bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved ellipsoid optimization algorithm in subspace predictive control
Authors: Jianhong Wang
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to derive the output predictor for a stationary normal process with rational spectral density and linear stochastic discrete-time state-space model, respectively, as the output predictor is very important in model predictive control. The derivations are only dependent on matrix operations. Based on the output predictor, one quadratic programming problem is constructed to achieve the goal of subspace predictive control. Then an improved ellipsoid optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal control input and the complexity analysis of this improved ellipsoid optimization algorithm is also given to complete the previous work. Finally, by the example of the helicopter, the efficiency of the proposed control strategy can be easily realized.

Design/methodology/approach

First, a stationary normal process with rational spectral density and one stochastic discrete-time state-space model is described. Second, the output predictors for these two forms are derived, respectively, and the derivation processes are dependent on the Diophantine equation and some basic matrix operations. Third, after inserting these two output predictors into the cost function of predictive control, the control input can be solved by using the improved ellipsoid optimization algorithm and the complexity analysis corresponding to this improved ellipsoid optimization algorithm is also provided.

Findings

Subspace predictive control can not only enable automatically tune the parameters in predictive control but also avoids many steps in classical linear Gaussian control. It means that subspace predictive control is independent of any prior knowledge of the controller. An improved ellipsoid optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimal control input and the complexity analysis of this algorithm is also given.

Originality/value

To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first attempt at deriving the output predictors for stationary normal processes with rational spectral density and one stochastic discrete-time state-space model. Then, the derivation processes are dependent on the Diophantine equation and some basic matrix operations. The complexity analysis corresponding to this improved ellipsoid optimization algorithm is analyzed.
Announcement of formal controls as phase-shifting perceptions: their determinants and moderating role in the context of mobile loafing
Authors: Kwak Dong-Heon , Lee Saerom , Ma Xiao , Lee Jaeung , Lara Khansa , Brandyberry Alan
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Mobile loafing, or non-work-related mobile computing, is deviant workplace behavior that can reduce productivity and increase cybersecurity risks. To thwart mobile loafing, organizations often adopt formal controls that encompass rules and policies. These formal controls can serve as a phase-shifting event. Phase shifting is a process where individuals reevaluate and revise their perceptions of the regulation of deviant behaviors. Despite the importance of understanding this process, little research has examined the announcement of formal controls as an impetus for phase shifting. The primary objectives of this study were to induce a phase-shifting perception in an organizational setting and explore its determinants and moderating role in the context of mobile loafing.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors proposed and tested a model using two-wave data collected from 231 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers. To test the research hypotheses, they used covariance-based structural equation modeling and logistic regression.

Findings

The authors found that peer's mobile loafing and neutralization positively influence mobile-loafing intention before and after the announcement of formal controls. This research also shows that the higher an employee's neutralization, the likelier they perceive the announcement of formal controls as phase shifting. Also, the authors found that the moderating effect of phase-shifting perceptions functions in such a way that the relationship between T1 and T2 mobile-loafing intention is weaker when employees perceive the announcement of formal controls as a phase-shifting event.

Practical implications

The authors’ results provide managers with useful insights into effectively using formal controls to mitigate employees' deviant behavior. To effectively use formal controls, managers should articulate formal controls that can trigger employees to revise their perceptions of counterproductive workplace behavior policies.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first in information systems research to empirically examine the announcement of formal controls as a phase-shifting event and explore its antecedents and moderating role in the context of deviant workplace behavior in general and mobile loafing in particular.
A model for key success factors for outsourcing in project-based companies: integrating soft and dynamic approaches
Authors: Hoseini Delshad , Shafiei Nikabadi Mohsen
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to achieve the dynamic model of outsourcing success factors in project-based companies.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is descriptive-survey in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. To achieve the dynamic model of outsourcing success, 1,000 outsourcing articles published in high-status journals from 2017 to 2019 were first text-mining. Then, using the clustering technique, the factors affecting the success of outsourcing were obtained. To achieve the key variables, the variables obtained by interpretive structural modeling (ISM) were then leveled. Then, the strategic options development and analysis (SODA) technique has been used to achieve a consensus and coordination on factors relationships. Finally, the dynamic model of outsourcing success in GHODRAT CONTROL PARS Company has been modeled and implemented.

Findings

In total, five clusters and nine factors were extracted (strategy, management, performance, market, R&D, supplier, product, organizational data and outsourcing findings). In central and domain analysis, two factors, “Strategy” and “R and D,” were recognized as factors that have the most interaction and centrality. The result of the dynamic model indicate that the organization will significantly reduce the construction time of the power plant by improving the “R and D” factor.

