bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Triphenylphosphonium-Functionalized Delivery System for an ATM Kinase Inhibitor That Ameliorates Doxorubicin Resistance in Breast Carcinoma Mammospheres
Authors: Stagni Venturina , Kaminari Archontia , Contadini Claudia , Barilà Daniela , Sessa Rosario Luigi , Sideratou Zili , Vlahopoulos Spiros A. , Tsiourvas Dimitris
Published: February 2023

The enzyme ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a pluripotent signaling mediator which activates cellular responses to genotoxic and metabolic stress. It has been shown that ATM enables the growth of mammalian adenocarcinoma stem cells, and therefore the potential benefits in cancer chemotherapy of a number of ATM inhibitors, such as KU-55933 (KU), are currently being investigated. We assayed the effects of utilizing a triphenylphosphonium-functionalized nanocarrier delivery system for KU on breast cancer cells grown either as a monolayer or in three-dimensional mammospheres. We observed that the encapsulated KU was effective against chemotherapy-resistant mammospheres of breast cancer cells, while having comparably lower cytotoxicity against adherent cells grown as monolayers. We also noted that the encapsulated KU sensitized the mammospheres to the anthracycline drug doxorubicin significantly, while having only a weak effect on adherent breast cancer cells. Our results suggest that triphenylphosphonium-functionalized drug delivery systems that contain encapsulated KU, or compounds with a similar impact, are a useful addition to chemotherapeutic treatment schemes that target proliferating cancers.
COL12A1 Acts as a Novel Prognosis Biomarker and Activates Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Pancreatic Cancer through Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation
Authors: Song Yao , Wang Lei , Wang Kaidong , Lu Yuhua , Zhou Pengcheng
Published: February 2023

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most challenging malignancies to date and is associated with poor survival. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that play a crucial role in tumor progression in pancreatic cancer. Thus, uncovering the key genes involved in CAF progression and determining their prognostic value is critically important. Herein, we report our discoveries in this research area. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and investigation of our clinical tissue samples indicated that COL12A1 expression was aberrantly highly expressed in pancreatic cancer. Survival and COX regression analyses revealed the significant clinical prognostic value of COL12A1 expression in pancreatic cancer. COL12A1 was mainly expressed in CAFs but not in tumor cells. This was verified with our PCR analysis in cancer cells and CAFs. The knocking down of COL12A1 decreased the proliferation and migration of CAFs and down-regulated the expression of CAF activation markers actin alpha 2 (ACTA2), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1). Meanwhile, the interleukin 6 (IL6), CXC chemokine Ligand-5 (CXCL5), and CXC chemokine Ligand-10 (CXCL10) expressions were inhibited, and the cancer-promoting effect was reversed by COL12A1 knockdown. Therefore, we demonstrated the potential prognostic and target therapy value of COL12A1 expression in pancreatic cancer and elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying its role in CAFs. The findings of this study might provide new opportunities for TME-targeted therapies in pancreatic cancer.
Special Issue “Cutaneous Lymphomas”
Authors: Wobser Marion , Goebeler Matthias
Published: February 2023

Cutaneous lymphomas comprise heterogeneous subtypes of hematological neoplasms that primarily manifest in the skin [...]
Editorial: Bio-Pathological Markers in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Broggi Giuseppe , Salvatorelli Lucia
Published: February 2023

Identifying novel biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value in terms of therapeutic response is a current topic in the clinical practice of oncologists, pathologists and medical researchers in general [...]
Constitutive Expression of a Cytotoxic Anticancer Protein in Tumor-Colonizing Bacteria
Authors: Mai Phuong-Thu , Lim Daejin , So EunA , Kim Ha Young , Duysak Taner , Tran Thanh-Quang , Song Miryoung , Jeong Jae-Ho , Choy Hyon E.
Published: February 2023

Bacterial cancer therapy is a promising next-generation modality to treat cancer that often uses tumor-colonizing bacteria to deliver cytotoxic anticancer proteins. However, the expression of cytotoxic anticancer proteins in bacteria that accumulate in the nontumoral reticuloendothelial system (RES), mainly the liver and spleen, is considered detrimental. This study examined the fate of the Escherichia coli strain MG1655 and an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) with defective ppGpp synthesis after intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice (~108 colony forming units/animal). Approximately 10% of the injected bacteria were detected initially in the RES, whereas approximately 0.01% were in tumor tissues. The bacteria in the tumor tissue proliferated vigorously to up to 109 colony forming units/g tissue, whereas those in the RES died off. RNA analysis revealed that tumor-associated E. coli activated rrnB operon genes encoding the rRNA building block of ribosome needed most during the exponential stage of growth, whereas those in the RES expressed substantially decreased levels of this gene and were cleared soon presumably by innate immune systems. Based on this finding, we engineered ΔppGpp S. Gallinarum to express constitutively a recombinant immunotoxin comprising TGFα and the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) using a constitutive exponential phase promoter, the ribosomal RNA promoter rrnB P1. The construct exerted anticancer effects on mice grafted with mouse colon (CT26) or breast (4T1) tumor cells without any notable adverse effects, suggesting that constitutive expression of cytotoxic anticancer protein from rrnB P1 occurred only in tumor tissue.
Nutritional Intake, Hospital Readmissions and Length of Stay in Hospitalised Oncology Patients
Authors: Meure Cecelia MacFarling , Steer Belinda , Porter Judi
Published: February 2023

Background: Poor food intake is an independent risk factor for malnutrition in oncology patients, and achieving adequate nutrition is essential for optimal clinical and health outcomes. This study investigated interrelationships between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes in hospitalised adult oncology patients. Methods: Estimated nutrition intake data were obtained from patients admitted to a 117-bed tertiary cancer centre during May–July 2022. Clinical healthcare data, including length of stay (LOS) and 30-day hospital readmissions, were obtained from patient medical records. Statistical analysis, including multivariable regression analysis, assessed whether poor nutritional intake was predictive of LOS and readmissions. Results: No relationships between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes were evident. Patients at risk of malnutrition had lower mean daily energy (−898.9 kJ, p = 0.001) and protein (−10.34 g, p = 0.015) intakes. Increased malnutrition risk at admission prolonged LOS (1.33 days, p = 0.008). Hospital readmission rates were 20.2%, and associated with age (r = −0.133, p = 0.015), presence of metastases (r = 0.125, p = 0.02) and longer LOS (1.34 days, r = 0.145, p = 0.02). Sarcoma (43.5%), gynaecological (36.8%) and lung (40.0%) cancers had the highest readmission rates. Conclusions: Despite research showing the benefits of nutritional intake during hospitalisation, evidence continues to emerge on the relationship between nutritional intake and LOS and readmissions that may be confounded by malnutrition risk and cancer diagnosis.
Ionic Liquids: Advances and Applications in Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Neofotistos Stavros P. , Tzani Andromachi , Detsi Anastasia
Published: February 2023

Ionic liquids are a family of liquids that are composed entirely of ions and usually have melting points lower than 100 °C. Extensive research, along with the ever-growing interest of the scientific community, allowed for the development of a multitude of ionic liquids with low melting points. Such compounds are considered neoteric materials as well as ideal, custom-made solvents for a variety of different chemical transformations. In this regard, the importance of phase transfer catalysis is evident in a diversity of substrates and reactions. The use of phase transfer catalysts allows the reaction to proceed, facilitating the transfer of otherwise insoluble reactants to the desired phase. Recent scientific advances led to the emergence of ionic liquids, which are excellent candidates as phase transfer catalysts. The inherent fine-tuning capability of these molecules, along with the potential of phase transfer catalytic reactions, epitomize the sustainable aspect of this field of research. Herein, a cohesive report of such applications will be presented, including the period from the last decade of the 20th century up to date.
Nucleophilic Reactions Using Alkali Metal Fluorides Activated by Crown Ethers and Derivatives
Authors: Oh Young-Ho , Jeong Ju Gyeong , Kim Dong Wook , Lee Sungyul
Published: February 2023

We review crown ether-facilitated nucleophilic reactions using metal salts, presenting the studies using kinetic measurements and quantum chemical methods. We focus on the mechanistic features, specifically on the contact ion-pair (CIP) mechanism of metal salts for nucleophilic processes promoted by crown ethers and derivatives. Experimental verification of the CIP form of the metal salt CsF complexed with [18-Crown-6] by H-NMR spectroscopy is described. The use of chiral crown ethers and derivatives for enantioselective nucleophilic processes is also discussed.
Roles of Astrocytic Endothelin ETB Receptor in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Michinaga Shotaro , Hishinuma Shigeru , Koyama Yutaka
Published: February 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an intracranial injury caused by accidents, falls, or sports. The production of endothelins (ETs) is increased in the injured brain. ET receptors are classified into distinct types, including ETA receptor (ETA-R) and ETB receptor (ETB-R). ETB-R is highly expressed in reactive astrocytes and upregulated by TBI. Activation of astrocytic ETB-R promotes conversion to reactive astrocytes and the production of astrocyte-derived bioactive factors, including vascular permeability regulators and cytokines, which cause blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, and neuroinflammation in the acute phase of TBI. ETB-R antagonists alleviate BBB disruption and brain edema in animal models of TBI. The activation of astrocytic ETB receptors also enhances the production of various neurotrophic factors. These astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factors promote the repair of the damaged nervous system in the recovery phase of patients with TBI. Thus, astrocytic ETB-R is expected to be a promising drug target for TBI in both the acute and recovery phases. This article reviews recent observations on the role of astrocytic ETB receptors in TBI.
The Two Faces of Immune-Related lncRNAs in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Bueno-Urquiza Lesly J. , Martínez-Barajas Marcela G. , Villegas-Mercado Carlos E. , García-Bernal Jonathan R. , Pereira-Suárez Ana L. , Aguilar-Medina Maribel , Bermúdez Mercedes
Published: February 2023

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a group of cancers originating from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, larynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and hypopharynx. Molecular factors can be key in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of HNSCC patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are molecular regulators composed of 200 to 100,000 nucleotides that act on the modulation of genes that activate signaling pathways associated with oncogenic processes such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis in tumor cells. However, up until now, few studies have discussed the participation of lncRNAs in modeling the tumor microenvironment (TME) to generate a protumor or antitumor environment. Nevertheless, some immune-related lncRNAs have clinical relevance, since AL139158.2, AL031985.3, AC104794.2, AC099343.3, AL357519.1, SBDSP1, AS1AC108010.1, and TM4SF19-AS1 have been associated with overall survival (OS). MANCR is also related to poor OS and disease-specific survival. MiR31HG, TM4SF19-AS1, and LINC01123 are associated with poor prognosis. Meanwhile, LINC02195 and TRG-AS1 overexpression is associated with favorable prognosis. Moreover, ANRIL lncRNA induces resistance to cisplatin by inhibiting apoptosis. A superior understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs that modify the characteristics of TME could contribute to increasing the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Differential Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in an In Vitro Model of Human Leaky Gut
Authors: d’Angelo Michele , Brandolini Laura , Catanesi Mariano , Castelli Vanessa , Giorgio Cristina , Alfonsetti Margherita , Tomassetti Mara , Zippoli Mara , Benedetti Elisabetta , Cesta Maria Candida , Colagioia Sandro , Cocchiaro Pasquale , Cimini Annamaria , Allegretti Marcello
Published: February 2023

The intestinal barrier is the main contributor to gut homeostasis. Perturbations of the intestinal epithelium or supporting factors can lead to the development of intestinal hyperpermeability, termed “leaky gut”. A leaky gut is characterized by loss of epithelial integrity and reduced function of the gut barrier, and is associated with prolonged use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories. The harmful effect of NSAIDs on intestinal and gastric epithelial integrity is considered an adverse effect that is common to all drugs belonging to this class, and it is strictly dependent on NSAID properties to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzymes. However, different factors may affect the specific tolerability profile of different members of the same class. The present study aims to compare the effects of distinct classes of NSAIDs, such as ketoprofen (K), Ibuprofen (IBU), and their corresponding lysine (Lys) and, only for ibuprofen, arginine (Arg) salts, using an in vitro model of leaky gut. The results obtained showed inflammatory-induced oxidative stress responses, and related overloads of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) accompanied by protein oxidation and morphological changes to the intestinal barrier, many of these effects being counteracted by ketoprofen and ketoprofen lysin salt. In addition, this study reports for the first time a specific effect of R-Ketoprofen on the NFkB pathway that sheds new light on previously reported COX-independent effects, and that may account for the observed unexpected protective effect of K on stress-induced damage on the IEB.
CRISPR/dCas9-KRAB-Mediated Suppression of S100b Restores p53-Mediated Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells
Authors: Roy Choudhury Samrat , Heflin Billie , Taylor Erin , Koss Brian , Avaritt Nathan L. , Tackett Alan J.
Published: February 2023

Overexpression of S100B is routinely used for disease-staging and for determining prognostic outcomes in patients with malignant melanoma. Intracellular interactions between S100B and wild-type (WT)-p53 have been demonstrated to limit the availability of free WT-p53 in tumor cells, inhibiting the apoptotic signaling cascade. Herein, we demonstrate that, while oncogenic overexpression of S100B is poorly correlated (R < 0.3; p > 0.05) to alterations in S100B copy number or DNA methylation in primary patient samples, the transcriptional start site and upstream promoter of the gene are epigenetically primed in melanoma cells with predicted enrichment of activating transcription factors. Considering the regulatory role of activating transcription factors in S100B upregulation in melanoma, we stably suppressed S100b (murine ortholog) by using a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to a transcriptional repressor, Krüppel-associated box (KRAB). Selective combination of S100b-specific single-guide RNAs and the dCas9-KRAB fusion significantly suppressed expression of S100b in murine B16 melanoma cells without noticeable off-target effects. S100b suppression resulted in recovery of intracellular WT-p53 and p21 levels and concomitant induction of apoptotic signaling. Expression levels of apoptogenic factors (i.e., apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-3, and poly-ADP ribose polymerase) were altered in response to S100b suppression. S100b-suppressed cells also showed reduced cell viability and increased susceptibility to the chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin and tunicamycin. Targeted suppression of S100b therefore offers a therapeutic vulnerability to overcome drug resistance in melanoma.
Information–Thermodynamic Method for the Study of Proliferation of Organized Cellular Structure
Authors: Volov Vyacheslav T. , Volova Larisa T. , Kolsanov Alexander V.
Published: February 2023

The aim of the article was to develop an innovative method for the study of cell proliferation based on the information–thermodynamic approach, including the mathematical ratio—the entropy of cell proliferation and an algorithm for the calculation of fractal dimension of the cellular structure. Approbation of this method with pulsed electromagnetic impact on culture in vitro was implemented. It is shown on the basis of experimental data that the organized cellular structure of juvenile human fibroblasts is a fractal. The method makes it possible to determine the stability of the effect on cell proliferation. The prospects for the application of the developed method are discussed.
Cerebellar Transcriptomic Analysis in a Chronic plus Binge Mouse Model of Alcohol Use Disorder Demonstrates Ethanol-Induced Neuroinflammation and Altered Glial Gene Expression
Authors: Holloway Kalee , Pinson Marisa , Douglas James , Rafferty Tonya , Kane Cynthia , Miranda Rajesh , Drew Paul
Published: February 2023

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common preventable mental health disorders and can result in pathology within the CNS, including the cerebellum. Cerebellar alcohol exposure during adulthood has been associated with disruptions in proper cerebellar function. However, the mechanisms regulating ethanol-induced cerebellar neuropathology are not well understood. High-throughput next generation sequencing was performed to compare control versus ethanol-treated adult C57BL/6J mice in a chronic plus binge model of AUD. Mice were euthanized, cerebella were microdissected, and RNA was isolated and submitted for RNA-sequencing. Down-stream transcriptomic analyses revealed significant changes in gene expression and global biological pathways in control versus ethanol-treated mice that included pathogen-influenced signaling pathways and cellular immune response pathways. Microglial-associated genes showed a decrease in homeostasis-associated transcripts and an increase in transcripts associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases, while astrocyte-associated genes showed an increase in transcripts associated with acute injury. Oligodendrocyte lineage cell genes showed a decrease in transcripts associated with both immature progenitors as well as myelinating oligodendrocytes. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms by which ethanol induces cerebellar neuropathology and alterations to the immune response in AUD.
Depletion of Paraoxonase 1 (Pon1) Dysregulates mTOR, Autophagy, and Accelerates Amyloid Beta Accumulation in Mice
Authors: Witucki Łukasz , Jakubowski Hieronim
Published: February 2023

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone detoxifying enzyme, has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), suggesting that PON1 plays an important protective role in the brain. To study the involvement of PON1 in the development of AD and to elucidate the mechanism involved, we generated a new mouse model of AD, the Pon1−/−xFAD mouse, and examined how Pon1 depletion affects mTOR signaling, autophagy, and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. To elucidate the mechanism involved, we examined these processes in N2a-APPswe cells. We found that Pon1 depletion significantly downregulated Phf8 and upregulated H4K20me1; mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and App were upregulated while autophagy markers Bcln1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated at the protein and mRNA levels in the brains of Pon1─/─5xFAD vs. Pon1+/+5xFAD mice. Pon1 depletion in N2a-APPswe cells by RNA interference led to downregulation of Phf8 and upregulation of mTOR due to increased H4K20me1-mTOR promoter binding. This led to autophagy downregulation and significantly increased APP and Aβ levels. Phf8 depletion by RNA interference or treatments with Hcy-thiolactone or N-Hcy-protein metabolites similarly increased Aβ levels in N2a-APPswe cells. Taken together, our findings define a neuroprotective mechanism by which Pon1 prevents Aβ generation.
KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer: Targeting Molecular and Immunologic Pathways, Therapeutic Advantages and Restrictions
Authors: Karimi Nastaran , Moghaddam Seyed Javad
Published: February 2023

RAS mutations are among the most common oncogenic mutations in human cancers. Among RAS mutations, KRAS has the highest frequency and is present in almost 30% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Lung cancer is the number one cause of mortality among cancers as a consequence of outrageous aggressiveness and late diagnosis. High mortality rates have been the reason behind numerous investigations and clinical trials to discover proper therapeutic agents targeting KRAS. These approaches include the following: direct KRAS targeting; synthetic lethality partner inhibitors; targeting of KRAS membrane association and associated metabolic rewiring; autophagy inhibitors; downstream inhibitors; and immunotherapies and other immune-modalities such as modulating inflammatory signaling transcription factors (e.g., STAT3). The majority of these have unfortunately encountered limited therapeutic outcomes due to multiple restrictive mechanisms including the presence of co-mutations. In this review we plan to summarize the past and most recent therapies under investigation, along with their therapeutic success rate and potential restrictions. This will provide useful information to improve the design of novel agents for treatment of this deadly disease.
Upregulation of TLR4-Dependent ATP Production Is Critical for Glaesserella parasuis LPS-Mediated Inflammation
Authors: Liu Fei , Gao Yidan , Jiao Jian , Zhang Yuyu , Li Jianda , Ding Luogang , Zhang Lin , Chen Zhi , Song Xiangbin , Yang Guiwen , Yu Jiang , Wu Jiaqiang
Published: February 2023

Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis), an important pathogenic bacterium, cause Glässer’s disease, and has resulted in tremendous economic losses to the global swine industry. G. parasuis infection causes typical acute systemic inflammation. However, the molecular details of how the host modulates the acute inflammatory response induced by G. parasuis are largely unknown. In this study, we found that G. parasuis LZ and LPS both enhanced the mortality of PAM cells, and at the same time, the level of ATP was enhanced. LPS treatment significantly increased the expressions of IL-1β, P2X7R, NLRP3, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, and GSDMD, leading to pyroptosis. Furthermore, these proteins’ expression was enhanced following extracellular ATP further stimulation. When reduced the production of P2X7R, NF-κB-NLRP3-GSDMS inflammasome signaling pathway was inhibited, and the mortality of cells was reduced. MCC950 treatment repressed the formation of inflammasome and reduced mortality. Further exploration found that the knockdown of TLR4 significantly reduced ATP content and cell mortality, and inhibited the expression of p-NF-κB and NLRP3. These findings suggested upregulation of TLR4-dependent ATP production is critical for G. parasuis LPS-mediated inflammation, provided new insights into the molecular pathways underlying the inflammatory response induced by G. parasuis, and offered a fresh perspective on therapeutic strategies.
miRNA Expression Profiles of Mouse Round Spermatids in GRTH/DDX25-Mediated Spermiogenesis: mRNA–miRNA Network Analysis
Authors: Anbazhagan Rajakumar , Kavarthapu Raghuveer , Dale Ryan , Campbell Kiersten , Faucz Fabio R. , Dufau Maria L.
Published: February 2023

GRTH/DDX25 is a testis-specific DEAD-box family of RNA helicase, which plays an essential role in spermatogenesis and male fertility. There are two forms of GRTH, a 56 kDa non-phosphorylated form and a 61 kDa phosphorylated form (pGRTH). GRTH-KO and GRTH Knock-In (KI) mice with R242H mutation (lack pGRTH) are sterile with a spermatogenic arrest at step 8 of spermiogenesis due to failure of round spermatids (RS) to elongate. We performed mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq analysis on RS of WT, KI, and KO to identify crucial microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs during RS development by establishing a miRNA–mRNA network. We identified increased levels of miRNAs such as miR146, miR122a, miR26a, miR27a, miR150, miR196a, and miR328 that are relevant to spermatogenesis. mRNA–miRNA target analysis on these DE-miRNAs and DE-mRNAs revealed miRNA target genes involved in ubiquitination process (Ube2k, Rnf138, Spata3), RS differentiation, and chromatin remodeling/compaction (Tnp1/2, Prm1/2/3, Tssk3/6), reversible protein phosphorylation (Pim1, Hipk1, Csnk1g2, Prkcq, Ppp2r5a), and acrosome stability (Pdzd8). Post-transcriptional and translational regulation of some of these germ-cell-specific mRNAs by miRNA-regulated translation arrest and/or decay may lead to spermatogenic arrest in KO and KI mice. Our studies demonstrate the importance of pGRTH in the chromatin compaction and remodeling process, which mediates the differentiation of RS into elongated spermatids through miRNA–mRNA interactions.
Food Advertisement and Dietary Choices in Adolescents: An Overview of Recent Studies
Authors: Tsochantaridou Anastasia , Sergentanis Theodoros N. , Grammatikopoulou Maria G. , Merakou Kyriakoula , Vassilakou Tonia , Kornarou Eleni
Published: February 2023

Adolescents are exposed to food marketing through many routes, including television, movies, videos, print media, online games, and social media. The interplay between exposure to unhealthy food advertisements and food choices by adolescents is a field of special interest given the ongoing evolution of social media trends and marketing strategies. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the scientific findings in the last five years (2017–2022) regarding the possible influence of nutrition-related advertisements through television, social media, or video games on the choice and consumption of unhealthy foods and drinks in adolescents. Nineteen studies were included in this review. Adolescents exposed to unhealthy food and beverage advertising showed high desire and intention to consume the advertised foods, as evidenced by the majority of included studies. The effects of advertisements are reinforced by peer pressure and influencers and interact with socioeconomic, biological, and environmental factors. Food marketing represents part of the obesogenic environment of the present time.
Contributors to Preterm Birth: Data from a Single Polish Perinatal Center
Authors: Jańczewska Iwona , Cichoń-Kotek Monika , Glińska Małgorzata , Deptulska-Hurko Katarzyna , Basiński Krzysztof , Woźniak Mateusz , Wiergowski Marek , Biziuk Marek , Szablewska Anna , Cichoń Mikołaj , Wierzba Jolanta
Published: February 2023

Preterm birth may result from overlapping causes including maternal age, health, previous obstetric history and a variety of social factors. We aimed to identify factors contributing to preterm birth in respect to new social and environmental changes in the reproductive patterns. Our cross-sectional study included 495 mother–infant pairs and was based on maternal self-reporting in an originally developed questionnaire. Neonates were divided into two groups: 72 premature babies (study group) and 423 full-term babies (control group). We analyzed maternal, sociodemographic and economic characteristics, habits, chronic diseases, previous obstetric history and pregnancy complications. For statistical analysis, Pearson’s Chi-squared independence test was used with a statistical significance level of 0.05. Preterm births were more common among mothers living in villages (p < 0.001) and with lower education level (p = 0.01). Premature births were also positively associated with mothers who were running their own businesses (p = 0.031). Mothers with a history of previous miscarriages gave birth at a significantly older age (p < 0.001). The most frequent pregnancy complications were hypothyroidism (41.4%), pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (DM; 17.8%) and hypertension (8.1%). Pregestational DM significantly influenced the occurrence of prematurity (p < 0.05). Pregestational DM, being professionally active, a lower education level and living outside cities are important risk factors of prematurity.
Effect of Different Etching Times on Pit-and-Fissure Sealant Micro-Shear Bond Strength to the Enamel of Primary Teeth
Authors: Kharouba Johnny , Gonoratsky Anna Annael , Brosh Tamar , Masri Mahmoud , Iraqi Rabea , Blumer Sigalit
Published: February 2023

