bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Bug-in-Ear Professional Development on Early Childhood Co-Teachers’ Use of Communication Strategies
Authors: Ottley Jennifer R. , Grygas Coogle Christan , Rahn Naomi L. , Spear Caitlin F.
Published: February 2016

The goal of this study was to build the capacity of early childhood teachers to implement evidence-based strategies. We investigated the efficacy of professional development with bug-in-ear peer coaching in improving teachers’ use of communication strategies, the teachers’ maintenance of strategies post intervention, and the social validity of the intervention. Four early childhood co-teacher dyads participated in the single-case design study. Data were analyzed through visual analysis and masked visual analysis. Results indicate that three of the four teacher dyads increased the frequency with which they used the strategies, with one dyad sustaining their use of targeted strategies post intervention. All teachers perceived that the intervention had positive effects on their children and indicated that bug-in-ear peer coaching was an acceptable form of professional development. Nonetheless, implications for research and practice are discussed to ensure that performance-based feedback is as meaningful as possible.
Who Values Diversity? Comparing the Effect of Manager Gender Across the Public, Private, and Nonprofit Sectors
Authors: Johansen Morgen , Zhu Ling
Published: February 2016

Researchers have focused on the role of managerial gender on attitudes toward diversity issues mainly in either the public or private sector, but there is little research that compares managerial attitudes on diversity across the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. This article identifies important distinctions among the sectors that may influence gender differences in managerial priority placed on diversity. Using a national survey of nearly 1,000 top-level managers in public, private, and nonprofit hospitals in the United States, we analyze how managerial gender combined with cross-sector differences shape managerial priority on diversity. We find female managers place a higher priority on diversity than their male counterparts in nonprofit and private organizations compared with managers in public organizations. The differing effects of managerial gender on the priority placed on diversity are shaped by the organizational contexts of the three sectors. This research provides systematic evidence of sector differences in the patterns of managerial priorities regarding diversity.
Fasting serum insulin levels and insulin resistance are associated with blood rheology in Japanese young adults without diabetes
Authors: Yoshida Kensuke , Kimura Takao , Aoki Tomoyuki , Tsunekawa Katsuhiko , Araki Osamu , Shoho Yoshifumi , Nara Makoto , Sumino Hiroyuki , Murakami Masami
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To evaluate fasting serum insulin levels and insulin resistance, and their association with blood rheology, in Japanese young adults without diabetes.

Methods

Blood samples were analysed and blood rheology was estimated using haematological parameters. Whole blood passage time was measured using a Hitachi MC-FAN© microchannel array flow analyser.

Results

Out of 151 subjects (mean age, 24.1 ± 1.5 years), fasting serum insulin levels and insulin resistance (using homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), were positively correlated with longer whole blood passage times and higher values for haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), fibrinogen, body weight, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, and were negatively correlated with HDL-C. Whole blood passage time correlated with body weight, BMI, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, Hct, Hb, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, fibrinogen, fasting serum insulin levels, and HOMA-IR. Multiple regression analysis revealed that whole blood passage time was independently associated with Hct, fibrinogen levels, and WBC count.

Conclusions

Fasting serum insulin levels and insulin resistance were associated with blood rheology, and may influence blood rheology by modulating haematological parameters and lipid parameters in young adults without diabetes.
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the auditory cortex improved hearing impairment in a patient with brainstem encephalitis
Authors: Mori Takayuki , Takeuchi Naoyuki , Suzuki Sakiko , Miki Mika , Kawase Tetsuaki , Izumi Shin-Ichi
Published: February 2016

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can alter cortical excitability, and has been effective in treating some neurological disorders. This case report describes the use of tDCS in a 13-year-old female who developed bilateral hearing impairment after brainstem encephalitis when she was 6 years old. Her auditory function was more impaired in her right ear than her left. Anodal stimulation (1 mA) was applied for 10 min to the left auditory cortex once per day for 4 consecutive days to improve her right ear speech discrimination score. Sustained and significant improvement in maximum speech discrimination was observed after the four tDCS treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of improvement in speech discrimination after anodal stimulation of the auditory cortex. These results encourage further studies investigating the beneficial effects of tDCS in patients with hearing impairments.
Altered Visual Adaptation to Body Shape in Eating Disorders: Implications for Body Image Distortion
Authors: Mohr Harald M. , Rickmeyer Constanze , Hummel Dennis , Ernst Mareike , Grabhorn Ralph
Published: February 2016

Previous research has shown that after adapting to a thin body, healthy participants (HP) perceive pictures of their own bodies as being fatter and vice versa. This aftereffect might contribute to the development of perceptual body image disturbances in eating disorders (ED).

In the present study, HP and ED completed a behavioral experiment to rate manipulated pictures of their own bodies after adaptation to thin or fat body pictures. After adapting to a thin body, HP judged a thinner than actual body picture to be the most realistic and vice versa, resembling a typical aftereffect. ED only showed such an adaptation effect when they adapted to fat body pictures.

