bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Cross-Sections of 3H- and 3He-Nuclei-Nuclei Interaction Processes
Authors: Berezhnoy Yu. A. , Korda V. Yu.
Published: October 2003

On the basis of general diffraction theory we present a closed-form description that enables us to obtain the analytical expressions for the integrated cross-sections of different 3 H - and 3 He -nucleus interaction processes at intermediate energies.
Quasiparticle Driving Effect on Shape of 87Nb Soft Nucleus
Authors: Wen S. , Zheng H. , Zhang L. K. , Li S. G. , Weng P. K. , Hua P. F. , Yuan G. J. , Yu P. S. , Jing F. X. , Yang C. X. , Luo W. D. , Chen Y. S. , Sun X. F. , Guo J. X. , Lei X. G.
Published: October 2003

The high spin states of 87 Nb have been studied by using the 58 Ni (32 S , 3p)87 Nb reaction at beam energy 95–105 MeV and the reaction 58 Ni (35 Cl , 2pα) at 124 MeV. γ-γ coincidence relations, angular distributions of γ-rays, excitation functions and DCO ratios were measured. High spin states in 87 Nb have been established up to spin of 37/2ℏ and excitation energy of 7 MeV. CSM calculation was carried out with parameters of configuration dependence of nuclear shape. The nature and configuration of every band in 87 Nb are discussed.
Evaluation of Effective Nucleon-Nucleon Potential and Description of α-Cluster Type Nuclei in Restricted Dynamics Approach
Authors: Tambergs J. , Ruža J. , Krasta T. , Alcarás J. A. Castilho , Katkevičius O.
Published: October 2003

The application of the Restricted Dynamics Approach in nuclear theory, based on the approximate solution of many-particle Schrödinger equation, which accounts for all conservation laws in many-nucleon system, is discussed. The Strictly Restricted Dynamics Model is used for the evaluation of binding energies, level schemes, E2 and M1 transition probabilities as well as the electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole momenta of light α-cluster type nuclei in the region 4 ≤ A ≤ 40. The parameters of effective nucleon-nucleon interaction potential are evaluated from the ground state binding energies of doubly magic nuclei 4 He , 16 O and 40 Ca .
An Optimal Maintenance Policy for a Queueing System Server Under Periodic Observation
Authors: Koyanagi Junji , Kawai Hajime
Published: October 2003

This paper describes an optimal maintenance policy for an M/M/1 queueing system server. Customers arrive at the system in a Poisson stream and are served by the exponential server. After a random time, the server is interrupted by a failure and this failure is detected through regularly timed observations. We begin corrective maintenance when we detect the failure. Through the failure of the server, we lose the customers in the system at the time of failure, as well as the customers that arrive between the failure and the completion of corrective maintenance. However, it is possible to avoid the failure and subsequent corrective maintenance by performing preventive maintenance at observation time. It is true that customers in the system at the start of preventive maintenance and those that arrive prior to its completion are lost. Since the queueing system should serve as many customers as possible, our objective is to minimize the number of lost customers. We then formulate this problem as a semi-Markov decision process and prove the switch curve structure of the optimal policy.
Optimal Opportunistic Maintenance of a k-out-of-n:G System
Authors: Wang Hongzhou , Pham Hoang
Published: October 2003

The opportunistic maintenance of a k-out-of-n:G system is studied in this paper. In many applications, it spends less cost and time to perform maintenance on several components jointly than on each component separately. Based on this fact, two new (τ, T) opportunistic maintenance models with the consideration of reliability requirements are proposed. In these two models with two decision variables τ ≤ T, only minimal repairs are performed on failed components before time τ, and corrective maintenance of all failed components are combined with preventive maintenance (pm) of all functioning but deteriorated components after τ; if the system survives to time T without perfect maintenance, it will be subject to pm at time T. Considering maintenance time, asymptotic system cost rate and availability are derived. The results obtained generalize and unify some previous research in this area. Application to aircraft engine maintenance is presented.
Cooperative Data Management and its Application to Mobile Computing
Authors: Klingemann Justus , Tesch Thomas , Wäsch Jürgen
Published: October 2003

Mobile computing and workgroup computing are emerging technologies which have so far been treated independently. Current approaches to support cooperative work neglect the special characteristics of mobile environments like limited bandwidth or temporary disconnection. On the other hand, approaches to support disconnected operation rely on the assumption that the degree of data-sharing is low which is obviously not appropriate for cooperative work. In this paper, we utilize the COACT cooperative transaction model to provide support for parallel activities in mobile environments. We present a system architecture that is able to cope with the special characteristics of mobile environments and a formal framework for the consistent information exchange between mobile users. The paper shows how the COACT history merge algorithm reduces conflicts by exploiting operation semantics and offering consistent sequences of operations. We believe that our new approach is a viable solution to the growing demand for cooperation in mobile environments.
Bridging Functional MR Images and Scientific Inference: Reproducibility Maps
Authors: Liou Michelle , Su Hong-Ren , Lee Juin-Der , Cheng Philip E. , Huang Chien-Chih , Tsai Chih-Hsin
Published: October 2003

