bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parent-Child Profile Similarity and Aggression: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Butcher James Neal , Messick David M.
Published: September 2011

This investigation was directed toward studying the relationship between parent-child personality similarity and adolescent aggression and to illustrate the utility of a general method of assessing profile similarity suggested by Overall (1964). Peer and teacher ratings of aggression were used to group eighth-grade boys on manifest aggression. Ss and their parents (volunteers) were administered the MMPI. The d∗ measure of dissimilarity was used to compare parent-child profile configurations in the three aggression groups. Although the small and biased sample preclude major conclusions, the results support the use of the d∗ statistic for assessing MMPI profile similarity and suggest that further work in the area of parent-child personality similarity might be fruitful.
Relationship of Task Success to Task Liking: A Replication
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments, using a repeated measures design, were performed to test the hypothesis of a positive, linear relationship between degree of success on a task and liking for the task. The hypothesis was confirmed, thus replicating previous results obtained using a randomized groups design.
Relationships between Social Desirability Scale Values, Probabilities of Endorsement, and Invasion of Privacy Ratings of Objective Personality Items
Authors: Walsh James A. , Layton Wilbur L. , Klieger Douglas M.
Published: September 2011

48 objective personality items were chosen to represent the entire social desirability continuum and were heterogeneous and non-pathological in content. They were rated by 50 males and 50 females for how socially desirable it is to ask persons to respond to them regardless of the responses that might be elicited (SD-?); and by a separate sample of 97 males and 99 females for how much of an invasion of privacy it constitutes to have to endorse them (IP). The correlations between SD-? ratings and conventional social desirability scale values (SDSV) and probabilities of endorsement (P(T)) ranged from .87 to .90. The correlations between IP and SDSV and P(T) ranged from .64 to .74. This evidence indicates that objective personality items are perceived as invasions of privacy almost exclusively to the extent that endorsement of an item is judged to be socially undesirable, even when endorsement is explicitly not in question.
Delay, Anxiety, and Expectancy Changes
Authors: Phares E. Jerry
Published: September 2011

A further test of an interpretation based on social learning theory concerning the effects of delay on expectancies was carried out. Following common reinforcement, a delay group differed significantly from both a massed group and a changed-cue group, while the latter two groups were not significantly different from one another. Furthermore, there was a predicted trend for highly anxious Ss in the delay group to show greater decrements in expectancies than Ss of low anxiety.
Resistances to Ego Therapy
Authors: Shapiro Stewart B.
Published: September 2011

This paper attempts to outline various resistances to ego therapy according to their source, target and clinical manifestations. Resistance is defined as an interference with the process of observing and delineating the subself system. Twelve different forms of resistance are discussed and most of them are illustrated with brief protocols taken from the writer's current practice of ego therapy.
A Potential Suicide Personality Inventory
Authors: Devries A. G.
Published: September 2011

A study of the “suicide” literature was conducted by means of the critical incident technique. All incidents thought to be characteristic of suicidal individuals were collected from 66 “suicide” research studies. From this collection 50 incidents were chosen for inclusion in a 55-item Potential Suicide Personality Inventory. Five items were used as fillers. The PSPI was administered to one group of non-suicidal and one group of suicidal male Caucasian VA NP hospital patients. The suicide group was further subdivided into a threatened suicide group, an attempted suicide group, and one which both threatened and attempted. The results showed that the combined as well as the three subdivided suicide groups could be differentiated from the non-suicide group by χ2 at the .05 level of significance and the .01 and .001 as well. None of the suicidal groups could be differentiated from one another. The need for cross-validation was stressed. It was emphasized that the differentiation is on a group level and not on an individual basis.
Memory Loss in the Senile Psychoses: Organic or Psychogenic?
Authors: Caird W. K.
Published: September 2011

The suggestion that memory disorder in the senile psychoses is due to a defense against the threat of death is criticized. Evidence is cited to support the notion that senile patients suffer from a learning deficit which manifests itself in a regressive memory loss. Material which was well learned is retained (old memories); that which was not well learned is forgotten (recent memories).
Relationship between Age and Recall of Meaningful Material
Authors: Desroches Harry F. , Kaiman Bernard D. , Ballard H. Ted
Published: September 2011

Older and younger Ss were equated on original learning by learning a list of words to a criterion of one perfect trial. The older and younger Ss were divided into four recall interval groups: 15 min., 1 hr., 1 day, and 1 wk. The recall interval reached significance, but neither age nor the interaction between age and recall reached an acceptable level of statistical significance.
The Marathon Group: Intensive Practice of Intimate Interaction
Authors: Bach George R.
Published: September 2011

