bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Production Technology of Fully-Pressed Bi-Metal Powder Materials and Products
Authors: Gasanov Badrudin G. , Gasanov Abakar B. , Aganov Artem A.
Published: April 2021

The features of calculating the thickness of the layers of bimetallic powder products without holes and the type of bushings are shown. The effect of the particle size distribution of the powders, the kinematic and geometric parameters of the loading devices and molds on the mechanism of the expiration of the powder mixture and on the thickness of the layers of the molded product is studied. A technique has been developed for determining the dimensions of the feeder cassette and tooling, depending on the overall dimensions and thicknesses of the working layers, in the production of whole-pressed bimetallic products on press machines with a vertical arrangement of layers. It was found that the thickness of each layer of bimetallic products depends on the geometric parameters of the feeder cassette and tooling, bulk density, particle size distribution and other characteristics of the powders, as well as on the speed of lowering the lower punch ν1 .
The Chemical Technology for Producing Precious Metals from Enrichment Rejects of Copper-Pyrite Ores
Authors: Medyanik Nadezhda L. , Ponomarev Anton P. , Yershova Olga V.
Published: April 2021

The chemical technology for recovery precious metals Au and Ag from mature flotation tailings of copper-pyrite ores by two-stage sintering with chlorine-ammonium reagents and leaching of bakes with water is developed. The chemical extraction of gold and silver is carried out, using NH4Cl and NH4NO3 reagents in the ratios of 1:1 at a temperature of 250 °C, and 2:1 at 200 °C. In accordance with the obtained results, a chemical technology of enrichment rejects of copper-pyrite ores processing and a scheme of primary apparatus chain for implementing this technology are proposed. The economic effect of the technology realization is calculated. This effect is 96.3 million rubles with a payback period of 8 years when processing enrichment rejects of copper-pyrite ores in amount of 109.5 thousand tons per year under the conditions of JSC “Uchaly Mining and Metallurgical Combine”.
Analysis of the Composition and Properties of the Silicon Production Wet Cleaning Sludge to Identify Sustainable Techniques for its Processing
Authors: Tyutrin Andrey A. , Vologin Andrey S.
Published: April 2021

The paper is devoted to the urgent issue of processing the dust waste of metallurgical-grade silicon production, i.e. wet cleaning sludge, which contains a significant amount of valuable silica. The paper analyzes the formation of finely dispersed techno-genic materials that are generated in significant quantities (up to 120 t/d) at the Kremniy JSC. The composition and properties of the silicon production wet cleaning product have been studied. In analytical studies of the wet cleaning sludge samples, the modern certified analysis techniques have been used: laser diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence. According to the analysis, the L:S ratio of liquid sludge is 2.1:1; after dehydration, the sludge cake has a grain size of 150 μm, with the prevailing (90 %) grain size of 59.65 μm in the test sample. The chemical composition of the sludge is 95.86 % SiO2; therefore, the wet cleaning sludge is a valuable raw material to produce metallurgical-grade silicon. Based on the analysis of the composition and properties of the silicon production wet cleaning sludge sample, we have developed a program for its processing. Sustainable sludge processing techniques are aimed at obtaining a briquetted charge, which can be used as an additive to the main raw material.
Hydrometallurgical Processing of Spent Carbon Lining to Extract Valuable Components for Cryolite Production
Authors: Nemchinova Nina V.
Published: April 2021

The technique of mathematical modeling using the Selector software package has been applied to study the leaching of fluorine from the carbon part of the aluminum electrolysis cell spent lining. Based on the model obtained, the effects of the solvent (caustic soda Na2Oку) concentration and the ratio of liquid and solid phases in the pulp on the fluorine extraction have been assessed. The research object was the lining samples by the RUSAL Krasnoyarsk JSC. A thermodynamic assessment of the spent carbon lining components behavior during the alkaline processing has been performed with the introduction of three solvent concentrations into the model: 12.5, 17.5, and 25.0 g/dm3. According to the model solutions, the maximum fluorine extraction (up to 90 %) is achieved when using a reagent with the Na2Oку concentrations of 12.5 and 17.5 g/dm3 and a liquid to solid ratio of 8.5÷10:1. Using the model, the phase composition of the cake and the forms, in which fluorine remains in the solid residue (cake), have been determined. Laboratory studies confirm the convergence of the simulation results with the experimental data: solutions have been obtained to crystallize out cryolite (with fluorine and silica content of 50–53 % wt. and 0.11÷0.53 % wt., respectively), which is in demand in the electrolysis of cryolite-alumina melts.
The Study of Physicochemical Features of Laterite Ores of the Buruktalsky Deposit
Authors: Kolmachikhina O.B. , Polygalov S.E. , Vakula K.A.
Published: April 2021

Currently, there are practiced various pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and com-bined pyro and hydrometallurgical methods for processing of oxidized nickel ores to produce metal-lic nickel, cobalt, and their compounds in non-ferrous metallurgy. The problem is the difficult ore concentration, and consequently the high consumption of reagents or low extraction of valuable components from it. Ural plants previously implemented the technology of reducing-sulphiding smelting of laterite ore to produce fire nickel and transfer of cobalt to matte. The economic ineffi-ciency of this technology predetermined the search for a new method for processing of significant reserves of oxidized nickel ores in the Ural region.
Super-Hydrophobic Coating Based on Acrylic Resin A01
Authors: Loganina Valentina
Published: April 2021

