bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wireless power transfer technology for electric iron based on multi‐coils induction heating design
Authors: Meng Lichan , Cheng Ka Wai Eric
Published: April 2019

A wireless power transfer concept is applied to cordless ironing system by implementing induction heating techniques to enhance the mobility of traditional electric irons due to the restriction of the cable connection. The induction coils are particularly designed and the inductances of the coils in free space are also calculated and compared with measured values. The finite element method (FEM) analysis is adopted to study the inductance characteristics of the coils under the practical wireless power transfer challenge when the iron is placed above the coils at different locations on the ironing board. The comprehensive study also includes the associated driving circuit for the induction coils. The magnetic field and eddy currents distribution on the iron are then investigated based on FEM analysis under three situations, which facilitates the associated analysis of temperature rising processes on the iron. A prototype for the proposed induction iron system is developed and comprehensive experiments, including heating performance examination tests, electromagnetic interference tests as well as practical ironing work, are undertaken. The experimental results amply prove the theoretical analysis and confirm the validity and feasibility of the proposed induction iron system.
SiC trench MOSFET with heterojunction diode for low switching loss and high short‐circuit capability
Authors: An Junjie , Hu Shengdong
Published: April 2019

A SiC trench MOSFET with a merged heterojunction diode is proposed and numerically analysed here. The merged heterojunction diode can effectively suppress the turn‐on of the parasitic body diode in the proposed SiC trench MOSFET. In addition, a P + shield layer surrounding the gate oxide layer can dramatically alleviate the gate oxide corner from the concentration of the electric field and improve the static and dynamic performances of the proposed device. As a result, not only the breakdown voltage is increased by 24% but also the miller charge and the switching losses of the proposed structure are reduced by 43 and 48.6%, respectively, when compared with those of the conventional SiC trench MOSFET with a grounded P + shield layer. Moreover, the short‐circuit capability and its failure mechanism are numerically studied for the proposed structure. Finally, a feasible fabrication procedure is provided to realise the fabrication of this new device.
Time and frequency transfer using BDS‐2 and BDS‐3 carrier‐phase observations
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Tu Rui , Zhang Rui , Liu Na , Gao Yuping
Published: April 2019

The experimental satellite of the third generation BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS‐3e) is a significant step towards expanding the current regional BDS‐2 into a global satellite navigation system. These satellites are equipped with new atomic clocks and the application of time and frequency transfer is therefore important. In this study, carrier phase observations from BDS‐3e and BDS‐2 satellites were employed in time and frequency transfer. Experiments with two schemes were designed to assess the time and frequency transfer performance. BDS‐3e increased the number of available satellites, and the corresponding time dilution of precision (TDOP) was improved. Therefore, the accuracy of receiver clock offset is improved, and the noise level of time links with BDS‐3e is also improved compared to using only the BDS‐2 constellation. The range was 4.2% for the CEDU‐KAT1 time link. However, because fewer satellites are available and the corresponding accuracy of satellite tracking geometry is low for the HOB2‐KAT1 time link, the above‐mentioned improvement was not apparent. In terms of the frequency stability, the CEDU‐KAT1 time link using the BDS‐3 solution showed an improvement of approximately 12.3% compared to using only the BDS‐2 solution when the averaging time intervals were within 1000 s.
Potential of temperature-response collagen-genipin sols as a novel submucosal injection material for endoscopic resection
Authors: Takatori Yusaku , Uraoka Toshio , Narita Takefumi , Yunoki Shunji , Yahagi Naohisa
Published: April 2019

Background and study aims We developed a novel submucosal (SM) injection material that contained pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC), genipin (Ge) and phosphate buffer (PB). The aim of this study was to validate safety and usability of it for endoscopic resection (ER).

Materials and methods In preliminary studies, 1) appropriate warming time and concentration of Ge, and concentration of NaCl in PB, 2) storage modulus of PSC, Ge, and PB mixture (PSC/Ge), and PSC as a mechanical property, 3) histological finding after injection, and histological toxicity of PSC/Ge was evaluated. We injected PSC/Ge, PSC, sodium hyaluronate (SH), dextrose (DW), and normal saline (NS) into SM of resected porcine stomach. We compared mean height of mucosal elevation after immediate injection (MH) and mean retaining rate at 60 minutes (MR) as ex vivo study.

Results Optimal condition of PSC/Ge was Ge 5.5 mMol with 24 hours worming time and NaCl 280 mMol. PSC/Ge had better mechanical property than PSC. It was efficiently integrated and confined to the SM with acceptable toxicity. MH of PSC/Ge (5.1 ± 0.74 mm) and PSC (4.8 ± 0.84 mm) were significantly higher than NS (3.2 ± 0.84 mm). MR of PSC/Ge (100 ± 0.0%) was significantly higher than NS (61.7 ± 11.2%), DW (58.3 ± 11.8%) and SH (61.8 ± 8.6%).

