bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Belief-Acceptance Distinction
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

In chapters 8-u, I take up a final category of realist argumentation. These arguments try to show that scientific antirealism is an incoherent position. The main charge of this type is the claim that there’s no coherent way to distinguish between the theoretical and the empirical consequences of a theory. If this is so, then antirealism is obviously a nonstarter. The examination of this claim takes up all of chapters 9-u. In this chapter, I deal with an argument of Horwich’s (1991) to the effect that there can be no coherent distinction between believing in theories and the weaker attitude of “acceptance” recommended by constructive empiricists. Van Fraassen (1980) tells us that scientists’ acceptance of theories should not be construed as entailing that they believe those theories to be true. To be sure, the phenomenon of scientific acceptance involves the willingness to use the theory in deriving predictions about the future. But this use requires no more than a belief in the theory’s empirical adequacy. Nor do the other phenomena related to acceptance-for example, a commitment to relying on the theory to fill requests for explanations-require full belief. Horwich claims that this position is incoherent because there’s no difference between van Fraassian acceptance and belief. He considers four attempts to draw a belief-acceptance distinction and argues that they all fail. My point is going to be that, in the course of one of his arguments, Horwich concedes enough for constructive empiricists to formulate their position in a coherent manner. Given Horwich’s view of the matter, the worst charge that can be laid against van Fraassen is that he violates common linguistic usage. His substantive epistemic claims, however, can be reformulated in a way that defuses Horwich’s criticism.
The Process of Writing Cooking
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Growing is the overall larger process, the evolution of whole organisms. Cooking is the smaller process: bubbling, percolating, fermenting, chemical interaction, atomic fission. Cooking drives the engine that makes growing happen. It’s because of cooking that a piece of writing can start out X and end up Y, that a writer can start out after supper seeing, feeling, and knowing one set of things and end up at midnight seeing, feeling, and knowing things he hadn’t thought of before. Cooking is the smallest unit of generative action, the smallest piece of anti-entropy whereby a person spends his energy to buy new perceptions and insights from himself.
Thoughts on the Teacherless Writing Class
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

THE main idea behind the teacherless writing class is that you can’t trust theory, you can only trust facts. The only trouble is that you can’t get away from theory. Facts are always dirty with some theory: no one can ‘‘see a fact’’ or ‘‘say what really happened’’ without using an implicit model or theory. On top of everything else, I love theories and models so much that I wouldn’t leave them out if I could. As I tried to write about the teacherless writing class, I was constantly derailed by digressions into theory-making and model-building. I finally realized I should collect it all here.
The Direct Writing Process for Getting Words on Paper
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

The direct writing process is most useful if you don’t have much time or if you have plenty to say about your topic. It’s a kind of let’s-get-this-thing-over-with writing process. I think of it for tasks like memos, reports, somewhat difficult letters, or essays where I don’t want to engage in much new thinking. It’s also a good approach if you are inexperienced or nervous about writing because it is simple and doesn’t make as much of a mess as the other ways of getting words on paper I describe in Section II.
Quick Revising
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

The point of quick revising is to turn out a clean, clear, professional final draft without taking as much time as you would need for major rethinking and reorganizing. It is a clean-and-polish operation, not a growing-and-transforming one. You specifically refrain from meddling with any deeper problems of organization or reconceptualization. The best time to use quick revising is when the results don’t matter too much. Perhaps you are not preparing a final, finished product but rather a draft for friends. It has to be clear, easy to read-if possible even a pleasure to read. But it needn’t be your best work or your final thinking. Perhaps it’s a draft for discussion or perhaps just a chance for people to learn your thinking about some matter as though you were writing a letter to them. Or perhaps you are just writing for yourself but you want to clean up your draft so that it will be easier and more productive to read when you come back to it.
Thorough Revising
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Where the leverage in quick revising comes from stepping out of your skin and being someone else, the leverage in thorough revising comes from time. Not just work time, but putting-it-away-andforgetting-about-it time. What you can accomplish in three hours of wrestling with your draft can be accomplished in one hour-and a much less frustrating hour, too-if you first set it aside for a day or two. Indeed, there are some improvements you can never achieve through wrestling alone, such as a fresh conception of your material. Often you can only find a new shape for your piece if you take a vacation-a time for forgetting, for preconscious work, for letting it get bumped out of shape by an experience from an entirely different part of your life. So make sure that at least on two occasions during the thorough revising process you put your writing aside long enough to forget about it-a couple of days or better yet a couple of weeks: once during the first half when you are hammering out and organizing the thing as a whole and once during the second half when you are cleaning up and polishing and paying more attention to details of language.
Three Tricky Relationships to on Audience
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Perhaps you’ve noticed there are two distinct kinds of difficulty in writing. One kind feels as though you are straining to lift a heavy load of bricks onto your shoulder or struggling to carry something unwieldy across a stream with only slippery stepping-stones to walk on or trying to thread a needle whose eye is almost invisibly small. Taxing or scary or frustrating but also clean, hard work. But there’s that other kind. You are trying to fight your way out from under a huge deflated silk balloon-layers and layers of light gauzy material which you can bat away, but they always just flop back again and no movement or exertion gets you any closer to the open air. Or you are lost in a dense fog with no sense of direction-or rather just enough sense of direction to realize you are going in circles. Or you are sinking slowly into swamp mud and every effort to crawl or swim gets you in deeper. Or you are trying to saw through a thick plank and the harder you try the tighter your saw gets stuck in the cut. It’s this kind of difficulty that makes you feel helpless and angry and finally stops you.
Hughes’s Shakespeare in Harlem and the Rise of a Popular Neomodernism
Authors: Smethurst James Edward
Published: November 2023

