bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
India and the Soviet Union
Authors: Rothermund Dietmar
Published: March 2007

Indo-Soviet relations have formed a complex pattern in recent years: changing trends in foreign policy, trade, and aid; the fate of the Communist party of India (CPI); the death of Nehru and the removal of Khrushchev; Kosygin's mediation at Tashkent and Soviet military aid to Pakistan; the Chinese bomb and nonproliferation—these are only a few of the elements in the pattern. The two triangles India-China-Soviet Union and India-Pakistan-Soviet Union are of crucial importance in the game of international diplomacy, in which the Soviet Union has scored several points while India was groping for a new orientation after the period of the old cold war had come to an end and nonalignment had lost much of its meaning. India's political system has shown a remarkable stability, and it has been actively supported by the Soviet Union, although Soviet analysts and Indian Communists find it difficult to justify this support in Marxist terms. The reality of world affairs has often overruled ideological considerations, but they must be taken into account, nevertheless, particularly in Indo-Soviet relations which go beyond the diplomatic sphere and extend to internal affairs, such as the development of the public sector of India's economy and joint production-planning for a diversification of exports and imports. There are compelling reasons for the further co-operation of the two countries in spite of occasional misgivings.
Stances and Substances
Authors: Seeley John R.
Published: March 2007

Three of the most talked-of problems in the Western world, and especially America, today are hair, drugs, and the Vietnamese War, and all of them center around the young. The young are seemingly America's first preoccupa tion, and they have brought these matters to the forefront of our concerns. In all three, they have threatened the tra ditional culture by their adoption of the attitudes of opposi tion. By their actions they are expressing deeply held convic tions so opposed to the accepted mores and the status quo that parents, teachers, and governments are being challenged to review their own stances or accept the disquieting, chilling, or sometimes horrifying results. The responsibility for all these actions on the part of the young is laid at the door of the control structure that is the cause of the civilizational crisis with which the Western nations are faced. A laborious course of social reconstruction, led by men of wisdom and inspiration, is probably the only way to the survival of our culture.
Student Activism in Mexico
Authors: Liebman Arthur
Published: March 2007

In 1968 a major student movement emerged in Mexico, to the surprise of virtually everybody knowledge able about Mexican student politics. The Institutional Revo lutionary Party (PRI), in power since 1929, had not been seriously challenged while the economy continued to grow at a rate of 7 percent, one of the fastest rates of growth in the world. The principal moving force behind the movement was the moral outrage of thousands of previously uninvolved stu dents, who responded to what they felt to be the unwarranted brutality of the riot police, and later the army, in quelling a campus disturbance, especially since the students were exer cising their legal right to peaceful protest. Additional exacer bating factors were cuts in the already meager budget of the National Autonomous University, juxtaposed against large outlays for the Olympic Games, as well as the hypocrisy of a government which mouthed revolutionary slogans while bru tally suppressing students and continuing its entrenched pat tern of graft and corruption. The movement, after mobilizing hundreds of thousands of Mexicans, came to an abrupt halt with the slaying, jailing, and exiling of hundreds of student activists. Since 1968, the main focus of Mexican student politics has been the obtaining of the freedom of the impris oned students.
The United States in Vietnam: A Study in Futility
Authors: Marr David G.
Published: March 2007

This article delineates in detail several of the more important reasons why the United States government has failed to gain its will in Vietnam. First attention is given to factors in Vietnam history, ancient and modern, that were totally ignored by United States policy-makers as they moved into that distant land. Then, Communist leadership of the Vietnamese revolution beginning in 1945 is pointed up, as is the larger peasant/intelligentsia alliance growing out of changes in the colonial period. In relation to American policy, the essential fact is that the "Communist takeover" in Vietnam occurred in 1945-1946, some four years before the United States joined the French in a righteous anti-Communist cru sade in Indochina. Today, with France having long removed herself from the scene, the United States continues against all historical reason to try to turn back the clock and destroy a revolution that happened to be Communist. Massive, in discriminate employment in Vietnam of the modern technology of death has not made up for faulty political thinking, and it has shamed America even in its own eyes.
The Need for Increased Public Investment
Authors: Shapp Milton J.
Published: March 2007

