bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Further Discoveries of Flint Implements of Man Beneath: the Base of the Red Crag of Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The object of this paper is to give an account of the various diggings which have been carried on beneath the base of the Red Crag of Suffolk by means of money grants from the Royal Society of London, and to accurately describe and figure the further flint implements of man which have been discovered in the sub-crag detritus bed, since the appearance of Sir Ray Lankester's memoir in the Philosophical Transactions (series B., Vol. 202, pp. 283–336) and to show by such a description that a series of flaked flints have now been recovered constituting a true Pliocene human “culture.”

An account will also be given of the characteristics of these newly-discovered implements, and the conclusions which may be legitimately drawn from them regarding their past history and its bearing upon the deposit in which they are found.

The excavations which have been conducted and which have resulted in these new discoveries being made, extended over the period intervening between April, 1912, and November, 1913, and were carried out at the following places:—Tattingstone Hall Farm, Tattingstone; Thorington Hall, Wherstead; The Back Hamlet, Ipswich; Messrs. Bolton and Laughlin's brickfield, Ipswich; The Nursery, Martlesham; Pettistree and Sutton Hall Farms, near Woodbridge; and the Valley Farm, Boyton, near Woodbridge.
Middle Glacial and Pre-Crag Implements in South Norfolk
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

Being in the neighbourhood of Lopham, in July, 1914, I made such examination of the neighbouring flint and gravel pits as time allowed. In the majority of cases the pits are only dug to a moderate depth, the lower strata above the chalk being left untouched. A large pit at Diss, on the northern slope of the Waveney Valley, showed very fine sections of glacial deposits, including some very large, much-abraded flints.

At Hargham, Garboldisham, West Harling Heath, and Banham was a cohesive, argillaceous, red sand, beneath the humus, some four or five feet in depth and containing a considerable number of flints. Most of these are in a vertical position. At Hargham a stratified gravel was visible beneath the aforesaid. At West Harling the red material was interdigitated, vertically, with chalk rubble containing flints. Here, and more numerously at Garboldisham, were humanly-chipped flints, apparently intermediate in age between the pre-Crag industry and the Pleistocene Palæoliths.
Spade-Work in North-West Suffolk
Authors: Caton Louisa L. F.
Published: October 2013

In the summer of 1913 I discovered a barrow in a remote spot in North-West Suffolk, a few miles from Thetford, and as it did not appear to have been opened I determined to excavate it. I started digging on January 14th, 1914, and between then and April was working on the site for 145 hours. The barrow was roughly circular with a diameter of 40 feet. The soil was sandy, resting on gravel, with stones and gravel at a depth of 2½ feet round the circumference of the barrow, which was dug over to a depth of 4 feet, though no relics were found below 3 feet from the surface.

A little to the east of the centre a small urn was found in a rabbit burrow in 1906, and here I discovered a large funeral pyre with charcoal and potsherds. The charcoal was kindly identified by Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., F.G.S., as that of oak, part of it probably representing a gnarled root, while there was also a carbonised half acorn; and the potsherds by Mr. A. G. Wright, of Colchester Museum, as portions of a Bronze Age cinerary urn.
A Workshop Floor Near Porthcurno, Cornwall
Authors: Marsden J. G.
Published: October 2013

Forming the Western boundary of the beautiful cove of Porthcurno is a bold headland, known as Pedn-mên-an-mere; it is some 3½ miles S.E. of Land's End. On its summit stands a “Wireless” mast, which, with the attached hut, is enclosed in a wire fence. Outside the fence the surface is covered with gorse and heather except for two small bare patches about 15 yards apart, from which the turf has been removed, and several spots where masses of granite come to the surface. On one of these bare patches I found many flakes and one or two rough implements; on the other not a trace of flint. I therefore decided to dig up the former, and have found about 1,500 pieces of flint and chert, the former largely predominating.

As far as can be judged from its appearance, the ground had never been opened up before; in most places the depth of the soil was only a few inches, and nowhere more than fifteen. The flints were almost invariably lying flat and near the surface. I could not see any sign of a definite stratum.
Peddar's Way
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

The longest, best preserved, and best known of the early trackways of Norfolk, Peddar's Way can still be traced, with one or two doubtful sections, from Holme-next-the-Sea, near Hunstanton, in a south-easterly direction to Blackwater, the ford of the Little Ouse between Rushford and Riddlesworth, and thence for a few miles into Suffolk. Notwithstanding that most of this course is marked on the Ordnance Survey maps, that it was correctly given by Samuel Woodward in 1830, and that a pedestrian who essays (as I have done) to walk the fifty miles of this most interesting primitive route can have little doubt that it is correctly indicated, yet in 1872 it was referred to as the “Roman road which leads from Brancaster to Swaffham,” in 1904 as going from Brancaster to Castleacre, Swaffham, Ickburgh and Brandon, and thence to Exning, Bishop's Stortford and Stratford-le-Bow, while in 1908 § it was stated that it connected “the two Branodunums, that to the south, now Brandon, with that to the north, now Brancaster.” Of the various places mentioned Castleacre is the only one on its course.
High-Level Finds in the Upper Thames Valley
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: October 2013

The implements which Mr. G. W. Smith has been good enough to exhibit at my suggestion are a selection from no less than one hundred and seventy in his collection from a small and shallow pit on high ground overlooking the Thames, near Tilehurst Station, 3 miles north-west of the centre of Reading. It is perhaps unfamiliar ground to members of this Society, but has been well studied in the past, and the following list, together with other papers quoted in the text, will put the reader in possession of the principal facts at present ascertained as to the geology and flint-finds of the neighbourhood:—

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., LIV., 600 (sketch-map of the high gravels near Reading, Tilehurst and Goring Heath being marked alike).

