bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Carté Katherine
Published: January 2023

Historians and the general public have tended to view the American Revolution through the lens of the successful United States. This perspective underestimates the important religious connections that existed within the British Empire during the colonial period, and the ways in which religious leaders supported and promoted the British Empire. The American Revolution was a major rupture in that system that disrupted religious communities and establishments on both sides of the Atlantic.
Stamps, Bishops, and Missions
Authors: Carté Katherine
Published: January 2023

The years between 1763 and 1772 included significant political and religious conflict, which historians have often seen as seeds of revolution. Yet imperial protestantism endured through the decade. The interdependence of religious and government authority determined how American religious leaders responded to the Stamp Act. The refusal of Parliament to alter the terms of its mixed protestant establishment brought an end to the bishop controversy. Awakened protestant leaders, who worked across all sectors of the system, counterbalanced other divisions, whether between Americans and Britons or between Anglicans and dissenters. At the end of the decade, no one had reason to expect that the relationships they had long shared would not endure.
The New Protestant Order
Authors: Carté Katherine
Published: January 2023

The destruction of British imperial protestantism had profound consequences for the organization of religious communities on both sides of the Atlantic. Most importantly, it gave rise to new awakened protestant denominations, especially the fracturing of the Methodists out of the Church of England. The era also saw new missionary movements and collaborations that were fundamentally different in organization and orientation from those of the prior era. These new movements left behind the framework of Britain's imperial fight for protestantism and sought instead to bring the world to Christianity.
From Campus to Community
Authors: Smethurst James
Published: January 2023

Chapter Three takes up the increasing importance of Black Arts and Black Power in Atlanta and the movement of radical Black cultural initiatives from the campus to the community. This chapter describes the interrelated growth of the institutionalization of Black Arts with the growth of Black political power in Atlanta, particularly with the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor in 1973, and of the importance of the urban South in the national networks and organizations of Black Arts and Black Power. At the same time that Black Southerners played vital roles in such national Black Power organizations as the Congress of African People (CAP) and the African Liberation Support Committee (ALSC), a network of local community-based Black Arts institutions, often closely related to CAP and ALSC, emerged.
Beyond the Boundaries of Childhood
Authors: Webster Crystal Lynn
Published: January 2023

For all that is known about the depth and breadth of African American history, we still understand surprisingly little about the lives of African American children, particularly those affected by northern emancipation. But hidden in institutional records, school primers and penmanship books, biographical sketches, and unpublished documents is a rich archive that reveals the social and affective worlds of northern Black children. Drawing evidence from the urban centers of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, Crystal Webster's innovative research yields a powerful new history of African American childhood before the Civil War. Webster argues that young African Americans were frequently left outside the nineteenth century's emerging constructions of both race and childhood. They were marginalized in the development of schooling, ignored in debates over child labor, and presumed to lack the inherent innocence ascribed to white children. But Webster shows that Black children nevertheless carved out physical and social space for play, for learning, and for their own aspirations.
Reading her sources against the grain, Webster reveals a complex reality for antebellum Black children. Lacking societal status, they nevertheless found meaningful agency as historical actors, making the most of the limited freedoms and possibilities they enjoyed.
Fugitive Play
Authors: Webster Crystal Lynn
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 builds upon scholarship that reveals the dynamically changing nature of ideas about childhood and the treatment of children in the nineteenth century, but it focuses specifically on the lives of African American children. This chapter produces a history of African-descended worldviews of childhood with attention to the distinct experiences of Black children. It centers Black children by analyzing expressions of northern Black children’s play as represented in toys, biographies, private records, and institutional documents. Their play reveals the ways in which Black children enacted political behavior that challenged the racial exclusivity of childhood.
The World Their Parents Made
Authors: Webster Crystal Lynn
Published: January 2023

The final chapter focuses on the actions of African American parents, families, and communities to advocate for their children and create new social and legal recognition for Black childhood. It also focuses on the efforts of African American adults, especially mothers, to regain custody of their children after they had been institutionalized, and it traces the establishment of a political discourse on Black childhood and motherhood in African American newspapers and periodicals. By focusing on African American parents’ actions regarding the care of their children, including their public critiques of juvenile institutions, this chapter illustrates that Black activism developed directly out of concern for the protection of their children and set a precedent for a form of political activism that would reemerge in modern civil rights activism.
Unraveling
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter follows Lee's Army of Northern Virginia as it presses west trying to escape capture by Grant and the Union army.
Procession of Defeat
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the early stages of the trip home for soldiers from Lee's army as they left Appomattox Court House. Some left in pairs, but others marched away from the village as companies, regiments, and even brigades. It describes the men's transition from soldier to civilian and details the many trials they faced from finding shelter to obtaining transportation and food. It likewise explores their interactions with Black men of the United States Colored Troops.
Rebels Still
Authors: Janney Caroline E.
Published: January 2023

