bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of particle grading on the hygromechanical properties of hypercompacted earth
Authors: Cuccurullo Alessia , Gallipoli Domenico , Bruno Agostino Walter , Augarde Charles , Hughes Paul , La Borderie Christian
Published: November 2019

Civil engineering research is increasingly focusing on the development of sustainable and energy-efficient building materials. Among these materials, raw (unfired) earth constitutes a promising option for reducing the environmental impact of buildings over their entire service life from construction to demolition. Raw earth has been used since old times but only recently has acquired prominence in mainstream building practice. This is mainly because of the development of novel methods to enhance the mechanical, hygroscopic and durability properties of compacted earth without increasing carbon and energy footprints. In this context, the present paper studies the dependency of the strength, stiffness, moisture capacity and water durability of compacted earth on particle grading. Results indicate that the particle size distribution is a key variable in defining the hygromechanical characteristics of compacted earth. The effect of the particle size distribution on the hygromechanical properties of compacted earth may be as important as that of dry density or stabilisation. This study suggests that a fine and well-graded earth mix exhibits higher levels of strength, stiffness, moisture capacity and water durability than a coarse and poorly-graded one.
Testosterone Induces Relaxation of Human Corpus Cavernosum Tissue of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Van den Broeck Thomas , Soebadi Mohammad Ayodhia , Falter Annelies , Raets Lore , Duponselle Jolien , Lootsma Joline , Heintz Alexander , Philtjens Uchelly , Hofkens Lien , Gonzalez-Viedma Arantxa , Driesen Karel , Sandner Peter , Albersen Maarten , Brône Bert , Van Renterghem Koenraad
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Previous research in the field of cardiovascular diseases suggests a relaxing effect of testosterone (T) on smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that T could play a significant role in erection development.

Aim

To investigate the relaxing effect of T and other molecules of the T signaling pathway on human corpus cavernosum (HCC) tissue.

Methods

Samples of the HCC tissue were obtained from men who underwent penile prosthesis implantation (n = 33) for erectile dysfunction. Samples were used for isometric tension measurement in Ex Vivo experiments. Following standardized precontraction with phenylephrine, increasing doses of T or dihydrotestosterone were administered and blocked by NO/H2S synthesis inhibitors, a KATP blocker, and flutamide (androgen receptor inhibitor).

Main Outcome Measure

The outcome was relaxation of the HCC tissue, normalized to a maximum precontraction achieved by phenylephrine.

Results

A dose-dependent relaxing effect of dihydrotestosterone and T was observed with a relaxation of, respectively, 24.9% ± 23.4% (P < .0001) and 41.7% ± 19.1% (P = .01) compared with 6.8% ± 15.9% for vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) at 300 μM. The relaxing effect of T was not countered by blocking NO synthesis, H2S synthesis, KATP channels, or the androgen receptor.

Clinical Implications

By understanding the underlying mechanisms of T-induced HCC relaxation, potential new therapeutic targets can be identified.

Strengths & Limitations

The strength of the study is the use of fresh HCC tissues with reproducible results. The limitation is the need for supraphysiological T levels to induce the observed effect.

Conclusion

Rapid androgen-induced relaxation of HCC is likely to occur via nongenomic mechanisms. Previously suggested mechanisms of action by which T modulates HCC relaxation have been excluded.
I3: A Self-Organising Learning Workflow for Intuitive Integrative Interpretation of Complex Genetic Data
Authors: Tan Yun , Jiang Lulu , Wang Kankan , Fang Hai
Published: November 2019

We propose a computational workflow (I3) for intuitive integrative interpretation of complex genetic data mainly building on the self-organising principle. We illustrate the use in interpreting genetics of gene expression and understanding genetic regulators of protein phenotypes, particularly in conjunction with information from human population genetics and/or evolutionary history of human genes. We reveal that loss-of-function intolerant genes tend to be depleted of tissue-sharing genetics of gene expression in brains, and if highly expressed, have broad effects on the protein phenotypes studied. We suggest that this workflow presents a general solution to the challenge of complex genetic data interpretation. I3 is available at http://suprahex.r-forge.r-project.org/I3.html.
Changes in vascular density in resected tissue of 97 patients with mild malformation of cortical development, focal cortical dysplasia or TSC‐related cortical tubers
Authors: Veersema Tim J. , de Neef Andrew , van Scheppingen Jackelien , Ferrier Cyrille H. , van Eijsden Pieter , Gosselaar Peter H. , van Rijen Peter C. , Spliet Wim G.M. , Braun Kees P.J. , Mühlebner Angelika , Aronica Eleonora
Published: November 2019

Recent studies suggested a possible association between malformations of cortical development and microvascular density. In this study we aimed to further elucidate the relation between microvascular density and cortical developmental abnormalities in a cohort of 97 patients with epilepsy and histologically proven mild malformation of cortical development (mMCD), focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) or tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Surgical tissue samples were analyzed with quantitative measures of vessel density, T‐cell response, microglial activation and myelin content. Subsequently, the results were compared to an age‐ and localization matched control group. We observed an increase in microvasculature in white matter of TSC cortical tubers, which is linked to inflammatory response. No increase was seen in mMCD or FCD subtypes compared to controls. In mMCD/FCD and tubers, lesional cortex and white matter showed increased vascular density compared to perilesional tissues. Moreover, cortical vessel density increased with longer epilepsy duration and older age at surgery while in controls it decreased with age. Our findings suggest for that the increase in white matter vascular density might be pathology‐specific rather than a consequence of ongoing epileptic activity. Increased cortical vessel density with age and with longer epilepsy duration in mMCD/FCD's and tubers, however, could be a consequence of seizures.
How Dynamic Boundary Conditions Induce Solute Trapping and Quasi‐stagnant Zones in Laboratory Experiments Comprising Unsaturated Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Cremer C. J. M. , Neuweiler I.
Published: November 2019

