bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of retrievable inferior vena cava filters in orthopaedic patients
Authors: Strauss E. J. , Egol K. A. , Alaia M. , Hansen D. , Bashar M. , Steiger D.
Published: April 2008

This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of retrievable inferior vena cava filters in high-risk orthopaedic patients. A total of 58 patients had a retrievable inferior vena cava filter placed as an adjunct to chemical and mechanical prophylaxis, most commonly for a history of previous deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, polytrauma, or expected prolonged immobilisation. In total 56 patients (96.6%) had an uncomplicated post-operative course. Two patients (3.4%) died in the peri-operative period for unrelated reasons.

Of the 56 surviving patients, 50 (89%) were available for follow-up. A total of 32 filters (64%) were removed without complication at a mean of 37.8 days (4 to 238) after placement. There were four filters (8%) which were retained because of thrombosis at the filter site, and four (8%) were retained because of incorporation of the filter into the wall of the inferior vena cava. In ten cases (20%) the retrievable filter was left in place to continue as primary prophylaxis. No patient had post-removal thromboembolic complications.

A retrievable inferior vena cava filter, as an adjunct to chemical and mechanical prophylaxis, was a safe and effective means of reducing the acute risk of pulmonary embolism in this high-risk group of patients. Although most filters were removed without complications, thereby avoiding the long-term complications that have plagued permanent indwelling filters, a relatively high percentage of filters had to be left in situ.
Orthopaedic bone cement
Authors: Bridgens J. , Davies S. , Tilley L. , Norman P. , Stockley I.
Published: April 2008

Bone cements produced by different manufacturers vary in their mechanical properties and antibiotic elution characteristics. Small changes in the formulation of a bone cement, which may not be apparent to surgeons, can also affect these properties. The supplier of Palacos bone cement with added gentamicin changed in 2005. We carried out a study to examine the mechanical characteristics and antibiotic elution of Schering-Plough Palacos, Heraeus Palacos and Depuy CMW Smartset bone cements.

Both Heraeus Palacos and Smartset bone cements performed significantly better than Schering-Plough Palacos in terms of mechanical characteristics, with and without additional vancomycin (p < 0.001). All cements show a deterioration in flexural strength with increasing addition of vancomycin, albeit staying above ISO minimum levels. Both Heraeus Palacos and Smartset elute significantly more gentamicin cumulatively than Schering-Plough Palacos. Smartset elutes significantly more vancomycin cumulatively than Heraeus Palacos.

The improved antibiotic elution characteristics of Smartset and Heraeus Palacos are not associated with a deterioration in mechanical properties. Although marketed as the ‘original’ Palacos, Heraeus Palacos has significantly altered mechanical and antibiotic elution characteristics compared with the most commonly-used previous version.
Operative treatment of hip impingement caused by hypertrophy of the anterior inferior iliac spine
Authors: Pan HL. , Kawanabe K. , Akiyama H. , Goto K. , Onishi E. , Nakamura T.
Published: April 2008

A 30-year-old man presented with pain and limitation of movement of the right hip. The symptoms had failed to respond to conservative treatment. Radiographs and CT scans revealed evidence of impingement between the femoral head-neck junction and an abnormally large anterior inferior iliac spine. Resection of the hypertrophic anterior inferior iliac spine was performed which produced full painless restoration of function of the hip.

Hypertrophy of the anterior inferior iliac spine as a cause of femoro-acetabular impingement has not previously been described.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation in a novel alginate-agarose hydrogel
Authors: Selmi T. A. S. , Verdonk P. , Chambat P. , Dubrana F. , Potel J.-F. , Barnouin L. , Neyret P.
Published: April 2008

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is an established method of treatment for symptomatic articular defects of cartilage. CARTIPATCH is a monolayer-expanded cartilage cell product which is combined with a novel hydrogel to improve cell phenotypic stability and ease of surgical handling. Our aim in this prospective, multicentre study on 17 patients was to investigate the clinical, radiological, arthroscopic and histological outcome at a minimum follow-up of two years after the implantation of autologous chondrocytes embedded in a three-dimensional alginate-agarose hydrogel for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral defects.

Clinically, all the patients improved significantly. Patients with lesions larger than 3 cm2 improved significantly more than those with smaller lesions. There was no correlation between the clinical outcome and the body mass index, age, duration of symptoms and location of the defects. The mean arthroscopic International Cartilage Repair Society score was 10 (5 to 12) of a maximum of 12. Predominantly hyaline cartilage was seen in eight of the 13 patients (62%) who had follow-up biopsies.

Our findings suggest that autologous chondrocyte implantation in combination with a novel hydrogel results in a significant clinical improvement at follow-up at two years, more so for larger and deeper lesions. The surgical procedure is uncomplicated, and predominantly hyaline cartilage-like repair tissue was observed in eight patients.
Dedifferentiated chordoma
Authors: Hanna S. A. , Tirabosco R. , Amin A. , Pollock R. C. , Skinner J. A. , Cannon S. R. , Saifuddin A. , Briggs T. W. R.
Published: April 2008

Dedifferentiated chordoma is a rare and aggressive variant of the conventional tumour in which an area undergoes transformation to a high-grade lesion, typically fibrous histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma, and rarely, osteosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. The dedifferentiated component dictates overall survival, with smaller areas of dedifferentiation carrying a more favourable prognosis. Although it is more commonly diagnosed in recurrences and following radiotherapy, there have been a few reports of spontaneous development. We describe four such cases, which were diagnosed de novo following primary excision, and discuss the associated clinical and radiological features.
Frequency of Medication Errors with Intravenous Acetylcysteine for Acetaminophen Overdose
Authors: Hayes Bryan D , Klein-Schwartz Wendy , Doyon Suzanne
Published: April 2008

Background:

Acetadote, an intravenous preparation of acetylcysteine, became commercially available in the US in June 2004 for the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. The dosing regimen is complex, consisting of a loading dose followed by 2 maintenance doses, each with different infusion rates.

