bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF QUARANTINE AND SOCIAL ISOLATION ON THE MENTAL STATE OF THE POPULATION
Authors: Ivanitska T.I.
Published: June 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented crisis in mental health worldwide. Most of the affected countries, including Ukraine, have implemented physical distancing. Despite the efforts of many scientists over the past few months, research into the negative psychological effects of social isolation is still ongoing, and many questions remain unanswered.Purpose. To examine the data of scientific research on the impact of quarantine and social isolation on the mental state of the population.Materials and methods. In our search of the available literature, we identified 129 articles on the impact of the pandemic on mental health published between May 2020 and May 2022, and this review analyzes thirty-two articles (in this time range). In addition, data from six fundamental studies on loneliness and social isolation were used.Results. The 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic has affected the mental health of people around the world. The scientific publications we reviewed suggest that this large-scale health crisis has led to an increase in the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of conditions such as depression and anxiety increased by more than 25% in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Research also suggests that measures to limit the spread of the disease (including physical distancing, quarantine, and isolation) can increase feelings of loneliness and withdrawal symptoms.Conclusions. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health is unprecedented in its scale. Most notably, during the time period covered by this literature review, serious mental disorders were observed in the general population, with a particularly high risk among people with prior mental illness.
THE ROLE OF CRITICAL THINKING IN IMPROVING THE TEACHING OF FUNDAMENTAL THEORETICAL AND CLINICAL DISCIPLINES
Authors: Rohovyi Yu. , Bilo’okiy O. , Bilo’okiy V.
Published: June 2023

Relevance. It is known that critical thinking is a system of judgments, which is used to analyze facts, phenomena, events and draw reasonable conclusions. Critical thinking allows you to formulate assessments, interpretations, correctly apply the obtained results to situations and problems. Critical thinking is learning the ability to reason. Critical thinking is thinking about thinking, when a person reflects in order to improve their thinking.Objective. Defend the point of view that the introduction of critical thinking technologies into the educational process will contribute to the improvement of the training of specialists in the medical field with a significant enhancement in the quality of teaching fundamental theoretical and clinical disciplines.Material and methods. We analyzed the improvement of the quality of teaching of fundamental theoretical and clinical disciplines with the help of the introduction of critical thinking technologies: lotus flower, Edward de Bono's six hats, fishbone, brainstorming, intellectual maps.Results. Proposed technologies of critical thinking "Lotus flower" is a technique that involves finding a solution to a problem in eight directions, develops creative abilities of students; brainstorming - an operational method of problem solving based on stimulating the creative activity of students; the "fishbone" technique in the "head" of the skeleton students mark the problem under consideration, on the upper bones the causes of the problem under study are noted, on the lower bones during the reading they write facts that confirm the existence of the stated reasons, in the "tail" there is a conclusion on the researched issue; intelligence maps (mind maps, mental maps, "mind maps", memory maps) - a way of visual presentation of any structured information, a form of graphic expression; Edward de Bono's six thinking hats - the idea of parallel thinking: constructive thinking in which different points of view and approaches do not collide, but coexist, a simple and practical way of dividing the thinking process into six different modes, each of which is represented by a metaphorical hat of a certain color.Conclusions. The application of critical thinking technologies: the lotus flower, Edward de Bono's six hats, fishbone, brainstorming, intellectual maps allows to improve the quality of education using the integrative approach of pathophysiology, which will make it possible to effectively implement a competent approach and contribute to the formation of awareness of the practical activity of a doctor.
MICRO- AND ULTRAMICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE LEFT ATRIA-VENTRICULAR VALVULAR APPARATUS IN HUMAN AT THE MATURE AGE IN NORM
Authors: Semeniuk T.O. , Malyk Yu.Yu. , Pentelejchuk N.P. , Khodorovska A.A.
Published: June 2023

This article presents the morphological characteristics of the mitral valve of a normal heart of an adult at a mature age.The purpose of our investigation is to find out the peculiarities of the morphology of the structural components of the mitral valve apparatus of the heart of a person of mature age in the norm.Material and methods. The study was performed on 32 preparations of mitral valves of adult human hearts. A complex of morphological research methods was used: methods of light and electron microscopy, histochemical method.Results. With the use of a complex of morphological research methods, a study of the structural components of the mitral valve apparatus of a normal mature person was carried out and their histoarchitectonics was established at the micro- and sub-microscopic levels.Conclusions. The leaflets of the mitral valve are connective tissue plates covered with a single-layer flat epithelium - endothelium. The leaflets are formed by fibrous connective tissue of different density, as a result of which three layers are identified: spongy, fibrous and ventricular. Typical chordae tendineae in the form of connective tissue threads extend from the papillary muscles to the leaflets of the mitral valve and attach to their ventricular surface. The skeleton of chordae tendinea is formed by dense fibrous connective tissue. Striated cardiac muscle tissue is found in some chordae tendinea in the areas on the side of the papillary muscles. The papillary muscles are formed by the working fibers of cardiomyocytes, which form a kind of network due to branches and anastomoses. The working fibers of cardiomyocytes are accompanied by layers of loose fibrous connective tissue, which includes a large number of blood vessels.
Problematika Penerapan Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar di SDN 2 Kuntili Kecamatan Sumpiuh Kabupaten Banyumas Jawa Tengah
Authors: Chamidin  , Muhdi Ali
Published: June 2023

