bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bounds for blow-up solutions of a semilinear pseudo-parabolic equation with a memory term and logarithmic nonlinearity in variable space
Authors: Abita Rahmoune
Published: December 2022

In this article, we investigate the initial boundary value problem for a pseudo-parabolic equation under the influence of a linear memory term and a logarithmic nonlinear source term \[ u_{t}-\Delta u_{t}+\int _{0}^{t}g( t-s) \Delta u( x,s) \mathrm {d}s-\Delta u\]\[=|u|^{p(\cdot ) -2}u\ln (|u|), \]with a Dirichlet boundary condition.
Under appropriate assumptions about the relaxation function $g$, the initial data $u_{0}$ and the function exponent $p$, we not only set the lower bounds for the blow-up time of the solution when blow-up occurs, but also by assuming that the initial energy is negative, we give a new blow-up criterion and an upper bound for the blow-up time of the solution.
THE ANALYSIS OF DIABETES SELF-MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION ON TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS: A PROTOCOL FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Salsabila Zhafirah , Sjaaf Amal C
Published: December 2022

Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Ninety percent of the world's DM cases are dominated by type 2. International Diabetes Federation predicted the incidence and mortality rate of diabetes are increasing by 2045. Diabetes causes macrovascular complications that contribute to cardiovascular death, and microvascular which a risk factor for blindness, lower-extremity amputation, kidney failure, and death. One of the efforts to control complications from diabetes is done through diabetes self-management consists of education, medical nutrition therapy, pharmacological therapy, and physical exercise. The main purpose of implementing DSM is that patients can prevent or slow the onset of complications from diabetes itself. This study aims to summarize and systematically synthesize the clinical and non-clinical effectiveness and resume the cost-analysis of DSM implementation. Several electronic databases will be used: Medline via PubMed, and Embase. The complete evidence will be summarized and critically appraised using Cochrane guidelines and JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for RCT and cohort studies. In terms of analysis, we will qualitative-quantitatively appraise and present the studies that meet our inclusion criteria. We are expected to summarize the quality and capture the valuable insights related to the study of effectiveness in implementing diabetes self-management of T2DM.
Matérias da memória
Authors: Bondini Maria da Glória
Published: December 2022

Este livro se deve a uma experiência desenvolvida no Sul do Brasil, em torno de seu romancista mais mundialmente conhecido, Erico Verissimo. Partindo da preservação de sua documentação literária, outras iniciativas vieram à luz, e uma série de estudos e eventos acadêmicos, que envolveram muitos pesquisadores, docentes e discentes universitários de todo o país, deu corpo à expansão de tecnologias de gestão e difusão do que veio a ser chamado de “acervo literário”. O conjunto de trabalhos produzido por esse empreendimento memorial ultrapassa os limites desta coletânea, interessada em expor algumas das facetas da investigação de acervos, dirigida a várias áreas dos estudos sobre literatura. A dispersão e a pulverização dos estudos literários em aspectos muito delimitados da cena atual tornam difícil propor qualquer teorização sistêmica para a literatura. Uma das direções tomadas no pensamento teórico, hoje, é a da rediscussão, sob uma perspectiva não mais, ou não exclusivamente, marxista, da materialidade da literatura, buscando articulações da obra.
Combined use of karyotyping and copy number variation sequencing technology in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Zhang Suhua , Xu Yuexin , Lu Dan , Fu Dan , Zhao Yan
Published: December 2022

Background

Karyotyping and genome copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) are two techniques frequently used in prenatal diagnosis. This study aimed to explore the diagnostic potential of using a combination of these two methods in order to provide a more accurate clinical basis for prenatal diagnosis.

Methods

We selected 822 pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis and separated them into six groups according to different risk indicators. Karyotyping and CNV-seq were performed simultaneously to compare the diagnostic performance of the two methods.

Results

Among the different amniocentesis indicators, abnormal fetal ultrasounds accounted for 39.29% of the total number of examinees and made up the largest group. The abnormal detection rate of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) high risk was 37.93% and significantly higher than the other five groups (P < 0.05). The abnormal detection rate of mixed indicators was significantly higher than the history of the adverse reproductive outcomes group (P= 0.0151). The two methods combined found a total of 119 abnormal cases (14.48%). Karyotyping detected 57 cases (6.93%) of abnormal karyotypes, 30 numerical aberrations, and 27 structural aberrations. CNV-seq identified 99 cases (12.04%) with altered CNVs, 30 cases of chromosome aneuploidies, and 69 structural aberrations (28 pathogenic, eight that were likely pathogenic, and 33 microdeletion/duplication variants of uncertain significance (VUS)). Thirty-seven cases were found abnormal by both methods, 20 cases were detected abnormally by karyotyping (mainly mutual translocation and mostly balanced), and 62 cases of microdeletion/duplication were detected by CNV-seq. Steroid sulfatase gene (STS) deletion was identified at chromosome Xp22.31 in three cases. Postnatal follow-up confirmed that babies manifested skin abnormalities one week after birth. Six fetuses had Xp22.31 duplications ranging from 1.5 Kb to 1.7 Mb that were detected by CNV-seq. Follow-up showed that five babies presented no abnormalities during follow-up, except for one terminated pregnancy due to a history of adverse reproductive outcomes.