Objective:

To analyze the frequency of medication errors related to the complex dosing regimen for intravenous acetylcysteine.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of a regional poison center's records was performed for all patients treated with intravenous acetylcysteine from August 1, 2006, to August 31, 2007. Data collected included acetylcysteine dose, infusion rate, interruptions in therapy, unnecessary administration, and medical outcome. Records that revealed medication errors were further examined for the time and location of the errors.

Results:

There were 221 acetaminophen overdose cases treated with intravenous acetylcysteine that met inclusion criteria. Of these, 84 medication errors occurred in 74 (33%) patients. The frequency and types of errors were 1.4% incorrect dose, 5% incorrect infusion rate, 18.6% more than 1 hour of interruption in therapy, and 13.1% unnecessary administration. The frequency and types of medication errors in pediatric patients were similar to those in the total patient population. Errors occurred most frequently in the emergency department compared with Intensive care units or general medical floors. In addition, errors occurred most frequently on third shift, compared with first or second shift. Evaluation of medical outcomes in cases involving acetaminophen only found that medication errors did not have an impact on coded outcomes.

Conclusions:

Medication administration errors occur frequently with intravenous acetylcysteine. Awareness of this problem, coupled with increased vigilance in identifying factors associated with errors, should decrease medication errors with intravenous acetylcysteine therapy for acetaminophen poisoning.
Heart Failure Worsening and Exacerbation After Venlafaxine and Duloxetine Therapy
Authors: Colucci Vincent J , Berry Bradley D
Published: April 2008

Objective:

To report 2 cases of worsened heart failure (HF) after the introduction of venlafaxine or duloxetine therapy in patients with previously stable disease.

Case Summaries:

Two patients, a 39-year-old female and a 68-year-old male, both diagnosed with HF of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, had worsening symptoms in the presence of the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) venlafaxine 75 mg twice daily and/or duloxetine 30–60 mg/day. Both patients developed tachycardia, which remitted after the discontinuation of these agents. The woman was rechallenged with duloxetine 60 mg daily after her HF worsened with venlafaxine, only to have the tachycardia and HF symptoms return. Other iatrogenic causes and metabolic disturbances (eg, anemia) were ruled out.

Discussion:

increased levels of norepinephrine secondary to reuptake inhibition may be potentially deleterious in patients with chronic HF of left ventricular dysfunction owing to the “progressive HF model” and neurohormonal compensatory responses. Use of the Naranjo probability scale showed a probable relationship between venlafaxine/duloxetine use and these adverse outcomes. Venlafaxine and duloxetine were discontinued.

Conclusions:

Use of drugs that increase serum norepinephrine levels, such as the SNRIs, may be potentially deleterious in individuals with unstable or advanced HF. These medications should be avoided or used with caution and monitored regularty in this patient population.
Relationship of In-Hospital Medication Modifications of Elderly Patients to Postdischarge Medications, Adherence, and Mortality
Authors: Mansur Nariman , Weiss Avraham , Beloosesky Yichayaou
Published: April 2008

Background:

Medication regimens are constantly modified and updated during a patient's hospitalization. These modifications and those made after discharge might increase the risk for nonadherence, polypharmacy, and poor outcomes among elderly patients.

Objectives:

To investigate the extent of in-hospital modification of medication regimens of elderly patients and its relationship to medication adherence as well as one-month postdischarge drug regimen modifications and to examine the relationship of the modifications, adherence, and polypharmacy to mortality and readmissions 3 months postdischarge.

Methods:

Clinical and demographic data, postdischarge medication modifications, and adherence were prospectively obtained in 212 elderly patients. Inhospital drug regimen modifications were retrospectively recorded.

Results:

The average ± SD in-hospital medication regimen modification rate was 49.8% ± 28.4. No modifications were found in 9.7% of the patients. Using demographic and clinical parameters, we performed regression analysis and found that patients who were admitted with polypharmacy, discharged home, and cognitively normal experienced fewer medication modifications (p conclusions: Hospitalization of elderly patients is characterized by extensive medication regimen modifications, which are directly correlated with postdischarge modifications and may indicate an increased risk of mortality.
Why We Like to Drink: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Rewarding and Anxiolytic Effects of Alcohol
Authors: Gilman Jodi M. , Ramchandani Vijay A. , Davis Megan B. , Bjork James M. , Hommer Daniel W.
Published: April 2008

People typically drink alcohol to induce euphoria or reduce anxiety, and they frequently drink in social settings, yet the effect of alcohol on human brain circuits involved in reward and emotion has been explored only sparingly. We administered alcohol intravenously to social drinkers while brain response to visual threatening and nonthreatening facial stimuli was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Alcohol robustly activated striatal reward circuits while attenuating response to fearful stimuli in visual and limbic regions. Self-ratings of intoxication correlated with striatal activation, suggesting that activation in this area may contribute to subjective experience of pleasure and reward during intoxication. These results show that the acute pharmacological rewarding and anxiolytic effects of alcohol can be measured with fMRI.
Disrupted Dopamine Transmission and the Emergence of Exaggerated Beta Oscillations in Subthalamic Nucleus and Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Mallet Nicolas , Pogosyan Alek , Sharott Andrew , Csicsvari Jozsef , Bolam J. Paul , Brown Peter , Magill Peter J.
Published: April 2008

