bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locational Variations in the Public School Teacher Supply Price
Authors: Wentzler Nancy
Published: November 2015

Several stales have incorporated into the education aid formula ad hoc adjustments for differences in the supply prices of education inputs across school districts. Urban school districts often receive additional stale education aid per pupil based on the belief that such districts face relatively higher supply prices for education inputs. This article evaluates the utilization of location as an indicator of district supply price differences by presenting a model to test whether location alone is the appropriate criterion for the adjustment of state aid to reflect such differences. If other district characteristics are more influential in the determination of supply prices, then these might also be included in the state aid adjustment technique. The article compares the distributional consequences of a more comprehensive adjustment procedure which includes district characteristics with the simpler locational weighting procedure.
Key Skills for Crafting Customer Solutions Within an Ecosystem
Authors: Friend Scott B. , Malshe Avinash
Published: November 2015

A growing body of marketing and service research analyzes the processes inherent in the creation of customer solutions. This work is increasingly important as vendors and customers alike strive to differentiate themselves from competitors. However, research is often limited because data do not take into consideration the system of the customer’s stakeholders. The present study is an expansive discovery-oriented, theories-in-use inquiry consisting of 117 depth interviews across 59 key account service evaluations. Study results are contextualized within the system of stakeholders involved in the solution development and implementation process termed ecosystem. Working from the understanding that customers consist of sets of interrelated stakeholders, the authors identify key skills for crafting customer solutions within an ecosystem. The findings advance the marketing service field by providing a rich lens by which to conceive of solutions development and implementation, enhancing the ability to understand and design customer solutions.
An Evaluation of the Use of and User Satisfaction with a Teleconsultation System in Oncology Practice
Authors: Larcher B , Berloffa F , Demichelis F , Eccher C , Favaretti C , Galvagni M , Martini G , Sboner A , Graiff A , Forti S
Published: November 2015

A three-year oncology teleconsulting project was concluded in November 2000. During a six-month study period, 38 clinical physicians and 47 nurses used the system. A total of 617 electronic patient records were created in the oncology department, 297 in dermatology and 24 in gynaecology. There were 45 synchronous teleconsultations involving various participants, lasting a total of 708 min. We conducted surveys of the attitudes of users to the teleconsulting system both before and after its implementation. There were no significant differences between the two surveys and the results showed that users had a positive reaction to the system and high expectations of its future utilization.
The Use of Videoconferencing to Enhance Tertiary Mental Health Service Provision to the Island of Jersey
Authors: Harley Jacqueline , McLaren Paul , Blackwood Gil , Tierney Kevin , Everett Mandy
Published: November 2015

A six-month trial of videoconferencing was undertaken between the States of Jersey Health and Social Services in the Channel Islands and the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust in England. The purpose of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness and benefits of obtaining specialist tertiary mental health services not normally available on the island of Jersey. During the six-month pilot project in 2001, five teleconsultations were conducted: two acute psychiatric assessments and three case reviews. In addition, six presentations using videoconferencing were held on forensic psychiatry (24 participants), affective disorders (12), psychosis (8), eating disorders (3), crisis disorders (12) and community specialist teams (12). Results using the Guy's Communication Questionnaire indicated high satisfaction levels from all participants. The project successfully raised the awareness of telemedicine and its potential in the delivery of mental health services in Jersey.
Future Patient Care: Tele-Empowerment
Authors: Levy Sharon , Bradley David A , Morison Moya J , Swanston Michael T , Harvey Sylvia
Published: November 2015

We explored the attitudes and responses of older people to telecare and home-based technologies. The perceptions of a small group of subjects who had no knowledge or experience of the use of telehealth equipment were compared with the experiences of a second small group who had used a video-link in a remote consultation with their general practitioner. Data were collected by engaging subjects in a semistructured interview in their own home. A questionnaire, which was developed following the analysis of the interview data, was also distributed to three client groups in Scotland. These groups were day hospital patients, residents of local authority sheltered housing schemes and residents of a private housing association. One hundred and ninety-nine questionnaires were returned (a 42% response rate), all from people aged 60 years and over. Analysis of the questionnaires suggested that the main demographic factors associated with positive attitudes to telecare were age, home ownership, dwelling type (sheltered housing or not) and household composition. The results suggest that an appropriate nurse-led telehealth service, which facilitates trust between clients, providers and the technology, could be the mechanism by which to encourage people to accept and use home-based systems.
Technical Innovations in International E-Nursing
Authors: Carty Rita M , Principato Jerold J
Published: November 2015

