bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory Interaction Between Attractant Diacetyl and Repellent 2‐Nonanone in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: MATSUURA TETSUYA , IZUMI JUNICHI , HIOKI MAMORU , NAGAYA HIROKI , KOBAYASHI YASUAKI
Published: April 2013

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the odorant diacetyl is sensed by AWA sensory neurons in the amphid sensory organ and elicits an attractive response, whereas 2‐nonanone is sensed by AWB amphid sensory neurons and elicits an avoidance response. In the present study, we report that nematodes exhibit a sensory interaction between the attractant diacetyl and repellent 2‐nonanone. In the presence of food, the chemotactic response to 0.01% diacetyl in nematodes preexposed to 0.1% diacetyl was greater than that in nonexposed naive nematodes (P < 0.05). The response to diacetyl was also greater in nematodes preexposed to 3% 2‐nonanone in the presence of food than that in naive nematodes (P < 0.01). In the absence of food, the response to diacetyl in nematodes preexposed to diacetyl or 2‐nonanone was significantly lower than that in nonexposed control nematodes (P < 0.01). The avoidance response to 10% 2‐nonanone in nematodes preexposed to each odorant in the presence or absence of food was lower than that in nonexposed nematodes (P < 0.05). To confirm the validity of our results, the chemotactic responses to diacetyl and 2‐nonanone were observed using che‐3, odr‐4, and odr‐10 mutants, which exhibited defective sensitivity to diacetyl or 2‐nonanone. From the results of our experiments, we conclude that nematodes exhibit a sensory interaction between diacetyl and 2‐nonanone and speculate that this interaction is driven by higher‐level neuronal circuits that underlie sensory integration. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:285–295, 2013. © 2013 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cycloaromatization Reaction of 4‐Alkoxy‐1,1,1‐trifluoroalk‐3‐en‐2‐ones with 2,6‐Diaminotoluene: The Unexpected Regioselective Synthesis of 2,4,7,8‐Tetrasubstituted Quinolines
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Andrighetto Rosália , Krüger Nícolas , Navarini Jussara , Flores Alex F. C. , Martins Marcos A. P. , Zanatta Nilo
Published: April 2013

This article reports a convenient and general method for the regioselective synthesis of a new series of 2‐alkyl(aryl)‐8‐methyl‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐7‐aminoquinolines in 86–93% yields, from cycloaromatization reactions of N‐(oxotrifluoroalkenyl)‐2,6‐diaminotoluenes in a strongly acidic medium polyphosphoric acid and absence of solvent. The enaminoketone intermediates were easily isolated from the reaction of 4‐alkoxy‐4‐alkyl(aryl)‐1,1,1‐trifluoroalk‐3‐en‐2‐ones [CF3C(O)CH═C(R)OR1, where R = H, Me, Ph, 4‐FPh, 4‐BrPh, 4‐MePh, and R1 = Me, Et] with 2,6‐diaminotoluene (2,6‐DAT) in methanol under mild conditions, in 46–70% yields. Another synthetic route also allowed the regioselective synthesis of 2‐aryl(heteroaryl)‐4‐methyl‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐7‐aminoquinolines from direct cyclocondensation reactions of 4‐alkoxy‐4‐aryl(heteroaryl)‐1,1,1‐trifluoroalk‐3‐en‐2‐ones with 2,6‐diaminotoluene in methanol under mild conditions, in 21–36% yields.
Measurement of interscapular brown adipose tissue of mice in differentially housed temperatures by chemical‐shift–encoded water–fat MRI
Authors: Smith Daniel L. , Yang Yongbin , Hu Houchun H. , Zhai Guihua , Nagy Tim R.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

To determine differences in fat‐signal fraction (FF) from chemical‐shift–encoded water–fat MRI of interscapular BAT in mice housed at different ambient temperatures (Ta).

Materials and Methods

C57BL/6J male mice (8 weeks old) were singly housed at 16°C, 23°C, or 30°C (n = 16/group) for 4 weeks. Measures included food intake, body weight (both measured weekly) and body composition (at baseline, 2, and 4 weeks post‐thermal exposure); chemical‐shift–encoded water–fat MRI was performed on a 9.4 Tesla Bruker magnet with respiratory gating and anesthesia at 4 weeks post‐thermal exposure.

Results

A significant inverse relationship between food intake and Ta was evidenced (P < 0.0001). Lean mass was similar among groups, while total fat mass was significantly different among groups ([mean ± SE]: 30°C = 5.10 ± 0.19 g; 23°C = 4.18 ± 0.16 g; 16°C = 3.48 ± 0.54 g; P < 0.0001). Mean BAT‐FF was positively related to Ta (means: 30°C = 79.4%; 23°C = 61.8%; 16°C = 50.9%; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

These cross‐sectional results demonstrate that MRI measurement of FF within the interscapular BAT in mice reflects recent functional status of the tissue, with a lower Ta leading to a significantly reduced BAT‐FF, indicative of the tissue's involvement in thermogenesis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1425–1433. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleus pulposus cells expressing hBMP7 can prevent the degeneration of allogenic IVD in a canine transplantation model
Authors: Chaofeng Wang , Chao Zhang , Deli Wang , Jianhong Wu , Yan Zhang , Cheng Xu , Hongkui Xin , Qing He , Dike Ruan
Published: April 2013

