bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation of Two Anaerobic Reactors for Removing Sulphate from Industrial Effluents
Authors: Bertolino Sueli Moura , Melgaço Lucas Antônio , Quites Nayara Carolina , Leao Versiane Albis
Published: October 2013

Reactors hydrodynamic condition and the choice of substrate are important factors for the optimization and implementation of this sulphate-reducing biological process. This study evaluated two continuous anaerobic reactors, UASB and fluidized bed. The maximum removal achieved by the UASB reactor when operated without recirculation was 65% for a substrate load applied to 3.55 kg/m3 d. When the mass transfer conditions of the reactor were improved by recirculating the biomass, the sulphate removal efficiency increased to 89%, representing a removal rate of 1.94 kg SO42-/m-3 .d-1. Glycerol was used with the carbon and electron source for SRB in the fluidized bed reactor and was compared to the performance with lactate. For the same sulphate load applied, a removal efficiency of 70%-90% was observed, resulting in a residual concentration average of 254 mg/L sulphate. Glycerol, which is a by-product from biodiesel production, is a potential choice as substrate for sulphate reduction.
Copper Removal by Botryococcus braunii Biomass with Associated Production of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Mar Areco Maria , Cainzos Veronica , Curutchet Gustavo
Published: October 2013

The goal of the present article is to evaluate the potential of copper (II) removal from acidic wastewater, associated with the production of hydrocarbons by the microalgaeBotryococcus braunii. Results demonstrate that the growth ofB. brauniiis correlated with the hydrocarbon production as well as with alcalinization and copper removal from the medium. Even thoughB. brauniidid not present high rates of copper adsorption, the increase in the pH of the media promotes the precipitation of the metal. In this way copper can be removed from solution by both, adsorption and precipitation. Results suggest that metabolic active biomass ofB. brauniicould be used for copper removal from solution while it produces appreciable quantities of hydrocarbons. This fact is very interesting in order to develop new remediation processes of waste water with coupled energy production.
Gold, Silver and Platinum Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Orange Peel Extract
Authors: Castro Laura , Blázquez María Luisa , González Felisa , Muñoz Jesús Angel , Ballester Antonio
Published: October 2013

Nowadays, metal nanoparticles have attracted a great scientific interest due to their unique optoelectronic and physicochemical properties with applications in diverse areas such as molecular diagnostics and drug delivery, electronics, catalysis or sensing. The development of techniques for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles of well defined size, shape and composition has become a big challenge. Development of reliable and eco-friendly processes for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an important step in the field of applied nanotechnology. The use of biological systems as factories to produce nanoparticles is one way to achieve this objective. This study reports the synthesis of different metallic nanoparticles (gold, silver and platinum) through reduction of metal precursors by the extract of orange peel. It also demonstrates that particle size and shape could be controlled by varying parameters such as pH.
Identification and Characterization of a Psychrotolerant Acidithiobacillus Strain from Chilean Altiplano
Authors: Barahona Sergio , Dorador Cristina , Remonsellez Francisco
Published: October 2013

Mesophilic iron and sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles are commonly used for the extraction of base metals from low-grade sulfide ores in some copper Chilean mines. However, relatively little is known about their activities in cold environments. Some natural ecosystems present in the Andes Mountains, such as the Chilean Altiplano, meet environmental conditions for the growth of psychrotolerant leaching microorganisms. In this work, we obtained enrichment cultures of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms from an acid river in the Chilean Altiplano. Molecular identification was performed using PCR products of bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries, and the sequences analysis revealed the presence of a microorganism related to the recently described psychrotolerantAcidithiobacillus ferrivorans. TheAcidithiobacillusstrain was able to grow at temperatures ranging between 4 and 30°C, and pH values ranged between 1.7 and 2.5. According to the energy sources, this microorganism was able to grow using ferric iron, sulfur, thiosulfate and tetrathionate. Optimal growth was observed in presence of ferric ion, where the culture reached a potential redox value of 600 mV and a cellular number of 3×107cells/mL. Molecular analysis of variants of gene encoding for rusticyanin showed thatrusBgene was amplified fromA. ferrivoransstrain and no PCR product was obtained for therusAgene. Our description is consistent with data previously reported forA. ferrivoransstrains. Finally, results of this study highlight the importance and potential of novel native bacterial species proficient in mineral oxidation under low-temperature conditions.
Characterisation of a Novel Genus of Oxalate-Degrading Beta-Proteobacteria Isolated from a Full-Scale Bioreactor Treating Bayer Liquor Organic Wastes
Authors: Boxall Naomi J. , Franzmann Peter D. , Tilbury Amanda L. , Nyeboer Hugh J. , McKinnon Anthony J. , Sutton David C. , Kaksonen Anna H.
Published: October 2013

