bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid from a 10‐year‐old dog with a single seizure episode
Authors: Zimmerman Kurt , Almy Frederic , Carter Laura , Higgins Michael , Rossmeisl John , Inzana Karen , Duncan Robert
Published: March 2008

Abstract A cerebrospinal fluid sample collected from the cerebellomedullary cistern of a 10‐year‐old Shetland Sheepdog with a recent history of seizures was submitted for fluid analysis and cytologic examination. Key findings included a total nucleated cell count of 520/μL (reference interval 0–5 cells/μL), with a predominance of mononuclear cells, a protein concentration of 51.8 mg/dL (reference interval 0–35 mg/dL), and a glucose concentration of 44.7 mg/dL (reference interval 52–105 mg/dL). There was marked atypia of the mononuclear cells, with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, occasional binucleated cells, mitotic figures, and rare erythrophagia. The cytologic interpretation was marked, monocytoid‐rich, mixed cell pleocytosis with cellular atypia worrisome for neoplasia. In addition to histiocytic neoplasia, differentials included granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, and granulomatous inflammation. The dog did not respond to anti‐inflammatory and anticonvulsive therapy. At necropsy, a mass involving the meninges and subtending the neuropil of the right temporal lobe of the cerebrum was found. Histologically, the mass was composed of large, bizarre histiocytic cells with multinucleated forms and numerous mitotic figures. Using immunochemistry on cytologic and histologic samples, the pleomorphic histiocytic cells were positive for CD1c, CD11αd, CD45, lysozyme, and vimentin, and were negative for CD3, CD4, CD79a, CD90, and pancytokeratin. These findings supported a diagnosis of primary CNS malignant histiocytosis of dendritic antigen‐presenting cell (CD1c+) origin. To our knowledge, this is only the third reported case of primary CNS histiocytic sarcoma in dogs, and the first to demonstrate strong immunochemical evidence for dendritic antigen‐presenting cell origin.
Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical implications of erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies in dogs, cats, and horses
Authors: Harvey John W.
Published: March 2008

AbstractDeficiencies of enzymes involved in erythrocyte metabolism can have significant effects on erythrocyte function and survival. Animals with pyruvate kinase (PK) or phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiencies have shortened erythrocyte life spans and regenerative anemia. PK‐deficient dogs (but not PK‐deficient cats) develop progressive myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis of bone marrow and hemochromatosis and cirrhosis of the liver. PFK‐deficient dogs have sporadic episodes of hyperventilation‐induced intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. Cytochrome b5reductase (Cb5R) deficiency in dogs and cats results in persistent methemoglobinemia and cyanotic mucous membranes. Severe deficiency of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate‐controlling enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulted in anemia with eccentrocytosis in an American saddlebred colt. Horses with erythrocyte flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) deficiency have both eccentrocytosis (attributable to severe deficiency in glutathione reductase activity) and methemoglobinemia (attributable to Cb5R deficiency); the dual enzyme deficiency occurs because FAD is a required cofactor for both enzymes. Erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies do not usually shorten life expectancy, except for PK‐deficient dogs and potentially PFK‐deficient dogs during a hemolytic crisis. Although enzyme deficiencies are rare causes of anemia and methemoglobinemia, the ability to diagnose deficient animals allows for the possibility of eliminating these undesirable traits in future breeding. DNA‐based assays are available for PK and PFK deficiencies; whereas, biochemical tests of enzyme activity are required for other deficiencies. Continued research is needed to document additional enzyme deficiencies that likely occur and to develop additional DNA‐based assays to detect heterozygous animals.
Introduction to ISO 15189: a blueprint for quality systems in veterinary laboratories
Authors: Freeman, Kathleen P. , Bauer, Natali , Jensen, Asger L. , Thoresen Stein
Published: March 2008

Background: A trend in human and veterinary medical laboratory management is to achieve accreditation based on international standards. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15189 standard is the first developed especially for accreditation of medical laboratories, and emphasizes the laboratory–client interface. European veterinary laboratories seeking to train candidates for the certification examination of the European College of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ECVCP) require approval by the ECVCP Laboratory Standards Committee, which bases its evaluation in part on adherence to quality systems described in the ISO 15189 standards. Objective: The purpose of this article was to introduce the latest ISO quality standard and describe its application to veterinary laboratories in Europe, specifically as pertains to accreditation of laboratories involved in training veterinary clinical pathologists. Methods: Between 2003 and 2006, the Laboratory Standards Committee reviewed 12 applications from laboratories (3 commercial and 9 university) involved in training veterinary clinical pathologists. Applicants were asked to provide a description of the facilities for training and testing, current methodology and technology, health and safety policy, quality assurance policy (including internal quality control and participation in an external quality assurance program), written standard operating procedures (SOPs) and policies, a description of the laboratory information system, and personnel and training. Also during this time period multiple informal and formal discussions among ECVCP diplomates took place as to current practices and perceived areas of concern with regard to laboratory accreditation requirements. Results: Areas in which improvement most often was needed in veterinary laboratories applying for ECVCP accreditation were the written quality plan, defined quality requirements for the tests performed, written SOPs and policies, training records, ongoing audits and competency assessments, and processes for identifying and addressing opportunities for improvement. Recommendations were developed for a stepwise approach towards achieving ISO 15189 standards, including 3 levels of quality components. Conclusions: The ISO 15189 standard provides a sound framework for veterinary laboratories aspiring to meet international quality standards. (Vet Clin Pathol. 2006;35:XXX–XXX)
Hematologic values in calves during the first 6 months of life
Authors: Brun‐Hansen, Hege C. , Kampen, Annette H. , Lund Arve
Published: March 2008

