bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cardiovascular disease burden attributable to kidney dysfunction from 1990 to 2021: an age–period–cohort analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study
Authors: Dong Jiayang , Zhang Zhiqiang , Sun Jiayi , Yang Xinyue , Zhang Wenjuan
Published: October 2024

Background

Kidney dysfunction (KD) poses a severe threat to human health. The aim of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden attributable to KD, thereby providing a theoretical basis for relevant public health policies.

Methods and results

This study analysed trends in the burden of CVD attributable to KD using the 2021 Global Burden of Disease data. It also examined the differences in mortality rates across various age groups, genders, and subtypes of CVD. Additionally, the age–period–cohort model combined with joinpoint regression analysis was employed to gain further insights into the changing trends and inflection points of CVD-related mortality. In 2021, the global number of deaths from CVD attributable to KD significantly increased compared to 1990. However, the global age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased in 2021. The burden of CVD due to KD was particularly heavy among the elderly. Analysis using the age–period–cohort model revealed a decline in CVD-related mortality rates, with similar trends observed for both men and women.

Conclusion

This study reveals that although the ASMR for CVD due to KD is on a declining trend globally, the absolute number of deaths has significantly increased. This trend is especially pronounced among individuals aged 80 and older, males, and regions with a middle socio-demographic index. In the context of global aging, the burden of CVD related to KD is becoming increasingly substantial.
Who's Afraid of Policy Experiments?
Authors: Dur Robert , Non Arjan , Prottung Paul , Ricci Benedetta
Published: October 2024

In many public policy areas, randomised policy experiments can greatly contribute to our knowledge of the effects of policies and can thus help to improve public policy. However, policy experiments are not very common. This paper studies whether a lack of appreciation for policy experiments among voters may be the reason for this. Collecting survey data representative of the Dutch electorate, we find clear evidence contradicting this view. Voters strongly support policy experimentation and particularly so when they do not hold a strong opinion about the policy. In a subsequent survey experiment among a selected group of Dutch politicians, we find that politicians conform their expressed opinion about policy experiments to what we tell them the actual opinion of voters is.
The Effects of APOE Alleles, Cognitive Activities, and Social Activities on Cognitive Decline in African Americans
Authors: Nsor Neke A , Bourassa Kyle J , Barnes Lisa L , Brown Casey K
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Older African Americans are among the fastest-growing populations, yet are underrepresented in studies examining risk factors related to decline. The present study examines whether biological factors (apolipoprotein [APOE] alleles) interact with behavioral factors including cognitive activities (e.g., reading, playing games) and social activities (e.g., participating in social groups) to predict cognitive decline in African Americans.

Methods

In total, 734 African American adults from the Minority Aging Research Study, aged 65 and older (with no known dementia at the time of enrollment), underwent annual cognitive testing for up to 10 years. At baseline, APOE status was determined and participants reported their frequency of participation in social and cognitive activities. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the effects of APOE, cognitive activities, and social activities on cognitive decline, and their interaction effects over a 10-year period.

Results

The number of APOE alleles had an effect on cognitive decline, such that a greater number of APOE4 alleles was associated with greater cognitive decline, whereas a greater number of APOE2 alleles was associated with less cognitive decline. Cognitive and social activities did not interact with APOE count to predict cognitive decline; however, APOE4 and social activities had additive, independent effects on cognitive decline.

Discussion

Results replicate prior findings linking APOE4 to cognitive decline and highlight the importance of APOE2 and social activities in delaying cognitive decline in African Americans.
Ray and energy-flux velocities at a contact of two viscoelastic anisotropic materials
Authors: Liu Xu , Zhou Bing , Al-Shuhail Abdullatif A , Zhou Wei , Liu Bo , Liao Qinzhuo
Published: October 2024

A g*-Hamiltonian method for tracing real rays was developed that can handle cusps and triplication of quasi-shear wave in a general viscoelastic anisotropic medium. We demonstrate that the g*-Hamiltonian method can produce homogeneous ray-velocity vectors (with parallel real and imaginary parts) and the slowness vectors of reflected and transmitted waves at the interface based on the real Snell's law (RSL), which constrains only the continuity of the real parts of the slowness vectors, or the real slowness direction (RSD) method, which ignores the inhomogeneous component of the slowness vector. These methods are based on the characteristic lines with different Hamiltonians. Our research indicates that these methods are limited to pre-critical incidence ranges. Moreover, we derived a complex energy velocity vector (energy flux velocity) expression, which is always homogenous. We found that directions of corresponding energy velocity calculated with complex Snell's law (CSL) at a contact of two viscoelastic anisotropic materials well match the solutions of the RSL and RSD methods for all R/T waves except post-critical incidence in which the RSL and RSD methods fail to obtain homogenous ray velocities. The RSL and RSD methods result in discrepancies in the ray quality factor, R/T coefficients, and energy ratios, especially for post-critical incidence. However, the exact critical angle determined by the RSD method approximates the ‘critical’ angle for anelastic/inhomogeneous waves, which was a previous challenge. Our calculations suggest that the energy velocity and energy quality factor obtained with the CSL method can be used for real ray tracing at the interface of viscoelastic anisotropic media, and the complex energy flux velocity vector is always exactly homogeneous. For the post-critical incidence, the RSL and RSD methods fail because the ray quality factor drastically changes from the infinite down to near 2, which contradicts homogeneous ray velocity even in elastic anisotropic materials for RSD method. However, the energy flux quality factor for the elastic-anisotropic material is all infinite, even for post-critical incidence, which is correct. We also show that the CSL method has the same efficiency as the RSD method.
Family-Centered World Ordering: Polish Conservative Civil Society Seeking Remedies to the World in Crisis
Authors: Kluczewska Karolina
Published: October 2024

