bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Hydraulic Fracturing Technique Application in Egypt
Authors: Emam Mourad , Knight Roger , Bezboruah Pearl , Sweedan Ahmed
Published: December 2014

Shell Egypt and the joint Venture partners Vegas and GDF Suez are currently developing the Karam gas field by drilling 4 new wells, working over two existing wells and installing surface facilities to process and export this new production. The field is operated by Bapetco (a Shell/EGPC Joint Venture) on behalf of the Joint Venture Partners.

The Abu Roash G reservoir is approximately 4400 meters deep and with reservoir pressures and temperatures in excess of 9500 psi and 310 deg Fahrenheit respectively it is technically challenging. The reservoir is over pressured and Calcium Bromide brine was required to kill the wells for the work over activities.

Post-workover well productivity was significantly below expectations with very high well skins observed. The root cause for the productivity loss was believed to be from formation damage due to losses during the workover operations but relative permeability effects (water blocking) was also suspected as a potential productivity damage mechanism. Laboratory tests were carried out which showed the creation of a sever emulsion between the completion fluid used during the workover (CaBr, CaCl, CaCO3) and reservoir fluids.

A novel technical solution, a methanol Channel Fracturing treatment was developed to restore well productivity. This was a world first application of this treatment utilizing the Channel Fracturing treatment technology to reduce the required pump rate/pressure to place the treatment and methanol as the carrying fluid to minimize the water block effect.

The well was tested after the methanol Channel Fracturing stimulation at a constrained rate of 35 MMscf/d and 3000 bpd condensate compared to the pre-stimulation gas rate of 2 MMscf/d.

This paper will discuss planning, execution and production results making recommendations to improve the effectiveness of future Channel Fracturing applications.
PREP: Growing Future Talent for Azerbaijan
Authors: Karamov Jeyhun J. , Mammadova Elnara
Published: December 2014

The document will present a unique programme designed by BP in Azerbaijan. The Petro-technical Resource Entry Programme (PREP) was specifically created to develop young, local AGT talents in subsurface, drilling, and engineering disciplines over a 12 month period. The training programme is tailored to equip the trainees with improved English communication and technical skills to increase the Oil and Gas (O&G) workforce in the near future. As a result, the programme helps BP Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey Region meet its long-term graduate recruitment needs in support of growing business and nationalization targets.

The business case for PREP was defined by an extensive needs assessment conducted by BP Upstream Learning. The results also determined the programme design considerations and both will be presented in the document, for example, the need for innovative collaboration with leading global educational and training providers to ensure the preparation of trainees was developed from a global point of view.

To demonstrate that the programme achieved quality and positive impact measurements, qualitative interview results (with graduates and other key stakeholders within BP) and quantitative survey results (conducted among trainees) are included as internal programme research. In addition, comparative data will be presented to show the impact of the programme on graduate recruitment. As an example, in 2013, 48 out of 53 trainees completed the programme and joined BP (45 joined BP's Global Challenge Programme).

Most importantly, PREP provides a unique transition from university graduation to professional employment with an international O&G company; a preliminary step allowing graduates to prepare for a long-term professional career.
Achieving Drilling Excellence through Next Generation Workflows Enabled by Integrating Historical Drilling Data and Real Time Data
Authors: Mohan David Richard , Bermudez Martinez Rafael , Aillud Gary Stefan
Published: December 2014

In the quest of increasing production capacity to meet future demands E&P companies have embarked in the journey of re-developing their matured assets. This is enabled using several field development programmes that include in-fill drilling, horizontal drilling, underbalanced drilling and drilling unconventional reservoirs. These programmes require high quality offset well data along with real time data for better planning and execution to successfully manage drilling risk, reduce non-productive time and cost to achieve the field development objective.

Historically a huge volume of operational data has been acquired from the large number of wells drilled. Data include well trajectories, casing points, casing analysis, drilling risks, drilling events, BHA performance, operational window, cost, time etc. Maintaining the historical offset drilling data systematically in a well organized manner is vital to unlock its business value and enable better drilling data analysis along with real time data. Technology aided programs such as collaborative well planning, geo steering, real time operations center, require offset well data integrated into real time data for integrated and optimized workflows during planning and execution. This includes building better engineering models and earth models.

This paper discuss present data challenges and the approach towards building an Drilling Integrated Workflow Environment (DIWE) comprising of high quality drilling knowledge base, real time data enabled by data standards and the framework to support next generation well planning and drilling workflows.

DIWE enables improved planning and execution by supporting integrated workflows that aim to mitigate drilling hazards, improve operational awareness, optimize well design, cost effective construction, and better well placement moving towards achieving drilling excellence
Advanced Seismic Interpretation in Structural and Stratigraphic Complex Environments
Authors: Rondon Aldrin A.
Published: December 2014

The ultimate goal of the seismic interpretation, is to better understand, and therefore accurately define the structural/stratigraphic framework of the field to aid the understanding for hydrocarbon migration and trapping mechanisms, therefore, fluid distribution patterns.

For this, a good understanding of the depositional environment, stratigraphy and structural development of the basin, gives the basis for a reliable and comprehensive seismic interpretation.