Originality/value

In this study, various techniques have been combined. Therefore, one of the aspects of innovation in the present study is the combination of methods that have not been used earlier. The second aspect of this study’s innovation is using SODA technique to design the dynamic model of outsourcing success factors. Given that the scope of this study is the component affecting the success of outsourcing, so extensive research has been conducted in the field of articles worked in the field of outsourcing to get a comprehensive view of the components affecting the success of outsourcing, which has not been reviewed in other articles. In this study, in addition to identifying the effective factors, their identified and also how these variables affect the successful performance of outsourcing in the form of a dynamic model, and then analyzed.
Determinants of opportunism in Uganda’s manufacturing sector:a comparison of two sectors
Authors: Eyaa Sarah , Sridharan Ramaswami , Ryan Suzanne
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual model investigating the impact of three constructs, environmental uncertainty, power asymmetry and information sharing on opportunism engagement in exchange relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from procurement or sales managers of 99 manufacturing firms in Kampala, Uganda’s capital using a cross-sectional survey. Hypotheses were tested in both the agricultural and non-agricultural manufacturing sectors using multiple regression runs in the SPSS software.

Findings

Environmental uncertainty increases opportunism in the agricultural sector whilst power asymmetry increases opportunism in the non-agricultural sector. Across both sectors, information sharing does not have a significant impact on opportunism.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of opportunism in a developing country context by highlighting the contextual factors within the agricultural and non-agricultural manufacturing sectors that influence opportunism engagement under conditions of environmental uncertainty, power asymmetry and information sharing. This paper presents implications for practice and policy to minimise opportunism with the goal of enhancing the participation of Ugandan manufacturing firms in global supply chains.
Exploring peer feedback on behaviour in the international classroom: a case study on students’ experiences and perceptions
Authors: Van Rompay-Bartels Ingrid , Geessink Jannemieke
Published: July 2021

Purpose

In spite of the potential of peer feedback, research related to the international classroom and the development of intercultural competences remains limited. This paper aims to further explore this combination and associated gaps by presenting students’ perceptions of peer feedback on individual behaviour in group work.

Design/methodology/approach

Several studies have shown that peer feedback can be a powerful instrument in higher education. For this reason, this instrument is increasingly being deployed in the international classroom of a Dutch Business School (DBS), which has a student population of about 60 different nationalities. The present paper adopts an embedded case-study design in studying peer feedback within the international classroom.

Findings

The primary results of this study are twofold. First, they show that before joining DBS, the vast majority of international students have never been exposed to group work peer feedback. And second, they reveal that cultural background (bias) is a critical factor in how students provide and perceive peer feedback. Students from high-context cultures struggle with direct feedback provided by students from low-context cultures. Furthermore, the results show that domestic cultural values “lack consideration” when dealing with the contrasts in cultural values of non-domestic (international) students.

Originality/value

This study indicates that several aspects of the students’ cultural background have a direct impact on how they provide and perceive individual peer feedback on their behaviour in group work. Furthermore, it argues that peer feedback, when used as an instrument, requires specific training and guidance of students with regard to cultural differences, values and perceptions.
Process optimisation and product characterisation of milk protein concentrate extrudates expanded by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Arora Bindvi , Rizvi Syed S H
Published: July 2021

The effects of water and supercritical CO2 (SC–CO2) addition rate, and pressure at SC–CO2 injection (PCO2) on physical and rheological properties of milk protein concentrate (MPC81) and MPC81‐sucrose (MPC81‐S) extrudates were investigated. As PCO2 increased, extrudate expansion decreased and storage modulus and hardness increased. PCO2 for MPC81 and MPC81‐S was optimised as 13.78 MPa and 11.03 MPa, respectively, whereas water rate of 40 (wt. % dry feed) and SC–CO2 rate of 2.25 (wt. % dry feed) were optimised for both formulations. Elucidating the association of extrusion parameters and extrudate properties will facilitate the development of MPC extrudates of commercial utility.
AK bullet (7.62 × 39 mm) holes on 1‐mm sheet metal: A forensic‐related study in aid of bullet trajectory reconstruction
Authors: Nishshanka Bandula , Shepherd Chris , Ariyarathna Randika
Published: July 2021

Bullet holes play a major role in the trajectory determination of fired bullets, potentially suggesting where the shots were fired from. Few methods are currently employed to estimate the angles of incidence of fired bullets using bullet holes. The literature has stressed that knowledge about the impact behavior of the specific bullet–substrate interfaces, including the most viable method for estimating the angle of incidence of that combination, requires empirical testing to enable successful analysis. The perforating bullet hole characteristics of AK bullets fired into 1‐mm sheet metal over a range of angles of incidence have been documented in this study to aid bullet trajectory determination. A strong inverse relationship has been demonstrated between particular impact mark dimensions and the angles of incidence, revealing the possibility of using these dimensions to predict the angles of incidence for AK bullets perforating 1‐mm sheet metal in actual crime scenes. This study has further confirmed the existence of a recently reported phenomenon for impacts related to this projectile–substrate combination, the “double‐headed impact mark,” and relationships with the angles of incidence of fired AK bullets. While suggesting an alternative and confirmative new method to understand the angles of incidence of fired AK bullets in 1‐mm sheet metal using measured bullet defects, the study highlights a complex deviation phenomenon and a potential error that could occur when determining bullet trajectories using probing, stringing, or laser methods for the impact conditions described.
Anti‐fertility effect of levonorgestrel and/or quinestrol on striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius): evidence from both laboratory and field experiments
Authors: CHEN Xiaoning , HOU Xiang , FENG Tuo , HAN Ning , WANG Jing , CHANG Gang
Published: July 2021

