bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Wars and the Evolution of Territorial Orders
Authors: Kadercan Burak
Published: August 2023

Just as different territorial orders can lead to different motives and methods for armed conflict over territory, wars themselves can also transform territorial orders. Monolithic territorial order is the aspirational and ideational hegemon in the present day. The question then becomes: How can we explain the relationship between wars, especially systemic wars, and the emergence of monolithic territoriality as the aspirational hegemon? Systemic wars and postwar settlements usually tilt the balance in favor of one territorial order at the expense of others. These wars have differential impacts in anarchical and hierarchical settings. In anarchical (or symmetrical) settings, the transformation will be driven by the interests and priorities of great powers, and will usually take the form of collective “problem-solving.” In hierarchical (or asymmetrical) settings, the struggle between the center and periphery, in both the material and the ideational dimensions, plays a crucial role in shaping the impacts of systemic wars on territorial ideas. This chapter examines the impacts of four systemic wars—the Thirty Years’ War, the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II—on the transformation of territorial orders not only in the Western world, but also in the Global South. The analysis suggests that the legacies of Western imperialism and geographical racism lie at the heart of present-day territorial arrangements and imageries.
African Diasporic Migration Trends, Relocation, and Resettlement
Authors: Gatwiri Kathomi , Anderson Leticia , Hiruy Kiros
Published: August 2023

This chapter debates the centrality of migration to population and economic growth and nation-building in Australia and the tensions between continued migration and simultaneous tendencies toward insularity. It argues that insularity manifests through efforts to differentiate between “desirable” and “undesirable” migrants based on identity markers. The chapter uses historical and contemporary migration policies and laws in Australia to illustrate dominant attitudes, practices, and trends that inform the experience of migrants to Australia. In doing so, it focuses on research on African migration to Australia, unsettling the dominant perception that Africans are recent newcomers to Australia. The chapter concludes that immigrants’ experiences of migration and resettlement through successive phases of migration policies in Australia provide an illuminating lens on past, current, and future trends and challenges for migration to Australia. It urges the use of a decolonial and intersectional perspective to analyze these key issues.
Intersectionality and UK’s Multiscalar Governance Approach to Race, Gender, and Asylum-Seeking in Scotland and England
Authors: Hill Emma
Published: August 2023