The vadose zone is subject to dynamic boundary conditions in the form of infiltration and evaporation. A better understanding of implications for flow and solute transport, arising from these dynamic boundary conditions in combination with heterogeneous structure, will help to improve the prediction of the fate of solutes. We present laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of heterogeneous porous media under unsaturated conditions where controlled, temporally varying precipitation and evaporation are applied to study the effect of dynamic boundary conditions on solute transport in the presence of material interfaces. Dye tracers Eosine Y and Brilliant Blue FCF are utilized to visualize solute transport and analyze redistribution processes in a flow cell. Water and solute fluxes in and out of the flow cell are quantified. While in dynamic experiments application of small infiltration rates (significantly below the saturated hydraulic conductivities of the materials) led to a reversal of transport paths between infiltration and succeeding evaporation, larger infiltration rates altered downward transport such that flow and transport paths differed from those observed during evaporation. Differences in transport paths ultimately led to a redistribution and trapping of solute in one material which manifested as pronounced tailing in breakthrough curves. Trapping was induced not by the formation of a stagnant zone as result of large parameter contrast but by an interplay of dynamic boundary conditions and material heterogeneity. This study thereby highlights the importance to consider dynamic boundary conditions in predictions of solute leaching.
A New Method to Evaluate Reanalyses Using Synoptic Patterns: An Example Application in the Ross Sea/Ross Ice Shelf Region
Authors: McDonald Adrian J. , Cairns Luke H.
Published: November 2019

We compare the consistency between eight reanalyses: CERA20C, ERA5, ERA‐Interim, ERA20C, NCEP‐DOE, MERRA2, JRA55, and 20CRV2c. This comparison uses daily surface winds near Antarctica to classify synoptic patterns using the self‐organizing map technique. The relative frequency of occurrence (RFO) of these patterns are very similar during the satellite era in each reanalysis. The three most common patterns are the same in each reanalysis and changes between the reanalyses only display a 12% relative variation. Examination of the RFOs over time highlights that the CERA20C and 20CRV2c reanalyses display large changes previous to 1957. These changes are likely connected to model relaxation toward their climatology because of a lack of observational constraints. Primarily, we introduce the entropy coefficient (U) which quantifies the consistency between reanalyses in their representation of synoptic patterns. Examination of U shows current reanalyses (ERA5, ERA‐Interim, JRA55, and MERRA2) are highly consistent in the satellite era likely due to good observational coverage. However, centennial reanalyses (CERA20C, ERA20C, and 20CRV2c) show two upward step changes in consistency as measured by U at around 1957 and to a lesser extent 1979. Low values of U before 1957 suggest that centennial reanalyses are of limited use before this date, but may be useful after 1957 in this region. We also show that the entropy coefficient displays an inverse relationship with ensemble spread metrics of individual reanalyses. We conclude that the entropy coefficient provides a powerful quantification of the influence of changes in observation density on reanalysis quality in data sparse regions.
Iconic Palms Add to Fire Danger in Southern California
Authors: Sever Megan
Published: November 2019

As fires burn across Southern California, researchers examine what role nonnative vegetation plays.
Sea Caves Hold Clues to Ancient Storms
Authors: Supriya Lakshmi
Published: November 2019

Sediments dug up from sea caves help reconstruct past climate, contributing to better storm predictions.
The 2017 Eruption of Erta 'Ale Volcano, Ethiopia: Insights Into the Shallow Axial Plumbing System of an Incipient Mid‐Ocean Ridge
Authors: Moore C. , Wright T. , Hooper A. , Biggs J.
Published: November 2019

The final stage of continental breakup is often accompanied by abundant magmatism. Erta 'Ale volcano lies on the Nubia‐Arabia extensional boundary in Afar, Ethiopia, an incipient mid‐ocean ridge. A fissure on the south flank of Erta 'Ale began erupting on 21 January 2017 and has remained active until at least July 2019. We use Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar acquisitions to create a time series of ground displacement measurements at Erta 'Ale from October 2014 to June 2019, covering the eruption and its buildup. In the preeruption period, we observe gradual extension centered on the lava lake, consistent with the opening of an axis‐aligned dike. Using synthetic aperture radar intensity shadows, we show that the long‐lived Erta 'Ale lava lake was stable in this period, indicative of a steady pressure state in the shallow plumbing system. During the initial eruption, we observe surface displacements consistent with a shallow dike intrusion below the eruption site and conduit contraction below the lava lake. The pressure change associated with the cointrusive drop in the lava lake level is sufficient to reproduce the deformation pattern suggesting that the lava lake is well connected to the shallow plumbing system. Subsidence and contraction during the long‐lived eruption indicates the presence of an off‐rift vertically extensive source. We suggest that this may represent a system of stacked sources throughout the upper crust, with melt being more distributed. We also propose that high magma flux on the slow‐spreading Erta 'Ale segment may be facilitating the presence of shallow axial magma bodies.
Middle to Late Pleistocene Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Lower Bengal Fan—Integrating Multichannel Seismic Data and IODP Expedition 354 Results
Authors: Bergmann Fenna , Schwenk Tilmann , Spiess Volkhard , France‐Lanord Christian
Published: November 2019