Successful clinical use of pit-and-fissure sealants relies on the sufficient etching of the enamel, field isolation and sealant retention. The etching time changes the physical and mechanical surface properties of the etched tooth tissues; therefore, it impacts both etching depth and the bond strength of sealants to the enamel. We examined if reducing the recommended 15 s etching time of primary teeth enamel affects the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of pit-and-fissure sealants. The cusps of forty non-carious, extracted human primary molars were separately etched for 8, 15 or 30 s. Then, a pit-and-fissure sealant was placed and light-cured. The µSBS values were evaluated and compared among the three groups. The mean µSBS values ± standard deviations were 34.68 ± 16.93, 34.19 ± 17.35 and 36.56 ± 16.57 MPa in the cusps etched for 8, 15 and 30 s, respectively. No statistically significant differences in µSBS were observed among the three test groups. In this study, we showed for the first time that the recommended etching time of primary teeth enamel may be reduced from 15 to 8 s without compromising the µSBS of the sealant. Further evaluations in a clinical setting are warranted.
Methodology for a Low-Power and Low-Circuit-Area 15-Bit SAR ADC Using Split-Capacitor Mismatch Compensation and a Dynamic Element Matching Algorithm
Authors: Bontems William , Dzahini Daniel
Published: February 2023

This paper presents a design methodology for a low-power, low-chip-area, and high-resolution successive approximations register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed method includes a segmented capacitive DAC (C-DAC) to reduce the power consumption and the total area. An embedded self-calibration algorithm based on a set of trimming capacitors was applied alongside a dynamic element matching (DEM) procedure to control the inherent linearity issues caused by the process mismatch. The SAR ADC and each additional algorithm were modeled in MATLAB to show their efficiency. Finally, a simple methodology was developed to allow for the fast estimation of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) without any FFT calculation.
Low-Temperature H2/D2 Plasma–W Material Interaction and W Dust Production for Fusion-Related Studies
Authors: Marascu Valentina , Stancu Cristian , Acsente Tomy , Bonciu Anca , Constantin Catalin , Dinescu Gheorghe
Published: February 2023

In this paper, results concerning hydrogen and deuterium plasma (RF, 13.56 MHz) interactions with tungsten surfaces, were reported. We used the Hollow-Cathode (HC) configuration for plasma–tungsten surface interaction experiments, along with the collection of tungsten dust, at different distances. Further on, the plasma-exposed tungsten surfaces and the collected dust were morphologically analyzed by contact profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements, along with chemical investigations by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique. The results showed that exposing the tungsten surfaces to the hydrogen plasma induces surface erosion phenomena along with the formation of dust and interconnected W structures. Herein, the mean ejected material volume was ~1.1 × 105 µm3. Deuterium plasma facilitated the formation of blisters at the surface level. For this case, the mean ejected material volume was ~3.3 × 104 µm3. For both plasma types, tungsten dust within nano- and micrometer sizes could be collected. The current study offers a perspective of lab-scaled plasma systems, which are capable of producing tungsten fusion-like surfaces and dust.
Use of Clay and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Mortar and Concrete—A State-of-the-Art Analysis
Authors: Bunea Georgiana , Alexa-Stratulat Sergiu-Mihai , Mihai Petru , Toma Ionuț-Ovidiu
Published: February 2023

In the past decades, nanomaterials have become one of the focal points in civil engineering research. When added to cement-based construction materials (e.g., concrete), it results in significant improvements in their strength and other important properties. However, the final mix characteristics depend on many variables that must be taken into account. As such, there is no general consensus regarding the influence upon the original material of certain nano-sized additives, the optimum dosage or the synergistic effect of two or more nano-materials. This is also the case for titanium dioxide (TiO2) and nanoclay (NC). The paper focuses on reporting the existing research data on the use of the above-mentioned materials when added to mortar and concrete. The collected data is summarized and presented in terms of strength and durability properties of cement mortar and concrete containing either TiO2 or NC. Both nano-materials have been proven, by various studies, to increase the strength of the composite, at both room and elevated temperature, when added by themselves in 0.5%~12% for TiO2 and 0.25%~6% for NC. It can be inferred that a combination of the two with the cementitious matrix can be beneficial and may lead to obtaining a new material with improved strength, elastic and durability properties that can be applied in the construction industry, with implications at the economic, social and environmental levels.
Comparison of Self-Assembled Monolayers Using 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and Decyltrimethoxysilane in Vapor Phase for Porous SiOCH Dielectrics
Authors: Cheng Yi-Lung , Kao Joe , Zhang Hao-Wei , Lee Chih-Yen
Published: February 2023

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are the emerging materials to act as barriers in the back-end-of-line interconnects for advanced technological nodes. In this study, SAMs were formed on the porous SiOCH (p-SiOCH) films by using different precursors: 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) or decyltrimethoxysilane (DTMOS), in the vapor phase. Effects of SAMs precursors on the electrical characteristics and reliability of p-SiOCH films were characterized and compared. Experimental results indicated that both SAMs derived from APTMS and DTMOS enhanced the breakdown field and time-dependent dielectric breakdown, provided Cu barrier capacity, and promoted adhesion with Cu. In particular, APTMS-SAMs had a larger improvement, but a larger increase in the dielectric constant was observed as compared to DTMOS-SAMs. Therefore, SAMs derived from APTMS are a promising candidate for sub-nanometer barrier application for advanced interconnects.
Technologies of Coatings and Surface Hardening: Industrial Applications
Authors: Grigoriev Sergey N.
Published: February 2023

