bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les marqueurs des constructions analytiques du réfléchi et du réciproque en arabe du Caire
Authors: Haslé Julie
Published: February 2019

Cet article aborde les marqueurs des constructions analytiques de réorientation des actants en arabe cairote, à savoir nafs pour le réfléchi, et baˁḍ pour le réciproque. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit de marqueurs recaractérisés pour leur fonction diathétique, et non de marqueurs propres à cet emploi. Nous comparons les caractéristiques fonctionnelles et notionnelles de ces mots lorsqu'ils occupent d'autres fonctions syntaxiques, afin de mettre en avant les critères de leur sélection en marqueurs de voix.D'un premier usage de nafs, nous retenons qu'il met en relation différents éléments, et établit un rapport entre eux sur la base d'une notion auxquels les référents peuvent tous être rapportés. Un second usage expose son rôle de singularisation du référent, qui le retire alors de toute mise en contraste, et créer ainsi un effet d'emphase, ne prenant en compte que la nature du référent lui-même. Ces fonctions parallèles de nafs contribuent à éclairer son choix en marqueur de réfléchi, ainsi que l'intensification de la valeur agentive du sujet qui lui est associée.Les différents usages de baˁḍ révèlent que s'il a aussi pour rôle de mettre différents éléments en rapport, la relation ne s'établit pas dans une notion à laquelle peuvent se rapporter les éléments, mais à travers une notion tierce. baˁḍ construit entre des référents effectivement distincts la participation à un même état, statif ou processif.Dans les deux cas, leur recaractérisation en marqueurs diathétiques permet leur utilisation dans des structures qui empruntent à ces modèles, tout en y apportant des nuances diathétiques, comme l'autobénéfactif ou le sociatif.Ainsi, l'identification d'un ensemble de traits notionnels associés à ces mots permet de montrer les valeurs associées aux constructions analytiques du réfléchi et réciproque, et de mettre en avant deux constructions bien distinctes.
Une approche sociolinguistique du parler arabe de Ouezzane depuis la perspective du genre
Authors: Benítez Fernández Montserrat
Published: February 2019

Cet article explore la variation sociolinguistique qui se produit dans la variété arabe parlée à Ouezzane, selon la variable du genre. On a choisi trois points d’analyse où la variation de genre est considérable d’un point de vue quantitatif. D’abord, on analyse les deux réalisations de /q/ les plus significatives dans le corpus -l’occlusive uvulaire sourde [q] et l’occlusive vélaire sonore [g]-, puis l’amuïssement de /h/ dans le pronom objet et, en dernier lieu, on examine l’emploi de la forme passive. En plus de l’approche quantitative, on a aussi tenu compte des propos des informateurs afin de qualifier les résultats de l’analyse.
Le soi jeune dedans et dehors
Authors: Ben Salah Laila
Published: February 2019

Cette présentation se propose de passer en revue, dans une perspective sociolinguistique, les expressions utilisées par les jeunes fassis pour peindre leur propre identité par rapport à l'espace qu'ils occupent dans la finalité de se donner une image distinguée et imposante. Nous allons donc essayer d'examiner les mises en mots de l'identité par les jeunes informateurs qui se façonnent et se définissent par rapport aux autres acteurs sociaux, construisant ainsi des représentations et des visions. Cette recherche résulte d’une enquête de terrain auprès de jeunes informateurs issus de la ville de Fès dont l’âge varie entre seize et vingt-quatre ans. L'enquête a été effectuée au cours des années 2013 et 2014. Il s’agit de cinq heures d’enregistrements réalisés dans différents espaces : à la piscine, au café et au centre commercial de la liberté.
Cross-generational Differences in Spatial Language in aṣ-Ṣāniʿ Arabic
Authors: Cerqueglini Letizia
Published: February 2019

I compare linguistic representations of projective spatial relations in two varieties of aṣ-Ṣāniʿ Arabic: Traditional aṣ-Ṣāniʿ Arabic (TAA), spoken by those over age 67, and New aṣ-Ṣāniʿ Arabic (NAA), spoken by the rest of the tribe. My comparison pertains to spatial prepositions and Frames of Reference (FoRs). FoRs – Intrinsic/Relative/Absolute ̶ are semantic strategies used to project coordinate systems onto spatial arrays in order to locate an object F (figure) in relation to another object G (ground) (Levinson 2003). TAA selects the appropriate FoR in context in accordance with Gs’ cultural properties and axial constraints: Intrinsic FoR applies only to [+FAMILIAR][+SHAPED] Gs (man/horse/camel/tent/coffee-pot) with prepositions giddām/gabl/(ʿa)wijh, while (ʿa)wijh/gabl serve when FG [+FACING-EACH-OTHER] and giddām when FG [-FACING-EACH-OTHER]. Relative FoR is applied via Translation to [+FAMILIAR][-SHAPED] Gs (stone/tree/pole/pillow); Absolute FoR is used with [-FAMILIAR] Gs (cow/dinosaur/shoe/chair). Relative and Absolute FoRs are represented by two grammatical strategies: basic prepositions (F wara/šarg G) and “min-chains” (F min G w-ǧāy/ġād/šarg) following Gs and axial distinctions. Each FoR correlates exclusively to certain prepositions (prepositional split). NAA loses traditional ontology of Gs and axial oppositions; prepositional split regresses: gabl applies only when FG [+HUMAN][+FACING-EACH-OTHER]; giddām/(ʿa)wijh serve Intrinsic and Relative FoRs, on all Gs, without axial constraints; Absolute FoR is used only on geographic scale; Relative FoR is applied via Translation and Reflection; the opposition between basic prepositions vs. min-chains in Absolute and Relative FoRs disappears, as min-chains vanish. Beginning with the establishment of the State of Israel and through the early 1950s, the generational gap between TNA and NAA shows how material culture, formal education, language contact, and life style modify the semantics of space and its experience.
Communication écrite sur Internet et par sms en arabizi : analyse de corpus relevant des glosses dialectales libanaise et marocaine
Authors: Dichy Joseph , Driss Fatima-Zahra , Lagraf Hassiba , Mostefa Djamel
Published: February 2019

