bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper Electrophoresis of Serum Proteins in Infantile Toxicosis
Authors: CHOREMIS C. , MOSCHIDIS CH.
Published: January 2008

The electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins has been studied in 30 infants suffering from toxicosis. During the stage of acute dehydration the main changes were a moderate or marked increase of alpha globulin, particularly of the α2 fraction and a decrease of albumin. In some cases there was also an increase of the gamma globulin. During recovery the alpha globulin decreases while albumin increases. However, the return to normal of the electrophoretic pattern is not always achieved when clinical recovery occurs. The absolute amounts of total serum proteins have also been estimated and their significance has been discussed.

Electrophorèse sur papier des protéines du sérum au cours de la toxicose.

L'aspect électrophorétique des protéines du sérum a étéétudié chez 30 ehfants présentant une toxicose. Au cours de la période de déshydratation aigüe, on a pu noter une augmentation nette des alphaglobulines (en particulier la fraction alpha 2), et une diminution de l'albumine. Dans quelques cas, on a pu noter aussi une augmentation des gammaglobulines. La diminution des alphaglobulines, et l'augmentation de l'albumine est survenue avec la guérison. Néanmoins, le retour à la normale de la courbe d'électrophorèse n'est pas toujours achevé au moment de la guérison elinique.

Papierelektrophorese von Serum‐Protein bei Säuglingstoxikose.

Die Elektrophoresebefunde von Serumproteinen sind bei 30 an Toxikose leidenden Säuglingen untersucht worden. Während des Stadiums der akuten Dehydration waren die Hauptveränderungen eine mässige oder ausgeprägte Zunahme des Alpha‐Globulins, insbesondere der α2‐Fraktion und eine Abnahme des Albumins. In einigen Fällen be‐stand auch eine Zunahme des Gamma‐Globulins. Während der Genesung nimmt das Alpha‐Globulin ab, während das Albumin ansteigt. Jedoch ist der Rückgang zum nor‐malen elektrophoretischen Bild nicht immer vollendet wenn die klinische Genesung eintritt.

Electroforesis en papel de las proteínas séricas en la toxicosis.

Se estudiaron las imágenes electroforéticas de las proteínas séricas en 30 lactantes afectos de toxicosis. Durante el período de deshidratación aguda, los cambios mas notables fueron un moderado o marcado aumento de la alfa globulina, especialmente de alfa 2. Durante la convalecencia, la fraeción alfa globulina disminuyó mientras au‐mentaba la albúmina. Sin embargo, la vuelta a la imágen electroforética normal no siempre es completa al ocurrir, la mejoría clínica.
Cortisone Treatment in Vitamin D Intoxication1
Authors: WINBERG J. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

Cortisone treatment in a typical case of vitamin D intoxication caused a rapid improvement of the patient. There was a prompt fall in the serum calcium level at the same time as the calcium excretion in the urine was normalized. The cause of the beneficial effect of cortisone in vitamin D intoxication and other conditions complicated by hypercalcemia has béen discussed briefly.

Traitement par la Cortisone de l'Intoxication par la vitamine D.

Un traitement par la Cortisone dans un cas typique d'intoxication par la vitamine D a amené une prompte guérison. II s'est produit une baisse très rapide du Calcium sérique, et en même temps l'élimination du calcium urinaire se régularisait. La cause de l'effet favorable de la Cortisone dans ce cas d'intoxication par la vitamine D, ou dans d'autres affections compliquées d'hypercalcémie élevée, est brièvement discutée.

Cortison‐Behandlung bei Vitamin D‐Intoxikation.

Bei einem typischen Fall von Vitamin D‐Intoxikation bewirkte Cortison‐Behandlung eine schnelle Genesung des Patienten. Der Serumcalciumspiegel fiel prompt ab, als sich zur selben Zeit die Calciumausscheidung im Urin normalisierte. Die Ursache des günstigen Effektes von Cortison bei Vitamin D‐Intoxikation und anderen mit Hyper‐calcaemie vergesellschaftetAn Züstanden wird kurz diskutiert.

Tratamiento con cortisona de un caso de intoxicación por Vit. D.

En un típico caso de intoxicación por Vit. D, el tratamiento con cortisona produjo rápida mejoría al mismo tiempo que caída de la calcemia y normalizatión de la excreción urinaria de calcio. Se discute brevemente la causa del efecto benéfico de la cortisona en la intoxicacion por Vit. D y otras afecciones complicadas por hipercalcemia.
The Failure of Newborn Premature Infants to Absorb Antibodies from Heterologous Colostrum
Authors: NORDBRING FOLKE
Published: January 2008

Nine premature infants have been fed heterologous colostrum, containing paratyphoid H agglutinins. The feedings started soon after birth. None of these infants showed an agglutinin titre in their sera after feeding. It was calculated that the absorption, if any, must have been, less than 0.15–0.33 per cent of the amounts of antibodies given.

The significance of these findings is discussed together with information, available in the literature. It is concluded that the demonstrated poor absorption ability gives further emphasis to the opinion, that antibodies in colostrum play a negligible rôle for the newborn.

Impuissance des nouveau‐nés prematurés à absorber les anticorps du colostrum hétérologue.

