bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anterior segment involvement in Epstein–Barr virus: a review
Authors: Alba‐Linero Carmen , Rocha‐de‐Lossada Carlos , Rachwani‐Anil Rahul , Sainz‐de‐la‐Maza Maite , Sena‐Corrales Gabriel , Romano Vito , Rodríguez‐Calvo‐de‐Mora Marina
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study is to describe the involvement of Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the diseases of the ocular anterior segment. This is a narrative review designed using the PUBMED, SCOPE and Web of Science databases, searching for reported literature on findings in the anterior ocular segment related to EBV between 1990 and 2020. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is implicated in the development of salmon‐coloured conjunctival masses in the context of acute mononucleosis and lymphoproliferative disorders. Moreover, EBV can cause haemorrhagic conjunctivitis and its corneal implications appear as different types of keratitis patterns. The involvement of EBV in the pathogenesis of anterior segment inflammation is not well‐defined. Current evidence regarding anterior segment disease caused by EBV infection has been proved by positive viral detection through polymerase chain reaction test in eyes with lymphoproliferative disorders known to be caused by EBV, as B‐ and NK/T‐cell lymphoid tumours. Antiviral treatment (oral Aciclovir or Valaciclovir) in anterior segment disease caused by EBV remains controversial.
A virtual reality‐based study of color contrast to encourage more sustainable food choices
Authors: Wan Xiaoang , Qiu Linbo , Wang Chujun
Published: November 2021

In order to identify effective strategies to increase more environmentally friendly food choices, we conducted an experimental study to examine how the color contrast between the food and the background might influence people's choices between meat and vegetable dishes. Participants were instructed to choose three desirable dishes out of a choice set presented on a red‐ or green‐colored table in a simulated restaurant environment. Each choice set consisted of two meat and two vegetable dishes, so the participants had to choose between the meat‐heavy and vegetable‐forward meals. The participants chose the meat‐heavy meals more often than the chance level. However, the results revealed that using a red table to present the choice set could shift them toward choosing fewer meat‐heavy meals and thus more vegetable‐forward meals, and the visual attractiveness of the meat dishes was decreased when presented on the red tables. These findings provide empirical evidence regarding how the contrast between the color of food and the background color of the dining table can be used to modulate the sensory appeal of foods in order to promote sustainable food choices.
Targeting the OXE receptor with a selective antagonist inhibits allergen‐induced pulmonary inflammation in non‐human primates
Authors: Cossette Chantal , Miller Lisa A. , Ye Qiuji , Chourey Shishir , Reddy Chintam Nagendra , Rokach Joshua , Powell William S.
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose

The 5‐lipoxygenase product, 5‐oxo‐ETE (5‐oxo‐6,8,11,14‐eicosatetraenoic acid), is a potent chemoattractant for eosinophils and neutrophils. However, little is known about its pathophysiological role because of the lack of a rodent ortholog of the oxoeicosanoid (OXE) receptor. The present study aimed to determine whether the selective OXE receptor antagonist S‐Y048 can inhibit allergen‐induced pulmonary inflammation in a monkey model of asthma.

Experimental Approach

Monkeys sensitized to house dust mite antigen (HDM) were treated with either vehicle or S‐Y048 prior to challenge with aerosolized HDM, and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid was collected 24 h later. After 6 weeks, animals that had initially been treated with vehicle received S‐Y048 and vice versa for animals initially treated with S‐Y048. Eosinophils and neutrophils in BAL and lung tissue samples were evaluated, as well as mucus‐containing cells in bronchi.

Key Results

HDM significantly increased the numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages in BAL fluid 24 h after challenge. These responses were all significantly inhibited by S‐Y048, which also reduced the numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils in lung tissue 24 h after challenge with HDM. S‐Y048 also significantly reduced the numbers of bronchial epithelial cells staining for mucin and MUC5AC after antigen challenge.

Conclusion and Implications

This study provides the first evidence that 5‐oxo‐ETE may play an important role in inducing allergen‐induced pulmonary inflammation and could also be involved in regulating MUC5AC in goblet cells. OXE receptor antagonists such as S‐Y048 may useful therapeutic agents in asthma and other eosinophilic as well as neutrophilic diseases.
Sordarin— An anti‐fungal antibiotic with a unique modus operandi
Authors: Shao Yutian , Molestak Eliza , Su Weike , Stankevič Marek , Tchórzewski Marek
Published: November 2021

Fungal infections cause serious problems in many aspects of human life, in particular infections in immunocompromised patients present serious problems. Current anti‐fungal antibiotics target various metabolic pathways, predominantly the cell wall or cellular membrane metabolism. Numerous compounds are available to combat fungal infections, but their efficacy is far from satisfactory and some of them display high toxicity. The emerging antibiotic resistance represents a serious issue as well. Hence, there is a considerable need for new anti‐fungal compounds with lower toxicity and higher effectiveness. One of the unique anti‐fungal antibiotics is sordarin, the only known compound that acts on the fungal translational machinery per se. Sordarin inhibits protein synthesis at the elongation step of the translational cycle, acting on eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2. In this review, we deliver a robust scientific platform promoting the development of anti‐fungal compounds, in particular focusing on the molecular action of sordarin.
Living with a child who has a life‐limiting condition: The functioning of well‐siblings and parents
Authors: Jaaniste Tiina , Cuganesan Anjali , Chin Wei Ling ( Audrey) , Tan Sarah Caellainn , Coombs Sandra , Heaton Maria , Cowan Sue , Aouad Phillip , Potter Denise , Smith Philippa Louise , Trethewie Susan
Published: November 2021