Q.J.G.S., XLIX., 311, from which the accompanying section of the Thames Valley is derived (Fig. 8).

Q.J.G.S., XLVIII., 40, where the Tilehurst plateau-gravel is described as glacial.

Proc. Geol. Assoc., XV., 157 and 308.

Proc. Geol. Assoc., VIII., 348 (heights given, above the river and Ordnance datum, of flint-finds).

Berks, Bucks, and Oxon Archæological Journal, II., 16 (Treacher).

Trans. Berks Archæol. and Archit. Soc., 1881–2 (Stevens).
A Series of pre-Palæolithic Implements from Darmsden, Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The excavation which has yielded the flint implements to be described in this paper is situated on the farm occupied by Mr. W. Wilson, of Darmsden Hall, Suffolk, a place about eight miles north-west of Ipswich. The pit occurs at a height of about 180 ft. O.D., and on the edge of the western slope of the valley of the Gıpping. (See Ordnance Survey Map, Suffolk (East), Sheet LXVI., 5, Field 5a.) The deposit in which the pit is sunk belongs evidently to the plateau series, and was laid down prior to the complete erosion of the Gipping Valley. The exposed section shows 6 in. surface humus and about 8 to 10 feet of deposit, composed almost exclusively of black Tertiary pebbles (such as occur in the Woolwich and Reading beds) mixed with some amount of fine sand, which in places shows signs of stratification. A few chalk flints, somewhat abraded, occur with the pebbles, the whole resting upon fine stoneless sand. No fossils of any sort have been met with in ihe excavation, and the author is not familiar with any other deposit of a similar nature in East Suffolk.
The Implements and Cores of Crayford
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: October 2013

The well-known brick-earth deposits of Crayford, in Kent (forming part of the so-called 50-ft., or middle terrace of the Thames), have for many years yielded flint implements of Mousterian type, and more recently (1910-12) I have succeeded in finding the cores from which such implements were struck.

In the closing decades of the last century long, slender knives of fine quality flint were abundant, but since the writer first came to have the pits under observation (in 1903) implements of all kinds have been rare, and many winters go by with only the discovery of a few simple flakes.

References up till 1889 are given in the “Geology of London,” and, in 1905, Messrs. Hinton and Kennard brought them up to date in their paper on “The Relative Ages of the Stone Implements of the Lower Thames Valley,” This valuable paper was the first to attribute the characteristic Crayford implement to the Mousterian period, on account of the similarity in workmanship to those from Le Moustier.
Chipped Flints from below the Boulder Clay at Hertford
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

It has been to me a fascinating occupation to follow in the foot-steps of my mentor, the veteran prehistorian, Worthington G. Smith, in the study of flint implements in parts of the Lea valley in mid-Herts. At times, I have had the honour of supplementing, in a small way, his well known labours.

One day, in 1903, I had a little while to wait for the train at Hertingfordbury, near Hertford, just above the junction of the rivers Mimram and Lea. Mr. Smith had found implements at Hertford; but none had, as yet, been discovered at Hertingfordbury. A large gravel pit, on the west side of the road, looked tempting. A very hasty search in the failing light revealed a flint (Fig. 62B) of promising appearance in the tough, upper, ochreous gravel, at 10ft. depth from the surface. By strenuous exertions: with hands, to extract it; and with feet, to keep my balance on a tiny ledge, I managed to secure the stone: and catch the train ! This was in the early days of my flint-hunting. But I have never found another quite like it. It has the appearance of an adze, of kite-shaped outline, with an obtusely pointed basal end, for mounting. Very few implements from the river drift, show, to my thinking, any signs of having been made for mounting.
The Position of Prehistoric Research in England
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The present position of the science of prehistoric research in England cannot be said to be satisfactory. New and important discoveries are continually being made, and for some years past there has been a marked awakening of interest in this highly important subject. But this rejuvenescence has been accompanied by endless dissensions and disputations amongst archaeologists, and though by the fire of controversy truth is revealed, yet a dispassionate observer would marvel at the utter divergence of the views expressed, and conclude that the foundations upon which prehistorians wish to build are in a very shaky and unsound condition. And in the opinion of the author the dispassionate observer would be right. It would be regarded by any ordinary person as unthinkable that an engineer, for instance, should be unfamiliar with the exact nature of the materials with which he works, and the manner in which these materials fracture. One can imagine the great divergence of opinion which would be shown at meetings of engineering societies were such ignorance of fundamental facts present. And what is true of engineering is true equally of all real science. Now what is the position regarding flint, which is the raw material of most prehistorical research ?
The Dating of Surface Flint Implements and the Evidences of the Submerged Peat Surface
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: October 2013

It is admitted by all workers in prehistory that the human implements which are found upon the surface do not all belong to the Neolithic period, although, until recently, they have always been called Neolithic. It therefore seems better to define them clearly as a Surface Series, without prejudice to their date.