Mendiskripsikan berbagai macam problematika penerapan kurikulum merdeka di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 2 Kuntili Kecamatan Sumpiuh Kabupaten Banyumas adalah tujuan penelitian ini. Pendekatan yang peneliti terapkan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis deskriptif. Dalam melakukan penelitian menghasilkan berbagai macam problematika atau kendala-kendala dalam menerapkan kurikulum merdeka. Pada kurikulum yang baru ini para guru diminta untuk lebih inovatif dalam membuat rancangan bahan ajar pembelajaran, arah pembelajaran dan runtutan langkah pembelajaran. Dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum merdeka juga ada projek penguatan profil pelajar Pancasila atau yang biasa kita kenal dengan istilah P5. Pembelajaran dilakukan tidak hanya dikelas tetapi juga di alam terbuka guna meningkatkan kreatifitas peserta didik.
Analisis Empat Kompetensi Guru dalam Mengembangkan Pembelajaran IPS di MI Ma’arif NU Penaruban
Authors: Chasanah Maghfirotul , Ningsih Tutuk
Published: June 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis empat kompetensi guru dalam mengembangkan pembelajaran IPS di sekolah dasar, yaitu pengetahuan materi, strategi pembelajaran, pengelolaan kelas, dan keterampilan komunikasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan analisis dokumen. Partisipan penelitian terdiri dari sepuluh guru IPS di sekolah dasar yang dipilih secara purposive. Data dianalisis secara tematik dengan mengidentifikasi pola-pola, tema-tema, dan hubungan antara empat kompetensi yang telah diidentifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan materi guru IPS memiliki peran penting dalam mengembangkan pembelajaran IPS yang bermakna dan relevan bagi siswa. Strategi pembelajaran yang beragam memberikan kesempatan kepada guru untuk mengaktifkan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran dan meningkatkan pemahaman mereka terhadap konsep IPS. Pengelolaan kelas yang efektif menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang kondusif dan meminimalkan gangguan, sementara keterampilan komunikasi yang baik membantu dalam menyampaikan materi dengan jelas dan membangun hubungan yang positif antara guru dan siswa.

 

Kata Kunci: Kompetensi Guru, Mengembangkan, Pembelajaran IPS
LA GUERRA - CONFLICTO Y LIDERAZGO
Authors: VÁSCONEZ HURTADO IVÁN RODRIGO , SALAZAR CARRASCO GUILLERMO ANDRES
Published: June 2023

En este artículo nos proponemos analizar la importancia del estudio del liderazgo en las diferentes guerras. Para esto, pasamos revista de las distintas guerras, donde encontramos a los líderes ejerciendo su actividad de dirección que llevó al triunfo de sus objetivos. El liderazgo que aquí planteamos es el liderazgo militar que debe ser considerado como parte esencial en el sistema de educación milita.
POLIVALENCIA DE FUERZAS ARMADAS EN SITUACIÓN DE CRISIS: ECUADOR Y CHILE
Authors: PANTOJA TORRES NILO FABRICIO , FUENTES CONCHA VALERIA
Published: June 2023

ResumenEn la actualidad, las Fuerzas Armadas de Chile y Ecuador poseen un rol “tradicional” frente a la seguridad externa, sin embargo, el panorama latinoamericano y global es dinámico, y con este dinamismo, nacen nuevas amenazas y riesgos a las cuales las Fuerzas Armadas deben enfrentar. Es frente a este escenario cambiante que el rol de las Fuerzas Armadas se ajusta y adapta en base a sus capacidades y competencias ya existentes.No obstante, existen marcos normativos que pueden traducirse en un cuestionamiento hacia el rol que cumplen las Fuerzas Armadas al hacer frente a estas amenazas al ser convocadas como medida de apoyo. Frente a este cuestionamiento es que resulta importante analizar cómo varía el rol de las Fuerzas Armadas respecto a su misión fundamental, en momentos cuando deben enfrentar situaciones de crisis nacional.
LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS MEXICANAS ANTE LA PRESENCIA DEL COVID-19
Authors: BUCHÁN MARTÍNEZ JORGE ALBERTO
Published: June 2023