A novel industrial-scale bioreactor was implemented by Alcoa of Australia (Alcoa) at its Kwinana alumina refinery (Western Australia) for the degradation of oxalate, an organic byproduct of the Bayer alumina refining process. At the Kwinana refinery oxalate is removed from the Bayer Liquor via a separate side-stream as it increases the operating costs associated with the process and, at sufficiently high levels, may adversely affect the quality and yield of the final alumina product. The bioreactor process provides a more economic and environmentally friendly method for the treatment of removed oxalate compared with chemical conversion or storage of the solid by-product. In previous studies, the microbial community composition of the bioreactor was investigated and was found to be largely dominated by microorganisms of the α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteriasubgroups. During the present study, two bacteria that had the ability to use oxalate as a sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from samples obtained from the bioreactor. Phylogenetic and physiological analyses indicated that the two isolates were probably strains of a novel species of a novel genus within the β-Proteobacteriasubgroup. Isolation and characterisation of the microbial communities within the bioreactor system has the potential to improve process operation, which may have a positive impact on the biological oxalate destruction process and the footprint of alumina production.
Finite Element Analysis of Orthogonal Hard Turning with Different Tool Geometries
Authors: Farkas Balázs Zsolt
Published: October 2013

The finite element analysis of hard turning is a strongly investigated research topic thanks to the possible result of the simulations related to the chip morphology, tool wear process, cutting forces etc. The high precision hard turning differs from the conventional hard turning in the view of the depth of cut and feed rate. At low chip volumes, the rigidity of machine and clamping, the geometry of cutting tool play an important role. This research aims to investigate the stress and temperature development of different edge preparations by finite element method.
Burr Formation in Metal Cutting Operations and some Deburring Methods
Authors: Kodácsy János , Szabó András
Published: October 2013

Remained burrs on edges of the parts after metal cutting operations may cause many problems in the production process and in the quality of products, therefore the burrs must be completely removed. In the paper, the authors give an outline of the elements and the technical and economical influences of the burr formation, and the characteristics of the burrs and the burr formation mechanisms. The authors present some special processes that are suitable for deburring of small pieces (e.g. Magnetic Abrasive Deburring), and a frequently applied mechanical process: power brushing. The authors have carried out many investigations regarding the magnetic abrasive deburring of small, blanked sheet metal parts, furthermore the machine deburring of large-sized metal workpieces by carbide-reinforced cylindrical brushes. The detailed conditions, data, results and conclusions of these deburring experiments are treated in the paper too.
Experimental Research of Cutting Performance and Quality Abilities of Modern Drilling Tools
Authors: Palásti-Kovács Béla , Sipos Sándor , Szalóki István
Published: October 2013

As it has turned out from statistical surveys, carried out in workshops, the greatest part of industrial machining is hole making operation. By this fact can be explained that the tool manufacturing companies pay a special attention to the development of drilling tools. The features of an advanced construction can be charaterised by the curved main edge, the missing chisel edge, the flank land, produced by three-plane sharpening, the chamfer, optimized to the task and the coolant bores as well [1, . The load carrying capacity of the micro-grained carbide base materials can be developed further by the considerable hardness and heat resistance of coatings and by their low friction coefficient. The synergic effect of all these developments makes the drilling tools suitable for carrying out high perfomance machining tasks: the reliability of the operations - simultaneously with the fulfillment of quality expectations - is increasing, in this way the requirement of cost efficiency can be achieved as well.
Micropositioning System with Flexure Hinges for Microfactories
Authors: Lates Daniel , Noveanu Simona , Csibi Vencel Iosif
Published: October 2013

In this paper it is presented a ductile system for micropositioning in a two-dimensional coordinate system. Accuracy positioning results from usage of asymmetric flexure hinges. It also it is presented the modeling of the asymmetric flexure hinges, finite element analysis, and experimental work. For the micropositioning system are determined both theoretical and experimental displacements and stress. The system consists of three actuators which are individually controlled.
Validation of 3D Finite Element Simulation of Chip Removal Process Performed by Unique Insert Geometry
Authors: Takács Márton
Published: October 2013

Main aim of our current research activity is experimental and theoretical investigation of cutting process performed by unique insert geometries. The new geometries should affect smaller cutting forces, less vibration, and better surface quality. Other aspect can be the higher productivity. Economical investigation requires single production, which can be realized by micro EDM process. This paper gives summary about preliminary investigation of application of DEFORM 3D software for simulation of chip removal process performed by cutting insert with unique geometry. Fabrication of unique geometry means modification of the rake face in this case. Experiments were carried out on workpiece material AISI1045. Feed rate and cutting velocity were changed; cutting forces (Fc) and surface roughness (Ra) were measured. Exact geometrical model of the modified cutting insert were applied for FEM simulation. Results of numerical simulation and experiments show good agreement.
On the Multi-Level Unit Load Formation Model
Authors: Illés Béla , Bognár Gabriella
Published: October 2013

One of the most important issues in storage and transport processes is the formation of unit loads. Our main goal is to investigate the homogeneous and multi-level unit load formation cases. We give a model involving the major factors and parameters of the unit load formations. The optimization process is introduced using the formulated objective functions and constraints related to the basic tasks. The aim of the optimization process is to maximize the volume of goods that can fit into the unit load formation equipment.
Verification of Process Fluids in Mass Production
Authors: Zajac Jozef , Mitaľ Dušan , Michalik Peter
Published: October 2013

