bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological structure of rat tongue using light and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Demirci Beste , Kandil Banu , Yüksel Süleyman , Gültiken Murat Erdem
Published: November 2022

The rat is one of the most commonly used animals in biological research and experimental investigations in medicine. The ultrafine structural components of the epithelium differ depending on the anatomy of the animal and the papilla type. Animal adaptation to food types and environmental circumstances may also be linked to morphological diversity. In the current study, seven male Wistar rat tongues were investigated. For scanning electron microscope (SEM), two rat tongues were immersed in a 10% formalin solution and the other two rat tongues were immersed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution. The tongues of three rats were fixed for regular histological evaluation using triple staining. The three primary components of the Wistar rat tongue are the apex, body and root. The apex had a rounded and bifurcated shape. Filiform papillae and gustatory papillae were easily identified on the dorsal side of the tongue. There were three forms of gustatory papillae; fungiform papillae, vallate papillae and foliate papillae. The purpose of this study was to expose the tongue morphology of the Wistar rat species, which is widely used in investigations. Also, we wanted to show that formalin fixation can be utilized for morphological research in SEM. Finally, the Wistar rat tongue was thoroughly investigated and compared to those of other species.
Ammonia transport is independent of PNH3 gradients across the gastrointestinal epithelia of the rainbow trout: A role for the stomach
Authors: Jung Ellen H. , Nguyen Jessica , Nelson Charlotte , Brauner Colin J. , Wood Chris M.
Published: November 2022

Although the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an important site for nitrogen metabolism in teleosts, the mechanisms of ammonia absorption and transport remain to be elucidated. Both protein catabolism in the lumen and the metabolism of the GIT tissues produce ammonia which, in part, enters the portal blood through the anterior region of the GIT. The present study examined the possible roles of different GIT sections of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in transporting ammonia in its unionized gas form—NH3—by changing the PNH3 gradient across GIT epithelia using in vitro gut sac preparations. We also surveyed messenger RNA expression patterns of three of the identified Rh proteins (Rhbg, Rhcg1, and  Rhcg2) as potential NH3 transporters and NKCC as a potential ammonium ion (NH4+) transporter along the GIT of rainbow trout. We found that ammonia absorption is not dependent on the PNH3 gradient despite expression of Rhbg and Rhcg2 in the intestinal tissues, and Rhcg2 in the stomach. We detected no expression of Rhbg in the stomach and no expression of Rhcg1 in any GIT tissues. There was also a lack of correlation between ammonia transport and [NH4+] gradient despite NKCC expression in all GIT tissues. Regardless of PNH3 gradients, the stomach showed the greatest absorption and net tissue consumption of ammonia. Overall, our findings suggest nitrogen metabolism zonation of GIT, with stomach serving as an important site for the absorption, handling and transport of ammonia that is independent of the PNH3 gradient.
Preparation and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide and using as an effective catalyst for synthesis of l,4‐dihydropyrimidinones under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Hemmesi Leila , Naeimi Hossein
Published: November 2022

In this research, it was presented a simple and easy method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) supported ZnO nanoparticles with low cost, available precursor and their application as nanocatalyst for synthesis of l,4‐dihydropyirimidinones. When GO combines with metal oxide nanoparticles such as ZnO shows very good properties. There is a wide range of chemical methods for the attachment of various functional groups. In this protocol, the GO was synthesized through Hummer's method. The structure and morphology properties of ZnO NPs@rGO nanocomposite were investigated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscope techniques. Also, the organic compounds were identified by melting point, FT‐IR, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analyses.
Antibacterial activity against enterovirulent Escherichia coli strains from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B31 and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis C4: MALDI‐TOF MS profiling and MALDI TOF/TOF MS structural analysis on lipopeptides mixtures
Authors: Huarachi Sergio Fernando , Petroselli Gabriela , Erra‐Balsells Rosa , Audisio Marcela Carina
Published: November 2022

In this work, two Bacillus strains isolated from honey (Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis C4; access code HQ828992) and from a waste of an artisanal tannery (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B31; access code KP893752) were evaluated in order to determine their antibacterial activity against five enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. The number of viable cultivable cells of the different strains of E. coli analyzed was determined by plate count. The crude cell‐free supernatants of both Bacillus strains exerted anti‐E. coli activities, whereas only the lipopeptide fraction of B31 had significant E. coli inhibition. The lipopeptides produced by the Bacillus were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption–ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). The analysis was conducted combining the profiles (fingerprints) of the lipopeptides mixture and the individual lipopeptide fragmentation (tandem mass spectrometry [MS/MS] mode), both obtained from the same lipopeptides mixture sample, for higher output. Data obtained from C4 and B31 revealed that surfactin homologues were the most abundant lipopeptides produced by both strains studied. Additionally, kurstakin, iturin, and fengycin homologues were detected. Using the MS/MS mode, it was demonstrated that isobar compounds belonging to different families were produced by each Bacillus strain (e.g., C‐16 bacillomycin D was detected in B31 samples, meanwhile C‐15 iturin C was detected in C4). MS/MS analysis contributed with relevant information about the type of lipopeptides synthesized by Bacillus strains studied in this work.
Influencing factors of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2‐spike‐IgG antibody titers in healthcare workers: A cross‐section study
Authors: Reusch Julia , Wagenhäuser Isabell , Gabel Alexander , Eggestein Annika , Höhn Anna , Lâm Thiên‐Trí , Frey Anna , Schubert‐Unkmeir Alexandra , Dölken Lars , Frantz Stefan , Kurzai Oliver , Vogel Ulrich , Krone Manuel , Petri Nils
Published: November 2022