Background

Living with a child who has a life‐limiting condition (LLC) is likely to have a major impact on all family members. There is a need to have a clearer understanding of the nature and extent of this impact on parents and well‐siblings. The current study aimed to investigate the psychosocial functioning of well‐siblings and parents living with a child with an LLC. Further, the study aimed to assess the resilience resources of both well‐siblings and parents, giving consideration to how these relate to psychosocial functioning.

Methods

Participants included 48 well‐siblings (6–21 years) and 42 parents of children with LLCs. Parents and well‐siblings independently completed validated measures of child and adult functioning and personal resilience. Parents provided demographic information about the patient and family.

Results

The emotional, social and school functioning of well‐siblings in the current study was found to be significantly poorer than published norms (all p's < .01). Parental self‐reported depression, anxiety and stress scores were also all significantly poorer than published norms (all p's < .01). There was negligible agreement between well‐sibling self‐reported functioning and parental proxy‐report of the well‐siblings functioning (all r's < .126, all p's > .464). Sibling self‐reported resilience was positively correlated with each of the measures of psychosocial functioning (all r's > .318, p's < .05). Parental resilience was significantly negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = −.369, p < .05) and anxiety symptoms (r = −.473, p < .01) but not stress scores (r = −.074, p = .644).

Conclusion

Family members living with a child who has an LLC were found to have significantly poorer psychosocial functioning than published norms. Although one cannot infer a causal direction from the current study, greater self‐reported well‐sibling and parental resilience were associated with aspects of better self‐reported psychosocial functioning. Future studies should assess the impact of psychosocial interventions aimed at enhancing the resilience and functioning of both well‐siblings and parents.
Retracted: Efficient ensemble to combat flash attacks
Authors: C.U Om Kumar , Sathia Bhama Ponsy R. K.
Published: November 2021

Flash event generates enormous traffic and the cloud service providers use sustaining techniques like scaling and content delivery network to up their services. One of the main bottlenecks that the cloud service providers still find difficult to tackle is flash attacks. Illegitimate users send craftily designed packets to land up inside the server for wreaking havoc. As deep learning autoencoder has the potential to detect malicious traffic it has been used in this research study to develop an ensemble. Convolutional neural network is efficacious in overcoming the issue of overfitting; deep autoencoder is proficient in extracting features through dimensionality reduction. In order to obtain both these advantages it was decided to develop an ensemble keeping denoising autoencoder as the core element. The process of addressing a flash attack requires first detecting the presence of bot in malicious traffic, second studying its nature by observing its behavioral manifestations. Detection of botnet was achieved by three ensembles, namely, DAE_CNN, DAE_MLP, and DAE_XGB. But capturing its external manifested behavior is challenging, because the bot signatures are always in a state of flux. The simulated empirical study yielded an appreciable outcome. Its accuracy rate was 99.9% for all the three models and the false positive rates were 0, 0.006, and 0.001, respectively.
Children with problem drinking parents in Sweden: Prevalence and risk of adverse consequences in a national cohort born in 2001
Authors: Ramstedt Mats , Raninen Jonas , Larm Peter , Livingston Michael
Published: November 2021

Introduction

To estimate the prevalence of children with problem drinking parents in Sweden and the extent to which they have an elevated risk of poor health, social relationships and school situation in comparison with other children.

Methods

Survey with a nationally representative sample of Swedish youth aged 15–16 years (n = 5576) was conducted in 2017. A short version of The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST‐6) was used to identify children with problem drinking parents. Health status, social relations and school situation were measured by well‐established measures. Overall prevalences for girls and boys were presented as well as relative risks (RR) of harm for children with problem drinking parents compared with other children.

Results

A total of 13.1% of the sample had at least one problem drinking parent during adolescence according to CAST‐6—a higher proportion of girls (15.4%) than boys (10.8%). This group had an elevated risk of poor general health as well psychosomatic problems compared with other children (RR 1.2–1.9). They were also more likely to use medication for depression, sleeping difficulties and anxiety (RR 2.2–2.6). Their social relations were also worse especially with their father (RR 3.1) and they had more problems at school (RR 2.6).

Discussion and Conclusions

The risk of problems related to parental drinking goes beyond the most severe cases where parents have been in treatment for their alcohol problem. This is important knowledge since the majority of problem drinkers never seek treatment and the major part of parental problem drinking is found in population samples.
Inflation expectations and consumption: Evidence from 1951
Authors: Binder Carola Conces , Brunet Gillian
Published: November 2021

We use rich microdata from the 1951 Survey of Consumer Finances to study inflation expectations and consumption during the Korean War, in an episode when monetary policy was constrained. We provide the first detailed analysis of consumer inflation expectations from that era. Using survey measures of actual and expected spending on durables, cars, and homes at extensive and intensive margins, we show that the difference between consumption in 1950 and expected consumption in 1951 increases with expected inflation. Effect sizes are modest, even though household balance sheets were healthy and inflation was salient.
Functional resin use in solitary bees
Authors: Chui Shao Xiong , Keller Alexander , Leonhardt Sara D.
Published: November 2021

1. Overall, more than 30% of bee species depend on non‐floral resources, such as resin. However, the importance of resin in bee ecology, particularly for solitary bees, has received very little attention thus far.

