bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syrian Displacement, Gender and Boundary-Making in the Turkish Borderlands
Authors: Can Şule
Published: November 2021

This article presents a reflexive ethnographic analysis of ‘refugee lives’ and borders and boundary-making in the Turkish borderlands. Since 2011, the humanitarian crisis as a result of the Syrian civil war, and the arrival at the European border zones of refugees crossing the Mediterranean, have occupied the news outlets of the world. Today the European Union and Turkey look for permanent ‘solutions’ and emphasize ‘integration’ as a durable response to forced migration. This essay explores reflexive dimensions of long-term-fieldwork with Syrian refugees at the Turkey-Syria border through an analysis of ethnographic encounters and the politics of belonging and place-making. Borders are often contested spaces that complicate the researcher’s positionality, which oscillates between a politically engaged subject position and the ‘stranger’ who encounters the ‘other’ and must negotiate her space. By examining the Turkish-Syrian border and Syrian refugees’ experiences in the border city of Antakya, this article offers a critical lens to view the identity and politics of the researcher and embodied geopolitics.
European Borderlands, Beyond Britain and Brexit
Authors: Wilson Thomas M.
Published: November 2021

Brexit, i.e., the United Kingdom’s departure from membership in the European Union, has posed particular problems for communities in the borderlands of Northern Ireland since the referendum which began the process. With reference to initial scholarly assessments of Brexit effects in the UK and in other parts of Europe, the article explores the possible impact of Brexit on European borderlands. This article summarizes some of these problems in Northern Ireland in order to ask questions which may prove relevant at borders elsewhere in Europe, particularly in regard to issues of political, economic, social and cultural integration and differentiation in national and transnational contexts.
Implementing Sustainable Development Goal on Education (SDG4) amid Donor Fatigue: Challenges for the Global South
Authors: Kakupa Paul , Shayo Happy Joseph
Published: November 2021

This paper critically reflects on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal on education (SDG4) in the Global South amid apparent donor fatigue. It also highlights international observers’ concerns about a huge funding gap in the implementation of SDG4 in the Global South. With the COVID-19 pandemic currently ravaging the world, this funding gap will only widen. In the face of these challenges, low-income countries with a high dependency on aid remain at risk of defaulting on most SDG4 targets. While reflecting on what the decline in education aid might mean for low-income countries, the paper argues that a truly transformative approach can help these countries achieve SDG4 and its sustainability agenda despite funding challenges.
Study of Settlement Pattern of Dungarpur District of Rajasthan
Authors: Binda Varun , Chharang Santosh
Published: November 2021

The settlement indicates the spatial pattern of the human's functional activities at the local level, including residence, street structure, community areas, etc. Settlements represent one of the most dominant features made by men on the earth in the process of habitation. In the genetic term, settlements are the almost permanent abode of an organism. They represent "An organized colony of human beings together with the buildings, paths, and streets over which they travel." The settlement pattern is also an essential aspect of settlement geography for research. Within a particular region, different types of settlement patterns were found. The settlement pattern is controlled by various socio-economic, climatic, and different factors. In this research, the authors attempt to highlight the various settlements' patterns, sizes, and responsible factors.
The Dutch slavery and colonization DNA. A call to engage in self-examination
Authors: Steinmetz Carl H. D.
Published: November 2021

This article answers the question whether there is a Dutch slavery and colonisation DNA. After all, the Netherlands has centuries of experience (approximately three and a half centuries) with colonisation (including occupation, wars and genocide, rearrangement of land and population, plundering and theft), trade in enslaved people (the Atlantic route: Europe, Africa, North and South America) and trade in the products of these enslaved people. The Netherlands has colonised large parts of the world. This was a large part of Asia, including the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, Ceylon, Taiwan and New Guinea, large parts of the continent Africa, including Madagascar, Mozambique, Cape of Good Hope, Luanda, Sao Tome, Fort Elmina etc., and North (New York) and South America (including Brazil, Dejima, Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles). It is a fact that human conditions and circumstances influence the human DNA that is passed on to posterity. This goes through the mechanism of methylation.  This mechanism is used by cells in the human body to put genes in the "off" position. Human conditions and circumstances are abstractly formulated, poverty, hunger, disasters and wars. These are also horrors that accompanied slavery and colonisation. The Dutch, as slave traders, plantation owners, occupiers of lands, soldiers, merchants, captains and sailors, and administrators and their staff, have had centuries of experience with practising atrocities. Because those experiences are translated into the DNA of posterity, it is understandable that Dutch authorities misbehave towards immigrants and refugees. Those institutions are political leaders, governmental institutions, such as the tax authorities and youth welfare, and also companies that do their utmost to avoid taking on immigrants. This behaviour is called institutional colour and black racism.
Research on maintenance spare parts requirement prediction based on LSTM recurrent neural network
Authors: Song Weixing , Wu Jingjing , Kang Jianshe , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to improve the low accuracy of equipment spare parts requirement predicting, which affects the quality and efficiency of maintenance support, based on the summary and analysis of the existing spare parts requirement predicting research. This article introduces the current latest popular long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm which has the best effect on time series data processing to equipment spare parts requirement predicting, according to the time series characteristics of spare parts consumption data. A method for predicting the requirement for maintenance spare parts based on the LSTM recurrent neural network is proposed, and the network structure is designed in detail, the realization of network training and network prediction is given. The advantages of particle swarm algorithm are introduced to optimize the network parameters, and actual data of three types of equipment spare parts consumption are used for experiments. The performance comparison of predictive models such as BP neural network, generalized regression neural network, wavelet neural network, and squeeze-and-excitation network prove that the new method is effective and provides an effective method for scientifically predicting the requirement for maintenance spare parts and improving the quality of equipment maintenance.
Dječja perspektiva prijelaza iz dječjeg vrtića u osnovnu školu
Authors: Visković Ivana , Mikulandra Karla
Published: November 2021