Revenue sharing is a red herring politically conceived to cover up a host of fiscal sins. Income mainte nance programs are essential to sustain living for millions of our people who are victims of our past failures to make social investment. But by merely maintaining minimum in come standards, we cannot generate sufficient growth to cure our problems. Investment is the key to reversing our down ward trend: investment in programs to develop our people (education, health services), our mass transportation system, and our great resources. Investments of this type would lead to full employment, increased productivity, and lower governmental operating costs. The federal balance sheet is poorly drawn up; it gives no indication of the nation's true worth. Thus, we fear and forego making large-scale invest ments that might increase our national cash debt but which would generate untold additional wealth for the nation and alleviate most poverty and unemployment. It is time to stop the inane argument over revenue sharing programs and get on with making the real investment in this nation that would produce greater tax yields for all levels of government, and make possible truly great cities and states.
The Time Is Here for Women's Liberation
Authors: Romer Karen T. , Secor Cynthia
Published: March 2007

The women's liberation movement examines the ways in which women's options and patterns of behavior are limited by the sex-role stereotypes imposed on them through socialization. In the academic community these stereotypes are reinforced by a sexual etiquette which communicates an underlying reification of women and an inability of men to accept women as equal partners in professional life. Although the action of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the widespread new interest in the condition of women may result in the appointment of women to prominent posi tions, unless concerned men join women to overcome stereo typed patterns of interpersonal relations the oppression that constantly downgrades women and isolates them from their colleagues will continue to prevail. The problem should be viewed in historical perspective. Culture as we see it mani fested in institutions of higher learning is masculine. The problem that confronts male and female academicians is whether or not they can accommodate the existing masculine ideology, institutions, and behavior patterns to the emerging feminine definition of culture as articulated and practiced by both the counter-culture and the women's liberation move ment. If feminism is to be the ultimate revolution, it must establish an androgynous community in which roles will not be assigned according to gender.
International Film and Television Propaganda: Campaigns of Assistance
Authors: Rubin Bernard
Published: March 2007

This study stresses the importance of the new technology and the emergence of Great Power emphasis on what might be labeled informational and cultural propaganda. A key change which highlights the turn away from "hard" propaganda comes from increasing acceptance of the premise that the best results come from campaigns of assistance and not from campaigns of assault. International film and tele vision programs of Western democracies are examined. Iron ically, leading nations contend with one another for the ideo logical favor of peoples who will learn to want and then insist upon material change. Such insistence, largely created by propaganda, will force greater practical commitments from the industrial states.
Propaganda Through the Printed Media in the Developing Countries
Authors: Lakshmana Rao Y.V.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the concept of the free flow of information is regarded from the point of view of the receiving countries—largely the developing countries—and their leaders, with special reference to the printed media. It is suggested that there is great concern and fear among the leaders of de veloping nations lest, in laying themselves open to international news, information, and entertainment in a period of intense effort at modernization and social change, they invite—as a by-product of such communication—alien and undesirable influ ences on their people. In the virtually one-way flow of infor mation, it is also suggested that there is reason for concern on the part of the industrially advanced countries which are the main feeders of the international channels of communication.
The Dilemma of Cultural Propaganda: "Let It Be"
Authors: Goodfriend Arthur
Published: March 2007

Proud of its "product" and its advertising prowess, the United States naturally believes it holds advan tages over its adversaries in the field of international cultural propaganda. Yet the nature of officially controlled and ma nipulated propaganda runs counter to the very essence of the product it is trying to "sell," when that product is the American ideal and American institutions. For the United States, there fore, official propaganda is not only unethical and immoral; it is a contradiction in terms. It should quit playing the propa ganda game by totalitarian rules and place its reliance—abroad as at home—on the freedom and diversity of its informational media and the absence of official constraints on its culture.
Human Problems and the Organization of Health Care
Authors: Mechanic David
Published: March 2007

In response to growing demands for medical care and to rising costs, various advocates have emphasized the need for greater efficiency in the organization and provision of care. While some controls on price, quality, and utilization are obvi ously necessary, there is a growing tendency among reformers to lose sight of the fact that medicine is a sustaining profession as well as a technical activity, and that there are limits to the extent to which medical service can be rationalized without undermining its more extensive social functions. The growing strains between the bureaucratization of medical care and the maintenance of a flexible, personal approach are examined. Using the Garfield model of health services as an example, the paper suggests how typical administrative solutions to the health care crisis may neglect the realities of how patients per ceive and use such services. Since increasing group organiza tion is viewed as inevitable, the paper concludes by considering bureaucratic mechanisms that might facilitate a reasonable balance between efficient organization and an appropriate response to the needs of the patient.
The Challenge of Health Services for the Poor
Authors: Leveson Irving
Published: March 2007