Dada la gravedad de las afectaciones que ha ocasionado el Covid-19 en todo el mundo, en este ensayo se analiza la capacidad de respuesta demostrada por las Fuerzas Armadas mexicanas, para complementar las capacidades del Sistema Nacional de Salud en todo el territorio nacional a fin de mitigar los efectos ocasionados por este antagonismo, destacando la activación de instalaciones hospitalarias, contratación de profesionales de la salud y el traslado y aplicación de vacunas en coordinación con las autoridades de los tres órdenes de gobierno.
LA FORMACIÓN DEL ESTADO NACIONAL Y LA CREACIÓN DE LA ACADEMIA DE GUERRA DEL EJÉRCITO ECUATORIANO
Authors: GRANDA ARCINIEGA DANIEL REINERIO
Published: June 2023

En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar la creación de la Academia de Guerra del Ejército, como parte del proceso de formación del Estado Nacional Ecuatoriano, bajo el impulso del proyecto liberal de inicios del siglo XX. Este objetivo se realizó, en medio de grandes conflictos entre liberales y conservadores, con el triunfo político y militar de los liberales. El proyecto político liberal se concretó en la Constitución de 1906, base constitucional para la creación de varias instituciones, entre ellas, la Academia de Guerra del Ejército en 1923, que buscó fortalecer la profesionalización del Ejército. A su vez, las Fuerzas Armadas, con relativa autonomía y en ciertos momentos con poder político, se convirtieron en una fuerza, que contribuyó a la formación del Estado Nacional Ecuatoriano.
ECUADOR A INICIOS DEL SIGLO XX
Authors: MONCAYO GALLEGOS PACO
Published: June 2023

Las grandes transformaciones experimentadas en la humanidad con el cambio del siglo XIX al siglo XX y los cambios en la política y la sociedad implementados por la Revolución Liberal, bajo el liderazgo del general Eloy Alfaro, ejercieron influencias positivas en las instituciones militares y sus miembros que han caracterizado, desde entonces, un espíritu progresista y nacionalista en muchas generaciones de oficiales.
The concept and essence of human rights
Authors: Shcherbay І.
Published: June 2023

The development of human rights and freedoms is an indispensable component of modern society. The world is built on the observance of certain rights, because if they are not observed, chaos will begin. In 2022, we can clearly see what a country's non-compliance with its rights and violation of someone else's territorial integrity leads to. The "neighbor" country brings chaos to the whole world, destroying everything and everyone in its path. But the civilized world will certainly stop pro-science and he will bear responsibility for all crimes.

Mentality is formed by the human community through cultural development. This formation becomes the foundation, the basis of the legal capabilities of a person in a specific region. That is, the legal capabilities of a person in each region can have its criteria, the organicity, naturalness of human characteristics in the form of their rights is changed in connection with nature. Society provides nature spontaneously, and the state actively.

It is difficult to imagine the modern world without human rights. Today, this is a very relevant topic. After all, one of the most important signs of a democratic society is the free and effective exercise of one's rights. It is thanks to the development of law that the country develops.

Human rights are closely related to the development of the state. After all, they are the so-called original legal yardstick for all processes taking place in the state. Human rights are in constant development, and therefore reflect certain changes in social relations, the growth of legal awareness of citizens, which is quite noticeable when considering rights according to historical periodization. We classify human rights as follows, namely: a) natural human rights (these are the rights that are granted to a person from birth, given by God and accompany a person until death); b) physical human rights (these are the rights that satisfy material, spiritual and other human needs); c) personal human rights (these are the rights that protect the rights, freedoms and interests of citizens).

If we talk about rights in Ukraine, we can say that certain changes are needed regarding people's rights. After all, too much in our country is built on material values. People have forgotten that they are, first of all, people and should give priority to moral values and help each other.
Ethical examination in the field of medical research: a way to protect human rights
Authors: Kozodaev S.P.
Published: June 2023

