bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Modeling of Soil and Structure Behavior for Tunneling in Different Types of Soil
Authors: Zhao Chenyang , Zhang Xuehu , Alimardani Lavasan Arash , Lin Cungang , Chen Yu
Published: October 2024

This note studies the correlation between surface and tunnel volume loss in various types of dry soil via finite element method. The effect of small strain stiffness, the buoyancy effect of soil, and tunnel overburden depth are considered in the 2D tunneling model. The results show that both surface volume loss ratio and settlement trough width parameter in the empirical solution can be expressed as a linear equation of tunnel volume loss ratio for 1D overburden shallow tunnels. Furthermore, the surface volume loss ratio can be presented as a non-linear polynomial equation of overburden depth and tunnel volume loss ratio in a 3D space, and this equation holds in different types of soil. The ranges of required fitting parameters and upper and lower bounding surfaces are suggested for various types of soil. Knowledge of this correlation between surface and tunnel volume loss is valuable, as it can be employed in practice for preliminary tunnel design in the absence of tunneling induced maximum ground settlement.
Vertical Response of Stress Transmission Through Sand–Tire Mixture Under Impact
Authors: Nong Xingzhong , Bai Wenfeng , Yi Shixuan , Huang Xiangyun , Lu Yi , Baghbani Abolfazl
Published: October 2024

This study evaluates the vertical stress transmission through a sand–tire mixture layer under impact, focusing on this innovative blended material that can impact underground structures such as tunnels or pipelines. By conducting consolidated undrained triaxial tests, the friction angle (φ) of the sand–tire mixture was determined, ranging from 29° for pure tire to 41° for pure sand. The vertical stress factor (α), representing the ratio of response load to applied load, was found to decrease significantly with increased tire content, with a reduction of up to 50% for mixtures containing 20% tire. Additionally, the vertical stress response decreased from 35 kPa for pure sand to as low as 15 kPa for mixtures with a high tire content under a consistent applied load of 65 kPa. This study not only presents a methodological advancement in analyzing sand–tire mixtures under dynamic loads but also suggests a sustainable approach to utilizing waste tire material in civil engineering projects, thereby contributing to environmental conservation and improved material performance in geotechnical applications.
Investigating the Effects of PCM-Integrated Walls on Thermal Performance for UK Residential Buildings of Different Typologies
Authors: Hepple Ryan , Zhao Yusen , Yang Rebecca , Zhang Qian , Yang Siliang
Published: October 2024

Phase change materials (PCMs) can improve the thermal performance of building facades. The integration position of a PCM in the facades is influenced by multiple factors including the material properties of the PCM, building types, and the internal and external conditions of a building. However, this has not been a focus within the UK dwelling stock, where many dwellings are not thermally protected. This paper, therefore, presents a numerical study with the aid of building simulation that comparatively analysed the thermal performance between four typical UK dwelling types (semi-detached house, terraced house, detached house, and apartment) situated in North East England. The PCM was implemented into the external wall of the dwellings with the positions altered to determine the most effective position. It was determined that the PCM positioned internally was the most effective for all the dwelling types. These results demonstrated that the PCM being implemented in the apartment, semi-detached, and terraced houses had only marginal heat loss reductions (by 8%, 14%, and 8%, respectively) in comparison with that of the detached house (by 30%). It was also found that the large external wall area of the detached house acted as significant thermal energy storage, which was capable of offsetting heat transmission and stabilising indoor thermal conditions. In summary, this paper contributes to the matters concerning the effect of PCMs on indoor thermal performance in dwellings of different typologies in the UK.
Prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms in Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Case Study of Suzhou City, China
Authors: Shao Zhijuan , Wu Chenying , Shao Qi , Yang Jie , Xie Mingjie
Published: October 2024

