bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Drilling Performance by Applying the China Geosteering Drilling System in Heterogeneous Reservoir Sands: A Case From Songliao Basin, Northeast China
Authors: Gao Wenkai , Zhang Chengguang , Gao Xuesheng , Lin Yushui , Sheng Limin , Dou Xiurong , Jia Hengtian , Yan Guoxing
Published: September 2015

Directional wells and cluster wells have become a conventional drilling technique now, which is widely used in various types of oil and gas reservoirs. Each year, more than half of the total drilling are directional wells in China. The main work is not to aim the target area, but to track the reservoirs now. Geosteering drilling is an important technical approach to improve single-well production and recovery ratio, to achieve the “less wells more production” idea.

China Geosteering Drilling System (CGDS), integrated the technology of drilling with logging and reservoir engineering, applies the near-bit geological and engineering parameters as well as controlling method to ensure that the wellhole trajectory can pass through reservoir and get best location while drilling. The wellhole trajectory can be adjusted and controlled timely according to the formation features measured by CGDS. The drilling bit is equipped with “eyes”, which can identify oil/gas layer during drilling.

Since 2011, we have provided CGDS geosteering services in 29 horizontal wells in Songliao Basin. The total footage reached 18255m, and the longest footage in horizontal section was 1325m in single well, while the average sand penetration rate is above 85%. Comparing with the horizontal wells operated by conventional LWD tools in the same block, the results of the field application shows that the CGDS geosteering system can significantly improve sand penetration rate and substantially reduce the drilling duration.

On the basis of introduction to the system, this paper focuses on comparative analysis of significant application effect of CGDS geosteering system for the heterogeneous reservoir in Putaohua Area of Songliao Basin, as well as the lessons learned. Helpful case histories will also be presented.
Safety Critical Tasks: Identification of Human Error to Control Risks from Major Accident Hazards
Authors: Petrie George , Rosbrook Ann
Published: September 2015

Although the importance of human failures in causing accidents is well known in the Oil & Gas industry, historically the focus in safety cases or site safety reports has been less on human failures than on technical failures in major accident hazards (MAH).

In order to address this disparity the Company has developed a process to manage the risk of human error across their assets. This is primarily for mature tasks and activities that is things that are currently done and have been for some time, as well as new tasks and activities from projects and modifications. This involves developing a robust process to select specific activities where Major Accident Hazard (MAH) scenarios had been identified from the various safety studies. Progress at first has been slow but by developing sound foundations the company has started to show significant benefits in managing human failures that may lead to MAH scenarios.

This paper describes and details how this process has gained momentum by the Company providing dedicated resources to support the assessment process and to facilitate updates to site procedures. This work involves both operators and maintenance technicians in the analysis and site walk- and-talk through of the task. The process has identified safety related risks that were not previously recognised and significant environmental risks, operational risks (equipment damage, process upsets) and potential downtime of plant. A key benefit of employee involvement is that employees are actively involved in human error analysis in their day-to-day activities and recognise where human error is critical as well as the true value of maintaining key recovery systems Key learning points and case studies are described in order that they can be used by other organisations to assist in any application of the process.

This process is very much work in progress. However, foundations have been developed to ensure lessons are learned and to ensure a standard approach to using a human factors approach to manageging MAH across the organisation.
Application Of Distributed Horizontal Drill Stem Pulse Tests To The Appraisal Of Naturally Fractured Resource In The Devonian Clair Group
Authors: Costaschuk J. , Robertson A. , von Schroeter T. , Sweeney K. , Waili I. , Pieterson R.
Published: September 2015

This paper describes the first known offshore application of distributed horizontal pulse testing. This technique appraises the deliverability of naturally fractured resource, using only a single penetration and Drill Stem Test (DST) string run. Central to the design is the ability to collect near real-time interference data at a known minimum length from a drawdown interval. The pulse test is distributed in that the signal and observation zones can be swapped on demand from surface, acoustically via sleeve. BP successfully applied this technique to two appraisal wells in their 2014 offshore drilling operations.

The dual zone DST pulse testing method is a new approach to the appraisal of naturally fractured reservoirs. It was developed to create a real-time interference dataset outwith the active production interval, i.e. within a passive zone. The formation is produced (and rate data are measured) in two spatial locations and across two known length-scales (by swapping the active and passive zones prior to commingling). Pressure diffusivity can thus be calibrated to data measured in two spatial locations of the same reservoir, and not just one, as per a conventional test design, i.e. enabling a history match of the pressure response of two lateral zones from a pulse signal in one. The horizontal aspect is achieved via high-angle well, drilled sub-parallel to unit bedding (Figure 1).

With the double staging approach (upper and lower zones), which has been developed for fractured reservoir appraisal studies, three tests were successfully performed in each appraisal well: two partial penetration tests on discrete short intervals (DST#1a, DST#1b), and one final test on a longer interval that included both of the short intervals (DST#1c). Results of this application have demonstrated that pressure diffusivity can be derived from pressure data that are measured simultaneously in two spatial locations, within and outwith an active production interval. This has proved particularly useful for reducing the degrees of freedom in reservoir model identification. The paper concludes that appraisal of naturally fractured reservoir might be sub-optimal in a DST design where drawdown and observation data are limited to a singular inflow zone only.