Polazak u osnovnu školu, kao početak formalnog obrazovanja, značajan je događaj za većinu djece. Kvaliteta prijelaza iz predškolske ustanove u osnovnu školu povezana je s aktualnom i dugoročnom dobrobiti djeteta. Način na koji dijete doživljava prijelaz, razumije svrhovitost obrazovanja i osobnu ulogu u tome procesu utječe na početna postignuća, a posredno i na kasnije obrazovne ishode. U Konvenciji o pravima djeteta (1989) djeci se jamči pravo na izražavanje osobnog mišljenja i pravo da budu saslušana i uvažena, što je svrha i ovoga rada. 

Rad daje prikaz empirijskog istraživanja perspektive djece u godini pred polazak u osnovnu školu (N=7). Kroz polustrukturirani intervju istraženo je dječje viđenje prijelaza, razumijevanje institucionalnog odgojno-obrazovnog procesa i svrhe obrazovanja te percepcija razlike dječjeg vrtića i osnovne škole. Svrha istraživanja jest razumijevanje i uvažavanje perspektive djece kao doprinos konstrukciji odgojno-obrazovnog kurikuluma dječjeg vrtića i osnovne škole. Većina djece u istraživanju veseli se polasku u osnovnu školu, spremno je preuzeti obveze i uloge učenika. Istodobno iskazuju strah od nepoznatog te nepovjerenje u osobna znanja. Djeca u istraživanju prepoznaju strukturalne razlike dječjeg vrtića i osnovne škole, načine i ishode učenja te uloge dionika procesa. Razlike pripisuju razini obveznosti („moranja“), samostalnosti i autonomije, vrsti aktivnosti i ulozi odraslih (roditelja, odgojitelja i učitelja). Navode jasne distinkcije između igre i učenja. Prethodno iskustvo i redoslijed rođenja u obitelji prepoznati su kao interventne varijable.
Implementation of the ProHeritage project in 2018 and 2019
Authors: Kulenović Igor , Kulenović Neda , Vrkić Šime
Published: November 2021

The paper presents information on the implementation of the project Cultural Landscape – a Model of Valorisation, Protection, Management and Use of Cultural Heritage - ProHeritage (UIP-2017-05-2152) in 2018 and 2019. The project is carried out in the area of the municipality of Jasenice and the town of Obrovac. It encompasses a segment of southern and southeastern Velebit and western part of Bukovica. The aim of the project is valorisation of cultural and archaeological heritage at the landscape level, in contrast to the model focused on monuments as a dominant approach in Croatia. Research area represents a test area for developing models of work for valorisation of landscape as a heritage resource.
A review on oil spill clean-up using bio-sorbent materials with special emphasis on utilization of kenaf core fibers
Authors: Tan Jen Yen , Low Siew Yan , Ban Zhen Hong , Siwayanan Parthiban
Published: November 2021