Saudi Arabia faces a severe shortage of nurses. An online nursing degree is being introduced as one approach to this problem. In 1999, the College of Nursing and Health Science at George Mason University formed a strategic partnership with IMED Link, a private telehealth company, to deliver online nursing education. Nine courses have been developed so far, including nursing assessment The educational material will be distributed via Saudi Arabia's telemedicine network. The courses will be led by professors of nursing at George Mason University using videoconferencing, coupled with online computer classes and Internet tools. Both nursing content and expertise in Web technologies are necessary to develop a successful e-nursing programme.
Design and Performance of a Multicentre, Randomized Controlled Trial of Teleconsulting
Authors: Wallace P G , Haines A , Harrison R , Barber J , Thompson S , Jacklin P , Roberts J , Lewis L , Wainwright P
Published: November 2015

We have designed and performed a multicentre, randomized controlled trial of teleconsulting. The trial investigated the effectiveness and cost implications in rural and inner-city settings of using videoconferencing as an alternative to general practitioner referral to a hospital specialist. The participating general practitioners referred a total of 3170 patients who satisfied the entry criteria. Of these, 1040 (33%) failed to provide consent or otherwise refused to participate in the trial. Of the patients recruited to the trial, a total of 1902 (91 %) completed and returned the baseline questionnaire. Although the trial was successful in recruiting sufficient patients and in obtaining high questionnaire response rates, the findings will require careful interpretation to take account of the limits which the protocol placed on the ability of general practitioners to select patients for referral.
A Comparative Study of a New Wireless Continuous Cardiorespiratory Monitor for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure at Home
Authors: Andrews D , Gouda M S , Higgins S , Johnson P , Williams A , VandenBurg M
Published: November 2015

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major and increasing chronic disease in Western society, with a high mortality, morbidity and cost for unplanned hospital admissions. Continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring is required to detect Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR). We have tested a new wireless monitoring system and compared it with polysomnography (PSG) and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) in six CHF patients with CSR in a sleep laboratory. The wireless system compared well with RIP for the detection of CSR but less well with PSG, which had unexpected but significant respiratory sensing errors that led to misclassification of the respiratory disorder present. The wireless system could be used to select CHF patients for better-customized treatment at home as part of a specialist-supported community telemedicine programme.
Patients' Access to Their Online Electronic Health Records
Authors: Pyper Cecilia , Amery Justin , Watson Marion , Crook Claire , Thomas Ben
Published: November 2015

We surveyed a randomized group of 1050 adult patients stratified for age and sex, from a general practice in Oxfordshire, to find out their attitudes to electronic health records (EHRs). Eighty-six per cent thought that patients should have the right to see their records. While 72% knew that they had the right to see their records, only 4% had done so. Private EHR viewing booths with a computer and fingerprint identification system were installed in the primary care centre. Patients were randomly selected from those who responded to the questionnaire and wished to view their EHR. Of the 100 patients who saw their online EHR, 99 found the session useful and 84 found their records easy to understand. Three focus groups were held with 14 patients who said that they did not want to access their EHRs. The reasons patients gave during the focus groups included that they trusted their general practitioner and thought it would imply a lack of confidence. After the focus groups, 11 patients changed their minds and accessed their records. We believe that patient-accessed EHRs will offer substantial benefits to patients, health professionals and the National Health Service as a whole.
World news at the Newseum: Interactive imaginings of international news reporting
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: November 2015

This article analyzes the Newseum’s attention to questions of the international in an attempt to answer two related research questions: (1) how does the Newseum represent the ‘world news’ story, and (2) how does it represent the world’s various journalism industries? In order to answer these questions, the article first reviews the existing scholarly literature on museums and tourism with the goal of clarifying the Newseum’s positioning within a larger tradition of engaging (and governing) the museum visitor. The article then provides some background information on the Newseum’s creation, shedding light on the very specific sociocultural context that engendered the Newseum – and its view of the ‘world’. Finally, the article discusses the author’s findings from a site study of the Newseum’s 9/11 Memorial Gallery and its Time Warner World News Gallery.
Improving the Learning Environment for the Development of Hospitality Accountancy Skills Using Computer Simulation Gaming
Authors: Fawcett S. Lyn , Lockwood Andrew
Published: November 2015

The paper begins by examining the dissonance that exists between the learning outcomes of hospitality education and the skill needs of the industry in relation to management accounting. Next the paper considers the competence needs of managers in handling numerical data and the problems that many students have with accounting. Following this introduction the paper describes a computer-based management game and evaluates it as an approach for the development of students with particular emphasis on developing data handling and accountancy skills within higher education. The paper reports on student responses to the exercise, from both free response and a structured questionnaire. A comparison is made between students who participated in the CRASE exercise and a group who did not, which highlights the benefits to be derived from its use.
The Market for Corporate Control in the US Hotel Industry: The Case of the ITT Takeover
Authors: Kim Kyung-Hwan , Olsen Michael D.
Published: November 2015

