bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entropy generation in an asymmetrically cooled slab with temperature‐dependent internal heat generation
Authors: Aziz A. , Khan Waqar A.
Published: March 2012

The paper presents an entropy generation analysis for steady conduction in a slab with temperature‐dependent volumetric internal heat generation. The slab experiences asymmetric convective cooling on its two faces. The exact analytical solution for the temperature distribution is used to compute dimensionless local and total entropy generation rates in the slab. The total entropy generation rate depends on five dimensionless parameters: reference heat generation temperature Q, the heat generation–temperature variation parameter a, the temperature asymmetry parameter λ, and Biot numbers Bi1 and Bi2. Graphs illustrating the effect of these five parameters on the local and total entropy generation rates are presented and discussed. It is found that the total entropy generation in the slab can be minimized with a suitable choice of the cooling parameters. The paper corrects the flawed entropy results published recently. The present results for the special case of uniform internal heat generation confirm the results presented in a 2003 paper. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20404
Numerical study of heat transfer enhancement and fluid flow with inline common‐flow‐down vortex generators in a plate‐fin heat exchanger
Authors: Gupta M. , Kasana K.S.
Published: March 2012

Three‐dimensional numerical simulations are performed on a plate‐fin heat exchanger (with triangular fins as inserts between the plates) to evaluate the laminar heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics with longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs). The effect with an inline rectangular winglet pair (RWP) with a common‐flow‐down (CFD) configuration is studied. The numerical results indicate that the application of inline LVGs effectively enhances the heat transfer of the channel. The heat transfer further increases with the increase in the Reynolds number from 200 to 500 and angle of attack from β = 15° to 22.5°. The computations are also performed to find the best location for the second RWP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20414
Assessment of potential plant species for phytoremediation of hydrocarbon‐contaminated areas of upper Assam, India
Authors: Basumatary Budhadev , Saikia Rubul , Bordoloi Sabitry , Das Hamendra Chandra , Sarma Hari Prasad
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Contamination of soil and sediments with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) is a serious global problem and environmental concern. Therefore, remediation of soil, water, and sediments is a great challenge for research in this field. This study aims to use two types of sedge species, Cyperus odoratus L. and Cyperus laevigatus L. for phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil. The study includes the evaluation of plant height, root length, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation in soil, TPH accumulation in plants grown in fertilized and unfertilized pots and most probable number (MPN).

RESULTS: The presence of high concentrations of TPH negatively affected the health and survival of plants. A better result for degradation of TPH was found in fertilized soil (C. odoratus: 78%, C laevigatus: 73%) than in unfertilized soil (C. odoratus: 45%, C. laevigatus: 43%) during the 360 day study. In unplanted pots, the reduction of TPH was 11% in fertilized soil and 9% in unfertilized soil. TPH accumulation by plants and MPN were statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: TPH degradation in soil considered together with the accumulation levels in roots and shoots as well as biomass production suggest that these plants could be used for phytoremediation. Furthermore, inorganic fertilizer amendments in soil showed positive effect on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation and its accumulation in plants. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
HEALTH FINANCING: A NEW ROLE FOR MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS?
Authors: Leatherman Sheila , Geissler Kimberley , Gray Bobbi , Gash Megan
Published: March 2012

An innovative and scalable approach, individual or small group health financing by microfinance institutions can expand existing options for the poor. We examined productivity losses, direct health costs and health financing methods among microfinance clients in Bolivia, Benin and Burkina Faso. Health costs and lost productivity for households were substantial. Microfinance institutions offer advantages in developing health financing options: global reach, expertise in loans and savings and their mission to facilitate household financial stability. Health financing products, including savings and loans, hold considerable potential to benefit clients but require careful design to optimise value and minimise risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of labeling dipicolylamine derivative, N,N'‐(5‐(4‐aminobutoxy)‐1,3‐phenylene)bis(methylene)bis(1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)methanamine), with three 18F‐prosthetic groups as potential imaging agents for metastatic infectious disease
Authors: Li Junling , Gray Brian D. , Pak Koon Y , Ng Chin K.
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study was to develop 18 F‐labeled dipicolylamine derivative (compound 1) with three 18 F‐prosthetic groups, 18 F‐NFP, 18 F‐SFB, and 18 F‐FET, which were synthesized with labeling yields of 72 ± 10%, 75 ± 8%, and 90 ± 8%, respectively. Compound 1 was then conjugated with 18 F‐NFP, 18 F‐SFB, and 18 F‐FET, respectively. Factors such as the amount of 1, reaction temperature, and time were examined to optimize the yields. The optimal labeling conditions were found to be 1 (0.1 mg, 0.17 µmol), room temperature, and 10 min for both 18 F‐NFP and 18 F‐SFB; 1 (4 mg, 6.8 µmol), 100 °C, and 10 min for 18 F‐FET. The total synthesis time, the overall yields, and the average specific activity were 105, 75, and 65 min; 68 ± 9%, 71 ± 11%, and 76 ±13%; 625 Ci/mmol, 853 Ci/mmol, and 3.5 Ci/mmol for 18 F‐FP‐1,18F‐FB‐1, and 18 F‐FE‐1, respectively (n = 5, decay‐corrected based on 18F). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput micro plate assays for screening flavonoid content and DPPH‐scavenging activity in sorghum bran and flour
Authors: Herald Thomas J , Gadgil Priyadarshini , Tilley Michael
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Sorghum possesses phenolic compounds that are health‐promoting constituents of the grain. There are approximately 40 000 sorghum accessions, many of which have not been evaluated for the grain's health‐promoting potential. Conventional methods for measuring total phenolic content, flavonoid content and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)‐scavenging capacity are time‐consuming and labour‐intensive, resulting in low overall throughput. The objective of this study was to develop a high‐throughput screening assay for large sorghum sample sets to determine flavonoid and phenolic content and to modify existing DPPH and total phenolic assays.