Nouf prématurés ont reçu du oolostram hétérologue contenant des agglutinines paratyphoides H. Les têtées commencèrent pen de temps après la naissance. Pour aucun des nourrissous, la têtée ne fut suivie d'un titre d'agglutinines dans le sérum. L'auteur estime que 1'absorption, si elle a lieu, est de moins de 0,15 à 0,33% de la quantité d'antioorps administrée. II discute 1'importanoe de ses constatations et de celles d'autres auteurs et conclut que l'impuissance à absorber ainsi démontrée vient à 1'appui de 1'opinion selon laquelle Ies anticorps du colostrum jouent um rôle négligeable pour le nouveau‐né.

Ausbleibende Antikörperabsorption aus heterologem Koloslrum bei frühgeborenen Kindern.

Neun frühgeborene Kinder wurden mit heterologem, Paratyphus H Agglutinine enthaltenden Kolostrum, gefüttert. Die Fütterung begann bald nach ihrer Geburt. Keines der Kinder wies einen Agglutinintiter im Serum nach der Fütterung auf. Es wurde bereehnet, dass, wenn Absorption überhaupt stattfand, sie geringer war als 0,15–0,33 pro Hundert der verabreichten Antikörper. Die Bedeutung dieser Befunde wird im Zusammenhang mit Berichten aus dem Schrifttum besprochen. Der Schluss wird gezogen, dass die nachgewiesene geringfügige Absorption die Annahme, dass im Kolostrum vorhandene Antikörper eine unwesentliche Rolle beim Neugeborenen spielen, vollauf bekräftigt.

Incapacidad de los prematuros neonatos para la absorción de anticuerpos provenientes de calostro heterólogo.

Administróse por vía alimentaria a nueve prematuros calostro heterólogo conteniendo aglutininas H paratifoidicas. Las ingestiones se iniciaron poco después del nacimiento. Ninguno de estos niños presentó tras ingestión un titulo sérico de aglutinación. Según ha podido caloularse, la absoroión, si tuvo lugar, debe haber sido de un orden inferior a 0,15–0,33 por ciento de las cantidades de anticuerpos administradas. La significación de estos hallazgos se discute al propio tiempo que la información bibliográfica. Sácase la conclusión de que la inferioridad de la facultad de absorción comprobada, acentúa con mayor énfasis toclavía el criterio de que los anticuerpos en el calostro, para el recién nacido juagan un papel despreciable.
On the Amount of Gastric Contents in the Normal and the Asphyxiated Newborn Infant
Authors: WESTIN BJÖRN
Published: January 2008

The amount of gastric contents was measured in the normal and in the asphyxiated newborn infant. No significant difference was found.

Quantité du contenu de l'estomac du nouveau‐né normal et asphyxié.

La quantité du contenu de l'estomac fut mesurée chez le nouveau‐né normal et asphyxiaé, sans que Ton remarquât de différence significative.

Über den Betrag von Mageninhalt beim normalen und asphyktischen neugeborenen Kinde.

Der Betrag von Mageninhalt wurde beim normalen und beim asphyktischen Neugeborenen bestimmt. Kein wesentlicher Unterschied wurde festgestellt.

Del contenido gástrico total en el recién nacido normal y en el asfixiado.

Medición del contenido gástrico total del recién nacido normal y del asfixiado. No se encuentra diferencia significativa.
Intermittent Positive Pressure Respiration in Infants with Poliomyelitis
Authors: ROTEM Y. , CHIGIER E. , RANNON L.
Published: January 2008

Twelve infants suffering from life‐threatening complications of poliomyelitis were treated with intermittent positive pressure respiration with 5 survivals. Indications for therapy, details of treatment, results and complications are discussed. Despite the special difficulties encountered in this age group, it is felt that effective treatment is possible within a general paediatric “set‐up” and with simple equipment, provided that the basic principles are adhered to “24 hours a day”.

Pression respiratoire irttermittante positive chez les enjants avec poliomyélite.

12 enfants souffrant de complications de poliomyélite avec danger de mortalité furent traités avec une pression respiratoire intermittante positive, dont 5 ont survécu. On discute les indications pour la thérapeutique, les détails du traitement, les résultats et les complications. Malgré les difficultés particulières rencontrees dans ce groupe ?âge, on a ľimpression qu'un traitement efficace est possible dans le cadre de la pédiatric, générate et avec un équipement simple, à condition que les principes de base soient adhérés « 24 heures sur 24 heures ».

Intermittierende, positive Druckbeatmung bei Kindern unit Poliomyelitis.

12 Kinder mit lebensbedrohenden Komplikationen bei Poliomyelitis wurden mit intermittierender positiver Druckbeatmung behandelt. Resultat: 5 Überlebende. Indikationen für die Therapie, Einzelheiten betreffend Behandlung, Resultate und Komplikationen wurden diskutiert. Trotz der bei dieser Altersgruppe speziell auf‐tretenden Schwierigkeiten hat man die Empfindung, dass eine wirkungsvolle Behandlung im Rahmen eines allgemeinen erzieherischen ˝Set‐up” und mit einfacher Ausrüstung möglich ist, vorausgesetzt, dass die Richtlinien dem ˝24‐Stunden‐Tag” angepasst sind.

Respiración mediante presión positiva intermitente en niños afectos de poliomielitis.