This is the first known application in the industry where one DST run has successfully yielded six unique appraisal data types, gathered simultaneously at both intra/inter zone and commingled length-scales. These data are conventionally not gathered in a single zone design, i.e. without the ability to selectively inflow and monitor pressure in each discrete lateral zone. Consequently this technique has significantly improved the description of both static and dynamic reservoir properties and reduced development uncertainty, all at a relatively low incremental cost.
Novel Interpretation of Downhole Monitoring Data for Horizontal Wells Equipped with Intelligent Completions
Authors: Liu Guangwei , Jiang Hanqiao , Shi Shuaishuai , Li Junjian , Ding Shuaiwei , Fang Wenchao
Published: September 2015

Horizontal well is an important technology to enhance oil recovery for both old oilfield and new oilfield. Horizontal well have four characteristics: large drainable area; small producing pressure drop; high fluid productivity index and long water free production period (Joshi S. D. 1991) compared with vertical well. The contact pattern between horizontal section and the layer is line contact, and the pressure drop around the horizontal section is a linear distribution. The pressure drop near the bottom of the horizontal well will be far less than that of the vertical well if the same fluid is produced. Therefore, horizontal well can inhibit bottom water coning more effectively. The critical production of horizontal well is greater than that of vertical well for bottom water reservoir(Chaperon 1986, Papatzacos P. et al. 1991). But horizontal well may form water cresting. The reserves controlled by the horizontal section and volume swept by the bottom water is far larger than that of the vertical well, so it can increase the cumulative water free production. Therefore, comparing with vertical well, horizontal well can prolong water breakthrough time and improve the ultimate recovery (Permadi P et al. 1995, Wibowo W et al. 2004), which is one of the reasons for horizontal well technology used in bottom water reservoir widely at home and abroad. But with the oilfield development, horizontal well has also exposed some questions gradually. Vertical well has a long water cut production period, but water cut of the horizontal well increase dramatically after water breakthrough, which affected horizontal well development seriously (Souza A L S. 1997).
Internal Governance and Real Earnings Management
Authors: Cheng Qiang , Lee Jimmy , Shevlin Terry
Published: September 2015

We examine whether internal governance affects the extent of real earnings management in U.S. corporations. Internal governance refers to the process through which key subordinate executives provide checks and balances in the organization and affect corporate decisions. Using the number of years to retirement to capture key subordinate executives' horizon incentives and using their compensation relative to CEO compensation to capture their influence within the firm, we find that the extent of real earnings management decreases with key subordinate executives' horizon and influence. The results are robust to alternative measures of internal governance and to various approaches used to address potential endogeneity, including a difference-in-differences approach. In cross-sectional analyses, we find that the effect of internal governance is stronger for firms with more complex operations where key subordinate executives' contribution is higher, is enhanced when CEOs are less powerful, is weaker when the capital markets benefit of meeting or beating earnings benchmarks is higher, and is stronger in the post-SOX period. This paper contributes to the literature by examining how internal governance affects the extent of real earnings management and by shedding light on how the members of the management team work together in shaping financial reporting quality.

JEL Classifications: G32; M40.
Transfer accuracy of vinyl polysiloxane trays for indirect bonding
Authors: Grünheid Thorsten , Lee Michael S. , Larson Brent E.
Published: September 2015

Objective: 

To elicit the magnitude, directional bias, and frequency of bracket positioning errors caused by the transfer of brackets from a dental cast to the patient’s dentition in a clinical setting.

Materials and Methods: 

A total of 136 brackets were evaluated. The brackets were placed on dental casts and scanned using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to capture 3-D positioning data. The brackets were then transferred to the patient’s dentition with an indirect bonding method using vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) trays and later scanned using CBCT to capture the final bracket positioning on the teeth. Virtual models were constructed from the two sets of scan data and digitally superimposed utilizing best-fit, surface-based registration. Individual bracket positioning differences were quantified using customized software. One-tailed t tests were used to determine whether bracket positioning was within limits of 0.5 mm in the mesiodistal, buccolingual, and vertical dimensions, and 2° for torque, tip, and rotation.

Results: 

Individual bracket positioning differences were not statistically significant, indicating, in general, final bracket positions within the selected limits. Transfer accuracy was lowest for torque (80.15%) and highest for mesiodistal and buccolingual bracket placement (both 98.53%). There was a modest directional bias toward the buccal and gingival.

