bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jim Crow Organized Crime
Authors: Cooley Will
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines the historical evolution of Chicago’s African American underground economy. During the first decades of the twentieth-century games of chance associated with cards and dice were the primary source of gambling revenue in black Chicago. By the early 1930s, this facet of the underground economy had been surpassed by policy, also referred to as “the numbers game.” An important linkage between these two periods was that gambling proprietors funneled some of their profits back into the larger community. Later in the twentieth century, gang-controlled drug trafficking became the primary manifestation of black Chicago’s underground economy. Unlike the earlier period’s relatively violence-free focus on games of chance, the selling of illicit drugs by street gangs turned black Chicago into a battleground.
The Politics of the Drive-Thru Window
Authors: Chatelain Marcia
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines the economic and political factors that contributed to the building of black McDonald’s ownership in Chicago. Urban violence, Black Power movement ideologies about economic self-determination, and community demands for socially responsible businesses in the inner city undergirded McDonald’s approach to winning over black customers. Herman Petty, the owner of the first black-owned McDonald’s franchise in Chicago, later helped organize the National Black McDonalds Operators Association (BMOA). The BMOA created a space for black operators to leverage their collective power within McDonald’s and to serve as leaders in the predominately black and working class communities that supported their restaurants.
Positive Realism
Authors: Chambers Jason P.
Published: July 2018

New York City’s Madison Avenue has long been considered the center of advertising in the United States. Yet for African Americans in the industry, Chicago is much more representative of their experiences in and contributions to advertising. This chapter examines the early professional and entrepreneurial life of Thomas J. Burrell, founder of Burrell Advertising. It analyzes the creation of his advertising technique known as “Positive Realism” in representing blacks’ in advertisements as well as his contributions to the development of the network of blacks Chicago’s business community. Additionally, this chapter focuses on the strategic relationships Burrell built within the advertising industry and with individuals who worked for clients like McDonald’s. These relationships enabled Burrell to build of the most successful agencies in advertising history.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilson D. Harlan
Published: July 2018

A short conclusion emphasizes the uniqueness of Ballard’s oeuvre and addresses his legacy as one of the few genuine innovators in the SF genre, the conventions of which he consistently challenged and destabilized throughout his long career. Ballard’s reach extends beyond SF into other kinds of literature and media, ranging from cinema, television and the visual arts to philosophy, cultural theory and music. There is an active fan base of Ballardians, accomplished artists and intellects who include some of his earliest reviewers and critics. Ballard will always be an icon of SF against which other authors measure themselves.
Prologue
Authors: Suarez Harrod J.
Published: July 2018

In Luisa Igloria’s “Archipelago,” the speaker weaves through diaspora physically, existentially, and epistemologically, finding herself “back on Mabini, where as a child / I stared at man-roots,” alluding to a departure that allows for a return, to origins that appear gendered.1 But those “man-roots” are themselves contrived, living not in nature but in “fluid-filled mason jars / next to powders ground from deer horn and dried seahorses.”...
Multicultural Belonging and a Potent Silence
Authors: Suarez Harrod J.
Published: July 2018

The fourth chapter produces readings of Carlos Bulosan’s America Is in the Heart and Brian Ascalon Roley’s American Son. Bulosan’s novel explores the tensions between the aesthetic and political through the question of gender as well as the reverse—strategies through which the narrator seeks national and transnational belonging. This discussion frames the analysis of American Son, which may be read as a revision of the terms of national belonging through the liberal multiculturalism of Los Angeles in the 1990s. But it is a maternal figure whose silence emerges as the novel’s most potent force, deployed as an act that thwarts not just the conclusion to a coming-of-age tale, but also and especially the will to speech and visibility that often structures ethnic identity politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Suarez Harrod J.
Published: July 2018

The conclusion draws attention to an unlikely figure to nominate as ushering in the diasporic maternal: the national hero José Rizal. The figure of Rizal looms large over the nation and those in the diaspora; like the nation itself, his figure remains prominent. This final chapter examines an important essay where he articulates the obligations of Filipina mothers toward an incipient nationalism, which may be understood as one origin for the politicized claims made upon diasporic maternal figures. Given this genealogy, it becomes crucial to rethink the nationalist archive, and the Epilogue that follows briefly considers Rizal’s death in order to claim him not as the father of the nation, but as a diasporic maternal figure.
Czech Bluegrass Histories and Backgrounds
Authors: Bidgood Lee
Published: July 2018

Americanism, used here to refer to the transformative performance of elements of U.S. culture, is at the root Czech bluegrass. The Wild West imagery of Karl May's novels and early Czech Tramps' use of string band instrumentation all provided a foundation for Czechs who were inspired to take up bluegrass upon hearing it from U.S. military radio in the 1950s. Discussion of cottaging, a Czech song about bluegrass, and the careers of Czech banjoist Marko Čermák and fiddler Franta Kacifírek show ways that Americanism played out in bluegrass during the Communist period (1948-1989), and after the "Velvet Revolution."
Making Bluegrass at Home, Abroad, and in Between
Authors: Bidgood Lee
Published: July 2018