Doce niños afectos de complicaciones poliomieliticas graves fueron tratados con respiración mediante presión positiva intermitente, obteniéndose la sobrevivencia de cinco de ellos. Se discuten las indicaciones del tratamiento, sus detalles, resultados y complicaciones. A pesar de las especiales dificultades con que se tropezó, se tiene el convencimiento de que es posible llevar a cabo un tratamiento efectivo con una “organizatión” pediatrica general y con un equipo simple, teniendo en cuenta que un factor básico es la asistencia constante del enfermo.
Sporadic Congenital Spherocytosis Associated with Congenital Hypoplastic Thrombocytopenia and Malformations
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM ROLF , STRINDBERG BENGT
Published: January 2008

Two cases of congenital hypoplastic thrombocytopenia associated with a hemolytic disease and congenital malformations are described. In one of the children, there was a deformity of the forearms due to absence of both radii; and in the other, there was a severe cardiac malformation and hydronephroses.

Studies of the hemolytic disease in both cases revealed features typical of congenital spherocytosis although there were no indications of inheritance.

The relation of this syndrome to other similar clinical conditions and its possible pathogenesis is discussed.

Microsphérocytose congénitale sporadique associee à une thrombocytopénic hypoplastique et à des malformations congénitales.

Les auteurs donnent la description de deux cas de thrombocytopénie congénitale accompagnée ?ictère hémolytique et de malformations congénitales. Un de ces en‐fants présentait une malformation des avant‐bras dont les deux radius étaient absents; le second était atteint ?une malformation cardiaque sévère et ?hydronéphrose. Ľexamen de ľictère hémolytique a fait apparaitre dans les deux cas des signes de microsphéerocytose congénitale; on n'a cependant découvert aucun indice qui permette de dire qu'il s'agissait là?affections héréditaires. Les auteurs examinent ensuite les relations qui peuvent exister entre ce syndrome et ?autres états cliniques analogues, puis ils étudient les hypothèses que Ton peut faire en ce qui concerne sa pathogénèse.

Sporadisch auftretende angeborene Sphärocytose verbunden mit angeborener hypoplasti‐schen Thrombocytopenie und Missbildungen.

Es werden zwei Fälle von angeborener hypoplastischen Thrombocytopenie in Ver‐bindung mit hämolytischer Krankheit und kongenitalen Missbildungen beschrieben. Bei einem der Kinder bestand eine Missbildung der Vorderarme, bedingt durch die Abwesenheit beider Radii, beim anderen eine schwere Herzmissbildung und Hydro‐nephrose. Untersuchungen der Natur der hämolytischen Krankheit in beiden Fällen ergaben typische Befunde für angeborene Sphärocytose, wenn auch ohne Anzeichen von Erblichkeit. Das Verhältnis dieser Syndrome zu änderen ahnlichen klinischen Zuständen und die mögliche Pathogenese werden erörtert.

Esferocitosis congénita esporádica asociada con trombocitopenia hipoplástica congénita y malformaciones.

Descripción de dos casos de trombocitopenia hipoplástica congénita asociada con una enfermedad hemolítica y malformaciones congénitas. Uno de los niños presentaba una deformidad en ambos antebrazos, debida a la ausencia del hueso radio; el otro niño presentaba una malformación cardiaca grave e hidronefrosis. El estudio de la enfermedad hemolítica en ambos casos reveló aspectos típicos de esferocitosis congénita, aunque no hubieran indicaciones hereditarias. Discusión de la relación este síndrome con otras condiciones clinicas similares y probable patogénesis.
The First Smile A Developmental Study
Authors: SÖDERLING BERTIL
Published: January 2008

Summary

In a series of 400 healthy infants of normal weight at birth 70 % smiled between 3 and 5 weeks, none before 2, all before 6 weeks. The date of the first smile would seem to give correctly the developmental stage. The origin of the smile is discussed.
Electrocardiographic Studies in the Healthy Newborn
Authors: MICHAÉLSSON MAGNUS
Published: January 2008

Summary

An electrocardiographic study was performed on 56 healthy children during their first week of life. Recordings were made repeatedly on every child using a long recording time. Leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF, VI, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 were recorded.

Extreme fluctuations of the heart rate, a high frequency of sinus arrhythmia and supraventricular arrhythmia, signs of right ventricular hypertrophy, extremely low T waves with significant T wave changes during the first week and in some cases prolonged Q‐T intervals were observed. My thanks are due to Å. Gyllensward, M. D., for advice and criticism.
Further Observations on the Bacteriology of Impetigo and Pemphigus Neonatorum
Authors: PARKER M. T. , WILLIAMS R. E. O.
Published: January 2008

Six hundred and nine impetigo lesions were examined bacteriologically and the presence in them of certain types of Staph. aureus and of Str. pyogenes thought to be specifically associated with impetigo was determined.

On the basis of the bacteriological find‐ ings, 47%of the cases were considered to be staphylococcal, 21 %streptococcal and 11 %mixed. No specific pathogen was iso‐ lated from 21%.

Among children seen in school minor ailment clinics, staphylococcal cases predominated when impetigo was prevalent, but a t all times a fifth or more of the cases were streptococcal. Cases referred to the out‐patient department of a skin hospital were, however, nearly all staphylococcal. It is probable that impetigo includes a more severe, often bullous, skin infection due to Staph. aurew Type 71, and a less severe condition associated with certain types of Str. pyogenes.

Staph. aurew Type 71 was also responsible for a number of outbreaks of skin infection among newborn infants in hospital. Cases were of all degrees of severity from a mild vesicular eruption to a fully developed pemphigus neonatorum, and a few cases of generalised exfoliative dermatitis were seen.

Similar cases due to Type 71 were occasionally seen in domiciliary practice, infected either from the midwife or from an older child with staphylococcal impetigo.

