bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competence for In Vitro Bulblet Regeneration among Eight Lilium Genotypes
Authors: Bahr Laura R. , Compton Michael E.
Published: February 2019

Competence for in vitro bulblet regeneration was investigated for eight diverse Lilium genotypes (L. `Citronella', L. `Stargazer', L. `Stones', L. `Lovely Girl', L. pumilum, L. lancifolium, L. lancifolium `Orange Star', and L. speciosum var. rubrum). Explants established from bulb scales were cultured on lily bulblet regeneration medium [Murashige and Skoog (1962) modified by reducing the NH4NO3 to 0.825 g·L-1 and KH2PO4 to 0.170 g·L-1, and adding (per liter) 30 g sucrose, 0.1 g myoinositol, 0.4 mg thiamine·HCl, 80 mg adenine sulfate, 16 μm naphthaleneacetic acid, 2 mL·L-1 Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM), and 4.5 g·L-1 AgarGel at pH 5.7] for 8 weeks before transfer to sphagnum peat moss and 4 weeks refrigeration at 5 °C in darkness. All genotypes produced bulblets in vitro. However, the response rate varied among genotypes. Explants of Lilium `Lovely Girl', L. `Citronella', and L. speciosum var. rubrum were most responsive with ≈90% producing bulblets. The number of bulblets per responding explant ranged from 5.2 (`Stones') to 2.3 (L. lancifolium). When comparing in vitro and greenhouse bulblet production, about twice as many bulblets were produced by explants in vitro compared to halved scales incubated in the greenhouse. The percentage of responding explants ranged from 33% to 360% greater for six of the genotypes tested when propagated in vitro compared to bulb scales propagated in the greenhouse. Following refrigeration, bulblets were transferred to the greenhouse for sprouting. Over 80% of bulblets obtained from L. `Citronella', L. lancifolium `Orange Star', L. lancifolium, and L. `Stones' sprouted in the greenhouse. This study illustrates that a diverse range of lily species can be successfully propagated in vitro using a single medium formulation and is the first report of bulblet regeneration in vitro for L. `Citronella', L. `Stones', L. `Lovely Girl', and L. lancifolium `Orange Star'.
Somatic Embryogenesis from Three Coffee Cultivars: `Rubi', `Catuaí Vermelho 81`, and `IAPAR 59'
Authors: Cid L. Pedro Barrueto , Cruz Andréa Rachel Ramos , Castro Luis Hernan Rodrigues
Published: February 2019

Leaf explants of Coffea arabica cv. Rubi, `Catuaí Vermelho 81', and `IAPAR 59' were placed onto MS basal medium with 4 μm of picloram for 8-12 weeks in the dark at 27 ± 2 °C (standard temperature). Explants (`Rubi' and `Catuaí Vermelho 81') with callus were transferred to a SP basal medium plus 0, 12, 24, and 48 μm BAP, whereas for `IAPAR 59', only 48 μm BAP was added. After 8 weeks for `Rubi' and `Catuaí Vermelho 81' and after 12 weeks for `IAPAR 59', all cultivars showed indirect embryogenesis. Embryogenic material was transferred to a SP basal medium without BAP, in light (16-hour photoperiod) and standard temperature. In a second experiment, leaf explants belonging to all three cultivars were inoculated in petri dishes with SP basal medium plus 0, 2.5 and 5 μm BAP, in the dark at standard temperature. After 8 weeks, only `IAPAR 59' produced direct embryos. These were transferred to SP basal medium. About 30% of embryos developed abnormalities. Normal embryos were successfully transferred to soil.
Influence of Cultivar and Seasonal Growing Environment on Growth and Postharvest Characteristics of Single-shoot Pot Rose Plants
Authors: Grossi José Antonio Saraiva , Pemberton H. Brent , Lang Harvey J.
Published: February 2019

Rooted liners of pot rose (Rosa L.) cultivars Meiferjac, Meigagul, Meighivon, Meishulo, Ruijef, Ruidodo, and Ruirosora were used to study the influence of cultivar and seasonal growing environment on growth and postharvest performance. Single-shoot plants were grown in controlled environment chambers simulating summer (30 °C day/21 °C night cycle with a 14-hour photoperiod) and winter (21 °C day/16 °C night cycle with a 10-hour photoperiod) greenhouse growing conditions. At flower developmental stage 2 (showing color, calyx reflexing, no petals reflexed), the plants were placed in a continuously lighted simulated interior evaluation room at 21 ± 1 °C under 15 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux from cool-white fluorescent lamps for postharvest evaluations. Plants had quicker flowering, smaller flower diameter, more compact growth, and smaller leaf area when grown under the summer environment compared to the winter environment. Most cultivars exhibited greater flower longevity on summer-grown plants when compared to winter-grown ones. `Ruirosora' did not exhibit this difference due to exceptional longevity on winter-grown plants. Also, the use of single-shoot plants was shown to be a potentially useful way to increase replication in small growing environments such as growth chambers.
Effects of Expression Technology on Physical Parameters and Phytochemical Profile of Echinacea purpurea Juice
Authors: Brovelli Ernesto A. , Boucher Alain Y. , Arnason John T. , Menon Gopi R. , Johnson Rodney M.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to compare the quality of E. purpurea juice obtained using two types of press, a hydraulic bag press (BP) and a mechanical screw press (SP). Cichoric acid concentration was about twice as high in the SP juice compared to the BP juice. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the alkylamides were observed, in favor of the SP. BP juice had a significantly higher pH, density and viscosity. No differences were observed in levels of soluble or total solids. The results of this study suggest that SP is more suitable for Echinacea juice expression than BP. Engineering and juice quality considerations in the selection of expression technology for medicinal plants are discussed in the context of therapeutic value.
Molecular Discrimination of Lemon Cultivars
Authors: Bernet Guillermo P. , Mestre Pedro F. , Pina José A. , Asíns María J.
Published: February 2019