The author's tours with the band Roll's Boys, and the experiences of banjoist Richard Ciferský show how Czech and Slovak players form a transitional layer between local European groups and American bluegrass "stars." Czech instrument makers – notably Jaroslav Průcha, Zdeněk Roh, and Ondřej Holoubek have created a niche for their products abroad, through craftsmanship, high-tech lutherie, intercultural negotiation, and personal passion. The author's forays into the physical business of these bluegrass projects illustrate the difficulties of carrying out bluegrass projects in the Czech Republic, the benefits of transnational connections, and the centrality of relationship to these connections and projects.
A Tag: America/Amerika
Authors: Bidgood Lee
Published: July 2018

This short concluding chapter presents two musicians in the Czech bluegrass scene. Ralph Schut, a Dutch-born bluegrass polymath, moved to the Czech Republic for the musical opportunities. Marko Čermák is a venerable and influential figure in Czech bluegrass and in Czech Americanism at large, but has never visited the United States, and never wishes to. He has found, like Schut and many others, that the reality of the imagined Czech "Amerika" affords him all that he needs. The fluidity of identification should give us pause as we consider claims for geographic or cultural boundaries around bluegrass, or perhaps any music.
Enter the “New Crowd” Journalists
Authors: Carroll Fred
Published: July 2018

The militant racial politics of the alternative black press and modernist sensibilities of the Harlem Renaissance seeped into the commercial black press in the 1920s as journalists reprinted and debated editorials, covered news events, and nurtured diverse professional relationships. The radical editors of the New Negro Movement – including Cyril Briggs, Marcus Garvey, Hubert Harrison, A. Philip Randolph – denounced capitalism and imperialism and promoted Pan-Africanism. Commercial newspapers normalized literary writers' modernist perspective by serving as an arena for contesting the conservative politics of respectability, as illustrated by George Schuyler’s columns. Many publishers reinforced this change in newswriting by shifting to tabloid sensationalism, the era's defining journalistic mode.
“Questionable Leanings”
Authors: Carroll Fred
Published: July 2018

During the Cold War, the anticommunism movement spurred leading black publishers to rid their newsrooms of left-leaning journalists and suppress coverage of radical political perspectives. Publishers made a pragmatic decision to protect their businesses. This action reoriented black newswriting by narrowing the parameters of what was considered acceptable political discourse just as the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum. Commercial journalists transformed into establishmentarian dissidents who denounced communism and worked within the prevailing political structure for social change. Frustrated and marginalized, progressive editors and activists revived a struggling alternative black press – with Paul Robeson’s Freedom being the most notable publication – to challenge the politcs of integration. Meanwhile, national newspapers’ circulations collapsed as they encountered new competitive challenges from white newspapers, television, and Ebony and Jet magazines.
Black Power Assaults the Black Newspaper
Authors: Carroll Fred
Published: July 2018

The alternative black press grew in popularity and editorial stridency in the 1960s, prompting commercial publishers to try to steer the Black Power Movement into acceptable political channels. Alternative publications included student newspapers, leftist political journals, and organizational newspapers for Black Nationalist groups. The
Black Panther and Muhammad Speaks claimed circulations that rivaled the largest commercial newspapers. Alternative editors questioned the value of integration, endorsed armed self-defense, and embraced a Marxist critique of American capitalism and empire. Commercial publishers attempted to advise young sit-in protesters and then tried to define Black Power as the effective use of political power. By the late 1960s, though, they almost universally condemned the Black Panther Party and other militant activists, fearing unneeded provocations would erase significant legislative achievements.
Into the White Newsroom
Authors: Carroll Fred
Published: July 2018

White newspaper editors moved tepidly in the 1970s to integrate their newsrooms after the Kerner Commission highlighted how institutionalized racism resulted in unfair and inaccurate coverage of urban uprisings and race riots. This marked the moment when the black press lost its near exclusive access to the labor of black journalists, and the white press reluctantly reconsidered how it wrote about black communities and their concerns. Integration was difficult. White editors doubted black reporters’ objectivity, questioned their abilities, and refused to promote them. Black reporters working in the white media also encountered skepticism from African Americans who distrusted the journalists’ employers. To protect their professional rights, black reporters filed employment discrimination complaints and lawsuits, challenged government subpoenas, and formed advocacy organizations.
Capitalismo foráneo, narrativas paralelas, nociones de lo local. Una tejeduría de experiencias femeninas en Isla Lemuy.
Authors: Silva Flores Viviana
Published: July 2018

La imagen de lo rural ha sido instaurada como imagen de lo idílico cuando esconde tras de sí, una realidad hostil vinculada a la explotación de recursos y personas. Vivimos un tiempo de capitalismo salvaje, de industrias extractivas, en el que se sustituyen las economías locales mediante multinacionales que colonizan el territorio evidenciando con ello, la continuidad de las lógicas dominantes en sus diversas vertientes. A partir de esta imagen de colonización del paisaje por los flujos del capital y la consecuente pérdida identitaria que arrastra, esta investigación se centra en un caso particular en una pequeña isla en Chile, la Isla Lemuy, la cual debido a la implantación de la industria extractiva del salmón y la miticultura ha ido perdiendo su autonomía, historia, memoria y economías locales. La investigación que se propone parte de esta imagen para, a través de la práctica artística como investigación y, mediante una obra colaborativa realizada con mujeres artesanas de la comunidad, tejer, literal y metafóricamente, las historias y memorias de Lemuy, recogiendo en ello, relatos subalternos para pensar con ellas acerca de los costos y beneficios de estos flujos del capital. La metodología y metáfora utilizada del tejido de canastos permitió el encuentro y el diálogo, el intercambio de experiencias y saberes y, el trabajo con los conocimientos locales, así como esta investigación que plantea, un trabajo crítico de recuperación de memorias y subjetividades mediante una práctica artística que reflexiona acerca de lo local-global, el capitalismo y la identidad bajo la globalización y homogeneización cultural.
Dispersion and Burning Behavior of Hydrogen Released in a Full-Scale Residential
Garage in the Presence and Absence of Conventional Automobiles – Supplemental Video
Materials
Authors: Pitts William M. , Yang Jiann C. , Prasad Kuldeep , Fernandez Marco
Published: July 2018