Quarantine policies during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic prolonged time spent at home, leading to an unintended occurrence of sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SBS symptoms among residents in Suzhou, China, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire survey was conducted online from February to May 2022. A total of 442 adults were included in this study. The prevalence of SBS symptoms was much higher during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the proportions of general, mucosal, and skin symptoms were 59.3%, 45.5% and 49.1%, respectively. The influences of building characteristics, occupant lifestyle, indoor environment and perception of indoor environment were analysed using a multivariate logistic regression model. Neighbourhood pollutant sources, older residences, non-ownership and humidity indicators were significant risk factors for SBS symptoms. Frequent use of air fresheners was significantly associated with general (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.9, 95% confidence interval (CI: 2.4–10.0), mucosal (AOR: 5.3, 95% CI: 2.4–11.5), and skin symptoms (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.6–13.1), while the use of disinfectants was significantly correlated with skin symptoms (AOR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.5–10.7). Residents’ perception of an uncomfortable indoor environment was a significant predictor of general (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2–4.0) and mucosal symptoms (AOR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.6–6.0). The use of air cleaners can reduce the prevalence of general symptoms. An important finding of this study is that the psychological impact of staying at home for a long time was associated with general symptoms (AOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7), which means that attention should also be paid to the mental health of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the quarantine period has now ended, our results can still serve as a reference for the impact of the indoor environment on the health of people with SBS, especially for those who stay at home for a long time, such as the elderly.
Finite Element Analysis of Two-Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs Strengthened with FRP Under Flexural Loading
Authors: Qsymah Ansam , Ayasrah Mo’men
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a finite element (FE) model of reinforced concrete two-way slab strengthened using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. This model was validated against experimental data from the literature and it showed acceptable prediction accuracy. Although carbon-FRP (CFRP) is the most commonly used composite in repairing and strengthening reinforced concrete structures, it is important to consider other types of FRP composites such as the eco-friendly basalt-FRP (BFRP) and the newly developed polyethylene terephthalate-FRP (PET-FRP). Therefore, the validated FE model was utilized to perform a parametric study for slabs having different values of concrete compressive strength (ranging from 20 to 80 MPa) and strengthened with other types of FRP. The results show that CFRP provides the highest strength enhancement with a 34.5% increase in the ultimate load, while PET-FRP provides the lowest improvement with an increase of 11.2%, compared with unstrengthened slab. The results also show that the concrete compressive strength (fc’) has moderate influence on the ultimate load. For example, increasing fc’ from 20 MPa to 80 MPa increased the predicted ultimate load for CFRP-strengthened slab from 15% to 62%. The FE model provides a suitable prediction for the ultimate strength and deformability of the strengthened two-way slabs that helps in better understanding of the performance of strengthened slabs and allows engineers to optimize design parameters.
Study on the Degradation Model of Service Performance in Railway Steel–Concrete Composite Beams Considering the Cumulative Fatigue of Steel Beams and Studs Based on Vehicle–Bridge Coupling Theory
Authors: Gao Ce , Zhang Cheng , Han Bing
Published: October 2024

The steel–concrete composite beam, as a structural form that combines the advantages of steel and concrete, has been applied in railway engineering. However, with the increase in railway operation time, the degradation pattern of the service performance of steel–concrete composite bridges remains unclear. This paper proposes a method for calculating the long-term service performance of railway steel–concrete composite beams, considering the cumulative fatigue damage of steel beams and studs, based on the vehicle–bridge coupling theory and Miner’s linear cumulative damage criterion. The proposed method is validated using measured data from an in-service steel–concrete composite railway bridge with spans of 40 + 50 + 40 m. The calculated mid-span vertical displacement and the first two natural frequencies of the composite beam deviated from the measured results by only 2.1%, 7.7%, and 9.5%, respectively. The research results can provide a basis for extending the service life of composite beams and preventing the occurrence of safety accidents.
Determining the Most Consensus-Based Assessment Method for Social Sustainability—Case Study of a Suburb of Karlstad, Sweden
Authors: Najar Karim , Nylander Ola , Woxnerud William
Published: October 2024

An assessment method for sustainability was developed by the authors in a previous article. Many social sustainability assessment methods rely on assessors’ subjective judgments, which can be problematic. This study aims to examine the level of consensus different assessors can achieve using various assessment methods and to compare their results with an assessment made by one of the authors, to reduce subjectivity. A selective sample of engineering students from Karlstad University were surveyed to test and compare three as-assessment methods against the initial assessment. The three methods are: Woxnerud’s (the authors’) method, Jan Gehl’s twelve quality criteria, and a structured survey. Seven student groups conducted the first assessment, followed by 12 individual students who performed the second and third assessments. The objectives were to determine whether multiple assessors could reach a consensus using each method, identify which method yielded the most consensus and was most effectively implemented, and measure each method’s consonance rate in relation to Woxnerud’s initial assessment. The first method achieved a 75.0% assessor consensus and 98.4% consonance. The second method achieved a 67.0% assessor consensus and 75.0% consonance. The third method achieved a 50% assessor consensus and 91.0% consonance. This limited study suggests that a subjective method, such as an assessment method for social sustainability, can yield somewhat similar results, and in addition, Woxnerud’s method is more objectively applicable than the two other methods tested in this article.
Clinical Utility of a Digital Dermoscopy Image-Based Artificial Intelligence Device in the Diagnosis and Management of Skin Cancer by Dermatologists
Authors: Witkowski Alexander M. , Burshtein Joshua , Christopher Michael , Cockerell Clay , Correa Lilia , Cotter David , Ellis Darrell L. , Farberg Aaron S. , Grant-Kels Jane M. , Greiling Teri M. , Grichnik James M. , Leachman Sancy A. , Linfante Anthony , Marghoob Ashfaq , Marks Etan , Nguyen Khoa , Ortega-Loayza Alex G. , Paragh Gyorgy , Pellacani Giovanni , Rabinovitz Harold , Rigel Darrell , Siegel Daniel M. , Song Eingun James , Swanson David , Trask David , Ludzik Joanna
Published: October 2024

