bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling artistic creativity: Implications for grants
Authors: Cawelti G. S. , Rappaport Allen , Wood W. C.
Published: February 2011

Abstract — The nature and origin of creativity in the arts is an ancient question that continues to be puzzling. Modeling creativity as a system is an issue spanning most of this century. Among those with pragmatic concerns are university faculty and administrators charged with funding creative projects where artists have difficulty articulating their proposals and favorable outcomes are often difficult to anticipate. Interpretive Structural Modeling is used to give systemic form to the creative process as developed by five faculty in the “creative” areas. A simultaneous process involving multiple events occuring continuously is identified as the dominant nature of the creative process. The dilemmas involved in modifying grant systems to allow for the creative process in the arts are discussed.
Specialization, socialization and identity in an interdependent world
Authors: Koizumi Tetsunori , Koizumi Hisako
Published: February 2011

From a systems perspective, man is an open system whose life is defined in the space of interaction with other systems ‐ individuals, families, groups, communities, nations, international organizations, and nature. The space of that interaction, the space in which “specialization” and “socialization” take place, has dramatically expanded in the last couple of centuries with the evolution of industrial and information societies. The space of specialization and socialization is also the space in which human development takes place. The purpose of the present discussion is to examine the meaning of “identity” for the individual who now finds himself confronted with the difficult task of human development, willingly or unwillingly, in the world of global interdependence in his life as a biological, a psychological, and a social being.
Specialization V. Socialization: Will information technology affect the outcome?
Authors: Jackson David , Little Janet
Published: February 2011

In this paper, the role of computer technology in the specialization/socialization conflict is examined. It is contended that, to a large extent, computers can relieve people from a number of highly specialized tasks, but, on the other hand, they may also be having quite profound effects on the nature of socialization. The paper goes on to consider what the implications of these changes for society might be, and to what extent they are desirable.
Socialization and specialization in the legal profession
Authors: Justin Robert M.
Published: February 2011

The amount of law in the United States increases daily in volume and scope. It is impossible for one attorney to stay current in all aspects of these growing bodies of law. An attorney must specialize in specific areas of the law. An attorney likes to be able to meet all of the legal needs of a client so that the attorney will not risk losing the client. Clients tend to believe that if you have a legal problem, you see an attorney and expect that problem will be solved. Specialization limits the attorney's ability to meet all of the client's needs without a corresponding change in the client's expectations. This paper will look at the socialization that will occur in the delivery of legal services as attorneys specialize more.
Analysis and synthesis: On scientific method – based on a study by bernhard riemann
Authors: Ritchey Tom
Published: February 2011

There are important situations in which a method can be regarded as more suitable than the other. This concerns the question of which method is most appropriate as the primary method of chief point of departure for the study of a given system or object of scientific inquiry.

This article deals with the foundations of analysis and synthesis as scientific methods, and especially with the requirements for the successful application of these methods.
The progression of the entropy of a five dimensional psychotherapeutic system
Authors: Badalamenti Anthony F. , Langs Robert J.
Published: February 2011

— This paper presents a study of the deterministic and stochastic behavior of the entropy of a 5‐dimensional, 2400 state, system across each of six psychotherapeutic sessions. The growth of entropy was found to be logarithmic in each session. The stochastic behavior of a moving 600 second estimator of entropy revealed a Box‐Jenkins model of type (1,1,0) — that is, the first difference of the entropy series was first order autoregressive or prior state sensitive. In addition, the patient and therapist entropy series exhibited no significant cross correlation across lags of −300 to +300 seconds. Yet all such pairs of series exhibited high coherency past the frequency of.06 (on a full range of 0 to.5). Furthermore, all the patients and therapists were attracted to a geometric center of mass in 5‐dimensional space which was different from the geometric center of the region where the system lived. The process significance of the findings and the relationship between the deterministic and stochastic results are discussed. The paper is then placed in the broader context of our efforts to provide new and meaningful quantitative dimensions and mathematical models to psychotherapy research.
The Influence of SiO2 on the Extraction of Ti Element from Ti‐bearing Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Zuotai , Zhang Mei , Guo Min , Wang Xidong
Published: February 2011

The present paper investigated the crystallization behavior of Ti‐concentrating phases in titanium‐bearing blast furnace slags influenced by the silica content. The objective was to recycle the titanium from titanium‐bearing blast furnace slags by enriching Ti element in anosovite. The effect of SiO2 on the formation of anosovite in the titanium‐bearing blast furnace slags was studied under C/CO equilibrated atmospheres using a combination of X‐ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDX). It was found that, under the C/CO equilibrated atmospheres, the formed primary phases transformed from perovskite to anosovite by adding SiO2 up to 35 wt% in the slags. The related mechanism was investigated according to the theory of molten slags structure and the principle of thermodynamics.
Wnt and Notch Pathways Have Interrelated Opposing Roles on Prostate Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Shahi Payam , Seethammagari Mamatha R. , Valdez Joseph M. , Xin Li , Spencer David M.
Published: February 2011