Utilizing a novel data set of integrated high‐resolution multichannel seismic data with IODP Expedition 354 drilling results, a Middle to Late Pleistocene stratigraphy for the lower Bengal Fan is developed. The study reveals a high lateral and temporal variability of deposition expressed by lateral shifts (often exceeding 100 km) between successive channel‐levee systems (CLSs), which occurred on average every ~15 kyr independent from sea‐level changes. The CLSs are embedded in sheeted sediments deposited out of unchannelized turbidity currents, which represent almost two thirds of the lower Bengal Fan sediments. On 100‐kyr timescales, CLSs and sheeted/unchannelized sediments build up subfans, which alternately occupied the western and the eastern Bengal Fan, while the remaining area was draped by ~10 to 20 m‐thick layers of background/hemipelagic sediments. Three subfans have been reconstructed: Subfan B (1.24–0.68 Ma) formed concurrently with the Middle Pleistocene Hemipelagic Layer, Subfan C (0.68–0.25 Ma) covered the entire study area, and Subfan D (0.25 Ma to recent) deposited concomitant with the Late Pleistocene Hemipelagic Layer. The continuous succession of subfans indicates an uninterrupted fan activity independent from sea‐level cycles at least since the Middle Pleistocene. This remarkable independent behavior in terms of sediment supply has not been observed at the Amazon Fan but is in agreement with observations from the Congo Fan. Finally, the analysis of a complete cross section through the lower Bengal Fan reveals that almost half of the sediment represents sands, indicating that the lower Bengal Fan may not generally be classified as “mud rich” (≤30% sand).
Low Frequency (f < 200 Hz) Polar Plasmaspheric Hiss: Coherent and Intense
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T. , Park Sang A. , Falkowski Barbara J. , Bortnik Jacob , Lakhina Gurbax S. , Sen Abhijit , Pickett Jolene S. , Hajra Rajkumar , Parrot Michell , Henri Pierre
Published: November 2019

Low frequency (LF) ~22 Hz to 200 Hz plasmaspheric hiss was studied using a year of Polar plasma wave data occurring during solar cycle minimum. The waves are found to be most intense in the noon and early dusk sectors. When only the most intense LF (ILF) hiss was examined, they are found to be substorm dependent and most prominent in the noon sector. The noon sector ILF waves were also determined to be independent of solar wind ram pressure. The ILF hiss intensity is independent of magnetic latitude. ILF hiss is found to be highly coherent in nature. ILF hiss propagates at all angles relative to the ambient magnetic field. Circular, elliptical, and linear/highly elliptically polarized hiss have been detected, with elliptical polarization the dominant characteristic. A case of linear polarized ILF hiss that occurred deep in the plasmasphere during geomagnetic quiet was noted. The waveforms and polarizations of ILF hiss are similar to those of intense high frequency hiss. We propose the hypothesis that ~10–100 keV substorm injected electrons gradient drift to dayside minimum B pockets close to the magnetopause to generate LF chorus. The closeness of this chorus to low altitude entry points into the plasmasphere will minimize wave damping and allow intense noon‐sector ILF hiss. The coherency of ILF hiss leads the authors to predict energetic electron precipitation into the mid latitude ionosphere and the electron slot formation during substorms. Several means of testing the above hypotheses are discussed.
A Systematic Study in Characteristics of Lower Band Rising‐Tone Chorus Elements
Authors: Shue Jih‐Hong , Nariyuki Yasuhiro , Katoh Yuto , Saito Shinji , Kasahara Yoshiya , Hsieh Yi‐Kai , Matsuda Shoya , Goto Yoshitaka
Published: November 2019

Chorus waves are usually generated outside the plasmapause in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere. The discrete characteristics of chorus elements are quantified by the three parameters: lasting time, frequency bandwidth, and repetition period. A systematic study in the lasting time and frequency bandwidth in terms of background plasma and magnetic fields has not been performed in the past. Here we use burst mode waveform data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction during Substorms (THEMIS) probes and the random forest method of machine learning and Pearson's correlation analysis to investigate which background plasma and magnetic field parameter is dominant over the lasting time and frequency bandwidth. We find that the temperature is the most important parameter that controls the lasting time. The lasting time is shorter when this temperature is higher. We also find that the normalized bandwidth by the local electron cyclotron frequency is controlled by the number density of energetic electrons. The normalized bandwidth is wider when this number density is larger. These results can be well explained by the threshold and optimum wave amplitudes for the nonlinear generation of chorus waves (Omura & Nunn, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016280). The findings derived from this analysis can be used to serve as a guideline for a deep understanding of the generation mechanism of chorus elements and help choose input for a modeling of wave‐particle interactions in the radiation belts.
Seismic Dispersion and Attenuation in Fluid‐Saturated Carbonate Rocks: Effect of Microstructure and Pressure
Authors: Borgomano Jan V. M. , Pimienta Lucas X. , Fortin Jérôme , Guéguen Yves
Published: November 2019

