bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geriatric Acute and Post-Acute Fall Prevention Intervention (GAPcare) II to Assess the Use of the Apple Watch in Older Emergency Department Patients With Falls: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Strauss Daniel H , Davoodi Natalie M , Healy Margaret , Metts Christopher L , Merchant Roland C , Banskota Swechya , Goldberg Elizabeth M
Published: March 2021

Background

Falls are a common problem among older adults that lead to injury, emergency department (ED) visits, and institutionalization. The Apple Watch can detect falls and alert caregivers and clinicians that help is needed; the device could also be used to objectively collect data on gait, fitness, and falls as part of clinical trials. However, little is known about the ease of use of this technology among older adult ED patients, a population at high risk of recurrent falls.

Objective

The goal of this study—the Geriatric Acute and Post-Acute Fall Prevention Intervention (GAPcare) II—is to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of the Apple Watch Series 4 paired with the iPhone and our research app Rhode Island FitTest (RIFitTest) among older adult ED patients seeking care for falls.

Methods

We will conduct field-testing with older adult ED patients (n=25) who sustained a fall and their caregivers (n=5) to determine whether they can use the Apple Watch, iPhone, and app either (1) continuously or (2) periodically, with or without telephone assistance from the research staff, to assess gait, fitness, and/or falls over time. During the initial encounter, participants will receive training in the Apple Watch, iPhone, and our research app. They will receive an illustrated training manual and a number to call if they have questions about the research protocol or device usage. Participants will complete surveys and cognitive and motor assessments on the app during the study period. At the conclusion of the study, we will solicit participant feedback through semistructured interviews. Qualitative data will be summarized using framework matrix analyses. Sensor and survey response data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Recruitment began in December 2019 and was on pause from April 2020 until September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Study recruitment will continue until 30 participants are enrolled. This study has been approved by the Rhode Island Hospital Institutional Review Board (approval 1400781-16).

Conclusions

GAPcare II will provide insights into the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of the Apple Watch, iPhone, and the RIFitTest app in the population most likely to benefit from the technology: older adults at high risk of recurrent falls. In the future, wearables could be used as part of fall prevention interventions to prevent injury before it occurs.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04304495; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04304495

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/24455
Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Real-Life Clinical Practice: Systematic Review
Authors: Yin Jiamin , Ngiam Kee Yuan , Teo Hock Hai
Published: March 2021

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are growing at an unprecedented pace in health care, including disease diagnosis, triage or screening, risk analysis, surgical operations, and so forth. Despite a great deal of research in the development and validation of health care AI, only few applications have been actually implemented at the frontlines of clinical practice.

Objective

The objective of this study was to systematically review AI applications that have been implemented in real-life clinical practice.

Methods

We conducted a literature search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and CINAHL to identify relevant articles published between January 2010 and May 2020. We also hand searched premier computer science journals and conferences as well as registered clinical trials. Studies were included if they reported AI applications that had been implemented in real-world clinical settings.

Results

We identified 51 relevant studies that reported the implementation and evaluation of AI applications in clinical practice, of which 13 adopted a randomized controlled trial design and eight adopted an experimental design. The AI applications targeted various clinical tasks, such as screening or triage (n=16), disease diagnosis (n=16), risk analysis (n=14), and treatment (n=7). The most commonly addressed diseases and conditions were sepsis (n=6), breast cancer (n=5), diabetic retinopathy (n=4), and polyp and adenoma (n=4). Regarding the evaluation outcomes, we found that 26 studies examined the performance of AI applications in clinical settings, 33 studies examined the effect of AI applications on clinician outcomes, 14 studies examined the effect on patient outcomes, and one study examined the economic impact associated with AI implementation.

Conclusions

This review indicates that research on the clinical implementation of AI applications is still at an early stage despite the great potential. More research needs to assess the benefits and challenges associated with clinical AI applications through a more rigorous methodology.
Estimulación cognitiva, una aproximación al pensamiento computacional
Authors: Ramírez Torres Fátima
Published: March 2021

El pensamiento computacional (PC) implica una serie de procesos del pensamiento básicos y complejos, tales como la creatividad, la atención, la sensopercepción, el análisis. El PC principalmente se ha aplicado en áreas tecnológicas como la informática, específicamente en la programación. A través de este se busca dar solución de forma creativa mediante la tecnología a problemáticas en ámbitos como el laboral y el social.  Zapata-Ros (2015), Iglesias y Bordignon, Gallardo y Prieto, así como Zapotecatl hacen referencia a las habilidades tanto de pensamiento como blandas que una persona adquiere con el PC. Una vez que una persona se enfrenta a una problemática, debe poner a disposición de la solución su capacidad de tolerancia a la frustración, su perseverancia, análisis, su flexibilidad para lograr una mejor adaptación a las situaciones que se le presenten.
Propuesta de la Ciudad de México para la formación ciudadana a través de su Bachillerato en Línea
Authors: Vadillo Guadalupe , Bucio Jackeline , Valdez Pereznuñez Uladimir , López Enríquez Cecilia , Pineda Ortega Vania Jocelyn , Terrazas Omar , Valencia Saravia Pilar
Published: March 2021

