bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case-based Method and its Implementation in English for Medical Purposes
Authors: Hidayati Laely
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The case study or case-based technique has been widely employed in a variety of areas due to the tremendous benefits it provides for teaching and learning. The Indonesian government also encourages the use of the case method as one of the methods emphasized in the Key Performance Indicators of Higher Education (IKU) guidelines. This article presents a literature review of the case study by exploring the benefits and the challenges of implementing this method in the classroom. Besides, an alternative scenario of the case study implementation in English for Medical Purposes is also presented. It is hoped that this article will give insight into the implementation of the case method in a specific setting to help students learn English in a meaningful way.

Keywords: Key Performance Indicator, Case-based Learning, English for Medical Purposes
Internet a religia
Authors: Mariański Janusz
Published: October 2021

W niniejszym artykule rozważania dotyczą jedynie kilku ważnych kwestii dotyczących relacji Internetu i religii. Jak wynika z badań, Wynika z nich, że co czwarty ankietowany spośród młodzieży szkół średnich (25,6%), szczególnie spośród osób głęboko wierzących oraz regularnie praktykujących, poszukiwał w ciągu ostatnich sześciu miesięcy przed terminem badań socjologicznych jakichś form aktywności religijnej. Zdecydowana większość ankietowanych nie interesowała się tą nową aktywnością. Młodzież szkół średnich w ograniczonym zakresie korzystała z Internetu dla poszukiwania przekazów religijnych. Badani nieco częściej informowali o korzystaniu z treści religijnych w You[1]Tube, w serwisach parafii, diecezji i zgromadzeń zakonnych oraz forów czy czatów, najrzadziej zaś witryn biur pielgrzymkowych oraz portali religijnych wspólnot i organizacji. Około co piąty badany uczęszczający do szkół średnich przypisywał (według wskaźnika zbiorczego) to samo znaczenie aktywnościom religijnym w świecie wirtualnym i w świecie realnym (od 31,0 do 7,0%). Wskaźnik najwyższy odnosił się do internetowych rekolekcji i kazań, modlitwy online, wirtualnej wspólnoty parafialnej oraz mszy św. i nabożeństw w sieci
Domesticating Rewilding: Interpreting Rewilding in England's Green and Pleasant Land
Authors: Thomas Virginia
Published: October 2021

There are many different forms and interpretations of rewilding: the concept and its practice vary from country to country, with distinct interpretations according to its geographical location. Despite the term rewilding having been present in the lexicon for three decades, the concept of rewilding in England has experienced a prolonged developmental stage. This paper argues that a unique form of English rewilding is now emerging, which is distinct from rewilding in other parts of the world. Compared to other locations rewilding in England operates at smaller spatial scales; its ambitions to increase biodiversity, restore ecosystem functioning and increase natural autonomy are somewhat curtailed; it involves higher levels of human intervention; and, perhaps most tellingly of all, it goes by another name – ‘wilding’, ‘wild’ or ‘wilder’ with little mention of the much-maligned prefix ‘re’. This conclusion has been developed following a comparative case study of two English ‘rewilding’ sites (the Avalon Marshes and Wild Ennerdale) involving 49 semi-structured interviews: twelve expert interviews and nineteen and eighteen stakeholder/practitioner interviews at the Avalon Mashes and Wild Ennerdale respectively.
People's Conceptions and Valuations of Nature in the Context of Climate Change
Authors: Andersen Gisle , Fløttum Kjersti , Carbou Guillaume , Gjesdal Anje Müller
Published: October 2021

This paper investigates how people conceive and evaluate nature through language, in a climate change context. With material consisting of 1,200 answers to open-ended questions in nationally representative surveys in Norway, we explore what semantic roles and values the respondents attribute to nature as well as to how they interact with the public debate about climate change. We observe that different conceptions and valuations of nature are tied to different perspectives on the climate change issue: some address the responsibilities of causing climate change, others its consequences, and others yet its potential solutions. The study provides knowledge about the variety of conceptions of nature that can be mobilised by individuals and suggests that policy measures and public communication could benefit by taking this diversity into account.
