bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Interdiscursivity in Hospital Strategic Plans Using Foucauldian Discourse Analysis
Authors: Fage-Butler Antoinette
Published: February 2016

Critical genre analysis (CGA) investigates the impact of context on genres by analyzing interdiscursivity (the integration of discourses in genres), but there has been a shortage of discussion of specific methods. This paper demonstrates that Foucauldian discourse analysis (FDA) – specifically, statement function analysis – constitutes a very useful approach with which to analyze interdiscursivity in CGA. Analysis of the move of “priorities/goals” (Cornut et al. 2012)  in three strategic plans produced by British hospitals using FDA reveals three main discourses: strategic management, public service accountability, and patient centeredness. As interdiscursive analysis reveals the discursive foundations of organizational practices, CGA is well-positioned to make many valuable contributions to organizational research.
Lexical Strategies in Intralingual Translation between Registers
Authors: Hill-Madsen Aage
Published: February 2016

Being concerned with (what has hitherto been) a marginal and under-researched area of Translation Studies, viz. intralingual translation, this paper focuses on the particular type of monolingual rewriting which consists in the transformation of specialized LSP texts into a new text type aimed at lay readership. As a specific example of this type of transformation, the paper investigates the rewriting of pharmaceutical product specifications into medicinal package inserts (so-called patient information leaflets). In Translation Studies terms, in other words, the pharmaceutical texts are treated as source texts and the patient information leaflets as target texts. The paper examines certain core intralingual translation strategies employed to make the specialized information accessible to the non-expert audience. The focus is primarily on strategies employed to convert medical terminology into more lay-friendly wordings. The exact linguistic nature of these strategies is examined, and the ways in which they contribute to target-text lay-friendliness are charted.
Language Management in a Multinational Workforce: The Knowledge Worker Perspective
Authors: Bjørge Anne Kari , Whittaker Sunniva
Published: February 2016

Organisations recruiting knowledge workers worldwide face a considerable challenge with regard to the choice of corporate language. The use of English as a lingua franca is often perceived as the most obvious option. However, there may be good arguments for using the host country language even in cases where the language in question is relatively small and the English skills of the local population are high. Our paper reports on the results of a study of a Nordic organisation that has chosen the local language as its corporate language. We investigate the implications for the employees’ professional and social identity and also discuss the language ideology underlying this choice. The study is based on both interviews and a survey conducted among both local and international members of the organization.
Udviklingstendenser i orddannelsen i teknisk fransk i informatikterminologisk belysning
Authors: Møller Bernt
Published: February 2016

This article outlines current trends in the word formation of French technical LSP. First, a brief review of a fairly traditional, exemplified word formation taxonomy is given also showing the multiplicity of informatique word formation models. The article goes on to survey recent studies in the terminology of information technology. Observations in these studies and in studies in general technical terminologies suggest an increasing trend in the word formation of technical LSP towards a large variety of (combinations of) traditional models, often coupled with brachygraphical techniques; the LSP of informatique further contains a high frequency of semantic neologisms. Finally, perspectivating questions are raised.
Cultural mismatch in conversation: Spanish and Scandinavian communicative behaviour in negotiation settings
Authors: Fant Lars
Published: February 2016

An outline of cultural differences in face-to-face behaviour between Hispanic and Nordic people is presented, and various divergences in terms of communicative priorities are proposed. The assumptions made are supported by preliminary results from research on turn-taking, back-channeling and initiative/response patterns in Spanish and Swedish negotiation dialogues, the study being based on the video-recorded corpus of the "Negotiating in Spain and Scandinavia" project carried out at three Scandinavian universities. On the basis of these results, a list of predictions is proposed concerning probabilities of misinterpretations in Hispanic-Scandinavian conversation.
Distributive communicative behaviour in Danish and Spanish negotiation interaction
Authors: Grindsted Annette
Published: February 2016

This article describes preliminary results of a comparative study of communicative behaviour in Danish and Spanish negotiation interaction. The position is taken that from a socio-psychological point of view negotiation strategies may be accounted for in terms of face needs and feeling and display rules. It is argued that distributive behaviour is prevailing in both cultures, but that the corresponding communicative patterns are completely different.
Nytænkning i "erhvervssproglig forskning"?
Authors: Sorgenfrey Hans Henrik , Kragh Simon Ulrik
Published: February 2016

En kommentar til Hans Peder Kromanns indlæg i Hermes 1.
Fachlexicographie - Probleme, Aufgaben, Konzepte
Authors: Neubert Gunter
Published: February 2016

