bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Warren (1753–1815): American surgeon, patriot and Harvard Medical School founder
Authors: Craig Stephen C
Published: August 2010

Dr John Warren was educated in the medical apprenticeship tradition of mid-18th century Boston, Massachusetts. As a surgeon in the American Continental Army he honed not only his surgical but also his teaching skills by providing continuing medical education to his colleagues in Boston's military hospital. Warren became a driving force in post-war Boston medicine. His organizational talents, zeal for science and vision for Massachusetts medicine led to the creation of Harvard Medical School.
The clinical effectiveness of a myofeedback-based teletreatment service in patients with non-specific neck and shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kosterink Stephanie M , Huis in 't Veld Rianne MHA , Cagnie Barbara , Hasenbring Monika , Vollenbroek-Hutten Miriam MR
Published: August 2010

We investigated the effectiveness and efficiency of a four-week myofeedback-based teletreatment service in subjects with non-specific neck and shoulder pain. Subjects were recruited in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands and randomly allocated to the intervention or conventional care. Subjects in the intervention group received four weeks of myofeedback training. Pain intensity and disability were evaluated by questionnaires at baseline, immediately after four weeks of treatment and at follow-up 3 months later. To investigate efficiency, the time-investment of both therapists and patients were assessed. Seventy-one subjects were included in the study (36 in the intervention group and 35 in the conventional care group). Myofeedback-based teletreatment was at least as effective clinically as conventional care. Pain intensity and disability decreased after 4 weeks of treatment in both groups and part of the effect remained at 3 months' follow-up. The teletreatment also increased efficiency for therapists by almost 20% and patients experienced the benefits of less travel time and travel costs by remote consultation. Myofeedback-based teletreatment has the potential to ensure more efficient treatment for patients with non-specific neck and shoulder pain.
Deployment of e-health services – a business model engineering strategy
Authors: Kijl Björn , Nieuwenhuis Lambert JM , Huis in 't Veld Rianne MHA , Hermens Hermie J , Vollenbroek-Hutten Miriam MR
Published: August 2010

We designed a business model for deploying a myofeedback-based teletreatment service. An iterative and combined qualitative and quantitative action design approach was used for developing the business model and the related value network. Insights from surveys, desk research, expert interviews, workshops and quantitative modelling were combined to produce the first business model and then to refine it in three design cycles. The business model engineering strategy provided important insights which led to an improved, more viable and feasible business model and related value network design. Based on this experience, we conclude that the process of early stage business model engineering reduces risk and produces substantial savings in costs and resources related to service deployment.
The complications of high tibial osteotomy
Authors: Song E. K. , Seon J. K. , Park S. J. , Jeong M. S.
Published: August 2010

We compared the incidence and severity of complications during and after closing- and opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy used for the treatment of varus arthritis of the knee, and identified the risk factors associated with the development of complications. In total, 104 patients underwent laterally based closing-wedge and 90 medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy between January 1993 and December 2006. The characteristics of each group were similar. All the patients were followed up for more than 12 months. We assessed the outcome using the Hospital for Special Surgery knee score, and recorded the complications. Age, gender, obesity (body mass index > 27.5 kg/m2), the type of osteotomy (closing versus opening) and the pre-operative mechanical axis were subjected to risk-factor analysis.

The mean Hospital for Special Surgery score in the closing and opening groups improved from 73.4 (54 to 86) to 91.8 (81 to 100) and from 73.8 (56 to 88) to 93 (84 to 100), respectively. The incidence of complications overall and of major complications in both groups was not significantly different (p = 0.20 overall complication, p = 0.29 major complication). Logistic regression analysis adjusting for obesity and the pre-operative mechanical axis showed that obesity remained a significant independent risk factor (odds ratio = 3.23) of a major complication after high tibial osteotomy.

Our results suggest that the opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy can be an alternative treatment option for young patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis and varus deformity.
Congenital absence of the posterior arch of the atlas associated with a fracture of the anterior arch
Authors: Corominas L. , Masrouha K. Z.
Published: August 2010

Structural defects of the posterior arch of the atlas are rare, and range from clefts of variable location and size to more extensive defects such as complete agenesis. These abnormalities are usually incidental radiological findings. We present a case of a fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas associated with a congenital abnormality of the posterior arch.
Delamination of a highly cross-linked polyethylene liner associated with titanium deposits on the cobalt-chromium modular femoral head following dislocation
Authors: Patten E. W. , Atwood S. A. , Van Citters D. W. , Jewett B. A. , Pruitt L. A. , Ries M. D.
Published: August 2010

Retrieval studies of total hip replacements with highly cross-linked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene liners have shown much less surface damage than with conventional ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene liners. A recent revision hip replacement for recurrent dislocation undertaken after only five months revealed a highly cross-linked polyethylene liner with a large area of visible delamination. In order to determine the cause of this unusual surface damage, we analysed the bearing surfaces of the cobalt-chromium femoral head and the acetabular liner with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and optical profilometry. We concluded that the cobalt-chromium modular femoral head had scraped against the titanium acetabular shell during the course of the dislocations and had not only roughened the surface of the femoral head but also transferred deposits of titanium onto it. The largest deposits were 1.6 μm to 4.3 μm proud of the surrounding surface and could lead to increased stresses in the acetabular liner and therefore cause accelerated wear and damage.