Conclusion PSC/Ge and PSC has potential to be safe and usable for ER. PSC/Ge was better than PSC because of better mechanical property than PSC.
Relationship between endoscopic mucosal healing and histologic inflammation during remission maintenance phase in ulcerative colitis: a retrospective study
Authors: Kanazawa Mimari , Takahashi Fumiaki , Tominaga Keiichi , Abe Keiichiro , Izawa Naoya , Fukushi Koh , Nagashima Kazunori , Kanamori Akira , Takenaka Kazuhiro , Sugaya Takeshi , Iijima Makoto , Takada Atsuko , Imai Yasuo , Hiraishi Hideyuki , Irisawa Atsushi
Published: April 2019

Background and study aims Recently, histological inflammation has been suggested to be an important predictor of sustained remission or relapse of ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we retrospectively compared severity of histological inflammation with endoscopic findings in UC patients with mucosal healing (MH) in the remission maintenance phase, and investigated whether histological healing could be a predictor of sustained remission.

Patients and methods This study included 166 patients with MH in the remission maintenance phase. Endoscopic evaluation was based on the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES), and MH was defined as MES 0 or 1. Severity of histological inflammation was graded according to the Matts classification. Patients with Matts 1 and 2 were included in the histological healing (HH) group, and those with Matts 3, 4, and 5, in the non-histological healing (NHH) group. In patients with MH, incidence of relapse was compared and analyzed according to severity of histological inflammation.

Results The remission maintenance rate was significantly higher in the MES 0 group than in the MES 1 group (P = 0.004). The rate was significantly higher in the HH group than in the NHH group (P = 0.003). Within the MES 1 group, the rate was significantly higher in the HH subgroup than in the NHH subgroup (P = 0.030).

Conclusions This retrospective study suggests that histological healing can be a predictor of sustained remission in UC patients, and examination of histological inflammation provides useful information for long-term management of UC, particularly in patients with MES 1.
Perspectives in Gamete and Embryo Cryopreservation
Authors: Rienzi Laura , Iussig Benedetta , Dovere Lisa , Fabozzi Gemma , Cimadomo Danilo , Ubaldi Filippo
Published: April 2019

Cryopreserved gametes and embryos are a major feature of human-assisted reproduction and patient care services, accounting for an increasing number of births worldwide. Since the first success obtained using frozen human spermatozoa, cryopreservation technology has been successfully extended to include oocytes and embryos, in a variety of both medical and nonmedical indications. Over the years, the available procedures have become widely implemented and the increasing evidence of its efficacy has contributed to acceptance of the technology. Nevertheless, a gold standard protocol that would be universally shared by clinics has yet to be definitively established and, therefore, research into cryopreservation of gametes and embryos cannot be considered concluded. Moreover, much effort should be committed to the definition and resolution of safety issues, the establishment of automation, and investigations about the potentiality of immature germ cells or stem cells.
Severe Anemia Is Associated with Intestinal Injury in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Ozcan Beyza , Aydemir Ozge , Isik Dilek Ulubas , Bas Ahmet Yagmur , Demirel Nihal
Published: April 2019

Objective A temporal relationship has been reported between necrotizing enterocolitis, anemia, and red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) in preterm neonates. However, the mechanism underlying this association is not clearly defined. Intestinal (I-) and liver (L-) fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have been proposed as plasma markers for the detection of acute intestinal injury. This study aimed to investigate the effect of anemia and RBCT on intestinal injury in preterm neonates by measuring serum I-FABP and L-FABP levels.

Study Design A prospective cohort study including preterm neonates with gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1,500 g and requiring erythrocyte transfusions for anemia after day 15 of life was conducted. Stable growing preterm infants with hemoglobin values ≥ 10 g/dL were taken as controls. I-FABP and L-FABP levels of the neonates with anemia were compared with levels of the control group. In addition, pretransfusion I-FABP and L-FABP levels of the neonates with anemia were compared with posttransfusion levels.

Results In total, 39 infants transfused for anemia and 20 controls were enrolled. L-FABP levels were significantly higher in neonates with anemia compared with controls (p < 0.001), whereas I-FABP (p = 0.695) was not different. L-FABP and I-FABP levels were similar before and after transfusion in neonates with anemia. L-FABP levels before transfusion were negatively correlated with pretransfusion hemoglobin levels (p < 0.001).

