bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas mitigation potential in crop production with biochar soil amendment—a carbon footprint assessment for cross‐site field experiments from China
Authors: Xu Xiangrui , Cheng Kun , Wu Hua , Sun Jianfei , Yue Qian , Pan Genxing
Published: September 2018

Biochar soil amendment (BSA) had been advocated as a promising approach to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture. However, the net GHG mitigation potential of BSA remained unquantified with regard to the manufacturing process and field application. Carbon footprint (CF) was employed to assess the mitigating potential of BSA by estimating all the direct and indirect GHG emissions in the full life cycles of crop production including production and field application of biochar. Data were obtained from 7 sites (4 sites for paddy rice production and 3 sites for maize production) under a single BSA at 20 t/ha−1 across mainland China. Considering soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and GHG emission reduction from syngas recycling, BSA reduced the CFs by 20.37–41.29 t carbon dioxide equivalent ha−1 (CO2‐eq ha−1) and 28.58–39.49 t CO2‐eq ha−1 for paddy rice and maize production, respectively, compared to no biochar application. Without considering SOC sequestration and syngas recycling, the net CF change by BSA was in a range of −25.06 to 9.82 t CO2‐eq ha−1 and −20.07 to 5.95 t CO2‐eq ha−1 for paddy rice and maize production, respectively, over no biochar application. As the largest contributors among the others, syngas recycling in the process of biochar manufacture contributed by 47% to total CF reductions under BSA for rice cultivation while SOC sequestration contributed by 57% for maize cultivation. There was a large variability of the CF reductions across the studied sites whether in paddy rice or maize production, due likely to the difference in GHG emission reductions and SOC increments under BSA across the sites. This study emphasized that SOC sequestration should be taken into account the CF calculation of BSA. Improved biochar manufacturing technique could achieve a remarkable carbon sink by recycling the biogas for traditional fossil‐fuel replacement.
Accumulation of the myosin‐II‐spectrin complex plays a positive role in apical extrusion of Src‐transformed epithelial cells
Authors: Takagi Mikio , Ikegawa Masaya , Shimada Takashi , Ishikawa Susumu , Kajita Mihoko , Maruyama Takeshi , Kamasaki Tomoko , Fujita Yasuyuki
Published: September 2018

At the initial stage of carcinogenesis, transformation occurs in single cells within the epithelium. Recent studies have revealed that the newly emerging transformed cells are often apically eliminated from epithelial tissues. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this cancer preventive phenomenon still remain elusive. In this study, we first demonstrate that myosin‐II accumulates in Src‐transformed cells when they are surrounded by normal epithelial cells. Knock‐down of the heavy chains of myosin‐II substantially diminishes apical extrusion of Src cells, suggesting that accumulated myosin‐II positively regulates the apical elimination of transformed cells. Furthermore, we have identified β‐spectrin as a myosin‐II‐binding protein under the coculture of normal and Src‐transformed epithelial cells. β‐spectrin is also accumulated in Src cells that are surrounded by normal cells, and the β‐spectrin accumulation is regulated by myosin‐II. Moreover, knock‐down of β‐spectrin significantly suppresses apical extrusion of Src cells. Collectively, these results indicate that accumulation of the myosin‐II‐spectrin complex plays a positive role in apical extrusion of Src‐transformed epithelial cells. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of apical extrusion would lead to the establishment of a novel type of cancer preventive medicine.
Women Who Work: The limits of the neoliberal feminist paradigm
Authors: Rottenberg Catherine
Published: September 2018

This article examines Ivanka Trump's Women Who Work, arguing that it represents the newest permutation of the neoliberal feminist subject. After providing an overview of the recent emergence of neoliberal feminism, I explain why the book should be considered part of the wider cultural landscape in which this variant of feminism has increasingly become commonsensical. I then turn to demonstrate how Women Who Work construes the ideal female subject not only as generic human capital but also incites her to invest in herself constantly, where activities ranging from professional workshops through hobbies to friendships are understood as practices that appreciate the value of the self. The conversion of women into generic rather than gendered human capital remains, however, incomplete, since the ideal of a happy work–family balance continues to serve as a push back to the wholesale erasure of traditional notions of sexual difference. Finally, I highlight that neoliberal feminism is erasing other long‐standing divisions and political differences. Not only does the private–public divide collapse, but so, too, does the distinction between one's private self and one's public enterprise as the self itself becomes an enterprise. This dual process of collapse and reconfiguration shapes the newest neoliberal feminist subject, the main protagonist of Trump's Women Who Work.
Politics and Penal Change: Towards an Interpretive Political Analysis of Penal Policymaking
Authors: ANNISON HARRY
Published: September 2018