This case illustrates that dislocations can leave titanium deposits on cobalt-chromium femoral heads and that highly cross-linked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene remains susceptible to surface damage.
Five-year survival of nonagenerian patients undergoing total hip replacement in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gregory J. J. , Starks I. , Aulakh T. , Phillips S. J.
Published: August 2010

Between January 2000 and December 2007, 31 patients 90 years of age or older underwent total hip replacement at our hospital. Their data were collected prospectively. The rate of major medical complications was 9%. The surgical re-operation rate was 3%. The requirement for blood transfusion was 71% which was much higher than for younger patients. The 30-day, one-year and current mortality figures were 6.4% (2 of 31), 9.6% (3 of 31) and 55% (17 of 31), respectively, with a mean follow-up for the 14 surviving patients of six years. Cox’s regression analysis revealed no significant independent predictors of mortality. Only 52% of patients returned immediately to their normal abode, with 45% requiring a prolonged period of rehabilitation.

This is the first series to assess survival five years after total hip replacement for patients in their 90th year and beyond. Hip replacement in the extreme elderly should not be discounted on the grounds of age alone, although the complication rate exceeds that for younger patients. It can be anticipated that almost half of the patients will survive five years after surgery.
Grafting with hydroxyapatite granules for defects of acetabular bone at revision total hip replacement
Authors: Sakai T. , Ohzono K. , Nishii T. , Miki H. , Takao M. , Sugano N.
Published: August 2010

The long-term results of grafting with hydroxyapatite granules for acetabular deficiency in revision total hip replacement are not well known. We have evaluated the results of revision using a modular cup with hydroxyapatite grafting for Paprosky type 2 and 3 acetabular defects at a minimum of ten years’ follow-up. We retrospectively reviewed 49 acetabular revisions at a mean of 135 months (120 to 178). There was one type 2B, ten 2C, 28 3A and ten 3B hips. With loosening as the endpoint, the survival rate was 74.2% (95% confidence interval 58.3 to 90.1). Radiologically, four of the type 3A hips (14%) and six of the type 3B hips (60%) showed aseptic loosening with collapse of the hydroxyapatite layer, whereas no loosening occurred in type 2 hips. There was consolidation of the hydroxyapatite layer in 33 hips (66%). Loosening was detected in nine of 29 hips (31%) without cement and in one of 20 hips (5%) with cement (p = 0.03, Fisher’s exact probability test). The linear wear and annual wear rate did not correlate with loosening.

These results suggest that the long-term results of hydroxyapatite grafting with cement for type 2 and 3A hips are encouraging.
Are patients referred for NHS-funded dental implant treatment being selected in accordance with national guidelines and subsequently funded by their primary care trust?
Authors: Andrews Karen V , Penny Jonathan R , King Paul A
Published: August 2010

INTRODUCTION

The Faculty of Dental Surgery, The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE), published a national guideline document in 1997 detailing specific selection criteria for National Health Service (NHS) funded dental implant treatment. The aim of this audit was to assess whether patients selected for NHS-funded dental implants at Bristol Dental Hospital (BDH) met the RCSE national criteria for treatment and received funding from their primary care trust (PCT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective audit over a period of 2 years was undertaken using medical records and an existing Microsoft Excel database. All patients who had an application submitted to their local PCT for NHS-funded dental implants by BDH were included in this audit.

RESULTS

A total of 82 applications for dental implant funding were made by BDH and 100% met the RCSE criteria. Fifty-one patients (62.2%) in total had their application for funding approved. Thirty-one patients (37.8%) that met the RCSE guidelines for NHS-funded dental implant treatment had their applications refused. Twenty-five (49%) out of 51 cases in the partially dentate category and six (27.3%) cases in the edentulous group were unsuccessful in their application for NHS-funded dental implants. However, all applications for patients with acquired maxillofacial defects were successful.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient selection by the BDH for NHS-funded implants complied with the RCSE guidelines. However, there was significant variation in funding between PCTs for those patients who apparently fulfilled the RCSE guidelines. NHS resources are not being allocated equitably for dental implant ‘high-priority’ patients and it would appear that a so-called ‘postcode lottery’ exists between PCTs.
A changing understanding in the presentation of patients with hepatoportal venous gas: a case report
Authors: Evans Jonathan , Craig Chris
Published: August 2010

