bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTI‐DUMPING AND MARKET ACCESS: A NOTE
Authors: Jafta Rachel c.c.
Published: October 2006

For the duration of the currently stalled round of trade negotiations (the Doha Development Round) attention focused on the plight of developing countries under the current trade rules. One of the aspects under discussion is market access, and in particular the (ab)use of anti‐dumping measures to limit market access so that the progress made towards trade liberalisation is eroded. A popular assertion is that developed countries use anti‐dumping measures to protect their own industries against competition from developing countries. Part I of this short research note briefly takes stock of developments in this regard since the inception of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995. How has the use of anti‐dumping (AD) measures evolved? Who are the most active initiators of AD investigations and who are the victims? What is the spread between initiations of AD investigations and the actual imposition of AD measures? In Part II we consider selected AD issues, such as the determination of dumping margins and injury, administrative discretion, and the longevity of AD decrees.
Meteorological factors affecting the diversity of airborne algae in an urban atmosphere
Authors: K. Sharma Naveen , K. Rai Ashwani , Singh Surendra
Published: October 2006

Aeroalgal sampling of Varanasi City, India, was done using a Tilak Rotorod sampler and exposing agarised Bold basal medium Petri plates during March 2003 to February 2005. Amongst the 34 airborne algal genera recorded, cyanobacteria dominated the aero‐algal flora, followed by green algae and diatoms. The generic diversity of airborne algae as well as the constituting groups exhibited seasonal variation. The most favored period for the appearance of cyanobacteria in the air was summer, while winter favored green algae. Presence of diatoms was almost uniform throughout the year. The presence of algal particles in the air depended upon the abundance and dynamics of algal source and their release and dispersal in the atmosphere. Best model selection with Akaike information criteria indicated temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind velocity as the most important climatic factors determining algal diversity. These factors exert their effect both directly by influencing entrainment and dispersal of algae from the source, and indirectly by regulating the dynamics of the possible algal source (soil, water, plant body, wall and roof of the building) by supporting or inhibiting the algal growth. In a closed environment and at low altitude sampling site characteristic is also an important factor. Open area near to the countryside had maximal aero‐algal diversity.
Enhancing and unmasking the harmonics of a complex tone
Authors: Hartmann William M. , Goupell Matthew J.
Published: October 2006

Alternately eliminating and reintroducing a particular harmonic of a complex tone can cause that harmonic to stand out as a pure tone—separately audible from the rest of the complex-tone background. In the psychoacoustical literature the effect is known as “enhancement.” Pitch matching experiments presented in this article show that although harmonics above the 10th are not spectrally resolved, harmonics up to at least the 20th can be enhanced. Therefore, resolution is not required for enhancement. Further, during those experimental intervals in which a harmonic is eliminated, excitation pattern models suggest that listeners should be able to hear out a neighboring harmonic—separately audible from the background. The latter effect has been called “unmasking.” In the present article we provide the first experimental evidence for unmasking. Harmonics of 200Hz, with harmonic numbers between about 5 and 16, are readily unmasked. Their pitches are usually matched by sine tones with frequencies that are not exactly those of the unmasked harmonics but are shifted in a direction away from the frequency of the pulsed harmonic. Phase relationships among the harmonics that produce temporally compact cochlear excitation lead to reduced enhancement but greater unmasking.
Quantitative measures of air-gun pulses recorded on sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) using acoustic tags during controlled exposure experiments
Authors: Madsen P. T. , Johnson M. , Miller P. J. O. , Aguilar Soto N. , Lynch J. , Tyack P.
Published: October 2006

The widespread use of powerful, low-frequency air-gun pulses for seismic seabed exploration has raised concern about their potential negative effects on marine wildlife. Here, we quantify the sound exposure levels recorded on acoustic tags attached to eight sperm whales at ranges between 1.4 and 12.6km from controlled air-gun array sources operated in the Gulf of Mexico. Due to multipath propagation, the animals were exposed to multiple sound pulses during each firing of the array with received levels of analyzed pulses falling between 131–167dB re. 1μPa (pp) [111–147dB re. 1μPa (rms) and 100–135dB re. 1μPa2s] after compensation for hearing sensitivity using the M-weighting. Received levels varied widely with range and depth of the exposed animal precluding reliable estimation of exposure zones based on simple geometric spreading laws. When whales were close to the surface, the first arrivals of air-gun pulses contained most energy between 0.3 and 3kHz, a frequency range well beyond the normal frequencies of interest in seismic exploration. Therefore air-gun arrays can generate significant sound energy at frequencies many octaves higher than the frequencies of interest for seismic exploration, which increases concern of the potential impact on odontocetes with poor low frequency hearing.
Rhesus macaques spontaneously perceive formants in conspecific vocalizations
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh , Fritz Jonathan B.
Published: October 2006