This paper takes as its focus for analysis the fierce take-over battle that took place between the Hilton Hotel Corporation and Starwood Lodging for control of the ITT Sheraton hotel chain. The paper provides a detailed perspective of the take-over, following the key stages of progress, and compares these to the theoretical background in this field.
Niagara Icewine Tourism: Japanese Souvenir Purchases at Inniskillin Winery
Authors: Teller David J. , Hashimoto Atsuko
Published: November 2015

A local wine route in the Niagara Peninsula connects over 50 wineries offering tours, tasting, restaurants and shopping. At the forefront of development has been Inniskillin Winery. This paper highlights the evolution of wine tourism in the Niagara region and focuses on Inniskillin's efforts to expand into a non-traditional wine tourist market. The winery has formed a strategic alliance with a Japanese tour operator and its Icewine has become a very popular exclusive souvenir for the Japanese. An understanding of the psychological background of the Japanese target segment illustrates the link between Icewine and Japanese gift giving and sense of social obligation. Seasonal implications of this market are discussed. Inniskillin's example of developing strategic alliances has been followed by other wineries in attracting Japanese tourists as well as developing links to a variety of industries linked to wine tourism.
Tourism and Urban Land Use Change: Assessing the Impact of Christchurch's Tourist Tramway
Authors: Pearce Douglas G.
Published: November 2015

In the broader context of tourism and urban regeneration, this study examines the impact that the development of the tourist tramway in Christchurch, New Zealand, has had on adjoining land uses. Land use patterns along the tram circuit are mapped prior to the opening of the tramway and then re-examined at subsequent dates in an attempt to measure the impact of the tram. The attitudes and behaviour of two sets of retailers along the circuit are also examined before and after the opening of the tramway. The results of this longitudinal analysis suggest the development of the tourist tramway has had only a moderate impact on land use patterns and urban revitalisation in Christchurch.
Churches and Statues: Cultural Tourism in Finland
Authors: Honkanen Antti
Published: November 2015

Tourism in Finland is chiefly oriented towards nature, but culture has an important role to play as well. Almost every cultural attraction with more than 100,000 visitors per year is situated in the major cities. Typically, the most popular cultural attraction in the cities is a church or a museum. In the rural areas, almost the only significant attractions are short-term festivals. It seems that successful cultural attractions do require a large population catchment surrounding them. Normally, local residents also enjoy culture attractions. The paper considers the relationship between cultural attractions and the location.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of French and British Managers: An Examination of the Influence of Higher Education on Management Style
Authors: Gröschl Stefan , Barrows Clayton W.
Published: November 2015

Organisations are increasingly expanding beyond their national borders due to a variety of factors that have created international expansion opportunities. The hospitality industry, in particular, has seized the opportunity to extend its reach internationally. When internationalisation occurs, organisations are confronted with the challenge of managing a culturally diverse workforce. This challenge is especially acute for industries that are as labour intensive as is the hospitality industry. Indeed, the ultimate success of international expansion is largely driven by the effectiveness of a company's human resource management strategy. This paper explores management differences of French and British managers, hypothesising that management styles and beliefs are strongly influenced by managers' educational backgrounds.
Inquiry Conversion and Tourism Website Effectiveness: Assumptions, Problems and Potential
Authors: Stergiou Dimitrios , Airey David
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of inquiry conversion in tourism website evaluation research. It uses data from an evaluation of a tourism promotional website to explore some of the potential problems and issues associated with conversion studies. In doing so, a number of basic assumptions that form the basis for the rationale underlying conversion research are discussed, as are important methodological issues raised by tourism researchers. Additional comments for improving the quality of conversion studies measuring the effectiveness of tourism websites are presented.
Air-Cooled High Brightness Mercury Vapour Lamps and Their Application to Projection
Authors: Francis V. J. , Wilson G. H.
Published: November 2015

The paper describes the functions of a projector with particular reference to the light sources associated with it. It is shown that high brightness is usually the most important property of the source.

After a review of types of source at present used for projection, the possible advantages in the use of high brightness mercury vapour lamps are discussed and the characteristics of practical air-cooled lamps are described. Linear and compact source types are shown to be practicable, the latter having twenty or more times the brightness of the filament of a tungsten projector lamp.

