bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical impedance index in human skin: measurements after occlusion, in 5 anatomical regions and in mi Id irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Emtestam Lennart , Ollmar Stig
Published: April 2006

The electrical impedance in 23 healthy volunteers at 2–6 different skin sites was measured with a new impedance device, which makes possible non‐invasive local measurements to a controlled depth. In 11 subjects, the lest sites were occluded for 24 h using empty Finn Chambers and chambers with water, physiological saline, a paper disc or 0.002% sodium lauryl sulfate (SI.S). In the normal skin of 10 subjects, the electrical impedance was measured from 5 different body areas for 5 consecutive days. In 3 subjects, daily measurements for I month were done, both from normal skin and from skin following the application of 2% SLS. The results show that the irritation index based on electrical skin impedance gives little day‐to‐day variation at one and the same lest site, in comparison to the variations between different test sites on the same subject and the inter individual variations observed. Significant differences in impedance values between different anatomical regions of normal skin were found. Occlusion does not affect readings taken 24 h or later alter removal, but increases variance for readings taken 1 after removal. Effects on the skin of mild irritation and its recovery phase are easily monitored wslh the new device. Technology based on electrical impedance, in ils newly presented form, with the advantages of improved geometrical dellnilinn and depth control, can be used as an objective tool to measure skin irritation. For detection of subclinical irritant contact dermatitis, repeated readings taken over several days may be needed.
Contact dermatitis from dielectric fluids in electrodischarge machining
Authors: Goh C. L. , Ho S. F.
Published: April 2006

We report an outbreak of irritant contact dermatitis in the aerospace industry from electrodischarge machining (EDM). 20 workers doing EDM developed irritant contact dermatitis from the dielectric fluid used in EDM, a form of precision metal machining that is widely used in mould making and precision engineering. Dielectric fluid contains hydrocarbons that are aromatic, paraffinic or naphthenic and are skin irritants. Irritant contact dermatitis from dielectric fluid has not been reported previously. EDM will become more widespread and occupational dermatitis from dielectric fluid is likely to become more prevalent in the future. Our experience was that irritant contact dermatitis from dielectric fluid can be prevented by simple preventive measures such as personal hygiene and health education.
Allergic contact dermatitis of the lip margins from para‐tertiary‐butylphenol in a lip liner
Authors: Angelini E. , Marinaro C. , Carrozzo A. M. , Bianchi L. , Delogu A. , Giannelo G. , Nini G.
Published: April 2006

We describe the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) in the investigation of a case of allergic contact dermatitis of the lip margins caused by a lip liner. Patch testing identified sensitization to para‐teriiary‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR), a resin glue frequently used in leather work but rarely found in cosmetics. Investigation specified the para‐tertiary‐butylphenol (PTBP) component of the resin as the hapten responsible for the allergic contact dermatitis, as well as for associated depigmentation.
Contact dermatitis from beryllium in dental alloys
Authors: Haberman Abigail L. , Pratt Melanie , Storrs Frances J.
Published: April 2006

An increasing number of metals with the potential to cause allergic contact dermatitis have found their way into dental alloys for economic and practical reasons. 2 patients are reported who developed gingivitis adjacent to the Rexillium III alloy in their dental prostheses. Patch testing demonstrated positive reactions to beryllium sulfate, a component of the alloy. Components of dental alloys and the mechanism of the contact dermatitis are discussed.
Palladium in dental alloys – the dermatologists’responsibility to warn?
Authors: Aberer Werner , Holub Henriette , Strohal Robert , Slavicek Rudolf
Published: April 2006

Palladium is increasingly used in industry, but also in fine jewellery and in dentistry. Thus, palladium‐silver alloys comprise a substantial part of the noble metal ceramic alloy sales in Western countries. The increased use of this metal seems, however, to be paralleled by a rise in the number of reports of palladium allergy. Recently a European study reported a sensitization rate of 2.8%. In Austria, where palladium has started to displace amalgam in dental fillings because of concerns about mercury toxicity, and gold due to price factors, we have found a sensitization rate of 8.3% in unselected eczema patíents. Despíte the current lack of clear clinical relevance of this finding, these numbers should motivate us to question this substance as “the alloy of the future”.
Contact allergies to topical corticosteroids
Authors: Hisa Tomoyuki , Katoh Junko , Yoshioka Keiko , Taniguchi Shoji , Mochida Kazunobu , Nishimuka Tomohiro , Kanetomo Hitonari , Kono Takeshi , Hamada Toshio
Published: April 2006

The patient, a 34‐year‐old Japanese woman who noticed worsening of her rash after using topical corticosteroid preparations on her neck, was patch tested for both commercial preparations and corticosteroids themselves. The patch lest results revealed that she had a contact allergy to gold, oxytetracycline, and 2 types of corticosteroid (acetonides and esters) in 7 compounds (betamethasone valerate and dipropionate, hydrocortisone butyrate and hydrocortisone butyrate propionate, ameinonide, budesonide, and fluocinonide).
Allergic reactions to a hairdressers’series: results from 9 European centres
Authors: Frosch P. J. , Burrows D. , Camarasa J. G. , Dooms‐Goossens A. , Ducombs G. , Lahti A. , Menne T. , Rycroft R. J. G. , Shaw S. , White I. R. , Wilkinson J. D.
Published: April 2006

