bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modeling of the Transmission Dynamics of Gumboro Disease
Authors: Musaili J. S. , Chepkwony I. , Mutuku W. N.
Published: May 2024

Gumboro disease is a viral poultry disease that causes immune suppression on the infected birds leading to poor production, mortality, and exposure to secondary infections, hence a major threat in the poultry industry worldwide. A mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of Gumboro disease is developed in this paper having four compartments of chicken population and one compartment of Gumboro pathogen population. The basic reproduction number Rog is derived, and the dynamical behaviors of both the disease‐free equilibrium (DFE) and endemic equilibrium are analyzed using the ordinary differential equation theory. From the analysis, we found that the system exhibits an asymptotic stable DFE whenever Rog < 1 and an asymptotic stable EE whenever Rog > 1. The numerical simulation to verify the theoretical results was carried out using MATLAB ode45 solver, and the results were found to be consistent with the theoretical findings.
The Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Sufficient Dimension Reduction
Authors: Ma Sheng , Jiang Qin , Ku Zaiqiang
Published: May 2024

The minimum average variance estimation (MAVE) method has proven to be an effective approach to sufficient dimension reduction. In this study, we apply the computationally efficient optimization algorithm named alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to a particular approach (MAVE or minimum average variance estimation) to the problem of sufficient dimension reduction (SDR). Under some assumptions, we prove that the iterative sequence generated by ADMM converges to some point of the associated augmented Lagrangian function. Moreover, that point is stationary. It also presents some numerical simulations on synthetic data to demonstrate the computational efficiency of the algorithm.
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience, and Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Schwartz Lindsay F. , Stratton Kayla L. , Leisenring Wendy M. , Rodriguez Stefania M. , Alston Shani , McDonald Aaron , Vukadinovich Chris , Rinehardt Dayton , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Chow Eric J. , Krull Kevin R. , Brinkman Tara M. , Nathan Paul C. , Tan Marcia M. , McCrae Julie S. , Burkhardt Tiffany , Ness Kirsten K. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Henderson Tara O.
Published: May 2024

Background:

The impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACE, e.g., abuse, neglect, and/or household dysfunction experienced before the age of 18) and resilience on risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not previously been investigated in adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Methods:

We conducted a nested case–control study among long-term, adult-aged survivors of childhood cancer from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Self-report questionnaires ascertained ACEs and resilience, and scores were compared between cases with serious/life-threatening CVD and controls without CVD matched on demographic and cardiotoxic treatment factors.

Results:

Among 95 cases and 261 controls, the mean ACE score was 1.4 for both groups; 53.4% of survivors endorsed ≥1 ACE. No association was observed between ACEs or resilience and CVD in adjusted models.

Conclusions:

ACEs and resilience do not appear to contribute to CVD risk for adult survivors of childhood cancer with cardiotoxic treatment exposures.

Impact:

Although not associated with CVD in this population, ACEs are associated with serious health issues in other populations. Therefore, future studies could investigate the effects of ACEs on other health outcomes affecting childhood cancer survivors.
Nephrolithiasis Associated with Nephrocalcinosis Is Primarily Composed of Carbonate Apatite
Authors: Kiener Teresa Antonia , Moré Elena , Franzen Michael , Cadamuro Janne , Schwarz Christoph , Bergmann Carsten , Salmhofer Hermann
Published: May 2024

Introduction: This study was designed to determine the mineral composition of calculi in nephrocalcinosis with nephrolithiasis, diagnose the underlying disease, and monitor the course of renal function in patients with nephrocalcinosis-nephrolithiasis. Methods: Renal calculi extruded in a series of 8 patients with nephrocalcinosis were analysed using Fourier transmission infrared spectrometry. In 4 patients, next-generation sequencing using a nephrocalcinosis-nephrolithiasis panel was performed to determine the nature of the underlying disease. In addition, longitudinal analysis of renal function was performed in all patients. Results: Seven patients revealed carbonate apatite as the sole constituent of renal calculi. One patient showed a mixed composition of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate/carbonate apatite at first analysis yet in subsequent episodes also had calculi composed of pure carbonate apatite. Further molecular analysis displayed distal renal tubular acidosis in 2 of 4 patients who consented to sequencing. No known genetic defect could be found in the other two cases. In line with prior reports, decline of renal function was dependent on underlying disease. Distal renal tubular acidosis revealed a progressive course of renal failure, whereas other causes showed stable renal function in long term analysis. Conclusion: Nephrocalcinosis with nephrolithiasis is a rare condition with heterogeneous aetiology. Yet mineral composition of renal calculi predominantly consisted of pure carbonate apatite. This uniform finding is similar to subcutaneous calcifications of various origins and might propose a general principle of tissue calcification. Progressive decline of renal function was found in distal renal tubular acidosis, whereas other conditions remained stable over time.
Oncological Resectability Criteria for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Era of Novel Systemic Therapies: The Japan Liver Cancer Association and Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Expert Consensus Statement 2023
Authors: Akahoshi Keiichi , Shindoh Junichi , Tanabe Minoru , Ariizumi Shunichi , Eguchi Susumu , Okamura Yukiyasu , Kaibori Masaki , Kubo Shoji , Shimada Mitsuo , Taketomi Akinobu , Takemura Nobuyuki , Nagano Hiroaki , Nakamura Masafumi , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Hatano Etsuro , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Endo Itaru , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: May 2024

