bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’étude des matériaux organiques dans les tombes du haut Moyen Âge (France, Suisse et Allemagne occidentale) : un apport majeur à la connaissance des pratiques funéraires et du vêtement
Authors: Carré Florence , Rast-Eicher Antoinette , Bell Bruno , Boisson Julien
Published: March 2019

L’intérêt des fragments de matériaux organiques préservés dans l’environnement des objets métalliques en contexte funéraire a largement été démontré en Suisse et en Allemagne. Leur étude détaillée apporte en effet de précieuses informations sur les pratiques, les vêtements et les dépôts sépulcraux. Ce type d’approche est encore peu pratiqué en France. Une partie des méthodes a été testée sur quelques sépultures d’un important cimetière mis au jour à Harfleur (Seine-Maritime). Cet article propose une historiographie de la question, un bilan critique des techniques de prélèvement, des données générales sur la conservation des matériaux organiques, le mode de dégagement et d’enregistrement, ainsi que des remarques sur les difficultés d’identification ou d’interprétation. La question des restitutions est également abordée. De nombreux exemples et quatre études de cas illustrent les résultats.
Hunting for fortune. Wild animals, goddesses and the play of perspectives in early Tibetan dice divination
Authors: Dotson Brandon
Published: March 2019

Le cerf, l'antilope, la gazelle et d'autres animaux sauvages sont au cœur de la divination par les dés dans le Tibet ancien. On les trouve dans les présages successifs d’environ deux douzaines de manuscrits de divination par les dés des ixe et xe siècles, retrouvés à Dunhuang, Turfan et autres sites occupés par les Tibétains le long de la route sud de la soie aux viiie et ixe siècles. En plus des cerfs, kiang et yaks, diverses espèces d’oiseaux et de gibier d’eau apparaissent à intervalles réguliers dans les présages. Ces animaux, dont la prépondérance a été relevée par d'autres chercheurs, sont plus qu'une évocation pittoresque de la faune tibétaine. Et ils font plus que simplement témoigner d'un processus par lequel les Tibétains ont assimilé une technologie divinatoire étrangère, imprégnant ces présages de leur propre sensibilité poétique et oraculaire. Ces animaux sauvages, de toute évidence omniprésents dans les présages, sont en fait essentiels aux échanges entre le sauvage et le domestiqué, et entre le divin et l'humain qui sous-tendent une plus grande économie rituelle de la fortune à laquelle la divination par les dés offre un mode d'accès très spécifique. Ces animaux sauvages se trouvent en concurrence en tant que dépositaires de la fortune et en tant que biens privilégiés des déesses sauvages sman qui surveillent les hauts plateaux sauvages, concurrence qui respecte un équilibre subtil entre la lutte (agonistique) et le hasard (aléatoire). Pour un client de la divination ou « joueur oraculaire », la fortune humaine (phya) peut être gagnée – essentiellement à partir des espaces sauvages surveillés par les déesses sman –, ou bien elle peut être perdue, souvent avec des résultats graves. Cette dynamique d'échange, dans laquelle l'essence faste du sauvage est absorbée par les humains et leur bétail, soulève également des questions intrigantes sur la relation entre la divination par les dés et la chasse et, plus généralement, sur le rôle que jouent les animaux et les divinités dans la construction de la personne tibétaine.
“Beasts, Men and Gods”. A red purifying smoke offering (marsang) in Trika (Amdo)
Authors: Buffetrille Katia
Published: March 2019

Cet article traite d’un rituel rarement décrit, une offrande sanglante purificatrice (marsang) dédiée à Trike Yülha, le dieu du terroir d’un village de Amdo-Rebgong, et son évolution au cours des ans. Il soulève la question de l’identification de cette divinité locale avec deux divinités chinoises importantes : le dieu de la littérature Wenchang et celui de la guerre, Guandi. Utilisant des sources tibétaines et occidentales, l’auteure montre que cette identification daterait de l’époque des Qing et suggère qu’elle aurait peut-être permis de mieux faire accepter cette offrande si décriée dans le monde bouddhique.
Taming of supernatural entities and animal sacrifice. The synthesis of Tibetan Buddhism and local shamanistic traditions in Northern Sikkim (India)
Authors: Erschbamer Marlene
Published: March 2019

Les sacrifices d’animaux font partie de l’ancienne tradition chamanique du Sikkim. Pour les Sikkimais, il n’est pas contradictoire d’être, à la fois, adepte du bouddhisme tibétain et de poursuivre des pratiques chamaniques locales telles que le sacrifice d’animaux ; c’est même le signe que ces traditions sont fortement interconnectées. Ces pratiques ont été cependant vigoureusement critiquées par les maîtres bouddhistes venant du Tibet. On assiste ainsi à une confrontation entre les théories du bouddhisme tibétain, notamment ne pas tuer, et les pratiques d’une culture vivante au sein de communautés locales dans l’Himalaya.
Dismemberment and sharing of game meat by pastoralist hunters on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: March 2019

Cette contribution examine comment des communautés pastorales vivant sur le plateau tibétain démembrent les animaux sauvages après la chasse, puis distribuent la viande selon certains principes de partage. S'appuyant sur des données ethnographiques et des documents en langue tibétaine, cette étude montre que le démembrement et le partage de la viande de gibier étaient soumis à des règles bien définies et assez rigides, dont certaines sont très anciennes. Quatre modes de partage distincts sont identifiés : le premier met en avant la part du tueur, le second la part de l’étranger, le troisième consiste en un partage aléatoire et le quatrième en une différenciation symbolique. Alors que les trois premiers modes sont ethnographiquement attestés, le quatrième ne se retrouve que dans des récits mythiques idéalisés. L’argument de cet article est que les caractéristiques de ces modes puissent être expliquées en termes de valeurs et d'attentes relevant de différentes cosmologies qui se recoupent.
Understanding Skeletal Growth and Predicting Limb-Length Inequality in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Hubbard Elizabeth W. , Liu Raymond W. , Iobst Christopher A.
Published: March 2019