To obtain data on the frequency of sensitization among European hairdressers, the patch test results from 9 centres were evaluated. 8 allergens recommended by the ICDRG and EECDRG in the hairdressing series and PPD from the standard series were used to patch test 809 hairdressers and 104 clients suspected of contact sensitization. Among hairdressers, the mean frequencies of sensitization ranked as follows: GMT 19%, PPD 15%, APS 8%, PTD 8%, ONPPD 4%, and PADH 4%. In contrast to GMT in acid permanent waves, the frequency of sensitization to AMT in alkaline permanent waves was only 4%. Frequencies of sensitization to pyrogallol and resorcinol were 0.8% and 0.6%, respectively. The frequencies of sensitization showed marked regional variations, particularly that to GMT, which was highest in Germany (51%), followed by Spain (22%) and London (19%). Clients of hairdressers showed a similar rank order of sensitization frequency, with the exception of APS, which was completely negative in this (small) series.
Ectopic contact dermatitis from ethyl cyanoacrylate instant adhesives
Authors: Tomb Roland R. , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre , Durepaire Francois , Grosshans Edouard
Published: April 2006

Although allergic reactions to cyanoacrylate adhesives are extremely rare, they should not be considered impossible. We report a young hairdresser who developed an occupational allergic‐contact dermatitis to 2 “instant glues” used to attach false hair. The eczematous eruption involved the fingers and face slightly but mainly the eyelids. Patch test reactions were strongly positive to ethyl cyanoacrylate adhesives.
Effect of processing cement to concrete on hexavalent chromium levels
Authors: Turk Kelly , Rietscyhel Robert L.
Published: April 2006

Hexavalent chromium sensitization is known to occur from exposure to cement. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, rock, and water. Admixtures are compounds used to retard or accelerate concrete setting time. Some countries use ferrous sulfate to reduce hexavalent chromium in cement. We evaluated and compared hexavalent chromium levels in cement, rock (aggregate), and wet and dry concrete in samples from Singapore, Ireland, Denmark, Australia, and the United States. Cement from Denmark contains ferrous sulfate. The effect of representative admixtures on hexavalent chromium concentration in concrete was also evaluated, but technical limitations made evaluation difficult. Soluble chromium levels in cement ranged from 0.225 mg/kg in the US sample to 0.036 mg/kg in the Singapore sample. Aggregate chromium levels ranged from 0.083 mg/kg in the Denmark sample to <0.002 mg/kg in the Ireland sample. Fresh US concrete, with 1.27 mg/kg hexavalent chromium, contained the highest level. The Denmark sample, with ferrous sulfate added, was lowest (<0.01 mg/kg). Hardened concrete levels ranged from 0.104 mg/kg from the Ireland sample to 0.002 mg/kg from the Singapore sample. Therefore, hexavalenl chromium levels do appear to be influenced by admixtures and by processing from powdered cement to dry concrete, Ferrous sulfate significantly reduced hexavalent chromium levels in fresh cement.
Contact sensitivity and cross‐reactivity of budesonide
Authors: Noda Hiroko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Noda Takeshi , Abe Makoto , Ohtani Takao , Shimizu Yoshinori , Asahi Kunihiko , Iida Yoshiki , Takigmi Noriyasu , Masutani Mamour , Ueda Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

5 cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to budesonide are described. We studied the antigen determinant structures in these cases by applying patch tests with several substances related to budesonide. 2 cases showed cross‐reactions to both amcinonide and prednisolone acetate. The antigen determinant structure is also discussed.
Nickel sensitivity and the implantation of orthopaedic prostheses
Authors: Gawkrodger David J.
Published: April 2006

There is no evidence that nickel‐sensitive patients, when given a modern plastic‐to‐steel hip replacement, develop cutaneous reactions or loosening of their prostheses. However, eczema I occasionally seen with static metal prostheses and eruptions sometimes accompanied the use of the older types of joint prosthesis. Modern plastic‐to metal joint replacements rarely cause sensitization to the composite metals. In the rare instances when this has been detetcted by patch testing, the affected patients have not developed eczema or loosening of their prostheses.
Contact allergy to a fatty acid ester component of cutting fluids
Authors: Niklasson Bo , Björkner Bert , Sundberg Karin
Published: April 2006

6 patients employed in the metalworking industry developed a hand dermatitis after exposure to a vegetable‐oil‐based cutting fluid. After thorough investigation, including patch testing with components in the cutting fluid as well as an oil and cutting fluid series, contact allergy was demonstrated to a fatty acid ester EM‐550 in the cutting fluid.
Nickel sensitivity in atopics, psoriatics and healthy subjects
Authors: Fedler R. , Strömer K.
Published: April 2006

A prospective study of 552 persons was performed lo study nickel allergy in atopics, with and without dermatitis, psoriatics and healthy adults. We found no statistically‐significant difference in the frequency of nickel allergy between persons with atopic dermatitis, atopics without dermatitis and healthy controls. More females than men gave a history of metal intolerance and gave allergic patch test reactions. A poor correlation between history and patch lest reaction was not specific for atopics. Psoriatics had a significantly lower frequency of allergic patch test reactions lo nickel than healthy controls or atopics with and without dermatitis. Psoriatics should not be used as controls for atopics in studies of contact dermatitis.
Contact allergy to sunscreen chemicals in photosensitivity dermatitis/actinic reticuloid syndrome (PD/AR) and polymorphic light eruption (PLE)
Authors: Billsland D. , Ferguson J.
Published: April 2006