Este artículo describe el propósito, diseño y modelos educativo, de gestión y tecnológico del Bachillerato en línea Pilares que la Ciudad de México ofrece a través de su Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SECTEI). El grupo académico del Bachillerato a Distancia de la UNAM estuvo a cargo de la adaptación y actualización de un programa híbrido que había SECTEI le había solicitado en 2017. En ambas fases este programa cubre las funciones de preparación para la educación superior y para el trabajo, y enfatiza la correspondiente a formación ciudadana. Se puntualizan las restricciones de diseño y las soluciones que se incorporaron para lograr un bachillerato completo, actualizado en contenidos y totalmente en línea que puede consultarse enteramente en dispositivos móviles con una buena experiencia de usuario.
El bachillerato de la Ciudad de México: experiencias, retos y desafíos en el contexto interinstitucional actual
Authors: Jurado Cuéllar Silvia Estela , Álvarez Torres Miguel Ángel , Hernández Nolasco Neftalí
Published: March 2021

Los problemas actuales en educación requieren que las instituciones generen iniciativas y planteen espacios para el trabajo conjunto. La Secretaría de Educación Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (SECTEI) y el Instituto de Educación Media Superior (IEMS), mediante una experiencia inédita, han sentado las bases para un ambiente de trabajo interinstitucional con los subsistemas de bachillerato de la Ciudad de México, a través del Seminario de Fortalecimiento del Bachillerato (SEFOBA) y el 1er Encuentro interinstitucional de fortalecimiento e innovación educativa del bachillerato de la Ciudad de México 2021. Estas acciones han redundado en constituir un vínculo para el trabajo académico, el intercambio de experiencias, el apoyo mutuo y promueven que se vaya configurando la identidad del bachillerato de la Ciudad de México.
Un viaje a través de 25 años de Ed Tech de la mano de Martin Weller
Authors: Bucio Jackeline
Published: March 2021

Se presenta una reseña del libro 25 Years of Ed Tech de Martin Weller (2020), donde el autor propone un recorrido histórico y crítico a través de 25 tecnologías digitales o conceptos, uno por año desde 1994 y hasta 2018, que han tenido un impacto en la educación. Se comentan las críticas que Weller realiza a ejemplos concretos de uso de tecnología en la educación, y se comenta la visión que el autor propone para los siguientes 25 años en el ámbito de la tecnología educativa.
Advertencia editorial
Authors: Castro Miguel Ángel , Godinas Laurette
Published: March 2021

Presentación de la portada y banner del número actual de Bibliographica.
Libros y objetos obscenos en Nueva España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII
Authors: López Hernández Mariana
Published: March 2021

Las pinturas y la literatura obscenas fueron prohibidas por el Santo Oficio español desde el siglo XVI hasta principios del XIX. Sin embargo, el análisis de varios expedientes inquisitoriales demuestra que tal censura no impidió su circulación en el virreinato de Nueva España. La riqueza de esas fuentes primarias permite ofrecer en estas páginas un panorama de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII que abarca a los poseedores, los usos y las características de las obras consideradas obscenas por la autoridad inquisitorial.
Aproximación a la historia literaria del derecho de autor en la edición chilena de libros, 1776-1900
Authors: Farías Ascencio Eduardo
Published: March 2021

