bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reversible Surface Wettability by Silanization
Authors: Brehm Marius , Scheiger Johannes M. , Welle Alexander , Levkin Pavel A.
Published: May 2020

The chemistry and wettability of oxygen containing surfaces can be conveniently modified by silanization with various organosilanes which form SiO bonds on the surface. This work shows that a superhydrophobic nanoporous polymer coating can be reverted to its previous hydrophilic state by removing the fluoroalkyl silane with fluoride anions using tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride. This leads to a completely reversible process of silanization and desilanization which can be performed in less than 2 min for each step as proven by droplet shape analysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Additionally, the desilanization solution can be applied spatially by an automated liquid dispenser or manually by a brush, leading to patterns with different wettability, such as droplet microarrays or liquid channels.
Prodrugs of γ‐Alkyl‐Modified Nucleoside Triphosphates: Improved Inhibition of HIV Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Weber Stefan , Schols Dominique , Balzarini Jan , Meier Chris
Published: May 2020

The development of nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is one option to apply nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of d4TTP analogues, in which the γ‐phosphate was modified covalently by lipophilic alkyl residues, and acyloxybenzyl prodrugs of these γ‐alkyl‐modified d4TTPs, with the aim of delivering of γ‐alkyl‐d4TTP into cells. Selective formation of γ‐alkyl‐d4TTP was proven with esterase and in CD4+‐cell extracts. In contrast to d4TTP, γ‐alkyl‐d4TTPs proved highly stable against dephosphorylation. Primer extension assays with HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and DNA‐polymerases α, β or γ showed that γ‐alkyl‐d4TTPs were substrates for HIV‐RT only. In antiviral assays, compounds were highly potent inhibitors of HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 also in thymidine‐kinase‐deficient T‐cell cultures (CEM/TK−). Thus, the intracellular delivery of such γ‐alkyl‐nucleoside triphosphates may potentially lead to nucleoside triphosphates with a higher selectivity towards the viral polymerase that can act in virus‐infected cells.
Chronology of sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Chen Mengli , Du Yuzhe , Nomura Yoshiko , Zhorov Boris S. , Dong Ke
Published: May 2020

Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Current strategies to control Ae. aegypti rely heavily on insecticide interventions. Pyrethroids are a major class of insecticides used for mosquito control because of their fast acting, highly insecticidal activities and low mammalian toxicity. However, Ae. aegypti populations around the world have begun to develop resistance to pyrethroids. So far, more than a dozen mutations in the sodium channel gene have been reported to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti. Co‐occurrence of resistance‐associated mutations is common in pyrethroid‐resistant Ae. aegypti populations. As global use of pyrethroids in mosquito control continues, new pyrethroid‐resistant mutations keep emerging. In this microreview, we compile pyrethroid resistance‐associated mutations in Ae. aegypti in a chronological order, as they were reported, and summarize findings from functional evaluation of these mutations in an in vitro sodium channel expression system. We hope that the information will be useful for tracing possible evolution of pyrethroid resistance in this important human disease vector, in addition to the development of methods for global monitoring and management of pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti.
Early urinary catheter removal after rectal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Castelo M , Sue-Chue-Lam C , Kishibe T , Acuna S A , Baxter N N
Published: May 2020

Background

Urinary catheters are placed after rectal surgery to prevent urinary retention, but prolonged use may increase the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). This review evaluated the non-inferiority of early urinary catheter removal compared with late removal for acute urinary retention risk after rectal surgery.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from January 1980 to February 2019. RCTs comparing early versus late catheter removal after rectal surgery were eligible. Primary outcomes were acute urinary retention and UTI; the secondary outcome was length of hospital stay. Early catheter removal was defined as removal up to 2 days after surgery, with late removal after postoperative day 2. The non-inferiority margin from an included trial was used for analysis of change in urinary retention (ΔNI = 15 per cent). Pooled estimates of risk differences (RDs) were derived from random-effects models. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.

Results

Four trials were included, consisting of 409 patients. There was insufficient evidence to conclude non-inferiority of early versus late catheter removal for acute urinary retention (RD 9 (90 per cent c.i. −1 to 19) per cent; PNI = 0·31). Early catheter removal was superior for UTI (RD −11 (95 per cent c.i. −17 to −4) per cent; P = 0·001). Results for length of stay were mixed. There were insufficient data to conduct subgroup analyses.

Conclusion

The existing literature is inconclusive for non-inferiority of early versus late urinary catheter removal for acute urinary retention. Early catheter removal is superior in terms of reducing the risk of UTI.
Single‐cell sequencing of miRNAs: A modified technology
Authors: Chakraborty Chiranjib , Bhattacharya Manojit , Agoramoorthy Govindasamy
Published: May 2020

The recent development of next‐generation sequencing technologies has offered valuable insights into individual cells. This technology is centered on the characterization of single cells for epigenomics, genomics, and transcriptomics. Ever since the first report appeared in 2009, the single‐cell RNA‐sequencing saga started to explore deeper into the mechanics intrigued within a single cell. microRNA (miRNA) has been increasingly recognized as an essential molecule triggering an additional layer for gene regulation. Therefore, single‐cell sequencing of miRNAs is crucial to explore the logical riddles surrounding the epigenomics, genomics, and transcriptomics of an individual cell. Scientists from the Vienna Biocenter Campus have lately performed single‐cell sequencing of miRNAs in the fly, Drosophila, and nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. In this review, we present the latest scientific explorations supported by all‐inclusive data on this novel subject matter of next‐generation sequencing.
Removal of Cr(VI) from Acid Wastewater by BC/ZnFe2O4 Magnetic Nanocomposite via the Synergy of Absorption‐Photocatalysis
Authors: Shen Xiaofeng , Zheng Ting , Yang Jiayi , Shi Zhun , Xue Qingquan , Liu Wanpeng , Shan Shengdao , Wong Ming Hung
Published: May 2020

