bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological and Psychological Responses to Stress in Neurotic Patients
Authors: Jones Maxwell
Published: August 2008

At the beginning of the war part of the Maudsley Hospital moved to Mill Hill School, and a neurosis centre of 550 beds was established. During the six years of war some 20,000 neurotic patients, both forces and civilian, were treated at this centre. Within the centre a special unit for the study of Forces patients with effort syndrome (E.S.) was set up. This unit was in existence from 1939 to 1945, and during this period 2,324 cases of E.S. were treated. The writer was associated with this unit throughout, working in association with a cardiologist (Paul Wood (1)), and with other psychiatrists (Lewis (2), Guttmann (3), Gillespie (4)). Much of the material brought together in this thesis has already been published (Jones (3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 38, 43)). During most of the war years the writer was in receipt of a Medical Research Council grant.
Personality Change and Prognosis After Leucotomy
Authors: Garmany Gerald
Published: August 2008

Though twelve years have now passed since the first prefrontal leucotomy was performed, the status of this form of therapy is still far from settled. There are some who would never perform the operation at all; and some who would reserve it for the chronic sick; while others (Fleming, 1944) would advise its use at an early stage in the illness in cases where there were reasonable grounds for believing that recovery would not otherwise occur. With opposition of a purely emotional kind, the profession as a whole need hardly concern itself; for appeals that the integrity of the nervous system be maintained at all costs are unlikely to impress those whose daily work brings them into contact with the personality degradation of chronic mental illness. It is difficult to see why interference with the brain in order to save sight or to save life in the case of tumour should be regarded as either more or less wicked than interference designed to save human reason.
The Management of Chronic Mental Patients
Authors: Tait A. P.
Published: August 2008

Many difficulties confront the medical officer who has in his care large numbers of mental patients. In the first place, owing to the staffing problems which beset the majority of mental hospitals in this country, he is probably overworked. He has neither the time nor the energy to deal adequately with the mass of work which confronts him, and as a result his output is often not as efficient as it could be. Further, when dealing with large numbers, a physiological factor enters which is often overlooked. It is very difficult to register and retain the many small variations in behaviour which are so important in the understanding of a patient, when perhaps 350 or more patients have to be seen every day. There seems to be a definite saturation point beyond which images are not retained; indeed we know that this is so, but we rarely seem to take account of it. The very sameness of deteriorated and apathetic patients contributes to this state of affairs.
Posterior Cuts in Prefrontal Leucotomy: A Clinico-Pathological Study
Authors: Meyer Alfred , McLardy Turner
Published: August 2008

The usual leucotomy cut in this country, made through burr holes orientated by means of skull measurements, in the majority of cases enters the brain at about the middle of pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's Area 45), and if performed in a strictly coronal plane remains entirely within the prefrontal region. Intentionally or unintentionally cuts are not infrequently placed either anterior or posterior to this plane. That cuts made posterior to strictly prefrontal levels are often followed by an unfavourable post-operative course distinguished by particularly severe personality change, persisting incontinence, vasomotor, trophic and neurological disturbances has been demonstrated by Knight (1943), Meyer and Beck (1945), Ziegler and Osgood (1945), Reitman (1946) and others.
Misinterpretation of Mirror Image of Self in Presenile Cerebral Atrophy
Authors: Hemphill R. E.
Published: August 2008

Denial of knowledge of personal identity is occasionally encountered in various mental disorders. Temporarily present sometimes in hysteria, in schizophrenic psychoses it is expressed as a delusion that identity or name has been altered, and it may be a feature of the depersonalization syndrome. Seniles may maintain that they do not know or have forgotten who they are.
Post-Hypoglycaemic Encephalopathy in Sakel's Insulin Treatment
Authors: Spencer A. M.
Published: August 2008

Introduced in 1933, Sakel's pharmacological shock treatment [Sakel (1935a,1935b,1938)] is now regarded as a valuable method of treatment in schizophrenia. The complications which may ensue during the treatment are, however, both numerous and dangerous, and may be classified according to the system predominantly affected as follows:

(1)

The Respiratory System.

(2)

The Cardiovascular System.

(3)

The Nervous System.
Homicidal Incidence in the Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Batt J. C.
Published: August 2008

Although homicidal tendencies are well recognized in the depressive psychoses, this medico-legal aspect of the illness receives only cursory mention in text-books, e.g. Henderson and Gillespie and Noyes, if it is referred to at all. Inasmuch as it is on this most serious complication that the psychiatrist is most liable to be asked to give evidence in court, there would seem to be good reason for examining the factors leading to such behaviour, and comparing them with similar data from non-depressive homicides. It is hoped that these notes will show a behaviour complex peculiar to the melancholic subjects.
Physiological Concomitants of Electronarcosis
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

Electronarcosis is the term applied to a sleep-like condition produced by the passage of an electric current through the central nervous system.
Anatomical Correlates of Improvement After Leucotomy
Authors: McLardy T. , Meyer A.
Published: August 2008

