bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
КОММОДИФИКАЦИЯ ТОПОНИМИИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ МОСКВЫ В СОЦИОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТЕ
Authors: Соколова Татьяна Петровна
Published: December 2022

Практика именования и переименования объектов городского пространства (от спортивных стадионов и жилых комплексов до станций метрополитена) в современной Москве позволяет исследовать нейминг как арену экономической и социокультурной борьбы за урбанонимическое пространство. На примере Москвы представляется возможность выявить некоторые механизмы скрытого взаимодействия между различными группами, вовлеченными в процесс топонимической коммерциализации.  В частности, в статье раскрывается роль легендарных московских спортивных обществ и футбольных клубов, а также их влиятельных владельцев и деловых партнеров в трансформации городского пространства, в том числе языкового. Рассматриваются также  проблемы коммерческого нейминга жилых комплексов Москвы и стратегия «встраивания» искусственно созданных брендов в топонимический ландшафт современной столицы, выявляются последствия коммодификации, которая приводит к социальной поляризации, росту социальной напряженности и дисбалансу в развитии городского пространства Москвы.
Rehabilitasyon Psikolojik Danışmanlığı: Türkiye Uygulamalarının Temelleri: Engellilere Yönelik Damgalanmanın Açıklanması ve Ölçülmesi
Authors: KAYA Cahit
Published: December 2022

Bu makale, engelli insanlara yönelik damgalama ile ilgili teorik bilgiler ve bunlarla ilgili terimler hakkında tanıtım bilgisi sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Tutumlar, insanların tutum nesnesi hakkında ne düşündüklerini ve hissettiklerini etkileyen davranışsal, bilişsel ve duygusal bileşenlerden oluşur (Lee ve Rodda, 1994). Livneh, Chan ve Kaya (2012), engelli kişilerin olumsuz tutumlara maruz kaldığını belirtmiştir. Terim olarak damgalanma, olumsuz tutum ve algılarla eşitlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, literatür taraması yaparak, köken ve doğa, yapı (boyutlar ve bileşenler) itibariyle engellilere yönelik damgalanmayı etkileyen faktörler hakkında giriş niteliğinde bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca engelli insanlara yönelik tutumların ölçülmesi ile ilgili olarak göze çarpmayan davranışsal ölçümler, projektif teknikler, gizleme kullanılan teknikler ve fizyolojik yöntemler açıklanmıştır. Son olarak engellilere insanlara yönelik damgalanmayla ilgili olarak potansiyel araştırma konuları tartışılmıştır. Türkiye’de engellilerle yönelik olarak yürütülmüş , rehabilitasyon psikolojik danışmanlığı ile ilgili teorik ve araştırma çalışmaları azdır. Bu konuda daha fazla çalışma yapılması gerekmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu makalenin amacı, Türkiye’de rehabilitasyon psikolojik danışmanlık literatürüne engelli insanlara yönelik damgalama ile ilgili katkıda bulunmaktır.
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Geri Dönüşüme İlişkin Görüşleri
Authors: KOÇAK TUMER Bilge
Published: December 2022

Araştırmada okul öncesi öğretmenlerin hazırladıkları etkinliklerde geri dönüşüme yer verme durumlarına ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla nitel desen kullanılmıştır. Amaçlı örnekleme kullanılan araştırmaya çevre ile ilgili herhangi bir hizmet içi eğitim alan ya da herhangi bir çevre projesine katılan (N=5) ve almayan (N=5) okul öncesi öğretmenler dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılara 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılının ocak ayında görüşme tekniği kullanılarak ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda ölçme aracı olarak araştırmacının geliştirdiği yarı yapılandırılmış bir form kullanılmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler her öğretmen için ayrı ayrı kodlanarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde; okul öncesi öğretmenlerin geri dönüşüme ilişkin hazırladıkları etkinliklerden en fazla sanat ve Türkçe etkinliklerini kullandıkları ve en sık bu iki etkinliği bütünleştirdikleri, kavram olarak en sık zıt kavramları tercih ettikleri ve en sık zıt kavramları kullanmakta zorlandıkları belirlenmiştir. Okul öncesi öğretmenler geri dönüşüme ilişkin hazırladıkları etkinliklerde en sık kullandıkları yöntem ve teknikleri kitap okuma/dijital öykü ve deney olarak ifade etmişlerdir. Ayrıca, geri dönüşüme ilişkin hazırladıkları etkinliklerde en sık alan gezisi ve veli desteği gibi durumlarda zorlandıklarını, bu etkinliklerde en sık kâğıt ruloları, şişeler ve kapakları kullandıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Araştırmaya katılan okul öncesi öğretmenlerin tamamı geri dönüşüme ilişkin hazırlanan etkinliklerin en kolay 5-6 yaş grubunda uygulanabildiğini belirtmişlerdir.
Klarnetin Boş “Sol” Sesi İle On İkili Perde Sistemi “Si” Notasını Hızlandıracak Öneriler
Authors: ÇELİK Anıl
Published: December 2022