Focusing on the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees in the UK, this chapter will explore (1) how displaced migration is a phenomenon that is both gendered and racialized, (2) the extent to which post-migration government policies account for the racialization and gendering of displacement, and (3) the consequences of prevailing government approaches to gender, race and displacement for asylum seekers’ and refugees’ post-migration access to rights, services and opportunities. To do this, the chapter will place in dialogue two distinctive policy environments in the UK. First, it will critically examine the UK Government’s historic and contemporary approaches to asylum seeker and refugee “integration” and map-out their cumulative racialized and gendered effects. Second, it will consider the extent to which the divergent policy environment created by the devolved Scottish Government offers an alternative approach to integration. Finally, it will work across both policy landscapes to identify intersectional consequences of racialized and gender-discriminatory asylum-seeker and refugee integration policies.
How Canada Deals with Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Theory and Practice
Authors: Grubel Herbert
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes how Canada determines the number of refugees allowed to settle in Canada annually, their integration into the labor market, and how threats to national security are dealt with. It analyzes how these objectives are designed to work in theory and in practice. The chapter argues that Canada’s refugee policies generate substantial fiscal costs and are plagued by delays in asylum claims processing and in the deportation of seekers whose claims have been denied. Despite these problems, the chapter concludes that the country’s refugee policies have not encountered significant political problems for governments in power because they are makers of these immigration policies, which have been in place for several decades and are set without parliamentary debate and votes. The analysis in the chapter draws heavily on the distinction between asylum seekers and refugees.
The Rohingya Exodus to Bangladesh
Authors: Taufiq Hossain Ahmed , Muttaqee Mahmood
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the Rohingyas’ plight as one of the most persecuted stateless communities of the world, and explains how the influx of Rohingyas to Bangladesh resulted in the construction of the world’s largest refugee camp, Cox’s Bazar, where refugees languish in the hope of someday returning to their home country. The chapter examines the reasons for the Rohingya mass exodus from Myanmar to Bangladesh and their aspirations to find a new identity, livelihood, and dignity. It analyzes how the Rohingyas’ assimilation within Bangladesh is marred by uncertainties, noting that the biggest concern for the Bangladeshi government is the excessive pressure on the domestic economy that any plans for eventual assimilation of the refugees puts on the country. It also highlights how the Rohingyas’ aspirations of assimilation into Bangladesh society has had challenging security and environmental implications.
Wastage of Human Capital?
Authors: Shizha Edward
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines Canada’s underutilization of immigrant professionals and skilled workers despite priding itself as one of the best immigrant countries in attracting these workers. The chapter argues that although Canada needs diverse immigrants with different credentials, skills, and work experience to transform its economic and social landscapes, highly skilled workers and professionals who come under the Federal Skilled Worker Program and the points-based system face regulatory and licensing policy obstacles when they want to apply their credentials and skills in the labor market. The chapter argues that, despite Canada having an international image of being an open and tolerant society, it has failed to have a system that unreservedly recognizes and accepts immigrants’ human capital investment in education, training, prior credentials, and work experience, leading to immigrants’ skills being underutilized and wasted in the labor market.
Introducing Migrants into Urban Politics or into Urban Migrant Politics in Spain?
Authors: Triviño-Salazar Juan Carlos
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines arguments that claim immigrant background is the guiding principle used by institutional channels for the non-electoral participation of immigrants in Spain. The chapter argues that it is necessary to move from this premise to one that promotes participatory avenues that recognize the agency of immigrants as local actors who participate in local politics. Against this backdrop, it problematizes the role of local actors in encouraging the political engagement of foreign-born newcomers beyond the immigrant/non-immigrant dichotomy. The chapter is based on a case study of culturally diverse neighborhoods in the municipality of Santa Coloma de Gramenet, in Barcelona. Results from the study show that, at the formal level, promoting community leaders through inclusion and diversity strategies goes beyond the migration paradigm, while, at the informal level, such a framework reflects practices that reify the ethnic lens among community leaders.
Self-Esteem (and Narcissism) as Reflected in Conflict Resolution Behaviors
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter traces the development of Wiggins’s conceptual perspective, from a narrowly focused interpersonal circumplex model of traits that updated Leary’s earlier model, to a broader interpersonal circumplex theory of traits and social behavior, to a still-broader interpersonal circumplex theory of personality (including, but not limited to, traits) and social behavior. Regarding social behavior, Wiggins emphasized two types of socioemotional behaviors (i.e., affection and respect) within close relationships, as highlighted by Foa and Foa’s resource exchange theory. Concerning personality, Wiggins highlighted two ways of being-in-the-world (i.e., agency and communion) in which individuals differ. Following Wiggins, the chapter identifies interpersonal traits (i.e., dominance and nurturance) as potential influences on social behavior. The chapter ends with a preview of Chapter 3, which addresses construct validity as a conceptual and empirical issue in research on interpersonal aspects of personality.
The “Big Five” Traits as Reflected in Conflict Resolution Behaviors
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses geometric and psychometric tests conducted concerning the circumplexity of lower-order traits as measured by the Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised Version (IAS-R). In three separate studies, results of circulant correlation analyses consistently indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model—derived from Wiggins’s interpersonal circumplex theory of personality and social behavior—provides satisfactory fit. However, results of confirmatory factor analyses do not consistently indicate that a two-factor model (i.e., the circumplex factors of dominance and nurturance) yields satisfactory fit. Rather, a three-factor model (adding a noncircumplex, “acquiescence” response bias factor) consistently provides satisfactory fit. The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 5, in which the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circle (IPIP-IPC) interpersonal trait inventory is introduced.
Measurement of Dominance and Nurturance as Interpersonal Traits I
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines accommodation as an interdependence theory construct that may be influenced by dominance and nurturance as interpersonal traits. Using previously unpublished data from Gaines, results of a circulant correlation analysis indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model yields satisfactory fit. Instead of confirmatory factor analyses, full-blown covariance structure analyses were conducted, finding that (1) the measurement portion of the model with dominance and nurturance as circumplex trait factors, alongside accommodation (encompassing EVLN: exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect) as a behavioral factor, integrated with (2) the structural portion of the model with nurturance as a significant positive predictor of accommodation yields satisfactory fit (dominance is unrelated to accommodation). The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 7, where interpersonal motives are added to predict accommodation.
The Dimming of Starlight
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

