Functional diversification enabled grassy biomes to fill global climate space
Authors: Lehmann Caroline E. R. , Griffith Daniel M. , Simpson Kimberley J. , Anderson T. Michael , Archibald Sally , Beerling David J. , Bond William J. , Denton Elsie , Edwards Erika J. , Forrestel Elisabeth J. , Fox David L. , Georges Damien , Hoffmann William A. , Kluyver Thomas , Mucina Ladislav , Pau Stephanie , Ratnam Jayashree , Salamin Nicolas , Santini Bianca , Smith Melinda D. , Spriggs Elizabeth L. , Westley Rebecca , Still Christopher J. , Strömberg Caroline A.E. , Osborne Colin P. 
Published: March 2019

Global change impacts on the Earth System are typically evaluated using biome classifications based on trees and forests. However, during the Cenozoic, many terrestrial biomes were transformed through the displacement of trees and shrubs by grasses. While grasses comprise 3% of vascular plant species, they are responsible for more than 25% of terrestrial photosynthesis. Critically, grass dominance alters ecosystem dynamics and function by introducing new ecological processes, especially surface fires and grazing. However, the large grassy component of many global biomes is often neglected in their descriptions, thereby ignoring these important ecosystem processes. Furthermore, the functional diversity of grasses in vegetation models is usually reduced to C3and C4photosynthetic plant functional types, omitting other relevant traits. Here, we compile available data to determine the global distribution of grassy vegetation and key traits related to grass dominance. Grassy biomes (where > 50% of the ground layer is covered by grasses) occupy almost every part of Earth’s vegetated climate space, characterising over 40% of the land surface. Major evolutionary lineages of grasses have specialised in different environments, but species from only three grass lineages occupy 88% of the land area of grassy vegetation, segregating along gradients of temperature, rainfall and fire. The environment occupied by each lineage is associated with unique plant trait combinations, including C3and C4photosynthesis, maximum plant height, and adaptations to fire and aridity. There is no single global climatic limit where C4grasses replace C3grasses. Instead this ecological transition varies biogeographically, with continental disjunctions arising through contrasting evolutionary histories.

Significance statement

Worldviews of vegetation generally focus on trees and forests but grasses characterize the ground layer over 40% of the Earth’s vegetated land surface. This omission is important because grasses transform surface-atmosphere exchanges, biodiversity and disturbance regimes. We looked beneath the trees to produce the first global map of grass-dominated biomes. Grassy biomes occur in virtually every climate on Earth. However, three lineages of grasses are much more successful than others, characterizing 88% of the land area of grassy biomes. Each of these grass lineages evolved ecological specializations related to aridity, freezing and fire. Recognizing the extent and causes of grass dominance beneath trees is important because grassy vegetation plays vital roles in the dynamics of our biosphere and human wellbeing.