Often believed to be a poor prognostic sign, hepatoportal venous gas (HPVG) has been associated with massive intra-abdominal sepsis. It is more frequently detected as computed tomography imaging techniques improve. A patient presenting with radiological evidence of HPVG is discussed and the literature reviewed. This study aims to highlight the increasing understanding that HPVG may sometimes follow a more indolent course than previously believed. Patient assessment is the key in selecting those who need urgent laparotomy.
Colonic diverticulitis in the neck: a late complication of laryngopharyngectomy surgery
Authors: Blencowe NS , Hari CK , Porter GC
Published: August 2010

We report a case of diverticulitis affecting a colonic segment used as an interposition graft following laryngopharyngectomy. The patient presented as an emergency to our department with a history of a red, swollen and painful neck. She had undergone laryngopharyngectomy for laryngeal cancer in 1967. Computed tomography imaging revealed several diverticula in the colonic graft and associated abscess formation. The patient’s clinical condition behaved similarly to that of conventional colonic diverticulitis. The difficulties in reaching a definite diagnosis and management of this unusual complication following laryngopharyngectomy are discussed.
Covered metallic stents for the palliation of colovesical fistula
Authors: Ahmad Mukhtar , Nice Colin , Katory Mark
Published: August 2010

Colovesical fistula is a distressing condition that is usually managed surgically. For some patients in whom surgery is not feasible, covered colonic stents offer palliation. We present two challenging cases with contrasting outcomes. The first case is a colovesical fistula secondary to malignancy with a successful outcome after stenting and the second a complex diverticular fistula with a poor outcome. From our limited experience, it is a useful technique but careful patient selection is essential to its safe application. There is little published experience of the use of these stents for colovesical fistula.
Can knowledge management enhance technology adoption in healthcare? A review of the literature
Authors: Williams Iestyn , Dickinson Helen
Published: August 2010

The rate of adoption of new technologies into healthcare systems is considered to be slower than in other settings. A range of knowledge-based facilitators of adoption exist, including: technology specification and assessment; dissemination tools (including electronic decision support tools); networks and facilitated interaction; and skills and leadership development. A review of the evidence relating to each of these is reported in this paper. The authors identify the absence of a single knowledge-related ‘magic bullet’ before proposing an analytical framework for the future assessment of knowledge-based interventions and their impact on technology adoption.
Negotiating Ethno-Cultural Identity: The Experience of Greek and Jewish Youth in Halifax
Authors: Byers Michele , Tastsoglou Evangelia
Published: August 2010

This paper focuses on the lived experiences of young people growing up Greek Canadian and Jewish Canadian in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is based on data collected in a pilot study conducted with second-generation Greek and second-, third-, and fourth-generation Jewish youth in Halifax in 2004-05. Most of the existing research on the second generation and beyond lumps together the experiences of different ethnocultural groups. Perhaps even more importantly, the existing research tends to focus almost exclusively on the second- (or third- or fourth-) generation's experiences in major urban centres. In this paper we forge new paths by exploring the experiences of ethnic youth in a smaller Canadian urban centre within a region with low concentrations of immigrant populations and ethnic groups. We thus argue for the importance and effects of the specific place of settlement on ethno-cultural identity. Family and community expectations, relations, and practices, and negotiating family and community norms within the context of the institutional norms and practices in the areas of education, employment, gender, and family relations within the broader frame of Canadian society are highlighted. A comparative analysis between the two groups is adopted throughout. Cet article porte sur les expériences vécues de jeunes Gréco-Canadiens et Judéo-Canadiens grandissant à Halifax en Nouvelle-Écosse. Cette analyse s'appuie sur des données rassemblées dans une étude pilote conduite à Halifax en 2004-2005, avec les jeunes : des Grecs de deuxième et des Juifs de deuxième, troisième et quatrième générations. La majeure partie de la recherche existante sur ces dernières, (la deuxième génération et au-delà) met dans le même sac les expériences de divers groupes ethno-culturels. Peut-être plus important encore, elle tend à mettre l'accent exclusivement sur les expériences de la deuxième (ou troisième, ou quatrième) génération dans les centres urbains les plus importants. Dans cet article, nous ouvrons de nouveaux sentiers en explorant les expériences de la jeunesse ethnique dans des villes plus petites au sein d'une région ayant une faible concentration de populations immigrantes et de groupes ethniques. Nous relevons donc l'importance et les effets d'un lieu spécifique d'implantation sur l'identité ethno-culturelle. L'accent est mis sur l'attente, les relations et les usages de la famille et de la communauté, ainsi que sur une négociation de leurs règles dans le contexte des normes et usages institutionnels à l'intérieur du cadre élargi de la société canadienne concernant l'éducation, l'emploi, les hommes et les femmes, et les relations familiales. Cet article comprend tout au long une analyse comparative entre les deux groupes.
Bicultural Identity Formation of Second-Generation Indo-Canadians
Authors: Sodhi Pavna
Published: August 2010

