bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Płeć kulturowa jako kategoria historyczna. Relacje między medyczną koncepcją ciała a pojęciem płci kulturowej
Authors: Buczkowski Adam
Published: June 2017

Gender as the historical category: Relations between the medical conception of the body and the notion of genderThe article touches on the relation between gender and the medical conception of the body in the context of historical changes. The oldest European conception of gender was linked to ontic inequality, which corresponded to one-gender idea of the body in medicine. From the eighteenth century on, the medical conception of the body started to change, and the idea of two-gender body started spreading. The body of women started to be perceived as the different “other.” That change was accompanied by social and cultural shift and one of its consequences was the emergence of women’s group identity. The latest medical idea is personalized medicine, and the body is an element of the culture of individualization. Judging by the recent changes in the medical conception of the body, we are probably witnessing a change in the idea of gender – namely its dispersion. Płeć kulturowa jako kategoria historyczna. Relacje między medyczną koncepcją ciała a pojęciem płci kulturowejArtykuł dotyczy relacji pomiędzy pojęciem płci kulturowej a medyczną koncepcją ciała w kontekście zmian historycznych. Najstarsza w kulturze europejskiej koncepcja płci kulturowej wiązana była z nierównością ontyczną, co odpowiadało jednopłciowej koncepcji ciała w medycynie. Zmiana zaczęła następować od osiemnastego wieku, gdy w medycynie zaczęła się rozpowszechniać koncepcja ciała dwupłciowego, w którym kobiece ciało było traktowane jako inne. Tej zmianie towarzyszyły szerokie zmiany społeczne oraz w konsekwencji powstanie grupowej tożsamości kobiet. Najnowsze koncepcje medycyny personalizowanej wskazują na indywidualizację ciała. Towarzyszy temu zmiana kulturowa polegająca na coraz wyraźniejszym akcentowaniu indywidualności ciała. Przyjmując za punkty wyjścia zmiany pojmowania ciała w medycynie, prawdopodobnie jesteśmy świadkami zmiany pojęcia płci kulturowej – jej rozproszenia.
The Mean and Turbulent Properties of a Wildfire Convective Plume
Authors: Lareau Neil P. , Clements Craig B.
Published: June 2017

The time-mean and time-varying smoke and velocity structure of a wildfire convective plume is examined using a high-resolution scanning Doppler lidar. The mean plume is shown to exhibit the archetypal form of a bent-over plume in a crosswind, matching the well-established Briggs plume-rise equation. The plume cross section is approximately Gaussian and the plume radius increases linearly with height, consistent with plume-rise theory. The Briggs plume-rise equation is subsequently inverted to estimate the mean fire-generated sensible heat flux, which is found to be 87 kW m−2. The mean radial velocity structure of the plume indicates flow convergence into the plume base and regions of both convective overshoot and sinking flow in the upper plume. The updraft speed in the lower plume is estimated to be 13.5 m s−1 by tracking the leading edge of a convective element ascending through the plume. The lidar data also reveal aspects of entrainment processes during the plume rise. For example, the covariation of the radial velocity and smoke perturbations are shown to dilute the smoke concentration with height.
Adaptive Range Oversampling Processing for Nontraditional Radar-Variable Estimators
Authors: Curtis Christopher D. , Torres Sebastián M.
Published: June 2017

Adaptive range oversampling processing can be used either to reduce the variance of radar-variable estimates without increasing scan times or to reduce scan times without increasing the variance of estimates. For example, an implementation of adaptive pseudowhitening on the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar (NWRT PAR) led to a twofold reduction in scan times. Conversely, a proposed implementation of adaptive pseudowhitening the U.S. Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) network would reduce the variance of dual-polarization estimates while keeping current scan times. However, the original version of adaptive pseudowhitening is not compatible with radar-variable estimators for which an explicit variance expression is not readily available. One such nontraditional estimator is the hybrid spectrum-width estimator, which is currently used in the NEXRAD network. In this paper, an extension of adaptive pseudowhitening is proposed that utilizes lookup tables (rather than analytical solutions based on explicit variance expressions) to obtain range oversampling transformations. After describing this lookup table (LUT) adaptive pseudowhitening technique, its performance is compared to that of the original version of adaptive pseudowhitening using traditional radar-variable estimators. LUT adaptive pseudowhitening is then applied to the hybrid spectrum-width estimator, and simulation results are confirmed with a qualitative analysis of radar data.
Radiometric Characteristics of the Broadband Radiometer (BBR) Instrument for the EarthCARE Mission
Authors: Caldwell Martin E. , Spilling David A. V. , Delderfield John , Ward Kim , Whalley Martin
Published: June 2017