Galileo and Kepler thought that space travel would be a most exciting adventure. Social, ideological, and scientific critics have challenged their notion. The purpose of this book is to justify Galileo and Kepler’s enthusiasm with philosophical and scientific arguments. It will argue that space exploration will transform our views of the Earth and the universe to the significant benefit of humankind. As we explore space, we challenge our science, and as we challenge our science, we change it in ways so profound that we come to face a different panorama of problems and opportunities in our dealings with the world. New ideas and inventions occur to us that would have been unimaginable under the old perspective. Serendipity is part and parcel of scientific exploration, as illustrated by our adventures in space science. Thus, as we explore other worlds, we gain a broader and deeper understanding of our own planet: for example, our exploration of Venus led to the discovery of the depletion of the ozone layer on Earth. Space exploration has also led to fundamental changes in physics: for example, dark matter and dark energy. Even astrobiology is ripe with promise; the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is more problematic. Discussion of relativistic starships and the exploration of exo-planets will introduce future developments. Finally, a summary of how space exploration meets the critics’ objections will lead to an explanation of how and why scientific space exploration offers far greater chances for the long-term survival of our species.
Why Philosophy?
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

Why philosophy? Despite the enthusiasm by Galileo, Kepler, and their followers, space exploration has been challenged on social, ideological, and scientific grounds. Questions of justification are one of the main tasks of philosophy; and in this case the philosophy of science tries to understand the question of space exploration in the context of the nature and history of science. This chapter lays out the main strategies developed in the rest of the book. When we explore space, we challenge our science in extraordinary circumstances. The result is that we often look at the universe, including our world, in completely different ways, leading to new scientific and technological discoveries. Thus, the natural serendipity of exploration creates fundamental progress in all the main areas of space science: planetary formation and evolution, fundamental physics, and astrobiology.
The Standard Case For and Against Space Exploration
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

The standard case for and against space exploration is explored in this chapter. Space science and technology have already provided many benefits to humankind. Weather satellites save lives, help agriculture, and facilitate transportation. Land satellites find resources and inform us about environmental impacts on land. Sea satellites find ocean resources and spot environmental impacts. Communication satellites help commerce and make our lives easier. Space-technology spinoffs have created many new technologies and economic opportunities. Future developments may include solar power satellites that would bring abundant clean energy to the entire planet. Social critics accept some of the satellite benefits but argue that space exploration is extremely expensive. They see little benefit in much of the exploration that fascinates space fans (e.g., exploring the moons of Jupiter). Ideological critics fear that big science is unwise and harmful to the planet. They claim we need a moral solution to our problems instead.
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Sagan’s Principle of Mediocrity claims that just as the Earth was not special (not at the center of the universe), humans are also average, and thus there should be many other intelligent species in the universe. Milky Way, one of over one hundred billion galaxies, has over one hundred billion stars. Drake’s equation makes probability estimates for SETI. Some suggest using von Neumann’s “proof” of self-reproducing automata to explore the galaxy with them. Some civilizations could be ancient, which leads to Fermi’s question: Where are they? Besides, von Neumann assumes the genome is like a computer program. It is not. Genetic “instructions,” unlike programs, are context dependent, for example, tertiary folding of proteins depends on local environment, not fixed beforehand. Nano-robots cannot fix the replication problem either. This chapter explains why the Principle of Mediocrity is wrong and our ethical obligations, if any, to aliens.
Gut Feelings and Moral Knowledge
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores moral gut reactions prominently featured in the recent literature on empirical moral psychology. It starts with the decisions of philosopher Stuart Hampshire while serving in British military intelligence. The conflict between consequetialism and deontology becomes the starting point for moral reflection that might result in a new equilibrium. The chapter discusses attempts by moral psychologists and philosophers like David Hume to diagnose or undermine deontological intuitions. It holds that individualized moral respect is something that morality can guarantee to everyone equally. Moreover, human morality is a distinctive way of thinking about how to relate to one another, the source of people's constantly developing interpretations of their status as the bearers of human rights.
The Universal Ban on Extreme Internal State Violence
Authors: Cronin Bruce
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines how the universal ban on atrocities evolved following the end of World War II. It traces the development of this consensus from the Nuremberg Tribunals in 1945 through the creation of the International Criminal Court in 1999. Specifically, it explores the concept of crimes against humanity and describes the process through which political leaders developed a consensus around both the concept and its application in international law. In doing so, it examines the roles of international institutions (particularly the United Nations) and nongovernmental organizations in facilitating this process and in developing the concept of international criminal law.
Civilian Immunity in Domestic Armed Conflicts
Authors: Cronin Bruce
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines how the protection of civilians during domestic armed conflicts and civil wars evolved into a universal legal norm binding on all states even if they have not signed the Second Protocol to the Geneva Conventions. In doing so, it discusses how such regulation has superseded the doctrine of sovereignty, which traditionally shielded governments from scrutiny in how they addressed challenges to their authority from domestic political actors. Specifically, it demonstrates how the generally accepted principles of distinction, military necessity, and proportionality now regulate the conduct of military forces even during conflicts within a state’s own borders.
The First Century of the Brain
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan
Published: August 2023