Langston Hughes is seldom mentioned as one of the authors who are part of the self-consciously “modernist”or “neomodernist”turn in African-American poetry during the 1940s and early 1950s. When Hughes’s Montage of a Dream Deferred appeared in 1951, it was characterized as a rehash of earlier work or even old-fashioned.T his critique, which implicitly or explicitly compared Hughes’s work unfavorably to that of other African-American writers considered incontestably “modern,”such as Brooks, Tolson, and Hayden, was largely turned on its head during the cultural nationalist era of the 1960s and 1970s. In the “Black Arts”era, Hughes’s. proto Aesthetic”was praised and the “whiteness”and integrationist irrelevance of the “high”neomodernists were attacked. However, contrary to the claims by such critics as Saunders Redding and Ralph Ellison that Hughes’s art essentially remained the same throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hughes attempted to create a “usable”AfricanAmerican “neomodernist”poetry derived from popular African-American expressive culture, popular “literary”poetry, and “high”modernism.
Techniques of Psychosocial Genetic Counseling
Authors: Weil Jon
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters address the complex psychosocial context in which genetic counseling takes place. This chapter begins a discussion of methods for identifying, evoking, assessing, and addressing the relevant issues. The genetic counselor has the crucial task of presenting complicated information of great importance to counselees’ lives in a manner that actively assists the counselee to understand its significance, cope with its implications, and integrate it into a set of critical decisions. Viewed alternatively, the genetic counselor is an intermediary, sometimes the only intermediary, between the vast and growing body of knowledge and techniques of clinical genetics and the in dividual counselees, many of whom never anticipated that they would be called on to confront these issues. Thus, the genetic counselor must take an active role in the psychosocial as well as the informational aspects of genetic counseling (Kessler, 1997b).
Collection of Soil Solution
Authors: Lajtha Kate , Jarrell Wesley M , Johnson Dale W , Sollins Phillip
Published: November 2023

The collection and analysis of the in situ soil solution is important for studies of pedological processes, environmental quality monitoring, and nutrient cycling (Zabowski and Ugolini 1990). Soil solution measurements are relevant for plant uptake and nutrient availability concerns, and estimates of solution fluxes from ecosystems are needed to balance ecosystem nutrient budgets and for research questions addressing losses of elements via leaching. Although laboratory soil extracts using chemical extractants or resin bags may measure an index of time-integrated nutrient availability, such extracts cannot measure fluxes within or between ecosystems.
Methods for Ecological Studies of Mycorrhizae
Authors: Johnson Nancy C , O’Dell Thomas E , Bledsoe Caroline S
Published: November 2023

Mycorrhizae are generally mutualistic associations in which plant hosts receive soil resources (mineral nutrients and water), while fungal endophytes receive photosynthetically derived carbon compounds (Harley 1989; Allen 1991). Mycorrhizae are inseparable components of soil ecosystems and are important in plant nutrition, nutrient cycling, food webs, and the development of soil structure. The mycorrhizal condition has evolved independently many times. Four distinct types of mycorrhizae are traditionally recognized: arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, orchid mycorrhizae, and mycorrhizae in the Ericales (Smith and Read 1997). These mycorrhizal types differ greatly in their plant and fungal associates, morphology, and ecological distributions (Tab. 18.1). Arbuscular mycorrhizae usually predominate in grasslands, agricultural systems, arid and semiarid biomes, certain temperate hardwood forests (including orchards), and many tropical forests (Brundrett 1991; Allen et al. 1995). Ectomycorrhizae tend to occur in forest trees and shrubs in areas where plant growth is seasonal or intermittent. Orchid mycorrhizae are most common in tropical systems where orchids are abundant and diverse. Ericales mycorrhizae are common in habitats suited for ericaceous plants, such as bogs and heathlands in temperate and boreal ecosystems.
The Hermeneutic Matrix
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