Recent advances in systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have led to debates about the feasibility of combination therapies, such as systemic therapy combined with surgery or transarterial chemoembolization, for patients with advanced HCC. However, a lack of consensus on the oncological resectability criteria has hindered discussions of “conversion therapy” and the optimal management in patients with HCC. To address this issue, the Japan Liver Cancer Association (JLCA) and the Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery (JSHBPS) established a working group and discussed the concept of borderline resectable HCC. Herein, we present a consensus statement from this expert panel on the resectability criteria for HCC from the oncological standpoint under the assumption of technically and liver-functionally resectable situations. The criteria for oncological resectability in HCC are classified into three grades: resectable, representing an oncological status for which surgery alone may be expected to offer clearly better survival outcomes as compared with other treatments; borderline resectable 1, representing an oncological status for which surgical intervention as a part of multidisciplinary treatment may be expected to offer survival benefit; and borderline resectable 2, representing an oncological status for which the efficacy of surgery is uncertain and the indication for surgery should be determined carefully under the standard multidisciplinary treatment. These criteria aim to provide a common language for discussing and analyzing the treatment strategies for advanced HCC. It is also expected that these criteria will be optimized, modified, and updated based on further advancements in systemic therapies and future validation studies.
Publication Trends and Research Hotspots of the Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Bibliometrics and Visual Analysis from 2003 to 2023
Authors: Shi Yibo , Fu Zean , Wu Shixiong , Yu Xinyi
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Cardiorenal syndrome encompasses a range of disorders involving both the heart and kidneys, wherein dysfunction in one organ may induce dysfunction in the other, either acutely or chronically. Methods: This study conducted a literature search on cardiorenal syndrome from January 1, 2003, to September 8, 2023. Meanwhile, a quantitative analysis of the developmental trajectory, research hotspots and evolutionary trends in the field of cardiorenal syndrome through bibliometric analysis and knowledge mapping was carried out. Results: The annual publication trend analysis revealed a consistent annual increase in cardiorenal syndrome literature over the last 20 years. The IL6, REN, and INS genes were identified as the current research hotspots. Conclusion: The field of cardiorenal syndrome exhibits promising potential to grow and is emerging as a prominent research area. Future endeavours should prioritise a comprehensive understanding of the field and foster multi-centre co-operation among different countries and regions.
Abstract 102: MicroRNA-33 Inhibition Reprograms Monocyte/macrophage Dynamics in Atherosclerosis to Promote Plaque Regression
Authors: Afonso Milessa S , Sharma Monika , Schlegel Paul Martin , Van Solingen Coen , Koelwyn Graeme J , Ouimet Mireille , Beckett Lauren , Rahman Karishma , Fisher Edward A , Moore Kathryn J
Published: May 2024

The inhibition of microRNA (miR)-33 promotes regression of atherosclerosis by increasing plasma HDL and reverse cholesterol transport levels, and reducing plaque inflammation. We sought to understand how anti-miR-33 treatment impacts monocyte and macrophage dynamics in the plaque to promote inflammation resolution.
Ldlr
-/-
mice were fed a western diet for 14 weeks to establish plaques, after which mice were switched to chow diet to halt atherosclerosis progression and treated with anti-miR-33 or control anti-miR oligonucleotides for 4 weeks. As we reported previously, anti-miR-33 treatment increased plasma levels of HDL cholesterol by 30%, and concurrently reduced plaque size (-25%) and macrophage content (-30%), compared to control anti- miR treatment. Analysis of monocyte kinetic processes revealed that anti-miR-33 treatment normalized hypercholesterolemia associated monocytosis and reduced common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells in the splenic reservoir. Interestingly, despite a 40% reduction in circulating monocytes, monocyte tracking assays revealed an increase in Ly6C
hi
monocyte recruitment into plaques of anti-miR-33 treated mice. These findings are consistent with our recent study showing that Ly6C
hi
monocytes are required for atherosclerosis regression and are a source of tissue reparative M2 macrophages. Indeed, we find that M2 macrophages, as well as atheroprotective regulatory T cells are enriched in plaques of anti-miR-33 treated mice. Finally, although the proliferation of macrophages in plaques did not change, we observed a 40% increase in the number of apoptotic cells in anti- miR33 treated mice, and an increase in macrophage efferocytosis (clearance of apoptotic cells) - markers that are consistent with resolution of inflammation. Collectively, our results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying anti-miR- 33’s atheroprotective actions, which now include reprogramming of monocyte/ macrophage dynamics to resolve inflammation in the plaque.
Abstract 107: Smooth Muscle α-actin Translocates to the Nucleus and Participates in Chromatin Remodeling at Smooth Muscle Contractile Gene Promoters
Authors: Kwartler Callie S , Chen Jiyuan , Duan Xueyan , Ma Shuangtao , Wang Charis , Milewicz Dianna
Published: May 2024