Conclusion: 

Indirect bonding using VPS trays transfers the planned bracket position from the dental cast to the patient’s dentition with generally high positional accuracy.
Organisers of the 19th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop
Authors: Editor The
Published: September 2015

Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.2(4) Special Issue 2004 p.75
Debris flow disaster in Larcha, upper Bhotekoshi Valley, central Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Danda P , Koshimizu Satoshi
Published: September 2015

Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.2(4) Special Issue 2004 pp.89-90
All things spectral
Authors: Cielemęcka Olga
Published: September 2015

The question of the human and the nonhuman, how they are produced and inscribed on bodies, has been the subject to a burgeoning amount of research. In this paper I'd like to offer an analysis of what seems to constitute a gap in our theories of the nonhuman, that is the question of dead – radically inert, mute and vulnerable – bodies. By reference to a Greek word sema, which denominated both a ‘tomb’, a ‘sign’ and a ‘trace’, I would like to investigate the three-fold context in which the dead bodies are enmeshed: the material, the discursive and the spectral one. Drawing on the concept of the ‘remnant’ (G. Agamben) and the ‘spectre’ (J. Derrida) I will pose a question regarding the ways in which dead bodies are included in power relations, powers of visibility and normalisation, and how they may challenge them. Finally, I will offer a project of ‘materialistic hauntology’, an ethical stand towards bodies that are in course of dematerialising, but that still matter.
Small Incision Lenticule Extraction After Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Authors: Mastropasqua Leonardo , Calienno Roberta , Lanzini Manuela , Nubile Mario
Published: September 2015

PURPOSE:

Femtosecond laser-assisted small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) was performed to correct myopic astigmatism in a 39-year-old patient who had previously undergone deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for keratoconus, with clinically significant anisometropia and contact lens intolerance.

METHODS:

Case report.

RESULTS:

SMILE was planned in the right eye to reduce the refractive error and to allow spectacle correction. The surgical procedure was centered on the visual axis, a 5.20-mm optical zone was used, and the refractive lenticule was extracted through a 3.25-mm incision located inside the graft edge. The refractive target was achieved 1 week after surgery and remained stable until the 3-month follow-up visit, while the corrected distance visual acuity improved from 20/100 to 20/40. Complications were not observed and the graft remained clear. In vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography highlighted a regular wound healing and refractive interface profile.

CONCLUSIONS:

This case report highlights the feasibility of using SMILE as an alternative procedure for correcting refractive errors after keratoplasty, but further prospective studies are needed to prove the long-term refractive outcomes and safety of this technique.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015:31(9):634–637.]
Relation between DNA damage measured by comet assay and OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism in antineoplastic drugs biomonitoring
Authors: Ladeira Carina , Viegas Susana , Pádua Mário , Carolino Elisabete , Gomes Manuel C. , Brito Miguel
Published: September 2015

Antineoplastic drugs are hazardous chemical agents used mostly in the treatment of patients with cancer, however health professionals that handle and administer these drugs can become exposed and develop DNA damage. Comet assay is a standard method for assessing DNA damage in human biomonitoring and, combined with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) enzyme, it specifically detects DNA oxidative damage.

The aim of this study was to investigate genotoxic effects in workers occupationally exposed to cytostatics (n = 46), as compared to a control group with no exposure (n = 46) at two Portuguese hospitals, by means of the alkaline comet assay. The potential of the OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism as a susceptibility biomarker was also investigated. Exposure was evaluated by investigating the contamination of surfaces and genotoxic assessment was done by alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes. OGG1 Ser326Cys (rs1052133) polymorphism was studied by Real Time PCR.

As for exposure assessment, there were 121 (37%) positive samples out of a total of 327 samples analysed from both hospitals. No statistically significant differences (Mann-Whitney test, p > 0.05) were found between subjects with and without exposure, regarding DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage, nevertheless the exposed group exhibited higher values. Moreover, there was no consistent trend regarding the variation of both biomarkers as assessed by comet assay with OGG1 polymorphism.

Our study was not statistically significant regarding occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and genetic damage assessed by comet assay. However, health professionals should be monitored for risk behaviour, in order to ensure that safety measures are applied and protection devices are used correctly.
Reactivation of Neutralized HIV-1 by Dendritic Cells Is Dependent on the Epitope Bound by the Antibody
Authors: van Montfort Thijs , Thomas Adri A. M. , Krawczyk Przemek M. , Berkhout Ben , Sanders Rogier W. , Paxton William A.
Published: September 2015

Ab-neutralized HIV-1 can be captured by dendritic cells (DCs), which subsequently transfer infectious HIV-1 to susceptible CD4+ T cells. In this study, we examined the capacity of early Abs, as well as recently identified broadly neutralizing Abs (bNAbs) targeting different envelope glycoprotein (Env) epitopes, to block HIV-1 transmission by immature and mature DCs to HIV-1–sensitive cells. Three bNAbs directed against the gp41 membrane proximal region of Env (2F5, 4E10, and 10E8) and three gp120 bNAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (b12, VRC01, and NIH45-46) were examined. In addition, eight glycan-dependent bNAbs targeting the V1V2 apex (PG9, PG16, and PGT145), the V3 loop (2G12, PGT121, and PGT128), and the gp120–gp41 interface of Env (PGT151 and 35O22) were tested. bNAbs that bound specific glycans showed, depending on the immature or mature state of the DC, diverse efficiencies in HIV-1 trans-infection. All bNAbs that bound the CD4 binding site blocked trans-infection, whereas all bNAbs directed against the membrane proximal region lost neutralizing activity after DC-mediated HIV-1 transmission. To understand how preneutralized HIV-1 can be transferred as infectious virus by DCs, we followed the processing of 2F5-treated HIV-1 by DCs with confocal microscopy. Inhibition of DC-internalization pathways could not reverse the dissociation of 2F5 from HIV-1, suggesting that Ab dissociation occurs directly at the plasma membrane. Collectively, these findings imply that the location of the epitope and the neutralization capacity of these Abs determine the efficiency of DC-mediated HIV-1 transfer.
IFN-γ Prevents Adenosine Receptor (A2bR) Upregulation To Sustain the Macrophage Activation Response
Authors: Cohen Heather B. , Ward Amanda , Hamidzadeh Kajal , Ravid Katya , Mosser David M.
Published: September 2015