Briefly are described the schedule, contents, the psychosocial processes, and the therapeutic effects of Marathon Therapy which is a living-in, intensive interaction experience in which so-called “patients” and so-called “psychotherapists” involve each other as persons in reciprocal influence-pressures to improve their styles of life.
Validation of an Objective Measure of Achievement Motivation
Authors: Carney Richard E. , Mann Philip A. , McCormick Robert P.
Published: September 2011

Validation studies were carried out for a measure of achievement motivation, Achievement-Orientation ( AO), which was derived from the California Psychological Inventory. Four experiments used the AO scale as a dependent variable to be manipulated by appropriate instructions. Ss were males, from the Midwest and West Coast, from fraternity and dormitory groups at four universities; 167 Ss were in the experimental and control groups, 1221 in the normative groups. Strong evidence for the validity of the AO scale was found.
Judges' Ratings, Self-Ratings and Checklist Report of Affects
Authors: Fogel Max L. , Curtis George C. , Kordasz Florence , Smith William G.
Published: September 2011

Anxiety (Zuckerman, 1960) and Depression (Lubin, 1965) checklists were administered to 73 psychiatric patients. Correlations with three psychiatrists' ratings and Ss' self-ratings on four affects (anxiety, depression, hostility, cheerfulness), as well as correlations between various checklist scores, were obtained. In addition, means of groups classified according to predominant affect were obtained. Both types of analyses indicate that anxiety and depression are difficult to differentiate, whereas both can be reliably separated from hostility and cheerfulness. Motivational and theoretical factors relevant to the anxiety-depression-hostility discrimination are discussed.
Pattern Discrimination Learning with Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Blehert Sandra R.
Published: September 2011

Rhesus monkeys were trained to criterion on a 2-stimulus and a 5-stimulus pattern discrimination task. The probabilities of response to the various stimuli throughout learning are examined for individual Ss, and it is found that Ss exhibit consistency in the order and manner in which incorrect stimuli are eliminated. This suggests a simple mathematical description of the process, which is used to deepen the analysis of the data, permitting estimation of individual learning parameters and construction of more meaningful summaries of the group data.
Comments on the Effect of Amphetamine in Avoidance Conditioning
Authors: Cole Sherwood O.
Published: September 2011

Conflicting evidence related to the effect of amphetamine in avoidance conditioning is noted. Although a “freezing reduction” hypothesis has been most widely employed to explain the facilitating effect of the drug in such conditioning, the need for expanding the hypothesis to include consideration of the interaction of the drug with experimental conditions and the effect of the drug on bodily activity is suggested.
Self-Consistency, Value Strength and Aesthetic Judgments
Authors: Hartley Eugene L. , Schwartz Shirley
Published: September 2011

An empirical test was made of the relation of self-consistency to strength of the aesthetic value in determining aesthetic judgments. 25 undergraduate Ss responded to 24 paintings. From each respondent was collected: (1) using a self-anchoring scale adaptation, a self-rating of personality characteristics subjectively deemed the significant attributes characterizing those who liked and disliked each painting as the self-concept index, (2) rating of the degree of liking each painting on a six-point scale as the aesthetic behavior studied and (3) score on the Aesthetic Value of the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values as the index of the strength or importance of the particular value involved. Tetrachoric correlations of the 24 sets of responses made by each individual in (1) and (2) were used as the indices of self-consistency. The mean rt = .50 ( p < .01). Rank difference correlations of these rts and the score on the Aesthetic Value from (3) indicated the importance of the value in determining the strength of the self-consistency ( rho = .39, p < 05), confirming the significance of this correlate of the self-consistency dynamic in aesthetic judgment.
Manipulation Effects, Open-Field Experience and Digestive Transit Time in Wistar Male and Female Rats
Authors: Tobach Ethel
Published: September 2011

14 male and 16 female Wistar (DAB) 113-day-old rats were observed in an open-field situation, in their home cages after manipulation, and in home cages without manipulation. Incidences of defecation and urination, locomotor activity, and digestive transit time were recorded during 4-min. sessions for 6 days. Animals were more likely to eliminate in the open-field situation than in their home cages, and more rats eliminated in this group than in the other two groups. It appears that the effect of the open-field situation on eliminative behavior is not related to that of manipulation incident to the observation of the animal in the open field. The decrease in digestive transit time of animals placed in the open field further suggests that the open-field situation is more effective than manipulation in modifying digestive transit time.
Structural Study of “A Severed Head”
Authors: Harary Frank
Published: September 2011

The utilization of graph theory in the study of group structure has accelerated considerably in recent years. In the play, “A Severed Head,” this approach is useful for content analysis and also provides a practical example of a situation in which graphs can be used to represent the structure of interpersonal relationships, where the use of planar regions is not feasible.
Observations over the Lifetime of a Small Isolated Group: Structure, Danger, Boredom, and Vision
Authors: Smith William M.
Published: September 2011