Background: Age‐related changes in hematologic values are known to occur in many species. Few published studies include repeated measurements of hematologic parameters in calves during the first months of life. Objective: The aim of the present study was to monitor hematologic values by sequential measurements from birth to 6 months of age in 15 healthy calves of the Norwegian Red breed, and compare the results to reference intervals for adult, lactating dairy cows. Methods: Fifteen clinically healthy calves were sampled every week during the first 5 weeks of life and every month thereafter until 6 months of age. Hematologic values were measured using the ADVIA 120 hematology system. Reference intervals were determined for 75 healthy adult cows of the same breed. Results: Compared with adult reference intervals, the MCV was lower and the RBC count was higher in calves throughout the investigation period. Hemoglobin concentration stayed largely within the adult reference interval. Mean MCHC was lower than adult values for 5 weeks, then increased and reached adult values by weeks 10–12. The mean lymphocyte count for calves reached adult reference values at weeks 6–8, and the mean monocyte count increased steadily until weeks 14–16. For most leukocytes, interindividual variation was larger during the first 5–8 weeks of life. The mean platelet count for calves was higher than the adult reference interval until weeks 19–21 of age. Conclusions: Age‐specific reference intervals for calves from birth to 6 month of age are needed for RBC count, MCV, MCHC, red cell distribution width, and platelet and lymphocyte counts.
Peritoneal fluid analysis in adult, nonpregnant Awassi sheep
Authors: Al‐Rukibat, RK , Ismail, ZA Bani , Al‐Majali, AM , Al‐Zghoul MB
Published: March 2008

Background: To the authors' knowledge, there is no information in the literature about normal peritoneal fluid values in ovine species. Objectives: The purpose of the study reported here was to establish reference intervals for peritoneal fluid from clinically normal Awassi sheep and to compare the values to those in blood. Methods: Peritoneal fluid and blood samples were collected into tubes containing EDTA, from 40 clinically healthy, nonpregnant, female Awassi sheep, aged 2 to 7 years. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) was determined using an electronic cell counter. Total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, and glucose concentrations and aspartate transaminase activity were analyzed using commercially available kits. Results: TNCC (mean ± SD) of peritoneal fluid was 1.1 ± 0.87 × 103/μl, with neutrophils (3.9%), lymphocytes (33.5%), macrophages/monocytes (61.2%), and eosinophils (1.4%). Biochemical results in peritoneal fluid were: total protein, 1.7 ± 0.74 g/dL; albumin, 1.0 ± 0.04 g/dL; urea, 12.6 ± 3.95 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.6 ± 0.19 mg/dL; glucose, 54.8 ± 6.11mg/dL; and aspartate transaminase, 23.5 ± 8.82 U/L. Eosinophil percentage and creatinine concentration did not differ significantly from blood values. Conclusion: Baseline values for cytologic and biochemical parameters in peritoneal fluid of Awassi sheep, with comparison to blood, have been generated. Such data may be applicable to other ovine species and can be used in the clinical investigation of ovine abdominal disorders.
Comparison of biochemical values in serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma, and hemolyzed samples from orange‐winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica)
Authors: Hawkins, Michelle G. , Kass, Philip H. , Zinkl, Joseph G. , Tell Lisa A.
Published: March 2008