RESULTS: The 96‐well assays exhibited a correlation of > 0.9 with the conventional assays. The 96‐well assays allowed for up to 64 samples to be run per day compared with 20–24 samples (depending on the test) for the conventional methods. The 96‐well assays had excellent accuracy (97.65–106.16% recovery), precision (1.06–8.28% coefficient of variation (CV)) and reproducibility (1.32–2.13% CV inter‐day and 1.36–2.09% CV intra‐day).

CONCLUSION: The high‐throughput 96‐well plate method proved to be as robust and reproducible as the conventional method for determining total phenolic content, flavonoid content and DPPH‐scavenging capacity in either sorghum bran or flour. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of hygiene practices and microbiological status of ready‐to‐eat vegetable salads in Spanish school canteens
Authors: Rodríguez‐Caturla Magdevis Y , Valero Antonio , Carrasco Elena , Posada Guiomar D , García‐Gimeno Rosa M , Zurera Gonzalo
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted in eight Spanish school canteens during the period 2008–2009. Food handlers' practices, kitchen equipment, hygiene/sanitation conditions and handling practices were evaluated using checklists. In parallel, the microbiological quality and safety of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) vegetable salads were assessed. In addition, food contact surfaces and environmental air quality of different areas were analysed. The study determined the relationship between the microbiological quality of RTE foods and food handling practices, together with the degree of contamination of working surfaces and environmental contamination of processing and distribution areas.

RESULTS: Some deficiencies were found regarding the use and change of gloves, hand‐washing and cleanliness of working surfaces. The microbial levels detected in the foods examined indicated the absence of pathogens in the samples analysed. Surface counts were higher on cutting boards and faucets, showing insufficient cleanliness procedures.

CONCLUSION: This study constitutes a descriptive analysis of the hygiene/sanitation conditions implemented in food service systems in eight Spanish school canteens. The results should help risk managers to better define control measures to be adopted in order to prevent foodborne infections. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Antimicrobial activity of Chinese bayberry extract for the preservation of surimi
Authors: Li Jianrong , Han Qiang , Chen Wei , Ye Libin
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Chemical preservatives such as sodium nitrite and potassium sorbate have been widely used to keep surimi products fresh. However, the potential harmfulness to human health cannot be ignored. This study was conducted to develop natural preservatives for the storage of Collichthys surimi.

RESULTS: Among the eight Chinese traditional herbs and fruits, Chinese bayberry extract showed the greatest inhibitory effect against surimi spoilage bacteria Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, N‐butanol phase extract of bayberry (NB) showed the greatest activity among the different phases of bayberry extract. When Chinese bayberry extract was combined with tea polyphenol, an additive inhibitory effect was observed on growth of Hansenula anomala, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Our results further indicated that the shelf life of surimi products stored at room temperature can be extended when supplemented with Chinese bayberry extract.

CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Chinese bayberry extract can be used as a natural preservative for the storage of Collichthys surimi. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Chiral discrimination of aliphatic amines and amino alcohols using NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Wenzel Thomas J. , Rollo Ryan D. , Clark Rebecca L.
Published: March 2012

Two methods are compared for analyzing the enantiomeric purity of aliphatic amines and amino alcohols using NMR spectroscopy. The first employs (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral NMR solvating agent in methanol‐d4. The second involves a derivatization scheme in which the amine is reacted with naphtho[2,3‐c]furan‐1,3‐dione to form the corresponding amide. The naphthyl amide is then mixed with a chiral calix[4]resorcinarene in deuterium oxide. The crown ether only produces sufficient enantiomeric discrimination to determine enantiomeric purity for three of the nine substrates studied. The system with the naphthyl amide and a calix[4]resorcinarene produces enantiomeric discrimination of sufficient magnitude to determine enantiomeric purity for all nine substrates. The H1 and H4 resonances of the naphthyl ring are especially suitable to monitor for enantiomeric discrimination. The order of the (R)‐ and (S)‐enantiomers of the H1 and H4 resonances exhibit specific trends for aliphatic amines and amino alcohols that correlate with the absolute configuration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can we identify men who will have complications from benign prostatic obstruction (BPO)?: ICI‐RS 2011
Authors: Oelke Matthias , Kirschner‐Hermanns Ruth , Thiruchelvam Nikesh , Heesakkers John
Published: March 2012

Aims

This ICI‐RS report aims to analyze morphological or functional complications of the lower or upper urinary tract in elderly men, clarify the association between complications and benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and define men who will develop these complications. Research proposals to further enlighten these associations were to be defined.

