bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REGENERACIÓN DE PLANTAS DE Agave marmorata Roelz EN SISTEMAS DE INMERSIÓN TEMPORAL, MEDIANTE ORGANOGÉNESIS Y EMBRIOGÉNESIS SOMÁTICA
Authors: Martinez-Martinez Sandra Yarenssy , Arzate-Fernandez Amaury Martin , Álvarez-Aragon Carlos , Martínez-Velasco Irene , Norman-Mondragon Thomas
Published: August 2022

Background. The genus Agave has social, cultural, environmental and economic importance in Mexico. Approximately 15 species of agave are used as raw material for the production of mezcal, among them is the Agave marmorata Roelz, which is considered the longest-lived agave for the preparation of this drink because its maturation period ranges from 20 to 35 years. Agave plant tissue culture is a technique that allows obtaining plants by organogenesis (O) and / or somatic embryogenesis (ES) in a short period of time. The quality and quantity of plants propagated by these methods can be favored with the use of Temporary Immersion Systems (SIT). Objective. Establish a protocol for the regeneration of A. marmorata seedlings in SIT, with the methods of direct organogenesis and indirect somatic embryogenesis. Methodology. Two regeneration methods, direct organogenesis and indirect somatic embryogenesis, were evaluated. For the first, the effect of the frequency and number of explants grown in SIT in the sprouting and growth stages of the explant was determined. For the second, the effect of the number of explants grown in SIT on the percentage of germination and the growth rate of somatic embryos was evaluated. Results. The best treatment in the sprouting stage was obtained with 80 explants grown in SIT with an immersion frequency of 8 h and an immersion time of 2 min, with 84% sprouting and 17.5 sprouts / explant of 1 cm in height. The best growth of the explants originated from direct organogenesis was obtained with 180 cultured explants per flask with an immersion frequency of 8 hours and an immersion time of 2 min. On the other hand, in the somatic embryogenesis method, the highest percentage of embryo germination (62.2%) was achieved with 80 somatic embryos cultured in SIT with an immersion frequency of 8 hours. Implications. The results of this research contribute to a better understanding of the regeneration process of direct organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in temporary immersion systems. This can help to scale the system commercially and to conserve germplasm. Conclusions. It was possible to establish an effective protocol for the regeneration of agave seedlings.
THE SCOPE AND CONSTRAINTS OF HOMEGARDENS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW
Authors: Rajagopal Indumathi , Sánchez Jesús Axayácatl Cuevas , Del Moral Julio Baca , Montejo Diana Ayala , Hernández Teodoro Gómez , Lozano José Luis Romo
Published: August 2022

Background. Considering the current importance of recognizing the potential of traditional agroecosystems, including homegardens in the sustainable development of many rural and urban communities, strategists and scientists around the world are showing increasing interest in their study. Objective. Analyze the scientific literature relevant to the scope and constraints of homegardens (HGs), and to identify gaps and research perspectives, especially for indigenous communities in Mexico. Methodology. A total of 335 studies published in the last decades (1986-2020) were collected from different databases using predefined keywords. All publications were organized and stored in the Zotero (2018) program. The trends of all the publications were analyzed using NVivo 12 Plus software. Results. The number of publications increased from the year 2000. About 70% of the publications analyzed were research articles in english. Of the total studies examined 239 (71.35%) were conducted in different parts of the world, of which 30% from Asia and the remaining 96 (28.65%) from Mexico, primarily in tropics. Most of these studies focused on ecological (62.98%), economic (20.29%), cultural (13.43%), social (7.46%) and multifunctional features (12.23%) of HGs. The same pattern was identified in the case of Mexico, with studies of 10.74%, 5.07%, 5.67%, 0.597%, and 3.58% focused on ecological, economic, cultural, social and the multifunctionality features of HGs respectively. Implications. The analysis of the scope and limitations of HGs contributes to identifying the need to carry out transdisciplinary research that reflects their whole dynamics as agroecosystems, in which, in addition to the ecological environment, there are various cultural aspects considered important in the indigenous communities of Mexico. Conclusions. The publications emphasized the importance of homegardens to provide multiple ecosystem functions and services to enhance human well-being. However, future research should reevaluate HGs based on a holistic multi-functional agriculture approach to promote them as one of the strategies conducive to improve family well-being. Also, it is suggested to evaluate the degree of sustainability of HGs based on its resilience and adaptation capacity to confront current challenges.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas L.) MONOCROPS VERSUS INTERCROPS IN THE SEMI-ARID KATUMANI, KENYA
Authors: Mbayaki Caleb Wangira , Karuku George Njomo
Published: August 2022