The supplemental materials reported here provide standard high-definition (HD),
high-speed, and infrared videos of the 13 full-scale hydrogen dispersion and burning
experiments in a full-scale residential garage.
Threatened plants species of Guinea-Conakry: A preliminary checklist
Authors: Couch Charlotte , Magassouba Sekou , Rokni Saba , Cheek Martin
Published: July 2018

Guinea-Conakry has one of the highest plant diversities in Sub-Saharan West Africa and is part of the Upper Guinean Forest ecoregion and the Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Guinea is a major supplier of the world’s bauxite and has significant reserves of high grade iron ore, it also has small reserves of diamonds, gold and uranium. As a result large areas of open cast mining exist in the country and pressure on habitats and vegetation are increasing with the need to bring revenue into the country; this is in addition to unsustainable slash and burn agriculture and a growing population. An initial list of 482 was drawn up from the Flore de Guinée, subsequent discussion and screening reduced the list to 255 which is presented here. It is estimated that c. 10% of the countries flora is threatened. Rediscoveries and new species are being made in Guinea, but they are often already threatened having been discovered as part of Environmental Impact Assessments. A comprehensive red list of threatened species is much needed to support the country’s environmental policy as well as their international obligations.
Timing of ESCRT-III protein recruitment and membrane scission during HIV-1 assembly
Authors: Johnson Daniel S , Bleck Marina , Simon Sanford M
Published: July 2018

The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport III (ESCRT-III) proteins are critical for cellular membrane scission processes with topologies inverted relative to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Some viruses appropriate ESCRT-IIIs for their release. By imaging single assembling viral-like particles of HIV-1, we observed that ESCRT-IIIs and the ATPase VPS4 arrive after most of the virion membrane is bent, linger for tens of seconds, and depart ~20 s before scission. These observations suggest that ESCRT-IIIs are recruited by a combination of membrane curvature and the late domains of the HIV-1 Gag protein. ESCRT-IIIs may pull the neck into a narrower form but must leave to allow scission. If scission does not occur within minutes of ESCRT departure, ESCRT-IIIs and VPS4 are recruited again. This mechanistic insight is likely relevant for other ESCRT-dependent scission processes including cell division, endosome tubulation, multivesicular body and nuclear envelope formation, and secretion of exosomes and ectosomes.
How small-molecule inhibitors of dengue-virus infection interfere with viral membrane fusion
Authors: Chao Luke H , Jang Jaebong , Johnson Adam , Nguyen Anthony , Gray Nathanael S , Yang Priscilla L , Harrison Stephen C
Published: July 2018

Dengue virus (DV) is a compact, icosahedrally symmetric, enveloped particle, covered by 90 dimers of envelope protein (E), which mediates viral attachment and membrane fusion. Fusion requires a dimer-to-trimer transition and membrane engagement of hydrophobic ‘fusion loops’. We previously characterized the steps in membrane fusion for the related West Nile virus (WNV), using recombinant, WNV virus-like particles (VLPs) for single-particle experiments (Chao et al., 2014). Trimerization and membrane engagement are rate-limiting; fusion requires at least two adjacent trimers; availability of competent monomers within the contact zone between virus and target membrane creates a trimerization bottleneck. We now report an extension of that work to dengue VLPs, from all four serotypes, finding an essentially similar mechanism. Small-molecule inhibitors of dengue virus infection that target E block its fusion-inducing conformational change. We show that ~12–14 bound molecules per particle (~20–25% occupancy) completely prevent fusion, consistent with the proposed mechanism.
Volatile profiling in Rhus coriaria fruit (sumac) from three different geographical origins and upon roasting as analyzed via solid-phase microextraction
Authors: Farag Mohamed A. , Fayek Nesrin M. , Abou Reidah Ibrahim
Published: July 2018