Background: Patients with skin lesions suspicious for skin cancer or atypical melanocytic nevi of uncertain malignant potential often present to dermatologists, who may have variable dermoscopy triage clinical experience. Objective: To evaluate the clinical utility of a digital dermoscopy image-based artificial intelligence algorithm (DDI-AI device) on the diagnosis and management of skin cancers by dermatologists. Methods: Thirty-six United States board-certified dermatologists evaluated 50 clinical images and 50 digital dermoscopy images of the same skin lesions (25 malignant and 25 benign), first without and then with knowledge of the DDI-AI device output. Participants indicated whether they thought the lesion was likely benign (unremarkable) or malignant (suspicious). Results: The management sensitivity of dermatologists using the DDI-AI device was 91.1%, compared to 84.3% with DDI, and 70.0% with clinical images. The management specificity was 71.0%, compared to 68.4% and 64.9%, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of dermatologists using the DDI-AI device was 86.1%, compared to 78.8% with DDI, and 63.4% with clinical images. Diagnostic specificity using the DDI-AI device increased to 80.7%, compared to 75.9% and 73.6%, respectively. Conclusion: The use of the DDI-AI device may quickly, safely, and effectively improve dermoscopy performance, skin cancer diagnosis, and management when used by dermatologists, independent of training and experience.
The Critical Role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Multimodal Treatment of Lung Metastasis from Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Longhi Alessandra , Marrari Andrea , Tetta Cecilia , Parmeggiani Anna , Parise Orlando , Ferrari Cristina , Salvi Fabrizio , Frezza Giovanni
Published: October 2024

Background: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is increasingly used to treat lung metastasis (LM) in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and bone sarcoma (BS). Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the outcomes of patients with BS and STS treated with SBRT for LM between 2010 and 2023. Results: We enrolled 102 patients (51 each with STS and BS), of whom 71 were males and 31 were females (median age, 40 years; range, 11–81 years). At diagnosis, 76 and 26 patients had localized and metastatic disease, respectively, with a median of 4 recurrences (range, 1–12). Before SBRT, 75 patients received chemotherapy and 52 underwent surgery for LM, with 276 nodules treated with SBRT (median dose, 48 Gy; range, 40–52). Local control of irradiated LM was 86% at 1 year and 78% at 2 years. By 31 December 2023 (median follow-up, 4.8 years), 60 patients had died and 42 survived (20 without ongoing disease). From the first LM relapse, the median overall survival (OS) was 4.8 years and the 5-year OS was 49% (95% confidence interval, 39–60%), with no difference between STS and BS; the median OS was 2.9 years and the 5-year OS was 36% after SBRT. Chemotherapy before SBRT was a negative prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Long-term follow-up shows that SBRT as part of a multimodal treatment approach has reasonable survival rates in patients with LM due to sarcoma. Compared with historical results using only surgery and chemotherapy, SBRT has improved the 5-year OS.
Association Between Physical Activity and Pancreatic Cancer Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bos Mylena D. , Oor Jelmer E. , Goense Lucas , Meyer N. Helge , Bockhorn Maximilian , Hoogwater Frederik J. H. , Klaase Joost M. , Nijkamp Maarten W.
Published: October 2024

