bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of soil moisture products and Sentinel 1 & 2 data from THEIA platform for monitoring water status of agricultural plots and orchards in the Vaucluse department.
Authors: Courault Dominique , Zohoré Urie , Doussan Claude , Chapelet Arnaud , Pouget Guillaume , Chanzy André , Abubakar Mukhtar , Lopez-Lozano Raul , Flamain Fabrice , Ruy Stéphane
Published: September 2022

In the Mediterranean zone, the available water resources are subject to increasing tensions between users and call for a better assessment of the water consumption and use over territories, especially for agriculture. Sentinel missions now provide free remote sensing data with a high spatial and temporal resolution delivering regular information over large areas both on crop development and on the water status of various land surfaces. This study makes use of Sentinel data  for two main purposes : -i) to evaluate the accuracy of new soil moisture products obtained from Sentinel 1 & 2 delivered from the THEIA platform by using soil moisture data from the monitoring of an agricultural plot located in Avignon (France) where measurement are available from several years with different sensor types; -ii) to assess the potentialities of Sentinel 1 and 2 for monitoring soil moisture/irrigation in irrigated cherry orchards in the Ouveze basin (France). Results show that THEIA derived soil moisture values are significantly correlated with in situ measurements (at 5cm depth in soil), but with variation of the relationship between years, not linked to variation in soil roughness, leading to dispersion when all years are pooled (r² ~0.25-0.36) and under-estimation of higher water contents (>0.3 m3/m3). A normalization of signal data with the yearly amplitude could improve this correlation (r²=0.36-0.55). In relation with aim (ii), temporal profiles of spectral indices obtained for several orchards with Sentinel 2 allowed to clearly identify the trees’ phenology and the impact of the inter-row management. First results also showed a medium but significant correlation (r²=0.36) between the VV polarization extracted from Sentinel 1 data at the highest incidence angle and soil moisture measured under irrigated cherries orchards. These soil measurements, combined with spectral data on a longer time interval, available for two main irrigation practices (drip and microsprinkler) will allow for a better understanding of the input of irrigation water and its use by trees at the plot scale, useful for future modeling approaches of the water balance in orchards in relation with irrigation.
Attribution of hydrometeorological variability in flood generation over the Godavari River
Authors: Aadhar Saran , Morin Efrat
Published: September 2022

Understanding of flood generating mechanisms is necessary for the largely populated Indian Subcontinent, which observes frequent floods in the large river basins during the Asian monsoon. However, the flood processes linked with the hydrometeorological variability remain unexplored over India. This study examines temporal and spatial variability of hydrometeorological variables (precipitation and surface runoff) prior to large streamflow events to identify the dominated flood processes and contributing areas in the Godavari river basin, the second largest basin in India, using the observed and model-simulated data. Based on the temporal variability in precipitation and surface runoff, we find that long-rain type floods predominantly occur in the semi-humid region of the Godavari basin (Tekra, Pathagudam, Peur, and Polavaram sub-basins). These floods are associated with the long-duration (10-11 days) accumulated precipitation due to the occurrence of multiple high-intensity precipitation events prior to flood. However, floods in the semi-arid Mancherial sub-basin are linked with the short-duration (2-days) accumulated precipitation with single high-intensity precipitation. Apart from temporal variability of hydrometeorological variables, we also analyzed the spatial variability of precipitation and runoff prior to flood events using the empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) analysis. We show that the central and downstream regions of the Godavari basin contribute more in the flood occurrence. Moreover, our analysis shows that the Tekra basin generates more runoff before the flood events compared to the other basins due to the favorable catchment conditions. Overall, our study provides a better understanding of flood processes over a large river basin of the Indian Subcontinent during the monsoonal climate, which can be used for numerous flood control and management applications.    
Transdisciplinarity for sustainable groundwater management – a case from Germany
Authors: Luetkemeier Robert , Söller Linda
Published: September 2022

The past droughts uncovered that groundwater resources in Germany are finite. Ecosystem degradation and restrictions in public water supply were the consequences of reduced groundwater recharge, particularly in 2018. This event only exemplifies the challenges for groundwater governance under climate change. Current frameworks like the European Water Framework Directive often fail to ensure the envisioned targets of good quantity and quality of (ground)water. Besides known contributing factors (limited resources, policy incoherencies), we see new supra-regional social-ecological interactions that transgress watershed boundaries and significantly influence local groundwater systems. In our research, we look through a telecoupling lens and thus reframe groundwater challenges.

Here, we present the findings of an ongoing inter- and transdisciplinary project on sustainable groundwater management in the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. More and more municipalities shutdown local water supply facilities and connect themselves to a remote water supply network. In our case, nitrate and uranium contamination of groundwater as well as drought-induced low groundwater levels created public pressure to switch to the remote water supply network. Thus, a complex web of social-ecological interactions affects local and remote (ground)water resources. These processes can, however, not be explained by hydrology alone – they require a socio-hydrology approach. Here, we investigate the groundwater situation from an interdisciplinary perspective to better understand both societal and environmental phenomena locally and in remote places using the telecoupling framework.