Esta investigación ahonda en la historia literaria del derecho de autor en la edición de libros en Chile, durante un primer periodo (entre 1776 y 1900), historia que se nos muestra en el peritexto editorial sobre derecho de autor que aparece actualmente en la hoja legal. Los objetivos son hallar el primer peritexto editorial sobre derecho de autor en la edición chilena de libros y abstraer los modelos literarios usados en esos peritextos editoriales, junto con su desarrollo histórico. El artículo aporta una mirada a una historia literaria alternativa a la de la literatura, una historia literaria de editores, escrita en los peritextos editoriales de dicha normativa. La relevancia radica en la investigación sobre esta otra historia literaria y en su complejidad. En la historia del libro en Chile, el peritexto editorial de derecho de autor tiene los antecedentes de la licencia católica de impresión y la licencia estatal de impresión.
KAITAN PERKEMBANGAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN ASPEK-ASPEK DAKWAH MASA DINASTI ABBASIYAH DALAM KONTEKS KEKINIAN
Authors: Mahlil Mahlil
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Abbasid dynasty had succeeded in placing the Islamic world at the pinnacle of world civilization. The achievements at that time were inseparable from the role of dakwah activities which were very comprehensive so that they were able to target all lines of community life. The synergy between the rulers and the people during the Abbasid government was proven to be able to give birth to many disciplines, not only religious knowledge, which in fact originated from the Al-Qur'an and hadith, but also gave birth to many general sciences such as medicine, philosophy, chemistry, economic and other science. The Khalifah as the holder of power supports a lot of preaching and scientific activities, this is evidenced by the construction of many supporting facilities and infrastructure such as mosques, madrasas, libraries and hospitals. In addition, the openness of Abbasid civilization also brought in people from various parts of the world, not only from Arab circles, people from Persians, Chinese, European, Indian and African who took part in filling in the diversity of scientific developments there. Then the economic condition of the community also has a very good record, such as in the field of Abbasid trade in its time as the center of world trade, as well as the agricultural sector, the Abbasid community is known to be prosperous, and has a very good life order. Therefore, the Abbasid dynasty could easily be applied in life in the current era, by building cooperation between the rulers and the community in developing da'wah because with the existence of a strong dakwah it was not lame in accordance with its essence and also followed the mission of da'wah so that it could be perfect, there needs to be good cooperation.
ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO TERHADAP KEJADIAN PENYAKIT TUBERKULOSIS DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PIDIE KABUPATEN PIDIE TAHUN 2019
Authors: Fahdhienie Farrah , Agustina Agustina , Ramadhana Phossy Vionica
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko yang paling besar dialami oleh penderita penyakit Tuberkulosis di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pidie Kabupaten Pidie tahun 2019. Metodologi yang digunakan pada penelitian bersifat deskriptif analitik dilakukan menggunakan desain case control dengan perbandingan 1:1 sebanyak 26 responden. Data yang dikumpulkan dilakukan analisis multivariat menggunakan uji logistic regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelembapan merupakan faktor risiko yang paling berisiko mengalami penyakit tuberkulosis (OR = 4.26 ; CI 95% = 1.19 – 15.29). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, dari variabel kelembapan, kepadatan hunian, riwayat kontak serumah, pendapatan, jenis kelamin, dan umur, yang memiliki risiko paling besar terhadap kejadian penyakit tuberkulosis yaitu kelembapan. Disarankan agar responden lebih memperhatikan tingkat kelembapan rumah dengan memperhatikan tingkat cahaya dan sirkulasi udara yang masuk agar mengurangi faktor risiko terjadinya tuberkulosis.

This study aims to determine the risk factors with the greatest risk of experiencing tuberculosis in the work area of Pidie Pidie District Health Center in 2019. The methodology used in this descriptive analytic study was carried out using a case control design with a ratio of 1: 1 of 26 respondents. Data collected was done by multivariate analysis using logistic regression tests. The results showed that humidity was the most risk factor for tuberculosis (OR = 4.26; 95% CI = 1.19 - 15.29). It can be concluded that, from the variable humidity, occupancy density, household contact history, income, sex, and age, the one that has the greatest risk of tuberculosis is humidity. It is recommended that respondents pay more attention to the humidity level of the house by paying attention to the level of light and air circulation that enters in order to reduce the risk factors for tuberculosis.
Bitacora - Draws performative form a body performative
Authors: Jhon Alexander Barreto Guerra
Published: March 2021

Researching about the concept the carnaval body in Latinoamerica
Pancreatitis aguda: una complicación infrecuente de las gastrostomías por migración del balón interno. Reporte de un caso y revisión de literatura
Authors: Marulanda Fernández Hernando , Otero Regino William , Otero Elder
Published: March 2021

La pancreatitis aguda secundaria a la obstrucción de la papila mayor causada por la migración del balón interno es uno de los efectos secundarios poco frecuentes, pero potencialmente graves relacionados con el uso de gastrostomías endoscópicas percutáneas (PEG). Hasta ahora solo existen 15 casos reportados en el mundo, presentamos el que para nuestro conocimiento sería el caso número 16 en la literatura internacional.
Derivación biliodigestiva guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica en paciente con adenocarcinoma de páncreas y obstrucción de la vía biliar estadio IV: reporte de caso
Authors: Martin Montero Wilmar Alfredo , Manrique Acevedo Maria Eugenia
Published: March 2021

La endosonografía endoscópica es una alternativa que sirve como guía para la realización de derivaciones biliodigestivas en los casos en los que la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) ha fallado. Se han descrito técnicas como la coledocoduodenostomía o coledocoantrostomía guiadas por ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE).

Se describe el caso de una paciente de 72 años con adenocarcinoma de páncreas, compromiso portal y de paredes duodenales, en quien se usó la CPRE para intentar una derivación paliativa y fue fallida, por lo cual se realizó la colocación de un stent metálico guiado por endosonografía endoscópica, con adecuada respuesta clínica al tratamiento. En conclusión, el procedimiento es seguro y la endosonografía es una vía alterna efectiva en los casos de CPRE fallidas para lograr derivaciones biliares en casos de obstrucción de la vía biliar de origen maligno.
Spinal cord regeneration: A brief overview of present scenario and a sneak peek into the future
Authors: Srivastava Ekta , Singh Anamika , Kumar Ashok
Published: March 2021