As rebels dispersed across the countryside in the summer of 1865, reports of robberies mounted. In one instance, the results would prove fatal for a small band of unparoled Confederates. Still, applications for amnesty poured into Washington and the great Union war machine was quickly dismantled. Through all of this, many rebels had not abandoned their attachment to the Confederacy. Some refused to seek pardons or amnesty. Others remained defiantly unrepentant in their applications.
And the Military Comes
Authors: Blair William A.
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how the Records Relating to Murders and Outrages was used, with Senator Henry Wilson employing this compilation by the Freedmen’s Bureau to convince his colleagues of the need for military intervention in the South. Ultimately, the Military Reconstruction Act passed in March 1867, despite a veto by President Andrew Johnson. Yet the denial of widespread violence continued in partisan debates. The chapter ends with the implementation of voting by Black men, supervised by the military, who also disenfranchised certain former Confederates. Attempts to boycott elections by white men only added to the success of Republicans. The Confederate South learned from this that to get its way—and maintain white power—required ratcheting up the violence against African Americans and Union loyalists.
Rural Faith Encounters
Authors: Nabhan-Warren Kristy
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on contemporary Catholic faith encounters in rural Iowa and the difficulty of creating inclusive places of worship. The chapter addresses White Catholic parishioners and their mixed feelings, sometimes overtly hostile, toward non-white Catholics who worship in the same parish. The rural priest Father Joseph Sia is featured in this chapter. He is at the forefront of working to make rural Midwestern parishes nonracist, inclusive places of worship and community. Like many parish priests today, Father Sia is seeing a dynamic Latino/a presence in his parish and throughout his state of Iowa and is working hard to ensure that Latinos/as, as well as newer arrivals, feel a sense of belonging.
Snapshots of Rural Priests
Authors: Nabhan-Warren Kristy
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on four rural Catholic Iowa priests and their rural ministries that focus on inclusion and belonging. All four priests are motivated by Catholic social teachings and by a deep commitment to social justice. Their parishes in Washington, Columbus Junction, West Liberty, and Iowa City, Iowa have seen tremendous growth in the number of Latina/o parishioners, and their ministries are largely focused on outreach and engagement with women and men from Central America.
Conclusion
Authors: Wells-Oghoghomeh Alexis
Published: January 2023

The conclusion reiterates how enslaved women’s religious history invites a reconsideration of “slave religion” beyond the institutional, Afro-Protestant frameworks that have dominated the study of religion and slavery in the United States and introduces more expansive, Africana religious categories to the study. Revisiting W.E.B. Du Bois’s theorization of the “religion of the slave” in The Souls of Black Folk, the chapter underscores the ways that the deprioritization of African American Christianity and prioritization of the embodied realities of enslavement reveal the importance of survival and quality of life in the religious lives of bondpeople. Thus, through its focus on enslaved women, the book not only presents the ways racialized, gendered experiences of enslavement shaped African American religiosity, but also models a methodological approach that broadens and nuances previous understandings of enslaved people’s interior lives.
Stretching the Heavens
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

Eugene England (1933–2001)—one of the most influential and controversial intellectuals in modern Mormonism—lived in the crossfire between religious tradition and reform. This first serious biography, by leading historian Terryl L. Givens, shimmers with the personal tensions felt deeply by England during the turmoil of the late twentieth century. Drawing on unprecedented access to England’s personal papers, Givens paints a multifaceted portrait of a devout Latter-day Saint whose precarious position on the edge of church hierarchy was instrumental to his ability to shape the study of modern Mormonism. A professor of literature at Brigham Young University, England also taught in the Church Educational System. And yet from the sixties on, he set church leaders’ teeth on edge as he protested the Vietnam War, decried institutional racism and sexism, and supported Poland’s Solidarity movement—all at a time when Latter-day Saints were ultra-patriotic and banned Black ordination. England could also be intemperate, proud of his own rectitude, and neglectful of political realities and relationships, and he was eventually forced from his academic position. His last days, as he suffered from brain cancer, were marked by a spiritual agony that church leaders were unable to help him resolve.
England as Essayist
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

England’s work in the church’s historical archives gave him first-hand exposure to a tradition of personal narratives and journal-keeping. England developed the modern Mormon essay with great success; the medium became his principal mode of influence. They combined the social gospel, especially his wrestles with the church’s priesthood ban regarding Black people. He also wrote of his own struggles with human suffering, his theology of atonement, and Mormonism’s passible God.
Legacy a Dangerous Discipleship
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: January 2023