We provide a direct demonstration that nonhuman primates spontaneously perceive changes in formant frequencies in their own species-typical vocalizations, without training or reinforcement. Formants are vocal tract resonances leading to distinctive spectral prominences in the vocal signal, and provide the acoustic determinant of many key phonetic distinctions in human languages. We developed algorithms for manipulating formants in rhesus macaque calls. Using the resulting computer-manipulated calls in a habituation/dishabituation paradigm, with blind video scoring, we show that rhesus macaques spontaneously respond to a change in formant frequencies within the normal macaque vocal range. Lack of dishabituation to a “synthetic replica” signal demonstrates that dishabituation was not due to an artificial quality of synthetic calls, but to the formant shift itself. These results indicate that formant perception, a significant component of human voice and speech perception, is a perceptual ability shared with other primates.
Developmental and cross-linguistic variation in the infant vowel space: The case of Canadian English and Canadian French
Authors: Rvachew Susan , Mattock Karen , Polka Linda , Ménard Lucie
Published: October 2006

This article describes the results of two experiments. Experiment 1 was a cross-sectional study designed to explore developmental and cross-linguistic variation in the vowel space of 10- to 18-month-old infants, exposed to either Canadian English or Canadian French. Acoustic parameters of the infant vowel space were described (specifically the mean and standard deviation of the first and second formant frequencies) and then used to derive the grave, acute, compact, and diffuse features of the vowel space across age. A decline in mean F1 with age for French-learning infants and a decline in mean F2 with age for English-learning infants was observed. A developmental expansion of the vowel space into the high-front and high-back regions was also evident. In experiment 2, the Variable Linear Articulatory Model was used to model the infant vowel space taking into consideration vocal tract size and morphology. Two simulations were performed, one with full range of movement for all articulatory paramenters, and the other for movement of jaw and lip parameters only. These simulated vowel spaces were used to aid in the interpretation of the developmental changes and cross-linguistic influences on vowel production in experiment 1.
Formant transitions in fricative identification: The role of native fricative inventory
Authors: Wagner Anita , Ernestus Mirjam , Cutler Anne
Published: October 2006

The distribution of energy across the noise spectrum provides the primary cues for the identification of a fricative. Formant transitions have been reported to play a role in identification of some fricatives, but the combined results so far are conflicting. We report five experiments testing the hypothesis that listeners differ in their use of formant transitions as a function of the presence of spectrally similar fricatives in their native language. Dutch, English, German, Polish, and Spanish native listeners performed phoneme monitoring experiments with pseudowords containing either coherent or misleading formant transitions for the fricatives ∕s∕ and ∕f∕. Listeners of German and Dutch, both languages without spectrally similar fricatives, were not affected by the misleading formant transitions. Listeners of the remaining languages were misled by incorrect formant transitions. In an untimed labeling experiment both Dutch and Spanish listeners provided goodness ratings that revealed sensitivity to the acoustic manipulation. We conclude that all listeners may be sensitive to mismatching information at a low auditory level, but that they do not necessarily take full advantage of all available systematic acoustic variation when identifying phonemes. Formant transitions may be most useful for listeners of languages with spectrally similar fricatives.
Three-dimensional localization of sperm whales using a single hydrophone
Authors: Tiemann Christopher O. , Thode Aaron M. , Straley Janice , O’Connell Victoria , Folkert Kendall
Published: October 2006

A three-dimensional localization method for tracking sperm whales with as few as one sensor is demonstrated. Based on ray-trace acoustic propagation modeling, the technique exploits multipath arrival information from recorded sperm whale clicks and can account for waveguide propagation physics like interaction with range-dependent bathymetry and ray refraction. It also does not require ray identification (i.e., direct, surface reflected) while utilizing individual ray arrival information, simplifying automation efforts. The algorithm compares the arrival pattern from a sperm whale click to range-, depth-, and azimuth-dependent modeled arrival patterns in order to estimate whale location. With sufficient knowledge of azimuthally dependent bathymetry, a three-dimensional track of whale motion can be obtained using data from a single hydrophone. Tracking is demonstrated using data from acoustic recorders attached to fishing anchor lines off southeast Alaska as part of efforts to study sperm whale depredation of fishing operations. Several tracks of whale activity using real data from one or two hydrophones have been created, and three are provided to demonstrate the method, including one simultaneous visual and acoustic localization of a sperm whale actively clicking while surfaced. The tracks also suggest that whales’ foraging is shallower in the presence of a longline haul than without.
Sonar gain control in echolocating finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in an open water
Authors: Li Songhai , Wang Ding , Wang Kexiong , Akamatsu Tomonari
Published: October 2006