Central nervous system (CNS) portrays appreciable complexity in
developing from a neural tube to controlling major functions of the body
and orchestrated co-ordination in maintaining its homeostasis. Any
insult or pathology to such an organized tissue leads to a plethora of
events ranging from local hypoxia, ischemia, oxidative stress to
reactive gliosis and scarring. Despite unravelling the pathophysiology
of spinal cord injury (SCI) and linked cellular and molecular mechanism,
the over exhaustive inflammatory response at the site of injury, limited
intrinsic regeneration capability of CNS, and the dual role of glial
scar halts the expected accomplishment. The review discusses major
current treatment approaches for traumatic SCI, addressing their
limitation and scope for further development in the field under three
main categories- neuroprotection, neuro-regeneration, and
neuroplasticity. We further propose that a multi-disciplinary
combinatorial treatment approach exploring any two or all three heads
simultaneously could alleviate the inhibitory milieu and ameliorate
functional recovery.
Multiple Incentive Contracts Result in Increased Costs—Or Do They?
Authors: Muretta Robert
Published: March 2021

Department of Defense (DoD) incentive contracts usually contain a predetermined formula for profit or fee adjustment based upon the actual cost outcome. Additional incentives can also be included, provided that a cost incentive (or constraint) also exists. Historically, DoD incentive contracts containing multiple incentives exceeded their cost targets 20% more frequently than those containing only a cost incentive. The author conducted a factor analysis to compare incentive contract outcomes between the DoD and other government agencies to determine if any underlying factors exist. One factor identified that the frequency in which schedule incentives and penalties are utilized is agency-centric, and increased use correlates to better schedule outcomes. Moreover, cost outcomes are not associated with that factor. The non-DoD agencies in this sample used predetermined cost constraints coupled with schedule incentives and/or penalties versus cost-plus incentive/fixed-price incentive (CPI/FPI) cost sharing structures with additional incentives.
Developmental Test and Requirements: Best Practices of Successful Information Systems Using Agile Methods
Authors: Kramer Jeremy , Wagner Torrey
Published: March 2021

This article provides insights into the current state of developmental testing (DT) and requirements management in Department of Defense information systems employing Agile development. The authors describe the study methodology and provide an overview of Agile development and testing. Insights are described for requirements, detailed planning, test execution, and reporting. This work articulates best practices related to DT and requirements management strategies for programs employing modernized Software Development Life Cycle practices.
Increasing Value and Savings in Shipbuilding With Innovative Technologies
Authors: Ford David , Housel Tom
Published: March 2021

To effectively and efficiently build and fund the projected larger fleet, the U.S. Navy must reduce costs while meeting mission needs by leveraging the full benefits of new technologies. Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning (3DLS), additive manufacturing (AM), and product life-cycle management (PLM) may be able to provide such benefits. The current work tests this hypothesis by estimating potential cost savings and return on investment (ROI) to assess the impacts of these commercially available technologies on naval shipbuilding. Results indicate that very large savings and increased value are possible by adopting and using these technologies. The conclusions enumerate insights about how technology can increase value and reduce costs in shipbuilding.
Studying Acquisition Strategy Formulation of Incremental Development Approaches
Authors: Mortlock Robert
Published: March 2021

This is a study of the challenges that acquisition professionals confront in formulating the Department of Defense’s preferred acquisition–incremental development. The research surveys acquisition professionals to recommend the components of an acquisition strategy associated with a typical acquisition program undergoing program/project milestone review and approval. This work provides insights into how program managers use typical programmatic decision inputs (requirements, technology maturity, risk, urgency, and funding) to formulate the components of an acquisition strategy. The results suggest that acquisition policy should perhaps require a justification for most programs of record if an incremental development approach is not planned. Adoption of the recommended acquisition policy changes would make the defense acquisition system more responsive to the warfighter by fielding improved capability as quickly as possible and reducing risk of the eventual delivery of the full required capability.
The Influence of US Dollar Funding Conditions on Asian Financial Markets
Authors: Lee Junkyu , Rosenkranz Peter , Ramayandi Arief , Pham Hoang
Published: March 2021

Amid high reliance on United States (US) dollar-denominated funding, this paper finds changes in exchange rates affect sovereign credit risk premiums in selected emerging Asian economies.
A novel distant target region detection method using hybrid saliency-based attention model under complex textures
Authors: Ko Jaepil , Cheoi Kyung
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a hybrid visual attention model to effectively detect a distant target is proposed. The model employs the human visual attention mechanism and consists of two models, the training model, and the detection model. In the training model, some of the features are selected to train in the process of extracting and combining the early visual features from the training image of the target by bottom-up manner, and these features are trained and accumulated as trained data. When the image containing the target is input into the detection model, a task of selectively promoting only features of the target using pre-trained data is performed. As a result, the desired target is detected through the saliency map created as a result of the feature combination. The model has been tested on various images, and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model detected the target more accurately and faster than other previous models.
The application of virtual reality technology in the digital preservation of cultural heritage
Authors: Zhong Hong , Wang Leilei , Zhang Heqing
Published: March 2021