The effect of combined levonorgestrel (P) and quinestrol (E) on the fertility of striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) has not been evaluated. We performed a series of experiments in both the laboratory and field to assess the effect of P and/or E on the fertility of A. agrarius. In the laboratory, to test the time‐dependent anti‐fertility effects of P and E, as well as their mixtures, 90 male striped field mice were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups (n = 60), and a control group (n = 30). Mice in 3 treatment groups were administered 1 of the 3 compounds (1 mg⋅kg–1 [body weight] EP‐1, 0.34 mg⋅kg–1 E, 0.66 mg⋅kg–1 P) for 3 successive days (another half for 7 successive days) via oral gavage; mice were then sacrificed 15 and 45 days after initiating the gavage treatment. Our findings indicated that E and EP‐1 treatment, but not P or control treatment, significantly decreased the sperm count in the caudal epididymis, as well as the weight of the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles. Additionally, fertile female mice mated with E‐ and EP‐1‐treated males produced smaller pups. These data indicate that E and EP‐1 can induce infertility in male A. agrarius. In the field, the population density of A. agrarius was significantly influenced by EP‐1, and the rodent density in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group. Overall, our results indicate that EP‐1 is an effective contraceptive in A. agrarius, a dominant rodent species in the farmland.
Variation in Pore Space and Structure of Organic‐rich Oil‐prone Shales from a Non‐marine Basin: Constraints from Organic Matter and Minerals
Authors: JIA Jianliang , LIU Zhaojun , ZHOU Renjie , LIU Rong , GAO Yuan
Published: July 2021

Organic matter (OM) and minerals are major particle components of lacustrine shales. The influence of OM and minerals on pore space and structure in organic‐rich oil‐prone shales containing a large range of total organic carbon (TOC) contents is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the variation in pore space and structure of low mature lacustrine shales in the Songliao Basin (NE China), based on a study of the mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, and geophysical properties of shales. Different pore types make markedly different contributions to the mineral surface area (MSA) and pore volume (PV) of the shales. There exists a negative correlation between MSA/PV and TOC in mesopores (r2 = 0.75/0.65) and macropores (r2 = 0.74/0.68), and a positive correlation in micropores (r2 = 0.59/0.64), which are associated with the variation of mineral and TOC contents. A positive relationship between the throat/pore ratio and TOC (r2 = 0.82) shows an increase in throat radius and decrease in pore radius with increasing TOC content. This relationship is supported by the reduction in mean pore diameter (MPD) for large pores and increase in MPD for small pores. These variations are related to the decreased pores by quartz plus feldspar (Q + F) content, increased throats by clay minerals, and enhanced pore‐fill by OM. We propose that the variation of OM and minerals is a key control on the pore space and structure of low mature organic‐rich oil‐prone shales.
Sjögren’s syndrome complicated with membranous nephropathy, a cause or coincidence?
Authors: Chen Ruiying , Wang Jia , Xie Qionghong , Xue Jun , Hao Chuanming
Published: July 2021

Background

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) has been a well‐documented cause of secondary membranous nephropathy (MN); however, the prevalence is quite low. Since primary MN is also a common disease in middle age, whether MN is secondary to SS or just coincidence remains uncertain. The detection of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), which is most often positive in idiopathic MN, has been rarely reported in such cases.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 13 cases diagnosed with MN and SS in Huashan Hospital between 2009 and 2020, and performed PLA2R detection. We also review the literature by searching in the PubMed database.