Background: To the authors' knowledge, on the basis of sample type, storage condition, or hemolysis, differences in serum and plasma biochemical values have not been evaluated in orange‐winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare values for biochemical analytes in serum vs plasma, fresh vs frozen plasma, and nonhemolyzed vs hemolyzed samples in orange‐winged Amazon parrots. We also compared differences in serum and plasma yield from whole‐blood aliquots. Methods: Fifteen biochemical analytes were evaluated in paired serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma, nonhemolyzed and hemolyzed serum and plasma samples from orange‐winged Amazon parrots (n = 10) using a wet reagent analyzer. Hemolysis was assessed qualitatively (visually) and quantitatively (hemoglobin [Hgb] measured spectrophotometrically). Serum and plasma yields from 500‐μl whole‐blood aliquots were determined from centrifuged samples. Results: Analyte values significantly differed among sample groups, but were still within published reference intervals, with the exception of increases in potassium concentration in markedly hemolyzed serum and plasma samples. Clinically important changes in hemolyzed serum and plasma samples included increases in potassium, phosphorus, and albumin concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The degree of hemolysis assigned qualitatively did not correlate with quantitative Hgb concentration. A significantly greater yield of plasma (288 ± 13 μL) than serum (241 ± 44 μL) was obtained. Conclusions: Significant differences may occur in different sample types, however, only changes in potassium, phosphorus, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase values in hemolyzed samples were considered clinically relevant. Lack of agreement between qualitative and quantitative Hgb concentration indicates the unreliability of visual estimation. Based on higher sample yield, and lack of clinically relevant differences from serum, plasma is a better sample choice for clinical chemistry analysis in birds.
Diarrhea and hyperammonemia in a horse with progressive neurologic signs
Authors: Stickle, Julia E. , McKnight, Christy A. , Williams, Kurt J. , Carr Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 2‐year‐old, Quarter Horse filly was referred to Michigan State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a 2–3 day history of depression and partial anorexia progressing to severe, watery diarrhea with severe neurologic abnormalities, including repetitive muscle fasciculations, muscle stiffening, and collapse. Laboratory findings included severe polycythemia, neutropenia, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte and fluid loss, consistent with watery diarrhea and endotoxic shock. Increased creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase activities were consistent with recent transport and the muscle abnormalities. Severe hyperammonemia (1369.0 μmol/L; control value, 15.3 μmol/L) was found, without other substantial laboratory evidence of hepatic dysfunction. The horse was euthanized because of poor prognosis and rapid clinical deterioration. Necropsy findings were unremarkable with the exception of severe diffuse colitis. Culture of colonic contents recovered >1000 colony‐forming units of Clostridium perfringens. Based on these findings, marked hyperammonemia in this filly was attributed to changes in colonic flora leading to increased bacterial production of ammonia that was readily absorbed through the inflamed bowel wall, exceeding the hepatic capacity for deamination. Intestinal bacteria as a source of hyperammonemia in the absence of hepatic disease has been linked rarely to positive culture results for clostridial organisms.
Neurologic signs and hyperammonemia in a horse with colic
Authors: Sharkey, Leslie C. , DeWitt, Shane , Stockman Cheryl
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 23‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was referred for the evaluation of acute onset of ataxia and depression, and a 2‐day history of fever. On physical examination, the gelding was profoundly depressed and 10–12% dehydrated. The horse appeared very unstable, with a wide‐based stance in the hind limbs, severe symmetric ataxia in all 4 limbs, and proprioceptive deficits in both hind limbs. Nasogastric intubation produced 4 L of brown, fetid reflux, and rectal examination revealed mild small intestinal and cecal distention. Hematologic abnormalities included neutropenia with toxic change, compatible with acute inflammation and endotoxemia, and prolonged coagulation times. Serum biochemical abnormalities included prerenal azotemia. metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte abnormalities consistent with enteritis. Blood ammonia concentration was markedly increased (406 μmol/L; reference interval 4–49 μmol/L), however, serum bile acids concentration and hepatic enzyme activities were within reference intervals. Histopathologic examination of a liver biopsy revealed no abnormalities and results of tests for several infectious agents were negative. Clinical signs resolved with correction of the dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities and with antibiotic therapy. The horse was diagnosed with hyperammonemic neuropathy associated with gastrointestinal disease. In such cases, hyperammonemia is caused by increased production of ammonia by organisms in the gastrointestinal tract in combination with increased gut permeability that facilitates ammonia absorption.
Sex‐based differences in plasma chemistry and cardiac marker test results in Siamese fighting fowl
Authors: Sribhen Choosri , Choothesa Apassara , Songserm Thaveesak , Issariyodom Supaporn , Sribhen Kosit
Published: March 2008

Background: Variations in the results of plasma chemistry analysis as a function of sex have rarely been demonstrated in avian species. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate sex‐related differences in values for routine biochemical variables, including conventional muscle enzymes, and novel cardiac markers in female and male Siamese fighting fowl. Methods: Plasma chemistry analytes and cardiac marker proteins (creatine kinase‐MB and cardiac troponin T) were measured in 70 Siamese fighting fowl using automated chemistry and immunoassay analyzers. Data were compared by 2‐tailed t tests between sexes, and Spearman rank correlation between conventional and novel cardiac markers. Results: Male fowl had significantly higher uric acid concentration and γ‐glutamyltransferase activity; whereas, female fowl had significantly higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, and calcium concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase activity. As compared with female fowl, the fighting cocks also had significantly higher plasma concentrations of creatine kinase‐MB and cardiac troponin T. Significant correlations between cardiac troponin T, but not creatine kinase‐MB, and the activities of conventional muscle enzymes (creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) were observed in male but not in female fowl. Conclusion: These results indicate that sex‐specific differences exist for several biochemical parameters and cardiac marker proteins in fighting fowl, and that such differences should be considered in interpreting laboratory test results.
Cytologic analysis of synovial fluid in clinically normal tarsal joints of young camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Al‐Rukibat R. K. , Bani Ismail Z. A. , Al‐Zghoul M. B.
Published: March 2008