Conclusion

The combination of using CNV-seq and karyotyping significantly improved the detection rate of fetal pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities. CNV-seq is an effective complement to karyotyping and improves the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis.
Upregulated TUBG1 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Kainan , Yu Mengsi , Liu Hui , Hui Zhao , Yang Ning , Bi Xiaojuan , Sun Li , Lin RenYong , Lü Guodong
Published: December 2022

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development is a complex pathological process. Tubulin gamma 1 (TUBG1) plays an oncogenic role in several human cancers; however, its functional role in HCC tumorigenesis remains unknown.

Methods

Herein we first evaluated the gene expression levels of TUBG1 in HCC using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases. We then elucidated the association between TUBG1 gene expression levels and survival rates of patients with HCC. Cell cycle, proliferation, transwell migration, and matrigel invasion assays were used to study the effects of TUBG1 on the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells.

Results

Based on the data obtained from the aforementioned databases and our in vitro experiments, TUBG1 was found to be overexpressed in HCC and patients with high TUBG1 expression levels showed a remarkably poor overall survival rate. In addition, the expression of TUBG1 significantly promoted the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells in vitro. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis revealed that co-regulated genes were enriched in biological processes mainly involved in chromosome segregation, chromosomal region, and chromatin binding; moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway analysis showed that they were mainly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, platinum drug resistance, and the p53 signaling pathway.

Conclusions

We report that TUBG1 is an important oncogene in HCC. It promotes HCC progression and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for HCC. Future studies are warranted to unveil molecular biological mechanisms underlying TUBG1 carcinogenesis.
Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of quinoa BBX family
Authors: Xuefen Du , Wei Xiaohong , Wang Baoqiang , Xiaolin Zhu , Xian Wang , Jincheng Luo
Published: December 2022

BBX is a transcription factor encoding zinc finger protein that plays a key role in plant growth and development as well as in responding to abiotic stresses. However, in quinoa, which is known as a “super grain” and has extremely high nutritional value, this gene family has not yet been thoroughly studied. In this study, in order to fully understand the family function of the BBX in quinoa, a total of 31 BBX members were identified by bioinformatics methods. These BBX members were mainly acidic proteins, and most of their secondary structures were random coil s, 31 CqBBX members were unevenly distributed on 17 chromosomes, and the analysis of replication events found that quinoa BBX genes produced a total of 14 pairs of gene replication. The BBX genes were divided into five subfamilies according to phylogenetics, and its gene structure and conserved motif were basically consistent with the classification of its phylogenetic tree. In addition, a total of 43 light response elements, hormone response elements, tissue-specific expression response elements, and abiotic stress response elements were found in the promoter region, involving stress elements such as drought and low temperature. Finally, the expression patterns of CqBBX genes in different tissues and abiotic stresses were studied by combining transcriptome data and qRT-PCR , and all 13 genes responded to drought, salt, and low-temperature stress to varying degrees. This study is the first comprehensive study of the BBX family of quinoa, and its results provide important clues for further analysis of the function of the abiotic stress response.
Advanced Measuring System
Authors: F. Mihai Niculae , De Guillaume Jin , K. Sivasubramanian Kartick , M. Faour Hadi
Published: December 2022

The proposed measuring system is a practical method of measuring linear objects, straight or angular, of variable length, and with great precision. The system uses a digital measuring system, consisting of a motor connected to a stopper that can be moved to the required cutting position, a mechanical movement system consisting of a screw and ball nut and a locking device with a rotary offset. The electronic system consists of a Human Machine Interface (HMI) data input, an electronic measuring controller, and a servo motor with an encoder for high precision distance measurement. The whole system is coordinated by software which allows for several measurement options: in inches, illustrated with either decimals or fractions, or in millimeters. The user input and stopper position are displayed in real time. The device facilitates the adjustment of speed and acceleration parameters. Additionally, the offset dimensions can vary according to user-defined lengths. The graphical interface is very user-friendly and consists of 5 pages for various settings and display of information.
Assessing Suitability of Applying Big Data Analytics within Small to Medium-Sized Businesses via an ROI-Based Graphic Model
Authors: Grizzle Ryan , Qu Yanzhen
Published: December 2022

Big data has presented itself as a term, phenomena, and paradigm with the potential for many opportunities and challenges. The new potentials of big data seemingly continue to expand both in possibility and complexity. With efforts to exploit these new potentials requiring investments from businesses and organizations it becomes necessary to understand what value is gained from such efforts. Through the methodology of design science this study develops an artifact which incorporates the return on investment model which can be utilized by SMEs. The artifact provides an abstract process model for the use of value assessment of big data efforts by SMEs. This study finds through using test cases that the ROI model can be applied to a generalized artifact which guides the assessment of big data efforts. Further, it is found that through a graphical design the development of a simple and intuitive artifact can be accomplished.
A New Mathematical Model for Container Stacking in Seaport Terminals: Case Study
Authors: Rekik Ines , Benzina Saber , Dhouib Diala
Published: December 2022