7 men, working as a self-contained unit in Antarctica, were observed from the beginning to the end of their association as a group. Presented and discussed are data on certain properties of informal group structure, effects of personal danger, monotony, boredom, and visual perception in whiteouts.
Determination of the Chance Score on the Three-Decision Multiple-Choice Test
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S.
Published: September 2011

The chance score on the Three-decision Multiple-choice Test was determined theoretically. The theoretical predictions were then tested empirically by using a table of random numbers to answer 100 sets of 20 multiple-choice questions like a three-decision multiple-choice test would be answered. The results indicated that the average chance score on the Three-decision Multiple-choice Test is over two times as large as the average chance score on the traditional five-alternative multiple-choice test.
Spontaneous Alternation in the Virginia Opossum
Authors: Tilley Mark W. , Doolittle John H. , Mason Donald J.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous alternation was studied in the maze behavior of five adult Virginia opossums ( Didelphus virginiana). The two male and three female opossums were given massed trials in a T-maze and were found to alternate significantly. The data were interpreted as supporting the generality of the spontaneous alternation phenomenon.
Verbal Reports of Strategies in a Two-Person Interaction: A Note
Authors: Gregovich Robert P. , Sidowski Joseph B.
Published: September 2011

Strategies of Ss were investigated by interrupting and interrogating during various phases of the experiment proper or by waiting until the learning session terminated. Evaluations of data and verbal reports indicated no significant differences in task performance or terminal strategies for the two loci of interrogation.
Response Rate and Conditioned Suppression
Authors: Blackman Derek
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported in which a yoked-box design permitted variation of response rate while reinforcement frequency was controlled. In both studies, rats responding at high rates showed more conditioned suppression than their partners responding at lower rates.
Intimacy-Scaled Stimuli for Use in Studies of Interpersonal Relations
Authors: Taylor Dalmas A. , Altman Irwin
Published: September 2011

Psychometric materials for use in research on interpersonal exchange and self-disclosure included 671 statements about various aspects of the self which people might discuss as they form interpersonal relationships with others. Items were scaled for “intimacy” and topical category by judges from two different populations. From equal-appearing interval analysis were obtained intimacy scale values and Q-scores. Pearson product-moment correlations showed high agreement between the two populations. The validation of a priori category nomenclature indicated that placements of 497 out of 671 statements were agreed upon by at least 8 of 16 judges. An additional 20 statements were reliably categorized by judges in other than the originally assigned topic areas. Thus, there was reliable agreement among judges as to statement topic for 77% of the items. Advantages and suggested usages of the item pool were discussed.
Behavioral Validation of a Dominance-Submission Scale
Authors: Gold Steven , De Leon Patrick , Swensen Clifford
Published: September 2011

The results of the two validation studies ( Ns = 28 males; 34 females) indicate that the scale of 41 MMPI items does significantly predict which of two individuals will dominate in a decision-making situation. The scale predicts best when the scale score difference between the pairs is at least 12. Sex differences were also noted in the techniques used to dominate.
Elicitation and Reinforcement as Separate Stimulus Functions
Authors: Long John B.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 16 rats were trained to discriminate between two distinctive end boxes. Two groups discriminated between goal boxes while the third group discriminated between start boxes. These stimuli were then tested as secondary reinforcers in a T-maze. The groups trained to discriminate between goal boxes showed a statistically significant preference for the goal box previously associated with reinforcement. The third group showed no preference. It was concluded that discrimination training is not sufficient to establish an Sr without contiguity of stimulus and reward.
Language Structure, the Learning of Language, and the Derivation of Words
Authors: Irion Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

A graded series of elementary school readers was analyzed. Specifically, each new word introduced into the series of readers was classified according to (1) derivation and (2) grade-level at which the word was introduced. The results indicated that words derived from Old English sources tend to predominate at the early grade-levels, but that the proportion of such words decreases as grade-level increases. At the same time, words derived from Latin and other sources tend to be introduced more frequently as grade-level increases.
Prior Shock Trauma and Test-Shock Intensity as Determinants of Escape Learning
Authors: Anderson D. Chris
Published: September 2011

The effects of prior traumatic shock (PS), administered under conditions designed either to maximize (Group 1) or to minimize (Group 2) transfer of trauma-produced learned responses from the treatment to the test chamber, were evaluated in the rat using a hurdle-jump escape situation. Another group (the control group) was not traumatized. 10 days following treatment each group was divided into three subgroups of 0.0-ma., 0.1-ma., and 0.4-ma. test shock, respectively. The performance of the control groups fluctuated systematically with variations in test-shock level while Groups 1 and 2 responded maximally to test shock regardless of intensity. However, under no-test-shock the control group and Group 2 performed identically and significantly more slowly than Group 1. Changes in group variability were similarly related to PS treatment.
Measurement of Subjective Symptomatology of Acute High Altitude Sickness
Authors: Evans Wayne O.
Published: September 2011

