bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genitive of Negation in Polish and Single-Cycle Derivations
Authors: Witkoś Jacek
Published: February 2009

This paper is inspired by the discussion of Genitive of Negation in Bondaruk (2004, 2005) and by an observation made in Błaszczak (2001) that, on the basis of examples such as (7) below, a construction known as Long Distance Genitive of Negation (GoN) in Polish is essentially entirely incompatible with Chomsky’s (2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007) hypotheses concerning derivations proceeding in phases. We will present general conditions which a system based on single cycle syntax and phase-based derivations should meet to account for Long Distance GoN. We attempt to work Błaszczak’s critique of phase-based minimalism into a more positive set of postulates for a successful single cycle system.

Another aim of this paper is to present and compare two minimalist accounts of the Genitive of Negation in Polish, the one discussed in Bondaruk (2004, 2005) and the one suggested here. First, we provide the basic set of facts that warrants the analyses that follow and refer to theoretical foundations that lead to Błaszczak’s observation. In section 3 we outline the proposal in Bondaruk (2004) and explore its virtues and weaker points. In section 4 we propose an alternative, preferable on both conceptual and empirical grounds, which is based on the notion of double probing: a relation between a single (or multiple Goal) and a double Probe, that is a Probe that consists of two adjacent heads rather than a single head. The key condition on double probing is that both Probes must be placed in the same derivational phase and no intervention effect should arise. Finally, the appendix presents a critical review of the HPSG approach to GoN proposed in Przepiórkowski 2000.
On the Syntax and Semantics of kakoj and čto za in Russian
Authors: Zimmermann Ilse
Published: February 2009

This contribution deals with the attributive pronouns kakoj and èto za in interrogative and exclamative sentences of Russian. It is an investigation into the polyfunctionality of these expressions, their integration into the DP structure, and their interplay with sentence mood. The morphosyntactic and semantic properties of these lexical items will be considered within the framework of Chomsky’s Minimalist Program, taking into account their semantic form and conceptual structure.
Convergence and Attrition: Serbian in Contact with English in Australia
Authors: Dimitrijević-Savić Jovana
Published: February 2009

The aim of this paper is to examine features resulting from language contact under conditions of language shift in a variety of Serbian spoken in a migrant community in Melbourne, Australia. Three categories of change are proposed: (i) change that makes Serbian more similar to English without simplifying it, exemplified by the resetting of the pro -drop parameter; (ii) change that simplifies the structures of Serbian without making them more similar to English, exemplified by leveling within the verbal inflectional paradigm and dropping of the 3sg auxiliary clitic je; and (iii) change that both simplifies the structures of Serbian and makes them more like English, exemplified by leveling within the nominal inflectional paradigm, use of full pronominal forms following the verb rather than clitic pronominal forms in second position, and placement of verbal auxiliary clitics and the reflexive clitic se.
Formal Consequences of Dative Clitic Doubling in Bulgarian Ditransitives: An Applicative Analysis
Authors: Slavkov Nikolay
Published: February 2009

This paper demonstrates that the Double Object Construction exists in Bulgarian, a fact that has so far escaped notice due to the disguise in which the construction appears. Bulgarian is a language that allows an indirect object to be optionally doubled by a dative clitic. I claim, however, that this optionality has formal consequences: ditransitives with dative clitic doubling are equivalent to Double Object Constructions (DOC), where the DP Goal is projected higher than the DP Theme. Variants without dative clitic doubling, on the other hand, are Prepositional Ditransitive Constructions (PDC), where the DP Theme is projected higher than the PP Goal. Although not evident from the surface word order and morphology in Bulgarian, the availability of these two distinct structures is confirmed through classic diagnostics such as binding, weak crossover, and scope. After attesting the DOC in Bulgarian, I offer an analysis in which the dative clitic is the morphological realization of an applicative head. I also draw parallels with Romance, suggesting that UG may be implicated in this type of doubling.
God’s Omnipotence and Presence in Abraham Joshua Heschel’s Philosophy
Authors: Even-Chen Alexander
Published: February 2009

In this essay I will address Heschel’s reflections on the presence and the power of God, as they appear in his different writings: in his poems, his articles and his books. It was Heschel’s belief that a man’s works are “windows allowing us to view the author’s soul.” Heschel’s writings attest to the deep inner struggle in his soul, as he considers the almightiness and presence of God. I will examine how historical events shaped Heschel’s spiritual insights and brought on new conceptions, new in the sense that they represent renewed spiritual discoveries for Heschel. I will then attempt to analyze Heschel’s changing perspectives on the matters of the almightiness and of the potency of God throughout his lifetime.
The Meaning of Suffering in the Thought of Abraham Joshua Heschel
Authors: Pérez Valera Víctor M.
Published: February 2009

This essay is dedicated, with gratitude, to the memory of A. J. Heschel, whose work has inspired both my religious vocation and my academic work, on the centenary of his birth.

In this essay I will first consider the mystery of evil from the perspective of the Jewish tradition. Then, drawing on the theological reflections of Abraham Joshua Heschel, I will elaborate on the theme of the sufferer as person and the person as sufferer. Next I will examine the topic of suffering as a matter of anthropodicy rather than of theodicy. Then I will analyze the prophetic vision which sees man as a source of evil and sees suffering as both punishment for sin and means of redemption. Finally, I will consider the problem of suffering and redemption in rabbinical theology and briefly outline some approaches to suffering in hasidic thought.
Melech Ravitch’s Two Encounters with Abraham Joshua Heschel
Authors: Ravitch Melech
Published: February 2009

Melech Ravitch (1893–1976), an important Yiddish poet and essayist, was the author of Meyn Leksikon a three-volume collection of brief essays or sketches of Yiddish authors, actors, and cultural activists. Abraham Joshua Heschel was the subject of a sketch in Vol. 2, pp. 21–23. The following is Ravitch’s essay. I have tried to preserve his style and vocabulary.
No Religion Is an Island: Following the Trail Blazer
Authors: Goshen-Gottstein Alon
Published: February 2009

Through a rereading of Heschel’s essay “No Religion Is an Island,” I will highlight his conceptual and methodological contribution, as well as address the issue of Heschel’s legacy and how it continues to challenge us. As one who follows in Heschel’s footsteps I shall move between a description of Heschel and his theoretical contribution and the realities, challenges, and work that lies ahead of us, now and in the future.

This may be compared to a thicket of reeds which no man could enter, for whoever entered therein lost his way. What did a certain clever man do? He cut down [some reeds] and entered, then cut down more and penetrated further; thus he entered through the clearing and went out; then all began to enter through his clearing.
Abraham Joshua Heschel and the Declaration Dabru Emet
Authors: Krajewski Stanislaw
Published: February 2009

Heschel’s ground-breaking lecture “No Religion Is an Island” of 1965 contains almost all the ideas that are offered in the unprecedented Jewish declaration on Christianity “Dabru emet” of 2000, written by four authors and signed first by over 160, and ultimately by well over 200 (including the present author). This fact seems to have been unnoticed. It means that Heschel’s lecture, or more generally his attitude, can be seen as a major source of the declaration, in which Christianity is treated as an equal and valuable partner despite the theological differences and difficult historical heritage.
Resources for Jewish Biography and Autobiography on the Internet
Authors: Lerner Heidi G.
Published: February 2009

The Internet and associated digital technologies are useful to Jewish Studies scholars who research, write, and teach Jewish biography and autobiography. Increasing amounts of secondary and primary sources originally preserved in manuscript or print form are now being digitized and made available as electronic resources. A number of newly created databases and web sites provide diverse biographical information. The Internet is also a vehicle for the creation and dissemination of various forms of life writing and self-narrative in textual, visual and audio formats. The incorporation of biography and autobiography into the multidisciplinary field of Jewish Studies is coming of age. This paper looks at the availability of biographical research materials and autobiographical expression on the Internet and helps scholars locate these resources.
A Dialogue Between Psychology and Religion in the Work of Moshe Halevi Spero, an Orthodox Jewish Psychoanalyst
Authors: Cohen Mariam
Published: February 2009

The work of the Orthodox Jewish psychoanalyst, Moshe Halevi Spero, is examined as representing a non-reductionistic dialogue between religion and psychoanalysis in one analyst’s work. The development of Spero’s thinking is traced as he has grappled with the possibility of conflict between Jewish theology and psychoanalytic theory and with issues involving transference and countertransference in the work of a religious therapist with religious patients. These issues led to the formulation of a reconciliation between Jewish law, halakha, and psychoanalysis in what Spero termed the “halakhic metapsychology.” Eventually his assertion that the reality of God must be acknowledged in clinical psychoanalytic work with religious patients has led to a critique of Lacanian thinking and the formation of a psychoanalytic epistemology in which divinity, in whose image humanity is created, becomes the “ground” for representation and interpersonal communication.
Bordering on Lehavdl : Michael Wex, Performing Yiddish, and a Discourse of Discomfort
Authors: Weintraub Aviva
Published: February 2009

This essay examines the work of Michael Wex, novelist, performer, and author of the recent non-fiction book on Yiddish, Born to Kvetch. Wex’s texts and performance style are analyzed with particular attention to the ways his material addresses themes of exile and outsiderness, and contextualized in a tradition that includes Lenny Bruce and Allan Sherman. His unique position as a possessor and transmitter of deep knowledge of Jewish culture and religious practice, and his rootedness in the Yiddish language are also discussed.
Heir Snares Eyre’s Mähr : Murderous Idea vs. Thieving Interpretation: Cynthia Ozick’s Literary Theory in Heir to the Glimmering World
Authors: Klingenstein Susanne
Published: February 2009

Cynthia Ozick’s novel Heir to the Glimmering World caps the revision of her concept of art. In her early novels and essays, Ozick’s views resembled the Romantics who considered art both sublimely uplifting and utterly destructive. Ozick associated art with idolatry and its destructive power with Moloch’s penchant for destroying his worshippers. Since the early 1980s Ozick has been rethinking these views. In Heir to the Glimmering World she completes her revision. She now associates art with the civilizing discipline of Jewish laws that surround and constrain the Divine. Art is interpretation, not representation, of the Absolute. Heir to the Glimmering World is a novel of ideas that condemns the search for absolute authenticity and self-actualization, for pure art, as suicidally misguided.
The Trilling Files
Authors: Rodden John
Published: February 2009

The FBI dossier on Lionel Trilling discloses that the Bureau followed his activities intermittently for almost three decades. An active file was maintained on Trilling from the late 1930s to the mid-1960s. Most of these reports address Trilling’s peripheral connection to ongoing FBI probes and to its scrutiny of communist figures and issues, and reveal how out of touch FBI intelligence was about which American intellectuals posed security threats. Although Trilling’s FBI dossier contains no bombshell revelations and discloses no technical violations of his civil liberties, his surveillance by the FBI was wasteful and unnecessary; in any event, it demonstrates a skewed understanding of the balance among national security, social order, and personal liberty.
The Role of Hubs in the Adoption Process
Authors: Goldenberg Jacob , Han Sangman , Lehmann Donald R. , Hong Jae Weon
Published: February 2009

The authors explore the role of hubs (people with an exceptionally large number of social ties) in diffusion and adoption. Using data on a large network with multiple adoptions, they identify two types of hubs—innovative and follower hubs. Contrary to recent arguments, hubs tend to adopt earlier in the diffusion process, even though they are not necessarily innovative. Although innovative hubs have a greater impact on the speed of the adoption process, follower hubs have a greater impact on market size (total number of adoptions). Importantly, a small sample of hubs offers accurate success versus failure predictions early in the diffusion process.
Understanding the Marketing Department's Influence within the Firm
Authors: Verhoef Peter C. , Leeflang Peter S.H.
Published: February 2009

Increasing debate centers on the decreasing influence of the marketing department within firms. This study investigates such influence and assesses its determinants and consequences. The results show that the accountability and innovativeness of the marketing department represent the two major drivers of its influence. However, the results do not indicate that the customer-connecting role of the marketing department increases its influence, though this role is important for shaping the firm's market orientation. A marketing department's influence is related positively to market orientation, which in turn is related positively to firm performance. This study also suggests a dual relationship between the marketing department's influence and market orientation. A key implication of this study is that marketers should become more accountable and innovative to gain more influence.
Social Identity and the Service-Profit Chain
Authors: Homburg Christian , Wieseke Jan , Hoyer Wayne D.
Published: February 2009

The conventional service-profit chain (SPC) proposes that a firm's financial performance can be improved through a path that connects employee satisfaction, customer orientation, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. In this article, a complementary SPC that is built on both a conventional path and a social identity-based path is introduced. The latter SPC path centrally builds on customer- and employee-company identification as a core construct. Using a large-scale triadic data set that includes data from employees, customers, and firms, the authors find strong support for the extended SPC, which accounts for important customer (loyalty and willingness to pay) and firm (financial performance) outcomes. In addition, the effects of company identification exist incrementally beyond the effects of the conventional SPC path.
Role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV)-like enzymes in T lymphocyte activation: investigations in DP IV/CD26-knockout mice
Authors: Reinhold Dirk , Goihl Alexander , Wrenger Sabine , Reinhold Annegret , Kühlmann Ulrike C. , Faust Jürgen , Neubert Klaus , Thielitz Anja , Brocke Stefan , Täger Michael , Ansorge Siegfried , Bank Ute
Published: February 2009

: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and DP IV-like enzymes, such as dipeptidyl peptidase II (DP II), dipeptidyl peptidase 8 (DP8), and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DP9), have been recognized to regulate T lymphocyte activation. Lys[Z(NO

: Here, we studied the influence of non-selective and selective inhibitors of DP IV-like enzymes on DNA synthesis in mitogen-stimulated splenocytes from wild-type C57BL/6 mice and DP IV/CD26-knockout (DP IV/CD26-KO) mice.

: LZNT and LZNP, the non-selective inhibitors of DP IV-like activity, suppressed the DNA synthesis in stimulated splenocytes from wild-type and DP IV/CD26-KO mice to a comparable extent. Further, a selective inhibitor of DP8/DP9 activity was capable of suppressing DNA synthesis in mitogen-stimulated splenocytes of both wild-type and knockout mice to the same extent. In contrast, selective inhibitors of DP IV and DP II lacked this suppressive activity.

: Our data support the hypothesis that DP8 and/or DP9 represent additional pharmacological targets for the suppression of T cell proliferation and for anti-inflammatory therapy.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:268–74.
Plasma osteoprotegerin is an independent risk factor for mortality and an early biomarker of coronary vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Mesquita Maria , Demulder Anne , Damry Nasroolla , Mélot Christian , Wittersheim Eric , Willems Dominique , Dratwa Max , Bergmann Pierre
Published: February 2009

: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and early biomarkers are required which can predict disease and death in such patients. The aim of our study was to investigate if osteoprotegerin (OPG) could be a predictor of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and mortality in CKD.

: A total of 77 outpatients (32 with pre-dialysis CKD and 45 undergoing hemodialysis) were followed-up during 2 years. Measurements of CAC were performed using Siemens Multidetector CT software and calcium scores were measured according to the Agatston method.

: OPG was an independent predictor of the Agatston score for CAC and correlated with the degree of CAC in pre-dialysis patients. A two-sample t-test characterized survivors as having a better glomerular filtration rate, lower Agatston scores, and lower serum levels of OPG. Kaplan-Meier survival curves separated survivors from non-survivors at plasma OPG cut-off levels of <3.1 ng/mL. A multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that OPG was an independent predictor of mortality from all causes in CKD patients.

: OPG predicted mortality in CKD patients and could be a valuable biomarker in early detection of CAC in these patients.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:339–46.
Laboratory and mill scale evaluation of biopulping of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden with Phanerochaete chrysosporium RP-78 under non-aseptic conditions
Authors: Masarin Fernando , Pavan Paulo C. , Vicentim Marcos P. , Souza-Cruz Priscila B. , Loguercio-Leite Clarice , Ferraz André
Published: February 2009

Biopulping of Eucalyptus grandis wood chips with Phanerochaete chrysosporium RP-78 was evaluated under non-aseptic conditions in laboratory and mill wood-yard. The ability of P. chrysosporium to compete with indigenous fungi present in fresh wood chips was notorious under controlled laboratory experiments. A subsequent step involved an industrial test performed with 10-ton of fresh wood chips inoculated and maintained at 37±3°C for 39 days in a biopulping pilot plant. Biotreated wood chips were pulped in a chemithermomechanical pulping mill. Net energy consumption during refining was 745 kWh ton-1 and 610 kWh ton-1 of processed pulp for control and biotreated wood chips, respectively. Accordingly, 18.5% net energy saving could be achieved. Biopulps contained lower shive content and had improved strength properties compared to control pulps. Tensile index improved from 25±1 N m g-1 to 33.6±0.5 N m g-1 and delamination strength from 217±19 kPa to 295±30 kPa.
Microstructural Development During Low-Dose Irradiation
Authors: Hall BO , Potter DI
Published: February 2009

Interstitial-impurity trapping has been included in a time-dependent nucleation and growth model that is used to calculate both vacancy and interstitial cluster densities and size distributions during irradiation. Calculations were performed for nickel alloys with interstitial-solute binding energies between 0 and 1 eV. Number densities of both types of cluster increased with increasing binding energy, with the interstitial cluster density more strongly affected. As binding energy increased, the time required for saturation of the interstitial cluster density increased.

The model results were compared with interstitial-loop size distributions and number densities obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Ni-4Si irradiated with 3.0-MeV Ni+ ions to doses ranging from 0.053 to 0.66 displacements per atom (dpa). The number densities were consistent with nickel-silicon binding energies of ∼0.25 eV, while the average sizes were compatible with higher binding energies.
Irradiation Growth in Zirconium and Its Alloys
Authors: Northwood DO
Published: February 2009

Irradiation growth, which is defined as irradiation-induced changes in dimensions in the absence of an applied stress, is of concern both for fuel cladding and nuclear reactor structural components such as pressure tubes and calandria tubes. Many mechanistic models have been advanced to account for this phenomenon, and considerable controversy exists as to the precise mechanism. In this paper, these mechanistic models are reviewed in the light of recent electron microscope observations of the irradiation-induced damage state. It is concluded that the mechanism for growth is not as simple as was first postulated, but that there are a number of sources contributing to the overall shape change. The major sources contributing to growth of annealed materials are depleted zones, vacancy loops, and interstitial loops. For cold-worked materials, there are also contributions to the growth arising from dislocation climb, dislocation climb and glide, and relaxation of residual stresses. In order to quantify these mechanistic models, experiments are needed where accurate length measurements are made in three orthogonal directions, and detailed transmission electron microscopy and field ion microscopy are done on the same material (as the growth measurements) so as to eliminate specimen and irradiation variables.
Effects of Neutron Irradiation on the Microstructure of Niobium and Niobium-Base Alloys
Authors: Michel DJ , Smith HH
Published: February 2009

The microstructure and microhardness of niobium and commercial prototype niobium-base alloys have been investigated following fast neutron irradiation to a fluence of 1.1 × 1022 neutrons (n)/cm2 (<0.1 MeV), 4 displacements per atom (dpa), at 482°C. The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of molybdenum and zirconium alloy additions on the resistance of niobium-base alloys to neutron irradiation. Neutron irradiation of the niobium and Nb-1Mo alloy produced very small voids whose mean diameters were in the range of 30 to 35 Å. In all other alloys, however, no voids were observed and the principal effect of the neutron irradiation was to form a high density of 30 to 40 Å diameter dislocation loops which are believed to be primarily of interstitial character. The effect of fast neutron irradiation was to increase the microhardness of both niobium and all its alloys, with the largest increase in the Nb-1Zr alloy and the smallest increase in the ternary Nb-5Mo-1Zr alloy. Previous work on niobium and Nb-1Zr alloy has shown that a vacancy trapping mechanism is particularly effective at irradiation temperatures up to 600°C for fast neutron fluences of 2.5 × 1022 n/cm2 (>0.1 MeV). The observation from the present experiments that molybdenum and zirconium additions were effective in the suppression of void formation suggests that a vacancy trapping mechanism was operative in the present alloys. The smaller hardness increase observed for the ternary alloys suggests that these alloys may maintain good engineering properties in addition to their improved resistance to void formation.
Dependence of Void Formation on Phase Stability in Neutron-Irradiated Type 316 Stainless Steel
Authors: Brager HR , Garner FA
Published: February 2009

The void swelling rate in Type 316 steel is dominated by the instantaneous composition of the austenite matrix rather than by the concurrent nature of the dislocation and void microstructure alone. This is the conclusion derived from a series of neutron-irradiation experiments designed to determine which microstructural components account for the variability of void development observed in this alloy in response to changes in composition, preirradiation treatment, and irradiation history. The attainment of steady-state swelling is thought to be related to the development of a saturation microstructure of precipitates and dislocations. The existence of a saturation state for dislocation microstructure has been confirmed, but this condition is reached at fluences substantially below the onset of steady-state swelling. Relative to a solution-annealed treatment, 20 percent cold working accelerates the approach to saturation of the dislocation microstructure; thus the delay of swelling by cold work cannot be rationalized simply in terms of the time or fluence dependence of dislocation density.

In this alloy the accelerated swelling state is always associated with extensive second-phase precipitation. These precipitates are rich in nickel, molybdenum, silicon, and carbon and continue to form to very high neutron fluence levels. They deplete the austenite matrix of most of the carbon and silicon and about one third of the nickel and molybdenum. The acceleration of the swelling rate with fluence can be correlated with the instantaneous nickel content of the matrix. The primary influence of cold work on void development in Type 316 stainless steel is the disruption of the normal sequence of second-phase formation and the prolongation of the depletion sequences. Preirradiation aging at temperatures substantially above the irradiation temperature also leads to altered phase stability and altered precipitation sequences.
Fracture Toughness of Irradiated Beryllium
Authors: Beeston JM
Published: February 2009

The fracture toughness of nuclear-grade hot-pressed beryllium after irradiation to fluences of 3.5 to 5.0 × 1021 neutrons (n)/cm2 (E > 1 MeV) was determined. Procedures and data relating to a round-robin test contributing to a standard ASTM method for unirradiated beryllium are discussed in connection with the testing of irradiated specimens. A porous grade of beryllium was also irradiated and tested, thereby enabling some discrimination between the models for describing the fracture toughness behavior of porous beryllium. The fracture toughness of unirradiated 2 percent beryllium-oxygen nuclear-grade beryllium was 12.0 MPa m1/2, which was reduced 60 percent upon irradiation at 339 K and testing at 295 K. The fracture toughness of a porous grade of beryllium was 13.1 MPa m1/2, which was reduced 68 percent upon irradiation and testing at the same conditions. Reasons for the reduction in fracture toughness upon irradiation are discussed.
Helium Production in Fast Breeder Reactor Out-of-Core Structural Components
Authors: Simons RL
Published: February 2009

The major sources of helium production in stainless steel irradiated in a fast reactor are (n, α) reactions in nickel, iron, chromium, and impurities such as nitrogen and boron. The corresponding reaction cross sections are generally of the threshold type with threshold energies about 1 MeV. Two important exceptions are the cross sections for the two-stage nickel reaction and the boron-10 reaction. Athough lifetime helium concentrations are low, they may be an important consideration, when applying material property change data obtained from the experimental breeder reactor II (EBR-II) core to high-temperature out-of-core fast breeder reactor (FBR) structural components. The ratio of atomic parts per million (appm) helium to displacements per atom is larger for the soft out-of-core spectra than for the harder in-core spectra in which most irradiation data are obtained. These differences should be kept in mind when applying data obtained in EBR-II to FBR out-of-core components.
Tensile Properties of Neutron-Irradiated 6061 Aluminum Alloy in Annealed and Precipitation-Hardened Conditions
Authors: Farrell K , King RT
Published: February 2009

Tension specimens of 6061 aluminum alloy (nominally 1Mg-0.6Si) were heat-treated to give fully annealed (“0” temper) and precipitation-hardened (“T6” temper) conditions, and were irradiated in water at 328 K (0.35 Tm) to fast (>0.1 MeV) fluences up to 1.8 × 1027 neutrons/m2 and thermal (<0.025 eV) fluences up to 3.0 × 1027 neutrons/m2. The corresponding maximum displacement level was 260 displacements per atom, and over 7 weight percent silicon was created from transmutation reactions. The major microstructural defects were voids, dislocations, and a precipitate of silicon. Swelling from voids was less than 1 percent. In the “T6” material tested at 323 K (0.35 Tm) and 373 K (0.4 Tm), irradiation raised the 0.2 percent flow stress and the ultimate tensile strength by 45 to 60 percent from the unirradiated values of about 280 and 330 MPa, respectively, ductility was reduced from 15 to about 9 percent. At 423 K (0.45 Tm) there was a similar degree of hardening, but ductility fell to about 5 percent. The alloy in the “0” condition was softer, by 125 to 150 MPa, than the irradiated “T6” alloy, and its elongation remained above 10 percent. In all cases the loss in ductility occurred principally through reduction in uniform strain. Fractures were ductile.
Low-Cycle Fatigue of Three Irradiated and Unirradiated Vanstar Alloys
Authors: Korth GE , Schmunk RE
Published: February 2009

Results are reported for strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue measurements on Vanstar-7, 8, and 9 in both the irradiated and unirradiated conditions, conducted at 400°C. Specimens were irradiated in the experimental breeder reactor II (EBR-II) to fluences of 0.18 to 6.37 × 1025 neutrons (n)/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) at 410 to 450°C. The results indicate that neutron irradiation had little or no effect on the fatigue life of any of the alloys. Comparison with data for Types 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels tested at 400°C shows that on the basis of strain range the irradiated Vanstar alloys are inferior or equivalent to the stainless steels below 10 000 cycles-to-failure but become superior above that point. Proportional limit and yield-strength information have been extracted from the fatigue data, where possible. These data indicate that radiation hardening occurs rapidly at low neutron fluences and that strengthening saturates or increases very slowly above a fluence of approximately 1 × 1025 n/m2.
Estimates of Time-Dependent Fatigue Behavior of Type 316 Stainless Steel Subject to Irradiation Damage in Fast Breeder and Fusion Power Reactor Systems
Authors: Brinkman CR , Liu KC , Grossbeck ML
Published: February 2009

Cyclic lives obtained from strain-controlled fatigue tests at 593°C of specimens irradiated in the experimental breeder reactor II (EBR-II) to a fluence of 1 to 2.63 × 1026 neutrons (n)/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) were compared with predictions based on the method of strain-range partitioning. It was demonstrated that, when appropriate tensile and creep-rupture ductilities were employed, reasonably good estimates of the influence of hold periods and irradiation damage on the fully reversed fatigue life of Type 316 stainless steel could be made. After applicability of this method was demonstrated, ductility values for 20 percent cold-worked Type 316 stainless steel specimens irradiated in a mixed-spectrum fission reactor were used to estimate fusion reactor first-wall lifetime. The ductility values used were from irradiations that simulate the environment of the first wall of a fusion reactor. Neutron wall loadings ranging from 2 to 5 MW/m2 were used. Results, although conjectural because of the many assumptions, tended to show that 20 percent cold-worked Type 316 stainless steel could be used as a first-wall material meeting a 7.5 to 8.5 MW-year/m2 lifetime goal provided the neutron wall loading does not exceed more than about 2 MW/m2. These results were obtained for an air environment, and it is expected that the actual vacuum environment will extend lifetime beyond 10 MW-year/m2.
Formulation of Constitutive Laws for Deformation During Irradiation
Authors: Wolfer WG
Published: February 2009

Constitutive laws for radiation-induced deformation are derived based on a phenomenological approach which involves only simple principles of continuum mechanics and avoids detailed mechanistic assumptions. This approach is applied to materials which are initially in an isotropic condition that serves as a reference state. As specific examples of this approach, we consider in detail three forms of constitutive laws. In the first case it is assumed that the deformation rate depends on the current stress as the only tensor variable. For the second case we postulate a dependence on the current stress tensor and the strain tensor as produced during the previous radiation-induced deformation. Finally, the third case deals with a dependence on stress and strain as accumulated during cold-working. In both the latter cases, the material is rendered anisotropic with respect to the reference state. It is shown for the last two cases that the phenomenological approach provides a proper formulation and a clear distinction of such phenomena as stress-affected swelling, irradiation creep, radiation-induced anisotropic growth, and creep-swelling interaction. It also supplies the superposition rules for these phenomena when the material is subject to triaxial stresses which change and redistribute with time.

The constitutive laws as obtained from the continuum approach are not completely suitable for modeling structural materials. Since they are polycrystalline in nature, the constitutive properties may vary from grain to grain, and it becomes necessary to derive a macroscopic constitutive law for the aggregate. This is accomplished by considering an aggregate of many viscoelastic elements linked in parallel. The resulting constitutive law for the aggregate depends on the strain history. Upon sudden load changes, the aggregate exhibits anelastic transient creep. It is shown that the magnitude of the anelastic strain is related to the range of variability for the constitutive properties of the grains.
Irradiation Creep in Bending of Cold-Worked AISI 316 Stainless Steel at Low Neutron Fluence
Authors: McSherry AJ , Patel MR , Marshall J , Appleby WK
Published: February 2009

The results from the first and second interim examinations of a test to measure irradiation creep in bending of 20 percent cold-worked AISI 316 stainless steel are presented. These low-fluence results indicate that irradiation creep in bending exhibits a larger primary creep component of the total strain as compared with creep in biaxial pressurized tubes of the same heat of material, but the secondary creep rates in the two cases appear to be similar. The data also indicate that the bending strains have a linear fluence and stress dependency, and strains measured on beams fabricated parallel to and transverse to the direction of cold work are similar, indicating that material texture anisotropy does not effect irradiation creep in bending. Higher-fluence data are needed to compare precisely irradiation creep in the bending and biaxial stress states so that the applicability can be ascertained for design correlations based on pressurized tube data to predict in-reactor bending deformations of liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor (LMFBR) core components.
Effects of Radiation on Structural Materials
Authors: Sprague JA , Kramer David
Published: February 2009

Description

This volume covers six subject areas: microstructure, fracture of thermal reactor materials, primary damage production and irradiation creep simulation, dosimetry and damage function analysis, mechanical properties and creep.
Disruption of Imprinting byMutatorTransposon Insertions in the 5′ Proximal Regions of theZea mays Mez1Locus
Authors: Haun William J , Danilevskaya Olga N , Meeley Robert B , Springer Nathan M
Published: February 2009

Imprinting is a form of epigenetic gene regulation in which alleles are differentially regulated according to the parent of origin. The Mez1 gene in maize is imprinted such that the maternal allele is expressed in the endosperm while the paternal allele is not expressed. Three novel Mez1 alleles containing Mutator transposon insertions within the promoter were identified. These mez1-mu alleles do not affect vegetative expression levels or result in morphological phenotypes. However, these alleles can disrupt imprinted expression of Mez1. Maternal inheritance of the mez-m1 or mez1-m4 alleles results in activation of the normally silenced paternal allele of Mez1. Paternal inheritance of the mez1-m2 or mez1-m4 alleles can also result in a loss of silencing of the paternal Mez1 allele. The paternal disruption of imprinting by transposon insertions may reflect a requirement for sequence elements involved in targeting silencing of the paternal allele. The maternal disruption of imprinting by transposon insertions within the Mez1 promoter suggests that maternally produced MEZ1 protein may be involved in silencing of the paternal Mez1 allele. The endosperms with impaired imprinting did not exhibit phenotypic consequences associated with bi-allelic Mez1 expression.
Unexpected Expression Pattern of Tetracycline-Regulated Transgenes in Mice
Authors: Bao-Cutrona M , Moral P
Published: February 2009

In generating a conditional transgenic murine model based on a tetracycline-regulated system, we obtained unexpected patterns of expression due to the transcriptional inactivity of the tet-responder promoter. Here we show strong cell-type-restricted expression that was variegated to an extent determined by the number of responder transgene copies integrated into the host genome.
Heterochromatin-Mediated Association of Achiasmate Homologs Declines With Age When Cohesion Is Compromised
Authors: Subramanian Vijayalakshmi V , Bickel Sharon E
Published: February 2009

Normally, meiotic crossovers in conjunction with sister-chromatid cohesion establish a physical connection between homologs that is required for their accurate segregation during the first meiotic division. However, in some organisms an alternative mechanism ensures the proper segregation of bivalents that fail to recombine. In Drosophila oocytes, accurate segregation of achiasmate homologs depends on pairing that is mediated by their centromere-proximal heterochromatin. Our previous work uncovered an unexpected link between sister-chromatid cohesion and the fidelity of achiasmate segregation when Drosophila oocytes are experimentally aged. Here we show that a weak mutation in the meiotic cohesion protein ORD coupled with a reduction in centromere-proximal heterochromatin causes achiasmate chromosomes to missegregate with increased frequency when oocytes undergo aging. If ORD activity is more severely disrupted, achiasmate chromosomes with the normal amount of pericentric heterochromatin exhibit increased nondisjunction when oocytes age. Significantly, even in the absence of aging, a weak ord allele reduces heterochromatin-mediated pairing of achiasmate chromosomes. Our data suggest that sister-chromatid cohesion proteins not only maintain the association of chiasmate homologs but also play a role in promoting the physical association of achiasmate homologs in Drosophila oocytes. In addition, our data support the model that deterioration of meiotic cohesion during the aging process compromises the segregation of achiasmate as well as chiasmate bivalents.
Achieving Success Connecting Academic and Practicing Clinicians Through Telemedicine
Authors: González-Espada Wilson J. , Hall-Barrow Julie , Hall R. Whit , Burke Bryan L. , Smith Christopher E.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE. Practicing clinicians, especially in rural areas, are often isolated from learning opportunities and interactions with subspecialty providers. Pediatric Physician Learning and Collaborative Education, an interactive, educational, telemedicine program, was developed to address this need. We evaluated the success of this program through surveys with practicing and academic physicians.

METHODS. Pediatric Physician Learning and Collaborative Education was assessed by using 2 evaluation forms collected from October 2007 to May 2008. One of the forms was completed by 197 attendees from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and 172 attendees from remote sites. Another form was completed by 131 participants from Arkansas Children's Hospital, an academic, freestanding, children's hospital. Both evaluation forms asked participants to use a 5-point Likert scale to rank a number of criteria and included a section for participants to write comments and recommendations. Additional data were collected through an open-response e-mail survey of participants.

RESULTS. Ninety-five percent of the participants agreed that the presentations related to their professional needs, 98% agreed that the presentations increased their subject-matter knowledge, 81% evaluated the presentations as some of the best they had attended, and 93% agreed that the information would translate into professional practice, enhancing patient care. Health care personnel from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences evaluated the presentations significantly higher than did remote participants. Nursing staff members evaluated the presentations significantly higher than did medical staff members. Comments were generally positive and correlated with the Likert-scale data.

CONCLUSION. Participants reported being highly satisfied with Pediatric Physician Learning and Collaborative Education and considered it an effective way to address the continuing education needs of practitioners throughout Arkansas, especially in rural and underserved areas.
Influence of Interimplant Distances and Placement Depth on Papilla Formation and Crestal Resorption: A Clinical and Radiographic Study in Dogs
Authors: Novaes Arthur B. , Barros Raquel R. M. , Muglia Valdir A. , Borges Germana J.
Published: February 2009

Among the factors that contribute to the papilla formation and crestal bone preservation between contiguous implants, this animal study clinically and radiographically evaluated the interimplant distances (IDs) of 2 and 3 mm and the placement depths of Morse cone connection implants restored with platform switch. Bilateral mandibular premolars of 6 dogs were extracted, and after 12 weeks, the implants were placed. Four experimental groups were constituted: subcrestally with ID of 2 mm (2 SCL) and 3 mm (3 SCL) and crestally with ID of 2 mm (2 CL) and 3 mm (3 CL). Metallic crowns were immediately installed with a distance of 3 mm between the contact point and the bone crest. Eight weeks later, clinical measurements were performed to evaluate papilla formation, and radiographic images were taken to analyze the crestal bone remodeling. The subcrestal groups achieved better levels of papillae formation when compared with the crestal groups, with a significant difference between the 3 SCL and 3 CL groups (P = .026). Radiographically, the crestal bone preservation was also better in the subcrestal groups, with statistically significant differences between the 2SCL and 2CL groups (P = .002) and between the 3SCL and 3CL groups (P = .008). With the present conditions, it could be concluded that subcrestal implant placement had a positive impact on papilla formation and crestal bone preservation, which could favor the esthetic of anterior regions. However, the IDs of 2 and 3 mm did not show significantly different results.
The importance of human dimensions research in managing harmful algal blooms
Authors: Bauer Marybeth , Hoagland Porter , Leschine Thomas M , Blount Benjamin G , Pomeroy Caroline M , Lampl Linda L , Scherer Clifford W , Ayres Dan L , Tester Patricia A , Sengco Mario R , Sellner Kevin G , Schumacker Joe
Published: February 2009

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are natural freshwater and marine hazards that impose substantial adverse impacts on the human use of coastal and marine resources. The socioeconomic and health impacts of HABs can be considerable, thereby making a case for “human dimensions” research to support HAB response. Human dimensions research is multidisciplinary, integrating social science, humanities, and other fields with natural science to enhance resource management by addressing human causes, consequences, and responses to coastal environmental problems. Case studies reported here illustrate the importance of human dimensions research. Incorporating such research into the scientific agenda – as well as into management decisions of public agencies concerned with natural resource management, environmental protection, and public health and welfare – requires the development of both strategic guidance and institutional capacity. The recent development of a multi‐agency research strategy for HAB response and a strategic plan for human dimensions research represent two important steps in this direction.
On the Persistent Political Under-Representation of Muslims in India
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev
Published: February 2009

This Paper is divided into three sections. In the first section I provide a brief historical overview of Hindu-Muslim relations in India and of the condition of Indian Muslims today. I conclude by claiming that Indian Muslims are a marginalized minority who have been persistently underrepresented in political institutions, particularly in the Indian Parliament. This section is important for those who are less informed about these issuesand I assume that most readers fall in this category. In the second section, I examine the case for political representation for Muslims. This was a much debated issue in pre-independent India. It was debated with subtlety and in considerable detail in the Constituent Assembly debates on the Indian constitution. However, with the partition of the country and the formation of the separate state of Pakistan, all debate on the political representation of Muslims ceased. I examine the merits and demerits of the case for the political representation of Indian Muslims. I also attempt a brief explanation of why this issue has virtually disappeared from the public arena in India. I conclude in the section that although political representation of Muslims qua Muslims is desirable, it is still unfeasible in the prevailing situation in India. In other words, I would support the recommendation to the Indian State that political rights not to be granted to any religious community. If political theory was to remain a handmaiden of state policy, then the matter ends right here. However, since I believe that political theory must think for the long run and design just institutions and policies for the future, and since, there is, I claim, no principled objection to the political representation of Muslims, in the third and final section I briefly outline which of the several electoral mechanisms are best suited to ensure fair political representation for Muslims in the future. In my view, the principle of fair political representation for Indian Muslims is best fulfilled by a complex mechanism consisting of preferential voting in multi-member constituencies with intra-party quotas in proportion to the overall population of Muslims in the country.