In the field case of this study, most of the oil reservoirs lie within the Apsheron Sill, this huge anticlinal structure extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the Cheleken Peninsula in Turkmenistan on the Eastern border of the South Caspian Sea.

Within Dragon's concession area, this Apsheron sill developed into four regional synsedimentary structural anticlines as a consequence of the major transpressional event ruling the whole basin, these anticlines are bounded by big, long, rooted almost vertical strike slip faults, reservoirs are within an extremely faulted/fractured popped up wedge.

This together with a paleo fluvio-deltaic depositional environment and syn-depositional structural mechanism, developed into an exceptional, interesting and complex structural and stratigraphic settings combination.

In Dragon Oil, the use of advanced and complete seismic interpretation techniques allowed us to define a detailed and reliable structural framework, this incorporates multiple and complex attribute analysis, seismic inversion, production figures, drilling history, well log correlations and seismic data and also considers the theoretical basin model of the field, the Petroleum System and all the stratigraphic and sedimentological elements which defined, in the first place, the architecture of the reservoirs in terms of primary and secondary migration and trapping mechanisms.

This technical paper shows some of the techniques, general workflow and approach followed to generate a coherent and reliable structural framework as a result of a comprehensive seismic interpretation which serves as the basis for static and dynamic modelling of the reservoirs within Dragon Oil's concession area to improve the field development plan accordingly.

This report aims to mention general interpretation approaches and techniques; acquisition and processing techniques are just mentioned but not described in details.
Descartes et le tournant théologique de la phénoménologie française
Authors: Pavlovits Tamás
Published: December 2014

I will analyse Descartes? role in the ?theological turn? of French
phenomenology. Although in Husserl?s phenomenology the Cartesian cogito was
the central element, in the phenomenologists of the ?theological turn?
(Janicaud) it was exchanged for the idea of the infinite. I examine why
Marion and L?vinas are interested in the Cartesian idea of the infinite. In
the phenomenology of Marion this idea is interpreted as a ?conceptual icon?
and a ?saturated phenomenon? ,in the phenomenology of L?vinas this idea
represents the structure that provides the possibility of the
phenomenological description of transcendence. In order to see if Marion and
L?vinas turn back to the onto-theological tradition of the metaphysics, like
Janicaud affirms, we have to see how Descartes describes 31 the idea of
infinite and how Marion and L?vinas interpret it.
Neuroethics and philosophy
Authors: Babic Jovan
Published: December 2014

Neuro-ethics is probably fastest growing part of applied ethics. The main
thesis is that certain natural processes in brain and nerves produce certain
moral, and immoral, behaviors. All these processes can be explained causally,
and (if this is so) neuro-ethics might be the final result of neuroscience.
There are some metaphysical and ethical pitfalls to be considered, however,
like the (incorrect) conflation of causal explanation and rational
justification in definingvalues, not only non-moral values but moral values
as well. Certainly, the knowledge of how neurological processes function
could help to enhance the quality of human life, not only in coping with
defects but also in improving the so-called ?normal life?. This implies that
neuroethics is instrumental, dealing with values which are instrumental as
well. However, neuroethics, it seems, aspires to go further than that: to
explain how goals come into existence and what their articulation should look
like. All of this should be causally explained, or at least explainable; and
the main focus of the paper is an analysis of this aspiration. The analysis
refers to some important distinctions like the distinction between causes and
reasons, explanation and justification, or the one between means and ends. At
the end of the paper there is a section about applications, where some of the
benefits and risks are summarily indicated, with a conclusion that
neuroethics surely might help in advancing the overall quality of human life,
individual and social.
Analytical techniques for determination and control of silica content in the water in thermal power plants
Authors: Ignjatovic Natasa , Ilic Maja , Rajakovic Ljubinka
Published: December 2014

Ultrapure water with minimum contents of impurities is used for the
preparation of steam in thermal power plants. More recently it has been found
that the corrosion process is also influenced by sodium ions, chloride ions,
and all forms of silicon in water. At higher temperatures and under high
pressure the less soluble compounds of silicon are extracted, which form
deposits on the walls of the boiler, the piping system and the turbine
blades. Silicon is found in water in the form of different types (species)
which are characterized by specific physical and chemical properties.
Distinctions can be made between highly reactive species of ionic (silicate
anions) and molecular forms (silicic acid) and relatively inert types
(suspended, colloidal, and polymerized silicon). The determination of various
forms of silicon in water is a complex analytical task. This paper covers
relevant research in the field of silicon specification analysis. Maintaining
the unchanged, original composition of silicon species during various stages
of analysis (sample collection, storage, and conservation) has been given
special attention. A large number of methods and procedures have been
developed for the analysis of species of silicon, including chromatographic,
spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques and combinations thereof. The
techniques used for determining both the total amount and individual forms of
silicon have been singled out. There is also an overview of the coupled
techniques used most frequently in practice by using the methodology which
involves preliminary separation of species and then individual specification.
The paper offers an overview of analytical properties, advantages and
disadvantages of the most representative analytical methods developed
specifically for the analysis of silicon species in ultrapure water. The most
important studies focusing on the silicon species in water have been
highlighted and presented in detail. The determination of silicon content in
water is of great importance because of various effects of silicon species
(corrodibility and toxicity) and the selection of methods for the efficient
removal of silicon from water.
Interdependence of NAFTA capital markets: A minimum variance portfolio approach
Authors: López-Herrera Francisco , Santillán-Salgado Roberto , Ortiz Edgar
Published: December 2014