The reported results indicate a relationship between body image distortion in ED and visual body image adaptation. It can be suspected that due to a pre-existing, long-lasting adaptation to thin body shapes in ED, an additional visual adaption to thin body shapes cannot be induced. Hence this pre-existing adaptation to thin body shapes could induce perceptual body image distortions in ED.
Activity Level and Function After Lateral Ankle Ligament Repair Versus Reconstruction
Authors: Matheny Lauren M. , Johnson Nicholas S. , Liechti Daniel J. , Clanton Thomas O.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Few studies have compared outcomes of Broström-Gould repair and allograft reconstruction.

Hypothesis/Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes and revision rates after Broström-Gould lateral ankle ligament repair versus anatomic allograft reconstruction in patients with lateral ankle instability. The hypothesis was that patients who underwent lateral ankle ligament repair would have outcomes and revision rates similar to those of patients who underwent anatomic allograft reconstruction.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

All patients who underwent surgical repair or reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament and/or the calcaneofibular ligament by a single surgeon between September 2009 and February 2013 were included in this study. Patients completed a subjective questionnaire at minimum 2 years after ankle surgery. Outcomes measures included the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Score, Lysholm score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), Short Form–12 Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores, Tegner activity scale, and patient satisfaction with outcome. Detailed surgical data and intraoperative findings were documented at the time of surgery. All data were collected prospectively and reviewed retrospectively.

Results:

A total of 86 patients were included in this study: 45 men and 41 women (mean age, 38 years; range, 19-68 years) with a mean body mass index of 26.5 (range, 17.5-47.1). There were 61 (71%) patients in the repair cohort and 25 (29%) in the reconstruction cohort. There was no significant difference in age or sex between cohorts. Seventy-six (88%) patients had minimum 2-year follow-up (mean follow-up, 3.0 years; range, 2.0-5.3 years). There was no significant difference in FADI (87 vs 91; P = .553), AOFAS (77 vs 82; P = .372), Lysholm score (83 vs 87; P = .110), Tegner activity scale (6 vs 4; P = .271), patient satisfaction (9 vs 10; P = .058), WOMAC (8 vs 5; P = .264), or Short Form–12 PCS (51.3 vs 54.6; P = .169) or MCS (54.8 vs 51.5; P = .239) score between the repair cohort and the reconstruction cohort, respectively. No patient in either cohort underwent revision lateral ligament surgery.

Conclusion:

When compared with lateral ankle repair, anatomic allograft reconstruction produced similarly favorable outcomes, including high patient satisfaction, high function and activity levels, and no revision surgeries in either cohort.
Prevalence of Sport Specialization in High School Athletics
Authors: Bell David R. , Post Eric G. , Trigsted Stephanie M. , Hetzel Scott , McGuine Timothy A. , Brooks M. Alison
Published: February 2016

Background:

The prevalence of sport specialization in high school athletes is unknown. This information is needed to determine the scope of this issue in an active population.

Purpose:

To determine the prevalence of sport specialization in high school athletes and to determine if specialization is influenced by classification method, year in school, sex, and school size. A secondary purpose was to determine if highly specialized athletes would be more likely to report a history of lower extremity injuries.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

High school athletes between the ages of 13 and 18 years from 2 local high schools completed both a sport specialization survey and an injury history survey. Athletes were classified into low, moderate, or high specialization groups using a recently developed 3-point system and were also classified using a self-classification method.

Results:

A total of 302 athletes completed the surveys and were classified as low specialization (n = 105, 34.8%), moderate specialization (n = 87, 28.8%), or high specialization (n = 110, 36.4%). Athletes from the small school were more likely to be classified in the low specialization group (low, 43%; moderate, 32%; high, 25%) compared with those from the large school (low, 26%; moderate, 26%; high, 48%) ( P < .001). Athletes in the high specialization group were more likely to report a history of overuse knee injuries (n = 18) compared with moderate (n = 8) or low specialization (n = 7) athletes ( P = .048). Athletes who trained in one sport for more than 8 months out of the year were more likely to report a history of knee injuries (odds ratio [OR], 2.32; 95% CI, 1.22-4.44; P = .009), overuse knee injuries (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.16-7.36; P = .018), and hip injuries (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.09-6.86; P = .026). Using the self-classification method, more participants self-classified as multisport (n = 213, 70.5%) than single sport (n = 89, 29.5%). Athletes from the small school were more likely to classify themselves as multisport (n = 128, 86%) ( P < .001) than those from the large school (n = 85, 56%). There were no differences in the history of hip, knee, or ankle injuries between athletes who self-classified as single sport (hip: n = 10, 3%; knee: n = 19, 6%; ankle: n = 35, 12%) versus those who self-classified as multisport (hip: n = 45, 8%; knee: n = 23, 15%; ankle: n = 98, 33%) ( P > .370).

