bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political support
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

No actor from a specific policy community is capable of controlling the relatively volatile but nonetheless necessary resource Political Support enjoyed by substantive policies. Hence, this chapter is structured differently from the other nine chapters dealing with the public action resources. Political Support consists of the primary legitimation (as opposed to the secondary legitimation delivered by the resource Consensus) by parliamentary bodies whose agendas cover hundreds of public policies which may be opposed. Thus, all three policy actor groups have a common interest in fighting this risk by means of common ‘external’ policy. This chapter illustrates the role of the resource Political Support and the modalities of its maintenance and use with examples from agricultural policy, energy policy and anti-money-laundering policy. It stresses the crucial role of third party winners and losers (actors positioned between the core policy actors and their environment), political parties and changes in the composition of the basic triangular structure of public policies. It demonstrates strategies deployed by each one of the three policy actor groups for recovering Political support.
Advice for practical application
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides advice on the practical application of the concepts relating to public action resources presented in the book. It proposes experience-based units for measuring each of the ten resources (and related indicators), a way of identifying the resource portfolios of public policy actors (mainly capable of demonstrating the differences between the resource portfolio at the disposal of each one of the three actors) and a standardized way of documenting resource exchanges. Finally, the chapter locates public action resource analysis within the context of comprehensive policy analysis studies based on a seven-point checklist.
Conclusion: Strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

The concluding chapter compares the 2011 policy analysis textbook with this book and points out some remaining weaknesses. These include the quality of the literature analysis, the lack of a chapter on the capacity of individual actors to actually mobilize the presented resources, the presentation of examples and the disparities on the level of detail in the resource chapters. Before presenting the weaknesses of the book, the chapter stresses some points which I consider as strengths. These include the consistent dissociation of resources from the individual characteristics of the actor-users, the attempt to provide a comprehensive typology, the avoidance of any hierarchization and the more or less universal character of the presented typology and the examples (although most of them originate from Switzerland).
The Sociology of Housework
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

In this ground-breaking book, the author undertook one of the first serious sociological studies to examine women's work in the home. She interviewed 40 urban housewives and analysed their perceptions of housework, their feelings of monotony and fragmentation, the length of their working week, the importance of standards and routines, and their attitudes to different household tasks. Most women, irrespective of social class, were dissatisfied with housework — an important finding which contrasted with prevailing views. Importantly, too, the author showed how the neglect of research on domestic work was linked to the inbuilt sexism of sociology. This classic book challenged the hitherto neglect of housework as a topic worthy of study and paved the way for the sociological study of many more aspects of women's lives.
Journey into the Unknown
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

This chapter shows how having a first baby is a journey into the unknown in more senses than one. Apart from the birth, which is the central drama in the transition to motherhood, three changes have to be accomplished more or less simultaneously: giving up paid work, taking up a totally new occupation — that of mother, and becoming a housewife. For a minority of women the break in paid-work career will be short, and the necessary adjustment to domesticity only temporary. But most women stay at home for several years. Unlike other changes of occupation, this transformation into mother and housewife entails more than small changes in routine. But while domesticity may be a theme running through women's lives from birth to death, suddenly having no other occupation to call one's own may seriously injure a woman's self-concept — ideas she has cherished about herself as a person. Such occupational hazards of being female may of course have no impact on some women; but in the mind, in anticipation, they hover as grey possibilities on the horizon.
The Agony and the Ecstasy
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the experience of childbirth. It reveals that certain themes run through the accounts of birth gathered in the course of research: the problem of recognition, the clash of expectations and reality, and the question of control. But the issue of who controls birth is part of childbirth today in a more general sense. In entering hospital to give birth a woman becomes part of that great and growing debate about who is having the baby: the mother, the medical profession, the hospital, the family, and the state. In the role of patient a mother is vulnerable, but she is vulnerable twice over, for she has not only her own interests to defend but her baby's. Moreover, hospitals are made up of rules and set procedures; certain things must be done in certain ways at certain times and in certain places. Defeating the depersonalisation that results — the feeling of being a cipher, of being one amongst many machines mechanically programmed to produce a baby — becomes a massive, and often unreachable goal.
Social Origins
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

The Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome study had its origins in six sets of observations about social relations. This chapter expands these six observations as a prelude to describing the background and beginnings of the study. Among these observations are that science, including medical science, may be regarded as a ‘social’ product — its content and practice reflect the social backgrounds and motives of its practitioners, rather than existing in some pure, uncontaminated, ahistorical mode; the professional ideologies, status, and organization of the medical profession militate against recognition of the universe and impact of the ‘social’ in health care; and social support is good for health.
‘Real’ Results
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

The Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The previous chapters concentrated on qualitative, case oriented descriptions of the processes of carrying out the study. This chapter is occupied with the quantitative angle, describing the way in which quantitative research ‘findings’ were generated in the analysis phase of the study, and at the same time taking a self-critical look at some of the epistemological assumptions built into the notion of quantitative methods. The chapter focuses on the example of birthweight because of the ideological and moral importance attached to birthweight within the medical frame of reference and thus, via the medicalization of culture, within the moral frame of reference used to define women's position as mothers.
Essays on the Welfare State
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

The author of this book was a pioneer in the field of social administration (now social policy) and this reissued classic contains a selection of his most famous writing on social issues. It covers subjects ranging from the position of women in society, changes in family life, and the social effects of industrialisation, to the problems of an ageing population, pensions, social security and taxation policy, and the development of the national health service. This collection contains one of the author's most original contributions to the analysis of welfare policy — his reflections on ‘The social division of welfare’. The book stands the test of time as representative of his thinking, and as an inspiration to those who wrestle with the complex issues of our welfare state.
Introduction: human blood and social policy
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the study of the beliefs, attitudes, and values concerning blood and its possession, inheritance, and use and loss in diverse societies. The study originated and grew over many years of introspection from a series of value questions formulated within the context of attempts to distinguish the ‘social’ from the ‘economic’ in public policies and in those institutions and services with declared ‘welfare’ goals. As such, this book centres on human blood: the scientific, social, economic, and ethical issues involved in its procurement, processing, distribution, use, and benefit in Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, South Africa, and other countries. Ultimately, it considers the role of altruism in modern society. It attempts to fuse the politics of welfare and the morality of individual wills.
The transfusion of blood
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the transfusion of blood. Beliefs and attitudes concerning blood affect in varying degrees throughout the world the work of transfusion services in appealing for and recruiting blood donors. A deeply rooted and widely held superstition is that the blood contained in the body is an inviolable property and to take it away is sacrilege. In parts of Africa, for example, it is believed also that blood taken away cannot be reconstituted and that the individual will therefore be weakened, be made impotent, or be blinded for life. The growth of scientific knowledge about the circulation of the blood, the composition and preservation of blood, and the distribution of blood group genes throughout the human race has provided a more rational framework. However, it is only more recently that scientific advances have made a blood transfusion service an indispensable and increasingly vital part of modern medicine.
The demand for blood in England and Wales and the United States
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the demand for blood in England and Wales and the United States. Between 1948 and 1967, the annual number of donations of blood in England and Wales rose by 269 per cent. Some part of this increase in supply has met the increase in the amount of blood actually demanded and used per 100 patients treated in hospitals. Meanwhile, estimates have been made that 5,100,000 pints of blood were collected in the United States in 1956 and around 6,000,000 pints in 1966–7. Some of the factors responsible for this world trend relate to the major life-saving role of blood. Others are adding yearly to the relatively new role for human blood of acting as a vital preventive and therapeutic agent. Surgery in its many branches has, for example, been given a new lease of life by increases in the volume of blood available and the advent of effective blood transfusion services.
The supply of blood in England and Wales and the United States
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses the supply of blood in England and Wales and the United States. It presents the main national statistics in the increase in blood donation between the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948 and 1968. Whereas in some countries at the end of the 1940s blood transfusion services were in an early stage of development, in England and Wales they had been expanded earlier. The effects of the Second World War, particularly the large quantities of blood required to deal adequately with the expected and actual civilian air raid casualties, greatly stimulated the growth of a blood transfusion service on a national scale. Unfortunately, it is not possible to present any series of statistics for the United States similar to those provided for England and Wales. It is not even possible to estimate with any degree of precision the total annual volume of blood collections, transfusions, and wastage.
Is the gift a good one?
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses the quality of the gift of blood. The transfusion and use of whole blood and certain blood products carries with it the risk of transmitting disease, particularly serum hepatitis, malaria, syphilis, and brucellosis. Not only are there risks in infected blood and plasma, but there are also risks in the use of contaminated needles and apparatus in the collection and transfusion processes. The absence of a scientific check on quality and safety means that the subsequent biological condition of those who receive blood constitutes the ultimate test of whether the virus was present in the donation. However, few patients know that their bodies perform this role. In these situations of consumer ignorance and uncertainty, as in many others in the whole field of medical care, the patient has to trust the medical profession and the organised system of medical care.
A study of blood donor motivation in South Africa
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at a study of blood donor motivation in South Africa, which was commissioned by the Natal Blood Transfusion Service and carried out in Durban. Much of the fieldwork was done by six trained Bantu graduates which helps to explain the perceptive nature of some of the interview data elicited from poor and semi-literate Bantu workers. The study shows that the Bantu donor is statistically rare. They come mainly from institutional groups such as factories and schools and tend to be younger, better educated, and with higher incomes than the average Bantu adult in Durban. The concepts of blood held by the average manual worker Bantu closely link blood with health and are unfavourable to blood donation. Moreover, in the Bantu population at large there is widespread ignorance about, and fear of, blood donation. A marked characteristic of the Bantu blood donors is that they tend to give blood only once or twice.
Who is my stranger?
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the social and economic aspects of gift-exchange as a universal phenomenon. Examples drawn from both complex and traditional societies indicate that the personal gift and counter-gift, in which givers and receivers are known to each other and personally communicate with each other, is characterised by a great variety of sentiments and purposes. At one end of the spectrum, economic purposes may be dominant as in some forms of first-gifts which aim to achieve a material gain or to enhance prestige or to bring about material gain in the future. At the other end are those gifts whose purposes are predominantly social and moral in that as ‘total social facts’ they aim to serve friendly relationships, affection, and harmony between known individuals and social groups. Meanwhile, social gifts and actions carrying no explicit or implicit individual right to a return gift or action are forms of ‘creative altruism’.
The right to give
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter provides some interpretative comment on the responses of the voluntary blood donors recorded in the preceding chapter and relates certain issues of principle and practice raised in this book's study to the potential role that governmental social policy can play in preserving and extending the freedom of the individual. Practically all the voluntary donors employed a moral vocabulary to explain their reasons for giving blood. They acknowledged that they could not and should not live entirely as they may have liked if they had paid regard solely to their own immediate gratifications. However, none of the donors' answers was purely altruistic. The chapter then argues that policy and processes should enable men to be free to choose to give to unnamed strangers. They should not be coerced or constrained by the market.
Seeking Balance
Authors: Young Zoe
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines professional women's motivations for part-time and flexible working beyond a ubiquitous balance-seeking goal. Three common motivations form shared intention narratives that express what women hope to achieve with their employment adjustment: resolving work–life conflict, protecting careers, and expanding careers. Close examination of how women explain their motivation for their particular working arrangement reveals the layers of meaning attached to it and the complexity of the practical and ideological settlement it reflects. This particular employment transition holds far greater significance in mothers' lives than a simple adjustment to the contract of employment. The chapter illustrates how mothers' working hours choices are morally potent, socially informed, and internally justified as the right way for them to do things at the time. An important finding is the pursuit of part-time and flexible working arrangements with the express intention to expand career opportunities.
Doing Flexibility
Authors: Young Zoe
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains how women redesign their jobs, create new workspaces, and how they manage the temporal and spatial boundaries between their professional work and their family work. It deals with the work-related experiences and outcomes of women's transitions under three scenarios: converting a full-time job into a part-time job, job-sharing, and working from home. Time is the central theme in this discussion. Women embarking upon a part-time work pattern ideally seek private, protected time off work: a niche of inaccessibility. However, very few women in professional and managerial jobs in this study feel it is either realistic or advantageous to their career prospects to be completely inaccessible on non-work day.
Stresses and Successes
Authors: Young Zoe
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the events and outcomes after a year of combining motherhood and professional work using part-time and flexible work arrangements for the 30 women interviewed in this study. None of the women were unequivocal about the benefits or otherwise of using flexible work arrangements as a work–life reconciliation strategy. A near universal experience was that the working pattern the women had embarked upon when they were first interviewed was not the pattern they were working a year later. All but 4 of 30 women had made further adjustments to the time, timing, or location of their paid work. What women identify as the drivers of those further adjustments reveals much about the level of support for flexible work arrangements in important jobs at the pivotal stage in careers when women's progress to the top of large organisations slows down.
Transformative Prison Education: The Prison Radio Training Project
Authors: Bedford Charlotte
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at how the prison radio training pilot forms the basis of the evaluation of the Prison Radio Association's (PRA) first year. Part of a three-year evaluation of the PRA's activities, the process was specifically designed to assess the extent to which the organisation met its objectives in order to demonstrate the potential benefits of prison radio. The aim was to identify what worked well in terms of outputs and processes, and to provide information on progress in terms of objectives and the needs of key stakeholders, including prison inmates and staff. Designed and implemented in the earliest stages, the evaluation demonstrates the PRA's focus on organisational growth as well as recognising the importance of meeting the needs of a range of prison and external partners in the process.
Prison suicide and its aftermath
Authors: Tomczak Philippa
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the global importance of analysing post-prison suicide investigations and introduces the case study of England and Wales, which has a substantive prison monitoring and post-death investigations framework yet recent record numbers of prison suicides. This case study is used to provide the first analysis of these investigations in this book. This chapter details the importance of acknowledging that ‘manipulative’ prisoner behaviour can be lethal and recommends foregrounding potential death rather than querying prisoners’ potentially unknowable intentions. It outlines the underappreciated roles of suicidogenic discourses, institutional apathy and prisoner stigmatisation in suicide prevention, and explains the particular difficulties of suicide prevention work. It outlines that suicide prevention was significantly more effective from 2005-2011, which was predictably overturned by swingeing staff cuts from 2012.
Experiencing investigations
Authors: Tomczak Philippa
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores prison staff and prisoners’ families’ experiences of the full complement of post-prison suicide investigations. It highlights the burden that these investigations can impose on bereaved families and prison staff. It raises concerns about the degree of scrutiny to which prison staff can be subjected given their limited agency. It notes the unclear relationship between the findings of post-suicide investigations and suicide prevention. It restates the need for accountability of political decision makers. A publicly resourced independent support service for bereaved families is suggested.
Climate change catastrophes and social intersections
Authors: White Rob
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the consequences of climate change from the point of view of disasters and their consequences for specific interest and population groups. A key focus is the social intersections that become apparent in such events. For example, the climatic and weather events that form the backdrop to present conflicts in places such as Syria are discussed, as are the gendered vulnerabilities evident in disaster situations such as cyclones and tsunami. Social conflicts stemming from climate change are then elaborated as a more general and increasingly likely scenario. In response to real and perceived threats and risk linked to climate change, issues of security are already generating angst among policy-makers and military planners. Indeed, the securitisation of natural resources, to the detriment of others, is emerging as an important climate-related issue, especially in regard to food, water, land, and air quality.
Climate change victims
Authors: White Rob
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the notion of victimhood as this pertains to climate change. Each section deals with a specific victim category — non-human environmental entities, children and young people, and Indigenous communities. Each grouping has its own specific histories, stories, and issues. What perhaps unites the discussion is an underlying emphasis on adopting an ecocentric perspective that incorporates social and ecological justice. From a human perspective, ecocentrism attempts to strike a balance between the need to utilise resources for human survival and the need to develop rules that facilitate the benign use of the ecosphere. Thus, for example, ensuring the preservation of biocentric values becomes integral to maintaining long-term human needs. To do this means minimising the victimisation of both the human and the non-human — in essence, to assert a form of ecological citizenship.
Profitability, efficiency and targets
Authors: Lloyd Anthony
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces primary data to illustrate the shift from security to flexibility detailed in chapter 2 and its specific impact upon management practice and culture within the service economy. The theme of the chapter is the quest for profitability and efficiency, embodied in the imposition of performance indicators and targets. The chapter does not offer an exhaustive account of all management practice in the service economy but instead focuses on some techniques which will return in the later discussion of harm. The work process is speeded up and controlled by managers and technology, often at the expense of employee well-being; the use of team briefings that focus on targets and under-performance is criticised by employees; the imposition of targets becomes the primary motivation for employees who seek to maximise their output through a variety of techniques including collusion with non-incentivised staff and coaching customers to provide good feedback. The use of targets also ensures a zero-sum game where many employees are forced to compete for bonuses, an approach which divides the workforce. The evidence here demonstrates the primary motivation behind employer and manager practice; to maximise profitability at all costs.
Conclusion
Authors: Lloyd Anthony
Published: May 2019

The conclusion offers a comprehensive summary of the arguments presented in the previous pages. The chapter highlights the various management practices and labour market conditions within the service economy and the impact this has upon the employee. It also reflects upon the imperatives of capitalism and neoliberal ideology and the impact upon subjectivities that display a willingness to harm in order to advance individual needs. In returning to the concept of harm, the chapter concludes that contacts do not necessarily see their experience as harmful as it reflects labour market practice at the level of everyday experience; it is simply the way it is. However, in returning to the idea of recognition and flourishing, or the search for stability and fixity, the harms of work are increasingly problematic and must be addressed.
Restrictions, Power, Companionship, and Intimacy: A Metasynthesis of People With Intellectual Disability Speaking About Sex and Relationships
Authors: Black Rhonda S. , Kammes Rebecca R.
Published: May 2019

Examining literature that tells us what people with intellectual disability (PWID) think and feel about their sexual lives may enable families and professionals to offer a more person-centered approach to education and support. Examining the voices of many individuals across several studies may provide more convincing evidence about the experiences of these individuals—turning a solo into a chorus. Thus, the purpose of this article is to describe the results of a metasynthesis of qualitative studies highlighting the voices of PWID with respect to relationships and sexuality. Combining the results of 16 qualitative studies, 271 participants with intellectual disability were interviewed individually or in focus groups about their feelings and experiences regarding intimate relationships. Studies were conducted across Europe, in Australia, China, and in the United States. A little more than half of the participants were male; ages ranged from 13 to 89. Results revealed two competing themes of control and desire. Participants across studies desired friendships and close interpersonal relationships, yet were restricted from developing these relationships by policies, program staff, and family members.
Thomas Ligotti’s bungalow universe and the transversal aesthetics of the weird
Authors: Mendelyte Atene
Published: May 2019

This essay discusses the distinct atmosphere of weirdness that characterizes Thomas Ligotti’s supernatural horror. The cult writer combines horror and philosophy in a uniquely interlaced manner, producing an intellectually infective horror affect, which escapes the realm of the fictional. I describe the writer’s aesthetics as transversal because, with the help of certain postmodern literary techniques, it cross-cuts across the planes of reader and text, exteriority and interiority, fiction and philosophy, obliterating the boundaries that tend to separate these dimensions. I argue that Ligotti’s horror effect depends on the dissolution of these boundaries. To show how such transversality is achieved, I examine the writer’s short story ‘The Bungalow House’, which creates concentric conceptual and imagistic circles so as to express the universal via the particular, the remarkable through the banal. I treat this short story as exemplary of how Ligotti’s writings generally function; they present a complex transtextual mechanism of veiling and unveiling of one single horrifying essence, conceptually akin to Arthur Schopenhauer’s will to life. Ligotti’s philosophical horror and Schopenhauer’s horrifying philosophy, as it were, destroy the human subject’s centrality, the notion of free will and the meaning of existence. It is the human that is revealed to be the supernatural.
The amorous annihilation of will: An examination of Georges Bataille’s Death & Sensuality through Bryan Fuller’s Hannibal
Authors: Taylor Leila
Published: May 2019

This article is an examination of Georges Bataille’s Erotism: Death & Sensuality and the theme of Eros as an agent of self-annihilation as exhibited in Bryan Fuller’s television show Hannibal. I demonstrate how over the course of three seasons, the use of the thematic device of the undercover agent who gets in too deep (as in films like The Departed [Scorsese, 2006]) serves as a case study for the loss of the individual in Bataille’s concepts of continuity versus discontinuity. The protagonist, FBI agent Will Graham, exhibits each of Bataille’s definitions of the erotic (physical, emotional and religious) in his pursuit of serial killer Hannibal Lecter combining the traits of a love story with that of the manhunt, merging two diametrical genres: the crime drama and the romance. I explore how Bryan Fuller’s Hannibal exemplifies the mythology of the amorous loss of self into the other and the symbiotic relationship between love and death.
Hegemonía estadounidense y cambio de régimen en América Latina
Authors: Schenoni Luis L. , Mainwaring Scott
Published: May 2019

Este trabajo busca contribuir a la literatura sobre los factores internacionales que afectan el surgimiento y ruptura de la democracia a través de la conceptualización y análisis empírico de diversos mecanismos por los cuales una potencia internacional puede provocar cambios de régimen en su área de influencia. A través de múltiples métodos, analizamos el rol de Estados Unidos en 64 episodios (27 quiebres y 37 transiciones democráticas) que tuvieron lugar en América Latina entre 1945 y 2010. Primero, utilizamos la técnica de análisis cualitativo comparado (qca) para examinar el papel que desempeñaron las embajadas estadounidenses en estos episodios. Segundo, estudiamos casos específicos (las primeas transiciones y quiebres en olas de cambio de régimen) donde la influencia de Washington es claramente discernible de los efectos de la difusión. Tercero, analizamos estadísticamente el impacto de los flujos de ayuda externa de Estados Unidos sobre las probabilidades de supervivencia de los regímenes políticos de la región. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el apoyo a la democracia por parte de los Estados Unidos fue consistente durante la ola de transiciones democráticas que comenzó en la región en 1978, y que fue decisivo en muchas de estas transiciones. En comparación, la importancia de estos mecanismos hegemónicos en las olas autoritarias que tuvieron lugar entre 1948 y 1956 y entre 1964 y 1976 es menos evidente. Futuras investigaciones podrían utilizar las herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas aquí propuestas para explorar el rol de esta y otras potencias regionales en procesos similares de expansión y retracción internacional de la democracia.
Negative Space Theory
Authors: Xue jianping
Published: May 2019

It is necessary to continue the research on the formation mechanism of gravitation, the formation mechanism of black hole, the formation mechanism of mass, and the mechanism of symmetry breaking. This study is dedicated to establish a new theory, and compare this new theory with the existing theory, testing self-consistency and rationality of this new theory. Based on the observed physical facts, the negative space theory is be put forward according to the principle of scale conservation and spatial discontinuity, that is, space expansion produces positive space and Huazi, and there is a trap field around Huazi. Comparison results show that the negative space theory can better reveal the above physical mechanism, and changed the previous understanding of these physical mechanism, open up a new research direction.
Extracts of Tagetes minuta L. front of bacteria regarding bovine mastitis
Authors: Berguenmaier de Olanda Gabriela , Peripolli Bevilaqua Gilberto Antônio , Damé Schuch Luiz Filipe , Souza Prestes Luciana , Batista Job Ricardo
Published: May 2019

Bovine mastitis is a problem in the context of animal health. However medicinal plants are a management strategy in agroecological production systems. In this context, the plant Tagetes minuta L. plays a leading role, due to its recognition in the popular pharmacopeia. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of T. minuta from different collection sites compared to ten bacteria related to bovine mastitis. The antimicrobial evaluation was done through the microdilution technique in syrup, in 96 well microplates in triplicate, for the determination of Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) (%). In the microplates, the extracts of T. minuta and the inoculums of the bacteria were placed in addition to the growth control of the bacteria and the control of the extracts, which were incubated for 72 hours at 37°C in an oven. After this time, aliquots of 5μL of each orifice were transferred to plates containing 5% equine defibrinated blood agar and maintained in incubation for 24 hours at the same previous temperature. With this, the growth readings were performed, with the subsequent interpretation of the results by the geometric mean of the MBC (%). The results indicate that there is a difference in sensitivity to microorganisms by the extracts as a function of the collection sites and both present antimicrobial action.
Growth and flowering of colored cotton cultivated in soils of distincts ESP and sheep manure
Authors: DA SILVA EVANDRO MANOEL , NOBRE REGINALDO GOMES , Barbosa Joicy Lima , GHEYI HANS RAJ , DA SILVA FRANCISCO ALVES , BONIFÁCIO BENEDITO FERREIRA
Published: May 2019

The inadequate management of irrigation has promoted the increase in the area of degraded soils through salinization and/or sodification, especially in irrigated perimeters of the northeastern semiarid, promoting environmental impacts and decrease in crop yield. In this manner, studies that aim to evaluate the tolerance of crops to salts, and/or techniques that minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress are highly viable. Based on this, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of sheep manure doses over growth and flowering of the colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio, cultivated in soils with different exchangeable sodium percentages. A randomized block design was adopted, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to the treatments of five exchangeable sodium percentages – ESP: 8.84, 12.55, 18.80, 28.80 and 38.80% and four sheep manure doses: 0, 5, 10 and 15% based on the volume of the soil, with 3 replications. At 90 days after sowing, it could be verified that the increment in the sheep manure doses added to the soil mitigated the negative effect of the ESP over the production of flower buds, beside stimulating plant growth, flower production and reducing the rate of flower abortion, independently of the ESP. The cotton cv. BRS Topázio is tolerant to soil ESP up to 38.8%, and anthesis is anticipated by the increase in exchangeable sodium.
Watermelon general and specific combining ability
Authors: Do Nascimento Tiago Lima , Souza Flávio De França , Souza Dias Rita De Cassia , Da Silva Edson Ferreira
Published: May 2019

The combining ability of six watermelon genotypes was estimated in a diallel cross scheme (6x6), including genotypes JNY (1), ‘ORA’ (2), ‘KOD’ (3), ‘SOL’ (4), ‘CHG’ (5), ‘PEA’ (6) and all possible hybrids between them. A randomized complete block design (RCB) was used, with 36 treatments, three blocks, and plots with five plants. The following traits were evaluated: days before female flower anthesis, main branch length, fruit mass, number of fruits per plant, yield, fruit length, fruit width, pulp firmness, soluble solids content, average rind thickness, seed length, seed width, and seed mass. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance, and a diallel analysis was performed according to Griffing’s experimental method I. According to the general combining ability estimates obtained, genotypes ‘KOD’ (3) and ‘JNY’ (1) were the most likely ones to produce hybrids with smaller-sized fruits and smaller seeds. The reciprocal effects confirmed that the results indicate that these genotypes should be used as pollen donors and pollen recipients, respectively. On the other hand, genotypes ‘ORA’ (2) and ‘CHG’ (5) can be used for the commercial exploitation of sliced ​​watermelons. According to the specific combining ability estimates obtained, the combinations ‘ORA’ (2) x ‘PEA’ (6), ‘ORA’ (2) x ‘JNY’ (1), ‘CHG’ (5) x ‘KOD’ (3), ‘PEA’ (6) x ‘KOD’ (3), and ‘CHG’ (5) x ‘SOL’ (4) stood out as being the genotypes most likely to produce the smallest fruits and smallest seeds.
Carbohydrate content and season collection of cuttings from ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree
Authors: Souza Jackson Mirellys Azevêdo , Leonel Sarita , Silva Marcelo De Souza , Oliveira Júnior Marcelo De Almeida , Martins Rafaelly Calsavara , Bolfarini Ana Carolina Batista , Ataíde Elma Machado
Published: May 2019

Choosing the best season collection of cuttings is essential to have success with propagation, due mainly to carbohydrate content, since is a source of energy for roots and shoots development. In literature, there are no papers that associate the collection season of cuttings with carbohydrate contents in figs. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate carbohydrate contents and season collection of cuttings to propagate ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse; cuttings were collected in the first week of the following months: June, July, August and September. The design was in completely randomized blocks, with four replicates of 30 cuttings collected per season. The following traits were evaluated: carbohydrate content; percentage of root cuttings, bud cuttings, cuttings without bud and root; number of buds, leaves and roots per cutting; length of the largest root and bud; bud diameter; bud and root dry mass; and root volume. Results indicated high carbohydrate content in cuttings that were collected in August; therefore, the best month to collect cuttings of ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree in the city of São Manuel, state of São Paulo. This result is due to high percentage of rooted cuttings and better development. Furthermore, carbohydrate content mainly affects root growth; besides that, reducing sugars are the most important feature in the development of cuttings.
Morphological characterization and germination of Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glass. (ARECACEAE)
Authors: Beltrame Rômulo André , Jasmim Janie Mendes , Vieira Henrique Duarte
Published: May 2019

The interest in Syagrus schizophylla as an ornamental palm tree and the demand for conservation and preservation of the species led to this research. The objective was to study the physiological characteristics of its germination at different temperatures, as well as the morphological and biometrical characterization of diaspores and seedlings at the initial stages of growth and development. The research was divided into two experiments. In the first one, the aim was to identify the water absorption phases of seeds during germination under five scarification treatments as follows: intact diaspores, scarified diaspores, diaspores with endocarp rupture and intact seeds. In the second experiment, germination was tested at 25, 30 e 25 - 35 ºC; the first germination count, seedling emergence, abnormal seedlings, non-germinated seeds, the emergence curve, the emergence speed index and the mean time of emergence were evaluated. Afterwards, the morphological and biometrical characteristics of diaspores and seedlings were described. The water absorption curve observed under the different scarification treatments showed different water absorption patterns. Emergence percentages were 53, 61 and 47% at 25, 30 and 25 - 35 ºC, respectively. The highest emergence speed index was obtained at 30 ºC. The mean time of emergence was 30 days, approximately, under all the temperatures tested. The diaspores showed a great variability in both shape and size, presenting a globular to ovoid shape with an average length of 2.44 cm and an average width of 1.39 cm. The germination can be classified as hypogeal crypto cotyledonal of the remote-tubular type.
Multilevel modelling of the draft force required by seeder-fertilizers
Authors: Cavalcante Edmo Henrique Martins , Leite Daniel Mariano , Bonfá Hugo Colombarolli , Furtado Júnior Marconi Ribeiro , Melo Júnior Júlio César Ferreira de
Published: May 2019

The high production costs in agriculture have guiding the adoption of farming systems and new management techniques as well as the sizing of agricultural machinery. In this regard, planning entails knowledge on the efficiency according to the energy requirements parameters, so the farmer shall consider the characteristics of the soil on which the implement operates. The performance assessment of sowing-fertilize machines shows the effect of some variables on the draft requirement, so the experimental conditions, which might lead to different outcomes of implement operation, must be regarded. Therefore, it is necessary obtain metanalytical estimates to integrate the results available in the literature. Grounded on systematic review, this study aimed to model the draft imposed by sowing-fertilizing machines considering fixed effects, mainly soil characteristics, and random effects associated to the selected experiments. It was found that the best models according to information criteria may not always meet the assumptions as normality of the distribution of residuals and homoscedasticity. The variables such as bulk density of soil, stubble conditions, depth of fertilizer placement, and speed could accurately explain the draft requirement with mean squared deviation of 2.93 whereas the referred evaluator for the ASABE standard was 63.51. Forthcoming works may analyze the repeatability of the models considering different seeders under diverse configurations and operation conditions
Recovery and germinative response of Amaranthus deflexus L. seeds under different levels of water stress and luminosities
Authors: Fontes Larissa De Oliveira , Oliveira Alexandre Bosco de , Filho Eneas Gomes , Lopes Maria de Fátima De Queiroz , Costa Filho José Hamilton da , Silva Ítalo Nunes
Published: May 2019

The objective of this work was to evaluate, in two experiments, the effect of water stress and luminosity on the germinative behavior and vigor of Amaranthus deflexus L seeds. The seeds were sown in Petri dishes containing two sheets of filter paper moistened with distilled water, in the control treatment. Using this treatment-control configuration, as a standard of comparison, two assays were performed using subsamples from the same A. deflexus seed population. In the first experiment (experiment 1), solutions of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) were used, providing osmotic potentials of -0.3; -0.6; -0.9; -1.2 and -1.5 MPa; however, in the second trial (experiment 2) osmotic potentials of -0.1; -0.2; -0.3; -0.4 and -0.5 MPa were used. At the end of the test, the ungerminated seeds for each treatment were washed and germinated on a filter paper moistened with water. The germination and vigor of the seeds were evaluated through the first germination count, germination test, germination speed index and average germination time. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, totaling twelve treatments, with four replicates of 50 seeds each, in both trials. Water stress negatively affects the performance of A. deflexus seeds, reducing germination and vigor from -0.1 MPa. Seed germination was compromised by the absence of light, regardless of the applied stress levels. There was an increase in seed germination after application of the same at higher levels of water stress.
Nitrate and ammonium proportions in sesame cultivation under irrigation with saline waters
Authors: Lima Geovani Soares de , Dias Adaan Sudario , Gheyi Hans Raj , Soares Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos , Nobre Reginaldo Gomes , Silva Francisco de Assis França Dantas da
Published: May 2019

This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the water relations, growth and the production components of the sesame cv. CNPA G3, in function of the irrigation with waters of different salinities and fertilization with different proportions of nitrate (N-NO3-) and ammonium (N-NH4+). The study was performed in drainage lysimeters in conditions of greenhouse, in the municipality of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The adopted design was in randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme of 5x5 with three repetitions, whose treatments were constituted of five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water - ECw (0.6; 1.2; 1.8; 2.4 and 3.0 dS m-1) and five proportions of nitrate and ammonium (200:0; 150:50; 100:100; 50:150; 0:200 mg kg-1 of soil). The irrigation with ECw superior to 0.6 dS m-1 negatively affected the growth and production of the sesame; the fertilization with N-NH4+ and N-NO3- in the proportion 200:0 resulted in a higher percentage of cell membrane damage; the utilization of N-NH4+ and N-NO3- in the proportion 50:150 provided increase in the relative water content in the leaf blade and in the mass of a hundred seeds; N-NO3 and N-NH4+ proportions of 200:0 and 150:50 and water with ECw of 0.6 dS m-1 promoted the highest values for the content of chlorophyll a and total number of sesame seeds.
Methods for classifying coefficients of variation in experimentation with poultrys
Authors: Ferreira Ana Alice Salmito Noleto de Campos , Dourado Leilane Rocha Barros , Biagiotti Daniel , Santos Natanael Pereira da Silva , Nascimento Daphinne Cardoso Nagib , Sousa Katiene Regia Silva
Published: May 2019

The aim of this work was to evaluate the coefficient of variation (CV) and to establish classification ranges for the main variables evaluated in experimentation with poultrys through different methods. The CV data of different response variables observed in poultry articles (broilers, laying hens, roosters and quails) published in five national journals were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel 2010® worksheet. Afterwards, they were subjected to normality evaluation through the Shapiro-Wilk method, and later the following data of the descriptive statistics were utilized: maximum value, minimum value, range, mean, median, standard deviation, midquartile, first quartile, third quartile, interquartile range, and pseudo sigma. According to the values obtained in the descriptive statistics of the CVs of each variable, classification ranges were elaborated for these values, considering six different forms of classification, adapted from the consulted literature. The results indicated that the classification ranges established for CVs in experiments with poultrys are different from those recommended in statistical textbooks. It is possible to utilize midquartile, pseudo sigma, mean and standard deviation through different methods in order to classify the CVs, but the use of the standard deviation promotes incoherent classifications in certain variables, and promotes increase in the amplitude between the lowest and the highest CV value obtained for the classification ranges.