Most LSP dictionaries are used as translation tools. Neglecting other uses allows us to describe some fundamental principles of LSP lexicography including economic factors as well as the user's world and linguistic knowledge. Use of terms in LSP texts and the requirements to guide the user to the dictionary's entry provoke us to differentiate lexicon forms from text forms, and additionally to define dictionary forms of terms. Normally, dictionary use is in three steps: forming a potential entry address, verifying the identity of the text and entry words' meanings, and selecting/adapting a word for the TL text. Díctionary making is surveyed in brief. LSP lexicographical research should be done in the fields of the user's lexical demand, of corpus and data collection, and of data presentation, in each case considering theoretical, technological, economic, and didactic aspects of LSP lexicography.
Torben Berg Sørensen: Talehandlinger Interview- og samtalanalyse 3. Forlaget Gestus, 1989, 221 s.
Authors: Pilegaard Morten
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Forskningspolitikken på Universiteterne/Handelshøjskolerne i Danmark
Authors: Spang-Hanssen Henning
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Outline of Relevance Theory
Authors: Wilson Deirdre , Sperber Dan
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
The Logic and Pragmatics of Connectors
Authors: Nølke Henning
Published: February 2016

A long tradition has used logic for the description of connectors and other linguistic formators. It is argued in this article that this in fact is not a good idea. After an analysis of the meaning of connectors, as they have been studied in linguistics, their formal function is scrutinized. It is shown that one ought to distinguish their iconic function, which is the only one studied by linguists so far, from their deictic function, which controls the search for their arguments. This result permits us to address the crucial question: Why has logic acquired such a predominant place in the study of natural connectors? What is the basis for this way of viewing their function? It is finally shown how the insights obtained in this analysis can be exploited for the examination of the formal aspects of other linguistic items.
Zur maschinellen Unterstützung lexikographischer Arbeiten
Authors: Meder Gregor
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Udarbejdelse af en spansk-dansk juridisk ordbog: overvejelser og løsninger
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Dam Helle , Henriksen Torben
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Tysk. Et sprog - Fire stater - Fire kulturer?
Authors: Molly Helmut
Published: February 2016

8 forelæsninger holdt på Københavns Universitet. Udg. af Sven-Aage Jørgensen. Kopenhagen, München: Wilhelm Fink 1989. 168 s. (Text & Kontext Sonderreihe Bd. 27).
Rapport om 12. Nordiske Slavistmøde, arrangeret af Slaviska Institutionen vid Lunds Universitet, afholdt i perioden 6-11/8 1990 på Backagården, Höör
Authors: Mikkelsen Hans Kristian
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
The Establishment and Use of Text Corpora at Birmingham University
Authors: Renouf Antoinette
Published: February 2016

The School of English at Birmingham University has over the last ten years increasingly integrated the study and use of corpora into its research and teaching activities. Cobuild Ltd and the English for Overseas Students Unit are particularly active, as is the Research and Development Unit for English Language Studies. Members of the Research Unit have created the purpose-built corpora that make up the Birmingham Collection of English Text. The Research Unit is using these to support its linguistic research projects and the development of new types of text-processing software, as well as for specialised teaching purposes.
Dansk-tysk teknisk ordbog. Fonden for Fagsproglig Leksikografi, Handelshøjskolen i København, og Grafisk Forlag A7S, København 1990. ISBN 87-04451-9. 1. udgave. 413 s.
Authors: Theis Riiber , Thomsen K. T.
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Orlando Galindo: Dansk spansk fagordbog (teknisk forlag a-s, 1979) og Dansk-spansk erhvervs- og økonomiordbog (GTO Forlag, 1989)
Authors: Laursen Anna-Lise , Tarp Sven
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
"Sprachliche Zweifelsfälle". Überlegungen zu grammatischen und stilistischen Angaben im zehnbändigen DUDEN
Authors: Hansen Jens Hare
Published: February 2016

The German language is among the languges that have been studied most thoroughly, which, among other things, has resulted in a number of reference books about the German language. Generally these reference books are considered fairly reliable. This article discusses the realibility of Duden's "Der Duden in zehn Bänden", and advises users to exercise caution when dealing with German reference books, as inconsistencies or errors will often occur. A subjective linguistic instinct among the individual authors often has a bearing on this subject.
Knud Sørensen (1991): English and Danish Contrasted. A Guide for Translators. Munkgaards Sprogserie. København (132 pp.)
Authors: Jacobsen Bent
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
COPENHAGEN STUDIES IN LANGUAGES: LSP - NINE STUDIES ON LANGUAGES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES. Edited by Niels Davidsen-Nielsen. København: Handelshøjskolens Forlag, 1991. 159 pages
Authors: Pilegaard Morten
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Legal Language and The Legal Translator
Authors: Grøn Hanne
Published: February 2016

It is impossible to set up standards of translation performance and equivalence which will apply to any legal translation because the "languages of law" are as varied as the cases that reach the courts every day. Moreover, the translation of legal texts is often complicated by the lack of exact lexical equivalents in the TL's own legal system so that a transfer involves a high amount of "creative production". Obviously this production should be based on a profound extra-linguistic knowledge of both legal systems involved to avoid the pitfalls which the difference in conceptual meaning necessarily entails. Thus research into the TL's substantive law must be the first requirement in any legal translation context.
Bertha Toft & Eva Roth: MIKROØKONOMISK GLOSSAR - Samt teoretiske og praktiske betragtninger over terminologi og vidensrepræsentation. Herning: Systime 1990
Authors: Pilegaard Morten
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Investigating SI Skills: Methodological and didactic reflections
Authors: Schjoldager Anne
Published: February 2016

The paper presents and discusses an empirical study of simultaneous interpreting (SI) between English and Danish, carried out with a view to improving the SI teaching situation. Since the study is still in its preliminary stages, the paper focusses on methodological and didactic reflections.