Virtual reality technology involves computer graphics, artificial intelligence, network, sensor technology and many other aspects. It can use the powerful computing and graphics processing capabilities of computers to provide alternatives to the original and express its visual, tactile, and auditory technical means. According to archaeological research data And documentary records, virtual reconstruction and simulated display of the cultural heritage that has been wiped out. "Digital protection" of cultural heritage is a new way of protection, relying on computer technology, and the use of digital equipment to collect, save, process, output and disseminate the required information, including databases established on computer systems, So as to achieve the purpose of information sharing and dissemination. This article mainly studies the application research of virtual reality technology in the digital preservation of cultural heritage. Create an immersive environment for users, display the objects realistically in the virtual reality system, thereby digitizing the technical protection of cultural heritage; secondly, use the virtual environment model of material cultural protection to build and use the terrain to generate and edit The device imitates the terrain of the natural world to achieve its position and the effect of being in it. Finally, the radial basis function is used to calculate the value in the virtual environment, so that the digital preservation of cultural heritage is more accurate. Experimental data shows that 35.54% and 64.46% of users are more likely to use the handle to interact with three-dimensional objects. They believe that the speed of the handle has changed and the control is more precise. Experimental results show that: The virtual environment reality technology specification is more efficient than the original technology in the process of digitizing cultural heritage.
Network analysis of social awareness of media education for primary school students studied through big data
Authors: Jeong Su-Jeong , Kim Byung-Man
Published: March 2021

One of the core competencies of students who want to improve in future education in the 21st century is the ability to utilize media. Primary school students entering the school age can be regarded as the right time for media education because of their high adaptability and capacity for media. The purpose of this study is to examine the social debate about media education in Korean society, how media education is being conducted in this important primary school period. For this study, big data was collected in the last 5 years (2014.08.07- 2019.08.07) from internet portal sites with keywords of ?primary school media education? and ?primary school media literacy?. The data collected with Textom and Ucinet 6.0 was utilized as a data analysis solution. Semantic network analysis, CONCOR analysis, and content analysis were used as data analysis methodology. As the result of CONCOR analysis of 'Primary school Media Education' in this study, 'Direction of future education in the era of the 4th industrial revolution', 'Preparation for future education', 'Various factors related to expansion of future education program', 'Expansion to Four factors were derived, including ?Application to advanced classes' factor. In the 4th industrial revolution, primary school students are using media and digital devices in class. In particular, it was confirmed that not only curriculum for academic subjects such as English and Mathematics, but also new curriculum for new subjects such as coding, big data education are actively being conducted in the education field. Accordingly, it is revealed that it is the right time to provide future education that can have a sound digital identity so that media education can be achieved in a media-friendly local community and educational environment.
Machine learning based distributed big data analysis framework for next generation web in IoT
Authors: Singh Sushil , Cha Jeonghun , Kim Tae , Park Jong
Published: March 2021

For the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Next Generation Web, various applications have emerged to process structured or unstructured data. Latency, accuracy, load balancing, centralization, and others are issues on the cloud layer of transferring the IoT data. Machine learning is an emerging technology for big data analytics in IoT applications. Traditional data analyzing and processing techniques have several limitations, such as centralization and load managing in a massive amount of data. This paper introduces a Machine Learning Based Distributed Big Data Analysis Framework for Next Generation Web in IoT. We are utilizing feature extraction and data scaling at the edge layer paradigm for processing the data. Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is adopting in the cloud layer for classification and big data analysis in IoT. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed distributed framework has a more reliable performance than the traditional framework.
Higher order symmetric duality for multiobjective fractional programming problems over cones
Authors: Kaur Arshpreet , Sharma Mahesh
Published: March 2021

