bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CT Evolution of Hematoma and Surrounding Hypodensity in a Cadaveric Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Majidi Shahram , Rahim Basit , Gilani Sarwat I. , Gilani Waqas I. , Adil Malik M. , Qureshi Adnan I.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The evolution of intracerebral hematoma and perihematoma edema in the ultra‐early period on computed tomographic (CT) scans in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is not well understood. We aimed to investigate hematoma and perihematoma changes in “neutral brain” models of ICH.

METHODS

One human and five goat cadaveric heads were used as “neutral brains” to provide physical properties of brain without any biological activity or new bleeding. ICH was induced by slow injection of 4 ml of fresh human blood into the right basal ganglia of the goat brains. Similarly, 20 ml of fresh blood was injected deep into the white matter of the human cadaver head in each hemisphere. Serial CT scans of the heads were obtained immediately after hematoma induction and then 1, 3, and 5 hours afterward. Analyze software (AnalyzeDirect, Overland Park, KS, USA) was used to measure hematoma and perihematoma hypodensity volumes in the baseline and follow‐up CT scans.

RESULTS

The initial hematoma volumes of 11.6 ml and 10.5 ml in the right and left hemispheres of the cadaver brains gradually decreased to 6.6 ml and 5.4 ml at 5 hours, showing 43% and 48% retraction of hematoma, respectively. The volume of the perihematoma hypodensity in the right and left hemisphere increased from 2.6 ml and 2.2 ml in the 1‐hour follow‐up CT scans to 4.9 ml and 4.4 ml in the 5‐hour CT scan, respectively. Hematoma retraction was also observed in all five goat brains ICH models with the mean ICH volume decreasing from 1.49 ml at baseline scan to 1.01 ml at the 5‐hour follow‐up CT scan (29.6% hematoma retraction). Perihematoma hypodensity was visualized in 70% of ICH in goat brains, with an increasing mean hypodensity volume of 0.4 ml in the baseline CT scan to 0.8 ml in the 5‐hour follow‐up CT scan.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that substantial hematoma retraction and perihematoma hypodensity occurs in ICH in the absence of any new bleeding or biological activity of surrounding brain. Such observations suggest that active bleeding is underestimated in patients with no or small hematoma expansion and our understanding of perihematoma hypodensity needs to be reconsidered.
Serum Uric Acid Is Associated with Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensities in Patients with Acute Lacunar Infarction
Authors: Han Sang Won , Song Tae Jin , Bushnell Cheryl D. , Lee Sung‐Soo , Kim Seo Hyun , Lee Jun Hong , Kim Gyu Sik , Kim Ok‐Joon , Koh Im‐Seok , Lee Jong Yun , Suk Seung‐Han , Lee Sung Ik , Nam Hyo Suk , Lee Kyung‐Yul , Park Jae Hyeon
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The Effect of Cilostazol in Acute Lacunar Infarction Based on Pulsatility Index of Transcranial Doppler (ECLIPse) study showed a significant decrease in transcranial Doppler pulsatility index (PI) with cilostazol treatment after 90 days of acute lacunar infarction. The aim of this analysis was to perform a subgroup analysis of the ECLIPse study to explore the relationship between serum uric acid (UA) and the volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in patients with acute lacunar infarction.

METHODS

The ECLIPse was a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study conducted in Korea. For this subgroup analysis, WMH volume was measured for those subjects for whom FLAIR or T2‐weighted images were available using semiautomated computerized software.

RESULTS

Of the 203 patients in 8 hospitals in the ECLIPse study, 130 in 6 hospitals were entered for this subgroup analysis. The mean age was 64.7 ± 9.95 years, and 20.8% were women. The mean WMH volume was 11.57 cm3 (.13 to 68.45, median 4.86) and mean serum UA was 5.2 mg/dL (1.5 to 8.9). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age (P < .001) and serum UA (P = .013) were significantly associated with WMH volume. Age‐adjusted scatterplots showed that serum UA level was positively related to WMH volume in patients with acute lacunar infarction (r = 0.275, P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that serum UA was associated with cerebral WMH in patients with acute lacunar infarction.
Establishment of a xenograft model to explore the mechanism of bone destruction by human oral cancers and its application to analysis of role of RANKL
Authors: Tohyama Rei , Kayamori Kou , Sato Kiyoshi , Hamagaki Miwako , Sakamoto Kei , Yasuda Hisataka , Yamaguchi Akira
Published: October 2015

Background

The molecular mechanism underlying bone invasion caused by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not well understood. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, the development of more suitable xenograft models mimicking human mandibular bone destruction by OSCC has been required.

Materials and methods

Human OSCC cell lines, HSC3, HSC3‐C1, and HSC3‐R2, were injected in the periosteal region of the mandible in athymic mice, and the bone destruction was analyzed. Receptor activators of nuclear factor κ‐B ligand (RANKL) mRNA and protein expression levels were measured in the OSCC cell lines. Antibody that specifically neutralizes mouse RANKL and human RANKL, respectively, was injected into HSC3‐cell‐transplanted mice.