This article examines the bicultural identity formation and cultural experiences internalized by second-generation Indo-Canadians in their efforts to accommodate the "best of both worlds" into their lifestyle. The objectives of this article are to educate the reader to become cognizant of the bicultural issues encountered by second-generation Indo-Canadians; to demonstrate interventions suitable for the second-generation Indo-Canadian populations; and to increase the readers' understanding of bicultural identity formation. What becomes evident is that intergenerational dialogue has a profound impact on the bicultural identity formation of this population. It will serve to guide these individuals to find a third space (Bhabha 2004) or zone of proximal development (ZPD) to encourage evolvement of their bicultural identity (Cummins 1996; Gutiérrez et al. 1999). Cet article porte sur la formation d'une identité biculturelle et l'expérience culturelle telle qu'elle est internalisée par des Indo-Canadiens de la deuxième génération dans leurs efforts de faire place dans leur mode de vie au «meilleur de deux mondes». Il vise à éduquer le lecteur en lui faisant connaître les problèmes biculturels auxquels les Indo-Canadiens de deuxième génération doivent faire face, à présenter des solutions qui pourraient s'adapter à ces derniers, et à faire mieux comprendre au dit lecteur en quoi consiste la formation d'une identité biculturelle. Ce qui devient évident, c'est que le dialogue intergénérationnel qui a lieu dans cette population a un impact profond sur sa formation identitaire. Ce dialogue servira de fil conducteur à cette deuxième génération pour trouver une troisième voie (Bhabba 2004), ou zone de développement « de proximité » ( zone of proximal development ZPD), afin d'encourager l'élaboration de leur identité biculturelle (Cummings 1996; Gutiérrez et al. 1999).
Caribbean and Filipino Adolescents' and Parents' Perceptions of Parental Authority, Physical Punishment, and Cultural Values and Their Relation to Migratory Characteristics
Authors: Hassan Ghayda , Rousseau Cécile , Measham Toby , Lashley Myrna
Published: August 2010

This article describes the perceptions of parents and adolescents of physical punishment in relation to family and migratory characteristics. Adolescents and their parents of Caribbean (n=118) and of Filipino (n=136) heritage responded to questions on their attitude toward physical discipline, their family relations, and their socio-demographic and migratory characteristics. Data analyses show that many Caribbean (78%) and Filipino (41.9%) parents perceive that they should have the right to physically punish their children, while youth disagree with this. The dissonance between parents' and their children's attitudes is related to acculturation factors due to the earlier and more intense exposure of youth to their host society. Further studies should be conducted on the impact of the divergence between parents and their youth's opinions on the actual shifts in power in the parent-child relationship, as well as on immigrant parents' discipline strategies and on the family's adaptation to the challenges of migration. Cet article décrit, comment parents et adolescents perçoivent la punition physique. Des adolescents et leurs parents originaires des Caraïbes (n=118) et des Philippines (n=136) ont répondu à des questions portant sur leurs attitudes envers la punition physique, leurs relations familiales et leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques et migratoires. Les analyses démontrent que plusieurs parents originaires des Caraïbes (78%) et des Philippines (41,9%) considèrent avoir le droit de punir physiquement leurs enfants, tandis que les adolescents sont majoritairement en désaccord. La dissonance observée entre les attitudes des parents et celles de leurs enfants est liée à des facteurs d'acculturation dus à l'exposition plus fréquente et dès un âge plus précoce des adolescents à leur société d'accueil. Les recherches futures devraient examiner l'impact qu'ont ces divergences de perceptions sur l'inversement des rapports de pouvoir parent-enfant, leur rapport avec les stratégies de discipline qu'emploient de préférence les parents et l'adaptation de la famille aux défis de l'immigration.
Ethnic Identity among Second-Generation Finnish Immigrant Youth in Canada: Some Voices and Perspectives
Authors: Jurva Katrina , Jaya Peruvemba S.
Published: August 2010

This study examines the ethnic identity experiences of second-generation Finnish immigrant youth in Canada. The study draws from interviews conducted among second-generation Finnish immigrant youth in Ottawa. How these individuals identify with the Finnish ethnic group and engage in ethnic culture may play a pivotal role in the continuance of Finnish culture in Canada. Therefore, it is necessary to understand not only whether second-generation Finnish immigrants identify with their ethnic group, but also how they do so. We found that the youth identified with their Finnish ethnicity on a symbolic level, participating occasionally in the local ethnic community, but not living within ethnic culture on a day-to-day basis. They identify strongly with being Canadian and have an appreciation of multiculturalism and contrast it with Finnish society when they visit Finland. Cette étude vise à explorer les expériences d'identité ethnique telles que vécues par les immigrants finlandais de deuxième génération au Canada. La manière selon laquelle ils s'identifient au groupe ethnique finnois et participent à sa culture peut jouer un rôle central dans la perpétuation de la culture finnoise au Canada. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre non seulement si les immigrants finnois de deuxième génération s'identifient à leur groupe ethnique, mais aussi comment ils le font. Selon nos résultats, l'identité ethnique finnoise chez les jeunes est d'ordre symbolique, dans la mesure où ils participent occasionnellement aux activités de leur communauté locale, mais n'intègrent pas leur culture ethnique à leur quotidien. Par ailleurs, ils s'identifient fortement comme Canadiens, apprécient le multiculturalisme et l'opposent à la société finlandaise lorsqu'ils vont en Finlande.
Second-Generation Youth's Belief in the Myth of Canadian Multiculturalism
Authors: Ali Mehrunnisa Ahmad
Published: August 2010