One important hypothesis is that the main difference between SI and non-literary translation (herafter referred to as "translation") is to be found in transmission conditions and process rather than in objective. The paper gives the rationale of this hypothesis and, by means of examples from the empirical data, tries to examine its truth-value.

For methodological and diagnostic reasons, the study concentrates on the rendition of progressive "meaning" in English and Danish. The paper explains how the subjects' mastry of progressive aspect, which is realized in very different ways in the two languages, may be used as on indicator for the communicative adequacy of their target texts (herefter referred to as TTs).
Linguistic Normalisation in Language Industry. Some Normative and Descriptive Aspects of Dictionary Development
Authors: Engh Jan
Published: February 2016

For commercial software with natural language functions, a high coverage is required. This implies that only extensive lexica and complete morphologies are of interest to the language industry. For many languages, lexical and morphological information has to be collected from traditional lexicographic files and printed dictionaries. However, such material may not provide adequate information - even if trivial defects such as misprintings and editorial inconsequences are left out of account. The present paper is an attempt to point out how basic information on any language drawn from traditional sources has to be controlled for normative correctness and descriptive adequacy, and how normalisation can only be defined relative to a given application. The presentation is based on the author's experience, and the examples are all Norwegian. Still, it is assumed to be of general nature, hightlighting some very fundamental aspects of computational linguistics which are often neglected in practice, which "everybody" is aware of all the same, but very few - if anyone - has bothered to discuss in writing.
Uwe Kaufmann og Henning Bergenholtz: Genteknologisk ordbog - dansk engelsk/engelsk dansk molekylærbiologi og DNA-teknologi. København: GEC Gads Forlag, 1992
Authors: Grinsted Annelise , Toft Bertha
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Henrik Galberg Jacobsen: Danske Dobbeltformer. Valgfri former i retskrivningen. (Serien Dansk Sprognævns skrifter & Munksgaards ordbøger). København: Munksgaard, 1992
Authors: Jensen Kjær
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Inge Baaring: Tolkning - hvor og hvordan. København: Samfundslitteratur, 1992
Authors: Martinsen Bodil
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Rethinking Greek Capitalism through the Lens of Industrial Relations Reform: A View until the 2015 Referendum
Authors: Wood Geoffrey , Szamosi Leslie T. , Psychogios Alexandros , Sarvanidis Sofoklis , Fotopoulou Dialechti
Published: February 2016

Although the literature on comparative capitalism has been expanded to encompass the Mixed Market Economies (MMEs) of the Mediterranean world and other less mature institutional arrangements, it can be argued that more attention needs to be accorded to internal diversity within capitalist archetypes and the nature and path of change. In focusing on the latter, this paper explores changes in Industrial relations (Ir) regulation and practice in Greece which, since the onset of the economic crisis, has shifted towards lighter regulation; however, liberalization has not meant convergence with the mature Liberal Market Economy (LME) model and its presumed associated complementarities. Based on current developments and advances in the literature on comparative capitalism, this study explores the process and dynamics of institutional change, and the long continuities that set Greece apart from both ‘disorganized’ LMEs and other MMEs. This encompasses issues such as the composition of elites, the nature of institutional path dependence and change, and the uneven and partial nature of what constitutes institutional functionality. Whilst the Greek system is commonly condemned as dysfunctional, it satisfies specific economic interests. Being impelled in one direction by a progressive movement from below, it is driven in another by external pressures, and, at home, by “unpatriotic” elites, who have little interest in stronger regulation, and may well be served by weaker governmental capabilities. As local economic elites seek to reposition themselves within the system in order to cope with shifts in the capitalist economy, it may result in them further narrowing their focus onto their own immediate concerns accommodated through economic liberalization. Smaller, marginal, players may be pushed further out of the system and/or actively choose to withdraw, the attempts of the present government to ameliorate the shocks of liberalization notwithstanding. This vests the organized labour and other civil society associations with great historic importance.
Pilotage par la performance au quotidien dans une administration publique: conséquences sur les conditions de vie au travail des cadres de proximité et des agents encadrés
Authors: Piney Cécile , Nascimento Adelaide , Gaudart Corinne
Published: February 2016

Une grande administration publique a souhaité comprendre l’incidence de son pilotage par la performance sur les conditions de vie au travail, notamment grâce à l’utilisation d’indicateurs. D’après la littérature, il n’existe pas une forme de performance, mais différentes performances dont les critères d’évaluation sont sélectionnés en fonction de la stratégie adoptée par l’organisation. L’application du pilotage par la performance dépend du choix des outils de mesure. Entre direction et agents, les cadres de proximité traduisent les objectifs de performance en missions concrètes. La façon de piloter les services pour atteindre les objectifs a des impacts sur la qualité du service produit, sur la qualité de vie au travail et le ressenti des conditions de travail.