The paper presents fundamental problems of development of processing medias for a chip removal technology, technology of forming operations and cleaning technology. The 4th parts of the paper presents about a trends of operating of metalworking fluids.
Improving the Efficiency of the Cutting Tool Made of Ceramic when Machining Hardened Steel by Applying Nano-Dispersed Multi-Layered Coatings
Authors: Vereschaka Anatoliy Stepanovich , Grigoriev Sergey N. , Tabakov Valery P. , Sotova Ekaterina S. , Vereschaka Alexey Anatolevich , Kulikov Mikhail Yu.
Published: October 2013

The functional role of nano-dispersed multi-layered composite coatings (NMCC) deposited on the working surfaces of cutting inserts (CI) made of the layered high-strength ceramic (LHC) to equip the cutting tools when cutting hardened (high-strength) steels was investigated. It is shown that the variation in the composition, structure and properties of coatings allows controlling the contact processes at cutting, increasing the length of contact, reducing normal contact stresses and probability of micro- and macro-brittle failure of tool cutting edge. The mathematical models of cutting which establish dependences of flank wear land of the tool, the tangential component of cutting force, power of cutting and roughness of the machined surface from conditions of cutting of high-strengthen steels are developed. It is found out that the application of nano-dispersed ceramic multi-layered coatings on ceramic tool significantly increases its wear resistance and improves the quality of machining.
XXXI World Congress of Internal Medicine
Santiago de Chile, November 11–15, 2012
Authors: Kucharz Eugeniusz Józef
Published: October 2013

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aaa aa a aa aaaa a aa a a a aa aa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Whose identity politics? – Lessons for emerging critical disability geography in Hungary
Authors: Timár J. , Fabula Sz.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. In response to the economic crisis in 2009, the Hungarian government reduced the level of support for the employment of impaired people. The withdrawal of this state support has not only resulted in a massive wave of dismissals, but has also transformed some peripheral settlements into spaces of resistance. The research presented in this paper was conducted to understand the nature of political actions organised in Békés County (one of Hungary's disadvantaged regions) in order to support the social employment of impaired people. By analysing these political actions we have highlighted certain contradictions of applying the concept of identity politics in a post-socialist context, and the advantages of a combined, biosocial model. On the one hand, the outline of the political and economic situation helped us understand that the analysed social protests only resembled identity politics. In reality, they may even have contributed to the reproduction of ableism. On the other hand, by integrating individual experiences into the social model of disability we could also reveal that according to our impaired interviewees, it is not only their impairments and/or disabilities that render daily life difficult. Their firm call for changes in both economic and regional policy suggests that the deliberate and combined use of identity and class politics would be particularly important. Overall, our results suggest that it is essential for scholars in Hungary to engage more strongly in critical disability geography and to thus help the approach take root and develop further.
Immer unter Verdacht? – Identitätszuschreibungen im Kontext des Kleinhandels an der Außengrenze der Europäischen Union
Authors: Miggelbrink J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The harmonized, uniform Schengen border regime that secures the "Area of Freedom, Security and Justice" has led to remarkable changes of conditions for border crossing in Eastern Europe. Morover, its assemblage of documents, procedures, techniques, locations etc. of control and surveillance controls and governs the identities of travellers. The article analyses how small-scales traders at the Polish-Belarusian border, the Polish-Ukrainian border and the Romanian-Ukrainian border who operate on the edges of the legal and the formal (and even beyond) are being confronted with these new ascriptions of identities, the ways they feel being governed by the new border and their reactions to. The fieldwork focuses a period shortly after the Schengen border was shifted towards Eastern Europe in 2007.
Impacts of tropical cyclones on hydrochemistry of a subtropical forest
Authors: Chang C. T. , Hamburg S. P. , Hwong J. L. , Lin N. H. , Hsueh M. L. , Chen M. C. , Lin T. C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Tropical cyclones (typhoons/hurricanes) have major impacts on the biogeochemistry of forest ecosystems, but the stochastic nature and the long intervals between storms means that there are limited data on their effects. We characterised the impacts of 14 typhoons over six years on hydrochemistry of a subtropical forest plantation in Taiwan, a region experiencing frequent typhoons. Typhoons contributed 1/3 of the annual rainfall on average, but ranged from 4 to 55%. The stochastic nature of annual typhoon related precipitation poses a challenge with respect to managing the impacts of these extreme events. This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that typhoon-related rainfall is not significantly correlated with wind velocity, the current focus of weather forecasts. Thus, little advance warning is provided for the hydrological impacts of these storms. The typhoons we studied contributed approximately one third of the annual input and output of most nutrients (except nitrogen) during an average 9.5 day yr−1 period, resulting in nutrient input/output rates an order of magnitude greater than during non-typhoon months. Nitrate output balanced input during the non-typhoon period, but during the typhoon period an average of 10 kg ha−1 yr−1 nitrate was lost. Streamwater chemistry exhibited similarly high variability during typhoon and non-typhoon periods and returned to pre-typhoon levels one to three weeks following each typhoon. The streamwater chemistry appears to be very resilient in response to typhoons, resulting in minimal loss of nutrients.
Atenuação da intensidade de luz e profundidade de polimerização de resinas compostas
Authors: Werlang Jean Felipe Garlet , Dalfovo Ricardo João , Neiva Ivana Froede , Obici Andresa Carla
Published: October 2013

Objetivo: Avaliar a atenuação da luz através de diferentes espessuras de resina composta e a profundidade de polimerização. Materiais e Métodos: Foram utilizadas as resinas Opallis e Llis de esmalte (E) e de dentina (D), na cor A3. Para atenuação da luz foram empregadas matrizes metálicas (6,0mm de diâmetro e espessuras de 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0mm), as quais foram posicionadas na janela de leitura do radiômetro e a intensidade de luz medida antes e após a interposição do material. A profundidade de polimerização foirealizada seguindo os procedimentos recomendados na ISO 4049 (2000). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey com α=5%. Resultados: Os resultados de atenuação mostraram que as resinas Opallis e Llisdiferiram estatisticamente em todas as espessuras. Na comparação entre materiais, em 0,5mm houve diferença estatística significante apenas entre Opallis E e Llis D e entre Llis E e Llis D. Em 1,0mm não houve diferençaestatística significante entre Opallis E e Llis E e entre Opallis D e Llis D; em 1,5mm somente Opalllis D e Llis D não diferiram estatisticamente. Para 2,0mm ocorreram diferenças estatística significantes entre Opallis E eLlis E. Para profundidade de polimerização não houve diferença estatística significante entre Opallis E e Llis E e entre Opallis D e Llis D. Conclusão: Maiores valores de atenuação da intensidade de luz são observadosem resinas de dentina em ralação as de esmalte, assim como em maiores espessuras de material. Resinas compostas de dentina apresentaram menor profundidade de polimerização que as de esmalte.Descritores: Resinas compostas. Polimerização.
Prevalência de acidentes ocupacionais e perfil de vacinação contra Hepatite B entre estudantes e profissionais da odontologia: um estudo piloto
Authors: Andrade Neto Epitácio Pessoa de , Dutra Caio de Santiago , Lima Vilma , Goes Paula
Published: October 2013

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de acidentes ocupacionais e situação vacinal contra Hepatite B entre acadêmicos e profissionais da área de Odontologia. Materiais e Métodos: Este estudo piloto, de caráterdescritivo, utilizou durante a coleta de dados um questionário aplicado composto por itens de identificação,características do acidente e conduta frente à exposição. A amostra foi constituída de acadêmicos e profissionaisda área de Odontologia do município de Quixadá-CE. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 32 indivíduos, sendoque 59,0% deles relataram nunca ter sofrido acidente, enquanto 41,0% afirmaram ter sofrido algum tipo deacidente ocupacional. Dentre os acidentados, a maioria era mulher (62,0%). Os instrumentais mais relacionadosaos acidentes foram: agulha gengival e sonda exploradora. Na maioria das vezes, os acidentes foram do tipopercutâneo. Todos os participantes (100,0%) afirmaram estar utilizando todos os equipamentos de proteçãoindividual. Quanto à situação vacinal contra hepatite B, apesar de a maioria dos entrevistados ter relatadovacinação prévia (83,0%), apenas 23,0% deles apresentaram sorologia para anticorpo anti-Hb. Conclusão:a prevalência de exposição ocupacional a material biológico foi considerada alta e a situação vacinal contrahepatite B ainda encontra-se precária entre os graduandos e profissionais de Quixadá.Descritores: Saúde do trabalhador. Hepatite B. Exposição ocupacional.
Cuidados odontológicos e fatores associados em escolares do município de Indaiatuba-SP
Authors: Amaral Regiane Cristina do , Batista Marília Jesus , Cypriano Silvia , Sousa Maria da Luz Rosário de
Published: October 2013