Information on the effect of organosilicon liquid on the hydrophobic properties of coatings, based on acrylic resin, is presented. It is shown that the value of the contact angle on the anti-icing coating is 151-154 degrees. When moistened for 72 hours, a decrease in the value of the contact angle, especially on the control coating, is 81-103 degrees. However, at the introduction of liquid 136-41, a decrease in the contact angle is insignificant. The surface energy of the coatings was calculated. It was found that the introduction of an organosilicon liquid in an acrylic composition increases the surface energy of the coatings.
Investigation of the Influence of Technological Regimes of High-Temperature Firing on the Structure and Properties of Silicate-Enamel Coatings for Carbon Steels
Authors: Ryabova A.V. , Klimova Lyudmila V. , Golovko D.A.
Published: April 2021

The silicate-enamel coating becomes the actual coating as a result of firing, which is a process of heating steel products coated with a “biscuit” dried slip layer, until completely melted, and a continuous coating is obtained on a metal substrate. With the constantly increasing requirements for the technical and operational properties of enameled products in the production of steel pipelines, it is advisable to use single-layer enameling, which saves raw materials and energy, due to the reduction in the number of layers and firing cycles of products. Its use for large-sized products, such as pipelines, eliminates their warping that occurs during repeated firing. In addition, the use of single-layer coatings makes it possible to obtain a better surface of products, since with a decrease in the resulting coating thickness it becomes more elastic and impact-resistant. All of the above is predetermined both by the structure of the glass coating itself and the generally formed steel - enamel composition. Therefore, knowledge of the structure, as well as of the physicochemical processes that occur during the firing of the enameled product, is necessary to solve technological issues successfully.
Increasing of Corrosion Resistance for Metal Products of Livestock Premises
Authors: Karelina M.Yu. , Gaidar Sergey , Petrovskiy D.I.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the work was to identify and analyze the causes of corrosion destruction of metal products, used in conditions of animal keeping on farms of the agro-industrial complex, and to find effective methods of combating it. In order to increase corrosion resistance of metal products of livestock farms and complexes, it is proposed to use the developed preparation, which has fungicidal and anticorrosive properties simultaneously. The rate of metal products corrosion during the experiment was evaluated by the museum strain of Aspergillus niger fungi. The article describes the causes of fungal corrosion, the principle of its effect on metals; proposes an inhibitor of complex action for the control of electrochemical and bio-corrosion. The protection efficiency of metal products by the inhibitor was evaluated by the corrosion braking coefficient and the degree of protection. The effect of inhibitor concentration on the rate of low carbon steel bio-corrosion has been studied. It has been proven that the rate of corrosion processes decreased by 50 times, when exposed to a medium, contaminated with fungus spores, on metal samples treated with an inhibitor.
Thermal Plasma Spray to Protect Large-Size Parts of Friction Joints against Wear
Authors: Alisin Valery , Roshchin Mikhail N.
Published: April 2021

The authors thereof have developed a technology for application of wear-resistant coatings to protect against wear. The research team tested how efficiently powdered material could be heated in a plasma jet. They studied the physical and mechanical properties of coatings by kinetic micro-indentation and tested the plasma sprays for wear resistance. Tribological laboratory tests used the roller-on-roller method. Thus, WC/Co/Cr coatings had the most stable tribological properties and were more wear-resistant, compared to other tested coatings. Cylinder liners of heavy-duty diesel engines were enhanced by this technology. The pilot batch showed promise, as it might triple effectively the service life of diesel engines.
Discrete Oxidation of a Hard Carbide Tool
Authors: Chekalova Elena A. , Zhuravlev Andrey V.
Published: April 2021

Comparative investigations of the effect of discrete surface hardening by standard ion-plasma technology and discrete oxidation technology on the structure and hardness of high-speed steels are carried out. It is shown that, after hardening in the ion-plasma installation on the surface and in the thickness of the layer, droplet-shaped defects, craters and bundles are formed. Metallographic studies showed that the hardened discrete oxidation layer after repeated hardening has a dense, uniform structure. It has been established that the discrete oxidation technology allows to increase the wear resistance of a complex-profile cutting tool 2 times more, compared to a tool hardened by standard ion-plasma technology after regrinding.
Increasing Hardness of Surface Layer of Low-Carbon Steel by Account of Plasma Treatment of Coating Modification
Authors: Balanovsky Andrey E. , Nguyen Van Trieu
Published: April 2021

