bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ОЦІНКИ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ФІНАНСОВОГО РИНКУ
Authors: Nikolaieva A.
Published: September 2021

У статті досліджено теоретичні підходи до дефініції «ефективність фінансового ринку» та визначено методологію її оцінки з позиції виконання фінансовим ринком його макроекономічної функції. Проаналізовано та узагальнено основоположні концепції ефективності фінансового ринку, розроблені американськими вченими. Визначено сутність ефективного ринку та виділено форми його ефективності за гіпотезою ефективного ринку Ю. Фами, теорії інвестиційного цінного паперу В. Шарпа, альтернативної гіпотези ефективного ринку Т. Коупленда і Дж. Вестона, концепції витрат фінансового посередництва К. Ерроу, Р. Лукаса та П. Ромера. Обґрунтовано, що не всі висунуті науковцями умови ефективності фінансового ринку дотримуються на реальному ринку. Вказано на суперечність рівняння ефективності фінансового ринку, що визначається як величина, обернена різниці відсоткових ставок по кредитах і депозитах в банківській системі.

Автором обґрунтовано, що макроекономічну ефективність фінансового ринку та її роль у забезпеченні стабільного розвитку соціально-економічних систем, в першу чергу, визначає розподільна (перерозподільна) функція фінансового ринку. Зазначено, що ефективний фінансовий ринок має бути рушійною силою, що стимулює стабільний розвиток і позитивні зрушення в економіці, забезпечуючи підприємства інвестиційно-кредитними ресурсами.

За макроекономічною роллю в ринковій економіці, ефективність фінансового ринку автором визначається як його здатність забезпечувати ефективний перерозподіл ресурсів, спрямовуючи їх в реальний сектор економіки, що призводить до стабільного розвитку соціально-економічних систем. При цьому ефективність фінансового ринку за його розподільною функцією пропонується оцінювати за показником співвідношення суми реально залученого капіталу нефінансовими корпораціями та сукупної ресурсної бази фінансового ринку.

Здійснено порівняльний аналіз впливу стану розвитку основних сегментів фінансового ринку (фондового та кредитного ринків) на економічний розвиток різних країн за ключовими показниками, що надаються Всесвітньою федерацією бірж та Міжнародним Валютним Фондом.
СПЕЦИФІКА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОГНІТИВНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ТА ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ В СУЧАСНІЙ БАНКІВСЬКІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ
Authors: Stashchuk O.  , Martyniuk R.
Published: September 2021

Інтенсивний технологічний розвиток суспільства справляє суттєвий вплив не лише на зміну структури виробничих відносин, але й істотно впливає на трансформацію фінансової і, зокрема, банківської системи. При цьому внаслідок ускладнення мережевих технологій, які вже давно використовуються для забезпечення функціонування онлайн-банкінгу, виникають можливості переведення усього комплексу обслуговування клієнтів банку у сферу дистанційного обслуговування. Інновації, пов’язані з використанням когнітивних технологій та штучного інтелекту, дають змогу трансформації традиційних автоматизованих систем дистанційного банківського обслуговування клієнтів в новий технологічний та інформаційний вимір, наслідком чого є формування цифрового банкінгу. При цьому, поточні тенденції свідчать, що переорієнтація банківських послуг в цифрові технології відбувається достатньо швидкими темпами, наслідком чого є скорочення мереж банківських відділень – обслуговування клієнтів відбувається онлайн та за допомогою спеціалізованих терміналів, кожен з яких за своїм функціоналом здатен замінити до десяти працівників.

В статті розглянуто сучасну специфіку формування нової системи банківського обслуговування, котре пов’язане із застосуванням когнітивних технологій та штучного інтелекту і має своїм наслідком формування нових принципів взаємодії та трансформації систем «клієнт – банк» в цифровий банкінг. Визначено, що впровадження таких технологій у банківську діяльність дозволяє банкам суттєво економити на утриманні окремих відділень та скорочувати чисельність персоналу, задіяного в обслуговування клієнтів. Досліджено, що перехід до цифрового банкінгу значно збільшує потребу в забезпеченні інформаційної безпеки клієнтів банку, оскільки більшість їхніх операцій з рахунками відбувається через мережу і є потенційно вразливими до недоброчесних дій. Відтак, можна зробити висновок, що інтенсивне впровадження цифрових технологій в банківську діяльність є неможливим без забезпечення належної системи інформаційної безпеки з боку банківських установ.
ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТА ШЛЯХИ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РЕНТАБЕЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ
Authors: Zabedyuk M.
Published: September 2021

У статті здійснено дослідження теоретичних основ рентабельності підприємства. Зокрема, досліджено сутність поняття «рентабельність», функції та види рентабельності. Розглянуто причини низької рентабельності діяльності підприємств в Україні в сучасних умовах та запропоновано шляхи її підвищення.

Дослідження існуючих підходів до трактування поняття рентабельності дозволило узагальнити основні ознаки, що характеризують рентабельність, а саме: співвідношення прибутку з витратами, здатність отримувати прибуток, бачення рентабельності як економічного інструменту, як основного критерію економічної ефективності, як показника ефективності роботи підприємства тощо.