Methods

A think‐tank discussion was held on the annual ICI‐RS meeting in 2011. The published literature between 1966 and 2011 was reviewed and research proposals were defined with all congress participants.

Results

Post‐void residual, bladder diverticula or calculi, vesico‐ureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency, and urinary retention appear with greater prevalence in patients with symptoms or signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia. BPO may directly or indirectly be responsible for these complications but conclusive evidence for BPO as the primary cause does not exist. Many of the complications have a multifactorial etiology and BPO is only partially responsible. It is currently impossible to define men who will develop complications.

Conclusions

In contrast to the widespread belief of urologist, there is only rudimentary data available showing no convincing association between urinary tract complications and BPO. The ICI‐RS proposes that prospective trials are conducted to demonstrate the association between complications and BPO by using cystometry, pressure‐flow (P/F) studies, and other commonly used BPO parameters in men with complications and comparing those with a cohort of age‐matched men without complications. Non‐invasive proxy parameters of BPO, for example, ultrasonic measurement of detrusor wall thickness, can be used instead of P/F studies especially in longitudinal trials. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:322–326, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tridiagonal Toeplitz matrices: properties and novel applications
Authors: Noschese Silvia , Pasquini Lionello , Reichel Lothar
Published: March 2012

The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of tridiagonal Toeplitz matrices are known in closed form. This property is in the first part of the paper used to investigate the sensitivity of the spectrum. Explicit expressions for the structured distance to the closest normal matrix, the departure from normality, and theϵ‐pseudospectrum are derived. The second part of the paper discusses applications of the theory to inverse eigenvalue problems, the construction of Chebyshev polynomial‐based Krylov subspace bases, and Tikhonov regularization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Αge‐associated Variation and Sexual Dimorphism in Adult Cranial Morphology: Implications in Anthropological Studies
Authors: Nikita Efthymia
Published: March 2012

The current paper explores the impact of age and sex on adult cranial shape and size variation in the documented collections from St Bride's and Spitalfields. The scope is to assess the extent to which it is valid to pool age and sex groups in inter‐population comparisons that use cranial data. For this purpose, age and sex differences in cranial shape and size were explored using multivariate analysis of variance, Discriminant analysis and Mann–Whitney tests. The results suggest a clear change in cranial shape with increasing age; however, this change is not statistically significant. Therefore, it is justifiable to pool different age groups in bioarchaeological analyses. Increasing age also has a minimal impact on cranial size among females, whereas among males, its impact is small but statistically significant. Finally, cranial shape and size are significantly different between males and females, irrespective of their age. This dimorphism can be used for the assessment of sex, although attention should be given to over‐classification problems when using discriminant analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the measurement of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity before and after placental laser coagulation in twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Trieu Ngoc‐Tu , Weingertner A. S. , Guerra F. , Dautun D. , Kohler M. , Vayssière C. , Nisand I. , Favre R.
Published: March 2012

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of elevated middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA‐PSV) in twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) before and after laser and its predictive value for intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) occurring within 2 to 7 days following laser.

Method

This is a 5‐year retrospective single‐center study on 86 consecutive laser procedures for TTTS. MCA‐PSV was measured prior to and 48 h following laser. We correlated perioperative MCA‐PSV and fetal survival within 7 days following laser.

Results

The incidence of elevated MCA‐PSV prior to and following laser (NS) was 8.2% to 9.7% (non significant (NS)). There was no correlation between the incidence of an elevated MCA‐PSV prior to laser and fetal survival up to 7 days after laser (NS, χ 2: 3.49). In contrast, the presence of an MCA‐PSV above 1.5 MoM 48 h following laser in the former donor puts the former donor at a higher risk for IUFD within a week after surgery [odds ratio (OR): 3.42 (interval of confidence (IC) 95%: 1.9–30.6), χ 2: 8.68, p < 0.003].

Conclusion

The occurrence of an elevated MCA‐PSV following laser is related to postoperative donor death within 2 to 7 days after laser. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of ‘isolated’ Dandy–Walker malformation: imaging findings and prenatal counselling
Authors: Guibaud Laurent , Larroque Anne , Ville Dorothée , Sanlaville Damien , Till Marianne , Gaucherand Pascal , Pracros Jean‐Pierre , des Portes Vincent
Published: March 2012

Objective

The purpose of this article is to improve prenatal imaging diagnosis and counselling for cases of ‘isolated’ Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) in the light of recent literature, which has demonstrated a potential good clinical and intellectual outcome of fetuses presenting with DWM characterised by partial vermian agenesis (identification of two fissures and three lobes) and absence of associated anatomical anomalies.