2. A plethora of loose natural history observations, inferences, and author opinions hint towards a striking range of uses of resin for nesting by bees. In this review, we focus on resin use in solitary bees and identify extant knowledge, knowledge gaps, and future research directions with regard to the functional use of resin in bee nesting biology.

3. Resin use in solitary bee nests can be broadly grouped by functional roles for nest structure, chemical camouflage, defence, moisture regulation, and anti‐microbial properties. We point out that resin usage appears to be constrained by environmental and physiological factors. Bee species‐specific tolerances for resin toxicity and resin availability in the environment seem to determine resin choices and subsequently functional usage in nests. We finally highlight that resin may play a major role in determining the ambient nest microbiota, due to its strong antimicrobial properties. We conclude that a better mechanistic understanding of resin use in bee nesting biology can aid in assessing species range shifts in light of global change.
The critical role of the aldehyde dehydrogenase PauC in spermine, spermidine, and diaminopropane toxicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Its possible use as a drug target
Authors: Cardona‐Cardona Yudy V. , Regla Ignacio , Juárez‐Díaz Javier Andrés , Carrillo‐Campos Javier , López‐Ortiz Manuel , Aguilera‐Cruz Alejandro , Mújica‐Jiménez Carlos , Muñoz‐Clares Rosario A.
Published: November 2021

The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits great resistance to antibiotics; so, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Since polyamines levels are incremented in infected tissues, we explored whether the formation of a toxic aldehyde in polyamines degradation can be exploited in combating infection. We cloned the gene encoding the only aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase involved in P. aeruginosa polyamines‐degradation routes, PaPauC, overexpressed this enzyme, and found that it oxidizes 3‐aminopropionaldehyde (APAL) and 3‐glutamyl‐3‐aminopropionaldehyde (GluAPAL) − produced in spermine (Spm), spermidine (Spd), and diaminopropane (Dap) degradation, as well as 4‐aminobutyraldehyde (ABAL) and 4‐glutamyl‐4‐aminobutyraldehyde (GluABAL) − formed in putrescine (Put) degradation. As the catalytic efficiency of PaPauC with APAL was 30‐times lower than with GluAPAL, and GluAPAL is predominantly formed, APAL will be poorly oxidized ‘in vivo’. We found polyamines‐induced increases in the PaPauC activity of cell crude‐extracts and in the expression of the PapauC gene that were diminished by glucose. Spm, Spd, or Dap, but not Put, were toxic to P. aeruginosa even in the presence of other carbon and nitrogen sources, particularly to a strain with the PapauC gene disrupted. APAL, but not GluAPAL, was highly toxic even to wild‐type cells, suggesting that its accumulation, particularly in the absence of, or low, PaPauC activity is responsible for the toxicity of Spm, Spd, and Dap. Our results shed light on the toxicity mechanism of these three polyamines and strongly support the critical role of PaPauC in this toxicity. Thus, PaPauC emerges as a novel potential drug target whose inhibition might help in combating infection by this important pathogen.
Low cost estimation of Wöhler and Goodman–Haigh curves of Ti‐6Al‐4V samples by considering the stress ratio effect
Authors: Toasa Caiza Paul Dario , Sire Stéphane , Ummenhofer Thomas , Uematsu Yoshihiko
Published: November 2021

The stress ratio effect on the fatigue life of materials is a topic which have been studied by two different approaches. On the one hand, several experiments, performed under different stress ratios are necessary to estimate the corresponding Wöhler curves. Afterwards, these curves are considered to estimate the fatigue life under a particular stress range. On the other hand, fatigue failure criteria for fluctuating stress like the Goodman–Haigh relationship, are applied to estimate the stress amplitude for a constant fatigue life. Based on the Stüssi function, this paper presents a low cost model to estimate Wöhler curves and constant fatigue Goodman–Haigh diagrams. This procedure requires a set of tests performed under a particular stress ratio from LCF to HCF, and data from minimum two additional stress ranges for each subsequent stress ratio. An application on data from Ti‐6Al‐4V samples manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) is presented.
Adherence to international guidelines for the management ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection among gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows in Italy: A Survey of the Italian Federation of Digestive Diseases ‐ FISMAD
Authors: Zagari Rocco Maurizio , Romano Marco , Frazzoni Leonardo , Marasco Giovanni , Dajti Elton , Arcidiacono Paolo Giorgio , Armuzzi Alessandro , Biagi Federico , Cannizzaro Renato , Cavestro Giulia Martina , Ciacci Carolina , Monica Fabio , Peralta Sergio , Radaelli Franco , Bazzoli Franco
Published: November 2021

Background

Information on the management ofHelicobacter (H.) pyloriinfection by gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows are scarce. We aimed to assess practice of gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows and their adherence to guidelines for diagnosis and treatment ofH. pyloriinfection in Italy.

Materials and Methods

All gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows attending the National Congress of Digestive Diseases ‐ FISMAD were invited to fill‐in an on‐line questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on the diagnosis and treatment ofH. pyloriinfection.

Results

A total of 279 gastroenterologists and 61 gastroenterology fellows participated to the study. The13C‐urea breath test was the most preferred method among gastroenterologists and fellows for the diagnosis ofH. pyloriinfection (40.4% and 57.6%, respectively) and the confirmation of eradication (61.3% and 70%, respectively). Sequential therapy was the most preferred first‐line treatment ofH. pylorifor both gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows (31.8% and 44%, respectively), followed by bismuth quadruple therapy (31% and 27.6%, respectively) and clarithromycin triple therapy (26.8% and 22.4%, respectively). Only 30% of gastroenterologists and 38.5% of fellows used the clarithromycin triple therapy for the recommended duration of 14 days. Bismuth quadruple therapy was the most preferred second‐line therapy for both gastroenterologists and fellows. The majority of gastroenterologists and fellows would prefer an empirical therapy at third line (72.6% and 62.5%, respectively) and a susceptibility‐guided therapy at fourth line (46.7% and 71.4%, respectively).

Conclusions

Practices of gastroenterologists and gastroenterology fellows are in line with guidelines’ recommendations, apart for the first‐line treatment ofH. pyloriinfection. Targeted educational interventions to improve adherence to guidelines are needed.
Development of novel reagents to chicken FLT3, XCR1 and CSF2R for the identification and characterization of avian conventional dendritic cells
Authors: Wu Zhiguang , Hu Tuanjun , Chintoan‐Uta Cosmin , Macdonald Joni , Stevens Mark P. , Sang Helen , Hume David A. , Kaiser Pete , Balic Adam
Published: November 2021

Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are bone marrow‐derived immune cells that play a central role in linking innate and adaptive immunity. cDCs efficiently uptake, process and present antigen to naïve T cells, driving clonal expansion of antigen‐specific T‐cell responses. In chicken, vital reagents are lacking for the efficient and precise identification of cDCs. In this study, we have developed several novel reagents for the identification and characterization of chicken cDCs. Chicken FLT3 cDNA was cloned and a monoclonal antibody to cell surface FLT3 was generated. This antibody identified a distinct FLT3HI splenic subset which lack expression of signature markers for B cells, T cells or monocyte/macrophages. By combining anti‐FLT3 and CSF1R‐eGFP transgenic expression, three major populations within the mononuclear phagocyte system were identified in the spleen. The cDC1 subset of mammalian cDCs express the chemokine receptor XCR1. To characterize chicken cDCs, a synthetic chicken chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1) peptide conjugated to Alexa Fluor 647 was developed (XCL1AF647). Flow cytometry staining of XCL1AF647 on splenocytes showed that all chicken FLT3HI cells exclusively express XCR1, supporting the hypothesis that this population comprises bona fide chicken cDCs. Further analysis revealed that chicken cDCs expressed CSF1R but lacked the expression of CSF2R. Collectively, the cell surface phenotypes of chicken cDCs were partially conserved with mammalian XCR1+ cDC1, with distinct differences in CSF1R and CSF2R expression compared with mammalian orthologues. These original reagents allow the efficient identification of chicken cDCs to investigate their important roles in the chicken immunity and diseases.
ARB might be superior to ACEI for treatment of hypertensive COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Zhao Hong‐Jin , Li Yan , Wang De‐Yu , Yuan Hai‐Tao
Published: November 2021

The administration of ACEI/ARB (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotension II receptor blockers) in COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients with hypertension exhibits a lower risk of mortality compared with ACEI/ARB non‐users. In this context, an important question arises: is ACEI or ARB more suitable for the treatment of hypertensive COVID‐19 patients? Taken into consideration the following four rationales, ARB may offer a more significant benefit than ACEI for the short‐term treatment of hypertensive COVID‐19 patients: 1. ACEI has no inhibition on non‐ACE‐mediated Ang II production under infection conditions, whereas ARB can function properly regardless of how Ang II is produced; 2. ACEI‐induced bradykinin accumulation may instigate severe ARDS while ARB has no effects on kinin metabolism; 3. ARB alleviates viscous sputa production and inflammatory reaction significantly in contrast to ACEI; 4. ARB may attenuate the lung fibrosis induced by mechanical ventilation in severe patients and improve their prognosis significantly compared with ACEI. To examine the advantages of ARB over ACEI on hypertensive COVID‐19 patients, retrospective case‐control studies comparing the clinical outcomes for COVID‐19 patients receiving ARB or ACEI treatment is strikingly needed in order to provide guidance for the clinical application.
Annual Research Review: Cross‐cultural similarities and differences in parenting
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E.
Published: November 2021