Some lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] cultivars present compatibility problems with commonly used citrus rootstocks. Therefore, assessing trueness-to-type of lemon mother trees is needed by growers. Morphological differentiation of lemon cultivars is not precise because they present high phenotypic plasticity. The objective of this paper is to contrast the discriminatory ability of several molecular marker systems for lemon. Three marker types were used: randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP). The molecular variability found in C. limon is larger than that reported for C. clementina, another vegetatively propagated citrus species. This difference in variability content might be explained by differences in the distribution and age of both cultures. Similar to clementines, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers using primers anchored in copya-like retrotransposons resulted in a higher rate of polymorphisms (36.4%) than did primers of random sequence (27.3%) or those anchored at simple sequence repeats (0%), indicating a higher molecular variability at the locations where these retrotransposons inserted. Primers anchored in gypsy-like retroelements did not yield polymorphisms. Lemon cultivars from important groups such as `Eureka', `Fino', and `Verna' could be distinguished using all polymorphisms.
An Effective Method for Co-isolating Nucleic Acids from Horticultural Aroids
Authors: Aragon Stacie L. , Chuang Keng-Chang , Kuehnle Adelheid R.
Published: February 2019

Isolation of high quality nucleic acids from aroids can be difficult due to the presence of carbohydrates, phenolics, and other compounds that bind to and/or co-precipitate with the DNA or RNA. Methods previously used for marine algae, mango, and papaya were modified and successfully used for the simultaneous isolation of high quality genomic DNA and RNA from Anthurium, Colocasia, and Spathiphyllum leaves. Genomic DNA yields averaged 477 μg·g-1 fresh weight for Anthurium and 322 and 177 μg·g-1 fresh weight, respectively, for Colocasia and Spathiphyllum. Total RNA yields averaged 129 μg·g-1 fresh weight for Anthurium and 61 and 50 μg·g-1 fresh weight, respectively, for Colocasia Spathiphyllum. This method may be useful in co-isolating high quality nucleic acids from additional aroids and other plants.
Nutrient Solution Concentration Affects Shoot: Root Ratio, Leaf Area Ratio, and Growth of Subirrigated Salvia (Salvia splendens)
Authors: Kang Jong-Goo , van Iersel Marc W.
Published: February 2019

To evaluate the effects of nutrient concentration and pH of the fertilizer solution on growth and nutrient uptake of salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult. `Scarlet Sage'), we grew plants with five different concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution [0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0× full strength; electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.4, 0.7, 1.1, 2.0, and 3.7 dS·m-1, respectively]. In a concurrent experiment, plants were subirrigated with modified Hoagland solution at 0.5× concentration and one of five solution pH values: 4.4, 5.4, 6.4, 7.2, and 8.0. Shoot and total dry weight and leaf area increased greatly with increasing nutrient solution concentrations from 0.125 to 1.0×, while leaf photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration, and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing nutrient solution concentrations. Treatment effects on growth apparently were caused by changes in carbon allocation within the plants. Shoot: root ratio and leaf area ratio increased with increasing fertilizer concentration. Plants flowered 8 days later at low concentrations of nutrient solution than at high concentrations. Shoot tissue concentrations of N, P, K, and B increased, while C, Al, Mo, and Na decreased with increasing concentration of the nutrient solution. The pH of the nutrient solution had no effect on the growth or gas exchange of the plants, while its effects on nutrient concentration in the shoot tissue generally were smaller than those of fertilizer concentration. These results indicate that 1.0 to 2.0× concentrations of Hoagland solution result in maximum growth, apparently because the plants produce leaf area more efficiently at high fertilizer concentrations.
Nondestructive Measurement of Vegetative Cover Using Digital Image Analysis
Authors: Olmstead Mercy A. , Wample Robert , Greene Stephanie , Tarara Julie
Published: February 2019

Traditionally, vegetative cover has been subjectively assessed by visual assessment. However, visual assessment is thought to overestimate percent vegetative cover. Thus, a repeatable method to objectively quantify percent cover is desirable. In two vineyards near Prosser, Wash., the percentage of ground surface covered by up to 15 different cover crops was assessed both visually and by computer-assisted digital image analysis. Quadrats in the cover crop were photographed digitally and the images analyzed with commercially available software. Areas of green vegetation in each image were identified and measured. Weeds in some images were differentiated from the cover crop by user-defined thresholds. Subjective visual estimates of percent vegetative cover were generally higher than those digitally estimated. Values for the visual estimates ranged from 5% to 70% in 1998 (mean = 52.4%) and 7.5% to 55% in 1999 (mean = 30.7%), compared to digital readings ranging from 0.5% to 24% (mean = 11.1%) and 10.3% to 36.6% cover (mean = 20.1%), respectively. The visual assessments had lower coefficients of variability in 1998 (cv 28.1) than the digital image analysis (cv 52.3), but in 1999, the values for the two techniques were similar (cv 41.2 vs. cv 45.7). Despite initial variations between the two methods, the accuracy of digital image analysis for measuring percentage vegetative cover is superior.
Temperature Influences Nitrogen Release Rates in Cranberry Soils
Authors: Davenport Joan R. , DeMoranville Carolyn
Published: February 2019