Against the background of the current COVID‐19 infection dynamics with its rapid spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern (VOC), the immunity and the vaccine prevention of healthcare workers (HCWs) against SARS‐CoV‐2 continues to be of high importance. This observational cross‐section study assesses factors influencing the level of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2‐spike IgG after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or vaccination. One thousand seven hundred and fifty HCWs were recruited meeting the following inclusion criteria: age ≥18 years, PCR‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection convalescence and/or at least one dose of COVID‐19 vaccination. anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2‐spike IgG titers were determined by SERION ELISA agile SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG. Mean anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2‐spike IgG levels increased significantly by number of COVID‐19 vaccinations (92.2 BAU/ml for single, 140.9 BAU/ml for twice and 1144.3 BAU/ml for threefold vaccination). Hybrid COVID‐19 immunized respondents (after infection and vaccination) had significantly higher antibody titers compared with convalescent only HCWs. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2‐spike IgG titers declined significantly with time after the second vaccination. Smoking and high age were associated with lower titers. Both recovered and vaccinated HCWs presented a predominantly good humoral immune response. Smoking and higher age limited the humoral SARS‐CoV‐2 immunity, adding to the risk of severe infections within this already health impaired collective.
Extended human papillomavirus genotype distribution in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer: Analysis of 40 352 cases from a large academic gynecologic center in China
Authors: Tang Xiao , Jones Terri E. , Jiang Wei , Austin Marshall , He Yanmei , Li Lei , Tong Lingling , Wang Cheng , Yang Kaixuan , Yin Rutie , Zhao Chengquan
Published: November 2022

Our aim was to conduct a large epidemiologic analysis of the distribution of human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes associated with cervical neoplasias and cancers at a major Chinese gynecologic center. The pathologic database was searched for cervical histopathologic diagnoses with prior HPV genotyping from liquid cervical cytology specimens obtained ≤6 months before biopsy. HPV testing was performed by using the Tellgenplex HPV27 or YanengBio HPV23 genotyping assays. A total of 40 352 cases meeting study criteria were identified. High risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) was detected in 94.1% of squamous cancers compared to in only 83.3% of cervical adenocarcinomas. The prevalence of multiple HPV infections was highest in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1) (33.8%) and decreased with increasing severity of squamous lesions. The distribution of HPV genotypes was similar between CIN1 and histopathologic‐negative cases. HPV16 was one of the three most common hrHPV genotypes before all histopathologic abnormalities, ranging from 72.0% for cervical cancers, 38.7% for CIN2/3/AIS, 13.1% for CIN1, and 9.1% for biopsy‐negative cases. HPV16 and HPV18 accounted for over 87.2% of detected hrHPV genotypes for all glandular intraepithelial neoplastic lesions and cancers, whereas squamous lesions did not show this pattern. 80.3% of cervical cancers were associated with genotypes covered by HPV16/18 vaccines and 89.6% with genotypes covered by 9‐valent vaccination.
Assessment of immunomodulation and regulation of cell cycle in epithelium and stroma after Cidofovir injection in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis—Pilot study
Authors: Solarz Paweł , Bodnar Magdalena , Czech Joanna , Mackiewicz–Nartowicz Hanna , Sinkiewicz Anna , Szylberg Łukasz , Borowczak Jędrzej , Rutkiewicz Paula , Zwierz Aleksander , Burduk Paweł
Published: November 2022

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is strictly connected with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract. The main treatment of lesions located in the larynx or lower pharynx includes microsurgical excision by using a CO2 laser. To decrease the amount of surgical procedures gain in importance combined therapy with antiviral agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the intralesional application of Cidofovir on the tissue of laryngeal papillomas. We have shown that simultaneous microsurgery with adjuvant therapy of Cidofovir reduces chronic inflammation (by measuring the expression of CD4 and CD8 in tissue samples), cell proliferation, and regulates the cell cycle of HPV‐infected cells by reducing the expression of p53 and p63 proteins. In addition, this strategy reduces the multiple surgical procedures and regrowth of the pathology.
Acetabular coverage analysis of the proximal femoral head accurately characterizes dysplastic acetabular morphology
Authors: Nahal Chadi , Slullitel Pablo A. , Kamenaga Tomoyuki , Payne Emma R. , Nepple Jeffrey J. , Clohisy John C. , Pascual‐Garrido Cecilia
Published: November 2022