This article reviews contemporary research on cross‐cultural similarities and differences in parenting. The article begins by providing a definition of culture and how both parenting and culture can change over historical time. The article then presents some classic theoretical frameworks for understanding culture and parenting before considering why parenting may be similar across cultures and why parenting may be different across cultures. The article next turns to a review of cross‐cultural similarities and differences in several aspects of parenting, including physical caregiving, cognitive stimulation, warmth and acceptance, control and monitoring, and discipline. Cultural normativeness and beliefs on the legitimacy of parental authority are then considered as potential moderators that contribute to cross‐cultural similarities and differences in relations between parenting and child outcomes. The article then considers implications for parenting interventions and laws and policies related to parenting. Finally, the article suggests directions for future research.
Comparative study of the effects of thermal blanching pretreatments and puffing temperature levels on the microstructure and qualities of crisp banana slices
Authors: Tabtiang Surapit , Umroong Patcharee , Soponronnarit Somchart
Published: November 2021

Applying a high‐temperature and short‐time (HTST) puffing techniques is one way to produce fat‐free crisp snacks. However, the crisp snack products obtained via HTST tend to be browner with some scorching on their surface but several thermal blanching pretreatments can be used to limit such surface browning. Therefore, in this study, the effects of thermal blanching pretreatments and puffing temperature levels on the microstructure, drying time, and the qualities of crisp banana were investigated. Banana slices (2.5 mm thickness) were blanched by hot water, steam, and microwave pretreatments as well as dried by hot air at temperature of 90°C combined with hot air puffing in temperature ranges 150–190°C. The blanching pretreatments significantly limited browning and improved the uniformity of crisp product color. The hot water or steam pretreatments caused pronounced cells damage and swelling of the cell wall region, whereas the microwave pretreatment may have increased the cell wall strength of banana. Such differences in morphological structure resulted in a larger volume ratio and more crisp texture for the hot water‐ or steam‐pretreated bananas, yet different results were also observed for the microwave‐pretreated banana. The longest processing time of 367.0 min was observed on the microwave‐pretreated sample coupled with the lowest puffing temperature, 150°C. Therefore, appropriate either a pretreatment with hot water or steam together with puffing temperature of 170°C is recommended for banana processing to make crisps.

Practical Applications

The Namwa banana is commonly consumed as a fresh banana but it also rapidly deteriorates after harvesting. Therefore, it has been processed using several drying techniques to extend its shelf life and increase its market value. Novel drying techniques such as high‐temperature and short‐time (HTST) puffing could produce fat‐free crisp snack, especially given that this economical drying process and simple drying equipment required are well suited to small‐ and medium‐manufacturing enterprises. Nevertheless, via HTST, the crisp banana product undergoes more intensive browning and becomes nonuniform in color. Thermal blanching pretreatments are also required for banana processing because these could limit the browning and improved the uniformity of crisp banana color. The information gained in this study should be useful for the development of thermal blanching‐assisted drying of crisp banana at the small‐ and medium‐enterprise scale of production.
Virtual Visits in Prenatal Care: An Integrative Review
Authors: Wu Katrina K. , Lopez Cristina , Nichols Michelle
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Addressing gaps in access to prenatal care is an important step to reversing rising rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and invites the exploration of innovative care models. This integrative review of published literature explores the patient, health care provider, and organizational experience of integrating virtual visits in prenatal care.

Methods

A literature search to identify original studies and quality improvement projects published between 2010 and 2020 was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar using keywords associated with both telemedicine and prenatal care. Inclusion criteria specified articles pertaining to synchronous virtual visits between pregnant patients and health care providers, and articles were excluded if visits were not pregnancy‐centric or pertaining to telemonitoring or mobile applications. Reference lists of identified reviews were screened, and a hand search of 4 applicable journals was also conducted. Findings were organized according to the factors of the social ecological model: individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy.

Results

The search identified 2666 articles after duplicates were removed, of which 13 met all criteria. Findings across these 13 articles indicated strong patient and health care provider satisfaction with virtual care related to cost savings and convenience, with clinic wait times and cancellation rates also improving. Health care provider input and thoughtful organizational planning were key to a smooth telemedicine implementation process. There were notably no significant differences in clinical outcomes for those who used virtual care.

Discussion

Although data are limited, offering an integrated model that uses both virtual visits and in‐person visits has been well‐received by patients and health care providers and could improve access to care well into the future. Virtual visits in prenatal care have been well‐received by patients and health care providers, showing promise as an emerging model for improving access to care.
Biological and methodological complexities of beta‐amyloid peptide: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease research
Authors: Matuszyk Martyna M. , Garwood Claire J. , Ferraiuolo Laura , Simpson Julie E. , Staniforth Rosemary A. , Wharton Stephen B.
Published: November 2021

Although controversial, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains central to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field and posits amyloid‐beta (Aβ) as the central factor initiating disease onset. In recent years, there has been an increase in emphasis on studying the role of low molecular weight aggregates, such as oligomers, which are suggested to be more neurotoxic than fibrillary Aβ. Other Aβ isoforms, such as truncated Aβ, have also been implicated in disease. However, developing a clear understanding of AD pathogenesis has been hampered by the complexity of Aβ biochemistry in vitro and in vivo. This review explores factors contributing to the lack of consistency in experimental approaches taken to model Aβ aggregation and toxicity and provides an overview of the different techniques available to analyse Aβ, such as electron and atomic force microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dye‐based assays, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and SDS‐PAGE. The review also explores how different types of Aβ can influence Aβ aggregation and toxicity, leading to variation in experimental outcomes, further highlighting the need for standardisation in Aβ preparations and methods used in current research.

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Baja California: The origin of the transition
Authors: Salado Íñiguez Alejandra Leonor , Muñoz Pedraza Abel
Published: November 2021

In Mexico, democratic processes at the subnational level follow a different logic than at the national level. This article covers the state of Baja California as the epicenter of alternation and political change at the executive level of Mexican states. The goal is to describe and identify factors that influenced political liberalization, as well as the illiberal structures and practices that remain. The Bonilla Law shows how a political elite that has recently taken power uses economic and media resources to co‐opt institutions.
‘We make a mistake with shoes [that's no problem] but… not with baby milk’: Facilitators of good and poor practice in distribution of infant formula in the 2014–2016 refugee crisis in Europe
Authors: Gribble Karleen D. , Palmquist Aunchalee E. L.
Published: November 2021

The Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies Operational Guidance (OG‐IFE) gives direction on providing aid to meet infants' and young children's feeding needs in emergencies. Because of the risks associated with formula feeding, the OG‐IFE provides limited circumstances when infant formula should be provided in aid. However, distributions against this guidance are common, reducing breastfeeding so risking increased infant morbidity and mortality. This study sought to identify factors that contributed to following (‘good practice’) or not following (‘poor practice’) the OG‐IFE regarding infant formula distribution in the 2014–16 refugee crisis in Europe. Thirty‐three individuals who supported, coordinated, or implemented infant feeding support in the Crisis were interviewed regarding their experiences and views. Reflexive thematic analysis of transcribed interviews was undertaken. It was identified that presence of breastfeeding support, presence of properly implemented formula feeding programmes, understanding that maternal choice to formula feed should be considered within the risk context of the emergency, and positive personal experiences of breastfeeding contributed to good practice. Presence of infant formula donations, absence of properly managed formula feeding programmes, belief that maternal choice to formula feed is paramount and should be facilitated, and personal experience of insurmountable breastfeeding challenges and/or formula feeding contributed to poor practice. Governments, humanitarian organisations, and donors should ensure that infant and young child feeding in emergencies preparedness and programmes are adequately resourced. Emergency responders should be appropriately trained with training including infant feeding experience debriefing. Health and emergency organisations should provide maternity protections enabling employees to breastfeed as recommended.
TRACING THREADS OF HISTORY: Rediscovering Indonesian Textiles at the Brooklyn Museum
Authors: Bill Meghan
Published: November 2021

abstract

Choices that admit things to, or omit things from, museum collections rely on institutional and individual assumptions about value, ownership, skill, history, and people. Historical decisions about what was worth collecting, how collections should be organized, who would oversee collections care, and what uses collections could serve reverberate through the years, affecting museums’ abilities to research, exhibit, and engage collections. Using recent research into one Balineseslendangin the Brooklyn Museum’s collection, this essay examines how the Museum’s frameworks and curatorial assumptions enabled the neglect of nearly 200 Indonesian textiles for decades. It examines how the Museum parsed collection categories, how Indonesian textiles complicated and confounded those categories, and how the ensuing inattention inadvertently enabled a well‐preserved collection. By attempting to weave the textiles’ collecting histories into narratives of their embedded colonial and institutional histories, it hopes to rekindle their usefulness for scholars, for communities, and for the Museum.
Evolutionary innovations through gain and loss of genes in the ectomycorrhizal Boletales
Authors: Wu Gang , Miyauchi Shingo , Morin Emmanuelle , Kuo Alan , Drula Elodie , Varga Torda , Kohler Annegret , Feng Bang , Cao Yang , Lipzen Anna , Daum Christopher , Hundley Hope , Pangilinan Jasmyn , Johnson Jenifer , Barry Kerrie , LaButti Kurt , Ng Vivian , Ahrendt Steven , Min Byoungnam , Choi In‐Geol , Park Hongjae , Plett Jonathan M. , Magnuson Jon , Spatafora Joseph W. , Nagy László G. , Henrissat Bernard , Grigoriev Igor V. , Yang Zhu‐Liang , Xu Jianping , Martin Francis M.
Published: November 2021

We aimed to identify genomic traits of transitions to ectomycorrhizal ecology within the Boletales by comparing the genomes of 21 symbiotrophic species with their saprotrophic brown‐rot relatives.

Gene duplication rate is constant along the backbone of Boletales phylogeny with large loss events in several lineages, while gene family expansion sharply increased in the late Miocene, mostly in the Boletaceae.

Ectomycorrhizal Boletales have a reduced set of plant cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) compared with their brown‐rot relatives. However, the various lineages retain distinct sets of PCWDEs, suggesting that, over their evolutionary history, symbiotic Boletales have become functionally diverse. A smaller PCWDE repertoire was found in Sclerodermatineae. The gene repertoire of several lignocellulose oxidoreductases (e.g. laccases) is similar in brown‐rot and ectomycorrhizal species, suggesting that symbiotic Boletales are capable of mild lignocellulose decomposition. Transposable element (TE) proliferation contributed to the higher evolutionary rate of genes encoding effector‐like small secreted proteins, proteases, and lipases. On the other hand, we showed that the loss of secreted CAZymes was not related to TE activity but to DNA decay.

This study provides novel insights on our understanding of the mechanisms influencing the evolutionary diversification of symbiotic boletes.
Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of human studies
Authors: Stratakis Nikos , Rock Sarah , La Merrill Michele A. , Saez Marc , Robinson Oliver , Fecht Daniela , Vrijheid Martine , Valvi Damaskini , Conti David V. , McConnell Rob , Chatzi Vaia Lida
Published: November 2021

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the associations between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and childhood obesity. We focused on organochlorines (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]), perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that are the POPs more widely studied in environmental birth cohorts so far. We search two databases (PubMed and Embase) through July/09/2021 and identified 33 studies reporting associations with prenatal organochlorine exposure, 21 studies reporting associations with prenatal PFAS, and five studies reporting associations with prenatal PBDEs. We conducted a qualitative review. Additionally, we performed random‐effects meta‐analyses of POP exposures, with data estimates from at least three prospective studies, and BMI‐z. Prenatal DDE and HCB levels were associated with higher BMI z‐score in childhood (beta: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21; I2: 28.1% per study‐specific log increase of DDE and beta: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.53; I2: 31.9% per study‐specific log increase of HCB). No significant associations between PCB‐153, PFOA, PFOS, or pentaPBDEs with childhood BMI were found in meta‐analyses. In individual studies, there was inconclusive evidence that POP levels were positively associated with other obesity indicators (e.g., waist circumference).
AN EARLY 3D‐MAP OF A TERRITORY? THE BRONZE AGE CARVED SLAB FROM SAINT‐BÉLEC, LEUHAN (BRITTANY, FRANCE)
Authors: Nicolas Clément , Pailler Yvan , Stéphan Pierre , Pierson Julie , Aubry Laurent , Le Gall Bernard , Lacombe Vincent , Rolet Joël
Published: November 2021

While early maps are known from all over the world, the key questions always involve: what exactly do they show? And what spatial extent do they cover? In this context, we recently used 3D‐modelling to re‐examine a carved stone slab datable to the Early Bronze Age (c.2150–1600 BC) that was found at Saint‐Bélec in Brittany. We show that the surface of the slab had been shaped in three dimensions to represent the relief of the surrounding landscape in which it was found, while several engraved motifs on it evoke contemporary structures known archaeologically. We argue that the Saint‐Bélec slab represents an area ofc.545 km2corresponding to the extent of a prehistoric political entity. The carving and subsequent burying of the slab can be linked to the postulated rise and fall of hierarchical societies and raises many wider questions about socio‐economic structures in temperate Europe at that time.
Defending Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Cantor from Putnam
Authors: Wheeler Samuel J.
Published: November 2021

Hilary Putnam published an article in 2007 titled “Wittgenstein and the Real Numbers”, in which he attempted to show that Wittgenstein did not take several major developments in mathematics seriously, nor did he understand their true significance. Putnam claims that Wittgenstein’s “ignorance” is the cause of his failure to recognise the importance of these developments, and that Wittgenstein ends up putting forward his own philosophical theses. I intend to show that Putnam suffers from a deep misunderstanding about Wittgenstein’s remarks on Cantor, and that Wittgenstein does not go against his claim that in philosophy “we may not advance any kind of theory.”
Public access, private land, and spatial politics: The geographical importance of the right of way in Coventry, England
Authors: Thorogood Joe , Hastie Alex , Hill‐Butler Charley
Published: November 2021

The rights that guarantee public passage across private land are known as rights of way. In this paper, we argue that rights of way are a literal manifestation of a politics of space. The paper's purpose is to suggest rights of way are central to issues surrounding social and spatial inequality, specifically with regards to public access to urban and rural space. They are a neglected topic in geographical research, despite their relevance to many sub‐branches, including landscape studies, urban natures, GIS, and open‐source geospatial research. Rights of way in England and Wales are currently facing their biggest legal threat to date. On 1 January 2026, unregistered rights of way are set to be extinguished. Path extinguishment threatens thousands of kilometres of footpaths, bridleways, restricted byways, and byways open to all traffic. The paper concludes by examining how geographical approaches help reveal the cultural and historical value of two at‐risk footpaths in Coventry, England.
Hypoglycemia and presumptive rhabdomyolysis secondary to lisdexamfetamine toxicosis in 3 cats
Authors: Crecraft Catherine , Prittie Jennifer , Mastrocco Alicia
Published: November 2021

Objective

To describe the clinical course and novel biochemical changes in 3 cats with lisdexamfetamine (LDX) toxicosis.

Series Summary

Three cats presented with LDX exposure and initially displayed typical clinical signs of amphetamine toxicosis. However, over the course of hospitalization, hypoglycemia and markedly elevated creatine kinase levels consistent with rhabdomyolysis ensued. All cats were treated with sedatives including phenothiazines and dexmedetomidine. Two cats were hospitalized for 4 days and 1 for 5 days. All cats survived.