Native nitrogen is released when soils are mineralized. The amount of N released by this process depends on the amount of organic matter present and soil temperature. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) grows in acidic soils with a wide range in organic matter content. To evaluate release of cranberry soil N at varied soil temperatures, intact soils were collected from sites that had received no fertilizer. Soils were cored and placed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns 20 cm deep × 5 cm in diameter. Four different soil types, representing the array of conditions in cranberry soil (mineral, sanded organic, organic peat, and muck) were used. Additional columns of sand soil (pH 4.5) that had been pH adjusted to high (6.5) and low (3.0) were also prepared. Each column was incubated sequentially at six different temperatures from 10 to 24 °C (2.8 °C temperature intervals) for 3 weeks at each temperature, with the soils leached twice weekly to determine the amount of N release. The total amount of N in leachate was highest in the organic soils, intermediate in the sanded organic, and lowest in the sands. At the lowest temperature (10 °C), higher amounts of N were released in sanded organic and sand than in organic soils. This was attributed to a flush of mineralization with change in the aerobic status and initial soil warming. The degree of decomposition in the organic soils was important in determining which form of N predominated in the leachate. In the more highly decomposed soil (muck), most of the N was converted to nitrate. In the pH adjusted sand, high soil pH (6.5) resulted in an increase in nitrate in the leachate but no change in ammonium when compared to non-adjusted (pH 4.5) and acidified (pH 3.0) treatments. This study suggests that for cranberry soils with organic matter content of at least 1.5% little to no soil-applied fertilizer N is needed early in the season, until soil temperatures reach 13 °C. This temperature is consistent with the beginning of active nutrient uptake by roots. Soil N release from native organic matter was fairly consistent until soil temperatures exceeded 21 °C, indicating that when temperatures exceed 21 °C, planned fertilizer applications should be reduced, particularly in highly organic soils.
Zinc Availability in Hydroponic Culture Influences Glucosinolate Concentrations in Brassica rapa
Authors: Coolong Timothy W. , Randle William M. , Toler Heather D. , Sams Carl E.
Published: February 2019

Rapid cycling Brassica rapa L. were grown for 7 days in the presence of 11 levels of zinc (Zn) in hydroponic solution culture and evaluated for changes in Zn and glucosinolate (GS) content. Zinc levels were 0.05, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 200 mg·L-1 Zn. Plants grown in solutions with ≥50 mg·L-1 Zn displayed severe Zn toxicity symptoms, grew little, or died and were not subsequently evaluated for GS content. Shoot Zn concentrations increased linearly with increasing Zn treatment levels. Gluconapin, which accounted for nearly 90% of the aliphatic GSs present, was the only aliphatic GS influenced by Zn, and decreased linearly with increasing Zn levels. Accumulation of glucobrassicin and 4-methoxyglucosbrassicin, both indole GSs, responded with a linear increase and quadratically, respectively, to Zn fertility. An aromatic GS, gluconasturtiin, was also influenced by Zn levels in solution, and had a quadratic response to increasing Zn. This suggested that Zn fertility can influence changes in GS that may affect flavor (bitterness, etc.) or medicinal attributes associated with the GS and their breakdown products, as well as elevate the nutritional status of Zn in the leaves of Brassica.
Cultivar and Night Temperature Affect Severity of Anthracnose on Euonymus fortunei
Authors: Ningen Stephanie S. , Cole Janet C. , Conway Kenneth E.
Published: February 2019

Effect of night temperatures on the severity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. on Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. rooted cuttings of `Emerald Gaiety', `Canadale Gold', and `Emerald 'n Gold' was investigated. Uniform cuttings were exposed to day temperatures of 35.3 °C and night temperatures of 19.3 °C or 28.6 °C in growth chambers. Plants exposed to a 28.6 °C night temperature had higher disease ratings than those exposed to a 19.3 °C night temperature. `Emerald Gaiety' was damaged least by C. gloeosporioides compared to `Canadale Gold' and `Emerald 'n Gold'. Disease ratings on all cultivars increased linearly over the 6-week experimental period.
Fresh Parboiled Rice Hulls Serve as an Alternative to Perlite in Greenhouse Crop Substrates
Authors: Evans Michael R. , Gachukia Maryanne
Published: February 2019