Photocatalysis is a promising solar energy conversion technology due to its potential applications in water treatment, searching for highly efficient photocatalytic materials is highly desirable. Herein, we have prepared a series of biochar(BC)/ZnFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposites by the calcination‐hydrothermal two‐step method. BC/ZnFe2O4 owns improved photoabsorption from 400 to 1300 nm. PL spectra of BC/ZnFe2O4 shows a weaker intensity compared with BC and ZnFe2O4, and BC/ZnFe2O4 generates a stronger photocurrent density (∼0.08 μA cm−2) than that of BC (0) or ZnFe2O4 (0.03 μA cm−2) under the visible light irradiation, implying efficient separation efficiency of photogeneration carriers. The investigation of pH (3, 5, 7, 9, 11) sensitivity of BC/ZnFe2O4 demonstrates that removal efficiency of Cr(VI) achieves the highest rate at pH=3. Under visible light irradiation, BC/ZnFe2O4 as photocatalyst can remove 80 % Cr(VI), higher than that of BC (0) or ZnFe2O4 (44 %). In addition, BC/ZnFe2O4 composites exhibit excellent cycling stability and can be easily separated for recycling due to its stability and unique magnetic properties. This work has presented a promising strategy in adsorption‐photocatalytic treatment of acidic wastewater containing heavy metals.
Combining Theory and Experiment to Characterize the Voltammetric Behavior of Nickel Anodes in the Simons Process
Authors: Mattsson Stefan , Senges Gene , Riedel Sebastian , Paulus Beate
Published: May 2020

The Simons process, otherwise known as the electrochemical fluorination (ECF) method, is widely used in industry to electrolytically synthesize chemicals for various purposes. Even to this day, the exact mechanism of the ECF reaction remains unknown, but is believed to involve the formation of an anodic nickel fluoride film with highly oxidized nickel centers. In this study, experiments and density functional theory calculations are combined to characterize the initial anodic peak occurring at potentials typically required in an ECF cell. NiF2 is believed to form a passivating layer at low potentials. The calculations show that a potential of +3.1 V is required to oxidize surface Ni2+ centers to Ni3+. This is in good agreement with the measured anodic peak at +3.57 V.
Experimentelle und theoretische Betrachtungen der Methanol‐ und direkten DME‐Synthese im Labor‐ und Technikums‐Maßstab
Authors: Kiendl Isabel , Schmaderer Harald , Schödel Nicole , Klein Harald
Published: May 2020

Die Entwicklung großtechnischer chemischer Prozesse kann insbesondere bei stark exothermen, heterogen katalysierten Reaktionen Herausforderungen und reaktionstechnische Limitierungen mit sich bringen. Am Beispiel zweier Reaktionen, der Methanol‐ und der direkten Dimethylether‐Synthese, wird dies experimentell gezeigt. Hierzu dient der Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus Versuchsreihen in zwei verschiedenen Reaktorgrößen: Labor‐ und Technikums‐Maßstab. Die vorgestellten Versuchsreihen umfassen die Variation zweier entscheidender Betriebsparameter: der Reaktionstemperatur und dem CO2‐Anteil am Reaktoreintritt.
An Electrochemical Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Ultrathin PdAg Single‐Crystalline Nanowires
Authors: Xu Xiaoxiang , Lv Hao , Sun Lizhi , Song Peng , Liu Ben , Chen Xiong
Published: May 2020

Electrochemical non‐enzymatic sensors have great potential for prompt and efficient detection of glucose. Herein, a novel, highly efficient electrochemical non‐enzymatic glucose sensor is reported that is based on ultrathin PdAg single‐crystalline nanowires (NWs). Ultrathin PdAg NWs are fabricated by a facile one‐pot aqueous synthesis through an in situ growth strategy with an amphiphilic surfactant as the template. A comparison of the activities of PdAg NWs with different compositional ratios and nanostructures shows that ultrathin Pd2Ag1 NWs hold the best performance toward electrochemical detection of glucose with an operable sensitivity of 11.6 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a linear response range of 0.1–8 mM. Structural and compositional features of the Pd2Ag1 NWs allow an excellent selectivity, rapid response, and good long‐term stability for electrochemical glucose sensor. This work thus provides a new possibility for the rational design and synthesis of noble‐metal‐based nanomaterials for non‐enzymatic sensors.
A pluralistic approach to economic and business sustainability: A critical meta‐synthesis of foundations, metrics, and evidence of human and local development
Authors: Gatto Andrea
Published: May 2020