Historically, reproducibility has been the sine qua non of experimental findings that are considered to be scientifically useful. Typically, findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are assessed with statistical parametric maps (SPMs) using a p value threshold. However, a smaller p value does not imply that the observed result will be reproducible. In this study, we suggest interpreting SPMs in conjunction with reproducibility evidence. Reproducibility is defined as the extent to which the active status of a voxel remains the same across replicates conducted under the same conditions. We propose a methodology for assessing reproducibility in functional MR images without conducting separate experiments. Our procedures include the empirical Bayes method for estimating effects due to experimental stimuli, the threshold optimization procedure for assigning voxels to the active status, and the construction of reproducibility maps. In an empirical example, we implemented the proposed methodology to construct reproducibility maps based on data from the study by Ishai et al. (2000). The original experiments involved 12 human subjects and investigated brain regions most responsive to visual presentation of 3 categories of objects: faces, houses, and chairs. The brain regions identified included occipital, temporal, and fusiform gyri. Using our reproducibility analysis, we found that subjects in one of the experiments exercised at least 2 mechanisms in responding to visual objects when performing alternately matching and passive tasks. One gave activation maps closer to those reported in Ishai et al., and the other had related regions in the precuneus and posterior cingulate. The patterns of activated regions are reproducible for at least 4 out of 6 subjects involved in the experiment. Empirical application of the proposed methodology suggests that human brains exhibit different strategies to accomplish experimental tasks when responding to stimuli. It is important to correlate activations to subjects' behavior such as reaction time and response accuracy. Also, the latency between the stimulus presentation and the peak of the hemodynamic response function varies considerably among individual subjects according to types of stimuli and experimental tasks. These variations per se also deserve scientific inquiries. We conclude by discussing research directions relevant to reproducibility evidence in fMRI.
Studies in Cognition: The Problems Solved and Created by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Robertson E. M. , Théoret H. , Pascual-Leone A.
Published: October 2003

The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate important questions in cognitive neuroscience has increased considerably in the last few years. TMS can provide substantial insights into the nature and the chronometry of the computations performed by specific cortical areas during various aspects of cognition. However, the use of TMS in cognitive studies has many potential perils and pitfalls. Although TMS can help bridge the gap between psychological models and brain-based arguments of cognitive functions, hypothesis-driven carefully designed experiments that acknowledge the current limitations of TMS are critical.
Perceptual History Influences Neural Responses to Face and Body Postures
Authors: Jellema Tjeerd , Perrett David I.
Published: October 2003

We show that under natural viewing, the responses of cells in the temporal lobe of the macaque to the sight of static head and body postures is controlled by the sight of immediately preceding actions. Cells in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus responded vigorously to the sight of a face or body posture that followed a particular body action, but not when it followed other actions. The effective action or posture presented in isolation or in different sequences failed to produce a response. Our results demonstrate that cells in the temporal cortex could support the formation of expectations about impending behavior of others.
fMRI Responses to Video and Point-Light Displays of Moving Humans and Manipulable Objects
Authors: Beauchamp Michael S. , Lee Kathryn E. , Haxby James V. , Martin Alex
Published: October 2003

We used fMRI to study the organization of brain responses to different types of complex visual motion. In a rapid eventrelated design, subjects viewed video clips of humans performing different whole-body motions, video clips of manmade manipulable objects (tools) moving with their characteristic natural motion, point-light displays of human whole-body motion, and point-light displays of manipulable objects.

The lateral temporal cortex showed strong responses to both moving videos and moving point-light displays, supporting the hypothesis that the lateral temporal cortex is the cortical locus for processing complex visual motion. Within the lateral temporal cortex, we observed segregated responses to different types of motion. The superior temporal sulcus (STS) responded strongly to human videos and human point-light displays, while the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and the inferior temporal sulcus responded strongly to tool videos and tool point-light displays.

In the ventral temporal cortex, the lateral fusiform responded more to human videos than to any other stimulus category while the medial fusiform preferred tool videos. The relatively weak responses observed to point-light displays in the ventral temporal cortex suggests that form, color, and texture (present in video but not point-light displays) are the main contributors to ventral temporal activity. In contrast, in the lateral temporal cortex, the MTG responded as strongly to point-light displays as to videos, suggesting that motion is the key determinant of response in the MTG. Whereas the STS responded strongly to point-light displays, it showed an even larger response to video displays, suggesting that the STS integrates form, color, and motion information.
Imagined Viewer and Object Rotations Dissociated with Event-Related fMRI
Authors: Zacks Jeffrey M. , Vettel Jean M. , Michelon Pascale
Published: October 2003

Human spatial reasoning may depend in part on two dissociable types of mental image transformations: objectbased transformations, in which an object is imagined to move in space relative to the viewer and the environment, and perspective transformations, in which the viewer imagines the scene from a different vantage point. This study measured local brain activity with event-related fMRI while participants were instructed to either imagine an array of objects rotating (an object-based transformation) or imagine themselves rotating around the array (a perspective transformation). Object-based transformations led to selective increases in right parietal cortex and decreases in left parietal cortex, whereas perspective transformations led to selective increases in left temporal cortex. These results argue against the view that mental image transformations are performed by a unitary neural processing system, and they suggest that different overlapping systems are engaged for different image transformations.
Neural Correlates of Letter-String Length and Lexicality during Reading in a Regular Orthography
Authors: Wydell T. N. , Vuorinen T. , Helenius P. , Salmelin R.
Published: October 2003

Behavioral studies have shown that short letter strings are read faster than long letter-strings and words are read faster than nonwords. Here, we describe the dynamics of letter-string length and lexicality effects at the cortical level, using magnetoencephalography, during a reading task in Finnish with long (eight-letter) and short (four-letter) word/nonword stimuli. Length effects were observed in two spatially and temporally distinct cortical activations: (1) in the occipital cortex at about 100 msec by the strength of activation, regardless of the lexical status of the stimuli, and (2) in the left superior temporal cortex between 200 and 600 msec by the duration of activation, with words showing a smaller effect than nonwords. A significant lexicality effect was also evident in this later activation, with stronger activation and longer duration for nonwords than words. There seem to be no distinct cortical areas for reading words and nonwords. The early length effect is likely to be due to the low-level visual analysis common to all stimulus letter-strings. The later lexicality and length effects apparently reflect converging lexico-semantic and phonological influences, and are discussed in terms of dual-route and single-route connectionist models of reading.
Effects of Attentional Load on Auditory Scene Analysis
Authors: Alain Claude , Izenberg Aaron
Published: October 2003

The effects of attention on the neural processes underlying auditory scene analysis were investigated through the manipulation of auditory task load. Participants were asked to focus their attention on tuned and mistuned stimuli presented to one ear and to ignore similar stimuli presented to the other ear. For both tuned and mistuned sounds, long (standard) and shorter (deviant) duration stimuli were presented in both ears. Auditory task load was manipulated by varying task instructions. In the easier condition, participants were asked to press a button for deviant sounds (target) at the attended location, irrespective of tuning. In the harder condition, participants were further asked to identify whether the targets were tuned or mistuned. Participants were faster in detecting targets defined by duration only than by both duration and tuning. At the unattended location, deviant stimuli generated a mismatch negativity wave at frontocentral sites whose amplitude decreased with increasing task demand. In comparison, standard mistuned stimuli generated an object-related negativity at central sites whose amplitude was not affected by task difficulty. These results show that the processing of sound sequences is differentially affected by attentional load than is the processing of sounds that occur simultaneously (i.e., sequential vs. simultaneous grouping processes), and that they each recruit distinct neural networks.
Time to Replace Globalization with Localization
Authors: Hines Colin
Published: October 2003

Globalization is occurring increasingly at the expense of social, environmental and labor improvements, and is causing rising inequality for most of the world. Localization, by contrast, is a process that reverses the trend of globalization by discriminating in favor of the local. The policies bringing about localization are those which increase control of the economy by communities and nation states. The result should be an increase in community cohesion, a reduction in poverty and inequality, and an improvement in livelihoods, social infrastructure and environmental protection, and hence an increase in the all-important sense of security.
Determining Regime Effectiveness: A Commentary on the Oslo-Potsdam Solution
Authors: Young Oran R.
Published: October 2003

The Oslo-Potsdam approach to regime effectiveness has much to recommend it, especially in conceptual terms. It yields effectiveness scores for individual regimes that range from 0 to 1 and that facilitate comparative analysis. Yet the revised version of the approach set forth in Hovi et al. (2003, this volume) fails to solve the fundamental problems evident in earlier versions regarding the no-regime outcome (NR) and the collective optimum (CO). Nor does this version address the relative merits of the Oslo-Potsdam solution and other approaches to regime consequences that do not rely on direct measurements of regime effectiveness as the dependent variable. As a result, the argument that some measure of effectiveness—however faulty—is better than none is not persuasive. Even so, the debate over the Oslo-Potsdam solution has proven fruitful. Our understanding of the issues involved in evaluating regime consequences has surely grown as a product of this debate.
Obituario: Harold H. Kelley
Authors: Morales J. Francisco
Published: October 2003

La desaparición de Harold H. Kelley el pasado enero priva a la Psicología Social de uno de los psicólogos sociales más conocidos e influyentes de los últimos años. Se glosa aquí su figura y su obra, en un intento de dar a conocer su contribución a la disciplina. Se considera que su impacto principal es en el área de la atribución causal, pero se tienen en cuenta también sus aportaciones en el estudio de los grupos, las comunicaciones persuasivas, las relaciones interpersonales y la Psicología Social Aplicada
Sesgos cognitivos y explicaciones asociadas como factores determinantes de las conductas sexuales de riesgo
Authors: Ubillos Silvia , Páez Darío , Mayordomo Sonia , Sánchez Flor
Published: October 2003

Utilizando el autoinforme como instrumento de recogida de información, se exploró en qué medida ciertos sesgos cognitivos aparecían asociados a situaciones de intimidad sexual, las cuales diferían en el riesgo que comportaban. Participaron en el estudio 149 jóvenes con una edad media de 24 años. La ilusión de invulnerabilidady el falso consenso son los sesgos cognitivos que más frecuentemente aparecen asociados a determinadas conductas de riesgo y en menor medida el sesgo de ignorancia pluralista. La ilusión de invulnerabilidad, expresada por un 75% de los participantes, aparece asociada a una mayor percepción de control y a una mayor gravedad estimada de las consecuencias de mantener relaciones sexuales de riesgo. El sesgo de falso consenso, aplicado a las relaciones prematrimoniales, afecta al 84% de los participantes que han mantenido este tipo de relaciones; estos jóvenes estiman en mayor medida que su experiencia personal es compartida por otros, estiman una actitud favorable hacia esta conducta tanto en ellos mismos como en otras personas y dan una explicación causal interna a esta conducta. Aquellos que muestran ignorancia pluralista tienen menor experiencia en relaciones sexuales ocasionales no protegidas y se perciben más inseguros para plantear el uso del preservativo en sus relaciones futuras. Los resultados obtenidos hacen recomendable la difusión de la existencia de estos sesgos cognitivos dentro de los programas de prevención para jóvenes.
¿Emplean hombres y mujeres deferentes estilos de liderazgo? Análisis de la influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el acceso a los puestos de dirección
Authors: Cuadrado Isabel
Published: October 2003

El estudio de las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en estilos de liderazgo ha adquirido un interés creciente en las últimas décadas. En este artículo presentamos un análisis de las investigaciones más destacadas. En ellas parece latir una clara convicción de una fuerte vinculación entre los estilos de liderazgo y el acceso de las mujeres a la función directiva, en el sentido de que, supuestamente, los estilos de liderazgo “femeninos” serían los que obstaculizan dicho acceso. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos introducen matizaciones importantes, que tienen que ver, sobre todo, con el género de las personas que realmente ejercen el liderazgo, con el de los perceptores de esas conductas de liderazgo, con la tipificación de género de las tareas a realizar, con el grado en que la organización es o no “tradicional” y con el propio estilo de liderazgo, entre otras variables. A ello hay que añadir que las distintas investigaciones son muy divergentes en cuanto a los métodos utilizados y a su fundamentación teórica. Se realiza un análisis crítico de las aportaciones y limitaciones de las investigaciones revisadas, al mismo tiempo que se presentan algunos datos de investigaciones realizadas por la autora en un intento de superar algunas de las limitaciones aludidas. Finalmente, se sugiere la introducción de innovaciones en las líneas de actuación actualmente vigentes.
Género y liderazgo. Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en el acceso a los puestos directivos
Authors: Munduate Lourdes
Published: October 2003

Estudiar las cuestiones de género y enlazarlas a un tema tan relevante como el acceso de las mujeres a la función directiva, resulta imprescindible y encomiable. En este comentario al artículo de Isabel Cuadrado se reflexiona sobre la reconstrucción del concepto de ‘diferencias’ y se plantea la cuestión de cuales son las diferencias a incorporar a nuestras preguntas de investigación. ¿Se trata de analizar las diferencias que se dan en la conducta o en el tratamiento, es decir, en la elaboración del constructo social de género? ¿Se podrían incorporar, a su vez, las diferencias que se dan entre las mujeres, sin compararlas con los hombres?
¿Dirigen las mujeres igual que los hombres?
Authors: Ayestarán Sabino
Published: October 2003