Ten substrates were formulated by blending perlite or parboiled fresh rice hulls (PFH) at 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% (v/v) with sphagnum peat. After 6 weeks, NH4+ concentrations were not significantly different among substrates containing perlite and those containing equivalent amounts of PFH. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in the 40% perlite substrate than in the 40% PFH substrate, but there were no significant differences in NO3- concentrations among the remaining substrates containing equivalent amounts of PFH or perlite. When tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown in the substrates for 5 weeks, tissue N concentrations were not significantly different between equivalent perlite and PFH-containing substrates. Non-parboiled fresh rice hulls produced organically contained a higher number of viable weed seeds than non-parboiled fresh rice hulls produced conventionally. No weed seeds germinated in the PFH. `Better Boy' tomato, `Bonanza Yellow' marigold (Tagetes patula L. French M.), `Orbit Cardinal' geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey), `Cooler Blush' vinca (Catharanthus roseus L.G. Don), `Dazzler Rose Star' impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.), and `Bingo Azure' pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana Gams) were grown in sphagnum peat-based substrates containing perlite or PFH at 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% (v/v). Dry root weights of vinca and geranium were not significantly different among plants grown in the substrates. Tomato plants grown in 10%, 15%, 25%, 30%, and 35% PFH had significantly higher dry root weights than those grown in equivalent perlite-containing substrates. Impatiens grown in 35% PFH had higher dry root weights than those grown in 35% perlite. Marigold grown in 20% perlite had higher dry root weights than those grown in 20% PFH. However, there were no significant differences in impatiens or marigold dry root weights among the remaining substrates containing equivalent amounts of PFH or perlite. Dry root weights of pansy grown in 10%, 20% 25%, 35%, and 40% perlite were not significantly different from those grown in equivalent PFH-containing substrates. Across substrates, root dry weights of impatiens, marigold, and pansy grown in perlite-containing substrates were not significantly different from those grown in PFH-containing substrates. No significant difference in dry shoot weights of vinca, geranium, impatiens, and marigold occurred between equivalent perlite and PFH-containing substrates. Tomato plants grown in 20% to 40% perlite had significantly higher dry shoot weights than those grown in equivalent PFH-containing substrates. However, dry shoot weights of tomato grown in 10% to 15% perlite were not significantly different from those grown in equivalent PFH-containing substrates. Dry shoot weights of pansy grown in 10%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% perlite were not significantly different from those grown in equivalent PFH substrates.
Recovery of Late-season 15N-labeled Fertilizer Applied to Pecan
Authors: Kraimer Rebecca A. , Lindemann William C. , Herrera Esteban A.
Published: February 2019

The recovery of late-season (September) 15N-labeled fertilizer (N at 55 kg·ha-1) was followed in mature pecan trees [Carya illinoinensis (Wangehn.) K. Koch] and soil (0-270 cm) from 1996 (application year) through 2001 (end of study). Recovery of late-season applied 15N was compared to the recovery of six 15N applications (March through June, N at 221 kg·ha-1) of a previously reported study. By Nov. 1996, both fertilizer schedules exhibited considerable 15N accumulation below the rooting zone and just above the water table (280 cm), with 43.4% and 35.3% 15N recovered from the soil sampling profile of the September and March-June schedules, respectively. 15Nitrogen recoveries from perennial storage tissues (root and wood) were 20.6% and 10.1% under the September and March-June schedules, respectively. The 15N recoveries from annual abscission tissues (leaf, shuck, and nut) were 1.4% and 10.6% under the September and March-June schedules, respectively. By the end of the 2001 growing season, 4% and 9% of the 15N remained in the soil following the September and March-June applications, respectively. Under both fertilizer schedules, >80% of the fertilizer-N was lost to the environment through natural processes and very little was removed during harvest. Nearly 6 years following application, perennial storage of 15N remained greater in the September application (4.3% of the 15N applied) than in the March-June application (2.7% of the 15N applied). Late-season application of fertilizer-N during the kernel filling stage was stored in perennial tissues for use the following year; very little was used for current year growth of annual tissues. Increased accumulation of perennial storage N by late-season application may reduce the depletion of N caused during a heavy-cropping on-year and may moderate the alternate-bearing trend in pecan by providing a greater reservoir of N the following year.
Hydrophilic Gel Amendments to Sand Soil Can Increase Growth and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency of Citrus Seedlings
Authors: Syvertsen J.P. , Dunlop J.M.
Published: February 2019

We tested the hypothesis that amendments of two hydrophilic gels to a sand soil would reduce N leaching losses and increase growth of citrus seedlings. Three-month-old seedlings of `Swingle' citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were transplanted into containers of steam-sterilized Candler sand, amended with a linear acrylamide/acrylate copolymer (PAM), and/or a cross-linked copolymer agronomic gel (AGRO). Two rates of each amendment were applied either alone or together and were either mixed into dry sand prior to seedling transplant, used as a root-dip slurry at transplant or applied to the soil surface in a solution after transplant. Seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for 5 months and irrigated to container capacity with a dilute nutrient solution without leaching. Pots were leached every 2 weeks and total N losses from the soil were measured in the leachate. PAM amendments increased N retention in soil slightly but PAM had no effect on plant growth, water use, N uptake, or N leaching relative to unamended control plants. The AGRO amendments increased seedling growth, plant water use and uptake of N from 11% to 45% above that of the unamended control plants depending on application method. AGRO decreased N concentrations in the leachate to as low as 1 to 6 mg·L-1. Only 6% of the total applied N was leached from the AGRO treatments, which was about half that from the untreated control plants. There was no additional benefit of using both amendments together or of an additional AGRO root dip treatment. The largest plants used the most water, required the most N and had the greatest N uptake efficiency. AGRO amendments clearly enhanced seedling growth, increased their N uptake efficiency, and reduced N losses from this sand soil.
Interaction of Insects and Weeds in a Snap Bean Agroecosystem
Authors: Aguyoh Joseph N. , Masiunas John B. , Eastman Catherine
Published: February 2019

Integrated weed management strategies maintain sub-threshold levels of weeds. The remaining weeds may impact the feeding and habitation patterns of both potato leafhoppers and bean leaf beetles in a snap bean agroecosystem. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of interference between snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and either redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) or large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) on populations of potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris)] and bean leaf beetle [Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster)]. Plots were seeded with redroot pigweed or large crabgrass at either the same time as snap bean planting (early) or when snap bean had one trifoliate leaf open (late). The weed density averaged two plants per meter of row. Bean leaf beetle populations, snap bean pod damage, and leaf defoliation were lower in weed-free plots compared to those with either early emerging pigweed or crabgrass. Leafhopper nymphs and adults were 31% to 34% less in plots with crabgrass emerging with snap beans compared to those in weed-free snap bean plots. Thus, the effect of sub-threshold densities of pigweed and crabgrass on insect pests in snap bean varied depending on the species and should be considered when deciding to integrate weed management approaches.
Enhancement of Somatic Embryogenesis and Production of Developmentally Arrested Embryos in Nigella sativa L.
Authors: Elhag Hamid , El-Olemy Mahmoud M. , Al-Said Mansour S.
Published: February 2019

Somatic embryogenesis of Nigella sativa was investigated with the objective of inducing and isolating somatic embryos for biosynthetic studies. Callus cultures were initiated from leaf, stem, and root explants of axenic seedlings on MSB5 basal medium supplemented with kinetin (0.46 μm) and 2,4-D (4.5 or 13.5 μm) or NAA (5.4 or 16.2 μm) in the dark. Cultures initiated and subcultured on medium containing NAA produced friable callus with numerous roots regardless of explant type. Cultures initiated, subcultured, or both, on medium with low 2,4-D concentration produced shiny embryogenic masses. These cultures differentiated into somatic embryos on medium containing NAA. The embryos developed into leafy structures on basal medium devoid of growth regulators. When the embryogenic callus was transferred to liquid medium containing NAA, numerous embryos and clusters of embryos were released into the liquid medium but, in contrast to solid medium, development remained arrested at the early embryonic stages. The developmentally arrested embryos were tested for production of active constituents of N. sativa oil. Chemical names used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); kinetin (K).
Rooting and Acclimatization of In Vitro-grown Shoots from Mature Trees of Three Persian Walnut Cultivars
Authors: Vahdati Kourosh , Leslie Charles , Zamani Zabihollah , McGranahan Gale
Published: February 2019

In vitro rooting of three commercial cultivars of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), `Sunland', `Chandler', and `Vina', was examined using a two-phase rooting procedure: root induction in the dark on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 15 μm IBA followed by root development in the light on a mixture of one-quarter strength Driver Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) basal medium and vermiculite (1:1.25, v/v). Rooting percentages were: `Sunland' (94%), `Chandler (55%), and `Vina' (27%). A positive relationship was observed between the vigor of cultivars and rooting ability, but shoot length did not affect rooting success. Rooting was optimum when shoots were cultured on root induction media for 6 to 8 days. Increasing the sucrose level in the root induction medium to 40 g·L-1 improved rooting, and shoots induced to root at 22 °C rooted more readily than those induced at 30 °C. Either increasing or decreasing the nitrogen level in the multiplication medium had a negative effect on rooting. Rooted walnut shoots often cease growth during acclimatization, resulting in shoot rosetting. Spray application of Promalin® (25 mL·L-1) caused buds to break and induced elongation of shoots. Chemical name used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Leaf Color Stability during Plant Development as an Index of Leaf Color Variation among Micropropagated Caladium
Authors: Ahmed Eakhlas U. , Hayashi Takahiro , Yazawa Susumu
Published: February 2019

The developmental pattern of leaf color distribution during plant development in 10 cultivars of Caladium ×hortulanum Birdsey was investigated. We used the color occupying the largest area in the terminal leaf as the dominant color, and expressed the leaf color stability during plant development by the ratio of the percentage of the dominant color area in the terminal leaf to that of the dominant color area in the initial leaf (leaf color stability index). In some cultivars, leaf color stability index was clearly greater than 1 (leaf-color-unstable cultivar), but in some cultivars it was close to 1 (leaf-color-stable cultivar). In plants regenerated from leaf explants of leaf-color-unstable cultivars, many (21% to 43%) color variants were observed but only a few (0% to 6%) occurred from leaf explants of leaf-color-stable cultivars. Tissue culture appears to be a useful technique for rapid propagation based on leaf color stability in leaf-color-stable and leaf-color-unstable cultivars.
Characterization and Identification of Spanish Olive Germplasm by Means of RAPD Markers
Authors: Belaj A. , Trujillo I. , Barranco D. , Rallo L.
Published: February 2019