Second-generation youth in Toronto, growing up in low-income neighbourhoods, interact primarily with other racialized and ethnicized people. Within this environment they do not experience racial prejudice or discrimination, appreciate the cultural diversity around them, and attribute it to Canada's ideology of multiculturalism. However, they are beginning to realize their own subjectivity in relation to the power of White people and institutions. These confident, ambitious, and globally connected young people are likely to get deeply disappointed as they uncover the myths of Canada's multiculturalism in the world beyond their ethnically concentrated schools and neighbourhoods. Acknowledging and addressing their marginality is critical to their inclusion in Canadian society. Les jeunes immigrants de deuxième génération à Toronto ont principalement des contacts avec d'autres groupes appartenant à des populations racialisées et ethnicisées. Dans le cadre de cet environnement, ils ne font pas l'expérience de préjugés raciaux et de discrimination, ils apprécient la diversité culturelle autour d'eux et l'attribuent à l'idéologie du multiculturalisme canadien. Cependant, ils commencent à se rendre compte de leur propre subjectivité par rapport au pouvoir des Blancs et des institutions. Ces jeunes pleins de confiance en eux-mêmes, ambitieux, et connectés au monde entier ont de fortes chances de se trouver extrêmement désappointés lorsqu'ils vont découvrir les mythes du multiculturalisme canadien dans la société au-delà du périmètre de leurs écoles et quartiers à forte concentration ethnique. Il est crucial de reconnaître et de prendre en compte leur marginalité pour rendre possible leur inclusion dans la société canadienne.
Choix identitaires et représentations de l'identité issue de l'immigration chez la deuxième génération
Authors: Gallant Nicole
Published: August 2010

De plus en plus de gens, y compris dans les travaux académiques, ont tendance à concevoir le monde en fonction de rapports ethniques ou culturels essentialisés. Ainsi, la seconde génération est le plus souvent étudiée en prenant pour acquis qu'elle a une identité biculturelle. Adoptant une définition subjective de l'identité comme étant un construit individuel composé des groupes d'appartenance que l'individu considère être les plus importants et les plus caractéristiques de sa personne, j'ai voulu vérifier l'importance que les jeunes de la deuxième génération accordent au groupe d'origine de leur(s) parent(s) immigrant(s). L'article repose sur 28 entrevues en profondeur réalisées à Québec et Montréal avec des jeunes de 18 à 25 ans nés au Québec mais dont au moins un parent est né à l'étranger, et recrutés principalement à l'aide du registre des naissances, afin d'éviter le recours à l'autodéfinition. Les résultats montent une grande variété dans les choix identitaires de jeunes de seconde génération, qui sont loin de tous s'identifier à l'origine ethnique de leur(s) parent(s) immigrant(s). Ceux qui le font ont des représentations assez diversifiées de ces groupes, mais elles sont généralement culturelles ou ethnoculturelles, ce qui est compatible avec une allégeance civique envers le Canada ou le Québec.Increasingly people, including academics, tend to conceive of the world as based on essentialised ethnic or cultural categories. Thus, research on the second generation often takes for granted that this population has a bicultural identity. In this paper, I define the concept of identity as the subjectively constructed set of groups of belonging which the individual considers to be most important to and most characteristic of his/her Self. I then attempt to determine whether or not second-generation youth feel a strong attachment toward the ethnic origin of their immigrant parent(s). The paper relies on in-depth interviews conducted in Québec and Montreal with 28 youth (18 to 25 years of age), who were born in Quebec and who have at least one immigrant parent. Respondents were mainly identified through birth registries, thus avoiding the use of self-identification for recruitment. Results show great variety in the identities chosen by second-generation youth. Relatively few identify with their immigrant parent(s)' ethnic origin. Those who do have diverse representations of these groups, which are nonetheless generally cultural or ethnocultural in content. This form of identification with cultural or ethnocultural groups is shown to be compatible with a civic allegiance to Canada or Quebec.
New Modes of Becoming in Transcultural Glocal Spaces: Second-Generation Youth in Calgary, Winnipeg, and Toronto
Authors: Hébert Yvonne , Wilkinson Lori , Ali Mehrunnisa Ahmad , Oriola Temitope
Published: August 2010

