bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MACKINDER AND THE COMMUNIST ORBIT*
Authors: JACKSON W. A. DOUGLAS
Published: March 2008

RéSUMé

L'établissement du régime communiste en Chine en 1949 a marqué le début d'une ère nouvelle qui allait avoir des répercussions mondiales et créer un nouvel ensemble de rapports internationaux d'ordre politique et géographique.

De tous les Etats communistes d'Eurasie, l'U.R.S.S. est sans contredit l'unité politique, culturelle, économique et militaire la plus importante. Néanmoins, la Chine voudra jouer un role marquant dans l'orientation de toute révolution future. Malgré certaines divergences d'opinion, la Russie et la Chine sont d'accord quant aux objectifs à long terme. Pour le moment, la Chine n'a pas économiquement ou militairement parlant, la puissance nécessaire pour tenir téte à l'U.R.S.S. ou pour s'en déclarer indépendante.

Le géographe britannique Mackinder, dans ses écrits de la période 1904–1943, exprimait sa crainte qu'un état puissant ou qu'une alliance d'états puissants, en accaparant le controle de l'Eurasie, puissent en arriver à dominer le monde.

La Russie soviétique et la Chine communiste possèdent actuellement les èlèments de puissance que Mackinder considérait comme propices à la domination du monde.

Le Professeur Jackson souligne cependant maints obstacles qui s'opposeraient au controle global par le communisme. Certains de ces obstacles n'avaient pas été prévus par Mackinder.
THE DRAINAGE PATTERN OF THE LOWER OTTAWA VALLEY
Authors: BROWN JOYCE C.
Published: March 2008

Avant de se jeter dans le Saint‐Laurent, la Rivière Ottawa s'élargit pour former le Lac des Deux Montagnes, qui traverse la masse précambrienne dont sont constitéts les Monts Oka et Rigaud. L'auteur suggère que l'ancetre de la Rivière Ottawa avait probablement un cours moins anormal, qui passait entre le Mont Oka et le rebord du Bouclier Canadien.

Le Mont Oka pose un obstacle au passage direct des eaux coulant du Nord vers le lac. La Rivière du Nord se déverse dans le lac prés de la tete de ce dernier et les affluents de cette rivière drainent une large portion du territoire situè entre le Mont Oka et le rebord du Bouclier. Ce réseau hydrographique subit l'influence marquée d'un groupe de collines morainiques parallèles, à demi submergées par les dépots plus récents de la Mer Champlain.

Les Rivières Rigaud et Raquette sont les principaux affluents méridionaux. Cette dernière occupe une vallée préexistante creusée dans le roc du flanc est du Mont Rigaud.

Le réseau hydrographique a pris forme lors du retrait de la Mer Champlain qui, aux derniers stages du Wisconsin, submergeait cette région à une profondeur de 600 pieds. Le rehaussement de la croute terrestre fut plus considérable dans la partie nord‐est que dans le secteur sud‐ouest du territoire; durant cette période de relèvement, la vallée de l'Ottawa assurait la décharge des eaux du haut bassin des Grands Lacs. Les affluents de la Riviére Ottawa creusèrent des vallées à divers niveaux d'élévation; il est possible de retracer ces anciens lits en divers points du territoire et de les rattacher aux terraces littorales accrochées aux flancs du bassin du Lac des Deux Montagnes. Maints cours d'eau actuels empruntent ces vallées, bien que, dans plusieurs cas, les rehaussements inégaux aient causé un renversement dans la direction de l'écoulement. Ce dernier phénomène est trés visible dans le tracé suivi par la Rivière du Nord, le long du rebord du Bouclier, entre Saint‐Jèrome et Lachute.
DRIFT VOYAGES BETWEEN EASTERN ASIA AND THE AMERICAS
Authors: NELSON J. G.
Published: March 2008

At time of early contact with the Europeans, natives of eastern Asia and western North America possessed similar culture traits. These cultural similarities seem too numerous and specific to be attributable solely to independent invention; rather they suggest some kind of contact between the two coasts prior to European arrival in the north Pacific. One possible way in which this contact could have been made is by drift voyages from eastern Siberia to the Americas. Japanese drifts to America are known to have occurred a number of times in the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Moreover, these drifts can be causally related to Pacific wind and current systems. Recent archaeological evidence also indicates that they could have been occurring since neolithic times. Their probable impact on the natives of North America is difficult to judge. However certain American Indians are known to have been receptive to castaways. It is therefore concluded that drift voyages may explain some of the cultural correspondences between east Asia and the Americas.
CHANGES IN RURAL LAND USE PATTERNS ON THE CENTRAL LAKE ONTARIO PLAIN
Authors: PUTNAM R. G.
Published: March 2008

The Central Lake Ontario Plain is defined for this paper as the strip of four townships along the shore of Lake Ontario immediately to the east of Metropolitan Toronto. These townships are examined here to determine the kinds and amounts of rural land‐use change which have taken place during the last three decades. in addition to gross changes recorded by the census for the entire area, changes which have taken place on the individual occupance unit are studied.