We have previously explored the possibilities of allogenic intervertebral disc (IVD) curing disc degeneration disease in clinical practice. The results showed that the motion and stability of the spinal unit was preserved after transplantation of allogenic IVD in human beings at 5‐year follow‐up. However, mild degeneration was observed in the allogenic transplanted IVD cases. In this study, we construct the biological tissue engineering IVD by injecting the nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) expressing human bone morphogenetic protein 7 (hBMP7) into cryopreserved IVD, and transplant the biological tissue engineering IVD into a beagle dog to investigate whether NPCs expressing hBMP7 could prevent the degeneration of the transplanted allogenic IVDs. At 24 weeks after transplantation, MRI scan showed that IVD allografts injected NPCs expressing hBMP7 have a slighter signs of degeneration than IVD allografts with NPCs or without NPCs. The range of motion of left–right rotation in the group without NPCs was bigger than that of two cells injection group. PKH‐26‐labeled cells were identified at IVD allograft. The study demonstrated that NPCs expressing hBMP7 could survive at least 24 weeks and prevent the degeneration of the transplanted IVD. This solution might have a potential role in preventing the IVD allograft degeneration in long time follow‐up. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1366–1373, 2013
Acrylamide reduction in potato chips by selection of potato variety grown in Iran and processing conditions
Authors: Shojaee‐Aliabadi Saeedeh , Nikoopour Hooshang , Kobarfard Farzad , Parsapour Mahdi , Moslehishad Maryam , Hassanabadi Hassan , Frias Jesus M , Hashemi Maryam , Dahaghin Ezzat
Published: April 2013

Background

Acrylamide as a possible carcinogen is known to form in heated carbohydrate‐rich food such as potato chips. In this study, the effect of three potato varieties (Agria, Sante and Savalan) and two blanching conditions (75 °C for 9 min and 83 °C for 2.5 min) on the concentration of precursors and acrylamide reduction in potato chips was investigated.

Results

Results revealed that potato variety and blanching time–temperature were important parameters for acrylamide formation in potato chips. Acrylamide content in Sante variety potatoes, which contained the highest amount of reducing sugars, was found to be the highest (8825 µg kg−1). However, Savalan, containing the highest asparagine concentration, showed the lowest amount of acrylamide due to its lower reducing sugar content. Blanching reduced acrylamide formation; it was more efficient at 75 °C for 9 min, with an average reduction of 74%. The effect of three frying temperatures (170, 180 and 190 °C) on acrylamide formation was also studied just for the Agria potato variety. Increasing frying temperature led to a significant increase in acrylamide formation.

Conclusion

Potato variety and processing conditions were important parameters for acrylamide formation in potato chips. The combination of a suitable variety and appropriate processing conditions could considerably reduce acrylamide content. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous quantitation of seven alkaloids in processed Fuzi decoction by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Guo Na , Yang Dawei , Ablajan Keyume , Niu Xiaohong , Fan Bin , Wang Zhiguo , Dai Jingang , Wu Xiaoxia , Liu Baidong
Published: April 2013

A rapid analytical method based on rapid resolution LC coupled with MS/MS was first established to quantify seven alkaloids in processed Fuzi decoction. The chromatographic method was optimized to allow simultaneous analysis of all analytes in 5 min and demonstrated good linearity (r > 0.9995), repeatability (RSD < 4.36%), intra‐ and interday precisions (RSD < 5.07%) with good accuracies (97.76–105.08%) and good recovery (95.0–107.5%) of seven alkaloids, namely higenamine, benzoylhypaconine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylaconine, aconitine, hypaconitine, and mesaconitine. The LODs for these markers were in the range of 2.30–17.00 pg/mL. Quantitative analysis of the seven alkaloids in Baifupian decoction and Heishunpian decoction showed that the content of the seven marker chemicals varied significantly and concluded that the quality of Fuzi was greatly affected by different processed methods. The developed method could be used as a rapid, sensitive, and reliable approach for assessment of the quality of processed Fuzi and related decoction.
In‐capillary reactant mixing for monitoring glycerol kinase kinetics by CE
Authors: Nehmé Hala , Nehmé Reine , Lafite Pierre , Routier Sylvain , Morin Philippe
Published: April 2013

CE was used for the first time to study the two‐substrate enzyme glycerol kinase. The capillary was used as a nanoreactor in which the enzyme and its two substrates glycerol and adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate were in‐capillary mixed to realize the enzymatic assay. For kinetic parameters determination, reactants were injected (50 mbar × 5 s) as follows: (i) incubation buffer; (ii) adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate; (iii) enzyme, and (iv) glycerol. Enzymatic reaction was then initiated by mixing the reactants using electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (+20 kV for 6 s) followed by a zero‐potential amplification step of 3 min. Finally, electrophoretic separation was performed; the product adenosine‐5′‐diphosphate was detected at 254 nm and quantified. For enzyme inhibition, an allosteric inhibitor fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate plug was injected before the first substrate plug and +20 kV for 8 s was applied for reactant mixing. A simple, economic, and robust CE method was developed for monitoring glycerol kinase activity and inhibition. Only a few tens of nanoliters of reactants were used. The results compared well with those reported in literature. This study indicates, for the first time, that at least four reactant plugs can be in‐capillary mixed using an electrophoretically mediated microanalysis approach.
Inclusion of cocoa as a dietary supplement represses expression of inflammatory proteins in spinal trigeminal nucleus in response to chronic trigeminal nerve stimulation
Authors: Cady Ryan J. , Denson Jennifer E. , Durham Paul L.
Published: April 2013

Scope

Central sensitization is implicated in the pathology of temporomandibular joint disorder and other types of orofacial pain. We investigated the effects of dietary cocoa on expression of proteins involved in the development of central sensitization in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) in response to inflammatory stimulation of trigeminal nerves.

