to multi‐length‐scale phase separation, with PTzBI‐rich domains in‐between the N2200 crystalline fibers. This unique morphology achieved by printing fabrication results in an impressively high power conversion efficiency of 9.10%, which is the highest efficiency reported for printed all‐PSCs. These findings provide important guidelines for controlling film drying dynamics for processing all‐PSCs.
Development of a Partial Discharge Measuring Method for a Long‐Distance Cable Line
Authors: Ra Nhet , Mustafa Nur Sabihah Binti , Kawashima Tomohiro , Murakami Yoshinobu , Hozumi Naohiro
Published: April 2019

The authors have been developing a new measurement method for measuring partial discharge (PD) in a long‐distance cable line using a capacitive coupling method. This method proposes that a PD signal can be detected by a newly proposed capacitive coupling electrode between the shielding layer and an additional aluminum foil. In this article, first, the theoretical background of the proposed method was described including the generation, propagation, and detection of the PD signal. Second, the proposed method was applied to observe PD activity in an RG58A/U communication cable and a numerical simulation was also performed in the same manner as the measurement system. It was confirmed that the PD signal was successfully detected. Third, the feasibility of the proposed method for applying in a full‐size 6.6 kV XLPE, (Hitachi Cable Ltd., Hitachi Magnet Wire Corp., Tokyo, Japan) cable line was investigated. It was revealed that the proposed method can be applied for a full‐size cable. Finally, an attempt was made to understand the effect of the coupling capacitor on the detection intensity. Also, the detection limit of the proposed method based on the noise level was analyzed. It was revealed that the detection sensitivity was finally determined as 400 pC, which was the detection limit. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An efficient hybrid CS‐DP application for generation expansion planning problem
Authors: Komasatid Kongrith , Jiriwibhakorn Somchat
Published: April 2019

This article proposes a new hybrid approach for generation expansion planning (GEP) based on cuckoo search (CS) and dynamic programming (DP). Generally, the GEP problem is known as having very large search space and highly nonlinear complex combinatorial optimization. The global optimal solution is to solve with the full enumeration DP. However, the computation time grows exponentially when the planning horizon and candidate options increase, which is called ‘curse of dimensionality’. To solve this problem, a hybrid CS‐DP approach is proposed with three techniques for solution quality and convergence characteristic enhancement. First, the CS is integrated into the DP structure for the optimum solution of the very large search space problem. Second, the feasible search concept can eliminate infeasible solutions from the searching process. Finally, the memory exploration search is applied to prevent repeated searches. To measure its effectiveness, the proposed method is applied to 15 existing power plants, with 5 candidate options and 2 test cases: 14 year and 20 year study periods. The experimental results are compared with classical and metaheuristic optimizations. The test results indicate that the proposed hybrid CS‐DP achieves higher solution quality and superior convergence characteristics than other methods. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ethylene vinyl acetate nanocomposites with hybrid silicate nanofillers of destabilized natural and commercial bentonites and organomontmorillonites
Authors: Ahmad Fauzi Asfa Amalia , Osman Azlin Fazlina , Abdullah Mohd Aidil Adhha , Mandal Subrata , Ananthakrishan Rajakumar
Published: April 2019

In this research, the interlayer destabilization process of bentonite was applied to gain a loosely packed, swelled, and disorganized clay layered structure for better polymer intercalation and filler dispersion during the fabrication of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) nanocomposites. Three different destabilization methods were applied to natural and commercial bentonites and their effects on swelling and platelets’ ordering of the clays were observed. X‐ray diffraction results suggest that the destabilization process through a combination of pH control and salt addition is more efficient in swelling both types of bentonite clays. This was supported by field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis where smaller, more loosely packed, and uniform platelets were observed due to swelling of both natural and commercial bentonite clays. The “destabilized” bentonites were used as the co‐nanofiller with the organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) to form hybrid silicate nanofillers for EVA matrix reinforcement. Results show that the “destabilized” natural bentonite (NB) prepared by the combination of pH control and salt addition is most efficient in reinforcing the EVA matrix when combined with the OMMT by achieving 124.9% increment in tensile strength and 190.8% in toughness values. This could be related to the improved dispersion of bentonites upon the destabilization process that allows greater matrix–filler interactions in the nanocomposite system. In summary, the destabilization process through the combination of pH control and salt addition is the promising and practical technique to improve the dispersion of bentonites throughout the EVA matrix. Without the use of expensive and toxic chemicals, it can be adopted as a new approach to swell bentonites for more environmentally friendly nanocomposite technology. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:396–411, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Flexible multibody dynamics using joint coordinates and the Rayleigh‐Ritz approximation: The general framework behind and beyond Flex
Authors: Branlard Emmanuel Simon Pierre
Published: April 2019