Smooth muscle cell specific α-actin (SMA, encoded by
ACTA2
), like other actins, polymerizes in the cytoplasm to form actin filaments that slide along smooth muscle myosin filaments to enact smooth muscle cell (SMC) contraction. Ubiquitously expressed β-actin polymerizes in filaments in the cytoplasm and also enters the nucleus and associates with various chromatin remodeling complexes. Nuclear β-actin has been shown to be important for the differentiation of a number of cell types, including neurons. We therefore asked whether SMA translocates to the nucleus and if nuclear SMA is critical for differentiation of smooth muscle cells. In explanted SMCs from human and mouse ascending aortas, cell fractionation and 2D gel electrophoresis identifies both SMA and β-actin in the nuclear isolates. Nuclear SMA but not β-actin accumulates with SMC differentiation driven by serum starvation and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with an SMA antibody reveals that the protein is bound to the promoters of SMC differentiation marker genes, including
Acta2
,
Cnn1,
and
Myh11
and that SMA is enriched over β-actin at these promoters with differentiation. Immunoprecipitation studies show that SMA binds specifically to the INO80 and the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. In

Acta2
-/-

mouse SMCs, skeletal muscle α-actin (SKA) is ectopically expressed to compensate for the loss of SMA; SKA is in the nucleus and is enriched after TGFβ1 treatment, associating with both the INO80 and SWI/SNF complexes.

Acta2
-/-

SMCs are completely differentiated and respond normally to TGFβ1. However, in the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12, SKA is present in nuclear fractions but does not enrich with differentiation of these cells into myotubes, and is not associated with INO80 or SWI/SNF. We therefore propose that nuclear SMA is required for the remodeling of chromatin during the differentiation of SMCs, allowing contractile genes to become accessible for transcription, and that this remodeling is mediated by the involvement of SMA in the INO80 and SWI/SNF complexes These findings describe a novel role for SMA in the nucleus.
Abstract 109: Yes-associated Protein Upregulates Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta to Promote Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointima Formation
Authors: Osman Islam , Yu Luyi , Kang Xiuhua , Ahmed Abu , Hu Guoqing , Zhang Wei , Zhou Jiliang
Published: May 2024

Rationale:
Previously, we demonstrated that YAP (Yes-associated Protein), a Hippo signaling effector, promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of SM-expressed YAP in neointima formation remain unknown.

Objective:
To assess the role of SM-expressed YAP in vascular injury-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation and delineate its underlying mechanism.

Methods and Results:
We found that YAP expression is enhanced in mouse carotid artery after ligation injury and correlates with upregulation of Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta (PDGFRβ) in vivo. Mechanistically, gain- and loss-of-function of YAP studies demonstrated that YAP transcriptionally induces PDGFRβ expression and enhances PDGF-BB-elicited pro-mitogenic signaling, leading to enhanced VSMC proliferation. Importantly, depletion of PDGFRβ abolished YAP-mediated VSMC proliferation. Furthermore, we found that over-expression of TEAD1, a transcription factor that mediates YAP binding to DNA, mimics YAP function in inducing PDGFRβ expression. Conversely, depletion of TEAD1 abolished YAP-dependent PDGFRβ expression. ChIP assays further demonstrated that TEAD1 protein is enriched at multiple enhancer sequences in PDGFRβ gene locus. Finally, using an inducible smooth muscle-specific YAP knockout mouse model, we found that specific deletion of YAP in VSMCs is sufficient to attenuate arterial injury-induced neointima formation and VSMC proliferation, resulting from attenuated PDGFRβ expression.