The health levels of the poor are depressed not only because of inadequate health services but also because of problems associated with poverty. Although health services often do not deal with the causes of illness, they can make an important contribution. Many changes are required to restruc ture the service delivery systems which do not respond to the needs of the poor and the ill. The large supply of interns and resident physicians offers an interim resource for reducing the problems of over-specialization. Moreover, it is essential that restructuring of the system take place before large amounts of funds are infused, if inflation and quality deterioration are to be avoided.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Health Service
Authors: Grosse Robert N.
Published: March 2007

"Where my health is concerned, cost is no ob ject." The reply of the penniless man to an expensive spe cialist reflects a moral question. Should the costs of health services be a significant consideration in deciding upon gov ernmental health policies and programs? The answer in my opinion is yes. Costs ought to be used in deciding the level of health activities versus other social goods and services, and in planning which health programs to support. The truly moral problem is not to distinguish between good and evil but rather to select appropriately among alternative goods. After argu ing that consideration of cost is a moral imperative, the useful ness of cost-benefit analysis in framing the right questions and in improving the chances of moving in directions of social improvement is urged, and some limitations are noted. Fi nally, examples of the use of cost-effectiveness analysis in studying problems of disease control and maternal and child health are given.
National Health Insurance: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?
Authors: Berki Sylvester E.
Published: March 2007

Private and public health insurance programs by their selectivity of coverage and means of payment add to the fragmentation and inefficiencies of the health care sector. The proposals for the establishment of some form of national health insurance presented in the more than forty bills before Congress incorporate a wide range of approaches to financing, benefits, accountability, and regulation. This paper elucidates the key policy variables in terms of whose dimensions the dif ferent proposals may be analyzed, and some criteria for evalu ating their different aspects. The three major proposals—by the Nixon Administration, Senator Edward Kennedy, and the American Medical Association—are detailed and their probable effects discussed. The choice is not between financing mecha nisms as such but rather between different systems for provid ing medical care. Although none of the proposed plans would assure equal access to needed care for all, the Kennedy Plan goes furthest in that direction.
The Administrative Conference of the United States
Authors: Gardner Warner W.
Published: March 2007

The Administrative Conference Act of 1964 was finally implemented in early 1968. It creates an unusual body consisting of an official chairman, a ten-man governing council composed half of government officials and half of private per sons, and an assembly of about eighty, of which about two- fifths are private individuals and three-fifths government offi cials. Its work is done under the chairman's direction by part- time consultants, processed through an appropriate committee of the membership, reviewed by the council, and acted upon by the assembly. The conference recommendations are advisory only. The conference has produced some 31 recommendations. About a third have related to minor items of housekeeping or to narrow and hardly disputable topics. The remaining two- thirds, with two or three overambitious exceptions, have repre sented in the consultants' work a substantial contribution to scholarship and, as or when adopted by the agencies or the Congress, a significant advance in the fairness and efficiency of government. In greatly oversimplified terms, perhaps a quarter of the conference recommendations, although only advisory in nature, have been put into effect and another half of them are in one stage or another of adoption. This is a good record for the first three-and-a-half years of the conference and suggests that, although its structure looks odd, it is well adapted to its task.
Regulation of Hospitals
Authors: Somers Anne R.
Published: March 2007

The hospital industry is already subject to exten sive regulation covering, in varying degrees: construction or ex pansion of facilities; review of rates; quality of care; wages and labor relations; criteria for tax exemption; qualification for Medicare and Medicaid, and for Hill-Burton construction funds; and other matters. There are, however, many serious shortcomings in the present mishmash of uncoördinated, incon sistent, and often contradictory laws and regulations. The time has clearly come for a systematic overhaul of the entire apparatus—an overhaul designed to recognize the changing role of the hospital in a changing health care system. The hospital industry—especially its principal spokesman, the American Hospital Association—recognizes this need and is recommend ing public utility status for the hospital, with regulation by an independent state agency under federal guidelines. Advan tages and disadvantages of this approach are briefly noted. An alternative concept, the "franchised" hospital, is suggested.
Nuclear Power Licensing and Regulation
Authors: Green Harold P.
Published: March 2007