Out of 95 leucotomy cases of which the brains and clinical records have been collected at this laboratory, 45 were cases with post-operative survival of over 5 months, and more than 20 of these showed some degree of clinical improvement. Such numbers now make worth while an attempt to ascertain whether or not any attribute common to the lesions is a prerequisite to clinical improvement; whether or not the degree of improvement tends to vary with any qualitative or quantitative feature of the lesions; and whether or not any such relationship between lesions and improvement which is revealed holds good in equal degree for each of the main types of functional-psychosis. Over 20 of the same 45 cases had a recorded post-operative change of personality, so that relationship of post-operative personality change to the leucotomy lesions can conveniently be investigated in the same group of cases. Only some general findings concerning the personality change will, however, be touched on in the present paper.
Electric Anaesthesia and Electro-Narcosis
Authors: Longley E. O.
Published: August 2008

In the following pages the use of electricity as an anaesthetic agent for man and animals is discussed. An attempt is made to assess the existing state of knowledge, but the issue is a complex one, and there are many gaps and contradictions in the story. Attention is later given to the now familiar use of electricity for the supposedly humane destruction of animals, in particular the pig, dog and cat, and these practices examined in the light of the reliable evidence.
Birth Injury as a Cause of Mental Defect: The Statistical Problem
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

Clinicians often assume, in a somewhat casual manner, that injury to the brain at birth has been the cause of this or that case of defect. Cerebral diplegia, hemiplegia, hydrocephaly and numerous types of cerebral maldevelopment have been attributed to this cause. Some American psychologists have tended to ascribe to birth injury every case of defect with plegia (Doll, Phelps and Melcher, 1932). Equally categorical denials of the influence of birth trauma in the aetiology of mental defects have been expressed (Berry, 1933). The decision between these opposing points of view involves the examination of some difficult questions. There are two rather obvious principles to be applied. First, any case in which birth injury is diagnosed must present symptoms or signs, which could reasonably be attributed to this cause. Secondly, a history of events at the time of birth must be ascertained and the evidence carefully weighed with a view to finding out whether conditions likely to produce injury were present. A third point to be kept in mind is that, even when proof of cerebral injury at birth is reasonably complete, the effect of such injury on the intelligence level has still to be assessed. In any given case of defect with a possibility of birth injury, we must ask ourselves what the intellectual level would have been in the absence of such injury.
The Effect of Leucotomy on Creative Ability
Authors: Ashby W. R. , Bassett M.
Published: August 2008

Treatment by prefrontal leucotomy, though undoubtedly of value, still rests upon an insufficiently scientific basis. Its anatomical and physiological effects are being increasingly discovered, but many of its psychological effects are still unpredictable and obscure. Its effect on intelligence, on immediate memory, and on simple learning ability are now well known, but with these we are not concerned. Rather, we have attempted to assess the effect of leucotomy on “creative ability.” By this phrase we shall refer to that ability by which the ideational content of past experience is utilized in a situation to provide concepts and actions not directly evoked by the new situation, but elaborated by the patient's more complex cerebral reactions to the situation; The ability is worthy of examination, since the more intellectual the work the more is it evident. The architect, for instance, needs more creative ability than the bricklayer, the novelist more than the amanuensis, and the Royal Academician more than the house painter.
Abnormal Behaviour and Mental Breakdown in Adolescence
Authors: Warren W.
Published: August 2008

Youth is an elusive period of life, and although it has been considered from many points of view, it remains an intricate and unpredictable epoch, for which further study is needed to bring it into clearer perspective.
Auditory, Olfactory-Gustatory and Thermic Rorschach Responses
Authors: Wellisch E.
Published: August 2008

One can arrange the determinants of Rorschach responses in the following groups, according to the sense impression which they convey:

An optic sense impression only is given by the form-, colour- and vista-responses (F, C’, FC, CF, C, FK, K, k responses).

A kinaesthetic impression is conveyed in addition to the optic one by the movement responses (M, FM, m responses).

A tactile and optic impression is conveyed by the texture responses (c, CF, FC responses).
School Problems in Children of Average Or Superior Intelligence: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Annell Anna-Lisa
Published: August 2008

I cannot tell whether it is purely a matter of chance that in Uppsala, a university town, I have had to treat difficulties at school in children of average or superior intelligence to a greater extent than in Stockholm where I practised earlier. It is obvious that everywhere the most usual cause of such difficulties is either subnormal intelligence or special difficulties in reading and writing, that can be classed among the aphasic disturbances, most commonly in the form of dyslexia. In Uppsala, however, I have encountered a relatively large number of cases with difficulties of other kinds that are not described, or only mentioned, in current textbooks on child psychiatry.
The Treatment of Depression with Desoxyephedrine (Methedrine)
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

