bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UMA GRAMÁTICA MODERNA
Authors: Amorim Luiz Manuel do Eirado , Griz Cristiana , Bezerra Yara
Published: September 2021

Em teorias normativas ou prescritivas, os requisitos arquitetônicos são definidos como parâmetros para apoiar as decisões de projeto. Um conjunto de parâmetros formais é suficiente para gerar uma grande variedade de composições, quase sempre associadas a uma mesma linguagem formal. Este artigo analisa a obra do arquiteto luso-brasileiro Delfim Fernandes Amorim, cujas contribuições para a divulgação de ideias modernistas e para o desenvolvimento de léxico arquitetônico moderno são bastante relevantes, como observado na chamada Lei de Amorim – uma interpretação das normas municipais do Recife que considera espaços de ocupação transitória e elementos arquitetônicos específicos poderiam ser construídos para além do recuo obrigatório, sem que suas áreas fossem consideradas na área total da edificação. Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma gramática da forma que mostra como alguns dos parâmetros definidos na Lei de Amorim são capazes de criar uma linguagem formal forte. A gramática foi desenvolvida em duas etapas sucessivas: a primeira permite a geração do padrão de adjacência dos cômodos dos apartamentos; o segundo, orientar a inserção das aberturas e elementos arquitetônicos.
Projetos em malha: do edifício à cidade
Authors: Macedo Adilson
Published: September 2021

Edifícios e setores urbanos traçados em malha são um pretexto para repassar alguns conceitos que aguçaram a crítica ao Movimento Moderno nos anos 1960. O grupo de arquitetos conhecido por Team X, idealizou projetos de maneira que os prédios de um mesmo conjunto fossem interligados, divergindo da vertente Moderna de colocar edifícios únicos em espaços ajardinados. Da autoria de arquitetos relacionados ao Team X destaca-se o projeto vencedor do concurso internacional de anteprojetos para a Universidade Livre de Berlim que utilizou o princípio de malha ordenadora da área edificada e dos espaços livres. Desta referência tem início a trajetória deste autor, primeiro ligada às retículas para organizar o edifício como um bloco único, depois, graças a programas exigentes quanto a funcionalidade, veio a preocupação com   os espaços gerados pelo movimento das pessoas e coisas, corredores para atravessar o prédio e corredores para distribuir a circulação no âmbito dos setores; conceitos que se estenderam depois para o estudo da forma e projeto da cidade. Mostram-se exemplos da possibilidade do uso das malhas por setores de um edifício, separados por corredores para pessoas e cargas, segundo o princípio de que o módulo para a organização dos espaços pode variar dentre os setores.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Malha urbana, projeto do edifício, projeto urbano
On the Analogy of the Problems of Optimizing the Choice of Information Security Controls with Some Problems of Communication Theory
Authors:   Institute of Engineering Physics, Gribunin Vadim , Timonov Andrey ,   Russian Defense Ministry
Published: September 2021

Purpose of the article: optimization of the choice of information security tools in a multi-level automated system, taking into account higher levels, quality indicators of information security tools, as well as the general financial budget. Demonstration of analogies of solving these problems with known problems from communication theory. Research method: optimal choice of information security tools based on risk analysis and the Lagrange multiplier method; Optimal bit budget allocation based on the Waterfilling optimization algorithm. Optimal placement of information security tools in a multilevel automated system based on bisectional search. Obtained result: the article shows analogies between some problems of communication theory and the optimal choice of information security tools. The well-known problem of the optimal choice of information security tools is solved using the rate-distortion theory, the well-known problem of the optimal budget allocation for their purchase is solved by analogy with the problem of distributing the power of transmitters. For the first time, the problem posed for the optimal placement of information security tools in a multilevel automated system was solved by analogy with the problem of distributing the total bit budget between quantizers.
Practical Aspects of Vulnerability Detection During Certification Tests of Information Security Software
Authors:   JSC «NPO «Echelon», Varenitsa Vitaly , Markov Alexey ,   JSC «NPO «Echelon», Savchenko Vladislav ,   JSC «NPO «Echelon», Tsirlov Valentin ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical Universit
Published: September 2021

Purpose: analysis of various techniques and techniques for identifying defects and vulnerabilities during certification tests. Research method: comparative analysis. Result: the conclusion is made about the relevance and priority of the study of open-source web applications. The study is given and the shortcomings of directive methods for identifying vulnerabilities and undeclared capabilities in software products are shown. The author’s statistics of the identified vulnerabilities are given with detailing by classes of computer attacks, manufacturers of information security tools, programming environments and methods for identifying vulnerabilities. A comparative analysis of author’s methods with known directive testing methods is given. The relevance of the implementation of the concept of developing secure software is shown. Recommendations on improving the security of software tools for information protection are given.
Model of Secure File Exchange Information Technology Operation
Authors:   Krasnodar Higher Military University of name General of Army S.M. Shtemenko, Lebedkina Tatyana , Sokolovsky Sergey ,   Krasnodar Higher Military University of name General of Army S.M. Shtemenko
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this work: to develop a model that allows to assess the security of the information system of file exchange, to ensure the efficiency of servicing the maximum number of requests of authorized customers with a simultaneous decrease in the quality of service of requests from the attacker’s means. Methods used: formalization of service processes in the form of Markov random processes, as well as numerical methods. The result of the study: a criterion evaluation base for the effectiveness of the functioning of the information system of file exchange has been developed. The problem of dynamic management of the resource capabilities of the information system of file exchange by managing the parameters of data transmission has been solved. An assessment of the asymptotic stability and robustness of the model relative to the perturbations of the values of the initial parameters is solved in order to increase the adequacy of the model when choosing control modes for the data transmission process. Probabilistic and temporal characteristics and the process of functioning of the information system of file exchange in the conditions of unauthorized influences in various situations of interaction of the parties to the conflict, as well as in the managementand computational and time resource of the means of network intelligence of the attacker are obtained. The optimal modes of functioning of information systemsand file exchange, ensuring its compliance withthe established security requirements of critical information infrastructure objects, aresubstantiated.
Manual do projeto OITO: oficinas de inclusão tecnológica online
Authors: Quialheiro Anna , Miranda André , Garcia Júnior Miguel , Santos Nadine Correia , Camargo Adriana , Correia-Neves M.
Published: September 2021