The frequency dependence of seismic properties of fully saturated rocks can be related to wave‐induced fluid flows at different scales. The elastic dispersion and attenuation of four fluid‐saturated carbonate rocks, with different microstructures, have been measured over a broad frequency range in the laboratory. The selected rocks were a presalt coquina from offshore Congo, an Urgonian limestone from Provence (France), and an Indiana limestone either intact or thermally cracked. The selected samples present a variety of pore types characteristic of carbonates, and their link with potential squirt flow dispersion was investigated. To cover a broad frequency range, forced oscillations (0.004 to 100 Hz) and ultrasonic (1 MHz) measurement techniques were performed in a triaxial cell, at various differential pressures, on the samples saturated by fluids of different viscosity. Both hydrostatic and axial oscillations were applied in order to get the different dynamic moduli. For all our samples, the drained/undrained transition and the squirt flow mechanisms were characterized experimentally, in terms of amplitude of dispersion, amount of viscoelastic attenuation, and frequency ranges. Biot‐Gassmann's theory was found to apply mainly at seismic frequencies (10–100 Hz). A potential correlation between pore type and possible squirt flow dispersion was investigated. Intragranular microporosity, with either a rimmed or uniform distribution, does not seem to generate any substantial dispersion. On the other hand, cracked intergranular cement and uncemented grain contacts seem to generate substantial squirt flow dispersion, at respectively seismic and sonic log frequencies.
Phase‐Field Modeling of Reaction‐Driven Cracking: Determining Conditions for Extensive Olivine Serpentinization
Authors: Evans Owen , Spiegelman Marc , Kelemen Peter B.
Published: November 2019

The motion of plates leads to cycling of chemically bound water and volatiles through the Earth's interior, having consequences for arc magmatism and seismic activity at subduction zones. Tectonically exhumed peridotite at the Earth's surface provides a substantial sink for water and carbon. The natural chemical disequilibrium that exists between exposed mantle peridotite and the surface waters/atmosphere could potentially be harnessed as a negative carbon emission technology. Understanding this process is therefore critical from both a petrological and environmental perspective. Retrograde metamorphism is physically complex, potentially involving an interplay between positive (cracking) and negative (clogging) feedbacks that may limit, or promote, fluid supply to unreacted minerals. Modeling studies are important in helping to constrain the conditions that control the extent of reaction in ultramafic rocks. This study builds on a previously reported model that describes olivine hydration/carbonation in a poroelastic medium, coupling fluid flow, elastic deformation, and mass transfer between chemically active phases. Here we extend this model to include brittle failure, which is crucial given the widely held hypothesis that reaction‐driven cracking is the dominant positive feedback in these processes. Here we explore the use of phase‐field methods to simulate brittle failure in a poroelastic medium, in the context of hydration (serpentinization) of peridotite. We show that reaction‐driven cracking in this model can generate a positive feedback that, under certain conditions, can lead to 100% transformation of olivine to serpentine.
Large Projected Decline in Dissolved Oxygen in a Eutrophic Estuary Due to Climate Change
Authors: Ni Wenfei , Li Ming , Ross Andrew C. , Najjar Raymond G.
Published: November 2019

Climate change is known to cause deoxygenation in the open ocean, but its effects on eutrophic and seasonally hypoxic estuaries and coastal oceans are less clear. Using Chesapeake Bay as a study site, we conducted climate downscaling projections for dissolved oxygen and found that the hypoxic and anoxic volumes would increase by 10–30% between the late 20th and mid‐21st century. A budget analysis of dissolved oxygen in the bottom water revealed differing physical and biogeochemical responses to climate change. Sea level rise and larger winter‐spring runoff led to stronger stratification and large reductions in the vertical oxygen supply to the bottom water. On the other hand, warming led to earlier initiation of hypoxia, accompanied by weaker summer respiration and more rapid termination of hypoxia. Decreasing solubility due to warming accounted for about 50% of the reduction in the bottom‐water oxygen content.
Stochastic Surrogate Model for Meteotsunami Early Warning System in the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Denamiel Cléa , Šepić Jadranka , Huan Xun , Bolzer Célia , Vilibić Ivica
Published: November 2019

The meteotsunami early warning system prototype using stochastic surrogate approach and running operationally in the eastern Adriatic Sea is presented. First, the atmospheric internal gravity waves (IGWs) driving the meteotsunamis are either forecasted with state‐of‐the‐art deterministic models at least a day in advance or detected through measurements at least 2 hr before the meteotsunami reaches sensitive locations. The extreme sea‐level hazard forecast at endangered locations is then derived with an innovative stochastic surrogate model—implemented with generalized polynomial chaos expansion (gPCE) method and synthetic IGWs forcing a barotropic ocean model—used with the input parameters extracted from deterministic model results and/or measurements. The evaluation of the system, both against five historical events and for all the detected potential meteotsunamis since late 2018 when the early warning system prototype became operational, reveals that the meteotsunami hazard is conservatively assessed but often overestimated at some locations. Despite some needed improvements and developments, this study demonstrates that gPCE‐based methods can be used for atmospherically driven extreme sea‐level hazard assessment and in geosciences in wide.
Alongshore Variability in Crescentic Sandbar Patterns at a Strongly Curved Coast
Authors: Rutten J. , Dubarbier B. , Price T. D. , Ruessink B. G. , Castelle B.
Published: November 2019