Although a perpetual thorn in the side of LDS leadership, England lived and died an unapologetic disciple of Christ and committed Latter-Day Saint. He strove for a more universalist and inclusive church, advocating for minorities, gays, and other marginalized individuals. He anticipated the church’s 21st century waves of disaffiliation and tried to forestall them. The church has adopted many of the policies he advocated. Born out of season, his model of faithful provocation continues to inspire many.
The Backlash
Authors: Milteer Warren Eugene
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the backlash to the late-eighteenth-century expansion of freedom for people of color that took place at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It shows how the enactment of discriminatory laws, colonization schemes, and restrictions on manumission were part of the reaction to a growing population of free people of color and investigates how political radicals politicized the position of free people of color in the South. This chapter also includes a lengthy discussion of kidnapping.
Resisting Radicalism
Authors: Milteer Warren Eugene
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the lives of free people of color from approximately 1830 to 1860. It investigates the continued growth of the free population of color despite attempts by radicals to limit the population. The bulk of the chapter shows how free people of color interacted with their white neighbors, built community institutions, and challenged discrimination.
A Nucleus of Women in a Nuclear Age
Authors: Roth Tanya L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows the development of the legislation that became the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act. The chapter traces this development from the initial support of Dwight Eisenhower and high-ranking servicewomen to its challenges in Congress. After World War II, members of Congress and military leaders perceived an ongoing need for military manpower. Many argued that womanpower was the best solution, as men were finishing their wartime service and returning home. The goal was to create a nucleus of womanpower that could be expanded to meet future needs in the event of another war. The new legislation gave women a permanent place in the military and offered equal pay for equal work. Despite other limitations based on gender difference philosophy, supporters of the legislation argued that it offered servicewomen equality with servicemen.
Top Secret and Obscene
Authors: Roth Tanya L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the military’s Cold War regulations regarding servicewomen’s sexuality. Specifically, this chapter focuses on the regulations that barred homosexual Americans from serving in the military. Using official records from systematic efforts to identify and eliminate lesbians in the women’s services, this chapter explains the lengths to which military leaders went to ensure that all servicewomen met strict sexual standards. Their efforts included witch hunts in the early 1950s, dishonorable discharges, and commissioning research to uncover the status of homosexuality in the military. This chapter also uses oral histories and other primary sources to show women’s experiences with the ban on homosexuality in the military.
Conclusion
Authors: Roth Tanya L.
Published: January 2023

The conclusion revisits the overarching argument about how the definition of equality changed for servicewomen over the course of the early Cold War. The conclusion analyzes the legacies of women’s Cold War service, focusing on the myriad ways that limitations on women’s service continue to affect womanpower today. It offers insights into how women’s military service changed during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Additional topics of consideration include ongoing changes from the elimination of gender-based combat restrictions and the ways in which military regulations around physical fitness continue to affect servicewomen and new mothers. The conclusion also analyzes the shift from banning homosexuality, to the end of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, to more recent efforts to restrict transgender Americans from serving in the military.
The War at Home and the FBI’s Public Image
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

Speaking before a Congressional committee on November 27, 1970, J. Edgar Hoover falsely claimed that a group of Catholic pacifists, including well known priests, brothers Philip and Daniel Berrigan, were planning an imminent attack on Washington, DC that included bombings and the kidnapping of a government official (later identified as Henry Kissinger). This chapter explains how Hoover’s outrageous accusation backfired, leading to a decline in the FBI’s public image. Other events in early 1971 also undermined the FBI’s credibility: the Weather Underground’s bombing of the US Capitol on March 1, 1971, which highlighted the bureau’s inability to thwart the group; and a break-in at an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania that resulted in the first public revelations of the bureau’s mass domestic surveillance and counterintelligence programs (COINTELPRO).
Police Killing
Authors: Chard Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

The Black Liberation Army (BLA) first made itself known to the public after May 21, 1971, when members of the group assassinated New York City police officers Waverly Jones and Joseph Piagentini. This chapter shows how this killing and a wave of subsequent BLA attacks ratcheted up tensions between President Nixon and J. Edgar Hoover, who unofficially instructed FBI special agents to utilize illegal surveillance tactics to investigate the group in conjunction with its massive investigation, code-named NEWKILL. Fortunately for Nixon and Hoover, the FBI gained important leads in its BLA investigation when the guerrillas made critical tactical mistakes. However, while Nixon and the FBI sought to halt BLA violence, they did nothing to address the underlying problems of police and military violence. By maintaining impunity for guards’ killing of incarcerated Black radical George Jackson in San Quentin Prison and the New York State Police massacre of twenty-nine prisoners and ten correctional officers in Attica State Prison, Nixon and Hoover helped motivate further guerrilla retaliation.
Gathering, Cooking, and Eating Comidas
Authors: Fuster Melissa
Published: January 2023

Based on interviews with Dominicans, Cubans and Puerto Ricans and the author’s experiences, this chapter examines food practices as drivers for dietary change and maintenance in the Hispanic Caribbean community. The analysis demonstrates the influence of structural factors (particularly gender, social class, and migratory status) in food practices, underscoring that migrants’ eating patterns are the result of much more than ethnic identity and changes upon migration.
Yours, for the Dead
Authors: Morgan Francesca
Published: January 2023

