bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of (E)-amino(2-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazineyl)methaniminium nitrate hemihydrate C10H16N5O5.5
Authors: Jin Ze-Sen , Liu E. , Liu Xiao-Jing , Jian Fang-Fang , Liang Tongling
Published: May 2022

C10H16N5O5.5, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 17.7836(8) Å, b = 9.4796(4) Å, c = 15.8740(8) Å, β = 97.093(5)°, V = 2655.6(2) Å3, Z = 8, R

gt
(F) = 0.0469, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1289, T = 170 K.
The crystal structure of (2,2′-bipyridine-κ2
N,N′)- bis(6-phenylpyridine-2-carboxylate-κ2
N,O)manganese(II)] monohydrate, C34H26N4O5Mn
Authors: Tai Xi-Shi , Wang Li-Hua
Published: May 2022

C34H26N4O5Mn, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 29.4330(18) Å, b = 10.4120(6) Å, c = 20.0207(12) Å, β = 107.246(6)°, V = 5859.6(6) Å3, Z = 8, R

gt
(F) = 0.0380, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0865, T = 200 K.
The crystal structure of 3-amino-5-carboxypyridin-1-ium iodide, C6H7IN2O2
Authors: Cui Mengbing , Li Yong , Chen Heng , Wang Hui , Zeng Yan
Published: May 2022

C6H7BrN2O2, triclinic, P

1
‾

$\overline{1}$

(no. 2), a = 7.4522(4) Å, b = 7.4741(5) Å, c = 8.3144(5) Å, α = 90.036(3)°, β = 99.808(3)°, γ = 117.724(2)°, V = 402.25(4) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0156, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0367, T = 150.0 K.
Development of a cavity pressure control for injection moulding by adjusting the cross-section in the hot runner
Authors: Hopmann Christian , Schöll Matthias , Dornebusch Hanna
Published: May 2022

Fluctuations in the injection moulding process are affecting component quality. A pressure control can be used to increase process consistency. However, current control systems cannot influence the melt flow in the mould specifically for individual cavities. Therefore, a control concept is being developed in which commercially available, servo-electrically driven hot runner valve pins are used to control the cavity pressure in the holding pressure phase. By varying the stroke, the pressure resistance in the hot runner and thus the pressure transfer into the cavity are influenced. A one cavity mould with two pressure sensors and a servo-electrical driven hot runner was used to evaluate the control setup, implementing a PID controller. The evaluation criterion for the setup is to what extent the reference curve measured in advance can be reproduced after provoked disturbance. The control calculates the difference between the actual pressure and the reference curve. The control compensates the pressure difference by a pin movement. The control concept can compensate for disturbances that do not change the material behaviour, such as changes in holding pressure. Changes in the material behaviour, for example due to fluctuations in the mould temperature, cannot be compensated due to the reference control.
Was ein Militärbündnis zwischen Russland und China für die NATO bedeuten würde
Authors: Meyer zum Felde Rainer
Published: May 2022

Kurzfassung

Sind Russland und China ewige Rivalen oder Partner einer im Entstehen begriffenen Allianz? Und was würde letzteres für die NATO bedeuten? Die NATO reagierte im Jahr 2014 auf die russische hybride Aggression gegen die Ukraine, die aus verdeckter Destabilisierung des Donbass und völkerrechtswidriger Besetzung und Annexion der Krim bestand, mit einem Paradigmenwechsel, der sogenannten „NATO Adaptation.“ Auf dem Gipfeltreffen in Wales 2014 erhöhte sie ihre Reaktionsbereitschaft mit dem Readiness Action Plan, beim Gipfel in Warschau 2016 stärkte sie ihr Abschreckungs- und Verteidigungsdispositiv und richtete 2018 beim Gipfeltreffen in Brüssel ihre Führungsstruktur wieder auf kollektive Verteidigung aus. Obgleich eingebettet in einen „360-Grad-Ansatz“, zielen alle zentralen Verteidigungselemente der NATO-Anpassung seit 2014 in erster Linie auf Russland hin, das seither als potenzielle Bedrohung für die territoriale Integrität der osteuropäischen Mitgliedstaaten gilt. Aber dieser Paradigmenwechsel beruhte zur Gänze auf der Einschätzung, einzig Russland sei eine ernstzunehmende militärische Bedrohung für die Allianz und (abgesehen von Belarus) auf sich allein gestellt. Der Frage, was es bedeuten würde, wenn Russland von einer gleichgesinnten Großmacht wie China unterstützt würde, und ebenso der Frage, welche Folgen zwei gleichzeitige Aggressionen – eine durch Russland in Europa, eine weitere durch China im Indopazifik – für die NATO hätte, wurde bislang keine Beachtung geschenkt. Dabei haben diese beiden Problempunkte in den letzten Jahren rapide an Tragweite für die Anpassung der NATO an die neuen geopolitischen Realitäten gewonnen. Das gilt erst recht in einer abermals veränderten Sicherheitslage, in der Putins Russland aus revisionistischen und imperialen Großmachtmotiven einen unverblümten, brutalen Angriffskrieg gegen sein souveränes Nachbarland Ukraine führt, dabei die europäische Friedensordnung entgegen allen abgeschlossenen Verträgen grundsätzlich in Frage stellt und Unterstützung findet von Xi Jinpings China als „engem Freund und strategischen Partner“, der sich das russische Narrativ zu eigen macht und den USA und der NATO die Schuld für den Konflikt zuweist.
Beyond semiclassical time
Authors: Chataignier Leonardo
Published: May 2022

