bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isometries between Sobolev spaces
Authors: Biegert Markus , Nittka Robin
Published: June 2011

Let Ω1 and Ω2 be bounded, connected open sets in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb {R}^N$\end{document} with continuous boundary, and let p > 2. We show that every positive linear isometry T from W1, p(Ω1) to W1, p(Ω2) that satisfies \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$W^{1,p}_0(\Omega _2) \subset TW^{1,p}_0(\Omega _1)$\end{document} corresponds to a rigid motion of the space, i.e., Tu = u○ξ for an isometry ξ of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb {R}^N$\end{document}, and more precisely ξ(Ω2) = Ω1. We also prove similar results for less regular domains, and we obtain partial results also for p = 2.
Peptide and protein drugs: The study of their metabolism and catabolism by mass spectrometry
Authors: Katsila Theodora , Siskos Alexandros P. , Tamvakopoulos Constantin
Published: June 2011

Peptide and protein drugs have evolved in recent years into mainstream therapeutics, representing a significant portion of the pharmaceutical market. Peptides and proteins exhibit highly diverse structures, broad biological activities as hormones, neurotransmitters, structural proteins, metabolic modulators and therefore have a significant role as both therapeutics and biomarkers. Understanding the metabolism of synthetic or biotechnologically derived peptide and protein drugs is critical for pharmaceutical development as metabolism has a significant impact on drug efficacy and safety. Although the same principles of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of small molecule drugs apply to peptide and protein drugs, there are few notable differences. Moreover, the study of peptide and protein drug metabolism is a rather complicated process which requires sophisticated analytical techniques, and mass spectrometry based approaches have provided the capabilities for efficient and reliable quantification, characterization, and metabolite identification. This review article will focus on the current use of mass spectrometry for the study of the metabolism of peptide and protein drugs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 31:110–133, 2012
Viscoelastic functionally graded finite element method with recursive time integration and applications to flexible pavements
Authors: Dave Eshan V. , Paulino Glaucio H. , Buttlar William G.
Published: June 2011

The finite‐element (FE) method is used for modeling geotechnical and pavement structures exhibiting significant non‐homogeneity. Property gradients generated due to non‐homogeneous distributions of moisture is one such example for geotechnical materials. Aging and temperature‐induced property gradients are common sources of non‐homogeneity for asphalt pavements. Investigation of time‐dependent behavior combined with functionally graded property gradation can be accomplished by means of the non‐homogeneous viscoelastic analysis procedure. This paper describes the development of a generalized isoparametric FE formulation to capture property gradients within elements, and a recursive formulation for solution of hereditary integral equations. The formulation is verified by comparison with analytical and numerical solutions. Two application examples are presented: the first describes stationary crack‐tip fields for viscoelastic functionally graded materials, and the second example demonstrates the application of the proposed procedures for efficient and accurate simulations of interfaces between layers of flexible pavement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
You cannot run or hide from social media—ask a politician
Authors: Terblanche Nic S.
Published: June 2011

Politicians try to distinguish themselves from others and, as a rule, devote a great deal of their time on ‘brand’‐building exercises. Some would go out of their way to attract attention and, for that reason, foster a relationship with the media. The Web 2.0 has enabled social media that not only changed the ways in which politicians' interact with the masses but also brought speed and scale to exposure in the public domain unparalleled before. This paper attends to three cartoons illustrating activities of President Jacob Zuma of South Africa. The cartoons are analysed for the presence of satire, and this analysis is then followed by a deliberation of the extended life gained by the three cartoons when they were transferred to social media such as Google, Google Trends, YouTube, Twitter and blogs. Social media now share the control over a message that are sent out and grant a satirical cartoon an unforeseen longer life. The extended life comes about because communities and individuals can now share, co‐create, discuss and modify user‐generated content in social media. Where political cartoons in printed media, as a rule, end up as waste, online political cartoons have the potential to live forever and ever—‘ad infinitum’. The implication of the extended life of a political cartoon is that the image of a politician can be tarnished daily for 24 h online. Social media has become a powerful mechanism for the electorate to voice their concerns, and politicians such as President Zuma have little opportunities for recourse. The recent upheavals in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other countries are evidence of the role that the social media can play in fostering political support. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wie sind Arzneimittel von anderen Gesundheitsprodukten abzugrenzen?
Authors: Stephan Kerstin
Published: June 2011

Seit Jahrzehnten gibt es Arzneimittel: Produkte, die Krankheiten oder krankhafte Beschwerden heilen, lindern oder verhüten sollen. In den letzten Jahren sind jedoch immer mehr Produktgruppen hinzugekommen, die dem Arzneimittel nahe stehen und es fällt immer schwerer, diese von den klassischen Arzneimitteln abzugrenzen. Dabei besteht die Schwierigkeit bei der Produktzuordnung vor allem in der unklaren Vorstellung über einzelne Abgrenzungsmerkmale. Verbraucher und Hersteller ebenso wie Behörden, aber auch Gerichte, stoßen hier durchaus an ihre Grenzen.
Lebensmittel – Nahrungsergänzungsmittel – Arzneimittel
Authors: Schrenk Dieter
Published: June 2011