Tahta nefesli çalgılar grubundan olan klarnet, diğer çalgılarda olduğu gibi bazı aşamaları barındıran bir enstrümandır. Klarnete yeni başlayan kişilerde daha fazla gözlemlenen pasaj çalışması oldukça önemlidir. Gözlemlenen bazı sorunların ortadan kaldırılması için belirlenen nota geçişlerini kapsayan çalışma önerisi ile uygulamalı olarak zenginleştirilmiştir. Sorunların aşılabilmesi için bazı nota geçişlerini kapsayacak etüt ve çalışma önerisi bulmak oldukça zordur. Bu kapsam içinde klarnetin boş “Sol” sesi ve on ikili perde sistemindeki “Si” perde sisteminden kaynaklanan, geçiş zorluğu yaşanan problemlerin ortadan kaldırılması amaç edinilmiştir. Bir eseri ya da bir etüdü çalışırken, karşımıza çıkan çalışma önerilerini uygulayarak eseri çözümlemek, çalışma süresinin kısalacağı gibi kişinin daha kolay öğrendiğini de göstermiştir.Klarnette de öğretilen metotların ne kadar yarar sağladığı ve uygulama esnasında ne kadar verimli olduğunun tespiti yapılmıştır. Metotların istenilen verilere ulaşmada zorluk çekilmesi çalgı çalan kişilerin çözüm odaklı yazılan makale ve önerileri araştırması müzik yapma becerilerini geliştirdiği görülmektedir. Metotlar, öneriler ve etüt çalışmaları çalgı çalan kişilerin bireysel sorumluluğunda ilerleyecektir. Çalgı çalmadaki temel zorlukların en aza indirilmesi bireysel vicdanımızla eş zamanlıdır. Bir eseri ortaya çıkarırken üzerinde düşünülmesi gereken pasajların ve bu pasajların çalışma önerileri ile bütünleştirilmesi makalenin oluşmasındaki en önemli kriterdir. Karşımıza çıkacak teknik problemlerin en kısa sürede tespit ve çözümü için yazılan öneriler ve eser çalışması ile desteklenerek sürecin hızlandırılması sağlanmıştır.
Konsep Doa Sebagai Persembahan Hati Yang Murni Menurut St. Afrahat
Authors: Daeli Ngesti Febriani , Hendi Hendi
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article examines Afrahat's perspectives on the meaning of prayer, its purpose, and what can be found in prayer. This article employs a literary style based on the book Mid Fourth Century Demonstration IV on Prayer, which is backed up by other authors, Church Fathers, and biblical sources. Afrahat's perspective on the significance of prayer is perfect, according to the author's research. Afrahat underlined that prayer is more than just an inward desire for God; it also entails perfection and oneness in God. First and foremost, prayer is an offering to God made with a pure heart. The ideal prayer gift to God is a pure heart rather than a prayer that is spoken out. Second, humans retain purity of heart through prayer through forgiving others as a precondition for prayer. Finally, there are humans. can convey their desires to God by God's will. These three things aim to fully explain the meaning of the prayer of St. Afrahat.Keywords: prayer;offerings; heart; forgive; AfrahatAbstrakArtikel ini adalah sebuah ulasan pandangan Afrahat tentang arti doa, tujuan doa dan apa yang didapatkan di dalam doa. Artikel ini menggunakan metode literatur dengan landasan buku Mid Fourth Century Demonstration IV on Prayer yang didukung oleh pandangan penulis lain, Bapa-bapa Gereja serta teks-teks yang ada di dalam Kitab Suci. Dari berbagai pandangan tentang arti doa yang ditemukan penulis, pandangan Afrahat adalah kesempurnaannya. Afrahat menegaskan bahwa doa bukan hanya sebagai sikap batin yang menginginkan Tuhan tetapi mencakup penyempurnaan dan penyatuan di dalam Allah. Pertama, doa merupakan sebuah persembahan di hadapan Allah atas dasar hati yang murni. Hati yang murni menjadi sebuah persembahan terbaik di hadapan Allah ketika berdoa daripada doa yang diucapkan dengan lantang. Kedua, Melalui doa, manusia tetap menjaga kemurnian hati dengan mengampuni sesama sebagai pra-syarat doa. Ketiga, manusia dapat menyampaikan keinginannya kepada Tuhan atas kehendak Tuhan. Ketiga hal ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan secara lengkap arti doa dari St. Afrahat.Kata-kata kunci: Doa; Persembahan; hati; mengampuni; Afrahat
Pembenaran oleh Iman dalam Surat Roma dan Penerapannya bagi Pemberitaan Injil
Authors: Raharjo Christian Daniel , Santo Joseph Christ
Published: December 2022

Doktrin pembenaran oleh iman adalah doktrin yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan orang percaya. Namun tidak sedikit orang Kristen yang tidak memahami dengan benar doktrin ini. Jika pemahaman doktrin pembenaran ini tidak dipahami dengan benar, maka orang Kristen pun akan mengalami kesulitan dalam memberitakan Injil kepada orang yang belum percaya. Dalam artikel ini, peneliti mengambil topik pembenaran oleh iman yang diambil dari surat rasul Paulus kepada jemaat di Roma, untuk mencari tahu bagaimana konsep berpikir rasul Paulus dalam menjelaskan doktrin pembenaran oleh iman kepada orang-orang Kristen Yahudi dan non Yahudi pada waktu itu, sehingga dapat diterapkan dalam praktik pelayanan pemberitaan Injil di masa sekarang ini. Adapun yang menjadi problem riset artikel ini adalah doktrin pembenaran oleh iman menurut rasul Paulus sebagaimana yang ditulis dalam Roma 4:1-13, permasalahan dalam pemberitaan Injil yang benar dan murni, serta bagaimana menerapkan pemahaman doktrin pembenaran oleh iman dalam pelayanan pemberitaan Injil sekarang ini. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode biblikal-kontekstual, dengan menganalisis ayat-ayat dan literatur-literatur yang berkaitan dengan subyek penelitian ini. Kesimpulan peneliti dalam penelitian ini bahwa rasul Paulus menggunakan contoh bapa Abraham sebagai bukti bahwa seseorang dibenarkan Allah oleh karena imannya bukan karena perbuatannya, kebenaran yang Allah berikan ini lebih seperti hadiah, bukan sebagai hak yang diterima seseorang karena telah mengerjakan suatu kewajiban tertentu, dan sunat adalah tanda seorang telah dibenarkan, bukan suatu syarat agar seseorang dibenarkan Allah. Dari pemahaman tersebut, peneliti menerapkannya dalam upaya pelayanan pemberitaan Injil, baik dalam lingkungan jemaat internal maupun dalam masyarakat plural. Pengajaran yang dapat disampaikan yaitu, pertama, jika seseorang mengakui keteladanan iman Abraham seharusnya orang tersebut bisa mengakui kebenaran dari doktrin pembenaran oleh iman ini. Kedua, seseorang yang beriman kepada Kristus akan dibenarkan sebagaimana Abraham dibenarkan karena iman kepada Allah. Ketiga, segala perbuatan baik bukan sebagai syarat dibenarkan, melainkan sebagai pertanda bahwa seseorang telah menerima pembenaran dari Allah.
Makna Berdoa Menurut Injil Matius 7:7-11
Authors: Lase Nofanolo , Sumiwi Asih Rachmani Endang , Tamtomo Setyabudi
Published: December 2022

Berdoa adalah bagian yang tak terpisahkan dalam kehidupan orang percaya karena doa merupakan nafas bagi kehidupan orang Kristen namun sampai saat ini di dalam kehidupan orang percaya masih banyak terdapat masalah yang dialami baik dalam hal pengertian berdoa maupun dalam hal praktik tentang berdoa. Matius 7:7-11 memuat pengajaran Tuhan Yesus tentang berdoa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan makna berdoa menurut Injil Matius 7:7-11 dan mendapatkan aplikasinya bagi kehidupan orang percaya. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan pendekatan hermeneutika terapan dengan melakukan pencarian data yang diteliti dalam Matius 7:7-11. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: Pertama, berdoa menurut Injil Matius 7:7-11 adalah permintaan harus dilakukan dengan ketekunan dan dalam kehendak Tuhan, dilakukan terus menerus serta dalam segala keadaan. Kedua, aplikasinya adalah orang percaya harus membangun hubungan persekutuan dengan Tuhan, percaya sungguh-sungguh kepada Tuhan, dan melakukannya dalam segala keadaan.
The Effect of Lecithin and Horse Serum on the Hemolytic Action of Certain Peptones
Authors: Epstein Albert A.
Published: December 2022

In a preceding communication (1) it was shown that certain peptone fractions cause hemolysis and agglutination of different species of red blood cells. The peptones used in the tests were the individual fractions obtained by separation of Witte's peptone and those arising from the peptic digestion of casein. As stated there, corresponding peptone fractions from the two sources, possess similar properties, although in certain instances the reactions obtained differ in degree.

The hemolysis produced by the peptones is as follows:

Peptone B (Witte) hemolyzes ten species of red blood cells: Human beef, horse, goat, rabbit, guinea-pig, cat, dog, mouse and pig.

Peptone B (Casein) hemolyzes ten species of red blood cells: Human, beef, horse, goat, rabbit, guinea-pig, cat, mouse, goose and pig.

Peptone A (Witte) hemolyzes ten species of red blood cells: Human beef, horse, goat, sheep, rabbit, guinea-pig, dog, goose and pig.

Deuteroalbumose B (Witte) hemolyzes nine species of red blood cells: Human, beef, horse, goat, sheep, rabbit, guinea-pig, cat and goose.
Bacterial Cultures of Human Spleens Removed by Surgical Operation
Authors: Sellards Andrew Watson
Published: December 2022

In recent years, considerable evidence has accumulated which proves that bacteria can be cultivated from the unexposed tissues of the body, especially the lymphatic glands of normal men and the usual laboratory animals. In contrast to these findings, it was formerly assumed that the unexposed tissues of the body are sterile. Absolute freedom of the internal viscera from bacteria would constitute a rather remarkable relationship to our bacterial environment. When we consider the intimate contact of bacteria with skin and more especially the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract, it would be rather unexpected that these structures should form an absolute barrier against the entrance of bacteria. Consequently, it is not surprising to find a fairly definite flora present in the interior of the body under normal conditions.
Cells Involved in the Immune Response
Authors: Abdou Nabih I. , Richter Maxwell
Published: December 2022

Normal bone marrow antigen-reactive cells could be stimulated to commence the sequence of intracellular reactions characteristic of the afferent limb of the immune response by incubation with antigen in vitro in cell culture. Injection of these in vitro-stimulated bone marrow cells, along with antigen, into irradiated immunoincompetent recipients resulted in a reconstitution of the host's immune competence that was characterized by plaque-forming capacity in the spleen cells 7 days later. Recipients of cells irradiated following in vitro incubation with the antigen gave normal immune responses, whereas irradiation of the cells before in vitro incubation with the antigen completely suppressed the capacity of these cells to transfer immunocompetence. Bone marrow cells irradiated in vitro could exclude the trypan blue dye but failed to undergo blastogenesis and mitosis when cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin.

Data in support of the clonal selection theory, with respect to the antigen reactive cells (ARC) present in the normal rabbit bone marrow, were also presented. Precommitment of the ARC to one antigen could not be subverted even if the cells were incubated for 24 hr in vitro in the presence of a second non-cross-reacting antigen in high concentration. Therefore, the ARC is unipotential with respect to antigenic specificity.
A Sensitive, Colorimetric Method for the Measurement of Serum C1̄ Inactivator Using the Substrate N-α-Acetyl-L-Lysine Methyl Ester
Authors: Harpel Peter C.
Published: December 2022

A sensitive, colorimetric procedure for measuring the serum inhibitor of the first component of complement, C1̄ inactivator, has been developed. The assay, which is suitable for multiple determinations, is based on the inhibition by C1̄ inactivator of C1s̄-catalyzed hydrolysis of the synthetic ester substrate N-α-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester.

Whole serum or purified inhibitor stoichiometrically blocked the esterolytic activity of C1̄ up to 60% inhibition. The concentration of inhibitor in normal plasma was 41.5 ± 8.4 units/ml. Inhibitor was detectable in the sera of 9 of 13 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema at concentrations of 2% to 12% of normal. Spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate occurred in two patients, and the enzyme responsible was identified as C1̄.
The in Vitro Transfer of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Rhesus Monkey and Human Lymphocytes with Transfer Factor Obtained from Rhesus Monkey Peripheral White Blood Cells
Authors: Baram P. , Condoulis W.
Published: December 2022

Transfer factor activity has been demonstrated in the non-dialyzable portion of the peripheral white blood cell lysates of rhesus monkeys sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The transfer factor is capable of “sensitizing” rhesus monkey lymphocytes in vitro so that they are stimulated by KLH to increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The factor is also capable of sensitizing human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from KLH-sensitive monkeys upon stimulation with KLH show peak thymidine incorporation between 3 and 6 days. Lymphocytes sensitized with transfer factor show no stimulation to KLH at 3 days and in some experiments no stimulation is observed before 6 days. Human lymphocytes incubated with the transfer factor and KLH do not show increased thymidine incorporation before 9 days.
Effect of Phytohemagglutinin on Skin Allograft Survival in Mice
Authors: Stefani Stefano S. , Moore Clark D.
Published: December 2022

Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) given intraperitoneally effectively suppressed the rejection of skin allografts across the H-2 locus in mice. The administration of one large dose of PHA prior to grafting followed by small daily injections after grafting resulted in a 70% increase in graft survival in the C3H to C57 system and a 130% increase in the F1-hybrid to C57 system. This immunosuppressive effect was not accompanied by any mortality or apparent toxicity of PHA. Studies of the peripheral blood suggest that the suppressive activity of PHA in vivo is not dependent on a lymphopenic effect. PHA thus appears to be comparable to antilyphocytic serum in its effectiveness in suppressing allograft rejection without a direct correlation with lymphopenia and with no deaths in the treated animals. These observations lead to the speculation that combined ALS-PHA therapy may be desirable in preventing allograft rejection in the clinical situation.
Cellular Requirements for the Mitotic Response in Allogeneic Mixed Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Twomey J. J. , Sharkey O. , Brown J. A. , Laughter A. H. , Jordan P. H.
Published: December 2022

The mitotic response that occurs in mixed allogeneic leukocyte cultures does not occur in cultures of mixed allogeneic lymphocytes. The mitotic response in this system requires the presence of macrophages in either the stimulating or responding cell component. The optimal concentration of macrophages is slightly in excess of 1%. Lymphocytes were observed to cluster around some macrophages, which suggests that the participation of macrophages in the mixed leukocyte culture mitotic response involves lymphocyte-macrophage interaction by direct contact. However, an adequate concentration of macrophages does not, by itself, suffice to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes to divide. It is concluded that the mitotic response in mixed allogeneic leukocyte cultures requires a) mitotically responsive lymphocytes, b) a sufficient number of stimulating allogeneic cells, c) 1% or more macrophages and d) a period of 5 to 7 days of culture. These observations add further indirect evidence that the mitotic response in mixed leukocyte cultures is mediated through immunologic mechanisms.
Biologic Activities of Aggregated Immunoglobulin E
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Bennich Hans , Johansson S. Gunnar O.
Published: December 2022

Nonspecifically aggregated E myeloma protein induced erythema-wheal reactions in human and monkey skin but not in guinea pig skin. The minimum doses of the aggregated γE required to induce the reactions in the normal human and monkey skin were 1 ng N and 10 ng N, respectively. Monomer protein did not give such a skin reaction in any of the three animal species. Evidence was presented that combination of the aggregated γE with target cells, to which reaginic antibodies attach upon sensitization, is essential for induction of the skin reactions in the primates. Aggregated γG induced erythema-wheal reactions in all of the three animal species studied, but the minimal reactive dose of the aggregated γG was 200 to 500 times more than the dose of aggregated γE. E myeloma proteins sensitized monkey but not guinea pig skin for reversed type passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. In contrast, normal γG that had skin-sensitizing activity in the guinea pig failed to sensitize monkey skin.

Aggregated γE, which had skin reactivity in the primates, did not fix complement. Lack of complement fixation by the aggregated γE was confirmed by C1a and C3 fixation tests. Failure of aggregated γE to fix complement indicated that neither complement nor anaphylatoxin was involved in the mechanisms of reaginic hypersensitivity reaction by γE systems.
Univalent Antigen as Elicitor of Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Green James F. , Thielke Karen G. , Raffel Sidney
Published: December 2022

The capability of monovalent antigens with appropriate molecular characteristics to elicit dermal anaphylactic reactions has been reaffirmed. This report deals mainly with the demonstration in vitro, through the use of sucrose density gradients, that the monovalent antigen employed remains functionally monovalent in its reaction with antibody, under circumstances that mimic those in the body (i.e., in the presence of albumin). Through a study of the ability of preformed antigen-antibody complexes to elicit immediate anaphylactic reactions in normal animals, it was shown that monovalent antigen lacks this capacity, whereas a divalent or multivalent antigen forms such active complexes. This latter evidence furthers our contention that the monovalent antigen remains so functionally, and is unable to form complexes in vitro of composition appropriate for biologic activity upon injection into animals, and it also supports the thesis discussed that anaphylactic reactions may come about through a variety of pathways, of which interaction of a single (monovalent) antigen with antibody at cell surfaces, in the absence of complement, is one.
The Specificity of Tolerance Induction in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Goldman Maury , Leskowitz Sidney
Published: December 2022