It is indicated that the statement that the legislation of our country does not provide full protection of human rights, including when conducting biomedical research, does not require additional argumentation. Attention is focused on the fact that, despite such a large number and diversity of bioethics committees, it is worth noting that today it is not possible to state with certainty the existence of a full-fledged system of interconnected ethics committees, since the existing normative documents on their activities are of a temporary nature, and functions and tasks assigned to them are not always clearly defined. In addition, there is an opinion that attempts to bureaucratize the existing situation (establish clear departmental subordination, define vertical and horizontal connections between ethics committees) are highly undesirable. Of course, on the one hand, excessive complication and bureaucratization will not contribute to progressive development in the activities of committees, and the system that has chaotically developed today is also not satisfactory. In order to improve the current situation and establish the institutional protection of citizens’ rights in the field of health care, it is advisable to make significant changes in domesticlegislation, for which it is necessary to thoroughly analyze it, based on the identification of patterns, certain methods and systematization, which, in fact, will act as one from areas of bioethical expertise. In the most general form, the ethics committee should be a specialized structure dealing with ethical issues of medical and biological sciences, examination of research projects and examination of draft laws, development of necessary recommendations, as well as development of innovative policies in the field of health care. Such committees should consist of a number of experts and be interdisciplinary in nature.The author claims that a full-fledged legal basis for the functioning of ethics committees has not yet been created, their goals, tasks, principles of activity have not been defined. The existing committees are unsystematic entities that do not have the authority to suspend or prohibit dangerous biomedical research involving humans, which means that they do not have the ability to fully protect the rights and freedoms of subjects. Such a state of affairs contradicts the requirements of internationalstandards and cannot fully serve to achieve the goals of forming a social, democratic and legal state.
Legal and organizational principles of activity of the High Military and Staff Courts during the Directory period
Authors: Vovk Yu.E.
Published: June 2023

The article examines the legal and organizational foundations of the activities of the High Military and Staff Courts during the Directory period. On the basis of archival materials, the legislation in force at that time was analyzed.

It is noted that in view of current events, the study of historical experience is quite relevant, because in connection with the significant increase of quantity of personal of the armed forces, caused by the needs of the time, the question of the restoration of military justice, in particular military courts, arises. It is emphasized that according to the order of the Minister of Military Affairs, on the basis of the legislation in force at that time, the establishment of the High Military and Staff Courts was foreseen. However, the sphere of competence between them was not clearly demarcated.

Emergency military courts also operated. Judgments, decrees and resolutions of the Extraordinary Court, which became legally binding, could be reviewed by the Supreme Military Court.

If one person committed several crimes, some of which were subject to the staff court, and others to the Supreme Military Court, then the case in such a case was subject to consideration by the Supreme Military Court. Sometimes the corresponding measure of punishment could be replaced by another, with a postponement of its execution until the end of the war.

It is noted that in the case of committing such serious crimes as murder, robbery, as well as in the case of committing particularly dangerous crimes against the state, the cases in the High Military Courts were subject to a simplified procedure. If, in the opinion of the prosecutor, it was inappropriate to consider the case according to the simplified procedure, he gave an instruction to the court investigator about the need to conduct a preliminary investigation and reported to the chief military prosecutor about the reasons why the proposal for accelerated consideration of the case was not submitted to the court. The shortcomings of the legislation in force at that time are pointed out.

An obstacle to the creation of effective legislation was continuous hostilities, as well as the lack of a sufficient number of qualified specialists. It is emphasized that the vast majority of criminal cases against civilians and military personnel were under consideration by military courts.
The principle of unity is the basis of building a democratic state: philosophical and legal foundations
Authors: Derbak V.I. , Derbak A.P.
Published: June 2023

It is indicated that nowadays law acts as the main mechanism for regulating social relations in various spheres. Solving the task of increasing the effectiveness of legal regulation is necessary for the implementation of constitutional provisions on the formation of a legal and democratic state, increasing the protection and security of human and citizen rights and freedoms.It was determined that since the principles of the rule of law are the basic ideas on which the functioning of the rule of law is based, the initial provisions of the organization and functioning of such a state, which reflect universal human values enshrined in international normative acts and have found their consolidation in the form of constitutional norms, they have a number of features, among which can be singled out: these are the most general, initial provisions, ideas that are of fundamental importance for state authorities, determine the direction of their activities, the construction as a whole; they expressthe political and legal ideas prevailing in this state, which relate to tasks, the way of formation and exercise of state power; they are provided for by the norms of international legal acts; they must be enshrined in the norms of constitutional legislation(first of all, at the level of the Basic Law). At the same time, the rule of law is a multifaceted constitutional principle that includes a number of other principles, among which the principle of the unity of the legal space should be singled out first - the principle on which the organization of state power and local self-government is built in order to fulfill its main purpose - ensuring protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen in all regions of our country. In the conditions of the military invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the preservation of the unity of Ukraine is a mandatory condition for its further existence as a sovereign and independent state, the basis of which is the very provision of the unity of the legal space (the basic principle of the rule of law).
Peculiarities of the legal mechanism of transfers of civil servants
Authors: Lutsenko O.Ye.
Published: June 2023

It is proved that the optimization of the work of civil servants very often involves the movement of personnel and labour mobility. Such optimization is conditioned by the fact that the public service must be efficient, and therefore labour mobility and personnel mobility are important on this path to form the personnel of a state body that can solve complex management tasks. The procedure of transfer of civil servants is almost the most common format of labour mobility. The procedure for transferring civil servants causes a lot of practical difficulties, and therefore both theoreticians and practitioners are trying to develop the best proposals for improving the legal regulation of this procedure.