Source levels of echolocating free-ranging Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) were calculated using a range estimated by measuring the time delays of the signals via the surface and bottom reflection paths to the hydrophone, relative to the direct signal. Peak-to-peak source levels for finless porpoise were from 163.7 to 185.6dB re:1μPa. The source levels are highly range dependent and varied approximately as a function of the one-way transmission loss for signals traveling from the animals to the hydrophone.
Rayleigh–Ritz approach for predicting the acoustic performance of lined rectangular plenum chambers
Authors: Kim Hoi-Jeon , Ih Jeong-Guon
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to predict the acoustic performance of a fully lined rectangular plenum chamber having inlet and outlet ports at arbitrary locations. Because no exact analytic solution exists for this reactive-resistive silencer configuration, numerical methods are only available for a three-dimensional analysis. The lined plenum chamber was modeled as a piston-driven rectangular tube without mean flow and the acoustic pressure in the lined chamber was obtained by superposing the acoustic pressures due to each harmonically fluctuating piston. Air pore and skeleton material of the porous liner was reduced to an equivalent medium; thus, its acoustic characteristic was given by bulk-reacting liner properties. A single weak variational statement, which satisfies the conditions of the oscillating piston and all necessary boundary conditions, was developed. The Rayleigh-Ritz method was employed as the numerical scheme for the derived variational statement. Using a transfer matrix and measured material properties, all possible types of lined plenum chambers were tested. Computed results were compared with the predicted transmission loss by the locally reacting liner model and experimental results. Transmission loss predicted by the Rayleigh–Ritz method using the bulk-reacting liner model agreed well with the measured one.
Modeling of the influence of a prestress gradient on guided wave propagation in piezoelectric structures
Authors: Lematre Mickaël , Feuillard Guy , Le Clézio Emmanuel , Lethiecq Marc
Published: October 2006

The objective of this study is to model the propagation of guided waves in piezoelectric structures subjected to a prestress gradient. The constitutive equations for a piezoelectric bulk material are first modified to take into account a uniform prestress on a given cross section. Then, these modified constitutive equations are used to derive a formalism for the propagation of guided waves in piezoelectric structures under a prestress gradient. In particular, we modify the recursive stiffness matrix method to introduce a gradient of stress in a piezoelectric structure. Numerical studies are then led for a bending and for an exponential stress profile. For a piezoelectric plate, the Lamb and shear horizontal modes are found to be sensitive to the prestress gradient. In particular, some key features of dispersion curves appearing in the presence of a gradient of properties are highlighted. In the last part, these results are extended to a piezoelectric film laid down on a substrate in order to model the importance of the stress gradient on the behavior of an integrated structure. Lithium niobate is used for the plate and film material, and a silicon crystal is used as the substrate.
Spatial diversity in passive time reversal communications
Authors: Song H. C. , Hodgkiss W. S. , Kuperman W. A. , Higley W. J. , Raghukumar K. , Akal T. , Stevenson M.
Published: October 2006

A time reversal mirror exploits spatial diversity to achieve spatial and temporal focusing, a useful property for communications in an environment with significant multipath. Taking advantage of spatial diversity involves using a number of receivers distributed in space. This paper presents the impact of spatial diversity in passive time reversal communications between a probe source (PS) and a vertical receive array using at-sea experimental data, while the PS is either fixed or moving at about 4knots. The performance of two different approaches is compared in terms of output signal-to-noise ratio versus the number of receiver elements: (1) time reversal alone and (2) time reversal combined with adaptive channel equalization. The time-varying channel response due to source motion requires an adaptive channel equalizer such that approach (2) outperforms approach (1) by up to 13dB as compared to 5dB for a fixed source case. Experimental results around 3kHz with a 1kHz bandwidth illustrate that as few as two or three receivers (i.e., 2 or 4m array aperture) can provide reasonable performance at ranges of 4.2 and 10km in 118m deep water.
Resonance frequency shift saturation in land mine burial simulation experiments
Authors: Alberts W. C. Kirkpatrick , Sabatier James M. , Waxler Roger
Published: October 2006

In the field of acoustic land mine detection, the mechanical resonant behavior of land mines has proven to be a feature key to this detection method’s success. Land mines are often interred at depths ranging from several millimeters to tens of centimeters. Thus, it is necessary to understand the effect of burial on the land mine’s resonances. Theoretical works on burial’s effects on land mine resonance frequency have reported varying results. In this work, burial simulation experiments in both water and sand using a land mine and a simulant have been performed to study the effect “burial” has on the resonance frequencies of a land mine. Saturation of the resonance frequency shift, i.e., the resonance frequency becomes constant after shifting due to added mass, is observed in both burial simulations. The experimental observations are qualitatively explained by recent theoretical work on the subject.
Investigations of indoor noise criteria systems based on human perception and task performance
Authors: Bowden Erica Eileen
Published: October 2006

Several noise criteria methods commonly used in architectural acoustics have been quantitatively related to noise perception and task performance under a variety of ventilation systems-induced background noise conditions. Noise criteria, balanced noise criteria, room criteria, room criteria mark II, and A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level were examined. The first phase of the project included noise conditions controlled to be non-time-varying and nontonal, with neutral, rumbly, roaring, or hissy characteristics. An intermediate study examined exposure time length and types of performance tasks used. The final phase included noise conditions containing various levels of discrete tones from 120 to 595 Hz. Under each noise, subjects completed performance tasks and perception questionnaires. Results indicate task performance was significantly affected by perception of noise, but this relationship was not fully demonstrated by the criteria systems analyzed. The five criteria were generally well suited in describing subjective loudness perception, but some discrepancies in criteria spectral quality ratings and subjective perception existed. Finally, perception of annoyance changed based on the frequency and prominence of tones in noise, but these changes were not reflected in the criteria level or spectral quality ratings. Modifications to the existing criteria are recommended.
Function of
Candida albicans
Adhesin Hwp1 in Biofilm Formation
Authors: Nobile Clarissa J. , Nett Jeniel E. , Andes David R. , Mitchell Aaron P.
Published: October 2006

