bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two techniques of steroid injections in the management of Frozen shoulder
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of orthopaedics, ABV GMC, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India, Upadhyay Dr. Sanjay , Singh Dr. Sanat ,   Associate Professor, Department of orthopaedics, ABV GMC, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India, Varshney Dr. Atul ,   Professor & HOD, Department of orthopaedics, ABV GMC, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: June 2021

Background: Frozen shoulder is a condition in which movement of the shoulder becomes restricted.It can be described as either primary (idiopathic) whereby the aetiology is unknown, or secondary,when it can be attributed to another cause. It is commonly a self-limiting condition, of approximately1 to 3 years' duration, though incomplete resolution can occur. The aetiology of shoulder pain isdiverse and includes pathology originating from the neck, glenohumeral joint, acromioclavicularjoint, rotator cuff, and other soft tissues around the shoulder girdle. The most common source ofshoulder pain is the rotator cuff, accounting for over two-thirds of cases. Material and methods:This was a prospective study with 50 patients coming to our OPD. Patients of all stages wereincluded and randomized into two groups. Group 1: Single Site Injection (SSI) group receivedsteroid injection through posterior approach and Group 2: Novel three-site ( NTS )group receivedthe same dose of steroid in diluted doses at three sites (posterior capsule, subacromial andsubcoracoid). The second sitting was repeated after 3 weeks. Both groups had received the samephysiotherapy. The patients were evaluated by the CONSTANT score at initial, 3 weeks, 6 weeks and6 months. Results: Patients of Group 2 (NTS group) had significant pain relief and earlyimprovement in activities of daily living (p < 0.005) as compared to Group 1 (SSI Group). Also,although there was an improvement in shoulder movements in both the groups but in Group 2 (NTS)patients, early near-normal scores were attained and sustained even after 6 months. About 40% inGroup 1 (SSI) could not attain near-normal levels and had relapses. Conclusion: The Novel three-site approach of steroid injections in frozen shoulder provides early recovery, better pain relief andbetter improvement in shoulder function with fewer relapses.
Assessment of serum adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors:   Resident, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, GMERS Medical College, Dharpur Patan, Gujrat, India, Patel Dr. Mukund B. , Patel Dr. Ramesh C. ,   Resident, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, GMERS Medical College, Dharpur Patan, Gujrat, India
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim: Serum adiponectin levels were found to be altered in women with polycysticovary syndrome (PCOS) due to the increased adiposity commonly observed in them. Accordingly,earlier studies have reported decreased adiponectin levels in PCOS women. the present study wasconducted to measure serum adiponectin levels in women with PCOS and to evaluate its associationwith the biochemical parameters studied.Material and Methods: The present study included 50women of reproductive age attending the department of Gynecology, tertiary care institute of Indiaand diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome based on Rotterdam criteria. Fifty age-matchedhealthy women were recruited as controls. t. Adiponectin levels were measured along withmeasurement of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile using commercial kits and insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) was calculated. Results: Both the study groups were matched concerning age, however,PCOS women were obese when compared to healthy women (p<0.001). Serum total cholesterol andtriglyceride levels were significantly higher (p≤0.05) and serum adiponectin concentration wassignificantly lower in PCOS women when compared to controls (p≤0.05). HDL cholesterol, fastinginsulin and HOMA-IR were similar between cases and controls. Adiponectin did not show significantassociation with any of the parameters studied (Table 2). Conclusion: Serum adiponectin levels aresignificantly lower in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to healthy women. Thehyperandrogenemia which is one of the characteristic features of PCOS leads to a state of adipositywhich can further cause a decrease in adiponectin levels.
A Test of the validity of Crowding-out (or- in) hypothesis: A new examination of link between public borrowing and private investment in Emerging Europe
Authors: Ganic Mehmed , Hodzic Lejla , Ridic Ognjen
Published: June 2021

This study seeks to test the existence of the crowding-out (or- in) hypothesis in a sample of 17 Emerging Europe countries divided in two panels. The study employs a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model based on three estimators, Mean Group Estimator (MG), Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Fixed Effect (DFE), in order to evaluate the of stability of short run and long run coefficients using consistently compiled public borrowing and private investment data between 2000 and 2019. The empirical findings of the paper generally confirm the existence of a crowding out effect in both long run and short run in European post-transition countries, and in the long run for European transition countries. More specifically, elasticity of private investment with respect to public debt is greater in the European transition countries than in the European post-transition countries. However, the findings on the crowding out (in) effect of government spending and economic growth on private investment are mixed and conflicting in both the long run and the short run. Accordingly, the study recommends that selected countries should reassess their austerity agendas employed for lowering debt levels, and follow new strategies for managing public debt burden.
producción lexicográfica de fines del siglo XX en Uruguay
Authors: Pérez Pucci Clara , Coll Magdalena
Published: June 2021