Limb-length inequality in a child can be a complex condition for patients, parents, and medical providers. Managing these patients and explaining the treatment options to families requires knowledge of the potential risks associated with leaving a discrepancy untreated and a thorough understanding of skeletal growth. The provider must also be familiar with the available growth prediction methods as treatment is influenced by the anticipated discrepancy at skeletal maturity. This article provides an overview to skeletal growth, assessing skeletal maturity and growth prediction to help providers develop an organized and thoughtful approach to treating pediatric patients with limb-length inequalities.
Use of Activity Trackers in Orthopaedics
Authors: Garg Sumeet , Quick Hannah D. , Kim Eun Bi , Erickson Mark A.
Published: March 2019

Activity trackers are relatively inexpensive, easily available, and widely used by consumers. There has been increased interest in healthcare practice and research to use activity tracker data. Continuous collection of health variables including step count, heart rate, and calorimetry provides researchers and clinicians data to monitor patients after an intervention and/or encourage physical activity. The purpose of this article is to review the current use of activity trackers in orthopaedics and discuss potential applications in clinical research.
The Impact of Patient-Reported Penicillin Allergy on Risk for Surgical Site Infection in Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Stone Andrea H. , Kelmer Grayson , MacDonald James H. , Clance Mary R. , King Paul J.
Published: March 2019

Background:

Penicillin (PCN) allergy is reported in 10% to 20% of the population; studies show that only 1% to 3% of patients have a true allergy. Most patients reporting a PCN allergy receive second-line antibiotic prophylaxis preoperatively, which raises concerns about antimicrobial efficacy. Studies also suggest that second-line antibiotics may increase the rate of surgical site infection (SSI). In this study we aim to analyze the effect of PCN allergy on antibiotic type prescribed and SSI in our total joint arthroplasty population.

Methods:

A retrospective review of 4,903 primary total hip and total knee arthroplasty performed from January 2015 to June 2017 in a single institution. A detailed chart review was performed to identify reported reactions and antibiotic prescribed.

Results:

Seven hundred ninety-six patients (16.2%) reported a PCN allergy; the reactions were classified into three tiers. Six hundred fifteen patients (12.5%) reported an IgE-mediated allergy, hypersensitivity, or a possible allergy; 89 (1.8%) reported an adverse effect; and 92 (1.9%) had an unknown reaction. Patients reporting a PCN allergy were less likely to receive cefazolin (94.9 versus 6.9%; P < 0.001) and more likely to receive clindamycin (1.1 versus 80.7%; P < 0.001) or vancomycin (4.0 versus 12.4%; P < 0.001). There was no difference in infection rate by reported PCN allergy (0.6 versus 0.4%; P = 0.473) or antibiotic prescribed (0.5 versus 0.6%; P = 0.4817).

Conclusion:

No patient with a PCN allergy and given cefazolin experienced a reaction; based on reported reactions, most patients with a PCN allergy can safely receive first-line antibiotic therapy. In this population, PCN allergy and second-line antibiotic therapy did not influence the rate of SSI.
Waste Heat Recovery and Conversion into Electricity: Current Solutions and Assessment
Authors: BLAİSE Mathilde , FEİDT Michel
Published: March 2019

The main energy consumption sectors are the
residential, industry and transport. In all of them, a part of the energy
consumption is not used and generally rejected as heat in the environment. This
is named the waste heat. Firstly, the main way is to optimize the process to
reduce the fuel consumption. Then, if there is a residual waste heat, a
valorization way is to convert this heat into electricity. Some technologies
are developed. The main technology is the Organic Rankine Cycle engine. Then, a
new concept, named Turbosol, is based on the quasi-isothermal expansion of a
water and oil mixture in a nozzle. Some piston engines are also developed,
based on Stirling, Ericsson and Joule cycles. All these technologies are named
externally heated engines. Some other research studies concern the
thermo-electric effect and the thermo-magnetic effect. In this article, a
non-exhaustive list, with description and comments on these technologies is
proposed. The aim is to assess the potential of them and identify the current
limits. To compare the different technologies in first law efficiency terms is
not sufficient. Some new criterions are proposed. The first consideration is to
assess the heat rate consumption referred to the heat rate available. To assess
the quality of waste heat to power conversion, it is pertinent to evaluate the
power output divided by the available heat rate. Then, because of the second
law, it is pertinent to evaluate the exergy recovery ratio. These new waste
heat criterions are compared to the classical first law efficiency in different
cases. Then, the main current issue is to produce enough electrical power
output to ensure the profitability. Some thermo-economic considerations are
proposed, including the impact of a waste heat taxation.
A Status-transition Model for CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater Based on Modified Lorentz cycle
Authors: BANDO Yasuaki , HATTORİ Hironori , AMANO Yoshiharu
Published: March 2019