From 1989‐1991. 214 patients (45 PD/AR, 54 PLE, 115 controls) were patch tested to a sunscreen series containing 9 constituents. 16/214 (7.5%) patients reacted in one or more sunscreens, with allergy being significantly more common in PD/AR patients (10–45 versus 2/54 PLE and 4/115 contact dermatitis clinic controls). The benzophenone group of sunscreens (mexenone, oxybenzone) were the most frequent sensitizers, accounting for 8 of the 27 positive patch tests observed. Clinicians should consider contact allergy to sunscreens in PD/AR patients as an explanation for exposed‐site dermatitis episodes.
Efficacy of skin barrier creams
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Schulze‐Dirks Astried , Hoffmann Monika , Axthelm Inge
Published: April 2006

A popular “skin protector” consisting of an emulsion‐like foam of lipophilic and hydrophilic substances (Marly skin®) was evaluated in a previously described repetitive irritation guinea pig model, The product failed to inhibit the irritation due 10 sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene. In striking contrast to the recommended use, the irritant response of sodium hydroxide was aggravated, as demonstrated by significant differences for all test parameters (clinical score for erythema and scaling, transepidermal water loss, blood How volume). The results show that protection against chemical irritants may be quite specific and that some formulations may actually be harmful.
Quantitative structure‐activity relationships for skin sensitization potential of urushiol analogues
Authors: Roberts David W. , Benezra Claude
Published: April 2006

The relative alkylation index (RAI), a theoretically derived parameter intended to quantify the relative extent of carrier haptenation resulting from a given dose of a given sensitizer, has previously been successfully applied to the analysis of relative sensitization potential and dose‐response data for a variety of contact allergens which are directly electrophilic. Here the RAI concept is applied to analysis of data on compounds related to urushiol (i.e., 3‐substituted catechols), the naturally occurring mixture of allergens responsible for contact allergy to poison ivy and poison oak. These allergens are believed to act as pro‐electrophiles, being oxidized to electrophilic orthoquinones in vivo. It is found that the various types of urushiol derivatives fit the same sort of RAI‐sensitization relationships as expected theoretically and as found previously with direct acting electrophiles. There is evidence that in many cases, the test conditions were such that overload effects, whereby the degree of sensitization induced decreases with increasing carrier haptenation, applied. It is also concluded that the question as to the relative sensitization potencies of the naturally occurring urushiols remains open. The commonly held view that with these materials, sensitization potential increases with increasing unsaturation in the 3‐hydrocarbyl chain of the 3‐hydrocarbyl catechols, is based on evidence that is capable of alternative interpretation.
Sesquiterpene lactone contact sensitivity: clinical patterns of Compositae dermatitis and relationship to chronic actinic dermatitis
Authors: Ross J. S. , Du Peloux Menagé H. , Hawk J. L. M. , White I. R.
Published: April 2006

A mix of 3 sesquiterpene lactones (SL) (SL mix 0.1%) was evaluated over a 4‐year period, Of 7420 patients with eczema investigated by patch testing. 135 (68 male, 67 female) (1.8%) demonstrated positive reactions, 114 (84%) considered clinically relevant. Females outnumbered males until the age of 60, after which men were more commonly affected. The clinical patterns varied from patients presenting with generalized eczema (20%) or eczema of the hands and face (24%). to patients with hand (36%) or facial eczema (11%) alone. 48 patients were investigated for suspected photosensitivity and 29 (21 male, mean age 69 years, and 8 female, mean age 66 years) had abnormal cutaneous monochromatic irradiation tests. These results highlight the varied clinical presentation of SL contact dermatitis and its association with chronic actinic dermatitis. The SL mix proved reliable and safe, supporting its inclusion in the European standard series of contact allergens.
Efficacy of skin barrier creams
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Kurte Antonius , Pilz Beate
Published: April 2006

2 barrier creams (BC) were evaluated against the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) using a new human test model. In the repetitive irritation test (RIT) on human skin, the irritant SLS is applied to the ventral forearm of Healthy volunteers daily for 2 weeks. 1%, 5%, and 10% SLS is exposed to the skin for 30 min. using a glass cup 2.5 cm in diameter. The BC is applied 30 min before the irritant. Cutaneous irritation is assessed on a score for erythema (0 to 5+), and quantified by various biophysical techniques: transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by evaporimetry, skin blood flow volume (BFV) by laser‐Doppler velocimetry, and ‐skill colour bi colorimetry (La* value). 10 subjects were tested with SLS on one forearm without pretreatment (control) and with Taktosan Salbe as BC on the other forearm. A 2nd panel of 10 subjects was tested in the same way with SLS and Marly skin as BC. Taktosan Salbe was extremely effective in reducing the irritation by SLS: there were significant differences regarding all lest parameters for 10% SLS in the 2nd week. The most differentiating parameter was TEWL, revealing statistical differences as early as the 1st week for 10%. SLS and Taktosan Salbe, while the least differentiating sensitivity was found for La*. In contrast, there was no significant suppression of irritancy in any parameter with Marly skin, either in the 1st week or in the 2nd week with any concentration of SLS. The results show the differentiating potential of the model developed. Results obtained with the previously described animal model are confirmed‐ Noninvasive biophysical techniques, particularly TEWL measurements, might be extremely valuable in identifying new active ingredients of BC.
Exposure, skin protection and occupational skin diseases in the glass‐fibre‐reinforced plastics industry
Authors: Tarvainen Kyllikki , Jolanki Riitta , Forsman‐Grönholm Lisbeth , Estlander Tuula , Pfäffli Pirkko , Juntunen Juhani , Kanerva Lasse
Published: April 2006