En la segunda mitad del siglo XX se dio en Uruguay una producción lexicográfica vinculada, en distinta medida, con la actividad de la Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay (ANL). Se trata de seis obras contrastivas con respecto al diccionario de la Real Academia Española (RAE), que, en su mayoría, han recibido escasa o nula atención por parte de la comunidad académica. De la descripción y análisis de estas obras trata, precisamente, este artículo que busca visualizar tendencias de la lexicografía uruguaya de fines del siglo XX. Se ha estudiado cuál fue el origen de estas obras (muchas de ellas promovidas por concursos de la ANL o de la RAE), cuál era la formación de sus autores y autoras, cuál era su vínculo formal con la ANL y cuál fue la participación de las mujeres en esta etapa de la lexicografía uruguaya. También se ha tenido en cuenta si se trata de trabajos inéditos o de obras que lograron ser publicadas en Uruguay o en el exterior al tiempo que se analizó si tuvieron o no repercusión en el diccionario de la rae. Además, se prestó particular atención a las diferentes maneras en que se plasmó la voluntad contrastiva en estas obras. De la investigación realizada se destaca, entre otras cosas, que, aunque estas obras tienen originariamente una finalidad contrastiva, pasan a ser valiosas en sí mismas porque, en su afán contrastivo, aportan a la descripción léxica del español del Uruguay de una época.
En torno a la voz zaíno
Authors: Dalle Pezze Francesca
Published: June 2021

El propósito de este estudio es el de esbozar la historia léxica de la voz zaino, mediante ejemplos de uso antiguos y actuales y un contraste con su inserción en la lexicografía, con el fin de reflexionar particularmente sobre la extensión que tiene en la actualidad su segunda acepción, la que se refiere al color oscuro. En este recorrido histórico nos proponemos reflexionar sobre el cambio lingüístico, la dilogía y las posibilidades fraseológicas que vino brindando el adjetivo zaino, hasta las atestiguaciones actuales, que muestran una ampliación de los referentes, ya que, además de aplicarse –como en épocas anteriores– a los caballos y a los toros, el adjetivo se observa en descripciones de objetos y de partes del cuerpo del ser humano.
YHWH’s mouthpiece to the exiles
Authors: Pietersen Doniwen
Published: June 2021

This article seeks to make a contribution to the discourse on how the difference between the two versions of the book of Jeremiah as it pertains to two bracketed texts, e.g. Jer. 25:11–12 – Jer. 46:27–28 illustrate a regard of hope on the end of the Exile. Does the Masoretic Text (MT) have a different perspective on the idea of hope, or do both the MT and Septuagint (LXX) share a similar position on this? Moreover, this article attempts to characterise the claim of the MT versus the LXX and tries to understand these texts in light of the above-mentioned text-corpus in its earliest development, but also to foreground this idea of hope within a theological analysis of Jeremiah 29:1–32.
Exploring Exodus themes in the book of Amos
Authors: Snyman Fanie
Published: June 2021

There is little doubt that the exodus event is regarded as a most important turning point for Israel’s understanding of itself. The aim of this article is to investigate the occurrence of the Exodus tradition in the book of Amos. Once the occurrence of the exodus tradition has been determined the second aim is to establish the function of the exodus tradition in the book. This is done by providing the reader with cursory overview of the exodus event as it is told in Exodus 1–15, followed by a careful reading of the relevant texts taking the literary and historical dimensions of the texts in consideration. The investigation came to mainly three results: the exodus tradition is utilized in the book of Amos as a motivation for the prophecies of doom directed to Israel. Secondly, the exodus tradition is in fact turned against Israel and thirdly, the exodus event is radically relativized as an event not unique to Israel alone.
COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND ESTIMATED PERMEABILITY FOR ARTIFICIALLY PREPARED COARSE-GRAINED SOIL SAMPLES
Authors: Živković Patricia , Burečić Šafran Mirela , Kovačević Zelić Biljana
Published: June 2021

Knowledge about soil permeability is important in various scientific fields: hydrology and hydrogeology, geotechnics, environmental geotechnics, and others. Depending on the different goals that need to be achieved by a particular engineering project, the conditions in which the permeability coefficient is determined in terms of applied hydraulic gradients, applied stresses, type of test fluid, etc. are adjusted, as well as the required precision of its determination. In addition, the permeability coefficient is a soil property with the largest range of possible values. It can be determined through various laboratory and field methods, and by applying established empirical correlations using data on the grain-size distribution and empirical coefficients that depend on some factors, such as hydraulic radius (specific surface), curvature, porosity, etc. This paper presents the results of laboratory testing of the permeability coefficient by the constant head test and the use of a permeameter. The results were compared with the permeability coefficient obtained by applying a number of empirical correlations. Artificial samples were prepared in the laboratory by mixing different previously prepared soil fractions in order to determine the influence of particle size and soil gradation on the estimated soil permeability coefficient.
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A POTENTIAL LANDSLIDE AREA IN MAYOON, HUNZA DISTRICT, GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN
Authors: ur Rehman Qasim , Ahmed Waqas , Waseem Muhammad , Khan Sarfraz , Farid Asam , Shah Syed Husnain Ali
Published: June 2021