J.S. Bach’s interaction with tradition, embodied in countless aspects of his oeuvr—his settings of the modal chorale melodies of the Lutheran church, to name but one—is one of the most interesting sides of his work. Bach’s capacity to evoke and revitalize past musical styles often involves specific religious contexts for which a sense of temporal distinctions is central. Thus, many cantatas become the meeting ground for archaic and modern styles whose relationship, were it not for closely parallel textual qualities, might be judged inexplicable. In such works heterogeneity of style often mirrors the variegated layers of the verbal texts and their diverse origins (Old Testament, New Testament, chorale, and “madrigal” poetry). The various organizing principles provided both by those texts and by certain large-scale musical devices such as tonality reflect the ways in which Lutheran hermeneutics, sometimes very learnedly, sometimes very simply, articulated the essential unity of theological meaning. Within such a belief system, stylistic heterogeneity is secondary to the overarching unity of scripture and its spiritual working on the believer.
Two Chorale Cantatas
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

The question of how the mode of a chorale melody may affect the musicotheological design of an entire cantata of several movements has seldom been addressed in the Bach literature, one of the main reasons for that being the generally tenuous connections between the theological content of most chorale verses and the modes of their melodies. There are, nevertheless, cases where such connections do exist and others where, even if they do not, Bach’s treatment of the melodies indicates that he either perceived them to exist or introduced them by various means. Such is the case with the chorales that form the basis of the two cantatas to be examined in this chapter, “Christum wir sollen loben schon” (Cantata 121) and “Es ist das Heil uns kommen hier” (Cantata 9). In them Bach seized on details in the melodies that proved to be of enormous potential in his articulating a bond between music and theology over the course of their multimovement sequences.
Can Anybody In A Post-Christian Culture Rationally Believe The Nicene Creed?
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

The phrase ‘‘the Christian religion’’ stands for so many things that the question whether educated people in the western world today can rationally believe it is too vague to be worth answering. It is otherwise with the question whether they can rationally believe the Nicene creed. Many who call themselves Christians would reject it. Yet it is part of the liturgy of many Christian bodies, in particular of the largest of all, the Roman Catholic Church, the central rite of which, the mass, requires both priest and people to profess it together. A century ago, virtually all Christians would have been willing to profess it, whether or not the liturgy of their branch of the church required it, although there is one phrase in it, ‘‘one holy Catholic and Apostolic Church,’’ which not all would have understood in the same sense.
St. Thomas Aquinas On The Analysis Of Human Action
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

At least two distinct purposes may be discerned in Aquinas’s various writings on human action. One is to complete and correct Aristotle’s treatment of it in the Nichomachean Ethics and elsewhere, to which he of course pays close and respectful attention. A second springs from his primary commitment to theology. Reflecting on what is said in the Scriptures and the writings of the Fathers about such topics as the fall of Adam, sin, conversion, and the operation of grace, theologians produced a body of doctrine about various aspects of human acts. It is unsystematic, but it has been tested in the pastoral and missionary work of the Church, especially in the discipline of confession and penance; and to Aquinas’s mind, it settles certain questions authoritatively: as when it declares that voluntary human acts are commanded by their agents freely, and not by necessity. In addition it introduces certain concepts into the theory of action, for example, those of enjoyment and consent, in ways that have virtually no counterpart in the philosophical tradition. Aquinas undertakes to incorporate these contributions of theology, where sound, into a revised Aristotelian theory.
On Developing A Contemporary Theistic Ethics
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

In ‘‘Platonism and Naturalism: Options for a Theocentric Ethics,’’Robert M. Adams explores how to develop a contemporary theistic ethics that would be Platonic and Augustinian rather than Aristotelian and Kantian. Adams is as balanced and fair as he is timely and provocative. From the moral point of view, my comments on his essay will be Kantian; from the epistemological point of view, they will be neither Kantian nor Platonist-the best description of them I can give is ‘‘realist and holist,’’ but those words do not mean the same things to everyone.
The Second Edition Of Alasdair Maclntyr’s After Virtue
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

In the second edition of his After Virtue, Alasdair MacIntyre has added a postscript m which, in ‘‘three distinct areas’’ in which he judged it ‘‘most urgent,’’ he offered a more adequate restatement of positions either central to or presupposed by the overall scheme of [its] argument’’ (p. 264).The areas he chose are: the relationship of philosophy to history; the virtues and the issue of relativism; and the relationship of moral philosophy to theology. I cannot do better than to approach his book through his postscript to it. In doing so it will become plain why I believe that, for students who have some elementary knowledge of the classics of their subject and of analytical technique, After Virtue is the best introduction we have to the serious issues in contemporary moral philosophy.
Reasons and Covering Laws in Historical Explanation
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

As a background for the following discussion of historical explanation, which is prompted mainly by Professor Dray’s substantial and stimulating essay,1 I propose to present first a brief sketch of, and some amplificatory comments on, the covering-law analysis of explanation. The suggestive term “covering-law model of explanation” was introduced by Professor Dray in his monograph, Laws and Explanation in History, in which, after a very fair-minded presentation of this conception of explanation, he develops a number of intresting arguments against its general adequacy, particularly in the field of historical inquiry.
Hempel’s Theory of Statistical Explanation
Authors: Niiniluoto Ilkka
Published: November 2023

Carl G. Hempel’s seminal papers “The Function of General Laws in History” (1942) and “Studies in the Logic of Explanation” (1948, with Paul Oppenheim) opened a new research area in the philosophy of science. The logical empiricists in Berlin and Vienna had initiated in the 1920s the application of exact conceptual tools from logic to the analysis of the language of science and the structure of scientific theories, and this program was continued after the war in the English-speaking analytic philosophy of science. One of the main items in the new philosophical agenda resulted from Hempel’s proposal to make precise, or to “explicate” in Rudolf Carnap’s sense, the notion of scientific explanation. Hempel’s most extensive account of his own view, with replies to critics, was given in the essay “Aspects of Scientific Explanation” (1965).
The Symmetry Thesis
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

Freud explained slips of the tongue as the outcome of a compromise between an unconscious wish for something and a conscious wish that precludes it. He tells the story of the president of the German parliament who opened the meeting by saying “The meeting is now closed.” This slip of the tongue, Freud explained, was the result of a conscious wish to open the meeting and an unconscious wish to avoid the meeting altogether. By using the expression “The meeting is now …” the president expressed some element of the conscious wish to open the meeting. But by replacing the word “open” with the word “closed,” the slip contains a crucial element of the unconscious wish.
Information Technology and the Productivity Paradox
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

From networks to databases, email to voicemail, the amount of capital being invested in information technology each year is staggering. By 1996, U.S. firms were spending more than $500 billion annually on software, networks and staff. The recently merged Bank of America and NationsBank have an initial IT budget of 4 billion dollars. As firms like this push rapidly into the business world of the 21st century, the question has remained: how do firms measure returns from these substantial investments in information technology? Henry C. Lucas effectively answers this question by providing a creative and reliable framework for measuring the competitive advantages and profits gained through investments in state-of-the-art information systems. There is value in information technology, and it is possible to show returns, Lucas argues—unfortunately this value just doesn’t always show up clearly on the bottom line of a ledger. In five expertly presented sections, he spells out exactly what businesses can expect from their information technology investments—some investments create a measurable value, some do not, but all are important nonetheless. Through a precise mix of frameworks and models, such as an Investment Opportunities Matrix, and punctuated with real examples from successful firms, this is the first book to allow executives to see exactly how their information technology investment can be expected to return value, thereby maximizing their advantages in an age of global competitiveness. Indeed, firms who manage their information systems most efficiently are best suited to succeed in a rapidly evolving marketplace. With so much at stake, Information Technology is certain to be the essential guide for firms determined to compete and flourish in the highly competitive economy of the next century.
Introduction
Authors: Wall Cheryl A
Published: November 2023

A publisher’s adverdisment in the New York Times Book Review inviting readers to “spend the summer with a classic” offers these titles: The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith, Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon, One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez, and Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston.1
Choice and Control in Feminist Bioethics
Authors: Dodds Susan
Published: November 2023

Within bioethics, respect for—and protection of—personal autonomy has been linked historically to the requirement that prior to invasive treatment, physicians obtain the informed consent of their patients. In placing a duty on physicians to inform patients adequately about their condition and the proposed treatment and to seek their patients’ consent, the paternalism previously associated with medicine was thought to have been overturned in favor of respect for patients’ autonomy. Over the past three decades, the effect has been to change the image of the doctor-patient relationship from the presumed beneficent paternalism of the doctor, acting on the best (medical) interests of the compliant patient, to a contract between patient-consumer and doctor-service provider. In this approach the physician has the role of expert adviser, providing information to the consumer, who then makes her or his health-care decisions free from paternalistic medical interference.
Relational Autonomy and Freedom of Expression
Authors: Brison Susan J
Published: November 2023

