bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Intimal Foam Cell Accumulation in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Higashimori Mie , Tatro Jeffrey B. , Moore Kathryn J. , Mendelsohn Michael E. , Galper Jonas B. , Beasley Debbie
Published: October 2010

Objective—

Atherosclerosis encompasses a conspicuously maladaptive inflammatory response that might involve innate immunity. Here, we compared the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with that of TLR2 in intimal foam cell accumulation and inflammation in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice in vivo and determined potential mechanisms of upstream activation and downstream action.

Methods and Results—

We measured lipid accumulation and gene expression in the lesion-prone lesser curvature of the aortic arch. TLR4 deficiency reduced intimal lipid by ≈75% in ApoE KO mice, despite unaltered total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, whereas TLR2 deficiency reduced it by ≈45%. TLR4 deficiency prevented the increased interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA levels seen within lesional tissue, and it also lowered serum IL-1α levels. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) were present within the intima of the lesser curvature of the aortic arch at this early lesion stage, and they enveloped and permeated nascent lesions, which consisted of focal clusters of foam cells. Cholesterol enrichment of SMC in vitro stimulated acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 mRNA expression, cytoplasmic cholesterol ester accumulation, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA and protein expression in a TLR4-dependent manner.

Conclusion—

TLR4 contributes to early-stage intimal foam cell accumulation at lesion-prone aortic sites in ApoE KO mice, as does TLR2 to a lesser extent. Intimal SMC surround and penetrate early lesions, where TLR4 signaling within them may influence lesion progression.
Macrophage, But Not Systemic, Apolipoprotein E Is Necessary for Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport In Vivo
Authors: Zanotti Ilaria , Pedrelli Matteo , Potì Francesco , Stomeo Grazia , Gomaraschi Monica , Calabresi Laura , Bernini Franco
Published: October 2010

Objective—

To assess the role of apolipoprotein (apo) E in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo.

Methods and Results—

ApoE exerts an antiatherosclerotic activity by regulating lipoprotein metabolism and promoting cell cholesterol efflux. We discriminated between macrophage and systemic apoE contribution using an assay of macrophage RCT in mice. The complete absence of apoE lead to an overall impairment of the process and, similarly, the absence of apoE exclusively in macrophages resulted in the reduction of cholesterol mobilization from macrophages to plasma, liver, and feces. Conversely, expression of apoE in macrophages is sufficient to promote normal RCT even in apoE-deficient mice. The mechanisms accounting for these results were investigated by evaluating the first step of RCT (ie, cholesterol efflux from cells). Macrophages isolated from apoE-deficient mice showed a reduced ability to release cholesterol into the culture medium, whereas the apoB-depleted plasma from apoE-deficient and healthy mice possessed a similar capacity to promote cellular lipid release from cultured macrophages.

Conclusion—

Our data demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that apoE significantly contributes to macrophage RCT in vivo and that this role is fully attributable to apoE expressed in macrophages.
Binding Preferences for GPIHBP1, a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Protein of Capillary Endothelial Cells
Authors: Gin Peter , Beigneux Anne P. , Voss Constance , Davies Brandon S.J. , Beckstead Jennifer A. , Ryan Robert O. , Bensadoun André , Fong Loren G. , Young Stephen G.
Published: October 2010

Objective—

To define the ability of GPIHBP1 to bind other lipase family members and other apolipoproteins (apos) and lipoproteins.

Methods and Results—

GPIHBP1, a GPI-anchored lymphocyte antigen (Ly)6 protein of capillary endothelial cells, binds lipoprotein lipase (LPL) avidly, but its ability to bind related lipase family members has never been evaluated. As judged by cell-based and cell-free binding assays, LPL binds to GPIHBP1, but other members of the lipase family do not. We also examined the binding of apoAV-phospholipid disks to GPIHBP1. ApoAV binds avidly to GPIHBP1-transfected cells; this binding requires GPIHBP1's amino-terminal acidic domain and is independent of its cysteine-rich Ly6 domain (the latter domain is essential for LPL binding). GPIHBP1-transfected cells did not bind high-density lipoprotein. Chylomicrons bind avidly to GPIHBP1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, but this binding is dependent on GPIHBP1's ability to bind LPL within the cell culture medium.

Conclusion—

GPIHBP1 binds LPL but does not bind other lipase family members. GPIHBP1 binds apoAV but does not bind apoAI or high-density lipoprotein. The ability of GPIHBP1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells to bind chylomicrons is mediated by LPL; chylomicron binding does not occur unless GPIHBP1 first captures LPL from the cell culture medium.
The Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 19 Is Expressed By and Angiogenic for Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Jain Surbhi , Gabunia Khatuna , Kelemen Sheri E. , Panetti Tracee S. , Autieri Michael V.
Published: October 2010

Objective—

To characterize the expression and function of interleukin (IL) 19, a recently described T-helper 2 anti-inflammatory IL, on endothelial cell (EC) pathophysiological features.