Conclusion Anemia is associated with intestinal injury documented by increased L-FABP levels in preterm infants, and this injury is more severe with lower hemoglobin levels.
Optical measurements of thermal residual stresses in alumina reinforced with chromium
Authors: Krajewski Marcin , Węglewski Witold , Bochenek Kamil , Wysmołek Andrzej , Basista Michał
Published: April 2019

This work describes optical measurements of processing-induced thermal residual stresses in an alumina matrix reinforced with chromium particles. This ceramic-metal composite is manufactured by the powder metallurgy method comprising powder mixing in a planetary ball mill and consolidation by hot pressing. Two different chromium powders (5 μm and 45 μm mean particle size) are used, while the average alumina particle size is kept constant (1 μm). The residual stresses in aluminum oxide are determined by applying two optical methods: photoluminescence piezo-spectroscopy (PLPS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Both experimental techniques reveal a chromium size effect in the residual stress measurements. When the fine chromium powder (5 μm) is used, the average residual stress in the ceramic phase is tensile (unusual effect), whereas for the coarser chromium powder (45 μm) it becomes compressive. The PLPS measurements of the hydrostatic residual stress component in the ceramic phase yield the values of 0.290 and −0.130 GPa for samples with 5 μm and 45 μm chromium powders, respectively. In the RS experiments, the corresponding stress component in the alumina equals 0.351 GPa for the composite with 5 μm chromium and −0.158 GPa for that with 45 μm chromium powder. These values indicate that the residual stress in the alumina reinforced with 5 μm chromium is approximately twice higher than that in the alumina reinforced with 45 μm chromium. Finally, the validity of the results obtained with the optical techniques is confirmed by the neutron diffraction measurements.
Numerical evaluations of membrane poration by shockwave induced multiple nanobubble collapse in presence of electric fields for transport through cells
Authors: Hu Q. , Zhang L. , Joshi R. P.
Published: April 2019

Synergistic applications of an electric field combined with nanojet-based mechanical pressure, have recently been shown to help create larger pores and provide control of the aspect ratio in biological membranes. The nanojets are formed by the collapse of nanobubbles in the vicinity of biomembranes upon being subjected to external shockwaves. Here we analyze the effects produced by the collapse of multiple nanobubbles in the presence of an electric field. Our simulations, based on molecular dynamics, show that not only would multiple nanobubbles make it possible to create larger pores, but also increase the pore density on the surface of biological cells. Both aspects could aid in the transport of drugs and genes for bio-medical applications.
Size, shape, and orientation dependence of the field-induced behavior in ferroelectric nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Daopei , Mangeri John , Wang Ruolin , Nakhmanson Serge
Published: April 2019

Ferroelectric-dielectric composite materials are attractive for a range of applications in future functional devices. Here, we utilized a free energy based computational approach to investigate the electric-field driven response of isolated ferroelectric nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric matrix and its dependence on particle size, shape, and orientation of the applied field E. Particle shapes belonging to the superellipsoidal family were considered, including octahedral, spherical, and cuboidal structures, as well as a number of intermediate geometries. Perovskite PbTiO3 and SrTiO3, respectively, were chosen as the prototypical ferroelectric and dielectric materials. In particles of all shapes that are large enough to support domain walls at zero applied field, we observed polarization switching by a formation of intermediate phases, which possess an appreciable amount of vorticity stemming from the domain wall motion through the ferroelectric inclusion volume. The system coercive field Ec and energy storage efficiency were found to be strongly dependent on the particle shape and the orientation, but not on its size. In near spherical particles with easy polarization axis pointing away from the direction of E, smallest Ec and highest storage efficiencies were obtained, while nonspherical particles with aligned easy polarization and E directions exhibited highest Ec and relatively low energy storage efficiencies.
Relationship between pork fatty acid content in selected muscles and carcass tissues
Authors: Sobol Monika , Raj Stanisława , Skiba Grzegorz
Published: April 2019

Pork plays a central role in culinary tradition in Central Europe. Most of the studies determine the fatty acid (FA) content separately in muscles and subcutaneous fat. However, it is also important to determine the FA content of meat products, which contain a mixture of muscles and fat. The determination of FA in carcass tissues is difficult and leads to the destruction of the whole carcass. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the FA content of carcass meat (muscles with inter- and intramuscular fat, MC), and carcass soft tissues (muscles with inter- and intramuscular fat and subcutaneous fat, SC) based on a single muscle. Fatty acids were analysed using gas chromatography. Thirty crossbred pigs were fed diets differing in their fatty acid content and n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio. Samples of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL), Biceps femoris (BF), Semitendinosus (ST), and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles, MC, and SC were taken. Correlation between linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids contents and n-6:n-3 PUFA in examined muscles and MC ranged from 0.809 (SM) to 0.961 (LL), from 0.708 (LL) to 0.954 (ST), from 0.907 (SM) to 0.941 (ST), respectively (P = 0.000). Correlation between linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids contents and n-6:n-3 PUFA in examined muscles and SC ranged from 0.773 (SM) to 0.954 (LL), 0.763 (LL) to 0.983 (BF), and from 0.909 (LL) to 0.940 (ST), respectively (P = 0.000). Results allow estimate the FA content of MC and SC based on their content in single muscles.
Molecular design of self-coacervation phenomena in block polyampholytes
Authors: Danielsen Scott P. O. , McCarty James , Shea Joan-Emma , Delaney Kris T. , Fredrickson Glenn H.
Published: April 2019