This introduction lays out the historical contexts, analytical methods, and theoretical stakes for Writing the Brain. It introduces a period of popular infatuation with neuroscientific discoveries in a time marked by a decidedly materialist, monist turn in the study of the human mind. This particular brand of early brain science has at times been sidelined in scholarly analyses because of its lack of disciplinary cohesion and reliance on theories later deemed pseudoscientific. Conversely, it has often been overshadowed by the rise to prominence of modern psychology at the close of the century, especially in the work of literary and media scholars. Through textual recovery efforts, discursive reading strategies, and close analyses of interdisciplinary and transatlantic texts, Writing the Brain will center what its author calls “the first century of the brain” to examine the material mind in the culture of its day.
Unlocking the Moon's Secrets
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

The Moon appears to be an open book, the only heavenly body whose surface features we can see with our naked eye. As early as the 1840s, scientists had made maps of the Moon more detailed than those for many regions of our own planet. Yet to discover the cause of the Moon’s craters took three centuries, from the time of Galileo Galilei in the seventeenth century to the age of spacecraft. Only in the last decade have scientists solved the mystery of the Moon’s origin, and that required the most advanced supercomputers. In language easily accessible to nonscientists, this book tells the fascinating story of how scientists solved the Moon’s twin mysteries.
Cryptic Craters
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

By the 1930s, several other candidate impact craters had been found on Earth. Then came another mistake to rival that of Dana’s permanence theory. At this time, geologists believed in uniformitarianism—that all change is gradual and continuous—as opposed to catastrophism. Just as the early astronomers had believed lunar craters are not due to impact, so geologists believed there were no impact craters—including Meteor Crater—on Earth. Geologist Walter Bucher studied possible terrestrial impact structures but declared them all to be of volcanic origin. His view prevailed until the 1960s, even though geologists by then had found several more probable impact structures on Earth. Astronomer Ralph Baldwin showed that both lunar craters and candidate impact features on Earth were due to explosions, not volcanism. His book The Face of the Moon convinced many scientists, including those from other fields, to study the Moon.
To the Moon
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Eugene Shoemaker was one geologist who became interested in impact cratering. He worked for the US Geological Survey and was stationed near Meteor Crater, which he visited and studied. He also visited craters left by nuclear bomb tests and recognized their similarity to Meteor Crater. In 1959, he published a definitive study showing that Meteor Crater was an impact crater. But minds were made up, and to change them required sending spacecraft to the Moon. Ranger 7 arrived there in July 1964 and sent back thousands of images showing a Moon carpeted with craters of all sizes down to the limit of resolution. This ended the centuries-long belief that lunar craters were volcanic, though, of course, there were a few senior holdouts. As for terrestrial impact craters, evidence showed that all those that Bucher had declared to be of volcanic origin were due to meteorite impact. With impact cratering confirmed on both the Moon and the Earth, the attention of scientists could shift to the origin of the Moon and the solar system.
The Foundations of State-Business Relations in Authoritarian Asia
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

Why have regimes supposedly founded on alliances between autocrats and capitalists witnessed dramatic betrayals? Why did business-state relations in all three regimes come to be seen as “crony,” and why do some crony arrangements generate growth and political stability whereas others generate stagnation or crisis? This introductory chapter poses answers to these questions by examining how different patterns of state-business relations come about and how, in turn, these patterns affect political stability and allocation of economic resources. Specifically, it shows how political trust between groups of capitalists and autocrats, established during the regime-formation phase, and the coherence of those regimes’ control of financial resources, which changes over time, produce different patterns of state-business relations. The chapter outlines conceptual development in characterizing state-business relations. It develops two models of relationships between capitalists and authoritarian regimes—mutual alignment and mutual endangerment—and generates hypotheses about their respective political and economic outcomes.
Elite Disintegration
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

liberalization combined with endemic distrust between the Chinese Communist Party and capitalists in China to create mutual endangerment in the early 2000s. Financial systems became open to predation of political and business actors with short time horizons, and the incentives of many rank-and-file political officials, and even political elites, departed from the regime’s overall goals. The three manifestations of mutual endangerment—weaponized information, asset expatriation, and looting—became evident in China’s political economy by the early 2010s and especially during the first few years of Xi Jinping’s administration, during which looting and asset expatriation accelerated precisely as Xi threatened to crack down. The chapter draws on data from the anticorruption campaign, corporate filings, and outward foreign direct investments to show how mutual endangerment took hold in China.
Opening
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