Hwp1 is a well-characterized
Candida albicans
cell surface protein, expressed only on hyphae, that mediates tight binding to oral epithelial cells. Prior studies indicate that
HWP1
expression is dependent upon Bcr1, a key regulator of biofilm formation. Here we test the hypothesis that Hwp1 is required for biofilm formation. In an in vitro model, the
hwp1
/
hwp1
mutant produces a thin biofilm that lacks much of the hyphal mass found in the
hwp1
/
HWP1
reconstituted strain. In a biofilm cell retention assay, we find that the
hwp1
/
hwp1
mutant is defective in retention of nonadherent
bcr1
/
bcr1
mutant cells. In an in vivo rat venous catheter model, the
hwp1
/
hwp1
mutant has a severe biofilm defect, yielding only yeast microcolonies in the catheter lumen. These properties of the
hwp1
/
hwp1
mutant are consistent with its role as a hypha-specific adhesin and indicate that it is required for normal biofilm formation. Overexpression of
HWP1
in a
bcr1
/
bcr1
mutant background improves adherence in the in vivo catheter model. This finding provides additional support for the model that Hwp1 is critical for biofilm adhesion. Hwp1 is the first cell surface protein known to be required for
C. albicans
biofilm formation in vivo and is thus an excellent therapeutic target.
Function of theDictyostelium discoideumAtg1 Kinase during Autophagy and Development
Authors: Tekinay Turgay , Wu Mary Y. , Otto Grant P. , Anderson O. Roger , Kessin Richard H.
Published: October 2006

When starved, the amoebae ofDictyostelium discoideuminitiate a developmental process that results in the formation of fruiting bodies in which stalks support balls of spores. The nutrients and energy necessary for development are provided by autophagy. Atg1 is a protein kinase that regulates the induction of autophagy in the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition to a conserved kinase domain,DictyosteliumAtg1 has a C-terminal region that has significant homology to theCaenorhabditis elegansand mammalian Atg1 homologues but not to the budding yeast Atg1. We investigated the function of the kinase and conserved C-terminal domains ofD. discoideumAtg1 (DdAtg1) and showed that these domains are essential for autophagy and development. Kinase-negative DdAtg1 acts in a dominant-negative fashion, resulting in a mutant phenotype when expressed in the wild-type cells. Green fluorescent protein-tagged kinase-negative DdAtg1 colocalizes with red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged DdAtg8, a marker of preautophagosomal structures and autophagosomes. The conserved C-terminal region is essential for localization of kinase-negative DdAtg1 to autophagosomes labeled with RFP-taggedDictyosteliumAtg8. The dominant-negative effect of the kinase-defective mutant also depends on the C-terminal domain. In cells expressing dominant-negative DdAtg1, autophagosomes are formed and accumulate but seem not to be functional. By using a temperature-sensitive DdAtg1, we showed that DdAtg1 is required throughout development; development halts when the cells are shifted to the restrictive temperature, but resumes when cells are returned to the permissive temperature.
Pharmacogenomic and Structural Analysis of Constitutive G Protein–Coupled Receptor Activity
Authors: Smit Martine J. , Vischer Henry F. , Bakker Remko A. , Jongejan Aldo , Timmerman Henk , Pardo Leonardo , Leurs Rob
Published: October 2006

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to a chemically diverse plethora of signal transduction molecules. The notion that GPCRs also signal without an external chemical trigger, i.e., in a constitutive or spontaneous manner, resulted in a paradigm shift in the field of GPCR pharmacology. The discovery of constitutive GPCR activity and the fact that GPCR binding and signaling can be strongly affected by a single point mutation drew attention to the evolving area of GPCR pharmacogenomics. For a variety of GPCRs, point mutations have been convincingly linked to human disease. Mutations within conserved motifs, known to be involved in GPCR activation, might explain the properties of some naturally occurring, constitutively active GPCR variants linked to disease. In this review, we provide a brief historical introduction to the concept of constitutive receptor activity and the pharmacogenomic and structural aspects of constitutive receptor activity.
Taste Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract II.l-Amino acid sensing by calcium-sensing receptors: implications for GI physiology
Authors: Conigrave Arthur D. , Brown Edward M.
Published: October 2006