En mi contribución al dossier sobre “Género y Liderazgo” relaciono cuatro conceptos: Género y Conocimiento del sistema, por una parte, Persona y Conocimiento innovador, por otra. El conocimiento de la organización como sistema es el conocimiento oficial, que está codificado, acumulado y transmitido por los libros de procedimientos o los cursos de formación que tratan de desarrollar determinadas competencias. A este nivel del conocimiento oficial, que el liderazgo masculino y femenino sean iguales o diferentes, es una cuestión que, finalmente, hace referencia a la cultura jerarquizada o igualitaria de la organización. El conocimiento del sistema organizativo es la información oficial que se transmite a través de las tecnologías de la información. Analizar las diferencias de género en el ejercicio del liderazgo significa recoger la información existente en la organización sobre el liderazgo masculino o femenino. Pero las personas, en su condición de seres que sienten y se relacionan y piensan con otros lo que han sentido, son las que crean sentido y significado, y son las que reconstruyen las relaciones con la autoridad.
Managing Employment Relationships in Flexible Labour Markets: The Case of German Repertory Theatres
Authors: Haunschild Axel
Published: October 2003

In theatres, `new' forms of employment are rather old. Based on qualitative case study research, this article analyses policies for managing human resources in a German non-profit repertory theatre. Referring to Marsden's theory of employment systems, the article suggests regarding these policies as being embedded in an interorganizational employment system, which comprises rules of job design and task assignment, the labour market, inter-firm institutions and the education system. This employment system for German theatre artists is marked by a high labour mobility and contingent work arrangements, but is also characterized by an ensemble structure providing (temporary) stability of the workforce. By studying how employment relationships are `managed' in theatres and how the organizational level is linked to the field's labour market characteristics, this article aims at contributing to the exploration of institutional prerequisites and organizational consequences of contingent work arrangements. In doing so, the article continues recent efforts to link studies on careers, labour markets and work arrangements in the cultural industries to the `future of work' debate.
From Knowledge-Creation to the Perfecting of Action: Tao, Basho and Pure Experience as the Ultimate Ground of Knowing
Authors: Chia Robert
Published: October 2003

The idea of knowledge-creation and knowledge management has become an important area of research in management studies. This preoccupation with the creation and accumulation of knowledge in its explicit representational form is underpinned by the epistemological priorities of an alphabetic-literate1 culture that takes written knowledge as the only reliable basis for effective action. Documented knowledge necessarily precedes and hence determines action and performance. Such a metaphysical orientation precludes the possibility of attaining a form of direct unmediated knowing through the relentless perfecting of action. In traditionally based oral-aural communities or in non-alphabetic East Asian cultures knowing is more often achieved directly through the immediate engagement of tasks rather than through the acquisition of abstract written signs and symbols: learning by direct observation and doing is the order of the day. Consequently, there is little systematic documenting and recording of knowledge in the written form that one finds in abundance in contemporary western cultures. Yet this apparent lack has not prevented such predominantly non-alphabetic eastern cultures from achieving outstanding levels of performance in the arts, sport and in business. This would suggest that the current obsession with knowledge-creation and the presumed route of knowledge-creation-application-performance is a peculiarly western preoccupation and that it represents only one avenue of possibility for achieving effective action. This has significant implications for our understanding of the relationship among knowledge, action and performance.
Reflexive Inquiry in Organizational Research: Questions and Possibilities
Authors: Cunliffe Ann L.
Published: October 2003

Over the last 20 years, social science scholars have challenged conventional conceptions of social reality, knowledge, and the validity of our methods of inquiry. Many have criticized the aim of mainstream social science to provide an absolute, objective view of the world and have called for a reflexive stance in which we recognize all social activity, including research itself, as an ongoing endogenous accomplishment. Three main themes have emerged: a crisis of representation, an emphasis on the constitutive nature of language, and a call for reflexive approaches to research. Contemporary organizational theorists have found themselves drawn into the debate and struggling with a number of questions around how to carry out reflexive research. I examine those questions and explore the implications for organizational research. In doing so, I attempt to enact reflexivity through one layer of narrative circularity.
When a Leader Dies
Authors: Hyde Paula , Thomas Alan B.
Published: October 2003

The reactions of followers after losing a leader are an important and neglected area of study. In fact, little is known about reactions to changes of leadership in organizational settings, generally. The effects of loss and specifically of bereavement within the family are well known. Whilst organizational life differs from family life, some relationships and reactions to loss may be comparable. One way of illuminating reactions to the loss of a leader is to look empirically at cases of leadership loss. This article presents one example taken from the health service of a team whose leader died after a short illness. Members of this team reacted differently according to their previous attachment to the leader and their reactions ranged from grief to indifference. The death of a leader is an extraordinary occurrence that may illuminate reactions to loss more generally within organizations.
Coping and Subjective Wellbeing in Women with Multiple Roles
Authors: Rao Kiran , Apte Mridula , Subbakrishna D. K.
Published: October 2003

Background: Married, working women experience a considerable amount of strain from their multiple roles. At the same time, studies indicate that they enjoy a high level of wellbeing. While the nature of employment and the level of spousal support have been examined in relation to wellbeing, the role of coping styles has not received much attention.

Aim: To examine the role of work-related factors, availability of support and coping styles as predictors of wellbeing.

Method: Sixty married, working women were individually interviewed with regard to reasons for employment and support availability, and administered the Coping Checklist and Subjective Wellbeing Inventory.

Results: On stepwise multiple regression analysis, greater use of social support seeking and less use of denial as coping styles, absence of multiple role strain, working to be financially independent, availability of support and refusal of job promotion were significant predictors of wellbeing.

Conclusion: In working women with multiple roles, enhancing problem and emotion focused coping by strengthening the use of the support network is important for wellbeing.
Self-Attention as a Mediator of Cultural Influences on Depression
Authors: Chen Hongtu , Guarnaccia Peter J. , Chung Henry
Published: October 2003

Background: Despite the widespread recognition of cultural differences in depressive symptoms, it is unclear through what processes culture affects depressive symptoms.

Aim: This research aims at examining whether self-attention mediates the influence of acculturation on changes in depressive symptoms in an immigrant group.

Method: Adults of Asian cultural backgrounds were surveyed. Depressive symptoms were assessed and divided into three categories: affective, somatic and interpersonal items of depression. Acculturation experiences were measured. Self-attention to three aspects (i.e. affective, somatic and interpersonal) of the self was also assessed.

Results: As acculturation proceeds, Asian immigrants tend to pay increasingly more attention to the affective aspect of the self and less to the somatic aspect of the self. The changes in the focus of self-attention seem to explain the changes in the experience of depression that include more affective and less somatic symptoms of depression as the degree of acculturation increases. Conclusion: Self-attention to certain aspects of the self seems to play an important role mediating the influence of acculturation on changes in subcategories of depressive symptoms.
Characteristics of Patients and Patterns of Psychiatric Service Use in Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Commander M. J. , Odell S. M. , Surtees P. G. , Sashidharan S. P.
Published: October 2003

Background: The differential uptake of psychiatric services by ethnic minorities has been widely reported. Less attention has been given to comparisons of these patients and variations in the types of interventions they receive.

Aims: To assess whether for people accessing psychiatric services in the UK, differences exist across ethnic groups both in their sociodemographic characteristics and patterns of mental health care utilisation.

Methods: All adults resident in an inner city health district and using psychiatric services during a six-month period were identified. Demographic, clinical and service use data were collected from staff and records. These were compared across black Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani, Irish and white ethnic groups for two broad diagnostic categories: psychotic/bipolar and depressive/neurotic disorders.

Results: There were significant differences between ethnic groups on most demographic variables in each of the diagnostic categories. There were variations in the level of contact with different mental health professionals. The only significant difference in the use of specific services was for those with psychotic/bipolar disorders, black Caribbean patients being more likely to be detained in hospital compulsorily.

Conclusions: Ethnic diversity both in the characteristics of patients and their patterns of psychiatric care should be addressed when planning and developing services.
Women with Schizophrenia and Broken Marriages - Doubly Disadvantaged? Part II: Family Perspective
Authors: Thara R. , Kamath Shanta , Kumar Shuba
Published: October 2003

Women with schizophrenia and broken marriages in India are disabled and stigmatised not only by the illness, but by the social attitudes to marital separation and divorce. We interviewed caregivers of 75 such women attending mental health facilities in Chennai in an attempt to understand their perceptions, attitudes and concerns about the future of their wards. Burden on the families was assessed using the Burden Assessment Schedule developed by us. Most families expressed intense distress and were especially concerned about the long-term future and security of these women. Care of the children of these women was an additional problem, in the face of total lack of any financial support from the husbands. The various sociocultural factors modulating the scene are also discussed.
British Institutionalists, or the English School, 20 Years On
Authors: Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2003

This article first identifies the nature and substance of the so-called English School of International Relations and outlines a distinct body of thought emanating from its central figures. It then examines in detail an unresolved tension between their strong West-centricity and their acknowledgement of the multicultural character of the contemporary world. A brief conclusion suggests a number of ways in which we may build on their works and transcend their parameters.
A Viable Project of Solidarism? The Neglected Contributions of John Vincent's Basic Rights Initiative
Authors: Gonzalez-Pelaez Ana , Buzan Barry
Published: October 2003

We analyse a part of Vincent's theory that has been neglected by the English School discourse: his idea of the right to subsistence, particularly the right to food, as the basis on which to build a cross-cultural human rights project across the societies of the world. Vincent insisted that starvation is the `resident emergency' of international society, and its elimination should be the minimum standard for the society of states to achieve legitimacy. We assess here the normative and practical viability of that enterprise as a project of solidarism in international society. Such assessment reveals that Vincent's work has made three contributions to English School thinking. In relation to the solidarist agenda, Vincent both widened the human rights agenda, and pushed the idea of developing a normative consensus around the basic right to food. More generally, his work forces the English School to think seriously about the relationship between international society and International Political Economy.
Challenge and Response: The Lasting Engagement of Arnold J. Toynbee and Martin Wight
Authors: Hall Ian
Published: October 2003

The friendship between Arnold J. Toynbee and Martin Wight is often noted but rarely fully explored. This article examines their personal and intellectual relationship and assesses the influence of Toynbee's work on Wight's thought, with particular concentration on their views of the past and historical method. It argues that Toynbee offered a `challenge' to which much of Wight's work may be considered a `response', some of it critical, and some of it sympathetic. It suggests that Toynbee's influence on Wight was greater and more lasting than is often recognized in International Relations, and concludes by addressing the nature of that legacy in Wight's international thought.
Partnership and the Future of Trade Unions in the UK
Authors: Terry Michael
Published: October 2003

An innovatory approach to the reform of workplace industrial relations in the UK, often labelled `partnership', has been advocated by many as the most likely means of reversing private sector trade union decline. The article analyses the implications and meanings of the approach for UK trade unions and assesses the arguments of supporters and critics. Pointing to the central importance of legislative intervention, the article suggests that while an opportunity for radical change may be available, there is no guarantee that it will be seized.
All Talk But No Voice: Employee Voice at the Eurotunnel Call Centre
Authors: Gollan Paul J.
Published: October 2003

There is little existing research on non-union voice structures of consultation and representation in call centres, or on the impact and influence of such structures on either organizational change or employee influence over managerial decisions. This article attempts to address these issues by examining non-union consultation and representative arrangements at the call centre operations at Eurotunnel, and assessing their effectiveness in representing the needs of employees. Overall, the evidence suggests that the non-union voice structures at the Eurotunnel call centre are used as devices for information and communication rather than true consultation mechanisms or bargaining agents; their effectiveness as bodies representing the interests of call centre employees in filling the lack of representation is questionable. The implications for organizations of not recognizing such limitations of non-union arrangements could result in increased union influence on workplace issues and greater employee dissatisfaction with management. The study concludes that communication between management and employees at the workplace may not be enough: voice and the right to be heard may be essential for achieving higher performance and employee commitment.
The Culture of Cooperation in Three Japanese Worker Cooperatives
Authors: Marshall Robert C.
Published: October 2003

The critical problem in the relations of production for worker-owned and managed enterprises is not the exploitation of labor by capital, but processes homologous to free-riding on the collective provision of public goods. Market, constitutional and collegiality barriers fail to attenuate opportunism in such work relations because paradoxes in the logic of rational selfishness lead to contradictory applications for collective action. In order to be effective, symbols as safeguards to opportunism must operate within the actual work itself. One such safeguard, the symbol `help' performed as the willingness of workers to assist one another in their quotidian tasks in order to monitor each other's work performance tacitly, was found in three service sector worker cooperatives in Tokyo in 1993-4.
The Communitarian Preventive Paradox: Preventing Substance Misuse without the Substance
Authors: Rantala Kati , Sulkunen Pekka
Published: October 2003

This article analyses an attempt to prevent social problems through community action in support of self-responsibility. To support their members, communities need shared ideals of a good life, but, in contemporary pluralistic societies, consensus on such ideals is difficult to attain. Our case study is a community-orientated drug and alcohol prevention programme in Helsinki, Finland. It operates within the public sector while attempting to circumvent the disadvantages associated with that. Interviews with the programme's workers illustrate the combination of rationalistic individualism with romantic communitarianism as an alternative to governmental paternalism. Dilemmas emerge from trying to combine `statism', voluntary work, community networks and citizens' self-responsibility in an environment of mixed messages concerning drug use and its prevention. This liberal communitarian approach results in the communitarian preventive paradox: difficulties in defining concrete problems and specific targets for preventive action while trying to mobilize community support.
Inclusion or Exclusion? Housing Battered Women in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Kam Wah , Chan Fung Yi
Published: October 2003

Since the mid-1990s, `social exclusion' has become a popular concept in social policy analysis. As a result, there are increasing concerns about developing a social inclusion policy. Using housing policies and services for battered women in Hong Kong as an example, this article demonstrates how policy and services claiming to help the disadvantaged actually contribute to reinforcing social exclusion. By focusing on a particular policy in a particular society and in a specific cultural context, this article and the authors' research on which it draws shed light on the complicated process of how social policy has contributed to the construction of social exclusion.
The Flâneur and the Aesthetic
Authors: Gluck Mary
Published: October 2003

