bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tendências das desigualdades de acesso ao ensino superior no Brasil: 1982-2010
Authors: Mont'Alvão Neto Arnaldo Lopo
Published: July 2014

Este trabalho analisa as tendências das desigualdades de acesso ao ensino superior no Brasil ao longo das últimas três décadas, período marcado por grande expansão do sistema de educação superior. São utilizadas informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) e dos Censos Demográficos, a partir das quais modelos de regressão estimam as chances de estudantes que completaram o ensino médio chegarem ao ensino superior no país, em função das origens socioeconômicas, características sociodemográficas, estrutura familiar e diferenças regionais. Os principais resultados indicam queda das desigualdades de acesso, segundo nível educacional dos pais e diferenças raciais.
Descolonizando as pesquisas com crianças e três obstáculos
Authors: Abramowicz Anete , Rodrigues Tatiane Consentino
Published: July 2014

Este artigo debate as possibilidades de descolonizar pesquisas com crianças, por meio de um entendimento de infância compreendida como experiência social e individual singular, que descentralize, ou faça fugir os modelos e lugares hegemônicos que centralizam sentidos, norma, estética e saúde dominantes e que se constitua para além da lógica do capital. Inicia-se o debate sobre a infância como um dispositivo do poder que se impõe a cada criança de maneira universal e única. Depois, afirma-se a positividade da infância como experiência única de entrada na linguagem e de constituir história e como pensamento crítico, tomando Giorgio Agamben e René Schérer como interlocutores. Ao final, indicam-se três obstáculos para a realização de pesquisas descolonizadas com crianças e os temas que necessariamente fazem parte da temática pós-colonial como raça, gênero, etnia, Estado-nação e diáspora, a partir das autoras Judith Butler, Gayatri Spivak e Avtar Brah.
Proceso de reconocimiento del alumno problema como legítimo otro de escuelas vulnerables
Authors: Ajagan Luis , Castro Abelardo , Díaz Alejandro , Alarcón Catherine
Published: July 2014

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar, desde la perspectiva de los profesores, las contradicciones y tensiones que surgen en el encuentro entre alumnos vulnerables y la cultura oficial de la escuela. Los sujetos de esta investigación cualitativa, de inspiración fenomenológica, son ocho profesores de enseñanza básica de establecimientos educativos municipales y privados subvencionados de la Región del Bio-Bio, Chile. Las percepciones de los profesores entrevistados dan claras indicaciones de un complejo tránsito desde la no aceptación y rechazo de los estudiantes hasta su aceptación como legítimos otros. Los resultados alcanzados demuestran que la co-construcción del conocimiento, deseable desde el punto de vista constructivista del aprendizaje, sólo es lograda cuando los docentes alcanzan el estadio de aceptación de sus estudiantes como legítimos otros.
As políticas globais de governança e regulamentação da privacidade na internet
Authors: Souza Rebeca Hennemann Vergara de , Solagna Fabrício , Leal Ondina Fachel
Published: July 2014

Este trabalho tem como pano de fundo o contexto das políticas globais de propriedade intelectual, conjunto de acordos e ordenamentos jurídicos que, em grande medida, entre outras coisas, regulam também o fluxo de informação na internet. Através de uma descrição densa de impasses, disputas e estratégias a respeito da regulamentação da rede, busca-se compreender como se conforma um arcabouço comum às políticas globais de regulação da privacidade e da governança das trocas na internet, as quais impactam diretamente o uso que se faz nos e dos meios e tecnologias digitais. Neste artigo, partindo-se da descrição do contexto mais geral da produção de políticas globais, foca-se especificamente nos casos norte-americano e brasileiro de regulamentação da internet, com o objetivo de desvendar a racionalidade subjacente a esse sistema de produção de regras que atua sobre aquilo que estamos tomando como uma esfera pública, a internet e/ou as redes sociais digitais.
O movimento software livre do Brasil: política, trabalho e hacking
Authors: Evangelista Rafael
Published: July 2014

A proposta deste trabalho é discutir, a partir de dados etnográficos, as características, contradições e transformações da comunidade software livre brasileira vividas nos últimos anos. Entendida como um movimento social, busca-se mostrar como ela inter-relaciona questões que envolvem política, linguagem, trabalho e identidade. O cenário etnográfico abordado mistura o online com o offline, ou seja, a pesquisa procurou entender o software livre tanto por meio da pesquisa de campo tradicional como pela observação de grupos online. O movimento software livre brasileiro se mostrou, comparado com seus equivalentes internacionais, como de grande eficácia: articulou-se com partidos e políticos tanto em nível local como nacional, mostrando-se influente a ponto de ver atendidas certas demandas; alguns de seus membros obtiveram cargos técnicos e administrativos; e foi possivelmente o grupo mais influente na constituição dos grupos que atualmente identificam-se sob o termo guarda-chuva "cultura digital". A pesquisa que dá base ao texto já resultou em tese de doutoramento e reúne dados coletados por dez anos de envolvimento com a comunidade software livre, incluindo interações e participação em eventos offline, sendo o mais importante deles o Fórum Internacional de Software Livre, realizado anualmente em Porto Alegre.
Homenagem a colette pétonnet
Authors: Fonseca Claudia , Magni Claudia Turra
Published: July 2014

