bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms
Authors: Dunant Yves , Gisiger Victor
Published: August 2017

Acetylcholine (ACh), an ubiquitous mediator substance broadly expressed in nature, acts as neurotransmitter in cholinergic synapses, generating specific communications with different time-courses. (1) Ultrafast transmission. Vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and nerve-electroplaque junctions (NEJs) are the fastest cholinergic synapses; able to transmit brief impulses (1–4 ms) at high frequencies. The collagen-tailed A12 acetylcholinesterase is concentrated in the synaptic cleft of NMJs and NEJs, were it curtails the postsynaptic response by ultrafast ACh hydrolysis. Here, additional processes contribute to make transmission so rapid. (2) Rapid transmission. At peripheral and central cholinergic neuro-neuronal synapses, transmission involves an initial, relatively rapid (10–50 ms) nicotinic response, followed by various muscarinic or nicotinic effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) being not concentrated within these synapses, it does not curtail the initial rapid response. In contrast, the late responses are controlled by a globular form of AChE (mainly G4-AChE), which is membrane-bound and/or secreted. (3) Slow ACh signalling. In non-neuronal systems, in muscarinic domains, and in most regions of the central nervous system (CNS), many ACh-releasing structures (cells, axon terminals, varicosities, boutons) do not form true synaptic contacts, most muscarinic and also part of nicotinic receptors are extra-synaptic, often situated relatively far from ACh releasing spots. A12-AChE being virtually absent in CNS, G4-AChE is the most abundant form, whose function appears to modulate the “volume” transmission, keeping ACh concentration within limits in time and space.
Upregulation of Melanogenesis and Tyrosinase Activity: Potential Agents for Vitiligo
Authors: Niu Chao , Aisa Haji A.
Published: August 2017

Melanin, the compound primarily responsible in humans for hair, eye and skin pigmentation, is produced by melanocytes through a complicated process called melanogenesis that is catalyzed by tyrosinase and other tyrosinase-related proteins. The abnormal loss of melanin causes dermatological problems such as vitiligo. Hence the regulation of melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity is very important for treating hypopigmentary disorders. Many melanogenesis stimulators have been discovered during the past decade. This article reviews recent advances in research on extracts and active ingredients of plants, synthesized compounds with stimulating effect on melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, as well as their influence on the expression of related proteins and possible signaling pathways for the design and development of novel anti-vitiligo agents.
Serum Iron:Ferritin Ratio Predicts Healthy Body Composition and Reduced Risk of Severe Fatty Liver in Young Adult Women
Authors: Sabrina Nindy , Bai Chyi-Huey , Chang Chun-Chao , Chien Yi-Wen , Chen Jiun-Rong , Chang Jung-Su
Published: August 2017

Dysregulated iron metabolism is associated with altered body composition and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, mechanisms underlying this association remain undefined. We investigated this association in 117 women. Middle-aged women (≥45 years old (y)) were heavier and had lower serum iron, higher serum hepcidin, ferritin, and severe NAFLD incidence than young adult women (<45 y). Age-adjusted linear regression analysis revealed that young adult women with the highest serum iron:ferritin ratio (Tertile 3) had a 5.08-unit increased percentage of muscle mass [β = 5.08 (1.48–8.68), p < 0.001] and a 1.21-unit decreased percentage visceral fat mass [β = −1.21 (−2.03 to −0.39), p < 0.001] compared with those with the lowest serum iron:ferritin ratio (Tertile 1; reference). The iron:ferritin dietary pattern, characterized by high consumption of beef, lamb, dairy products, fruits, and whole grains, and low consumption of refined carbohydrates (rice, noodles, and bread and pastries), and deep- and stir-fried foods, predicted a 90% [odds ratio: 0.10, 95% confidence interval: 0.02–0.47, p < 0.001] reduced risk of mild vs. moderate and severe NAFLD in young adult women. Our findings suggest that the serum iron:ferritin ratio more accurately predicts body composition and reduced risk of severe fatty liver progression in young adult women compared to middle-aged women.
Role of Ion Dissociation on DC Conductivity and Silver Nanoparticle Formation in PVA:AgNt Based Polymer Electrolytes: Deep Insights to Ion Transport Mechanism
Authors: Aziz Shujahadeen , Abdullah Ranjdar , Rasheed Mariwan , Ahmed Hameed
Published: August 2017