Thirteen randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were assayed in 82 Spanish olive cultivars of economical interest. A total of 82 bands were scored giving an average of 6.3 bands per primer. A total of 4 (OPA-01) to 10 bands (OPA-19) was amplified, while the number of polymorphic fragments ranged from 2 (OPK-07) to 9 (OPA-19) with a mean of 5.7 polymorphic bands per primer. A total of 89% of the amplification products (73 bands) were polymorphic. The 13 primers yielded 184 banding patterns (14.9 per primer). The number of banding patterns per primer ranged from 4 (OPK-07) to 39 (OPA-19). Fifty-three unique banding patterns were found, the majority of them resulted from different combinations of polymorphic bands. The combination of only five primers OPA-19, OPF-06, OPX-01, OPX-03, and OPI-12, allowed identification of all the cultivars. Seventy-four cultivars (90%) were identified only by the combination of the first four primers. The addition of the fifth primer (OPI-12) was necessary for the identification of the eight remaining cultivars (10%). The ordination of the primers according to their practical discriminating capacity in this study was: OPA-19 > OPF-06 > OPX-01 > OPX-03 > OPI-12. Hence RAPD markers are recommended for olive fingerprinting in order to generate a database for olive cultivar identification.
Segregation of Astringency in F1 Progenies Derived from Crosses between Pollination-constant, Nonastringent Persimmon Cultivars
Authors: Ikegami Ayako , Yonemori Keizo , Sugiura Akira , Sato Akihiko , Yamada Masahiko
Published: February 2019

Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) cultivars are classified into four types depending on the nature of astringency loss of the fruit. The pollination-constant, non-astringent (PCNA) persimmons lose their astringency on the tree as the fruits develop. This PCNA trait is qualitatively inherited and recessive to the other three types, pollination-constant, astringent (PCA), pollination-variant, nonastringent (PVNA), and pollination-variant, astringent (PVA). In fact, crosses among Japanese PCNA cultivars yield only PCNA type in F1 generation as shown in recent breeding programs at the National Institute of Fruit Tree Science. Despite these previous results, we demonstrated here that non-PCNA (PVNA, PVA, and PCA) type offspring were derived at relatively high rates in the F1 generation from a cross between `Luo Tian Tian Shi', a PCNA accession from China, and the Japanese PCNA cultivar, `Taishu', despite the fact that `Luo Tian Tian Shi' was confirmed to be a true PCNA type by measuring tannin cell size, a principal morphological characteristic to distinguish PCNA cultivars from non-PCNA ones. When segregations of tannin cell size and tannin content in three progenies of the breeding populations derived from Chinese PCNA `Luo Tian Tian Shi' × Japanese PCNA `Taishu', Japanese PCNA `Shinshu' × Japanese PCNA `Taishu', and Japanese PVNA (non-PCNA) `Kurokuma' × Japanese PCNA `Taishu' were investigated, all offspring between Japanese PCNA cultivars contained only small tannin cells and were PCNA types, and those between Japanese PVNA × PCNA cultivars contained only large tannin cells and were non-PCNA types. However, hybrids between `Luo Tian Tian Shi' and `Taishu' segregated into populations of small and large tannin cells, indicating that `Luo Tian Tian Shi' is likely heterozygous for astringency. Therefore, Chinese PCNA `Luo Tian Tian Shi' should be different from Japanese PCNA cultivars in genetic makeup.
Conversion of Perennial Ryegrass to Bermudagrass Using Seeded Cultivars, Herbicides, and Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Williams D.W. , Burrus P.B.
Published: February 2019

Perennial ryegrass (PR) (Lolium perenne L.) is often used as a low-mowed turf in the transition climatic zone. However, control of the fungal disease gray leaf spot (Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.) has drastically increased the cost of PR management. Seeded bermudagrasses (SB) [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] are viable options for turfgrass management operations with limited pesticide budgets. Field trials in 2000 and 2001 tested the effects of two herbicides and several plant growth regulators (PGR) during renovation of mature PR to either of two cultivars of SB. The herbicides glyphosate and pronamide, and the PGR's trinexapac-ethyl, ethephon, paclobutrazol, and flurprimidol were applied at label rates to mature stands of PR. `Mirage' and `Yukon' SB were seeded separately either 1 or 7 days after applications (DAA) of chemicals. SB establishment, first-winter survival, and turfgrass quality (TQ) were rated and compared to an untreated control. Results indicated that only applications of glyphosate resulted in acceptable renovation of PR to SB, but also resulted in significantly lower (P< 0.05) TQ during the transition. Applications of pronamide resulted in significantly less (P < 0.05) SB transition than did applications of glyphosate, but pronamide plots maintained higher TQ. None of the PRG treatements had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on SB transition. There were no consistent significant effects (P < 0.05) due to DAA among any of the chemicals evaluated. First-winter survival was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with `Yukon' than with `Mirage' in both years. We conclude that among the chemicals tested, only applications of glyphosate resulted in acceptable transition of PR to SB, but a significant reduction of TQ should be expected during the transition. Chemical names used: [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] (glyphosate); [3.5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)-benzamide] (pronamide); [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] (ethephon); [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane-cabroxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl); [(±)-(R*R*)β-[(4-chlorophenyl)-methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol] (paclobutrazol); [α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrmidinemethanol] (flurprimidol).
Influence of Fall-applied Treatments on Spring Transition of an Overseeded Bermudagrass Green
Authors: Green Robert L. , Klein Grant J. , Merino Francisco , Gibeault Victor
Published: February 2019