Conclusion:

Classification method and school size influenced the prevalence of specialization in high school athletes. Highly specialized athletes were more likely to report a history of overuse knee or hip injuries. Participating in a single sport for more than 8 months per year appeared to be an important factor in the increased injury risk observed in highly specialized athletes.
Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears and Reconstruction
Authors: Sanders Thomas L. , Maradit Kremers Hilal , Bryan Andrew J. , Larson Dirk R. , Dahm Diane L. , Levy Bruce A. , Stuart Michael J. , Krych Aaron J.
Published: February 2016

Background:

The incidence of isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in the general population is not well defined.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to define the population-based incidence of ACL tears, describe trends in ACL injuries over time, and evaluate changes in the rate of surgical management. The hypothesis was that the incidence of ACL injury and the rate of subsequent ACL reconstruction increase over time.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

The study population included 1841 individuals who were diagnosed with new-onset, isolated ACL tears (without concomitant ligament injury that required surgery) between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2010. The complete medical records were reviewed to confirm diagnosis and to extract injury and treatment details. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates were calculated and adjusted to the 2010 US population. Poisson regression analyses were performed to examine incidence trends by age, sex, and calendar period.

Results:

The overall age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of ACL tears was 68.6 per 100,000 person-years. Incidence was significantly higher in male patients than in females (81.7 vs 55.3 per 100,000, P < .001). The incidence of isolated ACL tears decreased significantly over time in males ( P < .001) but remained relatively stable in females. Age-specific patterns differed in male and female patients, with a peak in incidence (241.0 per 100,000) between 19 and 25 years in males and a peak in incidence (227.6 per 100,000) between 14 and 18 years in females. The rate of ACL reconstruction increased significantly over time in all age groups ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

With an annual incidence of 68.6 per 100,000 person-years, isolated ACL tears remain a common orthopaedic injury. Differences in age-specific incidence trends in male and female patients may potentially reflect differences in sports participation patterns through the high school and college years. The significant increase in the rate of ACL reconstruction over time may reflect changing surgical indications or an increasing desire among patients to return to high levels of activity after ACL injury.
Risk of Injuries in Paralympic Track and Field Differs by Impairment and Event Discipline
Authors: Blauwet Cheri A. , Cushman Daniel , Emery Carolyn , Willick Stuart E. , Webborn Nick , Derman Wayne , Schwellnus Martin , Stomphorst Jaap , Van de Vliet Peter
Published: February 2016

Background:

The incidence rates (IRs) and factors associated with injuries in the sport of Paralympic athletics (track and field) have not been comprehensively and prospectively studied.

Purpose:

To determine injury IRs, characteristics of injuries, and associated factors in the sport of athletics at the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 977 athletes competing in the sport of athletics were followed over a total 10-day competition period of the Paralympic Games. Daily injury data were obtained via 2 databases: (1) a custom-built, web-based injury and illness surveillance system (WEB-IISS), maintained by team medical personnel; and (2) the organizing committee database, maintained by medical providers in the medical stations operated by the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Athlete impairment and event discipline were obtained via the International Paralympic Committee athlete database. IRs (injuries per 1000 athlete-days) by impairment, event discipline, sex, and age were examined.

Results:

The overall IR was 22.1 injuries per 1000 athlete-days (95% CI, 19.5-24.7). In track disciplines, ambulant athletes with cerebral palsy experienced a lower incidence of injuries (IR, 10.2; 95% CI, 4.2-16.2) when compared with ambulant athletes from other impairment categories. Athletes in seated throwing experienced a higher incidence of injuries (IR, 23.7; 95% CI, 17.5-30.0) when compared with athletes in wheelchair racing (IR, 10.6; 95% CI, 5.5-15.6). In both track and field disciplines, the majority of injuries did not result in time loss from competition or training. Ambulant athletes experienced the greatest proportion of injuries to the thigh (16.4% of all injuries; IR, 4.0), observed predominantly in track athletes. Wheelchair or seated athletes experienced the greatest proportion of injuries to the shoulder/clavicle (19.3% of all injuries; IR, 3.4), observed predominantly in field athletes.