Визначено основні причини низької рентабельності діяльності вітчизняних підприємств в сучасних умовах, а саме: зниження обсягів прибутків, суттєве підвищення собівартості виробництва, недостатність та неефективність інвестиційно-інноваційної діяльності суб’єктів господарювання, недостатній контроль з боку державних органів щодо достовірності звітних даних, показників собівартості, прибутку, ціноутворення тощо.

Сформовано основні напрямки, які б дозволили підвищити рентабельність суб’єктів господарювання: реалізація більших обсягів прибуткової продукції, робіт, послуг; оптимізація асортименту продукції, робіт, послуг; інноваційні напрямки зниження собівартості продукції, робіт, послуг; диверсифікація діяльності; активізація інвестиційно-інноваційної діяльності в цілому; удосконалення системи мотивації праці тощо.
ROI as a financial and non-financial Indicator trough Applied in Application to Social Media Marketing
Authors: Darmawansyah Iwan , Sismiati Sismiati
Published: September 2021

This study aims to develop instruments that marketers can use in developing digital marketing in their industry. The method used is applied research and constructivism point of view. Researchers conducted interviews and developed digital marketing strategies. The results of this study explain that call to action provides consumer effectiveness in purchasing products. However, it is necessary to encourage promotion through ig paid to provide a wider range of promotions. This study also explains some important things to consider in preparing the target market by analyzing customer personals and designing customer journeys.
Production of Plastic Cement Concrete from PVC Waste
Authors: Iram Juma Ibrahim Al Kindi  , M. Geetha Devi  , Mohammed Al Abri  , Soleen Al Hasan  , Eman  Muhye Adeen Muhye Al Hatali  , Aravind N
Published: September 2021

The disposal of plastic wastes into the environment is a serious concern due to its limited biodegradability and production in excess quantity. The accumulation of enormous volumes of plastic waste is considered to be a major pollution problem and it is essential to find an alternate method to address such issues in an environmental-friendly and cost-effective way. The current research focused on the production of plastic cement concrete from waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) generated from a polymer processing industry in varying proportions, and to modify the concrete properties. Polyvinyl chloride was partially replaced with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by varying its compositions from 15% to 35% by weight (i.e. 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% OPC). The curing period was kept for 7 days after casting process. The produced plastic cement concrete was tested for compressive strength through Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Density and water absorption tests were also carried out on hardened concrete to assess the application of plastic cement concrete as a building material. The other characterization techniques employed are Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. It was observed that up to 15% by weight of polyvinyl chloride could be replaced with OPC which exhibited higher compressive strength (19.25 MPa) compared to other mix proportions. A maximum density of 2.051 g/cm3 was obtained at a concrete mix composition corresponding to 25% replacement. The maximum water absorption percentage (5.86%) was observed at 35% plastic waste replacement. The studies demonstrate that the waste plastic material is considered to be a cost-effective, viable and sustainable way of reducing the environmental pollution.
Applying conjoint analysis to match farmer's preferences for cattle traits with those conferred by the improved trypanotolerant Orma Boran cattle in coastal Kenya
Authors: Mugunieri Lawrence , Wanjala Kennedy , Alusi Phyllis , Kurgat Richard , Sylvance Okoth
Published: September 2021

Bovine trypanosomiasis is a key constraint to increased livestock production across all production systems of Kwale County in coastal Kenya. Genetically controlled trypanotolerance of cattle is regarded as one of the promising methods available to mitigate the impact of this disease, and the improved trypanonotolerant Orma Boran is one of the breeds available in Kenya for this purpose. Conjoint analysis was thus used to match farmer’s preference for cattle traits against those conferred by this breed in three production systems of Kwale County. The study also estimated the transaction costs (TC) that would influence access to breeding services while availing the breed. The aim was to identify production systems where the breed matches well with farmer preferences, as an initial step towards its dissemination. In order of importance, farmers preferred cattle that were resistant to trypanosomiasis, had large body size, exhibited resistance to tick-borne diseases (TBD), and had high milk output. However, there were inter-production system differences in trait preferences, where resistance to TBD was least valued in the agro-pastoral system, with more emphasis put on the size of animal and trypanotolerance respectively. On the other hand, in medium potential and marginal pastoral systems, more emphasis was placed on TBD resistance, followed by trypanosomiasis resistance. The agro-pastoral production system was therefore delineated as a potential area for disseminating the breed. Regarding transaction costs, the price of service was the most important transaction costs element. Furthermore, whereas bull service was preferred over artificial insemination (AI) services in marginal pastoral and medium potential systems, AI was given preference in an agro-pastoral system. It was thus concluded that the Orma Boran dissemination would be successful among agro-pastoral households system, and should be delivered using subsidized AI services.
Randomised controlled trial on estrus and conception impacts of reproductive and nutrition interventions on Kenyan smallholder dairy farms.
Authors: VanLeeuwen John , Joan Muraya  , George K. Gitau  , Dennis N. Makau  , M. Bronwyn Crane  , Shawn LB McKenna  , Jeff J. Wichtel
Published: September 2021