It was established that according to the current legislation on civil service, the transfer of employees is possible on the following grounds: 1) in the case of appointment to a civil service position of a person who will be directly subordinated to a close person or to whom close persons will be directly subordinated; in case of reorganization (merger, merger, division, transformation) or liquidation of a state body; 3) during the transfer or delegation of powers and functions from a state body to a local self-government body.

The author proved that the transfer of a civil servant is a change in the place of work and/or work function, which consists of: a) changing the work function to a lower or equivalent position (at the same time, the salary is paid in the amount corresponding to the position to which the transferred employee), as well as in the case of transfer or delegation of powers and functions from a state body to a local self-government body; b) change of place of work – the same state body where the employee works or another state body, including in another area (in another settlement). The transfer of a civil servant is always carried out with the consent of the civil servant and without holding a competition.

The transfer of a civil servant may take place (1) to another equivalent or lower vacant position (2) in the same state body, or to another state body, including in another locality (in another settlement), (3) by decision of the head of the civil service or the destination subject.
Agrarian relations in the field of financial support of agribusiness: novelties and problems of legal support in the conditions of martial law
Authors: Kurman Т.
Published: June 2023

The article is devoted to the research of problematic issues of legal support of agrarian relations in the field of financial support of agribusiness in the conditions of martial law and the development of proposals for improving the mechanism of legal regulation in this area. The author focuses on the need to preserve and implement the powerful agricultural potential of Ukraine and counter the threats and losses of martial law, which, in turn, determines the expediency of researching problems and novelties of legal support for agrarian relations in the field of financial support for agribusiness.

The signs of agrarian relations in the field of financial support of agribusiness are determined: an independent type of external agrarian legal relations; a complex agrarian-legal category covering a wide range of relations for providing financial, credit, tax, budgetary, insurance support to agribusiness; they are introduced by the relevant normative legal acts; focus on ensuring the effective development of basic agricultural relations; dynamism caused by permanent changes in the directions of state agrarian policy, etc.

The state of modern legal provision of agrarian relations in the field of financial support of agribusiness has been studied, novelties have been analyzed and problems of legislative regulation of relations in the specified sphere have been identified. It is noted that currently an effective legal mechanism for financial support of agribusiness in the conditions of martial law, aimed at the restoration and sustainable development of the agricultural sector in the post-war period, has not been formed. It is emphasized that an extremely urgent task is the formation of a complete and effective mechanism of legal support of agrarian relations in the field of financial support of agribusiness, as well as the normative introduction of urgent measures of financial support of agribusiness for the purchase of fuel and lubricant materials, seeds, animal feed, generators to ensure the uninterrupted functioning of livestock complexes, places of storage of products in conditions of existing problems with electricity supply, demining of fields and access roads, creation of agricultural food banks, etc. by making appropriate changes to the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Agriculture of Ukraine».
Structural and substantive reatures of defense codes of foreign countries
Authors: Rusnak Y.I. , Topolnitskiy V.V. , Ostapenko A.I.
Published: June 2023

The article is intended for the study of the issue of systematization of the laws in the field of defense through its codification. It was found that codification is recognized as the highest level and the most perfect type of systematization of the laws, as a result of which a large number of separate legal acts are replaced by one single, consolidated, updated codified legal act.

The relevance of the problem is substantiated by the presence of a state task defined by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated November 8, 2019 No. 837 "On urgent measures to carry out reforms and strengthen the state", regarding the need to implement measures to codify the laws in the field of defense.

In order to carry out a complete and thorough study, a comparative and legal review of codified legislative acts in the field of defense of five leading democratic countries of the world: Australia, Canada, Poland, the USA, and France was carried out. Special attention is paid to the structures of defense codes, to the study of the content of their main constituent elements and to the comparison of these constituents, with the aim of identifying similar subjects of regulation, as well as identifying differences.

          In the course of the study, it was found that the defense codes of foreign countries have very diverse structures, and also regulate a fairly wide range of issues, both general and specific (for each country). All codes are based on the basic aspects on which the defense policy of every state is formed, and therefore, logically, they can become the basis for building the structure of the defense code of Ukraine.

          As a conclusion, it is stated that the result of a complex and high-quality systematization of the laws in the field of defense can be the Defense Code of Ukraine - a unique, innovative and reforming act that will unite all issues related to the preparation of the state for defense and its direct implementation.
International access level to administrative services in electronic format
Authors: Rudanetska O.
Published: June 2023

The article states that the functioning of public authorities and their provision of services is based on justice and equality. A key criterion for the effectiveness of the governments of modern states is the availability of public services, as this proves whether they are able to adequately respond to the variety of individual and public legal needs, and therefore take care of the creation and adaptation of appropriate content, ensuring proper communication for the dissemination of public information.