Objetivo: Avaliar os cuidados odontológicos bem como fatores associados em escolares de 12 anos de idade, residentes em Indaiatuba-SP. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado a partir de um levantamento epidemiológico de saúde bucal em 151 estudantes provenientes de amostra probabilística por conglomerado e ponderada de escolas públicas e particulares, utilizando critérios da OMS. A amostra foi examinada quanto à experiência de cárie (CPOD), por quatro dentistas, treinados e calibrados, atingindo níveis de concordância aceitáveis para a coleta dos dados. Foi aplicado um questionário para obtenção de dados sociodemográficos. O índice de cuidados odontológicos foi calculado a partir da razão O/CPO multiplicado por 100. O último quartil (75%) foi a variável dependente deste estudo: os que apresentaram maior cuidado odontológico (O/CPO≥91%) e menor cuidado odontológico (< 91%). Foram realizadas análises bivariadas,sendo incluídas no modelo as variáveis com p≤0,25 para análise de Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Das 151 crianças examinadas, 52,3% (n=79) apresentavam-se livres de cárie, sendo o CPOD de 1,56 (±2,1). Nomunicípio a média do índice de cuidados odontológicos foi de 47,3%. Foram associados ao maior índice de cuidados odontológicos: procurar o dentista motivado por rotina (RP=2,32; IC 95%=1,29–4,19), utilizarserviço odontológico diferente do público (RP=2,37; IC 95%=1,11-5,48) e apresentar renda familiar mais alta (RP=2,68; IC95%= 2,10 - 7,66) após o ajuste do modelo de regressão. Conclusão: Os fatores renda, tipo deserviço odontológico e motivo da consulta odontológica foram associados ao maior cuidado odontológico.Descritores: Assistência odontológica para crianças. Saúde bucal. Epidemiologia.
Breast cancer treatment across health care systems: Linking electronic medical records and state registry data to enable outcomes research
Authors: Kurian Allison W. , Mitani Aya , Desai Manisha , Yu Peter P. , Seto Tina , Weber Susan C. , Olson Cliff , Kenkare Pragati , Gomez Scarlett L. , de Bruin Monique A. , Horst Kathleen , Belkora Jeffrey , May Suepattra G. , Frosch Dominick L. , Blayney Douglas W. , Luft Harold S. , Das Amar K.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Understanding of cancer outcomes is limited by data fragmentation. In the current study, the authors analyzed the information yielded by integrating breast cancer data from 3 sources: electronic medical records (EMRs) from 2 health care systems and the state registry.

METHODS

Diagnostic test and treatment data were extracted from the EMRs of all patients with breast cancer treated between 2000 and 2010 in 2 independent California institutions: a community‐based practice (Palo Alto Medical Foundation; “Community”) and an academic medical center (Stanford University; “University”). The authors incorporated records from the population‐based California Cancer Registry and then linked EMR‐California Cancer Registry data sets of Community and University patients.

RESULTS

The authors initially identified 8210 University patients and 5770 Community patients; linked data sets revealed a 16% patient overlap, yielding 12,109 unique patients. The percentage of all Community patients, but not University patients, treated at both institutions increased with worsening cancer prognostic factors. Before linking the data sets, Community patients appeared to receive less intervention than University patients (mastectomy: 37.6% vs 43.2%; chemotherapy: 35% vs 41.7%; magnetic resonance imaging: 10% vs 29.3%; and genetic testing: 2.5% vs 9.2%). Linked Community and University data sets revealed that patients treated at both institutions received substantially more interventions (mastectomy: 55.8%; chemotherapy: 47.2%; magnetic resonance imaging: 38.9%; and genetic testing: 10.9% [P < .001 for each 3‐way institutional comparison]).

CONCLUSIONS

Data linkage identified 16% of patients who were treated in 2 health care systems and who, despite comparable prognostic factors, received far more intensive treatment than others. By integrating complementary data from EMRs and population‐based registries, a more comprehensive understanding of breast cancer care and factors that drive treatment use was obtained. Cancer 2014;120:103–111. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
On Scattering for the Quintic Defocusing Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation on R × T2
Authors: Hani Zaher , Pausader Benoit
Published: October 2013

We consider the problem of large‐data scattering for the quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation onR×T2. This equation is critical both at the level of energy and mass. Most notably, we exhibit a new type of profile (a “large‐scale profile”) that controls the asymptotic behavior of the solutions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local detailed inspection methods to determine concrete properties on structures
Authors: Bjegović D. , Serdar M. , Stipanović Oslaković I. , Gulikers J.
Published: October 2013

During assessment of reinforced concrete structures, information about concrete properties can give a clearer insight into the prevailing reasons for premature degradation of structures. In this paper an overview is given of methods for local detailed inspection of concrete properties in corroding reinforced concrete structures. Recommended non‐destructive, semi‐destructive and destructive testing methods for determining mechanical and durability properties of concrete are given, together with some practical information about performing the method and analysing obtained results. Recommended criteria for evaluating concrete quality and potential risk of corrosion due to poor concrete performance are also given.
Research on intercrystalline corrosion, exfoliation corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking of Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy
Authors: Li B. , Pan Q. L. , Zhang Z. Y. , Li C.
Published: October 2013

The intercrystalline corrosion, exfoliation corrosion (EXCO), and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy were investigated by means of constant temperature immersion corrosion method, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that intercrystalline corrosion, and EXCO susceptibility of Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy decrease gradually with increasing of aging time. Corrosion susceptibility order from low to high is as follows: OA > PA > UA > NA. The SCC susceptibility index of PA temper is more than OA temper at the same strain rate. According to TEM observation, with aging time prolonging, a part of η′ phases transform to η equilibrium phases, which become coarse gradually. The distribution discontinuity of the grain boundary precipitates increases. In addition, for Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy without EXCO, the EIS is comprised by a capacitive impedance arc at high frequency and an inductive impedance arc at low frequency. Once EXCO occurs, the EIS is composed of two capacitive impedance arcs at high frequency and at low frequency, respectively.
The Sales Process of Information Systems: Implications for Project Execution and Business Benefits
Authors: Fulford Richard
Published: October 2013