This study aimed to (1) measure acetabular sector angle (ASA) from proximal to distal positions along the axial femoral head axis, (2) identify acetabular deficiency patterns, and (3) correlate ASA at different axial positions with other radiological measurements in acetabular dysplasia. We identified 30 hips with dysplasia (lateral center edge angle [LCEA] <20°) and 30 hips without dysplasia (LCEA >25°) from a retrospective cohort. Anterior and posterior ASA (AASA, PASA) were measured in the axial computed tomography plane through the femoral head center (equatorial) and two axial positions above the equatorial line (intermediate and proximal). Deficiency patterns were identified using ASA cut‐off values determined from receiver operating characteristic curves. Pearson's coefficients were used for correlations. Compared to non‐dysplastic hips, AASA in dysplastic hips was significantly smaller in all levels: equatorial (46.1 ± 7.3 vs. 54.9 ± 8.5,° p < 0.001), intermediate (62.1 ± 11.2 vs. 69.0 ± 10.6,° p = 0.02), and proximal (102.9 ± 14.2 vs. 128.3 ± 23.0,° p < 0.001). According to proximal ASA (Pro‐ASA) cut‐off values in dysplastic hips, global deficiency was most prevalent (19/30, 63.3%), followed by anterior (6/30, 20%) and posterior (3/30, 10%) deficiency. There were strong correlations between acetabular anteversion and Eq‐AASA (r = −0.74, p < 0.001) and LCEA and pro‐PASA (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). Clinical significance: Acetabular sector angle provides insight into acetabular morphology and patterns of deficiency, providing essential information for precise acetabular reorientation.
A whole‐joint histopathologic grading system for murine knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Grote Caleb W. , Mackay Matthew J. , Lu Qinghua , Liu Xiangliang , Meyer Anders R. , Wang Jinxi
Published: November 2022

This study aims to develop a comprehensive and easily executable histopathologic grading scheme for murine knee osteoarthritis (OA) using specific scoring criteria for both cartilage and periarticular changes, which may overcome important limitations of the existing grading systems. The new grading scheme was developed based on mouse knee OA models with observation periods up to 24 months of age (spontaneous OA) or 24‐week post‐injury (posttraumatic OA). Semi‐quantitative assessments of the histopathologic OA changes were applied to all four quadrants per femorotibial joint for 50 joints (200 quadrants) using specific scoring criteria rather than mild to severe grades. Scoring elements per quadrant were as follows: cartilage lesion (0–7), osteophyte (0–3), subchondral bone change (0–3), synovitis (0–3), and ectopic periarticular soft‐tissue chondrogenesis and ossification (0–3). The new histopathologic grading scheme had high intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility (correlation coefficients r > 0.95) across experienced and novice observers. Sensitivity and reliability analyses confirmed the ability of the new scheme to detect minimal but significant OA progression (p < 0.01) within a 2‐week interval and to accurately identify tissue‐ and quadrant‐specific OA severity within the joints. In conclusion, this study presents the first whole‐joint histopathologic grading scheme for murine knee OA that covers all‐stage osteoarthritic changes in all major joint tissues, including periarticular soft‐tissue ossification that is not included in any of the existing OA grading systems. This reproducible scheme is easy to execute and sensitive to minimal OA progression without using computer software, suitable for quick OA severity assessments of the entire femorotibial joint.
The analysis of defects in custom 3D‐printed acetabular cups: A comparative study of commercially available implants from six manufacturers
Authors: Hothi Harry , Henckel Johann , Bergiers Sean , Di Laura Anna , Schlueter‐Brust Klaus , Hart Alister
Published: November 2022

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is used to manufacture custom acetabular cups to treat patients with massive acetabular defects. There is a risk of defects occurring in these, often in the form of structural voids. Our aim was to investigate the presence of voids in commercially available cups. We examined 12, final‐production titanium custom acetabular cups, that had been 3D‐printed by six manufacturers. We measured their mass, then performed micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) imaging to determine their volume and density. The micro‐CT data were examined for the presence of voids. In cups that had voids, we computed (1) the number of voids, (2) their volume and the cup volume fraction, (3) their sphericity, (4) size, and (5) their location. The cups had median mass, volume, and density of 208.5 g, 46,471 mm3, and 4.42 g/cm3, respectively. Five cups were found to contain a median (range) of 90 (58–101) structural voids. The median void volume and cup volume fractions of cups with voids were 5.17 (1.05–17.33) mm3 and 99.983 (99.972–99.998)%, respectively. The median void sphericity and size were 0.47 (0.19–0.65) and 0.64 (0.27–8.82) mm, respectively. Voids were predominantly located adjacent to screw holes, within flanges, and at the transition between design features; these were between 0.17 and 4.66 mm from the cup surfaces. This is the first study to examine defects within final‐production 3D‐printed custom cups, providing data for regulators, surgeons, and manufacturers about the variability in final print quality. The size, shape, and location of these voids are such that there may be an increased risk of crack initiation from them.
Increasing the posterior tibial slope lowers in situ forces in the native ACL primarily at deep flexion angles
Authors: Winkler Philipp W. , Chan Calvin K. , Lucidi Gian Andrea , Polamalu Sene K. , Wagala Nyaluma N. , Hughes Jonathan D. , Debski Richard E. , Musahl Volker
Published: November 2022