The Atomic Energy Commission's nuclear- power licensing function involves public hearings on complex technical issues relating to the safety of the proposed plants. In these proceedings, the AEC and the license applicant are typically allied, and the opposition comes from public groups which intervene to defend the public interest. Although the ultimate issues relate to the kind of benefit/risk considera tions which are essentially political in nature, the intervenors have been forced to advance their contentions by means of licensing proceedings because the closed political structure handling atomic energy precludes effective resort to the legis lative process. It is doubtful that such public participation in the determination of safety issues in an administrative pro ceeding characterized by the adversary process serves any useful purpose commensurate with the costs and delays in volved. There are indications that the AEC may be reform ing its procedures so as to bring about full and candid dis closure of the benefits and risks of nuclear power. Such a new policy would not only restore public confidence in the AEC as a regulatory agency, but would also provide a basis for removing the issues of benefit/risk determinations to the political and legislative arenas.
North Africa: Calculus of Policy
Authors: Lewis William H.
Published: March 2007

The North African littoral assumed special im portance for the United States after the landing of American forces in November 1942. While the strategic-military weight assigned to the area by the West declined after 1956, with the growth of local nationalist movements and the relinquish ment of French protectorate authority over Morocco and Tunisia, North Africa has acquired a unique political and economic significance and relevance for Western interests. The United States, for its part, has sought to support the nation-building efforts of local governments without undue regard to their political philosophies or foreign policy orienta tions. Measured in pragmatic as well as historic terms, the American contribution has been both constructive and enduring.
The Truman Doctrine: Turkey
Authors: Satterthwaite Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

On February 21, 1947, the U.S. government was informed by the British government that by April 1 it would have to discontinue, because of its own difficulties, its military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey. It hoped the United States could take over this burden in both countries. Presi dent Truman and the State, War, and Navy departments at once realized that unless the United States did so, Greece would be taken over by its communist partisans strongly sup ported by the Soviet government working through the com munist Bulgarian and Yugoslav governments; that if this happened Turkey would find itself in an untenable position in spite of its large but antiquated army; and that the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East in that event would inevi tably fall under communist domination. In a dramatic mes sage to Congress on March 12, 1947, President Truman said that the U.S. must take immediate and resolute action to sup port Greece and Turkey. The Congress, after extensive hear ings, approved this historic change in U.S. foreign policy in a bill signed May 22, known as Public Law 75. Out of the President's message came the Truman Doctrine. The principle of assistance to countries of the free world under the threat of communist aggression having been accepted by the Congress, the Marshall Plan followed not long after. The military and economic aid given Turkey in the ensuing years was highly effective: the U.S. probably received more per dollar advanced than in any other country, at least for the period of this study —which ends with the signing of the CENTO (Baghdad) Pact in 1955.
A Critical View of the Urban Crisis
Authors: Banfield Edward C.
Published: March 2007

The accounts usually given of the causes of the "urban crisis" are not satisfactory: congestion is decreasing, not increasing; the flight to the suburbs has not left the central cities on the verge of bankruptcy; the urban housing supply is on the whole much better than ever; "white racism" has long been on the wane, and blacks are making rapid income and other gains; and the fragmentation of local government does not account for its ineffectiveness. Changes in the state of the public mind are the main cause of the "crisis." Set in motion mainly by the ideas of philosophers, these are reflected in the attitudes of elites and of the middle class with respect to authority, the self, rational egotism, hedonism, egalitarianism, and consumerism. It follows that the "crisis" will not be ended by either government programs or by exhortation.
The Planning Imperative in America's Future
Authors: Loewenstein Louis K. , Mcgrath Dorn C.
Published: March 2007

City planning in the United States has gone through a number of changes in the past six decades and is likely to continue to change in the forthcoming years. This movement began with an interest in the City Beautiful, went on to be concerned with the City Efficient, and then with the City Social in the thirties. The postwar era produced a period of interest in the city as a system, while the sixties saw a spate of federal legislation which both institutionalized the city planning process and broadened its scope. In the future, planning should become concerned with matters of pollution, population distribution through a forceful urban growth policy, and enhancement of the quality of urban life.
The Planning Syndrome in Western Culture
Authors: Tunnard Christopher
Published: March 2007