The Broadband Radiometer (BBR) is one of a suite of instruments to be flown on the Earth Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) space mission. Its role is to make broadband measurements of Earth radiance in terms of reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal infrared radiation for use with the other EarthCARE instruments for the study of Earth atmosphere processes. The Broadband Radiometer has its design based on the principles and heritage of previous instruments for studying the earth radiation budget (ERB). The radiometer has common features with those instruments: two measurement bands—shortwave (solar energy of 0.25–4 µm) and total wave (0.25 to >50 µm)—with a longwave band (thermal emission of 4 to >50 µm) being obtained by subtraction of the two measured bands. Multiple simultaneous views of Earth at three different view angles are used to account for angular variations in radiance. The radiometer requires an accuracy of 1% in each band, similar to those of the previous instruments, and detailed calibration measurements on ground and in orbit. This paper describes the instrument calibration algorithms and the corresponding requirements on the ground calibration of the flight instrument prior to launch. It includes a description of the main methods to be used and the error sources to be controlled, based on the design heritage and analysis results of the previous ERB instruments.
Sea Surface Wind Correction Using HF Ocean Radar and Its Impact on Coastal Wave Prediction
Authors: Hisaki Yukiharu
Published: June 2017

Both wind speeds and wind directions are important for predicting wave heights near complex coastal areas, such as small islands, because the fetch is sensitive to the wind direction. High-frequency (HF) radar can be used to estimate sea surface wind directions from first-order scattering. A simple method is proposed to correct sea surface wind vectors from reanalysis data using the wind directions estimated from HF radar. The constraints for wind speed corrections are that the corrections are small and that the corrections of horizontal divergences are small. A simple algorithm for solving the solution that minimizes the weighted sum of the constraints is developed. Another simple method is proposed to correct sea surface wind vectors. The constraints of the method are that corrections of wind vectors and horizontal divergences from the reanalysis wind vectors are small and that the projection of the corrected wind vectors to the direction orthogonal to the HF radar–estimated wind direction is small. The impact of wind correction on wave parameter prediction is large in the area in which the fetch is sensitive to wind direction. The accuracy of the wave prediction is improved by correcting the wind in that area, where correction of wind direction is more important than correction of wind speeds for the improvement. This method could be used for near-real-time wave monitoring by correcting forecast winds using HF radar data.
Tornado Damage Rating Probabilities Derived from WSR-88D Data
Authors: Thompson Richard L. , Smith Bryan T. , Grams Jeremy S. , Dean Andrew R. , Picca Joseph C. , Cohen Ariel E. , Leitman Elizabeth M. , Gleason Aaron M. , Marsh Patrick T.
Published: June 2017

Previous work with observations from the NEXRAD (WSR-88D) network in the United States has shown that the probability of damage from a tornado, as represented by EF-scale ratings, increases as low-level rotational velocity increases. This work expands on previous studies by including reported tornadoes from 2014 to 2015, as well as a robust sample of nontornadic severe thunderstorms [≥1-in.- (2.54 cm) diameter hail, thunderstorm wind gusts ≥ 50 kt (25 m s−1), or reported wind damage] with low-level cyclonic rotation. The addition of the nontornadic sample allows the computation of tornado damage rating probabilities across a spectrum of organized severe thunderstorms represented by right-moving supercells and quasi-linear convective systems. Dual-polarization variables are used to ensure proper use of velocity data in the identification of tornadic and nontornadic cases. Tornado damage rating probabilities increase as low-level rotational velocity Vrot increases and circulation diameter decreases. The influence of height above radar level (or range from radar) is less obvious, with a muted tendency for tornado damage rating probabilities to increase as rotation (of the same Vrot magnitude) is observed closer to the ground. Consistent with previous work on gate-to-gate shear signatures such as the tornadic vortex signature, easily identifiable rotation poses a greater tornado risk compared to more nebulous areas of cyclonic azimuthal shear. Additionally, tornado probability distributions vary substantially (for similar sample sizes) when comparing the southeast United States, which has a high density of damage indicators, to the Great Plains, where damage indicators are more sparse.
Community Mothers and Vicarious Resilience: An Exploration in a Colombian Community
Authors: Acevedo Victoria Eugenia , Hernandez-Wolfe Pilar
Published: June 2017

This study explores vicarious resilience process in early childhood education. It addresses the question of how low-income community mothers who are involved in child care and education for other low-income working caretakers are affected by the children’s resilience. It focuses on the women’s interpretations of the children and caretaker stories’ experiences and stories, and how they make sense of the impact these experiences and stories have on their lives. Twenty-one semistructured interviews were conducted with community mothers who work in the Hogares Comunitarios de Bienestar Program (Wellness Community Homes), of the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare in Cali, Colombia; their perceptions of the children and caretaker’s overcoming adversity were explored. Data were analyzed through grounded theory and Consensual Qualitative Research methodology to describe the themes that speak about the effects of witnessing how children and caretakers constructively overcame adversity. These themes are discussed to advance the concept of vicarious resilience and how it can contribute to sustaining and empowering educational endeavors, community leadership, and family life in the context of poverty, adversity, and potential trauma.
Slips of the Tongue and Lexical Storage
Authors: Tweney Ryan D. , Tkacz Sharon , Zaruba Sally
Published: June 2017