For the area as a whole, there has been a decrease in cropland and in number of farms, but the area in pasture has increased, as has the proportion of cropland in hay. Sample farm studies showed changes in the type of operation, in the size of the operating unit, and in the methods of farming. General farming has become less prevalent, dairy farming has become more prevalent, and beef farming has remained relatively stable. Two new types of farming have developed: the cash crop farm without livestock, and the part‐time farm. Expansion in the size of the operational unit has been greatest on dairy farms, and least on the general farms. Concomitant changes in methods and machinery are noted.

A series of controls are proposed as being responsible for the changing patterns. Dominant among these is the influence of urbanization and its effect on land values. Economic return from the land, new technology, rising capital costs, land capability, size of landholding, and the human element are all factors which have influenced the changes in land‐use patterns.
NOTE SUR LES BLOCS D'ESTRAN DU LITTORAL SUD DU SAINT‐LAURENT
Authors: DIONNE JEAN‐CLAUDE
Published: March 2008

The phenomena of ice‐drift boulders common to Canadian coasts have been recognized since the end of the last century, but very few studies are available on the subject. Recent observations have been made by the writer, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence Estuary. Five types of deposition are recognized and described briefly, numerical data given, and elements of interpretation furnished.
PRINCIPAL STAGES OF VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN U.S.S.R. AS RELATED TO CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS AND THE ACTIVITY OF MAN
Authors: TIKHOMIROV B. A.
Published: March 2008

Depuis ľère tertiaire jusqu'a nos jours, la végétation des régions septentrionales de ľU.R.S.S. a subi des changements considérables. Les recherches de A. I. Tolmachev (1944) sur les conditions du milieu particulier à la flore arctique de ľépoque tertiaire et bon nombre ďautres données paléobotaniques suggérent que les conditions climatiques de ces temps anciens nétaient pas analogues à celles qui caracterisent les diverses zones que Ton reconnaît aujourďhui.

Le climat arctique des premières phases de ľère tertiaire comprenait probablement une saison de croissance longue et chaude, des hivers au froid tempere, et des précipitations abondantes, sans période de sécheresse. Ces conditions favorisaient la croissance vigoureuse ďune association ligneuse thermophile conifères‐feuillus avec certains éléments à feuillage persistant: une végétation qui était done très différente de celle qu'on rencontre aujourďhui. Cet article s'attache à décrire cette végétation préglaciaire, de même que celle qui caractérisa les temps glaciaires, interglaciaires, postglaciaires et, enfin, la périods marquée par les températures les plus élevées

Bien qu'il n'existe pas de données paléobotaniques à base stratigraphique susceptibles de servir à une description détaillée des divers stages de ľévolution de la végétation dans la partie septentrionale de ľU.R.S.S., certains matériaux disponibles permettent de tirer certaines grandes lignes. En se servant de cer‐taines données paléobotaniques et paléogéographiques et en tenant compte de la répartition récente de certaines plantes et de certains systèmes écologiques, il a done été possible ďetablir hypothétiquement des cartes indi‐quant la repartition des zones géobotaniques de la partie septentrionale de ľU.R.S.S. durant certaines grandes periodes de ľère quaternaire. Ces cartes, qui accompagnent le présent article, expriment les tendances principales de ľévolution de la végétation au cours de cette ére. De plus, ľinfluence de ľhomme dans la modification des conditions naturelles des systèmes écologiques arctiques et subarctiques est mentionnee brièvement.

Toutes les données de cet article témoignent du fait que les chercheurs soviétiques sont à entreprendre des études intensives de la formation et de ľevolution des systèmes écologiques des parties septentrionales du continent asia‐tique de facon à mieux compréndre les processus naturels propres a ces milieux. Cette meilleure comprehension fournira une base plus rationnelle pour la mise en valeur des ressources et pour le contrôle des processus naturels en vue ďen tirer avantage.
THE BEGINNINGS OF SETTLEMENT IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA (1782–1792)
Authors: GENTILCORE R. LOUIS
Published: March 2008

Résumés

Les débuts du peuplement dans la péninsule de Niagara durant la période 1782–1792 ontété retracés en se servant des documents suivants: (i) les données des recensements de 1782 et 1784, (ii) les rapports ďarpentage de cette période, et (iii) le recensement des moulins fait en 1792. Les conclusions géographiques qu'on en peut tirer mettent ľaccent sur le rôle dominant des facteurs physiques. Ľaccès par voie ďeau, le degréďhumidité des sols, les formes de relief et la disponibilité de sources ďénergie hydraulique eurent une influence prépondérate sur le rythme du peuplement. Les terres basses du lac Ontario, plus que toute autre partie de la péninsule, of‐fraient un agencement favorable de ces conditions et, conséquemment, elles furent le plus intensément colonisées. La partie orientale de cette plaine, comprenant Niagara et le territoire voisin, était la plus peuplée. ľexpansion fut rapide cependant et, avant la fin de cette période, la colonisation avait également conquis la partie occidentale de la péninsule.
PLEISTOCENE EVIDENCE RELATED TO GLACIAL THEORY IN NORTHEASTERN LABRADOR
Authors: TOMLINSON R. F.
Published: March 2008

Les monts Kaumajet, dont ľaltitude est considérable (3,000–4,500 pieds, 914‐1,371 m.) et qui donnent directement sur la mer, sont Tun des rares massifs de la côte du Labrador.