The characteristic skin lesion caused by Xtaph. aureus Type 71 is an intraepidermal vesicle or bulls with little inflammatory reaction in the deeper tissues.
Growth Changes in the Mongoloid Head1
Authors: ROCHE A. F. , SEWARD F. S. , SUNDERLAND S.
Published: January 2008

1. The growth of the head has been investigated in 148 white Australian mongo‐loids.

2. The maximum head breadth was within the normal range (± 2.8.D.) over approximately the first year. In comparison with normal children, the increase for males was then less rapid until the age of five years, more rapid until the age of nine years, after which no continuing increase was observed. In the female group, the changes were similar except for a slight increase throughout the period studied.

3. During first few months of life the maximum head length was almost normal. It then increased much more slowly than in normal children until about the age of five years after which both groups showed approximately equal rates of increase.

4. The breadth‐length index increased rapidly during the first few months of life to become much higher than in normal children, but variable. Most mongoloids are brachycephalic or hyperbrachycephalic, but examples of mesocephaly and do‐lichocephaly were observed.

5. The horizontal head circumference was normal until about the age of one year, but between this and the fifth year it increased more slowly than in normal children after which the rate of increase was approximately the same.
The Cellular Excretion in the Urine of Normal Newborn Infants
Authors: AAS KJELL
Published: January 2008

Urine sediment counts were made in 380 specimens collected from 114 male and 27 female infants during the first 10 days after birth. In some the Addis counts were calculated. This method is considered inaccurate and erroneous in infants, however, and it is advocated that the findings should be expressed in cells per cubic millimetre. The counts found in the norma, l newborn infants are tabulated and the results are discussed. The range of normal sediment counts found exceeds that set for older children and adults in earlier publications.
A Study of Group A Hemolytic Streptococcus Carriers Among School Children: Part II. Significance of the Findings1
Authors: MOZZICONACCI P. , GERBEAUX CL. , CARAVANO R. , GERBEAUX S. , LABONDE J. , RAHMAN S. , RABCYNSKA F. , ORSSAUD E. , VIROLLEAU P.
Published: January 2008

In the course of a study pursued for 2 consecutive years in normal children of a suburban public school of the Paris area, the following findings were noted: (1) when the technique used was sufficiently sensitive, the rate of healthy carriers was relatively high: 16.7% on an average, with a range of 6.7% to 30%. (2) this percentage seemed to present variations during the course of the year which are perhaps due to a seasonal factor. (3) the cumulative percentage was such that at the end of two years more than one subject in two was found, to have been a carrier of hemolytic streptococci at least once. (4) there was no correlation between the rate of carriers and the development of clinical infections (septic sore throat, scarlet fever). (5) the subjects fell into 4 groups: refractory subjects, occasional carriers, prolonged carriers of the same strain, prolonged carriers of different strains. (6) a “prolonged carrier”) factor was found to exist statistically, i.e. certain subjects were particularly receptive to the Group A hemolytic streptococcus, or conversely, certain subjects were refractory. (7) within the scope of our study this factor was found together with various other independent correlations. Of these, the correlations with the presence of tonsils and with bad conditions of hygiene (absence of running water in the child's home) were hardly surprising; that with a genetic factor (dark iris) was more unexpected, but has been established on equally as sound a basis.
Aplastic Anemia Treated with Anabolic Steroids and Corticosteroidsl
Authors: SEIP MARTIN
Published: January 2008

Two patients with aplastic anemia (one of them suffering from familial Fanconi anemia) are presented, in whom treatment with anabolic steroids and corticosteroids resulted in marked improvement. Our limited experience indicates that methan‐drostenolone produces much fewer side effects and may be as effective as testosterone in this condition.
Premature Twins with Esophageal Atresia and Tracheo‐esophageal Fistula
Authors: WOOLLEY MORTON M. , CHINNOCK ROBERT F. , PAUL RICHARD H.
Published: January 2008

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of esophageal atresia occurring in both members of a pair of twins. These twins appear to be genetically identical because of their general appearance, sex, identical anomaly, and identical serologic genotypes. Genetic predisposition for esophageal atresia in twins would seem to be possible from this study. Heretofore, it has been thought that esophageal atresia in one of identical twins has been a developmental defect rather than a genetically transmitted one. Staged therapy for the premature infant with esophageal atresia increases the chance of survival of these infants.
The Diagnosis and Course of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Benign Aseptic Arthritis in Children1
Authors: HELLSTRÖM BO
Published: January 2008

Diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis adapted for the features of the disease in children have been suggested and used for a classification in a follow‐up examination. This study comprised 87 cases of aseptic arthritis of at least three weeks duration hospitalized in pediatric departments in Stockholm during 1952–1957. Those not fulfilling the criteria were labelled benign aseptic arthritis. They were compared with the rheumatoid arthritis cases as to the early clinical picture and the prognosis. The entirely different course in the two groups indicates that the suggested classification is of value in the prognostic prediction in cases of aseptic arthritis in children.
Respiratory Studies in Newborn Infants. II: Pulmonary Ventilation and Mechanics of Breathing in the First Minutes of Life, Including the Onset of Respiratio1
Authors: KARLBERG P. , CHERRY R. B. , ESCARDÓ F. E. , KOC G.
Published: January 2008

1. Respiratory volume changes and intra‐esophageal pressure changes have been simultaneously recorded beginning before or during the first breaths in 18 infants.

2. Respiratory adaptive changes for successful extra‐uterine existence occur rapidly. Some of the features are summarized below.

3. The average air exchange in the first 20 seconds after the first breaths is 2–3 times the resting minute volume observed later in the neonatal period.

4. A residual volume is established in some infants beginning with the first breath. In others this was not recorded and evidence is presented which suggests it may occur prior to the first breath.

5. The total pressure change of the first breath ranged from 40–100 cm O. In succeeding breaths this decreased. Typical pressure‐volume diagrams (“respiratory loops”) are illustrated and their possible significance discussed.

6. During the first few breaths the lung compliance was one‐fifth to one‐third and the pulmonary flow resistance 24 times that found in older neonates.
The Incidence of External Hernias in Premature Infant1
Authors: WALSH S. ZOE
Published: January 2008

Data on the incidence of external hernia during the first year of life in 82 healthy premature infants is presented. Twenty per cent of the infants had either inguinal or umbilical hernia, or both. Infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth were found to have a higher incidence of inguinal hernia. This is attributed to incomplete obliteration of the processes vaginal is as a result of premature birth. Infants weighing more than 1500 g at birth had a higher incidence of umbilical hernia. The incidence of inguinal hernia appears to be significantly increased in premature infants. Contrary to other reports, the incidence of umbilical hernia in this series of premature infants does not appear to be greater than that reported in full term infants.
Effect of Synkavit1Vikastab2on Bilirubin and Plasma Prothrombin
Authors: DYGGVE HOLGER V. , SØNDERGAARD EBBE , DAM HENRIK
Published: January 2008

Alkali salts of menadiol bisulfate are less efficient than the tetrasodium salt of menadiol biphosphate in lowering elevated prothrombin times in experimental animals and newborn infants when given parenterally.

The reported lower hyper bilirubinemic effect of menadiol bisulfate in premature infants is believed to be related to its slower action on the elevated prothrombin time.

Among the compounds having a fast action on the prothrombin time and no hyperbilirubinemic effect, vitamin seems to be particularly suitable for parenteral treatment of the hypoprothrombinemic premature infant.
Studies on Erythro‐Kinetics in Infancy1
Authors: GARBY LARS , SJÖLIN STIG , VUILLE JEAN‐CLAUDE
Published: January 2008

Two new methods for determination of the relative rates of synthesis of haemoglobins F and A are described. One method is based on the relative rates of appearance of intravenously injected radioiron into circulating HbF and HbA. The other is based on estimates of the relative content of HbF and HbA in circulating reticulo‐cytes. The two methods show good agreement.

The relative rate of synthesis of HbF and HbA was measured in 19 infants aged between 0 and 20 weeks. At birth, the relative synthetic rate of HbF was about 50–65 % of the total haemoglobin synthesis. After birth there was a gradual decrease in the relative rate of HbF synthesis, but, even at the age of 100–140 days, about 5 % of the total haemoglobin synthesis consisted of foetal haemoglobin.
Respiratory Studies in Children. IV: Lung Volumes and Body Positions in Healthy Children
Authors: GEUBELL F. , GOFFIN C.
Published: January 2008

The lung volumes were measured in nine healthy children (16 determinations) and nine healthy adults (15 determinations) in the sitting, supine and prone positions. The statistical significance of the differences observed in the three body positions was tested. When the healthy child is tilted from the sitting to the supine position, the resting expiratory level is lowered and the expiratory reserve volume decreases significantly. The decrease of vital capacity and the total lung capacity is less significant. The aspiratory capacity increases but lees significantly; the residual volume is unchanged. The values in the prone position are the same as in the sitting position. These results have been compared with those observed in the adults; the changes are in the same direction but the magnitude and the significance of the differences are not the same.
Sexual Maturation of Israeli Boys of European and Middle Eastern Origin. Preliminary Study
Authors: LARON ZVI
Published: January 2008

Two hundred and forty‐two Israeli boys aged from 9 to 16 years were examined for the presence of secondary sexual characters. It was found that boys born to parents originating from Israel or other Mid‐Eastern countries are sexually mature earlier than boys born to parents who immigrated from Europe during the last 20 years.
Difficulties and Dangers in the Management of Phenylketonuria
Authors: HOLT K. S.
Published: January 2008

The difficulties and dangers encountered in treatment are described, and it is concluded that careful and constant attention is necessary to obtain satisfactory results.
The Blood Volume of the Newborn Infant and Placental Transfusion
Authors: USHER ROBERT , SHEPHARD MICHAEL , LIND JOHN
Published: January 2008

Serial blood volume measurements were made in 27 normal full‐term newborn infants using iodinated human albumin. At the moment of birth the newborn infant was estimated to have a blood volume of 78 ml/kg with a venous hematocrit of 48 %. When the cord‐clamping was delayed for 5 minutes the blood volume increased by 61 % to 126 ml/kg. This placental transfusion amounted to 166 ml for a 3500 g infant, one‐quarter of which occurred in the first 15 seconds, and one‐half within 60 seconds of birth. Stripping of the umbilical cord 10 times during the 5 minutes did not increase the volume of the transfusion.

When the placental transfusion was prevented by immediate clamping of the cord, the blood volume did not change appreciably during the first 4 hours of life. On the other hand, there was a marked decrease in blood volume from 126 to 89 ml/kg during the first 4 hours in infants who had received a placental transfusion. This decrease was brought about by the transudation of one‐half of the original plasma volume, so that the venous hematocrit rose from 48 % at birth to 64 % by 4 hours.

In all but three of the infants studied there was an increase in blood volume between 4 and 24 hours of age which was due to an increase in plasma volume averaging 22 ml per infant. There was no appreciable change in blood volume between 24 and 72 hours of age.

The red cell volume remained stable during the first three days of life in each of the infants; those who had received a placental transfusion maintained a red cell volume about 60 % larger than those who had not.

At 72 hours of age the blood volume had stabilized after the plasma shifts of the first day of life, and the range of values extended from 75 to 107 ml/kg. This variation between individuals was due in large part to differences in hematocrit which ranged from 39 % to 67 %, and these in turn were related to the volume of placental transfusion.

Average values at 72 hours for infants who had received no placental transfusion were 82 ml/kg blood volume, 31 ml/kg red blood cell volume, 51 ml/kg plasma volume, and 44 % venous hematocrit. For infants who had received a placental transfusion they were 93 ml/kg blood volume, 49 ml/kg red blood cell volume, 44 ml/kg plasma volume, and 60 % venous hematocrit.
Red Cell Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Glutathion Stability in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: ENGLESON GUNNAR , KJELLMAN BENGT
Published: January 2008

Between March 1961 and March 1962 the activity of G‐6‐P‐D of the erythrocytes from normal and jaundiced newborns was assayed with the aid of a semiquantitative screen test. During the latter half of the investigation, Beutler's GSH Stability Test was also used. The material consisted of normal, non‐icteric newborns and of newborns with varying degrees of hyperbilirubinaemia of unknown aetiology. Sixteen out of these had maximal serum bilirubin values of 20 mg/100 ml or more and 62 had serum bilirubin values between 15 and 20 mg/100 ml. No certain case with deficient G‐6‐P‐D activity in the erythrocytes has been found.
Late Otological Sequelae of Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: RANTA JAAKKO , WASZ‐HÖCKERT OLE
Published: January 2008

An otological follow‐up study in 1956 and 1959—62 of 103 children treated for and cured of tuberculous meningitis in 1949—54 is presented. Impaired hearing was observed in 63 per cent, severe loss of hearing in 15 per cent and total deafness in 7 per cent. In 36 per cent there was a hearing loss of more than 10 dB in the speech range (500—2,000 cps). The initial and the follow‐up results of otological investigations were in close accordance with each other — only in 3 cases was there some improvement and in 11 some deterioration of hearing. The cases with hearing loss were evenly distributed between the different age groups excepting the youngest one — 0—12 months — which displayed a considerably lower frequency of impaired hearing as a whole but a much higher frequency of severe hearing loss. There was no correlation between hearing sequelae and the duration of meningeal symptoms prior to hospitalization or the severity of the disease on admission. There was, however, a correlation between the frequency of hearing sequelae and the daily and total doses of streptomycin given: the frequency of hearing loss was 49 per cent (severe hearing loss 22 per cent) when 50 mg/kg daily was used compared with an incidence of 15 per cent (severe hearing loss in 4 per cent) when 10—20 mg/kg of streptomycin was used intramuscularly and 1—3 mg/kg intrathecally daily.

No correlation was found between loss of hearing and neurological, mental, eye or EEG disturbances.

Disturbances of vestibular function were found in 54 per cent altogether and they were severe in 31 per cent.

Five of the 15 children with severe hearing loss used hearing aids with considerable success, 3 got along without them in ordinary schools and 10 children attended schools for the deaf.
Late Psychological and Psychiatric Sequelae of Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: PENTTI RIITTA , DONNER MÄRTA , VALANNE EERO , WASZ‐HÖCKERT OLE
Published: January 2008

The psychological and psychiatric sequelae of tuberculous meningitis in 103 children were studied by thorough clinical follow‐up examinations at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and extensive correspondence with the parents and teachers of the children. Forty five per cent of the series were found to be of subnormal or borderline intelligence. The achievements of those attending school were, on the whole, comparable with those of the siblings and classmates. Only 4 children were found to be severely mentally disturbed — of these 1 has greatly improved in the last 2 years — and 17 were slightly disturbed. Mental retardation was found to be more frequent in the youngest age groups (under 3 years of age) and social re‐adjustment problems more frequent in the older age groups, particularly the school‐age children. The latter seemed to pose the major problems in this series, especially the cases with major intellectual, sensory or motor handicaps.
Late Radiological Findings after Recovery from Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: HEIKEL PER‐ERIK , WASZ‐HÖCKERT OLE
Published: January 2008

The results of skull x‐ray examinations of 101 children recovered from tuberculous meningitis are reported. The roentgenological re‐examinations were performed 6—12 1/2 years after the disease, and were repeated later in several cases. Intra‐cranial calcifications were found in 26 per cent. Of these, 4 children showed extensive calcified plots, including 1 with intracerebral calcifications. The occurrence of intracranial calcified plots was not correlated with the sex, the duration of meningeal symptoms prior to hospitalization, or the treatment of the patients; nor was it correlated with increased intracranial pressure during the disease or with the late mental and otological sequelae of the disease. Positive correlations were, however, found between the development of intracranial calcifications and the age at the onset of the disease, the state on admission, trephination, occurrence of convulsions and late neurological, EEG and ophthalmological sequelae.
Growth in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: BERGSTRAND C. G.
Published: January 2008

Growth curves of 28 patients with the congenital type of the adrenogenital syndrome were as far as available data allowed reconstructed and analysed.

Patients who had been adequately treated from an early age tended to grow a t a normal rate and it seems possible that they have a relatively good chance to reach their genetically predetermined stature or a t least an adult height within normal limits.

Patients who came to treatment after the age of 5‐6 years demonstrated another type of growth curve similar to that observed in children with untreated adrenogenital syndrome i.e. an initially rapid linear growth of short duration.

It was found that some of the patients who did not receive any therapy, came late to treatment or were inadequately treated in spite of this reached an adult height within normal limits.

A few patients reacted to treatment in an unexpected way and are discussed in some detail.

A difference in linear growth between salt‐losers and patients with a normal electrolyte regulating mechanism could not be demonstrated.

It is suggested that variations in adult height and exceptional reactions to treatment may be due not only to hereditary factors but possibly also to differences in the degree and/or type of the enzymatic defect.

Significant differences in birth weight and birth length between patients with the adrenogenital syndrome and normal new‐born infants could not be demonstrated.
Bacterial Metastasis Following B.C.G.‐Vaccination
Authors: WALLERSTRÖM ALF , ENELL HERBERT
Published: January 2008

An abscess in the left metatarsale I in a boy, aged 10 months, and a subcutaneous abscess at the right wrist in a girl 2 years old were found to contain bacilli with all the characteristics of the Swedish B.C.G.‐ strain. The histological picture was that of tuberculosis. Both children were B.C.G.‐ vaccinated in the neonatal period. They were found to have relatively low gsmma‐globulin‐values but normal lymphocyte counts; the significance of these findings is discussed. The osteitis was treated with surgical revision and chemotherapy; the subcutaneous abscess healed after surgical revision only, followed by immobilization in plaster. B.C.G.‐metastases is a diagnostic alternative to solitary or multiple abscess formation of obscure origin in infants and young adults. The clinical course in cases hitherto reported has been benign.
The Thrombotest on the First Day of Life
Authors: GRAY O. P. , SMITH S. G.
Published: January 2008

The thrombotest Owren to assess the coagulation premature and full term has been used status of 158 babies on the first day of life. The results were found to be lorn and levels of 10 ob and less were found mainly in ill infants, and the majority of infants who died were in this group.

The thrombotest reveals infants who are at risk of haemorrhage, and also provides an easy method of monitoring treatment of coagulation deficiencies. It deserves to be used with other conventional and biochemical tests in the assessment and treatment of ill newborn infants.
Haptoglobin Level in Some Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
Authors: BADR‐EL‐DIN M. KAMAL , KHALIL MOSTAFA , KASSEM A. SAMIR
Published: January 2008

The level of serum haptoglobin was estimated in favism, thalassemia major, acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome and virus hepatitis.

In favism, it was totally absent during the haemolytic episode and then started to rise till it reached normal values after 6‐8 days.

Ahaptoglobinaemia was persistent in patients with Thalassemia Major before and after treatment with blood transfusion, dexamethasone administration and splenectomy.

In acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome, there was elevation of the haptoglobin level. This could therefore be taken as one of the criteria to evaluate activity of the disease process.

The level was low in virus hepatitis and returned to normal with cure. There was a good correlation between the chronicity of the case and the diminution in haptoglobin level.
A study of Vitamin D Metabolism in Idiopathic Hypercalcemia of Infancy
Authors: MANIOS S. G. , ANTENER ILSE
Published: January 2008

Serum vitamin D activity was determined in two cases of severe form of idiopathic hypercalcemia and the effect of a physiological dose of vitamin D3, was studied on this condition. The patients, 36 months of age, were uniovular female siblings, products of a triple normal pregnancy. Serum vitamin D activity was determined by a modification of the standard rachitic‐rat bioassay method, using radioactive calcium. The levels prior to the vitamin D test‐dose, in comparison with those found by the same method in 21 normal infants, was markedly elevated, about 4 times the mean normal value.

A significant rise of the initial values was found 48 hours after the last test dose of vitamin D3.

These findings suggest that the primary etiologic factor in idiopathic hypercalcemia, at least in some cases, is a genetically determined defect in the degradation mechanism of vitamin D.
Portal and Atrial Pressures in the Newborn Period
Authors: ARCILLA RENE A. , OH WILLIAM , LIND JOHN , BLANKENSHIP WILLARD
Published: January 2008

The effect of placental transfusion upon the portal and atrial pressures of 93 normal newborn infants, ½ to 14 hours of age, was studied. In 34 cases, clamping of the cord was done within 5 to 10 seconds after delivery (EC group); in 59 cases, it was performed after cessation of the umbilical pulsations (LC group).

The portal pressure was always higher than that of the right atrium by an average of 5.6 mm Hg. The portal pressure curves had no venous waves and revealed regular inspiratory rise and expiratory fall. The mean portal pressure of all EC infants was 6.3 (±O.40 S.E.) mm Hg, and that of LC infants 6.5 (±0.23 S.E.) mm Hg. There was no significant difference in the portal pressures of both groups at the various ages.

The atrial pressures of the LC infants were higher than those of the EC infants during the first 60 minutes following birth (P <0.001). Thereafter, the difference between the 2 groups was not significant. The atrial pressures of the LC infants were high before one hour of age but dropped to about half by the second hour and later. In contrast, those of the EC subjects remained about the same in the various age groups.

Left atrial pressure was always greater than that of the right at all ages in both groups. In addition, the left atrial curves showed prominent “v” waves not observed in the right atrial tracings.

The higher atrial pressure observed in the LC infants immediately after birth is attributed to the large placental transfusion allowed these subjects. The pressure drop and its stabilization after the first hour presumably reflects the effective accommodation of the augmented blood volume by the low‐pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system.
CONGENITAL FIBRINOGEN DEFICIENCY
Authors: Manios S. G. , Schenck W. , Künzer W.
Published: January 2008

A mild form of congenital fibrinogen deficiency is reported in a 9‐year‐old girl under our observation from birth. She had from early life a history of hemorrhagic syndrome with the principal features of congenital fibrinogen deficiency, but with normal clotting time and partial fibrinogen deficiency. The patient's parents, related by blood, both of Greek origin, are also affected by the same disorder in a latent form.

The mildness of the hemorrhagic diathesis, especially after infancy and the better prognosis as compared to the classical afibrinogenemia is emphasized.

The genetic problems of these familial cases of fibrinogen deficiency and their relation by genetic point of view with the cases of classical afibrinogenemia are discussed.
II. After Short Gestation and Gestation Complicated by Hypertension with Special Reference to the “Small‐for‐Dates” Syndrome
Authors: Lindblad Bo S. , Zetterström Rolf
Published: January 2008

In cases of hypertensive disorder there is an increase of urea in the cord vein plasma. The increase seems to be secondary to an occasional increase in the maternal plasma.

In cases of hypertensive disorder during pregnancy associated with intrauterine growth retardation of the foetus the ratio between the cord vein plasma levels and the mother's cubital vein plasma levels of essential amino acids is lower than under normal conditions. The low ratios of valine, isoleucine and leucine levels are shown to be due to higher maternal plasma levels at delivery than in normal pregnancies. It is suggested that the findings have some bearing on the growth retardation of the foetus, being the consequence of a diminished supply of essential amino acids to the foetus.

The differences from what is found in normal term pregnancies are not due to a shortening of the gestational period, since there is in the foetus, in a gestational period down to 33 weeks, only still higher plasma levels of taurine and lysine.

To demonstrate that the material is representative as regards hypertension and the “small‐for‐dates” syndrome a survey has been made of the weight and length at birth in cases of hypertensive disorder during pregnancy.
POLYNEUROPATHY IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Gamstorp Ingrid
Published: January 2008

A clinical material is presented consisting of 43 children below 17 years of age with evidence of impaired function of peripheral nerves. One case occurred in a newborn with muscular hypotonia, weakness and areflexia: Thirteen children had signs of an affection also of the central nervous system. This group included 2 cases of late‐infantile metachromatic leucodystrophy and 2 cases of Friedreich's ataxia. Involvement of both central and peripheral parts of the nervous system causes a complicated clinical picture. Correct interpretation of the findings requires complete neurological and neurophysiological examination. Such an extensive affection of the nervous system may be more common than usually supposed.

In 29 patients no signs were found of simultaneous involvement of the central nervous system. The 2 main groups were children with diabetes and children with a chronic hereditary polyneuropathy. All the diabetic children were asymptomatic. The most common clinical picture of chronic hereditary polyneuropathy in childhood was characterized by slow motor development, slow, clumsy movements and weak or absent muscle reflexes. Excavated feet and kyfoscoliosis were seen in some patients. The variation of the clinical picture with age and from family to family is described. The progress of symptoms in polyneuropathy without evidence of involvement of the central nervous system is slow and seems eventually to cease. The prognosis is better than that of progressive spinal muscular atrophy and most of the primary muscle diseases. An optimistic attitude, intense physical therapy and orthopedic measures are therefore justified.
CRYPTORCHIDISM Roentgenological and Surgical Aspects
Authors: Lunderquist A. , Nommesen N. , Rafstedt S. , Åkesson B.‐Å.
Published: January 2008

60 cases of cryptorchidism and 5 intersexes were examined with andrography (pneumo‐pelvigraphy). Of these, 36 were operated upon.

The roentgen findings are compared with the palpatory and surgical findings. The value of the method is discussed and the indications for it are given.
BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS
Authors: Bjerre Ingrid , Corelius Eivor
Published: January 2008

A family is reported where during the neonatal period convulsions have appeared in not less than 14 members in five generations. It appears to be an autosomal dominant trait. The disorder is benign and the convulsions have disappeared in the first weeks with a few exceptions, where sporadic convulsions have appeared up to 10 years of age. The etiology is at present unknown and there are no signs of disturbance in electrolyte or sugar balance or in amino‐acid metabolism.
THE ROLE OF ALDOSTERONE IN HYPERNATREMIC DEHYDRATION IN INFANTS
Authors: Reimold Ekkehard W.
Published: January 2008

In a previously healthy, 11‐month‐old infant acute gastroenteritis and dehydration developed following a minor operation. Oliguria was observed after 2 days complicated by hypernatremia, hypokalemia, elevated blood pressure and one generalized convulsion. Aldosterone excretion was increased considerably remaining elevated even after clinical improvement.

Hypernatremia complicating dehydration in infancy usually is thought to result from disproportionate loss of water and sodium. The role of aldosterone in this situation is not known. If hyperaldosteronism proves to be involved in causing and sustaining hypernatremia therapeutic use of aldosterone blocking hormones would be indicated.
SERUM‐INSULIN LEVELS IN CHILDREN DURING GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTS
Authors: Grant D. B.
Published: January 2008

Serum immuno‐reactive insulin was measured during glucose tolerance tests carried out in 18 children aged between 5 months and 13 1/4 years. Relatively small increments in serum‐insulin were found in many of the younger children.