Brown and McNeill's (1966) explanation of the " tip of the tongue " phenomenon relied on a concept of " faint entries " in the lexicon. Such an account may hold only for low frequency items. Slips of the tongue, however, can be obtained at all frequency levels. Analysis of 234 slips collected by the authors and 68 presented by Freud revealed a serial position effect for letter matches similar to that found by Brown and McNeill, supporting the generality of their account. Implications for theoretical accounts of slips are discussed.
Is syncretism really harmful to Christianity?
Authors: Chinedu Nweke K.
Published: June 2017

What culture or society is pure? Which religion has not been influenced by another or other religions? Yet, why is the fusion of some elements of one religion into other religions met with distrust and disapproval? Why is there little or no theological support for the union and assimilation of qualities from one religion into another? Why does it seem that Christianity in particular is exceptionally anti-syncretistic? This work reconsiders under what situations syncretism is adverse or positive. Is it bad when it results in a more fulfilling and satisfactory relationship with Christ? Is it bad when it reinvigorates or retains the forms of worship that have been suitable for the people in their relationship with God before Christianity? Is it bad when it enculturates people towards accepting Christ and believing in his message, but in their own categories?
On the Dependency of the Situation of Elderly Persons Requiring Care upon Mortality and Migration in Germany. Results of Demographic Projections
Authors: Heigl Andreas , Rosenkranz Doris
Published: June 2017

After almost 20 years of reform discussions in Germany, a new political regulation came into force on 1 January 1995, in order to substantiate requiring care—elderly primary care ( Pflegeversicherung). The demographic development in Germany represents one point of reference for considerations on how to finance and legally regulate such a validation.

The number of persons requiring care at all ages in Germany is estimated to have presently reached about 1.65 million. Thus, as far as the general population is concerned, requiring care does not represent a serious risk. However, with growing age the need for care does become a “typical” situation in life: about ten per cent of persons aged over 65 were in need of care in 1993, and one third of those aged over 80.
Ultimate Limit States of Space Reticular Structures with Random Behaviour Elements
Authors: Tegola Antonio La
Published: June 2017

In this paper we will carry out an analysis of the ultimate limit state of space reticular structures built of bars with random imperfections of a geometrical kind.

Reference is first made to structures that are optimized through an analytic procedure based on the minimization of the volumes of those bars, which, in collapsing, transform the structure into a mechanism.

An analysis of simulated structures is hence carried out. Such an analysis allows to define the distribution of collapse multipliers, from which it is possible to determine the collapse multiplier of the structure.
Reinforced Concrete Double-Layer Grid Slabs
Authors: Ben-Arroyo Abraham
Published: June 2017

In reinforced concrete buildings, the floor and roof construction are the major components of the structural system. In order to reduce dead weight and improve the total behaviour of the system, a new double-layer grid slab concept has been developed and tested.

The proposed new method uses upper and lower thin layers of concrete connected by inclined ribs and thus creating a two-way space structure configuration.
A Class of Stability Problems: Sequential Fabrication of Expandable Structures
Authors: Mirmiran Amir , Amde Amde M.
Published: June 2017

Sequential fabrication of expandable structures has been investigated as a class of stability problems. When a system is fabricated in a multistage process, the erection procedure generates a set of geometric and stress boundary conditions which enter the governing equations for the resulting system. The system evolves through a series of unstable configurations until it reaches a final stable state. A systematic approach is presented to model the stress path in the system being fabricated. The proposed algorithm has been discussed for prestressed elastica arches and pre-buckled sandwich arches. A nonlinear finite element method using crotational formulation of a two-node, three-layer sandwich beam element has been developed to model the fabrication process of the arch. The model is then used to predict the buckling and post-buckling behaviour of the sandwich arch.
Attentional bias scores in patients with depression and effects of age: a controlled, eye-tracking study
Authors: Lu Shengfu , Xu Jiying , Li Mi , Xue Jia , Lu Xiaofeng , Feng Lei , Fu Bingbing , Wang Gang , Zhong Ning , Hu Bin
Published: June 2017

Objective

To compare the attentional bias of depressed patients and non-depressed control subjects and examine the effects of age using eye-tracking technology in a free-viewing set of tasks.

Methods

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and non-depressed control subjects completed an eye-tracking task to assess attention of processing negative, positive and neutral facial expressions. In this cross-sectional study, the tasks were separated in two types (neutral versus happy faces and neutral versus sad faces) and assessed in two age groups (‘young’ [18–30 years] and ‘middle-aged’ [31–55 years]).

Results

Compared with non-depressed control subjects ( n = 75), patients with MDD ( n = 90) had a significant reduced positive attentional bias and enhanced negative attentional bias irrespective of age. The positive attentional bias in ‘middle-aged’ patients with MDD was significantly lower than in ‘young’ patients, although there was no difference between the two age groups in negative attentional bias.