The treatment of depression with desoxyephedrine (pervitin or methedrine) is not new. In 1943 Davidoff reported a comparison of the effect of this preparation with amphetamine and dextroamphetamine on 8 normal and 8 depressed individuals. He found that desoxyephedrine gave the most rapid results, acted the longest and produced the greatest motor activity the most often.
A Comparative Study of the A-B Ridge Count on the Palms of Mental Defectives and the General Population
Authors: Fang T. C.
Published: August 2008

The finger-prints of mental defectives have been investigated by Bonnevie (1927), Poll (1935) and M⊘ller (1935). It was found that the frequency of whorls was less in the feeble-minded and imbeciles than in the general population but there was no correlation between intelligence quotients and quantitative values of patterns among defectives. Very little investigation has been carried out on the epidermal ridges of palms in mental defectives except in the case of mongoloid imbeciles, where Cummins (1939) and Workman (1939) have investigated the main patterns. Penrose (1949) has measured the angles subtended at triradius t by triradii a and b, and the present writer has counted the epidermal ridges between the a and b triradii.
Clinical and Biochemical Investigations in a Manic-Depressive with Short Cycles
Authors: Klein R.
Published: August 2008

Results of a previous investigation of manic-depressive psychosis with a continuity of cycles of short duration (Klein and Nunn, 1945) seemed to justify further study of this group. As such cases suitable for investigation are rare, we are again reporting observations on a single case, although the cycles were not as short and regular as in the earlier case. The patient at the time of his last admission to this hospital (in 1944) was aged 40, married, had a healthy child of 16, and was an employee of a tobacco factory. He was said to have been always very quiet and reserved, and had no history of mental illness before joining the Army in 1941. He went to the Middle East in July, 1942, and began to feel listless, tired and sleepless for the first time at the beginning of 1943. After spending four weeks in a military hospital he still felt low on returning to his unit, but soon afterwards was full of life; in his own words, “I could tear anything down.” A fresh period of depression set in later, and he was sent to a military mental hospital for six months, during which time he apparently changed several times from a depressive state into a manic one in which he felt “overstowed with vitality,” “with the energy of ten men.” From this hospital he was returned to England and invalided from the army in October, 1943, at which date he first became a patient in this hospital. An initial depression of about three weeks was followed by a manic condition, and on becoming more settled he took his discharge (at the beginning of December, 1943). In February, 1944, he was readmitted in depression, but went out again whilst in moderate mania in April. Whilst at home he continued his work in the factory, but in September, 1944, was once more admitted to hospital and has since remained. From the latter date till October, 1948, depressive periods have alternated with manic conditions. Wide variations have been noted in the duration of the two phases; at the beginning of the observation period of 21 cycles the manic state lasted longer than the depression, whilst in the last year the reverse was usually true. Manic periods varied between one week and 35 days, with an average of 18 days, while the variation shown by depressive phases was between 6 and 24 days, with an average of 13 days.
A Case of Periarteritis Nodosa of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Mackay Mavis E. , McLardy Turner , Harris Cyril
Published: August 2008

This is a clinical and pathological report on an unusual case of periarteritis nodosa in which the disease was confined chiefly to the brain and spinal cord. The diffuseness, variability and intermittency of the neurological signs and symptoms over a period of two years, in the absence of many of the more usual somatic manifestations of periarteritis nodosa, was responsible for the nature of the disorder not being diagnosed before death. Mental symptoms were prominent throughout the last year of illness. T.A.B. pyrexial therapy coincided with a marked remission in physical and mental symptoms, whilst arsenical therapy appeared to precipitate the terminal exacerbation of symptoms.
A Follow-Up Investigation of 330 Cases Treated by Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

Between 11 October, 1942 and 31 December, 1947, the operation of prefrontal leucotomy was carried out on 345 patients at the Graylingwell Hospital, Chichester. The technique was similar to that of the standard method of Freeman and Watts: in each case the operation was performed by Mr. A. G. Ross. The paper reports the results of a clinical follow-up investigation in 330 of the cases; the remaining 15 could not be traced.
A Psycho-Analytic Approach to the Treatment of Patients in Groups
Authors: Ezriel Henry
Published: August 2008

Dr. Rickman, in his address to-day, has raised the whole range of problems concerning the dynamics of groups. I think he has rightly drawn attention to the fact that “three-body” problems with which psychoanalysts are accustomed to deal form only part of the dynamics of a “multi-body,” a group, and that a fuller understanding of the dynamics of a multi-body is bound to influence our therapeutic technique.
The Origin of Head-Banging: A Suggested Explanation with an Illustrative Case-History
Authors: FitzHerbert Joan
Published: August 2008

In this short paper I shall set out a theory of the origin of head-banging and head-rolling which I do not claim has never been advanced before (since my reading has admittedly been far from exhaustive), but which I personally have not so far encountered in the literature, and which is certainly not widely known at the present time.
Changes Continuing After the Termination of Treatment of Mental Defectives with Aneurin
Authors: Rudolf G. De M.
Published: August 2008