Background: Sweet potato producers in Kenya practice either sole cropping of or relay cropping and rarely do intercropping which aims at maximizing on time and space. Objective. To assess the relative performance of sweet potato under various cropping systems. Methodology: This study was conducted in Katumani, Kenya for two seasons; 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The treatments comprised of sole cropping of Kabode, sole cropping of Bungoma, Kabode + common bean, Bungoma + common bean, and sole cropping of common beans (Mwezi mbili) were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 3 replications. Monocropped sweet potato and beans served as the control treatment. Weather data, leaf area, leaf area index, vine length, and percent canopy cover were collected throughout the cropping period. The data were analysed by a two-way ANOVA at 0.05% significance level followed by a Pearson’s correlation analysis on the extent to which length of vines, percent canopy cover, leaf area index, and weather parameters; ETo, aridity index, and rainfall influenced the attained tuber yields. Results: Intercropping significantly (p < 0.05) reduced sweet potato yields of Kabode and Bungoma varieties by 19.3% and 44%, respectively. Monocropped Kabode yielded 31.4 t ha-1, significantly (p< 0.05) higher than monocropped Bungoma with 23.9 t ha-1 whereas their common bean intercrops yielded 26.2 t ha-1 and 18.1 t ha-1,respectively. Correlation analysis showed that rainfall, ETo, LAI, vine length, and percent canopy cover negatively affected tuber yields. Implication: Land equivalent ratio revealed that intercropping sweet potato varieties with common beans was biologically efficient and that the percentage of the land saved averagely ranged from 8% to 33%. More studies should be conducted to determine the extent of sweet potato allelopathy on companion crops and nutrient use under intercropping systems. Conclusion: Yield stability analysis showed that orange-fleshed Kabode was the most stable variety across seasons to be grown in Katumani.
EFECTO DE POLVOS VEGETALES EN EL GORGOJO MEXICANO (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman) Y SU DAÑO A GRANOS ALMACENADOS DE FRIJOL LIMA (Phaseolus lunatus L.)
Authors: Bautista-Sosa Nahaiby , Góngora-Gamboa Cristian , Chan-Canché Ricardo , Ballina-Gómez Horacio , González-Mendoza Daniel , Ruiz Sánchez Esau
Published: August 2022

Background. Plant powders are ecological agents for pest management in grains stored by small-scale farmers. Objective. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant powders of leaves of basil (Ocimum basilicum), spearmint (Mentha spicata), wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides) and rue (Ruta graveolens) on the mortality, repellency and infestation of Zabrotes subfasciatus in stored grains of Phaseolus lunatus. Methodology. The plant powders were applied at concentration of 1% (weight/weight) to grain samples stored in plastic containers and subsequently the grains were infested with Z. subfasciatus adults. Results. The powder of C. ambrosioides caused 96% and 100% mortality in Z. subfaciatus adults at 2 and 4 days after exposure, respectively. The powder of C. ambrosioides caused a decrease in oviposition and progeny production.  The powder of C. ambrosioides completely prevented the damage to the grain. Plant powders of the other species had minimal repellent effects. Implication. Plant powders represent a feasible alternative to manage pest insects of stored grain. Conclusion. The powder of C. ambrosioides prevents damage by Z. subfasciatus in stored grains of P. lunatus.
PALMA DE ACEITE, RECONVERSIÓN PRODUCTIVA Y RESPUESTAS CAMPESINAS EN EL USO DEL SUELO
Authors: Isaac Márquez Ricardo , Sima Bojórquez Geremias Ezequiel , Ayala Arcipreste María Esther
Published: August 2022

Background: Oil palm is the highest economic value plantation crop in the tropics and its rapid expansion is a controversial topic around the world. In Mexico, 85% of the national production comes from plantations of small producers, they are mainly rural landholders from “ejido” communities. The way in which the peasants have carried out the productive reconversion of their lands is important to understand the social and environmental impacts associated with oil palm cultivation. Objective: The process of oil palm productive reconversion, its implications on land use and the associated impacts in terms of job and income generation, is described through the case study of a peasant community located in the state of Campeche with more than 20 years of experience working the crop. Methodology: Two surveys were applied to the community. One with a socioeconomic focus and the other with a productive approach. The former was applied to a representative sample of households (n = 60), and the latter to a representative sample of palm growers (n = 20). The first survey was aimed to describe the role of oil palm has played as a source of jobs and income, while the second focused on describing the process of productive reconversion, its implications on land use and management practices of rural plantations. The results obtained were analyzed in a participatory manner in a focus group organized in the community. Results: Oil palm is the main source of employment for half of the families in the community. Households with oil palm plantations have an income 2.7 times higher than the community average. The productive reconversion has been carried out on previously deforested lands for extensive cattle ranching and has slowed down the praderization of peasant plots. Oil palm plantations have low technology, low use of labour and inputs, and low productivity. Implications: Oil palm has become the most important land use second only to extensive cattle ranching. The farmers have important limitations that prevent them from the consolidation of the crop, which in the medium term may compromise its continuity. This would represent a high opportunity cost since oil palm has become the main productive activity that generates income and jobs in the community. Conclusion: In social terms, oil palm has proven to be effective and improve the living conditions of producers and their families, meanwhile in environmental terms it has not generated deforestation. There are important windows of opportunity to increase the productivity of peasant plantations so that the crop can be consolidated as a factor of economic and social development in rural communities.
TINCIÓN MODIFICADA PARA OBSERVACIÓN DE FLAGELOS EN Bacillus amyloliquefaciens POR MICROSCOPÍA ÓPTICA
Authors: Ley López Nancy , Heredia José Basilio , San Martín Hernández Cesar , Ibarra Rodríguez Juan Ramón , García Estrada Raymundo Saúl
Published: August 2022

Background: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium and produces several secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. One of its most important morphological characteristics is the presence of flagella. Currently the existing staining techniques for bacterial flagellar visualization have limitations; as increased time requirement and unstable reactions of the reagents. Objective: Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe a modification in the flagellar staining methodology, to visualize flagella in B. amyloliquefaciens bacteria by light microscopy. Methodology: Mordant was used (80 mL of 25% tannic acid solution and 15 mL of 2.5% chromium trioxide, it was mixed and left to rest for 5 days at 4 °C) and crystal violet, in bacterial colonies of 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 h of growth. Results: After a growth period of 20-24 h, in bacterial cells of B. amyloliquefaciens, the presence of peritric flagella was observed (flagella distributed on the surface of the bacteria), which was possible through the modified flagellar staining technique developed. Implications: The correct, fast and practical visualization of bacterial flagella is important for morphological identification. Conclusion: In this research it was possible to demonstrate the visualization of bacterial flagella, with a modified technique and less manipulation of the bacteria.
MODELO DE ZONAS POTENCIALES PARA EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DE LA ENFERMEDAD DEL HUANGLONGBING EN EL ESTADO DE TABASCO
Authors: Martinez Martinez Gladis Yanet , Ruiz Acosta Silvia Del Carmen , Olvera Vargas Luis Alberto , Sanchez Hernandez Rufo , Galindo Alcantara Adalberto
Published: August 2022

Background. Huanglongbing is a lethal disease for citrus, affecting all citrus species, causing young plants that become infected fail to produce and adult plants become unproductive for a period of two to five years. Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the potential areas for the establishment of huanglongbing in Tabasco. Methodology. In order to achieve this objective, the model of maximum entropy (MaxEnt) was used, which is a general purpose machine learning method. For its validation, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) technique applied in presence-only distribution models was applied. To generate the model, 19 climatic variables taken from Worldclim were used, a soil variable taken from Jiménez et al., (2013) and 195 records of the presence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus detected in plant material were used. Results. The results show that the municipalities of Huimanguillo and Balancán are the areas with the greatest potential distribution of the disease with values greater than 0.7. According to the area under the curve (AUC), the model has a high ability to predict correctly by presenting values of 0.936 in the training data. Implications. The present study could contribute to the planning of surveillance areas for the detection and control of huanglongbing disease. Conclusion. The model obtained is a good approximation of the potential presence of the disease in the state of Tabasco, giving clarity when choosing the surveillance areas for the pathogen and its vector.
GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL PROPERTIES OF THE KARSTIC SUB-HORIZONTAL PLAIN OF THE YUCATAN PENINSULA
Authors: Bautista Francisco
Published: August 2022

Background: In recently formed karst environments, as in the north of the state of Yucatan, Mexico, many chemical and physical properties of soils have a high spatial heterogeneity. However, this heterogeneity of the soil is not well-understood, which affects the agricultural use of the land. Objective: To identify the soil properties that best allow zoning, in order to select them for precision agriculture. Methodology: A plot was divided into 54 quadrants of 25 m2 (5 x 5 m). In each quadrant, the properties of the soil described or analyzed were the stoniness, rockiness, depth, silt, sand, clay, particle density, bulk density, organic carbon, and field capacity. A georeferenced database of soil properties was built. Geostatistical analyzes were performed using ordinary kriging (parametric) and indicator kriging (probabilistic) interpolations. The precision of the interpolations was estimated. The soil property maps were constructed in Arc GIS. Results: The organic carbon, bulk density, rockiness, particle density, stoniness, silt, and sand were the soil properties with the best adjustment values between the theoretical and experimental models. In addition, those same soil properties had good, high, and very high correlations between data measured and data estimated with the interpolation. On the other hand, the depth, clay, and field capacity were the properties of soils with adjustment values lower than r2 = 0.8, as well as with cross-validation values of less than r = 0.5. Implications: The probabilistic maps of soil depth allowed us to identify the areas with Nudilithic, Lithic, and other Leptosols. Conclusion: The percentage of organic matter and depth represent the two soil properties that could be best applied to conduct parcel zoning for the sake of achieving better precision agriculture.
AGROCLIMATIC APTITUDE FOR MAIZE CROP IN REGIONS OF MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL
Authors: Daniel Diego Fernando , Barbieri João Danilo , Dallacort Rivanildo , Fenner William , Tieppo Rafael Cesar , Krause Willian
Published: August 2022

Background. The maize crop is strongly influenced by climatic variables such as precipitation and air temperature, directly influencing its adaptation to a specific location and climate. Objective. To determine the agroclimatic adaptability of the maize crop for different agricultural regions of the Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Methodology. This work was developed at the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), on the dependences of the Centro Tecnológico de Geoprocessamento e Sensoriamento Remoto (CETEGEO-SR). A study was carried out on the adaptability of maize in the municipalities of Rondonópolis, Cuiabá, Tangará da Serra, Campo Novo do Parecis, Sorriso, and Sinop, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The climatic variables of precipitation and air temperature, calculated on ten-day periods, were used for each municipality as provided by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Based on the climatic requirements of the crop, the adaptability of maize during the year was classified. Results. The recommended sowing of the season maize in the municipalities is between the 30th and 33rd ten-day periods and for off-season maize it is between the 1st to 5th ten-day periods, without damage to the development, productivity, and crop harvest. All municipalities are considered suitable for growing maize with the average air temperature. Regarding precipitation, maize is classified as moderated by excess water for cultivation in the spring and summer periods. Implications. This study provides knowledge and technical recommendations on the use of water in the maize crop, as well as the correct sowing date and cultivation of this crop for the study region. Conclusion. The maize crop is suitable for cultivation in the municipalities studied, with recommended sowing between October to February.
EFECTO DE LA QUEMA AGRÍCOLA EN UN VERTISOL DE TABASCO MÉXICO: FOSFORO, pH Y CONDUCTIVIDAD ELÉCTRICA
Authors: Lázaro Sánchez Graciela Del Rosario , Bautista Francisco , Goguitchaichvili Avto , López Noverola Ulises , Sanchez Hernandez Rufo
Published: August 2022

Background. The practice of burn in the sugarcane crop is considered necessary to facilitate the harvest, although the possible negative impacts on the soil fertility are questioned. Objective. The aim of the present research was to characterize the burn and its effects on phosphorous, pH and electrical conductivity in a Chromic Vertisol Gleyic cultivated with sugarcane. Methodology. Thus, in one plot, 10 sampling sites were selected, in each one of them, were placed ceramic pieces marked with a coating thermosensitive, these pieces were deposited at 0, 2 and 5 cm depth. At the same sites, soil samples were collected every two cm to a maximum depth of 20 cm, to detect changes in soil variables before and after burning. At the same time, the temperature produced by the burning of the combustible material was measured at three sites of the reedbed, using an infrared thermometer.  Results. The results indicated that, the burning of the fuel material of the sugarcane produces between 372-549 °C of heat, at the soil surface it reaches 473°C, and less than 149 ° C in the layer 0-20 cm deep. Implication.  The impact that this burning causes is a slight decrease in pH and a slight increase in EC in the layer of 0-20 cm depth, as well as a minimal increase in the available P in the first 12 cm of the soil surface. Conclusion. It is concluded that, the wastes burn in the sugarcane crop is of moderate intensity, so that provoke light changes in the edaphic variables EC, pH and available P.
PREDICTING IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR DIRECTLY SOWN RAIN-FED SWEET POTATO IN THE SEMI-ARID KATUMANI REGION, KENYA
Authors: Mbayaki Caleb Wangira , Karuku George Njomo
Published: August 2022

Background: In the wake of the changing climate, the current water crisis has increasing relevance for the human race, hence estimation is an integral part of planning, development and management of water resources of the country based on several meteorological parameters. Hypothesis. No significant changes in water requirements sweet potato crop for the next 20 years in Katumani, Kenya. Methodology: The study predicted the implications of climate change on crop water requirements for the short rain seasons between 1991-2016 (baseline climate) and future from 2020-2039 (climate change) in Katumani with the aid of the CROPWAT 8.0 model. Crop Water Requirements (CWR) were projected in two scenarios: i) Average rainfall and temperature of baseline period (1991-2016), ii) rainfall and temperature predicted in 2039 based on Relative Concentration Pathways (RCP); 8.5 and 2.6 scenarios, adopting the global circulation models (GCM) of IPSL-CM5A-MR and GFDL-CM3 for predicting monthly rainfall and temperature, respectively. To achieve effective water allocation and planning, data on sweet potato water requirements, irrigation withdrawals, soil types and climate conditions were gathered from the study area. Assumptions: The study assumed no change in the conditions relating to irrigation and crop production in the future. Results: Sweet potato water requirement in the baseline period were modelled at 579.9mm whereas predicted under RCP 2.6 and 8.5 to be 634.1 and 639.3mm, respectively. Averagely, a 16.7% decrease in effective rainfall may increase the overall sweet potato WR by 10.2%. This may be due to increased temperature and reduced rainfall. Implication: Short rain season is the most appropriate for production of rain fed crops in Katumani. Conclusion: This study is useful in explaining the adverse impacts of climate change mostly on sweet potato water needs in Katumani and in helping to plan and manage water resources for many other crops in arid regions.

 
GROWTH AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF MORINGA (Moringa stenopetala) ALONG AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Chauhan Rajesh , Hailemariam Tesfaye , Ugo Yonas , Shibru Simon , Anjulo Agena , Debella Asfaw , Walche Azmera , Misgana Daba
Published: August 2022

Background. Altitude affects growth and distribution of plants and influences the impacts of other environmental factors on plant growth and development. Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of altitude on the growth performance and carbon sequestration potential of Moringa stenopetala in the Konso Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methodology. The three sites that were selected for the study include Bayde (1300-1500 masl), Gamole (1501-1700 masl) and Fasha (1701-1900 masl). From each site three age classes (6-10 years, 11-15 years and 16-20 years) were selected for the study. Six farmers were selected from each location and three trees from each farmer’s land under each age class were selected for measuring height and diameter. Non-destructive method was used for estimation of biomass and carbon contents of different age groups. Results. The results indicate that growth performance (height, diameter, volume, biomass production) and carbon sequestration of M. stenopetala was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at lower altitude as compared to mid and high altitude. It was concluded that M. stenopetala tree within 6-10 age class can sequester 10.96 kg of carbon stock by capturing 40.17 kg of carbon dioxide, while for age class of 11-15 the value of carbon storage and carbon dioxidesequestered is27.87 kg and 102.20 kg respectively. Similarly maximum sequestration of carbon dioxide was recorded (42.31 Kg and 155.11 Kg respectively) for 16-20 age class. .The annual sequestration of carbon was found maximum for class 16-20 (8.62 kg) followed by 11-15 class (7.86 kg) and lowest for 6-10 class (5.02 kg). Implications. The findings of present study will be helpful in knowing the effect of age and altitudinal variation on carbon sequestration potential of M. stenopetala. Conclusions. It is concluded that carbon sequestration potential of Moringa decreases with altitude and increases with stand age.
CONOCER PARA MEJORAR: FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN LA TRANSICIÓN HACIA SISTEMAS SILVOPASTORILES EN LA COSTA DE CHIAPAS
Authors: Vargas-de la Mora A. L. , Castillo-Santiago M. A. , Randhir T. O. , Hernández-Moreno M. C. , Cach-Pérez M. J. , Camacho-Valdéz V.
Published: August 2022

Background: Technology adoptions are the main challenge to achieve transition toward sustainable livestock production. Objective: This research evaluated factors that influence the silvopastoral technology adoption in Chiapas, Mexico. Methodology: Used an integrative methodology relates variables institutional performance, knowledge, and perception of producers on livestock system and interaction between actors. The above was linked to a physical context with satellite imagines analysis to identify components adopted in the field. Results: It was found that the type of producer, the location of the property, and the form of institutional support limit the adoption of herd management and feed production intensification technologies such as protein banks and forage banks. Implications: This methodology helped identify the limiting factors for adoption, understand the project process, and identify strategies towards sustainable practices. Conclusion: The low adoption of technologies is determined by the decision-making of producers on factors such as pest and disease control, climatic, economic and access to machinery and equipment that are influenced by the social synergies that can be built with technicians and with other producers. 
SUSTENTABILIDAD DE LAS FINCAS PRODUCTORAS DE CACAO EN SANTO DOMINGO DE LOS TSÁCHILAS, ECUADOR
Authors: Anzules Toala Vicente , Pazmiño Bonilla Elvis , Borjas Ventura Ricardo , Huamán Leonel Alvarado , Castro Cepero Viviana , Julca Otiniano Alberto
Published: August 2022

Background. Cocoa is a traditional crop and source of economic income for Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Objective. The objective of this research was to evaluate the sustainability of cocoa-producing farms in the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Methodology. The methodology used to evaluate sustainability was a "Multicriteria Analysis". To obtain information on each of the cocoa farms, a personal survey was conducted with questions related to the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, ecological, sociocultural). Indicators, sub-indicators and quantifiable variables adapted to cocoa cultivation were used to analyze each dimension and general sustainability. Results. In this study, it was found that the number of sustainable farms were different from one locality to another, corresponding to the locality of San Jacinto del Búa, the highest number of sustainable farms. At the province level, almost half of cocoa producers (48%) have sustainable farms, that is, they had the three indicators (IK, IE, ISC) and the general sustainability index (I Gen), with values higher than two. Implications. In the general analysis of sustainability, one can find “critical points”, at the level of the cocoa sector, such as education and economic risk; but at the farm level, it would be the diversity of nutrient production and recycling. The need to work and eliminate these “critical points” is important, since it would allow sustainability to be achieved on farms that have not yet achieved it, and maintain it for those that have already achieved it. However, the sustainability graphs are very illustrative since in all cases, triangles are drawn with the three sides of practically similar size, which suggests a balance between the three dimensions in said system and is the graph that would best represent the idea of sustainability, as it suggests an equal assessment of the three dimensions of sustainability. Conclusions. The sustainability of cocoa-producing farms varies from one place to another and the factors that explain it are also different. The largest number of sustainable farms are found in the town of San Jacinto del Búa; but at the level of the province of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, less than half of the farms are sustainable. The main “critical points”, at the level of the cocoa sector, are education and economic risk; but at the farm level, it is the diversity of nutrient production and recycling. In the three localities and in the province, sustainability graphs a triangle with three sides of practically similar size, which suggests a balance between the three dimensions, that is, an equal assessment of the three dimensions of sustainability.
FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN LA TOMA DE DECISIONES PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA GANADERÍA DE DOBLE PROPÓSITO EN TRÓPICO SECO
Authors: Perez-Torres Oliver , Heredia-Nava Darwin , Esparza-Jimenez Sherezada , Martinez-Garcia Carlos Galdino , Albarran-Portillo Bemito , Garcia-Martinez Anastacio
Published: August 2022

Background. The farmer and his family member are the main actors in the decision-making process for production unit operation (PU), due to the extensive knowledge they have about the production strategies and dynamics. Objective. Analyze the main factors that intervene in the making and construction of decisions for PU operation in dry tropic conditions. Methodology. The information was obtained through a structured survey to farmers of 61 PU of dual-purpose livestock (DP). The PUs were stratified based on the number of Total Livestock Units (TLU): Stratum 1 = UP of ≥ 5 and ≤ 43 TLU (E1), Stratum 2 = PU of  ≥ 44 and ≤ 87 TLU (E2) and Stratum 3 = UP with more than 88 TLU (E3). The work consists of three sections: i. an analysis of the activity current situation (structural and socioeconomic), using descriptive statistics and budgets by activity; ii. an analysis of the PU structural changes from 2008-2013-2018 and, iii. an analysis using the Likert Scale of the farmers opinions and objectives on the activity. Results. PUs are characterized by the small families presence, with 58-year-old farmers (65% have primary and secondary education). The main income (81.44%) comes from livestock sale and although higher income is observed in large PUs, the unit margin per ha-1 and cow-1 is higher in small PUs. The participation of the family is fundamental in the decision-making process and the main objective of the farmer is the well-being of the family group, care of the environment in which they develop and maintaining the PU structure. Smaller PUs are dynamic and enthusiastic about structural changes. Implications. The work set the guidelines of the PU and identified the factors that intervene in the decision-making process, the viability, dynamics and permanence of livestock in the dry tropics. Conclusion. The family is essential to help for the farmer in the decision-making process. mainly in the health and nutrition of the herd, as well as in the sale and commercialization of products and, the maintenance of the structure of the PU and care of the environment in which they develop is the main objective. Keywords: cattle; dual purpose; dry tropics; family; decision making.
PRINCIPALES CONTRIBUCIONES CIENTÍFICAS DE LA FMVZ-UADY AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LA ECOLOGÍA DE LOS ESCARABAJOS ESTERCOLEROS Y EL EFECTO ADVERSO DE LAS LACTONAS MACROCÍCLICAS SOBRE SUS POBLACIONES
Authors: Rodriguez-Vivas Roger Ivan , Reyes Novelo Enrique , Pérez Cogollo Luis Carlos , Basto Estrella Gertrudis , Ojeda Chi Melina Maribel , Delfin González Hugo
Published: August 2022

Background. Macrocyclic lactones (ML) are effective in controlling endo- and ectoparasites in livestock. ML, specially ivermectin and moxidectin, have a typical pharmacokinetic profile of lipophilic molecules with slow degradation and when administered to livestock are excreted in the faeces almost unaltered. ML released into the environment, can cause lethal and sublethal effects on dung beetles (DB). Objective. To document the main scientific contributions of our research group to the awareness of the adverse effect of ML on DB associated with livestock environments under grazing systems. Methodology. The compilation of scientific articles from the studies carried out by a research group in the first 50 years of the FMVZ-UADY was carried out. Results. The studies have shown that ML (IVM-1%, IVM-3.15%, MOX-10%) in dung from cattle treated with injectable formulations had a sublethal effect on DB. For the species Canthon indigaceus chevrolati dung from cattle treated with injectable formulations of IVM (1% and 3.15%) and MOX (1% and 10%) do not produce lethal and sublethal effects. Faecal ivermectin residues may induce changes in attraction of some neotropical DB species to dung pats. Implications. Current ML application methods may have negative effects on the environmental services provided by dung beetles, and therefore need to be modified to minimize any impacts they might have on these vital members of tropical livestock systems. Conclusions. The review shows the adverse effects of ML on DB in the Mexican tropics; however, for the C. i. chevrolati, dung from cattle treated with IVM and MOX, do not produce lethal and sublethal effects, which suggests some type of tolerance
DIVERSIDAD Y ECOLOGÍA DE ABEJAS, AVISPAS DEPREDADORAS Y MARIPOSAS: APORTACIONES DEL CCBA-UADY
Authors: Meléndez Ramírez Virginia , Delfín González Hugo , Manrique Saide Pablo , Chablé Santos Juan , Sélem Salas Celia
Published: August 2022

Background. The diversity and ecology of various groups of insects has not yet been fully studied in Mexico. Objective. Present a review of the contributions to science, which have been made on the diversity and ecology of bees, predatory wasps and butterflies. Methodology. The contributions of scientific articles and book chapters (33) of the Department of Zoology of the Campus of Biological and Agricultural Sciences of the Autonomous University of Yucatán were reviewed. Main findings. There is greater knowledge about the diversity of species including new registers, complementary contributions include ecological topics of the species on the lifestyles or eating habits and nesting sites of the species and there are studies about floral fragrances. In addition, in bees, there are contributions on the temporal variation in diversity, the effects of natural and human disturbances on the diversity of species. Implications. The knowledge generated is essential to establish conservation strategies due to the importance of these insects as key species in ecosystems. Conclusion. The contributions to science are mainly studies on biodiversity, in addition to some contributions from the ecology of the species, which are important for proposals for the sustainable management and conservation of pollinators species, pest controllers, biondicators and for the study of species as a window to climate change.
PRINCIPALES APORTACIONES CIENTÍFICAS DE LA FMVZ-UADY AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS VERTEBRADOS TERRESTRES DE LA PENÍNSULA DE YUCATÁN, MÉXICO
Authors: Sélem Salas Celia Isela , Chablé-Santos Juan , Hernández-Betancourt Silvia , Meléndez-Ramírez Virginia , Manrique-Saide Pablo , Delfin-González Hugo
Published: August 2022

Background. Mexico is one of the megadiverse countries, harbouring 10% of total worldwide biodiversity. The Yucatan peninsula has 1,010 terrestrial vertebrate species, approximately, however, unfortunately most of them are threatened or in danger of extinction, resulted of degradation, fragmentation, and transformation of habitats. Information generation is a permanent process in the Autonomous University of Yucatan and the Zoology department, to contribute to the conservation and management strategies for wild terrestrial vertebrate species in the region. Objective. To review the most relevant scientific information published by the Department of Zoology during its first 30 years of creation, focused to biology, ecology, zoonosis, diversity, and conservation of vertebrates. Methodology. A compilation of scientific information generated and published by the Zoology department was made mainly focused to biology, ecology, zoonosis, diversity and conservation of terrestrial vertebrates of the Yucatan Peninsula. Main findings. Publications have shown the large amount of information generated mainly in areas of diversity, ecology, zoonosis, and ethnobiology, being the last two areas particularly relevant in the last few years. Scientific collections have contributed largely to the knowledge of the wildlife fauna in the region. Implications. Information is generated by research projects which main objective is to increase the knowledge for supporting the conservation strategies of vertebrates in the Peninsula. Conclusion. The Zoology department has generated relevant information at local, regional, and international level, supporting the present fauna conservation and management strategies in the region.
INTERACTION BETWEEN NUTRITION AND GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN SMALL RUMINANTS GRAZING THE LOW DECIDUOUS FOREST – CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FMVZ-UADY
Authors: Torres-Acosta J.F.J. , Sandoval-Castro Carlos A. , Gonzalez-Pech P.G. , Mancilla-Montelongo M.G. , Ortega-Pacheco A. , Aguilar-Caballero A.J. , Santos-Ricalde R.H. , Sarmiento-Franco L.A. , Ramos-Bruno E. , Torres-Fajardo R.A. , Mendez-Ortiz F.A.
Published: August 2022

Background. Small ruminants that graze in the low deciduous forest (LDF) face problems related to malnutrition and gastrointestinal nematode infections (GIN). Over the past 30 years, FMVZ-UADY researchers have conducted extensive research to understand the interaction between small ruminant nutrition, plants consumed in LDF, and GINs. Objective. Review the work carried out in the FMVZ-UADY to explain why these problems of malnutrition and GIN infection occur and how to solve them. Main findings. Research shows that the complex interaction between small ruminants, LDF plants, and GINs helps explain malnutrition problems and GIN infections. Both of these problems have also been shown to abate through dietary supplementation, which must be designed to deliver the limiting nutrients in the LDF. Producers can use criteria such as weight gain and body condition score (BCS) to monitor that their animals are nutritionally adequate. To maintain strong resilience and resistance against GINs, growing animals should achieve> 100 g / day weight gain and adults should maintain> 2.5 BCS. It has also been confirmed that many LDF plant species contain secondary compounds (SC) that can affect the biology of different life stages of GIN, so they could be used as nutraceuticals. However, some SC can also adversely affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients in sheep and goats, so they must be used with care. The presence of plants containing SC with anthelmintic activity has made it possible to explore the capacity of animals to self-medicate. In these studies, it has been shown that goats do not express a “curative” self-medication behavior against GINs but do exhibit “preventive” self-medication behaviors that could allow them to limit their GIN burdens. However, animals seem to favor a preventive behavior aimed at avoiding nitrogen:energy imbalances in the consumed diet. Implications: Many LDF plant species have a high potential to be used for both nutritional and medicinal purposes in small ruminants, therefore, these species could be considered as a nutraceutical resource. Conclusions. The work carried out in the last 3 decades has shown us that the optimal use of LDF by sheep and goats will be achieved through a better understanding of the interaction between animals, their GIN and the plants of the LDF.
Paisajes corporales y ontología(s). Una propuesta desde los objetos e imágenes antropomorfas de Rapa Nui.
Authors: Armstrong Felipe
Published: August 2022

Los cuerpos humanos han sido tradicionalmente vistos como entidades dadas o naturales, y solo recientemente han sido problematizados como fenómenos sociohistóricos. Esta nueva mirada hacia los cuerpos permite generar una aproximación desde las ontologías a las comunidades del pasado. Este trabajo genera una propuesta teórico-metodológica para abordar objetos e imágenes antropomorfas desde una perspectiva relacional y más que representacional, considerando algunas de las opciones estéticas tomadas en la producción de dichos objetos e imágenes. Se ejemplifica esta propuesta con el caso de Rapa Nui, problematizando la diversidad de cuerpos evidenciados en su cultura material entre los siglos XVII y XX. Se propone que en la isla hubo varios paisajes corporales, con cuerpos que dan cuenta de una multimodalidad ontológica.
Chullpas equivocadas. Una arqueología de las diferencias ontológicas
Authors: Nielsen Axel E.
Published: August 2022

Tomando como punto de partida el doble significado del término chullpa (un tipo de sepulcro y míticos seres presolares), se ensaya un acercamiento arqueológico a prácticas basadas en una concepción activa de la materialidad y no lineal del tiempo. Primero se argumenta que la equivalencia entre chullpa y sepulcro, común en la disciplina, es una traducción errónea de las referencias que hacían los informantes andinos de ciertos agenciamientos que asociaban difuntos, torres o cámaras y fuerzas del mundo interior bajo lógicas de ancestralidad, referencias que eventualmente cobraron expresión mitológica en los chullpa como habitantes de un mundo presolar. Luego se aprovecha el caso de las chullpas (cámaras y torres) de Lípez (Potosí, Bolivia) para explorar los poderes que ejercían estas estructuras en su interacción con los humanos (runakuna), tomando en consideración su materialidad, sus contextos y las actividades en que participaron durante los períodos IntermedioTardío y Tardío. Finalmente se presentan versiones actuales del mito de los chullpa registradas en Lípez y algunas prácticas que los relacionan con las torres y cámaras, para concluir que el poder emergente de estos agenciamientos continúa vigente.
Arqueología social y ontología crítica
Authors: Gallardo Francisco
Published: August 2022

Los seres humanos se definen por vivir en sociedad. Una afirmación que ha favorecido la imaginación sociológica, pero que excluye el mundo material en que esta se lleva a cabo. Ignorar las dimensiones relacionales con las cosas y la naturaleza es una limitación para esa arqueología que trata con experiencia humana y cultura material en cualquier época y lugar. Marx y Engels advirtieron tempranamente, en la necesidad de una crítica ideológica, de esta separación de los sujetos con el entorno natural y cultural del que son parte y que ellos mismos han producido. Un insumo social que restaura la experiencia humana como cultura material, y al mismo tiempo instaura un nuevo materialismo.
Lección de barro y la antropología del ritmo
Authors: Vergara Francisco
Published: August 2022

La producción de ladrillos de adobe en los Andes centrales nos enseña tres lecciones de interés antropológico. En primer lugar, que el espacio transmuta con el devenir de las prácticas sociales. En segundo lugar, que dicho devenir es más complejo que la simple sucesión, orden y cronología en que se desarrollan las prácticas. En tercer lugar, que en las prácticas sociales, tanto el tiempo, el espacio y las técnicas son dimensiones entrelazadas, y, por tanto, que conllevan un ritmo. En consecuencia, este ensayo revela la necesidad de desarrollar una perspectiva que permita analizar todas esas dimensiones de manera conjunta. Se argumenta que dicha mirada puede ser desarrollada como una antropología del ritmo.
Uji Keamanan Aplikasi ABC Milik Instansi XYZ Menggunakan OWASP Mobile Security Testing Guide
Authors: Pratama Aldino Dika , Amiruddin
Published: August 2022

Aplikasi ABC adalah sebuah aplikasi mobile berbasis Android yang digunakan oleh instansi XYZ. Aplikasi tersebut digunakan untuk layanan pengajuan daring pada bidang XXX. Seiring meningkatnya popularitas aplikasi berbasis Android, meningkat pula masalah keamanan yang perlu diperhatikan, seperti insecure data storage yang merupakan kerawanan tertinggi. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan uji keamanan aplikasi mobile berbasis Android yang disebut ABC berdasarkan OWASP Mobile Security Testing Guide. Pengujian dilakukan dengan pendekatan grey box pada cakupan fokus area Data Storage on Android dan Local Authentication on Android di level 1. Pengujian terdiri dari delapan bagian pengujian. Berdasarkan hasil dari delapan pengujian yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan tiga kerentanan pada bagian Testing Local Storage for Sensitive Data, Testing Local Storage for Input Validation, dan Determining Whether the Keyboard Cache Is Disabled for Text Input Fields. Rekomendasi perbaikan yaitu memberikan pengamanan enkripsi di file shared preferences, melakukan validasi input pada akun pengguna, dan aplikasi tidak menyimpan cache.
Perancangan Manajemen Risiko Keamanan Informasi Layanan Jaringan MKP Berdasarkan Kerangka Kerja ISO/IEC 27005:2018 dan NIST SP 800-30 Revisi 1
Authors: Meilita Karenda Putri  , Hakim Arif Rahman
Published: August 2022

Jaringan merupakan salah satu layanan internal yang dikelola oleh instansi MKP. Layanan ini termasuk salah satu yang kritikal dikarenakan hampir seluruh pertukaran informasi dan kegiatan perkantoran di lingkungan instansi tersebut membutuhkan koneksi jaringan. Apabila terjadi gangguan pada layanan jaringan maka gangguan tersebut dapat menyebabkan adanya penurunan reputasi dan kendala pada pelaksanaan proses bisnis instansi MKP. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya metode manajemen risiko keamanan informasi yang dilakukan terhadap layanan jaringan instansi MKP. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dilakukan perancangan manajemen risiko keamanan informasi pada layanan jaringan milik instansi MKP menggunakan kerangka kerja ISO/IEC 27005:2018 yang dikombinasikan dengan kerangka kerja NIST SP 800-30 Revisi 1 pada tahap penilaian risiko. Tahapan perancangan manajemen risiko yang dilakukan yaitu penetapan konteks, penilaian risiko, perlakuan risiko dan penerimaan risiko. Penilaian risiko dilakukan dengan menganalisis data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara, observasi, telaah dokumen, dan pemberian kuisioner penilaian risiko. Berdasarkan hasil penilaian risiko, telah teridentifikasi 23 aset dengan 59 skenario risiko yang diketahui. Dari 59 skenario risiko tersebut, 12 skenario diantaranya dapat diterima dan 47 skenario lainnya dimitigasi. Pada tahap perlakuan risiko dan penerimaan risiko, 47 skenario risiko tersebut diberikan strategi perlakuan modifikasi dan rekomendasi kontrol serta ditentukan penanggung jawab kontrol berdasarkan skenario risikonya. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah perancangan manajemen risiko keamanan informasi yang disertakan dengan rekomendasi kontrol keamanan informasi yang mengacu pada kerangka kerja ISO/IEC 27002:2013.