Conclusions

These results confirm that there are emotional attentional biases in patients with MDD and that positive attentional biases are influenced by age.
The Production of Cytopathic Changes in Canine Cell Lines by Infectious Agents
Authors: Kasza Louis , Griesemer Richard A.
Published: June 2017

The cytopathic effect of more than 30 viruses and Toxoplasma gondii and Histoplasma capsulatum was determined in established canine thyroid adenocarcinoma and canine melanoma cell lines. Marked effect was observed with the viruses of canine hepatitis, pseudorabies, and canine distemper, and reo type 1 and vaccinia viruses in both cell lines. Moderate effect was found with human adenovirus type 1, swine adenovirus and the viruses of swine influenza and Newcastle disease. Cytopathic changes were produced with the virus of herpes simplex in the thyroid adenocarcinoma cells. A transient giant cell formation was produced by the virus of measles in the thyroid cell line. Hemadsorption was demonstrated in both cell lines with vaccinia virus. Toxoplasma gondii multiplied in both cell lines and produced cellular degeneration and necrosis. Histoplasma capsulatum grew in the thyroid adenocarcinoma cell line with little cellular degeneration.
The Relation of Fetal Age to the Character of Lesions in Fetal Lambs Infected with Brucella ovis
Authors: Osburn B. I.
Published: June 2017

Cultures of Brucella ovis were inoculated into the conceptus of ewes at various stages of gestation, and the fetal lambs were recovered from 10 to 81 days later. All lambs, the youngest of which was recovered on the 54th day of gestation, had lesions. The character of the lesions varied from that of reticuloendothelial hyperplasia and granulomatous inflammation in fetuses up to 91 days of gestation to that of a lymphoreticular nature with well-formed nodules of reticuloendothelial cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in older fetal lambs. It was suggested that the variation in the inflammatory response was attributable to the immaturity of the fetal immunologic system.
Thinking laughter beyond humour: Atmospheric refrains and ethical indeterminacies in spaces of care
Authors: Emmerson Phil
Published: June 2017

Despite the range of subjects tackled by affective and emotional geographers, laughter has received relatively little attention. Those who do discuss laughter, do so for the most part in terms of the “humorous” moments that precede it. This paper proposes a distinctly different approach: shifting focus away from humour to foreground laughter as an analytical category. Through this, I argue that we can understand laughter as a phenomenon in its own right, without reducing it to humorous intentionality (even when there is humour present). This allows further analytical precision within discussions of laughter particularly around the ways in which it affects bodies and spaces. The paper first discusses laughter as more-than-representational; as having transpersonal and atmospheric spatialities, capable of affecting and being affected beyond its relationship with humour. The refrain is then deployed as a conceptual means through which we can grasp laughter’s indeterminate capacities to generate spaces, atmospheres and subjectivities. Drawing on insights from three months of ethnographic research spent working in nursing care homes, I illustrate these conceptions of laughter in terms of the ways it can enact, disrupt, and reconfigure different relationships between bodies and space. This case study thus prompts discussion of the ethical implications of thinking laughter in this manner, particularly the need to develop an ethos for laughter that remains open to its potential for multiple (and often unexpected) outcomes.
New Perspectives on European Marriage in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Alter George
Published: June 2017

In recent years, the research inspired by John Hajnal's hypothesis concerning European marriage has been followed by work on the balance between population and resources and on the prevalence of the nuclear family in Europe. These new directions have raised questions about the Hajnal hypothesis and a number of them are dealt with by the articles in the present collection.
The Open Society and Its New Enemies
Authors: Lee Han Goo
Published: June 2017

This paper elaborates on two classical theories of “Open Society,” i.e. Henri Bergson's and Karl Popper's. It outlines their differences, qualities, and limits. It provides some suggestions about the new enemies of open society in a globalized world, that these new enemies are identified in fanaticism which appears as religious fundamentalism, closed nationalism and political populism. Open society is characterized by the critical use of reason, freedom and tolerance.
Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates with Multiple Delaminations
Authors: Parhi P. K. , Bhattacharyya S. K. , Sinha P. K.
Published: June 2017

A simple multiple delamination model is developed for the dynamic analysis of multi-layered laminated composite plates having arbitrarily located multiple delaminations. The displacements of any sub-laminate are expressed with respect to the mid-plane of the original laminate for finding the stiffnesses of the corresponding sub-laminate. The finite element dynamic equations are accordingly derived based on eight-noded isoparametric quadratic elements, assuming the first order shear deformation of each lamina. The present results compare well with those existing in the open literature. Several parametric studies are carried out to investigate the dynamic behaviour in the presence of single and multiple delaminations. Numerical results for free vibration and transient response are presented both for single and multiple delaminated plates with various boundary conditions, stacking sequences and other geometric parameters.
Low Velocity Impact Damage Tolerance Studies on Glass-Epoxy Laminates - Effects of Material, Process and Test Parameters
Authors: Datta Supratik , Krishna A. Vamsee , Rao R. M. V. G. K.
Published: June 2017