This inductive case study research examines the sales cycle of eight information systems (IS) providers situated in Australia, Hong Kong, Europe, and the United States. The study found that the IS sales cycle provides a restrictive covenant for ensuing projects with contractual constraints, having consequences for fundamental project factors such as benefits, scope, and cost. The process also impedes solution design, schedule, extent of customizations, and training. There are many implications for improvements to practice, in particular there should be more focus placed upon business benefits and increased awareness of life cycle cost during the sales process.
High‐molecular‐weight symmetrical multiblock copolymers: Synthesis by RAFT polymerization and characterization
Authors: Pafiti Kyriaki S. , Patrickios Costas S. , Abetz Clarissa , Abetz Volker
Published: October 2013

High‐molecular‐weight (MW) symmetrical multiblock copolymers, based on the hydrophobic monomers styrene (Sty) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), and the more polar monomer, 2‐vinyl pyridine (2VPy), were prepared using stepwise reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. All copolymers shared a common poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) midblock, introduced as a bifunctional macromolecular chain transfer agent. In total, five ABA triblock copolymers, five ABCBA pentablock terpolymers, and two ABCDCBA heptablock quaterpolymers (comprising four different monomer types) were synthesized. The MWs of the multiblock polymers were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, with the latter values being closer to the theoretically expected, whereas GPC MW distributions were relatively narrow, broadening with the number of blocks. The compositions of the synthesized polymers, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, were also close to the expected values. Finally, films cast from chloroform solutions of the pentablock terpolymers P2VPy‐b‐PSty‐b‐PEG‐b‐PSty‐b‐P2VPy, PSty‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PSty, and P2VPy‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PMMA‐b‐P2VPy examined using transmission electron microscopy exhibited PSty and PMMA cylinders (first two) and lamellae (third terpolymer). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4957–4965
Time to Readiness for Discharge is a Valid and Reliable Measure of Short‐Term Recovery After Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Fiore Julio F. , Faragher Ian G. , Bialocerkowski Andrea , Browning Laura , Denehy Linda
Published: October 2013

Background

Short‐term recovery after colorectal surgery has been traditionally investigated through length of stay (LOS). However, this measure is influenced by several confounding factors. This study aimed to investigate the construct validity and reliability of assessing the time to achieve standardized discharge criteria (time to readiness for discharge, or TRD) as a measure of short‐term recovery. In a secondary analysis, we compared sample size requirements for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using TRD or LOS as outcome measures.

Methods

Seventy patients participated in the construct validity study and 21 patients participated in the reliability study. TRD was defined as the number of days to achieve discharge criteria previously defined by consensus. Construct validity was investigated by testing six hypothesis based on the assumption that TRD measures short‐term recovery. Reliability was calculated by comparing measures of TRD by two independent assessors. Variability estimates (standard deviations) of LOS and TRD were used for sample size calculations.

Results

Five of the six hypotheses were supported by the data (p < 0.05). Interobserver reliability was excellent (ICC2.1 = 0.99). Sample size estimations showed that RCTs using TRD as an outcome measure require approximately 23 % less participants compared to RCTs using LOS.

Conclusions

The results of this research support the construct‐validity and reliability of TRD as a measure of short‐term recovery. Using TRD as an alternative to LOS may reduce sample size requirements in future RCTs.
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) Facilitated by Video‐Assistance and Anal Insertion of a Single‐Incision Laparoscopic Surgery (SILS®)‐Port: Preliminary Experience
Authors: Walensi Mikolaj , Käser Samuel A. , Theodorou Panagiotis , Bassotti Gabrio , Cathomas Gieri , Maurer Christoph A.
Published: October 2013

Objective

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is an established method for the resection of benign and early malignant rectal lesions. Very recently, TEM via an anally inserted single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS®)‐port has been proposed to overcome remaining obstacles of the classical TEM equipment.

Methods

Nine patients with a total of 12 benign or early stage malignant rectal polyps were operated using the SILS®‐port for TEM. Patients’ and polyps’ characteristics, perioperative and postoperative complications, as well as operating and hospitalization time were recorded.

Results

All 12 polyps (ten low‐grade adenoma, one high‐grade adenoma, one pT2 carcinoma [preoperatively staged as T1]) were resected. Local full‐thickness bowel wall resection was performed for three lesions and submucosal resection for nine lesions. Median operating time was 64 (range 30–180) min. No conversion to laparoscopic or open techniques was necessary. The median maximum diameter of the specimen was 25 (range 3–60) mm, fragmentation of polyps was avoidable in 11 of 12 (92 %) lesions, and resection margins were histologically clear in 11 of 12 (92 %) polyps. Only one patient, in whom three lesions were resected, experienced a complication as postoperative hemorrhage. No mortality occurred. Median hospitalization time was four (range 1–14) days.