The planning function embraces various postures and skills deriving not only from the natural and social sciences, but from the humanities, whence the artistic and cultural aspects lend color to the operation. One of its products, the city, has the longest history and has at times achieved a congenial and even inspiring setting for human affairs. In analysis, the components of the planning process emerge with Renaissance theory, but develop with the growth of nations and cities, colonization, and the birth of the great metropolis. New concepts bring changes in urbanized societies, but the pace of improvement slows as problems proliferate. The lack of social planning at last becomes apparent and, together with the realization that over-population and the side effects of industrial development threaten the continuation of life on earth, demands the view of the environment transcending the economic-physical approach of routine planning technology.
Professional Local Administration in Municipal Government
Authors: Morris Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Urban areas are no longer sharply defined, and local administrators cannot ignore neighboring areas. Trained professionals are necessary today. They are employed by half of all cities in the United States with populations between ten thousand and fifty thousand. The professional's functions include planning and coordination of city and intergovernment agencies. His characteristics must include sound training, tact, patience, self-confidence, and communicative skill; also imagination and courage. More and more, the professional local administrator is called upon to be a pace-setter in city planning and operation.
The Future of American Oil and Natural Gas
Authors: Frank Helmut J. , Schanz John J.
Published: March 2007

The transfer of undiscovered petroleum and natural gas from the resource base to inclusion in immediately available proved reserves is dependent upon a complex fabric of incentives, effort, technology and just plain luck. Unfortunately, the link between the effort which may be made in response to incentives and the results to be obtained are so tenuous that a firm answer as to future domestic supplies of oil and gas cannot be given. In the near term, United States consumption of energy should continue to be closely related to the growth in the gross national product (GNP). Environmental controls, while both discouraging and requiring the use of energy, may prove to require a net increase in energy use. On the other hand, conservation measures responding to price increases and shortages may only partially reduce the energy growth rate. For the re mainder of this decade, natural gas will decline in relative importance; an increase in nuclear power will about match this decline; and coal and water power will remain essen tially unchanged. The total contribution of oil will remain almost constant, but the share attributed to imports will increase rapidly. Beyond 1985, policy changes and competi tive forces should cause the entire pattern to begin to shift to a new configuration.
The United States Energy Outlook and Its Implications for National Policy
Authors: McLean John G.
Published: March 2007

While the United States may be able to ameliorate near term energy problems through appropriate government and industry action, there is no realistic proba bility of a complete escape from them. The next ten to fifteen years will be the critical period. During this time the balance wheel will be the volume of foreign oil imports. America must take a new look at, and accord a higher priority to, our foreign policy regarding the Middle East. The growing requirements for oil and gas imports will provide a large and increasing deficit in the United States balance of trade in fuels. Scarcity of domestic fuel and increased importation of oil and gas will significantly raise the price of such fuel. Four broad categories of response to the energy situation appear necessary: (1) we should create a single, high level agency in the federal government to develop a comprehensive national energy policy and to coordinate national energy- related efforts; (2) while keeping concern for reasonable environmental safeguards in mind, the United States should forge ahead rapidly in research and development of indige nous energy sources and, thus, reduce dependence on foreign sources; (3) strong programs should be initiated to reduce waste in the consumption of energy; (4) the United States should develop cooperative programs with the other major industrial nations in the free world.
The Economics of Energy
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

The economics of energy refers to its aspect as a commodity. It is usually significant as an intermediate good. It becomes a commodity because energy is an essential input of processes of production which increase goods or diminish bads, such as pollution, since goods tend to be improbable material structures. The input of energy is necessary to overcome material entropy. Economic develop ment has gone hand in hand with increased energy input per capita, beginning with solar energy embodied in plants and animals and continuing through draft animals, wind energy and fossil fuels. Energy input always involves pollu tion, simply because bads are jointly produced with goods. Exhaustion is a critical problem if the source of energy is exhaustible, as it is in the case of fossil fuels. However, the availability of energy depends on society's level of knowl edge : energy input has risen as a result of increased knowledge. There are interesting problems in the economics of energy transportation: we do not simply want energy; we want it at certain times and places. The question of economic organization of energy supplies—whether they should be public or private—is part of the larger question of the evaluation of public versus private enterprise. There are no simple answers to this problem.
An Energy Standard of Value
Authors: Hannon Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