An effort has been made to study the effects of variable incident impact energy and laminate thickness (obtained by varying the number of fabric layers at constant moulding pressure and also by varying the pressure for a fixed number of fabric layers), on the low velocity impact damage tolerance of GFRP composite laminates (woven E-glass fabric in a room temperature cure epoxy system LY556/HY951). Repeated drop tests were conducted using an in-house built drop weight impact tester. Number of drops to failure (Nf), was considered as the impact damage tolerance index. Correlations between Nf and composite material parameters (fiber weight fraction - Wf, laminate thickness - t, number of fabric layers - L) and a test parameter (incident impact energy - E) were found out and the bounding limits for these were defined. Critical values of impact energy (Ec) and laminate thickness (tc) were defined (for the particular resin - hardener system chosen for the study) which can quite possibly be used as designer’s guidelines. A new ratio, (t/Wf), was introduced for the study of composite systems where both fiber weight fraction and laminate thickness get affected upon alteration of a process parameter (the pressure - P as in this case).
Study on the Warpage of Plastics Vacuum-Forming Process
Authors: Song Y. H. , Zhang K. F. , Diao F. X. , Fang M. L. , Wang Z. R.
Published: June 2017

A series of experiments was carried out to comprehensively study the effect of technological parameters including mold geometry (depths of draw, the shape of impression), initial forming temperature and material properties on the warpage of plastics vacuum-formed parts. During the process of plastics vacuum-forming, the thermoelastic FEM model was adopted to analyze the warpage at the cooling stage and the rigid visco-plastic FEM model was adopted to analyze the deformation at the deforming stage. The 3-D temperature fields are computated using Calerkin FEM code with proper selection of the parison's thermal properties and appropriate disposals of dynamic heat conclusion boundary condition, latent heat and deformation heat. The simulation results of warpage match the experimental results of the sample part quite well.
The Effect of Keyboard-Based Word Processing on Students With Different Working Memory Capacity During the Process of Academic Writing
Authors: Van Der Steen Steffie , Samuelson Dianne , Thomson Jennifer M.
Published: June 2017

This study addresses the current debate about the beneficial effects of text processing software on students with different working memory (WM) during the process of academic writing, especially with regard to the ability to display higher-level conceptual thinking. A total of 54 graduate students (15 male, 39 female) wrote one essay by hand and one by keyboard. Our results show a beneficial effect of text processing software, in terms of both the qualitative and quantitative writing output. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to detect distinct performance groups in the sample. These performance groups mapped onto three differing working memory profiles. The groups with higher mean WM scores manifested superior writing complexity using a keyboard, in contrast to the cluster with the lowest mean WM. The results also point out that more revision during the writing process itself does not inevitably reduce the quality of the final output.
Polyvictimization and Psychological Distress in Early Adolescence: A Mediation Model of Defense Mechanisms and Coping Styles
Authors: Zerach Gadi , Elklit Ask
Published: June 2017

In the current study, we aim to examine the link between exposure to multiple traumatic events (polyvictimization), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (PTSS), and psychiatric symptomatology in early adolescence. Furthermore, we aim to explore the mediating roles of defense styles and coping styles in the associations between polyvictimization, PTSS, and psychiatric symptomatology. Data from a Danish national representative sample of 390 eighth-grade students with a mean age of 13.95 ( SD = 0.37) years were used. Participants responded to validated self-report questionnaires in 2001. The dimensions of immature defense styles and emotional and avoidance coping mediated the positive associations between polyvictimization, PTSS, and psychiatric symptomatology. Serial multiple mediation indicated that the sum of exposure to traumatic events was significantly associated with more immature defense styles, associated with both high levels emotional and avoidance coping, which, in turn, were associated with high levels of PTSS and psychiatric symptomatology. Polyvictimization is related to adverse outcomes in early adolescence. Both immature defense styles and emotional and avoidance coping styles should be considered as risk factors for the development of psychological distress following exposure to multiple traumas.
In-Vitro Determination of the Resistance of Commercial Enteric-Coating to Acidic Conditions
Authors: Madan P. L. , Minisci Marie
Published: June 2017

Seventeen commercial brands of enteric-coated sodium salicylate tablets have been evaluated for their ability to resist release of their active ingredient in acidic gastric environment. The results show that although the tablets meet the official enteric-coated tablet disintegration test requirement, the coating on at least ten brands failed to provide the necessary protection. simulated gastric fluid, the fluid was replaced with simulated intestinal fluid (without enzymes).4 A disk was added to each tube and the apparatus was operated until the tablets showed evidence of softening, crackling, or complete disintegration.
Impaired Renal Function Secondary to Gentamicin — Identifying the Special Risk Patient
Authors: Hoffmann Richard P. , Mood Darlene W.
Published: June 2017