O Projeto OITO originou-se pela dificuldade ou falta de acesso dos idosos às plataformas online durante os períodos de confinamento provocados pela pandemia COVID-19. A metodologia do Projeto OITO envolve conteúdos de apoio à inclusão digital no ambiente online, a partir de um dispositivo móvel, especificamente o telemóvel do tipo smartphone ou tablet. A metodologia do OITO é baseada na metodologia da Oficina da Lembrança, criada para idosos com transtorno cognitivo leve, com uso de computador ligado à internet. A metodologia segue níveis de complexidade e dificuldade a partir de funções neuroexecutivas. Para inclusão digital utilizando smartphone, a presente metodologia foi adaptada a partir da Oficina da Lembrança e consiste em 2 oficinas de atividades para cada nível, resultando em OITO etapas: Nível 1 Desenvolvimento da psicomotricidade (manuseio do smartphone): Configuração do telemóvel e instalação de aplicações; Nível 2 Surgimento do explorador (Exploração dirigida dos recursos do smartphone): Uso de aplicações para comunicação e partilha de fotos; Nível 3 Autoconsciência, crítica e responsabilidade do uso (Uso do smartphone em tarefas interativas): Uso de aplicações de saúde e partilha de dados por e-mail; e Nível 4 Autonomia e colaboração (Autonomia no uso do smartphone): Busca e partilha de vídeos, conhecimento de termos, identificação de recursos de proteção de dados e tomada de decisão no uso da tecnologia smartphone.
Development, Feasibility, Acceptability, and Utility of an Expressive Speech-Enabled Digital Health Agent to Deliver Online, Brief Motivational Interviewing for Alcohol Misuse: Descriptive Study
Authors: Boustani Maya , Lunn Stephanie , Visser Ubbo , Lisetti Christine
Published: September 2021

Background

Digital health agents — embodied conversational agents designed specifically for health interventions — provide a promising alternative or supplement to behavioral health services by reducing barriers to access to care.

Objective

Our goals were to (1) develop an expressive, speech-enabled digital health agent operating in a 3-dimensional virtual environment to deliver a brief behavioral health intervention over the internet to reduce alcohol use and to (2) understand its acceptability, feasibility, and utility with its end users.

Methods

We developed an expressive, speech-enabled digital health agent with facial expressions and body gestures operating in a 3-dimensional virtual office and able to deliver a brief behavioral health intervention over the internet to reduce alcohol use. We then asked 51 alcohol users to report on the digital health agent acceptability, feasibility, and utility.

Results

The developed digital health agent uses speech recognition and a model of empathetic verbal and nonverbal behaviors to engage the user, and its performance enabled it to successfully deliver a brief behavioral health intervention over the internet to reduce alcohol use. Descriptive statistics indicated that participants had overwhelmingly positive experiences with the digital health agent, including engagement with the technology, acceptance, perceived utility, and intent to use the technology. Illustrative qualitative quotes provided further insight about the potential reach and impact of digital health agents in behavioral health care.

Conclusions

Web-delivered interventions delivered by expressive, speech-enabled digital health agents may provide an exciting complement or alternative to traditional one-on-one treatment. They may be especially helpful for hard-to-reach communities with behavioral workforce shortages.
Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Roy Alexandra , Hoge Elizabeth A , Abrante Pablo , Druker Susan , Liu Tao , Brewer Judson A
Published: September 2021

Background

Current treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often yield suboptimal outcomes, partly because of insufficient targeting of underlying psychological mechanisms (eg, avoidance reinforcement learning). Mindfulness training (MT) has shown efficacy for anxiety; yet, widespread adoption has been limited, partly because of the difficulty in scaling in-person–based delivery. Digital therapeutics are emerging as potentially viable treatments; however, very few have been empirically validated.

Objective

The aim of this study is to test the efficacy and mechanism of an app-delivered MT that was designed to target a potential mechanism of anxiety (reinforcement learning), based on which previous studies have shown concern regarding feedback and the perpetuation of anxiety through negative reinforcement.