Gemäß § 1 Abs. 1 des Lebensmittel‐, Bedarfsgegenstände‐ und Futtermittelhandbuchs (LFBG) vom 01.09.2005 sind “Lebensmittel (LM) alle Stoffe oder Erzeugnisse, die dazu bestimmt sind oder von denen nach vernünftigem Ermessen erwartet werden kann, dass sie in verarbeitetem, teilweise verarbeitetem oder unverarbeitetem Zustand von Menschen aufgenommen werden”. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es u.a. die Pflicht der Hersteller bzw. Inverkehrbringer sicherzustellen, dass vom üblichen (bestimmungsgemäßen) Verzehr des betreffenden LM keine Gesundheitsgefahren für den Verbraucher ausgehen. Damit ist grundsätzlich davon auszugehen, dass LM ‘sicher’, d.h. toxikologisch nicht weiter zu hinterfragen bzw. zu überprüfen sind.
Stofflisten des Bundes und der Bundesländer
Authors: Riedel Florian
Published: June 2011

Bei der umfassenden Beurteilung pflanzlicher Stoffe und daraus hergestellter Produkte sind sowohl wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse als auch zahlreiche rechtliche Vorgaben zu beachten. Die Stoffliste kann die Beurteilung von Produkten erleichtern, da sie derzeit verfügbare Informationen zu Pflanzen und Pflanzenteilen kompakt zusammenträgt, strukturiert und unter Berücksichtigung des geltenden Rechts nachvollziehbar bewertet. In der Folge kann die Stoffliste für Lebensmittelunternehmer und Behörden einen erheblichen Zeitgewinn bei der Beurteilung der Produkte und Rechtssicherheit bei der Vermarktung bedeuten.
Abgrenzungsprobleme vor Gericht
Authors: Schemmer Franz
Published: June 2011

Das Thema dieses Beitrags lässt sich mit Blick auf die Justizgewährleistung in vielerlei Hinsicht untergliedern. Gerade im Arzneimittelrecht – und dies gilt besonders im arzneimittelrechtlichen Zulassungsrecht – hat eine Europäisierung des Rechts stattgefunden.
Abgrenzung Kosmetika versus Arzneimittel
Authors: Lohmüller Eva‐Maria
Published: June 2011

In Kosmetika und Arzneimitteln ist der Einsatz von Pflanzenextrakten weit verbreitet. So werden z.B. Kamillen‐ oder Calendula‐Extrakt wegen ihrer entzündungshemmenden und wundheilungsfördernden Wirkung in beiden Produktkategorien gleichermaßen eingesetzt.
Fehlregulation der Histon‐Acetylierung als molekulare Grundlage der Demenzentwicklung
Authors: Schiedel Matthias , Jung Manfred
Published: June 2011

Im Tiermodell konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei älteren Mäusen durch eine Fehlregulation der Histon‐Acetylierung die Expression von spezifischen “Lerngenen”, welche für die Gedächtniskonsolidierung nötig sind, ausbleibt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem aus der Epigenetik bereits bekannten Regulationsmechanismus der Histon‐Acetylierung und einer nachlassenden Lernfähigkeit im Alter eröffnet neue Ansatzpunkte bei der Suche nach der “Pille gegen Altersdemenz”.
Was bedeutet HUSEC041 MLST ST678?
Authors: Winckler Thomas , Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse
Published: June 2011

Über den enterohämorrhagischen Escherichia‐coli‐Stamm (EHEC), der das gefürchtete hämolytisch‐urämische Syndrom (HUS) auslösen kann und unter der Nummer 41 in der Referenzstammsammlung des Konsiliarlabors für HUS am Universitätsklinikum abgelegt ist, hat man mittlerweile schon mehr als genug gehört – es kommt einem schon schier zu den Ohren heraus. Aber ein Aspekt ist es unserer Meinung nach doch wert, noch einmal genauer betrachtet zu werden: das Geheimnis hinter dem Kürzel MLST ST678.
Identification of direct targets for the miR‐17‐92 cluster by proteomic analysis
Authors: Kanzaki Hirotaka , Ito Sachio , Hanafusa Hiroko , Jitsumori Yoshimi , Tamaru Seiji , Shimizu Kenji , Ouchida Mamoru
Published: June 2011