This chapter delivers a history of Mormon genealogy, featuring Mormonism’s explicit linking of genealogical research with worship, and living people’s evangelization of the dead. From the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ earliest days in the 1820s, founding prophet Joseph Smith inaugurated the Church’s baptism for the dead and overall outreach to the dead, who were considered crucial to save even when they had lived and died too early to convert to Mormonism. Over time, the Church’s renunciation of polygamy (plural wives) in the 1890s resulted in fostering genealogical institutions and emphasizing one’s family dead. Susa Young Gates’s lessons in genealogy for other women (1912) began the popularization of genealogy throughout the Church. But genealogy became important enough to the Church that it placed genealogy instruction in the hands of men and emphasized reaching male audiences. Although Mormons repudiated discriminating among the dead on the grounds of religion, class, or success, Mormon genealogical practices nonetheless entertained racial beliefs as well as gender distinctions that were shared by non-Mormon American whites at the time.
Chosen Kin versus Genetic Fetishism
Authors: Morgan Francesca
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes Americans’ genetic fetishism—the valuing of biogenetic relatedness over relatedness by choice—before 1998, when a plethora of companies began selling direct-to-consumer DNA tests for purposes of genealogy, as well as afterward. This chapter roots the emergence of these enterprises in the media ferment of 1998-1999 and persisting controversy surrounding the DNA study, commissioned in 1998 by historians, that strongly suggested genetic relatedness between descendants of Thomas Jefferson and an enslaved woman in his household, Sally Hemings. DNA testing for genealogy purposes has been valuable to those genealogists who are unable to locate written information about ancestors, a situation especially common in projects about Jews or people of color. But the DNA testing industry signified new extremes of commodifying the blood relatedness that Americans had long valued. The prevailing influence of blood-based kinship reminded that influence’s challengers, including members of found families (families assembled exclusively on the basis of choice), of the queerness and feminist dimensions of such vocations.
Race, Removal, and the Right to Remain
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

Who had the right to live within the newly united states of America? In the country’s founding decades, federal and state politicians debated which categories of people could remain and which should be subject to removal. The result was a white Republic, purposefully constructed through contentious legal, political, and diplomatic negotiation. But, as Samantha Seeley demonstrates, removal, like the right to remain, was a battle fought on multiple fronts. It encompassed tribal leaders’ fierce determination to expel white settlers from Native lands and free African Americans’ legal maneuvers both to remain within the states that sought to drive them out and to carve out new lives in the West. Never losing sight of the national implications of regional conflicts, Seeley brings us directly to the battlefield, to middle states poised between the edges of slavery and freedom where removal was both warmly embraced and hotly contested. Reorienting the history of US expansion around Native American and African American histories, Seeley provides a much-needed reconsideration of early nation building.
“Shut Every State against Him”
Authors: Seeley Samantha
Published: January 2023

In the late eighteenth century, individual states reacted to gradual emancipation by passing restrictive migration laws that tightly controlled Black residency and mobility. Influenced by colonization thought at the local level, Virginia passed a law in 1806 that exiled all newly freed people from the state within one year of their manumission. In response, neighboring Maryland, Delaware, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois passed their own migration restrictions that made interstate travel difficult for Black migrants, whether they were free or enslaved. The free passage of people between the states gave meaning to the union as a political formation. After the Revolution, the “problem” of mobility became a battleground in the negotiation of the meaning of Black freedom, citizenship, and the nation itself.
Frank Porter Graham
Authors: Link William A.
Published: January 2023

Frank Porter Graham (1886–1972) was one of the most consequential white southerners of the twentieth century. Born in Fayetteville and raised in Charlotte, Graham became an active and popular student leader at the University of North Carolina. After earning a graduate degree from Columbia University and serving as a marine during World War I, he taught history at UNC, and in 1930, he became the university’s fifteenth president. Affectionately known as “Dr. Frank,” Graham spent two decades overseeing UNC’s development into a world-class public institution. But he regularly faced controversy, especially as he was increasingly drawn into national leadership on matters such as intellectual freedom and the rights of workers. As a southern liberal, Graham became a prominent New Dealer and negotiator and briefly a US senator. Graham’s reputation for problem solving through compromise led him into service under several presidents as a United Nations mediator, and he was outspoken as a white southerner regarding civil rights. Brimming with fresh insights, this definitive biography reveals how a personally modest public servant took his place on the national and world stage and, along the way, helped transform North Carolina.
Champion of Peace and Freedom
Authors: Link William A.
Published: January 2023

In February 1972, Graham died of congestive heart failure. He moved to Chapel Hill during the last years of his life, and there cemented his reputation as an iconic North Carolinian. His death punctuated his contributions to the state and his vision of international social justice.
Jan Ellen Lewis’s Constitution
Authors: Waldstreicher David
Published: January 2023