Conclusion:

This is the first prospective cohort study examining injury IRs and associated factors in the sport of athletics at the Paralympic Games. Injury patterns were specific to the event discipline and athlete impairment. The majority of injuries occurred to the thigh (ambulant athletes) or shoulder/clavicle (wheelchair or seated athletes) and did not result in time loss.
Nutrition Status Parameters and Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis Were Associated With Lung Function Impairment in Children and Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Hauschild Daniela Barbieri , Barbosa Eliana , Moreira Emilia Addison Machado , Ludwig Neto Norberto , Platt Vanessa Borges , Piacentini Filho Eduardo , Wazlawik Elisabeth , Moreno Yara Maria Franco
Published: February 2016

Background: (1) To compare nutrition and hydration status between a group of children/adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CFG; n = 46; median age, 8.5 years) and a control group without cystic fibrosis (CG). (2) To examine the association of nutrition and hydration status with lung function in the CFG. Material and Methods: A cross‐sectional study. Nutrition screening, anthropometric parameters, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were assessed. The z scores for body mass index for age, height for age, mid upper arm circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, mid upper arm muscle area, resistance/height, and reactance/height were calculated. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis was conducted. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second <80% was considered lung function impairment. An adjusted logistic regression was applied (P < .05). Results: In the CFG, lung function impairment was observed in 51.1%. All anthropometric parameters were lower, and the mean z‐resistance/height and z‐reactance/height were higher in the CFG (P < .05) compared with the CG. In the CFG, 43% were severely/mildly dehydrated, while none were in the CG (P = .007). In the CFG, there was an association between high nutrition risk—via nutrition screening (odds ratio [OR], 22.28; P < .05), lower values of anthropometric parameters, higher z‐resistance/height (OR, 2.23; P < .05) and z‐reactance/height (OR, 1.81; P < .05), and dehydration (OR, 4.94; P < .05)—and lung function impairment. Conclusions: The CFG exhibited a compromised nutrition status assessed by anthropometric and BIA parameters. Nutrition screening, anthropometric and BIA parameters, and hydration status were associated with lung function.
Follow‐Up Survey on Functionality of Nutrition Documentation and Ordering Nutrition Therapy in Currently Available Electronic Health Record Systems
Authors: Vanek Vincent W. , Ayers Phil , Charney Pamela , Kraft Michael , Mitchell Ronelle , Plogsted Steven , Soden Jason , Van Way Charles W. , Wessel Jacqueline , Winter John , Kent Sue , Turner Peggy , Bouche Jean , Quirk Donna , Seidner Douglas L.
Published: February 2016

Background: This is a follow‐up survey to reassess the safety and efficacy of nutrition content in the available electronic health record (EHR) systems. Materials and Methods: Members of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.), American Society for Nutrition, and the Academy for Nutrition and Dietetics were asked to participate in an online survey. The survey included questions from a 2012 EHR survey on the safety and efficacy in 5 nutrition content areas as well as questions from previous 2003 and 2011 A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition (PN) surveys. Results: Percent of respondents using an EHR and using the EHR for less than 1 year increased between 2012 and 2014 (86%–94%, P < .05; 11%–16%, P < .05, respectively). However, there was no improvement in the safety and efficacy of the 5 nutrition content areas, with a significant decrease in 2 of these areas, ordering oral nutrition supplements and ordering PN. The top‐rated EHR vendors had a higher average favorable response rate in regards to safety and efficacy in the nutrition content areas but even the top‐rated EHR vendor had only a 60% average in favorable responses. Reported use of electronic PN ordering and a direct interface between the EHR and the automated compounding device (ACD) significantly increased from 2003 to 2011 to 2014 (29% to 33% to 63% and 16% to 19% to 28%, respectively, P < .05). Conclusions: This is a call to action to nutrition support clinicians, societies, and organizations to proactively be involved in initiatives to educate clinicians and collaborate with EHR vendors to enhance the EHR systems to improve the safety and efficacy of providing nutrition therapy in hospitalized patients.
Gastric Versus Small Bowel Feeding in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Schlein Kirsten
Published: February 2016

Critically ill patients often require enteral feedings as a primary supply of nutrition. Whether enteral nutrition (EN) should be delivered as a gastric versus small bowel feeding in the critically ill patient population remains a contentious topic. The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM)/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN), and the Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines (CCPG) are not in consensus on this topic. No research to date demonstrates a significant difference between the two feeding routes in terms of patient mortality, ventilator days, or length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU); however, studies provide some evidence that there may be other benefits to using a small bowel feeding route in critically ill patients. The purpose of this paper is to examine both sides of this debate and review advantages and disadvantages of both small bowel and gastric routes of EN. Practical issues and challenges to small bowel feeding tube placement are also addressed. Finally, recommendations are provided to help guide the clinician when selecting a feeding route, and suggestions are made for future research.
Assessing the Latent Structure of Posttraumatic Growth and Its Relationship With Cognitive Processing of Trauma Among Filipino Women Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse
Authors: Arandia Amor Mia H. , Mordeno Imelu G. , Nalipay Ma. Jenina N.
Published: February 2016