Results

Among the 13 patients, 8 were found to be PLA2R‐positive and 5 were negative. Nine patients were female. All but 1 patients had normal renal function at the time of biopsy. All patients showed positive anti‐nuclear antibody and anti‐SSA. Two of the 8 PLA2R‐positive patients showed positive anti‐SSB and 1/8 had mild hypocomplementemia, while all 5 PLA2R‐negative patients had positive anti‐SSB and 3 showed hypocomplementemia. Renal biopsy revealed focal MN and markedly mesangial hyperplasia in PLA2R‐negative patients. Mesangial electron deposits were observed in 1 PLA2R‐positive patient in small amounts, and in 3 PLA2R‐negative patients with 2 in large amounts. During follow‐up, 2 patients in the PLA2R‐negative group presented with progressively decreasing serum complement levels, and another one was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Conclusions

In patients with both MN and SS, PLA2R‐negative MN should be considered as a secondary form. Careful screen for SLE is necessary in these patients during follow‐up.
Surgeons respond to growing evidence by performing less knee arthroscopic surgery in older patients
Authors: Donaldson Eric T. , Doma Kenji , Parkinson Ben
Published: July 2021

Background

Recent research has shown that knee arthroscopy does not provide a meaningful clinical benefit for degenerative knee changes in the older population. The 2016 Australian Orthopaedic Association (AOA) Annual Scientific Meeting held a plenary session on this topic to educate surgeons about these research findings and communicate their clinical practice statement on this issue. This paper set out to find if there has been a change in clinical practice since this meeting.

Methods

The analysis consisted of all knee arthroscopies performed in a single city of Far North Queensland, Australia, over an 8‐year period. The number and type of arthroscopies performed in patients <50 and ≥50 years of age was compared before and after the 2016 AOA plenary session.

Results

After the 2016 AOA educational session, there was a significant reduction in the number of debridement procedures performed in patients aged 50 years or older (275 vs. 142 per year, P < 0.01) but not in patients under 50 years of age (192 vs. 135 per year, P = 0.91). The annual number of repair procedures for all ages combined, increased from 11 per year to 60 per year (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The surgeons of this city have changed their knee arthroscopy clinical practice in line with the evidence and advice from their professional body.
The Development of Advanced Theory of Mind in Middle Childhood: A Longitudinal Study From Age 5 to 10 Years
Authors: Osterhaus Christopher , Koerber Susanne
Published: July 2021

This 5‐year longitudinal study investigated advanced theory‐of‐mind (AToM) development in 161 German 5‐ to 10‐year‐olds (89 females, 72 males). Core aspects of AToM developed nonlinearly, with children reaching a milestone at the age of 7 years, around when they attained the conceptual insight that mental states can be recursive. In late elementary school, a multicomponent battery was used. Performance on many aspects of AToM was predicted by information‐processing skills (intelligence and language at 6 years), but not by the age when children acquired the basic conceptual insight; only some naturalistic, social‐interpretative tasks were correlated with children’s age at acquisition. This study documents significant developmental progressions in middle‐childhood AToM and suggests that different mechanisms may underlie diverse aspects of social cognition.
Using a portable monitoring device for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea in patients with multiple coexisting medical illnesses
Authors: To Kin Wang , Chan Tat On , Chan Wing Chi , Choo Kah Lin , Hui David S. C.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The existing guidelines recommend type III devices should be used in patients without significant comorbidities.

Objectives

This study explored the reliability of using a type III device in patients with significant medical conditions to diagnose sleep apnea.

Methods

Patients had an overnight sleep study conducted simultaneously with both polysomnography (PSG) and a type III (NOX‐T3) monitoring device. All patients had stable multiple coexisting medical illnesses without any changes in medications and conditions within 1 month of sleep study.

Results

Between July 2019 and March 2020, there were altogether 74 patients recruited with analyzable data. Five major disease groups were identified in the cohort: psychiatric illnesses, stroke, ischemic heart diseases (IHDs), chronic kidney diseases (CKDs), and others. Psychiatric patients with medications were found to have the lowest apnea hypopnea index (AHI) (23.7 per hour) and arousal index (46.6 per hour). The CKD group had the highest mean arousal index (71.4 per hour) and obstructive apnea count (110.2). NOX‐T3 respiratory event index (REI) was significantly lower than the PSG AHI (mean REI 31.4 vs. mean AHI: 42.2). The number of patients with no/mild/moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosed by NOX‐T3 and PSG was 7/17/19/31 and 5/11/20/38, respectively.

Conclusion

NOX‐T3 device can reliably diagnose OSA in patients with different stable coexisting medical conditions. There is a tendency for underestimation of the severity of the OSA with NOX‐T3 in patients with coexisting medical conditions especially with sedative medications. A positive NOX‐T3 reliably diagnoses OSA whereas a negative NOX‐T3 result needs to be interpreted with caution.
The two‐way interaction between population aging and industrial transformation
Authors: Zou Jingxian , Ji Rundong , Mao Rui
Published: July 2021

This study examines the relationship between the labour‐force age structure and industry composition in a multi‐region and multi‐sector framework. Relying on a panel dataset of Chinese provinces, the simultaneous equations model reveals two‐way influences between age and industrial structures. Population aging induces a (an) reduced (increased) secondary‐sector (tertiary‐sector) employment share. The industrial structure then changes the age structure of the local labour force via the migrations of young workers as non‐agricultural sectors expand. With an improved Leslie model, we predict a province‐level population aging and industry structure trend. Accordingly, municipalities, developed coastal provinces and the three northeastern provinces face greater pressure from population aging and a rapid structural, industrial transformation. Further considerations of the ‘two‐child policy’ via simulation results show that relaxed birth restrictions could slow population aging in some but not all these provinces.
On testing for homogeneity with zero‐inflated models through the lens of model misspecification
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Wen , Mawella Nadeesha R. , Todem David
Published: July 2021

