bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFICACY OF TREATMENT WITH PEGYLATED INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HCV INFECTION “UNDER REAL LIFE“ CONDITIONS
Authors: Speičienė Danutė , Kotovienė Lina , Mickevičius Artautas , Liakina Valentina , Valantinas Jonas
Published: March 2015

Objective. To investigate the outcomes of combined therapy of hepatitis C (HCV) patients with peginterferon and ribavirin in ”real life” practice, to compare them with data obtained in randomized clinical trials (RCT) and to evaluate possible predictors of sustained virological response (SVR). Material and methods. The retrospective study of HCV patients routinely examined and treated in the Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos (2003−2009 yrs) was carried out. They had undergone the treatment with combination of peginterferon alfa and ribavirin according to the Lithuanian guide. Overall 203 patients were enrolled. SVR was evaluated in 179 patients. Results. The overall rate of SVR was 43 %: in 51,3 % of naives (genotype 1 − 38,8 %, genotype 2 – 100 %, genotype 3 − 82,6 % cases) and in 28,1 % of experienced patients (genotype 1 – 17 %, and genotype 3 – 64,3 % cases). Significant relations of SVR and HCV genotype was observed: 68,9 % having genotype1 were non-responders, whereas 80 % and 75,7 % ones with genotype 2 and 3 achieved SVR (p 0.005 and p = 0.01, respectively). The inverse relation with the age (p 0.01), degree of fibrosis (p = 0.039) and previous unsuccessful treatment was confirmed by multivariate analysis. Conclusions. Data of SVR obtained „on real life“ conditions are non unambiguous: SVR of naive and experienced patients overall and those with genotype 1 were similar or slightly lower, while for patients with genotype 3 significantly higher than results presented in clinical trials. Genotype 1, previous unsuccessful antiviral treatment, older age, and advanced fibrosis were strongest negative predictors for SVR.
Hereditary hearing loss. Genetic factors in ethiopathogenesis of deafness
Authors: Mikštienė Violeta , Preikšaitienė Eglė , Utkus Algirdas
Published: March 2015

Congenital hearing loss is one of the most common defects diagnosed 1 in 1000 newborns. Prelingual hearing loss disturbs development of the child and it is one of disabling conditions in present day environment. It is a highly heterogeneous disorder, with the majority of cases having genetic etiology. Ear is a very complex organ, proper development of the tissues in macroscopic, microscopic and molecular levels and function are essencial for the perception of sound. These processes are influenced mostly by genetic factors. Recent advances in the gene identification techniques have revolutionized the clinical approach to congenital hearing loss. More than 400 and 100 genetic loci are associated with syndromic and nonsyndromic hearing loss respectively. High heterogeneity of hearing loss is important in genetic counselling – the disorder may be inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X recessive and mitochondrial manner. In this review we discuss the structure and the function of auditory organ, the pathogenic mechanisms of hearing loss and provide the clinical approach. The identification of genes implicated in pathogenesis of hearing loss is essential in establishing of genetic diagnosis and rehabilitation, opens new perspectives in treatment, and allows predicting the severity of the disorder, progression and effectiveness of rehabilitating measures.
PROPHYLAXIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN INFANTS AND TODLLERS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Authors: Mulevičienė Audronė , Ragelienė Lina
Published: March 2015

Iron deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiency in infancy and childhood. The main long lasting effect of iron deficiency anemia in infancy is poor neurocognitive development. Despite early treatment with iron supplements, lower cognitive performance remains even after reaching adulthood. Therefore iron deficiency anemia should be regarded not only as a haematological problem, but as a result of imperfections in the social system. Preventive strategies occupie most important place ensuring the normal development of the child. The main recommendations regarding iron deficiency prophylaxis are as follows: delayed umbilical cord clamping, exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age, iron fortified formula for non-breastfed infants, iron supplements for infants with risk factors, complementary feeding starting at 6 months of age, avoiding cow‘s milk until 12 months of age and restriction of intake to less than 500 ml per day for toddlers. The article analyzes iron deficiency impact on the development of central nervous system, the characteristics of iron homeostasis in children, iron deficiency anemia causes and pathophysiological mechanisms. Based on the latest scientific literature iron deficiency prevention strategies and practical recommendations are provided.
imaging of the patellofemoral pain syndrome
Authors: Brazaitis Andrius , Tamošiūnas Algirdas
Published: March 2015

Anterior knee pain, diagnosed as patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. It is of high socioeconomic relevance as it occurs most frequently in young and active patients. The rate is around 15–33 % in an active adult population and 21–45 % in adolescents. Females are twice at greater risk for PFPS. Despite of its high incidence and abundance of symptoms, its pathogenesis is still not well understood. There are many possible causes for PFPS: hip muscle weakness, vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis imbalance, increased hamstring tightness, iliotibial tract tightness, patellar maltracking, foot eversion. Etiologic factors were classified as local, distal, and proximal. Aim of this literature review is to overview reasons regarding the underlying pathology of PFPS and value of different radiological imaging modalities.
Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetric Method to Identify and Measure the Palatal Surface Area in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: De Menezes Marcio , Cerón-Zapata Ana Maria , López-Palacio Ana Maria , Mapelli Andrea , Pisoni Luca , Sforza Chiarella
Published: March 2015

Objective

To assess a three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetric method for area delimitation and evaluation of the dental arches of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Obtained data were also used to assess the 3D changes occurring in the maxillary arch with the use of orthopedic therapy prior to rhinocheiloplasty and before the first year of life.