Details are given of typical optical systems such as searchlights, and slide and film projectors, and the performance of the new lamps in them.
Fundamental Principles of Meters Used to Measure Visibility
Authors: Dunbar C.
Published: November 2015

Attention is drawn to the difficulty of assessing the visibility of an object when the difference in brightness between the object and its background exceeds the value necessary to produce the best performance under the particular experimental conditions. It is suggested that if the visibility scale is to be extended to brightness differences which exceed this value, then the visibility of the object must be considered in terms of the observer's performance under all conditions of sensitivity, distraction, attention, and unexpectedness which can occur in practice during the carrying out of the visual task.

Meters which have been designed to measure the visibility of an object depend upon making the visual conditions more difficult by producing optically a condition in which the difference in brightness between the object and its background is equal to a threshold value. It is shown that in the case of objects which are presented against backgrounds of different brightness, these objects will be arranged in an order of visibility which depends on the exact manner by which the threshold condition is produced. Inconsistencies which may arise from the use of a meter both in the presence and absence of glare sources are also indicated. The need is stressed for careful consideration of the results given by a meter both in relation to the nature of the visual task and the differences in lighting conditions under which comparisons of visibility are made.

Consideration is also given to visibility meters which have been designed to measure the efficiency of street lighting installations. As these meters take into account many of the factors affecting the visibility of objects in the street, they can usefully be employed to study the effect of these factors. On the other hand, since the meters do not take all the important factors into account, the results given by the meters in different installations should not be taken as measuring the efficiency of these installations in promoting object visibility.
Filters to Colour-Match Tungsten Filament Lamps with Sodium-Vapour Lamps
Authors: Harding H. G. W.
Published: November 2015

A description is given of the properties of four filters which may be used to measure the luminous intensities of sodium-vapour lamps if tungsten filament lamps are used as intensity standards. In particular, a filter made at the laboratory from Chance OB 2 and OY 1 glasses is described. It enables the measurements to be made under colour-match and approximately energy match conditions. This filter is compared with the Zeiss glass filter used at the laboratory. The spread in the results of six observers is about [Formula: see text] per cent. with the Chance glass filter described and about 7 per cent. with the Zeiss glass filter. The mean values of the readings obtained with each of the filters agree to about 2 per cent. The colour, transmission, and temperature coefficients of colour and transmission of the Chance glass filter are given. Other filters which may be suitable for this purpose are Corning 978 with Chance OY 1 glasses or the combination of Wratten 23B and Wratten 57 gelatine filters.
Colour in Illuminating Engineering
Authors: Wright W. D.
Published: November 2015

The paper reviews some of the problems of colour perception as they affect the illuminating engineer. Reference is made to the processes of colour perception, and to the relation between the colour of an object and the spectral composition of the light which it reflects. Colour matching by a mixture of three matching stimuli is described, together with the development of the CLE. system of colour specification. An elementary discussion of the maximum amount of light which a coloured surface can reflect is given, and the representation of the colour of a surface with the aid of a colour chart, in particular the charts based on the Munsell and Ostwald systems, is referred to. Finally, the dependence of the colour-rendering properties of an illuminant on the spectral composition of the illumination is stressed, and mention is made of the extent to which changes in the quality of the illumination may be compensated by changes in the colour adaptation of the eye.
Railway Lighting
Authors: Cunnington A. , Golds G. W.
Published: November 2015

The paper opens with a discussion of the general requirements of railway lighting installations, and attention is drawn to the special importance for railway purposes of reliability, robust construction to withstand adverse conditions, “and good design to secure absence of glare. Special problems are referred to in some detail, and a description is given of special devices, such as under-pit fluorescent lighting for the inspection of locomotives, methods of illuminating the interiors of box wagons in goods sheds, and a suggested method for affording background illumination in shunting yards. Reference is made to the need for low illumination in signal boxes so as to ensure reasonable” dark adaptation “for the eyes of signalmen when observing train movements through the windows, and a section deals with some of the features which may make for greater safety of stairways.

The later part of the paper covers some possible future developments in the use of fluorescent tube lighting, and in the illumination of direction signs and clocks, station name signs, both large and small, and of various train indicator devices and timetable boards. Finally, some reference is made to the effect of better lighting on the welfare and safety of the staff and the travelling public.
Decorative Lighting
Authors: Hubble L. H.
Published: November 2015

Decorative lighting is not so much a practice in itself as an essential component of any lighting scheme. The word “decorative” is misleading in that it implies ornament, whereas, in point of fact, the decorative component of lighting may be only a matter of simplification; indeed, the modern tendency appears to be towards the avoidance of lighting “decoration” and the substitution of lighting harmony.

The paper contends that, approached in this way, decorative lighting can be analysed in a manner impossible if it were considered to be purely an artistic function. With the aid of such analysis, this aspect of illuminating engineering can be brought within the scope of a great number of lighting engineers who might otherwise feel unqualified to tackle those lighting problems in which decoration is of great importance.