The article reinterprets the sources of Parisian flânerie with the view of exploring 19th-century understandings of cultural and aesthetic modernity. It distinguishes between two separate though interconnected formulaic narratives about the flâneur. The first is the popular flâneur, associated with a new type of urban commercial culture characteristic of the 1840s; while the second is the avant-garde flâneur, embodied in Baudelaire's critical texts of the 1850s and 1860s. Juxtaposing these two different narratives of flânerie allows us to draw two conclusions. The first is that the 19th century's evaluations of cultural modernity were considerably more optimistic than later interpretations would lead one to believe. The second is that the realms of popular and avant-garde cultures were far more porous and inter-dependent than canonical literary criticism has contended.
The New Tarde
Authors: Toews David
Published: October 2003

The early 20th-century French sociologist and philosopher Gabriel Tarde was an important critic of Durkheim's ontology of the social. Tarde developed a microsociological and ontological critique of the philosophical problems of resemblance and of variation underlying Durkheim's comparative sociology. Recently, thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Bruno Latour and Éric Alliez have begun to revisit Tarde and to develop a theme of the significance of Tarde's thought as a harbinger of postmodern theory. This article examines Tarde's theories in the light of this new reception. It is shown that Tarde draws heavily from Leibniz's theory of the quantitative continuity of qualitative singulars in order to critique Durkheim's statistics-based social realism. While some key limitations of Tarde's critique are exposed, it is argued that Tarde finds a way to remain faithful to statistical sociology as a project even while calling radically into question the qualitative unity of the social.
Uncalibrated Eye-in-Hand Visual Servoing
Authors: Piepmeier Jenelle Armstrong , Lipkin Harvey
Published: October 2003

In this paper we present new uncalibrated control schemes for vision-guided robotic tracking of a moving target using a moving camera. These control methods are applied to an uncalibrated robotic system with eye-in-hand visual feedback. Without a priori knowledge of the robot's kinematic model or camera calibration, the system is able to track a moving object through a variety of motions and maintain the object's image features in a desired position in the image plane. These control schemes estimate the system Jacobian as well as changes in target features due to target motion. Four novel strategies are simulated and a variety of parameters are investigated with respect to performance. Simulation results suggest that a Gauss-Newton method utilizing a partitioned Broyden's method for model estimation provides the best steady-state tracking behavior.
Grasping and Tracking Using Constant Curvature Dynamic Contours
Authors: Perrin Douglas P. , Kadioglu Esra , Stoeter Sascha A. , Papanikolopoulos Nikolaos
Published: October 2003

In this paper we present our constant curvature dynamic contours (snakes) and three applications of these: visual servoing and grasping, occluding contour depth extraction, and localization of miniature mobile robots. For the first application, a novel deformable contour model is implemented for the automatic determination of plausible grasp axes of unknown objects using an eye-in-hand robotic system. The system finds potential grasp point pairs, ranks them based upon measurements taken from the contour, and executes a vision-guided grasp using the highest ranked grasp point pair to determine the gripper alignment. Our method is based upon statistical active deformable models. We have developed a new snake model that is applicable to real-time vision problems. The grasping method is experimentally verified using both simple and complex unknown grasping targets. These experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of using the proposed snakes to grasp previously unknown objects in minimally structured environments. We also present a novel method for active monocular depth recovery (second application of our snakes). It combines new, highly stable active deformable models with a structured camera motion along the optical axis to produce depth estimates for all snake control points. The method has a simple formulation and is suitable for real-time, vision-based robotic applications. Experiments with a variety of objects and depths demonstrate the practicality of the method. Finally, we present a novel method for localizing miniature mobile robots (Scouts) using dynamic contours. The miniature robot is tracked as it moves and jumps in the environment. The proposed dynamic contours are very effective in tracking the fast accelerations and decelerations of this small robot. We show initial experimental results emphasizing the task of monitoring a Scout's jumps.
A Hierarchical Control Architecture for High-Speed Visual Servoing
Authors: Namiki Akio , Hashimoto Koichi , Ishikawa Masatoshi
Published: October 2003

The efferent signal is the impulses from the brain to muscle or organ tissue. The afferent signal is the sensation that transmits the state of peripheral body parts to the brain. The motor control architectures of biological systems have hierarchical structures in which the efferent/afferent signals interact. Thanks to this architecture, flexible and reflective action is realized. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical control architecture for high-speed visual servoing on the basis of a biological signal interaction model. The proposed architecture has three modules: servo, motion planner and adaptation. The afferent signal corresponds to the feedback signal from the sensors; the efferent signal corresponds to the motion command. These signals interact in a hierarchical manner that realize a parameter adaptation mechanism. A series of dynamical tasks, tracking/grasping/handling of a moving object, is implemented as an example of high-speed visual servoing. The system contains a DSP network, high-speed active vision, dextrous hand and a seven-degrees-of-freedom manipulator. Real-time experiments are conducted and the results exhibit the responsiveness and flexibility of the proposed hierarchical architecture.