bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juncture interview: Elizabeth Anderson
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth
Published: December 2012

Political philosopher Elizabeth Anderson talks to Juncture about her brand of relational egalitarianism, populist conservatism, and the importance of fostering a ‘competent elite’.
Current Issues and Recent Advances in Australian Dendrochronology: Where to Next?
Authors: HEINRICH INGO , ALLEN KATHRYN
Published: December 2012

Trees and shrubs constitute one of the most widely distributed terrestrial stores of environmental information. To date, dendrochronological exploitation of information stored in Australian plants has mostly relied on development and analysis of cross‐dated ring‐width chronologies or ring/growth zone counts. Thus far, however, ring‐width chronologies have only been produced from sites in the relatively seasonal climates of southeastern and southwestern Australia and the far north. These chronologies have been developed almost exclusively for climatic analyses. Ring or growth zone counts have provided invaluable environmental information but can also be somewhat limited. We argue that evolution of a uniquely Australian dendrochronology will depend on innovative uses of information available from stable isotopes, wood property, elemental and wood anatomical analyses, and 14C dating. Interdisciplinary approaches with a lesser focus on stringent requirements of cross‐dating and chronology development may also facilitate appropriate, and needed, methodological adaptation. Both high‐ and low‐resolution records from across the Australian landscape can provide insights into challenges presented by the possible impacts of climate change and natural disasters across different environments and land management practices. They also have significant potential to contribute to multi‐proxy reconstructions of Australian environments.
Associations of Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors With Children's Health and Academic Problems*
Authors: Shi Xiangrong , Tubb Larry , Fingers Sheryl T. , Chen Shande , Caffrey James L.
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND: We examined the associations of physical activities and dietary behaviors with children's health and academic‐behavioral problems.

METHODS: We employed a Community‐wide Children's Health Assessment and Planning Survey to examine physical activity, healthy meals, health status, and academic‐behavioral problems in 3708 children 7 to 14 years of age. Statistical associations were examined with chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis; we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS: Among these children, 30.2% were overweight‐obese, 11.0% had academic problems, and 7.9% had behavioral problems. Children classified as healthy eaters were more likely to exercise ≥4 days/week (79.1% vs 64.6%, OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.49), less likely to be overweight‐obese (27.7% vs 44.6%, OR: 0.48, CI: 0.31 to 0.73), less likely to have academic problems (9.1% vs 16.1%, OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.79) and behavioral problems (6.9% vs 13.9%, OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.66) compared with their less healthy eating peers. Physical activity and healthy meals were associated with an improved health status (p < .001). However, the proportions of children taking unhealthy meals or choosing sedentary lifestyle increased as the cohorts progressed (p < .05) from childhood (7 to 8 years) to adolescence (13 to 14 years).

CONCLUSIONS: Healthy (or unhealthy) lifestyle behaviors are significantly interrelated. Children who take healthy meals and exercise often are associated with better health and fewer academic and behavioral problems. Unfortunately, taking unhealthy meals and sedentary lifestyle characterize a growing proportion of young adolescents. Thus, curbing unhealthy lifestyle behaviors should start in early childhood.
Animal models of antimuscle‐specific kinase myasthenia
Authors: Richman David P. , Nishi Kayoko , Ferns Michael J. , Schnier Joachim , Pytel Peter , Maselli Ricardo A. , Agius Mark A.
Published: December 2012

Antimuscle‐specific kinase (anti‐MuSK) myasthenia (AMM) differs from antiacetylcholine receptor myasthenia gravis in exhibiting more focal muscle involvement (neck, shoulder, facial, and bulbar muscles) with wasting of the involved, primarily axial, muscles. AMM is not associated with thymic hyperplasia and responds poorly to anticholinesterase treatment. Animal models of AMM have been induced in rabbits, mice, and rats by immunization with purified xenogeneic MuSK ectodomain, and by passive transfer of large quantities of purified serum IgG from AMM patients into mice. The models have confirmed the pathogenic role of the MuSK antibodies in AMM and have demonstrated the involvement of both the presynaptic and postsynaptic components of the neuromuscular junction. The observations in this human disease and its animal models demonstrate the role of MuSK not only in the formation of this synapse but also in its maintenance.
Defects of immunoregulatory mechanisms in myasthenia gravis: role of IL‐17
Authors: Gradolatto Angeline , Nazzal Dani , Foti Maria , Bismuth Jacky , Truffault Frederique , Panse Rozen Le , Berrih‐Aknin Sonia
Published: December 2012