Waldstreicher previews themes of following essays, including: the hidden history of race and gender in US constitutional history; James Wilson’s role in conceiving of a liberal state, with coverture as a bulwark against governmental overreach; the challenge of reconciling slavery with the representation of persons, including women, in the Three-Fifths Clause. Lewis’s work models the more complex and holistic approach to constitutional history, including critical analysis of gender and race that anticipates the call for intersectionality in recent scholarship.
Why Generals?
Authors: Cushman Stephen
Published: January 2023

Generals’ memoir writing raises questions about how Civil War memory developed and how it still operates. In approaching their memoirs, the discussion follows three strands: the relation of the memoirs to the postwar publishing boom and its new Civil War memory market; the relations among memory, imagination, history, and literature; the relations between audience expectations and first-person narratives by leading actors in historical events. Northern publishers tended to publish memoirs from both sides of the war, but Mark Twain’s company did not, sticking to memoirs by northern generals. The memoirs he published appeared before the Library of Congress classification system emerged to sort American writing into distinct categories such as history, which Thomas Jefferson’s earlier classification system linked to memory, and literature, which Jefferson linked with imagination. Civil War generals’ memoirs blended memory and imagination, history, and literature.
Ulysses S. Grant and the Achievement of Simplicity
Authors: Cushman Stephen
Published: January 2023

When Mark Twain’s Charles L. Webster and Company published Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant (1885-86), most reviewers agreed that Grant’s literary achievement was superlative. They also agreed that what made it superlative was the Grant’s simplicity of style. But Grant’s simplicity of style was not so simple; it was the product of many years of reading, writing, and learning from three teachers in particular. The first teacher was Abraham Lincoln, from whom Grant learned the art of indirectness. The second teacher was Mark Twain, from whom he learned the art of fashioning an authorial mask. And the third teacher was the telegraph, a new technology that taught Grant the art of brevity, precision, and directness. These three influences helped Grant develop a composite style, one characterized at significant points by omission. Among the omissions are those of his presidency, his drinking, and graphically described details of hard war.
Factors affecting travelers' satisfaction with rail transit systems
Authors: ERCAN Seydahmet , AYDİN Nezir , ASLAN Tuba Nur
Published: January 2023

Ensuring a high traveller satisfaction level in public transportation systems is a vital goal for managers and decision-makers working for municipalities/city governments. Accordingly, traveling service providers need to recurrently assess the quality of their service to determine its adequacy and effectiveness. Providing public transportation services to millions of people, Istanbul Municipality conducts regular surveys to assess the perception of Istanbulers on the quality of public transportation. In this study, we analysed the data obtained from one of these surveys administered to people who use the rail transit lines. We particularly focused on the set of questions that covers the following five dimensions: comfort, fee, safety, accessibility, and overall travel satisfaction. Using the structural equation model, we explored the effects of comfort, fee, safety, and accessibility on travellers’ overall satisfaction with the rail transit lines. Based on the results, we found that travellers’ perceived level of comfort, accessibility, and fee affordability has a significant effect whereas the perceived level of safety does not have a significant effect on travelers’ general satisfaction with the rail transit lines.
The site-specified primary calibration conditions for the Brewer spectrophotometer
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyi , Fioletov Vitali , Redondas Alberto , Gröbner Julian , Egli Luca , Zeilinger Franz , López-Solano Javier , Arroyo Alberto Berjón , Kerr James , Maillard Barras Eliane , Smit Herman , Brohart Michael , Sit Reno , Ogyu Akira , Abboud Ihab , Lee Sum Chi
Published: January 2023