We show that the usual Born–Oppenheimer type of approximation used in quantum gravity, in which a semiclassical time parameter emerges from a weak-coupling expansion of the Wheeler–DeWitt constraint, leads to a unitary theory at least up to the next-to-leading order in minisuperspace models. As there are no unitarity-violating terms, this settles the issue of unitarity at this order, which has been much debated in the literature. Furthermore, we also show that the conserved inner product is gauge-fixed in the sense that the measure is related to the Faddeev–Popov determinant associated with the choice of semiclassical time as a reparametrization gauge. This implies that the Born–Oppenheimer approach to the problem of time is, in fact, an instance of a relational quantum theory, in which transition amplitudes can be related to conditional probabilities.
Feasibility Study for Evaluating the Moisture Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Containing RAP Using Pull-Off Test
Authors: Daryaee Daryoosh , Vamegh Mostafa
Published: May 2022

Binder adhesion has an important effect on the properties of asphalt mixtures. In asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), rejuvenating agents have been used to restore the adhesive properties of an aged binder. In this study, a new rejuvenator was investigated to discover whether it can improve the moisture susceptibility of mixtures containing RAP. For this purpose, first, the effects of a new rejuvenator on the moisture resistance of binder compounds containing different percentages of aged binder were evaluated. Second, the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures with different RAP contents (25, 50, 75, and 100 %) were investigated with and without rejuvenator utilization. The pull-off test was performed to evaluate the adhesion of binder compounds; indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus tests were utilized for evaluating the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures. Meanwhile, for the first time, the relationship between the pull-off test and the moisture susceptibility parameters of asphalt mixtures was established. The results indicate that the use of the rejuvenating agent improved the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixtures containing RAP as compared with the control mixture and mixtures without a rejuvenator. According to the obtained correlations, the pull-off test can be used as a rapid and economic test to estimate the moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures.
On the Question of How to Analyze and Apply Charpy Pendulum Impact Test Results Correctly - Shortcomings in Corresponding Procedures and Standards
Authors: Baer Wolfram , Wossidlo Peter , Abbasi Behboud
Published: May 2022

This paper is focused on the approximation of absorbed Charpy impact energy-temperature curves (KV-T) and the management of sub-size test piece results in Charpy pendulum impact tests. Both subjects are frequently underestimated but may have a strong impact on the assessment of product quality and structural integrity. The status of related test standards, product standards, structural integrity assessment procedures and corresponding research is reviewed. It is concluded that the state of regulation is partly insufficient and wrong. There is a wide gap between the state of knowledge in the field of materials testing and the requirements of product standards and structural integrity assessment procedures. The present paper aims at boosting and supporting the necessary discussion among the parties involved to raise the level of technical safety. Correspondingly, a large experimental database was created by Charpy impact testing of popular modern structural Steels with nominal yield strength from 235 MPa to 960 MPa. KV-T data were generated using test pieces with thicknesses between 2.5 mm and 10 mm. Different strategies for KV-T curve fitting, definition of transition temperatures, as well as upper and lower shelf energy levels were followed, and different scaling procedures were applied to the sub-size test piece results. The results show that proportional scaling of sub-size to full-size test piece results in terms of KV should be disallowed because it is a wrong approach. Regulations still incorporating such procedures should be revised as soon as possible. Existing nonproportional scaling and conversion procedures were applied. The results obtained illustrate that neither an overall nor consistent conservatism nor an adequate conservatism level can be achieved. In summary, the standardizing bodies should enforce the discussion to revise relevant test standards considering more precise specifications on Charpy data fitting. Furthermore, proposals are made for an improved management of sub-size test piece results.
Ovarian and paraovarian adrenal rest tumors are not uncommon in gonadectomy materials of historical congenital adrenal hyperplasia cases in childhood
Authors: Yildiz Melek , Bayram Aysel , Bas Firdevs , Karaman Volkan , Toksoy Guven , Poyrazoglu Sukran , Soysal Feryal Gun , Onder Semen , Uyguner Zehra Oya , Darendeliler Feyza
Published: May 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ovarian and paraovarian adrenal rest tumors (ARTs) in gonadectomy materials of a subgroup of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients.

Methods

A total of 20 historical cases with clinical/molecular diagnosis of classical CAH were included in the study. All patients had 46,XX karyotype and underwent gonadectomy because of being raised as male.