Sandbars, submerged ridges of sand parallel to the shoreline, tend to develop crescentic patterns while migrating onshore. At straight coasts, these patterns form preferably under near‐normal waves through the generation of circulation cells in the flow field, whereas they decay under energetic oblique waves with associated intense alongshore currents. Recently, observations at a man‐made convex curved coast showed an alongshore variability in patterning that seems related to a spatiotemporal variability of the local wave angle (Sand Engine). Here, we aim to systematically explore how coastline curvature contributes to alongshore variability in crescentic pattern formation, by introducing local differences in wave angle and the resulting flow field. A nonlinear morphodynamic model was used to simulate the patterns in an initially alongshore uniform sandbar that migrates onshore along the imposed curved coast. The model was forced by a time‐invariant and time‐varying offshore wave angle. Simulations show that the presence of patterns and their growth rate relate to the local breaker angle, depending on the schematization of the offshore angle and the local coastline orientation. Growth rates decrease with increasing obliquity as both refraction‐induced reductions of the wave height as well as alongshore currents increase. Furthermore, simulations of variations in coastline curvature show that patterns may develop faster at strongly curved coasts if this curvature leads to an increase in near‐normal angles. This implies that beaches where the coastline orientation changes substantially, for example, due to km‐scale nourishments, become potentially more dangerous to swimmers due to strong currents that develop with pronounced bar patterns.
20th Century δ18O Seawater and Salinity Variations Reconstructed From Paired δ18O and Sr/Ca Measurements of a La Reunion Coral
Authors: Pfeiffer M. , Reuning L. , Zinke J. , Garbe‐Schönberg D. , Leupold M. , Dullo Wolf‐Christian
Published: November 2019

Sea surface salinity (SSS) is an important variable in the global ocean circulation. However, decadal to interdecadal changes in SSS are not well understood due to the lack of instrumental data. Here we reconstruct SSS from a paired, bimonthly resolved coral δ18O and Sr/Ca record from La Reunion Island that extends from 1913 to 1995. Coral Sr/Ca correlates with regional sea surface temperature (SST) back to 1966, when instrumental coverage is good, while coral δ18O does not. The slope of the monthly (annual mean) coral Sr/Ca‐SST regression is −0.040 mmol/mol per 1 °C (−0.068 mmol/mol per 1 °C) consistent with published estimates of the Sr/Ca‐SST relationship. Coral Sr/Ca suggest a warming of 0.39 °C since 1913. δ18O seawater is calculated by subtracting the temperature component from measured coral δ18O, using coral Sr/Ca as well as historical SST products. The derived δ18O seawater reconstructions are correlated (r > 0.6), and all show a significant shift in the midtwentieth century (−0.17‰ to −0.19‰), indicating a freshening of SSS by 0.7 psu. However, the timing of this shift depends on the temperature component and varies from 1947 (δ18O seawater calculated with historical SST) to the late 1950s (δ18O seawater calculated with coral Sr/Ca). Coral Sr/Ca shows warm temperature anomalies in the mid‐1950s, while historical SST products show warm anomalies from 1940 to 1945 followed by cooling in the 1950s, a pattern typical for the World War II bias. This suggests that historical SST may bias reconstructions of δ18O seawater and SSS from corals.
Reactive Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media Under Different Péclet Numbers
Authors: Nissan Alon , Berkowitz Brian
Published: November 2019

We study the synergistic effects of the Péclet number and the length scale of medium heterogeneity on the evolution of bimolecular reactive transport between mobile and immobile species. We performed a suite of numerical simulations at the Darcy scale that quantify the instantaneous, irreversible bimolecular reaction Aaq+Bs→Caq, under various transport conditions (Péclet numbers) and porous media configurations (correlation lengths). We find that the global reaction rate is sensitive to both the Péclet number and the correlation length. The total amount of product decreases with increasing Péclet number, while it increases with increasing correlation length. In addition, for all of these scenarios, the global reaction rate is shown to be time dependent and is an outcome of the anomalous transport behavior of the chemical species. The time‐dependent behavior of the reaction rate is amplified with increasing Péclet number and decreasing correlation length and can be well approximated by a power law relationship. We find, too, that the transport behavior of the reaction products (C) often deviates from that of the inflowing reactant species (A), because reactions occur preferentially within the flow domain. Finally, and due to the influence of the Péclet number on reactive transport, we show that temporal variations in the magnitude of the flow field (i.e, changing the Péclet number over time) shift the reaction and transport behavior into a state measurably different than that for steady flow conditions.
ESIPT-active multi-color aggregation-induced emission features of triphenylamine–salicylaldehyde-based unsymmetrical azine family
Authors: Mathivanan Moorthy , Tharmalingam Balamurugan , Lin Chia-Her , Pandiyan Baskaran Vijaya , Thiagarajan Viruthachalam , Murugesapandian Balasubramanian
Published: November 2019

A new family of ESIPT and AIE-active triphenylamine-appended unsymmetrical azine derivatives is reported.
Enhanced wettability of long narrow carbon nanotubes in a double-walled hetero-structure: unraveling the effects of a boron nitride nanotube as the exterior
Authors: Foroutan Masumeh , Naeini Vahid Fadaei , Ebrahimi Mina
Published: November 2019