Energy management is a systematic activity for improving energy performances of a target system, and an energy management system is expected to solve operational planning problems and report or suggest opportunities for performance improvement. An equipment model is required to reflect the characteristics of the actual equipment’s performance and to have a simple structure to apply to operational planning problems. The model should be able to diagnose changes with performance degradation over time. In this study, we proposed a thermodynamically-sound model of a CO2 heat pump water heater, suitable for solving operational planning problems and diagnosing degradation of equipment. The proposed model consists of a heat pump unit (HP) and a hot water storage tank (ST). The HP model is a status-transition model, constructed based on the Lorentz efficiency, which is identified by experimental values and a theoretical maximum coefficient of performance (COP) for a trans-critical heat pump cycle. The ST model is simplified and can describe temperature distribution in the ST because the unit COP of the HP influences the thermal stratification of the ST. The proposed model is preferable in its simplicity and robust performance for a wide temperature range by comparison with a conventional statistical regression model.
Optimal Design Method for Absorption Heat Pump Cycles Based on Energy-Utilization Diagram
Authors: SEKİ Kosuke , HATTORİ Hironori , AMANO Yoshiharu
Published: March 2019

Optimization
for energy systems is considered at three levels: synthesis (configuration),
design (component characteristics), and operation. This paper aims to evaluate
the system performance and margins for improvement of two absorption heat pump
systems, including an absorber heat exchanger (AHX) and a solution heat
exchanger (SHX), and perform their design/operation optimization efficiently
based on an energy-utilization diagram (EUD) for performance improvement. Before
optimization, exergy efficiency is higher in the SHX cycle, while the margin
for improvement is larger in the AHX cycle. The optimization attempts to reduce
exergy destruction in the components where dominant exergy destruction caused
by heat transfer occurs. In the absorber, the operating points are adjusted to
make the temperature slopes at the hot and cold sides coincide. The design
parameters in other components are adjusted to improve the heat transfer
performances. The distribution of exergy destruction of each component leads to
improve exergy efficiency. After these improvements, exergy efficiency is
higher in the AHX cycle. It is concluded that we could efficiently realize the
design/operation optimization of thermodynamic systems using an EUD, because the
diagram presents both exergy destruction and margin for improvement at the
components comprehensively, as well as the operating properties of working
fluids.
A Practical Tool to Generate Complex Energy System Configurations Based on the SYNTHSEP Methodology
Authors: LAZZARETTO Andrea , TOFFOLO Andrea
Published: March 2019

Traditional fossil
fuelled power plants are commonly based on steam Rankine cycle or Brayton Joule
cycle. Using water or air as working fluid is obviously the most obvious choice
for the wide availability of these substances in nature. However, the scarcity
of natural energy sources and the strong need of reducing environmental impact
have necessarily drawn the research to new energy systems configurations
operating with other working fluids, which are able to recover lower
temperature sources, such as Sun or industrial wasted heat. The variety of new
working fluids (refrigerants or organic fluids) widens the choice to a variety
of configurations that can be tailored to the specific source characteristics
and boundary constraints. It is not always easy or even possible to conceive the
best configuration for given specifications with the mere experience of a
common designer. To design a new system configuration, the designer normally
uses some “non-codified rules” deriving from his knowledge of basic
thermodynamics and energy engineering. This paper aims instead at showing a
practical tool that is based on a new methodology, named SYNTHSEP, to generate
new energy system configurations. This methodology starts from the simple
thermodynamic cycles operated by a given fluid made up of the four fundamental
processes (compression, heating, expansion and cooling) and uses a rigorous set
of codified rules to build the final system configuration. The paper presents
the basics of the new methodology and how it has been implemented in a practical
tool that simply requires the information about the elementary cycles and their
shared processes as input data.
On the quantification of non-equilibrium exergy for thermodynamic systems evolving according to Cattaneo’s equation
Authors: ZULLO Federico , SCİUBBA Enrico
Published: March 2019

This paper is a follow-up of previous work aimed at the identification
and quantification of the exergy of macroscopic non-equilibrium systems.
Assuming that both energy and exergy are a priori concepts, it is
possible to show that a system in an initial non-equilibrium state relaxes to
equilibrium releasing (or absorbing) an additional amount of exergy, called non-equilibrium
exergy, which is fundamentally different from Gibbs’ Available Energy and
depends on both the initial state and the imposed boundary conditions. The
existence of such a quantity implies that all iso-energetic non-equilibrium
states can be ranked in terms of their non-equilibrium exergy content, any
point of the Gibbs plane corresponding therefore to a possible initial
distribution, each one with its own exergy-decay history. The non-equilibrium
exergy is always larger than its equilibrium counterpart and constitutes the
“real” total exergy content of the system, i.e., the real maximum work
extractable (or absorbable) from the system. The application of the method to
heat conduction problems led to the calculation of a “relaxation curve”, i.e.,
to the determination of the time-history of the relaxation towards equilibrium
that takes place in finite rather than infinite time interval. In our previous
works, use was made of the Fourier heat diffusion equation. In this study, the
Cattaneo heat transfer equation is used instead, in an attempt to extend the
validation range of the procedure. Cattaneo introduced in 1948 a second time
derivative term that renders the diffusion equation hyperbolic and avoids an
infinite speed of propagation. A finite propagation velocity of thermal
disturbances affects the value of the non-equilibrium exergy: this paper
presents the new results and offers a discussion of the implications.
Optimal operation of district heating networks through demand response
Authors: VERDA Vittorio , CAPONE Martina , GUELPA Elisa
Published: March 2019