This field trial tested the hypothesis that providing Kenyan smallholder dairy farmers with training and resources can enhance cows’ cyclicity and conception using conventional or sexed semen. One hundred farmers were randomly selected and randomly allocated to five equal-sized intervention groups: 1) reproduction only; 2) nutrition only; 3) reproduction and nutrition; 4) education only (quasi-control); or 5) nothing (control). Reproductive interventions included provision of prostaglandin F2? (PG) and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce estrus, and reproduction education. Nutrition interventions included provision of leguminous shrubs and nutrition education. At monthly visits over 17 months, farm and cattle data were collected, and open cattle underwent physical and reproductive exams to determine readiness for farmer decisions on sexed semen utilization. Cox proportional hazards modeling (CoxPH) was used to determine if intervention group was significantly associated with risk of conception. The final dataset included 191 cows and 26 heifers. Lowest and highest heat submission percentages were 8.5% and 35.5% in the control and reproduction groups, respectively. Conception percentages in cows and heifers were 44.0%  and 54.5% for sexed semen and 72% and 79% for conventional semen, respectively. In the final multivariable CoxPH model, each unit increase in average body condition score was associated with 3.5 times higher risk of conception. Cattle that were inseminated following spontaneous heat had 1.8 times higher risk of conception over cows that were inseminated following a hormone-induced heat. In a significant interaction variable, when cows were supplemented with dairy meal in the last month of gestation, a higher risk of conception was achieved in cows on groups where leguminous shrubs were fed compared to groups where no leguminous shrubs were fed. This study concludes that focused effort on improving reproduction through education, hormone use and improved nutrition can improve heat submission and conception percentages on Kenyan smallholder dairy farms.
Period Poverty: A Risk Factor for People Who Menstruate in STEM
Authors: Andersh Katherine , Francis Zanah , Moran Mary , Quarato Emily
Published: September 2021

In the United States, lack of access to menstrual hygiene products (MHPs) is contributing to a serious problem, period poverty. Period poverty has negative impacts on physical and mental health, as well as long term decreased productivity in educational and professional outcomes. Therefore, it is critical that action be taken to reduce period poverty and improve menstrual equity particularly for young menstruators, as inaction can result in lasting negative effects on both health and prosperity. The inability to afford and access MHPs results in recurring absences from school, which is a critical time for nurturing interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). To ensure the development of a diverse STEM workforce, significant action needs to be taken to reduce period poverty and improve menstrual equity. We recommend instituting a requirement that all public K-12 schools provide free MHPs to students, an expansion of Section 2 of the Menstrual Equity for All Act of 2019 (ME4ALL Act, H.R. 1882).
Decolonization of STEM in the Public Education System in Québec, Canada
Authors: Anderson Emma , Easson Kaitlyn , Beitari Saina , Dakessian Maïa , Anand Sai Priya , Sachar Sumedha , Bou Nassar Jessica
Published: September 2021

Indigenous representation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is crucial for reconciliation, self-determination, and inclusive and equitable science policy. Indigenous people continue to be underrepresented in Canada's STEM workforce, creating a substantial annual cost to the Canadian economy. Canada’s provinces and territories hold jurisdiction over education, and the majority, including Québec, do not include Indigenous perspectives in their elementary and secondary STEM curricula. This exclusion can alienate Indigenous learners and deter them from STEM careers. As a model for the decolonization of STEM in other provinces, we call for the amendment of Québec’s Education Act to create an Indigenous Education Steering Committee (IESC), which would collaborate with the Minister of Education to ensure inclusion of locally relevant Indigenous STEM content in compulsory curricula. We further propose that Québec include continued professional development training for teachers on Indigenous perspectives in STEM in the Ministry of Education’s strategic plan, thereby building capacity for the equitable participation of Indigenous peoples in STEM.
Reducing Emergency Department Visits and Opioid-Related Deaths in Maryland
Authors: Andrews Spencer , DeAngelis Cara , Hooshmand Somayeh , Martinez-Orengo Neysha , Zajdel Melissa
Published: September 2021

The state of Maryland has consistently ranked among the top states by opioid-involved overdose deaths. Emergency rooms in Maryland have been overrun with patients struggling with opioid use disorder (OUD). While hospitals are heavily burdened, it has become clear that they serve as a critical entry point for OUD prevention programs. Despite this, when section 19-310 of the Maryland Heroin and Opioid Prevention Effort (HOPE) and Treatment Act of 2017 passed, it included vague language requiring hospitals to create their own discharge protocols for such patients rather than putting into place statewide mandates. We propose two alternative solutions. First, the Maryland General Assembly can amend the HOPE and Treatment Act of 2017 to mandate that peer recovery services be made available during inpatient care, within the emergency department, and post-discharge for patients presenting with OUD. Second, we recommend the addition of a subtitle to describe how to establish and operate mobile clinic treatment programs. The former amendment would offer a prompt solution that could reduce opioid-related hospitalizations and deaths in the state. It will also help reach underrepresented populations who are the least likely to access peer recovery support and other health services in response to OUD.
Reducing Urban Heat Island Effects While Providing Affordable Housing in Bunker Hill
Authors: Atherton Kathryn , Dambal Vrinda , Miller Tara , Smith Ian , Wright Jessica
Published: September 2021