The Mayoon landslide in the Hunza District is a slowly developed, non-catastrophic landslide that has gained its importance in the last few years after its rapid activation and fast slip rate. The area is characterized by high earthquake hazards (zone 3 with a peak ground acceleration value of 2.4–3.2 m/s2) by the Building Code of Pakistan due to frequent earth quakes. The past high earthquake activity in the area has displaced the foliated rocks towards the south and is responsible for opening the bedrock joints. The head and body of the landslide are covered by unconsolidated material and have fractures of varying lengths and widths. The non-invasive geophysical techniques, including Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Soundings (ERS), are deployed to evaluate the Mayoon landslide subsurface. The subsurface is interpreted into a two-layer model. Bright reflectors and highly variable resistivity characterize the top layer (Layer-1). This layer is associated with a loose, highly heterogeneous, fragmented material deposited under glacial settings over the existing bedrock. Hyperbolic reflections and intermediate resistivity characterize the bottom layer (Layer-2). This layer is associated with foliated metamorphic bedrock. The hyperbolic reflections show faults/fractures within the bedrock. The extension of these fractures/faults with depth is uncertain due to decay in the GPR signal with depth. The intermediate resistivity shows the bedrock is weathered and foliated. Reflections within Layer-1 have disrupted directly above the fractures/faults suggesting a possible movement. A bright reflection between the two layers highlights the presence of the debonded surface. Loose material within Layer-1 coupled with debonding possesses a significant hazard to generate a landslide under unfavourable conditions, such as an intense rainstorm or earthquake activity.
The promotion of international cooperation in the activities of the high commissioner for human rights in the Russian Federation
Authors: Goncharenko O. K. , Akhmetzyanov A. O.
Published: June 2021

The article addresses issues related to the development of international cooperation as one of the key areas of activity of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation. The special features regulating the activities of the High Commissioner, including the novelty in the national legislation and international standards in this area have been presented. Special attention has been given to the directions and forms of cooperation of the High Commissioner with national human rights institutions of foreign states, universal and regional international organizations, integration associations of ombudsmen. Examples of the interaction of the High Commissioner with the United Nations and the Council of Europe at the present stage have been provided. The efforts of the High Commissioner to protect the rights of the Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad have been highlighted. The article presents the development and strengthening of such concept as “human rights diplomacy”. The aspects of the establishment and promotion of the Eurasian Ombudsman Alliance have been reflected.

In conclusion, the authors make recommendations on the extension of the competence of the High Commissioner.
Efficiency of the institute of human rights commissioners in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation
Authors: Zrazhevskaya T. D.
Published: June 2021

In this article the author examines and critically evaluates the main approaches to understanding the effectiveness of the activities of the commissioners for human rights in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The author proposes its criteria and underlines the importance of assessing the coordinating function of the commissioners in the sphere of ensuring and protecting human rights, the implementation of systemic strategic documents of the subjects of the Russian Federation in this area.
Constitutional evolution of Russia (review of the collection of scientific articles: 25 years of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: constitutional dialogue / ed. by V.T. Kabyshev. Saratov : Publishing house of the Saratov State Law Academy, 2019. 380 p.)
Authors: Pryakhina T. M.
Published: June 2021

The review notes the intellectual richness of the national science of constitutional law, the creators of which, on the eve of the anniversary of the Constitution of Russia, entered into a dialogue: a dialogue of generations; a dialogue of scientific schools; a dialogue of worldviews; a dialogue of individuals gifted with talent, an inquisitive mind, the ability to set nontrivial scientific problems and brilliantly solve them, involving statesmen, public leaders, politicians, practicing lawyers in the co-creation of the legal space of Russia. The constitutional dialogue initiated by the Saratov School of Constitutional Law has become an evidence that Russian state scholars are ready for the challenges of our time. They understand the full measure of responsibility that is assigned to the rulers of scientific minds in the era of large-scale changes, the era of choosing the path of further development of civilization. Reflecting the identity of representatives of various scientific schools, the continuity in the assessment of science as a path of service to the high truth, the novelty of ways to find answers to the burning questions of the modern constitutional construction of Russia, the reviewer draws attention to the fact that it brings together different positions, makes us look for a common denominator. This is the philosophy of the constitutional worldview, constitutional ethics, which has become the basis for the existence of public.
Reparación de las cubiertas y de la torre de la capilla de La Cadellada, Oviedo
Authors: Simarro González Daniel
Published: June 2021

