bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variance sources and ratios to estimate energy and nutrient intakes in a sample of adolescents from public schools, Natal, Brazil
Authors: Lima Severina Carla Vieira Cunha , Lyra Clélia Oliveira , Sena-Evangelista Karine Cavalcanti Maurício , Pinheiro Liana Galvão Bacurau , Morais Célia Márcia Medeiros , Slater Betzabeth , Pedrosa Lucia Fatima Campos
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the sources of dietary variance, and determine the variance ratios and the number of days needed for estimating the habitual diet of adolescents. METHODS: Two 24 hour food recalls were used for estimating the energy, macronutrient, fatty acid, fiber and cholesterol intakes of 366 adolescents attending Public Schools in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The variance ratio between the intrapersonal and interpersonal variances, determined by Analysis of Variance, was calculated. The number of days needed for estimating the habitual intake of each nutrient was given by the hypothetical correlation (r)>0.9 between the actual and observed nutrient intakes. RESULTS: Sources of interpersonal variation were higher for all nutrients and in both genders. Variance ratios were <1 for all nutrients and higher in women. Two 24 hour dietary recalls were enough to assess energy, carbohydrate, fiber and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes accurately. However, the accurate assessment of protein, lipid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol intakes required three 24 hour recalls. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal dietary variance in adolescents was greater than intrapersonal variance for all nutrients, resulting in a variance ratio of less than 1. Two to three 24 hour recalls, depending on gender and the study nutrient, are necessary for estimating the habitual diet of this population.
Traços-memórias na literatura das américas: Margaret Atwood, Linda Hogan, Maryse Condé e Benedicto Monteiro
Authors: Walter Roland
Published: May 2013

Neste ensaio, ao relacionar a teoria pós-colonial e a ecocrítica numa abordagem da literatura pan-americana, parte-se da suposição de que a brutalização das pessoas é ligada à brutalização do espaço e essas brutalizações são enraizadas no passado. Alego como hipótese que esta dupla brutalização dos seres humanos e do espaço é interligada e constitui de diversas maneiras o inconsciente político, cultural e ecológico da experiência pan-americana - o fantasma recalcado da violência colonial que volta em resposta à Verleugnung fazendo sentir sua presença tanto no nível da enunciação quanto no da experiência vivida. O objetivo deste ensaio é investigar como a memória literária traduz esta dupla brutalização em textos dos seguintes autores: Margaret Atwood (Canadá); Linda Hogan (EUA); Maryse Condé (Guadalupe) e Benedicto Monteiro (Brasil).
O legado da rememoração: traços e vestígios memoriais nas américas
Authors: Almeida Sandra Regina Goulart
Published: May 2013

À luz da temática dos rastros e da memória como herança familiar, percurso individual e legado histórico, o trabalho discute romances de escritoras contemporâneas das Américas, a partir da articulação do conceito de "rememoração" de Toni Morrison e das teorizações sobre a noção de traço e o rastro, segundo Freud, Ricouer, Benjamin, Derrida e Spivak.
Certos sentidos de biblioteca escolar: efeitos de repetição e deslocamento
Authors: Ferrarezi Ludmila , Romão Lucília Maria Sousa
Published: May 2013

A partir do embasamento teórico-analítico da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, especialmente os conceitos propostos pelo filósofo Michel Pêcheux, nós investigamos quais sentidos foram mobilizados na constituição dos discursos sobre a biblioteca escolar que circulam em três documentos oficiais, elaborados pelos órgãos de classe da Biblioteconomia e disponibilizados na Internet.Para tanto, nós apresentamos inicialmente os conceitos de memória, ideologia, formação discursiva, formação imaginária e heterogeneidade, que nos ajudaram a investigar o funcionamento discursivo presente em nosso corpus. Nele, observamos, através de nossas análises, como a memória discursiva faz com que alguns sentidos já-ditos sobre a biblioteca escolar sejam atualizados e, ao mesmo tempo, como eles podem ser rompidos, instalando o diferente.
A noção de enunciado reitor de Michel Foucault e a análise de objetos discursivos midiáticos
Authors: Voss Jefferson , Navarro Pedro
Published: May 2013

Este texto tem como escopo discorrer sobre a noção de enunciado reitor, erigida no interior do método arqueológico de Michel Foucault, e discutir sua operacionalidade para a Análise de Discurso (AD). Para tanto, arguimos, primeiramente, sobre as possibilidades de trabalho com o método arqueológico. Na sequência, apresentamos algumas ressalvas que precisariam ser feitas diante da especificidade de algumas materialidades discursivas contemporâneas. Essas ressalvas dizem respeito a algumas noções arqueológicas de Foucault: formação discursiva, enunciado reitor, árvore de derivação enunciativa etc. Finalmente, exploramos a noção de enunciado reitor de Foucault e sua relação com a constituição do corpus de uma pesquisa. Na tentativa de mostrar a operacionalidade de tal noção, analisaremos o papel de enunciado reitor desempenhado pelo slogan do Governo do ex-Presidente Luís Inácio Lula da Silva na gestão presidencial de 2002 a 2006, "Brasil: um país de todos".
A pesquisa colaborativa socialmente situada no contexto escolar: processos dialógicos possíveis
Authors: Ticks Luciane Kirchhof , Silva Eliseu Alves da , Brum Maísa Helena
Published: May 2013

Este artigo discute o processo reflexivo desenvolvido com professores de diferentes disciplinas de uma escola pública de Santa Maria (RS) durante a realização de um programa de formação continuada. Esse processo foi configurado e implementado dentro de uma perspectiva colaborativa de investigação (MAGALHÃES; FIDALGO, 2008), tomando como ponto de partida as necessidades e especificidades dos participantes (da escola pública). Os resultados da análise destacam que o trabalho desenvolvido na escola permitiu a reconfiguração não apenas das representações de ensinar e aprender dos participantes, como também a constituição de novas identidades de professores, além de subsidiarem futuras pesquisas de nosso grupo em outros contextos escolares.
As práticas de leitura e escrita de alunos de um 2º ano do ensino médio
Authors: Tassoni Elvira Cristina Martins , Ribeiro Roberta Soares
Published: May 2013

Este artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisa que teve por objetivo identificar as práticas de leitura e escrita de alunos de um 2º ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual em Piracicaba/SP, bem como de que forma tais práticas se articulam com as vivenciadas nas aulas de língua portuguesa. Para tanto, foram realizadas observações de dez aulas em duas classes do ano em questão e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez alunos e com a professora das classes observadas. A partir do material empírico foram criadas categorias de análise, que evidenciam as relações dos alunos com a leitura e a escrita. Os resultados apontaram importante envolvimento com práticas de leitura e de escrita por meio de ferramentas tecnológicas. Em relação às práticas escolares, embora considerem importante o que é ensinado, esperam maior dinamismo nas aulas, situações mais contextualizadas de leitura e escrita, bem como espaço para expressarem suas ideias e opiniões.
Optimizing the use of potassium sorbate and sodium metabisulphite for the chemical and microbial stability of carbonated coconut water
Authors: Pereira Eliene Penha Rodrigues , Faria José de Assis Fonseca , Pinto Uelinton Manoel
Published: May 2013

Coconut water is popular worldwide, mainly because of its pleasant sensory characteristics, nutritional value and low calorie density. However, coconut water is a highly perishable product due to the presence of enzymes such as peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, which cause undesirable changes in colour, and also because of its susceptibility to microbial spoilage. The use of chemical additives has been adopted by the industry with the intent of increasing product shelf life. In this study, the efficiency of the preservatives potassium sorbate and sodium metabisulphite was assessed using a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) to determine the stability of carbonated coconut water, varying the concentrations of potassium sorbate from 0 to 500 mg.L-1, and of sodium metabisulphite from 0 to 100 mg.L-1. The chemical evaluations included carbonation volume, pH, soluble solids, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, acidity, ascorbic acid, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities, colour and turbidity attributes. The microbiological evaluations considered the total aerobic plate count and the enumeration of yeasts and moulds. It was observed that concentrations of 375 mg.L-1 of potassium sorbate and 75 mg.L-1 of sodium metabisulphite gave the best quality attributes with respect to minor changes in acidity and colour of the coconut water, providing that the raw material had low microbiological contamination.
Narrativa escolar e publicidade
Authors: Soares Thereza Maria Zavarese
Published: May 2013

Este artigo vem a apresentar os resultados da pesquisa intitulada Efeitos do filme publicitário na produção de textos de alunos do ensino fundamental. Utilizando como fundamentação teórica a Semiolingüística de Patrick Charaudeau (1992), analisamos 230 textos de alunos da 6ª série. Entre os resultados obtidos destacamos a evidência de que o modo de organização discursiva dos filmes publicitários, narrativo e/ou descritivo, produz efeitos no plano cognitivo que se manifestam na produção textual desses alunos.
O desenvolvimento do senso crítico no exercido de identificação e escolha de argumentos
Authors: Silva Elisabeth Ramos da
Published: May 2013

O desenvolvimento do senso crítico é um dos principais objetivos presentes nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, já que neles se torna clara a intenção de promover um ensino voltado para a formação de cidadãos. Além disso, o trabalho com a argumentação é considerado fator relevante para o exercício de cidadania. Acreditamos que a prática relativa à identificação ou seleção de argumentos pode ser uma excelente oportunidade para o desenvolvimento do senso crítico, desde que o professor possua alguns referenciais teóricos sobre o assunto e empregue uma metodologia adequada. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer esclarecimentos teóricos e sugestões práticas de como desenvolver a capacidade crítica do aluno na escolha ou identificação de argumentos na produção de textos.
Investigando o processo psícolingüístíco de tradução: identificação de problemas de tradução e possíveis soluções por meio de estratégias
Authors: Domiciano Regina Maria Guarnier
Published: May 2013

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise parcial do processo psicolingiiístico da tradução de cartas em inglês escritas por George Craig Smith, funcionário da Companhia de Terras Norte Paraná, companhia responsável pela colonização do norte velho do Paraná. O processo psicolingiiístico de tradução pode ser entendido como um conjunto de problemas para os quais o tradutor procura encontrar soluções, através de estratégias. Na primeira fase, para o resgate do processo lingüístico da tradução das cartas foi utilizada a técnica do pensamento em voz alta. Três sujeitos, alunos do Curso de Letras Anglo-Portuguesas, participaram dessa fase da pesquisa. Na segunda fase, foram identificados e analisados os problemas de tradução assim como as estratégias para solucionar os mesmos.
Pensando a escrita como uma prática discursiva: implicações para a pesquisa em LA
Authors: Oliveira Maria Bernadete Fernandes de
Published: May 2013

Considerando que os discursos circulantes na escola são portadores de valor, e pensando a língua escrita como espaço de manifestação de práticas discursivas inter e intra subjetivas, pretendemos, neste trabalho, a partir dos conceitos de linguagem/discurso como uma prática social, trilhar um percurso que apresenta sugestões para a pesquisa desta modalidade de língua, com vistas a contribuir para um ensino/aprendizagem da língua escrita, que permita incluir, através da valorização dos mecanismos enunciativos, atividades argumentativas e dialógicas em sala de aula.
A avaliação de proficiência em português língua estrangeira: o exame CELPE-Bras
Authors: Dell'Isola Regina L.P. , Scaramucci Matilde V. R. , Schlatter Margarete , Júdice Norimar
Published: May 2013

Neste artigo apresentamos o perfil do exame de proficiência em Língua Portuguesa, instituído pela Secretaria de Educação Superior (SESu) do MEC, denominado CELPE-Bras. Trata-se da proposta oficial brasileira que permite efetuar exames de Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE) em qualquer parte do mundo, desde que exista um Centro reconhecido e credenciado pelo MEC. O exame, de natureza comunicativa, é uma proposta inovadora. Em nossa exposição, apresentaremos o objetivo, a natureza e o formato do exame; abordaremos os textos selecionados e os níveis de certificação instituídos; trataremos da crescente demanda ao exame e da nossa preocupação com o efeito retroativo do CELPE-Bras no ensino de PLE no Brasil e no exterior.
Por que é difícil participar de Chats?
Authors: Collins Heloísa , Ferreira Anise , Mazzillo Tania , Gervai Solange , Lang Eduardo , Santi Lucimar de , Leites Sonia , Mello Filho José Carlos
Published: May 2013

O chat é uma ferramenta e um serviço de comunicação síncrona na internet, cuja função educacional apresenta controvérsias nos meios acadêmicos. Possuindo interfaces supostamente intuitivas (salas de bate-papo em web), proporcionam, em tese, um meio fácil de usar e potencialmente rico para fins educacionais. Para testar esse meio, uma sessão de chat foi realizada com fins acadêmicos por estudantes e professores de uma disciplina de pós-graduação. Com seus propósitos aparentemente frustrados, essa sessão foi estudada sob instrumentais teórico-metodológicos diversos, no intuito de analisar, de diferentes ângulos, os obstáculos ao uso educacional do chat e sugerir algumas soluções. Com base nos turnos registrados pela ferramenta, foram analisadas as relações interpessoais e as dificuldades no ritmo da conversação; interações e dificuldades relativas a assimetrias, domínios e desenvolvimento de tópicos; fases da construção de conhecimento, e dificuldades técnico-operacionais. Entre os resultados convergentes das diversas análises, demonstrou-se principalmente o impacto da experiência prévia de uso da ferramenta para o sucesso do uso educacional do chat na evolução dos tópicos, no ritmo da conversação e nos domínios interacionais; também constatou-se o impacto do papel do professor e da experiência prévia nas fases de construção do conhecimento identificadas nos turnos dos alunos. Esses resultados sugerem que, para o chat ser proveitoso do ponto de vista educacional, é necessária uma preparação prévia cuidadosa. Para que a ferramenta possa ser mediadora de aprendizagem, é necessário evitar digressões, manter uma pequena variedade de tópicos e, portanto, um foco mais definido no tema programado para a discussão. Igualmente cuidadosa deve ser a mediação do professor para incentivar as problematizações e as sínteses, além de garantir, mediante o apoio aos turnos dos alunos menos experientes, que todos contribuam com informação nova.
Improving management controls for the launching of bridges
Authors: Marples Frank , Richings James D.
Published: May 2013

The A406 Hanger Lane Bridges Replacement Contract for Transport for London is a project to replace two bridges which carry the A406 North Circular Road over London Underground's District lines (Waldegrave Road Bridge) and over London Underground's Central line and Network Rail's main and relief lines out of Paddington station to Heathrow, Reading and the west (South Bridge). This paper seeks to disseminate good practice in the control of a bridge launch through description of how the superstructure installation technique for South Bridge was developed and implemented, taking into account the issues raised by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch's report into the accident during the installation of bridge GE19, and the desire to improve the operational control of the launching of bridge superstructures. Key aspects of the temporary works are discussed to provide practical examples of the implementation of best practice.
Herbivore identity mediates the strength of trophic cascades on individual plants
Authors: van Veen F. J. F. , Sanders D.
Published: May 2013

The strength of top‐down indirect effects of carnivores on plants (trophic cascades) varies greatly and may depend on the identity of the intermediate (herbivore) species. If the effect strength is linked to functional traits of the herbivores then this would allow for more general predictions. Due to the generally sub‐lethal effects of herbivory in terrestrial systems, trophic cascades manifest themselves in the first instance in the fitness of individual plants, affecting both their numerical and genetic contributions to the population.

We directly compare the indirect predator effects on growth and reproductive output of individual Vicia faba plants mediated by the presence of two aphid species: Acyrtosiphon pisum is characterised by a boom and bust strategy whereby colonies grow fast and overexploit their host plant individual while Megoura viciae appear to follow a more prudent strategy that avoids over‐exploitation and death of the host plant. Plants in the field were infested with A. pisum, M. viciae or both and half the plants were protected from predators.

Exposure to predators had a strong impact on the biomass of individual plants and the strength of this effect differed significantly between the different herbivore treatments. A. pisum had a greater direct impact on plants and this was coupled with a significantly stronger indirect predator effect on plant biomass. Although the direct impact of predators was strongest on M. viciae, this was not transmitted to the plant level, indicating that the predator‐prey interactions strength is not as important as the plant‐herbivore link for the magnitude of the indirect predator impact. At the individual plant level, the indirect predator effect was purely due to consumptive effects on herbivore densities with no evidence for increased herbivore dispersal in response to presence of predators.

The nature of plant‐herbivore interactions is the key to terrestrial trophic cascade strength. The two herbivores that we compared were similar in feeding mode and body size but differed their way how they exploit host plants, which was the important trait explaining the strength of the trophic cascade.
Reply to the comments of Jean Philip on the paper entitled
Authors: Andreani Louis , Loget Nicolas , Rangin Claude , Le Pichon Xavier
Published: May 2013

We reply to the comments of J. Philip regarding the structure of La Nerthe range (southern Provence, France) and the timing of the deformation. We first agree with J. Philip on the structural independence of La Nerthe and L’Etoile ranges. We then discuss the allochthonous and autochthonous models. The allochthonous model mainly relies on a reactivation of a N-verging thrust during the Oligocene. There are no evidences for a Middle Rupelian thrusting event and the interpretation of the Oligocene series in southern Provence area was entirely revised. J. Philip’s argumentation is solely based on the existence of steep dipping Rupelian limestones. However we demonstrate that they could be tilted along normal faults as it is the case in the Marseille basin. Recent works clearly show that the Oligocene Marseille and Saint-Pierre basins have a similar tectonic history resulting from two main extensional events. The last point debated by J. Philip is the age of the strike-slip faults. As it is pointed in our contribution the strike-slip fault planes cut folded strata and were reactivated during an extensional event. This strike-slip faulting event occurred between the latest stages of the main Bartonian compressional event and the beginning of the Early Rupelian extensional tectonics. As pointed by J. Philip the E-trending faults of Saint-Pierre basin acted as normal faults during the Oligocene. We however suggest that these faults were inherited from the Late Eocene strike-slip tectonics and reactivated during the Oligocene.
Ceftaroline fosamil use in hospitalized patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: Budget impact analysis from a hospital perspective
Authors: Huang Xingyue , Beresford Eric , Lodise Thomas , Friedland H. David
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The budgetary impact of adding ceftaroline fosamil to a hospital formulary for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) was evaluated.

Methods

A three-year hospital budget impact model was constructed with three initial treatment options for ABSSSIs: ceftaroline fosamil, vancomycin plus aztreonam, and other vancomycin-containing regimens. The target population was hospitalized adult patients with an ABSSSI. Clinical cure rates with initial treatment were assumed to be similar to those from ceftaroline fosamil clinical trials. Patients who did not respond to initial treatment were assumed to be treated successfully with second-line antimicrobial therapy. Length of stay and cost per hospital day (by success or failure with initial treatment) were estimated based on a large database from more than 100 U.S. hospitals. Other model inputs included the annual number of ABSSSI admissions, projected annual case growth rate, proportion of ABSSSI target population receiving vancomycin-containing regimen, expected proportion of ABSSSI target population to be treated with ceftaroline fosamil, drug acquisition cost, cost of antibiotic administration, and cost of vancomycin monitoring. Sensitivity analysis using 95% confidence limits of clinical cure rates was also performed.

Results

The estimated total cost of care for treating a patient with an ABSSSI was $395 lower with ceftaroline fosamil ($15,087 versus $15,482) compared with vancomycin plus aztreonam and $72 lower ($15,087 versus $15,159) compared with other vancomycin-containing regimens.

Conclusion

Model estimates indicated that adding ceftaroline fosamil to the hospital formulary would not have a negative effect on a hospital’s budget for ABSSSI treatment.
Resistance to antimicrobials drugs and control measures of Salmonella spp in the poultry industry
Authors: Velhner Maja , Potkonjak Dubravka , Stojanovic Dragica , Mitevski Darko , Stojanov Igor , Petrovic Jelena
Published: May 2013

The worldwide prevalence of multiple resistant Salmonella spp is described.
Clonally distributed Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 and Salmonella Typhimurium
DT104 are among the most pathogenic strains for humans. Recently there have
been reports on the prevalence of ST ?like? monophasic 4(5),12:i strains in
some countries. Vaccination strategy and antimicorbial agent therapy is also
briefly discussed. Products of animal origin must be safe and without the
risk of antimicrobial resistance. Subsequently, the good management practice
at farm level and HACCP in feed factories are required to cope with
salmonella infections. Poultry producers in developed countries have been
motivated to participate in salmonella control programs, because of public
awareness on safe food and risks in the food chain. Export of poultry and
poultry products is more successful in the regions where Salmonella
Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium have been eradicated.
Significance of wildfowl populations and their parasite fauna
Authors: Ilic Tamara , Petrovic Tamas , Dimitrijevic Sanda
Published: May 2013

Populations of wildfowl have been categorised taxonomically into five
families: Phasianidae, Tetraonidae, Scolopacidae, Otidae and Anatidae. They
are of particular importance for agriculture, forestry and the game economy,
and certain species also have an important role in the epizootiology of
parasitic infections in domestic fowl and fish. That is why it is extremely
important for the process of promoting the system of animal health protection
to have knowledge regarding the etiology and epizootiology of parasitic
infections in wildfowl. Diseases in wildfowl caused by protozoa are
histomoniasis, trichomoniasis, malaria, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis,
sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, and giardiasis. The most represented
helminthiases in wildfowl are singamosis, capillariasis, trichostrongyliasis,
ascaridiosis, heteraciosis, nematodosis of the glandular stomach, cestodoses
and trematodoses. The most significant ectoparasites in wildfowl are mites,
ticks, and fleas. The reduction of populations of certain widlfowl species in
nature could present a major problem, having in mind the important role of
these birds in ecosystems and biocenosis. The incidence, maintaining and
spreading of parasitic infections among widlfowl are just some of the factors
that affect the numbers of their populations.
Increased Brain Lactate Concentrations Without Increased Lactate Oxidation During Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetic Individuals
Authors: De Feyter Henk M. , Mason Graeme F. , Shulman Gerald I. , Rothman Douglas L. , Petersen Kitt Falk
Published: May 2013

Previous studies have reported that brain metabolism of acetate is increased more than twofold during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic (T1D) subjects with hypoglycemia unawareness. These data support the hypothesis that upregulation of blood-brain barrier monocarboxylic acid (MCA) transport may contribute to the maintenance of brain energetics during hypoglycemia in subjects with hypoglycemia unawareness. Plasma lactate concentrations are ∼10-fold higher than acetate concentrations, making lactate the most likely alternative MCA as brain fuel. We therefore examined transport of [3-13C]lactate across the blood-brain barrier and its metabolism in the brains of T1D patients and nondiabetic control subjects during a hypoglycemic clamp using 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain lactate concentrations were more than fivefold higher (P < 0.05) during hypoglycemia in the T1D subjects compared with the control subjects. Surprisingly, we observed no increase in the oxidation of blood-borne lactate in the T1D subjects, as reflected by similar 13C fractional enrichments in brain glutamate and glutamine. Taken together, these data suggest that in addition to increased MCA transport at the blood-brain barrier, there may be additional metabolic adaptations that contribute to hypoglycemia unawareness in patients with T1D.
Short Sleep Duration Measured by Wrist Actimetry Is Associated With Deteriorated Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Borel Anne-Laure , Pépin Jean-Louis , Nasse Laure , Baguet Jean-Philippe , Netter Sophie , Benhamou Pierre-Yves
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE

Sleep restriction has been associated with deteriorated insulin sensitivity. The effects of short sleep duration have been explored little in patients with type 1 diabetes. This study addresses the question of whether sleep curtailment affects HbA1c levels in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Seventy-nine adult patients with type 1 diabetes (median age 40 years [IQR 23–49]; 47% men) were recruited to wear a wrist actimetry sensor during 3 consecutive days to assess mean sleep duration during normal daily life. A subsample of 37 patients also performed 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Medical history, sleep questionnaires, and diabetes-related quality of life (DQOL) were assessed.

RESULTS

Patients having shorter sleep duration—less than 6.5 h (n = 21)—had higher levels of HbA1c (P = 0.01) than patients with longer sleep duration, above 6.5 h (n = 58). In a multivariable regression model including shorter versus longer sleep duration, diabetes duration, DQOL score, and daily activity, sleep duration was the only variable independently associated with HbA1c (R2 = 10%). In patients who performed 24-h ABPM, patients with a nondipping pattern of blood pressure exhibited shorter sleep duration than patients with a dipping pattern of blood pressure.

CONCLUSIONS

Shorter sleep duration is associated with higher HbA1c levels in patients with type 1 diabetes, as well as with a nondipping pattern of blood pressure, anticipating a long-term deleterious impact on the risk of microvascular complications. Further studies should test whether extending the duration of sleep may improve both HbA1c and blood pressure in type 1 diabetes.
Influence of Immediate Dentin Sealing Techniques on Cuspal Deflection and Fracture Resistance of Teeth Restored with Composite Resin Inlays
Authors: Oliveira L , Mota EG , Borges GA , Burnett LH , Spohr AM
Published: May 2013

This research evaluated the influence of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) techniques on cuspal deflection and fracture resistance of teeth restored with composite resin inlays. Forty-eight maxillary premolars were divided into four groups: G1, sound teeth (control); G2, without IDS; G3, IDS with Clearfil SE Bond (CSE); and G4, IDS with CSE and Protect Liner F. The teeth from groups 2, 3, and 4 received mesio-distal-occlusal preparations. The impressions were made with vinyl polysiloxane, followed by provisional restoration and storage in water for seven days. The impressions were poured using type IV die stone, and inlays with Filtek Z250 composite resin were built over each cast. The inlays were luted with Panavia F. After storage in water for 72 hours, a 200-N load was applied on the occlusal surface using a metal sphere connected to a universal testing machine, and the cuspal deflection was measured with a micrometer. The specimens were then submitted to an axial load until failure. The following mean cuspal deflection (μm) and mean fracture resistance (N) followed by the same lowercase letter represent no statistical difference by analysis of variance and Tukey (p<0.05): cuspal deflection: G1, 3.1 ± 1.5a; G2, 10.3 ± 4.6b; G3, 5.5 ± 1.8ac; and G4, 7.7 ± 5.1bc; fracture resistance: G1, 1974 ± 708a; G2, 1162 ± 474b; G3, 700 ± 280b; and G4, 810 ± 343b. IDS with CSE allowed cuspal deflection comparable with that associated with sound teeth. The application of Protect Liner F did not contribute to a decrease in cuspal deflection. The IDS techniques did not influence the fracture resistance of teeth.
Accelerometric comparison of the locomotor pattern of horses sedated with xylazine hydrochloride, detomidine hydrochloride, or romifidine hydrochloride
Authors: López-Sanromán F. Javier , Holmbak-Petersen Ronald , Varela Marta , del Alamo Ana M. , Santiago Isabel
Published: May 2013

Objective—To evaluate the duration of effects on movement patterns of horses after sedation with equipotent doses of xylazine hydrochloride, detomidine hydrochloride, or romifidine hydrochloride and determine whether accelerometry can be used to quantify differences among drug treatments.

Animals—6 healthy horses.

Procedures—Each horse was injected IV with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (10 mL), xylazine diluted in saline solution (0.5 mg/kg), detomidine diluted in saline solution (0.01 mg/kg), or romifidine diluted in saline solution (0.04 mg/kg) in random order. A triaxial accelerometric device was used for gait assessment 15 minutes before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after each treatment. Eight variables were calculated, including speed, stride frequency, stride length, regularity, dorsoventral power, propulsive power, mediolateral power, and total power; the force of acceleration and 3 components of power were then calculated.

Results—Significant differences were evident in stride frequency and regularity between treatments with saline solution and each α2-adrenoceptor agonist drug; in speed, dorsoventral power, propulsive power, total power, and force values between treatments with saline solution and detomidine or romifidine; and in mediolateral power between treatments with saline solution and detomidine. Stride length did not differ among treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Accelerometric evaluation of horses administered α2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs revealed more prolonged sedative effects of romifidine, compared with effects of xylazine or detomidine. Accelerometry could be useful in assessing the effects of other sedatives and analgesics. Accelerometric data may be helpful in drug selection for situations in which a horse's balance and coordination are important.
Pharmacokinetics of terbinafine after oral administration of a single dose to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)
Authors: Evans Erika E. , Emery Lee C. , Cox Sherry K. , Souza Marcy J.
Published: May 2013

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics after oral administration of a single dose of terbinafine hydrochloride to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Animals—6 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.

Procedures—A single dose of terbinafine hydrochloride (60 mg/kg) was administered orally to each bird, which was followed immediately by administration of a commercially available gavage feeding formula. Blood samples were collected at the time of drug administration (time 0) and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of terbinafine were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—Data from 1 bird were discarded because of a possible error in the dose of drug administered. After oral administration of terbinafine, the maximum concentration for the remaining 5 fed birds ranged from 109 to 671 ng/mL, half-life ranged from 6 to 13.5 hours, and time to the maximum concentration ranged from 2 to 8 hours. No adverse effects were observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of the results indicated that oral administration of terbinafine at a dose of 60 mg/kg to Amazon parrots did not result in adverse effects and may be potentially of use in the treatment of aspergillosis. Additional studies are needed to determine treatment efficacy and safety.
Performance of a gravitational marrow separator, multidirectional bone marrow aspiration needle, and repeated bone marrow collections on the production of concentrated bone marrow and separation of mesenchymal stem cells in horses
Authors: Ishihara Akikazu , Helbig Holly J. , Sanchez-Hodge Rebekah B. , Wellman Maxey L. , Landrigan Matthew D. , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: May 2013

Objective—To determine the efficiency of a novel point-of-care gravitational marrow separator and bone marrow aspiration needle for concentrated bone marrow production and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) separation and assess the effect of repeated bone marrow collections in horses.

Animals—8 healthy adult horses.

Procedures—Bone marrow aspiration was performed twice (1 month apart) from sternebral bodies with a standard or prototype multidirectional needle. Concentrated bone marrow was obtained by gravitational marrow separation and evaluated for WBC and platelet counts, automated and cytomorphologic cell differential counts, MSCs, and cell viability.

Results—Concentrated bone marrow samples obtained with the marrow separator had 5- to 19-fold bone marrow-derived MSC, WBC, and platelet counts, compared with original bone marrow samples. Use of a multidirectional needle increased the frequency of obtaining MSC-richer concentrated bone marrow. Repeating bone marrow aspiration at 1 month yielded greater MSC numbers but slightly lower cell viability after processing.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The gravitational bone marrow separator and multidirectional needle were used to effectively harvest bone marrow and improve the quality of concentrated bone marrow. Comparable, or even greater, numbers of bone marrow-derived MSCs were collected by repeated bone marrow aspiration after a 1-month interval from the same aspiration sites. Use of the marrow separator and multidirectional bone marrow aspiration needle can facilitate a 1-step, point-of-care, nonlaboratory method to obtain concentrated bone marrow as a mixture of bone marrow-derived MSCs and growth factors from platelets and plasma.
Effect of gluteus medius muscle sample collection depth on postprandial mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in mature Thoroughbred mares
Authors: Wagner Ashley L. , Urschel Kristine L. , Lefta Mellani , Esser Karyn A.
Published: May 2013

Objective—To determine the effect of biopsy collection depth on the postprandial activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling factors, particularly protein kinase B, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, ribosomal protein S6, and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 in middle-aged horses.

Animals—6 healthy Thoroughbred mares (mean ± SD age, 13.4 ± 3.4 years).

Procedures—Horses were fed a high-protein feed at 3 g/kg. Sixty minutes after horses were fed, the percutaneous needle biopsy technique was used to collect biopsy specimens from the gluteus medius muscle at 6, 8, and 10 cm below the surface of the skin. Muscle specimens were analyzed for the activation of upstream and downstream mTOR signaling factors, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition, and amino acid concentrations.

Results—A 21% increase in MHC IIA isoform expression and a 21% decrease in MHC IIX isoform expression were identified as biopsy depth increased from 8 to 10 cm below the surface of the skin; however, no significant change was evident in the degree of MHC I expression with muscle depth. Biopsy depth had no significant effect on the phosphorylation of any of the mTOR signaling factors evaluated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Postprandial mTOR signaling could be compared between middle-aged horses when biopsy specimens were collected between 6 and 10 cm below the surface of the skin. Optimization of muscle biopsy techniques for evaluating mTOR signaling in horses will facilitate the design of future investigations into the factors that regulate muscle mass in horses.
Assessment of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for use in evaluating the effects of dietary and environmental management on Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni)
Authors: Gramanzini Matteo , Di Girolamo Nicola , Gargiulo Sara , Greco Adelaide , Cocchia Natascia , Delogu Mauro , Rosapane Isabella , Liuzzi Raffaele , Selleri Paolo , Brunetti Arturo
Published: May 2013

Objective—To assess dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for evaluating effects of diet and environment on bone mineral density in Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni).

Animals—26 Hermann's tortoises within 1 month after hatching.

Procedures—Group 1 was housed in an artificial setting and fed naturally growing vegetation. Group 2 was housed in an artificial setting and fed vegetables grown for human consumption. Group 3 was maintained in an outside enclosure and fed naturally growing vegetation. After 10 months, pyramidal growth, body weight, and adverse conditions were assessed. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial and appendicular skeleton, shell, vertebral column, and pelvis was measured via DXA.

Results—Group 2 had the highest mean ± SD body weight (65.42 ± 30.85 g), followed by group 1 (51.08 ± 22.92 g) and group 3 (35.74 ± 7.13 g). Mean BMD of the shell varied significantly among groups (group 1, 0.05 ± 0.03 g/cm2•m; group 2, 0.09 ± 0.15 g/cm2•m; and group 3, undetectable). The BMD of the axial and appendicular skeleton, vertebral column, and pelvis did not differ significantly among groups. Pyramidal growth was highest in group 1 and not evident in group 3.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tortoises raised in artificial conditions did not have deficits in BMD, compared with results for outdoor-housed hibernating tortoises. Supplemental calcium was apparently not necessary when an adequate photothermal habitat and plant-based diet were provided. Higher BMD of captive-raised tortoises was morphologically associated with a higher incidence of pyramidal growth in captive-raised groups.
Polymerase chain reaction-based screening for the ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae F89 strain
Authors: Goire N , Lahra M M , Ohnishi M , Hogan T , Liminios A E , Nissen M D , Sloots T P , Whiley D M
Published: May 2013

Emergence and spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins is a major problem threatening treatment of gonorrhoea and is further highlighted by the recent report of a second ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strain (F89) in Europe, initially observed in France and subsequently identified in Spain. N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance has acquired new importance and molecular tools have the potential to enhance bacterial culture-based methods. In this study, we established a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for direct detection of the F89 strain. A key component of this screening protocol was the development of a hybridisation probe-based melting curve analysis assay (mosaic501-hybPCR) to detect the presence of an A501P substitution on the N. gonorrhoeae mosaic penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2) sequence, an important characteristic of the F89 strain. The mosaic501-hybPCR was evaluated using plasmid-derived positive controls (n=3) and characterised gonococcal (n=33) and non-gonococcal (n=58) isolates. The protocol was then applied to 159 clinical specimens from Sydney, Australia, collected during the first half of the year 2012 that were N. gonorrhoeae PCR-positive. Overall, the results indicate that the PCR-based protocol is suitable for direct detection of the N. gonorrhoeae F89 strain in non-cultured clinical samples. It therefore provides an additional tool to aid investigations into the potential spread of F89 strain throughout Europe and elsewhere.
United States medical students’ knowledge of Alzheimer disease
Authors: Nagle Brian J. , Usita Paula M. , Edland Steven D.
Published: May 2013

Purpose: A knowledge gap exists between general physicians and specialists in diagnosing and managing Alzheimerdisease (AD). This gap is concerning due to the estimated rise in prevalence of AD and cost to the health care system.Medical school is a viable avenue to decrease the gap, educating future physicians before they specialize. The purpose ofthis study was to assess the knowledge level of students in their first and final years of medical school. Methods: Fourteenparticipating United States medical schools used e-mail student rosters to distribute an online survey of a quantitativecross-sectional assessment of knowledge about AD; 343 students participated. Knowledge was measured using the12-item University of Alabama at Birmingham AD Knowledge Test for Health Professionals. General linear models wereused to examine the effect of demographic variables and previous experience with AD on knowledge scores. Results:Only 2.5% of first year and 68.0% of final year students correctly scored ten or more items on the knowledge scale. Personalexperience with AD predicted higher knowledge scores in final year students (P=0.027). Conclusion: Knowledgedeficiencies were common in final year medical students. Future studies to identify and evaluate the efficacy of AD educationprograms in medical schools are warranted. Identifying and disseminating effective programs may help close theknowledge gap.
Glyphosate-Resistant Goosegrass from Mississippi
Authors: Molin William , Wright Alice , Nandula Vijay
Published: May 2013

A suspected glyphosate-resistant goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] population, found in Washington County, Mississippi, was studied to determine the level of resistance and whether the resistance was due to a point mutation, as was previously identified in a Malaysian population. Whole plant dose response assays indicated a two- to four-fold increase in resistance to glyphosate. Leaf disc bioassays based on a glyphosate-dependent increase in shikimate levels indicated a five- to eight-fold increase in resistance. Sequence comparisons of messenger RNA for epsps, the gene encoding the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, from resistant and sensitive goosegrass, revealed a cytosine to thymine nucleotide change at position 319 in the resistant accessions. This single nucleotide polymorphism causes a proline to serine amino acid substitution at position 106 in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using DNA probes specific for the nucleotide change at position 319 was developed to detect this polymorphism. Goosegrass from 42 locations were screened, and the results indicated that glyphosate-resistant goosegrass remained localized to where it was discovered. Pendimethalin, s-metolachlor, clethodim, paraquat and fluazifop controlled resistant goosegrass 93% to 100%, indicating that several control options for glyphosate-resistant goosegrass are available.
Turbulent Flow Characteristics and Dynamics Response of a Vertical-Axis Spiral Rotor
Authors: Kang Can , Yang Xin , Wang Yuli
Published: May 2013

The concept of a vertical-axis spiral wind rotor is proposed and implemented in the interest of adapting it to air flows from all directions and improving the rotor’s performance. A comparative study is performed between the proposed rotor and conventional Savonius rotor. Turbulent flow features near the rotor blades are simulated with Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The torque coefficient of the proposed rotor is satisfactory in terms of its magnitude and variation through the rotational cycle. Along the height of the rotor, distinct spatial turbulent flow patterns vary with the upstream air velocity. Subsequent experiments involving a disk generator gives an in-depth understanding of the dynamic response of the proposed rotor under different operation conditions. The optimal tip-speed ratio of the spiral rotor is 0.4–0.5, as is shown in both simulation and experiment. Under normal and relative-motion flow conditions, and within the range of upstream air velocity from 1 to 12 m/s, the output voltage of the generator was monitored and statistically analyzed. It was found that normal air velocity fluctuations lead to a non-synchronous correspondence between upstream air velocity and output voltage. In contrast, the spiral rotor’s performance when operating from the back of a moving truck was significantly different to its performance under the natural conditions.