Methods

This is a retrospective observational study of six consecutive prenatal cystic posterior fossa malformations, diagnosed as DWM, encountered in a national reference centre for posterior fossa malformations over a 2‐year period.

Results

In all cases, DWM was diagnosed as isolated (without any associated central nervous system or extra‐central nervous system malformations and normal standard karyotype). Despite good‐quality imaging, including fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), prenatal analysis of the vermis was impossible because of limited identification of fissuration and lobulation. In three cases, a cytogenetic anomaly was found, including 6p subtelomeric deletion (n = 2) and partial 4qter deletion associated with partial 7p trisomy (n = 1). One fetus with 6p deletion was terminated. In four of the five postnatal cases, MRI confirmed the diagnosis of DWM but provided only limited information for vermian analysis. In one case, postnatal MRI showed a large Blake's pouch cyst with rotated but complete vermis associated with a marked mass effect on the distal part of the tentorium. Of the four babies born with postnatal diagnosis of DWM, all required ventriculoperitoneal shunting because of early postnatal hydrocephalus.

Conclusion

When fetal MRI is necessary to exclude additional cerebral lesions in the diagnosis of DWM, we highlight the inaccuracy of magnetic resonance for anatomical analysis of the vermis. We also emphasise the potential high incidence of subtelomeric anomalies in isolated DWM, especially 6p deletion. In the postnatal period, paediatricians should look for postnatal hydrocephalus even if the ventricular size is normal or slightly dilated on prenatal imaging. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron microscopic imaging of an ion beam mixed SiO2/Si interface correlated with photo‐ and cathodoluminescence
Authors: Fitting H.‐J. , Fitting Kourkoutis L. , Schmidt B. , Liedke B. , Ivanova E. V. , Zamoryanskaya M. V. , Pustovarov V. A. , Zatsepin A. F.
Published: March 2012

Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of a thin 28 nm SiO2 layer on Si substrate implanted by Si+ ions with an energy of 12 keV are reported. The maximum concentration of implanted Si+ ions is located near the SiO2–Si interface region leading there to an ion beam mixed gradual SiOX (2 ≥ x > 0) buffer region, which is even extended into the Si substrate by atomic collisions (knocking‐off and knocking‐on processes) during ion implantation. Thus, the width of this SiOX buffer layer amounts to about 30 nm extended from 10 to 40 nm depth.

The SiOX profile is demonstrated by the above given electron microscopic and spectroscopic methods. Thermal annealing leads to partial phase separation from SiOX1 to SiOX2 with x2 > x1 and silicon precipitates (partially nc‐Si) changing the photo‐ (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra especially in the near IR‐region, probably, due to the formation of Si nanoclusters and associated quantum confinement effects.
Stability criteria for continuous and discrete elastic composites and the influence of geometry on the stability of a negative‐stiffness phase
Authors: Kochmann Dennis M.
Published: March 2012

Recent experimental findings and theoretical analyses have confirmed the bound‐exceeding performance of composite materials with one constituent of so‐called negative stiffness (i.e., with non‐positive‐definite elastic moduli): the overall elastic properties greatly exceed those of the composite constituents, when the negative‐stiffness phase's properties are appropriately tuned. However, the stability of such composite materials has remained a key open question. It has been shown,e.g., that a spherical particle of a negative‐stiffness material can be stabilized when embedded in a sufficiently stiff and thick coating to impose a geometrical constraint on the negative‐stiffness phase. For general composite geometries (as those arising from actual manufacturing processes), no such investigation has been reported. We review the classical stability conditions for homogeneous linear elastic solids and outline methods to determine the sufficient stability conditions for elastic composites. In addition, a numerical technique to obtain the stability restrictions on the elastic moduli of a composite with, in principle, arbitrary geometry is presented. Based on this method, we investigate the stability of simple elastic two‐phase composites consisting of an inclusion (having non‐positive‐definite elastic moduli) embedded in a different coating material. In particular, the influence of the geometry of the encapsulated particles and the surrounding matrix is shown to considerably affect the overall stability. Our results compare the stability limits for two‐ (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) composite arrangements and provide design guidelines for optimal stability.
Beyond the quantum spin liquid concept in frustrated two dimensional organic superconductors
Authors: Clay R. T. , Dayal S. , Li H. , Mazumdar S.
Published: March 2012