Background: Physical activity has been associated with a lower risk of various types of cancer and reduced cancer-specific mortality. Less is known about its impact on pancreatic cancer. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize evidence on the association between physical activity and pancreatic cancer risk and mortality. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched until May 2024 for studies examining physical activity in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality. Summary risk estimates for highest vs. lowest physical activity levels were calculated using a random-effects model. The risk of publication bias was assessed with a funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. Results: A total of seven case–control and eighteen prospective cohort studies were included that investigated the association between physical activity and pancreatic cancer incidence. Our meta-analysis showed a summary estimate of 0.75 (95% CI 0.64–0.88) for case–control studies (I2 = 23%, n = 7) and a summary estimate of 0.91 (95% CI 0.86–0.97) for prospective cohort studies (I2 = 5%, n = 18). Among the six prospective cohort studies that assessed pancreatic cancer mortality, the summary estimate was 1.03 (95% CI 0.83–1.27), I2 = 50%. Conclusions: Higher levels of physical activity were associated with reduced pancreatic cancer risk. Evidence from a limited number of studies suggests that pre-diagnosis physical activity does not affect pancreatic cancer mortality.
Predicting Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer Post-Prostatectomy Using Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liu Jianliang , Zhang Haoyue , Woon Dixon T. S. , Perera Marlon , Lawrentschuk Nathan
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is a significant predictor of distal metastases and mortality in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. This systematic review aims to evaluate the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting BCR post-RP. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. Studies were included if they utilised AI to predict BCR in patients post-RP. Studies involving patients who underwent radiotherapy or salvage RP were excluded. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews) under the ID CRD42023482392. Results: After screening 9764 articles, 24 met the inclusion criteria. The included studies involved 27,216 patients, of whom 7267 developed BCR. AI algorithms developed using radiological parameters demonstrated higher predictive accuracy (median AUROC of 0.90) compared to algorithms based solely on pathological variables (median AUROC of 0.74) or clinicopathological variables (median AUROC of 0.81). According to the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST), the overall risk of bias was unclear in three studies due to ambiguous inclusion criteria and the exclusion of many patients because of missing follow-up data. In seven studies, the developed AI outperformed or was at least equivocal to traditional methods of BCR prediction. Conclusions: AI shows promise in predicting BCR post-RP, particularly when radiological data were used in its development. However, the significant variability in AI performance and study methodologies highlights the need for larger, standardised prospective studies with external validation prior to clinical application.
Non-Invasive Imaging Including Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT) for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Lymphomas
Authors: D’Onghia Martina , Mendonça-Sanches Maria , Erasti Maria , Cartocci Alessandra , Calabrese Laura , Sirchio Azzurra , Tognetti Linda , Batsikosta Anastasia , Lazzi Stefano , Suppa Mariano , Soglia Simone , Malvehy Josep , Perez-Anker Javiera , Cencini Emanuele , Fabbri Alberto , Rubegni Pietro , Cinotti Elisa
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCL) are a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas arising from malignant T (CTCL) or B (CBCL) cells, often mimicking other skin conditions. Recently, non-invasive diagnostic imaging modalities, including dermoscopy, Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM), and Line-field Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT), have become increasingly important, supporting clinicians in clinical practice. Hence, our study aimed to describe dermoscopic, RCM, and LC-OCT features of PCL and to explore their role in PCL management. Methods: Between December 2022 and January 2024, 40 lesions of 25 patients with PCL were retrospectively analyzed at the Dermatologic Unit of the University of Siena, Italy. Predefined dermoscopic, LC-OCT, and RCM criteria were assessed and their frequencies were calculated. Results: At dermoscopy, CTCL lesions were characterized by pinkish structureless areas (58,6%) and homogeneous distributed dotted vessels (35,7%), whereas 57.1% of CBCL presented with orange-yellow structureless areas. Considering CTCL, lymphocytes in the epidermis, dermal-epidermal junction, and dermis were detected by LC-OCT in 73.1%, 66.7%, and 51.9% and by RCM in 72.2%, 55.6%, and 61.1% of cases, respectively. The detection of lymphocytes was more precise using RCM than LC-OCT in CTCL (p < 0.001). Dermal infiltration of medium-reflective cells was visible in 80% and 40% of CBCL cases by LC-OCT and RCM, respectively. Conclusions: Non-invasive imaging techniques may support clinicians in managing PCL; however, further studies are mandatory in this field.
Impact of Atezolizumab + Bevacizumab Therapy on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Shomura Masako , Okabe Haruka , Sakakibara Maya , Sato Emi , Shiraishi Koichi , Arase Yoshitaka , Tsuruya Kota , Mishima Yusuke , Hirose Shunji , Kagawa Tatehiro
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is critical in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has become a key endpoint in the evaluation of new therapies, including atezolizumab + bevacizumab (Atezo + Bev) therapy. Methods: This study explored the factors associated with treatment efficacy, treatment duration, and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced HCC undergoing Atezo + Bev therapy. We included 58 consecutive patients with HCC receiving Atezo + Bev from 19 November 2020, to 28 December 2023, who were followed up until the end of the study or death. We analyzed the relationships between baseline characteristics, adverse events (AEs), and HRQoL and efficacy, OS, and treatment duration. Results: The demographic (older men) and baseline characteristics (Child–Pugh score of 5, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Stage C) were consistent with those of previous studies. The treatment demonstrated promising efficacy with a disease control rate of 71.2%, but HRQoL scores in five functional domains and seven symptoms worsened significantly within the first 3 months. Notably, better baseline cognitive and physical function scores and absence of severe (grade ≥ 2) hypoalbuminemia were associated with an improved objective response rate, longer treatment duration, and better OS. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of monitoring and managing treatment-related AEs and maintaining the HRQoL. They also highlight the crucial and reassuring role of multidisciplinary care in enhancing treatment outcomes in this cohort.
Evaluating the Photocatalytic Activity of Green Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Khadka Devendra , Gautam Prayas , Dahal Rabin , Ashie Moses D. , Paudyal Hari , Ghimire Kedar Nath , Pant Bishweshwar , Poudel Bhoj Raj , Bastakoti Bishnu Prasad , Pokhrel Megh Raj
Published: October 2024

