bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between levels of LGR-5 (leucine rich repeat containing protein coupled receptor 5) with clinical aspects and colorectal carcinoma stage
Authors: Arungpadang Mendila P , Lusikooy Ronald E , Kasim Firdaus , Mappincara Mappincara , Warsinggih Warsinggih
Published: October 2021

This study analyzes the colorectal cancer refers to gradually growing cancer that begins as tumor or tissue development in the internal layer of the rectum or stomach. CRC is resistant to chemotherapy and radiation and can cause collapse. This study is an analytical observational study using a cross-sectional study design with an evaluation stage of increasing LGR-5 levels on clinical aspects and stages of Colorectal Carcinoma patients in Makassar. Data collection was primary, where the data taken was demographic data and related to clinical aspects of the patient, namely, age, gender, cancer location, and cancer stage, lymph node participation, histopathological type when the patient came to treatment with diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The non-sanskari analysis was carried out on variables from the results of the study using contradiction analysis to determine the relationship between the increased level of LGR-5 and the stage of carcinogen ma patients based on AJCC. The analysis was carried out with the chi-square test. The value of significance is obtained when p <0.05.
Optimizing health leadership in early prevention efforts in village communities
Authors: Bangkara B. M. A. S. Anaconda , Rachmawati Irma , Liantoni Febri , Hidayatulloh A. Nururrochman , Suarsa Abin
Published: October 2021

This study aims to optimize health leadership in preventing Covid-19 from an early age in the village. The author believes that health status is determined by treatment; prevention can be more effective and efficient. We collect public health literature from many databases of public health publications. We start from the journal Esavier, Medpub, Google Book, and several websites that discuss public health issues at home and abroad. We are targeting based data published in the last ten years to find the latest data and validity. The research involves a data coding system, high evaluation, and conclusion drawing in order to be able to answer research questions with high reliability. We conclude that health leadership is characteristic of how medical roles lead people to health. Value health and maintain it until community members find physical and mental health. The medical team minimizes stress by communicating openly and creating a healthy and safe environment for its citizens' creative thinking and expression. These results are helpful for the development of literature and public health applications.
Giving COVID-19 vaccines to citizens
Authors: Manullang Sardjana Orba
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to understand the legal basis for administering the COVID vaccine to Indonesian citizens. In order to complete this understanding, we have collected data on the evidence of the study of publications from several journals that have a high level of investment in the discussion on the legal point of giving vaccines to the public and many journals that raise the issues of this COVID outbreak. So, after we collect the data, we continue with a study involving the coding system, evaluate the data carefully, and then try to interpret it as much as possible to get answers that we consider validity and reliability in answering this legal study issue. After we reviewed our data and continued our discussion, we finally found that the state has a legal umbrella in implementing the COVID-19 vaccination program for all Indonesian citizens with so many legal foundations, so at this moment, the results of our study will be helpful in the development of legal studies discussions and problems with the rising COVID vaccination program in Indonesia future.
SİGORTACILIK SEKTÖRÜNÜN İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİNE BAKIŞ AÇISI: ERZURUM İLİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KOTAN Yavuz , KOTAN Özgür
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışmada sigortacılık sektöründe iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ele alınmıştır. Sanayi ve ekonominin gelişmesi ile birlikte sektörler de çalışma koşulları değişmiş bunun sonucu olarak işyerlerinde yaşanan olumsuz olaylar artmış ve iş kazaları buna bağlı olarak artış göstermiştir. Sigorta şirketleri sektör olarak bu olumsuz olayların önüne geçebilmek için bazı tedbirler almıştır. Böylece personellerine sağlıklı ve güvenli bir ortamda çalışma fırsatı sunmak için iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kavramından faydalanarak bu durumu benimsetmeye çalışmıştır. Sadece sanayide veye büroda yaşanan olumsuz durumlardan değil, Özelikle günümüzde ortaya çıkan covid-19 virüsü iş sağlığı ve güvenliği‘nin daha çok önem kazanmasına neden olmuş ve gereken önlemlerin alınmasına üst düzeyde katkı sağlamıştır.
DEVLET BAŞKANLARI ve DÖNEM SINIRI (Dünyada Seçilmiş Siyasi Liderler Ne Kadar Bir Süre ve Kaç Dönem Görev Yapıyorlar?)
Authors: AKTAN Coşkun Can , YAY Serdar
Published: October 2021

Dünyanın hemen her bölgesinde özellikle 1990’lı yılların ortalarından itibaren demokratik standartlarda gerileme, seçimli demokrasiden seçimli otokrasiye yönelme, otoriter rejimlerin yükselişi vb. konular geniş biçimde tartışılmaktadır. Uzun süreli ve kalıcı siyasi liderliğin olumsuz sonuçlarının anlaşılması üzerine devlet başkanlarının görev sürelerinin sınırlandırılması ve dönemsel sınır uygulamaları gündemde olan bir konudur. Biz bu çalışmamızda dünyada uzun süreli, uzatmalı ve kalıcı iktidar mücadelesini daha iyi anlayabilmemiz için dünya ülkelerindeki “dönem sınırı” uygulamalarını inceleyeceğiz. Dünyada devlet başkanlarının kaç dönem görev yapma imkanına sahip olduklarının karşılaştırmalı bir analizini yapmak anayasal demokrasilerde dönem sınırının tesis edilmesinin gerekçelerini anlamak için fevkalade önemlidir.
KAMUSAL MAKAMLARDA GÖREV SÜRESİ SINIRLAMASI -Tarihsel ve Felsefi Temelleri-
Authors: AKTAN Coşkun Can , EKİNCİ Ahmet
Published: October 2021

Görev süresi sınırlaması bir kamu görevlisinin görevde (makamda) ne kadar süre ile kalabileceği ve aynı görevde (makamda) tekrar bulunup bulunamayacağı konularını düzenleyen hukuki düzenlemelerdir. Çalışmamızda kamusal makamlarda seçilmişlerin ve atanmışların ne kadar süre ile görevde kalmaları gerektiği konusu tarihsel ve felsefi açılardan incelenecektir.
Stochastic meta-frontier function analysis of the regional efficiency and technology gap ratios (TGRs) of small-scale cassava producers in Liberia
Authors:   Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Dogba Kollie , Oluoch Kosura Willis ,   Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Chumo Chepchumba ,   Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, School of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
Published: October 2021

To enrich agriculture reform and reap its benefits, policy makers need to localise policy issues within and across their domestic zones. Using a stochastic meta-frontier function, this study analysed the production efficiency of the cassava subsector of cassava growers from Bomi and Nimba counties in Liberia. The paper contributes to the domestication of agriculture policy issues within a country. The study found different scales of production returns for cassava growers in Bomi and Nimba counties. Farmer age, gender, household size and access to credit were key determinants of the technical gap ratio of the cassava subsector. The study recommends that relevant stakeholders (in a multistakeholder partnership) design a holistic approach of innovative finance (including microfinance, agriculture insurance and a grouped loan scheme) and social enterprise development that will encourage more women and young people to grow cassava efficiently for the higher productivity of the cassava subsector
Restoration Templates for Sahyadri (Northern Western Ghats)
Authors: Ghate Ketaki , Karandikar Manasi , Amritkar Kirti
Published: October 2021

Sahyadri mountains are witnessing a great change in land use pattern and lifestyle of local people overthe last few decades because of modern development and construction of dams. As a result ecologicalsystems within the catchment have changed resulting in a change in socio-economic conditions. The usualapproach to tackle this situation is plantation or afforestation. However, this approach does not consider therevival of ecosystems. As mitigation measures, the Ecological Society, in 1986, had conducted experimentsin the Panshet dam catchment. This resulted in the development of restoration methods for the bioclimaticregion of Sahyadri. The approach of this experiment was using a low-cost restoration methodology. In this,enhancement of the ecosystem in early stages of restoration provides ecosystem services and products, suchas fodder in the intermediate stage to the local communities. By using similar techniques, oikos forecological services, a company engaged in ecological restoration, undertook several ecological restorationprograms on private lands within the Sahyadri region. The results showed significant improvement inecosystems and biodiversity, thereby improving livelihood options for the local communities.Funded by a grant from Global Forest Watch, Ecological Society conducted an assessment of changes inland use and status of biodiversity in Panshet, in 2014-15. The Panshet dam catchment forms a part ofSahyadri and similar conditions are encountered elsewhere in the region. This study made an assessmentof the potential for restoration in the catchment area. Based on this study and earlier studies by oikos forecological services, we created templates which are intended to guide restoration process of degraded landsin Sahyadri.The templates are backed by the experience of actual implementation of restoration techniques on variousland patches within Sahyadri during the last 30 years. Three templates are presented to guide the completeprocess of restoration.
Availability and Accessibility of Essential Drugs for Rare Disorders in Canada
Authors: Rawson Nigel
Published: October 2021

In 2021, the Rare Disease Treatment Access Working Group (RDTAWG) of the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium, a European Union funded organization, published a list of medicinal products that they considered to be essential for the treatment of rare conditions. This study assesses the availability and accessibility of the RDTAWG medicines in Canada by comparing whether the rare disorder medicines approved for marketing in the United States also had regulatory approval for the same indication in Canada, and whether those medicines are ultimately covered under the 10 provincial government drug plans and the federal Non-Insured Health Benefits plan for indigenous persons. Data available at the end of August 2021 were accessed from the relevant online drug formularies. Most (85%) of the medicines with regulatory approval in the United States were also approved for the same indication in Canada. However, only just over half were covered by either open or conditional access in government drug plans, with the proportion ranging from under 36% in Manitoba to two-thirds in New Brunswick. Approximately 20% of the medicines had open access in all the plans, whereas the proportion with conditional access ranged from 13% in Manitoba to 45% in Ontario and New Brunswick. The average rate of coverage for medicines for disorders with a prevalence of ≤1 per 100,000 was only 28%, compared with 56% for disorders with a prevalence ranging from >1 case per 100,000 persons up to 1 case per 10,000 persons, and 60% for disorders with a prevalence of >1 case per 10,000 persons. Access to many medicines regarded by experts in the RDTAWG as essential for the welfare of individuals with rare disorders is inadequate to poor in Canada, especially for ultra-rare conditions. The federal Liberals and NDP are keen to introduce some type of national pharmacare. Any program developed by Canada’s governments must ensure that Canadians will have publicly funded access to all rare disorder medicines.
Effect of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy on outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with acute respiratory failure: a cohort study
Authors: Viarasilpa Tanuwong , Tongyoo Surat , Permpikul Chairat
Published: October 2021

Background:  Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important and evolving health problem worldwide. Acute respiratory failure, the most severe form of pulmonary tuberculosis, is associated with a high mortality rate. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy has been reported as an effective treatment in extrapulmonary TB. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy on outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with acute respiratory failure.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study enrolled newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients with acute respiratory failure who were admitted to Siriraj Hospital (Bangkok, Thailand) during January 2011 to December 2013. Patients that received corticosteroid as an adjunctive treatment for pulmonary TB were assigned to the steroid group. The control group consisted of patients that did not receive corticosteroid. Collected data included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, vital signs, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, chest X-ray abnormality pattern, and TB treatment strategies, including antituberculosis agents and adjunct corticosteroid treatment. The primary outcome was hospital mortality rate. The secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation.

Results: Thirty-eight patients were included. There were 18 patients in the steroid group and 20 in the control group. No significant difference was observed between groups for age, gender, BMI, APACHE II score, vital signs, or PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Patients in the steroid group had a significantly higher mean SOFA score than controls (5.7±4.5 vs. 3.3±2.6, respectively; p=0.046). Almost all patients in this study (97.1%) had positive culture for M. tuberculosis from sputum. The mean corticosteroid dose was equivalent to hydrocortisone 329.7±146.0 mg/day. Patients in the steroid group had higher hospital mortality than control group patients, but the difference did not achieve statistical significance (66.7% vs. 45.0%, respectively; p=0.21). Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy did not significantly reduce hospital length of stay or duration of mechanical ventilation when compared between the steroid and control groups (12.0±13.3 vs. 14.6±19.3 days, respectively; p=0.636 and 7.2±10.6 vs. 8.0±8.3 days, respectively; p=0.801).

Conclusion: Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy had no significant positive effect on outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with acute respiratory failure.
Net-Zero Emissions With Renewable Energy Certificates: A Public Policy for a Massachusetts Municipal Light Plant
Authors: Abodakpi Joseph Yaw , Collins Patrick , Giasson Aidan
Published: October 2021

The promotion, desire and need for renewable energy generation and transmission to electric grids to provide clean, non-carbon-based power has increased in recent years with more focus on climate change mitigation in both the public and private sectors. Renewable Energy Certificates, also known as “RECs” are the established public policy mechanism for incentivizing, verifying, tracking and supporting renewable energy. REC markets are created and managed by state governments to allow selling, purchasing and trading of these “green commodities'' to substantiate environmental attribute claims. A new legislation in Massachusetts requires all stakeholders, businesses and sectors to reduce emissions, which means electric utilities, both public and private, must participate in REC markets to green their power supply portfolios that they provide to consumers. This paper explores and analyzes the role of REC markets, monetary policy, trends, stakeholders, participants, and the current public policy debates in this area. A specific public policy making case is explored for this research, the Municipal Light Plant in Shrewsbury, MA, utilizing RECs to achieve a 100% non-carbon power supply or “net-zero” emissions. A financial analysis based on REC market research and debate is conducted to inform a rules-based and judgement-based fiscal Power Supply Policy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard for SELCO (Shrewsbury Electric and Cable Operations), a public electricity utility.
Bank Credit Risk Rating Process: Is There a Difference Between Agencies?
Authors: Damak Emna
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this article is to compare the bank credit risk rating (BCRR) process between credit rating agency (CRA) after the 2012 revision of their methodologies using 76 banks from 23 EMENA countries rated simultaneously by S&P's, Moody's and FitchRatings. We made this comparison based on the CAMELS model with a proposed 'S’ to BCRR. We use “ordered logit” regression for the rating classes and we complete our analysis by “linear multiple” regression for the rating grades. The results show that the BCRR processes are largely consistent between agencies but not aligned. Some differences appear in the important factors and relevant variables of the intrinsic credit quality component that manifest themselves in specific behaviors distinguishing one agency to another. The three agencies agree on the factors: Capital, Earnings, Liquidity and Supports and the most relevant support variable is the sovereign rating of the bank's country of establishment. The results also confirm a consistence between the BCRR's revealed and practiced methodologies revised by the CRA.
קוגניציה גופנית ויצירתיות: לחשוב זה לא רק "דרך הראש"
Authors: הוד־שמר אורית
Published: October 2021

האם יש הבדל באופן החשיבה שלנו אם אנו יושבים במעגל או נעים במעגל? האם חשיפה לצבע מסוים תגרום לנו לחשוב באופן יצירתי יותר? האם הרעש בכיתה מסייע לכך? לכאורה נראה שאין בשאלות אלה מן הרלוונטיות לתהליך החשיבה, האומנם?! מחקרים בתחום ה'קוגניציה הגופנית' (Embodied Cognition) מוכיחים שלאינטראקציה בין הגוף לסביבה יש השפעה על תודעתנו. הערך מציג מהי 'קוגניציה גופנית' ומדגים אותה בתחום היצירתיות באמצעות חמישה היבטים: צבעים, סמלילים, תנועות, רעש וגילום גופני של ביטויים.
PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL SELEDRI TERHADAP KADAR MDA AORTA DAN PLASMA DARAH TIKUS PUTIH YANG DIINDUKSI HIPERLIPIDEMIA
Authors: Kodariah Liah
Published: October 2021

Latar Belakang. Tingginya kadar LDL memicu peningkatan peroksidasi lipid yang menghasilkan berbagai produk akhir yang bersifat radikal misalnya malondialdehid (MDA) dan dapat merusak makromolekul lain disekitarnya (Evans dan Cooke, 2006). Konsentrasi MDA dalam material biologi telah digunakan sebagai indikator kerusakan oksidatif pada lemak tak jenuh dan sebagai indikator keberadaan radikal bebasTujuan. untuk mengevaluasi pemberian sediaan ekstrak etanol seledri (Apium graveolens) terhadap kadar MDA aorta dan MDA plasma tikus (Rattus norvegicus) galur wistar yang diinduksi hiperlipidemia.Metode. Sebanyak 25 ekor tikus jantan dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok pelakuan, yaitu: kelompok I sebagai kontrol negatif hanya diberi pakan pellet dan akuades secara gavage, kelompok II sebagai kelompok hiperlipidemia diinduksi hiperlipidemia (pakan tinggi lemak + kristal kolesterol+ PTU), kelompok III sebagai kelompok kontrol positif diinduksi hiperlipidemia (pakan tinggi lemak + kristal kolesterol + PTU) dan diberi obat simvastatin dengan dosis 0.9 mg /kg BB. Kelompok IV dan V diinduksi hiperlipidemia (pakan tinggi lemak + kristal kolesterol + PTU), dan diberikan ekstrak seledri dengan dosis masing-masing 125 mg/kg BB tikus dan 250 mg/kg BB tikus. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral gavage selama 4 minggu untuk induksi hiperlipidemia dan 4 minggu untuk pemberian simvastatin dan ekstrak seledriHasil. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol seledri dosis 125 mg/ kg BB dan dosis 250 mg/kg BB efektif menurunkan kadar MDA hewan uji yang diinduksiSimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak seledri dapat menurunkan resiko aterosklerosis pada tikus hiperlipidemia dengan mengurangi kadar MDA pada aorta dan plasma darah tikus, serta dapat menurunkan status stress oksidatif.
GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP REMAJA PUTRI MENGENAI SADARI DI SMAN 1 PARONGPONG 2019
Authors: Miraturrofi'ah Mira
Published: October 2021

Latar Belakang: Pusat data dan informasi Kementrian kesehatan RI kanker payudara, terdapat 8 sampai 10 kasus kanker payudara terjadi pada remaja. Saat ini tidak ada pengetahuan yang cukup tentang penyebab kanker payudara, karena itu kesadaran deteksi dini dengan SADARI merupakan salah satu cara pengendalian kanker payudara. Hal tersebut merupakan lingkup tugas bidan, sehingga perlunya memberikan penyuluhan.Tujuan Penelitian: Untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan dan sikap remaja putri kelas X mengenai SADARI di SMAN 1 Parongpong tahun 2019.Metode Penelitian: Menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan stratified random sampling sampel yang didapatkan 67 remaja putri.Hasil penelitian: Tingkat pengetahuan remaja putri kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Parongpong sebagian besar kurang mengenai periksa payudara sendiri (SADARI), sebesar 55,2%. Sebagian besar sikap remaja putri kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Parongpong mendukung terhadap periksa payudara sendiri (SADARI), sebesar 68,7%.Simpulan: Diperlukan program pendidikan untuk menciptakan kesadaran mengenai perilaku skrining kanker payudara yang teratur.
Fomento de la cultura emprendedora en tiempos de pandemia: una oportunidad para jóvenes que tengan una visión de largo plazo
Authors: Estigarribia Canese Emiliano
Published: October 2021

El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la importancia de fomentar una cultura emprendedora en los jóvenes. Para el efecto, se realiza un estudio comparativo y bibliográfico buscando analizar los datos de investigaciones realizadas en nuestro país al respecto, dentro del periodo 2020. Los resultados dan cuenta que el Sistema Educativo Nacional adolece de un programa de preparación de jóvenes para emprender un negocio, desarrollándose solamente como materias en carreras universitarias específicas a las ramas de las ciencias empresariales. Se puede finalmente concluir que no existe mucha información a nivel nacional acerca de los procedimientos y pasos a seguir para emprender un negocio, tampoco instituciones que apoyan al emprendedor a realizar un proyecto o plan de negocios, y menos aun la de brindar un asesoramiento al respecto.
Acceso a derechos constitucionales de mujeres en el Centro Ciudad Mujer de Villa Elisa
Authors: Franco M. Shirley D.
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir y caracterizar una política pública desarrollada por el Estado paraguayo denominada “Centro Ciudad Mujer”. Este centro se instaló en Villa Elisa, Departamento Central y comenzó sus actividades en el año 2018, como una apuesta innovadora para impulsar el bienestar, la inclusión socioeconómica y el empoderamiento femenino. La metodología utilizada es un diseño de investigación de campo, con enfoque cualitativo, tipo descriptivo, y mediante técnicas de recolección de datos como la entrevista y la observación. Los principales resultados indican que el Centro Ciudad Mujer es una política pública con enfoque de derechos que aglutina a 17 instituciones públicas cuyas funcionarias prestan servicios en el centro. Cuenta con cinco módulos traducidos en atenciones integrales: el módulo de salud sexual reproductiva, módulo prevención y atención a la violencia contra las mujeres, módulo empoderamiento económico, módulo atención infantil y módulo educación para la equidad. El centro es un medio para el acceso a derechos y al mismo tiempo una garantía de protección de los derechos de las mujeres.
Six-in-a-Row Artificial Intelligence Design and Its Implementation Based on Java
Authors: Zhang Liujue
Published: October 2021

We can use java language to design the game of chess on eclipse platform and design a new rule for it : “Six in a Row”, this game is more complex than Five-in-a-Row,and we can add a function of Man-Machine Battle in the program.This paper which based on the practical programming experience introduce the algorithm of the above game. The basic mentality of the algorithm is creating a scoring table and all points of the chessboard are scored by using ergodic method.Finally, the machine will placing the chess in the point which have the highest score.This algorithm is clearly operable, and the machine has a high rate of winning when play with human.
An Investigation on the Part-Time Job Social Behavior of English Majors
Authors: Zhou Zhen , Chen Wei
Published: October 2021

The social part-time job is an important social practice, which can make college students integrate into society in advance and lay the foundation for future employment. This article investigates English majors in a normal university in Jiangxi Province via the questionnaire and personal interview. It aims to understand the current situation of college students’ part-time work, analyze the problems and difficulties in the process of part-time work, and explore countermeasures, so as to enrich the research on college students’ part-time work behavior and improve the safety and effectiveness of college students’ part-time work activities, which provides reference for the cultivation of applied talents in colleges and universities.

 
Enhancing Young Learners’ Writing Skills Through the Application of Web 2.0 Tools and Educational Technology in Project-Based Teaching and Learning: An Action Research Study
Authors: Manidaki Irene , Zafiri Makrina
Published: October 2021

This research probed into the application of educational technology and Web 2.0 tools in Project-Based Learning (PBL) to 6th grade Greek Primary School learners who are learning English as a foreign language. More particularly, this research probed into the teaching of writing skills to the aforementioned students through Web 2.0 tools and Project-Based Learning. Action research was conducted in which sixteen learners who attend a Greek State Primary School participated; they were involved in a five-month differentiated instruction program using Google Docs and blogs. Pre-tests and post-tests were distributed to the learners to investigate their level of writing skills according to criteria related to the learners’ overall ability to complete the writing tasks and the quality of writing production, namely spelling and punctuation, vocabulary range, accuracy and appropriacy, and to evaluate their improvement respectively. Qualitative research was also conducted: pre- and post-semi-structured interviews investigated their attitudes concerning the effectiveness of PBL in combination with Google Docs and blogs in terms of collaboration and process writing. The researchers/teachers also kept a reflexive journal which concentrated on the use of Web 2.0 tools, the writing processes, and the collaboration which took place amongst and between the learners and their teachers (who were also the researchers). Findings revealed that integrating project-based learning with educational technology and Web 2.0 tools was an effective means of enhancing young learners’ writing skills.
Effects of soaking aqueous ammonia pretreatment on chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover
Authors: Akus-Szylberg Florentyna , Antczak Andrzej , Zawadzki Janusz
Published: October 2021

Effects of soaking aqueous ammonia pretreatment on chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of applying two different temperatures of the soaking aqueous ammonia treatment on the chemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysis yield of the corn stover. Native corn stover as well as solid fractions after 20 h of alkali pretreatment performed at 15% ammonia solution and at 50 °C or 90 °C were analysed in terms of cellulose, holocellulose, lignin and extractives content. Both untreated and treated samples were subjected to the enzymatic hydrolysis and hydrolysates were examined with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated a significant development of enzymatic digestibility of the SAA treated biomass. Furthermore, a 38.7% and a 68.9% delignification levels in the biomass treated with ammonia at respectively 50 °C and 90 °C process comparing to the raw material were achieved.
Basin-scale Paleoecology: Using Semi-quantitative Analysis of the Ichnofabric within Kutai Basin (Indonesia)
Authors: Arifullah Ery , Zaim Yahdi , Aswan Aswan , Djuhaeni Djuhaeni
Published: October 2021

Ichnofossils are still not used in paleoecological studies, even though they are a valuable proxy for paleoecology. This study focused on a semi-quantitative approach to a number of ichnofabric variables, i.e. ichnofossil association, bioturbation index (BI), ichnodiversity (ID), number of behaviors (NB), penetration depth (PD), and burrow diameter (DM). It was proved that the scores of those variables were low to medium because of the paleoecological fluvial-marine transition depositional processes in the Serravallian-Tortonian interval in Kutai Basin, Indonesia. This paper contributes an ichnofabric model that is visualized as histograms. One histogram shows the most common ichnofossil associations found in ichnofabric units, i.e., Ophiomorpha, Skolithos, Paleophycus, Planolites, Thalassinoides, and Chondrites. The other histograms describe the ichnofabric variables scores for BI, ID, NB, PD, and DM. The variables represent low to medium scores, a characteristic of a brackish paleoecology at basin-scale, a unique indicator for the fluvial-marine transition depositional system.
Garm Roud 2, Iran: bladelet production and cultural features of a key Upper Palaeolithic site south of the Caspian Sea
Authors: BONILAURI Stéphanie , CHEVRIER Benoît , Asghar ASGARI KHANEGHAH undefined , ABOLFATHI Makhameh , EJLALIPOUR Roozbeh , NEJAB Robab SADEGHI , BERILLON Gilles
Published: October 2021

For more than twenty years, Iran has focused a great deal of research on the emergence and development of Upper Palaeolithic industries. South of the Caspian Sea, the site of Garm Roud 2, dated to 33878 ± 3300 Cal BP, is one of the few sites, with Mirak, to have yielded stratified evidence of occupation during this period. This paper presents the results of the typo-technological analysis of the lithic assemblage collected during the 2006 to 2008 excavation campaigns. The focus here is on a production of straight and twisted bladelets. Very few similarities have appeared between this assemblage and those from sites in the Zagros and the rest of Iran, which are generally older (about 35 to 40 000 Cal BP). Garm Roud 2 yields original evidence and may be seen as a key site for understanding Upper Palaeolithic technocomplexes and the development of bladelet production in this area.
Propofol Alone versus Propofol in Combination with Midazolam for Sedative Endoscopy in Patients with Paradoxical Reactions to Midazolam
Authors: Nam Ji Hyung , Jang Dong Kee , Lee Jun Kyu , Kang Hyoun Woo , Kim Byung-Wook , Jang Byung Ik ,   the Committees of Quality Management and Conscious Sedation of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Published: October 2021

Background/Aims: The efficacy of propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy for patients with midazolam-induced paradoxical reactions remains unclarified. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of propofol-based sedation in patients who previously experienced paradoxical reactions.Methods: This was a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled pilot study. Participants with a history of paradoxical reactions to midazolam during a previous esophagogastroduodenoscopy were recruited and randomly assigned to group I (propofol monosedation) or group II (combination of propofol and midazolam). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of a paradoxical reaction.Results: A total of 30 participants (mean age, 54.7±12.6 years; male, 19/30) were randomly assigned to group I (n=16) or group II (n=14). There were no paradoxical reactions in group I, but there were two in group II, without a significant difference (p=0.209). The mean dose of propofol was higher in group I than in group II (p=0.002). Meanwhile, the procedure and recovery times did not differ between groups.Conclusions: Propofol-based sedation was safe and effective for patients who experienced paradoxical reactions to midazolam. However, caution is needed because few cases of paradoxical reaction again can happen in group II in which midazolam was readministered.
Nova možnost konzervativnega zdravljenja hilozne fistule po disekciji na vratu z oktreotidom
Authors: Sindičič Tomaž , Aničin Aleksandar , Šifrer Robert
Published: October 2021

Izhodišče: Eden od zapletov disekcije na vratu je hilozna fistula. Največkrat nastane zaradi poškodbe torakalnega voda. Vidi se oteklina nizko na vratu levo. Iz rane lahko izteka tekočina, ki je prozorna ali mlečne barve, kar je odvisno od vsebnosti maščob. Cilj zdravljenja je popolno prenehanje izcejanja tekočine. Od konzervativnih metod se najpogosteje uporablja prehrana z manj maščobami, s srednje dolgimi trigliceridi, brez maščob, kompresijsko povijanje in v zadnjem času oktreotid, ker zavira tvorbo hilozne tekočine. Zato se fistula lažje zaceli.

Klinična primera: Opisujemo dva bolnika s hilozno fistulo na vratu, pri katerih smo ob konzervativnih ukrepih uspešno uporabili oktreotid. Iz literature smo povzeli podatke o zdravljenju hiloznih fistul po disekciji na vratu z oktreotidom.

Zaključek: Zdravljenje z oktreotidom v kombinaciji z že ustaljenimi konzervativnimi postopki zapre večino hiloznih fistul na vratu brez kirurške revizije.
Dodiplomsko spletno poučevanje družinske medicine v času epidemije virusa SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Petek Davorina , Kolšek Marko , Petek Šter Marija , Rifel Janez , Homar Vesna , Cedilnik Gorup Eva , Rotar Pavlič Danica , Kopčavar Guček Nena , Švab Igor
Published: October 2021

Izhodišča: V času epidemije covida-19 v Sloveniji je bilo potrebno celotni teoretični del pouka družinske medicine izvesti po spletu.

Metode: Pouk družinske medicine smo prilagodili izvedbi preko videokonferenčnega sistema. Dodali smo aktualne teme o epidemiji, uvedli redne domače naloge, povečali uporabo spletne učilnice in vzpostavili možnost foruma. Uporabili smo nove metode, na primer predavanje z “obrnjeno učilnico”, problemsko usmerjeno učenje s kliničnimi vinjetami in video-posvet o pouku sporazumevanja. Posebej se je obnesla metoda igrifikacije oz. uvedba kviza v pouk.