Beyond this point of general agreement, differences of opinion are strongly marked. Some workers would boldly place the majority of the Surface Series in the Later Palæolithic period, or “Cave Age,” while others are unable to accept this view.

It must be admitted that we have very little knowledge of remains belonging to a strictly-defined Neolithic period. We know that “Neolithic” implements continued to be extensively used during the Early Bronze Age, and even in later times.
Potters' Tools of Slate
Authors: Smallwood G. W.
Published: October 2013

In the course of searching for flınt ımplements in South Devon and Cornwall my attention has continually been drawn to notched and perforated pieces of slate—a notch and perforation occurring in combination in some specimens. At first I did not pay much attention to these slates, thınking that perhaps the notches had been caused through the piece having come into contact with an agricultural implement of some sort, and that possibly the perforations had been made by a fork, or else that they were pieces of roofing slate containing the hole through which the nail, originally securing the slate to a roof, had passed. After a time I determined to collect and study the specimens carefully, the result being that I soon found myself greatly interested, for it became evident that my first impressions were not correct, and that the notches and perforations were not accidental but clearly intentional. At the same time I was at a loss to understand their meaning and application.
Scraper-Core Industries in North Wilts
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

Hackpen Hill, 888-ft., is the highest ridge of the Marlborough Downs properly so called, and has already been described in my paper on the Palæoliths found on its summit. The southern hills, overlooking the Pewsey Valley, rise to 965-ft. The top of the hill, hough narrow, is flat, and bears pockets of Tertiary remains, the ub-soil being of a clayey nature almost throughout.

Until recently, five large fields were tilled, and seventeen years ago a sixth was still under the plough. The space covered by these was 1½ miles in length; and on an average, about ⅓ mile in width, two of the fields stretching a little way down the dip slope of the hill.
A Visit to Crete
Authors: Burkitt M. C.
Published: October 2013

Feeling that my own study of the cultures of Palæolithic and Neolithic Man would be helped by a glimpse into the Æean. Bronze Age as studied by classical archæologists, I took the opportunity of 3 months free time to visit a number of the Minoan (Bronze Age) sites in Crete, as well as the corresponding Helladic localities on the mainland of Greece. The return journey was made by Vienna and Buda-Pesth, in order to study for a short time in the museums there, and the dissimilarity between the Bronze Age cultures north of the Alps and those of the Ægean area, which I had been visiting, was extremely marked. The Bronze Age of the North comes very much into the purview of English Prehistorians and has its due place in our Proceedings. But the Ægean Bronze Age is included under classical archæology, and so it seemed to me that, having had the opportunity of studying in the field with such men as Evans and Wace, a few notes might not be out of place in our E. A. Journal. And more especially is this so when one considers that the Ægean area is on a direct road between the early cultures of what is now Persia and Asia Minor, and the west.
On Some Flint Implements Beneath Blown Sand in Northern France
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: October 2013

The implements forming the subject of this note were found at the base of the Blown Sand Dunes which extend along the coast of Pas de Calais and attain, in the neighbourhood of Etaples, a height of 60 metres.

The principal sites are grouped about the outstanding pinacle of sand immediately opposite the Etaples Military Cemetery, and are on the east of the road to Boulogne and about one mile out of Etaples.

This pinacle of sand is the highest dune seen from the road (it reaches up to about 50 metres) and it is in the dunes ranging north and south of this pinacle, where the wind has scooped out hollows in the western face, and reached down to the underlying chalk and gravel, that the implements and flakes occur so abundantly.

Generally speaking there are low dunes bordering the Canche River, but on the east of the main road they rise in a fairly pronounced range to between 40 and 50 metres, then they fall away to about 25-30 metres and rise again, ¼ to ½ a mile further inland to about 60 metres.
A Newly-Discovered Transition Culture in North Spain
Authors: Burkitt M. C.
Published: October 2013

The story of humanity during the period that elapsed between Palæolithic and Neolithic times has proved an intriguing problem to prehistorians for a long time. The Azilian culture (discovered by Piette in the cave of Mas d'Azil) resting as it does on the older Palæolithic industries and covered in turn by layers of Neolithic and Eneolithic age, seemed to bridge the gulf. But the Azilian culture has only a limited distribution and is truly Palæolithic, as is shown by the absence of the remains of domestic animals and pottery. Again, the Tardenoisean culture, with its pigmy industries and typically pigmy burin seemed to supply a bridge, and here we find a culture of wide extent. As before, however, we are still dealing with a Palæolithic culture, and its age in Western Europe (as has been shown at the diggings of Valle) is contemporaneous with the latter part of the Azilian. After the Azilio-Tardenoisian culture came the early Neolithic of which little can be told except in certain localised areas. Now another chapter of the story of these times, mainly referring to Asturias on the North coast of Spain (but including the area further East as far as Biarritz and also embracing sites in North Catalonia) has been added through the perspicacity of the Count de la Vega del Sella, who has unearthed a new and most interesting post-Azilio-Tardenoisean but pre-real Neolithic culture.
An Early Neolithic Site at Hockham, Norfolk
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