Second generation youth are currently the focus of much research and policy attention with respect to their integration, which is not yet well understood. Based on graphic and narrative data recently collected in three cities, Calgary, Winnipeg, and Toronto, we analyse second generation youth's patterns in glocal spaces where transcultural modes of belonging are created and lived. Our analysis focuses on attachments to locality and a continuum of mobilities of mind, body, and boundaries. The findings are interpreted in terms of the complexities of their integration processes as well as their relevance to social policy development. Les jeunes de la deuxième génération issue de l'immigration sont présentement au centre d'une attention particulière de la recherche et de la politique par rapport à leur intégration qui n'est pas encore très bien comprise. À partir de données graphiques et narratives récemment recueillies dans trois villes, Toronto, Winnipeg et Calgary, nous analysons les modèles de tels jeunes dans des espaces glocaux ou des modes d'appartenance transculturelles sont créés et vécues. L'analyse met l'accent sur leurs attaches à la localité ainsi qu'un continuum de mobilités de la pensée, du corps et des frontières. Les résultats sont interprétés par rapport à la complexité de leurs processus d'intégration et à leur pertinence par rapport au développement de politique sociale.
A Community-Based Participatory Approach to Youth Development and School Climate Change: The Alignment Enhanced Services Project
Authors: Nation Maury , Collins Leslie , Nixon Carol , Bess Kimberly , Rogers Sydney , Williams Neeley , Juarez Paul
Published: August 2010

Background: School–community partnerships offer an opportunity to promote positive youth development. However, there is a need for community-based participatory research (CBPR) models that leverage community and school resources to create environments that support youths' success. Objective: Describe the CBPR process used by Alignment Enhanced Services (AES) partners to develop and implement a strategy to promote a positive school climate, and to discuss factors that influence the AES process in the schools. Methods: A committee of school and community members developed the AES process, which included an environmental scan that solicited input from internal and external stake-holders on the schools' assets and needs related to youth development and school climate. AES coordinators, in consultation with school administrators, developed and implemented action plans that leveraged each school's existing strengths, while identifying and utilizing new resources to address systemic and individual needs. Lessons Learned: To date, the project has produced encouraging results; however, the AES process resulted in numerous challenges for the coordinators, schools, and community partners. Conclusion: AES offers a method for engaging the stakeholders in addressing critical issues related to youth development and school climate.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Develop the PARTNERS Youth Violence Prevention Program
Authors: Leff Stephen S. , Thomas Duane E. , Vaughn Nicole A. , Thomas Nicole A. , MacEvoy Julie Paquette , Freedman Melanie A. , Abdul-Kabir Saburah , Woodlock Joseph , Guerra Terry , Bradshaw Ayana S. , Woodburn Elizabeth M. , Myers Rachel K. , Fein Joel A.
Published: August 2010

Background: School-based violence prevention programs have shown promise for reducing aggression and increasing children's prosocial behaviors. Prevention interventions within the context of urban after-school programs provide a unique opportunity for academic researchers and community stakeholders to collaborate in the creation of meaningful and sustainable violence prevention initiatives. Objectives: This paper describes the development of a collaborative between academic researchers and community leaders to design a youth violence prevention/leadership promotion program (PARTNERS Program) for urban adolescents. Employing a community-based participatory research (CBPR) model, this project addresses the needs of urban youth, their families, and their community. Methods: Multiple strategies were used to engage community members in the development and implementation of the PARTNERS Program. These included focus groups, pilot testing the program in an after-school venue, and conducting organizational assessments of after-school sites as potential locations for the intervention. Results: Community members and academic researchers successfully worked together in all stages of the project development. Community feedback helped the PARTNERS team redesign the proposed implementation and evaluation of the PARTNERS Program such that the revised study design allows for all sites to obtain the intervention over time and increases the possibility of building community capacity and sustainability of programs. Conclusion: Despite several challenges inherent to CBPR, the current study provides a number of lessons learned for the continued development of relationships and trust among researchers and community members, with particular attention to balancing the demand for systematic implementation of community-based interventions while being responsive to the immediate needs of the community.
SAFER Latinos: A Community Partnership to Address Contributing Factors for Latino Youth Violence
Authors: Edberg Mark , Cleary Sean D. , Andrade Elizabeth , Leiva Rodrigo , Bazurto Martha , Rivera Maria Ivonne , Montero Luisa , Calderon Melba
Published: August 2010