In the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, a pronounced synchronization of oscillatory activity at beta frequencies (15–30 Hz) accompanies movement difficulties. Abnormal beta oscillations and motor symptoms are concomitantly and acutely suppressed by dopaminergic therapies, suggesting that these inappropriate rhythms might also emerge acutely from disrupted dopamine transmission. The neural basis of these abnormal beta oscillations is unclear, and how they might compromise information processing, or how they arise, is unknown. Using a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rodent model of PD, we demonstrate that beta oscillations are inappropriately exaggerated, compared with controls, in a brain-state-dependent manner after chronic dopamine loss. Exaggerated beta oscillations are expressed at the levels of single neurons and small neuronal ensembles, and are focally present and spatially distributed within STN. They are also expressed in synchronous population activities, as evinced by oscillatory local field potentials, in STN and cortex. Excessively synchronized beta oscillations reduce the information coding capacity of STN neuronal ensembles, which may contribute to parkinsonian motor impairment. Acute disruption of dopamine transmission in control animals with antagonists of D1/D2receptors did not exaggerate STN or cortical beta oscillations. Moreover, beta oscillations were not exaggerated until several days after 6-hydroxydopamine injections. Thus, contrary to predictions, abnormally amplified beta oscillations in cortico-STN circuits do not result simply from an acute absence of dopamine receptor stimulation, but are instead delayed sequelae of chronic dopamine depletion. Targeting the plastic processes underlying the delayed emergence of pathological beta oscillations after continuing dopaminergic dysfunction may offer considerable therapeutic promise.
Working Memory and the Organization of Brain Systems
Authors: Shrager Yael , Levy Daniel A. , Hopkins Ramona O. , Squire Larry R.
Published: April 2008

Working memory has historically been viewed as an active maintenance process that is independent of long-term memory and independent of the medial temporal lobe. However, impaired performance across brief time intervals has sometimes been described in amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe damage. These findings raise a fundamental question about how to know when performance depends on working memory and when the capacity for working memory has been exceeded and performance depends on long-term memory. We describe a method for identifying working memory independently of patient performance. We compared patients with medial temporal lobe damage to controls who were given either distraction or no distraction between study and test. In four experiments, we found concordance between the performance of patients and the effect of distraction on controls. The patients were impaired on tasks in which distraction had minimal effect on control performance, and the patients were intact on tasks in which distraction disrupted control performance. We suggest that the patients were impaired when the task minimally depended on working memory (and instead depended substantially on long-term memory), and they performed well when the task depended substantially on working memory. These findings support the conclusion that working memory (active maintenance) is intact after medial temporal lobe damage.
Frequency Facilitation at Mossy Fiber–CA3 Synapses of Freely Behaving Rats Is Regulated by Adenosine A1 Receptors
Authors: Klausnitzer Jens , Manahan-Vaughan Denise
Published: April 2008

Frequency facilitation, elicited by low-frequency stimulation (LFS) is a specific property of mossy fiber–CA3 synapses. Although it has been widely describedin vitro, no evidence as yet exists as to whether this phenomenon occursin vivo. Here, we show that, in freely behaving rats, frequency facilitation at mossy fiber–CA3 synapses consistently occurs in response to LFS (1 Hz). Extracellular adenosine regulates presynaptic neurotransmitter release via action on adenosine A1 receptors and contributes to frequency facilitationin vitro. We investigated whether adenosine A1 receptors mediate frequency facilitation in freely behaving animals. The adenosine A1 receptor antagonists, DPCPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine) and phenylxanthine, markedly enhanced mossy fiber synaptic transmission and significantly occluded frequency facilitation. Evoked responses were suppressed by application of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV), in line with the known sensitivity of mossy fiber–CA3 synapses to this agent. By comparison, neither frequency facilitation, effects of the adenosine A1 antagonists, nor effects of DCG-IV were evident at either perforant path–dentate gyrus synapses or commissural/associational CA3 synapsesin vivo. These data support that frequency facilitation is an intrinsic property of information storage processes at mossy fiber–CA3 synapses in the intact animal and that frequency facilitationin vivomay be mediated by regulation of the adenosine A1 receptor.
Firing Rate Dynamics in the Hippocampus Induced by Trajectory Learning
Authors: Ji Daoyun , Wilson Matthew A.
Published: April 2008

The hippocampus is essential for spatial navigation, which may involve sequential learning. However, how the hippocampus encodes new sequences in familiar environments is unknown. To study the impact of novel spatial sequences on the activity of hippocampal neurons, we monitored hippocampal ensembles while rats learned to switch from two familiar trajectories to a new one in a familiar environment. Here, we show that this novel spatial experience induces two types of changes in firing rates, but not locations of hippocampal place cells. First, place-cell firing rates on the two familiar trajectories start to change before the actual behavioral switch to the new trajectory. Second, repeated exposure on the new trajectory is associated with an increased dependence of place-cell firing rates on immediate past locations. The result suggests that sequence encoding in the hippocampus may involve integration of information about the recent past into current state.
Modeling of grain refinement: Part I. Effect of the solute titanium for aluminum
Authors: Yao X. , McDonald S.D. , Dahle A.K. , Davidson C.J. , StJohn D.H.
Published: April 2008