Abstract. The Brewer ozone spectrophotometer (the Brewer) is one of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) standard ozone monitoring instruments since the 1980s. The entire global Brewer ozone monitoring network is operated and maintained via a hierarchical calibration chain, which started from world reference instruments that are independently calibrated via the primary calibration method (PCM) at a premium site (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii). These world reference instruments have been maintained by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) in Toronto for the last four decades. Their calibration is transferred to the travelling standard instrument and then to network (field) Brewer instruments at their monitoring sites (all via the calibration transfer method; CTM). Thus, the measurement accuracy for the entire global network is dependent on the calibration of world reference instruments. In 2003, to coordinate regional calibration needs, the Regional Brewer Calibration Center-Europe (RBCC-E) was formed in Izaña, Spain. From that point, RBCC-E began calibrating regional references also via PCM, instead of CTM. The equivalency and consistency of world and regional references are then assured during international calibration campaigns. In practice, these two calibration methods have different physical requirements, e.g., the PCM requires a stable short-term ozone field, while CTM would benefit from larger changes in slant ozone conditions for the calibration periods. This difference dictates that the PCM can only be implemented on Brewers at certain sites and even in certain months of the year. This work is the first effort to use long-term observation records from 11 Brewers at four sites to reveal the challenges in performing PCM. By utilizing a new calibration simulation model and reanalysis ozone data, this work also quantifies uncertainties in the PCM due to short-term ozone variability. The results are validated by real-world observations and used to provide scientific advice on where and when the PCM can be performed and how many days of observations are needed to achieve the calibration goal (i.e., ensure the calibration uncertainty is within a determined criterion, i.e., ≤5 R6 unit; R6 is a measurement derived double ratio in the actual Brewer processing algorithm). This work also suggests that even if the PCM cannot be used to deliver final calibration results for mid- or high-latitude sites, the statistics of the long-term PCM fitting results can still provide key information for field Brewers as stability indicators (which would provide performance monitoring and data quality assurance).
Primary succession and its driving variables – a holistic approach applied in three proglacial areas in the upper Martell Valley (Eastern Italian Alps)
Authors: Ramskogler Katharina , Knoflach Bettina , Elsner Bernhard , Erschbamer Brigitta , Haas Florian , Heckmann Tobias , Hofmeister Florentin , Piermattei Livia , Ressl Camillo , Trautmann Svenja , Wimmer Michael H. , Geitner Clemens , Stötter Johann , Tasser Erich
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Climate change and the associated glacier retreat lead to considerable enlargement and alterations of the proglacial systems. The colonisation of plants in this ecosystem was found to be highly depending on terrain age, initial site conditions and geomorphic disturbances. Although the explanatory variables are generally well understood, there is little knowledge on their collinearities and resulting influence on proglacial primary succession. To develop a holistic understanding of vegetation development, a more interdisciplinary approach was adopted. In the proglacial area of Fürkele-, Zufall-, and Langenferner (Martell Valley/Eastern Italian Alps), totally 65 plots of 5 × 2 m were installed to perform the vegetation analysis on vegetation cover, species number, and species composition. For each of those, 30 potential explanatory variables were collected, selected through an extensive literature review. To analyse and further avoid multicollinearities, 26 of the explanatory variables were clustered via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to five components. Subsequently, generalised additive models (GAM) were used to analyse the potential explanatory factors of primary succession. The results showed that primary succession patterns were highly related to the first component (‘elevation and time’), the second component (‘solar radiation’), and the third component (‘south-eastness’) as well as snow free freeze-thaw days, and landforms. In summary, the analysis of all explanatory variables together provides an overview of the most important influencing variables and their interactions, and thus a basis for the debate on future vegetation development in a changing climate.
Biogeochemistry of climate driven shifts in Southern Ocean primary producers
Authors: Fisher Ben J. , Poulton Alex J. , Meredith Michael P. , Baldry Kimberlee , Schofield Oscar , Henley Sian F.
Published: January 2023