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs that post‐transcriptionally repress the expression of target genes. Many miRNAs have been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancers. The miR‐17‐92 miRNA cluster is known as a body of oncogenic miRNAs, and has been shown to be overexpressed in several cancers, including lung cancer. Although the overexpression of miR‐17‐92 is clearly implicated in the development of lung cancer, only a few direct targets for the miR‐17‐92 cluster have been identified thus far. In this study, we examined miR‐17‐92 target profiles in SBC‐3 small‐cell lung cancer cells using a quantitative proteomic strategy to identify direct targets of the miR‐17‐92 cluster. By knocking down the expression of endogenous miR‐19a, miR‐20a and miR‐92‐1, which are contained in the cluster, 112 up‐regulated proteins were detected and also identified as potential targets of these miRNAs. Among these candidate targets, we validated one direct target, RAB14. In conclusion, these findings suggest that proteomic approaches are valuable for identifying direct miRNA targets, and we were able to identify a novel direct target for the miR‐92‐1 using our proteomic strategy.
Characterization of the global impact of low temperature gas plasma on vegetative microorganisms
Authors: Winter Theresa , Winter Jörn , Polak Martin , Kusch Kathrin , Mäder Ulrike , Sietmann Rabea , Ehlbeck Jörg , van Hijum Sacha , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Hecker Michael , Kusch Harald
Published: June 2011

Plasma medicine and also decontamination of bacteria with physical plasmas is a promising new field of life science with huge interest especially for medical applications. Despite numerous successful applications of low temperature gas plasmas in medicine and decontamination, the fundamental nature of the interactions between plasma and microorganisms is to a large extent unknown. A detailed knowledge of these interactions is essential for the development of new as well as for the enhancement of established plasma‐treatment procedures. In the present work we introduce for the first time a growth chamber system suitable for low temperature gas plasma treatment of bacteria in liquid medium. We have coupled the use of this apparatus to a combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the specific stress response of Bacillus subtilis 168 cells to treatment with argon plasma. The treatment with three different discharge voltages revealed not only effects on growth, but also clear evidence of cellular stress responses. B. subtilis suffered severe cell wall stress, which was made visible also by electron microscopy, DNA damages and oxidative stress as a result of exposure to plasma. These biological findings were supported by the detection of reactive plasma species by OES measurements.
Ultrasensitive detection of ferritin in human serum by Western blotting based on quantum dots‐labeled avidin–biotin system
Authors: Liu Pingping , Na Na , Liu Tingting , Huang Lingyun , He Dacheng , Hua Wenhao , Ouyang Jin
Published: June 2011

Various methods have been applied for serum ferritin detection, however, these methods still have some limitations. Over the last few years, quantum dots (QDs) have become very attractive for immunoassays because of their enormous potentials in ultrasensitive analysis. In this study, a Western blotting method combined with QDs‐labeled avidin–biotin system for detecting human serum ferritin was described. Meanwhile, the traditional diaminobenzidine (DAB)–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method had been compared with the method. The linearity of this QDs‐based Western blotting method was from 0.27 to 1.1 ng, and the quantification limit was 0.27 ng, the sensitivity was up to pictogram values. Real serum samples such as hepatoma, thalassemia patient and normal individual sera were analyzed, the analysis results demonstrated that there was significant difference in the concentrations of ferritin between patients and normal individual serum. Furthermore, the recovery of ferritin from the serum samples of patients ranged from 98.15 to 119.67%, and the RSD (relative standard deviation) ranged from 8.73 to 11.61%, the repeatabilities were well within the acceptable range, which revealed that this method is a stable and reproducible method for detecting serum ferritin and have potential application prospect in clinical laboratory of serum ferritin detection.
Comparative study of amphiphilic hyperbranched and linear polymer stabilized organo‐soluble gold nanoparticles as efficient recyclable catalysts in the biphasic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol
Authors: Hu Nan , Yin Jing‐Yuan , Tang Qiang , Chen Yu
Published: June 2011

A series of organo‐soluble spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared through the reduction of HAuCl4 by NaBH4 in the presence of amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers that had a hydrophilic hyperbranched polyethylenimine core and a hydrophobic shell formed by many palmitamide (C16) chains. For comparison, the corresponding linear polymeric analog derived from linear polyethylenimine was also used to prepare the organo‐soluble AuNPs. The obtained AuNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that higher feed ratio of polymer to HAuCl4 and utilization of polymers with higher C16 density usually resulted in smaller AuNPs with relatively lower polydispersity. Except of the polymer having the pronounced low molecular weight, the molecular weight and the morphology of the amphiphilic polymers had almost no obvious effect on the size of the formed AuNPs. These organo‐soluble AuNPs could be used as efficient catalysts for the biphasic catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol by NaBH4. Their apparent rate coefficients had correlation with the molecular weight of the used amphiphilic polymers, but were less relevant to the morphology of these polymers. These organo‐soluble AuNPs could be conveniently recovered and reused many times. The morphology of the capping polymers had obvious effect on the lifetime of the AuNPs catalysts in the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol. Except of the pronounced low molecular weight hyperbranched polymer, the other hyperbranched ones with relatively high molecular weight rendered the AuNPs to have bigger turnover number values than their linear analog. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Combined treatment for child refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoid
Authors: Lu Aizhen , Wang Libo , Zhang Xiaobo , Zhang Mingzhi
Published: June 2011

Objects

To evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment of ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoid for child refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) pneumonia.

Methods

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of six pediatric refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia cases treated with ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoids were reported.