The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a multimodal sensor for several key nutrients, notably Ca2+ions and l-amino acids, and is expressed abundantly throughout the gastrointestinal tract. While its role as a Ca2+ion sensor is well recognized, its physiological significance as an l-amino acid sensor and thus, in the gastrointestinal tract, as a sensor of protein ingestion is only now coming to light. This review focuses on the CaR’s amino acid sensing properties at both the molecular and cellular levels and considers new and putative physiological roles for the CaR in the amino acid-dependent regulation of gut hormone secretion, epithelial transport, and satiety.
BMP-dependent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-8 mediates apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
Authors: Lagna Giorgio , Nguyen Peter H. , Ni Weihua , Hata Akiko
Published: October 2006

Germ line mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type II (BMPRII) gene have been found in >50% of familial idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients and in 30% of sporadic cases of IPAH. Mutations of BMPRII occur in the extracellular ligand-binding domain, in the cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase domain, or in the long carboxy terminus domain of unknown function. In this study, we demonstrate that BMPs promote apoptotic cell death in normal human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) by activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9, cytochrome c release, and downregulation of Bcl-2. Normal PASMCs expressing a kinase domain mutant or a carboxy-terminal domain deletion mutant of BMPRII identified in IPAH patients are resistant to BMP-mediated apoptosis. This dominant-negative effect may act in heterozygous patients and lead to the development of the pulmonary vascular medial hypertrophy found in IPAH patients. Our study also demonstrates an essential role of the carboxy terminus domain of BMPRII in the activation of the apoptotic signaling cascade.
Iomazenil-Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Reveals Selective Neuronal Loss in Magnetic Resonance-Defined Mismatch Areas
Authors: Saur Dorothee , Buchert Ralph , Knab Rene , Weiller Cornelius , Röther Joachim
Published: October 2006

Background and Purpose—

The mismatch of hypoperfused tissue on perfusion imaging and ischemic tissue on diffusion-weighted imaging is used as a surrogate marker for thrombolytic therapy in the extended time window. Mismatch tissue may recover completely, progress toward infarction, or proceed toward incomplete infarction with selective loss of cortical neurons. We used [
123
I]iomazenil–single-photon emission computed tomography (IMZ-SPECT) to characterize the neuronal integrity of reperfused “tissue at risk of infarction” that appeared morphologically intact on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods—

Twelve patients with acute stroke with striatocapsular (SC) infarctions were examined with multimodal MRI at days 0, 1, and 7; IMZ-SPECT was performed at days 5 to 15. The PI at day 0, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image at day 7, and IMZ-SPECT were coregistered and stereotactically normalized. The mismatch volume of interest (VOI) was defined as the initial PI lesion subtracted by the FLAIR lesion at day 7. An asymmetry ratio (AR) was computed by dividing the mean IMZ uptake of the mismatch VOI by the unaffected mirror VOI. The same AR was computed for signal intensity on FLAIR images at day 7. Three patients with cortical infarctions were included for calibration of the AR. In this group, the VOI consisted of the FLAIR lesion at day 7.

Results—

All patients with SC infarctions had a large mismatch of initially hypoperfused (112±31 mL; mean±SD) and finally infarcted tissue (19±14 mL). Mean AR of cortical IMZ uptake was 0.85±0.01 in cortical infarctions and 0.95±0.03 in SC infarctions; thereby AR showed a continuous distribution from clearly reduced (0.89) to normal (1.01) in SC infarctions. Mean AR for FLAIR signal intensity was 1.84±0.14 for cortical infarctions and normal (1.01+0.03) for SC infarctions.

Conclusions—

IMZ-SPECT detected a selective loss of cortical neurons in patients with SC infarctions in transient hypoperfused tissue, which was morphologically intact on MRI.
Molecular and morphological consilience in the characterisation and delimitation of five nematode species from Florida belonging to the Xiphinema americanum-group
Authors: Nguyen Khuong , Rosso Laura , Gozel Ugur , Duncan Larry , Adams Byron , Agostinelli Augusta , Lamberti Franco
Published: October 2006

Taxonomic keys and original descriptions were used to identify 26 Xiphinema americanum-group populations from Florida comprising X. georgianum (eight populations), X. citricolum (six), X. floridae (six), X. laevistriatum (five) and X. tarjanense (one). Principal component analysis of a subset of 19 morphometric characters accorded with the species designations; discriminant analysis of six characters assigned 93% (111 of 119) of the specimens to the correct putative species. A phylogeny of these populations estimated from analyses of rDNA sequences (ITS and D2D3) was also congruent with species designations from taxonomic keys and PCA. The D2D3 sequences revealed very little intraspecific variation whereas each population sampled produced a unique ITS sequence. Intraspecific variation in the suites of character code values from polytomous keys resulted mainly from minor discrepancies between population character means and reported character ranges for the species. We show that, for these taxa, species delimitation based on the requirement that sister taxa evolve autapomorphies distinguishes intraspecific variation from phylogeny and, as applied to molecular characters, delimits the same taxa as those predicted by morphological keys and PCA.
New and known species of Dorylaimidae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Ahmad Wasim ,   Baniyamuddin
Published: October 2006

