bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posterior C1–2 fusion using a polyaxial screw/rod system for os odontoideum with bilateral persistence of the first intersegmental artery
Authors: Lee Sun-Ho , Kim Eun-Sang , Eoh Whan
Published: December 2010

The authors report the case of a patient with os odontoideum, myelopathy secondary to atlantoaxial instability, and bilaterally persistent first intersegmental artery at the craniovertebral junction. Instead of occipitocervical fusion, C1–2 posterior fusion was performed using a polyaxial screw/rod system. The information obtained from 3D CT angiography studies may highlight the potential risk of vertebral artery injury in advance and reduce the risk of an intraoperative vertebral artery injury. In addition, C-1 lateral mass screw placement may be a safe procedure for cases of atlantoaxial subluxation in which there are persistent C-1 intersegmental arteries.
Apical segmental resection osteotomy with dual axial rotation corrective technique for severe focal kyphosis of the thoracolumbar spine
Authors: Chen Zhongqiang , Zeng Yan , Li Weishi , Guo Zhaoqing , Qi Qiang , Sun Chuiguo
Published: December 2010

Object

In this paper, the authors' goal was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of apical segment resection osteotomy with dual axial rotation correction for severe focal kyphosis by examining outcomes.

Methods

Between May 2004 and December 2006, the authors treated 23 patients with severe focal kyphosis (average Cobb angle 86.9°, range 50°–130°) using apical segmental resection osteotomy with dual axial rotation correction and instrumented anterior column reconstruction and fusion. Radiographic assessment of sagittal plane balance and kyphotic Cobb angle (including a scoliosis Cobb angle in 9 cases) was performed in each patient before and immediately after surgery and at the last follow-up (minimum 2 years). The Frankel grading system for neurological function and Oswestry Disability Index for quality of life were evaluated before surgery and at the last follow-up. The patient satisfaction index was also used for clinical evaluation at the last follow-up.

Results

The mean surgical time was 6.7 hours. The average blood loss was 2960 ml. All patients underwent follow-up for 2 or more years after surgery. The fusion rate was 95.65%. The average kyphotic angle improved from 86.9° preoperatively to 25.6° immediately postoperatively, with an average correction rate of 72.17%. At the last follow-up, the average kyphotic angle was 27.4°, making the final correction rate 69.87%. The sagittal plane balance was significantly improved at the last follow-up. Preoperatively, 15 patients had neurological deficits, and the Frankel grade was E in 8 cases, D in 8 cases, C in 6 cases, and B in 1 case. At the last follow-up, 15 cases were Grade E, 5 were Grade D, and 3 were Grade C. The average improvement in the Oswestry Disability Index score was 43.30%. The patient satisfaction index result showed a total satisfaction rate of 91.30%. Complications included 1 case of late neurological deficit due to shifting of an expandable artificial vertebra, 5 cases of nerve root injury, 3 cases of dural tear, and 1 case of transient lower-extremity weakness due to insufficient blood supply to the spinal cord during surgery.

Conclusions

Apical segmental resection osteotomy with dual axial rotation correction and instrumented fusion is an effective and safe way to treat severe focal kyphosis of the thoracolumbar spine.
An Optical Fiber Viscometer Based on Long-Period Fiber Grating Technology and Capillary Tube Mechanism
Authors: Wang Jian-Neng , Tang Jaw-Luen
Published: December 2010

This work addresses the development and assessment of a fiber optical viscometer using a simple and low-cost long-period fiber grating (LPFG) level sensor and a capillary tube mechanism. Previous studies of optical viscosity sensors were conducted by using different optical sensing methods. The proposed optical viscometer consists of an LPFG sensor, a temperature-controlled chamber, and a cone-shaped reservoir where gravitational force could cause fluid to flow through the capillary tube. We focused on the use of LPFGs as level sensors and the wavelength shifts were not used to quantify the viscosity values of asphalt binders. When the LPFG sensor was immersed in the constant volume (100 mL) AC-20 asphalt binder, a wavelength shift was observed and acquired using LabVIEW software and GPIB controller. The time spent between empty and 100 mL was calculated to determine the discharge time. We simultaneously measured the LPFG-induced discharge time and the transmission spectra both in hot air and AC-20 asphalt binder at five different temperatures, 60, 80, 100, 135, and 170 Celsius. An electromechanical rotational viscometer was also used to measure the viscosities, 0.15–213.80 Pa·s, of the same asphalt binder at the above five temperatures. A non-linear regression analysis was performed to convert LPFG-induced discharge time into viscosities. Comparative analysis shows that the LPFG-induced discharge time agreed well with the viscosities obtained from the rotational viscometer.
Design of a Pressure Sensor Based on Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Lateral Deformation
Authors: Urban Frantisek , Kadlec Jaroslav , Vlach Radek , Kuchta Radek
Published: December 2010

This paper describes steps involved in the design and realization of a new type of pressure sensor based on the optical fiber Bragg grating. A traditional pressure sensor has very limited usage in heavy industrial environments, particularly in explosive or electromagnetically noisy environments. Utilization of optics in these environments eliminates all surrounding influences. An initial motivation for our development was the research, experimental validation, and realization of a complex smart pressure sensor based on the optical principle. The main benefit of this solution consists of increasing sensitivity, resistance to electromagnetic interference, dimensions, and potential increased accuracy.
Ultrasonic Sensitivity of Strain-Insensitive Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Evaluation of Ultrasound-Induced Strain
Authors: Tsuda Hiroshi , Kumakura Kenji , Ogihara Shinji
Published: December 2010

In conventional ultrasound detection in structures, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is glued on or embedded in the structure. However, application of strain to the structure can influence the sensitivity of the FBG toward ultrasound and can prevent its effective detection. An FBG can work as a strain-insensitive ultrasound sensor when it is not directly glued to the monitored structure, but is instead applied to a small thin plate to form a mobile sensor. Another possible configuration is to affix an FBG-inscribed optical fiber without the grating section attached to the monitored structure. In the present study, sensitivity to ultrasound propagated through an aluminum plate was compared for a strain-insensitive FBG sensor and an FBG sensor installed in a conventional manner. Strains induced by ultrasound from a piezoelectric transducer and by quasi-acoustic emission of a pencil lead break were also quantitatively evaluated from the response amplitude of the FBG sensor. Experimental results showed that the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio for ultrasound detection with strain-insensitive FBG sensors, relative to traditionally-installed FBG sensors, was only 6 dB, and the ultrasound-induced strain varied within a range of sub-micron strains.
The Complexity of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection
Authors: Guzman Maria G. , Vazquez Susana
Published: December 2010

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has been proposed as a mechanism to explain dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the course of a secondary dengue infection. Very recently, Dejnirattisai et al., 2010 [1], published an important article supporting the involvement of anti-prM antibodies in the ADE phenomenon. The complexity of ADE in the context of a secondary dengue infection is discussed here.
Bilinguisme, plurilinguisme et petite enfance
Authors: Couëtoux-Jungman Francine , Wendland Jaqueline , Aidane Élisabeth , Rabain Didier , Plaza Monique , Lécuyer Roger
Published: December 2010

Résumé Quelle part réserver au bilinguisme et au plurilinguisme dans la prévention et les soins dispensés aux jeunes enfants grandissant au contact de plusieurs langues ? Reconnaître, évaluer et élaborer leur environnement linguistique pourrait-il être bénéfique à la compréhension de certaines de leurs difficultés de développement précoces et être ainsi considéré comme un levier thérapeutique pertinent pour les cliniciens ? Les auteurs présentent un programme de soins et de recherche mis en place dans une unité de santé mentale pour parents et jeunes enfants, qui comprend le soutien à la communication verbale et la valorisation de la langue maternelle. Les auteurs discutent également quelques observations cliniques qui illustrent l’impact positif de ces mesures sur les interactions précoces et le développement de l’enfant.
Meurtres de nouveau-nés et processus psychiques à l'œuvre chez les femmes néonaticides
Authors: Romano Hélène
Published: December 2010

Résumé Le meurtre d’un bébé par sa propre mère reste une énigme, source de multiples débats où des situations bien différentes se trouvent assimilées à un même acte. La recherche clinique sur ces actes et le suivi de ces femmes, révèle en effet que les néonaticides sont commis à un moment spécifique de leur vie psychique. Nous proposons donc une réflexion sur les processus psychiques à l’œuvre dans ces meurtres commis sur des nouveau-nés. Nous rappellerons dans un premier temps l’état des connaissances sur les néonaticides, puis nous décrirons les différents types de néonaticides constatés, avant de discuter des processus à l’œuvre permettant d’expliciter de tels actes. Notre connaissance de ces meurtres d’enfants s’inscrit à la fois dans le cadre de la recherche sur les morts suspectes de nourrissons (Inserm, 2005), mais également à partir de notre expérience clinique en tant que psychologue urgentiste intervenant au domicile de ces femmes lorsqu’elles sollicitent des secours médicaux. Enfin, notre expérience auprès de ces femmes en tant qu’expert et psychothérapeute au sein d’une consultation spécialisée de psycho-traumatisme, complète la compréhension de ces passages à l’acte.
Le rôle de l'ocytocine dans les comportements maternels de caregiving auprès de très jeunes enfants
Authors: Saive Anne-Lise , Guédeney Nicole
Published: December 2010

Résumé Après avoir résumé les caractéristiques biologiques de l’ocytocine et son intérêt à la lumière de la théorie de l’évolution, les auteurs rappellent les caractéristiques des comportements maternels les plus universels chez les mammifères non humains et chez les humains. Les auteurs définissent ce qu’est le processus de caregiving, issu de la théorie de l’attachement, en insistant sur sa base biologique et sur le processus du bonding. Ils présentent ensuite une revue de la littérature sur les connaissances les plus récentes sur le rôle de l’ocytocine comme facilitateur des comportements de caregiving. Celles-ci montrent le rôle essentiel sur la régulation du stress, sur la mémoire sociale, sur la régulation des réactions à la menace. Ces nouvelles connaissances issues du développement considérable des neurosciences apportent un nouvel éclairage à la compréhension du développement des compétences maternelles qui permettent le développement optimal du bébé.
Louis-Victor Marcé (1828-1864), les débuts de la psychiatrie périnatale
Authors: Luauté Jean-Pierre , Lempérière Thérèse , Garrabé Jean
Published: December 2010