High tibial osteotomy is becoming increasingly popular but can be associated with unintentional posterior tibial slope (PTS) increase and subsequent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) degeneration. This study quantified the effect of increasing PTS on knee kinematics and in situ forces in the native ACL. A robotic testing system was used to apply external loads from full extension to 90° flexion to seven human cadaveric knees: (1) 200 N axial compressive load, (2) 5 Nm internal tibial + 10 Nm valgus torque, and (3) 5 Nm external tibial + 10 Nm varus torque. Kinematics and in situ forces in the ACL were acquired for the native and increased PTS state. Increasing PTS resulted in increased anterior tibial translation at 30° (1.8 mm), 60° (1.7 mm), and 90° (0.9 mm) flexion and reduced in situ force in the ACL at 30° (57.6%), 60° (69.8%), and 90° (75.0%) flexion in response to 200 N axial compressive load. In response to 5 Nm internal tibial + 10 Nm valgus torque, there was significantly less (39.0%) in situ force in the ACL at 90° flexion in the increased compared with the native PTS state. Significantly less in situ force in the ACL at 60° (62.8%) and 90° (67.0%) flexion was observed in the increased compared with the native PTS state in response to 5 Nm external tibial + 10 Nm varus torque. Increasing PTS affects knee kinematics and results in a reduction of in situ forces in the native ACL during compressive and rotatory loads at flexion angles exceeding 30°. In a controlled laboratory setting PTS increase unloads the ACL, affecting its natural function.
ccaR: A package for assessing primary study overlap across systematic reviews in overviews
Authors: Bougioukas Konstantinos I. , Diakonidis Theodoros , Mavromanoli Anna C. , Haidich Anna‐Bettina
Published: November 2022

An overview of reviews aims to collect, assess, and synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews (SRs) on a specific topic using rigorous and reproducible methods. An important methodological challenge in conducting an overview of reviews is the management of overlapping data due to the inclusion of the same primary studies in SRs. We present a free, open‐source R package called ccaR (https://github.com/thdiakon/ccaR) that provides easy‐to‐use functions for assessing the degree of overlap of primary studies in an overview of reviews with the use of the corrected cover area (CCA) index. A worked example with and without consideration of chronological structural missingness is outlined, illustrating the steps involved in, calculating the CCA index and creating a publication‐ready heatmap. We expect ccaR to be useful for overview authors, methodologists, and reviewers who are familiar with the basics of R and contribute to the discussion on different methodological approaches for implementing the CCA index. Future research and applications could further investigate the functionality or potential limitations of our package and other potential uses.
Effects of potential allelochemicals in a water extract of Abutilon theophrasti Medik. on germination and growth of Glycine max L., Triticum aestivum L., and Zea mays L
Authors: Shi Sen , Cheng Jiabo , Ahmad Naveed , Zhao Wenyan , Tian Mengfei , Yuan Zhanyu , Li Chunying , Zhao Chunjian
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), primarily a cropland weed, exerts adverse impacts on the productivity of various crops, including soybean (Glycine max L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.), by hindering their vegetative growth. However, the interference mechanism of velvetleaf on the three crops remains unclear.

RESULTS

The inhibitory effect of velvetleaf water extract on the germination and growth of soybean, wheat, and maize was determined in pot experiments and field trials. Four phenolic acids were identified as allelochemicals: protocatechuic acid (PA), gallic acid (GA), chlorogenic acid (CHA), and vanillic acid (VA). These allelochemicals were detected in different parts (leaves, roots, and stems) of velvetleaf, and in the rhizosphere soil of tested crops over the range of 1.19–556.23 μm kg−1. These allelochemicals were administered in approximate concentrations as in velvetleaf roots and rhizosphere soil, and their effects varied with crop species and velvetleaf parts. The allelochemicals generally had low‐dose stimulation and high‐dose inhibition effects on the growth of soybean, wheat, and maize. Furthermore, the biomass distribution of these crops was affected by allelochemicals in the soil. In field trials, the allelochemicals significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of all tested crops over the whole growth period, and PA showed a significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect on the yield of soybean, wheat, and maize.

CONCLUSION

GA, PA, CHA, and VA in velvetleaf aqueous extracts were identified as allelochemicals that play an inhibitory role on three crops. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of two‐stage heating treatment on physicochemical properties of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) meat
Authors: Yang Changjie , Zhou Xinyi , Huang Tao , Song Xiaotong , Jia Ru , Wei Huamao , Yang Wenge
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Changes in the physicochemical properties of shrimp meat treated with two‐stage heating were investigated. Currently, shrimp products in the processing process are susceptible to uneven dehydration, shrimp meat shrinkage, which results in rough and hard texture, poor chewiness, and seriously affects the edible quality as well as economic benefits. Improving the utilization value of shrimp resources, expanding its market shares, optimizing the tenderness of shrimp is the key to developing new types of fresh and ready‐to‐eat shrimp products.