Tissue stem cells are capable of both self-renewal and differentiation to maintain a constant stem cell population and give rise to the plurality of cells within a tissue. Wnt signaling has been previously identified as a key mediator for the maintenance of tissue stem cells; however, possible cross-regulation with other developmentally critical signaling pathways involved in adult tissue homeostasis, such as Notch, is not well understood. By using an in vitro prostate stem cell colony (“prostasphere”) formation assay and in vivo prostate reconstitution experiments, we demonstrate that Wnt pathway induction on Sca-1+CD49f+ basal/stem cells (B/SCs) promotes expansion of the basal epithelial compartment with noticeable increases in “triple positive” (cytokeratin [CK] 5+, CK8+, p63+) prostate progenitor cells, concomitant with upregulation of known Wnt target genes involved in cell-cycle induction. Moreover, Wnt induction affects expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signature genes, suggesting a possible mechanism for priming B/SC to act as potential tumor-initiating cells. Interestingly, induction of Wnt signaling in B/SCs results in downregulation of Notch1 transcripts, consistent with its postulated antiproliferative role in prostate cells. In contrast, induction of Notch signaling in prostate progenitors inhibits their proliferation and disrupts prostasphere formation. In vivo prostate reconstitution assays further demonstrate that induction of Notch in B/SCs disrupts proper acini formation in cells expressing the activated Notch1 allele, Notch-1 intracellular domain. These data emphasize the importance of Wnt/Notch cross-regulation in adult stem cell biology and suggest that Wnt signaling controls the proliferation and/or maintenance of epithelial progenitors via modulation of Notch signaling.
Transforming Growth Factor β-Mediated Sox10 Suppression Controls Mesenchymal Progenitor Generation in Neural Crest Stem Cells
Authors: John Nessy , Cinelli Paolo , Wegner Michael , Sommer Lukas
Published: February 2011

During vertebrate development, neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) give rise to neural cells of the peripheral nervous system and to a variety of mesenchymal cell types, including smooth muscle, craniofacial chondrocytes, and osteocytes. Consistently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been shown to derive in part from the neural crest (NC), although the mechanisms underlying MSC generation remains to be identified. Here, we show that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-mediated suppression of the NCSC transcription factor Sox10 induces a switch in neural to mesenchymal potential in NCSCs. In vitro and in vivo, TGFβ signal inactivation results in persistent Sox10 expression, decreased cell cycle exit, and perturbed generation of mesenchymal derivatives, which eventually leads to defective morphogenesis. In contrast, TGFβ-mediated downregulation of Sox10 or its genetic inactivation suppresses neural potential, confers mesenchymal potential to NC cells in vitro, and promotes cell cycle exit and precocious mesenchymal differentiation in vivo. Thus, negative regulation of Sox10 by TGFβ signaling promotes the generation of mesenchymal progenitors from NCSCs. Our study might lay the grounds for future applications demanding defined populations of MSCs for regenerative medicine.
The effect of concept mapping on students' anxiety and achievement in biology
Authors: Jegede Olugbemiro J. , Alaiyemola Folusho F. , Okebukola Peter A. O.
Published: February 2011

The results of recent studies into the use of the concept mapping heuristic seem to demonstrate that meaningful learning results through its use in science classrooms. While this underscores the need to use more effective instructional strategies in science teaching, the issue of the intervening variable of anxiety in learning and science achievement, and the possible use of a metacognitive strategy in anxiety reduction have not been addressed. This study, therefore, sought to find out if the metacognitive strategy of concept mapping reduces anxiety and thereby enhances achievement in biology. A total of 51 (30 boys, 21 girls) senior secondary one (grade 10) students participated in this experiment. Two instruments—the Zuckerman Affect Adjective Checklist and the Biology Achievement Test—were used in pre‐ and posttest administrations to measure the treatment effect on anxiety and achievement, respectively. Findings support the stand that concept mapping is significantly more effective than the traditional/expository teaching strategy in enhancing learning in biology. In addition, it apparently reduces students' anxiety towards the learning of biology. A significant reduction of anxiety was noticed for male subjects.
The relations between disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge and the length of teaching experience of biology and geography teachers
Authors: And Ron Hoz , Tomer Ytzak , Tamir Pinchas
Published: February 2011

Concept mapping was used to tap the conceptual disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge of seven biology and six geography teachers with short or long teaching experience. Based on five knowledge structure dimensions, the results were that (1) the disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge of teachers of both biology and geography is quite unsatisfactory; (2) the two types of knowledge did not improve with experience and the latter slightly deteriorated; and (3) the teachers mastered their disciplinary knowledge better than their pedagogical knowledge. The results are discussed in relation to the nature of the instructional activities and the different status of the disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge in teaching.
Concept maps as a heuristic for science curriculum development: Toward improvement in process and product
Authors: Starr Mary L. , Krajcik Joseph S.
Published: February 2011