Methods and results

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed either a control diet or an isocaloric diet consisting of 10% cocoa powder 14 days prior to bilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the temporomandibular joint to promote prolonged activation of trigeminal ganglion neurons and glia. While dietary cocoa stimulated basal expression of glutamate‐aspartate transporter and mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase‐1 when compared to animals on a normal diet, cocoa suppressed basal calcitonin gene‐related peptide levels in the STN. CFA‐stimulated levels of protein kinase A, P2X3, P‐p38, glial fibrillary‐associated protein, and OX‐42, whose elevated levels in the STN are implicated in central sensitization, were repressed to near control levels in animals on a cocoa‐enriched diet. Similarly, dietary cocoa repressed CFA‐stimulated inflammatory cytokine expression.

Conclusion

Based on our findings, we speculate that cocoa‐enriched diets could be beneficial as a natural therapeutic option for temporomandibular joint disorder and other chronic orofacial pain conditions.
On the convergence of shifted Laplace preconditioner combined with multilevel deflation
Authors: Sheikh A. H. , Lahaye D. , Vuik C.
Published: April 2013

Deflating the shifted Laplacian with geometric multigrid vectors yields speedup. To verify this claim, we investigate a simplified variant of Erlangga and Nabben presented in [Erlangga and Nabben, ETNA, 2008;31:403–424]. We derive expressions for the eigenvalues of the two‐level preconditioner for the one‐dimensional problem. These expressions show that the algorithm analyzed is not scalable. They also show that the imaginary shift can be increased without delaying the convergence of the outer Krylov acceleration. An increase of the number of grid points per wavelength results in convergence acceleration. This contrasts to the use of the shifted Laplace preconditioner. Our analysis also shows that the use of deflation results in a spectrum more favorable to the convergence of the outer Krylov acceleration. The near‐null space components are still insufficiently well resolved, and the number of iterations increases with the wavenumber. In the two‐dimensional case, the number of near‐zero eigenvalues is larger than in the one‐dimensional case. We perform numerical computations with the two‐level and multilevel versions of the algorithm on constant and nonconstant wavenumber problems. Our numerical results confirm our spectral analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D fluid–structure interaction analysis of a typical liquid rocket engine cycle based on a novel viscoplastic damage model
Authors: Kowollik D. , Tini V. , Reese S. , Haupt M.
Published: April 2013

In many space missions, expandable or reusable launch systems are used. In this context, the reliable design of liquid rocket engines (LREs) is a key issue. In the present paper, we present a novel combination of numerical schemes. It is applied to model the extreme physical phenomena a typical LRE undergoes during its loading cycles. The numerical scheme includes a partitioned fluid–structure interaction (FSI) algorithm in combination with a unified viscoplastic damage model. This allows the complex description of the material response under cyclic thermomechanical loading taking place in LREs. In this regard, we focus on the response of the cooling channel wall that is made from copper alloys. For the coupled FSI analysis, the individual domains of the rocket thrust chamber are modeled by a 3D parametrized approach. The well‐established single field solver codes, DLR TAU for the hot gas and ABAQUS FE software for the structural domain, are coupled via the inhouse developed simulation environment ifls. Ifls provides the necessary algorithms for a partitioned coupling approach such as individual code steering, data interpolation, time integration and iteration control. Finally, the results of an FSI analysis of a complete engine cycle are presented. They show the potential of the new numerical scheme for the lifetime prediction of LREs.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histamine‐2 receptor antagonists and risk of lung cancer in diabetic patients – an exploratory analysis
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Lin , Chang Chia‐Hsuin , Lin Jou‐Wei , Wu Li‐Chiu , Chuang Lee‐Ming , Lai Mei‐Shu
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Histamine‐2 receptor blockers (H2RBs) might have anti‐tumorogenic effect, but the clinical effect on lung cancer occurrence was unclear.

Methods

A total of 640,173 type 2 diabetic patients were identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database in 2000. Patients were followed from cohort entry to the earliest of cancer diagnosis, death, disenrollment from the national health insurance, or 31 December 2007. For each participant, H2RB use during the follow‐up period was ascertained from the outpatient pharmacy prescription database. Patients with incident squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma were included as cases and up to four age‐ and sex‐matched controls were selected by risk‐set sampling. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to estimate the association between H2RBs and lung cancer incidence.