In many applications of two‐component mixture models such as the popular zero‐inflated model for discrete‐valued data, it is customary for the data analyst to evaluate the inherent heterogeneity in view of observed data. To this end, the score test, acclaimed for its simplicity, is routinely performed. It has long been recognised that this test may behave erratically under model misspecification, but the implications of this behaviour remain poorly understood for popular two‐component mixture models. For the special case of zero‐inflated count models, we use data simulations and theoretical arguments to evaluate this behaviour and discuss its implications in settings where the working model is restrictive with regard to the true data‐generating mechanism. We enrich this discussion with an analysis of count data in HIV research, where a one‐component model is shown to fit the data reasonably well despite apparent extra zeros. These results suggest that a rejection of homogeneity does not imply that the underlying mixture model is appropriate. Rather, such a rejection simply implies that the mixture model should be carefully interpreted in the light of potential model misspecifications, and further evaluated against other competing models.
The neglected puzzle of dementia in people with severe/profound intellectual disabilities: A systematic literature review of observable symptoms
Authors: Wissing Maureen B. G. , Ulgiati Aurora M. , Hobbelen Johannes S. M. , De Deyn Peter P. , Waninge Aly , Dekker Alain D.
Published: July 2021

Background

Dementia is increasingly prevalent in people with severe/profound intellectual disabilities. However, early detection and diagnosis of dementia is complex in this population. This study aimed to identify observable dementia symptoms in adults with severe/profound intellectual disabilities in available literature.

Method

A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science with an exhaustive search string using a combination of search terms for severe/profound intellectual disabilities and dementia/ageing.

Results

Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Cognitive decline, behavioural and psychological alterations, decline in activities of daily living as well as neurological and physical changes were found.

Conclusions

Only a very limited number of studies reported symptoms ascribed to dementia in adults with severe/profound intellectual disabilities. Given the complexity of signalling and diagnosing dementia, dedicated studies are required to unravel the natural history of dementia in this population.
Social inclusion through social status and the emergence of development traps
Authors: Lombardo Vincenzo
Published: July 2021

This paper investigates the long‐run implications of concerns for status when heterogeneous agents care about their relative consumption with respect to an endogenous benchmark consumption of their reference group. Agents endogenously choose whether to enter the rat race to consume the benchmark level of a social participation, status, good to gain access to socially advantaged and privileged groups because relative consumption determines agents’ relative position in society which is ultimately instrumental in the accumulation of wealth and absolute consumption. The dynamical analysis predicts that increases in mean incomes and reductions in inequality over the long‐run process of development foster the competition for status, raise the cost of access to the reference group and drive the onset of multiple stable steady‐state equilibria. This mechanism governs the endogenous transition from a Solovian‐type stage to a development traps equilibrium at which the poorest dynasties are excluded from the reference group and trapped in a low‐income stable equilibrium while the richest dynasties strive to differentiate themselves from the poorest ones to reap the economic benefits of the elite position in society.
Early life stress moderated the influence of reward anticipation on acute psychosocial stress responses
Authors: Hu Weiyu , Liu Yadong , Li Jiwen , Zhao Xiaolin , Yang Juan
Published: July 2021