Delayed sensitivity to the azobenzenearsonate (ABA) group in guinea pigs and rats may be suppressed by prior injection of ABA but not azobenzenephosphonate (ABP) conjugates. On the other hand, delayed sensitivity to the ABP group may be suppressed by both kinds of conjugate. This type of cross-reactivity between ABA and ABP groups is similar for reaction with antibody, delayed sensitivity and tolerance induction, thus indicating a similar recognition receptor for each process. The results suggest that in all these processes the binding site that recognizes the phosphanilate group is directed to the doubly-ionized, highly hydrated form, whereas that for the arsanilate group is specific for the singly ionized, less hydrated form. Suppression is more readily achieved by conjugates of polytyrosine than by conjugates of bovine serum albumin, which is probably indicative of the greater number of ABA and ABP-tyrosine determinants formed in the former relative to the latter type of carrier.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with γG Antibodies
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

Mast cells collected from certain mouse strains (e.g., A, C57BL) were shown to be significantly less susceptible than those collected from other strains (e.g., C3H, DBA/2) to in vitro passive anaphylactic sensitization by purified anti-hapten antibodies. Antibodies of isologous, homologous and heterologous (rat) origin were used with identical results. No relation between the presence or absence of a complement component (MuB1 Ag, C5) and susceptibility to sensitization was found, and no clear pattern of inheritance of this characteristic could be demonstrated.
Production of Hypersensitivity in the Neonatal Mouse
Authors: Hargis Betty J. , Malkiel Saul
Published: December 2022

When the neonatal mouse is injected intravenously with a single dose of antigen, followed next day by an intravenous injection of Bordetella pertussis phase I vaccine, the following events take place: a) blast cells and foci of mitotic activity are seen in the spleen and thymus, and antibody-producing cells are detectable by the Jerne plaque technique by the 4th day of age; b) marked anaphylactic sensitivity does not become evident until the 5th week, and then persists at a maximum to the 10th week of age; and c) the anaphylactic sensitivity is not correlated with 19S or 7S antibody, precipitating antibody or antigen-binding capacity of the serum.
Biosynthesis and Assembly of Immunoglobulin in Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Moav Boaz , Harris T. N.
Published: December 2022

In cells of an antibody-synthesizing lymph node, newly synthesized soluble polypeptides were shown to represent 80% to 85% of the proteins in the post-mitochondrial supernatant. The presence of free light chains and free heavy chains was detected after a short pulse with radioactive amino acids and gel filtration in 1 M propionic acid. Free light chains were also observed by gel filtration in neutral buffers without detergents. Part of the free light and heavy chains detected in the cell at low pH or in the presence of detergents (SDS) could have been a result of the dissociation of IgG molecules or intermediates with an incomplete set of covalent inter-chain disulfide bonds.

Light chains could be dissociated even from secreted IgG molecules by using 1 M propionic acid or hydrochloric acid, but not PBS. This dissociation occurred without reducing agents, suggesting that the S-S bonds between light and heavy chains are formed later than the disulfide bond between the two heavy chains.

Nascent polypeptide chains were released from ribosomes within the cells by adding puromycin to the cell suspension after a short pulse with radioactive amino acids. The release of completed native peptides was reduced by the simultaneous addition of streptovitacin or cycloheximide with puromycin, but this yielded an increased fraction of nascent peptides in the total population of polypeptides released after a short pulse. Incomplete heavy chains were detected after this treatment by gel filtration of the released material in 1 M propionic acid and subsequent immunologic analysis on specific immunoadsorbents.
In Vitro IgM Antibody Synthesis by Human Tonsil-Derived Lymphocytes
Authors: Sloyer John L. , Veltri Robert W. , Sprinkle Philip M.
Published: December 2022

Lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils were cultured in vitro with either Sabin poliovirus-2 or polyvalent Salk vaccine. Specific antibody was demonstrated in culture fluids after 7 days incubation. The specific antibody was found to be of the IgM class as determined by selective adsorption with monospecific antiserum to human IgM and by an indirect blocking fluorescent antibody technique. The production of this specific antibody was dependent on DNA synthesis 3 days before the detection of specific antibody. Suppression of specific IGM antibody production was caused by actinomycin-D or mitomycin-C when added simultaneously with antigen. However, when the inhibitors were added 72 hr after antigen treatment, only the actinomycin-D was effective in suppressing specific antibody production.
The Relationship of Binding Affinity to b4 Allotype in Rabbit Anti-Dinitrophenyl Antibody
Authors: Fontana Silvia , Manzo Ciro , Zappacosta Serafino
Published: December 2022

The b4:b- ratio has been studied in anti-DNP antibody populations of different affinities, obtained from b4b4 rabbits immunized with DNP185-KLH. The average intrinsic association constant (K0) as well as the b4 percentage were determined in fractions of antibodies obtained by the subsequent addition to serum of limiting amounts of DNP45-BGG. In two reported experiments the sera of two lots of animals bled at several intervals of time after the initial injection of immunogen were pooled, in order to have a wide range of combining affinities. In a third experiment, the whole antibody of single bleedings, taken at the same intervals of time from individual animals, was isolated by means of a DNP-lysine-Sepharose adsorbent. In one of these rabbits the antibody was fractionated by the addition of antigen to each bleeding, in order to study higher affinity populations.

An exponential relationship between antibody binding affinity and b4 light chain content was found in both types of experiments. Results reported in this paper show: a) an absolute increase in b4 (or κ) light chains in the pool of rabbit antibody populations during the maturation of the immune response and, conversely, a decrease in b- (or λ) chains, b) the coexistence, in the serum of immune animals, of several quite discrete populations of b+ molecules of different binding properties, the relative proportions of which vary with the time of immunization, c) the probable existence of a lower level of average binding affinity in b- than in b+ molecules.
Position of the Selective Peptic Cleavage of a Human κ-Chain between the Vκ and Cκ Domains
Authors: Seon Byeong-Kuk , Grossberg Allan L. , Roholt Oliver A. , Pressman David
Published: December 2022

Solomon and McLaughlin (1) and Karlsson et al. (2) reported that enzymatic digestion of Bence Jones proteins and light chains yields fragments corresponding to the variable and constant portions. The determination of the exact position(s) of the cleavage point(s) appears to be particularly important with regard to the domain hypothesis (3). Recently, Karlsson et al. reported the enzymatic cleavage point of a λ-chain to be in the region between residues 103 and 112 (4). However, the position of the selective enzymatic cleavage in κ-chains has not been reported. The latter represent the majority of human light chains (5). In the present communication we report the exact position of the selective peptic cleavage of a κ-type Bence Jones protein.

In previous communications (6, 7) we reported that the variable half fragment and the constant half fragment resulting from limited peptic digestion of intact (no prior reduction-alkylation) κ-type Bence Jones proteins differed greatly in their subsequent digestibility at different temperatures.
Immunoregulatory α-Globulin: Failure to Inhibit Antibody Response When Administered after Antigen Exposure
Authors: Glasgow A. H. , Menzoian J. O. , Cooperband S. R. , Nimberg R. B. , Schmid K. , Mannick J. A.
Published: December 2022

There exists in the serum α-globulins an immunosuppressive factor(s) which was first described by Kamrin (1), and subsequently separated chromatographically by Mowbray (2), and by our laboratories (3, 4). This factor has been demonstrated to prolong skin grafts (3) and to inhibit antibody formation (5, 6). We have also found that this factor inhibits lymphocyte proliferation induced in vitro by both mitogens and antigens (4). We have recently found that the active factor is a polypeptide(s) which migrates electrophoretically with, and may be bound to, an α-globulin protein(s) (7). We have called the active material “immunoregulatory α-globulin” (IRA).4

The mechanism of action of this immunosuppressive factor remains to be determined. Studying mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes in tissue culture, we have observed that the IRA is not suppressive if this agent is added after the lymphocytes have become activated (8). This observation suggests that the IRA acts upon the early events involved in antigen recognition.
Alternate Pathway of C Activation in Guinea Pig Serum: Characterization of Cofactors
Authors: Hadding U. , Dierich M. , König W. , Limbert M. , Schorlemmer U. , Bitter-Suermann D.
Published: December 2022

In the case of human serum, factors of the alternate pathway (C3-proactivator (C3PA), properdin, hydrazine-sensitive factor, C3PA-ase) have been characterized or functionally defined and others have been postulated, but only C3PA has been isolated from guinea pig serum. Starting from guinea pig serum without zymosan adsorption properdin was purified by five chromatographic steps, preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAA) and ultracentrifugation. The main problem was the removal of contaminating γ2-globulins, which was achieved only by the last two isolation procedures. The purified properdin was excluded on a Sephadex G-200 column, had a s-rate of 5.2S, an isoelectric point of pH 8.6, and an electrophoretic mobility of a γ1-protein. In dose-response experiments the properdin-dependence of the C3-turnover was demonstrated for the following inducing substances: zymosan, inulin, γ1-immune aggregates, endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS-S, LPS-R, Lipid-A), pneumococcal polysaccharides S III and the newly tested dextran sulfate. Cobra venom factor (CVF) acted independently of properdin.
Role of C3 Proactivator and CVF in the Formation of a C3-Cleaving Enzyme
Authors: Cooper Neil R.
Published: December 2022

On addition of a 150,000 m.w. protein from CVF to serum, the alternate C pathway is activated at the step involving C3. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugal studies reveal that a C3-cleaving principle having a sedimentation (S) rate of 8 to 9S is formed; immunochemical and radiochemical studies indicate that this C3-cleaving enzyme is a complex of C3 proactivator (C3PA) and CVF. This complex may also be identified by its characteristic mobility on immunoelectrophoretic analysis of CVF treated serum with antiserum to C3PA or CVF. On addition of CVF at less than equimolar CVF:C3PA ratios, part of the C3PA may be demonstrated in complex with CVF while the remaining serum C3PA is cleaved, presumably as a result of C3PA-CVF complex induced formation of an activated hydrazine-sensitive factor (HSFa) from C3. Isolated C3PA and CVF also form a firm complex demonstrable on sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or Sephadex G-200 chromatography; however, an additional protein, termed factor D, is also required.
C1 Proesterase (C1s): Purification, Molecular Properties and Activation
Authors: Sakai Kouko , Stroud Robert M.
Published: December 2022

Purified C1s was obtained from fresh heparinized plasma by precipitation at a relative salt concentration (RSC) of 0.04 and pH 7.4 in the presence of 0.06 M l-lysine, followed by solubilization upon suspending the euglobulin in 0.02 M EDTA, 0.005 M l-lysine (pH 7.5, RSC 0.04). The supernatant was subjected to DEAE-cellulose column chromatography for final purification. These C1s preparations have a specific hemolytic activity which is 20 to 30 times lower than and a slower electrophoretic mobility on agar at pH 8.6. Reduction of resulted in two major subunits with m.w. of 36,000 and 77,000 as estimated by SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis. On the other hand, C1s was found to have only one chain after reduction. Amino acid and complete carbohydrate composition of both forms were similar. Preliminary ultracentrifugal analysis showed an S rate of 3.7 for C1s.

The majority of the C1s preparations spontaneously activate during several hours incubation at 37°C.
Role of C3b in Breakdown of C3 in Hypocomplementaemic Mesangiocapillary Nephritis (MCGN)
Authors: Peters D. K. , Williams D. G. , Charlesworth J. , Lachmann P. J.
Published: December 2022

Serum from patients with hypocomplementemic MCGN is known to be capable of breaking down C3 in normal human serum (NHS), but is without effect on pure C3. Previous experiments have established that C3 breakdown is the result of the generation of a nephritic C3 convertase by a reaction between a factor—the C3 nephritic factor (C3 NeF)—present in MCGN sera, and a factor or factors present in NHS but evidently depleted from MCGN sera.

A series of experiments was carried out with either MCGN sera or partly purified C3 NeF fractions to examine the mechanism of generation of nephritic C3 convertase. Reagents deficient in, or depleted of, known components of the classical or alternate pathway were studied for their capacity to generate nephritic C3 convertase.

Nephritic convertase was generated in C2-deficient, and C4- and C2-depleted (HAE) serum, but not in C3-depleted NHS.
Binding Properties of the Human C Protein Clq
Authors: Sledge Carlos R. , Bing David H.
Published: December 2022

The interaction between purified human C1q and immunoglobulins was quantitatively measured by determining the ability of IgG, IgM, and (FC)5 µ to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled C1q to an IgM-Sepharose complex. On a molar basis monomeric IgM was 18 times more effective than monomeric IgG in binding C1q. The following inhibition constants were determined: IgM = 6.42 × 10-6 M; (FC)5 µ = 4.35 × 10-6 M; and IgG = 1.10 × 10-4 M. The heat aggregation of IgM and IgG increased the ability of these proteins to bind 125I-labeled C1q but had no significant effect on the binding properties of (FC)5 µ. 1,4-Diaminobutane was shown to bind directly to C1q, thereby inhibiting the interaction between C1q and IgM. The binding between 125I-labeled C1q and the IgM-Sepharose complex was inhibitable with various small m.w. diamino compounds. The most potent inhibitor studied was 2,5-diaminotoluene.
Complement Activation by Lysozyme-DNA Complexes
Authors: Willoughby W. F. , Ford R. T. , Shin H. S.
Published: December 2022

The lysozymes are a closely related family of enzymes (m.w., 15,000; pI, 11.2) which occur naturally in mammalian saliva, tears and serum, avian egg white and certain bacteriophages. In this study, egg-white lysozyme (EWL) was found to form saltlike complexes with double-stranded calf thymus DNA (M-DNA), single-stranded DNA (S-DNA), and yeast RNA at physiologic pH and ionic strength. All three nucleic acid (NA) preparations were capable of forming insoluble precipitates with EWL; addition of increasing amounts of NA to a constant amount of EWL gave a precipitin-type curve, with a zone of optimal precipitation being observed, followed by a marked inhibition of precipitation in a region of NA excess.

Fixation of whole guinea pig C by EWL-S-DNA (but not by EWL-N-DNA or EWL-RNA) complexes was demonstrated by quantitative hemolytic assay. In a typical experiment, complexes of S-DNA (200 µg) and EWL (1 mg) fixed 12/15 CH50 units (80%), while identical amounts of S-DNA and EWL individually fixed only 1.5 (10%) and 0.5 (3.3%) CH50 units, respectively.
Characterization of an Inhibitor of the Fixation of C1 on Immunoglobulin G Produced by “Sensitized” Lymphocytes
Authors: Fridman Wolf H. , Nelson Robert A. , Liabeuf André
Published: December 2022

“Sensitized” lymphocytes from rats, mice, and human beings were cultured in the presence of the immunizing antigen for 24 hr in a serum-free system. Under these conditions the lymphocytes released a soluble factor which prevented the combination of C1 with antigen-IgG complexes. This factor prevented the fixation of guinea-pig C1, as well as the fixation of rat, human and hamster C1. The fixation of C1 on antigen-IgM complexes was not blocked. After purification of this factor from rat lymphocytes, it was shown to have a m.w. of about 150,000, a sedimentation constant of 7S, an electrophoretic mobility of a γ-globulin and an isoelectric point of 6.30. It was remarkably stable both at 56°C and over a wide range of pH values. When used either in a soluble purified state or as a complex with antigen-IgG antibody it did not combine with non-aggregated IgG in the fluid phase, nor did it destroy C1 in serum.
Studies on C Binding to Immunoglobulin
Authors: Capel Peter , Pondman Karel W.
Published: December 2022

7S IgG1 myeloma protein coupled to Sepharose 4B is used for demonstration of C component fixation to 7S immunoglobulin with fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled specific anti-C antibodies. While evaluation of results with normal immunofluorescence techniques is difficult, this is considerably improved by using a homogeneous partition of protein on Sepharose particles with smooth surface and a photoelectric cell coupled to the microscope. Relevant details of the method will be communicated.

It will be shown further that monomolecular layers of IgG1 cover each Sepharose surface when 1 mg IgG1/ml of packed Sepharose is coupled. Any further coupling of IgG1 limits accessibility of the G antigenic sites of the molecule. C component or fragment fixation experiments with optimally bound IgG1 and diluted human serum and anti-C1q, -C4, -C3B and -C3c show specific fluorescence for C1q, C4 and C3c. Specific C3B fluorescence is negative. With purified C1-esterase, C4 is placed on Sepharose-coupled IgG1.
C Activation in Vitro in Serum of a Patient with Focal Glomerulonephritis and Recurrent Upper Respiratory Infections
Authors: Day Noorbibi K. , Good Robert A.
Published: December 2022

Recently a unique, previously undescribed, form of C activation has been observed in a patient with recurrent upper respiratory infections and focal glomerulonephritis. At 0°C, there is a dramatic drop of hemolytic C, C3 and properdin associated with conversion of C3 to C3a and C3b within 6 hr. At 37°C, these changes are less apparent. Conversion of isolated human 125I C3 occurs when the patient's serum previously left at 0°C for 6 hr is incubated with 125I C3 overnight in the cold. Similar observations were not evident with normal human serum. While conversion of C3PA occurs only when fresh serum is treated with inulin and not after incubation at 0°C, conversion of C3PA occurs with activated hydrazine factor (HSFa) in fresh and cold incubated serum. The enzyme (FMC) responsible in the patient's serum is heat labile (56°C, 30 min), is inhibited by heparin 25 units/ml, and is activated by the patient's IgA.
Anti-C Effects of Two Anti-Inflammatory (AI) Agents, Niflumic and Flufenamic Acids
Authors: Harrity Thomas W. , Goldlust Marvin B.
Published: December 2022

Two anthranilic acid type AI agents, niflumic acid (Nif) and its benzene analog, flufenamic acid (Flu), were examined for anti-C activity in vitro. The effects of these agents were examined in kinetic assays of the uptake of C1̄, C2, C3, and C5 by sensitized red cells (EA) at 25°C with isolated guinea pig C components. Flu was consistently more inhibitory than Nif at comparable concentrations in the test systems studied. Nif, Flu and phlorizin (Pz), each at 9 × 10-4 M, decreased the rates of uptake of C components (site formation) by EA-C complexes as shown in Table I.

At 9 × 10-4 M, Flu prevented the activation of C2 by EAC1̄4 by 68%. Neither C3 nor C5 activation was affected by the agents. 5 reactivity was decreased by Nif (8%) and Flu (68%) at 9 × 10-4 M at 25°C, while Pz had no effect.
Reversible Super-Activation of IgM-Sensitized EAC1 at Low Temperature
Authors: Linscott W. D.
Published: December 2022

IgM-sensitized EAC1 are known to bind less C4 in the cold than at higher temperatures, yet the C4 bound in the cold is more efficient hemolytically than that fixed at 37°C. It has now been determined that when IgM-sensitized EAC1 are placed at 0°C they undergo a progressive “super-activation,” during which there is a pronounced increase in their ability to fix C4 in a hemolytically competent configuration. Upon return to 20°C or 30°C this activated state is rapidly lost, but can be regained upon transfer back to the cold. Once C4 has been fixed to a cell, its competent or incompetent status is unaffected by subsequent temperature changes or removal and replacement of C1. A low ionic strength buffer is essential to the above experiments to prevent C1 dissociation at 0°C.
Opsonization (OP) of Boiled Bakers' Yeast Particles (Y) and Phagocytosis (PH) by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN)
Authors: Nilsson Ulf , Wyman Susanne , Gall Eric
Published: December 2022

PH of Y or 125I-labeled Y was quantitated microscopically and radioactively. An average of 4.05 ± 0.3 Y/PMN (170,000 cpm) was ingested in the presence of normal human serum (NS) diluted 1:20; whereas only 1.45 ± 0.3 Y/PMN (70,000 cpm) were ingested in the absence of NS. OP was unaffected by heating NS at 50°C for 30 sec or after adsorption of NS with Y. OP was reduced by 48% in the presence of 0.005 M EDTA or EGTA, by 60% after heating of NS at 56°C for 30 min, and by 42% after treatment of NS with 1 M KCNS (KCNS-ser). A 45% reduction of OP was also seen in C5-deficient (5DS) (Miller and Nilsson) as well as in C7-deficient (7DS) human serum (Boyer, to be published). OP was fully restored in the following recombinations: (5DS + C5), (7D5 + C7), (5DS + 7DS), (KCNS-ser + C3 + C5); but not in the following recombinations: (5DS + C7), (7DS + C5), (KCNS-ser + C3), (KCNs-ser + C5).
Lupus Erythematosus: Comparison of Functional Activities vs Protein Concentrations of C3 and C4, Antinuclear Antibody Levels, and Skin Immunofluorescence
Authors: Schultz D. R. , Jackson A. L. , Dobes W. L. , Krapohl N. J. , Young D. A.
Published: December 2022

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an immunemediated disease which may feature profound degenerative and inflammatory reactions. Sera and biopsy specimens from patients with LE were tested in four different assays. Serum C3 and C4 levels were measured by functional hemolytic titrations and by quantification in radial immunodiffusion plates by using antisera to β1C/β1A and C4 (β1E). Antinuclear antibody (ANA) levels were determined by an indirect immunofluorescent method with mouse fibroblast cells and conjugated anti-IgG (kappa and lambda) antiserum. Skin immunofluorescence (SI) was determined with biopsy material from involved and uninvolved skin areas, with conjugated monospecific anti-IgG, IgM, IgA, and β1C/β1A antisera.

The results showed a significant number of patients with normal C3 and C4 protein values, but decreased functional hemolytic titers (28%). A smaller group of patients had depressed C3 and C4 protein values but normal functional hemolytic activities.
The Properdin System: Identification of a Factor Activated by Zymosan Which Interacts with Properdin to Convert C3
Authors: Spitzer R. E. , Stitzel A. E.
Published: December 2022

Human serum contains a substance which is activated by zymosan and which will mediate the conversion of C3 at 37°C. This factor has been isolated in its activated form and purified to the extent that it gives a single band in acrylamide gel and an antiserum which is monospecific. The activated factor has a marked anodal migration in acrylamide gel, is an α-globulin with an approximate m.w. of 70,000, is stable to heating to 50°C and treatment with 0.15 M hydrazine and will fix to zymosan or an immune precipitate at 0°C. In a concentration of approximately 5 × 10-3 µg/ml, this activated factor will effect a 90% reduction in C3–C9 hemolytic activity of normal serum at 37°C accompanied by conversion of C3 and cleavage of C3PA. The activated factor fails, however, to reduce significantly the C3–C9 hemolytic activity of an properdin-depleted reagent (RP); addition of purified properdin isolated from serum by TEAE and carboxymethyl cellulose Sephadex chromatography restores this ability.
DNP-Antigens Activate the Alternate Pathway of the Complement System
Authors: König Wolfgang , Bitter-Suermann Dieter , Dierich Manfred , Limbert Michael , Schorlemmer Hans-Ulrich , Hadding Ulrich
Published: December 2022

Dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) preparations activate C3 via the alternate pathway of the complement system depending on the grade of DNP substitution. This potency seems to be due to the polyanionic character of DNP-HSA and thus resembles in its behavior other polyanions.