Results

A total of 1182 incident SCC and 2345 adenocarcinoma cases were identified, and 13,108 matched controls were selected. An increased risk was observed for H2RBs use <1 year with adjusted OR of 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22–1.44). After excluding all exposures occurring in the year before lung cancer diagnosis, H2RBs use with cumulative dosage ≥ 360 “defined daily doses” was associated with a significantly decreased risk of lung cancer (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.38–0.96). When we stratified on types of lung cancer, the protective association of higher cumulative use of H2RBs seemed more evident for lung adenocarcinoma, with an adjusted OR of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.26–0.90).

Conclusions

Higher cumulative use of H2RBs might be associated with a reduced risk for non‐small cell lung cancer in diabetic patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of the advanced semiconductor finger solar cell
Authors: Mai Ly , Mitchell Emily Jessica , Wang Kee Soon , Lin Dong , Wenham Stuart
Published: April 2013

The advanced semiconductor finger solar cell is a silicon wafer cell designed for industrial implementation. The concept incorporates a selective emitter with a front side grid metallisation that combines the advantages of both screen printing and plating techniques. Screen‐printed metal forms the busbars and a few thick but widely spaced fingers. The current is carried to these fingers via narrow, closely spaced, thinly plated, laser‐doped lines formed perpendicular to the fingers. This paper explains the evolution from the original semiconductor finger cell design to this advanced version and outlines the issues encountered in the process development thus far. An encouraging result of 18.5% efficiency has been achieved on a large area cell with fully industrial equipment, and several opportunities for significant improvement are identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymethylene‐block‐polystyrene copolymers: A new synthetic approach using a combination of polyhomologation and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization and their microfibers and microspheres fabricated through electrospinning process
Authors: Wang Xin , Gao Jin‐Ping , Zhao Qiao‐Ling , Huang Jin , Mao Guo‐Liang , Wu Wei , Ning Ying‐Nan , Ma Zhi
Published: April 2013

Well‐defined polymethylene‐block‐polystyrene (PM‐b‐PS) diblock copolymers were synthesized via a combination of polyhomologation of ylides and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene. Trithiocarbonate‐terminated polymethylenes (PM‐TTCB) (Mn = 1400 g mol−1; Mw/Mn = 1.09 and Mn = 2100 g mol−1; Mw/Mn = 1.20) were obtained via an esterification of S−1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetate) trithiocarbonate with hydroxyl‐terminated polymethylene synthesized via polyhomologation of ylides followed by oxidation. Then, a series of PM‐b‐PS (Mn = 5500–34,000 g mol−1; Mw/Mn = 1.12–1.25) diblock copolymers were obtained by RAFT polymerization of styrene using PM‐TTCB as a macromolecular chain‐transfer agent. The chain structures of all the polymers were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), gel permeation chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thiocarbonylthio end‐group of PM‐b‐PS was transformed into thiol group by aminolysis and confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. In addition, microfibers and microspheres of such diblock copolymers were fabricated by electrospinning process and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2892–2899
Stabilization of the film morphology in polymer: Fullerene heterojunction solar cells with photocrosslinkable bromine‐functionalized low‐bandgap copolymers
Authors: Qian Deping , Xu Qi , Hou Xuliang , Wang Fuzhi , Hou Jianhui , Tan Zhan'ao
Published: April 2013

Novel bromine‐functionalized photocrosslinkable low‐bandgap copolymers, PBDTTT‐Br25 and PBDTTT‐Br50, are synthesized via Stille cross‐coupling polymerization for the purpose of stabilizing the film morphology in polymer solar cells (PSCs). Photocrosslinking of PBDTTT‐Br25 and PBDTTT‐Br50 copolymers dramatically improves the solvent resistance of the active layer without disrupting the molecular ordering and charge transport, which is confirmed by the insolubility of the films washed by organic solvents and by their thermal behavior. As a result, the formation of large aggregations of fullerene is suppressed in polymer:fullerene blend films even after prolonged thermal annealing, and the stability of the device is enhanced when compared with cells based on noncrosslinkable PBDTTT. The power conversion efficiency of the PSCs based on PBDTTT‐Br25 and PBDTTT‐Br50 reaches 5.17% and 4.48%, respectively, which is improved obviously in comparison with that (4.26%) of the PSCs based on the control polymer PBDTTT. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3123–3131
Resolving oxide surfaces – From point and line defects to complex network structures
Authors: Heyde Markus , Simon Georg H. , Lichtenstein Leonid
Published: April 2013

In the following, we demonstrate the atomic‐scale analysis of oxide surfaces. Essential physical properties were extracted using noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc‐AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The main focus has been put on the determination of surface structures. A review of the recent achievements towards atomic‐scale resolution from highly crystalline to amorphous materials is provided. An overview of local probe microscopy and spectroscopy to get beyond the averaging character of diffraction methods is thereby summarized. In particular, surface defects of various dimensionality were investigated. Furthermore, acquisition of information on electronic properties is detailed. The presented material covers zero‐dimensional (0D) point defects, one‐dimensional (1D) line defects, and two‐dimensional (2D) random networks, i.e., amorphous structures. First, we present spectroscopy data taken on thin MgO films grown on Ag(001). Distance‐ and bias‐dependent nc‐AFM and STM measurements were recorded on these films. The local work‐function shift and electronic structure of color centers in the MgO surface were studied. In the next section, the structure determination of ultrathin alumina/NiAl(110) is shown. Atomically resolved nc‐AFM reveals a detailed picture of various line defects in the film. Finally, we discuss the atomic structure of a recently discovered ultrathin vitreous silica film on Ru(0001). The atomic arrangement in the 2D random network, resembling the classical picture of Zachariasen, is analyzed in terms of the pair correlation function and ring‐size distribution.
Long‐term analysis of ionospheric polar patches based on CHAMP TEC data
Authors: Noja M. , Stolle C. , Park J. , Lühr H.
Published: April 2013