La Capilla de La Cadellada está ubicada junto al Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias y perteneció al antiguo Hospital Provincial Psiquiátrico de “La Cadellada”. Fue proyectada en estilo neorrománico en 1940 por el arquitecto Manuel Bobes y ﬁnalizada su construcción en 1944. Está incluida en las “Fichas de Catálogo de Bienes Protegidos” del PGOU de Oviedo con protección Inte-gral Singular. La Capilla se construyó usando mampostería de piedra en muros y contrafuertes. Los elementos singulares se resolvieron con ladrillo o rasilla. Destacan la solución estructural mixta de la cubierta principal y las bóvedas tabicadas de la sacristía. Para deﬁnir la intervención que describe este artículo, realizamos un análisis patológico para identiﬁcar las lesiones y determinar sus causas. Fruto del conocimiento del ediﬁcio y de su estado de conservación, planteamos una intervención respetuosa consistente en la consolidación de la estructura soporte y la resolución de las ﬁltraciones de agua de lluvia.
Lilith como la serpiente del Paraíso. Ejemplos de su presencia en el arte bajomedieval hispano
Authors: San José Pérez Rocío
Published: June 2021

Lilith, fémina diabólica considerada por los textos hebreos la primera mujer de la Creación, se configura a lo largo de la historia como la imagen última del pecado, del vicio, de la lujuria. Se niega a permanecer en el Paraíso sumisa y obediente, así que escapa y comparte su cuerpo con los súbditos de Lucifer. Dentro de la imaginería medieval encontramos varias representaciones del Pecado Original en que un ser de busto femenino y cuerpo de serpiente tienta a una incauta Eva, propiciando la condena de la humanidad. Esta criatura sería la propia Lilith que propicia el mal en el mundo sin deseo ni posibilidad de redención.
El arquitecto José Martínez Celiz y la introducción del barroco asturiano en Galicia
Authors: Gómez Darriba Javier
Published: June 2021

Durante la Edad Moderna no hubo una significativa interrelación entre la arquitectura del Principado de Asturias y la del Reino de Galicia pese a que eran territorios limítrofes. La excepción a esta regla la supuso José Martínez Celiz, un arquitecto de origen avilesino que introdujo en Galicia un repertorio de formas y modelos inéditos en la región, pero sobradamente trabajados en Asturias. Este personaje se asentó en la provincia de Mondoñedo en la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, y allí llevó a cabo una prolífica actividad como tracista y aparejador. Puesto que su figura apenas resulta conocida por la historiografía, en el presente trabajo analizaremos su biografía, carrera profesional y personalidad artística.
The Development of Foundational and New Literacies with Digital Tools Across the European Higher Education Area
Authors: McCallum Lee
Published: June 2021

The 21st century EFL writing classroom continues to transform from one that focuses on the building blocks of being able to write, to one that is characterised by a view that writing is digitally-informed and led. This paper synthesises research that documents the perceived gains of using digital tools to, on the one hand, improve students’ foundational literacies in English writing, and on the other hand, to develop ‘new’ digitally oriented literacies that exist and arise from the use of these tools. The focus of the synthesis is on member countries that are included in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) initiative. The paper presents a systematic review of  studies in international and local journals from 2000 - 2020.  The review provides an overview of the foci of the studies, the types of writing, tasks and technologies being used, the approaches taken to evaluate and provide feedback on students’ writing, and the influence digital literacies may have on fostering these foundational literacies. The paper concludes by considering gaps in the EHEA landscape and offers recommendations for further development.
Developing Speaking with 21st Century Digital Tools in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom:
Authors: Huertas-Abril Cristina A.
Published: June 2021

In a changing, dynamic world increasingly dependent on technologies, it is necessary to educate children so that they can participate fully in today’s and future society. Literacy thus needs much more than the traditional approaches to reading and writing in students’ first language. After analyzing the concept and implications of new literacies in foreign language learning, a quantitative study was carried out to explore Spanish primary education students’ perceptions (n = 82) on the development of new literacies in the English as a foreign language (EFL) lesson after using the online video discussion platform Flipgrid to practice their oral expression and create meanings in EFL during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis also aims to analyze whether there are differences based on gender, age and educational stage. The results show that the participants in this study were motivated to use this digital tool that enables them to make comments to their partners’ videos, send messages about the oral texts, and include additional media, among many other options, going then beyond reading texts on a computer screen. This study concludes with a series of considerations for possible future implementations.
Primeras obras de Beth Galí (1966-1984). Afinidades entre diseño industrial y urbano
Authors: Pérez-Moreno Lucía Carmen , Ledesma Blasco Isabel
Published: June 2021

La obra de Beth Galí es internacionalmente reconocida por su trabajo ligado al ámbito de la arquitecta y el diseño urbano. En 1982 se tituló en la Escuela de Arquitectura de Barcelona (ETSAB), pero previamente, entre 1966 y 1969, había estudiado diseño industrial en la Escuela de Diseño y Arte de Barcelona (EINA), una etapa de su labor profesional escasamente conocida. Este artículo revisa cuestiones básicas ligadas con su formación como diseñadora en la escuela EINA para posteriormente presentar cuatro de sus primeros diseños de objetos y de mobiliario realizados entre 1966 y 1971. Este artículo, además, propone una serie de reflexiones en torno a su primer proyecto de arquitectura, ideado en 1979, el diseño para el Parque Joan Miró en la ciudad de Barcelona. El objetivo del artículo es, además de recuperar sus primeros diseños de mobiliario, mostrar las afinidades compositivas y formales que entre estos y el parque Joan Mir´ó, con el objetivo final de demostrar el importante peso que su formación como diseñadora industrial tuvo en su trabajo como arquitecta.
Furniture as Feature in Coworking Spaces. Spots in Oporto City as Case Study
Authors: Cruz Rita , Franqueira Teresa , Pombo Fátima
Published: June 2021