In this study, the role of ion dissociation on formation of silver nanoparticle and DC conductivityin PVA:AgNO3 based solid polymer electrolyte has been discussed in detail. Samples of silver ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte were prepared by using solution cast technique. Absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectral region was used to investigate the formation of silver nanoparticles. Broad and sharp peaks due to plasmonic silver nanoparticles subjected to ion dissociation have been observed. The influence of dielectric constant on the intensity of surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) peaks attributed to silver nanoparticles was discussed. From impedance plots, the diameter of high frequency semicircle was found to be decreased with increasing salt concentration. The DC conductivity in relation to the dielectric constant was also explained. From the AC conductivity spectra, the dc conductivity was estimated to be close to that calculated from the bulk resistance. The temperature dependence of the DC conductivity was studied and found to follow Arrhenius equation within two distinguished regions. The AC conductivity at different temperatures has been studied to comprehend the ion conduction mechanism. The AC conductivity against frequency was found to obey the universal power law of Jonscher. Three distinct regions were recognized from the spectra of AC conductivity. The frequency exponent (S) was calculated for the dispersive region of the measured AC conductivity spectra. Various models were discussed to explain the behavior of S value with temperature. The behavior of S value with temperature was then used to interpret the DC conductivity pattern against 1000/T. Finally, from the comparison of calculated activation energy (Ea) and maximum barrier height (Wm), deep insights into ion conduction mechanism could be grasped.
Effect of Label Noise on the Machine-Learned Classification of Earthquake Damage
Authors: Frank Jared , Rebbapragada Umaa , Bialas James , Oommen Thomas , Havens Timothy
Published: August 2017

Automated classification of earthquake damage in remotely-sensed imagery using machine learning techniques depends on training data, or data examples that are labeled correctly by a human expert as containing damage or not. Mislabeled training data are a major source of classifier error due to the use of imprecise digital labeling tools and crowdsourced volunteers who are not adequately trained on or invested in the task. The spatial nature of remote sensing classification leads to the consistent mislabeling of classes that occur in close proximity to rubble, which is a major byproduct of earthquake damage in urban areas. In this study, we look at how mislabeled training data, or label noise, impact the quality of rubble classifiers operating on high-resolution remotely-sensed images. We first study how label noise dependent on geospatial proximity, or geospatial label noise, compares to standard random noise. Our study shows that classifiers that are robust to random noise are more susceptible to geospatial label noise. We then compare the effects of label noise on both pixel- and object-based remote sensing classification paradigms. While object-based classifiers are known to outperform their pixel-based counterparts, this study demonstrates that they are more susceptible to geospatial label noise. We also introduce a new labeling tool to enhance precision and image coverage. This work has important implications for the Sendai framework as autonomous damage classification will ensure rapid disaster assessment and contribute to the minimization of disaster risk.
A Dimensionality Reduction-Based Multi-Step Clustering Method for Robust Vessel Trajectory Analysis
Authors: Li Huanhuan , Liu Jingxian , Liu Ryan , Xiong Naixue , Wu Kefeng , Kim Tai-hoon
Published: August 2017

The Shipboard Automatic Identification System (AIS) is crucial for navigation safety and maritime surveillance, data mining and pattern analysis of AIS information have attracted considerable attention in terms of both basic research and practical applications. Clustering of spatio-temporal AIS trajectories can be used to identify abnormal patterns and mine customary route data for transportation safety. Thus, the capacities of navigation safety and maritime traffic monitoring could be enhanced correspondingly. However, trajectory clustering is often sensitive to undesirable outliers and is essentially more complex compared with traditional point clustering. To overcome this limitation, a multi-step trajectory clustering method is proposed in this paper for robust AIS trajectory clustering. In particular, the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), a similarity measurement method, is introduced in the first step to measure the distances between different trajectories. The calculated distances, inversely proportional to the similarities, constitute a distance matrix in the second step. Furthermore, as a widely-used dimensional reduction method, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is exploited to decompose the obtained distance matrix. In particular, the top k principal components with above 95% accumulative contribution rate are extracted by PCA, and the number of the centers k is chosen. The k centers are found by the improved center automatically selection algorithm. In the last step, the improved center clustering algorithm with k clusters is implemented on the distance matrix to achieve the final AIS trajectory clustering results. In order to improve the accuracy of the proposed multi-step clustering algorithm, an automatic algorithm for choosing the k clusters is developed according to the similarity distance. Numerous experiments on realistic AIS trajectory datasets in the bridge area waterway and Mississippi River have been implemented to compare our proposed method with traditional spectral clustering and fast affinity propagation clustering. Experimental results have illustrated its superior performance in terms of quantitative and qualitative evaluations.
Genotyping and Bio-Sensing Chemosensory Proteins in Insects
Authors: Liu Guoxia , Arnaud Philippe , Offmann Bernard , Picimbon Jean-François
Published: August 2017

Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up of an individual and comparing it to that of another individual. Focus on the family of chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in insects reveals differences at the genomic level across various strains and biotypes, but none at the level of individuals, which could be extremely useful in the biotyping of insect pest species necessary for the agricultural, medical and veterinary industries. Proposed methods of genotyping CSPs include not only restriction enzymatic cleavage and amplification of cleaved polymorphic sequences, but also detection of retroposons in some specific regions of the insect chromosome. Design of biosensors using CSPs addresses tissue-specific RNA mutations in a particular subtype of the protein, which could be used as a marker of specific physiological conditions. Additionally, we refer to the binding properties of CSP proteins tuned to lipids and xenobiotic insecticides for the development of a new generation of biosensor chips, monitoring lipid blood concentration and chemical environmental pollution.
Cultural Heritage and Urban Tourism: Historic City Centres under Pressure
Authors: García-Hernández María , De la Calle-Vaquero Manuel , Yubero Claudia
Published: August 2017