The priming of macrophages with IFN-γ prior to TLR stimulation results in enhanced and prolonged inflammatory cytokine production. In this study, we demonstrate that, following TLR stimulation, macrophages upregulate the adenosine 2b receptor (A2bR) to enhance their sensitivity to immunosuppressive extracellular adenosine. This upregulation of A2bR leads to the induction of macrophages with an immunoregulatory phenotype and the downregulation of inflammation. IFN-γ priming of macrophages selectively prevents the induction of the A2bR in macrophages to mitigate sensitivity to adenosine and to prevent this regulatory transition. IFN-γ–mediated A2bR blockade leads to a prolonged production of TNF-α and IL-12 in response to TLR ligation. The pharmacologic inhibition or the genetic deletion of the A2bR results in a hyperinflammatory response to TLR ligation, similar to IFN-γ treatment of macrophages. Conversely, the overexpression of A2bR on macrophages blunts the IFN-γ effects and promotes the development of immunoregulatory macrophages. Thus, we propose a novel mechanism whereby IFN-γ contributes to host defense by desensitizing macrophages to the immunoregulatory effects of adenosine. This mechanism overcomes the transient nature of TLR activation, and prolongs the antimicrobial state of the classically activated macrophage. This study may offer promising new targets to improve the clinical outcome of inflammatory diseases in which macrophage activation is dysregulated.
Intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Bithal Parmod
Published: September 2015

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring has achieved importance due to complexity of cranio-spinal surgical procedures being performed frequently these days. Many studies have proven a decreased neurological complication rate after its introduction. It is broadly of two types: Sensory evoked potentials and motor evoked potentials which are further sub-divided. Its use during surgery requires a controlled anaesthesia technique with no or minimal influence on its recording. Its success depends upon three way communication among the surgeon the neurophysiologist and the anaesthesiologist.
Cerebral microdialysis
Authors: Mahajan Charu , Rath Girija
Published: September 2015

Cerebral microdialysis is one of the latest neuromonitoring modalities introduced to clinical practice. It is a bedside monitor used to assess brain tissue biochemistry. The principle of this technique is closely related to brain metabolism and dialysis. Microdialysis helps monitoring different metabolites related to energy and metabolic cascades (glucose, lactate and pyruvate), amino acids (glutamate) and markers of cell membrane degradation (glycerol). Its role has been established in conditions such as traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid haemorrhage, ischaemic stroke, etc. However, it is yet to be included in routine neuromonitoring as the technique is very expensive, needs technical expertise and the measurement is not continuous with a lag period in-between two readings. Till date, it is mostly used as a research tool, even though it is a very promising technique in certain clinical conditions.
Biolmg.org: A Catalog of Virtual Machine Images for the Life Sciences
Authors: Dahlö Martin , Haziza Frέdέric , Kallio Aleksi , Korpelainen Eija , Bongcam-Rudloff Erik , Spjuth Ola
Published: September 2015

Virtualization is becoming increasingly important in bioscience, enabling assembly and provisioning of complete computer setups, including operating system, data, software, and services packaged as virtual machine images (VMIs). We present an open catalog of VMIs for the life sciences, where scientists can share information about images and optionally upload them to a server equipped with a large file system and fast Internet connection. Other scientists can then search for and download images that can be run on the local computer or in a cloud computing environment, providing easy access to bioinformatics environments. We also describe applications where VMIs aid life science research, including distributing tools and data, supporting reproducible analysis, and facilitating education. BioImg.org is freely available at: https://bioimg.org .
Pretreatment or Posttreatment with Aripiprazole Attenuates Methamphetamine-induced Stereotyped Behavior in Mice
Authors: Kitanaka Nobue , Kitanaka Junichi , Hall F. Scott , Kayama Masaru , Sugimori Hironobu , Uhl George R. , Takemura Motohiko
Published: September 2015

Aripiprazole is a third-generation atypical antipsychotic and a dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist. In the present study, we investigated whether a single administration of aripiprazole to mice, either as a pretreatment or as a posttreatment, would affect stereotypy induced by methamphetamine (METH). Pretreatment of male ICR mice with aripiprazole (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the incidence of METH-induced stereotypical behavior in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of mice with 1 mg/kg aripiprazole produced an increase in the locomotor activity in mice treated with METH compared with mice treated with vehicle plus METH and with 10 mg/kg aripiprazole plus METH. This increase in locomotion is indicative of a rightward shift in the dose-response curve for METH, consistent with a shift in the type of stereotypical behavior observed from biting to sniffing. Aripiprazole posttreatment, after METH-induced stereotypical behavior, was fully expressed and also significantly attenuated overall stereotypy in an aripiprazole dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that the antagonism of METH effects by aripiprazole should be investigated as a potential treatment for acute METH overdose.
A Novel Low-Dimensional Method for Analytically Solving Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Sha Jie , Zhang Lixiang , Wu Chuijie
Published: September 2015