Methods and Results—

The expression and effects of anti-inflammatory ILs on EC activation and development of angiogenesis are uncharacterized. We demonstrate by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot that IL-19 is expressed in inflamed, but not normal, human coronary endothelium and can be induced in cultured human ECs by serum and basic fibroblast growth factor. IL-19 is mitogenic and chemotactic, and it promotes EC spreading. IL-19 activates the signaling proteins STAT3, p44/42, and Rac1. In functional ex vivo studies, IL-19 promotes cordlike structure formation of cultured ECs and enhances microvessel sprouting in the mouse aortic ring assay. IL-19 induces tube formation in gelatinous protein (Matrigel) plugs in vivo.

Conclusion—

To our knowledge, these data are the first to report expression of the anti-inflammatory agent, IL-19, in ECs; and the first to indicate that IL-19 is mitogenic and chemotactic for ECs and can induce the angiogenic potential of ECs.
S100A12 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Accelerates Vascular Calcification in Apolipoprotein E–Null Mice by Activating an Osteogenic Gene Regulatory Program
Authors: Hofmann Bowman Marion A. , Gawdzik Joseph , Bukhari Usama , Husain Aliya N. , Toth Peter T. , Kim Gene , Earley Judy , McNally Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2010

Objective—

The proinflammatory cytokine S100A12 is associated with coronary atherosclerotic plaque rupture. We previously generated transgenic mice with vascular smooth muscle–targeted expression of human S100A12 and found that these mice developed aortic aneurysmal dilation of the thoracic aorta. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that S100A12 expressed in vascular smooth muscle in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE)–null mice would accelerate atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

ApoE-null mice with or without the S100A12 transgene were analyzed. We found a 1.4-fold increase in atherosclerotic plaque size and more specifically a large increase in calcified plaque area (45% versus 7% of innominate artery plaques and 18% versus 10% of aortic root plaques) in S100A12/ApoE-null mice compared with wild-type/ApoE-null littermates. Expression of bone morphogenic protein and other osteoblastic genes was increased in aorta and cultured vascular smooth muscle, and importantly, these changes in gene expression preceded the development of vascular calcification in S100A12/ApoE-null mice. Accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcification were mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress because inhibition of NADPH oxidase attenuated S100A12-mediated osteogenesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. S100A12 transgenic mice in the wild-type background (ApoE+/+) showed minimal vascular calcification, suggesting that S100A12 requires a proinflammatory/proatherosclerotic environment to induce osteoblastic differentiation and vascular calcification.

Conclusion—

Vascular smooth muscle S100A12 accelerates atherosclerosis and augments atherosclerosis-triggered osteogenesis, reminiscent of features associated with plaque instability.
An Epidemiological Survey of Stroke in Lhasa, Tibet, China
Authors: Zhao Yuhua , Yao Zhiping , D'Souza Wendyl , Zhu Cairong , Chun Hua , Zhuoga Cidan , Zhang Qin , Hu Xuejun , Zhou Dong
Published: October 2010

Background and Purpose—

There have not been any new epidemiological studies related to stroke in Tibet for 20 years. This study aimed to collect stroke data from The City Staff Medical Insurance Registry in Lhasa, Tibet, to describe the incidence, clinical subtypes, and associated risk factors of stroke.

Methods—

We used retrospective, population-based descriptive analysis of all urban and rural workers in the City Staff Medical Insurance Registry who were admitted to designated hospitals from October 2006 to October 2008. Stroke was defined by the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 coded from hospital records.

Results—

Workers (81 298) were listed in the City Staff Medical Insurance Registry. Stroke patients (165) were included in the study, with 133 being first-ever patients. The age-standardized incidence rate was 88.725/100 000 per year (95% CI, 72.228–105.221), and mortality rate was 25.941/100 000 per year (95% CI, 16.416–35.466). The case fatality rate was 21.82%. Seventeen of the 133 patients (12.8%) were <45 years of age. Stroke incidence rate was higher in ethnic Han patients than ethnic Tibetan patients. The most common subtype was cerebral infarction, and the most important risk factor was hypertension.

Conclusion—

Since the last study 20 years ago in Lhasa, stroke remains the primary fatal disease for the elderly, and its occurrence at younger ages is higher in Lhasa than in other areas of China. However, the annual incidence rate and mortality rate have decreased. The annual incidence rate is at a similar level to that in other parts of China. The primary subtype of stroke in Lhasa is cerebral ischemia.
Sleep Apnea in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke
Authors: Chan Wesley , Coutts Shelagh B. , Hanly Patrick
Published: October 2010

Background and Purpose—

Patients with TIA and minor stroke are at high risk for recurrent stroke. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may increase this risk. The objectives of our study were to determine the prevalence and severity of OSA and its clinical presentation in this population.

Methods—

Patients who presented with TIA and minor stroke completed a questionnaire and nocturnal cardiopulmonary monitoring to diagnose OSA and associated nocturnal hypoxia.