This article analyzes bottom-up, conservative, and reactionary world ordering from the margins. It explores actors, visions, and practices of alternative, family-centered world ordering, taking the case of Polish conservative civil society organizations. Members of these organizations came to resent the liberal world order through their own everyday experiences of living through the capitalist transition in Poland after the end of communism in 1989. Consequently, they see the world plunged into overlapping crises of the liberal world order and neoliberal capitalism and seek alternatives. The article investigates where the family-centered visions originate from, how they develop from the ground up, and how they are enacted at community, municipal, national, and international levels. Pointing to the fluidity of the margins, the article shows how conservative civil society has gradually moved from the margins to a central place of the political scene in contemporary Poland and increasingly also internationally.
Anisotropic electronic structure study of MgB2C2 using soft X-ray emission spectroscopy microscopes
Authors: Hada Yuki , Terauchi Masami , Saito Tomoya , Sato Yohei K , Baba Masaaki , Takeda Masatoshi
Published: October 2024

The anisotropic electronic structure of MgB2C2 was studied using soft X-ray emission spectroscopy electron microscopes. MgB2C2 fragments were selected by examining C K-emission profiles. C and B K-emission and Mg L-emission spectra were obtained, revealing common and distinct structures that reflect the mixing of valence orbitals. Since the material is reported to have two-dimensional B–C honeycomb layers, the orientational dependence of these emission spectra was also examined. Experimental data were compared with the theoretically calculated partial density of states of the valence bands (VBs) of the material. The C K-emission profile showed an apparent orientational dependence, while the B K-emission exhibited minimal dependence. This difference originated from the different energy distributions of C-2pz and B-2pz components in the VBs. The Mg L-emission intensity was very small, likely due to charge transfer from Mg atoms to B–N layers. The Mg L-emission profile showed a peak related to structures in C-K and B-K. An unexpected intensity was observed just above the VBs, which also showed orientational dependence, possibly due to a small deviation from the ideal composition of Mg:B:C = 1:2:2.
Is there a place for ‘place’ in an educational theory of Bildung?
Authors: Schaffar Birgit , Kronqvist Camilla
Published: October 2024

The notion of Bildung has been a catalyst for educational theories about the human relation to the material and social world. Place, both as a concrete spatial location and as metaphorical spatialization have been central to the understanding of Bildung. Nevertheless, the tradition of Bildung has treated the material world mainly as a restricting and adversarial space for human becoming. By asking why the role of belonging to a concrete place is absent from several contemporary debates on Bildung, we discuss themes in Hegel’s and Humboldt’s conceptions of human formation, and argue that the preoccupation with different ideas of becoming human, through moving beyond material restrictions, centres on a notion of Bildung as a movement in time, a temporal dialectic. In contrast to conceptualizations of the world as binding and restricting, we then ask what place there is for ‘place’ in a theory of Bildung, and argue that the relation between the subject and the world can be perceived as a much more supportive dialogical relationship than these discussions suggest. With reference to insights from Rudolf Laban’s and Irmgard Bartenieff’s Movement Studies (LBMS), we illustrate an alternative perspective on the role of the material world in human physical, social, and cognitive development. These dimensions of development suggest that becoming and belonging in the world necessarily involve a simultaneously functional and expressive element, where the subject’s expressive movement of freedom and intention is balanced by their trustful resting in a concrete place.
Improvement cycle to act against catheter-related bloodstream infections
Authors: Hernández-Orozco Hilda , Lara-Ramos Adriana , Macías-Avilés Héctor , Aguirre Martha Márquez- , Castañuela-Sánchez Violeta , Candiani Carlos López , Zarate-Espinal Martha , Cristerna-Tarrasa Hernán , Hernández-García Rosa , Lucas-Reséndiz Esperanza , Ibanes-Gutiérrez Cyntia
Published: October 2024

Background

Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) pose significant risks, causing a prolongation of hospital stay, increasing costs and increasing the risk of complications and mortality. It is the first healthcare-associated infection in many hospitals including our institution. Preventing CRBSI is essential for safety in patient’s care. To achieve this, we’ve adopted improvement cycles as a tool, aiming to decrease CRBSI rates by 50%.

Methods

Over the period of 2012 to 2023, 9036 pediatric patients were monitored throughout their hospitalizations. We utilized improvement cycles through various interventions: first an intervention bundle, secondly avoiding multipuncture, thirdly improving sampling techniques, fourthly optimizing supply management, and lastly restructuring the vascular access clinic. Each cycle involved resource management and process enhancement. Progress was measured through percentage metrics and the primary outcome indicator was CRBSI rates.