We estimate the long-run relationships among NAFTA capital market returns and
then calculate the weights of a ?time-varying minimum variance portfolio?
that includes the Canadian, Mexican, and USA capital markets between March
2007 and March 2009, a period of intense turbulence in international markets.
Our results suggest that the behavior of NAFTA market investors is not
consistent with that of a theoretical ?risk-averse? agent during periods of
high uncertainty and may be either considered as irrational or attributed to
a possible ?home country bias?. This finding represents valuable information
for portfolio managers and contributes to a better understanding of the
nature of the markets in which they invest. It also has practical
implications in the design of international portfolio investment policies.
Dermal Reactions to Insulin Therapy
Authors: Paley Ronald G , Tunbridge R E
Published: December 2014

One of the earliest papers on insulin therapy by Banting and his colleagues described a slight induration of the subcutaneous tissue and reddening of the skin immediately surrounding the point of injection. At this time Joslin and his co-workers stated that induration had been seen frequently at the site of insulin injections and described four cases of urticaria developing among the first 83 diabetic patients treated. Later, redness and swelling were observed to follow the injection of protamine insulin, and similar reactions have been described following the use of globin insulin.
Serum And Urinary Proteins In Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis Results Of Electrophoretic Analysis
Authors: Rifkin Harold , Petermann Mary L
Published: December 2014

Since the original description of diabetic intercapillary glomerulosclerosis by Kimmelstiel and Wilson4 in 1936, numerous reports have confirmed its existence as aspecific clinical and pathologic entity. Although the fully established syndrome is well known to the trained clinician, one must be constantly on the alert for variants in the clinical picture. The presence of doubly refractile lipoid elements in the urinarysediment is an important aid in the diagnosis, provided it is properly related to the clinical data.11 Study of the serum proteins may furnish additional laboratory evidence.
Ultrastructure of Pancreatic B Cells in Severely Diabetic Dogs
Authors: Volk Bruno W , Lazarus Sydney S
Published: December 2014

The ultrastructural distribution of β cell ballooning degeneration was studied in 50 per cent depancreatized dogs which were rendered severely diabetic by daily growth hormone administration varying from ten to twenty-eight days. At ten days most β cells showed infiltration by glycogen granules, distortion of mitochondria, prominence of Golgi complex and presence of small, empty, membrane-bound vacuoles. The vacuoles increased in size and number parallel with the duration of the diabetic state. After twenty-one days of treatment many β cells were riddled with numerous membrane-bound vacuoles frequently separated by thin septa. The intervening cytoplasm still showed presence of glycogen. There was extensive β cell de granulation noticeable, although some cells still contained a few residual or newly formed granules indicating active insulinogenesis. At four weeks of treatment the septa separating the vacuoles were frequently broken so that several vesicles merged to form larger spaces. The α cells were intact, except for two animals in which they contained glycogen. The δ cells were not definitely identified. The ductal epithelium was intact. However, the cytoplasm frequently contained glycogen and small, membrane-bound granules.

It is hypothesized that the vacuoles originate most likely from distended vesicular ergastoplasm although the possibility that they arise from distended Golgi vesicles or vacuolated mitochondria cannot be ruled out. The present study suggests that vacuolization of β cells is the ultramicroscopic equivalent of the ballooning degeneration previously observed by light microscopy. They also confirm the previously established hypothesis that β cell glycogenization is a lesion independent from ballooning degeneration.
Studies in Stress Glycosuria: I. Prolonged Glycosuria in Chinese Hamsters after Repeated Stress
Authors: Ehrentheil Otto F , Reyna Leo J , Yerganian George , Chen Edith T
Published: December 2014

Chinese hamsters, unfamiliar to each other, were briefly placed together daily for several weeks. This resulted in fighting and stress. The stress groups were arranged in such a way that no animal met the same animal within any five-day period. A gradual increase in the incidence of positive urine glucose occurred in the experimental animals but not in the nonfighting controls. Glycosuria continued for two to twelve weeks following the termination of the prolonged regimen of daily repeated stress periods. These findings are an extension and amplification of those reported by Cannon and his group. The results may have significance in exploring the relationship of emotional stress to diabetes mellitus.
Experience with a Steroid-Tolbutamide Test for the Detection of Impaired Pancreatic Reserve
Authors: Long Charles , Kilo Charles , Recant Lillian
Published: December 2014