Background: Camels are important in the racing industry and for milk, meat, and hair production in the Middle East. Evaluation of synovial fluid is an important part of the assessment of musculoskeletal injuries in this species. Information in the literature regarding synovial fluid in camels is limited. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the protein and cellular composition of synovial fluid from the tarsal joints of clinically normal, young camels (Camelus dromedarius). Methods: Thirty clinically healthy, male camels, aged 9 to 12 months, were used in the study. Synovial fluid samples were collected from the right and left tarsal joints. Samples were processed within 60 minutes after collection. Total nucleated cell counts (TNCC) were assessed using a hemacytometer. Total protein concentration was determined using a refractometer. Results: Forty‐six samples were analyzed. The TNCC (mean ± SD) was 175.8 ± 136.7 cells/μL (range 50–678 cells/μL). Differential cell percentages were obtained for lymphocytes (58.2 ± 21.55%, range 15–90%), monocyte/macrophages (38.3 ± 20.8%, range 10–85%), and neutrophils (3.5 ± 5.1%, range 0–15%). Protein concentration was 2.1 ± 0.6 g/dL (range 1–3 g/dL). Significant differences were not observed in any parameters between right and left tarsal joints. Conclusion: Synovial fluid reference values were established and may be useful in the clinical investigation of joint disease in young camels.
“Carry‐on” dermal baggage: a nodule from a dog
Authors: Logan Michael R. , Raskin Rose E. , Thompson Steven
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 2‐year‐old intact female Australian Cattle Dog presented with a 1‐cm diameter nonexudative dermal nodule on the medial aspect of the right thigh. Fine‐needle aspiration revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation and many ovoid, 2–4 μm diameter, thin–capsulated, basophilic bodies that appeared to be fungal spores or yeast. Results of CBC, serum chemistry panel, lymph node palpation, and radiographs were unremarkable. Excisional biopsy and histopathology revealed pyogranulomatous folliculitis, furunculosis, and perifolliculitis. Rare fungal hyphae and spore forms were intimately associated with, and occasionally within, hair shafts. A morphologic diagnosis of dermatophytosis was made and Microsporum canis infection was confirmed by fungal culture. M canis is a common infectious agent found within the follicles and superficial keratin layers of canine skin. The kerion‐type clinical presentation observed in the dog of this case is uncommonly observed with M canis. Additionally, the cytologic finding of multiple arthroconidia without hyphae is unusual. In the absence of hyphae, M canis arthroconidia may be confused with other fungal yeast bodies; therefore close scrutiny of a cytologic sample for arthroconidia associated with keratin, hair fragments, or hyphal structures is recommended.
Reluctant to dive: coelomic effusion in a frog
Authors: Tarigo Jaime , Linder Keith , Neel Jennifer , Harvey Stephen , Remick Amera , Grindem Carol
Published: March 2008

Abstract An adult female, albino South African Clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) from a research colony at the Biological Resources Facility of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University (NCSU) was presented with depression, lethargy, loss of diving reflex, and a distended abdomen. Cytologic examination of coelomic effusion fluid at the NCSU veterinary teaching hospital revealed a mixed population of inflammatory cells, including heterophils and a predominance of large mononuclear cells (macrophages) that often contained intracytoplasmic, negatively‐stained, rod‐shaped to filamentous organisms consistent with Mycobacterium sp. Ziehl‐Neelsen stain revealed bright pink to red, acid‐fast organisms with a beaded appearance. Histopathologic findings in tissues obtained at necropsy included marked, multifocal to coalescing, heterophilic, granulomatous and fibrinous coelomitis as well as severe multifocal heterophilic and granulomatous hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia and sinusitis/rhinitis. Slender gram‐positive, acid‐fast bacterial rods were identified in sections of coelomic pleura, kidneys, nasal cavities, spleen, liver, and pulmonary interstitium, indicative of systemic mycobacteriosis. Based on mycobacterial culture, the organism was identified as M marinum complex. Mycobacteria are variably gram‐positive, often acid‐fast, small rods that are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. The clinical and pathologic spectrum of disease in amphibians depends on host and pathogen status. Xenopus sp and several other frogs are good models for studying the pathogenesis of M tuberculosis infection. In addition to culture, polymerase chain reaction assays may be used for definitive identification of the organisms; accurate speciation may require further genetic investigation.
Intracellular success: cytologic findings in an ulcerated submandibular mass from a cat
Authors: Hylton Penny K. , Rizzi Theresa E. , Allison Robin W.
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 1‐year‐old neutered male domestic shorthair cat had an ulcerated, proliferative lesion in the submandibular area that did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Impression smears from the mass revealed septic pyogranulomatous inflammation, with large numbers of pleomorphic bacteria observed intracellularly within macrophages as well as neutrophils. Bacterial culture was consistent with a diagnosis ofRhodococcus equi, a facultative intracellular coccobacillus capable of replicating within macrophages. The cat's lesion resolved after treatment with rifampin and clarithromycin.R equishould be considered as a differential diagnosis when coccobacilli are recognized within macrophages in cytologic samples.
Cytologic identification of immature endospores in a dog with rhinosporidiosis
Authors: Meier William A. , Meinkoth James H. , Brunker Jill , Cunningham Debbie , Bahr Robert J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract Abstract: An 8‐year‐old, intact, male Labrador Retriever was presented to the Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at Oklahoma State University with a 2‐month history of severe sneezing episodes that resulted in epistaxis and bilateral sanguineous discharge. Rhinoscopy revealed a small polypoid mass, and specimens were obtained for histopathology. Microscopic examination of formalin‐fixed tissue specimens revealed organisms consistent with Rhinosporidium seeberi. The mass was surgically excised and impression smears were made for cytology examination. Smears revealed high numbers of endospores, typical of those previously described for R seeberi. In addition, numerous smaller structures, presumed to be immature endospores, were noted. The immature endospores were morphologically distinct from mature endospores and have not been described previously. Recognition of immature forms of Rhinosporidium may help prevent misidentification of the organism or misdiagnosis of a dual infection.
Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in a puppy with eosinophilia and eosinophilic peritoneal effusion
Authors: Allison Robin , Williams Philip , Lansdowne Jennifer , Lappin Michael , Jensen Tracey , Lindsay David
Published: March 2008