Abstract: This article offers an interpretive political analysis framework, exploring and asserting its value for understanding penal change. It is argued that this approach serves, in part, to emphasise the importance of the minutiae of political activity: the crucial impact that apparently minor decisions, unimportant participants, or particular ‘rules of the game’ can play in specific outcomes. It emphasises the importance of human agency and meaning: the relationship between politics and fate. It facilitates the connections of particular ‘micro’ analyses with ‘macro’ accounts of penal change. I argue that the approach set out here thereby enables us to place centre stage the beliefs and practices of policy participants, and the political dynamics of policymaking. By doing so, particular case studies serve as valuable ‘windows’ into the meanings in action that iteratively make sense of, respond to, and thereby (re‐)constitute the realities in which actors operate, specific penal outcomes, and broader penal change.
Policy as Practice: Explaining Persistent Patterns in Prostitution Policy
Authors: WAGENAAR HENDRIK
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to present an approach to policy analysis that centres on the notion of practice. Traditionally policy analysis rests on two types of categories: the substantive categories of the policy issue at hand and the general conceptualisations that emerge from the discipline itself, such as policy formulation, policy implementation, policy instrument, agenda‐setting, and so on. Challenging these categories and unpacking policy as a bundle of practices, makes it possible for the analyst to unearth the taken‐for‐granted and tacit dimensions that stabilise a particular policy in place and time. Using the case of prostitution policy, I will show how a practice approach allows for a critical analysis of certain empirical features of this type of policy, such as some remarkable constancies over many countries and long historical periods in regulatory approach and the propensity for even progressive policies in this domain to revert to more prohibitionist forms of regulation.
The Integrative Role of Sacrifice in the Theology of Henri de Lubac
Authors: Schlesinger Eugene R.
Published: September 2018

At key junctures in his theologies of spiritual exegesis, the Eucharist and the church, Henri de Lubac appeals to the notion of Christ's sacrifice as providing the pivotal content for the topic at hand. Despite this, de Lubac scholarship has devoted scant attention to the role of sacrifice in his thought. Using the fourfold sense of Scripture and the scholastic categories of res and sacramentum to establish a formal structure for de Lubac's thought, I demonstrate that sacrifice provides an integrative motif for these disparate areas of de Lubac's thought, better accounting for the ‘organic unity’ of his theology.
Theology's munus triplex? Reconsidering Theology's Relationship to the Sciences
Authors: Chino Taido
Published: September 2018

Despite the complicated history of exchange between theology and science, the relation between the two can perhaps be summarized succinctly by Ian Barbour's influential taxonomy: conflict, independence, dialogue or integration. This article explores an alternative route by demonstrating how three recent theologians (Barth, Van Huyssteen and Webster) offer recognizably distinct visions for Christian theology's interdisciplinary encounters which can be characterized respectively as prophetic, priestly and royal. A second section of this article discusses the fruitfulness of adopting a munus triplex approach to the interdisciplinary question, as well as anticipating potential objections to transferring the ‘offices’ of Christ to the task of theology.
On the Nature, Task and Method of Theology: A Very Methodist Account
Authors: Greggs Tom
Published: September 2018

This article seeks to give a theological account of the task and method of theology in a constructive and systematic way from a Methodist perspective. The first section locates the task of theology within the doctrine of sanctification in order to establish the whence and whither of theology. The second section considers the sources of theology: the four classical Methodist sources of theology (the quadrilateral) are identified through an examination of Wesley's theology as interrelated warrants which do not exist independently but only in relationship to the other sources. The third section moves from sources to consider more directly the question of method, seeking to orient the theological task away from identification of the four components of the quadrilateral, and instead towards a description of theological method as the enactment of ongoing fractal shifting hierarchies of relationality in relation to the sources and loci of theology as they are multiply arranged in relation to each other in the immeasurable vastness of that task. This section seeks to account for a non‐competitive and non‐prohibitive systematicity in Methodist theology by identifying systematicity as an attempt at the description of the God who is One and in oneness lives in dynamic and superabundant relationality which requires in the creaturely realm coherent description of God and God's ways with the world.
Drought responses of above‐ground and below‐ground characteristics in warm‐season turfgrass
Authors: Zhang Jing , Poudel Bishow , Kenworthy Kevin , Unruh Joseph Bryan , Rowland Diane , Erickson John E. , Kruse Jason
Published: September 2018

Water shortages have become more chronic as periodic droughts prolong and water demand for urban and agricultural use increases. Plant drought responses involve coordinated mechanisms in both above‐ and below‐ground systems, yet most studies lack comparisons of root and canopy responses under water scarcity and recovery. This is particularly true of research focused on warm‐season turfgrasses in sandy soils with extremely low water holding capacity. To address the lack of examination of coordinated stress and recovery responses, this study compared the above‐ and below‐ground plant responses during a dry‐down period of 21 days and recovery among four warm‐season turfgrass species in the field. Canopy drought responses and recovery were quantified using digital image analysis. In situ root images were captured using a minirhizotron camera system. Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] endured the entire drought period without losing 50% green cover while other species lost 50% green cover in 11–34 days predicted from the regression. The interspecific differences in drought resistance were mainly due to root characteristics. Other drought mechanisms appear to be responsible for differences identified in drought resistance between “Zeon” and “Taccoa Green” manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.]. Recovery was delayed for up to 2 weeks in the second year, warranting further evaluation for turfgrass persistence under long‐term drought. Three‐week drought posed no threat to the survival of zoysiagrass. Species and genotypic variations were found in achieving full post‐recovery, which can be used to develop water conservation strategies and to adjust consumer expectations.
Aging effect on microstructure and property of strontium zirconate coating co‐doped with double rare‐earth oxides
Authors: Ma Wen , Meng Xiangfeng , Wen Jing , Li Enbo , Bai Yu , Chen Weidong , Dong Hongying
Published: September 2018

Strontium zirconate coating co‐doped with ytterbia and gadolinia (Sr(Zr0.9Yb0.05Gd0.05)O2.95, SZYG) and strontium zirconate coating (SrZrO3, SZ) were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. The SZYG coating shows improved phase stability from room temperature to 1400°C, while its thermal conductivity (~0.8 W m−1K−1) is at least ~40% lower than that of the SZ coating. Both SZYG and SZ coatings were heat‐treated at 1400°C up to 360 hours in air. The X‐ray diffraction results reveal that both the as‐sprayed SZYG and SZ coatings are composed of main phase SrZrO3 and secondary phase t‐ZrO2. These two phases do not undergo phase transition upon heat treatment up to 360 hours in the SZYG coating, whereas t‐ZrO2 transforms into m‐ZrO2 almost completely after 20 hours heat treatment in the SZ coating, suggesting a strong promoting role in stabilizing t‐ZrO2 by the additions of Yb2O3 and Gd2O3 in the SZYG coating. The content of t‐ZrO2 is ~4.3 wt.% in the as‐sprayed SZYG coating and increases to ~19.5 wt.% after 360 hours heat treatment, analyzed using Jade software. The thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of the SZYG coatings have no abrupt decrease after heat treatment for more than 5 hours, whereas an abrupt decrease in the TECs of the SZ coating is observed after 100 hours heat treatment. The superior performance of the SZYG coating is attributed to the very stable secondary phase t‐ZrO2 stabilized by the co‐doping of ytterbia and gadolinia.
Management of patients with hereditary angioedema in Germany: comparison with other countries in the Icatibant Outcome Survey
Authors: Maurer M. , Bork K. , Martinez‐Saguer I. , Aygören‐Pürsün E. , Botha J. , Andresen I. , Magerl M.
Published: September 2018

Background

The Icatibant Outcome Survey (IOS; NCT01034969) is a Shire‐sponsored, international, observational study monitoring the safety and effectiveness of icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist approved for the acute treatment of adults with hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE‐C1‐INH).

Objective

To report IOS data comparing demographic and icatibant treatment outcomes in patients with HAE‐C1‐INH from Germany to HAE‐C1‐INH patients from 11 other IOS countries.

Methods

A descriptive, retrospective, comparative analysis of data from 685 IOS patients with HAE‐C1‐INH from seven centres in Germany (n = 93) vs. centres from Austria, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (n = 592, July 2009–January 2017). Icatibant treatment outcomes were retrieved from patients with complete attack outcome data for time to treatment, time to resolution and attack duration (160 attacks in 42 German patients and 1442 attacks in 251 patients from other IOS countries).

Results

German patients reported significantly fewer severe/very severe attacks (38.7% vs. 57.5%, respectively; P < 0.001). The proportion of attacks treated with a single icatibant injection was significantly higher in German patients (97.1% vs. 91.6%, P = 0.0003). The median time to treatment (0.0 h vs. 1.5 h), time to resolution (3.0 h vs. 7.0 h) and attack duration (4.3 h vs. 10.5 h) in German patients vs. other IOS countries were all significantly shorter (all P < 0.0001). No meaningful differences were identified between patients from Germany and other countries with regard to sex, median age at enrolment, median age at symptom onset and median age at diagnosis.

Conclusion

German IOS patients share similar demographic characteristics to patients from other IOS countries yet treat their attacks with icatibant significantly earlier and have markedly fewer severe or very severe attacks. Factors including regional access to and availability of icatibant may drive these outcomes and warrant further investigation.
Survival, disease progression and prognostic factors in elderly patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 174 patients
Authors: Lebowitz E. , Geller S. , Flores E. , Pulitzer M. , Horwitz S. , Moskowitz A. , Kheterpal M. , Myskowski P.L.
Published: September 2018

Background

Advanced age at diagnosis is considered a poor prognostic factor in mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS).

Objective

To evaluate the outcomes and prognostic factors in patients diagnosed at an advanced age (≥65 years) with MF/SS.

Methods

Survival, progression rates and various clinical and histopathological variables were studied in a group of 174 elderly patients diagnosed with MF/SS between 1992 and 2015 at a single referral cancer center in the United States. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to determine survival and progression and Cox proportional hazards regression univariate and multivariate models were used to identify prognostic factors.

Results

Of 174 elderly patients, 76.4% were diagnosed with early‐stage (clinical stages IA‐IIA) and 23.6% with late‐stage MF/SS (IIB‐IV). Advanced age was associated with poor overall survival, but not with disease‐specific survival (DSS) or progression‐free survival (PFS). Gender, increasing clinical stage, T and B classifications, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and development of large cell transformation (LCT) were significant predictors of poor survival or disease progression. Patients with early‐stage MF and <10% total skin involvement (T1 classification) or patch‐only disease (T1a/T2a) showed better PFS with no observed disease‐specific mortality. Folliculotropic MF was associated with poor DSS in patients with early‐stage disease.

Conclusions

Older age at diagnosis of MF/SS does not predict worse disease‐specific outcomes. Elderly patients with early‐stage disease, specifically involving less than 10% of the skin surface with patches but without plaques or folliculotropism, have an excellent prognosis. However, the development of LCT is a strong prognostic indicator of poor survival in elderly patients with MF/SS.
Parents’ Perspectives on Family‐centered Care in Juvenile Justice Institutions
Authors: Simons Inge , van der Vaart Wander , Mulder Eva , Rigter Henk , Breuk René , van Domburgh Lieke , Vermeiren Robert
Published: September 2018

Family‐centered care during adolescent detention aims to increase parental participation in an attempt to optimize treatment outcomes. However, little is known about parents’ needs in family‐centered care. To fill this gap, we interviewed 19 purposefully selected parents of detained adolescents using a semi‐structured topic list. Although needs differed between parents, they were generally interested in activities that included spending time with their child. It is important for parents to receive timely information about their child's condition and treatment, detention procedures, and activities in the facility. The outcomes demonstrated that parents expected a two‐way communication based on respect and reliability.
Dimethyl fumarate interferes with MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy model
Authors: Ahmed Asmaa A , Ahmed Amany A E , El Morsy Engy M , Nofal Shahira
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To investigate the effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats.

Methods

Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into three groups. group I: rats received the vehicles only; group II: rats were treated with ISO (5 mg/kg per day S.C.) to induce cardiac hypertrophy for 7 days; and group III: rats were given DMF (25 mg/kg per 12 h P.O.) for 28 days, and at the last 7 days, they were treated with ISO (5 mg/kg per day S.C.).

Key findings

Pretreatment with DMF decreased heart-to-body weight ratio, heart rate and blood pressure and improved the electrocardiographic patterns when compared with ISO group. DMF exhibited cardioprotective effect as evidenced by the reduction in cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase-MB and atrial natriuretic peptide levels. Moreover, DMF alleviated the changed oxidative stress and inflammatory biochemical markers through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. DMF interfered with TLR signalling pathway, evidenced by decreased levels of the TLR adaptor protein MyD88 and p-ERK1/2 and increased p-Akt level.

Conclusions

Dimethyl fumarate exerted cardioprotective effect against ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This effect is suggested to be through interfering with TLR signalling pathway.
The relationship between unwarranted variation in optometric referrals and time since qualification
Authors: Parkins David J , Benwell Martin J , Edgar David F , Evans Bruce J W
Published: September 2018

Purpose

To investigate variation in optometric referral decision‐making and the influence of experience and continuing education and training (CET).

Methods

To gain insight into unwarranted variation in referral activity in the United Kingdom (UK): (1) triage data were audited to investigate source of referral, provisional diagnosis, and outcome; (2) an online system was developed to present two sets of 10 vignettes, designed to avoid prompting answers. Participating optometrists completed 10 pre‐CET vignettes, recording their tests and management decisions. The main group of participants chose whatever CET they wished over a 6‐month period and then completed another 10 post‐CET vignettes. A second group of newly‐qualified optometrists completed the vignettes before and after a CET course intervention, followed by a third group of pre‐registered optometrists with an intervention of 6‐months experience of their pre‐registration year.

Results

The audit identified 1951 optometric referrals and 158 optometrists (211 referrals were from general medical practitioners), with 122 of the 158 optometrists making fewer than ten referrals. Two newly‐qualified optometrists generated 12.5% of the total referrals in the audit (N = 2162). Many suspect glaucoma referrals were based on a single suspect measurement resulting in a high discharge rate after community review, as did referrals for certain fundus‐related appearances for which no treatment was indicated.

The intervention of gaining CET points appeared to have no significant impact (p = 0.37) on referral decision‐making, although this part of the study was underpowered. Self‐selection bias was confirmed in the main group. When the main group and newly‐qualified practitioners were compared, the number of referrals was negatively associated with time since qualification (p = 0.005). When all 20 referral decisions were compared, all optometrists referring more than 10 vignette patients came from a group of newly‐qualified practitioners up to 2 years post‐qualification. Pre‐registered optometrists generally referred more appropriately than newly‐qualified. Upon qualification, there was a significant increase in the number of sight tests undertaken per day (p = <0.0005).

Conclusions

Gaining CET points alone is unlikely to significantly improve referral decision‐making. Mentoring and targeted CET for the newly‐qualified up to 2 years post‐qualification should be considered. Ophthalmology replies to the referring newly‐qualified optometrist are vital for moderating future referrals and developing clinical confidence.
Psychophysiological modeling: Current state and future directions
Authors: Bach Dominik R. , Castegnetti Giuseppe , Korn Christoph W. , Gerster Samuel , Melinscak Filip , Moser Tobias
Published: September 2018

Psychologists often use peripheral physiological measures to infer a psychological variable. It is desirable to make this inverse inference in the most precise way, ideally standardized across research laboratories. In recent years, psychophysiological modeling has emerged as a method that rests on statistical techniques to invert mathematically formulated forward models (psychophysiological models, PsPMs). These PsPMs are based on psychophysiological knowledge and optimized with respect to the precision of the inference. Building on established experimental manipulations, known to create different values of a psychological variable, they can be benchmarked in terms of their sensitivity (e.g., effect size) to recover these values—we have termed this predictive validity. In this review, we introduce the problem of inverse inference and psychophysiological modeling as a solution. We present background and application for all peripheral measures for which PsPMs have been developed: skin conductance, heart period, respiratory measures, pupil size, and startle eyeblink. Many of these PsPMs are task invariant, implemented in open‐source software, and can be used off the shelf for a wide range of experiments. Psychophysiological modeling thus appears as a potentially powerful method to infer psychological variables.
The Next Industrial Revolution? The Role of Public Administration in Supporting Government to Oversee 3D Printing Technologies
Authors: Dickinson Helen
Published: September 2018

In recent years, developments in 3D printing have grasped the public's attention. There are a range of different applications for these technologies that have a number of social, economic, and environmental implications. This essay considers these advancements and what the role of government should be in overseeing these technologies. It argues that although these technologies have been absent from the public administration literature to date, there is an important role that the field can play in supporting governments in this endeavor. In illustrating this, the final section of the essay draws considers how a multilevel governance framework of technology might allow us to consider the broader implications of these technologies.
Integration capacity and knowledge‐based acquisition performance
Authors: Lamont Bruce T. , King David R. , Maslach David J. , Schwerdtfeger Manuel , Tienari Janne
Published: September 2018

Even though knowledge‐based acquisitions (KBAs) are common, their performance often lags expectations due to difficulties during integration. Building on Penrose’s foundational ideas that managers limit firm growth, we outline a theoretical model that explores how an acquirer’s integration capacity mediates the impact of acquirer and target characteristics (influenced by contextual conditions) on the performance of KBAs. Our theoretical model, based on research consistent with the resource‐based view and resource orchestration, suggests the success of acquisitive growth rests on the quality and quantity of an acquirer’s managerial talent. This contributes to research by identifying conditions where acquisitions can provide a means of growth. Additionally, it provides managers a means to assess whether an identified target firm is within an acquirer’s integration capacity.
Inherent Virtue or Inevitable Evil: The Effects of Directors' and Officers' Insurance on Firm Value
Authors: Fung Derrick W. H. , Yeh Jason J. H.
Published: September 2018

Whether directors’ and officers’ (D&O) insurance improves firm value is a controversial issue. We perform a literature review about the effect of D&O insurance and find mixed results. The proponents of D&O insurance believe it enhances corporate monitoring and improves firm value, while the opponents of D&O insurance argue that it creates a moral hazard problem and diminishes firm value. Against this backdrop, we argue that the trade‐off between the monitoring and moral hazard effects depends on the information acquired by the outside directors. Using a sample of listed Canadian firms, we find that (1) a change in D&O insurance coverage has no net effect on a firm's subsequent value when we ignore the information acquired by outside directors, (2) an increase in D&O insurance coverage improves a firm's subsequent value when the outside directors are well informed, and (3) an increase in D&O insurance coverage reduces a firm's subsequent value when the outside directors are poorly informed. Our findings are robust to endogeneity checks and have important implications for the regulation of D&O insurance.
Understanding health worker data use in a South African antiretroviral therapy register
Authors: Jobson Geoffrey , Murphy Joshua , van Huyssteen Mea , Myburgh Hanlie , Hurter Theunis , Grobbelaar Cornelis J. , Struthers Helen E. , McIntyre James A. , Peters Remco P. H.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To evaluate how electronic data management systems affect data use practices in antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs within local health districts, and individual health facilities.

Methods

We used a data quality audit to establish a baseline of the quality of data in the electronic register alongside in‐depth interviews with health workers and managers, to understand perceptions of data quality, data use by facility staff and challenges affecting data use.

Results

The findings provide a four‐level continuum of data use that can be applied to other settings and recommendations for optimising facility‐level data use.

Conclusion

By defining four levels of data use our findings suggest the potential to encourage a structured process of moving from passive data use, to more active and engaged data use, where data could be used to anticipate patient behaviour and link that behaviour to differentiated care plans.
Two R2R3‐MYB proteins are broad repressors of flavonoid and phenylpropanoid metabolism in poplar
Authors: Ma Dawei , Reichelt Michael , Yoshida Kazuko , Gershenzon Jonathan , Constabel C. Peter
Published: September 2018

The phenylpropanoid pathway leads to the production of many important plant secondary metabolites including lignin, chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic glycosides. Early studies have demonstrated that flavonoid biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated, often by a MYB, bHLH, and WDR transcription factor complex. In poplar, several R2R3 MYB transcription factors are known to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Previous work determined that poplar MYB134 and MYB115 are major activators of the proanthocyanidin pathway, and also induce the expression of repressor‐like MYB transcription factors. Here we characterize two new repressor MYBs, poplar MYB165 and MYB194, paralogs which comprise a subgroup of R2R3‐MYBs distinct from previously reported poplar repressors. Both MYB165 and MYB194 repressed the activation of flavonoid promoters by MYB134 in transient activation assays, and both interacted with a co‐expressed bHLH transcription factor, bHLH131, in yeast two‐hybrid assays. Overexpression of MYB165 and MYB194 in hybrid poplar resulted in greatly reduced accumulation of several phenylpropanoids including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acid esters. Transcriptome analysis of MYB165‐ and MYB194‐overexpressing poplars confirmed repression of many phenylpropanoid enzyme genes. In addition, other MYB genes as well as several shikimate pathway enzyme genes were downregulated by MYB165‐overexpression. By contrast, leaf aromatic amino acid concentrations were greater in MYB165‐overexpressing poplars. Our findings indicate that MYB165 is a major repressor of the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid pathway in poplar, and may also affect the shikimate pathway. The coordinated action of repressor and activator MYBs could be important for the fine tuning of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis during development or following stress.
Theoretical Analysis and Design of a Variable Delivery External Gear Pump for Low and Medium Pressure Applications
Authors: Tankasala Srinath , Vacca Andrea
Published: September 2018

This paper describes a unique design concept that is capable of electronically controlling the flow delivered by an external gear pump (EGP). The principle used for varying the flow relies on the variable timing concept which has been previously demonstrated by the author's research team for EGP's operating at high pressures (HPs) (p > 100 bar). This principle permits to vary the flow within a certain range, without introducing additional sources of power loss. In this paper, the above concept has been applied to formulate a design for a variable delivery EGP for low pressure (LP) applications (p < 30 bar), suitable for direct electric actuation. Specific design principles for the gear and the flow variation mechanisms are introduced to limit the force required by the electric actuation, and for maximizing the flow variation range. Also, the low target pressure allows the variable timing principle to be realized with an asymmetric solution, with only one variable timing element present at one side of the gears. A detailed analysis concerning the relationship between the electrically commanded position of the flow varying element and the theoretical flow delivered by the pump is also presented. This analysis is used to formulate analytical expressions for the instantaneous flow rate and the flow nonuniformity of the pump. The paper details the design principle of the proposed variable flow pump and describes the multi-objective optimization approach used for sizing the gears and flow variation mechanism. The paper also discusses the experimental activity performed on a prototype of the proposed unit, able to achieve a flow variation of 31%.
In-Wheel-Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles Motion Control Methods Considering Motor Thermal Protection
Authors: Chen Yimin , Wang Junmin
Published: September 2018

Thermal protection strategies are employed to protect in-wheel-motors (IWM). Vehicle motions and stability can be affected by such motor thermal protections because they typically reduce the motor output torque to lower motor temperature and protect motor from thermal damage. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant control (FTC) method and a fault-prevention control (FPC) method for vehicle motion control considering motor thermal protection. The FTC method aims to stabilize vehicle motion when motor thermal protection is triggered. A control allocation (CA) algorithm using motor temperature measurement is developed for the FTC method. The output torque constraints can be actively adjusted with motor temperature to include thermal protection strategy in the controller design. When future vehicle trajectories are available, a model predictive control (MPC) FPC algorithm is created to regulate the control efforts in advance to avoid overheating the IWMs that triggers the thermal protection strategy. The proposed methods are validated in CarSim® simulations and the results show that both the FTC and FPC methods can reduce the vehicle yaw rate tracking errors when IWMs are subject to thermal protection strategy.
Error Reduction in Infrared Thermography by Multiframe Super-Resolution
Authors: Chandramohan Aditya , Lyons Sara K. , Weibel Justin A. , Garimella Suresh V.
Published: September 2018

Accurate temperature measurement techniques are critical for monitoring hotspots that induce thermal stresses in electronics packages. Infrared thermography is a popular nonintrusive method for emissivity mapping and measuring surface temperature distribution, but is often impeded by the low native resolution of the camera. A promising technique to mitigate these resolution limits is multiframe super-resolution, which uses multiple subpixel shifted images to generate a single high-resolution image. This study quantifies the error reduction offered by multiframe super-resolution to demonstrate the potential improvement for infrared imaging applications. The multiframe super-resolution reconstruction is implemented using an algorithm developed to interpolate the sub-pixel-shifted low-resolution images to a higher resolution grid. Experimental multiframe super-resolution temperature maps of an electronic component are measured to demonstrate the improvement in feature capture and reduction in aliasing effects. Furthermore, emissivity mapping of the component surface is conducted and demonstrates a dramatic improvement in the temperature correction by multiframe super-resolution. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the effect of registration uncertainty on the multiframe super-resolution algorithm; simulated images are used to demonstrate the smoothing effect at sharp emissivity boundaries as well as improvement in the feature size capture based on the native camera resolution. These results show that, within the limitations of the technique, multiframe super-resolution can be an effective approach for improving the accuracy of emissivity-mapped temperature measurements.
Effect of RANS Method on the Stall Onset Prediction by an Eigenvalue Approach
Authors: Xie Zhe , Liu Yangwei , Liu Xiaohua , Lu Lipeng , Sun Xiaofeng
Published: September 2018

The eigenvalue approach is a recently developed compressor stability model used to predict stall onset. In this model, the flow field from a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulation provides the basic flow. This paper presents the effect of the RANS methods (including the computational grid, the turbulence model, and the spatial discretization scheme) on the eigenvalue and investigates the most influencing flow structures to the eigenvalue. The test compressor was the transonic compressor of NASA Rotor 37. Three individual meshes with different grid densities were used to validate the grid independence, and the results indicated that RANS simulation and eigenvalue calculation obtain grid independence at the same grid density. Then, the effect of four turbulence models (including Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model, two different k–ε models with the extended wall function model (EWFKE), and the Yang–Shih model (YSKE), and k–ω shear stress transport (SST) model), and three spatial discretization schemes (the central scheme, the flux difference splitting (FDS) scheme, and the symmetric total variation diminishing (STVD)) was also studied. Further investigation showed that the SA turbulence model combined with the STVD scheme provided the best stall point prediction, with a relative error of 0.05%. Detailed exploration of the three-dimensional flow field revealed that there were two flow patterns near the blade tip necessary for precisely predicting stall onset: the flow blockage generated by the shockwave-tip leakage vortex (TLV) interaction, and the trailing edge separation and corresponding wake flow. The effect of the blockage was greater than the effect of the trailing edge flow.
Improved Feasible Load Range and Its Effect on the Frequency Response of Origami-Inspired Vibration Isolators With Quasi-Zero-Stiffness Characteristics1
Authors: Inamoto Kazuya , Ishida Sachiko
Published: September 2018

We describe herein a method for extending the load range of a vibration isolator using a foldable cylinder consisting of a torsional buckling pattern and evaluate the vibration isolating performance through excitation experiments. A previous study determined that the foldable cylinder is bistable and acts as a vibration isolator with nonlinear characteristics in a displacement region, where the spring stiffness is zero. Its spring characteristics and vibration isolating performance were clarified by numerical analysis and excitation experiments. The findings indicated that the vibration in a certain frequency range is reduced where the spring stiffness is zero. However, this vibration isolator has a disadvantage in that it can only support an initial load that transfers to the zero-spring-stiffness region. Therefore, in this research, we improve the position of the linear spring attached to the isolator. As a result, the initial load range is extended by two to four times that of the conventional vibration isolator. Furthermore, the isolating performance is maintained even when the initial load is changed within a given load range.
Dynamics and Realization of a Feedback-Controlled Nonlinear Isolator With Variable Time Delay
Authors: Sun Xiuting , Wang Feng , Xu Jian
Published: September 2018

In this paper, time-delayed feedback (TD-FB) control is introduced for a nonlinear vibration isolator (NL-VI), and the isolation effectiveness features are investigated theoretically and experimentally. In the feedback control loop, compound control with constant and variable time delays is considered. First, a stability analysis is conducted to determine the range of control parameters for stable zero equilibrium without excitation. Next, the nonlinear resonance frequency and the nonlinear vibration attenuation are studied by the method of multiple scales (MMS) to demonstrate the mechanism of TD-FB control. The results of the nonlinear vibration performances show that large variable time delays can improve the vibration suppression. Additionally, the mechanism for the time delay is not only to tune the equivalent stiffness and damping but also to induce effective isolation bandgap at high frequency. Therefore, the variable time delay is assumed as the function of frequency to meet different requirements at different frequency bands. The relevant experiment verifies the improvement of designed variable time delay on isolation performances in different frequency bands. Due to the improvement of isolation performances by compound time delay feedback control on nonlinear systems, it can be applied in the fields of ships, flexible structure in aerospace and aviation.
Reliability Analysis Using Second-Order Saddlepoint Approximation and Mixture Distributions
Authors: Papadimitriou Dimitrios I. , Mourelatos Zissimos P. , Hu Zhen
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes a new second-order saddlepoint approximation (SOSA) method for reliability analysis of nonlinear systems with correlated non-Gaussian and multimodal random variables. The proposed method overcomes the limitation of current available SOSA methods, which are applicable to problems with only Gaussian random variables, by employing a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The latter is first constructed using the expectation maximization (EM) method to approximate the joint probability density function (PDF) of the input variables. Expressions of the statistical moments of the response variables are then derived using a second-order Taylor expansion of the limit-state function and the GMM. The standard SOSA method is finally integrated with the GMM to effectively analyze the reliability of systems with correlated non-Gaussian random variables. The accuracy of the proposed method is compared with existing methods including a SOSA based on Nataf transformation. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Off-Design Performance Comparative Analysis Between Dual-Pressure Organic Rankine Cycles Using Pure and Mixture Working Fluids
Authors: Du Yang , Long Ying , Hao Muting , Huo Yaowu , Zhao Pan , Wang Jiangfeng , Dai Yiping
Published: September 2018

Dual-pressure Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) driven by the low temperature heat source usually work under part-load conditions, and it is therefore essential to predict the off-design performance of such ORCs. This paper presents the off-design performance prediction of the dual-pressure ORC on the basis of the model including plate heat exchangers, axial turbines and a centrifugal pump. Pure working fluid R600a and the mixture R245fa/R600a are compared. The sliding pressure operation strategy is considered under off-design conditions. The results indicate that under the design hot water parameters (hot water 140 °C, 64.87 kg/s), compared with the single-pressure ORC using R600a, the dual-pressure ORC using R600a shows a 9.57% higher net power and a 17.32% higher heat transfer area. Furthermore, the dual-pressure ORC with the mixture R245fa/R600a (0.42/0.58 mass fraction) shows a 1.04% higher net power and a 3.87% higher heat transfer area than the dual-pressure ORC using R600a under the design hot water parameters. In the dual-pressure ORC, the rotational speed of the high-pressure pump is more strongly influenced by the inlet temperature of hot water than that of the low-pressure pump. In addition, when the mass flow rate ratio of hot water or the inlet temperature of hot water increases, the difference of the net power between the dual-pressure ORC using the proposed mixture R245fa/R600a (0.42/0.58 mass fraction) and that using pure R600a increases.
Enhancement of Labyrinth Seals Efficiency by Means of a Multi-Objective Optimization Technique
Authors: Gritckevich Mikhail , Zhou Kunyuan , Peltier Vincent , Raben Markus , Galchenko Olga
Published: September 2018

A comprehensive study of several labyrinth seals has been performed in the framework of both single-objective and multi-objective optimizations with the main focus on the effect of stator grooves formed due to the rubbing during gas turbine engine operation. For that purpose, the developed optimization workflow based on the DLR-AutoOpti optimizer and ANSYS-Workbench CAE environment has been employed to reduce the leakage flow and windage heating for several seals. The obtained results indicate that the seal designs obtained from optimizations without stator grooves have worse performance during the lifecycle than those with the stator grooves, justifying the importance of considering this effect for real engineering applications.
Investigation Into the Temperature Field and Thermal Deformation of a Spiral Bevel Gear Pair at Different Rotational Speeds
Authors: Liu Shuyi , Liu Zhenxia , Lyu Yaguo
Published: September 2018

In the gear transmission process, inevitably, the relative sliding of the meshing surface generates heat which leads to the deformation of gear. Severe thermal deformation may reduce gear meshing clearance and cause failure of transmission, so it is necessary to further study the thermal deformation of gear. The main purpose of this paper is to compare the steady temperature field, flash temperature and thermal deformation of a spiral bevel gear pair at different speeds.

This paper completed the thermal analysis and thermal deformation calculation via using a 3D finite element model of a spiral bevel gear pair. Firstly, the coupled thermo-elastic finite element model had been developed to obtain friction heat generation of spiral bevel gear. Then the friction heat flux was applied to investigate the steady state temperature field of single tooth model and the steady temperature was set as the initial field to predict the flash temperature of the meshing surface at different speeds. Finally, in order to obtain the thermal deformation of single tooth model at different rotational speeds, the static analysis was carried out by setting the steady-state temperature field as the boundary condition.

The results show that the steady temperature, flash temperature and thermal deformation of the driving gear and driven gear increase with the rise of speed. These values of the driving gear are always greater than that of the driven gear and also grow faster with the increase of the speed. In detail, the deformation of driving gear and driven gear in 5000rpm rises to the 3.95 times and 3.70 times than that in 1000rpm respectively.