Une étude qualitative à partir de 36 entretiens centrés sur l’activité a été menée auprès d’agents, de cadres de proximité dans différents types de service, et de cadres intermédiaires. Ces résultats ont ensuite été croisés aux débats dans des groupes de travail «Métiers» et «Management-local».

Les personnes interrogées ne remettent pas en cause l’utilisation d’indicateurs pour mesurer l’activité. Une culture du chiffre oriente même l’activité en priorisant certaines tâches au détriment d’un travail gris non mesuré. Néanmoins, il n’existe pas de perception commune de la performance au sein de cette administration, ce qui implique différents usages d’indicateurs. La recherche de la performance par l’administration via un pilotage par indicateurs a entraîné des phénomènes d’intensification du travail et d’évolution des métiers. Des pratiques induites afin de s’adapter aux conditions de travail se sont développées, celles-ci sont à la source d’écarts entre performance mesurée par les indicateurs et performance réelle des services. Ces stratégies de contournement sont un facteur dégradant les conditions de vie au travail, avec notamment un sentiment de non qualité du service rendu à l’usager et une perte de sens du métier. Les cadres de proximité, responsables de service, concilient tous ces paramètres afin de faire en sorte que les équipes puissent effectuer leur travail dans les meilleures conditions possibles.
Registered report: Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Repass John , Maherali Nimet , Owen Kate ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: February 2016

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from 'Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma' by Castellarin and colleagues published in Genome Research in 2012 (Castellarin et al., 2012). The experiment to be replicated is reported in Figure 2. Here, Castellarin and colleagues performed a metagenomic analysis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) to identify potential associations between inflammatory microorganisms and gastrointestinal cancers. They conducted quantitative real-time PCR on genomic DNA isolated from tumor and matched normal biopsies from a patient cohort and found that the overall abundance of Fusobacterium was 415 times greater in CRC versus adjacent normal tissue. These results confirmed earlier studies and provide evidence for a link between tissue-associated bacteria and tumorigenesis. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange and the results of the replications will be published in eLife.
One for all
Authors: Odom Duncan T
Published: February 2016

Using a common analysis pipeline to compare data from three major lineages of complex eukaryotes reveals that transcription seems to evolve at a common rate.
Life in focus
Authors: Dieckmann Carol , Mittelmeier Telsa
Published: February 2016

Single-celled photosynthetic bacteria determine the direction of incoming light by acting as lenses.
Achieving high ON/OFF ratio and good stability in organic nonvolatile resistive memory devices with polyisocyanide bearing oligothiophene
Authors: Sakuragawa Yasushi , Takagi Yugaku , Ikai Tomoyuki , Maeda Katsuhiro , Dao Toan Thanh , Sakai Heisuke , Murata Hideyuki
Published: February 2016

Polyisocyanide bearing oligothiophene pendants were used as an active layer in a nonvolatile resistive memory device. The current density current–voltage characteristics of the device showed nonvolatile memory behavior. The device exhibited a large ON/OFF ratio of 107 and a retention time of >4 × 104 under a read voltage of 0.5 V. The log J–V
1/2 curves exhibit a good linear relationship in the OFF state, which suggests that the conduction mechanism in the OFF state obeys the thermionic emission model. In contrast, in the ON state, the current slope was 1.2 and the activation energy of ON state was ∼6 meV. These conductive features in the ON state could be attributed to charge conduction through filamentary pathways.
Comparison of upper body strength gains between men and women after 10 weeks of resistance training
Authors: Gentil Paulo , Steele James , Pereira Maria C. , Castanheira Rafael P.M. , Paoli Antonio , Bottaro Martim
Published: February 2016

Resistance training (RT) offers benefits to both men and women. However, the studies about the differences between men and women in response to an RT program are not conclusive and few data are available about upper body strength response. The aim of this study was to compare elbow flexor strength gains in men and women after 10 weeks of RT. Forty-four college-aged men (22.63 ± 2.34 years) and forty-seven college-aged women (21.62 ± 2.96 years) participated in the study. The RT program was performed two days a week for 10 weeks. Before and after the training period, peak torque (PT) of the elbow flexors was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. PT values were higher in men in comparison to women in pre- and post-tests (p< 0.01). Both males and females significantly increased elbow flexor strength (p< 0.05); however, strength changes did not differ between genders after 10 weeks of RT program (11.61 and 11.76% for men and women, respectively;p> 0.05). Effect sizes were 0.57 and 0.56 for men and women, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that men and women have a similar upper body strength response to RT.
Interhemispheric propagation and interactions of auroral traveling ionospheric disturbances near the equator
Authors: Pradipta Rezy , Valladares Cesar E. , Carter Brett A. , Doherty Patricia H.
Published: February 2016