In
this paper, an optimization method aiming at minimizing the thermal peaks in
district heating networks is proposed. The method relies on a thermo-fluid
dynamic model of both the supply and return networks and permits to analyse the
opportunities for thermal peak shaving through “virtual storage”. The latter is
obtained through variation of the thermal request profiles of the users. The
presence of a peak in the morning is due to the shut-down or attenuation of the
heating systems during the night, which lead to a dramatical increase of the
thermal request early in the morning. The peak compromises a full exploitation
of cogeneration and renewable plants, that are able to cover just a portion of
the maximum load. Consequently, boilers have to be used, leading the system to
a performance reduction and to an increase of primary energy consumption.
Moreover, the peak makes the possibility of network extension quite difficult,
because of the limitation on mass flow rates in the pipes. For this reason, a
model is developed to make the thermal profile as flat as possible. The model
is applied to a portion of the Turin district heating network, which is the
largest network in Italy. Results show that a reductions between 20% and 42%
are possible, depending on the maximum changes in the schedules which are
allowed.
Small-Molecule Interaction with G-Quadruplex DNA
Authors: Mitrasinovic Petar M.
Published: March 2019

Targeting G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures by small molecules is a potential strategy for directing gene therapy of cancer disease. Herein, novel insights into non-covalent interactions between a structurally diversified spectrum of ligands and a G-quadruplex DNA (formed in the c-Myc oncogene promoter region) are reported. Solvation-induced effects on and entropic contributions to the binding free energy are explored. In addition, the correlation of G4 domain motions and active site rearrangements with the binding of highest affinity ligands, being associated with the fundamentally distinguishable modes of interaction (external stacking: BRACO-19, TMPyP4, and CX-3543; groove binding: Sanguinarine, Tetrahydropalmatine, and Hoechst 33258), is quantitatively evaluated and elaborated by observing thermodynamic consequences of the receptor conformational flexibility changes in the asymptotic regime (t → ∞) of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. BRACO-19 and Tetrahydropalmatine are identified as unique (thermodynamically favorable and highly selective) G4-DNA binders. Implications of the present study for experimental research are elucidated.
Ratlarda Siklofosfamid ile İndüklenen Hepatotoksisite Üzerine Kuersetinin Etkileri
Authors: GEDİKLİ Semin , ŞENGÜL Emin
Published: March 2019

Amaç: Siklofosfamid (CYP), karaciğer ve akciğer gibi birçok
organda toksisiteye neden olur. Pek çok çalışmada bazı antioksidanların CYP'nin
yan etkilerine karşı koruyucu etkileri olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada,
kuersetinin histolojik ve biyokimyasal yöntemler kullanılarak sıçanlarda CYP
ile indüklenen hepatotoksisite üzerindeki koruyucu etkisinin araştırılması
amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntemler: Otuz Sprague-Dawley erkek sıçan 5 gruba ayrıldı.
Kontrol grubuna 7 gün boyunca intragastrik olarak mısıryağı verildi. CYP
grubuna 7 gün intragastrik olarak mısır yağı verildi ve 7. günde
intraperitoneal olarak CYP (200 mg/kg) uygulandı. 7 gün boyunca Q50+CYP ve
Q100+CYP gruplarına sırasıyla kuersetin verildi ve 7. günde tek doz CYP (200
mg/kg) uygulandı. Q100 grubuna günde 100 mg/kg dozda kuersetin verildi. 8.
günde biyokimyasal ve histopatolojik incelemeler için kan örnekleri ve
karaciğer dokuları alındı.

Bulgular: MDA seviyesinin kontrol grubu ile
karşılaştırıldığında CYP grubunda belirgin olarak yüksek olduğunu ve kuersetin
uygulaması ile azaldığını tespit ettik. SOD ve GSH düzeyleri CYP grubunda
kontrol, Q50+CYP, Q100+CYP ve Q100 gruplarına göre azalmıştı. Histolojik
analizlerde CYP grubunda sinüsoidal dilatasyon, mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonu
ve vasküler konjesyon gözlenirken, bu dejeneratif değişikliklerin kuersetin
uygulaması ile azaldığı tespit edildi. TUNEL yönteminde, CYP grubunda kontrol
grubuna kıyasla fazla sayıda TUNEL pozitif hepatosit tespit edildi. Ayrıca Bax
ve Caspase-3 immunpozitivitesi açısından CYP grubunda diğer gruplara oranla
imünpozitiflik fazla iken, Bcl-2 immunpozitivitesi CYP grubunda diğer
gruplardan daha düşüktü.

Sonuç: Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, kuersetinin siklofosfamidle
indüklenen hepatotoksisite üzerinde koruyucu etkiye sahip olduğunu
göstermektedir.
İskemik İnmede TOAST ve BANFORD Sınıflaması ile Hemogram Parametrelerinin Mortalite Açısından Karşılaştırılması
Authors: AKYOL Ayşe Sadıka , AVCİ Akkan , GÜLEN Müge , AVCİ Begüm Şeyda , SATAR Salim
Published: March 2019

Amaç: İskemik inme, mortalite ve morbiditesi yüksek, acil

servis ünitelerine sık başvuran hasta grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın

amacı, iskemik inme geçiren hastaların TOAST ve BANFORD sınıflaması

kullanılarak risk gruplarını belirlemek, eritrosit hacmi dağılımı (RDW) ve

trombosit dağılım hacmi (MPV) ile mortalite arasında ilişki olup olmadığını

araştırmaktır.

Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 01.07.2014-30.06.2016 tarihleri

arasında XXX Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Acil Servisine başvuran ve

WHO kriterlerine göre iskemik inme tanısı alan, hastaneye yatırılan ve dosya

bilgileri yeterli olan 18 yaş ve üzeri hastalar alındı.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 404 hasta dahil edildi. Çalışmaya

alınan 404 hastanın %53,2’si (n=215) erkek, %46,8’i (n=189) kadındı. Hastaların

yaş gruplarına göre dağılımı incelendiğinde en büyük oranı %57,7 (n=233) ile 65

yaş üstü grubun aldığı görüldü. Hastalar, TOAST ve Banford sınıflamasına göre

gruplandırıldı. Hastaların TOAST sınıflamasına göre MPV ve RDW değerleri,

sırasıyla düşük riskli grupta 8,3±1,6, 15,7±2,3, yüksek riskli grupta ise

8,0±1,5, 16,0±2,4 (p=0,096, p=0,054) olarak saptandı. Hastaların Banford

sınıflamasına göre MPV ve RDW değerleri, sırasıyla düşük riskli grupta 7,9±1,5,

15,8±1,5, yüksek riskli grupta ise 8,2±1,6, 15,9±2,6 (p=0,167, p=0,943) olarak

saptandı.

Sonuç: İskemik inme tanılı hastaların acil servis

yönetiminde mortaliteyi tahmin etmede hematolojik parametrelerin

kullanılabilirliğini araştıran güncel araştırmalar mevcuttur. Çalışmamızda elde

ettiğimiz veriler ışığında hematolojik parametrelerin, özellikle MPV ve RDW

değerlerinin prognozu belirlemede etkili bir parametre olmadığı kanatine

varılmıştır.
Karriereforventninger under glasstaket:
Authors: Storvik Aagoth Elise , Abrahamsen Bente
Published: March 2019

Ingeniørutdanningen utgjør en av de viktigste lederutdanningene i Norge. Tidligere forskning viser at innenfor ingeniøryrket har kvinner lavere sannsynlighet for å få lederstillinger enn sine mannlige kolleger. I denne studien undersøkes kvinnelige og mannlige ingeniørstudenters karriereambisjoner og forventinger til fremtidig karriere. Spørsmålet som tas opp, er om kjønnsforskjellene i lederstillinger kan knyttes til kvinner og menns ambisjoner og fremtidige karriereforventninger. Resultatene viser at kvinnelige studenter har minst like høye karriereambisjoner som sine mannlige medstudenter, men oppgir likevel lavere forventninger om lederansvar. Ulike forklaringer på disse funnene diskuteres, og noe overraskende gir analysene ingen empirisk støtte til de vanligste forklaringene på kjønnsforskjeller i karriereutvikling. Kvinnelige og mannlige studenter har like preferanser og kvinnene har ikke lavere selvtillit enn menn. Videre har omsorg for barn lik betydning for kvinner og menn for utvikling av karriereambisjoner og lederforventinger. Det som derimot synes å forklare kvinners lavere forventinger om lederstillinger, er forestillingen om et glasstak. Studien er basert på en spørreskjemaundersøkelse (StudData) blant ingeniørstudenter i deres siste studiesemester.
Vitronectins produced by human cirrhotic liver and CCl4‐treated rats differ in their glycosylation pattern and tissue remodeling activity
Authors: Date Kimie , Suzuki Risa , Oda‐Tamai Sachie , Ogawa Haruko
Published: March 2019

Liver cirrhosis (LC) is a disease characterized by pathological accumulation and alteration of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; the interaction between two such proteins, collagen and vitronectin (VN), is considered to be the key to controlling ECM remodeling in liver cirrhosis. If it is possible to control the modification of oligosaccharides on VN, it may be possible to retard progression of liver cirrhosis. In this study, we examined the relationship between changes in VN glycosylation and activity related to the remodeling of hepatic tissue in human LC and a rat model of LC generated using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Plasma concentrations of VN in human LC declined to approximately two‐thirds that in normal plasma, but the ratio of active VN, which has collagen‐binding activities, increased 2.8 times in LC plasma. In contrast, purified LC‐VN exhibited similar binding activities toward type I, IV, and V collagens to those of normal VN. Lectin reactivities and carbohydrate analyses of LC‐VN revealed that branching, fucosylation, and sialylation of N‐glycans were higher than those of normal VN. On the other hand, the plasma level of rat CCl4‐VN increased and the ratio of active molecules to collagen in plasma decreased. Increased fucosylation of LC‐VN was not detected in carbohydrates of CCl4‐VN. The changes in rat VN due to CCl4 treatment did not correspond to the changes in plasma levels of human VN caused by LC, the ratio of active molecules, or carbohydrate composition, thereby indicating that CCl4‐treated rats are not an appropriate model for studying VNs in human LC. Glycosidase treatment of VNs supported the hypothesis that the collagen‐binding activity of VN is modulated by alterations of glycosylation during LC, which may contribute to (a) the matrix incorporation of VN and (b) tissue fibrosis.
Retracted: LncRNA THOR increases osteosarcoma cell stemness and migration by enhancing SOX9 mRNA stability
Authors: Wu Haojun , He Yanxia , Chen Hang , Liu Yanzhi , Wei Bo , Chen Guanghua , Lin Han , Lin Hao
Published: March 2019