The development and testing of a questionnaire to quantify the severity of the subjective symptomatology of acute high altitude sickness is described. Using procedures developed to test the effects of psychotropic drugs, a 26-item questionnaire was produced which was shown to be reliable and to reflect both symptom severity as a function of different simulated altitudes and the length of time of exposure to those altitudes. Development of such a scale will allow comparison of ameliorative measures for acute high altitude sickness and correlation of symptoms of the disorder with physiological changes induced by high altitude.
Anxiety Levels of Six Helicopter Ambulance Medics in a Combat Zone
Authors: Bourne Peter G. , Coli William M. , Datel William E.
Published: September 2011

Anxiety scale scores from the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List were significantly related to the daily activities of 6 Army medics performing helicopter ambulance evacuations of combat casualties.
Sequential Amatching in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Meltzer Donald , Maxey George C. , Merkler Norman L.
Published: September 2011

Three squirrel monkeys were trained to perform a sequential matching problem by use of a fading technique. One of three differently colored standard stimuli was presented on the left key when S responded on that key. A response on the right key then resulted in presentation of a comparison stimulus on the right. Each additional response on the right key changed the color of the comparison stimulus. When the standard and comparison stimuli matched, a response on the left key was reinforced; a response on the left key when the colors did not match resulted in a time out. Exp. 2 showed that all three Ss could learn to match standard and comparison stimuli of different colors (e.g., a red standard and blue comparison stimulus.) The colors of the standard stimuli in this experiment were all different from any of the comparison colors.
Pet Ownership and Sex as Determinants of Stated Affect toward others and Estimates of others' Regard of Self
Authors: Cameron Paul , Conrad Carol , Kirkpatrick Dave D. , Bateen Robert J.
Published: September 2011

To search for personality correlates of pet ownership 176 Ss were administered a questionnaire which elicited estimates of one's liking of others and others' liking of self. Results suggest that pet owners and males like people-in-general less than non-owners and females.
Some Effects of Hallucinogenic Morning-Glory Seeds on the Behavior of Rats
Authors: Gutherz Keith , Sperling Sally E.
Published: September 2011

Certain varieties of morning-glory seeds are recognized hallucinogenic agents for humans. A preliminary series of studies was conducted to examine whether these seeds affected the behavior of rats. The Experimental and Control conditions were i.p. injections of an infusion from the seeds or of distilled water, respectively. Both activity and discrimination measures were used. The data showed a clear reduction in activity level in all tests under experimental conditions. There was no evidence of difference between the groups in the acquisition of a perceptually based discriminative response.
Value and Personality Dimensions: Their Constancies and their Relationships
Authors: Butt Dorcas Susan
Published: September 2011

The dimensions emerging from the responses of a Canadian sample of university students to Morris' (1956) “Ways to Live Value Scale” and to Cattell's, et al. (1957) 16 PF Test were compared with the dimensions reported for American samples of students by Morris and Jones (1955) and Cattell (1956). Reasonable factor stability was found across the Canadian and American data on both value and personality dimensions. The relationships between the value and personality factors were computed for the Canadian sample. 32% of the variance of the personality dimension, Independence, was accounted for by the value preferences, while 1% of the anxiety dimension, 7% of the extraversion dimension, and 7% of the tendency toward environmental manipulation dimension were accounted for. Such analyses of the interrelationships between values and personality may be a fruitful technique for future cross-cultural research.
Continuing Behavioral Differences in Infant Monkeys as Related to Mode of Delivery
Authors: Meier Gilbert W. , Garcia-Rodriquez Consuelo
Published: September 2011

The previously-described differences in CAR and CER acquisition during the neonatal period related to mode of delivery persist for at least 3 mo. thereafter providing the infant is first given the conditioning experience during the neonatal period. In the present study groups of rhesus monkeys, half delivered by cesarean section and half delivered vaginally, were tested at monthly intervals starting on Day 1 or Day 31. The striking differences characteristic of the conditioning performances at birth were greatly reduced at Day 31 in those groups first observed at that age. Although the age-at-introduction × mode-of-delivery interaction was impressive, a convincing basis for interpretation is not apparent. Activity and vocalization levels could not be related to these conditioning performances.
Adam Z. Margoshes (1917–1966)
Authors: Litt Sheldon
Published: September 2011