Historic city centres of European cities are one of the most important elements of the European cultural heritage. They are places that attract many visitors due to their relevance in terms of heritage, but the recent growth of tourist flows constitutes a threat to the conservation of their values. In some European cities, such as Venice or Barcelona, the debate has taken to the streets, and there is significant social mobilization taking place, with very belligerent positions against tourism (anti-tourism, tourismphobia). The mass media also generates discourse on the topic and places the debate on urban tourism sustainability at the forefront of the public debate. In this context, this article reviews the state of the art on tourism impact and identifies, describes and evaluates the different dimensions of tourist pressure based on a case study: the historic centre of the city of Donostia-San Sebastián (Basque Country, Spain). The main goal of the research is to help determine how tourist pressure affects the safeguarding of “historic urban landscapes” and the desirable or desired models of city and tourist destination.
Zoning and Analysis of Control Units for Water Pollution Control in the Yangtze River Basin, China
Authors: Deng Fuliang , Lin Tao , Zhao Yue , Yuan Ying
Published: August 2017

In order to meet the needs of the control-unit-based water pollution prevention problem in China, we proposed a comprehensive control unit zoning method with the combined basic administrative region and objective watershed management. The method can effectively connect the natural characteristics of watershed water sources, three-level zoning of water resources, and comprehensively consider the pollution distribution, socio-economics and many other factors. The zoning process includes four steps: (1) Generate the multi-level hydrological unit; (2) Identify the multi-element water catchment units; (3) Obtain the control unit with the administrative boundary as the boundary; (4) Check and adjust the results to meet the actual needs. Based on this method, the Yangtze River Basin was divided into 568 control units with a total area of 1.91 million km2. These control units were used as the basic unit to analyze the water quality status and the results show that the upper reaches have good water quality, while the lower reaches have poor water quality and more serious water pollution. Our study helps the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China develop the list of control units that are needed to improve water quality during the “13th Five-Year Plan”, with a goal to provide technical support for control-unit-based water pollution prevention and control in the future.
How Do Internet Enterprises Obtain Sustainable Development of Organizational Ecology? A Case Study of LeEco Using Institutional Logic Theory
Authors: Ren Hao , Wang Rongrong , Zhang Suopeng , Zhang An
Published: August 2017

This study explores how Internet enterprises integrate different industries to sustainably develop organizational ecology, using institutional logic theory and an exploratory case study of LeEco, a famous Chinese Internet enterprise. The findings are as follows: (1) There are two main barriers to sustainable development of internal organizational ecology: resource barriers and information barriers. To overcome these obstacles, managers should carry out a series of institutional practices so that the organizational ecology obtains both product and institutional legitimacy; (2) A new institutional practice, the rigid/flexible method, is proposed, which includes implementation, communication, incentive, and cultural mechanisms. This method can help reconcile institutional logic conflicts caused by multiple logic coexistences in the organizational ecology; (3) A sustainable development model of organizational ecologies for Internet enterprises is presented, based on institutional logic, for closed-loop analysis of the ecological growth path. Based on a case study of China’s Internet environment, this paper opens up the “black box” of the internal growth of Internet enterprises at the micro level, complementing the macro studies in the literature. This study enriches organizational ecology theory and institutional logic theory. In addition, the case study of LeEco provides sufficient information on sustainable development to serve as a model for other Internet enterprises.
Scenarios of Phosphorus Flow from Agriculture and Domestic Wastewater in Myanmar (2010–2100)
Authors: Lwin Chery , Maung Kyaw , Murakami Mari , Hashimoto Seiji
Published: August 2017

Transfer of nutrients from agriculture and wastewater to the hydrosphere attracts attention of policymakers and scientists due to an increasingly important influence on the water environment. Crop and livestock production and fisheries predominantly support the Myanmar economy. However, phosphorus (P), which is used in cultivation and is also present in domestic sewage, is a major source of biogenic pollutants and eutrophication in Myanmar. It is therefore necessary to elucidate P flows from agricultural and domestic wastewaters to formulate a series of cost-effective policies and best-management practices (BMPs). This paper describes P flows to the hydrosphere, as driven by agricultural and domestic wastewater use in Myanmar during 2010–2100. The results reveal that total P flow from farmland and livestock occurred at 55 thousand Mg/year (thousand million grams per annum) in 2010 but is expected to be 128–141 thousand Mg/year in 2100. Urban population growth is the main factor contributing to the gradual increase in P flow from domestic wastewater; however, most of the P flow is derived from agriculture, suggesting that marked reductions in fertilizer use are necessary. This research provides basic information for the appraisal of P utilization and facilitates the identification of important objectives for sustainable P management in Myanmar.
Deduction of Optimum Surface Design Factors for Enhancement of Outdoor Thermal Environment in a Micro-Scale Unit
Authors: Jung Sukjin , Yoon Seonghwan
Published: August 2017