A procedure utilizing a combination of pretreatment with oral steroids followed by intravenous tolbutamide has been described and performed safely in 152 subjects with normal glucose tolerance tests. Criteria for an abnormal response include two of the following three findings: 1. a fasting blood glucose level over 113 mg. per 100 ml.; 2. thirty minutes after the tolbutamide, a fall in glucose of less than 16 per cent; 3. failure of the ninety-minute glucose to rise 4 mg. per 100 ml. above the lowest recorded glucose. Using these criteria an increase in abnormal responses has been found in: I. young individuals with a positive family history of diabetes, 2. individuals over the age of sixty, and 3. patients with peripheral vascular disease or significant obesity. Seven of the abnormal responders have developed overt diabetes in a five-year period. None of the negative responders has become diabetic. Eighteen thyrotoxic subjects were studied and revealed some unusual findings.
The Nature and Occurrence of Pre-Beta-Lipoprotein in Diabetic Children and Pregnant Women: An Electrophoretic and Ultracentrifugal Study of Serum Lipoproteins
Authors: Pantelakis S N , Fosbrooke A S , Lloyd J K , Wolff O H
Published: December 2014

A marked increase in pre-beta-lipoprotein was found in eleven of twenty-one untreated diabetic children and six of twenty treated diabetic children. In both diabetic and nondiabetic pregnant women there was a steady increase in the amount of this lipoprotein after the sixteenth week of pregnancy whereas earlier in pregnancy a marked increase was found only in a small group of diabetic women (five of fifty-two).

A detailed study of the nature of pre-beta-lipoprotein showed that the protein moiety is immunochemically the same as that of beta-lipoprotein, but that the lipid moiety contains more triglyceride and less cholesterol than that of beta-lipoprotein. Pre-beta-lipoprotein as defined by paper electrophoresis was found, on ultracentrifugal separation using the salt density gradient method, to have a flotation rate of Sf15–100. Paper electrophoresis provides a useful though rough means of recognizing excessive amounts of this lipoprotein. A marked pre-beta band suggests the presence of more than 125 mg. per 100 ml. of Sf15–100 lipoprotein-lipid.

Studies of the lipid composition of Sf15–100, 10–15, 3–9 and high-density lipoproteins showed that, for each fraction, the lipid composition remains constant irrespective of the amount of total lipid within the fraction and irrespective of whether the individual is diabetic or nondiabetic, pregnant or nonpregnant.
Diabetes Mellitus and the Blood Groups
Authors: Buckwalter Joseph A
Published: December 2014

The results of studies of the possible association between the ABO, Rhesus and the MN blood groups and diabetes mellitus and the secretion of blood group substances in the saliva of these patients have been reported. There is evidence of borderline statistical significance suggesting an association between the ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus characterized by an increased frequency of the disease in persons of blood type B and a decreased frequency in those of blood type AB. However, because of the conflicting findings reported by other investigators, this probably represents a random distribution of the blood types within diabetes mellitus patients or some undetected specious factor rather than a cause and effect association between the ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus.
The Effects of Glucocorticoids on Insulin Action: Hormonal Modifiers of Insulin Action, New York Diabetes Association Symposium, Part II, October 12, 1963
Authors: Ashmore James
Published: December 2014

The effects of insulin and glucocorticoids on carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism of various isolated tissues have been summarized. Insulin is required for maximum glucose utilization by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but is not required by the brain and nervous tissue. Glucocorticoids do not oppose or antagonize the primary effect of insulin which is to increase the permeability of cells to glucose. However, glucose phosphorylation by muscle is decreased by the presence of pituitary and adrenal cortical hormones in the absence of insulin.

Insulin and the glucocorticoids do appear to play opposing roles in the mobilization of fatty acids (FFA). Many hormones promote FFA release from adipose tissue; however, the full lipolytic effect is not achieved in the absence of the adrenal cortex. Insulin, on the other hand, inhibits the lipolytic effect of catecholamines, glucagon, and ACTH.

Ketosis is not observed in experimental diabetes if FFA mobilization is prevented by removal of the adrenals or pituitary. On the other hand, mobilization of FFA does not lead to ketosis if adequate insulin is available. An important aspect of glucocorticoid action in diabetes is probably in the area of FFA mobilization and ketone body production. However, the role of the adrenal cortex in protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis is of equal concern. Overproduction as well as under-utilization of glucose remains the central problem in attempting to regulate the diabetic patient.
A Possible Explanation for Falsely Positive Hydrocortisone Glucose Tolerance Tests During Pregnancy
Authors: Mestman Jorge H , Anderson Gail V , Smale Milton , Nelson Don H
Published: December 2014

Twenty-three pregnant subjects have been studied by means of the oral glucose tolerance test to compare the effect of hydrocortisone and prednisolone on blood glucose levels. In four patients an additional GTT, using twice the standard dose of prednisolone before the glucose load, was compared with the previous tests. In another two patients, the effect on glucose excretion was compared when hydrocortisone or prednisolone was administered.

The results suggest a potentiation in the biologic effect of hydrocortisone during pregnancy, but not with prednisolone as has been reported in nonpregnant subjects receiving estrogens. It appeared that to duplicate the glucocorticoid effect of hydrocortisone, a ratio of potency of prednisolone to hydrocortisone in pregnancy may be 2:1 rather than the 4:1 ratio observed during the nonpregnant state.