This article outlines the use of concept maps as a tool for science curriculum development and discusses the changes that occur in the teacher's view of the curriculum with successive revisions of the maps. Although we have used concept mapping in curriculum development with teachers from grades 4–8, we describe in detail the maps created by sixth‐grade teachers. We analyzed the maps using three criteria: hierarchical structure, progressive differentiation, and integrative reconciliation. Changes made to the maps during the revision process, including additions and deletions, show increased clarification of both the concepts to be learned and the connections between them. Consecutive map revisions show the development of a cohesive conceptual grade‐six science curriculum. The use of concept maps can help science teachers develop science curriculum that is hierarchically arranged, integrated, and conceptually driven.
Semantic networking: The new kid on the block
Authors: Fisher Kathleen M.
Published: February 2011

This article briefly describes the SemNet™ software and some of its uses as an educational and research tool, with emphasis on the similarities and differences between concept mapping and semantic networking. A semantic network captures (in part) each concept's position in psychological space, identifying both the other concepts to which it is connected and the nature of the links that bind them. Computer‐based semantic networks differ from paper‐and‐pencil maps in that they are n‐dimensional; each concept can be linked to many other concepts; relations are bidirectional; representations can include images, text, and sound; and nets can be very large. Disadvantages of SemNet™ networks include (a) the difficulties in obtaining a clear overview and (b) the homogeneous nature of the representations, in which all links look alike. Advantages include the ability to integrate ideas across a large knowledge base, the ease and rapidity of net creation, the ease with which elements (concepts, relations, or propositions) can be found within nets, and the utility of nets as self‐study tools. Concept mapping and semantic networking are complementary strategies that can be used effectively in tandem to help students learn, to help teachers teach, and to support cognitive research.
Students' misunderstandings and misconceptions in college freshman chemistry (general and organic)
Authors: Zoller Uri
Published: February 2011

Both chemistry teachers and nonmajor students appear to agree that freshman chemistry may well be the most problematic traditional science discipline taught in the first year of college—as far as students' misunderstandings, learning difficulties, and misconceptions are concerned. The above is probably due to the many abstract, nonintuitive concepts, which are not directly interrelated. Consequently, in such cases, the powerful, general teaching strategy of “concept mapping” must be replaced by alternative, specific strategies. Selected illustrative examples of students' learning difficulties and misconceptions in freshman general and organic chemistry are presented in the students' terms, followed by the corresponding successfully applied, specific, concept‐oriented, eclectic intervention strategies the author uses in order to overcome the difficulties. Based on longitudinal in‐class observations, interpretive study, and analysis it is suggested that those students' misconceptions in freshman chemistry which are not interrelated logically and/or derived from one another are not prone to the general “concept mapping” approach and should be dealt with by using the appropriate, specific teaching strategy.
Soft clustering for information retrieval applications
Authors: Bordogna Gloria , Pasi Gabriella
Published: February 2011

This paper overviews soft clustering algorithms applied in the context of information retrieval (IR). First, a motivation of the utility of soft clustering approaches in IR is discussed. Then, an outline of the two main flat soft approaches, namely probabilistic clustering and fuzzy clustering, is described. Specifically, the expectation maximization and fuzzy c‐means algorithms are introduced, and some of their extensions defined to overcome their main drawbacks when applied for organizing large document collections. Finally, soft hierarchical clustering algorithms designed for generating taxonomies of documents are introduced. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2011 1 138‐146 DOI: 10.1002/widm.3

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Hierarchies and Trees

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Information Repositories

Technologies > Computational Intelligence

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Involuntary civil commitment: Legal versus clinical paternalism
Authors: Miller Robert D.
Published: February 2011

Because of the numbers of patients involved and because of obvious past abuses, involuntary civil commitment has been the major battleground between clinicians and libertarians.
Expanding the duties to protect third parties from violent acts
Authors: Mills Mark J.
Published: February 2011

The psychotherapeutic duty to protect third parties from a patient's violent acts is a reasonable societal obligation, so a similar duty should be recognized for all who routinely have special access to information about violence.
Conclusions
Authors: Rachlin Stephen
Published: February 2011

This postscript outlines several points to consider in examining the issues presented in the preceding chapters.
Rural community support programs: The experience in three wisconsin counties
Authors: Diamond Ronald J. , Van Dyke David
Published: February 2011

Community support programs in rural areas are conceptually similar to the programs in urban areas, although the details must be adapted to fit the strengths and limitations of the rural setting.
Impact of a model program on state mental health policy development
Authors: Greenley Dianne
Published: February 2011

The Training in Community Living program has had a significant impact on mental health policy and program development in Wisconsin through its vision of community treatment, research findings, and advocacy on behalf of persons with severe mental illness.
Ethical problems in community treatment of the chronically mentally ill
Authors: Diamond Ronald J. , Wikler Daniel I.
Published: February 2011

Community support programs for the chronically mentally ill often confront ethical problems that are different from those faced by other areas of psychiatry. Confidentiality and coercion need to be reconsidered within the special context of assertive community treatment, along with the question, Whose agent is the treatment team?
Talking with families about coping strategies
Authors: Kanter Joel S.
Published: February 2011

Carefully developed and consistently implemented coping strategies can help disturbed individuals view their family members as effectual persons deserving of consideration and respect.
Consulting with families of the chronic mentally ill
Authors: Kanter Joel S.
Published: February 2011

Focusing on helping families establish and maintain optimal levels of environmental support and structure, this consultative model can be applied with a variety of severely disturbed individuals in a range of treatment settings.
The process of change in the chronic mentally ill: A naturalistic perspective
Authors: Kanter Joel S.
Published: February 2011

Using five extended case studies that demonstrate substantial positive change, the process of change is explored, illustrating a variety of responses to both professional interventions and life events.
Moral issues and mental illness
Authors: Kanter Joel S.
Published: February 2011

Although a moral perspective is difficult to integrate with our culture's secular ethos and our profession's nonjudgmental orientation, such a synthesis is essential when treating disturbed individuals who suffer from impaired moral capacities.
Emergency psychiatry in the general hospital setting
Authors: Bachrach Leona L.
Published: February 2011

Emergency psychiatric services in the general hospital setting play an increasingly critical role in the nation's psychiatric service systems. It is essential that general hospital emergency psychiatric services develop a spirit of accommodation to and common enterprise with other psychiatric service delivery facilities.
Psychiatry and medicine in the emergency room
Authors: Hopkin John T.
Published: February 2011

Changing concepts of the pathogenesis of mental disorder will lead to new assumptions underlying the practice of emergency psychiatry and to a re‐examination of the roles of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals in the emergency setting.
Emergency psychiatry at the crossroads
Authors: Goldfinger Stephen M. , Lipton Frank R.
Published: February 2011

Decisions facing the psychiatric emergency room clinician cannot be addressed without examining the history, context, and meaning of our work.
Zur Kristallchemie von Oxoniccolaten der Alkali‐, Erdalkali‐ und Seltenerdmetalle
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: February 2011

This review describes features of the crystal chemistry of oxoniccolates containing large cations like alkali‐, alkaline earth and rare earth metals. Starting with alkali‐oxoniccolates it is shown that Ni+ exhibits the unusual coordination number CN = 2 (dumbbells) in K2/ Rb2/ Na2NiO2 and K3NiO2. K2NiO2 is the only known oxoniccolat showing O–Ni–O‐dumbbells with nickel in the oxidation state Ni2+. The trigonal planar coordination (found within silver‐oxocompounds) is restricted to Ba3NiO4 and K9Ni2O7. Square planar polygons (NiO4) are found in Nd4Ni3O8; Na2NiO2; Ki2NiO2; BaNiO2 and SrNiO2 for example. A special quality in the crystal chemistry of connected square planar NiO4‐polygons is the formation of Ni6O12‐rings in Ba2NaNi3O6. There are two compounds showing Ni3+O4‐tetrahedra: K9Ni2O7 and Na5NiO4. All the other oxoniccolates exhibit octahedral or trigonal prismatic coordination of nickel by oxygen. Always of interest are the so called one dimensional oxides, showing chains of two times face‐shared octahedra and/or trigonal prisms, found in Sr3Yb0.89NiO6, Sr3PbNiO6; Sr12Ni7.5O27; Sr4Ni3O9; BaNi0.83O2.5 and NaSr12Ni7O23. Large chains of the type –[(octahedron)2–(prism)–(octahedron)2–prism–(octahedron)3–(prism)–(octahedron)2–(prism)–(octahedron)2]– filled by Ni3+ and Ni4+ are found in Sr9Ni6.64O21. Many of the oxidation states of nickel are published with non integral valence states like Ni2.667+, Ni2.5+, Ni2.292+, Ni3.614. Using calculations of the Coulomb‐terms of lattice energy most of the mixed valences could be split up in integral numbers protecting the electro neutrality between metal ions and oxygen.
Some nonlinear differential inequalities and an application to Hölder continuous almost complex structures
Authors: Coffman Adam , Pan Yifei
Published: February 2011

We consider some second order quasilinear partial differential inequalities for real-valued functions on the unit ball and find conditions under which there is a lower bound for the supremum of nonnegative solutions that do not vanish at the origin. As a consequence, for complex-valued functions

f(z)

satisfying

\partial f/ \partial \bar z = |f|^{\alpha }

,

0 < \alpha < 1

, and

f(0) \neq 0

, there is also a lower bound for

\mathrm{\sup }|f|

on the unit disk. For each

α

, we construct a manifold with an

α

-Hölder continuous almost complex structure where the Kobayashi–Royden pseudonorm is not upper semicontinuous.
Is psychoeducation for parents and teachers of children and adolescents with ADHD efficacious? A systematic literature review
Authors: Montoya A. , Colom F. , Ferrin M.
Published: February 2011

Objective

To identify evidence from comparative studies on the effects of psychoeducation programs on clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Method

Articles published between January 1980 and July 2010 were searched through electronic databases and hand search. A qualitative systematic review of comparative studies of psychoeducation in ADHD was performed. Psychoeducation was considered if studies use a specific therapeutic program focusing on the didactically communication of information and provide patients and families with coping skills.

Results

Seven studies were identified (four randomized-controlled trials, three uncontrolled pre-post treatment designs). Studies differed on whether psychoeducation approaches were applied to parents of ADHD children (three studies), to ADHD children/adolescents and their families (three studies) or to their teachers (one study). Positive outcomes measured as improvement on a number of different variables, including patient's behavior, parent and child satisfaction, child's knowledge of ADHD, children's opinion of the use of medication and adherence to medical recommendations were found.

Conclusions

Although available evidence is limited and some findings may be difficult to be interpreted, the positive role of psychoeducation and other educational interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD in regard to several outcome measures is supported by most of the literature referenced in this review.
Parotid mass: an unusual presentation of gastroesophageal malignancy
Authors: Mohyuddin H , Mahrous A , Sharma V , Gluckman P
Published: February 2011

Objective:

To report an extremely rare case of gastroesophageal carcinoma presenting initially with salivary gland metastasis.

Method:

Case report and English language literature review concerning metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, with emphasis on clinical presentation.

Results:

A 66-year-old man presented to the ENT rapid-access clinic with a right-sided neck swelling located in the tail of the right parotid gland. Fine needle aspiration cytology suggested adenocarcinoma. An urgent Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD) and biopsy confirmed the presence of the primary tumour at the gastroesophageal junction.

Conclusion:

To our best knowledge, this is the first report in the English language literature of a parotid mass as the presenting feature of gastroesophageal carcinoma.
Microwave shielding of HiPco carbon nanotube films
Authors: MORADI AFSHIN , TEIMOURPOUR MOHAMMAD HOSAIN
Published: February 2011

The theoretical study of microwave characteristics of a thin film of hydrogen plasma in carbon nanotubes, which were grown by iron-catalyzed high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation, is presented. The system is assumed to be illuminated by either a transverse magnetic (TM) or a transverse electric (TE) waves at an arbitrary angle of incidence to the film. By considering the interference effects because of multiple reflections between thin plasma layer interfaces, the reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance of microwave radiation at the plasma film are deduced and their functional dependence on the continuous changing of the angle of propagation and plasma thickness with fixed parameters of the system are studied. The simulation results show that for the present system, the interference effects lead to a sinusoidal variation of the reflected intensity and can greatly reduce the amount of reflection power, but the absorption power increases. In addition, it is found that the TE and TM waves have largely indistinguishable microwave absorption and transmission spectrums.
The evolution and psychology of self-deception
Authors: von Hippel William , Trivers Robert
Published: February 2011

In this article we argue that self-deception evolved to facilitate interpersonal deception by allowing people to avoid the cues to conscious deception that might reveal deceptive intent. Self-deception has two additional advantages: It eliminates the costly cognitive load that is typically associated with deceiving, and it can minimize retribution if the deception is discovered. Beyond its role in specific acts of deception, self-deceptive self-enhancement also allows people to display more confidence than is warranted, which has a host of social advantages. The question then arises of how the self can be both deceiver and deceived. We propose that this is achieved through dissociations of mental processes, including conscious versus unconscious memories, conscious versus unconscious attitudes, and automatic versus controlled processes. Given the variety of methods for deceiving others, it should come as no surprise that self-deception manifests itself in a number of different psychological processes, and we discuss various types of self-deception. We then discuss the interpersonal versus intrapersonal nature of self-deception before considering the levels of consciousness at which the self can be deceived. Finally, we contrast our evolutionary approach to self-deception with current theories and debates in psychology and consider some of the costs associated with self-deception.
Belief in God and in strong government as accidental cognitive by-products
Authors: Kramer Peter , Bressan Paola
Published: February 2011

Von Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) interpret belief in God and belief in strong government as the outcome of an active process of self-deception on a worldwide scale. We propose, instead, that these beliefs might simply be a passive spin-off of efficient cognitive processes.
Evolution, lies, and foresight biases
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas
Published: February 2011

Humans are not the only animals to deceive, though we might be the only ones that lie. The arms race von Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) propose may have only started during hominin evolution. VH&T offer a powerful theory, and I suggest it can be expanded to explain why there are systematic biases in human foresight.
Deceiving ourselves about self-deception
Authors: Harnad Stevan
Published: February 2011

Were we just the Darwinian adaptive survival/reproduction machines von Hippel & Trivers invoke to explain us, the self-deception problem would not only be simpler, but also nonexistent. Why would unconscious robots bother to misinform themselves so as to misinform others more effectively? But as we are indeed conscious rather than unconscious robots, the problem is explaining the causal role of consciousness itself, not just its supererogatory tendency to misinform itself so as to misinform (or perform) better.
Self-deception, lying, and the ability to deceive
Authors: Vrij Aldert
Published: February 2011

Von Hippel & Trivers (VH&T) argue that people become effective liars through self-deception. It can be said, however, that people who believe their own stories are not lying. VH&T also argue that people are quite good lie detectors, but they provide no evidence for this, and the available literature contradicts their claim. Their reasons to negate this evidence are unconvincing.
Self-deception, social desirability, and psychopathology
Authors: Preti Antonio , Miotto Paola
Published: February 2011

Social desirability can be conceived as a proxy for self-deception, as it involves a positive attribution side and a denial side. People with mental disorders have lower scores on measures of social desirability, which could depend on cognitive load caused by symptoms. This suggests that self-deception is an active strategy and not merely a faulty cognitive process.
Self-deception: A paradox revisited
Authors: Bandura Albert
Published: February 2011

A major challenge to von Hippel & Trivers's evolutionary analysis of self-deception is the paradox that one cannot deceive oneself into believing something while simultaneously knowing it to be false. The authors use biased information seeking and processing as evidence that individuals knowingly convince themselves of the truth of their falsehood. Acting in ways that keep one uninformed about unwanted information is self-deception. Acting in selectively biasing and misinforming ways is self-bias.
Self-deception is adaptive in itself
Authors: Egan Louisa C.
Published: February 2011

Von Hippel & Trivers reason that the potential benefits of successfully deceiving others provide a basis for the evolution of self-deception. However, as self-deceptive processes themselves provide considerable adaptive value to an individual, self-deception may have evolved as an end in itself, rather than as the means to an end of improving other-deception.
Choice blindness and the non-unitary nature of the human mind
Authors: Johansson Petter , Hall Lars , Gärdenfors Peter
Published: February 2011

Experiments on choice blindness support von Hippel & Trivers's (VH&T's) conception of the mind as fundamentally divided, but they also highlight a problem for VH&T's idea of non-conscious self-deception: If I try to trick you into believing that I have a certain preference, and the best way is to also trick myself, I might actually end up having that preference,at all levels of processing.
Is social interaction based on guile or honesty?
Authors: Brooks Matthew L. , Swann William B.
Published: February 2011

Von Hippel & Trivers suggest that people enhance their own self-views as a means of persuading others to adopt similarly inflated perceptions of them. We question the existence of a pervasive desire for self-enhancement, noting that the evidence the authors cite could reflect self-verification strivings or no motive whatsoever. An identity negotiation framework provides a more tenable approach to social interaction.
Domains of deception
Authors: Buss David M.
Published: February 2011

The von Hippel & Trivers theory of self-deception will gain added traction by identifying psychological design features that come into play in different domains of deception. These include the domains of mating, kinship, coalition formation, status hierarchy negotiation, parenting, friendship, and enmity. Exploring these domains will uncover psychological adaptations and sex-differentiated patterns of self-deception that are logically entailed by their theory.
Mathematicians and the Nation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century as Reflected in the Luigi Cremona Correspondence
Authors: Gasca Ana Millán
Published: February 2011

Argument

Up until the French Revolution, European mathematics was an “aristocratic” activity, the intellectual pastime of a small circle of men who were convinced they were collaborating on a universal undertaking free of all space-time constraints, as they believed they were ideally in dialogue with the Greek founders and with mathematicians of all languages and eras. The nineteenth century saw its transformation into a “democratic” but also “patriotic” activity: the dominant tendency, as shown by recent research to analyze this transformation, seems to be the national one, albeit accompanied by numerous analogies from the point of view of the processes of national evolution, possibly staggered in time. Nevertheless, the very homogeneity of the individual national processes leads us to view mathematics in the context of the national-universal tension that the spread of liberal democracy was subjected to over the past two centuries. In order to analyze national-universal tension in mathematics, viewed as an intellectual undertaking and a profession of the new bourgeois society, it is necessary to investigate whether the network of international communication survived the political, social, and cultural upheavals of the French Revolution and the European wars waged in the early nineteenth century, whether national passions have transformed this network, and if so, in what way. Luigi Cremona's international correspondence indicates that relationships among individuals have been restructured by the force of national membership, but that the universal nature of mathematics has actually been boosted by a vision shared by mathematicians from all countries concerning the role of their discipline in democratic and liberal society as the basis of scientific culture and technological innovation, as well as a basic component of public education.
3D POWER DOPPLER IN OBSTETRICS
Authors: JONES NIA W , RAINE-FENNING NICK , BUGG GEORGE
Published: February 2011

Flow is defined as the amount of fluid, ordinarily blood, passing per unit time (usually per minute). Perfusion is defined as the volume of blood flowing through a mass of tissue per unit time. The standard measure of perfusion is millilitres of fluid per second per 100 g of tissue (or 100 ml in volume) i.e. the fractional blood volume in an area divided by the mean transit time through the area, where the area is scaled to a 100 ml of tissue. The fractional vascular volume is an index of the physiological vascularity of a region and represents the proportion of tissue occupied by blood. Several ultrasound based techniques have been used in an attempt to quantify perfusion. Vessel dimensions of capillaries and arterioles are below the spatial resolution of even the latest ultrasound machines, and capillary flow is slower than that required to generate a Doppler signal which leads to underestimation of true perfusion. For all ultrasound-based techniques movement artefacts are probably the greatest obstacle to obtain quantitative information on perfusion. This review will discuss the technology and use of the ultrasound mode of three dimensional power Doppler, its benefits and limitations in estimating vascularity focusing on the field of obstetrics.
The role of fixed cost in international environmental negotiations
Authors: BAYRAMOGLU BASAK , JACQUES JEAN-FRANÇOIS
Published: February 2011

We investigate the relative efficiency of an agreement based on a uniform standard without transfers and one based on differentiated standards with transfers when strictly identical countries deal with transboundary pollution. We especially ask what role fixed cost plays. Two approaches are examined: the Nash bargaining solution, involving two countries, and the coalition formation framework, involving numerous countries and emphasizing self-enforcing agreements. In the former, in terms of welfare, strictly identical countries may wish to reduce their emissions in a non-uniform way under the differentiated agreement. For this result to hold, the fixed cost of investment in abatement technology must be sufficiently high. The nature of the threat point of negotiations, however, also plays a crucial role. As concerns global abatement, the two countries abate more under the uniform agreement than under the differentiated one. In terms of coalition formation when numerous countries are involved, a grand coalition could emerge under a differentiated agreement.
A tool for assessing healthy food knowledge in 5–6-year-old Australian children
Authors: Zarnowiecki Dorota , Dollman James , Sinn Natalie
Published: February 2011

Objective

In the early years of life, influential attributes are formed and may be difficult to change later in life. Early childhood is now recognised as a key target in the prevention of overweight and obesity, and the knowledge that children gain at this time about food and its health benefits may have an important influence on their dietary choices and preferences in later life. Therefore, an activity was designed using age-appropriate methods to assess nutrition knowledge of young children.

Design

The Healthy Food Knowledge Activity was developed using a list of thirty healthy and unhealthy foods and drinks generated from the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.

Setting

The activity was conducted with individual children from reception classes of South Australian schools.

Subjects

Children aged 5–6 years undertook the activity in a pilot study (n 13) and in the main study (n 192).

Results

Pilot data indicated good test–retest reliability of the activity (r = 0·84, P < 0·01). In the main study, there was a good distribution of scores with acceptable skewness and kurtosis statistics. A breakdown of responses indicated good face validity, with more obvious foods being more correctly classified.

Conclusions

Children as young as 5–6 years of age can correctly identify healthy foods, and this can be measured objectively. This activity also provides interesting insights regarding misconceptions about foods that could be attributed to influences such as media advertising and that can be addressed by educators of this age group.
Eating until feeling full and rapid eating both increase metabolic risk factors in Japanese men and women
Authors: Hsieh Shiun Dong , Muto Takashi , Murase Toshio , Tsuji Hiroshi , Arase Yasuji
Published: February 2011

Objective

To investigate the association between eating behaviour and metabolic risk in the broader population.

Design

The association between metabolic risk factors (overweight, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hypertriacylglycerolaemia, low HDL cholesterol, hyperuricaemia and fatty liver) and various eating behaviours were compared for four groups defined by subjective reporting: not eating until feeling full and not eating rapidly (G1); eating until feeling full only (G2); eating rapidly only (G3); and eating both rapidly and until feeling full (G4).

Setting

A medical centre for health examinations in Tokyo, Japan.

Subjects

Men (n 8240) and women (n 2955) who underwent health examinations.

Results

The distribution of participants in G1 to G4 was 49·8 %, 11·5 %, 26·3 % and 12·4 % among men and 55·3 %, 15·0 %, 19·0 % and 10·7 % among women, respectively. Compared with G1, the age-adjusted OR (95 % CI) for overweight were significantly higher in G2 to G4, being respectively 1·85 (1·58, 2·17), 1·98 (1·76, 2·23) and 3·46 (2·99, 4·01) for men and 2·20 (1·62, 2·97), 2·59 (1·97, 3·39) and 3·12 (2·27, 4·26) for women. The age-adjusted OR were also significantly higher for hypertriacylglycerolaemia, hyperuricaemia and fatty liver in G2 and for all risks in G3 and G4 among men; and for hyperuricaemia in G2, for hyperglycaemia, hypertriacylglycerolaemia and fatty liver in G3 and for hypertriacylglycerolaemia and fatty liver in G4 among women.

Conclusions

Both eating until feeling full and eating rapidly increase metabolic risk factors. Although the mechanism between rapid eating and metabolic risk requires further exploration, eating slowly and ending meals shortly before feeling full are important public health messages for reducing metabolic risk factors.
A PRIMAL-DUAL INTERIOR-POINT ALGORITHM BASED ON A NEW KERNEL FUNCTION
Authors: CHO G. M. , CHO Y. Y. , LEE Y. H.
Published: February 2011

We propose a new primal-dual interior-point algorithm based on a new kernel function for linear optimization problems. New search directions and proximity functions are proposed based on the kernel function. We show that the new algorithm has$\mathcal {O}(\sqrt {n} \log n \log ({n}/{\epsilon }))$and$\mathcal {O}(\sqrt {n}\log ({n}/{\epsilon }))$iteration bounds for large-update and small-update methods, respectively, which are currently the best known bounds for such methods.
Division by current: a new approach to FET capacitance modeling
Authors: Maas Stephen
Published: February 2011

This paper introduces a new approach to the modeling of capacitance in field-effect transistor (FET) devices, which we call division by current. It is compared with existing formulations, which we call division by capacitance and division by charge. In doing so, it is necessary to normalize the theory of nonlinear capacitances and to clarify a number of matters. These include charge conservation and determination of charge functions from capacitance measurements, which are often misstated in the literature. We find the division by current formulation to be practical and to have significant advantages in the generation of FET models and in circuit simulation.
Magneto‐ionic polarization and GPS signal propagation through the ionosphere
Authors: Moore R. C. , Morton Y. T.
Published: February 2011

Recent progress in high‐precision GPS measurements research and applications leads to the study of higher‐order ionosphere effects on GPS signal propagation. This paper focuses on second‐order ionospheric effects, which are influenced by the presence of the Earth's magnetic field. Due to the presence of Earth's magnetic field, GPS signals may propagate through the ionosphere in two distinct modes: the ordinary mode and the extraordinary mode. These two modes correspond to different refractive indices, and the difference between these refractive indices affects the computation of the second‐order error introduced by the ionosphere to GPS code and carrier phase approximations. The first objective of this paper is to clarify a misconception about the different modes of GPS signal propagation through the ionosphere: although the GPS signal is predominantly right‐hand circularly polarized, it may propagate through the ionosphere in either the ordinary or the extraordinary mode. The second objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the different modes of propagation on GPS solutions at different geographical locations.
Randomized Controlled Trial to Improve Adiposity, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Obese African‐American and Latino Youth
Authors: Hasson Rebecca E. , Adam Tanja C. , Davis Jaimie N. , Kelly Louise A. , Ventura Emily E. , Byrd‐Williams Courtney E. , Toledo‐Corral Claudia M. , Roberts Christian K. , Lane Christianne J. , Azen Stanley P. , Chou Chih‐Ping , Spruijt‐Metz Donna , Weigensberg Mark J. , Berhane Kiros , Goran Michael I.
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine ethnic differences in the metabolic responses to a 16‐week intervention designed to improve insulin sensitivity (SI), adiposity, and inflammation in obese African‐American and Latino adolescents. A total of 100 participants (African Americans: n = 48, Latino: n = 52; age: 15.4 ± 1.1 years, BMI percentile: 97.3 ± 3.3) were randomly assigned to interventions: control (C; n = 30), nutrition (N; n = 39, 1×/week focused on decreasing sugar and increasing fiber intake), or nutrition + strength training (N+ST; n = 31, 2×/week). The following were measured at pre‐ and postintervention: strength, dietary intake, body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry/magnetic resonance imaging) and glucose/insulin indexes (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)/intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT)) and inflammatory markers. Overall, N compared to C and N+ST reported significant improvements in SI (+16.5% vs. −32.3% vs. −6.9% respectively, P < 0.01) and disposition index (DI: +15.5% vs. −14.2% vs. −13.7% respectively, P < 0.01). N+ST compared to C and N reported significant reductions in hepatic fat fraction (HFF: −27.3% vs. −4.3% vs. 0% respectively, P < 0.01). Compared to N, N+ST reported reductions in plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) (−38.3% vs. +1.0%, P < 0.01) and resistin (−18.7% vs. +11.3%, P = 0.02). There were no intervention effects for all other measures of adiposity or inflammation. Significant intervention by ethnicity interactions were found for African Americans in the N group who reported increases in total fat mass, 2‐h glucose and glucose incremental areas under the curve (IAUC) compared to Latinos (P's < 0.05). These interventions yielded differential effects with N reporting favorable improvements in SI and DI and N+ST reporting marked reductions in HFF and inflammation. Both ethnic groups had significant improvements in metabolic health; however some improvements were not seen in African Americans.