The Bunker Hill Public Housing development is a historic public housing building, home to a large population of racial and ethnic minorities, that requires major redevelopment and repair to enhance the safety of its residents. The Boston Planning and Development Agency (BPDA) recently approved a $1.46 billion redevelopment for the property, a part of which is allocated to remove and replace ~250 mature trees around the public housing units. Removal of these trees would affect an already vulnerable population significantly more exposed to the effects of heat events, including heat-related stress, morbidity, and mortality, which will worsen with climate change in the coming years. While the BPDA proposal seeks to address the issue that the area already experiences 20% less cooling due to a lack of vegetation by replanting more trees, their estimated timescale of more than a decade for the canopy to just return to its current size is concerning. In order to mitigate the added heat stress caused by the tree removal, we propose the supplementary action of installing green roofs on buildings throughout the development. These green roofs would continue to provide cooling and beneficial community services even once the tree canopy has returned. These measures will serve as an appropriate stopgap measure until the canopy can return to size and expand as well as providing the community with the same co-benefits, such as air quality improvement, noise pollution reduction, community spaces, and locally grown food from community gardens, that more affluent parts of the city already experience. The installation of green roofs and supplemental vegetation will take only 0.25% of the entire redevelopment project budget and will have a large return in community wellness.
Urban Greening: An Alternative Mechanism to Address Public Health and Safety in Underserved Communities
Authors: Guttman Zoe , Hebner Yuki , Varma Roshni
Published: September 2021

Community safety is increasingly understood to be intertwined with public health and quality of life. However, health and safety are often appraised and budgeted independently, impeding the ability of local governments to identify efficient interventions to benefit communities. Urban greening is widely acknowledged to improve public health but is also a cost-effective public safety measure associated with reductions in aggression, violence, and crime. Current research suggests that the physiological and psychosocial factors that mediate the benefits of green spaces fall at the intersection of health and safety. Critically, historically marginalized, low-income, and over-policed neighborhoods are also typically those that most acutely lack urban greenery, exacerbating substandard health and safety outcomes. Investing in green spaces is therefore a promising solution to mitigate existing disparities across both public health and safety sectors. We propose that Los Angeles prioritize urban greenery in underserved neighborhoods as a public safety measure and reallocate funding from law enforcement and incarceration budgets to small-scale changes in green spaces (e.g., sidewalk planting and park maintenance). Green spaces are a promising alternative to traditional public safety methods and would improve the health and safety of disadvantaged neighborhoods, mitigate the harms of heat and pollution, and begin to counteract a history of structurally racist neighborhood policies.
Bridging The Gap: Demanding 1-1 Representation of Dark-Light Skin Tones Within Medical Lectures/Resources
Authors: Kayishunge Delice , Belue Mason
Published: September 2021

Being a good physician means having the ability to recognize diseases in all kinds of individuals. This is especially true for skin lesions (e.g., acne, cancer), which present differently based on skin color and tone. Developing skin-tone-dependent diagnosing skills depends on the medical education (e.g., lectures, medical textbooks, and online board certification prep resources) and hands-on clinical experiences doctors receive. We find it alarming that medical students' gold standard resources overrepresent light skin and underrepresent dark skin to the point where many medical students can recognize a lesion on white skin but fail to recognize a similar lesion on dark skin. This lack of representation perpetuates race as a social determinant of health, leading to missed diagnoses and diagnosis at a later/worse stage in people of color. To combat this underrepresentation within medical education, we propose the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) amend Accreditation Standard 7: Curricular Content, Subsection 7.6: Cultural Competence and Health Care Disparities. The amendment is to include 1 of the 2 following policy changes, with preference for the top-down mandate: 1) Top-down Mandate: An objective measure and subsequent goal (1:1 representation) for the representation of skin of color within a school's medical lectures, which is evaluated by an LCME-approved curriculum committee and mandated for schools wishing to continue to be LCME accredited. 2) Bottom-up Individualized Institutional Goals: A requirement for schools to choose their own goal, create their committee, and evaluate their progress. These progress reports will be submitted to the LCME annually.
Algorithm Transparency through the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)
Authors: Schmeckpeper Karl , Roberts Sonia , Ouellet Mathieu , Malencia Matthew , Jain Divya , Gosrich Walker , Bromberg Val
Published: September 2021