AbstractAbstract:A 3‐month‐old male Golden Retriever puppy was evaluated for lethargy and fever of 2‐days duration. Results of a CBC and biochemical profile revealed marked eosinophilia (6.3 × 103/μL; reference interval 0.1–1.2 × 103/μL), moderate thrombocytopenia, and increased activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase. Hepatomegaly and peritoneal effusion were found using abdominal ultrasound. Peritoneal fluid analysis revealed eosinophilic inflammation (23,000 nucleated cells/μL with 88% eosinophils). Despite supportive treatment the puppy's condition deteriorated rapidly; euthanasia was requested, and a necropsy performed. Microscopically, there was marked necrosuppurative and eosinophilic hepatitis with vasculitis. Numerous hepatocytes contained protozoal organisms suspected to beToxoplasma gondiiorNeospora caninum. However, serum was negative for bothT gondiiandN caninumantibodies; polymerase chain reaction assay on hepatic tissue was negative for both organisms; and immunohistochemical evaluation of hepatic tissue using serum raised againstT gondii,N caninum, andSarcocystis neuronaalso was negative. Schizont morphology suggested that merozoites replicated by endopolygeny, forming rosettes around a central residual body. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that merozoites lacked rhoptries. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis ofSarcocystis canis, an apicomplexan parasite with an unknown life cycle.
Hypernatremia associated with intracranial B‐cell lymphoma in a cat
Authors: Morrison Jo Ann , Fales‐Williams Amanda
Published: March 2008

Abstract An 8‐year‐old, spayed female, domestic shorthair cat with a history of hyperthyroidism, anorexia, dehydration, cervical ventroflexion, and behavioral changes was referred to the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine. The cat was obtunded, with severe dehydration (15%) and hypothermia (86°F), and severe muscle atrophy and fasciculations. Serum biochemical abnormalities included severe hypernatremia (195 mmol/L, reference interval 155–165 mmol/L), hyperchloridemia (161 mmol/L, reference interval 123–131 mmol/L), and hypokalemia (3.6 mmol/L, reference interval 4.0–5.7 mmol/L). Calculated osmolality was 418 mOsm/kg (reference interval 280–305 mOsm/kg), attributable to the hypernatremia. The cat was kept warm and given fluid and glucocorticoid therapy and supportive measures but remained unresponsive. Hypernatremia and hyperosmolality improved through day 3, when the cat died suddenly. At necropsy, a 1.25‐cm mass was found in the area of the thalamus and interthalamic adhesion that extended to the ventral aspect of the cerebrum. The histologic and immunohistochemical diagnosis was B‐cell lymphoma. Hypernatremia and hyperosmolality in this cat were attributed to primary adipsia and hypothalamic dysfunction secondary to effacement of central nervous system tissue by neoplastic lymphocytes. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of central nervous system lymphoma, confirmed by use of immunohistochemical analysis as a B‐cell phenotype, associated with hypernatremia. It also is the first reported case of lymphoma in animals limited to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum, with no involvement of the spinal cord.
Architectural patterns in cytology: correlation with histology
Authors: Masserdotti Carlo
Published: March 2008

Abstract Cellular arrangements are highly relevant in the evaluation of histologic sections, but cytologic specimens are not thought to accurately reflect the same patterns. Only occasionally do cytologic descriptions comprise, apart from cytoplasmic and nuclear features, architectural patterns. Architectural arrangement of cells in cytologic specimens, however, may mirror the corresponding arrangement of cells in histologic specimens provided the cytologic preparations are collected and prepared appropriately. Recognition and understanding of the different types of cell arrangements that may be seen in cytologic specimens can provide important information for obtaining a definitive diagnosis, particularly for neoplastic lesions. The goal of this review is to describe the most common architectural patterns observed in cytologic specimens and to draw correlations with similar histologic arrangements.
Cloning and expression of the gene encoding the major surface protein 5 (MSP5) of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and potential application for serodiagnosis
Authors: Alleman A. Rick , Barbet Anthony F. , Sorenson Heather L. , Strik Nicole I. , Wamsley Heather L. , Wong Susan J. , Chandrashaker Ramaswamy , Gaschen Frédéric P. , Luckschander Nicole , Bjöersdorff Anneli
Published: March 2008