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] greens across the southern United States are normally overseeded in the fall to provide a uniform green playing surface and tolerance to wear during winter bermudagrass dormancy. The spring transition from overseed grass back to bermudagrass is a major problem associated with overseeding because there can be a decline in putting green quality and playability. There have been recommendations, but relatively few published reports, on the effect of treatments associated with seedbed preparation and overseeding on bermudagrass spring transition. The objective of this 2-year study was to determine if spring transition of an overseeded `Tifgreen' bermudagrass green was influenced by fall-applied scalping level, chemical, and seed rate treatments. Treatment factors and levels were designed to reflect the range of practices used by golf course superintendents in the region at the time of the study. The green was located in the Palm Springs, Calif., area, which has relatively mild winters and a low desert, southern California climate. The first year of the study was from Sept. 1996 to July 1997 and the second year was from Sept. 1997 to July 1998. Scalping level treatments included a moderate and severe verticut and scalp; chemical treatments included a check, trinexapac-ethyl at two rates, and diquat; and seed rate treatments included a high and low rate of a mixture of `Seville' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and `Sabre' rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.). The plot was maintained under golf course conditions and a traffic simulator was used to simulate golfer traffic. Visual ratings of percent green bermudagrass coverage were taken every 3 weeks from 20 Feb. 1997 to 29 July 1997 and from 11 Nov. 1997 to 22 July 1998. Visual turfgrass quality ratings were taken during the second year of the study. Results showed that spring transition was not influenced by fall-applied treatments during both years. Also, visual turfgrass quality was not influenced during the second year. Chemical names used: [4(cyclopropyl-αhydroxy-methylene) -3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (trinexapac-ethyl); 9,10-dihydro-8a-, 10a-diazoniaphenanthrene (diquat).
Greenhouse Screening of Commercial Products Marketed as Systemic Resistance and Plant Growth Promotion Inducers
Authors: Vavrina Charles S. , Roberts Pamela D. , Kokalis-Burelle Nancy , Ontermaa Esa O.
Published: February 2019

Six greenhouse trials of five commercial products marketed as systemic resistance (SR) and plant growth promotion (PGP) inducers were evaluated on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) over a 21-month period. The effect of the inducers on treated plants was measured by monitoring plant growth and disease suppression after inoculation with either plant pathogenic bacteria or nematodes. The commercially available SR/PGP inducers included a bacterial suspension [Companion (Bacillus subtilis GB03)], two plant defense elicitors with nutrients (Keyplex 350DP plus Nutri-Phite, and Rezist with Cab'y), natural plant extracts (Liquid Seaweed Concentrate and Stimplex), and a synthetic growth regulator (Actigard 50W). Growth enhancement was noted in some trials, but the parameter of growth affected often varied with trial. Response to Actigard treatment included significant suppression of bacterial spot [Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv)] in three of the six trials. Companion, Keyplex 350DP plus Nutri-Phite, Rezist and Cab'y, and seaweed products induced only partial disease suppression of bacterial spot in inoculated tomato plants. The alpha-keto acids plus nutrients (Keyplex 350DP plus Nutri-Phite) increased plant growth by 14.3% and improved root condition compared to the untreated control following exposure to nematodes. Results are encouraging, if not consistent, and with a greater understanding of the SR system and the conditions related to product efficacy, such materials may become effective tools for production agriculture.
UniBase: A Universal Database to View Images and Trace Pedigrees and Characteristics of Progenies
Authors: Khanizadeh Shahrokh , Ghavami Jamshid
Published: February 2019

UniBase is a Windows-based (95, 98, NT, 2000, or XP) user-friendly software package that was developed for those who are interested in creating their own instant databases, add information to an existing databases or import data and images from Excel in a choice of languages. The software is very useful for germplasm inventory (fruit crops, vegetables, ornamentals, agronomic crops, weeds, chemicals, insects, pests, animals, etc.) and can be used in any breeding program (animal, horticulture, agronomy, etc.) to trace pedigrees and view images and characteristics of progenies. The database can be searched using various criteria and the use of several operators. An unlimited number of images can be stored for each entry and several graphic formats including BMP, JPEG, GIF, TIFF, etc., can be used. Additional information on UniBase and available data and images can be obtained from the authors.
Genetic Profiling of Red-Bracted Cornus kousa Cultivars Indicates Significant Cultivar Synonomy
Authors: Trigiano R.N. , Ament M.H. , Windham M.T. , Moulton J.K.
Published: February 2019

Cornus kousa Hance (Korean or kousa dogwood) cultivars are increasingly used as landscape plants because they lack the disease and insect problems typically associated with the native C. florida L. (flowering dogwood). A number of red-bracted kousa dogwood cultivars are now available and several are phenotypically indistinguishable from one another. Plants of six cultivars obtained from three nurseries were characterized genetically using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification fingerprinting (DAF) and arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP). DAF profiles of three red-bracted cultivars—`Rosabella', `Satomi' and `Heart Throb'—were nearly identical. ASAP also failed to clearly differentiate these cultivars and indicated consistent genetic similarities. In contrast, another red-bracted cultivar `Christian Prince' and two white-bracted cultivars—`Little Beauty' and `Samaritan'—were identified and separated from all other cultivars by both DAF and ASAP techniques.
Nitrogen Fertilization, Midsummer Trunk Girdling, and AVG Treatments Affect Maturity and Quality of `Jonagold' Apples
Authors: Wargo James M. , Merwin Ian A. , Watkins Christopher B.
Published: February 2019