Conclusions

SILS®‐TEM is a feasible and safe method, providing numerous advantages in application, handling, and economy compared with the classical TEM technique. SILS®‐TEM might become a promising alternative to classical TEM. Randomized, controlled trials comparing safety and efficacy of both instrumental settings will be needed in the future.
Physical Properties of Chocolate with Addition of Cocoa Butter Equivalent of Moderate Hardness
Authors: Torbica Aleksandra M. , Pajin Biljana S. , Omorjan Radovan P. , Lončarević Ivana S. , Tomić Jelena M.
Published: October 2013

In this study, the fat phase of chocolate samples which contained cocoa butter from Ghana and cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) of moderate hardness was analyzed. Physical properties and shelf life of chocolate depend on the fat phase behavior as well as the amount and composition of added CBE. The laboratory‐made chocolate samples were tempered at three different pre‐crystallization temperatures (25, 27 and 29 °C), with three different concentrations of CBE, amounting to 3, 5 and 7 %, calculated on chocolate. The color and other physical attributes of chocolate samples were investigated by the following analytical methods: thermoreographic measurement, solid fat content (SFC) of chocolate, Blooming test (thermo‐cycle test 32/20 °C) and color measurement. It was found that using CBE of moderate hardness did not change the melting properties of chocolate in relation to the investigated cocoa butter from Ghana (of moderate hardness). It was found that all three applied temperatures of pre‐crystallization are optimum for the chocolate mass with the addition of the investigated CBE under the given measurement conditions. At all these temperatures, the chocolate had excellent fat bloom resistance.
Remaining structures at the N‐ and C‐terminal regions of alpha‐synuclein accurately elucidated by amide‐proton exchange NMR with fitting
Authors: Okazaki Honoka , Ohori Yuka , Komoto Masaya , Lee Young-Ho , Goto Yuji , Tochio Naoya , Nishimura Chiaki
Published: October 2013

Alpha‐synuclein is analyzed in physiological conditions by CLEANEX‐PM methodology, in which the amide‐proton exchange can be monitored at millisecond scale. The relationship between k
ex and [OH]− is confirmed as a linear correlation with slope 1, indicating EX2 regime. There are significant residual structures at the N‐ and C‐terminal regions. The structure at the C‐terminal region is more stable than that of the N‐terminal region. The middle part including NAC region is not completely protected. The data acquired at various pH and mixing time conditions followed by linear fitting give accurate information about residual structures.
Porcine synapsin 1: SYN1 gene analysis and functional characterization of the promoter
Authors: Hedegaard Claus , Kjaer-Sorensen Kasper , Madsen Lone Bruhn , Henriksen Carina , Momeni Jamal , Bendixen Christian , Oxvig Claus , Larsen Knud
Published: October 2013

Synapsin 1 (SYN1) is a phosphoprotein involved in nerve signal transmission. The porcine SYN1 promoter orthologue was cloned and characterized to provide a means of expressing a transgene specifically in neurons. The nucleotide sequence of the promoter displayed a high degree of conservation of elements responsible for neuron‐specific expression. Expression analysis of SYN1 demonstrated presence of transcript during embryonic development. Analysis of GFP expression in transgenic zebrafish embryos suggests that the pig SYN1 promoter directs expression in neuronal cells. Thus, the SYN1 promoter is a good candidate for use in the generation of pig models of human neurodegenerative disorders.
‘Tilbury Man’: A Mesolithic Skeleton from the Lower Thames
Authors: Schulting Rick
Published: October 2013

‘Tilbury Man’ is the partial skeleton of an adult male found in 1883 during the construction of new docks at Tilbury, Essex, on the north shore of the Thames, approximately half way between London and the mouth of the estuary. At the time the find stirred considerable interest due to its depth of nearly 10 m, with the eminent biologist and palaeontologist Sir Richard Owen hailing it as being of Palaeolithic age, though most subsequent (and even contemporary) researchers assigned it to the early Holocene. AMS radiocarbon dating now places the skeleton in the Late Mesolithic, 6065–5912 calbc. This paper presents the circumstances of the find, describes the surviving skeletal elements, including two healed cranial injuries, and places Tilbury in the context of what little is known regarding Late Mesolithic burial practices in Britain
GOLDIE RANK OF PRIMITIVE QUOTIENTS VIA LATTICE POINT ENUMERATION
Authors: MEINEL JOANNA , STROPPEL CATHARINA
Published: October 2013

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. I. M. Musson and M. Van den Bergh (Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 136, 1998, p. 650) classify primitive ideals for rings of torus invariant differential operators. This classification applies in particular to subquotients of localized extended Weyl algebras $\mathcal{A}_{r,n-r}=k[x_1,\ldots,x_r,x_{r+1}^{\pm1}, \ldots, x_{n}^{\pm1},\partial_1,\ldots,\partial_n],$ where it can be made explicit in terms of convex geometry. We recall these results and then turn to the corresponding primitive quotients and study their Goldie ranks. We prove that the primitive quotients fall into finitely many families whose Goldie ranks are given by a common quasi-polynomial and then realize these quasi-polynomials as Ehrhart quasi-polynomials arising from convex geometry.
Outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery for recurrent head and neck cancer
Authors: Reynolds L F , Rigby M H , Trites J , Hart R , Taylor S M
Published: October 2013

Objective:

To report our outcomes with salvage CO2 laser surgery following recurrence of laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer after radiotherapy.