This article studies a pair of higher order nondifferentiable symmetric fractional programming problem over cones. First, higher order cone convex function is introduced. Then using the properties of this function, duality results are set up, which give the legitimacy of the pair of primal dual symmetric model.
醫在天官: 中國古代醫學的知識論地位及其與道德的關係
Authors: CHENG Guobin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在中國古典知識論當中，醫學（以及所有的技藝之學）與先王之法、諸子之藝本為一體，後世所謂“醫儒相通”、“醫易相通”之說源起於此。但知識論上的共同起源並不能保證醫學在歷史流變中能夠保持其地位，經過春秋時期諸子興起、學術分裂，和《漢書．藝文志》對古典知識體系進行的分類排列，醫學的知識論地位及醫者的社會地位便一路下行，諸子，尤其是儒學與技藝之學的高下、先後、體用次第關係逐漸被固定下來。到宋代援儒入醫，以“仁術”統攝之，在某種意義上進一步貶低了醫學作為技藝之學這一維度，將其落實為幫助儒家實現“仁”之價值目標的工具。經過這一知識論分裂和儒學反身侵入的知識學改造，醫學知識內部的“目的之善”與“技藝之善”的割裂也隨之加劇，再也不能回歸到原始醫家熔融自在的自然純樸狀態。所以，想要超越今天西方因為天人二分、醫學技術與道德分離等問題而形成的倫理難題與道德困境，建構一種有效的“中國醫學倫理學”，恐怕不能用“天人合一”、“醫儒相通”等大而化之的概念輕易穿越，還有大量艱苦的工作需要一步步的來完成。This essay offers a genealogy of medical epistemology in ancient China, which, unfortunately, lost its independent status after the Song Dynasty, when Confucian morality became the dominant discourse in all disciplines, including medicine. The author challenges the common view held by Confucian scholars that medicine does not constitute a self-contained domain of activity with its own morality and ethics, because it is seen as a realm of “applied ethics.” This view makes medicine, medical techniques, and medical ethics instruments for the embodiment and actualization of the Confucian virtue of benevolence (ren), but undermines the complexity of medicine and medical practice.It is concluded that the moralization of medicine can be a dangerous practice. It is equally dangerous when ancient Chinese ideas such as “the unity of heaven and humanity” (tianren heyi) and “mutual identification between medicine and Confucianism” (yiru xiangtong) are used to explain and resolve contemporary problems without qualification.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 557 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
人類脆弱性與醫療倫理
Authors: YUNG Lawrence
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In his paper, Professor Lo Ping Cheung complains that bioethics is under the undue influence of liberal individualism. He argues that in prioritizing individual autonomy, the United Nations’ “Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights” (2005) and the International Bioethics Committee’s “Proposed Outline for a Report on Respect for Human Vulnerability and Personal Integrity” (2009) not only allow but also advocate egoistic behavior. In contrast to Lo’s view, in advocating family co-determinism in healthcare, Confucian bioethics is in a better position to provide primary protection to the vulnerable.To defend the Declaration (2005) I draw on the IBC Report (2011) and argue that in enshrining the principle of respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity as a universal value in bioethics, the Declaration seeks to prompt greater solidity between moral strangers and different stakeholders in healthcare and research and the application of emerging technologies in the biomedical sciences. I also argue that the family may fail to protect “the vulnerable,” as vulnerability is a human condition and it occurs in the context of healthcare as a result of personal disability, in addition to environmental burdens and social injustice.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 87 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
功夫與家庭
Authors: XIAO Si
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In this response essay, Xiaosi, the author of [Philosophy of Family], made five points in response to Ni Peimin’s article, “The Way of the Family and the Gongfu of Regulating the Family.”1. Gongfu is indeed a philosophically significant concept that uniquely reflects the features of the Chinese Philosophical tradition. Ni’s recent works that advocate this concept provide a valuable contribution to philosophy.2. In his additional notes on Gongfu, Xiaosi points out that a sense of “enduring” or “lasting” and a sense of spending time in an accumulative fashion are two indispensible elements for an appropriate understanding of Gongfu.3. Greek philosophy does not seem to be included in this concept, which is unfortunate.4. Gongfu and familization may well be connected, each facilitating understanding of the other.5. Xiaosi also made two criticisms against Ni Peimin’s article.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 27 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
醫學倫理思想在《聖濟經》中的體現
Authors: ZHANG Qiaoxia
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.宋代政治、經濟、科技、哲學、風尚等諸多因素促進了醫藥學的發達與繁榮。《聖濟經》猶如宋代醫藥學百花園中一朵瑰麗的奇葩，為後人從醫理到實踐提供了寶貴的資料。《聖濟經》（10卷，分42 篇，注重理論）同《政和聖濟總錄》（亦稱《聖濟總錄》，醫學百科，200 卷，分66 門，闡述病因、病理及醫治藥方）都是由宋徽宗趙佶(1082-1135) 親自主持編纂的醫學大作。《聖濟經》除了確立儒家的綱常倫理之外，更在本體宇宙論的氣論框架下構建了道家身心平和的基本醫學原理。《聖濟經》所體現的醫學倫理思想，如“陰陽合而夫婦正”、“五行有殊相”、 “氣者生之元也”、“子之在母”、 “去邪輔正，以平為期”等，突出表現了儒道相容的陰陽觀、五行觀、整體觀和辯證觀，同時展現了宋代獨特的政治生態和文化特徵。According to Chinese medical history, the Shengjijing (Canon of Sagely Benefaction) was commissioned by Emperor Huizong (1100-1125) of the Song Dynasty. It is usually compared with another great project of the time, the Shengji zonglu (Medical Encyclopedia: Classic of Sagely Benefaction). The emperor wrote prefaces for two large formulary compilations. The Canon of Sagely Benefaction, which comprises 10 chapters of medical theories, was published in 1118, and the Medical Encyclopedia: A Sagely Benefaction, which comprises 200 chapters of formularies, was published in 1122.This paper focuses on the ethical dimensions illustrated by the Canon of Sagely Benefaction. It explores fundamental Chinese concepts such as qi energy, yin and yang, the five phases and their mutual transformation as implemented in the medical text. The author argues that these key concepts are well incorporated into medical practice and function as a guide for both physical health and moral cultivation. Such combinations of the medical with the ethical and the physical with the spiritual can be considered a fusion of the Daoist and Confucian traditions, a popular practice during the Song period.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 114 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