Rhus coriaria (sumac) is a fruit grown worldwide for its culinary use as a flavoring agent and for its health benefits. Despite several studies on R. coriaria non-volatile metabolites, much less is recognized concerning volatile composition within that genus. In an effort to expand on flavor profile sumac and its food products, we report on volatile profiling from three accessions of different origins including Palestine, Jordan and Egypt in addition to its cold tea and post roasting via headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Under optimized conditions, 74 volatile components were identified belonging to alcohols, aromatics, esters, ethers, furan/aldehyde, hydrocarbons, ketones, monoterpenes, oxides and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Major identified components included α-pinene, naphthalene and o-cymene in Palestinian, Jordanian and Egyptian sumac, respectively. Whereas sesquiterpenes amounted for the major volatile class in fresh R. coriaria at ca. 40–58%, furan/aldehydes were the predominant classes in roasted fruits (58%). Volatile abundance data was further subjected to multivariate data analyses revealing furfural and nonanal enrichment in roasted compared to fresh fruits and their cold tea preparation. Seeds exhibited no aroma components which justified their removal in R. coriaria prior to its use as a food flavor. Such knowledge is expected to be the key for understanding the olfactory and taste properties of R. coriaria and its several food products.
Association of circulating microRNA-122 with presence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions
Authors: Wang Yu-Long , Yu Wen
Published: July 2018

Objective

MicroRNA (miR)-122 is highly expressed in the liver, where it has been implicated as a regulator of fatty-acid metabolism. A recent study reported that miR-122 plays a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, whether it connects with severity of atherosclerotic lesion is still controversial. We therefore investigated the association between miR-122 expression and presence and severity of coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

Methods

During January–November 2017, we included 300 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 100 subjects as the control group. MiR-122 content was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. MiR-122 level was identified in all subjects, and the Spearman correlation between miR-122 and severity of atherosclerosis was analyzed.

Results

Patients with CHD had higher miR-122 expression than in control group (2.61, 0.91–8.86 vs. 1.62, 0.71–3.45, p < 0.001). Gensini score was significantly associated with miR-122 expression (r = 0.7964, p < 0.001). The odds ratio of miR-122 solely was 0.12 (95% CI [0.05–0.43]) and factors such as cholesterol, triglyceride together with miR-122 level were closely associated with atherosclerosis (all p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The serum level of miR-122 may be used to differentiate between mild and severe coronary atherosclerotic lesion. Use of this marker might allow non-invasive diagnosis the degree of coronary atherosclerosis.
Genetic flow among olive populations within the Mediterranean basin
Authors: di Rienzo Valentina , Sion Sara , Taranto Francesca , D’Agostino Nunzio , Montemurro Cinzia , Fanelli Valentina , Sabetta Wilma , Boucheffa Saliha , Tamendjari Abderezak , Pasqualone Antonella , Zammit-Mangion Marion , Miazzi Monica Marilena
Published: July 2018

Background

The olive tree is a typical crop of the Mediterranean basin where it shows a wide diversity, accounting for more than 2,600 cultivars. The ability to discriminate olive cultivars and determine their genetic variability is pivotal for an optimal exploitation of olive genetic resources.

Methods

We investigated the genetic diversity within 128 olive accessions belonging to four countries in the Mediterranean Basin (Italy, Algeria, Syria, and Malta), with the purpose of better understanding the origin and spread of the olive genotypes across Mediterranean Basin countries. Eleven highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used and proved to be very informative, producing a total of 179 alleles.

Results

Cluster analysis distinguished three main groups according to their geographical origin, with the current sample of Maltese accessions included in the Italian group. Phylogenetic analysis further differentiated Italian and Maltese olive accessions, clarifying the intermediate position of Maltese accessions along thex/y-axes of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Model-based and neighbor clustering, PCoA, and migration analysis suggested the existence of two different gene pools (Algerian and Syrian) and that the genetic exchange occurred between the Syrian, Italian and Maltese populations.

Discussion

The close relationship between Syrian and Italian and Maltese olives was consistent with the historical domestication and migration of olive tree from the North Levant to eastern Mediterranean basin. This study lays the foundations for a better understanding of olive genetic diversity in the Mediterranean basin and represents a step toward an optimal conservation and exploitation of olive genetic resources.
Crystal structure of the ligand‐free form of the Vps10 ectodomain of dimerized Sortilin at acidic pH
Authors: Yabe‐Wada Toshiki , Matsuba Shintaro , Unno Masaki , Onai Nobuyuki
Published: July 2018

Sortilin is a multifunctional sorting receptor involved in cytokine production in immune cells. To understand the mechanism of Sortilin‐mediated cytokine trafficking, we determined the 2.45‐Å structure of the dimerized Sortilin ectodomain (sSortilin or the Vps10‐domain) crystallized at acidic pH. Substantial conformational changes upon dimerization lead to the intermolecular hydrophobic interaction between the conserved E455 and F137. Analysis of the electrostatic surface and size‐exclusion chromatography revealed that sSortilin dimerization occurs due to an increase in hydrophobic interactions at the neutral dimer interface at acidic pH. The N682‐attached N‐glycan in the vicinity of the dimer interface implies its involvement in the dimerization. The disruption of Sortilin dimerization by mutations impairs efficient interferon‐alpha secretion from cells. These results suggest the functional importance of Sortilin dimerization in cytokine trafficking.
Physical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride/multi‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites with special reference to electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness
Authors: Ram Ranvijai , Khastgir Dipak , Rahaman Mostafizur
Published: July 2018

The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites, prepared by solution casting technique, can be used as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material. The PVDF matrix shows MWCNT‐dependent EMI shielding effectiveness, skin depth, morphology, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties. The transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy images depict dispersion and distribution of MWCNT in PVDF matrix. The differential scanning calorimetry reveals MWCNT dependent crystalline melting temperature. The MWCNT is acting as reinforcing filler for PVDF matrix. The crystalline melting of PVDF and PVDF/MWCNT composites shows the occurrence of two endothermic peaks. Dynamic mechanical analysis of composites reveals MWCNT‐dependent damping characteristics and storage modulus.
Demand side management and operational mode switching in chlorine production
Authors: Brée Luisa C. , Perrey Karen , Bulan Andreas , Mitsos Alexander
Published: July 2018

