bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Preparation of Micro/Mesoporous Conjugated Polymers for Multifunctional Sensing and Separation Applications
Authors: Luo Yanmei , Duan Lian , Chen Rong , Wang Hua , Cheng Xinjian
Published: May 2018

Micro/mesoporous conjugated polymers (MCPs) incorporate fluorescence, adsorption, and electronic conductivity together were synthesized. In this paper, a family of MCPs was prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling‐reaction using different building blocks. MCPs were studied by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid‐state 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (13CNMR) spectra, fluorescence spectra, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV‐vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The as‐prepared MCPs are of porous structure and fluorescence. The pore diameters and specific surface areas varied by changing the starting monomers. The MCPs could be linear chain and network structure depending on the starting monomers. The specific surface areas of network MCPs are larger than linear chain ones. The fluorescence MCPs could be employed as chemosensors for detection of metal ions. Also the MCPs could be used as adsorbent for separation of metal ions and organic dyes. The maximum absorption capacity of MCP‐4 for Fe3+ ions reached 152 mg/g within 30 min. Meanwhile, when MCPs were used for the removal of organic dyes, the adsorption capability of MCP‐4 reached 488 mg/g and 491 mg/g for methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine (RhB) within 30 min respectively. With the introduction of N, S atoms to the building blocks, the sensing and removal ability were enhanced. Furthermore, the MCP family owns electric conductivity which may be employed as solar cell materials.
Rethinking forest‐bird habitat management guidelines in the northern Lake States
Authors: Corace R. Gregory
Published: May 2018

Biodiversity challenges require more ecologically based approaches to habitat management of forest wildlife. Although active management is necessary for the conservation of many forest‐dependent wildlife species, some high‐severity (even‐aged) forest management practices could be improved upon with greater consideration of natural disturbance models. Using examples of 3 migratory bird species of conservation priority and for which high‐severity forest management practices are conducted in the northern Lake States (Kirtland's warbler [Setophaga kirtlandii], golden‐winged warbler [Vermivora chrysoptera], American woodcock [Scolopax minor]), I first summarize lessons learned and then illustrates how a more ecological approach to forest‐bird habitat planning and management might work. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mus81–Mms4 and Rad52 can cooperate in the resolution of recombination intermediates
Authors: Phung Huong Thi Thu , Nguyen Hoa Luong Hieu , Vo Sang Thanh , Nguyen Dung Hoang , Le Minh Van
Published: May 2018

Mus81 is a well‐conserved DNA structure‐specific endonuclease which belongs to the XPF/Rad1 family of proteins that are involved in DNA nucleotide excision repair. Mus81 forms a heterodimer with a non‐catalytic subunit, Mms4, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Eme1/EME1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mammals). Recent evidence shows that Mus81 functions redundantly with Sgs1, a member of the ubiquitous RecQ family of DNA helicases, to process toxic recombinant intermediates. In budding yeast, homologous recombination is regulated by the Rad52 epistasis group of proteins, including Rad52, which stimulates the main steps of DNA sequence‐homology searching. Mus81 was proven to act in the Rad52‐dependent pathway. Here, we demonstrate that Rad52 and Mus81–Mms4 possesses a functional interaction; the presence of Rad52 significantly enhances the endonuclease activity of Mus81–Mms4 on a broad range of its preferred synthetic substrates. Furthermore, this functional interaction is demonstrated to be species specific. We fragmented Rad52 and found that the N‐terminal fragment from the 86th to 169th amino acid residue, which belongs to DNA‐binding and self‐association domains, can stimulate Mus81–Mms4 endonuclease. These results strongly support the notion that Rad52 and Mus81–Mms4 collaborate and work jointly in processing of homologous recombination intermediates.
A Nickel‐Salphen Type Complex with a Heteropicene Backbone
Authors: Elbert Sven M. , Rominger Frank , Mastalerz Michael
Published: May 2018

Acenes and heteroacenes as well as other larger fused aromatics and heteroaromatics are per se interesting for organic electronics. Among the large variety of such compounds those annulated π systems that bear multidentate complexation sites for transition metals are rare. This is even more true, the larger the π systems are. Picene is an alternating angular annulated π system consisting of five benzene rings. Here, the synthesis of a heteropicene that contains both thiophene and pyridine rings is introduced, whereas the nitrogen atoms are arranged in a phenanthroline subunit to which phenol units are connected, forming a tetradentate ligand. The complexation of NiII by this ligand is described and analysed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as UV/Vis spectroscopy.
Generalization of a uniaxial elasto‐plastic material model based on the Prandtl‐Reuss theory
Authors: Gelke S. , Ihlemann J.
Published: May 2018

The present paper introduces a material model following the Prandtl‐Reuss theory of time‐independent elasto‐plasticity. Applying a hypo‐elastic relation a material model for uniaxial tension/compression is derived which is completely based on scalar kinematics. Combined isotropic and kinematic hardening is provided in terms of nonlinear formulations showing saturation. The proof of thermodynamic consistency is supplied. Further, the model is generalized by the concept of representative directions and implemented for finite element application, so that arbitrary spatial deformation processes can be simulated. Especially, the elastic response of the model is investigated. Comparative simulations give evidence that spurious phenomena such as shear oscillation and numerically induced ratcheting are absent for the presented generalized material model. Distinct distortional hardening is obtained after generalization describing metal plasticity adequately. Finally the model is extended to show tension/compression anisotropy.
Recreational Fisheries: The Need for Sustainability in Fisheries Management of Alpine Rivers
Authors: Unfer Günther , Pinter Kurt
Published: May 2018

Fishing is an ancient practice in the acquisition of natural resources dating back to the Middle Stone Age. The principal reasons why humans visit waters to catch fish underwent a substantial transition in many countries throughout the preceding decades. While fishing to gain food still is an important factor in tropical areas of the world, especially in Africa and Asia, it is mostly for sport in inland waters of economically higher developed countries, as in major parts of Europe and North America (Welcomme 2016). There, the majority of fishermen nowadays fish solely to obtain recreation or to experience the aesthetics of nature.
Ensuring Long-Term Cooperation Over Transboundary Water Resources Through Joint River Basin Management
Authors: Schmeier Susanne , Vogel Birgit
Published: May 2018

Water resources are the basis for human well-being and development all over the world. At the same time, in their use and protection, they face numerous challenges stemming from different interests of different actors. Meeting these challenges requires integrated management that reconciles different interests in the use and protection of water resources and ensures the sustainable development of a river or lake basin as a whole. As soon as rivers and lakes cross international borders and transboundary basins emerge, these challenges and the need to address them in a coordinated manner become even more complex. The links between interests in the use of their resources and the interests of nation-states add an international political dimension to the previously rather technical challenge of water resources management.
Biodiversity and Freshwater Information Systems
Authors: Schmidt-Kloiber Astrid , De Wever Aaike
Published: May 2018

Species observed in freshwaters are typically good indicators of the health/status of these ecosystems and are therefore frequently analyzed as part of ecological monitoring programs. The biodiversity data generated during such monitoring routines, in combination with data from other ecological studies in freshwaters, can form an invaluable source of information to support sustainable management and conservation of aquatic ecosystems. Pressured by funding agencies such as the EU, the call for open access to data, which enables the reuse of data for addressing large-scale and/or transdisciplinary research problems, is becoming increasingly important. In this chapter we discuss the importance of documenting and describing data and making these metadata available to improve the understanding and discoverability of datasets and specifically examine different facets of biodiversity data. We provide an overview of existing freshwater (biodiversity) information systems that enable data holders to adequately publish their data and find appropriate data for their research.
Danube Floodplain Lobau
Authors: Preiner Stefan , Weigelhofer Gabriele , Funk Andrea , Hohensinner Severin , Reckendorfer Walter , Schiemer Friedrich , Hein Thomas
Published: May 2018

Along the Upper Danube, almost all former floodplain areas have been lost due to river regulation, large-scale land-use changes, and terrestrialization processes. In the Lobau floodplain near the City of Vienna, ongoing terrestrialization leads to a dramatic loss of aquatic and semiaquatic habitats. Although the ecological values of the remaining floodplain area, such as high productivity and high biodiversity, are widely acknowledged, the implementation of restoration measures is difficult. In urban environments such as the Lobau, planning and decision-making for floodplain restoration inevitably involves tradeoffs, uncertainties, and conflicting objectives and value judgments. Beyond ecological values, the main socioeconomic aspects are flood control, drinking water supply for Vienna, and recreation.

The aim of this chapter is to present the current ecological situation and the major development tendencies of the Lobau floodplain and to show the effects of potential management measures on the ecological situation.
River Connectivity, Habitat Fragmentation and Related Restoration Measures
Authors: Seliger Carina , Zeiringer Bernhard
Published: May 2018

Rivers have all too often been considered as two-dimensional elements of terrestrial landscapes neglecting their own internal structure and heterogeneity. But rivers exhibit certain characteristics, which should grant them a special position in connectivity conservation. With habitat fragmentation causing dramatic losses in global aquatic biodiversity, ecological research put much effort into conservation measures for maintaining and restoring connectivity of riverine habitats. To make use of the full mitigation hierarchy, the implementation of both avoidance (e.g. large-scale planning) and mitigation measures (e.g. facilities for up- and downstream migration) should be aspired.
Thermoelectric DC conductivities in hyperscaling violating Lifshitz theories
Authors: Cremonini Sera , Cvetič Mirjam , Papadimitriou Ioannis
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We analytically compute the thermoelectric conductivities at zero frequency (DC) in the holographic dual of a four dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-Axion-Dilaton theory that admits a class of asymptotically hyperscaling violating Lifshitz backgrounds with a dynamical exponent z and hyperscaling violating parameter θ. We show that the heat current in the dual Lifshitz theory involves the energy flux, which is an irrelevant operator for z > 1. The linearized fluctuations relevant for computing the thermoelectric conductivities turn on a source for this irrelevant operator, leading to several novel and non-trivial aspects in the holographic renormalization procedure and the identification of the physical observables in the dual theory. Moreover, imposing Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions on the spatial components of one of the two Maxwell fields present leads to different thermoelectric conductivities. Dirichlet boundary conditions reproduce the thermoelectric DC conductivities obtained from the near horizon analysis of Donos and Gauntlett, while Neumann boundary conditions result in a new set of DC conductivities. We make preliminary analytical estimates for the temperature behavior of the thermoelectric matrix in appropriate regions of parameter space. In particular, at large temperatures we find that the only case which could lead to a linear resistivity ρ ∼ T corresponds to z = 4/3.
Future DUNE constraints on EFT
Authors: Falkowski Adam , Grilli di Cortona Giovanni , Tabrizi Zahra
Published: May 2018

Abstract

In the near future, fundamental interactions at high-energy scales may be most efficiently studied via precision measurements at low energies. A universal language to assemble and interpret precision measurements is the so-called SMEFT, which is an effective field theory (EFT) where the Standard Model (SM) Lagrangian is extended by higher-dimensional operators. In this paper we investigate the possible impact of the DUNE neutrino experiment on constraining the SMEFT. The unprecedented neutrino flux offers an opportunity to greatly improve the current limits via precision measurements of the trident production and neutrino scattering off electrons and nuclei in the DUNE near detector. We quantify the DUNE sensitivity to dimension-6 operators in the SMEFT Lagrangian, and find that in some cases operators suppressed by an

$$ \mathcal{O}(30) $$

O

30

TeV scale can be probed. We also compare the DUNE reach to that of future experiments involving atomic parity violation and polarization asymmetry in electron scattering, which are sensitive to an overlapping set of SMEFT parameters.
BPS equations and non-trivial compactifications
Authors: Tyukov Alexander , Warner Nicholas P.
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We consider the problem of finding exact, eleven-dimensional, BPS supergravity solutions in which the compactification involves a non-trivial Calabi-Yau manifold,

$$ \mathcal{Y} $$

Y

, as opposed to simply a T
6. Since there are no explicitly-known metrics on non-trivial, compact Calabi-Yau manifolds, we use a non-compact “local model” and take the compactification manifold to be

$$ \mathcal{Y}={\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_{\mathrm{GH}}\times {T}^2 $$

Y
=

ℳ

G
H

×

T
2

, where ℳGH is a hyper-Kähler, Gibbons-Hawking ALE space. We focus on backgrounds with three electric charges in five dimensions and find exact families of solutions to the BPS equations that have the same four supersymmetries as the three-charge black hole. Our exact solution to the BPS system requires that the Calabi-Yau manifold be fibered over the space-time using compensators on

$$ \mathcal{Y} $$

Y

. The role of the compensators is to ensure smoothness of the eleven-dimensional metric when the moduli of

$$ \mathcal{Y} $$

Y

depend on the space-time. The Maxwell field Ansatz also implicitly involves the compensators through the frames of the fibration. We examine the equations of motion and discuss the brane distributions on generic internal manifolds that do not have enough symmetry to allow smearing.
Renormalization of dijet operators at order 1/Q2 in soft-collinear effective theory
Authors: Goerke Raymond , Inglis-Whalen Matthew
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We make progress towards resummation of power-suppressed logarithms in dijet event shapes such as thrust, which have the potential to improve high-precision fits for the value of the strong coupling constant. Using a newly developed formalism for Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET), we identify and compute the anomalous dimensions of all the operators that contribute to event shapes at order 1/Q
2. These anomalous dimensions are necessary to resum power-suppressed logarithms in dijet event shape distributions, although an additional matching step and running of observable-dependent soft functions will be necessary to complete the resummation. In contrast to standard SCET, the new formalism does not make reference to modes or λ-scaling. Since the formalism does not distinguish between collinear and ultrasoft degrees of freedom at the matching scale, fewer subleading operators are required when compared to recent similar work. We demonstrate how the overlap subtraction prescription extends to these subleading operators.
The ultraviolet behavior of quantum gravity
Authors: Anselmi Damiano , Piva Marco
Published: May 2018

Abstract

A theory of quantum gravity has been recently proposed by means of a novel quantization prescription, which is able to turn the poles of the free propagators that are due to the higher derivatives into fakeons. The classical Lagrangian contains the cosmological term, the Hilbert term,$$ \sqrt{-g}{R}_{\mu \nu }{R}^{\mu \nu } $$−gRμνRμνand$$ \sqrt{-g}{R}^2 $$−gR2. In this paper, we compute the one-loop renormalization of the theory and the absorptive part of the graviton self energy. The results illustrate the mechanism that makes renormalizability compatible with unitarity. The fakeons disentangle the real part of the self energy from the imaginary part. The former obeys a renormalizable power counting, while the latter obeys the nonrenormalizable power counting of the low energy expansion and is consistent with unitarity in the limit of vanishing cosmological constant. The value of the absorptive part is related to the central chargecof the matter fields coupled to gravity.
On the analysis of speech and disfluencies for automatic detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: López-de-Ipiña K. , Martinez-de-Lizarduy U. , Calvo P. M. , Beitia B. , García-Melero J. , Fernández E. , Ecay-Torres M. , Faundez-Zanuy M. , Sanz P.
Published: May 2018

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by a progressive and irreversible cognitive deterioration. In a previous stage, the so-called Mild Cognitive Impairment or cognitive loss appears. Nevertheless, this previous stage does not seem sufficiently severe to interfere in independent abilities of daily life, so it is usually diagnosed inappropriately. Thus, its detection is a crucial challenge to be addressed by medical specialists. This paper presents a novel proposal for such early diagnosis based on automatic analysis of speech and disfluencies, and Deep Learning methodologies. The proposed tools could be useful for supporting Mild Cognitive Impairment diagnosis. The Deep Learning approach includes Convolutional Neural Networks and nonlinear multifeature modeling. Additionally, an automatic hybrid methodology is used in order to select the most relevant features by means of nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test and Support Vector Machine Attribute evaluation.
A light-controlled cell lysis system in bacteria
Authors: Wang Geyi , Lu Xin , Zhu Yisha , Zhang Wei , Liu Jiahui , Wu Yankang , Yu Liyang , Sun Dongchang , Cheng Feng
Published: May 2018

Intracellular products (e.g., insulin), which are obtained through cell lysis, take up a big share of the biotech industry. It is often time-consuming, laborious, and environment-unfriendly to disrupt bacterial cells with traditional methods. In this study, we developed a molecular device for controlling cell lysis with light. We showed that intracellular expression of a single lysin protein was sufficient for efficient bacterial cell lysis. By placing the lysin-encoding gene under the control of an improved light-controlled system, we successfully controlled cell lysis by switching on/off light: OD600 of the Escherichia coli cell culture was decreased by twofold when the light-controlled system was activated under dark condition. We anticipate that our work would not only pave the way for cell lysis through a convenient biological way in fermentation industry, but also provide a paradigm for applying the light-controlled system in other fields of biotech industry.
Sirtuin signaling controls mitochondrial function in glycogen storage disease type Ia
Authors: Cho Jun‐Ho , Kim Goo‐Young , Mansfield Brian C. , Chou Janice Y.
Published: May 2018

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD‐Ia) deficient in glucose‐6‐phosphatase‐α (G6Pase‐α) is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and a long‐term complication of hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma (HCA/HCC). Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in GSD‐Ia but the underlying mechanism and its contribution to HCA/HCC development remain unclear. We have shown that hepatic G6Pase‐α deficiency leads to downregulation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling that underlies defective hepatic autophagy in GSD‐Ia. SIRT1 is a NAD+‐dependent deacetylase that can deacetylate and activate peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial integrity, biogenesis, and function. We hypothesized that downregulation of hepatic SIRT1 signaling in G6Pase‐α‐deficient livers impairs PGC‐1α activity, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we show that the G6Pase‐α‐deficient livers display defective PGC‐1α signaling, reduced numbers of functional mitochondria, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Overexpression of hepatic SIRT1 restores PGC‐1α activity, normalizes the expression of electron transport chain components, and increases mitochondrial complex IV activity. We have previously shown that restoration of hepatic G6Pase‐α expression normalized SIRT1 signaling. We now show that restoration of hepatic G6Pase‐α expression also restores PGC‐1α activity and mitochondrial function. Finally, we show that HCA/HCC lesions found in G6Pase‐α‐deficient livers contain marked mitochondrial and oxidative DNA damage. Taken together, our study shows that downregulation of hepatic SIRT1/PGC‐1α signaling underlies mitochondrial dysfunction and that oxidative DNA damage incurred by damaged mitochondria may contribute to HCA/HCC development in GSD‐Ia.
Sterile filter helps veterinary pharmaceuticals company process batches faster
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: May 2018

This brief news focus highlights the way in which the SupaPore VPBA sterile filter cartridge, from Amazon Filters Ltd, is enabling a veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturer to quickly process batches of its liquid vitamin solution, whilst still maintaining the quality of the final product.
Floods Increase the Risks of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in Qingdao, China, 2009-2013: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Hu Xiaowen , Jiang Fachun , Ni Wei
Published: May 2018

Background

We aimed to quantify the impact of few times floods on hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Qingdao during 2009-2013.

Methods

The Spearman correlation test was applied to examine the lagged effects of floods on monthly morbidity of HFMD during study period in Qingdao. We further quantified the effects of 5 flood events on the morbidity of HFMD using the time-series Poisson regression controlling for climatic factors, seasonality, and lagged effects among different populations.

Results

A total of 55,920 cases of HFMD were reported in the study region over the study period. The relative risks of floods on the morbidity of HFMD among the total population, males, females, under 1-2 years old, and 3-5 years old were 1.178, 1.165, 1.198, 1.338, and 1.245, respectively.

Conclusions

This study has, for the first time, provided the positive evidence of the impact of floods on HFMD. It demonstrates that floods can significantly increase the risk of HFMD during study period. Additionally, among the different populations, the risks were higher among children under 1-5 years old. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:723-729)
Subgrid-scale effects in compressible variable-density decaying turbulence
Authors: GS Sidharth , Candler Graham V.
Published: May 2018

Many turbulent flows are characterized by complex scale interactions and vorticity generation caused by compressibility and variable-density effects. In the large-eddy simulation of variable-density flows, these processes manifest themselves as subgrid-scale (SGS) terms that interact with the resolved-scale flow. This paper studies the effect of the variable-density SGS terms and quantifies their relative importance. We consider the SGS terms appearing in the density-weighted Favre-filtered equations and in the unweighted Reynolds-filtered equations. The conventional form of the Reynolds-filtered momentum equation is complicated by a temporal SGS term; therefore, we derive a new form of the Reynolds-filtered governing equations that does not contain this term and has only double-correlation SGS terms. The new form of the filtered equations has terms that represent the SGS mass flux, pressure-gradient acceleration and velocity-dilatation correlation. To evaluate the dynamical significance of the variable-density SGS effects, we carry out direct numerical simulations of compressible decaying turbulence at a turbulent Mach number of 0.3. Two different initial thermodynamic conditions are investigated: homentropic and a thermally inhomogeneous gas with regions of differing densities. The simulated flow fields are explicitly filtered to evaluate the SGS terms. The importance of the variable-density SGS terms is quantified relative to the SGS specific stress, which is the only SGS term active in incompressible constant-density turbulence. It is found that while the variable-density SGS terms in the homentropic case are negligible, they are dynamically significant in the thermally inhomogeneous flows. Investigation of the variable-density SGS terms is therefore important, not only to develop variable-density closures but also to improve the understanding of scale interactions in variable-density flows.
A PERSPECTIVE FROM THE MAYA REGION: CLOSING THOUGHTS ON SLOAD AND SUGIYAMA, SUGIYAMA, AND SARABIA G.
Authors: Braswell Geoffrey E.
Published: May 2018

Two recent articles (Sload 2015; Sugiyama et al. 2013) and the resulting exchange raise important questions about the dating of Teotihuacan. I will not reinterpret other scholars’ excavations or their understandings of contexts, or take a position in this fruitful debate. Instead, my purpose is to draw the attention of readers of the journal who do not work at Teotihuacan to the broader implications for the Maya region and Mesoamerica.
Arachidonic acid and DHA status in pregnant women is not associated with cognitive performance of their children at 4 or 6–7 years
Authors: Crozier Sarah R. , Sibbons Charlene M. , Fisk Helena L. , Godfrey Keith M. , Calder Philip C. , Gale Catharine R. , Robinson Sian M. , Inskip Hazel M. , Baird Janis , Harvey Nicholas C. , Cooper Cyrus , Burdge Graham C. ,   Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS) Study Group
Published: May 2018

Arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA, supplied primarily from the mother, are required for early development of the central nervous system. Thus, variations in maternal ARA or DHA status may modify neurocognitive development. We investigated the relationship between maternal ARA and DHA status in early (11·7 weeks) or late (34·5 weeks) pregnancy on neurocognitive function at the age of 4 years or 6–7 years in 724 mother–child pairs from the Southampton Women’s Survey cohort. Plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition was measured in early and late pregnancy. ARA concentration in early pregnancy predicted 13 % of the variation in ARA concentration in late pregnancy (β=0·36,P<0·001). DHA concentration in early pregnancy predicted 21 % of the variation in DHA concentration in late pregnancy (β=0·46,P<0·001). Children’s cognitive function at the age of 4 years was assessed by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and at the age of 6–7 years by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Executive function at the age of 6–7 years was assessed using elements of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Neither DHA nor ARA concentrations in early or late pregnancy were associated significantly with neurocognitive function in children at the age of 4 years or the age of 6–7 years. These findings suggest that ARA and DHA status during pregnancy in the range found in this cohort are unlikely to have major influences on neurocognitive function in healthy children.
EMPIRE AND THE RIGHT TO PREACH THE GOSPEL IN THE SCHOOL OF SALAMANCA, 1535–1560
Authors: ALLEMANN DANIEL S.
Published: May 2018

The sixteenth-century theologians of the School of Salamanca are well known for their sophisticated reflections on the Spanish conquest of the New World. But the nature of their responses seems far from clear and is subject to historiographical debate. Recent studies from the discipline of intellectual history suggest that the Salmantine theologians challenged the legitimacy of Spanish claims to the Americas. Scholars associated with the field of post-colonial studies, on the other hand, forcefully stress their entanglement in Spain's imperial venture overseas. This article, however, argues that these seemingly irreconcilable approaches are not in fact mutually exclusive. It shifts our attention to the sorely neglectedius praedicandi, the right to preach the gospel, which served to translate the Spanish theologians’ deeply rooted belief in the hegemonic truth of the Christian faith into a discourse of otherwise ‘secular’ natural rights. In adopting this novel lens, the article makes a case for assessing the language of the university theologians in its own terms while simultaneously exposing the support of Salamanca for Spain's imperial venture.
Dynamics of Political Protests
Authors: Klein Graig R. , Regan Patrick M.
Published: May 2018

The links between protests and state responses have taken on increased visibility in light of the Arab Spring movements. But we still have unanswered questions about the relationship between protest behaviors and responses by the state. We frame this in terms of concession and disruption costs. Costs are typically defined as government behaviors that impede dissidents’ capacity for collective action. We change this causal arrow and hypothesize how dissidents can generate costs that structure the government's response to a protest. By disaggregating costs along dimensions of concession and disruption we extend our understanding of protest behaviors and the conditions under which they are more (or less) effective. Utilizing a new cross-national protest-event data set, we test our theoretical expectations against protests from 1990 to 2014 and find that when protesters generate high concession costs, the state responds in a coercive manner. Conversely, high disruption costs encourage the state to accommodate demands. Our research provides substantial insights and inferences about the dynamics of government response to protest.
The lifestyle of lichens in soil crusts
Authors: GREEN T. G. Allan , PINTADO Ana , RAGGIO Jose , SANCHO Leopoldo Garcia
Published: May 2018

Lichens are one of the common dominant biota in biological soil crusts (biocrusts), a community that is one of the largest in extent in the world. Here we present a summary of the main features of the lifestyle of soil crust lichens, emphasizing their habitat, ecophysiology and versatility. The soil crust is exposed to full light, often to high temperatures and has an additional water source, the soil beneath the lichens. However, despite the open nature of the habitat the lichens are active under shady and cooler conditions and avoid climate extremes of high temperature and light. In temperate and alpine habitats they can also be active for long periods, several months in some cases. They show a mixture of physiological constancy (e.g. similar activity periods and net photosynthetic rates) but also adaptations to the habitat (e.g. the response of net photosynthesis to thallus water content can differ for the same lichen species in Europe and the USA and some species show extensive rhizomorph development). Despite recent increased research, aspects of soil crust ecology, for example under snow, remain little understood.
From desire to encounter: the human quest for the infinite
Authors: COTTINGHAM JOHN
Published: May 2018

The article begins with the journey towards knowledge of the infinite that is traced out in Descartes'sMeditations.Drawing on Levinas's construal of the argument in the Third Meditation, I argue that Descartes's reflections on God as infinite can be a starting point for deepening our understanding of the religious quest – the paradoxical human search for that which, by its very nature, is incomprehensible to the human mind. The second half of the article argues that this search is from first to last structured by desire and longing, and that somethingprima facienon-cognitive and non-epistemic, namely thedesirefor God, has a cognitive and epistemic role to play. Perhaps desire can be our human way, orahuman way, whereby we can (in Descartes's words) ‘in a certain manner attain to’ the infinite perfection that is God.
Calculation of the age of the first infection for skin sores and scabies in five remote communities in northern Australia
Authors: Lydeamore M. J. , Campbell P. T. , Cuningham W. , Andrews R. M. , Kearns T. , Clucas D. , Gundjirryirr Dhurrkay R. , Carapetis J. , Tong S. Y. C. , McCaw J. M. , McVernon J.
Published: May 2018

Prevalence of skin sores and scabies in remote Australian Aboriginal communities remains unacceptably high, with Group AStreptococcus(GAS) the dominant pathogen. We aim to better understand the drivers of GAS transmission using mathematical models. To estimate the force of infection, we quantified the age of first skin sores and scabies infection by pooling historical data from three studies conducted across five remote Aboriginal communities for children born between 2001 and 2005. We estimated the age of the first infection using the Kaplan–Meier estimator; parametric exponential mixture model; and Cox proportional hazards. For skin sores, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 10 months and the median was 7 months, with some heterogeneity in median observed by the community. For scabies, the mean age of the first infection was approximately 9 months and the median was 8 months, with significant heterogeneity by the community and an enhanced risk for children born between October and December. The young age of the first infection with skin sores and scabies reflects the high disease burden in these communities.
The Use of the Term ‘Pastoral’ in the 1983 Code of Canon Law with Reference to the 1917 Code
Authors: Campbell James
Published: May 2018

This article compares the use of the term ‘pastoral’ in the canon law of the Western Latin Church as it occurred in the 1917 Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon Law and then in the revised Code of 1983. This is because the revised Code increased the use of the term ‘pastoral’ and I wish to see if its meaning had changed and, if so, in what way. Hence, the article considers how ‘pastoral’ occurred in the 1917 Code and then in the equivalent canons in the 1983 Code. There follows comparison with the earlier canons, which were sources for the 1983 canons to see if the term has changed in meaning and, if so, what that change is. I am interested to track the use of ‘pastoral’ because it has become ubiquitous in the churches and in society and has different meanings and expectations associated with it. As far as canon law and ecclesiastical law generally are concerned, it is interesting to consider how the term is used and this article is a contribution to an understanding of ‘pastoral’ in the law of the Roman Catholic Church.
A Veiled Threat:Belcacemi and Oussar v Belgium
Authors: Doomen Jasper
Published: May 2018

The freedom of the individual can easily come into conflict with his or her obligation to integrate in society. The case ofBelcacemi and Oussar v Belgiumprovides a good example. It is evident that some restrictions of citizens’ freedoms must be accepted for a state to function and, more basically, persist; as a consequence, it is acceptable that certain demands, incorporated in criminal law, are made of citizens. The issue of the extent to which such restrictions are justified has increasingly become a topic of discussion. The present case raises a number of important questions with respect to the right to wear a full-face veil in public if the societal norm is that the face should be visible, the most salient of which are whether women should be ‘protected’ from unequal treatment against their will and to what extent society may impose values on the individual. I will argue that Belgian law places unwarranted restrictions on citizens and that the values behind it testify to an outlook that is difficult to reconcile with the freedom of conscience and religion.
Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia
Authors: Kähkönen Kaisa , Rönkä Anna , Hujo Mika , Lyytikäinen Arja , Nuutinen Outi
Published: May 2018

Objective

To investigate the association between sensory-based food education implemented in early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres and children’s willingness to choose and eat vegetables, berries and fruit, and whether the mother’s education level and children’s food neophobia moderate the linkage.

Design

The cross-sectional study involved six ECEC centres that provide sensory-based food education and three reference centres. A snack buffet containing eleven different vegetables, berries and fruit was used to assess children’s willingness to choose and eat the food items. The children’s parents completed the Food Neophobia Scale questionnaire to assess their children’s food neophobia.

Setting

ECEC centres that provide sensory-based food education and reference ECEC centres in Finland.

Subjects

Children aged 3–5 years in ECEC (n 130) and their parents.

Results

Sensory-based food education was associated with children’s willingness to choose and eat vegetables, berries and fruit. This association was stronger among the children of mothers with a low education level. A high average level of neophobia in the child group reduced the children’s willingness to choose vegetables, berries and fruit. No similar tendency was observed in the group that had received sensory-based food education. Children’s individual food neophobia had a negative association with their willingness to choose and eat the vegetables, berries and fruit.

Conclusions

Child-oriented sensory-based food education seems to provide a promising method for promoting children’s adoption of vegetables, berries and fruit in their diets. In future sensory food education research, more focus should be placed on the effects of the education at the group level.
Are the resources adoptive for conducting team-based diabetes management clinics? An explorative study at primary health care centers in Muscat, Oman
Authors: Al-Alawi Kamila , Johansson Helene , Al Mandhari Ahmed , Norberg Margareta
Published: May 2018

Aim

The aim of this study is to explore the perceptions among primary health center staff concerning competencies, values, skills and resources related to team-based diabetes management and to describe the availability of needed resources for team-based approaches.

Background

The diabetes epidemic challenges services available at primary health care centers in the Middle East. Therefore, there is a demand for evaluation of the available resources and team-based diabetes management in relation to the National Diabetes Management Guidelines.

Method

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 26 public primary health care centers in Muscat, the capital of Oman. Data were collected from manual and electronic resources as well as a questionnaire that was distributed to the physician-in-charge and diabetes management team members.

Findings

The study revealed significant differences between professional groups regarding how they perceived their own competencies, values and skills as well as available resources related to team-based diabetes management. The perceived competencies were high among all professions. The perceived team-related values and skills were also generally high but with overall lower recordings among the nurses. This pattern, along with the fact that very few nurses have specialized qualifications, is a barrier to providing team-based diabetes management. Participants indicated that there were sufficient laboratory resources; however, reported that pharmacological, technical and human resources were lacking. Further work should be done at public primary diabetes management clinics in order to fully implement team-based diabetes management.
Reionization Models Classifier using 21cm Map Deep Learning
Authors: Hassan Sultan , Liu Adrian , Kohn Saul , Aguirre James E. , Plante Paul La , Lidz Adam
Published: May 2018

Next-generation 21cm observations will enable imaging of reionization on very large scales. These images will contain more astrophysical and cosmological information than the power spectrum, and hence providing an alternative way to constrain the contribution of different reionizing sources populations to cosmic reionization. Using Convolutional Neural Networks, we present a simple network architecture that is sufficient to discriminate between Galaxy-dominated versus AGN-dominated models, even in the presence of simulated noise from different experiments such as the HERA and SKA.
The faint-end of galaxy luminosity functions at the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Yue B. , Castellano M. , Ferrara A. , Fontana A. , Merlin E. , Amorín R. , Grazian A. , Mármol-Queralto E. , Michałowski M. J. , Mortlock A. , Paris D. , Parsa S. , Pilo S. , Santini P. , Di Criscienzo M.
Published: May 2018

During the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), feedback effects reduce the efficiency of star formation process in small halos or even fully quench it. The galaxy luminosity function (LF) may then turn over at the faint-end. We analyze the number counts of z > 5 galaxies observed in the fields of four Frontier Fields (FFs) clusters and obtain constraints on the LF faint-end: for the turn-over magnitude at z ∼ 6, MUVT ≳-13.3; for the circular velocity threshold of quenching star formation process, vc* ≲ 47 km s−1. We have not yet found significant evidence of the presence of feedback effects suppressing the star formation in small galaxies.
Line Intensity Mapping during the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Silva Marta B. , Zaroubi Saleem
Published: May 2018

Characterizing the properties and the evolution of the first stars and galaxies is a challenging task for traditional galaxy surveys since they are sensitivity limited and can only detect the brightest light sources. Three-dimensional intensity mapping (IM) of transition lines can be a valuable alternative to study the high redshift Universe given that this technique avoids sensitivity limitation problems by measuring the overall emission of a line, with a low resolution, without resolving its sources. While 21cm line IM surveys probe neutral hydrogen gas and can, therefore, be used to probe the state of the IGM and the evolution of the ionization field during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). IM surveys of other lines, such as CO, CII, Ly-alpha or H-alpha, can be used to probe the galaxies which emitted most of the ionizing radiation responsible for the EoR. These lines will trace the different ISM gas phases, the excitation state of this gas, its metallicity, etc. This study addresses IM of multiple transition lines and how it can be used to probe the EoR and to constrain the redshift evolution of galaxy properties.
Redundant Calibration: breaking the constraints of limited sky information
Authors: Joseph Ronniy C.
Published: May 2018

The latest generation of low frequency radio interferometers, e.g. LOFAR, MWA, PAPER, has been pushing down the detection limits on the hydrogen signal from the Epoch of Reionisation. However, due to the challenges posed by foregrounds and instrumental systematics the signal has eluded detection thus far. To overcome these challenges we require a detailed understanding of the calibration of these relatively new telescopes. This led to a renewed interest in redundant calibration. Classical calibration schemes depend on sky models based on limited knowledge of the low frequency sky. Redundant calibration, however, allows us to escape our ignorance as it is sky model independent. We will review the field of redundant calibration, and present work we have undertaken to understand the limitations of this calibration method.
Wide-field LOFAR-LBA power-spectra analyses: Impact of calibration, polarization leakage and ionosphere
Authors: Gehlot Bharat K. , Koopmans Léon V. E.
Published: May 2018

Contamination due to foregrounds, calibration errors and ionospheric effects pose major challenges in detection of the cosmic 21 cm signal in various Epoch of Reionization (EoR) experiments. We present the results of a study of a field centered on 3C196 using LOFAR Low Band observations, where we quantify various wide field and calibration effects such as gain errors, polarized foregrounds, and ionospheric effects. We observe a ‘pitchfork’ structure in the power spectrum of the polarized intensity in delay-baseline space, which leaks into the modes beyond the instrumental horizon. We show that this structure arises due to strong instrumental polarization leakage (~30%) towards Cas A which is far away from primary field of view. We measure a small ionospheric diffractive scale towards CasA resembling pure Kolmogorov turbulence. Our work provides insights in understanding the nature of aforementioned effects and mitigating them in future Cosmic Dawn observations.
Mean Energy Density of Photogenerated Magnetic Fields Throughout the EoR
Authors: Durrive Jean-Baptiste , Tashiro Hiroyuki , Langer Mathieu , Sugiyama Naoshi
Published: May 2018

There seems to be magnetic fields at all scales and epochs in our Universe, but their origin at large scales remains an important open question of cosmology. In this work we focus on the generation of magnetic fields in the intergalactic medium due to the photoionizations by the first galaxies, all along the Epoch of Reionization. Based on previous studies which considered only isolated sources, we develop an analytical model to estimate the mean magnetic energy density accumulated in the Universe by this process. In our model, without considering any amplification process, the Universe is globally magnetized by this mechanism to the order of, at least, several 10−18 G during the Epoch of Reionization (i.e. a few 10−20 G comoving).
Constraining Lyman continuum escape using Machine Learning
Authors: Giri Sambit K. , Zackrisson Erik , Binggeli Christian , Pelckmans Kristiaan , Cubo Rubén , Mellema Garrelt
Published: May 2018

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will observe the rest-frame ultraviolet/optical spectra of galaxies from the epoch of reionization (EoR) in unprecedented detail. While escaping into the intergalactic medium, hydrogen-ionizing (Lyman continuum; LyC) photons from the galaxies will contribute to the bluer end of the UV slope and make nebular emission lines less prominent. We present a method to constrain leakage of the LyC photons using the spectra of high redshift (z ≳ 6) galaxies. We simulate JWST/NIRSpec observations of galaxies at z =6–9 by matching the fluxes of galaxies observed in the Frontier Fields observations of galaxy cluster MACS-J0416. Our method predicts the escape fraction fesc with a mean absolute error Δfesc ≈ 0.14. The method also predicts the redshifts of the galaxies with an error $\left\langle \frac{\Delta z}{(1+z)}\right\rangle \approx 0.0003$.