Thousands of oil spill incidents regrettably have occurred on a daily basis around the globe. Oil spills are a form of pollution that poses major catastrophic threats to marine ecosystems. Oil spill incidents commonly occur in the middle of the ocean, and the process to remove the oil becomes a great challenge. Absorbents, due to their good oil-absorbing characteristics, are becoming more popular nowadays as one of the effective oil spill clean-up methods. Among the many types of oil absorbents, plant fibers were also being studied to remove the oil spills from the sea surface. This paper reviews factors leading to oil spills, the detrimental effect of the oil spill on the environment, the oil spill removal methods, and the application of plant fibers as oil absorbent material. The paper also will highlight the latest development on the utilization of kenaf core fibers as oil-absorbent material and the use of oil absorbed kenaf core fibers as fuel briquette by taking advantage the high calorific value of the oil spill.
Chitosan and graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for water purification and medical applications: A review
Authors: Khandegar Vinita , Kaur Perminder Jit , Chanana Pratibha
Published: November 2021

Chitosan (CS) is a natural polysaccharide isolated from insects, molluscs, and fungi. The specific properties of chitosan can be enhanced using physicochemical processes. The composites prepared using CS and graphene oxide (GO) contain active functional groups such as epoxide, carboxyl, and hydroxyl, which possess excellent biocompatibility, high adsorption capacity, and biodegradability. Their low cost and ease of scale-up make them employable for multiple applications in water-treatment plants, electronics, solar cells, and pharmaceuticals. This review provides an overview of sources, types, and properties of chitin, chitosan, and graphene oxide. The use of these composites for the preparation of anti-microbial drugs has been discussed here. The article also explores the applicability of such composites for removal of heavy metals (lead, copper, chromium, cobalt, mercury, etc.), dyes (methylene blue and other reactive dyes), and organic and inorganic contaminants (ofloxacin, naphthanol, phenol, and oil, etc.). The article highlights various knowledge gaps in the field and the scope of future work.
Densification of wood – Chemical and structural changes due to ultrasonic and mechanical treatment
Authors: Rudak Oksana , Barcik Stefan , Rudak Pavel , Chayeuski Vadzim , Koleda Peter
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the state of the art of wood surface densification method by pressing with ultrasound. The properties of ultrasound and its effects on the structure and properties of wood, as well as ultrasound-induced chemical changes in wood material, are described. The following research results were analyzed: the effects of acoustic cavitation in wood material, plasticization of wood lignin by processing with ultrasound, the influence of ultrasound on the wood anatomical structure, the combined effect of ultrasound and wood pressing, and the sterilization of wood using ultrasonic action. Ultrasound causes conversion of lignin from glassy into a quasi-rubbery state, which facilitates compaction of the workpiece surface. Additionally, under ultrasound, growth and collapse of gas bubbles (cavitation phenomena) occur within a liquid medium of wooden substance accompanied by high local temperatures and production of chemically active radicals. This contributes to the destruction of the former and the formation of new bonds in the wood substance, which is important for increasing the stability of the workpiece size after densification. The conclusions made about the ultrasound can be effectively used for the wood plasticization and about prospects of joint use of wood pressing and ultrasound for wood surface densification.
Application progress of microbial immobilization technology based on biomass materials
Authors: Zhang Zeyu , Fan Zheng , Zhang Guoliang , Qin Lei , Fang Jie
Published: November 2021

In recent years, microbial degradation technology has shown broad potential in the fields of agriculture, industry, and environmental protection. However, in practical applications the technology still encounters many problems, such as low bacterial survivability during dynamic operations, the need to remove bacterial liquid, and low tolerance in high-toxic environments, among other issues. Immobilization technology has been developed to overcome such limitations. Microbial strains have been prepared for a specific range of activities utilizing self-fixation or exosome fixation. Immobilization can significantly improve strain density, toxicity tolerance, and bacterial liquid removal. This review first presents the advantages and disadvantages of the current microbial immobilization technologies and then summarizes the properties and characteristics of various carrier materials. The review focuses on how biomass-derived materials have been used as the carriers in new microbial immobilization technologies. The excellent biocompatibility, unique physical structure, and diversified modification methods of biomass-derived materials have shown excellent prospects in the field of microbial immobilization. Finally, microbial immobilization technologies’ potential applications in agriculture, industry, and environmental applications are considered.
Presencia de mujeres inmigrantes latinoamericanas en el cine español
Authors: Malta Renata Barreto , Gordillo Inmaculada
Published: November 2021

El objetivo del artículo es analizar la presencia de la mujer inmigrante latinoamericana en el cine español a partir de un corpus compuesto por películas producidas entre 1999-2012. Se utilizaron herramientas metodológicas del Análisis de Contenido y la discusión teórica está basada en los Estudios Culturales, la Narrativa Audiovisual y los Estudios de Género. Los resultados indican que la presencia de esas personajes es efectiva, pero que se construye con bases hegemónicas en lo que concierne a nacionalidad, etnia y franja etaria. Además, se ha constatado que hay un predominio de argumentos centrados en la cotidianidad y la marginalidad.
A syntactic complexity analysis of translational English across genres
Authors: Xu Jiajin , Li Jialei
Published: November 2021

