bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schwannomas of the larynx: Review and computed tomographic scan analysis
Authors: Schaeffer B. Todd , Som Peter M. , Biller Hugh F. , Som Max L. , Arnold Leon M.
Published: February 2007

Neurogenic tumors consist of schwannomas, neurofibromas, and neurosarcomas that arise from the Schwann cell of a peripheral nerve. Their occurrence in the larynx is rare, with only 115 cases having been reported. Three new cases are presented, the literature is reviewed, and the first computed tomographic (CT) scan of a benign schwannoma of the larynx is demonstrated. The diagnosis and treatment of these tumors and the CT scan analysis are discussed.
Success of elective irradiation of occult lymphatic metastases from cancers of the larynx and pyriform sinus
Authors: Marks James E. , Silverman Craig L. , Devineni Venkata R. , Simpson Joseph R.
Published: February 2007

We determined the success of elective neck irradiation for 104 patients with carcinomas of the larynx and pyriform sinus whose only surgery was resection of the primary cancer. Tumor regrew in the neck of 22 patients (21%) and was twice as likely to recur in the neck when there was simultaneous regrowth of tumor in the laryngeal remnant or pharynx. The observed rate of neck recurrence did not vary appreciably from the expected rate as determined by the incidence of occult lymphatic metastases in dissected neck specimens. The rate of neck recurrence was less after high doses (>45 Gy) than low doses (⩽45 Gy) of irradiation, suggesting a benefit from higher doses of elective neck irradiation.
Anatomy of the accessory nerve and its cervical contributions in the neck
Authors: Soo Khee‐Chee , Hamlyn Peter J. , Pegington John , Westbury Gerald
Published: February 2007

Details of the course of the accessory nerve and the pattern of the cervical contributions to the nerve are essential for planning neck dissection. Based on a recent anatomic description, a technique was devised to preserve the distal accessory nerve; the theory advanced was that the trapezius was supplied by motor fibers from the cervical plexus, which join the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle. Dissections were performed on 23 cadavers to test such a theory. The course of the accessory nerve in the neck was mapped in each dissection, and landmarks for use during surgery determined. Cervical contributions to the nerve usually joined deep to the sternocleidomastoid, and not in the posterior triangle. Branches from the cervical plexus, independent of the accessory nerve, entered the trapezius in the posterior triangle. None of the bilateral dissections showed symmetry of the cervical contributions.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the tongue
Authors: Donald Paul J.
Published: February 2007

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare malignancy; only 39 cases have been reported in the head and neck region. A 19‐year‐old woman is presented here who had ASPS of the tongue. Surgical resection was followed by irradiation therapy. She is tumor‐free 2 years after treatment.
Phase II clinical trial of the combination VP‐16, bleomycin, and cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum in patients with advanced upper aerodigestive squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Creagan Edward T. , Chang Myron , Long Harry J. , Rubin Joseph
Published: February 2007

Fifteen patients with advanced upper aerodigestive carcinomas of squamous cell histology received the three‐agent cytotoxic regimen of VP‐16, bleomycin, and cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) administered as a continuous 120‐h infusion. The objective response rate was 40%. Median times to progression and survival were 3.2 months and 4.3 months, respectively. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities were relatively transient and manageable. Our experience indicates that this three‐drug program does not offer a substantial therapeutic advantage compared with more conventional single agent cytotoxic approaches for advanced head and neck cancer.
Congenital granular cell tumor of the tongue
Authors: Ophir Dov , Lifschitz Beatriz , Mogilner Benjamin M.
Published: February 2007

Granular cell lesions in the oral cavity occur primarily on the tongue in adults (granular cell tumor) and exclusively on the alveolar ridge in newborns (congenital granular cell epulis). Because of the location, age of appearance, and certain clinical and histologic differences, these histologically similar lesions are considered separate clinical entities. This case report, however, describes the occurrence of a granular cell lesion on the tongue of a newborn. Although the etiopathogenesis of these lesions is unknown, the present case suggests a common etiologic relationship of these entities and tends to rule out an odontogenic origin for the congenital granular cell epulis.
Completion thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Rao Raja S. , Fakih Abdul R. , Mehta Ashok R. , Agarwal Rajeev , Raghavan A. , Shrikhande Sumati S.
Published: February 2007

We have reviewed the charts of 149 patients who underwent completion thyroidectomies for cancer of the thyroid. The purpose of the study was to evaluate extent of residual disease in the thyroid, and morbidity and mortality of the operation. Residual cancer was found in 58% of the cases, the morbidity was low, and there was no operative mortality.
Effect of epinephrine on local cutaneous blood flow
Authors: Larrabee Wayne F. , Lanier Brent J. , Miekle David
Published: February 2007

Quantification of the effect of subcutaneous infiltration of saline with epinephrine and of lidocaine with epinephrine on local cutaneous blood flow was accomplished utilizing the laser Doppler method. A comparison of the onset of vasoconstriction, magnitude of diminished blood flow, and duration of effect was made for several commonly used concentrations of epinephrine. Injected solutions containing epinephrine in concentrations of 1: 200,000 and higher offered good vasoconstrictor effects when both the magnitude and duration of flow reduction were considered. There was a significant (P = 0.0001) difference in flow between epinephrine concentrations of 1:400,000 and all others. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between concentrations of 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 or 1:100,000 and 1:50,000.
Late complication of congenital hemangioma of the tongue
Authors: Brown David A. , Smith James D.
Published: February 2007