O seminário "Les sentiers de l'ethnologie urbaine, avec Colette Pétonnet" ("Pistas da etnologia urbana, com Colette Petonnet"), realizado entre 3 e 4 de outubro de 2013, no Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - Paris, reuniu diversos pesquisadores para uma homenagem póstuma a esta precursora da etnologia em meio urbano, fundadora, com Jacques Gutwirth, do Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Urbaine do Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (LAU/CNRS). Este artigo é uma tradução do paper enviado por Claudia Fonseca, ex-orientanda da homenageada, apresentado, na ocasião, em forma de um vídeo, produzido em conjunto com Claudia Turra Magni e Mauro Bruschi, sob o título Colette Pétonnet au Brésil: les effets pédagogiques d'un exercice ethnographique. Aqui, as autoras evocam as marcas e repercussões dos ensinamentos da mestra, a partir de sua estada no Brasil, na última década do século passado.
Uso de torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato natural e biofertilizantes em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico
Authors: González Leónides Castellanos , Prado Renato de Mello , Hernández Alfredo Reyes , Caione Gustavo , Selva Enrique Parets
Published: July 2014

O uso de biofertilizantes associados a composto orgânico e rocha fosfatada pode aumentar a disponibilidade de fósforo no solo, pelo aumento da população de micro-organismos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do uso da torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato natural e preparados de biofertilizantes na população de micro-organismos e no teor de fósforo de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O experimento foi realizado em casa-devegetação, utilizando-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 7x3 (sete tratamentos e três épocas de avaliação), com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de amostras de solo com adições de torta de filtro decomposta e rocha fosfatada de Araxá enriquecida com microorganismos provenientes dos biofertilizantes Biopack, Embrafos e Azotofos; solo com adições de torta de filtro e rocha fosfatada de Araxá, sem enriquecimento com micro-organismos; solo com torta de filtro; solo com rocha fosfatada; e somente solo (controle). Avaliou-se, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a instalação do experimento, o teor de fósforo disponível no solo e a população de micro-organismos. A presença de torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato natural e com biofertilizantes promoveu aumento na população de bactérias do solo, havendo variações no tempo. A torta de filtro também proporcionou aumento na população de fungos e micro-organismos solubilizadores de fosfato. A curto prazo, a adição de torta de filtro enriquecida com fosfato natural contribuiu para o aumento do teor de fósforo solúvel no solo.
Tamanho dos alvéolos e aceitação de pães de forma enriquecidos com farelo de mandioca
Authors: Castiglioni Gabriel Luis , Soares Júnior Manoel Soares , Souza Thaísa Anders Carvalho , Silva Flávio Alves da , Caliari Márcio
Published: July 2014

Considerando-se que, no processamento da mandioca, resíduos líquidos e sólidos são gerados, o presente estudo objetivou elaborar pães com farelo de mandioca. Após avaliação físico-química e microbiológica das amostras de farelo de mandioca, cinco formulações de pães, com níveis de substituição entre 0% e 20% de farinha de trigo (FT) por farelo de mandioca seco (FMS), foram avaliadas por meio do diâmetro médio dos alvéolos da massa, análise de imagem e teste de aceitação. O farelo de mandioca apresentou elevado teor de umidade (89,1 g 100 g-1), portanto, para sua utilização segura, quanto ao aspecto microbiológico, foi realizada a secagem do resíduo, visando a garantir um armazenamento seguro, antes do processamento dos pães. As amostras de FMS apresentaram ausência de Bacillus cereus, coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella sp. A partir da análise de imagem, verificou-se que a substituição de FT por FMS influenciou, negativamente, no crescimento da massa dos pães, sendo possível sugerir um modelo para descrever a variação do tamanho dos alvéolos dos pães, em função do nível de substituição dos ingredientes. A formulação que apresentou melhor aceitação sensorial foi aquela com 10% de substituição de FT por FMS. Concluiu-se que o uso do FMS, em pão de forma, é viável, do ponto de vista tecnológico, microbiológico e sensorial, podendo contribuir para a melhoria de aspectos econômicos e ambientais das indústrias produtoras de fécula de mandioca.
Crescimento e nutrição de mudas de clones de eucalipto inoculadas com fungos micorrízicos
Authors: Lima Francisco de Sousa , Sousa Carla da Silva
Published: July 2014