The introductory chapter of this book reviews the opioid epidemic by outlining the scope of the current problem. It dives into the statistics of opioid overdoses and deaths over the past three decades and asks how this could have happened in the first place. The introduction then reviews the book’s key themes—pain management, strategic ignorance, the opioid gray market, pain’s new faces, and the politics of pain in American culture. Following this overview, the introduction synthesizes the analysis and arguments in each of its chapters. Finally, it concludes by pointing to the pressing need for research on the opioid epidemic—pain’s most urgent case study.
Branding Pain Relief
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 traces the movement of pain and opioids into another space—the domain of pharmaceutical branding. This branding is where opioids have undergone a social and cultural process of normalization, one that transformed them from scientific/medical objects into sellable products. It looks at the branding of pain relief through a case study of the marketing of what is today the most famous of all prescription opioids—the painkiller OxyContin and its manufacturer, Purdue Pharma. Through an analysis of dozens of print advertisements, video campaigns, and other marketing techniques that Purdue used to promote its product, this chapter shows how a medical condition was reconstrued as a national problem, one that inherently hinders individuals’ pursuit of the American dream of self-realization, autonomy, and productivity. By tying pain to the American imagination in this way, opioids became increasingly easy to incorporate into American hospitals and households, where they were situated as familiar, domesticated objects.
Enablers of bipartisanship
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

“Enablers of bipartisanship” highlights key factors that facilitate polarization or different forms of bipartisanship in US foreign policy. The argument centers on the roles of ideological commitments, advocacy groups, and institutional incentives. Whereas some policy debates involve a left-right ideological fault line, others do not. In a similar vein, some debates feature advocacy by groups with strong partisan associations, while others attract little advocacy activity or involve advocacy by groups with ties to both parties. At the same time, the differing electoral incentives and institutional prerogatives of members of Congress and the president often lead members of the two branches to approach foreign policy in different ways. Drawing on an array of scholarship and data, the chapter explains how these factors influence the alignments of Democratic and Republican elected officials on foreign policy issues.
Sanctions on Russia
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

“Sanctions on Russia” explains why debates over the imposition of economic sanctions on Russia have often generated strong bipartisanship in the US Congress and clashes between Congress and the US president. Human rights violations by Russian officials, Russian aggressi Withon toward Ukraine, and Russian interference in US elections have led the vast majority of congressional Democrats and Republicans to rally together in support of sanctions, but presidents have often worried that placing new penalties on Russia would bring more costs than benefits to the United States. Bipartisan cooperation on the issue on Capitol Hill has been facilitated by widely shared concerns about Russian behavior among US elites and the American public, while inter-branch tensions have reflected the differing electoral incentives and institutional prerogatives of presidents and members of Congress.
Tracing the Spirit
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses the issue of possible development in Gregory’s christology by returning to the problematic christology of Contra Eunomium III analysed in Chapter 3. It argues that Gregory already held a Spirit-based christology when he wrote Contra Eunomium III, which he concealed for pragmatic reasons. This chapter offers justification for this argument by formulating criteria for detecting probable traces of Spirit-based christology in Ad Eustathius, Adversus Macedonianos, and Contra Eunomium III. Thus, it shows that Spirit-based christology is the more original and authentic account of the unity of Christ’s divine and human natures in Gregory’s thought. This has significant implications for how we ought to re-evaluate our understanding of Gregory’s christology.
Advancement and Ascent
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that Gregory wrote In Canticum Canticorum to guide his readers through a subjective process of reading and interpreting the Song of Songs by which the objective reality of human transformation and union with God becomes for them a subjective reality. Therefore, this chapter focuses on Gregory’s depiction of the unified activity of Christ and the Spirit in Homilies 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, in bringing the Bride through progressive stages of spiritual advancement and ascent into union with God. In addition, this chapter comments upon Sarah Coakley’s notion of the ‘incorporative’ model of the Trinity in Gregory’s thought.
Conclusion
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