Deficient immunoregulation is consistently observed in autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize the abnormalities of the T cell response in autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) by focusing on activation markers, inflammatory features, and imbalance between the different T cell subsets, including Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg cells). In the thymus from MG patients, Treg cell numbers are normal while their suppressive function is severely defective, and this defect could not be explained by contaminating effector CD127low T cells. A transcriptomic analysis of Treg cell and conventional T cell (Tconv; CD4+CD25− cells) subsets pointed out an upregulation of Th17‐related genes in MG cells. Together with our previous findings of an inflammatory signature in the MG thymus and an overproduction of IL‐1 and IL‐6 by MG thymic epithelial cells (TEC), these data strongly suggest that T cell functions are profoundly altered in the thymic pathological environment. In this short review we discuss the mechanisms of chronic inflammation linked to the pathophysiology of MG disease.
The Myasthenia Gravis‐Specific Activities of Daily Living Profile
Authors: Muppidi Srikanth
Published: December 2012

The myasthenia gravis activities of daily living (MG‐ADL) profile is an eight‐item patient‐reported scale developed to assess MG symptoms and their effects on daily activities. The MG‐ADL profile correlated well with the Quantitative MG (QMG) score (r= 0.58, P < 0.001) in 254 consecutive patient visits. Further analysis during clinical trials confirmed the excellent correlation with the QMG test and provided additional evidence that the MG‐ADL profile is responsive to clinical improvement. MG‐ADL performance was further analyzed during a recent multicenter, prospective scale validation study for two new outcome measures. At the first visit, there was a strong positive correlation between the MG‐ADL and the MG Composite (r= 0.85, P < 0.0001) and between the MG‐ADL and the MG‐Quality of life15 (MG‐QOL15) (r= 0.76, P < 0.0001). Test–retest analysis demonstrated a high reliability coefficient. Sensitivity/specificity analysis revealed that a 2‐point improvement has the best trade‐off attributes to predict clinical improvement. The MG‐ADL profile also performed well on Rasch analysis. The MG‐ADL scoring system is useful as a secondary outcome measure and in routine clinical management.
The role of B cell–activating factor in autoimmune myasthenia gravis
Authors: Lisak Robert P. , Ragheb Samia
Published: December 2012

B cell–activating factor (BAFF) is important in the development and maturation of B cells and their progeny—plasma blasts and plasma cells. There is increasing evidence that BAFF is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases including myasthenia gravis. Increased expression of BAFF and receptors for BAFF have been demonstrated in thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis, and an increase in serum levels of BAFF have been reported in patients with myasthenia gravis. While the exact role of BAFF in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is not clear, BAFF and its receptors may provide potential targets for therapy in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Regulatory T cell–based immunotherapies in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis
Authors: Souroujon Miriam C. , Aricha Revital , Feferman Tali , Mizrachi Keren , Reuveni Debby , Fuchs Sara
Published: December 2012

Establishment of tolerance in myasthenia gravis (MG) involves regulatory T (Treg) cells. Experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) in rats is a suitable model for assessing the contribution of Treg cells to the immunopathology of the disease and for testing novel Treg cell–based treatment modalities. We have studied two immunotherapeutic approaches for targeting of Treg cells in myasthenia. By one approach we demonstrated that treatment of sick rats by ex vivo–generated exogenous Treg cells derived from healthy donors suppressed EAMG. By a different approach, we aimed at affecting the endogenous Treg/Th17 cell balance by targeting IL‐6, which has a key role in controlling the equilibrium between pathogenic Th17 and suppressive Treg cells. We found that treatment of myasthenic rats by neutralizing anti‐IL‐6 antibodies shifted this equilibrium in favor of Treg cells and led to suppression of EAMG. Our results show that Treg cells could serve as potential targets in treating MG patients.
The Impact of Known Criminogenic Factors on Offenders with Intellectual Disability: Previous Findings and New Results onADHD
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Carson Derek , Holland Anthony J. , Taylor John L. , O'Brien Gregory , Wheeler Jessica R.
Published: December 2012

Background

Developmental and index offence variables have been implicated strongly in later criminal behaviour and service pathways and this paper investigated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) which, with conduct disorder, has emerged from previous studies on offenders.ADHDand conduct disorder are over‐represented among criminal populations when compared to the general population. The present authors reviewed the extent to whichADHDaffected the presentation of offenders with intellectual disability.

Method

Information related to index behaviour, history of problem behaviours, childhood adversity and psychiatric diagnoses was recorded in 477 referrals to forensic intellectual disability services. Comparisons were made between those with a previous diagnosis ofADHDand those without.

Results

TheADHDgroup showed higher proportions of physical aggression, substance use, previous problems including aggression, sexual offences and property offences, birth problems and abuse in childhood. Effect sizes were small.

Conclusion

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct disorder is associated with a greater degree and history of problematic behaviour in offenders with intellectual disability.
Colonization history of Metrioptera roeselii in northern Europe indicates human‐mediated dispersal
Authors: Kaňuch Peter , Berggren Åsa , Cassel‐Lundhagen Anna
Published: December 2012

Aim

The bush‐cricket Metrioptera roeselii is an example of an insect which has expanded its indigenous range beyond expectations based on its natural dispersal potential. Understanding how species colonize new areas is vital for formulating effective species conservation programmes and managing invasive species. The aim of this research is to use mitochondrial sequence and microsatellite data to delineate the likely origin and dispersal pathways of M. roeselii in northern Europe. The well‐known ecology of the species and the detailed colonization data make it a very suitable model species for addressing questions relating to invasiveness.