Cette communication, inscrite dans le projet de recherche PARADE (partenaires : SYSTRAN, Laboratoire ICAR et ARADIC Editions), porte sur des analyses de copus en arabizi, qui correspond à l’usage sur Internet, réseaux sociaux ou SMS de l’arabe noté en caractères latins selon des modes de transcriptions issus de l’uage. Après un bref rappel de l’expansion d’Internet dans le monde arbe, de la littérature sur l’arabizi et des transcriptions qu’on y rencontre, les auteur(e)s procèdent à l’analyse de quatre brefs échanges sur Twitter. Deux concernent des internautes marocain(e)s et deux autres, des internautes libanais(es). Protégées par des pseudonymes, ces personnes s’expriment librement, à la fois quant au contenu et quant aux formes linguistiques qu’elles choisissent. Les données sont complexes. On y trouve : (1) des textes en arabizi, transcrivant le dialecte de l’auteur(e) ; (2) des textes en caractères arabes dans l’un des dialectes, l’un des arabes moyens ou en arabe littéraire moderne ; (3) de l’anglais ou du français (voire de l’espagnol ou de l’italien), soit en tant que tels (alternance codique), soit sous forme d’emprunts ; (4) des émoticônes qui sont parfois répétées (itération) ; (5) un usage de caratères de grande dimension, à côté des caractères habituels, ce qui correspond à une fonction expressive ; (6) des images. Les échanges relèvent la plupart du temps d’une analyse interactionnelle, ce qui rend leur interpétation fortement dépendante du contexte. Cette première intervention montre que la question fondamentale – pour un linguiste – est, au-delà de « qu’est-ce l’abizi ? », celle de savoir « comment fonctionne l’arabizi ? »
Periods of modular forms on $\Gamma_0(N)$ and products of Jacobi theta functions
Authors: Choie YoungJu , Park Yoon Kyung , Zagier Don B.
Published: February 2019

Generalizing a result of [15] for modular forms of level one, we give a closed formula for the sum of all Hecke eigenforms on

\Gamma_0(N)

, multiplied by their odd period polynomials in two variables, as a single product of Jacobi theta series for any squarefree level

N

. We also show that for

N = 2, 3

and

5

this formula completely determines the Fourier expansions all Hecke eigenforms of all weights on

\Gamma_0(N)

.
Improved fractal Weyl bounds for hyperbolic manifolds (with an appendix by David Borthwick, Semyon Dyatlov and Tobias Weich)
Authors: Dyatlov Semyon
Published: February 2019

We give a new fractal Weyl upper bound for resonances of convex co-compact hyperbolic manifolds in terms of the dimension

n

of the manifold and the dimension

\delta

of its limit set. More precisely, we show that as

R\to\infty

, the number of resonances in the box

[R,R+1]+i[-\beta,0]

is

\mathcal O(R^{m(\beta,\delta)+})

, where the exponent

m(\beta,\delta)=\mathrm {min}(2\delta+2\beta+1-n,\delta)

changes its behavior at

\beta={n-1\over 2}-{\delta\over 2}

. In the case

\delta<{n-1\over 2}

, we also give an improved resolvent upper bound in the standard resonance free strip

\{\Im\lambda > \delta-{n-1\over 2}\}

. Both results use the fractal uncertainty principle point of view recently introduced in [DyZa]. The appendix presents numerical evidence for the Weyl upper bound.
Consistency of satellite-based precipitation products in space and over time compared with gauge observations and snow- hydrological modelling in the Lake Titicaca region
Authors: Satgé Frédéric , Ruelland Denis , Bonnet Marie-Paule , Molina Jorge , Pillco Ramiro
Published: February 2019