The Conclusion recapitulates, chapter by chapter, the main arguments of the book before exploring the unique contributions to contemporary Nyssen scholarship and theological research more broadly. It proposes that the subject of Spirit christology in patristic authors, specifically among Alexandrian and Antiochene figures, would be a fruitful area for future research. Further, it suggests that patristic authors are an important source for ongoing reflection in the areas of systematic theology and the theological interpretation of scripture. Finally, it draws attention to recent research on affect theory and the ‘affective salience of doctrine’, arguing that Gregory of Nyssa’s interpretation of the Song of Songs serves as an important touchstone for studying affect among patristic figures.
Life in Early Medieval Wales
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

The period c. ad 300–1050, spanning the collapse of Roman rule to the coming of the Normans, was formative in the development of Wales. This book considers how people lived in late Roman and early medieval Wales and how their lives and communities changed during this period. It uses a multidisciplinary approach, focusing on the growing body of archaeological evidence set alongside the early medieval written sources. It begins by analysing earlier research and the range of sources, the significance of the environment and climate change, and ways of calculating time. Discussion of the fourth–sixth centuries focuses on the disintegration of the Roman market economy, fragmentation of power, and the emergence of new kingdoms and elites. Early medieval Wales was an entirely rural society. Analysis of the settlement archaeology includes key sites, alongside the development of new farming and other rural settlements. Consideration is given to changes in the mixed farming economy reflecting climate deterioration and a need for food security, as well as craftworking and the roles of exchange, display, and trade. At the same time cemeteries and inscribed stones, stone sculpture and early church sites chart the course of conversion to Christianity, the rise of monasticism, and the increasing power of the Church. Finally, discussion of power and authority analyses emerging evidence for sites of assembly, the rise of Mercia together with the significance of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, increasing English infiltration, and the Viking impact. Throughout the evidence is placed within a wider context.
Hearth and Home
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the archaeological evidence for secular settlements in early medieval Wales, ranging from elite sites, such as hillforts, to lower status farmsteads. It considers how they can be identified, their form, layout, building types, and chronology making wider comparisons with other parts of Britain and Ireland. It commences with a discussion of the problems of identification and underlying reasons for this. These remain, especially in the eastern half of Wales, even with more extensive use of radiocarbon dating, because of limited excavation, ephemeral structures, and the lack of diagnostic artefacts on non-elite sites. The role of hillforts, for example Dinas Powys, is discussed, as are rare examples of later elite settlements, including Llanbedrgoch, Llangorse crannog, and the burh at Rhuddlan. Increasing evidence for farmsteads suggests a continuing sense of place and the continuation of native late prehistoric forms, but, from around the later seventh century onwards, rectangular buildings of materials such as drystone, turf, and wattles become increasingly apparent and new settlements were established, for example Rhuddgaer and South Hook. Wider use of space is rarely indicated other than on elite sites with extensive excavations such as Dinas Powys. It is argued that a major change in settlement forms was taking place from the later seventh century, resulting from a combination of factors, including the impact of climate deterioration, changes in farming, landholding, and estates, and the emergence of a more hierarchical society ranging from kings to the landowning aristocracy, to tenants and slaves.
Conversion, Commemoration, and Burial