This paper is concerned with a low-dimensional dynamical system model for analytically solving partial differential equations (PDEs). The model proposed is based on a posterior optimal truncated weighted residue (POT-WR) method, by which an infinite dimensional PDE is optimally truncated and analytically solved in required condition of accuracy. To end that, a POT-WR condition for PDE under consideration is used as a dynamically optimal control criterion with the solving process. A set of bases needs to be constructed without any reference database in order to establish a space to describe low-dimensional dynamical system that is required. The Lagrangian multiplier is introduced to release the constraints due to the Galerkin projection, and a penalty function is also employed to remove the orthogonal constraints. According to the extreme principle, a set of ordinary differential equations is thus obtained by taking the variational operation of the generalized optimal function. A conjugate gradient algorithm by FORTRAN code is developed to solve the ordinary differential equations. The two examples of one-dimensional heat transfer equation and nonlinear Burgers’ equation show that the analytical results on the method proposed are good agreement with the numerical simulations and analytical solutions in references, and the dominant characteristics of the dynamics are well captured in case of few bases used only.
Тяжелые состояния адронной струны как слабо взаимодействующие тяжелые частицы темной материи
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich
Published: September 2015

Массивные состояния (c энергиями $\gtrsim 10$ ГэВ) адронной струны (с масштабом $\alpha'\approx 1$ ГэВ$^{-2}$) могут иметь очень малую константу связи с обычными барионами Вселенной. Время жизни для таких состояний оказывается порядка или даже больше возраста Вселенной. Предполагается, что эти тяжелые состояния могут быть кандидатами на роль слабо взаимодействующих тяжелых частиц темной материи.
Регуляризация Паули-Вилларса и гамильтониан на световом фронте в $(2+1)$-мерной теории Янга-Миллса
Authors: Malyshev Mikhail Yur'evich , Paston Sergey Aleksandrovich , Prokhvatilov Evgenii Vasil'evich , Zubov Roman Andreevich , Franke Valentin Al'fredovich
Published: September 2015

Рассмотрена проблема перенормировки $(2+1)$-мерной теории Янга-Миллса при квантовании на световом фронте. Для восстановления пертурбативной эквивалентности между этой теорией и обычной формулировкой в лоренцевых координатах вводятся дополнительные поля, аналогичные полям, использующимся при регуляризации Паули-Вилларса. Эти же поля осуществляют ультрафиолетовую регуляризацию теории. Полученные результаты позволяют построить перенормированный гамильтониан теории на световом фронте.
Предельный переход к световому фронту в квантовой хромодинамике и кварк-антикварковое приближение
Authors: Zubov Roman Andreevich , Prokhvatilov Evgenii Vasil'evich , Malyshev Mikhail Yur'evich
Published: September 2015

Рассматривается предельный переход к квантовой хромодинамике на световом фронте от теорий, квантованных на пространственноподобных плоскостях, которые приближаются к световому фронту. При этом предельный переход совершается по-разному для нулевых и ненулевых мод полей. Это ведет к появлению полуфеноменологического параметра, который можно использовать для описания эффектов конфайнмента. В качестве иллюстрации рассматривается задача о связанных состояниях кварк-антикварковой пары в $2+1$ измерениях. Используется решеточная калибровочно-инвариантная регуляризация в поперечном пространстве и в результате получается аналог уравнения 'т Хоофта. Также обсуждается возможность вычисления спектра связанных состояний в $3+1$ измерениях.
Search for a positron anisotropy with PAMELA experiment
Authors: Panico B. , Adriani O. , Barbarino G. C. , Bazilevskaya G. A. , Bellotti R. , Boezio M. , Bogomolov E. A. , Bongi M. , Bonvicini V. , Bottai S. , Bruno A. , Cafagna F. , Campana D. , Carlson P. , Casolino M. , Castellini G. , De Donato C. , De Santis C. , De Simone N. , Di Felice V. , Formato V. , Galper A. M. , Giaccari U. , Karelin A. V. , Koldashov S. V. , Koldobskiy S. , Krutkov S. Y. , Kvashnin A. N. , Leonov A. , Malakhov V. , Marcelli L. , Martucci M. , Mayorov A. G. , Menn W. , Mergé M. , Mikhailov V. V. , Mocchiutti E. , Monaco A. , Mori N. , Munini R. , Osteria G. , Palma F. , Pearce M. , Picozza P. , Ricci M. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sarkar R. , Scotti V. , Simon M. , Sparvoli R. , Spillantini P. , Stozhkov Y. I. , Vacchi A. , Vannuccini E. , Vasilyev G. I. , Voronov S. A. , Yurkin Y. T. , Zampa G. , Zampa N.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The PAMELA experiment has been collecting data since 2006; its results indicate a rise in the positron fraction with respect to the sum of electrons and positrons in the cosmic-ray (CR) spectrum above 10 GeV. This excess can be due to additional sources, as SNRs or pulsars, which can lead to an anisotropy in the local CR positron, detectable from current experiments. We report on the analysis on spatial distributions of positron events collected by PAMELA, taking into account also the geomagnetic field effects. No significant deviation from the isotropy has been observed.
Assessment of physical vulnerability of buildings and analysis of landslide risk at the municipal scale – application to the Loures municipality, Portugal
Authors: Guillard-Gonçalves C. , Zêzere J. L. , Pereira S. , Garcia R. A. C.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. This study offers a semi-quantitative assessment of the physical vulnerability of buildings to landslides in the Loures municipality, as well as an analysis of the landslide risk computed as the product of the vulnerability by the economic value of the buildings and by the landslide hazard. The physical vulnerability assessment, which was based on a questionnaire sent to a pool of Portuguese and European researchers, and the assessment of the subjectivity of their answers are innovative contributions of this work. The generalization of the vulnerability to the smallest statistical subsection was validated by changing the map unit and applying the vulnerability to all the buildings of a test site (approximately 800 buildings), which were inventoried during fieldwork. The economic value of the buildings of the Loures municipality was calculated using an adaptation of the Portuguese Tax Services formula. The hazard was assessed by combining the susceptibility of the slopes, the spatio-temporal probability and the frequency-magnitude relationship of the landslide. Finally, the risk was mapped for different landslide magnitudes and different spatio-temporal probabilities. The highest landslide risk was found for the landslide with a depth of 3 m in the landslide body, and a height of 1m in the landslide foot.
The use of cues for attention in ancient Greek art: aspects that influence concentration in the work of art and its elements
Authors: Duarte Antonio M. , Stefanakis Manolis I.
Published: September 2015