Results—

Sixty-six patients completed the study; 62% had OSA (respiratory disturbance index >5). Forty-four percent of these patients had moderate or severe OSA (respiratory disturbance index >15) that was associated with significant nocturnal hypoxia. Most patients did not have the typical clinical features of OSA, such as obesity and daytime sleepiness.

Conclusions—

Patients who experience TIA and minor stroke have a high prevalence of OSA and associated hypoxia. The atypical clinical presentation of OSA in this patient population may lead to under-recognition and treatment. Further studies are required to determine the impact of treating OSA on the risk of recurrent stroke.
Diversity of Single Small Subcortical Infarctions According to Infarct Location and Parent Artery Disease
Authors: Nah Hyun-Wook , Kang Dong-Wha , Kwon Sun U. , Kim Jong S.
Published: October 2010

Background and Purpose—

Single small subcortical infarctions (SSSIs), so-called lacunae, are typically caused by lipohyalinosis of a perforator artery. However, SSSIs can be caused by underlying large parent arterial disease or microatheroma of the proximal portion of a perforator artery. We sought to investigate whether indicators for small vessel disease (SVD) and atherosclerosis in patients with SSSI differ according to lesion location and the presence of parent artery disease.

Methods—

We assessed 449 patients who had an SSSI (lesion diameter ≤20 mm) in the perforator territory of middle cerebral artery (n=244), basilar artery (n=141), and vertebral artery (n=64) on diffusion-weighted imaging performed within 48 hours of stroke onset. We divided SSSI into 3 groups according to lesion location and the presence of parent artery disease: (1) SSSI with parent artery disease (SSSI+PAD); (2) proximal SSSI without PAD (pSSSI-PAD); and (3) distal SSSI without PAD (dSSSI-PAD). The prevalence of SVD indicators (leukoaraiosis and microbleeds) and atherosclerosis indicators (cerebral atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease) were compared among the groups.

Results—

SSSI+PAD had the highest prevalence of atherosclerosis indicators and the lowest prevalence of SVD indicators, whereas dSSSI-PAD had the lowest prevalence of atherosclerosis indicators and the highest prevalence of SVD indicators. pSSSI-PAD showed intermediate features. Atherosclerosis indicators significantly increased and SVD indicators significantly decreased as the vascular territory became lower (from middle cerebral artery, basilar artery to vertebral artery).

Conclusion—

Differences in SVD and atherosclerosis indicators suggest that SSSI has a heterogeneous pathogenesis according to lesion location and the presence of PAD.
Maturational Constraints on the Recruitment of Early Processes for Syntactic Processing
Authors: Pakulak Eric , Neville Helen J.
Published: October 2010

An enduring question in the study of second-language acquisition concerns the relative contributions of age of acquisition (AOA) and ultimate linguistic proficiency to neural organization for second-language processing. Several ERP and neuroimaging studies of second-language learners have found that neural organization for syntactic processing is sensitive to delays in second-language acquisition. However, such delays in second-language acquisition are typically associated with lower language proficiency, rendering it difficult to assess whether differences in AOA or proficiency lead to these effects. Here we examined the effects of delayed second-language acquisition while controlling for proficiency differences by examining participants who differ in AOA but who were matched for proficiency in the same language. We compared the ERP response to auditory English phrase structure violations in a group of late learners of English matched for grammatical proficiency with a group of English native speakers. In the native speaker group, violations elicited a bilateral and prolonged anterior negativity, with onset at 100 msec, followed by a posterior positivity (P600). In contrast, in the nonnative speaker group, violations did not elicit the early anterior negativity, but did elicit a P600 which was more widespread spatially and temporally than that of the native speaker group. These results suggest that neural organization for syntactic processing is sensitive to delays in language acquisition independently of proficiency level. More specifically, they suggest that both early and later syntactic processes are sensitive to maturational constraints. These results also suggest that late learners who reach a high level of second-language proficiency rely on different neural mechanisms than native speakers of that language.
White Matter Microstructure in Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Associated with Spatial Working Memory Performance in Children
Authors: Vestergaard Martin , Madsen Kathrine Skak , Baaré William F. C. , Skimminge Arnold , Ejersbo Lisser Rye , Ramsøy Thomas Z. , Gerlach Christian , Åkeson Per , Paulson Olaf B. , Jernigan Terry L.
Published: October 2010