Although gentamicin has been commercially available since 1969, reports concerning the incidence of nephrotoxicity from this drug and variables relating to this toxicity are still unclear and conflicting. In view of this, a prospective study of patients receiving gentamicin over a two month period was undertaken to determine the incidence of nephrotoxicity and to study the influence of several variables on the potential for developing gentamicin associated nephrotoxicity. The variables studied were patient's age; the total grams of gentamicin received; the total number of days the patient received gentamicin with a hemoglobin of less than 12 g%; sex; total days duration of therapy; hemoglobin prior to therapy; hematocrit prior to therapy; red blood cell count prior to therapy; albumin level prior to therapy; and if the patient received another potentially nephrotoxic drug concomitantly with gentamicin. Sixty patients in total were studied. However, in the “toxic” and “nontoxic” grouping process, seventeen patients were excluded from the study due to missing variables. Of the remaining sample, ten patients were classified as “toxic” and thirty-three were classified as “nontoxic.” Thus the incidence of nephrotoxicity was at least 10/60 or 16.7 percent. The data relating to the variables identified were analysed utilizing Chi-square, t-test, and multiple regression analyses. Two variables were found to be highly significant in relationship to the development of nephrotoxicity while receiving gentamicin therapy. These were (1) the albumin level prior to therapy (lower albumin level in the “toxic” group) and (2) the concomitant use of another potentially nephrotoxic drug. The mechanism behind the influence of albumin on gentamicin toxicity is unclear, but may be related to protein binding. The basis for nephrotoxicity relating to combined use of nephrotoxic drugs is probably additive or synergistic toxicity but this is also unclear.

Until larger prospective studies concerning gentamicin associated nephrotoxicity provide more meaningful information concerning the significance of the variables involved in this adverse reaction, caution is recommended when using this drug in the albumin deficient patient or in combination with nephrotoxic drugs. In addition, it is further recommended that in patients receiving gentamicin, renal function should be closely monitored and the dosage regimen determined accordingly.
Clonidine Patch Toxicity
Authors: Harris Jennifer Meyer
Published: June 2017

Five published case reports of clonidine patch toxicity in pediatric patients bring to light the importance of educating the public regarding appropriate use and disposal of transdermal drug-delivery systems. With the increasing use of clonidine transdermal delivery systems it is important that clonidine patch toxicity be considered in pediatric patients presenting with symptoms of depressed consciousness, miosis, hypoventilation, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, cardiac dysrhythmias, hypotonia, or convulsions. Appropriate early supportive management is essential to avoid serious morbidity or mortality in the pediatric patient, and is reviewed herein.
Gentamicin and Vancomycin Removal by Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration
Authors: Thomson Alison H. , Grant Alexander C. , Rodger R. Stuart C. , Hughes Roger L.
Published: June 2017

The dispositions and dose requirements for vancomycin and gentamicin were investigated in a 58-year-old man who was receiving long-term continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Estimates of clearance were obtained using a Bayesian parameter estimation program and stayed remarkably consistent throughout the therapy. Single daily doses of both vancomycin and gentamicin generally maintained the profiles for both drugs around the target ranges of peak 5–10 mg/L (gentamicin) and 25–40 mg/L (vancomycin) and trough <2 mg/L (gentamicin) and <10 mg/L (vancomycin).
Evaluation of Three Theophylline Dosing Methods in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Godley Paul J. , Karboski James A. , Godley Susan E. , Edwards George A. , Moore Emory S. , Sagraves Rosalie
Published: June 2017

Three methods used for individualizing theophylline dosing were prospectively evaluated in 34 pediatric patients to compare the methods' ability to accurately predict steady-state serum theophylline concentrations (STCs) from non-steady-state data. Methods evaluated included a Bayesian weighted sum of squares regression program, an algebraic method developed by Chiou, and a commonly used population-based pediatric dosing algorithm. An expanded retrospective evaluation was also done to further compare the Bayesian and Chiou methods. Patients (aged 1–11 y) admitted to the hospital for acute bronchospasm refractory to inhaled beta agonists and with physician's orders to receive intravenous aminophylline were eligible for participation. Study patients received a 6-mg/kg loading dose of aminophylline, followed by a 0.8–1.0 mg/kg/h constant aminophylline infusion. STCs were obtained 0.5 and 5.5 hours postinfusion. Subjects were randomized to one of three dosing method groups (Bayesian, Chiou, or pediatric algorithm). Doses were calculated using the assigned method to attain a target steady-state STC. Predictions from each dosing method were compared with actual serum concentrations for bias and precision. Additionally, analysis of fit-to-the-line-of-identity for predicted versus observed STCs was evaluated for each method. Precision of methods was also compared with regard to their ability to predict within 20 percent of their observed steady-state STC. Results from the prospective evaluation showed no significant difference between the three methods tested. Predicted STCs fell within 20 percent of their observed steady-state concentrations for 18 percent (2/11) of patients in the algorithm group, and 45 percent (5/11) of patients in the Chiou group and 17 percent (2/12) of the patients in the Bayesian group met this criterion. Retrospective analysis of all 34 patients demonstrated that the Bayesian and Chiou methods had similar bias and precision and no statistical difference was found between them. The results from this evaluation suggest that the pediatric dosing algorithm is equivalent in predictive bias and precision to the Bayesian and Chiou methods as well as in its ability to identify doses that result in steady-state STCs within 20 percent of their target values. Given the relative inaccuracy of these methods, cautious use of these techniques is recommended when evaluating non-steady-state STCs obtained from children during the acute stages of reactive airway disease.
Educator “What-Ifs”: The Feasibility of Choice Making in the Classroom
Authors: Jolivette Kristine , Parks Ennis Robin , Swoszowski Nicole Cain
Published: June 2017