Method:

This study entailed a prospective review of patients treated with transoral laser microsurgery for recurrent laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer between 2002 and 2010 at the Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre in Canada.

Results:

Sixteen patients were identified, with a mean follow up of 30.6 months. Five patients died of recurrence. Complications were common in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. The overall survival and disease-free survival rates at an average of 29.8 months follow up were 50 per cent and 68.8 per cent respectively.

Conclusion:

Salvage surgery using transoral laser microsurgery should be considered in the management of patients with recurrent laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer. This technique offers acceptable salvage rates with less comorbidity than other treatments.
Review Article: Callimachus
Authors: Lightfoot Jane L.
Published: October 2013

This paper discusses a new edition of Callimachus' Aitia by Annette Harder and a monograph, Callimachus in Context, by Benjamin Acosta-Hughes and Susan Stephens. A ‘contextual’ focus is common to both works, the edition no less than the monograph, which tackles the poem on what Harder calls the micro-, macro- and meso-levels, in order, not only to establish readings, explicate Realien and clarify detail, but also to explore literary techniques, structure and the degree to which the poem reflects the society and culture in which it was written. Recent interpretations have seen catalogue technique and organization as fundamental to the Aitia's poetics, and the review considers aspects of both the poem's structure and its contemporaneity – as well as the limitations of an excessively Alexandriacentric approach.
Socially Mediated Internet Surveys: Recruiting Participants for Online Experiments
Authors: Cassese Erin C. , Huddy Leonie , Hartman Todd K. , Mason Lilliana , Weber Christopher R.
Published: October 2013

The Socially Mediated Internet Survey (SMIS) method is a cost-effective technique used to obtain web-based, adult samples for experimental research in political science. SMIS engages central figures in online social networks to help recruit participants among visitors to these websites, yielding sizable samples for experimental research. We present data from six samples collected using the SMIS method and compare them to those gathered by other sampling approaches such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk. While not representative of the general adult population, our SMIS samples are significantly more diverse than undergraduate convenience samples, not only demographically but also politically. We discuss the applicability of the method to experimental research and its usefulness for obtaining samples of special, politically relevant subpopulations such as political sophisticates and activists. We argue that the diversity of SMIS samples, along with the ability to capture highly engaged citizens, can circumvent questions about the artificiality of political behavior experiments entirely based on student samples and help to document sources of heterogeneous experimental treatment effects.
Systematically Biased Beliefs about Political Influence: Evidence from the Perceptions of Political Influence on Policy Outcomes Survey
Authors: Caplan Bryan , Crampton Eric , Grove Wayne A. , Somin Ilya
Published: October 2013

Many scholars argue that retrospective voting is a powerful information shortcut that offsets widespread voter ignorance. Even deeply ignorant voters, it is claimed, can effectively punish incumbents for bad performance and reward them if things go well. But if voters' understanding of which officials are responsible for which outcomes is systematically biased, retrospective voting becomes an independent source of political failure rather than a cure for it. We design and administer a new survey of the general public and political experts to test for such biases. Our analysis reveals frequent, large, robust biases in voter attributions of responsibility for a variety of political actors and outcomes with a tendency for the public to overestimate influence, although important examples of underestimation also exist.
Why John Aldrich?
Authors: Gomez Brad T. , Montgomery Jacob M.
Published: October 2013

John Aldrich is a positive scientist—in both the scholastic and colloquial sense. A progeny of the Rochester school, Aldrich's research displays a commitment to the tenets of positive political theory. He derives internally consistent propositions and subjects those claims to empirical testing, all in an attempt to explain scientifically phenomena and institutions at the heart of democratic theory. As a mentor and builder of academic institutions, Aldrich has shown unswerving kindness, modesty, and a commitment to foster new generations of political scientists. He is a positive influence on his students, his colleagues, and the political science discipline at large.
Elateres Motiva: From the Good Will to the Good Human Being
Authors: Marwah Inder
Published: October 2013

Kant's ethics has long been bedevilled by a peculiar tension. While his practical philosophy describes the moral obligations incumbent on all free, rational beings, Kant also understands moral anthropology as addressing ‘helps and hindrances’ to our moral advancement. How are we to reconcile Kant'sCriticalaccount of a transcendentally free human will with hisdevelopmentalview of anthropology, history and education as assisting in our collective progress towards moral ends? I argue that Kant in fact distinguishes between theobjectivedetermination of moral principles andsubjectiveprocesses of moral acculturation developing human beings’ receptivity to the moral law. By differentiating subjective and objective dimensions of moral agency, I argue (1) that we better interpret the relationship between Kant's transcendental and anthropological accounts as a division of labour between principles of obligation and principles of volition, and so, as complementary rather than contradictory; and (2) that this counters the view of Kant's ethics as overly formalistic by recognizing his ‘empirical ethics’ as attending to the unsystematizable facets of a properly human moral life.