Racial discrimination in housing has long fueled disparities in homeownership and wealth in the United States. Now, automated algorithms play a dominant role in rental and lending decisions. Advocates of these technologies argue that mortgage lending algorithms reduce discrimination. However, “errors in background check reports persist and remain pervasive,” and algorithms are at risk for inheriting prejudices from society and reflect pre-existing patterns of inequality. Additionally, algorithmic discrimination is often challenging to identify and difficult to explain or prosecute in court. While the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is responsible for prosecuting this type of discrimination under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), their enforcement regime “has inadequately regulated industry at the federal and state level and failed to provide consumers access to justice at an individual level,” as evidenced by its mere eighty-seven enforcement actions in the past forty years. In comparison, 4,531 lawsuits have been brought under the FCRA by other groups in 2018 alone. Therefore, the FTC must update its policies to ensure it can identify, prosecute, and facilitate third-party lawsuits against a primary driver of housing discrimination in the 21st century: discrimination within algorithmic decision making. We recommend that the FTC issue a rule requiring companies to publish a data plan with all consumer reporting products. Currently, the FTC recommends that companies make an internal assessment of the components of the proposed data plan to ensure that they are not in violation of the FCRA. Therefore, requiring that these plans be published publicly does not place undue burden on companies and empowers consumers to advocate for themselves and report unfair practices to the FTC. Coupled together, these will reduce the costs of investigation and enforcement by the FTC and decrease the discriminatory impact of automated decision systems on marginalized communities.
Expanding Health Equity in Wisconsin Prisons and Jails through Access to Menstrual Products
Authors: Weaver Shelby , Jensvold Zena , Fiori Marie
Published: September 2021

The population of incarcerated people who menstruate in the Wisconsin correctional system has increased significantly over the last decade. Though necessary for the health and wellbeing of these individuals, menstrual products are not guaranteed at a reasonable cost throughout the Wisconsin correctional system, making them inaccessible, particularly to individuals from marginalized communities. The current system causes extreme physical and mental health problems, as many incarcerated individuals may go without these necessary products or attempt to make their own. Thirteen states have enacted legislation to provide menstrual products at no cost to citizens in prisons and jails. We advise that the Wisconsin State Legislature pass similar legislation that requires prisons and jails to provide free menstrual products to incarcerated Wisconsinites.
Entretien avec le président Régis de Jorna
Authors: de Jorna Régis , Mégie Antoine , Jarroux Pauline , Ortin Julien , Salas Denis
Published: September 2021

Le Président de la cour d'assises revient dans cet entretien sur les principaux défis posés par ce procès : préparation d'une audience exceptionnelle par la résonance des faits dans l'opinion et le nombre des parties civiles, conduite des débats perturbée par trois attentats (dont l'un à l'extérieur des anciens locaux de Charlie Hebdo), contexte de l'état d'urgence sanitaire lié à la pandémie de Covid-19 affectant les accusés… La police de l'audience qui relève des pouvoirs propres du président se révèle ainsi dans toute son ampleur dans ce procès filmé pour l'histoire dont on a pu douter qu'il puisse aller jusqu'au bout devant tant d'obstacles.
Partie I. Réserve de croissance
Authors: Département analyse et prévision  , Heyer Éric , Timbeau Xavier
Published: September 2021

Les prévisions internationales sont réalisées sous l’hypothèse que la progression de l’immunité collective permettra une levée significative des contraintes dans l’ensemble des pays à partir de l’été 2021. La croissance mondiale serait alors de 5,5 % en 2021, après une contraction de 3,4 % en 2020. Dans les grands pays développés, la croissance serait de 3 % en Allemagne, 4 % en Italie, 6 % au Royaume-Uni, compensant une partie de la chute d’activité observée en 2020. Les États-Unis enregistreraient quant à eux une reprise supérieure à la récession de l’an passé (6 % après -3,5 %). Le soutien public au revenu disponible des ménages en 2020 a conduit à une forte accumulation d’épargne. Fin 2021, l’épargne additionnelle, du fait de la crise de la Covid-19, hors épargne de précaution, atteindrait 9 points de revenu disponible en Allemagne. Cette épargne se situerait autour de 12 points en Italie et en Espagne, à près de 15 points au Royaume-Uni et 16 points aux États-Unis. En 2022, la conjoncture mondiale dépendra fortement de l’utilisation par les ménages de cette « épargne-Covid » accumulée. Si un cinquième du surcroît d’épargne est consommé en 2022, la croissance serait de 5,5 % en Allemagne et en Italie, d’environ 8 % en Espagne et 6 % aux États-Unis. Si cette épargne n’est pas consommée, la croissance serait alors de 4 % en Allemagne et en Italie, d’environ 6 % en Espagne et 4 % aux États-Unis. Les implications pour la dette publique sont importantes.
Partie II. Le temps de la reprise
Authors: Département analyse et prévision  , Heyer Éric , Timbeau Xavier
Published: September 2021