A cause de sa position àľextrême Est (57o 50 K, 62o 00 O.) et de la distance qui le sépare de ce que ľon croit etre le centre de ľancienne calotte glaciaire du Labrador, ce massif peut nous fournir des donnees critiques quant àľétendue de la glaciation continentale et quant à la théorie proposée par certains glaciologues touchant Tangle maximum de la pente de la calotte de glace en direction de la mer.

Ľauteur examine ces données dans le contexte de Thypothèse de Dahl touchant lcaron;angle de déclivité de la masse de glace et il étudie la possibilité de la submersion ou du flottement de la partie extrême du glacier.

II pèse également le pour et le contre des théories récentes concernant ľétendue maxima de la glaciation continentale dans la partie nordest du Labrador en s'appuyant sur les données fournies par des blocs erratiques qu'avaient découverts certains chercheurs au niveau des sommets datant du Pleistocene et que Tauteur a retrouvés au cours de son enquête de 1958. La présence ďautres blocs encore plus au Nord suggère qu'au stage oil la glaciation du Pleistocene était la plus étendue, les monts Torngat devaient être submerges.

Ľarticle souligne enfin certaines difficultés de technique et de méthode auxquelles les chercheurs doivent faire face lorsqu'ils traitent de problémes régionaux de glaciation tout en ne disposant que ďune somme limitée de renseignements cueillis sur le terrain.
REGIONS OF POLITICAL PARTY SUPPORT IN BURGENLAND (AUSTRIA)
Authors: BURGHARDT ANDREW
Published: March 2008

Le Burgenland est la plus orientale des provinces ďAutriche, la plus récemment éta‐blie (1921) et la plus importante au point de vue agricole. Cet article décrit et analyse la répartition des votes en faveur des deux partis politiques principaux aux élections de 1949, 1953, 1956 et 1959. La province est divisée en vingt zones électorates: cinq ďentre elles favorisent le Parti Socialiste, sept le Parti du Peuple et huit donnent un appui égal aux deux partis.

Ľauteur est ďavis que cette répartition des votes s'explique principalement par celle de ľemploi dans diverses sphères de ľéconomie, qui, elle‐même, depend du degré relatif ďisolement de chaque région.

Les habitants des zones accessibles à Vienne trouvent de ľemploi dans les usines de la capitale et donnent leur appui au Parti Socialiste; les résidents des régions qui en sont relativement isolées votent en faveur du Parti du Peuple. Là où on dispose de bons moyens de transport, les paysans occupés à la production viticole et fruitière sont les seuls qui résistent en grand nombre à la tentation de faire la navette entre la campagne qu'ils habitent et les usines de la cité. Parmi les paysans, ceux qui cultivent de bonnes terres dont ils sont propriétaires sont les seuls à appuyer solidement le Parti du Peuple; les fermiers des terres pauvres et les travailleurs à gages ont tendance à voter en faveur du Parti Socialiste en guise de protestation.
GLACIAL FEATURES OF THE CANADIAN LAKEHEAD AREA*
Authors: ZOLTAI S. C.
Published: March 2008

Cet article décrit les résultats ?enquêtes sur le terrain touchant les phénoménes glaciaires et glacio‐lacustres sur un territoire de 2,000 milles carrés. Ces observations permettent de conclure que les nappes de glace connurent deux périodes ?avancement et deux périodes de halte et qu'il y eut formation de lacs marginaux au cours des derniers stages du Wisconsin, la période de progrès la plus récente correspondant au stage Valders. Des sédiments et des traces ?anciens littoraux témoignent ?une inondation subséquente correspondant à la présence des Grands Lacs glaciaires. Les cartes qui accompagnent ľarticle présentent une répartition des grandes divisions physiographiques et ľétendue des lacs glaciaires dans le territoire en question.
STABILITY SLOPES IN AN AREA OF GLACIAL DEPOSITION
Authors: PACKER R. W.
Published: March 2008

L'examen des versants actuels formés sous l'action des riviéGes ou des vagues à même les dépôts glaciaires du sud‐ouest de l'Ontario révèle l'existence de pentes qu'on peut considérer comme stables. Leur déclivité moyenne est de 22.5° sur le rebord concave des anciens méandres et de 18.8° le long des escarpes abandonnées.

Dans les vallées de rivières, on reconnaît cinq types de pentes: actives, de transition, de glissement latéral, surescarpées et stables. Le retrait des versants est dû uniquement au sapement de leur base et à l'élargissement de la plaine d'inondation.

En série chronologique, on pourrait distinguer des pentes actives ou de glissement latéral, des pentes de transition, des pentes stables, des pentes surescarpées et, à nouveau, des pentes actives.
ON PLEISTOCENE EVOLUTION OF THE NILE VALLEY IN SOUTHERN EGYPT
Authors: BUTZER KARL W. , HANSEN CARL L.
Published: March 2008

