bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functionalization of Poly (1‐hexene) with Maleic Anhydride: The Effect of Reaction Parameters
Authors: Reza Zamani Mohammad , Khoshsefat Mostafa , Ahmadjo Saeid , Mohammad Seyed , Mortazavi Mahdi , Reza Rostami Mohammad
Published: July 2023

The functionalization of poly (1‐hexene) with maleic anhydride (MA) in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as initiator was investigated and the effect of reaction parameters such as initiator content, maleic anhydride concentrations, reaction temperature and reaction time were studied. Furthermore, changing the catalyst system from a commercial Ziegler‐Natta (TiCl4/MgCl2/Internal donor) to α‐diimine Nickel catalyst led to a higher degree of functionalization (DOF) thanks to higher unsaturation content of polymer chains made by the Nickel catalyst system. The obtained polymer moreover was contacted with polyethylene glycol methyl ether to ensure the attachment of the functionalizing agent on the poly (1‐hexene) chains. Different analyses were used to support the observations. For instance, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) exhibited no weight loss at 210 °C for the sample confirming, the complete reaction of maleic anhydride, or FTIR analysis, where the presence of ester group bands was evidence for the reaction.
Synthesis of Bridged N,O‐Heterocyclic 1,6‐Epoxybenzo[c]azocines via Migration‐Annulation Cascade Reaction of α‐Imino Rhodium Carbenes
Authors: Kong Xiaoyu , Yang Mingqi , Wang Heng , Xu Ze‐Feng , Duan Shengguo , Li Chuan‐Ying
Published: July 2023

A rhodium‐catalyzed cascade migration‐annulation reaction of 1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazole has been developed. As the key step, the 1,3‐sulfinate migration of α‐imino rhodium carbene yielded an extended zwitterion, which was intramolecularly trapped by aldehyde group furnishing bridged N,O‐heterocyclic 1,6‐epoxybenzo[c]azocine as the [5+2] cyclization product. This migration‐annulation strategy provides more flexibility for heterocycle synthesis and medium‐sized ring construction, especially for the construction of polycycles with complex skeletons.
Computational Exploration of the Structural Requirements of Triazole Derivatives as Colchicine Binding Site Inhibitors
Authors: Tabti Kamal , Sbai Abdelouahid , Maghat Hamid , Lakhlifi Tahar , Bouachrine Mohammed
Published: July 2023

Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly by preventing tubulin polymerization, making the colchicine binding site a promising target against cancer. The present study focuses on the 3D‐QSAR analysis of 31 triazole analogs. The atom‐based and field‐based QSAR models exhibit significant statistical results for internal and external validations, with the atom‐based 3D‐QSAR model showing a Q2 of 0.658 and R2 of 0.998, and the field‐based 3D‐QSAR model showing a Q2 of 0.658 and R2 of 0.998. The 3D‐QSAR atom‐based pharmacophore model explains biological activity using a six‐point hypothesis (AHHRRR.1), while the field‐based 3D‐QSAR model explains activity based on steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bond donor/acceptor fields. Based on the 3D contour maps generated, five new compounds were designed and their ADME/Tox properties predicted. The results suggested that these compounds possess potent pharmacological characteristics. The results of the molecular docking analysis showed that Pred01 and Pred02 had higher docking scores (−6.2417Kcal/mol and −6.5049Kcal/mol, respectively) than compound 15, and they formed notable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with active site residues. The MMGBSA results confirmed these findings and emphasized the essential role of van der Waals energy in the binding energy. Moreover, the dynamic stability of the complexes was further supported by MD simulations.
1,2‐Dioxetane‐based Chemiluminescence Probes for Tumor Optical Molecular Imaging
Authors: Zhou Bingjun , Xian Meilin , Ye Lu , Tang Weiyang , Zhou Jian‐Liang
Published: July 2023

1,2‐Dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent probes have recently emerged as a promising tool for imaging biological systems, including disease diagnosis, staging, therapeutic response monitoring and surgical guidance. The advantages of these probes, such as high sensitivity and specificity and real‐time imaging capabilities, are based on their ability to generate chemiluminescent signals without the need for additional excitation sources, enzymes or oxidants after being triggered by target biomarkers under physiological conditions. Over the past decade, numerous 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent probes have been developed and tested for tumor imaging. In this review, we first introduce the trigger mechanism and structural improvements of these probes, followed by an overview of the design principles and applications of 1,2‐dioxetane‐based chemiluminescent probes in in vrtio and in vivo tumour imaging. In addition, the challenges and potential prospects of this technology in the field of bioanalysis and diagnostics are discussed, with the aim of stimulating further progress in the development of new chemiluminescence methods.
Correlation Between Orientation of the Stacked π‐Electron Systems and Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Ogawa Kana , Miki Nanami , Inoue Ryo , Morisaki Yasuhiro
Published: July 2023

The correlation between the orientation of the two π‐electron systems and the chiroptical properties was investigated using two types of optically active X‐shaped molecules consisting of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanes. The X‐shaped molecules exhibited high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies and good circularly polarized luminescence properties with relatively high anisotropy factors of the order of 10−3. It was experimentally and theoretically elucidated that the chiroptical properties of the two molecules were almost identical, regardless of the orientation of the stacked π‐electron systems.
Microwell Confined Electro‐Coalescence for Rapid Formation of High‐Throughput Droplet Array
Authors: Feng Haoqiang , Shen Shitao , Jin Mingliang , Zhang Qilin , Liu Mengjun , Wu Zihao , Chen Jiamei , Yi Zichuan , Zhou Guofu , Shui Lingling
Published: July 2023