Results

Transplantation of HSC3 cells induced mandibular bone destruction. Histological examination revealed numerous osteoclasts on the bone destruction surface. Fibroblastic cell intervention between the cancer nests and resorbing bone surface was observed in a similar fashion to those observed in human OSCC cases. The number of osteoclasts and fibroblasts was significantly correlated. Bone destruction induced by the transplantation of HSC3 cells was reduced by injection of an antibody that specifically neutralizes mouse RANKL. Transplantation of HSC3‐R2 cells, which overexpresses RANKL, induced advanced bone destruction compared to that of HSC3‐C1 cells, which only overexpress the empty vector.

Conclusions

We established a useful xenograft model for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the bone destruction induced by OSCC in the jaw. This model will be used to investigate the precise roles of several cytokines synthesized by both cancer cells and fibroblastic cells in OSCC‐associated bone destruction in the jaw.
Gender and the Ethical Given
Authors: Farneth Molly
Published: October 2015

G. W. F. Hegel's discussion of the Antigone in the Phenomenology of Spirit has provoked ongoing debate about his views on gender. This essay offers an interpretation of Hegel as condemning social arrangements that take the authoritativeness of identities and obligations to be natural or merely given. Hegel criticizes the ancient Greeks' understanding of both the human law and the divine law; in so doing, he provides resources for a critique of essentialist approaches to sex and gender. On this interpretation, Hegel views the conflict between Antigone and Creon as tragic because the gendered identities and obligations inherent to Greek Sittlichkeit are naturalized and withheld from scrutiny and revision. In the conclusion, I suggest how Hegel's criticisms pose a challenge to certain approaches to religious ethics.
“Patching up Virtue”
Authors: Foster James J. S.
Published: October 2015

Herdt's Putting On Virtue has two chief aims. The first is to champion the virtue tradition against Christian moral quietism and modern deontological ethics. The second is to facilitate reconciliation between Augustinian and Emersonian virtue. To accomplish these tasks Herdt constructs a counter‐narrative to Schneewind's Invention of Autonomy, in which Luther's resignation and Kant's innovation are tragic consequences of “hyper‐Augustinianism”—a competitive conception of divine and human agency, which leads to excessive suspicion of acquired virtue. This review argues that Putting On Virtue succeeds in its first aim but leaves its second intriguingly uncompleted. Despite this deficiency, however, this essay also argues that Putting On Virtue makes plausible Herdt's audacious suggestion that Augustinian and Emersonian perfectionism may be reconciled by bringing acquired and infused virtue under a single term.
Factors Influencing Attentiveness of People With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities to Multisensory Storytelling
Authors: Ten Brug Annet , Van der Putten Annette A.J. , Penne Anneleen , Maes Bea , Vlaskamp Carla
Published: October 2015

Multisensory storytelling (MSST) is a storytelling method developed for people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD). The developers of MSST have established specific guidelines aimed at increasing the listener's attention. Whether, and to what extent, these guidelines indeed increase the listener' attentiveness is unknown. This study analyzed the relationship between the effects of these guidelines and the attentiveness of listeners with PIMD. Some 45 storytellers created an MSST book tailored to a person with PIMD. The book was read 10 times, and video recordings were made of the first, fifth, and tenth reading sessions. For each session, the percentage of attention paid to the storyteller and to the book was scored using an interval method. The relationship between adherence to the guidelines (repetition, use of original text, offering stimuli actively, and use of neutral background) and attentiveness of the person with PIMD was then analyzed. During storytelling, the listeners were attentive to MSST for an average of 69% of the time. The attention increased between the first and fifth reading sessions, and then dropped between the fifth and tenth sessions. Part of the guidelines (repetition, actively offering the stimuli and duration of the story) were positively related to the amount of the listeners' attention; for other parts of the guidelines (using original text and using neutral background), no significant correlations were found. The results of this study can help with developing clearer instructions to new storytellers. To optimize the attentiveness of a person with PIMD to an MSST story, the authors recommend that the storyteller takes ample time to read the book and provides the listener with active access to the stimuli.
Proteinuria in canine patients with lymphoma
Authors: Di Bella A. , Maurella C. , Cauvin A. , Schmidt J. M. , Tapia B. B. , North S. M.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To determine if proteinuria is more common in dogs with lymphoma when compared with healthy dogs and to assess the severity and frequency of proteinuria in dogs with lymphoma.

Methods

Determination of urine protein:creatinine ratio in 32 dogs with lymphoma compared with 30 healthy dogs.

Results

Canine patients with lymphoma are more likely to be proteinuric compared with healthy dogs. Proteinuria is common in dogs with lymphoma, although in most cases it is not severe. The presence of proteinuria is not linked with the stage or substage of lymphoma.