In collaboration with stakeholders, we apply a methodologically guided transdisciplinary process of problem framing, interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge integration. Therein, we particularly shed light on how the remote water supply network affects local groundwater bodies. Representatives from local and remote water suppliers, agriculture, nature conservation, regional planning, local and federal state agencies join this process to create a shared vision of sustainable groundwater management. Against the background of climate change and the evolvement of societal water demand, scenarios of specific measures are collaboratively developed with stakeholders to conserve the resource.

This ongoing research showcases, how stakeholder involvement can enrich a purely scientific perspective on groundwater challenges as local particularities and problem perceptions come to the forefront that offer options for applicable solutions.
Inland Fisheries and Risk of Contamination of Fisheries Ecosystems in the Gbaga Lagoon Channel (Benin-Togo Coastal Zone)
Authors: Ahéhéhinnou Yêdo Mahougnon Fidèle , Amoussou Ernest , Ahouansou Maurice Mathieu , Kodja Japhet Domiho , Totin Vodounon Sourou Henry
Published: September 2022

Coastal areas are areas where a very large number of laguno-marine species reproduce, grow or transit, which are most often the subject of fishing exploitation. The purpose of this study is to analyse the risk of contamination of fisheries ecosystems and its consequences on the evolution of aquatic resources in the coastal zone and more specifically from south-west Benin to south-east Togo.

The methodology adopted is based on the collection and processing of raw data such as: hydrometric data, particle size data, climatological data, data from fauna and flora inventories, supplemented by those from in situ measurements and those from laboratory analyses made from sediment samples and some species caught during fisheries during the different hydrological seasons.

Analysis of the results revealed that pollution of the lagoon channel in Cd, As, Pb and some major ions such as Cl -, NO3- and PO43- are responsible for its eutrophication. In addition, organic matter and MES in high concentrations lead to the covering of aquatic habitats, particularly spawning grounds and suffocation of eggs by reducing essential metabolic exchanges (supply of oxygen and nutrients, evacuation of metabolic waste) through the decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen within the substrate. Analysis of trace elements in the flesh of samples of Captain fish (Polydactylus quadrifilis), white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus), Tilapia zillii, and white catfish revealed their rate of contamination with metallic trace elements. Behavioural effects (abandonment of shelter areas and avoidance reaction) are thus recorded; subletal effects (short-term reduction in feeding rate; minor physiological stress; increased cough frequency; increased breathing rate; moderate physiological stress; major; delayed outbreak; reduction of population density; mortality). According to 89% of fishermen, the decline in fish species caught is recorded during dry periods, when the channel has a high rate of contamination with heavy metals and major ions.
Evaluating the skill of the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) for simulating River Discharge in Sparsely-Gauged Basins in Nigeria
Authors: Ogbu kingsley Nnaemeka , Rakovec Oldrich , Samaniego Luis , Okafor Gloria Chinwendu , Tischbein Bernhard , Meresa Hadush
Published: September 2022

Predictive hydrologic modelling to understand and support agricultural water resources management and food security policies in Nigeria is a demanding task due to the paucity of hydro-meteorological measurements. This study assessed the skill of using different remotely-sensed products in a multi-calibration framework for evaluating the performance of the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) across four (4) different data-scarce basins within the Guinea-Sudano region of Nigeria.  Satellite rainfall estimates (SFEs) obtained from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), Climate Prediction Center (CPC), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis 5th Generation (ERA5), Global Precipitation Climatological Center (GPCC) and Multi-Source Weighted Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) models were used to drive the mHM for different basins across different climatic regions in Nigeria. The multiscale parameter regionalization (MPR) approach was implemented to overcome the problems of over-parameterization and equifinality of model parameters during model calibration. Model calibration was first performed using discharge (Q), and next calibrated by using a combination of discharge (Q) and actual evapotranspiration (AET) for each setup driven by a rainfall product. A multi-variable approach using both Q and AET was also used during model evaluation. The mHM model driven with CHIRPS dataset showed reasonable results (0.5 < KGE ≤ 0.85) during calibration with both Q and AET variables while KGE varied between 0.34 – 0.63 during model validation using the same variables across all basins under consideration. This study underscores the utility of the CHIRPS model for hydrologic modelling in sub-Saharan Africa as well as the spatial predictive skill of the mHM. Generally, this study draws special attention to the MPR approach as a good alternative to consider for distributed hydrologic modelling in poorly-gauged basins.
Characterisation of the morphology of Cavally River sediments in a context of anthropisation at Zouan-Hounien (West-Côte d'Ivoire)
Authors: Brou Loukou Alexis , Yao Affoué Berthe , Kouadio Zilé Alex , Koffi Bérenger , Kouassi Kouakou Lazare
Published: September 2022