Although the long non‐coding RNA THOR has been reported to promote cancer stem cell expansion in liver cancer and gastric cancer, its effects on osteosarcoma (OS) cells remain unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of THOR in the stemness and migration of OS cells. We report that the level of THOR is remarkably upregulated in OS cell spheroids compared to that in OS adherent cells. THOR overexpression increased spheroid formation ability and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity in OS adherent cells, and the opposite effect was observed in spheroids with THOR knockdown. Additionally, the spheroids formed by OS adherent cells exhibited a stronger migration ability, which was attenuated by THOR knockdown, and THOR overexpression increased OS cell migration. Mechanistically, mRNA stability, luciferase reporter, and RNA–RNA in vitro interaction assays indicated that THOR can directly bind to the middle region of the SOX9 3′‐untranslated region (UTR), and enhances its mRNA stability, thereby increasing its expression. Notably, SOX9 knockdown reduced the ability of THOR overexpression to promote the stemness of OS cells. These findings indicate that the lncRNA THOR can promote the stemness and migration of OS cells by directly binding to the middle region of SOX9 3′UTR, thereby enhancing SOX9 mRNA stability and increasing its expression; thus, we provide information that may be of use in identifying potential targets for OS treatment.
Mereological Thinking: Figuring Realities within Urban Form
Authors: Koehler Daniel
Published: March 2019

Mereology offers an approach to considering the city through its composing parts. Daniel Koehler – co‐founder of the architectural research practice Lab for Environmental Design Strategies (lab‐eds), leader of an Urban Design research cluster at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, and a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Innsbruck in Austria – sets out its philosophical background and explores how it can be applied in this field.
Bits and Pieces: Digital Assemblies: From Craft to Automation
Authors: Retsin Gilles
Published: March 2019

Could automation turn architecture into a more accessible, mass‐produceable cultural project? Guest‐Editor Gilles Retsin recounts some experiments in this direction from the B‐Pro Research Cluster 4 that he co‐directs at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, as well as from his private practice. Customisation here occurs in the assembly rather than in the building blocks themselves, with building syntax reduced to a small number of distinct elements, and resolution varying widely between projects. Design, rather than robotics, remains key.
Distributed Fabrication: Cooperative Making with Larger Groups of Smaller Machines
Authors: Yablonina Maria , Menges Achim
Published: March 2019

The University of Stuttgart's Institute for Computational Design and Construction is pioneering research into fabrication systems that involve multiple mobile robots performing discrete tasks in tandem. PhD candidate Maria Yablonina and founding director Achim Menges set out the benefits of their co‐design strategy where machine, process and object are considered codependently – as demonstrated by their experiments with thread‐like materials.
Discrete Flexibility: Computing Lightness in Architecture
Authors: García Manuel Jimenez
Published: March 2019

If composed of rigid voxels, Discrete structures can only approximate at curves. But what if the building blocks are made of flexible materials? As co‐founder of the Design Computation Lab at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London and cofounding principal of MadMDesign, Manuel Jimenez García has been leading parallel initiatives to develop and test structure‐generating software that explores this proposition. Here he outlines its potential by showcasing some of the prototypes and installations that the new software has produced.
Particlised: Computational Discretism, or The Rise of the Digital Discrete
Authors: Carpo Mario
Published: March 2019

Has the dominant influence of classical science on architectural aesthetics had its day? Mario Carpo, Reyner Banham Professor of Architectural Theory and History at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, comments on the evolution of a new science that has shifted away from continuous towards discrete models. As he observes, this is not limited to the most digitally minded: there are surprising parallels between the work of an architect such as Kengo Kuma, with all his anti‐computational zeal, and the young protagonists of the second digital turn.
Discrete Sampling: There is No Object or Field … Just Statistical Digital Patterns
Authors: Koh Immanuel
Published: March 2019

The analogue differentiation between figure and ground has long been a given in architectural design. Challenging this, Immanuel Koh's doctoral research at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland involves digitally decomposing existing designs into discrete figure‐and‐ground cells. These can then generate new configurations with similar spatial features to the iconic structures they derive from: Walter Gropius's 1926 Bauhaus building in Dessau, Mies van der Rohe's 1929 Barcelona Pavilion, and Andrea Branzi's 1969 No‐Stop City. He reflects on precursors to his work and on its relevance to architecture's future.
Meta‐Utopia and the Box: Two Stories about Avante‐Garde Projects
Authors: Zheng Lei
Published: March 2019

Over a century after the box became a staple of avant‐garde art and design, can it still be a useful tool for pioneering projects today? Architectural and structural engineer Lei Zheng, of Zaha Hadid Architects in London, explores its relevance to the Discrete generation, in the light of the shift from smoothness to aggregation demonstrated by the ‘Meta‐Utopia’ exhibition which she recently curated at the firm's gallery.
Interest in 12‐Step plus MAT program high in primary, community care
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: March 2019

Now a few years into its effort to disseminate to other organizations its comprehensive treatment model for addressing opioid dependence, leaders at the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation have reached an unexpected conclusion about which groups are most interested in adopting some or all of the Comprehensive Opioid Response with the 12 Steps approach.
Visible Light‐Driven, Room Temperature Heck‐Type Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Styrene Derivatives Catalyzed by B12 Complex
Authors: Chen Li , Hisaeda Yoshio , Shimakoshi Hisashi
Published: March 2019

A visible light driven Heck‐type coupling reaction of alkyl halides with styrene and its derivatives catalyzed by the cobalamin derivative (B12) with the [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 photosensitizer at room temperature is reported. The catalytic efficiencies of the B12 catalyst were compared to that of other cobalt complexes such as cobaloxime. Various control experiments supported a radical‐based mechanism similar to those for typical B12 model reactions. A unique coupling reaction combined with 1,2‐migration of the functional group is also reported. Mild reaction conditions using an environmentally benign cobalt catalyst derived from the natural B12 provided a practical protocol for the synthetic organic chemistry of the B12 catalyzed reaction system.