Results

Median age at diagnosis of CAH was 5.7 years and was markedly delayed. All patients revealed severe virilization. Bone age was significantly advanced, and bone age/chronological age ratio was increased with a median ratio of 1.8. Median age at the time of gonadectomy was 9.2 years. Ovarian and paraovarian ARTs were detected during the pathological evaluation of gonadectomy materials in four patients (20%) (two with simple virilizing 21-hydroxylase and two with 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency) with previously normal pelvic imaging. In three cases with ARTs, paraovarian area was composed of medium-sized polygonal cells, with round or oval monomorphic nuclei and abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm which is characteristic of adrenocortical tissue. The fourth case had bilateral ovarian ‘steroid cell tumors, not otherwise specified’, and the tumor was accepted as benign. Except for the ARTs, heterotopic prostate and bilateral paratubal epididymis tissue were detected in a patient.

Conclusions

Ovarian and paraovarian ARTs might be more common than previously described, especially among patients with excessive and prolonged adrenocorticotropic hormone exposure. These tumors could be detected histopathologically even if not detected by classical imaging methods.
Firewater toxicity after extinguishing natural-based insulation materials
Authors: Hybská Helena , Osvaldová Linda Makovická , Horvathová Michaela , Hýrošová Tatiana , Restás Ágoston
Published: May 2022

Water is the most widely used fire extinguishing agent. It is used to eliminate a wide range of fires, often occurring in ecologically sensitive areas. There is little information on the toxicity of the fire-fighting substances in connection with aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Toxic substances often present in fire waters slow down life processes. As a result, some organisms die. This study deals with the extinguishing of burning solids (fiberboard, cannabis, straw, cork) with extinguishing water and assessment of its effects on the aquatic and terrestrial environment. The following test organisms were selected to test the effects of the extinguishing water: Daphnia magna – consumer; and Sinapis alba and Lemna minor – producers. A preliminary test was carried out on all the samples to evaluate the (positive / negative) effects of the fire water on the test organisms. Specific conductivity, pH, and chemical oxygen demand were also determined. The results of this study call attention to negative impacts of extinguishing water on the environment. It is necessary to pay attention to prevention and thus eliminate potential risks. If environmental contamination can no longer be prevented, the spread of contaminated water must at least be reduced.
Surface charring of silver fir wood cladding using an enhanced traditional Japanese Yakisugi method
Authors: Ebner David Hans , Barbu Marius-Catalin , Gryc Vladimír , Čermák Petr
Published: May 2022

The aim of this work was to better understand the ignition method of timber charring in order to improve the industrial process. Three silver fir boards were tied together to make a triangular prism, which acted as a chimney. To start the charring process, the traditional Yakisugi method uses an ignitor paper ball. This ignitor paper ball was in this research replaced with a gas burner. The gas burner supplies the required energy in an even level and provides airflow in the upward direction. The surface temperature of the samples increased from 10 to 500 °C in approximately 40 to 80 s at all recorded positions, which is considerably faster than when using a traditional method. The thickness of the charred layer and the resulting cupping effect were investigated as an indicator of the quality of the process. The charred layer produced by the gas burner method was not as thick as was achieved with the traditional method, which can be attributed to a shorter charring time. Approximately half the specimens showed cupping to the charred side, which may be related not only to a shorter charring time than previous studies, but also to the annual ring orientation of the timber. Further research should be performed on the charred layer thickness and cupping to define all relevant parameters.
Investigation of physical and thermal properties of fuel briquettes made of bagasse
Authors: Siahdashti Majid Salehi , Talaeipour Mohammad , Khademieslam Habibollah , Bazyar Behzad
Published: May 2022

Biomass densification, which is also known as briquetting of sawdust and other agro residues, has been practiced for many years in several countries. The purpose of the present study was to produce fuel briquettes using heat-dried bagasse and to improve their physical properties and thermal value through using varying proportions of bagasse powder as the filler material and lignin as the natural binder. The results showed that lignin had a significant desirable effect on the entire properties of the prepared briquettes. In contrast, as a cellulose-based filler, bagasse powder was also able to significantly improve the thermal energy of the briquettes through increasing the briquettes’ density and mitigating porosity and moisture content. On this basis, according to the obtained results it can be stated that the process of heat-drying, using lignin as the binding element, and using cellulose-based powders, such as bagasse, as the filler are all suitable alternatives to increase the energy yielded by briquettes biomasses.
The chemical and physical properties of steam-exploded wood at different temperatures and times at the same severity as a dietary fiber source
Authors: Jung Ji Young , Ha Si Young , Goel Akshat , Jung Chaemi , Choi Yang-Ho , Yang Jae-Kyung
Published: May 2022