Background: This paper describes a multilevel youth violence prevention effort called SAFER Latinos ( Seguridad, Apoyo, Familia, Educacion, y Recursos ), a collaboration between The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services (GWU) and two key Latino community organizations. Objectives: To implement and evaluate an intervention addressing factors within the social ecology of an immigrant Latino community. Methods: The intervention includes (1) Social promotores for family outreach and problem resolution; (2) Youth peer advocates at the high school level; (3) a drop-in center with support services for families and youth; and (4) community events, capacity building, and messages. Evaluation includes a baseline and follow-up surveys ( N = 1,400) and focus groups. Lessons Learned: (1) Community circumstances change, requiring regular program adaptation. (2) Community interventions with research face potential contradictions in purpose impacting management of the collaboration and model fidelity. (3) Etiological models tied to interventions may have to be revisited owing to changes in the character and dynamics of the immigrant community.
Streetworkers, Youth Violence Prevention, and Peacemaking in Lowell, Massachusetts: Lessons and Voices from the Community
Authors: Frattaroli Shannon , Pollack Keshia M. , Jonsberg Karen , Croteau Gregg , Rivera JuanCarlos , Mendel Jennifer S.
Published: August 2010

Background: Communities across the United States are using street outreach workers (SWs) to prevent violence. SW programs are generally recognized as a promising model, particularly in light of a 2008 evaluation that demonstrated positive impacts associated with one well-known program. The United Teen Equality Center (UTEC) includes an SW program. Objectives: Through this paper we aim to (1) document the work of the UTEC SWs, (2) describe UTEC's approach to training SWs and managing the program, and (3) understand interviewees' perspectives (including UTEC managers, SWs and partners) on how the SWs impact youth violence in Lowell. Methods: We designed a single-site observational study using qualitative methods to address our study aims. We collected data from in-person, semistructured interviews with the two UTEC SW program managers, the six SWs employed during the study period, and 17 representatives from partner agencies. Results: UTEC SWs outreach to youth, respond to crises in the lives of youth as opportunity, work to facilitate access to resources for youth, and engage in intensive follow-up with youth when needed. These findings are consistent with UTEC's pyramid model of SW outreach. The program emphasizes peacemaking (not only preventing violence) and partnerships as priorities. SWs participate in structured training, receive a comprehensive benefits package, and have opportunities for professional development. Conclusion: Several aspects of UTEC's program may be useful for other SW programs: Involve youth in hiring SWs, invest in SW training, incorporate peacemaking strategies into outreach, and partner with agencies that also serve youth.
Partnering With Youth Organizers to Prevent Violence: An Analysis of Relationships, Power, and Change
Authors: Peterson Tessa Hicks , Dolan Tom , Hanft Sam
Published: August 2010

Background: Youth from the city of San Bernardino, California, launched a community organizing campaign to develop policy changes to address conditions of inter-racial violence in their community. Pitzer College students collaborated with the high school youth organizers in a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project to study violence and racial conflict at local high schools. Objectives: The purpose of the project was to explore the experiences and perceptions of high school youth about racial conflict in their community and to develop policy proposals to address this issue. Methods: Undergraduate student researchers and high school youth organizers collaborated in designing and conducting narrative research. Together they developed questions and carried out semi-structured interviews and two focus groups with 40 local youth. The undergraduate students then coded and analyzed the data to identify common themes. Youth organizer's feedback was incorporated into a final, shared research report, including policy proposals, which were presented to the greater community. Results: Youth organizers worked with city and school administrators to secure the implementation of programs they recommended to address their research's findings. Programs were enacted to reduce racial bias and conflict on school campuses, and city leaders agreed to develop a strategic youth development plan together with youth organizers. Conclusion: The partnership experience supported important policy changes in San Bernardino high schools, yet also illuminated areas wherein the community–campus partnerships could work more intentionally to shift power dynamics between and within the partners, address conditions that generate dependency and inequality in the partnership, and expand outcomes of institutional and community transformation.
Spreading the (Dis)ease: Gardasil and the Gendering of HPV
Authors: Mara Miriam
Published: August 2010

This article examines how the rhetorical progression from scientific documents to media representations in the presentation of the Gardasil vaccine for human papil-loma virus (HPV) crafts particular identity formations and attaches notions of risk to created categories of people, in particular women and girls. Specifically investigated is how the deployment of techno-scientific terms like "risk" and "sexually transmitted disease (STD)" are used to simplify the discussions about HPV to simple "for" or "against" positions about vaccinating women and girls. Such positions limit the ways actors can address Gardasil and place public health responsibility upon the bodies of women and girls. A discussion about the particular case of Gardasil and debates among medical professionals and communities provide an alternate method for building discursive structures to address public health issues—discursive structures that need not medicalize women.
Pregnant Pause: On Ona Šimaitė, Research, Writing, and Motherhood
Authors: Šukys Julija
Published: August 2010

This article examines the riddle (following Sylvia Plath, Adrienne Rich, Virginia Woolf, Alice Walker, Nancy Huston, and Hélène Cixous) of how to be a mother and writer. Through its portrayal of a writer-researcher's relationship both to the deceased Ona Šimaitė, a Holocaust rescuer (her biographical subject), and to the baby she is carrying, the article poses the question: Is there room for both life and death inside a new mother? Will the birth of a child forever displace the writer's companion, this beloved ghost? Or will the trio of mother-baby-ghost, writer-life-death successfully establish a balance? Process-oriented, conversational, and self-reflexive, this article situates itself within and engages the tradition of feminist life-writing and biography.
Navigating Public Spaces: Gender, Race, and Body Privilege in Everyday Life
Authors: Kwan Samantha
Published: August 2010