Water pollution from dyes is a major environmental challenge, demanding advanced materials for efficient degradation. In this study, we synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using an aqueous extract of Senegalia catechu leaves and evaluated their photocatalytic activity in methylene blue (MB) dye degradation under sunlight irradiation. The IONPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). XRD pattern showed a highly crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of 34.7 nm, while SEM images revealed predominantly spherical particles with uneven surface texture. Photocatalytic efficiency exceeded 80% MB dye degradation after 120 min of sunlight exposure. Optimization of catalyst dose, pH, dye concentration, and other parameters is essential for maximizing degradation efficiency. The IONPs demonstrated reusability over four degradation cycles, retaining effective photocatalytic performance. This study underscores the potential of green-synthesized IONPs as eco-friendly photocatalysts for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
Aptamer-Hytac Chimeras for Targeted Degradation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-1
Authors: Fàbrega Carme , Gallisà-Suñé Núria , Zuin Alice , Ruíz Juan Sebastián , Coll-Martínez Bernat , Fabriàs Gemma , Eritja Ramon , Crosas Bernat
Published: October 2024

The development of novel tools to tackle viral processes has become a central focus in global health, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The spike protein is currently one of the main SARS-CoV-2 targets, owing to its key roles in infectivity and virion formation. In this context, exploring innovative strategies to block the activity of essential factors of SARS-CoV-2, such as spike proteins, will strengthen the capacity to respond to current and future threats. In the present work, we developed and tested novel bispecific molecules that encompass: (i) oligonucleotide aptamers S901 and S702, which bind to the spike protein through its S1 domain, and (ii) hydrophobic tags, such as adamantane and tert-butyl-carbamate-based ligands. Hydrophobic tags have the capacity to trigger the degradation of targets recruited in the context of a proteolytic chimera by activating quality control pathways. We observed that S901-adamantyl conjugates promote the degradation of the S1 spike domain, stably expressed in human cells by genomic insertion. These results highlight the suitability of aptamers as target-recognition molecules and the robustness of protein quality control pathways triggered by hydrophobic signals, and place aptamer-Hytacs as promising tools for counteracting coronavirus progression in human cells.
A Novel Strain Burkholderia theae GS2Y Exhibits Strong Biocontrol Potential Against Fungal Diseases in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Dong Yijie , Wang Xing , Feng Guang-Da , Yao Qing , Zhu Honghui
Published: October 2024

Background: Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) are widely cultivated cash crops. However, fungal diseases lead to significant reductions in both the yield and quality of tea. Therefore, searching for economical, eco-friendly, and efficient biological control measures is crucial for protecting tea plants from pathogenic fungi. Methods: The confrontation assays were performed to identify the antagonistic bacteria against tea pathogenic fungi and evaluate the antifungal activity of these bacteria. Results: Here, three tea pathogenic fungi were identified: Colletotrichum siamense HT-1, Diaporthe phaseolorum HT-3, and Fusarium fujikuroi HT-4. Notably, D. phaseolorum was the first to be reported in tea plants in China. Some tea pathogenic fungi showed a high relative abundance, suggesting a potential disease risk in tea plantations. Strain GS2Y, isolated from tea rhizosphere soil, exhibited strong antifungal activity against tea pathogenic fungi and represented a novel species within the genus Burkholderia, designated as Burkholderia theae. GS2Y could directly inhibit tea pathogenic fungi by disrupting the cellular structures and protect tea plants from fungal diseases caused by C. siamense HT-1 and D. phaseolorum HT-3. Conclusions: B. theae GS2Y might function as a potentially valuable resource for biocontrol agents, laying the foundation for the development of strategies to manage fungal diseases in tea plants.
Understanding the Enhanced Separation Mechanism of C2H4/C2H6 at Low Pressure by HKUST−1
Authors: Xie Wenpeng , Fu Qiuju , Kong Xiangjun , Yuan Xiangsen , Yang Lingzhi , Yan Liting , Zhao Xuebo
Published: October 2024

The production of ethylene (C2H4) is typically accompanied by the formation of impurities like ethane (C2H6), making the separation of C2H4 and C2H6 crucial in industrial processes. Here, we investigated the S-shaped adsorption phenomenon of C2H6 on the metal–organic framework HKUST−1. The virial equation is used to fit the C2H6 and C2H4 adsorption isotherms under low coverage. The results showed that the repulsion energy between neighboring C2H6 molecules was significantly higher than that between neighboring C2H4 molecules, which was an important reason for the lower adsorption of C2H6 by HKUST−1 at low coverage. As more molecules are adsorbed, gas molecules aggregate within pores, leading to more hydrogen bonds formed between HKUST−1 and larger-sized C2H6 under high coverage conditions. This phenomenon plays a crucial role in the S-shaped adsorption behavior of HKUST−1 on C2H6. Additionally, this unique adsorption behavior allows for the efficient separation of C2H4/C2H6 mixtures at low pressures. The ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) selectivity of HKUST−1 for C2H4/C2H6 mixtures was 3.78 at 283 K and 1 bar, but increased significantly to 7.53 under low pressure. This unique mechanism provides a theoretical basis for the low-pressure separation of C2H4/C2H6 by HKUST−1 and establishes a solid foundation for future practical research applications.
Identification of Specific microRNAs in Adipose Tissue Affected by Lipedema
Authors: Cione Erika , Michelini Sandro , Abrego-Guandique Diana Marisol , Vaia Nicola , Michelini Serena , Puleo Valeria , Bertelli Matteo , Caroleo Maria Cristina , Cannataro Roberto
Published: October 2024