Abstract Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly known as the human granulocytic ehrlichia, Ehrlichia equi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila) is an obligate intracellular organism causing clinical disease in humans and various species of domestic animals. Objectives: The objectives of this investigation were to sequence and clone the major surface protein 5 (MSP5) of A phagocytophilum and to evaluate the suitability of this antigen in the serologic diagnosis of anaplasmosis in humans and dogs. Methods: The msp5 gene of A phagocytophilum was sequenced, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The predicted amino acid sequence homology of the various MSP5/major antigenic protein 2 orthologs was compared among various Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species. Recombinant MSP5 of A phagocytophilum was used in an ELISA to detect antibodies in serum samples from humans and dogs infected with the organism. Results: Serum samples from 104 individuals previously diagnosed with A phagocytophilum infection, as well as samples from clinically healthy humans, were tested. In addition, multiple samples from 4 dogs experimentally infected with 2 different geographic isolates of A phagocytophilum and 5 dogs naturally infected with a Swiss isolate were tested using ELISA. Using this group of immunofluorescent antibody test–positive and immunofluorescent antibody test–negative samples, we found the overall agreement between assays to be >90%. Conclusions: These results indicate that recombinant MSP5 has potential for use as a diagnostic test antigen to detect infection with A phagocytophilum in both dogs and humans. However, sequence similarities among orthologs of MSP5 in related species of anaplasma and ehrlichia suggest that cross‐reactivity among these pathogens is likely if the entire peptide is used as a test antigen.
Assessment of the use of plasma and serum chloride concentrations as indirect predictors of serum bromide concentrations in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Zimmerman Kurt , Inzana Karen D. , Higgins Michael A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract Bromide (BR) administration causes pseudohyperchloremia when plasma or serum chloride (Cl−) concentrations are determined with commonly available automated analytical assays. In humans receiving BR, it has been previously demonstrated that the plasma Cl− concentration is a useful indirect estimator of the measured BR concentration. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if the magnitude of pseudohyperchloremia seen in epileptic dogs treated with BR could be used as a predictor of the measured serum BR concentration. Methods: Plasma and serum Cl− concentrations, analyzed by ion‐specific electrode (ISE) and colorimetric techniques, and serum BR concentrations, determined using the gold‐trichloride assay, were simultaneously determined in 88 blood samples from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy that were treated with BR. Results: For all methods used to quantify Cl− concentrations, there were significant (P < .0001) linear relationships between BR and Cl− concentrations. Linear relationships between BR and Cl− concentrations were significantly different (P < .0001) between blood samples from dogs obtained during routine therapeutic monitoring and those obtained during emergency hospital admissions. Calculated 95% prediction intervals for future values of BR using measured Cl− concentrations contained considerable error. Plasma Cl− values determined with ISE generally provided the best prediction of serum BR concentrations. Agreement between the measured BR and Cl− using all Cl− assay techniques was moderate, but was statistically significant only when Cl− was assayed in plasma using one ISE method. Conclusions: The pseudohyperchloremia observed in epileptic dogs receiving BR is an inadequate indirect estimator for the measured BR concentration, although in certain clinical situations identified through construction of a clinical decision tree, the measured Cl− value can be used to guide general therapeutic decisions regarding alterations in BR therapy. Optimal tailoring of BR therapy in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy should be based on results of therapeutic monitoring of BR concentrations.
Fractal dimension of canine mammary gland epithelial tumors on cytologic smears
Authors: Simeonov Radostin , Simeonova Galina
Published: March 2008