We present a 76‐year‐old patient with a congenitally mixed capillary/cavernous hemangioma of the tongue, which rapidly enlarged after an unrelated surgical procedure under spinal anesthesia. The enlargement resulted in a significant functional and cosmetic deformity that was corrected by surgical excision. A brief discussion of hemangiomas and their treatment is included.
A classic paper revisited—Polya and von Navratil (1902)
Authors: McGregor Alan Duncan
Published: February 2007

In 1902, Polya and von Navratil published a paper in German describing lymphatic drainage of buccal mucosa, alveolus, fauces, and lips. In addition, they discussed patterns of local tumor spread and metastasis to lymph nodes, on the basis of which they gave a rational plan for surgical treatment of buccal carcinoma with the aim of both cure and conservation of uninvolved tissues. Much of that paper was ignored in the English language literature and some of the contents have been misquoted. This has been to the great detriment of the surgical treatment of intraoral cancer in the English‐speaking world, which has only recently accepted similar principles and practice to that described by Polya and von Navratil. This paper reviews their publication in an attempt to put their contribution into proper perspective.
Base of tongue salivary gland tumors
Authors: De Vries Egbert J. , Johnson Jonas T. , Myers Eugene N. , Barnes E. Leon , Mandell‐Brown Mark
Published: February 2007

Salivary tumors of the base of the tongue are encountered infrequently. A retrospective review of medical records from 1955 to 1985 was undertaken to determine the incidence of occurrence and to assess the outcome of the therapy provided. One hundred seventy‐eight minor salivary gland tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx were identified, of which 22 (13%) were located in the tongue base. All were malignant. The most common histologic type was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (10 patients), followed by adenocarcinoma (6 patients), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (6 patients). Thirteen patients were available for a mean follow‐up of 5 years. Treatment was most often a combination of wide resection combined with postoperative radiation therapy. Ten patients (77%) are alive, one with persistent disease 8 years after diagnosis. Three patients died within 2 years of diagnosis, one with intercurrent disease. Improved control of disease in this series, when compared to previously reported series, is attributed to adequate surgical therapy and adjuvant radiotherapy. The deaths in our series occurred in patients who were unable to proceed with the recommended therapy. These unusual lesions require aggressive multimodality treatment for improved survival.
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity secondary to parapharyngeal space carcinoma
Authors: Rothstein Stephen G. , Jacobs Joseph B. , Reede Deborah L.
Published: February 2007

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity secondary to the presence of head and neck carcinoma has been recently reviewed in the otolaryngologic literature. We present a case of carotid sinus hypersensitivity coupled with glossopharyngeal neuralgia due to tonsillar carcinoma invading the parapharyngeal space. Medical management with atropine, carbamazepine, and transvenous pacing was only moderately successful in controlling the symptomatology. Surgery appeared to offer a more permanent solution to the problem.
Cisplatin‐5‐fluorouracil chemotherapy for advanced inoperable squamous carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Johnson Jonas T. , Mayernik David G. , Myers Eugene N. , Nolan Teresa A. , Schramm Victor L. , Sigler Barbara S. , Wagner Robin L.
Published: February 2007

Patients with locally advanced, inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were offered three courses of cisplatin and 96‐h 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) infusion. Subsequent therapy included surgery when feasible, irradiation therapy, and a maintenance program of methotrexate (MTX)‐5‐FU. Thirty‐three patients were evaluated prospectively. Seven patients underwent a single course of chemotherapy. Five patients underwent two courses of chemotherapy. Twenty‐one patients underwent three courses of adjuvant chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 48% (16 of 33). Fifteen of 21 patients (76%) receiving three courses of chemotherapy evidenced a response; this included three complete responses (CRs) (9%). No responses were seen in patients receiving only one or two courses of chemotherapy. Among responding patients, the initial favorable response to chemotherapy was apparent after the first course of chemotherapy. Patients who failed to demonstrate any response after two courses of chemotherapy did not respond after a third course. A significant group of patients fail to respond and should be offered participation in other investigational protocols as they become available.
Cricoarytenoid subluxation, computed tomography, and electromyography findings
Authors: Close Lanny Garth , Merkel Marie , Watson Ben , Schaefer Steven D.
Published: February 2007

A case of cricoarytenoid subluxation secondary to endotracheal intubation and documented by computed tomography (CT) and electromyography (EMG) is reported. Successful endoscopic reduction of the displaced arytenoid is confirmed by CT. The normal anatomy and physiology of the cricoarytenoid joint is presented and the literature regarding this rarely reported injury is reviewed. Based on this review and the case reported, a treatment plan is proposed.
Anterior glossectomy: Reconstruction with a posterior tongue rotation flap
Authors: Friedman Michael , Rosenberg Matthew
Published: February 2007

With traditional techniques, reconstruction of the anterior tongue is often less than satisfactory. The difficulty lies mainly in providing the tongue with the appropriate amount of bulk essential for normal movement and function. We present an alternative method that involves raising a flap from the ipsilateral middle third of the tongue and rotating it into position for suturing to the anterior defect border. We have found this simple procedure to yield adequate tongue bulk for normal speech and deglutition.
Electron beam therapy for eyelid carcinomas
Authors: Sinesi Christopher , McNeese Marsha D. , Peters Lester J. , Goepfert Helmuth , Kong Joseph , Mills Michael D.
Published: February 2007