Design

Within the collaboration between the Università degli Studi di Milano (Italy) and the University CES of Medellin (Colombia), 96 palatal cast models obtained from neonatal patients with UCLP were analyzed using a 3D stereophotogrammetric imaging system.

Main Outcome Measures

The area of the minor and greater cleft segments on the digital dental cast surface were delineated by the visualization tool of the stereophotogrammetric software and then examined. “Trueness” of the measurements, as well as systematic and random errors between operators' tracings (“precision”) were calculated.

Results

The method gave area measurements close to true values (errors lower than 2%), without systematic measurement errors for tracings by both interoperators and intraoperators ( P > .05). Statistically significant differences ( P < .05) were noted for alveolar segment and time.

Conclusions

Maxillary segments have the potential for growth during presurgical orthopedic treatment in the early neonatal period. The cleft segment delimitation on digital dental casts and area measurements by the 3D stereophotogrammetric system revealed an accurate (true and precise) method for evaluating the stone casts of newborn patients with UCLP.
A Phase IIb Trial Assessing the Addition of Disulfiram to Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Nechushtan Hovav , Hamamreh Yousef , Nidal Salim , Gotfried Maya , Baron Amichai , Shalev Yossi Israeli , Nisman Benjjamin , Peretz Tamar , Peylan-Ramu Nili
Published: March 2015

Author Summary

Background.

Disulfiram, an alcohol aversion agent, has been in use for >50 years. Numerous authors have reported an anticancer effect of this drug in vitro and in mouse models. More recently, several reports have claimed that disulfiram also possesses anti-stem cell activity. We set out to obtain initial data regarding the safety of combining this drug with chemotherapy and the possible effectiveness of disulfiram in a combination regimen in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods.

This phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded study assessed the safety and efficacy of adding of disulfiram to cisplatin and vinorelbine for six cycles. Newly diagnosed NSCLC patients were recruited. Patients with either stage IV or what was considered at the time “wet IIIb” (since 2009, these patients have been considered stage IV) were recruited. The patients were treated with only chemotherapy, and none were treated with either surgery or chemoradiation. Disulfiram was administered at a dose of 40 mg three times daily.

Results.

Forty patients were treated for more than two cycles, half with and half without disulfiram, which was well tolerated. An increase in survival was noted for the experimental group (10 vs. 7.1 months). Interestingly, there were only two long-term survivors, both in the disulfiram group.

Conclusion.

The addition of disulfiram to a combination regimen of cisplatin and vinorelbine was well tolerated and appeared to prolong survival in patients with newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer. The results from this small study seem encouraging enough for assessment in larger trials. Disulfiram is an inexpensive and safe drug; if its addition to chemotherapy could be shown to prolong survival, an effective regimen could be established and used widely, even in resource-poor countries.
Reflections on Caring for the International Uninsured Patient
Authors: Ferman Debra Ann
Published: March 2015

Nonmedical considerations too often affect treatment decisions for uninsured patients and result in care that falls significantly short of the Hippocratic Oath. The greatness of a society is not in its might or wealth but rather in the level of benevolence and compassion it is able to show by caring for the weak and less fortunate. Should doctors not practice medicine accordingly?
Institutions and Return Predictability in Oil-exporting Countries
Authors: Aramonte Sirio , Shugarman Justin , Jahan-Parvar Mohammad
Published: March 2015

We study whether stock market returns in oil-exporting countries can be predicted by oil price changes, and we investigate the link between predictability and the quality of each country's institutions. Returns are predictable for half the countries we consider, and predictability is stronger when institutional quality is lower. We argue that the relation between predictability and institutional quality reflects the preference of countries with weaker institutions to consume oil windfalls locally rather than smooth out the impact of windfalls by, for instance, investing the proceeds through a sovereign wealth fund.
CRISES AND ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Authors: Kovan S. E.
Published: March 2015

A theoretic concept of crises and anti-crisis management in social and economic systems at the macro- and microlevels is offered. The concept is based on the elaborated interaction model of systems of different levels. General regularities of the occurrence of crises in social and economic systems are determined based on the given theoretic model. A criterion for determination of the crisis state of the considered systems is formulated. Goals, conditions and base strategies of anti-crisis management are determined based on the area of occurrence of negative impact factors – in the inner or outer environment of the system.
RISK PREVENTION AS A CONDITION OF A COMPANY STABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kryukova O. G.
Published: March 2015