This article presents a general framework to set up the equations of motion for flexible multibody system using joint coordinates and Rayleigh‐Ritz approximation. The framework covers in particular the underlying formulation behind the aeroelastic code Flex developed by Øye. This formulation is strongly related to the one used in the module ElastoDyn of the code OpenFAST. The approach results in models with few degrees of freedom thanks to carefully selected shape functions and the direct account of the constraints. The specificities of the method for open‐loop systems and thin beams are presented. The inclusion of torsion and couplings with finite element methods or superelements are discussed. Simple validations cases are used. A four degrees of freedom model of a two‐bladed wind turbine is developed to illustrate the method.
New Homoleptic Rare Earth 3,5‐Diphenylpyrazolates and 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butylpyrazolates and a Noteworthy Structural Discontinuity
Authors: Rad Nazli E. , Junk Peter C. , Deacon Glen B. , Wang Jun
Published: April 2019

Direct thermally induced reactions between rare earth metals (Ln = Y,Ce, Dy, Ho, and Er) activated by Hg metal and 3,5‐diphenylpyrazole (Ph2pzH) or 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylpyrazole (tBu2pzH) yielded either homoleptic complexes [Lnn(R2pz)3n] or a heteroleptic complex [Ln(Ph2pz)3(Ph2pzH)2] From Ph2pzH, [Ce3(Ph2pz)9], [Dy2(Ph2pz)6], [Ho2(Ph2pz)6], and [Y(Ph2pz)3(Ph2pzH)2] were isolated. The first has a bowed trinuclear Ce3 backbone with two η2 pyrazolate ligands on the terminal metal atoms and one on the middle, and bridging by both μ‐η2:η2 and μ‐η2:η5 ligands between the terminal and the central Ce atoms. Although both the Dy and Ho complexes are dinuclear, the former has the rare μ‐η2:η1 bridging whilst the latter has μ‐η2:η2 bridging. Thus the dysprosium complex is seven‐coordinate and the holmium is eight‐coordinate, in contrast to any correlation with Ln3+ ionic radii, and the series has a remarkable structural discontinuity. The heteroleptic Y complex is eight coordinate with three chelating Ph2pz and two transoid unidentate Ph2pzH ligands. From tBu2pzH, dimeric [Ln2(tBu2pz)4] (Ln = Ce, Er) were isolated and are isomorphous with eight coordinate Ln atoms ligated by two chelating terminal tBu2pz and two μ‐η2:η2 tBu2pz donor groups. They are also isomorphous with previously reported La, Nd, Yb, and Lu complexes.
New States in Space
Authors: Masson-Zwaan Tanja
Published: April 2019

The actors in outer space have changed dramatically, involving not only new states but also private entities including start-ups, universities, and other new market entrants. The topics that require regulation have also changed, moving from broad principles to govern the initial stages of space exploration to much more complex questions with greater interests at stake. These topics include new kinds of activities, made possible by fast technological progress and often involving great potential for commercial gain, and also issues of growing concern for humankind as a whole with regard to the continued exploration and use of outer space. This essay looks at how new state participants view established and emerging international legal principles regulating space activities and highlights potential points of agreement or disagreement in that respect.
Commercial Operator Liability in the New Space Era
Authors: Larsen Paul B.
Published: April 2019

Both national and international laws apply to collisions by space vehicles and objects in outer space and with the surface of the Earth. International treaties govern collisions involving commercial operators from different states, while domestic laws govern claims by nationals against national commercial operators. Commercial operators may find themselves as defendants or become plaintiffs when others cause them damage. This essay discusses liability in the new space era from the point of view of these operators, including both outer space and surface liabilities. It examines liability exposure, describes different regimes governing liability, and identifies prospective legal changes.
Glacial lake evolution and glacier–lake interactions in the Poiqu River basin, central Himalaya, 1964–2017
Authors: ZHANG GUOQING , BOLCH TOBIAS , ALLEN SIMON , LINSBAUER ANDREAS , CHEN WENFENG , WANG WEICAI
Published: April 2019