Neuroanatomía : Fundamentos para estudiantes de ciencias de la salud
Authors: Suazo Galdames Iván , Pérez Rojas Francisco
Published: October 2021

En este libro ofrecemos una descripción de la neuroanatomía humana, coherente con los contenidos propios de un curso en esta materia, dirigido a estudiantes de ciencias de la salud y medio de consulta a profesionales del área. Por ello contribuye como una herramienta útil, orientadora y didáctica para el aprendizaje del estudiante, y no pretende mostrar el conocimiento neuroanatómico humano disponible de manera exhaustiva.
Correlation between Intraoperative Ossicular Status and Conductive Hearing Loss Degree among Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Patients in Dr Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital Palembang
Authors: Rizandiny  , Ahmad Hifni  , Erial Bahar  , Abla Ghanie
Published: October 2021

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa and periosteum of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that defined as a perforated tympanic membrane with persistent drainage for more than 2 months. Preoperative hearing threshold and air bone gap (ABG) assessment are expected to predict the ossicular status which can only be ascertained intraoperatively. This study aimed to determine the correlation between intra-operative ossicular status and the degree of conductive hearing loss assessed based on the hearing threshold and average ABG among CSOM patients in RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang.

Methods: Observational research using a cross sectional design. The data were collected using medical record on 64 subjects with a diagnosis of CSOM who underwent mastoidectomy surgery at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang for the period of March 2019 to June 2021.

Results: From 64 samples conducted in the study, the average ossicular status score in CSOM patients was 1.84 ± 1.48, with the highest group scoring 0 being the malleus incus and intact stapes as many as 21 patients (31.3%). There was a strong positive correlation between hearing threshold scores and intra-operative ossicular status scores (p<0.005, R=0.5) and there was a strong positive correlation between ABG scores and intra-operative ossicular status scores (p <0.005, R=0.6). From the linear regression test, the most influential in predicting intra-operative ossicular status scores were gender, hearing threshold value, ABG value, and the presence of cholesteatoma

Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between intra-operative ossicular status and the degree of conductive hearing loss in CSOM patients.
THE EFFECT OF YOGA ON STRESS LEVEL OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN TRIMESTER III IN PRIVATE MIDWIVES IN JAMBI CITY
Authors: Murtiyarini Ika , Imelda Imelda , Suryanti Yuli , Rosmaria Rosmaria
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Prenatal stress is often encountered but is rarely recognized and is considered not to affect pregnancy. Pregnancy has the potential to cause morbidity during pregnancy. In a study in Indonesia, 64.4% of pregnant women experienced severe stress and were at risk of causing preterm labour. One of the preventive measures during pregnancy to improve the health condition of the mother and baby is yoga. Prenatal yoga can prepare pregnant women physically, mentally, and spiritually to play a role in the delivery process. Materials and Methods: The current study is a quantitative study with a pre-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest without control to determine the effect of prenatal yoga on stress levels of pregnant women in the private midwives of Jambi City in 2020. The study population was 86 pregnant women; by purposive sampling, 30 pregnant women were taken. The time of the study was from March to November 2020. The data analysis used was univariate analysis and bivariate analysis with the Wilcoxon test. Results: In the initial assessment, most pregnant women experienced moderate stress levels; after prenatal yoga, most pregnant women experienced mild and average stress levels. Wilcoxon test results show that prenatal yoga has an effect on stress levels of pregnant women with a p-value of 0.0001 (<0.05). Conclusion: Prenatal yoga is effective for reducing stress in third-trimester pregnant women.
Faktor - faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Praktik Higiene Sanitasi Pekerja Warung Makan
Authors: Suroto Suroto , Lestantyo Daru
Published: October 2021

Perdagangan makanan jalanan memecahkan masalah sosial dan ekonomi utama di negara berkembang melalui makanan siap saji yang relatif murah. Namun, karena sifat informal dari perusahaan, kegiatan para praktisi tidak sepenuhnya diawasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perilaku penjamah makanan akibat praktik personal hygiene mereka. Perkiraan populasi terjangkau adalah 30 orang. Pemilihan sampel dengan teknik Purposive Sampling Pengukuran suhu tempat kerja menunjukkan bahwa area produksi masih di bawah Nilai Ambang Livit (TLV) Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja RI No 5/2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh responden (100%) memiliki pengetahuan tentang sanitasi makanan dan masalah K3 termasuk dalam kategori baik. Hasil dari responden Sikap menunjukkan 12 peserta (40%) memiliki praktik kebersihan makanan yang baik, dan 11 (36,60%) sedang. Kami menemukan 6,66% sampel swab mengandung S aureus. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan, sikap dan praktek (p0,32)t diharapkan pihak berwenang setempat harus melakukan pengarahan keselamatan terkait penanganan makanan yang aman dan kesehatan kerja juga.
Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of Psychometric Properties of the Parent Section of Parent-Child Interaction Coding System
Authors:   Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Dehghani Sanaz , Yadegari Fariba ,   Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Ashtari Atieh ,   Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Biglarian Akbar ,   Department of Biostatistics, Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Most of the tests regarding parent-child interaction have dealt with this issue from the emotional-behavioral point of view; however, studying these interactions from a combined verbal-behavioral aspect requires a tool consistent with Iranian culture. Parent-Child interaction coding system–3rd edition (DPICS-III, 2009) is allotted to evaluate parent-child interaction. This study was conducted on mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children to translate, adapt to the Persian language, and determine the validity and reliability of the parent section of this test. Methods: This research was descriptive-analytic with a non-experimental design. This test was adapted to the Persian language, and its face validity was examined to clarify the items. Moreover, the correlation between live and video observations of 10 mothers and children was evaluated to determine the validity of observations. Later on, the same rater reviewed the videos of 10 mothers—recorded for the correlation between live and video observations—again within a week for intra-rater reliability and verify the credibility of the rater. Moreover, the Spearman and interclass correlation coefficients were used to determine inter-rater reliability. Data analysis was done by calculating ICC, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The translation process led to an appropriate version of the test in Persian language. The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for analysis. The correlation between live observation and video was significant (P<0.05, 1-0.74=spearman and P>0.05, 0.99-0.83=Pearson). The reliability of intra-rater was also high (P<0.05, 1-0.89=spearman and P>0.05, 0.99-0.87=Pearson). Furthermore, inter-rater reliability was also high (P<0.05, 0.99-0.81=spearman and P<0.05, 1-0.79=ICC). Discussion: According to the study results, the parent section of DPICS is applicable in the Persian language with appropriate validity and reliability. This applicable test is either as live observation or video recording, with no differences.
Spontaneous Resorption of Spinal Disk Herniation and Its Adjacent-level Complications: A Case Report
Authors:   Departmentof Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia., Yurku Kseniya , Bondarev Sergey ,   Departmentof Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia., Lazareva Irina ,   Departmentof Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia., Krasavina Tatiana ,   Departmentof Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia., Ivanov Mark ,   Khimki Regional Hospital, Moscow Region, Moscow, Russia.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Symptoms associated with spinal disk herniation may heal without surgery. In some patients, imaging reveals a reduction in hernia size, too. This phenomenon is referred to as spontaneous regression of the herniated disk. It was first reported in 1984 and is widely covered in today’s research papers. Case Presentation: This paper describes a case of spontaneous regression of lumbar disk herniation at L5-S1, where another disk was herniated at L4-L5 after only 8 months. The patient (F) sought help complaining of pain in the lumbar region. An MRI scan revealed a 6.2-mm hernia at L5-S1. The patient was prescribed conservative treatment comprising non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and kinesitherapy, to which she refused to adhere and decided to treat the condition on her own. Eight months later, the patient sought help again, reporting other symptoms of pronounced constant pain in the rear lateral surface of the left leg and lameness. A further MRI scan revealed spontaneous hernia resorption at L5-S1 with an emergent vacuum phenomenon and a different disk herniated at L4-L5 to 9.4 mm. Discussion: Since the symptoms were pronounced and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not have a therapeutic effect, the patient required surgery.