Total electron content (TEC) from LEO satellites offers great possibility to sound the upper ionosphere and plasmasphere. This paper describes a method to derive absolute TEC observations aboard CHAMP considering multipath effects and receiver differential code bias. The long‒term data set of 9 years GPS observations is used to investigate the climatological behavior of high‒latitude plasma patches in both hemispheres. The occurrence of polar patches has a clear correlation with the solar cycle, which is less pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Summed over all years, we observed a higher number of patches in the SH. The maximum occurrence rate of patches has been found at the dayside polar cusp during 12:00–18:00 MLT (magnetic local time) supporting the mechanisms for patch creation by local particle precipitation and by intrusion of subauroral plasma into the polar cap through tongues of ionization (TOIs). The latter mechanism seems to be even more important in the SH. Investigating the patches in comparison with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, we found that decreased IMF Bz and enhanced merging electric field preceded the patch observation; hence, patch creation follows a period of enhanced solar wind input into the magnetosphere/ionosphere. We further found an annual cycle in patch occurrence with maxima at equinox and December solstice and a June solstice minimum which reflects the global ionospheric seasonal asymmetry in electron density. We suggest that enhanced TEC at midlatitudes and low latitudes during December solstice provides a greater possibility to transport high‐density plasma to the polar region through the buildup of TOIs.
Quantitative analysis of complex amino acids and RGD peptides by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Authors: Stevens Joanna S. , de Luca Alba C. , Pelendritis Michalis , Terenghi Giorgio , Downes Sandra , Schroeder Sven L. M.
Published: April 2013

The C 1 s, N 1 s, and O 1 s core level binding energies (BEs) of the functional groups in amino acids (glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, and histidine) with varied side‐chains and cell‐binding RGD‐based peptides have been determined and characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy with a monochromatic Al Kα source. The zwitterionic nature of the amino acids in the solid state is unequivocally evident from the N 1 s signals of the protonated amine groups and the C 1 s signature of carboxylate groups. Significant adventitious carbon contamination is evident for all samples but can be quantitatively accounted for. No intrinsic differences in the XP spectra are evident between two polymorphs (α and γ) of glycine, indicating that the crystallographic differences have a minor influence on the core level BEs for this system. The two nitrogen centers in the imidazole group of histidine exhibit an N 1 s BE shift that is in line with previously reported data for theophylline and aqueous imidazole solutions, while the nitrogen and carbon chemical shifts reflect the unusual guanidinium chemical environment in arginine. It is shown that the complex envelopes of C 1 s and O 1 s photoemission spectra for short‐chain peptides can be analyzed quantitatively by reference to the less complex XP spectra of the constituent amino acids, provided the peptides are of high enough purity. The distinctive N 1 s photoemission from the amide linkages provides an indicator of peptide formation even in the presence of common impurities, and variations in the relative intensities of N 1 s were found to be diagnostic for each of the three peptides investigated (RGD, RGDS, and RGDSC). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape Constrained Non‐parametric Estimators of the Baseline Distribution in Cox Proportional Hazards Model
Authors: LOPUHAÄ HENDRIK P. , NANE GABRIELA F.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. We investigate non‐parametric estimation of a monotone baseline hazard and a decreasing baseline density within the Cox model. Two estimators of a non‐decreasing baseline hazard function are proposed. We derive the non‐parametric maximum likelihood estimator and consider a Grenander type estimator, defined as the left‐hand slope of the greatest convex minorant of the Breslow estimator. We demonstrate that the two estimators are strongly consistent and asymptotically equivalent and derive their common limit distribution at a fixed point. Both estimators of a non‐increasing baseline hazard and their asymptotic properties are obtained in a similar manner. Furthermore, we introduce a Grenander type estimator for a non‐increasing baseline density, defined as the left‐hand slope of the least concave majorant of an estimator of the baseline cumulative distribution function, derived from the Breslow estimator. We show that this estimator is strongly consistent and derive its asymptotic distribution at a fixed point.
Ensemble modeling, uncertainty and robust predictions
Authors: Parker Wendy S.
Published: April 2013

Many studies of future climate change take an ensemble modeling approach in which simulations of future conditions are produced with multiple climate models (or model versions), rather than just one. These ensemble studies are of two main types—perturbed‐physics and multimodel—which investigate different sources of uncertainty about future climate change. Increasingly, methods are being applied which assign probabilities to future changes in climate on the basis of the set of projections (the ensemble) produced in a perturbed‐physics or multimodel study. This has prompted debate over both the appropriate interpretation of ensembles as well as how best to communicate uncertainty about future climate change to decision makers; such communication is a primary impetus for ensemble studies. The intuition persists that agreement among ensemble members about the extent of future climate change warrants increased confidence in the projected changes, but in practice the significance of this robustness is difficult to gauge. Priority topics for future research include how to design ensemble studies that take better account of structural uncertainty, how to weight ensemble members and how to improve the process by which ensemble studies are synthesized with other information in expert assessments. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:213–223. doi: 10.1002/wcc.220