Over the past few decades, the grain refinement of Al alloys has been extensively investigated theoretically and experimentally. However, the relative importance of the parameters that contribute to grain refinement still remains unclear and is likely to be dependent on specific solidification conditions. This paper aims to investigate the mechanisms by which Ti, a common grain-refining addition in commercial-purity aluminum (CP), contributes to grain refinement using a cellular automaton—finite control volume method (CAFVM). CAFVM is used to model the grain formation and microstructure morphology under different conditions, e.g., with and without refiners, for Al alloys. In this Part I, the effect of adding solute of Ti on grain formation through its effect on growth restriction, constitutional undercooling, and the formation of extra-potential particles are taken into account in the calculations. It is shown that the calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
A comparison of microtensile and microcompression methods for studying plastic properties of nanocrystalline electrodeposited nickel at different length scales
Authors: Philippe L. , Schwaller P. , Bürki G. , Michler J.
Published: April 2008

A comparison of microcompression and microtensile methods to study mechanical properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline (nc) nickel has been performed. Microtensile tests that probe a volume of more than 2 × 106 μm3 show reasonable agreement with results from microcompression tests that probe much smaller volumes down to a few μm3. Differences between the two uniaxial techniques are discussed in terms of measurements errors, probed volume and surface effects, strain rate, and influence of stress state. Uniaxial solicitation in compression mode revealed several advantages for studying stress–strain properties.
Temperature dependence of photoluminescence properties of In-doped cadmium zinc telluride
Authors: Wang Tao , Jie Wanqi , Zeng Dongmei , Yang Ge , Xu Yadong , Liu Weihua , Zhang Jijun
Published: April 2008

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured to characterize the In-doped cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe, or CZT) crystals along the growth direction in the range of 10 to 60 K. High-resistivity CZT samples with 1.2 ppm In dopant at the tip and low-resistivity samples with 60 ppm In dopant at the heel have been assessed. The PL intensity quenching of D0X were fitted with two activation energies for high-resistivity CZT sample and only one activation energy for low-resistivity sample, respectively, suggesting different recombination mechanisms. The C-line was observed in the PL spectra of low-resistivity CZT sample and considered to the results of the isoelectronic complexes, InCd–VCd–InCd, while in high-resistivity CZT sample, shallow donor accepted pair (DAP) transition was identified, and thought to be related to InCd–VCd. The A-center in PL spectra was observed in low-resistivity CZT sample, which is indicative of more cadmium vacancies. It turns out that indium in low-resistivity CZT sample has not been doped as efficiently as in high-resistivity CZT sample because of the self-compensation.
Tribochemistry in sliding wear of TiCN–Ni-based cermets
Authors: Kumar B.V. Manoj , Basu Bikramjit , Vizintin Joze , Kalin Mitjan
Published: April 2008

The tailoring of cermet composition to improve tribological properties requires careful choice of the type of secondary carbide. To investigate this aspect, a number of sliding tests were carried out on baseline TiCN–20Ni cermet and TiCN–20wt%Ni–10 wt% XC cermets (X = W/Nb/Ta/Hf) at varying loads of 5N, 20N, and 50N against bearing steel. With these experiments, we attempted to answer some of the pertinent issues: (i) how does the type of secondary carbide (WC/NbC/TaC/HfC) influence friction and wear behavior, and is such influence dependent on load?; and (ii) how does the secondary carbide addition affect the stability and composition of the tribochemical layer under the selected sliding conditions? Our experimental results reveal that the added secondary carbides influence chemical interactions between different oxides and such interactions dominate the friction and wear behavior. A higher coefficient of friction (COF) range, varying from 0.75 to 0.64 was recorded at 5N; whereas the reduced COF of 0.46–0.52 was observed at 20N or 50N. The volumetric wear rate decreased with load and varied on the order of 10−6 to 10−7 mm3/Nm for the cermets investigated. The cermet containing HfC exhibited high friction and poor wear resistance. At low load (5N), the abrasion and adhesion of hard debris containing various oxides dominated the wear, and resulted in high friction and wear loss. In contrast, the more pronounced increase in friction-induced contact temperature (below 500 °C) and compaction of hard debris resulted in the formation of a distinct tribochemical layer at higher loads (20N and 50N). The formation of a dense tribolayer containing oxides of iron and/or titanium is responsible for the reduced friction and wear, irrespective of secondary carbides.
Sol-gel prepared InTaO4 and its photocatalytic characteristics
Authors: Chen Hsiang-Chen , Chou Hung-Chi , Wu Jeffrey C.S. , Lin Hsin-Yu
Published: April 2008

InTaO4 is an efficient visible-light photocatalyst, which used to be synthesized by solid-state fusion at over 1100 °C. However, irregular morphology and severe agglomeration of particles were acquired due to nonuniform fusion of solid precursors. In this study, InTaO4 was synthesized by two sol-gel routes, the thermal hydrolysis and esterification methods. The precursors were indium (III) nitrate pentahydrate [In(NO3)3] and tantalum(V) butoxide [Ta(OC4H9)5] dissolved in solutions. The InTaO4 powders with a uniform grain size of 17.7 nm were successfully synthesized using the esterification method at a calcination temperature of 950 °C. A uniform InTaO4 thin film nearly 40 nm thick formed on an optical fiber at 1100 °C using the sol prepared by the esterification method. For the first time, InTaO4 was evaluated by the photocatalytic activity of CO2 photo reduction, which was conducted in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. Cocatalyst NiO was loaded on the surface of InTaO4 to further enhance the methanol yield. The methanol yields of NiO/InTaO4 by esterification method were significantly higher than those by solid-state fusion. The esterification method provided homogeneous mixing of Ta(OC4H9)5 and In(NO3)3, resulting in nano-sized InTaO4 with uniform crystallinity and superior photocatalytic activity.
Fe-metalloids bulk glassy alloys with high Fe content and high glass-forming ability
Authors: Makino Akihiro , Kubota Takeshi , Chang Chuntao , Makabe Masahiro , Inoue Akihisa
Published: April 2008

The coexistence of high Fe content and high glass-forming ability (GFA) has been earnestly desired from academia to industry. We report a novel Fe76Si9B10P5 bulk metallic glass with an unusual combination of high magnetization of 1.51 T due to high Fe content as well as high GFA leading to a glassy rod with a diameter of 2.5 mm despite not containing any glass-forming metal elements. This alloy composed of familiar and low-priced elements, also exhibiting very excellent magnetic softness, has a great advantage for engineering and industry, and thus should make a contribution to energy saving and conservation of earth’s resources and environment.
Optical properties of organic-dye-doped spherical particles of polyorganosiloxane derived from methyltrimethoxysilane using a reaction field of W/O emulsion
Authors: Matsumoto Taichi , Miki Masahiro , Kojima Kazuo , Wada Noriyuki
Published: April 2008

Polyorganosiloxane spherical particles were synthesized by a sol-gel method from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) using a reaction field of W/O emulsion consisting of sorbitantrioleate (SPAN85), n-octane, and aqueous solutions of basic, acid, and oil-soluble organic dyes. The investigation focused on the types of dyes suitable for incorporation into the spherical particles by using this method. The morphology of the particles was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fluorescence and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) reflectance spectra of dye-doped spherical particles were measured. Basic dyes [Rhodamine B (RB), Rhodamine 6G (R6G), Crystal Violet (CV), Malachite Green (MG), and Thioflavin T (TT)] were doped into the spherical particles. Spherical particles obtained from aqueous solutions of RB, R6G, and CV were colored deeply. However, the MG- and TT-doped particles were scarcely colored. The reason for this color difference was discussed based on the comparison of UV-vis reflectance spectra of dye-doped spherical particles with absorption spectra of starting solutions of the dyes. It is found that the dye that tends to form dimers in aqueous solution was doped more easily than the dyes that tend to form monomers only. On the other hand, spherical particles obtained from acid dyes [Fluorescein Sodium Salt (FSS), Orange G (OG), Naphthol Green B (NGB), and Erythrosin B (EB)] and oil-soluble dye [Fluorescein (FLU)] were all white, confirming that these dyes were not doped in the particles. The reason was discussed in terms of the nature of the dyes and the formation mechanism of the spherical particles.
Fabrication of Cu–Zr–Ag–Al glassy alloy samples with a diameter of 20 mm by water quenching
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Qingsheng , Inoue Akihisa
Published: April 2008

The melting behavior, thermal stability, and glass-forming ability (GFA) of Cu84−xZrxAg8Al8 (x = 42 to 50) glassy alloys were investigated. The alloy with x = 46 exhibits the highest reduced glass transition temperature (Trg). However, the best GFA was obtained for alloy with x = 48 corresponding to the largest supercooled liquid region (ΔTx) and a deep eutectic composition. At the best GFA composition, full glassy samples with diameters of over 20 mm could be fabricated by injection copper mold casting and water quenching without flux. The underlying mechanism of the unusual GFA of the alloy is discussed.
Crescimento e desenvolvimento do amaranto (amaranthus spp.) sob estresse salino e cobertura morta
Authors: Costa Djeson Mateus Alves da , Melo Henio Normando de Souza , Ferreira Sebastião Ribeiro , Holanda José Simplício de
Published: April 2008

Investigar cultivares tolerantes à salinidade da água de irrigação e do solo é uma necessidade nas áreas agrícolas abastecidas por água de qualidade insatisfatória. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da salinidade da água de irrigação e da cobertura morta do solo no desenvolvimento vegetativo do amaranto (Amaranthus spp.) cultivado em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi realizado entre março e maio de 2006, utilizando-se colunas de PVC com 30 kg de um solo de textura franco-siltosa. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e oito tratamentos, sendo testado o uso ou não de cobertura morta e quatro níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação (0,147; 1,5; 3,0; e 4,5 dS m-1, a 25 °C). A cobertura morta antecipou o início da floração e aumentou a área foliar, a altura de planta, o diâmetro de caule e a produção de biomassa. O aumento na concentração salina não ocasionou redução nos teores de Ca e Mg, no tecido foliar. O aumento na concentração de sais na água de irrigação retardou a floração do amaranto, porém a espécie apresentou tolerância até o limite de 4,5 dS m-1, pois a produção de biomassa seca não foi afetada por esse aumento de salinidade.
Eficiência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares isolados de solos de áreas de mineração de bauxita no crescimento inicial de espécies nativas
Authors: Santos José Geraldo Donizetti , Siqueira José Osvaldo , Moreira Fátima Maria de Souza
Published: April 2008

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), estabelecendo simbioses eficientes com plantas, desempenham papel importante na sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas e podem ser manejados para a revegetação bem sucedida de áreas degradadas. A eficiência da simbiose está relacionada não só aos genótipos dos simbiontes, i.e, FMA e espécie vegetal, como também às condições ambientais que influenciam a expressão da relação simbiótica. Assim, o primeiro passo visando ao manejo de simbioses eficientes é estudar a variabilidade de FMAs quanto à eficiência com diferentes espécies vegetais. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se a colonização micorrízica e a eficiência simbiótica de isolados de FMAs obtidos de áreas de mineração de bauxita em reabilitação em dois ambientes (campo e serra), no crescimento de mudas de duas espécies pioneiras [aroeira (Schinus terebenthifolius) e trema (Trema micrantha)] e de duas espécies secundárias iniciais [açoita-cavalo (Luehea grandiflora) e sesbânia (Sesbania virgata)], em solo de baixa fertilidade. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, por 120 dias. Para cada espécie vegetal, foram aplicados 10 tratamentos de inoculação com FMAs (isolados de FMAs ou de sua mistura): Acaulospora longula, Paraglomus occultum, Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., Acaulospora spinosa e a mistura destes, todos oriundos de área de campo; e Acaulospora scrobiculata, Paraglomus occultum, Glomus sp. e a mistura destes, todos oriundos de área de serra. Para comparação, foram acrescentados ainda um tratamento-referência inoculado com Glomus etunicatum eficiente e um tratamento não-inoculado como controle. Plantas de todas as espécies apresentaram crescimento reduzido na ausência de FMAs (controle), porém beneficiaram-se de modo diferenciado dos tratamentos de inoculação. Todos os isolados, ou sua mistura, foram eficientes em promover o crescimento de sesbânia, enquanto para trema e aroeira somente um isolado de Glomus sp. não foi eficiente. Para o açoita-cavalo, os dois isolados de Glomus sp. estudados foram ineficientes. Nenhum dos FMAs isolados da área de mineração de bauxita promoveu crescimento superior ao obtido com o tratamento-referência com G. etunicatum. No entanto, os isolados do campo Gigaspora sp., Paraglomus occultum e Acaulospora spinosa foram tão eficientes quanto G. etunicatum em promover crescimento das quatro espécies vegetais. Os resultados indicam que mesmo áreas tão degradadas como aquelas submetidas à mineração de bauxita podem conter populações de FMA eficientes, que podem contribuir para reabilitação da área.
Comunidade microbiana e mesofauna edáficas em solo sob caatinga no semi-árido da Paraíba
Authors: Souto Patrícia Carneiro , Souto Jacob Silva , Miranda José Romilson Paes de , Santos Rivaldo Vital dos , Alves Allyson Rocha
Published: April 2008

A atividade biológica do solo é responsável por inúmeras transformações físicas e químicas dos resíduos orgânicos que são depositados, mantendo, assim, a sustentabilidade do ambiente. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a distribuição da comunidade microbiana e da mesofauna edáfica no semi-árido da Paraíba. Para determinação da população de microrganismos, foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-15 cm. A contagem total de fungos e de bactérias foi realizada em meios de cultura específicos. A extração da mesofauna foi feita pelo método de Berlese-Tullgren modificado. Oscilações no conteúdo de água do solo e na temperatura promoveram variações na população microbiana. A população de fungos foi superior à de bactérias nos dois anos de observação, provavelmente devido ao pH do solo da área de estudo, que é ligeiramente ácido. O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H) e o de Pielou (e) variaram de acordo com a época de coleta. Os grupos mais freqüentes da mesofauna do solo foram Diptera (42,5 %), Acarinae (40,3 %) e Collembola (8,8 %), indicando que esses organismos possuem papel importante na ciclagem de nutrientes em área de Caatinga.
Manejo da adubação nitrogenada e utilização do nitrogênio (15N) pelo milho em Latossolo Vermelho
Authors: Duete Robson Rui Cotrim , Muraoka Takashi , Silva Edson Cabral da , Trivelin Paulo César Ocheuze , Ambrosano Edmilson José
Published: April 2008

O N é o nutriente absorvido em maior quantidade pelo milho, o que mais influencia a produtividade de grãos e o de manejo mais complexo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses e parcelamentos de N, na forma de uréia 15N, sobre a produtividade de grãos, o aproveitamento do N do fertilizante e a quantidade de N nativo do solo absorvida pelo milho em um Latossolo Vermelho. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições, compreendido de cinco doses de N: 0, 55, 95, 135 e 175 kg ha-1 de N, aplicando-se 15 kg na semeadura e o restante em diferentes estratégias de parcelamentos: 40 e 80 kg ha-1 no estádio de oito folhas ou ½ no estádio de quatro folhas + ½ no estádio de oito folhas; 120 kg ha-1 fracionados em ½ + ½ ou ¹/3 + ¹/3 + ¹/3 no estádio de quatro, oito ou 12 folhas; e 160 kg ha-1 parcelados em ¼ + ³/8 + ³/8 ou ¼ + ¼ + ¼ + ¼ no estádio de quatro, oito, 12 folhas ou de florescimento e polinização. O aproveitamento do N do fertilizante pelo milho foi, em média, de 39 % e o solo foi a principal fonte do nutriente para a cultura. A aplicação de 135 kg ha-1 de N parcelados em três vezes, até o estádio de oito folhas, proporcionou maior aproveitamento do N do fertilizante (52 %) e maior produtividade de grãos.
Atributos químicos e físicos de um argissolo cultivado com Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. IPR-86 Milênio, sob lotação rotacionada e adubado com nitrogênio
Authors: Sarmento Patrícia , Rodrigues Luis Roberto de Andrade , Cruz Mara Cristina Pessôa da , Lugão Simony Marta Bernardo , Campos Fábio Prudêncio de , Centurion José Frederico , Ferreira Manoel Evaristo
Published: April 2008

A avaliação dos atributos químicos e físicos do solo é necessária em estudos que exploram intensivamente os sistemas de pastejo. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as variações nos atributos físicos e químicos de um Argissolo cultivado com capim-milênio, sob pastejo, no intervalo compreendido entre outubro/2001 e maio/2002, no quinto ano de aplicação sucessiva das seguintes doses de N: 0, 150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1. Após os cinco anos de aplicação de 450 kg ha-1 de N, o teor de MO aumentou em 5 g dm-3, o que resultou em aumento da CTC. No período de outubro/2001 a maio/2002 houve diminuição nos valores de pH e de V com a aplicação de N. A densidade do solo variou pouco com a adubação nitrogenada; a percentagem de microporos aumentou e a de macroporos diminuiu na camada de 0-5 cm com o aumento das doses de N, mas a porosidade total permaneceu constante; e a resistência à penetração, quando o solo apresentava 90 g kg-1 de água, não foi afetada pelas doses de N e não foi restritiva ao crescimento das plantas.
Cama sobreposta e dejetos líquidos de suínos como fonte de nitrogênio ao milho
Authors: Giacomini Sandro José , Aita Celso
Published: April 2008

Embora a maior parte dos dejetos de suínos gerados na suinocultura da região Sul do Brasil sejam manejados e armazenados na forma líquida, observa-se interesse crescente pela adoção do sistema de criação de suínos em cama sobreposta e pelo uso como fertilizante do material orgânico resultante dessa prática. Com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica do N no solo e o potencial fertilizante nitrogenado da cama sobreposta e dos dejetos líquidos na cultura do milho, foi realizado um experimento no período de outubro de 2002 a março de 2003, na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da UFSM/RS, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Os tratamentos avaliados consistiram na aplicação ou não de dejetos líquidos e cama sobreposta de suínos sobre a palha de aveia, com e sem incorporação ao solo. Além desses, foi avaliado um tratamento sem incorporação, no qual foi utilizado fertilizante mineral (NPK). As doses de cama sobreposta (13,2 Mg ha-1) e dejetos líquidos (63,6 m³ ha-1) foram equivalentes à aplicação de 140 kg ha-1 de N total. No solo, foram avaliados, em seis datas, os teores de N mineral (N-NH4+ e N-NO2- + N-NO3-) nas camadas de 0-10, 10-30, 30-60 e 60-90 cm. No milho, foram avaliados a produção de matéria seca (MS), o acúmulo de N e a produtividade de grãos. A disponibilidade de N no solo nos tratamentos nos quais foi feita a aplicação de dejetos líquidos superou aquela observada nos tratamentos com a aplicação de cama sobreposta, indicando que o N orgânico presente na cama sobreposta apresenta baixa taxa de mineralização. A aplicação da cama sobreposta e dos dejetos líquidos de suínos promoveu maior acúmulo de MS e N na parte aérea do milho e produtividade de grãos, em relação ao tratamento testemunha. Os incrementos na produtividade de grãos de milho foram de 54 e 253 % com a aplicação da cama sobreposta e dejetos líquidos, respectivamente. A recuperação aparente do N pelo milho da cama sobreposta e dos dejetos líquidos foi de 10,9 e 22,1 %, respectivamente. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que, embora a aplicação da cama sobreposta tenha aumentado o fornecimento de N e a produtividade de grãos de milho em relação ao tratamento sem adubação, o seu efeito imediato como fonte de N ao milho é menor que o encontrado quando é feita a aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos ou uréia.
Avaliação de métodos para estimativa da disponibilidade de fósforo para arroz em solos de Várzea do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Silva Leandro Souza da , Ranno Sidnei Kuster , Rhoden Anderson Clayton , Santos Danilo Rheinheimer dos , Graupe Fábio Adriano
Published: April 2008

A eficácia da análise de solo depende de quanto o valor obtido pelo método está correlacionado com a quantidade do nutriente absorvida pela planta, em solos de uma determinada região de utilização do sistema de recomendação de adubação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a correlação entre o teor de P no solo avaliado por diferentes métodos de extração e a quantidade de P absorvida por plantas de arroz irrigado por inundação. Foram coletadas amostras na camada superficial (0-20 cm) de solos de várzea em 16 locais do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), com ampla faixa de variação de características químicas e físicas. Os solos receberam três níveis de P: P0 (sem P), P1 (1/2 de P2) e P2 (quantidade para atingir 0,2 mg L-1 na solução do solo, com base na capacidade máxima de adsorção de P de cada solo). As unidades experimentais constaram de quatro quilogramas de solo em vasos com capacidade de 8 L, cultivados com arroz irrigado em casa de vegetação, com três repetições e dispostos inteiramente ao acaso. Cultivou-se o arroz durante 45 dias, quando foi colhida a parte aérea das plantas e quantificado o P absorvido. Amostras dos solos foram submetidas a diferentes métodos de análise de P: Mehlich-1, Mehlich-2, Mehlich-3, Resina de troca de ânions (RTA) em lâminas, RTA em esferas, Bray-1, Bray-2, Olsen, Morgan, Lactato de Ca, Texas, Oxalato, EDTA, H2SO4 e NaOH. Realizaram-se análises de correlação entre os teores de P no solo e as quantidades absorvidas pelas plantas. Dentre os métodos testados, H2SO4, Texas, Lactato de Ca, EDTA, Olsen e RTA foram os que se destacaram, mas apresentaram eficácia semelhante à do extrator Mehlich-1.
Indicadores da acidez do solo para recomendação de calagem no sistema plantio direto
Authors: Nicolodi Margarete , Anghinoni Ibanor , Gianello Clesio
Published: April 2008