Four new and six known species of dorylaim nematodes belonging to the family Dorylaimidae are described and reported from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Laimydorus vulvastriatus sp. n. is characterised by the 1.5-1.8 mm long body; lip region truncate, offset by weak depression; 35-38 μm long odontostyle; longitudinal vulva; advulval cuticular ornamentation; elongate, attenuated, female tail 5.0-6.8 anal body diam. long, and males with 11 contiguous ventromedian supplements with prerectum terminating within the range of the supplements. Laimydorus cardiacus sp. n. is characterised by the 1.8-2.16 mm long body; lip region truncate, offset by slight depression; 34.0-34.5 μm long odontostyle; longitudinal vulva; female tail dorsally hooked, 9-11 anal body diam. long, and males with 12 contiguous ventromedian supplements and prerectum terminating beyond the range of the supplements. Prodorylaimus bomdillaensis sp. n. is characterised by the 1.0-1.3 mm long body; lip region truncate, offset by slight depression; 25.0-26.5 μm long odontostyle; odontophore shorter than odontostyle; exceptionally long cardia; longitudinal vulva, and long, filiform tail. Prodorylaimus baldus sp. n. is characterised by the 1.62-1.75 mm long body; lip region with amalgamated lips and offset by slight depression; 14.5-16.5 μm long odontostyle; pore-like vulva; characteristic shape of pars refringens vaginae; female tail filiform, whip-like, 16.0-16.8 anal body diam. long; male with nine contiguous ventromedian supplements and prerectum terminating within the range of the supplements. Ischiodorylaimus paraugandanus, Mesodorylaimus chamoliensis, Amphidorylaimus flagellicauda, Thornenema baldum, T. mauritianum and Opisthodorylaimus cavalcantii are reported for the first time from Arunachal Pradesh.
A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema hebeiense sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from North China
Authors: Moens Maurice , Spiridonov Sergei , Yan Aihua , Chen Shulong , Li Xiuhua
Published: October 2006

A new species of Steinernema (Rhabditida), S. hebeiense sp. n. was isolated from sandy soil, Hebei Province, China. Diagnostic characters of infective juveniles of S. hebeiense sp. n. include total body length of 658 (610-710) μm, distance from anterior end to excretory pore of 48 (43-51) μm, tail length of 66 (63-71) μm, and E% ratio of 72 (65-80). The lateral field has eight ridges at the mid-body region (two very thin submarginal ridges, poorly discernible under light microscope, but visible in SEM); and the anterior end is slightly offset and flattened. First generation males have a body length of 1177 (1036-1450) μm, spicule length = 57 (51-63) μm, and gubernaculum length = 46 (38-50) μm. The spicules are light brown in colour and slightly curved; the manubrium is longer than wide. A tail mucron is present in second generation males. These morphometrical and morphometric features classify S. hebeiense sp. n. within the ' feltiae-kraussei-oregonense ' group. Molecular data also classify the new species within this group. Within this group, the smallest differences between the sequences of S. hebeiense sp. n. is with S. weiseri – 73 bp in the ITS rDNA and 13 bp in the studied partial sequence of the D2D3 expansion segment of LSU rDNA.
Ergot alkaloids are not essential for endophytic fungus-associated population suppression of the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus scribneri, on perennial ryegrass
Authors: Panaccione Daniel , Kotcon James , Schardl Christopher , Johnson Richard , Morton Joseph
Published: October 2006

Several endophytic fungi of the genus Neotyphodium form symbiotic associations with Lolium spp. grasses and are renowned for production of bioactive alkaloids such as ergot alkaloids. Some of these endophytes make their grass partners less suitable as hosts for endoparasitic nematodes, including Pratylenchus spp. The potential for ergot alkaloids to affect nematode motility was investigated in vitro. Ergovaline, the ergot alkaloid pathway end product of several Neotyphodium spp., was the only ergot alkaloid tested that inhibited motility of Pratylenchus scribneri. The association of ergot alkaloids with nematode population suppression was examined in glasshouse experiments with strains of the perennial ryegrass endophyte Neotyphodium sp. isolate Lp1 (syn. Neotyphodium lolii × Epichloë typhina) that have been genetically modified to lack ergot alkaloids or to have an altered ergot alkaloid profile. Populations of P. scribneri were significantly smaller in pots of perennial ryegrass containing the wild-type, ergot alkaloid-producing endophyte than in pots of endophyte-free perennial ryegrass. Elimination of certain complex ergot alkaloids (ergovaline and lysergic acid amides) in one gene knockout strain, or complete elimination of ergot alkaloids in another, did not affect the ability of the endophyte to suppress populations of nematode. Presence and concentrations of ergot alkaloids in pseudostems were as expected based on presence and genotype of endophyte in each plant, but frequently were undetectable or in low concentration in roots. The data indicate that ergot alkaloids do not contribute significantly to the endophyte-associated suppression of Pratylenchus spp.
Changes in social support for professional development and retirement preparation as a function of age
Authors: Greller Martin M. , Richtermeyer Sandra B.
Published: October 2006

