bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KOPERASI SYARIAH DAN UMKM
Authors: FADILAH UMMUL
Published: March 2022

Koperasi syariah merupakan aktivitas usaha yang bergerak pada bidang simpanan, pembiayaan, dan investasi berdasarkan penerapan system bagi hasil (syariah). Koperasi syariah ini memiliki 2 latar belakang pendirian dan kegiatan yang hampir seimbang posisinya, yakni sebagai lembaga keuangan mikro dan sebagai lembaga keuangan syariah. Melihat dari prinsip-prinsip yang ada dalam koperasi, maka tidak ada hal yang bertentangan dengan dengan syariat islam, lembaga ini telah sesuai dengan nilai-nilai islam. Akan tetapi, perlu ada penyempurnaan dan pemantauan dalam system koperasi yaitu harus terhindar dari riba, maysir, gharar, dan ataupun bathil.
Hadits Hasan
Authors: Bidayanti Mairi
Published: March 2022

Hadits hasan adalah hadits yang bersambung sanadnya, diriwayatkan oleh rawi yang adil, yang rendah tingkat kekuatan daya hafalnya tidak rancu dan tidak bercacat. Hadis sahih diriwayatkan oleh rawi yang sempurna daya hafalnya yakni kuat hafalannya dan tingkat akurasinya, sedangkan rawi hadis hasan adalah yang rendah tingkat daya hafalnya.Hukum hadis hasan fungsinya sebagai hujjah dan implementasinya adalah sama seperti hadis shahih, meskipun kualitasnya di bawah hadis shahih. Jika terjadi pertentangan antara hadis shahih dan hadis hasan, maka mendahulukan hadis shahih, karena tingkat kualitas hadis dibawah hadis shahih.Kriteria-kriteria hadits hasan dibagi menjadi lima, yakni; Periwayat (sanad) bersambung, Diriwayatkan oleh rawi yang adil, Diriwayatkan oleh rawi yang hafal (dhabith), tetapi tingkat kehafalannya masih di bawah hadits shahih, Tidak bertentangan dengan hadits dengan rawi yang tingkat dipercayanya lebih tinggi atau Al-Qur'an, Tidak terdapat cacat (‘Illat).Diantara kitab-kitab hadis yang memuat hadis hasan adalah sebagai berikut; Al Jami’ karya Abu Isa Muhammad bin Isa bin Saurah al Tirmidzi (209 H-279 H), Sunan karya Abu Dawud Sulaiman bin al Asy’ats al Sijistani (202 H-273 H), Al Mujtaba karya Imam Abu Abdirrahman Ahmad bin Syu’aib al Nasa’i (215 H-303 H), Sunan al Mushthafa karya Ibnu Majah Muhammad bin Yazid al Qazwini (209 H-273 H), Al Musnad karya Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (164 H-241 H), Al Musnad karya Imam Abu Ya’la al Maushili Ahmad bin Ali bin al Mutsanna (210 H-307 H).
Relationship between ground state energy and weak interaction of helium atoms
Authors: Shan Huang
Published: March 2022

Abstract: The ground state energy of helium atom can be expressed by formula, and it is close to the experimental value. And this result shows that the ground state energy of helium atom is the coupling between hydrogen atom and weak interaction, and on this basis, the formulas of coupling constants of weak interaction and strong interaction can be deduced.
Giải quyết việc làm cho người lao động hồi hương từ các tỉnh thành trong thời buổi dịch Covid -19
Authors: Hanh Ha Thi Hong
Published: March 2022

Giải quyết việc làm cho người lao động hồi hương từ các tỉnh thành trong thời buổi dịch Covid -19
PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN JEMBATAN SEI BINGEI
Authors: PEMBANGUNAN GOVERNANCE: JURNAL POLITIK LOKAL DAN
Published: March 2022

Facilities and infrastructure as an important instrument in the effort to do development on multi aspects of life. This study aims to see the public perception of the construction of the bridge Sei Bingei Village Berngam District Binjai Binjai Towns. Data collection techniques used in this study are in-depth interviews, observation, literature study and documentation. The result of the research shows that the construction of the sei bingei bridge is not followed by the improvement of the completeness of the public transportation infrastructure so that the existence of the Sei Bingei Bridge can not be utilized optimally for the mobilization rate of social life and the economy of the community.
Soft Tracking Using Contacts for Cluttered Objects to Perform Blind Object Retrieval
Authors: Zhong Sheng , Fazeli Nima , Berenson Dmitry
Published: March 2022

Retrieving an object from cluttered spaces such as cupboards, refrigerators, or bins requires tracking objects with limited or no visual sensing. In these scenarios, contact feedback is necessary to estimate the pose of the objects, yet the objects are movable while their shapes and number may be unknown, making the association of contacts with objects extremely difficult. While previous work has focused on multi-target tracking, the assumptions therein prohibit using prior methods given only the contact-sensing modality. Instead, this paper proposes the method \methodname{} (\methodabv{}) that tracks the belief over contact point locations and implicit object associations using a particle filter. This method allows ambiguous object associations of past contacts to be revised as new information becomes available. We apply \methodabv{} to the Blind Object Retrieval problem, where a target object of known shape but unknown pose must be retrieved from clutter. Our results suggest that our method outperforms baselines in four simulation environments, and on a real robot, where contact sensing is noisy. In simulation, we achieve grasp success of at least 65\% on all environments while no baselines achieve over 5\%.
Distributed Online Learning for Coexistence in Cognitive Radar Networks
Authors: Howard William W. , Martone Anthony F. , Buehrer R. Michael
Published: March 2022