Maritime transport is the operation of moving goods from one place to another by sea. It takes into account the loading and unloading of containers in ports. Once the vessels arrived at the quayside, they are unloaded by means of quay cranes and then transferred to the storage or transshipment areas. The Container Stacking Problem (CSP) is one of the major problems in seaport terminals, in particular in view of the considerable increase in the number of containers and the limitation of storage areas in the container ports. It has a considerable impact on the efficiency of port operations. In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model for determining the exact storage locations of incoming containers in the storage zone in order to minimize the total travelling distance from the quay to the storage location. The suggested model takes into account different types of containers. It has been validated based on the real case study of the Tunisian Sfax seaport. The obtained results are promising and the storage responsible is satisfied with the reached solutions.
Stakeholders’ Perceptions about the Use of Alternative Punishment in Maintaining School Discipline: A Case of Bagamoyo District, Tanzania
Authors: Lumato Ester , Mwila Prospery M.
Published: December 2022

The finest environments for achieving academic performance are those with high standards for discipline. Because everyone is focused on the teaching and learning process, good discipline is crucial for creating a secure, respectful learning environment. The purpose of the study was to assess the perceptions of educational stakeholders about the use of Alternative Punishment in Maintaining Discipline in Secondary Schools in Bagamoyo District. This study was guided by three research objectives which were: to explore the perceptions of educational stakeholders about the use of corporal punishment in secondary schools, to identify the alternative punishments used to maintain students’ discipline, and to describe the effectiveness of alternative punishments used by teachers in maintaining students’ discipline. This study used a quantitative research paradigm under which cross sectional survey research design were employed. The sample included 112 secondary school students, 32 secondary school teachers, 8 discipline masters/mistresses, and 8 Heads of secondary schools from the sampled 8 secondary schools in Bagamoyo district. Data were collected through interview guide, questionnaires, and documentary analysis guide. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. According to the results, using corporal punishment as the sole method of discipline in secondary schools is not seen negatively. The majority of participants rejected the notion that CP is a poor tactic. Additionally, it was determined that verbal warning, summoning parents, suspension, doing outside activities, and removing privileges were the common alternative punishments employed in schools in maintaining students’ discipline. Furthermore, it was established that educational stakeholders have positive perceptions towards the use of alternative punishment as the most effective way of maintaining discipline in secondary schools. Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that educational stakeholders in Bagamoyo district perceive alternative punishment as effective in maintaining students’ discipline. The study recommended that teachers need to explore some other means of alternative punishment in order to effectively maintain school discipline.
Study of Genetic Variability and Character Association in Elite Lines of Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.)] Suitable for Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Hema Parsha , Elangovan . , Pandey Sushil , Yadav Burri Naveen
Published: December 2022

The present study was entitled “Study of genetic variability and character association in elite lines of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.)] Suitable for the eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh” was carried out to estimate the genetic variability, genetic advance, correlation, between yield and yield contributing traits and direct and indirect effect of yield component on yield through path analysis (18). The present investigation concluded genotype acquiring the less for grain yield per plant were IC NO 0474166 (FIN NO 5126) (0.41 t/ha). The genotype IC NO 0473932 (FIN NO 4980) (2.22 t/ha) was high ear head length. This genotype was the highest grain yield per plant than CHECK GPU 67 (0.55 t/ha).  The genotype IC NO 0473932 (FIN NO 4980) (2.22 t/ha) was 1.67 t/ha higher yield than CHECK GPU 67 (0.55 t/ha).  The highest genotypic variance observed were finger length, harvest index, grain yield per plant. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variance observed were test weight, finger length, harvest index, grain yield per plant. The highest heritability were recorded in harvest index, grain yield per plant, flag leaf width, plant height, Number of days to 50% flowering, Days to Maturity, finger width, finger length. The traits Number of days to 50% flowering, biological yield per plant, plant height, days to Maturity exhibited moderate genetic advance. The traits were biological yield per plant, test weight, finger width, harvest index, finger length, grain yield per plant recorded high genetic advance as percentage of mean. Genotypic correlation coefficient reveals that single plant yield significantly positive correlation with number of finger fingers per, harvest index, biological yield per plant, finger length, ear head length, finger width, no. of tillers per plant, flag leaf length. For phenotypic correlation traits were harvest index, test weight, biological yield per plant, number of finger per ear, ear head length, flag leaf length, number of tillers per plant, flag leaf width showed significantly positive correlation with grain yield per plant. The traits harvest index, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, number of finger per ear showed higher positive direct effect on grain yield per plant at genotypic level. The traits harvest index, biological yield, plant height showed higher positive direct effect on grain yield per plant at phenotypic level (6).
Effect of Age of Seedling on Bolting and Yield of Rabi Onion Cv. NHRDF Red-3
Authors: Rani Kumari Vibha , Umesh U. N. , Sinha Jyoti , Kumar Brajendu
Published: December 2022

