bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Baggage of William Grant Broughton: The First Bishop of Australia as Hanoverian High Churchman
Authors: Kaye Bruce N.
Published: July 2017

This article examines the intellectual and ecclesiastical baggage which W. G. Broughton brought with him when he came to New South Wales as Archdeacon in 1829 by tracing Broughton's early life and education, his early ministry and scholarly writings, and identifying Broughton's circle of friends in the Church of England. The travel diary which Broughton kept on his journey to New South Wales is examined for his estimate of the books he read while on ship. Broughton emerges from this study as a person of considerable scholarly talent, and a member of the old High Church group by both theological, and political conviction as well as personal friendships.
Biodiversity and Beauty
Authors: Vaney Neil
Published: July 2017

There is a moral obligation on human beings to preserve all other living species. The beauty of God, as revealed and mirrored in creation, is the basis for such an obligation. We cannot idealise such beauty; it is marked by contingency and suffering. This approach draws from the theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar. While this moral obligation imposes demands on humans, it also sets limits to such demands.
Blanchot's Neutral Space: A Negative Theology?
Authors: Madder Clive
Published: July 2017

Maurice Blanchot is generally regarded as an atheist In this article I examine his work on Simone Weil, who can be linked to negative theology to the extent that God's absence characterises her discourse. Weil considers desire to be the condition for the possibility of salvation. Blanchot subtilises the point, so that the condition for the possibility of salvation is also its condition for impossibility, dependent on what he calls “the neuter”. The consequent experience, whilst almost identical to that of the mystic, differs to the extent that it is based on the impossibility of any unique being. Language's failure to represent God is seen to be an affirmation of itself, a celebration of the absence of absence.
Unravelling the Threads: The Origins of Women's Asceticism in the Earliest Christian Communities
Authors: Moss Patricia
Published: July 2017

The question of the origins of women's asceticism in Christianity is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the history of the early church, at first glance seeming to appear virtually out of nowhere. This paper seeks to untangle the threads of evidence a little, first by exploring the precedents for women's asceticism in the Jewish and Græco-Roman worlds, and then by suggesting possible motives for Christian women's asceticism in Corinth and the community of the Pastoral Epistles.
The Word in Question: Barth and Divine Conversation
Authors: Rees Frank D.
Published: July 2017

In Barth's theology, faith is the determination of human beings by the Word of God. Critical response sees a fundamental difficulty in the totalizing impact of God's Word, leaving no room for human freedom and initiative. One means of resolving this difficulty is to reconsider the form of God's address. Whereas Barth implies that God always speaks in the indicative or prescriptive voices, the Bible also presents God as one who asks questions. A development of Brueggemann's theology of divine rhetoric allows us to speak of God the conversationalist while preserving Barth's stress upon divine initiative. The divine-human conversation includes elements of invitation, exploration and the gathering of consensus. In this context, faith involves responsive engagement with divine questions and is not limited to belief and obedience. Doubt and protest can also find positive expression within the divine conversation.
Defining Race, Ethnicity, and Social Distance: Their Impact on Crime, Criminal Victimization, and the Criminal Justice Processing of Minorities
Authors: Georges-Abeyie Daniel E.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the social, cultural, and biological realities of the popular as well as scientific use of the terms race and ethnicity then examines the significance of “social distance” in the criminal justice context which frequently involves Negroids, Hispanics, and other nonwhite minorities. It provides an analysis of the possible impact of them is application of the concepts race and ethnicity, and thus, social distance, upon the crime commission, criminal victimization, and criminal justice processing of “Blacks” and other nonwhite ethnic and racial minorities. It concludes with seven pertinent research questions that could be explored which would further the understanding of the role race, ethnicity, and social distance play in the perpetration of crimes by minorities as well as the criminal victimization and criminal justice processing of minorities.
Indigenous Peoples in the Canadian Correctional System: Critical Issues and the Prospects for ‘Localized’ Corrections
Authors: Patenaude Allan L. , Wood Darryl S. , Griffiths Curt T.
Published: July 2017

Research Findings have revealed that Canada's indigenous peoples are incarcerated in federal and provincial/territorial correctional facilities in numbers far in excess of their representation in the general population. Only recently, however, has attention been given to the development of policies and programmes to address the special needs of incarcerated indigenous offenders during confinement and upon release. Concurrent with this has been an increasing involvement by indigenous communities, bands and organizations to develop alternative correctional strategies which are community-based and designed to better address the needs of offenders, victims and communities.
“Straight Talk”: The Effectiveness of a Psychoeducational Group Intervention for Heterosexuals with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Pomeroy Elizabeth C. , Rubin Allen , Laningham Van Lois , Walker Rebecca J.
Published: July 2017

A quasi-experimental research study found that a 6-week psychoeducational group intervention was effective in alleviating stress, depression, and anxiety among eight heterosexual persons with HIV/AIDS in an experimental group. The group intervention consisted of both educational topics and psychological support. Scores on several measures changed significantly from pretest to posttest. A comparison group of heterosexual persons living with HIV/AIDS showed no significant differences from pretest to posttest. Implications for further research, practice, and program development are discussed.
Trichotillomania: A Social Worker's Guide to Practice
Authors: Bordnick Patrick S.
Published: July 2017

Trichotillomania is a behavioral disorder characterized by persons who are unable to resist pulling out their own hair. There has been a growing practice literature with such persons in disciplines other than social work during the last decade. Social workers need to become informed on how to assess and provide effective treatment for patients diagnosed with trichotillomania. This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the diagnosis, assessment, and empirically supported psychosocial methods of intervention that social workers can implement in practice.
Developing the Pharmacist's Role in Monitoring Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Powell J. Robert , Cupit Gary C.
Published: July 2017

A case report of a patient with two separate courses of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The initial course was performed without a protocol, whereas the second course was supervised by a pharmacist using a protocol and a TPN flow sheet. The case demonstrates many of the complications of TPN therapy and how they can be avoided or treated.
Documentation of Clinical Pharmacy Activities in a VA Hospital
Authors: Bergman H. D. , Fletcher H. P. , Sperandio G. J.
Published: July 2017

A nine-month study conducted on a general medical ward of the Veterans Administration Hospital in Danville, Illinois, was designed to investigate several aspects of the pharmacist's clinical roles. The pharmacist detected and evaluated suspected adverse drug reactions (SADR) and deviations from medication administration procedures (DMAP) and maintained a log of all questions and contributions to the patient's therapy. A SADR was defined as any unintended or undesired effect of a drug. A DMAP was defined as a change from the physician's order as written on the chart.

The pharmacist collected demographic data and maintained medication records on all patients. If a SADR or DMAP was detected by the pharmacist, he evaluated the event and completed the appropriate records describing the event.

Eighty-six SADR were detected in 60 (35.5 percent) of the 169 hospitalized patients in the 9-month study. Discontinuation of the drug, additional treatment or hospitalization, and/or a change in the administration of the drug was required in 66 (76.7 percent of the 86 SADR. Patients experiencing SADR received a higher average number of drugs and had a longer average duration of hospitalization than the patients without SADR. Ten DMAP were detected in 4504 doses in the 6-month study, resulting in a 0.2 percent deviation rate. The wrong dose was the type of DMAP in 50 percent of the cases. There were 276 questions and contributions to patient care encountered by the pharmacist in the 5-month study. The majority were classified as therapeutic.

In conclusion, the clinical pharmacist can and should be utilized in both research and service functions in the clinical setting.
Role of Nurse and Pharmacist Monitors in the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program
Authors: Allen Marcia D. , Greenblatt David J.
Published: July 2017

The Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program is a system of prospective monitoring of drug effects in hospitalized medical patients. Trained nurses and pharmacists are responsible for the most important link in the system–the day-to-day monitoring, recording, and compilation of data. This article describes the specialized functions of these nurse- and pharmacist-monitors.
Fluctuations of Serum Phenobarbital and Phenytoin Concentrations during Two Acute Episodes of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Koup Jeffrey R. , Bruck Erika
Published: July 2017

The details of two consecutive admissions of a diabetic, epileptic patient are presented. Anticonvulsant serum level monitoring documented a decline in both phenobarbital and phenytoin concentrations during both episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. These periods of reduced serum anticonvulsant concentrations coincided with increased seizure activity. Urine analysis revealed a dramatic increase in the excretion rate of phenobarbital. The urinary excretion rate of unchanged phenytoin was also markedly increased by diuresis, but the percent of the dose removed via this pathway remained small. These results dictate frequent serum concentration monitoring in patients afflicted with both diabetes and epilepsy.
Educating the Doctor of Pharmacy Student in the Family Practice Setting
Authors: Karig Arnold W. , James J. Donald
Published: July 2017

The need for the clinical pharmacist in community practice is equally great or most probably exceeds that of hospital practice. Addressing this need, the Medical University of South Carolina includes as an option in its Doctor of Pharmacy program the opportunity for the student to receive his advanced clinical training as a member of a family practice health care team. At the conclusion of the Pharm.D. students' program in family practice, it is anticipated that he will be capable of establishing himself as an integral member of a health care team in the community setting. This paper describes the Pharm.D. program in advanced clinical pharmacy in the family practice area.
Nitroglycerin Intravenous Infusion
Authors: Elliott Gary T. , Quinn Suzanne L.
Published: July 2017

The treatment of various cardiovascular problems with intravenous nitroglycerin is widely practiced though unapproved. The uses of iv nitroglycerin include improvement of the hemodynamics of left ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock associated with infarction, control of hypertension during coronary artery surgery, and possibly, reduction of acute myocardial infarct size. The popularity of this treatment in the absence of an FDA-approved commercial product has forced some hospitals to prepare the drug extemporaneously, and the advantages and disadvantages of preparation and storage techniques are presented.
Clozapine: A Novel Antipsychotic Agent
Authors: Bablenis Elena , Weber Stanley S. , Wagner Richard L.
Published: July 2017

Clozapine is an antipsychotic without the extrapyramidal adverse effects associated with currently marketed antipsychotics. In animals, this drug has not been shown to induce catalepsy and only weakly antagonizes the stereotypic movements induced by apomorphine and the amphetamines. Clozapine is rapidly absorbed after both single and repeated oral doses, with steady-state concentrations attained within eight to ten days after beginning therapy. It is metabolized to N-oxideclozapine and N-desmethylclozapine, which have less pharmacological activity than the parent compound and are excreted in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the feces. Clozapine has overall therapeutic efficacy and/or superiority to currently marketed antipsychotics in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. Usual doses (25–900 mg/d) of clozapine cause fewer extrapyramidal adverse reactions than available antipsychotics. Hypotension, dizziness, salivation, and sedation are the most frequently reported adverse effects and tend to subside over time. Agranulocytosis is the most serious adverse reaction, and those receiving clozapine should undergo weekly white blood cell count determinations. Clozapine is useful for those treatment-resistant patients who have not responded to adequate trials of other antipsychotics.
Theophylline-Isoniazid Interaction
Authors: Torrent Josep , Izquierdo Iñaki , Cabezas Ricardo , Jané Francesc
Published: July 2017

Drugs influencing hepatic microsomal enzyme systems, such as isoniazid, may affect the elimination pattern of theophylline. The case reported here refers to an adult female patient with a history of chronic asthma and intestinal tuberculosis who, during isoniazid therapy, presented with theophylline plasma concentrations above the therapeutic range and developed toxic symptoms. The initial episode of theophylline toxicity occurred after one month of coadministering isoniazid 300 mg/d and theophylline 350 mg bid. The theophylline plasma concentration during this episode was 24.1 μg/mL and was associated with the typical symptoms of theophylline toxicity. Rechallenge with isoniazide 300 mg/d and theophylline 400 mg bid showed a progressive increase in trough morning theophylline plasma levels, reaching a toxic concentration of 25.1 μg/mL on day 55. After withdrawal of isoniazid, theophylline concentrations gradually declined, reaching 12.9 μg/mL in 35 days. Theophylline toxicity in this patient might have been induced by chronic administration of isoniazid.
Bioequivalence of two Leucovorin Calcium Tablet Formulations
Authors: De Vito Joseph M. , McGuire Brian W. , De Lap Robert J. , Weiss Arnold I.
Published: July 2017

In a randomized, single-dose, two-way crossover study, 36 male volunteers received 25 mg each of two oral formulations of leucovorin calcium. Reduced serum folate concentrations were determined over the 24 hours after dosing. There were no statistically significant differences in areas under the serum concentration-time curves for total L-tetrahydrofolates, L-leucovorin (L-5–formyltetrahydrofolate), and L-5–methyltetrahydrofolate (the active metabolite of leucovorin and the predominant circulating form of reduced folate after oral administration). The peak serum concentrations and times to peak serum concentrations were also not significantly different. We conclude that the two leucovorin calcium 5 mg tablet formulations are bioequivalent.
Assessment of Geriatric Patients' Functional Ability to Take Medication
Authors: Meyer Maren E. , Schuna Arthur A.
Published: July 2017

The abilities of 93 geriatric patients (inpatients and outpatients) to perform medication-taking skills were assessed. These skills included the ability to read and interpret prescription labels, open and close vials, remove tablets, and identify tablet colors. The educational level and cognitive capacity using Jacobs' Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE) was determined. The average age was 74.3 ± 10.1 years. Eighty-nine of our participants were male. Age and educational level did not affect functional abilities. Fewer outpatients had problems interpreting prescription label directions than did inpatients. Patients who managed their own medications were more likely to be able to read and interpret labels, remove tablets, and identify colors (p < 0.05). Patients with CCSE scores <20, indicating cognitive impairment, were less likely to correctly read and interpret labels and differentiate colors than patients without impairment. Motor skills (opening/closing vials, removing tablets) were not related to cognitive status. This functional tool was easily administered and was useful in the assessment of medication-taking skills in geriatric patients.
Drug-Induced Hypertrichosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Miwa Linda J. , Shaefer Mark S. , Stratta Robert J. , Wood R. Patrick , Langnas Alan M. , Shaw Byers W.
Published: July 2017

Hypertrichosis is a well-recognized adverse effect of therapy with either cyclosporine or minoxidil. We present a case of extreme hypertrichosis in an eight-year-old male liver transplant recipient who received concurrent cyclosporine and minoxidil therapy. A review of drug-induced hypertrichosis is presented.
Toxic Carbamazepine Concentrations following Cardiothoracic Surgery and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wright Patricia Small , Seifert Charles F. , Hampton Edward M.
Published: July 2017

Carbamazepine is being used more frequently in the U.S. as an initial agent of choice to treat generalized tonic-clonic, mixed partial seizures with complex symptomatology. Carbamazepine is extensively metabolized in the liver; however, there is little information available on its pharmacokinetics in patients following surgery or myocardial infarction, or in those with liver disease. We report a case of a patient who attained toxic carbamazepine serum concentrations (ranging from 18.2 to 21.5 μg/mL) two days after cardiothoracic surgery and an intraoperative myocardial infarction experienced lethargy, diplopia, dysarthria, diaphoresis horizontal and downgaze nystagmus. These alterations in serum carbamazepine concentration normalized ten days after surgery. They may have been due to a combination of changes in protein binding and decreased elimination due to altered intrinsic hepatic clearance. With carbamazepine achieving a more prominent place in anticonvulsant therapy, the influence of various procedures and disease processes on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carbamazepine, as well as the clinical consequences of such changes, need further investigation.
Intravenous Streptomycin
Authors: Driver Albert G. , Worden James P.
Published: July 2017

Streptomycin is an effective drug for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is currently recommended for use only by the intramuscular route. This method of drug delivery is accompanied by considerable pain which is unacceptable to many patients. With the advent of many improvements in intravenous therapy that have occurred in the past 40 years, reevaluation of the intravenous use of this drug is warranted. We describe the short-term use of intravenous streptomycin in four patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
The Pharmacist as a Health Consultant—Ten Years Later
Authors: Vanderveen R. Pete , Jirak Jana L.
Published: July 2017

Pharmacists remain a readily accessible and trusted source of information about health. In order to assess the quality of counseling on health matters and the progress of the profession in this activity over the last decade, a study similar to one reported in 1978 was conducted. We visited 46 community pharmacies and requested advice from the pharmacists concerning the proper treatment of an infant with diarrhea. Interviewers volunteered no additional information, but questions asked by the pharmacist were answered according to a predetermined hypothetical case involving an 18-month-old infant with diarrhea and vomiting. Findings include the following: approximately one-third of the pharmacists recommended a product without caution and less than 20 percent inquired about fever, nausea, vomiting, diet, or the infant's condition. We believe pharmacists should approach health counseling with an increased awareness of the harmful potential in providing inappropriate medical information.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cesarean Section
Authors: Glick Marcia , Guglielmo B. Joseph
Published: July 2017

Several controversies exist regarding the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section. Studies have investigated effectiveness, choice of drug, timing, duration appropriate route of administration. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing postoperative endometritis in certain high-risk patients has been well documented. Factors identifying patients at high risk for endometritis include: indigent socioeconomic status, labor prior to cesarean section, rupture of chorioamniotic membranes number of vaginal examinations. Although many different antibiotics have been tested, no particular regimen has been found to be superior. Administration of antibiotics after cord clamping reduces the risk of fetal exposure without compromising maternal risk of endometritis. A single dose of ampicillin or a first-generation cephalosporin (e.g., cefazolin or cephalothin sodium) given intravenously provides adequate prophylaxis. No additional benefit has been demonstrated with the use of multiple-dose regimens.
The Potential for Mental Status Changes Associated with Systemic Absorption of Anticholinergic Ophthalmic Medications: Concerns in the Elderly
Authors: Barker David B. , Solomon David A.
Published: July 2017

Several cases have been reported of anticholinergic toxicity following the administration of commonly used parasympatholytic cycloplegics and mydriatics. Cases have been reported in children, adults the elderly. The risk of developing mental status changes secondary to anticholinergic ophthalmic medications is of particular concern in the elderly. Drug-induced mental status or behavior changes should not be mistaken for exacerbation of an underlying disorder or the onset of a new disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia). Clinicians should be aware of these potential complications, monitor for changes in mental status take appropriate action.
Griseofulvin: A New Look at an Old Drug
Authors: Araujo Oscar E. , Flowers Franklin P. , King Mark M.
Published: July 2017

Griseofulvin is the oral antifungal agent of choice for the treatment of dermatophytoses. This article reviews the history, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions traditional therapeutic applications of griseofulvin. In addition, reports since 1960 of the use of the drug in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon, progressive systemic sclerosis, lichen planus, mycosis fungoides, herpes zoster, eosinophilic fasciitis molluscum contagiosum are discussed, noting the varying degree of therapeutic success.
Fluconazole: A New Triazole Antifungal Agent
Authors: Pasko Mary T. , Piscitelli Stephen C. , Van Slooten Andrea D.
Published: July 2017

Fluconazole is a fluorine-substituted, bis-triazole antifungal agent. Its mechanism of action, like that of other azoles, involves interruption of the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol via binding to fungal cytochrome P-450 and subsequent disruption of fungal membranes. Activity against Aspergillus spp., Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida spp., Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been demonstrated in several animal models. Fluconazole can be admininstered both orally and intravenously. Mean peak serum concentrations achieved in human volunteers after 50 and 100 mg (oral) are 3.1 and 7.0 μmol/L respectively. Protein binding is low (11 percent) and cerebrospinal fluid to serum ratio is 0.58 to 0.89. Serum half-life is long (22–32 hours) and elimination is via renal clearance of unchanged drug. Clinical trials and reports support the use of fluconazole in treatment of candidiasis, particularly oropharyngeal and esophageal infections in immunocompromised hosts. Fluconazole is also approved for initial and suppresive therapy of cryptococcal meningitis. Its role in management of systemic fungal infections will be further defined once results of other comparative trials become available. Fluconazole is well tolerated and its effects on steroidogenesis are markedly less than those of ketoconazole. Antipyrine clearance is not altered at low doses (50 mg) of fluconazole; however, drug interactions with the use of larger doses can be anticipated with agents such as cyclosporin, phenytoin, oral hypoglycemics warfarin. Rifampin appears to decrease metabolic clearance of fluconazole. Fluconazole is available as oral and parenteral formulations. Once-daily doses of 100–400 mg are recommended. Dosage reduction is advised for patients with impaired renal function.
Sympathomimetics for Acute Severe Asthma: Should Only Beta2-Selective Agonists Be Used?
Authors: Reed Michael T. , Kelly H. William
Published: July 2017

Sympathomimetics have become a mainstay of the treatment of acute asthma. Aerosolization of sympathomimetics provides as great or greater bronchodilation in acute severe asthma with fewer systemic effects than parenteral therapy. Despite the broncho-selectivity achieved with this route of administration, cardiostimulation remains the major, dose-limiting factor in the safe use of sustained, high-dose therapy with these agents. This article reviews the pharmacology, adverse effects toxicities of selected beta agonists, as well as clinical studies relevant to the question posed in the title. Although the ideal study to answer this question has not yet been performed, the authors feel that available evidence supports the preferential use of selective beta2 agonists in patients with acute, severe asthma who will require high doses of beta agonists.
Ceftizoxime Disposition in Neonates and Infants during the First Sex Months of Life
Authors: Reed Michael D. , Gooch W. Manford , Minton Stephen D. , Tanaka-Kido Jorge , Santos Jose Ignacio , Yamashita Toyoko S. , Blumer Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2017

The single-dose pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime sodium were studied in 52 neonates and infants between 0.1 and 189 days of age. Subjects received ceftizoxime 25 or 50 mg/kg iv over 15–30 minutes. The drug was administered q8–12h for five days to permit tolerance evaluation on repetitive dosing. No differences were observed in ceftizoxime pharmacokinetic parameter estimates relative to dose. However, marked differences were observed in ceftizoxime pharmacokinetic characteristics relative to infant age; ceftizoxime half-life and mean residence time decreased, whereas body clearance increased with infant age. Ceftizoxime volume of distribution remained relatively constant over infant age. No adverse effects associated with ceftizoxime administration were observed. These data suggest that ceftizoxime 50 mg/kg q12h be used for infants ≤2 weeks of age (≤40 weeks postconceptional age) and that 50 mg/kg q8h be administered for older infants.
Pharmacists and the Mandate of Pharmaceutical Care
Authors: Galinsky Raymond E. , Nickman Nancy A.
Published: July 2017

Implementing the mandate for delivery of drug therapy to achieve definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life is discussed from the perspective of the changes currently needed in both practice and education. Specifically, changes in practice should include: (1) a managerial framework that continuously supports clinical activities in everyday practice, (2) recognition of competence in clinical practice, and (3) documentation of and reimbursement for clinical service. Changes in education should include: (1) teaching of problem-solving skills to students by faculty/practitioners, and (2) redirecting the curricular content to provide the minimum knowledge base required for competent clinical practice. Pharmacists will begin to accept the mandate of pharmaceutical care when there is widespread training and use of technicians, implementation of problem-based education in the schools, and adequate problem-solving support for pharmacists in practice.
Mathematical Examination of Dual Individualization Principles (I): Relationships between AUC above MIC and Area under the Inhibitory Curve for Cefmenoxime, Ciprofloxacin, and Tobramycin
Authors: Schentag Jerome J. , Nix David E. , Adelman Martin H.
Published: July 2017

Traditional antibiotic dosage adjustments target predetermined serum concentrations, whereas a host of in vitro studies and recent clinical trials establish that bacteria vary in their susceptibility. Dual individualization, which considers the variance in both antibiotic pharmacokinetics and bacterial susceptibility, has been employed to describe different rates of bacterial eradication in relation to varying serum concentrations. In patients with nosocomial pneumonia, one of the model compounds studied was cefmenoxime, where a target six-hour area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) of 140 μg·h/mL above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was previously associated with bacterial eradication in an average of four days. The target AUC value of 140 μg·h/mL above MIC is unique to cefmenoxime. Ideally, there should be a dual individualized target useful to adjust the dose of any antibiotic. Computer simulations performed to evaluate this hypothesis suggested that each antibiotic had a unique value for target AUC above MIC. These simulations indicated that an optimal AUC above MIC was about 80 percent of the total AUC above the MIC. Predictable rates of bacterial eradication would presumably result from maintaining these relationships across the range of bacterial susceptibility and the range of serum concentration profiles. Each antibiotic has a unique and different 24-hour AUC over MIC value associated with bacterial eradication in 4 days. For cefmenoxime, the target was 540 area units over MIC per 24 hours, tobramycin with 34 area units, and ciprofloxacin with 23 area units per 24 hours. Because it would clearly be desirable to have a target for dosing adjustment that is independent of the particular antibiotic, we then used computer simulations to determine whether the AUIC (area under the inhibitory curve, or integrated AUC above MIC vs. time) could be descriptive of bacterial eradication with the cephalosporin, cefmenoxime; the aminoglycoside, tobramycin; and the fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin. Computer simulation revealed that appropriate doses of all three of these antibiotics yield 24-hour AUIC values in the range of 125. On the basis of these simulations, we propose that target AUIC values are likely to be applicable across antibiotic classes, whereas AUC above MIC targets must be unique values to the particular antibiotic. Furthermore, these relationships can be used to make comparisons of antibiotic activity either across different antibiotic classes or within the same class.
Comparison and Evaluation of Nine Bibliographic Databases concerning Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: Biarez Odile , Sarrut Bernard , Doreau Christian G. , Etienne Jean
Published: July 2017

Few evaluations and statistical comparisons of bibliographic databases have been published. As a drug information center, we were particularly interested in databases providing references on adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Ten drugs were randomly chosen from the 2000 files at our center. Nine databases were selected according to the high frequency of references concerning ADRs: eight online systems (MEDLINE, BIOSIS, TOXLINE, Iowa Drug Information System, PASCAL, EMBASE, PHARMLINE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts [IPA]), and one Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) system (Core MEDLINE). The total number of references, the number of references from 1987 to 1989, and the number of relevant references from 1987 to 1989 were analyzed using the Friedman two-way ANOVA by ranks. The overlap between databases for only one drug, carboplatin, and the quality:cost ratio were also studied. Considering the total number of references, TOXLINE and EMBASE were significantly superior to IPA, PHARMLINE, PASCAL, and Core MEDLINE. For the period 1987–1989, EMBASE was significantly superior to PASCAL, IPA, PHARMLINE, and Core MEDLINE with regard to total number of references, and significantly superior to PASCAL, Core MEDLINE, and IPA with regard to relevance. MEDLINE, TOXLINE, and EMBASE had the best quality:cost ratio. EMBASE had the slightest overlap of references, with 53 percent of the unique references on carboplatin. This comparative evaluation showed that the ability of bibliographic databases to provide information on ADRs is dependent on both the size and the quality of each database.
Suspected Central Nervous System Toxicity from Inadvertent Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Overdose
Authors: Bright Thomas P. , McNulty Claudia J.
Published: July 2017

This case illustrates a severe adverse reaction of the central nervous system involving a moderate overdose of diclofenac sodium along with therapeutic dosages of indomethacin and ibuprofen. Our patient became disoriented, hallucinated, lost consciousness, and suffered respiratory arrest after ingesting five diclofenac tablets (375 mg total), two ibuprofen tablets (400 mg total), and one indomethacin capsule (75 mg). Aggressive supportive therapy was instituted and the patient improved. She was awake, alert, and extubated in less than 24 hours with no serious sequelae.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Possibly Caused by Molindone Hydrochloride
Authors: Gradon Jeremy D.
Published: July 2017

The case of a patient who developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) on three separate occasions is presented. Her third bout of this syndrome possibly was caused by molindone hydrochloride. This medication has been reported only once previously to cause NMS. The pharmacology of molindone is reviewed and a complicating factor in this case—the recent onset of hypothyroidism—is discussed together with its implication in the development of the clinical manifestations of this syndrome.
On the Diffusion of Fluids Through Solids Undergoing Large Deformations
Authors: Prasad Sharat C. , Rajagopal K. R.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we investigate the problem of diffusion of a Newtonian fluid through a non-linearly elastic solid undergoing large deformations, within the framework of mixture theory. Our aim is to delineate the effect of various boundary conditions on the diffusion process. We find that the results are quite insensitive to the boundary conditions in that the predictions agree exceedingly well with the experiments (whether it is the saturation boundary condition used by Rajagopal, Wineman and Gandhi, the traction splitting boundary condition used by Rajagopal and Tao, the natural boundary condition used by Baek and Srinivasa, or the fact that the chemical potential is continuous across the boundary), provided that an appropriate choice is made for the drag.
Cumulative Effects of Concussion History on Baseline Computerized Neurocognitive Test Scores: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Alsalaheen Bara , Stockdale Kayla , Pechumer Dana , Giessing Alexander , He Xuming , Broglio Steven P.
Published: July 2017

Context:

It is unclear whether individuals with a history of single or multiple clinically recovered concussions exhibit worse cognitive performance on baseline testing compared with individuals with no concussion history.

Objective:

To analyze the effects of concussion history on baseline neurocognitive performance using a computerized neurocognitive test.

Data sources:

PubMed, CINAHL, and psycINFO were searched in November 2015. The search was supplemented by a hand search of references.

Study Selection:

Studies were included if participants completed the Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) at baseline (ie, preseason) and if performance was stratified by previous history of single or multiple concussions.

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2.

Data Extraction:

Sample size, demographic characteristics of participants, as well as performance of participants on verbal memory, visual memory, visual-motor processing speed, and reaction time were extracted from each study.

Results:

A random-effects pooled meta-analysis revealed that, with the exception of worsened visual memory for those with 1 previous concussion (Hedges g = 0.10), no differences were observed between participants with 1 or multiple concussions compared with participants without previous concussions.

Conclusion:

With the exception of decreased visual memory based on history of 1 concussion, history of 1 or multiple concussions was not associated with worse baseline cognitive performance.
Effect of Nickel Doping on Optical Properties of CdS Nanoparticles Synthesized via. Co-precipitation Technique
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Sharma J. K
Published: July 2017

This work presents a comprehensive study on the optical behavior of cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles under the effect of nickel (Ni2+ ions) doping. The pristine and Ni-doped CdS nanoparticles (CdS:Ni) have been synthesized via. conventional co-precipitation technique and analyzed using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Ni2+ ions with different concentrations (2% and 4%) incorporate in CdS structure, modify it and hence, exhibit a red shift of absorption edge. The increase in Ni2+ ions concentration from 0% to 4% leads to tailor the optical band gap of CdS from 2.70 eV to 2.47 eV. These band gap values are higher than that of bulk CdS which confirm a quantum size effect in the synthesized nanoparticles.
Synthesis with Variation of Some Basic Properties of Si-Al-O-N- Based Ceramic Materials
Authors: Das Tanmoy , Hazra Goutam
Published: July 2017

Sialon is an excellent material belonging to the oxynitride ceramics. It has high strength, wear resistance, and other mechanical and chemical properties. β–sialon has the general formula of Si6-ZAlZOZN8-z,where z=0 to 2.1. In the present work in total nine different Sialon samples with different compositions were sintered at 7 different temperatures viz., 1575 to 1840oC. Green density, fired density, % linear shrinkage at different temperatures and compositions were reported. Theoretical density of 3.2 gm/cc. was almost reached. The properties were compared and various parameters were corroborated In terms of at% N.
«On the Origin of Species»: Didactic transposition to the curriculum and Portuguese science textbooks (1859-1959)
Authors: Cavadas Bento
Published: July 2017

This research aimed to contribute to the history of the teaching of Darwinism in the Portuguese curriculum from 1859 to 1959. To this end, it was analysed the didactic transposition of the book On the Origin of Species for the standards and textbooks of Natural Sciences of secondary education. This study showed that some standards did not address Darwinism (Standards of 1856, 1872, 1880, 1886, 1926 and 1929), while others only prescribed the study of some subjects of Darwinism (Standards of 1889 and 1905). The standards of 1895 were the ones that addressed more Darwinists ideas in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the overall approach to Darwinism was related to the study of transformist ideas (Standards of 1919) or evolution (Standards of 1936 and 1954). However, even when the respective standards did not make that prescription, the major part of textbooks addressed the mechanisms of Darwinian evolution: adaptation, variability, growth correlations, heredity, natural selection, vital competition, geographic isolation and sexual selection.
Governance of Swedish school mathematics — where and how did it happen? A study of different modes of governance in Swedish school mathematics, 1910-1980
Authors: Prytz Johan
Published: July 2017

The aim of this paper is to revise a standard narrative about governance of the Swedish school system in the period of 1910-1908. According to this narrative, the Swedish school system was centralized during this period. However, this narrative does not fit the history of Swedish mathematics education (years 7-9). The research questions are: where in the school system was change initiated and how was change enforced? On the basis of studies of syllabi, textbooks, teaching literature, teacher journals and reports from investigations and development projects, different modes of governance of school mathematics are identified. The main results are that textbook producers rather than national syllabi and exams were drivers of change in the period 1910-1960. Moreover, the centralized attempts to change school mathematics, prepared in the 1960s, were soon abandoned in the early 1970s. Thus, centralized governance of Swedish school mathematics, with the ambition to achieve change, was something that took effect relatively late and during a very short period of time.
School Subjects and School Culture: A Conversation with Professor Antonio Viñao Frago on Curriculum History in Spain
Authors: Gonzalez Delgado Mariano , Woyshner Christine A
Published: July 2017

School Subjects and School Culture: A Conversation with Professor Antonio Viñao Frago on Curriculum History in Spain
Structural basis of divergent cyclin‐dependent kinase activation by Spy1/RINGO proteins
Authors: McGrath Denise A , Fifield Bre‐Anne , Marceau Aimee H , Tripathi Sarvind , Porter Lisa A , Rubin Seth M
Published: July 2017