Conclusions:
Our study unravels a novel mechanism by which YAP/TEAD1 promote VSMC proliferation via transcriptional induction of PDGFRβ expression, thereby enhancing neointima formation.
Metabolic Reprogramming: A Byproduct or a Driver of Cardiomyocyte Proliferation?
Authors: Chen Xiaokang , Wu Hao , Liu Ya , Liu Lingyan , Houser Steven R. , Wang Wei Eric
Published: May 2024

Defining mechanisms of cardiomyocyte proliferation should guide the understanding of endogenous cardiac regeneration and could lead to novel treatments for diseases such as myocardial infarction. In the neonatal heart, energy metabolic reprogramming (phenotypic alteration of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism) parallels cell cycle arrest of cardiomyocytes. The metabolic reprogramming occurring shortly after birth is associated with alterations in blood oxygen levels, metabolic substrate availability, hemodynamic stress, and hormone release. In the adult heart, myocardial infarction causes metabolic reprogramming but these changes cannot stimulate sufficient cardiomyocyte proliferation to replace those lost by the ischemic injury. Some putative pro-proliferative interventions can induce the metabolic reprogramming. Recent data show that altering the metabolic enzymes PKM2 [pyruvate kinase 2], LDHA [lactate dehydrogenase A], PDK4 [pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4], SDH [succinate dehydrogenase], CPT1b [carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1b], or HMGCS2 [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2] is sufficient to partially reverse metabolic reprogramming and promotes adult cardiomyocyte proliferation. How metabolic reprogramming regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation is not clearly defined. The possible mechanisms involve biosynthetic pathways from the glycolysis shunts and the epigenetic regulation induced by metabolic intermediates. Metabolic manipulation could represent a new approach to stimulate cardiac regeneration; however, the efficacy of these manipulations requires optimization, and novel molecular targets need to be defined. In this review, we summarize the features, triggers, and molecular regulatory networks responsible for metabolic reprogramming and discuss the current understanding of metabolic reprogramming as a critical determinant of cardiomyocyte proliferation.
SLC22A17 as a Cell Death–Linked Regulator of Tight Junctions in Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Li Wenlu , Shi Jingfei , Yu Zhanyang , Garcia-Gabilondo Miguel , Held Aaron , Huang Lena , Deng Wenjun , Ning Mingming , Ji Xunming , Rosell Anna , Wainger Brian J. , Lo Eng H.
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND:

Beyond neuronal injury, cell death pathways may also contribute to vascular injury after stroke. We examined protein networks linked to major cell death pathways and identified SLC22A17 (solute carrier family 22 member 17) as a novel mediator that regulates endothelial tight junctions after ischemia and inflammatory stress.

METHODS:

Protein-protein interactions and brain enrichment analyses were performed using STRING, Cytoscape, and a human tissue-specific expression RNA-seq database. In vivo experiments were performed using mouse models of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Human stroke brain tissues were used to detect SLC22A17 by immunostaining. In vitro experiments were performed using human brain endothelial cultures subjected to inflammatory stress. Immunostaining and Western blot were used to assess responses in SLC22A17 and endothelial tight junctional proteins. Water content, dextran permeability, and electrical resistance assays were used to assess edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Gain and loss-of-function studies were performed using lentiviral overexpression of SLC22A17 or short interfering RNA against SLC22A17, respectively.

RESULTS:

Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that core proteins from apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy cell death pathways were closely linked. Among the 20 proteins identified in the network, the iron-handling solute carrier SLC22A17 emerged as the mediator enriched in the brain. After cerebral ischemia in vivo, endothelial expression of SLC22A17 increases in both human and mouse brains along with BBB leakage. In human brain endothelial cultures, short interfering RNA against SLC22A17 prevents TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha)–induced ferroptosis and downregulation in tight junction proteins and disruption in transcellular permeability. Notably, SLC22A17 could repress the transcription of tight junctional genes. Finally, short interfering RNA against SLC22A17 ameliorates BBB leakage in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia.

CONCLUSIONS:

Using a combination of cell culture, human stroke samples, and mouse models, our data suggest that SLC22A17 may play a role in the control of BBB function after cerebral ischemia. These findings may offer a novel mechanism and target for ameliorating BBB injury and edema after stroke.
The Brain's Sensitivity to Real-world Statistical Regularity Does Not Require Full Attention
Authors: Center Evan G. , Federmeier Kara D. , Beck Diane M.
Published: May 2024

Predictive coding accounts of perception state that the brain generates perceptual predictions in the service of processing incoming sensory data. These predictions are hypothesized to be afforded by the brain's ability to internalize useful patterns, that is, statistical regularities, from the environment. We have previously argued that the N300 ERP component serves as an index of the brain's use of representations of (real-world) statistical regularities. However, we do not yet know whether overt attention is necessary in order for this process to engage. We addressed this question by presenting stimuli of either high or low real-world statistical regularity in terms of their representativeness (good/bad exemplars of natural scene categories) to participants who either fully attended the stimuli or were distracted by another task (attended/distracted conditions). Replicating past work, N300 responses were larger to bad than to good scene exemplars, and furthermore, we demonstrate minimal impacts of distraction on N300 effects. Thus, it seems that overtly focused attention is not required to maintain the brain's sensitivity to real-world statistical regularity. Furthermore, in an exploratory analysis, we showed that providing additional, artificial regularities, formed by altering the proportions of good and bad exemplars within blocks, further enhanced the N300 effect in both attended and distracted conditions, shedding light on the relationship between statistical regularities learned in the real world and those learned within the context of an experiment.
Paradoxical Long-term Memory Augmentation following Temporal Pairing between “Limited” and “Extensive” Motor Sequence Training Experiences
Authors: Oren Yaniv , Korman Maria , Karni Avi
Published: May 2024