Developing risk management of an enterprise current activities is a vital task for they in particular shape the conditions for the company functioning and stability as well as the opportunities for further growth. A company stability risk can be considered as a resumptive risk that accumulates individual risks in separate functional lines of the current activities as a probability of the company crisis. Goals, tasks and development stages of a company risk management are being rationalized.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE CREDIT ORGANIZATION ON THE BASIS OF THE MACROECONOMICAL AND MICROECONOMICAL TOOLS RANGE.
Authors: Tarada A. S.
Published: March 2015

The article covers the question of the complex crisis management system construction of the credit organization on the basis of the microeconomical and macroeconomical management tools range. It contains the data referring the place and role of the tools in the crisis management system and the complex model of the crisis management with the united statistical entity is built.
THE REDUCTION IN LOSS OF THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY BY RESTRUCTURING PRODUCTION ASSETS
Authors: Panagushin V. P. , Sevryukov O. M. , Chayka N. K. , Chayka V. Yu.
Published: March 2015

Ways of restructuring the company's assets are anakysed. Analysis of reasons of loss-making enterprises is made. A set of measures for loading of productive areas is proposed to address the causes of the loss.Restructuring of productive assets based on the connection of the plant and an industrial park us consideredto reduce losses of enterprises.
RESTRUCTURING OF TOWN-FORMING ORGANIZATIONS: HOUSING AND UTILITY ASPECT
Authors: Ryahovskaya А. N. , Кovan S. Е. , Kryukova О. G.
Published: March 2015

The most important direction of improving of financial stability of town-forming organizations in non-diversified towns is restructuring. A set of measures is implemented during restructuring in order to improve the effectiveness of using property, a property complex, to create appropriate conditions for business, the reforming of structural subdivisions, a system of control, is carried out, as well as debt restructuring. However, restructuring in the form of separation of “independent” business units in non-core and inefficient activities, which are technologically connected with the main production of a town-forming enterprise, is inefficient, because in fact they cannot operate independently and, consequently, become a serious problem for the economy of monotowns.
2. A PROTEÇÃO DO MEIO AMBIENTE URBANO E DO PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL POR MEIO DAS AÇÕES COLETIVAS: A EXPERIÊNCIA JURISDICIONAL BRASILEIRA
Authors: LUNELLI Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2015

A proteção do patrimônio cultural é tarefa árdua numa sociedade com as características do Brasil, que tem uma formação peculiar, decorrente de um processo colonial que atravessou vários séculos. É certo que, atualmente, percebe-se a necessidade de que a propriedade desempenhe a sua função social e, também, o processo de urbanização trouxe novas compreensões à sociedade brasileira. Assim, houve intensa produção legislativa, orientada no sentido de garantir a efetividade da proteção do patrimônio cultural. Com a Constituição Federal de 1988, inaugurou-se uma nova ordem jurídica, com maior preocupação com a proteção ambiental. Todavia, ainda se faz necessária a atuação do Judiciário, a fim de garantir o cumprimento da legislação protetiva do bem ambiental.
9. A TUTELA PREVENTIVA E O ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO DE DIREITO: DESVIAR OLHAR DO PARADIGMA PARA VER ALÉM DA FUNÇÃO E DA ESTRUTURA
Authors: ESPÍNDOLA Angela Araújo da Silveira
Published: March 2015

Este artigo discute os limites e possibilidades da construção de tutelas preventivas genéricas no âmbito do direito processual civil brasileiro, herdeiro da tradição romano-canônica, partindo das resistências impostas pelos compromissos históricos e ideológicos assumidos pela ciência processual. Não se pretende um estudo dogmático ou procedimental, mas antes uma proposta de compreensão acerca das resistências estruturais impostas pelo sistema processual, que embora admita espécies de tutela preventiva, não consegue conviver com os juízos de verossimilhança e probabilidade, tampouco romper com a ordinarização do procedimento e com as concepções procedimentalistas que povoam o imaginário do direito processual civil na tradição romano-canônica. A problemática gira em torno de uma crise de sentido, que atinge o direito e a jurisdição, com reflexos sobre os institutos processuais. Uma nova forma de atuar o direito exige uma nova forma de atuar (e compreender) a jurisdição e novas atitudes dos juristas. O direito e o processo evoluem, modificam-se, eis que convivem com um mundo essencialmente hermenêutico, onde nada pode aspirar ao selo da eternidade. A reflexão sobre as condições de emergência do direito enquanto direito e a interrogação sobre o seu sentido corroboram a dimensão hermenêutica do direito e do processo. Uma jurisdição eminentemente repressiva e reparadora não responde satisfatoriamente a essa dimensão, sobretudo ante a emergência dos novos direitos, na sua grande maioria não-patrimoniais. A construção das tutelas preventivas, que visa proteger o futuro, é condição de possibilidade para a construção do Estado Democrático de Direito, rompendo com os compromissos outrora assumidos pela ciência processual.
Integrated Approach for Facies Identification and Saturation Height Modelling (Case Study from a Middle Indus Stratigraphic Field)
Authors: Hassan Azaz , Ahmed Faizan , Atiq Mustafa , Arif Fahad , Rehman Attique-Ur , Abbasi Iftikhar , Bregar Udo
Published: March 2015