Onion is one of the most important bulb crops of the Nalanda district. The trial is conducted to reduce the bolting percentage and improve the yield by transplanting onion seedlings at the proper age. Farmers are usually transplanting 75 to 80 days old seedlings in the Nalanda district. In this trail, farmers transplanted 60 days and 55 days old seedlings for consecutive two the financial year 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The best result was obtained in the case of transplanting 55-day-old seedlings. The maximum bulb weight was 58.86 gm, the minimum bolting percentage was 1.98%, maximum yield 324.63 q/ha with the highest B:C ratio of 02.08 was recorded in the Year 2018-2019 in the case of 55 days of seedlings. A similar result was obtained in the year 2019-2020 as the highest bulb weight was 61.01 gm, the least bolting percentage was 1.98%, maximum yield was 325.25q/ha with the highest B:C ratio of 2.10 as compared to transplanting of 60 days old seedlings and farmers practice. In the case of farmers' practice, the average bulb weight was 57.45gm with a bolting percentage of 6.74%, the yield is 297.28 q/ha with B: C ratio of 1.77 in Years 2018-19, and 57.66 gm of bulb weight, 6.53% of bolting,296.56 q/ha of yield with B: C ratio of 1.76.
Effect of Inter-cultivation and Physical Barriers on Growth, Yield and Disease occurrence in Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Authors: Soreng Alphonsa , Topno Samir Ebson , Bahadur Vijay , John Suchit Ashish
Published: December 2022

The present investigation was performed to study the effect of inter-cultivation and physical barriers on growth, yield and disease occurrence in zucchini during January-March, 2022. The field trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications keeping the plot size 1.5 m x 1.5 m. During the experiment, observations for plant height, number of leaves, number of nodes, days  to flower initiation (staminate and pistillate), total number of staminate and pistillate flowers, number of fruits per plant, weight of fruits, yield per hectare etc were recorded. The results revealed that the treatment T4 Zucchini + Aluminium foil (On the ridge) recorded maximum plant height (38.33 cm at 30 DAS, 49.75 cm at 45 DAS, 62.75 cm at 60 DAS), number of nodes (21.08), number of leaves per plant (19.58), minimum number of days to flower initiation (39.00 in case of staminate flowers and 44.83 in case of pistillate flowers), maximum number of staminate flowers (8.58) and pistillate flowers (13.00), maximum number of fruits per plant(5.33), maximum weight of fruits per plant (0.749 kg), maximum weight of fruits per plot (1.99 kg) and yield per hectare (7.49 t/ha-1 ).
Ascertaining the Knowledge Level of Fresh Graduates of Civil Engineering and Allied Programmes on the Types and Primary Functions of Geosynthetics: A Study from Ghana
Authors: Somiah Matthew Kwaw
Published: December 2022

This study was informed by the lack of country-specific studies that established the knowledge level in geosynthetics among fresh graduates with a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering or allied programmes in developing countries. Thus, this study seeks to establish the knowledge level of fresh graduates with a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering or allied programmes in Ghana on the types and primary functions of geosynthetics. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and one sample t-test. The analysis revealed an overall mean score of 2.06 and 1.74 regarding the knowledge level among fresh graduates on the types and primary functions of geosynthetics respectively. Thus, compared with the hypothesized mean of 3.5 for the study, there was generally a low knowledge level regarding the types and primary functions of geosynthetics among fresh graduates with a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering or allied programmes in Ghana. However, Ghana’s case was of great concern as the fresh graduates were only knowledgeable in 3 out of the 9 types of geosynthetics and 4 out of the 10 primary functions of geosynthetics. The uniqueness of the study lies in the fact that it empirically established the knowledge level of fresh graduates in civil engineering, building technology, and construction technology and management programmes at the bachelor’s level on the types and primary functions of geosynthetics which hitherto was not in existence. It recommends the review of the existing curriculum for building technology, civil engineering, and construction technology and management programmes at the bachelor’s level to include adequate content on geosynthetics as a soil improvement technology. Again, the study contributes to the existing literature on geosynthetics and forms the basis for future studies in geosynthetics.
Pulmonary Manifestations of “Long COVID” (Post–COVID-19)
Authors: Demeter Stephen L.
Published: December 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) infections began in late 2019/early 2020 and quickly achieved pandemic proportions. Of significance is that, while most individuals recover, some do not. Those who have persistent symptoms are diagnosed with long COVID, or post-COVID syndrome. Individuals with long COVID develop symptoms related to multiple organ systems. One of the more frequent systems affected is the pulmonary system. Individuals develop shortness of breath and/or fatigue. These are sometimes unrelated to any abnormalities on physiological or radiographic testing. More frequently, however, there are abnormalities found radiographically (especially on computed tomography) and on physiological testing (generally, abnormalities in the diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide or in a 6-minute walk test with the oxygen saturation being measured during the test). This article reviews many published articles and is organized by the duration of signs, symptoms, and/or testing abnormalities after the initial diagnosis of COVID-19. The date of maximum medical improvement is suggested to be 12 months, although currently this cannot be definitively supported. More time will need to pass so that appropriate data can be collected.
Comparison of Uptake and Prices of Biosimilars in the US, Germany, and Switzerland
Authors: Carl David L. , Laube Yannic , Serra-Burriel Miquel , Naci Huseyin , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter , Vokinger Kerstin N.
Published: December 2022

Importance

Biologics account for a substantial proportion of health care expenditures. Their costs have been projected to reach US $452 billion in global spending by 2022. Given recent expiration of patent protection of biologics, a shift toward greater follow-on competition among biosimilars would be expected that would allow greater uptake and lower drug costs.