The Purpose of paper is to conduct studies to assess the possibility of increasing the hardness of the surface layer of steel St3 grade by plasma heating of the applied surface coating containing powder alloy PR-N80X13S2R. Mixtures of pasta were divided into 2 groups: for furnace chemical-thermal treatment and plasma surface melting. The study of the microstructure showed a difference in the depth of the saturated layer, depending on the processing method, during chemical-thermal treatment-1 mm, plasma fusion - 2 mm. The results of measuring the surface micro-hardness showed that, the obtained coating from a mixture of PR-N80X13S2R + Cr2O3 + NH4Cl has a uniform high surface hardness (31-64 HRC), from a mixture of only PR-N80X13S2R - the surface hardness varies in a wide range (15-60 HRC). The study of the microhardness of the cross section of the surface layer showed that, the diffusion region: from a mixture of powder PR-N80X13S2R + Cr2O3 + NH4Cl has uniform hardness (450-490 HV); from a mixture of PR-N80X13S2R - hardness increases in the depth of the molten region (from 300 to 600 HV), and sharply decreases in the heat affected zone (210-170 HV). The use of PR-N80X13S2R alloy powder as the main component in the composition of the paste deposited on the St3 surface during plasma treatment leads to the formation of a doped surface layer with high hardness.
Features of Technological Processes of Nanogalvanizing
Authors: Galin Rashit , Shaburova Nataliya , Zakharyevich Dmitry
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the technological processes of nanogalvanizing, in terms of composition and microstructure of diffusion zinc coatings, to obtain the necessary corrosion and mechanical properties. Three industrial processes have been considered, it is shown that they give a range of composition profiles and microstructure types for the coating. Based on the results of the analysis, promising areas of technology application are identified.
Kinetics of Growth of Gas-Saturated (Embrittled) Layers on Titanium during Vacuum Annealing
Authors: Bulkov Alexey B. , Peshkov Vladimir V. , Selivanov Vladimir F.
Published: April 2021

The influence of the parameters of the vacuum annealing mode on the thickness of the embrittled layers, formed on the surface of titanium as a result of its interaction with the residual gases of the vacuumed space, is studied. The thickness and structure of the layers were determined on samples made of VT6 alloy obtained from sheet metal with a thickness of 3 mm. Annealing of samples in the temperature range of 500-750 °C was performed with air dilution from 10 to 3∙10-2 PA. The dimensions of the embrittled layers were determined by measuring the zone of brittle crack propagation in the fracture of the samples, and measuring the distance between the surface cracks in the embrittled layers, formed during bending deformation. To quantify the effect of vacuum annealing modes of sheet titanium alloy VT6 on the depth of the embrittled part of the formed oxide layer, it is proposed to use a parabolic relationship, characterized by the degree of growth and the constant of the embrittled layer. By processing experimental data, the effect of annealing time, temperature, and air dilution on the growth kinetics of the embrittled layers was established. Based on the obtained kinetic regularities of the growth of the embrittled layers, nomograms are constructed, to determine the size of the embrittled layer formed at the heating stage at different speeds up to the specified annealing temperature.
Analysis of Galvanized Steel Sheets Fabrication in Cold Rolling Shop and Identification of Local Impacts Contributing to Corrosion of Metal-Products
Authors: Kukhar Volodymyr V. , Klimov Eduard S. , Chernenko Serhii M.
Published: April 2021

An urgent need has been identified, associated with the validity of improving the process for the manufacturing of galvanized steel, in the analysis and improvement of each stage of production in the conditions of the particular cold-rolled shop of the Iron and Steel Work. As a novelty, the processes and equipment for cleaning a hot-rolled strip, pickling a strip, rolling of pickled strips, physicochemical surface treatment, zinc coating, passivation, and other elements were reviewed from the point of view of possible corrosion consequences of the production. For the first time in the considered production system, elements and operations, their errors and imperfections, which can lead to poor-quality coating, violation of the zinc layer and reasons that contribute to the corrosion of galvanized metal products in the future, were identified at each stage.
Fatigue Resistance of Welded Titanium Joints
Authors: Pachurin G.V. , Mukhina M.V. , Kuzmin A.N.
Published: April 2021

The paper presents the results of studies of the structural state, changes in mechanical characteristics during static and cyclic loading of welded joints from technically pure titanium during thermal cycling. Based on the change in the relative deflection of the sample, a quantitative assessment of the fatigue damage accumulation at the stage of cyclic deformation up to the moment of opening and propagation of the main crack depending on the number of cycles of thermal cycling treatment is provided.
Research of Hardness of Polymer Composite Materials Based on Silicone and Aluminium Hydroxide with Various Mechanical-Chemical Processing
Authors: Efremov N.Y. , Oreshina O.A. , Mushenko V.D.
Published: April 2021

Polymer composites are one of the types of modern functional materials. This class includes many different in structure and field of application materials, including dispersed-filled polymer composites [1]. Such materials are made by mixing a polymer matrix in a fluid state with a powder filler and then curing. The properties of the resulting materials are influenced by a variety of factors, including the nature of the preliminary (prior to addition to the mixture with the polymer) mechanical-chemical processing of the filler.
About Some Reasons of Destruction of Gear Details of the Car
Authors: Astashchenko V.I. , Shveyova T.V. , Shveyov A.I.
Published: April 2021