Significance

By combining field-theoretic simulations and molecular-dynamics simulations, we show how the charge sequence of block polyampholytes affects their solution-phase behavior and accessible chain conformations. We find a striking effect of like charge block length and connectivity on their self-coacervation or liquid–liquid phase separation. Charge patterning on smaller lengthscales allows for more expanded chain configurations and increased stability in dilute solution. These findings may provide insight into the condensation of intrinsically disordered proteins in vivo.
Interlingual transfer of social media terminology
Authors: Ortego-Antón María-Teresa , Pimentel Janine
Published: April 2019

This article addresses the terminology used in the field of social media, a new field introduced by recent technological advances. As social media was first created in an English-speaking context, speakers of other languages have had to develop ways to express the concepts of this field in their own languages. It is thus relevant for translators and journalists to understand the linguistic means by which the transfer of such concepts occurs. In order to achieve this, a comparable corpus of newspaper articles on social media (Facebook and WhatsApp) written in English, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese was compiled and the procedures used by Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish journalists to convey frequently-used English terms were examined. The main translation procedures observed in the study are equivalence, calque, loan and paraphrase. Although most procedures occur in the texts written in both Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese, their frequency of use indicates linguistic preferences in the languages.
Alternative analyses of compensatory base changes in an ITS2 phylogeny of Corydalis (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Li Meihui , Zhao Hong , Zhao Fengxi , Jiang Lu , Peng Huasheng , Zhang Wei , Simmons Mark P
Published: April 2019

Background and Aims

Compensatory base changes (CBCs) that occur in stems of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) can have important phylogenetic implications because they are not expected to occur within a single species and also affect selection of appropriate DNA substitution models. These effects have been demonstrated when studying ancient lineages. Here we examine these effects to quantify their importance within a more recent lineage by using both DNA- and RNA-specific models.

Methods

We examined the phylogenetic implications of the CBC process by using a comprehensive sampling of ITS2 from ten closely related species of Corydalis. We predicted ITS2 secondary structures by using homology modelling, which was then used for a structure-based alignment. Paired and unpaired regions were analysed separately and in combination by using both RNA-specific substitution models and conventional DNA models. We mapped all base-pair states of CBCs on the phylogenetic tree to infer their evolution and relative timing.

Key Results

Our results indicate that selection acted to increase the thermodynamic stability of the secondary structure. Thus, the unpaired and paired regions did not evolve under a common substitution model. Only two CBCs occurred within the lineage sampled and no striking differences in topology or support for the shared clades were found between trees constructed using DNA- or RNA-specific substitution models.

Conclusions

Although application of RNA-specific substitution models remains preferred over more conventional DNA models, we infer that application of conventional DNA models is unlikely to be problematic when conducting phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 within closely related lineages wherein few CBCs are observed. Each of the two CBCs was found within the same lineages but was not observed within a given species, which supports application of the CBC species concept.
Paranasal Augmentation Using Multi-Folded Expanded Polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE) in the East Asian Nose
Authors: Lee Tae-Yul , Chung Ha-Yoon , Dhong Eun-Sang , Jeong Seong-Ho , Han Seung-Kyu
Published: April 2019

Background

Paranasal augmentation has commonly been performed utilizing alloplastic materials such as silicone or porous polyethylene. However, there are problems such as bone absorption, implant migration, and infection risk attributable to intraoral approaches.

Objectives

The authors attempted anterior positioning of the alar crease junction as an adjunct method of rhinoplasty. The authors aimed to determine the long-term results of the intranasal approach for placement of multi-folded expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE).

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent intranasal surgical approach for paranasal augmentation employing multi-folded ePTFE implants in 19 septorhinoplasties who were followed-up for 3 to 10 years. Patient charts were reviewed for demographic information, concomitant operations, and complications. Preoperative and postoperative photographs were utilized to evaluate operative outcomes. The photographs were reformatted to 2-dimensional images employing standard photographic methods.

Results

Of the 19 patients treated, 17 were female and 2 were male; ages ranged from 18 to 58 years. All patients reported improvement in their lateral profiles and were pleased at follow-up. There were no major complications, no nerve or vascular supply compromise, and no cases of implant malposition. The average increase in soft tissue outline near the alar crease junction was more than 3.2 mm (P < 0.001), but the alar base did not became wider.

Conclusions

Paranasal augmentation with multi-folded ePTFE is a simple, safe, and effective method that can readily improve the lateral profile. In particular, the intranasal approach combined with rhinoplasty can synergistically improve outcomes and lead to greater patient satisfaction.