The aim of this paper is to characterize the bottom sediments of the Cavally River bed in order to determine the appropriate roughness coefficient of said river, in a context of clandestine gold panning in the locality of Zouan-Hounien. To achieve this, fifteen (15) sediment samples are periodically taken from the Cavally River bed, precisely in the area of influence of the activities of the Société des Mines de Ity (SMI). These samples are taken from the Bakatouo meander (upstream) to downstream of the Colline Sud meander. Sediment sampling is done with a Van Veen grab sampler. The collected sediments are carefully preserved in labeled bags. The granulometric analysis of these sediments is carried out at the laboratory using a column of sieves with AFNOR series. Analysis of the particle size curves of all samples suggests that Cavally sands are generally medium to heavy. Moreover, these particle size curves could show that the sands are transported mainly by bedload. However, these observations should be taken with great caution, since gold mining activities have a very great influence on the distribution of sediments in the river.
Shifting of streamflow timing and seasonality under climate change in the Volta River basin
Authors: Dembélé Moctar , Vrac Mathieu , Ceperley Natalie , Zwart Sander J. , Larsen Josh , Dadson Simon J. , Mariéthoz Grégoire , Schaefli Bettina
Published: September 2022

Global warming is projected to result in changes in streamflow in West Africa with implications for recurrent droughts and floods in the region. This study assesses changes in the timing of low and high flows under climate change in the poorly gauged and transboundary Volta River basin (VRB) in West Africa. The mean annual minimum (MAM) flow of seven consecutive days is considered as low flow, while high flow is calculated as the annual maximum flow (MAF) corresponding to the highest peak flow in a calendar year. The method of circular statistics is used to estimate the timing of AMF and MAM based on the mean date of occurrence (D), and their seasonality based on the concentration of the dates of occurrence (r). River flow is simulated with the fully distributed mesoscale hydrologic model (mHM), which is thoroughly calibrated using a novel multivariate calibration based on streamflow and satellite data. The mHM model is forced with bias-corrected climate projection datasets consisting of 43 RCM and GCM model combinations from CORDEX-Africa under three representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The changes in AMF and MAM are analysed over three future horizons (2021-2050, 2051-2080 and 2071-2100) relative to the historical baseline period (1991-2020).

The results show that the date of occurrence of AMF varies between the calendar days 246 and 252 across the three sub-basins (Black Volta, White Volta, Oti), and it is projected to drop by -2 days over the twenty-first century. A strong seasonality of high flows is observed as r exceeds 0.96 on average and hardly change in the future. The date of occurrence of MAM varies between the calendar days 132 and 139. In contrast to the AMF, there is a forward shift in the date of occurrence of MAM as it is projected to increase on average by +4 to +9 days across sub-basins, and up to + 14 days under RCP8.5, which might be explained by the forward shift of the rainy season. The r of MAM is 0.6 and slightly drops in the future, denoting a higher variation in the seasonality of low flows.
Flood Seasonality Mechanisms in Brazil
Authors: B P Chagas Vinícius , L B Chaffe Pedro , Blöschl Günter
Published: September 2022

A coincidence in the timing of floods and their drivers can be used as a proxy for the causality of flood generation. By investigating flood generation mechanisms, we can better understand how runoff is generated and its predominant flow paths. However, so far, no study has explored the drivers of flood seasonality on a large scale in Brazil, particularly the roles of intense rainfall and soil moisture. Here, we investigate the relationship between the seasonality of floods, maximum annual rainfall, and maximum annual soil moisture data of 886 basins in Brazil for 1980-2015 to shed light on flood generation mechanisms. We analyze circular correlation of the variables’ timing and compare their mean dates of occurrence. Floods generally occur around February in central Brazil, April in Amazonia’s southern tributaries, June in Amazonia’s northern tributaries, and between austral autumn and spring in southern Brazil. On average across Brazil, floods tend to occur at the same time of year as soil moisture peaks and lag behind rainfall peaks by three weeks. In Amazonia, central and northern Brazil, flood timing is more highly correlated with the timing of soil moisture peaks than with that of rainfall peaks. In these regions, rainfall usually peaks early or mid-wet season even though floods and soil moisture peaks usually occur at the end of the wet season. We suggest that such delays between rainfall peaks and floods are associated with high subsurface water storage capacities. On the other hand, in southern and southeastern Brazil, flood timing is highly correlated with the timing of both soil moisture and rainfall peaks. Intense rainfall quickly saturates the soil and generates floods, indicating a predominance of low subsurface water storage capacities. These findings give a large-scale indication of how floods and runoff are generated in Brazil, supporting flood forecasting and climate-change impact studies.
Bluecat: A Local Uncertainty Estimator for Deterministic Simulations and Predictions
Authors: Koutsoyiannis Demetris , Montanari Alberto
Published: September 2022