This study compares the syntactic complexity between translational and non-translational English across four genres (i.e. fiction, news, general prose, and academic prose) and examines the connections between various forms and degrees of syntactic complexity measures and explicitation. Fourteen syntactic complexity indices were examined based on a one-million-word translational English corpus (COTE) and a one-million-word non-translational English corpus (i.e. FLOB), respectively. This study shows that syntactic explicitation in translations varies with the formality of discourse. The most significant complexity difference between translational vis-à-vis non-translational English is found in fiction, which is regarded as the major contributor to translational English syntactic complexity. No significant difference in syntactic complexity was observed between the two types of academic English texts. Translational English news and general prose stand between fiction and academic texts. Translational fiction and news are characterised by more phrasal complexity features such as coordinate and complex nominal phrases, and a key indicator of translational English general prose complexity is subordination. The findings of this study will help students of translation to make informed decisions on the arrangement of sentence structures when given texts of different genres.
Potrzeba mądrości wychowania w kontekście ludzkich dylematów
Authors: Drożdż Michał
Published: November 2021

Potrzeba mądrości wychowania w kontekście ludzkich dylematów. Mądrość nauczyciela jest nieodłączna od umiejętności rozwiązywania ludzkich dylematów i trudności życiowych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie roli i zadań nauczyciela w kontekście wielu ludzkich dylematów. Na początku zostaną omówione dylematy związane z tajemnicą człowieka. Nauczyciel musi się także zmagać się z przejawami i skutkami ludzkiej niedojrzałości. Tematem wiodącym niniejszego artykułu jest teza o potrzebie mądrych nauczycieli, którzy potrafią na te wyzwania odpowiedzialnie odpowiadać dla dobra uczniów i rodziców. Punktem odniesienia w naszych analizach jest integralna antropologia personalistyczna. Zakładamy, iż mądrość jest dostępna, a prawda jest w stanie ukształtować nawet heroiczne charaktery nauczycielskie.
Features	of the Digital Economy Development in the EAEU Countries
Authors: Sidorova Ekaterina
Published: November 2021

The most important factor of the global economy development is its digitalization. The degree of introduction of technologies determines the overall level of national economy competitiveness. In this context, the research studies modern approaches to the definition of the digital economy and analyzes the digital economy development of the Eurasian Economic Union (the EAEU) countries. Therefore, the article, first, characterizes the features and challenges of the digital economy as a new socio-economic system. Second, it investigates the development of digital economy in the EAEU countries by analyzing the statistical data and indices and identifies the potential of the EAEU countries in this field. Specifically, a rating assessment is made based on the E-Government Development Index, the E-participation Index, the ICT Development Index, the Network Readiness Index, and the Global Cybersecurity Index. The research has showed that there are currently conditions for the development of the digital economy of the EAEU countries and the strengthening of cooperation between them in this field. The advantages of Russia are not total, and Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia have the best result in a number of indicators among the EAEU countries. In 2017 the “Main Directions for Implementing the Digital Agenda of the Eurasian Economic Union Until 2025” were approved by the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council. This document includes the following directions: digital transformation of economic sectors and cross-sectoral transformation, digital transformation of the goods markets, services, capital and labor, digital transformation of management processes by integration processes, the development of digital infrastructure and ensuring the security of digital processes. In addition, a number of projects aimed at creating a single digital space are being implemented. This article extends the knowledge about the digital economy development of the EAEU countries, their potential in this area in terms of the implementation of the joint digital agenda.
Regional and Industry-Specific Approach to the Formation of the Water Management Complex Development Strategy
Authors: Chernova Olga
Published: November 2021

The level of the water management complex development affects the state of the resource potential of the region and its structural and sectoral features. The purpose of this article is to reveal the relations and interdependence of the processes of strategic development of the water management complex and regional economy; to form recommendations that contribute to the development of these relations. The problem of forming a strategy for the water management complex development is considered within the framework of the sustainable development concept, which takes socio-economic and environmental aspects into account. As a result of the study the influence of the water management complex on the socio-economic potential of the southern Russian regions was analyzed. Scenario variants of the water management complex development in the regions are identified, their typology is carried out. The necessity of forming a mechanism of interdepartmental coordination to improve the efficiency of the management system for the strategic development of the water management complex is justified. Conclusions are drawn about the need to supplement the basin approach to water resources management with a regional-sectoral approach. This will make it possible to link the development strategy of the water management complex with the sectoral structural changes in the region. The results of the study can be used by regional authorities and water resources management to solve the problems of increasing the sustainability of water and regional ecosystems.
Import Substitution in the Agro-Industrial Complex: Implementation Mechanism and Development Prospects
Authors: Gorshkova Natalya , Shkarupa Ekaterina , Eltoncev Aleksej
Published: November 2021

The problems and prospects of the import substitution policy continue to be a strategic priority for the development of the Russian economy. This is due to the presence of imports of certain types of food, which pose a threat to the food security of the territory and the infringement of national interests of the country. The current state support of the agro-industrial complex is aimed at increasing agricultural production in order to ensure import substitution. All this determines the need to improve the process of supporting the agro-industrial complex, create favorable conditions for the effective development of rural areas, increase the financial stability of agricultural producers, ensure a sufficient level of their profitability, create and develop a full-fledged production infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to consider the mechanism for the implementation of import substitution in the agro-industrial complex and possible prospects for its development in modern conditions. The article presents an overview of the existing interpretations of the “import substitution” concept which made it possible to indicate the author’s position regarding the studied phenomenon. The mechanism of import substitution is manifested in the unity of its component mechanisms: organizational and economic, which in turn include certain forms, methods, tools. The potential for further development of the agro-industrial complex import substitution mechanism is represented by the following directions: expansion of grant financing of agro-industrial complex enterprises, the list of targeted preferential short-term lending, strengthening of tax incentives, implementation of projects based on public-private partnership.
Modern Problems and Prospects for the Development of the Insurance Market in the Russian Federation
Authors: Gushchina Elena , Vinogradova Valeria
Published: November 2021

The role of insurance in a person’s life is undoubtedly great because it serves as the most effective tool in case of loss of property, health problems, business protection, etc. The purpose of the article is to assess the current state of the insurance market in Russia and identify problems that arise during its functioning. The research methodology consists in summarizing and comparing data characterizing various components of the insurance market. The article analyzes the current state of the insurance market in Russia with a falling number of insurers by more than 20 % over the past 3 years, the share of top insurers continues to grow every year, over the past 3 years the growth has amounted to 12 %. Calculations that indicate a change in the level of concentration in the insurance market of the Russian Federation have been made. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that there is monopolistic competition in the market. The main factors influencing the level of competition in the market under consideration, namely, barriers to entry into the industry and their impact, were studied Due to the relevance of the research, the analysis of the impact the pandemic has on the Russian insurance market was carried out and the prospects for the development of the market were considered. Identifying the weaknesses of insurers made it possible to determine the priority areas for further development: intensive digital transformation of business, marketing, advertising.
Determinants of Liquidity Management: Evidence from Nigerian Banking Sector
Authors: Kajola Sunday , Sanyaolu Wasiu , Alao Abdul-Azeez , Babatolu Ayorinde
Published: November 2021

The study examined the determinants of liquidity management in twelve Nigerian banks during 2009–2018. Liquidity ratio (LQR) and deposit to asset ratio (DAR) were used as surrogates for liquidity management. As the potential liquidity management determinant indicators, five bank-specific variables (capital adequacy, size, asset quality, profitability and deposit growth) and three macroeconomic variables (GDP growth rate, inflation rate and interest rate) were used as proxies. Results from balanced fixed effects least square regression analytical technique show that size, profitability, GDP growth rate and inflation rate are important liquidity determinants in Nigerian banks. Specifically, bank size has a positive and significant influence on LQR, while GDP growth rate and inflation rate exhibit a negative and significant relationship with LQR. It further reveals a positive and significant relationship between profitability (ROA) and DAR. It is recommended that banks’ management should focus attention on both bank-specific (size and profitability) and macroeconomic (GDP growth and inflation rate) factors when deciding appropriate liquidity management strategy to be adopted. These four variables have the capacity to influence the profitability, sustainable growth and survival of banks operating in a volatile business environment such as Nigeria.
Amacompri information system for postpartum nursing monitoring
Authors: Vargas Porras Carolina , Cárcamo-Troconis Emilio Justiniano , Ferré-Grau Carme , De Molina-Fernández María Inmaculada
Published: November 2021

Background: First-time mothers require greater nursing accompaniment in the postpartum period due to their lack of expertise and preparation for the new challenges of motherhood. Information and communication technologies (ICTCs) allow easy access to learning habits for the transition into motherhood; however, the lack of technological appropriation for postpartum monitoring becomes evident in developing countries and in the Western world. Methods: This study developed the Amacompri postpartum nursing tracking information system, which is based on Mercer's theory of becoming a mother and discusses the vital environment: First-time mother’s family and friends. The Amacompri software was designed using the SCRUM methodology, java web technologies and PostgreSQL database. Results: This information system features a web version and a mobile App. The technical validation involved 10 experts, and the validation by population 10 first-time mothers. This first group reviewed the quality of presentation and content in the early stages of the software. Finally, the Amacompri system was used for 4 months by 33 first-time mothers, who evaluated the application for design, usability, and applicability. Amacompri software was effective for non-face-to-face nursing accompaniment to first-time mothers. Conclusions: The Amacompri software was designed based on Mercer's theory of becoming a mother, and has been technically validated (experts) and validated by population (first mothers), demonstrating its quality in both presentation and content. Its evaluation demonstrated its effectiveness in meeting the development objective. In this context, the Amacompri software meets multimedia requirements in the functional, technical-esthetic, and pedagogical aspects.
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND VARIATION OF Sn/Zn COOLING MEDIA ON NICKEL ALLOY STEEL THROUGH HOT FORGING AND AUSTEMPERING
Authors: Herbirowo Satrio , Harimurti Martin , Chandra Septian Adi , Utama Dedi Pria , Ridlo Faried Miftahur , Zulaida Yeni Muriani , Adjiantoro Bintang
Published: November 2021

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND VARIATION OF Sn/Zn COOLING MEDIA ON NICKEL ALLOY STEEL THROUGH HOT FORGING AND AUSTEMPERING. Laterite steel with nickel content is expected to be a solution to overcome the lack of domestic steel availability and dependence on imports. This research was conducted to develop Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy steel used Grinding ball for cement industrial applications. Grinding ball is the one of imported steel products needed to be crushing and size reduction the ores or cement. In addition to import issues, grinding balls have a significant problem: their mechanical properties that do not meet SNI 1049 require the material to have a minimum hardness value of 45 HRC. In this study, the characteristics of Nickel alloy steel were investigated further through heat treatment of forgings heated at the austenitizing temperature of 950 °C and austempering with variations in the cooling medium of Sn/Zn solution. The cooling medium was chosen because it has a melting temperature in the phase diagram area to form the bainite microstructure with complex and challenging characteristics, both of which are required in material for grinding ball applications. In particular, the hardness value that passed the SNI 1069 standard was the use of samples with a Cr-Mo alloy of 1%-wt with a hardness value of 45.92 HRC for Sn Austemper and 48.07 HRC for Zn austemper.
A State Village from the Reform of P.D. Kiselev to the Reform of 1866 (on the Example of Vladimir Province)
Authors: Lyapanov Artem
Published: November 2021

The article, based on the material of Vladimir province and other provinces of the Central Industrial Region, explains the change in the position of state peasants after the reform of P.D. Kiselev, who, using their case, wanted to provide landowners with a role model and useful guidance. The article refers to various aspects of the peasants’ life up until the publication of the decrees of 1866. The author makes the conclusion about the positive dynamics in the situation with state village. However, according to the research, one of the main problems of that time, namely the problem of land scarcity, has not been resolved. In this regard, the text considers the process of the state village reformation in 1866. The research analyses the process and the outcomes of implementation of the two laws, which resulted in transformation of state peasants’ management system and reorganization of their land arrangement. The values of land allotments and quitrent tax of state peasants with the corresponding indicators of former landowners peasants and former appanage peasants are compared. The situation with the distribution of land within each of these categories of rural population and between them is reviewed in the article. The author comes to the conclusion that the position of the state peasants as a result of the reform turned out to be better than the position of the former landowners and former appanage peasants.
Purposes and Content of Legal Restrictions in Criminal Punishment
Authors: Guzeeva Olga
Published: November 2021

A comparison of the goals of punishment and the goals of restricting rights and freedoms declared in the Constitution shows that only crime prevention, both at the level of a threat of punishment and the actual execution of punishment, fully corresponds to the constitutional standards of restricting rights. The goal of restoring social justice cannot legitimize punishment because it turns punishment into a demonstration of a just retribution for the violations committed by the offender. The goal of correcting convicts does not have direct legal grounds in Russia as well. However, since punishment includes both a restriction of rights and educational-rehabilitation programs, the goal of correction could only be justified as an element of penitentiary rehabilitation practice, as a desired result of moral and psychological influence on a person. The analysis of the contents of punishment from the standpoint of restricting human rights showed that these restrictions of rights of a convicted person could be either a part of punishment or could be immediately connected with the punishment, ensuring its execution and constituting part of the «punishment regime». The restrictions of rights in the process of executing a punishment (compulsive labor, restriction of visits, etc.) could only be introduced as necessary restrictions that ensure not only the law-abiding behavior of convicts during the term of punishment and their correction, but also a preparation for their release. The restrictions of rights and freedoms that constitute the essence of criminal punishment should not infringe on the «core of the personality», should not result in a situation when these rights and freedoms become meaningless, should not be cruel or humiliating for human dignity. It is established that the following rights should not be restricted as a criminal punishment: a right to life, equality, privacy, inviolability of the home, use of a native language, freedom of belief, conscience and religion, freedom of thought and speech, a right to education, protection provided by the state, and some others. The deprivation or restriction of three rights should be recognized as rational and sufficient for constituting punishment: those of physical freedom, property and involvement in some types of activities.
Problems of Improving Criminal Law Measures of Counteracting Crimes in the Sphere of Computer Information
Authors: Gladkikh Viktor , Mosechkin Ilya
Published: November 2021

The paper discusses the improvement of criminal law norms regulating liability for cybercrimes. The goal of the conducted research was to develop recommendations for improving clauses of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation that determine liability for unauthorized access to digital information as well as for deve­loping, using and distributing computer malware. The methodological basis of this research was the dialectic method, while the results were obtained and processed using the formal-legal and the comparative-legal methods as well as the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The examined materials included normative legal acts regulating liability for cybercrimes, and data from court practice. The examination of court sentences allowed the authors to state that cybercrimes are often just a first link in a chain of illegal activities. The results of such crimes are used to commit further delicts. The formal components of crimes under Art. 272–274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation do not include, either as a constructive or a qualifying feature, the goal of hiding another crime or facilitating it. The authors suggest including this goal, as a feature that aggravates liability, into Part 2, Art. 272 and Part 2, Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Besides, the authors found out that malware is often not only developed, but also purchased for further use. As the purchase of such software is connected with public danger, it is suggested that this action should be criminalized through amendments in Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Finally, the authors prove that it is necessary to specify the wording of Part 1, Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to delineate criminal and non-criminal activities. Literal interpretation of Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not preclude criminal prosecution in cases when malware is developed for research, educational and expert purposes. The authors conclude that it is necessary to add an indication of the illegal character of actions to the wording of Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Temperature analysis of driver and optical behavior of LED lamps
Authors: Santos Emerson Roberto , Tavares Maurício Vicente , Duarte Antonio Celso , Furuya Hélio Akira
Published: November 2021

This exploratory study was carried out with the objective to know the optical behavior of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps used and the temperature reached by electronic components that compose the driver (electronic circuit situated inside the body LED lamp) responsible to convert electrical alternating current from power line to direct current to operate the LED devices. Then, two different experiments were carried out with LED lamps. In the first experiment, 131 LED lamps used were chosen randomly and bought from household appliances store (bargain market product) presenting different nominal powers, 8, 10, 12 and 15 watts. All LED lamps were polarized at the power line at 127 V and revealed different optical behaviors, such as: not turn-on; flashing light (as strobe effect); flashing light (as strobe effect) with high intensity (more intense than normal); flashing light (as strobe effect) with low intensity (less intense than normal); fast turnon and turn-off only; and turn-on with low intensity of light (less intense than normal). The hypothesis for these behaviors can be attributed by three different behaviors: in lamps not turn-on, this failure can be attributed for dark spots that are created on the surface of LED device. In these lamps, all LED devices are electrically connected in serial. When a LED is inoperative, the electrical current is interrupted for all LED devices; damage to the electronic components caused by internal high temperature confined inside the lamp body during the operation causing electrical oscillations, as observed from different behaviors from flashing light, flashing light with high intensity, flashing light with low intensity and fast turn-on and turn-off only; swelling of the electrolytic capacitors causing low energy storage and varying the electrical current flow, the electrical current for other electronic components altered the normal optical behavior of the LED lamps. In the second experiment, the temperatures of electronic components located in driver were obtained out of body lamp revealing: from 33 (lowest temperature attributed to inductor) to 52.5ºC (highest temperature attributed to electrolytic capacitor). These temperature values represent the ideal or normal condition of operation for electronic components, but, when they are operating inside the lamp body, the found temperature values increased considerably. This characteristic can be better evidenced by strong color change (caused by accumulative temperature during the elapsed days used) on the printed circuit board used in the driver.
Dispersion distortions of wide spectrum signals during their propagation in the Earth ionosphere
Authors: Ivoylova M. M. , Kashin A. V. , Kozlov V. A.
Published: November 2021

The current trend in the development of radio engineering systems (RES) is to use wide spectrum signals, the application of which provides an increase in the resolution and secrecy of the radar operation, an increase in the speed and volume of transmitted information for communication and telemetry systems. The class of such signals includes ultrashort pulses (USP signals), radio pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp signals). Also of interest are ultra-wideband (UWB) noise signals (UWBN signals), which have high electromagnetic compatibility, stealth and noise immunity. When designing promising ground-based and space-based RES using wide spectrum signals, an important task is to determine the distortions of their envelope shape and distortions of spectrum, as well as the change in the polarization of the emitted wave when passing through the Earth's ionosphere, since taking these distortions into account will provide conditions for optimal reception. This article presents the numerical assessment results of the expected distortions of the wide spectrum signals main types of the decimeter wavelength range, for middle latitudes at heights from 100 km to 1000 km. The conversion of the emitted pulse into a frequency modulated radio pulse is typical for the USP signal. For a chirp radio pulse with a monotonically increasing frequency, an initial decrease in duration with an increase in amplitude and subsequent stretching in time with further spread is typical (the amplitude change is estimated due to a change in the signal shape without taking into account spread). For a chirp radio pulse with a monotonically falling frequency and a UWBN signal, dispersion distortions manifest themselves as an increase in their duration with a decrease in amplitude. For all signal types under consideration that have passed through the ionosphere, a leading edge lag is observed, the dependences of frequency on time at an altitude of 1000 km are repeated and are close to hyperbolic character, the energy spectra envelope shape of the considered signals is almost not distorted. The polarization plane rotation for signals with a spectrum concentrated in the frequency range above 0.7 GHz does not exceed 45
Evaluation of the position of the connection point of the coaxial probe to the rectangular printed antenna
Authors: Miloserdov A. S. , Naneishvili I. G.
Published: November 2021

The input impedance of the printed antenna depends on the feed connection coordinate. It is often possible to provide the required level of the voltage standing wave coefficient of a simple printed antenna by correctly selecting the connection coordinate of the feeding coaxial probe. The selection of the coordinate of the coaxial probe connection by analytical calculations is usually inconvenient due to its complexity, so often numerical calculation methods are used to optimize printed antennas, such as the method of finite differences in the time domain, the method of moments, and others. The paper deals with the problem of selecting the connection point of a feeding coaxial probe to a rectangular printed antenna using the finite difference time domain method, the cavity model method, and a combination of these two methods. It has been established that the finite differences time domain method requires large computing power, since the selection of the coordinate of the connection of the coaxial probe requires a complete solution of the electrodynamic problem for each case of feed connection. The cavity model method allows us to estimate the position of the power point almost in real time with minimal computing power, but it has much less accuracy compared to the finite difference time domain method. It is possible to reduce the number of iterations in the process of selecting the coordinate of connecting the coaxial probe using the finite difference time domain method due to its joint use with the cavity model method. In this case, the first (initial) coordinate of the coaxial probe connection is determined using the cavity model. After that, optimization algorithms are applied together with the finite difference time domain method. The paper presents the results of comparing the required number of iterations for convergence of the optimization algorithm based on the confidence domain method when using the finite difference method in the time domain and the joint use of the cavity model and the finite difference time domain when solving the problem of selecting the feeding coordinate.
Frequency selective antenna radome based on metal-dielectric gratings and perforated screens
Authors: Kasyanov A. O.
Published: November 2021

This article is devoted to the analysis of numerical study results of printed frequency selective surfaces scattering characteristics. It has been shown that these frequency selective surfaces may be used as antenna radomes. Numerical results have been obtained by full-wave simulation of frequency-selective surfaces with dielectric covers. The numerical research results of the scattering characteristics of printed frequency selective surfaces as antenna radomes based on metal-dielectric gratings and thick perforated screens have been presented. A comprehensive numerical study of microwave frequency selective surfaces based on multi-element multilayer printed reflectarrays and thick perforated screens has been carried out. Constructive solutions for metal-dielectric structures in integral design, realizing the functions of frequency selective surfaces, have been found. These solutions are based on performed numerical studies. The problems of constructive implementation of multilayer planar spatially selective as frequency selective surfaces have been considered. These frequency selective surfaces are integrated into radiation systems of modern multi-element printed phased arrays. The problems connected with creation of such arrays have been also considered. The numerical simulation results for frequency selective surfaces based on metal gratings with dielectric covers have been obtained. These results can be used to select the most rational options for the topology of metal-dielectric gratings. Such solutions may be useful for design of multifunctional radomes in microwave antenna systems. Based on the obtained numerical data, the possibilities of using flat gratings as frequency selective surfaces in the composition of antenna radomes have been considered. The spatial frequency-selective structures proposed in this work are performed as multi-planar printed gratings. These gratings are designed to ensure electromagnetic compatibility of closely spaced radio electronic sets. These radio electronic sets operate in close frequency ranges. They contain antenna arrays. These arrays are placed under the antenna radomes.