Clinical Significance

Mild proteinuria is a common finding in dogs with lymphoma. The clinical impact of the proteinuria is probably low.
The economic rationale for investing in stunting reduction
Authors: Hoddinott John , Alderman Harold , Behrman Jere R. , Haddad Lawrence , Horton Susan
Published: October 2015

This paper outlines the economic rationale for investments that reduce stunting. We present a framework that illustrates the functional consequences of stunting in the 1000 days after conception throughout the life cycle: from childhood through to old age. We summarize the key empirical literature around each of the links in the life cycle, highlighting gaps in knowledge where they exist. We construct credible estimates of benefit–cost ratios for a plausible set of nutritional interventions to reduce stunting. There are considerable challenges in doing so that we document. We assume an uplift in income of 11% due to the prevention of one fifth of stunting and a 5% discount rate of future benefit streams. Our estimates of the country‐specific benefit‐cost ratios for investments that reduce stunting in 17 high‐burden countries range from 3.6 (DRC) to 48 (Indonesia) with a median value of 18 (Bangladesh). Mindful that these results hinge on a number of assumptions, they compare favourably with other investments for which public funds compete.
The principles and practices of nutrition advocacy: evidence, experience and the way forward for stunting reduction
Authors: Pelletier David , Haider Rukhsana , Hajeebhoy Nemat , Mangasaryan Nune , Mwadime Robert , Sarkar Satyajit
Published: October 2015

Advocacy represents an intervention into complex, dynamic and highly contextual socio‐political systems, in which strategies and tactics must be adjusted on a continual basis in light of rapidly changing conditions, reactions from actors and feedback. For this reason, the practice of advocacy is often considered more art than science. However, capacities and practices for advocacy can be strengthened by sharing and analysing experiences in varying contexts, deriving general principles and learning to adapt these principles to new contexts. Nutrition is a particular context for advocacy, but to date, there has been little systematic analysis of experiences. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and draw lessons from the practice of nutrition advocacy, especially in relation to stunting and complementary feeding, and suggest ways to strengthen capacities and practices in the future. The strategies and tactics, achievements and lessons learnt are described for three case studies: Uganda, Vietnam and Bangladesh. These cases, and experience from elsewhere, demonstrate that concerted, well‐planned and well‐implemented advocacy can bring significant achievements, even in short period of time. In light of the global and national attention being given to stunting reduction through the SUN (Scaling Up Nutrition) movement and other initiatives, there is now a need for much stronger investments in strategic and operational capacities for advocacy, including the human, organisational and financial resources for the advocacy and strategic communication themselves, as well as for monitoring and evaluation, supportive research and institutional capacity‐building.
Multi‐sectoral interventions for healthy growth
Authors: del Carmen Casanovas Ma , Lutter Chessa K. , Mangasaryan Nune , Mwadime Robert , Hajeebhoy Nemat , Aguilar Ana Maria , Kopp Ciro , Rico Luis , Ibiett Gonzalo , Andia Doris , Onyango Adelheid W.
Published: October 2015

The risk of stunted growth and development is affected by the context in which a child is born and grows. This includes such interdependent influences as the political economy, health and health care, education, society and culture, agriculture and food systems, water and sanitation, and the environment. Here, we briefly review how factors linked with the key sectors can contribute to healthy growth and reduced childhood stunting. Emphasis is placed on the role of agriculture/food security, especially family farming; education, particularly of girls and women; water, sanitation, and hygiene and their integration in stunting reduction strategies; social protection including cash transfers, bearing in mind that success in this regard is linked to reducing the gap between rich and poor; economic investment in stunting reduction including the work with the for‐profit commercial sector balancing risks linked to marketing foods that can displace affordable and more sustainable alternatives; health with emphasis on implementing comprehensive and effective health care interventions and building the capacity of health care providers. We complete the review with examples of national and subnational multi‐sectoral interventions that illustrate how critical it is for sectors to work together to reduce stunting.
Designing appropriate complementary feeding recommendations: tools for programmatic action
Authors: Daelmans Bernadette , Ferguson Elaine , Lutter Chessa K. , Singh Neha , Pachón Helena , Creed‐Kanashiro Hilary , Woldt Monica , Mangasaryan Nuné , Cheung Edith , Mir Roger , Pareja Rossina , Briend André
Published: October 2015

Suboptimal complementary feeding practices contribute to a rapid increase in the prevalence of stunting in young children from age 6 months. The design of effective programmes to improve infant and young child feeding requires a sound understanding of the local situation and a systematic process for prioritizing interventions, integrating them into existing delivery platforms and monitoring their implementation and impact. The identification of adequate food‐based feeding recommendations that respect locally available foods and address gaps in nutrient availability is particularly challenging. We describe two tools that are now available to strengthen infant and young child‐feeding programming at national and subnational levels. ProPAN is a set of research tools that guide users through a step‐by‐step process for identifying problems related to young child nutrition; defining the context in which these problems occur; formulating, testing, and selecting behaviour‐change recommendations and nutritional recipes; developing the interventions to promote them; and designing a monitoring and evaluation system to measure progress towards intervention goals. Optifood is a computer‐based platform based on linear programming analysis to develop nutrient‐adequate feeding recommendations at lowest cost, based on locally available foods with the addition of fortified products or supplements when needed, or best recommendations when the latter are not available. The tools complement each other and a case study from Peru illustrates how they have been used. The readiness of both instruments will enable partners to invest in capacity development for their use in countries and strengthen programmes to address infant and young child feeding and prevent malnutrition.
High‐resolution manometry changes our views of gastrointestinal motility
Authors: Lindberg G.
Published: October 2015

High‐resolution manometry using catheters with 36 solid‐state sensors spaced 1 cm apart has already become an established technique for esophageal manometry where it has replaced water‐perfused and station pull‐through manometry. Spatiotemporal plots with color coding of pressure have greatly facilitated the analysis of esophageal peristalsis. Although suitable for the length of the esophagus, the solid‐state catheter is insufficient for the study of longer segments of the gastrointestinal tract. A new technique with fiber‐optic sensors has made it possible to construct catheters with 72–144 sensors. Studies of colonic motility have revealed that the most common motor pattern of the colon is a peristaltic contraction that travels 7–10 cm in the retrograde direction. Earlier studies using low‐resolution manometry with 7–45 cm between sensors led us to erroneous conclusions regarding direction and frequency of contractions and they largely missed both antegrade and retrograde contractions traveling short distances. Fiber‐optic high‐resolution manometry holds promise for greatly improving our understanding of gut motor physiology and hopefully also our understanding of patients with symptoms of disordered gut motility.
Expression and function of the Scn5a‐encoded voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1.5 in the rat jejunum
Authors: Beyder A. , Gibbons S. J. , Mazzone A. , Strege P. R. , Saravanaperumal S. A. , Sha L. , Higgins S. , Eisenman S. T. , Bernard C. E. , Geurts A. , Kline C. F. , Mohler P. J. , Farrugia G.
Published: October 2015

Background

The SCN5A‐encoded voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1.5 is expressed in human jejunum and colon. Mutations in NaV1.5 are associated with gastrointestinal motility disorders. The rat gastrointestinal tract expresses voltage‐gated sodium channels, but their molecular identity and role in rat gastrointestinal electrophysiology are unknown.

Methods

The presence and distribution of Scn5a‐encoded NaV1.5 was examined by PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in rat jejunum. Freshly dissociated smooth muscle cells were examined by whole cell electrophysiology. Zinc finger nuclease was used to target Scn5a in rats. Lentiviral‐mediated transduction with shRNA was used to target Scn5a in rat jejunum smooth muscle organotypic cultures. Organotypic cultures were examined by sharp electrode electrophysiology and RT‐PCR.

Key Results

We found NaV1.5 in rat jejunum and colon smooth muscle by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry using two other antibodies of different portions of NaV1.5 revealed the presence of the ion channel in rat jejunum. Whole cell voltage‐clamp in dissociated smooth muscle cells from rat jejunum showed fast activating and inactivating voltage‐dependent inward current that was eliminated by Na+ replacement by NMDG+. Constitutive rat Scn5a knockout resulted in death in utero. NaV1.5 shRNA delivered by lentivirus into rat jejunum smooth muscle organotypic culture resulted in 57% loss of Scn5a mRNA and several significant changes in slow waves, namely 40% decrease in peak amplitude, 30% decrease in half‐width, and 7 mV hyperpolarization of the membrane potential at peak amplitude.

Conclusions & Inferences

Scn5a‐encoded NaV1.5 is expressed in rat gastrointestinal smooth muscle and it contributes to smooth muscle electrophysiology.
Trust and cooperation: a new experimental approach
Authors: Acedo Cristina , Gomila Antoni
Published: October 2015