`Jonagold' apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] often fail to develop adequate red coloration at maturity and become soft and greasy in storage. During two growing seasons, we tested factorial combinations of three preharvest treatments affecting `Jonagold' quality at harvest and after storage: 1) three nitrogen (N) treatments [36 kg·ha-1 soil applied N, 6.9 kg·ha-1 of urea-N (1% w/v) in foliar sprays mid-May and June, or no N fertilizers]; 2) trunk girdling in early August each year; and 3) foliar applications of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, formulated as ReTain) 3 weeks before the first scheduled harvest. Fruit were sampled at four weekly intervals each year and evaluated for maturity and quality at harvest and after storage. Foliar urea and soil-applied N delayed red color development in 1998 but not 1999, increased fruit size in girdled and nonAVG treated trees in both years, and increased greasiness in 1999 only. AVG reduced fruit greasiness after storage both years. Nitrogen uptake was reduced in the dry Summer 1999, but N treatments still increased poststorage flesh breakdown. Mid-summer trunk girdling increased red coloration and intensity both years and improved market-grade packout. This effect was not caused by advanced maturity, although trunk girdling slightly increased skin greasiness. Girdling reduced fruit size only on trees of low N status. The AVG applications delayed maturity and red color development by 7 to 10 days in both years compared with untreated fruit. In 1998, the combination of AVG and N fertilization delayed red color development more than either treatment alone. Fruit softening and greasiness were reduced in AVG-treated fruit harvested at the same time as untreated fruit, but this effect was not observed when AVG treated fruit were harvested at comparable maturity 7 to 10 days later. Trunk girdling and withholding N fertilizer were the best treatments for enhancing red coloration, and foliar N concentrations of ≈2.0% (W/W) resulted in better packouts compared with higher leaf N levels. AVG was an effective tool for delaying fruit maturity and maintaining fruit quality awaiting harvest, but not for improving red coloration of `Jonagold' apples.
Pruning Date and Cane Density Affect Primocane Development and Yield of `Autumn Bliss' Red Raspberry
Authors: Oliveira Pedro B. , Oliveira Cristina M. , Monteiro António A.
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of date of summer pruning and cane densities on growth and fruiting characteristics of the raspberry (Rubus idaeus) plant. Three summer-pruning dates (early, middle, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed to the greenhouse-grown primocane-fruiting raspberry `Autumn Bliss' in 2 consecutive years (1994 and 1995). A higher light microclimate and CO2 assimilation rate were measured within the canopy at the lowest density. Some compensation in CO2 assimilation rates were observed in the upper leaves of the high-density treatments, probably in response to low light. Delayed pruning decreased yield per cane and per row. The highest yields per cane were always observed at the lowest cane density. Densities of 16 and 24 canes/m produced the highest fruit yield. Light conditions appeared to be the most important environmental factor affecting plant productivity. Fruit were a weaker sink than roots; therefore, the role of carbohydrate reserves should be investigated.
Exogenous IBA and Inoculation with Agrobacterium rubi Stimulate Adventitious Root Formation on Hardwood Stem Cuttings of Two Rose Genotypes
Authors: Ercisli Sezai , Esitken Ahmet , Sahin Fikrettin
Published: February 2019

During Fall and Winter 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous IBA application (0, 2000, or 4000 ppm) and inoculation with Agrobacterium rubi (strains A1, A16, or A18) alone or in combination with each bacterial strain on rooting of hardwood stem cuttings of two rose selections (ERS 14, Rosa canina, and ERS 15, Rosa dumalis). Treatments of hardwood stem cuttings with IBA, bacteria alone and in combination with IBA were found to promote rooting. The highest rooting percentage was obtained among ERS 14 cuttings when treated with 4000 ppm IBA plus A. rubi A16. However, optimal rooting of ERS 15 was obtained when treated with 2000 ppm IBA plus A. rubi A18. Better rooting was observed in thornless ERS 15 genotype than in thorny ERS 14 genotype in both years. Chemical name used: 1H, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Transmission of Branch-inducing Phytoplasma PoiBI from Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) to Crown-of-thorns (E. milii)
Authors: Nicolaisen Mogens
Published: February 2019

Phytoplasma PoiBI is responsible for free branching in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. ex. Klotzsch). In this study, PoiBI was transmitted by dodder from poinsettia to crown-of-thorns (E. milii Des Moulins) in one out of ≈100 attempts, whereas grafting transmission was unsuccessful. PoiBI was shown to be viable in E. milii, as it was detected in the recipient plant and in its cuttings over 1.5 years by polymerase chain reaction. It was shown that PoiBI induces free branching in E. milii as well as in poinsettia. Smaller leaves, reduced growth rates, and delayed flowering were other effects of PoiBI infection.
The Anaerobic Compensation Point for Fresh-cut Watermelon and Implications for Postprocess Handling
Authors: Fonseca Jorge M. , Rushing James W. , Testin Robert F.
Published: February 2019

The influence of temperature and O2 concentration on respiration and shelf life of fresh-cut watermelon was investigated. Product stored at selected temperatures from 1 to 30 °C showed increasing respiration and reduced shelf life with increasing temperature. Oxygen depletion and CO2 evolution were measured using a closed system method and rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production were computed. A mathematical model found to predict the CO2 production as function of temperature and O2 showed an elevated rate of CO2 production at about 14% O2 or lower. A modified atmosphere trial that compared product stored at 7 to 9 °C in air with product at either 14% or 8% O2 revealed increased respiration in the latter treatments, suggesting a relatively high anaerobic compensation point (ACP) at >14% O2. Our results suggest limited applicability of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for this product. Fresh-cut watermelon had extended shelf life and reduced respiration rate when stored at 1 to 3 °C and in >14% O2 atmospheres.