Droplet array is widely applied in single cell analysis, drug screening, protein crystallization, etc. This work proposes and validates a method for rapid formation of uniform droplet array based on microwell confined droplets electro‐coalescence of screen‐printed emulsion droplets, namely electro‐coalescence droplet array (ECDA). The electro‐coalescence of droplets is according to the polarization induced electrostatic and dielectrophoretic forces, and the dielectrowetting effect. The photolithographically fabricated microwells are highly regular and reproducible, ensuring identical volume and physical confinement to achieve uniform droplet array, and meanwhile the microwell isolation protects the paired water droplets from further fusion and broadens its feasibility to different fluidic systems. Under optimized conditions, a droplet array with an average diameter of 85 µm and a throughput of 106 in a 10 cm × 10 cm chip can be achieved within 5 s at 120 Vpp and 50 kHz. This ECDA chip is validated for various microwell geometries and functional materials. The optimized ECDA are successfully applied for digital viable bacteria counting, showing comparable results to the plate culture counting. Such an ECDA chip, as a digitizable and high‐throughput platform, presents excellent potential for high‐throughput screening, analysis, absolute quantification, etc.
Better engineering layered vanadium oxides for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries: Going beyond widening the interlayer spacing
Authors: Guo Yue , Jiang Hanmei , Liu Binbin , Wang Xingyang , Zhang Yifu , Sun Jianguo , Wang John
Published: July 2023

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are regarded as among the most promising candidates for large‐scale grid energy storage, owing to their high safety, low costs, and environmental friendliness. Over the past decade, vanadium oxides, which are exemplified by V2O5, have been widely developed as a class of cathode materials for ZIBs, where the relatively high theoretical capacity and structural stability are among the main considerations. However, there are considerable challenges in the construction of vanadium‐based ZIBs with high capacity, long lifespan, and excellent rate performance. Simple widenings of the interlayer spacing in the layered vanadium oxides by pre‐intercalations appear to have reached their limitations in improving the energy density and other key performance parameters of ZIBs, although various metal ions (Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+) and even organic cations/groups have been explored. Herein, we discuss the advances made more recently, and also the challenges faced by the high‐performance vanadium oxides (V2O5‐based) cathodes, where there are several strategies to improve their electrochemical performance ranging from the new structural designs down to sub‐nano‐scopic/molecular/atomic levels, including cation pre‐intercalation, structural water optimization, and defect engineering, to macroscopic structural modifications. The key principles for an optimal structural design of the V2O5‐based cathode materials for high energy density and fast‐charging aqueous ZIBs are examined, aiming at paving the way for developing energy storage designed for those large scales, high safety, and low‐cost systems.
Iontronic and electrochemical investigations of 2D tellurene in aqueous electrolytes
Authors: Wu Zongxiao , Qi Junlei , Wang Wenbin , Yang Peng , Ma Chen , Huang Haoxin , Bao Kai , Wu Jingkun , Ke Chengxuan , Chen Ye , Tan Chaoliang , Repaka D. V. Maheswar , He Qiyuan
Published: July 2023

The remarkable successes of graphene have sparked increasing interest in elemental two‐dimensional (2D) materials, also referred to as Xenes. Due to their chemical simplicity and appealing physiochemical properties, Xenes have shown particular potential for numerous (opto) electronic, iontronic, and energy applications. Among them, layered α‐phase tellurene has demonstrated the most promise, thanks to the recent successes in the chemical synthesis of highly crystalline 2D tellurene. However, the general electronic and electrochemical properties of tellurene in electrolyte systems remain ambiguous, hindering their further development. In this work, we studied the electrostatic gating, electrocatalysis, and electrochemical stability of tellurene in electrolyte systems. Our results show that tellurene obtained from both hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition methods, two mainstream synthetic approaches for Xenes, demonstrates thickness‐dependent ambipolar transport with high hole mobility and stability in both aqueous electrolytes and ionic liquids. More importantly, the electrochemical properties of tellurene are investigated via the emerging on‐chip electrochemistry. Pristine tellurene demonstrates hydrogen evolution reaction with low Tafel slopes and remarkable electrochemical stability in acidic electrolytes over a large potential window. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the iontronic and electrochemical properties of tellurene, paving the way for the broad adoption of Xenes in sensors, synaptic devices, and electrocatalysis.
Inhibiting Vanadium Dissolution of Potassium Vanadate for Stable Transparent Electrochromic Displays
Authors: Wang Bin , Zhao Feifei , Zhang Wu , Li Changyu , Hu Kun , Carnio Brett N. , Liu Linhua , Yu William W. , Elezzabi Abdulhakem Y. , Li Haizeng
Published: July 2023