En France, sur la base du calendrier sanitaire annoncé par le gouvernement, la croissance du PIB serait de +5 % en moyenne annuelle en 2021, la consommation des ménages et des administrations publiques rebondirait de 4 % et l’investissement de 7 %. La contribution extérieure serait positive en 2021, compensant la moitié des pertes extérieures encaissées en 2020. Fin 2021, le niveau d’activité serait inférieur de 1 % à son niveau observé au quatrième trimestre 2019. En 2021, les branches les plus affectées par le choc sont l’hôtellerie-restauration, les services de transport, la fabrication de matériels de transport, la cokéfaction-raffinage et les services aux ménages qui représentent 12 % du PIB mais contribuent à 60 % des pertes d’activité. Sur la période 2020-2021, les entreprises encaisseraient près de 90 milliards de pertes dans leurs fonds propres. Les administrations publiques absorberaient environ 80 % de la perte de revenu totale de l’économie sur les années 2020-2021. Enfin l’« épargne-Covid » des ménages, accumulée sur deux ans, va représenter environ 160 milliards, soit plus de 10 points de leur revenu annuel. Les prévisions pour 2022 dépendent de manière cruciale de l’utilisation de l’« épargne-Covid » accumulée par les ménages. Dans un scénario où 20 % de ce surplus d’épargne est consommé, la croissance française serait de 6 % en 2022, le taux de chômage à 8,7 % et la dette à 115 % du PIB. Dans le cas où cette « épargne-Covid » n’est pas du tout consommée, le taux de croissance serait de 4,3 %, le taux de chômage de 9,4 % et la dette publique à 117 % du PIB en 2022.
Estimer l’impact des mesures de restriction sur l’activité
Authors: Le Bayon Sabine , Péléraux Hervé
Published: September 2021

Depuis l’émergence et l’expansion de l’épidémie de Covid-19 au début de 2020, les indicateurs élaborés conjointement par l’Université d’Oxford et la Blavatnik School of Government sont devenus incontournables pour les observateurs car ils permettent de synthétiser de façon quantitative et selon une grille commune les diverses mesures de restriction imposées dans la quasi-totalité des pays du monde. Non seulement ils appréhendent la sévérité intrinsèque des différentes mesures mises en œuvre, mais ils prennent aussi en compte leur application locale ou nationale, non sans difficulté pour certains pays. L’indice synthétique construit par les chercheurs d’Oxford rend assez bien compte de la dispersion des taux de croissance trimestriels du PIB au cours de l’année 2020. En revanche, la sélection économétrique des mesures pertinentes dans le cadre d’une modélisation montre que les fermetures d’école et le confinement à domicile rendent compte à elles seules des effets des restrictions sur la croissance. Les autres mesures n’apportent pas d’information supplémentaire. Ce sont donc les mesures qui empêchent l’offre de travail en maintenant les actifs à domicile, soit directement par l’interdiction de sortie soit indirectement par la nécessité de garder les enfants, qui apparaissent les plus pénalisantes pour le fonctionnement de l’économie.
Profil enseignant et compétences psychosociales des élèves : quels liens établir au sein de la classe ?
Authors: Morlaix Sophie , Tavant Denis
Published: September 2021

La recherche des déterminants de la réussite scolaire des élèves et de leur parcours d’orientation constitue une préoccupation majeure des chercheurs en éducation. Alors que de nombreuses variables sont explorées et analysées pour mieux comprendre les trajectoires des élèves, certaines d’entre elles restent peu étudiées. Parmi ces dernières figurent certaines caractéristiques de l’enseignant et les compétences psychosociales des élèves. L’objet de cet article est de mettre en relation de façon empirique ces deux types de variables (profil interactionnel de l’enseignant et compétences psychosociales développées chez les élèves). L’intérêt de la démarche repose sur une analyse exploratoire confirmatoire et permet de dégager des pistes de réflexion pour une meilleure compréhension de la réussite scolaire des élèves.
Simuler la vie dans l’espace
Authors: Guinard Ségolène
Published: September 2021

Dans les sous-sols de l’Institut de biophysique de Krasnoïarsk se trouvent les installations de Bios-3, une structure en acier construite au début des années 1970, aujourd’hui à l’arrêt. Bios-3 participait d’une série d’expériences menées dans l’ombre du programme spatial soviétique qui, depuis les années 1960 jusqu’à la fin des années 1980, testait la viabilité de systèmes de support de vie dits « biorégénératifs » pour le vol habité. Ces derniers ajoutent aux composantes physico-chimiques abiotiques des systèmes de support de vie, les produits de l’activité d’autres êtres vivants – plantes et micro-algues. Si les séjours d’expérimentateurs humains à l’intérieur de Bios-3 ont été relativement courts (d’une durée de quelques mois), ils nous invitent à un exercice à la fois descriptif et spéculatif. À partir de l’exemple de ces intérieurs hermétiques, et des voix recueillies autour des expériences qui s’y sont déroulées, cet article propose une réflexion sur le déploiement de la vie au sein de ces exo-mondes prothétiques que constituent ces habitats spatiaux, processus auquel nous pouvons donner le nom d’existence capsulaire.
Plongée profonde au corail
Authors: Raveneau Gilles
Published: September 2021