Satisfaction and Competence With Telepractice Services in Pakistan Amid COVID-19 Pandemic: The Speech-Language Pathologists’ Perspective
Authors:   Department of Speech Language Pathology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan., Akram Sidra , Mumtaz Nazia ,   Department of Speech Language Pathology, Faculty of Rehab & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad., Shahid Nameeka ,   Department of Speech Language Pathology, Riphah Inernational university, Lahore, Pakistan., Saqulain Ghulam ,   Department of Otorhinolaryngology Capital Hospital PGMI, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to explore satisfaction and competency with telepractice services among Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) in Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study with a sample of 204 SLPs was conducted at Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan, from August 2020 to December 2020. Our study recruited qualified SLPs of both genders, aged between 25 and 60 years, using a convenience sampling technique. Non-practicing SLPs and those holding administrative posts were excluded from this study. The “Service Provider Questionnaire for Telepractice” was used for data collection. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS v. 22. The Chi-square and Pearson r correlation were used to detect any relationships between study variables, and P<0.05 was significant. Results: The results showed that SLPs are pretty satisfied with using telepractice and building relationships with child/family, compared to face-to-face practice, and did not reveal significant differences (P=0.146 and P=0.882, respectively). Also, the competence of SLPs was good with telepractice; however, higher competence was noted with face-to-face practice, and the difference was statistically significant (r=0.165, P=0.018). Discussion: Regarding satisfaction with the use of telepractice and relationship building with child/family, SLPs are pretty satisfied, though results did not differ significantly from face-to-face practice. However, for competence in providing services, the SLPs felt more competent with face-to-face practice than telepractice. Satisfaction using telepractice has an association with patient’s age and SLP’s experience and age, while satisfaction with relationships using telepractice is associated with SLP’s qualification and experience. Competence in providing telepractice is associated with patient’s age and SLP’S qualification, experience, and age.
Revisiting the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, a Comprehensive Model for Exploring Disablement in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Narrative Overview
Authors:   Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria., Sulaiman Surajo Kamilu , Mohammad Ashiru Hamza ,   Godiya Disability Inclusion and Development Initiative (GDID), Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria., Ibrahim Aminu Alhassan ,   Department of Physiotherapy, Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital, Kano State, Nigeria., Abdu Sham’unu Isa ,   Department of Physiotherapy, General Hospital Kazaure, Nigeria., Kaka Bashir ,   Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: To overcome the inherent limitations of the medical and social models of disability, the World Health Organization developed the first international conceptualization of disability: the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Despite the ICF’s robustness, it is still underutilized in research and practice in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This article discusses the applications, strengths, limitations, and unique considerations when using the ICF to explore disabilities in LMICs like Nigeria. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, AMED, and Google Scholar. Articles were selected if they reported on any of the development, structure, applications, strengths, and limitations of the ICF. The review draws from the selected articles using a narrative discussion. Results: The literature search yielded 22 articles that met the eligibility criteria. The ICF is a classification of components of health and functioning, which views disability as an outcome of a dynamic interaction between a person’s health condition and contextual factors. The ICF was developed cross-culturally; thus, it is applicable in various socio-environmental contexts. However, despite its comprehensiveness, the ICF is criticized for lack of clear theoretical underpinnings, overlapping and redundant components, and absence of systematized personal factors. Discussion: The ICF has brought a significant paradigm shift in the measurement of disability by explicitly recognizing the role of contextual factors in the incapacitation process and placing all health conditions on an equal footing. Hence, stakeholders in disability research and practice in LMICs need to prioritize the ICF over other disablement models.
Post-traumatic Anton’s Syndrome and Its Rehabilitation Challenges: A Case Report
Authors:   Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia., Andiappan Kavitha
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Anton’s syndrome is a rare clinical phenomenon characterized by acquired cortical blindness without the self-awareness of blindness. Patients with this syndrome tend to deny their visual deficits. The literature on the rehabilitation of individuals with Anton’s syndrome is sparse. Methods: We describe a 26-year-old patient who developed Anton’s syndrome in the background of anterior visual tract damage and multiple intracranial bleedings after traumatic brain injury. He presented with visual agnosia and confabulations that were only detected 2 months after trauma. He received 4 months of multidisciplinary rehabilitation care as an outpatient. His comprehensive program consisted of (a) compensatory strategies, (b) restorative strategies, and (c) counseling sessions. Although he showed significant improvement in terms of functional gain with rehabilitation, he still had visual deficits with occasional visual anosognosia that required 24-h supervision. Conclusion: Anton’s syndrome in traumatic brain injury should not be overlooked. A prompt diagnosis is vital to initiate appropriate rehabilitation measures.