RESULTS

The results indicated that preheating at 30 °C could not affect the quality of shrimp meat significantly (P > 0.05). As the preheating temperature increased from 40 °C to 50 °C, the hardness and shear force of shrimp meat decreased due to the exposure of protein hydrophobic groups, protein aggregation and degradation, muscle fraction broken, and weight loss increase. Further increase in preheating temperature would lead to further aggregation and gelation of proteins, causing hardness and shear force increase. Besides, the results of microstructure showed that preheating at 40 °C and 50 °C could cause the shrimp muscles to become loose.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that the preheating temperature ranging from 40 °C to 50 °C could effectively improve the tenderness of shrimp meat. This study might be useful for developing tenderized shrimp products in the future. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Influence of biochar‐based urea substituting urea on rice yield, bacterial community and nitrogen cycling in paddy fields
Authors: Zhang Yang , Du Haimeng , Chen Yinglong , Wei Huanhe , Dai Qigen , Liu Jiumei , Li Zhijiang
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

There is an increasing understanding of the importance of biochar‐based fertilizers in agroecosystems. However, no research has evaluated the effects of partial substitution of urea with biochar‐based urea on rice yields and soil microbial communities. We therefore investigated the rice yields, bacterial communities, and gene abundance involved in nitrogen in silty clay and sandy loam soil paddy fields treated with urea (U), total substitution of urea with biochar‐based urea (BSU), partial substitution of urea with biochar‐based urea in basal and tillering fertilizers (BSU1), and partial substitution of urea with biochar‐based urea in panicle fertilizers (BSU2).

RESULTS

Compared with U, applying biochar‐based urea increased rice yields, with BSU2 having the most notable effect. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that bacterial communities treated with BSU2 in both soils were significantly different from those treated with U and BSU, most probably due to the decrease in pH caused by the decrease in the concentration of ammonium. The relative abundance of Subdivision3_genera_incertae_sedis, Azotobacter, Geobacter, Buchnera, and Terrimonas in silty clay soils and Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis and Geobacter in sandy loam soils significantly increased when treated with BSU2 and was positively correlated with rice yields, indicating that the improvements in rice yield were associated with changes in bacterial communities. Based upon amoA/narG related to nitrate accumulation and norB/nosZ related to nitrous oxide emissions, BSU2 enabled a lower risk of nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in both soils, in comparison with the U and BSU treatments.

CONCLUSION

The BSU2 treatment had a stronger yield‐increasing effect than biochar‐based urea alone and lowered the risk of nitrogen pollution, which is beneficial to the sustainable development of paddy fields. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Application of a Cholesterol‐Based Stationary Phase for the Analysis of Brevetoxins
Authors: Pesek Joseph J. , Matyska Maria T. , Hiltz Tanya , McCall Jennifer
Published: November 2022

A high‐performance liquid chromatography protocol for the analysis of brevetoxins has been developed using a silica hydride‐based cholesterol column. Brevetoxins are neurotoxins produced by harmful algae that have additional potential as drugs for a number of illnesses/diseases. To develop the optimum conditions, a number of different experimental approaches were tested. These include isocratic and gradient elution, different organic mobile phase components, and temperature variations. A separate protocol was developed for the compounds brevenal and brevenol, also produced by the same algae that make brevetoxins. Brevenal is a natural product under investigation as a therapy for chronic respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or asthma. The goal of this study was to provide a protocol for the analysis of these compounds that could be further developed into a validated method depending on a particular laboratory's capabilities and to highlight some of the unique features of the cholesterol stationary phase.
Abnormal TSH Prior to Surgery in Children with Graves' Disease Predicts Abnormal TSH Following Thyroidectomy
Authors: Hazkani Inbal , Stein Eli , Edwards Evan , Maddalozzo John , Johnston Douglas , Samis Jill , Josefson Jami , Rastatter Jeffrey
Published: November 2022

Objective

To identify variables that are associated with poor compliance to thyroid hormone replacement therapy in children after total thyroidectomy.

Method

A retrospective cohort study of children who underwent total thyroidectomy by high‐volume pediatric otolaryngologists between 1/2014 and 9/2021. Postoperative poor compliance was characterized by at least three separate measurements of high TSH levels not associated with radioactive iodine treatment.

Results

There were 100 patients, ages 3–20 years old who met inclusion criteria; 44 patients underwent thyroidectomy for cancer diagnosis, and 56 for Graves' disease. The mean follow‐up time was 36.5 months (range 3.0–95.6 months). Overall, 42 patients (42%) were found to have at least three measurements of high TSH during follow‐up, and 29 patients (29%) were diagnosed with clinical hypothyroidism. Sex, race, income, insurance type, and benign versus malignant etiology for thyroidectomy were not associated with adherence to therapy. Multivariate regression analysis identified patients with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism at the time of surgery and Hispanic ethnicity to be associated with postoperative clinical hypothyroidism (OR 9.38, 95% CI 2.16–49.2, p = 0.004 and OR 6.15, 95% CI 1.21–36.0, p = 0.033, respectively).