The approach to the decorative component must take the form of a search for harmony, firstly in relation to the prevailing human emotion of those for whom the lighting is designed and secondly in relation to the architectural characteristics of the space under treatment.

The paper terminates with a detailed description of a particular installation, showing how the above reasoning was applied.
Fluorescent Lamp Artificial Daylight Units for Colour Matching
Authors: Winch G. T. , Harrison W. , Ruff H. R.
Published: November 2015

The colour and colour rendering characteristics of natural daylight are considered together with the requirements for artificial daylight sources for critical colour matching purposes. The development of artificial daylight units utilising tubular fluorescent electric discharge lamps is shown to follow two main lines, namely,

(a) a combination of fluorescent powders in either cold or hot cathode fluorescent lamps, and (b) a combination of radiation from fluorescent lamps and groups of incandescent tungsten filament lamps.

Practical tubular fluorescent daylight colour matching units using cold cathode tubes are in use in industry for critical colour matching purposes, whilst experimental hot cathode lamps have been used in some prolonged field tests.

An alternative method being investigated is to combine blue fluorescent lamps with incandescent tungsten filament lamps. This provides a closer approximation to black body spectral distribution than at present possible with fluorescent lamps alone, provided care is taken to ensure adequate mixing of the light, and adjustment is made for the differential life behaviour of the component lamps.

The outstanding advantage of artificial daylight units incorporating tubular fluorescent lamps is their high efficiency (of the order of 30 lm/w.) which enables a very much higher illumination to be obtained over large working areas than has previously been practicable with filtered tungsten light or light from daylight units incorporating CO2 tubes.
The Early Years of Illuminating Engineering in Great Britain
Authors: Walsh John W. T.
Published: November 2015

This lecture deals with the origin and growth of illuminating engineering in this country from the publication of Trotter's paper in 1892 to the years immediately following the First World War. It describes the work of the pioneers in this field, especially Trotter, Paterson, Gaster and Dow, and traces the influence of the Illuminating Engineering Society in bringing about a better appreciation of the importance of a specialised study of lighting problems.
Brightness Engineering
Authors: Robinson W.
Published: November 2015

Brightness engineering at its present stage of development can be defined as the extension of illuminating engineering by adopting and producing limiting brightness ratios in interiors where comfortable and easy seeing are primary considerations. Further development hinges on the acceptance of a generalised brightness code, and two possible methods of establishing this are considered in the light of recent work on the subject.

Methods of brightness design using inter-reflection tables are described and the associated problem of brightness measurement is discussed. The field flux method of lighting design based on zonal flux distrubtion is compared with the brightness ratio method.

In the wider sense, brightness engineering involves prescribing and producing a good visual environment and offers to lighting engineers both greater scope and heavier responsibilities.
Brightness Patterns and Visual Fields
Authors: Lay S. D.
Published: November 2015

Brightness patterns in the field of view, and their effect on visual efficiency, are examined in the light of research and of present trends in practice.

Two separate, but related, fields are analysed—one centred on the work, the other covering the environment.

Brightness patterns in each field and the relationship between the two fields are discussed.

It would both clarify research and simplify application of its results if it were possible to divide the visual field into simple practical zones of standard sizes rather than the varying arbitrarily selected zones found in different research work. The problem is examined and it is shown that there are four zones which could with advantage be standardised and used in future work.

Some observations are made on the significance of these zones and of their treatment in practice.
Dark Adaptation with Special Reference to Miners' Nystagmus
Authors: Ferguson W. J. Wellwood
Published: November 2015

After discussing in general the process of dark adaptation, tests made in both control subjects and nystagmic miners are described. It is suggested that the primary cause of nystagmus among miners is poor illumination at the coal-face.
Spectrophotometry of Radiation from Sun and Sky
Authors: Cooper E. R. , Probine M. C.
Published: November 2015

A spectrophotometer is described by means of which the spectral distribution of radiation from the sun and sky, or the sky alone, may be conveniently measured if the sky is either completely clear or completely overcast. The instrument is calibrated using a standard lamp, whose spectral energy distribution is known in the region 0.4 micron to 0.7 micron. A “fatigue-correcting” lamp, included in the optical system, enables the results to be expressed in energy units. Possible errors are discussed.
Spectral Distribution of Radiation from Sun and Sky
Authors: Hull J. N.
Published: November 2015

Measurements of the spectral distribution of the radiation falling on a horizontal plane from sun and sky have been made in various kinds of weather, using the transportable spectrophotometer described by Cooper and Probine. On overcast days the relative-energy/wavelength curve of sun and sky together is nearly the same as on clear days, although the amount of radiation is only about one-fifth. Haze, thin cloud, and mist produce more noticeable changes in distribution. On clear days small amounts of cloud cause large changes in the distribution of radiation from the sky alone. As an example of a simpler method of stating the distribution, which may be suitable where relative-energy/wavelength curves are unnecessarily detailed, the C.I.E. chromaticity co-ordinates and colour temperatures have been calculated for a few days.
The Economics of Four Industrial Lighting Installations
Authors: Clark S. T.
Published: November 2015

The type of lighting adopted for any particular industrial building usually depends on a number of factors, including capital and operating costs, technical requirements and maintenance facilities.