During childhood and adolescence, ongoing white matter maturation in the fronto-parietal cortices and connecting fiber tracts is measurable with diffusion-weighted imaging. Important questions remain, however, about the links between these changes and developing cognitive functions. Spatial working memory (SWM) performance improves significantly throughout the childhood years, and several lines of evidence implicate the left fronto-parietal cortices and connecting fiber tracts in SWM processing. Here we report results from a study of 76 typically developing children, 7 to 13 years of age. We hypothesized that better SWM performance would be associated with increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in a left fronto-parietal network composed of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), the regional white matter underlying the dorsolateral pFC, and the posterior parietal cortex. As hypothesized, we observed a significant association between higher FA in the left fronto-parietal network and better SWM skills, and the effect was independent of age. This association was mainly accounted for by variability in left SLF FA and remained significant when FA measures from global fiber tracts or right SLF were included in the model. Further, the effect of FA in left SLF appeared to be mediated primarily by decreasing perpendicular diffusivity. Such associations could be related to individual differences among children in the architecture of fronto-parietal connections and/or to differences in the pace of fiber tract development. Further studies are needed to determine the contributions of intrinsic and experiential factors to the development of functionally significant individual differences in fiber tract structure.
The Mean Time to Express Synaptic Plasticity in Integrate-and-Express, Stochastic Models of Synaptic Plasticity Induction
Authors: Elliott Terry
Published: October 2010

Stochastic models of synaptic plasticity propose that single synapses perform a directed random walk of fixed step sizes in synaptic strength, thereby embracing the view that the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity constitute a stochastic dynamical system. However, fluctuations in synaptic strength present a formidable challenge to such an approach. We have previously proposed that single synapses must interpose an integration and filtering mechanism between the induction of synaptic plasticity and the expression of synaptic plasticity in order to control fluctuations. We analyze a class of three such mechanisms in the presence of possibly non-Markovian plasticity induction processes, deriving expressions for the mean expression time in these models. One of these filtering mechanisms constitutes a discrete low-pass filter that could be implemented on a small collection of molecules at single synapses, such as CaMKII, and we analyze this discrete filter in some detail. After considering Markov induction processes, we examine our own stochastic model of spike-timing-dependent plasticity, for which the probability density functions of the induction of plasticity steps have previously been derived. We determine the dependence of the mean time to express a plasticity step on pre- and postsynaptic firing rates in this model, and we also consider, numerically, the long-term stability against fluctuations of patterns of neuronal connectivity that typically emerge during neuronal development.
A Multiscale Correlation of Wavelet Coefficients Approach to Spike Detection
Authors: Yang Chenhui , Olson Byron , Si Jennie
Published: October 2010

Extracellular chronic recordings have been used as important evidence in neuroscientific studies to unveil the fundamental neural network mechanisms in the brain. Spike detection is the first step in the analysis of recorded neural waveforms to decipher useful information and provide useful signals for brain-machine interface applications. The process of spike detection is to extract action potentials from the recordings, which are often compounded with noise from different sources. This study proposes a new detection algorithm that leverages a technique from wavelet-based image edge detection. It utilizes the correlation between wavelet coefficients at different sampling scales to create a robust spike detector. The algorithm has one tuning parameter, which potentially reduces the subjectivity of detection results. Both artificial benchmark data sets and real neural recordings are used to evaluate the detection performance of the proposed algorithm. Compared with other detection algorithms, the proposed method has a comparable or better detection performance. In this letter, we also demonstrate its potential for real-time implementation.
Broken Symmetries in a Location-Invariant Word Recognition Network
Authors: Hannagan Thomas , Dandurand Frédéric , Grainger Jonathan
Published: October 2010

We studied the feedforward network proposed by Dandurand et al. ( 2010 ), which maps location-specific letter inputs to location-invariant word outputs, probing the hidden layer to determine the nature of the code. Hidden patterns for words were densely distributed, and K-means clustering on single letter patterns produced evidence that the network had formed semi-location-invariant letter representations during training. The possible confound with superseding bigram representations was ruled out, and linear regressions showed that any word pattern was well approximated by a linear combination of its constituent letter patterns. Emulating this code using overlapping holographic representations (Plate, 1995 ) uncovered a surprisingly acute and useful correspondence with the network, stemming from a broken symmetry in the connection weight matrix and related to the group-invariance theorem (Minsky & Papert, 1969 ). These results also explain how the network can reproduce relative and transposition priming effects found in humans.
Parasocial Interaction with an Avatar in Second Life: A Typology of the Self and an Empirical Test of the Mediating Role of Social Presence
Authors: Jin Seung-A Annie
Published: October 2010

3D virtual environments (VEs) can induce parasocial interaction (PSI) and strong feelings of social presence through interactive communication among avatars. Throughout this research, PSI was operationally defined as the extent of VE users' interpersonal involvement with other avatars and perception of themselves as interacting with the other virtual actors in the environment. Self-construal refers to an individual's view of self. Self-construals play an important role in shaping PSI in interactive media environments. After proposing a typology of the self, the experiment in this study empirically examined the influence of users' interdependent self-construals on their feelings of social presence and PSI with a recommendation avatar in avatar-based communication within the 3D VE of Second Life (SL). The results revealed that people with high interdependent self-construals experience closer PSI with a recommendation avatar and feel stronger social presence in SL than people with low interdependent self-construals. A path analysis also demonstrated that social presence mediates the effects of users' self-construals on their PSI with a recommendation avatar in VEs.
Psychophysical Model for Vibrotactile Rendering in Mobile Devices
Authors: Ryu Jonghyun
Published: October 2010

Vibrotactile rendering is one of the most popular means for improving the user interface of a mobile device, but the availability of related perceptual data that can aid vibrotactile effect design is not currently sufficient. The present paper reports data from a series of psychophysical studies designed to fill this gap. In Experiment I, we measured the absolute detection thresholds of sinusoidal vibrotactile stimuli transmitted to the hand through a mobile phone. Stimuli were generated by a mechanical shaker system that can produce vibrations over a broad frequency and amplitude range. The detection thresholds reported here are a new addition to the literature, and can serve as a baseline for vibrotactile stimulus design. In Experiment II, we estimated the perceived intensities of mobile device vibrations for various frequencies and amplitudes using the same shaker system. We also determined a form of parametric nonlinear function based on Stevens' power law and fit the function to the measured data. This psychophysical magnitude function, which maps vibration frequency and amplitude to a resulting perceived intensity, can be used to predict the perceived intensity of a mobile device vibration from its physical parameter values. In Experiment III, we measured another set of perceived intensities using two commercial miniature vibration actuators (vibration motor and voice-coil actuator) in place of the mechanical shaker. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the utility of the psychophysical magnitude function obtained in Experiment II, as vibrotactile stimuli produced by miniature actuators may have different physical characteristics, such as vibration direction and ground condition. Comparison of the results of Experiments II and III confirmed that the psychophysical magnitude function can reliably predict changing trends in the perceived intensity of mobile device vibration. We also discuss further research issues encountered during the investigation. The results presented in this paper may be instrumental in the design of effective vibrotactile actuators and perceptually-salient rendering algorithms for mobile devices.
Ivan the Terrible and His Women
Authors: Keenan Edward
Published: October 2010

This article presents the text of two lectures delivered by the author in the Kathryn W. Davis Lecture Series at Wellesley College on January 31 and February 21, 1980. In the first lecture, the author describes the “grammar” of the Muscovite political system, which was established after the Muscovite dynasty's victory over its rivals (and relatives) in the civil wars of the mid-fifteenth century and which established succession by primogeniture in the ruling house. That system was, according to the author, founded on a collaborative power arrangement between the grand prince and his boyars, and was united and reinforced by a web of interconnecting marriages over several generations, the most important marriage in each generation being the ruler's. Politics in this system was marriage politics, and the product of it was an oligarchical political system built on kinship and consensus. In the second lecture, the author focuses on the role women played in Muscovite political culture. Here the emphasis is on both elite women—the wives, mothers, sisters, and aunts of the rulers—and the nannies, drawn usually from humbler backgrounds, who served in the Kremlin and introduced to those living there many of the conventions of language and literature that remain a foundation of modern Russian. These lectures offer a synthetic approach to the political culture of Muscovy, uniting an innovative anthropological perspective on court politics with a pathbreaking analysis of the lasting impact women had on the culture—political, social, biological, and linguistic—in the Kremlin.
“For the Firm Maintenance of the Dignity and Tranquility of the Imperial Family”: Law and Familial Order in the Romanov Dynasty
Authors: Martin Russell
Published: October 2010

This article examines the Law of Succession and the Statute on the Imperial Family, texts which were issued by Emperor Paul I on April 5, 1797, and which regulated the succession to the throne and the structure of the Romanov dynasty as a family down to the end of the empire in 1917. It also analyzes the revisions introduced in these texts by subsequent emperors, focusing particularly on the development of a requirement for equal marriage and for marrying Orthodox spouses. The article argues that changing circumstances in the dynasty—its rapid increase in numbers, its growing demands on the financial resources of the Imperial Household, its struggle to resist morganatic and interfaith marriages—forced changes to provisions in the Law and Statute, and that the Romanovs debated and reformed the structure of the Imperial Family in the context of the provisions of these laws. The article shows how these Imperial House laws served as a vitally important arena for reform and legal culture in pre-revolutionary Russia.
The Emergence of Ethnic Politics in 1905: The League for the Attainment of Full Rights for the Jews of Russia
Authors: Orbach Alexander
Published: October 2010

The legalization of political activity in Tsarist Russia in 1905 created the opportunity for Jewish liberals to enter the public arena as proponents of civic and political rights for the Jews of the realm. However, unlike Jewish liberals in western and central Europe, Russian-Jewish liberals also called for the extension of national cultural rights for the Jews of Russia in addition to that of individual emancipation. They formed the League for the Attainment of Full Rights for the Jews of Russia in March 1905 and proceeded to prepare for the upcoming elections for the proposed assembly to be elected by the people later that year. However, the violent pogroms that broke out in the fall of 1905 generated a more nationalist minded-agenda as these liberals found themselves in competition with both Jewish nationalists and Jewish socialists for the attention of the people.
Bridging Weather and Climate in Research and Forecasts of the Global Monsoon System
Authors: Chang Chih-Pei , Lau Ngar-Cheung , Johnson Richard H. , Jiao Meiyan
Published: October 2010

No abstract available.
The First Regional Mesonet Workshop
Authors: Pasken Robert , Jewett Brian
Published: October 2010

No Abstract available.
Green Roof Mitigation Potential for a Proxy Future Climate Scenario in Chicago, Illinois
Authors: Smith Kathryn R. , Roebber Paul J.
Published: October 2010

The Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) coupled with an urban canopy model is used to investigate the potential of vegetative (green) roof technology to mitigate against ongoing climate warming and continued urban sprawl for a day representing average summer conditions in late-twenty-first-century Chicago, Illinois. Effects related particularly to human health hazards resulting from excessive heat and high pollution concentrations are emphasized. Continued expansion of the urban environment over the next century is shown to lead to an expansion of the warming signal across the metropolitan region. Widespread adoption of vegetative rooftops, through increased albedo and evapotranspiration, reduces temperatures in the urban environment by as much as 3°C, an effect similar to the simpler but less appealing alternative of employing painted or other reflective rooftop structures (e.g., white roofs). A significant limitation to the green roof approach for the case studied is that the increase in moisture resulting from transpiration leads to only marginal cooling when apparent temperatures are considered. An additional complication arises in that the reduced temperatures alter the lake-breeze circulation, potentially reducing circulation of pollutants into the city core, but also reducing natural cooling in the most urbanized areas during the climatologically warmest hours. Future work that evaluates these impacts over a broader range of synoptic settings, documents changes in the planetary boundary layer structure and attendant pollution, and considers the multiple-day dependence of these effects is needed.
Climatology of Anticyclonic and Cyclonic Rossby Wave Breaking on the Dynamical Tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Song Jie , Li Chongyin , Pan Jing , Zhou Wen
Published: October 2010

The characteristics of the climatological distribution of the anticyclonic (LC1) and cyclonic (LC2) Rossby wave breaking (RWB) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) are investigated by calculating the occurrence frequency of the LC1- and LC2-like stratospheric potential vorticity (PV) streamers in the SH during the austral summer [December–February (DJF)] and wintertime [June–August (JJA)] on several isentropic surfaces by using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) daily dataset. The results show that 1) on the equatorward flank of the climatological midlatitude jet (MLJ), the LC1-like PV streamers are frequently found over the central oceanic regions, whereas the LC2-like PV streamers are almost absent. On the poleward flank of the climatological MLJ, both types of PV streamers are frequently observed and the LC2-like PV streamers predominate; 2) the regions where the occurrences of the PV streamers are frequent overlap the weak zonal wind regions; and 3) in austral winter, a “double-jet” setting is evident in two regions of the SH [the double-jet upstream (DU) and the spilt jet region]. In the double-jet setting regions, the LC1-like PV streamers are frequently found both in the DU and the split-jet regions, while the occurrence of the LC2-like PV streamers is frequent in the split-jet region but is rather infrequent in the DU region.
Critical Evaluation of the ISCCP Simulator Using Ground-Based Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Mace Gerald G. , Houser Stephanie , Benson Sally , Klein Stephen A. , Min Qilong
Published: October 2010

Given the known shortcomings in representing clouds in global climate models (GCMs), comparisons with observations are critical. The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) diagnostic products provide global descriptions of cloud-top pressure and column optical depth that extend over multiple decades. Given the characteristics of the ISCCP product, the model output must be converted into what the ISCCP algorithm would diagnose from an atmospheric column with similar physical characteristics. This study evaluates one component of this so-called ISCCP simulator by comparing ISCCP results with simulated ISCCP diagnostics that are derived from data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Climate Research Facility. It is shown that if a model were to simulate the cloud radiative profile with the same accuracy as can be derived from the ARM data, the likelihood of that occurrence being classified with similar cloud-top pressure and optical depth as ISCCP would range from 30% to 70% depending on optical depth. The ISCCP simulator improved the agreement of cloud-top pressure between ground-based remote sensors and satellite observations, and we find only minor discrepancies because of the parameterization of cloud-top pressure in the ISCCP simulator. The differences seem to be primarily due to discrepancies between satellite and ground-based sensors in the visible optical depth. The source of the optical depth bias appears to be due to subpixel cloud field variability in the retrieval of optical depths from satellite sensors. These comparisons suggest that caution should be applied to comparisons between models and ISCCP observations until the differences in visible optical depths are fully understood. The simultaneous use of ground-based and satellite retrievals in the evaluation of model clouds is encouraged.
Changes to the North Atlantic Subtropical High and Its Role in the Intensification of Summer Rainfall Variability in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Li Wenhong , Li Laifang , Fu Rong , Deng Yi , Wang Hui
Published: October 2010

This study investigates the changes of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH) and its impact on summer precipitation over the southeastern (SE) United States using the 850-hPa geopotential height field in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), long-term rainfall data, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) model simulations during the past six decades (1948–2007). The results show that the NASH in the last 30 yr has become more intense, and its western ridge has displaced westward with an enhanced meridional movement compared to the previous 30 yr. When the NASH moved closer to the continental United States in the three most recent decades, the effect of the NASH on the interannual variation of SE U.S. precipitation is enhanced through the ridge’s north–south movement. The study’s attribution analysis suggested that the changes of the NASH are mainly due to anthropogenic warming. In the twenty-first century with an increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, the center of the NASH would be intensified and the western ridge of the NASH would shift farther westward. These changes would increase the likelihood of both strong anomalously wet and dry summers over the SE United States in the future, as suggested by the IPCC AR4 models.
Diapycnal Mixing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Ledwell J. R. , St. Laurent L. C. , Girton J. B. , Toole J. M.
Published: October 2010

The vertical dispersion of a tracer released on a density surface near 1500-m depth in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current west of Drake Passage indicates that the diapycnal diffusivity, averaged over 1 yr and over tens of thousands of square kilometers, is (1.3 ± 0.2) × 10−5 m2 s−1. Diapycnal diffusivity estimated from turbulent kinetic energy dissipation measurements about the area occupied by the tracer in austral summer 2010 was somewhat less, but still within a factor of 2, at (0.75 ± 0.07) × 10−5 m2 s−1. Turbulent diapycnal mixing of this intensity is characteristic of the midlatitude ocean interior, where the energy for mixing is believed to derive from internal wave breaking. Indeed, despite the frequent and intense atmospheric forcing experienced by the Southern Ocean, the amplitude of finescale velocity shear sampled about the tracer was similar to background amplitudes in the midlatitude ocean, with levels elevated to only 20%–50% above the Garrett–Munk reference spectrum. These results add to a long line of evidence that diapycnal mixing in the interior middepth ocean is weak and is likely too small to dictate the middepth meridional overturning circulation of the ocean.
Sea Surface Roughness and Drag Coefficient as Functions of Neutral Wind Speed
Authors: Hersbach Hans
Published: October 2010

Near the surface, it is commonly believed that the behavior of the (turbulent) atmospheric flow can be well described by a constant stress layer. In the case of a neutrally stratified surface layer, this leads to the well-known logarithmic wind profile that determines the relation between near-surface wind speed and magnitude of stress. The profile is set by a surface roughness length, which, over the ocean surface, is not constant; rather, it depends on the underlying (ocean wave) sea state. For instance, at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts this relation is parameterized in terms of surface stress itself, where the scale is set by kinematic viscosity for light wind and a Charnock parameter for strong wind. For given wind speed at a given height, the determination of the relation between surface wind and stress (expressed by a drag coefficient) leads to an implicit equation that is to be solved in an iterative way.

In this paper a fit is presented that directly expresses the neutral drag coefficient and surface roughness in terms of wind speed without the need for iteration. Since the fit is formulated in purely dimensionless quantities, it is able to produce accurate results over the entire range in wind speed, level height, and values for the Charnock parameter for which the implicit set of equations is believed to be valid.
Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2009
Authors: Kimberlain Todd B. , Brennan Michael J.
Published: October 2010

The 2009 eastern North Pacific hurricane season had near normal activity, with a total of 17 named storms, of which seven became hurricanes and four became major hurricanes. One hurricane and one tropical storm made landfall in Mexico, directly causing four deaths in that country along with moderate to severe property damage. Another cyclone that remained offshore caused an additional direct death in Mexico. On average, the National Hurricane Center track forecasts in the eastern North Pacific for 2009 were quite skillful.
Running-Related Injuries in School-Age Children and Adolescents Treated in Emergency Departments From 1994 Through 2007
Authors: Mehl Ann J. , Nelson Nicolas G. , McKenzie Lara B.
Published: October 2010

Running for exercise is a popular way to motivate children to be physically active. Running-related injuries are well studied in adults but little information exists for children and adolescents. Through use of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database, cases of running-related injuries were selected by using activity codes for exercise (which included running and jogging). Sample weights were used to calculate national estimates. An estimated 225 344 children and adolescents 6 to 18 years old were treated in US emergency departments for running-related injuries. The annual number of cases increased by 34.0% over the study period. One third of the injuries involved a running-related fall and more than one half of the injuries occurred at school. The majority of injuries occurred to the lower extremities and resulted in a sprain or strain. These findings emphasize the need for scientific evidence-based guidelines for pediatric running. The high proportion of running-related falls warrants further research.
China’s Response to the Unipolar World: The Strategic Logic of Peaceful Development
Authors: Wang Yuan-kang
Published: October 2010