In an arid district like Breckland, the vicinity of the meres, which provided a water-supply, fish, fowl and molluscs, remote from river-valleys, was eminently suitable for settlements of prehistoric man. Pile-dwellings have been found in two of the Wretham Park meres, and there are evidences of settlements on a small plateau on the east shore of Fowlmere, a similar plateau on the north-east bank of Langmere, and the north and south shores of Ringmere. The bed of Langmere confirms the evidence of an important settlement. The southern portion contains quantities of pot-boilers and a bank projecting into the mere from the south-west corner of the island seems to be chiefly made of pot-boilers. Many flakes, of types and patinas similar to those recorded hereafter, are also found in the bed of Langmere, and on its shores. Flakes and pot-boilers have also been found near most of the other meres, and Dr. Marr has described (Proc. Vol. I., p. 374) “A Late Palæolithic Site on Wretham Heath,” east of Langmere.
An Implement from Higham, Suffolk
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: October 2013

In 1900 an implement was found on the surface at Broom Covert, Higham, Suffolk, which has generously been presented to the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, by F. H. Barclay, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., the Warren, Cromer.

It is of considerable interest, and I propose briefly to describe it. It is slightly lustrous, milk-white with some light indigo-coloured mottlings, quite unworn, and presumably a true surface-find not derived from a deposit.

The specimen, which is 4½-in. long and 1½-in. across at the widest part is a well-formed lateral burin (Fig. 1). The working edge has been renewed, probably more than once. At the final renewal, after striking the burin-blow, the face then produced was modified by the removal of some small flakes at the anterior end (Fig. 1 c). The striking platform was reduced by subsequent trimming, giving the butt-end a neat semi-oval outline.
A Surface Site in S.E. Devon
Authors: Woods Gertrude Macalpine
Published: October 2013

This lies about 2½ miles S.W. of Seaton, on Beer Head, which is an isolated and the most westerly mass of chalk in England, at a height of approximately 450-ft. O.D., at the extreme top and S.W. edge of the catchment basin of the Axe.

Up to the present, all artifacts found have been picked up in 4 or 5 large ploughed fields on a plateau immediately behind the part of Beer Head known as South Down. These fields are divided from the cliff-edge by a strip of undisturbed turf only a few hundred yards in width. An aerial photograph shows this apparently level turf to be a network of small divisions and boundaries of various shapes, and several parallel curved lines or rows, all of which continue to where the cliff breaks away and which are untraceable from ground level.
An Unusual Implement of Neolithic form Found at Bawdsey, Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The specimen to which this note refers was found by Mr. Stephen Notcutt, of Ipswich, who has kindly allowed me to illustrate, and to describe it. This important implement was lying among some largish stones upon the beach, exposed at low water, at the mouth of the River Deben, Bawdsey, Suffolk, and was derived, in all probability, from some ancient bed of gravel occurring higher up the valley.

It will be realised by an examination of the coloured illustration (Plate XII.), the publication of which has been made possible by certain generous donations to the Illustration Fund, that this specimen conforms to a well-known type of axe (the “Thames Pick”) of the Early Neolithic period, and. at the same time, exhibits a colouration such as, so far as my knowledge extends, has only been found, hitherto, in Suffolk associated with flint implements referable to the Lower Palæolithic-Chellean-phase.
Report on a Skeleton Found Buried in an Extended Supine Position at Mundford and Assigned by the Finders to the Bronze Period
Authors: Keith Arthur
Published: October 2013

This skeleton is almost complete, the only part of importance which is missing being the region of the forehead and upper part of the face. The skeleton is that of a particularly robustly built man, about 5-ft. 5-in. or 5-ft. 6-in. in height, (1.660 M) aged about 60, with severe rheumatic changes in the spine and extreme disease of the teeth. Most of his characters are those of men whose remains are found in round barrows and other British burials which contain earthenware beakers of the bronze age. He is not a representative specimen of the “beaker” type, but most of his features resemble those of that type.

The maximum length of the skull I estimate to have been 188 m.m.; its greatest width is 147 m.m., the width being 78.2% of the length. It is quite true that the skull is longer than is usually the case in beaker men, yet its form as seen in profile, the fulness of the cerebellar region and particularly the massive size of the great enternal occipital crest for the attachment of the neck, are “beaker” features.

The vault is high, its highest point above the ear-passages when the skull is oriented in the Frankfort plane, being 122 m.m. The height of the skull also favours his relationship to the beaker type.
Observations on the Provenance of the Thames Valley Pick, Swalecliffe, Kent
Authors: Worsfold F. H.
Published: October 2013

From the Marine Parade, Tankerton, Whitstable, looking East, one obtains a capital view of Tankerton Bay, Swalecliffe, in which my discoveries have been made which are to form the subject matter of this paper. The grassy cliff at Priest and Sow corner at the end of the road stands at 55 O.D. This height gradually declining round the arc of the bay, to die out entirely in the Long Rock occupying the middle distance and through which the Swalecliffe Brook discharges into the sea. Just beyond, a little to the right, are the disused Swalecliffe Brick Works, with Stud Hill and Hampton lying further back. To the left and edging the horizon, Herne Bay Pier is clearly discernable. The accompanying copy of (Plate I.) the 25-in. Ordnance map of this Tankerton Bay section gives the exact position of the 650 yards from the Parish Boundary Stone eastwards indicated thereon with a X in which are found the gravels and brick-earths which have proved so rich in archaeological treasure trove. The whole of this south-easterly directioned well-drained gently sloping ground, from the Priest and Sow corner to the Swalecliffe brook, forms an ideal camping site. Last April a paper was read by me before the Geological Association, at University College, London, entitled “An Examination of the Contents of the Brick Earths and Gravels of Tankerton Bay, Swalecliffe, Kent,” in which the geological aspect of this section was fairly exhaustively treated, so that in this particular it will be unnecessary for me to do more than give a brief summary of the results of that examination as to the relative age and stratigraphical sequence of the Drift material found here overlying the London Clay.
“Discoidal Polished Flint—their Typology and Distribution.”
Authors: Clark J. G. D.
Published: October 2013

Before studying the significance of the series of implements generally known as ‘discoidal polished flint knives,’ I should like first to acknowledge printed sources of informatıon, and secondly, assistance rendered by correspondents and curators of various collections. Many years ago Sir John Evans recognised the type and described and figured several examples in his ‘Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,’ and later, in Volume XLIV., pages 97–100 of the Wiltshire Archæological Magazine, Dr. R. C. C. Clay collected some sixty odd records, which he classified according to their shape. The excuse for this paper is that it is an attempt to extract from as wide data as possible the significance of the forms and distribution of the type as a whole. In accumulating the necessary evidence I have received especial help from Mr. Burkitt, who has enabled me to handle the fine series in the Museum at Cambridge; from Mr. Leeds, who gave me access to the specimens of the Evans Collection now in the Ashmolean; from the Curators of London, Norwich and Ipswich Museums, who sent me interesting records; from Mr. Graham Callander, who not only checked my list for Scotland, but who also contributed new records and helpful suggestions. In addition, several private collectors have kindly let me have records of their specimens, and, in many cases, illustrations.
A Remarkable Quartzite Implement
Authors: Brotherton Bertram , Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The gravel-pit in which the implement was found in November, 1929, is known as the Bilford Pit, and is situated about a mile due east of the river Severn, in the Bilford Road, and a mile and a half due north from the centre of Worcester City. The surface level is 100 feet O.D., and the pit is owned and worked by the Worcester Corporation.

The area in the immediate vicinity of Worcester could not have been exempt from some of the effects of the abnormal climate that prevailed over the British Islands during the Ice Age, yet we have at present no clear evidence of an invasion of the district by ice-sheets. The drift deposits around Worcester comprise a great variety of pebbles, beds of sand, and a few boulders. The pebbles are similar to those obtained from the Permian and Bunter conglomerates, and the pebble-beds of the Lickey and Clent district (about sixteen miles to the north of Worcester). They include yellow, brown, and liver-coloured quartzites, vein quartz, sandstone, chert, limestone, slate and various igneous rocks.

The occurence of marine shells, Cretaceous flints, Liassic fossils, and other drift materials in the gravels extending from Cheshire to Gloucestershire, led Murchison to believe they were laid down by a marine current flowing from the north. Few geologists now accept this explanation.
Early Iron Age Settlement on Jack's Hill, Great Wymondley, Herts
Authors: Tebbutt C. F.
Published: October 2013

In January, 1930, my brother started work on a garage on the west side of the Great North Road between Baldock and Stevenage, in the parish of Great Wymondley, and 180 yards south of the milestone indicating 34 miles to London. A hole in the chalk containing black soil and pottery was found in sinking a petrol tank.

It was a bowl-shaped pit (see Plate XXXV., Pit 1), showing in section on the chalk wall just dug, its greatest width being 8 ft., and the depth 5 ft. from the surface. Above the solid chalk was 2 ft. of soil, shading evenly from yellow at the base to dark yellow at the surface, and showing no variation or disturbance over the pit, as if the whole top-soil had been laid down after the pit had been filled in. I was fortunate in having Mr. T. C. Lethbridge, F.S.A., to help me clear this and the other pits, and on the first day we had the help and advice of Dr. Cyril Fox. F.S.A., and Mr. Louis Clarke, F.S.A.

By digging down from the surface we found that the pit was irregular in shape and extended 6 ½ ft. back from the chalk face. The filling was of dark soil varying in colour.