Recent studies suggest that reward anticipation decreases individuals’ acute stress responses. However, individuals who have experienced early life stress (ELS) may have a blunted capacity for reward anticipation, which reduces its buffering effect on psychosocial stress responses. To investigate this phenomenon, 66 young adults completed the Trier Social Stress Test following a reward anticipation task, and their ELS levels were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Meanwhile, the current study collected biological and psychological measures of stress by analysing cortisol levels, heart rates, heart rate variability (HRV) as well as subjective stress levels, in response to the Trier Social Stress test. Results showed that reward anticipation successfully decreased acute stress responses in general, and it also improved participants’ HRV. However, this effect was more evident in individuals with low ELS than those with high ELS. These findings help us deepen understanding of the role of reward anticipation in fostering resilience under stress and the potentially important implications for individuals who have been exposed to ELS are also discussed.
Seminal plasma insulin‐like growth factor I and total protein concentration in peripubertal period of the Gyr bulls
Authors: Souza Fernando Andrade , Martins Jorge André Matias , Emerick Lucas Luz , Laskoski Luciane Maria , Perez‐Osorio Jair , de Souza Fabiana Ferreira , Paredes Cañon Astrid L. , do Vale Filho Vicente Ribeiro
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of seminal plasma IGF‐I and total proteins from peripubertal bulls with semen characteristics and onset of puberty. Sixteen dairy Gyr bulls were separated into early (n = 8) and regular (n = 8) groups, according to the onset of puberty. Semen was monthly collected by electroejaculation from 14 to 26 months of age, and the onset of puberty was retrospectively determined (17.0 ± 1.6 and 19.2 ± 1.5 months, to early and regular group, respectively). Five time points were evaluated (day −60, day −30, day 0, day 30 and day 60 days of puberty), being day 0 considered as beginning of puberty. Scrotal circumference and body weight were also assessed. Semen characteristics were evaluated, the seminal plasma was separated by centrifugation and total protein and IGF‐I concentrations were determined. There was no difference between groups to concentration of the seminal plasma total proteins, but we found an interaction between group and age. Seminal plasma IGF‐I concentrations were not different between early and regular groups; thus, the data were combined for analysis. Combined IGF‐I concentrations were positively correlated with sperm motility and concentration, age, body weight and scrotal circumference. Negative correlation was found between IGF‐I concentration and total sperm defects. Increased IGF‐I was observed in day −30 and day 0 of puberty in early and regular groups, respectively. Seminal plasma total proteins are involved in peripubertal modifications and IGF‐I from Zebus dairy bulls can influence the seminal characteristics and the growth factor increase occurs concomitantly with body growth but cannot be used to define puberty bulls earlier.
Occupational segregation by gender in veterinary specialties: Who we are choosing, or who is choosing us
Authors: Morello Samantha L. , Genovese Jordan , Pankowski Anne , Sweet Emma A. , Hetzel Scott J.
Published: July 2021

Objective

Gender demographics vary across specialties including surgery, internal medicine, cardiology, neurology, and oncology. Our objective was to determine whether residency selection or the decision to apply for training drives these differences.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Sample Population

Matched and unmatched residents lists from Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program (VIRMP) from 2011 to 2020. Comparative Data Reports from the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges from 2010 to 2019.

Methods

Names for matched and unmatched residents with addresses in the United States or Canada were coded for gender for seven programs: large and small animal surgery, large and small animal medicine, cardiology, neurology, and oncology. Match rate by gender was compared using chi‐square tests. Gender demographics of applicants were compared to demographics of graduates using tests of two proportions.

Results

No differences were observed between genders for the likelihood of successfully matching into each residency program evaluated except in large animal internal medicine. Women (44.2%) were slightly more likely to match, overall, than men (39.0%, p = .003). The proportions of women applying for residencies overall (70.7%), in large and small animal surgery (66.1%, 62.2%), cardiology (70.2%), and neurology (70.7%) were lower than the proportion of female graduates (79%; p's < .001).

Conclusion

No evidence for gender bias was detected in the VIRMP resident selection process. Female veterinary graduates seemed less likely to apply for residencies than their male counterparts.

Impact

Occupational segregation seems to stem from the decision to apply for residency. Interventions aimed at altering gender demographics in specialized medicine should target potential applicants.
Evidence of Viking trade and 'Danelaw' connections? Inset lead weights from Norway and the western Viking World
Authors: Heen-Pettersen Aina M.
Published: July 2021

This article presents and discusses the use and itineraries of inset lead weights from Norway and the wider Viking world. The weights, which are mostly inset with decorated metalwork, coins and glass are likely to be of 'Insular-Viking' manufacture, which developed in the late 9th and/or early 10th century. While the Norwegian corpus has generally received attention for its 'Irish' style of metalwork and therefore Irish affiliation, this paper demonstrates how some of the material may rather have travelled to Norway via England. Here, they were extensively used in Viking milieus and the Irish-style insets were probably carried eastwards from Ireland by some of the historically attested groups who joined the Viking armies in England. The alternative route suggested for the weights which ended up in Norway has several implications, especially for providing potential evidence for integrated contact between the Danelaw area and Norway. The article also investigates fragmented mounts, a material phenomenon found in Viking and Norse contexts on both sides of the North Sea. While these mounts are often regarded as one group, the paper identifies different practices in the fragmentation of this material, based on morphological details. It is suggested that 're-fashioned' pieces, i.e. those carefully cut into pieces and reworked into dress ornaments can be separated from 'hack-bronze' – those that appear to have been fragmented in the same manner as hack silver and other metals intended for reuse as scrap or as bullion.
Carbon Capture and Storage Energy Consumption and Performance Optimization Using Metamodels and Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Allahyarzadeh-Bidgoli Ali , Hamidishad Nayereh , Yanagihara Jurandir Itizo
Published: July 2021