Vanadium oxides are highly valued as electrochromic materials because of their multicolor capabilities. However, their practical applications have been limited due to challenges such as the dissolution of vanadate into aqueous electrolytes, leading to poor long‐term stability. Herein, a solution is proposed to the vanadate dissolution issue by utilizing a hybrid electrolyte consisting of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) and water. This electrolyte has the unique ability to form a robust cathode electrolyte interface layer on vanadium oxide electrodes. As a proof of concept, zinc‐anode‐based multicolor transparent electrochromic displays are prepared using layered potassium vanadate (K2V6O16·1.5H2O, KVO) with a TEGDME–water hybrid electrolyte. By soaking the KVO electrode in the hybrid electrolyte, it is demonstrated that KVO has remarkable stability against dissolution. Furthermore, it is shown that KVO has superior electrochromic performance compared to sodium vanadate (NaV3O8·1.5H2O, SVO), due to the wide KVO interlayer spacing. Given the enhanced performance of this hybrid electrolyte and KVO cathode material, a zinc‐anode‐based electrochromic display prototype is shown to exhibit compelling performance. As such, this work is expected to be a significant catalyst for accelerating the development of vanadate‐based electrochromic displays.
Connected by emotion: Teacher agency in an online science education course during COVID‐19
Authors: Fu Guopeng , Clarke Anthony
Published: July 2023

Taking on an agentic perspective, this study employed a digital ethnographic approach to examine a science teacher's emotional experiences in an online graduate science education course during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Veronika, the teacher, revealed her feelings of grievance and loss to the graduate course cohort at the advent of large‐scale school closures. Her emotions, shared through the online course, connected the members of the cohort to overcome emotional and pedagogical difficulties caused by the pandemic. She received both emotional and professional support from the cohort and designed an environmental related learning activity that centered on fun and connection in science learning. The activity stimulated students’ positive emotions and simultaneously served to reset Veronika's emotions. This study underlined that emotions connect teachers during a social crisis in ways that address obstacles encountered in teaching and learning. Lessons for teacher education include providing space for and acknowledging emotions in teaching, especially in times of stress and the importance of fostering agentic actions, collegiality, and collaboration by explicitly connecting an individual's emotions and beliefs to their professional practice.
Exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to graphene oxide for 6 months suppressed NOD‐like receptor‐regulated anti‐virus signaling pathways
Authors: Wei Lianghuan , Liu Tingna , Liu Jincheng , Lin Yingchao , Cao Yi
Published: July 2023

Environmental exposure to graphene oxide (GO) is likely to happen due to the use and disposal of these materials. Although GO‐induced ecological toxicity has been evaluated before by using aquatic models such as zebrafish, previous studies typically focused on the short‐term toxicity, whereas this study aimed to investigate the long‐term toxicity. To this end, we exposed zebrafish to GO for 6 months, and used RNA‐sequencing to reveal the changes of signaling pathways. While GO exposure showed no significant effects on locomotor activities, it induced histological changes in livers. RNA‐sequencing data showed that GO altered gene expression profiles, resulting in 82 up‐regulated and 275 down‐regulated genes, respectively. Through the analysis of gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, we found that GO suppressed the signaling pathways related with immune systems. We further verified that GO exposure suppressed the expression of genes involved in anti‐virus responses possibly through the inhibition of genes involved in NOD‐like receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, NOD‐like receptor‐regulated lipid genes were also inhibited, which may consequently lead to decreased lipid staining in fish muscles. We concluded that 6 month‐exposure to GO suppressed NOD‐like receptor‐regulated anti‐virus signaling pathways in zebrafish.
Epidural analgesia and emergency delivery for presumed fetal compromise: post‐hoc analysis of RAVEL multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tabernée Heijtmeijer E. S. E. , Groen H. , Damhuis S. E. , Freeman L. M. , Middeldorp J. M. , Ganzevoort W. , Gordijn S. J.
Published: July 2023

Objective

To investigate the association between epidural analgesia (EDA) vs patient‐controlled remifentanil analgesia (PCRA) and emergency delivery for presumed fetal compromise, in relation to birth‐weight quintile.

Methods

This was a post‐hoc per‐protocol analysis of the RAVEL multicenter equivalence randomized controlled trial. Non‐anomalous singleton pregnancies between 36 + 0 and 42 + 6 weeks' gestation were randomized at the time of requesting pain relief to receive EDA or PCRA. The primary outcome was emergency delivery for presumed fetal compromise. Secondary outcomes included mode of delivery and neonatal outcomes. Analysis was performed according to birth‐weight quintile and was corrected for relevant confounding variables.

Results

Of 619 pregnant women, 336 received PCRA and 283 received EDA. Among women receiving EDA, 14.8% had an emergency delivery for presumed fetal compromise, compared with 8.3% of women who received PCRA. After adjusting for parity, women receiving EDA had higher odds of presumed fetal compromise compared to those receiving PCRA (odds ratio, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.01–2.83)). A statistically significant linear‐by‐linear association was observed between presumed fetal compromise and birth‐weight quintile (P = 0.003). The incidence of emergency delivery for presumed fetal compromise was highest in women receiving EDA and delivering a neonate with a birth weight in the lowest quintile.