Most studies on reservoir characterization and evaluation have concentrated on identification of depositional facies based on the assumption that depositional characteristics and diagenetic features control the petrophysical properties. In sandstone reservoirs, this assumption is usually valid but may be applicable only locally. In this case study, there were discrepancies in the depositional facies at various well locations with their porosity and permeability ranges overlapping each other and therefore hydraulic rock typing approach was adopted in the area of interest.

Facies identification plays a key role in permeability and saturation height modelling, and therefore has the basis in the physics of flow at the pore network scale. This basis is best achieved by seeking functional relationships between core derived pore throat parameters and macroscopic petrophysical attributes such as porosity and permeability when rocks of similar fluid conductivity are identified and grouped together. Each such grouping is referred to as a Hydraulic Flow Unit (HFU).

HFU methodologies were used on the data set such as Winland R35 and Pittman (1992), and discovered that the effective pore system that dominates flow through the pore system of interest corresponds to a pore throat size at which the mercury saturation is 45%. Using Pittman R45 equation, 4 sets of facies were identified on the poro-perm plot. The klinkenberg and net over burden corrections were applied on porosities and permeabilities before performing the analysis.

The appropriateness of facies classification was determined with comparison of permeability and saturation prediction with core permeabilities and log saturations respectively. Saturation height methods such as Leverett J Function, Brooks Corey, Thomeer and Lamda were investigated for the gas wells under study, which had complete data sets including conventional core, SCAL and a comprehensive suite of electric logs.

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of HFU methodology for the field case under study. It also highlights the aptness of facies identification for the subject field using different saturation height methods, discussing their pros/cons in course.
Diagnostic Approach to Control and Minimize Wireline Formation Tester (WFT) Sticking Problem
Authors: Ahmed Qazi I. , Tayyab Imran , Uddin M. Farooq , Ibad-ur-Rehman M. , Ansari M. Aleem , Zurita Rafael Aguilar , Khalid Arsalan
Published: March 2015

Wireline Formation Testers (WFT) sticking in the wellbore leads to increased rig-time, operational complexity and may require sidetracking. Therefore understanding the controlling parameters of sticking is crucial to minimize risks.

The objective of this study is to investigate several field examples to identify correlation of sticking probability with mud properties, wellbore parameters and WFT operational variables. The scope of this work includes comparative evaluation of different controlling parameters, their relative sensitivity to sticking probability and their influence on that specific case. Data used for this comparative analysis included; well depth, deviation, overbalance; formation type, temperature, pressure; mud weight, funnel viscosity, Fann viscometer readings, gel content etc. Graphical analysis was performed for 26 jobs by plotting all these parameters and common trends were identified. Results demonstrated that sticking is not characteristic to one specific parameter, instead it follows a complex behavior. However detailed analysis revealed that critical mud properties, such as solid loading and subsequently increased overbalance, have a larger control over operational success of WFT jobs.

This study proposes that proper monitoring of mud parameters, especially solid content in mud is of vital importance for success of WFT jobs. The methodology undertaken can be extended to other areas to develop specific cut off limits and flag an increased potential of sticking. This technique can be used as a proactive approach towards identifying and mitigating risks before deploying WFT in the well.
Reentry Wells: A New Life to Aging Fields
Authors: Hussain Sajjad , Huelvan Yvon , Ismail Azah , Walker Daryl , Blackburn Jason
Published: March 2015

Over the last decade, new technologies and economic strategies have enabled operators to give new life to mature fields and old platforms. Production and economic optimization are main goals of reentry campaigns. With time, the industry has seen growing opportunities for reentry wells as mature fields and platforms are becoming older and less productive.

Fully utilizing reentry technological capabilities and achieving successful operations require effective well planning and execution. Cutting and pulling of old completions and casings, wellbore cleanouts, plug and abandonment operations, section milling, mud systems, well integrity, cased-hole and open hole sidetracks, whip stocks, cutting/swarf handling, surveying tools, well collisions, and existing rig capabilities on platforms are the major challenges to the growth of reentry business. However, development of rotary steerable systems, logging while drilling, modern surveying tools, and under-reaming technologies have given impetus to the reentry well drilling market.