L'évolution géomorphologique de la vallée du Nil dans la partie méridionale de l'Egypte durant le Quaternaire fut surtout caractérisée par l'érosion et la dénudation. Au début du Pléistocène, il se forma une pédiplaine au niveau de 200–210 m. et, plus tard, divers glacis d'érosion en contrebas et même sur les versants. La marche de l'érosion fut interrompue cinq fois par des phases d'accumulation de sables et de graviers d'origine locale. Ces terrasses fluviatiles ont été préservées aux niveaux de 50–55 m., 48 m., 42 m., 32 m. et 24 m. au‐dessus de la ligne des inondations contemporaines. Tous ces dépôts sont rubéfiés par des paléosols rouges. Le Pléistocène supérieur fut marqué de trois phases d'accumulation nilotique: (1) des sables et marnes mêlés à des matériaux du Paléolithique moyen, (2) des limons d'inondation quasi stériles et (3) des limons et sables de chenaux mêlés à des dépôts du Sébilien et du Paléolithique supérieur. Ces formations ont chacune une épaisseur de 30–40 m. et, à l'exception des limons de la phase moyenne, elles correspondent à des crues pluviales dans les oueds locaux.
A FEAST OF MAPS
Authors: NICHOLSON N. L.
Published: March 2008

Atlas of Britain and Northern Ireland
LAG MOUND FEATURES ON A DOLOSTONE PAVEMENT
Authors: PACKER R. W.
Published: March 2008

The lag mounds seem to be well associated with other karst phenomena, to be found only in shallow soil and therefore to be transitory features formed during the beginning of the development of karst. They serve to point out areas where the process is continuing and may be diagnostic in distinguishing on the surface between active and fossil karst.

Eluviation et dissolution par l'eau dans le matériel déconsolidé, déposé par des glaciers ou dss lacs, lequel est superposé sur calcaire ou dolomite, dans la Presqu'île Bruce de l'Ontario, ont formé des tranchées au dessus des fissures ou ont laissé des buttes sur les dalles de roche. Les « buttes laissées » ont environs trois pieds de hauteur et sont aussi, en général, de forme rectangulaire correspondent au dessin des fissures. On suggère que ces formes, qui n'ont pas été rapportées jusqu'à maintenant, révèlent un premier étage de karstification, comme le montrent les diagrammes. Peut‐être seraient‐elles utiles pour indiquer le temps nécessaire pour produire le karst.

Quoique les conditions critiques pour la formation de deux ou trois pieds de matériel superposé, le climat convenable, la roche solube et aussi un niveau d'eau abaissé, semblent nécessaires, les buttes furent excavées dans la Presqu'île Bruce et des formes de morphologie semblables ont été remarquées dans cinq autres localités. Cela suggère que l'on pourrait les trouver dans d'autres endroits.
ORDER DISTANCE IN AN INHOMOGENEOUS RANDOM POINT PATTERN
Authors: DACEY MICHAEL F.
Published: March 2008

L'auteur a d'abord procédé au mesurage de la distance entre des points voisins formant une courbe composée Poissongamma à deux dimensions. En d'autres termes, c'est un mode fortuit de repartition de points sur un plan euclydien qu'il a étudié.

Si la densité moyenne des points par unité de surface correspond àΛ, on salt alors que la quantité exprimée par 2irΛr/, où rj représente la distance entre un point d'origine arbitraire et le plus proche point jème, est répartie selon la formule x2 avec 2j degrès de marge de jeu. Dans cette dérivation, la valeur de Λ n'est pas constante, mais varie fortuitement selon la loi de probabilité gamma. On considère que ce processus engendre un arrangement fortuit de points dit « nonhomogène », par contrasts avec l'arrangement fortuit « homogène » qui caractérise l'application de la variante x2.

L'auteur calcule ensuite la distance entre un point d'origine arbitraire et le plus proche point jème dans cet arrangement fortuit non‐homogène et compare les caractéristiques des distances (order distances) pour les deux modes de répartition.
AN ALTERNATIVE TO UNPLANNED URBAN GROWTH: THE CASE OF STOCKHOLM
Authors: DIEM AUBREY
Published: March 2008

Pour la direction vers une solution du problème du développement urbain imprévu nous pouvons tourner notre attention à l'exemple que nous fourni la ville de Stockholm. Au cours de l'année 1904 cette ville a commencéà s'acquérir du terrain destinéà l'expansion future. Depuis, le plan‐rnaître, développé pour y inclure l'année 1990, détermine et dirige la croissance de la plupart des functions civiques. Il n'est pas un accident que Stockholm soit une des plus belles et des plus habitables des grandes villes du monde, en dépit du fait qu'elle a éprouvé plusieurs des symptômes de la decadence urbaine déjàénumérés.

La difference principale entre l'aggrandissement de Stockholm et l'aggrandissement de la ville de l'Amérique du Nord est celle‐ci: pendant que la ville de l'Amérique du Nord réagit contre les problèmes que lui impose l'expansion rapide des régions urbaines, Stockholm, ayant prévu ces mêmes problèmes est en marche de les résoudre. Le résultat pour Stockholm n'est pas, bien entendu, la perfection, mais il est certain néanmoins, que compares à ceux de la ville de l'Amérique du Nord, les problèmes de Stockholm sont moins sérieux.
ETUDES PERIGLACIAIRES MONDIALES EN 1964
Authors: Hamelin Louis‐Edmond
Published: March 2008

Since the establishment of the Commission on Periglacial Geomorphology in 1949 and of the Biuletyn Peryglacjalny (Lodz, Poland) five years later, periglacial research has made considerable progress in many countries. Unfortunately, nobody has the data needed to prepare a complete statement of all that has occurred in the fields of teaching, individual research, joint undertakings, and the general organization of periglaciology. However, the present note summarizes various preceding reports which were similarly intended to spread the knowledge of activities in periglaciology.