Lipedema is a chronic disorder affecting women with a 10% incidence worldwide. It is often confused with obesity. This study was undertaken to study microRNAs in lipedema tissue assessed by direct hybridization using the robust n-counter flex DX CE-IVD platform. The mean age of the subjects participating in the study was 40.29 (±12.17). The mean body weight and BMI were 67.37 (±10.02) and 25.75 (±4.10), respectively. The lipedema stages included were I and II. The differential expressed human (hsa)-miRNAs were determined according to a log2 fold-change (LFC) of 0.5 and p value < 0.05. To these, increased expression of hsa-let-7g-5p was evident, as well as reduced levels of hsa-miR-371a-5p, -4454+7975, -365a+b-3p, -205-5p, -196a-5p, -4488, -2116-5p, -141-3p, -208a-3p, -302b-3p, 374a-5p, and -1297. Then, several bioinformatics tools were used to analyze microarray data focusing on validated target genes in silico. KEGG and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis was conducted. Furthermore, the protein–protein interaction and co-expression network were analyzed using STRING and Cytoscape, respectively. The most upregulated miRNA mainly affected genes related to cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The downregulated microRNAs were related to endocrine resistance, insulin resistance, hypersensitivity to AGE-RAGEs, and focal adhesion. Finally, we validated by RT-PCR the upregulated hsa-let-7g-5p and two down-regulated ones, hsa-miR-205-5p and hsa-miR-302b-3p, confirming microarray results. In addition, three mRNA target miRNAs were monitored, SMAD2, the target of the hsa-let-7g-5p, and ESR1 and VEGFA, the target of hsa-miR-205-5p and hsa-miR-302b-3p, respectively. Our results open a new direction for comprehending biochemical mechanisms related with the pathogenesis of lipedema, shedding light on this intricate pathophysiological condition that could bring to light possible biomarkers in the future.
Regulation and Safety of Cosmetics: Pre- and Post-Market Considerations for Adverse Events and Environmental Impacts
Authors: Vieira Daniela , Duarte Joana , Vieira Pedro , Gonçalves Maria Beatriz S. , Figueiras Ana , Lohani Alka , Veiga Francisco , Mascarenhas-Melo Filipa
Published: October 2024

Cosmetic products have been increasingly regulated, particularly in Europe. With the introduction of the cosmetic regulation in 2013, stricter quality standards were implemented, surpassing those set by the 1976 legislation. The primary objective of these regulations is to safeguard consumer safety during the use of cosmetic products. Despite these advancements, certain regulatory gaps remain, indicating the need for more effective measures to enhance human and environmental health protection. Considering the aforementioned, this work aims to provide an overview of the current Cosmetics Regulation, highlighting the weakest cornerstones that represent the missing link keeping the core objective from being achieved. While there is ongoing reliance on historical data from animal studies, efforts are actively underway to replace these methods with new new approach methodologies for risk assessment. Additionally, regulatory authorities continue to improve environmental considerations in the assessment process. These measures, along with enhanced surveillance systems, are gradually addressing existing gaps and contributing to a more robust regulatory framework that balances market access with consumer safety. Legally non-compliant—or perhaps compliant but unknowingly dangerous—products may be used by people who relativize them as inherently safe, leading to adverse events. Whether caused by an underlying disease or purely by the chemical’s toxicity, these may never come to the attention of the authorities as they are generally under-reported, making it unfeasible to implement corrective or preventive measures to address their root cause. To illustrate, non-compliant products that have been detected by the Portuguese authority, INFARMED, I. P., from January 2018 to September 2023 are discussed, which were found to be potentially dangerous to human health and, therefore, withdrawn from the market.
Identifications of False Positives Amongst Sodium(I) Cations in Protein Three-Dimensional Structures—A Validation Approach Extendible to Any Alkali or Alkaline Earth Cation and to Any Monoatomic Anion
Authors: Carugo Oliviero
Published: October 2024

Validation of the data deposited in the Protein Data Bank is of the upmost importance, since many other databases, data mining processes, and artificial intelligence tools are strictly grounded on them. The present paper is divided into two parts. The first part describes and analyzes validation methods that have been designed and used by the structural biology community. Everything began with the Ramachandran plot, with its allowed and disallowed types of backbone conformations, and evolved in different directions, with the inclusion of additional stereochemical features, distributions’ analyses of structural moieties, and scrutiny of structure factor amplitudes across the reciprocal lattice. The second part of the paper is focused on the largely unexplored problem of the high number of false positives amongst the sodium(I) cations observed in protein crystal structures. It is demonstrated that these false positives, which are atoms wrongly identified with sodium, can be identified by using electrostatic considerations and it is anticipated that this approach can be extended to other alkali and alkaline earth cations or to monoatomic anions. In the end, I think a global initiative, accessible to all volunteers and possibly overseen by the Protein Data Bank, should take the place of the numerous web servers and software applications by providing the community with a select few reliable and widely accepted tools.
The Content-Specific Display: Between Medium and Metaphor
Authors: Van Campenhout Lukas , Mestdagh Elke , Vaes Kristof
Published: October 2024