Waist Circumference, a Clinical Measurement for the Activity of Transversus Abdominis
Authors:   Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, California State University Dominguez Hills, USA., Kamyab Mojtaba , McHugh Brendan ,   Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Centre for Prosthetics and Orthotics, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom., Bowers Roy ,   Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Centre for Prosthetics and Orthotics, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Improving the timing and endurance of the deep abdominal muscles, notably transversus abdominis (TrA), is a known protocol for improving spinal stability. TrA is the deepest abdominal muscle, and monitoring its activity is a difficult task. Ultrasound and pressure biofeedback have been employed for monitoring the activity of TrA; however, these methods are expensive, not always available in all clinical settings, and their application requires formal training. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a broadly known method, i.e., changes in the waist circumference, to monitor the activity of TrA. Methods: The study was carried out on 14 subjects following a pilot study of 5 participants. The thickness of TrA measured by ultrasound was considered the standard indicator for activity of TrA and was compared with simuObjectives: Improving the timing and endurance of the deep abdominal muscles, notably transversus abdominis (TrA), is a known protocol for improving spinal stability. TrA is the deepest abdominal muscle, and monitoring its activity is a difficult task. Ultrasound and pressure biofeedback have been employed for monitoring the activity of TrA; however, these methods are expensive, not always available in all clinical settings, and their application requires formal training. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a broadly known method, i.e., changes in the waist circumference, to monitor the activity of TrA. Methods: The study was carried out on 14 subjects following a pilot study of 5 participants. The thickness of TrA measured by ultrasound was considered the standard indicator for activity of TrA and was compared with simultaneous measurement of waist circumference. Results: A significant criterion validity between the thickness of TrA and the waist circumference was established (Pearson correlation=-0.71, P=0.001), indicating an inverse relationship between changes in the thickness of the transversus abdominis muscle and waist circumference. Discussion: This result confirmed the hypothesis that changes in the waist circumference could be employed as a suitable indicator for the activity of TrA.ltaneous measurement of waist circumference. Results: A significant criterion validity between the thickness of TrA and the waist circumference was established (Pearson correlation=-0.71, P=0.001), indicating an inverse relationship between changes in the thickness of the transversus abdominis muscle and waist circumference. Discussion: This result confirmed the hypothesis that changes in the waist circumference could be employed as a suitable indicator for the activity of TrA.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stability Exercises on Balance and Walking Function in the Elderly
Authors:   Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran., Mansori Mohammad Hani , Moghadas Tabrizi Yousef ,   Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran., Mohammadkhani Kamal ,   Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Walking and balance control are determining factors in the independence of the elderly because they are the main components of daily physical activity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stability (DNS) training on balance and gait function in the elderly. Methods: This study had a pre-test/post-test design. It was a quasi-experimental study performed on 30 older men aged 60-70 years in Qom Province, Iran, in 2021. The elderly was randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The Experimental Group (EG) participated in three 45-min sessions of dynamic neuromuscular stability training every week for 6 weeks, and the Control Group (CG) continued their normal daily routine. Berg balance scale (dynamic balance), modified stork stand (static balance), and temporal and spatial gait parameters were used to collect information before and after applying the training protocol. The obtained data were analyzed using ANCOVA statistical method and the paired t test. Results: There were significant differences between pre-test and post-test in EG regarding the variables of dynamic balance, static balance (P=0.001), and gait function, but in the CG, no significant difference was observed for these variables (P>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the mean scores obtained in the balance and gait tests between the two groups (P<0.05), and EG performed better in the post-test. Discussion: DNS training due to the great variety of movement in different parts of the body and the effect on improving strength, flexibility, range of motion, and physical fitness can also improve balance and gait function in the elderly. According to the present study results, one of the best ways to reduce the costs and physical, psychological, and social problems caused by aging is to use DNS training for the elderly.