Results

The first cycle achieved a 90% compliance, the achievements were compliance above 85% of the bundle. In the second cycle we attained an 85% compliance, implement a guideline for catheter insertion with only two punctures in practice. The third cycle saw a 70% compliance rate, involving a multidisciplinary team for taking samples, training and monitoring by a skilled supervisor. The fourth cycle reached a 60% compliance through a techno-vigilance process, it was a pity quickly practical solutions didn´t work in practice. The final cycle achieved a 70% compliance, establishing a functional vascular access clinic. Rates CRBSI decreased by 50% overall and in the pediatric intensive care unit, meeting our objective. However this reduction was not observed in other intensive care units.

Conclusion

Improvement cycles simplify changes. Their implementation is effective but requires close monitoring, support from resources and authorities, a committed and proactive team, and continuous changes according to results. There is a need to consolidate the strategies to sustain and enhance our achievements.
Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis among Pediatric Cancer Patients: The Hidden Threat
Authors: Madney Youssef , Khedr Reham , Hafiz Hanfy , Adel Naglaa , Elanany Mervat , Alsheshtawi Khaled , Shalaby Lobna , Elhadad Alaa
Published: October 2024

Background

Chronic disseminated Candidiasis (CDC) is a severe invasive fungal infection observed during neutrophil recovery in patients with acute leukemia treated with intensive chemotherapy. Clinical manifestations include persistent fever under broad-spectrum antibiotics and abdominal discomfort. HSC is characterized by the presence of nodular lesions in the liver, spleen, and other organs (lungs, kidneys, and skin) on radiological imaging.

Methods

The retrospective study was conducted from 2013 - 2022 including all pediatric hematological patients diagnosed with chronic disseminated candidiasis admitted and treated in Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE). Data included primary diagnosis, clinical presentation, microbiological, radiological, and treatment data.

Results

Three hundred fifty (350) pediatric cancer patients were diagnosed with candidemia. The median age was four years (4 months- 18 years). Chronic dissemination candidiasis (CDC) was reported in 30(9%) of our patients. The most affected organs were Liver (19 patients), spleen (13), renal (13), cautelous (13), brain (2) and retina (2). Candida tropicalis was the most common isolated spp. from blood/tissue culture (24 patients) followed by C. parapsilosis (3 patients). The primary diagnosis in patients with CDC was ALL (24 Patients) while (4 patients) has AML. CDC was developed on top of antifungal prophylaxis in 7 patients (24%): liposomal-amho B (3 patients), Micafungin (3 patients) and voriconazole (1 patient). Candida tropicalis was the most common isolated spp. from blood/tissue culture (80%). Steroid as treatment for CDC immune reconstitution syndrome done in around 50% of patients (Persistent fever with neutrophil recovery, absent progressive clinical/radiological findings). PET-CT was done in 10 patients with positive uptake in all cases, was helpful in resuming intensive chemotherapy in six patients despite persistent lesions in CT and was used to stop antifungal treatment despite positive radiological lesions in CT in three patients. The first line of treatment was echinocandin (53%) and liposomal ampho-B (46%) with overall mortality among CDC patients were 30%.

Conclusion

CDC is still a hidden threat among pediatric patients with still high mortality rate. Antifungal stewardship through screening and Rapid diagnosis using non-culture diagnostics are needed. PET scan is a helpful tool for diagnosis and response assessment and can add to treatment decision.

Figure 1. Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis among Pediatric Cancer patients.
Clinical and epidemiological characterization of infections in pediatric hemato-oncology patients with febrile neutropenia in the North of Mexico
Authors: Aparicio Denisse Vaquera , Cavazos Luis Gerardo Castillo , de Santos Abiel Mascareñas los , Castillo José Iván , Samaniego Rebeca Aguayo , Pedraza Julia Esther Colunga
Published: October 2024

Background

Neutropenic fever is the most common complication in patients undergoing chemotherapy, where the choice of empirical antibiotic treatment should be based on the probable focus of infection, the predominant causative microorganisms, and the sensitivity of those organisms to antibiotics, which varies between each hospital and region. Over time, the spectrum of isolated microorganisms in different clinical syndromes of patients presenting during their infectious episode has changed. Our objective is to describe the prevalence of infectious etiology in pediatric patients with neutropenic fever, as well as the clinical characteristics of patients with documented infection.

Methods

The study design is ambispective, observational, and descriptive of a cohort type. Patients between 0 and 18 years old from the pediatric department of the “Dr. José E. González” University Hospital will be included from May 2019 to June 2023, with hematological-oncological disease during their febrile neutropenia infectious process with a complete medical record.

Results

A total of 326 episodes of febrile neutropenia were included, of which 15% had microbiological isolation (49 patients). The etiological classification during the events was as follows: bacteria 81%, viruses 14%, and fungi 4%. Five different infection sites were identified. Among these, bacteremia were the most frequent site of infection (10%), followed by gastrointestinal infections (2.4%), respiratory infections (1.5%), skin and soft tissue infections (1.2%), and lastly, urinary tract infections (1%). A total of 45 microorganisms were isolated from different infection sites. Among these, gram-negative bacteria (28 isolates, 62%) were more common and outnumbered gram-positive bacteria (14 isolates, 31%). Among gram-negatives, Escherichia coli (42%) was the most common isolate, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%). Among gram-positives, Streptococcus mitis (28%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (21%), and Rothia mucilaginosa (14%) were identified.