Methods

Individuals with GAD were recruited using social media advertisements and randomized during an in-person visit to receive treatment as usual (n=33) or treatment as usual+app−delivered MT (Unwinding Anxiety; n=32). The latter was composed of 30 modules to be completed over a 2-month period. Associated changes in outcomes were assessed using self-report questionnaires 1 and 2 months after treatment initiation.

Results

We randomized 65 participants in this study, and a modified intent-to-treat approach was used for analysis. The median number of modules completed by the MT group was 25.5 (IQR 17) out of 30; 46% (13/28) of the participants completed the program. In addition, the MT group demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety (GAD-7) compared with the control group at 2 months (67% vs 14%; median change in GAD-7: –8.5 [IQR 6.5] vs –1.0 [IQR 5.0]; P<.001; 95% CI 6-10). Increases in mindfulness at 1 month (nonreactivity subscale) mediated decreases in worry at 2 months (Penn State Worry Questionnaire; P=.02) and decreases in worry at 1 month mediated reductions in anxiety at 2 months (P=.03).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report on the efficacy and mechanism of an app-delivered MT for GAD. These findings demonstrate the clinical efficacy of MT as a digital therapeutic for individuals with anxiety (number needed to treat=1.6). These results also link recent advances in our mechanistic understanding of anxiety with treatment development, showing that app-delivered MT targets key reinforcement learning pathways, resulting in tangible, clinically meaningful reductions in worry and anxiety. Evidence-based, mechanistically targeted digital therapeutics have the potential to improve health at a population level at a low cost.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03683472; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03683472
Paving the Way for Electronic Patient-Centered Measurement in Team-Based Primary Care: Integrated Knowledge Translation Approach (Preprint)
Authors: Davis Selena , Antonio Marcy , Smith Mindy , Burgener Paul , Lavallee Danielle C , Price Morgan , Fletcher Sarah C , Lau Francis
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Patient-centered measurement (PCM) aims to improve the overall quality of care through the collection and sharing of patient values, outcomes, and perspectives. However, the use of PCM in care team decisions remains limited. Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) offers a collaborative, adaptive approach to explore best practices for incorporating PCM into primary care practices by involving knowledge users, including patients and providers, in the exploratory process.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to test the feasibility of using patient-generated data in team-based care; describe the use of these data for team-based mental health care; and summarize patient and provider care experiences with PCM.

METHODS

We conducted a multi-method exploratory study in a rural team-based primary care clinic using IKT to co-design, implement, and evaluate the use of PCM in team-based mental health care. Care pathways, workflows, and quality improvement activities were adjusted iteratively to improve integration efforts. Patient and provider experiences were evaluated using individual interviews relating to the use of PCM and patient portals in practice. All meeting notes, interview summaries, and emails were analyzed to create a narrative evaluation.

RESULTS

During co-design, a care workflow was developed to incorporate electronically collected patient-generated data from the patient portal into the electronic medical record, and customized educational tools and resources were added. During implementation, care pathways and patient workflows for PCM were developed. Patients found portal use easy, educational, and validating, but data entries were not used during care visits. Providers saw the portal as extra work, and the lack of portal and electronic medical record integration was a major barrier. The IKT approach was invaluable for addressing workflow changes and understanding the ongoing barriers to PCM use and quality improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the culture toward using PCM is changing, the use of PCM during care has not been successful. Patients felt validated and supported through portal use and could be empowered to bring these data to their visits. Training, modeling, and adaptable PCM methods are required before PCM can be integrated into routine care.
Preferences for Mobile-Supported e-Cigarette Cessation Interventions Among Young Adults: Qualitative Descriptive Study (Preprint)
Authors: Huma Zil E , Struik Laura , Bottorff Joan L , Hasan Mohammad Khalad
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Despite the steady rise in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) uptake among young adults, increasingly more young people want to quit. Given the popularity of smartphones among young adults, mobile-based e-cigarette cessation interventions hold significant promise. Smartphone apps are particularly promising due to their varied and complex capabilities to engage end users. However, evidence around young adults’ preferences and expectations from an e-cigarette cessation smartphone app remains unexplored.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to take an initial step toward understanding young adults’ preferences and perceptions on app-based e-cigarette cessation interventions.

METHODS

Using a qualitative descriptive approach, we interviewed 12 young adults who used e-cigarettes and wanted to quit. We inductively derived themes using the framework analysis approach and NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software.

RESULTS

All participants agreed that a smartphone app for supporting cessation was desirable. In addition, we found 4 key themes related to their preferences for app components: (1) flexible personalization (being able to enter and modify goals); (2) e-cigarette behavior tracking (progress and benefits of quitting); (3) safely managed social support (moderated and anonymous); and (4) positively framed notifications (encouraging and motivational messages). Some gender-based differences indicate that women were more likely to use e-cigarettes to cope with stress, preferred more aesthetic tailoring in the app, and were less likely to quit cold turkey compared with men.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings provide direction for the development and testing of app-based e-cigarette cessation interventions for young adults.
Population Pharmacokinetics Modeling of Levofloxacin In Rabbit By Intravenous Bolus Injection and Peroral Administration
Authors: Kharis Nugroho Akhmad , Pratiwi Puspa Dwi , Citrariana Shesanti , Lukitaningsih Endang , Hakim Lukman
Published: September 2021

The population-based approach has been widely applied to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of many drugs. The aim of this current research was to study the implementation of the population-based pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in rabbits administered by intravenous bolus injection and peroral delivery.

Modeling analyses were performed using Monolix, one of the alternative tools for the population-based approach. Monolix works based on the Stochastic Approximation Expectation-Maximization (SAEM) method. The analysis was performed based on the population model using one-compartmental and two-compartmental disposition models. The combination error model was used during the analyses. Modeling appropriateness was determined based on the goodness of fit analyses, i.e., 1) the individual fit, 2) the observed versus population prediction values; and 3) the observed versus individual prediction values

Plasma concentration profiles of levofloxacin by intravenous bolus injection and oral administration are better described by an appropriate model using a two-compartmental disposition model. All goodness of fit analyses demonstrates the power of the chosen model. However, the estimated disposition parameter values obtained based on the intravenous bolus injection and peroral administration are different for each subject. To confirm this phenomenon, we performed a simultaneous fitting of all intravenous bolus as well as peroral administration data. The goodness of fit analyses indicates an adequate fitting of all data.
Anti-Aging Activity of Xylocarpus Granatum Phytoextracts and Xyloccensins K Compound
Authors: Yusuf Syarif Maulana , Indri Astuti Rika , Batubara Irmanida , Chavasiri Warinthorn
Published: September 2021

Cellular aging is promoted by the deleterious effect of free radicals. This can be lowered by antioxidant treatments. Xylocarpus granatum and its compound, Xyloccensins K have been reported to have antioxidant activity but there have been no reports of antioxidant and anti-aging activities at the cellular level. Thus, the aim of this study to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging properties of X. granatum-derived extract and Xyloccensins K at a cellular level in yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Four vegetative and three generative parts of X. granatum organs including root, stem, leaf, twig, seed, flesh of fruit, and peel of fruit were extracted using 70% ethanol by the maceration method. Whereas, Xyloccensins K was obtained from seed of X. granatum.  The samples tested, other than peel of fruit, prolonged cell longevity in lower concentration as compared to that without phytoextracts treatment. Also, our data indicate that all samples could promote oxidative stress tolerance phenotype, as yeast was capable of dealing with H2O2-induced oxidative stress treatment at 1, 2, and 3 mM H2O2 with the best phenotypes by the administration of twig extracts. Most of the phytoextracts showed an increase in mitochondrial activity, except that of seed extract. The result showed the administration of Xyloccensins K compound did not increase the expression of transcriptional factors of oxidative stress response gene cluster, sty1 and pap1. We suggest that the Xyloccensins K compound acts as direct Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenger. Thus further study in elucidating the phenomenon of longevity-induced X. granatum extract is required.
Β-Sitosterol of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) and Its Response to Macrophage And Nitric Oxide
Authors: Sri wahdaningsih  , Subagus Wahyuono  , Sugeng Riyanto  , Retno Murwanti
Published: September 2021

Hylocerius polyrhizus has relatively big potency as natural antioxidant. The compound considered as antioxidant also has immunomodulatory activity. This study showed isolation for identifying the active compounds in H. polyrhizus peels that are able to increase immune system of human body. The methanol extracts were partitioned and fractionated. The active compounds of petroleum ether fraction were partitioned and purified using Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (PTLC). The identification of active compound structures was done with spectroscopy: UV, FT-IR, 13CNMR, 1HNMR, DEPT and HSQC. The immunomodulatory activity was also tested. Based on the spectroscopic data, the identified isolate was β-sitosterol. The statistical analysis of macrophage cell activity and nitric oxide showed that isolates at the highest concentrations of 100 µg/mL were able to activate macrophage cells and enhance the production of nitric oxide.
A Case Study on the Development of Chinese EFL Debaters’ Argumentative Competence
Authors: Liqing Wang
Published: September 2021

This study aims to explore and analyze the argumentative competence of Chinese debaters by observing the fallacies they made in one semester’s English debate course. The 8 rounds of debates are selected, of which three teams participated in 2 of the prepared debates and 2 fixed impromptu debates respectively. It is evident that of the five categories of fallacies, relevance-related, sufficiency-related and acceptability-related fallacies were the most common fallacies compared with structural-related fallacies and rebuttal-related fallacies. In prepared debate, the debaters’ argumentative skills in relevance, sufficiency, acceptability, structure, and rebuttal improved but in impromptu debate, this trend did not exist, revealing the debaters’ argumentative competence was unstable and varied from team to team.
Receptor guanylyl cyclase (RGC) family in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Beuve Annie , Brouckaert Peter , Burnett, Jr. John C. , Friebe Andreas , Garthwaite John , Hobbs Adrian J. , Koesling Doris , Kuhn Michaela , Potter Lincoln R. , Russwurm Michael , Schmidt Harald H.H.W. , Stasch Johannes-Peter , Waldman Scott A.
Published: September 2021

The mammalian genome encodes seven guanylyl cyclases, GC-A to GC-G, that are homodimeric transmembrane receptors activated by a diverse range of endogenous ligands. These enzymes convert guanosine-5'-triphosphate to the intracellular second messenger cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP). GC-A, GC-B and GC-C are expressed predominantly in the cardiovascular system, skeletal system and intestinal epithelium, respectively. GC-D and GC-G are found in the olfactory neuropepithelium and Grueneberg ganglion of rodents, respectively. GC-E and GC-F are expressed in retinal photoreceptors.
SLC3 and SLC7 families of heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs) in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Kanai Yoshikatsu
Published: September 2021

The SLC3 and SLC7 families combine to generate functional transporters, where the subunit composition is a disulphide-linked combination of a heavy chain (SLC3 family) with a light chain (SLC7 family) [1].
Adhesion Class GPCRs in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Arac-Ozkan Demet , Aust Gabriela , Bonner Tom I. , Cappallo-Obermann Heike , Formstone Caroline , Hamann Jörg , Harty Breanne , Heyne Henrike , Kirchhoff Christiane , Knapp Barbara , Krishnan Arunkumar , Langenhan Tobias , Le Duc Diana , Lin Hsi-Hsien , Martinelli David C. , Monk Kelly , Piao Xianhua , Prömel Simone , Schöneberg Torsten , Schiöth Helgi , Singer Kathleen , Stacey Martin , Ushkaryov Yuri , Wolfrum Uwe , Xu Lei
Published: September 2021

Adhesion GPCRs are structurally identified on the basis of a large extracellular region, similar to the Class B GPCR, but which is linked to the 7TM region by a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain [9] containing a GPCR proteolytic site. The N-terminus often shares structural homology with adhesive domains (e.g. cadherins, immunolobulin, lectins) facilitating inter- and matricellular interactions and leading to the term adhesion GPCR [101, 403]. Several receptors have been suggested to function as mechanosensors [309, 280, 383, 35]. The nomenclature of these receptors was revised in 2015 as recommended by NC-IUPHAR and the Adhesion GPCR Consortium [122].
Class Frizzled GPCRs in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Arthofer Elisa , Dijksterhuis Jacomijn , Hot Belma , Kozielewicz Paweł , Lauth Matthias , Olofsson Jessica , Petersen Julian , Polonio Tilman , Schulte Gunnar , Strakova Katerina , Valnohova Jana , Wright Shane
Published: September 2021

Receptors of the Class Frizzled (FZD, nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR subcommittee on the Class Frizzled GPCRs [175]), are GPCRs originally identified in Drosophila [19], which are highly conserved across species. While SMO shows structural resemblance to the 10 FZDs, it is functionally separated as it mediates effects in the Hedgehog signaling pathway [175]. FZDs are activated by WNTs, which are cysteine-rich lipoglycoproteins with fundamental functions in ontogeny and tissue homeostasis. FZD signalling was initially divided into two pathways, being either dependent on the accumulation of the transcription regulator β-catenin or being β-catenin-independent (often referred to as canonical vs. non-canonical WNT/FZD signalling, respectively). WNT stimulation of FZDs can, in cooperation with the low density lipoprotein receptors LRP5 (O75197) and LRP6 (O75581), lead to the inhibition of a constitutively active destruction complex, which results in the accumulation of β-catenin and subsequently its translocation to the nucleus. β-catenin, in turn, modifies gene transcription by interacting with TCF/LEF transcription factors. WNT/β-catenin-independent signalling can also be activated by FZD subtype-specific WNT surrogates [133]. β-catenin-independent FZD signalling is far more complex with regard to the diversity of the activated pathways. WNT/FZD signalling can lead to the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins [33, 178, 150], the elevation of intracellular calcium [184], activation of cGMP-specific PDE6 [2] and elevation of cAMP as well as RAC-1, JNK, Rho and Rho kinase signalling [56]. Novel resonance energy transfer-based tools have allowed the study of the GPCR-like nature of FZDs in greater detail. Upon ligand stimulation, FZDs undergo conformational changes and signal via heterotrimeric G proteins [239, 240, 102, 174]. Furthermore, the phosphoprotein Dishevelled constitutes a key player in WNT/FZD signalling towards planar-cell-polarity-like pathways. Importantly, FZDs exist in at least two distinct conformational states that regulate pathway selection [240]. As with other GPCRs, members of the Frizzled family are functionally dependent on the arrestin scaffolding protein for internalization [22], as well as for β-catenin-dependent [13] and -independent [89, 14] signalling. The pattern of cell signalling is complicated by the presence of additional ligands, which can enhance or inhibit FZD signalling (secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFRP), Wnt-inhibitory factor (WIF), sclerostin or Dickkopf (DKK)), as well as modulatory (co)-receptors with Ryk, ROR1, ROR2 and Kremen, which may also function as independent signalling proteins.
Histamine receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Chazot Paul , Cowart Marlon , Fukui Hiroyuki , Ganellin C. Robin , Gutzmer Ralf , Haas Helmut L. , Hill Stephen J. , Hills Rebecca , Leurs Rob , Levi Roberto , Liu Steve , Panula Pertti , Schunack Walter , Schwartz Jean-Charles , Seifert Roland , Shankley Nigel P. , Stark Holger , Thurmond Robin , Timmerman Henk , Young J. Michael
Published: September 2021

Histamine receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Histamine Receptors [80, 173]) are activated by the endogenous ligand histamine. Marked species differences exist between histamine receptor orthologues [80]. The human and rat H3 receptor genes are subject to significant splice variance [12]. The potency order of histamine at histamine receptor subtypes is H3 = H4 > H2 > H1 [173]. Some agonists at the human H3 receptor display significant ligand bias [182]. Antagonists of all 4 histamine receptors have clinical uses: H1 antagonists for allergies (e.g. cetirizine), H2 antagonists for acid-reflux diseases (e.g. ranitidine), H3 antagonists for narcolepsy (e.g. pitolisant/WAKIX; Registered) and H4 antagonists for atopic dermatitis (e.g. adriforant; Phase IIa) [173] and vestibular neuritis (AUV) (SENS-111 (Seliforant, previously UR-63325), entered and completed vestibular neuritis (AUV) Phase IIa efficacy and safety trials, respectively) [216, 8].
Melatonin receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Cardinali Daniel P. , Delagrange Philippe , Dubocovich Margarita L. , Jockers Ralf , Krause Diana N. , Markus Regina Pekelmann , Olcese James , Pintor Jesús , Renault Nicolas , Sugden David , Tosini Gianluca , Zlotos Darius Paul
Published: September 2021

Melatonin receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Melatonin Receptors [40]) are activated by the endogenous ligands melatonin and clinically used drugs like ramelteon, agomelatine and tasimelteon.
Parathyroid hormone receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Bisello Alessandro , Chorev Michael , Friedman Peter A. , Gardella Tom , Hills Rebecca , Jueppner Harald , Martin T. John , Nissenson Robert A. , Potts, Jr. John Thomas , Silve Caroline , Usdin Ted B. , Vilardaga Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2021

The parathyroid hormone receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Parathyroid Hormone Receptors [49]) are class B G protein-coupled receptors. The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH1 receptor) is activated by precursor-derived peptides: PTH (84 amino acids), and PTHrP (141 amino-acids) and related peptides (PTH-(1-34), PTHrP-(1-36)). The parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2 receptor) is activated by the precursor-derived peptide TIP39 (39 amino acids). [125I]PTH may be used to label both PTH1 and PTH2 receptors. The structure of a long-active PTH analogue (LA-PTH, an hybrid of PTH-(1-13) and PTHrP-(14-36)) bound to the PTH1 receptor-Gs complex has been resolved by cryo-electron microscopy [147]. Another structure of a PTH-(1-34) analog bound to a thermostabilized inactive PTH1 receptor has been obtained with X-ray crytallography [34].
Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels (CNG) in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Becirovic Elvir , Biel Martin , Fenske Stefanie , Hammelmann Verena , Hofmann Franz , Kaupp U. Benjamin
Published: September 2021

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are responsible for signalling in the primary sensory cells of the vertebrate visual and olfactory systems. CNG channels are voltage-independent cation channels formed as tetramers. Each subunit has 6TM, with the pore-forming domain between TM5 and TM6. CNG channels were first found in rod photoreceptors [83, 120], where light signals through rhodopsin and transducin to stimulate phosphodiesterase and reduce intracellular cyclic GMP level. This results in a closure of CNG channels and a reduced ‘dark current’. Similar channels were found in the cilia of olfactory neurons [181] and the pineal gland [71]. The cyclic nucleotides bind to a domain in the C terminus of the subunit protein: other channels directly binding cyclic nucleotides include hyperolarisation-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN), ether-a-go-go and certain plant potassium channels.The HCN channels are cation channels that are activated by hyperpolarisation at voltages negative to ~-50 mV. The cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP directly bind to the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain of HCN channels and shift their activation curves to more positive voltages, thereby enhancing channel activity. HCN channels underlie pacemaker currents found in many excitable cells including cardiac cells and neurons [64, 192]. In native cells, these currents have a variety of names, such as Ih, Iq and If. The four known HCN channels have six transmembrane domains and form tetramers. It is believed that the channels can form heteromers with each other, as has been shown for HCN1 and HCN4 [2]. High resolution structural studies of CNG and HCN channels has provided insight into the the gating processes of these channels [139, 146, 140]. A standardised nomenclature for CNG and HCN channels has been proposed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on voltage-gated ion channels [108].
Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Attali Bernard , Chandy K. George , Giese M. Hunter , Grissmer Stephan , Gutman George A. , Jan Lily Y. , Lazdunski Michel , Mckinnon David , Nerbonne Jeanne , Pardo Luis A. , Robertson Gail A. , Rudy Bernardo , Sanguinetti Michael C. , Stühmer Walter , Trimmer James S. , Wang Xiaoliang
Published: September 2021

The 6TM family of K channels comprises the voltage-gated KV subfamilies, the EAG subfamily (which includes hERG channels), the Ca2+-activated Slo subfamily (actually with 7TM, termed BK) and the Ca2+-activated SK subfamily. These channels possess a pore-forming α subunit that comprise tetramers of identical subunits (homomeric) or of different subunits (heteromeric). Heteromeric channels can only be formed within subfamilies (e.g. Kv1.1 with Kv1.2; Kv7.2 with Kv7.3). The pharmacology largely reflects the subunit composition of the functional channel.
МОЩНЫЕ ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКОВЫЕ ПРИБОРЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ SiC-ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
Authors: Макушин М.
Published: September 2021

Индустрия мощных полупроводниковых приборов до 2025 года будет устойчиво развиваться, демонстрируя умеренные темпы роста в целом, и очень высокие по наиболее перспективным направлениям. Наиболее динамично развивающимися сегментами являются GaN- и SiC-технологии. При этом больше половины SiC-приборов потребляется автомобильной промышленностью.
МЕТАЛЛОКЕРАМИЧЕСКИЕ КОРПУСА ТИПА КТ
Authors: Поздеев В. , Шугаепов Ш.
Published: September 2021

Представлены новые типы металлокерамических корпусов для силовых интегральных микросхем, отвечающие современным требованиям микроэлектроники. Корпуса разработаны и освоены в производстве в АО «Завод полупроводниковых приборов» республики Марий Эл.
THE EFFECT OF MUSICAL GESTURES ON AN AUDIENCE: EXAGGERATED OR DEADPAN GESTURES
Authors: Kodela Aleksandar
Published: September 2021

In the last two decades the scope of scientific papers related to the study of musical gestures increased enormously thanks to the development of data collection technology. The aim of this paper was to contribute to this topical area of psychology of music through the study of musical gestures during performance, i.e. to explain and systematise the visual experience of the audience when a performer made exaggerated or deadpan gestures during performance. This study was based on the questionnaire research method where examinees rated the performance of two performers by using a scale from 1 to 5. During his performance the first performer made exaggerated gestures, while the other made deadpan ones. The results that we obtained proved that exaggerated gestures disturbed visual experience of the listeners regardless whether they were formally educated in music or not. The results also showed considerable achievements in the domain of musical gestures and could be largely used for both pedagogical and performing purposes.
Compensación de potencia reactiva mediante el control robusto de un STATCOM en un sistema de potencia
Authors: Morfín Garduño Onofre Amador , Zavala Rubio Luis Ari , Ornelas Téllez Fernando , Ramírez Betancour Reymundo
Published: September 2021

Hoy en día, la mejora de la calidad de la energía ha tomado mucha relevancia debido al crecimiento sostenido de la demanda de carga eléctrica para ser abastecida con altos estándares y eficiencia. Los consumidores de energía tienen la posibilidad de mejorar sus características de carga para evitar una excesiva infraestructura de generación y distribución por parte de las empresas proveedoras energía. En este trabajo se propone un compensador estático de potencia reactiva para mejorar el factor de potencia y contribuir a una mejor regulación de voltaje en la red eléctrica. El compensador está compuesto por la red eléctrica, un filtro LCL, un inversor trifásico y un bus de CD. A partir del modelo en el marco dq, el compensador de potencia reactiva se sintetiza para regular la potencia reactiva y el voltaje del bus de CD de un inversor. La ley de control super-twisting se aplica para proporcionar robustez al desempeño del sistema y cancelar las perturbaciones externas las cuales son originadas por un flujo de potencia activa al controlar la velocidad angular de un motor de inducción con seguimiento de un tren de pulsos arriba de la velocidad de sincronismo, y se acopla en la flecha un generador de inducción que inyecta energía eléctrica a la red eléctrica, como carga del motor. Este trabajo presenta resultados experimentales que validan la robustez del sistema de control aplicado al compensador estático de potencia reactiva.
El juez humanista: el nuevo guardián del derecho en el paradigma neoconstitucional
Authors: Redondo María Belén
Published: September 2021

Los cambios vertiginosos que trajo consigo el fenómeno de mundialización de los derechos humanos impulsaron una apertura semántica del concepto de derecho. Esto conllevó a que no sólo comenzara a diferenciarse el “derecho” de la “ley”, sino también el modo de interpretar las normas. Es así que se produjo el pasaje del Estado constitucional al actual Estado democrático de derechos humanos regido por el paradigma neoconstitucional. A partir de este pasaje, las esferas del Estado fueron amoldándose a los nuevos requerimientos. El rol del juez también se vio modificado, porque ahora su dirección del proceso deberá garantizar la tutela judicial efectiva, concepto elástico y progresivo. Es así que deberá tener en cuenta todas las aristas que se proyectan del derecho de acceso a la justicia en forma de derechos y principios, y que permiten la flexibilización de las normas para resolver el caso particular de modo humanizado.
La cultura física y la práctica del deporte en México. Un derecho social complejo
Authors: Flores Fernández Zitlally
Published: September 2021

La positivización del derecho a la cultura física y la práctica del deporte en la Constitución mexicana dejan abierto un margen de incertidumbre respecto de los estándares exigibles. En este artículo se analiza la complejidad de este derecho a luz de las obligaciones del Estado de respeto, protección, garantía y promoción.
La desconfianza hacia la democracia en América Latina
Authors: Quiroz Villalobos Milton Ebert
Published: September 2021

La democracia representativa lleva en su ADN los genes de la desconfianza hacia los representantes, por lo que aquélla debe estar presente en dosis que no generen situaciones de ruptura o de resignación por parte de los representados. Esta situación resulta alarmante en América Latina, debido a factores como el incumplimiento de promesas electorales, las bajas condiciones de vida y los casos de corrupción en las más altas esferas gubernamentales, que han dado lugar a la llamada “sociedad de la desconfianza”, la cual tiene su correlato en una mayor desafección en el sistema democrático. Para enfrentar esto se debe desplegar una estrategia que contenga dos aspectos básicos: por un lado, la constitucionalización de mayores mecanismos de participación ciudadana en los asuntos públicos y, por otro, la recomposición de las funciones tradicionales de los partidos políticos, a fin de recuperar el vehículo en el cual se organizan y transportan los intereses políticos de la sociedad. Este camino ha sido adoptado por las Constituciones del llamado nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano que, lamentablemente, en el caso de Venezuela, se ha visto seriamente dañado por la crisis generada por los conflictos entre oposición y gobierno.
Libertad de conciencia y objeción de conciencia de establecimientos privados de salud: bases conceptuales para su interpretación constitucional
Authors: Laise Luciano Damián
Published: September 2021

Este artículo se dirige a examinar la conexión conceptual que existe entre conciencia, libertad de conciencia y objeción de conciencia. Lo último se realizará mediante una reconstrucción del significado de tales conceptos. A partir de esto, se sentarán las bases para un concepto de objeción de conciencia que no descansará principalmente en el principio de no daño a terceros, sino en un examen de las alternativas disponibles en el caso concreto. Luego, se explicarán las bases para la aplicación del test de razonabilidad para determinar el alcance del derecho a la objeción de conciencia y la deseabilidad de atribuir la titularidad de tal derecho a establecimientos privados de salud.
O direito constitucional ao esporte em perspectiva comparada
Authors: Canan Felipe , Starepravo Fernando Augusto
Published: September 2021

a constitucionalização de um direito não significa sua garantia de fato, mas ao menos contribui para sua valorização social e geração de respaldo jurídico para sua reivindicação. Objetivou-se identificar o perfil geral da previsão constitucional do esporte e do direito ao esporte em perspectiva comparada, abrangendo suas características gerais, distribuição geoespacial e particularmente a dogmática do direito ao esporte. A pesquisa é descritiva documental, com abordagem quali-quantitativa. Investigou-se 75 constituições, das quais 49 preveem o esporte e 14 estabelecem o direito ao esporte, prevalentemente em países ibero-americanos e/ou do bloco de países de língua portuguesa. O termo esporte é comumente associado às expressões cultura física e/ou educação física. O núcleo essencial do direito ao esporte encontra-se na liberdade de prática, na educação física escolar obrigatória e na gartuita de infraestrutura para prática.
Discreción judicial, razonabilidad y control de constitucionalidad
Authors: Paredes Paredes Felipe Ignacio
Published: September 2021

El trabajo analiza la importancia del concepto de test de constitucionalidad en el juicio de constitucionalidad de las leyes, especialmente en los casos de discreción legislativa. Se estudian las implicaciones de la utilización de un determinado test y cómo esta decisión influye en el resultado. Con este propósito, se caracteriza el control de constitucionalidad como un control de razonabilidad. En la medida de que existen distintos modelos de razonabilidad, ello se traduce en la existencia de diversos test de constitucionalidad. El artículo discute esta hipótesis a partir de tres estándares de amplia difusión en el derecho comparado: el test de Wednesbury, el test de proporcionalidad y el test de escrutinio estricto. Dicho ejercicio muestra cómo un precepto impugnado puede tener distinta suerte y que el juicio de constitucionalidad puede arrojar resultados distintos en cada uno de estos casos.
Criminal Justice, Due Process and the Rule of Law in Mexico
Authors: Rosa Rodríguez Paola I. de la
Published: September 2021

The criminal justice process should not involve obtaining the truth at any price. This article discusses how Mexico has adopted exceptional regulations which violate due process considerations and create a problematic breach of the rule of law. We argue that, at a time when Mexican society suffers the consequences of organized crime, the Constitution provides for two types of regulations: one protecting human rights, which are the foundation of the rule of law; and another which infringes on the individual rights of those suspected of having participated in organized criminal activity. We examine mechanisms such as preventive detention and preventive imprisonment and analyze their treatment under Mexican law as well as in international agreements. We explore whether or not the fight against criminality and the prosecution of criminals “by any means necessary” is more important that the protection of the human rights of those suspected of illegal activity. We conclude by suggesting that the response to criminality should not require limitations on the constitutional freedoms of citizens.
The Criminal Liability of Corporations: A Step Forward in the Implementation of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
Authors: Sánchez González Alejandro
Published: September 2021

The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP) marked the end of a long journey towards regulating corporate conduct on this issue. However, they were conceived only as a focal point to guide public, corporate and civil governance towards the respect and protection of human rights. For this reason, the UNGP function as a common platform on which new rules and strategies should be developed. In this sense, as an element of public governance, Mexico adopted the criminal liability of corporations (CLC), which entered into force in 2016, along with the accusatory criminal justice system. Thus, since one of the purposes of criminal law is the subsidiary protection of legal assets —most of which have an underlying fundamental right—, the purpose of this article is to determine whether or not Mexico’s adoption of the CLC enhances the implementation of the UNGP, and if so, to evaluate its scope and limitations. After scrutinizing the UNGP in light of the regulation of the CLC in Mexico, the author argues that, although its performance can be optimized in many ways, the CLC plays an essential role in the area of business and human rights, not only for its direct contributions, but also for the interaction it generates with corporate and civil governance.