There were three layers which, from the quantity of wood ash in them, might have been hearths. In the filling were numerous brook pebbles cracked and blackened by fire (potboilers probably), and many potsherds.
Hand-Axes from Glacial Beds at Ipswich
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

As is known, there exists a widespread deposit of what I have called the Upper Chalky Boulder Clay, on the high ground in the neighbourhood of Ipswich, Suffolk. This accumulation is especially well developed to the north and east of the town where it forms the more or less flat plateau, the surface of which lies at approximately 150 O.D. I have already recorded the discoveries of flint implements in the Upper Chalky Boulder Clay in the brickfield of Bolton & Co., Ltd., to the north of Ipswich, and elsewhere. From these discoveries, which include that of an Early Mousterian hand-axe, of necessity re-described in this paper, I have concluded that the Upper Chalky Boulder Clay was laid down by an ice-sheet present in East Anglia at the close of Acheulean times, and is to be referred to the 3rd Glacial Period of this area. It is now my purpose to illustrate and describe three further specimens of Acheulean hand-axes derived from a deposit exposed in various sections in the plateau to the east of Ipswich.
Upper Palaeolithic Sites in Nidderdale
Authors: Collins E. R.
Published: October 2013

During the great drought in 1929 there came to light at Gouthwaite Reservoir in Nidderdale three sites of Upper Palaeolithic industry. In that summer the level of the water became so low that the reservoir was less than half full, thus affording an opportunity for field work. The Pleistocene deposit exposed consists of a stiff yellow clay covered with sand and gravel along the banks of the reservoir, washed out by the action of the water in rough weather, from the lateral moraines. This clay is exposed in many places when the water has fallen 4 ft. below ordinary level, and it is on this horizon that Upper Palaeolithic man apparently lived. A complete geological section across the valley in this part does not exist, but sections of trial holes were made when the construction of the dam at Gouthwaite was being undertaken and for the copies of these sections I am indebted to Mr. E. Tillotson of Leeds University. The dam is actually built at the upper end of the last, and best preserved, terminal moraine in the valley. From the section it appears that the yellow clay stretches right across the valley, forming the uppermost stratum of the terminal moraine. This being so, and if this was the horizon on which the inhabitants lived, then the terminal moraine must have been cut through by the river action, otherwise the horizon on which the Upper Palaeolithic implements are found would have been under water and not habitable.
Runcton Holme: Part II. The Second Occupation: A Peasant Settlement of the Iceni
Authors: Hawkes Christopher
Published: October 2013

Dr. Grahame Clark has in the preceding paper recorded the discoveries at Runcton Holme attesting occupation in the ages before the introduction of iron into this country. He has explained how attention came to be drawn to the site, and has testified to the vigilance and zeal with which Mr. Ivan J. Thatcher has watched its exploitation and preserved its abundant yield of antiquities. I must first of all second his appreciation of Mr. Thatcher's energy and kindness, and acknowledge my own gratitude for his help. In October, 1932, he very generously let me examine personally at his house the whole of his very large collection from the site, as well as the site itself, and he followed this up by submitting a large series of pottery, fully representative of all the classes which we had recognized in the material, for closer study by me in the British Museum. He has since kept me in close touch with all subsequent discoveries, and his support has been indispensable in the composition, and especially in ensuring the full illustration, of this paper. The drawings are the work of Mr. F. Cottrill, whose scholarly and sympathetic work is its own best testimonial. All the pieces here figured are deposited, numbered as in these pages, in the University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge. Mr. Thatcher's kindness has also enabled a type-series to be lodged in the British Museum.
Flint Implements from the “Stone Bed” of the North Norfolk Coast
Authors: Sainty J. E.
Published: October 2013

The sub-crag “stone bed” has been described by many writers and there is now a general consensus of opinion that it represents the non-floatable débris of the Tertiary land surface spread out by the advancing Crag sea and sealed in beneath the sands, clays and gravels of the shelly crag. In Norfolk the stone bed rests immediately upon the chalk. At the present time, when most of the formerly numerous chalk pits are no longer worked, sections are scarce. The best available opportunities for examining the stone bed are provided by the cliff section from Weybourne to Sheringham, and the beach and foreshore exposures from Beeston to East Runton.

At Weybourne, to the east of the old coast-guard cottages, the chalk rises abruptly from beneath the chalky boulder-clay of the Great Eastern glaciation which cuts down below tide-level to the westward; and soon attains a height of about twenty feet above the pebble-bank. For the first few hundred yards the chalk is very disturbed, flints from the stone bed, patches of very shelly crag and fragments of chalk being inextricably mixed in the upper portion, though the chalk four feet below the surface shows the flint layers apparently undisturbed. In about three hundred yards the stone bed becomes continuous, with varying thicknesses of the crag gravels and sands separating it from the glacial beds above. In thickness the stone bed varies from six to nine inches, occasionally reaching a foot, and tending to become rather thicker as it stretches eastward.
Implements from the Higher Raised Beaches of Sussex
Authors: Calkin J. Bernard
Published: October 2013

The Raised Beaches on the marine plain between Portsmouth and Brighton are well-known. With the lowest beach at Brighton we are not here concerned. The chief exposures of the so-called 100 ft. beach lie between Chichester and Arundel. In this area the rock platform of the marine plain consists of Chalk and Eocene, and these together with the overlying beach deposits are generally covered by Coombe Rock. The true beach consists of a shingle of varying degrees of coarseness, and though generally associated with a deposit of fine soft sand known locally as “lug sand,” the term “beach” will be used in this paper of the former deposit only.