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High‐Rate and Large‐Capacity Lithium Metal Anode Enabled by Volume Conformal and Self‐Healable Composite Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Xia Shuixin , Lopez Jeffrey , Liang Chao , Zhang Zhichu , Bao Zhenan , Cui Yi , Liu Wei
Published: March 2019

The widespread implementation of lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) with Li metal anodes of high energy density has long been prevented due to the safety concern of dendrite‐related failure. Here a solid–liquid hybrid electrolyte consisting of composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) soaked with liquid electrolyte is reported. The CPE membrane composes of self‐healing polymer and Li+‐conducting nanoparticles. The electrodeposited lithium metal in a uniform, smooth, and dense behavior is achieved using a hybrid electrolyte, rather than dendritic and pulverized structure for a conventional separator. The Li foil symmetric cells can deliver remarkable cycling performance at ultrahigh current density up to 20 mA cm−2 with an extremely low voltage hysteresis over 1500 cycles. A large areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2 at 10 mA cm−2 could also be obtained. Furthermore, the Li|Li4Ti5O12 cells based on the hybrid electrolyte achieve a higher specific capacity and longer cycling life than those using conventional separators. The superior performances are mainly attributed to strong adhesion, volume conformity, and self‐healing functionality of CPE, providing a novel approach and a significant step toward cost‐effective and large‐scalable LMBs.
Collaboration with Urban Community Stakeholders: Refining Paraprofessional‐led Services to Promote Positive Parenting
Authors: Mehta Tara G. , Lakind Davielle , Rusch Dana , Walden Angela L. , Cua Grace , Atkins Marc S.
Published: March 2019

This paper describes the process of a community–academic partnership to navigate implementation challenges for a school‐based service model led by paraprofessionals to promote positive parenting in high poverty urban communities. We describe the process by which we (a) identified implementation challenges, (b) sustained a university–community collaboration to redesign the paraprofessional service model, and (c) assessed the feasibility of the new model involving four social service agencies in 16 schools with over 600 families. The structure and process of the collaboration and refinement are described with attention to who was best positioned to engage in the collaboration and how the partnership worked to balance scientific rigor with responsiveness to paraprofessional workforce strengths. Feasibility data indicated that the revised model was successfully implemented by paraprofessional staff; 92.2% of possible staff monthly reports were completed and discussion of key goals was incorporated into 94.2% of interactions. Continual monitoring provided critical feedback from stakeholders as we drew on and interpreted these various sources of information to build and refine the service model. We suggest that these processes are critical steps to bridge the research‐to‐practice gap, by promoting practices that are aligned with the needs of children and families, and the staff who serve them.
Severability Doctrine: Scotus (and Others) Offers a Refresher on Defeating a Motion to Compel Arbitration
Authors: Kramer Liz , Scherf Rachel
Published: March 2019

One of the most confounding doctrines in federal arbitration jurisprudence is the severability doctrine.
Top 10 Reasons to Mediate Employment Cases
Authors: Weil Richard S.
Published: March 2019

What is the most effective way to resolve employment disputes, whether they involve discrimination, executive severance or former employees'; breaches of restrictive covenants?
Whose Reality Is It?
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: March 2019

The problem: Does confidence kill compromise?
Eine peptidvermittelte Selbstspaltungsreaktion initiiert die Tyrosinaseaktivierung
Authors: Kampatsikas Ioannis , Bijelic Aleksandar , Pretzler Matthias , Rompel Annette
Published: March 2019

Die Umwandlung inaktiver pro‐Polyphenoloxidase (pro‐PPO) zum aktiven Enzym erfolgt durch die proteolytische Abspaltung seiner C‐terminalen Domäne. Dieser Artikel beschreibt einen peptidvermittelten Spaltprozess, der in der Aktivierung von pro‐MdPPO1 (von Malus domestica) resultiert. Eine Kombination aus massenspektrometrischen Untersuchungen, Mutationsstudien und Röntgenkristallstrukturanalysen wurde an pro‐MdPPO1 selbst (1.35 Å) sowie an zwei separaten C‐terminalen Domänen, eine nach Selbstspaltung (Ccleaved) von pro‐MdPPO1 (1.35 Å) und eine zweite, unabhängig hergestellte (Csole) (1.05 Å), durchgeführt, um strukturelle Merkmale, die für die beobachtete Selbstspaltung verantwortlich sind, zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Sequenz Lys 355–Val 370, die sich in der Linkerregion zwischen der aktiven und der C‐terminalen Domäne befindet, für die Selbstspaltung unverzichtbar ist, da eine Mutante, der diese Peptidsequenz fehlt, keine Selbstspaltung zeigt. Das Einfügen eines Teils dieses Peptids (Lys 352–Ala 360) in die Sequenz zweier anderer PPOs, MdPPO2 und Auronsynthase (CgAUS1), löste in den resultierenden Mutanten eine Selbstspaltung aus. Dies ist der erste experimentelle Nachweis eines Peptids, das eine Selbstspaltung von PPOs induziert. Damit wurde ein neuer Aktivierungsmodus für diese Enzymklasse entdeckt, der keiner externen Protease bedarf.
From Solar Energy to Fuels: Recent Advances in Light‐Driven C1 Chemistry
Authors: Chen Guangbo , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Shi Run , Zhao Jiaqing , Li Zhenhua , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Zhang Tierui
Published: March 2019