We present a new method for simulating and predicting hydrologic variables with uncertainty assessment and provide example applications to river flows. The method is identified with the acronym ``Bluecat'' and is based on the use of a deterministic model which is subsequently converted to a stochastic formulation. The latter provides an adjustment on statistical basis of the deterministic prediction along with its confidence limits. The distinguishing features of the proposed approach are the ability to infer the probability distribution of the prediction without requiring strong hypotheses on the statistical characterization of the prediction error (e.g. normality, homoscedasticity) and its transparent and intuitive use of the observations. Bluecat makes use of a rigorous theory to estimate the probability distribution of the predictand conditioned by the deterministic model output, by inferring the conditional statistics of observations. Therefore Bluecat bridges the gaps between deterministic (possibly physically-based, or deep learning-based) and stochastic models as well as between rigorous theory and transparent use of data with an innovative and user oriented approach. We present two examples of application to the case studies of the Arno river at Subbiano and Sieve river at Fornacina. The results confirm the distinguishing features of the method along with its technical soundness. We provide an open software working in the R environment, along with help facilities and detailed instructions to reproduce the case studies presented here.
Holistic analysis of the carbon and water cycles to quantify the human footprint in basin-wide hydrological processes in the Amazon
Authors: Nobrega Rodolfo , Prentice Iain Colin
Published: September 2022

While land-cover clearing (LCC) immediately reduces evapotranspiration (ET), its effects on other water fluxes, such as river discharge and terrestrial water storage, exhibit contrasting responses depending on location and scale. One explanation for this is that LCC triggers a series of asynchronous disruptions in the equilibrium of hydrological processes that was established upon the long-term balance with regional climatological, edaphic, and geological characteristics. Water fluxes under these circumstances are not well represented by hydrological models that have Budyko-like approaches or rely on the stationarity of the hydrological responses. The complexity of such analysis is incremented once LCC is followed by the conversion to pastures and crops established over random spatial and temporal patterns throughout river basins. Here, we propose an analysis of river discharge and root zone storage capacity (RZSC) to unveil underlying relationships between stream dynamics and water consumption by plants. We use a time-series segmentation and residual trend analysis on streamflow and precipitation of high-order tributaries of the Tapajós River in the Amazon whose catchments underwent an intense land-use change over the past decades. We estimate the RZSC using the mass-curve balance method by considering the annual land-cover changes over a >30-year period. Despite the common belief that increases in river discharge are primarily caused by reduced ET when precipitation trends are not significant, we show that this might not be the main trigger of streamflow change in these major Amazon catchments. Instead, the reduction in the RZSC caused by changes in the water consumption by plants over the dry season is tightly associated with the increased baseflow contribution to rivers. Finally, we analysed gross primary productivity (GPP) and ET estimates generated by a model based on eco-evolutionary optimality that integrates the water and carbon cycles at the canopy level. We found that trends in ET from croplands are not as pronounced as trends in GPP. Although RZSC is quantified using the water deficit driven by ET, changes in RZSC are more correlated to changes in GPP. Our results highlight the importance of considering the carbon cycle in hydrological assessment studies.
Dam operation Model as a part of Integrated Water Resource Management in Nam Ngum River Basin, Lao PDR
Authors: Lamichhane Aastha , Noda Keigo
Published: September 2022

Abstract

The construction of dams and reservoirs for hydropower generation has been increasing in major river basins around the world. These dams store huge amounts of water thereby reducing the streamflow in the low-lying regions. Such changed seasonality of streamflow has various socio-economic and environmental consequences. Downstream dwellers are left with reduced water for their daily lives, irrigation, fisheries, and ecological services, resulting in conflicts. This paper aims to study the benefit loss of downstream communities caused by the operation of a huge reservoir in the upstream area for hydropower purposes. The benefits are calculated in terms of economic benefit through hydropower, irrigation, fisheries in both upstream and downstream communities through simulation of socio-hydraulic changes after the reservoir operation. The study area is located in Nam Ngum River Basin, a tributary of the Mekong River in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). The Nam Ngum 1 Reservoir and its downstream region, which includes the capital city “Vientiane Capital” will be studied. Nam Ngum 1 Reservoir is the largest and oldest reservoir of Lao PDR storing about 8.5 billion m3 of water. The methodology includes 2 operations: reservoir operations and economic benefit calculations. The results obtained from the simulation will certainly help to address the economic problems associated with an uneven share of water and will help in the further investigation and adoption of integrated water resource management in other regional, national or transboundary scales as well.