New or Unique Information Provided

This is the first case series in cats that reports the novel biochemical changes of delayed hypoglycemia and elevated creatine kinase several days into hospitalization for the treatment of LDX toxicity. The development of delayed clinical signs suggests reconsideration of established hospitalization guidelines for amphetamine ingestion in cats.
Evaluation of Testing Uncertainties for the Impact Resistance of Machine Guards
Authors: Landi Luca , Uhlmann Eckart , Hörl Robert , Thom Simon , Gigliotti Giuseppe , Stecconi Alessandro
Published: November 2021

Machine guards provide protection against the ejection of parts during operation, such as chips or workpiece fragments. They are considered safe if the impact resistance is at least as high as the resulting projectile energy in the worst case of damage. To protect the machine operator, the impact resistance of machine guards is determined according to ISO standards. The bisection method can be used to determine the impact resistance through impact tests. However, this method is inaccurate for a small number of impact tests and does not indicate uncertainties in the determination. Moreover, the result of testing is validated in different ways depending on the standard utilized for testing. Relevant uncertainties affecting impact testing and a new probabilistic approach for assessing the impact resistance using the Recht and Ipson equation are presented. With multiple impact tests at different initial velocities a Recht and Ipson best-fit curve and a confidence interval for a ballistic limit can be obtained, which is used to determine the impact resistance by defining a velocity reduction coefficient. This method can be applied to any machine guard made of ductile material. This paper validates the Recht and Ipson method by performing impact tests with a standardized 2.5 kg projectile on polycarbonate sheets of different thicknesses. Determination of the ballistic limit showed good agreement with experimental results. With the ballistic limits, the velocity reduction coefficients have been found to determine the impact resistances. Therefore, an alternative method for standardized tests to determine the impact resistance was found.
Easy Task and Choice: Motivational Interventions Facilitate Motor Skill Learning in Children
Authors: Mousavi Seyyed Mohammadreza , Iwatsuki Takehiro
Published: November 2021

Expectancies for success and autonomy support have been shown to facilitate motor learning and enhance motor performance. The purpose of the study was to examine whether we replicated (a) enhanced expectancies and autonomy support intervention enhanced motor skill learning in children, and (b) identified the underlying psychological mechanism. Sixty children kicked soccer balls with their dominant leg to a squared area target. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: enhanced expectancies and autonomy support (EE/AS), enhanced expectancies (EE), autonomy support (AS), or control (CON) groups. Participants learning the skill were or were not provided enhanced expectation instructions by making the task success easier and provided an opportunity to choose one of the three colored balls during their practice. Two days later, they performed retention and transfer tests. Results indicated that the EE/AS group had the highest scores, with main effects of autonomy support being significant and enhanced expectancies being marginally significant for the retention test and significant for the transfer test. The EE/AS group had the highest self-efficacy and perceived choice scores. Therefore, having high expectancies for success and being autonomous were important ingredients for facilitating motor skill learning in children.
Epitope-preserving magnified analysis of proteome (eMAP)
Authors: Park Joha , Khan Sarim , Yun Dae Hee , Ku Taeyun , Villa Katherine L. , Lee Jiachen E. , Zhang Qiangge , Park Juhyuk , Feng Guoping , Nedivi Elly , Chung Kwanghun
Published: November 2021

eMAP preserves epitopes by purely physical tissue-hydrogel hybridization in swellable tissue-gel networks.
Speckle-free holography with partially coherent light sources and camera-in-the-loop calibration
Authors: Peng Yifan , Choi Suyeon , Kim Jonghyun , Wetzstein Gordon
Published: November 2021

A holographic display combines artificial intelligence with partially coherent light sources to reduce speckle.
Low-voltage magnetoelectric coupling in membrane heterostructures
Authors: Lindemann Shane , Irwin Julian , Kim Gi-Yeop , Wang Bo , Eom Kitae , Wang Jianjun , Hu Jiamian , Chen Long-Qing , Choi Si-Young , Eom Chang-Beom , Rzchowski Mark S.
Published: November 2021

Membrane-based heterostructure, verified experimentally and theoretically, opens possibiliies for low-power magnetoelectrics.
Cell size is a determinant of stem cell potential during aging
Authors: Lengefeld Jette , Cheng Chia-Wei , Maretich Pema , Blair Marguerite , Hagen Hannah , McReynolds Melanie R. , Sullivan Emily , Majors Kyra , Roberts Christina , Kang Joon Ho , Steiner Joachim D. , Miettinen Teemu P. , Manalis Scott R. , Antebi Adam , Morrison Sean J. , Lees Jacqueline A. , Boyer Laurie A. , Yilmaz Ömer H. , Amon Angelika
Published: November 2021

Small cell size preserves the function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); HSC enlargement during aging causes their dysfunction.
The Human Proteoform Project: Defining the human proteome
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Agar Jeffrey N. , Chamot-Rooke Julia , Danis Paul O. , Ge Ying , Loo Joseph A. , Paša-Tolić Ljiljana , Tsybin Yury O. , Kelleher Neil L. ,   The Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics
Published: November 2021

An ambitious initiative is proposed to generate a definitive reference set of human proteoforms.