The implements here described have been obtained from four different beach exposures. Those at Pear Tree Knapp, East Hampnett, and in Aldingbourne Park clearly form part of a single beach, the surface of which ranges from 80 to 90 ft. above O.D. The fourth exposure in Slindon Park, where the beach reaches 135 ft. will be described separately (see Fig. 1). From this pit in 1912, Dr. Eliot Curwen obtained an Acheulean hand-axe, whilst Mr. Fowler has more recently described ten artefacts from the same site, though non e was found in situ.
Grime's Graves, Norfolk. Report on the Excavation of Pit 12: The Percy Sladen Trust Excavations
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

The excavation of this pit was commenced in 1928, continued in 1930 and 1932 and completed in 1933. A brief account of the work up to the end of 1932 is included in the Interim Report of the Percy Sladen Trust Excavations 1927–1932 published in Proceedings, viii. 5. p. 60.

Pit 12 is situated at the extreme eastern end of the West Field the boundary fence of which intersected a segment of the shaft and was removed during the excavations. Consequently, the pit is only a few yards distant from the nearest pit of the visible series and within the zone which in my Presidential Address, in 1926, (Proceedings v, 13, p. 125) it is postulated that the type of mining represented by the deep visible pits commenced. In the same Address, (p.95), it was indicated on the evidence of the polished stone celts and the methods adopted in mining, that the visible pits were clearly of Neolithic date, therefore the fortunate discovery of typical Neolithic pottery in Pit 12, is not surprising, though of first class importance for dating purposes in the light of our fuller knowledge of Neolithic pottery. It also confirms and definitely establishes the conclusions arrived at in 1926 relative to the age of the deep pits and furnishes for the first time a datable horizon for the commencement of this mining phase.
Nesting habitat selection of Mediterranean raptors in managed pinewoods: searching for common patterns to derive conservation recommendations
Authors: BARRIENTOS RAFAEL , ARROYO BERNARDO
Published: October 2013

Investigating habitat selection is a key step in improving the population conservation of forest species in areas managed for different purposes, from timber harvesting to hunting or recreation. Because economic resources allocated to conservation are limited, studies that assess cost-effective strategies are necessary, especially when concerning non-threatened species. We studied nest-site habitat selection of two raptor communities (totalling 245 nests from the five most common species: Short-Toed EagleCircaetus gallicus, GoshawkAccipiter gentilis, SparrowhawkA. nisus, Common BuzzardButeo buteoand Booted EagleAquila pennata) in two pinewoods in central Spain separated by 200 km. Using a Generalised Linear Mixed Model for each species and with locality as a random factor, we obtained five models of habitat selection. We highlighted the common nesting patterns in order to facilitate an integrated management of forestry in relation to raptor nesting habitat selection. The most important variable for all species, with the exception of the Sparrowhawk was the nest-tree diameter at breast height, with raptors preferentially selecting nesting trees of large width. Tall trees and a high amount of tree cover around the nesting tree were also important habitat features for several species. Our results suggest that pinewoods should retain unharvested patches with moderate tree coverage (30–70%) containing not only several large trees (diameter at breast height > 40 cm) but also small ones. At the landscape level, open forests and heterogeneous habitats are preferred. These forest patches should be dispersed throughout the landscape.
Therapy Contamination as a Measure of Therapist Treatment Adherence in a Trial of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy versus Befriending for Psychosis
Authors: Bendall Sarah , Allott Kelly , Jovev Martina , Marois Marie-Josee , Killackey Eoin J. , Gleeson John F. , Alvarez-Jimenez Mario , McGorry Patrick D. , Jackson Henry J.
Published: October 2013

Background: High quality randomized controlled trials (RCT) of psychotherapeutic interventions should ensure that the therapy being tested is what is actually delivered. However, contamination of one therapy into the other, a critical component of treatment adherence, is seldom measured in psychotherapy trials of psychosis. Aims: The aim of the study was to determine whether a purpose-designed measure, the ACE Treatment Integrity Measure (ATIM) could detect therapy contaminations within a controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) versus Befriending for first-episode psychosis and to compare the ATIM to a more traditional adherence measure, the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS). Method: Therapy sessions were audio-recorded and at least one therapy session from 53 of the 62 participants in the RCT was rated by an independent rater using the CTS and ATIM. Results: Ninety-nine therapy sessions were rated. All Befriending sessions and all but three CBT sessions were correctly identified. The ATIM showed that 29 of the 99 (29%) sessions were contaminated by techniques from the other therapy. Within the CBT sessions, 19 of the 51 sessions (37%) were contaminated by one or more Befriending techniques. Of the Befriending sessions, 10 of 48 (21%) were contaminated by ACE techniques. The mean CTS score was higher in the CBT than the Befriending group. Conclusions: The ATIM was able to detect contaminations and revealed more meaningful, fine-grained analysis of what therapy techniques were being delivered and what contaminations occurred. The study highlights the benefit of employing purpose-designed measures that include contamination when assessing treatment adherence.
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy for the Study of Gold Nanoparticle Uptake in Whole Cells
Authors: Peckys D. , de Jonge N.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Promoting quality breast cancer care: Psychosocial distress screening
Authors: Knobf M. Tish , Major-Campos Maureen , Chagpar Anees , Seigerman Andrea , Mccorkle Ruth
Published: October 2013

Objective:

To evaluate the feasibility of implementing psychosocial distress screening in a breast center of a comprehensive cancer center, using a model of structure (personnel, resources), process (screening), and outcome (number of patients screened, number referred).