The United States, as do most advanced industrial nations, generally measures value in money terms. The utility of employing a common denominator, such as money, is readily understood. However, within the past ten years there has been a growing disenchantment with money standards of measurement—particularly in the evaluation of public sector, nonmarket decisions. Concerns over distributive effects, regional consequences and en vironmental impacts have contributed to the belief among many that evaluative standards other than money ought to be adopted. Alternative proposals have been made for the establishment and adoption of better measures for assessing developmental decisions. One alternative rests upon the assumption that energy is a critical variable in the post- industrial society of America; energy costs in all areas of the productive processes could thus be used in both public and private developmental decisions—operating and capital expenditure—to add another dimension to the traditional money standard of value. Furthermore, developmental matters could be judged not only in terms of dollar evaluations, but also in terms of BTUs the project would require. An energy flow model designed to detail the total energy cost of goods and services for a given period in the United States—which has been developed at the University of Illinois—can serve to focus attention upon energy costs for various developmental undertakings.
Interests and Institutions in the Netherlands: An Assessment by the People and by Parliament
Authors: Daalder Hans , Irwin Galen A.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the background of the very dense and highly institutionalized network of interest groups in the Netherlands. This well-integrated system has recently come under some strain, as a large number of new action groups have sprung up next to the political parties and the older, more established interest groups. On the basis of surveys among members of the Dutch Parliaments in 1968 and 1972 and with a cross-section of the population in 1972, the article analyzes the relative influence—both actual and desired—which members of Parliament and the population ascribe to cabinet ministers, expert members of Parliament, civil servants and party executives; to the more important economic interest groups of employers, workers, farmers and retailers; to the churches; and to voters, action groups, newspapers, radio and tele vision and public opinion polls.
Interest Groups and the Consent to Govern: Getting the People Out, for What?
Authors: Lowi Theodore J.
Published: March 2007

The original Western liberal approach to govern ment was that as long as there were multitudes of interests with no possibility of any interest becoming a permanent majority, the free interaction of these interests would provide a public good. Very probably, the most important feature of this early liberal approach to government by the consent of organized interests was the coupling of consent with regulation. In the process of aging and spreading, however, the original liberal view underwent drastic transformation. Under the new theory consent is to come from a genuine accommodation of government to the real interests of society; all twentieth century democracies seem to espouse this theory of consent in one way or another. Leaving aside the important issue of the morality of such a view, there is still the question of whether such an accommodation is possible; the closer one looks at this proposition, the more distant appears the possibility of consent by accommodation. One must question the point of view that the group is simply a way of looking at the individual and ask whether individuals are represented accurately or, heavily distorted. Three common distortions in group politics are discussed: (1) organization as distortion; (2) the artificial majority; (3) the illogic of collective action. Suggestions for the adop tion of a view from the perspective of distortion and a return to the posture of regulation round out the analysis.
The Future of Soviet-American Diplomacy
Authors: Gromyko Anatoly A.
Published: March 2007

An attempt to give a reply to the question of the possible directions which the development of Soviet-Ameri can diplomacy may take must incorporate a consideration of both objective and subjective factors. If the subjective efforts of individuals, especially those forming foreign policy, do not contradict the main, positive trends in the development of international affairs—which are determined by objective fac tors—then the relations among states will develop more or less smoothly. In the sphere of Soviet-American relations, at least one thing is clear: the competition between the USSR and the USA should be carried out only through peaceful means. The Moscow and Washington meetings are a significant step in the transition to an era of negotiation; detente is explained by the substance of the Moscow and Washington documents adopted at the highest level. Furthermore, the basic notion of detente, as seen in the Soviet Union, is that it is a process of re laxation of tension and peaceful coexistence. The scientific and technological revolution will have a profound impact on this process. While it is difficult to predict the possible lines and forms of the international effort in conditions of this revo lution, one thing is quite clear: the lines and forms of interna tional cooperation will steadily gain in scope and diversity.
The Aging of Populations and Societies
Authors: Cowgill Donald O.
Published: March 2007

Modernization of societies is accompanied by a demographic transition which results in the aging of popula tions. Yet, modernization also results in a lowered status for older people. The salient aspects of modernization which pro duce this effect are held to be: (1) the application of modern technology in the fields of health and economics, (2) urbaniza tion and (3) education. Each of these factors sets in motion a chain reaction which tends to undermine the status of the aged. However, there are some signs that this trend is being reversed in the most modernized societies.
The Political Economy of Nursing Homes
Authors: Mendelson Mary Adelaide , Hapgood David
Published: March 2007