In a few decades, the digital age came into our lives changing lifestyles and social behaviours, forcing the world to rethink daily experiences, including those taking place in the workplaces. The digital nomadism that facilitates the mobility and flexibility of work meets the requirements of today's society and stimulates the emergence of coworking spaces. Furniture design also needs to approach the new demands of current lifestyle. Within this context, the article intends to find out the role that furniture plays in such spaces. The research was carried out by studying a random sample of coworking spaces in Oporto. An interview and a survey were conducted to the coworking space users in order to identify the furniture’s common denominator in those places considering the pairs ergonomic function/comfort, materials/sustainability and flexibility/form as main parameters. The principal output of this study is to attract the attention of designers to the importance of furniture when considering the quality of coworking spaces in its multifunctional capacities in the context of a responsible, ecologic and sustainable society.
Measurement of interstation phase and group velocities andQusing Wiener filtering
Authors: Taylor Steven R. , Nafi Toksöz M.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A method for calculating interstation phase and group velocities and attenuation coefficients using a Wiener (least-squares) filtering technique is presented. The interstation Green's (or transfer) function is estimated from surface wave data from two stations laying along the same great circle path. The estimate is obtained from a Wiener filter which is constructed to estimate the signal recorded at the station further from the source from the signal recorded at the nearer station.

The interstation group velocity is obtained by applying the multiple-filtering technique to the Green's function, and the interstation phase velocity from the phase spectrum of the Green's function. The amplitude spectrum of the Green's function is used to calculate average attenuation between the two stations. Using synthetic seismograms contaminated by noise, it is shown that the Q values calculated from the Green's function are significantly more stable and accurate than those obtained by taking spectral ratios.

The method is particularly useful for paths involving short station separations and is applied to a surface wave path crossing the Iranian Plateau.
Estimates ofQin central Asia as a function of frequency and depth using the coda of locally recorded earthquakes
Authors: Roecker S. W. , Tucker B. , King J. , Hatzfeld D.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Digital recordings of microearthquake codas from shallow and intermediate depth earthquakes in the Hindu Kush region of Afghanistan were used to determine the attenuation factors of the S-wave coda (Qc) and primary S waves (Qβ). An anomalously rapid decay of the coda shortly after the S-wave arrival, observed also in a study of coda in central Asia by Rautian and Khalturin (1978), seems to be due primarily to depth-dependent variations in Qc. In particular, we deduce the average Qc in the crust and uppermost mantle (<100-km depth) is approximately four times lower than the deeper mantle (<400-km depth) over a wide frequency range (0.4 to 24 Hz). Further, while Qc generally increases with frequency at any depth, the degree of frequency dependence of Qc depends on depth. Except at the highest frequency studied here (∼48 Hz), the magnitude of Qc at a particular frequency increases with depth while its frequency dependence decreases. For similar depths, determinations of Qβ and Qc agree, suggesting a common wave composition and attenuation mechanism for S waves and codas. Comparison of these determinations of Qc in Afghanistan with those in other parts of the world shows that the degree of frequency dependence of Qc correlates with the expected regional heterogeneity. Such a correlation supports the prejudice that Qc is primarily influenced by scattering and suggests that tectonic processes such as folding and faulting are instrumental in creating scattering environments.
Analysis of the El Centro differential array for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake
Authors: Smith Stewart W. , Ehrenberg John E. , Hernandez E. Norman
Published: June 2021

abstract

Two methods of analysis have been applied to the El Centro differential array data from the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. Spectral ratios of array averages were developed as one way of estimating the spatial averaging of ground motion. This spatial averaging will result in a reduction in the high-frequency motion experienced by a large rigid foundation that is assumed to move as a single unit. As an alternative, covariance measurements in several frequency bands were made to illustrate how the fraction of the power propagating as single traveling wave decreases with increasing distance between stations. Base averaging reduction factors determined from these analyses show that reductions of 10 to 30 per cent would be expected for this particular earthquake for foundations of about 50 m in dimension and for frequencies above 20 Hz. The effect is frequency-dependent and does not show any significant reduction at frequencies below 5 Hz. For this particular situation, at a distance from the rupture surface of about 5 km, the reduction is more pronounced for horizontal components than for vertical components.
Long-period mechanism of the 8 November 1980 Eureka, California, earthquake
Authors: Lay Thorne , Given Jeffrey W. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: June 2021