Results

Five cases complicated with pleural effusion. The average febrile period prior to admission was 8.5 ± 2.0 days, the average total febrile period was 14.6 ± 7.6 days, and the average febrile period after treatment was 3.3 ± 3.0 days. The average time in hospital for patients was 23.6 ± 4.8 days. The initial mean WBC count was 10,100 ± 2,400/mm3. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) in all cases were elevated during the course of illness. After combined therapy, all children clinically improved, with resolution of radiographic findings and normal laboratory items. We analyzed the 23S rRNA gene in four nasopharyngeal secretions, and found mutations in A2063G of domain V in three cases, and mutation in A2064G in the other case.

Conclusion

Combined treatment of ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoids can significantly ameliorate child refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia further comparative study is needed to well evaluate the treatment efficacy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:1093–1097. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison study on effectiveness and robustness of control charts for monitoring process mean and variance
Authors: Ou, Yanjing , Wen, Di , Wu Zhang , Khoo Michael B. C.
Published: June 2011

This article compares the effectiveness and robustness of nine typical control charts for monitoring both process mean and variance, including the most effective optimal and adaptive sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) charts. The nine charts are categorized into three types (the type, CUSUM type and SPRT type) and three versions (the basic version, optimal version and adaptive version). While the charting parameters of the basic charts are determined by common wisdoms, the parameters of the optimal and adaptive charts are designed optimally in order to minimize an index average extra quadratic loss for the best overall performance. Moreover, the probability distributions of the mean shift δµ and standard deviation shift δσ are studied explicitly as the influential factors in a factorial experiment. The main findings obtained in this study include: (1) From an overall viewpoint, the SPRT‐type chart is more effective than the CUSUM‐type chart and type chart by 15 and 73%, respectively; (2) in general, the adaptive chart outperforms the optimal chart and basic chart by 16 and 97%, respectively; (3) the optimal CUSUM chart is the most effective fixed sample size and sampling interval chart and the optimal SPRT chart is the best choice among the adaptive charts; and (4) the optimal sample sizes of both the charts and the CUSUM charts are always equal to one. Furthermore, this article provides several design tables which contain the optimal parameter values and performance indices of 54 charts under different specifications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter calibration and inadequacy modeling in a computer experiment
Authors: Chandra Wenny , Lin Dennis K. J.
Published: June 2011

Deterministic simulation is a popular tool used to numerically solve complex mathematical models in engineering applications. These models often involve parameters in the form of numerical values that can be calibrated when real‐life observations are available. This paper presents a systematic approach in parameter calibration using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Additional modeling by considering correlation in error structure is suggested to compensate the inadequacy of the computer model and improve prediction at untried points. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for manure storage ventilation is used for illustration. A simulation study shows that in comparison to likelihood‐based parameter calibration, the proposed parameter calibration method performs better in accuracy and consistency of the calibrated parameter value. The result from sensitivity analysis leads to a guideline in setting up factorial distance in relation to initial parameter values. The proposed calibration method extends RSM beyond its conventional use of process yield improvement and can also be applied widely to calibrate other types of models when real‐life observations are available. Moreover, the proposed inadequacy modeling is useful to improve the accuracy of simulation output, especially when a computer model is too expensive to run at its finest level of detail. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Model‐robust choice experiments: discussion and case study
Authors: Lawson John S. , Henderson Sheldon , Peterson Jenifer
Published: June 2011

Choice experiments are an effective way of obtaining objective information regarding the voice of the customer. They can be used to obtain the relevant customer attributes and importance rankings used in the first step of quality function deployment. They are also used extensively in marketing research. Optimal designs for choice experiments have been discussed in the literature. However, optimal designs are only optimal for a particular model. In this article we borrow ideas from quality engineering and industrial experimentation to develop designs for choice experiments that are model‐robust (in the sense that they are efficient for fitting a model involving main effects plus a few interactions that need not be specified in advance). A case study is presented to illustrate the use of a model‐robust design for a choice experiment. Two unsuspected interactions were discovered in the case study, and this discovery led to added insight regarding customer preferences and importance rankings of product attributes. These insights would not have been possible if an optimal design for the main effects model had been used. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boxplot‐based phase I control charts for time between events
Authors: Dovoedo Y. H. , Chakraborti S.
Published: June 2011

To monitor the quality/reliability of a (production) process, it is sometimes advisable to monitor the time between certain events (say occurrence of defects) instead of the number of events, particularly when the events occur rarely. In this case it is common to assume that the times between the events follow an exponential distribution. In this paper, we propose a one‐ and a two‐sided control chart for phase I data from an exponential distribution. The control charts are derived from a modified boxplot procedure. The charting constants are obtained by controlling the overall Type I error rate and are tabulated for some configurations. A numerical example is provided for illustration. The in‐control robustness and the out‐of‐control performance of the proposed charts are examined and compared with those of some existing charts in a simulation study. It is seen that the proposed charts are considerably more in‐control robust and have out‐control properties comparable to the competing charts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer Nanoneedle‐Mediated Intracellular Drug Delivery
Authors: Kolhar Poornima , Doshi Nishit , Mitragotri Samir
Published: June 2011