 

Keywords: dam operation model, integrated water resource management, benefit loss, reservoir operations
Co-evolving mechanisms of climate - vegetation - hydrology in the source region of Yellow River
Authors: Mo Xingguo , Liu Suxia
Published: September 2022

As if a tower to supply water downstream, the change pattern of water yield of the head water of the Yellow River has drawn high attention of all societal sectors, but not very clear due to the tangling influences by many factors.   Based on the multi-sources of vegetation, hydro-meteorological information, the Vegetation Interface Processes eco-hydrological dynamic model is used to investigate the evolving processes of eco-hydrological elements in the Yellow River basin upon Tangnaihai gauge from 2000 to 2019.  Results showed that the catchment is facing a warming and wetting climate in past two decades, the vegetation growing condition improved quite a lot with the growing period extending for more than 10 days. There has been more glaciers melting in summer and lakes water extension, along with gently increasing of soil moisture. Water yield capacity in the basin has decreased, especially in autumn. Vegetation evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP) showed significant synergetic relationship with co-variation. Both ET and GPP exhibited significant increase, in which the top rates occurred in the altitude between 3000 to 4000 m. Water use efficiency (WUE) is enhancing. Attribute analysis showed that the increasing precipitation, vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation were the dominated factors to intensify water-vapor exchange between land surface and atmosphere. Obviously, the warm-wet tendency of climate in the basin apparently improved the ecological environment. However, the increased ecological water consumption resulting in decreased capacity of water yield which impacts adversely the blue water supply, particularly under future climate change.  Trade-off policy action is needed with the aid of elucidating the evolving mechanisms of hydrological and vegetation dynamics to provide scientific basis to maintain the ecosystem sustainability and functioning.
A closer look over the Thau hydrosystem, a new monitoring network to characterize and prevent seawater intrusion in the submarine Vise spring (Balaruc-les-Bains, France)
Authors: Hakoun Vivien , Ladouche Bernard , Lamotte Claudine , Dewandel Benoit , Maréchal Jean-Christophe , Séranne Michel
Published: September 2022

The Thau hydrosystem lies at the interface between terrestrial and marine (lagoon) environments along the Mediterranean coast. Together with this set up, the karstic nature of this hydrosystem makes it subject to localized seawater intrusion phenomena in the Balaruc-les-Bains peninsula. This phenomenon is linked to a sudden flow reversal at the submarine Vise spring, during which saltwater from the Thau lagoon invades the karst aquifer in its discharge area. This process and the nature of the aquifer have strong impacts on the local field of hydraulic heads (sudden rise up to 2m high) as well as on groundwater quality (rise of salt concentrations close to seawater content). The inversion phenomena has already been detected 7 times over the last 50 years. Yet, our current understanding of the triggering mechanisms remains limited, notably because of a lack of precise monitoring of groundwater fluxes at the lagoon – aquifer interface. To address this issue a new monitoring network (observatory) was installed at the submarine Vise spring and across the hydrosystem. Here, we present the observatory and we show unique first results from the detailed monitoring of a flow reversal phenomenon, which started in November 2020. Submarine spring flow, electrical conductivity and groundwater head time-series gathered both offshore and on land at different depth allowed following: the sudden rise of the water level in the wells and changes of temperature and salinity associated with the transport of salt water in the karstic aquifer. Overall, this observatory provides valuable data needed to characterize and understand the processes triggering the flow reversal phenomenon in a hydrosystem at the terrestrial – marine interface.
Innovative downhole geophysical methods, petrophysical characterization and high frequency downhole monitoring of seawater intrusion dynamics in a coastal aquifer. The Me Distraes project, Argentona, Spain. 
Authors: Pezard Philippe , Henry Gilles , Brun Laurent , Gee Ryan , Folch Albert , Goyetche Tybaud , Martinez Laura , Carrera Jesus , Luquot Linda
Published: September 2022

The detailed hydrogeophysical characterization of coastal aquifers provides a base to study both submarine groundwater discharge and salt water intrusion processes. With the objective to investigate the response of a coastal aquifer to a series of boundary conditions, a new experimental site was developed through a clastic aquifer located 30 km north of Barcelona (Spain). This hectometer scale site is located 50 m from the seashore and equipped with 17 nearby shallow holes, with depths ranging from 15 to 28 m.   

A series of innovative downhole geophysical measurements and experiments have been deployed over the past few years, either in a time-lapse or stationary manner. These measurements are performed through PVC due to the unconsolidated nature of the sediment. Also, the granitic mineralogy prevents clays identification from a direct use of gamma ray profiles. In time lapse, high frequency electrical resistivity induction measurements show that preferential flow paths are identified in a fast and reliable manner. Also, changes in depth of the fresh to salt water interface (FSWI) are precisely described, either in response to marine tides, or to short lived but often intense Mediterranean rain event. Changes on the order of 1.70 m are obtain in a few hours of heavy rain. Overnight as well as seasonal changes such as months of dryness are also illustrated due to the local variability of pore fluid salinity and temperature, even over short periods of time such as tens of minutes.

