bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vanadium (IV and V) Complexes of Reduced Schiff Bases Derived from the Reaction of Aromatic o‐Hydroxyaldehydes and Diamines Containing Carboxyl Groups
Authors: Costa Pessoa João , Marcão Susana , Correia Isabel , Gonçalves Gisela , Dörnyei Agnes , Kiss Tamás , Jakusch Tamás , Tomaz Isabel , Castro M. Margarida C. A. , Geraldes Carlos F. G. C. , Avecilla Fernando
Published: August 2006

The reduced Schiff bases of salicylaldehyde [and o‐vanillin (o‐van)] with D,L‐ and L‐diaminopropionic acid (DPA), designated by salDPA, and L‐2,4‐diaminopentanoic acid [ornithine (Orn)], designated by salOrn, as well as the VIVO2+ and VVO2+ complexes of salDPA were prepared. The compounds were characterised in the solid state and in solution. The structure of H4salDPA+Cl– was determined by X‐ray diffraction. Complexation of VIVO2+ and VVO2+ with salDPA and salOrn (only the VIVO system) in aqueous solution was studied by potentiometry, UV/Visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism, as well as by EPR spectroscopy for the VIVO–salDPA system and by 1H‐ and 51V NMR spectroscopy for the VVO2–salDPA system. Stoichiometries and complex formation constants were determined by potentiometry at 25 °C and I = 0.2 M KCl. Practically only 1:1 complexes were formed in both systems with composition (VO)LH2 and(VO)L in the VIVO–salDPA system, and with composition(VO2)LH and (VO2)L in the VVO2–salDPA system. Spectroscopic data provided information about the most probable binding modes of each stoichiometry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Thermal Diels–Alder Reactions of 3‐(Benzoylamino)‐6‐(polyfluoroalkyl)pyran‐2‐ones – New Synthesis of p‐(Polyfluoroalkyl)anilines
Authors: Tolmachova Nataliya A. , Gerus Igor I. , Vdovenko Sergey I. , Essers Michael , Fröhlich Roland , Haufe Günter
Published: August 2006

A new practical method for the regioselective synthesis of the N‐benzoyl‐4‐(polyfluoroalkyl)anilines 5a–g by thermal Diels–Alder cycloaddition of 5‐substituted 3‐(benzoylamino)‐6‐(polyfluoroalkyl)pyran‐2‐ones 1a–e with fluorostyrenes 2 and 7, acetylenes 8a–c or vinyl ethers 10 and 13a and 13b is described. In the case of the reactions of pyrone 1a with cyclic vinyl ethers 13a and 13b, the dihydrobenzenes 14a and 14b were obtained. Free 4‐(polyfluoroalkyl)anilines 16a–c were smoothly formed in good yields by DBU‐assisted benzoyl deprotection. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Structural Analysis of the Deep Rough Lipopolysaccharide from Gram Negative Bacterium Alteromonas macleodii ATCC 27126T: The First Finding of β‐Kdo in the Inner Core of Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Liparoti Valeria , Molinaro Antonio , Sturiale Luisa , Garozzo Domenico , Nazarenko Evgeny L. , Gorshkova Raisa P. , Ivanova Elena P. , Shevcenko Luidmila S. , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Michelangelo
Published: August 2006

Alteromonas macleodii ATCC 27126T is a Gram‐negative marine bacterium isolated from a sea water sample collected from around the Hawaiian Islands. The structure of the lipooligosaccharide derived from its outer membrane has been fully determined using either alkaline or acid hydrolysis. Alkaline treatment, aimed at recovering the complete carbohydrate backbone, was carried out by mild hydrazinolysis (de‐O‐acylation) followed by de‐N‐acylation using hot KOH and furnished a single core glycoform. Mild acid hydrolysis was employed to obtain the lipid A moiety which was selectively de‐O‐acylated and analysed to determine its primary structure. The structural elucidation of both fractions was carried out by chemical analyses, 2D NMR spectroscopy and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and revealed a novel lipooligosaccharide with an unusual structure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Personalization and differentiation as moderators of triggered displaced aggression towards out‐group targets
Authors: Vasquez Eduardo A. , Ensari Nurcan , Pedersen William C. , Tan Rae Yunzi , Miller Norman
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined the reduction of triggered displaced aggression (TDA) via bottom‐up processing modes of de‐categorization. Participants were provoked by the experimenter and then interacted with an ostensible out‐group member who either did or did not provide a second (triggering) provocation. Study 1 compared TDA toward a triggering out‐group member who had previously been either differentiated from the out‐group, made the focus of self‐other comparison, or was in a no‐information control condition. As predicted, both differentiation and self‐other comparison reduced aggression relative to the control condition. Study 2 examined the effect of negative self‐disclosure from the out‐group target, and contrasted its effects with both self‐other comparison with a negative other, and a no‐information control condition. As predicted, triggered participants in the negative self‐disclosure condition aggressed less than those triggered in the negative self‐other comparison or no‐information control conditions. The liking induced by self‐disclosure mediated its aggression‐reducing effect. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interrill erosion in the sloping lands of northern Laos subjected to shifting cultivation
Authors: Chaplot V. , Khampaseuth X. , Valentin C. , Bissonnais Y. Le
Published: August 2006