A currently prevalent defense of the right to freedom of expression maintains that it rests on the right to autonomy. On this account, governmental restrictions on an individual’s speech and on a person’s access to another’s speech violate the person’s right to autonomy. In recent years, the autonomy defense of free speech has frequently been invoked in arguments against restrictions on hate speech, although it is rarely made clear in these arguments what is meant by “autonomy.” In an earlier article, “The Autonomy Defense of Free Speech,” I examined six accounts of autonomy in the philosophical literature and argued that none yields a satisfactory argument against restrictions on hate speech and that five fail as accounts of autonomy. I suggested that the sixth-a relational account of autonomy—succeeds as an account of autonomy but does not yield the conclusion that an autonomy-based defense of free speech precludes restrictions on hate speech.
1970–1971
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The 1970–1971 season might be described as one of compromise. Theatre owners, producers, and actors, threatened by the falling number of productions and ever-decreasing audiences, made compromises with their audiences and with each other in order to stay alive. A new and earlier curtain time was established to attract commuters to stay in town and attend plays; unions agreed to a “Limited Broadway” plan that would help reduce expenses if seating in certain houses were reduced; actors off Broadway went on strike over wages and a month later compromised with the League of Off-Broadway Theatres and Producers; and the mayor established Broadway as a “special district” with increased police protection and a zoning agreement that allowed skyscrapers to be built in the neighborhood if they included a new theatre in the structure. Everyone seemed to be bending over backward. But few of these plans were very successful in the long run, and it would be many a season before the theatre environment in New York would improve.
1976–1977
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Although the Bicentennial celebration continued across the country, climaxing on July 4, there were far fewer revivals of American classics in New York as new plays and new playwrights dominated the theatre scene this season.
1982–1983
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

While the twelve new American plays on Broadway this season (plus two transfers from Off Broadway)wer e encouraging in their quality, the number was down from the previous season, and the eight British entries seemed to get most of the attention. Off Broadway also saw a decline in numbers, and, again, some of the most intriguing offerings were foreign.
1996–1997
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

With high spirits Broadway celebrated the highest attendance in sixteen years. Income rose nearly 15 percent and at one point in April all but one of the district’s thirty-five playhouses was occupied. But musicals accounted for most of these figures, and the Street actually declined in numbers of new plays (only five American and two British) and revivals (eleven). Off Broadway, the total of new works stayed about the same (if you counted the fourteen solo shows) and revivals rose slightly, offering fifteen productions.
1999–2000
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The oh-so-modest renaissance continued with Broadway seeing nineteen plays open this season, ten of them new. Even more encouraging, fourteen of the works were American. As expected, box-office receipts climbed even though attendance slid 2 percent, proving again that prices rose faster than inflation. While the average ticket price for all shows was figured at $53.02, many non-musicals on the Street were asking over $60.00 top. In fact, the price gap between musicals and plays was getting smaller, which only hurt non-musicals.
A Cinema of Loneliness
Authors: Kolker Robert
Published: November 2023

In the twentieth anniversary edition, Kolker continues and expands his inquiry into the phenomenon of cinematic representation of culture by updating and revising the chapters on Stanley Kubrick, Martin Scorsese, Robert Altman, and Steven Spielberg to include their most important works since 1988 and re-examine their earlier films. Kolker writes a shorter profile of Arthur Penn’s career followed by a new comparative study of Oliver Stone, who mirrors Penn’s earlier works such as “Bonnie and Clyde” by examining the political-social milieu of the ’80s and ’90s and drawing his films out of historical and ideological currents. Kolker analyses ’90s films which have made important advances in the directors’ careers and cause for rethinking the films that precede them. This edition includes a new preface, updated filmography and 48 images from various films discussed through the text.
Radical Surfaces
Authors: Altman Robert
Published: November 2023

Oliver Stone’s Nixon ends in a sentimental, nostalgic flare. The drunk, pill-popping paranoid seems almost to recognize his failings when it comes time for him to resign. He looks at Kennedy’s image and says mournfully, “When they look at you, they see what they want to be. When they look at me, they see what they are.” At the end of Robert Altman’s film Secret Honor, Richard Nixon screams a mad, defiant “Fuck ’em” at all his presumed and imagined enemies, all the voters who elected him, con demned him, and elected him again. “Fuck ’em;’ he screams—his image echoed on the television monitors in his office that multiply and recreate him. “Fuck ’em;’ he yells, fist upraised, his television image responding, throwing out more images. “Fuck ’em.”
What Is Natural?
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