From the concept phase of plug and abandonment to well delivery and production, seamless planning and communication is required among all the stakeholders. Modern surveying tools such as continuous north-seeking gyros and gyro while drilling have revolutionized the surveying industry in high magnetic interference environments, giving ease to planning sidetracks and accurate wellbore positioning in high well-density environments. Drilling close to the motherbores is becoming a common and attractive way of exploiting the reserves as no detailed logging and characterization is required. This has resulted in complexities of directional drilling and well collision risks. Risk of well collisions with producing wells is one of the biggest challenge in reentry wells.
Differential Behavior of Two Photosystem II Inhibitors in Seashore Paspalum
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Sidhu Sudeep S. , Czarnota Mark A. , McCullough Patrick E.
Published: March 2015

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) injury from triazines has limited the mechanisms of action used for postemergence (POST) weed control. Seashore paspalum is tolerant to a new Photosystem (PS) II inhibitor, amicarbazone (4‐amino‐N‐tert‐butyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐isopropyl‐5‐oxo‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐carboxamide), but the physiological behavior attributed to differential tolerances from triazines has received limited investigation. The objectives of this research were to evaluate efficacy, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C‐amicarbazone and 14C‐atrazine (1‐chloro‐3‐ethylamino‐5‐isopropylamino‐2,4,6‐triazine) in cultivar Sea Isle 1 seashore paspalum. In greenhouse experiments, atrazine treatments (560, 1120 or 2240 g a.i. ha−1) reduced shoot mass from the nontreated two times greater than amicarbazone treatments (98, 196, or 392 g a.i. ha−1). In laboratory experiments, foliar absorption of 14C‐amicarbazone increased from 1 to 7 days after treatment (DAT) but peak absorption of 14C‐atrazine occurred after 1 d. The 14C translocation from both herbicides was similar following root and shoot absorption. Seashore paspalum metabolized approximately two times more amicarbazone than atrazine after 1 d in foliar and root absorption experiments. From root absorption, seashore paspalum produced three metabolites of amicarbazone in roots and shoots at 1 and 3 DAT but only one metabolite of atrazine was found after 1 d. Three metabolites of atrazine were recovered at 3 DAT in shoots but only one metabolite was found in roots. Overall, faster metabolism in roots and shoots contributes to the greater tolerance of seashore paspalum to amicarbazone compared to atrazine.
The rationales of resilience in English and Dutch flood risk policies
Authors: Wiering Mark , Green Colin , van Rijswick Marleen , Priest Sally , Keessen Andrea
Published: March 2015

We compared the governance of flood risk in England and the Netherlands, focusing on the general policies, instruments used and underlying principles. Both physical and political environments are important in explaining how countries evolved towards very different rationales of resilience. Answering questions as ‘who decides’, ‘who should act’ and ‘who is responsible and liable for flood damage’ systematically, results in a quite fundamental difference in what resilience means, and how this affects the governance regime. In the Netherlands, there is nationwide collective regime with a technocracy based on the merit of water expertise, legitimated by a social contract of government being responsible and the general public accepting and supporting this. In England there also is a technocracy, but this is part of a general-political and economic-rational decision-making process, with responsibilities spread over state, insurance companies, individuals and communities. The rationales are connected to specific conceptions of the public interest, leading to specific governance principles. In both countries, flood risk strategies are discussed in the light of climate change effects, but resilience strategies show more persistence, although combined with gradual adaptation of practices on lower scales, than great transformations.
Reconciling collaborative action research with existing institutions: insights from Dutch and German climate knowledge programmes
Authors: Termeer Catrien , van Buuren Arwin , Knieling Joerg , Gottschick Manuel
Published: March 2015

Researchers and policymakers increasingly aim to set up collaborative research programmes to address the challenges of adaptation to climate change. This does not only apply for technical knowledge, but for governance knowledge also. Both the Netherlands and Germany have set up large-scale collaborative action research (CAR) programmes for the governance of adaptation to climate change. Despite the collaborative designs, the initial enthusiasm, the available resources and the many positive outcomes, both programmes encountered several stubborn difficulties. By comparing both programmes, this paper explores the difficulties researchers encounter, analyses the underlying mechanisms and presents some lessons. It found that many difficulties are related to the tensions that exist between the assumptions underlying the new collaborative trajectories and the logics of the existing policy and research institutions. These institutional misfits are decisive to explain ultimate difficulties and successes. Furthermore, the paper concludes that risk aversion, stereotyping and scale fixation strengthen institutional misfits; and that these misfits persist due to lacking bridging capabilities. We suggest some lessons that can help to resolve the difficulties and reconcile CAR into existing institutions: organize the knowledge arrangement as a collaborative process; construct boundary objects as focal point for collaboration; and invest in bridging capabilities.
The role of leadership in regional climate change adaptation: a comparison of adaptation practices initiated by governmental and non-governmental actors
Authors: Meijerink Sander , Stiller Sabina , Keskitalo E. Carina H. , Scholten Peter , Smits Robert , van Lamoen Frank
Published: March 2015