Conclusion

Febrile neutropenia at the Hospital Universitario primarily affects 6-year-old males with ALL. The microbiological characterization suggests the intentional search for gram-negative bacteremia, allowing us to direct timely and targeted antibiotic therapy to influence clinical prognosis. It is worthwhile to continue the research line that allows us to identify susceptibility and resistance profiles to address these patients more effectively.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in hemato-oncological patients; 10 years of experience at Hospital Infantil Teletón de Oncología
Authors: Hernández-Soto Astrid-Anaid , Tinoco-Martínez Andrea , Mata-Castañeda Michel , Félix-Bermúdez Georgina-Elizabeth
Published: October 2024

Background

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection that most frequently affects immunocompromised people, especially patients with HIV; clinical presentation is nonspecific and mortality rate in patients without HIV ranges are between 30% and 75%. In the international literature, there are few case reports of pediatric oncology patients. A series of cases is presented with the objective of describing the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in this population group.

Methods

An observational, descriptive, and retrospective study was carried out in cancer patients under 18 years, with clinically compatible symptoms, an imaging study suggestive of the pneumonia, and identification of P. jirovecii using a PCR test of bronchial aspirate at Hospital Infantil Teletón de Oncología in Querétaro Mexico, since November 2014 to June 2023.

Results

A total of 17 events were reported with a median age of 9.8 years, 14/17 (82%) with a diagnosis of acute leukemias, 1/17 (6%) Ewing sarcoma, 1/17 (6%) lymphoma large cell anaplastic and 1/17 (6%) neuroblastoma. Regarding their therapeutic phases, 7/17 (41%) were in consolidation, 4/17 (23%) induction, 3/17 (18%) allogeneic HSCT (Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation), 2/17 (12%) in surveillance, and 1/17 (6%) in maintenance. The clinical presentation in our patients was characterized by the presence of fever in 15/17 (88%), dry cough in 10/17 (59%) and 17/17 (100%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, which was classified as mild in 7/17 (41%), moderate in 5/17 (29%) and severe in 5/17 (29%). 13/17 (75%) presented distributive shock. All our patients underwent chest x-rays, 12/17 (70.5%) presented bilateral interstitial infiltrate, 4/17 (23.5%) consolidation, and 1/17 (6%) pleural effusion. Lung CT (computed tomography) was performed in 4/17 (23.5%), and 4/4 (100%) presented ground glass opacities. All of our patients were admitted to the PICU (Pediatric intensive care unit) and 16/17 (94%) required invasive mechanical ventilation. All receive treatment with TMP-SMX (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). 4/17 patients died (23%) of whom none received prophylaxis. 3/17 patients (18%) received prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

Conclusion

The present study is the first study in Mexico that compiles cases of Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia in pediatric oncology patients. P. jirovecii pneumonia remains a rare cause, but represents a potentially fatal cause in oncology patients, so it is important to have a high clinical suspicion during the evaluation of an immunocompromised patient with evidence of pneumonia during all treatment phases with chemotherapy, in order to start treatment promptly. Thus, we also emphasize the importance of adequate prophylaxis as the most important preventive measure.
Survival Dynamics of Invasive Fungal Diseases in Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Patients at a Tertiary Medical Facility in Mexico from July 2020 to July 2023
Authors: V Ariana Ordoñez , H Miguel Minero , Ordoñez Javier , G Itzel Villanueva , Morayta Alfredo R
Published: October 2024

Background

Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) have been increasing in prevalence over the past two decades, with filamentous fungi being the most common cause. However, candidiasis remains the predominant etiology of infection, especially in cases of neutropenic fever accompanied by neutropenic colitis. The prevalence of infections caused by Aspergillus species, Mucor species, Fusarium, and other species is higher among individuals with severe and extended neutropenia and those who have undergone hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation.

Methods

A retrospective, descriptive, observational study was conducted to identify cases of patients diagnosed with invasive fungal diseases, categorizing them as possible, probable, or confirmed. In our comprehensive analysis of cases, we prioritize the examination of diseases induced by filamentous fungi, while considering the specific chemotherapy regimen administered and the particular oncological condition.

Results

The predominant etiology observed was invasive aspergillosis, followed by mucormycosis. A total of 18 cases suggestive of invasive Aspergillosis were identified, but clinical or histopathological investigations were not conducted due to limitations. The majority of cases were pulmonary, accounting for 92% of cases, while rhinosinusal involvement was identified in 8%. Factors such as clinical characteristics, imaging studies, serum galactomannan determination, and microbiological culture were considered. The patient survival rate was found to be 86.7%, with an average treatment duration of six weeks. A mortality rate of 3.7% was observed due to the underlying disease during the consolidation phase of invasive fungal diseases.

Conclusion

In our study, invasive aspergillosis emerged as the predominant invasive fungal disease in pediatric hemato-oncology patients. Despite challenges in conducting comprehensive investigations, our findings underscore the importance of timely diagnosis and management. The 86.7% survival rate reflects the efficacy of the treatment approach employed, while the observed mortality emphasizes the impact of underlying diseases on outcomes. This study contributes valuable insights to the understanding and improvement of survival dynamics in pediatric patients facing invasive fungal diseases.
Extending the Dixon and Coles model: an application to women’s football data
Authors: Michels Rouven , Ötting Marius , Karlis Dimitris
Published: October 2024

The prevalent model by Dixon and Coles extends the double Poisson model where two independent Poisson distributions model the number of goals scored by each team by moving probabilities between the scores 0-0, 0-1, 1-0, and 1-1. We show that this is a special case of a multiplicative model known as the Sarmanov family. Based on this family, we create more suitable models by moving probabilities between scores and employing other discrete distributions. We apply the new models to women’s football scores, which exhibit some characteristics different than that of men’s football.
Effective percutaneous treatment of severe necrotizing pancreatitis: a case report
Authors: Asenov Yavor , Vasilev Ivan , Sedloev Theophyl , Penkov Nikolay , Kunev Boris
Published: October 2024

Necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) is a severe form of acute pancreatitis associated with high morbidity and mortality. The management of infected necrotizing pancreatitis (INP) has evolved from open surgical necrectomy to minimally invasive techniques, such as percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD). We report the case of a 71-year-old male with a history of cholelithiasis who presented with acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Initial imaging revealed an enlarged pancreas with peripancreatic fluid collections. Conservative treatment improved his condition, but nine days later signs of sepsis, including a persistent fever were presented. Computed tomography (CT) verified several large gas-containing fluid collections spreading from the pancreas to the left iliac crest along with bilateral pleural effusions. The patient underwent PCD with multiple drains inserted. Microbiological analysis showed Meropenem-resistant E. coli, leading to a change in antibiotic therapy. Follow-up imaging confirmed the resolution of fluid collections, and the patient recovered without requiring laparotomy. PCD has emerged as a crucial component of the step-up approach in managing INP. Compared with open necrectomy, PCD offers lower mortality and morbidity rates. The PAncreatitis, Necrosectomy versus sTEp up appRoach (PANTER) trial and subsequent studies have validated the efficacy of PCD, demonstrating its ability to reduce complications and healthcare costs while improving patient outcomes. PCD is a safe and effective treatment for INP, representing a valuable alternative to traditional surgical methods. This case underscores the importance of minimally invasive strategies in the management of NP.
Early surgical intervention is critical for strangulated Richter’s hernia
Authors: Smith Christopher R , Chatzikonstantinou Michail
Published: October 2024

Richter’s hernia is a rare but serious surgical emergency involving the entrapment or strangulation of part of the bowel’s circumference in the hernial orifice, often without causing complete luminal obstruction. This case report describes a man in his 70s presenting with a 3-day history of abdominal pain and vomiting, despite normal bowel movements. Blood results revealed raised inflammatory markers, and computed tomography imaging suggested small bowel obstruction due to an incarcerated left inguinal hernia. Emergency surgery confirmed a Richter’s hernia with a strangulated but viable bowel loop. Early surgical intervention led to a positive outcome. This case underscores the importance of high suspicion, early referral, and timely imaging in managing Richter’s hernia to prevent severe complications, such as gangrene and perforation. Despite the absence of obstructive symptoms, early surgical intervention is critical when there is clinical concern regarding strangulation.
A simple model of globally magnetized accretion discs
Authors: Begelman Mitchell C
Published: October 2024

We present an analytic, quasi-local model for accretion discs threaded by net, vertical magnetic flux. In a simple slab geometry and ignoring stochastic mean-field dynamo effects, we calculate the large-scale field resulting from the balance between kinematic field amplification and turbulent diffusion. The ability of the disc to accumulate magnetic flux is sensitive to a single parameter dependent on the ratio of the vertical diffusion time to the Alfvén crossing time, and we show how the saturation levels of magnetorotational and other instabilities can govern disc structure and evolution. Under wide-ranging conditions, inflow is governed by large-scale magnetic stresses rather than internal viscous stress. We present models of such ‘magnetically boosted’ discs and show that they lack a radiation pressure-dominated zone. Our model can account for ‘magnetically elevated’ discs as well as instances of midplane outflow and field reversals with height that have been seen in some global simulations. Using the time-dependent features of our model, we find that the incorporation of global transport effects into disc structure can lead to steady or episodic ‘magnetically arrested discs’ that maximize the concentration of magnetic flux in their central regions.
Decoding the early Universe: exploring a merger scenario for the high-redshift cluster JKCS041 using numerical models
Authors: Felix Sharon , Gogoi Antareep , Shavelle Kaitlyn , Sike Brandon , King Lindsay , Andreon Stefano , Chadayammuri Urmila , ZuHone John , Romero Charles
Published: October 2024