In 1964, the International Commission of Periglacial Morphology held several meetings in Hungary, Austria, and Great Britain. Both thematic and regional periglacial morphology were discussed. In Hungary‐Austria, the topics studied dealt with loess accumulation, gelivation valleys, thermokarst, injection‐ice deposits, frost wedges (ice or sand), cryoturbation solifluction sheets, and lobes. In Great Britain, two symposiums brought the participants in the field to study tors, heads, steps, vegetation patterns, earth hummocks, and Quaternary chronology. During the meetings in London, more than fifty papers were presented, and many kinds of periglacial phenomena from several countries were discussed.

Poland has published number 14 of the Biuletyn Peryglacjalny that contains nine national periglacial reports; one comes from Canada (Frank A. Cook's text). Two other papers deal with general periglacial terminology.

The next meeting of the commission will be in the United States during 1965.
THE JOINT ANARCHY OF “CONFIDENTIALITY” AND DEFINITIONAL CHANGE
Authors: Gilmour James M.
Published: March 2008

Les données statistiques sur l'industrie manufacturière publiées par le Bureau fédérale de la statistique deviennent de moins en moins satisfaisantes pour les géographes économistes. Deux éléments en particulier sont responsables de ce fait: 1) les provisions de secret de la législation statistique; 2) les changements de définitions, de concepts et d'organisation des données statistiques.

Le premier a pour conséquence de rendre les données très incomplètes. On est arrivéà une situation telle que il est maintenant impossible de déterminer la distribution des grands groupes d'industries ou des industries individuelles, même pour les superficies aussi étendues que les comtés, les districts et les divisions. L'industrie manufacturière est en grande partie une activité urbaine et on a surtout grand besoin de données statistiques basées sur les centres urbains. Mais, c'est justement à ce propos que les provisions de secret sont les plus influentes, avec le résultat que beaucoup de grands centres d'industrie manufacturière sont omis d'importants rapports du Bureau.

Les changements dans la classification des industries, et les altérations de définitions et de concepts, rendent l'analyse historique très difficile. Depuis 1918, on a utilisé trois classifications différentes de 1'industrie manufacturière, et récemment la définition de l'établissement industriel a été modifiée à cause de plusieurs altérations importantes dans les procédures d'assemblage et compilation. En conséquence il sera très difficile de comparer les données d'avant 1961 et les données postérieures à cette date.

La situation exige l'attention des géographes et d'autres spécialistes. D'ailleurs, il serait souhaitable d'établir une liaison entre les universités et le Bureau fédérale de la statistique dans l'espoir qu'à l'avenir les changements auront lieu seulement après consultations mutuelles.
GROWTH AND TRENDS IN GÉOGRAPHY IN CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: ROBINSON J. LEWIS
Published: March 2008

Summary. The development of academic géography in Canada was somewhat similar to that in the United States. At the turn of the century géography was probably stronger in the schools in most provinces than it was in most states, but in both countries it seemed to be mainly an uninspired collection of facts about particular places in the world. There was no leadership from Canadian universities to improve the quality of géography nor to change its content or philosophy. As in the United States, but on a smaller scale, géography was known in a few Canadian universities prior to World War I. Its real beginnings, however, were in the latter part of the 1930s.
Late Glacial Origin of the Sandbanks, Webb Bay, Labrador
Authors: Johnson J. Peter
Published: March 2008

The Sandbanks of Webb Bay, Labrador owe their origin to ice marginal conditions during the last stages of deglaciation of this section of the Labrador coast. Several phases in their evolution are recognized. Phase 1 was characterized by disintegration of the remnants of Webb Bay and Ado's Brook valley ice masses into separate local bodies with ice marginal runoff in an eastern direction. During Phase 2 the first and highest ice‐dammed lake formed. Eastward ice marginal flow continued into Phase 3, when a large system of kame terraces (altitude 360 feet) formed beside the receding Webb Bay Ice. They led to new and lower ice marginal lakes in the eastern part of the Sandbanks. Phase 4 was dominated by the construction of a more extensive system of kame terraces almost 100 feet lower than those formed in Phase 3. Locally, minor moraines helped to direct runoff and control development of these newer kame terraces. In Phase 5, meltwater from the ice and runoff from the deglaciated highlands filled a large marginal lake (altitude 230 feet), which may have contributed to subglacial drainage down Port Manvers Run. Phase 6, the last of the glacial conditions associated with formation of the Sandbanks, was introduced by withdrawal of ice far enough so that the eustatically rising sea level was able to reach part of the Sandbanks. A terrace at 135 feet above sea level is believed to be the local upper marine limit. Stagnant ice still covered the floor of Hummock Valley at the western end of the Sandbanks at this time. Subsequently isostatic adjustment has lifted the last glacio‐fluvial and some of the glacio‐marine features above sea level.
Planning in the Zürich Region
Authors: Diem Aubrey
Published: March 2008