Conclusions

Preoperative hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' disease and Hispanic ethnicity were predictors of postoperative TSH abnormalities. Preoperative counseling for patients and their families on the implications of total thyroidectomy and the need for life‐long medications postoperatively is necessary. Efforts should be made to evaluate and improve adherence to therapy pre‐and postoperatively in patients with Graves' disease.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:2402–2406, 2023
How degraded are the peatland and forest ecosystems in the Bieszczady Mountains (Central Europe)? An assessment using long‐term records
Authors: Gałka Mariusz , Loisel Julie , Knorr Klaus‐Holger , Diaconu Andrei‐Cosmin , Obremska Milena , Teickner Henning , Feurdean Angelica
Published: November 2022

Peatland and forest ecosystems located in the Bieszczady Mts. (Carpathians, Central Europe) have been affected by human activity since the Neolithic, with this impact intensifying over time. We conducted long‐term studies to: (i) determine past peatland and forest development and current ecological state; (ii) assess the role of different factors that influenced ecosystem development over the last 3750 years; and (iii) determine natural reference conditions as a basis for the restoration of degraded mountain bogs and forests in the region. High‐resolution multi‐proxy palaeoecological analyses (plant macrofossils, pollen, testate amoebae, macro and microcharcoal, peat stoichiometry and stable isotopes), supported by radiocarbon dating, were performed on peat cores from an ombrotrophic peatland. Our study revealed that the peatland and forest ecosystems have been impacted by both climate change and human activity (fires, deforestation, and grazing) over the past 3750 years and that massive deforestation took place 400 years ago. Changes in forest composition led to the intensification in erosion between 3700–1500 cal. BP and over the past 350 years. Drainage resulted in hydrological disturbances but did neither stop the peat formation process nor decreased the abundance of species forming the natural peat plant communities indicative of oligotrophic conditions. However, hydrological disturbances shifted peat plant composition to dry‐adapted species (e.g. dwarf shrubs, Pinus sylvestris). Average water level depth fluctuated between ca. 10 and 25 cm over the last 3750 years; thus these are conditions that could be considered as hydrological reference for restoration measures. Our approach to identify natural reference conditions may be expanded to peatlands from other temperate mountain ranges.
Acquiring high‐quality and sufficient propagules/fragments for cyanobacteria crust inoculation and restoration of degraded soils in a sandy desert
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhao Yanqiao , Xu Wenwen , Wang Nan , Zhang Zhishan
Published: November 2022

Sowing naturally developing biocrust fragments is a fast and effective approach to cultivate biocrusts for the restoration of soil function. However, producing large amounts of biocrust fragments/propagules is difficult for ecological restoration, especially at large scales. In this study, we use fresh cyanobacteria to cultivate fragments and then broadcast these to culture artificial biocrusts under field conditions. Our results show that the cultivated biocrust coverage, thickness, chlorophyll a and total carbohydrate concentrations continuously increase after broadcasting. The cyanobacterial communities in incubated biocrusts were dominated by Phormidium, Chroococcidiopsaceae, Crinalium and Tychonema. Our study shows that fragments can allow for successful incubation of artificial biocrusts in short periods. We suggest a two‐step nursery and sowing procedure (i.e., first acquire fragments and then broadcast them) to incubate artificial biocrusts at large scale.
Analysis of predatory emails in early career academia and attempts at prevention
Authors: Tomlinson Owen W.
Published: November 2022

Predatory publishers—those who do not adhere to rigorous standards of academic practice such as peer review—are increasingly infiltrating biomedical databases, to the detriment of the wider scientific community. These publishers frequently send unsolicited ‘spam’ emails to generate submission to their journals, with early career researchers (ECR) particularly susceptible to these practices because of pressures such as securing employment and promotion. This analysis sought to record and characterize the emails received over the course of a PhD and post‐doctoral position (~8 years), as well as attempts to unsubscribe from such emails, using a progressive and step‐wise manner. A total of 1,280 emails identified as academic spam were received (990 journal invitations, 220 conference invitations, 70 ‘other’). The first email was received 3 months after registration for an international conference. Attempts at unsubscribing were somewhat effective, whereby implications of reporting to respective authorities resulted in a 43% decrease in emails, although did not eliminate them completely, and therefore alternative approaches to eliminating academic spam may be needed. Ongoing education about predatory publishers, as well as action by key academic stakeholders, should look to reduce the impact these predatory publishers have upon the wider literature base.
Pediatric parotidectomy outcomes: A 14‐year multicenter study
Authors: Tangjaturonrasme Napadon , Samuckkeethum Wisarut , Klibngern Hanpon , Ratanaprasert Narin , Naruekon Jakkree , Jantharapattana Kitti
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Parotidectomy increases childhood challenges. This study aimed to determine the clinical profiles, investigations, and outcomes of pediatric patients who had undergone parotidectomy.

Methods

A multicenter retrospective review of parotidectomy in pediatric patients between 2007 and 2020.

Results

In 108 parotidectomies, the final diagnoses were benign (47.22%), malignant (36.11%), and non‐neoplastic (16.67%). The incidence of facial palsy was 37.03%, which was significantly lower in the superficial group than that in the total parotidectomy group (p = .021). The incidence of facial nerve palsy was significantly higher in the malignancy group than that in the benign group (p = .035). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected malignancy with 92.8% overall accuracy, 83.3% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. The sensitivity and specificity of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) were 54.2% and 92.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

Parotidectomy is commonly performed for benign and non‐neoplastic diseases in pediatric patients. Facial nerve palsy is significantly associated with malignant tumors and total parotidectomy. MRI is the most accurate imaging modality for diagnosing malignant lesions. FNA exhibits moderate agreement with the final pathology.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
Factors affecting the incidence of chorda tympani nerve transection in middle ear surgery
Authors: Takihata Saki , Kurioka Takaomi , Mizutari Kunio , Shiotani Akihiro
Published: November 2022

Objective

To reveal the factors affecting the incidence of chorda tympani nerve (CTN) transection during middle ear surgery.