A total of 100 workers, 86 from the glass‐fibre‐reinforced plastics (GRP) industry, 11 from polystyrene production and 3 from polyester resin coating manufacture, were examined for occupational skin hazards and for evaluation of skin protection. The workers had been exposed to many chemicals. Those working in the GRP industry had also been exposed to glass fibre and to dust produced by finishing work. 94% used protective gloves. 22 workers, all employed in the GRP industry, had contracted occupational skin disorders. 6 had allergic and 12 irritant contact dermatitis. 4 workers had an accidental injury caused by a peroxide catalyst, fire, hot air and Constant mechanical friction. Allergic dermatoses were due to natural rubber (latex) (4 cases) in protective gloves, phenol‐formaldehyde resin (1 case) and cobalt naphthenate (1 case). Irritant hand dermatoses (5 cases) were caused by the combined hazardous effect of unsaturated polyester or vinyl ester resins, organic solvents, glass fibre and dust from finishing work on the skin. Other cases of irritant dermatoses (7 cases) were due to the dust, promoted by mechanical Friction of clothes. Skin disorders in the GRP industry were common (26%) but the symptoms were mild and only 3 patients had been on sick leave because of occupational skin disease.
Allergic contact dermatitis from para‐tertiary‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin (PTBP‐F‐R) in Northern Ireland
Authors: Handley J. , Todd D. , Bingham A. , Corbett R. , Burrows D.
Published: April 2006

Over the past 5 years, 2270 patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested in our clinic to the European standard series of allergens. 7 patients (0.3%) showed a positive reaction (≥+) to PTBP‐F‐R. In 3 (42.9%) of these patients, the allergen was traced to adhesives but no allergen source was determined in the remainder (57.1%). On the basis of these findings, it is questionable whether PTBP‐F‐R alone should routinely be included in the European standard series.
Delayed hypersensitivity drug reactions diagnosed by patch testing
Authors: Marie Calkin Jacqueline , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Drug reactions area common problem in hospital inpatients and outpatients. Oral or parenteral drug challenges are valuable diagnostic aids, but time consuming. We review attempts to diagnose delayed hypersensitivity drug eruptions by patch testing. We review control data, and offer an operational definition that might make for greater acceptance of the rôle of diagnostic patch testing in this entity.
Patch test reactions to mite antigens: a GERDA* multicentre study
Authors: Castelain Michel , Birnbaum Joölle , Castelain Pierre‐Yves , Ducombs Georges , Grosshans Edouard , Jelen Gilbert , Lacroix Michel , Meynadier Janine , Mougeolle Jean‐Marie , Lachapelle Jean‐Marie , Oleffe Jacques , Pons Annick , Taieb Alain , Tennstedt Dominique , Vervloet Daniel
Published: April 2006

We performed patch tests with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) antigen from 2 different sources in 355 non‐randomly selected patients with atopic dermatitis(AD) and 398 subjects of a control group. The study demonstrated that contact sensitization to mites occurred in an appreciable% of AD cases(20.8%). Using commonly available assay products. The differences recorded between the 2 materials tested were related to the concentration of P1 antigen. Non‐atopic patients rarely showed positive reactions to Dp (0.75%), when strict criteria for readings were applied and if 2 readings were performed, Patients with positive patch tests did not necessarily show positive immediate skin tests. It would be useful to carry out tests systematically in atopic patients, even if it is not yet known what modern treatment would be best for the patient. Laboratories still do not provide standardized house dust mite preparations measuring and codifying their biological acitivity for use in patch of better test materials, in syringes with homogeneous dispersion and concentration.
Interaction of metals in nickel‐sensitive patients
Authors: Santucci B. , Cannistraci C. , Cristaudo A. , Picardo M.
Published: April 2006

Nickel (Ni) dermatitis is, thought to involve the formation of complexes between Ni ions and suitable proteins. 4 groups of 30 subjects who gave positive patch test responses to NiSO4 2.9% aq. were each retested to 1 of 4 different solutions containing equimolar (0.1 M) amounts of NiSO4 plus MgSO4. NiSO4 plus CuSO4, NiSO4plus ZnSO4. and NiSO4 plus Li2SO4, respectively. The results, evaluated at 2 days by visual scoring only, demonstrated that the 4 metals exerted a different influence on the nickel reactions, perhaps interfering with one or more factors affecting the formation of Ni++ complexes.
Dansyl chloride labelling of stratum corneum: its rapid extraction from skin can predict skin irritation due to surfactants and cleansing products
Authors: Paye Marc , Simion F. Anthony , Pierard Gerald E.
Published: April 2006

The irritation potential of surfactants and body cleansing products was determined by evaluating the removal of dansyl chloride from the skin. Dilute solutions (2% active ingredient, w/v) of surfactants and soap extract fluorescence from the skin within 30 min. This is probably a physicochemical effect as it is too rapid to be due to a modification of epidermal cell turnover rate. Such an extraction of the fluorescent dye occurs without any clinical sign of irritation. However, it may represent an early phase of skin irritation process, because it is related to the ranking of irritant products as determined by other assessment methods.
Glove‐related skin symptoms among operating theatre and dental care unit personnel
Authors: Wrangsiö Karin , Osterman Karin , van Hage‐Hamsten Marianne
Published: April 2006