The occurrence of antiferromagnetism (AFM) in κ‐(ET)2X can be understood within an effective 1/2‐filled band with dimers of ET molecules containing one hole each. We argue that while this effective model can describe the presence of AFM, a complete description for these materials requires the correct carrier density of one‐half per molecule. For dimerized and strongly frustrated 1/4‐filled lattices we show that a singlet‐paired statecoexisting with charge ordering occurs that we have termed the paired electron crystal (PEC). Here we investigate the 1/4‐filled model on a dimerized lattice, showing regions where AFM, PEC, and the Wigner‐crystal occur. We point out the need to go beyond quantum spin liquid concepts for highly frustrated materials such as κ‐(ET)2Cu2(CN)3 and β′‐EtMe3Sb[Pd(dmit)2]2 which we believe are PECs at low temperatures.
Charge ordering in low dimensional organic conductors: Structural aspects
Authors: Pouget Jean‐Paul , Foury‐Leylekian Pascale , Alemany Pere , Canadell Enric
Published: March 2012

The paper points out the importance of the coupling between anions and donors in order to achieve the 4kF charge localization observed in (TMTTF)2PF6, δ‐(EDT‐TTF‐CONMe2)2Br and (o‐DMTTF)2Cl/Br salts, the 2kF charge density wave (CDW) ground state of α‐(BEDT‐TTF)2KHg(SCN)4 and the metal to insulator transition of α‐(BEDT‐TTF)2I3. This coupling leads to a cooperative displacement wave of the anions accompanied by a modulation of the density of π holes on the donors. We distinguish two principal anion–donor coupling mechanisms: a direct mechanism via the Hartree anion potential on donor sites and an indirect mechanism via the polarization of σ bonds activated by the modification of the H bonds network. Both kinds of interaction are tuned by the relative displacement of the anions with respect to the donors.
Photoinduced charge property of Ag‐TiO2 films and its relationships with photocatalytic activity under visible illumination
Authors: Li Shudan
Published: March 2012

In this article, TiO2 films were synthesized by traditional spin coating method. To improve their photocatalytic activities, we deposited silver on these films by photodeposition. These films also were characterized by several testing techniques, such as X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflection spectrum, XPS, Raman spectroscopy (Raman), surface photovoltage spectroscopy, and SEM. The activity of different films was evaluated for degrading rhodamine B solution under visible illumination. The effects of AgNO3 solution concentration on photoinduced charge property and photocatalytic activity were investigated. The results show that the Ag‐TiO2 film immersed in 10−3 mol·L−1 AgNO3 solution exhibits higher activity, which is in good agreement with the characterization results. The weaker the surface photovoltage spectroscopy signal, the higher the photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the activity of some films is higher than that of international Degussa P‐25 TiO2 under visible illumination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a high wear resistance aluminium matrix nanoreinforced composite
Authors: Cabeza M. , Merino P. , Rey P. , Román M.
Published: March 2012

Because of the present economic conditions, the great energetic dependence on petroleum derivatives and the restrictive regulations of environmental pollution, development of new materials and processing methods has become a very important technological challenge. 7075 aluminium alloys (Al–Mg–Zn–Cu) have been widely used as structural materials in the aeronautics industry because of their attractive properties such as very low density and high specific strength, ductility, toughness and resistance to fatigue. In the last few years many studies have been carried out to enhance these properties by developing aluminium matrix microparticulate reinforced composites. These properties can be improved by the use of nanoparticulate reinforcements. In this work, some steps of the fabrication of a new advanced aluminium matrix nanoreinforced composite are analyzed. A powder metallurgy 7075 aluminium alloy was chosen as the matrix and TiC nanoparticles were used as reinforcement material. Although the manufacturing process consists of many stages (mechanical alloying, sintering, extrusion, aging treatment, etc.), in this work only mechanical alloying and sintering are considered. Microstructural characterization of samples was carried out by means of optical microscopy and SEM techniques. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the adequate distribution of the reinforcement material. Vickers hardness tests were carried out and structural changes were studied by X‐ray diffraction tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury by Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Long-Term Self-Renewing Neuroepithelial-Like Stem Cells
Authors: Fujimoto Yusuke , Abematsu Masahiko , Falk Anna , Tsujimura Keita , Sanosaka Tsukasa , Juliandi Berry , Semi Katsunori , Namihira Masakazu , Komiya Setsuro , Smith Austin , Nakashima Kinichi
Published: March 2012