The most advanced and recently developed coating and surface-hardening technologies make it possible to obtain almost the full range of physical–mechanical and crystal–chemical properties of the metalworking tool surface and electronic component surface for a wide range of applications to enlarge product operational life for working under the most extreme mechanical and thermal loads [...]
Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Sodium Alginate/ε-Polylysine Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Edible Film
Authors: Bao Ruohan , He Xingfen , Liu Yifan , Meng Yuecheng , Chen Jie
Published: February 2023

The edible film (LBL film) was prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly technology using Sodium alginate (SA) and ε-polylysine (ε-PL) as polyanion and polycation, respectively. The self-assembly method was optimized, the mechanical and physical properties of the optimal LBL film were characterized, and its preservation effect on blueberry was explored. Results suggested that the transmittance of LBL2 film was above 85%, and the appearance was smooth and transparency consistent. We found that the structure was compact and uniform through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that LBL2 film had excellent thermal stability. And had lower water solubility and inhibitory effect on Alternaria. LBL2 films were significantly effective at inhibiting the growth of mold and maintain the firmness of postharvest blueberries. Compared with the control group, LBL2 films could prolong the shelf life of a blueberry by 1~2 days at room temperature.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of the Cu2SnS3 + GO Composite for the Degradation of Navy Blue ME2RL Industrial Dye
Authors: Shelke Harshad , Machale Archana , Surwase Avinash , Shaikh Shoyebmohamad , Rana Abu , Pathan Habib
Published: February 2023

In the present work, the photocatalytic activity of pristine Cu2SnS3 (CTS) and a composite with graphene oxide (GO), i.e., CTS + GO, prepared by the precipitation technique, and its utilization as a catalyst for the degradation of Navy Blue (NB) ME2RL reactive azo dye were studied. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized composite were evaluated. The degradation of azo dyes was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the CTS + GO composite under visible light irradiation. When compared to pure CTS, the CTS + GO nanocomposite demonstrated increased photocatalytic activity. The improved photocatalysis is due to reduced recombination of generated charge carriers, better visible light absorption, and modified dye absorption via GO amalgamation in CTS. The simple and well-organized chemical bath method for catalyst preparation will be more suited to industrial production.
Off-Axis Polarization Volume Lens for Diffractive Waveguide
Authors: Zhang Lixuan , Weng Yishi , Wei Ran , Wang Chuang , Gu Yuchen , Huang Chenyu , Zhang Yuning
Published: February 2023

In augmented reality diffractive waveguide technology, the light field needs to be collimated before being transmitted into the diffractive waveguide. Conventional schemes usually require additional collimating optics to collimate the light from the micro-image source and guide it into the waveguide in-coupling elements. In order to meet the needs of head-mounted devices and further miniaturize the equipment, this paper proposes a waveguide device that combines collimation and coupling by using a reflective polarization volume lens (PVL). A related model is also established and simulated to calculate the diffraction and transmission characteristics of the PVL element, and is then improved to fit the experiment. The diffraction lens studied in this paper has high diffraction efficiency with a large off-axis angle, which can fold the optical path and reduce considerably the volume of the optical system when applied to the waveguide system.
Impact of Using Tungsten, Cobalt, and Aluminum Additives on the Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Iron Composites
Authors: Mohammed Moustafa M. , Alrasheedi Nashmi H. , El-Kady Omayma A. , Djuansjah Joy , Essa Fadl A. , Elsheikh Ammar H.
Published: February 2023

The effect of tungsten, aluminum, and cobalt on the mechanical properties of iron-based composites prepared by powder technology was studied. Five samples with different contents of tungsten, aluminum, and cobalt were established. The five samples have the following chemical compositions: (I) full iron sample, (II) 5wt.% tungsten, (III) 5wt.% tungsten-4wt.% cobalt-1wt.% aluminum, (IV) 5wt.% tungsten-2.5wt.% cobalt-2.5wt.% aluminum, and (V) 5wt.% tungsten-1wt.% cobalt-4wt.% aluminum. The mixed composite powders were prepared by mechanical milling, in which 10:1 ball to powder ratio with 350 rpm for 20 h was cold compacted by a diaxial press under 80 bars, then sintered at temperatures ranging from 1050 °C to 1250 °C in an argon furnace. The samples were characterized mechanically and physically using XRD, SEM, a density measuring device, a hardness measuring device, a compression test device, and a tribological device for wear and friction tests. XRD results refer to the formation of different intermetallic compounds such as Fe7W6, Al5Co2, Fe2W2Co and Co7W6 with the main peaks of Fe. The good combination of tribological and mechanical properties was recorded for sample number five, which contained 5% W, 4% Al, 1% Co and Fe base, where it obtained the highest wear resistance, largest hardness, acceptable compressive strength, and lowest friction coefficient due to the good combination of hard and anti-friction intermetallic action compared with the other samples. This sample is a good candidate for applications which require high wear resistance and a moderate friction coefficient accompanied with high toughness, like bearing materials for both static and dynamic loading with superior mechanical and tribological properties.
Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Freezing on the Crystal Structure of Mango Sorbet
Authors: Kamińska-Dwórznicka Anna , Kot Anna , Jakubczyk Ewa , Buniowska-Olejnik Magdalena , Nowacka Małgorzata
Published: February 2023