Demand side management (DSM) gains importance due to penetration of renewable energy in energy provision. A promising candidate is the chlor‐alkali process as it is an energy‐intensive process with a high installed capacity and high penetration worldwide. In this article, we consider DSM for the purpose of chlorine production via membrane electrolysis. We allow for switching between two different operational modes with different respective electrical power demands on a per ton of produced chlorine (Cl2) basis and different modulation of production rate. Switching necessitates a cleaning procedure leading to downtimes of the Cl2 production, while a constant provision of Cl2 for downstream processes is necessary. The optimal operation of a variable and switchable chlor‐alkali process under aforementioned constraints is determined by formulation as a mixed integer linear program. The results demonstrate that oversizing, in combination with switching, leads to substantial savings, especially in future scenarios for the electricity price. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: e16352 2019
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Chromanone Lactone Homo‐ and Heterodimers
Authors: Valdomir Guillermo , Senthilkumar Soundararasu , Ganapathy Dhandapany , Zhang Yun , Tietze Lutz F.
Published: July 2018

A one pot borylation/Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of the 4‐bromochromanone lactones 21 and 23, respectively, followed by cleavage of the methyl ether moieties gave the homodimeric chromanone lactones 10 and 11. Reaction of a 1:1 mixture of 21 and 23 under otherwise identical conditions gave a 1:1:2‐mixture of the two homodimers 10 and 11 and the heterodimer 12. This is the first example of the preparation of a heterodimeric chromanone lactone. For the enantioselective synthesis of the starting material, phenol 17 was transformed into the chromane 18 using a Wacker‐type cyclisation with 99 % ee and 80 % yield.
Birnbaum‐Saunders distribution: A review of models, analysis, and applications
Authors: Balakrishnan N. , Kundu Debasis
Published: July 2018

Birnbaum and Saunders introduced a two‐parameter lifetime distribution to model the fatigue life of a metal, subject to cyclic stress. Since then, extensive work has been done on this model providing different interpretations, constructions, generalizations, inferential methods, and extensions to bivariate, multivariate, and matrix‐variate cases. More than 200 papers and one research monograph have already appeared describing all these aspects and developments. In this paper, we provide a detailed review of all these developments and, at the same time, indicate several open problems that could be considered for further research.
A bivariate optimal replacement policy for a system subject to a generalized failure and repair process
Authors: Lee Hyunju , Cha Ji Hwan
Published: July 2018

Traditionally, in the studies of the optimal maintenance policies for repairable systems, the nonhomogeneous Poisson process model, which corresponds to the minimal repair process, has been intensively applied. However, in many practical situations, the repair type is not necessarily minimal. In this article, a new repair process based on a new counting process model (so‐called the generalized Polya process) is introduced. Then, the issue of the optimal replacement problem is discussed. A bivariate preventive replacement policy is developed and the properties of the optimal policy are studied. Illustrative examples are also presented. In addition, a comparison with a conventional replacement policy is performed.
Konzeptionelle Optimierung der Entrauchung von Atrien
Authors: Kanitz Andreas , Zehfuß Jochen
Published: July 2018

Atrien stellen durch ihre geometrischen Rahmenbedingungen verbunden mit Anforderungen an ein flexibles und breit aufgestelltes Nutzungskonzept sowie die oft eingeschränkten Möglichkeiten beim Schutz mit Sprinklern besondere Herausforderungen bei der schutzzielorientierten Konzeption der Entrauchung dar.

Insbesondere bei einer Führung von Rettungswegen durch Atrien und der Nutzung als Aufenthaltsbereiche oder bei Abweichungen von Bauvorschriften sind spezielle Konzepte erforderlich, damit sichergestellt wird, dass die bauordnungsrechtlich gegebenen Schutzziele erfüllt werden. Der Nachweis, dass diese Konzepte die Schutzziele erfüllen, und eine anlagentechnische Optimierung können mithilfe von Ingenieurmethoden erfolgen.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird beschrieben, worin die besonderen Herausforderungen bei der Entrauchung von Atrien liegen, welche Einflussparameter existieren und welche ingenieurmäßigen sowie konzeptionellen Lösungswege bestehen. Die beschriebenen Lösungswege berücksichtigen einen in mehrere Phasen unterteilten Projektablauf und die damit einhergehende iterative Lösungsfindung.