The electrostatic heatmap of hetero-nanotube confirms that the implementation of the outer wall led the liquid–solid quasi-phase transition of single-file water chain in the long CNT (5,5).
Hydrodeoxygenation of ethyl stearate over Re-promoted Ru/TiO2 catalysts: rate enhancement and selectivity control by the addition of Re
Authors: Zhou Leilei , Lin Weiwei , Liu Ke , Wang Zhuangqing , Liu Qiang , Cheng Haiyang , Zhang Chao , Arai Masahiko , Zhao Fengyu
Published: November 2019

The addition of Re to Ru/TiO2 could promote the reaction rate and product selectivity of n-C18H38via adjusting acid sites.
High-purity pyrrole-type FeN4 sites as a superior oxygen reduction electrocatalyst
Authors: Zhang Nan , Zhou Tianpei , Chen Minglong , Feng Hu , Yuan Ruilin , Zhong Cheng’an , Yan Wensheng , Tian Yangchao , Wu Xiaojun , Chu Wangsheng , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: November 2019

High-purity pyrrole-type FeN4 sites have been developed as a superior oxygen reduction catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
A simple construction strategy for fabrication of sulfur-doped silicate materials from attapulgite
Authors: Wang Yanbin , He Jing , Meng Xiaoyan , Duan Zhiying , Li Yijing , Zhou Feng , Zhao Libin , Zhang Ping , Su Qiong , Pang Shaofeng
Published: November 2019

In this work, a simple, economic and effective one step process in which sodium sulfide is used as a modifier and a source of sulfate doping has been proposed to fabricate sulfur-doped silicate materials (SATP).
Graphene oxide/alginate composites as novel bioinks for three-dimensional mesenchymal stem cell printing and bone regeneration applications
Authors: Choe Goeun , Oh Seulgi , Seok Ji Min , Park Su A , Lee Jae Young
Published: November 2019

Three-dimensional (3D) cell printing is a versatile technique enabling the creation of 3D constructs containing hydrogel and cells in the desired shape or pattern.
To study unplanned islanding transient response of microgrid by implementing MSOG and SRF‐PLL based hierarchical control in the presence of non‐linear loads
Authors: Norozpour Niazi Ahmad , Vasegh Nastran , Motie Birjandi Ali Akbar
Published: November 2019

This study considers the hierarchical control of microgrid and harmonic compensation of non‐linear load specially in transition from grid‐connected to unplanned islanding. The proposed controllers are based on the stationary reference frame with hierarchical control levels (inner, primary, and secondary). In the inner control loop, proportional and multi‐resonant voltage and current controllers for three‐phase voltage source inverters are proposed. Moreover, a droop control is used to share active and reactive power in the primary control loop. To achieve decoupled active and reactive power sharing, virtual impedance loop is implemented, too. The mentioned procedure increases the total impedance and consequently reduces the initial current and subsequently facilitates the continuous connection of DGs to the MG. To attain smoother transition, selective harmonic virtual impedance is applied by multiple second‐order generalised integrator module to extract the fundamental positive sequence and harmonic components of the output current of the DGs. In secondary control level, synchronisation procedure is considered to make connection and restoration by the advanced three‐phase synchronous reference frame PLL with in‐loop moving average filter which significantly enhances its disturbance rejection capability. The results are shown smoother transition, robustness, and high performance of the proposed hierarchical control VSIs during variation of system configuration.
Role of the transmission grid and solar wind complementarity in mitigating the monsoon effect in a fully sustainable electricity system for India
Authors: Gulagi Ashish , Ram Manish , Breyer Christian
Published: November 2019

Various assessments have shown abundant renewable energy (RE) potential for India, especially solar. For a fully sustainable power system, monsoon presents an obstacle with the resultant decrease in solar resource availability. In this study, India is subdivided into ten regions, and these regions are interconnected via power lines. A 100% RE transition pathway in hourly resolution, until 2050, is simulated. The results from this paper indicate that the power system can overcome the monsoon hurdle by solar–wind complementarity and grid utilisation. Wind energy output increases in regions that have the best wind conditions with 62% of the total wind energy generated in monsoon. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and grids can manage the unavailability of wind resources in some of the regions. There is a clear indication that imports increase during the monsoon period. The least affected regions such as India‐Northwest (IN‐NW) can transmit PV electricity to other regions via transmission grids. In the monsoon period, grid utilisation increases by 1.3% from the non‐monsoon period to satisfy the respective demand. The two major exporters of electricity, IN‐NW and India‐South export about 43% of electricity in the monsoon period. These results indicate that no fossil‐based balancing is required in the monsoon period.
Improvement of the microcapacitive humidity sensor by the package optimisation
Authors: Liu Jihang , Du Lidong , Jin Ji , Fang Zhen , Zhao Zhan
Published: November 2019

To achieve good properties such as the hysteresis, repeatability, stability, linearity and response time in this work, the optimisation processes of the package are presented for a microcapacitive humidity sensor. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the optimisation will be conducted in two ways, including reducing the effect of parasitic capacitance in the microcapacitive humidity sensor measurement system and decreasing the adsorption of water molecules on the package surface. The reduction of the influence of parasitic capacitance was realised by reasonably designing the PCB and the isolation package. The decrease of water adsorption on the package surface was achieved by coating a layer of hydrophobic material. The experimental results proved that the package optimisation enables the humidity sensor with better performance; for instance the hysteresis error is more than six times lower, the repeatability error is more than ten times lower, and the temperature drift is about two times lower, and the linear fitting error is three times lower than the pre‐optimised humidity sensor. Especially, the humidity response time in both adsorption and desorption is extremely improved.
Modelling the Canes Venatici I dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Matus Carrillo D. R. , Fellhauer M. , Alarcon Jara A. G. , Aravena C. A. , Urrutia Zapata F.
Published: November 2019