Prednisolone instead of hydrocortisone, as the provocative agent for the detection of subclinical diabetes in pregnancy, may be useful, or perhaps a smaller dose of hydrocortisone should be employed than is required for the nonpregnant subjects.
On the Cobalt-concentrating Ability of Pancreatic Islet Tissue: A Histological, Histochemical, and Autoradiographical Investigation
Authors: Falkmer Sture , Knutson Folke , Voigt Gerhard E
Published: December 2014

In experiments on the marine teleost Cottus scorpius using recently modified autoradio graphic and histochemical procedures it was possible to localize the easily dissolvable cobalt compounds that accumulate in pancreatic islet tissue. It was found that the β cells, and possibly also the α1 cells, concentrate the metal. The α2 cells and the agranular parenchymal cells showed no affinity for cobalt.

It was tentatively supposed that the cobalt-concentrating ability of the β cells might be related to the high power of cobalt to crystallize insulin and that parts of the cobaltinduced blood glucose fluctuations might be due to transient β-cell changes induced by the complex-forming capacity of cobalt with sulfhydryl compounds.

No account can be given for the biological significance of the possible cobalt accumulation in the α1 cells.

It is concluded that the well-known transient hydropic changes seen in some mammalian glucagon-producing. α2 cells, and the blood glucose fluctuations are not thought to be due to a direct cellular action of cobalt on the α2 cells.
The Contribution of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt to Cerebral Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Moss Gerald
Published: December 2014

The hexose monophosphate shunt mechanism was found to be a (and probably the) major pathway for in vivo bovine cerebral glucose oxidation. Isotope studies showed a 6.5:1 (5.0-7.2:1) ratio for the contributions of glucose C-1 and C-6, respectively, to cerebral CO2. HTO production from glucose-6-T paralleled C-14-O2 produced from glucose-6-C-14.

Arterially isolated brain perfusion was accomplished with fresh homologous arterial blood, utilizing calves as experimental animals. Albumin-I-131 leakage studies and perfusion angiography confirmed the completeness of cerebral arterial isolation during perfusion of a single common carotid artery at +20 mm. Hg pressure above systemic arterial pressure. Plastic injection models of the bovine cephalic arterial tree demonstrated anastomoses adequate to permit the necessary flow alterations.
Organ Distribution of Radioactive Orthophosphate and Total Phosphorus in the Rat: The Influence of Glucagon and Insulin
Authors: De Venanzi F , Altares C Diez , Forero J
Published: December 2014

The effects of glucagon in two different doses, of insulin alone, and of insulin administered with dextrose, to avoid hypoglycemia, on the distribution of P-32 carrier free orthophosphate in the different organs of the adult male rat were studied. The animals were sacrificed by exsanguination thirty minutes after the simultaneous injection of either of the above mentioned substances and P-32 orthophosphate by the intravenous route. The results were expressed in terms of per cent of recovered P-32, per mg. dry weight or per mg. of total phosphorus determined by incineration. The most interesting results obtained with glucagon were an increase of P-32 in the liver, and the heart, a decrease in the femur, epididymal fat and carcass. With insulin there was a decrease in the blood, and increase in the diaphragm and the heart. Insulin plus dextrose produced an increase of P-32 in the diaphragm and a decrease in the femur and the spleen. The increase of P-32 in the liver found after the administration of glucagon was not accompanied by significant changes of total phosphorus. It is suggested that the mentioned increase of P-32 may be due to an acceleration of the phosphorylative processes occurring under the action of glucagon.
Treatment of Insulin Hypoglycemia in Diabetic Campers: A Comparison of Glucagon (1 and 2 mg.) and Glucose
Authors: Shipp Joseph C , Delcher Harry K , Munroe John F
Published: December 2014

The change in concentration of blood glucose in hypoglycemic diabetic boys and girls after treatment with glucagon (1 or 2 mg. given subcutaneously) or glucose (20 gm. orally) was determined. Following glucagon, at both dose levels, the concentration of blood glucose was increased after five minutes, was within the physiologic range by fifteen minutes and did not return to hypoglycemic levels during one hour. Symptoms of hypoglycemia were relieved in ten minutes in each instance. The time course of change in the concentration of blood glucose was identical at both dose levels of glucagon. With glucose orally a similar response was noted during the first fifteen minutes but the concentration of blood glucose was lower at thirty and at sixty minutes. It is concluded that the hyperglycemic response to glucagon in hypoglycemic diabetic boys and girls was identical with a 1 or 2 mg. dose.
Augmentation of Insulin Activity: Physiological Implications of a Property of Human Serum Revealed by Dilution
Authors: Power Lawrence , Lucas Charles , Conn Jerome W , Arbor Ann , Shuman John
Published: December 2014

Dilution of human serum does not lead to the expected reduction of its insulin-like activity (ILA) as measured by the epididymal fat pad. Dilution of a solution of Crystalline Insulin does, however, reduce activity arithmetically. Because the addition of Crystalline Insulin to diluted serum results in levels of ILA greater than expected (augmentation), the failure of ILA to fall arithmetically with dilution may reflect this augmentation effect on endogenous ILA.

The augmentation effect, as revealed by dilution and the addition of Crystalline Insulin, has been shown to increase in the serum of normal subjects after glucose loading, and to be deficient in fasting serum from the untreated diabetic patient.
Wilderness Camping for the Diabetic
Authors: Etzwiler Donnell D , Drummond Keith R , Medina Ambmsio M , Youngquist Ronald B , Siemers Dorothy E
Published: December 2014

Wilderness camping presents a definite challenge to the teen-age diabetic. For the past three years groups of juvenile diabetics sponsored by the Twin Cities Diabetes Association have ventured into the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in northern Minnesota. Accompanied by a trail guide and a physician, these young men have learned to live with their diabetes under extreme circumstances. Their camping and medical supplies are discussed as well as their exchange lists and dietary management.
Comparative Study of Diabetic Women with Either Early or Late Menarchial Age
Authors: Moor Pieter De , Verhaegen Herman , Verhaegen-Declercq Marie Louise
Published: December 2014

From 217 diabetic women over thirty-nine years of age attending a diabetes clinic, there were selected for study twenty-seven who had had an early (< 12 yrs.), and thirty-seven who had had a late (> 16 yrs.) menarche. Patients in both groups were obese, but those in the former were much more so than in the latter (85.4 kg. vs. 75.4 kg.; 156 cm. vs. 158 cm.). Hypertension and hypertensive vascular complications were more prevalent in the first group, while ketoacidosis and retinal microaneurysms were almost absent. The group with late menarche developed retinal microaneurysms much more rapidly than the other group and perhaps even than the general population of the clinic.
Attempted Suicide with Phenformin
Authors: Dobson Harold L
Published: December 2014

Following ingestion of .85 gm. of phenformin, in a suicide attempt, the principal symptoms were violent gastrointestinal cramping, nausea, and vomiting, all of a few hours' duration. This appeared to provide major protection against other toxic effects. There was no significant hematemesis or melena. Blood lactate was normal and no ketonuria was observed. Blood sugars were in the hyperglycemic range.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in People Living in Chronic Hypoxia
Authors: Calderón Rolando , Llerena L Alberto
Published: December 2014

Carbohydrate metabolism was studied in a group of twenty-three normal men, age forty to seventy years, born and living at an altitude of 14,900 feet with a barometric pressure of 445.8 mm. Hg; an alveolar p02 of 46 mm. Hg, an arterial p02 of 45.1 mm. Hg, and an arterial blood oxygen saturation of 80.1 per cent. For comparison, a group of thirty-two normal men born and living at sea level was studied.

During the intravenous glucose tolerance test a low level of fasting blood glucose in the chronic hypoxia group was confirmed, but only minor differences were found in the net changes of glucose. A slightly greater “K” value was found in the chronic hypoxia group.

No difference was found during the intravenous tolbutamide test when the net changes from fasting blood glucose were considered. During the intravenous glucagon test there was a statistically significant lesser hyperglycemic response in the hypoxia group. From these studies it would appear that glucose homeostasis is maintained in the chronic hypoxia group with a lower fasting blood glucose.
A Comparison of Insulin-like Activity Contained in the Serum Proteins of Normal Subjects and Diabetic Patients
Authors: Power Lawrence , Reyes-Leal Bernardo , Conn Jerome W , DePew L L
Published: December 2014

The concentration of the insulin-like activity in serum protein fractions of normal subjects and diabetic patients was found to be (greatest in the beta globulins and in the fastermoving gamma globulins. Diabetics have nearly twice the normal Concentration of ILA in these fractions. Thus, a characteristic previously demonstrated in intact serum of diabetics has now been extended to specific protein fractions. After glucose loading, normal individuals increased the concentration of ILA in those serum protein fractions which were already most concentrated in the fasting state. The diabetics, on the other hand, increased the concentration of ILA much more slowly than normal, and this increase was in found in protien fractions different from those found to be increased in normal people. Interpretations ot these findings have been discussed.
Effects of Hyperglycemia on Beta Granulation in Pancreatic Islets of Fetuses from Diabetic Rats
Authors: Kim Jae Nam
Published: December 2014

Fetuses from ten normal and twenty-two alloxan-diabetic rats removed by cesarean section at day twenty of pregnancy were compared with litter-mates removed at autopsy on day twenty-two.

In the normal group, granulated beta cells constituted 21.7 per cent of total islet cells at cesarean section and 27.9 per cent at autopsy.

Beta cells in fetal islets were markedly de granulated within two days after the initiation of hyperglycemia. One diabetic group was treated with adequate amounts of insulin to control hyperglycemia until cesarean section when insulin treatment was discontinued. This increased the blood sugar level from 203 to 333 mg. per 100 ml. and produced a decrease in granulated beta cells from 18.0 per cent at cesarean section to 6.7 per cent at autopsy. Vacuolated islet cells were 0.3 per cent at cesarean section and 0.4 per cent at autopsy.

Degranulated beta cells in fetal islets acquired granules within two days, if normoglycemia was established. A diabetic group was treated with inadequate amounts of insulin with an abrupt increase in dosage immediately after cesarean section. This caused a decrease in blood sugar level from 365 to 123 mg. per 100 ml. and led to an increase in granulated beta cells from 3.2 per cent at cesarean section to 38.3 per cent at autopsy. Vacuolated islet cells were 1.3 per cent of the total islet cells at cesarean section and 1.1 per cent at autopsy.
Production of Alloxan Diabetes and Ketoacidosis in the Laboratory Rat
Authors: Prahl James W , Steenrod William J
Published: December 2014

The synergistic action of dehydroascorbic acid and alloxan in producing a diabetes mellitus-like state in the laboratory rat is utilized. Results of this method, in which the diabetogenic agents are administered subcutaneously, are compared with those in a series of rats made diabetic by intravenously administered alloxan. With experience it is possible to produce diabetes in greater than 90 per cent of the animals by either technic. Approximately 55 per cent of the animals died in the first month after alloxanization; the major causes of death were drug toxicity and iatrogenic hyperinsulinism, in that order. With improvement in technic and control, the mortality in the first month decreased to approximately 30 per cent.

Induction of ketoacidosis was attempted by simultaneous withdrawal of insulin and institution of a ketogenie (high fat) diet. By such a regimen, ketosis could be attained in 75 per cent or more of those diabetic animals tried, whereas the incidence of ketoacidosis was considerably lower. Insulin withdrawal and continuation of the routine (high carbohydrate) diet was followed by ketosisbut only sporadic ketoacidosis. The behavior of populations of diabetic laboratory rats is presented in graphic form.
Alcohol Hypoglycemia: IV: Current Concepts of Its Pathogenesis
Authors: Freinkel Norbert , Arky Ronald A , Singer David L , Cohen Alex K , Bleicher Sheldon J , Anderson John B , Silbert Cynthia K , Foster Angela E
Published: December 2014

Attempts to characterize the hypoglycemia that may follow alcohol ingestion have disclosed the following: The hypoglycemia can be reproduced with pure ethanol and it occurs at blood alcohol levels which do not exceed the range of mild intoxication. It is not attended by plasma changes characteristicof liver damage or peripheral “insulin-like” actions. Circulating immunologically-reactive insulin does not increase and pancreatic responsiveness to islet cell secretogogues such as glucose and tolbutamide is preserved. The hypoglycemia cannot be terminated by glucagon. From infusion experiments, it cannot be ascribed to enhanced peripheral utilization of glucose.

In normal humans or dogs, induction of experimental alcohol hypoglycemia with alcohol requires several days of preliminary fasting; in patients with diminished gluconeogenic reserve, regardless of etiology, lesser dietary deprivation is required. Ethanol can also attenuate the prevailing hyperglycemia in fasted “juvenile” diabetics from whom insulin has been withheld to the point of early ketoacidosis.

In vitro studies have corroboratedthat at least some of the blood sugar lowering actions of alcohol may be ascribed to a direct impairment in the endogenous formation of glucose from smaller precursors. Oxidative-decarboxylation of added substrates by slices of human, rabbit or rat liver is invariably reduced in the presence of alcohol.Under appropriate conditions, a concomitant inhibition of gluconeogenesis isobserved. It has been proposed that the effects of alcohol upon gluconeogenesis by cellular preparation may be conditioned by the alternative pathways available for reoxidizing the cytoplasmic NADH2 which is generatedduring alcohol oxidation.

A pivotal role has been assigned to the prevailing intrahepatic availability and turnover of pyruvate.
Reduced Glucose Tolerance in Elderly Human Subjects
Authors: Streeten David H P , Gerstein Mordecai M , Marmor Bruce M , Doisy Richard J
Published: December 2014

The high incidence of “abnormal” oral glucose tolerance tests in “normal” subjects over seventy years of age has been confirmed: 77 per cent in this series of individuals. Calculation of glucose disposal rates (GDR's) after three successive intravenous injections of glucose (25 gm.) in fifteen elderly normal subjects revealed GDR's which rose with successive injections, and which were significantly inferior to those observed in young adult normal subjects, yet significantly superior to the findings in patients with tolbutamide-responsive diabetes mellitus. Serum levels of insulin-like activity (ILA) assayed on the rat epididymal fat pad were higher in the elderly than in the young normal subjects both in the fasting state and after the first and third glucose injections. It is concluded that the abnormal tolerance of elderly subjects to an oral load of glucose is not due to retarded absorption of the administered glucose nor to impaired pancreatic secretion of insulin, but presumably results from a higher level of circulating insulin antagonist or from some other cause of delayed glucose uptake from the plasma. The present difficulties in diagnosing diabetes in elderly subjects have been pointed out, and possible means of differentiating between normal and diabetic individuals at all ages have been discussed.
Studies Concerning the Hyperglycemic Effects of Diazoxide and Its Mode of Action
Authors: Yabo R , Viktora J , Staquet M , Wolff F
Published: December 2014

Diazoxide in doses of 200 mg. per kg. was administered orally to normal, adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, and partially pancreatectomized rats. The hyperglycemic effect was studied five hours after drug administration.

It was observed that: (1) Diazoxide produced no hyperglycemia in adrenalectomized animals. (2) Diazoxide hyperglycemia was lower in hypophysectomized animals, disappearing entirely one month after hypophysectomy. (3) Diazoxide hyperglycemia in partially pancreatectomized animals diminished with prolonged drug administration over a period of twenty-two days.