Wellbeing and sustainability are at the center of development studies and economics, being the kernel of theories and policies. Analyzing such complex phenomena implies taking into account both the economic and business spheres. In this regard, the human and local dimensions of development have assumed central importance in determining definitions, measurements, and policies and reveal decisive implications for economic ethics and long‐term development perspectives. This work intends to draw a theoretical excursus on the nexus between the human, sustainable, and local dimensions of development and wide‐ranging business theories. For this scope, the paper adopts a pluralistic approach for determining diverse conceptual insights. Entangling holistic lenses, this study explores the theoretical foundations, measurements, and experiences that have characterized the recent development theory and applied evidence in economics and business. The review detects some evidence in the global and the Italian experiences that can reveal important lessons for theorists, policymakers, and practitioners in development, sustainability, and business.
Zika virus can directly infect and damage the auditory and vestibular components of the embryonic chicken inner ear
Authors: Thawani Ankita , Sammudin Nabilah H. , Reygaerts Hannah S. , Wozniak Alexis N. , Munnamalai Vidhya , Kuhn Richard J. , Fekete Donna M.
Published: May 2020

Background

Sensorineural hearing loss is an understudied consequence of congenital Zika syndrome, and balance disorders are essentially unreported to date. Also lacking is information about the susceptibility and the pathogenesis of the developing inner ear following Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure. To address this, ZIKV was delivered directly into the otic cup/otocyst of chicken embryos and infection of inner ear tissues was evaluated using immunohistochemistry.

Results

After injections on embryonic days 2 to 5, ZIKV infection was observed in 90% of the samples harvested 2 to 8 days later; however, the degree of infection was highly variable across individuals. ZIKV was detected in all regions of the inner ear, associated ganglia, and in the surrounding periotic mesenchyme. Detection of virus peaked earlier in the ganglion and vestibular compartments, and later in the cochlea. ZIKV infection increased cell death robustly in the auditory ganglion, and modestly in the auditory sensory organ. Macrophage accumulation was found to overlap with dense viral infection in some tissues. Additionally, dysmorphogenesis of the semicircular canals and ganglion was observed for a subset of injection conditions.

Conclusions

This article presents evidence of direct ZIKV infection of developing inner ear epithelium and shows previously unknown inner ear dysmorphogenesis phenotypes.
Field courses narrow demographic achievement gaps in ecology and evolutionary biology
Authors: Beltran Roxanne S. , Marnocha Erin , Race Alexandra , Croll Donald A. , Dayton Gage H. , Zavaleta Erika S.
Published: May 2020

Disparities remain in the representation of marginalized students in STEM. Classroom‐based experiential learning opportunities can increase student confidence and academic success; however, the effectiveness of extending learning to outdoor settings is unknown. Our objectives were to examine (a) demographic gaps in ecology and evolutionary biology (EEB) major completion, college graduation, and GPAs for students who did and did not enroll in field courses, (b) whether under‐represented demographic groups were less likely to enroll in field courses, and (c) whether under‐represented demographic groups were more likely to feel increased competency in science‐related tasks (hereafter, self‐efficacy) after participating in field courses. We compared the relationships among academic success measures and demographic data (race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, first‐generation, and gender) for UC Santa Cruz undergraduate students admitted between 2008 and 2019 who participated in field courses (N = 941 students) and who did not (N = 28,215 students). Additionally, we administered longitudinal surveys to evaluate self‐efficacy gains during field‐based versus classroom‐based courses (N = 570 students). We found no differences in the proportion of students matriculating at the university as undecided, proposed EEB, or proposed other majors across demographic groups. However, five years later, under‐represented students were significantly less likely to graduate with EEB degrees, indicating retention rather than recruitment drives disparities in representation. This retention gap is partly due to a lower rate of college completion and partly through attrition to other majors. Although under‐represented students were less likely to enroll in field courses, field courses were associated with higher self‐efficacy gains, higher college graduation rates, higher EEB major retention, and higher GPAs at graduation. All demographic groups experienced significant increases in self‐efficacy during field‐based but not lecture‐based courses. Together, our findings suggest that increasing the number of field courses and actively facilitating access to students from under‐represented groups can be a powerful tool for increasing STEM diversity.
Unusual Heterometallic Cation‐Cation Interactions in Uranyl Zinc Germanates
Authors: Lu Huangjie , Lin Jian , Wang Yaxing , Li Zi‐Jian , Guo Xiaofeng , Wang Jian‐Qiang , Wang Shuao
Published: May 2020

Two new uranylzinc germanates, (UO2)4(ZnO)(Ge2O7)2·(H3O)4 (UZG‐1) and (UO2)3[Zn(H2O)3](GeO4)2 (UZG‐2), have been prepared and characterized. Both compounds are constructed from anionic uranyl germanate open‐frameworks embedded with Zn2+ cations in the voids via rather unusual 3d‐5f heterometallic cation‐cation interactions.
Development of Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Paracetamol Determination
Authors: Sousa Pereira Ana Carolina , Nunes da Silva Daniela , Sales Porto Laís , César Pereira Arnaldo
Published: May 2020