Delivery of drugs into the cellular cytoplasm of target cells represents a major hurdle in treating various diseases. This challenge can be addressed by encapsulation of drugs onto or within nanoparticles, which can then be targeted to diseased cells. Here, needle‐shaped particles are shown to exhibit substantially higher cytoplasmic delivery of drugs such as siRNA compared to their spherical counterparts. Furthermore, these needles are designed to lose their sharp tips over time and can render themselves ineffective over time, thereby offering control over their duration of activity and toxicity. Such polymer nanoneedles open new avenues for delivering drug molecules directly into the cytoplasm with low toxicity.
Employing universal design for instruction
Authors: Shaw Robert A.
Published: June 2011

College courses can be designed without special accommodations and be accessible for diverse students.
Accessible online learning
Authors: Case D. Elizabeth , Davidson Roseanna C.
Published: June 2011

With the majority of public postsecondary institutions offering online or hybrid credit courses and 11 percent of postsecondary students having a documented disability, the accessibility of online courses cannot be ignored.
Legal issues in serving students with disabilities in postsecondary education
Authors: Simon Jo Anne
Published: June 2011

The Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA) and new regulations by the U.S. Justice Department significantly broaden legal protections for students with disabilities. This, coupled with emerging populations with disabilities, will challenge postsecondary education to think differently about what is fundamental about their programs and the need to embrace flexibility in providing educational services.
Performance evaluation of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames using pushover and incremental dynamic analysis
Authors: Allahyari H. , Keramati A. , Taheri Behbahani A. A.
Published: June 2011

In this study, the seismic performance of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames are evaluated through nonlinear static and dynamic analysis. According to experimental studies, one of the most important parameters affecting the behavior of special and intermediate ductile reinforced concrete frames is the transverse reinforcement ratio. In this paper, constitutive law of material for concrete under the influence of various transverse reinforcement ratios have been derived using Mander et al. model, and 20 ground‐motion accelerograms have been utilized for dynamic analysis. Additionally, the results of pushover and incremental dynamic analysis were compared in order to evaluate seismic performance of the selected high‐rise structures. Results reveal that both types of reinforced concrete frames with beam‐hinge type failure mechanisms have ductile behavior. Special moment frames have higher ductility because of early entry into nonlinear range resulting in higher plastic rotations, which result in greater lateral displacements. Due to the differences in behavior of intermediate and special ductility frames, confinement has an important role in the ductile behavior of structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of robustness and ethanol production of ethanologenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae under co-stress of heat and inhibitors
Authors: Lu Ying , Cheng Yan-Fei , He Xiu-Ping , Guo Xue-Na , Zhang Bo-Run
Published: June 2011

Bioethanol is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most important ethanol producer. However, yeast cells are challenged by various environmental stresses during the industrial process of ethanol production. The robustness under heat, acetic acid, and furfural stresses was improved for ethanologenic S. cerevisiae in this work using genome shuffling. Recombinant yeast strain R32 could grow at 45°C, and resist 0.55% (v/v) acetic acid and 0.3% (v/v) furfural at 40°C. When ethanol fermentation was conducted at temperatures ranging from 30 to 42°C, recombinant strain R32 always gave high ethanol production. After 42 h of fermentation at 42°C, 187.6 ± 1.4 g/l glucose was utilized by recombinant strain R32 to produce 81.4 ± 2.7 g/l ethanol, which were respectively 3.4 and 4.1 times those of CE25. After 36 h of fermentation at 40°C with 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid, 194.4 ± 1.2 g/l glucose in the medium was utilized by recombinant strain R32 to produce 84.2 ± 4.6 g/l of ethanol. The extent of glucose utilization and ethanol concentration of recombinant strain R32 were 6.3 and 7.9 times those of strain CE25. The ethanol concentration produced by recombinant strain R32 was 8.9 times that of strain CE25 after fermentation for 48 h under 0.2% (v/v) furfural stress at 40°C. The strong physiological robustness and fitness of yeast strain R32 support its potential application for industrial production of bioethanol from renewable resources such as lignocelluloses.
Soya protein attenuates abnormalities of the renin–angiotensin system in adipose tissue from obese rats
Authors: Frigolet María E. , Torres Nimbe , Tovar Armando R.
Published: June 2011

Several metabolic disturbances during obesity are associated with adipose tissue-altered functions. Adipocytes contain the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which regulates signalling pathways that control angiogenesis via Akt in an autocrine fashion. Soya protein (Soy) consumption modifies the gene expression pattern in adipose tissue, resulting in an improved adipocyte function. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to study whether dietary Soy regulates the expression of RAS and angiogenesis-related genes and its association with the phosphorylated state of Akt in the adipose tissue of obese rats. Animals were fed a 30 % Soy or casein (Cas) diet containing 5 or 25 % fat for 160 d. mRNA abundance was studied in the adipose tissue, and Akt phosphorylation and hormone release were measured in the primary adipocyte culture. The present results show that Soy treatment in comparison with Cas consumption induces lower angiotensin release and increased insulin-stimulated Akt activation in adipocytes. Furthermore, Soy consumption varies the expression of RAS and angiogenesis-related genes, which maintain cell size and vascularity in the adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet. Thus, adipocyte hypertrophy and impaired angiogenesis, which are frequently observed in dysfunctional adipose tissue, were avoided by consuming dietary Soy. Taken together, these findings suggest that Soy can be used as a dietary strategy to preserve adipocyte functionality and to prevent obesity abnormalities.
The Commercial Culture of the Armenian Merchant: Diaspora and Social Behaviour
Authors: Mentz Søren
Published: June 2011