Cet article analyse les manières dont les corailleurs gèrent les limites physiologiques et mentales des plongées au corail par le biais de mélanges gazeux, de techniques du corps et d’affects. Le choix d’un mélange gazeux et des solutions techniques adoptées en vue de récolter le corail rouge à grandes profondeurs constitue un problème central. Il est résolu de deux manières contradictoires par les protagonistes. D’un côté, le choix de l’air provoque l’ivresse des profondeurs, modifie la conscience et les perceptions. Il produit des images et des hallucinations au point de parfois voir apparaître la figure d’épouvante de la Méduse mythique, mais il amortit la conscience des risques pris. De l’autre, le choix de respirer un mélange gazeux à base d’hélium permet de conserver un meilleur contrôle de la situation et une pleine conscience, sans pour autant arrêter la vie imaginaire et fantasmatique. Cette extrême lucidité aboutit paradoxalement au surgissement de la peur par la prise de conscience des risques et des dangers que le plongeur est en train de vivre à ces grandes profondeurs. Méduse surgit alors de nouveau comme la figure de la peur du plongeur dans l’altérité radicale des grands fonds sous-marins.
Sous l’imagination des formes, l’imagination des substances
Authors: Jaclin David , Valeur Jules
Published: September 2021

Depuis 4 ans, le HumAnimaLab travaille dans le parc de la Gatineau, une aire de conservation en bordure de la capitale canadienne, Ottawa. Dans ce parc se trouve une mine désaffectée et inondée (creusée à la pioche, sur des territoires non cédés et qui incarne bien le programme économique et cosmologique extractif du jeune pays de l’époque). Dans cette mine, une équipe de plongeurs a réalisé plusieurs collectes d’échantillons d’eau, et par là-même, battu un record du monde de plongée en eau froide (202 mètres). Ces échantillons, analysés par une équipe de microbiologistes montréalais, ont permis de détecter de nouvelles formes de vie. Au cours de l’été 2019, nous avons documenté ce long et périlleux processus d’extraction/révélation et réalisé un podcast autour de toutes ces invisibilités (celles des profondeurs à percer, celles des micro-organismes à révéler et celles des mineurs du siècle passé à ne pas oublier). En nous intéressant aux dispositifs d’apparition de nouvelles formes de vie (et de disparition d’anciennes), nous proposons un déminage de notre anthropo(s)cène, à coup de frayages micro-soniques.
Scientific Basis of Social Pedagogy
Authors: Lebeloane Lazarus D. M. Oupa
Published: September 2021

The scientific basis of social pedagogy was developed between the 19th and 20th centuries. Its development was propelled by the era's poor socio-economic conditions. The society was emancipated from traditional ways of life in rural areas to industrialization, urbanization, and modern forms of lifestyles. This chapter discusses the scientific basis of social pedagogy in countries in Europe, which include but are not limited to Germany, Sweden, Finland, and France. It covers this background, but the focus of the chapter is the position of social pedagogy in the system of science, its research areas, the education of social pedagogues, and the areas of work of social pedagogues.
Contemporary Theoretical Understandings About Education
Authors: Tomić Ruža
Published: September 2021

An important role in upbringing and educational work is played by the application of adequate methods and means and knowledge and respect for the principles of educational work. The chapter will elaborate the most frequently represented methods of upbringing and educational work used so far, the advantages and limitations in their application, and the conditions that must be considered during their application in educational work. The methods of upbringing should be known by all educators (parents, preschool educators, teachers, and others), and also the personality of each educator should be known and used accordingly. The application of adequate methods and means of educational work in a timely manner is the best guarantee for the prevention of undesirable behaviors and other forms of sociopathological manifestations. The chapter will also present the means of educational work that can be used as well as principles that should be known and adhered to by all educators engaged in education and educational work.
Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Jakovljevic Maria , Buckley Sheryl
Published: September 2021

Behavioral disorders are on the rise at all levels of upbringing and education, among all categories of children and students, both in terms of their scope and forms of manifestation. The focus of this chapter is to elaborate on the notion of behavioral disorders to introduce a variety of definitions recognized by researchers and practitioners in different scientific disciplines studied by social pedagogy. Furthermore, the emphasis of this chapter is to investigate classifications, criteria, and categories of behavioral problems and identify risks and protective factors among children and young people. These risk factors were discovered in school settings, among peers, and in family climates instigating mild and serious behavioral challenges. The chapter provides a detailed insight into risk factors caused by genetics, family environments, school education, media influence, and free time utilization. The content of this chapter will expand the theoretical and practical knowledge of social pedagogues and other professionals who deal with diverse behavioral disorders in various societies.
Raising People With Special Needs
Authors: Tomić Ruža
Published: September 2021

People with disabilities, who represent a significant part of the population of today's world, are still on the margins of social goods and values because of the attitudes of people who are not. Although, in earlier social eras, they were observed mainly from the point of view of social possibilities of existence, the appearance of significant world documents, and affirmations on the labour market, these attitudes changed somewhat. Nevertheless, in many countries of the world, the upbringing and education of children and young people with disabilities is burdened with numerous difficulties and problems. This chapter will help students, professionals, and others interested in these problems to get to know them and thus enrich their cognitive, emotional, social, and work competencies that may be needed to work with them. It will help them in practical application at all levels of their education, which will contribute to strengthening positive attitudes towards inclusion.
Pedagogue
Authors: Kadum Sandra
Published: September 2021