Because of their ability to self-renew, to differentiate into multiple lineages, and to migrate toward a damaged site, neural stem cells (NSCs), which can be derived from various sources such as fetal tissues and embryonic stem cells, are currently considered to be promising components of cell replacement strategies aimed at treating injuries of the central nervous system, including the spinal cord. Despite their efficiency in promoting functional recovery, these NSCs are not homogeneous and possess variable characteristics depending on their derivation protocols. The advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has provided new prospects for regenerative medicine. We used a recently developed robust and stable protocol for the generation of long-term, self-renewing, neuroepithelial-like stem cells from human iPS cells (hiPS-lt-NES cells), which can provide a homogeneous and well-defined population of NSCs for standardized analysis. Here, we show that transplanted hiPS-lt-NES cells differentiate into neural lineages in the mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) and promote functional recovery of hind limb motor function. Furthermore, using two different neuronal tracers and ablation of the transplanted cells, we revealed that transplanted hiPS-lt-NES cell-derived neurons, together with the surviving endogenous neurons, contributed to restored motor function. Both types of neurons reconstructed the corticospinal tract by forming synaptic connections and integrating neuronal circuits. Our findings indicate that hiPS-lt-NES transplantation represents a promising avenue for effective cell-based treatment of SCI.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Developing and embedding inquiry‐guided learning across an institution
Authors: Jenkins Martin , Healey Mick
Published: March 2012

This chapter presents a case study of how inquiry‐guided learning has been developed and embedded within a small university in the United Kingdom. It highlights the different theoretical and conceptual frameworks that contributed to our evolving understanding of inquiry‐guided learning and the importance of recognizing and working with disciplinary differences.
Inquiry‐guided learning in New Zealand: From an appetizer to an entrée
Authors: O'Steen Billy , Spronken‐Smith Rachel
Published: March 2012

This chapter describes a range of inquiry‐guided learning methods from an “appetizer” to an “entrée” approach at two universities in New Zealand. Suggestions are provided for instructors and course designers considering using an inquiry approach.
Precision and shortcomings of yaw error estimation using spinner‐based light detection and ranging
Authors: Kragh Knud A. , Hansen Morten H. , Mikkelsen Torben
Published: March 2012

When extracting energy from the wind using horizontal axis wind turbines, the ability to align the rotor axis with the mean wind direction is crucial. In previous work, a method for estimating the yaw error based on measurements from a spinner mounted light detection and ranging (LIDAR) device was developed and tested. In this study, the simulation parameter space is extended to include higher levels of turbulence intensity. Furthermore, the method is applied to experimental data and compared with met‐mast data corrected for a calibration error that was not discovered during previous work. Finally, the shortcomings of using a spinner mounted LIDAR for yaw error estimation are discussed. The extended simulation study shows that with the applied method, the yaw error can be estimated with a precision of a few degrees, even in highly turbulent flows. Applying the method to experimental data reveals an average yaw error of approximately 9° during a period of 2 h, and good correlation is seen between LIDAR‐based estimates and met‐mast data. The final discussion suggests a number of challenges of the method when applied to measurements in complex flow. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Estimate of the Number of Lives that Could be Saved through Improvements in Trauma Care Globally
Authors: Mock Charles , Joshipura Manjul , Arreola‐Risa Carlos , Quansah Robert
Published: March 2012

Background

Reducing the global burden of injury requires both injury prevention and improved trauma care. We sought to provide an estimate of the number of lives that could be saved by improvements in trauma care, especially in low income and middle income countries.

Methods

Prior data showed differences in case fatality rates for seriously injured persons (Injury Severity Score ≥9) in three separate locations: Seattle, WA (high income; case fatality 35%); Monterrey, Mexico (middle income; case fatality 55%); and Kumasi, Ghana (low income; case fatality 63%). For the present study, total numbers of injury deaths in all countries in different economic strata were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease study. The number of lives that could potentially be saved from improvements in trauma care globally was calculated as the difference in current number of deaths from trauma in low income and middle income countries minus the number of deaths that would have occurred if case fatality rates in these locations were decreased to the case fatality rate in high income countries.

Results

Between 1,730,000 and 1,965,000 lives could be saved in low income and middle income countries if case fatality rates among seriously injured persons could be reduced to those in high income countries. This amounts to 34–38% of all injury deaths.

Conclusions

A significant number of lives could be saved by improvements in trauma care globally. This is another piece of evidence in support of investment in and greater attention to strengthening trauma care services globally.
International Migration and Educational Assortative Mating in Mexico and the United States
Authors: Choi Kate H. , Mare Robert D.
Published: March 2012

This paper examines the relationship between migration and marriage by describing how the distributions of marital statuses and assortative mating patterns vary by individual and community experiences of migration. In Mexico, migrants and those living in areas with high levels of out-migration are more likely to be in heterogamous unions. This is because migration increases the relative attractiveness of single return migrants while disproportionately reducing the number of marriageable men in local marriage markets. In the United States, the odds of homogamy are lower for migrants compared with nonmigrants; however, they do not vary depending on the volume of migration in communities. Migrants are more likely than nonmigrants to “marry up” educationally because the relatively small size of this group compels them to expand their pool of potential spouses to include nonmigrants, who tend to be better educated than they are. Among migrants, the odds of marrying outside of one’s education group increase the most among the least educated. In Mexican communities with high rates of out-migration, the odds of marrying outside of one’s education group are highest among those with the highest level of education. These findings suggest that migration disrupts preferences and opportunities for homogamy by changing social arrangements and normative climates.
Uncertainty in Clergy's Perspectives on Homosexuality: A Research Note
Authors: Cadge Wendy , Girouard Jennifer , Olson Laura R. , Lylerohr Madison
Published: March 2012