The study intends to find out which model best represents posttraumatic growth’s (PTG) latent factor structure in a sample of Asian, particularly Filipino, women victims of intimate partner abuse (IPA) using Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). In addition, it also aims to find out the differential relationships of the components of the best-fitting PTG model with cognitive processing strategies. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with the one-factor, three-factor, and five-factor models of PTG in a sample of 217 Filipino women who have history of IPA within the last 6 months of a previous or current relationship. Results revealed that the five-factor model comprised of appreciation of life, new possibilities, personal strength, spiritual change, and relating to others best fits the sample. Furthermore, all the components of the five-factor model were found to be positively correlated with cognitive processing of trauma strategies, including positive cognitive restructuring, denial, downward comparison, regret, and resolution/acceptance, albeit in varying degrees. These findings confirmed the robustness of the five-factor model of PTG compared with other models in a sample of women victims of IPA. In addition, the findings demonstrated the relationship of PTG with cognitive processing of trauma. These findings would be useful in developing cognitive interventions for women who experienced IPA.
Unjust Disparities? The Impact of Race on Juvenile Risk Assessment Outcomes
Authors: McCafferty James T.
Published: February 2016

Research on risk assessments has illustrated many utilitarian purposes of these tools, including the robust prediction of recidivism and uniformity in correctional decision making. Recently, however, Former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder vocalized his position that actuarial risk assessments could be unintentionally contributing to disproportionate minority contact in the correctional system. This study used data from approximately 2,600 juvenile delinquents assessed with the Ohio Youth Assessment System–Disposition Instrument to examine these claims across subsamples of White and Black youth. Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the instrument predicted recidivism similarly across the two groups. There were slightly more prediction errors for Black youth than White youth; however, these differences may be the result of methodological factors rather than empirical realities. The article concluded with a discussion of the implications that potential racial biases have on risk assessment research and practice.
Do Regular Cholesterol Screenings Lead to Lower Cholesterol Levels and Better Health Behaviors for All? Spotlight on Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Choi Yool , Lee Hyo Jung
Published: February 2016

Objective: This study investigates how the causal effects of cholesterol screening differ by likelihood of using this preventive care service in terms of accessibility gaps and effects on health-related outcomes across groups with advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds. Method: We use propensity score matching to analyze a nationally representative sample using data from 2008, 2010, and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study ( N = 3,907). Results: We find that respondents who are least likely to get their cholesterol tested benefit most from the use of cholesterol screening when they do use it, while its effects are smallest for those who are most likely to use this service. Discussion: Understanding the heterogeneous effects of preventive health service has important policy implications, particularly in terms of how to maximize the public health benefits of preventive care.
When the Law Shapes Nonprofit Boards
Authors: Leardini Chiara , Rossi Gina , Moggi Sara , Zardini Alessandro
Published: February 2016

The study investigates how governance mechanisms can affect community representation within nonprofit organizations, focusing on Italian Bank Foundations where the community is on board by law. To investigate what governance arrangements increase substantive and symbolic representation, the study adjusts Guo and Musso’s framework by considering several formal mechanisms for appointing board members and the residence of board members as a new aspect of descriptive representation. A content analysis of the statutes and an email survey show that formal mechanisms contribute to substantive representation, whereas descriptive and participatory arrangements enhance symbolic representation. In addition, this study explores the moderating influence of local stakeholders in appointing board members, offering a wider point of view on the relationships among the five dimensions of representation.
Mitigation of 5-fluorouracil–induced liver damage in rats by vitamin C via targeting redox–sensitive transcription factors
Authors: Al-Asmari AK , Khan AQ , Al-Masri N
Published: February 2016

Adverse complications associated with antineoplastic drug-based cancer therapy are the major clinical drawbacks. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in the damage due to cancer therapy. In the current study, we investigated the modulatory effect of vitamin C (Vit. C) on liver toxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in rats. Animals were divided into four groups. Animals in group I received vehicle. Oral gavage of Vit. C (500 mg kg−1 body weight (b.wt.)) was given to the animals in group III and group IV. 5-FU (150 mg kg−1 b.wt.) was injected intraperitoneally to the animals in group II and group III. Findings of the present study revealed that oral administration of Vit. C significantly ameliorated the level of lipid peroxidation and the activity of myeloperoxidase. Vit. C administration markedly reduced the activation of nuclear factor κB and expression of cyclooxygenase 2, whereas nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 was increased. Hepatic histopathological analyses further supported the protective effect of Vit. C. Findings of the current study demonstrate that the toxic free radicals and inflammatory mediators generated due to chemotherapy play a critical role in 5-FU–induced hepatic damage. Attenuating action of Vit. C may be due to the modulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and associated target molecules.
The relationship between the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and violations of business ethics in China: Unbalanced time perspective increases the acceptance of unethical business behavior
Authors: Unger Alexander , Yan Jin , Busch Rainer
Published: February 2016

Scope of research

In a sample of 316 Chinese MBA students, the influence of Time Perspective on two types of unethical behaviors was tested. We differentiated between rule-based and social-concern issues. Time Perspective was measured by using a Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Participants’ evaluation of the issues as ethical—or unethical—and their behavioral intention to violate business ethics were measured.

Hypotheses

We assumed that Past-Positive and Future will enhance ethical orientation, whereas Past-Negative, Present-Fatalistic and deviance from balanced time perspective (DBTP) will reduce ethical orientation (evaluation of unethical practices as ethical and high behavioral intention to apply unethical practices).

Results

For evaluation of rule-based issues, Past-Positive, Present-Hedonistic and Future significantly influenced in the predicted direction, whereas no significant effects of time perspectives for social concern issues were observed. According to behavioral intention, only Present-Fatalistic reached significance for both types of ethical issues in the predicted direction. Further, it was shown in a mediation-model that the influence of DBTP on behavioral intention to show unethical practices is mediated by the evaluation as ethical/unethical in the case of rule-based issues (in the case of social concern, the factors reached no significance or only nearby significances, respectively). Chinese managers with a high deviation from a balanced time perspective showed reduced evaluation of unethical practices as unethical, and an enhanced behavioral intention to show unethical practices. Other potential variables of influence, such as age, gender, the size of company, and the degree of globalization were considered, and their influences were controlled.

Conclusions and limitations

Time perspectives are of relevance for business ethics, but the relationship was only shown for rule-based issues. In the case of social concern, the relationship was only shown for Present-Fatalistic on behavioral intention.
HPV self-sampling in Japanese women: A feasibility study in a population with limited experience of tampon use
Authors: Hanley Sharon JB , Fujita Hiromasa , Yokoyama Susumu , Kunisawa Shiori , Tamakoshi Akiko , Dong Peixin , Kobayashi Noriko , Watari Hidemichi , Kudo Masataka , Sakuragi Noriaki
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Cervical cancer incidence and mortality is increasing in Japanese women under age 50. Screening uptake is low and proactive recommendations for human papillomavirus vaccination have been suspended. Other cervical cancer prevention initiatives are urgently needed. We assessed whether human papillomavirus self-sampling might be an acceptable alternative to physician-led screening, particularly in women with limited experience of tampon use. We also sought to identify any practical, logistical, or safety issues in women already attending for screening, before carrying out further large-scale studies in non-responders.

Methods

In total, 203 women aged 20–49 attending their annual workplace healthcheck in Sapporo, northern Japan, performed unsupervised human papillomavirus self-sampling before undergoing a physician-led cervical smear and human papillomavirus test, and completing a measure of acceptability for both tests.

Results

Ninety per cent of participants stated they would use self-sampling again. They found instructions easy to follow and reported no issues with the usability of the self-sampling device. Compared with physician-led testing, women found self-sampling significantly less painful, less embarrassing and could relax more (p < 0.001), regardless of history of tampon use, which was associated with negative experiences in physician sampling (p = 0.034). Women lacked confidence the test had been performed correctly, despite no unsatisfactory samples. No safety issues were reported.

Conclusions

Self-sampling was highly acceptable in this population of women. They could perform the test safely unsupervised, but lacked confidence the test has been carried out correctly. Japanese women need to be educated about the accuracy of human papillomavirus self-sampling and further large-scale studies are necessary in non-responders.
Book Review: Arindam Banik, Ananda Das Gupta and Pradip K. Bhaumik, Corporate Governance, Responsibility and Sustainability: Initiatives in Emerging Economies
Authors: Basu Rituparna
Published: February 2016

Arindam Banik, Ananda Das Gupta and Pradip K. Bhaumik, Corporate Governance, Responsibility and Sustainability: Initiatives in Emerging Economies. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 192 pp. £ 70 (ISSN: 978-11-373-6184-4 [Hardback])
Millat Tractors Limited: Has The Time Come to Say Goodbye to Massey Ferguson?
Authors: Jajja Muhammad Shakeel Sadiq , Hassan Syed Zahoor
Published: February 2016

Mr. S. M. Irfan Aqueel, CEO Millat Tractors Limited (MTL) had to chalk out a company strategy and action plan for dealing with MTL’s contractual obligations with Massey Ferguson (MF). If MTL continued the technology partnership with MF, MTL would not be able to export tractors. Exporting tractors was important for MTL because the local tractor demand had slashed to half in the past couple of years thus leaving half of the production capacity of MTL and its 250 vendors unutilized. On the other hand, breaking ties with MF would generate several challenges for MTL in the local market. Aqueel had to present his recommendations and action plan about how to move forward.
How Green are Our Hotels? Evidence from Thailand
Authors: Mishra Prajna Paramita
Published: February 2016

Environmental management remains a neglected area in the management of hotels. This study has tried to find out the environmental management practices of hotels in Bangkok. This study shows that hotels in Bangkok are practicing environmental management practices. However, at a point they also do not want to compromise with guest comfort. The idea of Green Leaf is very innovative and the hotels are trying their best to be a part of that. The hotels think that cost saving is a force for the practice of environmental management. However, they took it also as a barrier. Over the years, the number of star hotels has increased in all the cities of Asia. However, there is a dearth of research on the environmental management practices of these hotels. Therefore, there is an urgent need of such type of research just to find out how green are our hotels. This study helps us to find out the green environmental practices of hotels in Thailand and what lessons other Asian countries can draw from that.
Potential Role of Landsat Satellite Data for the Evaluation of Land Surface Temperature and Assessment of Urban Environment
Authors: Choudhury Malini Roy , Das Sumanta
Published: February 2016

Bankura district in West Bengal has experienced a rapid urban expansion over the last decade due to an accelerated economic growth. This article reports an investigation into the application of the integration of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) for detecting urban growth and assessing its impact on surface temperature in the region. Remote sensing techniques were used to carry out land use/cover change detection by using Landsat data and its effects on vegetation health and surface temperature. Urban growth patterns were analyzed by using a GIS-based modelling approach. The integration of remote sensing and GIS was further applied to examine the impact of urban growth on surface temperatures. The results revealed a notable and uneven urban growth in the study area. The study can be useful for conservation of natural environment and for sustainable development.
The United States Does CAIR About Cultural Safety: Examining Cultural Safety Within Indigenous Health Contexts in Canada and the United States
Authors: Darroch Francine , Giles Audrey , Sanderson Priscilla , Brooks-Cleator Lauren , Schwartz Anna , Joseph Darold , Nosker Roger
Published: February 2016

Purpose: This article examines the concept and use of the term cultural safety in Canada and the United States. Design: To examine the uptake of cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity, cultural competence, and cultural safety between health organizations in Canada and the United States, we reviewed position statements/policies of health care associations. Findings: The majority of selected health associations in Canada include cultural safety within position statements or organizational policies; however, comparable U.S. organizations focused on cultural sensitivity and cultural competence. Discussion: Through the work of the Center for American Indian Resilience, we demonstrate that U.S. researchers engage with the tenets of cultural safety—despite not using the language. Conclusions: We recommend that health care providers and health researchers consider the tenets of cultural safety. Implications for Practice: To address health disparities between American Indian populations and non–American Indians, we urge the adoption of the term and tenets of cultural safety in the United States.
Exploring Affordances of Email for Team Learning Over Time
Authors: Erhardt Niclas , Gibbs Jennifer , Martin-Rios Carlos , Sherblom John
Published: February 2016

Scant research has examined the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for team learning across time. Drawing on theories of team learning, group development, and technological affordances, we provide a multi-method case analysis of emails and interviews that explores how and when team learning occurs. We analyze 468 emails and 20 interviews collected from a team in a large Swedish insurance company over the course of a 44-week project, from start to completion. The analysis reveals that the affordances of email (asynchronicity, editability, persistence, and replicability) and perceptions of time (time for face-to-face interaction [FtF] and time management) drive three nonlinear cycles of knowledge sharing, co-construction, and constructive conflict across the 44-week life span of the project. The findings challenge existing framings of team learning grounded in FtF contexts and highlight the increasing importance of team learning through ICTs.
Exploring How Knowledge and Communication Influence Natural Resources Management With ReHab
Authors: Page Christophe Le , Dray Anne , Perez Pascal , Garcia Claude
Published: February 2016

Background and Aim. It is often assumed in natural resources management that communication helps with solving the ‘tragedy of the commons’ by way of shared knowledge and better coordination. ReHab is a role-playing game, both cooperative and competitive, exploring the role of knowledge production and communication for the conservation and management of natural resources through experiential learning.

Method. ReHab pitches players as Harvesters or Rangers in an abstract landscape representation where a resource is distributed in discrete units of Biomass. The landscape is also a nesting and breeding ground for a protected migratory Bird. The Rangers’ task is to maximize Bird reproduction by creating protected areas, while Harvesters have to collect Biomass. Rules about biomass regeneration, distribution amongst harvesters, and bird reproduction are not disclosed to the players. A typical game session includes two successive scenarios: No communication between players, followed by open communication. A final debriefing session with all players focuses on eliciting a common understanding of the hidden rules, as well as the influence of individual or collective strategies on scenario outputs. The analysis includes records from 45 sessions played since 2008.

Results. Our results show that in most cases communication improves the outcomes for both roles, Harvesters and Rangers, even though players construct and articulate rational decisions based on limited or even flawed understandings of the rules. In the absence of enforcement mechanisms, trust and communication prevail over knowledge and understanding when it comes to managing natural resources and resolving trade-offs between conservation and development.
Longitudinal Effects of Parent–Child Interactions on Children’s Social Competence
Authors: Gadaire Dana M. , Henrich Christopher C. , Finn-Stevenson Matia
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

This study examined normative change in children’s levels of social competence and parent–child interactions (PCIs) from kindergarten through second grade as well as relations between levels of PCI and children’s social development.

Methods:

Multiple waves of data were collected from parents and teachers of 379 children ranging in age from 4 to 6½ years. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate change over time in social competence controlling for children’s exposure to early learning programs such as home visiting and preschool programs. Next, frequency of PCI was entered as a time-varying predictor of children’s social competence levels.

Results:

Results indicated discrepancies between parent and teacher reports of children’s social development. Parents reported normative growth in children’s social competence, whereas teachers reported declines in this area. Parents also reported decreases in PCIs over time. Parent-reported social competence scores were positively associated with levels of PCIs, whereas no significant association was found between teacher-rated social competence scores and levels of PCI.

Discussion:

These results highlight the importance of viewing children’s social competence as a dynamic variable related to a multitude of individual, familial, and social factors. Findings also emphasize PCIs as a potential target for interventions aimed at enhancing such competence.
Violent Attacks and Damaged Victims
Authors: Littleton Heather L. , Dodd Julia C.
Published: February 2016

Scripts are influential in shaping sexual behaviors. Prior studies have examined the influence of individuals’ rape scripts. However, these scripts have not been evaluated among diverse groups. The current study examined the rape scripts of African American ( n = 72) and European American ( n = 99) college women. Results supported three rape scripts: the “real rape,” the “party rape,” and the mismatched intentions rape, that were equally common. However, there were some differences, with African Americans’ narratives more often including active victim resistance and less often containing victim vulnerability themes. Societal and cultural influences on rape scripts are discussed.
Want a Better Criminal Justice Response to Rape? Improve Police Interviews With Complainants and Suspects
Authors: Westera Nina J. , Kebbell Mark R. , Milne Becky
Published: February 2016

Achieving just outcomes in rape cases is difficult, but there are ways we can improve the investigation and prosecution of these crimes, now. We outline how targeting variables, within control of the criminal justice system, can improve the quality of information police obtain from interviews with complainants and suspects. We explore how, by preserving these accounts on video, the criminal justice process can better use this information to improve effective decision making from investigation through to criminal trial through to prevention.
Fragmented Regionalism
Authors: Savitch H. V. , Adhikari Sarin
Published: February 2016

This article addresses the extent to which metropolitan regions have continued to fragment and grown more disparate. We ask, why have comprehensive institutions not taken root to mitigate metropolitan fragmentation and how can we better understand its persistence? We call attention to the insufficiently understood and integrative role of public authorities as functional for fragmented metropolises and their continued splintering. That functionality is explained by a “regional paradox,” which states that centrifugal forces from autonomous, competitive local governments push against metropolitan integration while centripetal pressures for regional policy coherence pull toward it. The result is the embodiment of both tendencies in what we call fragmented regionalism—a condition where local autonomy is largely left intact while public authorities are able to manage selective regional pressures. We find that metropolitan regions have become more fragmented and more unequal. This pattern is concomitant with public authority spending, which has favored the most advantaged metropolises.
Drug interactions with aprepitant or fosaprepitant: Review of literature and implications for clinical practice
Authors: Dushenkov Anna , Kalabalik Julie , Carbone Antonia , Jungsuwadee Paiboon
Published: February 2016

Purpose

Aprepitant and its parenteral formulation fosaprepitant are widely used for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Aprepitant exerts modest inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 and modest inductive effect on CYP2C9 substrates such as some antineoplastics and multiple other medications. This article is aimed to provide pharmacists and other healthcare professionals with an updated summary of drug–drug interactions of aprepitant/fosaprepitant and implications for clinical practice.

Method

We reviewed publications reporting drug–drug interactions between aprepitant/fosaprepitant and other medications.

Results

Coadministration of aprepitant with antineoplastics or opiods may result in significant elevations in the serum levels of the agents metabolized via CYP3A4, with the best documentation for cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, erlotinib and oxycodone. These alterations did not translate into adverse outcomes and/or necessitate dosing adjustments. The levels of warfarin were significantly decreased by aprepitant requiring prolonged monitoring after discontinuation of aprepitant. Among direct oral anticoagulants, a theoretical interaction between aprepitant and rivaroxaban or apixaban exists. Interactions between aprepitant and quetiapine or diltiazem or sirolimus required dose reductions to avoid adverse outcomes. The intravenous route had a weaker inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 than the oral pathway.

Conclusion

The evidence on drug interactions of aprepitant with other medications is limited, and the impact on therapeutic outcomes remains to be determined. The intravenous regimen may be a preferred option. As utilization of aprepitant is expanding, practitioners and patients need to be educated about the potential for drug interactions and a need for careful monitoring of patients concurrently receiving aprepitant and CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 substrates, especially those with a narrow therapeutic window.