bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of perceptual averaging: learning what to do, not just how to do it
Authors: Jones Pete R. , Dekker Tessa M.
Published: August 2017

The mature visual system condenses complex scenes into simple summary statistics (e.g., average size, location, orientation, etc.). However, children, often perform poorly on perceptual averaging tasks. Children's difficulties are typically thought to represent the suboptimal implementation of an adult‐like strategy. This paper examines another possibility: that children actually make decisions in a qualitatively different way to adults (optimal implementation of a non‐ideal strategy).

Ninety children (6–7, 8–9, 10–11 years) and 30 adults were asked to locate the middle of randomly generated dot‐clouds. Nine plausible decision strategies were formulated, and each was fitted to observers' trial‐by‐trial response data (Reverse Correlation). When the number of visual elements was low (N < 6), children used a qualitatively different decision strategy from adults: appearing to “join up the dots” and locate the gravitational center of the enclosing shape. Given denser displays, both children and adults used an ideal strategy of arithmetically averaging individual points. Accounting for this difference in decision strategy explained 29% of children's lower precision. These findings suggest that children are not simply suboptimal at performing adult‐like computations, but may at times use sensible, but qualitatively different strategies to make perceptual judgments. Learning which strategy is best in which circumstance might be an important driving factor of perceptual development.
Literacy acquisition influences children's rapid automatized naming
Authors: Peterson Robin L. , Arnett Anne B. , Pennington Bruce F. , Byrne Brian , Samuelsson Stefan , Olson Richard K.
Published: August 2017

Previous research has established that learning to read improves children's performance on reading‐related phonological tasks, including phoneme awareness (PA) and nonword repetition. Few studies have investigated whether literacy acquisition also promotes children's rapid automatized naming (RAN). We tested the hypothesis that literacy acquisition should influence RAN in an international, longitudinal population sample of twins. Cross‐lagged path models evaluated the relationships among literacy, PA, and RAN across four time points from pre‐kindergarten through grade 4. Consistent with previous research, literacy showed bidirectional relationships with reading‐related oral language skills. We found novel evidence for an effect of earlier literacy on later RAN, which was most evident in children at early phases of literacy development. In contrast, the influence of earlier RAN on later literacy was predominant among older children. These findings imply that the association between these two related skills is moderated by development. Implications for models of reading development and for dyslexia research are discussed.
The relationship between periodontal disease, tooth loss and decreased skeletal bone mineral density in ageing women
Authors: Savić Pavičin Ivana , Dumančić Jelena , Jukić Tomislav , Badel Tomislav
Published: August 2017

Aim

Osteoporosis and periodontitis are both chronic diseases characterised by bone loss. Potential association is of great clinical importance because of multifactorial aetiology and common risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), tooth loss and periodontal status taking into account age, number of years since onset of menopause and educational level. With increasing age, number of years since onset of menopause and lower educational level, decreased BMD, deteriorating periodontal status and greater tooth loss are expected.

Materials and methods

Cross‐sectional study included 112 women aged 45‐80 years (mean 58.3 years). BMD was determined for lumbar spine region and proximal femur by DEXA technology. Dental status and periodontal status were evaluated clinically and on panoramic radiographs. For the analysis of tooth loss frequency, participants were divided into four age groups.

Results

Significant inverse correlation was found between number of lost teeth and BMD at hip region (r = −.227; P = .028) but not at the lumbar spine (r = −.05; P = .669). Several indicators of the periodontal condition were significantly correlated with BMD, but not with postmenopausal period length. Important result is that participants missing one or more incisors or canines had significantly lower mean value of BMD comparing to those who had all the incisors and canines remained.

Conclusion

Although osteoporosis is not the main cause of periodontitis, it may be a factor that leads to enhanced periodontal pocket depth and greater risk of tooth loss in ageing women.
Black and minority ethnic group involvement in health and social care research: A systematic review
Authors: Dawson Shoba , Campbell Stephen M. , Giles Sally J. , Morris Rebecca L. , Cheraghi‐Sohi Sudeh
Published: August 2017

Background

Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is growing internationally, but little is known about black and minority ethnic (BME) involvement and the factors influencing their involvement in health and social care research.

Objectives

To characterize and critique the empirical literature on BME‐PPI involvement in health and social care research.

Search strategy

Systematic searches of six electronic bibliographic databases were undertaken, utilizing both MeSH and free‐text terms to identify international empirical literature published between 1990 and 2016.

Inclusion criteria

All study designs that report primary data that involved BME groups in health or social care research. Screening was conducted by two reviewers.

Data extraction and synthesis

Data extraction and quality appraisal were performed independently. Data extraction focused on the level(s) of PPI involvement and where PPI activity occurred in the research cycle. Studies were quality‐assessed using the guidelines for measuring the quality and impact of user involvement in research. Data were analysed using a narrative approach.

Main results

Forty‐five studies were included with the majority undertaken in the USA focusing on African Americans and indigenous populations. Involvement most commonly occurred during the research design phase and least in data analysis and interpretation.

Conclusion

This is the first systematic review investigating BME involvement in health and social care research internationally. While there is a widespread support for BME involvement, this is limited to particular phases of the research and particular ethnic subgroups. There is a need to understand factors that influence BME involvement in all parts of the research cycle.
Gliosarcoma arising from oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted
Authors: Yasuda Takayuki , Nitta Masayuki , Komori Takashi , Kobayashi Tatsuya , Masui Kenta , Maruyama Takashi , Sawada Tatsuo , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Kawamata Takakazu
Published: August 2017

Herein, we present a rare case of gliosarcoma arising from oligodendroglioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q codeleted. A 36‐year‐old man presented with a non‐enhanced calcified abnormal lesion on the right frontal lobe. The patient underwent subtotal surgical resection, PAV chemotherapy (procarbazine, nimustine (ACNU) and vincristine), and fractionated radiotherapy with 50 Gy. The pathological diagnosis was oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted, World Health Organization 2016 grade II. Six years later, a new enhanced lesion appeared, and the recurrent tumor was surgically removed. Although the histopathological findings indicated gliosarcoma, the recurrent tumor still demonstrated the IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeleted. Thus, the recurrent tumor was considered to originate from oligodendroglioma, rather than being newly generated after chemoradiotherapy. Interestingly, the second recurrent tumor responded well to temozolomide chemotherapy. Based on the findings of this case, oligodendrogliomas have the potential for mesenchymal transformation on progression, while keeping their genotype.
Parents' adverse childhood experiences and mental health screening using home visiting programs: A pilot study
Authors: Johnson Katie , Woodward Alicia , Swenson Sadie , Weis Christine , Gunderson Margene , Deling Marilyn , Cristiani Valeria , Lynch Brian
Published: August 2017

Background

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with adult high‐risk behaviors and diseases. There is value in screening parents for ACEs given the repercussions parental ACEs may have on parenting behaviors and child development. The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of parental ACE screening in the home setting. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether or not maternal ACEs correlated with maternal mental health measures.

Methods

Two home visiting programs that support early childhood development and conduct parental mental health screening implemented ACE screening for parents of infants <1 year of age. Descriptive statistics were produced for population surveillance of ACEs as well as standard practice screens for depression, anxiety, substance use, and intimate partner violence. Logistic models were used to examine associations between ACE score and mental health measures.

Results

A total of 110 parents completed the ACE screen. All possible ACE score outcomes were represented (0–10). A trend toward association of positive prenatal maternal depression screen with ACE score was identified (p = .05).

Conclusion

This novel prospective home‐based screening program for parental ACEs was feasible and identified a trend toward increasing ACE score association with positive prenatal maternal depression screen.
Social Policy's ‘Greatest Hits’
Authors: Powell Martin
Published: August 2017

The ‘age of metrics’ or ‘the metric tide’ in the form of bibliometrics has largely by‐passed Social Policy. This study aims to broaden the focus from the most cited articles in Social Policy journals to discover the most cited works in Social Policy or ‘Social Policy's Greatest Hits’. It finds some 24 works with over 2000 Google Scholar citations, but only nine of these are by social policy writers. In terms of total citations, Gosta Esping‐Andersen's The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism is the clear leader by a significant margin, with the most cited Social Policy (or Social Administration) writers being Peter Townsend, Richard Titmuss, Ruth Lister and Jane Lewis. In addition to total citations, it presents citations per year, and ‘Social Policy citations’ (i.e. the use made of the work within the discipline of Social Policy). This list is headed by Gosta Esping‐Andersen and Paul Pierson, with the leading social policy writer being Jane Lewis. This article presents a set of the ‘most plausible contenders’ for the works with greatest influence within Social Policy or ‘Social Policy's Greatest Hits’. It is concluded that, even with its flaws, bibliometrics is an important approach to exploring the vast field of Social Policy.
Molten Particulate Impact on Tailored Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Ghoshal Anindya , Murugan Muthuvel , Walock Michael J. , Nieto Andy , Barnett Blake D. , Pepi Marc S. , Swab Jeffrey J. , Zhu Dongming , Kerner Kevin A. , Rowe Christopher R. , Shiao Chi-Yu (Michael) , Hopkins David A. , Gazonas George A.
Published: August 2017

Commercial/military fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft engines often have to operate in significantly degraded environments consisting of sand, dust, ash, and other particulates. Marine gas turbine engines are subjected to salt spray, while the coal-burning industrial power generation turbines are subjected to fly ash. The presence of solid particles in the working fluid medium has an adverse effect on the durability of these engines as well as performance. Typical turbine blade damages include blade coating wear, sand glazing, calcia–magnesia–alumina–silicate (CMAS) attack, oxidation, and plugged cooling holes, all of which can cause rapid performance deterioration including loss of aircraft. This research represents the complex thermochemomechanical fluid structure interaction problem of semimolten particulate impingement and infiltration onto ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) into its canonical forms. The objective of this research work is to understand the underpinning interface science of interspersed graded ceramic/metal and ceramic/ceramic composites at the grain structure level for robust coatings and bulk material components for vehicle propulsion systems. This research enhances our understanding of the fundamental relationship between interface properties and the thermomechanical behavior in dissimilar materials for materials by design systems, and creates the ability to develop and fabricate materials with targeted macroscale properties as a function of their interfacial behavior. This project creates a framework to enable the engineered design of solid–solid and liquid–solid interfaces in dissimilar functionalized materials to establish a paradigm shift toward science from the traditional empiricism in engineering TBCs and high temperature highly loaded bulk materials. An integrated approach of modeling and simulation, characterization, fabrication, and validation to solve the fundamental questions of interface mechanisms which affect the properties of novel materials will be validated to guide component material solutions to visionary 2040+ military vehicle propulsion systems.
Improving the Energy Efficiency of Adsorption Chillers by Intensifying Thermal Management Systems in Sorbent Beds
Authors: Paul Brian K. , Lee Kijoon , Wang Hailei
Published: August 2017

The objective of this study was to develop a strategy for miniaturizing heat exchangers (HXs) used for the thermal management of sorbent beds within adsorption refrigeration systems. The thermal mass of the microchannel heat exchanger (MCHX) designed and fabricated in this study is compared with that of commercially available tube-and-fin HXs. Efforts are made to quantify the overall effects of miniaturization on system coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP). A thermal model for predicting the cycle time for desorption is developed, and experiments are used to quantify the effect of the intensified HX on overall system performance.
A Systematic Function Recommendation Process for Data-Driven Product and Service Design
Authors: Zhang Zhinan , Liu Ling , Wei Wei , Tao Fei , Li Tianmeng , Liu Ang
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a systematic function recommendation process (FRP) to recommend new functions to an existing product and service. Function plays a vital role in mapping user needs to design parameters (DPs) under constraints. It is imperative for manufacturers to continuously equip an existing product/service with exciting new functions. Traditionally, functions are mostly formulated by experienced designers and senior managers based on their subjective experience, knowledge, creativity, and even heuristics. Nevertheless, against the sweeping trend of information explosion, it is increasingly inefficient and unproductive for designers to manually formulate functions. In e-commerce, recommendation systems (RS) are ubiquitously used to recommend new products to users. In this study, the practically viable recommendation approaches are integrated with the theoretically sound design methodologies to serve a new paradigm of recommending new functions to an existing product/service. The aim is to address the problem of how to estimate an unknown rating that a target user would give to a candidate function that is not carried by the target product/service yet. A systematic function → product recommendation process is prescribed, followed by a detailed case study. It is indicated that practically meaningful functional recommendations (FRs) can indeed by generated through the proposed FRP.
Mining Patent Precedents for Data-Driven Design: The Case of Spherical Rolling Robots
Authors: Song Binyang , Luo Jianxi
Published: August 2017

Data-driven engineering designers often search for design precedents in patent databases to learn about relevant prior arts, seek design inspiration, or assess the novelty of their own new inventions. However, patent retrieval relevant to the design of a specific product or technology is often unstructured and unguided, and the resultant patents do not sufficiently or accurately capture the prior design knowledge base. This paper proposes an iterative and heuristic methodology to comprehensively search for patents as precedents of the design of a specific technology or product for data-driven design. The patent retrieval methodology integrates the mining of patent texts, citation relationships, and inventor information to identify relevant patents; particularly, the search keyword set, citation network, and inventor set are expanded through the designer's heuristic learning from the patents identified in prior iterations. The method relaxes the requirement for initial search keywords while improving patent retrieval completeness and accuracy. We apply the method to identify self-propelled spherical rolling robot (SPSRRs) patents. Furthermore, we present two approaches to further integrate, systemize, visualize, and make sense of the design information in the retrieved patent data for exploring new design opportunities. Our research contributes to patent data-driven design.
Development of an In-Pipe Robot With Differential Screw Angles for Curved Pipes and Vertical Straight Pipes
Authors: Li Te , Ma Shugen , Li Bin , Wang Minghui , Li Zhiqiang , Wang Yongqing
Published: August 2017

The in-pipe robots based on screw drive mechanism are very promising in the aspects of pipe inspecting and maintaining. The novel design of an in-pipe robot with differential screw angles is presented for the curved pipes and vertical straight pipes. The robot is mainly composed of the screw drive mechanism, adaptive linkage mechanism, and the elastic arm mechanism. The alternative adjusting abilities of the mobile velocity and traction, and the adaptive steering ability in curved pipes, are achieved by the special designs. A parameter design approach in consideration of the climbing and steering abilities is proposed in detail for the springs and length of the elastic arms. The results are applied to the prototype design of the robot. In several groups of experiments, the proposed robot is competent to pass through curved pipes and vertical straight pipes. The results prove that the proposed mechanism and parameter design approach are both valid.
An Approach for the Lightweight Design of a 3-SPR Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Wang Manxin , Liu Haitao , Huang Tian
Published: August 2017

A hierarchical approach for the lightweight design of a 3-SPR parallel mechanism (PM) is presented in this paper. The criterion to match the rigidities of the limb body and those of the joints is proposed; meanwhile, the constraints in terms of technological processes and the dimensional correlations among components and joints, etc., are considered in this approach. Based on these considerations, the design flow is developed by maximizing the lower-order natural frequencies as well as by minimizing the weights of the limbs/subassemblies subject to specified rigidity constraints attributed to them. The proposed approach simultaneously enables the PM to achieve both high static rigidities and high dynamic behaviors.
Clearance-Induced Position Uncertainty of Planar Linkages and Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Ting Kwun-Lon , Hsu Kuan-Lun , Wang Jun
Published: August 2017

The paper presents a simple and effective kinematic model and methodology to assess and evaluate the extent of the position uncertainty caused by joint clearances for multiple-loop linkage and manipulators connected with revolute or prismatic pairs. The model is derived and explained with geometric rigor based on Ting's rotatability laws. The significant contributions include (1) the clearance link model for a P-joint that catches the translation and oscillation characteristics of the slider within the clearance and separates the geometric effect of clearances from the input error, (2) the generality of the method, which is effective for multiloop linkages and parallel manipulators, and (3) settling the dispute on the position uncertainty effect to parallel and serial robots due to joint clearance. The discussion is illustrated and carried out through symmetrically configured planar 8 bar parallel robots. It is found that at a target position, the uncertainty region of a three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) three-leg parallel robot is enclosed by a hexagon with curve edges, while that of its serial counterpart is enclosed by a circle included in the hexagon. A numerical example is presented. The finding and proof, though only based on three-leg planar 8 bar parallel robots, may have a wider implication suggesting that based on the kinematic effect of joint clearance, parallel robots tends to inherit more position uncertainty than their serial counterparts. The use of more loops in not only parallel robots but also single-DOF linkages cannot fully offset the adverse effect on position uncertainty caused by the use of more joints.
A Lamina-Emergent Frustum Using a Bistable Collapsible Compliant Mechanism
Authors: Alfattani Rami , Lusk Craig
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a new bistable collapsible compliant mechanism (BCCM) that is utilized in a lamina-emergent frustum. The mechanism is based on transforming a polygon spiral into spatial frustum shape using a mechanism composed of compliant links and joints that exhibits a bistable behavior. A number of mechanism types (graphs) were considered to implement the shape-morphing spiral, including 4-bar, 6-bar, and 8-bar chains. Our design requirements permitted the selection of a particular 8-bar chain as the basis for the BCCM. The bistable behavior was added to the mechanism by introducing a snap-through bistability as the mechanism morphs. A parametric CAD was used to perform the dimensional synthesis. The design was successfully prototyped. We anticipate that the mechanism may be useful in commercial small animal enclosures or as a frame for a solar still.
Multilevel Flow-Based Markov Clustering for Design Structure Matrices
Authors: Wilschut T. , Etman L. F. P. , Rooda J. E. , Adan I. J. B. F.
Published: August 2017

For decomposition and integration of systems, one needs extensive knowledge of system structure. A design structure matrix (DSM) model provides a simple, compact, and visual representation of dependencies between system elements. By permuting the rows and columns of a DSM using a clustering algorithm, the underlying structure of a system can be revealed. In this paper, we present a new DSM clustering algorithm based upon Markov clustering, that is able to cope with the presence of “bus” elements, returns multilevel clusters, is capable of clustering weighted, directed, and undirected DSMs, and allows the user to control the cluster results by tuning only three input parameters. Comparison with two algorithms from the literature shows that the proposed algorithm provides clusterings of similar quality at the expense of less central processing unit (CPU) time.
A new species of Stigmaeus (Acari: Prostigmata: Stigmaeidae) from South Africa
Authors: Khaustov Alexander A , Ueckermann Edward Albert , Theron Pieter D.
Published: August 2017

A new species of the genus Stigmaeus Koch, 1836 (Acari: Stigmaeidae), S. grandis sp. nov. is described from litter under White Stinkwood (Celtis africana) in South Africa. A key to species of the genus Stigmaeus in Africa is provided.
Life cycle of the predatory mite Cheyletus malaccensis (Acari: Cheyletidae) fed on Poultry Red Mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)
Authors: Toldi Maicon , Faleiro Daiâni Cristina Cardoso , Da Silva Guilherme Liberato , Ferla Noeli Juarez
Published: August 2017

This study evaluated the biological characteristics of predatory mite Cheyletus malaccensis fed on Dermanyssus gallinae at different temperatures. The study started with thirty individual eggs of C. malaccensis each isolated in an experimental unit, which developed throughout their life stages while feeding on D. gallinae at each temperature tested (20ºC, 25ºC and 30±1ºC and 80±5% relative humidity). Emerged adult females were not mated, thus producing only male offspring (arrhenotoky). Fecundity was the highest at 25°C (415.62±24.78 eggs/female) and lowest at 20°C followed at 30ºC. The mean length of a generation did not displayed difference among the three temperatures, but the net reproductive rate (Ro), innate capacity for increase (rm) finite increase rate (λ) were significantly higher at 30°C and lower at 20°C. Cheyletus malaccensis was able to develop and reproduce successfully when fed D. gallinae, and the optimum temperature for development, fertility and survival was 25°C. Our findings proved that C. malaccensis might be a natural enemy of D. gallinae, because it was able to develop and reproduce while feeding exclusively on this ectoparasite.
Eagle XG® glass: Optical constants from 196 to 1688 nm (0.735–6.33 eV) by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Cushman Cody V. , Johnson Brian I. , Martin Andrew , Lunt Barry M. , Smith Nicholas J. , Linford Matthew R.
Published: August 2017

Corning® Eagle XG® glass is widely used in the manufacture of electronic displays. In a previous submission, the authors reported its optical constants from 230 to 1690 nm (0.73–5.39). This spectral range reflected the fact that at a thickness of 0.5 mm, the material had zero transmission below 230 nm. These previously reported optical constants relied on a simple curve fitting approach that consisted of low- and high-energy poles, Tauc-Lorentz (T-L), and Gaussian oscillators. While the model agreed with the experimental data over the selected spectral range, it showed a sharp decrease in absorption when extrapolated to shorter wavelengths, which seemed physically unreasonable. To improve upon this earlier model, the authors have now obtained transmission data down to 196 nm using thin (100 and 200 μm) samples of the glass. Using this data, the optical constants were modeled using a T-L oscillator, 2–3 Gaussian oscillators, and a pole in the infrared. The center energies of the Gaussian oscillators corresponded approximately to previously reported absorptions from iron and tin in silicate glasses, and the band gap of the T-L oscillator was fixed at 5.8 eV, corresponding approximately to previously reported values of the onset of intrinsic absorptions. The resonance energy of the T-L oscillator was initially fixed at 12 eV following published values for fused silica, after which it was allowed to vary. The optical constants for the 100 and 200 μm samples could be fit simultaneously using the same model, but slight adjustments to the amplitude and broadening of the Gaussian oscillators were required to fit the transmission data of standard 0.5 mm (500 μm) Eagle XG. The authors attribute this apparent difference in the optical properties of these nominally identical materials, which were manufactured at different sites, to differences in the concentrations of iron and tin. Iron is a trace impurity in Eagle XG, and tin is a minor constituent. These have a profound effect on the ultraviolet absorption of glass. For the simultaneous fit of the 100 and 200 μm thick samples, our approach gave an unweighted mean squared error (MSE) of 1.19. The same model adapted to fit the 0.5 mm sample gave an unweighted MSE of 0.97. These models yielded small, nonzero values of k at shorter wavelengths. In situations where the glass was not analyzed with the inclusion of transmittance spectra, the refractive index can be reasonably modeled over this entire spectral range using only a Sellmeier (pole–pole) model. This model showed an MSE value of 1.09, where, of course, k was null throughout it. This reflection approach may be useful where transmission data is absent.
Mixed modeling for irregularly sampled and correlated functional data: Speech science applications
Authors: Pouplier Marianne , Cederbaum Jona , Hoole Philip , Marin Stefania , Greven Sonja
Published: August 2017

The speech sciences often employ complex experimental designs requiring models with multiple covariates and crossed random effects. For curve-like data such as time-varying signals, single-time-point feature extraction is commonly used as data reduction technique to make the data amenable to statistical hypothesis testing, thereby discarding a wealth of information. The present paper discusses the application of functional linear mixed models, a functional analogue to linear mixed models. This type of model allows for the holistic evaluation of curve dynamics for data with complex correlation structures due to repeated measures on subjects and stimulus items. The nonparametric, spline-based estimation technique allows for correlated functional data to be observed irregularly, or even sparsely. This means that information on variation in the temporal domain is preserved. Functional principal component analysis is used for parsimonious data representation and variance decomposition. The basic functionality and usage of the model is illustrated based on several case studies with different data types and experimental designs. The statistical method is broadly applicable to any types of data that consist of groups of curves, whether they are articulatory or acoustic time series data, or generally any types of data suitably modeled based on penalized splines.
Modeling of the acoustic radiation force in elastography
Authors: Prieur Fabrice , Sapozhnikov Oleg A.
Published: August 2017

Elastography is a non-invasive imaging technique that can assess in vivo tissue stiffness. In shear wave elastography imaging, the acoustic radiation force (ARF) produced by focused ultrasound generates a local force that produces shear waves. The authors compare three existing formulations for the ARF: its full expression in the second-order approximation and two simplified formulations using a quasi-plane wave and an attenuated plane wave approximation. Analytical expressions for the ARF are derived for the special cases of a concave spherical source and a quasi-Gaussian beam. They provide expressions for the resulting ARF and show discrepancies between the different formulations. For strongly divergent or highly focused beams the ARF expressed by the second-order approximation significantly differs from both simplified formulations. However, despite those differences the second-order and quasi-plane wave approximations create identical shear displacements in tissue. To compute the ARF and the displacements produced by a conventional ultrasound probe, the three formulations were incorporated into the k-Wave simulation package. The second-order and quasi-plane wave approximations give different forces but nearly identical displacements while the plane wave approximation significantly differs. It is concluded that to properly take into account the ultrasound field structure, the second-order or quasi-plane wave approximations should be preferably used.
Prostate cancer loses when androgen receptor can’t stick the landing
Authors: Venere Monica
Published: August 2017

A small-molecule inhibitor blocks the interaction of the androgen receptor with DNA to target drug-resistant prostate cancer.
Defining the DNA Binding Site Recognized by the Fission Yeast Zn
2
Cys
6
Transcription Factor Pho7 and Its Role in Phosphate Homeostasis
Authors: Schwer Beate , Sanchez Ana M. , Garg Angad , Chatterjee Debashree , Shuman Stewart
Published: August 2017

Fission yeast phosphate homeostasis entails transcriptional induction of genes encoding phosphate-mobilizing proteins under conditions of phosphate starvation. Transcription factor Pho7, a member of the Zn
2
Cys
6
family of fungal transcription regulators, is the central player in the starvation response. The DNA binding sites in the promoters of phosphate-responsive genes have not been defined, nor have any structure-function relationships been established for the Pho7 protein. Here we narrow this knowledge gap by (i) delineating an autonomous DNA-binding domain (DBD) within Pho7 that includes the Zn
2
Cys
6
module, (ii) deploying recombinant Pho7 DBD in DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to map the Pho7 recognition sites in the promoters of the phosphate-regulated
pho1
and
tgp1
genes to a 12-nucleotide sequence motif [5′-TCG(G/C)(A/T)xxTTxAA], (iii) independently identifying the same motif as a Pho7 recognition element via
in silico
analysis of available genome-wide ChIP-seq data, (iv) affirming that mutations in the two Pho7 recognition sites in the
pho1
promoter efface
pho1
expression
in vivo
, and (v) establishing that the zinc-binding cysteines and a pair of conserved arginines in the DBD are essential for Pho7 activity
in vivo
.

IMPORTANCE
Fungi respond to phosphate starvation by inducing the transcription of a set of phosphate acquisition genes that comprise a phosphate regulon. Pho7, a member of the Zn
2
Cys
6
family of fungal transcription regulators, is the central player in the phosphate starvation response in fission yeast. The present study identifies a 12-nucleotide Pho7 DNA binding motif [5′-TCG(G/C)(A/T)xxTTxAA] in the promoters of phosphate-regulated genes, pinpoints DNA and protein features important for Pho7 binding to DNA, and correlates them with Pho7-dependent gene expression
in vivo
. The results highlight distinctive properties of Pho7 vis-a-vis other fungal zinc binuclear cluster transcription factors as well as the divergent cast of transcription factors deployed for phosphate homeostasis in fission yeast versus budding yeast.
A case of cardiopulmonary arrest due to spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a pregnant woman
Authors: Ejima Emiko , Murasato Yoshinobu
Published: August 2017

We present the case of a young pregnant woman with cardiopulmonary arrest due to acute coronary syndrome. Emergent coronary angiography (CAG) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) showed extensive coronary artery dissection in the left anterior descending artery, which was treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. After managing the heart failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation, a dead fetus was delivered via caesarean section 4 days after admission to the hospital. Follow-up CAG and IVUS at 18 months showed persistent dissection in the non-stented site; hence, another stent was implanted. Dual antiplatelet therapy was discontinued 6 months later; however, aspirin and beta-blockers were continued lifelong.
Massive epidermal vulval cyst: an unusual late complication of female genital mutilation
Authors: Kaur-Desai Tejinder , Makris Argyrios
Published: August 2017

Vulval epidermal cysts are rare and infrequently described in literature. They present a difficult diagnostic dilemma and surgical challenges. They most commonly occur as a late complication of female genital mutilation (FGM) and manifest as a primary condition. We present a case of a large vulval epidermal inclusion cyst, lined by vulval squamous epithelium, in a woman with a background of FGM who was referred with suspected vulval cancer. We discuss the clinical presentation, MRI findings, surgical treatment and outcome.
Ventrain: from theory to practice. Bridging until re-tracheostomy
Authors: Wahlen Bianca Maria , Al-Thani Hassan , El-Menyar Ayman
Published: August 2017

Imminent upper airway obstruction due to life-threatening tracheal stenosis of any cause is challenging. A 77-year-old woman, with a history of temporal tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation, presented with life-threatening tracheal stenosis to the emergency department. After failed intubation with a 5.0 mm internal diameter endotracheal tube, the patient was ventilated via a tube exchanger using Ventrain. Ventrain is a manual ventilation device that, in addition to oxygen supply during inspiration, initiates expiration by actively removing gas from the lungs by suction. Despite the nearly obstructed airway the patient was adequately ventilated with ‘permissive’ hypercarbia of 50 mm Hg and Saturation of peripheral Oxygen (SpO2) 95%–98% until surgical re-tracheostomy was performed. The haemodynamic stability of the patient indicated that the active expiration prevented intrapulmonary pressure build-up by air trapping and subsequent barotrauma and/or haemodynamic deterioration, which may well be observed during traditional jet ventilation especially in case of a completely obstructed airway.
Collective and single-particle degrees of freedom in rotating nuclei
Authors: Verma Anish , Starosta Krzysztof
Published: August 2017

In 1937, Hermann Jahn and Edward Teller published their research describing a mechanism of symmetry breaking in nonlinear polyatomic molecules resulting in a lifting of orbital degeneracy of an electronic state (Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1937, 161, 220), yielding insight into molecular structure. The impact of symmetry breaking on the energy and structure of quantum states is not unique to molecules and may be applied to nuclei, involving degenerate nucleon states as opposed to electronic states. Reinhard and Otten showed that the nuclear Jahn–Teller effect provides a mechanism applicable to describe the commonly observed collective quadrupole surface motion (Nucl. Phys. A 1984, 420, 173). To take into account single-particle effects, it is important to properly model the valence nucleons, especially those occupying large angular momenta orbitals near the Fermi level. In this work, a model has been developed in which two valence nucleons of the same kind are coupled to an axially symmetric quadrupole deformed rotor of the D2 symmetry and interact through the nuclear delta force. To test this model, the band of the lowest-energy state at a given spin for 126Ce is reproduced. The resultant wavefunctions are then used to calculate the g factor, reduced electric quadrupole transition probability, and spectroscopic quadrupole moment all as a function of spin. This method lays the groundwork to explore higher order symmetries following the multipole expansion.
Analysis of Population Genomic Data from Hybrid Zones
Authors: Gompert Zachariah , Mandeville Elizabeth G. , Buerkle C. Alex
Published: August 2017

Hybrid zones provide a powerful opportunity to analyze ecological and evolutionary interactions between divergent lineages. As such, research on hybrid zones has played a prominent role in the fields of evolutionary biology and systematics. Herein, we clarify what hybrid zones are, what is (and is not) known about them, and how different types of genomic data contribute to our understanding of hybrid zones. We then review two key topics, namely, what genomic analyses of hybrid zones have revealed about the basis and dynamics of speciation and how hybrid zones directly affect evolutionary processes. In the latter case, we emphasize the importance of contingency and ecological and genomic context in outcomes of hybridization. Throughout, we highlight limitations and key unknowns, and suggest approaches most likely to advance our understanding of hybrid zones and evolutionary processes in general.
The Prefrontal Cortex and Neurological Impairments of Active Thought
Authors: Shallice Tim , Cipolotti Lisa
Published: August 2017

This article reviews the effects of lesions to the frontal cortex on the ability to carry out active thought, namely, to reason, think flexibly, produce strategies, and formulate and realize plans. We discuss how and why relevant neuropsychological studies should be carried out. The relationships between active thought and both intelligence and language are considered. The following basic processes necessary for effective active thought are reviewed: concentration, set switching, inhibiting potentiated responses, and monitoring and checking. Different forms of active thought are then addressed: abstraction, deduction, reasoning in well-structured and ill-structured problem spaces, novel strategy generation, and planning. We conclude that neuropsychological findings are valuable for providing information on systems rather than networks, especially information concerning prefrontal lateralization of function. We present a synthesis of the respective roles of the left and right lateral prefrontal cortex in active thought.
Impact of Preoperative Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Cholangiography on Postoperative Resection Margin Status in Patients Operated due to Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Andert A. , Bruners P. , Heidenhain C. , Ulmer F. , Klink C. D. , Alizai P. H. , Kuhl C. , Neumann U. P. , Binnebösel M.
Published: August 2017

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to analyse the value of 3-dimensional computed tomography cholangiography (3D-ERC) compared to conventional retrograde cholangiography in the preoperative diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) with special regard to the resection margin status (R0/R1). Patients and Methods. All hepatic resections performed between January 2011 and November 2013 in patients with HC at the Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery of the RWTH Aachen University Hospital were analysed. All patients underwent an ERC and contrast-enhanced multiphase CT scan or a 3D-ERC. Results. The patient collective was divided into two groups (group ERC: n=17 and group 3D-ERC: n=16). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to patient characteristics or intraoperative data. Curative liver resection with R0 status was reached in 88% of patients in group ERC and 87% of patients in group 3D-ERC (p=1.00). We could not observe any differences with regard to postoperative complications, hospital stay, and mortality rate between both groups. Conclusion. Based on our findings, preoperative imaging with 3D-ERC has no benefit for operative planning and R0 resection status. It cannot replace the exploration by an experienced surgeon in a centre for hepatobiliary surgery.
Guided Bone Regeneration Using Collagen Scaffolds, Growth Factors, and Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells for Treatment of Peri-Implant Bone Defects In Vivo
Authors: Kämmerer Peer W. , Scholz Malte , Baudisch Maria , Liese Jan , Wegner Katharina , Frerich Bernhard , Lang Hermann
Published: August 2017

Introduction. The aim of the study was an evaluation of different approaches for guided bone regeneration (GBR) of peri-implant defects in an in vivo animal model. Materials and Methods. In minipigs (n=15), peri-implant defects around calcium phosphate- (CaP-; n=46) coated implants were created and randomly filled with (1) blank, (2) collagen/hydroxylapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold (CHT), (3) CHT + growth factor cocktail (GFC), (4) jellyfish collagen matrix, (5) jellyfish collagen matrix + GFC, (6) collagen powder, and (7) collagen powder + periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC). Additional collagen membranes were used for coverage of the defects. After 120 days of healing, bone growth was evaluated histologically (bone to implant contact (BIC;%)), vertical bone apposition (VBA; mm), and new bone height (NBH; %). Results. In all groups, new bone formation was seen. Though, when compared to the blank group, no significant differences were detected for all parameters. BIC and NBH in the group with collagen matrix as well as the group with the collagen matrix + GFC were significantly less when compared to the collagen powder group (all: p<0.003). Conclusion. GBR procedures, in combination with CaP-coated implants, will lead to an enhancement of peri-implant bone growth. There was no additional significant enhancement of osseous regeneration when using GFC or PDLSC.
A Case of Female Acute Urinary Retention Presenting to the ED
Authors: Swartzberg Kylen , Adam Ahmed , Motara Feroza , Laher Abdullah E.
Published: August 2017

Introduction. Acute urinary retention is a rare occurrence in women necessitating further investigation. Potential underlying causes may be broadly classified into obstructive, neurological, pharmacological, and psychogenic categories. Case. A 36-year-old nulliparous female presented to the Emergency Department with a two-day history of acute urinary retention. Point-of-care ultrasonography and CT scan imaging confirmed the presence of a large uterine mass causing compression of the bladder. The acute retention was relieved with urethral catheterization. A Uterine leiomyoma was confirmed on histology after hysterectomy. Discussion. Once the acute urinary retention has been relieved by insertion of a urethral catheter, the underlying cause of the obstruction must be determined. Although uterine leiomyoma is a fairly common finding in the general population, it is an extremely rare cause of acute urinary retention in women with just a handful of reported cases in the literature.
HSV-1 Encephalitis: High Index of Clinical Suspicion, Prompt Diagnosis, and Early Therapeutic Intervention Are the Triptych of Success—Report of Two Cases and Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Authors: Patoulias Dimitrios , Gavriiloglou Georgios , Kontotasios Konstantinos , Tzakri Mairi , Keryttopoulos Petros , Koutras Christos
Published: August 2017

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) encephalitis is an acute infectious disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS), usually affecting the limbic structures, the median temporal cortex, and the orbitofrontal regions. Its annual incidence has significantly increased over the last 20 years and the mortality rate is 7%, if early diagnosed and treated, and 70%, if left untreated, while it is associated with high rates of morbidity. It should be noted that even when Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis seems normal, imaging studies are not specific and HSV Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test is negative; the clinician should be more aggressive, if clinical presentation is indicative for HSV encephalitis, by administrating acyclovir early after patient’s admission. The latter may be a vital intervention for the patient, modifying the patient’s clinical course. Through the presentation of two cases of HSV-1 encephalitis that we managed in our department over the last 1 year and after systematic and comprehensive research of the relevant literature, we aim at showing the crucial role of medical history and physical examination, along with the high index of clinical suspicion, in order to make promptly the diagnosis and administer timely intravenous acyclovir, limiting the possibility of complications during the disease’s course.