In this study our main objective was to quantify water interrill erosion in the sloping lands of Southeast Asia, one of the most bio‐geochemically active regions of the world. Investigations were performed on a typical hillslope of Northern Laos subjected to slash and burn agriculture practiced as shifting cultivation. Situations with different periods of the shifting cultivation cycle (secondary forest, upland rice cultivation following a four‐year fallow period and three‐year continuous upland rice cultivation) and soil orders (Ultisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols) were selected. One metre square micro‐plots were installed to quantify the soil material removed by either detachment of entire soil aggregate or aggregate destruction, and the detached material transported by thin sheet flow, the main mechanisms of interrill erosion. In addition, laboratory tests were carried out to quantify the aggregate destruction in the process of water erosion by slaking, dispersion and mechanical breakdown. The average runoff coefficient (R) evaluated throughout the 2002 rainy season was 30·1 per cent and the interrill erosion was 1413 g m−2 yr−1 for sediments and 68 g C m−2 yr−1 for soil organic carbon, which was relatively high. Among the mechanisms of interrill water erosion, aggregate destruction was low and mostly caused by mechanical breakdown due to raindrops, thus leading to the conclusion that detachment and further transport by the shallow runoff of macro‐aggregates predominates. R ranged from 23·1 to 35·8 per cent. It decreased with the proportion of mosses on the soil surface and soil surface coverage, and increased with increasing proportion of structural crust, thus confirming previous results. Water erosion varied from 621 to 2433 g m−2 yr−1 for sediments and from 31 to 146 g C m−2 yr−1 for soil organic carbon, and significantly increased with increasing clay content of the surface horizon, probably due to the formation of easily detachable and transportable sand‐size aggregates, and proportion of macro‐aggregates not embedded in the soil matrix and prone to transport. In addition, water erosion decreased with increasing proportion of structural crusts, probably due to their higher hardness, and when cultivation follows a fallow period rather than after a long period of cultivation due to the greater occurrence of algae on the soil surface, which affords physical protection and greater aggregate stability through binding and gluing. This study based on simultaneous field and laboratory investigations allowed successful identification and quantification of the main erosion mechanisms and controlling factors of interrill erosion, which will give arguments to further set up optimal strategies for sustainable use of the sloping lands of Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpreting erosion rates from cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations measured in rapidly eroding terrain
Authors: Reinhardt Liam J. , Hoey T. B. , Barrows T. T. , Dempster T. J. , Bishop P. , Fifield L. K.
Published: August 2006

A combination of numerical analysis and 10Be concentrations measured in sediment samples from the high‐relief Torrente catchment, southern Spain, allows us to investigate the sampling requirements for determining erosion rates using cosmogenic nuclides in high‐relief, landslide‐dominated terrain. We use simple modelling to quantify the effect of particle spalling and/or landsliding on erosion rates determined using a cosmogenic in‐situ produced isotope. Analytical results show that the cosmogenic nuclide concentration of a surface experiencing regular detachment of a grain or block may be considered to be in steady state, and ‘in‐situ’ erosion rates estimated, when an appropriate number of spatially independent samples are amalgamated. We present equations that enable calculation of the number of bedrock samples that must be amalgamated for the estimation of mean erosion rates on an outcrop experiencing regular detachment of a grain or chip of thickness L every T years. Our findings confirm that mean catchment erosion rates may be reliably estimated from 10Be concentrations in fluvial sediment in high‐relief rapidly eroding terrain. These catchment‐wide integrated erosion rates can be calculated where erosion is primarily accomplished through shallow (<3 m) spalling processes; where deep‐seated (>3 m) landslides are the dominant mode of erosion only minimum erosion rates can be determined. Lastly, we present erosion rate measurements from the Torrente catchment that reveal variation of two orders of magnitude (0·03–1·6 m ka−1) quantifying the high degree of spatial variation in erosion rates expected within rapidly uplifting catchments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Depth‐Resolved In‐Situ Study of the Reduction and Oxidation of Ni‐Based Anodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Hagen A. , Poulsen H. F. , Klemensø T. , Martins R. V. , Honkimäki V. , Buslaps T. , Feidenshans'l R.
Published: August 2006

The stability of Ni‐YSZ anodes as part of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) towards redox cycling is an important issue for successfully introducing the technology. Detailed knowledge of the NiO‐Ni transitions and their impact on the mechanical integrity of the whole system is necessary to improve the overall stability. In the present paper, a unique in‐situ X‐ray diffraction setup is presented which allows monitoring of the local structural changes during processing of SOFCs. With this setup technological SOFCs – a half cell and a full cell – were studied with respect to NiO‐Ni transitions in repeated reduction‐oxidation cycles, under conditions relevant for SOFC application. It was found that the redox kinetics is a function of the sample depth. Ni particles further away from the surface were reduced/oxidized at a slower rate than particles close to the surface.
The role of mental health professionals in multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs
Authors: Townsend Cynthia O. , Bruce Barbara K. , Hooten W. Michael , Rome Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2006

The traditional roles of psychologists and mental health therapists are challenged by the comprehensive treatment necessary for patients being treated in multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs (MPRPs). Mental health professionals within MPRPs provide direct clinical care but also guide the biopsychosocial model of pain management and cognitive‐behavioral interventions for multiple disciplines. Illustrated by a case example of a patient who has complex chronic pain, this article discusses the biopsychosocial approach to pain treatment, structure of multidisciplinary care, major roles of mental health professionals in MPRPs, complexities of treating patients who have pain, and challenges in collaborating with multiple disciplines. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 1433–1443, 2006.
Relative sea‐level changes, glacial isostatic modelling and ice‐sheet reconstructions from the British Isles since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Shennan Ian , Bradley Sarah , Milne Glenn , Brooks Anthony , Bassett Sophie , Hamilton Sarah
Published: August 2006

While contributing <1 m equivalent eustatic sea‐level rise the British Isles ice sheet produced glacio‐isostatic rebound in northern Britain of similar magnitude to eustatic sea‐level change, or global meltwater influx, over the last 18 000 years. The resulting spatially variable relative sea‐level changes combine with observations from far‐field locations to produce a rigorous test for quantitative models of glacial isostatic adjustment, local ice‐sheet history and global meltwater influx. After a review of the attributes of relative sea‐level observations significant for constraining large‐scale models of the isostatic adjustment process we summarise long records of relative sea‐level change from the British Isles and far‐field locations. We give an overview of different global theoretical models of the isostatic adjustment process before presenting intercomparisons of observed and predicted relative sea levels at sites in the British Isles and far‐field for a range of Earth and ice model parameters in order to demonstrate model sensitivity and the resolving power available from using evidence from the British Isles. For the first time we show a good degree of fit between relative sea‐level observations and predictions that are based upon global Earth and ice model parameters, independently derived from analysis of far‐field data, with a terrain‐corrected model of the British Isles ice sheet that includes extensive glaciation of the North Sea and western continental shelf, that does not assume isostatic equilibrium at the Last Glacial Maximum and keeps to trimline constraints of ice surface elevation. We do not attempt to identify a unique solution for the model lithosphere thickness parameter or the local‐scale detail of the ice model in order to provide a fit for all sites, but argue that the next stage should be to incorporate an ice‐sheet model that is based on quantitative, glaciological model simulations. We hope that this paper will stimulate this debate and help to integrate research in glacial geomorphology, glaciology, sea‐level change, Earth rheology and quantitative modelling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Episodic Quaternary volcanism in France and Germany. David A. G. Nowell, M. Chris Jones and David M. Pyle. Journal of Quaternary Science Vol 21 No 6 2006, pages 645–675.
Authors: Nowell David A. G. , Jones M. Chris , Pyle David M.
Published: August 2006

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Quaternary Science Vol 21 No 6 2006, pages 645–675. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicompartment Micellar Solutions in Shear: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study
Authors: Cui Yuanyuan , Zhong Chongli , Xia Jun
Published: August 2006

Summary: Dissipative particle dynamics simulations were performed to study the effect of shear on the rheological behavior of multicompartment micellar solutions, demonstrating that both shear thickening and thinning can occur, and the macroscopic behavior was elucidated at a molecular level. In addition, a novel shear‐induced morphology of “sphere‐on‐rod” was observed. This work provides useful information towards a complete understanding of the properties and morphologies of multicompartment micelles that is useful for future rational synthesis of novel micelles.

Shear‐induced morphological transitions and rheological behavior in multicompartment micellar solutions formed from star triblock copolymers.

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Shear‐induced morphological transitions and rheological behavior in multicompartment micellar solutions formed from star triblock copolymers.
Synthesis of Uniquely Branched Polyethylene by Anilinonaphthoquinone Ligated Nickel Complex Activated with Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane
Authors: Okada Mitsuhiro , Nakayama Yuushou , Ikeda Tomiki , Shiono Takeshi
Published: August 2006

Summary: A novel nickel complex ligated with 2‐(2,6‐diisopropylanilino)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (1) was synthesized. The molecular structure of 1 determined by X‐ray analysis was a square‐planar geometry. Complex 1 conducted ethylene polymerization at 40 °C in a low activity to give linear polyethylene. On the other hand, 1 activated with 4 eq. of B(C6F5)3 was highly active for ethylene polymerization and gave a polymer possessing short chain branches of methyl, ethyl and propyl groups formed by a chain walking mechanism, as well as long chain branches, of which the content was almost the same as the total content of short chain branches. These results suggest that the macromonomer formed via β‐hydride elimination should have effectively copolymerized with ethylene to give the long chain branches in the B(C6F5)3‐activated system.

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Fluorinated Poly(aryl ether) Containing a 4‐Bromophenyl Pendant Group and its Phosphonated Derivative
Authors: Liu Baijun , Robertson Gilles P. , Guiver Michael D. , Shi Zhiqing , Navessin Titichai , Holdcroft Steven
Published: August 2006

Summary: A high‐molecular‐weight fluorinated poly(aryl ether) with a 4‐bromophenyl pendant group has been synthesized based on a bromo‐bisphenol. A phosphonic acid derivative is readily prepared from this in high conversion yield. The phosphonated polymer possesses excellent thermal, oxidative, and dimensional stability, low methanol permeability, and reasonable proton conductivity, and may be a candidate polymeric electrolyte membrane for fuel cell applications.

Synthesis of a poly(aryl ether) with a phosphonic acid group.

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Synthesis of a poly(aryl ether) with a phosphonic acid group.
Synthesis and Polymerization of Optically Active N‐Propargylphosphonamidates: A Novel Helical Polymer Carrying a P‐Chiral Center
Authors: Yue Dongmei , Fujii Toru , Terada Kayo , Tabei Junichi , Shiotsuki Masashi , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio
Published: August 2006

Summary: A diastereomeric pair of novel N‐propargylphosphonamidates, HCCCH2NHP(O)(CH3)O‐L‐menthyl was synthesized by the successive condensations of methylphosphonic dichloride with L‐menthol and propargylamine. The (R)‐P‐isomer (1a) was isolated, and the absolute configuration was determined by XRD. Polymerization of 1a, and a mixture of 1a and (S)‐P‐isomer (1b) was carried out with a zwitterionic Rh complex as a catalyst. cis‐Stereoregular polymers with number‐average molecular weights of 5 600–9 800 were obtained in good yields. Poly(1a) and poly(1a29‐co‐1b71) exhibited large specific rotations (+408 and −146°), and intense Cotton effects ([θ] = +2.25 and −0.9 × 104 deg · cm2 · dmol−1) based on the conjugated polyacetylene backbone around 325 nm in CHCl3, indicating that these polymers have helical structures, whose predominant helical senses are opposite.

Polymerization of N‐propargylphosphonamidate.

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Polymerization of N‐propargylphosphonamidate.
CagA protein secreted by the intact type IV secretion system leads to gastric epithelial inflammation in the Mongolian gerbil model
Authors: Shibata W , Hirata Y , Maeda S , Ogura K , Ohmae T , Yanai A , Mitsuno Y , Yamaji Y , Okamoto M , Yoshida H , Kawabe T , Omata M
Published: August 2006

Helicobacter pylori causes various gastro‐duodenal diseases, including gastric cancer. The CagA protein, an H. pylori virulence factor, induces morphological changes in host cells and may be associated with the development of peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. The present study has analysed the role of CagA protein in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in the Mongolian gerbil model. Mongolian gerbils were challenged with wild‐type H. pylori strain TN2, which has a functional cag pathogenicity island or isogenic mutants with disrupted cagA (ΔcagA) or cagE (ΔcagE) genes. They were sacrificed at 7, 13, and 25 weeks after inoculation. Pathological changes of the gastric mucosa were determined and apoptosis was assessed by the TUNEL assay. Immunohistochemistry for PCNA, phospho‐IκBα, and phospho‐Erk was also performed. All of the bacterial strains colonized the gerbil stomach at similar densities; however, the ΔcagA mutant induced milder gastritis than did the wild type. The extent of apoptosis and lymphoid follicle formation in the epithelium appeared to depend on intact cagA. The ΔcagA mutant induced less phosphorylation of IκBα and Erk, and less expression of interferon‐γ and interleukin‐1β mRNA in the epithelium than did the wild type. It is concluded that CagA protein may be essential for the induction of severe gastritis in the Mongolian gerbil model. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Von Penicillin G zu tricyclischen β‐Lactamen: Struktur‐Wirkungs‐Beziehungen
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: August 2006

Das antibakterielle Spektrum und die Aktivität der Antibiotika werden von einer Reihe von physikochemischen Eigenschaften bestimmt. Aktivität gegen Gram‐positive Erreger wird durch Lipophilie erreicht, während ein höheres Maß an Hydrophilie für die Penetration durch die wassergefüllten Poren der Gram‐negativen Bakterien notwendig ist. Aktivität gegen Pseudomonaden hängt besonders von dem Vorhandensein einer positiven Ladung ab, die permanent oder auch pH‐abhängig vorhanden sein kann. So haben fast alle Carbapeneme positiv geladene oder ladbare Stickstoffatome und sind deshalb gegen Pseudomonas aeruginosa und Enterobacteriaceae wirksam. Lipophile Carbapeneme (z.B. L‐786.392) sind folgerichtig gegen Gram‐positive Erreger wie Staphylokokken und Enterokokken wirksam. So lässt sich leicht verstehen, dass das lipophile Penem Faropenem nicht gegen Pseudomonaden wirksam ist: Es ist nicht positiv geladen und kann deshalb nicht durch die hydrophilen Poren penetrieren. Mit diesen einfachen Regeln kann fast immer das Wirkspektrum der β‐Lactam‐Antibiotika erklärt werden.
Alte Wege zu neuen Antibiotika – Platensimycin
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike , Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse
Published: August 2006

Die Nachricht schaffte es immerhin als “Letter” in das renommierte Wissenschaftsjournal Nature und ging als kleine Sensation durch die Presse: Ein völlig neues Target verspricht einen Zwischensieg im Kampf gegen multiresistente Krankheitserreger.
Integration of response to intervention and norm‐referenced tests in learning disability identification: Learning from the Tower of Babel
Authors: Flanagan Dawn P. , Ortiz Samuel O. , Alfonso Vincent C. , Dynda Agnieszka M.
Published: August 2006

Significant limitations in research on learning disability (LD) have included failure to incorporate well‐validated guiding theories, use of vague or nonspecific operational definitions, and lack of a systematic framework and common terminology for LD identification. Difficulties in communication among researchers continue to limit theoretical development and empirical advancement, and have lead to disagreement regarding best practices in identification. To this end, we propose an operational definition of LD that is grounded in contemporary psychometric theory and research on the relations between cognitive abilities/processes and academic outcomes. We demonstrate that response‐to‐intervention (RTI) and norm‐referenced ability testing should not be viewed as mutually exclusive, but instead should be integrated within an operational definition of LD. Only when there exists a common set of definitions and terms, as is evident in operational definitions, can researchers and practitioners move toward the goal of better diagnosis and treatment of LD. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 807–825, 2006.
Gabrielle A. Roberts, Kim S. Davis, Dinorah Zanger, Aimee Gerrard‐Morris, and Daniel H. Robinson, “Top Contributors to the School Psychology Literature: 1996–2005.” Psychology in the Schools, 43(6) 2006, 737–743
Authors: Roberts Gabrielle A. , Davis Kim S. , Zanger Dinorah , Gerrard‐Morris Aimee , Robinson Daniel H.
Published: August 2006

The original article to which this erratum refers was published in Psychology in the Schools 43(6) 2006, 737‐743.
Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis as tool for proteomics studies in combination with protein identification by mass spectrometry
Authors: Wittmann‐Liebold Brigitte , Graack Hanns‐Rüdiger , Pohl Thomas
Published: August 2006

The proteome analysis by 2‐DE is one of the most potent methods of analyzing the complete proteome of cells, cell lines, organs and tissues in proteomics studies. It allows a fast overview of changes in cell processes by analysis of the entire protein extracts in any biological and medical research projects. New instrumentation and advanced technologies provide proteomics studies in a wide variety of biological and biomedical questions. Proteomics work is being applied to study antibiotics‐resistant strains and human tissues of various brain, lung, and heart diseases. It cumulated in the identification of antigens for the design of new vaccines. These advances in proteomics have been possible through the development of advanced high‐resolution 2‐DE systems allowing resolution of up to 10 000 protein spots of entire cell lysates in combination with protein identification by new highly sensitive mass spectrometric techniques. The present technological achievements are suited for a high throughput screening of different cell situations. Proteomics may be used to investigate the health effects of radiation and electromagnetic field to clarify possible dangerous alterations in human beings.
The number of genes changing expression after chronic exposure to Code Division Multiple Access or Frequency DMA radiofrequency radiation does not exceed the false‐positive rate
Authors: Whitehead Timothy D. , Moros Eduardo G. , Brownstein Bernard H. , Roti Roti Joseph L.
Published: August 2006

Experiments with cultured C3H 10T 1/2 cells were performed to determine if exposure to cell phone radiofrequency (RF) radiations induce changes in gene expression. Following a 24 h exposure of 5 W/kg specific adsorption rate, RNA was extracted from the exposed and sham control cells for microarray analysis on Affymetrix U74Av2 Genechips. Cells exposed to 0.68 Gy of X‐rays with a 4‐h recovery were used as positive controls. The number of gene expression changes induced by RF radiation was not greater than the number of false positives expected based on a sham versus sham comparison. In contrast, the X‐irradiated samples showed higher numbers of probe sets changing expression level than in the sham versus sham comparison.
Acidochromism of stilbenoid chromophores with a p‐aminoaniline centre
Authors: Detert Heiner , Schmitt Volker
Published: August 2006

Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s (OPV) with a 2,5‐diaminobenzene centre were prepared via twofold Horner olefinations of substituted terephthalaldehydes. Whereas variations of the environment only slightly alter the electronic excitation spectra, the fluorescence spectra appear to be highly responsive. Besides a positive solvatochromism, the emission is very sensitive towards protonation. Quenching or appearance of new emitting species depends on the substitution pattern and is controlled by the concentration of the acid. Very large Stokes shifts indicate extensive structural changes in the excited states. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial impact of the lack of information given at referral about familial risk for cancer
Authors: Metcalfe Alison , Werrett Julie , Burgess Lucy , Clifford Collette
Published: August 2006

We aimed to identify patient' information and communication needs irrespective of their risk level, when they are referred for genetic risk assessment and genetic counselling for a predisposition to cancer. Semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of individuals referred to a clinical genetics unit for a risk assessment of their genetic predisposition to either breast, ovarian or colorectal cancer and stratified by their level of risk. Triangulation was achieved by focus groups conducted with specialist genetic health professionals. Twenty‐three participants were interviewed pre‐ and post‐genetic counselling or risk assessment. A further 11 completed a single interview, five pre‐assessment and six post‐assessment. Three focus groups were conducted with the genetic health professionals. The results showed that many participants were unaware they had been referred for genetic counselling and as a consequence they felt this caused difficulties in coping with the genetic risk information received. Health professionals corroborated these findings of people's lack of awareness about their referral. This work raises important questions about the psychosocial consequences of inadequate information provision at the point of referral by clinicians in primary and hospital‐based healthcare that are responsible for referring the majority of people to clinical genetics units. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial properties and coherence of the high density phase in the microcavity optical parametric oscillator
Authors: Skolnick M. S. , Sanvitto D. , Krizhanovskii D. N. , Love A. P. D. , Whittaker D. M. , Roberts J. S.
Published: August 2006

Recent work on imaging of the quantum fluid in the microcavity optical parametric oscillator is described. It is shown that the high density phase has an intrinsic, spatially non‐uniform distribution arising from quasi‐particle interactions which blue shift the dispersion curve, and in plane fluctuations in the photonic potential of the microcavity. Isolation of single modes using spectral and spatial resolution enables the coherence of the OPO to be studied. Particle‐particle interactions are shown to play a key role in determining the temporal coherence. The behaviour of the coherence of the macroscopically occupied phase is shown to contrast strongly with that of a non‐interacting system. Evidence for signal‐idler energy and phase correlations is obtained. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of single spins in individual magnetic quantum dots
Authors: Mariette H. , Besombes L. , Bougerol C. , Ferrand D. , Léger Y. , Maingault L. , Cibert J.
Published: August 2006

The optical properties of individual quantum dots doped with a single Mn atom and charged with a single carrier (electron or hole) are analyzed. Bias controlled single‐carrier charging combined with photo depletion is used to control the charge state of individual Mn‐doped quantum dots. The emission of the neutral, negatively charged and positively charged excitons coupled with a single magnetic atom are observed in the same quantum dot. The emission pattern of the charged excitons differs strongly from that of the neu‐tral excitons (single and biexciton). This difference reflects the fact that the Mn spin is very sensitive to the number of electrons and holes in both the excited and the ground states of the optical transitions. The spectrum of charged excitons in interaction with the Mn atom shows a rich pattern that can be attributed to a strong anisotropy of the hole–Mn exchange interaction This opens the way of storing information on a single carrier spin on a long time scale in the absence of external magnetic field. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of thickness on the stability of transparent conducting impurity‐doped ZnO thin films in a high humidity environment
Authors: Minami Tadatsugu , Miyata Toshihiro , Ohtani Yuusuke , Kuboi Takeshi
Published: August 2006

The resistivity of transparent conducting Al‐ and Ga‐doped ZnO (AZO and GZO) thin films prepared with a thickness in the range from 20 to 200 nm on glass substrates at a temperature below 200 °C was found to increase with exposure time when tested in a high humidity environment (air at 90% relative humidity and 60 °C). The resistivity stability (resistivity increase) was considerably affected by the thin film thickness. In particular, thin films with a thickness below about 50 nm were very unstable. The increase in resistivity is interpreted as carrier transport being dominated by grain boundary scattering resulting from the trapping of free electrons due to oxygen adsorption on the grain boundary surface. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The generation of locomotory forces in the spontaneous and norepinephrine‐induced migration of carcinoma cells
Authors: Strell Carina , Entschladen Frank , Bastian Philipp , Niggemann Bernd , Zänker Kurt S. , Lang Kerstin
Published: August 2006

The migration of tumor cells is essential for metastasis development. We distinguish two types of migration with regard to the dynamics and molecular basis: a slow, spontaneous type of migration is induced by the extracellular matrix. This type of migration is myosin II‐independent. A fast type of migration is induced by ligands to G protein‐coupled receptors, of which norepinephrine is the most potent. This migration depends on the myosin II activity. However, there is still discordance to which part other cytoskeletal components such as actin, myosin and tubulin contribute to these two types of tumor cell migration. Here we present a study on the role of several cytoskeletal proteins in the spontaneous and induced migration of breast and colon carcinoma cells by time‐lapse videomicroscopy. The actin reorganization is essential for each type of cell migration. We have shown previously the important function of myosin II for the norepinephrine‐induced migration, whereas we show herein that myosin VI is not involved. Most interestingly, stabilization of the microtubules reduced both types of migration, whereas a disruption increased the spontaneous and inhibited the norepinephrine‐induced migration. These data suggest that the force generation is different in the spontaneous and the induced migration of carcinoma cells.
A variance analysis of the capacity displaced by wind energy in Europe
Authors: Giebel Gregor
Published: August 2006

Wind energy generation distributed all over Europe is less variable than generation from a single region. To analyse the benefits of distributed generation, the whole electrical generation system of Europe has been modelled including varying penetrations of wind power. The model is chronologically simulating the scheduling of the European power plants to cover the demand at every hour of the year. The wind power generation was modelled using wind speed measurements from 60 meteorological stations for 1 year. The distributed wind power also displaces fossil‐fuelled capacity. However, every assessment of the displaced capacity (or a capacity credit) by means of a chronological model is highly sensitive to single events. Therefore the wind time series was shifted by integer days against the load time series, and the different results were aggregated. The same set of results is shown for two other options, one where the pump storage plants are used more aggressively and the other where all German nuclear plants are shut off. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data have been used to recreate the same averaged time series from a data set spanning 34 years. Through this it is possible to set the year studied in detail into a longer‐term context. The results are that wind energy can contribute more than 20% of the European demand without significant changes in the system and can replace conventional capacity worth about 10% of the installed wind power capacity. The long‐term reference shows that the analysed year is the worst case for wind power integration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Missing Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on the Surgical Outcome after Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Periampullary Tumors: A Prospective, Randomized, Double‐blind, Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Jo Sungho , Choi Seong‐Ho , Heo Jin‐Seok , Kim Eun‐Mi , Min Myung‐Sook , Choi Dong‐Wook , Seo Jeong‐Meen , Chung Jun‐Chul , Kim Yong‐Il
Published: August 2006

Background

The effect of glutamine (Gln) supplementation in patients undergoing a major operation has not been conclusively established. This study was designed to elucidate the effect of Gln supplementation on the surgical outcome after a pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for periampullary tumors.

Methods

A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, and controlled clinical trial was undertaken for patients who underwent a classical PD or a pylorus‐preserving PD for periampullary tumors. The Gln and control groups received isonitrogenous amino acid, with a 0.2 g/kg per day Gln regimen administered to the Gln group. The surgical outcome was compared in light of length of postoperative hospital stay, nutritional and chemical profiles, and complication rate between the Gln and control groups.

Results

Sixty of the consecutive 143 patients who were admitted to undergo operation for periampullary tumors were enrolled in our study; 32 were in the Gln group and 28 in the control group. The two groups were comparable prior to and during the operation. The median length of the postoperative hospital stay and the postoperative nutritional and chemical profiles were not different between two groups. The overall and PD‐related complication rates of the Gln group (37.5% and 25.0%) and the control group (28.6% and 14.3%) were not statistically different.

Conclusions

No significant beneficial effect of Gln supplementation with a low‐dose parenteral regimen was demonstrated on the surgical outcome after a PD for periampullary tumors. Therefore, we should be prudent in using Gln as a routine pharmacologic supplement to the standard nutrition in patients who undergo major operations.
Relationships among Key deer, insect herbivores, and plant quality
Authors: Barrett Mark A. , Stiling Peter
Published: August 2006

Deer can have severe effects on plant communities, which in turn can affect insect communities. We studied the effects of Key deer herbivory on the incidence of insect herbivores that occur within deer habitats in the lower Florida Keys, within the National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR). We analyzed plant chemistry (tannins, nitrogen) and surveyed for the occurrence of insects (above the browse tier) among plant species that were either deer‐preferred or less‐preferred. Results indicated higher levels of foliar tannins on islands with fewer Key deer and larger amounts of foliar nitrogen on islands with a high density of Key deer. Consequently, leaf miners were significantly more abundant on islands with high deer density, irrespective of deer‐preference of plant species. On islands with a high deer density, incidence of leaves damaged by chewing insects was lower on preferred plant species but greater on less‐preferred species than on islands with fewer deer. No apparent patterns were evident in the distribution of leaf gallers among plant species or islands with different deer density. Our results imply that plant nutrition levels—either preexisting or indirectly affected by deer deposition—are more important than plant defenses in determining the distribution of insect herbivores in the NKDR. Although high densities of the endangered Key deer have negative effects on some plant species in the NKDR, it seems Key deer might have an indirect positive influence on insect incidence primarily above the browse tier. Further research is warranted to enable fuller understanding of the interactions between Key deer and the insect community.
Stevens’ Direct Scaling Methods and the Uniqueness Problem
Authors: Augustin Thomas
Published: August 2006

Stevens postulated that we can use the responses of a participant in a ratio scaling experiment directly to construct a psychophysical function representing the participant’s sensations. Although Stevens’ methods of constructing measurement scales are widely used in the behavioral sciences, the problem of which scale type is appropriate to describe ratio scaling data is still unresolved. To deal with this problem, we develop a theoretical framework to specify the scale type attained by Stevens’ direct scaling methods. It is shown, under fairly mild background assumptions, that the behavioral axioms presented in this paper are necessary and sufficient for the psychophysical functions to be ordinal-, interval-, log-interval-, or ratio-scales. Furthermore, suggestions on how to test these behavioral axioms are provided.
Developing 1D nanostructure arrays for future nanophotonics
Authors: Ruda Harry E. , Polanyi John C. , Yang Jody S.Y. , Wu Zhanghua , Philipose Usha , Xu Tao , Yang Susan , Kavanagh K.L. , Liu J.Q. , Yang L. , Wang Y. , Robbie Kevin , Yang J. , Kaminska K. , Cooke D.G. , Hegmann F.A. , Budz A.J. , Haugen H.K.
Published: August 2006

There is intense and growing interest in one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures from the perspective of their synthesis and unique properties, especially with respect to their excellent optical response and an ability to form heterostructures. This review discusses alternative approaches to preparation and organization of such structures, and their potential properties. In particular, molecular-scale printing is highlighted as a method for creating organized pre-cursor structure for locating nanowires, as well as vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) templated growth using nano-channel alumina (NCA), and deposition of 1-D structures with glancing angle deposition (GLAD). As regards novel optical properties, we discuss as an example, finite size photonic crystal cavity structures formed from such nanostructure arrays possessing highQ and small mode volume, and being ideal for developing future nanolasers.
Proteomic approach to substrates related to MAPK pathway in 293T cells
Authors: Zhang Guolin , Wang Sanying
Published: August 2006

Abundant evidence indicates that potential scaffold proteins and adaptor or linker molecules organize and specify various MAP kinase cascades. In the present study, proteomic methodologies were applied to screen these potential molecules in combination with cell morphology and cell cycle analysis. MEK1E, MKK3b, MKK5D and MKK7D were selected as representative MKKs of four main MAPK pathways. Our results showed that similar morphological transformation and G2/M cell cycle arrest were promoted by the over‐expressed four kinases. Furthermore, global change in response to the over‐expressed four kinases was characterized by differential proteomics. Eleven distinctly changed proteins were detected, in which four proteins (serine/threonine kinase 4, glutathione S‐transferase p1‐1, glycoprotein IX and soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase) were reported to be relative to MAPK pathways, while the other seven proteins may be new elements of substrates of the kinases. In our experiment, the expression of platelet glycoprotein IX precursor, glutathione S‐transferase p1‐1, peroxiredoxin 6, Ras‐related protein Rab‐34 and arginase II, mitochondrial precursor was up‐regulated, while the expression of serine/threonine kinase 4 (MST1) was down‐regulated by the four kinases. These results suggest that these six proteins may be common targets of all the MAPK pathways in 293T cell line. Interestingly, the expression of splicing factor 3B subunit 4 and soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase (Ppase) was specifically up‐regulated by MEK1E and MKK5D, and by MEK1E, MKK3b and MKK5D, respectively. The expression of methylglyoxalase was down‐regulated by MEK1E and MKK7D. Furthermore, the expression of ADP‐ribosylation factor‐like protein 1 was up‐regulated by MKK5D but down‐regulated by MKK3b and MKK7D. These findings revealed the characteristic molecular responses to four MKKs. In conclusion, our study not only confirms that MST1, glutathione S‐transferase p1‐1, glycoprotein IX and soluble PPase belong to MAPK pathways, but also provides seven novel molecules for the further study of the pathways.
Locking Plates for Corrective Osteotomy of Malunited Dorsally Tilted Distal Radial Fractures: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: MÜLLER L. P. , KLITSCHER D. , RUDIG L. , MEHLER D. , ROMMENS P. M. , PROMMERSBERGER K. J.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the study was to compare the biomechanical properties of five different palmar fixation plate designs in a distal radius osteotomy cadaver model. A 1 cm metaphyseal osteotomy gap was made to simulate a corrective osteotomy and the osteotomy plated. Axial load was applied to the distal end of each construct by a material testing machine under control of a motion analysis video system. The specimens were arranged into five implant groups of eight specimens each. No test group developed deformity and movement of the fracture gap greater than 2 mm with a load of 100 N. Increasing the load to 250 N revealed statistically significant differences in stiffness and failure load between the different plates. Axial failure strength and stiffness were greater for the radial correction plates than for the other implants. The former may provide enough stability for corrective osteotomy of dorsally angulated distal radial malunions, even when the osteotomy gap is only filled with cancellous bone graft instead of cortical bone graft.
The Results of Immediate Re-Repair of Zone 1 and 2 Primary Flexor Tendon Repairs which Rupture
Authors: DOWD M. B. , FIGUS A. , HARRIS S. B. , SOUTHGATE C. M. , FOSTER A. J. , ELLIOT D.
Published: August 2006

This study reports the outcome of immediate re-repair of primary flexor tendon repairs in zones 1 and 2 of the fingers which had ruptured. Between June 1989 and May 2003, a total of 62 fingers in 61 patients presented with ruptured flexor tendon repairs within 48 hours from rupture. Immediate re-repair and rehabilitation was carried out in 44 fingers (71%) in 43 (70%) patients. Thirty-six patients completed the 8-week therapy programme after re-repair in 37 fingers. Nine (24%) had excellent, 10 (27%) good, 5 (14%) fair and 13 (35%) had poor results when assessed by the original Strickland method. Five fingers in five patients ruptured the re-repair. Poor results and second ruptures were particularly common after re-repair of ruptured tendon repairs in the little finger. In the light of these findings, a policy for dealing with ruptured primary flexor tendon repairs in the fingers is suggested.
PNDS @ Work: Policies, Procedures, and Pathways
Authors: Heacock Maria G.
Published: August 2006

PNDS @ Work: Policies, Procedures, and Pathways, Susan V.M. Kleinbeck, 2005, softcover, 64 pages $15 member/$20 nonmember
Operation Excellence: Succeeding in Business and Life the US Military Way
Authors: Hamilton Phyllis A.
Published: August 2006

Operation Excellence: Succeeding in Business and Life the US Military Way, Mark Bender, 2004, hardcover, 240 pages $24.95
Nurse Anesthesia SECRETS
Authors: O'Connor Kary
Published: August 2006

Nurse Anesthesia SECRETS, Mary Karlet, 2005, softcover, 569 pages $41.95
Infectious Diseases Sourcebook
Authors: Lisi Rebecca J.
Published: August 2006

Infectious Diseases Sourcebook, Karen Bellenir, 2004, hardcover, 634 pages $78
Disaster Nursing and Emergency Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Terrorism and Other Hazards
Authors: Carpenter Deaun
Published: August 2006

Disaster Nursing and Emergency Preparedness for Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Terrorism and Other Hazards, Tener Goodwin Veenema, 2003, hardcover, 586 pages $79.95
Case Studies in Critical Care Nursing: A Guide for Application and Review
Authors: Lass Kira
Published: August 2006

Case Studies in Critical Care Nursing: A Guide for Application and Review, Sheila Drake Melander, third edition, 2004, softcover, 506 pages $39.95
Internet for Nursing Research: A Guide to Strategies, Skills, and Resources
Authors: Murphy Mary
Published: August 2006

Internet for Nursing Research: A Guide to Strategies, Skills, and Resources, Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, Kristen S. Montgomery, 2004, softcover, 256 pages $34.95
Transforming Nurses' Stress and Anger: Steps Toward Healing
Authors: Lagueux Donna
Published: August 2006

Transforming Nurses' Stress and Anger: Steps Toward Healing, Sandra P. Thomas, second ed. 2004, softcover, 318 pp $36.95
Saunders Manual of Critical Care
Authors: Hodgdon Valerie
Published: August 2006

Saunders Manual of Critical Care, James A. Kruse, Mitchell P. Fink, Richard W. Carlson, 2003, softcover, 850 pp $84.95
In Action: Retaining Your Best Employees
Authors: Ruschak Amy
Published: August 2006

In Action: Retaining Your Best Employees, Jack J. Phillips, Patricia Pulliam Phillips, 2002, softcover, 178 pp $38.95