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Global overview—the systems approach to energy efficiency in industry
Authors: Williams Robert , McKane Aimee
Published: April 2013

The energy systems that support industrial processes can be found in all types of industry and include compressed air, pumping, and fan systems (collectively known as motor systems), steam systems, and process heating systems. They are integral to the operation of industrial facilities by providing the essential conversion of energy into useful work, energized fluids or heat required for production processes. Improving the efficiency of industrial energy systems does not require major investment in new processes or equipment. Barriers to systems optimization are often behavioral rather than financial, with system inefficiencies frequently attributable to lack of knowledge. Measurement of the efficiency of motor and steam systems is not done and projects capable of improving systems efficiency do not attract the attention of company managers. In developed countries, where energy efficiency is now an important component of climate policy, measures capable of driving systems level improvements, have been introduced, but, to date, their impacts have been limited. The challenge for policy makers worldwide is to bring about a lasting change in industrial management behavior that recognizes the benefits of systems optimization. The International Standards Organization 50001 Energy Management Standard will afford industrial managers with an opportunity to address systems optimization within the organizing framework of an energy management system standard, thus supporting continuous improvement in energy performance.

This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy
Image grand tour
Authors: Martinez Wendy L.
Published: April 2013

We describe a method of fusing, visualizing, and exploring multiple registered images called the image grand tour (IGT). The IGT is based on the grand tour idea for exploring high‐dimensional data sets. In this article, we provide information on the general grand tour and show how this can be adapted to explore many linear combinations of the registered images in search of interesting structure and information. We provide several examples where the IGT is used for remote sensing, the search for rock art pictographs, and sensor fusion. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:198–206. doi: 10.1002/wics.1253

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Image Data Mining

Applications of Computational Statistics > Signal and Image Processing and Coding
Factors affecting the development and dynamics of hypoxia in a large shallow stratified lake: Hourly to seasonal patterns
Authors: Bouffard Damien , Ackerman Josef Daniel , Boegman Leon
Published: April 2013

Key Points

SOD and HOD contribute equally to hypoxia

hypolimnion thickness affects the relative contribution of HOD

These observation apply to a wide range of lakes
Yeast on the milky way: genetics, physiology and biotechnology of Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Rodicio Rosaura , Heinisch Jürgen J.
Published: April 2013

The milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has a life cycle similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and can be employed as a model eukaryote using classical genetics, such as the combination of desired traits, by crossing and tetrad analysis. Likewise, a growing set of vectors, marker cassettes and tags for fluorescence microscopy are available for manipulation by genetic engineering and investigating its basic cell biology. We here summarize these applications, as well as the current knowledge regarding its central metabolism, glucose and extracellular stress signalling pathways. A short overview on the biotechnological potential of K. lactis concludes this review. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical Characteristics and Aflatoxin Levels in Two Types of Sudanese Sesame Oil
Authors: Idris Yousif M. A. , Hassan Safaa A. , Mariod Abdalbasit A.
Published: April 2013

The physicochemical characteristics and aflatoxin levels of two types of sesame oil [Walad (W) and Normal (N)] were determined. A total of 104 sesame oil samples were collected during two seasons (I and II) from traditional mills in five states of Sudan. Levels of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 were determined using HPLC. The physicochemical characteristics of W and N samples were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different: samples of W and N from the five states had fluctuations in physicochemical characteristics in the two seasons. The highest percentage of contamination (recorded in Khartoum followed by Kordofan state) by aflatoxin B1 during season II occurred in normal sesame oil which was 80.77 %, followed by Walad sesame oil which was 76.92 %. These percentages of contamination in season I were lower than 59.26 % for normal sesame oil and lower than 52.0 % for Walad sesame oil in season II. Aflatoxin B2 contamination recorded the highest incidence in season II (3 out of 26 samples, 11.54 %) of normal sesame oil, followed by Walad sesame oil (2 out of 26 samples, 7.69 %). These percentages were lower than the 7.40 and 4.0 % of normal and Walad sesame oils in season I, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 levels in sesame oil ranged from 0.5 to 9.8 and 0.5 to 1.3 μg/kg, respectively.
Review of the Theoretical, Empirical, and Clinical Status of Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism
Authors: Lo Alice , Abbott Maree J.
Published: April 2013

Clinical perfectionism has been implicated as a transdiagnostic construct involved in the aetiology, maintenance, and course of a wide range of Axis I disorders. Typically characterised by the setting of unrealistically high standards for performance, perfectionism has been suggested to be associated with a number of negative psychological outcomes. Moreover, it has been suggested that the process in which perfectionists set and strive for their high performance standards, including the way in which they revaluate such standards, may be maintained by a number of maladaptive cognitive, affective, and behavioural constructs. However, how such factors may differ across adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism remains unclear. This article reviews the adaptive and maladaptive conceptualisations of perfectionism and critically examines the empirical literature pertaining to the cognitive-behavioural model of clinical perfectionism. In addition, we also review outcomes of intervention studies that have focused on altering dysfunctional cognitions when treating clinical perfectionism. Clinical implications of these findings and directions for future research are also explored.
Public Expectations for Nonemergency Hospital Resources and Services During Disasters
Authors: Charney Rachel L. , Rebmann Terri , Esguerra Cybill R. , Lai Charlene W. , Dalawari Preeti
Published: April 2013

Objective

The public's expectations of hospital services during disasters may not reflect current hospital disaster plans. The objective of this study was to determine the public's expected hospital service utilization during a pandemic, earthquake, and terrorist bombing.