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyses archaeological and other evidence for the conversion of Wales to Christianity, beginning with a discussion of pre-Christian religions and the origins of Christianity in this part of late Roman Britain before examining the process of conversion, focusing on commemoration and burial. It is argued that mountains, hills, and rivers remained important liminal spaces indicated by continuing activity on some hillforts and the siting of Roman temples. Roman religious beliefs are also considered, including the very limited evidence for Christianity. The growth of Christianity is demonstrated by the inscriptions on the fifth- to seventh-century memorial stones, some of which commemorate clergy and indicate continuing contacts with Gaul and Iberia. Burial in late Roman Wales is also discussed, with a focus on the spread of east–west, extended, inhumation cemeteries which become the early medieval norm. Many are associated with prehistoric burial monuments signalling the reinvention of a heroic ancestral past, whilst those beside Roman roads demonstrate the continuing influence of Roman burial locations. Indigenous forms of burial also persisted, indicating the survival of non-Christian practices. Overall, the origins of Christianity in Wales lie clearly in the later Roman period focusing on forts and towns with diverse populations open to external influences, but in a society where indigenous farming communities remained strong native and Romanized native beliefs and their associated practices continued to be important, and accommodation was necessary.
Ritual and Belief
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines aspects of Christian belief and the rituals associated with them, focusing on evidence for saints’ cults, relics, and pilgrimage, as well as death and commemoration, in early medieval Wales. Archaeological evidence for special graves is discussed as well as secondary relics, including bells. We can trace the origins of and changing attitudes to the commemoration of saints and the cult of relics back to Continental beginnings, but also see how these were adapted to more local circumstances. Reluctance to disturb the graves of saints in Wales reflects conservative attitudes to corporeal relics that may stem from a wish to uphold the Roman origins of the Church. This is followed by discussion of the development of pilgrimage landscapes and their impact on those who visited them, focusing on St Davids. From the seventh century, we can discern the increasing role of the Church in the way the dead were commemorated, resulting from the development of funerary liturgy on the Continent that shows increasing concern with the passage of the dead to the afterlife and a need for the prayers of the living to liberate the souls of the dead from suffering. Major ecclesiastical sites in Wales became the burial places of the Christian elite, including patrons, whist on less important sites family and kin had more influence on how people were buried. Burial customs and commemoration, including cross-carved stones and inscriptions, are considered in this light. In some ways, however, the early Church in Wales remained highly conservative.
Conclusion
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter brings together key themes examined earlier to enable a broader chronological discussion of the major changes and underlying continuities that helped to shape people’s lives in the land that became Wales c. ad 300–1050 and indicates areas for future research. It is argued that, although underlying continuities are also evident, there were four periods that brought more rapid change: firstly, the collapse of the Roman market economy and the end of Roman rule focused on the second half of the fourth and first half of the fifth centuries; secondly, the century following the onset of the ‘Late Antique Little Ice Age’ in 536 that may have precipitated steeper population decline contributing to settlement change and landscape reorganization, leading in the longer term to modest agricultural expansion as well as the consolidation of Christianity; thirdly, the late eighth and first half of the ninth century marked by the construction of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes that began to define the frontier of Wales and the advent of Viking incursions, but also wider signs of an expanding economy; and lastly the Norman Conquest and settlement.
The Miller’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The first of the fabliaux of the Tales, the Miller’s ‘cherles tale’ supplies the added pleasure of parodying the Knight’s, in its rival suitors for Alyson’s sexual favours, the authenticating detail of its Oxford setting, the commonplaceness of its animal imagery, and the inverted rhetorical descriptio of Alyson. The tale privileges sex and sexual enjoyment over love, and shows a singular lack of sympathy with those who suffer as a result (the successful and unsuccessful lovers, and the elderly husband). The style emphasises youth and energy at the expense of moralism.
The Cook’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