Conclusions

Intrapartum EDA is associated with a higher rate of emergency delivery for presumed fetal compromise compared to treatment with PCRA. Birth‐weight quintile is a strong predictor of this outcome, independent of pain management method. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Methods and Limits of Data-Based Decision Support in Production Management
Authors: Kiesel R. , Gützlaff Andreas , Schmitt R. H. , Schuh G.
Published: July 2023

The volatility of today’s markets is constantly rising due to, i.e., the rapid emergence of new and innovative competitors, changing government policies, and unknown market acceptance. This affects both short-term and long-term production management. While short-term production management must deal with a higher time sensitivity of decisions, long-term production management must deal with an increasing level of uncertainty in decisions. Thus, to stay competitive in the future, short-term production management must especially increase the implementation speed of decision, whereas long-term production management focuses on the improvement of decision quality in uncertain environments. Therefore, the Internet of Production (IoP) develops data-based decision support methods for both short-term and long-term production management, which are presented in this chapter. For short-term production management, data-based decision support methods are presented for quality control loops, production planning and control, as well as production system configuration. For long-term production management, methods are presented for factory planning, global supply chain management, and production network planning.
A Project by Young People for Young People: The European Youth Week 2019 in Kielce
Authors: Habelt Katharina , Despang Jennifer
Published: July 2023

This chapter reports about the Erasmus+ funded project European Youth Week 2019, which was conducted in Kielce, Poland, by the Regional Volunteer Centre. The overarching goals of the project were to start a dialogue between people, decision makers and the young people in the town, as well as to promote the project Erasmus+ and a youth policy. To this end, young people independently organised the project and held debates on local issues with decision makers and peers. Based on an analysis of the planning, process and outcomes of the project, the chapter concludes that even though there were no visible policy changes, an indirect and sustainable empowerment of the youth can be observed. It also identifies important success factors for similar projects, such as flexibility.
Making Young People in Remote Rural Areas Heard: (un)Attractive? II
Authors: Kónya Gergö
Published: July 2023

This chapter summarises the experiences of the Hungarian Federation of the Children’s and Youth Municipal Councils with its Erasmus funded project (un)Attractive? II. The overarching question is how the EU can reach out to the youth in the rural areas of Hungary. The chapter reports on the context conditions, process, outcomes, challenges and success factors. Its key finding is that a basic approach towards youth work in the Hungarian rural areas is essential for the EU to reach this target group. It also reveals that youth work requires flexibility, an unbiased approach and an adaptable program since the conditions for organising youth projects vary strongly across the regions within Hungary. While EU funding is much needed, the municipalities’ involvement and commitment are also crucial for the long-term success of comparable projects.
How to Enhance EU Citizenship in the Rural Areas of East Central Europe: Recommendations for Governments and Regional Authorities
Authors: Lorenz Astrid
Published: July 2023

The European Union has established a Youth Strategy, aimed at including young people in EU policy-making and it has considerably increased the budget of Erasmus+ funding for youth exchange programmes and other projects. However, the EU does not have the competence to shape all policies relevant for the implementation of this strategy. This chapter gives five policy recommendations to governments and regional authorities in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. The proposed measures seem suitable to support young people in these countries so that they can enjoy their formal rights and EU citizenship in an equal way irrespective of where they are living. The recommendations pay particular attention to macro-regional as well as sub-regional peculiarities. They are based on the JMCoE fieldwork findings regarding young people and youth projects in the region presented in the other chapters of this volume and on an analysis of additional data.
European Citizenship as an Invisible Anchor: Students’ EU Perceptions in Rural Peripheral Areas of the Czech Republic
Authors: Stangenberger Mathilde , Formánková Hana
Published: July 2023

Based on four group discussions conducted in the towns of Sokolov and Chrudim, this chapter analyses how students in secondary and vocational schools in rural peripheral areas of the Czech Republic perceive their EU citizenship. It shows that they do not reflect on their EU citizenship in everyday life, but associate it with core rights such as the freedom of movement, peace and security. These rights are personally important to them, but largely taken for granted. EU citizenship can thus be understood as an invisible, but indispensable anchor in their life. In the view of the students, the salience of the EU elections is compromised by a tangible lack of factual information on European politics and the fact that EU topics are marginally discussed at schools. The students wish more discussions on the EU.
Non-affirmative Theory of Education: Problems, Positionings and Possibilities
Authors: Uljens Michael
Published: July 2023

Non-affirmative education theory represents a contemporary interpretation of the longstanding European tradition of Bildung and Bildung-related theory of education. This introductory chapter begins with a broad view of non-affirmative theory of education and Bildung, as well as the motives for engaging in such a dialogue. Second, as this way of theorising education and Bildung starts from education as an academic discipline of its own, this introduction describes some of the typical questions raised within the German and Nordic traditions of general education (Allgemeine Pädagogik). Third, this chapter includes a short overview of the volume, describing its structure and the separate chapters.
On Affirmativity and Non-affirmativity in the Context of Theories of Education and Bildung
Authors: Benner Dietrich
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes the genesis and reception of my attempts at developing a non-affirmative pedagogy in four sections. The first recalls the beginnings, which identified non-affirmativity as a feature of critical pedagogical thought and action, leading beyond the then widespread juxtaposition of affirmative and emancipatory pedagogy. The second section presents the yield of these efforts on my “General Pedagogy” (1971/2018) and the basic pedagogical concepts, basic pedagogical theories, and elementary forms of action in education that I introduced in it. The third part develops systematic distinctions between positive and negative experiences, teaching and learning, and between upbringing, education, and competence, which are helpful for understanding the inherent logic of pedagogical thought and action and for the coordination between pedagogical theory and research in educational science. The fourth section deals with the reception of the approach and works out an enduring significance of critical non-affirmativity, which must be constantly re-examined against the background of changing pedagogical problem constellations.
Knowledge, Values and Subject-ness: Educative Teaching as a Regulative Idea of School Development in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Rucker Thomas
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the question of an educationally justified orientation of school teaching in the context of modern democratic societies. According to my thesis, school teaching that is understood as non-affirmative must consequently be conceived as educative teaching, or more precisely as educative teaching under the claim of Bildung. To justify this assertion, I first describe non-affirmative education as an irreducible nexus of discipline, teaching, and guidance. Then, I try to show how school teaching can be conceptualized as educative teaching under the claim of Bildung. Finally, I develop a conceptual framework for distinguishing between different dimensions of non-affirmativity, each of which is significant in the context of educative teaching. Taken together, these considerations bring into view a regulative idea of school development that should not be ignored if one does not want to fall behind an already achieved level within educational theory.
Einleitung und Überblick
Authors: Jünger Jakob , Gärtner Chantal
Published: July 2023

Dieses Kapitel führt Sie in die Welt der Computational Methods ein. Sie erfahren, an wen sich das Buch richtet, was unter Computational Methods verstanden wird und wofür diese in der Wissenschaft eingesetzt werden. Zudem lernen Sie, welche grundlegenden Tools für die Arbeit mit diesen Methoden benötigt werden.

Im Online-Repositorium unterhttps://github.com/strohne/cmfinden Sie begleitend zum Kapitel weitere Materialien, auf die wir im Text mit ☛ verweisen.
Zusammenfassung
Authors: Jünger Jakob , Gärtner Chantal
Published: July 2023

Computational Methods bringen eine spezielle Perspektive auf die Welt mit sich. Sie sind einerseits ganz im Sinne der statistischen Tradition Werkzeuge, mit denen umfangreiche Daten erhoben, aufbereitet und analysiert werden, um so die Komplexität der Wirklichkeit auf wesentliche Aspekte zu reduzieren. Andererseits sind sie Praktiken, die sich zunehmend in den Alltag einweben, etwa durch die Etablierung sogenannter künstlicher Intelligenz in Anwendungsbereichen innerhalb und außerhalb der Wissenschaft. Das Kapitel gibt auf Basis einer Netzwerkanalyse Hinweise auf mögliche Lektürepfade, mit denen sich das vorliegende Buch erschließen lässt.
Datenformate
Authors: Jünger Jakob , Gärtner Chantal
Published: July 2023

Das Kapitel führt in Datenformate ein, die Ihnen bei der Arbeit mit Computational Methods begegnen werden. Sie lernen, wie die wichtigsten Datenformate aufgebaut sind, welche Arten von Datenbanken es gibt und worin der Unterschied zwischen Datenformaten und Datenmodellen besteht.

Im Online-Repositorium unter https://github.com/strohne/cm finden Sie begleitend zum Kapitel weitere Materialien, auf die wir im Text mit ☛ verweisen.
Datenextraktion
Authors: Jünger Jakob , Gärtner Chantal
Published: July 2023

Dieses Kapitel führt in Verfahren zur Datenselektion- und transformation ein. Sie lernen, wie Sie mit regulären Ausdrücken Suchmuster formulieren, um unstrukturierte Daten aufzubereiten, wie Sie Elemente aus Webseiten mit CSS-Selektoren und XPath extrahieren und wie Sie Datenbanken mit SQL abfragen. Zudem erfahren Sie, wie Matrizen in verschiedene Formen gebracht werden und warum sich das lohnt.

Im Online-Repositorium unter https://github.com/strohne/cm finden Sie begleitend zum Kapitel weitere Materialien, auf die wir im Text mit ☛ verweisen.
Scaling up. Daten und Skripte organisieren
Authors: Jünger Jakob , Gärtner Chantal
Published: July 2023

Dieses Kapitel führt in Konzepte ein, die bei der Koordination von größeren Projekten und der Zusammenarbeit mit anderen helfen. Sie lernen, was eine Versionsverwaltung ist und worauf Sie bei der Wahl von Entwicklungsumgebungen achten können. In Bezug auf rechenintensivere Projekte finden Sie eine Einführung in die Virtualisierung und erhalten einen Einblick in High-Performance-Computing.

Im Online-Repositorium unterhttps://github.com/strohne/cmfinden Sie begleitend zum Kapitel weitere Materialien, auf die wir im Text mit ☛ verweisen.
Maschinelles Lernen
Authors: Jünger Jakob , Gärtner Chantal
Published: July 2023

Dieses Kapitel führt in die Grundlagen von Machine-Learning-Verfahren ein. Sie lernen, was überwachte von unüberwachten Lernverfahren unterscheidet, wie man Emotionen mit einem Künstlichen Neuronalen Netz erkennt und wie umfangreiche Textkorpora mittels Topic Modeling erschlossen werden.

Im Online-Repositorium unter https://github.com/strohne/cm finden Sie begleitend zum Kapitel weitere Materialien, auf die wir im Text mit ☛ verweisen.
Effective field theory in light of relative entropy
Authors: Cao Qing-Hong , Kan Naoto , Ueda Daiki
Published: July 2023

Abstract

We study constraints on the effective field theory (EFT) from the relative entropy between two theories: we refer to these as target and reference theories. The consequence of the non-negativity of the relative entropy is investigated by choosing some reference theories for a given target theory. We consider the target and reference theories described by field theories, quantum mechanical models, etc. It is found that the constraints on EFTs, e.g., the single massless scalar field with the dimension-eight operator, and SMEFT dimension-eight bosonic operators, arise when the higher-derivative operators are generated by the interaction between heavy and light fields. In particular, the constraints on the SMEFT dimension-eight bosonic operators with the SU(N) and SU(n) gauge fields, and the operator quartics in the Higgs are newly studied, and some stronger bounds than the unitarity and causality considerations are derived. The constraints on Einstein-Maxwell theory with higher-derivative operators from the non-negativity of relative entropy are also investigated. The constraints on such EFTs from the relative entropy hold under an assumption that perturbative corrections from the interaction involving higher-derivative operators of light fields are not dominant in the EFTs. The consequence of this study on the weak gravity conjecture and the second law of thermodynamics is also discussed.
From Ds → γ in lattice QCD to Bs → μμγ at high q2
Authors: Guadagnoli Diego , Normand Camille , Simula Silvano , Vittorio Ludovico
Published: July 2023

Abstract

We use a recent lattice determination of the vector and axial Ds → γ form factors at high squared momentum transfer q2 to infer their Bs → γ counterparts. To this end, we introduce a phenomenological approach summarized as follows. First, we describe the lattice data with different fit templates motivated by vector-meson dominance, that is expected to hold in the high-q2 region considered. We identify reference fit ansaetze with one or two physical poles, that we validate against alternative templates. Then, the pole residues can be unambiguously related to the appropriate couplings involving the pseudoscalar, the vector mesons concerned, and the photon — or tri-couplings — and the latter can be expressed as sums over quark magnetic moments, weighed by their e.m. charges. This description obeys a well-defined heavy-quark scaling, that allows to parametrically scale up the form factors to the Bs → γ case. We discuss a number of cross-checks of the whole approach, whose validation rests ultimately in a first-principle determination, e.g. in lattice QCD. Finally, we use our obtained form factors to reassess the SM prediction of ℬ(Bs → μ+μ−γ) in the range $$ \sqrt{q^2}\in $$

q
2

∈
[4.2, 5.0] GeV, where an experimental measurement is awaited.
The holar wind
Authors: Martinec Emil J.
Published: July 2023

Abstract

String theory in AdS3 with purely NS-NS fluxes and vanishing RR moduli has a continuum of winding string excitations in radial plane wave states. BTZ black holes can emit such strings, which then flow out toward the AdS3 boundary as a stream of massive quanta, and form a black hole analogue of the solar wind. The winding string sector thus provides a decay channel for the black hole to evaporate without having either to couple the system to an external reservoir or to match the AdS3 throat onto an asymptotically flat region. We compute the emission amplitude of this “holar wind” in the semi-classical approximation, and consider the associated version of the black hole information paradox.
Study of singly heavy baryon lifetimes
Authors: Cheng Hai-Yang , Liu Chia-Wei
Published: July 2023

Abstract

We study the inclusive decay widths of singly heavy baryons with the improved bag model in which the unwanted center-of-mass motion is removed. Additional insight is gained by comparing the charmed and bottom baryons. We discuss the running of the baryon matrix elements and compare the results with the non-relativistic quark model (NRQM). While the calculated two-quark operator elements are compatible with the literature, those of the four-quark ones deviate largely. In particular, the heavy quark limit holds reasonably well in the bag model for four-quark operator matrix elements but is badly broken in the NRQM. We predict 1 − τ (Ωb)/τ($$ {\Lambda}_b^0 $$

Λ
b
0

) = (8.34 ± 2.22)% in accordance with the current experimental value of $$ \left({11.5}_{-11.6}^{+12.2}\right)\% $$

11.5

−
11.6

+
12.2

%
and compatible with (13.2 ± 4.7)% obtained in the NRQM. We find an excellent agreement between theory and experiment for the lifetimes of bottom baryons. We confirm that $$ {\Omega}_c^0 $$

Ω
c
0

could live longer than $$ {\Lambda}_c^{+} $$

Λ
c
+

after the dimension-7 four-quark operators are taken into account. We recommend to measure some semileptonic inclusive branching fractions in the forthcoming experiments to discern different approaches. For example, we obtain $$ \mathcal{BF}\left({\Xi}_c^{+}\to X{e}^{+}{\nu}_e\right) $$
BF

Ξ
c
+

→
X

e
+

ν
e

= (8.57±0.49)% and $$ \mathcal{BF}\left({\Omega}_c^0\to X{e}^{+}{\nu}_e\right) $$
BF

Ω
c
0

→
X

e
+

ν
e

= (1.88 ± 1.69)% in sharp contrast to $$ \mathcal{BF}\left({\Xi}_c^{+}\to X{e}^{+}{\nu}_e\right) $$
BF

Ξ
c
+

→
X

e
+

ν
e

= $$ \left({12.74}_{-2.45}^{+2.54}\right)\% $$

12.74

−
2.45

+
2.54

%
and $$ \mathcal{BF}\left({\Omega}_c^0\to X{e}^{+}{\nu}_e\right) $$
BF

Ω
c
0

→
X

e
+

ν
e

= $$ \left({7.59}_{-2.24}^{+2.49}\right)\% $$

7.59

−
2.24

+
2.49

%
found in the NRQM.
Electroweak input schemes and universal corrections in SMEFT
Authors: Biekötter Anke , Pecjak Benjamin D. , Scott Darren J. , Smith Tommy
Published: July 2023

Abstract

The choice of an electroweak (EW) input scheme is an important component of perturbative calculations in Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). In this paper we perform a systematic study of three different EW input schemes in SMEFT, in particular those using the parameter sets {MW, MZ, GF}, {MW, MZ, α}, or {α, MZ, GF}. We discuss general features and calculate decay rates of Z and W bosons to leptons and Higgs decays to bottom quarks in these three schemes up to next-to-leading order (NLO) in dimension-six SMEFT. We explore the sensitivity to Wilson coefficients and perturbative convergence in the different schemes, and show that while the latter point is more involved than in the Standard Model, the dominant scheme-dependent NLO corrections are universal and can be taken into account by a simple set of substitutions on the leading-order results. Residual NLO corrections are then of similar size between the different input schemes, and performing calculations in multiple schemes can give a useful handle on theory uncertainties in SMEFT predictions and fits to data.
(0, 4) Projective superspaces. Part I. Interacting linear sigma models
Authors: Prabhakar Naveen S. , Roček Martin
Published: July 2023

Abstract

We describe the projective superspace approach to supersymmetric models with off-shell (0, 4) supersymmetry in two dimensions. In addition to the usual superspace coordinates, projective superspace has extra bosonic variables — one doublet for each SU(2) in the R-symmetry SU(2) × SU(2) which are interpreted as homogeneous coordinates on CP1 × CP1. The superfields are analytic in the CP1 coordinates and this analyticity plays an important role in our description. For instance, it leads to stringent constraints on the interactions one can write down for a given superfield content of the model. As an example, we describe in projective superspace Witten’s ADHM sigma model — a linear sigma model with non-derivative interactions whose target is R4 with a Yang-Mills instanton solution. The hyperkähler nature of target space and the twistor description of instantons by Ward, and Atiyah, Hitchin, Drinfeld and Manin are natural outputs of our construction.
Dihadron production in DIS at NLO: the real corrections
Authors: Iancu Edmond , Mulian Yair
Published: July 2023

Abstract

By using the formalism of the light-cone wave function along with the colour glass condensate effective theory, we consider next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections to the production of a pair of hadrons in electron-proton, or electron-nucleus, collisions at small Bjorken x. To the order of interest, the process involves the fluctuation of a virtual photon into a quark-antiquark pair, followed by the emission of a gluon from either the quark, or the antiquark. For the case of a virtual photon with transverse polarization, we compute the real NLO corrections, where the emitted gluon is present in the final state. We first compute the tree-level cross-section for the production of the quark-antiquark-gluon system and then deduce the real NLO corrections to dihadron production by integrating out the kinematics of the gluon. We verify in detail that, in the limit where the gluon is soft, our calculation reproduces the (real piece of the) B-JIMWLK evolution of the leading-order cross-section for quark-antiquark production. Similarly, in the limit where the gluon is collinear with its emitter, we recover the real terms in the DGLAP evolution of the fragmentation function. The virtual NLO corrections to dihadron production will be presented by one of us in a subsequent publication.
Weakly Schreier extensions for general algebras
Authors: Manuell Graham , Martins-Ferreira Nelson
Published: July 2023

Weakly Schreier split extensions are a reasonably large, yet well-understood class of monoid extensions, which generalise some aspects of split extensions of groups. This short note provides a way to define and study similar classes of split extensions in general algebraic structures (parameterised by a term $$\theta $$
θ
). These generalise weakly Schreier extensions of monoids, as well as general extensions of semi-abelian varieties (using the $$\theta $$
θ
appearing in their syntactic characterisation). Restricting again to the case of monoids, a different choice of $$\theta $$
θ
leads to a new class of monoid extensions, more general than the weakly Schreier split extensions.
Inanspruchnahme zahnmedizinischer Versorgung von Erwachsenen mit und ohne Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen – Ergebnisse der Studie GEDA 2014/2015-EHIS
Authors: Krause Laura , Schmidt Peter , Seeling Stefanie , Prütz Franziska
Published: July 2023

Hintergrund

Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen können sich nachteilig auf die Mundgesundheit auswirken. Studien zur Mundgesundheit von Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen gibt es jedoch nur wenige. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die 12-Monats-Prävalenz der Inanspruchnahme zahnmedizinischer Versorgung von Erwachsenen mit und ohne Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen in Deutschland.

Methoden

Die Analysen basieren auf Daten von 23.372 Personen ab 18 Jahren mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland der Studie GEDA 2014/2015-EHIS. Die Teilnehmenden wurden gefragt, wann sie zuletzt bei einem Zahnarzt, Kieferorthopäden oder einem anderen zahnmedizinischen Spezialisten waren, um sich selbst beraten, untersuchen oder behandeln zu lassen – „vor weniger als 6 Monaten“, „vor 6 bis weniger als 12 Monaten“, „vor 12 Monaten oder länger“ oder „nie“. Für die Analysen wurden die ersten und letzten beiden Antwortoptionen zusammengefasst, um die 12-Monats-Prävalenz der Inanspruchnahme zahnmedizinischer Leistungen zu erhalten.

Ergebnisse

Erwachsene mit Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen haben im Jahr vor der Befragung etwas häufiger keine zahnmedizinische Praxis aufgesucht als Erwachsene ohne Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen (21,5 % vs. 18,4 %; p = 0,002). Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorliegen von Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen und einer geringeren Inanspruchnahme zahnmedizinischer Versorgung blieb aber nach Kontrolle für Alter, Geschlecht, Partnerschaft und sozioökonomischen Status nicht bestehen.

Diskussion

Es zeigen sich kaum Unterschiede in der Inanspruchnahme zahnmedizinischer Leistungen zwischen Personen mit und ohne Beeinträchtigungen und Behinderungen. Dennoch ist aufgrund ihrer im Mittel schlechteren Mundgesundheit zu überlegen, wie die zahnmedizinische Versorgung dieser sehr heterogenen Gruppe weiter verbessert werden kann. Die Auswertungen zeigen Versorgungsbedarfe und Präventionspotenziale auf.
Global Existence and Finite-Time Blow-Up for a Nonlinear Nonlocal Evolution Equation
Authors: Constantin Adrian , Molinet Luc
Published: July 2023

We study the Cauchy problem for a nonlinear nonlocal evolution equation arising in the study of oceanic flows in equatorial regions. We present a well-posedness result and show that while some initial data develop into solutions that exist for all times, others lead to blow-up in finite time.
A matheuristic for tactical locomotive and driver scheduling for the Swiss national railway company SBB Cargo AG
Authors: Vié Marie-Sklaerder , Zufferey Nicolas , Minner Stefan
Published: July 2023

At the scale of Switzerland, the national railway company SBB Cargo AG has to schedule its locomotives and drivers in order to be able to pull all trains. Two objective functions are considered in a two-stage lexicographic fashion: (1) the locomotive and driver costs and (2) the driver time that is spent without driving. As the problem instances tend to reach really big sizes (up to 1900 trains), we propose to schedule locomotives and drivers in a sequential way, thus having a sequence of smaller problems to solve. Moreover, for smaller instances, we also propose to schedule jointly locomotives and drivers in an integrated way, therefore increasing the search space but possibly leading to better solutions. In this paper, we present a mathematical formulation and model for the problem. We also consider the contract-related constraints of the drivers, and we propose a way to integrate some time flexibility in the schedules. Next, we propose an innovative matheuristic to solve the problem, relying on a descent local search and a rolling horizon decomposition. An important goal of this method is to explore thoroughly at which extent a general-purpose solver can be used on this problem. Finally, the benefits of each aspect of the model and of the method are analyzed in detail on the results obtained for 20 real SBB Cargo AG instances.
Interdisciplinary perspectives on computed tomography in sepsis: survey among medical doctors at a large university medical center
Authors: Opper Hernando Maria Isabel , Witham Denis , Steinhagen Peter Richard , Angermair Stefan , Bauer Wolfgang , Compton Friederike , Edel Andreas , Kruse Jan , Kühnle York , Lachmann Gunnar , Marz Susanne , Müller-Redetzky Holger , Nee Jens , Paul Oliver , Praeger Damaris , Skurk Carsten , Stegemann Miriam , Uhrig Alexander , Wolf Stefan , Zimmermann Elke , Rubarth Kerstin , Bolanaki Myrto , Seybold Joachim , Dewey Marc , Pohlan Julian
Published: July 2023

Objectives

This study aims to describe physicians’ perspectives on the use of computed tomography (CT) in patients with sepsis.

Methods

In January 2022, physicians of a large European university medical center were surveyed using a web-based questionnaire asking about their views on the role of CT in sepsis. A total of 371 questionnaires met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using work experience, workplace, and medical specialty of physicians as variables. Chi-square tests were performed.

Results

Physicians considered the ability to detect an unknown focus as the greatest benefit of CT scans in sepsis (70.9%, n = 263/371). Two clinical criteria — “signs of decreased vigilance” (89.2%, n = 331/371) and “increased catecholamine demand” (84.7%, n = 314/371) — were considered highly relevant for a CT request. Elevated procalcitonin (82.7%, n = 307/371) and lactate levels (83.6%, n = 310/371) were consistently found to be critical laboratory values to request a CT. As long as there is evidence of infection in one organ region, most physicians (42.6%, n = 158/371) would order a CT scan based on clinical assessment. Combined examination of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis was favored (34.8%, n = 129/371) in cases without clinical clues of an infection source. A time window of ≥ 1–6 h was preferred for both CT examinations (53.9%, n = 200/371) and CT-guided interventions (59.3%, n = 220/371) in patients with sepsis.

Conclusion

Despite much consensus, there are significant differences in attitudes towards the use of CT in septic patients among physicians from different workplaces and medical specialties. Knowledge of these perspectives may improve patient management and interprofessional communication.

Key Points

Despite interdisciplinary consensus on the use of CT in sepsis, statistically significant differences in the responses are apparent among physicians from different workplaces and medical specialties.

The detection of a previously unknown source of infection and the ability to plan interventions and/or surgery based on CT findings are considered key advantages of CT in septic patients.

Timing of CT reflects the requirements of specific disciplines.