bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between Catholic Idolatry and Calvinist Iconoclasm
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 analyses the role that images played in the theological controversies of the later sixteenth century. It opens with an investigation of Lutheran church furnishings during the mid-sixteenth century, which shows that there was no clear consensus at that time with regard to images, either at the level of theology or at the level of devotional practice. The chapter then investigates images’ fate during a time of crisis for the Lutheran Church, in the aftermath of the reformer’s death (1546) and Emperor Charles V’s victory over the Schmalkaldic League (1547). As Luther’s heirs contested his legacy, the treatment of images served as a means of indicating allegiance to either Wittenberg or the Gnesio-Lutheran cause. The chapter then considers the role that images played in confessional delineation as Calvinism became established in parts of the Holy Roman Empire from the 1560s onwards.
Visual Commemoration
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 investigates images’ importance for Lutheran commemorative culture. It opens with a discussion of images produced for the Reformation centennials of 1617 and 1630, but focuses most of its attention on the commemoration of the dead, on the epitaphs and other memorial images produced for Lutheran patrons. These offer, it argues, a much richer insight into the diverse nature of Lutheran commemorative culture. The chapter presents two case studies of commemorative patronage amongst the Saxon nobility. It also investigates transformations in visual commemoration at a lower social level, focusing on the miners’ guilds in Saxony’s Erzgebirge. These examples modify our understanding of the function of Lutheran commemorative art, demonstrating that it fulfilled not only political but also emotional needs. They also help to explain the survival and restoration of medieval images that did not reflect Lutheran teaching.
Art and Identity after the ‘Confessional Age’
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

The final chapter of the book focuses on the early eighteenth century, a period during which baroque visual culture was well established in both Electoral Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia. It argues that even during this age of visual magnificence, when art seemed to be primarily about power and pleasure, religious images could still cause friction. The chapter focuses in particular on Electoral Saxony, where confessional relations were complicated by the conversion of Friedrich August to Catholicism in 1697. It examines conflicts over images in the borderland region of Upper Lusatia and in Dresden itself, where religious tensions were high because of the increasing visibility of the Catholic church and its agents, in particular the Jesuits. Ultimately, however, Dresden’s Lutherans responded to their new confessional environment not by rejecting but by embracing baroque magnificence, as the construction of the Frauenkirche between 1726 and 1743 demonstrates.
Leadership Evolution
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

How does the locus of power shift around a professional organization as it grows, and what are the implications for leadership? This chapter presents a multi-stage model of evolutionary and revolutionary growth in professional organizations from Founder-focused to Collegial, from Committee-based to Delegated, from Federated to Corporate. It shows how, as a professional organization increases in size and complexity over time, unresolved governance problems may precipitate organizational crises which can in turn lead to dramatic shifts in the locus of power. It explains the complex and messy reality of leadership in professional organizations, emphasizing the crises and reversals that can occur during aborted attempts at governance change. It emphasizes how leaders need to be sensitive to the consequences of these changes, and explores how they can adapt their approach to leadership accordingly.
Leading Mergers
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

Leaders of professional organizations may initiate a merger to overcome obstacles to organic growth but have very limited power to ensure its success. Post-merger integration in professional organizations is entirely dependent upon the cooperation of the professionals who control access to key resources, such as knowledge, client relationships, and reputation. However, sharing these resources potentially undermines the power base of these professionals. The chapter identifies two reasons why professionals may be reluctant to cooperate with merger objectives: ‘fear of exploitation’ and ‘fear of contamination’. It presents the ‘School Dance’ model of post-merger integration, which outlines the gradual process by which professionals across the organization take responsibility for making the merger a success. Leaders of merging professional organizations require a subtle understanding of what drives professionals in a post-merger context, the willingness to hold back from direct action, and the perception to judge when the time is right to intervene.
Paradoxes of Leading Professionals
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

The theme of paradox has run throughout the book, albeit implicitly. This chapter makes the theme of paradox explicit, by drawing together multiple strands of argument contained in each of the preceding chapters. In recent years, paradox theory has developed into a particularly intriguing and highly influential body of management research. A paradox comprises two or more elements that are inherently contradictory, interrelated, simultaneous, and persistent. Having presented some foundational concepts from paradox theory, this chapter goes on to identify ten paradoxes of professional organizations. These are: (1) autonomy and control, (2) reluctance and ambition, (3) political and apolitical leadership, (4) individual and collective interests, (5) harmony and conflict, (6) insecurity and confidence, (7) commercial and professional priorities, (8) centralized power and distributed leadership, (9) active and passive leadership, and (10) ambiguity and clarity. This chapter concludes with some final reflections for those seeking answers to the questions that remain.
Happiness and the Theology of the Self in Late Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Muldrew Craig
Published: September 2017