For a more continuous description of downhole processes over time and depth, downhole geophysical observatories were emplaced in early 2017. Intense rain events such as that of October 19, 2017 or January 21, 2020 reveal the high frequency interplay between sea water intrusion and fresh water outpour into the sea.
Chapter 10: Global Human-Water Systems
Authors: Hanasaki Naota ,   Chapter 10 Authors
Published: September 2022

The goal of Chapter 10: Global Human-Water System is to explore the relationships between water and human systems at the global scale. In our globalized world, local water availability and use is influenced by policies and consumer demands in distance places. This chapter focuses on socio-hydrological teleconnections in water availability, use, management, and demand. Several key concepts will be explored, including global sustainability frameworks, international trade and markets, and anthropogenic climate change. This chapter highlights and discusses the complex interactions between local water use and global sustainability frameworks (e.g. planetary boundaries, Sustainable Development Goals). We also explain how water resources are impacted by global markets and trade and survey the water footprint and virtual water trade research. This chapter also surveys the complex relationships between local water availability and water-related risks and global climate change. The chapter concludes with implications for water resources managers and policy makers and suggestions for future research.
Role of porous and permeable layers in an argillaceous formation:  Preliminary results on groundwater residence time based – an isotopic approach
Authors: Le Gal La Salle Corinne , Khaska Somar , Verdoux Patrick , Michelot Jean-Luc , Team Aster , Sültenfuß Jürgen , Minet Michael
Published: September 2022

Argillaceous layers are often considered as impermeable formations preventing migration of contaminants. Nevertheless, porous and permeable layers in such formation may exist and play a role in contaminant dispersion. The objective here is to investigate the residence time of such porous and permeable layers based on a geochemical and isotopic approach.

The study site is located on the Narbonne sedimentary basin, south of France. The Oligo-Miocene argillaceous sedimentary series overlays the cretaceous limestone substratum. A Quaternary deposit partially covers the Tertiary formations. On the western margin the Oligo-Miocene series abuts on the limestone formation. The Oligo-Miocene series is crossed by permeable to semi-permeable layers of conglomeratic deposits, from a few centimetres to a few meters thick, which may represent hydraulic short-circuit.  

Groundwater samples from the 3 formations were collected for analyses along with surface water samples, the Aude river, and rain water. The geochemical approach is based on the investigation of time tracers including 3H/3He, 14C and 36Cl/Cl along with the investigation of major and minor elements, stable isotope of water and strontium isotopes.

Groundwater conductivity is relatively high ranging from 800 to 2000 µS/cm for the deepest bore hole in the cretaceous formation. Br/Cl and strontium isotope ratio show that groundwater from the permeable layers plot between groundwater from the limestone aquifer and a more mineralised end-member. Groundwater from the permeable layers are slightly depleted in stable isotopes of water with respect to modern precipitation, suggesting recharge under different conditions from the current one. 3H, below detection limit, shows the lack of modern recharge. 14C, in the order of a few pmc, would suggest a residence time of a few ten thousand years. The 36Cl/Cl ratio, in the order of 2x10-14 at/at, is nearly one order of magnitude lower than modern input. Groundwaters from the Oligo-Miocene permeable layers tend to plot on or below a mixing line between recent recharge and a chloride enriched and 36Cl depleted end-member, coherent with long residence time.

All tracers are coherent with relatively long residence time and low circulation potential in the porous and permeable layers. 
The effect of low-viscosity sediments on the dynamics and accretionary style of subduction margins
Authors: Pusok Adina E. , Stegman Dave R. , Kerr Madeleine
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Observations of sediments at subduction margins appear to divide them into two classes: accretionary and erosive. Accretionary margins are dominated by accretion of thick piles of sediments (>1 km) from the subducting plate, while tectonic erosion is favored in regions with little or no sedimentary cover (<1 km). The consequences of the two styles of margins for subduction dynamics remain poorly resolved. In this study, we used 2-D numerical simulations of subduction to investigate how low-viscosity sediments influence subduction dynamics and margin type through plate coupling. We vary the thickness and viscosity of the sediment layer entering subduction, the thickness of the upper plate, and the driving velocity of the subducting plate (i.e., kinematic boundary conditions). Diagnostic parameters are extracted automatically from numerical simulations to analyze the dynamics and differentiate between modes of subduction margin. We identify three margin types based on the extent of viscous coupling in the sediment layer at the subduction interface: (a) tectonic coupling margin, (b) low-angle accretionary wedge margin, and (c) high-angle accretionary wedge margin. In the tectonic coupling case – analogous to an erosive margin – high-viscosity or thin-layer sediments increase coupling at the interface. On the other hand, when the viscous coupling is reduced, sediments are scrapped off the subducting slab to form an accretionary wedge. Models that develop tectonic coupling margins show small radii of curvature, slow convergence rates, and thin subduction interfaces, while models with accretionary margins show large radii of curvature, faster convergence rates, and dynamic accretionary wedges. These diagnostic parameters are then linked with observations of present-day subduction zones.
Tinggi Badan dan Keseimbangan Dinamis dengan Kemampuan Lay Up Permainan Bola Basket : Apakah Saling Berhubungan?
Authors: Suryadi Didi , Saputra Eko , Wahyudi Ibnu
Published: September 2022