Oil and gas industries have high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which is a great environmental concern. Monoethanolamine (MEA) is widely used as a solvent in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) systems. The challenge is that MEA–CCS itself is an energy-intensive process that requires optimum configuration and operation, and numerous design parameters and heat demands must be considered. Thus, the current work evaluates the energy distributions and CO2 removal efficiency of a CCS installed in floating production storage and offloading units under different operating conditions of a power and heat generation hub. The optimization procedures are implemented using highly accurate surrogate models for the following responses: (1) overall power consumption of CCS, (2) CCS separation performance, and (3) CCS heating and cooling demands. The input variables considered in the present research include the following: (1) the exhaust gas compositions and mass flowrate, (2) the operating pressure and temperature parameters of CCS and the injection compression unit, (3) the structural parameters of absorber and stripper columns, and (4) MEA solution parameters. The optimum CCS configuration significantly reduces the total heating and cooling demands by 62.77% (7 × 106 kW) and the overall power consumption by 8.65% (1.8 MW), and it increases the CCS separation performance by 4.46% (97.46%) and mitigates the CO2 emissions of proper CCS by 1.02 t/h compared with conventional operating conditions.
Ocular adverse events in PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors
Authors: Young LeAnne , Finnigan Shanda , Streicher Howard , Chen Helen X , Murray James , Sen H Nida , Sharon Elad
Published: July 2021

Background

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors can cause unique immune-related adverse effects due to non-specific immunological activation. However, less is known about adverse effects of these drugs in the eye.

Methods

Two adverse event databases were retrospectively reviewed. The two databases consisted of a routine adverse event database and a serious adverse event database of expeditiously submitted reports. Patients with any malignancy who had ocular adverse events while on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment were included. Patients received nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab or durvalumab alone or in combination with other anticancer agents per each trial’s protocol. Databases were queried up to May 19, 2020.

Results

In the routine adverse event database, 272 adverse events from 213 patients were reported and in the serious adverse event reporting database, 59 ocular adverse events from 47 patients were reported. A lower estimate of the prevalance from the routine adverse event database showed 259/7727 patients on study treatment arms reporting ocular adverse events (3.3% prevalence). Excluding trials that do not report lower grade adverse events to the routine adverse event database results in a higher end estimate of 242/3255 patients on study treatment arms reporting ocular adverse events (7.4% prevalence). Ocular events occurred early after drug initiation (routine database: median 6 weeks, IQR 0–16, serious adverse events database: median 11 weeks, IQR 6–21). The median Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade was grade 1 (mild) (IQR 1–2) and grade 2 (moderate) (IQR 2–3) for the routine database and the serious adverse events database, respectively. In-depth analysis of the serious adverse event reports revealed varying degrees of clinical workup, with 30/47 patients (64%) receiving ophthalmological evaluation and 16/47 (34%) of patients having to delay or discontinue treatment. However, 16/47 (34%) patients experienced resolution and 14/47 (30%) patients experienced at least some improvement.

Conclusions

This is one of the largest analyses of ocular adverse events in patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the USA. We found ocular adverse events are rare complications of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy, can be severe enough to cause treatment discontinuation/delay, and may not always be appropriately evaluated by eye specialists. Standardized plans for ophthalmology evaluation and management of ocular toxicities are needed in studies of patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
Expression of KLRG1 and CD127 defines distinct CD8+subsets that differentially impact patient outcome in follicular lymphoma
Authors: Wu Hongyan , Tang Xinyi , Kim Hyo Jin , Jalali Shahrzad , Pritchett Joshua C , Villasboas Jose C , Novak Anne J , Yang Zhi-Zhang , Ansell Stephen M
Published: July 2021

Background

CD8+T-lymphocyte subsets defined by killer lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and CD127 expression have been reported to have an important role in infection, but their role in the setting of lymphoid malignancies, specifically follicular lymphoma (FL), has not been studied.

Methods

To characterize the phenotype of KLRG1/CD127-defined CD8+subsets, surface and intracellular markers were measured by flow cytometry and Cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), and the transcriptional profile of these cells was determined by CITE-Seq (Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing). The functional capacity of each subset was determined, as was their impact on overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of patients with FL.

Results

We found that intratumoral CD8+cells in FL are skewed toward effector cell subsets, particularly KLRG+CD127-and KLRG1-CD127-cells over memory cell subsets, such as KLRG1-CD127+and KLRG1+CD127+cells. While effector subsets exhibited increased capacity to produce cytokines/granules when compared with memory subsets, their proliferative capacity and viability were found to be substantially inferior. Clinically, a skewed distribution of intratumoral CD8+T cells favoring effector subtypes was associated with an inferior outcome in patients with FL. Increased numbers of CD127+KLRG1-and CD127+KLRG1+were significantly associated with a favorable OS and EFS, while CD127-KLRG1-correlated with a poor EFS and OS in patients with FL. Furthermore, we demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-15 promotes CD127-KLRG1+cell development in the presence of dendritic cells via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mechanism, and treatment of CD8+T cells with a PI3K inhibitor downregulated the transcription factors responsible for CD127-KLRG1+differentiation.