Some of the problems involved are discussed in the four papers of this symposium. The papers were selected to illustrate the advantages of different lamps for particular applications. Although the papers have a common theme the treatment is individual.
Lighting and Visibility in Mines
Authors: Roberts A.
Published: November 2015

New legislation and new mining methods have resulted in a revival of interest in mine lighting, in which many problems remain unsolved. The mining engineer is required to ensure that the workings under his control are lighted to an extent which provides safe and efficient operating conditions. This paper describes some of the results of an attempt to approach mine lighting from the aspect of visibility underground. The effects of visibility on efficiency and safety are discussed. Typical illumination and luminance levels are described for various underground environments together with some details of the visual tasks which occur in them.
A Method of Evaluating Seeing Distances on a Straight Road for Vehicle Meeting Beams
Authors: Jehu V. J.
Published: November 2015

The paper describes a method of calculating the distances at which objects may be seen in the light of a driver's own headlamps when one vehicle meets another on a straight road. It is based on experimentally determined seeing distances for beams of uniform intensity, obtained when the observer's vehicle was moving at 30 miles per hour and the glare lamp was stationary. The data, which were obtained for a given road width and position of the test object, are extended to other widths and object positions by means of the Stiles-Holladay law that the effect of a glaring light varies inversely as the square of the angular separation between the glare source and the line of sight.

The method has been used to evaluate seeing distances for four object positions across the road for a meeting beam typical of current British and American practice in which the beams are deflected to the nearside. The results show that with this system of lighting the minimum seeing distance for an object in the nearside lane occurs when the object is somewhat nearer the driver than the opposing lamps, and that the value of the minimum direct seeing distance varies considerably with the position of the object across the road.

Comparisons between calculation and measured seeing distances in trials in which both vehicles were moving are in good agreement for objects along the nearside of the road. At other object positions comparison is not possible at present because the experimental evidence available is insufficient.
Electroluminescence
Authors: Bowtell J. N. , Bate H. C.
Published: November 2015

This paper deals with the main features of electroluminescence and emphasises aspects of particular interest to illuminating engineers. Following a brief account of earlier work, the design, construction and performance of practical electroluminescent light sources are described. Essential theoretical aspects are also mentioned.

Certain specialised applications of electroluminescence for photographic and other purposes are discussed. Reference is also made to possible future uses for this light source.
Some Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Fluorescent Lamps—The Quest for Higher Luminous Output
Authors: Jackson F. , Molloy R. , Scott K.
Published: November 2015

The theoretical aspects of the dependence of the luminous output of fluorescent lamps on the efficiency of production of ultra violet radiation and its conversion into light by the phosphor are discussed, together with a review of the application of this knowledge to practical lamp making.
Lighting Developments in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Havelka Jiri
Published: November 2015

The paper gives an account of research work carried out in Czechoslovakia in the last 10 years. The problem of the economical rated voltage of incandescent lamps is analysed in general and the economical voltage derived for cases of varying mains voltage and cost of electrical energy. The attainable economy is critically evaluated.

The second part of the paper deals with the economical interval for maintenance and re-lamping and the method of its computation. Special attention has been paid to the investigation of the most favourable arrangement of fluorescent tubes for factory lighting and an attempt made to express the quality of illumination by a single “quality index” to enable a clear comparison of the individual arrangements.

A new type of fluorescent lantern for street lighting at low temperatures is described.
Measurement of Low Light Levels by the Photon Counting Method
Authors: Young B. M. , Cooper L. P.
Published: November 2015

Experiments are described using electron counting techniques for measuring low light levels with photomultipliers. An accuracy of 1 per cent has been achieved in measuring cathode currents of the order of 10−15 amp. or less with the photomultiplier cooled to — 183°C. The luminous flux falling on the cathode of area 2.4 sq. in. was c.10−11 lumen. At higher levels, the limitations in resolution of the counting equipment available caused 20 per cent loss in counts at cathode currents of 10−13 to 10−14 amp.

The limitations of the technique for photometric applications are discussed, together with the statistical considerations governing the resolution times necessary for the amplifier and counting circuits in order to increase the range over which the counts are proportional to the luminous flux incident on the cathode.
The Lighting of Gloucester Cathedral by the “Designed Appearance” Method
Authors: Waldram J. M.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes the application of the method of “Designed Appearance” lighting design to a large and complex interior, consisting of several interconnecting spaces. The design is described in detail, from the initial conception to the final specification, trials, modifications and verification. Special lighting equipment designed for the Cathedral is described.
Current Applications of Electroluminescence
Authors: Ranby P. W. , Clewer P. J.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes the construction of electroluminescent lamps using ceramic enamelling techniques and compares their properties with the more familiar electroluminescent lamp which employs organic dielectric materials. These ‘ceramic’ lamps lend themselves to applications where a low brightness source of robust construction is required together with a long life, for example, instrument lighting as in motor-car dashboards, electric clocks, telephone dials, etc. The ‘organic’ lamp is already used for aircraft signs, but digital indicators and other indicator panels can be constructed. The ‘organic’ type can also be combined with photoconductive materials to provide a number of interesting devices such as ‘optrons’, and image intensifiers and converters, and the X-ray image conveter is a particularly promising application. Some new phosphors which show a marked D.C. electroluminescence when used in ceramic constructions are described.
A Note on Quantities of Light
Authors: Holmes J. G.
Published: November 2015

Some of the terms used in lighting design calculations for the components of flux in an interior and their ratios are described. Suggestions are made for some new terms and symbols, and for a more practical meaning for ‘light output ratio’.
Temperatures and Temperature Variability in Lighting Fittings for Filament Lamps
Authors: Keen Joan , Stephenson H. F.
Published: November 2015

The paper investigates the effect of reduced lamp dimensions on fitting temperatures, and some aspects of temperature variability, specification and measurement. Data are given for the operating temperatures in a representative range of lighting fittings with 100 watt GLS lamps of many different designs, and with the proposed Standard Heat Test lamps. The smaller lamps and the Standard Heat Test lamps give higher fitting temperatures: some resulting design problems are discussed. Experiments to assess the inherent variability in fitting temperatures, not associated with measurement discrepancies, are described; the significance of the limited amount of testing economically possible is discussed, as it affects test specifications. It is shown that when drafting specifications, it is necessary to make allowance for the inherent variability, and a re-testing procedure is suggested. An appraisal is given of experience gained with early samples of the Standard Heat Test Lamp.
Colour Perception and Colour-Rendering
Authors: Wilson M. H. , Brocklebank R. W.
Published: November 2015

Experiments with coloured shadows, contrasts effects, double and triple projections, and chromatic illuminants all show that colour perceptions, in terms of hue, saturation, and brightness, are not direct functions of the physical properties of the stimulus nor yet of the psycho-physical properties (chromaticity and luminance), but depend on the relation of each colour patch to the totality of the visual scene— a relationship expressed by polarity and compensation. The mental process of fitting concept to percept in making sense of the sensations is also important.

It is suggested that in spite of the subjective nature of colour perceptions, the colour-rendering properties of an illuminant could well be determined by the perceived colours of objects, taking into account chromatic adaptation, and using the degree of colour constancy as a measure of success. Reciprocal chromaticity, specifying object colours as selective darkenings of the illuminant, might be found appropriate to this method.
Some Aspects of Arcing in Incandescent Filament Lamps
Authors: Buchanan A. G.
Published: November 2015

The reduction of arcing failure in filament lamps by control of tungsten grain size, the composition and pressure of the gas filling, and suitable design of filament assembly is briefly described. A simple non-destructive method of measuring the arcing potential is suggested.
Hospital Lighting: General and Medical Aspects
Authors: Ferguson W. J. Wellwood
Published: November 2015

The modern planning of hospital wards is contrasted with the old ‘Nightingale’ pattern, and the main lighting requirements in hospitals are outlined. The problem of colour-rendering is presented, and details are given of tests made to determine the suitability of different light sources, for clinical observations, from which a specification for the chromaticity and colour-rendering requirements for a suitable lamp are derived.
Property, Power and Press Freedom: Emergence of the Fourth Estate, 1640–1789
Authors: Burrowes Carl Patrick
Published: November 2015