Abstract. This paper proposes a protocol to assess the space–time consistency of 12
satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) according to various
indicators, including (i) direct comparison of SPPs with 72 precipitation
gauges; (ii) sensitivity of streamflow modelling to SPPs at the outlet of
four basins; and (iii) the sensitivity of distributed snow models to SPPs
using a MODIS snow product as reference in an unmonitored mountainous area.
The protocol was applied successively to four different time windows
(2000–2004, 2004–2008, 2008–2012 and 2000–2012) to account for the
space–time variability of the SPPs and to a large dataset composed of
12 SPPs (CMORPH–RAW v.1, CMORPH–CRT v.1, CMORPH–BLD v.1, CHIRP v.2, CHIRPS
v.2, GSMaP v.6, MSWEP v.2.1, PERSIANN, PERSIANN–CDR, TMPA–RT v.7, TMPA–Adj
v.7 and SM2Rain–CCI v.2), an unprecedented comparison. The aim of using
different space scales and timescales and indicators was to evaluate whether
the efficiency of SPPs varies with the method of assessment, time window and
location. Results revealed very high discrepancies between SPPs. Compared to
precipitation gauge observations, some SPPs (CMORPH–RAW v.1, CMORPH–CRT
v.1, GSMaP v.6, PERSIANN, and TMPA–RT v.7) are unable to estimate regional
precipitation, whereas the others (CHIRP v.2, CHIRPS v.2, CMORPH–BLD v.1,
MSWEP v.2.1, PERSIANN–CDR, and TMPA–Adj v.7) produce a realistic
representation despite recurrent spatial limitation over regions with
contrasted emissivity, temperature and orography. In 9 out of 10 of the cases
studied, streamflow was more realistically simulated when SPPs were used as
forcing precipitation data rather than precipitation derived from the
available precipitation gauge networks, whereas the SPP's ability to
reproduce the duration of MODIS-based snow cover resulted in poorer
simulations than simulation using available precipitation gauges.
Interestingly, the potential of the SPPs varied significantly when they were
used to reproduce gauge precipitation estimates, streamflow observations or
snow cover duration and depending on the time window considered. SPPs thus
produce space–time errors that cannot be assessed when a single indicator
and/or time window is used, underlining the importance of carefully
considering their space–time consistency before using them for
hydro-climatic studies. Among all the SPPs assessed, MSWEP v.2.1 showed the
highest space–time accuracy and consistency in reproducing gauge
precipitation estimates, streamflow and snow cover duration.
Brexit. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk en de Europese Unie: een moeizaam partnerschap
Authors: de Zwaan J.W.
Published: February 2019

Brexit. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk en de Europese Unie: een moeizaam partnerschap

In deze bijdrage wordt een overzicht gegeven van de hoofdzaken betreffende het Brexit-dossier. Stilgestaan wordt bij het referendum van 23 juni 2018 en de gang van zaken sinds de kennisgeving van de Britse uittreding op 29 maart 2017. Daarbij komt de stand van zaken in de terugtrekkingsonderhandelingen aan de orde, de Britse voorstellen zoals vervat in het White Paper van juli 2018 en de perspectieven voor oplossingen van de nog uitstaande problemen. Met name de juridisch-institutionele aspecten van de diverse onderwerpen en problemen worden belicht.
Werkzaamheden in meerdere lidstaten voor de Europese socialezekerheidscoördinatie: nadere verduidelijkingen door het Hof van Justitie
Authors: Niesten H.
Published: February 2019

Werkzaamheden in meerdere lidstaten voor de Europese socialezekerheidscoördinatie: nadere verduidelijkingen door het Hof van Justitie

De geannoteerde twee arresten X/Nederlandse Staatssecretaris van Financiën HvJ 13 september 2017, zaak C-569/15, X/ Staatssecretaris van Financiën, ECLI:EU:C:2017:673 en HvJ 13 september 2017, zaak C-570/15, X/Staatssecretaris van Financiën, ECLI:EU:C:2017:674. van 13 september 2017 illustreren de toenemende diversiteit binnen het grensoverschrijdend werkverkeer. Aan het Hof van Justitie werden prejudiciële vragen gesteld over de betekenis van ‘onbetaald verlof’ en ‘beperkte (thuis)werkzaamheden’ voor de uitleg van de bijzondere regel inzake het verrichten van werkzaamheden in twee of meer lidstaten (dat wil zeggen: samenloop) ter vaststelling van de toepasselijke socialezekerheidswetgeving. Beide arresten nopen tot de vraagstelling of de huidige Europese socialezekerheidscoördinatie voldoende is toegesneden op hedendaagse flexibele arbeidsvormen waar mobilisering en digitalisering de overhand nemen.

Verordening (EEG) nr. 1408/71

Verordening (EG) nr. 883/2004
Uso didáctico de las TIC en los colegios rurales agrupados de la Región de Murcia
Authors: García María Pilar Segura , Solano Fernández Isabel María , Sánchez Vera María Del Mar
Published: February 2019

Actualmente, vivimos en una sociedad cada vez más digital, donde las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) están provocando un impacto en todos los niveles, también en el educativo. La escuela debe asumir el reto de integrar eficazmente las TIC, promoviendo situaciones enriquecidas con tecnologías en las que la metodología constituya el factor clave de los procesos de innovación educativa. La escuela rural debe hacer frente para ello a las desigualdades existentes, con el firme propósito de superarlas. Desde esta perspectiva, el artículo presenta un estudio descriptivo del uso que en las escuelas rurales de la Región de Murcia se hace de las TIC. La metodología escogida es la mixta, y la recogida de información se ha realizado a través de un cuestionario ad hoc construido para la investigación. Con los resultados obtenidos, hemos podido conocer las necesidades en la disponibilidad de recursos, y el uso didáctico que hacen de las TIC los docentes de los colegios rurales agrupados (CRA) en la Región de Murcia, constatando que aún les cuesta dejar atrás metodologías tradicionales para dar paso a la innovación educativa, a través de tecnologías emergentes.

Today, we live in an increasingly digital society, where Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are causing an impact at all ranges, in the educative even. The school must take on the challenge of effectively integrating ICT, promoting situations enriched with technologies in which methodology was the key factor in educational innovation processes. Rural schools must take up this challenge, assuming existing inequalities, but with the firm intention of overcoming them. From this perspective, the article presents a descriptive study of the use of ICT in rural schools in the Region of Murcia. The methodology chosen is mixed, and the collection of information has been carried out through an ad hoc questionnaire constructed for research. From the analysis of data, we have been able to know the needs in the availability of resources, and the didactic use that the teachers of the rural schools grouped together in the Region of Murcia make of the ICT, confirming that it is still difficult for them to leave behind traditional methodologies to give way to the educational innovation, through emerging technologies.
ПОВЕЉА КНЕЗА ВУКОСЛАВА ХРВАТИНИЋА КОЈОМ СЕ УТВРЂУЈЕ ИЗМИРЕЊЕ ВУКА, СИНА ОБРАДА, И ЊЕГОВИХ СРОДНИКА ИЗ САНИЦЕ
Authors: Исаиловић Невен
Published: February 2019

Кнез Вукослав Хрватинић, син кнеза Хрватина и господар ЖупеБањица, потврђује да су се пред њиме, тројицом племенитих људи и двојицомпристава измирили Вук, син Обрада, и његово „племе“ из Санице, који су билиу спору. Повељом се одређује да нико не сме прекршити споразум, а уколико бинеко из „племена“ нашкодио Вуку, био би дужан да суду уплати 100 марака, одкојих 50 иде „господину“ (вероватно кнезу Вукославу или његовом сизерену),а 50 самом Вуку.
Ellipse packing in two-dimensional celltessellation: A theoretical explanation for Lewis’s law and Aboav-Weaire’s law
Authors: Xu Kai
Published: February 2019

Background: Lewis’s law and Aboav-Weaire’s law are two fundamental laws used to describe the topology of two-dimensional (2D) structures; however, their theoretical bases remain unclear.

Methods: We used R package Conicfit software to fit ellipses based on the geometric parameters of polygonal cells with ten different kinds of natural and artificial 2D structures.

Results: Our results indicated that the cells could be classified as ellipse’s inscribed polygon (EIP) and that they tended to form ellipse’s maximal inscribed polygon (EMIP). This phenomenon was named as ellipse packing. On the basis of the number of cell edges, cell area, and semi-axes of fitted ellipses, we derived and verified new relations of Lewis’s law and Aboav-Weaire’s law .

Conclusions: Ellipse packing is a short-range order that places restrictions on the cell topology and growth pattern. Lewis’s law and Aboav-Weaire’s law mainly reflect the effect of deformation from circle to ellipse on cell area and the edge number of neighboring cells, respectively. The results of this study could be used to simulate the dynamics of cell topology during growth.
MCM2 partial silencing inhibits apical dominance and promotes chlorophyll pigmentation in tomato
Authors: Gao Ma-ye , Liang Jin , Liu Hai-ting , Ni Di-an
Published: February 2019

Background: We have previously combined loss- and gain-of-function approaches to investigate the function of Arabidopsis minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein subunit 2 (MCM2). However MCM2 loss of function leads to the death of embryos, thus precluding the analysis of homozygous MCM2 mutants.

Methods: To further understand the function of MCM2, we generated transgenic tomato plants via RNA interference silencing. And microarray slide hybridization was used to compare gene expression level between LeMCM2 -silenced lines and wild-type plants.

Results: We obtained 4 LeMCM2 -silenced lines. The expression level in LeMCM2 -silenced lines was 20-80% of that of wild-type. And LeMCM2 -silenced lines display loss of apical dominance, enhanced chlorophyll accumulation and reduced leaf cell endoduplication. In addition, the expression levels of genes involved in DNA replication was altered in LeMCM2 -silenced lines significantly.

Conclusion: In general, the data described here provided additional evidence for the relationship between genes involved in DNA replication and apical dominance and chlorophyll pigmentation.
New insight into the phylogeographic pattern ofLiriodendron chinense(Magnoliaceae) revealed by chloroplast DNA: east–west lineage split and genetic mixture within western subtropical China
Authors: Yang Aihong , Zhong Yongda , Liu Shujuan , Liu Lipan , Liu Tengyun , Li Yanqiang , Yu Faxin
Published: February 2019

Background

Subtropical China is a global center of biodiversity and one of the most important refugia worldwide. Mountains play an important role in conserving the genetic resources of species.Liriodendron chinenseis a Tertiary relict tree largely endemic to subtropical China. In this study, we aimed to achieve a better understanding of the phylogeographical pattern ofL. chinenseand to explore the role of mountains in the conservation ofL. chinensegenetic resources.

Methods

Three chloroplast regions (psbJ-petA,rpl32-ndhF, andtrnK5’-matK) were sequenced in 40 populations ofL. chinensefor phylogeographical analyses. Relationships among chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes were determined using median-joining networks, and genetic structure was examined by spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA). The ancestral area of the species was reconstructed using the Bayesian binary Markov Chain Monte Carlo (BBM) method according to its geographic distribution and a maximum parsimony (MP) tree based on Bayesian methods.

Results

Obvious phylogeographic structure was found inL. chinense. SAMOVA revealed seven groups matching the major landscape features of theL. chinensedistribution area. The haplotype network showed three clades distributed in the eastern, southwestern, and northwestern regions. Separate northern and southern refugia were found in the Wu Mountains and Yungui Plateau, with genetic admixture in the Dalou Mountains and Wuling Mountains. BBM revealed a more ancient origin ofL. chinensein the eastern region, with a west–east split most likely having occurred during the Mindel glacial stage.

Discussion

The clear geographical distributions of haplotypes suggested multiple mountainous refugia ofL. chinense. The east–west lineage split was most likely a process of gradual genetic isolation and allopatric lineage divergence when the Nanling corridor was frequently occupied by evergreen or coniferous forest during Late Quaternary oscillations. Hotspots of haplotype diversity in the Dalou Mountains and Wuling Mountains likely benefited from gene flow from the Wu Mountains and Yungui Plateau. Collectively, these results indicate that mountain regions should be the main units for conserving and collecting genetic resources ofL. chinenseand other similar species in subtropical China.
Eating peptides: biomarkers of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Ahmed Rebekah M. , Phan Katherine , Highton‐Williamson Elizabeth , Strikwerda‐Brown Cherie , Caga Jashelle , Ramsey Eleanor , Zoing Margaret , Devenney Emma , Kim Woojin S. , Hodges John R. , Piguet Olivier , Halliday Glenda M. , Kiernan Matthew C.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Physiological changes potentially influence disease progression and survival along the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)‐Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum. The peripheral peptides that regulate eating and metabolism may provide diagnostic, metabolic, and progression biomarkers. The current study aimed to examine the relationships and biomarker potential of hormonal peptides.

Methods

One hundred and twenty‐seven participants (36 ALS, 26 ALS‐ cognitive, patients with additional cognitive behavioral features, and 35 behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) and 30 controls) underwent fasting blood analyses of leptin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), and insulin levels. Relationships between endocrine measures, cognition, eating behaviors, and body mass index (BMI) were investigated. Biomarker potential was evaluated using multinomial logistic regression for diagnosis and correlation to disease duration.

Results

Compared to controls, ALS and ALS‐cognitive had higher NPY levels and bvFTD had lower NPY levels, while leptin levels were increased in all patient groups. All groups had increased insulin levels and a state of insulin resistance compared to controls. Lower NPY levels correlated with increasing eating behavioral change and BMI, while leptin levels correlated with BMI. On multinomial logistic regression, NPY and leptin levels were found to differentiate between diagnosis. Reduced Neuropeptide Y levels correlated with increasing disease duration, suggesting it may be useful as a potential marker of disease progression.

Interpretation

ALS‐FTD is characterized by changes in NPY and leptin levels that may impact on the underlying regional neurodegeneration as they were predictive of diagnosis and disease duration, offering the potential as biomarkers and for the development of interventional treatments.
CARF adds OBOT accreditation and ASAM certification
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2019

CARF is launching two new programs: (1) an addition to its accreditation programs, this time for office‐based opioid treatment programs (OBOTs), and (2) a certification program in which CARF is partnering with the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) to certify residential treatment programs; programs eligible for the certification will be at specific levels of care in the ASAM criteria.
Lung‐Endothelium‐Targeted Nanoparticles Based on a pH‐Sensitive Lipid and the GALA Peptide Enable Robust Gene Silencing and the Regression of Metastatic Lung Cancer
Authors: Abd Elwakil Mahmoud M. , Khalil Ikramy A. , Elewa Yaser H. A. , Kusumoto Kenji , Sato Yusuke , Shobaki Nour , Kon Yasuhiro , Harashima Hideyoshi
Published: February 2019

The development of efficient gene delivery systems targeting the lung endothelium remains a serious challenge. This study reports on the design and optimization of a multifunctional envelope‐type nanodevice (MEND) for an efficient siRNA delivery to the lung endothelium based on GALA‐peptide targeting ability. The incorporation of a pH‐sensitive lipid (YSK05) results in a dramatic improvement in silencing efficiency by enhancing endosomal escape, but this also causes a reduction in the lung selectivity. Contrary to the assumption that active targeting is largely dependent on the presence of a targeting ligand, the findings of the present study indicate that nanocarrier composition is critical for achieving the organ selectivity. Interestingly, helper lipids substantially mask the liver delivery resulting in optimum lung targeting. The optimized YSK05‐MEND is 40‐fold more efficient than a previously developed MEND, with a robust lung endothelium gene knockdown at small doses. The YSK05‐MEND strongly inhibits a metastatic lung cancer model and exerts superior control over lung metastasis compared to chemotherapy or the previously developed MEND. The YSK05‐MEND is well‐tolerated in mice after acute or chronic administration. As far as it is known, YSK05‐MEND achieves the most efficient lung endothelium gene silencing reported thus far with a median effective dose of 0.01 mg siRNA kg−1 while minimally affecting the endothelium of other organs.
Current and Future Perspectives on Skin Tissue Engineering: Key Features of Biomedical Research, Translational Assessment, and Clinical Application
Authors: Yu Justine R. , Navarro Javier , Coburn James C. , Mahadik Bhushan , Molnar Joseph , Holmes James H. , Nam Arthur J. , Fisher John P.
Published: February 2019

The skin is responsible for several important physiological functions and has enormous clinical significance in wound healing. Tissue engineered substitutes may be used in patients suffering from skin injuries to support regeneration of the epidermis, dermis, or both. Skin substitutes are also gaining traction in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries as alternatives to animal models for product testing. Recent biomedical advances, ranging from cellular‐level therapies such as mesenchymal stem cell or growth factor delivery, to large‐scale biofabrication techniques including 3D printing, have enabled the implementation of unique strategies and novel biomaterials to recapitulate the biological, architectural, and functional complexity of native skin. This progress report highlights some of the latest approaches to skin regeneration and biofabrication using tissue engineering techniques. Current challenges in fabricating multilayered skin are addressed, and perspectives on efforts and strategies to meet those limitations are provided. Commercially available skin substitute technologies are also examined, and strategies to recapitulate native physiology, the role of regulatory agencies in supporting translation, as well as current clinical needs, are reviewed. By considering each of these perspectives while moving from bench to bedside, tissue engineering may be leveraged to create improved skin substitutes for both in vitro testing and clinical applications.
Photoluminescence and Raman Spectra Oscillations Induced by Laser Interference in Annealing‐Created Monolayer WS2 Bubbles
Authors: Jia Zhiyan , Dong Jiyu , Liu Lixuan , Nie Anmin , Xiang Jianyong , Wang Bochong , Wen Fusheng , Mu Congpu , Zhao Zhisheng , Xu Bo , Gong Yongji , Tian Yongjun , Liu Zhongyuan
Published: February 2019

WS2 monolayer crystals have been grown in a large scale by chemical vapor deposition on SiO2 (300 nm)/Si substrates, and via high‐temperature treatment under protection of Ar or N2 gas flow after growth, huge amount of monolayer WS2 bubbles have been successfully created in a shape of spherical cap and widely distributed sizes. Optical and fluorescence images reveal obvious interference rings on the monolayer WS2 bubbles of large sizes. In line scans and mapping images of photoluminescence (PL) and Raman, oscillatory behaviors have been observed not only for peak intensity but also for peak position and width. It is easy to understand that the oscillatory PL and Raman peak intensities originate from constructive and destructive interference on the bubble's surface, while the oscillatory peak positions and widths are induced by the corresponding enhanced and lowered local heating effects owing to constructive and destructive interference. This is further verified by the absence of oscillation in the position and width when a heat sink layer is applied.
Metal‐ and Oxidant‐free Electrosynthesis of 1,2,3‐Thiadiazoles from Element Sulfur and N‐tosyl Hydrazones
Authors: Mo Shi‐Kun , Teng Qing‐Hu , Pan Ying‐Ming , Tang Hai‐Tao
Published: February 2019

A metal‐ and oxidant‐free electrochemical method for synthesizing 1,2,3‐thiadiazoles by inserting element sulfur into N‐tosyl hydrazones is reported. This electrochemical transformation engages electrons as reagents to achieve redox processes, and avoid excess oxidants. The cyclic voltammograms are examined to explore the mechanism of this electrolysis reaction.

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Photoresponsivity Enhancement and Extension of the Detection Spectrum for Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Based Sensors
Authors: Ruan Dun‐Bao , Liu Po‐Tsun , Chen Yi‐Heng , Chiu Yu‐Chuan , Chien Ta‐Chun , Yu Min‐Chin , Gan Kai‐Jhih , Sze Simon M.
Published: February 2019

In this study, indium gallium zinc oxide (InGaZnO [IGZO]) active layer capped with an ultrathin p‐type stannous oxide (SnO) is demonstrated to be a thin film transistor (TFT) for color scanning and photosensing device applications. Typically, the sole IGZO‐based TFT is blind to visible light and hard to be developed for visible light sensing. The combination of IGZO and SnO layers can extend the light detection spectrum into visible light wavelengths and ameliorate the photosensing characteristics. The optical responsivity and signal to noise ratio can even be enhanced from 1.05 × 10−2 to 398.02 A W−1 and from 2.1 × 101 to 6.8 × 105 with at least four orders of magnitude, respectively. With the detailed material analysis and physical model discussed, it suggests that the large amount of additional light‐excited carrier generated in the capping layer is the key factor for the significant improvement. Furthermore, the phenomenon of persistent photoconductivity can be effectively suppressed by its natural recombination under the heterojunction structure without applying charge‐pumping method. The electrical uniformity of the sensor device is also highly potential for the next‐generation displays integrating the photosensing functions.
Flow of a Newtonian fluid and a yield stress fluid around a plate inclined at 45° in interaction with a wall
Authors: Ouattara Ziemihori , Jay Pascal , Magnin Albert
Published: February 2019

This experimental and numerical study focuses on the determination of drag and lifts forces acting on inclined plate at 45° placed near a wall in a uniform flow of Newtonian and yield stress fluid. The inertia of the fluid is considered negligible. The influences of yield stress, shear thinning, and the distance between the plate and the wall were examined precisely. It is shown that the drag and lift coefficients decrease as the Oldroyd number increases and increase as the gap decreases. The unyielded zones around the plate were also determined. Their surfaces increase with the Oldroyd number. When the yield stress is low, the decrease of the shear thinning index n tends to decrease these unyielded zones. For the experimental part, a Carbopol gel was used as a fluid model. Experimental measurements were compared with numerical and published results, particularly in the plasticity context developed for soil mechanics. Differences are discussed in terms of the influence of elasticity and plasticity.
System Dynamics Approaches and Collective Action for Community Health: An Integrative Review
Authors: Cilenti Dorothy , Issel Michele , Wells Rebecca , Link Seri , Lich Kristen Hassmiller
Published: February 2019

System dynamics (SD) methods, from qualitative causal loop diagramming to quantitative simulation modeling, have the potential to be powerful tools for engaging community stakeholders interested in improving health. However, the extent to which SD drives collective action to improve community health is unclear. The objective of this review was to understand how often, why, and how SD has been used by cross‐sector community collectives. Of 409 identified manuscripts describing application of SD to community health, only 31 (7.6%) documented cross‐sector collective use of these tools. All 31 had as a purpose using SD to better understand community health problems, but only seven (22.6%) documented a collective action taken as the result. In nine of the 31 articles (29.0%), no learning, decisions, or action was documented. The most common form of collective participation in SD work among the seven collectives reporting resulting action was building the SD model, with implementing a new program or practice the most frequently mentioned collective action resulting. Cost and access were the most common system outcomes studied, and chronic diseases and prevention were commonly mentioned as the focal health outcomes. Overall, SD methods seem underutilized for engaging cross‐sector collectives in addressing complex community health problems.
Age‐related decline in urine concentration may not be universal: Comparative study from the U.S. and two small‐scale societies
Authors: Rosinger Asher Y. , Pontzer Herman , Raichlen David A. , Wood Brian M. , Tanner Susan N. , Sands Jeff M.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Evidence from industrialized populations suggests that urine concentrating ability declines with age. However, lifestyle factors including episodic protein intake and low hypertension may help explain differences between populations. Whether this age‐related decline occurs among small‐scale populations with active lifestyles and non‐Western diets is unknown. We test the universality of age‐related urine concentration decline.

Materials and Methods

We used urine specific gravity (Usg) and urine osmolality (Uosm) data from 15,055 U.S. nonpregnant adults without kidney failure aged 18–80 in 2007–2012 participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We tested the relationship of age on urine concentration biomarkers with multiple linear regressions using survey commands. We compared results to longitudinal data on Usg from 116 Tsimane’ forager‐horticulturalists (266 observations) adults aged 18–83 in 2013–2014 from Lowland Bolivia, and to 38 Hadza hunter‐gatherers (156 observations) aged 18–75 in 2010–2015 from Tanzania using random‐effects panel linear regressions.

Results

Among U.S. adults, age was significantly negatively associated with Usg (Adjusted beta [B] = −0.0009 g/mL/10 years; SE = 0.0001; p < 0.001) and Uosm (B = −28.1 mOsm/kg/10 yr; SE = 2.4; p < 0.001). In contrast, among Tsimane’ (B = 0.0003 g/mL/10 yr; SE = 0.0002; p = 0.16) and Hadza (B = −0.0004 g/mL/10 yr; SE = 0.0004; p = 0.29) age was not associated with Usg. Older Tsimane’ and Hadza exhibited similar within‐individual variability in Usg equivalent to younger adults.

Discussion

While U.S. adults exhibited age‐related declines in urine concentration, Tsimane’ and Hadza adults did not exhibit the same statistical decline in Usg. Mismatches between evolved physiology and modern environments in lifestyle may affect kidney physiology and disease risk.
Infant handling by female mountain gorillas: Establishing its frequency, function, and (ir)relevance for life history evolution
Authors: Grueter Cyril C. , Hale Jennifer , Jin Ruibing , Judge Debra , Stoinski Tara
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Infant handling describes cases in which youngsters are temporarily removed from the care of their mothers and “taken care of” (held, carried, etc.) by other conspecifics. Handlers may gain indirect fitness benefits from these actions and can practice mothering skills, thereby improving the odds of survival of their own infants. Great apes are notable for displaying little infant handling. Apart from anecdotal observations, no published data exist on infant handling in wild mountain gorillas. We tested two of the most pertinent explanations (“kin selection” and “learning to mother”) in a wild population of mountain gorillas in Rwanda. We predicted that (a) nulliparous females would exhibit infant handling (i.e., carrying) more than parous females and (b) maternal kin would exhibit more infant handling than nonkin.

Methods

We collated 8 years of data on infant carrying behavior collected in 13 groups monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund's Karisoke Research Center.

Results

Infant handling is an infrequent behavior (1,783 instances over 25,600 observation hours). A strong positive effect of relatedness and handler parity on the frequency of infant handling emerged.

Conclusions

While the nature of handler–infant interactions (affiliative, abusive, etc.) remains unstudied, they could constitute alloparental care and could therefore attenuate maternal energetic burden and ultimately allow increased birth rates. However, the rarity of this behavior makes it an unlikely contributor to mountain gorillas' relatively short interbirth intervals.
High‐Frequency Nonlinear Transport and Photogalvanic Effects in 2D Topological Insulators
Authors: Durnev Mikhail V. , Tarasenko Sergey A.
Published: February 2019

Excitation of a topological insulator by a high‐frequency electric field of a laser radiation leads to a dc electric current in the helical edge channel whose direction and magnitude are sensitive to the radiation polarization and depend on the physical properties of the edge. An overview of theoretical and experimental studies of such edge photoelectric effects in 2D topological insulators based on semiconductor quantum wells is presented. First, a phenomenological description is given of edge photocurrents, which may originate from the photogalvanic effects or the photon drag effects, for edges of all possible symmetry. Then, microscopic mechanisms of photocurrent generation for different types of optical transitions involving helical edge states are discussed. They include direct and indirect optical transitions within the edge channel and edge‐to‐bulk optical transitions.
Reductive Cyclization of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides with Tethered Alkenes under Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Claros Miguel , Ungeheuer Felix , Franco Federico , Martin‐Diaconescu Vlad , Casitas Alicia , Lloret‐Fillol Julio
Published: February 2019

The chemical inertness of abundant and commercially available alkyl chlorides precludes their widespread use as reactants in chemical transformations. Presented in this work is a metallaphotoredox methodology to achieve the catalytic intramolecular reductive cyclization of unactivated alkyl chlorides with tethered alkenes. The cleavage of strong C(sp3)−Cl bonds is mediated by a highly nucleophilic low‐valent cobalt or nickel intermediate generated by visible‐light photoredox reduction employing a copper photosensitizer. The high basicity and multidentate nature of the ligands are key to obtaining efficient metal catalysts for the functionalization of unactivated alkyl chlorides.
Light‐Triggered, Spatially Localized Chemistry by Photoinduced Electron Transfer
Authors: Usgaonkar Saurabh , Deshmukh Subrajeet , Biswas Bipul , Karjule Neeta , Yadav Prashant , Nithyanandhan Jayaraj , Kumaraswamy Guruswamy
Published: February 2019

It is of immense interest to exert spatial and temporal control of chemical reactions. It is now demonstrated that irradiation can trigger reactions specifically at the surface of a simple colloidal construct, obtained by adsorbing polyethyleneimine on fluorescent colloidal particles. Exciting the fluorescent dye in the colloid affords photoinduced electron transfer to spatially proximal amine groups on the adsorbed polymer to form free radical ions. It is demonstrated that these can be harnessed to polymerize acrylic acid monomer at the particle surface, or to break up colloidal assemblies by cleaving a cross‐linked polymer mesh. Formation of free radical ions is not a function of the size of the colloid, neither is it restricted to a specific fluorophore. Fluorophores with redox potentials that allow photoinduced electron transfer with amine groups show formation of free radical ions.
Crystal Multi‐Conformational Control Through Deformable Carbon‐Sulfur Bond for Singlet‐Triplet Emissive Tuning
Authors: Wu Hongwei , Chi Weijie , Baryshnikov Gleb , Wu Bin , Gong Yifan , Zheng Dongxiao , Li Xin , Zhao Yanli , Liu Xiaogang , Ågren Hans , Zhu Liangliang
Published: February 2019

Crystal‐state luminophores have been of great interest in optoelectronics for years, whereas the excited state regulation at the crystal level is still restricted by the lack of control ways. We report that the singlet‐triplet emissive property can be profoundly regulated by crystal conformational distortions. Employing fluoro‐substituted tetrakis(arylthio)benzene luminophores as prototype, we found that couples of molecular conformations formed during different crystallizations. The deformable carbon‐sulphur bond essentially drove the distortion of the molecular conformation and varied the stacking mode, together with diverse non‐covalent interactions, leading to the proportional adjustment of the fluorescence and phosphorescence bands. This intrinsic strategy was further applied for solid‐state multicolor emissive conversion and mechanoluminescence, probably offering new insights for design of smart crystal luminescent materials.
Improved rheology and high‐temperature stability of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide using graphene oxide nanosheet
Authors: Haruna Maje Alhaji , Pervaiz Shahid , Hu Zhongliang , Nourafkan Ehsan , Wen Dongsheng
Published: February 2019

Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is a polymer that extensively used in chemical industry and hydrocarbon extraction and refinery processes, but suffers a common problem of high‐temperature instability. This study improved high‐temperature rheological characteristics of HPAM by using novel graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Stable GO dispersions in aqueous HPAM were formulated, and their dynamic and viscoelastic behaviors were studied. The results showed that the addition of GO significantly increased the viscosities and high‐temperature stability of the base polymer fluid, as well as the elastic properties of the dispersion. Spectral data indicated the formation of covalent linkages and electrostatic hydrogen bonding between the GO and the HPAM functional groups, leading to enhanced stability and viscosity that is beneficial for high‐temperature oil recovery. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47582.
Good fortune but bad luck? Predictable versus unpredictable gains and losses in risky choice
Authors: Ranieri Andrea Y. , Kauffman Sandra S. , Schneider Sandra L.
Published: February 2019

This study examines the effects of two different types of good and bad experiences on risk‐taking preferences: fortune and luck. We define fortune as a relatively stable positive or negative context within which choices are made and luck as a more unpredictable series of better or worse outcomes. With the use of a lottery‐based paradigm, fortune was operationalized as a preponderance of all‐gain or all‐loss two‐outcome option pairs within a larger set of mixed‐outcome control lotteries. Luck was operationalized as the experienced frequency of better versus worse outcomes when playing the lotteries. We predicted that fortune and luck would lead to opposite risk‐taking tendencies within control lotteries. An assimilation effect of fortune was predicted, with risk‐averse preferences for control lotteries when surrounded by good fortune and risk‐seeking preferences when surrounded by bad fortune. In contrast, we expected that high rates of success with good luck would lead to risk‐seeking preferences, whereas low rates of success with bad luck would yield risk‐averse preferences. Our predictions for fortune were confirmed; however, there was no evidence of any effect on risk taking based on experiencing good versus bad luck. Moreover, we observed a striking disconnect between impressions of the experience and risk‐taking behavior. Both identification and attributions of luck and fortune were highly correlated with the number of gain outcomes that participants experienced but were uncorrelated with risk taking. We review these surprising findings considering several prominent theories of risk‐taking behavior, particularly drawing attention to the differential roles of predecisional and postdecisional information in choice.
What you are confident of determines your choices in context: Confidence in yourself versus in your ability
Authors: Wang Yawei , Chang Yaping
Published: February 2019

The notion that consumers' preference is constructed by decision context is well established. Two of such salient manifestations are compromise effect and attraction effect. Although literature has explored the moderators of these effects from the perspective of a decision maker, little is known about whether a significant difference exists between the effects of individual differences as a situational state and as a stable personality. This article approaches this question by examining how specific self‐confidence and general self‐confidence shape consumer's preference for context options. Four studies find that compromise effect is greater for consumer with high specific self‐confidence, whereas attraction effect is greater for consumer with low specific self‐confidence. The two context effects are greater for consumers with low general self‐confidence only in the presence of social influence. In addition, low (vs. high) general self‐confidence strengthens (vs. weakens) the impact of specific self‐confidence on context effects under this condition. This article concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.