The chemical and physical properties of steam-exploded pine chips were analyzed by varying the temperature (190 °C to 230 °C) and time (1.5 min to 20.0 min) of steam explosion at the same severity factor (Ro), i.e., 4.0. Then, their potential as a dietary fiber source was evaluated. Overall, the chemical properties, e.g., solid recovery, cellulose, hemicellulose, and total dietary fiber content, showed a tendency to decrease as the temperature increased as well as an increasing lignin content. The physical properties, e.g., water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and swelling capacity, showed decreased values in pine chips subjected to steam explosion at a temperature of 210 °C or greater. The chemical and physical properties of the steam-exploded pine chips, which were subjected to steam explosion at different temperatures and times at the selected Ro) considerably changed, starting at a temperature of 200 °C for 11.5 min. Even with the same severity factor, the steam-exploded pine chips at a temperature of 200 °C for 11.5 min showed the greatest improvement in the physical properties, i.e., water holding capacity (8.3 g/g), oil holding capacity (6.8 g/g), and swelling capacity (4.9 mL/g).
Insights into activation of dissolving pulp preceding cellulose acetylation
Authors: Rasooly-Garmaroody Esmaeil , Ebadi Shahrzad , Ramezani Omid , Behrooz Rabi
Published: May 2022

The current study was conducted to identify the most important variables in the activation phase of cellulose acetate production. Dry alpha cellulose pulp as raw material was supplied by a local company with the intrinsic properties of viscosity equal to 926 mL/g and a water content of 96%. In this regard, the activation phase variables, including reaction time (T30, T60, and T90 min), the addition level of acetic acid (C25, C35, and C45 units per 100 units of dry cellulose), and sulfuric acid catalyst (H0, H0.1, H0.5, and H1%), were experimented followed by characterization of the activated pulp properties through water retention value (WRV), carboxyl groups, viscosity, reactivity, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of fibers. The results indicated that cellulose activation is a complex process with an inverse or contributing effect of the variables. The data were extensively discussed considering the swelling effects governed by diffusion and chemical reactions in both crystalline and amorphous regions of fibers. Eventually, those findings conveyed that the activation process with the above-mentioned conditions was able to improve the properties of cellulose for acetylation phase particularly by increasing reaction time in acid acetic and H2SO4 catalyst consumption.
Food Insecurity Screening of Hospitalized Patients: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Hanna Samantha L. , Wu Chang L. , Smola Cassi , Coyne-Beasley Tamera , Orr Mary , Healy Alexandra , Molina Adolfo L.
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to describe an advocacy effort to implement a food insecurity (FI) screening during hospital admission and describe characteristics of hospitalized patients with household FI.

METHODS

This is a descriptive study after the implementation of FI screening at a quaternary-care children’s hospital in the Southeastern United States between August 2020 and April 2021. The Hunger Vital Sign, a 2-question screening tool for FI, was added to the intake questionnaire performed on inpatient admissions. A positive screen triggered a social work consult to connect patients with resources. Chart review and statistical analyses were performed on patients with household FI.

RESULTS

There were 7751 hospital admissions during the study period, of which 4777 (61.6%) had an FI screen completed. Among those with a completed screen, 233 patients (4.9%) were positive for household FI. Patients with household FI were more likely to be Black (P <.001) and have Medicaid (P <.001). Social work documented care specific to FI in 125 of the 233 (56%) FI patients, of which 39 (31%) were not enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children Program/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

CONCLUSIONS

This initiative highlights hospitalization as an opportunity to screen for FI using a multidisciplinary approach. Our findings underscore the importance of identifying FI with the goal of reducing FI and mitigating the adverse effects of FI on child health outcomes.
Influence of Different Surface Treatments on Bond Strength of a Self-Adhesive Resin Cement to CAD-CAM Materials
Authors: Kaptan Alper , Bektaş Özden Özel , Eren Diğdem , Doğan Derya Özdemir , Mehrican Şükrü
Published: May 2022

To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of self-adhesive resin cement when used with two different computer-aided design (CAD)-computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) materials after various surface treatments. Nanoceramic resin Lava Ultimate (LU) and feldspathic ceramic Vita Mark II (VM) CAD-CAM block samples were prepared with 1.5-mm thickness, and a total of 90 samples were obtained (N=90), with five samples of each block. The samples were divided into the following five groups according to the surface treatments (n=9): group 1, untreated (control); group 2,5% hydrofluoric acid etching; group 3, Er: YAG laser irradiation; group 4, tribochemical silica coating (Cojet); and group 5, air-abrasion with Al2O3. After silane application, resin cement was applied on a transparent matrix (diameter, 3mm; height, 2mm) on the blocks. SBS was determined using a universal testing device at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to analyze the SBS values. LU showed the highest SBS value in group 4. The average SBS values in groups 3 and were found to be lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). When VM was examined, while all surface treatments increased the SBS values significantly, the highest SBS value was observed in group 4 (p<0.05). This study revealed that all surface treatments used negatively affected the bond strength values of self-adhesive resin cement to LU, except for Cojet application. The SBS values of resin cement with VM increased in all surface treatment application groups.
Cognición espacial y autismo: particularidades en el conocimiento del entorno construido
Authors: Lee C. Jose Ignacio
Published: May 2022