Objective

To assess uptake and prices of biosimilars in the US compared with 2 European countries (Germany and Switzerland) with national mechanisms for drug price negotiation.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, biologics and biosimilars that were approved in the US, Germany, and Switzerland until August 2020 were identified. Prices and sales data were extracted from public and commercial databases for the years 2011 to 2020. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Descriptive statistics were used to show temporal trends in the uptake of biosimilars and relative prices compared with those of reference products (ie, biologic agents) for each country. Descriptive analysis was also performed to compare the uptake of biosimilars between the 3 countries limited to biologics that have biosimilars on the market in all countries. To test if biosimilar awareness in each country increased over the last decade, a linear least squares regression was applied.

Results

The study cohort included 15 biosimilars and 6 biologics for the US, 52 biosimilars and 15 biologics for Germany, and 28 biosimilars and 13 biologics for Switzerland. Uptake of biosimilars increased over time in all countries. On average, the biosimilar market share at launch was highest in Germany; however, it increased at the fastest rate in the US. Monthly treatment costs of biosimilars in the US were a median of 1.94 (IQR, 1.78-2.44) and 2.74 (IQR, 1.91-3.46) higher than corresponding costs in Germany and Switzerland, respectively.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cohort study suggest that more biosimilars have been marketed in Germany and Switzerland than in the US. Policies that counter anticompetitive practices in the US could allow biosimilars to enter the market sooner and could also lower health care costs with improved access. Awareness of biosimilars should be promoted to increase uptake of biosimilars globally.
Industrial Preparation of Organic Fluorination Reagents
Authors: Syvret Robert G.
Published: December 2022

Organic fluorination reagents are an essential group of industrially important tools used in the production of several key organofluorine chemical compounds. In general, fluorination reagents have been developed over the years in response to one or more unmet needs existing in the industry for selective fluorination technology. More often than not, fluorination reagents developed for industrial use provide benefits in terms of added safety and convenience when compared to traditional methods available to affect fluorination. Such is the case for the successful development of safe and efficient electrophilic fluorination reagents such as Selectfluor
®
that were commercialized to replace dangerous alternatives such as FClO
3
or the development of several safe and effective deoxofluorination reagents such as DeoxoFluor™ and Fluolead™ to replace gaseous and toxic SF
4
. This chapter describes the development of organic fluorination reagents of industrial importance and their use in performing essential fluorination transformations required for the preparation of organofluorine chemicals.
Organofluorine Chemical Gases of Industrial Importance in Semiconductor Materials Processing
Authors: Syvret Robert G.
Published: December 2022

Organofluorine chemical (OFC) gases are important products of the fluorochemicals industry and find major usage as essential materials that largely impact semiconductor materials processing in the creation of computer chip technologies. These OFC gases provide highly reactive sources of fluorine and fluorocarbon radical species and thus form the foundation upon which plasma‐based etching and chamber cleaning processes are built. An important aspect of OFC gases is their fluorine to carbon (F:C) ratio, a parameter that reflects their reactivity in plasma‐based processes of importance for integrated circuit (IC) fabrication technology. OFC gases used in the semiconductor materials‐processing area are prepared on an industrial scale through a variety of synthetic processes. These processes include direct and indirect addition of elemental fluorine (F
2
), fluorine substitution, halogen exchange, hydrogen addition/dehydrofluorination, pyrolysis, and building‐block methodologies.
Fluorinated Polymers: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Schwarz Rony , Diesendruck Charles E.
Published: December 2022

Fluorinated polymers are unique in their properties AND, as a consequence, have found a variety of particular applications ranging from the pharmaceutical industry to paints, energy‐storage devices, microelectronics, and even optical devices and, as such, became ubiquitous in our everyday life. This polymer family presents high stability toward acids, bases, and organic solvents and typically maintains their properties even at very high temperatures. In addition, they are resistant to oxidation, are electric insulators, possess low surface tension, and can present excellent optical transmitting properties. As with other fluorinated molecules, fluorinated polymers are synthetic, and therefore, a rich chemistry was developed in order to create a large variety of materials, both to understand their properties AND to address specific needs in different applications. In this chapter, the chemistry behind monomer synthesis, polymerization, and polymers are described, looking at the intended and accidental discoveries, all of which were key to advance modern‐life technologies.
Leveraging Fluorine (Stereoelectronic) Effects in Catalysis
Authors: Neufeld Jessica , Livingstone Keith , Gilmour Ryan
Published: December 2022