Uma das essências florestais mais plantadas no Brasil é o eucalipto, em razão de seu rápido crescimento e elevado rendimento econômico. Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares proporcionam melhoria nutricional e fitossanitária às mudas, além de maior resistência a fatores bióticos e abióticos. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da inoculação com espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, no crescimento e nutrição de mudas de diferentes clones de eucalipto. Foi conduzido experimento em condições de casa-de-vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial 5x5 (cinco espécies fúngicas e cinco clones de eucalipto), com cinco repetições. De modo geral, a simbiose micorrízica proporcionou incrementos significativos no crescimento e na nutrição das mudas de eucalipto, em comparação às mudas não inoculadas. A interação mais eficiente foi entre o clone 2361 e o fungo Entrophospora infrequens, na qual foram registrados aumentos de 107,3% e 120,6%, na produção de biomassa seca na parte aérea e nas raízes, e de 107,7%, 94,1% e 103,3%, respectivamente para o acúmulo de N, P e K, na parte aérea das mudas. Todas as espécies fúngicas apresentaram alto índice de compatibilidade absoluta com os clones de eucalipto. Os fungos Glomus manihots e E. infrequens apresentaram maior índice de compatibilidade funcional com os clones testados. O clone 5204 apresentou compatibilidade com 75% dos fungos avaliados.
Reprodução de Trichospilus diatraeae em Diatraea saccharalis após três gerações em Tenebrio molitor
Authors: Glaeser Daniele Fabiana , Pereira Fabricio Fagundes , Vargas Elizangela Leite , Calado Vanessa Rodrigues Ferreira , Favero Kellen
Published: July 2014

A criação sucessiva de parasitoides em hospedeiros alternativos pode afetar sua qualidade biológica. Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) tem sido estudado para o controle biológico da broca-da-cana [Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)]. Objetivou-se avaliar se a criação de T. diatraeae, por três gerações, no hospedeiro alternativo Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), afeta seu desempenho reprodutivo, quando criado, posteriormente, em pupas do hospedeiro natural D. saccharalis. Dois grupos de T. diatraeae foram multiplicados, separadamente e por três gerações: um em pupas de T. molitor e outro em pupas de D. saccharalis. Na sequência, 20 pupas de D. saccharalis foram expostas, por 72 horas, ao parasitismo de fêmeas de T. diatraeae, criado, anteriormente, em pupas de T. molitor ou de D. saccharalis. A criação sucessiva de T. diatraeae no hospedeiro alternativo não afetou o número de pupas parasitadas e de pupas com emergência de parasitoides no hospedeiro natural D. saccharalis e aumentou a longevidade de fêmeas e a razão sexual de T. diatraeae. A progênie, duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento (ovo-adulto), largura da cápsula cefálica de machos e fêmeas e a longevidade de machos de T. diatraeae foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. T. diatraeae pode ser criado no hospedeiro alternativo T. molitor, por três gerações, sem comprometer seu desempenho reprodutivo, ao ser criado, posteriormente, no hospedeiro natural D. saccharalis.
Response of beta diversity to pulses of Ordovician‐Silurian mass extinction
Authors: Darroch Simon A. F. , Wagner Peter J.
Published: July 2014

Ecologists are increasingly using the fossil record of mass extinction to build predictive models for the ongoing biodiversity crisis. During mass extinctions, major depletions in global (i.e., gamma) diversity may reflect decrease in alpha diversity (i.e., local assemblages support fewer taxa), and/or decrease in beta diversity (such that similar pools of taxa are common to a greater number of local areas). Contrasting the effects of extinction on alpha and beta diversity is therefore central to understanding how global richness becomes depleted over these critical events. Here we investigate the spatial effects of mass extinction by examining changes in alpha, beta, and gamma diversity in brachiopod communities over both pulses of Ordovician‐Silurian extinction (~445.2 and ~438.8 million years ago), which had dramatically different causal mechanisms. We furthermore reconstruct geographic range sizes for brachiopod genera to test competing models for drivers of beta diversity change. We find that: (1) alpha and beta diversity respond differently to extinction; (2) these responses differ between pulses of extinction; (3) changes in beta diversity associated with extinction are accompanied by changes in geographic range size; and (4) changes in global beta diversity were driven by the extinction of taxa with statistically small and large ranges, rather than range expansion/contraction in taxa that survive into the aftermath. A symptom of ongoing biotic crisis may therefore be the extinction of specific narrow‐ or wide‐ranging taxa, rather than the global proliferation of opportunistic and “disaster” forms. In addition, our results illustrate that changes in beta diversity on these longer timescales may largely be dictated by emplacement and removal of barriers to dispersal. Lastly, this study reinforces the utility of the fossil record in addressing questions surrounding the role of global‐scale processes (such as mass extinctions) in sculpting and assembling regional biotas.
Development and Implementation of the AVAILS+ Collaborative Forecasting Tool for Production Assurance in the Kuwait Oil Company, North Kuwait (KOC NK)
Authors: Al-Saad Bader , Murray Paul A. , Vanderhaeghen Maurice , Yannimaras Demetrios , Naime Rami Kansao
Published: July 2014

AVAILS+ is a short-term forecasting tool designed to lead the production-assurance efforts of the North Kuwait Asset [Sabriyah, Raudhatain, Ratqa, Abdali, and Bahrah fields of the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)]. The term "AVAILS" is a shorthand term for "Available Production," whereas the "+" connotes the extended capabilities of both the technology (suite of dashboard metrics) and the methodology (team building and collaboration).

The tool has been developed jointly between KOC North Kuwait (KOC NK) and Quantum Reservoir Impact (QRI). AVAILS+ design principles are firmly rooted within Reservoir Competency Asymmetric Assessment (RCAA) (Saleri and Toronyi 2011), QRI's empirically driven investigative process for qualifying and quantifying reservoir fundamentals.