To solve some of the problems associated with changing urban climates, such as the heat island effect, the exterior building skin and ground surfaces should be analyzed because they are directly exposed to the outdoor climate and have the greatest impact on energy consumption. Research is needed to identify design factors to improve the effect of a building’s skin in the outdoor summer season’s thermal environment. In this study, the current conditions of outdoor thermal environments were identified by conducting field measurements at an apartment housing complex. A simulation analysis was conducted based on cases that included different design factors for a building’s skin and ground surfaces. When the significance probability of the design factors for the surface plans for apartment buildings and surface cover was analyzed based on the Taguchi experimental design method, the window plan and surface cover plan influenced the outdoor thermal environment. Notably, the surface cover plan had the most significant impact on the outdoor thermal environment. The result of the analysis of the correlation between the design factors for an apartment complex’s surface plans and outdoor thermal environment indices showed that the window plan correlated with the entire surface temperature of building and heat island potential (HIP).
Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus Isolates Harboring Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, Enterotoxins, and TSST-1 Genes from Food Handlers in Myanmar
Authors: Aung Meiji , San Thida , Aye Mya , Mya San , Maw Win , Zan Khin , Htut Wut , Kawaguchiya Mitsuyo , Urushibara Noriko , Kobayashi Nobumichi
Published: August 2017

Asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus are potential source of diseases, including food poisoning. Toxigenic potential and genetic traits of colonizing S. aureus were investigated for 563 healthy food handlers in Myanmar. Carriage of S. aureus was found in 110 individuals (19.5%), and a total of 144 S. aureus isolates were recovered from nasal cavities (110 isolates) and hands (34 isolates). Panton-Valentine leucocidin genes (pvl) were detected in 18 isolates (12.5%), among which 11 isolates were classified into coa-VIa, agr type III, and ST1930 (CC96) that had been also detected in pvl-positive clinical isolates in Myanmar. A pvl-positive, ST2250 nasal isolate was identified as S. argenteus, a novel coagulase-positive staphylococcus species. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) gene was detected in five pvl-negative isolates. All of the 144 isolates harbored at least one of the 21 enterotoxin(-like) gene(s). The most prevalent enterotoxin(-like) gene was selw (98%), followed by selx (97%), sei (28%), sely (28%), sem (26%), sel (24%), and sea and sec (22% each). Considerable genetic diversity with five groups was detected for selw. The present study revealed the relatively high rate of pvl, as well as the wide distribution of enterotoxin(-like) genes among colonizing S. aureus in Myanmar.
Respiratory Allergens from Furred Mammals: Environmental and Occupational Exposure
Authors: Zahradnik Eva , Raulf Monika
Published: August 2017

Furry mammals kept as pets, farm and laboratory animals are important allergen sources. The prevalence of sensitization to furred mammals appears to be increasing worldwide. Several mammalian allergens from diverse species are well characterized with regard to their molecular structure and immunogenicity, and some are already available for component-resolved allergy diagnostics. The distribution of various mammalian allergens has been extensively studied during the past few decades. Animal allergens were found to be ubiquitous in the human environment, even in places where no animals reside, with concentrations differing considerably between locations and geographical regions. This review presents an overview of identified mammalian respiratory allergens classified according to protein families, and compiles the results of allergen exposure assessment studies conducted in different public and occupational environments.
Effect of Membrane Type for the Treatment of Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ) Wastewater with a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR): Batch Experiments
Authors: Özkan Oktay , Uyanık İbrahim
Published: August 2017

Organized industrial zone (OIZ) wastewater is a mixed wastewater that is contributed by both municipal use and from different industrial sectors. Since MBR has advantages over conventional treatment plants, membrane types and fouling become the most important parameters in the treatment of this kind of wastewater. In this study, six different membrane types were used to find the most suitable membrane with the least resistivity to fouling. Three different microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were operated to estimate their (i) membrane, (ii) cake, (iii) pore, and (iv) total resistances. The highest total resistance was observed in a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane (3.8 × 1010 m−1), while the lowest one was a UF polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with approximately 20 times lower resistance than the highest one. PVDF membranes showed lower total resistances than PES membranes. An MF or a 250 kDa UF membrane could be operated long-term in a membrane bioreactor with the least fouling potential.
Inversions for Deep Solar Meridional Flow Using Spherical Born Kernels
Authors: Böning Vincent G. A. , Roth Markus , Jackiewicz Jason , Kholikov Shukur
Published: August 2017

The solar meridional flow is a crucial ingredient in modern dynamo theory. Seismic estimates of this flow have, however, been contradictory in deeper layers below about

. Results from time−distance helioseismology have so far been obtained using the ray approximation. Here, we perform inversions using the Born approximation. The initial result is similar to the result previously obtained by Jackiewicz et al. using ray kernels while using the same set of GONG data and the SOLA inversion technique. However, we show that the assumption of uncorrelated measurements used in earlier studies may lead to inversion errors being underestimated by a factor of about 2–4. In a second step, refined inversions are performed using the full covariance matrix and a regularization for cross-talk. As the results are found to depend on the threshold used in the singular value decomposition, they were obtained for a medium threshold (