Methods:

The first step in the project was to establish administrative support, educate and engage breast center staff, identify stakeholders and persons with expertise in the conduct of evidence based initiatives. A two-phase implementation approach was agreed upon with Phase I being screening of new patients in surgical oncology and Phase II being screening women in medical oncology.

Results:

A total of 173 patients were screened. The new patients screened in surgical oncology reported higher average distress scores compared to patients in medical oncology (5.7 vs. 4.0). However, a greater number of patients in medical oncology reported scores >4 compared to the new patients screened in surgery (54% vs. 35%). Psychological distress was the most commonly reported distress for patients in surgery. In contrast, 60% of scores >4 in medical oncology were symptom related, managed by the nurse or physician.

Significance of results:

Nurse led implementation of psychosocial distress screening is feasible, addressing this important quality indicator of patient-centered care.
Bringing the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols into the twenty-first century
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie
Published: October 2013

The ICRC Commentaries on the 1949 Geneva Conventions date back to the 1950s, and those on the 1977 Additional Protocols were written in the 1980s. Since the original Commentaries were published, the Conventions and Protocols have been put to the test, and practice with respect to their application and interpretation has developed significantly. In order to capture these new developments a major ICRC project to update the Commentaries on these six treaties is now well underway. Its goal is to contribute to a better understanding of, and respect for, international humanitarian law. Ultimately, the project seeks to enhance protection for the victims of armed conflicts.
A universal strategy for visually guided landing
Authors: Baird Emily , Boeddeker Norbert , Ibbotson Michael R. , Srinivasan Mandyam V.
Published: October 2013

Significance

In this study, we investigate the cues that honey bees use to land on vertical surfaces. We show that bees use the apparent rate of expansion of the image generated by the surface to smoothly reduce their speed when landing. From our results, we develop a mathematical model for visually guided landing that, unlike all current engineering-based methods, does not require knowledge about either the distance to the surface or the speed at which it is approached. This strategy is not only specific to landings on vertical surfaces or to honey bees but represents a universal strategy that any flying agent (animal or machine) could use to land safely on surfaces of any orientation.
Fibrinogen-specific antibody induces abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice through complement lectin pathway activation
Authors: Zhou Hui-fang , Yan Huimin , Bertram Paula , Hu Ying , Springer Luke E. , Thompson Robert W. , Curci John A. , Hourcade Dennis E. , Pham Christine T. N.
Published: October 2013

Significance

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common and potentially fatal vascular disease. Although surgery is recommended for large aneurysms, surgical repair offers no clear survival advantage for small AAAs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie disease pathogenesis could suggest strategies for medical intervention. Herein we identify a natural mouse IgG antibody that recognizes fibrinogen deposited in human AAA tissues and induces aneurysm in a mouse model through activation of the complement lectin pathway (LP). Conversely, absence of antibody or complement proteins abrogates AAA development. These results support the concept that antibody directed against aortic wall epitopes initiates LP activation that culminates in AAA formation. The antibody response and complement LP may provide therapeutic targets for halting disease progression.
The skin is an important bulwark of acquired immunity against intestinal helminths
Authors: Obata-Ninomiya Kazushige , Ishiwata Kenji , Tsutsui Hidemitsu , Nei Yuichiro , Yoshikawa Soichiro , Kawano Yohei , Minegishi Yoshiyuki , Ohta Nobuo , Watanabe Naohiro , Kanuka Hirotaka , Karasuyama Hajime
Published: October 2013

Once animals have experienced a helminthic infection, they often show stronger protective immunity against subsequent infections. Although helminthic infections are well known to elicit Th2-type immune responses, it remains ill-defined where and how acquired protection is executed. Here we show that skin-invading larvae of the intestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis are surrounded by skin-infiltrating cells and are prevented from migrating out of infected skin during the second but not the first infection. B cell– or IgE receptor FcεRI–deficient mice showed impaired larval trapping in the skin. Selective ablation of basophils, but not mast cells, abolished the larval trapping, leading to increased worm burden in the lung and hence severe lung injury. Skin-infiltrating basophils produced IL-4 that in turn promoted the generation of M2-type macrophages, leading to the larval trapping in the skin through arginase-1 production. Basophils had no apparent contribution to worm expulsion from the intestine. This study thus reveals a novel mode of acquired antihelminth immunity, in which IgE-armed basophils mediate skin trapping of larvae, thereby limiting lung injury caused by larval migration.