El artículo pretende contribuir a la comprensión de los factores que vinculan al autismo con el diseño del entorno construido. Por un lado, plantea que algunas particularidades no sociales del autismo como la insistencia en la identidad, la fuerte coherencia local y las habilidades de sistematización intervienen en la manera de conocer el entorno construido. Por otro lado, propone que estas mismas particularidades pueden servir de base conceptual en la ideación de edificios y entornos que sean fácilmente comprensibles por las personas con autismo. En el texto, estos argumentos se desarrollan en tres partes. La primera, define la cognición espacial desde el marco de la Psicología Ambiental como el proceso mental que le permite al ser humano conocer y comprender el espacio físico. La segunda, exponelas particularidades cognitivas del autismo antes mencionadas, a partir de las teorías que han tratado deexplicarlas: la débil coherencia global, la disfunción ejecutiva y la hipersistematización. Y la tercera parte,propone un tipo de organización espacial y formal que podría responder a las habilidades de memoria,atención al detalle y sistematización. Esta propuesta sugiere que las personas con autismo serían  capaces de reconocer el sistema que subyace en un entorno físico estructurado a partir de elementos y leyes de organización simples y evidentes y que, por consiguiente, podrían comprender su estructura general y asociar la disposición de sus espacios y recorridos con una secuencia de actividades preestablecida.
L'impossible durabilité d'un littoral marocain entre le volontarisme étatique et la réalité géographique
Authors:   Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Maroc, Mohaine Abdelkader
Published: May 2022

Le présent article interroge la politique volontariste de l’État marocain vis-à-vis d’un littoral désertique à forte individualité. Il met en question les différentes tentatives étatiques visant à l’intégrer à l’économie nationale. Longtemps resté marginale en raison de ses conditions physiques difficiles, cet espace est subitement devenu hautement stratégique au vu de la géopolitique régionale récente. Sa géographie a fait de lui un espace de nomadisme séculaire dépourvu d’acteurs stables. Dans l’espoir d’attirer de nouveaux acteurs de développement, l’État essaye tant bien que mal de lui donner une image d’espace viable, quitte à arranger habilement ses données démographiques dont dépendent les actions d’aménagement. Aussi, l’État s’efforce de rendre vivable cet espace en mettant en place des infrastructures, qui se sont avérées exclusives du littoral, et des projets grandioses qui peinent à démarrer. La nature et la consistance de ces projets auront sans doute des retombées qui seront tout pour ce milieu naturel sauf durables. Les échecs répétés de ses différentes tentatives semblent présager l’impossibilité de son développement durable
Patrimonialisation des héritages industriels ruraux et reconversions inventives : nouvelles ruralités en Monts d’Ardèche ?
Authors:   Laboratoire PACTE/CERMOSEM, Université Grenoble Alpes, France, Vigne Flore
Published: May 2022

Le travail proposé ici est une première exploration de la reconversion du patrimoine industriel sur le territoire du Parc naturel régional des Monts d’Ardèche, étudié dans le cadre d’une thèse CIFRE en géographie. Après être revenus sur les paradoxes imposant le statut de marge à ces formes de patrimonialisation, nous proposons un tour d’horizon des reconversions ardéchoises construit à partir d’un recensement des sites industriels. L’objectif est de cibler ce que ces projets questionnent en termes de ressources patrimoniales, d’habiter et de communs. L’émergence de certaines initiatives, nos cas d’études, de reconversion inventive nous amènerons enfin à discuter des recompositions induites sur les ruralités et plus globalement sur les transformations sociétales actuelles.
Le réchauffement climatique annuel dans les stations de Bucarest et de Sibiu : certitudes et incertitudes
Authors:   Université de Nice Côte d’Azur, France, Dauphiné André
Published: May 2022

Si le réchauffement climatique est un fait observé, plusieurs incertitudes demeurent. Elles concernent les températures du passé et celles du futur. Après avoir vérifié que le réchauffement est bien avéré pour les deux stations de Bucarest et de Sibiu, nous montrons le caractère stochastique de cette tendance, et les difficultés rencontrées pour apprécier son intensité de 1880 à 2019. Enfin, nous mettons en relief quelques ruptures dans cette évolution.
La Chine en 2100 : renaissance ou déclin d’une civilisation ? Essai de prospective. Défis extérieurs (I)
Authors:   UFR Lettres, Langues et Sciences Humaines, Université d’Orléans, France, Giroir Guillaume
Published: May 2022

Un actif courant historique s’efforce de décrire la génétique des civilisations, leur naissance, développement et déclin. À l’issue d’une trentaine d’années de maoïsme (1949-1978), la Chine se retrouve avec un PIB d’à peine 150 milliards $ (analogue à celui des Pays-Bas), une pauvreté absolue pour 80 % de sa population et une profonde sous-urbanisation (< 20 %). Depuis 1978, la Chine a connu un puissant cycle ascendant de rattrapage dans tous les domaines. Le projet de « grandiose renaissance de la nation chinoise » lancé par Xi Jinping en 2013 semble se réaliser. Pourtant, de nouveaux éléments vont dans le sens d’une entrée dans un nouveau cycle, descendant cette fois. Cette étude prospective se propose ainsi d’identifier les défis extérieurs majeurs auxquels la Chine est de plus en plus confrontée et qui structureront son futur à l’horizon 2100, ou bien avant. Dans le prochain numéro de la revue, un second article abordera les défis intérieurs.
Habitudes alimentaires et forme d’organisation territoriale innovante dans le PNR Queyras
Authors:   PNR Queyras, France, Bletterie Xavier , Lardon Sylvie ,   INRAE & AgroParisTech, UMR Territoires, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Published: May 2022