Beginnend mit der Klärung und Abstimmung konzeptioneller Grundsätze über erste Vorauslegungen mittels einfacher Handrechnungen bis zum Entrauchungsnachweis komplexer Geometrien mittels CFD‐Simulationen wird ein entsprechender Bearbeitungsprozess skizziert.
Effectiveness of a multidisciplinary patient care bundle for reducing surgical-site infections
Authors: Weiser M R , Gonen M , Usiak S , Pottinger T , Samedy P , Patel D , Seo S , Smith J J , Guillem J G , Temple L , Nash G M , Paty P B , Baldwin-Medsker A , Cheavers C E , Eagan J , Garcia-Aguilar J , Afonso A , Aslam A , Baldwin-Medsker A , Burns J , Canny M , Cheavers C E , Cohen N , Eagan J , Evans N , Ferrari C , Fiordaliso C , Fitzpatrick C , Freeman R , Garcia-Aguilar J , Gilbert M , Gonen M , Guillem J G , Hailemariam M , Hammel J , Healy K , Hoskins W , Isaac L , Kim W , Kitzler R , Levine K , Marcelli A , Marx W , Matthews L , Monether C , Nash G M , Nolan S , Ottey H , Patel D , Patterson P , Paty P B , Pottinger T , Prather A , Riffle M , Rodrigue D , Romanoff S , Russo T , Samedy P , Seo S K , Sepkowitz K , Smith J J , Sokoli D , Swift L , Temple L , Usiak S , Vassallo C , Vincenzino A , Wall L , Walters C , Weiser M R , Yeung K
Published: July 2018

Background

Surgical-site infection (SSI) is associated with significant healthcare costs. To reduce the high rate of SSI among patients undergoing colorectal surgery at a cancer centre, a comprehensive care bundle was implemented and its efficacy tested.

Methods

A pragmatic study involving three phases (baseline, implementation and sustainability) was conducted on patients treated consecutively between 2013 and 2016. The intervention included 13 components related to: bowel preparation; oral and intravenous antibiotic selection and administration; skin preparation, disinfection and hygiene; maintenance of normothermia during surgery; and use of clean instruments for closure. SSI risk was evaluated by means of a preoperative calculator, and effectiveness was assessed using interrupted time-series regression.

Results

In a population with a mean BMI of 30 kg/m2, diabetes mellitus in 17·5 per cent, and smoking history in 49·3 per cent, SSI rates declined from 11·0 to 4·1 per cent following implementation of the intervention bundle (P = 0·001). The greatest reductions in SSI rates occurred in patients at intermediate or high risk of SSI: from 10·3 to 4·7 per cent (P = 0·006) and from 19 to 2 per cent (P < 0·001) respectively. Wound care modifications were very different in the implementation phase (43·2 versus 24·9 per cent baseline), including use of an overlying surface vacuum dressing (17·2 from 1·4 per cent baseline) or leaving wounds partially open (13·2 from 6·7 per cent baseline). As a result, the biggest difference was in wound-related rather than organ-space SSI. The median length of hospital stay decreased from 7 (i.q.r. 5–10) to 6 (5–9) days (P = 0·002). The greatest reduction in hospital stay was seen in patients at high risk of SSI: from 8 to 6 days (P < 0·001). SSI rates remained low (4·5 per cent) in the sustainability phase.

Conclusion

Meaningful reductions in SSI can be achieved by implementing a multidisciplinary care bundle at a hospital-wide level.
Aggravated intestinal apoptosis by ClC‐3 deletion is lethal to mice endotoxemia
Authors: Huang Lin‐Yan , Li Yu‐Jie , Li Peng‐Peng , Li Hong‐Chun , Ma Ping
Published: July 2018

Our previous study found that ClC‐3 chloride channel functioned differently in the vascular and intestinal inflammation, the loss of ClC‐3 reduced vascular inflammation but exacerbated intestinal inflammation. To furtherly clarify the role of ClC‐3 chloride channels in systemic inflammation, we used LPS‐induced endotoxemia model to investigate the response of wild‐type and ClC‐3 knockout mice to systemic inflammation. The results showed that in the LPS‐induced endotoxemia model, the mortality of mice with ClC‐3 deletion was significantly higher than that of wild‐type mice. The liver and lung inflammations in mice with ClC‐3 deletion were significantly less than those in wild‐type mice, and the levels of TNF‐α and MIP‐2 in serum were lower than those of wild‐type mice. However, intestinal inflammatory cytokines contents and intestinal permeability were higher than wild‐type mice. After transfection of THP‐1 cells with ClC‐3 siRNA, the contents of TNF‐α and IL‐8 in LPS‐induced cell supernatants were significantly decreased. Further experiments revealed that the level of Bax and Cleaved Caspase 3 in intestinal tissue of mice with ClC‐3 deletion was significantly increased, while the level of Bcl2 did not change, which indicated that the intestinal apoptosis was increased after LPS‐induced mice intestinal integrity destruction. Therefore, the regulation of intestinal tissue integrity by ClC‐3 is crucial for maintaining LPS‐induced survival in mice with endotoxemia.
Environmental management decisions in CSR‐based accounting research
Authors: Johnstone Leanne
Published: July 2018

This commentary presents conceptualizations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the realm of environmental accounting. By asking what the main theoretical perspectives are within CSR‐based environmental accounting research, and how these have been used, it finds that there have been three clear theoretical waves. These are based on legitimacy, stakeholder and institutional theories, which evidently build upon one another as CSR1 (responsibility), CSR2 (responsiveness) and CSR3 (proactiveness) respectively. Nevertheless, such perspectives are weak, as they remain at the strategic level and do not confront the operational levels of management accounting and control. Thus, structuration theory is proposed as the fourth wave of CSR‐based research by emphasizing that CSR does not rest with either the organizations as agents or the institutions as social structures, but is the product of the two. This informs managers by illustrating that environmental accounting decisions are shaped not only by the external environment, but also from within.
Low frequency electrical muscle stimulation and endothelial function in advanced heart failure patients
Authors: Ennis Stuart , McGregor Gordon , Shave Robert , McDonnell Barry , Thompson Andrew , Banerjee Prithwish , Jones Helen
Published: July 2018

Aim

Obtain initial estimates of the change in brachial artery endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) with 8 weeks of low‐frequency electrical muscle stimulation (LF‐EMS) or sham in patients with advanced chronic heart failure.