Abstract Fractal geometry is a tool that can be used for describing, modeling, analyzing, and processing irregular and complex figures. Past investigations in medicine have revealed that fractal analysis could also be applied in tumor pathology to characterize irregular boundaries of the nuclei of tumor cells. Objective: The aim of this study was to define whether the fractal dimension parameter could be used on cytologic specimens to differentiate benign from malignant canine mammary gland epithelial tumors. Methods: The fractal dimension of nuclear surface was determined by computer‐assisted morphometry on Hemacolor‐stained cytologic smears obtained by fine needle aspiration of normal canine mammary gland epithelial cells, and cells in mammary adenomas, tubulopapillary carcinomas, solid carcinomas, and anaplastic carcinomas. Data were analyzed by Mann‐Whitney U test. Results: Significant differences (P < .001) were observed in mean fractal dimension among all tumor types and in comparison with normal canine mammary gland epithelial cells (except for the fractal dimension between solid carcinomas and anaplastic carcinomas). Conclusion: The morphometric parameter, fractal dimension, could help in the diagnostic discrimination between benign and malignant canine mammary gland epithelial tumors on cytologic specimens.
Basal cell tumor or cutaneous basilar epithelial neoplasm? Rethinking the cytologic diagnosis of basal cell tumors
Authors: Bohn Andrea A. , Wills Tamara , Caplazi Patrick
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 1‐cm‐diameter, red, raised, cutaneous mass over the dorsal surface of the left third metacarpal of a 6‐year‐old neutered male yellow Labrador Retriever was aspirated. The aspirate contained cohesive clusters of cells, some containing cells with increased pleomorphism. Cellular debris (some keratinized), melanin, large numbers of macrophages, a few neutrophils, and fibroblasts were also observed. The cytologic interpretation was malignant neoplasia with histiocytic inflammation. Differentials included a carcinoma or, given the melanin pigment and variable morphology of the cells, possibly malignant melanoma. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as a basal cell epithelioma. Neoplasms that once were lumped into the broad histologic diagnosis of basal cell tumors have since been split into distinct entities, dependent on evidence of differentiation into epidermis, trichofollicular epithelium, or sweat or sebaceous glands. Although histologic reclassification has resulted in removal of most of these entities from the original basal cell tumor category, a cytologic diagnosis of basal cell tumor continues to be used to represent the large, heterogeneous group of epidermal, trichofollicular, and adnexal skin tumors with basal cell characteristics. The case in this report demonstrates the heterogeneity of neoplasms that may be diagnosed cytologically as basal cell tumors and supports the need for cytologic criteria and nomenclature that better reflect potential variation in tissue differentiation.
Congenital Pelger‐Huët anomaly in a horse
Authors: Gill Amy F. , Gaunt Stephen , Sirninger Jeffery
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 1.5‐year‐old male Arabian horse was referred to the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Clinic for an open deep laceration involving two thirds of the right trunk. The initial CBC results included an inflammatory leukogram, characterized by a marked degenerative left shift consisting of only immature band neutrophils (7500/μL, reference interval 0–100/μL) with toxic changes and no segmented neutrophils (0/μL, reference interval 2700–6700/μL). On abdominal ultrasonography, free abdominal fluid was found and collected for analysis. Abdominal fluid had a marked increase in total nucleated cells (40,600 cells/μL) consisting of 74% nondegenerate neutrophils that all were hyposegmented, with mature condensed chromatin. Re‐evaluation of neutrophil morphology on the initial blood smear confirmed hyposegmentation and mature condensed chromatin, similar to that observed in cells in the abdominal fluid. A diagnosis of Pelger‐Huët anomaly (PHA) was made in this colt. Congenital PHA was documented on the basis of persistent neutrophil hyposegmentation on serial blood smears, ruling out of acquired causes of PHA, and findings of similar neutrophil hyposegmentation on blood smears from the colt's sire and the sire's siblings. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of congenital PHA in a horse.
Blood smear from a cat: features to “dys”cover
Authors: Grondin Tanya M. , Wilkerson Melinda J. , Lurye Jill C. , Stockham Steven L.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 4‐year‐old, spayed female, domestic shorthair cat was presented for lethargy, nonregenerative anemia, and inappetence. Results of a CBC included macrocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia and a glucocorticoid‐associated leukogram. On blood smear examination, neutrophils had abnormal features including hyposegmentation and a diffuse chromatin pattern with nuclear filament formation and nuclear blebbing. Microscopic examination of a roll preparation of bone marrow revealed hypolobulated megakaryocytes with asynchronous maturation of nuclei. The granulocytic to erythrocyte (G:E) ratio was 76. Segmented neutrophils had asynchronous maturation and dysplastic features. The entire erythroid lineage was markedly decreased for the degree of anemia and rare dysplastic features were noted in erythroid precursor cells. The interpretation of bone marrow findings was erythroid hypoplasia, megakaryocytic dysplasia, and granulocytic hyperplasia with dysplasia. Histopathologic examination of a bone marrow core sample also revealed myeloid hyperplasia and erythroid hypoplasia. The result of a direct immunofluorescence assay for FeLV performed on the bone marrow roll preparation was positive. A diagnosis of dysmyelopoiesis associated with FeLV infection was made. This case was unique in that the dysplastic changes occurred in cell lines that did not have associated cytopenias. The dysmyelopoiesis most closely resembled myelodysplastic syndrome with refractory cytopenia (MDS‐RC); however, secondary dysmyelopoiesis could not be ruled out.
Transtracheal wash from a puppy with respiratory disease
Authors: Williams Matthew , Olver Christine , Thrall Mary Anna
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 4‐month‐old, intact male Boxer puppy was presented to the Animal Emergency and Critical Care Services of South Florida because of nasal discharge, dehydration, dyspnea, and coughing. The dog had been diagnosed with intestinal parasites and kennel cough approximately 10 days before presentation. Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs of the thorax revealed an increased bronchointerstitial pattern throughout the lungs. A transtracheal wash was performed. On cytologic examination of direct, Wright‐Giemsa–stained smears, small basophilic coccoid structures (0.3–0.9 μm in diameter) were observed in low to moderate numbers within neutrophils and adherent to epithelial cells. The small size of the organisms raised suspicion for Mycoplasma. Culture of the transtracheal wash fluid resulted in growth of a Mycoplasma sp. The patient was treated with enrofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and made a full recovery. Recognizing Mycoplasma in transtracheal washes could aid in recommending the appropriate culture media or immunologic techniques, which could result in an accurate diagnosis of mycoplasmosis.
Leukocyte and thrombocyte reference values for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Raf), with an assessment of morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural features
Authors: Tavares‐Dias Marcos , Moraes Flávio Ruas de
Published: March 2008

Background: Hematology tests are useful to evaluate physiologic disturbances in fish and can provide important information for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. Objectives: The primary purpose of this study was to define reference intervals for thrombocytes and leukocytes in healthy channel catfish (Ictalurus punctactus). In addition, the morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural features of blood cells were assessed. Methods: Blood samples (0.5 mL) were collected into EDTA from 40 clinically healthy catfish on a commercial fish farm in Jaboticabal, Brazil. Thrombocyte, total WBC, and differential WBC counts were determined and reference intervals were calculated as the 25–95th percentiles of data. Thrombocyte and leukocyte morphology was assessed in blood smears stained with May Grünwald‐Giemsa‐Wright and ultrastructurally by transmission electron microscopy. Cytochemical staining patterns were described using periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), peroxidase, nonspecific esterase, alkaline phosphatase, and toluidine blue. Results: Reference intervals were as follows: thrombocytes 58,802–99,569/μL; total WBCs 27,460–41,523/μL; lymphocytes 5380–11,581/μL; monocytes 2949–7459/μL; neutrophils 12,529–22,748/μL, and basophils 736–2003/μL. Neutrophils were positive for peroxidase and PAS; monocytes were positive for nonspecific esterase; and basophils were positive with toluidine blue. Conclusion: The morphologic and staining features of neutrophils and monocytes of channel catfish are similar to those of mammals, and the presence of basophils in this species was verified. These reference intervals and morphologic findings provide a foundation for future investigations on the functions and alterations of blood cells in channel catfish.
The effect of hemolysis on plasma antithrombin activity as determined by a chromogenic method
Authors: Van Der Merwe Liesel , Reyers Fred
Published: March 2008

Background: The concentration of free hemoglobin (Hgb) in plasma can markedly affect the outcome of laboratory tests by interfering with the spectrophotometric absorbance of biochemical tests read at wavelengths within the absorbance range of Hgb (400–440 nm). Little is known about the effects of hemoglobinemia on antithrombin (AT) activity in human plasma samples, and we are unaware of data for canine plasma samples. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the degree of interference by Hgb on plasma AT activity and to determine if the interference is proportional to the concentration of plasma Hgb. Methods: Two pools of test plasma, designated AT100 and AT70, were prepared. Hemolysate was prepared by washing and freeze‐thawing packed red cells in a small volume of saline, followed by collection of the filtrate. Solutions of decreasing Hgb concentration were prepared and added to the test plasma pools to create a series of samples with final calculated and measured Hgb concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 g/L. AT activity, expressed as a percentage of normal human plasma, was determined using a functional chromogenic assay. Results: Increasing concentrations of Hgb resulted in a linear decrease in AT activity. Using linear regression analysis on the 70% and 100% plasma pools, the slopes for samples containing <1.5 g Hgb/L were not significantly different from zero. Slopes for samples containing Hgb concentrations ≥1.5 g/L were significantly (P > .0001) different from zero for both plasma pools, indicating interference with the assay. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest it may be possible, using a conversion equation, to accurately determine AT activity in hemolyzed samples, facilitating evaluation of coagulation status in patients with intravascular hemolysis.
Influence of urine pH on accurate urinary protein determination in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Reagan William J. , VanderLind Brady , Shearer Allan , Botts Suzanne
Published: March 2008

Background: Rat urinary protein concentration is commonly measured during safety assessment studies to evaluate potential drug‐induced nephrotoxicity. It has been reported that impregnated reagent test strips (dipsticks) can yield false‐positive urinary protein results for alkaline urine samples. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if urinary dipsticks accurately assess protein concentrations, especially in alkaline rat urine. Methods: Ten male Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated with 2% sodium bicarbonate and 2% ammonium chloride to alkalinize and acidify the urine, respectively. Urine pH was measured in treated and control rats using a pH meter and urinary dipsticks with the Clinitek 500. Quantitative urinary protein results were compared to urinary dipstick protein evaluations obtained with the Clinitek 500 and sulfosalicylic acid precipitation test methods. Results: The urinary dipstick pH measurement had a very high correlation (r= .98) with the pH meter technique. Samples with alkaline pH (≥7.5) analyzed for protein by dipstick analysis were in complete agreement 34.7% of the time with the quantitative technique, which was very similar to the 39.3% agreement for samples with neutral and acidic pH (≤7.0). Samples with alkaline pH analyzed by the sulfosalicylic acid method were in agreement 0% of the time with the quantitative technique, compared to 7.1% of the time with samples with neutral or acidic pH. Conclusion: The urine dipstick method does not lead to gross overestimation of urinary protein concentration in alkaline urine and provides a rapid and reasonably accurate way of determining the presence or absence of urinary protein in rats.