Une récente expérience a été menée dans le cadre d’un travail de terrain d’une promotion d’étudiants. Le projet alimentaire territorial (PAT) initié par le PNR Queyras s’appuie sur une diversité d’acteurs, têtes de réseaux tant institutionnels qu’associatifs. En complément, les étudiants sont allés à la rencontre des habitants du territoire Guillestrois-Queyras, pour connaitre leurs pratiques d’approvisionnement alimentaire et leurs visions de l’agriculture de proximité (ACTERRA, Bletterie et Lardon, 2019). L’enjeu était double, recueillir les habitudes alimentaires des habitants et tester une méthodologie généralisable ensuite sur l’ensemble du territoire du PAT. Le nouveau regard porté sur ce territoire, qui combine un espace urbain autour de la petite ville de Guillestre et un espace rural de la montagne du Queyras, a mis en évidence la dimension fédératrice de l’alimentation et la façon dont une organisation socio-spatiale peut faire « commun » (Icéri et Lardon, 2019).
INVESTIGATING THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF SUSTAINED SILENT READING, ASSISTED REPEATED READING, AND TRADITIONAL READING
Authors: Savaşçı Merve , Akyel Ayşe Semra
Published: May 2022

This quasi-experimental study aims to investigate the effects of Sustained Silent Reading (SSR), Assisted Repeated Reading (ARR), and Traditional Reading (TR) instructions integrated into an EFL reading program on EFL reading comprehension, silent reading rate, reading motivation, and attitudes toward EFL reading, by also addressing the potential effect of proficiency level. Adopting a mixed-method pretest-posttest research design, this 10-week study was conducted with mixed-proficiency university-level Turkish EFL learners divided into three experimental groups. A method incorporating 150-minute SSR or ARR instructions into the 150-minute intensive reading instruction in two groups was implemented, as compared against a TR group that received 300-minute traditional intensive reading instruction weekly. Data came from a reading comprehension and rate test, reading motivation questionnaire, participant reflections, and interviews. Findings indicated that SSR yielded significant benefits for reading comprehension of both low and high-proficiency participants. Moreover, SSR and ARR showed positive effects on intrinsic reading motivation, whereas TR contributed slightly to extrinsic reading motivation. Regarding the possible effect of proficiency, while SSR yielded more advantages for higher-proficiency learners, ARR and TR were comparatively more beneficial for lower-proficiency learners. Implications for pedagogy and future research for university-level EFL reading classes are discussed.
A Systematic Review of the Status, Knowledge, and Research Gaps of Dugong in Southeast Asia
Authors: Panyawai Janmanee , Prathep Anchana
Published: May 2022

The dugong (Dugong dugon; Müller, 1776) is a vulnerable marine mammal species. This systematic review aims to provide information about the remaining populations, distributions, and habitat sites of the dugong in Southeast Asia. By combining this information with scientific research, critical knowledge gaps about dugongs in this region can be filled. This review showed that dugong populations have not only been reduced but also scattered in coastal waters. Little information is available about the remaining population numbers and distributions of dugongs. The largest estimated populations were reported around East Malaysia (688 to 1,376 dugongs); North Sulawesi, Indonesia (1,000 dugongs); and in the Andaman Sea, Thailand (200 to 250 dugongs). Published research has been very limited—approximately two articles per year. From 1993 until 2021, articles about the dugong were published in the context of ecology, conservation, biology, socioecology, biochemistry, and physiology. Visual and aerial surveying and anecdotal information about sightings and strandings of dugongs were the typical methods of research in Southeast Asia. The conservation strategy in this region is still focused on specific subject areas. The knowledge base for the species is lacking detailed quantitative data on remaining dugong populations, movements, habitats, and mating periods. Behavioral information lacks data for both spatial and temporal variations in foraging behavior, for example. Elucidation is needed in several different aspects of seagrass ecosystem dynamics. Improvements in captive dugong husbandry are also needed to ensure the sustainable conservation of the dugong in the region. National and international management decisions must be based on solid scientific data and multisector integration.
A comparative analysis of miRNA expression in human lung epithelial cells during infection with influenza virus and RNAse treatment
Authors: Baichurina Irina A. , Markelova M. I. , Shah Mahmud R.
Published: May 2022

The influenza virus is capable of causing an acute respiratory infection that affects 5 to 20% of the human population annually. The spread of the influenza virus epidemic occurs within a short period of time due to its high contagiousness. In addition, the annual circulation of the virus among livestock and waterfowl increases for new strains a risk of zoonotic transmission to human populations with unestablished yet immunity. In addition, several high virulence pandemic strains have emerged in the past, and the threat of a new pandemic strain is constantly present. The identification of the physiological and molecular aspects related to influenza A can help developing therapeutic approaches to lower side effects associated with the disease caused by this virus. The RNA profile in human cells changes after exposure to influenza virus. Currently, scientists have been increasingly paying attention to study of microRNAs capable of regulating gene expression. Thus, microRNAs may play a critical role in a wide range of biological processes and have been previously shown to be important effectors in multilayered host-pathogen interplay. The study of the quantitative and qualitative miRNA composition is an important tool for diagnosing and treating various diseases at an early stage. The aim of this work is to analyze the microRNA profile for investigating an effect of influenza A (H1N1) virus on human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells. The microRNA fraction was isolated by using phenol-chloroform extraction and analyzed with high-throughput sequencing on the SOLiD 550xl wildfire platform using bioinformatic methods. The study examined 129 mature microRNAs from uninfected cells treated with Bacillus pumilus RNAse as well as cells infected with the influenza A (H1N1) virus. It was found that uninfected cells treated with RNase contained 2-fold more different microRNAs that can participate in suppressing carcinogenesis. The peak expression in influenza virus-infected cells is observed for miR-6884-5p. For cells treated with RNase, the peak expression is observed for miR-3923 that was higher by 400-fold than in cells infected with the influenza virus. We hypothesize that intact viruses or their intracellular components are able to alter cellular metabolism by skewing it to decreased resistance to carcinogenesis processes.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the North Caucasian Federal District: overview of the epidemiological situation and improvement of morbidity forecasting method
Authors: Prislegina Daria A. , Maletskaya O. V. , Dubyanskiy V. M. , Platonov A. E.
Published: May 2022

This article is dedicated to analyzing epidemiological situation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District (from 2005 to 2021) and developing a new approach to improve epidemiological forecasting by using an in-progress prognostic model. The study is comprehensive, using epidemiological methods and mathematical statistics. The epidemiological analysis was carried out based on information from the databases on the incidence rate for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever presented as a project and maps of infectious disease focus epidemiological examination. The prognostic morbidity model is developed based on Bayes theorem and Walds sequential statistical analysis. The factors information calculation was carried out by using the Kullback method. The value of climatic factors was retrieved from the database of the Center for Collective Use IKI-monitoring of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The data obtained indicate that the majority of patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever within the studied long-term period in the Stavropol Territory (629) and the Republic of Dagestan (46) were revealed. Isolated cases in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (2), the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (3) and the Republic of Ingushetia (2) were noted. Infection by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever causative agent via the transmission mechanism occurred mainly during the care after farm animals in 59.4%. The prevalence of moderate forms of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (79%) was noted, with hemorrhagic manifestations (over the last five years) observed almost in half of the patients. The proportion of correct preliminary diagnoses during patient hospitalization was 49%. While testing the prognostic model in 2021 particularly in the Stavropol Territory, a complete exact coincidence for predicted and the actual data was obtained for 11 districts (42.3%). False positive (38.5%) and overestimated (11.5%) data at this stage of the study do not significantly reduce the predictive value of the model, since they often reflect registered infection case that occurred at the patients place of residence in another administrative region, underdiagnoses of mild forms of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in medical institutions or high efficiency of preventive measures against ticks measures carried out before the beginning of the epidemic season in individual municipal districts. False negative results were 7.7%. Thus, the results of the analysis evidence about a need to improve the training of medical personnel for the timely detection of patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and to enhance the effectiveness of preventive measures against ticks. The results of testing the prognostic model confirm the feasibility and hold promise to continue the study.
Cytokine markers of clinical variants of infective endocarditis
Authors: Samoylenko Ekaterina S. , Kolesnikova N. V. , Podsadnyaya A. A. , Bratova A. V.
Published: May 2022

Introduction. Infective endocarditis is a bacterial disease. Pathogen is localized mainly on heart valves and endocardium. This condition is accompanied by immunopathological manifestations and potential generation of septic process being unfavorable prognosis for disease outcome. Currently, the causes of death of patients with endocarditis have been increasingly presented as thromboembolic complications, which severity depends on variant of the disease course. An important role in imbalanced immune system in the infectious process is assigned to altered intercellular interaction mediated via cytokine network. Activated immune cells produce cytokines, which investigating is important in terms of interpreting changes in immune system functionality, assessing the severity of diseases and controlling therapeutic effectiveness. Infective endocarditis remains a severe disease associated with high mortality despite current advances in diagnostics and treatment. A timely diagnostic process and early initiation of treatment are major factors for successful patient management necessitating to improve diagnostics of various clinical variants of endocarditis course, taking into account pathogenetically relevant cytokines. Objective was to comparatively evaluate the importance of serum cytokine concentrations in patients with uncomplicated course of infective endocarditis and its thromboembolic complications and determine cytokine markers of various variants of endocarditis course. Materials and methods. An immunological examination of 119 blood serum samples from patients with confirmed diagnosis of infectious endocarditis and 20 samples from apparently healthy persons was carried out. Depending on the clinical disease form, the patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1 primary infective endocarditis (PIE) with thromboembolic complications (n = 24), 2 PIE without thromboembolic complications (n = 34), 3 secondary IE with thromboembolic complications (n = 27), 4 secondary IE without thromboembolic complications (n = 34). The control group consisted of 20 apparently healthy subjects. Immunological studies of serum cytokine concentrations were conducted in all groups. Results. Statistically significant increase in serum concentration of IL-10, IL-6, VEGF-A, IL-18, IL-1Ra and IL-8 was revealed in all clinical groups of patients compared to those in control group (p 0,05). By correlation analysis, we found a significant positive relationship between IL-10 and IL-18 or IL-6. An increase in the concentration of IL-10 leads to increased level of pro-inflammatory IL-18 and IL-6. The marker of secondary endocarditis was observed as increased level of serum concentrations of IFN. A characteristic feature of primary infective endocarditis with thromboembolic complications was revealed as significantly increased serum concentration of IL-8, IL-1Ra and IL-6. Markers of secondary complicated endocarditis were identified as increased level of IL-6, VEGF-A and IL-18.
Convergence of multiple resistance and hypervirulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Ageevets Vladimir A. , Ageevets I. V. , Sidorenko S. V.
Published: May 2022

Since 2018, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates have been described in Russia, demonstrating the convergence of hypervirulent properties and multiple antibiotic resistance. The problem of the Klebsiella hypervirulent pathotype has been actualized relatively recently that was progressively described in the 1980s in the Pacific region. These Klebsiella spp. can cause serious community-acquired infections in healthy people, which fundamentally differs from the classic Klebsiella pathotype initially preserving sensitivity to most antibacterial drugs. In 20182020, there were reported detection of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae isolates in the Russian Federation. Like multiple resistance, hypervirulence is associated with the acquiring additional genetic material and formation of genetic lineages that effectively support such acquired determinants. For a long time, it was believed that the convergence of multiple resistance and hypervirulence is unlikely due to a large genetic burden as well as different ecological strategies in same species. The spread of hypervirulent strains, primarily in the Asian region, is associated with the conserved plasmids of the pLVPK group. The conservatism of both the originally discovered virulence plasmids (such as pLVPK and pK2044) and the genetic lineages associated with them (mainly CG23) is probably determined by the absence of a gene cluster responsible for conjugation in these plasmids. The driver of the spread of non-conjugative plasmids with determinants of hypervirulence is clonal spread, not horizontal gene transfer. Nevertheless, after a sufficiently long period of circulation of plasmids bearing markers of hypervirulence (described since 1986) in Klebsiella, a relatively limited number of genetic lineages, there were events of mobilization of the determinants of hypervirulence and, as a consequence, the inclusion in horizontal gene transfer in the population (described cases in 2016 ), which led to a sharp increase in the number of genetic lineages and variants of genetic platforms carrying hypervirulence genes. In Russia, first cases of hv-MDR-Kpn were described in 2018 in Moscow based on analyzing collection of Klebsiella isolated in 20122016. In 2020 and 2021, similar cases were described in St. Petersburg. In case of repeated pessimistic scenario observed over the last decade due to spread of carbapenemases, effectiveness of health care will be more than substantially harmed.
Characteristics of cellular and humoral immunity parameters in patients with mechanical jaundice, caused by cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Smirnova Olga V. , Gubanov B. G. , Kasparov E. V. , Darenskaya M. A. , Kolesnikova L. I. , Kolesnikov S. N.
Published: May 2022

In the modern world, obstructive jaundice caused by developing a malignant disease cholangiocarcinoma, poses a significant medical and social problem in economically developed and in developing countries. The aim of this study was to examine parameters of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma before and after surgical intervention. There were enrolled 56 patients with obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma (stages T2-3N0-1M0) and 90 age-matched apparently healthy volunteers. Cellular immunity parameters were studied by using an FC500 flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA). The parameters of humoral immunity were assessed by measuring level of serum immunoglobulins A, M, G, E by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits manufactured by Vector-Best (Russia). The results were statistically analyzed using the Statistica v. 12.0 software (StatSoft Inc., USA). According to the study results, in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by cholangiocarcinoma, there was revealed activation of humoral immunity due to increased serum level of IgA, IgG, IgE with a profoundly depressed some arms of cellular immunity contributing to the imbalanced work of the entire immune system. The imbalance in the cellular arm of immune system was manifested by decreased count of T helper and increased cytotoxic T cell subsets as well as decline in the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. An increased count of cytotoxic T lymphocytes points at lowered T cell immunity and existence of a cytotoxic effect at the cellular level. A decrease in the count of pan-marker-positive T lymphocytes indicates about generally reduced activity of the T cell arm due to altered T cell function and, as a result, affected antigen-presenting function in immune cells. The development of T cell immunodeficiency due to T-cell apoptosis confirms upregulated expression of immunomarkers CD38+, CD95+. An increased serum level for some immunoglobulins suggests developing imbalance in the humoral immunity, whereas rise in the circulating immune complexes indicates about pronounced body intoxication caused by obstructive jaundice due to hyperbilirubinemia and disintegration of tumor cells. Application of surgical correction of obstructive jaundice contributed to normalizing parameters of cellular and humoral immunity, resulting in immunocorrective effect.