As a technology, the tool can best be described as an "enterprise mashup," a collection of exploration-and-production data stores integrated into a reservoir-analytics engine with dashboards for tracking primary drivers of the production forecast. This high degree of data integration, coupled with its visual nature (dashboards), enables better cross-organization transparency and collaboration with respect to execution of the recovery plan for production assurance.

There is nothing novel about short-term forecasts, metrics, dashboards, or fit-for-purpose databases—all which are components of this enterprise mashup. What is unique is the way in which AVAILS + elegantly unifies these components into a strategic decision-making engine for KOC NK. There have been genuine new insights within this business-intelligence approach to managing the reservoirs of KOC NK, all leading the workforce to an improved understanding of reservoir fundamentals and, consequently, better, more-informed, and more-timely decisions.
The first pharmacy in Vranje with the educated pharmacist and its development
Authors: Krajnovic Dusanka , Arsic Jasmina , Milosevic-Georgiev Andrijana , Manojlovic Jelena
Published: July 2014

nema
The contribution of Serbian doctors to the development of physical exercise in the Kingdom of Serbia
Authors: Gavrilovic Dejan , Kasum Goran , Mijatovic Sladjana
Published: July 2014

nema
Clinical signs and outcome of dogs treated medically for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: 98 cases (2004–2012)
Authors: De Decker Steven , Wawrzenski Lauren A. , Volk Holger A.
Published: July 2014

Objective—To compare clinical signs of dogs treated medically or surgically for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) and assess outcome after medical treatment.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—Client-owned dogs treated medically (n = 49) or surgically (49) for DLSS.

Procedures—Medical records from 2004 to 2012 were reviewed. Dogs were included if they had clinical signs, clinical examination findings, and MRI abnormalities consistent with DLSS. Several variables were compared between surgically and medically treated dogs: age, sex, duration of clinical signs, presence or absence of neurologic deficits, urinary and fecal incontinence, concurrent medical conditions, and medical treatment before referral. Medical treatment after obtaining a final diagnosis of DLSS consisted of restricted exercise in combination with anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Surgical treatment consisted of dorsal lumbosacral laminectomy. Outcome for medically treated dogs was obtained via a standardized questionnaire.

Results—Neurologic deficits were observed significantly more often in surgically treated dogs. Surgically treated dogs had unsuccessful medical treatment before referral significantly more often than did medically treated dogs. Thirty-one of 49 (63.3%) medically treated dogs were available for follow-up evaluation. Of these 31 dogs, 17 (55%) were managed successfully, 10 (32.3%) were managed unsuccessfully and underwent surgical treatment, 3 (9.7%) were euthanized because of progression of clinical signs, and 1 (3.2%) was alive but had an increase in severity of clinical signs after medical management.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinical signs differed in dogs treated medically or surgically for DLSS. Medical treatment for dogs with DLSS was associated with a fair prognosis.
Placement of a caudal vena cava stent for treatment of Budd-Chiari–like syndrome in a 4-month-old Ragdoll cat
Authors: Hoehne Sabrina N. , Milovancev Milan , Hyde Aleshia J. , deMorais Helio A. , Scollan Kate F. , Nemanic Sarah
Published: July 2014

Case Description—A 16-week-old 1.5-kg (3.3-lb) sexually intact male Ragdoll kitten that had a 9-week history of marked modified transudate ascites was evaluated. A membranous obstruction of the caudal vena cava at the cranial aspect of the liver was identified via CT angiography.

Clinical Findings—Physical examination findings included a markedly distended abdomen and panting. Testing for circulating FIV antibody and FeLV antigen, a PCR assay for feline coronavirus performed on a sample of peritoneal fluid, and fecal flotation yielded negative results. A diagnosis of Budd-Chiari–like syndrome secondary to a membranous obstruction of the caudal vena cava was made.

Treatment and Outcome—The cat was anesthetized, and the subhepatic portion of the caudal vena cava was identified and accessed via median celiotomy and direct venipuncture. A 6F 8 × 24-mm balloon-expandable nitinol biliary stent was placed across the stenotic area under fluoroscopic guidance. The patient remained free of clinical signs at the last follow-up 13 months following the procedure.

Clinical Relevance—Budd-Chiari–like syndrome is a rare phenomenon in veterinary medicine, and congenital malformations should be considered in young feline patients with ascites. Computed tomography angiography proved to be a helpful adjunctive imaging technique to establish a diagnosis in this case. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment of a congenital caudal vena cava obstruction by means of stent placement in a juvenile cat.
Suspected primary hypoparathyroidism in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: de Matos Ricardo E. , Connolly Maren J. , Starkey Simon R. , Morrisey James K.
Published: July 2014

Case Description—A 4-year-old castrated male domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was examined because of a 3-week history of intermittent seizures, signs of depression, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia.

Clinical Findings—Plasma biochemical analysis confirmed hyperphosphatemia (17.7 mg/dL) and low concentrations of total (4.3 mg/dL) and ionized (0.49 mmol/L) calcium. Serum parathyroid hormone concentration (2.30 pmol/L) was low or in the low part of the reference interval.