This paper examines the current generation of displays, as found primarily in smartphones, laptops and tablet computers, from an interaction design perspective. Today’s displays are multifunctional, versatile devices with a standardized, rectangular shape and a standardized interaction. We distinguish two pitfalls. First, they facilitate an interaction that is isolated and detached from the physical environment in which they are used. Second, their multi-touch interface provides users with few tangible clues and handles. From our background in embodied interaction, we establish an alternate, hypothetical vision of displays: the content-specific display. The content-specific display is defined as a display designed for one specific function and one type of on-screen content. We explore this concept in three student projects from the First Year Master’s program at Product Development, University of Antwerp, and present two key themes that emerge from it: causality and transformation. Both themes reside in the field of coupling, a concept well-known within the field of embodied interaction, and aim at a more seamless integration of on-screen content within the physical world. Finally, we discuss how the content-specific display influences the design process of digital products, and how it fosters collaboration between product designers and designers of graphical user interfaces.
The Change in Public Perception and Knowledge Acquisition Methods of Chronic Kidney Disease Among General Population in Okayama Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Umebayashi Ryoko , Matsuoka-Uchiyama Natsumi , Sugiyama Hitoshi , Shikata Kenichi , Kashihara Naoki , Makino Hirofumi , Wada Jun , Uchida Haruhito A.
Published: October 2024

CKD public education plays a very important role in effective chronic kidney disease (CKD) countermeasure. We have been conducting CKD public education programs in Okayama Prefecture since 2007. Here, we aimed to examine the actual status of CKD perceptance and changes in CKD perceptance due to these education programs. The study was conducted on individuals who underwent health checkups at 12 medical institutions across five medical regions in Okayama Prefecture between 1 October and 30 November in 2015, 2019, and 2023. The results showed that overall CKD perceptance has improved over time (perceptance of “CKD” 4% to 7%, “chronic kidney disease” 27% to 34%, 2015 vs. 2023). “Chronic kidney disease” was more commonly recognized than “CKD”, and the elderly were more aware of the disease than younger people. The CKD perceptance improved across all age groups. However, the rate of CKD perceptance is still low, especially among young people. Previously, newspapers were the second most common resource of information about CKD after television. However, the Internet has recently replaced newspapers as the second most common source of information, especially among younger people. Understanding of the exact diagnosis of CKD also remains insufficient. It is necessary to continue more effective CKD public education programs through more intelligible terminology and information sources that match the demographics of target population.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Rotor Airflow Field Based on Finite Volume Method and Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Chang Kun , Chen Shengde , Wang Meimei , Liao Jiapeng , Liu Junwei , Lan Yubin
Published: October 2024

The primary focus of research in agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) pesticide application technology is the investigation of droplet drift and deposition. The influence of the rotor airflow on droplets is particularly significant, making numerical simulations a crucial tool for airflow field analysis. Among existing numerical simulation methods, the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) are commonly used, but there is limited research that compares the two approaches. Therefore, this paper conducts numerical simulations of the rotor airflow of an agricultural UAV using Fluent, representing the FVM, and XFlow, representing the LBM. This research aims to reveal the distribution patterns of airflow field numerical simulations under different theoretical methods, validate them through practical experiments, and select the optimal method for simulating rotor airflow. The ultimate goal is to establish an effective airflow field model to enhance the precision of pesticide application by an agricultural UAV. The results indicate that the lift error calculated by XFlow in this paper is 2.57% smaller than that by Fluent. The wind field of Fluent entered the “stable state” earlier than XFlow, and the speed value of Fluent was smaller than that of XFlow. The difference between the two speed values became larger and larger as the distance from the rotor was longer. Compared with XFlow, Fluent changes more obviously in the core region, and the center region gradually disappears with the distance from the rotor. However, in the velocity field calculated by XFlow, there are still more turbulent flows outside the core region, indicating that the transient calculation method based on the LBM can better show the details of fluid flow than the steady-state calculation method based on the FVM. Through comparison with the actual test data, it is found that the relative error of the velocity value of XFlow at 0.2 m and 0.4 m is small, while that of Fluent at 0 and 0.2 m is small. It shows that XFlow simulation has higher accuracy for external turbulent flow, while Fluent simulation has higher accuracy for steady laminar flow. The research results provide data comparison and a basis for further analysis of the wind field model of the rotor wing of the plant protection UAV, and they lay a foundation for further research on precision application technology.
From Binary to Multi-Class: Neural Networks for Structural Damage Classification in Bridge Monitoring Under Static and Dynamic Loading
Authors: Kardoulias Andreas , Arailopoulos Alexandros , Seventekidis Panagiotis
Published: October 2024