In this study, the effect of ultrasound-assisted immersion freezing (UAF) of mango sorbet in comparison to conventional freezer freezing, on freezing course and created crystal structure, was studied. The scope of work included the preparation of a sorbet mixture prepared on the basis of frozen mango fruit with the addition of locust bean gum (LBG), guar gum and a commercial mix of carrageenan without the addition of stabilizers, and freezing it using a conventional freezer and ultrasound-assisted freezing equipment, with variable operating parameters (21.5 kHz and 40 kHz—continuous or chopped mode). Then, the freezing time and the crystal structure of the frozen samples (a microscopy analysis) were examined. US-assisted freezing reduced the time of the process for stabilized samples of the sorbet. It was also proven that, proper stabilization with the combination of US treatment results in the formation of favorable crystal structure. Stabilized sorbet subjected to US action at a frequency of 21.5 kHz in chopped mode was characterized by the most uniform crystal structure, consisting of crystals with the smallest diameters among all the tested samples; the equivalent diameter was 9 µm, while for the stabilized control it was 25 µm.
Frustrated Magnet Mn3Al2Ge3O12 Garnet: Crystal Growth by the Optical Floating Zone Method
Authors: Islam Manisha , Ciomaga Hatnean Monica , Balakrishnan Geetha , Petrenko Oleg A.
Published: February 2023

Mn3Al2Ge3O12 is a member of the garnet family of compounds, A3B2(CO4)3, whose magnetic properties are affected by a high degree of geometrical frustration. The magnetic frustration is at the origin of the intriguing magnetic properties that these materials exhibit, such as a long range hidden order derived from multipoles formed from 10-spin loops in the gadolinium gallium garnet, Gd3Ga5O12. Mn3Al2Ge3O12 garnet is isostructural to the thoroughly investigated Gd garnets, Gd3Ga5O12 and Gd3Al5O12. Moreover, in Mn3Al2Ge3O12, the Heisenberg-like Mn2+ magnetic ions (L= 0) are also arranged in corner sharing triangles that form a hyperkagomé structure. The identical crystallographic structures and similar Heisenberg-like behaviour of the magnetic ions make manganese aluminium germanium garnet the closest compound to the gadolinium garnets in its magnetic properties. Here, we report, for the first time, the growth of a large, high quality single crystal of the Mn3Al2Ge3O12 garnet by the floating zone method. X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterise and confirm the high crystalline quality of the Mn3Al2Ge3O12 crystal boule. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal an antiferromagnetic ordering of the Mn2+ ions below TN= 6.5 K. The high quality of the single crystal obtained makes it ideal for detailed investigations of the magnetic properties of the system, especially using neutron scattering techniques.
Conductivities in Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Hu Huijia , Zou Jie , Shan Liang , Jiang Xiaoqing , Ni Yongjian , Li Xuebin , Qian Xianwei , Chen Wenwen , Zhou Yucun , Zhang Weifeng , Wei Shihao , Jian Jiawen
Published: February 2023

Yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BZY) has emerged as an attractive candidate for application as a proton (H+)-conducting solid electrolyte due to its high ionic conductivity and excellent chemical stability. In this study, the conductivities of BaZr(1−x)YxO3−δ (BZY, x = 0, 0.037, 0.074, 0.148, and 0.22) with different carriers were studied based on density functional theory (DFT) and experiments. The results revealed that yttrium doping can effectively reduce the energy barrier for the migration of protons and oxygen ions (O2−). When comparing the energy barriers for protons and oxygen ions, the energy barriers for proton migration were found to be lower than those for oxygen ion migration, which indicates that a proton conductor can offer the advantages of lower activation energy and, possibly, higher conductivity. An analysis of the electronic structure of the BZYs found that the top of the valence band exceeded the Fermi energy level following yttrium doping. As a result, the electron conductivity increased as the yttrium content increased. Furthermore, this study also tested the total conductivity of BaZr(1−x)YxO3−δ (BZY, x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) and found the trend of the total conductivity to be consistent with the results of the DFT calculations.
Supramolecular Self-Assembly and Photo-Induced Transition of a Halogenated Azo-Benzene Molecule on Au(111) Surface
Authors: Ijaz Talha , Zhang Xin , Chen Xiaorui , Xing Xueting , Fang Simin , Liu Mengyuan , Lu Huan , Li Fangsen , Gao Jianzhi , Pan Minghu
Published: February 2023

Azobenzene derivatives are a unique class of photo-switch molecules with promising potential for nanoscale optical applications. We have studied the self-assembly and photo-induced mechanical switching of azobenzene derivatives on Au(111) at the single-molecule level by using scanning tunneling microscope (STM). 4,4′-Dibromo-azobenzene (Br-AB) molecules are assembled into two types of well-ordered structures on Au(111) surfaces in the trans-isomer configuration. Br-AB molecules experienced configurational changes from trans-to-cis photo-isomerization upon the exposure to the UV light. This photo-isomerization of Br-AB molecules was observed to occur at random sites of ordered structure, evidenced by the appearance of bright protrusions with the height increment. Our results may open up new routes to engineer nanoscale photo-switch molecular devices.