Treatment and Outcome—Calcium gluconate was administered (2.0 mg/kg/h [0.9 mg/lb/h], IV), followed by a transition to administration of calcium carbonate (53 mg/kg [24.1 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) and dihydrotachysterol (0.02 mg/kg/d [0.009 mg/lb/d], PO). Attitude of the ferret improved and seizures ceased as blood calcium concentrations increased. The ferret was reexamined because of seizures approximately 1 year after oral maintenance administration of dihydrotachysterol and calcium was initiated. The ferret responded well to emergency and long-term treatment but then was lost to follow-up monitoring. The ferret died approximately 2 years after the initial evaluation and treatment. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was diagnosed during necropsy, but the parathyroid glands could not be identified.

Clinical Relevance—To the authors’ knowledge, primary hypoparathyroidism has not previously been reported in a ferret. The condition should be considered for ferrets with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia without azotemia. Treatment with dihydrotachysterol and oral supplementation of calcium appeared to be a viable option for long-term management.
Self-regulating genes. Exact steady state solution by using Poisson representation
Authors: Sugár István , Simon István
Published: July 2014

Systems biology studies the structure and behavior of complex gene regulatory networks. One of its aims is to develop a quantitative understanding of the modular components that constitute such networks. The self-regulating gene is a type of auto regulatory genetic modules which appears in over 40% of known transcription factors in E. coli. In this work, using the technique of Poisson Representation, we are able to provide exact steady state solutions for this feedback model. By using the methods of synthetic biology (P.E.M. Purnick and Weiss, R., Nature Reviews, Molecular Cell Biology, 2009, 10: 410–422) one can build the system itself from modules like this.
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: ten years of our experience in diagnosis and outcome
Authors: Hromis Sanja , Zvezdin Biljana , Kopitovic Ivan , Milutinov Senka , Kolarov Violeta , Vukoja Marija , Zaric Bojan
Published: July 2014

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is a rare clinical condition that may be mild but also dramatic with sudden onset of chest pain and dyspnea accompanied by swelling and subcutaneous crepitations. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation and outcome of SPM in a specialized pulmonary tertiary care centre over a 10 years year period. In subsequent followup, we received information related to recurrence episodes of SPM by patients or their GPs physicians. Eighteen patients, 15 (83%) men, mean age 24 years (SD ±7.86) were diagnosed with SPM. Predominant symptoms were chest pain and cough (n=11) then dyspnea (n=9). Asthma was the most common predisposing condition (n=12). Pneumomediastinum was present on chest radiograph in 17 cases (94%), and in one case it was detected only by computed tomography. The mean length of hospital stay was 7 days (SD ±4.4 days). All our patients recovered and there were no complications. Recurrent event occurred in one asthma patient, 2 years after the first episode. Although, SPM is usually a self-limiting and benign condition, close monitoring is necessary. Recurrence is rare, but possible, with no evidence that routine monitoring of those patients is needed.
A case of myositis with immunological background associated with statin use
Authors: Protić Dragana , Baltić Snežana , Stupar Nada , Pavlov-Dolijanović Slavica , Mugoša Snežana , Todorović Zoran
Published: July 2014

Statins might cause and/or aggravate the immune-mediated myositis in patients on long-term, stable treatment. We provide a case of polymyositis with an immunological background and gastrointestinal and urinary manifestations in patient on long-term, stable atorvastatin treatment for the past six years. The diagnose of polymyositis was established based on clinical symptoms and signs, electromyography and laboratory test results (elevated aspartate aminotransferase 279 U/L, reference range 0–40 U/L; alanine aminotransferase 198 U/L, 0–33 U/L; lactate dehydrogenase 2200 U/L, 103-227 U/L; creatine kinase 7820 U/L, 15–84 U/L; and positive antinuclear antibodies test, titer of 1:160, with suspect antisynthetase antibodies). Polymyositis was probably related to atorvastatin treatment (Naranjo score, 5). Other probable causes of the myositis were rejected. Coricosteroid therapy, methotrexate and supplementation with vitamin D did not improve the condition. The patient remained bedridden and died two months after the hospital discharge due to the acute myocardial infarction.
Assisted Reproductive Technology
Authors: Deep JP
Published: July 2014

All the treatment or procedure that includes the handling of both human sperm and oocytes or embryos in vitro for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy in order to bypass some pathological obstacles in human reproduction is known as Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). Now we must be approaching 1.5 million Assisted Reproductive Technology birth since the birth of the world’s first in vitro fertilization baby, Louise Brown, in the United Kingdom. The infertility is caused by various reason and factors from either or both partners. Infertility affects worldwide by 8-15 percent of couples in general and defined as a disease of the reproductive system by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after one year or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i1.10840 Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(1): 1-10
Common positioning and technical errors in panoramic radiography
Authors: Pandey S , Pai KM , Dhakal A
Published: July 2014

Panoramic radiograph is one of the routinely used investigations in dentistry. The value of panoramic radiograph is reduced when they are of poor diagnostic quality. Therefore, the aim of the study is to be aware of the common positional and tech­nical errors so as to minimize such errors occurring in the department. Panoramic radiographs of all the patients, who were taking radiographs for their own diagnostic purpose, were examined. All Radiographs taken for a 3 months period were 1010. All panoramic radiographs examined for various errors. Data were analyzed for the frequency of some common faults, both technical and processing errors, which directly contributed to failure of the radiographs. Total 1010 radiographs were analyzed for errors. 27.5% (n=278) were showing errors which ranged from technical errors 11.3% ( n=14) to positional errors 16.2% (n=164) and 72.5% of radiographs were error free. Most common technical error was density/dark radiographs which were 45% (n=51) and the most common positional error found was tongue not resting against the palate, 20% (n=32). Dark radiograph and tongue not resting against the palate were found common errors. Fewer errors are likely to be made when a quality assurance regimen and proper training, which includes the recognition and correction of errors, is followed DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i1.10844 Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(1): 26-29
Optic disc drusen presenting as papilledema: a case report
Authors: Sitaula S , Thapa M , Sharma AK
Published: July 2014

Optic disc drusens, which are congenital anomalies of optic nerve head, are depositions of mucopolysaccharides and pro­teinaceous material within the optic nerve head. They are usually bilateral and diagnosed incidentally during routine fundus examination where they may be mistaken for papilledema. We report a case of 63 year old female referred to the neuro-ophthalmology department with the clinical suspicion of disc edema. Simple noninvasive investigations like ultrasound B-scan, fundus autofluorescene along with the newer test like spectral domain optical coherence tomography helped us to diagnose it as a case of pseudopapilledema, as optic disc drusen. Thus, a high index of suspicion along with the ancillary tests is helpful in differentiating optic disc drusen from true papilledema. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i1.10848 Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(1): 42-44
Pilomatricoma-Study of 3 cases and review of literature
Authors: Maharjan S , Tiwari M , Ranabhat S , Shrestha R
Published: July 2014

Pilomatricoma is a benign neoplasm arising from hair follicle matrix cells. It is the most common lesion in pediatric age group. The most frequent sites are head and neck region followed by upper extremities. It is usually asymptomatic and pres­ent as a hard, subcutaneous slow-growing mass. Most of the cases present as a single nodule with a size smaller than 3 cm in diameter. We report three cases of pilomatricoma in arm and pre-auricular regions in a child and two young adults. We discuss the clinical presentation and histopathological findings of this uncommon skin tumor, and compare our findings with the previous literature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i1.10849 Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(1): 45-46
The epidemiology and health burden of neurocysticercosis in tertiary hospital of Nepal
Authors: Sah RB , Subedi L , Pandey N , Sah BP , Jha S , Shah U , Jha N , Pokharel PK
Published: July 2014

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic infestation of the central nervous system and is one of the major public health problems in developing nations like Nepal. This study was conducted to find out total number of neurocysticercosis cases in BPKIHS from 2005 to 2013 AD and to know the duration for which cases were admitted and improvement seen in them. This is a hospital based retrospective study conducted from 31st March to 13th April 2014 to see the number of NCC in B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan of Nepal, a tertiary level referral hospital in the Eastern Nepal. It was study in which secondary data, consistent with the diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis was collected from the Medical Record Section of BPKIHS and reviewed. One hundred fourteen cases of neurocysticercosis were enrolled. The patients were predominantly males (nearly 63.2%) and it was more commonly seen in 2-20 years age group (42%). Most of the cases were from Sunsari District. Most of the patients (63.2%) were admitted in Medicine wards. Almost 90.4% of admitted Neurocysticercosis cases were improved in BPKIHS. The trend of Neurocysticercosis cases did not show any showed any consistent pattern in the past nine years. We conclude that the problem of Neurocysticercosis is common and has become a key public health concern for all. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i2.10854 Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(2): 13-16
Bridges to the future
Authors: Greskovits Béla
Published: July 2014

Sometimes it is suggested that communism collapsed not least because its leaders ran out of any vision of a promising future for Eastern Europeans. My own experience of 1989 partly challenges this assumption. By that time, aware of the imperative of Hungary’s European integration, communists tried to demonstrate their will and skill to lead the country to the new path by proposing a grand project that could elicit the support of Western and domestic elites and capture the imaginations of ordinary people.
What kind of commons are the urban commons?
Authors: Narotzky Susana
Published: July 2014

Optimism of the will permeates this article,
which builds on Lefebvre’s idea of The Right to
the City ([1968] 2009) and its more recent revival
by Harvey, specially in his last work where,
after a period of scepticism regarding recent urban
social movements as potentially politically
transformative, he seems to vindicate their potential
as part of a class understanding of these
movements (2012).
Eco-innovative Practices for Sustainable Consumption and Production: What are the Possible Benefits for Companies?
Authors: De Giacomo Maria , Loprieno Arianna , Tarantini Mario , Preka Rovena , Litido Maria , Furphy Anne , Calvo Víctor , Llorach-Massana Pere , Gasol Carles , Rieradevall Joan , Farreny Ramon , Gabarrell Xavier
Published: July 2014

The paper aims to present some eco-innovative practices regarding Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP). The study also focuses on potential benefits for the actors who implement these practices, mainly with reference to companies. After a literature review on the actual importance of SCP and on the effects of eco-innovation tools and policies on companies, authors present the developed eco-innovation practices in three focus areas related to sustainable consumption and production. The aim of the study is to contribute to literature studies on SCP with the development of eco-innovative practices resulting by the integration of existing tools, by pointing out and valorizing their potentials and synergies. These practices have been pointing out in the framework of the international European project. Three focus areas are involved by the practices: sustainability of products and services, sustainability of production processes and sustainable management of industrial areas. Authors developed four eco innovative practices resulting from the integration of 15 existing tools. These practices offer many opportunities to many actors, mainly companies and public authorities, in order to achieve environmental and competitive benefits and implement eco-innovation principles with a cooperative and shared approach.
Structure of Attention and the Logic of Visual Composition
Authors: Wright Katherine , Bafna Sonit
Published: July 2014

Two groups of subjects were presented with two façade designs, one with the front façade of the existing Atlanta Public Library, an exercise in modern abstract plastic composition by the Bauhaus-trained architect Marcel Breuer, and the other with alteration that toned down its plasticity and enhanced simple relations of its parts like symmetry and repetition. The subjects were asked to recall and copy the façades. The results showed that while significantly more students recalled elements of the altered façade, the performance was equivocal for the façades for the copying task. However, the copying task showed the subjects making greater errors in reproducing elements and relations on the periphery, and those that reflect a reading of depth in the façades. We present an account of the experiment, making the case that the results show the influence of visual design of the façade on the way that an interested and involved viewer attends to it in the course of parsing and comprehending it. The broader implication of this point is to see the visual design of buildings not as simple means to increase its aesthetic value, but as a sophisticated means to lead the viewer to specific forms of imaginative engagement.
“Lagrangian Temperature”: Derivation and Physical Meaning for Systems Described by Kappa Distributions
Authors: Livadiotis George
Published: July 2014

The paper studies the “Lagrangian temperature” defined through the entropy maximization in the canonical ensemble, which is the negative inverse Lagrangian multiplier corresponding to the constraint of internal energy. The Lagrangian temperature is derived for systems out of thermal equilibrium described by kappa distributions such as space plasmas. The physical meaning of temperature is manifested by the equivalency of two different definitions, that is, through Maxwell’s kinetic theory and Clausius’ thermodynamics. The equivalency of the two definitions is true either for systems at thermal equilibrium described by Maxwell distributions or for systems out of thermal equilibrium described by kappa distributions, and gives the meaning of the actual temperature, that is, the real or measured temperature. However, the third definition, that of the Lagrangian temperature, coincides with the primary two definitions only at thermal equilibrium, and thus, in the general case of systems out of thermal equilibrium, it does not represent the actual temperature, but it is rather a function of this. The paper derives and examines the exact expression and physical meaning of the Lagrangian temperature, showing that it has essentially different content to what is commonly thought. This is achieved by: (i) maximizing the entropy in the continuous description of energy within the general framework of non-extensive statistical mechanics, (ii) using the concept of the “N-particle” kappa distribution, which is governed by a special kappa index that is invariant of the degrees of freedom and the number of particles, and (iii) determining the appropriate scales of length and speed involved in the phase-space microstates. Finally, the paper demonstrates the behavior of the Lagrangian against the actual temperature in various datasets of space plasmas.
Community Monitoring of Carbon Stocks for REDD+: Does Accuracy and Cost Change over Time?
Authors: Brofeldt Søren , Theilade Ida , Burgess Neil , Danielsen Finn , Poulsen Michael , Adrian Teis , Bang Tran , Budiman Arif , Jensen Jan , Jensen Arne , Kurniawan Yuyun , Lægaard Simon , Mingxu Zhao , Van Noordwijk Meine , Rahayu Subekti , Rutishauser Ervan , Schmidt-Vogt Dietrich , Warta Zulfira , Widayati Atiek
Published: July 2014

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+) is a potentially powerful international policy mechanism that many tropical countries are working towards implementing. Thus far, limited practical consideration has been paid to local rights to forests and forest resources in REDD+ readiness programs, beyond noting the importance of these issues. Previous studies have shown that community members can reliably and cost-effectively monitor forest biomass. At the same time, this can improve local ownership and forge important links between monitoring activities and local decision-making. Existing studies have, however, been static assessments of biomass at one point in time. REDD+ programs will require repeated surveys of biomass over extended time frames. Here, we examine trends in accuracy and costs of local forest monitoring over time. We analyse repeated measurements by community members and professional foresters of 289 plots over two years in four countries in Southeast Asia. This shows, for the first time, that with repeated measurements community members’ biomass measurements become increasingly accurate and costs decline. These findings provide additional support to available evidence that community members can play a strong role in monitoring forest biomass in the local implementation of REDD+.
Stable Hemiaminals with a Cyano Group and a Triazole Ring
Authors: Kwiecień Anna , Barys Maciej , Ciunik Zbigniew
Published: July 2014

Under neutral conditions the reactions between 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole and cyano-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives yield stable hemiaminals. Addition of small amounts of acid catalyst promotes further step of dehydration resulting in formation of Schiff bases. Four new hemiaminals and the corresponding imines have been obtained. The molecular stability of the hemiaminal intermediates results from both the 1,2,4-triazole moiety and electron withdrawing substituents on the phenyl ring, so no further stabilisation by intramolecular interaction is required. Hemiaminal molecules possess stereogenic centres on carbon and nitrogen atoms. The chirality of these centres is strongly correlated with the conformation of the molecules due to heteroatom hyperconjugation effects.
Effects of Subacute Hypothyroidism on Metabolism and Growth-Related Molecules
Authors: Chang Yen-Jui , Hwu Chii-Min , Yeh Chii-Chang , Wang Paulus , Wang Shyi-Wu
Published: July 2014