233 employees in hospital and dental care participated in an interview investigation on glove‐related skin complaints. 37% (87/233) reported skin symptoms related to glove use. 2% (4/233) reported localized contact urticaria provoked by latex gloves, 10% (23/233) hand eczema and 24% (56/233) unclassifiable skin intolerance reactions from gloves. Another 2% (4/233) reported facial irritation from gloves. Glove‐related skin symptoms were thus reported by more than 1/3 of the personnel and the reported glove‐provoked contact urticaria constituted 5% (4/87) of the intolerance reactions.
Study of cumulative irritant contact dermatitis in man utilizing open application on subclinically irritated skin
Authors: Lee Cheol Heon , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

We evaluated the effect of subclinical irritation on the cutaneous reaction elicited by cumulative short‐term (30‐min) application of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and assigning visual scores. 11 healthy adult volunteers, free of skin disease and with no history of atopic dermatitis, were treated with SLS solution (1%, 2%, 5%, 7.5%). On a Monday, we applied 80 μl of 1% SLS solution and deionized water (control), using large aluminum chambers with filter paper discs, for 30 min. We measured TEWL values 2x before and after patch application of control and 1% SLS solution, and then applied 80 μl of SLS solution (2%. 5%. 7.5%) using filter paper discs. From Tuesday to Friday, we applied 80 μl of each solution, using filter paper discs, and measured TEWL before and after open application of test solutions. Compared with each corresponding group, TEWL values of SLS patch groups (S‐2.0, S‐5.0, S‐7.5) were higher than, those of water patch groups (W‐2.0, W‐5.0, W‐7.5), respectively. TEWL values of each groups increased stepwise and the final (hour 97) TEWL values were higher than those of baseline (hour 0) TEWL. The mean visual scores of the vehicle control were lower than those of other test groups, but there were no statistically significant differences in visual scores between each test group. These findings suggested that impaired skin barrier function, elicited by subclinical irritation from short‐duration contact with some irritants, might augment the cumulative irritant contact dermatitis caused by repeated open exposure to other surfactants. Relatively short‐term and minimal exposure, not in great excess of many daily surfactant exposures, produced cumulative irritation. TEWL measurements were more discriminating than visual grading.
Dermatitis from hexavalent chromate in the accelerator of an epoxy sealant (PR1422) used in the aircraft industry
Authors: Handley J. , Burrows D.
Published: April 2006

4 aircraft construction workers developed allergic contact dermatitis of the hands and forearms. The allergen was hexavalent chromate in the accelerating solution of an epoxy‐based sealant (PR1422). Although chromate dermatitis from an epoxy resin has been described, epoxy system accelerators are a hitherto unrecognized source of occupational chromate dermatitis.
Effect of surfactant mixtures on irritant contact dermatitis potential in man: sodium lauroyl glutamate and sodium lauryl sulphate
Authors: Lee Cheol Heon , Kawasaki Yoshiaki , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Our purpose was to ascertain the irritant contact dermatitis potential of sodium lauroyl glutamate (SLG) and to assess its possible anti‐irritating potential in a surfactant mixture on human skin, using visual scores and measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). 15 healthy adult volunteers free of skin disease and with no history of atopic dermatitis were treated with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) solution (1%, 0.75%, 0,50%, 0.25%), 1% SLG solution, and 1% surfactant mixture solutions, Ml (75/25), M2 (50/50), M3 (25/50) (SLG/SLS). We applied 100μl of solution using a polypropylene chamber for 24 h. Application sites for each solution were randomized to minimize anatomical bias. We measured baseline TEWL before test solution application. After removal of the patches, each site was visually graded and TEWL recorded with an evaporimeter daily for 4 days. The visual scores and TEWL values of 1% SLG solutions were lower than those of the other test solutions, except the vehicle control (deionized water). 1% surfactant mixture solutions showed lower visual scores and TEWL values than 1% SLS solution. Increase of SLG concentration decreased the visual scores and TEWL values. Comparing the visual scores and TEWL values of Ml and 0.25% SLS solution, M2 and 0.50% SLS solution, and M3 and 0.75% SLS solution. Ml, M2, and M3 showed lower values, although not statistically different. These findings suggest that SLG is a mild surfactant and its utilization can decrease irritation potential in SLS and possibly other mixtures. This model may offer a facile system for screening the surfactant and other mixtures for decreased irritancy potential.
Dermatitis in hairdressers
Authors: Walle Henk B. van der , Brunsveld Vida M.
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis among hairdressers is common. In The Netherlands, registered sick leave for hand dermatitis among hairdressers rose from 21,050 days in 1986 to 54,293 in 1991. In a survey among 45 hairdressers in 5 different salons, 12 had a history of hand dermatitis and 16 showed moderate to severe hand dermatitis. After extensive investigations, 13 were classified as having allergic contact dermatitis and 3 cumulative irritant contact dermatitis, fn the past 4 years, 103 hairdressers were extensively patch tested and glyceryl thioglycolate (GTG), ammonium persulfate and nickel sulfate were responsible for the majority of positive reactions. Hair dyes and preservatives were responsible for a moderate % of the positive reactions. Positive reactions were also found to cocamidopropyl betaine and sodium coco hydrolyzed animal protein. These 2 allergens show a rather capricious patch test reaction pattern and irritant reactions may easily be confused with allergic. The relevance of positive patch test reactions to these chemicals should always be questioned. Atopy was not a frequent cause of hand dermatitis in this study. Chemicals with a thiol group can be demonstrated with a chemical spot test. With this test, contamination of the hairdressing salon with thioglycolates was demonstrated. It is emphasized that contamination of hairdressing salons with GTG is probably a significant factor in explaining the severe flare‐ups in GTG‐sensitized hairdressers who no longer use GTG permanent‐waving solutions.
Optimization of the mouse ear swelling test for in vivo and in vitro studies of weak contact sensitizers*
Authors: Garrigue Jean‐Luc , Nicolas Jean‐François , Fraginals Rossana , Benezra Claude , Bour Helene , Schmitt Daniel
Published: April 2006