Bilingualism and Cognitive and Auditory Processing: A Comprehensive Review
Authors:   Department of Audiology, Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Sharifinik Mahya , Ahadi Mohsen ,   Department of Audiology, Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Rahimi Vida ,   Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Bilingualism and multilingualism are on the rise in many parts of the world. Learning and using other languages, in addition to the expected impact on language domains, can affect non-linguistic fields such as attention, working memory, cognitive control, and auditory processing. The objective of this study was a comprehensive review of the bilingual advantage and disadvantages with emphasis on its effect on the cognitive process and its relationship with auditory processing. Methods: A total of 133 articles were initially found in this field. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the review, 84 related articles were entered into this study. Then we searched articles published 2005-2020 in Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases. Keyword and MeSH terms were used in the search process: “bilingualism”, “cognitive process”, “auditory process”, and “auditory attention”. Results: Studies showed that bilingualism not only has advantages in the linguistic domain but also affects the cognitive domain, especially auditory attention, auditory memory capacity, and inhibitory control. Also, it has a protective effect against cognitive decline in aging. Structural changes in the brain in bilinguals support these effects. Most studies reported that enhanced attentional requests of bilingual exchange amplify connectivity among cognitive functions like attentional rein and auditory processing. These effects create more constancy in the auditory evoked response in bilinguals. Discussion: Learning foreign languages could provoke the autonomic sound processing capability of the auditory organ and make it highly efficient in challenging listening conditions. It also affects other cognitive processes such as auditory memory. However, a comprehensive framework for this relationship is still unknown, and further research is needed, especially to support neurophysiological evidence.
Periodontal Diseases and Dental Caries in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors:   Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Dalvand Hamid , Dehghan Leila ,   Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Dadgar Hooshang ,   Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Maroufizadeh Saman ,   Department of Biostatistics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Sarmadi Sarvin ,   Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) affect the general health of the mouth and teeth. This study aimed to determine periodontal and dental diseases in children with CP based on gross motor function level, manual ability level, and subtypes of CP. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study performed on 123 children (3-18 years old) with CP referred to dentistry and rehabilitation centers supervised by Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019-2020. They were selected by the convenience sampling method. The children were classified according to the gross motor function classification system: expanded and revised (GMFCS-E&R) for their gross motor function level, according to the manual ability function classification system (MACS) and mini-MACS for the functioning of their hands in handling objects, and according to the quality and topographical pattern of motor impairment for subtypes of CP. The periodontal status of children with CP was evaluated according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization using the community periodontal index and for caries according to the decayed, missing, filled index. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS v. 16. Results: The results showed significant differences between periodontal disease and sex, age, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, mini-MACS levels, and subtypes of CP (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences between teeth diseases and oral motor skills with sex, age, MACS and mini-MACS, GMFCS-E&R levels, and subtypes of CP (P>0.05). Discussion: Periodontal disease and decayed, missing, filled teeth are common problems in CP children, and the conditions worsen with age and level IV and V of GMFCS-E&R and MACS.
Temperature-sensitive Recurrent, Reversible Auditory Neuropathy in Two Iranian Siblings
Authors:   Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Amir-Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Yazdani Nasrin , Ahadi Mohsen ,   Department of Audiology, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Two sibling cases with a temperature-sensitive form of auditory neuropathy from a consanguineous marriage of Iranian descent have been described. They complained about the temporary loss of hearing and compromised speech comprehension after a slight fever or elevating the body temperature by vigorous exercises. A series of tests including brain MRI, pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry in quiet and noise, tympanometry, reflexometry, TEOAEs, cochlear microphonic, and ABR were performed in a 24-hours interval at both febrile and afebrile states, and results are reported here. This report is the first example of temperature-sensitive auditory neuropathy in this geographical region.
Addressing Bowel Dysfunction in Men Aging With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran., Abed Mohammadreza , Raeisi Zohreh ,   Department of Psychology, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran., Rezaei-Jamalouei Hasan ,   Department of Psychology, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran., Ansari Shahidi Mojtaba ,   Department of Psychology, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) increases the frequency and severity of bowel problems, especially for those who age with this injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a bowel management training program in patients aged with SCI. Methods: A multiple-baseline single-case design of concurrent type was employed. Three male married patients with SCI whose ages ranged between 48 and 53, with a mean duration of 32 years after the injury, were recruited for this study from a rehabilitation center in Isfahan City, Iran, in 2020. An individualized 8-week bowel management training program was conducted. The patients’ bowel dysfunction was evaluated by Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction (NBD) score. Results: The results were provided by the six features of single-case designs, namely immediacy of the effect, overlap, variability consistency of data patterns across similar phases, trend, and level, revealed the efficacy of the program in decreasing bowel dysfunction problems in men aging with SCI. Discussion: Health care providers should know about the changes that might happen as an individual gets old with SCI to take preventive measures and reduce the harmful effects of aging, especially bowel dysfunction.