Consecutive training on two movement sequences often leads to retroactive interference—obstructing memory for the initially trained sequence but not for the second. However, in the context of hippocampal-system dependent memories, a poor learning experience, memory for which would soon decay, can be enhanced if temporally paired with a “strong” memory triggering experience. The synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis explains this paradoxical enhancement by suggesting that only strong experiences generate cellular resources necessary for synaptic remodeling. However, synapses engaged in a “weak” learning experience can capture and utilize plasticity-related resources generated for a subsequent strong learning experience. Here, we tested whether such a “paradoxical” outcome would result in the context of motor (procedural) memory, if two movement sequences are unequally trained, consecutively. We show, in young adults (n = 100), that limited practice on a novel sequence of finger-to-thumb opposition movements led to different long-term outcomes, depending on whether and when (5 min, 5 hr) it was followed by extensive training on a different sequence. Five-minute pairing only resulted in overnight gains for the limited-trained sequence that were well-retained a week later; the overnight gains for the extensively trained sequence were compromised. Thus, consecutive training on different motor tasks can result in mnemonic interactions other than interference. We propose that the newly discovered mnemonic interaction provides the first-tier behavioral evidence in support of the possible applicability of notions stemming from the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis in relation to human motor memory generation, specifically in relation to the practice-dependent consolidation of novel explicitly instructed movement sequences.
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Age-related Disintegration in Functional Connectivity: Reference Ability Neural Network Cohort
Authors: Argiris Georgette , Stern Yaakov , Habeck Christian
Published: May 2024

Some theories of aging have linked age-related cognitive decline to a reduction in distinctiveness of neural processing. Observed age-related correlation increases among disparate cognitive tasks have supported the dedifferentiation hypothesis. We previously showed cross-sectional evidence for age-related correlation decreases instead, supporting an alternative disintegration hypothesis. In the current study, we extended our previous research to a longitudinal sample. We tested 135 participants (20–80 years) at two time points—baseline and 5-year follow-up—on a battery of 12 in-scanner tests, each tapping one of four reference abilities. We performed between-tasks correlations within domain (convergent) and between domain (discriminant) at both the behavioral and neural level, calculating a single measure of construct validity (convergent − discriminant). Cross-sectionally, behavioral construct validity was significantly different from chance at each time point, but longitudinal change was not significant. Analysis by median age split revealed that older adults showed higher behavioral validity, driven by higher discriminant validity (lower between-tasks correlations). Participant-level neural validity decreased over time, with convergent validity consistently greater than discriminant validity; this finding was also observed at the cross-sectional level. In addition, a disproportionate decrease in neural validity with age remained significant after controlling for demographic factors. Factors predicting longitudinal changes in global cognition (mean performance across all 12 tasks) included age, change in neural validity, education, and National Adult Reading Test (premorbid intelligence). Change in neural validity partially mediated the effect of age on change in global cognition. Our findings support the theory of age-related disintegration, linking cognitive decline to changes in neural representations over time.
Review of Senopterina Macquart (Diptera, Platystomatidae) from Brazil, with description of two new species
Authors: RODRIGUES JOÃO PAULO VINICIOS , CARVALHO CLAUDIO JOSÉ BARROS DE , MELLO RAMON LUCIANO
Published: May 2024

A review of Senopterina Macquart, 1835, a Nearctic and Neotropical genus with 21 species, is presented. Senopterina brevipes (Fabricius, 1805), the type species of the genus, and S. macularis (Fabricius, 1805), are redescribed. Two new species are listed for Brazil: S. canina sp. nov., and S. flavifemoris sp. nov., from the following states: Amapá, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rondônia and Tocantins. SEM images of the male and female terminalia of the redescribed species and of the new species are presented. An updated identification key to species is also provided.
In Vitro Evaluation of Fungicides Against Mango Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: Inayat Sana , Ullah Asad , Anwar Adeeba , Kaleem Aneesa
Published: May 2024