Level of Evidence: 4
Consistent gene signature of schizophrenia identified by a novel feature selection strategy from comprehensive sets of transcriptomic data
Authors: Yang Qingxia , Li Bo , Tang Jing , Cui Xuejiao , Wang Yunxia , Li Xiaofeng , Hu Jie , Chen Yuzong , Xue Weiwei , Lou Yan , Qiu Yunqing , Zhu Feng
Published: April 2019

The etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) is regarded as one of the most fundamental puzzles in current medical research, and its diagnosis is limited by the lack of objective molecular criteria. Although plenty of studies were conducted, SCZ gene signatures identified by these independent studies are found highly inconsistent. As one of the most important factors contributing to this inconsistency, the feature selection methods used currently do not fully consider the reproducibility among the signatures discovered from different datasets. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new bioinformatics tools of novel strategy for ensuring a stable discovery of gene signature for SCZ. In this study, a novel feature selection strategy (1) integrating repeated random sampling with consensus scoring and (2) evaluating the consistency of gene rank among different datasets was constructed. By systematically assessing the identified SCZ signature comprising 135 differentially expressed genes, this newly constructed strategy demonstrated significantly enhanced stability and better differentiating ability compared with the feature selection methods popular in current SCZ research. Based on a first-ever assessment on methods’ reproducibility cross-validated by independent datasets from three representative studies, the new strategy stood out among the popular methods by showing superior stability and differentiating ability. Finally, 2 novel and 17 previously reported transcription factors were identified and showed great potential in revealing the etiology of SCZ. In sum, the SCZ signature identified in this study would provide valuable clues for discovering diagnostic molecules and potential targets for SCZ.
Double Auction for a Data Trading Market with Preferences and Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Cai Hui , Zhu Yanmin , Li Jie , Yu Jiadi
Published: April 2019

The advent of big data era has given rise to the big data trading market because of the potentially enormous economic value. However, designing an effective trading mechanism for the data trading market is still in its infancy. Existing several incentive mechanisms have neglected the important fact that data consumers have both preferences and complex conflicts of interest (CoI) relations among them. In response to the limitations of existing trading mechanisms, we propose DTPCI, a truthful double auction mechanism for a Data Trading market with two unique characteristics of consumers’ Preferences and complex CoI relations among them. However, three major challenges have to be addressed, i.e. diverse market preferences, the complex CoI relations of data consumers and the strategic behaviors of both two sides. To jointly address the three challenges, we propose DTPCI to achieve nonnegative social welfare, which features a group rule and a data trading rule. The group rule generates all conflict-free virtual groups based on the CoI graph. The data trading rule adopts the group buying to share data and expense. Through rigorous theoretical analysis and real-data based experiments, we demonstrate that DTPCI achieves all the desired economic properties.
Ovarian cancer suspicion, urgent referral and time to diagnosis in Danish general practice: a population-based study
Authors: Baun Marie-Louise L , Jensen Henry , Falborg Alina Z , Heje Hanne N , Petersen Lone K , Vedsted Peter
Published: April 2019

Background

Ovarian cancer (OC) survival rates are lower in Denmark than in countries with similar health care. Prolonged time to diagnosis could be a contributing factor. The Danish cancer patient pathway (CPP) for OC was introduced in 2009. It provides GPs with fast access to diagnostic work-up.

Objective

To investigate cancer suspicion and pathway use among GPs and to explore the association between these factors and the diagnostic intervals (DIs).

Methods

We conducted a national population-based cohort study using questionnaires and national registers.

Results

Of the 313 women with participating GPs, 91% presented with symptoms within 1 year of diagnosis, 61% presented vague non-specific symptoms and 62% were diagnosed with late-stage disease. Cancer was suspected in 39%, and 36% were referred to a CPP. Comorbidity [prevalence ratio (PR): 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29–0.98] and no cancer suspicion (PR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20–0.60) were associated with no referral to a CPP. The median DI was 36 days. Long DIs were associated with no cancer suspicion (median DI: 59 versus 20 days) and no referral to a CPP (median DI: 42 versus 23 days).

Conclusions

Nine in ten patients attended general practice with symptoms before diagnosis. Two-thirds initially presented with vague non-specific symptoms were less likely to be referred to a CPP and had longer DIs than women suspected of cancer. These findings underline the importance of supplementing the CPP with additional accelerated diagnostic routes.
Colorectal cancer knowledge and screening adherence among low-income Hispanic employees
Authors: Ou Judy Y , Warner Echo L , Nam Gina E , Martel Laura , Carbajal-Salisbury Sara , Fuentes Vicky , Wetter David W , Kirchhoff Anne C , Kepka Deanna
Published: April 2019