Murine models for the assessment of the contact sensitizing properties of chemicals rely on mouse ear swelling tests (Mest), which are not sensitive enough to detect weak sensitizers. The aim of the present study was to develop in mice an adjuvant‐free Mest appropriate for in vivo detection of any type of sensitizer (weak to strong), and useful for in vitro assessment of contact sensitivity (CS). 3 haptens were tested: dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), para‐phenylenediamine (pPD) and isoeugenol. We compared various protocols for induction of the CS reaction, differing by the site of induction, the number of applications and the concentrations of the 3 haptens. Comparison of the induction site for optimal CS reaction showed that, in Balb/c mice, the back was a better site of induction than the abdomen. Detection of the sensitizing properties of weak sensitizers (pPD, isoeugenol) was possible using an adjuvant‐free protocol, provided that the induction phase comprised hapten applications on 3 consecutive days on the backs of animals. For DNCB, one application was sufficient to obtain optimal CS reaction. For all 3 haptens, a secondary response in vitro was obtained using semi‐purified lymph node T cells from animals sensitized 5 days before with the optimized Mest. These results demonstrate that the Mest could be a useful experimental model for the study of all types of contact sensitizers.
The effect of repeated open exposure to low levels of nickel on compromised hand skin of nickel‐allergic subjects
Authors: Allenby C. F. , Basketter D. A.
Published: April 2006

Nickel is a very common contact allergen, with some reports showing that more than 10% of women are affected. It is therefore important to be able to assess the risk of elicitation of nickel dermatitis in such individuals, particularly in relation to repeated exposure to low levels of this metal. It has been shown previously that under the conditions of a 48‐h occluded patch test, some subjects will react to as little as 0.5 ppm nickel on compromised skin. In the present study, the effect of repeated open nickel application combined with repeated treatment with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate has been evaluated on the hand skin of 4 nickel‐allergic subjects. Despite 2 of these being known to be particularly sensitive, there was no evidence of a nickel‐allergic reaction following 2 × daily immersion of hand skin sites in up to 1 ppm nickel over a period of 23 days.
Comparison of irritant potential of shampoos using cultured human epidermal keratinocytes model and patch test reaction measured by laser Doppler flowmetry
Authors: Eun Hee Chul , Jung Seung Yong
Published: April 2006

The keratinocyte culture model has previously been used as an in vitro method for testing skin irritating potential of common skin irritants. However, solubility limits its use for finished products. Shampoo is very soluble in water which should make it an ideal product category for the cell culture model. To determine the skin irritant potential of several commercial shampoos, we employed cultured human keratinocytes as an in vitro model. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test (MTT) and lactic dehydrogenase release (LDH) test were used to document cell toxicity. 7 volunteers were patch tested and their reactions evaluated using laser Doppler flowmetry and compared with the in vitro data. MTT and LDH have a good negative correlation with each other. Patch test reaction, especially at high concentrations, correlates relatively well with the in vitro test, especially with shampoos of strong and weak irritancy. However, the rank order of the shampoos of moderate toxicity was not the same as in the in vitro data. This suggests that the cell culture technique cannot directly replace in vivo methods, and that data obtained by the cell culture method should be interpreted carefully.
Combined allergy to human seminal plasma and latex: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kint B. , Degreef H. , Dooms‐Goossens An
Published: April 2006

The case is reported of a young atopic woman with combined Type I and possible Type IV allergy to human seminal plasma, as well as Type‐I allergy to latex. Clinical symptoms were swelling and a burning sensation on the vulva and in the vulvovaginal area during or after coitus, followed by vesiculation, lichenification and the development of generalized eczema. Diagnosis was confirmed by investigation (RAST, prick testing, histology). Literature on the subject is reviewed.
Concomitant sensitization to triglycidyl isocyanurate, diaminodiphenylmethane and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate from silk‐screen printing coatings in the manufacture of circuit boards
Authors: Jolanki Riitta , Kanerva Lasse , Estlander Tuula , Tarvainen Kyllikki
Published: April 2006

A 48‐year‐old female silk‐screen printer had worked in the manufacture of circuit boards for 12 years before she got the first symptoms of dermatitis on her wrists and lower arms. On the 1st patch test session, epoxy resin and the remainder of the standard series were negative, while a plastics and glues series gave an allergic reaction to 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The 2nd test session revealed allergic reactions to several acrylics, several epoxy compounds and 3 ink components. According to the material safety data sheets, 1 ink hardener contained DDM, but the causative agent in 1 ink and 1 ink hardener remained uncertain. The manufacturers of the 2 inks kindly provided us with their components for further patch tests. 2 of these components gave allergic reactions: triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA). Our case report shows that the manufacture of circuit boards involves exposure to highly sensitizing chemicals. DDM, TGIC and 2‐HEMA should be remembered as silk‐screen printers' potential contact sensitizers in the manufacture of circuit boards.
Identification of causative chemicals of allergic contact dermatitis using a combination of patch testing in patients and chemical analysis
Authors: Kaniwa Masa‐Aki , Isama Kazuo , Nakamura Akitada , Kantoh Hiromi , Itoh Masatoshi , Ichikawa Motoko , Hayakawa Ritsuko
Published: April 2006

3 cases of allergic contact dermatitis from industrial rubber products were investigated using a combination of patch testing in patients and chemical analysis of causative rubber products by gas chromatography (GC), GC‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our studies revealed N‐isopropyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (IPPD), a typical rubber allergen, as a causative chemical in a case from a brand of heavy‐duty rubber gloves and a case from a black rubber ring for car manufacture, and zinc ethylphenyldithiocarbamate (ZEPC), a dithiocarbamate (DTC)‐type accelerator, as a causative chemical in a case from a brand of rubber work gloves: both IPPD and ZEPC, which showed positive patch test reactions, were confirmed in the extracts of the causative rubber products by GC, GC‐MS and/or HPLC.
A new protocol and criteria for quantitative determination of sensitization potencies of chemicals by guinea pig maximization test
Authors: Nakamura Akitada , Momma Junko , Sekiguchi Hiromi , Noda Tsutomu , Yamano Tetsuo , Kaniwa Masa‐aki , Kojima Shigeo , Tsuda Mitsuhiro , Kurokawa Yuji
Published: April 2006

This paper presents precise sensitization test data of 15 chemicals with a wide spectrum of sensitization potencies, and proposes a new protocol and criteria for quantitative evaluation of sensitization potencies of chemicals. The tests were performed according to the design of Magnus‐son and Kligman, changing the application concentrations for induction as well as for challenge phases. 3‐dimensional relationships between mean response (or sensitization rate), induction and challenge concentrations were found in all chemicals tested. The following 2 values are proposed as a quantitative measure of sensitization potency: (a) the minimum induction concentration that induces a positive response; (b) the challenge concentration that induces a mean response approximately equal to 1.0 among the animals applied with the highest concentration for induction. Both values coincided with each other within the range of 1 order of magnitude in every compound except 2. The values varied by 5 orders or more of magnitude among the compounds, showing a wide variation of sensitization potencies among chemicals. A good correlation was found for every chemical between the value of sensitization potency thus obtained and the residual levels in causative products in human cases of allergic contact dermatitis. A new experimental protocol for obtaining values (a) and (b) is proposed.
Gold dermatitis due to ear piercing: correlations between gold and mercury hypersensitivities
Authors: Osawa Junko , Kitamura Kazuko , Ikezawa Zenro , Hariya Takeshi , Nakajima Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

A case of allergic contact dermatitis due to gold pierced earrings is reported. The patient developed recurring redness and swelling on her earlobes a month after the wearing of pierced‐type gold earrings, which was followed by the appearance of reddish nodules around the puncture marks. Patch tests revealed positive reactions to 0.1% mercuric chloride, 1% gold sodium thiomalate and 0,2% chloroauric acid. We also demonstrated that guinea pigs contact‐sensitized with a mercuric compound developed positive patch test reactions to both mercuric and gold compounds. These results suggest that there may be correlations between gold and mercury hypersensitivities.
Site variations in patch test responses on the back
Authors: Strien G. A. van , Korstanje M. J.
Published: April 2006

To establish the existence of intra‐regional variations in response to allergens on the back, we performed patch tests in 21 patients at 2 different sites on the back. Visual readings using the numerical scale established by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group were carried out 2 days after application of the allergen. After each visual reading, the skin blood flow at the test sites was quantified by laser Doppler flowmetry. The results of laser Doppler flowmetry showed a highly significant difference between the upper and lower back. It is therefore necessary that in quantitative and comparative investigations, symmetrical sites, i.e., left versus right sides of the body, should be studied.
Erythema‐multiforme‐like, urticarial papular and plaque eruptions from bufexamac: report of 4 cases
Authors: Koch P. , Bahmer F. A.
Published: April 2006

4 patients developed an erythema‐multiforme‐like reaction following acute contact dermatitis from 2 different bufexamac‐containing topical preparations. Histologically, the lesions did not show changes that were typical of erythema multiforme. Patch testing gave positive reactions to bufexamac at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days. The histological picture of 2 positive test reactions was suggestive of a drug reaction in the 1st, and of an acute eczematous reaction in the 2nd, case. A systemic allergic reaction with spread of lesions could have been involved, following percutaneous absorption of the allergen.
Contact allergy to 2‐hydroxy‐5‐tert‐butyl benzylalcohol and 2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐tert‐butylphenol, components of a phenolic resin used in marking pens
Authors: Hagdrup H. , Egsgaard H. , Carlsen L. , Andersen K. E.
Published: April 2006

2‐hydroxy‐5‐tert‐butyl benzylalcohol and 2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐tert‐butylphenol were identified as contact allergens in a phenolic resin used as a tackifier in the ink of a marking pen, which, after being used directly on the skin, caused an acute contact dermatitis on the hand of a 13‐year‐old boy. The patient also reacted to 4‐tert‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin (BPF resin) 1% pet, included in the European standard series.
Efficacies of a barrier cream and an afterwork emollient cream against cutting fluid dermatitis in metalworkers: a prospective study
Authors: Goh C. L. , Gan S. L.
Published: April 2006