Mango is a significant fruit crop in our country, but it is often attacked by anthracnose, a disease that causes considerable pre and post-harvest losses. There are different methods to control this disease but management through the use of various fungicides, often in combination is more suitablef, under field conditions. This study was conducted in vitro experiments using the poison food technique to induce anthracnose disease in mangoes. Efficacy of 10 different fungicides was investigated, including contact fungicides like Blitox (Copper oxychloride 50% WP) and Indofil M-45 (Mancozeb 75% WP), as well as systemic fungicides like Topsin-M 70 WP (Thiophanate-M methyl 70% WP), Amistar Top (Difenconazole @ 12.5%), Aliette (Fosetyl Aluminium 80%), Score (Difenconazole @ 25% EC), Meriman (Captan WP 50%), Tilt (Propiconazole 25% EC), mirador (Azoxystrobin @ 20%), and Native (Tebuconazole+ Trifloxystrobin 75% WG). These fungicides were tested at three concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15) to evaluate their effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of anthracnose in mangoes. The results of this study showed that among the fungicides tested, Tilt (Propiconazole 25% WP), a systemic fungicide, exhibited superior inhibition, achieving complete 50 percent mycelial inhibition and preventing sporulation across all three concentrations. In contrast, Meriman (Captan WP 50%) showed the lowest inhibition, at 31.57 percent, compared to the other fungicides tested. These findings underscore the importance of selecting the appropriate fungicide for effective management of anthracnose in mango crops.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths Among Mogadishu Residents Attending Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
Authors: Mohammed Motaz
Published: May 2024

Intestinal helminths infection remains a public health concern in the developing countries. Over 1.5 billion people on a global scale are infected with one or more intestinal helminths. Sub - Saharan Africa is considered among the most affected areas with helminths infections. These infection rates are linked with factors such as socioeconomic status, personal hygiene, overcrowding and poor waste management. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of intestinal helminths infections among Mogadishu residents attending Somali Sudanese specialized hospital. The presented study was designed as a descriptive cross - sectional hospital - based study conducted at Somali Sudanese specialized hospital at Mogadishu, Somalia, during the period from November 2022 to April 2023. Stool samples were collected from 1865 Mogadishu residents attending Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital. Helminths infections were confirmed by identification of the diagnostic stage of the parasite under light microscope. The study findings indicated that the prevalence of intestinal helminths was 2.0%. The distribution of the parasitic infections was 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.4%, 0.3% (Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, and Ascaris lumbricoides) respectively. This result showed that the most common infection is caused by Trichuris trichiura followed by Enterobius vermicularis with Ascaris lumbricoides being the least common. The high prevalence of intestinal helminths infections among Mogadishu residents highlights a poor personal hygiene.
A Socio Linguistic Study of Village Associations in Amauzara, ISI-ALA Mbano, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Uwasomba Blessing
Published: May 2024

This work examines Village Associations in Amauzari Isi-Ala Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State. Amauzari is a town with Ten Villages, namely: Okwosu, Umueze, Ekwe, Umuagwu, Umudim, Umunumo, Umumpele, Umuechem, Okwelle and Anuzo. Associations do exist in different societies. Associations are platforms on which religious, social, and economic status of individuals and the community in general can improve themselves. The aim of this study is to show that the formation of associations enhance the development of the individual in Amauzari. Data for this study were collected through a random sampling technique using oral interviews and participant observations with elders aged 50-70 years in the ten villages of Amauzari. The researcher conducted oral interviews during village meetings of the different associations. The theoretical framework on which this paper is carried out is Ethnography of communication. This theory is concerned with the linguistic and sociocultural rules that are operational amongst a group of people. Findings reveal that social organizations are training grounds to persons in Amauzari and that associations lead to a communal system where everybody cares for one another. The results reveal that the village associations are socio-political organization where family conflicts between husband and wives, brothers and sisters, and extended family members are resolved. Village associations are peace keeping organization in Amauzara. Peace is a collective effort and responsibility because without peace there will be no development. All hands should be on deck for peace to reign in our society.
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Understand Smoking Cessation Efforts Among Middle-Aged Male Workers
Authors: Nihei Emi , Anzai Yukiko
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the reliability and validity of a scale assessing the efforts made by midlife adult male smokers to quit smoking. The draft of the scale, designated the Smoking Cessation Assessment of Progress Scale (SCAPS), was developed a qualitative inductive analysis of the characteristics of successful smoking cessation efforts among midlife adult male workers in a previous study by the authors. The subjects were men in their 30s and 40s who were employed, had quit smoking for at least six months, and who had succeeded in quitting without seeking outpatient smoking cessation treatment. After a preliminary survey, the main survey was conducted. Data was analyzed using the maximum likelihood Promax rotation method. Confirmatory factor analysis was subsequently conducted, resulting in the identification of three factors and 17 items. The factors identified were "response to smoking cravings," "perceived benefits associated with successful smoking cessation," and "positive perception of smoking cessation. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for each subscale ranged from 0.702 to 0.873, which were generally favorable. Construct validity was generally ensured by confirmatory factor analysis and the estimates extracted from the results for each factor. The reliability and validity of SCAPS were generally verified.
Challenges and Opportunities of Livelihood Diversification in Ethiopia: A Review Article
Authors: Duale Maslah
Published: May 2024