Muldrew traces the integration of Aristotelian into Christian thinking about happiness, by Thomas Aquinas and during the Renaissance but more particularly in the thinking of late seventeenth-century ‘Latitudinarian’ divines. He argues that they were seeking an alternative way to achieve peace and tranquillity to that offered by Hobbes, who had stressed the need for strong authority. Their alternative drew on a variety of classical ideas about self-cultivation and self-discipline, but built upon and further developed relatively hedonistic versions of these. The pursuit of moderate sensual gratification was legitimized as an appropriate use of human faculties implanted by God. Although this was an erudite tradition, it was presented to a less erudite audience in sermons: these writers often transposed ideas from a classical to an English-language setting. In that context, the word ‘happiness’ came to loom large, appearing frequently and functioning as a key motif in latitudinarian thought.
Writing Petitions in Early Modern England
Authors: Dabhoiwala Faramerz
Published: September 2017

Dabhoiwala explores the mechanics of claim-making and the emotional register in which that might be done, focusing on claims addressed not to a wide audience but to a specific and official one: he is concerned with private petitions addressed through the Master of Requests to Charles II. This channel, he argues, was primarily used by those below gentry rank. To make their case effectively, such people tended to turn to specialists with technical knowledge. Drawing on the papers of a scrivener whose services were valued, he examines how this process worked. The scrivener could advise his clients on what was expected, and in that context lived experience mattered less than its formulaic invocation.
The Pleasures and Pains of Breastfeeding in England c.1600–c.1800
Authors: Shepard Alexandra
Published: September 2017

It is commonly observed that between the early seventeenth and later eighteenth centuries, wealthier families turned against the employment of country wet nurses, in favour of maternal breastfeeding, or the employment of strictly supervised nurses within the family home. Shepard argues that in the earlier period wet nurses were often portrayed as surrogate mothers: loving the children in their care, among whom their own children figured. Later, wet nurses were more likely to be portrayed as feckless and unreliable, needing to be carefully selected and vigilantly watched. The potential emotional gain to mothers was now stressed so that, as mothers’ work was naturalized, the work of the nurse was dehumanized. This does not tell us about actual personal but does illuminate the repositioning of imagined experience.
The Janus Face of Governance Theory
Authors: Sørensen Eva , Torfing Jacob
Published: September 2017

While the main current in the growing research on governance has praised its virtues, a critical undertow has insisted that governance carries the danger of depoliticization and democratic decline. Chapter 2 aims to complicate things by arguing that interactive forms of governance intending to involve a plethora of public and private actors in the governing of society and the economy are not in themselves depoliticizing or repoliticizing public governance. Much depends on how we talk about governance. Hence, while the public management perspective tends to depoliticize governance, the political science perspective has a sharper eye for the political choices, conflicts, and power struggles. If the political science perspective has a blind spot, it concerns the role of elected politicians in the exercise of political meta-governance. That role is further developed towards the end of the chapter, which also reflects on the limits of repoliticization.
Depoliticization, Repoliticization, and Deliberative Systems
Authors: Landwehr Claudia
Published: September 2017

Deliberative democracy is increasingly criticized as inherently elitist and technocratic, and it is blamed not only for the rise of depoliticized institutions, but also for the rise of anti-political and even populist attitudes in citizens. The chapter analyses the discussion about the depoliticizing implications and effects of deliberation and argues that, contrary to these critics, deliberation must be viewed as a genuinely political mode of interaction. A systemic perspective on deliberation allows us to critically assess the deliberative and democratic qualities of political systems and to see when and where they fail to deliver on their promises. Applied with critical intentions, the deliberative system perspective can be used to identify depoliticized policy areas and undemocratic decision-making processes. Moreover, it can feed into processes of meta-deliberation that allow for a democratization of institutional design.
Global Governance Depoliticized
Authors: Stone Diane
Published: September 2017