Harrell (1943, 1946), working with children in an orphanage, reported that improvement during administration of aneurin continued during the year following cessation of the treatment. The improvement which continued occurred in intelligence tests, educational achievement, reaction time, and height and weight gains.
Frontal Lobe Function and the African
Authors: Carothers J. C.
Published: August 2008

In a previous article—” A Study of Mental Derangement in Africans “—the writer described primitive African culture, thinking and attitude to life, and the types of mental derangement seen in Kenya over a 5-year period, and endeavoured to explain the peculiarities in the incidence and nature of African mental derangement on the basis of cultural factors.
A Note on the Indications for Shock Therapy
Authors: Rees T. P.
Published: August 2008

Our present state of knowledge concerning the changes brought about by shock therapy is such that the application of these forms of treatment is still largely empirical. This is due to the fact that we are not aware of the mode of action of these different modes of treatment and also because the classification of the various forms of mental disorders is still very unsatisfactory. This is particularly true when we are dealing with that heterogeneous group of mental illnesses lumped together as schizophrenia. Many cases of so-called schizophrenia will recover without and even in spite of shock therapy, and I very much doubt whether the concept schizophrenia has done anything to help us in choosing our cases. A diagnosis to have any value should give us (a) a clinical picture of the patient, (b) an indication of the course of the illness which would be helpful in giving a prognosis, and (c) some guidance as to the appropriate treatment for a particular patient. Most clinical psychiatrists will agree that the diagnostic label schizophrenia fails us in all these respects. I read with great interest in the booklet of the International Congress Dr. Meduna's article in which he divides schizophrenia into two groups (a) endogenous schizophrenia, and (b) symptomatic schizophrenia. He points out that shock therapy is of value only in cases of symptomatic schizophrenia, which is more or less identical with the confusional insanity and the exhaustion psychoses of the English Board of Control classification of mental diseases.
The Twenty-Fifth Maudsley Lecture—Henry Maudsley: His Work and Influence
Authors: Lewis Aubrey
Published: August 2008

The keen pleasure I felt when I was invited to deliver this lecture arose not only from the honour which it conferred, but also because it offered an opportunity to link again the lecture founded in Henry Maudsley's memory with the hospital which is the living witness to his wisdom and generosity. The first Maudsley Lecture was given by Sir James Crichton Browne, a contemporary and friend of Maudsley; the second was given at the Maudsley Hospital by Sir Frederick Mott, who had seen much of him during the last decade of his life. Since then very few of those called to give this lecture had had any personal contact with him, and it seems appropriate that now, a hundred years after Maudsley entered University College Hospital as an apprentice, when he has become for most of us a shadowy figure of the Victorian past, I should attempt to revive the memory of what he did during his life and consider how his work lives on after him—most of all in the hospital and school where I, and so many more, have the privilege of working. Before I do this I would like to recall that on the list of Maudsley lecturers there is the name of Edward Mapother, a man singularly close to Maudsley in temperament and outlook, who carried forward the Maudsley Hospital in the spirit of its Founder's intention, and who would have been ideally fitted, in the 1939 lecture entrusted to him, to deal with the theme I am entering upon; unfortunately the war and his failing health came between, and Prof. Mapother never delivered the lecture. Sir James Crichton Browne compared Maudsley with Mercier; I compare Maudsley with Mapother, and recognize that in each generation there are men of rare gifts, severe in self-discipline, with strong and consistent purpose, who, in psychiatry as in other fields, accomplish much good and leave behind a lasting memorial.
Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia
Authors: Cowie Valerie
Published: August 2008

“The study of phenylpyruvic amentia may throw light on the whole problem of mental deficiency.”—Jervis.

Phenylpyruvic oligophrenia is a syndrome in which mental deficiency is accompanied by the excretion of phenylpyruvic acid in the urine.
Aliens' Paranoid Reaction
Authors: Kino F. F.
Published: August 2008

Psychotic states due mainly, but not exclusively, to unusual external circumstances are well known, and are commonly exemplified by such mental disorders as are occasionally met with in persons in prison, or those morbidly homesick, or suffering under the strain and stress of advanced deafness. In the great majority of these instances, however, the external conditions represent only an additional, precipitating aetiological factor which is operating as a trigger mechanism to a mental derangement of non-specific character already present in a latent state. It may therefore be of some theoretical and practical interest to report on a group of acute and subacute psychotic states whose history, features, course and outcome characterize them as constituting a readily recognizable clinical entity of purely psychological, situational origin.
Anomalous Physical Signs of Bodily Disease in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Kirman Brian H.
Published: August 2008

It was recognized long before the birth of Freud and of psychoanalysis that the mental attitude of the patient has an important if not a decisive influence on the course of bodily disease. Milton expresses the almost universal striving for life in spite of the sufferings of illness when he says:

“And that must end us : that must be our cure—To be no more. Sad cure ! for who would lose,Though full of pain, this intellectual being,Those thoughts that wander through eternity,To perish rather, swallowed up and lostIn the wide womb of uncreated Night,Devoid of sense and motion? ”