This research note analyzes expressions of uncertainty in clergy's perspectives on homosexuality. We conducted interviews with forty Christian clergy who lead congregations in the vicinity of one large southeastern US city. Seven in ten clergy interviewed expressed uncertainty in their personal opinions about homosexuality, uncertainty about how they should act pursuant to the issue, or both. We describe clergy's experiences with these uncertainties and analyze the patterns in which it appears in their opinions and actions regarding homosexuality. The nuance evident in these patterns illustrates how a range of superseding factors influence clergy's opinions about homosexuality and the extent to which they feel constrained in taking action with regard to the issue. We argue for the conceptual value of a framework that provides space for analysis of uncertainty in public opinion about contentious social issues such as homosexuality.
Family structure and income during the stages of childhood and subsequent prosocial behavior in young adulthood
Authors: Bandy Robert , Ottoni‐Wilhelm Mark
Published: March 2012

This study investigated whether family structure transition and low income are risk factors in the development of prosocial behavior. Models of young adults’ prosocial behavior – charitable giving and volunteering – were estimated as functions of their family structure and income during the stages of childhood. Participants were a representative sample of 1011 American young adults. In the full sample, family structure transition during adolescence was negatively associated with subsequent charitable giving in young adulthood. Low income during adolescence was negatively associated with both giving and volunteering in young adulthood. European‐American young men also exhibited a negative association between family structure transition during adolescence and subsequent volunteering. The results did not seem to describe African‐American young adults. Keeping this qualification in mind, the results suggest that adolescence is a sensitive stage in the development of charitable giving and volunteering.
Modelling reproduction ofPlutella xylostellaL. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): climate change may modify pest incidence levels
Authors: Marchioro C.A. , Foerster L.A.
Published: March 2012

Temperature is considered to be an important abiotic factor influencing insect reproduction. Despite the importance ofPlutella xylostellaL. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) as a pest of brassicaceous crops worldwide, the effects of temperature on its reproduction are not well understood. We evaluated the effect of constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 32.5°C on the reproduction ofP. xylostellaand developed an oviposition model for the species. The model combined temperature-dependent parameters of total fecundity, age-specific oviposition rate and age-specific survival. Additionally, we modelled population growth as a function of temperature. The estimated parameters allowed us to discuss the possible consequences of global warming onP. xylostelladistribution. Temperature affected the length of pre-oviposition after adult emergence, oviposition period, longevity, total fecundity and egg viability. The model predicted that both daily egg production and length of oviposition period decreased at temperatures below 15°C and above 25°C. Population growth increased linearly with temperature in a range from 10°C to 25°C; however, the model predicted a reduction in population growth at temperatures above 28.6°C. Data suggested that temperature plays a critical role inP. xylostellareproduction, and subtle differences in average temperature could have an impact on its population growth. This is especially important in the context of global climate change, which in turn could alter the distribution and abundance of the pest in some regions of the world.
The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection
Authors: Milner J. Justin , Beck Melinda A.
Published: March 2012

There is strong evidence indicating that excess adiposity negatively impacts immune function and host defence in obese individuals. This is a review of research findings concerning the impact of obesity on the immune response to infection, including a discussion of possible mechanisms. Obesity is characterised by a state of low-grade, chronic inflammation in addition to disturbed levels of circulating nutrients and metabolic hormones. The impact of these metabolic abnormalities on obesity-related comorbidities has undergone intense scrutiny over the past decade. However, relatively little is known of how the immune system and host defence are influenced by the pro-inflammatory and excess energy milieu of the obese. Epidemiological data suggest obese human subjects are at greater risk for nosocomial infections, especially following surgery. Additionally, the significance of altered immunity in obese human subjects is emphasised by recent studies reporting obesity to be an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following infection with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Rodent models offer important insight into how metabolic abnormalities associated with excess body weight can impair immunity. However, more research is necessary to understand the specific aspects of immunity that are impaired and what factors are contributing to reduced immunocompetence in the obese. Additionally, special consideration of how infection in this at-risk population is managed is required, given that this population may not respond optimally to antimicrobial drugs and vaccination. Obesity impacts millions globally, and greater understanding of its associated physiological disturbances is a key public health concern.
Energy restriction and the prevention of breast cancer
Authors: Harvie Michelle , Howell Anthony
Published: March 2012