This work addresses the coexistence problem for radar networks. Specifically, we model a network of cooperative, independent, and non-communicating radar nodes which must share resources within the network as well as with non-cooperative nearby emitters. We approach this problem using online Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Online learning approaches are specifically preferred due to the fact that each radar node has no prior knowledge of the environment nor of the positions of the other radar nodes, and due to the sequential nature of the problem. For this task we specifically select the multi-player multi-armed bandit (MMAB) model, which poses the problem as a sequential game, where each radar node in a network makes independent selections of center frequency and waveform with the same goal of improving tracking performance for the network as a whole. For accurate tracking, each radar node communicates observations to a fusion center on set intervals. The fusion center has knowledge of the radar node placement, but cannot communicate to the individual nodes fast enough for waveform control. Every radar node in the network must learn the behavior of the environment, which includes rewards, interferer behavior, and target behavior. Each independent and identical node must choose one of many waveforms to transmit in each Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) while avoiding \emph{collisions} with other nodes and interference from the environment. The goal for the network as a whole is to minimize target tracking error, which relies on obtaining high SINR in each time step. Our contributions include a mathematical description of the MMAB framework adapted to the radar network scenario. We conclude with a simulation study of several different network configurations. Experimental results show that iterative, online learning using MMAB outperforms the more traditional sense-and-avoid (SAA) and fixed-allocation approaches.
Suy ngẫm về trí thức tinh hoa
Authors: Quý Khúc Văn
Published: March 2022

Giới trí thức (giới tinh hoa) có vai trò quan trọng vào quá trình xây dựng và phát triển đất nước. Và điều quan trọng là trí thức đóng góp vào sự “thức tỉnh” xã hội [1]. Trí thức mạnh thì khoa học mạnh, khoa học mạnh thì dân trí tăng cao (khai/tăng dân trí), dân trí cao thì đất nước thịnh cường văn minh (hậu dân sinh). Muốn có tầng lớp trí thức mạnh thì phải tìm ra được trí thức thật và sau đó tạo điều kiện phù hợp để họ phát triển, đóng góp/cống hiến cho đất nước. (Tác giả: TS. Khúc Văn Quý, ĐH Quốc gia Hà Nội; ngày 13-3-2022.)
Sejarah Koperasi Syariah Di Indonesia
Authors: NOER MUH. AFTA
Published: March 2022

Koperasi dilahirkan bukan berasal dari ajaran dan kultur Islam, melainkan dari pemikiran Barat. Koperasi mulai dipraktekkan di negara kapitalis dan negara sosialis. Namun pemanfaatan koperasi hanya untuk mendukung dan memperkuat sistem perekonomian kapitalis itu sendiri, tidak ada dalil atau nash mengenai koperasi dan tidak pula dilakukan pada zaman nabi. Koperasi konvensinal yang ada sekarang ini, dinilai oleh sebagian masyarakat masih terdapat riba dan ketidakjelasan akad dalam syirkah. Sedangkan dalam Islam riba adalah sesuatu yang diharamkan sebagaimana yang terdapat di dalam Al-Qur'an dan hadist yang berkaitan dengan riba. Begitu juga dengan akad dalam koperasi yang belum sesuai dengan prinsip syariah. Untuk menjadikan prinsip operasional koperasi agar sesuai dengan prinsip syariah, maka dibentuk koperasi syariah.
Trading Liberties: Most citizens do support restricting freedoms in times of crisis
Authors: Hartmann Felix , Humphreys Macartan , Klüver Heike , Geissler Ferdinand , Giesecke Johannes
Published: March 2022

Major crises regularly lead to a public debate about whether the government should be able to restrict personal freedoms in the interest of public welfare. Using a factorial survey experiment administered to more than 10,000 online survey respondents in Germany during the COVID crisis, we assess under what conditions citizens are willing to sacrifice individual civil freedoms in the interest of public well-being. Despite highly visible protests against Covid policies, we document broad willingness to accept restrictions on rights alongside sharp heterogeneity with respect to vaccination status and party identification. The majority of citizens are vaccinated and strongly support limitations on freedoms in response to extreme conditions---especially when the vaccinated themselves are exempted from these limitations. The unvaccinated minority generally prefer no restrictions on freedoms regardless of the severity of the pandemic. These policy preferences in turn matter for reported trust in government, in opposite ways for vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens.
ENHANCE TRANSFERABILITY OF ADVERSARIAL EXAMPLES WITH MODEL ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Fan Mingyuan , Guo Wenzhong , Yu Shengxing , Ying Zuobin , Liu Ximeng
Published: March 2022

Transferability of adversarial examples is of critical importance to launch black-box adversarial attacks, where attackers are only allowed to access the output of the target model. However, under such a challenging but practical setting, the crafted adversarial examples are always prone to overfitting to the proxy model employed, presenting poor transferability. In this paper, we suggest alleviating the overfitting issue from a novel perspective, i.e., designing a fitted model architecture. Specifically, delving the bottom of the cause of poor transferability, we arguably decompose and reconstruct the existing model architecture into an effective model architecture, namely multi-track model architecture (MMA). The adversarial examples crafted on the MMA can maximumly relieve the effect of model-specified features to it and toward the vulnerable directions adopted by diverse architectures. Extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that the transferability of adversarial examples based on the MMA significantly surpass other state-of-the-art model architectures by up to 40\% with comparable overhead.
ganti judul
Authors: Fikri Fadel
Published: March 2022

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Burundi's Wеalth and Its Rеlation to Еducational Status
Authors: Le Kien , Nguyеn My
Published: March 2022

Abstract: This study aims to еxaminе whеthеr еducatеd Burundians livе wеalthiеr lifе (N=55,632). According to thе study, Burundian with morе еducation arе wеalthiеr than Burundian with lеss еducation. In quantitativе tеrms, onе еducational yеar in Burundi is associatеd with a 0.050 standard dеviation incrеasе in Burundian wеalth indеx, complеting primary schooling raisеs Burundian wеalth indеx by 0.268 standard dеviations, and complеting sеcondary schooling raisеs Burundian wеalth indеx by 0.601 standard dеviations.
SEJARAH GERAKAN KPERASI DI DUNIA DAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Aulya Winda
Published: March 2022

Saat ini di Indonesia lembaga keuangan syariah mulai berkembang, berbagai produk keuangan berbasis syariah kini telah menjadi fenomena kontemporer yang telah memberikan warna dalam perekonomian. Perkembangan sistem keuangan syariah ini ditandai dengan didirikannya berbagai lembaga keuangan syariah dan diterbitkannya instrumen keuangan berbasis syariah. Berawal dari berdirinya Bank Muamalat Indonesia pada tahun 1992, kemudian diikuti lembaga keuangan syariah lainnya, seperti Asuransi Syariah, Pegadaian Syariah, Pasar Modal Syariah, Reksadana Syariah, Koperasi Syariah, dan lain-lain.
Where Does Enhancement End and Citation Begin?
Authors: Mai Nhat Chi
Published: March 2022

One of the benefits of hypertext in a connected digital environment is the ability to interlink documents. This was part of the hyper-text focused vision of the internet that Tim Berners-Lee was trying to create in the 1990s when he developed the World Wide Web.
Image-free multi-character recognition
Authors: Wang Huayi , Zhu Chunli , Bian Liheng
Published: March 2022

The recently developed image-free sensing technique maintains the advantages of both the light hardware and software, which has been applied in simple target classification and motion tracking. In practical applications, however, there usually exist multiple targets in the field of view, where existing trials fail to produce multi-semantic information. In this letter, we report a novel image-free sensing technique to tackle the multi-target recognition challenge for the first time. Different from the convolutional layer stack of image-free single-pixel networks, the reported CRNN network utilities the bidirectional LSTM architecture to predict the distribution of multiple characters simultaneously. The framework enables to capture the long-range dependencies, providing a high recognition accuracy of multiple characters. We demonstrated the technique's effectiveness in license plate detection, which achieved 87.60% recognition accuracy at a 5% sampling rate with a higher than 100 FPS refresh rate.
Robust Multi-Robot Active Target Tracking Against Sensing and Communication Attacks
Authors: Zhou Lifeng , Kumar Vijay
Published: March 2022

The problem of multi-robot target tracking asks for actively planning the joint motion of robots to track targets. In this paper, we focus on such target tracking problems in adversarial environments, where attacks or failures may deactivate robots' sensors and communications. In contrast to the previous works that consider no attacks or sensing attacks only, we formalize the first robust multi-robot tracking framework that accounts for any fixed numbers of worst-case sensing \textit{and} communication attacks. To secure against such attacks, we design the first robust planning algorithm, named \textit{Robust Active Target Tracking} (\texttt{RATT}), which approximates the communication attacks to \textit{equivalent} sensing attacks and then optimizes against the approximated and original sensing attacks. We show that \texttt{RATT} provides provable suboptimality bounds on the tracking quality for any non-decreasing objective function. Our analysis utilizes the notations of curvature for set functions introduced in combinatorial optimization. In addition, \texttt{RATT} runs in polynomial time and terminates with the same running time as state-of-the-art algorithms for (non-robust) target tracking. Finally, we evaluate \texttt{RATT} with both qualitative and quantitative simulations across various scenarios. In the evaluations, \texttt{RATT} exhibits a tracking quality that is near-optimal and superior to varying non-robust heuristics. We also demonstrate \texttt{RATT}'s superiority and robustness against varying attack models (\textit{e.g.}. worst-case and bounded rational attacks).
KOPERASI SYARIAH DAN UMKM
Authors: Junaedi Ahmad
Published: March 2022

Sistem ekonomi syariah adalah system ekonomi yang dikembangkan berdasarkan syariat islam sehingga banyak pula pihak yang menyebutkan ekonimi islam. Sementara itu, di cukup mengembirakan, dimana keberadaan system ekonomi islam berawal dari definisi atau pemahaman bahwa islam merupakan system hidup yang mengatur semua isi kehidupan yang menjanjikan keselamatan dunia dan akhirat bagi penganutnya
KOPERASI DAN UMKM
Authors: Farida Puspa
Published: March 2022

Koperasi syariah memiliki ceruk pasar yang spesifik yaitu pasar pelaku usaha mikro dengan orientasi emosional syariah. Dengan fitur spesifik ini, koperasi syariah selain dituntut profitable juga wajib memenuhi syariah compliance. Orientasi profit telah menjadi kesepakatan umum dalam dunia bisnis termasuk di level koperasi syariah. Bagaimana dengan syariah compliance? Studi ini ingin menelaah kesyariahan koperasi syariah dengan mengacu pada regulasi koperasi syariah yang tersedia. Studi ini menemukan beberapa Ketidak syariahan koperasi syariah dari sisi substansinya, walaupun secara form atau kemasan telah tampak syariah. Ketidaksyariahan tampak dari ruang lingkup simpan pinjam dan pembiayaan, kesiapan menanggung kerugian, serta substansi akad-akadnya.Pembiayaan UMKM sangat penting dalam perekonomian nasional, karena bergerak di sektor riil. Karakteristik UMKM adalah sebagai usaha menegah ke bawah, pada umumnya dikelola dengan etika kejujuran masih di pegang kuat serta relative lebih kuat ketika di hadapkan pada krisis. Inilah yang jadi potensi UMKM harus di perhatikan dalam menggambil keputusan publik, baik itu oleh pemerintah maupun lembaga keuangan (perbankan).Kata Kunci; koperasi dan UMKM
Latar belakang sejarah gerakan koperasi
Authors: Rahmadana
Published: March 2022

Koperasi merupakan badan usaha yang dikelola dan dimiliki oleh anggotanya sendiri untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bersama. Koperasi hadir diberbagai lapisan masyarakat mulai dari kota-kota besar hingga ke pelosok desa. Kahadiran koperasi ditengah-tengah masyarakat Indonesia sudah dimulai sejak sebelum kemerdekaan Indonesia. Awal mula kehadiran koperasi di Indonesia berawal pada abad ke-19. Koperasi berasal dari negara Eropa pada awal abad ke-19. Pada saat itu, pria berkenbangsaan Skotlandia Robert Owen membuat konsep koperasi atas dasar kerja sama pada awal revolusi industri. Robert Owen kini dikenal sebagai bapak koperasi dunia. Menurut kementrian Koperasi & UMKM, koperasi sampai ke Indonesia berawal pada 1986 yang diperkenalkan oleh Patih R Aria Wiria Atmaja.
The One Way Light Fantastic
Authors: Thompson Aya
Published: March 2022

We propose a setup allowing the physical testing of a “one way” or rather anisotropic/directionally dependent speed of light. A foundational yet unsolved measurement problem proposed to be impossible, we demonstrate the basis for a setup that is immediatelypracticable. Our insight is simply that the pythagorean theorem allows for a tiny geometricindiscrepancy in path length versus time over a 2d geometry, most likely the maximum indiscrepancy allowed. While some have claimed that an anisotropic speed of light would introduce fundamental problems with the lorentz transformation and equivalence principle, we demonstrate measuring such is simply a conjugate to length contraction. Finally we suggest how this may be used to test the isotropy of dark energy.
Funding of science (Wikipedia)
Authors: Mai Nhat Chi
Published: March 2022

Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of natural science, technology, and social science. The term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding.
KOPERASI SYARIAH DAN UMKM
Authors: Awal Nurul
Published: March 2022

Koperasi syariahh adalah jenis koperasi yang mensejahterakan ekonomi para anggotanya sesuai norma dan moral Islam dan berguna untuk menciptakan persaudaraan dan keadilan yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip Islam. UMKM juga memiliki fungsi untuk mendorong kondisi ekonomi menjadi rata. Bahkan perekonomian di pedesaan juga bisa meningkat, dengan adanya bantuan dari UMKM ini. Setiap orang bisa menjual berbagai macam produk, di rumah maupun di sekitar rumah, tanpa harus pergi keluar kota untuk menjual produknya.
SEJARAH KOPERASI DI INDONESIA
Authors: Ihsan Ahmad
Published: March 2022

Perkembangan ekonomi di Indonesia dimulai dari masa penjajahan Belanda sampai Jepang. Banyak sekali kesulitan dan penderitaan rakyat pada saat itu,belum lagi mereka harus menuruti kemauan para penjajah. Disini perkembangan ekonomi sangat sulit,karena mereka menguasai semua yang ada. Sampai akhirnya masyarakat mendirikan koperasi kredit dengan tujuan membantu rakyatnya yang terjerat hutang dengan rentenir. Koperasi merupakan bagian dari tata susunan ekonomi, hal ini berarti bahwa dalam kegiatannya koperasi turut mengambil bagian bagi tercapainya kehidupan ekonomi yang sejahtera, baik bagi orang-orang yang menjadi anggota perkumpulan itu sendiri maupun untuk masyarakat di sekitarnya.
Science policy (Wikipedia)
Authors: Mai Nhat Chi
Published: March 2022

Science policy is concerned with the allocation of resources for the conduct of science towards the goal of best serving the public interest. Topics include the funding of science, the careers of scientists, and the translation of scientific discoveries into technological innovation to promote commercial product development, competitiveness, economic growth, and economic development.
Real-Time Streamflow Forecasting Framework, Implementation and Post-Analysis Using Deep Learning
Authors: Xiang Zhongrun , Demir Ibrahim
Published: March 2022

Rainfall-runoff modeling and streamflow prediction using deep learning algorithms have been studied significantly in the last few years. The majority of these studies focus on the simulation and testing of historical datasets. Deployment and operation of a real-time streamflow forecast model using deep learning will face additional data and computational challenges such as inaccurate rainfall forecast data and real-time data assimilation with limited studies guiding on these difficulties. We proposed a real-time streamflow forecast framework that includes pre-event model training using deep learning, real-time data acquisition, and post-event analysis. We implemented the framework for 124 USGS gauged watersheds across Iowa to forecast 120-hour streamflow rates since April 2021. This is the first time deep learning models have been used to predict streamflow in real-time operational settings at a large scale, and we anticipate seeing more real-time implementations of deep learning models in the future.
Fire-vegetation interactions in Arctic tundra and their spatial variability
Authors: Chen Dong , Fu Cheng , Jenkins Liza , He Jiaying , Jandt Randi , Frost Gerald , Baer Allison , Loboda Tatiana
Published: March 2022

Circumpolar tundra has experienced a greater increase in temperatures compared to any other biome, with a magnitude of the increase nearly three times the global average. Widespread shrubification associated with pronounced observed warming is gradually transforming the tundra ecosystem structure and function. This study confirms that a shrub-dominated fire-biomass positive feedback loop is evident across the Alaskan tundra. Tundra wildfires, especially those with higher severity, play a critical role in boosting the overall “greening” ongoing in many parts of the tundra. However, the fire-vegetation interactions are highly non-uniform and vary greatly within different tundra subregions, a likely consequence of the spatial heterogeneity in vegetation composition, successional trajectories, climatic, and geophysical conditions. Our study highlights the spatial complexity of tundra wildfire regimes as well as their impacts on tundra ecosystems. We thus call for greater attention to fire-vegetation interactions in different ecosystems across the circumpolar tundra domain.
Can God Do the Impossible? Anthropomorphism and Children’s Certainty that God Can Make Impossible Things Possible
Authors: Lesage Kirsten A , Richert Rebekah
Published: March 2022

This study examined beliefs about the possibility of impossible events in early childhood. Protestant, Catholic, Muslim, and Non-Affiliate parent-child dyads (N = 222) first indicated if 4 impossible events could happen in real life; they then indicated their level of certainty that God could make the events happen. Children’s judgments about whether or not God could make impossible events possible depended on their age and concepts of God. Specifically, 5- to 6-year-old children with non-humanlike views of God had greater certainty that God could make impossible events possible than children with a humanlike view of God. Children provided natural justifications for how God could or could not bring about an impossible event, though religious justifications increased with age. Additionally, analyses of parent beliefs and religious affiliation indicated different developmental trajectories for children. These findings highlight variations in how the religious context shapes young children’s understanding of the physical world and belief in supernatural causality.
Decoding the temporal dynamics of spoken word and nonword processing from EEG
Authors: McMurray Bob , Sarrett McCall E , Chiu Samantha , Black Alexis K. , Canale Rebecca , Wang Alice , Aslin Richard
Published: March 2022

The efficiency of spoken word recognition is essential for real-time communication. There is consensus that this efficiency relies on an implicit process of activating multiple word candidates that compete for recognition as the acoustic signal unfolds in real-time. However, few methods capture the neural basis of this dynamic competition on a msec-by-msec basis. This is crucial for understanding the neuroscience of language, and for understanding hearing, language and cognitive disorders in people for whom current behavioral methods are not suitable. We applied machine-learning techniques to standard EEG signals to decode which word was heard on each trial and analyzed the patterns of confusion over time. Results mirrored psycholinguistic findings: Early on, the decoder was equally likely to report the target (e.g., baggage) or a similar sounding competitor (badger), but by around 500 msec, competitors were suppressed. Follow up analyses show that this is robust across EEG systems (gel and saline), with fewer channels, and with fewer trials. Results are robust within individuals and show high reliability. This suggests a powerful and simple paradigm that can assess the neural dynamics of speech decoding, with potential applications for understanding lexical development in a variety of clinical disorders.
Co-developmental trajectories of parental psychological distress and child internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood and adolescence: Associations with self-harm and suicide attempts
Authors: Zhu Xinxin , Griffiths Helen , Murray Aja Louise
Published: March 2022

Growing evidence has suggested that parental mental illness and child internalizing and externalizing problems tend to co-occur and engender risk for adverse child outcomes; however, there is considerable heterogeneity in their joint developmental trajectories. This study aimed to evaluate the joint developmental trajectories of maternal and paternal psychological distress and child internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood to middle adolescence. Given that suicide and self-harm are major public health issues in adolescence and often occur in the context of other mental health issues, we also characterized the association between these joint trajectories and these outcomes in adolescence. Parallel-process latent class growth analysis was applied to 14 years of follow-up data from a large-scale, nationally representative sample of youths participating in the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study (MCS; n=12520, 50.9% male). Results showed the best-fitting solution had four trajectory classes: (1) low symptoms, 59.0%; (2) moderate symptoms in children, 22.5%; (3) notable symptoms in fathers, 10.7%; and (4) co-occurring maternal and child symptoms, 7.8%. Children’s sex differences were also observed in the joint trajectory groups. The trajectory groups differed in their self-harm and suicide attempts in adolescence, underscoring the importance of the roles of both parental distress and child problem behaviors processes in these outcomes. Our findings suggest the need for two-generation mental health intervention programs that are tailored based on co-developmental trajectory group membership and sexes.
Disintegrating and Reintegrating the Self – (In)Flexible Self-Models in Depersonalisation and Psychedelic Experiences
Authors: Ciaunica Anna , Safron Adam
Published: March 2022

Across times and cultures, humans constantly and intentionally tried to ‘lose’ or to ‘escape’ their familiar, ordinary self, to ‘self-detach’ and to radically change the ways of perceiving oneself and the world. In this paper we explore the contrast between the feeling of ‘losing’ the sense of familiarity with one’s self and body in Depersonalisation experiences (DP) and psychedelics (with some consideration of meditative experiences). We explore these radical changes in self-experiences through the lens of Active Inference Framework (AIF). AIF is a process theory aiming to capture the capacity of biological organisms (e.g. living human bodies) to survive and thrive in volatile and uncertain environments. In line with previous work on depersonalisation and psychedelic mechanisms, we suggest that such experiences can involve a stance with radically altered prior expectations, so providing opportunities for flexibly modulating self- and world models. Specifically, we suggest that controlled acquisition of new self- and world models may enhance the plasticity of one’s perceptual and sensorimotor experiences. This new gained flexibility, we claim, may allow the individual to ‘leave behind’ certain habits, perceptual rigidities that holds him/her ‘stuck’ in certain behavioural patterns. And to open to new ways of perceiving and integrating self- and world-related information. By contrast, depersonalisation experiences point to a uncontrolled phenomenon of non-flexible (rigid) (dis)integration of ordinary/habitual self-models, and a consequent feeling of being ‘stuck’ in one’s mind. While controlled (dis)integration of habitual self-experiences and consequent re-integration may have positive effect, uncontrolled (dis)integration of habitual self-experiences triggered by unpredictable life events may be overwhelming and lead to self-detachment and potentially adverse clinical outcomes. Contrasting these two modes of alteration will allow us to outline the importance of the controlled ability to flexibly integrate, disintegrate and reintegrate multisensory bodily signals, and its impact on the human sense of self and agency.
Simulating Behavior to Help Researchers Build Experiments
Authors: de Leeuw Joshua R , Gilbert Rebecca Anne , Petrov Nikolay , Luchterhandt Björn
Published: March 2022

Testing that an experiment works as intended is critical for identifying design problems and catching technical errors that could invalidate the results. Testing is also time consuming because of the need to manually run the experiment. This makes testing the experiment costly for researchers, and therefore is less comprehensive than testing in other kinds of software development where tools to automate and speed up the testing process are widely used. In this paper, we describe an approach that substantially reduces the time required to test behavioral experiments: automated simulation of participant behavior. We describe how software that is used to build experiments can use information contained in the experiment's code to automatically generate plausible participant behavior. We demonstrate this through an implementation using jsPsych. We then describe four potential scenarios where automated simulation of participant behavior can improve the way researchers build experiments. Each scenario includes a demo and accompanying code. The full set of examples can be found at https://jspsych.github.io/simulation-examples/.
Updating, fast and slow: Items, but not item-context bindings, are quickly updated into working memory as part of response selection
Authors: Kessler Yoav , Zilberman Nitzan , Kvitelashvili Shalva
Published: March 2022

It is commonly held that attending to items facilitates their encoding into working memory (WM). This implies that the content of WM is updated with new input as a consequence of directing attention to it. On the other hand, abundant research shows that WM updating is rather slow and effortful, suggesting that shielding WM representation against incoming input, rather than its updating, is the default. To resolve this discrepancy, we suggest that while updating item-to-context associations is costly, updating a single item is fast and is automatically carried out as part of directing attention to items, for example as part of response selection. Participants performed a choice-RT task, in which stimuli appeared within frames, and needed to update their WM with the most recent red item that appeared in each frame. The need for updating was manipulated, so that some trials required updating and others did not. Experiment 1 (N=25) showed that updating was slower than not updating with a set-size of two items, that required item-context binding, but faster when the set-size only involved one item. Experiment 2 (N=28) replicated this finding. Experiment 3 (N=20) showed that the slower no-update RTs are due to the removal of erroneously updated information. In contrast to previous findings, these results suggest that updating can be effortless and obligatory.
Anomalous entropic effects in 23 years of continuously recorded truly random data: An exploratory analysis
Authors: Radin Dean
Published: March 2022

Since 1998, a network of electronic truly random number generators located around the world has continuously recorded samples of random bits. These open-source data were used to explore a psychophysical hypothesis that predicts the emergence of anomalous structure in randomness associated with events that attract widespread human attention. A formal experiment testing this hypothesis from 1998 to 2015 used preplanned analytical methods to study 500 such events. The results revealed non-random structure during those events that deviated from chance expectation by over 7 sigma. The duration of those events comprised less than 5% of all data available through 2022, so the present analysis examined the full database to explore if emergence of negentropic structure was limited to the 500 selected events, or if it was reflective of a persistent, if subtle, relationship among mind, matter, and entropy. Two methods were used to detect: multiscale entropy and an approach designed to test if the data could be characterized as a convolution of many underlying nonrandom sequences. Both methods provided statistical evidence for negentropic behavior consistent with the hypothesis. Other interpretations are also discussed.
Beyond the implicit/explicit dichotomy: the pragmatics of plausible deniability
Authors: Bonalumi Francesca , Mahr Johannes , Marie Pauline , Pouscoulous Nausicaa
Published: March 2022

In everyday conversation, messages are often communicated indirectly, implicitly. Why do we seem to communicate so inefficiently? How speakers choose to express a message (modulating confidence, using less explicit formulations) has been proposed to impact how committed they will appear to be to its content. This commitment can be assessed in terms of accountability – is the speaker held accountable for what they communicated? – and deniability – can the speaker plausibly deny they intended to communicate it? We investigated two factors that may influence commitment to implicitly conveyed messages. In a preregistered online study, we tested the hypothesis that the degree of meaning strength (strongly or weakly communicated) and the level of meaning used by the speaker (an enrichment or a conversational implicature) modulate accountability and plausible deniability. Our results show that both meaning strength and level of meaning influence speaker accountability and plausible deniability. Participants perceived enrichments to be harder to deny than conversational implicatures, and strongly implied content as more difficult to deny than weakly implied content. Furthermore, participants held the speaker more accountable to content conveyed via an enrichment than to content conveyed via an implicature. These results corroborate previously found differences between levels of meaning (enrichment vs. implicature). They also highlight the largely understudied role of meaning strength as a cue to speaker commitment in communication.
Laughable borders: Making the case for the humorous in migration studies
Authors: Franck Anja K.
Published: March 2022

Humor is widely recognized as a fundamental aspect of the human experience, that has historically also played an important role in the way marginalized groups comment on and mock power. Yet, in migration research, the methodological and analytical value of the humorous has been more or less entirely overlooked. Rather to the contrary, migration studies has overwhelmingly centered its analysis around suffering and tragedy and, in the process, migrant trajectories have become depicted as endeavors that are largely devoid of humor, laughter, wit, irony, and play. This article, however, suggests that the almost single dedication to hardship in migration research has implications for the types of knowledge that we (re)produce around migrants’ experiences, subjectivities and struggles. In fact, it argues that our humorless representation of migrants risks feeding into de-humanization processes that tends to exceptionalize migrants’ experiences and subject positions. Offering an ethnographic account from fieldwork in Lesvos the article not only highlights how migrants do laugh at their own circumstances and the technologies put in place to control their lives and freedom of movement – but also how such laughter does political work in the way migrants narrate and navigate their experiences. In doing this it focuses on humor as a refusal to normalize conditions of subjugation, as a form of ironic truth-telling and the work that it can do to expose the absurdity of violence.
Guru Sebagai Penggerak dalam Mencerdaskan Bangsa Indonesia
Authors: Azwarini Fallia Maylafaiza
Published: March 2022

Profesi diartikan sebagai suatu pekerjaan atau jabatan yang menuntut adanya keahlian, yang didapatkan melalui jenjang pendidikan dan latihan tertentu. Tidak semua pekerjaan dapat dikatakan sebagai profesi, hal ini dikarenakan untuk dikatakan sebagai sebuah profesi, pekerjaan harus memenuhi semua persyaratan-persyaratan yang khusus sehingga pekerjaan tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai sebuah profesi. Guru juga merupakan sebuah profesi, karena guru memiliki keahlian khusus sesuai dengan bidang pekerjaannya yang tidak bisa dilakukan oleh sembarangan orang diluar bidangnya. Seorang guru memiliki tugas utama untuk mendidik dan mencerdaskan semua siswa yang diajarnya.
Failure to Rescue After Abdominal Surgery: an Audit on Incidence and Predictors
Authors: Pandit Narendra , Deo Kunal B , Awale Laligen , Bhattarai Sameer , Yadav Tek Narayan
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Failure-to-rescue (FTR), defined as death after a surgical complication, is a quality metric that is an important variable affecting mortality rates in hospitals. This study aims to analyze complications, FTR rates, and its predictors at the index hospital setting.
Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study performed at an academic  hospital from 2015 to 2020 in the Department of Surgical Gastroenterology. We included all patients who had major complications following elective major benign or malignant abdominal surgeries. The primary and secondary endpoint was FTR rates and the overall major complications and deaths, re-operation rate, and its predictors respectively.
Results: Among 762 patients, the rate of any major complication was 14.9% . The overall mortality rate was 2.8%. However, the mortality rate among patients with complications was 27.4% (FTR). Twenty-seven (52.9%) patients underwent re-operation for complications, out of which 70% survived. Three (21.4%) patients had a delay in prompt diagnosis and interventions of complications and had FTR due to the anastomotic leak and bleeding. The ASA grade, co-morbidities,, re-operation, and nature of the disease (benign vs. malignant) did not predict the FTR.
Conclusion: This study conducted at an academic, low-volume center had higher rates of FTR. It can be further reduced by both prompt and appropriate interventions of postoperative complications in a multidisciplinary setup.
دراسة التجربة الاماراتية في التنويع الاقتصادي مع إمكانية محاكاتها للاقتصاد العراقي
Authors:   كلية الادارة والاقتصاد - جامعة تكريت, عزالدين طه م . د : زياد
Published: March 2022

During the past decades, the world has witnessed large and rapid transformations, and these changes coincided with a change in economic systems from central planning to an economy directed by market forces, in order to reformulate international relations within a legal framework appropriate to the conditions of globalization. Oil to support development and raise the level of economic growth helped build a strong economic structure and vital and promising economic sectors, as a result of the state’s activation of the policy of diversifying sources of income and focusing on economic sectors promising development. As for the Iraqi economy, we find it, like other developing economies, from inherited problems that deepened its connection with global markets being a unilateral economy, the oil sector represents the important factor in revitalizing the economy and the source of economic growth and the survival of oil revenues, the main source of financing the government’s general budget, which led to a distortion in the structure of the economy and the weakness of its productive structure. The research was divided into three sections, as the first topic deals with the definition of the reality of the UAE economy and its development according to economic indicators, while the second topic deals with the reality of the state of the UAE economic structure and the sectors’ contribution to it and its development, while the third topic deals with the possibility of simulating the UAE experience in economic diversification with the Iraqi economy.
واقع التعليم الجامعي الحكومي والاهلي في العراق مع اشارة خاصة لمحافظة بغداد للمدة 2003 ـ 2018
Authors:   الجامعة المستنصرية/ كلية الادارة والاقتصاد, سالم حميد سناء , جابر عمران أ. م. د ستار
Published: March 2022

Education in general and university education in particular, is one of the basic production factors and the labor force that plays an influential role in economic development. The importance of the research is to know the reality of private university education, in preparation for supporting and enhancing the positive aspects, and knowing the negatives and addressing them. The problem of the research lies in the fact that public and private university education in Iraq has faced a great quantitative development in recent times. It is necessary to note the extent of the contribution of private university education to economic development, and through this, questions began about the role of private university education, is the expansion of the role of this sector in the activity The economy will lead to more growth, or vice versa? Noting that the graduates of this sector will cause additional pressure on the labor market, The research aims to identify the efficiency of the outputs of universities and colleges (governmental and private) qualitative and quantitative, according to the needs of the Iraqi labor market. Among the most important conclusions reached by the researcher, the private university education absorbed the surplus of students who did not enroll in public universities and not the distinguished among them, as the acceptance rates in the scientific, engineering and even humanitarian departments in the colleges investigated were low compared to their counterparts in government colleges. Also, one of the most important recommendations that I reached is the necessity of the commitment of the Central Admission Department in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to accept the planned numbers sent by private universities and not to add additional numbers; This leads to a defect in the application of quality standards, and this negatively affects the efficiency of the graduate.
أهمية الاستثمار في الاقتصاد الكويتي
Authors:   مركز دراسات البصرة والخليج العربي/ جامعة البصرة, ساري فارس أ. م . ناجي
Published: March 2022

There is no doubt that investment is important in the development and development of infrastructure, represented by various service facilities, power stations, water and sewage networks, and roads. Also, investment in the development of the industrial sector and the increase of sectoral interactions contribute to achieving human development and developing the skills of workers in the various economic sectors. Accordingly, the Kuwaiti economy is one of the most important economies in the regional region in the Middle East, as Kuwait is one of the oil-exporting countries. As the Kuwaiti economy enjoys many prominent components and factors that have contributed to attracting foreign direct investment. The reader should know that most of the natural and mineral resources that exist in Kuwait are exploited through investments, which are characterized by containing huge amounts of these resources, but most of these investments are focused on the oil sector. Therefore, investment contributes to the transfer and localization of advanced technology to Kuwait by attracting foreign investments, especially direct, which the Kuwaiti government seeks to encourage investors to invest through privileges and guarantees offered to investors, as well as the security and political stability that Kuwait enjoys. In addition to providing stimulating policies and procedures to advance the Kuwaiti economic reality. This is what makes the importance of investment in the development of the Kuwaiti economy, which depends in the characteristic of its economy on the export of crude oil.