The untimely death of Adam Margoshes at the start of his academic career removes from psychology one of its brilliant “unknowns” who attempted to bridge the gap between science and art. I was fortunate to be his close friend and collaborator during these productive years.
Conditioned Heart Rate as a Function of Manifest Anxiety and Drug Action
Authors: Dube Charles Stuart
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of anxiety and phenothiazine action on stimulus generalization. Significantly higher conditioning was demonstrated in the higher anxiety groups, as well as enhancement of stimulus generalization in the phenothiazine groups. Explanations of the change in cardiac response were sought in terms of anxiety level and drug action.
Personality Change in the Church-Related Liberal Arts College
Authors: Beach Leslie R.
Published: September 2011

Four scales of the OPI (developmental status, impulse expression, social maturity and schizoid functioning) and the F and E scales were employed to measure personality change in 38 Ss during 4 yr. at a church-related liberal arts college. Significant increases were found in developmental status, but little change in impulse expression. Significant increase was found in social maturity, and significant decrease in schizoid functioning, especially during the last 2 yr. The F and E scales also showed significant decreases. Some sex differences were found in F and E scores (men showing greater decrease, especially during the last 2 yr.) and in schizoid functioning (women showing a sharp drop in the final 2 yr.). Changes observed during the last 2 yr. are at variance with most other research.
Preference for Skill or Chance Tasks and I-E Scores
Authors: Gold Dolores
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to predict choice between a skill and a chance task on the basis of scores on the I-E Scale. 99 students scoring in the extremes of the range of scores were Ss under two choice conditions. Expectancy for success was the same in both the chance and the skill tasks, 0.1 for the first condition and 0.5 for the second condition. There was no relationship between I-E scores and choice of task under either condition.
Taste of Saccharin as Sufficient Reward for Performance
Authors: Dufour Victor L. , Arnold Magda B.
Published: September 2011

Sated albino rats, allowed to taste, as a reward, a novel, sweet, non-nutritive substance, made significantly more bat presses than control animals, thereby indicating the inherently rewarding properties of sensory function.
Selection of a Model for a Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
Authors: Cain Leila S.
Published: September 2011

There are three models for a two-factor analysis of variance, Model I (effects fixed), Model II (effects random) and Model III (mixed). In Model I main effects and interaction effects may always be estimated, but the results of the analysis may not be generalized to any effects other than those represented in the study. If there is a significant interaction in Model II, neither main effects nor interaction effects may be meaningfully estimated, but the results of the analysis may be generalized to the populations of which the main effects are random samples. Empirical evidence suggests application of Model I procedures to Model II data can produce results comparable to those obtained by “proper” usage of Model I methods.
Personality Factors of the Cattell “16 PF Test” and Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Hartman Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

22 undergraduate psychology majors (14 males, 8 females) were administered the Cattell 16 PF Test and were later seen in two groups of 11 for determining hypnotic susceptibility as assessed by the Barber Suggestibility Scale. Only 2 of the 16 rank-difference correlations reached significance ( p < .01). The highly hypnotizable Ss scored significantly higher than the low Ss on the enthusiastic and insecure factors.
Distancing and Distance Devices in Childhood Schizophrenia and Borderline States: Revised Concepts and New Directions in Research
Authors: Ekstein Rudolf , Caruth Elaine
Published: September 2011

Continuing investigation of distancing and distance devices has led to elaborations of the differences between the psychotic and neurotic patients' use of distance. Investigation has led to the consideration of non-metric topological constructs to replace arithmetic ones in describing this aspect of the psychotic patient's functioning.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: III. G. W. Leibniz (1646-1716) on the Association of Ideas and Learning
Authors: Verhave Thom
Published: September 2011

A brief discussion of Leibniz‘ views on learning and association of ideas. The current prevalent notion that Leibniz was “anti-associationist” in the 19th century meaning of that term is refuted.
Standardized Interview Performance of Regressed Schizophrenics, Non-Medicated Schizophrenics, and Normals
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Hannon John E. , Patterson William E. , Morris James R.
Published: September 2011

Three nosological groups (19 normals, 20 non-medicated schizophrenics, and 28 regressed schizophrenics) were compared on certain temporal measures of speech derived from a standard interview. The three groups performed differently on most of the variables indicating the interview's diagnostic import. The uses of a standardized interview as a criterion measure and as a dependent variable were discussed.
Effects of Stress during Infancy on Tumor Development and Tumor Growth
Authors: Otis Leon S. , Scholler Jean
Published: September 2011

A number of investigators have reported that stressing a variety of mammals by repeated electric shocks resulted in decreased resistance to cancer-producing agents, as well as an increase in the rate of development of spontaneous tumors. Other investigators have reported the opposite findings. By-and-large, however, these studies have lacked adequate controls and have depended on results from small groups of subjects. We used sufficiently large groups to minimize sampling error. Rigid controls were instituted and each study was repeated at least twice to check the reliability of the findings. Mice and rats were stressed for short periods daily by electric shock to the body surface or convulsive shock to the brain. The stress treatments were given during early infancy (birth to weaning) or for an equal period during young adulthood (Days 24 to 47). Tumors were either transplanted or induced by chemical or viral agents. Out results failed to support the reports of other investigators that stress applied to the infant or young adult organism alters its susceptibility to develop cancer.
Diminished Responsivity on a Passive Avoidance Task to Second Administration of Scopolamine
Authors: Meyers Barton , Lazarus Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Rats were given two training sessions, separated by intervals of 1, 3, or 6 days, on a passive avoidance task. For each training interval, control groups receiving saline and experimental groups receiving scopolamine prior to both sessions were run. Although scopolamine impaired acquisition of the task, the drugged groups displayed a marked improvement in performance on the second day of training. The data suggest, however, that the degree of behavioral improvement for the scopolamine groups diminished with intervals of increased duration interposed between the 2 training days. Two alternative explanations are entertained to account for the excellent Day-2 performance of the scopolamine groups: the development of a partial physiological tolerance to the effects of scopolamine or the development of a behavioral tolerance, unrelated to any known physiological tolerance.
Effects of Proportion of Positive Instances upon Concept Learning
Authors: Haygood Robert C. , Stevenson Michael
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varying proportion of positive instances in the stimulus sequence over a wide range (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8). The results showed that number of trials to criterion generally increased as proportion of positive instances decreased. The function for number of errors was convex, however, reaching a maximum at 0.4 and decreasing toward the extremes. Detailed examination of the data disclosed that Ss in the 0.1 and 0.2 conditions were learning the probabilities and adopting a strategy of “when in doubt say no.” The effects were attributed in part to variation in information rates as proportion of positive instances changed and in part to differences in difficulty of utilization of information from positive and negative instances.
Aptitude, Anxiety and Academic Performance: A Moderator Variable Analysis
Authors: Pervin Lawrence A.
Published: September 2011

To study the moderating effects of anxiety on the relationship between aptitude and performance, and the moderating effects of aptitude on the relationship between anxiety and performance the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test was administered to freshman students, and scores on this test were correlated with measures of aptitude and academic performance. Significant values on the order of .20 were found between the anxiety scales and aptitude measures. While statistically significant, the correlations between anxiety and performance were far below those reported in the literature. The moderator analysis did not indicate that anxiety was differentially related to performance for different ability levels. There was some suggestion, however, that aptitude best predicts performance for students low in debilitating anxiety. Present and past findings were discussed in terms of differences in instruments, Ss, and criteria.
Isolation of an Habituational Position Effect in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Germana Joseph
Published: September 2011

Verbal responses on Trial 2 of a paired-associate learning session were trichotomized into correct responses, incorrect or competing responses, and omission errors. When serial position effects were procedurally and analytically controlled, correct responses increased and competing responses decreased across the eight serial positions on this trial. Galvanic skin responses to the stimulus members of the pairs systematically decreased across positions on Trial 2. These results were not obtained when Ss were given warm-up experience prior to learning.
Influence of Timing of Hints on Their Effectiveness in Problem Solving
Authors: Maier N. R. F. , Burke R. J.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether the receptivity and effectiveness of hints was related to the length of time Ss had spent on a problem before receiving them, a good and a poor hint were used in the Hatrack Problem (Maier, 1945) with 383 male college students, who were individually tested. Three stages of problem solving were selected for each hint in order to measure the importance of timing. These were as follows: (1) at the outset, before problem-solving activity had started, (2) at a point when Ss were about to give up after experiencing a variety of failures, and (3) at an intermediate stage when S might be actively involved in exploring his own ideas. (1) Differences attributable to the stages at which the hints were introduced were not significant for either hint. This similarity seemed to result from the manner in which the hints interrupted ongoing activity. Ss were told that the hint was applicable. (2) The analysis of activity following the hint supported an earlier study demonstrating that the effect of the hint was to eliminate activity incongruous with it. Thus the value of each hint depended upon the incorrect activity it eliminated. (3) The timing of the hint did not influence subsequent problem-solving activity.
Comment on Priest's Article: “Election Jokes: The Effects of Reference Group Membership”
Authors: Fave Lawrence La
Published: September 2011

Priest maintains that all relevant studies prior to his own support a reference group theory of humor. However, only La Fave's experiment does unequivocally. Both the Wolff, Smith, and Murray and the Middleton experiments make methodological errors, acknowledged by the authors themselves, which render a reference group interpretation of their data debatable. However, these authors also furnish perceptive, post mortem analyses which suggest that, were their methodologies less inadequate, the reference group construct would have won support
Problem Solving: The Process
Authors: Rimoldi H. J. A. , Erdmann James B.
Published: September 2011

A technique for the characterization of problem-solving processes is presented along with criteria for their evaluation according to norms established logically and statistically.
Avoidance Learning in Fish as a Function of Prior Fear Conditioning
Authors: Pinckney George A.
Published: September 2011