We compared the point prevalence of cutting fluid dermatitis and transepidermal water vapour loss (TEWL) changes in groups of new machinists who (a) used a barrier cream; (b) used an afterwork emollient cream; and (c) did not use any cream (controls) over a 6‐month period. All machinists handled cutting fluid (neat mineral oil) during their work. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of cutting fluid dermatitis in the 3 groups throughout the study period. The prevalence of cutting fluid dermatitis in all groups increased rapidly during the first 6 weeks and thereafter remained steady throughout the remainder of the study period. The prevalence of cutting fluid dermatitis was slightly lower in machinists using afterwork emollient cream compared to those using barrier cream and controls (not significant). The differences in the mean TEWL changes during the study period among the 3 groups were also not statistically significant. The mean TEWL values in the 3 groups increased rapidly during the first 6 weeks of exposure to cutting fluids and thereafter remained fairly constant throughout the remainder of the study period. Barrier cream and afterwork emollient cream did not appear to have any significant effect against either cutting fluid dermatitis or TEWL changes in machinists exposed to cutting fluid. However, afterwork emollient cream appeared clinically to help reduce the prevalence of cutting fluid irritation.
All these positive tests to thimerosal
Authors: Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

By and large, positive patch tests with thimerosal lack clinical relevance and should cause concern neither to the dermatologist nor to the patient. The substance should be retained in standard test series for scientific purposes, but on clinical grounds its inclusion does not seem to be indicated. Nevertheless, the phenomenon is intriguing in its own right.
Mercury exanthem
Authors: Vena Gino A. , Foti Caterina , Grandolfo Mauro , Angelini Gianni
Published: April 2006

We have observed 9 male patients with a generalized rash following the topical use of an over‐the‐counter antiparasitic powder (MOM®), containing ammoniated (11.2 g%) and metallic (4,2 g%) mercury, to treat phthiriasis (lice infestation). Primary and intensely erythemato‐exudative lesions of the pubic region and genitals were associated with inverted erythema of the upper inner thighs and, in severe cases, involvement of the face, neck, trunk and major flexures. Eruptions included exanthematic, papulo‐vesicular, purpuric and erythema‐multiforme‐like clinical pictures. 7 of the 9 cases presented with genera] malaise and pyrexia. A positive patch test reaction to ammoniated mercury was observed in all cases. There are probably 3 routes of powder exposure behind this type of rash: (i) direct skin contact; (ii) airborne skin contact; (iii) inhalation.
The irritant effect of different metalworking fluids
Authors: Hüner A. , Fartasch M. , Hornstein O. P. , Diepgen T. L.
Published: April 2006

The irritant effect of different water‐based cutting fluids (CFs) on the skin was investigated in healthy subjects (n= 10) using 2 non‐invasive bioengineering methods. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured by an evaporimeter EP1 (Servo Med), skin blood flow (SBF) was recorded with a laser Doppler flowmeter (MBF 3D, Moor Instruments England). Additionally all test sites were evaluated by visual scoring before measurement. 3 cutting fluids A, B and C from different manufacturers were tested at use concentrations of 4% or 5%. Single 24‐h patch tests and repeated patch tests were performed on the volar side of the right forearm. Measurements were carried out before and after exposure to assess basal values and the skin response to CF. Tests with CFs A and C resulted in significant increase in TEWL after 24 h and after cumulative treatment, compared with controls (p < 0.01). The TEWL values for CF B did not differ from the water probe. An increase in SBF was found only for CFs A and C after cumulative patch testing (p < 0.01). In spite of their similar alkalinity, the 3 CFs showed different irritant skin reactions, due to their chemical components. This was verified particularly by measurement of TEWL.
Nickel release from nickel‐plated metals and stainless steels
Authors: Haudrech P. , Foussereau J. , Mantout B. , Baroux B.
Published: April 2006

Nickel release from nickel‐plated metals often induces allergic contact dermatitis, but, for nickel‐containing stainless steels, the effect is not well‐known. In this paper, AISI 304, 316L, 303 and 430 type stainless steels, nickel and nickel‐plated materials were investigated. 4 tests were performed: patch tests, leaching experiments, dimethylglyoxime (DMG) spot tests and electrochemical tests. Patch tests showed that 96% of the patients were intolerant to Ni‐plated samples, and 14% to a high‐sulfur stainless steel (303), while nickel‐containing stainless steels with a low sulfur content elicited no reactions. Leaching experiments confirmed the patch tests: in acidic artificial sweat, Ni‐plated samples released about 100 mUg/cm2/week of nickel, while low‐sulfur stainless steels released less than 0.03 μg/cm2/week of nickel, and AISI 303 about 1.5 μg/cm2/week. Attention is drawn to the irrelevance of the DMG spot test, which reveals Ni present in the metal bulk but not its dissolution rate. Electrochemical experiments showed that 304 and 316 grades remain passive in the environments tested, while Ni‐plated steels and AISI 303 can suffer significant cation dissolution. Thus, Ni‐containing 304 and 316 steels should not induce contact dermatitis, while 303 should be avoided. A reliable nitric acid spot test is proposed to distinguish this grade from other stainless steels.