It is shown that deformed steel has an advantage over cast steel in terms of mechanical properties. It was revealed that the decrease in the durability of gear parts is associated with the presence of metallurgical defects in the steel. The square segregation is always inherited by the finished part and its appearance on the surface leads to the destruction of the product. The dendritic structure of steel is the reason for the low endurance strength of the tooth of the part. For heavily loaded gear parts of the «shaft-gear» type, it is recommended to use rolled products with a high degree of crimping (extension). To eliminate the dendritic structure in steel, hot deformation of the metal can be carried out at the stage of forging production.
Damage Assessment of Specimens Made of Layered Composite Polymeric Material Based on Carbon Plastic in Fatigue Tests
Authors: Balakirev A.A. , Sazhenkov N.A. , Semenov S.V.
Published: April 2021

The use of polymer composite materials for highly loaded structures in modern engineering is constantly expanding, since they have high specific strength characteristics under static loading. However, the question of providing the required resource of such materials under cyclic loading remains open. In this work, we propose an experimental technique for assessing the damageability of specimens of layered polymeric material during fatigue tests. Criteria, which can indicate the appearance of interlayer fracture in the tested specimens, are given. A correlation between the appearance of a new spot of interlayer destruction in the specimens and a decrease in a number of acoustic emission events per unit time, during fatigue tests, were revealed.
An Investigation of Photocatalytic Activity of Coatings Based on Strontium Bismuthate Deposited on a Ceramic Carrier
Authors: Makarevich Konstantin S. , Kaminsky Oleg I. , Zaitsev Aleksey V.
Published: April 2021

A study was carried out to obtain effective photocatalytic coatings on a ceramic silicate carrier. The analysis of the characteristics of silicate materials, such as: ceramic carrier "Biopur"; porous glass carrier "Siporax"; glass-ceramic carrier (sitall) "Biopur forte" produced by the company "SERA", Germany, was made. According to X-ray phase analysis data, it was shown that the “Biopur” ceramic support is formed by magnesium aluminosilicates of the composition MgAl2Si3O10 and MgAl2Si4O12. The porous material “Siporax” is X-ray amorphous. The silicate material “Biopur forte” does not have a pronounced amorphous component in its structure and can be assigned to the class of sitall with a high SiO2 content and a low content of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations in the structure. A method for impregnating a ceramic support with a solution of a bismuth photo-catalyst precursor, a specially developed composition of a complex of bismuth with sorbitol, is considered. An effective concentration of a solution of a complex of bismuth with sorbitol in ethanol equal to 10% was found. By low-temperature pyrolysis at , photo-catalytically active coatings of strontium bismuthates were obtained on each of the considered types of ceramic supports. The highest photocatalytic activity was detected in the coating deposited on a ceramic carrier with a glass structure – “Biopur forte”. A study of the photocatalytic activity of coatings, based on strontium bismuthate, depending on the multiplicity of coating on a “Biopur forte” ceramic carrier, was made. The effective number of layers of the photocatalytic coating on a “Biopur forte” ceramic carrier is determined, which corresponds to the highest rate of decrease in the optical density of a model organic pollutant upon irradiation with visible light in the spectrum.
Features of Femtosecond Micromachining of Solid Transparent Materials
Authors: Chernikov Anton S. , Chkalov Ruslan V.
Published: April 2021

The paper reports the inscription of second- and third-order fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in single-mode optical fiber (SMF-28e+) via the line-by-line (LbL) and the point-by-point (PbP) methods using femtosecond laser radiation. The use of these methods jointly with based on an automatic spatial deviation correction system is considered. The approach allows to significantly improve spectral characteristics of FBG without the loss of fabrication performance.
Influence of Three-Component Barrier Layers on Optical Properties of Photodetectors with Quantum Dots
Authors: Blokhin Eduard E. , Irkha Vladimir A. , Pashchenko Alexandr S.
Published: April 2021

The results of the presented studies demonstrate the possibility of using two and three component solid solutions, based on elements of the A3B5 groups, as thin barrier layers to cover an array of structured InAs quantum dots for photoactive heterointerfaces of solar energy. When using three-component solid solutions for QD barrier layers, a decrease in the thermionic generation in the near infrared spectrum and a decrease in the dark current of the heterointerface are obtained.
Practice of Wound Closure Techniques among Emergency Physicians and Surgeons in Makkah City Hospitals in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Felemban Jeehad M. , Binyaseen Kenan A. , Almalki Waleed S. , Altowairqi Fahad S. , Sakhakhini Amer O. , Alharbi Ziyad I.
Published: April 2021

Background

Wound suturing is a procedure performed by medical and surgical specialists. While there are many different suturing techniques and materials used to treat patients, the choice of which to employ depends on different variables that affect the outcome of the procedure.

Design and methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted to provide descriptive data regarding the practice of wound closure techniques, and to develop an awareness of scar formation factors. A total of 172 general surgery (GS) surgeons and emergency (EM) physicians in Makkah city hospitals in Saudi Arabia participated in the study.

Results

More than 50% of the practitioners favored the simple interrupted technique for the treatment of all types of studied wounds. The other most common techniques among participants were the subcuticular and vertical mattress methods, respectively, while the use of a stapler was limited to certain wound types. Regarding suturing material, polyglycolic acid was the most frequent material used by 50.1% of participants, whereas only 22% of the participants selected nylon material for wound suturing. However, this study showed a good level of awareness among participants, with significant p-values (p<0.05) of strongly agree and agree regarding the essential factors affecting wound healing and scar formation.

Conclusions

The result provides insight into the most common suture techniques and materials used in wound closure. There are wide variations in selecting these techniques and materials among the participants. Also, we found that there is good awareness amongparticipants about factors that lead to scar formation.
Pharmaceutical Validation of Modified Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha
Authors: Bhinde Sonam Sagar , Bhinde Sagar Mahendrabhai , Kori Virendrakumar K. , Chaudhari Swapnil Y. , Patagiri Biswajyoti J. , Patel Kalpna S.
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha (CHA) is a well-known Ayurveda preparation recommended in the management of chronic rhinitis, cough, asthma, anorexia, pthisis, and worm infestation. These diseases are more common in children, and, hence, CHA is one of the important formulations used in pediatric patients. However, considering its nonpalatable (bitter astringent) taste along with complexity of confection preparation, it is high time to amend and validate its pharmaceutical process.

Aim:

To prepare modified CHA and develop standard manufacturing procedures for this modified formulation.

Materials and Methods:

Five pilot batches with varying proportions of ingredients were prepared to fix the ratio of formulation composition and to make it palatable for children. In these five pilot batches, the proportion of the fifth batch was found to be most acceptable and, hence, the ratio of this batch was kept as a standard formulation based on organoleptic parameters; this procedure was repeated thrice to ensure the process validation.

Results:

Preparation of confection by the classical method by adding Terminalia chebula Retz. powder in decoction was not palatable for pediatric purpose. Jaggery was increased by 1.5 times, Terminalia chebula Retz. powder was reduced by 50%, and Terminalia chebula Retz. was added. Jaggery (1.5 times) used in condiments gave a desired palatable taste (mild bitter and mild astringent) for children.

Conclusion:

This modified process can be considered as a standard manufacturing process of CHA, especially for pediatric use.
The Predicament of the Medical Postgraduate Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Subramanyam Alka , Nachane Hrishikesh Bipin
Published: April 2021

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic saw the deputation of postgraduate residents all over the country to round the clock COVID duties. Residents from various departments came together to face the pandemic as a team. This impacted their daily routines, studies, and exams. It carried with itself uncertainties in both their professional and personal lives. Nonetheless, all residents rose to the challenge at hand. This commentary discusses their predicament during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights suggestions for some of the problems they faced.
Experimental Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina) Lethality Assay to Evaluate the Drug Incompatibility on Combined Administration of Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum) and Madhu (Honey)
Authors: Ajanal Manjunath N. , Sushma H. N. , Kotturshetty I. B.
Published: April 2021

Background:

Drug incompatibility is one of the major causes of adverse drug reaction (ADR) or drug-induced toxicity in Ayurveda. In fact, this science has given special importance to such drug-induced issues and grouped them under the concept of Viruddha (drug incompatibility) and provided many measures to avoid them in clinical practice; one such example is a combination of fruits of Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum [SN]) and honey. The toxicity of this combination was not assessed; thus, the present study was planned to assess the toxic effect of the combined administration of fruits of Kakamachi and honey on brine shrimp lethality assay.

Aims:

To evaluate the brine shrimp lethality activity of the combined drug administration of fruits of Kakamachi and honey.

Materials and Methods:

Authentic brine shrimp eggs were laboratory cultured in artificially prepared saline sea water, and hatched brine shrimp nauplii were subjected to different concentrations of the combination to evaluate the LC50 and lethality assay.

Results and conclusion:

The study demonstrated that LC50 of fruit powder of SN and honey has shown potential cytotoxic effects at a dose of 0.57 mg on brine shrimp nauplii.
Management of Pakshaghata (Hemiplegia due to basal ganglia bleed) through Panchakarma
Authors: Verma Poonam , Kundra Latika , Bhatted Santosh Kumar , Dharmarajan Prasanth
Published: April 2021

Background:

Stroke is defined as the fast onset of focal neurological deficit within which poor blood flow to the brain ends up in necrobiosis. It is the second most common reason for worldwide mortality. Hemorrhagic strokes are classified based on their underlying pathology. Some common causes of bleeding are hypertensive trauma, ruptured aneurism, AV fistula, transformation of previous ischemic pathology, and drug-elicited hemorrhage. They result in tissue injury by inflicting compression of tissue from an expanding hematoma. Pakshaghata described in Ayurveda can be correlated with hemiplegia or paralysis of half of the body (either right side or left side), impairment of sensory organs, and mental function. All Acharya have emphasized that in the manifestation of Pakshaghata, Vata is predominant with the association of Pitta and Kapha Dosha.

Materials and Methods:

The present clinical study is a case report on the efficacy of Panchakarma procedures along with internal medication in a patient diagnosed as a case of basal ganglionic bleed resulting in right-sided hemiplegia. Assessments were done on the basis of Barthel Index, Modified Rankin Scale, Scandinavian Stroke Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Results and Conclusion:

There was marked improvement in walking, speech, and lifting of right upper limb with an overall improvement in quality of life. Hence, this study suggests that Panchakarma procedures along with oral Ayurveda medicine show significant relief in the symptoms of disease.
Pedagogical Review on Ayurveda Concept of Uterine Fibroids
Authors: Karunagoda Kaumadi , Perera Kamal , Senanayake Hemantha
Published: April 2021

Uterine fibroids are common reproductive track tumors of women and they are managed by the Ayurveda system of medicine. Reference on this condition is limited in Ayurveda texts. This study was aimed at collecting research and concept evidence to justify uterine fibroids, with the most similar diseases described in Ayurveda. A review of selected Ayurveda text books and a computer search of databases were carried out to collect data. Search data were interpreted in a meaningful manner with the help of Ayurveda basic concepts. Recent researchers correlate uterine fibroids with Arbuda, or Granthi. Pathogenesis, signs, and symptoms of uterine fibroids could closely correlate with the description given in Susrutha samhita on Arbuda than Granthi. Suppuration, presence of capsules, considered as smaller to Arbuda and the treatment strategy are the dissimilarities of this condition with Granthi. Uterine fibroids could be placed as Tridosha, Mansaja, and Yapya disease according to various classifications of Arbuda. Various clinical presentations of individuals with this condition can be explained with the help of Tridosha involvement. Disease pathogenesis could be described based on Shadkriyakala by following the Samprapthi of Arbuda. Further treatment approaches of uterine fibroids show a close relationship with Arbuda Chikitsa. They can be treated with Shodhana, Shaman, and Shalyaja treatments, as mentioned in Arbuda Chikitsa. In conclusion, the condition of uterine fibroids is closely related with Arbuda than Granthi. Uterine fibroids can be considered as a Mansaja type of Yapya Garbhash Gatha Arbuda due to vitiation of Tridosha. The line of treatment for this condition could be described by Arbuda Chikitsa.
Morphometry of Sylvian Fissure among Maharashtrian Population
Authors: Amol A. S. , Kushalini K. A.
Published: April 2021

Background:

Various studies have documented asymmetry and sexual dimorphism in the Sylvian fissure (SF). The objective of the present study was to determine the morphometry of Sylvian fissure for sexual dimorphism and interhemispherical variations.

Methodology:

In a descriptive study at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, morphometric evaluation of lateral sulcus was done from 50 cerebral hemispheres. SF and Sylvian point with its posterior limb, anterior limb, and ascending limb were demarcated after dissecting out the cerebral hemispheres from the cranial cavity. The length of posterior limb of SF, anterior limb, and ascending limb was noted separately for the left and right sides. The angle between the limbs was noted. Incidence of bifurcation into anterior and ascending limbs as V, U. or Y shape at anterior Sylvian point was noted.

Results:

The average length of SF (posterior, ascending, and anterior limbs) on the left hemispheres was significantly more than the right side. The length of SF was also significantly more in males in comparison with males. The most common branching pattern of anterior and ascending limbs was U shape (64%). The angle between posterior and ascending limbs on the left side was significantly higher in the left side (104°) than on the right side (98°).

Conclusion:

Posterior, anterior, and ascending limbs of SF were longer on the left side. Male brains had significantly longer SF than females. U-shaped branching was the most common shape bilaterally and in both sexes. The angle between ascending and anterior limbs was found more in females and on the left side, thus reflecting laterality and sexual dimorphism.
A Histological Study on the Developing Adrenal Gland in Human Fetuses
Authors: Kumar T. Suresh , Kumar S Sathish , Rekha B Minu
Published: April 2021

Background:

Adrenal gland has an outer cortex and inner medulla that vary structurally, functionally, and embryologically. The developing gland plays a major role in concordance development of various viscera of the fetus and in parturition. The fetal adrenal gland shows histological changes not only in the fetal cortex but also in capsule, permanent cortex, and medulla. The current study aims to look at the changes in the microstructure of the fetal adrenal glands at various gestational ages.

Methodology:

Forty adrenal specimens from dead fetuses of gestational age from 14 to 36 weeks were collected and processed for routine hematoxyline and eosin staining and studied under light microscope. The samples were grouped into I, II, and III based on their gestational age. The microscopic changes occurring in different gestational ages were studied and photographed.

Results:

The cortex become well defined by 18 weeks and increase in thickness till term. Blood vessels appear in the capsule as early as 15 weeks. The fetal cortex increases in thickness with increase in gestational age. Lymphocytic infiltrations were consistently noted in the permanent cortex. The neuroblastic nodules were noted in the medulla from 14 weeks and regressed with advancing gestational age.

Conclusion:

Increase in the size of the fetal adrenal gland is mainly due to the increase in the fetal cortex. The neuroblastic nodules were seen until 32 weeks of gestation. The lymphocytic infiltration in the fetal cortex opens a new avenue of research to study their role in mediating the cortical secretions in fetus.
A lesson on ‘Cardiac tamponade’ from the cadaver
Authors: Yohannan Doris George , Attumalil Thomas Varghese , Chandrakumari Komalavallyamma
Published: April 2021

While dissecting the thorax, when the pericardium was opened, massive clots were seen, concealing the heart. The experience was used to teach about pericardial pericardial tamponade, which most probably caused the death of the “patient.” The concept of how the intrapericardial pressure builds up to compromise cardiac hemodynamics, how it can be clinically suspected, rapidly investigated, and managed as a medical emergency, was taught. This incident was an eye-opener that the time-tested cadaveric dissection should never be entirely replaced by alternatives though they may be wisely and effectively used to complement dissection.
The Study of Anatomy of Tarsal Tunnel in Human Fetuses by Dissection Method
Authors: Chaithra Rao B. R. , Annam Sucharitha , Sunkeswari Sreepadma , Patil Sandeep
Published: April 2021

Background:

The flexor retinaculum of foot extends from the medial malleolus to the calcaneus to form the roof of tarsal tunnel. The structures passing through the tunnel are tendons of tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus & flexor hallucis longus, the tibial nerve & the posterior tibial artery with its venae comitantes. In order to understand the pathogenesis and improve the treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome, we investigated the tarsal region of human foetuses anatomically.

Methodology:

The study was done on aborted/ stillborn foetuses in the Department of Anatomy of Sapthagiri Institute of Medical, Sciences, Bangalore. The structures passing under the flexor retinaculum of foot were dissected in 68 normal limbs of 34 foetuses of gestational age ranging from 10 weeks to term.

Results:

It was noted that the structures were arranged in two planes. Most commonly the superficial plane contained the tendon of tibialis posterior, posterior tibial artery & tibial nerve from medial to lateral side. In the deeper plane were the tendons of flexor digitorum longus medial to that of flexor hallucis longus. The bifurcation of tibial nerve mostly occurred under cover of flexor retinaculum and that of posterior tibial artery was distal to it.

Conclusion:

The understanding of arrangement of structures under cover of flexor retinaculum is important for diagnosis and treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome in adults and also for the surgical correction of clubfoot, poliomyelitis & other deformities of foot in children.
Carcinoma Cervix with Ectopic Kidney, Its Treatment and Outcome
Authors: Anand Mridul , Parikh Ankita , Shah Sonal Patel
Published: April 2021

The occurrence of pelvic malignancies along with an ectopic kidney is a rare finding. In the patients of early stage carcinoma of cervix presenting with pelvic kidney, surgery is preferred to radiation to avoid irradiating the kidney. However, advanced stage carcinoma of cervix in such scenario poses a therapeutic dilemma and conformal radiotherapy in the form of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is preferred option. This helps to achieve the desired dose to the target while reducing the dose to the surrounding organs at risk particularly to the pelvic kidney. Herein, we present a case of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IIB carcinoma of cervix having ectopic right pelvic kidney in a 40-year-old female, and the patient was successfully treated with chemoradiotherapy in IMRT technique. The patient is disease free with normal renal function at 2-year follow-up. The previously reported cases of pelvic malignancies with ectopic kidney in the literature are discussed here briefly.
Primary Osteosarcoma of Breast
Authors: Mankada Sakina , Mehta Maitrik , Poddar Jyoti , Kichloo Amit , Pandya Akash , Suryanarayana Ubrangala
Published: April 2021

Primary osteosarcoma of breast is an extremely rare entity with a poor prognosis. Although resection is the main treatment, the optimal treatment remains uncertain. It has early tumor recurrence with a propensity for hematogenous spread, most commonly to the lungs rather than lymphatic spread. Herein, we report a case of primary osteosarcoma of the left breast in a 50-year-old female. Her metastatic workup did not show any evidence of regional or distant metastasis. The patient was treated by simple mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient is disease free at a follow-up of 11 months.
The Utility of Screening Ultrasound in Early Diagnosis of Gall Bladder Cancer among High-Risk Population
Authors: Sreen Amit , Anadure Ravi K. , Singh H. P. , Sharma Anuj K. , Sharma Rohit , Mohimen Aneesh , Gupta Simmi
Published: April 2021

Background:

Screening has led to reduction in mortality for cancers of the cervix, prostate, and colon. Advanced gall bladder carcinoma (GBC) have a poor prognosis, compared to early-stage GBC. The aim of this study was early detection of GBC by ultrasound screening, in a high-risk population. Data were analyzed to look at the impact of screening on staging, operability, and survival.

Materials and Methods:

In this prospective study spanning 4 years, 978 high-risk individuals as per defined criteria, were screened by ultrasound of the abdomen. The clinical profile of patients with screened GBC (S-GBC) and clinically evident GBC (C-GBC) was studied in terms of stage of detection, operability, and median overall survival (mOS).

Results:

Six cases of GBC were detected as S-GBC. These were compared with a control population of 119 GBC cases presenting to the cancer outpatient department (C-GBC) in the same period. It was found that S-GBC patients compared to C-GBC, had early stages of diagnosis (P = 0.001) and all underwent curative radical cholecystectomy compared to only 18.8% in C-GBC cases (P = 0.004). At 2 years follow-up, mOS was not reached for S-GBC patients as all patients were alive, compared to 9 months mOS in C-GBC cases (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Screening for GBC leads to the detection of GBC in early stages, ensures surgical resection, and significantly improves mOS. Ultrasound screening in high-risk population is recommended to improve the poor prognosis of GBC.
Lymph Node Metastasis in cT1/T2 Buccal Mucosa Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Vyas Siddharth Mahesh , Kantharia Rajesh Arvind , Kantharia Shehnaz Rajesh , Teli Zahoor Ahmad , Mistry Yogesh Matadin
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

To analyze the incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis in cT1/T2 buccal mucosa cancers, correlate it with the depth of invasion and study the percentage of occult metastasis. Through this study, we also attempt to look into subsite-specific buccal mucosa data which are lacking in literature and will help us improve the understanding of the disease.