In more recent times, almost the whole of the work of Pavlov (1928), and particularly that of his pupil Bykov, is devoted to emphasizing the role of the cortex and higher brain centres in the determination of bodily reactions.
A Theory of E.C.T. Action and its Bearing on the Biological Significance of Epilepsy
Authors: Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

The starting-point of the line of thought to be pursued here was some work reported in detail elsewhere (Roth, 1951), on the changes in the electrical activity of the brain produced by electro-convulsive therapy. When the findings were related to the known clinical and physiological effects of E.C.T. three converging lines of evidence could be discerned:

(1) The Changes in the Electrical Activity of the Brain Produced by E.C.T. and their Significance.
Psychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy in Children
Authors: Pond D. A.
Published: August 2008

This report of about 150 children is based on recent experience gained in the Maudsley Hospital Children's Department, in which epileptic children are investigated at special sessions. Most of the patients were examined in the usual way on their first visit to the Department. A full psychiatric history was taken from the mother or other relation. Intelligence tests, electroencephalogram (E.E.G.) and physical examinations were carried out. Later, as indicated, further special tests, such as air encephalograms, were done.

It is important to note the type of patients discussed in this report, in view of the notorious difficulty of obtaining reliable statistics in such a subject as epilepsy, whose manifestations are so varied that any one hospital or clinic cannot expect to see a truly unbiased sample. Children referred to the Maudsley Hospital nearly always show some behaviour disorder, but lack gross neurological signs and symptoms. Even in the case of epileptics a behaviour problem is frequently the presenting complaint, the actual seizures being a secondary problem. As the facilities for investigation are better than in many other clinics, cases are frequently referred from other hospitals for special investigation. This material, therefore, is undoubtedly heavily weighted by epileptics with behaviour problems. There are, on the one hand, disproportionately too few mentally normal children with epilepsy, and on the other, too few with epilepsy in association with grosser neurological disorders. No attempt is made, therefore, to give any statistics on the incidence of a particular symptom or sign within this group, as it is meaningless in relation to the whole body of epilepsy in children. The recent outstanding book by Bridge (1950) gives a very fair picture of epilepsy in childhood.

The aetiological factors may be divided into two groups: those within the social situation and those within the child.
The Assessment of Pain Perception
Authors: Croft Phyllis G.
Published: August 2008

The assessment of pain perception is a subject of great importance from both the practical and the theoretical aspect. The increasing use of curare-like drugs as muscular relaxants and basal anaesthetics (Mushin, 1951), and in conjunction with electro-convulsant therapy (E.C.T.), has made the orthodox tests for depth of anaesthesia unreliable because they depend on the activity of voluntary muscle. E.C.T. itself (Morgan, 1950) and industrial electrical accidents (Hume, 1935) have given rise to unusual states of consciousness which cannot be fully understood until more is known about the way in which electric shock affects the central nervous system. On the theoretical side many explanations of the essential features of a state of consciousness have been given, but none of them accounts completely for all the observed phenomena; investigations designed to improve methods of assessment should provide useful information which, when correlated with that from other fields, may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the conscious state. The object of the experiments described in this paper has been the development of tests which will indicate the level of consciousness, and in particular the appreciation of pain, when the voluntary muscles are paralysed.
The Question of Histopathological Changes in the Testes of Schizophrenics
Authors: Blair J. H. , Sniffen R. C. , Cranswick E. H. , Jaffe W. , Kline N. S.
Published: August 2008

In determining the parameters of structure and function in the group of patients designated as schizophrenic, increasing stress has been laid on endocrinal function. A great deal of work is being done to clarify adrenocortical function. We are about to begin similar studies in respect to thyroid responsivity, using radioactive iodine as an indicator. The present report deals with a third aspect of the endocrine system.

The present study was undertaken to relate testicular changes such as those reported by Hemphill, Reiss and Taylor to adrenocortical and thyroid responsivity.
The Ecology of Mental Disease
Authors: Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

The word “oecology “was coined by Hacckel in 1869, and the study of the complex interactions between organisms and their environment led to fruitful results first in botany (at the beginning of the twentieth century) and later in zoology. In 1935 Bews formulated the principles of human ecology, but the precise boundaries of this discipline (as Banks (1905a) calls it, since it cannot be called a science) are still not the subject of any general agreement. Its dictionary definition as “that branch of biology which deals with the relations of human beings to their surroundings, their habits and modes of life,” although simple for the purposes of formulation, is probably too diffuse in practice. On the other hand, Miller (1950), in suggesting that the ecological study of disorders should be confined to their distribution in the purely demographic sense, seems unduly to restrict its application. There is a tendency among American ecologists (who have been the pioneers of this subject) to take a middle course. Park (1936) conceives of human ecology as the study of the community in terms of the competitive forces which mould it, as opposed to the cultural forces which make for social co-operation. Similarly, Faris (1944) distinguishes the ecological order, which arises automatically and unintentionally out of the struggle for survival, from the cultural order, which is based on mutual affection and sentiment.
Migraine Patients: A Discussion of Some Test Results
Authors: Kaldegg A.
Published: August 2008

Research was carried out by a small unit in the York Clinic at Guy's Hospital into the possible connection between migraine attacks and the patient's emotional life. The hypothesis was that migraine was a product of stress and should, therefore, respond to psychotherapy directed towards helping the patient to deal with his emotional problems in a more adequate way. The clinical aspects of the investigation and therapy are described in full elsewhere (2, 3). Evidence was produced to support the view that migraine is a stress disorder. Contact was kept with all the patients for a period ranging from 2 months to 2 ½ years. In a series of 20 patients eight patients were much improved by therapy, ten improved and two remained unchanged. This paper presents the results of some of the psychological tests which were applied to those 20 patients.
The Routine use of Muscular Relaxants Prior to Electrical Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Ardis J. A. , Wyllie A. M.
Published: August 2008

It is probable that the incidence of vertebral fractures during E.C.T. is greater than was formerly thought to be the case. Meschan, Scruggs and Colhoun (1950) found vertebral compression fractures in over 35 per cent. of 212 cases treated with E.C.T. Plattner (1949), in a series of 500 cases (200 men and 300 women), found fractures in 58 (37 men and 21 women). In 20 of his cases E.C.T. had to be abandoned on account of the fracture.
The Mode of Action of Electro-Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Ashby W. Ross
Published: August 2008

How electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T.) acts, what is the chain of cause and effect from the electrical application to the clinical improvement, are questions whose answers are as uncertain as ever, in spite of the importance of such knowledge to psychiatry and in spite of the researches of nearly twenty years. The experiments reported in this paper are an attempt to elucidate the links of one possible chain. What are the possibilities? I shall review them briefly, restricting the review to the physiological and biochemical aspects and omitting any reference to the psychological or psycho-analytical.
A Method of Scoring the T.A.T. Applied to Psychoneurotics
Authors: Foulds Graham
Published: August 2008

“The T.A.T. draws forth no more than twenty small samples of the subject's thought. To suppose these will invariably provide a skeleton of total personality is unduly optimistic” (6). With this warning no experienced clinical psychologist is likely to disagree. The present aim has been to provide a method of analysing and quantifying the content of the responses which minimizes dependence on hypotheses derived from outside the test situation and to relate the results to the amount produced and, more particularly, to the rate of production.
Psychological and Social Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders in the Aged
Authors: Silverman Maurice
Published: August 2008

Cook, Dax and Maclay (1952), studying the population over age 65 in the public mental hospitals in England and Wales, showed that, for the ten-year period 1938 to 1948, the percentage of patients over age 65 to the total mental hospital population rose by approximately three times as much as the per cent. increase in the general population of those over age 65 to the total population. However, in addition to the magnitude of the problem of mental ill-health in the aged, its many aspects involve extensive fields where knowledge is still lacking. In consequence, it is extremely desirable to investigate more fully the psychiatric disorders occurring in old people, and the increasing importance of these maladies—especially their social significance—has prompted the present study.
Left-Handedness and Stuttering as Signs Diagnostic of Epileptics
Authors: Bolin B. J.
Published: August 2008

Perhaps most clinicians experienced in mental hospital work suspect, at least, that left-handedness and stuttering occur relatively frequently among hospitalized epileptics. However prevalent this impression may be, it remains to be tested systematically. There has been little study of dextrality among the different diagnostic groups. Defects of speech among some groups have been studied considerably, among other groups very little.
Asthma and Psychosis
Authors: Leigh Denis , Doust John W. Lovett
Published: August 2008

Scattered throughout the literature on the psychiatric aspects of asthma are reports of cases where the psychiatric disturbance was severe enough to be described as “psychotic” (Reichmann, 1922; Hansen, 1929; St. Saxl, 1933; Oberndorf, 1935). The term “psychotic” was used in the sense that the psychiatric diagnosis was either that of manic-depressive psychosis, schizophrenia, or paranoid psychosis. It has been postulated, moreover, that the co-existence of a psychosis and attacks of asthma was no chance relationship, and that there was an intimate link between the psychosis and the somatic disturbance. This relationship, it has been said, is of considerable theoretical significance. Appel and Rosen (1950), for example, consider that “there is a reciprocal relationship between the so-called physical manifestations of psychosomatic illness and the psychological manifestations of psychiatric illness.” This concept is also held to apply in disorders other than asthma—in ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and in certain skin disorders. The treatment of such disorders psycho-therapeutically is said to result at times in an alleviation of the physical disorder, but the concomitant development of a psychotic reaction (Appel and Rosen, 1950; Lindemann, 1950). During the past three years an investigation of patients suffering from asthmatic attacks has been in progress, and the opportunity has arisen to examine these points on a fairly large case material. The present paper reports an attempt to investigate scientifically some aspects of the relationship between asthma and psychosis.
The Treatment of Depressive States with Dinitrile Succinate
Authors: Gillis A. , Salfield D. J.
Published: August 2008

Harris (1951) adequately summarizes the work done on nitrile compounds and their therapeutic use in psychiatric disorder. This work is highly controversial and the results contradictory. He adds a series of thirty cases of his own treated with dinitrile succinate (“Suxil” or “Psychil”), and concludes that no clear evidence of its therapeutic value was obtained. Twenty of his cases were treated by six or less injections of 0.1 gm. for the first, and 0.2 gm. for subsequent injections. He says: “Later, following representations by the manufacturers, this was extended to twelve.” He also comments on the suggestibility of some of his patients and the high spontaneous remission rate which make assessment of the efficacy of therapy peculiarly difficult. As far as can be seen from his paper, the assessments were made entirely impressionistically. Our preliminary trials, confirmed by our further experience with this drug, indicated (in complete harmony with Harris's opinion) that the drug is “safe, easy to administer, and quite free from toxic effects in the doses recommended.” We felt, therefore, that a further experimental trial was indicated.
The Psychiatric Patient in America
Authors: Sclare A. Balfour
Published: August 2008

This paper is based on a year's psychotherapeutic experience during 1950–51 in a well-known psychiatric clinic in America.

The psychiatric patient in the United States, like his brother and sister elsewhere, may be regarded from one viewpoint as a product of his culture. It has been said that the American scene is compounded of an unorganized mass of atypicalities; but, in fact, certain broad cultural trends are discernible. A brief look at the background of social and family patterns will help to give some insight into the psychic apparatus of the sick as well as the healthy person.
On the Nature, Origin and Distribution of the Corpora Amylacea of the Brain with Observations on Some New Staining Reactions
Authors: Alder Noel
Published: August 2008

Corpora amylacea (C.A.) or amyloid bodies found in the brain and the product of amyloid degeneration in other organs derive their name from the starch-like reaction which they give with iodine (Virchow); otherwise these substances have few points in common, and while amyloid disease has become fairly rare nowadays, the presence of C.A. constitutes one of the regular changes in senile and senescent brains. This is perhaps why it has attracted much less attention than amyloid degeneration. For instance in 18 out of 25 papers, containing detailed accounts of the histo-pathological pictures, I found no references to C.A., yet one could hardly assume that amyloid bodies were overlooked. Most text-books pay scanty attention to the subject, while Buzzard and Greenfield (1921) consider it of no pathological significance. Since, however, C.A. are encountered under a variety of conditions (not merely senility), in greatly varying amounts and at different sites in the central nervous system, it may be worth while to investigate their nature, origin and occurrence in the light of recent observation.
Observations on Epileptic Automatism in a Mental Hospital Population
Authors: Liddell D. W.
Published: August 2008

In recent years there has been renewed interest in correlating cerebral function with mental phenomena. For a time, with the advent of prefrontal leucotomy, interest in the frontal lobe reigned supreme. However, in recent years the temporal lobe has been coming to the fore, and is now beginning to rank with the frontal lobe in importance.
Subclinical Impairment of Left Ventricular Function in Young Obese Women: Contributions of Polycystic Ovary Disease and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Kosmala Wojciech , O'Moore-Sullivan Trisha M. , Plaksej Rafal , Kuliczkowska-Plaksej Justyna , Przewlocka-Kosmala Monika , Marwick Thomas H.
Published: August 2008

Context: Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) may produce disturbances of left ventricular (LV) function. Obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO), characterized by hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, are thought to be at particularly increased cardiovascular risk.

Objectives: We sought to determine the influence of IR on LV function in obese young women with and without PCO and without other comorbidities.

Design: This was a cross-sectional study.

Setting: The study was performed at a university hospital.

Patients: A total of 150 women aged younger than 40 yr with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or more was classified into three groups: with both PCO and IR, without PCO and with IR, and without either PCO or IR.

Main Outcome Measures: Tissue Doppler-derived myocardial velocities, strain-rate and strain, and metabolic and hormonal measurements were calculated.

Results: Subclinical impairment of LV systolic and diastolic function as indicated by lower peak strain (P < 0.001), peak systolic strain rate (P < 0.001), peak early diastolic strain rate (P < 0.001), and peak early diastolic velocity (P < 0.01) was demonstrated in both groups with IR. IR subjects with and without PCO did not differ in any LV function indices. Strain was independently associated with fasting insulin (β = −0.39; P < 0.001), urinary albumin excretion (UAE) (β = −0.36; P < 0.001), and BMI (β = −0.22; P < 0.03), and peak early diastolic strain rate was associated with UAE (β = −0.35; P < 0.001), fasting insulin (β = −0.24; P < 0.02), BMI (β = −0.23; P < 0.02), and SHBG (β = 0.20; P < 0.04).