Diversifying sources of income has been recognized as a crucial approach to alleviate poverty, mitigate food insecurity, and enhance the overall well-being of rural residents in Ethiopia. This review outlines the key challenges and opportunities associated with livelihood diversification in the country. The study identifies several primary constraints that hinder livelihood diversification, including inadequate infrastructure development, scarcity of arable land, limited access to credit services, gender disparities, and poor rural-urban linkages. However, it also highlights potential avenues for sustainable livelihoods through diversification, such as the promotion of sustainable land management practices, adoption of climate-resilient agricultural strategies, and the provision of training and capacity building programs. To facilitate successful livelihood diversification, the review emphasizes the urgency of investing in infrastructure development and ensuring access to credit services. Moreover, it underscores the importance of promoting gender equality to mitigate the challenges faced by women in diversifying their livelihoods. Encouraging sustainable land management practices, implementing climate-resilient agricultural strategies, and providing comprehensive training and capacity building programs are identified as critical measures to support diversification efforts in Ethiopia effectively. The review offers evidence-based policy recommendations to inform government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders on effective strategies that can enhance livelihood diversification in the country, while also ensuring inclusivity and sustainability. The significance of livelihood diversification within Ethiopia's development agenda cannot be overstated, and it is imperative for stakeholders to act in addressing the identified challenges and capitalizing on the opportunities presented by diversification. By doing so, they can contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable development in the country. However, it is essential to note that further research is necessary to explore the efficacy of livelihood diversification strategies in different contexts and identify additional opportunities and challenges that may arise.
Impact of a Six-Week Treadmill Walking Program Combined with Submaximal Inspiratory Exercise in a Prehypertensive Female Living with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report
Authors: Adeogun Abiodun , Bender-Burnett Jade
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can result in a range of disability, cognitive and ambulatory dysfunction, depression, fatigue, pain, and reduced quality of life. Hypertension has also been identified as a comorbidity for people living with MS. This case report investigated the impact of a six-week treadmill walking program combined with submaximal inspiratory exercise in a 39-year-old prehypertensive female living with MS. Case Description: The patient was referred for outpatient physical therapy to manage prehypertension and symptoms associated with MS. The patient completed a six-week treadmill walking program combined with submaximal inspiratory exercise. Outcomes included were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). Results: Following six weeks of intervention, the patient's resting SBP decreased from 128 mmHg to 122 mmHg and resting DBP decreased from 88 mmHg to 82 mmHg. The patient's fatigue level, measured with MFIS, improved from 57/84 to 35/84. LEFS increased from 26/80 to 39/80 with improvements in balance, walking, and stair-climbing activities. Discussion: A six-week treadmill walking program combined with submaximal inspiratory exercise effectively lowered resting blood pressure and MS-related symptoms, improving the patient's quality of life and functional capabilities.
Study on Ecological Water Demand Pressure of Forest and Grass Vegetation Construction in Northwest Loess Plateau Based on Fitting Verification
Authors: Fu Wang , Xiaoyan Sha , Qian He , Qiang Zhao , He Zhang , Fen Han
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the minimum ecological water requirement of forest and grass vegetation in different types and regions and small basins in Pingliang City was analyzed and evaluated by using the quota of water consumption for ecological construction. The actual evapotranspiration water consumption of different types of vegetation was used as the quota to calculate the appropriate ecological water demand of vegetation, and the actual evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation was used as the quota to calculate the appropriate ecological water consumption of vegetation in this region. At the same time, in order to make the calculation result more accurate, the water consumption per unit area after the actual evapotranspiration of different regions and different types of vegetation is used as the calculation quota. In addition, according to the principles of similar vegetation types, similar site conditions and similar climate environment, the research results of He Wentao et al., Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, on the ecological water requirement of forest in the whole Jinghe River basin (He Wentao et al. Determination and calculation of ecological water requirement of forest vegetation, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(6)) were selected and compared with this study. This study verifies the reliability of the calculation results of evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation in this area. It should be noted that He Wentao et al. also evaluated the ecological water requirement of vegetation in the whole Jinghe River basin by calculating the evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation, and analyzed the vegetation ecological water requirement deficit in 2020 by comparing the calculated minimum ecological water requirement of vegetation in the region, so as to reflect the ecological water demand pressure faced by vegetation construction in the region. It provides a basic basis for coordinating the relationship between vegetation construction and water resources in this region.
A Comparative Study on the Antioxidant and Insecticidal Activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oil and Hydrosol
Authors: Dermane Affo , Eloh Kodjo , Simalou Oudjaniyobi , Assiki Balabapaté
Published: May 2024

