bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissociable neural activity to self‐ vs. externally administered thermal hyperalgesia: a parametric fMRI study
Authors: Mohr C. , Leyendecker S. , Helmchen C.
Published: February 2008

Little is known regarding how cognitive strategies help to modulate neural responses of the human brain in ongoing pain syndromes to alleviate pain. Under pathological pain conditions, any self‐elicited contact with usually non‐painful stimuli may become painful. We examined whether the human brain is capable of dissociating self‐controlled from externally administered thermal hyperalgesia in the experimental capsaicin model. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, 17 male subjects were investigated in a parametric design with heat stimuli at topically capsaicin‐sensitized skin. In contrast to external stimulation, self‐administered pain was controllable. For both conditions application trials without noticeable thermal stimulation were introduced and used as high‐level baseline (HLB) to account for the capsaicin‐induced ongoing pain and other covariables. Following subtraction of the HLB, the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) but not the somatosensory cortices maintained parametric neural responses to thermal hyperalgesia. A stronger pain‐related activity increase during self‐administered stimuli was observed in the posterior insula. In contrast, prefrontal cortex showed stronger increases to uncontrollable external heat stimuli. In the state of ongoing pain (capsaicin), pain‐intensity‐encoding regions (anterior insula, ACC) but not those with sensory discriminative functions (SI, SII) showed graded, pain‐intensity‐related neural responses in thermal hyperalgesia. Some areas were able to dissociate between self‐ and externally administered stimuli in thermal hyperalgesia, which might be related to differences in perceived controllability. Thus, neural mechanisms maintain the ability to dissociate external from self‐generated states of injury in thermal hyperalgesia. This may help to understand how cognitive strategies potentially alleviate chronic pain syndromes.
Altered presymptomatic AMPA and cannabinoid receptor trafficking in motor neurons of ALS model mice: implications for excitotoxicity
Authors: Zhao Pingwei , Ignacio Sheila , Beattie Eric C. , Abood Mary E.
Published: February 2008

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder involving the selective loss of spinal cord motor neurons. Excitotoxicity mediated by glutamate has been implicated as a cause of this progressive degeneration. In this study we examined two types of receptors, the excitatory α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) and inhibitory cannabinoid receptor (CB1) with respect to their localization and total expression in spinal cord motor neurons. AMPAR and CB1 represent major excitatory and inhibitory transmission input, respectively, and their expression levels on the plasma membrane have direct relevance to the vulnerability of the motor neurons to glutamatergic excitotoxicity. We used quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy to comparatively measure the total cellular expression and the synaptic localization of specific subclasses of AMPARs [as determined by the presence of the subunits glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) or glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2)] and CB1 in spinal cord motor neurons during disease progression in a G93ASOD1 mouse model of ALS. We found an increase in synaptic GluR1 and a decrease of synaptic and total GluR2 at early ages (6 weeks, prior to disease onset). Total CB1 receptor levels were decreased at 6 weeks old. We determined the gene expression of CB1, GluR1 and GluR2 using quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The decreased synaptic and total GluR2 and increased synaptic GluR1 levels may result in increased numbers of Ca2+‐permeable AMPARs, thus contributing to neuronal death. Early alterations in CB1 expression may also predispose motor neurons to excitotoxicity. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of presymptomatic changes in trafficking of receptors that are in direct control of excitotoxicity and death in a mouse model of ALS.
Enhancing catch‐and‐release science with biotelemetry
Authors: Donaldson Michael R. , Arlinghaus Robert , Hanson Kyle C. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: February 2008

Catch‐and‐release (C&R) angling is widely practised by anglers and is a common fisheries management strategy or is a by‐product of harvest regulations. Accordingly, there is a growing body of research that examines not only the mortality associated with C&R, but also the sublethal physiological and behavioural consequences. Biotelemetry offers a powerful means of remotely monitoring the behaviour, physiology and mortality of fish caught and released in their natural environment, but we contend that its usefulness is still underappreciated by scholars and managers. In this study, we review the applications of biotelemetry in C&R science, identify novel research directions, opportunities and challenges. There are now about 250 C&R studies but only one quarter of these utilize biotelemetry. In fact, almost all of the C&R studies that have used biotelemetry have been conducted within the last decade. We found that the majority of C&R telemetry studies used either radio or acoustic telemetry, while comparatively few studies have used satellite technologies. Most C&R biotelemetry studies have been used to assess mortality rates, behavioural impairments or to evaluate the effects of displacement on fish. A small fraction of studies (<8%) have used physiological sensors despite the fact that these tools are highly applicable to understanding the multiple sublethal consequences of C&R and are useful for providing mechanistic insights into endpoints such as death. We conclude that C&R science has the potential to benefit greatly from biotelemetry technology, particularly with respect to providing more robust short‐term and delayed mortality estimates and adopting a more integrative and comparative approach to understanding the lethal and sublethal impacts of C&R. However, there are still a number of challenges including (i) the need for appropriate controls and methodological approaches, (ii) the need for accounting for tagging and handling stress and mortality, and (iii) the need for certainty in assessing mortality. However, the benefits associated with C&R biotelemetry outweigh its disadvantages and limitations and thereby offer C&R researchers a suite of new tools to enhance fisheries management and conservation.
Ocean transport paths for the early life history stages of offshore‐spawning flatfishes: a case study in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Bailey Kevin M , Abookire Alisa A , Duffy‐Anderson Janet T
Published: February 2008

Offshore‐ and deepwater‐spawning flatfish species face the problem of transport of their planktonic stages to shallow juvenile nursery grounds that are often far shoreward in bays or estuaries. We compare life history attributes of four offshore‐spawning flatfish species in the Gulf of Alaska: Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus) and Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) to examine how their larvae get from a spawning location at the edge or beyond the continental shelf to specific inshore nursery zones. We utilize historical records of survey catches of different life stages to characterize the stage‐specific changes in distribution of spawning, planktonic stages and juvenile nursery areas. We infer transport mechanisms based on the shifts in distribution of the life stages and in comparison with local physical oceanography. This comparison provides insight into the different mechanisms marine species may use to solve the common ‘problem’ of planktonic drift and juvenile settlement.
Higher biomass accumulation by increasing phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase activity in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Koslowsky Silke , Riegler Heike , Bergmüller Eveline , Zrenner Rita
Published: January 2008

Plants are able to produce all the organic compounds required for development and growth. As developmental processes and metabolic pathways use a common resource pool, the tight regulation of the distribution of metabolites between growth, production of defence compounds and storage products can be assumed. A transgenic approach was used to investigate the importance of supplying the key intermediate phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) for plant growth and biomass accumulation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and in Nicotiana tabacum. For this purpose, the Ashbya gossypii genes coding for either PRPP synthetase (PRS) or a mutated variant of the same gene were over‐expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter. It was shown that increased PRS activity in A. thaliana or N. tabacum leads to a substantial increase in biomass accumulation under different standardized growth conditions. Growth enhancement was accompanied by significant changes in the amount of sugars and other metabolites. This study provides evidence that the supply of PRPP co‐limits growth rates, and has obvious implications for biotechnological strategies aiming to increase plant biomass as an alternative renewable energy source.
High‐yield rapid production of hepatitis B surface antigen in plant leaf by a viral expression system
Authors: Huang Zhong , LePore Kate , Elkin Galina , Thanavala Yasmin , Mason Hugh S.
Published: January 2008

Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) constitutes currently used vaccines against hepatitis B virus, and has been successfully employed as a carrier for foreign epitopes. With the aim of developing an inexpensive, easily administered vaccine source for global immunization, several groups have expressed HBsAg in plant systems. Transgenic plant‐derived HBsAg assembles into virus‐like particles (VLPs) and is immunogenic in both mice and humans. However, HBsAg expression is relatively low in transgenic plant systems. The time‐consuming and labour‐intensive process of generating transgenic plants also significantly limits high‐throughput analyses of various HBsAg fusion antigens. In this paper, the high‐yield rapid production of HBsAg in plant leaf using a novel viral transient expression system is described. Nicotiana benthamiana leaves infiltrated with the MagnICON viral vectors produced HBsAg at high levels, averaging 295 µg/g leaf fresh weight at 10 days post‐infection, as measured by a polyclonal enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Transiently expressed HBsAg accumulated as the full‐length product, formed disulphide‐linked dimers, displayed the conformational ‘a’ antigenic determinant and assembled into VLPs. Immunization of mice with partially purified HBsAg elicited HBsAg‐specific antibodies. Furthermore, it was found that transient production of HBsAg using vacuum infiltration of whole plants, rather than syringe infiltration of leaves, was readily scalable, and greatly improved the accumulation of correctly folded HBsAg that displays the protective ‘a’ determinant.
A novel hybrid seed system for plants
Authors: Gils Mario , Marillonnet Sylvestre , Werner Stefan , Grützner Ramona , Giritch Anatoli , Engler Carola , Schachschneider Ralf , Klimyuk Victor , Gleba Yuri
Published: January 2008

A two‐component hybrid seed system has been developed that is broadly applicable and provides for effective generation and maintenance of the male‐sterile parent, hybrid seed production and full restoration of fertility in the hybrid seed. The technology is based on the functional interaction of two loci that are inserted in the same position on two homologous chromosomes, and thus are ‘linked in repulsion’, and that jointly code for male sterility and herbicide resistance, both traits being expressed in heterozygous plants only. The localization to the same locus on a chromosome is achieved by the genetic transformation of plants with a construct containing both genetic elements (loci), and subsequent derivatization from the primary pro‐locus of the two precursor lines using site‐specific deletions. The functional interaction of the two loci is achieved through intein‐based trans‐splicing of two pairs of complementary protein fragments that provide for male sterility and herbicide resistance. Unlike the hybrid seed systems that are currently in use, the technology relies on the genetic modification of just one parent, and is therefore much simpler to develop and use. Arabidopsis has been used for the proof of principle presented here, but the essential elements of the technology are generic and have been shown to work in many crop species.
The compliance challenge: Implications for social security in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Ramia Gaby , Davies Gloria , Nyland Chris
Published: January 2008

Abstract  Discussion of social security compliance in developing societies has mainly focused on systemic administrative and operational issues. The article argues that analysis of compliance calls also for frameworks which draw lessons from nation‐specific policy circumstances and comparisons of social protection regime types. Using such an approach, it also examines social security compliance in the context of China. Four considerations are found to be central to improved compliance: the sustainability of economic growth; trust in social institutions and regulations; the differing social values inherent in regime types; and institutional inertia accumulated in China's existing policy path.
Local stimulation of the adenosine A2Breceptors induces an increased release of IL‐6 in mouse striatum: anin vivomicrodialysis study
Authors: Vazquez Juan Francisco , Clement Hans‐Willi , Sommer Olaf , Schulz Eberhard , Van Calker Dietrich
Published: January 2008

Both adenosine and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of, e.g., epileptic seizures, traumatic brain injury, and affective disorders. Stimulation of adenosine A2Breceptors on astrocytesin vitroleads to the increased synthesis and secretion of IL‐6. We investigated whether or not activation of adenosine receptors evokes an increase of IL‐6 release alsoin vivo. 5′‐N‐ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, a non‐specific adenosine‐agonist or vehicle was administered into the striatum of freely moving mice by reverse microdialysis. A statistical significant increase of the IL‐6 concentration in the perfusate was detected already 60 min after 5′‐N‐ethylcarboxamidoadenosine administration. IL‐6 increased progressively and reached a maximum after 240 min. This effect appears to be mediated through adenosine A2Breceptors since it was counteracted by the specific A2Breceptor antagonist MRS1706 but not by the specific A1receptor antagonist DPCPX. We conclude that adenosine via activation of A2Breceptors evokes IL‐6 release alsoin vivo.
An update on the mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine
Authors: Ferré Sergi
Published: January 2008

There has been a long debate about the predominant involvement of the different adenosine receptor subtypes and the preferential role of pre‐ versus post‐synaptic mechanisms in the psychostimulant effects of the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine. Both striatal A1and A2Areceptors are involved in the motor‐activating and probably reinforcing effects of caffeine, although they play a different role under conditions of acute or chronic caffeine administration. The present review emphasizes the key integrative role of adenosine and adenosine receptor heteromers in the computation of information at the level of the striatal spine module (SSM). This local module is mostly represented by the dendritic spine of the medium spiny neuron with its glutamatergic and dopaminergic synapses and astroglial processes that wrap the glutamatergic synapse. In the SSM, adenosine acts both pre‐ and post‐synaptically through multiple mechanisms, which depend on heteromerization of A1and A2Areceptors among themselves and with D1and D2receptors, respectively. A critical aspect of the mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine is its ability to release the pre‐ and post‐synaptic brakes that adenosine imposes on dopaminergic neurotransmission by acting on different adenosine receptor heteromers localized in different elements of the SSM.
Proteomic analysis of nuclear factors binding to an intronic enhancer in the myelin proteolipid protein gene
Authors: Dobretsova Anna , Johnson Jennifer W. , Jones Richard C. , Edmondson Ricky D. , Wight Patricia A.
Published: February 2008

The myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) encodes the most abundant protein found in CNS myelin, accounting for nearly one‐half of the total protein. Its expression in oligodendrocytes is developmentally regulated – peaking during the active myelination period of CNS development. Previously, we have identified a novel enhancer (designated ASE) in intron 1 DNA that appears to be important in mediating the surge of Plp1 gene activity during the active myelination period. Evidence suggests that the ASE participates in the formation of a specialized multi‐protein/DNA complex called an enhanceosome. The current study describes an optimized, five‐step, DNA affinity chromatography purification procedure to purify nuclear proteins from mouse brain that bind to the 85‐bp ASE sequence, specifically. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that specific DNA‐binding activity was retained throughout the purification procedure, resulting in concomitant enrichment of nucleoprotein complexes. Identification of the purported regulatory factors was achieved through mass spectrometry analysis and included over 20 sequence‐specific DNA‐binding proteins. Supplementary western blot analyses to determine which of these sequence‐specific factors are present in oligodendrocytes, and their developmental and regional expression in whole brain, suggest that Purα and Purβ rank highest among the candidate factors as constituents of the multi‐protein complex formed on the ASE.
Sildenafil inhibits duodenal contractility via activation of the NO–K+ channel pathway
Authors: Clemente Cristiano M. , Araújo Paula V. , Palheta Raimundo C. , Ratts Zoélia M. L. , Fernandes Geórgea H. , Rola Francisco H. , De Oliveira Ricardo B. , Dos Santos Armênio A. , Magalhães Pedro J. C.
Published: January 2008

Phosphodiesterase type‐5 (PDE5) specifically cleaves cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a key intracellular secondary messenger. The PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil is a well‐known vasodilator that also has gastrointestinal myorelaxant properties. In the present study, we further investigated sildenafil‐induced myorelaxation in rat isolated duodenum, assessing its interaction with nitric oxide (NO) synthase and K+ channel opening. The spontaneous contractions of duodenal strips were reversibly inhibited by sildenafil (0.1–300 μm) in a concentration‐dependent manner [mean (95% confidence interval); EC50 = 6.8 (2.7–17.3) μm]. The sildenafil‐induced myorelaxation was significantly decreased by the NO synthase inhibitor N‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester [increasing the EC50 value to 41.9 (26.1–67.3) μm]. Sodium nitroprusside or forskolin pretreatments enhanced the sildenafil‐induced myorelaxation. In isolated strips pretreated with BaCl2 (0.2 mm), 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP, 3 mm), or glybenclamide (1 μm), the sildenafil‐induced EC50 value was significantly increased to 32.8 (19.1–56.4), 27.1 (15.2–48.3) and 20.1 (16.4–24.7) μm, respectively. Minoxidil (50 μm) or diazoxide (100 μm) also significantly attenuated the sildenafil‐induced potency. In conclusion, the NO synthase/cyclic nucleotide pathway activation is involved in sildenafil‐induced inhibition of spontaneous duodenal contractions. Its pharmacological action seems to be influenced by K+ channel opening, especially the voltage‐sensitive ones, being inhibited by 4‐AP and KATP channels, sensitive to glybenclamide.
Comparative effectiveness of selected adsorbant materials as potential amendments for the remediation of lead‐, copper‐ and zinc‐contaminated soil
Authors: Nwachukwu Olayinka I. , Pulford Ian D.
Published: February 2008

Bonemeal, coir, compost, green waste compost, peat and wood bark all potentially could be used as amendments to remediate heavy metal contamination in soils. Their ability to sorb Pb, Cu and Zn was evaluated in the laboratory, using metal solutions ranging from 0 to 5 mmol/L as contaminants. The effects on sorption of metal concentration, background salt concentration and metal competition were evaluated. Single metal sorption by the six amendments was significantly different at metal concentrations of 1.5–5 mmol/L, with green waste compost, coir, compost and wood bark having the highest capacities to adsorb Pb, Cu and Zn. Langmuir sorption maxima were approximately 87 mg Pb/g (coir and green waste compost), 30 mg Cu/g (compost and green waste compost) and 13 mg Zn/g (compost and green waste compost) (equivalent to approx. 0.5 mmol/g of Pb and Cu, and 0.2 mmol/g Zn), all in a background solution of 0.001 M Ca(NO3)2. A higher background salt concentration and a combination of all three metals led to significant reduction in the amounts of Pb, Cu and Zn sorbed by all the amendments tested. Competing heavy metal cations in solution decreased Pb sorption to about 50–60% of that from a solution containing Pb alone; Cu sorption was reduced to about 30–40%; the effect of competition on Zn sorption was variable. Overall, in both single metal and competitive sorption, the order of strength of binding was Pb>Cu>>Zn.
UNOFFICIAL COINAGE IN THE THIRD CENTURY ad IN THE GALLO‐ROMAN WORLD: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ANALYSES FOR DETERMINING THE LOCALIZATION OF THE WORKSHOP*
Authors: DERAISME A. , BARRANDON J.‐N.
Published: January 2008

The third century ad was a complex period of crisis in the Roman world. In this paper, official and unofficial antoniniani, and double sestercii and sestercii, were analysed by fast neutron activation analysis (FNAA) to determine the alloys used by the craftsmen for producing forgeries. Moreover, at Châteaubleau, archaeologists discovered antoniniani and bronze forgeries from Postumus. Similar materials have been found in other hoards. They are believed to have been produced by a workshop called ‘atelier II’ by numismatists. The question was whether it is possible to differentiate the Châteaubleau production from the atelier II production.
Money Market Integration
Authors: BARTOLINI LEONARDO , HILTON SPENCE , PRATI ALESSANDRO
Published: January 2008

We use transaction‐level data and detailed modeling of the high‐frequency behavior of federal funds–Eurodollar spreads to provide evidence of strong integration of the U.S. markets for federal funds and Eurodollars, the two core components of the dollar money market. Our evidence of negligible federal funds–Eurodollar premia contrasts with previous findings of large and predictable premia, which have been interpreted as evidence of segmentation between the markets for federal funds and Eurodollars. Our results, however, are consistent with possible persistent segmentation within the global Eurodollar market. We document several patterns in the behavior of federal funds–Eurodollar spreads, including liquidity effects from trading volume to yield spreads' volatility.
Semiparametric Modeling of Longitudinal Measurements and Time‐to‐Event Data–A Two‐Stage Regression Calibration Approach
Authors: Ye Wen , Lin Xihong , Taylor Jeremy M. G.
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn this article we investigate regression calibration methods to jointly model longitudinal and survival data using a semiparametric longitudinal model and a proportional hazards model. In the longitudinal model, a biomarker is assumed to follow a semiparametric mixed model where covariate effects are modeled parametrically and subject‐specific time profiles are modeled nonparametrially using a population smoothing spline and subject‐specific random stochastic processes. The Cox model is assumed for survival data by including both the current measure and the rate of change of the underlying longitudinal trajectories as covariates, as motivated by a prostate cancer study application. We develop a two‐stage semiparametric regression calibration (RC) method. Two variations of the RC method are considered, risk set regression calibration and a computationally simpler ordinary regression calibration. Simulation results show that the two‐stage RC approach performs well in practice and effectively corrects the bias from the naive method. We apply the proposed methods to the analysis of a dataset for evaluating the effects of the longitudinal biomarker PSA on the recurrence of prostate cancer.
Quality and Safety Models and Optimization as Part of Computer‐Integrated Manufacturing
Authors: Banga Julio R. , Balsa‐Canto Eva , Alonso Antonio A.
Published: January 2008

This article is part of a collection entitled “Models for Safety, Quality and Competitiveness of the Food Processing Sector,” published in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. It has been peer‐reviewed and was written as a follow‐up of a pre‐IFT workshop, partially funded by the USDA NRI grant 2005‐35503‐16208.

ABSTRACT:  Mathematical models are the basis of modern process engineering methods. Mathematical optimization is at the kernel of systematic and efficient tools for (1) experimental design, model development, and identification, (2) development of optimal operating procedures, and (3) implementation of those procedures by means of model‐predictive controllers. Here, we review and discuss how these model‐based optimization techniques can be used at the core of computer‐integrated manufacturing systems for the food industry. These systems will be able to bring the operation of food processing plants closer to the best possible product quality and safety, at a reduced cost and with minimal environmental impact.
Prospective Multicenter Study of the Viral Etiology of Bronchiolitis in the Emergency Department
Authors: Mansbach Jonathan M. , McAdam Alexander J. , Clark Sunday , Hain Paul D. , Flood Robert G. , Acholonu Uchechi , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  To determine the viral etiology of bronchiolitis and clinical characteristics of children age < 2 years presenting to the emergency department (ED) with bronchiolitis.

Methods:  The authors conducted a 14‐center prospective cohort study during 2005–2006 of ED patients age < 2 years with bronchiolitis. The study was conducted in 10 states as part of the Emergency Medicine Network. Researchers collected nasopharyngeal aspirates and conducted structured interviews, medical record reviews, and 2‐week follow‐up telephone calls. Samples were tested using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and influenza viruses (Flu).

Results:  Testing of 277 samples revealed 176 (64%) positive for RSV, 44 (16%) for RV, 26 (9%) for hMPV, 17 (6%) for Flu A, and none for Flu B. When children were categorized as RSV only, RV only, RV and RSV, and all others (hMPV, Flu, no identified virus), children with RV only were more likely to be African American (19, 62, 14, and 40%, respectively; p < 0.001) and have a history of wheezing (23, 52, 21, and 15%, respectively; p = 0.01). In multivariate models, children with RV were more likely to receive corticosteroids (odds ratio [OR] 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5 to 8.15). The duration of illness may be shorter for children with RV (Days 8, 3, 6, and 8; p = 0.07).

Conclusions:  In this multicenter study, RSV was the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis (64%). RV was present in 16%, and these children have a distinct profile in terms of demographics, medical history, and ED treatment.
Fragaria virginiana resists tarnished plant bug
Authors: Dale Adam , Galic Dragan , Hallett Rebecca H.
Published: January 2008

An experiment that involved 79 named cultivars and advanced selections of Fragaria × ananassa L., 46 Fragaria virginiana Duch. clones, and 12 F. virginiana backcross selections, and eight Fragaria virginiana × Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch. (all Rosaceae) selections, was conducted to detect variation in strawberry genotypes for resistance to tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae). The F. virginiana genotypes were shown to be more resistant than the cultivars and advanced selections in both 2001 and 2002. Within the group of cultivars and advanced selections, several June‐bearing and dayneutral genotypes were more resistant than others. There were fewer plant bugs on F. virginiana than on the cultivars and hybrids. Insect numbers were consistently correlated with percentage of damaged fruits and damage severity, but total numbers of flowers and fruits were only correlated with insect numbers, percentage fruit damage, and damage severity in 1 of the 2 years. Our results suggest that strawberry cultivars, highly resistant to tarnished plant bug, can be bred, if the trait is introgressed from F. virginiana selections.
Factors affecting detectability of prey DNA in the gut contents of invertebrate predators: a polymerase chain reaction‐based method
Authors: Hosseini Reza , Schmidt Otto , Keller Michael A.
Published: January 2008

This study aimed to determine factors that influence the detection of DNA of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in the gut contents of arthropod predators when the polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify a diagnostic fragment of the gene coding for cytochrome oxidase subunit I. The effects of temperature, time since feeding, subsequent food intake, sex, weight, and species of predator on prey detectability were studied in the laboratory. Three types of predator were studied: the spider Venator spenceri Hogg. (Araneae: Lycosidae), a bug with sucking mouthparts, Nabis kinbergii (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Nabidae), and a coccinellid with chewing mouthparts, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). In all experiments, the detectability of prey DNA was negatively correlated with time post‐feeding. The duration of detectability differed among the predator species. The time calculated for median detection success at 20 °C ranged from 49.6 h in V. spenceri to 36.1 h in N. kinbergii and 17.1 h in H. variegata. In H. variegata, but not in V. spenceri, the rate of detection decreased with increasing temperature. Subsequent food intake did not affect the detectability of DNA of P. xylostella in V. spenceri. In H. variegata, sex and weight of the predator did not influence detection of prey DNA. In addition, this study uncovered potential sources of error caused by detection of prey DNA following secondary cannibalistic and intraguild predation. The results provide essential information for the interpretation of prey detection data from field‐collected predators’ gut contents.
The relationship between dung quality and oocyte resorption in laboratory and field populations of Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Wardhaugh K. G. , Mahon R. J. , Whitby W. , Van Gerwen A. C. M.
Published: January 2008

Oocyte resorption in Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is indicative of protein shortages during ovarian development. It is commonplace in field populations and is thought to reflect the species’ dependence on sheep dung as its primary source of protein. To test this proposition, resorption was monitored in flies fed with sheep dung collected when pastures varied from lush to drought affected. Laboratory assays showed that the proportion of females that became gravid, their rate of ovarian development, and the size and number of oocytes matured all decreased significantly as the protein content of the food source decreased. Conversely, the number of oocytes resorbed increased as dung protein decreased. However, estimates of dung quality (DQ), as derived from a pasture growth–DQ model, were not informative in explaining the seasonal or regional prevalence of resorption in flies collected over several years in three widely disparate sheep‐grazing areas. Recalibration of the DQ model to provide daily estimates of dung protein, which were then used to predict the incidence of oocyte resorption at different times of the year, also failed to show any systematic effects. There was, however, a clear tendency for this model to underestimate the extent of resorption in field populations. Because wild flies would have ready access to a wide variety of food sources, many of which would have been more nutritious than sheep dung, this finding is contrary to expectation and hence the nutritional role of sheep dung merits further study.
A Logic for the Magic of Mindful Negotiation
Authors: Brach Darshan
Published: January 2008

In this article, the author identifies similarities between the theories of mindfulness meditation (and its Buddhist foundations) and interest‐based negotiation. She argues that incorporating such facets of mindfulness as purpose, presence, acceptance, and connectedness can improve negotiator effectiveness as well as make the experience more satisfying and uplifting for the negotiator.
Self‐report of family functioning and risk for psychotic disorders in male adolescents with behavioural disturbances
Authors: Weiser M. , Reichenberg A. , Werbeloff N. , Kravitz E. , Halperin D. , Lubin G. , Shmushkevitch M. , Yoffe R. , Addington J. , Davidson M.
Published: January 2008

Objective: Previous studies indicate that a poor family environment might affect vulnerability for the later manifestation of psychotic illness. The current study aims to examine family functioning prior to the onset of psychosis.

Method: Subjects were 42 948, 17‐year old males with behavioural disturbances who were asked about the functioning of their family by the Israeli Draft Board. Data on later psychiatric hospitalizations were obtained from a National Psychiatric Hospitalization Registry.

Results: Poorer self‐reported family functioning was associated with greater risk for later hospitalization for psychosis [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.05–1.27], with a trend in the same direction for schizophrenia (adjusted HR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.98–1.24).

Conclusion: In male adolescents with behavioural disturbances, perceived poorer family functioning is associated with increased risk for non‐affective psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. These data do not enable us to determine if perceived familial dysfunction increases vulnerability for psychosis, if premorbid behavioural abnormalities disrupt family life, or neither.
Prevalence of pathological gambling in Switzerland after the opening of casinos and the introduction of new preventive legislation
Authors: Bondolfi G. , Jermann F. , Ferrero F. , Zullino D. , Osiek CH.
Published: January 2008

Objective: This survey aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pathological gambling (PG) in the Swiss population in 2005 and the link between PG and alcohol abuse. This replication study made it possible to compare the prevalence rates of PG measured before and after the introduction of casinos and new preventive legislation.

Method: A total of 2803 telephone interviews were completed using standardized assessment instruments for identifying gamblers (South Oaks Gambling Screen) and alcohol abuse (CAGE).

Results: The past‐year prevalence rates were 0.8% for problem and 0.5% for PG. No relationship was found between alcohol abuse and gambling behaviour. The past‐year prevalence of disordered gambling did not change between 1998 and 2005.

Conclusion: Despite widespread openings of casinos in Switzerland since 2002, the prevalence estimates of past‐year disordered gambling have remained stable. The discussion focuses on different factors (social measures, legal obligations and social adaptational capacities) that may account for the stabilization of prevalence estimates.
Fathers' involvement and children's developmental outcomes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies
Authors: Sarkadi Anna , Kristiansson Robert , Oberklaid Frank , Bremberg Sven
Published: January 2008

Objective: This systematic review aims to describe longitudinal evidence on the effects of father involvement on children's developmental outcomes.

Methods: Father involvement was conceptualized as accessibility (cohabitation), engagement, responsibility or other complex measures of involvement. Both biological fathers and father figures were included. We searched all major databases from the first dates. Data on father involvement had to be generated at least 1 year before measuring offspring outcomes.

Results: N = 24 publications were included in the overview: 22 of these described positive effects of father involvement, whereof 16 studies had controlled for SES and 11 concerned the study population as a whole [five socio‐economic status (SES)‐controlled]. There is certain evidence that cohabitation with the mother and her male partner is associated with less externalising behavioural problems. Active and regular engagement with the child predicts a range of positive outcomes, although no specific form of engagement has been shown to yield better outcomes than another. Father engagement seems to have differential effects on desirable outcomes by reducing the frequency of behavioural problems in boys and psychological problems in young women, and enhancing cognitive development, while decreasing delinquency and economic disadvantage in low SES families.

Conclusions: There is evidence to support the positive influence of father engagement on offspring social, behavioural and psychological outcomes. Although the literature only provides sufficient basis for engagement (direct interaction with the child) as the specific form of ‘effective’ father involvement, there is enough support to urge both professionals and policy makers to improve circumstances for involved fathering.
Maternal psychosocial well‐being in pregnancy and breastfeeding duration
Authors: Li J , Kendall GE , Henderson S , Downie J , Landsborough L , Oddy WH
Published: January 2008

Aim: An increased duration of breastfeeding has many advantages for the child and mother. However, little research to date has investigated the influence of maternal psychosocial well‐being during pregnancy on the duration of breastfeeding. This study aimed to examine whether experience of life stress events, social contact/support in pregnancy and postpartum emotional disturbance had an effect on breastfeeding duration.

Methods: Using data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study for 2420 women followed from 18 weeks gestation, we analyzed prevalent breastfeeding for 4 months or longer and its association with maternal psychosocial and socio‐demographic factors in pregnancy, using multivariable logistic regressions.

Results: Experience of stressful life events during pregnancy increased the odds for the early cessation of prevalent breastfeeding (OR 1.34, p < 0.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.71) independent of maternal socio‐demographic characteristics and biomedical factors. Stress events associated with separation or divorce, financial problems and residential moves in pregnancy were important predictors for a shorter duration of prevalent breastfeeding.

Conclusion: Experience of stressful life events during pregnancy increased the odds for the early cessation of prevalent breastfeeding. Interventions that move beyond hospital‐based antenatal care to address the causes of maternal stress in pregnancy and socioeconomic disparities between women are required to increase breastfeeding duration.
Inflammatory bowel disease and self‐esteem in adolescence
Authors: Lindfred H , Saalman R , Nilsson S , Reichenberg K
Published: January 2008

Aim: To compare the self‐esteem of adolescents suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with that of healthy adolescents, and to identify factors affecting self‐esteem in the presence of IBD.

Methods: A self‐assessment questionnaire, ‘I think I am’ (ITIA), was completed by 71 (41 boys) out of 77 adolescents (10–16 years) with IBD. Of the participating adolescents, 23 had Crohn's disease, 44 had ulcerative colitis and 4 had indeterminate colitis. The self‐esteem of adolescents with IBD was compared with that of 1037 school children.

Results: In this population‐based study, children with IBD estimated their self‐esteem in the same range as healthy adolescents. Using a multiple regression analysis, the self‐esteem of adolescents with IBD was related to disease course severity and cohabitation status of parents. Children with severe disease and children of single parents were found to be most at risk of low self‐esteem.

Conclusion: This study shows that, as a group, adolescents with IBD have self‐esteem in the same range as their healthy peers, but that there are some adolescents with IBD who are at risk of low self‐esteem. Special attention should be given to adolescents with a severe disease course and to those with separated parents.
ADHD from a socio‐economic perspective
Authors: Bernfort Lars , Nordfeldt Sam , Persson Jan
Published: January 2008

Aim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related disorders affect children's ability to function in school and other environments. Awareness has increased in recent years that the same problems often persist in adulthood. Based on previous studies, we aimed to outline and discuss a descriptive model for calculation of the societal costs associated with ADHD and related disorders.

Methods: Following a literature review including childhood and adult studies, long‐term outcomes of ADHD and associated societal costs were outlined in a simple model.

Results: The literature concerning long‐term consequences of ADHD and related disorders is scarce. There is some evidence regarding educational level, psychosocial problems, substance abuse, psychiatric problems and risky behaviour. The problems are likely to affect employment status, healthcare consumption, traffic and other accidents and criminality. A proposed model structure includes persisting problems in adulthood, possible undesirable outcomes (and their probabilities) and (lifetime) costs associated with these outcomes.

Conclusions: Existing literature supports the conclusion that ADHD and related disorders are associated with a considerable societal burden. To estimate that burden with any accuracy, more detailed long‐term data are needed.
Testing the effectiveness of an educational intervention to increase dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D in young adult women
Authors: Bohaty Karen , Rocole Holly , Wehling Kelli , Waltman Nancy
Published: February 2008

Purpose: To test the effectiveness of an educational intervention to increase dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D in young adult females aged 19–30 from two Midwestern states.

Data sources: Study participants were 80 females who were not pregnant or breastfeeding and who resided in Lincoln, Nebraska, and Ankeny, Iowa.

Conclusions: Knowledge of osteoporosis and the importance of dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D did improve after the intervention. Posttest scores on knowledge of osteoporosis, calcium, and vitamin D 8 weeks after the educational intervention were significantly higher than pretest scores (p ≤ .01). However, there was no change in dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, or dairy products from pre‐ to post‐educational intervention. In addition, at pre‐ and post‐educational intervention, intake of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products were not adequate based on recommended daily allowance for young adult women.

Implications for practice: Osteoporosis is a painful, disabling illness and prevention of osteoporosis is a lifelong process. Older women may suffer the devastating effects of osteoporosis because of deficiencies in their diet as young adult women. Nurse practitioners (NPs) could ask young female patients who are at risk for osteoporosis to complete a dietary recall and then provide these patients feedback on their diet. NPs could provide a patient handout of calcium‐rich foods and sources of vitamin D, and work with each patient to set specific goals for increasing and/or obtaining adequate calcium and vitamin D. Follow‐up visits could include an evaluation of the 3‐day diet record, goal progress and resetting, and visual bar or linear graphs demonstrating the patients’ progress. Finally, all patients who are progressing in meeting their goals should be provided positive reinforcement.
Mutagenicity of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A QSAR Investigation
Authors: Singh Jyoti , Singh Shalini , Shaik Basheerulla , Deeb Omar , Sohani Neena , Agrawal Vijay K. , Khadikar Padmakar V.
Published: January 2008

Quantitative structure–activity relationship studies were performed to describe and predict the mutagenic activity of a set of 48 nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. From a larger pool of molecular descriptors (topological indices) we arrived at much a smaller set consisting of three correlating parameters. Such a variable selection is made using ncss software in that successive regressions were attempted using maximum‐R2 method. The results are critically discussed using a variety of statistical parameters. Our results have shown that connectivity and shape type indices together with the distance‐based Wiener index (W) play a dominating role in modelling of mutagenicity (logTA100). The predictive ability of the models is discussed on the basis of cross‐validated parameters.
Pneumonyssoides species infestation in two Pekingese dogs in the UK
Authors: Wills S. J. , Arrese M. , Torrance A. , Lloyd S. , Pratschke K. , Whitbread T. , Gould S.
Published: January 2008

Two male, neutered, Pekingese dogs aged four years and 12 years were presented for acute‐onset nasal pruritus and sneezing following a visit to a beach in northern Scotland. Routine nasal investigations revealed the presence of the canine nasal mite Pneumonyssoides both by direct visualisation and histopathologically. Resolution of clinical signs was observed following selamectin treatment. To the authors’ knowledge, this report describes the first cases of Pneumonyssoides infestation in non‐travelled UK dogs.
Neutral Landscapes: Bases for Exploration in Landscape Ecology
Authors: Wang Qian , Malanson George P.
Published: February 2008

Neutral landscape models are computer‐generated representations of the spatial pattern of habitat. Most are based on a grid of cells, although network (graph theory) representations are increasing. Representation of the landscape varies from binary (habitat – non‐habitat) to nearly continuous. The motivations for this approach to the study of landscapes include concepts derived from island biogeography as well as the idea that computer experiments might be substituted for real experiments at such spatial extents. Different spatial patterns can be generated using the three primary algorithms for grid‐based neutral landscapes (random, hierarchical, and fractal), while network representations are usually variations on networks derived from observed landscapes. Scale, encompassing both resolution and extent in cellular models as it is in the network models, is an underlying issue that needs to be addressed more explicitly, but it is not a fatal flaw. Numerous applications of neutral landscapes have been developed in assessing actual landscapes, evaluating spatial metrics, and studying landscape connectivity – especially in relation to organism movement or dispersal. Neutral landscapes offer geographers opportunities to pursue spatial questions and to influence questions in landscape ecology.