During the late 1960s and 1970s, massive herds of poisonous crown-of-thorns starfish suddenly began to infest coral reef communities around the world, leaving in their wake devastation comparable to a burnt-out rainforest. In What is Natural?, Jan Sapp both examines this ecological catastrophe and captures the intense debate among scientists about what caused the crisis, and how it should be handled. The crown-of-thorns story takes readers on tropical expeditions around the world, and into both marine laboratories and government committees, where scientists rigorously search for answers to the many profound questions surrounding this event. Were these fierce starfish outbreaks the kind of manmade disaster heralded by such environmentalists as Rachel Carson in Silent Spring? Indeed, discussions of the cause of the starfish plagues have involved virtually every environmental issue of our time -- over-fishing, pesticide use, atomic testing, rain forest depletion, and over-population -- but many marine biologists maintain that the epidemic is a natural feature of coral-reef life, an ecological "balance of nature" that should not to be tampered with until we know the scientific truth of the crisis. But should we search for the scientific truth before taking action? And what if an environmental emergency cannot wait for a rigorous scientific search for "the truth?" The starfish plagues are arguably one of most mysterious ecological phenomena of this century. Through the window of this singlular event, What is Natural lucidly illustrates the complexity of environmental issues while probing the most fundamental questions about the relationship between man and nature.
Concluding Comments
Authors: Fishman Joshua A
Published: November 2023

There have been other books on the topic of language and ethnic identity (indeed, other books with that title; Gudykunst and Schmidt 1988), but none that have sampled the interdisciplinary and the regional perspectives as fully and as widely as has been done in this book. However, the very breadth and diversity of perspectives provided here makes it exceedingly difficult to summarize the views encountered, let alone to do so briefly and simply. Furthermore, the field of ethnicity-related research and theory is particularly alive at this time; the out pouring of scholarly and popular writings related to it is truly torrential and shows little sign of diminishing in the foreseeable future. Clearly, it would be unwise to try to “summarize” any field that is as large, as variegated, and as rapidly evolv ing as “language and ethnic identity,” but a few comments on major points of agreement and disagreement may be in order.
Stem Cells and Hematolymphoid Development
Authors: Akashi Koichi , Weissman Irving L
Published: November 2023

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be defined as clonogenic cells, each of which has the properties of both self-renewal and differentiation to all known blood cell types (Till and McCulloch, 1963). The search for hematopoietic stem cells began with the observation, by Till and McCulloch, that clonal donor progenitors can give rise to splenic colonies that include differentiated cells of the myeloerythroid types (Till and McCulloch, 1961; Becker et al., 1963; Wu et al., 1968).
Wnts and Hematopoiesis
Authors: Hoffman Ronald , Van Den Berg David J
Published: November 2023

The Wnt proteins belong to a major family of developmentally important signaling molecules. Analysis of mutations of Wnt genes in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus laevis, and Musmusculus first suggested a role for these proteins in the generation of cellular polarity, determination of cell fate, mitogenic activation, and embryonic induction.
Mediators Involved in the Control of Hematopoiesis by the Microenvironment
Authors: Charbord Pierre
Published: November 2023

Study of murine and human long-term cultures of purified populations of microenvironmental cells and of murine and human stromal cell lines has disclosed that the generation or maintenance of hematopoietic primitive precursors and progenitors is regulated by different kinds of mediators, cytokines, adhesion molecules, peptides, hormones, and molecules involved in lateral specification. I shall focus this review on cytokines and adhesion molecules, which are expressed by stromal cells (mainly marrow myofibroblasts) and macrophages.
The Development of Stromal Cells
Authors: Simmons Paul J , Gronthos, Stan , Zannettino Andrew C W
Published: November 2023

The growth and development of haemopoietic cells in vivo occurs in intimate association with a heterogeneous population of mesenchymal, connective tissue-type cells and their associated biosynthetic products (including growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components), which, as a collective, constitute the stroma of the bone marrow BM. The term stroma is used to signify the supporting connective tissue associated with the dominant functional tissue (or parenchyma) in an organ.
Sight-Singing Assessment Procedures
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

In an article titled, “Tricks, Masks, and Camouflage: Is Imitation Passing for Music Reading?” Peggy Bennett discusses the problem of choir members with weaker musical skills getting in the habit of following or imitating leaders in their section. Choir directors know that it only takes a few good readers spread among the sections to improve the entire choir’s ability to sight-read and learn new music. While this is a benefit to group progress, it hides many problems with individual skill development. Research on individual sight-singing performance in choirs with good group sight-singing ability confirms Bennett’s suspicions, revealing a wide range of individual reading skills (Demorest & May, 1995; Henry & Demorest, 1994).
Materials
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

One of the most common problems for beginning teachers interested in teaching sight-singing is locating materials that fit the skill levels and needs of their various choirs. This chapter reports survey results regarding the kinds of sight-singing materials choir teachers are using currently and what they feel are the most important features to look for in choosing materials. Chapter 8 then provides an annotated listing of currently available sight-singing materials. The goal of these chapters is not to provide a single recommended list of materials, because each teaching situation has different priorities and different needs; one teacher may want a set of graded materials, a second prefers a method-specific approach, while a third wants a good collection of existing melodies to sing. The goal is to provide information that will allow teachers to make informed choices about the materials they use in instruction.
Retrospective
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