Structural editing with fluorine is an expansive strategy to regulate reactivity and selectivity across the small molecule catalysis spectrum. In this chapter, examples of focused molecular design processes that benefit from strategic fluorination are discussed and placed on a stereoelectronic foundation.
Fluorous Catalysts: Recycling and Reuse, 2010–2021
Authors: Sommerhalter Robert E. , Gladysz John A.
Published: December 2022

Organic reactions that can be effected with recoverable fluorous catalysts are comprehensively reviewed for the period 2010–2021. Most catalysts feature organofluorine substituents of the formula (CF
2
)

n
–1

CF
3
(R

f
n

;
n
 ≥ 6), or ethereal variants. These can impart moderate to high affinities for fluorous solid or liquid phases, or other special solubility characteristics, depending on their lengths and numbers. Recycling protocols are classified and compared.
In Situ Hydrogelation of Cellular Monolayers Enables Conformal Biomembrane Functionalization for Xeno‐Free Feeder Substrate Engineering
Authors: Chien Chen‐Ying , Lin Jung‐Chen , Huang Ching‐Ying , Hsu Chung‐Yao , Yang Kai‐Chieh , Chattopadhyay Saborni , Nikoloutsos Nicolas , Hsieh Patrick Ching‐Ho , Hu Che‐Ming Jack
Published: December 2022

The intricate functionalities of cellular membranes have inspired strategies for deriving and anchoring cell‐surface components onto solid substrates for biological studies, biosensor applications, and tissue engineering. However, introducing conformal and right‐side‐out cell membrane coverage onto planar substrates requires cumbersome protocols susceptible to significant device‐to‐device variability. Here, a facile approach for biomembrane functionalization of planar substrates is demonstrated by subjecting confluent cellular monolayer to intracellular hydrogel polymerization. The resulting cell–gel hybrid, herein termed GELL (gelated cell), exhibits extraordinary stability and retains the structural integrity, membrane fluidity, membrane protein mobility, and topology of living cells. In assessing the utility of GELL layers as a tissue engineering feeder substrate for stem cell maintenance, GELL feeder prepared from primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts not only preserves the stemness of murine stem cells but also exhibits advantages over live feeder cells owing to the GELL's inanimate, non‐metabolizing nature. The preparation of a xeno‐free feeder substrate devoid of non‐human components is further shown with HeLa cells, and the resulting  HeLa GELL feeder effectively sustains the growth and stemness of both murine and human induced pluripotent stem cells. The study highlights a novel bio‐functionalization strategy that introduces new opportunities for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.
Monoclonal Antibody‐Guided Tumor‐Targeted Hollow Virus‐Like Cerium Oxide with Oxygen Self‐Supply for Intensifying Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Li Mengqi , Liu Jiajing , Luo Xian , Zhao Zhiyu , Wang Shengyu , Liu Zongjunlin , Li Tingting , Yang Dong , Li Yang , Wang Peiyuan , Luo Fanghong , Yan Jianghua
Published: December 2022

The hypoxic character of tumors and the poor targeting ability of photosensitizers often limit the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In recent years, the discovery of metal nanoenzymes and nanocarriers has improved PDT. Thereby, to improve the effective utilization of photosensitizers and oxygen (O2) in tumors, herein, a nanosystem (LS‐HB@HvCeO2‐NRP1 mAb, LHCN1) is reported, in which a hollow virus‐like cerium oxide (HvCeO2) is surface‐decorated with tumor‐targeting neuropilin‐1 monoclonal antibody (NRP1 mAb), and loaded with a photosensitizer (chlorin e6‐C‐15‐ethyl ester, LS‐HB). In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that LHCN1 can efficiently accumulate within the tumor sites via the targeting guidance of NRP1 mAb and is then rapidly endocytosed into cells. Furthermore, HvCeO2 with catalase‐mimetic activity can decompose the endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to promote O2 via the valence transformation between Ce4+ and Ce3+, relieving tumor hypoxia and improving the PDT efficacy. Upon near‐infrared laser irradiation, LS‐HB produces large amounts of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Moreover, LHCN1 is used in fluorescence/photoacoustic multimodal imaging for in vivo drug localization, and its use in PDT evidently helps inhibit tumor growth with no apparent toxicity to normal tissues. Thus, LHCN1 may provide a promising strategy for precise tumor‐specific diagnosis and treatment.
Surfactant‐Assisted Sulfonated Covalent Organic Nanosheets: Extrinsic Charge for Improved Ion Transport and Salinity‐Gradient Energy Harvesting
Authors: Zhou Shengyang , Hu Yuhao , Xin Weiwen , Fu Lin , Lin Xiangbin , Yang Linsen , Hou Shuhua , Kong Xiang‐Yu , Jiang Lei , Wen Liping
Published: December 2022