This unfinished tale of unknown source, about a misbehaving London apprentice, provides the opening lines of what looks as if it is going to be another fabliau, though half of the text as we have it consists of moralizing maxims.
The Wife of Bath’s Prologue
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

Despite her claim to be speaking from experience, the Wife herself is constructed almost entirely out of the materials of antifeminism: largely those in French (especially the Romance of the Rose) for how she describes herself; or in Latin (especially Jerome) for her rebuttal of the academic and scriptural arguments against women and sexuality, and which give rise to the accusation that she is preaching. The result is none the less a triumph of character-drawing, and she established herself in those terms from the rest of the Tales forwards.
The Summoner’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The tale is an antifraternal satire that points beyond its overt narrative to insult the pilgrim friar as well as friars in general. It is unusual among Chaucer’s fabliaux in its scatological rather than sexual content, though its main focus is on clever trickery. Although it is given a familiar setting in the plausible everyday life of a village and its manor, its possible sources include arcane religious iconography. It shows up the slipperiness of language, but the direct speech that makes up the bulk of the narrative creates a strong sense of individual speech patterns.
The Placing of the Fragment
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

This fabliau of the frauds played between a lecherous monk, an adulterous wife, and a deceived husband is most notable for the slipperiness of language and its punning on various words, notably cousin/cozen and tail/tally. Its connection with the Shipman is minimal, and it may once have been intended for the Wife of Bath. Its mercantile setting of monetary exchange provides the background to the cheating by both the monk and the wife; but all the characters, the merchant husband included, finish up satisfied, with no trace of moral censure or retribution.
The Monk’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The Monk is unusually explicit about the genre of his tale, which matches his worldliness rather than his profession: tragedies, defined as the falls of great men through the actions of Fortune, and a very recent import into English. Its multiple narratives, drawn from the classics and the Bible as well as recent history, also serve as a story collection in miniature, though with none of the variety in genre, style, social range, or themes shown in the Tales. It includes a retelling of Dante’s story of Ugolino, though with an opposite meaning—of rumour and so implied guiltlessness rather than deserved damnation. Its relentless gloom contrasts it with the tale of the Knight, who interrupts it.
The Nun’s Priest’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The tale is at once a beast fable and a miniaturisation of the whole Tales, with its frequent excurses into antifeminism, fabliau, theoretical treatise, mock heroics, talking birds, rhetorical display, and so on. Its structure also turns it into a story collection, though of tales nested within each other rather than a sequence. The actual narrative takes up only a tenth of the whole. The bare characterisation of the Nun’s Priest leaves space for Chaucer as poet to double the role of narrator and to show off his poetic mastery at the expense of the conventional moral.
Interatomic Potentials in Transition Metals
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, multi-ion quantum-based interatomic potentials are derived for transition metals with partially filled d bands, using the full density-functional power of generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT). Central to this treatment is the development of a rigorous multi-ion d-state potential series through the level of four-ion interactions that fully accounts for the structural phase stability of the central bcc metals. To capitalize on the destructive interference of the long-range sp-d hybridization tails in the multi-ion potentials of the bcc metals, simplified model GPT (MGPT) potentials that retain only the direct d-state interactions have been developed for Ta, Mo and V prototypes. The corresponding tight-binding-based bond-order potentials of Pettifor et al. are also discussed and compared with MGPT, including the treatment of magnetism in bcc Fe. Looking towards future treatment of the neighboring hcp transition metals, the MGPT multi-ion-potential formalism has now been extended to include five- and six-ion interactions. For series-end fcc metals like Ni, sp-d hybridization has been restored to MGPT potentials in a more efficient form using machine learning.
Local Volume Effects on Defects and Free Surfaces
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, we transform the total-energy functional for elemental metals, as given by generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT), from a bulk representation based on the global atomic volume to an electron-density representation based on the local valence electron density. This local electron density (LED) representation of the GPT allows one to treat surface energies directly, as well as important local volume effects on defect energies in nontransition metals. Also possible in the case of transition metals is an alternate hybrid method, which retains the LED framework for non-d electrons, but for the d electrons joins the model-GPT with a compatible local density-of-states representation of the d-state energy contributions. This hybrid method is able to treat surface relaxation and reconstruction in central transition metals. Recently, a refined and extended LED version of GPT permits a first-principles calculation of forces and stresses for nontransition metals, in what is now called the adaptive GPT or aGPT. This advance allows fully relaxed defect and surface calculations, as well as dynamic aGPT molecular dynamics simulations.
Judicial Responses
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the judicial reaction to civil recovery in both Ireland and England & Wales. It argues that the courts have been too amenable in accepting civil recovery as a ‘civil’ process, with the result that enhanced procedural protections of the criminal process do not necessarily apply. The chapter then considers whether civil recovery constitutes punishment and argues that it should be regarded as a criminal process, employing the Engel criteria of the European Court of Human Rights.
Civil Recovery and Property
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

Focusing on civil recovery’s classification as an action in rem, this chapter explores the property-specific approach of this civil/criminal hybrid procedure. It first explains the historical development of actions in rem, highlighting the extent to which such actions constitute legal fictions. Relying on data drawn from the practitioner interviews, the chapter further queries the property-specific character of civil recovery, engaging with issues of good title and restitution. This chapter concludes by considering civil recovery in the context of liberal theories of property, highlighting the manner in which the in rem classification downplays the punitive dimension of property deprivation under civil recovery.
Trade Unions and the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the variable response of trade unions to the Living Wage campaign. Unions have supported the campaign to a degree, and the chapter presents the case of UNISON North-West, which has affiliated to Citizens UK and which formed a union-community coalition to promote the Living Wage. The focus of this effort has been social care, with the union using the campaign to organize care workers. Elsewhere, unions have been suspicious of the campaign and both have remained aloof and developed their own, alternative living wage standard. The most common union response is labelled ‘appropriation’, in which unions have kept their distance from the campaign but have included the Living Wage in collective bargaining activity. In some cases, this has led to strikes over the Living Wage. The effect of appropriation has been to spread the standard further, generating a ‘shadow’ Living Wage beyond the ranks of accredited employers.