Hispanics have the lowest colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates of all racial/ethnic groups and comprise the largest proportion of low-income manual laborers in the nation. We partnered with businesses to implement a community health worker (CHW)-led intervention among Hispanic workers in service-related and manual labor occupations, which often pay low wages and do not provide health insurance. CHWs measured knowledge, screening adherence and perceptions of CRC risk before and after educational interventions via interview. CHWs provided fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) to participants aged ≥50 years. Chi-square tests and logistic regression identified pre-intervention predictors of CRC knowledge of all participants and adherence among eligible participants. Adherence among participants increased from 40% (n = 307) pre-intervention to 66% post-intervention. Knowledge about CRC was associated with age ≥50 years (OR = 8.90 [95% CI = 2.61–30.35]; ref = 18–30) and perceived personal risk for CRC (Likely, OR = 3.06 [95% CI = 1.40–6.67]; ref = Not likely). Insurance status was associated with screening adherence pre-intervention (OR = 3.00 [95% CI 1.10–8.12]; ref = No insurance). Improvement in adherence post-intervention was associated with income between $25 000 and ≥$55 000 (OR = 8.49 [95% CI 1.49–48.32]; ref = $5000–<$10 000). Community-based health programs can improve CRC screening adherence among Hispanic workers in service-related and manual labor positions, but lowest-income workers may need additional support.
Understanding Social Dynamics Online
Authors: Ellison Nicole
Published: April 2019

The last two decades have witnessed dramatic advancements in technologies that support human social practices. The chapters in this section focus on the role of person-centered networks as they are articulated, reinforced, and shaped by social media and other online communication technologies. By combining new data sources and existing social theory, the authors of these chapters offer fresh perspectives and articulate promising future pathways for research exploring the intersections among social networks, social capital, and social interactions. As these chapters illustrate, this is an exciting time for scholars who want to design and build technical interventions that will make a difference in the world, for those who welcome the insights afforded by new sources of data, and for those who are eager to re-engage with established theories in productive ways.
Queer Muslim Challenges to the Internationalization of LGBT Rights
Authors: Rahman Momin
Published: April 2019

This chapter has three aims. First, it uses intersectional analysis to deconstruct the assumed opposition between Muslims and LGBT rights. It focuses on LGBT Muslim identities and experiences which disrupt the dichotomous positioning of mainstream Muslim and mainstream LGBT identities and politics. The second aim is to move from theoretical inquiry to practical politics, relying here on the praxis element of intersectionality, demonstrating how practical strategies derived from the critical theoretical analysis of intersectionality can be developed. The final aim is to show how intersectional theories and methods can aid in decolonizing knowledge production and theorizing of LGBT politics. The chapter argues in conclusion that this decolonizing strategy can be generalized to broader contexts than LGBT Muslim populations.
Food Tastes
Authors: Jordan Jennifer A.
Published: April 2019

This chapter addresses some of the central themes in the inquiry into food, taste, and consumption. Specifically, it focuses on how researchers have investigated the causes and consequences of tastes in food, including structural position and identity, and consequences for bodies, and for social and physical landscapes. It is also essential for scholars of food and taste to take seriously the role of pleasure, as well as the effects of food consumption on broader social and physical ecologies. Tastes shape landscapes, affecting carbon production and biodiversity, groundwater and air quality. Researchers cannot study food tastes as somehow disembodied, and the best work in this area today attends to this nexus of pleasure and risk, symbolism and materiality. In addition, researchers in this arena need to be highly attuned to avoiding the centering of their own tastes as markers of good taste.
The Credit Rating Agencies and Their Role in the Financial System
Authors: White Lawrence J.
Published: April 2019

Despite extensive criticism, the major credit rating agencies (CRAs)—Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, and Fitch—remain central entities in the financial markets of the United States and Europe, especially with respect to bonds and similar financial instruments. This chapter provides a discussion of the role that the CRAs continue to play in the financial system and how and why they play that role. After a brief overview of the CRAs as providers of information that lessens the problems of asymmetric information in lending/borrowing markets, the chapter discusses the expanded use of the CRAs’ ratings in the prudential regulation of financial institutions and the problems that contributed to the financial crisis of 2008. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the likely direction of the CRAs and their regulation.
Beyond Conditionality
Authors: Carruthers Bruce G. , Lockwood Erin
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the direct and indirect means through which foreign lenders have influenced borrowing states’ autonomy, beyond the conventional focus on multilateral loan conditionality. We focus on four historical periods, beginning with nineteenth-century relational banking, when underwriting banks exercised considerable power in the form of private information on borrowers’ creditworthiness and bondholder committees allowed creditors to collectively restructure debt. We look next at the era of early twentieth-century dollar diplomacy, when the United States leveraged private credit to Latin American states as a tool of expanding its regional influence. The next major changes occurred in the interwar era, when regulatory changes chipped away at prestige banks’ monopoly on credit markets and empowered private credit rating agencies. Finally, we examine contemporary sovereign lending, focusing on contractual clauses that have constrained borrowers’ autonomy and on how derivative contracts written on sovereign debt indirectly affect state issuers of debt.
The Persistence of Management Ideas
Authors: Benders Jos , van Grinsven Marlieke , Ingvaldsen Jonas
Published: April 2019