Historians have very little information about the operation of Asian commercial networks and the social interaction between merchants. Hampered by this lack of data scholars have focused on trade routes and commodities. Our knowledge of the Armenian trading network is more or less limited to its geographical dispersal. The network stretched from New Julfa, a suburb of the Iranian capital of Isfahan, to Amsterdam and London in Europe, and to important centres in the Levant and Central Asia, covering the Indian Subcontinent, and extending eastwards to Manila in the Philippines. Armenian merchants were prosperous and communities were located in commercial towns all over the world. The brothers Khojah Joseph and Khojah Johannes Marger, for instance, established a partnership at Hyderabad in 1666 with a starting capital of 27,550 rupees. Some forty years later on the death of Joseph Marger, the trading activity of the two Armenians was worth more than two million rupees.
For a New Start: Resettling French Colonial Administrators in the Prefectoral Corps
Authors: Dimier Veronique
Published: June 2011

This could be considered as the ‘swan song’ of a French colonial administrator in Tropical Africa. Between 1958 and 1961, most of these colonial administrators had to leave what was soon to be considered one of the major sins committed by France in the twentieth century: the Empire. For some of them it was a real shock, from which they never recovered. Of course, it was the normal outcome of the very process they had prepared: to teach the African peoples how to rule themselves. But: ‘Did it not come too early leaving the new African elite insufficiently prepared?’ If this were so, was ‘the great sin of France not to colonise but to decolonise too quickly?’
The Crowning Chapter of Geography: The Royal Scottish Geographical Society and the Scramble for Africa 1884-1893
Authors: Kuitenbrouwer J. J. V.
Published: June 2011

The Scramble for Africa between the European powers at the end of the nineteenth century has always struck people as quite an extraordinary process. It has played an important role in the debate about European overseas expansion, and still does. This article is about the discussion surrounding the partition of Africa which took place within a geographical society in Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS). In those days, as the expansion reached its zenith, the question of how the British Empire should be organised was one of the most important political issues. The debate about imperialism continued after Africa had been partitioned, and the nature of the debate changed in the light of two World Wars and the era of decolonisation. As time went by, scholars who mainly focused on the economic and political motivations for European overseas expansion dominated the imperialism debate. The role that groups such as geographical societies played became obscured as their ideas were seen as outdated. In recent years there has been a growing interest in the ways societies like the RSGS contributed to the metropolitan culture of imperialism.
This Country is Your Country: Territory, Borders, and Decentralisation in Tuareg Politics
Authors: Lecocq Baz
Published: June 2011

This paper deals with transformations in local political thinking in Northern Mali. It describes how concepts from what can be called ‘formal’ politics, or administration, have gradually seeped into local settings, where they have been taken up by local political actors. The transformation central to this paper is the movement from a political organisation essentially based on lineage, (fictive) kinship ties and a clan system, into a system in which territory, hitherto only important in the economic realm, takes a more central place. The society described is that of the Tuareg in Northern Mali, especially those inhabiting or bordering the so-called Tamesna plain. Influences in territorial thinking date back to the colonial conquest of the area, and were developed further during the late colonial period, when a system of indirect rule gradually became more direct. The developments then set in motion were taken over by the post-colonial nation-state of Mali which, after three decades of central administration (or absence of it), underwent a process of decentralisation in the 1990s. In describing these developments, the paper aims to provide a detailed case study of how both colonial and post-colonial administration have influenced local political views on territory, borders and land tenure, and the ways of dealing with conflicts over these issues. Finally, I intend to discuss the impact of decentralisation in Mali on territorial thinking and conflicts. Two Tuareg concepts regarding territory will be central in this paper: ihenzuzagh — economic geographical space, and akal — political geographical space.
An Apartheid of Souls: Dutch and Afrikaner Colonialism and its Aftermath in Indonesia and South Africa – an Introduction
Authors: James Deborah , Schrauwers Albert
Published: June 2011

South Africa and Indonesia are countries whose postcolonial trajectory has been characterised by racial, ethnic and religious tensions: tensions whose roots lie in their shared colonial past. Whether simmering and subdued, or overt and necessitating international intervention, these tensions demand a renewed critical perspective by academics who, until now, have made little attempt to transcend the two, previously discrete, arenas of scholarship. This volume aims to initiate a comparative study of the ‘Greater Netherlands’, which has been widely recognised as long overdue. Our aim in this volume is to delineate the distinctive governmental and cultural processes which currently shape the emergent democratisation of these two states, and to establish how far these owe something to Dutch (and related European) influence.
The Nationalist Credentials of Christian Indonesians and the Legacy of Colonial Racism
Authors: Kipp Rita Smith
Published: June 2011