The seismic moment and source orientation of the 8 November 1980 Eureka, California, earthquake (Ms = 7.2) are determined using long-period surface and body wave data obtained from the SRO, ASRO, and IDA networks. The favorable azimuthal distribution of the recording stations allows a well-constrained mechanism to be determined by a simultaneous moment tensor inversion of the Love and Rayleigh wave observations. The shallow depth of the event precludes determination of the full moment tensor, but constraining Mzx = Mzy = 0 and using a point source at 16-km depth gives a major double couple for period T = 256 sec with scalar moment M0 = 1.1 · 1027 dyne-cm and a left-lateral vertical strike-slip orientation trending N48.2°E. The choice of fault planes is made on the basis of the aftershock distribution. This solution is insensitive to the depth of the point source for depths less than 33 km. Using the moment tensor solution as a starting model, the Rayleigh and Love wave amplitude data alone are inverted in order to fine-tune the solution. This results in a slightly larger scalar moment of 1.28 · 1027 dyne-cm, but insignificant (<5°) changes in strike and dip. The rake is not well enough resolved to indicate significant variation from the pure strike-slip solution. Additional amplitude inversions of the surface waves at periods ranging from 75 to 512 sec yield a moment estimate of 1.3 ± 0.2 · 1027 dyne-cm, and a similar strike-slip fault orientation. The long-period P and SH waves recorded at SRO and ASRO stations are utilized to determine the seismic moment for 15- to 30-sec periods. A deconvolution algorithm developed by Kikuchi and Kanamori (1982) is used to determine the time function for the first 180 sec of the P and SH signals. The SH data are more stable and indicate a complex bilateral rupture with at least four subevents. The dominant first subevent has a moment of 6.4 · 1026 dyne-cm. Summing the moment of this and the next three subevents, all of which occur in the first 80 sec of rupture, yields a moment of 1.3 · 1027 dyne-cm. Thus, when the multiple source character of the body waves is taken into account, the seismic moment for the Eureka event throughout the period range 15 to 500 sec is 1.3 ± 0.2 · 1027 dyne-cm.
Some sixteenth century European earthquakes as depicted in contemporary sources
Authors: Deresiewicz H.
Published: June 2021

Illustrated accounts of a number of 16th century earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are presented, collected from literature contemporary with the events. Although for the most part describing occurrences known from the comprehensive catalogs of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the accounts given here provide many more details and yield interesting historical insights and divergences.
A new procedure for processing strong-motion earthquake signals
Authors: Sunder S. Shyam , Connor Jerome J.
Published: June 2021

A new procedure for routinely processing strong-motion earthquake signals using state-of-the-art filter design and implementation techniques is presented. The model, shown to be both accuratet and efficient, is sufficiently flexible so that the signal sampling period and filter parameters can be easily varied. A comparison of results from the existing United States model (Trifunac and Lee, 1973) and the proposed model show significant differences in the ground motion and response spectrum characteristics for the same set of filter limits. Drifts in integrated velocity and displacement characteristics and theoretically incorrect asymptotic behavior of response spectrum curves arising out of the existing United States processing scheme have been eliminated. In addition to the importance of appropriately selecting a low-frequency limit for band-pass filtering the signals, this work demonstrates the sensitivity of the acceleration trace to the particular choice of a high-frequency limit.
The inverse problem of the density and bulk modulus profiles of a layered fluid
Authors: Coen Shimon
Published: June 2021

abstract

It is shown that the density and bulk modulus profiles of a layered fluid half-space are uniquely determined from the vertical component of the particle velocity on the surface due to an impulsive point source on the surface. In addition, an estimate of the highest acoustic wave velocity in the layered half-space is required as well. The necessary conditions for the existence of the solution are discussed and a direct (noniterative) inversion algorithm is developed which constructs the density and bulk modulus profiles of the half-space from the surface data. The main limitations of this theory to real seismic data are briefly discussed.
A note on near-source estimates of local magnitude
Authors: Enrique Luco J.
Published: June 2021

abstract

The variation with distance of the values of local magnitude, ML, obtained from strong-motion records at short distances to the sources is examined. The available data seem to indicate a gradual decrease with distance from the fault up to a distance of about 20 km followed by a gradual increase for distances in the range from 20 to 100 km. This type of distance dependence can be predicted on the basis of available correlations of peak Wood-Anderson seismograph response with peak velocity and of peak velocity with distance to the fault and local magnitude obtained from actual Wood-Anderson records. These correlations are employed to obtain an alternative relation between local magnitude, synthesized peak Wood-Anderson response and distance to the fault. The alternative relation which is valid only at short distances to the fault gives good agreement with the available data and seems to indicate a degree of saturation of the Wood-Anderson response at short distances. The average estimates of ML based on this alternative relation for several well-recorded events are similar to those obtained on the basis of Richter's standard definition. The alternative estimates have the advantage of removing the distance dependence exhibited by the standard estimates. The effects that this modification of the relation between local magnitude, peak Wood-Anderson response, and distance has on certain estimates of peak strong-motion amplitudes are also examined.
Ground motion values obtained for the 27 July 1980 Sharpsburg, Kentucky, earthquake
Authors: Street R.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Free-field, vector-sum peak particle velocity recordings of the 27 July 1980 Sharpsburg, Kentucky, earthquake result in the following equations