The aim of this work is to find a progenitor for Canes Venatici I (CVn I), under the assumption that it is a dark matter free object that is undergoing tidal disruption. With a simple point mass integrator, we searched for an orbit for this galaxy using its current position, position angle, and radial velocity in the sky as constraints. The orbit that gives the best results has the pair of proper motions μα = −0.099 mas yr−1 and μδ = −0.147 mas yr−1, that is, an apogalactic distance of 242.79 kpc and a perigalactic distance of 20.01 kpc. Using a dark matter free progenitor that undergoes tidal disruption, the best-fitting model matches the final mass, surface brightness, effective radius, and velocity dispersion of CVn I simultaneously. This model has an initial Plummer mass of 2.47 × 107 M⊙ and a Plummer radius of 653 pc, producing a remnant after 10 Gyr with a final mass of 2.45 × 105 M⊙, a central surface brightness of 26.9 mag arcsec−2, an effective radius of 545.7 pc, and a velocity dispersion with the value 7.58 km s−1. Furthermore, it is matching the position angle and ellipticity of the projected object in the sky.
Maximally accreting supermassive stars: a fundamental limit imposed by hydrostatic equilibrium
Authors: Haemmerlé L. , Meynet G. , Mayer L. , Klessen R. S. , Woods T. E. , Heger A.
Published: November 2019

Context. Major mergers of gas-rich galaxies provide promising conditions for the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs; ≳105 M⊙) by direct collapse because they can trigger mass inflows as high as 104 − 105 M⊙ yr−1 on sub-parsec scales. However, the channel of SMBH formation in this case, either dark collapse (direct collapse without prior stellar phase) or supermassive star (SMS; ≳104 M⊙), remains unknown.

Aims. Here, we investigate the limit in accretion rate up to which stars can maintain hydrostatic equilibrium.

Methods. We compute hydrostatic models of SMSs accreting at 1–1000 M⊙ yr−1, and estimate the departures from equilibrium a posteriori by taking into account the finite speed of sound.

Results. We find that stars accreting above the atomic cooling limit (≳10 M⊙ yr−1) can only maintain hydrostatic equilibrium once they are supermassive. In this case, they evolve adiabatically with a hylotropic structure, that is, entropy is locally conserved and scales with the square root of the mass coordinate.

Conclusions. Our results imply that stars can only become supermassive by accretion at the rates of atomically cooled haloes (∼0.1 − 10 M⊙ yr−1). Once they are supermassive, larger rates are possible.
Prediction of Ergogenic Mouthguard Effects in Volleyball: A Pilot
Trial
Authors: Schulze Antina , Busse Martin
Published: November 2019

Dental occlusion may affect static and dynamic balance. The effects of a
mouthguard on pinpoint accuracy in volleyball were investigated in 28 players
who completed a volleyball specific test. Also, masticatory electromyographic
tests were performed. The mean pinpoint accuracy was significantly higher with a
mouthguard (68.6±9.3 vs. 64.0±7.0 points from 100; p<
0.006). However, differential mouthguard effects were seen, and three subgroups
were classified: Group 1 (markedly improved pinpoint accuracy), Group 2
(improved pinpoint accuracy), and Group 3 (reduced pinpoint accuracy). Group 1
had a high masseter resting tone, the masseter activity was low in MVC (maximum
voluntary clench) and increased in BOC (maximum bite on cotton rolls; p<
0.04). This indicates a masseter weakness, which would be compensated by a
mouthguard. In Group 2, the masseter activity in MVC was high-normal with an
imbalance which was improved in BOC (p< 0.01), indicating a possible
mouthguard benefit. In Group 3, MVC and BOC were in a high-normal range and
showed no relevant deficits. In these subjects the mouthguard had adverse
effects. Overall, subjects with masticatory deficits had a benefit from the
mouthguard in pinpoint accuracy. Positive or negative mouthguard responders may
be detectible from electromyographic tests.
An Unusual Case of Syringohydromyelia Presenting with Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: Geljic Antonella , Abdovic Slaven , Stampalija Fran , Loncar Lana , Tripalo Batos A. , Cuk Martin
Published: November 2019

We report the case of a 4-year-old boy who first presented with acute pyelonephritis at the age of 6 months. Diagnostic workup revealed high-grade bilateral vesicourethral reflux (VUR). At the age of 18 months, a bulking agent was used to treat bilateral VUR. Since the VUR persisted, an open bilateral Lich-Gregoir procedure was done at the age of 3 years. Immediately after surgery, he developed acute urinary retention with hydronephrosis that resolved with the placement of dwelling urinary catheter. After removal of the catheter urinary retention relapsed so placement of suprapubic urinary catheter was indicated since he did not have sensory loss. He was started with tamsulosin (α − 1-blocker) and prophylactic antibiotics. Urodynamics were performed and suggested bladder outlet obstruction. On the basis of previous urethroscopy and the absence of neurological sequelae, the differential diagnosis of Hinman syndrome was made. After removal of the suprapubic catheter, clean intermittent catheterization was started and α-blocker continued. However, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and the spinal cord revealed syringohydromyelia extending from thoracic spine (Th5) to conus medullaris with 6 to 7 mm in diameter. Electromyoneurogram was normal. After a follow-up of 3 years, the hydronephrosis has resolved. The patient is on clean intermittent catherization and has no urinary tract infections.
Type 3 von Willebrand Disease in Pregnancy: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Makhamreh Mona M. , Kass Stephanie L. , Russo Melissa L. , Ahmadzia Homa , Al-Kouatly Huda B.
Published: November 2019

Objective von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a hereditary bleeding disorder. Type 3 VWD is the most severe and rare phenotype that presents many challenges for management of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to review the maternal characteristics and complications in pregnant women with Type 3 VWD.