Rezultati: Kakovost, prednosti in nevarnosti spletnega pouka smo ocenili z anketo študentov in mnenjem pedagogov. Študenti so ocenili, da je pouk dobro potekal, sodobne metode so jim ugajale, predlagali pa so več kliničnih primerov in predstavitev najpogostejših stanj v družinski medicini. Spletni pouk so ocenili enako visoko kot klinične vaje. Pedagogi so navedli visoko lastno motivacijo in inovativnost pri spremembi pouka, poudarili prednost časovne prilagodljivosti, po drugi strani pa časovno zahtevnost spletnega poučevanja. V prihodnosti bi lahko s pomočjo spletnega poučevanja določen delež študentov opravljal klinične vaje v domačem okolju, s čimer bi potrebovali manj mentorjev v Ljubljani. Spletno poučevanje ponuja možnost učenja modernih veščin zdravnika družinske medicine (npr. videoposvet), aktivacije študentov (npr. igra vlog) ter omogoči ustvarjanje repozitorija učnih gradiv in sodelovanje gostov iz tujine. Slabost pa je odsotnost osebnega stika s študenti ter neustreznost za učenje kliničnih veščin.

Zaključek: Ob takojšnjem prehodu na spletno poučevanje smo preizkusili nove metode pouka, ugotovili nekatere prednosti in pomanjkljivosti. Te izkušnje bodo pomembne za spremembe pouka v naslednjih letih.
Demographic and diagnostic markers in new onset pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes: differences and overlaps
Authors: Nieto Teresa , Castillo Beatriz , Nieto Jacobo , Redondo Maria J.
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common type of diabetes in children, but the frequency of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing rapidly. Classification of diabetes is based on a constellation of features that vary by type. We aimed to compare demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics at diagnosis of pediatric T1D and T2D.Methods: We studied children who visited a large academic hospital in Houston, Texas (USA) with a new diagnosis of T2D (n=753) or T1D (n=758). We compared age, sex, race/ethnicity, presence of obesity, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, islet autoantibody positivity, C-peptide, and presence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diabetes diagnosis.Results: At diagnosis, children with T2D, compared with those with T1D, were older (13.6 years vs. 9.7 years), more likely female (63.2% vs. 47.8%), of racial/ethnic minority (91.1% vs. 42.3%), and obese (90.9% vs. 19.4%) and were less likely to have DKA (7.8% vs. 35.0%) and diabetes autoantibodies (5.5% vs. 95.4%). Children with T2D also had significantly lower glucose, lower hemoglobin A1c and lower C-peptide level (all comparisons, p<0.0001). In multiple logistic regression analysis, older age, racial/ethnic minority, obesity, higher C-peptide, and negative islet autoantibodies were independently associated with T2D (all, p<0.05), while sex, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and DKA were not (model p<0.0001).Conclusion: There are important demographic, clinical, and laboratory differences between T1D and T2D in children. However, none of the characteristics were unique to either diabetes type, which poses challenges to diabetes classification at diagnosis.
Photoluminescence blinking properties of single CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots
Authors: Li Bin , Miao Xiang-Yang ,   Key Laboratory of Spectral Measurement and Analysis of Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
Published: October 2021

Owing to their excellent optical properties, perovskite quantum dots become ideal materials for conventional optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, lasers, detectors, and non-classical quantum light sources such as single photon sources and entangled photon sources. The research on the photoluminescence blinking dynamics of single perovskite quantum dots can provide technical support for the preparation of nano-optoelectronic devices. In recent years, some achievements have been made based on the photoluminescence lifetime and photoluminescence intensity of single perovskite quantum dots. In this paper, the bright (on) state probability density and the dark (off) state probability density are extracted from photoluminescence intensity trajectories of single quantum dots and fitted by the (truncated) power-law function. It is found that the on-state probability density of single perovskite quantum dot under weak excitation condition can be fitted by a power-law function, which indicate that the photoluminescence blinking originates from the activation and deactivation of surface trap states. Under strong excitation condition, the on-state probability density of single perovskite quantum dot obeys exponential truncated power-law statistics, which indicate that the photoluminescence blinking is affected not only by the surface trap state, but also by the charging and discharging process.
Pathway dynamics can delineate the sources of transcriptional noise in gene expression
Authors: Ham Lucy , Jackson Marcel , Stumpf Michael PH
Published: October 2021

Single-cell expression profiling opens up new vistas on cellular processes. Extensive cell-to-cell variability at the transcriptomic and proteomic level has been one of the stand-out observations. Because most experimental analyses are destructive we only have access to snapshot data of cellular states. This loss of temporal information presents significant challenges for inferring dynamics, as well as causes of cell-to-cell variability. In particular, we typically cannot separate dynamic variability from within cells (‘intrinsic noise’) from variability across the population (‘extrinsic noise’). Here, we make this non-identifiability mathematically precise, allowing us to identify new experimental set-ups that can assist in resolving this non-identifiability. We show that multiple generic reporters from the same biochemical pathways (e.g. mRNA and protein) can infer magnitudes of intrinsic and extrinsic transcriptional noise, identifying sources of heterogeneity. Stochastic simulations support our theory, and demonstrate that ‘pathway-reporters’ compare favourably to the well-known, but often difficult to implement, dual-reporter method.
mRNA vaccine-induced T cells respond identically to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern but differ in longevity and homing properties depending on prior infection status
Authors: Neidleman Jason , Luo Xiaoyu , McGregor Matthew , Xie Guorui , Murray Victoria , Greene Warner C , Lee Sulggi A , Roan Nadia R
Published: October 2021

While mRNA vaccines are proving highly efficacious against SARS-CoV-2, it is important to determine how booster doses and prior infection influence the immune defense they elicit, and whether they protect against variants. Focusing on the T cell response, we conducted a longitudinal study of infection-naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donors before vaccination and after their first and second vaccine doses, using a high-parameter CyTOF analysis to phenotype their SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Vaccine-elicited spike-specific T cells responded similarly to stimulation by spike epitopes from the ancestral, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variant strains, both in terms of cell numbers and phenotypes. In infection-naïve individuals, the second dose boosted the quantity and altered the phenotypic properties of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, while in convalescents the second dose changed neither. Spike-specific T cells from convalescent vaccinees differed strikingly from those of infection-naïve vaccinees, with phenotypic features suggesting superior long-term persistence and ability to home to the respiratory tract including the nasopharynx. These results provide reassurance that vaccine-elicited T cells respond robustly to emerging viral variants, confirm that convalescents may not need a second vaccine dose, and suggest that vaccinated convalescents may have more persistent nasopharynx-homing SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells compared to their infection-naïve counterparts.
Lasianthus ranongensis (Rubiaceae), a new species from Andaman tropical rainforest Thailand
Authors: Napiroon Tiwtawat , Sinbumroong Aroon , Poopath Manop
Published: October 2021

We describe Lasianthus ranongensis Sinbumr. & Napiroon as a new species in the genus Lasianthus. The new taxon is intensively discussed through taxonomic affinities and information on its habitat, distribution and conservation status is provided. Moreover, line drawings and stereo microscope images of important fertile organs are demonstrated. The new species is morphologically similar to L. stipularis but differs in its having flattened branches (vs. terete), leaf blade elliptic-oblong shape of 15.0–20.0 × 4.0–6.0 cm (vs. oblanceolate-oblong 12.0–16.0 × 3.0–5.5 cm), 9–12 pairs of veins (vs. 9–10 pairs), stipule 5–7 mm long, half covering cymes (vs. 10–12.5 mm long, entirely covering cymes), four or five bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2.5–3.0 mm long (vs. bracts numerous, broadly triangular, 10–15 mm), flowers with cupular calyx (vs. with campanulate calyx), corolla villous on internal surface, and six or seven lobed (vs. pubescent on internal surface and four lobed) and drupes with five pyrenes (vs. with four pyrenes). It is also similar to L. pseudo-stipularis, but from which it is obviously distinguished by its stipule half covers cymes, secondary veins have 9–12 pairs of secondary veins, cupular calyx shape, six or seven lobed corolla, and drupe with five pyrenes, whereas L. pseudo-stipularis has stipule entirely covering cymes, 7–8 pairs of secondary veins, obconic calyx, four lobed corolla, and drupe with four pyrenes.
Yield Gap Analysis of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. Toria) in Kokrajhar District of Assam, India
Authors: Deka P. , Baishya B. K. , Bhagawati G. , Bhuyan M. K. , Nath R. K.
Published: October 2021

The present study was carried out at five different villages of Kokrajhar district of Assam where cluster front line demonstration (CFLD) of High Yielding Variety (HYV) of rape seed (TS 46) was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kokrajhar.  A total of 652 nos. of front line demonstration (FLD)s were evaluated to find out the yield gaps between HYV toria variety TS 46 and variety grown by farmers. Yield data of both demonstration and farmers practice were recorded and their yield gap, technology gap, extension gap and technology index were analyzed. The yield of rape seed variety TS 46 was registered 22.38 to 50.00 per cent higher over farmer’s variety. On an average technology gap, extension gap and technology index were recorded as 2.28qha-1, 2.08 qha-1 and 20.73 per cent respectively.
Antioxidant Potentials, Phytochemical Profiles and Ameliorating Effects of Senna siamea Extract on Arsenic-Induced Hepato-Renal Damage
Authors: Olusoji Owoade Abiodun , Alausa Abdullahi , Adetutu Adewale , William Owoade Akinade , Alamu Olufemi Alamu , Oludairo Olatundun
Published: October 2021

This study evaluated the in- vitro antioxidant, phytochemical constituents and hepato-renal protective efficacy of Senna siamea methanolic extract in arsenic-induced oxidative stress. The results of this study show that S. siamea has strong antioxidant potentials against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’azinobis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acids) (ABTS) radicals. The extract scavenges nitric oxide radicals and has strong ferric reducing power. It also inhibited the induction of lipid peroxidation and α-amylase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Administration of arsenic to rats induced a significant increase in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and triglycerides in the plasma, while it decreased superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase activities in the liver and kidney. It also significantly reduced the levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelet and lymphocytes in the blood. However, rats pretreated with S. siamea extract before arsenic administration significantly reversed all these arsenic-induced changes. Histological observations showed varying degrees of liver damage in the arsenic group that was un­treated, while the pre-treatment with S. siamea extract significantly improved the general histoarchitecture of the liver. The phytochemical constituents of the extract were determined, the gas-chromatography analysis revealed the possible presence of oxalic acid, barakol, kaempferol, betulin while total phenolics content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre are in considerable amount in the plant This study demonstrated that S. siamea extract has antioxidant potentials and ameliorates arsenic-induced hepato-renal toxicity, the effectiveness of S. siamea as a medicinal plant could be due to the presence of various phenolics and antioxidant compounds in the plant.