log 10 V R ( 1 Hz ) ( cm/sec ) = − 3.56 + 1.0 m b L g − 1.0 log 1 0 R ( km )

and

log 10 V R ( 5 Hz ) ( cm/sec ) = − 3.56 + 1.0 m b L g − 1.0 log 1 0 R ( km )

where VR(1 Hz) refers to the resultant vector-sum peak particle velocity at 1 Hz, VR(5 Hz) refers to the resultant vector-sum peak particle velocity at 5 Hz, mbLg is the 1-Hz Lg magnitude commonly used in the Eastern United States, and R is the epicentral distance in kilometers. These equations are intended for the prediction of the maximum particle velocity associated with Lg waves in the Eastern United States in the far-field region of an earthquake, on competent foundation materials.
Measurements of Rayleigh-wave phase velocities in Nevada: Implications for explosion sources and the Massachusetts Mountain earthquake
Authors: Patton H. J.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Single-station measurements of Rayleigh-wave phase velocity are obtained for paths between the Nevada Test Site and the Livermore broadband regional stations. Nuclear underground explosions detonated in Yucca Valley were the sources of the Rayleigh waves. The source phase φs required by the single-station method is calculated for an explosion source by assuming a spherically symmetric point source with step-function time dependence. The phase velocities are used to analyze the Rayleigh waves of the Massachusetts Mountain earthquake of 5 August 1971. Measured values of source phase for this earthquake are consistent with the focal mechanism determined from P-wave first-motion data (Fischer et al., 1972). A moment-tensor inversion of the Rayleigh-wave spectra for a 3-km-deep source gives a horizontal, least-compressive stress axis oriented N63°W and a seismic moment of 5.5 × 1022 dyne-cm. The general agreement between the results of the P-wave study of Fischer et al. (1972) and this study supports the measurements of phase velocities and, in turn, the explosion source model used to calculate φs.
A discrimination analysis of short-period regional seismic data recorded at Tonto Forest Observatory
Authors: Murphy J. R. , Bennett T. J.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A new seismic discriminant based on spectral differences of regional phases from earthquakes and explosions recorded at a single station has been tested and found to work remarkably well. The test data consisted of a well-constrained set of 30 Nevada Test Site (NTS) explosions and 21 earthquakes located within about 100 km of NTS which were recorded on short-period seismographs at the Tonto Forest Observatory in central Arizona at an epicentral distance averaging 530 km. The events in the data set cover a magnitude range from 3.3 to 4.8 (mb) for which Pn, Pg, and Lg phases have been analyzed.

We found that, although Lg phases from earthquakes are typically more prominent than for explosions with comparable P-wave amplitude levels, simple time-domain Lg/P amplitude ratios do not result in a separation of the earthquake and explosion samples consistent enough to provide reliable discrimination. However, spectral analyses of the data over the frequency band from 0.5 to 5.0 Hz revealed significant differences in the spectra of certain regional phases which proved to be a quite reliable discriminant. In particular, both the Pg and Lg spectra from earthquakes have been found to be richer in high-frequency content than corresponding explosion spectra. A discriminant measure, defined as the ratio of average Lg spectral amplitude level in the 0.5- to 1.0-Hz passband to that in the 2.0- to 4.0-Hz passband, provides good separation of earthquake and explosion populations.
Some bounds for seismic risk
Authors: Brillinger David R.
Published: June 2021

abstract

The seismic risk at a site may be defined as the probability that a given threshold level is exceeded by a chosen variate within a time period of interest, as a result of nearby seismic events. Typically, the probability has been evaluated assuming that the sequence of origin times of earthquakes felt at the site is Poisson. This paper presents bounds for the probability that apply to a general distribution of origin times. In particular, the expected value of a particular counting variate is seen to provide an upper bound for the risk. The results are discussed for some specific marked point processes. Exact expressions for the risk are set down using the conditional intensity function.
Tectonics and recent seismicity near Flathead Lake, Montana
Authors: Qamar Anthony , Kogan Jerry , Stickney Michael C.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Since 1900, more than 290 earthquakes have been reported near Flathead Lake, Montana. Surprisingly, none has exceeded magnitude 5 to 512. Most recent earthquake swarms appear to result from east-west or northwest-southeast extension along short fault segments west and north of the lake. Major normal faults like the Swan and Mission faults east of the lake may pose higher risk, but they appear dormant today. Deformation of sediments in Flathead Lake may be caused by several large earthquakes more than 10,000 years ago but is more probably due to glacial processes accompanying the last retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet.
Effects of lateral heterogeneity and source process time on the linear moment tensor inversion of long-period Rayleigh waves
Authors: Nakanishi Ichiro , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: June 2021