, about 50% of the values used) and a threshold lower by a factor of 10 (about 70% of the values used). The result obtained with the medium threshold is again similar to the original, with less latitudinal variation. However, using the lower threshold, the inverted flow in the southern hemisphere shows two or three cells stacked radially depending on the associated radial flows. Both the single-cell and the multi-cell profiles are consistent with the measured travel times. All our results confirm a shallow return flow at about

.
An Improved Statistical Point-source Foreground Model for the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Murray S. G. , Trott C. M. , Jordan C. H.
Published: August 2017

We present a sophisticated statistical point-source foreground model for low-frequency radio Epoch of Reionization (EoR) experiments using the 21 cm neutral hydrogen emission line. Motivated by our understanding of the low-frequency radio sky, we enhance the realism of two model components compared with existing models: the source count distributions as a function of flux density and spatial position (source clustering), extending current formalisms for the foreground covariance of 2D power-spectral modes in 21 cm EoR experiments. The former we generalize to an arbitrarily broken power law, and the latter to an arbitrary isotropically correlated field. This paper presents expressions for the modified covariance under these extensions, and shows that for a more realistic source spatial distribution, extra covariance arises in the EoR window that was previously unaccounted for. Failure to include this contribution can yield bias in the final power-spectrum and under-estimate uncertainties, potentially leading to a false detection of signal. The extent of this effect is uncertain, owing to ignorance of physical model parameters, but we show that it is dependent on the relative abundance of faint sources, to the effect that our extension will become more important for future deep surveys. Finally, we show that under some parameter choices, ignoring source clustering can lead to false detections on large scales, due to both the induced bias and an artificial reduction in the estimated measurement uncertainty.
On the Disappearance of a Cold Molecular Torus around the Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 1097
Authors: Izumi T. , Kohno K. , Fathi K. , Hatziminaoglou E. , Davies R. I. , Martín S. , Matsushita S. , Schinnerer E. , Espada D. , Aalto S. , Onishi K. , Turner J. L. , Imanishi M. , Nakanishi K. , Meier D. S. , Wada K. , Kawakatu N. , Nakajima T.
Published: August 2017

We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array to map the CO(3–2) and the underlying continuum emissions around the type-1 low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN; bolometric luminosity

erg s−1) of NGC 1097 at ∼10 pc resolution. These observations revealed a detailed cold gas distribution within a ∼100 pc of this LLAGN. In contrast to the luminous Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068, where a ∼7 pc cold molecular torus was recently revealed, a distinctively dense and compact torus is missing in our CO(3–2) integrated intensity map of NGC 1097. Based on the CO(3–2) flux, the gas mass of the torus of NGC 1097 would be a factor of ≳2–3 less than that found for NGC 1068 by using the same CO-to-H2 conversion factor, which implies less active nuclear star formation and/or inflows in NGC 1097. Our dynamical modeling of the CO(3–2) velocity field implies that the cold molecular gas is concentrated in a thin layer as compared to the hot gas traced by the 2.12 μm H2 emission in and around the torus. Furthermore, we suggest that NGC 1097 hosts a geometrically thinner torus than NGC 1068. Although the physical origin of the torus thickness remains unclear, our observations support a theoretical prediction that geometrically thick tori with high opacity will become deficient as AGNs evolve from luminous Seyferts to LLAGNs.
Le pouvoir contesté des grandes banques allemandes
Authors: d'Alessio Nestor , Oberbeck Herbert , Joly Hervé
Published: August 2017

La contribution des caisses d’épargne et banques coopératives locales, qui fonctionnent comme maillons d’un réseau coordonné à l’échelle interrégionale, au développement des services financiers allemands est aussi importante que celle des grandes banques privées. De manière générale, ce sont les associations d’entreprises qui dominent le secteur bancaire. Le marché financier se caractérise par un mélange de coopération et de concurrence, par une régulation corporatiste. La large discussion sur le « pouvoir des banques » oublie souvent que les banques et les caisses d’épargne ne disposent pas d’un pouvoir illimité dans l’orientation stratégique des entreprises et que ce pouvoir ne s’exerce pas de manière unilatérale. La gestion des entreprises relève plutôt d’un modèle consensuel, dans lequel, à côté des intérêts des entreprises et des banques, se glissent également les intérêts des régions et des salariés, l’ensemble s’étant avéré, jusqu’à maintenant, somme toute couronné de succès.
L’institutionnalisation des relations professionnelles en RFA
Authors: Giraud Olivier , Lallement Michel
Published: August 2017

En Allemagne, l’institutionnalisation des relations professionnelles s’engage dès 1945, avec la reconstitution du mouvement syndical et des associations patronales. La méfiance des Alliés occidentaux puis l’hostilité des premiers gouvernements ordo-libéraux ne favorisent guère une telle renaissance. L’autonomie de négociation est cependant acquise. Les confrontations et marchandages entre employeurs et salariés s’organisent à deux niveaux : la branche et l’entreprise. Alors même que leur reconnaissance est formellement exclue au sein de l’entreprise, les syndicats parviennent progressivement à imposer malgré tout leur présence et à uniformiser les négociations conventionnelles sur le plan national. Une telle architecture se renforce au cours des années 1970 grâce au compromis néo-corporatiste qui s’instaure. Le grand conflit sur le temps de travail de 1984 marque un tournant : les syndicats inaugurent à cette occasion de nouvelles stratégies de lutte et acceptent pour la première fois un compromis de type « donnant-donnant » (réduction du temps de travail contre flexibilité).
Les entreprises publiques dans l’économie sociale de marché de la RFA
Authors: Joly Hervé , Dupré Michèle
Published: August 2017

Les entreprises publiques de la RFA se caractérisent par l’hétérogénéité aussi bien de leurs formes organisationnelles et juridiques que de leurs secteurs d’activités. Elles sont également marquées par la construction très fédérale de l’État. La part du secteur public dans la valeur ajoutée, les effectifs employés et les investissements de l’ensemble de l’économie s’est peu modifiée depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ceci est aussi lié au fait que les positions idéologiques ont eu, jusque encore dans les années 1980, une influence mineure, ce qui fait par ailleurs que leur utilisation instrumentale ne correspond pas à des objectifs étatiques ou économiques généraux. Le secteur public est pour cela non seulement trop hétérogène, mais également trop soumis à des contraintes d’économie de marché. De plus en plus d’entreprises publiques ont été transformées en organisations de droit privé et des méthodes de management de l’économie privée ont été ainsi de plus en plus employées.
Scandinavian Management. A Cultural Homogeneity beyond the Nation State
Authors: Peter Jette , Lawrence Schiamm-Nielsen
Published: August 2017

Malgré un développement parfois divergent, les pays Scandinaves sont marqués par une durabilité et une cohérence au niveau de la construction de l’État et par une tradition de modération et de dialogue entre les acteurs du système politique et les divers groupes sociaux. La Scandinavie représente un monde à part en Europe continentale, et c’est seulement dans le monde arabe et, à un degré moindre, en Amérique Latine que l’on peut retrouver une homogénéité des valeurs civiques et managériales comparable.
Hommes et industrie sucrière aux Antilles : de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours
Authors: Okamba Emmanuel
Published: August 2017

L’objet de cet article est de montrer les conséquences de l’emprise de la culture sur la performance du système de gestion sur une longue période. L’étude du système de gestion des ressources humaines, à travers le cycle de vie de l’industrie sucrière aux Antilles de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours, montre qu’au-delà des contingences locales, les fondements culturels des pratiques exit traversé les siècles. Leur sous-estimation dans les pratiques managériales se traduit peut-être par des effets délétères sur la performance des entreprises. Le projet d’entreprise peut être un outil pour maîtriser ses effets. Son efficacité est toutefois limitée par le poids de la culture et des enjeux de pouvoir historiquement construits sur le terrain.
Les exclus de l’inclusion. Construire du logement social en temps d’austérité et de mixité (France-Québec)
Authors: Desage Fabien
Published: August 2017

Depuis une dizaine d’années, en France comme au Québec, la fixation de taux minimum de logements sociaux est devenue l’un des outils privilégiés des pouvoirs publics pour favoriser le développement du parc social. Ces taux sont contraignants en France et incitatifs au Québec mais procèdent de logiques semblables, valorisant la mixité sociale comme objectif d’action publique et insistant sur les « opportunités de développement » que fourniraient les opérations privées, dans un contexte de baisse des financements publics. À partir de terrains réalisés dans deux agglomérations françaises (Nantes et Lille) et une agglomération québécoise (Montréal), il apparaît que l’acceptation du principe d’un « taux minimum de logements sociaux » n’a été concédée par les maires des communes résidentielles et par les promoteurs immobiliers, traditionnels opposants, qu’à la condition implicite d’en restreindre l’accès aux habitants issus de la commune (France) ou aux demandeurs sélectionnés par le réseau coopératif (Québec) ; autrement dit, d’en exclure les populations les plus indésirables et stigmatisées.
Inégalités et habitat en Île-de-France : quelles conséquences des politiques de renouvellement urbain sur le peuplement ?
Authors: Clerval Anne , Miot Yoan
Published: August 2017

Cet article propose d’analyser l’évolution des inégalités sociales dans le logement en Île-de-France à travers une démarche de géographie sociale fondée sur l’analyse de données statistiques des recensements de la population de 1999 et de 2008 à l’échelle de l’ I ris. Outre l’exploitation de données du recensement de 2008 encore peu analysées à cette échelle, nous croisons caractéristiques de logement et catégories socioprofessionnelles des ménages : cela permet, d’une part, d’analyser le profil social des types d’ I ris déterminés en fonction des caractéristiques de logement et, d’autre part, de cerner les inégalités sociales au sein d’un même type, notamment en fonction de l’occupation différenciée des segments du parc de logement. L’un de ces types se différencie des autres parce qu’il repose principalement sur la dynamique de construction neuve dans les tissus urbains existants. Dans la filiation des travaux sur le peuplement et les politiques de peuplement, nous montrons que la construction neuve entraîne une nette augmentation des cadres et professions intellectuelles supérieures dans ces communes, qu’elles soient déjà aisées ou encore populaires.
Nucléaire et question climatique : construction et conséquences d’un discours géopolitique en France et en Suède
Authors: Meyer Teva
Published: August 2017