Comparing the Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation With and Without Ankle-foot Orthosis on the Balance and Walking Ability of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors:   Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Aslani Parisa , Khaghani Alireza ,   Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Babaee Taher ,   Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is the second leading cause of nerve failure in young adults. One of the clinical manifestations of MS is impaired balance and gait. Ankle-foot Orthosis (AFO) and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) are the most common rehabilitation interventions to improve the patients’ gait and balance. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of using an FES system and an AFO equipped with FES on the gait and balance of patients with MS. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. The patients were included in the study who were diagnosed with MS, had a score of lower than five on the expanded disability status scale, had a history of drop foot for at least three months, aged 20-50 years, and prescribed an AFO or FES, or both. The participants were asked to wear the FES system to evaluate their balance and ability to walk using the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest). Then, the participants were asked to wear an AFO equipped with FES, and their balance and ability to walk were assessed again. Results: The AFO equipped with FES provides more gait stability than FES alone condition (P <0.05). The ability of patients to use the FES alone was greater than using the AFO equipped with FES (P<0.05). Discussion: The study results showed that the walking ability of MS patients using an FES system is greater than that of AFO equipped with FES. This outcome can be due to the difficulty and limiting effect of using an orthosis on their performance. However, the patient’s postural response during stepping back and forth in the condition of AFO equipped with the FES system was better than the FES system alone.
Effects of Occupational Therapy Interventions on Improving Play Performance in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review
Authors:   Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Dabiri Golchin Minoo , Mirzaie Hooshang ,   Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Hosseini Seyed Ali ,   Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objectives: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder among neurodevelopmental disorders. Children with ADHD have serious difficulties in their playing patterns. This review aims at seeing occupational therapy interventions using to improve play among children with ADHD. Methods: Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Elsevier) were searched. Rayyan QCRI online application was used for managing and screening the obtained data. The included articles were reviewed for their quality based on the Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine, research pyramid, CONSORT (CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials), and STARD (Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy) statement. Results: A total of 104 articles were found after the search. After the screening and review process, six articles were included for the main review. Data extraction was done for these six articles (two randomized trial control and four non-randomized trial control studies). Discussion: Play-based interventions could be effective for improving social play in ADHD when delivered by a therapist. For parent-delivered interventions, more studies with larger sample sizes are required.
The Effect of Perceived Organizational Justice and Organizational Norms on Teacher’s Psychological Well-being
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran., Bakhtiari Ehsan , Sabahi Parviz ,   Department of Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran., Karami Abolfazl ,   Department of Psychology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran., Saffarinia Majid ,   Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived justice and organizational norms on teachers' psychological well-being. Methods: In 2017-2018, from high school graduates in Varamin County, 120 teachers were selected by simple random sampling and randomly assigned to eight groups. The instruments included the Holland vignette aimed to manipulate justice and organizational norms and psychological well-being questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis. Results: The results indicated that perceived justice and organizational norms based on confirmation of positive behaviors and disapproval of negative behaviors affect admission, positive relationship, and teachers' psychological well-being growth. Conclusion: Regarding this finding, it seems necessary to pay attention to justice and reinforcement of positive organizational norms to improve teachers' psychological well-being.
Effectiveness of Social-emotional Learning vs Mindfulness Training in Increasing Positive Orientation Towards School
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Tehran, Iran., Ahmadi Malihe , Hashmian Kianoosh ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran., Dortaj Fariborz ,   Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba`i University, Tehran, Iran., Abolmaali Khadijeh ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived justice and organizational norms on teachers' psychological well-being. Methods: In 2017-2018, from high school graduates in Varamin County, 120 teachers were selected by simple random sampling and randomly assigned to eight groups. The instruments included the Holland vignette aimed to manipulate justice and organizational norms and psychological well-being questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis. Results: The results indicated that perceived justice and organizational norms based on confirmation of positive behaviors and disapproval of negative behaviors affect admission, positive relationship, and teachers' psychological well-being growth. Conclusion: Regarding this finding, it seems necessary to pay attention to justice and reinforcement of positive organizational norms to improve teachers' psychological well-being.