Charge‐governed ion transport is the vital property of nanofluidic channels for salinity‐gradient energy harvesting and other electrochemical energy conversion technologies. 2D nanofluidic channels constructed by nanosheets exhibit great superiority in ion selectivity, but a high ion transport rate remains challenging due to the insufficiency of intrinsic surface charge density in nanoconfinement. Herein, extrinsic surface charge into nanofluidic channels composed of surfactant‐assisted sulfonated covalent organic nanosheets (SCONs), which enable tunable ion transport behaviors, is demonstrated. The polar moiety of surfactant is embedded in SCONs to adjust in‐plane surface charges, and the aggregation of nonpolar moiety results in the sol‐to‐gel transformation of SCON solution for membrane fabrication. The combination endows SCON/surfactant membranes with considerable water‐resistance, and the designable extrinsic charges promise fast ion transport and high ion selectivity. Additionally, the SCON/surfactant membrane, serving as a power generator, exhibits huge potential in harvesting salinity‐gradient energy where corresponding output power density can reach up to 9.08 W m−2 under a 50‐fold salinity gradient (0.5 m NaCl|0.01 m NaCl). The approach to extrinsic surface charge provides new and promising insight into regulating ion transport behaviors.
Toward Hyperuniform Disorder via Self‐Assembly of Bidisperse Colloidal Patterns at an Electrode
Authors: Piechulla Peter M. , Wehrspohn Ralf B. , Sprafke Alexander N.
Published: December 2022

While hyperuniform‐disordered patterns have been researched from a theoretical perspective for two decades, large scale experimental realizations remain scarce. In this work, as a potential route to overcome this issue, 2D patterns are evaluated that form through sedimentation of charged particles from a colloidal dispersion at an electrically conductive substrate. The particles are given a sufficient amount of time to form various morphologies and then locked in place irreversibly by setting attractive particle‐substrate potentials. The system can be interpreted as a 2D, however, comparisons to previous numerical works remain qualitative, as the latter do not consider the constant exchange of particles with the 3D bulk of the dispersion. For monodisperse colloids, depending on particle density, random sequential adsorption‐like, fluid, and crystalline phases are obtained, of which the fluid phase most effectively suppresses density fluctuations, or in terms of the hyperuniformity metric HS ≈ 8.7 × 10−3. For bidisperse colloids, the particle sizes tend to segregate at high density thereby reducing the ability of the system to suppress density fluctuations, which are explained within the framework of a eutectic system. The latter also provides hints that the degree of hyperuniformity can be increased by tuning the size distribution to the eutectic point.
A Flexible, Highly Accurate, and Stable Pressure Sensor with Anti‐Interference from Temperature, Sweat, and Humidity
Authors: Ma Jun , Liu Qi , Yang Liyan , Li Mufang , Liu Qiongzhen , Zhong Weibing , Lu Ying , Wang Yuedan , Liu Xue , Wang Dong
Published: December 2022

The highly accurate and stable pressure sensors with anti‐interference from varying sensing environments (temperature and humidity) are essential and a challenge in practical applications. However, real‐time electrical resistance fluctuation or even sensing inaccuracy are widely existed due to the sensibility of conductive materials towards varying temperatures, humidity, and sweat circumstance. Here, for the first time, the hydrophobic, non‐fluoride, titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2‐ODI) modified carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon black (CB) pressure sensors are introduced to achieve anti‐interference from temperature, droplets, and humidity. The sensors with a near‐zero temperature coefficient of resistance (near‐ZTC) effect (≈ −10 to 70 °C). The anti‐interference from moisture benefits from the effective isolation effect of the hydrophobic TiO2‐ODI layer. Meanwhile, the TiO2‐ODI/CNT/CB pressure sensors obtain a favorable sensitivity of 1.57 kPa−1, a fast response time of 20 ms, a negligible hysteresis ratio of 1.9%, prominent air permeability, and a facile scalable strategy. Hence, the TiO2‐ODI/CNT/CB pressure sensors are feasible for accurately and stably sensing under varying sensing environments by efficiently suppressing interferences from varying temperatures, high humidity, and sweat.
Fiber Optical Detection of Lithium Plating at Graphite Anodes
Authors: Hedman Jonas , Mogensen Ronnie , Younesi Reza , Björefors Fredrik
Published: December 2022

Avoiding the plating of metallic lithium on the graphite anode in lithium‐ion batteries, potentially leading to aging and the formation of dendrites is critical for long term and safe operation of the cells. In this contribution, in operando detection of lithium plating via a fiber optical sensor placed at the surface of a graphite electrode is demonstrated. The detection is based on the modulation of light at the sensing region, which is in direct contact with the graphite particles. This is first demonstrated by the intentional deposition of lithium on a copper electrode, followed by experiments with graphite electrodes in pouch cells where plating is initiated both as a result of over‐lithiation and excessive cycling rates. The plating resulted in a significant loss of light from the fiber, and the findings correlated well with previous experiments on the detection of sodium plating. The modulated light is also found to correlate well with the graphite staging via changes in the optical properties of the graphite during slow (de)intercalation of lithium ions. In a practical application, the fiber optical sensor may provide a battery management system (BMS) with input to optimize the charging procedure or to warn for cell failure.
Increasing Electrode Work Function Using a Natural Molecule
Authors: Akaike Kouki , Hosokai Takuya , Ono Yutaro , Tsuruta Ryohei , Yamada Yoichi
Published: December 2022