Social factors, particularly age norms, are cited as a major influence on retirement and late career decisions; yet research has focused primarily on one feature of norms: shared beliefs. A sample of finance and accounting professionals between the ages of 22 and 70 is used to examine whether support for career development differs as a function of age. The levels of support for professional development, retirement preparation, and personal growth from five sources (family, co-workers, colleagues in other organizations, supervisor, and friends) are examined. Age is not a major factor in the amount of support reported. Support is associated with career-related intentions and beliefs (maintaining professional contacts, hours spent in training, career insight, expected development, and perceived organization support). Family support influences career development. These effects hold regardless of age. The results suggest emphasizing the informational role of social networks rather than the normative role with respect to age.
Beliefs about stressors alter stressors’ impact: Evidence from two experience-sampling studies
Authors: Daniels Kevin , Hartley Ruth , Travers Cheryl J.
Published: October 2006

Participants from two samples ( n = 31 human resources staff, n = 36 teachers) rated the extent to which they believed varying levels of a pre-defined stressor influenced positive affect, negative affect, and work performance. Participants then carried personal digital assistants for five working days, and provided data on levels of the pre-defined stressor and on momentary negative and positive affect. For both samples, momentary negative affect was more strongly associated with stressors for those participants who believed stressors caused them to feel greater negative affect. For both samples too, the association between participants’ momentary negative affect and average levels of stressors across the working week was moderated by beliefs concerning stressors’ impact on work performance.
The Horns of the Dilemma
Authors: Fronc Jennifer
Published: October 2006

In early twentieth-century New York City, newly opened black-owned cabarets and hotels became important sites of cultural production for African American musicians and artists. White New Yorkers also began to frequent these establishments—to dance, drink, and socialize with African Americans. New York City’s most influential antivice organization, the Committee of Fourteen, sent its undercover investigators out to gather information on “race mixing.” City officials had delegated remarkable powers to the Committee of Fourteen, and the Committee used its power to push New York City’s black bourgeoisie into making a precarious bargain. The controversy over black-owned drinking establishments trapped black leaders in an untenable position, as they were forced to engage in trade-offs in the quest for both social equality and economic self-sufficiency. Ultimately, this debate demonstrates the way race was used as a marker of morality and how segregation was imposed in a state with strong antidiscrimination laws.
Constructing Urban Expertise
Authors: Bocking Stephen
Published: October 2006

Between 1940 and 1970, the population of the Toronto metropolitan region increased rapidly. This imposed new infrastructure demands, particularly for sewer, water supply, and transportation systems, and encouraged comprehensive approaches to planning and flood control. Several forms of expertise emerged to guide responses to these demands, of which three are considered here: engineering of urban services, planning of new communities, and watershed conservation. Each form of expertise had close ties to public- or private-sector institutions; collectively, they reinforced prevailing views concerning the public interest and the role of technocratic expertise. They also demonstrated how a city’s expert and political orders could be constitutive of each other, with the planning and building of infrastructure by government and the private sector creating the contexts for applying expertise, which, in turn, justified expansion of the city’s administrative functions.
What You Want (and Do Not Want) Affects What You See (and Do Not See): Avoidance Social Goals and Social Events
Authors: Strachman Amy , Gable Shelly L.
Published: October 2006

Two studies examined the influence of approach and avoidance social goals on memory for and evaluation of ambiguous social information. Study 1 found that individual differences in avoidance social goals were associated with greater memory of negative information, negatively biased interpretation of ambiguous social cues, and a more pessimistic evaluation of social actors. Study 2 experimentally manipulated social goals and found that individuals high in avoidance social motivation remembered more negative information and expressed more dislike for a stranger in the avoidance condition than in the approach condition. Results suggest that avoidance social goals are associated with emphasizing potential threats when making sense of the social environment.
The Effects of a Parenting Prime on Sex Differences in Mate Selection Criteria
Authors: Millar Murray G. , Ostlund Nelse M.
Published: October 2006

This study tested an evolutionary hypothesis that the mere prospect of caring for a child will increase sex differences in human mate selection criteria. That is, women would adopt a stronger preference for socially dominant men when parenting had been primed and men would adopt a stronger preference for physically attractive women when parenting had been primed. Male and female university students were randomly assigned to be exposed to a parenting prime or a nonparenting prime. Following the priming procedure, participants rated the romantic appeal of a target person of the opposite sex. Exposure to the parenting prime, the target’s social dominance, and the target’s physical attractiveness were orthogonally manipulated. As predicted, women adopted a stronger mate preference for social dominance when parenting was at the forefront of the mind. Contrary to predictions, the parenting prime had no effect on men’s mate preference for physical attractiveness.
Sociocultural Determinants of HIV/AIDS Risk and Service Use Among Immigrant Latinos in North Carolina
Authors: Bowden W. Patrick , Rhodes Scott D. , Wilkin Aimee M. , Jolly Christine P.
Published: October 2006