Conclusions

Taken together, these results reveal not only a biological and prognostic role for KLRG1/CD127-defined CD8+subsets in FL but also a potential role for PI3K inhibitors to manipulate the differentiation of CD8+T cells, thereby promoting a more effective antitumor immune response.
Night shift work undertaken by women and fertility treatment interact to increase prevalence of urogenital anomalies in children
Authors: Fernandez Renae C , Moore Vivienne M , Willson Kristyn J , Davies Michael
Published: July 2021

Objective

To investigate the role of maternal night shift work in occurrence of urogenital anomalies in offspring, considering a possible interaction with mode of conception.

Methods

A population-based cohort comprising births in South Australia (1986–2002) was produced via linkage of fertility clinic records, perinatal and birth defects data. This study concerned first births to women in paid employment (n=98 103). Potential exposure to night shift was imputed by applying a job-exposure matrix to recorded occupation. Associations were examined using logistic regression, first for nurses and other night shift workers separately, then combined. An interaction term for night shift work and mode of conception was included in all models, while adjusting for covariates.

Results

Associations were similar for nurses and other night shift workers, although only statistically significant for the former when considered separately. A multiplicative interaction was supported: for natural conceptions, maternal night shift work was not associated with offspring urogenital anomalies (OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.15); where a birth arose from fertility treatment, urogenital anomalies were significantly higher among births to all night shift workers compared with day workers (OR=2.07, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.55). This was not due to differences in the type of fertility treatment received.

Conclusions

Women in occupations that probably involved night shift did not have offspring with increased prevalence of urogenital anomalies if they conceived naturally. When night shift workers conceived with fertility treatment, the prevalence of urogenital anomalies was elevated. Possibly these women had the greatest exposure to night shift work, or least tolerance for this work schedule, or heightened sensitivity to hormonal aspects of fertility treatment.
Safeguarding teenagers in a sexual health service during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bekaert Sarah , Azzopardi Liz
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The first aim was to examine how the COVID-19 restrictions on movement impacted on teenagers’ access to a local sexual health service (SHS). The second aim was to audit whether safeguarding assessments were carried out for those accessing the service remotely.

Methods

April–September 2020 consultation numbers for teenagers aged 17 years and under were compared with the 2019 equivalent. Service safeguarding assessment standards were reviewed for teenagers receiving telephone consultations for the first 6 months of lockdown, April–September 2020.

Results

There was a reduction in contact with the service of 100% for those aged 13 years and younger, 52% for those aged 14 and 15 years and 31% for those aged 16 and 17 years for the compared months. A safeguarding assessment was either carried out by the service or accounted for by a partner community practitioner for all contacts with the service by young people 15 years or younger. 96% of safeguarding assessments were carried out for those aged 16–17 years.

Conclusions

There was a reduction in consultations for all age groups examined in the 6 months following lockdown. This adds to the evidence that restrictions during lockdown are barriers to young people accessing SHSs. For those who did have a consultation, safeguarding assessments were consistently carried out. Nevertheless, due to reduced contact overall, it is likely that some safeguarding issues remain undisclosed. Multiagency safeguarding networks and telephone consultations with a low threshold for promoting an in-person consultation facilitated access to the SHS and a robust safeguarding pathway during the constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Six-week behaviour change intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cheng Sonia Wing Mei , Alison Jennifer , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Dennis Sarah , McNamara Renae , Spencer Lissa , McKeough Zoe
Published: July 2021

Introduction

This study aimed to determine whether a 6-week behaviour change intervention was more effective than a sham intervention for reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

People with stable COPD on the waitlist for entry into pulmonary rehabilitation were recruited to this multicentre trial with randomisation (independent, concealed allocation) to either an intervention group or sham group, assessor blinding and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. The behaviour change intervention consisted of once weekly sessions for 6 weeks with a physiotherapist to reduce SB through education, guided goals setting and real-time feedback on SB. The sham intervention consisted of once weekly phone calls for 6 weeks to monitor health status. SB was measured continuously over 7 days using thigh-worn accelerometry (activPAL3 micro). The primary outcome was time spent in SB. Participants with at least 4 days of ≥10 hours waking wear time were included in the ITT analysis and those who reported achieving ≥70% of goals to reduce SB or who completed all sham calls were included in a per-protocol analysis.

Results

70 participants were recruited and 65 completed the study (mean±SD age 74±9 years, mean FEV1 55%±19% predicted, 49% male). At 6 weeks, no between-group differences in time spent in SB were observed in the ITT analysis (mean difference 5 min/day, 95% CI −38 to 48) or per-protocol analysis (−16 min/day, 95% CI −80 to 48).

Discussion

A 6-week behaviour change intervention did not reduce time in SB compared with a sham intervention in people with stable moderate-to-severe COPD prior to pulmonary rehabilitation.