Location

Fennoscandia, Baltic Sea coast, northern Europe.

Methods

Using a 676 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and seven polymorphic microsatellite loci, we genotyped and compared populations at 28 sites within the continuous range of M. roeselii along the Baltic Sea coast, and 10 isolated populations in Denmark, islands in the Baltic Sea and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The acquired data, information on the species' ecology and historical population establishment records were used to infer the colonization history and pathways of this species.

Results

Both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data indicated that several of the isolated populations did not originate from their nearest locations within the continuous distribution area of M. roeselii. Instead, the likeliest source populations were in some cases situated > 500 km from the isolated populations. Hence the first records of appearance in the isolated sites did not coincide with the species' natural expansion but agreed well with the time of colonization of the founder sites inferred from the genetic data.

Main conclusions

The limited ability of M. roeselii to cross geographical barriers through active dispersal, the inferred colonization pathways from this study, and the knowledge that transport of eggs can potentially occur with agricultural products collectively suggest that at least some of the isolated populations originate from human‐mediated introductions rather than natural dispersal.
Origin and fate of the single‐island endemic moss Orthotrichum handiense
Authors: Patiño Jairo , Medina Rafael , Vanderpoorten Alain , González‐Mancebo Juana M. , Werner Olaf , Devos Nicolas , Mateo Rubén G. , Lara Francisco , Ros Rosa M.
Published: December 2012

Aim

Our aims were: to determine the evolutionary origin of the single‐island endemic moss Orthotrichum handiense; to assess whether its endemicity results from a recent origin or founder event, a loss of dispersal ability, specific habitat requirements, or contraction of a formerly wider range; and to make predictions about its ability to face ongoing climate change.

Location

Fuerteventura, Canary Islands.

Methods

The evolutionary origin of O. handiense was determined by phylogenetic analysis and molecular dating. The spatial genetic structure and demographic history of 48 individuals of O. handiense were analysed with inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers through analyses of molecular variance, Mantel tests, mismatch distributions and bottleneck analyses. The macroclimatic envelope of the species was modelled using an ensemble approach of eight species distribution models, and its suitable areas predicted for extant, past (21 ka) and future (2050, 2080) conditions.

Results

Orthotrichum handiense was resolved as sister to the Californian O. underwoodii and their most recent common ancestor was dated to early Miocene–Pliocene. ISSR analyses revealed extremely low levels of genetic diversity and provided evidence for a recent bottleneck and for isolation‐by‐distance at the local scale. The different models investigated all pointed to the mismatch between the limited extant distribution and the extent of macroclimatically suitable areas. All models predicted climatic unsuitability on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote at 21 ka, but were conflicting in other areas. A dramatic reduction and loss of suitable areas were predicted for 2050 and 2080, respectively.

Main conclusions

The phylogenetic position of O. handiense points to a long‐distance dispersal event from a western North American ancestor and emphasizes the differences in the origin of Macaronesian endemic bryophytes and angiosperms. The predicted absence of suitable macroclimatic conditions in Fuerteventura at 21 ka supports the hypothesis of a palaeoendemic origin and a recent founder event in Fuerteventura, consistent with the low levels of genetic diversity and with evidence for a recent bottleneck. While the biogeographical history of the species hence involves major dispersal events over periods of tens of thousands of years, its ability to respond quickly to predicted climate change during the next few decades is questioned.
The Effectiveness of Narrative Therapy With Young People With Autism
Authors: Cashin Andrew , Browne Graeme , Bradbury Joanne , Mulder Ann
Published: December 2012

Problem

The aim of this pilot study was to be the first step toward empirically determining whether narrative therapy is effective in helping young people with autism who present with emotional and behavioral problems.

Autism is increasingly being recognized in young people with average and above intelligence. Because of the nature of autism, these young people have difficulty navigating the challenges of school and adolescence. Narrative therapy can help them with their current difficulties and also help them develop skills to address future challenges.

Narrative therapy involves working with a person to examine and edit the stories the person tells himself or herself about the world. It is designed to promote social adaptation while working on specific problems of living.

Method

This pilot intervention study used a convenience sample of 10 young people with autism (10–16 years) to evaluate the effectiveness of five 1 hr sessions of narrative therapy conducted over 10 weeks. The study used the parent‐rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures were the Kessler‐10 Scale of Psychological Distress (K‐10), the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and a stress biomarker, the salivary cortisol to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ratio.

Findings

Significant improvement in psychological distress identified through the K‐10 was demonstrated. Significant improvement was identified on the Emotional Symptoms Scale of the SDQ. The cortisol:DHEA ratio was responsive and a power analysis indicated that further study is indicated with a larger sample.