Latinos in the United States have been disproportionately affected by the intersecting epidemics of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Using a community-based participatory research approach to problem identification, the objective of this study is to explore sociocultural determinants of HIV/AIDS risk and service use among immigrant Latino men living with HIV/AIDS in North Carolina. In-depth key-informant interviews with stake-holders ( n = 8) and Latino men living with HIV/AIDS ( n = 10) were conducted. Major themes identified among Latino men living with HIV/AIDS are misconceptions about HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, intracommunity discrimination against individuals living with HIV, and feared discovery of their undocumented status. Further research is needed to reduce HIV risk and improve access to medical services among Latino men living with HIV/AIDS.
Building sustainable neighbourhoods in South Africa: learning from the Lynedoch case
Authors: Swilling Mark , Annecke Eve
Published: October 2006

Urban development strategies that aim to eradicate poverty will only be successful if these strategies include ecological sustainability criteria relating to sanitation, solid waste removal, energy, building materials and food security.(1) This paper uses the Lynedoch EcoVillage development in Stellenbosch (near Cape Town) to demonstrate that this can result in a balance between growth, equity and sustainability without any one of these criteria being seen as less or more important. In practice, however, judgments need to be made, and original intentions are often thwarted by conditions as they emerge during the course of the development process. Lynedoch EcoVillage is a significant case because it is the first intentional, socially mixed ecologically designed urban development in the South African context. To this extent, the Lynedoch Development is a challenge to both the traditional unsustainable approaches to urban design and infrastructure that have dominated the democratic period in South Africa since 1994, and to the perpetuation of economic apartheid whereby the rich and poor have remained segregated.
The peri-urban water poor: citizens or consumers?
Authors: Allen Adriana , Dávila Julio D , Hofmann Pascale
Published: October 2006

Using the results of a comparative three-year research project in five metropolitan areas, this article reviews a range of practices in accessing water and sanitation by peri-urban poor residents and producers. It starts from the observation that neither centralized supply policies nor the market through, for example, large-scale profit-making enterprises are able to meet their needs. Although they are consumers insofar as they have no option but to pay market prices for water (and often for sanitation), the peri-urban poor are, in practice, sometimes regarded as citizens with basic entitlements such as the right to water. This article outlines a conceptual distinction between “policy-driven” and “needs-driven” practices in the access to peri-urban water and sanitation services. The case studies show that this access is mainly needs-driven and informal rather than the result of formal policies. The key to structural improvements in water and sanitation lies in the recognition of these practices and their articulation to the formal system under new governance regimes.
Aiding local action: the constraints faced by donor agencies in supporting effective, pro-poor initiatives on the ground
Authors: Crespin Julie
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the institutional and political constraints that inhibit multilateral and bilateral donor agencies supporting poverty reduction initiatives on the ground. These include the constraints related to their own structures and the political systems in which they are embedded, and those related to their relationships with recipient governments. The paper also considers how current trends in development assistance towards greater donor harmonization and the associated processes within Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), the shift from project support to budget support, and the drive for greater “efficiency” may further limit donors’ capacity to support pro-poor local initiatives. It also discusses how these trends in development assistance are marginalizing support for those aspects of development that require relatively little external funding but also require that this funding be used carefully and strategically, engaging directly with poor groups and their organizations, and enlarging their scope for influence and action.
Scope for bottom-up planning in Kolkata: rhetoric vs reality
Authors: Pal Anirban
Published: October 2006

This paper describes the process of metropolitan planning and decision making in Kolkata, India. Despite widespread belief that West Bengal has been a pioneer in democratic decentralization in India, this paper argues that the dominance of one political party and its hierarchical structure has thwarted the scope for effective bottom-up metropolitan planning in Kolkata. It questions the unchallenged dominance of partisan political actors in public decision making at the local level, and suggests a greater role for non-partisan and locally based civil society organizations. The case also demonstrates that these processes call for expertise in communicative people-centred practices and for shrewd strategic actors who understand the power dynamics of the wider political context. It highlights the need for policy makers to focus on the design of institutional mechanisms that allow for a more bottom-up approach to metropolitan planning through which to address common problems and define shared objectives.
The Veiled Muslim, the Anorexic and the Transsexual
Authors: Gressgård Randi
Published: October 2006

The Muslim woman wearing the veil, the female anorexic and the from-male-to-female transsexual constitute three different figures that, despite their striking differences, have a common symbolic ground. By focusing on the similarity between the veiled woman and the other two figures, the article sheds a different light on the debate about the Muslim veil in western societies. It is argued that the western notion of woman is based on a structural ambivalence of transcendence and immanence. On the one hand, woman is expected to be liberated, in control and active in public life and in all ways just as free as the man, on the other she represents a deficiency compared to the man; it is expected of her that she takes up a complementary, subordinate position in relation to the man. The subordinate position, however, is seldom pronounced. Officially, the gender hierarchy is not a part of egalitarian societies, that is, the modern configuration that formally rejects a hierarchical worldview. Is this the reason why the three figures are regarded as pathological? Does their way of demonstrating extraordinary transcendence combined with extraordinary immanence make them monstrous?