JKCS041 ($z=1.8$) is one of the most distant galaxy cluster systems known, seen when the Universe was less than 4 billion years old. Recent Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) observations show a temperature decrement that is less than expected based on mass estimates of the system from X-ray, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy richness measurements. In this paper, we seek to explain the observables – in particular the low SZ decrement and single SZ peak, the projected offset between the X-ray and SZ peaks of $\approx$220 kpc, the gas mass measurements and the lensing mass estimate. We use the gamer-2 hydrodynamic code to carry out idealized numerical simulations of cluster mergers and compare resulting synthetic maps with the observational data. Generically, a merger process is necessary to reproduce the observed offset between the SZ and X-ray peaks. From our exploration of parameter space, seen a few tenths of a Gyr after first core passage, two components with total mass of $\approx 2\times 10^{14} \,\text{M}_\odot$, mass ratio of $\approx$2:3, gas fraction of $0.05-0.1$, and Navarro, Frenk and White mass density profile concentrations c$\approx$ 5 are scenarios that are consistent with the observational data. For consistency with the SZ and X-ray measurements, our simulations exclude total mass in excess of $\approx 3\times 10^{14} {\rm M}_{\odot }$, primarily based on the SZ signal. The mass ratio is constrained by the SZ–X-ray offset and magnitude of the SZ signal, ruling out systems with equal and vastly different masses.
Isolated central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis in an older adult patient with systematic lupus erythematosus: A case report
Authors: Kambe Takayuki , Yamaguchi Makoto , Katsuno Takayuki , Sugiyama Hirokazu , Kamiya Keisuke , Imai Kentaro , Kinashi Hiroshi , Banno Shogo , Ito Yasuhiko , Ishimoto Takuji
Published: October 2024

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is a rare, T-cell-rich Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive B-cell lymphoproliferative systemic disease. Only a few cases of LYG have been described in patients with autoimmune disorders, with only one case described in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, no cases of isolated central nervous system (CNS)–LYG have been reported in patients with autoimmune diseases. Since isolated CNS involvement is rare, its clinicopathological features remain incompletely understood. Herein, we report about an 85-year-old Japanese woman who was diagnosed with SLE 26 years ago and was stable and maintained on prednisone (5 mg/day) for 20 years. Twenty-six days before admission, she developed cognitive dysfunction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple nodular lesions with ring-like enhancements seen on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. A brain biopsy was performed on the right frontal lobe lesion. Pathological findings revealed T-cell infiltration surrounding the blood vessels with fibrin deposition, a few multinucleated cells, and large atypical cells with prominent nucleoli. Large atypical cells positive for CD20 and EBV-encoded RNA were seen at a density of >100 cells per high-power field. Based on laboratory testing, imaging, and pathology findings, the patient was diagnosed with Grade III LYG. Treatment with tirabrutinib (480 mg once daily) was started. The patient achieved clinical response to treatment, as evidenced by improved mental status. In patients with SLE who present with multiple nodular or ring-like lesions on brain MRI, a brain biopsy with histological diagnosis is crucial for the exclusion of CNS–LYG.
Pediatric cranial stereotactic radiosurgery: Meta-analysis and international stereotactic radiosurgery society practice guidelines
Authors: Murphy Erin S , Sahgal Arjun , Regis Jean , Levivier Marc , Fariselli Laura , Gorgulho Alessandra , Ma Lijun , Pollock Bruce , Yomo Shoji , Sheehan Jason , Paddick Ian , Suh John H , Saxena Anshul , Ahmed Md Ashfaq , Kotecha Rupesh
Published: October 2024

Background

There are limited data on the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for pediatric patients. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize indications and outcomes specific to pediatric cranial SRS to inform consensus guidelines on behalf of the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society.

Methods

A systematic review, using the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses, analyzed English-language articles on SRS, published between 1989 and 2021, that included outcomes for at least 5 pediatric patients. MEDLINE database terms included tumor types and locations, and radiosurgical and age-specific terms. We excluded nonclinical reports, expert opinions, commentaries, and review articles. Meta-regressions for associations with local control were performed for medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, glioma, and arteriovenous malformation (AVM).

Results

Of the 113 articles identified for review, 68 met the inclusion criteria. These articles described approximately 400 pediatric patients with benign and malignant brain tumors and 5119 with AVMs who underwent cranial SRS. The rates of local control for benign tumors, malignant tumors, and AVMs were 89% (95% CI, 82%–95%), 71% (95% CI, 59%–82%), and 65% (95% CI, 60%–69%), respectively. No significant associations were identified for local control with the patient-, tumor-, or treatment-related variables.

Conclusions

This review is the first to summarize outcomes specific to SRS for pediatric brain tumors and AVMs. Although data reporting is limited for pediatric patients, SRS appears to provide acceptable rates of local control. We present ISRS consensus guidelines to inform the judicious use of cranial SRS for pediatric patients.
Prevalence, treatment patterns, and survival of patients with brain metastases from small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study using the TriNetX Oncology Database
Authors: Parker Megan , Kalluri Anita , Jiang Kelly , Materi Joshua , Azad Tej D , Murray Joseph , Ha Jinny Suk , Kamson David O , Kleinberg Lawrence R , Redmond Kristin J , Brahmer Julie R , Ye Xiaobu , Bettegowda Chetan , Rincon-Torroella Jordina
Published: October 2024

Background

Brain metastases (BM) portend increased morbidity and mortality in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We aimed to characterize the prevalence, timing, treatment patterns, and survival outcomes of BM associated with SCLC over the past decade.