90 goldfish, Carassius auratus, were given 0, 5, 10, 20 or 40 fear conditioning trials prior to 40 standard avoidance learning trials in an aquatic shuttlebox. Results indicated that avoidance learning was inversely related to the number of fear conditioning trials and were discussed in terms of the development of superstitious behavior during fear conditioning which was incompatible with the shuttle response required during subsequent avoidance training.
Effect of Binaural and Alternating Css on Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Perlmuter Lawrence C. , Leonard Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

Conditioned eyelid performance of a group receiving half their CSs in each ear was not different from a group receiving all the CSs in a single ear. In Exp. 2 a comparison of performance to a (red light) CS was made between a group receiving half their trials to an auditory CS and half to a visual CS as contrasted with a group receiving half their trials to a red and half to a green light CS. Performance to the red light in each group was similar and the results were discussed in terms of stimulus inhibition.
Effects of Cooling “Association Cortex” on Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Uyeda Arthur A. , Fuster Joaquin M.
Published: September 2011

Cryogenic probes were implanted in monkeys for cooling cortical “association areas” in unanesthetized state. Cooling was obtained by attaching special D.C. operated thermodes to the probes. When the parastriate and the lateral frontal cortex were cooled to 5° C, the amplitude of averaged visual evoked potentials recorded from the striate cortex was depressed. The change is conspicuous in long latency components of evoked response.
Trait Ratings of Student Nurses
Authors: Lawson John R. , Henley Gordon H.
Published: September 2011

A rating scale of 47 items was developed in an attempt to predict progress for student nurses in eight areas delineated by authorities as important for professional success in nursing. Reliability of the scale and reliability of the criterion were presented. A table of correlations representing the relative efficiency of each trait as a predictor variable of student nursing progress was given. It was noted that, as clinical instructors become more familiar with their students, they tend to continue to rely on the personal characteristics of the students in making evaluative judgments but also more on potential professional ability as indicated by developing professional skills.
A Parametric Study of the Delay-Retention Effect
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne , Adams Gail , Reaney Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

The delay-retention effect—the facilitation of retention following reinforcement delay during acquisition—still appears when the value of delay is as long as 30 sec.
Psychotic Dwarfs with Good Prognoses or What? Developmental Stage Contingencies in Clinical Child Psychology
Authors: Cummings S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

The essential distinguishing characteristic of the specialty of clinical child psychology is the consistent application of the developmental stage contingency principle by its practitioners as they interpret their data. The need for more rapid and extensive incorporation of recently-derived developmental concepts into contemporary practice and research in clinical child psychology is stressed.
Influence of the Examiner on the Itpa Scores of Negro Children
Authors: Smith Herbert W. , May W. Theodore
Published: September 2011

To establish local normative data for 6-yr.-old southern Negro children from low socio-economic backgrounds on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and to evaluate the effects of examiner differences, 2 Negro and 4 Caucasian examiners with little experience tested 171 Ss. The over-all language score and 5 subscales reflected significant examiner differences; thus the normative value of the scores is questionable.
Dogmatism, Defense Mechanisms, and Social Desirability Responding
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S.
Published: September 2011

The influence of social desirability responding on the correlation between the Dogmatism and Repression-Sensitization Scales was examined. A positive relationship was found between these two scales ( r = .44, p < .001). This relationship decreased only slightly when a partial correlation was used to remove the influence of social desirability responding ( r = .40, p < .001). In addition, correcting for attenuation in the controlled variable still resulted in a significant relationship between these two variables ( r = .39, p < .001). Thus social desirability responding does not have an undue influence on the relationship between the Dogmatism Scale and the Repression-Sensitization Scale.
Sex Differences in Some Aspects of Smoking Behavior
Authors: Landy Eugene E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are sex differences in the way men and women open an unopened pack of cigarettes and obtain the first cigarette and to test hypotheses derived from Freudian psychoanalytic theory regarding the phallic phase of psychosexual development, the Oedipal complex or castration anxiety in males, and penis envy in females. Statistical results clearly indicated that men and women differ in the methods they use to open an unopened pack of cigarettes and to obtain the first cigarette. The observed behaviors are consistent with the Freudian hypothesis that castration complex in males and penis envy in females is expressed in everyday living.
“A Midsummer Night's Dream”—A Structural Study
Authors: Stanton Ralph G.
Published: September 2011

Various recent studies have employed graph-theoretical methods to depict group structures and interpersonal relationships. In the play, “A Midsummer Night's Dream,” a particularly tangled skein of emotional involvement is clarified by graphical methods, and the generalization of previous results concerning three-act structures to the more complex situation of a five-act structure throws light on the relative status of major and minor plot sequences.
Measurement of Activation through Self-Report
Authors: Thayer Robert E.
Published: September 2011