In the diverse ecosystem of global governance, this chapter focuses upon networks and partnerships as depoliticizing tactics of global governance. Global and regional public–private partnerships alongside transnational knowledge networks of experts, scientists, and other professionals have emerged from dissatisfaction with the limited policy capacities of traditional institutions—states, intergovernmental organizations, and multilateral agreements—to cope with global policy problems. As new governance institutions, these networks and partnerships are not only tools of depoliticization that take the management of global problems to distant and technocratic administrative realms. Viewed as a type of ‘experimentalist governance’, these networks also represent venues of creativity and innovation on the global governance landscape.
Depoliticization as a Coordination Problem
Authors: Snaith Holly
Published: September 2017

Although work on depoliticization arises most frequently from the literature on governance as a function of the differentiated polity, it also has resonance with that on multilevel governance (MLG). This indicates a distinction between ‘two types’ of MLG: from forms of territorialized federal governance and from more ad hoc actions of delegated governance. Setting the literature on arena-shifting within a framework inspired by the MLG literature on the European Union demonstrates that depoliticization may be fostered at the nexus of different types of policy devolution, due to the functional interdependence between policy fields. The fundamental argument of this chapter is that depoliticization assumes intention on the part of key actors to effect strategies of depoliticization, and this assumption is problematic. The example of monetary and fiscal governance is (re)used to demonstrate the strategic interactions between territorialized and a-territorialized forms of policy governance and the problems that arise between the two.
Controlling the EU Executive?
Authors: Brandsma Gijs Jan , Blom-Hansen Jens
Published: September 2017

Every year the EU Commission issues thousands of rules based on powers delegated by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. But delegation is carefully controlled. Traditionally, control has been exerted through a system of committees of member state representatives (‘comitology’). However, this system was contested by the European Parliament which was left without any influence. The Lisbon Treaty introduced a new control regime for delegated powers, the so-called delegated acts system, which was meant to supplement the existing system. The new system involves direct control by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament and thus for the first time gave the European Parliament real influence over delegated powers. However, the choice over which delegation regime to use in practice has turned into one of the most vehement institutional conflicts in the EU political system. Controlling the EU Executive represents the first comprehensive investigation of this conflict. It does so by a combination of methods and data, including process-tracing of the introduction of the new system in the Lisbon Treaty, case studies of selected post-Lisbon delegation situations, and statistical analysis of data sets comprising hundreds of post-Lisbon legislative files.
Theorizing Delegation and Control Regimes in the EU
Authors: Brandsma Gijs Jan , Blom-Hansen Jens
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents the book’s theoretical argument. Building on the delegation literature and principal-agent theory, it argues that legislative principals delegate to reduce transaction costs. However, they delegate with hesitance because they fear that delegated powers may be used for unintended purposes. This dilemma between efficiency and control is partly resolved by installing monitoring mechanisms. However, since control implies influence on future decisions to be made by the agent, the principals are likely to disagree on their exact design. There is therefore a ‘multiple principals’ problem in the design and use of control regimes. In the post-Lisbon EU, the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament may choose between the delegated acts and the implementing acts control regime. Since these two regimes provide them with different control positions, they are likely to disagree on their use. This fundamental conflict is the key to understanding post-Lisbon institutional contestation of delegation.
Institutional Preferences on the Post-Lisbon Control Regimes
Authors: Brandsma Gijs Jan , Blom-Hansen Jens
Published: September 2017

This chapter seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the conflicts in the post-Lisbon politics of delegation in the EU. What is at stake? What are the preferences of the actors? How do they pursue them? The inter-institutional conflicts in the post-Lisbon period have so far occurred in four distinct arenas: (1) alignment of pre-Lisbon legislation to the delegated acts system; (2) legislative decision-making that includes delegation to the Commission; (3) cases before the European Court of Justice where aspects of delegation to the Commission have been challenged; and (4) new negotiations on the 2011 inter-institutional agreement on the delegated acts regime, the so-called Common Understanding. This chapter presents a case-based in-depth analysis of these arenas based on qualitative methods.
Models, Mechanisms, and How Explanations
Authors: Glennan Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that models are the central means by which scientists represent phenomena and the mechanisms responsible for them. Extending work by Giere and Weisberg, it offers a general account of models, which emphasizes that models are constructed for particular purposes and are related to their targets by similarity relations. Different goals will lead to different models, so that a given target has many models. It then identifies the features that distinguish mechanistic models from other models, and shows how these models are used in explanation. Abstraction and idealization are essential to the modeling process, and the chapter shows how these features allow scientists to provide general representations of heterogeneous mechanisms.
Types of Mechanisms
Authors: Glennan Stuart
Published: September 2017

Minimal mechanism is a permissive conception that allows a vast and heterogeneous class of things to count as mechanisms. This chapter offers a taxonomic scheme to bring some order to that variety. Mechanisms are classified on four dimensions—the types of entities and activities of which they are made, the types of phenomena they produce, the different ways in which their entities and activities may be organized, and the different ways that the mechanisms come to be. This system of classification recognizes that mechanism tokens may at once be instances of many mechanism types, and that mechanism types may encompass sets of mechanism tokens that are in many respects heterogeneous. The chapter concludes by situating three varieties of mechanisms—machines, computational mechanisms, and social mechanisms—within this framework.
Inbreeding reduces reproductive fitness
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

The harmful impacts of inbreeding are generally greater in species that naturally outbreed compared to those in inbreeding species, greater in stressful than benign environments, greater for fitness than peripheral traits, and greater for total fitness compared to its individual components. Inbreeding reduces survival and reproduction (i.e., it causes inbreeding depression), and thereby increases the risk of extinction. Inbreeding depression is due to increased homozygosity for harmful alleles and at loci exhibiting heterozygote advantage. Natural selection may remove (purge) the alleles that cause inbreeding depression, especially following inbreeding or population bottlenecks, but it has limited effects in small populations and usually does not completely eliminate inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is nearly universal in sexually reproducing organisms that are diploid or have higher ploidies.
Genetic rescue by augmenting gene flow
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

Inbreeding is reduced and genetic diversity enhanced when a small isolated inbred population is crossed to another unrelated population. Crossing can have beneficial or harmful effects on fitness, but beneficial effects predominate, and the risks of harmful ones (outbreeding depression) can be predicted and avoided. For crosses with a low risk of outbreeding depression, there are large and consistent benefits on fitness that persist across generations in outbreeding species. Benefits are greater in species that naturally outbreed than those that inbreed, and increase with the difference in inbreeding coefficient between crossed and inbred populations in mothers and zygotes. However, benefits are similar across invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. There are also important benefits for evolutionary potential of crossing between populations.
Modified rescue and risk expectations for species with diverse mating systems and modes of inheritance
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

The risks of inbreeding and outbreeding depression, and the prospects for genetic rescue are often different in species with alternative mating systems and mode of inheritance (compared to outbreeding diploids), such as self-incompatible, self-fertilizing, mixed mating, non-diploid (haploid, haplodiploid and polyploid) and asexual.
Is the taxonomy appropriate? Delineating species for conservation purposes
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

The first step in conservation management is to delineate groups for separate versus combined management. However, there are many problems with species delineation, including diverse species definitions, lack of standardized protocols, and poor repeatability of delineations. Definitions that are too broad will lead to outbreeding depression if populations are crossed, while those that split excessively may preclude genetic rescue of small inbred populations with low genetic diversity. To minimize these problems, we recommend the use of species concepts based upon reproductive isolation (such as the biological species concept) and advise against the use of phylogenetic and general lineage species concepts. We provide guidelines as to when taxonomy requires revision and outline protocols for robust species delineations.
Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments. I. Limited information
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

When the decision is made to augment gene flow into an isolated population, managers must decide how to augment gene flow, when to start, from where to take the individuals or gametes to be added, how many, which individuals, how often and when to cease. Even without detailed genetic data, sound genetic management strategies for augmenting gene flow can be instituted by considering population genetics theory, and/or computer simulations. When detailed data are lacking, moving (translocating) some individuals into isolated inbred population fragments is better than moving none, as long as the risk of outbreeding depression is low.
The Economic and Social Background to the Consumer Durables Revolution
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

By 1939 rising living standards provided access to an array of durable goods that many people regarded as necessities, but would have been beyond the dreams of their parents twenty-five years earlier. Rising real wages, falling fertility rates, and an expansion and liberalization of consumer credit, collectively made affordable goods that cost several weeks’, months’, or (in the case of housing) years’ income. This chapter examines these trends and then discusses their impacts on household demand for durable goods. For most durables, demand is shown to have risen substantially faster than incomes, producing a major rise in their share of total consumer expenditure. This was partly driven by technological improvements, though successful marketing (both of the goods and the consumer credit that made them affordable) also played a key role.
Britain’s Inter-War Radio Industry
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

Radio experienced even faster diffusion in Britain than in the United States. The stakes for control over the industry’s profits were thus particularly high. Marconi initially used its monopoly over fundamental payments to extract huge rents from the set makers. Then in the 1930s, when Marconi’s fundamental patents began to expire, the two major producers of radio valves (thermionic tubes) sought to use patents to gain control over the industry—offering packages of radio patents to manufacturers in return for tying the manufacturer to buying their valves. Yet this strategy proved unsuccessful, as independent firms such as Ekco, Pye, and Murphy were able to develop strong brands that counteracted the market power of the valve manufacturers, eventually giving them the upper hand in patent negotiations. This chapter explores the battle for control of the radio value chain.
Bringing Power to the People
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the marketing of white goods—labour-saving appliances powered by electricity or gas. While small devices such as the electric iron were typically sold through shops, power-hungry durables such as cookers, refrigerators, water heaters, and wash boilers, were sold mainly through specialist electrical contractor/retailers, some larger department stores, and, especially, the power utilities. Power supply concerns saw such appliances as key to building power sales and thus gaining productivity advantages from a larger and more even load. Crucially, they also regarded these appliances as a key competitive weapon in the battle with rival local utility providers (electricity/gas). We explore the nature of production systems and value chains in this sector, the range of appliances on offer and their advantages and costs, and the ways in which the marketing battle between gas and electricity suppliers boosted their diffusion.
The Hard Sell
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

The vacuum cleaner was an archetypal new economy product of the early twentieth century. It offered both major time savings and qualitative advantages over previous household cleaning methods—the brush, broom, and manual carpet sweeper—and was sold in a novel way (by household demonstration). The direct sales techniques pioneered by vacuum manufacturers in the United States were to have a profound impact on the way vacuums were sold in Britain, and globally. Yet by 1939 their household diffusion was relatively slow compared to refrigerators or washing machines. This chapter explores why the industry evolved a structure based on high prices, high cost distribution methods (door-to-door sales), and a strong emphasis on non-price competition, based on differentiation through features. It also shows how door-to-door selling eventually came to constitute both a key firm-level competitive advantage and a substantial industry-level constraint on product diffusion.
‘Pushing’ Vacuum Cleaners in Inter-War Britain
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

Marketing vacuum cleaners in the UK largely followed US methods. Vacuum cleaner firms introduced a new form of direct selling to Britain, which was of enduring importance. Its popularity among suppliers was based on its effectiveness—reflected in high British diffusion rates for vacuums, relative to other high-ticket labour-saving appliances. However, unlike the United States—where vacuum cleaner salesmen were widely accepted as part of the retail culture—Britain saw much greater public opposition to unwanted high-pressure selling. A less commonly discussed adverse feature of the system was its treatment of the salesmen, many of whom struggled to earn even a basic labourer’s income. Many salesmen reacted by engaging in sharp practice, both through desperation and, often, in a conscious attempt to turn the tables on their employers.
Descriptive statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

Descriptive statistics is the typical starting point for a statistics course, and it can be tricky to teach because the material is more difficult than it first appears. The activities in this chapter focus more on the topics of data displays and transformations, rather than the mean, median, and standard deviation, which are covered easily in a textbook and on homework assignments. Specific topics include: distributions and handedness scores; extrapolation of time series and world record times for the mile run; linear combinations and economic indexes; scatter plots and exam scores; and logarithmic transformations and metabolic rates.
Statistical literacy and the news media
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

An important theme in an introductory statistics course is the connection between statistics and the outside world. Described in this chapter are assignments that can be useful in getting students to learn how to gather and process information presented in the news and scientific reports. These assignments seem to work well only when students have direction about how to do this kind of research. Three versions of the assignment are provided. In all three, students read a news story and the original report on which the article was based, and they complete a worksheet with guidelines for summarizing the reported study. In some versions students are supplied the news story and report and in another each student finds a news article and tracks down the original report on her own. Included here are our guidelines, example instructional packets, and the process we use to organize each type of assignment.
Probability
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

This chapter contains many classroom activities and demonstrations to help students understand basic probability calculations, including conditional probability and Bayes rule. Many of the activities alert students to misconceptions about randomness. They create dramatic settings where the instructor discerns real coin flips from fake ones, students modify dice and coins in order to load them, students “accused” of lying based on the outcome of an inaccurate simulated lie detector face their classmates. Additionally, probability models of real outcomes offer good value: first we can do the probability calculations, and then can go back and discuss the potential flaws of the model.
Statistical inference
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins with a very successful demonstration that illustrates many of the general principles of statistical inference, including estimation, bias, and the concept of the sampling distribution. Students each take a “random” sample of different size candies, weigh them, and estimate the total weight of all candies. Then various demonstrations and examples are presented that take the students on the transition from probability to hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and more advanced concepts such as statistical power and multiple comparisons. These activities include use an inflatable globe, short-term memory test, first digits of street addresses, and simulated student IQs.
How to do it
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we give some tips on how to prepare your own activities and how to adapt an activity you have read or heard about to your particular class. Included are topics on how to multi-task to reduce the time an activity takes, reduce an activity to its essential parts, bring an activity into the large lecture class, and what to consider when choosing an activity. We also provide examples of mistakes we have made in carrying out activities. Ideas for managing group work in class and in longer projects are provided. These include templates for forming teams, work logs, poster guidelines, rubrics for evaluating projects, and forms to provide feedback. Finally, resources for finding and developing new activities are discussed.
Statistics diaries
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

Personal diaries typically contain many of the most important things in our lives. These are private reflections, and it can be hard to write down these things even to ourselves, let alone to share to others. In contrast, statistical topics are usually less private. Indeed, even when a topic is highly personal, a statistical framing can provide some comfortable emotional distance. This chapter provides examples of how to incorporate the use of statistics diaries into a course. It includes excerpts from students’ diaries, and shows how they can make each student come to life. We have experience using diaries for classes on statistical communication and graphics and on the design and analysis of sample surveys.
A course in statistical communication and graphics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes a course on statistical communication. Originally developed for training statistics graduate students as instructors, the course now is popular with students in other fields including undergraduates. It is a demanding course, with two homework assignments per week and active participation during class. This level of commitment signals the seriousness of the topic. The chapter contains a prototype class meeting, and lecture-by-lecture specifics for 26 lecture periods of 75 minutes each. The material includes lesson plans and links to course slides, activities, and reading and homework assignments. Topics include, statistical graphics, statistical story telling and reporting, teaching statistics, giving a presentation, technical writing, interactive graphics, and programming practices.
Student activities in survey sampling
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

This chapter outlines some of our more effective demonstrations for teaching sampling. Part I of this book contains many activities related to sampling that we also use in our more advanced courses on the subject (e.g., see chapter 6 for an activity on estimating family size, and chapter 9 for a candy weighing activity). This chapter describes additional student activities that we have developed for the advanced undergraduate survey sampling class. These include provocative questionnaires to demonstrate question bias and statistical literacy packets for dissecting news stories about surveys. In addition, this chapter contains sample handouts used for teaching particular topics, techniques for encouraging student participation, and materials to organize student projects on complex surveys.
Further Defences of Realism
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses several further defences of realism. It argues that reductive realists cannot defend their view by appealing to underspecified descriptive predicates, that reductive realists cannot defend their view by appealing to the reduction argument, that non-reductive realists cannot defend their view by appealing to the false guarantee and regress objections, and that reductive realists cannot defend their view by saying that the difference between normative and descriptive properties is a difference in the nature of these properties. The chapter ends by showing that the conclusions of the previous two chapters together entail that normative properties do not exist.
Vulnerability, youth, and homelessness: Ethical considerations on the roles of technology in the lives of adolescents and young adults
Authors: Karnik Niranjan S.
Published: September 2017

Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram … It is easy to see that society is in a tide or successive waves of social media. All of this is linked to mobile technology and the expanding role that it plays in people’s lives. This chapter takes a close look at the role of technology in the lives of young people and more specifically in the lives of vulnerable youth. The first section of this chapter examines the ways that social media and mobile technology impact adolescents and young adults, and considers some of the emerging ethical considerations for mental health clinicians and researchers. Next, it examines subsets of youth who are marginalized, including young people with mental illness or autism, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Finally, it considers the ethical and neuroethical issues that surround homeless youth and their use of technology.
Integrating ethics into neurotechnology research and development: The US National Institutes of Health BRAIN Initiative®
Authors: Ramos Khara M. , Koroshetz Walter J.
Published: September 2017

The US-based Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative® is focused on developing new tools and neurotechnologies to revolutionize the understanding of how the brain functions in health and disease. Powerful technological advances will enable unprecedented studies of the nervous system that pose new ethical questions. In response, and building on existing neuroethics scholarship and analysis, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has created a Neuroethics Division as part of its BRAIN Multi-Council Working Group. The division members are delivering guidance documents for pertinent topics, recommendations for high-priority neuroethics research questions, providing neuroethics expertise to BRAIN Initiative® investigators, and holding workshops on some of the most pressing issues. This chapter discusses this major initiative and its implications for the future of neuroethics and new opportunities for action and collaboration.
Ethical challenges of modern psychiatric neurosurgery
Authors: Müller Sabine
Published: September 2017

Psychiatric neurosurgery is defined as neurosurgery for treating psychiatric disorders that do not have identified structural brain anomalies. Early psychiatric neurosurgery procedures such as lobotomy became discredited in the 1970s because of severe complications. After a nearly 30-year hiatus until the late 1990s, psychiatric neurosurgery experienced a revival. Today, modern psychiatric neurosurgery is more precise and safer than its historical predecessors. Deep brain stimulation has become an established treatment for treatment-refractory Parkinson’s disease, and has been tested in several hundreds of patients with different psychiatric disorders. Reports about its successful application have also stimulated the development and application of ablative psychiatric neurosurgery such as thermal or radiofrequency ablation, as well as Gamma Knife® radiosurgery and magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound. This chapter analyzes the pros and cons of a range of different existing and emerging psychiatric neurosurgical procedures and evaluates them ethically.
Anticipating a therapeutically elusive neurodegenerative condition: Ethical considerations for the preclinical detection of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Chneiweiss Hervé
Published: September 2017

Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer’s disease has held a special position during the last 40 years. It represents a huge burden of disease with more than 40 million people affected worldwide. The economic effect it has on society is enormous, and the specific challenges of dementia are tremendous. Now that science has demonstrated that the disease starts two or three decades before any symptoms occur, possibilities exist for diagnosis or testing increasingly early through the capabilities of predictive medicine. The related ethical debate is on the multiple meanings and the impact of preclinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease before the onset of symptoms. To guide this discussion, this chapter draws upon lessons from other fields of medicine and the identification of high-risk individuals bearing pathogenic genetic mutations that predispose them to the disease. It concludes with thoughts on value and choice in the complex, fine balance between anticipating, knowing, and doing.
Minors and incompetent adults: A tale of two populations
Authors: Rahimzadeh Vasiliki , Sénécal Karine , Kleiderman Erika , Knoppers Bartha M.
Published: September 2017

The participation of vulnerable populations in biomedical research—such as minors and incompetent adults—has in the past, and will continue to be a central consideration in bioethics considering they warrant special protections against potential rights violations and exposure to undue risk. These populations, however, should not be excluded from the opportunity to benefit from scientific progress through their research participation. The promises of personalized medicine for improved diagnosis and treatment of pediatric diseases further underscores this pressing need for their inclusion. This chapter provides both a retrospective and prospective analysis of research participation, with a special focus on the involvement of minors and incompetent adults in the data-intensive research typical of personalized medicine and genomic translation. The authors propose reverse vulnerability as one conceptual lens through which to examine the ethical intersectionalities associated with data-intensive research participation within both populations. The chapter includes a discussion of how situational vulnerabilities unfold for minors and incompetent adults while participating in data-intensive research, as well as how these vulnerabilities are implicated in future ethics governance in the post genomic era.
Communicating about the brain in the digital era
Authors: Robillard Julie M. , Wight Emily
Published: September 2017

Neuroscience communication is at a turning point, with tremendous opportunity for growth and democratization. The rise of the web and social media as platforms for dissemination of research findings and stakeholder engagement presents both unique opportunities and critical ethical considerations. Online- and mobile-based information and services for brain health may enhance the autonomy of users in health decision-making. However, nonadherence to ethical norms, such as informed consent and conflict of interest by digital content creators, may lead to harm. The challenges of communicating neuroscience in the digital era will require the rejection of the traditional top-down dissemination of research findings by the science community. Communicators must embrace participatory communication models, frame science in non-sensationalized, lay-friendly terms, improve the ethics of online resources and web users’ ability to assess the quality of information and source material, and educate scientists in the importance of transparency and public engagement.
Neuroethics and global mental health: Establishing a dialogue
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Giordano James
Published: September 2017

At first glance, neuroethics and global mental health would seem to have relatively little in common; the former is often focused on the use or misuse of novel and specialized neurotechnologies in specialized or high-income settings, while the latter is often focused on the scaling up of existing treatments in primary care settings in low- and middle-income countries. On closer examination, however, they have significant overlapping concerns and approaches that may be mutually empowering. They both (1) take a naturalist and empirical approach to their questions of interest, (2) are concerned with both disease and with well-being, (3) embrace human rights and patient empowerment, and (4) hold a deep appreciation for human diversity. This chapter considers each of these areas and argues for the importance of conversation and collaboration between neuroethics and global mental health toward a truly international neuroethics.
Poverty and Penia
Authors: Taylor Claire
Published: September 2017

This chapter lays out the theoretical approach for the book and discusses the methodological problems of writing about poverty and the poor in the ancient world. Whilst studying the lives of the poor in the ancient world is to some extent elusive, it argues that historians can do more than simply imagine this group of people back into the gaps left by other evidence. As well as reviewing previous scholarship on poverty in the ancient world, it suggests a way forward which is more in line with contemporary poverty research within the social sciences.
How Wilde Read John Addington Symonds’s Studies of the Greek Poets
Authors: Nisbet Gideon
Published: September 2017

As a student at Oxford, the young Oscar Wilde was often seen with his copies of an acclaimed (and locally infamous) new popular survey of Greek literature, John Addington Symonds’s Studies of the Greek Poets (in two series, 1873/6). Those copies survive, and are extensively annotated. Although they must be read with caution, these annotations show Wilde to have been a widely read and increasingly confident young classicist, and hint at his nascent ambition as a translator. Together with relevant manuscript material, the annotations take on more than merely academic significance: they show how the young Wilde, at Symonds’s prompting, was turning ancient Greek cultural insights into present-day possibilities. His intense formative engagement with Studies was to prove fundamental to the mature Wilde’s self-fashioning as a novelist, playwright, and cultural phenomenon.
‘Very fine & Semitic’
Authors: Ross Iain
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Oscar Wilde’s annotations to his undergraduate copy of Herodotus in the light of contemporary debates about the trustworthiness of Herodotus as a historian. It relates Wilde’s annotations to the mid-nineteenth-century archaeological discoveries of the Near East and to the commentaries of William Mure, Karl Ottfried Müller, George Grote, George Rawlinson, John P. Mahaffy, and William Blakesley. It demonstrates that, in reading Herodotus, Wilde sought evidence that Hellenism was a dynamic cultural phenomenon in which both Greeks and non-Greeks could participate. It relates Wilde’s annotations to his account of Herodotus in his graduate essay ‘Historical Criticism’ and to his use of Herodotus in his critical dialogue ‘The Decay of Lying’ as an originary instance of the primacy of imagination over fact. Finally it considers what Wilde’s proposed translation of tales from Herodotus for the publishers Macmillan might have been like.
Death by Unrequited Eros
Authors: Boyiopoulos Kostas
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates Wilde’s response to classical tragedy by looking at Salome and comparing it with Euripides’ Hippolytus. It examines how Wilde inverts tragedy by hijacking Aristotelian conventions with the theme of suicide owing to unrequited love. It pays attention to Narraboth, the young Syrian captain, who dramatically kills himself in situ as a result of his frustrated desire and suffering. Narraboth pays the ultimate price for the slightest of reasons, infatuation or love that is not even returned. Wilde undermines tragedy from within by favouring character psychology over plot, and elevating frivolity, whim, and trifling jest to what Aristotle calls spoudaion (‘worthy’). Narraboth in his suffering and Salome in her lust share striking similarities with Phaedra, who also commits suicide as a victim of eros in the Hippolytus of Euripides, Wilde’s favourite tragedian. The chapter argues that Salome carries a Euripidean legacy, and also that Hippolytus anticipates Wilde’s decadence.
Imagining Utopia
Authors: Grech Leanne
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents a cultural-historical analysis of Oscar Wilde’s aesthetic criticism, focusing on the use of imperial rhetoric in ‘The Critic as Artist’ and The Soul of Man. It explores the political implications of the Oxford classical curriculum (Greats) through an account of Benjamin Jowett’s involvement in designing the Indian Civil Service entrance examination. It is argued that Wilde’s critique of the British Empire and the intellectual culture of nineteenth-century England doubles as a critique of the imperialist objectives that defined the Greats curriculum. This analysis pinpoints the anti-imperialist strains which surface in Wilde’s critical writing by exploring how the term ‘civilized’ is deployed in his work. It also addresses how Wilde positions aesthetic consumption as an alternative model of education which enables individuals to engage with Plato’s philosophy in the home.