The popularity of management ideas varies according to time and place, as exemplified by the term ‘management fashion’, but only a small number of ideas appear to stay on the scene for a long period of time. Using the example of the still durable idea ‘Lean’, the authors argue that repeated (re)framing of a management idea is an important driver for its persistence. The way the interpretive space of ideas is created, used, and continuously reframed is key to their resilience or disappearance, and needs to be understood by change managers as well as academics interested in their flow and impact.
Computational Models of Expertise
Authors: Kirlik Alex , Byrne Michael D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides an introduction to and overview of both foundational and contemporary research using computational modeling to aid in the scientific understanding of human expertise. The authors note the distinction between computational models constructed within some molar or unified cognitive architecture and models that are more domain or task specific in their psychological assumptions, and present numerous examples of each type. The authors also provide their assessment of this body of research, one that highlights the need for extensive analysis, and even expert-level knowledge of both tasks and the environments in which expert behavior is manifest as a key requirement for successfully modeling high levels of skill or expert performance. Finally, the authors provide their thoughts about promising future directions for research using computational modeling, together with other emerging methodological techniques such as neuroimaging, to provide a comprehensive approach to advance the scientific understanding of human expertise.
The Life-World of Persons with Autism
Authors: Barale Francesco , Broglia Davide , De Vidovich Giulia Zelda , di Nemi Stefania Ucelli , Monti Martino Rossi
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes some characteristics of the world of autistic people. Although these conditions are difficult to classify because of how diverse they are, this chapter reveals that there are some essential common traits. These common elements concern fundamental aspects of human intentionality, such as the preconditions of social relatedness. The chapter identifies these traits primarily through the studies conducted by Leo Kanner, who had worked contemporaneously but independently of Hans Asperger during the 1940s. Kanner identified some key features that reappeared, in different ways, in categorial definitions of autism: isolation, need for repetition, and the so-called “islets of ability.” Here, the different “autisms” are forms of existence that, for various biological reasons, develop from a fragile natural self-evidence of the inter-human world, from an original intercorporeal and interpersonal weakness. These reveal that sensory-perceptual worlds of some kind do emerge in autistic people, albeit each with its own particular features: autism, therefore, is not an “empty fortress” but rather a “full weakness.” These existential worlds involve an original difficulty in harmonizing with others, and are often difficult to grasp or imagine for those who live outside of them.
EVALUATIONS OF INVENTORY AND ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION OF RADIOCESIUM IN SOIL AT A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE 3 YEARS AFTER THE FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
Authors: Hosoda M , Hozumi W , Akata N , Endo A , Kelleher K , Yamanouchi K , Imajo Y , Fukuhara T , Shiroma Y , Iwaoka K , Tokonami S
Published: April 2019

Soil samples from the surface to a 5 cm depth were collected at a residential house in Koriyama City, Fukushima Prefecture using a scraper plate every three months from March 2014 to September 2014 to evaluate the vertical distribution profiles and inventories of 134Cs and 137Cs in soil. The vertical distribution profiles of radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) in soil showed that greater than 86% of the total radiocesium was absorbed in the upper 2 cm 3 years after the accident. Radiocesium in the surface layer seems to move to the lower layer over time. The migration of radiocesium in surface layer might be influenced by the ground surface runoff by rainfall. Radiocesium inventories in June increased significantly over the short period between March and June. In contrast, the radiocesium inventories in September did not increase significantly compared to the values in June. Radiocesium resuspension and deposition caused by decontamination work and meteorological events might be one possible reason for the increased radiocesium inventories observed in June.
INVESTIGATION OF EXTERNAL RADIATION DOSES DURING RESIDENTS’ TEMPORAL STAY TO NAMIE TOWN, FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE
Authors: Tsujiguchi T , Shiroma Y , Suzuki T , Tamakuma Y , Yamaguchi M , Iwaoka K , Hosoda M , Tokonami S , Kashiwakura I
Published: April 2019

Namie Town in Fukushima Prefecture, the majority of which was an evacuation area as a result of the effects of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, carried out a ‘temporal stay’ in September 2016 so that residents could check their houses. Therefore, in cooperation with the town authorities, the authors distributed personal dosemeters and behaviour record forms to record the personal dose equivalent rate and investigate the relationship between residents’ external radiation dose and their behaviour. When the personal dose equivalent rate was calculated from the measured personal dose equivalent per hour, the median was 0.12 μSv h−1, the maximum value and the minimum value were 0.58 and 0.06 μSv h−1, respectively. Meanwhile, since personal fluctuations were observed in personal dose equivalent, grasping the relationship between residents’ behaviour and exposed dose can be applied to risk communication.
Opposite effect of motivated forgetting on sleep spindles during stage 2 and slow wave sleep
Authors: Dehnavi Fereshteh , Moghimi Sahar , Sadrabadi Haghighi Shima , Safaie Mostafa , Ghorbani Maryam
Published: April 2019