This paper aims to better understand the role of leadership in regional climate change adaptation. We first present a framework, which distinguishes five functions of leadership within inter-organizational networks: the connective, enabling, adaptive, political–administrative and dissemination functions. Next, we compare the role of leadership in two examples of regional adaptation practices which were initiated by governmental actors with two examples which were initiated by non-governmental actors. The case studies are located in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK. Our research question is twofold: to what extent can the five functions of leadership be identified in practices of climate change adaptation, and are there differences in the patterns of leadership between adaptation practices which are initiated by governmental and by non-governmental actors? The study shows that although all leadership functions were fulfilled in all four cases, patterns of leadership were different and the fulfilment of leadership functions posed different challenges to non-governmental actors and governmental actors.
Synthesis & Antifungal Screening of Novel Azetidin-2-ones
Authors: Gupta Apoorva , Halve Anand K.
Published: March 2015

A new series of 4-[3-chloro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyllidene)-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl]amino-N-(substituted)benzenesulfonamide, 4-{3-chloro-2-[5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)benz yllidene]-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl}]amino}-N-(substituted)benzenesulfonamide and 4-{3-chloro-2-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)benzylidene]-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl}amino}-N-(substituted) benzenesulfonamide were synthesized using appropriate synthetic route. The chemical structures of all the synthesized compounds were deduced on the basis of elemental analysis and spectroscopic data. The antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against several fungus. The synthesized compounds show potent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger & Aspergillus flavus and significant structure-activity relationship (SAR) trends.
Women-Specific Factors to Consider in Risk, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Harvey Ronée E , Coffman Kirsten E , Miller Virginia M
Published: March 2015

In the era of individualized medicine, gaps in knowledge remain about sex-specific risk factors, diagnostic and treatment options that might reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improve outcomes for both women and men. In this review, contributions of biological mechanisms involving the sex chromosomes and the sex hormones on the cardiovascular system will be discussed in relationship to the female-specific risk factors for CVD: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, menopause and use of hormonal therapies for contraception and menopausal symptoms. Additionally, sex-specific factors to consider in the differential diagnosis and treatment of four prevalent CVDs (hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure) will be reviewed with emphasis on areas where additional research is needed.
Maternal Complications and the Management of Asthma in Pregnancy
Authors: Vanders Rebecca L , Murphy Vanessa E
Published: March 2015

Pregnancy is a unique state requiring alterations in maternal physiology to accommodate the growing fetus. Whilst the maternal immune system is normally well adept at performing this task, the presence of immune disorders, such as asthma, often lead to pregnancy-related complications affecting both mother and baby. Australia has a high prevalence of asthma; with approximately 12% of pregnant women reported to have current asthma. Poor control of asthma is of far greater risk than the use of asthma medications. Being able to identify complications associated with asthma during pregnancy is of great importance in providing appropriate asthma management and medical care to these pregnant women, which may have lifelong consequences for their offspring.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Insulin: Our Understanding in the Past, Present and Future
Authors: Mayer Stéphanie B , Evans William S , Nestler John E
Published: March 2015

Insulin resistance is prevalent in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and plays a critical pathophysiologic role in both the metabolic and reproductive complications of PCOS. This review focuses on the contribution of insulin resistance to anovulation in PCOS and to the high risk for Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and early cardiovasular disease. Key points for clinicians emphasized by this review are the following: PCOS is a clinical diagnosis and alternative diagnoses must be excluded; PCOS carries an inherent risk of insulin resistance and, hence, metabolic consequences for which women with PCOS should be screened regardless of BMI or degree of obesity; and PCOS is associated with infertility and this should be discussed early on in care of women diagnosed with PCOS, recognizing that there are several possible strategies to address infertility in women with PCOS, each with its own risks and benefits.
Author Response: Precise Staging of Lymphoma during Pregnancy Using MRI is Not Always Crucial
Authors: Lavi Noa , Netanel A Horowitz , Brenner Benjamin
Published: March 2015

Response to: van Dam LR, Han SN, Dierickx D, Amant F. Optimal staging of lymphoma during pregnancy is crucial. Womens Health 11(2), 101–102 (2015).
Current Concepts in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Authors: Maclaran Kate , Panay Nick
Published: March 2015

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a life-changing diagnosis, with profound physical and psychological consequences. Unfortunately, there are many deficiencies in our understanding of the condition as the underlying etiology and optimum management strategies are poorly understood. Improved awareness of POI and its long-term implications has led to increased research interest in recent years. Current research has allowed a greater understanding of the changing epidemiology in POI, genetic factors in its etiology and randomized controlled trials of hormone therapy are underway to provide evidence for treatment. This article reviews the latest literature on POI to summarize current understanding and future directions.
Insulin Pump Risks and Benefits: A Clinical Appraisal of Pump Safety Standards, Adverse Event Reporting, and Research Needs
Authors: Heinemann Lutz , Fleming G. Alexander , Petrie John R. , Holl Reinhard W. , Bergenstal Richard M. , Peters Anne L.
Published: March 2015