Cyclin‐dependent kinases (Cdks) are principal drivers of cell division and are an important therapeutic target to inhibit aberrant proliferation. Cdk enzymatic activity is tightly controlled through cyclin interactions, posttranslational modifications, and binding of inhibitors such as the p27 tumor suppressor protein. Spy1/RINGO (Spy1) proteins bind and activate Cdk but are resistant to canonical regulatory mechanisms that establish cell‐cycle checkpoints. Cancer cells exploit Spy1 to stimulate proliferation through inappropriate activation of Cdks, yet the mechanism is unknown. We have determined crystal structures of the Cdk2‐Spy1 and p27‐Cdk2‐Spy1 complexes that reveal how Spy1 activates Cdk. We find that Spy1 confers structural changes to Cdk2 that obviate the requirement of Cdk activation loop phosphorylation. Spy1 lacks the cyclin‐binding site that mediates p27 and substrate affinity, explaining why Cdk‐Spy1 is poorly inhibited by p27 and lacks specificity for substrates with cyclin‐docking sites. We identify mutations in Spy1 that ablate its ability to activate Cdk2 and to proliferate cells. Our structural description of Spy1 provides important mechanistic insights that may be utilized for targeting upregulated Spy1 in cancer.
An RNA Recognition Motif-Containing Protein Functions in Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA
Authors: Samarajeewa Dilini A , Manitchotpisit Pennapa , Henderson Miranda , Xiao Hua , Rehard David G , Edwards Kevin A , Shiu Patrick K T , Hammond Thomas M
Published: July 2017

Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD) is a biological process that searches pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs) for segments of DNA that are unpaired. Genes found within unpaired segments are silenced for the duration of meiosis. In this report, we describe the identification and characterization of Neurospora crassa sad-7, a gene that encodes a protein with an RNA recognition motif (RRM). Orthologs of sad-7 are found in a wide range of ascomycete fungi. In N. crassa, sad-7 is required for a fully efficient MSUD response to unpaired genes. Additionally, at least one parent must have a functional sad-7 allele for a cross to produce ascospores. Although sad-7-null crosses are barren, sad-7Δ strains grow at a wild-type (wt) rate and appear normal under vegetative growth conditions. With respect to expression, sad-7 is transcribed at baseline levels in early vegetative cultures, at slightly higher levels in mating-competent cultures, and is at its highest level during mating. These findings suggest that SAD-7 is specific to mating-competent and sexual cultures. Although the role of SAD-7 in MSUD remains elusive, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based tagging studies place SAD-7 within nuclei, perinuclear regions, and cytoplasmic foci of meiotic cells. This localization pattern is unique among known MSUD proteins and raises the possibility that SAD-7 coordinates nuclear, perinuclear, and cytoplasmic aspects of MSUD.
Can you moderate an unreadable message? 'Blind' content moderation via human computation
Authors: Frey Seth , Bos Maarten W , Sumner Robert W
Published: July 2017

User-generated content (UGC) is fundamental to online social engagement, but eliciting and managing it come with many challenges. The special features of UGC moderation highlight many of the general challenges of human computation in general. They also emphasize how moderation and privacy interact: people have rights to both privacy and safety online, but it is difficult to provide one without violating the other: scanning a user's inbox for potentially malicious messages seems to imply access to all safe ones as well. Are privacy and safety opposed, or is it possible in some circumstance to guarantee the safety of anonymous content without access to that content. We demonstrate that such "blind content moderation" is possible in certain domains. Additionally, the methods we introduce offer safety guarantees, an expressive content space, and require no human moderation load: they are safe, expressive, and scalable Though it may seem preposterous to try moderating UGC without human- or machine-level access to it, human computation makes blind moderation possible. We establish this existence claim by defining two very different human computational methods, behavioral thresholding and reverse correlation. Each leverages the statistical and behavioral properties of so-called "inappropriate content" in different decision settings to moderate UGC without access to a message's meaning or intention. The first, behavioral thresholding, is shown to generalize the well-known ESP game.
Bridging the gap from intermediate to advanced proficiency with higher-order thinking skills and content knowledge
Authors: Low Michelle M.
Published: July 2017

Traditional university Chinese programs aim to produce students who can function at what the ACTFL Language Proficiency Guidelines considers the “advanced” level. However, unless students spend significant time studying abroad, most non-heritage speakers have difficulty moving past the “intermediate” level of proficiency. In order for students to function at the advanced level, they must also develop content knowledge on a variety of topics beyond “the self,” about the community and the world. Moreover, students must also develop intellectual maturity and be able to think critically and analytically, to synthesize and connect content learned outside the language class with the course content. Finally, students need to use their language skills to express complex ideas in Chinese. This paper discusses developing Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in students through the integration of specific assignments, in-class activities, and the introduction of course content, in order to help students move from the intermediate to advanced level of proficiency.