Despite previous studies, glacier–lake interactions and future lake development in the Poiqu River basin, central Himalaya, are still not well understood. We mapped glacial lakes, glaciers, their frontal positions and ice flow from optical remote sensing data, and calculated glacier surface elevation change from digital terrain models. During 1964–2017, the total glacial-lake area increased by ~110%. Glaciers retreated with an average rate of ~1.4 km2a−1between 1975 and 2015. Based on rapid area expansion (>150%), and information from previous studies, eight lakes were considered to be potentially dangerous glacial lakes. Corresponding lake-terminating glaciers showed an overall retreat of 6.0 ± 1.4 to 26.6 ± 1.1 m a−1and accompanying lake expansion. The regional mean glacier elevation change was −0.39 ± 0.13 m a−1while the glaciers associated with the eight potentially dangerous lakes lowered by −0.71 ± 0.05 m a−1from 1974 to 2017. The mean ice flow speed of these glaciers was ~10 m a−1from 2013 to 2017; about double the mean for the entire study area. Analysis of these data along with climate observations suggests that ice melting and calving processes play the dominant role in driving lake enlargement. Modelling of future lake development shows where new lakes might emerge and existing lakes could expand with projected glacial recession.
The Aphasia Quotient: The Taxonomic Approach to Measurement of Aphasic Disability
Authors: Kertesz Andrew , Poole Elizabeth
Published: April 2019

150 aphasiacs and 59 controls were examined with a scorable, comprehensive battery, designed to be used by the clinician and the research worker. The subtests of Fluency, Information, Comprehension, Repetition and Naming were added and compared to a hypothetical normal of 100 obtaining the “aphasia Quotient.” This is a measurement of the severity of language impairment. On the basis of their performance on the subtests, the patients were classified according to taxonomic principles into Global, Motor (Broca’s), Isolation, Sensory (Wernicke’s), Transcortical Motor, Transcortical Sensory, Conduction and Anomic groups (in order of severity). This classification is considered a clinically valid baseline for research, diagnosis and prognosis.
The Endocrine Hypothalamus: An Historical Review
Authors: Lévêque T.F.
Published: April 2019

The history of the hypothalamus and neuroendocrinology is so intimately related to the development of our ideas on the disease known as diabetes insipidus, that any discussion of the one must include a discussion of the other. Many authors have compared the history of diabetes insipidus to a comedy of errors. Indeed, the whole problem seems to have fared rather badly from the very beginning when Magnus and Schafer (1901), and Schafer and Herring (1905) demonstrated that extracts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body had a diuretic effect rather than the antidiuretic effect as we know it today. Furthermore, from a histological point of view, Herring (1908) and later Cushing (1933) were of the opinion that the cellular constituents of the posterior lobe were incapable of secreting the active factors attributed to that lobe and that consequently a search had to be made elsewhere for the secretory cells. Herring (1913) visualized the secreting cells as coming from the pars intermedia and migrating into the pars nervosa where they degenerated and released the “hormones”. Cushing (1933) fully subscribed to this and in 1933 stated rather emphatically that “it is scarcely conceivable that the neural core of the lobe is capable independently of elaborating a hormone.”
Role of the Ventricular System in Neuroendocrine Processes: Synthesis and Distribution of
Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRF) in the Hypothalamus and Third Ventricle
Authors: Knigge K.M. , Joseph S.A. , Schock D. , Silverman A.J. , Ching M.C.H. , Scott D.E. , Zeman D. , Krobish-Dudley G.
Published: April 2019

In vitro biosynthesis of thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) by different regions of the hypothalamus of mink was examined. Homogenates of hypothalamic tissue were incubated in Krebs-Ringer medium containing 200 mg% glucose, 10-5M ATP, 0.1 mM histidine and glutamic acid and 0.15 μ c 3H-proline (40 Cilmmol) per mg. tissue. Extraction, purification and estimation of 3H-TRF biosynthesis involved several steps of charcoal extraction, carboxymethylcellulose and sephadex chromatography. 3H-TRF was synthesized throughout the entire antero-posterior extent of the hypothalamus in its dorsal and medial portions. 3H-TRF was synthesized also in a more discreet region, the arcuate nucleus. In vitro biosynthesis of 3H-TRF was stimulated significantly by thyroxine, but not by TSH, estradiol, corticosterone or melatonin. A method is described for collection of cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle of the rat brain; TRF concentration in this fluid was approximately in normal animals.

The distribution of TRF-producing cells in the hypothalamus and presence of TRF in cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle is discussed with respect to the hypothesis that this releasing factor may be delivered to the median eminence and adenohypophysis in part, via the cerebrospinal fluid.
Environmental and Social Change in Northeast Thailand during the Iron Age
Authors: Higham C.F.W. , Manly B.F.J. , Thosarat R. , Buckley H.R. , Chang N. , Halcrow S.E. , Ward S. , O'Reilly D.J.W. , Shewan L.G. , Domett K.
Published: April 2019

The Iron Age of Mainland Southeast Asia began in the fifth centurybcand lasted for about a millennium. In coastal regions, the development of trade along the Maritime Silk Road led to the growth of port cities. In the interior, a fall in monsoon rains particularly affected the Mun River valley. This coincided with the construction of moats/reservoirs round Iron Age settlements from which water was channelled into wet rice fields, the production of iron ploughshares and sickles, population growth, burgeoning exchange and increased conflict. We explore the social impact of this agricultural revolution through applying statistical analyses to mortuary samples dating before and after the development of wet rice farming. These suggest that there was a swift formation of social elites represented by the wealth of mortuary offerings, followed by a decline. Two associated changes are identified. The first involved burying the dead in residential houses; the second considers the impact of an increasingly aquatic environment on health by examining demographic trends involving a doubling of infant mortality that concentrated on neonates. A comparison between this sequence and that seen in coastal ports suggests two interconnected instances of rapid pathways to social change responding to different social and environmental stressors.
A new materiality in praise of the ordinary, in Palestine-Israel c. 1940–66
Authors: Half Daphna E.
Published: April 2019

This article examines the emergence of a new materiality in Israeli architecture in the 1950s. I refer here to two distinct but interrelated senses of the word materiality. The first is predicated on the socioeconomic and geopolitical conditions in which architecture, like all fields of artistic production, takes shape; the second reflects the use, handling, and finishing of materials in construction. I show how several key figures in architectural circles in the recently founded State of Israel expressed this new materiality by developing a new style, characterised by restrained formal gestures, abstention from material extravagance, the use and exposure of local materials, an emphasis on the legibility of structure, and an appeal to rational building procedures. This style was a product of both pressing objective material constraints, which were acute in the postwar welfare state and its austerity regime, and ideological frameworks from the interwar period, the foundations of which were cultural as well as disciplinary.
Assessing bilingual language switching behavior with Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Jylkkä Jussi , Soveri Anna , Laine Matti , Lehtonen Minna
Published: April 2019

The putative bilingual executive advantage has been argued to stem from lifelong experience with executively demanding language behaviors, such as switching between the two languages. However, studies testing for possible associations between language switching frequency and EF in bilinguals have yielded inconsistent results. One reason for this could lie in the methods used that have evaluated the frequency and type of language switches with retrospective self-reports, as well as in problems in reliability and convergent validity of the executive tasks. By using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) as a reference point for self-reports of language switches, we examined the validity of general retrospective self-reports of language switching. Additionally, we examined associations between language switching and EF using multilevel models. Our results indicated that the commonly used retrospective self-reports of language switching may lack convergent validity. However, we found tentative evidence that contextual language switches, assessed with EMA, may be associated with better inhibitory control, set shifting, and working memory.
The Prague IAU General Assembly, Pluto and the IAU processes
Authors: Ekers Ron
Published: April 2019

At the Sydney IAU General Assembly (GA) the statutes were modified to remove the votes by individual members. Few noticed this at the time but the subsequent reaction by disenfranchised members led us to revise this position in Prague. The need to have a members’ vote on the status of Pluto was complicated by these changes and the drama behind the scene at the Prague GA where the planet definition was resolved is not well known despite the huge public impact of this GA. I will describe some of the activities of the executive and its working groups during this very exciting GA. The IAU structures served us well during this process but of course there were also many lessons learned.
IAU Regions and Regional Astronomy
Authors: Kaifu Norio
Published: April 2019

Continuous regional cooperation is efficient and constructive for long-term development of astronomy, as clearly shown by the great success of ESO in the European Region. The IAU does not formally define its Regions, however they are becoming clear through the Regional Meetings during recent decades. We present some statistics and considerations about five IAU Regions, based on the temporarily assumed geographical distribution of IAU National Members. For further growth of IAU and worldwide astronomy, the role of Asian Pacific, Lain American, and Mid-East & African Regions is essentially important. We can identify three groups; “Super”, “Advanced”, and “Developing” groups of IAU National Members based on the rate of IAU Individual Member per population in each of the National Members. This rate, identical to the number of astronomer per head of population, can be regarded as an indicator of the “strength” of astronomy in each of the NMs, while the number of Individual Members indicates the “size” of astronomical research. We find that the distribution of this rate shows clear differences from Region to Region. Based on this analysis, we propose planning within IAU National Members, each Region and the EC so as to grow from a “Developed” group to an “Advanced” group, as well as to increase the number of NMs. The IAU should encourage and support those efforts by National Members and Regions through the platform of Regional Meetings, the OAD and other possible strategic programmes.
The IAU, from New Worlds to Exoworlds: recollections of a mandate
Authors: Montmerle Thierry
Published: April 2019

This paper presents my own recollections of the difficult relations that existed between the IAU and a fraction of the public, especially in the USA, following the IAU decision to reclassify Pluto as a dwarf planet at the 2006 General Assembly in Prague, and which ultimately led the IAU to organize the NameExoWorlds international contest to give public names to selected exoplanets and their host stars. In spite of the success of the International Year of Astronomy in 2009, the Pluto controversy continued, and its consequences climaxed during my term (2012-2015), as NASA’s New Horizons probe approached Pluto for a flyby just before the 2015 General Assembly in Honolulu. It was during this period that the IAU launched the NameExoWorlds contest, which also came to a conclusion in Honolulu after over half a million votes were cast from all over the world. While the inside story of how the contest was organized has appeared elsewhere, here I focus on the historical and sociological context that made Pluto such a sensitive issue, especially in the USA, explaining why this contest generated another controversy between the IAU and the New Horizons team. However, after the world-wide success of NameExoWorlds, the IAU and the New Horizons team eventually reached an agreement on finalizing the characterization and names of a number of newly discovered Pluto and Charon surface features (an on-going process), while a new edition of NameExoWorlds is in preparation for the IAU centennial in 2019.
Life as IAU General Secretary
Authors: McNally Derek
Published: April 2019

In this paper I discuss the general role of the IAU General Secretary, and reminisce on the XXIst IAU General Assembly in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1991, where a fire disrupted proceedings on the final days.
IAU General Secretary 1997–2000
Authors: Andersen Johannes
Published: April 2019

The IAU is like an old house: Each of the IAU General Secretaries brings her/his individual skills, trying to fix it up. After the collective efforts of several General Secretaries, the house is hopefully kept in reasonable overall shape. But each General Secretary is also in principle responsible for everything, which means that priorities for the way you spend your time must be set – remembering that surprises may occur at any moment.

In my case, I’d like to single out five major initiatives taken during my term, which have probably proved useful in the longer term.
Serving Astronomy: the Aim of the IAU
Authors: Baneke David , Andersen Johannes , Madsen Claus
Published: April 2019

The IAU was founded in 1919“to facilitate the relations between astronomers of different countries where international co-operation is necessary or useful” and “to promote the study of astronomy in all its departments”. These aims have led the IAU throughout the century of its existence, but the way it has tried to fulfil them has changed. We have tried to trace the changing role of the IAU in the international astronomical community through the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. The IAU has striven – occasionally struggled – to protect international scientific cooperation across the deep political divides that characterized the 20th century, while maintaining an important function in the context of the rapidly evolving science itself and the changing fabric of institutions involved in astronomy. We especially argue how the emphasis of the IAU’s activities has shifted from the first aim – facilitating collaboration by organizing meetings and defining common standards – to the second aim: promoting astronomy by outreach and development programs.
George Ellery Hale’s Internationalism
Authors: DeVorkin David
Published: April 2019

Throughout his career, George Ellery Hale thought globally. “Make no small plans” he was often heard to say (Seares 1939). His early sojourns to Europe, encountering the talent and resources in England and the Continent, contributed to his outlook. He knew that their patronage was critical to reach his personal goals. Here I outline the steps Hale took to establish the new “astrophysics” as a discipline, by creating the Astrophysical Journal, establishing a common language and then, through the first decades of the 20th Century, building an international collaboration to coordinate solar and later all astronomical research. The latter effort, which began in 1904, had expanded by 1910 to encompass stellar astronomy, when the Solar Union deliberated over spectroscopic classification systems, a standard wavelength system and stellar magnitude systems. This work continued through the fifth Union meeting in Bonn in 1913, which turned out to be the last because of the First World War. During the war, Hale became Chair of the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, applying scientific talent to winning the war. He was also the Academy’s Foreign Secretary, so Hale became deeply involved in re-establishing international scientific relations after the war. In conjunction with Arthur Schuster and Emile Picard, he helped found the International Research Council in 1919, which formed the framework within which the worlds of science reorganized themselves. From this, the International Astronomical Union was born. It was not an easy birth in a world still filled with tension and anger over the war; formative conferences in London and Brussels reflected the extremes. Nevertheless, its first General Assembly was held in Rome in 1922. It would be years before it became truly international, “in the complete sense of the word” (Elis Strömgren), but many of the proposals made during the years of the Solar Union concerning disciplinary standardization were ratified. I will concentrate on this latter story, remembering Hale for his devotion to true internationalism.
Italian Astronomers in the IAU: the contribution and role of Italian astronomers from the foundation to the Second World War
Authors: Zanini V. , Gargano M. , Gasperini A.
Published: April 2019

Even though Italy officially joined the IAU in 1921, Italian astronomers were involved in its birth as early as 1919, when Annibale Riccò, Director of the Astrophysical Observatory of Catania, proposed to the IAU Committee to hold its first General Assembly in Rome. This contribution will analyze the role played by Italian astronomers in the development of the IAU from its foundation to the Second World War. The recent project of reordering of the astronomical historical archives in Italy permits for the first time a more in-depth study of the relations between Italian astronomers and the international scientific community.
Progress of Radar Observations of Meteors in Kazan (Russia) over the Last Sixty Years
Authors: Kalabanov Sergei A. , Karpov Arkadiy V. , Sulimov Amir I. , Sherstyukov Oleg N. , Ishmuratov Rashid A.
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a brief survey on the history of radar observations of meteors in Kazan from 1950s to present days. Such achievements of Kazan researchers as development and further improvement of original measuring equipment and antenna systems, of observational data processing methods, their contribution to the theory of physics of meteor phenomena and theoretical interpretation of experimental data are highlighted. A particular progress in meteor astronomy has been achieved with a new discrete quasi-tomoghraphic method for faint meteor showers identification that uses goniometer data of meteor radio reflections detected on radar as input data. The current state and new horizons of meteor studies in Kazan are stated.
Commission 38 (Exchange of astronomers) and Commission 46 (Teaching of astronomy): two commissions that played a unique role in the history and development of the IAU
Authors: Hearnshaw John B.
Published: April 2019

The founding and development of two commissions of the IAU that played a unique role in IAU history are traced. Commission 38 for the Exchange of astronomers was founded in 1946 with Frederick Stratton as first president, and it expended funds (initially granted by UNESCO) for astronomers to travel on exchange visits. Commission 46 for the Teaching of astronomy was founded in 1964 with Evry Schatzmann as first president. This was a time of rapidly growing interest in the IAU for teaching astronomy and in due course for promoting astronomy in developing countries. For a while, both commissions operated under the wing of the Executive Committee. Their role was unique as they were the only IAU commissions to have their own budget, as well as aspiring to bring about social change in the astronomical community. By 2000 both commissions merged into C46 (Astronomy education and development) and by that time various programmes such as the International School for Young Astronomers (ISYA), the working group World-wide Development of Astronomy (WWDA) and the working group Teaching Astronomy for Development (TAD), which grew out of the Visiting Lecturers’ Program (VLP), were all run by C46. When the IAU established the Office of Astronomy for Development in 2011, many of these functions were removed from the commission and in any case C46 ceased to exist in 2015 when all the old commissions were disestablished. In 2015 the Office for Young Astronomers took over the running of the ISYA. The history of C38 and C46 represents a time of active change in the way the IAU was engaging with people. It was more than just a union for scientific research, but in the world of scientific unions, it was remarkable for taking an active hands-on role in implementing social change. In the history of these two commissions, the Swiss astronomer Edith Müller played a leading dynamic role. She served as president of C46 (1967-73), of C38 (1985-88) as well as IAU General Secretary (1976-79).
A history of IAU Commission C1: a look from the Newsletters
Authors: Bretones Paulo S.
Published: April 2019

This work aims to present the partial results of a project to collect and analyze all the issues of the Newsletters of Commission C1 (Astronomy Education and Development), formerly named Commission 46. The sources and the (hard) work to obtain printed editions, digitalize and make them available on the Internet are shown. Over 40 years, 86 issues from 1977 until 2017 were published. The Newsletters list the structure of the Commission featuring the names of presidents, vice-presidents, organizing committee, editors, printing and distribution responsible with editorial and presidential letters in the cover. A preliminary analysis of contents of the published material is done. The results present the main subjects of stories that were related to papers, teaching materials, book reviews, courses and meetings. Many solar eclipses and other phenomena were reported. Reports of important projects of the commission were published, such as: International Schools for Young Astronomers (ISYAs), the travelling telescope among others WG projects. Stories of travels and triennial reports from many countries were continuously published presenting many actions and activities for all school levels, non-school activities such as planetariums and many other astronomy subjects. Reports of the education sessions and business meetings held during the IAU GAs and projects in developing countries complemented these publications. Occasionally, papers dealing with great questions and subjects can be found. There are many published contributions that show the participation of many members from many countries and the efforts to improve the astronomy education throughout the world. The surveyed material can be very useful for the next generations of astronomy education researchers, practitioners and teachers, not only as a repository of historical documents, but also as an inspiration for future projects.
The IAU and Solar Eclipses
Authors: Pasachoff Jay M. , Hiei Eijiro , Perez Cielo
Published: April 2019

We describe the history of solar-eclipse supervision since the formation of the International Astronomical Union, as the supervising body morphed from a full commission to a subcommission to its current status as an Inter-Divisional Working Group of the Education, Outreach and Heritage Division and the Sun and Heliosphere Division.
Sciences and audiences along the last century: the impact of Astronomy Education
Authors: Ros Rosa M. , Garca Beatriz
Published: April 2019

Just as in the past, the development of the natural sciences and in particular of astronomy has changed the history of humanity. If we think about the role of our discipline into the future, it shows its enormous power in the field of education, owing to the possibility of awakening interest in science in very varied audiences. Within the framework of the enormous progress made in the technologies related to astronomy, many of them of daily use, the role of the astronomer in the era of Communications acquires fundamental importance.

In this presentation, we will try to make a journey through the different ways of presenting astronomical topics for different audiences over the last 100 years. In turn, we will show some specific achievements, associated with education programmes of the discipline. We discuss the impact produced by proposals that are both rigorous in terms of content, and also appeal to the development of the human being in an integral manner, within the framework of citizen science activities.

For this research, we have taken into account the uninterrupted development of the NASE programme, which has performed 112 courses in 24 countries throughout the world and in different languages. NASE has involved 4966 secondary teachers in the last eight years.
Under One Sky: the IAU and Women in Astronomy
Authors: Griffin Elizabeth
Published: April 2019

Of all the sciences, astronomy is by far the most border-less in its activities, and the most advanced in its concepts of collaborating across borders. In their dealings and in their needs, today’s teams are mature enough to ignore gender differences and ethnic differences, and across the past 50+ years of IAU membership which I personally can chalk up, the IAU personnel, Commissions, and other bodies have come to reflect more nearly the same – albeit small – gender ratios as found in its member institutions. In the IAU there has always been space for the individual, and if one recalls the early contributions to the IAU by major players like Edith M¨uller, Giusa Cayrel, Anne Underhill and Charlotte Moore, I think it can be said that astronomy was, and knew it was, better off by giving such people the latitude that they deserved as scientists, rather than because they were women. When a meeting in Baltimore in 1992 was called to discuss “Women in Astronomy”, the pressure came from the younger generations, who feared that the low percentages of tenured women in astronomy would be allowed to continue unnoticed, so they created the Baltimore Charter to draw attention to what certainly appeared to some as discrimination. Even though there could be no quick fixes to the situation, and the winds of change have been more like zephyrs than the cleansing gales that some hoped for, the percentage of women now rising through the ranks is definitely on the increase, and is witnessing growing ethnic diversity. Those are a matter of pride for the IAU, and must be highlighted in this its Centenary Year.
Structural Hindrances or Less Driven Women? Managers’ Views on Corporate Quotas
Authors: Einarsdóttir Þorgerður J. , Rafnsdóttir Guðbjörg Linda , Valdimarsdóttir Margrét
Published: April 2019

High levels of women in politics and paid work, together with the availability of paid parental leave and public child care, make the gender imbalance in business leadership in Iceland all the more confounding. This study analyzes business leaders’ attitudes toward gender and leadership positions after a gender quota law for company boards was implemented in 2013. We explore support for gender quotas and whether it is related to how respondents explain women's underrepresentation in leadership positions. A questionnaire was sent to 1,349 managers in the 250 largest companies in Iceland. Our findings indicate that women are more supportive of gender quotas than men. The way in which the respondents explain the underrepresentation of women as top managers is strongly related to their support for gender quotas. Those who believe that women are structurally disadvantaged are more likely to support gender quotas than those who adhere to individual explanations. Furthermore, male dominance at higher company levels is related to negative views on gender quotas, whereas this does not apply at lower levels. The research emphasizes the impact of business leaders on the recruitment of women to business leadership positions and, at the same time, has implications for policy interventions.
Direct association between high fat dietary pattern and risk of being in the higher stages of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Hossein Rouhani Mohammad , Mortazavi Najafabadi Mojgan , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Feizi Awat , Azadbakht Leila
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Background: Although there are some reports on the association of dietary patterns and chronic kidney disease (CKD), no data exists regarding the relation between dietary pattern and CKD from developing countries. Objective: To examine the association between major dietary patterns, renal function and progression of CKD. Methods: Two hundred twenty one subjects with diagnosed CKD were selected for this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake of patients was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Major dietary patterns were extracted by factor analysis. Renal function was measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) level as well as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results: Three major dietary patterns were identified: high fruits and vegetables, high simple carbohydrate and sugar and high fat. Subjects in the second quartile of high fat dietary pattern score had lower Cr and higher eGFR in compared with the first quartile after adjusting for covariates (P = 0.02 for both). After adjusting for confounders (age, physical activity, socioeconomic status, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and energy intake), patients in the top quartile of high fat dietary pattern score were found to be at greater risk of being in the higher stages (stage 3 vs. stages 4 and 5) of CKD (odds ratio: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.23, 7.76; P for trend = 0.02). Conclusion: We observed that a high fat dietary pattern was directly associated with progression of CKD.
Ramadan fasting improves liver function and total cholesterol in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Ebrahimi Sara , Gargari Bahram Pourghassem , Aliasghari Fereshteh , Asjodi Foad , Izadi Azimeh
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious global health problem, thus the prevention and management of the disease is necessary. This study aimed to determine the effects of Ramadan Fasting (RF) on liver function, Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) in these patients.

Methods: Eighty-three NAFLD patients (57 males and 26 females) were enrolled in the study, 42 patients who practiced RF, between Jun 18 through July 17, 2015 and 41 patients in non-fasting groups. Anthropometric parameters and Ultrasound grading were measured before and after Ramadan. The biochemical parameters including lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), liver enzymes (Aspartate aminotransferase, SGOT and Alanine aminotransferase, SGPT) were evaluated before and after Ramadan. AIP and VAI were calculated based on formula.

Results: The mean decreases in anthropometric indices were significantly different between groups. Similarly, the mean decrease in the total cholesterol values in the fasting group was remarkably greater than in the control group (p = 0.02). The values of AIP and VAI decreased at the end of the study in both group and the mean of changes showed no differences between groups (p = 0.79 and p = 0.65 for AIP and VAI, respectively). The changes in the concentrations of liver enzymes, as well as the severity of hepatic steatosis, showed remarkable differences between groups (p = 0.03, p = 0.05, and p = 0.02 for SGOT and SGPT, and Liver steatosis, respectively).

Conclusion: RF improved liver steatosis in NAFLD patients and might be useful in the management of NAFLD.
Entwicklung des Gedächtnisses bei präverbalen Kindern
Authors: Hirte Monika , Knopf Monika
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Gedächtnis ist eine elementare Fähigkeit, deren Entwicklungsverlauf insbesondere für das präverbale Alter bisher nicht eindeutig beschrieben ist. Zur Erfassung von Gedächtnisleistungen im präverbalen Alter werden verschiedene Verhaltensmaße herangezogen. Früheste Beobachtungen von Leistungen des impliziten Gedächtnisses sind über Präferenzverhalten in Paarvergleichs- und Habituationsaufgaben möglich und basieren auf einem Reizinformationsvergleich. Auch operant konditioniertes Verhalten in der Mobile- und Zug-Aufgabe indiziert eine implizite Gedächtnisleistung und basiert auf dem Lernen aus Konsequenzen. Imitationsverhalten als Leistung des expliziten Gedächtnissystems beruht auf Modelllernen in Aufgaben zur verzögerten Imitation. Sowohl im impliziten als auch im expliziten System sind im Entwicklungsverlauf Zuwächse der Gedächtnisleistungen hinsichtlich Kapazität, Behaltensdauer, Enkodiergeschwindigkeit und Flexibilität im Abruf beobachtbar. Die den Aufgaben zur Erfassung von Gedächtnisleistungen zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen deuten auf eine sukzessive Entwicklung zuerst des impliziten, dann des expliziten Systems hin.
Convective Self‐Aggregation As a Cold Pool‐Driven Critical Phenomenon
Authors: Haerter Jan O.
Published: April 2019

Convective self‐aggregation is when thunderstorm clouds cluster over a constant temperature surface in radiative convective equilibrium. Self‐aggregation was implicated in the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and hurricanes. Yet, numerical simulations succeed or fail at producing self‐aggregation, depending on modeling choices. Common explanations for self‐aggregation invoke radiative effects, acting to concentrate moisture in a subdomain. Interaction between cold pools, caused by rain evaporation, drives reorganization of boundary layer moisture and triggers new updrafts. We propose a simple model for aggregation by cold pool interaction, assuming a local number densityρ(r) of precipitation cells, and that interaction scales quadratically withρ(r). Our model mimics global energy constraints by limiting further cell production when many cells are present. The phase diagram shows a continuous phase transition between a continuum and an aggregated state. Strong cold pool‐cold pool interaction gives a uniform convective phase, while weak interaction yields few and independent cells. Segregation results for intermediate interaction strength.