Catalytic C1 chemistry based on the activation/conversion of synthesis gas (CO+H2), methane, carbon dioxide, and methanol offers great potential for the sustainable development of hydrocarbon fuels to replace oil, coal, and natural gas. Traditional thermal catalytic processes used for C1 transformations require high temperatures and pressures, thereby carrying a significant carbon footprint. In comparison, solar‐driven C1 catalysis offers a greener and more sustainable pathway for manufacturing fuels and other commodity chemicals, although conversion efficiencies are currently too low to justify industry investment. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and milestones in light‐driven C1 chemistry, including solar Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, the water‐gas‐shift reaction, CO2 hydrogenation, as well as methane and methanol conversion reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the rational design of catalysts, structure–reactivity relationships, as well as reaction mechanisms. Strategies for scaling up solar‐driven C1 processes are also discussed.
Li5Zn8Ga5Ge9O36: Cr3+, Ti4+: A Long Persistent Phosphor Excited in a Wide Spectral Region from UV to Red Light for Reproducible Imaging through Biological Tissue
Authors: Zhou Xinquan , Ju Guifang , Dai Tiansong , Li Yang , Wu Haoyi , Jin Yahong , Hu Yihua
Published: March 2019

Near‐infrared (NIR) long‐persistent phosphors (LPPs) have emerged as a potential solution for bio‐imaging applications over the past few years. However, there are enormous challenges regarding their in situ application based on their dependence on short‐wavelength excitation. In this paper, we report a multi‐spectral excited NIR LPP, Li5Zn8Ga5Ge9O36: 1.5 % Cr3+, 0.5 % Ti4+, which overcomes the limitations of functional processes in biological tissues and other complex systems. This LPP exhibits a high luminescent intensity and a long emission duration in the NIR region (700–800 nm). The applicability of this phosphor to tissue imaging is demonstrated experimentally. Its persistent luminescence (PersL) can easily penetrate approximately 2 mm of pork flesh. More importantly, this phosphor can be re‐charged in situ using a red LED or laser diode array to provide renewed NIR PersL for biological tissues, which is beneficial for long‐term biological tissue imaging applications with high signal‐to‐noise ratios. Systematic investigations of the nature of energy traps and PersL mechanisms are also reported in this paper.
Social and nonsocial reward moderate the relation between autism symptoms and loneliness in adults with ASD, depression, and controls
Authors: Han Gloria T. , Tomarken Andrew J. , Gotham Katherine O.
Published: March 2019

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report high levels of co‐occurring mood disorders. Previous work suggests that people with ASD also experience aberrant responses to social reward compared to typically developing (TD) peers. In the TD population, aberrant reward processing has been linked to anhedonia (i.e., loss of pleasure), which is a hallmark feature of depression. This study examined the interplay between self‐reported pleasure from social and nonsocial rewards, autism symptom severity, loneliness, and depressive symptoms across adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; N = 49), TD currently depressed adults (TD‐dep; N = 30), and TD never depressed controls (TD‐con; N = 28). The ASD cohort reported levels of social and nonsocial anhedonia that were greater than TD‐con but not significantly different from TD‐dep. Across cohorts, both social and nonsocial hedonic capacity moderated the relationship between autism symptoms and loneliness: individuals with low capacity for pleasure experienced elevated loneliness regardless of autism symptom severity, while those with intact capacity for pleasure (i.e., less anhedonia) experienced greater loneliness as a function of increased autism symptoms. Loneliness was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms across clinical cohorts. Our findings suggest a putative pathway from trait‐like anhedonia in ASD to depression via elevated loneliness and indicate that variability in hedonic capacity within the autism spectrum may differentially confer risk for depression in adults with ASD. Results underscore potential mental health benefits of social skills interventions and community inclusion programs for adults with ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 884–896. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The relationship between autism symptoms and loneliness depended on one's ability to experience both social and nonsocial pleasure. Adults who experienced less pleasure reported high levels of loneliness that did not depend autism severity, while adults with high capacity for pleasure were especially lonely if they also had many autism symptoms. Loneliness was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms, compared to capacity for social and nonsocial pleasure and autism symptoms.
Enhanced electron transfer of different mediators for strictly opposite shifting of metabolism in Clostridium pasteurianum grown on glycerol in a new electrochemical bioreactor
Authors: Utesch Tyll , Sabra Wael , Prescher Christin , Baur Julian , Arbter Philipp , Zeng An‐Ping
Published: March 2019

Microbial electrosynthesis or electro‐fermentation in bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have recently received much attention. Here, we demonstrate with the glycerol metabolism by Clostridium pasteurianum that H
2 from in situ water electrolysis, especially in combination with a redox mediator, provides a simple and flexible way for shifting product selectivity and enhancing product yield in the fermentation process. In particular, we report and quantify for the first time strictly different effects of Neutral Red (NR) and the barely studied redox mediator Brilliant Blue (BB) on the growth and product formation of C. pasteurianum grown on glycerol in a newly developed BES. We were able to switch the product formation pattern of C. pasteurianum with a concentration‐dependent addition of NR and BB under varied iron availability. Interestingly, NR and BB influenced the glycerol metabolism in a strictly opposite manner concerning the formation of the major products 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PDO) and n‐butanol (BuOH). Whereas, NR and iron generally enhance the formation of BuOH, BB favors the formation of 1,3‐PDO. In BES the metabolic shifts were enhanced, leading to a further increased yield by as high as 33% for BuOH in NR fermentations and 21% for 1,3‐PDO in BB fermentations compared with the respective controls. For the first time, the electron transfer mediated by these mediators and their recycle (recharge) were unambiguously quantified by excluding the overlapping effect of iron. BB has a higher capacity than NR and iron. The extra electron transfer by BB can account for as high as 30–75% of the total NAD
+ regeneration under certain conditions, contributing significantly to the product formation.