Abstract. As a net source of nutrients fuelling global primary production, changes in Southern Ocean productivity are expected to influence biological carbon storage across the global ocean. Following a high emissions, low mitigation pathway, primary productivity in the Southern Ocean is predicted to increase by up to 40 % over the 21st century. The ecophysiological response of marine phytoplankton experiencing climate change will be a key determinant in understanding the impact of Southern Ocean productivity shifts on the carbon cycle. Yet, phytoplankton ecophysiology is poorly represented in CMIP6 climate models, leading to substantial uncertainty in the representation of their role in carbon sequestration. Here we synthesise the existing spatial and temporal projections of Southern Ocean productivity from CMIP6 models, separated by phytoplankton class and identify key processes where greater observational data coverage can help to improve future model performance. We find bidirectional changes in iron and light limitation of phytoplankton, while the greatest changes in productivity occur in the coastal zone of the Southern Ocean. Different phytoplankton groups are responsible for driving productivity increases at different latitudes, yet we observe that models disagree on the ecological mechanism behind these productivity changes. We propose that an evidence-based sampling approach targeting climate-driven changes in ocean biogeochemistry and community assemblages in the regions of rapid projected productivity changes could help to resolve the empirical principles underlying phytoplankton community structure in the Southern Ocean.
AdaHRBF v1.0: Gradient-Adaptive Hermite-Birkhoff Radial Basis Function Interpolants for Three-dimensional Stratigraphic Implicit Modeling
Authors: Zhang Baoyi , Du Linze , Khan Umair , Tong Yongqiang , Wang Lifang , Deng Hao
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Three-dimensional (3D) stratigraphic modelling is capable of modeling the shape, topology, and other properties of strata in a digitalized manner. The implicit modeling approach is becoming the mainstream approach for 3D stratigraphic modelling, which incorporates both the off-contact attitudes and the on-contact occurrence information of stratigraphic interface to estimate the stratigraphic potential field (SPF) to represent the 3D architectures of strata. However, the magnitudes of SPF gradient controlling variation trend of SPF values cannot be directly derived from the known stratigraphic attribute or attitude data. In this paper, we propose an Hermite-Birkhoff radial basis function (HRBF) formulation, AdaHRBF, with an adaptive gradient magnitude for continuous 3D SPF modeling of multiple stratigraphic interfaces. In the linear system of HRBF interpolant constrained by the scattered on-contact attribute points and off-contact attitude points of a set of strata in 3D space, we add a novel optimizing term to iteratively obtain the true gradient magnitude. The case study shows that the HRBF interpolants can consistently establish accurate multiple stratigraphic interfaces and fully express the internal stratigraphic attribute and attitude. To ensure harmony of the variation of stratigraphic thickness, we adopt the relative burial depth of stratigraphic interface to the Quaternary as the SPF attribute value and propose a new stratigraphical thickness index (STI) to represent the variation trend of stratigraphic thickness in SPF. In addition, the proposed stratigraphic potential field modeling by HRBF interpolants can provide a suitable basic model for subsequent geosciences numerical simulation.
Horizontal ridging with mulching as the optimal tillage practice to reduce surface runoff and erosion in a Mollisol hillslope
Authors: Wang Yucheng , Guo Dayong , Li Zheng , Shi Wuliang , Li Bin , Hou Liyuan , Zhang Yi , Cui Jinhu , Cao Ning , Zhang Yubin
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Soil erosion features and ideal tillage practices are not very clear at the crop seedling stage in Chinese Mollisols. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted at the rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h-1 to investigate the differences in soil erosion of a 5° hillslope during the maize seedling stage between conservation and conventional tillage measures, including cornstalk mulching (Cm), horizontal ridging (Hr), horizontal ridging + mulching (Hr+Cm), vertical ridging + mulching (Vr+Cm), flat-tillage (CK), and vertical ridging (Vr). The results demonstrated that crops could remit soil erosion at the seedling stage by reducing the kinetic energy and changing the distribution of raindrops. The conservation tillage measures significantly alleviated total runoff (11.7 %–100 %) and sediment yield (71.1 %–100 %), postponed runoff-yielding time (85 s–26.1 min), decreased runoff velocity (71.5 %–96.7 %), and reduced runoff and soil loss rate, compared to the conventional tillage measures. Practices with mulching showed better performance than Hr. Mulching reduced sediment concentration (~70.6 %–100 %) by decreasing runoff velocity and soil particle filtration in a manner similar to buffer strips. The contour ridge ruptured earlier at 100 mm h-1 than at 50 mm h-1 and changed the characteristics of the soil erosion by providing a larger sediment source to the surface flow. Runoff strength, rather than soil erodibility, was the key factor affecting soil erosion. Decreasing runoff velocity was more important than controlling runoff amount. The Hr + Cm treatment exhibited the lowest soil erosion and is, thus, is recommended for adoption at the corn seedling stage in sloping farmlands.
The variation of particle number size distribution during the rainfall: wet scavenging and air masses changing
Authors: Niu Guangdong , Qi Ximeng , Chen Liangduo , Xue Lian , Lai Shiyi , Huang Xin , Wang Jiaping , Chi Xuguang , Nie Wei , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku , Ding Aijun
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Below-cloud wet scavenging is an important pathway to remove atmospheric aerosols. The below-cloud wet scavenging coefficient (BWSC) is the value to describe the ability of rainfall to remove aerosols. The reported BWSCs obtained from the field measurements are much higher than the theory, but the reason for this remains unclear. In this study, based on the long-term field measurements in the Yangtze River Delta of eastern China, we find 28 % of the rainfall events are high BWSC events. The high BWSC events show the sudden decrease of particle number concentration in all size bins near the end of rainfall. By investigating the circulation patterns, backward trajectories and the variations of simultaneously observed atmospheric components, we find the cause of the high BWSC events is the air masses changing but not the wet scavenging. The change of air masses is always followed by the rainfall processes and cannot be screened out by the traditional meteorological criteria, which would cause the overestimation of BWSC. After excluding the high BWSC events, the observed BWSC is close to the theory and is correlated with the rainfall intensity and particle number concentrations prior to rainfall. This study highlights the discrepancy between the observed BWSC and the theoretical value may not be as large as it is currently believed. To obtain reasonable BWSCs and parameterization from field measurements, the effect of air masses changing during rainfall needs to be carefully considered.
Factors influencing the meridional width of the equatorial deep jets
Authors: Bastin Swantje , Claus Martin , Greatbatch Richard J. , Brandt Peter
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Equatorial Deep Jets (EDJ) are vertically alternating, stacked zonal currents that flow along the equator in all three ocean basins at intermediate depth. Their structure can be described quite well by the sum of high baroclinic mode equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves. However, the EDJs' meridional width is larger by a factor of 1.5 than inviscid theory predicts for such waves. Here, we use a set of idealised model configurations representing the Atlantic Ocean to investigate the contributions of different processes to the enhanced EDJ width. Corroborated by the analysis of shipboard velocity sections, we show that instantaneous widening of the EDJ by irreversible mixing processes contributes more to their enhanced time mean width than averaging over meandering of the jets. Most of the widening due to meandering can be attributed to the strength of intraseasonal variability in the jets' depth range, suggesting that the jets are meridionally advected by intraseasonal waves. Only a weak connection to intraseasonal variability is found for the EDJs' instantaneous widening, corroborating and connecting earlier theories that any process dissipating the EDJs' momentum would broaden them, but that intraseasonal variability maintains, not dissipates, the EDJ.
ChinaCropSM1 km: a fine 1 km daily soil moisture dataset for dryland wheat and maize across China during 1993–2018
Authors: Cheng Fei , Zhang Zhao , Zhuang Huimin , Han Jichong , Luo Yuchuan , Cao Juan , Zhang Liangliang , Zhang Jing , Xu Jialu , Tao Fulu
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Soil moisture (SM) is a key variable of the regional
hydrological cycle and has important applications for water resource and
agricultural drought management. Various global soil moisture products have
been mostly retrieved from microwave remote sensing data. However, currently there is
rarely spatially explicit and time-continuous soil moisture
information with a high resolution at the national scale. In this study, we
generated a 1 km soil moisture dataset for dryland wheat and maize in China
(ChinaCropSM1 km) over 1993–2018 through a random forest (RF) algorithm
based on numerous in situ daily observations of soil moisture. We
independently used in situ observations (181 327 samples) from the
agricultural meteorological stations (AMSs) across China for training (164 202
samples) and others for testing (17 125 samples). An irrigation module was
first developed according to crop type (i.e., wheat, maize), soil depth
(0–10, 10–20 cm) and phenology. We produced four daily datasets
separately by crop type and soil depth, and their accuracies were all
satisfactory (wheat r 0.93, ubRMSE 0.033 m3 m−3; maize r 0.93, ubRMSE
0.035 m3 m−3). The spatiotemporal resolutions and accuracy of
ChinaCropSM1 km were significantly better than those of global soil moisture
products (e.g., r increased by 116 %, ubRMSE decreased by 64 %),
including the global remote-sensing-based surface soil moisture dataset
(RSSSM) and the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI)
SM. The approach developed in our study could be applied to other regions
and crops in the world, and our improved datasets are very valuable for many
studies and field management, such as agricultural drought monitoring and
crop yield forecasting. The data are published in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6834530 (wheat0–10)
(Cheng et al., 2022a), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6822591 (wheat10–20)
(Cheng et al., 2022b), https://doi/org/10.5281/zenodo.6822581 (maize0–10)
(Cheng et al., 2022c) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6820166 (maize10–20)
(Cheng et al., 2022d).
Ocean biogeochemistry in the coupled ocean-sea ice-biogeochemistry model FESOM2.1-REcoM3
Authors: Gürses Özgür , Oziel Laurent , Karakus Onur , Sidorenko Dmitry , Völker Christoph , Ye Ying , Zeising Moritz , Hauck Judith
Published: January 2023

Abstract. The cycling of carbon in the oceans is affected by feedbacks driven by changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Understanding these feedbacks is therefore an important prerequisite for projecting future climate. Marine biogeochemical models are a useful tool there, but as any model is a simplification, need to be continually improved. In this study, we coupled the Finite-volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model (FESOM2.1) to the Regulated Ecosystem Model version 3 (REcoM3). FESOM2.1 is an update of the Finite Element Sea ice-Ocean Model (FESOM1.4) and operates on variable mesh resolution. Unlike standard structured-mesh ocean models, the mesh flexibility allows for a realistic representation of small-scale dynamics in key regions at affordable computational cost. Compared to the previous coupled model version FESOM1.4-REcoM2, the model FESOM2.1-REcoM3 utilizes a new dynamical core based on a finite volume discretization instead of finite elements, but retains central parts of the biogeochemistry model. As a new feature, carbonate chemistry including water vapor correction is computed by mocsy-2.0. Moreover, REcoM3 has an extended food web that includes macrozooplankton and fast-sinking detritus. Dissolved oxygen is added as a new tracer. In this study we assess the ocean and biogeochemical state simulated with FESOM2.1-REcoM3 in a global setup at relatively low spatial resolution forced with JRA55-do atmospheric reanalysis. The focus is on the recent period 1958–2021, to assess how well the model can be used for present-day and future climate change scenarios on decadal to centennial timescales. A bias in global ocean-atmosphere preindustrial CO2 flux present in the previous model version FESOM1.4-REcoM2 could be significantly reduced. In addition, the computational efficiency is 2–3 times higher than that of FESOM1.4-REcoM. Overall, it is found that FESOM2.1-REcoM3 is a skillful tool for ocean biogeochemical modelling applications.