One of the main tasks of every pedagogue is to critically think and evaluate their own work in order to constantly improve and adapt to the needs of children. In this way, the child is placed at the very center of the educational process, which is the goal of the modern educational process. As part of his work, he creates and implements prevention programs, which leads to risk reduction and strengthening of protective factors for the development of behavioral problems. It should be noted that risk reduction and strengthening of protective factors should be started at the youngest possible age of the child. He also notes that he assesses the needs of whole groups of children, suggests different forms of support to other participants, consults with teachers, children, parents, and all other important people in the child's life. In other words, he creates the conditions for a child's healthy development to change his behavior and effectively meet his own needs by respecting norms, rules, and boundaries.
Role of Social Pedagogue in Teamwork in Educational and Other Institutions
Authors: Karačić Marija J.
Published: September 2021

As helper professions, social pedagogical professions relate to working with behavioral problems, emotions, and working on interpersonal human relationships in order to provide assistance to others, people who are in crisis, distress, and who need it. The goal is to achieve changes in the behavior and activities of the individual, which requires interdisciplinarity and teamwork. In order to successfully perform work in institutions where they find their place social pedagogues and be successful members of the team that works with its members, all engaged professionals need to know the essence, reasons, prerequisites, criteria that the working group needs to meet in order to act as a team. The study will contribute to improving the quality of life of all categories of educators with whom they work, all of which will contribute to faster, more efficient, and rational resolution of practical problems in the field of education and educational work.
Deep Self-Organizing Map Neural Networks for Plantar Pressure Image Segmentation Employing Marr-Hildreth Features
Authors: Han Jianlin , Wang Dan , Li *Zairan , Shi Fuqian
Published: September 2021

Using the plantar pressure imaging analysis method to realize the optimization design of shoe last is still relatively preliminary. The analysis and utilization of imaging data still have problems such as single processing, incomplete information acquisition, and poor processing model robustness. A deep self-organizing map neural network based on Marr-Hildreth filter (dSOM-wh) is developed in this research. The structure and learning algorithms were optimized by learning vector quantization (LVQ) and count propagation (CP). As a kind of Marr-Hildreth filter, Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) was developed for the preprocessing. The proposed method performed high effectiveness in accuracy (AC) (92.88%), sensitive (SE) (0.8941), and f-measurement (F1) (0.8720) by comparing with ANN, CNN, SegNet, ResNet, and pre-trained inception-v neural networks. The classification-based plantar pressure biomedical functional zoning technologies have potential applications in the comfort shoe production industry.
Cooperative Channel Selection With Q-Reinforcement Learning and Power Distribution in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Talekar Sopan A. , Terdal Sujatha P.
Published: September 2021

With the increasing number of wireless communication devices, there may be a shortage of non-licensed spectrum, and at the same time, licensed spectrum may be underutilized by the primary users. The utilization of licensed spectrum can be improved using cognitive radio techniques. The proposed work allows secondary users to use the correct slot period of the channel as per their need. Particle swarm optimization technique is used to optimize the resource allocation. The aim of the proposed work is to determine the optimal throughput and power of available channels between the communicating nodes and improve the routing performance by selecting the best channel. Mathematical equation is derived that represents the channel selection relationship from the Q-value, congestion throughput, and benefit value. Network simulator-2 is used to simulate the proposed work and compared with the existing work. From the simulation results, it is observed that routing performance is improved in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, packet dropped, and normalized routing overhead.
Intelligent Water Quality Monitoring System Based on Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Technology
Authors: Liu Qiuxia
Published: September 2021

The intelligent water quality monitoring system takes the single chip microcomputer STM32F103C8T6 as the control core to collect signals of each sensor module and converts the collected parameters into effective digital signals by using the internal analog-to-digital converter. The data gathered by the acquisition center is sent to the analysis and processing center through the ZigBee module E18. In the analysis and processing center, data is fused and processed by the single chip microcomputer STC12C5A60S2. The data after fusion is sent to the monitoring management center through the GPRS module SIM800C. For improving the monitoring precision of the system, multi-level data fusion algorithms are used. In the data layer, abnormal values are deleted by abnormal data detection method, and the median average filtering method is used to fuse the data; the algorithm based on weighted estimation fusion is used in the feature layer; the fuzzy control fusion algorithm is used in the decision.
Heterogeneous Influence Maximization Through Community Detection in Social Networks
Authors: Raguru Jaya Krishna , Sharma Devi Prasad
Published: September 2021

The problem of identifying a seed set composed of K nodes that increase influence spread over a social network is known as influence maximization (IM). Past works showed this problem to be NP-hard and an optimal solution to this problem using greedy algorithms achieved only 63% of spread. However, this approach is expensive and suffered from performance issues like high computational cost. Furthermore, in a network with communities, IM spread is not always certain. In this paper, heterogeneous influence maximization through community detection (HIMCD) algorithm is proposed. This approach addresses initial seed nodes selection in communities using various centrality measures, and these seed nodes act as sources for influence spread. A parallel influence maximization is applied with the aid of seed node set contained in each group. In this approach, graph is partitioned and IM computations are done in a distributed manner. Extensive experiments with two real-world datasets reveals that HCDIM achieves substantial performance improvement over state-of-the-art techniques.