Conclusion

Narrative therapy has merit as an intervention with young people with autism. Further research is indicated.
Curves as traits: genetic and environmental variation in mate preference functions
Authors: Rodríguez R. L. , Hallett A. C. , Kilmer J. T. , Fowler‐Finn K. D.
Published: December 2012

Study of the genetic and developmental architecture of mate preferences lags behind the study of sexual ornaments. This is in part because of the challenges involved in describing mate preferences, which are expressed as a function of variation in ornaments. We used the function‐valued approach to test for genetic and environmental components of variation in female mate preferences in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). These insects communicate with plant‐borne vibrational signals, and offer a case study of speciation involving sexual selection and environmental change. We focused on female preferences for male signal frequency, the most divergent signal trait in Enchenopa. Obtaining complete, individual‐level descriptions of mate preferences in a full‐sib, split‐family rearing experiment, we document substantial genetic variation in mate preference functions. Focusing on traits describing variation in the shape of the preference functions, we further document considerable broad‐sense heritability and evidence of weak genotype × environment interaction in most traits. Against the background of recent and rapid divergence in Enchenopa, these results indicate potent mechanisms that maintain variation and sustain the involvement of mate preferences in sexual selection.
Physiological and Physicochemical Behavior of Soursop Fruits Refrigerated with 1‐Methylcyclopropene
Authors: Espinosa I. , Ortiz R.I. , Tovar B. , Mata M. , Montalvo E.
Published: December 2012

The effect of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) on the ripening of a native variety of soursop (Annona muricata L.) under refrigerated storage was evaluated. Control fruits were stored at 25 and 16C, and a group of fruits was exposed to 200 or 400 nL/L of 1‐MCP and then stored at 16C. The effect of 1‐MCP on soursop fruits stored at 16C (6 days) and then at 25C was also studied. Fruits stored at 25C ripened after 4–6 days. Fruits held at 16C ripened after 8–9 days; however, chilling injury symptoms were observed. 1‐MCP caused a reduction in respiration and ethylene production rates and there was no visible chilling injury to the fruit pulp. In conclusion, application of 200 or 400 nL/L of 1‐MCP on refrigerated soursop delayed ripening for 7 days, which should provide additional time to handle the fruit at least in the domestic market.

Practical Applications

Annonaceas are highly perishable fruits, and further investigation on postharvest handling is necessary because there is no postharvest treatment or technology available to preserve the fruits for more than 9 days. There are several studies on the application of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) in Annonaceas, but not all species have responded acceptably to 1‐MCP. Thus, more research on the application of 1‐MCP on unstudied varieties of Annonaceas is needed in order to explore the potential for the use of 1‐MCP. This study revealed that the application of 1‐MCP, followed by refrigerated storage, can lead to a 7‐day delay of the ripening process in the variety of soursop fruit grown in Nayarit, Mexico. This may contribute to an increase in availability and consumption, a reduction in postharvest losses and an increase in distribution of the soursop fruits in the national markets.
Drug‐Related Readmissions to Medical Units of Older Adults Discharged from Acute Geriatric Units: Results of the Optimization of Medication in AGEd Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bonnet‐Zamponi Dominique , d'Arailh Lydie , Konrat Cécile , Delpierre Sandrine , Lieberherr Deborah , Lemaire Aurélie , Tubach Florence , Lacaille Sophie , Legrain Sylvie ,   the Optimization of Medication in AGEd study group
Published: December 2012

Objectives

To assess the effect of an intervention on drug‐related problem (DRP; adverse drug reactions, adherence problems, underuse)‐related readmission rates in older adults.

Design

Ancillary study from a 6‐month, prospective, randomized, parallel‐group, open‐label trial.

Setting

Six acute geriatric units in Paris and suburbs.

Participants

Six hundred sixty‐five consecutively admitted individuals were included: 317 in the intervention group (IG) and 348 in the control group (CG) (aged 86.1 ± 6.2, 66% female).

Intervention

Discharge‐planning intervention combining chronic drug review, education, and enhanced transition‐of‐care communication.

Measurements

Chronic drugs at discharge of the two groups were compared. An expert committee blinded to group assignment adjudicated whether 6‐month readmission to the study hospitals was related to drugs.

Results

Six hundred thirty‐nine individuals were discharged and followed up (300 IG, 339 CG). The intervention had no significant effect on drug regimen at discharge, characterized by prescriptions that are mostly appropriate but increase iatrogenic risk. Three hundred eleven readmissions occurred during follow‐up (180 CG, 131 IG), of which 185 (59.5%) were adjudicated (102 CG, 83 IG). For 16, DRP imputability was doubtful. Of the remaining 169, DRPs were the most frequent cause for readmission, with 38 (40.4%) readmissions in the CG and 26 (34.7%) in the IG (relative risk reduction = 14.3%, 95% confidence interval = 14.0–14.5%, P = .54). The intervention was associated with 39.7% fewer readmissions related to adverse drug reactions (P = .12) despite the study's lack of power.

Conclusion

Drug‐related problem prevention in older people discharged from the hospital should be a priority, with a focus on improving the monitoring of drugs with high iatrogenic risk.
Relation of erythrocyte indices and serum iron level with clinical and histological progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma in central India
Authors: Anees Ahmed Riyaz Ahmed , Ganvir Sindhu M. , Hazarey Vinay K.
Published: December 2012

Aim

This study aims to evaluate the relation of erythrocyte indices and serum iron level with clinical and histopathological progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

Eighty newly diagnosed OSCC patients recruited for the study were divided according to tumor size int three groups. Erythrocyte indices (e.g., hemoglobin [Hb], red blood cell [RBC] count, packed cell volume [PCV]) and serum iron level (S.Fe) were evaluated with normal reference values, control subject, primary tumor size and histopathological grading. Correlation of Hb to S.Fe was also analyzed.

Results

We found that 56.36, 61.81, and 83.63% of males and 76, 32, and 88% of female patients were anemic in terms of Hb%, RBC count and PCV respectively, whereas the remainding indices and S.Fe were within normal range (P < 0.05). Percent Hb, RBC count and PCV gradually decreased with increasing tumor size and histopathological grading (P > 0.05). Moderate to weak correlation was observed between Hb and S.Fe (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Tumor‐induced hemolysis appeared to be responsible for anemia in OSCC and its severity increased with the progression of tumor. Moderate to weak correlation exists between Hb and S.Fe probably owing to the dual requirement of iron for bone marrow and the tumor.
Feasibility of alpha tricalcium phosphate for vertical bone augmentation
Authors: Nyan Myat , Miyahara Takayuki , Noritake Kanako , Hao Jia , Rodriguez Reena , Kasugai Shohei
Published: December 2012

Aim

Inadequate vertical bone compromises dental implant positioning and subsequent restoration. This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of alpha tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) for vertical bone augmentation.

Methods

Nine cortical perforations were made on each side of the parietal bone of rat calvaria under continuous saline coolant. Polytetrafluoroethylene cylinders were placed under the periosteum and α‐TCP particles were applied in the cylinders in the TCP group while the cylinders were left empty in the control group. The animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery and analyzed radiologically and histologically.

Results

The augmented bone volumes in the control and TCP groups were 91.5 ± 25.6% and 76.5 ± 49.8% (mean ± SD) of the original bone at 4 weeks, and 136.3 ± 59.7% and 139 ± 62.4% at 8 weeks respectively. There was no significant difference between control and test groups. At 4 weeks the bone height was augmented by 168.8 ± 26.7% and 128.8 ± 62% in the control and TCP groups respectively (not significant), whereas significantly higher vertical bone was achieved in the TCP group than in the control group at 8 weeks (251 ± 32% vs 179.2 ± 30.3%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

After 8 weeks α‐TCP is effective in maintaining space under periosteum and potentially would be applicable in vertical bone augmentation.
Quantitative microscopy approach for shape‐based erythrocytes characterization in anaemia
Authors: DAS D.K. , CHAKRABORTY C. , MITRA B. , MAITI A.K. , RAY A.K.
Published: December 2012

Anaemia is one of the most common diseases in the world population. Primarily anaemia is identified based on haemoglobin level; and then microscopically examination of peripheral blood smear is required for characterizing and confirmation of anaemic stages. In conventional approach, experts visually characterize abnormality present in the erythrocytes under light microscope, and this evaluation process is subjective in nature and error prone. In this study, we have proposed a methodology using machine learning techniques for characterizing erythrocytes in anaemia associated with anaemia using microscopic images of peripheral blood smears. First, peripheral blood smear images are preprocessed based on grey world assumption technique and geometric mean filter for reducing unevenness of background illumination and noise reduction. Then erythrocyte cells are segmented using marker‐controlled watershed segmentation technique. The erythrocytes in anaemia, such as, tear drop, echinocyte, acanthocyte, elliptocyte, sickle cells and normal erythrocytes cells have been characterized and classified based on their morphological changes. Optimal subset of features, ranked by information gain measure provides highest classification performance using logistic regression classifier in comparison with other standard classifiers.
Mice with selective elimination of striatal acetylcholine release are lean, show altered energy homeostasis and changed sleep/wake cycle
Authors: Guzman Monica S. , De Jaeger Xavier , Drangova Maria , Prado Marco A. M. , Gros Robert , Prado Vania F.
Published: December 2012

Cholinergic neurons are known to regulate striatal circuits; however, striatal‐dependent physiological outcomes influenced by acetylcholine (ACh) are still poorly under;?>stood. Here, we used vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)D2‐Cre‐flox/flox mice, in which we selectively ablated the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the striatum to dissect the specific roles of striatal ACh in metabolic homeostasis. We report that VAChTD2‐Cre‐flox/flox mice are lean at a young age and maintain this lean phenotype with time. The reduced body weight observed in these mutant mice is not attributable to reduced food intake or to a decrease in growth rate. In addition, changed activity could not completely explain the lean phenotype, as only young VAChTD2‐Cre‐flox/flox mice showed increased physical activity. Interestingly, VAChTD2‐Cre‐flox/flox mice show several metabolic changes, including increased plasma levels of insulin and leptin. They also show increased periods of wakefulness when compared with littermate controls. Taken together, our data suggest that striatal ACh has an important role in the modulation of metabolism and highlight the importance of striatum cholinergic tone in the regulation of energy expenditure. These new insights on how cholinergic neurons influence homeostasis open new avenues for the search of drug targets to treat obesity.
Optimism Is Universal: Exploring the Presence and Benefits of Optimism in a Representative Sample of the World
Authors: Gallagher Matthew W. , Lopez Shane J. , Pressman Sarah D.
Published: December 2012

Current theories of optimism suggest that the tendency to maintain positive expectations for the future is an adaptive psychological resource associated with improved well‐being and physical health, but the majority of previous optimism research has been conducted in industrialized nations. The present study examined (a) whether optimism is universal, (b) what demographic factors predict optimism, and (c) whether optimism is consistently associated with improved subjective well‐being and perceived health worldwide. The present study used representative samples of 142 countries that together represent 95% of the world's population. The total sample of 150,048 individuals had a mean age of 38.28 (SD = 16.85) and approximately equal sex distribution (51.2% female). The relationships between optimism, subjective well‐being, and perceived health were examined using hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated that most individuals and most countries worldwide are optimistic and that higher levels of optimism are associated with improved subjective well‐being and perceived health worldwide. The present study provides compelling evidence that optimism is a universal phenomenon and that the associations between optimism and improved psychological functioning are not limited to industrialized nations.
Management of childhood stuttering
Authors: Onslow Mark , O'Brian Sue
Published: December 2012

Stuttering is a speech disorder that begins during the first years of life and is among the most prevalent of developmental disorders. It appears to be a problem with neural processing of speech involving genetics. Onset typically occurs during the first years of life, shortly after language development begins. Clinical presentation during childhood is interrupted and effortful speech production, often with rapid onset. If not corrected during early childhood, it becomes intractable and can cause psychological, social, educational and occupational problems. There is evidence from replicated clinical trials to support early intervention during the pre‐school years. Meta‐analysis of studies indicates that children who receive early intervention during the pre‐school years are 7.7 times more likely to have resolution of their stuttering. Early intervention is recommended with a speech pathologist. Some children who begin to stutter will recover without such intervention. However, the number of such recoveries is currently not known, and it is not possible to predict which children are likely to recover naturally. Consequently, the current best practice is for speech pathologists to monitor children for signs of natural recovery for up to 1 year before beginning treatment.
Echovirus 19 associated with a case of acute flaccid paralysis
Authors: Kesson Alison M , Choo Chong Ming , Troedson Christopher , Thorley Bruce R , Roberts Jason A
Published: December 2012

Acute flaccid paralysis can be caused by many members of the enterovirus genus, most notably the three poliviruses types 1 to 3. We report the case of acute flaccid paralysis caused by echovirus 19. The Western Pacific region has been declared polio free by the WHO since 2000. Australia is now using inactivated polio vaccine in the National Immunization Schedule. This vaccine does not carry the extremely rare risk of vaccine associated acute flaccid paralysis but it does leave our newly vaccinated population open gastrointestinal infection with polioviruses and the risk of circulation of the wild‐type virus. Continued surveillance of cases of acute flaccid paralysis is to detect polioviruses is essential until poliovirus is completely eradicated.
A Survey of Postsecondary Education Programs for Students With Intellectual Disabilities in the United States
Authors: Grigal Meg , Hart Debra , Weir Cate
Published: December 2012

The authors present findings from a 2009 survey of postsecondary education (PSE) programs for students with an intellectual disability (ID) conducted in the United States. The survey was designed to collect descriptive information on characteristics and practices of existing PSE programs for students with an ID. The survey consisted of 63 items organized into 10 sections including: institution or program characteristics, dual enrollment characteristics, referral and application process, college course access and supports, employment, residential options and campus access, family support, student outcomes, challenges, and program contact information. Some 149 programs in institutions of higher education in 39 states indicated that they served students with ID. PSE program characteristics included basic characteristics, recruitment and admission, course access, campus activities, accommodations, funding, collaboration, employment, and residential services. The results of the survey show that for students with an ID, the college experience differs in a number of important ways from the experiences of their peers without an ID. The high degree of variability among programs responding to the survey suggests that the experiences of students with ID differ from one program to another as well. The authors note that their findings can be used to describe current practice as well as to serve as a baseline of practice that will be important to reference as the field evolves.
Gaze cueing as a function of perceived gaze direction
Authors: Qian Qian , Song Miao , Shinomori Keizo
Published: December 2012

Previous studies have found that attention is automatically oriented in the direction of other people's gaze. This study directly investigated whether the perceiving gaze direction modulates the orienting of observers' attention. Gaze perception was manipulated by changing the face context (head orientation) of the gaze cue: the perceived gaze angle was increased (or decreased) when the head and gaze are congruent (or incongruent), while the local‐feature information of the eye region was preserved for all stimuli. The results showed that gaze‐cueing effects were enhanced when the perceived gaze direction was averted more toward left or right, and reduced when the perceived gaze direction was closer to direct gaze. The results suggest that gaze‐cueing effects are based on mechanisms specialized for gaze perception, and the magnitude of gaze‐cueing effects was probably a function of the perceived gaze direction.
Integration of CARMA processes and spot volatility modelling
Authors: Brockwell Peter , Lindner Alexander
Published: December 2012

Continuous‐time autoregressive moving average (CARMA) processes with a non‐negative kernel and driven by a non‐decreasing Lévy process constitute a useful and very general class of stationary, non‐negative continuous‐time processes which have been used, in particular for the modelling of stochastic volatility. In the celebrated stochastic volatility model of Barndorff‐Nielsen and Shephard (2001), the spot (or instantaneous) volatility at time t, V(t), is represented by a stationary Lévy‐driven Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process. This has the shortcoming that its autocorrelation function is necessarily a decreasing exponential function, limiting its ability to generate integrated volatility sequences, , with autocorrelation functions resembling those of observed realized volatility sequences. (A realized volatility sequence is a sequence of estimated integrals of spot volatility over successive intervals of fixed length, typically 1 day.) If instead of the stationary Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, we use a CARMA process to represent spot volatility, we can overcome the restriction to exponentially decaying autocorrelation function and obtain a more realistic model for the dependence observed in realized volatility. In this article, we show how to use realized volatility data to estimate parameters of a CARMA model for spot volatility and apply the analysis to a daily realized volatility sequence for the Deutsche Mark/ US dollar exchange rate.
Evaluation of regional limb perfusion with erythromycin using the saphenous, cephalic, or palmar digital veins in standing horses
Authors: Kelmer G. , Martin‐Jimenez T. , Saxton A. M. , Catasus C. , Elliot S. B. , Lakritz J.
Published: December 2012

There are no reported studies evaluating the use of erythromycin for regional limb perfusion (RLP) in horses. Our hypothesis was that using the cephalic and saphenous veins forRLPwill enable delivery of therapeutic concentrations of erythromycin to the distal limb. Nineteen healthy horses participated in the study. The cephalic, saphenous or palmar digital (PD) vein was used to perfuse the limb with erythromycin. Synovial samples were collected from the metacarpo/metatarso‐phalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. Maximum concentration (Cmax) of erythromycin in theMCPjoint using the cephalic vein was 113 mg/L. TheCmaxof erythromycin in theMTPjoint using the saphenous vein was 38 mg/L. Erythromycin administered using thePDvein was not detectable in theMCP/MTPjoint of four of six horses. Concentrations of erythromycin achieved in the synovial fluid of theMCP/MTPjoint were between 152 and 452 times the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) forRhodococcus equi(R. equi). In conclusion, the results indicate that when using the saphenous or cephalic veins forRLP, therapeutic concentrations of erythromycin in theMTP/MTPjoint can be consistently reached.
Cosmogenic neon in grains separated from individual chondrules: Evidence of precompaction exposure in chondrules
Authors: DAS J. P. , GOSWAMI J. N. , PRAVDIVTSEVA O. V. , MESHIK A. P. , HOHENBERG C. M.
Published: December 2012

Abstract– Neon was measured in 39 individual olivine (or olivine‐rich) grains separated from individual chondrules from Dhajala, Bjurböle, Chainpur, Murchison, and Parsa chondrites with spallation‐produced 21Ne the result of interaction of energetic particle irradiation. The apparent 21Ne cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages of most grains are similar to those of the matrix with the exception of three grains from Dhajala and single grains from Bjurböle and Chainpur, which show excesses, reflecting exposure to energetic particles prior to final compaction of the object. Among these five grains, one from chondrule BJ2A5 of Bjurböle shows an apparent excess exposure age of approximately 20 Ma and the other four from Dhajala and Chainpur have apparent excesses, described as an “age,” from 2 to 17 Ma. The precompaction irradiation effects of grains from chondrules do not appear to be different from the effects seen in olivine grains extracted from the matrix of CM chondrites. As was the case for the matrix grains, there appears to be insufficient time for this precompaction irradiation by the contemporary particle sources. The apparent variations within single chondrules appear to constrain precompaction irradiation effects to irradiation by lower energy solar particles, rather than galactic cosmic rays, supporting the conclusion derived from the precompaction irradiation effects in CM matrix grains, but for totally different reasons. This observation is consistent with Chandra X‐Ray Observatory data for young low‐mass stars, which suggest that our own Sun may have been 105 times more active in an early naked T‐Tauri phase (Feigelson et al. 2002).
Effect of multivitamin supplements on weight gain during pregnancy amongHIV‐negative women inTanzania
Authors: Changamire Freeman T. , Mwiru Ramadhani S. , Peterson Karen E. , Msamanga Gernard I. , Spiegelman Donna , Petraro Paul , Urassa Willy , Fawzi Wafaie W.
Published: December 2012

Multivitamin supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of low birthweight. This effect could be mediated through gestational weight gain. However, the effect of multivitamin supplementation on weight gain during pregnancy has not been fully studied. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of multivitamins on pregnancy weight gain. We enrolled 8468HIV‐negative women fromDar esSalaam,Tanzania, in a randomised, placebo‐controlled trial of multivitamins on birth outcomes. Women were randomly assigned to receive either a daily oral dose of multivitamin tablets or a placebo and were weighed every 4 weeks from enrolment until the last visit before delivery. Intent‐to‐treat analyses were carried out to examine the effects of multivitamins on pregnancy weight gain. Multivariate linear and binomial regression models with the log‐link function were used to examine the association of weight gain during pregnancy to birthweight. The overall total weight gain was 253 g (SE: 69,P: 0.0003) more, while the overall 4 weekly weight gain was 59 g greater (SE: 18,P:0.005) among women who received multivitamins compared to placebo. Women in the lowest quartile of gestational weight gain had babies with an average birthweight of 3030 g (SD: 524), while women in the highest quartile had babies weighing 3246 g (SD: 486), on average. Prenatal multivitamin supplements increased gestational weight gain, which was a significant predictor of birthweight.
Next‐generation phylogenetics takes root
Authors: McCormack John E. , Faircloth Brant C.
Published: December 2012

It has been a tumultuous 5 years in phylogeography and phylogenetics during which both fields have struggled to harness the power of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) (Ekblom & Galindo ; McCormack et al. ). Fortunately, several methodological approaches appear to be taking root. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, O'Neill et al. ) employ one such method – parallel tagged sequencing (PTS) – to elucidate the phylogeography of a tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) species complex. This study demonstrates a practical application of NGS on a scale appropriate (and not overkill) for most biologists interested in phylogeography (~100 loci for ~100 individuals), and their results highlight several analytical challenges that lie ahead for researchers employing NGS techniques.
In Whom Collectivists Trust: The Role of (in) Voluntary Social Obligations in Japan
Authors: Branzei Oana , Camp Ronald D. , Vertinsky Ilan
Published: December 2012

This study contributes to an emic understanding of how different types of social obligations may help or hinder the formation of initial organizational trust within collectivist cultures. We extend prior social categorization insights by challenging the expectation that in-group favouritism automatically facilitates higher levels of initial trust among collectivists. We theorize and test the asymmetric effects of two different types of social obligations toward members of distinct social categories (kinship and friendship in-groups) on the formation of initial organizational trust. Using a quasi-experimental research design in a collectivist culture (Japan), we hypothesize and show that in ambivalent situations, voluntary social obligations toward members of friendship in-groups encourage early trust in trustees' organizations; however, involuntary social obligations toward members of kinship in-groups discourage early trust development toward the organization these trustees represent. The effects of (in)voluntary social obligations on initial organizational trust are contingent on how collectivists perceive each encounter: voluntary social obligations are more conducive to trust-building at lower levels of perceived opportunity; involuntary social obligations have stronger effects on initial organizational trust at higher levels of perceived risk.
Friendship and Being: Election and Trinitarian Freedom in Moltmann and Barth
Authors: Komline Han‐luen Kantzer
Published: December 2012

This article constructs two responses to Moltmann's critique of Barth's doctrine of divine freedom in Trinity and the Kingdom, a first on the basis of Barth's programmatic treatment of divine freedom in II/1 of the Church Dogmatics and a second on the basis of Bruce McCormack's reading of Barth's doctrine of election. It shows why the Barth of II/1 must dismiss Moltmann's concern for the priority of God's loving relationship to the world while Barth as interpreted by McCormack can accommodate it. Finally it observes the significance of this twofold defense for mapping Barth onto the terrain of modern theology.
Review: Activation patterns of microglia and their identification in the human brain
Authors: Boche D. , Perry V. H. , Nicoll J. A. R.
Published: December 2012

Microglia in the central nervous system are usually maintained in a quiescent state. When activated, they can perform many diverse functions which may be either beneficial or harmful depending on the situation. Although microglial activation may be accompanied by changes in morphology, morphological changes cannot accurately predict the function being undertaken by a microglial cell. Studies of peripheral macrophages and in vitro and animal studies of microglia have resulted in the definition of specific activation states: M1 (classical activation) and M2 (sometimes subdivided into alternative activation and acquired deactivation). Some authors have suggested that these might be an overlapping continuum of functions rather than discrete categories. In this review, we consider translational aspects of our knowledge of microglia: specifically, we discuss the question as to what extent different activation states of microglia exist in the human central nervous system, which tools can be used to identify them and emerging evidence for such changes in ageing and in Alzheimer's disease.