Family Relational Boundaries Questionnaire (FRBQ): Developing and Standardization
Authors:   Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran., Kiani Chalmardi Ahmadreza , Asadi Masoud ,   Department of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Arak University, Arak, Iran., Shiralipur Asghar ,   Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran., Fathi Elham ,   Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Hazrat-e Masoumeh University, Qom, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: The present study attempted to develop and validate the Family Relationships Questionnaire (FRQ) Based on Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy (SFT). Methods: The study sample was comprised of 200 high school students; they were selected by cluster sampling method from Mazandaran, Sari City, Iran. The research instrument included a researcher-developed questionnaire, based on Minuchin’s SFT. Results: The exploratory factor analysis data have led to extracting 3 factors; normal boundary, enmeshment boundary, and disengaged boundary. Additionally, the obtained results suggested that the 3 elicited factors explained 62.28 variances of family relationships boundaries. Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed that elicited factors can also measure family relationships boundaries. Reliability analysis, distinctive, and convergent validity of the components of family relationship boundaries indicated that questions in assessing the components of family relationships boundaries are clear and defined. Reliability testing with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient reported a score of above 0.60 and the structural reliability was measured to be above 0.70. In other words, all 3 components can define the FRQ constructs as well. For validation, we first calculated the scores of family relationships boundaries and categorized those in a frequency table. The results scores of T and Z values revealed that the scores above the mean value indicated that more participants were aware of their family relationship boundaries. Conclusion: The present research results suggested that this questionnaire has proper validity and reliability; thus, it is proper for assessing family relationship boundaries. Therefore, the collected results can help to assess family relationship boundaries and to develop proper strategies for treatment and future researches.
The Effects of Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies Training on Problem-solving Skills and Self-esteem in Students
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran., Pourhossein Afrasiab , Entesar Fumani Gholamhosein ,   Department of Psychology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran., Hejazi Massoud ,   Department of Psychology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran., Narimani Mohammad ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the effects of cognitive and metacognitive strategies training on problem-solving skills and self-esteem in students. Methods: This was an experimental study with pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of all 11th-grade students in the second secondary school of Meshkinshahr City, Iran, in the academic year of 2016-2017. Eighty male students with low self-esteem and problem-solving skills impairments in physics were selected and randomly assigned to 3 study groups (one control group & two experimental groups) (n=20/ group). The experimental groups were trained in cognitive and metacognitive strategies. To collect the required data, the Cassidy and Lang's Problem-Solving Style Questionnaire and Coopersmith's (1967) Self-Esteem Inventory were used. The obtained data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The collected results suggested that the mean posttest scores of the students in the experimental groups were significantly higher in problem-solving skills and self-esteem, compared to the control group. Conclusion: The presented cognitive and metacognitive strategies training was impactful on problem-solving skills and self-esteem in the examined students.
A Comparative Study of Variables Related to Students’ Success in the 2015 International TIMSS Test
Authors:   Department of Distance Education Planning, Payame Noor, University of Astara, Astara, Iran., Rsoolzadeh‌ Behzad , Abbasi Taghidizaj Rasoul ,   Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran., Forouzandeh‌ Sobhanali ,   Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting students' academic achievement based on Thames international test data. Methods: The method of this study is quantitative comparative. The statistical sample of this study consists of eighth-grade students from 57 countries who participated in the 2015 Thames International Test. The data set was analyzed using the fuzzy logic approach. Results: The necessary and sufficient individual conditions showed that the conditions of the relationship between home and school, school social atmosphere, students' attitudes, and educational activities in the classroom are each a necessary condition, and family background is a sufficient condition for achievement (academic achievement). Conclusion: In the causal and combined causes, among the many causal paths, only one causal path based on theoretical and experimental adequacy criteria (coverage and adaptation coefficient) was of theoretical and experimental importance was necessary. In this causal path, family background and the relationship between home and school in combination provided a sufficient turning point in the occurrence of the desired result (academic success).