This work describes the development of a biosensor for paracetamol (PAR) determination based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and laccase enzyme (LAC), which was immobilized by means of covalent crosslinking using glutaraldehyde. Voltammetric investigations were carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The biosensor was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The results showed that the use of MWCNT/LAC composite increased the sensor sensitivity, compared to bare glassy carbon electrode. Factors affecting the voltammetric signals such as pH, ionic strength, scan rate and interferents were assessed. Linear range, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) obtained were 10–320 μmol L−1, 7 μmol L−1 and 10 μmol L− 1, respectively. The developed biosensor was successfully applied to PAR determination in urine and pharmaceutical formulations samples, with recovery varying from 99.96 to 106.20 % in urine samples and a relative standard deviation less than 1.04 % for PAR determination in pharmaceutical formulations. Therefore, the MWCNT‐LAC/GCE exhibits excellent sensitivity and can be used to PAR determination as a viable alternative in clinical analyzes and quality control of pharmaceutical formulations, through a simple, fast and inexpensive methodology.
Sequential Ultrasonic Spray‐Coating Planar Three Layers for 1 cm2 Active Area Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chou Li-Hui , Yu Yu-Tien , Wang Xiao-Feng , Osaka Itaru , Wu Chun-Guey , Liu Cheng-Liang
Published: May 2020

The sequential deposition of a NiOx hole‐transporting layer, one‐step CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber, and blended electron‐transporting layer that comprises [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and PNDI(2OD)T2 via automated ultrasonic spray‐coating technique is demonstrated in air for planar inverted p–i–n solution‐processed perovskite solar cells. Films fabricated via laboratory‐sale spin‐coating and industrially compatible spray‐coating process, respectively, are compared with each other to optimize both the film‐coating quality and corresponding device performance. This is validated by the photovoltaic performance of prototype devices with three spray‐coated layers with the active area of 1 × 1 cm2. The champion cells achieve a power conversion efficiency of 10.09%, which is one of the highest efficiencies obtained from fully spray‐processed large‐area perovskite solar cells thus far. Furthermore, these results reinforce the feasibility of the spray‐coating methodology for the fabrication of multilayers within perovskite solar cells stack and low‐cost route toward upscaling the manufacturing alternatives to spin coating.
The reduction of cocoa cake bitterness using natron and its effects on chocolate nutritive value
Authors: Ponka Roger , Dauriane Bavoua Millie , Bosco Etoa Jean , Fokou Elie
Published: May 2020

This study aims at finding how natron reduces the bitterness of cocoa cake and also examines its effect on chocolate nutritive value. Two hundred grams of cocoa cake was treated with different amounts of natron (0 g, 0.961 g; 1.082 g; 1.202 g; 1.322 g; and 1.442 g). Sensory analyzes were performed on each natron‐treated cake. Three ranges of chocolates (black chocolate, milk chocolate, and spread chocolate) were formulated with three cakes (cake with 0 g, 1.202 g and 1.442 g of natron). The nutritive value of the most preferred chocolates was determined by standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Results showed that natron significantly reduces the bitterness of cocoa cake (p ˂ .05). The natron treatment significantly improves the taste and overall acceptability (p ˂ .05) of all chocolate ranges. The most appreciated chocolates are those containing 1.442 g; 0 g and 1.202 g of natron, respectively, for black, milk and spread chocolate. Natron significantly decreased (p < .05) the phenolic composition of milk and spread chocolate as well as the moisture, lipid, ash, and energy content. Nevertheless, it significantly increases (p < .05) the levels of carbohydrates and fiber. The treatment with 1.202 g and 1.442 g of natron significantly increases (p ˂ .05) the sodium and iron content of all ranges of chocolates. For the black chocolate range, treatment with 1.442 g of natron significantly increases (p < .05) the levels of sodium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, manganese and potassium. Natron treatments improve taste, overall acceptability, and sodium and iron contents of chocolate ranges.
TMEM9‐v‐ATPase Activates Wnt/β‐Catenin Signaling Via APC Lysosomal Degradation for Liver Regeneration and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Jung Youn‐Sang , Stratton Sabrina A. , Lee Sung Ho , Kim Moon‐Jong , Jun Sohee , Zhang Jie , Zheng Biyun , Cervantes Christopher L. , Cha Jong‐Ho , Barton Michelle C. , Park Jae‐Il
Published: May 2020

Background and Aims

How Wnt signaling is orchestrated in liver regeneration and tumorigenesis remains elusive. Recently, we identified transmembrane protein 9 (TMEM9) as a Wnt signaling amplifier.

Approach and Results

TMEM9 facilitates v‐ATPase assembly for vesicular acidification and lysosomal protein degradation. TMEM9 is highly expressed in regenerating liver and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. TMEM9 expression is enriched in the hepatocytes around the central vein and acutely induced by injury. In mice, Tmem9 knockout impairs hepatic regeneration with aberrantly increased adenomatosis polyposis coli (Apc) and reduced Wnt signaling. Mechanistically, TMEM9 down‐regulates APC through lysosomal protein degradation through v‐ATPase. In HCC, TMEM9 is overexpressed and necessary to maintain β‐catenin hyperactivation. TMEM9–up‐regulated APC binds to and inhibits nuclear translocation of β‐catenin, independent of HCC‐associated β‐catenin mutations. Pharmacological blockade of TMEM9‐v‐ATPase or lysosomal degradation suppresses Wnt/β‐catenin through APC stabilization and β‐catenin cytosolic retention.

Conclusions

Our results reveal that TMEM9 hyperactivates Wnt signaling for liver regeneration and tumorigenesis through lysosomal degradation of APC.
Geographic location determines beta‐cell autoimmunity among adult Ghanaians: Findings from the RODAM study
Authors: Hampe Christiane S. , Sahabandu Diomira , Kaiser Vivien , Telieps Tanja , Smeeth Liam , Agyemang Charles , Spranger Joachim , Schulze Matthias B. , Mockenhaupt Frank P. , Danquah Ina , Rolandsson Olov
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Beta‐cell autoantibodies are established markers of autoimmunity, which we compared between Ghanaian adults with or without diabetes, living in rural and urban Ghana and in three European cities.