L’avènement de la question climatique dans les années 1980 a durablement ébranlé les mouvements antinucléaires. De menace globale, l’énergie atomique est devenue une potentielle solution aux défis environnementaux contemporains grâce à ses faibles émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Pourtant, force est de constater que ces bouleversements n’ont pas impacté de façon identique tous les pays, comme l’atteste la diversité des réactions après l’accident de Fukushima. En s’appuyant sur deux nations fortement nucléarisées, la France et la Suède, cet article propose d’analyser les conséquences de l’introduction de l’argument climatique sur les rapports de forces entre acteurs du conflit sur l’avenir de l’énergie atomique. Alors qu’en France ce nouvel enjeu a constitué l’élément déclencheur d’une crise interne au sein des mouvements antinucléaires sans pour autant influencer structurellement le conflit, il a mené en Suède à une recomposition complète du débat, facilitant ainsi le retour de l’énergie atomique en 2011 dans le pays.
Les conflits environnementaux en Turquie : expression d’insoumission
Authors: Seni Nora
Published: August 2017

Cet article analyse deux conflits environnementaux d’envergure qui marquent l’histoire de la prise de conscience des enjeux écologiques en Turquie : le soulèvement occasionné contre le projet de destruction du parc Gezi à Istanbul et la résistance de la ville d’Artvin à la construction d’une mine d’or dans la forêt à Cerattepe. Cela donne l’occasion de repérer les deux courants qui irriguent le développement des conflits environnementaux dans ce pays, l’essor de la société civile, des fondations et de l’activité associative d’une part, l’éclosion d’une perception forte des menaces écologiques, sismiques, nucléaires de l’autre.
Les projets d’exportation d’eau du Québec : grandeur et déclin d’un levier de développement national
Authors: Lasserre Frédéric
Published: August 2017

Alors que les transferts massifs d’eau sont chose courante aux États-Unis et au Canada, il n’y a pas eu de projet entre États, encore moins entre États-Unis et Canada, destiné à la vente d’eau en vrac. Ces projets de transferts continentaux, qui émergent à partir des années 1960, ont suscité de vives inquiétudes au Canada, mais aussi un grand intérêt tant du gouvernement du Québec que d’une partie de la communauté d’affaires. Un vif débat s’est développé autour de la légitimité de ces projets. S’ils n’ont jamais vu le jour, c’est que la grande fragilité de leur intérêt économique n’a jamais permis de compenser les objections environnementales et de gouvernance.
Évolution des emplois des marqueurs de topiques de discours dans Le Figaro de la fin du xix e et du début du xxi e siècles
Authors: Charolles Michel , Diwersy Sascha , Vigier Denis
Published: August 2017

L’article porte sur l’usage des expressions à propos de , en matière (de) , au sujet de , sur le plan (de) , au niveau (de) , dans le domaine (de) , dans le secteur (de) et quant à comme marqueurs de topique de discours. Ces locutions présentent des différences aux niveaux morphosyntaxique et sémantique qui suggèrent qu’elles ne sont pas toutes grammaticalisées au même degré. C’est cette hypothèse que nous testons sur leurs emplois dans Le Figaro de la fin du xix e  siècle et du début du xxi e  siècle. La comparaison et l’étude statistique de leurs évolutions fréquentielles montre que ces expressions peuvent être réparties dans des sous-ensembles distincts de marqueurs de topique de discours, qui connaissent des tendances d’enracinement divergentes.
La préposition dans au xvi e siècle. Apports d’une linguistique instrumentée
Authors: Vigier Denis
Published: August 2017

La préposition dans est récente en français. Son usage s’est considérablement développé à partir de 1550 environ, du moins dans les textes littéraires, pour devenir très vite une des prépositions les plus fréquentes du français. Pourquoi un tel succès ? Dans cet article, nous proposons d’évaluer l’hypothèse formulée jadis par A. Darmesteter (1885) pour expliquer cette subite fortune de dans . Notre démarche s’appuie sur une étude statistique des préférences combinatoires que cette préposition manifeste au sein du corpus de diachronie du français Presto .
Risk Factors for Hospital Admission Following Arthroscopic Bankart Repair
Authors: DeFroda Steven F. , Bokshan Steven L. , Owens Brett D.
Published: August 2017

Arthroscopic Bankart repair, a commonly performed procedure in the United States, is usually done on an outpatient basis. All instances of arthroscopic Bankart repair from 2005 to 2014 from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program prospective database were analyzed. Both univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to determine risk factors for admission following surgery. Of 2291 patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair, 173 (7.6%) required inpatient hospital admission following surgery. Univariate analysis found the following to be associated with admission: female sex (
P
=.009), age older than 40 years (
P
<.001), white race (
P
=.002), body mass index greater than 30 kg/m
2
(
P
=.001), and American Society of Anesthesiologists class greater than 3 (
P
<.001). Independent predictors of admission on multivariate analysis included female sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–2.10;
P
=.023), increasing age (per year) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02–1.04;
P
<.001), diabetes (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.30–3.10;
P
=.006), and longer operation time (per minute) (OR, 1.010; 95% CI, 1.009–1.011;
P
<.001). This study identified a 7.6% rate of admission following arthroscopic Bankart repair, with diabetes, female sex, increasing age, and longer operation time being independent risk factors for admission. Knowledge of these risk factors is important when setting patient expectations preoperatively and for optimizing care to obtain the best short-term outcome. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(5):e855–e861.]
Smart Sensor Network Based High Quality Air Pollution Monitoring System Using Labview
Authors: Telagam Nagarjuna , Kandasamy Nehru , Prasad G Nagendra , Nanjundan Menakadevi
Published: August 2017

A ZigBee based wireless sensor network is implemented in this paper which is of low-cost solar-powered air quality monitoring system. The main objective of the proposed architecture is to interfacing various sensors to measure the sensor analog data and displayed in LabVIEW on the monitor using the graphical user interface (GUI).  The real time ambient air quality monitoring in smart cities is of greater significance for the health of people. The wireless network sensor nodes are placed at different traffic signals in the smart cities which collect and report real-time data on different gases which are present in the environment such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), methane (CH4) and humidity. The proposed system allows smart cities to monitor air quality conditions on a desktop/laptop computer through an application designed using graphical programming based LabVIEW software and provides an alert if the air quality characteristics exceed acceptable levels. The sensor network was successfully tested on the campus of the institute of aeronautical engineering, Hyderabad. The sensor data are indicated by different indicators on the front panel of LabVIEW and also different charts are plotted with respect to time and amplitude which explains the severity of polluted areas.
Feasibility Study of Railway Line in Hilly Region using GIS
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Panchal Sandeep , Ashish Amit , Singh Bhanu Pratap
Published: August 2017

Aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential of GIS and multi-criteria decision approach (MCDA) as a tool for the selection of alignment of rail route in Hilly region. In the present study, Geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision approach (MCDA) is used to plan the alignment of railway route from Bhuntar to Kullu in Himachal Pradesh (HP), India. The various factors which affect the alignment of rail route are identified in this study. The factors considered in this study are topography, land-use, distance from power line, drainage pattern and road network of the area. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the ranking of the relative parameters. The determined ranking is used in pair-wise comparison to find the weights of these relative parameters. The maps with weighted parameters are overlaid and resultant map is created in GIS for route finding, station location and alignment of railway. The final map shows the cumulative effect of all the factors which affect the rail route alignment. The final map is divided into four parts based on feasibility index. It is found that 55% area is highly feasible for route alignment while 25% of the total area comes under category of low feasibility.
An Educational Physics Laboratory in Mobile Versus Room Scale Virtual Reality – A Comparative Study
Authors: Pirker Johanna , Lesjak Isabel , Gütl Christian
Published: August 2017

The emergence of new digital tools supporting immersive and engaging learning through Virtual Reality is opening up new paths for both distance, but also classroom learning. In this article we discuss the virtual physics laboratory “Maroon” and discuss experiences with Maroon in a cost-effective mobile setup with a mobile VR experience through Samsung GEAR and compare it with a more interactive VR experience with room-scale VR with HTC Vive. We describe a comparative evaluation of these two setups in order to identify chances and challenged of both setups. First results indicate more flexibility and portability through the mobile setup, while the room-scale setup profits of a highly interactive and hands-on experience. We discuss and compare the two setups based on immersion, engagement, presence, and motivation.
Evolution in the Education of Software Engineers: Online Course on Cyberphysical Systems with Remote Access to Robotic Devices
Authors: Zalewski Janusz , Gonzalez Fernando
Published: August 2017

The objective of this work is to address, from the educational perspective, the trends in the software engineerring discipline, which rely on a significant increase in the use of remotely accessible and remotely controlled embedded devices. The paper presents an approach and experiences with introducing robotic devices accessible online to a course on Cyberphysical Systems in an undergraduate Software Engineering program.  A closer look at both technologies, online labs and cyberphysical systems education, reveals that they are not in sync.  Remote labs have embraced a wide variety of science and engineering disciplines, but they are not popular in software engineering.  On the other hand, software engineering education, being crucial to the development of cyberphysical systems has not focused on such systems by any measure.  This project and paper aim at addressing this gap.
Method of Wireless Sensor Network Node Deployment for the Emergency Environment
Authors: Ge Liang , Wang Qin , Hu Pan , Hu Ze , Liao JunBi
Published: August 2017

Incidents could not always be avoided, resulting in significant losses for the state property and people's safety. Effective monitoring of incidents is becoming more and more important. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in environmental monitoring. On the basis of the existing wireless sensor network node deployment model, a network node deployment model was proposed, which was used in the monitoring of unexpected accidents. The model area was divided into the core area and the evacuation area, and different monitoring nodes deployment plans were applied in different areas. The simulation experiment is carried out by MATLAB, and the simulation results of the node coverage are obtained. Results show that the model for the practical application of the node deployment provides an effective deployment plan, as well as offers a strong basis for real-time monitoring and post-accident emergency evacuation.