Methods

Data from 4014 patients with histologically confirmed SCLC were extracted from the TriNetX Oncology database. Clinical and demographic variables were compared between patients with and without BM using Chi-squared and t-tests. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate overall survival (OS), after propensity score matching cohorts for age at diagnosis, sex, cancer stage at diagnosis, extracranial metastases, and cancer-directed therapy.

Results

Among 4014 patients with SCLC, 35.0% had BM (9.9% synchronous, 21.2% metachronous, 3.9% precocious). Patients who developed BM were younger (P < .001) at SCLC diagnosis, more likely Black/African American (P = .0068), and presented with more advanced cancer stages (P < .001) than patients who did not develop BM. The median BM-free survival from the time of SCLC diagnosis was 27.9 months. Patients with BM received higher rates of cancer-directed therapies than those without BM. Synchronous BM was associated with lower OS than metachronous BM after the diagnosis of SCLC (HR[95% CI] = 1.56[1.32–1.83]), but there was no difference in OS after the BM diagnosis. OS did not differ between patients with BM and patients with extracranial metastases only, following the diagnosis of metastatic disease.

Conclusions

Our findings support that independently of the chronicity of BM diagnosis, patients with SCLC have poor survival once the diagnosis of BM is conferred.
Microbiology of Actinomyces Species Isolated From Patients With Invasive Disease and Contaminated Samples in a Comprehensive Cancer Center
Authors: El-Atoum Mohammad , Gailor Mary E , Segal Brahm H , Bonnewell John P , Almyroudis Nikolaos G
Published: October 2024

Background

Actinomyces are mucous membrane commensals that infrequently cause invasive disease. Our goal was to define Actinomyces species prevalence, the predominant disease site and risk factors for actinomycosis.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients with growth of Actinomyces species from cultures in a single-cancer center from July 2007 to June 2020. Proven invasive actinomycosis was defined as the presence of compatible clinical syndrome and radiographic findings with histopathological confirmation or culture from a normally sterile site. Probable invasive actinomycosis was defined based on the same criteria but without histologic confirmation. Contaminants were defined as culture growth in the absence of clinical or radiological findings consistent with disease. Speciation of Actinomyces was performed by the bioMerieux VITEK 2 anaerobic and coryneform identification card.

Results

Of 235 patients, 179 (76.2%) had malignancy. Among 90 (38.3%) patients with invasive actinomycosis, A odontolyticus was isolated in 32 (35.6%), followed by A meyeri in 20 (22.2%), and A naeslundii in 17 (18.9%). Among 145 (61.7%) colonized patients, A odontolyticus was isolated in 67 (46.2%), followed by A naeslundii in 27 (18.6%). Abdominopelvic infection was the most common site for invasive actinomycosis documented in 54 patients (60.0%) followed by orocervicofacial in 14 (15.6%) and thoracic in 10 (11.1%).

Conclusions

A odontolyticus, A meyeri, and A naeslundi were the most frequently isolated species causing invasive actinomycosis, and A odontolyticus and A nauslendii among colonizers. Abdominopelvic represented the most frequent site for invasive disease. Further studies are needed to investigate the epidemiology of Actinomyces species in this population.
De-etiolation is Almost Color Blind: The Study of Photosynthesis Awakening under Blue and Red Light
Authors: Banaś Agnieszka K , Leja Katarzyna , Zgłobicki Piotr , Jedynak Paweł , Kowalska Ewa , Strzałka Wojciech , Grzyb Joanna , Myśliwa-Kurdziel Beata
Published: October 2024

The synthesis and assembly of functioning photosynthetic complexes in chloroplasts developing from etioplasts during the de-etiolation of angiosperm seedlings are imperative for the plant’s autotrophic lifestyle. This study compared the de-etiolation process under monochromatic red or blue light of equal photon flux density during a 24-h illumination period of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. The aim was to elucidate the impact of these light wavelengths on the etioplast-to-chloroplast transformation and the initiation of light-dependent photosynthetic reactions. Both treatments led to the formation of functional young chloroplasts; however, the etioplast-to-chloroplast transition and the assembly of photosynthetic complexes occurred unevenly, with individual steps tuned by red or blue light. Ultrastructural analysis suggested faster prolamellar body’s disassembly under blue light, while low-temperature fluorescence studies indicated a slower transformation of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, and chlorophyll a, under these conditions. The red light further promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll b and LHCII antenna proteins. However, the efficiency of antennae in dissipating excess absorbed energy was higher for seedlings de-etiolated under blue light; the maximum quantum yield of the photosystem II reached 0.81 after 24-h de-etiolation, equivalent to mature plants. Blue light seemed to enhance the development of well-functioning photosystems (I and II) and antennae. These findings are important for gaining a deeper understanding of photoreceptor regulation of de-etiolation and for utilizing selected light regimes to improve crop yield.
Engineering a cleaved, prefusion-stabilized influenza B virus hemagglutinin by identification and locking of all six pH switches
Authors: Juraszek Jarek , Milder Fin J , Yu Xiaodi , Blokland Sven , van Overveld Daan , Abeywickrema Pravien , Tamara Sem , Sharma Sujata , Rutten Lucy , Bakkers Mark J G , Langedijk Johannes P M
Published: October 2024