While activation has proved to be a very useful concept in understanding behavior, theoretical and practical problems concerning physiological measurement have reduced its utility. Controlled self-report is suggested as an alternative measurement form, and data from several studies are presented indicating the validity of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL), an objective self-report measure of transient levels of activation. Factor analytic studies yielded four AD-ACL factors representing different points on a hypothetical continuum. These factors correlated substantially with physiological variables and reflected significant activation changes as predicted from diurnal sleep-wakefulness variations and from an impending college examination. The relative merits of self-report and individual peripheral physiological measures in the assessment of activation are discussed.
Exploratory Study on Sources of Satisfactions on Week-Ends
Authors: Shelly Maynard W.
Published: September 2011

An exploratory study of sources of satisfaction of a week-end was conducted. A proposed elementary relationship relating satisfactions to constraints during the week and availability of classes of behaviors on week-ends was examined and found to fir the results rather well.
Further Evidence for Two Varieties of Nonconformity
Authors: Smith Robert J.
Published: September 2011

In a brief follow-up study the attitudes expressed by three empirically defined groups, conformers, independents, and anticonformers, related very closely to those found with a previous male college sample (Smith, 1967). The earlier significant correlation between a scale of attitudes and one of response style also held. A scale to measure psychological anomie reflected significant group differences in this study as was expected from previous theory and research.
Effects of Amount of Reinforcement on the Concurrent Performance of Retardates
Authors: Hom George L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of amount of reinforcement on the performance of 20 mildly and moderately mentally retarded children during acquisition and extinction was studied. In Phase I Ss were trained to operate under a concurrent performance schedule with two manipulanda and tokens were established as reinforcers by pairing them with pennies. In Phase II the initial baseline for an equal amount of reinforcement (three tokens) in both manipulanda was established. During Phase III the amount of reinforcement was shifted to five tokens per reinforcement on one manipulandum and to one token on the other manipulandum. Phase IV provided extinction. A significant relationship was obtained between the amount of reinforcement and performance during both acquisition and extinction. The concurrent performance procedure was a sensitive measure of the effects of amount of reinforcement in maintaining Ss' performance. Thus, a change in the amount of reinforcement will exercise a differential effect on over-all response rate when an alternative incompatible response is available.
Paired-Associate Learning in Children: Length of List, Initial Associative Strength, Presentation Time, and Grade Level
Authors: Shapiro Sydelle Stone
Published: September 2011

Acquisition of paired associates was studied as a function of initial associative strength (IAS), presentation time (PT), length of list and grade level. On trials to criterion, significant effects were obtained for IAS and PT and list length. There were no grade differences. Difficulty of the pairs in the list as measured by average number of errors per unit pair showed significant effects for PT and IAS. List length did not change the difficulty of learning an individual pair. Length of time to learn lists as measured by total learning time gave no evidence of time constancy but suggests that within the limits of this experiment, total learning time is a direct function of PT.
Magnesium Pemoline: Activation of Extinction Responding after Continuous Reinforcement
Authors: Grosser George S. , Sprinthall Richard C. , Sirois Lee
Published: September 2011

Magnesium pemoline prolongs performance in extinction following continuous reinforcement although not affecting prior acquisition of food-reinforced lever pressing. 8 Ss were given magnesium pemoline and 8 a placebo. 1 wk. later Ss were extinguished, 8 on magnesium pemoline and 8 on placebo. It was found that, although magnesium pemoline had no effect on acquisition, it did significantly prolong extinction.
Effects on Retention of Externally or Self-Reinforced Rehearsal Trials following Acquisition
Authors: Kanfer Frederick H. , Duerfeldt Pryse H.
Published: September 2011

During overlearning of a paired-associates task Ss were (a) given reinforcement by E for correct responses, (b) gave themselves reinforcement when they judged their response correct, or (c) received no reinforcement. Better recall and relearning scores were obtained after no reinforcement than after self-reinforcement or E-reinforcement.
Effects of Amobarbital, Chlordiazepoxide, and Chlorpromazine Administered following Shock Trauma
Authors: Kamano Dennis K. , Martin Louis K.
Published: September 2011

Amobarbiral (30 mg/kg), Chlordiazepoxide (30 mg/kg), and Chlorpromazine (4 mg/kg) had no evident retroactive effects in the present study. These drugs administered immediately following shock trauma did not predispose Ss to react less fearfully on a later encounter with the same situation.
Reply to “Note”
Authors: Levine Fredric M.
Published: September 2011

The criticisms that my experiment did not measure arousal failed to point out that: behavioral operational definitions of arousal were clearly stated, arousal is a concept and not an entity, psychophysiological measures are neither “truer” nor more direct than behavioral measures.