Methods

A survey was distributed to adult patients or family members at 3 emergency departments (EDs). Participants identified resources and services they expect to need during 3 disaster scenarios. Linear regression was used to describe factors associated with higher expected utilization scores for each scenario.

Results

Of the 961 people who participated in the study, 66.9% were women, 47.5% were white, and 44.6% were black. Determinants of higher pandemic resource utilization included persons who were younger (P < .01); non-white (P < .001); had higher ED visits (P < .01), hospitalization (P = .001), or fewer primary care provider visits (P = .001) in the past year; and did not having a reunification plan (P < .001). Determinants of higher earthquake resource utilization included persons who were non-white (P < .001); who were a patient or spouse (vs parent) participating in the study (P < .05 and P = .001); and had higher ED visits in the past year (P = .001). Determinants of higher bombing resource utilization included persons who were female (P = .001); non-white (P < .001); had higher ED (P = .001) or primary care provider (P < .01) visits in past year; and experienced the loss of home or property during a past disaster (P < .05).

Conclusions

Public expectations of hospitals during disasters are high, and some expectations are inappropriate. Better community disaster planning and public risk communication are needed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–8)
Social Identification and Ethnic Conflict
Authors: SAMBANIS NICHOLAS , SHAYO MOSES
Published: April 2013

When do ethnic cleavages increase the risk of conflict? Under what conditions is a strong common identity likely to emerge, thereby reducing that risk? How are patterns of social identification shaped by conflict? We draw on empirical results regarding the nature and determinants of group identification to develop a simple model that addresses these questions. The model highlights the possibility of vicious and virtuous cycles where conflict and identification patterns reinforce each other. It also shows how processes of ethnic identification amplify the importance of political institutions and traces the effects of national status and perceived differences across ethnic groups. Finally, we demonstrate how a small but sufficiently potent group of ethnic radicals can derail a peaceful equilibrium, leading to the polarization of the entire population. We reexamine several historical cases as well as empirical correlates of civil wars in light of these results.
THE CATEGORIFICATION OF THE KAUFFMAN BRACKET SKEIN MODULE OF
Authors: GABROVŠEK BOŠTJAN
Published: April 2013

Khovanov homology, an invariant of links in ${ \mathbb{R} }^{3} $, is a graded homology theory that categorifies the Jones polynomial in the sense that the graded Euler characteristic of the homology is the Jones polynomial. Asaeda et al. [‘Categorification of the Kauffman bracket skein module of $I$-bundles over surfaces’, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 4 (2004), 1177–1210] generalised this construction by defining a double graded homology theory that categorifies the Kauffman bracket skein module of links in $I$-bundles over surfaces, except for the surface $ \mathbb{R} {\mathrm{P} }^{2} $, where the construction fails due to strange behaviour of links when projected to the nonorientable surface $ \mathbb{R} {\mathrm{P} }^{2} $. This paper categorifies the missing case of the twisted $I$-bundle over $ \mathbb{R} {\mathrm{P} }^{2} $, $ \mathbb{R} {\mathrm{P} }^{2} \widetilde {\times } I\approx \mathbb{R} {\mathrm{P} }^{3} \setminus \{ \ast \} $, by redefining the differential in the Khovanov chain complex in a suitable manner.
Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) from the Caribbean Sea and re-description ofPlakina jamaicensis
Authors: Ereskovsky Alexander V. , Lavrov Dennis V. , Willenz Philippe
Published: April 2013

Five new species of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera) of four genera,Oscarella,Plakortis,PlakinaandCorticium, are described from vertical walls of reef caves at depths ranging from 23 to 28 m in the Caribbean Sea.Oscarella nathaliaesp. nov. has a leaf-like thinly encrusting, flat body, loosely attached to the substrate and a perforated, not lobate surface.Oscarella nathaliaesp. nov. contains two bacterial morphotypes and is characterized by two mesohylar cell types with inclusions.Plakortis myraesp. nov. has diods of two categories: abundant large ones (83–119 μm long) and rare small ones (67–71 μm long) with sinuous, S-bent centres; triods Y- or T-shaped (18–5  μm long), and abundant microrhabds (5–12 μm long).Plakortis edwardsisp. nov. has diods of one category with thick, sinuous, S-bent centres (110 to 128 μm long); triods T-shaped (actines 28–59 μm long). It is the only species of this genus showing small diods (22–31 μm long).Plakortis dariaesp. nov. has diods of two categories: large ones (67–112 μm long) and small, rare, irregular ones, slightly curved, often deformed with one end blunt (30–59 μm long); triods rare and regular (actines 20–44 μm long).Corticium diamantensesp. nov. has oscula situated near its border, regular non-lophose calthrops of one size-class, very rare tetralophose calthrops and candelabra with the fourth actine ramified basally in 4–5 microspined rays. In addition, a re-description ofPlakina jamaicensisis based on newly collected material and the type specimen.Plakortis jamaicensishas a convoluted brain-like surface; well developed sub-ectosomal cavities; irregular sinuous diods, triods, calthrops, rare monolophose calthrops, rare dilophose calthrops, rare trilophose calthrops and common tetralophose calthrops. Molecular ‘barcoding’ sequences for mitochondrial cob are given forPlakortis edwardsisp. nov.,P. dariaesp. nov.,Plakina jamaicensisandCorticium diamantensesp. nov. An identification key for all western Atlantic Homoscleromorpha is provided.
The boundaries of the internalizing and externalizing genetic spectra in men and women
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Myers J.
Published: April 2013

Background

The distribution and co-morbidity of common psychiatric disorders can be largely explained as manifestations of two broad psychopathological spectra of internalizing and externalizing disorders. Twin studies suggest that these spectra arise from genetic factors.

Method

Structural equation twin modeling was applied to interview and questionnaire data on personality traits and lifetime psychiatric disorders on more than 5300 members of male–male (MM) and female–female (FF) twin pairs.

Results

The best-fitting models for both the externalizing and internalizing spectra differed significantly in males and females. In males, the externalizing genetic common factor was best indexed by four disorders in the following order: antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), drug abuse/dependence (DAD), alcohol abuse dependence (AAD) and conduct disorder (CD). In females, the four disorders most closely related to the externalizing common factor were, in order: DAD, AAD, nicotine dependence (ND) and ASPD. Personality traits of novelty seeking (NS) and extraversion (E) better indexed the genetic externalizing spectrum in females than in males. In both males and females, major depression (MD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) best indexed the genetic internalizing common factor. Panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AgP) better reflected the internalizing genetic common factor in women, and neuroticism (N) in men. Genetic correlations between the two spectra were estimated at + 0.53 in males and + 0.52 in females.

Conclusions

The disorders that optimally index the genetic liability to externalizing and internalizing disorders in the general population differ meaningfully in men and women. In both sexes, these genetic spectra are better assessed by psychiatric disorders than by personality traits.
The Trials of Job: Relitigating Job's ‘Good Case’ in Christian Interpretation
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: April 2013

Applying the legal metaphor integral to the book of Job, this article re-evaluates the evidence for Job's innocence (Job 42:7). After examining the conflicted testimony of the book itself, the article focuses on exemplars of Christian interpretation throughout history (the author of James, Ambrose, Gregory the Great, Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, Kierkegaard, and Barth) to discuss the various attempts made to come to terms with the final form of the book of Job, including its testimony to Job's complaints. Though some interpreters simply ignore the complaints in their attempts to hold up Job as an exemplar of patience, following, it is often argued, the example of James 5:11, for those who wrestle with Job's apparent blasphemy, three general approaches emerge. The first, denial, refuses to acknowledge Job's accusations of divine injustice. The second, mitigation, attempts to minimise the force of Job's arguments against God. The third, absolution, acknowledges Job's defiance of God but claims that this wrong is not beyond God's grace, and that it may in fact highlight it. However, none is able to satisfactorily reconcile Job's accusations with the innocent verdict God delivers at the end of the book (42:7) and affirm that Job has indeed said what is right about God. Even so, the broader biblical testimony offers evidence to exonerate Job by testifying to divine favourable response to and even initiation of complaint in a tradition of ‘faithful revolt’. Job joins the heroes of Israelite faith, Abraham (Gen 18:17–33), Jacob (Gen 32:6–12, 22–31), and Moses (Exod 32:1–14), the psalmists who dare to cry ‘Why?’ and ‘How long?’ and prophets such as Amos (e.g. 7:1–9), Jeremiah (e.g. 20:7–18), and Habakkuk (e.g. 1:2–4, 12–17) in confronting God and demanding that the deity make things right. Jesus endorses this tradition through both his parables of the importunate friend (Luke 11:5–9) and the importunate widow (Luke 18:1–8) and his cry of dereliction from the cross. Instead of reading Job's complaints in line with this tradition, when these Christian interpreters grapple with Job's accusations against God, Job's ‘friends’ once again become his accusers due to their application of a limited view of God and God's relationship to humanity.
Grammatical preferences in aspect marking in first language and second language: The case of first language Dutch, English, and German and first language Dutch second language English, and first language Dutch second language German
Authors: HILBERINK-SCHULPEN BÉRYL , NEDERSTIGT ULRIKE , STARREN MARIANNE
Published: April 2013

Production studies on event conceptualization have shown that the language inventory has a clear influence on event descriptions in different languages (e.g., Carroll & von Stutterheim, 2010). In our perception study with native speakers of German, English, and Dutch and Dutch learners of German and English, we were able to show that in addition to preferred verbalization patterns, there are other verbalization patterns that are rated as equally likely. Our results suggest that a more differentiated explanation is needed than that proposed by Slobin (1996b). Grammatical aspects of a language are easier to acquire and apply than lexical aspects. These differences can be explained in terms of automatization and cognitive control of first language and second language processes (Levelt, 1989).