This article examines the international factor underlying China’s grand strategy of peaceful development, which can be deciphered as a strategy to balance American power through internal balancing and soft balancing. The strategy of internal balancing aims to increase China’s relative power through economic development and military modernization, whereas the strategy of soft balancing attempts to limit US ability to impose its preference on China through Beijing’s engagement in multilateral institutions, bilateral partnerships, and economic diplomacy.The strategic logic is to maintain a stable external environment for China to concentrate on economic growth and accumulate relative power — without provoking a vigorous US response.
Parallel Governments: Living Between Terror and Counter Terror in Northern Lanka (1982—2009)
Authors: Somasundaram Daya
Published: October 2010

This article is a naturalistic and ecological ethnography of the period between 1980 and 2009 in northern Lanka, using participant observation, in-depth interviewing, focus groups, key informants, literature survey and critical inquiry techniques. The Lankan and Indian states and various Tamil militant groups vied for the control, loyalty, obedience and subservience of the civilian Tamil population through terror, counter-terror; the media, arts, history writing, in cyber space and other propaganda; democratic and extra-democratic means such as elections, relief, rehabilitation; and other methods. Community leaders were eliminated and dissent suppressed. Whole villages and communities have been displaced multiple times.
Student-negotiated Lesson Style
Authors: Sampson Richard J.
Published: October 2010

This paper presents an overview of action research conducted in an EFL university context, in which data was collected about students’ past English learning experiences and hopes for college speaking classes. This data was then used to guide the lesson style for the semester. The study used three cycles of action research over one 15-week university semester, utilizing mixed-methods data collection and analysis. The results saw these groups of learners showing a strong preference for a communicative lesson style. Furthermore, the students’ perception of their own speaking and communication ability showed a marked positive increase as a result of the change-actions involving student-centered experiential learning and goal-setting that evolved throughout the study.
Language Program as Ecology: A Perspective for Leadership
Authors: Pennington Martha C. , Hoekje Barbara J.
Published: October 2010

A language program is a delicate and intricate system of interacting resources or components, which, like a biological ecology, is in a constant state of evolution and change. The interactive system making up the program’s internal culture is connected ecologically to the external environment. The ecological model is introduced as a useful perspective on a language program, with examples given of the impact of change on program structure and functioning and of the interlocking decision areas for program development. Faculty are central to the culture, operation, and decision-making of the language program ecology and have a key role to play in interacting with changing student populations and other areas of program change.
The Categorical Facilitation Effects on L2 Vocabulary Learning in a Classroom Setting
Authors: Hoshino Yuko
Published: October 2010

In the field of vocabulary acquisition, there have been many studies on the efficacy of word lists. However, very few of these were based on research in a classroom setting, and therefore, their results may not be applicable to standard classroom situations. This study investigated which of the five types of word lists (synonyms, antonyms, categorical, thematic, and arbitrary) facilitated L2 vocabulary learning in a classroom setting. The participants were classified into four clusters according to their learning styles, and the study compared the relative effectiveness of the types of word lists on different types of learners. The results showed that the most effective type of word list did not vary according to student clusters: all of the learners memorized the words in the categorical list more effectively than those in the other lists. Hence, the type of word list had a stronger effect on the efficacy of vocabulary learning than the individual learning style did.
The Possible Cultural Consequences for Children as They Learn to Read in English at Primary Three in Singapore
Authors: Jones Sally Ann
Published: October 2010

This article presents the findings of an observation study of reading lessons in English at Primary Three in Singapore. The aims of the study were first to establish whether a common pedagogy to teach reading in English exists at this transition year of children’s schooling, and second what the cultural effects of this pedagogy might be for children. In the article I show how features in common over the observed lessons form a pedagogy derived internationally. Next, through a detailed analysis of this pedagogy, a locally written text and the talk around the text in a single lesson, I show and discuss the possible cultural consequences of the pedagogy for Singaporean children.
Outstanding traits and thermal behaviour for the identification of speciality animal fibres
Authors: Vineis Claudia , Aluigi Annalisa , Tonin Claudio
Published: October 2010

The extra-fine, soft and warm fibres used by the textile industry for manufacturing high-quality, luxury textiles are obtained from the undercoat hair of several domestic mammals of the genera Capra, Bos, Camelus, and Lama. The demand for ‘speciality fibres’ by the fashion world represents an important opportunity for livelihoods, on condition that conservation of the wild species is preserved. Large scale trade of hair from wild goats hunted for meat or trophy and hybridisation of wild (Capra ibex) and domestic (Capra hircus) goats or wild Vicuna (Lama vicugna) and domestic Alpaca (Lama pacos), with the aim of improving fibre fineness and yield, would involve a risk of genetic pollution and would severely threaten conservation and biodiversity. This work describes fibre morphology and cell structure of fine fibres from the most important wild and domestic fibre producing species with the aim of enhancing traits for identification purposes. Microscopy investigation shows that exposure to thermal and nutritional stresses in the wild, lead to finer hair associated with lower rate of growth, yielding orientation and elongation of the cuticle cells. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals specie-specific differences in the internal structure of the fibre cortex, probably related to the process of hair keratinisation.