bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychophysiology Indicators of Relational Aggression
Authors: Murray-Close Dianna , Breslend Nicole L. , Ann Holterman Leigh
Published: May 2018

Mounting evidence implicates psychophysiological processes in the development of relational aggression. This review discusses the state of the field regarding associations between physiological stress systems—including the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis—and relational aggression. The theoretical significance of these processes is discussed, and potential moderators of associations, such as functions of relational aggression, contextual risk, and gender, are considered. Finally, critical next steps in this research area, including the incorporation of additional physiological indicators, are reviewed. This research has the potential to advance our understanding of many of the significant questions in relational aggression research, such as who engages in relational aggression and why, and whether these behaviors result in negative or positive developmental outcomes.
Examining Relational Aggression in an Individual Differences Context
Authors: Tackett Jennifer L. , Smack Avantè J. , Reardon Kathleen W.
Published: May 2018

Individual differences, such as normal-range personality, personality pathology, and genetics (specifically behavioral genetics), are variables or constructs that can be used to distinguish people. Individual differences have also been used to understand differences in antisocial behavior, including relational aggression, and can help inform the scientific conceptualization of this behavior. This chapter summarizes evidence for individual differences in relational aggression in three dimensions: normal-range personality, personality pathology, and behavioral genetics. Relationally aggressive behaviors are associated with normal-range personality traits, including high negative affect and low interpersonal and intrapersonal self-regulation. Relational aggression also overlaps with personality pathology. With regard to genetics, relational aggression can be explained by genetic factors and also shows substantial influences from environmental factors. Taken together, relational aggression is probably influenced by a number of internal and external factors, and individual differences research highlights potential heterogeneity in the construct.
Parenting and Relational Aggression
Authors: Nelson David A. , Hart Craig H.
Published: May 2018

Many studies have considered whether parents play a role in either promoting or moderating their children’s engagement in relational aggression (also known as indirect or social aggression). This is not surprising, given the consistent parenting correlates of physical aggression in prior research. There is evidence of fairly regular correspondence between children’s relational aggression and their parenting and home environment. We comprehensively consider the range of existing studies that have considered parenting correlates, and we group similar studies together. While most studies have utilized social learning theory as the foundation for empirical inquiry, there are researchers who consider alternative theories (attachment, social cognition) and emphases (e.g., direct vs. indirect effects of parenting) in their consideration of individual differences for relational aggression. Parenting influences are also qualified by children’s differential susceptibilities (e.g., biological or temperamental variations). In considering all of these issues, the contrast with physical aggression is carefully observed.
Affect in the Context of Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Hagger Martin S. , Protogerou Cleo
Published: May 2018

Self-determination theory has been applied to understand the role of affect in motivation and behavior in health contexts. According to self-determination theory, autonomous forms of motivation, reflecting self-endorsed reasons for acting and the satisfaction of psychological needs, are related to participation and persistence in health behavior. Research examining the role of affect in determining health behavior from the perspective of the theory is relatively sparse. Affect has served as both an outcome and process in applications of the theory to health behavior. Positive affect and psychological well-being have been identified as important outcomes of participating in behaviors for autonomous reasons. Affect is inextricably linked to motivational processes through eudaimonic and hedonic well-being, the passionate pursuit of activities, and the regulation of behavior through active management of aversive emotional responses. The chapter outlines how support for autonomous motivation by significant others may lead to adaptive behavioral engagement and affective responses in health behavior.
Affect, Dual-Processing, Developmental Psychopathology, and Health Behaviors
Authors: Wiers Reinout W. , Anderson Kristen G. , Van Bockstaele Bram , Salemink Elske , Hommel Bernhard
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses dual-process models of (health) behaviors, regarding both their recent criticisms and implications for health interventions. It agrees with critics that impulsive and reflective processes should not be equated with specific brain processes, but that psychological processes are emergent properties of the dynamic unfolding interplay between different neural systems. It maintains that at a psychological level of description, these models can still be useful to understand challenges to health behaviors and possible interventions. Affective processes can influence impulsive decision-making in health, but also reflective processes, when they concern affectively relevant goals. Cognitive training methods, including cognitive bias modification and training of executive control, have shown some success in changing health behaviors, but a critical variable for long-term success appears to be motivation to change.
Affect as a Potential Determinant of Physical Activity and Exercise
Authors: Ekkekakis Panteleimon , Zenko Zachary , Ladwig Matthew A. , Hartman Mark E.
Published: May 2018

The promotion of physical activity and exercise has been a persistently challenging problem for industrialized societies. Traditionally, these behaviors have been conceptualized as resulting from the rational processing of information (e.g., regarding anticipated benefits, personal capabilities, sources of support). Therefore, attempts to change these behaviors have relied on the provision of information. The persistent failure to account for substantial portions of behavioral variance or raise physical activity and exercise behavior in a sustainable manner is forcing researchers to expand their theoretical perspective. Thus, emerging dual-process conceptualizations postulate that, besides an information-based pathway, physical activity and exercise may be influenced by affect, such as the energy and tiredness felt in daily life, or the pleasure and displeasure responses to past exercise. This chapter highlights potential conceptual and methodological pitfalls in this emerging line of research and summarizes the promising results of early correlational and experimental studies.
Affect and Clinical Decision-Making
Authors: Heyhoe Jane , Lawton Rebecca
Published: May 2018

In the chapter “Affect and Clinical Decision-Making,” theoretical and empirical literature from within and outside healthcare are drawn on to understand the role of affect in clinical decision-making at the individual and team level. Theories of individual decision-making are summarized and psychological models of decision-making and current knowledge of thought processes are presented to explain the role of affect in judgment and behavior in healthcare settings. Three types of affect: anticipatory affect, incidental affect, and anticipated affect are discussed in detail and used to illustrate how affective states may play a role in different clinical contexts and settings. Gaps in the existing evidence base are identified, and suggestions are made for interventions that might support health professionals to make better decisions.
Emotions, Delay, and Avoidance in Cancer Screening
Authors: Consedine Nathan S. , Reynolds Lisa M. , Borg Charmaine
Published: May 2018

Delay and avoidance are massive problems in cancer screening. While work continues to examine demographic and cognitive factors, emotions are central and likely causally implicated. In this chapter, a discrete emotions view of the origins of cancer screening is presented. After characterizing emotions, focus rests on evaluating the evidence regarding how and why three avoidance-promoting emotions (fear, embarrassment, and disgust) are implicated. The chapter describes the symptoms and medical examinations that elicit these emotions and suggests that people fail to screen for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers because screenings elicit (or are anticipated to elicit) these feelings. It concludes by assessing some of the measurement, design, and interpretative challenges in the area, considers the sexual nature of many screens, and discusses the fact that screenings may elicit multiple emotional responses.
Introduction
Authors: Rohman Carrie
Published: May 2018

Rather than looking primarily “beyond” ourselves to understand animals and aesthetics, I suggest we must also look “within” to identify a deep coincidence of the human and animal elaboration of life forces in bioaesthetic practices. A “bio-impulse” at the root of the aesthetic itself connects human artistic propensities to animality through strategies of excess, display, and intensification. Re-envisioning the aesthetic domain itself as trans-species in scope is ethically charged because our species must acknowledge the shared status of art-making, one of our most hallowed and formerly “exceptional” activities. In examining the work, theories, and art practices of Isadora Duncan, D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, Rachel Rosenthal, Merce Cunningham, and John Cage, I articulate ways to recognize and assess the entanglement of human and nonhuman aesthetic forces.
Expression and Transformation
Authors: Lehman Frank
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the two core theoretical concepts of this study: expressivity and transformation. These two topics are broached through an initial examination of two highly dissimilar cinematic style topics: whole-tone harmony and stepwise modulations. The stylistic and aesthetic continuity with Romantic Era practices, especially from Wagner, is emphasized. A working model of tonal expressivity is constructed, in which intrinsic and extrinsic musical factors combine to form combinatorial meaning. With these concepts in hand, the notion of transformation—the cornerstone of neo-Riemannian theory—is introduced, and the second half of this chapter fleshes out the idiom of pantriadic chromaticism. A clear definition for pantriadicism is offered, along with a provisional aesthetics and analytical methodology for the idiom. The chapter concludes with a treatment of three common guises of pantriadicism—absolute progressions, sequences, and discursive chromaticism—all of which tend to occur on the musical surface rather than background.
Scope of State Immunity
Authors: Okeke Edward Chukwuemeke
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the scope of State immunity. It examines who and what benefits from the jurisdictional immunity of a State, and under what conditions or circumstances. Although State immunity belongs to the State itself, States act through agents or agencies. The chapter also examines the distinction between immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae, between acta jure imperii and acta jure gestionis for purposes of the doctrine of restrictive State immunity. It analyzes the common exceptions to State immunity, as well as some controversial ones. The chapter also examines what constitutes a waiver of State immunity. However, some courts consider a waiver as an exception, which may be a vestige of the doctrine of absolute State immunity under which no suit could be brought against a State without its consent. In the end, exceptions and waivers have the same effect in the sense that immunity is denied the State.
Breaking the Surface
Authors: Bailey Doug
Published: May 2018

This book is the first monograph-length attempt at a new way to engage the past: art/archaeology. Taking as its focus the excavation and interpretation of pit-houses in Neolithic Europe, the book critiques current thinking on these early architectural constructions and then provides an original and provocative exploration of the critical element that previous work has neglected: the actions and consequences of digging as defined as breaking the surface of the ground. The work of the book is performed by juxtaposing richly detailed discussions of archaeological sites (Etton and The Wilsford Shaft in the UK, and Măgura in Romania) with the work of three artists-who-cut (Ron Athey, Gordon Matta-Clark, Lucio Fontana), with deep and detailed examinations of the philosophy of holes, the perceptual psychology of shapes, and the linguistic anthropology of cutting and breaking words, as well as with the diversity of frames of spatial reference used by different communities and an understanding of a premodern ungrounded way of living. The book is as much a creative act on its own (seen in its layout, its mixture of work from many disparate periods and regions, and its use of text interruption), as it is an interpretive statement about prehistoric architecture (i.e., the pit-houses of prehistoric Europe and beyond).
Cutting Deep
Authors: Bailey Doug
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a detailed description, discussion, and interpretation of the Middle Bronze Age site, the Wilsford Shaft. The discussion moves the debate beyond the existing ritual-versus-economic explanation, and argues that the reader should assess the site, its creation, and use in terms of digging to extreme depths. The chapter positions the Wilsford Shaft in the context of recent and current thinking about southern Britain in the Middle Bronze Age, as presented in a detailed description of excavations of the farmstead at Down Farm, and current thinking about the local prehistoric, social landscape in Britain at this time. The chapter concludes by suggesting that current attempts to understand Wilsford can be supplemented by focusing on the presence of ground-cutting that occurred both at The Shaft and at Down Farm.
Cutting Absolute Worlds
Authors: Bailey Doug
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents the work of cultural anthropologist Tim Ingold (on grounded and ungrounded being) and of linguistic anthropologist Stephen Levinson (on spatial frames of reference). Both authors provide the reader with new ways to think about the object being cut at Măgura: the ground. Discussion of Ingold’s work examines his thinking on the shift from a groundless existence in modernity (imposed by shoes, roads, cars, etc., which separate us form the ground), and comment on Levinson’s investigation of the distinction among three ways that people understand where they are in the world (relative, intrinsic, and absolute frames of spatial referencing). The chapter concludes with a proposal that the reader will benefit from thinking about the Măgura pit-houses in terms of an absolute grounded existence.
Introduction
Authors: Sposato Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2018

IN THE FALL of 1778, Johann Adam Hiller, music director (Kapellmeister) of Leipzig’s leading subscription concert series since 1763, published a booklet to accompany the forthcoming Concerts Spirituels—the biannual set of sacred-music programs performed during the penitential seasons of Advent and Lent—that were to be presented by his Musikübende Gesellschaft (Music-Practicing Society)....
Generics and Biosimilars
Authors: Schweitzer Stuart O. , Lu Z. John
Published: May 2018

The generic pharmaceutical industry is arguably the most important player in the quest for affordable healthcare, especially in the United States. Since the inception of the industry following the enactment of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act in 1984, generics have grown by leaps and bounds, and by 2015 they accounted for almost 90 percent of prescriptions filled in the United States. This chapter describes the history, industrial organization, regulatory approval process, price competition, and strategic behavior in this vitally important sector. It also provides an in-depth look at the issue of drug shortages, which affect older, generic products the most. The last part of the chapter examines the rising financial and regulatory significance of biosimilar drugs, which are analogous to generics for biological drugs, in the United States and Europe.
Modern Memnon
Authors: Rosenmeyer Patricia A.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 starts with the accidental silencing of the statue in the early third century CE, and jumps ahead to its rediscovery in Europe. In the mid-eighteenth century, travelers reported seeing a huge statue with poems etched on its surface. Later, Napoleon’s surveyors brought back drawings scribbled down in their free time. The nineteenth century saw a craze for all things Egyptian: Hegel mentioned the colossus; Keats and Wordsworth turned Memnon into a Romantic hero. Memnon functioned as an alter ego for the poet himself, broken in body yet still striving to sing in the harsh environment of the real world. Just as he had in the imperial period, Memnon also represented something strange and inexplicable. The striking voice of Shelley’s “Ozymandias” is also heard only in the context of fragmentation and decay. The status of these statues as fragments, as colossal wrecks, allows for the magic of the voice.
Why Mobile Phones Became Ubiquitous: Remediation and Socialities
Authors: Tenhunen Sirpa
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 describes and analyzes the incremental process through which mobile phones became ubiquitous in a village in rural West Bengal, India. It also introduces the village as the main setting of the research and describes the changing patterns of connections and interaction among the villagers, as well as between the village and the outside world. Mobile telephony invigorated and built on these connections that influence the forms of socialities in the village. Mobile phones were neither the first nor the only media in the village: radios and televisions preceded mobile telephony, and by 2012 some villagers had acquired landline phones and computers. This chapter compares the appropriation of mobile phones to how other media—landline phones, radios, televisions, and computers—were adopted. Mobile phones were affordable and could be easily integrated into preexisting communication practices.
Mediating Gender
Authors: Tenhunen Sirpa
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5 looks at how mobile phones mediate gender and kinship relationships. It demonstrates that the positive impacts of women’s phone use are subtle and ambiguous: most calls are about the slight redefinition of home boundaries. Phones in Janta make it possible for women to extend the safety associated with home to cover moving in the outside world. Phones also help women reach the outside world from their homes, providing them with new possibilities to choose the context for their speech and to engage in critical and unconventional discourses. Phones especially help young wives to challenge their mother-in law’s authority and build closer relationships with their mothers after marriage. However, women are positioned differently in how frequently they can make calls. A woman’s ability to call reflects the position she has carved for herself in her in-law’s house as well as the household’s economic standing.
Sense and Sadness
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

Sense and Sadness is a story of the living practice of Syriac chant in Aleppo, Syria. To understand and explain this oral tradition, the book puts forward the concept of the emotional economy of music aesthetics, an economy in which the emotional and the aesthetic interrelate in mutually indicative ways. The book is based on observing chant practice in the Syrian Orthodox Church in contemporary contexts in the Middle East and beyond, while keeping as its nexus of analysis the Edessan chant of St. George’s Church of Hayy al-Suryan and focusing on Passion Week. It examines written sources on the music of Syriac chant in light of ethnographic analysis, thus combining various modes of knowledge on this problematic subject. This historically informed reading of an early Christian liturgical tradition reveals contemporary modes of significance in the dynamic social and political surroundings of a community that endures exile after exile. The book thus places the music, and its subject(s), in a global context the only stable element of which is uncertainty. The first of the book’s four parts addresses issues of contextuality, such as geographic and temporal situationality, along with musical complexity in conceptions of modality. The second and third parts address overlapping modes of knowledge and value, respectively, in the musical ecclesiastical enterprise. The final part brings together the book’s subthemes. Spirituality, ethnic religiosity, authority, and value-based forms of identification and sociality are brought to bear on analyzing ḥasho: the mode, emotion, and time of commemorating divine suffering and human sadness.
Ḥasho
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: May 2018

THIS CHAPTER begins by explaining the emotion of huzn, sadness, as a religious aesthetic, then presents ḥasho within canonical liturgical practice. It also explains ḥasho as an emotion to which aesthetic value is inherent, and that understanding it as such sheds light on its conception as a musical mode. The aim is to inform a thinking in which music modality might better be understood through the aesthetic indexing of emotional value. Through a combined musical and ethnographic analysis of music theory on ḥasho and of its employment in the commemoration of the crucifixion, ḥasho emerges as more than a mode or a time; it is a social emotion that marks a spiritual space. Building on previous chapters, this final chapter demonstrates the intricate connections between music modality and modes of emotionality. In ḥasho, the two meet, intersecting through the aesthetic, in an experiential conception of modality that negotiates the complexities of feeling and judging, of sensing and sense making.
The Guru’s Tongue
Authors: Hayes Glen Alexander
Published: May 2018

This essay explores the nature of religious language and uses of conceptual metaphors in an important branch of medieval Bengali Hinduism known as the Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā traditions which practiced a form of esoteric tantric yoga involving a series of external rituals, internalized visualizations, a special mystical language, and a rejection of the norms of Hindu caste and ritual purity. Developing after the time of the great Bengali devotional leader Kṛṣṇa Caitanya, they also incorporated emotional and devotional practices known as bhakti (“devotion”) which enriched their religious practices, language, and uses of conceptual metaphors. The essay considers how using several approaches to studying conceptual metaphors can help to better understand the process and dynamics of these traditions, how the usage of the vernacular language of Bengali influenced their religious language and metaphors, and how the historical and cultural contexts of deltaic Bengal influenced their beliefs, practices, and textual expressions.
Snakes, Leaves, and Poisoned Arrows
Authors: Kowalewski Hubert
Published: May 2018

A paradox about emotions is that although we experience them directly through our minds and bodies, they appear to be vague and elusive when we try to talk about them. Consequently, most of the language used to speak about emotions is metaphorical. This observation is consonant with cognitive linguistics, which views metaphors as conceptual rather than purely verbal mechanisms. Emotions are one of the central matters of Buddhist philosophy, and language used to talk about them abounds in conceptual metaphors. This article inspects metaphorical expressions used in the canonical collection of early Buddhist texts. It reveals fundamental differences in the way emotions are thought of in Buddhist and Western culture. While in the West emotions are typically conceptualized in terms of FORCE, Buddhism conceives them in terms of FORCE, OBJECT or both. These variations are not incidental and results from fundamental differences between Christian and Buddhist worldviews and philosophy.
Buddhist Metaphors in the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra
Authors: Gao Xiuping , Lan Chun
Published: May 2018

This is a study of the metaphorical expressions in the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, with a special emphasis on five concepts, SPACE, TIME, LIFE, BUDDHIST PRACTICE and EMPTINESS. It is found that the Buddhist SPACE is AN UNSUBSTANTIAL EMPTINESS, structured along ten directions and filled with an immeasurable number of dusts, which in turn constitute an immeasurable number of SHI-JIE (WORLD) on four different levels. The Buddhist TIME follows the root TIME-AS-SPACE metaphor. The Buddhist LIFE, constrained along both the temporal dimension and the spatial dimension, is A CYCLIC JOURNEY IN THE WHEEL OF SIX PATHS. BUDDHIST PRACTICE is A JOURNEY FROM REINCARNATION TO NIRVANA. These metaphors help construct a Buddhist world which is distinct from but also related to the mundane world that we all dwell in.
Duties and Choices in Philanthropic Giving
Authors: Hill Jr Thomas E
Published: May 2018

This essay explains Kant’s general duty of beneficence and addresses the objections that as interpreted here the principle is too anemic (Cummiskey), that it requires us devalue our own happiness (Slote), and that it fails to acknowledge that some acts are good to do but not required (Urmson). The general duty leaves a wide area of free choice, but other moral considerations may affect the application of Kant’s principles to particular cases of philanthropic giving: justice, respect, the kind of help needed, and the motives of the giver.
Virtue Ethics, Thick Concepts, and Paradoxes of Beneficence
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: May 2018

Reasons of beneficence are at the core of ethics and also of many of its paradoxes. What is needed for their resolution is an appreciation of the distinctive nature of what has been called the logos of ethics; an openness to a practical reality of notably reasons. That openness constitutes the mode of being of that reality and thereby its ontology. I propose a virtue ethical understanding of the logos of ethics. Here the thick virtue and vice concepts are central. This conception of the ethical provides a stark contrast to the narrowness and thinness of the “moral” as traditionally conceived. After outlining the basic theoretical position—the chapter deploys the view to resolve paradoxes of beneficence. These are the paradox of supererogation, the “It Makes No Difference” Paradox (e.g., that of pooled beneficence), and that of the underdetermination by reasons for action (e.g., of what charity to support).
Severe Poverty as an Unjust Emergency
Authors: Ashford Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

On the one hand, recent literature on global justice urges us to correct features of global structures that contribute to the persistence of severe poverty. On the other, Peter Singer has argued that our obligations to donate to agencies such as Oxfam are at least as stringent as the obligation to rescue a child we happened to pass who is drowning in a pond. His argument has triggered a movement, known as “effective altruism,” which encourages people to donate a substantial proportion of their income to the most effective NGOs and advises them on how they can do the most good with their money. This paper examines the debate between these two positions and argues for a pluralist view, according to which duties to correct global injustice should be seen as back-up duties to those duties of aid which (as Singer rightly argues) are of the utmost moral urgency.
Giving Isn’t Demanding
Authors: MacAskill William , Mogensen Andreas , Ord Toby
Published: May 2018

Peter Singer argues that middle-class members of affluent countries have an obligation to give away almost all their income to fight poverty in the developing world. Others, however, argue that this view is too demanding: it is asking more of us than morality truly requires. This chapter proposes a weaker principle, the very weak principle of sacrifice: Most middle-class members of affluent countries ought, morally, to use at least 10 percent of their income to effectively improve the lives of others. This principle is not very demanding at all, and therefore the “demandingness” objection has not even pro tanto force against it.
Character and Identity
Authors: Bronstein Michaela
Published: May 2018

What is the appeal and use of a charismatic character? Henry James’s attempt to preserve an ideal of vivid character associated with older genres like romance becomes part of James Baldwin’s set of rhetorical tools for demanding recognition of gay and black humanity. James shows the contagion of personality among characters not to reject a Victorian style of defined characterization, but as material for his protagonists’ decisive acts of self-definition. When Baldwin rejects the protest novel for failing to recognize the agency of individuals in resisting the roles society casts them in, it is through a Jamesian ideal of identity constructed out of, but not trapped within, one’s social context. The charismatically individual character provides a template for resisting the influence of social convention.
What Chronology Demands of Us
Authors: Bronstein Michaela
Published: May 2018

Why tell a story out of order? Conrad’s narrative experiments are usually read as reflecting a skeptical attitude toward human achievement and knowledge: he tells events out of order, critics suggest, in order to question whether any version of events is more valid than any other; experience dissolves into fragmentary chaos. This chapter shows that by upending chronology, Conrad instead provokes the reader to see the connections between different moments, and to become invested in the process of using disparate perspectives as material for the reader’s own single understanding. In Conrad’s chronological and perspectival experiments, Ngũgĩ sees tools for acknowledging the complexity of events—like British actions during the state of emergency in Kenya—while at the same time compelling his readers to take a political and moral stand on them. He uses achronology and multiple voices to demand an international audience’s engagement with the crises and dilemmas of decolonization.
Performing Christian Martyrdoms
Authors: Streete Gail P.
Published: May 2018

Christian martyrdom is a performance that employs the body as both an instrument and an arena in which to portray a message about ideal Christian behavior in opposition to “the world,” enacting a sacrificial death imitating that of Jesus. Drawing upon Greco-Roman traditions of the hero myth and the Stoic noble death, as well as Hellenistic, Jewish narratives of death in obedience to God’s law, Christian martyrologists constructed the propaganda of martyrdom. Their rhetoric of resistance, both spoken and enacted, transformed elite concepts of Roman imperial virtue by applying them to a despised minority. The public ordeal of the martyrs shows their transformation from an identity defined by “the world” into a new identity—that of the triumphant Christ—proclaimed through the spectacle of their dying. Martyrs’ worldly bodies thus are visibly and spectacularly transformed by annihilation into vessels dedicated to the power of their God.
Hindu Ascetic Death
Authors: Storm Mary
Published: May 2018

Voluntary death as a religious ascetic ritual has had a long and complex history in India. At discrete moments of India’s religious history, suicide was condemned, while at other historical moments, self-chosen death was elevated to an ideal of devotion. Seeking death was considered both an ascetic exercise and a heroic enterprise. In the past, heroes were those individuals who vowed to live exceptional lives dedicated to sacred exploration and conquest. Those heroes who sought death hoped to conquer the fear of uncertainty and the dichotomy of life and death. They wished to find the release of mokṣa and liberation from duality. The evidence for voluntary death as a form of devotional expression may be found in historical narratives, literary references, religious texts, on-site inscriptional materials, and numerous sculptural memorials.
Dying Heroically
Authors: Vallely Anne
Published: May 2018

Within the Jaina tradition, the ideal and most celebrated death is a voluntary, fully conscious fast which aims to “scratch out the body” for the sake of the soul. Called sallekhanā, the fast is understood to be the pinnacle of nonviolence, because it entails the complete eradication of the passions that are the root cause of violence. But above all, sallekhanā is understood by Jains to be heroic; it is the ultimate culmination of a courageous life dedicated to the soul’s emancipation from the cycle of birth and death. The equation of sallekhanā with heroism is an ancient one in the Jain imagination, and continues to govern the way in which the religious death is understood and practiced by Jains in the early twenty-first century. This chapter explores the central role that heroism plays within the ritual fast to death and, more fundamentally, within the Jain tradition.
Hear No Evil
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5, the third empirical chapter, provides evidence of specific processes in the development of NATO’s institutional memory. The first part of the chapter describes process tracing as a methodology for testing competing explanations for how memory develops. The second part of the chapter applies process tracing tests to assess evidence from structured interviews and primary NATO documents. In these sections, the chapter demonstrates evidence in support of three mechanisms by which elites share knowledge of strategic errors. Interview evidence reflects elites’ use of these mechanisms. To assess the use of interpersonal networks (one mechanism), a social network analysis is applied. A visualization identifies who are the knowledge guardians within the network. The chapter provides discussion on what leads to someone becoming a guardian. Evidence from the process tracing tests and network analysis indicate that elites rely on a handful of individuals to maintain institutional memory across time.
A Reactive Culture
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

Chapter 7 explains why NATO’s institutional memory continues to develop in the way that it does – despite formal learning processes being underutilized. Findings in this chapter draw on the author’s survey-based interviews with 120 NATO elites. The chapter begins by arguing that NATO’s organizational culture locks-in elites’ preference for relying on informal processes and avoiding formal processes. Key characteristics of NATO’s culture posed challenges for identifying and reporting strategic errors. The organization’s norm of consensus made formal agreements on past strategic errors difficult. Moreover, NATO’s focus on reaction over retrospection and a broader culture of blame aversion provided elites with little incentive to break the tradition of reliance on informal processes for memory development. Elites described feeling continuous pressure to react to the crisis at hand and treat past crises as unique – leaving little reason to invest in learning from past failures.
Conclusion: Toward Total Recall in International Organizations
Authors: Hardt Heidi
Published: May 2018

Chapter 8 offers a summary of the findings discussed in earlier chapters and directions for future research. The chapter first reiterates the argument that institutional memory develops in international organizations (IOs) from elites’ reliance on informal processes, such as networks, because formal learning infrastructure can disincentivize reporting. The chapter then identifies the book’s theoretical and empirical contributions to scholarship on IOs, organizational learning and organizational change. Subsequent sections proceed to discuss how the book’s argument can be applied to explain institutional memory in other IOs beyond NATO. The chapter then presents a series of policy recommendations to strengthen institutional memory. Examples include realigning incentives in the institutional design of organizations’ formal learning infrastructure and means of supporting existing informal learning processes. The chapter then provides concluding remarks about the importance of transnational interpersonal networks for protecting IOs’ institutional memory of the past to prevent future failures.
The essential political and institutional background
Authors: Fulcher Jane F.
Published: May 2018

Vichy was no monolith but was rather (especially at first) composed of fractious groups projecting a variety of different visions. The powers of some declined with time as a result of changes in French political direction as well as German pressures and conditions within France. Given its evolution, and the continuities and disputes that underlay the regime, this chapter examines how Vichy, as different groups within it gained power, conceived and presented itself and its image of French cultural values and national traditions to its own constituents. Within this context it also explores how Vichy’s musical policies evolved along with changes in the regime and its personnel. It also considers the Germans’ cultural structures, tactics, aims, and exigencies in music as the war advanced and the Occupation spread to the southern zone.
Reinscribing, framing, and subverting an operatic icon: Debussy’s Pelléas et Mélisande
Authors: Fulcher Jane F.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reveals the way in which French cultural officials gradually came to employ an iconic operatic work, selected initially by Rouché for pragmatic reasons, and how they slowly sought to adapt its ideological significance. It would eventually serve (to employ the terminology of Pierre Bourdieu) as a rite of consecration, or of legitimization, as the regime and collaboration slowly hardened. But Pelléas was not a monolithic emblem of French cultural pride, nor was its message or its physical instantiation immutable or unequivocal. Through its successive performances the chapter traces the evolution of the regime as well as its vision, conception, and uses of French culture. It also discerns the way in which the Resistance appropriated and used the work in its clandestine publications.
Rethinking Ibn 'Arabi
Authors: Lipton Gregory A.
Published: May 2018

For over a century, Euro-American scholars and esotericists alike have heralded the thirteenth-century Spanish mystic Ibn ‘Arabi (d. 1240) as the premodern Sufi theorist of inclusive religious universalism who claimed all contemporaneous religions as equally valid beyond the religio-political divide of medieval exclusivism. Rethinking Ibn ‘Arabi calls into question this Western image of Ibn ‘Arabi and throws into relief how his discourse is inseparably intertwined with the absolutist vision of his own religious milieu—that is, the triumphant claim that Islam fulfilled, superseded, and therefore abrogated all previously revealed religions. By exploring how Ibn ‘Arabi’s ideas have been read, appropriated, and universalized within the regnant interpretative field of Perennial Philosophy in the study of Sufism, Rethinking Ibn ‘Arabi theorizes Ibn ‘Arabi’s own absolutist conception of universalism in juxtaposition to his contemporary universalist reception. The contours that surface through this comparative analysis trace the discursive practices that inform Ibn ‘Arabi’s Western reception back to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conceptions of “authentic” religion where European ethnoracial superiority is wielded against a Semitic Other—both Jewish and Muslim. Rethinking Ibn ‘Arabi thus argues that in ironically similar ways to Ibn ‘Arabi’s medieval absolutism, contemporary Western universalist constructions of religious authenticity contain buried orders of politics concealing supersessionist models of exclusivism.
The Siblys of London
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

Recent historical accounts of aspects of life during the long eighteenth century are replete with fascinating vignettes of little-known figures. As individual sketches, they are illustrative of larger arguments, but the assumption has been that, in general, scholars have already retrieved all the information they could about socially or historically obscure characters, and consequently nothing else has been sought. But over the past few decades, techniques and technologies have dramatically changed the landscape of biographical research. This is demonstrated in the current study, a biographical microhistory of shoemaker Edmund Sibly, his sons Ebenezer, Manoah, and Job, daughter Charity, and granddaughter Urania. Through the use of such sources as ratebooks and poll books, personal letters and published sermons, burial registers and horoscopes, it is possible to weave together a much more true and useful account of middling lives than would have been believed possible even a few decades ago. The result is a supremely entertaining family history that also offers useful revisions to existing scholarly accounts of brothers Ebenezer and Manoah, while placing the entire family firmly on the esoteric fringes of Georgian London.
Nicholas Culpeper Redivivus
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the vicissitudes of the London publishing scene in the early 1790s. Sibly published beautifully produced books—on astrology and magic, astrological medicine, and later on gynecology and venereal complaints. But publishing was fraught—he never had enough money to keep control of the copyright to his works—so one of the main themes of this chapter is how he maneuvered through copyright law and practice to take advantage of lacunae in the law to repeatedly reclaim copyrights, and with them, the profit from popular works. The chapter uses Sibly’s case to illustrate the difficulties authors had in making a profit in the late eighteenth-century London publishing world.
Father Noah
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

Ebenezer Sibly needed cash to set up his business, and in 1790 he was hired to manage a parliamentary election in Ipswich, in Suffolk. He had no political experience and no connections to Suffolk. However, by this time he was a senior freemason with ties to Thomas Dunckerley, an influential Provincial Grand Master for many English counties. This chapter re-examines and offers a revisionist interpretation of the connections between Sibly and Dunckerley. With Dunckerley’s connivance, Sibly set up a fraudulent lodge. He used ritual, public performance, and promise of financial benefit to swear an ever-growing number of freemen into membership. He then presented his employer, the candidate Sir John Hadley D’Oyly, as the choice of the lodge. D’Oyly was duly elected. Sibly stayed in town long enough to help secure D’Oyly’s interest and then took the lodge money and left town. The following year he was burned in effigy.
Manoah’s Songs of Experience
Authors: Mitchell Sommers Susan
Published: May 2018

There is a strong temptation to hold up the lives of brothers Manoah and Ebenezer Sibly for comparison—they make plausible stock characters: the good brother and the bad one. The bare evidence of their lives readily suggests this simplistic reading. Manoah was described by his eulogist as “quiet, steady, tolerant, patient, and above all, trustworthy.” Manoah was a steady husband and devoted father, a responsible shorthand recorder employed by the Old Bailey, a long-time employee of the Bank of England, and for fifty years, a Swedenborgian minister. He seems the antithesis to the flighty, insincere, deceptive Ebenezer. But Manoah was not a simple character. In the 1780s, he and Ebenezer worked jointly on astrological projects, embroiling Manoah in legal and spiritual compromises that brought some very public criticism, endangering Manoah’s reputation within the New Church.
The Self of Self-Love
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

This chapter offers an account of the incentive of self-love in Kant’s practical philosophy. Kant has come under intense criticism for claiming that all action contrary to the moral law is driven by a commitment to hedonistic pleasure or what Kant calls “self-love.” The worry is that in arguing that all evil arises from self-love or a concern for one’s own happiness or pleasure, Kant commits himself to a crude, simplistic, and implausible account of human behavior and motivation. Here, it is argued that we can develop a more sophisticated version of Kant’s nonmoral psychology, one markedly different from Andrews Reath’s influential attempt to rehabilitate Kant on this score. Whereas Reath strips out much of the hedonism that seems to run throughout Kant’s account of nonmoral motivation, it is proposed that Kant’s readers attend to the role and demands of the self that seeks pleasures or that self-loves in Kantianism.
Kant’s Two-Stage Model of Moral Reform
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

This chapter offers an interpretive proposal for Kant’s two-stage model of moral reform in the Religion. Kant explicitly argues that an initial stage of moral conversion must be followed by continual moral progress in the empirical realm, but it is unclear why two stages are needed or how, exactly, they differ from one another. In this chapter, it is argued that one can best understand the first stage if conversion is framed as a kind of commitment, and that one can best understand the second stage if moral progress is conceived more as a cognitive, as opposed to volitional, type of effort. In the final section of this chapter, it is determined that the Metaphysics of Morals presents a compatible account of moral reform. Novel accounts of how to conceptualize moral strength and weakness, and Kant’s emphasis on the importance of empirical conduct, are also offered.
Moral Misunderstandings and the Ethical Community
Authors: Papish Laura
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores Kant’s concept of an ethical community. It considers at length an analogy made in the Religion between the ethical state of nature—which is left behind once human beings enter the ethical community—and the state of nature in a juridico-civil context. This analogy ultimately leads to the conclusion that the central task of the ethical community is to help its members adjudicate disagreements about the social aims appropriate to good life conduct. It is further explained why the ethical community should be centered on a “historical” or “ecclesiastical faith,” as it is shown that such a community can promote moral knowledge, self-understanding, and interpersonal communication. How Kant’s account of the highest good relates to the ethical community is also considered, as are questions regarding how norms of pluralism and inclusivity are adopted by the ethical community.
Graph Theory for Temporal Structure
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces mathematical graph theory and develops graph-theory concepts that are useful for temporal networks. By generating chord progressions from networks, the potential musical and temporal meaning of graph-theory concepts, especially cycles, is emphasized. A number of concepts related to trees are introduced to show hierarchical aspects of temporal structure, and to allow for a comparison of Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff’s prolongational trees to temporal structures. This suggests an enrichment of MOPs through spanning trees, and is channelled into a discussion of graph-theoretic algebras, cycle and edge-cut algebras, as they apply to temporal structures.