The nursing home industry receives three- quarters of its income from government. The industry earns high profits while providing poor patient care. Considerable swindling of government funds occurs. One category is nickel and diming, which consists of clipping every possible dollar from government money as it passes through nursing home accounts. Another method—large scale and often within the law—involves the manipulation of ownership and mortgages. There are several causes for the failure of government to control nursing home swindles. While there is no lack of regulations, the will to enforce them is lacking. Industry lobbyists are especially influential at the state level, where the Medicaid rate is set. The federal govern ment has failed to collect basic information about the industry and denies the public ready access to the reports on nursing home inspections. The industry's immunity from regulation, in large part, results from the lack of countervail ing pressure from the public.
Age, Sex and Feminism
Authors: Bernard Jessie
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to delineate the relation ship between age and sex as independent variables and certain issues related to feminism. Neither the dependent nor the independent variable is simple and unequivocal. Also, the relations among them cannot be precisely mea sured with data so far available. Only general trends can be traced and hypothetical interpretations of them offered. With these qualifications, the following conclusions seem acceptable. Although more older than younger respondents of both sexes tend—expectably—to be traditional on feminist issues, older men are more favorable than older women on such issues. Among women education seems to explain a good deal of the traditionalism associated with age. However, the historical circumstances in which the generation of women now in their forties were socialized may help to explain their anomalous positions on feminist issues today. The political implications of current trends lie in increasing acceptance of feminist positions.
Age and Political Alienation: Maturation, Generation and Period Effects
Authors: Cutler Neal E. , Bengtson Vern L.
Published: March 2007

Trends in political alienation may be defined in terms of one or more of three age-related explanations reflecting different aspects of change over time. These may be posed as the following set of hypotheses: (1) trends in political alienation represent cumulative effects of maturational pro cesses—aging—of subgroups within the population; (2) trends in political alienation represent the flow of successive generational cohorts through the population; (3) trends in political alienation reflect political and historical events or periods which affect all members of the population in a similar fashion. The purpose of this research is to discern the plausibility of these hypotheses by analyzing data on political alienation via the technique of cohort analysis. An analysis of three nationwide political attitude surveys re vealed that, of the three possible explanations, the historical or period effect best explains changes in political alienation across the years 1952 to 1968. Much less marked is a trend attributable to generational effects. No maturation or aging effects were evident.
Aging and Conservatism
Authors: Glenn Norval D.
Published: March 2007

The notion that aging beyond adolescence and young adulthood leads to conservatism is part of the conventional wisdom, and there are theoretical reasons to believe that certain dimensions of biological, social and psychological aging contribute to some kinds of conser vatism. For instance, with the assumption of family respon sibilities, a diffuse liberalism-humanitarianism is likely to be overshadowed by concern for specific others. Or, aging persons may become more conservative in the sense that their attitudes and values become more resistant to change, because each subsequent experience is a smaller proportion of the total background of experiences. Empirical evidence on the topic is not definitive; moreover, in view of intransigent methodological problems which plague the study of aging effects, the evidence may never be definitive. However, cohort analysis of United States survey sample data reveals that in recent years persons aging beyond young adulthood and beyond middle age have tended to become more liberal in many respects, in conformity with general societal trends. However, these people have tended to become more conservative in a relative sense since their liberalization has not kept pace with changes in the total adult population. Although the evidence suggests that attitudes probably become somewhat less susceptible to change as people grow older, there is scant evidence for any other contribution of aging to conservatism.
Intergovernmental Relations: an Analytical Overview
Authors: Wright Deil S.
Published: March 2007

The distinctive features of American intergov ernmental relations (IGR) are specified, and the last half-century of policy trends in the United States are viewed through the conceptual lens provided by the IGR perspective. Several distinctive features of IGR set it apart from the more commonplace term, federalism. These features include a multiplicity of units, the primacy of public officials' attitudes and actions, informal working patterns, the prominence of administrators, and a policy emphasis. Five phases of IGR form a matrix for classifying recent United States political developments. The phases are: (1) conflict, (2) cooperative, (3) concentrated, (4) creative, and (5) competitive. The chal lenges presented by the complexity and interdependencies of IGR point toward a management emphasis. Intergovern mental accomplishments appear to hinge on the successful management of complexity.
Intergovernmental Relations: a Fiscal Perspective
Authors: Staats Elmer B.
Published: March 2007

The domestic functions of the federal-state-local partnership account for the most rapid increases in total government expenditures. Federal assistance now amounts to nearly one-fourth of state and local revenues. The General Accounting Office is engaged in evaluating the success of the many federal programs designed to assist state and local governments and in pursuing the task of stimulating improved auditing at all levels in an effort to provide a higher level of accountability. General revenue sharing demonstrates the clear need for federal-state-local cooperation if adequate audit coverage and accountability are to be achieved. The General Accounting Office is concerned that present methods of re porting revenue sharing expenditures do not provide the in formation needed to enable the citizenry to make informed judgments.
IGR and the Executive Branch: the New Federalism
Authors: Graves Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