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) plays a vital role in ensuring the health status of a wide range of structures, such as bridges, buildings, and large infrastructure in general. The advantages of this process can be further enhanced by incorporating more numerical and statistical approaches into traditional methods, such as finite element analysis and Machine Learning. In this study, a truss bridge structure is examined, and neural networks are trained with data derived from finite element analyses under static loads and dynamic excitations. The contributions of this work are based on comparing neural networks trained with static and dynamic analyses, as well as deriving important insights into the key parameters that impact their performance in SHM. Initially, a binary classification problem is addressed, where numerically trained classifiers are tasked with identifying whether the structure is in a healthy state or not. This category is further divided into two subcategories, depending on the extent of the damage present in the structure. Subsequently, a multi-class classification problem is defined, where three different damage classes of the same extent are considered, and the trained network is required to distinguish between them. Although the training of all neural networks was highly satisfactory, the prediction results varied, with success rates ranging from 55% to 90%. Finally, conclusions are drawn from the results of the study regarding the model error influence, the impact of the damage size, and the types of neural networks and training data used.
On the Scaling of Transport Phenomena at a Monotonously Changing Hydraulic Conductivity Field
Authors: Edery Yaniv , Sorek Shaul
Published: October 2024

Monotonously stratified porous medium, where the layered medium changes its hydraulic conductivity with depth, is present in various systems like tilled soil and peat formation. In this study, the flow pattern within a monotonously stratified porous medium is explored by deriving a non-dimensional number, Fhp, from the macroscopic Darcian-based flow equation. The derived Fhp theoretically classifies the flow equation to be hyperbolic or parabolic, according to the hydraulic head gradient length scale, and the hydraulic conductivity slope and mean. This flow classification is explored numerically, while its effect on the transport is explored by Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT). The numerical simulations show the transition from hyperbolic to parabolic flow, which manifests in the LPT transition from advective to dispersive transport. This classification is also applied to an interpolation of tilled soil from the literature, showing that, indeed, there is a transition in the transport. These results indicate that in a monotonously stratified porous medium, very low conducting (impervious) formations may still allow unexpected contamination leakage, specifically for the parabolic case. This classification of the Fhp to the flow and transport pattern provides additional insight without solving the flow or transport equation only by knowing the hydraulic conductivity distribution.
Blending Tradition and Innovation: Student Opinions on Modern Anatomy Education
Authors: Șișu Alina Maria , Stoicescu Emil Robert , Bolintineanu Sorin Lucian , Faur Alexandra Corina , Iacob Roxana , Ghenciu Delius Mario , Dănilă Alexandra-Ioana , Hațegan Ovidiu Alin
Published: October 2024

Anatomy education has evolved significantly with the introduction of diverse instructional techniques. This review evaluates these methods, including traditional cadaver dissection, three-dimensional (3D) model printing, virtual dissection using tools like the Anatomage table, problem-based learning (PBL), and the use of wax and plastinated models. Each approach presents unique benefits and challenges. Cadaver dissection remains invaluable for providing hands-on experience and a deep understanding of anatomical structures, although it faces ethical, logistical, and financial constraints. Wax and plastinated models offer durable, precise representations of anatomical structures without the ethical concerns associated with cadavers. Additionally, 3D printing and virtual dissection have emerged as effective supplementary tools, enhancing spatial understanding and allowing repeated practice. PBL integrates anatomical knowledge with clinical reasoning, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The main aim of this study was to gather and analyze students’ opinions on various anatomy teaching methods, while a secondary objective was to review the literature on novel and traditional approaches in anatomy education. This review emphasizes the importance of incorporating a variety of teaching methods to create a dynamic and engaging anatomy curriculum, preparing students for clinical practice.
A Systematic Review of Literature on Student Voice and Agency in Middle Grade Contexts
Authors: Schaefer Mary Beth , Pennington Sarah E. , Divoll Kent , Tang Judy H.
Published: October 2024

This systematic review analyzes the research literature on student voice and agency in the middle grades, focusing on middle-level schools, culture, and learning environments. The idea of student voice and agency was taken up as collaborative decision-making and/or student feedback on issues related to school and pedagogy. After a comprehensive search for peer-reviewed research (2015–2024), an article review framework was developed to determine how, where, and why student voices and agency were engaged in the middle grades. Three themes characterized the research literature: (1) passive student voice and agency: researcher-driven studies to gain understanding; (2) active student voice and agency: partnering with students to improve their learning experiences; and (3) activating the inner voice and agency: helping students to reflect on their own learning. The research on student voice and agency provided information that directly and indirectly benefited students. The literature related to passive student voice and agency tended to be indirect, while active student voice and agency and activating students’ inner voice and agency tended to provide tangible and observable student benefits. While the studies were responsive to different aspects of young adolescent development and included foci on students’ social/emotional development and identity, other areas were lacking—including culturally responsive teaching, international perspectives, and sense of self/peer perceptions.