Several theories within different disciplines emphasize the role of trust in fostering cooperation in human social life. Despite differences, the core of these notions of trust is affectively motivated loyalty, which makes the individuals feel mutually committed and willing to accept vulnerability because of positive expectations about each other's behavior. In evolutionary game theory and experimental economics, the notion of trust is much simpler: it is an expectation about another's behavior, a kind of wager, in which the sense of mutual commitment and vulnerability is completely absent. In order to extend the paradigm of trust games typical in those fields to explore the fuller sense of trust relationships, we have developed a new experimental design, in which an iterated prisoner dilemma is played by participants who do or do not hold a trusting personal relationship, while anonymity is preserved. We present here the results of our two pilot studies, which indicate the relevance of personal trust in fostering cooperation and suggest the influence of the structure of social networks on the degree of cooperation achieved.
Emotional learning and the development of differential moralities: implications from research on psychopathy
Authors: Blair R. James R. , White Stuart F. , Meffert Harma , Hwang Soonjo
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we will argue that (1) four classes of norm can be distinguished from a neuro‐cognitive perspective; (2) learning the prohibitive power of these norms relies on relatively independent emotional systems; (3) individuals with psychopathy show selective impairment for one of these emotional learning systems and two classes of norm: care based and justice based; and (4) while emotional learning systems are necessary for appropriate moral development/reasoning, they are not sufficient for moral development/reasoning.
Efficacy and safety of miconazole for oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang L‐W , Fu J‐Y , Hua H , Yan Z‐M
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of miconazole for treating oral candidiasis. Twelve electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating treatments for oral candidiasis and complemented by hand searching. The clinical and mycological outcomes, as well as adverse effects, were set as the primary outcome criteria. Seventeen trials were included in this review. Most studies were considered to have a high or moderate level of bias. Miconazole was more effective than nystatin for thrush. For HIV‐infected patients, there was no significant difference in the efficacy between miconazole and other antifungals. For denture wearers, microwave therapy was significantly better than miconazole. No significant difference was found in the safety evaluation between miconazole and other treatments. The relapse rate of miconazole oral gel may be lower than that of other formulations. This systematic review and meta‐analysis indicated that miconazole may be an optional choice for thrush. Microwave therapy could be an effective adjunct treatment for denture stomatitis. Miconazole oral gel may be more effective than other formulations with regard to long‐term results. However, future studies that are adequately powered, large‐scale, and well‐designed are needed to provide higher‐quality evidence for the management of oral candidiasis.
Ecology and phylogenetic affinity of the early Cambrian tubular microfossilMegathrix longus
Authors: Shang Xiaodong , Liu Pengju , Yang Ben , Chen Shouming , Wang Chuchu
Published: October 2015

Abundant, exquisitely preserved specimens of the enigmatic tubular microfossilMegathrix longusare reported from the early Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area. Studies of their morphology and taphonomy reveal that the inner cross‐wall ofMegathrix longusis topographically flat, the trichome terminus is blunt and closed, and incomplete cross‐walls are regularly intercalated between complete ones. The deformation of trichomes, as well as the corrugation of their cross‐walls, are postmortem features caused by compaction, rather than biological features as previously interpreted. Statistical analysis indicates that chamber division is accomplished by the closure of incomplete cross‐walls. This process, which contributed to trichome growth, is extremely similar to that of modern Oscillatoriaceae. Trichome fragmentation was also observed in a series of specimens, which closely resembles that of cyanobacteria, particularly the Oscillatoriaceae. The termini ofMegathrix longussuggest that it was planktonic. In general,Megathrix longusbears a close affinity to the extant Oscillatoriaceae (Cyanophyta).
The hydroid fossil record and analytical techniques for assessing the affinities of putative hydrozoans and possible hemichordates
Authors: Muscente A. D. , Allmon Warren D. , Xiao Shuhai
Published: October 2015

Hydrozoan cnidarians are widespread in modern environments, but their polyps or hydroids, when not biomineralized, are generally rare in the fossil record. To assess the affinities of four hydrozoan taxa previously described on the basis of supposed fossils of non‐biomineralized hydroids, we re‐analysed the type specimens of these taxa using a combination of light and electron microscopic tools, including backscattered electron (BSE) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). New morphological, ultrastructural and taphonomic data were generated for Archaeoantennularia byersi from the Devonian of Michigan, Archaeocryptolaria compacta from the Ordovician of Virginia, and Mazohydra megabertha and Drevotella proteana from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek Lagerstätte of Illinois, which are preserved as carbonaceous fossils, aluminosilicate films and iron carbonate minerals in siderite concretions, respectively. In the context of these results, we provide a review of the fossil record of non‐biomineralized hydroids, describe possible biases and changes through time in their occurrence and preservation, and evaluate the criteria commonly used to identify and interpret their fossils. Although hydroids have been reported from Phanerozoic (particularly lower Palaeozoic) rocks around the world, many putative hydroids from the Palaeozoic are poorly substantiated and may actually be hemichordates. Indeed, none of the type specimens in this study represent unequivocal hydrozoans. As shown in BSE images, metatype specimens of A. byersi possess autothecae, fusellae, stolons, stolothecae and bithecae, which decisively indicate that they are dendroid graptolites rather than hydroids. The analyses yielded no evidence that A. compacta, Mazohydra and Drevotella are hydrozoans, as their holotypes lack the diagnostic morphological, taphonomic and ecological features characteristic of purported hydroid analogues. Consequently, our results suggest that many Palaeozoic hydroids may be hemichordates and that interpretations of hydroid fossils should be tested and refined using data collected via in situ analytical techniques like BSE‐SEM and EDS.
Tobacco control education in pediatric anesthesiology fellowships
Authors: Peters Shannon M. , Pabelick Christina M. , Warner David O.
Published: October 2015

Background

Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) increase the risk of perioperative complications. Traditionally, anesthesiologists have limited involvement in tobacco control.