Educators who work with students with emotional and behavioral disorders may seek instructional strategies that are effective yet practical in the classroom. These strategies need a research base to support them and minimal time and/or effort to prepare or implement. One research-based option for educators across a variety of contexts is implementation of choice-making opportunities. This article offers suggestions for educators who may be hesitant to implement choice-making opportunities with students with challenging behaviors in instructional contexts.
Free vibration characteristics of nanoscaled beams based on nonlocal integral elasticity theory
Authors: Naghinejad Maysam , Ovesy Hamid Reza
Published: June 2017

In the present article, the total potential energy principle and the nonlocal integral elasticity theory have been used to develop a novel finite element method for studying the free vibration behavior of nano-scaled beams. The formulations are based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and this method is able to properly analyze the free vibration of beams with various boundary conditions. By implementing the variational statements, the eigenvalue problem of the free vibration is obtained. The validation investigation is pursued by comparing the results of the current study with those available in the literature. The effects of nonlocal parameter, geometry parameters and boundary conditions on the free vibration of the Euler-Bernoulli beam are then studied.
Public Rights-Of-Way, Public Management, and the New Urban Telecommunications Infrastructure
Authors: Nunn Samuel
Published: June 2017

Public right-of-way (PROW) is prime real estate for the telecommunications industry. Cable television and wired and wireless networks are the latest to seek PROW, and conflicts occur among local governments, utility systems, telecommunications providers, and the federal government. Should local governments profit from ownership of PROW or should utility and telecommunications interests be permitted to capture the profit generated from establishing networks that use extensive PROW? This question is analyzed, resulting in four key findings. First, historically, private utilities had the upper hand in right-of-way (ROW) occupancy, using bribery, negotiation, and eminent domain. Second, local jurisdictions have a defensible rationale for PROW management, but the change from wired to wireless systems is weakening municipal control. Third, federal law has set the parameters of local control of telecommunications PROW. Fourth, local PROW management can be reduced to a set of fee-based policies designed to allow jurisdictions to recover costs associated with controlling ROW.
Intra-party heterogeneity in policy preferences and its effect on issue salience: Developing and applying a measure based on elite survey data
Authors: Steiner Nils D , Mader Matthias
Published: June 2017

Quantitative research on party politics often has to assume that parties are unitary actors with homogeneous policy preferences simply because intra-party heterogeneity is difficult to measure. This article proposes a measure of preference heterogeneity based on surveys of party elites. We draw on Comparative Candidates Survey (CCS) data from 28 elections in 21 developed democracies to quantify intra-party heterogeneity and validate this measure. The usefulness of the measure is demonstrated by studying the effects of intra-party heterogeneity on issue salience. We find support for the hypothesis that heterogeneity regarding a policy issue tends to be negatively associated with the emphasis a party places on that issue by regressing measures of issue salience from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and the Manifesto Project on our CCS measure of heterogeneity. Problems of elite surveys notwithstanding, drawing on this data source seems a promising way to overcome the unitary party assumption.
A modern calamity – Robert Musil on stupidity
Authors: Isenberg Bo
Published: June 2017

The writings of the Austrian novelist and essayist Robert Musil provide sociology with vital problems and reflections. Indeed, Musil introduces discussions that extend conventional understanding of modernity – sociology’s general object of analysis. The article focuses on two major sets of questions in Musil’s work: the shapelessness of man and the relation between reason and sentiments. Both problems are essential in that genuine twentieth-century experience which Musil calls functional stupidity: the functionalisation of the mind to collective demands of the party, the race and the nation. The article discusses Musil’s arguments by relating them to central propositions in classical sociology (Simmel, Weber, Kracauer, Tönnies, Park). Classical sociology, in turn, is defined as a sub-discourse of classical modern reflection.
The end of public schools? The corporate reform agenda to privatize education
Authors: Hursh David
Published: June 2017

In this speech, Hursh shows how public education in the United States is undergoing profound changes. Education policy has been hijacked by the unelected and unaccountable corporate reformers who aspire to overhaul the education system through a corporate model of privatization and market competition. They aim to privatize education through expanding the number of publicly funded privately administered charter schools, and hand over making tests and curriculum to corporations. They desire to replace public state-run teacher education programs with programs run by charter schools, such as the Relay Graduate School. They shift where education policy is made: away from the local and public levels where parents, teachers, community members and students can have input, and towards private and often dark spaces where wealthy philanthropists, corporations, nongovernmental organizations, and hedge fund managers dominate. He also shows how educators, parents, students, and community members have collaborated in pushing back against the corporate reformers and have repealed some of the corporate reforms.
Endovascular Treatment of Visceral Artery Aneurysms and Pseudoaneurysms in 100 Patients: Covered Stenting vs Transcatheter Embolization
Authors: Venturini Massimo , Marra Paolo , Colombo Michele , Alparone Marco , Agostini Giulia , Bertoglio Luca , Sallemi Claudio , Salvioni Marco , Gusmini Simone , Balzano Gianpaolo , Castellano Renata , Aldrighetti Luca , Tshomba Yamume , Falconi Massimo , Melissano Germano , De Cobelli Francesco , Chiesa Roberto , Del Maschio Alessandro
Published: June 2017

Purpose: To retrospectively report a large single-center experience of visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) and pseudoaneurysms (VAPAs) treated with covered stenting (CS) as the first therapeutic option vs transcatheter embolization (TE). Methods: One hundred patients (mean age 59±14 years; 58 men) underwent 59 elective and 41 emergent endovascular procedures to treat 51 VAAs and 49 VAPAs. Seventy patients had TE and 30 received CS (27 Viabahn and 3 coronary stent grafts). Both TE and CS were performed in 10 cases. Results: Technical success was 96% (97% CS, 96% TE), and 30-day clinical success was 83% (87% CS, 81.4% TE). Four major complications occurred; 30-day mortality was 7%, mainly due to septic shock following pancreatic surgery. The midterm follow-up was 20.8 months in the total population and 32.8 months in the CS group. More than 6 months after CS all aneurysms remained excluded; stent patency was achieved in 88%. Twelve CS patients with >3 years’ follow-up had maintained stent patency. Conclusion: In endovascular treatment of visceral aneurysms, covered stenting was feasible in 30%. CS showed a slightly better efficacy than TE and good midterm patency. The Viabahn covered stent seems to be suitable for endovascular repair of tortuous visceral arteries affected by true or false aneurysms.
Preliminary profiling of blood transcriptome in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Braga D , Barcella M , D’Avila F , Lupoli S , Tagliaferri F , Santamaria MH , DeLano FA , Baselli G , Schmid-Schönbein GW , Kistler EB , Aletti F , Barlassina C
Published: June 2017

Hemorrhagic shock is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Significant blood loss may lead to decreased blood pressure and inadequate tissue perfusion with resultant organ failure and death, even after replacement of lost blood volume. One reason for this high acuity is that the fundamental mechanisms of shock are poorly understood. Proteomic and metabolomic approaches have been used to investigate the molecular events occurring in hemorrhagic shock but, to our knowledge, a systematic analysis of the transcriptomic profile is missing. Therefore, a pilot analysis using paired-end RNA sequencing was used to identify changes that occur in the blood transcriptome of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock after blood reinfusion. Hemorrhagic shock was induced using a Wigger’s shock model. The transcriptome of whole blood from shocked animals shows modulation of genes related to inflammation and immune response (Tlr13, Il1b, Ccl6, Lgals3), antioxidant functions (Mt2A, Mt1), tissue injury and repair pathways (Gpnmb, Trim72) and lipid mediators (Alox5ap, Ltb4r, Ptger2) compared with control animals. These findings are congruent with results obtained in hemorrhagic shock analysis by other authors using metabolomics and proteomics. The analysis of blood transcriptome may be a valuable tool to understand the biological changes occurring in hemorrhagic shock and a promising approach for the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Impact statement

This study provides the first pilot analysis of the changes occurring in transcriptome expression of whole blood in hemorrhagic shock (HS) rats. We showed that the analysis of blood transcriptome is a useful approach to investigate pathways and functional alterations in this disease condition. This pilot study encourages the possible application of transcriptome analysis in the clinical setting, for the molecular profiling of whole blood in HS patients.
Factors Influencing IACUC Decision Making: Who Leads the Discussions?
Authors: Silverman Jerald , Lidz Charles W. , Clayfield Jonathan , Murray Alexandra , Simon Lorna J. , Maranda Louise
Published: June 2017

Decisions about the appropriate use of animals in research are largely made by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs). Several commentators claim that scientists exert excessive influence on IACUC decisions. We studied 87 protocol reviews from 10 IACUCs to assess whether any group of participants appeared to dominate the protocol discussions. Audio recordings of the meetings were coded to capture the topics of the discussions. We found that animal research scientists made the largest total number of topic mentions while community members made the fewest. On a per person basis, chairpersons and attending veterinarians made the most mentions. Scientists presented the largest number of protocols, and the subsequent discussions tended to contain the same topics mentioned in the presentations. The large number of protocols presented by scientists and their total number of comments made during protocol discussions suggest that scientists may significantly influence IACUC decision making.