It has been established that obstacles to access to public services can be different, for example: geographical distance, inappropriate conditions for users, lack of awareness or use of overly complex wording, inconvenient working hours or organizational difficulties in serving the population. All this can negatively affect the quality of service provision, provoke problems with the legitimacy of the entire apparatus of public authority.

As evidenced by the experience of foreign countries, the economic costs of obtaining a state service and its maintenance can become a significant obstacle to access. This factor can also negatively affect citizens' trust in state institutions.

Therefore, it was established that the key to the availability of public services is their conversion into electronic form. The electronic platform must be inclusive and provide equal access opportunities for all citizens. Therefore, the concept of accessibility in the context of web applications is related to the availability of information for all users, regardless of the technologies and platforms used, sensory and functional capabilities of the user. E-government services should provide mechanisms that will help to overcome traditional physical barriers, that is, to make the administrative services accessible to people with special needs as much as possible.
Certain aspects of improving the participation in the tax legal relations of a natural person who carries out independent professional activities based on analysis of the EU experience
Authors: Sazonova A.
Published: June 2023

The article is devoted to researching the content of the concept of "independent professional activity" in the context of tax legal relations.

The work carried out a comprehensive scientific study on the issues of determining the specifics of the tax-legal status of natural persons engaged in independent professional activity, the specifics of the specified category of persons fulfilling their constitutional obligation to pay taxes and fees, the mechanisms of participation of such persons in ensuring the taxation of other subjects , as well as in the development of recommendations for the improvement of regulatory and legal regulation of the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity, in particular, through the introduction of a special tax regime.

Tax legal relations are always secondary, because they are generated, for example, by civil or labor legal relations. Such relations also include legal relations arising in the course of independent professional activity.

Despite the lively scientific interest in the taxation of individuals, including the self-employed, the actual issue of the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity remains insufficiently researched. In particular, the existing studies either touch on certain aspects of the taxation of natural persons, or are conducted on the basis of legislative acts that have lost their validity as of today.

All this led to the need to generalize the previously obtained developments and build on their basis the theoretical basis for determining the tax-legal status of individuals engaged in independent professional activity.
Cooperation between the police, the prosecutor’s office and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in combating organized criminal offenses related to smuggling, illegal trafficking of weapons and drugs, terrorism and illegal crossing of the state...
Authors: Babenko A. , Palii M. , Chekmaryova І.
Published: June 2023

The article is a criminological study of the phenomenon of interaction between the police, the prosecutor’s office and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in countering organized criminal offenses related to smuggling, illegal trafficking of weapons and drugs, terrorism and illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine. Based on the results of the research, the social danger of these phenomena in the conditions of war was characterized and outlined, the persons who commit them were highlighted, war was identified as the main factor of changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of crime.

In the work, the distribution of measures for the prevention of organized criminal offenses related to smuggling, illegal trafficking of weapons and drugs, terrorism and illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine and strategies for reducing opportunities for committing crimes was carried out.

The study highlights the main directions and means of interaction between the police, the prosecutor’s office and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in combating offenses related to organized criminal offenses, related to smuggling, illegal trafficking of weapons and drugs, terrorism and illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine.

According to the results of the study, it is emphasized that the interaction between police units with the bodies of the State Border Service of Ukraine and the prosecutor’s office during the detection and termination of organized criminal offenses related to smuggling, illegal trafficking of weapons and drugs, terrorism and illegal crossing of the state border of Ukraine.

The crime reduction strategy should be based on the application of a combination of public and non-public countermeasures; have a large-scale, complex, well-planned and organized character, aimed at reducing the level of these types of crime as a prerequisite for the existence of other antisocial manifestations.
International experience of legal regulation of personal light electric transport
Authors: Panova S.
Published: June 2023

The fast rhythm of modern life puts forward new requirements for human mobility, producing the demand for new ways of moving. The use of various types of individual micromobility means solves the problem of the movement of part of the population in cities, contributes to the restoration of the environment, reduces the burden on transport infrastructure and roads, but at the same time requires policy changes both at the local and national levels, because it is often associated with high public perception of the risk of road traffic crashes and the resulting increase in injuries and deaths. The article draws attention to the prevalence of personal light electric transport (not powerful electric scooters, electric scooters, segways, unicycles, gyroboards, self-balancing unicycles, gyro scooters, electric skateboards, etc.) both in the world and in Ukraine. The problem of legal regulation has been updated and an analysis of domestic legislative initiatives to determine this type of movement has been carried out. In particular, attention is drawn to the diversity of approaches to the terminological definition and understanding of the role and place of personal light electric vehicles among road users. The most effective mechanisms for the legal regulation of micromobility means are highlighted, aimed at increasing the level of protection and safety of all road users, accepted in different states and deciding issues: classifying personal light electric vehicles as “pedestrians” or defining as a vehicle, technical requirements, permissible speed, determining the age of users, the place of use and parking areas, the availability of the necessary means of protection, the definition of liability in the event of an accident, etc. Based on the analysis of foreign experience, a conclusion was made about the possibility of using certain foreign legislative developments to form a high-quality regulatory basis for regulating the use of personal light electric vehicles in Ukraine.
A lawyer's refusal to provide legal aid and the need to observe a certain set of measures to avoid a conflict of interests
Authors: Zaborovskyy V.
Published: June 2023

In this article, a theoretical-applied study of the essence of conflicts of interest is carried out primarily through the prism of clarifying the legal nature of the measures that a lawyer must follow in order to avoid them. This article is devoted to the disclosure of various positions of scientists regarding the possibility of accepting a mandate from a client (continuing the provision of legal assistance) under the condition of a potential conflict of interests.

The study focused on the fact that criminal proceedings provide for the possibility of submitting an application for the recusal of the defense counsel (application for self-recusal of the defense counsel), while in other types of proceedings, the decision to participate or, conversely, not to participate in the case in conditions of conflict of interests depends directly on the will of the lawyer. Representative and the court cannot declare the dismissal of such a representative.

Within the framework of this study, a significant set of measures that should be taken by a lawyer (law association) to prevent the occurrence and reduce the possible negative consequences of the existence of a conflict of interests in the conditions of the practice of law was analyzed. It is concluded that such measures can include: establishing additional restrictions on the provision of legal assistance by law firms (information barriers, consolidation of internal corporate codes of ethical behavior of lawyers); establishing certain obligations, prohibitions and restrictions in the relationship between the client and the lawyer in order to establish the absolute independence of the lawyer in the performance of his professional activities, etc.

In this article, both general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods specific to legal science, have been widely used. The research itself was carried out with the application in particular, formal-dogmatic method, which provided an opportunity to analyze a set of measures that a lawyer should follow in order to avoid a possible conflict of interests.
European payment order as a means of cross-border debt collection in the European Union
Authors: Zabokrytskyi І.
Published: June 2023

This article examines the European Payment Order (EPO). The importance of this instrument as a component of the principle of the EU internal market is emphasized. It has been argued that as in any trade or other commercial relationship, there is a risk of arrears, which creates problems for creditors. Problems can be further complicated by the fact that the debtor is located outside the state in which the creditor is located, and therefore it is a different state, with different laws, approaches to dispute resolution, etc. The main stages of the EPO procedure are considered. It is emphasized that the procedure looks simple in general, but the main drawback is immediately noticeable - for a dispute it is enough to simply submit an application without even providing sufficient grounds for the dispute. Thus, it allows the debtor to delay the case rather easily, transfer it to the national court (although it provides that the debtor must react within 30 days, which may not always happen in practice, especially if the debtor does not use the services of a qualified legal advisor). Also important is the fact that the EPO procedure is used in all EU member states, except for Denmark. This means that its application is truly universal and can be applied to almost any debtor in the European Union. It is indicated that EU Regulation No. 1896/2006 of December 12, 2006 applies to civil and commercial matters in cross-border cases, and also provides for exceptions when it cannot be applied. It was concluded that the main drawback of the procedure is that it would be more expedient if the debtor was obliged to provide at least minimal arguments, reasons for filing such an objection. This would allow to avoid groundless objections aimed solely at prolonging the resolution of the debt issue. In addition, it would force debtors to take the objection procedure more seriously and encourage them to seek help from qualified legal counsel. Since the services of such a legal advisor can be quite expensive, the debtor could weigh the expediency of such - for example, whether it makes sense to spend money and resources on such services, if the grounds for the claim are truly unconditional and the chances of a challenge already in court are zero. Instead, the debtor can very easily deny the application without any additional reasons. It was concluded that, at the same time, after Ukraine becomes a member of the European Union, it will be useful to join this procedure and it will be necessary to develop the main national features of the EPO application.
A review of the CARG Project of the Campania Region (marine counterpart; southern Tyrrhenian Sea): New perspectives in marine geology and cartography
Authors: Aiello Gemma
Published: June 2023