Objective

To develop and disseminate an educational curriculum that educates pediatric anesthesia fellows in tobacco control.

Methods

After IRB approval, an online survey was disseminated to pediatric anesthesiology fellowship directors.

Results

Thirty‐one surveys were completed. Most report that they ask pediatric patients about tobacco use. A majority advise their patients who smoke about the health effects of smoking, but only 40% advise children to quit, and the majority never provide educational materials to assist in smoking cessation. Half reported that they sometimes or always ask about SHS. Approximately one‐third never advise about the ill effects of SHS, nearly half never advise parents to stop smoking, and the majority never provide educational material about quitting to parents. Two‐thirds felt that it is their responsibility to advise pediatric patients not to smoke, but less than half felt the same sense of responsibility about advising parents not to smoke. Approximately two‐thirds believe that fellowship programs should provide education about the effects of smoking in the perioperative period and the effects of SHS exposure, but few programs do. Almost all would implement a free teaching module about SHS exposure and tobacco control as part of fellowship education.

Conclusions

Many pediatric anesthesiology fellowship directors agree that exposure to cigarette smoke adversely impacts patients in the perioperative period, but few participate in tobacco control, and issues germane to tobacco control are not consistently addressed.
Caudal dexmedetomidine decreases the required concentration of levobupivacaine for caudal block in pediatric patients: a randomized trial
Authors: She Ying‐Jun , Zhang Zhi‐Yi , Song Xing‐Rong
Published: October 2015

Background and Objectives

Dexmedetomidine (D) can prolong the duration of local anesthetics, but the effect of caudal dexmedetomidine on the potency of levobupivacaine (L) for caudal block has not been investigated. This study was designed to determine the effect of caudal dexmedetomidine on levobupivacaine for caudal block in pediatric patients.

Methods

Eighty‐nine children scheduled for elective inguinal hernia repair or hydrocele were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: Group L (caudal levobupivacaine), Group LD1 (levobupivacaine plus 1 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine), or Group LD2 (levobupivacaine plus 2 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine). The primary endpoint was the minimum local anesthetic concentration (MLAC), which was determined using the Dixon up‐and‐down method. The secondary endpoints were the duration of analgesia and sedation.

Results

The MLAC values (sd) of caudal levobupivacaine were 0.103 (0.01)%, 0.068 (0.02)%, and 0.055 (0.03)% in Groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively. The values of EC50 and EC95 (95% CI) of caudal levobupivacaine from logistic regression analysis were 0.094 (0.083–0.105)% and 0.129 (0.1–0.159)%, 0.058 (0.044–0.072)% and 0.106 (0.067–0.144)%, and 0.046 (0.033–0.059)% and 0.091 (0.055–0.127)% in Groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively. The mean durations of analgesia in the postoperative period were 141, 378, and 412 min in Groups L, LD1, and LD2, respectively (L vs LD1 or LD2, P < 0.001). The mean durations of sedation in both Groups LD1 and LD2 also were significantly prolonged, compared with Group L (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Caudal dexmedetomidine reduces the MLAC values of levobupivacaine and improves postoperative analgesia in children without any neurological side effects.
Risk assessment and anesthetic management of patients with Williams syndrome: a comprehensive review
Authors: Matisoff Andrew J. , Olivieri Laura , Schwartz Jamie M. , Deutsch Nina
Published: October 2015

Since the first description in 1961, several case reports have documented an increased incidence of anesthesia‐related cardiac arrest in patients with Williams–Beuren syndrome, commonly known as Williams syndrome (WS). Widespread arteriopathy secondary to an elastin gene defect results in various cardiac defects, including supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) and coronary artery anomalies, which can increase the risk of myocardial ischemia. Even though patients with WS are known to have increased risk of adverse events during anesthesia and sedation, they often undergo several procedures that require anesthesia during their lifetimes, and cases of perianesthetic cardiac arrest continue to be reported. To date, no prospective studies have been reported that quantify anesthetic risk in individual patients with WS. In this article, we review the clinical manifestations of WS, propose a consensus, expert‐informed method to estimate anesthetic risk based on the current literature, and provide recommendations for periprocedural management of this patient population.
A novel synthetic Piper amide derivative NED‐180 inhibits hyperpigmentation by activating the PI3K and ERK pathways and by regulating Ca2+ influx via TRPM1 channels
Authors: Hwang Eunson , Lee Taek Hwan , Lee Wook‐Joo , Shim Won‐Sik , Yeo Eui‐Ju , Kim Sanghee , Kim Sun Yeou
Published: October 2015