The Dutch civil servants, missionaries, business people, and others living and working in the Dutch East Indies during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries looked homeward to a society in process of being ‘pillarized’ into socio-religious blocks. Some scholars have observed how the new nation that arose from that colony, Indonesia, developed a similar kind of structure calledaliran(literally, currents or streams) best known to scholars, perhaps, through Geertz's classic ethnography,Religion of Java. There is surely some ontogenetic relationship between Dutch ‘pillarization’ and Indonesian aliranisation. Drawing on ideals about a public church embedded organically in a particular society and culture, avolkskerk, Protestant missionaries brought a different theological version of Christianity compared to their Catholic competitor, but also like that competitor, church-affiliated schools, hospitals and social services. Modernist Muslim organisations such asMuhammadiyacopied these religiously based services and institutions, thus ‘pillarizing’ Islam in response to the Christian presence. It is not surprising, then, that when Indonesians were first able to form political parties, some of these were also defined along sectarian lines – Catholic, Protestant, traditionalist and modernist Muslim.
An Apartheid of Souls: Religious Rationalisation in the Netherlands and Indonesia
Authors: Schrauwers Albert
Published: June 2011

Described in travel books as a ‘sleepy church town’, Tentena is unusual in Indonesia, a nation where ninety per cent of the population is Muslim. In Tentena, on the island of Sulawesi, the proportions are reversed. There, as in much of rural Indonesia, religion clearly demarcates distinct ethnic and class boundaries: the majority of ethnic To Pamona, the indigenous peoples of the area, converted to Protestantism under the Netherlands Missionary Society at the turn of the century. Their church synod offices dominate the town. Largely peasant farmers, the To Pamona are culturally, religiously and economically distinguishable from both the Muslim Bugis traders who live around the market quarter, and from the ethnic Chinese Pentecostal merchants whose large shops dominate the local economy. This confluence of religion and ethnic identity among the To Pamona was fostered by Dutch missionaries who sought to create a ‘people's church’ orvolkskerk, of the sort they were familiar with in the Netherlands. Driven by a new respect for indigenous cultures, the missions relativised the church's tenets; they argued that different ‘nations’ like the To Pamona could have their cultures preserved within their ‘national’ churches as long as those traditions were evaluated from a Biblical perspective. This discourse on ‘culture’, and missions in the vernacular, created a ‘nationalist’ religious discourse among the To Pamona infused with the ‘emancipatory’ politics of the churches in the Netherlands. The product of these strategies of incorporation was the religious ‘pillarization’ of the peoples of the highlands of Central Sulawesi, and their division into socially autonomous ethno-religious blocks.
The Nederduitse Gereformeerde Sendingkerk and the Nama Experience in Namaqualand, South Africa
Authors: Oakley Robin
Published: June 2011

In Steinkopf, a former coloured Reserve in the Northern Cape Province, the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Sendingkerk (NGS; Dutch Reformed Mission Church), a former sub-branch of the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK; Dutch Reformed Church) forged a legitimate public space for the expression of Nama identity in the 1960s. The legitimisation of aboriginal identity was not accidental, but very much an expression of apartheid policies of the day. I hope to demonstrate both the content and the consequences of this particular episode in Steinkopf, and thereby contribute to an understanding of the links between a crumbling capitalist infrastructure and the ideological efforts to reinforce that infrastructure through processes of ethnic strengthening. My claim is that the NGK played an ideological role supporting the capitalist interests as it strengthened the super-structural pillars of the segregation and apartheid eras.
Tense and Tender Ties: The Politics of Comparison in (Post) Colonial Studies
Authors: Stoler Ann Laura
Published: June 2011

This essay takes as its subject how intimate domains - sex, sentiment, domestic arrangement and child rearing - figure in the making of racial categories and in the management of imperial rule. For some two decades my work on Indonesia's Dutch colonial history has addressed patterns of governance that were particular to that time and place but resonant with practices in a wider global field. My perspective thus is that of an outsider to, but an acquisitive consumer of comparative historical studies, one long struck with the disparate and congruent imperial projects in Asia, Africa and the Americas. This essay invites reflection on those domains of overlap and difference. My interest is more specifically in what Albert Hurtado refers to as ‘the intimate frontiers’ of empire, a social and cultural space where racial classifications were defined and defied, where relations between coloniser and colonised could powerfully confound or confirm the strictures of governance and the categories of rule. Some two decades ago, Sylvia van Kirk urged a focus on such ‘tender ties’ as a way to explore the ‘human dimension’ of the colonial encounter.’ As she showed so well, what Michel Foucault has called these ‘dense transfer point[s]’ of power that generate such ties were sites of production of colonial inequities and, therefore, of tense ties as well. Among students of colonialisms in the last decade, the intimacies of empire have been a rich and well-articulated research domain. A more sustained focus on the relationship between what Foucault refers to as ‘the regimes of truth’ of imperial systems (the ways of knowing and establishing truth claims about race and difference on which macro polities rely) and those micro sites of governance may reveal how these colonial empires compare and converge.
‘The Turbulent But Commercially Valuable Chinese’ A Comparison of French and British Colonial Policies Towards the Chinese in Southeast Asia
Authors: Frings K. Vtviane
Published: June 2011

