bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE METHOD OF GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC SYSTEMS BASED ON ELECTRONIC TEST OBJECT
Authors: Kozhevnikov D. A. , Feodortsau R. V.
Published: July 2018

Designing remote sensing of the Earth devices is requires a lot of attention to evaluation lens distortion level and providing the required accuracy values of geometric calibration of optoelectronic systems at all. Test- objects known as most common tools for optical systems geometric calibration. The purpose of the research was creating an automatically method of distortion correction coefficients calculating with a 3 μm precision in the measurement process. The method of geometric calibration of the internal orientation elements of the optical system based on the electronic test object is proposed. The calculation of the test string brightness image from its multispectral image and filtered signal extrema position determination are presented. Ratio of magnitude of the distortion and interval center is given. Three variants of electronic test-objects with different step and element size are considered. Оptimal size of calibration element was defined as 3×3 pixels due to shape of the subpixels with the aspect ratio of the radiating areas about 1 : 3. It is advisable to use IPS as an electronic test object template. An experimental test and measurement stand functional diagram based on the collimator and optical bench «OSK-2CL» is showed. It was determined that test objects with a grid spacing of 4 and 8 pixels can’t provide tolerable image because of non-collimated emission of active sites and scattering on optical surfaces – the shape of the elements is substantially disrupted. Test-object with a 12 pixels grid spacing was used to distortion level analyzing as most suitable.

Ratio of coordinate increment and element number graphs for two photographic lenses (Canon EF-S 17-85 f/4-5.6 IS USM and EF-S 18-55 f/3.5-5.6 IS II) are presented. A calculation of the distortion values in edge zones was held, which were respectively 43 μm and 51.6 μm. The technique and algorithm of software implementation is described. Possible directions of the method development are mentioned.
METHODS OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENT’S ACCURACY INCREASING BASED ON THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF STEREO IMAGES
Authors: Kozlov V. L.
Published: July 2018

To solve the problem of increasing the accuracy of restoring a three-dimensional picture of space using two-dimensional digital images, it is necessary to use new effective techniques and algorithms for processing and correlation analysis of digital images. Actively developed tools that allow you to reduce the time costs for processing stereo images, improve the quality of the depth maps construction and automate their construction. The aim of the work is to investigate the possibilities of using various techniques for processing digital images to improve the measurements accuracy of the rangefinder based on the correlation analysis of the stereo image. The results of studies of the influence of color channel mixing techniques on the distance measurements accuracy for various functions realizing correlation processing of images are presented. Studies on the analysis of the possibility of using integral representation of images to reduce the time cost in constructing a depth map areproposed. The results of studies of the possibility of using images prefiltration before correlation processing when distance measuring by stereo imaging areproposed.

It is obtained that using of uniform mixing of channels leads to minimization of the total number of measurement errors, and using of brightness extraction according to the sRGB standard leads to an increase of errors number for all of the considered correlation processing techniques. Integral representation of the image makes it possible to accelerate the correlation processing, but this method is useful for depth map calculating in images no more than 0.5 megapixels. Using of image filtration before correlation processing can provide, depending on the filter parameters, either an increasing of the correlation function value, which is useful for analyzing noisy images, or compression of the correlation function.
COMPLEX FOR MONITORING OF SEWAGE OPTICAL DENSITY CHANGES
Authors: Alekseev V. A. , Usoltcev V. P. , Yuran S. I. , Shulmin D. N.
Published: July 2018

Article contains theoretical and practical technical sentences on creation of an optoelectronic complex of monitoring of emergency discharge of pollution in sewage of the enterprises.

The relevance of the task of monitoring of sewage on existence of emergency clots in sewage for saving water sources is shown. The structural scheme of a complex of monitoring of the water environment is provided. The mathematical model of a complex of optoelectronic monitoring over the water environment on the example of sewage of the enterprise is considered. The complex of monitoring is described by the random impulse transition function containing two independent components, one of which defines dynamic properties, another considers stochasticity of conversion.

The example of implementation of an optoelectronic complex of monitoring of the water environment in the system of sewage of the enterprise is given. Experimentally the efficiency of a complex in case of measurement of changes of optical density of the analysable environments is shown. For carrying out an experiment water pollution is selected by vegetable oil. The analysis of absorption spectra of water and vegetable oil showed that as a source of radiation it is expedient to use lasers with lengths of waves in the range of 0,4–0,5 μm which have the minimum absorption of radiation in the water environment and the considerable absorption in the environment of impurity, for example, the violet STLL-MM-405-200-52-A laser with wavelength of 0,405 μm and 200 mW. As the photo-sensor element, it is possible to use, for example, the PDV-V400-46 photodiode.

Results of an experiment of a research of optical density of the liquid environment containing clots from vegetable oil are given. They show the functional connection of pollution of sewage with change of optical density of the water environment with certain lengths of waves of a probing laser radiation.
ESTIMATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC DEFECTS DIMENSIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR SILICON STRUCTURES
Authors: Sianko S. F. , Zelenin V. A.
Published: July 2018

The effect of non-flatness of semiconductor wafers on characteristics of manufactured devices is shown through defocusing of an image of a topological layout of a structure being formed and through reduction of resolution at photolithographic processing. For quality control of non-flatness the Makyoh method is widely used. However, it does not allow obtaining quantitative characteristics of observed defects, which essentially restricts its application. The objective of this work has been developing of a calculation method for dimensions of topographic defects of wafers having semiconductor structures formed on them, which has allowed determining acceptability criteria for wafers, depending on defects dimensions and conducting their timely penalization.

A calculation method under development is based on deduction of relationships linking distortion of image elements to curvature of local sections of a semiconductor wafer that has formed structures. These structures have been considered to be image finite elements and within this range the curvature radius has been assumed to be constant. Sequential calculation of deviation of element ends from ideal plane based on determining their curvature radius has allowed obtaining geometry of a target surface in a set range of elements. Conditions of image formation and requirements to structures have been determined.

Analytical expressions relating a deviation value of elements of a light-to-dark image with surface geometry have been obtained. This allows conducting effective quantitative control of observed topographic defects both under production and research conditions. Examples of calculation of topographic defects of semiconductor silicon wafers have been provided. Comparison of the obtained results with the data obtained by conventional methods has shown their complete conformity.
FEATURES OF ELECTROMECHANICAL ACOUSTIC ENERGY CONVERSION BY CYLINDRICAL PIEZOCERAMIC TRANSDUCERS WITH INTERNAL SCREENS IN COMPOSITION OF FLAT SYSTEMS
Authors: Leiko A. G. , Kandrachuk I. V. , Sviatnenko A. O.
Published: July 2018

The problem of sound emission is considered by a system formed from cylindrical piezoceramic radiators with internal acoustically soft screens. Longitudinal axis of emitters lie in one plane. This system is characterized by the interaction of electric, mechanical and acoustic fields in the process of conversion electrical energy to acoustical energy and acoustic fields in the process of forming them in the environments. The purpose of the work is to determine the peculiarities of the electromechanical acoustic transformation of energy by cylindrical piezoceramic radiators with internal screens in the composition of flat systems, taking into account all types of interaction.

The research was carried out by the method of bound fields in multiply connected domains with the use of addition theorems for the cylindrical wave functions. The physical fields arising from the emission of sound by such a system are determined by the joint solution of the system of differential equations: the wave equation; equations of motion of thin piezoceramic shells with circular polarization in displacements; the equations of forced electrostatics for piezoceramics at given boundary conditions, the conditions of conjugation of fields at the boundaries of the division of domains and electric conditions.

The solution of the problem is reduced to the solution of an infinite system of linear algebraic equations with respect to unknown coefficients of field expansions.

An analysis of the results of numerical calculations, performed on the basis of the obtained analytical relations, called to establish a number of features in the electromechanical acoustic transformation of energy by emitters in the composition of flat systems. They include: the role of acoustic interaction in the process of energy conversion; determination of the mechanism of quantitative assessment of the influence of interaction on these processes; the dependence of the degree of violation of the radial symmetry of the acoustic loading of the emitters on the amount of acoustic interaction; the appearance of multimodality of the mechanical field of emitters in the structure of the plane system and the dependence of the redistribution of energy between all modes on the degree of disturbance of the radial symmetry of the acoustic loading of the emitters.
MEASURING THE STROKE OF CONE DISK SPRINGS IN POWER ACCUMULATORS OF THE TURBOGENERATOR STATOR CORE USING A CAPACITIVE SENSOR
Authors: Levytskyi A. S. , Zaitsev I. O. , Kobzar K. O.
Published: July 2018

The troubleproof and efficient work of powerful turbogenerators depends on the stability of their main mechanical parameters, which include the stator core pressing. The aim of the work was to describe the possibility of using a multielement capacitive sensor with coplanar electrodes to measure the movement of disk springs of the stabilizer systems power batteries in the turbogenerator stator core.

The state of the core pressurizer can be indirectly assessed by measuring the displacement of the disk springs in power accumulators, which are installed on the tightening prism of the core instead of the compression nuts. To measure the movement of springs, a coplanar capacitive sensor with sectoral electrodes built into the power accumulators design is proposed. Each sector contains its own elementary sensor formed by coplanar electrodes. Each elementary sensor in each sector is placed on an annular dielectric plate and is formed by coplanar electrodes that are part of coaxial concentric rings. The sensor consists of a high-potential, low-potential and grounded electrodes. A grounded electrode is located between the high-potential and low-potential electrodes, as well as around them.

A simplified analytical calculation model for obtaining the analytical response characteristic of the change in the informative component of the sensor electric capacity on the course of the disk springs in the CA is presented. The reliability of the model and the response characteristics are confirmed experimentally by testing a laboratory prototype of a capacitive sensor.
TRANSFORMATION AND SCATTERING OF SURFACE WAVES ON THE ACOUSTIC LOAD TO ULTRASONIC EVALUATION AND MEASUREMENTS. Part 2. The object to study – solid with ledge
Authors: Baev A. R. , Mayorov A. L. , Asadchaya M. V. , Konovalov G. E. , Sergeeva O. S.
Published: July 2018

The lack of information about the features of processes of the surface wave's transformation into volume waves and its scattering in metal objects with ledge, slots, grooves and the others is one of the obstacles to improve of the acoustical testing reliability and widening of technical application. The aim of this work was to study of mechanism of acoustical mode's transformation and determination the laws of the fields forming of scatted volume edge wave's in solids with ledge of different geometry and to suggest direction of the study application in area of acoustical testing and measurements.

The features of transformation of surface waves into edge transverse and longitudinal wave modes scatted and their fields forming in the volume of the object with ledge vs. its angle of the slope front surface side (0–135°) and a dimensionless transition radius (0–10,2) varied were studied. Theoretical analysis and experimental data shown that in general case the field of the edge transverse waves in the volume of ledge can be imagined as a superposition of the field of edge waves (scatted on ledge) and accompany waves too, radiated simultaneously with the surface waves to radiate. If dimensionless size of the ledge's transition radius lesser than 1 the resulting field of the edge transverse waves is the summary field of two sources. One of them (with small aperture) is localized in the vicinity of the place of intersection of contact surface with ledge's front side surface. As it was found, the second source of the edge transverse waves – the edge head longitudinal waves to appear in the results of transformation of surface waves on the ledge′s radius transition. The structure of the edge acoustic fields including their extremes vs. ledge's angle and its radius transition, position of the surface wave's probe were experimentally studied and theoretically analyzed.

Some directions of the results of researches using are the next: а) ultrasonic testing of hard-to-make technological objects in which defects have low sound reflection; b) ultrasonic structure diagnostics of solid (specimens) set far from the ultrasonic by using edge volume transverse and longitudinal modes; c) creation of new ultrasonic arrangements to sound and to receive transverse waves of different polarization.
TECHNOLOGICAL DISTINCTIVE FEATURES PERTAINING TO PROCESS OF SIMULTANEOUS TWO-SIDED MACHINING OF HIGH-PRECESION LENSES HAVING LOW STIFFNESS
Authors: Kozeruk A. S. , Filonov I. P. , Filonova M. I. , Vlasovetz N. S. , Malpika D. L.
Published: July 2018

The paper contains substantiated expediency in application of machine tools for manufacturing lenses with low stiffness which make it possible to process simultaneously both actuating surfaces of optical parts. While doing so there is a possibility not only to improve quality of parts due to exclusion of their deformation at the blocking stage but there is also a possibility to ensure significant increase in productivity of the process which pre-supposes shape-formation of high-precision non-process optical elements and also to decrease energy consumption per unit of production. A basic diagram of the machine tool for simultaneous processing of two-sided optical parts with spherical surfaces under conditions of free lapping is presented in the paper. The paper describes the essence of the free lapping method which is one of the most widely used methods in optical instrument-making while obtaining parts with precision actuating surfaces. Methodology for determination of technological equipment settings that ensure uniform stock removal along the whole surface to be machined and also its forced removal as in the central zone of a work-piece, so along its periphery and it is necessary in order to correct macro defects in the form of “hump” or “hole”. The paper proposes methodology for determination of sensitivity in stock removal intensity in respect of changes pertaining to machine tool settings and efficiency of these settings while making corrections of lens macro defects. It has been revealed that maximum sensitivity in stock removal occurs in the case when we change a tool diameter. As for efficiency of the technological equipment settings it has been established that in order to rectify macro defects in the form “hump” or “pit” it is more expedient to change rotation ratio of the tool and the part. Experimental tests on lens processing have been executed and they adequately correlate with the results of theoretical investigations.
TECHNOLOGY OF REVERSE-BLAST CORROSION CLEANING OF STEEL SHEETS PRIOR TO LASER CUTTING
Authors: Zguk A. N. , Kachanov I. V. , Filipchik A. V.
Published: July 2018

Quality of surface cleaning against corrosion influences on efficiency in realization of a number of technological processes. While using bentonite clays in power fluid reverse-blast cleaning ensures formation of anticorrosion protective coating with light absorbing properties on the cleaned surface and prevents formation of the repeated corrosion. The paper presents results of the investigations pertaining to influence of reverse-blast cleaning parameters of steel sheets on quality of the cleaned surface prior to laser cutting. Processing conditions, applied compositions of power fluid and also properties of the protective film coatings on the cleaned surface have been given in the paper. The paper considers topography, morphology and chemical composition of the given coating while applying complex metal micrographic, X-ray diffraction and electronic and microscopic investigations. A complex of laser cutting (refer to gas lasers) with output continuous capacity of 2.5/4.0 kW has been applied for experimental works to evaluate influence of the formed surface quality on efficiency of laser cutting process. Specimens having dimension 120×120 mm, made of steel Ст3пс, with thickness from 3 to 10 mm have been prepared for the experiments. An analysis has shown that the application of reverse-blast cleaning ensures higher speed in laser cutting by a mean of 10–20 %. The investigations have made it possible to determine optimum cleaning modes: distance from a nozzle to the surface to be cleaned, jet velocity, pressure. It has been revealed that after drying of the specimens processed by power fluid based on water with concentrations of bentonite clay and calcined soda a protective film coating with thickness of some 5–7 µm has been formed on the whole cleaned specimen surfaces. Chemical base of the coating has been formed by the elements which are included in the composition of bentonite clay being the basic component of the power fluid.
SPECIFIC FEATURES IN BUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL AREA IN SUBURBS OF LARGEST BELARUSIAN CITIES
Authors: Shcharbach Ya. S. , Potaev G. A.
Published: July 2018

The most challenging processes to be investigated further which are occurring in residential areas, suburbs in the largest Belarusian cities have been determined and systematized in the paper. The paper considers modern processes of transformation and development of residential areas on the studied territories; ongoing changes in the typology of dwellings and inhabitant composition of the suburban zones; problems pertaining to infrastructure development of suburban territories; preservation and improvement of recreational and ecological functions of the suburban zones in the largest cities. The paper presents a hypothesis on the possibility to modernize an urbanized region while using digital technologies and it also provides architectural and artistic characteristics of the residential environment. The main research methods are the following: field surveys; analysis of statistical data, project and regulatory documentation. So it has been revealed that it is necessary to carry out a detailed study of inhabitant composition in the settlements in order to determine their actual requirements in schools, kindergartens, and other facilities of public services. Development of town planning regulations taking into account actual typology of residential buildings and inhabitant composition is required for organization of suburban areas in the largest Belarusian cities. Current transformation processes of traditional settlement in the suburban zones of large cities are in need to have new requirements to their infrastructure development. It is necessary to improve a monitoring system and respond to population requirements and emerging problems. Nowadays there are conditions for formation of active population communities on the suburban territories. It is necessary to execute a coordinated development of all forms and types of suburban zones in the largest cities. The paper recommends to form, develop and preserve landscape and recreational areas in order to ensure an efficient recreational and ecological functions of the suburban zones.
PROSPECTS FOR APPLICATION OF COMPLEX-MODIFIED SAND ASPHALT CONCRETE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Alexandrov D. Yu.
Published: July 2018

The paper considers a possibility to use sand asphalt concrete as a material for protection of asphalt concrete and cement concrete road pavements against affection of external destructive factors. Advantages and disadvantages of sand asphalt concrete road pavements have been determined in the paper. The paper provides recommendations on improvement of sand asphalt concrete properties and contains an analysis of possible variants for usage of complex-modified sand asphalt concrete in the road construction. It has been noted that according to its potentially possible physical and mechanical properties activated quartz sand being micro-reinforced by dispersive industrial wastes is considered as an efficient component for creation of constructive layers in road asphalt concrete pavements. The paper reveals only specific aspects of the efficient application of quartz sand in road asphalt concrete. The subject of the paper loоks rather interesting for regions where there are no rock deposits for obtaining broken-stone ballast but there is rather significant spreading of local quarts sand. Its successful application is connected with the necessity to develop special equipment for physical and chemical activation of sand grain surface that permits strongly to increase an adhesive strength in the area of phase separation within the “bitumen–SiO2” system. The considered problem is a topical one and its solution will make it possible to local sand in a maximum way and partially to exclude application of broken stone in road construction.
ENERGY INVARIANTS IN THEORY OF ELASTOPLASTIC CRACKS
Authors: Hundzina M. A.
Published: July 2018

The paper considers a problem on a rectilinear crack in hardening elastoplastic material with load which is applied at infinity under plane-strain deformation conditions. While distributing J-integral in this case it is necessary to take into account specific characteristics associated with strain potential for environments with nonholonomic state equations. While considering a problem on a crack in elastoplastic material a principal term of asymptotic expansion in crack tip vicinity has an unknown singularity index in addition to an indefinite multiplier. It has been shown for steel 12X18H9T that while having invariance of energy integral it is possible to trace a singularity index for a principal term of stresses. The paper presents dependences of crack length compared to permissible Griffith’s length in accordance with the applied load which is associated with yield strength. Conceptions of J-integrals have been described for solution of a quasi-static problem. The developed approach can be used to formulate a criterion for destruction of elastoplastic material containing a rectilinear crack. The obtained theoretical dependences pertaining to determination of structure limit state characteristics have permitted to make a motivated selection of geometric parameters with due account of material strength properties. Results of the investigations can be used while preparing recommendations for development of structures with prescribed properties. The given approach makes most sense to be applied for determination of critical forces and critical value of crack length for elastoplastic material.
METHODS FOR ORGANIZATION OF WORKING PROCESS FOR GAS-DIESEL ENGINE
Authors: Vershina G. A. , Bystrenkov O. S.
Published: July 2018

Over the past few decades reduction in pollutant emissions has become one of the main directions for further deve- lopment of engine technology. Solution of such problems has led to implementation of catalytic post-treatment systems, new technologies of fuel injection, technology for regulated phases of gas distribution, regulated turbocharger system and, lately, even system for variable compression ratio of engine. Usage of gaseous fuel, in particular gas-diesel process, may be one of the means to reduce air pollution caused by toxic substances and meet growing environmental standards and regulations. In this regard, an analysis of methods for organization of working process for a gas-diesel engine has been conducted in the paper. The paper describes parameters that influence on the nature of gas diesel process, it contains graphics of specific total heat consumption according to ignition portion of diesel fuel and dependence of gas-diesel indices on advance angle for igni-tion portion injection of the diesel fuel. A modern fuel system of gas-diesel engine ГД-243 has been demonstrated in the pa- per. The gas-diesel engine has better environmental characteristics than engines running on diesel fuel or gasoline. According to the European Natural & bio Gas Vehicle Association a significant reduction in emissions is reached at a 50%-substitution level of diesel fuel by gas fuel (methane) and in such a case there is a tendency towards even significant emission decrease. In order to ensure widespread application of gaseous fuel as fuel for gas-diesel process it is necessary to develop a new wor- king process, to improve fuel equipment, to enhance injection strategy and fuel supply control. A method for organization of working process for multi-fuel engine has been proposed on the basis of the performed analysis. An application has been submitted for a patent.
AFOCAL SYSTEMS FORMED BY MIRROR OFF-AXIS PARABOLOID
Authors: Artiukhina N. K. , Perosa L. A. , Zambrano L.
Published: July 2018

Mirror systems make it possible to reduce device dimensions and its weight while preserving high input aperture and these systems are characterized by a number of other advantages. Their significant disadvantage is a central screening of an entrance pupil that leads to lower image quality. The paper contains description of the investigations on afocal systems formed by eccentrically cut-out mirror paraboloids (off-axis mirrors) where aperture diaphragm is displaced in the meridian plane for a defined value and a central field point is located on the optical axis. The canonic Mersenne systems are accepted as base schemas (modules) for these compositions. The paper considers two types of such systems: visible increases – Г > 0 and Г < 0. Algorithms for calculation of centered afocal systems with two and four reflections have been written in the paper and the systems are free from spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism when an input pupil is located in superimposed focal planes of all parabolic mirrors. An aberration in curvature image has been additionally corrected in three-mirror quart-parabolic scheme which is a combination of two classical telescopic Mersenne systems. The paper presents schemes and calculation results. Two-mirror schemes with non-screened input pupil have been studied in the paper and in this case all the system remains centered and an aperture diaphragm is decentered for the distance Cm which is commensurable with the diaphragm size. The paper contains description of the investigated afocal schemes with four reflections from off-axis mirror paraboloids, a prepared algorithm for calculation, the obtained formulas for making combination of canonic afocal systems formed by two mirrors. Computer simulation in software environment Opal and Zemax has been carried out in the paper. Basic description has been prepared while using two alternative methods for the class of decentered systems and aberration characteristics and schematic solutions for telescopic systems without screening with two and four reflections have been ob-tained in the paper. Two-mirror afocal systems with low-powered magnification are of some interest for practical application as accessories for registering object lenses.
DETERMINATION OF MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTORS FOR ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY OPERATING CONDITIONS
Authors: Solodkaya M. G.
Published: July 2018

Traffic circulation on highways is a random process. Therefore automotive damage rate and, respectively, roads on which they are moving is subjected to regularities of random processes. Dynamic processes of vehicle-road interaction are determined to various extents by a host of factors that include road pavement evenness and characteristics of moving vehicles. For this reason the following task has been set: to reveal the most significant factors and mathematically correlate values of vehicle dynamic loads with a quality of road pavement and vehicle speed. Such task statement has not been solved adequately and this situation determines importance and novelty of the investigations in the given direction. While solving the mentioned task the investigations which have been carried out under real-life conditions and with the help of real-life objects are considered as the most reliable ones. However, preparation and execution of such experiments as needed significantly complicates their implementation. In this regard it looks rather expediential to combine a factorial experiment with the tests of a checked model while using ECM with stage-by-stage parameter fixation of working processes passing in “vehicle-road” system, comprehensive assessment pertaining to influence of the selected factors and selection of their optimum combination. Mathematical dependence has been obtained to evaluate influence of several external factors on optimization of vehicle dynamic load on the road. This component makes it possible to attain a simplified and adequate description of element interaction in “vehicle – road” system. While investigating influence of pavement irregularities on maximum dynamic loads on the road influence rate of the selected factors is determined in the following sequence: vehicle weight, pavement evenness and speed of transport facility.
ECONOMIC GROWTH BASED ON INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT IS THE BASIS OF MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Authors: Kazhuro N. Ya.
Published: July 2018

When the global community entered in the XXI century world emerging economy is more clearly considered as post-industrial, where a leading sector of the economy in the GDP production is not agriculture and not even industry but services. The main productive resource in such circumstances is not natural and productive capital but human capital, which is represented by storage of knowledge and skills accumulated by a person in the process of training and previous employment. Value of this capital is directly dependent on the level of education both general and professional. Human intellect becomes a main factor of production and professional. If the level is higher it means that such person can perform more valuable types of work for expand wealth of the country and it is transformed into intellectual capital. Consequently, a special market is formed that is a market of intellectual capital. An offer in this market is represented by labor with a high level of intellectuality and innovativeness and it has, in its turn, high market value. Well-handled components of human capital contribute to scientific-technical and social progress of the society, its sustainable economic development as the main types of final products unlike with previous stages of development are information and knowledge and the main factor of economic growth is productivity of mental labor workers. It is human capital that is one of the main factors ensuring transition to V and VI technological paradigms under current conditions. These paradigms are underlying a solid foundation for formation of new intellectual and information society. New knowledge and information technologies are making a breakthrough not only in the direct production of commodities but in the non-manufacturing sector as well (education, health, trade, finance etc.).
PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION OF THE GOALS AND VITAL INTERESTS IN ENSURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECURITY
Authors: Shvayba1 D. N.
Published: July 2018

Formation of an independent democratic Belarusian state is inextricably linked with transformations in all aspects of public life and, first of all, in economy. Economic reforms in Belarus are directed on creation of socially oriented market economic system, which will ensure the most efficient usage of resources at minimum social cost. In the social economy concepts of “equality” and “poverty” are considered as basic ones. Social security services are based on these concepts and role of the social security in any country is to reduce poverty and increase equality. In modern world poverty is uniquely associated with a low level of economic development and its eradication is the first step on the path to economic growth. As for inequality, such clear connection of this concept with economic development can not be traced. There are various theories explaining the impact of inequality on economic growth. However, they cannot be considered satisfactory because they predict opposite results. Several studies have universally postulated a security as protection of vital interests of a human being, society and State from internal and external threats. Vital interests comprise a set of needs and satisfaction of these needs reliably ensures existence and possibility of progressive development of a human being, society and State which are the main objects of the security. Presence of a hierarchical structure for organization of the system or its subsystems is an essential feature for any socio-economic system. The economy is a poly-hierarchical system. When considering the hierarchical structure of production management it is important to consider one property of the economic system that is incompleteness of information.
ON PROBLEM OF REGIONAL WAREHOUSE AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Miretskiy I. Yu. , Popov P. V. , Ivut R. B.
Published: July 2018

The article suggests an approach of solving the problem of warehouse and transport infrastructure optimization in a region. The task is to determine the optimal capacity and location of the support network of warehouses in the region, as well as power, composition and location of motor fleets. Optimization is carried out using mathematical models of a regional warehouse network and a network of motor fleets. These models are presented as mathematical programming problems with separable functions. The process of finding the optimal solution of problems is complicated due to high dimensionality, non-linearity of functions, and the fact that a part of variables are constrained to integer, and some variables can take values only from a discrete set. Given the mentioned above complications search for an exact solution was rejected. The article suggests an approximate approach to solving problems. This approach employs effective computational schemes for solving multidimensional optimization problems. We use the continuous relaxation of the original problem to obtain its approximate solution. An approximately optimal solution of continuous relaxation is taken as an approximate solution of the original problem. The suggested solution method implies linearization of the obtained continuous relaxation and use of the separable programming scheme and the scheme of branches and bounds. We describe the use of the simplex method for solving the linearized continuous relaxation of the original problem and the specific moments of the branches and bounds method implementation. The paper shows the finiteness of the algorithm and recommends how to accelerate process of finding a solution.
INVESTIGATION RESULTS PERTAINING TO DETERMINATION OF REVERSE FLOW PRESSURE ON TREATED FLAT SURFACE
Authors: Zhuk A. N. , Kachanov I. V. , Veremenyuk V. V. , Filipchik A. V.
Published: July 2018

The executed investigations have shown that it is possible to prepare sheet-like material for laser cutting economically viable and with small amount of power expenditure while using reverse jet cleaning for surface treatment. As compared to conventional jet cleaning technologies efficiency of the reverse jet cleaning is attributed to significant pressure increase (by 25–50 %) when the jet is interacting with the treated surface. The paper proposes a mathematical model on the basis of approximate energy method (upper-bound method) and the model is used for calculation of fracture pressure due to action of the reverse jet on the treated surface which consists of a corrosion deposit layer. A variational problem was solved within a framework of the developed model and the problem solution has made it possible to obtain a theoretical dependence for calculation of minimum fracture pressure value pmin in the point reverse jet impact with a barrier oretical dependence and it has taken into account yielding point of the deformed material ss, density of fractured material med material r, jet velocity uстр and parameter of reverse flowing – jet reduction ratio l. Comparison theoretical data and experimental ones (experimental data have been obtained while using a differential pressure transducer ЭДП-30 and a spring dynamometer with measuring limits 25 and 80 MPa, respectively) has shown difference by 4–15 %. Determined insignificant difference between a theory and an experiment demonstrates that the obtained theoretical dependence is considered as a quite correct one and it can be used in engineering practice for prediction of power and kinematics parameters which are necessary for selection of the required pump equipment designed for realization of reverse-jet cleaning process.
IMPROVED PROCESS FLOW FOR FORMATION OF BIPOLAR STATIC INDUCTION TRANSISTOR
Authors: Lagunovich N. L.
Published: July 2018

The improved process flow differs from the known ones in the fact that the same photomask is used for formation of a channel stopper and metal contacts. Such approach has made it possible not only to decrease a number of the used phototomasks but it has also permitted to obtain a device with the required electrical characteristics. The paper presnts results of device and process simulation of bipolar static induction transistor (BSIT) manufactured in accordance with the improved process flow, measuring data of electrophysical parameters of its experimental samples and also comparison of simulation results with experimental data. At present there is a large quantity of software products that permit to perform physico-topological simulation of semiconductor structures. The device-process simulation is considered as a part of such simulation and it allows prior to obtaining experimental samples to determine process flow parameters at which the investigated structure will have necessary electrical parameters and characteristics. Thus the device-process simulation represents a certain “virtual production” for manufacturing semiconductor devices and microcircuits beginning from the startup stage of semiconductor wafer at production site and finishing by electrical characteristics measurements of the obtained structure. The BSIT device simulation being an analog of direct measurements of current-voltage characteristics has been performed with help of program system MOD-1D developed by the author. The BSIT model based on the fundamental system of semiconductor equations is mainly used for calculation of the BSIT current-voltage characteristics direct branch and its parameters and charge carrier recombination is described by Shockley – Read – Hall expression and equation depicting the Auger recombination process.
METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF RIGIDITY IN EARTH DAM SLOPE PROTECTION UNDER CONDITIONS OF WAVE IMPACT
Authors: Mikhnevich E. I.
Published: July 2018