Conclusions: In obese young women, fasting insulin, BMI, SHBG, and UAE are independent correlates of impaired LV performance. The contribution of PCO to LV function abnormalities is linked to IR, but not to other hormonal aberrations associated with this condition.
The expanding role of mouse genetics for understanding human biology and disease
Authors: Nguyen Duc , Xu Tian
Published: August 2008

It has taken about 100 years since the mouse first captured our imagination as an intriguing animal for it to become the premier genetic model organism. An expanding repertoire of genetic technology, together with sequencing of the genome and biological conservation, place the mouse at the foremost position as a model to decipher mechanisms underlying biological and disease processes. The combined approaches of embryonic stem cell-based technologies, chemical and insertional mutagenesis have enabled the systematic interrogation of the mouse genome with the aim of creating, for the first time, a library of mutants in which every gene is disrupted. The hope is that phenotyping the mutants will reveal novel and interesting phenotypes that correlate with genes, to define the first functional map of a mammalian genome. This new milestone will have a great impact on our understanding of mammalian biology, and could significantly change the future of medical diagnosis and therapeutic development, where databases can be queried in silico for potential drug targets or underlying genetic causes of illnesses. Emerging innovative genetic strategies, such as somatic genetics, modifier screens and humanized mice, in combination with whole-genome mutagenesis will dramatically broaden the utility of the mouse. More significantly, allowing genome-wide genetic interrogations in the laboratory, will liberate the creativity of individual investigators and transform the mouse as a model for making original discoveries and establishing novel paradigms for understanding human biology and disease.
Helicobacter pylori infection and disease: from humans to animal models
Authors: Peek Richard M.
Published: August 2008

Informative and tractable animal models that are colonized by well-defined microbial pathogens represent ideal systems for the study of complex human diseases. Helicobacter pylori colonization of the stomach is a strong risk factor for peptic ulceration and distal gastric cancer. However, gastritis has no adverse consequences for most hosts and emerging evidence suggests that H. pylori prevalence is inversely related to gastroesophageal reflux disease and allergic disorders. These observations indicate that eradication may not be appropriate for certain populations due to the potentially beneficial effects conferred by persistent gastric inflammation. Animal models have provided an invaluable resource with which to study H. pylori pathogenesis and carcinogenesis, and have permitted the development of a focused approach to selectively target human populations at high-risk of disease.
Transforming scientific discovery into medical application at the IMB
Authors: Kain Kristin
Published: August 2008

The Institute for Medical Biology (IMB), located in Singapore’s sprawling Biopolis, is one of a handful of research organizations generated in a global mission to understand and treat human disease. Kristin Kain investigates.
TRPV4 enhances the cellular uptake of aminoglycoside antibiotics
Authors: Karasawa Takatoshi , Wang Qi , Fu Yi , Cohen David M. , Steyger Peter S.
Published: August 2008

The cochlea and kidney are susceptible to aminoglycoside-induced toxicity. The non-selective cation channel TRPV4 is expressed in kidney distal tubule cells, and hair cells and the stria vascularis in the inner ear. To determine whether TRPV4 is involved in aminoglycoside trafficking, we generated a murine proximal-tubule cell line (KPT2) and a distal-tubule cell line (KDT3). TRPV4 expression was confirmed in KDT3 cells but not in KPT2 cells. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ significantly enhanced gentamicin–Texas-Red (GTTR) uptake by KDT3, indicative of permeation through non-selective cation channels. To determine whether TRPV4 is permeable to GTTR, stable cell lines were generated that express TRPV4 in KPT2 (KPT2-TRPV4). KPT2-TRPV4 cells took up more GTTR than control cell lines (KPT2-pBabe) in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. TRPV4-dependent GTTR uptake was abolished by a point mutation within the crucial pore region of the channel, suggesting that GTTR permeates the TRPV4 channel. In an endolymph-like extracellular environment, clearance of GTTR was attenuated from KPT2-TRPV4 cells in a TRPV4-dependent fashion. We propose that TRPV4 has a role in aminoglycoside uptake and retention in the cochlea.
Cdk5 kinase regulates the association between adaptor protein Bem1 and GEF Cdc24 in the fungusUstilago maydis
Authors: Alvarez-Tabarés Isabel , Pérez-Martín José
Published: August 2008

Cyclin-dependent kinases from the Cdk5/Pho85 family are thought to play important roles in morphogenesis in species as diverse as yeast and humans. In the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis Cdk5 has a major role in the maintenance of cell polarity and virulence. This role seems to be related to the ability of the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Cdc24 to localize at the cell tips. However, the elements behind the Cdk5-dependent stabilization of Cdc24 at the cell poles are not well understood. Here we investigate the role of the adaptor protein Bem1 in polarity maintenance in U. maydis. We found that Bem1 and Cdc24 physically interact and colocalize at cell tips and that Cdk5 regulates this interaction. Our data suggest a method by which Cdk5 could regulate polar growth in this phytopathogenic fungus.