We present the results of our GPS total electron content and ionosonde observations of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) during the 26 September 2011 geomagnetic storm. We analyzed the propagation characteristics of these LSTIDs from the auroral zones all the way to the equatorial region and studied how the auroral LSTIDs from opposite hemispheres interact/interfere near the geomagnetic equator. We found an overall propagation speed of ∼700 m/s for these LSTIDs and that the resultant amplitude of the LSTID interference pattern actually far exceeded the sum of individual amplitudes of the incoming LSTIDs from the immediate vicinity of the interference zone. We suspect that this peculiar intensification of auroral LSTIDs around the geomagnetic equator is facilitated by the significantly higher ceiling/canopy of the ionospheric plasma layer there. Normally, acoustic‐gravity waves (AGWs) that leak upward (and thus increase in amplitude) would find a negligible level of plasma density at the topside ionosphere. However, the tip of the equatorial fountain at the geomagnetic equator constitutes a significant amount of plasma at a topside‐equivalent altitude. The combination of increased AGW amplitudes and a higher plasma density at such altitude would therefore result in higher‐amplitude LSTIDs in this particular region, as demonstrated in our observations and analysis.
Inward diffusion and loss of radiation belt protons
Authors: Selesnick R. S. , Baker D. N. , Jaynes A. N. , Li X. , Kanekal S. G. , Hudson M. K. , Kress B. T.
Published: February 2016

Radiation belt protons in the kinetic energy range 24 to 76 MeV are being measured by the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope on each of the two Van Allen Probes. Data have been processed for the purpose of studying variability in the trapped proton intensity during October 2013 to August 2015. For the lower energies (≲32 MeV), equatorial proton intensity near L = 2 showed a steady increase that is consistent with inward diffusion of trapped solar protons, as shown by positive radial gradients in phase space density at fixed values of the first two adiabatic invariants. It is postulated that these protons were trapped with enhanced efficiency during the 7 March 2012 solar proton event. A model that includes radial diffusion, along with known trapped proton source and loss processes, shows that the observed average rate of increase near L = 2 is predicted by the same model diffusion coefficient that is required to form the entire proton radiation belt, down to low L, over an extended (∼103 year) interval. A slower intensity decrease for lower energies near L = 1.5 may also be caused by inward diffusion, though it is faster than predicted by the model. Higher‐energy (≳40 MeV) protons near the L = 1.5 intensity maximum are from cosmic ray albedo neutron decay. Their observed intensity is lower than expected by a factor ∼2, but the discrepancy is resolved by adding an unspecified loss process to the model with a mean lifetime ∼120 years.
Passive advection‐dispersion in networks of pipes: Effect of connectivity and relationship to permeability
Authors: Bernabé Y. , Wang Y. , Qi T. , Li M.
Published: February 2016

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the relationship between passive advection‐dispersion and permeability in porous materials presumed to be statistically homogeneous at scales larger than the pore scale but smaller than the reservoir scale. We simulated fluid flow through pipe network realizations with different pipe radius distributions and different levels of connectivity. The flow simulations used periodic boundary conditions, allowing monitoring of the advective motion of solute particles in a large periodic array of identical network realizations. In order to simulate dispersion, we assumed that the solute particles obeyed Taylor dispersion in individual pipes. When a particle entered a pipe, a residence time consistent with local Taylor dispersion was randomly assigned to it. When exiting the pipe, the particle randomly proceeded into one of the pipes connected to the original one according to probabilities proportional to the outgoing volumetric flow in each pipe. For each simulation we tracked the motion of at least 6000 solute particles. The mean fluid velocity was 10−3 ms−1, and the distance traveled was on the order of 10 m. Macroscopic dispersion was quantified using the method of moments. Despite differences arising from using different types of lattices (simple cubic, body‐centered cubic, and face‐centered cubic), a number of general observations were made. Longitudinal dispersion was at least 1 order of magnitude greater than transverse dispersion, and both strongly increased with decreasing pore connectivity and/or pore size variability. In conditions of variable hydraulic radius and fixed pore connectivity and pore size variability, the simulated dispersivities increased as power laws of the hydraulic radius and, consequently, of permeability, in agreement with previously published experimental results. Based on these observations, we were able to resolve some of the complexity of the relationship between dispersivity and permeability.
Modeling haboob dust storms in large‐scale weather and climate models
Authors: Pantillon Florian , Knippertz Peter , Marsham John H. , Panitz Hans‐Jürgen , Bischoff‐Gauss Ingeborg
Published: February 2016

Recent field campaigns have shown that haboob dust storms, formed by convective cold pool outflows, contribute a significant fraction of dust uplift over the Sahara and Sahel in summer. However, in situ observations are sparse and haboobs are frequently concealed by clouds in satellite imagery. Furthermore, most large‐scale weather and climate models lack haboobs, because they do not explicitly represent convection. Here a 1 year long model run with explicit representation of convection delivers the first full seasonal cycle of haboobs over northern Africa. Using conservative estimates, the model suggests that haboobs contribute one fifth of the annual dust‐generating winds over northern Africa, one fourth between May and October, and one third over the western Sahel during this season. A simple parameterization of haboobs has recently been developed for models with parameterized convection, based on the downdraft mass flux of convection schemes. It is applied here to two model runs with different horizontal resolutions and assessed against the explicit run. The parameterization succeeds in capturing the geographical distribution of haboobs and their seasonal cycle over the Sahara and Sahel. It can be tuned to the different horizontal resolutions, and different formulations are discussed with respect to the frequency of extreme events. The results show that the parameterization is reliable and may solve a major and long‐standing issue in simulating dust storms in large‐scale weather and climate models.
Source identification of VOCs at an urban site of western India: Effect of marathon events and anthropogenic emissions
Authors: Sahu L. K. , Yadav Ravi , Pal Devendra
Published: February 2016

Ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using a high‐resolution proton transfer reaction‐time of flight‐mass spectrometer at an urban site of Ahmedabad in India during the winter season in 2014. Mixing ratios of VOCs show large diurnal and day‐to‐day variations. Although strongly influenced by local emissions, periods of higher VOCs were observed during transport from the polluted Indo‐Gangetic Plains than those from the cleaner Thar Desert. However with different rates, VOCs decreased exponentially with increasing wind speed. Relative abundance of methanol varied with weather conditions contributing highest and lowest under fog and clear‐sky conditions, respectively. Among the compounds reported here, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) contribute to a large fraction (67–85%) with methanol being most abundant (40–58%). In spite of predominant vehicular emissions, diurnal distribution and emission ratios (ERs) of several VOCs indicate the role of biogenic and secondary sources. The ratios of isoprene/benzene and OVOCs/benzene show significant enhancements during daytime suggesting their contributions from biogenic and secondary sources. During marathon and cyclothon events, mixing ratios of VOCs were 2–10 times higher compared to a normal Sunday. The ERs of VOCs estimated using the nighttime data on marathon day are well within the range of values reported for several megacities of the world. The average contributions of primary anthropogenic sources to acetaldehyde, acetone, and isoprene were 44 ± 06%, 45 ± 07%, and 63 ± 12%, respectively. During cloudy condition, the increase in anthropogenic contribution to acetaldehyde (~10%), acetone (9%) and isoprene (30%) is due to reduction in biogenic emissions and secondary formation of these VOCs.
Nighttime chemistry at a high altitude site above Hong Kong
Authors: Brown Steven S. , Dubé William P. , Tham Yee Jun , Zha Qiaozhi , Xue Likun , Poon Steven , Wang Zhe , Blake Donald R. , Tsui Wilson , Parrish David D. , Wang Tao
Published: February 2016

Nighttime reactions of nitrogen oxides influence ozone, volatile organic compounds, and aerosol and are thus important to the understanding of regional air quality. Despite large emissions and rapid recent growth of nitrogen oxide concentrations, there are few studies of nighttime chemistry in China. Here we present measurements of nighttime nitrogen oxides, NO3 and N2O5, from a coastal mountaintop site in Hong Kong adjacent to the megacities of the Pearl River Delta region. This is the first study of nighttime chemistry from a site within the residual layer in China. Key findings include the following. First, highly concentrated urban NOx outflow from the Pearl River Delta region was sampled infrequently at night, with N2O5 mixing ratios up to 8 ppbv (1 min average) or 12 ppbv (1 s average) in nighttime aged air masses. Second, the average N2O5 uptake coefficient was determined from a best fit to the available steady state lifetime data as γ(N2O5) = 0.014 ± 0.007. Although this determination is uncertain due to the difficulty of separating N2O5 losses from those of NO3, this value is in the range of previous residual layer determinations of N2O5 uptake coefficients in polluted air in North America. Third, there was a significant contribution of biogenic hydrocarbons to NO3 loss inferred from canister samples taken during daytime. Finally, daytime N2O5 mixing ratios were in accord with their predicted photochemical steady state. Heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 in fog is determined to be an important production mechanism for soluble nitrate, even during daytime.
Multilevel Approaches to Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: The Biobehavioral Interface
Authors: Walker Elaine F. , Ryan Arthur T. , Bridgman Goines Katrina C. , Novacek Derek M. , Goulding Sandra M. , Brasfield Joy L. , Macdonald Allison , Trotman Hanan D.
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, we review contemporary research findings and theories on schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Because the modal age at onset of these illnesses is in late adolescence/ early adulthood, they can derail the adult developmental course and impair virtually all domains of functioning. While not yet at the point of identifying specific causes or cures, we have achieved a clearer picture of the elements and processes involved in both vulnerability and the neurodevelopmental course of these disorders. Contemporary research findings are challenging long‐held notions about conventional diagnostic boundaries and the specificity of risk factors. They indicate that psychotic disorders arise from complex interactions between neurobiology and psychosocial contexts. Multiple pathways have the potential to lead to the dysfunction in neural circuitry that ultimately gives rise to psychotic symptoms. Although daunting in complexity, the findings also point to potential points of leverage for future research on etiology and preventive intervention.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Systemic Sclerosis: Not Less Frequent Than Rheumatoid Arthritis and Not Detected With Cardiovascular Risk Indices
Authors: Ozen Gulsen , Inanc Nevsun , Unal Ali U. , Korkmaz Fatmanur , Sunbul Murat , Ozmen Mustafa , Akar Servet , Deniz Rabia , Donmez Salim , Pamuk Omer N. , Atagunduz Pamir , Tigen Kursat , Direskeneli Haner
Published: February 2016