These experiments in partially pancreatectomized rats are being continued.
Plasma Insulin Levels During Reactive Hypoglycemia
Authors: Sussman Karl E , Stimmler Leo , Birenboim Harold
Published: December 2014

The plasma insulin response to an oral glucose load was studied in fourteen patients with reactive hypoglycemia—based on blood glucose values of 45 mg./100 ml. or below following 100 gm. of glucose. In reactive hypoglycemia, no single mechanism involving insulin secretion could explain the development of low blood glucose values. Six patients with reactive hypoglycemia demonstrated elevated plasma insulin values in association with normal blood glucose levels. In five patients the results of glucose tolerance tests suggested mild diabetes mellitus, and plasma insulin levels were increased. Three patients with reactive hypoglycemia had essentially normal glucose tolerance tests and no abnormality in plasma insulin response was noted.
Growth Hormone-induced Diabetes and High Levels of Serum Insulin in Dogs
Authors: Campbell James , Rastogi Krishna Sudha
Published: December 2014

Single injection of growth hormone (3 mg. per kilogram of body) in fasting dogs did not appreciably alter serum insulin and glucose concentrations within five hours. However, serum free fatty acids (FFA) decreased initially, then rose to two- and fourfold the initial at five and twenty-four hours. Following intravenous injection of glucose (1 gm. per kilogram of body) in the control period, serum insulin rose fourfold in 15 min. then regressed exponentially to the initial. Glucose/insulin remained unchanged during the two-hour test period, despite great alterations in the concentrations of glucose and insulin. Serum FFA decreased, then returned to or above the initial at one to two hours. Single injection of growth hormone did not alter these responses to the infusion of glucose.

During the daily administration of 2 mg. of growth hormone per kilogram of body per day: (1) Mean serum insulin concentrations, in the postabsorptive periods, increased to two-, six- and eightfold the control value after one, two and four days, respectively, in six dogs, and thereafter the values remained high during seven to eleven days of observation in four dogs, while two developed resistance. (2) Serum insulin increased before an appreciable rise in serum glucose occurred. (3) Due to a greater rise in insulin than in glucose, the glucose/insulin ratio decreased. (4) After two days of injection the increase in serum insulin was most pronounced in those dogs that exhibited hyperglycemia and glycosuria. (5) Serum FFA increased greatly after one day of injection and remained high. During this growth hormone treatment, in one hour after injection of growth hormone with the ingestion of a meal, serum insulin rose, with lesser rise in glucose (further decrease in glucose/insulin), and fall in FFA. In the control period, however, no appreciable changes in serum insulin or glucose occurred following a meal.

During daily growth hormone treatment, following glucose infusion: (1) Mean peak concentrations of serum insulin increased sevenfold in four days. (2) The rate of regression of serum insulin decreased. (3) Areas under the serum insulin curves increased up to tenfold the control value. (4) The mean rate of regression of serum glucose decreased, from the control value k — 4.28 per cent to —1.14 per cent after seven days. (5) The serum glucose/insulin ratio was unaltered, although the initial (fasting) values decreased. (6) The decline in serum FFA in 15 to 30 min. was more marked, but the levels remained above control.

The changes in glucose/insulin indicate that growth hormone administration altered homeostatic control of pancreatic beta cells, such that at any given concentration of glucose in blood a greater rate of insulin secretion occurred. It is concluded that the “hyperinsulinemia” induced by the daily administration of growth hormone was associated with sustained increase in insulin secretion, and with augmentation of insulin secretion in response to a meal and to the infusion of glucose.
Tongue Surface Test as a Screening Procedure for Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Giza Tadeusz , Fedeczko Danuta , Pietrzykowa Bogumila
Published: December 2014

A simple method to estimate blood sugar indirectly is presented. Shreds of tissue paper saturated with glucose-oxidase (Tes-Tape, Lilly) are put on the surface of the tongue and the change in color from yellow into green is observed.

In normal subjects all the tests were negative. In diabetics the test was positive in the presence of protracted hyperglycemia.
Hyperketonemia Induced in Man by Medium-chain Triglyceride
Authors: Bergen Stanley S , Hashim Sami A , Van Itallie Theodore B
Published: December 2014

The effect of a medium chain triglyceride (MCT) preparation on blood ketones was determined in fourteen normal subjects and six patients with diabetes mellitus of the maturity-onset type. Ingestion of 100 gm. of the MCT (containing 86 per cent C8 and 14 per cent C10 fatty acids) was followed by a small but statistically significant rise in blood ketones in each of the groups. The rise in ketones was slightly but significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the normal subjects. In all subjects, ketone rises were negligible after ingestion of 100 gm. of corn oil.

The ketogenic effect of MCT may result in part from its rapid absorption from the gut, with a high proportion of the component fatty acids traveling in the portal vein directly to the liver in the free acid form. In the liver, these fatty acids appear to be rapidly degraded and converted in part to ketones. The predictable mild hyperketonemia induced by MCT makes this glyceride a useful tool in the study of ketogenesis.