Methods

In the multicenter cross‐sectional Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study (N = 5898), we quantified autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65Ab) by radioligand binding assay (RBA) and established cut‐offs for positivity by displacement analysis. In a subsample, we performed RBA for zinc transporter‐8 autoantibodies (ZnT8Ab). Associations of environmental, sociodemographic, and clinical factors with GAD65Ab were calculated.

Results

In this study population (age: 46.1 ± 11.9 years; female: 62%; Ghana‐rural: 1111; Ghana‐urban: 1455; Europe: 3332), 9.2% had diabetes with adult‐onset. GAD65Ab concentrations were the highest in Ghana‐rural (32.4; 10.8‐71.3 U/mL), followed by Ghana‐urban (26.0; 12.3‐49.1 U/mL) and Europe (11.9; 3.0‐22.8 U/mL) with no differences between European cities. These distributions were similar for ZnT8Ab. Current fever, history of fever, and higher concentrations of liver enzymes marginally explained site‐specific GAD65Ab concentrations. GAD65Ab positivity was as frequent in diabetes as in nondiabetes (5.4% vs 6.1%; P = .25). This was also true for ZnT8Ab positivity.

Conclusion

Geographic location determines the occurrence of GAD65Ab and ZnT8Ab more than the diabetes status. Beta‐cell autoimmunity may not be feasible to differentiate diabetes subgroups in this population.
Oncogenic properties and signaling basis of the PAX8‐GLIS3 fusion gene
Authors: Basili Thais , Dopeso Higinio , Kim Sarah H. , Ferrando Lorenzo , Pareja Fresia , Da Cruz Paula Arnaud , da Silva Edaise M. , Stylianou Anthe , Maroldi Ana , Marchiò Caterina , Rubin Brian P. , Papotti Mauro , Weigelt Britta , Moreira Ferreira Carlos Gil , Lapa e Silva José Roberto , Reis‐Filho Jorge S.
Published: May 2020

Hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid are rare and mostly benign epithelial neoplasms of follicular cell origin, which have recently been shown to be underpinned by the PAX8‐GLIS3 fusion gene. In our study, we sought to investigate the potential oncogenic mechanisms of the PAX8‐GLIS3 fusion gene. Forced expression of PAX8‐GLIS3 was found to increase proliferation, clonogenic potential and migration of human nonmalignant thyroid (Nthy‐ori 3‐1) and embryonic kidney (HEK‐293) cells. Moreover, in xenografts, Nthy‐ori 3‐1 PAX8‐GLIS3 expressing cells generated significantly larger and more proliferative tumors compared to controls. These oncogenic effects were found to be mediated through activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Targeting of smoothened (SMO), a key protein in the SHH pathway, using the small molecule inhibitor Cyclopamine partially reversed the increased proliferation, colony formation and migration in PAX8‐GLIS3 expressing cells. Our data demonstrate that the oncogenic effects of the PAX8‐GLIS3 fusion gene are, at least in part, due to an increased activation of the SHH pathway.
A smart transmission optimization mechanism for sports events based on edge computing
Authors: Wang Shaohua , Binstin Mikoro
Published: May 2020

With the rise of smart cities in today's society, more and more people pay attention to sports events with high requirements on the transmission quality. However, due to the fact that the audiences of sports video are relatively concentrated, it presents a stronger locality of time and space. Hence, the traditional video transmission schemes are no longer suitable for the transmission of sports video. In this way, this paper studies the smart sports video transmission optimization scheme based on edge computing. First of all, this paper designs a cloud incremental scalable sports video view popularity prediction model, based on which an on‐demand and customized video coding mechanism is introduced to maximize the efficiency of computing resource allocation. Secondly, this paper designs a smart sports video caching mechanism based on edge computing to eliminate a large number of video transmission redundancy. Finally, a large‐scale simulation experiment is built based on the real sports video data, and the experimental results fully show that the proposed scheme can improve the user experience on video quality and relative smoothness.
Efficacy and safety of adsorptive granulomonocytapheresis in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis: A retrospective analysis of 50 cases with focus on factors impacting clinical efficacy
Authors: Li Na , Mao Jingwei , Tang Haiying , Zhu Lei , Tan Xiaoyan , Bi Jian , Wu Hao , Chen Xiuli , Wang Yingde
Published: May 2020

Background

Myeloid‐derived leucocytes, a major source of inflammatory cytokines, play an important role in the exacerbation of ulcerative colitis (UC). Selective depletion of myeloid leucocytes by adsorptive granulomonocytapheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn should alleviate inflammation and promote remission. However, there are discrepancies among the reported efficacy outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GMA in UC patients with a focus on factors affecting clinical efficacy.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 50 patients with active UC who had received GMA therapy. GMA efficacy was evaluated based on the Rachmilewitz's clinical activity index (CAI) and Mayo endoscopic score for mucosal healing. Laboratory findings were analyzed to demonstrate any relationship with the GMA‐responder or nonresponder feature. Adverse events were recorded during and after GMA therapy.