Methods and results

Using a double blind, randomized design, 35 patients with chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association class III–IV) were assigned to 8 weeks (5 × 60 min per week) of either LF‐EMS (4 Hz, continuous) or sham (skin level stimulation only) of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles. Four of the five sessions were at home and one under supervision. Ultrasound images of resting brachial artery diameter and post 5 min occlusion to determine flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), a marker of vascular function and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during cardiopulmonary exercise test, were measured before and after LF‐EMS (n = 20) and sham (n = 15) interventions. FMD improved by 2.56% (95% confidence interval: 0.69 to 3.80) with LF‐EMS compared with sham (P = 0.07). There were no notable changes in VO2peak.

Conclusions

Improvements in FMD with LF‐EMS may have a clinically meaningful effect as higher FMD is associated with better prognosis. This is a preliminary finding, and a larger trial is warranted.
Thermal Degradation Analysis of Sealed Perovskite Solar Cell with Porous Carbon Electrode at 100 °C for 7000 h
Authors: Baranwal Ajay K. , Kanda Hiroyuki , Shibayama Naoyuki , Masutani Hideaki , Peiris T. A. Nirmal , Kanaya Shusaku , Segawa Hiroshi , Miyasaka Tsutomu , Ito Seigo
Published: July 2018

Organic‐inorganic CH3NH3PbI3‐based perovskite solar cells have received significant research interest; however, thermal stability issue still remains. Carbon‐based triple‐porous‐layer perovskite solar cells without any hole transporting material were selected in order to investigate the internal degradation process by thermal stresses. The sealed perovskite solar cells at 100 °C showed stable performance in the power conversion efficiency up to 4500 h, but the degradation was accelerated after that. By analyzing the perovskite solar cells aged for 7000 h at 100 °C, the results of energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggest that, although Pb, I, and N were sealed inside of the devices, a plenty amount of CH3NH3+ deactivated in the sealant UV‐curable adhesive at 100 °C, which is the reason of the thermal degradation for the sealed perovskite solar cells.
Long isoform of VEGF stimulates cell migration of breast cancer by filopodia formation via NRP1/ARHGAP17/Cdc42 regulatory network
Authors: Kiso Marina , Tanaka Sunao , Saji Shigehira , Toi Masakazu , Sato Fumiaki
Published: July 2018

VEGF stimulates endothelial cells as a key molecule in angiogenesis. VEGF also works as a multifunction molecule, which targets a variety of cell members in the tumor microenvironment. We aimed to reveal VEGF‐related molecular mechanisms on breast cancer cells. VEGF‐knocked‐out MDA‐MB‐231 cells (231
VEGFKOex3) showed rounded morphology and shorter perimeter (1.6‐fold, p < 0.0001). The 231
VEGFKOex3 cells also showed impaired cell migration (2.6‐fold, p = 0.002). Bevacizumab treatment did not induce any change in morphology and mobility. Soluble neuropilin‐1 overexpressing MDA‐MB‐231 cells (231
sNRP1) exhibited rounded morphology and shorter perimeter (1.3‐fold, p < 0.0001). The 231
sNRP1 cells also showed impaired cell migration (1.7‐fold, p = 0.003). These changes were similar to that of 231
VEGFKOex3 cells. As MDA‐MB‐231 cells express almost no VEGFR, these results indicate that the interaction between NRP1 and long isoform of VEGF containing a NRP‐binding domain regulates the morphology and migration ability of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Genome‐wide gene expression profiling identified ARHGAP17 as one of the target genes in the downstream of the VEGF/NRP1 signal. We also show that VEGF/NRP1 signal controls filopodia formation of the cells by modulating Cdc42 activity via ARHGAP17. Among 1,980 breast cancer cases from a public database, the ratio of VEGF and SEMA3A in primary tumors (n = 450) of hormone‐receptor‐negative breast cancer is associated with ARHGAP17 expression inversely, and with disease free survival. Altogether, the bevacizumab‐independent VEGF/NRP1/ARHGAP17/Cdc42 regulatory network plays important roles in malignant behavior of breast cancer.
Fasting and weight‐loss restrictive diet practices among 2,700 cancer survivors: results from the NutriNet‐Santé cohort
Authors: Fassier Philippine , Srour Bernard , Raynard Bruno , Zelek Laurent , Cohen Patrice , Bachmann Patrick , Touillaud Marina , Druesne‐Pecollo Nathalie , Bellenchombre Laura , Cousson‐Gélie Florence , Cottet Vanessa , Féliu François , Mas Sébastien , Deschasaux Mélanie , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge , Latino‐Martel Paule , Touvier Mathilde
Published: July 2018