Seorang pemain bola basket hendaknya harus memiliki tinggi badan dan keseimbangan yang baik dan memiliki teknik keterampilan menembak yang baik serta memiliki daya konsentrasi yang baik pula agar pada saat melakukan lay up tepat sasaran pada ring basket sehingga hasilnya memuaskan. Akan tetapi pada pelaksanaan nya test pengukuran belum pernah dilakukan untuk mengetahui kontribusi yang diberikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan hubungan tinggi badan dan keseimbangan dinamis terhadap kemampuan lay up permainan bola basket. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode studi hubungan yaitu studi kolerasi. Adapun Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa laki-laki kelas XI Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Sungai Raya Kabupaten Kubu Raya. Teknik sampling dalam penelitian ini menggunakan random sampling sehingga didapatkan 36 siswa yang menjadi sampel. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik tes dan pengukuran serta teknik analisis data menggunakan korelasi product moment. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan adanya hubungan yang signifikan tinggi badan terhadap kemampuan lay up permainan bola basket, adanya hubungan yang signifikan keseimbangan dinamis terhadap kemampuan lay up, dan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tinggi badan dan keseimbangan dinamis dengan kemampuan lay up dalam permainan bola basket.
Meningkatkan Pembelajaran Passing Bawah Bola Voli Menggunakan Media Audiovisual
Authors: Tarlina  , Porja Daryanto Zusyah
Published: September 2022

Tujuan penelitian adalah ini untuk mengetahui peningkatkan pembelajaran passing bawah bola voli dengan menggunakan media audiovisual pada siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri 05 Taum. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Bentuk penelitiannya adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SD Negeri 05 Taum. Adapun dari subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VI SD Negeri 05 Taum tahun ajaran 2021/2022. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapatnya peningkatan pembelajaran pada keterampilan passing bawah bola voli menggunakan media pembelajaran audiovisual pada siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri 05 Taum, dengan rata-rata nilai dari pra siklus sebesar 70,93 menjadi 75,67. Siklus ini mengalami peningkatan sebesar 6,68%. Sedangkan rata-rata nilai pada siklus II adalah 83,13, sehingga menjukkan peningkatan yang cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 31%.
Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Lari 60 Meter Menggunakan Permainan Tradisional Bentengan
Authors: Endawan I Bagus , Sukmawati Noviria
Published: September 2022

Tujuan dari Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauhmana  permainan tradisional betengan  bisa  meningkatkan  lari 60 meter pada kelas V di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 8 Tanjung Raja. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas V SD Negeri 04 Tanjung Raja yang berjumlah 21 siswa. Hasil prasiklus menunjukan hanya 7 siswa yang berhasil atau 33,33% . Pada siklus I meningkat menjadi 10 siswa atau 47,61%, pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 15 siswa atau 71,42%, karena belum mencapai target belajar maka diadakan siklus III, hasil dari siklus III yaitu melalui permainan betengan hasil lari 60 meter menjadi 21 siswa atau dari 71,42% meningkat menjadi 100%. Maka penelitian ini dinyatakan berhasil dan sesuai dan hipotesis diterima yaitu ada peningkatan hasil lari 60 meter melalui permainan tradisional betengan pada siswa kelas V SD Negeri 04 Tanjung Raja
Hypergeometric connections between balancing polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of first and second kinds
Authors: Behera Adikanda , Ray Prasanta Kumar
Published: September 2022

In the present study, we find several connections between balancing polynomials and the Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kinds. The Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kinds are expressed as the sum of two terms of balancing polynomials with hypergeometric coefficients. As an inversion, the balancing polynomials are also expressed as the sum of two terms of the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind with hypergeometric coefficients.
Rare benign tumors of the nipple: Report of 2 cases
Authors:   Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran., Mohammadzadeh Hamideh , Tayyebi Meibodi Naser ,   Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Noori Ehsan ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Amani Maliheh ,   Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
Published: September 2022

Fibroepithelial of polyp and epidermal inclusion cyst are common benign skin lesions but they arise rarely on nipple. This paper reports rare manifestations of these common lesions. The first patient manifested with huge polypoid mass on nipple that microscopic examination proved fibroepithelial of polyp. The second patient had a smooth papule on her nipple that was diagnosed as Epidermal inclusion cyst.
Management of spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and periventricular leukomalacia in a preterm 2-year-old: A case report and review of the literature
Authors:   Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey, USA., Rahman Raphia K , Palin Nicole ,   University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA., Murphy Robyn ,   Department of Radiology, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA., A Mazzola Catherine ,   Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
Published: September 2022

Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) is the most frequent brain injury to be associated with Cerebral Palsy (CP), especially in preterm infants. Spastic diplegia, a movement disorder commonly seen in CP, is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasticity in the lower extremities. The authors present a case of a 2-year-old child with mild PVL and spastic diplegia CP, with identifying factors including preterm birth history, his present age, and increasing severity of symptoms overtime. Magnetic resonance imaging was significant for an abnormally increased periventricular signal consistent with mild PVL. Due to worsening symptoms of toe-walking, increased gait width, and spasticity of lower extremities, interventions were recommended. This case demonstrates the neurodevelopmental consequences of PVL and ischemic brain injury in a preterm infant, resulting in spastic diplegic CP. A comprehensive and up-to-date review of the literature on PVL and spastic diplegia associated with CP is explored. Keywords: Cerebral palsy; Preterm; Spasticity; Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging.
Bilateral wallerian degeneration of middle cerebellar peduncles following unilateral pontine infarction
Authors:   1st Neurology Department, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, Leof Vasilissis Sofias 72, Athens 115 28, Greece., Apostolakopoulou Loukia , Tountopoulou Argyro ,   1st Neurology Department, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, Leof Vasilissis Sofias 72, Athens 115 28, Greece., Pantou Eirini ,   Research Unit of Radiology, 2nd Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 20, Athens 115 28, Greece.
Published: September 2022

Bilateral lesions of medial cerebellar peduncles are rare and are most frequently observed in acute cerebral infarction due to large-artery atherosclerosis, wallerian degeneration, neurodegenerative diseases (i.e. multiple system atrophy), inflammatory diseases (i.e. neuromyelitis optica, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis), toxic encephalopathies (i.e. heroin abuse) and primary central nervous system lymphomas [3]. Wallerian degeneration regards progressive anterograde demyelination of the distal axons following injury to the proximal axon. As a result, fibrosis and atrophy of the affected fiber tracts occurs [2]. We present a case report of a patient with the rare finding of bilateral middle cerebral peduncle lesions, due to wallerian degeneration following pontine infarction. We further discuss differential diagnosis upon imaging findings and their clinical utility.
Still a hospital hazard: Varicella-Zoster virus infection in a health-care worker after exposure to Herpes Zoster
Authors:   First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of National & Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Greece., Gkoufa Aikaterini , Georgakopoulou Vasiliki E ,   First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of National & Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Greece., Cholongitas Evangelos ,   First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of National & Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Greece.
Published: September 2022

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), a highly contagious herpesvirus, remains a hospital hazard and nosocomial transmission of VZV, despite vaccine availability, is well documented. Although World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immunization for all health-care providers, cases of in-hospital VZV transmission are still reported and summarized here, indicating the existence of susceptible individuals. Here in we present a case of a health-care worker, infected by a patient with disseminated herpes zoster and discuss aspects that generally may contribute to this event like the inadequacy of hospital infection control unit interventions, the risk of reinfection despite immunity, the complacency of employees concerning their immunity status to VZV and unfortunately the anti-vaccination movement. Adherence to published recommendations for reduction of serosusceptible hosts is of primary importance, especially in the era of increased immunocompromised population.
Hidden in plain site: Papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastases to branchial cleft cyst
Authors:   Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA., Brenner Jennifer L , Kabadi Udaya M ,   Broadlawns Medical Center, Des Moines University and University of Iowa, Des Moines, IA, USA.
Published: September 2022

30-year-old female with a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma, status post thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablation presented for a routine follow up visit for management of hypothyroidism. Patient was noted to have a congenital branchial cleft cyst in the right superolateral cervical area (Figure 1). Total body scan conducted following ablative I131 dose, 150 mCi had demonstrated no uptake throughout the body including branchial cyst indicative of metastasis. Elevated thyroglobulin tumor marker (14 ng/mL) at this visit was attributed to production by residual thyroid tissue. However, the level continued to rise over the next year to 42 ng/ml. Thyroid ultrasound failed to demonstrate any residual thyroid tissue. Total body scan with I123 scan revealed no uptake anywhere in the body. She also revealed that she has experienced some difficulty swallowing. Repeat thyroid ultrasound noted increase in size of a congenital submandibular branchial cleft cyst with increased vascularity. Therefore, ultrasound guided core needle biopsy of the enlarging right neck mass was performed. Pathology report of the previously known benign branchial cleft cyst showed presence of thyroid epithelium arranged in delicate papillary structures (Figure 2A and 2B). Patient underwent a branchial cyst excision and cervical lymph node dissection.
Lung cancer choroid metastasis
Authors:   Departmant of Chest Disease, Ondokuz Mayıs Univercity, Samsun, Turkey, Ala Fatma Selen
Published: September 2022

The majority of eye cancers develop from metastasis of other organs metastasis to the eye. Although it is thought to be quite rare, its frequency has reported to have increased in recent years. Breast cancer in women is more often responsible for intraocular metastases than lung cancer in men. The most common area where eye metastasis is seen is the uveal system. Choroid involvement; it is more common than iris and ciliary body. The number of studies evaluating the incidence of choroid metastasis due to lung cancer is small, and the incidence of choroid metastasis ranges between 0.1-7%. Lung cancer, which metastasizes most frequently into the eye, is reported to be the histopathological type of adeno cancer in 41%.