Study Design A systematic literature search was performed to include all publications that address Type 3 VWD in pregnancy.

Results Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 28 pregnancies with Type 3 VWD in 17 women. All were diagnosed with Type 3 VWD prior to pregnancy. Concentrate treatment was administered before delivery for 19 pregnancies and postpartum for 26 pregnancies. Eight pregnancies required blood products postpartum. Primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) was reported in 48% (10/21) and secondary PPH was reported in 56% (5/9). Secondary PPH occurred between 7 and 22 days. No study reported hysterectomies, intensive care unit admissions, or maternal mortality. All 28 pregnancies resulted in 28 live births at term.

Conclusion Our review highlights the maternal outcomes in patients with Type 3 VWD and the different approaches in management during pregnancy and delivery. Despite prior knowledge of this bleeding disorder, PPH was still a significant complication.
Isolated Single Umbilical Artery as a Risk Factor for Urinary Tract Infections in Childhood
Authors: Wainstock Tamar , Willner Nata Tifferet , Walfisch Asnat , Sheiner Eyal , Landau Daniella , Beharier Ofer
Published: November 2019

Objective This study aimed to determine whether isolated single umbilical artery (iSUA), even absent identifiable genitourinary (GU) abnormalities, increases the risk of GU infection during childhood.

Study Design Retrospective population-based comparison of fetuses with iSUA versus normal three-vessel cords. Fetuses with growth restriction, prematurity, multiple gestations, and anatomical or chromosomal anomalies were excluded. The primary outcome was hospital-associated GU infection during the first 18 years of life. Kaplan–Meier's survival curves were used to assess cumulative risk; Cox's multivariable models were used to adjust for confounders.

Results Among 227,599 term singleton deliveries, children with iSUA (n = 729) had a higher incidence (1.8 vs. 0.6%, p < 0.001) and cumulative incidence (log-rank test, p < 0.001) of hospital-associated GU infection. The Cox's models confirmed these findings (hazard ratio: >2.82, confidence interval: 1.63–4.87 in composite models).

Conclusion iSUA represents an independent risk factor for GU infection. Urinary tract imaging may be warranted.
An Unknown Risk Factor for Sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight Preterms: ABO Blood Groups (BGaPS Study)
Authors: Cakir Ufuk , Tayman Cuneyt , Buyuktiryaki Mehmet
Published: November 2019

Objective There is insufficient study of the association of blood groups with neonatal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood groups associated with sepsis and blood groups in preterm infants.

Study Design This retrospective study was conducted between January 1, 2010 and November 31, 2018 in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This study was done in single-center tertiary NICU. Infants born at gestational age (GA) <32 weeks with birth weight (BW) <1,500 g were included in the study.

Results A total of 2,548 infants were included. The culture-proven sepsis ratio (30.2%) was the lowest in the O blood group and the highest in the AB blood group (37.5%) (p = 0.045). Meningitis ratio (6.5%) was significantly higher, and hospital stay (64.1 ± 33.9 days) was significantly longer in B blood group (respectively, p = 0.005, p < 0.001). In the AB blood group, GA (27.68 ± 1.12 weeks) was the lowest and early onset sepsis (EOS) (40.1%) and mortality (28.9%) ratio were found to be statistically higher (p < 0.001 for all groups). The AB group was significantly related to higher frequency of EOS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.68–5.12, p = 0.000), in addition to mortality (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.55–2.19, p = 0.001). The O group was found to be associated with lower risk of late onset sepsis (LOS) (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.06–3.058, p = 0.003) according to the model with corrected risk factor including GA, BW, and time of hospitalization.

Conclusion Our study was the first study showing a relationship between certain blood groups and EOS/LOS in premature infants as well as meningitis.
Elevated Synovial Fluid Concentration of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Interleukin-8 in Dogs with Osteoarthritis of the Stifle
Authors: Kleine Stephanie A. , Gogal Robert M. , George Clinton , Thaliath MaryAnn , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: November 2019

Chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) have been shown to cause monocyte and natural killer cell chemotaxis and polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis, respectively. Additionally, MCP-1 signalling has been implicated in modulating pain. Elevated synovial fluid concentrations of MCP-1 and IL-8 have been demonstrated in humans with osteoarthritis, but currently there are no studies evaluating synovial MCP-1 or IL-8 concentrations in dogs. Additionally, there are no canine studies evaluating the correlation between these chemokines and caregiver perceived pain and mobility, as measured by the clinical metrology instrument, Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs. This study documented elevated synovial fluid concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 in the stifle of dogs with secondary osteoarthritis compared with normal stifles. However, this study found no correlation between MCP-1 or IL-8 and Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs or radiographic severity of osteoarthritis.