Nutrition is often used by cancer survivors as a lever to take charge of their own health. However, some dietary behaviors are not currently recommended for patients without medical supervision. Our study aimed at evaluating weight‐loss restrictive diets and fasting practices among cancer survivors of the NutriNet‐Santé cohort, as well as related socio‐demographic and lifestyle factors. In October 2016, 2,741 cancer survivors had completed a specific questionnaire about their practices. Fasting and non‐fasting patients (respectively dieting and non‐dieting) were compared using logistic regression models. Analyses were weighted according to the age, gender, and cancer location distribution of French cancer cases. 13.8% had already practiced weight‐loss restrictive diet as their diagnosis. They were more likely to be women, professionally active, overweight/obese, to use dietary supplements and to have breast cancer (all p < 0.05). 6.0% had already fasted, 3.5% as their diagnosis. They were more likely to be younger, with higher educational level, higher incomes, professionally active, to have a healthy weight, and to use dietary supplements (all p < 0.05). Fasting was associated with the opinion that such practice could improve cancer prognosis (p < 0.0001). Patients who received nutritional information from health care professionals were less likely to practice fasting or weight‐loss restrictive diet (0.42[0.27–0.66], p < 0.0001 and 0.49[0.38–0.64], p < 0.0001 respectively). Our study provided original results suggesting that weight‐loss restrictive diets are widely practiced by cancer survivors. Fasting was less common in our study though non negligible. Sources of nutritional information received as cancer diagnosis seemed to be a key determinant of these practices.
Transient reduction in abortion‐related lethality after interventions to reduce delays in provision of care at Centre Hospitalier de Libreville, Gabon
Authors: Minkobame Ulysse , Mayi‐Tsonga Sosthène , Obiang Pamphile A. , Komba Opheelia M. , Ella Justine M. , Meye Jean F. , Faundes Anibal
Published: July 2018

Abortion‐related fatalities decreased from 12.3 per 1000 abortions to 0.7 per 1000 following an intervention at the Centre Hospitalier de Libreville, Gabon. After discontinuation of the intervention, fatalities reverted to previous levels.
Taking Time to Incubate: The Moderating Role of ‘What You Do’ and ‘When You Do It’ on Creative Performance
Authors: Madjar Nora , Shalley Christina E. , Herndon Benjamin
Published: July 2018

We explore how the choices available to individuals planning multi‐task work can facilitate the incubation of ideas and enhance creative performance. Using opportunistic assimilation theory, we hypothesize that two considerations can determine the effectiveness of incubation and creative performance. First, we argue that having the discretion to switch tasks when needed, as well as the timing of this discretionary switch between tasks (i.e., earlier versus later in the work process on the main task) is important. Second, the scope of the intervening task (i.e., in the same knowledge domain as the main task versus in a different domain) can lead to more effective incubation and creativity. Results of a laboratory study indicate that participants who made a discretionary switch to an intervening task later in their work process on the main task benefited significantly more in terms of creative performance than those who chose to switch earlier in their work process or chose not to switch tasks. Additionally, participants who worked on an in‐domain intervening task exhibited significantly higher creativity on the main task than those who worked on an out‐of‐domain intervening task. Furthermore, focus of attention on the main task partially mediated these results.
Encapsulation of Piper aduncum and Piper hispidinervum essential oils in gelatin nanoparticles: a possible sustainable control tool of Aedes aegypti, Tetranychus urticae and Cerataphis lataniae
Authors: Silva Laiane S , Mar Josiana M , Azevedo Sidney G , Rabelo Maxwaldo S , Bezerra Jaqueline A , Campelo Pedro H , Machado Marcos B , Trovati Graziella , dos Santos Amanda L , da Fonseca Filho Henrique D , de Souza Tatiane P , Sanches Edgar A
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

The encapsulated essential oils (EOs) of Piper aduncum L. and Piper hispidinervum C. DC. in gelatin nanoparticles were evaluated against Aedes aegypti Linn., Tetranychus urticae Koch and Cerataphis lataniae Boisd.

RESULTS

Encapsulation efficiency of the EOs was measured for absolute concentrations of 500 µg mL−1 (79.2 and 72.7%) and 1000 µg mL−1 (84.5 and 82.2%). The loaded nanoparticles were nearly spherical and well dispersed. The nanoparticles loaded with P. hispidinervum EO had an average size of 100 ± 2 nm, while the nanoparticles containing P. aduncum EO ranged from 175 ± 4 to 220 ± 4 nm. According to zeta potential analysis, the nanoparticles loaded with P. hispidinervum and P. aduncum EOs presented values around −43.5 ± 3 and −37.5 ± 2 mV respectively. The controlled release of EOs was described by the anomalous mechanism of Korsmeyer–Peppas. Both encapsulated EOs reached lethal dosages within 24 h of exposure and total mortality of the tested pests.

CONCLUSION

The present work successfully developed gelatin‐based nanoparticles that served as carriers for the EOs of P. aduncum and P. hispidinervum to be applied as a sustainable control tool of A. aegypti, T. urticae and C. lataniae. The developed loaded nanoparticles presented high encapsulation efficiency and EO concentration release higher than lethal dosages. This indicates that it is feasible to use gelatin‐based nanoparticles loaded with P. aduncum and P. hispidinervum EOs to control the tested pests. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry