bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police Support versus Community Support
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides a detailed examination of the role of the Police Community Support Officer (PCSO), to understand how and why it differs to that of the police constable in the conduct and delivery of Neighbourhood Policing. Drawing upon an extensive empirical base dating from when PCSOs were first introduced in England and Wales, it evidences how PCSOs are routinely engaged in a delicate balancing act between supporting the community and the wider policing mission. Set against the contemporary backdrop of austerity, the authors provide a critical account of the extent to which Neighbourhood Policing Teams perform effectively in different localities in terms of: public perceptions; providing a visible police presence; engaging with communities to identify their priorities; and co-producing solutions to local problems.
The Cardiff Community Engagement Experiment
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen
Published: July 2020

In order to develop insights into the conduct of Neighbourhood Policing ‘on the ground’, this chapter focuses in upon the findings from a significant attempt to establish a structured and systematic approach to police–community engagement, first in Cardiff and then across South Wales. Working in collaboration with South Wales Police, the authors conducted in excess of 700 face-to-face interviews with members of the public across most neighbourhoods in the police force area. Using the concept of signal crimes, the data derived are interpreted to understand what matters most to people in their local area and how they utilize these concerns to construct their sense of security. The implications of these findings and insights for steering and guiding the implementation of Neighbourhood Policing services are explored in depth.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Graham
Published: July 2020

The chapter starts by setting a global context. A small number of countries have achieved capitalist development and a good majority have not. The places where mass populations enjoy high material standards of living are in developed countries. Other countries are either very poor and economically stagnant, or aspiring to transform into fully fledged capitalism. The chapter identifies the political project to transform in this way as developmentalism. This argument is elaborated through references to Tanzania. It then sketches the substance of developmentalism in the following properties: a strong political support for expended accumulation, the conflation of development with state sovereignty, the construction of legitimacy, and the disciplining of business.
Rome and the Economics of Ancient Law I
Authors: Miller Geoffrey Parsons
Published: July 2020

This chapter serves as an introduction to the essays in this collection by exploring the ways in which contemporary economic theory can be used to ask new questions about the law and economies of ancient societies. The chapter begins with a review of the importance of Roman law as an academic discipline to legal historians. It then introduces the overall theme of the collection by reviewing the ways in which historians of the ancient economy and of ancient law have made use of economic theory to understand better the relationship between law and the economy in the Roman world. The chapter then goes on to discuss the individual chapters in this volume. It focuses in particular on the ways in which economic theory informs the approaches that the authors, both legal and economic historians, take in their essays. The chapter will thus set the individual chapters in a broader scholarly perspective and will seek to explain why economic methods are a fruitful way to understand Roman Law and Roman economic history.
The Organization of India-to-Rome Trade
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: July 2020

Not much is known about the organization of the trade between Egypt and India in Roman times. Roman law is obviously well documented in surviving texts of various sorts. Trade practices in the Indian Ocean routes are sporadically known from surviving manuscripts. Actual organizational documents are practically unavailable with the rare exception of the Muziris Papyrus. The Papyrus, dated from the mid-second century CE, known also as the Vienna Papyrus, was first published in 1985. It deals with the finance and organization of trade on the route between Alexandria and Muziris in India. It adds a new dimension to our knowledge of the organizational practices of Eurasia trade in antiquity and is in fact the best source available up until the era of the Cairo Geniza, almost a millennium later. There is an ongoing debate about its nature in the papyrology literature. I will provide my own analysis of the papyrus based on legal history, economic analysis of law, and institutional economics theory. I will evaluate its nature as a loan or agency contract, as a standard form template, and as a forerunner of the sea loan and the commenda.
Agency Problems and Organizational Costs in Slave-Run Businesses
Authors: Abatino Barbara , Dari-Mattiacci Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the internal economic organization of the peculium servi communis—that is, of separate business assets assigned to a slave—and its (external) relationships with creditors. Literary, legal, and epigraphic evidence points predominantly to businesses of small or medium size, suggesting that there must have been some constraints to growth. We identify both agency problems arising within the business organization (governance problems) and agency problems arising between the business organization and its creditors (limited access to credit). We suggest that, although the praetorian remedies had a remarkable mitigating effect, agency problems operated as a constraint to the expansion of these business organizations, both in terms of the number of individuals involved and in terms of the amount of capital invested.
Banking, Money-Lending, and Elite Financial Life in Rome
Authors: Andreau Jean
Published: July 2020

Through legislation and judicial decisions, the public administration (the city, first, and then the Empire) organized and regulated the activities of the various social groups. What was their impact on the complex world of banking and credit? After having briefly described how banking and financial life functioned in the Roman world, this chapter examines the way in which praetors and jurisconsults considered these activities, which legal rules they established, what were the effects of such rules, especially from the economic point of view, and how they developed from the first centuries of the Republic to the fourth century AD.
Private Prosecution and Enforcement in Roman Law
Authors: Friedman David
Published: July 2020

Many legal systems show evidence of having evolved out of a decentralized system of privately enforced law. Our very imperfect information on early Roman law, in particular the surviving texts from the law of the Twelve Tables, suggests that that was the case for it as well. Punishments for what we would consider crimes largely consisted of damage payments, while enforcement of court verdicts seems to have been largely the responsibility of the plaintiff, as was compelling the defendant to come to court. The earliest procedure for trial (legis actio sacramento) took the form of a bet on which side’s claim was true, with the money deposited by the losing party forfeiting to the state. Arguably its function, like that of a trial in a feud system such as that of saga-period Iceland, was to establish for third parties which of the two litigants was in the right and so entitled to use force if the losing litigant refused to obey the judgment. There was, however, an exception to that pattern for offenses against religion or directly against the state. Privately enforced systems, most notably early Irish law, make use of sureties to enforce contracts and judgments. The same was true of Roman law throughout its history, although with many detailed differences from the Irish. Over time, responsibility for prosecution and enforcement shifted from the plaintiff to state actors. But even in its final form as codified by Justinian, prosecution of both civil and criminal offenses was primarily the responsibility of private citizens.
The Dual Origin of the Duty to Disclose in Roman Law
Authors: Abatino Barbara , Dari-Mattiacci Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

The Roman law remedies for failure to disclose in sales contracts were developed by two different institutions: that of the aediles, with jurisdiction on market transactions effected through auctions, and that of the praetor, with general jurisdiction including private transactions. The aedilician remedies—the actiones redhibitoria and quanti minoris—allowed for rapid transactions and inexpensive litigation but generated some allocative losses ex post, as they did not incentivize the parties to exchange information about idiosyncratic characteristics of the goods for sale. In contrast, the remedy developed by the praetor—the actio ex empto—implied lengthier transactions and more expensive litigation but eliminated the ex post allocative loss, as it fully protected the buyers’ idiosyncratic interests. The analysis reveals that these Roman law remedies maximized the value of the underlying contracts and sheds new light on how differences in the lawmaking institutions affect the law produced by them.
What is a Quantum Superposition?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry has successfully tested the Split button of his quantum suit that enables a quantum object to be in several places at the same time. This bizarre phenomenon is explained by the superposition principle, which reflects Henry’s wavelike properties. Yet Henry remains a single entity as he splits into two superposed versions. In order to understand such behavior, the emergence of the relevant concepts, from classical wave theory, through the quanta hypothesis and the subsequent development of QM, are reviewed. The possibility of such momentous changes in human thinking as the QM scientific revolution is disconcerting if one seeks the truth of the world through physics. A retrospective of the views on the rapport of physics with reality and its roots in mythical or symbolic pictures of the world suggests that the QM revolution eludes straightforward explanation. The QM superposition principle is mathematically formulated in the appendix to this chapter.
What is Quantum Interference?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry seeks to to evade his foe, Eve, by controlling the phase of his superposition state. With this control, Henry can choose where to be or not to be, by having his two waves interfere with the same phase, thereby reinforcing each other, or with opposite phases, resulting in his two waves extinguishing each other. The historical debate on quantum interference and its competing interpretations is reviewed. The spin, an internal rotation of a quantum particle, which constitutes a two-state quantum system, is beneficial for understanding quantum interference and underlies a variety of applications, from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantum information (QI). Quantum interference allows an object to coexist in states of “being” and “non-being” at a given time. Such coexistence and QI logic contradict the basic dichotomy between being and nothingness postulated 2,500 years ago by Parmenides, yet they resonate with the teachings of the Buddhist thinker Nagarjuna.
What is Quantum Uncertainty?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Eve attempts to eavesdrop on Henry, who discovers that her eavesdropping strategy is susceptible to hindrances imposed by the QM uncertainty principle. Eve can detect Henry’s whereabouts to any precision she chooses. However, a precise position measurement induces a large spread of Henry’s velocities and renders his position extremely uncertain, defeating Eve’s attempt to further track him. Such restriction on the maximal accuracy of measuring “complementary” observables was viewed by Bohr as a fundamental limitation on human perception of the world. A deeper explanation of complementarity may assume that the observer’s cognition and the observed object are inseparable, in the spirit of Spinoza, who considered nature as one substance with both mental and physical modalities. By studying these modalities, human knowledge may some day be freed from complementarity constraints. The appendix to this chapter introduces operators and their commutation relation and clarifies the position–momentum uncertainty relation.
What is the Environment of Quantum Systems?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry and Eve try to outrace each other, so as to get first to the unique quantum crystals deposited in an underground mine. In his descent into the mine, Henry resorts to coherent transfer. When he tries to return the same way, he gets stuck halfway up, because his entanglement to Eve’s sensors decoheres him. This scenario represents any environment where the interaction of each constituent with the quantum system is weak. Yet, together these many constituents and the system become completely entangled, causing environment-induced decoherence. This consensual narrative on decoherence conceals conceptual hurdles. Where does one draw the line between the system and the environment? How can the unitarity of QM be reconciled, whereby our past and future are interchangeable, with the irreversible evolution of quantum systems under decoherence, culminating in death? The appendix to this chapter describes coherent oscillations in a quantum system and their decay by decoherence.
Can Dephasing be Controlled?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry is in peril after bailing out from a burning airplane, because his quantum suit has uncontrollably split him into four quantum versions, only one of which can get hold of the parachute. In order to survive, all his versions must recombine via interference exactly where the parachute is. To this end, the phases of all his versions must be fully in control. Alas, Henry’s ejection has scrambled (randomized) his phases by decoherence (dephasing), which is common in quantum systems. A tip from Eve in mid-air concerning phase reversal proves to be a life saver! This decoherence control, which is indispensable in MRI, is termed sin echo, as the dynamics after the phase reversal echoes the dynamics before this operation. The much further-reaching potential goal of decoherence control may be to influence metabolism and even the process of dying. The appendix to this chapter explains dephasing and its control by the spin-echo method.
What is Quantum Tunneling?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry and Eve have been locked behind bars by their captors. Eve recalls that Henry accidentally stepped into the focal area of multiple laser beams and found himself in her office, having gone through the wall! This effect is called “quantum tunneling”. Eve’s reminiscence makes Henry realize that enhanced tunneling through the jail bars is achievable by a periodic force at the tunneling resonance frequency. Tunneling underlies diverse processes: nuclear radioactive decay, transistor action, superconducting junction operation and ultracold gas dynamics. It may be explained as predominantly destructive interference between quantum wavepacket portions inside the barrier, and can be drastically enhanced or suppressed via interplay between environment and control effects. Tunneling exemplifies the shattering of spacetime concepts that may profoundly affect human existence. The appendix to this chapter discusses Schrödinger’s wavefunctions in tunneling.
Disorderly Brethren?
Authors: Leng Thomas
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers how membership of the Company of Merchant Adventurers was experienced. It considers whether Company membership was capable of engendering loyalty and a distinctive mercantile identity. The chapter considers two aspects of membership: participation in Company government, and experience of corporate regulation. The former entailed attendance at Company meetings, including those held for elections, and the chapter assesses the constitutional structure of the Company and the tensions that could exist between different residences. Corporate regulation focused on channelling trade into particular settings—the mart towns—and regulating the market in cloth to limit competition amongst brethren. The chapter considers how compliance with this system was enforced, as well as how it was evaded, noting considerable examples of trade out of the mart towns at certain points in the period. The chapter concludes that, in order to be effective, Company regulations had to accord with the perspectives of members about legitimate conduct.
‘That Trade which their Charter reaches not’
Authors: Leng Thomas
Published: July 2020