〈王鳳儀倫理療病闡析〉一文評析
Authors: CAI Xiangyuan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The modern discipline of bioethics is usually understood to represent life and ethics as two intrinsically separate fields. In his article, which clarifies the concept of an ethical cure, Zhang Xianglong takes a novel approach to bioethics, regarding life and ethics as closely intertwined. Zhang’s main aim is to determine whether ethics-based medical treatments are rational and can be scientifically defended. After rejecting the arbitrary claims of scientism, Zhang indicates that the concept of an ethical cure is predicated on an assumption of the unity of heaven and human beings. Although this assumption seems to oppose the traditional Western philosophy of dualism, Zhang argues that the two schemes of thought offer certain common insights into modern life, particularly with reference to pragmatism and phenomenology.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 39 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
預期壽命與生命之道——以當代中國與法國哲學家為例
Authors: HE Huaihong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.比較中國和法國20 世紀以來重要哲學家的壽數，以及兩國哲學家和普通人口平均預期壽命的差異，可以發現一個似乎乖謬的事實：法國哲學家在社會境遇優於中國哲學家的情況下，壽命總的來說低於中國哲學家的壽命。本文推測，這事實主要和兩國哲學家持有的不同“生命之道”有關：即中國崇尚自然中和的“生命之道”，在相當程度上使中國哲學家得享高壽。The aim of this article is to describe and explain the seeming paradox that although the social situation of French philosophers is significantly better than that of Chinese philosophers, their life expectancy is lower. The lives of important Chinese and French philosophers of the 20th and 21st centuries are compared and the average life expectancy in their respective nations is explored. Based on the findings of this investigation, it is speculated that the most important cause of the abovementioned paradox lies in differences in “ways of life.” Compared with French philosophers, Chinese philosophers advocate a more natural and harmonious way of life, which is argued to considerably influence their life expectancy.The creativity and influence of an individual’s philosophical thought do not depend on the length of his life. Longevity is not the highest purpose of life, let alone its only goal. Nevertheless, it is important for individuals to experience full and meaningful lives and reach their natural life ends.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 88 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Beyond Western Conservatives and Progressive Liberals: A Moderate Islamic View
Authors: SIRAJ Md. Sanwar
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in EnglishProfessor David Solomon examines the cultural conflicts and conflicts in bioethics in the United States. Conservative Christians wish to establish a Western account of bioethics based on their religious view of dignity. In contrast, progressive liberals argue that bioethics should be based on pure reason or rational arguments, regardless of the features of any particular religion or culture. The aim of this commentary is to show that the cultural conflicts and divisions that afflict bioethical debate in Bangladesh are very similar to those in the United States. Moderate Muslims wish to maintain the core values of their Muslim culture and at the same time benefit from the modern development of science and technology. In contrast, progressive liberals, influenced by modern Western traditions, have sought to establish a moral philosophy based on secular reason in the Muslim country of Bangladesh. However, this individualist Western approach is at odds with the Muslim culture of Bangladesh, where non-individualist values are prevalent. In this commentary, it is also contended that the progressive liberals are unreasonably ambitious in attempting to establish universal bioethical norms for Muslim culture regardless of cultural differences.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 46 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
身體倫理醫學模式對生物－心理－社會醫學模式的“僭越”
Authors: SUN Muyi
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.身體倫理醫學模式是生命（身體）政治意志的表達與實現，其修正了生物心理社會醫學模式的錯訛，並能夠最整全地反映人類對於身體或醫學的寄託，成為醫學的基礎和疾病救治、身體康復的指導與希望。身體為醫生治療行為與施愛的直觀物件，身體是屬人的，人必須力圖把“我的意識”統一於“我的身體”；這一道德觀成為醫學模式的人性前提，即是說，人的身體、包括患病的身體，不是一般性地沒於世界，而應該建立身體、人、醫學與政治活動之間的道德關係。身體倫理醫學模式有利於人和醫學回歸倫理的和諧；由此，在後現代背境下，可以認為，身體宗教醫學模式是身體倫理醫學模式的淵源之一，身體倫理醫學模式隱含著生命（身體）政治醫學模式的政治倫理功能，能夠實現對生物心理社會醫學模式的歷史性“僭越”。Body ethics constitute a genuine expression of both human life and the physical body. They represent the spiritual will of medicine, correcting the errors of the bio-psycho-social medical model. Body ethics reflect both the holistic human body and the true spirit of medicine, forming the basis for medical intervention and physical rehabilitation. For medical doctors guided by the bio-psycho-social medical model, the human body is nothing more than a behavioral and psychological object. However, the real body is a being, an individual human being, who must try to unify “consciousness” with “the body.” The moral premise of the body ethics medical model transforms “dead” materials into humanity, i.e., the human body, including even the sick body. This model incarnates the transcendent dimension of the human body in a comprehensive whole, manifesting the proper relations among physical, moral, humane, and political activities in medicine. The body ethics model of medicine contributes to a return to the harmonious nature of medicine and ethics on the one hand and the inseparability of medicine and religion on the other. Accordingly, even in a postmodern context, it can reasonably be held that both the physical and religious dimensions of the body are sources of the medical ethics of the body and that this body ethics model of medicine contains the spiritual, moral, and political functions of the body in itself. Finally, this model goes beyond the bio-psycho-social medical model through its transcendent dimension.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 132 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