O tempo de cultivo do solo no sistema plantio direto (SPD) altera a magnitude das relações entre os componentes da acidez do solo e o rendimento das culturas. Altos rendimentos podem ser obtidos nesse sistema mesmo em áreas com alta acidez. Assim, é provável que o critério de calagem utilizado no sistema convencional (SC) de cultivo não seja adequado para o SPD. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os critérios para recomendação de calagem em seis lavouras no SPD representativas da região do Planalto do RS. Foram selecionadas lavouras com alta variabilidade dos indicadores de acidez do solo. Para cada lavoura, foram avaliados 20 locais. Em cada local, foram coletadas amostras de solo das camadas de 0-10 e 0-20 cm e foi avaliado o rendimento de grãos. Nas amostras de solo, foram determinados o pH em água e CaCl2, o índice SMP, os teores de Ca, Mg e Al trocáveis, de MO, de P e K disponíveis. Com base nas relações entre os indicadores de acidez do solo e o rendimento de grãos, concluiu-se que nenhum dos indicadores de acidez do solo, quando utilizados isoladamente, descreve de modo adequado o rendimento das plantas no solo cultivado no SPD consolidado. Nas duas camadas avaliadas, o rendimento relativo foi sempre maior que 65 % quando o pH em água e em CaCl2 foi maior que 5,5 e 5,1, respectivamente; a saturação por bases, maior que 65 %; o Al trocável, menor que 0,3 cmol c dm-3; e a saturação por Al, menor que 5 %. Para avaliação da acidez do solo em SPD com a finalidade de recomendar calagem, podem ser utilizadas tanto a camada de 0-10 como a de 0-20 cm de profundidade.
Solos com morfologia latossólica e caráter câmbico na região de Governador Valadares, Médio Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: gênese e micromorfologia
Authors: Albuquerque Filho Manoel Ricardo de , Muggler Cristine Corole , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto G.R. , Ker João Carlos , Santos Flavia Cristina dos
Published: April 2008

Nas regiões do Médio Vale do Rio Doce marcadas por fortes alterações seco-úmidas sazonais do clima, coexistem Latossolos, Cambissolos e Argissolos, com maior fertilidade nos últimos. Observações gerais da região indicam Latossolos com certa reserva em minerais primários, conferindo-lhes caráter câmbico, bem como Cambissolos com morfologia latossólica. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas a gênese e características pedológicas de Latossolos, Cambissolos associados e um Argissolo, em duas toposseqüências na microbacia do córrego do Desidério, no Planalto Soerguido/maciço montanhoso do divisor Suaçui Pequeno/Corrente Grande, região noroeste do município de Governador Valadares. Além de características químicas e físicas de rotina, foram investigadas as feições micromorfológicas de seis perfis de solos em duas toposseqüências e feitos exames microquímicos por microscopia eletrônica (EDS) nos diversos tipos de minerais amostrados. Tanto os Latossolos quanto os Cambissolos mostraram microestrutura granular típica, com relação silte/argila abaixo do limite requerido para diferenciar Latossolos de Cambissolos. O processo de coluvionamento associado à encosta onde há afloramento de rochas enriquece os solos a jusante, conferindo características câmbicas. Mesmo nos Latossolos mais profundos ocorrem alguns grãos residuais de feldspato potássico e, principalmente, micas degradadas, indicando relativa reserva de K não-trocável nestes solos. Nos Cambissolos latossólicos estudados há diversidade mineralógica muito maior na fração grosseira, com a coexistência de minerais instáveis (biotita, anfibólio, feldspato) e minerais resistentes (minerais de Ti, gibbsita), denotando a intensa pedoturbação atuando sobre o material coluvial proveniente de afloramentos de rochas a montante. As áreas de Cambissolos com morfologia latossólica são preferencialmente utilizadas com cultivos de subsistência, devido à maior fertilidade química e profundidade destes solos.
Revegetação com plantas de cobertura em solos arenizados sob erosão eólica no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Rovedder Ana Paula Moreira , Eltz Flávio Luiz Foletto
Published: April 2008

A degradação de solos muito arenosos, no sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, ocorre devido à perda da cobertura vegetal e compromete a manutenção das atividades agropecuárias e do ecossistema de pradarias, formando os chamados areais. Uma técnica de revegetação com espécies de cobertura, Avena strigosa Schieb. e Lupinus albescens H. et Arn., esta última uma espécie nativa do Bioma Pampa, foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de conter o transporte de partículas do solo pela erosão eólica. O experimento foi realizado em área de Neossolo Quartzarênico distrófico, de setembro a dezembro de 2001 e de janeiro a dezembro de 2002, em delineamento completamente casualizado e nove repetições, com parcelas de 10 x 15 m, estabelecidas em área degradada e em área degradada que recebeu revegetação com plantas de cobertura. Caixas de metal galvanizado de 0,5 x 0,5 m, em forma de base de pirâmide, foram enterradas no centro das parcelas, com abertura superior ao nível do solo, realizando-se a coleta da areia depositada nas caixas pelo vento a cada 15 dias, com uma amostra sendo retirada para determinação do teor de água. Em 2001, a quantidade de areia transportada foi de 365 t ha-1 na área com plantas de cobertura e de 5.053 t ha-1 na área degradada, expressando redução de 93 % no transporte de sedimentos. Já em 2002, 775 t ha-1 de areia foram transportados na área degradada que recebeu plantas de cobertura, enquanto 11.080 t ha-1 foram transportados na área degradada, também com redução de 93 % no transporte de sedimentos em função da cobertura do solo. Esses resultados indicam que a técnica de revegetação com plantas de cobertura pode ser usada para contenção de areais.