Providing sustainability to organic electronics is highly demanded to reduce the negative impact of organic devices on environments and human health upon their disposal. To attain biodegradability and biocompatibility of the electronic devices, utilization of the natural molecules for the device constituents is essential. In this study, it is reported that the adsorption of caffeic acid (CfA), a polar phenylpropanoid that plants bio‐synthesize, universally increases work functions (WFs) of practical electrodes and organic films. Either vacuum‐depositing or spin‐casting CfA films on the electrode materials form a dipole layer with the negative charges on the carboxyl group exposed to the outermost surface. The preferential adsorption of the catechol moiety of CfA onto substrate surfaces drives the molecular orientation, leading to the WF increase up to 0.7 eV. As a consequence, the single‐layer devices with the CfA interlayer facilitate the hole injection in forward bias by a factor of 101–102, which validates the usability of the natural molecule for organic electronics.
Logic Gates of Terahertz Spoof Surface Plasmons
Authors: Gao Xinxin , Chen Bao Jie , Shum Kam‐Man , Zhang Qing Le , Ma Qian , Cui Wen Yi , Cui Tie Jun , Chan Chi Hou
Published: December 2022

Spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) interconnects have great potential for the next‐generation wireless communications and terahertz (THz) integrated circuits. SSPP logic gates are reported to meet the above development requirements. However, the reported SSPP logic gates consist of 3D domino waveguide structure and conversion structure with a funnel‐shaped metasurface; and hence, suffer from the size limit of the compact on‐chip integrations. To explore a more compact and flexible design, a series of logic gates in the planar THz SSPP platform, including OR, AND, XOR, NOT, and NAND gates, is experimentally demonstrated. Owing to the flexible dispersion behaviors, different phase differences between inputs can be controlled by manipulating the SSPP waveguide structure, such as the SSPP Mach–Zehnder interferometer, thereby realizing various THz SSPP logic gates, which will enable powerful potential in large‐scale on‐chip systems, future wireless communications, and intelligent computing.
Light Emission from Low‐Dimensional Pb‐Free Perovskite‐Related Metal Halide Nanocrystals
Authors: Ray Aniruddha , De Trizio Luca , Zito Juliette , Infante Ivan , Manna Liberato , Abdelhady Ahmed L.
Published: December 2022

In recent years remarkable progress has been made on developing low‐dimensional perovskite‐related materials. In particular, with the aim of going toward compounds with low toxicity, various low‐dimensional metal halide nanocrystals have been synthesized and investigated. These nanocrystalline compounds crystallize in a plethora of structures and dimensionalities, in many cases with exciting optical properties. Thanks to their photoluminescence emission, which is typically broad and largely Stokes‐shifted, such nanocrystals can find applications in indoor lighting, scintillators and luminescent solar concentrators. In this review, recent developments leading to the improvement/management of light emission from such low‐dimensional metal halide nanocrystals are highlighted and the possible origin of their light emission is discussed. Furthermore, parallels with their bulk counterparts are drawn and an outlook on what is still worth exploring/studying in this field of research is provided.
Direct Synthesis of Indolines via Cyclization of Tertiary Aryl Amines with Iodonium Ylides under Sole Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Zhao Yan‐Rui , Li Lei , Xuan Jun
Published: December 2022

Herein we reported a direct synthesis series of indolines through cyclization of tertiary aryl amines with iodonium ylides. This cyclization reaction occurred under sole visible‐light irradiation at room temperature without the addition of any photocatalysts and additives. Preliminary mechanism studies revealed that an electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex between iodonium ylides and tertiary aryl amines should be formed during the reaction.

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Smart Clothing with Built‐In Soft Sensing Network for Measuring Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Pressure under Impact Scenarios
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhu Bo , Shu Lin , Li Ying , Lai Xinghua , Ma Lingchen , Ji Peijun , Zhou Qing , Yu Tongxi , Tao Xiaoming
Published: December 2022

Nowadays, the need for protective devices at man–machine interfaces is increasing in the fields of traffic, sports, construction, and military, etc. Dynamic pressure sensing technology with wide measuring range, high sensitivity, softness, and fast response is crucial for evaluation and optimization of the personal protective equipment under impact scenarios. However, current sensors hardly possess all the aforesaid required characteristics. For the first time, this article reports the evaluation and application of an innovative soft pressure sensor with modulus of 2 MPa, maximum pressure of 8 MPa, and over 500‐Hz frequency. A theoretical model, taking strain rate into consideration, is established to characterize the dynamic sensing behavior. A sensing network in the form of smart clothing is developed and used in a sled crash test, which is a standard approach to evaluate the safety of automobiles in collisions. The pressure distribution over the dummy's surface during the crash is acquired in real‐time, and compared with numerical simulations. This study is important to the study of occupant injury and crashworthiness design for vehicles, and it will benefit the automotive industry. With the built‐in sensing network, the smart clothing has promising applications in the pressure mapping of 3D flexible man–machine interface under impact scenarios.