Vaccine components based on viral fusion proteins require high stability of the native prefusion conformation for optimal potency and manufacturability. In the case of influenza B virus hemagglutinin (HA), the stem's conformation relies on efficient cleavage. In this study, we identified six pH-sensitive regions distributed across the entire ectodomain where protonated histidines assume either a repulsive or an attractive role. Substitutions in these areas enhanced the protein's expression, quality, and stability in its prefusion trimeric state. Importantly, this stabilization enabled the production of a cleavable HA0, which is further processed into HA1 and HA2 by furin during exocytic pathway passage, thereby facilitating correct folding, increased stability, and screening for additional stabilizing substitutions in the core of the metastable fusion domain. Cryo-EM analysis at neutral and low pH revealed a previously unnoticed pH switch involving the C-terminal residues of the natively cleaved HA1. This switch keeps the fusion peptide in a clamped state at neutral pH, averting premature conformational shift. Our findings shed light on new strategies for possible improvements of recombinant or genetic-based influenza B vaccines.
Confirmation of oat crown rust disease in Taiwan
Authors: Ho Chung-Yin , Henningsen Eva , Chen Ssu-Tung , Ariyawansa Hiran Anjana , Nazareno Eric S. , Sperschneider Jana , Dodds Peter , Riddle Jakob M. , Kianian Shahryar F. , Figueroa Melania , Huang Yung-Fen
Published: October 2024

Oat is a minor forage crop grown in Taiwan. Only a few historical records of oat rust disease have been reported in the country. Therefore, the pathogen population remains poorly characterized. A rust-like disease outbreak was detected at the Experimental Farm of National Taiwan University in 2019, which caused significant damage to field experiments. To determine the identity of the pathogen responsible for this disease outbreak, we collected infected foliar material. Disease signs suggested infection by the oat crown rust fungus. Hence, common procedures in rust pathology were applied to confirm the identity of the pathogen with phenotypic and molecular diagnostic techniques. A total of 50 field pathogen samples from infected oat cultivars were collected in 2019 and five single pustule rust isolates were obtained in 2020 and 2021. These isolates were initially identified as Puccinia coronata var. avenae f. sp. avenae (Pca) based on the phylogenetic analysis of nrITS sequence data. This identification was subsequently confirmed through whole-genome phylogeny, which showed that the representative Taiwanese isolate NTU1 clustered with other Pca representative strains in Basidiomycota. Phenotyping assays across 36 oat differential lines demonstrated that Taiwanese isolates are phenotypically similar with relatively low virulence. This study presents the first molecular confirmation of Pca in Taiwan and reports the virulence profiles of Taiwanese Pca population.
Pre-Plant Soil Treatments Influence Tree Performance and Nematode Dynamics in Replanted Cherry Orchards
Authors: Yaghoubi Ali , Yazdani Razieh , Cole Emilie , Quintanilla Marisol
Published: October 2024

In this two-year field study, the impacts of pre-plant soil management strategies, including soil fumigation, nematicide application, and organic amendments, on the growth and nematode community dynamics on cherry cultivars ‘Emperor Francis’ and ‘Ulster’ grafted to ‘Mahaleb’ rootstock were investigated in a replanted orchard site. In the first year, fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene – chloropicrin mixture (Telone C-35) led to significantly increased trunk cross-sectional area and canopy height in both cultivars. Pratylenchus penetrans population densities were suppressed only short-term. Plots treated with the fungicide/nematicide fluopyram (Velum® Prime) had P. penetrans reproduction factors below one throughout both years independent of the scion. Additionally, the combined application of Seed Starter 101®, Dairy Doo® compost, and straw mulch reduced the reproduction factor of P. penetrans to below one in the first year. In the same time period, this combinatory treatment had the highest reproduction factor for bacterivore and fungivore nematodes. Based on results of this study, fumigation with Telone® C-35 resulted in improvement of tree establishment and provided effective short-term suppression of P. penetrans. Velum® Prime exhibited longer-term efficacy for the suppression of P. penetrans.
A Diagnostic Guide for select Phytophthora species infecting floriculture crops
Authors: Cooper Andy P. , Hinchliffe Ella , Kohutek Aaron J. , Murray Leighann , White Lucy , Meadows Inga
Published: October 2024

Phytophthora nicotianae is the most important pathogen of floriculture crops worldwide, although several other species also play a significant role and include P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, P. palmivora, and P. tropicalis. Diseases caused by Phytophthora species can be challenging to diagnose because symptoms are similar to those caused by other soilborne pathogens. This guide is intended for diagnosticians, technicians, and researchers to facilitate the diagnosis of diseases caused by species of Phytophthora on floriculture crops. Hosts, disease symptoms, molecular and morphological identification, and pathogenicity experiment methods are outlined to provide a basis for further examination of these pathogens.