Results

The overall clinical remission rate (CAI ≤4) was 79.2%, and among these, the mucosal healing rate was 59.2%. The clinical remission rate was 69.2% in patients who received 5 GMA sessions and 82.3% in patients who received 10 sessions. Significantly higher baseline CAIs and lower albumin and hemoglobin levels were observed in nonremission cases compared with those who achieved remission. Four patients (8%) experienced transient adverse events, but none were severe.

Conclusions

GMA was favored by patients because of its safety and nonpharmacological treatment options. Accordingly, UC patients were spared from pharmaceuticals after applying GMA therapy.
MicroRNA‐29a‐3p regulates abdominal aortic aneurysm development and progression via direct interaction with PTEN
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Wang Meigui , Zhang Jing , Xu Peng , Wang Haitao
Published: May 2020

Various research studies have been conducted in deducing the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis and physiological processes of various systematic diseases. This study aims at demonstration of the important role played by miR‐29a‐3p, through association with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), in the regulation of abdominal aortic aneurysm development and progression. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) examined miRNA‐19a‐3p and PMEPA1 expression in multiplied vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cell transfection upregulated or downregulated the genes and cell counting kit‐8 assay determined cellular viability. RT‐qPCR detected cellular proliferation and cell death using the cell proliferation and apoptosis biomarkers Ki87 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, caspase‐8 and caspase‐3, respectively. Furthermore, luciferase assay analyzed the luciferase activity and western blot analysis determined miRNA‐19a‐3p and PMEPA1 protein expression in proliferation and apoptosis biomarkers. TargetScan 4.2 online software (www.targetscan.org) was used to perform the bioinformatics analysis so as to forecast the putative targets of miR‐29a‐3p and PTEN. The results inferred that there was an increased expression of miRNA‐29a‐3p found in AAA‐mimic cells with increased cellular viability and significant pathological apoptosis. Further, when the expression of miRNA‐29a‐3p was downregulated, it reduced the cell viability of AAA cells. On the basis of the gene interplays, it can be understood that the PTEN was directly targeted by miRNA‐29a‐3p so as to regulate the AAA progression. Thus, PTEN was found to strengthen the proliferation effect of miRNA‐29a‐3p in AAA cells. The current study thus shed more insights about the molecular mechanistic roles of miRNA‐29a‐3p and PTEN, opening doors for novel therapeutic approach to AAA.
3D printed locking osteosynthesis screw threads have comparable strength to machined or hand‐tapped screw threads
Authors: MacLeod Alisdair , Patterson Michael , MacTear Kate , Gill Harinderjit Singh
Published: May 2020

Additive manufacturing, aka three dimensional (3D) printing, is increasingly being used for personalized orthopedic implants. Additively manufactured components normally undergo further processing, in particular 3D printed locking osteosynthesis plates require post‐printing screw thread creation. The aim of this study was to compare 3D printed threads with machined and hand‐tapped threads for a locking plate application. Pushout tests were performed on 115 additively manufactured specimens with tapered screw holes; additive manufacture was performed at 0°, 20°, 45°, or 90° build orientations. The screw holes were either machined, hand‐tapped or 3D printed. The 3D printed screw holes were left as printed, or run through with a tap lubricated with water or with thread cutting oil. Printed threads run through using oil, with a build orientation of 90°, had comparable pushout force (median: 6377 N 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5616‐7739 N) to machined (median: 6757 N; 95% CI: 6682‐7303 N) and hand‐tapped (median: 7805 N; 95% CI: 7154‐7850 N) threads. As printed threads and those run through using water had significantly lower pushout forces. This study shows for the first time that 3D printed screw threads for a locking osteosynthesis plate application have comparable strength to traditionally produced screw threads.
RNA‐Seq transcriptomic analyses of Antrodia camphorata to determine antroquinonol and antrodin C biosynthetic mechanisms in the in situ extractive fermentation
Authors: Liu Xiaofeng , Xia Yongjun , Zhang Yao , Sang Kunkun , Xiong Zhiqiang , Wang Guangqiang , Liu Xinxin , Ai Lianzhong
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

In situ extractive fermentation (ISEF) is an important technique for improving metabolite productivity. The different extractants can induce the synthesis of different bioactive metabolites of Antrodia camphorata during ISEF. However, a lack of research on the molecular genetics of A. camphorata during ISEF currently hinders such studies on metabolite biosynthetic mechanisms.

RESULTS

To clarify the differentially expressed genes during ISEF, the gene transcriptional expression features of A. camphorata S‐29 were analysed. The addition of n‐tetradecane as an extractant during ISEF showed more pronounced up‐regulation of ubiquinone and other terpenoid‐quinone biosynthesis pathway genes (CoQ2, wrbA and ARO8). When oleic acid was used as an extractant, the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and ubiquinone and other terpenoid‐quinone biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched, and genes (IDI, E2.3.3.10, HMGCR atoB, and CoQ2) related to these two pathways were also significantly up‐regulated. The CoQ2 genes encode puru‐hydroxybenzoate:polyprenyltransferase, playing an important role in antroquinonol synthesis. The IDI, E2.3.3.10, HMGCR and atoB genes of the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway might play an important role in the synthesis of the triquine‐type sesquiterpene antrodin C.

CONCLUSION

This investigation advances our understanding of how two different extractants of n‐tetradecane and oleic acid affect the biosynthesis of metabolites in A. camphorata. It is beneficial to provide potential strategies for improving antrodin C and antroquinonol production by genetic means. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Seminal Plasma, Sperm Membrane Proteins, and Seminal Extracellular Vesicles Suggests Vesicular Mechanisms Aid in the Removal and Addition of Proteins to the Ram Sperm Membrane
Authors: Leahy Tamara , Rickard Jessica P. , Pini Taylor , Gadella Bart M. , de Graaf Simon P.
Published: May 2020

Quantitative proteomic studies are contributing greatly to the understanding of the spermatozoon through the provision of detailed information on the proteins spermatozoa acquire and shed in the acquisition of fertility. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are thought to aid in the delivery of proteins to spermatozoa in the male reproductive tract. The aim of this study is to isolate, identify and quantify EV proteins isolated from ram seminal plasma. Ram sperm plasma membrane proteins are also isolated using nitrogen cavitation and identified to better understand the interplay of proteins between the sperm membrane and extracellular environment. The categorization of proteins enriched in the EV population according to their function revealed three main groupings: vesicle biogenesis, metabolism, and membrane adhesion and remodeling. The latter group contains many reproduction‐specific proteins that show demonstrable links to sperm fertility. Many of these membrane‐bound proteins show testicular expression and are shed from the sperm surface during epididymal maturation (e.g., testis expressed 101; TEX101 and lymphocyte Antigen 6 Family Member K; LY6K). Their association with seminal EVs suggests that EVs may not only deliver protein cargo to spermatozoa but also assist in the removal of proteins from the sperm membrane.
Theoretical Analysis of Strain‐Optoelectronic Properties in Externally Deformed Ge/GeSi Quantum Well Nanomembranes via Neutral Plane Modulation
Authors: Zhang Jiushuang , Xu Yun , Wu Weitong , Lu Wei , Song Guofeng
Published: May 2020

For indirect‐bandgap germanium (Ge), strain‐engineering provides a controllable means to transform Ge into direct‐bandgap material with strongly enhanced light emission efficiency. Flexible electronics offer a powerful platform for introducing external strain into semiconductor nanomembranes (NMs) through deformation with flexible substrates. So far, the Ge/GexSi1−x alloy quantum well (QW) NMs have not been sufficiently investigated to comprehend how the external deformation tunes the wavelength and light‐emitting properties. Herein, a theoretical model based on the elasticity theory and k·p method is established to analyze the strain‐optoelectronic properties of the externally deformed Ge/GexSi1−x QW NMs via neutral plane (NP) modulation in both embedded and sticked form. Calculated results reveal that the elastic strain is linearly distributed, inducing tilt of the band edge similar to the electric field. Considering the fracture limit of the material, the NP layout determines the critical bending curvature that the NM can achieve. Large tunable range of wavelength Δλ of 1615 nm and enhanced transverse electric (TE)/transverse magnetic (TM) peak gain of 949/3778 cm−1 are predicted for r = 1000 nm (the distance between NP and QW) under the bending limit. Further calculations conclude that larger r allow for smaller bending curvature to achieve wider range of wavelength and more enhanced optical gain.
Fabrication and Characterization of N−TiO2/C/ATP Composite with Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Performance for the Degradation of Polyacrylamide in Wastewater
Authors: Zhu Pengfei , Xie Lisi , Duan Ming , Hu Min , Xu Jing , Wang Ruoxu
Published: May 2020

A novel N−TiO2/C/attapulgite (N−TiO2/C/ATP) composite photocatalyst was prepared by sol‐gel method using ATP supported o‐phenanthroline modified TiO2. The as‐prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐vis DRS) and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The activity of these photocatalysts was tested by degrading polyacrylamide (PAM) under visible light irradiation while N−TiO2/C/ATP shows significant photocatalytic enhancement compared to pure TiO2. The optimal ratio of N−TiO2/C/ATP photocatalyst is n (TiO2): n (o‐phenanthroline)=20 : 1 and the m (N−TiO2/C): m (ATP)=1 : 1. When the initial concentration of PAM is 300 mg/L and the catalyst dosage is 1.5 g/L, the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reaches 86.3 % at pH 2 under 2 h of visible light. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the C element in o‐phenanthroline is modified on the TiO2 surface as a surface sensitizer and the N element may enter anatase TiO2 lattice and replace to form O−Ti−N bond. Meanwhile, some TiO2 particles were permeated into the layer of ATP, which made the composite photocatalyst more stable and the N−TiO2/C/ATP composite exhibits good stability after three times recycling. In addition, the possible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed at the end.
Effect of Intercritical Annealing on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of an Ultrafine‐Grained Dual‐Phase Low Alloy Steel Containing Titanium
Authors: Bakhtiari Masoud , Kermanpur Ahmad , Han Jeongho , Najafizadeh Abbas
Published: May 2020