The final chapter considers how the Merchant Adventurers came to lose its domestic privileges following the Glorious Revolution in a way that proved to be lasting. Although usually this has been seen as an inevitable consequence of the long-term decline in the volume of the cloth trade and the political position of the Company, the chapter argues that this was a more contingent process than is usually realized. In fact, the Company had been on the cusp of a political revival as recently as the 1680s. The chapter considers the reasons for this, in terms of the Company’s long-term relationship with the English state, and its struggle to maintain its monopoly against interlopers. The reasons why the Company failed to capitalize on the upturn in its political fortunes are connected to the structural changes in the Company’s trade, which saw its residences in Hamburg and England increasingly at odds over the purposes of the Company, and how it was to be governed. This contest was reflective of broader changes in the position and activities of merchants in a period of growing multilateral trade.
Governing by Rules and Ruling by Numbers in the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 4 provides an overview of the Eurozone crisis, to serve as a background for the subsequent four chapters which discuss in turn each of the four EU actors’ particular pathways to legitimacy, including their sources of power and grounds for throughput legitimacy, along with the Janus-faced public perceptions of their Eurozone governance. The chapter begins with a brief review of the history of European Monetary Union (EMU), describing the trials and tribulations in the run-up to the Maastricht Treaty and member states’ very different ideas and discourse related to monetary integration, as illustrated by the differences in German, French, and Italian views. It then considers what happened at the time of the introduction of the single currency. The chapter follows with the initial responses to the Eurozone crisis during its fast-burning phase, characterized by a doubling down on the rules of the Stability and Growth Pact. It elaborates on the trials and tribulations at the inception of the crisis, on EU actors’ initial actions and reactions, and on institutional innovations such as banking union. It also provides further details on legislation and treaty agreements, as well as on the ideas underpinning the policy responses. The chapter ends by considering the benefits and drawbacks of EU actors’ subsequent reinterpretation of the rules by stealth during the Eurozone crisis’ slow-burning phase, arguing that although rules reinterpretation may have improved policy responses (output), not admitting this raised questions of accountability and transparency (throughput), while failing to address problems of political legitimacy (input).
The Council
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 discusses the pathway to legitimacy of the European Council (and the Council), with a special focus on Germany’s predominance through “one size fits one” rules. The chapter begins with an analysis of the Council’s particular sources of power and grounds for throughput legitimacy in Eurozone governance. It questions member-state leaders’ assumptions about their representativeness (input legitimacy), then asks if they meet the requirements of deliberative mutual accountability (throughput legitimacy) or even whether Germany fits the criteria expected of a benevolent hegemon. Next the chapter discusses the Janus-faced public perceptions of Council crisis governance. These are divided between views of the Council as an unaccountable (German) dictatorship or as a mutually accountable deliberative body (in the shadow of Germany). This part first presents the Council as an unaccountable dictatorship by detailing the ways in which Germany was predominant on its own and/or in tandem with a weaker France. It then counters with a discussion of the Council as a mutually accountable deliberative body, by charting not only the many instances in which member states agreed with German preferences but also where Germany acquiesced to those of other member states. The chapter ends with an examination of the actions of the Council (in particular the Eurogroup of Finance Ministers) and the Troika (IMF, Commission, and ECB) with regard to the program countries. This can be seen as two sides of the same coin: harsh dictatorship (especially the third Greek bailout) or deliberative authoritarianism (eg, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus and Greece in the second bailout).
Policy Effectiveness and Performance in the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 9 examines the output legitimacy of Eurozone crisis governance, based in its policy effectiveness and performance. The chapter begins by showing that the crisis was misframed as one of public debt rather than private debt and misdiagnosed as resulting from bad behavior rather than the structure of the euro. The narratives did not reflect the periphery’s pre-crisis low deficits and debt (except for Greece) or account for the impact of competitive wage deflation and current account surpluses in Germany, as well as for bank-spurred wage inflation in the periphery (especially by German and French banks). The chapter then argues that EU actors chose the wrong remedies—budgetary austerity and structural reform instead of growth through stimulus and investment—and failed to devise adequate solutions. This is evidenced by the EU’s lack of effectiveness in monetary policy and investment compared to the US and by the increasing divergence in performance between Northern and Southern Europe. To blame is the failure to complete the architecture of the euro with the necessary economic instruments, not the fact that the Eurozone would never be an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). At fault were equally the excessive socioeconomic costs of austerity, reflected in levels of unemployment, inequality, and poverty, and the perversity of EU-led structural reforms. These “one size fits all” socioeconomic policies failed to take account of differences in national varieties of capitalism and growth models, while taking a tremendous toll on countries under conditionality—not just Greece but also Portugal, Spain, Italy, and even Ireland.
Pulling Down the Walls of the World, 1920–1930
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: July 2020

This chapter traces the origins of international broadcasting in the 1920s, examines cooperation among broadcasters working to control and regulate transnational transmissions, and analyses utopian ideas about the impact of radio on the international order. It draws out the early history of cross-border broadcasting and listening and demonstrates that in the first years of radio, all listeners were distant listeners. It explores the technologies of transmission and reception used in international broadcasting during the 1920s. It discusses why many contemporaries thought that broadcasting could encourage international understanding and peace in the wake of the carnage of the First World War. It argues that wireless internationalism found its most obvious expression in this period with the foundation of the International Broadcasting Union (IBU). The IBU encouraged members to exchange material with one another and relay each other’s programmes. Finally, the chapter explores the early history of short-wave broadcasting and relay work, and examines debates about the establishment of a BBC empire service.
Fraternizing in the Ether, 1931–1933
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: July 2020

During the early 1930s faith in a utopian form of wireless internationalism was shaken by the world economic crisis, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and the Nazi revolution in Germany. Radio still seemed a potential means to encourage international understanding and peace, but increasingly it also appeared to be a powerful tool of propaganda that might serve aggressive nationalist ends. As Europe’s broadcasting infrastructure became more formidable, broadcasters continued to work through the International Broadcasting Union to regulate the airwaves and combat interference and hostile propaganda. These measures were only partially effective and were ignored by a powerful new station broadcasting commercial programmes across Europe in several languages, Radio Luxembourg. The League of Nations also began to study the disruptive impact of radio on international affairs, and established its own broadcasting station, Radio Nations. Relay work continued, linking up the broadcasters of Europe and forging new connections across the Atlantic. The number of short-wave broadcasters increased significantly during this period, and the BBC established its own short-wave Empire Service, designed to reach out to white expatriate listeners in Britain’s colonies, and to English speakers in the ‘dominions’. Many in the US could also tune in, and British civil servants, notably at the Foreign Office, worried about the impact on Anglo-American relations.
Rivalry and Competition, 1934–1937
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: July 2020

The mid 1930s were one of the most decisive periods in the development of international broadcasting, as the use of wireless for propaganda purposes intensified and states became intimately involved with cross-border radio services. Fascist Germany, Italy, and Japan set the pace: Germany’s short-wave station at Zeesen continued to be the main competitor for the BBC’s Daventry station, and following the invasion of Abyssinia Italy’s stations at Rome and Bari threatened to undermine British influence in the Middle East, and particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Attempts by the International Broadcasting Union and the League of Nations (with its Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace initiative) to halt the rising tide of broadcast propaganda failed. Wireless internationalism increasingly seemed a forlorn hope. Britain also used broadcasting for propaganda purposes. The BBC stepped up attempts to reach US audiences by providing improved relays for the American networks. More significantly, the Foreign Office turned to the BBC to begin broadcasting in Arabic for the Middle East and Spanish and Portuguese for Latin America. The chapter significantly revises our understanding of the relationship between the BBC and the British state in this period, demonstrating that in taking on the work of broadcasting in foreign languages, the BBC accepted significant restrictions on its independence.
The Shock Troops of Propaganda
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: July 2020

During the 1930s, British broadcasters and policymakers came to agree that the BBC could best support British foreign policy interests by broadcasting truthful, objective news—or, at least, news which seemed to be so. The BBC began international news broadcasting in 1930, as part of the experimental short-wave service aimed at expatriate listeners in the colonies. Bulletins mixed political and economic news for imperial administrators with items intended to provide a sense of connection with ‘home’. The BBC broadcast news provided by the news agency Reuters. Broadcasting this news across borders threatened to disrupt the restrictive practices upon which much of the news industry relied, and careful negotiation between the BBC, Reuters, and newspapers in various parts of the British Empire was necessary. During the latter part of the 1930s, Reuters’ position in several crucial news markets began to deteriorate. The British government turned to the BBC as a means to provide Reuters with support and covert subsidies, and also to broadcast news from British sources direct to key areas, such as Latin America, in order to underpin British influence and compete with state-supported news services from fascist countries and formidable commercial services from the US. The Foreign Office also exerted influence over the content of BBC news broadcasts, preventing the transmission of bad news from Palestine, circulating official reports from British officials in the Middle East, and limiting coverage of the plight of Germany’s Jews.
Distant Listening
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: July 2020

In the interwar years distant listening offered individuals, families, and communities a way to form real and imagined connections across vast distances, and to hear the sounds of the familiar and the exotic. Yet distant listening was seldom easy: it often required specialist equipment and skills and was disrupted by various forms of interference. It should be understood as part of the noisy soundscape of the Roaring Twenties, and as carrying the echo of the deteriorating international climate of the 1930s. Distant listening was often associated with noise: the irritating noise of interference, but also wonderful, astonishing, strange, and authentic noises from far-off countries. Many international broadcasters sought to capitalize on the appeal of exotic noises as a means to draw listeners to their programmes. Contemporary ideas about listening were also shaped by assumptions about gender (including interwar thinking about the ‘Modern Girl’) and race. Listening to distant stations was often depicted as an essentially masculine activity, and yet many women emphasized their own prowess tuning-in stations, and the enjoyment they derived from the pursuit. Contemporaries meanwhile often depicted non-European listening habits in highly racialized terms. They debated whether radio would be harnessed as a means of imperial communication that could strengthen imperial rule, or would be something that subverted colonial and semi-colonial regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Beasley Rebecca
Published: July 2020

On 8 February 1929, Constance Garnett wrote to her friend H. E. Bates,

I was told yesterday of a very fine picture of Duncan Grant’s called “Crime and Punishment”—a girl sitting on a sofa with her head in her hands, apparently quite overwhelmed, with a book lying open face downwards beside her. I forget whether you have read ‘The Karamazovs’ & ‘The Idiot’—both of them finer to my mind....
Modern Worlds, Simple Lives
Authors: Beasley Rebecca
Published: July 2020

This chapter analyses the work of Russian émigrés, especially the members of the Chaikovsky circle, for whom the promotion of Russian literature was part of a campaign to interest the British people and their political leaders in their revolutionary politics. In their articles, translations, and collaborations with British writers, journalists, translators and publishers, this group were able to establish an early canon of Russian literature, and shape its interpretation. As well as forming close strategic relationships with members of the British liberal establishment and socialist groups, Russian émigrés were active in the networks of ‘ethical socialist’, simple life, and Tolstoyan movements. It is in these more literary, more anarchist, versions of socialism that we see the roots of a modernist literature that looked to Russian, rather than French, literature and culture as its model.
Aspects of the Novel
Authors: Beasley Rebecca
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses the debates about the future of the British novel in the years leading up the First World War. The initial focus is Ford Madox Ford’s English Review. By reading the magazine forward from the ‘Art of Fiction’ debates of the 1880s, rather than—as is usual—back through canonical modernism, we see how Ford deliberated staged comparisons between what he saw as the two distinct possibilities for the future of modern British literature: the ‘artists’ drawing on a French, specifically Flaubertian, tradition with which Ford aligned his own ‘impressionism’, and the ‘propagandists’ deriving from English and Russian nineteenth-century novels. The literary relevance of the anti-tsarist politics of the magazine is discussed, and the chapter concludes by analysing Joseph Conrad’s work of the period.
Sex, Love, and Gender
Authors: Varden Helga
Published: July 2020

This book provides a comprehensive account of sex, love, and gender—the first of its kind—by engaging a seemingly unlikely ally: Immanuel Kant. To date, no scholar has considered Kant’s potential contributions to such an account; nor is this surprising. Kant explicitly views sexual activity as inherently morally problematic, maintaining as ethically permissible only heterosexual procreative sexual activity within the confines of legal marriage. Kant’s comments on sex, love, and gender are also diffused throughout his practical works—from his works on ethics and legal-political thought, to his works on aesthetics, teleology, history, religion, and anthropology—presenting a textual and philosophical obstacle to reconciling his accounts of human nature and of human rights and freedom into an integrated whole. Sex, Love, and Gender—A Kantian Theory takes on these challenges. It offers an innovative interpretation of Kant’s account of sex, love, and gender, which shows how his disparate references can be seen as parts of one coherent philosophical approach. The book also rehabilitates Kant’s theory by overcoming the philosophical mistakes and limitations of Kant’s own writings. The result is a philosophical understanding of the phenomenology of sex, love, and gender and core related moral (ethical and legal) issues such as sexual orientation, abortion, sexual or gender identity, marriage, erotica, sexual oppression, and trade in sexual services.
Private Right
Authors: Varden Helga
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides a Kantian account of private right in relation to marriage and trade in sexual services. I argue that in addition to various non-ideal reasons and reasons based on equality that make same-sex couples want to have a right to marry, there are ideal reasons why they want such a right. I also extend this argument to defend the right to marry for non-binary, symmetrical polyamorous partners. Regarding trade in sexual services, I maintain that Kant’s account of bodily rights can explain why one never gets an enforceable right to have sex with another person even if one has a right to get some of the money back if a contract is broken. Importantly, these arguments hold regardless of what someone may think from the point of view of virtue or religion.
Public Right
Authors: Varden Helga
Published: July 2020

This chapter engages complexities concerning systemic justice in relation to sex, love, and gender. It shows how philosophical ideas in Kant’s account of public right in combination with his full account of human nature, yields a position that can take on systemic issues of dependency (including the state’s right and duty to fight poverty) and oppression (including through public laws protecting sexual or gendered minorities). In addition, I show how Kant’s account of different kinds of external forces people may find themselves subjected to—“barbaric,” “anarchic,” “despotic,” and “republican”—help us capture the moral complexity facing oppressed and vulnerable populations in different legal-political circumstances. Finally, I argue that the ultimate aim for states is to establish a legal-political whole characterized by the citizens governing themselves wisely through active participation in public debate and public institutions.
Image, archive, and monograph
Authors: Morton Christopher
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 examines the relationship between Evans-Pritchard’s use of photographs in The Nuer, the way he draws upon such visual evidence in his texts as part of the overall argument, and whether such visual material asserts the ‘ethnographic authority’ of the anthropologist, as argued by James Clifford. The suggestion by Geertz of a link between the visualizable as a dimension of Evans-Pritchard’s ethnographic writing, and the visual presentation of photographs within The Nuer, is an important interplay with which this chapter grapples. I argue for a material history approach that reveals the influence of wider contexts, such as anthropological book production in the 1940s. I also argue that a closer examination of the relative costs and restrictions in sharing or making plates for book illustration during World War II is important to understanding image selection for The Nuer, with many plates reused from journals that had carried his earlier articles.
Non-equilibrium dynamics and stochastic processes
Authors: Abbott Karen C.
Published: July 2020

Most standard theoretical approaches emphasize the role of deterministic density dependence in creating and maintaining equilibrium dynamics. At the same time, it is widely recognized that ecological processes are inherently stochastic, and that disturbances and variation in the environment and in the fates of individuals prevent many ecological systems from resting at their theoretical equilibrium. A developing body of stochastic ecological theory aims to bridge the gap between the deterministic tools of classical theory and the stochastic, non-equilibrial questions that real systems present to us. This chapter provides an overview of this developing theory, with an emphasis on approaches that confront the complex interplay between deterministic density dependence, and perturbations. Although intuition may suggest that stochasticity and transient phenomena should obscure ecological understanding, they can actually strengthen it when viewed through the appropriate lens, as illustrated in this chapter.
Models for large ecological communities—a random matrix approach
Authors: Allesina Stefano , Grilli Jacopo
Published: July 2020

Lotka and Volterra were among the first to attempt to mathematize the dynamics of interacting populations. While their work had a profound influence on ecology, leading to many of the results that were covered in the preceding chapters, their approach is difficult to generalize to the case of many interacting species. When the number of species in a community is sufficiently large, there is little hope of obtaining analytical results by carefully studying the system of dynamical equations describing their interactions. Here, we introduce an approach based on the theory of random matrices that exploits the very large number of species to derive cogent mathematical results. We review basic concepts in random matrix theory by illustrating their applications to the study of multispecies systems. We introduce tools that can be used to yield new insights into community ecology and conclude with a list of open problems.
A data-driven approach to complex ecological systems
Authors: Kondoh Michio , Kawatsu Kazutaka , Osada Yutaka , Ushio Masayuki
Published: July 2020

Interspecific interaction has been a key concept in ecology to understand the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Important, yet often overlooked, is that an interspecific interaction is a product of multiple biological processes at various temporal and spatial scales, including changes in demographic parameters such as birth and death rates, behavioral responses such as inter-habitat movements, and hiding and evolutionary responses in a longer temporal scale. Each of those mechanisms, according to ecological theory, potentially affects population dynamics and modifies the community-level properties such as community complexity and stability in different manners. Here, a question arises: how does the net interspecific interaction, which is made up with those multiple processes, look like in the real nature? How do changes depend on the temporal or spatial scale? In this chapter we show that a data-driven approach using demographic time series is a powerful tool to answer those questions. According to nonlinear dynamics theory, a time series of a variable contains information about the dynamic system that the variable belongs to. We can use this fact to identify interspecific interactions, quantify their signs and strengths and evaluate its effect to community-level dynamic properties. Some results we got by applying the time-series analysis based on nonlinear dynamics theory (called Empirical Dynamic Modeling) to empirical demographic data, experimental or observational, will be presented, which will demonstrate how fluctuating and condition-dependent the real interactions are and reveal how those interactions give rise to the dynamic properties at higher organization levels.
Trait-based models of complex ecological networks
Authors: Brose Ulrich
Published: July 2020

Over many decades, modelling natural communities of higher diversity and complexity has been hampered by the necessity to provide reasonable parameters for all processes at the level of populations and interactions. Trait-based approaches such as allometric scaling allow to use general species traits such as their average individual body mass to estimate the parameters of populations (e.g., metabolic rates) and interactions (e.g., attack rates). This chapter describes this trait-based network approach and illustrates its potential for understanding the structure and dynamics of complex networks using the examples of i) intrinsic community stability and ii) consequences of global change (e.g., warming). Finally, new research frontiers are illustrated that include spatial processes in meta-networks, the constraints of ecological network structure on ecosystem functioning, and non-trophic interactions.
Serial Forms
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

Serial Forms: The Unfinished Project of Modernity, 1815–1848 proposes an entirely new way of reading the transition into the modern. The first book in a three-part series which will take the reader up to the end of the First World War, Serial Forms looks at the rapid expansion of print in London after the Napoleonic Wars. It shows how the historical past and the contemporary moment are emerging into public visibility through serial newsprint, illustrations, performances, shows, and new forms of mediation and it suggests that the growing importance and determining power of the form of seriality is a result of the parallel and connected development of a news culture alongside an emergent popular culture of historicism. Pettitt’s attention to the increasingly powerful cultural work of seriality in this period offers a fresh new way of thinking about print, media, literary and art history, as well as political, historical and social categories. The argument of Serial Forms rests on historical and archival material but the book also offers a philosophical and theoretical account of the impact of seriality. This first volume sets out the theoretical and historical basis for the subsequent two volumes in the series, which move out of London to encompass continental Europe and the imagination of the global. Serial Forms proposes fresh and frame-shifting analyses of familiar texts and authors, such as Scott, Byron and Gaskell, and sets out to change our thinking about new experiences of time and place in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe
Published: July 2020

The keys to sustained economic growth and development lie in policy and investment strategy decisions taken within African countries. Our argument is ‘possibilist’: neither pessimistic nor naively optimistic. We draw on a wide range of economic and political economy research but also on research in history, anthropology, environmental science, agronomy, and more. The book pays attention to gender relations, offering thick descriptions of the ways in which the majority of African women struggle to survive. It pays closer attention than many to how data are produced and to the quality of evidence underpinning conventional wisdoms. It draws on an unusually wide range of types of evidence, qualitative as well as quantitative, historical and contemporary, providing a rich resource of references and a guide to additional reading. Our arguments through this book are often different from both those typically associated with mainstream neoclassical economics and those more common on ‘the left’.
Varieties of Common Sense
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe
Published: July 2020

Policy officials are often influenced by two broad varieties of conventional wisdom: the set of ideas broadly associated with neoclassical economics; and those ideas flowing from third worldist, anti-imperialist, and structuralist development economics. We show how these apparently opposing perspectives often have a surprising amount in common. Reflexes of ‘impossibilism’ and ‘naive optimism’ are often shared across an ideological divide. Thus, pessimism in orthodox trade theory suggests no African economy can hope to accelerate structural change by defying the signals of comparative advantage; and pessimism in structuralist trade arguments claims limited gains from exporting, especially from exporting primary commodities while the terms of trade are declining. Both forms of pessimism can easily switch to naive optimism when they imagine the ease of rapid and ‘inclusive’ development. But the switch requires that unrealistic conditions are put in place: perfectly competitive markets or idealized South–South cooperation.
The Trade Imperative
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe
Published: July 2020

Economists from very different backgrounds often counsel against a fast growth of imports—and it is certainly true that the balance of payments constraint all too easily derails growth episodes. But the level of output is more important than an obsession with the obsessive pursuit of macroeconomic balance; macroeconomic policy has to serve productive goals rather than vice versa; and policy needs to enable rapid import growth to raise the overall level of output. African countries urgently need to push for rapid export expansion. This chapter argues against International Monetary Fund (IMF) balance of payments approaches. It also argues that the evidence undermines the export pessimism common among many structuralist economists. There is compelling evidence suggesting the need for competitive (undervalued) exchange rates; these are more effective when combined with targeted policies encouraging investment in specific activities that satisfy the criteria we set out here and in other chapters.
Technical Change and Agricultural Productivity
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe
Published: July 2020

The evidence does not support gloomy generalizations about an irreversible African environmental crisis or pessimistic arguments that barriers to adopting Green Revolution technologies are insuperable. Although evidence on agricultural technology in Africa is often unreliable, food output and grain yields do appear to have risen strongly in some African economies.. Huge variations in crop yields, including within similar agro-ecological zones, suggest massive potential for policies to promote a rapid increase in yields. Agricultural research and development (R&D) within African countries—and production on many large-scale farms—has shown that dramatically higher yields are possible. Crop yield improvements—with the aid of suitable high-yield varieties (HYVs), public agricultural research spending, and especially investment in irrigation—are possible without draconian resettlement schemes, without wasteful extension service spending, and without recourse to micro-finance schemes. The methods underpinning commonly produced estimates of yields are unreliable, calling into question conventional wisdom that small farms are more efficient than larger farms.