Objective

To determine the frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) compared to healthy subjects (HS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to determine the ability of cardiovascular (CV) risk indices in detecting SSc patients with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Methods

A total of 110 SSc patients (102 females and 8 males, mean ± SD age 50.5 ± 11.9 years), 110 age‐ and sex‐matched RA patients, and 51 HS without CV disease were examined with ultrasonography (US). Carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) >0.90 mm and/or carotid plaques were used as the gold standard for subclinical atherosclerosis (US+). Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), QRisk II, and 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) CV risk indices were calculated.

Results

Twenty‐one (19.1%) SSc patients, 24 (21.8%) RA patients, and 3 (5.9%) HS had subclinical atherosclerosis (SSc versus RA: P = 0.62, SSc versus HS: P = 0.029). cIMT in SSc was higher compared to HS (0.68 ± 0.15 mm versus 0.61 ± 0.10 mm; P = 0.008) but similar to RA patients (0.66 ± 0.14 mm; P = 0.82). Subclinical atherosclerosis in SSc was associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, P = 0.013), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR 3.4, P = 0.045), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (OR 4.27, P = 0.012). Concerning CV risk indices, of the 21 US+ SSc patients only 0, 3 (14.2%), and 6 (28.6%) were classified as high CV risk according to SCORE, QRisk II, and ACC/AHA risk indices, respectively.

Conclusion

Subclinical atherosclerosis in SSc patients is more frequent than in HS, but is as frequent as in RA patients in which accelerated atherosclerosis is clearly defined. CV risk indices for the general population are considerably insufficient to detect SSc patients with atherosclerosis.
Prevention of Incident Knee Osteoarthritis by Moderate Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Females
Authors: Runhaar Jos , de Vos Bastiaan C. , van Middelkoop Marienke , Vroegindeweij Dammis , Oei Edwin H. G. , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita M. A.
Published: February 2016

Objective

This study evaluated the effect of moderate weight loss on the incidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in middle‐aged overweight and obese women, without clinical and radiologic knee OA at baseline.

Methods

A total of 353 women (87%) with followup data available were selected from the Prevention of Knee Osteoarthritis in Overweight Females study, which evaluated the preventive effect of a diet and exercise intervention and of oral glucosamine sulfate on the incidence of knee OA. This was an exploratory proof‐of‐concept analysis, which compared the incidence of knee OA between women who reached the clinically relevant weight loss target of 5 kg or 5% of body weight after 30 months and those who did not reach this target.

Results

The weight loss group showed a significantly lower incidence of knee OA according to the primary outcome measure, which was composed of the American College of Rheumatology criteria (clinical and radiographic), Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2, and joint space narrowing ≥1.0 mm (15% versus 20%; odds ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3–0.9). Moreover, the weight loss also positively affected several health measures, such as blood glucose level, body fat percentage, and blood pressure.

Conclusion

A reduction of ≥5 kg or 5% of body weight over a 30‐month period reduces the risk for the onset of radiographic knee OA in middle‐aged overweight and obese women. Because of the slow progression of the disease, a longer followup period will be necessary before the number of prevented cases of knee OA by moderate weight loss becomes clinically more relevant.
Increasing Public Health Burden of Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Conditions and Comorbidity: Results From a Statewide Health Surveillance System, 2007–2012
Authors: Han Guang‐Ming , Michaud Kaleb , Yu Fang , Watanabe‐Galloway Shinobu , Mikuls Ted R.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To describe the burden and changing trends of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions (AORCs) on health care and public health by estimating annual rates of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and mortality, in addition to medical charges related to AORCs and their comorbidities in Nebraska from 2007 to 2012.

Methods

Nebraska state ED discharge, hospital discharge, and death certificate data from 2007 to 2012 were used to estimate disease burden. AORCs were defined using the standard International Classification of Diseases specified by the National Arthritis Data Workgroup. AORC conditions were defined by the presence of a diagnostic code anywhere on the corresponding record. To identify potential disparities in AORC burden, health care utilization was examined separately across 4 urban/rural categories.

Results

Rates of annual ED visits (34% increase), hospitalizations (22% increase) and mean charges (an approximate 30% to 70% increase) from visits involving AORCs increased significantly from 2007 to 2012. Annual rates of ED visits and hospitalizations involving AORCs were lower in urban metropolitan areas compared to other urban/rural designations. AORC‐related mortality was highest in small rural communities. Disease profiles revealed that ED visits and hospitalizations involving gout and other crystal arthropathies increased disproportionately compared to other AORCs.