Thyroid hormones are crucial hormones that primarily regulate the metabolism of entire body cells. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into sham thyroidectomy (Sham Tx), thyroidectomy (Tx), Tx with thyroxine replacement (Tx + T4), and PTU injection (PTU) groups. Metabolic parameters were measured by means of metabolic cages for 14 days. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed while the levels of plasma or serum TSH and growth-related molecules, such as active and total ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1, were assayed. The results revealed that hypothyroid rats tended to eat less food and experienced substantial body weight gain, whereas the rats with T4 replacement tended to eat more food while continuing to lose weight. In hypothyroid rats, the growth-related molecules, such as active ghrelin and total ghrelin secretion, were enhanced, and the ghrelin receptors were also up-regulated. However, circulating GH levels were not elevated and IGF-1 secretion was inhibited in hypothyroid rats. In the Tx + T4 group, the changes of active ghrelin, total ghrelin, GHS-R expression, and IGF-1 were reversed, whereas the GH secretion was higher than that of the Sham Tx group and hypothyroid groups. This study resulted in the novel finding that the ghrelin/GHS-R axis and GH/IGF-1 axis are interrupted in hypothyroid rats.
Neuroprotective Effects of Rhynchophylline Against Ischemic Brain Injury via Regulation of the Akt/mTOR and TLRs Signaling Pathways
Authors: Huang Houcai , Zhong Rongling , Xia Zhi , Song Jie , Feng Liang
Published: July 2014

Rhynchophylline (Rhy) is an alkaloid isolated from Uncaria which has long been recommended for the treatment of central nervous diseases. In our study, the neuroprotective effect of Rhy was investigated in a stroke model, namely permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Rats were injected intraperitoneally once daily for four consecutive days before surgery and then received one more injection after surgery. The protein and mRNA levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR, apoptosis-related proteins (p-BAD and cleaved caspase-3), TLR2/4/9, NF-κB, MyD88, BDNF and claudin-5 were examined. Following pMCAO, Rhy treatment not only ameliorated neurological deficits, infarct volume and brain edema, but also increased claudin-5 and BDNF expressions (p < 0.05). Moreover, Rhy could activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling while inhibiting TLRs/NF-κB pathway. Wortmannin, a selective PI3K inhibitor, could abolish the neuroprotective effect of Rhy and reverse the increment in p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-BAD levels. In conclusion, we hypothesize that Rhy protected against ischemic damage, probably via regulating the Akt/mTOR pathway.
Electrochemical Properties of Poly(Anthraquinonyl Sulfide)/Graphene Sheets Composites as Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Lee Wonkyun , Suzuki Shinya , Miyayama Masaru
Published: July 2014

Poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide) (PAQS)/graphene sheets (GSs) composite was synthesized through in situ polymerization to evaluate its performance as an electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. PAQS was successfully synthesized in the presence of GSs with uniform distribution. PAQS/GSs showed a pair of reversible redox peaks at around 0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The specific capacitance of PAQS/GSs was 349 F·g−1 (86 mAh·g−1) at a current density of 500 mA·g−1, and a capacitance of 305 F·g−1 was maintained even at a high current density of 5000 mA·g−1. The in situ polymerization of PAQS with GSs facilitated their interaction and enabled faster charge transfer and redox reaction, resulting in enhanced electrode properties.
Vitamin E Dietary Supplementation Improves Neurological Symptoms and Decreases c-Abl/p73 Activation in Niemann-Pick C Mice
Authors: Marín Tamara , Contreras Pablo , Castro Juan , Chamorro David , Balboa Elisa , Bosch-Morató Mònica , Muñoz Francisco , Alvarez Alejandra , Zanlungo Silvana
Published: July 2014

Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of free cholesterol in lysosomes. We have previously reported that oxidative stress is the main upstream stimulus activating the proapoptotic c-Abl/p73 pathway in NPC neurons. We have also observed accumulation of vitamin E in NPC lysosomes, which could lead to a potential decrease of its bioavailability. Our aim was to determine if dietary vitamin E supplementation could improve NPC disease in mice. NPC mice received an alpha-tocopherol (α-TOH) supplemented diet and neurological symptoms, survival, Purkinje cell loss, α-TOH and nitrotyrosine levels, astrogliosis, and the c-Abl/p73 pathway functions were evaluated. In addition, the effect of α-TOH on the c-Abl/p73 pathway was evaluated in an in vitro NPC neuron model. The α-TOH rich diet delayed loss of weight, improved coordination and locomotor function and increased the survival of NPC mice. We found increased Purkinje neurons and α-TOH levels and reduced astrogliosis, nitrotyrosine and phosphorylated p73 in cerebellum. A decrease of c-Abl/p73 activation was also observed in the in vitro NPC neurons treated with α-TOH. In conclusion, our results show that vitamin E can delay neurodegeneration in NPC mice and suggest that its supplementation in the diet could be useful for the treatment of NPC patients.