Study Design

Retrospective case review.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Patients

We analyzed 232 ears (117 ears with cholesteatoma, 101 ears with chronic otitis media, and 14 ears with otosclerosis) that underwent tympanoplasty or stapes surgery during 2017–2020.

Intervention

Eighty‐four ears underwent transcanal endoscopic ear surgery (TEES), 103 ears underwent microscopic ear surgery (MES), and 45 ears underwent surgery using both endoscopy and microscopy (Dual).

Main Outcome Measure

To confirm CTN transection, intraoperative endoscopic/microscopic video images were evaluated. We used the same video images to determine the anatomical variation of the CTN course in the middle ear.

Results

In 18 ears (7.8%: 6/84 TEES ears [7.1%], 6/103 MES ears [5.8%], and 6/45 Dual ears [13.3%]), the CTN was cut during middle ear surgery. There was no significant difference in CTN transection among groups. In cholesteatoma patients, stapes involvement resulted in a significantly higher CTN transection incidence. CTN anatomical variants such as the “Attached Short type” and “Ultrashort type” showed a significantly higher CTN transection incidence.

Conclusion

Although endoscopic surgery did not reduce the incidence of CTN transection during middle ear surgery, pathological involvement of the stapes and CTN anatomical variants, such as the “Attached Short type” and “Ultrashort type,” may increase this incidence. Preoperative evaluation of stapes involvement and anatomical location of the CTN course could help identify patients at greater risk for iatrogenic CTN transection.

Level of Evidence

4.
Can climate warming save Daphnia from parasites? Reduced parasite prevalence in Daphnia populations from artificially heated lakes
Authors: Dziuba Marcin Krzysztof , Manzi Florent , Cerbin Slawek , Wolinska Justyna
Published: November 2022

Climate warming might modify infection outcomes and it has been proposed that temperature increase will result in a “sicker world.” We tested this hypothesis by comparing the prevalence of infection in a common freshwater host–parasite system (crustacean Daphnia infected with the ichthyosporean pathogen Caullerya mesnili) between five artificially heated lakes and four nearby non‐heated control lakes. The heated lakes, which receive warm water from two power plants, have experienced an elevation in water temperature of ca. 3–4°C for the last 60 yr. Analyses of 5 yr of field data revealed that Daphnia communities from heated lakes had lower parasite prevalence than communities from control sites. To disentangle a possible direct detrimental effect of elevated temperature on the parasite from differences in baseline levels of host resistance, we compared infection susceptibility between Daphnia clones isolated from heated and control lakes, under laboratory conditions at two different temperatures. Daphnia from heated lakes were less susceptible to infection than clones from control lakes, while experimental temperature did not affect infection outcome. The data did not confirm the “warmer hence sicker world” scenario. Instead, it seems that indirect effects of temperature elevation (via shifts in lake hydrology) may restrict its spread into heated lakes. Then, local adaptation to the host from control lakes further inhibits re‐establishment of the parasite from control to heated lakes. Our results underline the context‐dependency of the impact of temperature increase on host–parasite interactions.
Effects of random forest modeling decisions on biogeochemical time series predictions
Authors: Regier Peter , Duggan Matthew , Myers‐Pigg Allison , Ward Nicholas
Published: November 2022

Random forests (RF) are an increasingly popular machine learning approach used to model biogeochemical processes in the Earth system. While RF models are robust to many assumptions that complicate deterministic models, there are several important parameterization decisions for appropriate use and optimal model fit. We explored the role that parameter decisions, including training/testing data splitting strategies, variable selection, and hyperparameters play on RF goodness‐of‐fit by constructing models using 1296 unique parameter combinations to predict concentrations of nitrate, a key nutrient for biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Models were built on long‐term, publicly available water quality and meteorology time series collected by the National Estuarine Research Reserve monitoring network for two contrasting ecosystems representing freshwater and brackish estuaries. We found that accounting for temporal dependence when splitting data into training and testing subsets was key for avoiding over‐estimation of model predictive power. In addition, variable selection, the ratio of training to testing data, and to a lesser degree, variables per split and number of trees, were significant parameters for optimizing RF goodness‐of‐fit. We also explored how model parameter decisions influenced interpretation of the relative importance of predictors to the model, and model predictor‐dependent variable relationships, with results suggesting that both data structure and model parameterization influence these factors. Because much of the current RF literature is written for the computational and statistical science communities, the primary goal of this study is to provide guidelines for aquatic scientists new to machine learning to apply RF techniques appropriately to aquatic biogeochemical datasets.
A Year in Review
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: November 2022