Memories selectively benefit from sleep. In addition to the importance of the consolidation of relevant memories, the capacity to forget unwanted memories is also crucial. We investigated the effect of suppressing unwanted memories on electroencephalography activity of subsequent sleep using a motivated forgetting (MF) paradigm as compared with a control non-forgetting task. Subjects were randomly assigned to nap or no-nap groups. We used a modified version of the think/no-think paradigm with dominant number of no-think words cued to be forgotten and included only subjects capable of suppressing unwanted memories by performing an initial subject inclusion experiment. In both groups and conditions, the performance of the subjects in recalling the word pairs learned in the beginning of the day was evaluated in a final recall test. We found that both nap and no-nap groups recalled significantly less no-think words in the MF condition compared to the control condition. Moreover, for the nap group, in the MF compared to the control condition, spindle power and density increased during stage 2 (S2) whereas they decreased during slow wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, recall performance of no-think words was negatively correlated with spindle power during S2 whereas it was positively correlated with spindle power during SWS. These results indicate that sleep spindles are sensitive to the previous MF experiences and suggest a differential role of sleep spindles during S2 and SWS in memory processing during sleep.
Principles of gamification for Internet interventions
Authors: Floryan Mark R , Ritterband Lee M , Chow Philip I
Published: April 2019

Theory-driven gamification principles are developed by examining the intersection of existing frameworks. The principles address problems with the current understanding of gamification within internet interventions.
Retrobulbar Orbital Emphysema Associated With Medial Orbital Wall Fracture
Authors: Dong Quang Ngoc , Ide Taichi , Karino Masaaki , Okuma Satoe , Koike Takashi , Kanno Takahiro
Published: April 2019

Retrobulbar emphysema is a rare condition compared to the more common orbital emphysema. It is often associated with medial orbital wall fracture with rupture of the periosteum. In some severe patients, retrobulbar emphysema can increase the intraorbital pressure and lead to orbital compartment syndrome. Less extreme patients require only conservative treatment with careful observation. There is still no standard protocol for the management of orbital emphysema in general or specifically for retrobulbar emphysema. Visual acuity is the most widely used indicator to determine whether surgical intervention is needed. The patient presented here suffered from large retrobulbar intraconal emphysema and exophthalmos without visual loss after head trauma and nose blowing. He was observed closely without surgical intervention. After the emphysema had resolved, the patient's medial orbital wall defect was reconstructed using unsintered hydroxyapatite particles/poly l-lactide via the transcaruncular approach. The postoperative course has been uneventful with more than 1 year of follow-up to date.
Insertion sequences drive the emergence of a highly adapted human pathogen
Authors: Sentausa Erwin , Basso Pauline , Berry Alice , Adrait Annie , Bellement Gwendoline , Couté Yohann , Lory Stephen , Elsen Sylvie , Attrée Ina
Published: April 2019

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptive opportunistic pathogen that can have serious health consequences in patients with lung disorders. Taxonomic outliers of P. aeruginosa of environmental origin have recently emerged as infectious for humans. Here, we present the first genome-wide analysis of an isolate that caused fatal haemorrhagic pneumonia. In two clones, CLJ1 and CLJ3, sequentially recovered from a patient with chronic pulmonary disease, insertion of a mobile genetic element into the P. aeruginosa chromosome affected major virulence-associated phenotypes and led to increased resistance to the antibiotics used to combat the infection. Comparative genome, proteome and transcriptome analyses revealed that this ISL3-family insertion sequence disrupted the genes for flagellar components, type IV pili, O-specific antigens, translesion polymerase and enzymes producing hydrogen cyanide. Seven-fold more insertions were detected in the later isolate, CLJ3, than in CLJ1, some of which modified strain susceptibility to antibiotics by disrupting the genes for the outer-membrane porin OprD and the regulator of β-lactamase expression AmpD. In the Galleria mellonella larvae model, the two strains displayed different levels of virulence, with CLJ1 being highly pathogenic. This study revealed insertion sequences to be major players in enhancing the pathogenic potential of a P. aeruginosa taxonomic outlier by modulating both its virulence and its resistance to antimicrobials, and explains how this bacterium adapts from the environment to a human host.
Visual and non-visual properties of filters manipulating short-wavelength light
Authors: Spitschan Manuel , Lazar Rafael , Cajochen Christian
Published: April 2019

Optical filters and tints manipulating short-wavelength light (so-called “blue-blocking” or “blue-attenuating”) are used as a remedy for a range of ocular, retinal, neurological and psychiatric disorders. In many cases, the only available quantification of the optical effects of a given optical filter is the spectral transmittance, which specifies the amount of light transmitted as a function of wavelength. Here, we propose a novel physiologically relevant and retinally referenced framework for quantifying the visual and non-visual effects of these filters, incorporating the attenuation of luminance (luminance factor), the attenuation of melanopsin activation (melanopsin factor), the shift in colour, and the reduction of the colour gamut (gamut factor). We examined a novel data base of optical transmittance filters (n=120) which were digitally extracted from a variety of sources and find a large diversity in the alteration of visual and non-visual properties. We suggest that future studies and examinations of the physiological effects of optical filters quantify the visual and non-visual effects of the filters beyond the spectral transmittance, which will eventually aid in developing a mechanistic understanding of how different filters affect physiology.