Energy restriction (ER) to control weight is a potential strategy for breast cancer prevention. The protective effects of habitual continuous energy restriction (CER) and weight loss on breast tumour formation have been conclusively demonstrated in animal studies over the past 100 years, and more recently in women using data from observational studies and bariatric surgery. Intermittent energy restriction (IER) and intermittent fasting (IF) are possible alternative preventative approaches which may be easier for individuals to undertake and possibly more effective than standard CER. Here, we summarise the available data on CER, IER and IF with special emphasis on their potential for breast cancer prevention. In animals, IER is superior or equivalent to CER with the exception of carcinogen-induced tumour models when initiated soon after carcinogen exposure. There are no human data on IER and breast cancer risk, but three studies demonstrated IER and CER to be equivalent for weight loss. IF regimens also reduce mammary tumour formation in animal models and also led to weight loss in human subjects, but have not been directly compared with CER. Animal and some human data suggest that both IER and IF may differ mechanistically compared with CER and may bring about greater reduction in hepatic and visceral fat stores, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and cell proliferation, and increased insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. Although IER and IF were first studied 65 years ago, we conclude that further studies are required to assess their values compared with CER.
Believing in Reincarnation
Authors: Burley Mikel
Published: March 2012

Is it absurd to believe that, in the absence of bodily continuity, personal identity could be retained? Bernard Williams argued for an affirmative answer to this question partly on the basis of a well-known thought experiment. Some other philosophers, including D. Z. Phillips, have accepted, or appear to have accepted, Williams’ conclusion. Yet the argument has the consequence of dismissing as absurd the sorts of reincarnation beliefs which, within their proper contexts, have a meaningful role in the lives of many millions of people. Drawing upon philosophical work by David Cockburn, and also on anthropological studies concerning reincarnation beliefs, this paper questions the extent to which ostensibly meaningful beliefs can be deemed unintelligible in the absence of careful attention to their cultural contexts.
Early morphological decomposition of suffixed words: Masked priming evidence with transposed-letter nonword primes
Authors: BEYERSMANN ELISABETH , DUÑABEITIA JON ANDONI , CARREIRAS MANUEL , COLTHEART MAX , CASTLES ANNE
Published: March 2012

Many studies have previously reported that the recognition of a stem target (e.g.,teach) is facilitated by the prior masked presentation of a prime consisting of a derived form of it (e.g.,teacher). We conducted two lexical decision experiments to investigate masked morphological priming in Spanish. Experiment 1 showed that equal magnitudes of masked stem-target priming are obtained for both morphologically complex word primes (e.g.,doloroso-DOLOR[painful-PAIN]) and morphologically complex nonword primes that included letter transpositions within the stem (e.g.,dlooroso-DOLOR). Experiment 2 used morphologically complex nonword primes comprising lexically illegal combinations of stems and suffixes (e.g.,total + ito[a little total]). Priming was obtained for morphologically related nonword primes (e.g.,totalito-TOTAL), but not for nonword primes that included letter transpositions within the pseudostem (e.g.,ttoalito-TOTAL). Our data suggest that morphoorthographic parsing mechanisms benefit from semantic constraints at early stages in the reading system, which we discuss in the context of current morphological processing accounts.
Processing of regular and irregular past tense morphology in highly proficient second language learners of English: A self-paced reading study
Authors: PLIATSIKAS CHRISTOS , MARINIS THEODOROS
Published: March 2012

Dual-system models suggest that English past tense morphology involves two processing routes: rule application for regular verbs and memory retrieval for irregular verbs. In second language (L2) processing research, Ullman suggested that both verb types are retrieved from memory, but more recently Clahsen and Felser and Ullman argued that past tense rule application can be automatized with experience by L2 learners. To address this controversy, we tested highly proficient Greek–English learners with naturalistic or classroom L2 exposure compared to native English speakers in a self-paced reading task involving past tense forms embedded in plausible sentences. Our results suggest that, irrespective to the type of exposure, proficient L2 learners of extended L2 exposure apply rule-based processing.
Are abstract and concrete concepts organized differently? Evidence from the blocked translation paradigm
Authors: ZHANG XIAOHONG , HAN ZAIZHU , BI YANCHAO
Published: March 2012

Using the blocked-translation paradigm with healthy participants, we examined Crutch and Warrington's hypothesis that concrete and abstract concepts are organized by distinct principles: concrete concepts by semantic similarities and abstract ones by associations. In three experiments we constructed two types of experimental blocking (similar vs. associative) for both abstract and concrete words. In Experiment 1, we first attempted to transfer previous findings observed in patients by Crutch and Warrington with semantic impairment to healthy participants. In Experiment 2 only noun stimuli were used, and we further included two semantically categorical conditions that differed by a degree of semantic similarity (close vs. distant). In Experiment 3, verbs were used exclusively. Consistent results were obtained across all three experiments: Significant interference effects were observed for abstract items that were blocked by an associative relationship and by a semantic similarity, and for concrete items that were blocked by a semantic similarity (category) but not when they were blocked by an association. The effect of similarity-close was greater than that of similarity-distant in the noun experiment. We argue that the results are in conflict with Crutch and Warrington's proposals, and can be accommodated by a theory of cooperating similarity and association connections for concrete and abstract concepts, with the association bearing more weight for abstract concepts.