The goal of this study is to identify cues for the cognitive process of attention in ancient Greek art, aiming to find confirmation of its possible use by ancient Greek audiences and artists. Evidence of cues that trigger attention’s psychological dispositions was searched through content analysis of image reproductions of ancient Greek sculpture and fine vase painting from the archaic to the Hellenistic period - ca. 7th -1st cent. BC. Through this analysis, it was possible to observe the presence of cues that trigger orientation to the work of art (i.e. amplification, contrast, emotional salience, simplification, symmetry), of a cue that triggers a disseminate attention to the parts of the work (i.e. distribution of elements) and of cues that activate selective attention to specific elements in the work of art (i.e. contrast of elements, salient color, central positioning of elements, composition regarding the flow of elements and significant objects). Results support the universality of those dispositions, probably connected with basic competencies that are hard-wired in the nervous system and in the cognitive processes.
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma recurrence in the ureter: A late presentation of a rare metastasis
Authors: Macleod Rebecca , Kheirandish Pejman , Ondego Charles , Biyani Chandra Shekhar
Published: September 2015

We describe a case of recurrence of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma 8 years after successful surgical treatment of primary localized disease in the left kidney. The primary tumour had exhibited neither gross nor histological evidence of lymphovascular infiltration. The recurrence occurred in the residual left ureteric stump – a finding that, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been reported.
The Process of Organizing Personal Information
Authors: Oh Kyong Eun
Published: September 2015

This paper presents preliminary results from an ongoing research study, which explores the process of organizing personal information from a cognitive sociological perspective. Participants were asked to keep a diary for a week whenever they save or organize information in digital forms, and two post diary semi-structured interviews were conducted to ask how and why they organized information files. The initial analysis of the results showed that there are five stages in the process of personal information organization. The findings from this study will deepen our understanding about information organizing behavior and contributes to the development and design of various personal information strategies, devices, and interfaces that support individuals’ organizing their information.
A balance of positive and negative regulators determines the pace of the segmentation clock
Authors: Wiedermann Guy , Bone Robert Alexander , Silva Joana Clara , Bjorklund Mia , Murray Philip J , Dale J Kim
Published: September 2015

Somitogenesis is regulated by a molecular oscillator that drives dynamic gene expression within the pre-somitic mesoderm. Previous mathematical models of the somitogenesis clock that invoke the mechanism of delayed negative feedback predict that its oscillation period depends on the sum of delays inherent to negative-feedback loops and inhibitor half-lives. We develop a mathematical model that explores the possibility that positive feedback also plays a role in determining the period of clock oscillations. The model predicts that increasing the half-life of the positive regulator, Notch intracellular domain (NICD), can lead to elevated NICD levels and an increase in the oscillation period. To test this hypothesis, we investigate a phenotype induced by various small molecule inhibitors in which the clock is slowed. We observe elevated levels and a prolonged half-life of NICD. Reducing NICD production rescues these effects. These data provide the first indication that tight control of the turnover of positive as well as negative regulators of the clock determines its periodicity.
Electron energetics in the expanding solar wind via Helios observations
Authors: Štverák Štěpán , Trávníček Pavel M. , Hellinger Petr
Published: September 2015

We present an observational analysis of electron cooling/heating rates in the fast and slow solar wind between 0.3 and 1 AU. We fit electron velocity distribution functions acquired in situ by Helios 1 and 2 spacecraft by a three‐component (core‐halo‐strahl) analytical model. The resulting radial profiles of macroscopic characteristics (density, temperatures, and heat fluxes) are employed to examine properties of theoretical energy balance equations and to estimate external cooling/heating terms. Our analysis indicates that in contrast to solar wind protons the electrons do not require important heating mechanisms to explain the observed temperature gradients. The electron heating rates are actually found to be negative for both the slow and fast solar wind, namely, due to the significant degradation of the electron heat flux with increasing radial distance from the Sun. Cooling mechanisms acting on electrons are found to be significantly stronger in the slow wind than in the fast wind streams.
Feeling cybervictims’ pain—The effect of empathy training on cyberbullying
Authors: Schultze‐Krumbholz Anja , Schultze Martin , Zagorscak Pavle , Wölfer Ralf , Scheithauer Herbert
Published: September 2015

As the world's population increasingly relies on the use of modern technology, cyberbullying becomes an omnipresent risk for children and adolescents and demands counteraction to prevent negative (online) experiences. The classroom‐based German preventive intervention “Medienhelden” (engl.: “Media Heroes”) builds on previous knowledge about links between cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and cyberbullying, among others. For an evaluation study, longitudinal data were available from 722 high school students aged 11–17 years (M = 13.36, SD = 1.00, 51.8% female) before and six months after the implementation of the program. A 10‐week version and a 1‐day version were conducted and compared with a control group (controlled pre‐long‐term‐follow‐up study). Schools were asked to randomly assign their participating classes to the intervention conditions. Multi‐group structural equation modeling (SEM) showed a significant effect of the short intervention on cognitive empathy and significant effects of the long intervention on affective empathy and cyberbullying reduction. The results suggest the long‐term intervention to be more effective in reducing cyberbullying and promoting affective empathy. Without any intervention, cyberbullying increased and affective empathy decreased across the study period. Empathy change was not generally directly linked to change in cyberbullying behavior. “Media Heroes” provides effective teaching materials and empowers schools to address the important topic of cyberbullying in classroom settings without costly support from the outside. Aggr. Behav. 42:147–156, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct Patterning of Self‐Assembled Monolayers by Stamp Printing Method and Applications in High Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Complementary Inverters
Authors: Zhang Zhichao , Ren Xiaochen , Peng Boyu , Wang Zongrong , Wang Xinyu , Pei Ke , Shan Bowen , Miao Qian , Chan Paddy K. L.
Published: September 2015

Self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) is usually applied to tune the interface between dielectric and active layer of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and other organic electronics, a time‐saving, direct patterning approach of depositing well‐ordered SAMs is highly desired. Here, a new direct patterning method of SAMs by stamp printing or roller printing with special designed stamps is introduced. The chemical structures of the paraffin hydrocarbon molecules and the tail groups of SAMs have allowed to use their attractive van der Waals force for the direct patterning of SAMs. Different SAMs including alkyl and fluoroalkyl silanes or phosphonic acids are used to stamp onto different dielectric surfaces and are characterized by water contact angle, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared. The p‐type dinaphtho[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (DNTT) and n‐type F16CuPc OFETs show competitive mobility as high as 3 and 0.018 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. This stamp printing method also allows to deposit different SAMs on certain regions of same substrate, and the complementary inverter consists of both p‐type and n‐type transistors whose threshold voltages are tuned by stamp printing SAMs and shows a gain higher than 100. The proposed stamp or roller printing method can significantly reduce the deposition time and compatible with the roll‐to‐roll fabrication.
Selective Deposition of Compositionally Graded Hybrid Adhesive Films
Authors: Giachino Marta , Watson Brian L. , Dubois Geraud , Dauskardt Reinhold H.
Published: September 2015

Hybrid organic–inorganic materials that are compositionally graded are excellent candidates for addressing the challenges related to the bonding of polymeric layers and inorganic substrates. Often, the synthesis of these hybrid materials involves the use of kinetically driven and dynamic solution systems where obtaining the desired hybrid molecular structures in the deposited film is not trivial. A coating process is used to selectively deposit a small fraction of the total species in solution with an optimized molecular weight, resulting in compositionally graded hybrid films that are organic‐rich toward the top and inorganic‐rich toward the bottom. This selective deposition technique provides a unique knob to fine tune the molecular structure of films deposited from dynamic solution systems, resulting in hybrid organic–inorganic films that exhibit an eightfold increase in adhesion of an epoxy/silicon interface.
A new dynamic model of crude oil fouling deposits and its application to the simulation of fouling‐cleaning cycles
Authors: Diaz‐Bejarano Emilio , Coletti Francesco , Macchietto Sandro
Published: September 2015

Modelling of crude oil fouling in heat exchangers has been traditionally limited to a description of the deposit as a thermal resistance. However, consideration of the local change in thickness and the evolution of the properties of the deposit due to ageing or changes in foulant composition is important to capture the thermal and hydraulic impact of fouling. A dynamic, distributed, first‐principles model of the deposit is presented that considers it as a multicomponent varying‐thickness solid undergoing multiple reactions. For the first time, full cleaning, partial cleaning, and fouling resumption after cleaning can be simulated in any order with a single deposit model. The new model, implemented within a single tube framework, is demonstrated in a case study where various cleaning actions are applied following a period of organic deposition. It is shown that complete mechanical cleaning and chemical cleaning of different extent, according to a condition‐based efficacy, can be seamlessly simulated. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 90–107, 2016
Isocyanates and work‐related asthma: Findings from California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993–2008
Authors: Lefkowitz Daniel , Pechter Elise , Fitzsimmons Kathleen , Lumia Margaret , Stephens Alicia C. , Davis Letitia , Flattery Jennifer , Weinberg Justine , Harrison Robert J. , Reilly Mary Jo , Filios Margaret S. , White Gretchen E. , Rosenman Kenneth D.
Published: September 2015

Background

Isocyanates remain a leading cause of work‐related asthma (WRA).

Methods

Two independent data systems were analyzed for the period 1993–2008: (1) State‐based WRA case surveillance data on persons with isocyanate‐induced WRA from four states, and (2) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) isocyanate air sampling results.

Results

We identified 368 cases of isocyanate‐induced WRA from 32 industries and 678 OSHA isocyanate air samples with detectable levels from 31 industries. Seventeen industries were unique to one or the other dataset.

Conclusion

Isocyanate‐induced WRA continues to occur in a wide variety of industries. Two data systems uncovered industries with isocyanate exposures and/or illness. Improved control measures and standards, including medical surveillance, are needed. More emphasis is needed on task‐specific guidance, spill clean‐up procedures, skin and respiratory protection, and targeted medical monitoring to mitigate the hazards of isocyanate use. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1138–1149, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An urgent need to understand and address the safety and well‐being of hospital “sitters”
Authors: Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Pompeii Lisa A. , Lipscomb Hester J. , Smith Claudia D. , Upadhyaya Mudita , Dement John M.
Published: September 2015

Background

Hospital sitters provide continuous observation of patients at risk of harming themselves or others. Little is known about sitters’ occupational safety and well‐being, including experiences with patient/visitor‐perpetrated violence (type II).

Methods

Data from surveys, focus groups, individual interviews at six U.S. hospitals were used to characterize the prevalence of and circumstance surrounding type II violence against sitters, as well as broader issues related to sitter use.

Results

Sitter respondents had a high 12‐month prevalence of physical assault, physical threat, and verbal abuse compared to other workers in the hospital setting. Sitters and other staff indicated the need for clarification of sitters’ roles regarding patient care and sitter well‐being (e.g., calling for assistance, taking lunch/restroom breaks), training of sitters in personal safety and de‐escalation, methods to communicate patient/visitor behaviors, and unit‐level support.

Conclusions

The burden of type II violence against hospital sitters is concerning. Policies surrounding sitters’ roles and violence prevention training are urgently needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1278–1287, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative Amidation of Nitroalkanes with Amine Nucleophiles using Molecular Oxygen and Iodine
Authors: Li Jing , Lear Martin J. , Kawamoto Yuya , Umemiya Shigenobu , Wong Alice R. , Kwon Eunsang , Sato Itaru , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: September 2015

The formation of amides and peptides often necessitates powerful yet mild reagent systems. The reagents used, however, are often expensive and highly elaborate. New atom‐economical and practical methods that achieve such goals are highly desirable. Ideally, the methods should start with substrates that are readily available in both chiral and non‐chiral forms and utilize cheap reagents that are compatible with a wide variety of functional groups, steric encumberance, and epimerizable stereocenters. A direct oxidative method was developed to form amide and peptide bonds between amines and primary nitroalkanes simply by using I2 and K2CO3 under O2. Contrary to expectations, a 1:1 halogen‐bonded complex forms between the iodonium source and the amine, which reacts with nitronates to form α‐iodo nitroalkanes as precursors to the amides.
Anziehung oder Abstoßung? London‐Dispersionswechselwirkungen kontrollieren Azobenzol‐basierte molekulare Schalter
Authors: Schweighauser Luca , Strauss Marcel A. , Bellotto Silvia , Wegner Hermann A.
Published: September 2015

Aufgrund sterischer Hinderung wird großen Substituenten im Allgemeinen eine rein abstoßende Wirkung zugesprochen. Solche Reste haben jedoch auch anziehende Eigenschaften, die durch schwache London‐Dispersionskräfte zwischen den neutralen Atomen hervorgerufen werden. In Lehrbüchern wird sterische Hinderung häufig als Grund für die Destabilisierung des Z‐isomers genannt, z. B. bei Isomerisierungen wie bei Azobenzol‐basierten molekularen Schaltern. Hier zeigen wir, dass eine Vergrößerung der Substituenten in der meta‐Position des Azobenzols, unter Beibehaltung der elektronischen Struktur der Reste, die thermische Z‐zu‐E‐Isomerisierung verlangsamt. DFT‐Rechnungen untermauern, dass die Energie des Z‐Isomers durch anziehende Dispersionswechselwirkungen deutlich gesenkt wird.