Borrowing from and refining Peggy McIntosh's (1988) ideas on white privilege, this article introduces the concept of "body privilege" and examines how a lack of body privilege materializes in everyday life. Interviews with forty-two "overweight" women and men reveal a body privilege continuum distinctly patterned by gender and race. Specifically, while a majority of participants are not able to experience a level of comfort when navigating public spaces, women generally report more instances of body nonprivilege. Moreover, a number of Hispanic and white women experience a heightened level of "body consciousness" that leads to some form of "body management." This article documents and discusses this body privilege and its racial and gendered embodiment, along with differences between body privilege and McIntosh's original concept. It also discusses how body privilege sheds new light on crucial debates regarding cultural ideals, women's bodies, and agency.
The Inadvertent Alliance of Anthony Comstock and Margaret Sanger: Abortion, Freedom, and Class in Modern America
Authors: Weingarten Karen
Published: August 2010

This article investigates how moral-reformer Anthony Comstock, who helped outlaw the practice of birth control and to have abortion criminalized, and Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood and birth-control activist, advanced their causes through the discourse of freedom and self-control. While Comstock's and Sanger's works are often seen in opposition, this article questions that positioning by pointing out how they both lobbied against accessible abortion using similar tactics. Finally, this article demonstrates how Comstock and Sanger, through different means, worked to present abortion as a depraved practice that would lead to the demise of American society. Presenting Comstock and Sanger side by side, this article shows one example of the reasons why it is problematic to use the language of rights and freedom to argue for fair and equal access to abortion.
The Genomic Revolution: Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death
Authors: Lederman Muriel
Published: August 2010

In 2001, The American Museum of Natural History mounted an exhibit, "The Genomic Revolution," on the Human Genome Project and genetically modified organisms. This article analyzes the exhibit from the perspective of feminist science studies, contrasting feminist views of life with the androcentrism inherent in much of biology. The rhetoric of the exhibit is framed by "the discourse of gene action," the power and agency of genes, and by the naturalization of processes, the inexorable application of genomic information. Human DNA sequences are portrayed as secrets of life and held by the experts without discussion of if or how they should be used:The experts have already decided that use is inevitable and will result in unalloyed good. In contrast, the negative aspects of nonhuman, genetically modified organisms are explicitly presented. Throughout the exhibit, the visitor is asked to engage with the information and the resulting technologies as an individual; there is no suggestion that collective political action could influence the utilization of this knowledge. The "old" molecular biology tried to reveal the secret of life by deciphering the mechanism by which genes act, irrespective of their sequences; genomics, its successor, may result in the death of the discipline by making sequences the driving force for hypothesis-generation and experimentation.
Giving 'Til It Hurts: Egg Donation and the Costs of Altruism
Authors: Curtis Anna
Published: August 2010

The rapid increase in both the use of egg donation as a treatment for infertility and the compensation available to ova donors has sparked concerns about the victimization and commercialization of women and their genetic material. Most critics point to altruism as the motivation that will prevent women from being financially coerced into donating, and ova donation from becoming the sale of gametes. In contrast to prevailing views that altruistic motivations are an unadulterated good, I argue that the rhetoric of altruism is gendered in such a way that women are expected to be emotionally invested in the families they donate to, and that such an investment draws on ideals of motherhood and encourages sacrifice and risk-taking in a way that compensation does not. This article draws on extensive Internet research on agency Web sites, an egg-donor listserv, and a public board for recipient women, as well as on qualitative interviews with egg donors.
Promoting Fetal Personhood: The Rhetorical and Legislative Strategies of the Pro-Life Movement after Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Authors: Halva-Neubauer Glen A. , Zeigler Sara L.
Published: August 2010

The article examines the pro-life movement's efforts to advance the legal, moral, and political arguments for fetal personhood in the period following the Supreme Court's case Planned Parenthood v. Casey . It begins with an overview of the efforts to define the fetus as a legal person prior to Casey , and proceeds to describe the opportunity created for pro-life forces by the court's ambiguous holding on the issue of personhood.Examining rhetorical and legislative strategies, the article argues that pro-life forces have transformed their framing of the abortion issue, from one that pits fetal rights against maternal rights, to one that emphasizes the unique and intimate bond between the woman and the "child." This rhetorical shift coincides with legislative agendas that indirectly attack the central claim of mainstream pro-choice activists: That the fetus is not a person. The article examines the imagery used by pro-life activists and the substantive statutory reforms they advocate. By casting the relationship between woman and fetus as nonadversarial and pursuing legislation expanding the rights of the fetus, such activists have been effective in establishing indices of fetal personhood. The article contends that these strategies are effective and serve to undermine the rhetorical and legal foundations of the abortion right.