. Various types of protection are used in order to ensure rigidity in earth dam slopes and dumped rip-rap and precast and cast-in-situ reinforced plates are the most commonly used for this purpose. Durability and reliability of the protections mainly depend on the fact whether protection parameters have been correctly calculated and correspondingly observed during the process of protection creation, the main protection parameters are material diameter of dumped rip-rap and thickness of reinforced plates. Values of protection parameters calculated in accordance to the existing formulae significantly differ among themselves. Some of these formulae are acceptable for small water reservoirs in Belarus and provide actual results only for large water reservoirs where a wave height reaches two metres and even more. A new calculation methodology which is suitable for Belarusian water reservoirs of various size is proposed with the purpose to determine diameter of dumped rip-rap material and thickness of plates for earth dam slope protection in the zone of active wave impact. The methodology has been developed on the basis of the theory pertaining to limit equilibrium of slope shearing and holding forces. While calculating diameter of dumped rip-rap material the following shearing forces have been taken into account: uplift wave pres- sure depending on wave height; drag force which is formed on the slope due to back sweep of wave; shearing component of protection material gravity force which is dependent on preselected slope ratio. Holding forces are determined with due ac- count of main physical and mechanical properties of dumped rip-rap material: density of particles in water suspension, porosi- ty, internal friction and holding component of protection material gravity force. While developing methodology for calcula- tion of reinforced concrete plate thickness a drag force has not been taken into account because the flow which is formed on the plate surface does not exert an influence on their equilibrium. Bottom slope zone where hydrodynamic pressure is created by bottom velocity has usually a reduced-weight protection in the form of broken stone, gravel and finely broken stone rip-rap. Dependences for determination of dumped rip-rap fineness have been obtained as a result of slope rigidity criterion conversion. The proposed formulae for calculation of earth dam slope protection parameters can be recommended for applica- tion in design organizations.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE BEFORE AND AFTER HIP REPLACEMENT PROCEDURE
Authors: Zubrzycki Ja. , Karpinski R. , Jaworski L. , Ausiyevich A. M. , Smidova N.
Published: July 2018

The paper presents the results of a preliminary study on the structural analysis of the pelvic girdle, comparing results for the analysis performed before and after the hip replacement procedure with taking into account changes in the mechanical properties of the articular cartilage of the joint. Basic anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint is introduced. The mechanical analysis of the hip joint model in each case is conducted. Final results of analysis are presented. The numerical model of the tested objects was made on the basis of CT and CAD modeling. Hip bone models were made using specialist software such as Materialise Mimics. The model is made in the program was then exported to a data exchange file in order to obtain the editable CAD files. Thus obtained models were the starting point for the implementation of the numerical model of personalized hip replacement. Numerical models of bone and implant were performed in Solidworks environment.

Mechanical analysis was carried out using finite element analysis. During performing of calculations with the use of finite element analysis other physical quantities are also being discretized: loads, tensions, restraints or other examples represented in the system with the use of continuous function. While performing the process of discretization software aims at maximally approximation of discreet and continuous form using approximation methods.
CALCULATION OF PARTICLES FLOW TEMPERATURE DURING PLASMA SPRAYING OF MIXTURE CONSISTING OF SELF-FLUXING POWDER AND CERAMICS
Authors: Kalinichenko A. S. , Krivosheyev Yu. K. , Meshkova V. V. , Devoino O. G.
Published: July 2018

Plasma spraying is one of the most effective methods allowing both to restore worn surfaces of parts and create wearresistant coatings on new parts aiming the increase of their service life. Properties of the produced coatings depend on number of parameters, such as a plasma temperature, a chemical and fractional composition of the sprayed mixture, a distance from a plasma torch to the surface of a part, etc. Mathematical modeling of the process can significantly reduce the cost of processing of technological modes and is widely used at present for a calculation of technological parameters. The paper is devoted to mathematical simulation aiming to determine an effect of the injected ceramics content on the change in a temperature of a particles flow, as well as finding the modes in which the particles of high-temperature ceramics will be in the liquid state when they are deposited on the surface of a product. A mathematical model of particles heating in plasma has been formulated and a system of equations has been compiled. The system of equations has been solved numerically in Mathcad by a standard procedure using the Rkadapt function. Calculations have been carried out for a volume concentration of Al2O3 ceramics in a mixture from 5 to 50 % and for a plasma temperature at the exit from the plasma torch in the range from 6000 to 10000 K. Calculations have shown that the concentration of ceramics does not significantly affect the temperature of a mixture. The temperature of the particles depends to a large extent on the temperature of the plasma and the diameter of particles. It has been determined that for the entire range of calculated values the temperature of the self-fluxing powder in contact with the substrate exceeds a melting point. Fractional particle size has a strong effect on the temperature of particles at the moment of contact with the substrate. The dependences of a temperature of the ceramic phase on the particle size at different concentrations and plasma temperature have been determined. Analysis of the coatings microstructures has shown a good correlation with the results of the calculation.