IGR and the New Federalism are synonymous. Former President Nixon summarized the New Federalism as "A cooperative venture among governments at all levels ... in which power, funds, and authority are channeled increas ingly to those governments which are closest to the people." IGR is essentially an art and primarily an exercise in the be havioral field. The thread which binds government officials intergovernmentally is the financing and administration of federal grants-in-aid and other forms of federal financial assis tance. Concern in the executive branch for IGR developed in the last 20 years; thus its roots in American governance are not yet very deep. The views and support of public interest groups as well as the sympathetic attention of Congress are essential to the pursuit of IGR goals and objectives in the executive branch. In relations between levels of government, partnership rather than paternalism must prevail. The rise of stronger chief executives and decentralization of power from Washington are noted. Confidence of Americans in their own government is essential to achieving a federal system working in all parts, well-managed and equitably financed.
Dillon's Rule Reconsidered
Authors: Grumm John G. , Murphy Russell D.
Published: March 2007

Dillon's Rule has been a guiding doctrine in the constitutional relations between state and local government for more than a century. Simply stated, it declares that local jurisdictions are the creatures of the state and may exercise only those powers expressly granted them by the state. His torically, this doctrine represented a response to the revolu tionary changes of the latter half of the nineteenth century and was part of the struggle to control and reconcile the often con flicting demands of the old and the new. Though not always at a steady pace, state centralization mounted during this period. Eventually a countermovement emerged, identified with the proponents of home rule. The latter, however, had only a minor impact in arresting the erosion of local autonomy. In the face of the overwhelming political, economic and social forces of the twentieth century fostering centralization, the constitutional controversy originating with Dillon's Rule became less relevant as a determinant of state-local relations. The kind of centralization that eventually emerged was one in which power was concentrated in functionally-defined bureaucracies which essentially transcended geographically- defined levels of government. The recognition of this de velopment fostered new home rule movements aimed at weakening the grip of professional bureaucracies and return ing greater discretionary authority to the political officials at the local level. Such programs as the war on poverty, model cities and revenue sharing represent the attempts to diminish the influence of bureaucracies on local policy.
A Guaranteed Income: Supplement to Full Employment Guarantees
Authors: Wickenden Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

In a cash economy it is essential that a source of income other than wages be available both to persons who are unable to work—because of age or disability, temporary dislocation, or responsibility for young children or other family members—and to persons unable to earn enough to maintain a minimum level of living. In some situations, this income is most effectively assured through social in surance programs where payments are conditioned on prior earnings and contributions. These programs maintain mini mum income by anticipating situations where interruption of earnings would cause need. In other situations, payments in the form of cash or subsidized food, housing or medical care are based on the prior existence of need. These programs help to define the labor market by setting conditions under which people are entitled to income on criteria other than work. A full employment policy should open new options to those individuals who prefer to work. This should, in turn, relieve some of the pressure on income transfer programs, permitting more generous benefits and less onerous eligibility requirements.
The Goals and Objectives of General Revenue Sharing
Authors: Watt Graham W.
Published: March 2007

In the fall of 1972, the federal government enacted significant, landmark legislation providing for the automatic sharing of a portion of national income taxes with state and local governments throughout the country. Gen eral revenue sharing represents a very different approach to federal financial assistance. There are no applications re quired ; all units of general government automatically re ceive funds based on a known formula; and funds are utilized in accordance with local needs and priorities without the requirement of complex and expensive adminis tration at any level of government. The program is adminis tered by the Treasury Department's Office of Revenue Sharing.
Should We Abandon Revenue Sharing?
Authors: Reuss Henry S.
Published: March 2007

General revenue sharing was supported and initiated by a diverse group of advocates, each of whom expected it to accomplish a different goal or to meet a different need. After reviewing the specific reasons used to support the program, this article reviews revenue sharing in action. Several questionable results are then discussed, including the program's fiscal impact on state and local governments, its impact on state and local spending priorities, and its impact on governmental reform at the state and local level. The concluding section considers the possible future of general revenue sharing during the 1975 congressional session. Three congressional choices are outlined and fully discussed: (1) improving and expanding general revenue sharing; (2) abolishing it in favor of the federal government's assuming the costs and administration of various state and local expenses (welfare, for example); or (3) expanding block grants while reducing or eliminating general revenue sharing. Throughout the discussion, the importance of state and local governmental reform is stressed.