All over Southeast Asia, the perception that the European colonizers had of the Chinese was characterized by a fundamental ambiguity. On the one hand, the Chinese were recognized to be very useful, and even indispensable to the economic development/exploitation of the colonial territories, as they were hard-working labourers, possessed needed entrepreneurial, commercial and technical skills and had already established trade contacts with the indigenous populations. But, on the other hand, the Chinese were perceived as a potential political threat because of their strong communal organization and solidarity, their secret societies and their frequent clan fights.
Debunking Debts Image and Reality of a Colonial Crisis: Suriname at the End of the 18th Century
Authors: van Stipriaan Alex
Published: June 2011

The historical image of Suriname – and maybe of colonies in general – is dominated by stereotypes, as well as by assumptions which are far too facile. That at least is the impression left after comparing a variety of primary sources on Suriname with the historiography of this colony. One small example will suffice. Almost every time slavery is introduced in literature on the history of Suriname, emphasis is placed on the fact that it was one of the hardest or cruellest slave systems in the entire Americas. The implication is that Suriname slavery is invariably considered to have been a system which remained static for more than two centuries. Something it certainly was not. Moreover, it shows that not one of the authors has ever troubled to take a look at the available demographic sources. Had they done so, they would have noticed there are no indications that Suriname deviated in this respect from the average Caribbean pattern.
Foreign Business-Host Government Relations: The Anglo Argentine Tramways Co. Ltd. of Buenos Aires, 1930–1966
Authors: Heras Raúl Garcia
Published: June 2011

From 1880 to 1930, Argentina received hundreds of millions of pounds of British investments, making it in an economic sense a British dominion. The world economic crisis of the 1930s forced both Britain and Argentina t o reconsider many of these economic ties. The changing Anglo-Argentine relationship is reflected in the complex relations between a British tramway company, the Anglo Argentine Tramways Co. Ltd., that operated in Buenos Aires and the Argentine national government between the onset of the Great Depression and the early 1960s. The Anglo, as the company was popularly known, was the main tramway concern diat offered public transportation and contributed to the urban development of a cosmopolitan Latin American metropolis until 1914. Second, the history of the company illustrates political and economic problems that plagued the links between foreign public utilities and the host government from the 1930s onwards. Third, since the Anglo belonged to SOFINA, a transnational holding company with worldwide investments in public transportation and electric power stations, our case study shows the limitations of Sofina's political power in Britain and Argentina.
Changing the Mintmaster: The Introduction of Mechanized Minting in Qajar Iran
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: June 2011

In examining the process of modernization in Qajar Iran, modern scholarship has tended to focus either on the effects of Western exposure on Iranian intellectuals and educators, or on bureaucratic and military reforms initiated by the three major reformers of the nineteenth century, ‘Abbas Mirza, Mirza Taqi Khan (Amir Kabir), and Mirza Husayn Khan (Sipahsalar). This paper will address a different and equally important aspect of the modernization process, technological innovation, by discussing the introduction of mechanized coin production in Qajar Iran in the context of the country's prevailing social, political and economic structure.
Western Medicine, Indigenous Doctors and Colonial Medical Education: A Case of Desire for ‘Hegemony’ in Conflict with Demands of ‘Colonial Partiality’
Authors: Verma Rupalee
Published: June 2011

David Arnold in his recently published work on colonial medicine in India refers to the necessity of assessing, ‘the various compulsions that lay behind attempts to propagate Western medicine in India, the agencies involved in this work of medical evangelization, and the various constraints – political, cultural, financial and technical – which operated in the reverse direction. The colonial context vithin which Western medicine was required to function and the contradictions – many of them remarkably deepseated and pervasive – that beset its diverse operations also require investigation’. Taking one of the agencies involved in this work of ‘medical evangelization’ – that of medical education – I would like to compare the utilitarian and the hegemonic considerations which led the two colonial governments of British-India and the Dutch-Indies to promote a particular kind of medical education in their colonies and to assess their impact on the colonized societies concerned.
Innovation in Traditional Boat Building in Indonesia: Theory and Practice
Authors: Dijkstra Gerard , de Schutter Joop
Published: June 2011

Traditional boats of Indonesia, usually called perahu or proa, cover an extremely wide range of sailing craft and date back centuries. The oldest known picture of an Indonesian ship can be seen, carved in stone, on a panel of the Borobudur, the famous eighth-century Buddhist temple in Central Java. This picture basically shows the same built-up hull rigged with tripod masts that can still be seen sailing today. Traditional boats of Indonesia, as they are built today, vary much in shape and size from a simple dug out canoe to large, motorized, cargo boats of over 500 tons of deadweight.