Résumé Louis-Victor Marcé fut au milieu du XIX e siècle l’un des aliénistes les plus productifs de sa génération. En l’espace de 8 ans, il a abordé les sujets les plus divers de la pathologie mentale en faisant preuve de remarquables qualités d’observation et de synthèse. Son rôle de pionnier est actuellement souligné et on lui doit, notamment, les débuts de la psychiatrie périnatale avec la publication de son célèbre Traité de la folie des femmes enceintes , ainsi que la description princeps de l’anorexie mentale. Des jalons sont maintenant posés entre cette prodigieuse activité intellectuelle et une carrière tragiquement interrompue.
Constructions savantes et légitimation des politiques européennes
Authors: Roger Antoine
Published: December 2010

Résumé En France, des corporations savantes ont acquis un monopole sur l’étude de la vigne et du vin, en promouvant un contrôle national des techniques de vinification. En 1998, le gouvernement les mobilise pour faire barrage aux prétentions de la Commission européenne sur ce terrain. Des réseaux scientifiques internationaux se constituent dans le même temps, en appui sur de nouvelles formes d’expertise. Des chercheurs français s’y insèrent et en tirent des arguments pour contester la hiérarchie académique établie. Ils invoquent l’apparition d’un « nouveau consommateur » dont les attentes imposeraient un assouplissement des pratiques œnologiques. Pour obtenir un transfert de compétence en sa faveur, la Commission s’empare de ces analyses. L’exemple de la politique vitivinicole permet ainsi d’étudier le rôle des chercheurs dans la légitimation des réformes européennes.
Que représentent les stakeholders ?
Authors: Ruwet Coline
Published: December 2010

Résumé Que représentent les stakeholders dans le cadre de la mise en place de processus multi- stakeholder destinés au développement d’instruments normatifs en matière de e RSE ? Nous basons notre réponse sur des travaux de philosophie politique consacrés au concept de représentation. Notre thèse est que le concept de stakeholder est ambigu car ce qui est représenté par les différentes catégories d’acteurs peut être soit une perspective, soit un intérêt. Or, la conception de la représentation privilégiée devrait orienter la méthode de sélection et le découpage en catégories. Le processus multi- stakeholder mis en place dans le cadre de l’élaboration d’ISO 26000, future norme destinée à fournir aux organisations des lignes directrices en matière de responsabilité sociétale, est analysé empiriquement au regard de notre cadre théorique.
Analyse sémiologique de l'activité d'un coureur de demi-fond en situation compétitive
Authors: Berteloot Anne , Trohel Jean , Sève Carole
Published: December 2010

Résumé Notre étude visait à identifier les éléments clefs de l’activité d’un coureur de demi-fond lors d’une course compétitive de 3000 mètres en salle. Elle a été menée en référence au cadre d’analyse du cours d’action (Theureau, 2004, 2006). Deux types de données ont été recueillies : (a) des données d’observation et d’enregistrement lors d’une compétition de 3000 mètres en salle, et (b) des verbalisations lors d’un entretien d’autoconfrontation réalisé avec l’athlète après la course, sur la base du visionnement des images vidéo de celle-ci. Le traitement des données a consisté à identifier (a) les engagements typiques de l’athlète et la dynamique de ces engagements au fil de la course, et (b) les éléments pris en compte par l’athlète lors de la course. L’analyse a permis de repérer cinq phases successives dans la course, correspondant à des engagements différents chez le coureur. Les transitions entre ces phases ont été interprétées sur la base des éléments pris en compte par l’athlète lors de la course. La discussion s’organise autour de la prise en considération conflictuelle de représentamens de nature extrinsèque et intrinsèque, du statut du plan de course, et de l’aspect collectif de la course.
Tactiques corporelles et stratégies motrices au cours de duels sportifs
Authors: Dugas Éric
Published: December 2010

Résumé En el contexto de las prácticas físicas, el individuo en acción no es reductible a una máquina de tipo biomecánica, biológica o de información, ni tampoco a un cuerpo en movimiento desplazándose en el espacio ludo-motor gastando energía. El practicante es también un estratega en el cual la decisión se transforma en la llave del éxito motor. Notablemente, es el caso de los juegos colectivos (y en los duelos entre individuos) en el curso de los cuales los jugadores se comunican sin ambigüedades con sus compañeros pero se contra-comunican con sus adversarios. Para explorar esta efervescencia relacional, esta verdadera red de comunicación sin palabras, nos propusimos analizar el caso del duelo en el transcurso de un penalti en el fútbol. Más que reaccionar o anticipar, el arquero debe « pre-actuar » tratando de influenciar la respuesta del atacante para llevarlo sobre la táctica elegida, y recíprocamente. Entonces, se instaura una verdadera comunicación práxica fundada sobre la codificación y la decodificación del otro, mezclándose con malicia, fintas y trampas. La riqueza del estudio de los mecanismos de base de la « meta-motricidad » es rica en la aplicación práctica sobre los planes del entrenamiento deportivo y del aprendizaje en educación física y deportiva.
Sport et éducation physique sous le Front populaire et sous Vichy : approche comparative selon le genre
Authors: Terfous Fatia
Published: December 2010

Résumé À partir des discours politiques de Léo Lagrange, de Jean Borotra et de Marie-Thérèse Eyquem, il s’agit dans cet article d’identifier quelles sont les continuités et les ruptures des politiques menées en faveur du sport et de l’éducation physique entre 1936 et 1944. De repérer d’éventuelles singularités dans les discours relatifs au sport et à l’éducation physique des femmes et des jeunes filles. Le corpus est construit sur des sources recueillies auprès du CARAN, de l’INSEP, de la Fédération Sportive et Gymnique du Travail et de la Fédération Sportive et Culturelle de France. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la rupture idéologique n’est pas si évidente lorsque l’on s’attache au sport et à l’éducation physique des femmes et des jeunes filles. Les mêmes considérations physiologiques et sociales sont avancées pour déterminer les formes de pratique les plus convenables aux femmes. Aussi, les excès, les sports violents et les exhibitions sont largement condamnés. En définitive, le genre, compris comme une catégorie d’analyse historique, permet de nuancer la thèse de Jean-Louis Gay-Lescot pour qui les politiques en faveur du sport et de l’éducation physique sous le Front populaire et Vichy sont en rupture idéologique et en continuité pédagogique.
Analyse de la performance collective, nouveau terrain d'expression de la théorie des systèmes dynamiques
Authors: Bourbousson Jérôme , Sève Carole
Published: December 2010

Résumé La théorie des systèmes dynamiques a récemment été mobilisée dans l’analyse de la performance sportive collective. Dans ce cadre, l’étude des coordinations interpersonnelles, qui vise à pointer des structures sous-jacentes à la performance produite, a été menée pour l’analyse des sports dyadiques (squash et tennis), et dans une moindre mesure pour les sports collectifs (basket-ball). À partir du calcul de la phase relative entre des couples de joueurs, ou bien entre les deux équipes, les résultats des différentes études pointent l’intérêt des outils de l’approche dynamique pour mettre au jour des profils de jeu, notamment en termes de patrons spatio-temporels. Les méthodes utilisées, les principaux résultats ainsi que les débats associés à cette nouvelle forme d’analyse sont présentés et illustrés.
Corps lents, corps immobiles : quelle place pour l'absence de mouvement en EPS ?
Authors: Bordes Pascal
Published: December 2010

Résumé L’éducation physique est traditionnellement présentée comme la discipline scolaire qui traite du corps en mouvement. L’objet de ce travail est de montrer que le corps immobile a lui aussi sa place dans cet enseignement. Aussi, nous critiquerons l’utilisation du terme « mouvement » et nous lui substituerons le terme « conduite motrice » qui réintroduit la dimension sensible et signifiante de l’activité humaine. Puis, nous envisagerons les rapports complémentaires qu’entretiennent mouvement et non-mouvement, non seulement dans les activités de type danse ou gymnastique de relaxation mais plus généralement dans les situations de jeux et de sports. Enfin, nous montrerons que, dans ces mêmes situations d’affrontement, les conduites d’immobilité sont l’expression d’intentions et des décisions qui visent, le plus souvent, un objectif d’efficacité.
Treatment and Prevention of Osteoarthritis through Exercise and Sports
Authors: Valderrabano Victor , Steiger Christina
Published: December 2010

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with a high prevalence among older people. To date, the pathogenesis of the disease and the link between muscle function and OA is not entirely understood. As there is no known cure for OA, current research focuses on prevention and symptomatic treatment of the disorder. Recent research has indicated that muscle weakness precedes the onset of OA symptoms. Furthermore, several studies show a beneficial effect of land-based aerobic and strengthening exercises on pain relief and joint function. Therefore, current research focuses on the possibility to employ exercise and sports in the prevention and treatment of OA.
Protective Role of rAAV-NDI1, Serotype 5, in an Acute MPTP Mouse Parkinson's Model
Authors: Barber-Singh Jennifer , Seo Byoung Boo , Matsuno-Yagi Akemi , Yagi Takao
Published: December 2010

Defects in mitochondrial proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) have been implicated in a number of acquired and hereditary diseases including Leigh's syndrome and more recently Parkinson's disease. A limited number of strategies have been attempted to repair the damaged complex I with little or no success. We have recently shown that the non-proton-pumping, internal NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Ndi1) fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae(baker's yeast) can be successfully inserted into the mitochondria of mice and rats, and the enzyme was found to be fully active. Using recombinant adenoassociated virus vectors (serotype 5) carrying ourNDI1gene, we were able to express the Ndi1 protein in the substantia nigra (SN) of C57BL/6 mice with an expression period of two months. The results show that the AAV serotype 5 was highly efficient in expressing Ndi1 in the SN, when compared to a previous model using serotype 2, which led to nearly 100% protection when using an acute MPTP model. It is conceivable that the AAV-serotype5 carrying theNDI1gene is a powerful tool for proof-of-concept study to demonstrate complex I defects as the causable factor in diseases of the brain.
Zoledronic Acid: Its Use in the Treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Luís Inês Vaz , Casimiro Sandra , Ribeiro Joana , Costa Luís
Published: December 2010

Breast cancer is a very common diagnosis in women; approximately 30% of patients with breast cancer will develop bone metastases. In addition, breast cancer patients experience adjuvant treatment related bone loss. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are the standard of care for maintaining bone health in patients with cancer. The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence on the use of zoledronic acid (ZA) in breast cancer. Therapy with ZA is generally safe and well tolerated. ZA has become established in the management of patients with breast metastatic bone disease (MBD), reducing the morbidity by decreasing the rate of skeletal-related events (SREs) and the time to develop first and subsequent SREs. Among different BPs, the strongest evidence in this setting is available for ZA. However, emerging data is currently addressing the benefit of anti-RANKL therapy versus ZA. Several trials in early breast cancer have also investigated ZA in other settings, such as for protection of bone density and in adjuvant therapy.
Diversity of Science Linkages: A Survey of Innovation Performance Effects and Some Evidence from Flemish Firms
Authors: Cassiman Bruno , Veugelers Reinhilde , Zuniga Pluvia
Published: December 2010

This paper discusses the diversity of mechanisms which firms can deploy to link to science and how science links are associated with their innovation performance. Using a sample of Flemish firms, we show that there exists considerable heterogeneity in the type of links to science at the firm level. Overall, firms with a science link enjoy superior innovation performance, in particular with respect to innovations that are new to the market. At the invention level, our findings confirm that patents from firms engaged in science are more frequently cited and have a broader technological and geographical impact. We show that it is crucial to distinguish between direct science links at the invention level and indirect science links at the firm level to encounter distinct positive effects.
Chemical composition and aerosol size distribution of the middle mountain range in the Nepal Himalayas during the 2009 pre-monsoon season
Authors: Shrestha P. , Barros A. P. , Khlystov A.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Aerosol particle number size distribution and chemical composition were measured at two low altitude sites, one urban and one relatively pristine valley, in Central Nepal during the 2009 pre-monsoon season (May–June). This is the first time that aerosol size distribution and chemical composition were measured simultaneously at lower elevations in the middle Himalayan region in Nepal. The aerosol size distribution was measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS, 14–340 nm), and the chemical composition of the filter samples collected during the field campaign was analyzed in the laboratory. Teflon membrane filters were used for ion chromatography (IC) and water-soluble organic carbon and nitrogen analysis. Quartz fiber filters were used for organic carbon and elemental carbon analysis. Multi-lognormal fits to the measured aerosol size distribution indicated a consistent larger mode around 100 nm which is usually the oldest, most processed background aerosol. The smaller mode was located around 20 nm, which is indicative of fresh but not necessarily local aerosol. The diurnal cycle of the aerosol number concentration showed the presence of two peaks (early morning and evening), during the transitional periods of boundary layer growth and collapse. The increase in number concentration during the peak periods was observed for the entire size distribution. Although the possible contribution of local emissions in size ranges similar to the larger mode cannot be completely ruled out, another plausible explanation is the mixing of aged elevated aerosol in the residual layer during the morning period as suggested by previous studies. Similarly, the evening time concentration peaks when the boundary layer becomes shallow concurrent with increase in local activity. A decrease in aerosol number concentration was observed during the nighttime with the development of cold (downslope) mountain winds that force the low level warmer air in the valley to rise. The mountain valley wind mechanisms induced by the topography along with the valley geometry appear to have a strong control in the diurnal cycle of the aerosol size distribution. During the sampling period, the chemical composition of PM2.5 was dominated by organic matter at both sites. Organic carbon (OC) comprised the major fraction (64–68%) of the aerosol concentration followed by ionic species (24–26%, mainly SO42− and NH4+). Elemental Carbon (EC) compromised 7–10% of the total composition and 27% of OC was found to be water soluble at both sites. The day-to-day variability observed in the time series of aerosol composition could be explained by the synoptic scale haze that extended to the sampling region from the Indian Gangetic Plain (IGP), and rainfall occurrence. In the presence of regional scale haze during dry periods, the mean volume aerosol concentration was found to increase and so did the aerosol mass concentrations.
Quantifying transport into the Arctic lowermost stratosphere
Authors: Werner A. , Volk C. M. , Ivanova E. V. , Wetter T. , Schiller C. , Schlager H. , Konopka P.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In the Arctic winter 2003, in-situ measurements of the long-lived trace gases N2O, CFC-11 (CCl3F), H-1211 (CBrClF2), CH4, O3 and H2O have been performed on board the high-altitude aircraft M55 Geophysica. The data are presented and used to study transport into the lowermost stratosphere (LMS). The LMS can be regarded as a mixture of fractions of air originating in (i) the troposphere, (ii) the extra-vortex stratosphere above 400 K and (iii) the Arctic vortex above 400 K. These fractions are determined using a simple mass balance calculation. The analysis exhibits a strong tropospheric influence of 50% ± 15% or more in the lowest 20 K of the high-latitude LMS. Above this region the LMS is dominated by air masses having descended from above 400 K. Below the Arctic vortex region at potential temperatures above 360 K, air in the LMS is a mixture of extra-vortex stratospheric and vortex air masses. The vortex fraction increases from about 40% ± 15% at 360 K to 100% at 400 K for equivalent latitudes >70° N. This influence of air masses descending through the bottom of the polar vortex increases over the course of the winter. By the end of winter a significant fraction of 30% ± 10% vortex air in the LMS is found even at an equivalent latitude of 40° N. Since the chemical and dynamical history of vortex air is distinct from that of mid-latitude stratospheric air masses, this study implies that the composition of the mid- to high-latitude LMS during late winter and spring is significantly influenced by the Arctic vortex.
Impact of different definitions of clear-sky flux on the determination of longwave cloud radiative forcing: NICAM simulation results
Authors: Sohn B. J. , Nakajima T. , Satoh M. , Jang H.-S.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Using one month of the cloud-resolving Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) simulations, we examined the impact of different definitions of clear-sky flux on the determination of longwave cloud radiative forcing (CRF). Because the satellite-like cloud-free composite preferentially samples drier conditions relative to the all-sky mean state, the conventional clear-sky flux calculation using the all-sky mean state in the model may represent a more humid atmospheric state in comparison to the cloud-free state. The drier bias is evident for the cloud-free composite in the NICAM simulations, causing an overestimation of the longwave CRF by about 10% compared to the NICAM simulated longwave CRF. Overall, water vapor contributions of up to 10% of the total longwave CRF should be taken account for making model-generated cloud forcing comparable to the satellite measurements.
Investigating potential biases in observed and modeled metrics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions
Authors: Duong H. T. , Sorooshian A. , Feingold G.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. This study utilizes large eddy simulation, aircraft measurements, and satellite observations to identify factors that bias the absolute magnitude of metrics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions for warm clouds. The metrics considered are precipitation susceptibility So, which examines rain rate sensitivity to changes in drop number, and a cloud-precipitation metric, χ, which relates changes in rain rate to those in drop size. While wide ranges in rain rate exist at fixed cloud drop concentration for different cloud liquid water amounts, χ and So are shown to be relatively insensitive to the growth phase of the cloud for large datasets that include data representing the full spectrum of cloud lifetime. Spatial resolution of measurements is shown to influence both the magnitude and liquid water path-dependent behavior of So and χ. Other factors of importance are the choice of how to quantify rain rate, drop size, and the cloud condensation nucleus proxy. Finally, low biases in retrieved aerosol amounts owing to wet scavenging and high biases associated with above-cloud aerosol layers should be accounted for. The paper explores the impact of these effects for model, satellite, and aircraft data.
Preliminary validation of column-averaged volume mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane retrieved from GOSAT short-wavelength infrared spectra
Authors: Morino I. , Uchino O. , Inoue M. , Yoshida Y. , Yokota T. , Wennberg P. O. , Toon G. C. , Wunch D. , Roehl C. M. , Notholt J. , Warneke T. , Messerschmidt J. , Griffith D. W. T. , Deutscher N. M. , Sherlock V. , Connor B. , Robinson J. , Sussmann R. , Rettinger M.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Column-averaged volume mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and methane retrieved from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) Short-Wavelength InfraRed observation (GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4) were compared with the reference data obtained by ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs) participating in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Through calibrations of g-b FTSs with airborne in-situ measurements, the uncertainty of XCO2 and XCH4 associated with the g-b FTS was determined to be 0.8 ppm (~0.2%) and 4 ppb (~0.2%), respectively. The GOSAT products are validated with these calibrated g-b FTS data. Preliminary results are as follows: The GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 (Version 01.xx) are biased low by 8.85 ± 4.75 ppm (2.3 ± 1.2%) and 20.4 ± 18.9 ppb (1.2 ± 1.1%), respectively. The precision of the GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 is considered to be about 1%. The latitudinal distributions of zonal means of the GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 show similar features to those of the g-b FTS data.
Multifractality, imperfect scaling and hydrological properties of rainfall time series simulated by continuous universal multifractal and discrete random cascade models
Authors: Serinaldi F.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Discrete multiplicative random cascade (MRC) models were extensively studied and applied to disaggregate rainfall data, thanks to their formal simplicity and the small number of involved parameters. Focusing on temporal disaggregation, the rationale of these models is based on multiplying the value assumed by a physical attribute (e.g., rainfall intensity) at a given time scale L, by a suitable number b of random weights, to obtain b attribute values corresponding to statistically plausible observations at a smaller L/b time resolution. In the original formulation of the MRC models, the random weights were assumed to be independent and identically distributed. However, for several studies this hypothesis did not appear to be realistic for the observed rainfall series as the distribution of the weights was shown to depend on the space-time scale and rainfall intensity. Since these findings contrast with the scale invariance assumption behind the MRC models and impact on the applicability of these models, it is worth studying their nature. This study explores the possible presence of dependence of the parameters of two discrete MRC models on rainfall intensity and time scale, by analyzing point rainfall series with 5-min time resolution. Taking into account a discrete microcanonical (MC) model based on beta distribution and a discrete canonical beta-logstable (BLS), the analysis points out that the relations between the parameters and rainfall intensity across the time scales are detectable and can be modeled by a set of simple functions accounting for the parameter-rainfall intensity relationship, and another set describing the link between the parameters and the time scale. Therefore, MC and BLS models were modified to explicitly account for these relationships and compared with the continuous in scale universal multifractal (CUM) model, which is used as a physically based benchmark model. Monte Carlo simulations point out that the dependence of MC and BLS parameters on rainfall intensity and cascade scales can be recognized also in CUM series, meaning that these relations cannot be considered as a definitive sign of departure from multifractality. Even though the modified MC model is not properly a scaling model (parameters depend on rainfall intensity and scale), it reproduces the empirical traces of the moments and moment exponent function as effective as the CUM model. Moreover, the MC model is able to reproduce some rainfall properties of hydrological interest, such as the distribution of event rainfall amount, wet/dry spell length, and the autocorrelation function, better than its competitors owing to its strong, albeit unrealistic, conservative nature. Therefore, even though the CUM model represents the most parsimonious and the only physically/theoretically consistent model, results provided by MC model motivate, to some extent, the interest recognized in the literature for this type of discrete models.
Elecciones Municipales en la RAAN
Authors: IPADE Representantes
Published: December 2010

Luego de las elecciones municipales realizadas en 146 municipios del Pacífico y Centro de Nicaragua el 9 noviembre del 2008, un porcentaje importante de los electores y dirigentes liberales han acusado al Consejo Supremo Electoral (CSE), al partido de gobierno y a la dirigencia del Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (PLC) de coludirse para hacer un fraude en varios municipios. Para el 18 de enero del 2009 se programó las elecciones municipales en siete municipios de la RAAN. IPADE, a solicitud de los partidos políticos de la Costa Caribe, de lideres comunitarios y religiosos y de los alcaldes, observó estos comicios mediante una red de 300 observadores(as), en seis de los siete municipios de la RAAN, para verificar la transparencia o no de las elecciones. Se presenta aquí los resultados de este monitoreo.DOI: 10.5377/wani.v56i0.221Wani No.56 2007 pp.6-14Alas lani kat yalahnin lani sauni nuhni Atlantik kus tingnipal saitni sauni sahwi yakna yakat iliksan but mumunna dai kidika. Wing wainiku 9, kurih 2008 kau, Nikarawa sauni papus yakat dawak pacipik saitni yakat, sau sahwi yakna balna 146 yakat iliksan but mumunwi bayak dawakat, but mumunna muihni balna dawak liberal balna bitik kalpapakwi Corte Suprema Electoral kau, gabamint partidu ni yakat, dawak (PLC) tunan duduwa muihni balna yakat, la kau ahana dai, witingna bitik kalpapakwi kulninna aslah lani kat sauni sahwi yakna balna mahni kau muih butni balna mamalwi iliksan win kakalna dai atwi. Kus kus wainiku 18, kurih 2009 kau, ridi kalalahna dai alas lani kat yalahnin lani sauni tingpal saitni yakat sauni sahwi yakna balna tiaskau bu yakat iliksan but mumunnin. Karibi kusni kau bang pulitikni balna, tawan tunan muihni balna, Kristian aslah kalalahna, alcalde balna, witingna bitik yaklauwi IPADE yakat kalyuyulna, iliksan but mumunwaran kidika minitna tatalwaran, dawak muih 300 kapat pitni alas lani kat yalahnin lani sauni atlantik kus tingpal saitni kau sauni sahwi yakna tiaskau bu yakat minitna tatalna dai. Witingna laihwi tatalna dai adika iliksan but mumunna kidika ramh yamni yayamna pa awaskat dutni dai pa, dawak akat witingna ulwi yayakna.
Las reacciones de la sociedad frente a una literatura de mujeres indígenas y afrodescendientes: una reflexión desde la literatura de mujeres de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense
Authors: Watson Andira
Published: December 2010

Este texto es un análisis de las reacciones discriminatorias que la sociedad nicaragüense manifiesta frente a una literatura de mujeres indígenas y afrodescendientes, la cual escasamente cruza la frontera caribeña y del hogar, a pesar del esfuerzo de algunas instituciones culturales costeñas. Según la autora, además de la discriminación de género se suman, en gran medida, los hechos históricos de discriminación y racismo que aún no han podido superarse como un ejemplo más de los resultados de las políticas de exclusión y explotación irracional e indiscriminada que el Estado Nacional ha establecido en sus relaciones con la Costa Caribe del país. Esto no permite reconciliar la diversidad de propuestas y proyectos, encauzar las diferentes definiciones y delimitar una política cultural que no solo promocione la literatura en español. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v57i0.218Wani No.57 2008 pp.51-59Tawan uplika nani blahwanka kriyul bara Indian mairin nani wauhtaya kum ulbi bangwan ba kaikan pyuara:Nikarawa Karibi kuska mairin nani sinska laka ulbanka nani ba. Naha ulbanka nara laki kaikisa nahki Nikarawa mairka nani saura luki bangwiba, kriyul bara indian mairin nani bui sins laka kum ulbi bangwan ba mapara, witing nani ulban ba ai watla nani bara kus lamara bangwi ba dukia nani dukiara sa, apisra wark dauki daknika wala nani kus ra bangwi ba trai kaiki bangwan kau purara diara ap ulbaia sakuna sip daukras munan. Ulbanka dawanka ba bui aisisa, mairin nanira taibi muni briba laka ba purara, diara kainara takan dukia naniba kulkras munisa laka, baha purkara wan nisanka nanira kulkras ba laka nani sut purara aikuki taibansa, naha taibanka laka nani dukiara kum aisabiasa kaka, pulitik lainkara bara wan tasbaia ritska nani yus munaia lainkara Nikarawa gabamintka bui kus tawanka nani ta uplika nanira kulkras saitra saki brisa. Naha trabilka nani na bui sip sans yabras tawan pawanka wark ka naniba dukiara aisi kaikaia, wan tawanka iwanka nani bara diara wala nani wan bila kat aisi ulbi sakaia.
Arte Rupestre de México Oriental y de Centro América
Authors: Künne Martin , Strecker Matthias
Published: December 2010

Este texto tiene carácter bibliográfico. Su propósito es ser una guía para la búsqueda de fuentes de información y ofrecer una introducción al estudio sistemático del arte rupestre en el oriente de México y en Centroamérica. Se dirige tanto a especialistas, estudiantes y aficionados, como a propietarios de arte rupestre o para los indígenas que asuman el rol de "custodios naturales" de sitios con representaciones rupestres. Se presenta el arte rupestre según la distribución política de los estados en el oriente de México y América Central. Los textos se basan en investigaciones propias de los autores e introducen al lector al estado actual de la investigación del arte rupestre en las regiones respectivas. Los autores presentan diferentes estrategias de investigación que dan una visión preliminar y diversa de las imágenes estudiadas. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v57i0.219Wani No.57 2008 pp.60-78Centroamérica bara México Oriental ra blasi pyua wina wan almuka nani lilka satka nani paskanba. Naha ulbanka na taura wauhtaya wala kum wina wahbi sakan sa, diara kumra luki dauki bangwan ba sika naha nakku upla nani kaiki bangbia bara mahrikaia nahki Centroamerica bara Oriente de México ra blasi pyua wina lilka satka nani paski swinba stadika muni bangbia dukiara. Naha ulbanka na auya naha sat dukia kulka tadi muni uplika nanira, nahamuna sat dukia laik kaiki bangwi uplika nanira, nahamuna sat dukia dawan ka nanira, bara indian nani witing nani kan wina naha sat dukia nani ai tasbaia bilara brih main kaiki uplika nanira sin. Naha blasi wina paski swin dukia nani ba pliki saki bangwisa Centroamerica bara oriente de México ra witing nani nahki ai tasbaia baiki saki bri ba bilara. Naha wauhkataya nani na ulbansa upla kum yakan diara laki kaiki wahbi sakan dawanka bui bara ai kakaira nanira mahrikisa blasi pyua wina lilka satka nani paskan ba stadika ba nahki auya sa sapa naiwa yua kat tasba banira. Diara dawanka nani ba bui witing nanira mahrikisa satka ailal mapara naha lilkika nani kumi bani ba stadi munaia dukiara wiria wan marikisa.
Serpentine flow field design
Authors: Wilkinson D. P. , Vanderleeden O.
Published: December 2010

This contribution explores many aspects of serpentine and continuous channel flow field design. These aspects include design considerations, design for performance, and material and manufacturing issues. A short introduction provides a brief perspective on the historical development of the serpentine and continuous channel flow field design. These types of flow fields have been used successfully in different applications, with transportation perhaps being the most challenging with respect to power density, dimensional constraints, aggressive cost targets, and the wide range of operating conditions required. Significant challenges and opportunities remain for improvement of the flow field design, particularly with respect to thinner cells, lower cost materials, and tolerances.
Oxygen reduction on platinum bimetallic alloy catalysts
Authors: Stamenkovic V. R. , Markovic N. M.
Published: December 2010

One way to increase performance of cathode catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is utilization of platinum bimetallic alloys with transition metals. These systems have demonstrated great potential to overcome the existing limitations in fuel cell technology. Being the main obstacle in fuel cell commercialization, a cathodic fuel cell reaction has motivated many research groups and developers to resolve the mechanism of catalytic enhancement for bimetallic systems. This initiated studies on well‐defined surfaces that have revealed the key physicochemical parameters responsible for wide range of activities for the oxygen reduction reaction on bimetallic surfaces.
Radically democratic learning in the grounded in‐between
Authors: Hart Mechthild
Published: December 2010

The author describes how the political struggles of immigrant domestic workers challenge the destructive logic of a global capitalist patriarchy. It offers a theory of radically democratic learning centered on a collective sense of being‐in‐relation, and therefore of assuming responsibility for protecting life and its conditions.
Democracy, shared governance, and the university
Authors: Heaney Thomas
Published: December 2010

This research builds on a connection between adult education and democracy by exploring best practices in shared governance in a major venue of adult education—the academy. Its purpose is to enhance democratic practices within the university and encourage the creation of new structures for shared decision making.
Democracy and program planning
Authors: Wilson Arthur L. , Cervero Ronald M.
Published: December 2010

The authors in this chapter promote the democratic principle of participatory decision making by asking who benefits and who should benefit from adult education program planning.
From Biomimetic Concept to Engineering Reality – A Case Study on the Design of Ceramic Reinforcement
Authors: Tuan Wei‐Hsing , Yu Ya‐Jen , Chin Yuan‐Liang
Published: December 2010

The applications of ceramics are limited by their brittleness. Though the toughness of ceramics can be improved by adding hard and strong toughening agents, their damage tolerance is still poor. Novel concept derives from fish scale is explored and used to design alternative toughening agent. The microstructure of fish scale exhibits hierarchical complexity and many weak layers are present. As fish scales are used directly as the toughening agent, the toughness of ceramics can be enhanced. Furthermore, a new toughening mechanism involving crack deflection within fish scale is observed. Based on such observation, the toughening agents with internal weak interfaces are recommended as the toughening agent. Many ceramic/metal interfaces are present within the multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). The addition of MLCCs into brittle glass improves its crack resistance considerably.