Piper amides have a characteristic, unsaturated amide group and exhibit diverse biological activities, including proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying its antimelanogenesis effect remain unknown. We screened a selected chemical library of newly synthesized Piper amide derivatives and identified (E)‐3‐(4‐(tert‐butyl)phenyl)‐N‐(2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin‐6‐yl)acrylamide (NED‐180) as one of the most potent compounds in suppressing melanogenesis. In murine melan‐a melanocytes, NED‐180 downregulated the expression of melanogenic regulatory proteins including tyrosinase, Tyrp1, Dct, and MITF. PI3K/Akt‐dependent phosphorylation of GSK3β by NED‐180 decreases MITF phosphorylation and inhibits melanogenesis without any effects on cytotoxicity and proliferation. Furthermore, topical application of NED‐180 significantly ameliorated UVB‐induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pigs. Interestingly, data obtained using calcium imaging techniques suggested that NED‐180 reduced the TPA‐induced activation of TRPM1 (melastatin), which could explain the NED‐180‐induced inhibition of melanogenesis. All things taken together, NED‐180 triggers activation of multiple pathways, such as PI3K and ERK, and inhibits TRPM1/TRPV1, leading to inhibition of melanogenesis.
Why should We Talk to People Who Do Not Want to Talk to Us? Inter‐Caste Dialogue as Response to Caste‐Based Marginalization
Authors: Rinker Jeremy A.
Published: October 2015

Despite the common assumption that conflicts over value commitments are intractable, research on the narratives of activists associated with the Triratna Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana (TBMSG) challenges such assumptions in many significant ways. For Dalit (literally broken or downtrodden in Sanskrit) ex‐untouchables of the TBMSG, dialogue presents an important solution to such assumptions of intractability. Claiming that inter‐caste dialogue processes provide a unique opportunity and relatively untapped discursive space for Dalits to overcome the historical legacy of low‐caste marginalization, this article is aimed at integrating insights from ethnographic work with research on the psychodynamics of narrative creation of collective worldview (here understood as an interpretive framework through which people interact with the world). While one might assume that sensitive dialogue processes around caste should take place incrementally given the long and brutal history of caste discrimination in India, this article challenges this assumption by arguing that a measured approach to inter‐group interaction is laden with veiled identity threats and under‐attended worldview commitments which conspire to reify caste oppression rather than overcome it. Inter‐caste dialogue is the most viable means to both create social change for Dalits and ensure their stories of marginalization are heard alongside ongoing processes of neo‐Buddhist identity creation.
Normative Reasons for Love, Part II
Authors: Smuts Aaron
Published: October 2015

Are there normative reasons for love? More specifically, is it possible to rationally justify love? Or can we at best provide explanations for why we love? In Part I of this entry, I discuss the nature of love, theories of emotion, and what it takes to justify an attitude. In Part II, I provide an overview of the various positions one might take on the rational justification of love. I focus on the debate between defenders of the no‐reasons view and the reasons view. Along the way, I discuss the significance of falling in love, the problem of trading up, and the notion of irreplaceability. I evaluate attempts to justify love based on the intrinsic and the relational properties of the beloved.
The Quad Council Practice Competencies for Public Health Nursing
Authors: Swider Susan M. , Krothe Joyce , Reyes David , Cravetz Michelle
Published: October 2015

This article describes the most recent efforts by the Quad Council of Public Health Nursing organizations to review and revise the competencies for PHN practice, and highlights the implications of these competencies for practice, education, and research. The Quad Council is a coalition of four nursing organizations with a focus on public health nursing and includes the Association of Community Health Nursing Educators; the Association of Public Health Nursing (known prior to July 1, 2012 as the Association of State and Territorial Directors of Nursing); the Public Health Nursing section of the American Public Health Association; and the Council on Economics and Practice of the American Nurses' Association. The Quad Council competencies are based on the Council on Linkages competencies for public health professionals and were designed to ensure that public health nursing fits in the domain of public health science and practice.
On and Off the Record: The Production of Legitimacy in an Argentine Border Town
Authors: Jusionyte Ieva
Published: October 2015

Based on ethnographic research in Puerto Iguazú, an Argentine town bordering Brazil and Paraguay, this article explores how journalists maneuver between stories for, on, and off the record to maintain a locally valid boundary between law and crime. Journalists occupy a multifaceted position in the Iguazú community: as residents, they often participate in the informal circulation of legal and illegal goods across the border; as cultural producers, they create representations about it. Coverage relating to informal trade depends on local schemes of legality and legitimacy that juxtapose the rights and rules for those living in this small border community with national legislation, which disadvantages the remote town and serves to obstruct cross‐border exchanges. Due to the discrepancy between local understanding of legality and national laws, many potentially newsworthy illegal exchanges are not addressed in the media. On the border, where consensus regarding the legality and legitimacy of many common practices is unstable, this article shows how local news production plays an important part in determining what is legal, illegal, legitimate, or illicit.
Meeting the “Godfather”: Fieldwork and Ethnographic Seduction in a Chinese Nightclub
Authors: Osburg John
Published: October 2015

Based on ethnographic research conducted with criminal underworld figures in urban China in the early 2000s, this article examines the particular set of ethical, emotional, and epistemological issues that arise when studying “illegal” actors. These actors’ positions as simultaneously marginal and powerful confound readymade ethical guidelines based on studying either “up” or “down.” Although studying “illegal” actors presents a complex power dynamic and renders anthropologists particularly vulnerable to “ethnographic seduction,” their practices and perspectives often reveal the complex interconnections and mutually constitutive relationships between “legal” and “criminal” as well as “licit” and “illicit” domains. Studying illegal or illicit worlds thus requires that we suspend the conceptual and moral binaries through which both state actors and social scientists typically perceive them.
Counter‐Accounting with Invisible Data: The Struggle for Transparency in Myanmar's Energy Sector
Authors: MacLean Ken
Published: October 2015

This article examines the counter‐accounting methods one NGO, EarthRights International (ERI), uses to make Myanmar's notoriously opaque energy sector more transparent. ERI's methodological approach relies heavily on the identification of “invisible data,” which do not appear in the statistics that governments and foreign energy companies release concerning their joint ventures. However, the data leave patterned traces in other statistical financial data. ERI asserts that it is possible to reconstruct joint venture balance sheets by comparing these traces against what the principles have not disclosed, such as with the controversial Yadana pipeline and the precedent‐setting human rights lawsuit connected to it. The choices that ERI made illustrate how financial “facts” are fashioned rather than found, and that technical decisions regarding who does the counting, what gets counted, and what is disclosed to whom are profoundly political in nature. Such decisions also foreground key limitations of NGO‐led revenue transparency projects, especially in resource‐rich countries. Greater data disclosure does not necessarily result in increased transparency. Rather, the proliferation of structured and unstructured data sources (information that is organized and readily searchable versus information that is not) often leads to greater disagreement among key stakeholders regarding the relevance, neutrality, intelligibility, and verifiability of the numbers available for audit.
Civic Engagement in Public Policy Making: Fad or Reality in Ghana?
Authors: Mohammed Abdulai Kuyini
Published: October 2015

Ghana's 55 years of nationhood have largely been lived under successions of undemocratic rule. There is the perception that the undemocratic governments, among others, excluded Ghanaians from the public policy‐making process. However, many now believe the reintroduction of constitutional rule since 1993 has democratized policy decision making in ways that have engaged civil society actors via consultation and open public participation. The analysis of two cases (Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy I and Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy II) enables this study to determine if this perception is correct. I conclude that although a gradual shift to participatory decision making has occurred and improved policy processes and outcomes, it is bedeviled by several structural challenges that place premium on elite preferences to the neglect of those of unorganized and marginalized rural folk. This finding leaves important question marks surrounding some of the fundamental principles of the good governance mantra.

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Anaman, Kwabena A. and Felix Agyei‐Sasu. 2012. http://www.thebftonline.com/feature/1997‐is‐the‐performance‐of‐business‐firms‐in‐ghana‐affected‐by‐national‐elections‐and‐democratic‐political‐transition
Telling Stories: Exogenous Influences on Media, Presidential, and Congressional Framing of Biofuels
Authors: Delshad Ashlie B.
Published: October 2015

This article examines how key political actors—the media, the president, andCongress—framed biofuels from 1999 through 2008, and what factors had the most pronounced influence on their storytelling. Special attention is paid to how their stories concerning biofuels changed in response to shifts in the broader political milieu and whether these actors influenced one another's storytelling. The findings indicate that these actors most commonly told stories concerning biofuels' impacts on the environment (good and bad), the economy (good and bad), and energy security. The results also suggest that while these actors had little if any influence on one another's storytelling, media, presidential, and congressional framing was heavily shaped by the economic climate in the country, and by key events such as 9/11, which elevated the issue of energy security. These events and conditions were vital because they established which storylines would resonate in the public sphere.

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Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections: A Macro‐Level Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Stockemer Daniel
Published: October 2015

This article tests the impact of corruption on electoral turnout for over 200 elections from over 70 presidential systems conducted between 1990 and 2011. Differentiating among three corruption indicators (i.e., the International Country Risk Guide corruption indicator, the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index, and the World Bank Control of Corruption measure), I evaluate corruption's precise impact on electoral participation in a pooled time series framework. Controlling for compulsory voting, semi‐presidentialism, regime type, development, political culture, the closeness of the election, and state size, my results are nuanced. I find that corruption more narrowly defined as political corruption stifles turnout, whereas a rather broad definition of corruption, which includes societal and financial corruption, has no impact on macro‐level turnout. Finally, I discover that the interactive impact of corruption on other variables in the turnout function is rather limited.

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