Ultrafine‐grained (UFG) dual‐phase (DP) AISI 5115 steel containing 0.12 wt% Ti is developed using thermomechanical treatment of cold rolling and intercritical annealing. The aim is to investigate the effect of intercritical annealing time on microstructural changes, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior. The results show that, with increasing intercritical annealing time up to 8 min, the martensite island size and the martensite volume fraction increase, whereas the ferrite grain size is not changed. Significant TiC precipitation is found inside the ferrite grains that retards grain growth during annealing. The yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the UFG DP steels are enhanced by increasing the martensite volume fraction, while slightly attenuated by enlarging the size of martensite islands. A suitable combination of strength and ductility is obtained in terms of the amount of energy absorbed for UFG DP steels (UTS × UE > 160 MPa%) compared with the coarse‐grained DP steel (≈100 MPa%). The fracture mechanism of the UFG DP steel is ductile in which increasing annealing time results in a smaller average diameter of the dimples.
Unexpected C–C Bond Formation with a Ferrocenyl Fischer Carbene Complex
Authors: Veit Philipp , Seibert Sebastian , Förster Christoph , Heinze Katja
Published: May 2020

Thermolysis of (OC)5Cr(C(OEt)(Fc)) (1) gives 2,N‐diferrocenyl acetamide Fc–CH2–CO–NH–Fc (2) in the presence of amino ferrocene Fc‐NH2. In the absence of a nucleophile, 4‐ethoxy‐2,3,4‐triferrocenyl‐cyclobut‐2‐enone (3) forms from 1 under thermal activation. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry unambiguously confirm the structure of both unexpected products. Quantum chemical calculations and kinetic experiments by mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy help to propose conceivable pathways to their formation.
In vivo imaging of CNS microglial activation/macrophage infiltration with combined [18F]DPA-714-PET and SPIO-MRI in a mouse model of relapsing remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Coda A. R. , Anzilotti S. , Boscia F. , Greco A. , Panico M. , Gargiulo S. , Gramanzini M. , Zannetti A. , Albanese S. , Pignataro G. , Annunziato L. , Salvatore M. , Brunetti A. , De Berardinis P. , Quarantelli Mario , Palma G. , Pappatà Sabina
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility and sensitivity of multimodality PET/CT and MRI imaging for non-invasive characterization of brain microglial/macrophage activation occurring during the acute phase in a mouse model of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) using [18F]DPA-714, a selective radioligand for the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), and ex vivo immunohistochemistry.

Methods

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in female SJL/J mice by immunization with PLP139–151. Seven symptomatic EAE mice and five controls underwent both PET/CT and MRI studies between 11 and 14 days post-immunization. SPIO was injected i.v. in the same animals immediately after [18F]DPA-714 and MRI acquisition was performed after 24 h. Regional brain volumes were defined according to a mouse brain atlas on co-registered PET and SPIO-MRI images. [18F]DPA-714 standardized uptake value (SUV) ratios (SUVR), with unaffected neocortex as reference, and SPIO fractional volumes (SPIO-Vol) were generated. Both SUVR and SPIO-Vol values were correlated with the clinical score (CS) and among them. Five EAE and four control mice underwent immunohistochemical analysis with the aim of identifying activated microglia/macrophage and TSPO expressions.

Results

SUVR and SPIO-Vol values were significantly increased in EAE compared with controls in the hippocampus (p < 0.01;p < 0.02, respectively), thalamus (p < 0.02;p < 0.05, respectively), and cerebellum and brainstem (p < 0.02), while only SPIO-Vol was significantly increased in the caudate/putamen (p < 0.05). Both SUVR and SPIO-Vol values were positively significantly correlated with CS and among them in the same regions. TSPO/Iba1 and F4/80/Prussian blue staining immunohistochemistry suggests that increased activated microglia/macrophages underlay TSPO expression and SPIO uptake in symptomatic EAE mice.

Conclusions

These preliminary results suggest that both activated microglia and infiltrated macrophages are present in vulnerable brain regions during the acute phase of PLP-EAE and contribute to disease severity. Both [18F]DPA-714-PET and SPIO-MRI appear suitable modalities for preclinical study of neuroinflammation in MS mice models.
Consensus Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Neonatal Intestinal Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society Recommendations
Authors: Brindle Mary E. , McDiarmid Caraline , Short Kristin , Miller Kathleen , MacRobie Ali , Lam Jennifer Y. K. , Brockel Megan , Raval Mehul V. , Howlett Alexandra , Lee Kyong‐Soon , Offringa Martin , Wong Kenneth , de Beer David , Wester Tomas , Skarsgard Erik D. , Wales Paul W. , Fecteau Annie , Haliburton Beth , Goobie Susan M. , Nelson Gregg
Published: May 2020

Background

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society guidelines integrate evidence‐based practices into multimodal care pathways that have improved outcomes in multiple adult surgical specialties. There are currently no pediatric ERAS® Society guidelines. We created an ERAS® guideline designed to enhance quality of care in neonatal intestinal resection surgery.

Methods

A multidisciplinary guideline generation group defined the scope, population, and guideline topics. Systematic reviews were supplemented by targeted searching and expert identification to identify 3514 publications that were screened to develop and support recommendations. Final recommendations were determined through consensus and were assessed for evidence quality and recommendation strength. Parental input was attained throughout the process.

Results

Final recommendations ranged from communication strategies to antibiotic use. Topics with poor‐quality and conflicting evidence were eliminated. Several recommendations were combined. The quality of supporting evidence was variable. Seventeen final recommendations are included in the proposed guideline.

Discussion

We have developed a comprehensive, evidence‐based ERAS guideline for neonates undergoing intestinal resection surgery. This guideline, and its creation process, provides a foundation for future ERAS guideline development and can ultimately lead to improved perioperative care across a variety of pediatric surgical specialties.