This paper employs a theoretical framework that combines political economy and cultural studies to uncover the forces driving the development of press freedom in early modern England, the British North America and France from the launch in 1640 of the English Short Parliament, which temporarily abolished censorship, to the French Revolution in 1789. The factors it found to be determinant were a transnational print technology, the public sphere, social movements and egalitarianism, not liberalism, the liberal ideologues and the nation-state highlighted in the dominant press-freedom theory. Going beyond the rights of commercial news media owners, which is a focus of the traditional press-freedom literature, it examines other manifestations of press freedom, including the use and ownership of the means of publication by formerly excluded groups (including women and tradesmen), publication in vernacular languages, new styles of expression (including ironic treatment of religious and political authorities), and a successful challenge to private monopolistic control over knowledge production, especially printing. This study offers a new theory of press freedom, undergirded by the claim that the production of rights occurs in the realm of social relations, which have cultural, economic and political dimensions.
Promoting Alcohol-Free Pregnancy in Minnesota: A Case Study in Social Marketing
Authors: Miner Kim , Kingsbury Lee , Gentling Gail , Bishop Don
Published: November 2015

Alcohol use during pregnancy is a pressing public health problem in Minnesota as in the United States. Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in intellectual impairment, growth delay, facial malformations, and numerous emotional and social disabilities.

Social marketing has emerged as an effective framework to plan and promote health-enhancing practices and polices. Several strategies characteristic of social marketing guided this campaign in Minnesota to promote alcohol-free pregnancy, including (1) an extensive, interdisciplinary planning process involving public health staff, a voluntary health organization, a statewide coalition, and a private agency specializing in advertising and market research, (2) research-based message development, (3) affirming messages designed to reinforce desired behavior, (4) coordinated radio and TV broadcast, and (5) linkages to community-based efforts. The following article presents this campaign as a case study in social marketing.
From Scattershot to Strategy: Targeted Social Marketing Efforts through the Use of Secondary and Syndicated Research
Authors: Sego Trina
Published: November 2015

Product and service marketers traditionally use secondary and syndicated research to guide creation and placement of advertising and promotion. Social marketers are lead to wonder to what extent the same sources of information are relevant and available to them. In this article, the relevance of secondary and syndicated research to social marketing is discussed.
Social Television
Authors: Selva Donatella
Published: November 2015

The hypothesis of this work is that social TV can add to traditional TV audiencehood a sense of collective belonging—“we the public”—that is fundamental for any political action. After a quantitative account of users’ patterns of activity during half a TV season, a qualitative methodology is adopted to understand the variety of social TV logics. Thus, a model of four different kinds and meanings of using social TV is developed: from the most engaged (civic-informative use of social TV) to the most recreational (the game use), from the outburst of emotions (emotional use) to the identity-building and awareness use. Each of those represents various forms of relationships among individuals in a social medium environment, and between them and other actors of the wider contemporary mediated public space, such as civic and political groups, and political news media professionals.
Long-Term Tracheostomy Ventilation in Neuromuscular Diseases: Patient Acceptance and Quality of Life
Authors: Narayanaswami Pushpa , Bertorini Tulio E. , Pourmand Rahman , Horner Linda H.
Published: November 2015

Domiciliary assisted ventilation has been used to prolong life in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Although earlier studies suggest that the majority of patients are satisfied with their lives, the physician's perception of a patient's poor quality of life on assisted ventilation is a major reason for discouraging assisted ventilation. In this study, the quality of life was assessed in 19 patients with neuromuscular diseases on domiciliary tracheal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation for a mean duration of 54 months. An attempt was made to compare the quality of life of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients with that of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. More than two-thirds of patients were satisfied with their lives. Eighty-four percent thought they had made the right choice. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were somewhat more negative or ambiguous toward assisted ventilation and had lower life satisfaction scores as compared with Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Financial stresses were significant. Assisted ventilation should be offered as a viable option to patients with neuromuscular diseases. Larger studies may be useful in influencing insurance companies to make expenses associated with assisted ventilation reimbursable.
Phantom Finger Phenomena and the Effects of Toe-to-Finger Transplantation
Authors: Chu Nai-Shin
Published: November 2015

Phantom finger phenomena and the effects of toe-to-finger transplantation were studied in 76 patients who had had traumatic finger amputation. Phantom finger phenomena were observed in 48 (63%) patients with the presence of phantom finger only in 30, phantom finger with sensation in nine, and phantom finger with motion also in nine. After toe transplantation, phantom finger phenomena disappeared immediately in about half of the transplanted fingers that had phantom phenomena before toe transplantation, and also in about half of the amputated fingers without the surgery. Conversely, phantom toe phenomena occurred in 13 (17%) patients. Although some patients had mild-to-moderate unpleasant phantom sensations, none had severe or distressing phantom finger pain or phantom toe pain. It is concluded that phantom phenomena occurred in both finger and toe amputations, and that toe-to-finger transplantation appeared to facilitate the disappearance of phantom phenomena not only in the transplanted fingers but also in the amputated but untransplanted fingers. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed.