bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold tolerance and winter survival of seasonally‐acclimatised second‐instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana
Authors: Delisle Johanne , Bernier‐Cardou Michèle , Labrecque Alain
Published: March 2022

Field‐acclimatised spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana, supercool to as low as −41.6°C in winter months. Yet the extent to which they can withstand exposures to temperatures slightly above their supercooling point has never been investigated. In both January and February 2018, we tested various combinations of sub‐zero temperatures (−37 to −42°C) and exposure durations (0.75–12 h) to estimate the combinations of temperature and exposure durations required to kill half the population (LTT50). At −37 or −38°C, the estimated emergence probability was about 0.80 at all exposure durations. In contrast, the LTT50 was reached after 11.4 h at −39°C, 9.4 h at −40°C, and 3 h at −41°C. A temperature of −42°C was fatal to most larvae.

During the winters of 2017, 2018 and 2019, survival experiments were conducted at three latitudes (46–48°N) in Québec. Regardless of the year or latitude, none of the daily minimum temperatures recorded in January or February were cold enough to reach the LTT50. However, the sudden drops in temperature that occurred after the winter thaw of March and in early December 2018 were likely responsible for the low proportions of emerged larvae observed.

Hence, despite the high capacity of spruce budworm larvae to withstand very low sub‐zero temperatures in winter months, they remain highly vulnerable to cold spells during their early diapause or post‐diapause development. Such climatic disturbances deserve more attention, as they may increase under climate change.
Evolution from a first clinical demyelinating event to multiple sclerosis in the REFLEX trial: Regional susceptibility in the conversion to multiple sclerosis at disease onset and its amenability to subcutaneous interferon beta‐1a
Authors: Battaglini Marco , Vrenken Hugo , Tappa Brocci Riccardo , Gentile Giordano , Luchetti Ludovico , Versteeg Adriaan , Freedman Mark S. , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , Kappos Ludwig , Comi Giancarlo , Seitzinger Andrea , Jack Dominic , Sormani Maria Pia , Barkhof Frederik , De Stefano Nicola
Published: March 2022

Background and purpose

In the REFLEX trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00404352), patients with a first clinical demyelinating event (FCDE) displayed significantly delayed onset of multiple sclerosis (MS; McDonald criteria) when treated with subcutaneous interferon beta‐1a (sc IFN β‐1a) versus placebo. This post hoc analysis evaluated the effect of sc IFN β‐1a on spatio‐temporal evolution of disease activity, assessed by changes in T2 lesion distribution, in specific brain regions of such patients and its relationship with conversion to MS.

Methods

Post hoc analysis of baseline and 24‐month magnetic resonance imaging data from FCDE patients who received sc IFN β‐1a 44 μg once or three times weekly, or placebo in the REFLEX trial. Patients were grouped according to McDonald MS status (converter/non‐converter) or treatment (sc IFN β‐1a/placebo). For each patient group, a baseline lesion probability map (LPM) and longitudinal new/enlarging and shrinking/disappearing LPMs were created. Lesion location/frequency of lesion occurrence were assessed in the white matter.

Results

At Month 24, lesion frequency was significantly higher in the anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) and corticospinal tract (CST) of converters versus non‐converters (p < 0.05). Additionally, the overall distribution of new/enlarging lesions across the brain at Month 24 was similar in placebo‐ and sc IFN β‐1a‐treated patients (ratio: 0.95). Patients treated with sc IFN β‐1a versus placebo showed significantly lower new lesion frequency in specific brain regions (cluster corrected): ATR (p = 0.025), superior longitudinal fasciculus (p = 0.042), CST (p = 0.048), and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (p = 0.048).

Conclusions

T2 lesion distribution in specific brain locations predict conversion to McDonald MS and show significantly reduced new lesion occurrence after treatment with sc IFN β‐1a in an FCDE population.
Autologous lipoaspirate as a new treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A review on literature
Authors: van der Sluis Nanouk , Scheers Esther C.A.H. , Krenning Guido , van der Lei Berend , Oonk Maaike H.M. , van Dongen Joris A.
Published: March 2022

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that mostly affects the genital and anal skin areas. Symptoms may vary from pruritis and pain to sexual dysfunction; however, LS can also be asymptomatic. LS occurs at all ages and in both sexes. Approximately 5% of all women affected by vulvar LS will develop vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Topical treatment is safe but less effective resulting in chronic course in most patients, who suffer from persistent itching and pain. In severe cases of therapy‐resistant LS, there is no adequate treatment. Fat grafting is a novel regenerative therapy to reduce dermal fibrosis. The therapeutic effect of adipose tissue grafts for LS is already investigated in various pioneering studies. This review provides an overview of these studies and the putative mechanisms‐of‐action of fat grafting to treat LS.
Health Libraries Group at 75
Authors: Hawker Lynsey , Ghumra Imrana ,   Co‐Chairs Health Libraries Group 
Published: March 2022

Celebrating its 75th year in 2022, Lynsey Hawker and Imrana Ghumra, Co‐Chairs of the Health Libraries Group (HLG) look back on its origins, celebrate key activities and achievements. From its humble beginnings as the Medical Section of the UK Library Associations’ University and Research Section, becoming a Section in its own right, its evolution as the Medical, Health and Welfare Libraries Group. Celebrating its publications, awards, partnership working and advocacy work, they invite you to share your memories and reflections on the HLG and its previous incarnations.
Primary vitreoretinal involvement and immunopositivity for BRAFV600E help distinguish metastatic from primary intraocular melanoma: a detailed histopathologic study of metastatic cutaneous melanoma to the eye
Authors: Neerukonda Vamsee K , Kim Ivana K , Stagner Anna M
Published: March 2022

Objective

To evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of metastatic cutaneous melanoma to the eye and identify potential distinguishing characteristics from the more common primary uveal melanoma; particularly, tumour location within the eye, cytomorphology and immunohistochemical/specific molecular genetic features.

Methods

A retrospective observational case series using surgical enucleation and diagnostic vitrectomy cytologic specimens from seven patients with suspected intraocular melanoma, eventually diagnosed as metastatic melanoma, was conducted. Haematoxylin and eosin‐stained sections of tumour and immunohistochemical (IHC) stains for BRAFV600E and Ki‐67 were critically reviewed; BAP1 IHC was also evaluated in cases where additional tissue was available. Clinical imaging studies and medical records were reviewed.

Results

The majority of patients (86%) with metastatic melanoma have primary vitreoretinal (not uveal) involvement and epithelioid, highly malignant cytomorphology (100%); many (50%) harbour BRAFV600E mutations, a finding not seen in large cohorts of primary uveal melanoma.

Conclusions

Characteristics favouring or defining metastatic intraocular melanoma over primary uveal melanoma include high‐grade epithelioid cytology, predominant involvement of the vitreous cavity and/or retina, and presence of positive immunostaining for BRAFV600E.
Exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla alleviate inflammation in rat pulpitis by upregulating regulatory T cells
Authors: Yu Si , Chen Xu , Liu Yao , Zhuang Xue Y. , Wang Ao C. , Liu Xue M. , Zhu Shu
Published: March 2022

Aim

To evaluate the effects of exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP‐Exos) in rats with experimentally induced pulpitis and the effects of SCAP‐Exos on the conversion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and methylation status of the Foxp3 locus in Tregs in vitro.

Methodology

SCAP‐Exos were isolated and identified using transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Lipopolysaccharide was used to experimentally induced pulpitis in rats, and the effects of SCAP‐Exos on the rats with pulpitis were detected using haematoxylin‐eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining. CD4+CD25‐ T cells were treated with different doses of SCAP‐Exos, and flow cytometric analysis was used to assess the effects of SCAP‐Exos on Treg proliferation and conversion. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the expression of interleukin 10 (IL‐10). MethylTarget® technology was used to measure the methylation level of the Foxp3 locus in T cells. The expression levels of ten‐eleven‐translocation (Tet) 1, Tet2, and Tet3 in T cells were detected by real‐time PCR and western blotting.

Results

SCAP‐Exos had an elliptical vesicle‐like structure with a diameter of approximately 143.7 nm and expressed the exosomal markers Alix and CD9. SCAP‐Exo administration increased Treg accumulation in the inflamed dental pulp and alleviated inflammation in the dental pulp in vivo. SCAP‐Exos promoted Treg conversion in vitro. Mechanistically, SCAP‐Exos promoted Tet2‐mediated Foxp3 demethylation to maintain the stable expression of Foxp3.

Conclusions

SCAP‐Exos promoted Treg conversion and effectively alleviated inflammation in the dental pulp of rats. This study shows that SCAP‐Exos can regulate the local immune microenvironment to favour tissue regeneration, thus providing a potential novel strategy utilising SCAP‐Exos as a cell‐free approach to treat early inflammation of dental pulp in immature permanent teeth in the clinic.
Neuroscience research in consumer behavior: A review and future research agenda
Authors: Oliveira Pedro Miguel , Guerreiro João , Rita Paulo
Published: March 2022

Consumer neuroscience is a growing field in both marketing and consumer behavior research. The number of articles published on the topic has increased exponentially in the last 15 years. However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of the literature highlighting the main constructs, trends and research gaps found in such a large collection of papers. Therefore, this paper provides a text mining (TM) analysis that clusters and systematizes the complex and dispersed information of 469 articles, using the correlated topic model algorithm (CTM). Results show that “consumer neuroscience”, “brand memory”, and “willingness to buy” are the most relevant topics in the field. This study also reveals that the literature has been focusing on ethical concerns as well as on controversial concerns in the use of consumer neuroscience techniques. We include a final section on future research questions and opportunities that emerged from the conducted research.
Machine learning models outperform manual result review for the identification of wrong blood in tube errors in complete blood count results
Authors: Farrell Christopher‐John L. , Giannoutsos John
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Wrong blood in tube (WBIT) errors are a significant patient‐safety issue encountered by clinical laboratories. This study assessed the performance of machine learning models for the identification of WBIT errors affecting complete blood count (CBC) results against the benchmark of manual review of results by laboratory staff.

Methods

De‐identified current and previous (within seven days) CBC results were used in the computer simulation of WBIT errors. 101 015 sets of samples were used to develop machine learning models using artificial neural network, extreme gradient boosting, support vector machine, random forest, logistic regression, decision trees (one complex and one simple) and k‐nearest neighbours algorithms. The performance of these models, and of manual review by laboratory staff, was assessed on a separate data set of 1940 samples.

Results

Volunteers manually reviewing results identified WBIT errors with an accuracy of 85.7%, sensitivity of 80.1% and specificity of 92.1%. All machine learning models exceeded human‐level performance (p‐values for all metrics were <.001). The artificial neural network model was the most accurate (99.1%), and the simple decision tree was the least accurate (96.8%). Sensitivity for the machine learning models varied from 95.7% to 99.3%, and specificity varied from 96.3% to 98.9%.

Conclusion

This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the value of machine learning for detecting WBIT errors affecting CBC results. Although further work addressing practical issues is required, substantial patient‐safety benefits await the successful deployment of machine learning models for WBIT error detection.
Alternatives and preferences for materials in use for pressure ulcer prevention: An experiment‐reinforced literature review
Authors: Gefen Amit
Published: March 2022

Alleviation of localised, sustained tissue loads and microclimate management are the most critical performance criteria for materials in use for pressure ulcer prevention, such as in prophylactic dressings, padding or cushioning. These material performance criteria can be evaluated by calculating the extents of matching between the material stiffness (elastic modulus) and the thermal conductivity of the protective dressing, padding or cushioning with the corresponding properties of native skin, separately or in combination. Based on these bioengineering performance criteria, hydrocolloids, which are commonly used for prophylaxis of medical device‐related pressure ulcers, exhibit poor stiffness matching with skin. In addition, there is remarkable variability in the modulus and thermal conductivity matching levels of different material types used for pressure ulcer prevention, however, it appears that among the materials tested, hydrogels provide the optimal matching with skin, followed by gels and silicone foams. The stiffness matching for hydrocolloids appears to be inferior even to that of gauze. This article provides quantitative performance criteria and metrics for these evaluations, and grades commonly used material types to biomechanically guide clinicians and industry with regards to the selection of dressings for pressure ulcer prevention, both due to bodyweight forces and as a result of applied medical devices.
Flowable fiber‐reinforced versus flowable bulk‐fill resin composites: Degree of conversion and microtensile bond strength to dentin in high C‐factor cavities
Authors: Harp Youniss Saleh , Montaser Marmar Ahmed , Zaghloul Nadia Mohamed
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To compare flowable fiber‐reinforced and flowable bulk‐fill resin composites regarding their degree of conversion (DC) and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin in high C‐factor class I cavities.

Materials and Methods

One flowable fiber‐reinforced (EverX Flow, GC) and two flowable bulk‐fill composites (SDR, Dentsply, and Tetric N‐flow Bulk fill, Ivoclar Vivadent) were tested. Regarding DC, 10 cylindrical‐shaped specimens were prepared from each material (N = 30), measured using Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Regarding , class I cavities (4.5 × 4.5 × 3) were prepared on flat dentin surfaces of 30 molars, divided into three equal groups, restored with the three restorative materials, thermocycled, sectioned to create 1 mm × 1 mm cross‐sectional beams, then tested using a universal testing machine. Failure mode was assessed using a stereomicroscope. Two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post‐hoc tests were used in DC, while One‐way ANOVA was used for .

Results

The used materials showed statistically significant differences in DC with the fiber‐reinforced composite having the highest value. No statistically significant differences were found between the materials regarding their .

Conclusions

Flowable fiber‐reinforced composite provided the most DC performance compared to the flowable bulk‐fill composites. The three used restorative materials provided comparable bonding ability to dentin in high C‐factor cavities.

Clinical Significance

Flowable fiber‐reinforced resin composite is preferred as a dentin‐replacement material in high‐stress bearing areas. However, both flowable fiber‐reinforced and bulk‐fill resin composites are equally effective in bonding to dentin in high C‐factor cavities.
Effectiveness of diet, psychological, and exercise therapies for the management of bile acid diarrhoea in adults: A systematic review
Authors: McKenzie Yvonne A. , Sremanakova Jana , Todd Chris , Burden Sorrel
Published: March 2022

Background

Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) causes chronic diarrhoea and is primarily treated pharmacologically. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of non‐pharmacological therapies for evidence‐based management of BAD in adults.

Methods

A systematic review of the medical literature was performed from 1975 to 13 July 2021 to identify studies on diet, psychological, and exercise therapies that met diagnostic criteria for BAD in adults with diarrhoea. Effectiveness was judged by responder or improvement in diarrhoea at study endpoint according to each study's definition of diarrhoea. Therapeutic effect on abdominal pain and flatulence was also measured. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non‐Randomised Studies of Interventions tool. A narrative review was conducted using ‘Synthesis Without Meta‐analysis’ guidance. Certainty of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.

Results

Eight prospective cohort studies were identified on diet therapies from 2 weeks to over 2 years involving 192 patients. No psychological or exercise therapies were found. Carbohydrate modification (one study, n = 2) in primary BAD, and dietary fat intake reductions (five studies, n = 181) and an exclusive elemental diet therapy (two studies, n = 9) in secondary BAD, showed beneficial directions of effect on diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and flatulence. Risks of bias for each study and across studies for each therapy type were serious. Certainty of the evidence was very low for all outcomes.

Conclusions

No conclusions could be drawn on the effectiveness of diet, psychological, or exercise therapies on diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and flatulence for the management of BAD in adults. High‐quality randomised controlled trials are needed.
RING‐box proteins regulate leaf senescence and stomatal closure via repression of ABA transporter gene ABCG40
Authors: Wei Yun Qi , Yuan Jun Jie , Xiao Chen Chen , Li Gui Xin , Yan Jing Ying , Zheng Shao Jian , Ding Zhong Jie
Published: March 2022

Plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an indispensable role in the control of leaf senescence, during which ABA signaling depends on its biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the role of ABA transport in leaf senescence remains unknown. Here, we identified two novel RING‐box protein‐encoding genes UBIQUITIN LIGASE of SENESCENCE 1 and 2 (ULS1 and ULS2) involved in leaf senescence. Lack of ULS1 and ULS2 accelerates leaf senescence, which is specifically promoted by ABA treatment. Furthermore, the expression of senescence‐related genes is significantly affected in mature leaves of uls1/uls2 double mutant (versus wild type (WT)) in an ABA‐dependent manner, and the ABA content is substantially increased. ULS1 and ULS2 are mainly expressed in the guard cells and aging leaves, and the expression is induced by ABA. Further RNA‐seq and quantitative proteomics of ubiquitination reveal that ABA transporter ABCG40 is highly expressed in uls1/uls2 mutant versus WT, though it is not the direct target of ULS1/2. Finally, we show that the acceleration of leaf senescence, the increase of leaf ABA content, and the promotion of stomatal closure in uls1/usl2 mutant are suppressed by abcg40 loss‐of‐function mutation. These results indicate that ULS1 and ULS2 function in feedback inhibition of ABCG40‐dependent ABA transport during ABA‐induced leaf senescence and stomatal closure.
A network pharmacology‐based study of the potential targets and mechanisms of action of Qibao Meiran Dan in delaying skin aging
Authors: Ke Dan , Zhang Han , Tian Li‐Ming , Han Miao , Zhang Chong , Tian Dai‐Zhi , Chen Long , Zhan Li‐Rui , Zong Shi‐Qin , Zhang Ping
Published: March 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to use network pharmacology to explore the potential targets and mechanisms of action of Qibao Meiran Dan in relation to delaying skin aging.

Methods

The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform, and the traditional Chinese medicine integrated database, were used to screen the active ingredients and targets of Qibao Meiran Dan. The human gene database GeneCards and the gene database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information were jointly adopted to obtain skin aging‐related target genes. The search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) database was used for core analysis of protein–protein interaction.

Results

In total, 72 effective active ingredients, 273 action targets, 234 skin aging target genes, and 64 intersecting core targets were identified. GO enrichment analysis provided 393 biological process entries, and the KEGG analysis was represented by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, where the core targets of TNF‐α and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) were enriched. The experimental results showed that cell morphology was clearer and more refractive in the Qibao Meiran Dan group than in the model group.

Conclusion

Qibao Meiran Dan may regulate oxidative stress injury and collagen metabolism by downregulating the expression of TNF‐α and MMP‐1, thus slowing skin aging.
Medical student confidence when training for a female genitourinary exam using models and standardized patients
Authors: Rutledge Mallory , Link Kelsey , Zapata Isain , Carter Susan
Published: March 2022

Aim

The purpose of this study is to investigate what factors make students feel confident and competent when performing a female genitourinary exam (FGUE) with normal, nonpathologic findings. We anticipated that students would increase their confidence and perceived competence from the first year to the second year of medical school, would prefer the use of specialized standardized patients (SSPs) over models, and that the results would vary by student demographics.

Methods

Student confidence and perceived competence were measured using voluntary survey methods pre‐ and postinterventions. Interventions were defined as learning the FGUE on models alone for first‐year medical students and learning the FGUE on SSPs with prior experience using models for second‐year students. Survey responses were evaluated via generalized linear mixed models for numeric responses.

Results

The results demonstrated that first‐ and second‐year medical students of racial and ethnic minorities rated themselves as more confident and competent than Caucasian counterparts, which was in many cases more extensive than the effect of an additional year of medical education. Students felt that using SSPs alone was the best mode of learning the exam than either models alone or the combination of models and SSPs. Students' current specialty of choice did not correlate with increased confidence or perceived competence.

Conclusion

This study highlights how cultural differences have an impact on confidence and perceived competence in medical students as they prepare for performing a procedure as intimate to the patient as the FGUE.
Automatized online prediction of slow‐wave peaks during non‐rapid eye movement sleep in young and old individuals: Why we should not always rely on amplitude thresholds
Authors: Wunderlin Marina , Koenig Thomas , Zeller Céline , Nissen Christoph , Züst Marc Alain
Published: March 2022

Brain‐state‐dependent stimulation during slow‐wave sleep is a promising tool for the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. A widely used slow‐wave prediction algorithm required for brain‐state‐dependent stimulation is based on a specific amplitude threshold in the electroencephalogram. However, due to decreased slow‐wave amplitudes in aging and psychiatric conditions, this approach might miss many slow‐waves because they do not fulfill the amplitude criterion. Here, we compared slow‐wave peaks predicted via an amplitude‐based versus a multidimensional approach using a topographical template of slow‐wave peaks in 21 young and 21 older healthy adults. We validate predictions against the gold‐standard of offline detected peaks. Multidimensionally predicted peaks resemble the gold‐standard regarding spatiotemporal dynamics but exhibit lower peak amplitudes. Amplitude‐based prediction, by contrast, is less sensitive, less precise and – especially in the older group – predicts peaks that differ from the gold‐standard regarding spatiotemporal dynamics. Our results suggest that amplitude‐based slow‐wave peak prediction might not always be the ideal choice. This is particularly the case in populations with reduced slow‐wave amplitudes, like older adults or psychiatric patients. We recommend the use of multidimensional prediction, especially in studies targeted at populations other than young and healthy individuals.
Dragon colors: the nature and function of Odonata (dragonfly and damselfly) coloration
Authors: Suárez‐Tovar C. M. , Guillermo‐Ferreira R. , Cooper I. A. , Cezário R. R. , Córdoba‐Aguilar A.
Published: March 2022

Adult odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) exhibit a great diversity of colors which vary remarkably between species, between individuals within species, and throughout the individual's lifetime in some species. Here, we provide a summary of what is known about color recognition, and production of color including pigmentary absorption, structural reflectance, and fluorescence, in odonates. We also review the current understanding of the function of color in adult odonates, such as in signals during mate choice, in species recognition, and in predator avoidance, as well as in physiological adaptations to abiotic conditions. Finally, we provide some directions for future research: eye and pterostigma color, coloration at different life stages, UV color, phylogenetic analysis of color evolution, color and hot climate patterns, and standardization of color recordings. Given how easily they can be marked and tracked, odonates are exemplary animals for field and laboratory research. Therefore, unraveling the physiology, evolution, and ecology of odonate color can provide significant advances, in general, to understand insect color.
‘THE QUOTIDIAN OF THE SYMBOLIC’. ICONOGRAPHIC CHANGES BETWEEN DECORATED OBJECTS IN CANTABRIAN MAGDALENIAN PORTABLE ART. A MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL APPROACH
Authors: Salazar Cañarte Sergio , Rivero Vilá Olivia
Published: March 2022

Cantabrian portable art enjoys a long research tradition that has generated a vision of this phenomenon in which decoration seems to be determined by the type of artefact to be decorated and the context in which it participates. However, this conceptualization does not address the multiplicity of situations in which decorated objects were used. In the present work, both the iconographic variations in Cantabrian Magdalenian decorated objects and the diachronic changes in the use of the themes and artefacts are explored. For this, a quantitative analysis has been carried out and multivariate statistical tests have been applied on a sample of 293 objects that are distributed among 47 sites. The results point to a much more complex evolution of portable graphic activity in relation to the selection of the themes represented and the objects that were decorated.
Age‐related differences in expectation‐based novel word learning
Authors: Vergilova Yoana , Jachmann Torsten K. , Mani Nivedita , Kray Jutta
Published: March 2022

Adult language users can infer the meaning of a previously unfamiliar word from a single exposure to this word in a semantically and thematically constrained context, henceforth, predictive context (Borovsky et al., 2010 Cognition, 116(2), 289–296; Borovsky et al., 2012 Language Learning and Development, 8(3), 278–302). Children use predictive contexts to anticipate upcoming stimuli (Borovsky et al., 2012 Language Learning and Development, 8(3), 278–302; Mani & Huettig, 2012 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(4), 843–847), but the extent to which they rely on prediction to learn novel word forms is unclear (Gambi et al., 2021 Cognition, 211, 104650). Here, we examine children’s one‐shot learning from predictive contexts using a modified version of the one‐shot learning ERP paradigm for children aged 7–13 years. In a first learning phase, we presented audio recordings of expected words and unexpected novel pseudowords in strongly and weakly constraining sentence contexts. In the following priming phase, the same recorded words and pseudowords were used as primes to identical/synonymous, related, and unrelated target words. We measured N400 modulations to the word and pseudoword continuations in the learning phase and to the identical/synonymous, related, or unrelated target words in the priming phase. When initially presented in strongly constraining sentences, novel pseudowords primed synonymous targets equally well as word primes of the same intended meaning. This pattern was particularly pronounced in older children. Our findings suggest that, around early adolescence, children can use single exposures to constraining contexts to infer the meaning of novel words and to integrate these novel words in their lexicons.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluating the effects electric bikes have on physiological parameters
Authors: McVicar Jenna , Keske Michelle A. , Daryabeygi‐Khotbehsara Reza , Betik Andrew C. , Parker Lewan , Maddison Ralph
Published: March 2022

Background

There is a universal need to increase the number of adults meeting physical activity (PA) recommendations to help improve health. In recent years, electrically assisted bicycles (e‐bikes) have emerged as a promising method for supporting people to initiate and maintain physical activity levels. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no meta‐analyses conducted to quantify the difference in physiological responses between e‐cycling with electrical assistance, e‐cycling without assistance, conventional cycling, and walking.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. We identified short‐term e‐bike studies, which utilized a crossover design comparing physiological outcomes when e‐cycling with electrical assistance, e‐cycling without electrical assistance, conventional cycling, or walking. Energy expenditure (EE), heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), power output (PO), and metabolic equivalents (METs) outcomes were included within the meta‐analysis.

Results

Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria (N = 239). E‐cycling with electrical assistance resulted in a lower energy expenditure (EE) [SMD = −0.46 (−0.98, 0.06), p = 0.08], heart rate (HR) [MD = −11.41 (−17.15, −5.68), p < 0.000, beats per minute], oxygen uptake (VO2) [SMD = −0.57 (−0.96, −0.17), p = 0.005], power output (PO) [MD = −31.19 (−47.19 to −15.18), p = 0.000, Watts], and metabolic equivalent (MET) response [MD = −0.83 (−1.52, −0.14), p = 0.02, METs], compared with conventional cycling. E‐cycling with moderate electrical assistance resulted in a greater HR response [MD 10.38 (−1.48, 22.23) p = 0.09, beats per minute], and VO2 response [SMD 0.34 (−0.14, 0.82) p = 0.16] compared with walking.

Conclusions

E‐cycling was associated with increased physiological responses that can confer health benefits.
Cuidar ou delatar? A violação do sigilo do prontuário médico na criminalização de mulheres por aborto autoprovocado no Estado do Paraná (2017 a 2019)
Authors: Arguello Katie Silene Cáceres , Prateano Vanessa Fogaça
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo tem como objetivo investigar e analisar autos judiciais que tratam da investigação e do processamento de mulheres pelo crime de aborto autoprovocado (art. 124 – primeira parte do Código Penal brasileiro) para identificar a participação de profissionais de saúde e o uso dos dados do prontuário médico para a captura das pacientes pelo Sistema de Justiça Criminal logo após procurarem atendimento hospitalar no pós-abortamento clandestino e inseguro. Utilizou-se o método indutivo por meio de uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Foram analisados 43 autos judiciais em trâmite em 15 comarcas do estado do Paraná entre 2017 e 2019. Os resultados demonstraram que 44% das mulheres foram reportadas à polícia por profissionais de saúde; 65% tiveram seu prontuário médico compartilhado com a autoridade policial, sem o seu consentimento; em 58% dos casos em que a mulher foi denunciada à Justiça, tais profissionais de saúde foram arroladas(os) como testemunhas de acusação; e 84% das mulheres delatadas por profissionais de saúde foram atendidas via Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Mesmo que a normativa jurídica nacional e internacional proíba tal conduta, por se tratar de violação do sigilo do prontuário médico e, portanto, de direitos fundamentais dessas pacientes, em apenas 16,5% dos casos a defesa abordou e questionou tal prática, e em nenhum dos casos a temática foi analisada desde uma perspectiva de gênero. Conclui-se que a prática é disseminada e pouco questionada pela defesa das mulheres, o que acaba por gerar uma invisibilização da violação dos direitos das mulheres criminalizadas por aborto no âmbito do processo penal.
O RE 1.055.941: um pretexto para explorar alguns limites à transmissão, distribuição, comunicação, transferência e difusão de dados pessoais pelo COAF
Authors: Estellita Heloisa
Published: March 2022

Em dezembro de 2019, o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ao julgar o Recurso Extraordinário 1.055.941, decidiu que o COAF poderia revelar informações sigilosas (financeiras) para as autoridades de persecução penal por meio dos RIFs sem a necessidade de autorização judicial prévia.  Essa decisão é utilizada no presente trabalho como pretexto submeter o tratamento de dados pessoais pelo COAF à gramática da proteção de dados pessoais. Partindo da dogmática da proteção de direitos fundamentais, especialmente, do direito fundamental à privacidade e à proteção de dados pessoais, analisa-se o tratamento de dados pessoais, sensíveis e sigilosos no âmbito das tarefas desempenhadas pelo COAF, especialmente sob o viés das comunicações que esse órgão faz para autoridades nacionais e internacionais. O exame evidencia que há atividades sendo desempenhadas sem normas autorizativas de intervenção em direitos fundamentais, o que evidencia a necessidade de reforma legislativa para adequar o tratamento de dados pessoais aos standards atuais de proteção desse direito fundamental.
Vigilância e Relações de Poder – O Uso de Tecnologias de Reconhecimento Facial e Identificação Biométrica a Distância em Espaço Público e Impactos na Vida Pública
Authors: Fontes Ana Catarina , Lütge Christoph
Published: March 2022

Os conceitos de espaço público e vida pública são abordados sob uma perspectiva espácio-antropológica com o objetivo de refletir sobre possíveis impactos da implementação de tecnologias de vigilância intrusivas. A vigilância massiva de espaços públicos impacta sobre a privacidade individual e as relações de poder estabelecidas, mas torna-se justificável sob o argumento de que garante a sua segurança e é utilizada para a manutenção da ordem pública. Em consequência, sistemas tecnológicos de crescente complexidade vêm sendo desenvolvidos e implementados em cidades por todo o mundo. A reflexão sobre impactos da implementação de sistemas de vigilância baseados em tecnologias de inteligência artificial (IA) inclui questões éticas relacionadas com valores culturais e direitos adquiridos, sendo questionado o uso de tecnologias de reconhecimento facial e identificação biométrica para a identificação de indivíduos em espaços publicamente acessíveis com base nos princípios de transparência, autonomia, proporcionalidade e equidade.
A Proteção Jurídica Fundamental da Confidencialidade e da Integridade dos Sistemas Técnicos de Informação de Uso Próprio
Authors: Hoffmann-Riem Wolfgang
Published: March 2022

O artigo insere a decisão do Tribunal Constitucional Federal da Alemanha sobre a assim chamada busca online (Online-Durchsuchung) no contexto mais abrangente do desenvolvimento das tecnologias da informação e da sua utilização desde o julgamento do caso da Lei do Recenseamento, bem como elabora as especificidades do novo direito fundamental.
Verdade Processual e Crise das Provas Judiciais: Análise do Processamento de Mortes Violentas Envolvendo Pol´iciais em Salvador, Bahia
Authors: Possas Mariana Thorstensen , Almeida Andrija Oliveira , Vieira Alana Nogueira , Santos Helena Lins Queiroz dos
Published: March 2022