飄泊的身體與正義的僭越——讀〈身體倫理醫學模式對生物－心理－社會醫學模式的“僭越”〉
Authors: WANG Yifang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Dr. Sun’s paper discusses the multiple meanings of the human body. It provides useful philosophical reflections on medical objectivism and reductionism. This commentary echoes and expands the rich connotations of the human body laid out in Sun’s paper. It also reveals and explores the transcendent dimension of the human body, contending that the unsacred materialization of the body is the crucial point of reductionism. In classical Chinese doctrines, the “body” has a unique social and spiritual existence, and the cultivation of the body is the fulfillment or perfection of a whole person that by no means can be reduced to dead or mechanical matter.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 56 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
中國傳統醫學模式對西方醫學的重要補足——讀李瑞全教授〈中國文化中的人論與醫學: 儒家之醫學模式〉有感
Authors: WAN Xiang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.This short review summarizes the major opinions of Professor Lee Shui Chuen’s recent article. First, pre-Song Dynasty traditional Chinese medicine, which was championed by Sun Simiao, is an amalgam of Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian ways of thinking, in addition to traditional materia medica. Further research is required to determine how Buddhist and Taoist thought influenced the development of Chinese medicine. Second, Sun Simiao was considered a sage physician because his practices were in accord with both contemporary and later criteria for a Confucian sage, although his doctrines were not typically Confucian. Third, Professor Lee’s argument that Confucian views on medicine pave the way for supplementing contemporary medical practice with traditional Chinese medicine in the subfield of psychiatry, and the hitherto new area of bioethics, pays too much attention to technological medical innovations, overlooking the spiritual dimension of medical activities.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 175 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
瀕死經驗與靈魂——回應關啟文
Authors: LAU Joe
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Do near-death experiences (NDEs) show that the soul exists? This paper argues that it is premature to draw such a conclusion, even if current science cannot fully explain all features of NDEs. Clear and univocal evidence is needed, but many reports of NDEs are problematic and subject to conflicting interpretations. In addition, many cases of NDEs took place in circumstances where residual neural activities could not be ruled out. Progress can be made with better experimental designs and brain imaging techniques. The paper concludes with a discussion of physicalism and its logical connections to out-of-body experiences.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 151 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
瀕死經驗的解釋及其在哲學上的限制
Authors: SIN William
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The objective of this paper is to reject Kwan’s claim in his paper “Does the Soul Exist? What Near-Death Experiences Reveal.” As Kwan draws heavily on references from Pim van Lommel, I also reject van Lommel’s position. Kwan and van Lommel’s claim is that the phenomenon of NDE supports the view that people’s experiential content and their consciousness exist independently of their physical bodies. I raise three objections to Kwan. First, I argue that there is a fundamental difference between life and death; therefore, the phenomena of NDE may give us little idea of whether some form of experience exists after death. Second, there is no evidence that an NDE happens at the exact moment the patient’s body shuts down. Third, the potential biological and physiological explanations of NDE are excluded by Kwan and van Lammel without good reason, and the explanations they offer to replace them are far from convincing.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 181 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
關於以道家進路反對自由優生學的疑問
Authors: CHAN Benedict S. B.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In the debate over liberal eugenics, scholars such as Nicholas Agar argue that liberal eugenics can benefit the world in different ways; it is helpful, for example, in preventing genetic diseases. Nevertheless, scholars such as Jurgen Habermas are against liberal eugenics because they consider liberal eugenics to be too artificial and to erase the distinction between the human and the manufactured. David Chai argues further that Daoism, especially Zhaungzi’s views, can contribute to Habermas’s argument by offering an ontological base. In this paper, I raise the question of whether such a Daoist approach is too strong and may reach a conclusion that most people cannot accept. Although this does not mean that the Daoist approach must be mistaken, it is at least a legitimate question that Daoists should answer.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 206 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese當我們談論建構中國生命倫理學這個議題時，我們會問這樣的問題：中國有沒有在規範意義上的倫理學或生命-醫學倫理學？如果有的話，我們應如何界定中國語境脈絡下生命-醫學倫理學 ？是西方思想在中國語境脈絡下的應用與實踐？亦或是中國生命-醫學倫理學與自身的傳統文化和觀念接軌？本期針對這一問題進行探討與反思，但其進路不是從純粹的理論層面出發，而是從現存醫學或醫療倫理的幾個案例出發，在具體的時空脈絡中為中國當代生命-醫學倫理學設定考量的角度和範圍。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 42 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 換頭術、嗎啡治療、病人自主權
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese作為治療方式，器官移植術（organ transplantation）現在已經相當普遍，儘管有此所帶出的一系列有關醫學/生命倫理學的議題還在繼續。然而，作為器官一種的人的大腦，是否可以移植使得器官移植的問題尤為棘手。大腦移植（brain transplant），亦為“全身移植”（whole-body transplant），指將有機物的大腦（或部分大腦）移植到機物的身體。那麼，與大腦移植相關的是“換頭術”（head-transplant）呢？和大腦移植不同的是，換頭或換顱是指整個頭顱的置換手術。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 106 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.