Insulin pump therapy, also known as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), is an important and evolving form of insulin delivery, which is mainly used for people with type 1 diabetes. However, even with modern insulin pumps, errors of insulin infusion can occur due to pump failure, insulin infusion set (IIS) blockage, infusion site problems, insulin stability issues, user error, or a combination of these. Users are therefore exposed to significant and potentially fatal hazards: interruption of insulin infusion can result in hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis; conversely, delivery of excessive insulin can cause severe hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, the available evidence on the safety and efficacy of CSII remains limited. The European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) have therefore joined forces to review the systems in place for evaluating the safety of pumps from a clinical perspective. We found that useful information held by the manufacturing companies is not currently shared in a sufficiently transparent manner. Public availability of adverse event (AE) reports on the US Food and Drug Administration’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database is potentially a rich source of safety information but is insufficiently utilized due to the current configuration of the system; the comparable database in Europe (European Databank on Medical Devices [EUDAMED]) is not publicly accessible. Many AEs appear to be attributable to human factors and/or user error, but the extent to which manufacturing companies are required by regulators to consider the interactions of users with the technical features of their products is limited. The clinical studies required by regulators prior to marketing are small and over-reliant on bench testing in relation to “predicate” products. Once a pump is available on the market, insufficient data are made publicly available on its long-term use in a real-world setting; such data could provide vital information to help health care teams to educate and support users and thereby prevent AEs. As well as requiring more from the manufacturing companies, we call for public funding of more research addressing clinically important questions in relation to pump therapy: both observational studies and clinical trials. At present, there are significant differences in the regulatory systems between the US and European Union at both pre- and postmarketing stages; improvements in the European system are more urgently required. This statement concludes with a series of recommended specific actions for “meknovigilance” (i.e., a standardized safety approach to technology) that could be implemented to address the shortcomings we highlight.
Antemortem diagnosis of hydrocephalus in two Congo African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus) by means of computed tomography
Authors: Thurber Mary I. , Mans Christoph , Fazio Constance , Waller Ken , Rylander Helena , Pinkerton Marie E.
Published: March 2015

Case Description—A 7-year-old and a 10-year-old Congo African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus; parrots 1 and 2, respectively) were evaluated because of neurologic deficits.

Clinical Findings—Parrot 1 had an 8- to 9-month history of lethargy and anorexia, with a recent history of a suspected seizure. Parrot 2 had a 6-month history of decreased activity and vocalizing, with an extended history of excessive water intake; a water deprivation test ruled out diabetes insipidus, and psychogenic polydipsia was suspected. Both birds had ophthalmologic asymmetry, with anisocoria detected in parrot 1 and unilateral blindness in parrot 2. Metal gastrointestinal foreign bodies were observed on whole-body radiographs of both birds, but blood lead concentrations were below the range indicated for lead toxicosis. Findings on CT of the head were consistent with hydrocephalus in both cases.

Treatment and Outcome—Parrot 1 received supportive care and died 3 months after the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Parrot 2 was treated with omeprazole and prednisolone for 10 days without any improvement in neurologic deficits; euthanasia was elected, and hydrocephalus was confirmed on necropsy. No underlying or concurrent disease was identified.

Clinical Relevance—Hydrocephalus should be considered a differential diagnosis for parrots evaluated because of CNS signs. Computed tomography was an excellent screening tool to diagnose hydrocephalus in these patients. Compared with MRI, CT is more frequently available and offers reduced scanning times, reduced cost, and less concern for interference from metallic foreign bodies.
Utilizing a Micro-Vacuuming Jet Pump and Concentric Coiled Tubing to Clean Mud Damage and Fill from Wellbores with Small Completion Size and Low Bottom Hole Pressure
Authors: Gunther Owen , Higgins Geoff William , Li Jeff , Lambert Mitchell D.
Published: March 2015

In instances of ultra-low bottom hole pressure (BHP) where the results of conventional cleanout methodologies range from inefficient to ineffective, wellbore vacuuming technology has proven to be a reliable alternative. Technology using concentric coil-in-coil tubing (CCT) design was developed in 1995 and is being used as an effective method to remove both unwanted liquids and solids from wells where formation pressure is prohibitively low for conventional cleanout techniques.

The process involves pumping a work fluid down the internal string through a venturi nozzle assembly. A localized pressure drawdown is created at the bottom hole assembly (BHA), drawing wellbore liquids and solids into the return flow with the work fluid. The combined flow is returned up the outer coiled tubing string to surface. This process does not expose the wellbore to the hydrostatic pressure of the workover fluids.