Nos anos 2000, o Brasil registrou aumento da ocorrência de mortes por policiais, fenômeno que sugere a necessidade de observar as práticas policiais e a administração da justiça, além de  representar um grande desafio à consolidação da democracia no país. Por meio de estudo empírico de enfoque qualitativo, desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa documental e de entrevistas qualitativas do tipo semiestruturado e reflexivo, procedeu-se à análise do processamento, pela organização policial e pelo sistema de justiça criminal, de casos de mortes decorrentes de intervenção policial, ocorridos em Salvador-Bahia e encerrados em 2016. O trabalho lançou luz sobre aspectos relacionados à seleção de elementos de prova operada pelas agências do sistema de justiça na construção oficial e na produção de regimes de verdade no processo de enquadramento jurídico-administrativo destas mortes. A variabilidade dos critérios de seleção sugere um quadro de crise de apreciação da prova, constituído por três dimensões, a saber, escassez de elementos de prova nos procedimentos, precariedade estrutural do processo de produção das provas e descaminhos da interpretação judicial, em que elementos de prova trazidos aos autos são descartados e informações sobre o morto são elevados à condição de prova. Como repercussão dessa crise, a produção da morte enquanto ação jurídica relevante é oficialmente substituída pela ação do morto, essa sim considerada reprovável e passível de condenação criminal. E como já estão mortos, o arquivamento  é o desfecho judicial mais comum desses casos.
Atuação Policial, Discriminação e Direitos Humanos: Análise dos Julgados da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos
Authors: Almeida Marina Nogueira de , Gonçalves Vanessa Chiari , Mota Jessica de Jesus
Published: March 2022

O artigo busca responder em que medida as atuações policiais relacionam-se à discriminação, de modo a caracterizar violações do direito internacional dos  direitos humanos. A pesquisa é de caráter qualitativo, mediante revisão bibliográfica, dos estudos sobre discriminações/estigmatizações e sobre o conceito de subcidadania. Soma-se a isso, a análise de três casos  bem recentes julgados na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH) que versam sobre a atuação policial. No primeiro caso, tem-se a atuação policial nas favelas brasileiras com enfoque em execuções ocorridas na Favela Nova Brasília. Nesse caso, a corte apontou considerações relevantes sobre a indeterminação dos autos de resistência, que leva a mortes nunca propriamente investigadas. No segundo caso, aparece a violação de direitos humanos pela existência de perfis raciais na atuação policial e o terceiro caso observa a fundada suspeita, o olfato policial, como uma violação de direitos humanos. Por fim, verifica-se que um dos principais fatores que permitem essa forma de violar os direitos humanos dos alvos preferenciais das atuações policiais é o viver em um estado que permite que existam cidadãos e subcidadãos. É preciso, junto com a mudança legislativa, educar os agentes policiais em Direitos Humanos, rever a mentalidade da guerra às drogas e da cultura de controle, e pensar nos fatores de gênero, classe, completude física, território e, principalmente, raça, como influenciadores das instituições e dos indivíduos, a fim de remodelar estruturalmente nossa sociedade.
Experimental Probe Into a Biogas Run Dual Fuel Diesel Engine Using Oxygenated Ternary Blends at Optimum Equivalence Ratio and Under the Effect of Intake Charge Preheating
Authors: Sarkar Achinta , Saha Ujjwal K.
Published: March 2022

The key challenge of dual fuel mode (DFM) of a compression ignition (CI) diesel engine is to improve the engine performance, and to reduce primarily the carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. The gaining popularity of DFM lies with its inherent ability to curb harmful pollutants, besides offering operational flexibility to use gaseous and liquids fuels simultaneously. In addition, the use of renewable fuels in DFM is found to be highly suitable to achieve the optimum engine overall performance. In this DFM study, biogas as the primary gaseous fuel is used in a diesel engine in conjunction with ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol (TB-E), diesel-biodiesel-butanol (TB-BT), and diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether (TB-DEE) as the renewable pilot fuels. For each combination, the experiments are conducted at the optimum global fuel–air equivalence ratio (Φglobal) and with intake charge preheating to analyze the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the engine. The important parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, actual diesel replacement, coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure, relative cycle efficiency, cylinder mean gas temperature, ignition delay, and combustion duration are investigated. The study demonstrates the optimum performance of the DFM engine with TB-DEE.
Visualization of nonsingular defect enabling rapid control of structural color
Authors: Kang Han Sol , Park Chanho , Eoh Hongkyu , Lee Chang Eun , Ryu Du Yeol , Kang Youngjong , Feng Xuenyan , Huh June , Thomas Edwin L. , Park Cheolmin
Published: March 2022

Stimuli-interactive structural color (SC) of a block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) uses reversible alteration of the PC using external fluids and applied forces. The origin of the diffusional pathways of a stimulating fluid into a BCP PC has not been examined. Here, we directly visualize the vertically oriented screw dislocations in a one-dimensional lamellar BCP PC that facilitate the rapid response of visible SC. To reveal the diffusional pathway of the solvent via the dislocations, BCP lamellae are swollen with an interpenetrated hydrogel network, allowing fixation of the swollen state and subsequent microscopic examination. The visualized defects are low-energy helicoidal screw dislocations having unique, nonsingular cores. Location and areal density of these dislocations are determined by periodic concentric topographic nanopatterns of the upper surface-reconstructed layer. The nonsingular nature of the interlayer connectivity in the core region demonstrates the beneficial nature of these defects on sensing dynamics.
A robust vertical nanoscaffold for recyclable, paintable, and flexible light-emitting devices
Authors: Yao Yifan , Chen Yusheng , Wang Kuidong , Turetta Nicholas , Vitale Stefania , Han Bin , Wang Hanlin , Zhang Lei , Samorì Paolo
Published: March 2022

Organic light-emitting devices are key components for emerging opto- and nanoelectronics applications including health monitoring and smart displays. Here, we report a foldable inverted polymer light-emitting diode (iPLED) based on a self-suspended asymmetrical vertical nanoscaffold replacing the conventional sandwich-like structured LEDs. Our empty vertical-yet-open nanoscaffold exhibits excellent mechanical robustness, proven by unaltered leakage current when applying 1000 cycles of 40-kilopascal pressure loading/unloading, sonication, and folding, with the corresponding iPLEDs displaying a brightness as high as 2300 candela per square meter. By using photolithography and brush painting, arbitrary emitting patterns can be generated via a noninvasive and mask-free process with individual pixel resolution of 10 μm. Our vertical nanoscaffold iPLED can be supported on flexible polyimide foils and be recycled multiple times by washing and refilling with a different conjugated polymer capable of emitting light of different color. This technology combines the traits required for the next generation of high-resolution flexible displays and multifunctional optoelectronics.
d
-Serine controls epidermal vesicle release via NMDA receptor, allowing tissue migration during the metamorphosis of the chordate
Ciona
Authors: Krasovec Gabriel , Hozumi Akiko , Yoshida Tomoyuki , Obita Takayuki , Hamada Mayuko , Shiraishi Akira , Satake Honoo , Horie Takeo , Mori Hisashi , Sasakura Yasunori
Published: March 2022

d
-Serine, a free amino acid synthesized by serine racemase, is a coagonist of
N
-methyl-
d
-aspartate–type glutamate receptor (NMDAR).
d
-Serine in the mammalian central nervous system modulates glutamatergic transmission. Functions of
d
-serine in mammalian peripheral tissues such as skin have also been described. However,
d
-serine’s functions in nonmammals are unclear. Here, we characterized
d
-serine–dependent vesicle release from the epidermis during metamorphosis of the tunicate
Ciona
.
d
-Serine leads to the formation of a pocket that facilitates the arrival of migrating tissue during tail regression. NMDAR is the receptor of
d
-serine in the formation of the epidermal pocket. The epidermal pocket is formed by the release of epidermal vesicles’ content mediated by
d
-serine/NMDAR. This mechanism is similar to observations of keratinocyte vesicle exocytosis in mammalian skin. Our findings provide a better understanding of the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis in animals and contribute to further evolutionary perspectives of
d
-amino acid function among metazoans.
Conjugates of Aminopenicillins with Proteins: Synthesis, Immunogenic Properties, and Binding to the β-Lactam Receptor and Antibodies
Authors: Kuprienko O. S. , Serchenya T. S. , Vashkevich I. I. , Harbachova I. V. , Zilberman A. I. , Sviridov O. V.
Published: March 2022

A new approach to aminopenicillin modification and conjugation with proteins was developed using di-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of dicarboxylic acids as crosslinkers. Acylation of ampicillin (Amp) and amoxicillin (Amox) with di-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of adipic or terephthalic acids was carried out in an organic solvent. Subsequent conjugation of the resulting aminopenicillin derivatives with proteins was done in an aqueous medium at pH 8.3 to produce immunogenic and enzymatic conjugates of Amp and Amox. The β-lactam cycle of Amp was shown to remain intact after chemical modification and synthesis of linker conjugates. An immunogenic Amp–thyroglobulin conjugate containing an aromatic linker was used for long-term immunization of rabbits, and polyclonal antibodies thus obtained were found to bind Amp, Amox, and penicillin G with extremely high sensitivity. Amp and Amox conjugates with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were synthesized and characterized in a competitive protein-binding (receptor) assay and a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the model immunoassay systems tested, the best characteristics were observed for heterologous direct ELISA with polyclonal antibodies and the Amp–HRP conjugate that contained an adipic acid fragment as a linker: the Amp sensitivity was 0.03 ng/mL and IC50 = 0.20 ng/mL.
Fragments of the Fab-3 and Fab-4 Boundaries of the Drosophila melanogaster Bithorax Complex That Include CTCF Sites Are not Effective Insulators
Authors: Kyrchanova O. V. , Postika N. Y. , Sokolov V. V. , Georgiev P. G.
Published: March 2022

The segment-specific regulatory domains of the Bithorax complex (BX-C), which consists of three homeotic genes Ubx, abd-A and Abd-B, are separated by boundaries that function as insulators. Most of the boundaries contain binding sites for the architectural protein CTCF, which is conserved for higher eukaryotes. As was shown previously, the CTCF sites determine the insulator activity of the boundaries of the Abd-B regulatory region. In this study, it was shown that fragments of the Fab-3 and Fab-4 boundaries of the abd-A regulatory region, containing CTCF binding sites, are not effective insulators.