In what seems to many as the proverbial blink of an eye, we are again looking at calendars that are near the end of their annual usefulness, digging out sweaters and gloves and becoming inundated with holiday sales and end‐of‐year specials. It would be an understatement to say that 2022 was an interesting year. For many, it has been the first full year of exiting the worst of the pandemic. Supply chain issues, relatively speaking, eased. Businesses struggled with a “new norm” with respect to hybrid and work‐from‐home issues, inflationary pressures, and a challenging labor market.
Frataxin deficiency alters gene expression in Friedreich ataxia derived IPSC‐neurons and cardiomyocytes
Authors: Angulo Mariana B. , Bertalovitz Alexander , Argenziano Mariana A. , Yang Jiajia , Patel Aarti , Zesiewicz Theresa , McDonald Thomas V.
Published: November 2022

Background

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease, whereby homozygous inheritance of an expanded GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion in the first intron of the FXN gene leads to transcriptional repression of the encoded protein frataxin. FRDA is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, but the primary cause of death is heart disease which occurs in 60% of the patients. Several functions of frataxin have been proposed, but none of them fully explain why its deficiency causes the FRDA phenotypes nor why the most affected cell types are neurons and cardiomyocytes.

Methods

To investigate, we generated iPSC‐derived neurons (iNs) and cardiomyocytes (iCMs) from an FRDA patient and upregulated FXN expression via lentivirus without altering genomic GAA repeats at the FXN locus.

Results

RNA‐seq and differential gene expression enrichment analyses demonstrated that frataxin deficiency affected the expression of glycolytic pathway genes in neurons and extracellular matrix pathway genes in cardiomyocytes. Genes in these pathways were differentially expressed when compared to a control and restored to control levels when FRDA cells were supplemented with frataxin.

Conclusions

These results offer novel insight into specific roles of frataxin deficiency pathogenesis in neurons and cardiomyocytes.
Nance–Horan syndrome pedigree due to a novel microdeletion and skewed X chromosome inactivation
Authors: Huang Yazhou , Ma Linya , Zhang Zhaoxia , Nie Shujuan , Zhou Yuan , Zhang Jibo , Wang Chao , Fang Xingxin , Quan Yingting , He Ting , Liu Anhui , Peng Dan
Published: November 2022

Background

Nance–Horan syndrome (NHS) is a rare and often overlooked X‐linked dominant disorder characterized by dense congenital cataracts, dental abnormalities, and mental retardation. The majority of NHS variations include frameshift mutations, nonsense mutations, microdeletions, and insertions.

Methods

Copy number variation sequencing was performed to determine the microdeletion. The expression of NHS was detected by RT‐PCR. Four family members were tested for X chromosome inactivation.

Results

In this study, all members were examined for systemic examinations and genetic testing of four members and two affected subjects are observed. We identified a heterozygous microdeletion of −0.52 Mb at Xp22.13 in a female proband presenting NHS phenotypically. The microdeletion contains the REPS2 and NHS genes and was inherited from a phenotypically normal mother. Of interest, the expression NHS of proband was reduced and the skewed X chromosome inactivation rate reached more than 85% compared with her mother and the control. It was concluded that the haploinsufficiency of the NHS gene may account for the majority of clinical symptoms in the affected subjects. The variability among female carriers presumably results from nonrandom X chromosome inactivation.

Conclusion

Our findings broaden the spectrum of NHS mutations and provide molecular insight into NHS clinical prenatal genetic diagnosis.
Broad‐based virtual care company closes $44.5 million equity raise
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: November 2022

As evidence that investors continue to show keen interest in virtual platforms delivering mental health treatment, virtual practice organization Valera Health last month announced the closing of a $44.5 million growth equity raise. Valera's CEO told MHW last week that the new financing will allow the company to increase its capacity to serve high‐acuity patients, one of the factors it cites in distinguishing itself from other virtual clinical care services.
Employers concerned about worker access to MH care
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: November 2022

Employers’ responses to Kaiser Family Foundation's (KFF's) 2022 Employer Health Benefits Survey demonstrate the lingering gap in access to behavioral health benefits in employer‐sponsored health plans.
RAND study finds dementia declining among adults in the U.S.
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: November 2022

Although the prevalence of dementia is declining among adults over age 65, much less is known about trends in disparities and whether they have increased or decreased, according to a new study by the RAND Corporation.
Dynamics of a class of nonlinear pest–natural enemy discrete model
Authors: Wu Yazhi , Tang Guangyao , Xiang Changcheng
Published: November 2022

The inappropriate use of insecticides may lead to disastrous pest outbreaks. Aiming at avoiding the outbreak of pests by optimizing the control strategies, we propose a novel mathematical model based on the idea of pulse in this study, namely, a discrete‐time model of pest–natural enemies, which considers the implementation of spraying insecticides within the time interval between two generations of pests. We first investigate the existence and stability of fixed points, and then using the central manifold theory, we proved that the system can exist period‐doubling bifurcation. The main theoretical results are verified by numerical simulations. The experiments show that if the insecticidal time is within a certain range, the lower insecticidal rate stimulates the growth of pests and natural enemies, while the larger insecticidal rate can inhibit the growth of pests and natural enemies. In addition, the effects of pest growth rate, timing of pesticide spraying, and pesticide intensity on the system are comprehensively discussed. The main research provides good reference significance to choose an appropriate time to prevent pest outbreaks.