Forty‐six (85%) basal cell and eight (15%) squamous cell carcinomas of the eyelids were treated with electron beams between 1963 and 1983. Lesion sizes ranged from microscopic to 4 cm, with 28 lesions larger than 1 cm. Thirty‐eight lesions were treated with radiotherapy after incisional biopsy, and 16 were treated after excisional biopsy (specimens showed positive margins). Doses varied from 45 to 72 Gy, with daily fractions ranging from 2.12 to 4.0 Gy. There were six disease recurrences (10.9%): three in the treatment field and three at the treatment margin. Four of six recurrences were subsequently controlled by limited surgical excision and repair with preservation of the eye, whereas the other two required enucleation. Treatment sequelae such as skin atrophy, telangiectasis, and cosmetic results were evaluated in terms of radiotherapy parameters, pretreatment surgery, and size of the lesion. In 44 patients, the overall cosmetic result was judged as good to excellent, five patients had a mild to modest degree of deformity, and five had significant deformity. Such deformity was usually associated with tumor destruction or previous surgery. No major complications were noted.
Acinic cell carcinoma metastatic to the brain: Case report and ultrastructural study
Authors: Watson Peter H. , Sutherland Garnette R. , Diocee Malkit , Sima Anders A. F.
Published: February 2007

We report a case of isolated cerebral metastasis from an acinic cell carcinoma, which arose in minor salivary glands 20 years previously. The clinical, pathologic and ultrastructural features are described, together with a review of the literature, which suggests that this is an unusual occurrence.
Venous bypass for decompression of bleeding varices of the pharynx
Authors: Caffee H. Hollis
Published: February 2007

Bilateral radical neck dissection results in major morbidity when both jugular veins are ligated. Reported complications include massive facial edema, airway obstruction, and increased intracranial pressure. We describe a case in which a previously unreported complication of bleeding pharyngeal varices was encountered. The problem was successfully managed by decompressing the neck veins with a venous bypass using a transposition of the cephalic vein.
Growth and progression of head and neck cancer: A report of the upper aerodigestive cancer task force workshop
Authors: Schantz Stimson P. , Weber Randal S. , Carey Thomas E.
Published: February 2007

Factors governing the initiation, growth, and progression of squamous cell carcinoma were the focus of a recent Upper Ae‐rodigestive Cancer Task Force workshop sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. The goal of the daylong workshop was to identify critical research concepts in head and neck cancer biology. Discussed were the multistep processes potentially involved in tumor evolution, including the role of carcinogens, viral promotors, host and tumor karyotypes, microenvironment growth factors and growth factor receptors, as well as host/tumor components inherent to the metastatic process. Concepts developed from research in other neoplastic processes but potentially relevant to head and neck cancer were emphasized. The process of identifying critical research directions is the first step by the National Cancer Institute in program development designed to advance the treatment of head and neck cancer.
Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis from hypopharyngeal adenosquamous carcinoma
Authors: Zieske Larry A. , Myers Eugene N. , Brown Bert M.
Published: February 2007

Although pulmonary lympangitic carcinomatosis (PLC) is not uncommon for breast, bronchial, and stomach cancers, it is rarely associated with head and neck malignancy. A case of PLC is reported with the primary lesion being an adenosquamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx. A literature review is discussed, highlighting the varied radiographic picture of PLC, the possible diagnostic modalities, the proposed pathogenesis, and the treatment options. The prognosis even if antemortum diagnosis and treatment are given remains fatal, although with temporary improved quality of life and lengthened survival. There is hope that with greater awareness of the disease process an increased incidence of diagnosis may allow progress to be made in therapeutic interventions.
Analysis of survival after induction chemotherapy in pyriform sinus carcinoma
Authors: Brasnu Daniel , Fabre Alain , Menard Madeleine , Bassot Vincent , Janot Françsois , Laccourreye Henri
Published: February 2007

Three hundred seventy‐one primary squamous cell carcinomas of the pyriform sinus were treated at Hǒpital Laennec from 1970 through 1984 and retrospectively analyzed. The local and regional treatment consisted of initial surgical resection followed by postoperative radiotherapy. Forty‐three patients were not treated by induction chemotherapy; 95 patients received preoperative chemotherapy with bleomycin as a single agent; 98 patients received three preoperative courses of vincristine, methotrexate, bleomycin, or endoxan, and 46 patients were treated by three courses of induction chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, bleomycin, methotrexate, or 5‐fluorouracil. Seventy‐two patients received less than 150 mg of bleomycin and 17 patients received only one or two cycles of multiple‐agent chemotherapy. Survivals were higher when multiple‐agent chemotherapy was employed as compared with single‐agent induction chemotherapy. Further prospective investigations are necessary to confirm that induction chemotherapy enhances survival in pyriform sinus cancers.
Surgical management of parapharyngeal cystic hygroma causing sudden airway obstruction
Authors: Hamoir Marc , Remacle Marc , Youssif Anis , Moulin Didier , Francois Geneviègve , Claus Dominique , Kahn Andréa , Frederickx Yolande
Published: February 2007

Parapharyngeal cystic hygroma is a rare tumor of the neck. This report describes two cases in which surgical resection was necessary to overcome sudden airway obstruction and details the surgical technique. These cases were considered “near misses” for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and were revealed by computed tomography (CT) and echography to be parapharyngeal cystic hygroma. The location of this malformation could have produced sudden airway collapse and be erroneously diagnosed as SIDS. The postoperative follow‐up was satisfactory and no recurrence was detected. We believe CT and echography should be included in the evaluation of such cases.
Lymphoma presenting as a salivary gland mass
Authors: Schusterman Mark A. , Granick Mark S. , Erickson E. Ralph , Newton E. Douglas , Hanna Dwight C. , Bragdon Robert W.
Published: February 2007

A retrospective review of 36 cases of lymphoma presenting as a salivary gland mass was conducted over a 34‐year period. A significant increase in the occurrence of lymphoma was noted in proportion to other salivary gland tumors (P<0.01, X2 analysis: 1954–1972, 11 of 714 (1.5%); 1973–1979, 9 of 201 (4.5%); 1980–1987, 16 of 265 (6.0%). The mean age was 61 years, sex distribution was equal, and 75% occurred in the parotid. Only 42% presented with signs or symptoms other than a painless mass. Glandular excision was done in early stages of the disease while biopsy was done at later stages. Frozen section analysis was accurate in all but one case and was useful in determining if biopsy were adequate. All patients were definitively treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Several instructive points are apparent. Any patient presenting with an isolated salivary gland mass can have a lymphoma. There has, in fact, been a significantly increasing proportion of salivary gland lymphoma among the various salivary gland tumors in our patient population. In contrast to other salivary gland tumors, surgery is reserved for diagnosis and not for treatment. A lymph node biopsy may be sufficient to establish a diagnosis, in which case, glandular excision is unnecessary. Most of the patients presented with an asymptomatic isolated salivary gland mass. The presence of adjacent adenopathy, a rubbery feel to the mass, and the intraoperative appearance were the most suggestive signs of lymphoma. Frozen section analysis is helpful in determining the appropriate extent of surgery and is recommended.
Adult parapharyngeal extracardiac rhabdomyoma
Authors: Stringer Scott P. , Close Lanny G. , Merkel Marie A. , Smith Herbert J. , Cohen Daniel J.
Published: February 2007

The case of a parapharyngeal adult extracardiac rhabdomyoma (ER) in a 69‐year‐old man is presented focusing on computed tomographic diagnosis, surgical approach, and pathologic diagnosis. Although a rare neoplasm, adult ER has a propensity for occurring in the head and neck. Systematic computed tomography evaluation with contrast serves to define the extent of the lesion and assist in the differential diagnosis of parapharyngeal masses. In this case, a transcervical extrapharyngeal approach for excision was utilized with minimal associated morbidity and a rapid return of normal function. Careful pathologic diagnosis is required to distinguish ER from other neoplasms, especially granular cell myoblastoma.
A sociotechnical approach to achieve zero defect manufacturing of complex manual assemblies
Authors: Hong Kitty , Nagarajah Romesh , Iovenitti Pio , Dunn Michelle
Published: February 2007

Traditional approaches to defect reduction in manufacturing environments rely heavily on the introduction of technology‐based detection techniques that require significant investments in equipment and technical skills. In this article, the authors outline a novel, alternative approach that utilizes the largely untapped abilities of assembly‐line operators. Targeting zero‐defect manufacturing, the SEISMIC (stabilize, evaluate, identify, standardize, monitor, implement, and control) methodology developed herein is a sociotechnical‐based system built on the decentralization of technical knowledge and the transfer of responsibility for product quality from technical staff to manual operators. Along with defect reduction, important secondary goals of the SEISMIC methodology are improved operator performance and job satisfaction. The SEISMIC methodology provides a quantitative approach for classifying assembly environments and determining their required skill sets. Effective methods for transferring the identified skills throughout the production team are also provided. A pilot application of the protocol in an automotive assembly environment has achieved promising results in the target areas of defect reduction and operator performance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 137–148, 2007.
The work compatibility improvement framework: Defining and measuring the human‐at‐work system
Authors: Genaidy Ash , Karwowski Waldemar , Salem Sam , Jarrell Judy , Paez Omar , Tuncel Setenay
Published: February 2007

This article is one in a series of articles demonstrating the foundations of the work compatibility model (WCM) as an engineering approach to improve human performance in organizations. Previous work has concentrated on defining the core elements that constitute the model, moving beyond constructs of work stress and job satisfaction. In this article, the work environment is explained in terms of protective and risk effects that comprise both physical and nonphysical elements (e.g., psychosocial, organizational, cultural, and financial).

The authors introduce the first two phases of the work compatibility improvement framework (WCIF) based on the DMAIC (define‐measure‐analyze‐improve‐control) cycle, that is, “define” and “measure.” The objective is to identify the elements that constitute the human‐at‐work system and explain how the work compatibility model characterizes the system to obtain the compatibility indices (i.e., performance measures of the system). A cross‐sectional feasibility study was conducted of three small manufacturers, which measured the work environment characteristics and the health status of the respondents. Two measurement methods were proposed to measure the compatibility level: a discrete transformation with one index and a continuous transformation with two indices (yield ratio and efficiency ratio). Demand and energizer levels showed significant differences across work environment domains. The two compatibility indices also show some differences as each method is sensitive to different variance causes. For company A, a descriptive analysis relating the compatibility indices and disorder cases shows that there is an increase in the number of musculoskeletal and stress disorder cases for low‐compatibility levels. The trend shown by musculoskeletal disorders and compatibility indices is consistent with the assertion that higher compatibility level will decrease the likelihood of musculoskeletal and stress disorders in the workplace. The WCM is a worthwhile concept that should be further tested to understand the etiologic interaction between work environment characteristics and the health status of the people in the organization.

The identification of discrete and continuous performance indices shows that is it feasible to provide measures that comprise multiple elements of the work environment and can be related to health outcomes. In subsequent research, such a relationship will be statistically tested to understand the underlying effects that relate physical and nonphysical factors (analyze), and a systematic tool will be devised to set action plans and improve the current states (improve). A tracking tool would be put in place to ensure that the improvements are sustainable (control). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 163–226, 2007.
Two New Secoiridoid Glycosides from Tripterospermum chinense
Authors: Zhu Kai‐Cheng , Ma Chun‐Hui , Ye Guan , Fan Ming‐Song , Huang Cheng‐Gang
Published: February 2007

Two new secoiridoid glycosides, tripterospermumcin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the aerial parts of Tripterospermum chinense (Migo) H. Smith, along with three known compounds, secologanin, secologanol, and sweroside. Their structures were established on the basis of UV, IR, MS, and extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR analyses, as well as by literature comparison of spectroscopic data.
Nonalkaloid Constituents from Stemona japonica
Authors: Yang Xin‐Zhou , Lin Li‐Gen , Tang Chun‐Ping , Liu Yong‐Qiang , Ye Yang
Published: February 2007

Five new nonalkaloid constituents, a neolignan, japonin A (1), a macrocyclic lactone, japonin B (2), a (phenylethyl)benzoquinone, japonin C (3), a phenanthraquinone, japonin D (4), as well as a dihydrostilbene, stilbostemin M (5), were isolated from the roots of Stemona japonica, together with eight known compounds. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses.
Efficient Conjugate Addition of 1H‐Indoles to Electron‐Deficient Olefins Catalyzed by Silica‐Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate (NaHSO4 ⋅ SiO2)
Authors: Das Biswanath , Chowdhury Nikhil , Damodar K. , Reddy K. Ravinder
Published: February 2007

A simple, mild, rapid, and highly efficient method for the conjugate addition of 1H‐indoles to electron‐deficient olefins has been developed using NaHSO4 ⋅ SiO2 as heterogeneous catalyst. The conversion proceeds at room temperature, and the corresponding Michael adducts are formed in good‐to‐excellent yields.
Withanolides from Withania adpressa
Authors: Abdeljebbar Lalla Hasna , Humam Munir , Christen Philippe , Jeannerat Damien , Vitorge Bruno , Amzazi Saaid , Benjouad Abdelaziz , Hostettmann Kurt , Bekkouche Khalid
Published: February 2007

From the leaves of Withania adpressa, a plant endemic to Sahara of Morocco and Algeria, the novel steroidal lactone (22R)‐14α,15α,17β,20β‐tetrahydroxy‐1‐oxowitha‐2,5,24‐trien‐26,22‐olide (= (15S,17S)‐14,15,17,20‐tetrahydroxy‐22,26‐epoxyergosta‐2,5,24‐triene‐1,26‐dione; 1), was isolated, along with three known compounds, withanolides F (2), J (3), and oleanolic acid. Their structures were mainly solved by in‐depth 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR (including ADEQUATE) experiments, as well as by HR‐MS analyses and chemical evidence.
Reactions of Allyl Alcohols of the Pinane Series and of Their Epoxides in the Presence of Montmorillonite Clay
Authors: Il'ina Irina V. , Volcho Konstantin P. , Korchagina Dina V. , Barkhash Vladimir A. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F.
Published: February 2007

The reactivity of allyl alcohols of the pinane series and of their epoxides in the presence of montmorillonite clay in intra‐ and intermolecular reactions was studied. Mutual transformations of (+)‐trans‐pinocarveol ((+)‐2) and (−)‐myrtenol ((−)‐3a) were major reactions of these compounds on askanite–bentonite clay (Schemes 1 and 2). However, the two reactions gave different isomerization products, indicating that the reactivity of the starting alcohol (+)‐2 or (−)‐3a was different from that of the same compound (+)‐2 or (−)‐3 formed in the course of the reactions. (−)‐cis‐ and (+)‐trans‐Verbenol ((−)‐16 and (+)‐12, resp.), as well as (−)‐cis‐verbenol epoxide ((−)‐20) reacted with both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes on askanite–bentonite clay giving various heterocyclic compounds (Schemes 4, 5 and 7); the reaction path depended on the structure of both the terpenoid and the aldehyde.
Halogenation of Fluorinated 1,3,5‐Triketones
Authors: Sevenard Dmitri V. , Kazakova Olesya , Chizhov Dmitri L. , Yachevskii Danil S. , Lork Enno , Poveleit Jörn , Charushin Valery N. , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: February 2007

The behavior of linear and cyclic fluorinated 1,3,5‐triketones and their metal derivatives towards common halogenating agents was examined, and optimal reaction conditions for the straightforward synthesis of mono‐, di‐, and tetrahalogenated products were found (Schemes 1–3). An aromatization through a double HBr elimination from an α,α′‐dibrominated cyclohexanone was shown to be a promising synthetic route to 1,1′‐(2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐phenylene)bis[2,2,2‐trifluoroethanones] (= 2,6‐bis(trifluoroacetyl)phenols; Scheme 4). Additionally, the 1,3,5‐triketones prepared add readily H2O or alcohols to produce novel bridged 2,6‐dihydroxypyran‐4‐ones (Scheme 2). The structure of the obtained compounds 6a and 7a was confirmed by X‐ray structure analysis.
Aristolane Sesquiterpenes and Highly Brominated Indoles from the Marine Red Alga Laurencia similis (Rhodomelaceae)
Authors: Ji Nai‐Yun , Li Xiao‐Ming , Ding Lan‐Ping , Wang Bin‐Gui
Published: February 2007

Three new polybrominated 1H‐indoles, compounds 1–3, and three new aristolane sesquiterpenes, compounds 4–6, were isolated from the marine red alga Laurencia similis, together with seven known natural products. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric analyses, as well as by comparison with literature data.
Efficient Synthesis of Trialkyl 3‐Phenylbuta‐1,3‐diene‐1,2,4‐tricarboxylates by a Novel One‐Pot Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Yavari Issa , Moradi Loghman , Mokhtarporyani‐Sanandej Ako , Mirzaei Anvar
Published: February 2007

Alkyl 2‐nitroacetates 2 react with alkyl phenylpropiolates 1 in the presence of Ph3P in a mechanistically novel reaction to afford trialkyl 3‐phenylbuta‐1,3‐diene‐1,2,4‐tricarboxylates in yields of 60–80% under neutral conditions.
Modification of the Penman method for computing bare soil evaporation
Authors: Konukcu Fatih
Published: February 2007

The Penman equation, which calculates potential evaporation, was modified by Staple (1974, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 38: 837) to include in it the relative vapour pressure hs of an unsaturated soil to predict actual evaporation from a soil surface. This improved the prediction when the difference between the temperature of the soil surface and ambient air is relatively small. The objectives of this study were (i) to revise it further using the actual temperature of the soil surface and air to provide the upper boundary condition in computing evaporative flux from the soil surface and (ii) to determine the range of water content for which the modified form of the Penman equation is applicable.

The method adopted was tested by a series of outdoor experiments with a clay soil. The method of Staple (1974) overestimated the rate of evaporation above the water content 0·14 m3 m−3 (up to 30% deviation), whereas the new method agreed well with the measured rates (maximum 7% deviation). Below 0·14 m3 m−3 water content, both methods underestimated, but the Staple (1974) method deviated more from the measured values: the deviations were above 70% and around 30% for the Staple (1974) and the new methods respectively. Although the new method provided accurate solutions for a wider range of water content from saturation to the lower limit of the liquid phase of a particular soil, the modification did not respond to the vapour phase of the soil moisture. Therefore, in the dry range (i.e. in the vapour phase in which the flow was entirely as vapour), either resistance models or a Fickian equation should be used.

Although the effect of salinity on the measured rates was significant, the model erroneously calculated the same rates for both saline and non‐saline conditions. The effect of soil texture can easily be accounted by defining appropriate matric potential water content ψm(θ) and soil relative humidity water content hs(θ) relationships. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A protective association between the HLA‐A2 antigen and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in us caucasians
Authors: Burt Richard D. , Vaughan Thomas L. , Nisperos Brenda , Swanson Marie , Berwick Marianne
Published: February 2007

Analyzing data from Caucasians participating in a multicentered population‐based case‐control study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and HLA type in the US, we found persons with the A2 antigen to have a significantly lower risk than those with other antigens at the A locus [odds ratio (OR), 0.46; 95% confidence interval (C1), 0.21–0.96]. The protective association was stronger among presumptive homozygotes for A2. Similar results were obtained when cases were compared with US Caucasians typed either as part of the Collaborative Transplant Study, or by the 9th International Histocompatibility Workshop. These results are supported by a statistical summary of odds ratios for A2 from a number of previous studies in non‐Chinese (summary OR, 0.69; 95% C1, 0.54–0.88). The odds ratio for patients with squamous‐cell carcinomas was 0.56; among 7 patients with undifferentiated tumors the OR was 0.14. Results from in vitro studies of immune response to Epstein‐Barr virus have found that the HLA‐A2 antigen efficiently presents the EBV gene product LMP‐2, which has been detected in NPC tumor cells. This offers a rationale for the observed protective association between the HLA‐A2 antigen and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Expression of a 31‐kDa lactoside‐binding lectin in normal human gastric Mucosa and in primary and metastatic gastric carcinomas
Authors: Lotan Reuben , Ito Hisao , Yasui Wataru , Yokozaki Hiroshi , Lotan Dafna , Tahara Eiichi
Published: February 2007

The expression of lactoside‐binding lectin L‐31 was analyzed in normal mucosa and in primary and metastatic gastric carcinomas. Immunoblotting revealed L‐31 lectin in extracts of normal and malignant gastric tissues from 26 patients. The L‐31 level was higher in tumor than in normal tissue in 9/26 cases, similar in 14/26 cases, and lower in 3/26 cases. Anti‐L‐31 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used in immunohistochemical analyses to compare lectin expression in specimens of primary gastric carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa from 39 patients and in specimens of metastases and the corresponding primary gastric carcinomas from 74 patients. The lectin was detected in normal gastric epithelial cells and in all gastric carcinoma specimens, albeit in varying amounts. The L‐31 level was significantly higher in the primary tumor than in adjacent normal tissue in 55% of the well‐differentiated tubular carcinoma cases and in 50% of stage‐III and ‐IV tumors. L‐31 expression in liver metastases from well‐differentiated tubular primary gastric carcinomas was higher in 31% of the cases relative to the corresponding primary cancers. Likewise, L‐31 expression in metastases from poorly differentiated gastric carcinomas in lymph nodes was higher in 38% of the cases compared to the primary cancers. The higher expression of L‐31 in primary cancers and metastases of certain types implicates this lectin in the metastatic phenotype, but the presence of L‐31 in a primary cancer is not sufficient to allow the metastatic propensity of the tumor to be predicted.
Oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence in Slovakia 1968–1989
Authors: Plesko Ivan , Macfarlane Gary J. , Evstifeeva Tatiana V. , Obsitnikova Adriana , Kramarova Eva
Published: February 2007

Slovakia currently has one of the highest incidence rates of oral cancer in Europe. Incidence data from the Slovakian Cancer Registry relating to oropharyngeal cancer are analyzed for the period 1968–1989 to examine trends in the incidence of these malignancies, representing the first such reported time series from Central Europe. Over this period, rates in males have increased from 4.5 per 100,000 in 1968–1970 to 17.9 per 100,000 in 1987–1989, with more marked increases noted amongst middle‐aged males (35 to 64 years), among whom rates have increased from 6.8 to 47.9 per 100,000 over the same period. Rates in women have been relatively low and stable. Changes in rates in men follow a period during the 1950s and 1960s when there was a marked increase in alcohol and tobacco consumption. The magnitude of the increases have resulted in oropharyngeal cancer becoming an important public health problem in Slovakia and emphasizes the importance of measures to prevent further increases in the consumption of tobacco and alcohol.
Life‐style and subsite of gastric cancer—joint effect of smoking and drinking habits
Authors: Inoue Manami , Tajima Kazuo , Hirose Kaoru , Kuroishi Tetsuo , Gao Chang‐Ming , Kitoh Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2007

To clarify the effects of life‐style on gastric cancer by subsite focusing on the proximal part (cardia and fundus) and the distal part (pyloric antirum), a case‐control study was conducted at the Aichi Cancer Center in Nagoya, Japan from 1988–1991. This study compared 668 histologically confirmed gastric cancer cases [123 cardia, 218 middle (body), 256 antrum, and 71 unclassified] with 668 controls using a common questionnaire about life‐styles as related to smoking, drinking, dietary habits and frequency of food intake. Controls were selected from among outpatients of the same hospital. Controls free of cancer and other specific diseases were matched with cases for sex, age (within 2 years), and time of hospital visit (within 2 months). A Western‐style breakfast decreased the risk of antrum cancer, while consumption of greasy food increased the risk of cardia cancer. Fresh vegetables decreased the risk of cancer in both cardia and antrum. Habitual smoking is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer and it is more prominent in cardia cancer, especially in those who are drinkers. Results obtained from this study suggest that risk factors and relative risks of gastric cancer varied by subsite to a considerable degree. Furthermore, the joint effect of smoking and drinking may play an important role in the development of gastric cancer, especially of cardia cancer.
Gene dosage and expression, and enzyme activity of thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthase in xenografted colorectal adenocarcinomas
Authors: Lasserre C. , Sabatier L. , Beaumatin J. , Luccioni C. , Lefrançois D. , Muleris M. , Dutrillaux B.
Published: February 2007

Cytogenetic studies performed on human colorectal tumors have revealed 2 specific patterns of chromosomal anomalies. The major pattern, known as the monosomic type (MT), is characterized by the loss or deletion of chromosomes 18, 17 (short arm 17p) and, less frequently, Ip, 4, 15, 5 (long arm 5q) and 21. The other one, known as the trisomic type (TT), is characterized by the gain of several chromosomes: 7, 12, X, 5 and 8. Losses of chromosome 18 and of the 17p arm never coexist in TT tumors. It was observed that many chromosome losses or deletions involved genes encoding for enzymes of the de novo pathways of nucleotide synthesis. In contrast, gains involved genes encoding for enzymes of the salvage pathways of the same metabolism. This led to the hypothesis that chromosome imbalances corresponded to those of nucleotide synthesis in tumor cells. Such an interrelation was confirmed by the dosage of thymidylate synthase (TS) and thymidine kinase (TK) activities in a series of colorectal grafted tumors. This study has been expanded to a larger series of xenografted tumors (23 cases) in which both TS and TK activities were studied, in parallel with an analysis of mRNA, by Northern blotting. The amount of mRNA was found to correlate with the number of gene copies calculated from cytogenetic data, indicating a direct gene‐dosage effect. It also correlated with enzyme activities, but less strongly. This suggests the existence of an efficient post‐transcriptional regulation, in particular for TS, whose level of expression varies over a wide range. Such variations may explain the diversity of responses to chemotherapy.
The infiltration of experimentally induced lung metastases of colon carcinoma CC531 by adoptively transferred interleukin‐2‐activated natural killer cells in wag rats
Authors: Kuppen Peter J. K. , Basse Per H. , Goldfarb Ronald H. , van Develde Cornells J. H. , Fleuren Gert Jan , Eggermont Alexander M. M.
Published: February 2007

The number of IL‐2‐activated natural killer (A‐NK) cells reaching the tumor site in vivo may be crucial for their antitumor effect following adoptive immunotherapy. We investigated in a syngeneic rat model the infiltration of established lung metastases by adoptively transferred A‐NK cells. The Wag rat colon carcinoma CC531 was injected via a tail vein to induce pulmonary metastases. Syngeneic A‐NK cells were labeled with the fluorescent dye rhodamine (TRITC) and next injected via a tail vein in rats bearing day‐12 lung tumors. The number of A‐NK cells in tumor and in normal tissue per rat was counted in sections after administration of A‐NK cells. At all time points tested, a significant linear relationship between the cross‐section area of the tumor and the number of infiltrating cells was observed, but small tumor areas became fully infiltrated earlier than larger areas. At 24 hr after injection, approximately 10% of the injected cells were found in the tumor tissue and the average A‐NK‐cell‐to‐tumor‐cell ratio was estimated to be 1:3. A‐NK cells were found in the liver too, although the number of cells per mm2 tissue was low compared with the pulmonary tumor tissue. Very low numbers of A‐NK cells were found in kidney, adrenal gland, spleen, and blood. We conclude that, in this syngeneic rat model, adoptively transferred A‐NK cells are able to find and specifically infiltrate pulmonary metastases in a time‐dependent fashion.
Mimicry of a carcinoembryonic antigen epitope by a rat monoclonal anti‐idiotype antibody
Authors: Losman Michele J. , Novick Kristine E. , Goldenberg David M. , Monestier Marc
Published: February 2007

Anti‐idiotype antibodies (Ab2) that immunologically mimic tumor antigens are auspicious agents for the active immunization of cancer patients. We have developed W12, a rat monoclonal IgG1 Ab2 to MN ‐14, a murine anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody. W12 is specific for MN‐14 and does not react with other isotype‐matched anti‐CEA monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, W12 inhibits the binding between MN‐14 and CEA. Anti‐CEA antibodies can be induced by immunization with W12 (but not with control rat IgG) in xenogenic animals (mice or rabbits). Immunoblotting studies indicate that the internal image determinant borne by W12 is conformational and requires the association of the heavy and light chains of the Ab2 molecule. This study indicates that W12 is a potential idiotype vaccine in patients with CEA‐producing cancers.
A variant actin (βm) reduces metastasis of mouse B16 melanoma
Authors: Shimokawa‐Kuroki Rie , Sadano Hiroyuki , Taniguchi Shun'Ichiro
Published: February 2007

We recently reported an acidic actin co‐expressed with β and γ actin in mouse B16 melanoma, whose expression was inversely correlated with the metastatic potential. The cDNA for this actin is slightly different from the hitherto recognized mouse β actin cDNA, and we designated it βm actin. In order to directly investigate the effects of βm actin on metastasis, we transfected the βm actin cDNA into a re‐cloned B16‐BL6 cell line which is more invasive than the highly metastatic cell line, B16‐F10; we have already reported the suppressive effect of pm actin on the invasiveness of B16 F10. Here we report on the decline in the metastatic ability of βm‐transfected cells. In the pm‐transfected B16‐BL6 cell line, we observed an increase in the organization of actin stress fibers, accompanied by a decrease in metastasis to the lung, in the invasion of collagen gels, in In vivo invasive‐ness, and in cell migration on a glass plate covered with colloidal gold particles. We observed no correlation of pm actin expression either with cell attachment to Matrigel, or with type‐IV collagenase expression. These results suggest that βm actin can play a role in reducing the invasiveness of mouse B16 melanoma, most probably through decreasing cell motility, which may thus result in suppression of the metastatic ability of cells.
A mouse model for studying epidermodysplasia‐verruciformis‐associated carcinogenesis
Authors: Majewski Slawomir , Breitburd Francoise , Skopinska Magdalena , Croissant Odile , Jablonska Stefania , Orth Gerard
Published: February 2007

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is considered as a model of genetic cancer due to unusual susceptibility to EV‐specific human papillomaviruses (HPVs). We established an in vivo experimental system for long‐term propagation of EV tissue which should facilitate the study of tumor progression in EV. Skin fragments from benign and early pre‐malignant lesions of 6 EV patients were grafted under the kidney capsule of athymic mice. After several months the grafted tissue formed epidermal cysts. These cysts, showed typical EV cytopathic effect, in situ hybridization revealed the presence of HPV 5, 8, 9, 12 and 36 DMA, and immunoperoxidase staining detected papillomavirus‐group‐specific antigens in the permissive cells of the cysts. In some cysts, there were numerous mitoses and downward proliferation of the epidermis with slight dyskeratotic changes. The experimental system described constitutes a model for studies on the role of HPV and other co‐factors in human cutaneous carcinogenesis.