Materials and Methods:

Retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected data of 109 patients with cT1/T2 buccal mucosa cancer operated from January 2018 to August 2019 was done. Information regarding the pathological T stage, depth of invasion, presence or absence of cervical node metastasis, occult metastasis, size of the metastatic lymph nodes, and the presence of extracapsular extension was collected from the final histopathology reports.

Results:

Twenty-five out of 109 (22.94%) patients had cervical node metastasis. Nine out of 93 (9.68%) clinically N0 patients had occult metastasis. No metastasis was observed for the patients with depth of invasion <4 mm. Of these 25 patients, 17 were pathologically staged T2 (68%), whereas 8 were staged T1 (32%). P value obtained by the Fisher's exact test was 0.003 and validated the hypothesis generated by our results.

Conclusion:

Through this study, we can conclude that the possibility of cervical node metastasis in cT1/T2 buccal mucosa cancers with depth of invasion <4 mm is negligible and the percentage of occult metastasis stands low. Our study also reflects the lack of robust data in context to early-stage buccal mucosa cancers and offers an insight on the importance of subsite specific research.
Karnataka telemedicine mentoring and monitoring program for complete integration of psychiatry in the general health care
Authors: Manjunatha Narayana , Parthasarathy Rajani , Paul Daniel Ritish , Basavaraju Vinay , Shashidhara Harihara Nagabhushana , Binukumar Bhaskarapillai , Kumar Channaveerachari Naveen , Math Suresh Bada , Thirthalli Jagadisha
Published: April 2021

The National Mental Health Survey of India reported a higher prevalence and treatment gap of psychiatric disorders among the general population. Task shifting is one of the important solutions to meet this requirement. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among primary care is about 30%–50%. Digitally driven primary care psychiatry program (PCPP) designed to innovate different module to upscale the skills of primary care doctors (PCDs) in live consultation of PCDs in their general patients. To exponential coverage of PCDs, Karnataka Telemedicine Mentoring and Monitoring (KTM) Program is been implemented across all districts of Karnataka. It is the training of trainer version of PCPP where psychiatrists serving in District Mental Health Program of all districts of Karnataka become trainers to implement of two digital modules (Telepsychiatric On-Consultation Training and Collaborative Video Consultations) of PCPP with the target to train all PCDs of Karnataka. This paper aims to provide a glimpse of this innovative KTM program and current progress with a preliminary analysis of translational quotient indicating skill transfer and retention.
A comparative diffusion tensor imaging study of patients with and without treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Aggarwal Anisha , Grover Sandeep , Ahuja Chirag , Chakrabarti Subho , Khandelwal Niranjan , Avasthi Ajit
Published: April 2021

Aim:

The aim was to study the brain connectivity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) among patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and compare the same with a group of patients without TRS.

Methods:

Twenty-three patients with TRS and 15 patients without TRS underwent DTI using a 3T magnetic resonance imaging machine. DTI data were processed with the calculation of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient. Patients were also assessed on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, and Clinical Global Impression severity scale.

Results:

Patients with TRS and non-TRS differed significantly in the FA values in the region of right superior longitudinal fasciculus and right uncinate fasciculus, with more integrity of tracts in the non-TRS group. However, these differences disappeared when Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons.

Conclusion:

The present study suggests lack of significant difference in DTI findings between patients with TRS and non-TRS.
Pain threshold and pain tolerance as a predictor of deliberate self-harm among adolescents and young adults
Authors: Miglani Mitthat , Chavan Bir Singh , Gupta Nitin
Published: April 2021

Background:

Recently, the assessment of pain has been used as a parameter to differentiate adolescents who indulge in deliberate self-harm from healthy individuals.

Aims and objectives:

The present study was conducted to compare pain sensitivity between three groups, i.e., nonsuicidal self-injury/nonsuicidal self-harm (NSSI), suicide attempters (SA), and matched healthy control (NSSI, SA, and healthy controls).

Materials and Methods:

Ninety participants (30-NSSI, 30-SA, and 30 matched control) between the age of 10 and 25 years were inducted from the individuals who came for help at the outdoor and emergency services for recent self-harm. Pain sensitivity was assessed by cold pain stimulation test through a cold pressor task.

Results:

Pain threshold, pain tolerance, total pain index as well as pain experience intensity were significantly different in the three groups.

Conclusion:

Participants who indulge in NSSI and SA have significantly higher pain threshold, pain tolerance, total pain index, and pain experience intensity as compared to healthy control. Although all the pain parameters were higher in the NSSI group as compared to SA group, the difference did not reach to significant level.