I hope that at this point it is clear to the reader how the main themes of this book relate to one another. I began in chapter 1 by posing the problem of decision-making under moral uncertainty and claiming that the problem is a prevalent, if not ubiquitous, one for moral agents. I then argued in chapter 2 that insofar as moral considerations preempt nonmoral considerations in our action choices, we should (rationally) follow PR2 and choose actions that have maximum probability of being morally right. In situations in which individuals lack the information needed to apply PR2 directly, the proper strategy is to maximize the probability that one’s actions conform to PR2. This latter injunction is PR3.
The Sacred Depths of Nature
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: November 2023

For many of us, the great scientific discoveries of the modern age – the Big Bang, evolution, quantum physics, relativity – point to an existence that is bleak, devoid of meaning, pointless. But in The Sacred Depths of Nature, eminent biologist Ursula Goodenough shows us that the scientific world view need not be a source of despair. Indeed, it can be a wellspring of solace and hope. This eloquent volume reconciles the modern scientific understanding of reality with our timeless spiritual yearnings for reverence and continuity. Looking at topics such as evolution, emotions, sexuality, and death, Goodenough writes with rich, uncluttered detail about the workings of nature in general and of living creatures in particular. Her luminous clarity makes it possible for even non scientists to appreciate that the origins of life and the universe are no less meaningful because of our increasingly scientific understanding of them. At the end of each chapter, Goodenough’s spiritual reflections respond to the complexity of nature with vibrant emotional intensity and a sense of reverent wonder. A beautifully written celebration of molecular biology with meditations on the spiritual and religious meaning that can be found at the heart of science, this volume makes an important contribution to the ongoing dialogue between science and religion. This book will engage anyone who was ever mesmerized—or terrified—by the mysteries of existence.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Philosophical Argument
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Westermarck’s view of moral disagreements implies that we are all equals in our capacity to think about moral matters: Two people can hold conflicting moral principles, but since there is no legitimate sense in which one of them can be said to have “a superior moral consciousness,” neither of them can be said to be on the right side of the issue. We might, therefore, call this his “argument for universal moral equality.”
The Self in the Transcendental Tradition
Authors: Carr David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I want to draw together the views of Kant and Husserl that have been exposed in the previous two chapters. I shall argue that these two philosophers have very similar things to say about subjectivity and that their views together establish and constitute something that can be understood as a “transcendental tradition.” The unity and coherence of this tradition and its place in modern philosophy have not, I have claimed, been sufficiently understood. In particular, as I said at the outset, they have been misunderstood by Heidegger in his sweeping, influential reading of the history of modern philosophy. Thus it will be important, as we try to articulate the nature of the transcendental tradition, to contrast it with the interpretations of Heidegger that have been, to many, so convincing. Once the unity and general contours of this tradition have become visible, I shall attempt to show that other, post-Husserlian thinkers belong to this tradition as well, even if they do not explicitly acknowledge it.
Events and Event Talk
Authors: Pianesi Fabio , Varzi Achille C
Published: November 2023

We speak of actions and other events with the same easiness with which we speak of people and other objects. We say of John that he is bright and of Bill’s lecture that it is boring. We say of John’s father that he is taller than Bill’s and of John’s life that it is better than Bill’s. We say of Clark Kent that he is Superman and of Clark Kent’s death that it is the death of Superman. The pervasive ness of this talk does not by itself imply that there are such things as events—that events are to be included in an inventory of the world over and above people and material objects. But one can hardly question that some theory of events is needed if one is to make sense of such talk at all. Moreover, we often speak in such a way as to suggest—implicitly—that we are talking about events.
Causation, Contexts, and Event Individuation
Authors: Eckardt Regine
Published: November 2023

The kind of events used in linguistic theories are rather coarse-grained. For the purpose of tense semantics, it is sufficient to identify events with intervals of time. Although this view will not be tenable for more subtle phenomena, people still agree that events can have several properties and be described in various ways. Parsons (1990), for instance, suggests a rule that “every stabbing is a killing”. Or, we would like to be allowed to assume that if Sue repaired some thing in e, and this something was indeed her car, then Sue repaired her car in e. There is a philosophical tradition, however, that perceives events as very fine grained objects.
Events, Facts, Propositions, and Evolutive Anaphora
Authors: Asher Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Events have peculiar effects on anaphoric processes. When a discourse introduces an event of creation, a new object becomes available for anaphoric reference in the subsequent narrative. When an event of destruction is introduced, an object that was available for anaphoric reference is no longer available. Or at least that is what intuitively one would think. This interaction between events and anaphora in discourse is part of what is known as the problem of evolutive anaphora, and an analysis of this phenomenon, or at least the beginnings of one, is the object of this chapter.
Mammalian Cloning by Nuclear Microinjection
Authors: Perry Anthony C F
Published: November 2023

In the cloning of whole animals, genetic information from a single cell programs the development of a new individual; it is a form of asexual reproduction. Consequently, cloning circumvents the requirement for a genetic contribution from two cells (spermatozoon and egg) exhibited in sexual reproduction. Cloning provides a method of producing multiple offspring from a single individual, embryo, or cell line, and cloned animals share much the same genetic relationship as identical twins. In practice, whole animal cloning (also referred to as “reproductive cloning”) is often deﬁned euphemistically as a process in which the nuclear genome of a single cell programs full development; this is the deﬁnition we will adopt here. While the possibility that mammals might one day be cloned by nuclear transfer from adult cells has evoked enormous interest, some believed it impossible.
Cloning in the Popular Imagination
Authors: Nelkin Dorothy , Lindee M Susan
Published: November 2023

Dolly is a cloned sheep born in July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh by Ian Wilmut, a British embryologist. She was produced, after 276 failed attempts, from the genetic material of a six-year-old sheep. But Dolly is also a Rorschach test. The public response to the production of a lamb from an adult cell mirrors the futuristic fantasies and Frankenstein fears that have more broadly surrounded re- search in genetics, and especially genetic engineering. Dolly stands in for other monstrosities—both actual and fictable—that human knowledge and technique have produced. She provokes fear not so much because she is novel, but because she is such a familiar entity: a biological product of human design who appears to be a human surrogate. Dolly as “virtual” person is terrifying and seductive—despite her placid temperament.
A Life in the Shadow: One Reason We Should Not Clone Humans
Authors: Holm Soren
Published: November 2023

One of the arguments which is often put forward in the discussion of human cloning is that it is in itself wrong to create a copy of a human being. This argument is usually dismissed by pointing out that (a) we do not ﬁnd anything wrong in the existence of monozygotic twins even though they are genetically identical, and (b) the clone would not be an exact copy of the original, even in those cases where it is an exact genetic copy, since it would experience a different environment which would modify its biological and psychological development (throughout this chapter I will assume that clones are perfect genetic copies, even though the present cloning techniques do not in most instances produce perfect clones because they do not clone the mitochondrial DNA).
Sleep Medicine
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

This book provides accurate concise information concerning the evaluation and the treatment of patients with sleep problems. Because management of sleep disorders requires an understanding of sleep itself, the first portion discribes aspects of normal sleep. The remainder of the book follows an approach based on the clinical method, in which the chief complaints (the symptoms and the signs) and the psychosocial and the medical background of the individual are used, in conjunction with an understanding of the neurobiological and psychological basis of sleep disorders, to formulate a clinical assessment. The results of polysomnographic studies and other laboratory tests supplement and redefine clinical information and assist with consideration of treatment options.
Why Indigence Is Not a Justification
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In this essay, I attempt to explain why arguments in favor of accepting indigence as a defense in criminal matters are unlikely to be successful. Although there is an apparent symmetry between exculpation based on indigence and exculpation based on self-defense, there are in fact important differences between the two modes of exculpation. The differences have to do with the moral light that the respective defenses cast (or-in the case of indigence-the moral light that they would cast, if accepted) on the rule the defense calls into question.
Carrie Chapman Catt And The Last Years Of The Struggle For Woman Suffrage“The Winning Plan”
Authors: Fowler Robert Booth , Jones Spencer
Published: November 2023

The most satisfying moments in Carrie Chapman Catt’s life were those when she saw her dream of woman suffrage fulfilled. The moment had two vivid expressions. The first came when the Tennessee legislature passed the suffrage amendment in 1920. This decision brought into the fold the last state needed for the three-quarters majority of states necessary to ratify constitutional amendments and give women nationwide the right to vote. Knowing that the outcome of the legislative vote was uncertain in the border state of Tennessee, Catt had been lobbying the state’s delegates for weeks and was in Nashville during the vote. Victory left her overjoyed but exhausted and eager to return to her home in New York.
Alice Paul and the Politics of Nonviolent Protest
Authors: Ford Linda
Published: November 2023

The National Woman’s Party (NWP) was both militant and radically feminist in its battle for a national woman suffrage amendment between 1913 and 1919. Years of effort in state suffrage fights by the major organization, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)1 had yielded little result, and by 1912, the issue was a stagnant one. Only five western states had given women the vote, and virtually nothing was being done for a national suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Anna Howard Shaw, NAWSA president and heir to pioneer Susan B. Anthony, was proving an ineffectual leader, and unlike her nineteenth-century predecessor, did not have a militant bone in her body. Seeking to breathe life into the complacent movement, the new suffragists looked elsewhere for inspiration, adopting the British brand of militancy to the American situation in their own particular nonviolent style.