The study investigates the hydrosol of Eucalyptus camaldulensis to assess its value and potential applications within the essential oil (EO) industry. Following steam distillation of E. camaldulensis leaves to extract essential oil, the resulting hydrosol underwent liquid-liquid extraction to yield a secondary essential oil (SEO). Comparative chemical analysis was performed using GC/MS. Comparative chemical analysis of the SEO and EO revealed distinct compositions, with 24 compounds identified in the SEO compared to 41 in the EO. Oxygenated compounds predominated in the SEO while non-oxygenated compounds were the most abundant in the EO (63.61%). Eucalyptol emerged as the primary constituent in both, with higher concentrations observed in the SEO (60.41%) than in the EO (28.53%). Additionally, antioxidant activity assessed using the DPPH assay demonstrated significant radical reduction in the SEO compared to the EO. In insecticidal tests targeting Callosobruchus maculatus, the SEO exhibited pronounced toxicity, with an IC50 value lower than that of the EO. This study showed the abundance of oxygenated compounds in E. camaldulensis hydrosol compared to pure essential oil, suggesting its potential as an antioxidant agent and for integrated pest management in agriculture. The research highlights the value of hydrosols in the EO industry and their potential applications in natural product formulations and pest control strategies.
The Effect of Anxiety and Social Support on Adolescents in the Era of COVID-19
Authors: Amiri Bahare , Amiri Banafshe , Mazarei Hossein
Published: May 2024

Introduction: At the end of 2019, an acute infectious disease appeared, which first started in Wuhan, China. The risk of increased contagion and anxiety caused by it decreased the quality of life among adolescents. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social support on the mental health of adolescents in the era of COVID-19. Methodology: This review was conducted by searching websites such as Scholar, SID, Magiran from 2019 to 2023. Results: Corona virus is a public health emergency and pneumonia caused by corona is a highly contagious and infectious disease. The most common initial manifestations are fever, cough, fatigue and myalgia. The WHO has announced that due to the prevalence of this disease among teenagers, the increase in deaths and quarantine of people can cause anxiety, which can be reduced with social support. According to the definition of social support, it means feeling of belonging, acceptance, love and affection. And it creates a safe relationship for every teenager. Conclusion: The evidence has shown that social support is one of the components that can directly and indirectly improve the mental health of adolescents, and reduce the negative effects caused by virus anxiety.
Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Construction Projects in Jimma Zone, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Numera Dubiwak , Assefa Bulcha
Published: May 2024

The construction sector plays a crucial role in the Ethiopian economy, making a substantial contribution to economic growth. However, various challenges have been identified as impacting the performance and growth of the Ethiopian construction industry. Projects in the Jimma Zone face numerous issues related to cost, time, and quality. This study aimed to evaluate how factors like resource management, stakeholder management, procurement management, and quality management influence project performance in the Jimma Zone. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to employees of Jimma Zone Employers and Contractors. A total of 62 questionnaires were distributed, with an 80.65% response rate, providing sufficient data for statistical analysis. Findings were presented using charts and tables. Quality management challenges included the absence of a quality management system and insufficient management commitment. Regression analysis indicated that resource and stakeholder management factors significantly influenced project cost and time performance, while quality management factors had a positive but not significant impact. Resource, stakeholder, and quality-related factors significantly influenced project quality performance, whereas procurement management factors did not have a significant impact. The study suggests that focusing on resource and stakeholder management could enhance project performance in the Jimma Zone.
Utilization of Extract from Bushcane (Costus Afer) as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel
Authors: Adam Joshua , Oboh Innocent , Peter Idara , Adum Ubelejit
Published: May 2024

Corrosion has adverse environmental consequences since it affects the manufacturing sector resulting in enormous economic loss. The corrosion characteristics and mechanism of mild in the solution of hydrochloric acid was studied. Extract of bush cane (Costus afer) was screened for physicochemical and phytochemical properties and utilized as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel, the process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The presence of OH, NH of alcohols, phenols, or substituents connected to aromatic rings, C=O for amides and ketones, C-N of aliphatic amines, and C=C of alkenes and nitriles were shown using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimum condition was found by minimizing time, temperature, inhibitor concentration and corrosion rate while maximizing weight loss, and inhibitor efficiency. The results obtained revealed that the bush cane extract contain saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid and tannin, which suggests the potency of the extract as a good inhibitor as it contains a considerable amount of phytochemical with basic heteroatom. The statistical significance of the weight loss, corrosion rate and inhibitor efficiency were evaluated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). it was observed that the regression was statistically significant at the F-value of 94.60, 25.87 and 4.72 respectively. P-value of > 0.0235, > 0.0001 and 0.0265 respectively. The optimum temperature, inhibitor concentration and contact time were found to be 27.9°C, 20.0% and 5 hours respectively at desirability value of 0.637. At this optimum condition, the weight loss was found to be 0.102%, corrosion rate was 1.583mg/cm2hr and inhibitor efficiency was 62.9%. From the results obtained in this experiment, It is concluded that the bushcane extract can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for the protection of mild steel.