This examination of the planning structure within the Canton of Zürich has indicated that many of the problems, such as adequate public transportation, the provision of land for industry, and the preservation of land for recreational use overlap existing political boundaries. The solutions, to be effective, must be carried out in a co‐ordinated and integrated fashion among the city, the regional, and the cantonal planning groups. Much is being done at all levels to ensure that the future growth of Zürich and its surrounding region will take place in an orderly, aesthetically satisfying fashion. Certainly many serious problems remain to be solved. Nevertheless, the development of Zürich from a Roman settlement to one of the world's most important industrial, financial, commercial, and cultural centres has been accomplished with a minimum of destruction to the city's beautiful site. The preservation of the natural environment is a blessing for the city's inhabitants, having economic
THE EFFECT OF THE REGIONAL WIND ON AIR POLLUTION IN HAMILTON, ONTARIO
Authors: ROUSE WAYNE R. , McCUTCHEON JOHN G.
Published: March 2008

Summary: By plotting low‐volume aerosol counts as indices of pollution in Hamilton a pattern of dual pollution cells of equal intensity centring on the downtown business area and the heavy industrial zone emerges. Pollution levels are twice as great under east winds with accompanying atmospheric stability than for winds from all other sectors. With winds from the easterly sector the industrial pollutants are forced and locked into the lower city. When a major source of industrial pollution disappears, as happened during the 1969 shutdown of the Steel Company of Canada plant, the industrial cell vanishes and the pollution count under east winds drops to a level normal for other wind directions. With a wind change from the east to the west new pollution patterns are formed within six hours. The average pollution count for the city drops substantially but in the east end it increases as the pollution haze formerly trapped in the city is released and carried eastward.
Observations Of Water Hardness From Southwest Devon Island, Northwest Territories
Authors: McCANN S. B. , COGLEY J. G.
Published: March 2008

Over the thaw period of 1970, the hardness in “Jason's Creek” increased systematically. Waters from other sources in the area, sampled in 1969 and 1970, show increases in hardness with distance of travel downslope, from large flows to small

flows, and from flowing water to standing water. The highest total hardness values are from vegetated pools of standing water (as also reported by Smith (1969) in Somerset Island). The hardness of water which has had no contact with regolith or bedrock can be sharply differentiated from that of water which has been in such contact. This observation, together with the increase in hardness with distance of travel, may be consequent upon a slow attainment of chemical equilibrium in these arctic waters. It may also be possible to draw a distinction between the solutional work done by snowmeit water and that done by rainwater. The latter has a lower initial pH and, for comparable volumes of discharge, generates higher values of hardness.

These preliminary conclusions are to be tested in future stages of this project, which in 1971 and 1972 will be concerned with the hydrology of a larger stream, the river Mecham, near Resolute on Cornwallis Island. Monitoring of the solute content of waters throughout the Mecham basin is an important part of the proposed research.
LES UNIVERSITÉS ET LEUR GÉOGRAPHIE: RÉFLEXIONS ET ÉTUDE D'UN CAS
Authors: SANGUIN ANDRÉ‐LOUIS
Published: March 2008

“Une grande part de I'hostilité de l'opinion publique vis‐à‐vis de l'université résulte de la longue et tenace indifférence de cette dernière pour les problèmes de son espace et de sa région.” (J. M. Klotsche, chancelier de l'Université du Wisconsin à Milwaukee)
TIME AND TEMPERATURE: A MODEL OF TEMPORAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Authors: CATCHPOLE A. J. W.
Published: March 2008

“Nothing puzzles me more than time and space; and yet nothing troubles me less, as I never think about them.” (Charles Lamb, 1810)
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CELLULAR NETWORKS
Authors: BOOTS B.N.
Published: March 2008

The paper has presented an approach to cellular network pattern analysis which is novel in several respects. First, the approach emphasizes the consideration of the complete geometric structure of the pattern rather than the examination of summary statistics for individual variables or correlations between pairs or other combinations of variables. By comparing empirical structures with model‐generated ones it is suggested that the approach offers a way of evaluating the relative impact of the three major forces thought to be responsible for the geometric structure of a network, i.e., the generating process, the phenomena expressed in the network, and the function of the network. It was demonstrated how different processes can lead to diverse geometric structures. Examination of two empirical networks composed of bus service centre hinterlands suggested that the generating process was the dominant determinant of physical structure in this particular instance. However, more research on other cellular networks consisting of different phenomena, and on different generative processes, must be undertaken before any firm conclusions can be reached. The approach taken here would seem to offer one way of undertaking such research.
PURPOSEFUL WEATHER MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES IN CANADA: RESPONSES TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNIQUE
Authors: Mcboyle G.R.
Published: March 2008

The last decade has witnessed a growing awareness and concern for man‐environment interactions, particularly western man's adopted role as master over natural processes. Belief in the need to protect the sanctity of the life‐support system has promoted a considerable body of legislation to that end. Not only has there been innovation in terms of the contentof legislation, e.g., emission controls, but also innovation in the intent of legislation, as the traditional mode ‐ of regulation after the fact — evolves into a new role which attempts to anticipate and control before the potentially undesirable event. In the reformulation of our attitudes to the environment, geographical knowledge has both much to offer and much to gain.
EMPIRICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADVANCES IN CANONICAL THEORY*
Authors: Briggs Ronald , IV William A. Leonard
Published: March 2008

Canonical correlation has seen growing acceptance in geographical research as a tool for analysing the interrelationships between two sets of variables.1 It provides a natural extension to the multivariate case of simple correlation analysis introduced into the discipline in the fifties for measuring the degree of areal association between two individual variables.2 It has also proved valuable for forging a link between traditional geographic variables measuring the attributes of places and those indicating interactions among them.3 Recently, major developments in canonical theory have occurred which provide two major benefits for geographical research.4 First, asymmetrical regression relationships in addition to symmetrical correlation relationships between two variable sets can be determined. Researchers can use canonical regression to examine the degree to which one variable set is capable of predicting the other, in addition to canonical correlation which examines the symmetrical interrelationships between the two.5 Secondly, much improved methods are available for measuring the number, strength, and nature of the interrelationships between the two variable sets, and for assessing the adequacy of the canonical model in general.8

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of these developments and, more particularly, to explore their implications for the validity of empirical results obtained in earlier applications of canonical analysis. This is not intended as a criticism of these studies but rather as an attempt to further our understanding of spatial structure and process through re‐examination of existing data in the light of refined techniques.
LYELL AND UNIFORMITARIANISM
Authors: Cunningham Frank F.
Published: March 2008

The centenary of the death of Sir Charles Lyell (1797‐1875), the most notable earth scientist of the nineteenth century, was celebrated in 1975 by a special joint symposium of the International Union of Geological Sciences and the International Committee on the History of Geological Sciences. Much of what Lyell and his contemporaries regarded as “geology has become intrenched in “physical geography or in “geomorphology,“ so that any valid revaluation of Lyell's work is of as much significance to geographers as to geologists. It is appropriate at this time that his great contribution be recognized, but it is also a suitable occasion to re‐examine some of its limitations.
GROWTH CENTRES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING*
Authors: Ironside R. Geoffrey
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this note is not so much to contribute new ideas or interpretive insights, but essentially to discuss for the general reader in regional development and economic geography ideas and hypotheses which have been formulated in the last few years by people in various disciplines. Space does not permit an in‐depth review here.
THE JOY OF GEOGRAPHY*
Authors: Nelson J.G.
Published: March 2008

I may be the first past president of the cag to come to the podium with two addresses ready for delivery. One is rather lengthy and formal, representative of some of my work during the last decade or so. The second is shorter and lighter in tone, rather personal, but hopefully it will be taken in the spirit in which it is offered.

I have, of course, been thinking about this address for months. A number of people have suggested that I should discuss topics of common interest, including resources management, historical geography, national parks and public land, conservation, cultural ecology, and the Canadian Arctic. In urging me to address these topics colleagues provided various reasons, ranging from neglect of the subject in Canadian geography to its relevance to public policy. I am grateful for this advice, which has not, however, prevented me from procrastinating in finally deciding upon a topic.
CANADA'S INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE AND PROSPECTS UNDER FREE TRADE
Authors: Britton John N.H.
Published: March 2008

Canada is currently involved in renegotiating its tariffs in the present discussions on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt). Although official policy seems to be cast in terms of sectoral tariff cuts, reflecting Canada's trading strengths and weaknesses, there has been strong advocacy by some economists that Canada should enter free‐trade agreements with the United States or preferably on a multilateral basis (Daly and Globerman, 1976; Economic Council of Canada, 1975; Wonnacott, 1975). The recent books advocating free trade are persuasive in mood and argument but their authors follow “the established orthodoxy of most economists in this country over the past two decades: foreign investment is, of itself, not a problem except to the jaundiced eye of the (nationalist) beholder. The tariff is the real villain … There are no problems, in this view that a good dose of free trade and free capital markets will not cure” (Rotstein, 1972, 2). So, we are faced with a paradox: on the one hand some economists, including those working for the Economic Council, are strongly committed to the argument that free trade will lead to manufacturing success for Canada while on the other hand the nation is experiencing its worst negative balance for secondary manufactured goods. Canada's trading partners have indicated increasingly that Canada does not produce finished goods of the type they require at attractive prices. This anti‐export syndrome is a product of the high exchange value of the Canadian dollar (till early 1977) and the high basic cost of Canadian goods.
HOUSING CONSTRUCTION, VACANCY CHAINS, AND RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY IN WINDSOR
Authors: Dzus Roman , Romsa Gerald
Published: March 2008

Residential mobility is one of the most important forces underlying changes in the social composition and physical characteristics of urban areas (Rossi 1955, p. 2). Consequently, numerous studies on residential migration have been carried out in order to comprehend this process better and thereby aid in the assessment of migration theories and in the development of appropriate models. Mobility studies have examined the characteristics of outmigration areas and households, motivations to move, satisfaction achieved through relocation, and the impact of residential changes. However, as Maher (1974) points out, previous analyses are incomplete in that they tend to focus on the demand characteristics of residential relocation and to omit the supply side of the process, the available housing stock. This study attempts to rectify this omission by considering the provision of newly constructed single‐family detached housing in Windsor and the resultant migration patterns and processes through vacancy chain analysis. The demand and supply concepts of residential mobility are examined with regard to the housing multiplier generated by different locations and values of new homes, the socio‐economic and demographic characteristics of households at various positions in the turnover process, the reasons for moving, and the spatial patterns of residential moves originating from new housing. In addition, by focusing on a specific form of housing the study avoids problems which may arise from aggregate level analyses of households adjusting to new housing opportunities.
THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY'S ARCHIVES: A RESOURCE FOR HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY*
Authors: Moodie D.W.
Published: March 2008

In his review of progress in historical geography, Hugh Prince has observed that “the competence of historical geographers to handle source materials is no longer in doubt, but while documents may be faithful servants they are inadequate masters.” Although today, perhaps more so than at any time in the past, there is lively debate about the methodologies that might be employed in exploiting historical sources, the pivotal importance of archives in historical geographical research is no longer in question. As the major repositories of primary source materials, they are indeed the fountainheads sui generis of all historical research. Their increased use in recent years has been manifest, not only in the quantity and quality of recent research, but also in the appearance of a small, but growing, literature pointing to the opportunities for geographical research offered by discrete types of archival holdings and by certain unique collections. This essay calls attention to a particular archival collection, the Hudson's Bay Company Archives, which houses the records of a company that has been an active force throughout most of the present area of Canada for the past 300 years. Its purpose is to point to the geographical significance of this corporate record and to suggest ways in which it might be tapped by historical geographers.
SOIL TONGUES IN THE LEAMINGTON MORAINE, ONTARIO
Authors: Byrne J. , Trenhaile A.S.
Published: March 2008

Wedge‐shaped soil structures occur in many parts of southern Canada and the northern United States. These have usually been interpreted as being ice‐wedge casts. Yehle (1954), however, has expressed concern over the confusion of fossil ice wedges with features he termed soil tongues, but also referred to as soil pendants (Wright 1961) or podsolschornsteine (Johnsonn 1959). Not only are soil tongues superficially similar to ice‐wedge casts, but they also occur in temperate latitudes which may have experienced periglacial conditions during the Pleistocene. Soil tongues, however, are solutional features, formed by rainwater percolating through unconsolidated calcareous deposits. They may be distinguished from ice‐wedge casts and other wedge‐shaped structures by: (a) the presence of pebble or other marker beds extending unbroken across the wedges; (b) the absence of bed contortions or pressure features in the materials adjacent to the wedges; (c) their conical three‐dimensional shape; and (d) the lower carbonate content in the sediments of the wedges than in the surrounding materials.
THE INCIDENCE MULTIPLIER IMPACT OF A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Authors: Mellor I. , IRONSIDE R.G.
Published: March 2008

The main objectives of the study were to measure and evaluate the impact of the Lesser Slave Lake Special Area Programme (Figure 1) on income and employment in north‐central Alberta. The programme was administered jointly by the federal Department of Regional Economic Expansion (dree) and the Government of Alberta. Two aspects of the impact were considered: (1) the aggregate income and employment multiplier effects of the programme, and (2) the incidence of direct and indirect income and employment benefits spatially and to different groups of people within the Special Area.
The Dynamics of Growth in a Regional Urban System: Southern Ontario, 1851–1971
Authors: Marshall John U. , Smith W.R.
Published: March 2008

This study has four objectives: (1) to describe the dynamics of growth in the urban system of southern Ontario over the period from 1851 to 1971; (2) to determine whether this system has evolved in accordance with the Gibrat process of growth; (3) to contribute to the debate on the relationship between city‐size distributions and economic development; and (4) to offer some technical and definitional suggestions with regard to the rank‐size rule, urban primacy, and the measurement of population concentration. Related Canadian studies covering similar time periods are those of Simmons (1974), who has analysed the growth of larger cities (10,000 and over) at the national scale, and Bannister (1975), who has described the extent of spatial autocorrelation in the growth rates of southern Ontario's incorporated centres. Like Simmons and Bannister we are less concerned with the fortunes of particular places than with the response of the urban system as a whole to expansionary forces. We are centrally concerned with the phenomenon of differential growth (Borchert, 1967; Ward, 1971, pp. 11–49; Muller, 1976, 1977). The fact that towns grow at different rates implies changes in the frequency distribution of city size and in the level of concentration of the urban population. These changes, in turn, have interesting consequences for urban systems theory.
The Heckscher‐Ohlin Hypothesis and Structural Divergence in Quebec and Ontario, 1961–1969
Authors: Norcliffe G.B. , Stevens J.H.
Published: March 2008

The industrial structures of Quebec and Ontario differ, with labour‐intensive industries prevalent in Quebec, capital‐intensive in Ontario. Existing explanations of this structural divergence are complemented by a trade theory interpretation based on the Heckscher‐Ohlin hypothesis. Analysis based on the twenty major industrial categories of the sic yields insignificant results, but when resource and market‐oriented industries are excluded, significant results are obtained. Trade between Quebec and Ontario also conforms with the theory. The results suggest that it is to Quebec's advantage to continue trading freely with the rest of Canada.

Les structures industrielles au Quebec et en Ontario sont differentes: les industries de main d'truvre predominent au Quebec et celles capital eleve predominent en Ontario. Aux explications actuelles de cette divergence structurelle s'ajoute celle d'une theorie des echanges basee sur I'hypothese HeckscherOhlin. Une analyse basee sur les vingt premieres categories du recensement industriel rev& des resultats peu probants. On obtient cependant des resultats significatifs lorsque I'on exclue de cette analyse les industries dont la localisation est liee aux marches ou a la prksence de tessources naturelles. Le commerce entre le Quebec et I'Ontario est aussi en accord avec cette theorie. Ces resultats suggerent qu'il est avantageux pour le Quebec de poursuivre une politique de libre echange avec la reste du Canada.