A review of the CARG Project of the Campania Region (marine counterpart) up to water depths of 200 m is herein proposed referring to the Gulf of Naples (southern Tyrrhenian Sea) aimed at focusing on the main scientific results obtained in the frame of this important project of marine geological cartography. The Gulf of Naples includes several geological sheets, namely n. 464 “Island of Ischia” both at the 1:25,000 and 1:10,000 scale, n. 465 “Island of Procida” at the 1:50,000 scale, n. 466–485 “Sorrento–Termini” at the 1:50,000 scale, n. 446–447 Naples at the 1:50,000 scale, and n. 484 “Island of Capri” at the 1:25,000 scale. The detailed revision of both the marine geological and geophysical data and of the literature data has allowed us to outline new perspectives in marine geology and cartography of Campania Region, including monitoring of coastal zone and individuation of coastal and volcano-tectonic and marine hazards.
The determination of microplastic contamination in freshwater environments using sampling methods – A case study
Authors: Karaban Kamil , Poniatowska Agnieszka , Kaliszewicz Anita , Winczek Michał , Ilieva-Makulec Krassimira , Romanowski Jerzy
Published: June 2023

We compared different net sampling methods for microplastic quantitative collection by sampling different water volumes with nets of different mesh sizes. Sampling covered freshwater lake and reservoir with a significant degree of eutrophication located in Central Poland. The fibres were the main type of plastic collected from sampling sites and constituted 83% of all microplastic particles. Fibres of 700–1900 μm dominated in the samples. The size of mesh affected the amount of fibres collected. Small fibres of 10–200 μm in length were collected using only a fine net of 20 μm mesh size. The total amount of fibres depended on sample volumes; concentrations of microplastics were higher for smaller water volumes. It is likely that clogging with phytoplankton and suspended particles reduced the filtration capacity of the finest nets when large volumes were sampled, which led to an underestimation of microplastic. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that the amount of small microfibres depends on mesh size and that the total microplastic abundance in freshwaters in Poland depends on the sample volume. We suggest sampling rather larger than smaller water volumes to assess the level of microplastic contamination more accurately, but clogging, which reduces the filtration capacity of finest nets, should be taken into account when eutrophic freshwater environments are studied.
Plant virus resistance biotechnological approaches: From genes to the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system
Authors: Iksat Nurgul , Masalimov Zhaksylyk , Omarov Rustem
Published: June 2023

Plant viruses cause crop losses in agronomically and economically important crops, making global food security a challenge. Although traditional plant breeding has been effective in controlling plant viral diseases, it is unlikely to solve the problems associated with the frequent emergence of new and more virulent virus species or strains. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop alternative virus control strategies that can be used to more easily contain viral diseases. A better understanding of plant defence mechanisms will open up new avenues for research into plant- pathogen interactions and the development of broad-spectrum virus resistance. The scientific literature was evaluated and structured in this review, and the results of the reliability of the methods of analysis used were filtered. As a result, we described the molecular mechanisms by which viruses interact with host plant cells. To develop an effective strategy for the control of plant pathogens with a significant intensity on the agricultural market, clear and standardised recommendations are required. The current review will provide key insights into the molecular underpinnings underlying the coordination of plant disease resistance, such as main classes of resistance genes, RNA interference, and the RNA-mediated adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea – clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated Cas proteins – CRISPR/Cas. Future issues related to resistance to plant viral diseases will largely depend on integrated research to transfer fundamental knowledge to applied problems, bridging the gap between laboratory and field work.
Soil erosion rate and hazard level at the Sianjo-anjo Reservoir watershed in Indonesia
Authors: Gusma Felia , Azmeri Azmeri , Jemi Faris Z. , Rahmatan Hafnati
Published: June 2023

The Sianjo-anjo reservoir is used to meet the need for downstream clean water. Land activity at the Sianjo- anjo reservoir watershed can potentially increase the rate of erosion and the silting of rivers and reservoirs due to sedimentation. Reservoir siltation is a crucial challenge for reservoir management because it can reduce its function and affect its service life. However, sediment yield is often overlooked in reservoir planning and environmental assessment. This study aims to predict the rate of land erosion and sediment yield, and create an erosion hazard map of the Sianjo-anjo reservoir watershed. The study used a Geographic Information System, GIS-based Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method and discovered that the erosion rate of the Sianjo-anjo reservoir watershed was between 35.23 Mg∙ha –1∙y –1 until 455.08 Mg∙ha –1∙y –1, with 95.85% classified as the low level, 0.03% as moderate, and 4.12% as high. Meanwhile, the sediment yield from the Sianjo-anjo reservoir watershed was 218,812.802 Mg∙y –1. USLE is vital to identify areas susceptible to erosion and crucial for reservoir sustainability. Furthermore, it is necessary to plan good sediment management. Long-term land conservation is required to maintain storage capacity and ensure effective operation of the reservoir.