More than 600 wells have been treated to date with the wellbore vacuuming technology. Recently, the wellbore vacuuming technology has been revisited and extended to smaller internal diameter (ID) completions; this required a BHA and process redesign. Outlined in this paper are details of the research, development and testing of the 1.75" (44.5 mm) micro-vacuuming tool with recommended procedures, design criteria and operational practices for liquid and solids removal. Case histories from shallow gas wells <2,200 ft (670 m) and deep gas wells >10,000 ft (3050 m) with formation pressure gradients as low as 0.03 psi/ft (0.68 kPa/m) are presented. As well, engineering challenges, best practices and lessons learned from the micro-vacuuming process are summarized.

Introduction

Sand production is a common problem faced by many of oil and gas producers worldwide. Although a slotted liner acts as a partial barrier, grading effects at the slots often still result in sand migration into the wellbore and reduce production rates. The low production flow rates contribute to increased deposition of the sand within the wellbore.

Several cleanout options have been developed over the decades employing a number of different techniques approaches.1 However, coiled tubing (CT) or conventional jointed pipe often require the use of high circulation rates, special fluids or reverse circulation techniques to remove the solids. With the use of high rates and high specific gravity water based fluids, conventional sand cleanout methods apply excessive down hole pressure on the formation and result in lost circulation returns in the low formation pressure reservoirs. This makes sand removal virtually impossible and creates damage to the formation. Nitrogen can be used to reduce hydrostatic pressure, but this necessitates a very specific job design and execution and can require large amounts of liquid nitrogen in the case of highly deviated or horizontal wells, which may be located in some remote area.
The (FC)2 Alliance - An Innovation Portal for Research on the Fundamental Controls on Flow in Carbonates
Authors: Agar Susan M.
Published: March 2015

The (FC)2, Alliance is founded on a thematic research framework to address "Fundamental Controls on Flow in Carbonates". The Alliance involves students and professionals in geoscience and engineering in a major oil and gas company and researchers from 10 universities. The Alliance aims to promote technical breakthroughs through the stimulation and co-ordination of multi-disciplinary studies that are being used to explore the boundaries among geoscience and engineering disciplines. It builds on the knowledge and complementary expertise of industry and academic researchers while capturing distinct ideas that develop in different scientific and regional communities. An options approach enables academic and industry researchers to explore potential collaborations at relatively low initial cost to all parties. The Alliance is founded on a clear strategy and research theme, a competitive selection process, diversity, mutual benefits, flexibility and shared risk. Sensitive to the pitfalls of Alliances, a strong emphasis has been placed on Alliance management, including cultural differences and intellectual property concerns. The scale of the Alliance enables innovation through new connections that develop as researchers in different fields identify links under the common research theme. In this way, (FC)2 serves as an innovation portal by bringing people and ideas together. A set of examples is presented to illustrate the ways that these connections have impacted research advances and the variety of mechanisms that are used to promote interactions and collaboration. Beyond tangible research impacts, the Alliance network promotes additional benefits for all parties, including training, career development, recruiting, and broader interactions that provide positive exposure and expanded awareness. The (FC)2 Alliance has already delivered significant benefits to its members. If such entities become more common place, however, there is a need to develop a critical mass of industry scientists with the skills and experience to manage academic-industry interactions.
Data Management Acceleration Project: A Case Study In Doing It Right!
Authors: Perrone Joseph , Priest Mark , Ali Fahad T.
Published: March 2015

This paper provides details on the formulation and execution of the RasGas Company Limited (RasGas) Petroleum Engineering Department's "Data Management Acceleration Project", also known as DMX.

The objective of this project is to install processes that will manage the entire life cycle of subsurface data, from initial capture to utilization. This objective is actually very different from the conventional objective of most data management projects, which seek to capture, QC and load data into a database. The difference between this project and past RasGas projects is due to how this project was originally conceived.

RasGas is a young company which has experienced a more than six-fold growth in the number of wells and an eight-fold increase in gas production since 1999 when production from RasGas' North Field blocks commenced. The amount of subsurface related data generated by this growth has been substantial and requires a wide range of project data stores to handle the diverse data.

These activities required a wide range of specialized applications and databases to support specific technical workflows. These workflows grew organically as the activity grew, with most of the data collection, quality control, and storage processes being very effective, yet ad-hoc. The nature of the workflows required a substantial multi-disciplinary approach.

Most previous RasGas projects tended to concentrate on technology (software applications) and legacy data quality assurance and loading. The focus of the Data Management Acceleration project is on the development of continuous, sustainable processes that handle the data from initial capture through its utilization, with the key criteria being assurance of data quality, and rapid delivery to end users. The technology to be used is of secondary importance.

The project is structured around the treatment of individual data types (e.g. perforations) as "mini-projects". The work breakdown structure for each of these data types is similar, and focused on creating those processes that are the key contributors to the data's life cycle process. This keeps the focus of activity on the desired objective from the project.

The typical project stages normally seen in conventional data management projects are incidental by-products to the creation of these processes, rather than being key deliverables. While most, if not all, of these activities are still performed in the project, they are steps along the way to success, rather than key deliverables.