Conclusion

The public health burden of AORCs increased significantly over the 6‐year period studied, posing a growing challenge for patients, families, and the public health system, and AORCs appear to disproportionately impact nonmetropolitan and other rural communities.
Generalizability of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Biologic Agent Clinical Trials
Authors: Vashisht Priyanka , Sayles Harlan , Cannella Amy C. , Mikuls Ted R. , Michaud Kaleb
Published: February 2016

Objective

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of biologic agents in treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who satisfy strict eligibility criteria, yet studies report that a majority of RA patients in the US have had biologic treatment exposure. We identified the proportion of RA patients in clinical practice satisfying entry criteria for biologic agent RCTs.

Methods

Eligibility criteria of 30 RCTs of 10 Food and Drug Administration–approved biologic agents to treat RA were reviewed, summarized, and applied to 2 observational clinical cohorts: the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis registry (VARA; n = 1,523) and the Rheumatology and Arthritis Investigational Network Database (RAIN‐DB; n = 1,548). Patients at a single clinical encounter were assessed for overall trial eligibility as well as eligibility across 3 domains: demographics, disease activity, and medication exposure.

Results

The mean percentage of patients that satisfied eligibility criteria was 3.7% (interquartile range [IQR] 1.5–3.1) in VARA and 7.1% (IQR 4.4–7.7) in RAIN‐DB. Ineligibility was most often due to low disease activity, specifically low joint counts. The mean Disease Activity Score in 28 joints at enrollment was 6.59 (range 6.1–7.1) across RCTs versus 3.87 (0.07–8.69) in VARA and 3.65 (0.49–7.21) in RAIN‐DB. RCTs for non–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor biologic agents were more restrictive than RCTs for TNF inhibitors. There was no trend in eligibility by RCT study publication or drug approval date.

Conclusion

The vast majority of RA patients from our clinical cohorts did not satisfy criteria for participation in biologic agent RCTs. These findings underscore the need for caution in extrapolating trial results to day‐to‐day management of RA patients and may provide insight into the differential responses to biologic agents reported in prior observational studies.
Prevalence and Determinants of Fatigue Following Total Knee Replacement: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Hodges Alison , Harmer Alison R. , Dennis Sarah , Nairn Lillias , March Lyn , Crosbie Jack , Crawford Ross , Parker David , Fransen Marlene
Published: February 2016

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence and determinants of clinically important fatigue before and up to 12 months after total knee replacement (TKR) surgery.

Methods

This study was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study conducted among 422 patients (ages 45–74 years) undergoing primary TKR for osteoarthritis (OA) who participated in the Maximum Recovery After Knee Replacement randomized clinical trial. Assessments were carried out before, and at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Self‐reported fatigue was assessed on a 10‐cm visual analog scale. Patients also completed a number of questionnaires evaluating knee pain, activity limitations, psychological well‐being, comorbidity, and physical activity. Linear regression analyses were conducted to explore 6‐ and 12‐month cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations with self‐reported fatigue.

Results

Clinically important fatigue (≥6.7 of 10) was reported by 145 patients (34%) before surgery, decreasing to 14%, 12%, and 8% at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, respectively. In multivariate analyses, muscle strength was strongly associated with fatigue at 6 months, and knee pain, activity limitations, number of comorbidities, and lack of energy were strongly associated with fatigue at both 6 and 12 months after TKR surgery. Female sex, number of comorbidities, depression, and fatigue were all early predictors of fatigue 12 months after TKR.

Conclusion

Among patients undergoing TKR for OA, clinically important fatigue is considerably prevalent both before and for at least 6 months after surgery. Identifying and addressing early predictors of ongoing fatigue has the potential to improve the quality of life following TKR surgery.
Tailoring Morphology and Structure of Inkjet‐Printed Liquid‐Crystalline Semiconductor/Insulating Polymer Blends for High‐Stability Organic Transistors
Authors: Kwak Donghoon , Choi Hyun Ho , Kang Boseok , Kim Do Hwan , Lee Wi Hyoung , Cho Kilwon
Published: February 2016

Inkjet printing of semiconducting polymers is desirable for realizing low‐cost, large‐area printed electronics. However, sequential inkjet printing methods often suffer from nozzle clogging because the solubility of semiconducting polymers in organic solvents is limited. Here, it is demonstrated that the addition of an insulating polymer to a semiconducting polymer ink greatly enhances the solubility and stability of the ink, leading to the stable ejection of ink droplets. This bicomponent blend comprising a liquid‐crystalline semiconducting copolymer, poly(didodecylquaterthiophene‐alt‐didodecylbithiazole) (PQTBTz‐C12), and an insulating commodity polymer, polystyrene, is extremely useful as a semiconducting layer in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), providing fine control over the phase‐separated morphology and structure of the inkjet‐printed film. Tailoring the solubility‐induced phase separation of the two components leads to a bilayer structure consisting of a polystyrene layer on the top and a highly crystalline PQTBTz‐C12 layer on the bottom. The blend film is used as the semiconducting layer in OFETs, reducing the semiconductor content to several tens of pictograms in a single device without degrading the device performance. Furthermore, OFETs based on the PQTBTz‐C12/polystyrene film exhibit much greater environmental and electrical stabilities compared to the films prepared from homo PQTBTz‐C12, mainly due to the self‐encapsulated structure of the blend film.