abstract

Spectra of mantle Rayleigh waves recorded on the IDA network are inverted to determine the seismic moment tensor of the 9 June 1980 California-Mexico Border earthquake, the 29 July 1980 Vanuatu Islands earthquake, and the 9 July 1980 Santa Cruz Islands earthquake. Examinations are made to correct for phase velocity lateral heterogeneity and source process time. A simple regionalization (stable continent, tectonic region, young ocean, and old ocean) improves results of the linear inversion, but the phase correction is not large enough, and the discontinuous change of phase velocity across the boundary between regions causes an artificial rapid change in apparent phase velocity as a function of azimuth. Therefore, a more detailed but gradual representation of the lateral heterogeneity is desirable to correct for the propagation effect in the linear inversion. A source process time which consists of the nondirectional part of the apparent duration of main faulting and the delay time of the faulting from initial break is estimated by a phase analysis of Rayleigh waves. The source process time is generally proportional to the seismic moment on the log-log scale, but some earthquakes deviate considerably from the general relation. Therefore, the measurement of the source process time should be made before the moment tensor inversion. The phase errors introduced by the lateral heterogeneity and source process time may cause a bias to low scalar moment.
Analysis of broadband seismograms from the Chile-eru area
Authors: Kind Rainer , Seidl Dieter
Published: June 2021

abstract

Broadband seismograms, recorded at the Graefenberg (GRF) Array in Germany are analyzed. These data from the Chile-Peru area have often a very complicated signature. We have attempted to identify pP using theoretical seismograms. A third phase besides P and pP, which may have higher frequencies, was discovered in a number of broadband records. Interpretations that relate this phase to the source or the structure are discussed. Our preferred interpretation is an S to P conversion at the bottom of the descending plate.
PENGARUH MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SEJARAH DI SMA KORPRI BEKASI
Authors: Romadhon Muhammad Irham , Sarkadi Sarkadi , Syukur Abdul
Published: June 2021

This research aims to find out the effects of Problem Based Learning (PBL) and creative thinking skills on the instructional outcomes of the history of students at SMA KORPRI Bekasi. This research is a quantitative study using an experimental design of 2x2. The population consists of all students of class X IIS at SMA KORPRI Bekasi. The sample in this research consists of two classes, namely class X IIS 1 and X IIS 2 with a total of 60 students. A multiple-choice test was administered to measure students’ learning outcomes on history. A questionnaire was also used to uncover and categorize students' creative thinking. The results of this study indicate that: (1) students who were given problem-based learning models had higher learning outcomes in history compared to those who were given the direct learning models during historical instruction, (2) there was an interaction effect of learning models and creative thinking, (3) students who were given PBL and have high creative thinking skills had higher learning outcomes compared to those who were given a direct learning model and had high creative thinking skills, and (4) interestingly, a student with lower critical thinking skills got lower learning outcomes with PBL comparing those who had lower critical thinking skills and were given direct learning model. Hence, the result of this study indicates that there was an influence of the PBL model and creative thinking on the students learning outcomes in historical instruction at SMA KORPRI Bekasi.
El narcisismo en la sociedad de consumo: el caso de los influencers españoles
Authors: Cenizo Coral
Published: June 2021

El presente estudio tiene por objeto determinar si los influencers españoles muestran un comportamiento narcisista en las redes sociales y en qué aspectos esta posible conducta es más obvia. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de contenido de los perfiles y las publicaciones realizadas por doce influencers españoles en Instagram en el que se han estudiado cinco apartados, basados a su vez en investigaciones previas sobre la materia. Los resultados demuestran que los influencers presentan comportamientos narcisistas en las redes sociales, aunque con salvedades. Las conclusiones dan pie a una importante reflexión sobre el papel que juegan los influencers, como nuevos líderes de opinión, en el fomento de patrones de comportamientos propios de la sociedad de consumo actual como el narcisismo, y su repercusión social, especialmente entre los jóvenes, quienes están inmersos en un entorno cada vez más dominado por las redes sociales.
CHARACTERISTICS AND MECHANISM OF POTENTIAL PROBIOTICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM TRADITIONAL FERMENTED FISH PRODUCTS: A REVIEW
Authors:   ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India, Ngasotter Soibam , Waikhom David ,   ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India, Sharma Sanjeev ,   College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Tripura, 799210, India, Meitei Maibam Malemngamba ,   College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Tripura, 799210, India, Mangang Yumnam Abungcha ,   College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Tripura, 799210, India, Irungbam Suraj Kumar ,   College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Tripura, 799210, India, . Bhuneshwar ,   ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India, Devi Manoharmayum Shaya ,   ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 743101, India, Singh Asem Sanjit ,   ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
Published: June 2021

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in the food industry due to their probiotic properties and fermentation activities. Traditional fermented fish products are dominated by a diverse variety of lactic acid bacteria with significant probiotic characteristics. Several in vitro and in vivo studies on lactic acid bacteria from fermented fish products have confirmed LAB strains to possess characteristics to be considered as probiotics that contribute to positive health benefits to the host and are generally regarded as safe (GRAS). This paper presents a review of the characteristics of the LAB strain that is considered as a probiotic. It also presents an overview of the probiotics mechanism of action and specifically highlights the LAB species with potential probiotic characteristics isolated from traditional fermented fish products.