bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ERK Activity and G1 Phase Progression: Identifying Dispensable Versus Essential Activities and Primary Versus Secondary Targets
Authors: Villanueva Jessie , Yung Yuval , Walker Janice L. , Assoian Richard K.
Published: February 2007

The ERK subfamily of MAP kinases is a critical regulator of S phase entry. ERK activity regulates the induction of cyclin D1, and a sustained ERK signal is thought to be required for this effect, at least in fibroblasts. We now show that early G1 phase ERK activity is dispensable for the induction of cyclin D1 and that the critical ERK signaling period is restricted to 3–6 h after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts. Similarly, early G1 phase ERK activity is dispensable for entry into S phase. Moreover, if cyclin D1 is expressed ectopically, ERK activity becomes dispensable throughout the G1 phase. In addition to its effect on cyclin D1, ERK activity is thought to contribute to the down-regulation of p27kip1. We found that this effect is restricted to late G1/S phase. Mechanistic analysis showed that the ERK effect on p27kip1is mediated by Skp2 and is secondary to its effect on cyclin D1. Our results emphasize the importance of mid-G1 phase ERK activity and resolve primary versus secondary ERK targets within the G1 phase cyclin-dependent kinases.
ATF-2 Regulates Fat Metabolism inDrosophila
Authors: Okamura Tomoo , Shimizu Hideyuki , Nagao Tomoko , Ueda Ryu , Ishii Shunsuke
Published: February 2007

ATF-2 is a member of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors that is activated by stress-activated protein kinases such as p38. To analyze the physiological role of Drosophila ATF-2 (dATF-2), we generated dATF-2 knockdown flies using RNA interference. Reduced dATF-2 in the fat body, the fly equivalent of the mammalian liver and adipose tissue, decreased survival under starvation conditions. This was due to smaller triglyceride reserves of dATF-2 knockdown flies than control flies. Among multiple genes that control triglyceride levels, expression of the Drosophila PEPCK (dPEPCK) gene was strikingly reduced in dATF-2 knockdown flies. PEPCK is a key enzyme for both gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis, which is a pathway required for triglyceride synthesis via glycerol-3-phosphate. Although the blood sugar level in dATF-2 knockdown flies was almost same as that in control flies, the activity of glyceroneogenesis was reduced in the fat bodies of dATF-2 knockdown flies. Thus, reduced glyceroneogenesis may at least partly contribute to decreased triglyceride stores in the dATF-2 knockdown flies. Furthermore we showed that dATF-2 positively regulated dPEPCK gene transcription via several CRE half-sites in the PEPCK promoter. Thus, dATF-2 is critical for regulation of fat metabolism.
Epigenetic Reprogramming ofOCT4andNANOGRegulatory Regions by Embryonal Carcinoma Cell Extract
Authors: Freberg Christel T. , Dahl John Arne , Timoskainen Sanna , Collas Philippe
Published: February 2007

Analyses of molecular events associated with reprogramming somatic nuclei to pluripotency are scarce. We previously reported the reprogramming of epithelial cells by extract of undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. We now demonstrate reprogramming of DNA methylation and histone modifications on regulatory regions of the developmentally regulated OCT4 and NANOG genes by exposure of 293T cells to EC cell extract. OCT4 and NANOG are transcriptionally up-regulated and undergo mosaic cytosine-phosphate-guanosine demethylation. OCT4 demethylation occurs as early as week 1, is enhanced by week 2, and is most prominent in the proximal promoter and distal enhancer. Targeted OCT4 and NANOG demethylation does not occur in 293T extract-treated cells. Retinoic acid-mediated differentiation of reprogrammed cells elicits OCT4 promoter remethylation and transcriptional repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses of lysines K4, K9, and K27 of histone H3 on OCT4 and NANOG indicate that primary chromatin remodeling determinants are acetylation of H3K9 and demethylation of dimethylated H3K9. H3K4 remains di- and trimethylated. Demethylation of trimethylated H3K9 and H3K27 also occurs; however, trimethylation seems more stable than dimethylation. We conclude that a central epigenetic reprogramming event is relaxation of chromatin at loci associated with pluripotency to create a conformation compatible with transcriptional activation.
The Effect of Survey Mode and Sampling on Inferences about Political Attitudes and Behavior: Comparing the 2000 and 2004 ANES to Internet Surveys with Nonprobability Samples
Authors: Malhotra Neil , Krosnick Jon A.
Published: February 2007

Since the inception of the American National Election Study (ANES) in the 1940s, data have been collected via face-to-face interviewing in the homes of members of area probability samples of American adults, the same gold-standard approach used by the U.S. Census Bureau, other federal agencies, and some nongovernment researchers for many of the most high-profile surveys conducted today. This paper explores whether comparable findings about voters and elections would be obtained by a different, considerably less expensive method: Internet data collection from nonprobability samples of volunteer respondents. Comparisons of the 2000 and 2004 ANES data (collected via face-to-face interviewing with national probability samples) with simultaneous Internet surveys of volunteer samples yielded many differences in the distributions of variables and in the associations between variables (even controlling for differences between the samples in reported interest in politics). Accuracy was higher for the face-to-face/probability sample data than for the Internet/volunteer sample data in 88% of the possible comparisons. This suggests that researchers interested in assuring the accuracy of their findings in describing populations should rely on face-to-face surveys of probability samples rather than Internet samples of volunteer respondents.
A Summary of Results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC): Lessons Learned
Authors: Linda Van Horn , Eva Obarzanek , Bruce A. Barton , Victor J. Stevens , Peter O. Kwiterovich , Norman L. Lasser , Alan M. Robson , Frank A. Franklin , Ronald M. Lauer , Sue Y.S. Kimm , Joanne F. Dorgan , Merwyn R. Greenlick
Published: February 2007

Prevention of cardiovascular disease must begin in childhood, preferably before risk factors develop. Elevated low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in children are likely to track over time and become high‐risk levels in adults. The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) was a multicenter, collaborative randomized trial in preadolescent children designed to test the efficacy and safety of a dietary intervention to lower saturated fat and cholesterol intake among growing children with elevated low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Numerous DISC results, which include findings on lipids‐lipoproteins, genetics, and nutrient adequacy, as well as descriptions of the behavioral intervention strategies, have been reported. A summary of practical findings and their potential clinical applications have not previously been published. Highlights of key lessons learned from DISC and translational applications of potential interest to nurses and other health care providers are presented.
Cardiovascular Nursing in Israel
Authors: Blaer Yosef , Rosenberg Orit , Reisin Leonardo
Published: February 2007

Cardiovascular (CV) nursing as an entity in Israel dates back to 1952, when the nurses in Tel‐Hashomer hospital took care of postoperative heart surgery patients. The first intensive cardiac care units (ICCUs) were established in 1971. In 1982, the first ICCU course was established in Tel‐Hashomer hospital nursing school. Today, most of the nursing staff in Israel's ICCUs are graduates of ICCU courses. The nurses' professional society, the Society for Nursing of Israel, was established in 1947. In 1989 the Society for Advancement of Cardiac Nursing in Israel (SACN) was established. The main goals of the society were: the exchange of CV nursing knowledge, CV nursing research, CV nursing education in nursing schools, education of nurses in other departments in the care of the cardiac patient, and CV nursing education in the community. The CV nurse takes a large role in the total care of the cardiac patient, which includes rehabilitation within the hospital and in the ambulatory setting and coordination of nursing in national and international multicenter clinical trials. In collaboration with the Ministry of Health Nursing Division, Israeli CV nurses participate in national and international projects to: develop and upgrade nursing education; train new CV nurses; develop, review, and revise nursing protocols and guidelines; and establish new, more advanced ICCUs in underdeveloped areas within Israel and around the world. Our vision for the future development of CV nursing in Israel includes coordination and management roles in the hospital setting, and the establishment and management of home‐care programs.
Coronary Heart Disease Risk in People 65 Years of Age and Older
Authors: Kannel William B. , Levine Barbara S.
Published: February 2007

Evidence from epidemiologic studies indicates that the same factors that are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in middle‐aged people are relevant in older adults (i.e., those aged=65). The relative risk associated with some risk factors decreases with advancing age but this is offset by greater incidence of CHD among older adults. A growing body of evidence from clinical trials indicates that risk factor modification in older adults reduces CHD risk as effectively as it does in middle‐aged adults. Multivariable risk assessment can be used to effectively target intervention to those at significant risk for an initial CHD event and to avoid over‐treatment. It is important to appreciate that the average remaining life expectancy after achieving 80 years is about 8 years.
Heart Failure Patients With Ventricular Dysynchrony: Management With a Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device
Authors: Flanagan Jean , Horwood Laura , Bolin Cynthia , Sample Ross
Published: February 2007

Despite an array of treatment modalities, the overall prognosis for patients with severe heart failure remains bleak. Biventricular pacing, or cardiac resynchronization therapy, is gaining increasing acceptance as a compelling treatment for those individuals with advanced heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV). This article provides a brief description of the atrial and ventricular conduction disturbances common in patients with advanced heart failure. Current indications for therapy are outlined, as are recent results of cardiac resynchronization therapy trials. The implant procedure is described to provide a comprehensive overview of this innovative approach to reestablishing normal electromechanical activity and synchronous right and left ventricular contractions. Patient care, before and after device implant, is also summarized. The focus on patient education throughout this article may allow it to serve as a reference for health care providers involved in the care of patients with severe heart failure.
Using Motivational Interviewing to Reduce Diabetes Risk
Authors: Carino Judy Lau , Coke Lola , Gulanick Meg
Published: February 2007

With the growing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, controlling modifiable risk factors for diabetes is essential to preventing complications and disease progression. Recent research strongly supports targeting at‐risk prediabetes clients through therapeutic lifestyle change. Many behavior change techniques and strategies are known to be successful, yet are seldom implemented in today's health care arena. Nurses are in an excellent position to serve as change agents to assist at‐risk prediabetes clients in making necessary lifestyle changes. Motivational interviewing has been shown to be effective in counseling clients toward behavior change. The major principles of motivational interviewing will be described and motivational interviewing techniques will be demonstrated using a scenario with a prediabetes client.
B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide: a New Tool in the Armamentarium Used to Accurately Diagnose Heart Failure
Authors: Meriam Caboral , Mitchell Judith
Published: February 2007

Nearly 5 million Americans have heart failure (HF). Making a correct diagnosis early is an important component in the multifaceted approach to detection and/or treatment of this disease. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved a point‐of‐care B‐type natriuretic peptide assay to be used in the diagnosis of HF. Nesiritide, a synthetic B‐type natriuretic peptide, was also approved for use in decompensated HF. B‐type natriuretic peptide is released from the cardiac ventricles in response to increased left ventricular volume and/or pressure. This article reviews the nature of this peptide and its potential as a screening tool for HF. It will also present evidence defining the role of B‐type natriuretic peptide in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, prognosis after cardiac events, and in monitoring HF drug therapy.
Effects of a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program on Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Katharina Meyer , Laederach‐Hofmann Kurt
Published: February 2007

This evaluation was performed to assess the effects of a new, comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation program on generic and disease‐specific quality of life related to exercise tolerance in stable chronic heart failure patients. Fifty‐one patients (aged 59±11 years; 84% men) were treated for 12 weeks. Patients underwent optimized drug treatment, exercise training, and counseling and education. At baseline and at the end of the program, functional status, exercise capacity, and quality of life were assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Left ventricular ejection fraction and New York Heart Association functional class, as well as measures of physical fitness and walking distance covered in 6 minutes, improved significantly (by 11%–20% and by 58% on average, respectively). Physical functioning (effect size, 0.38; p<0.0001), role functioning (effect size, 0.17; p<0.05), and mental component score (effect size, 0.47; p<0.0001) on the questionnaire improved significantly. Disease‐specific quality of life improved in sum score (effect size, 0.24; p<0.0001) and physical component score (effect size, 0.35; p<0.0001). The latter was inversely correlated to improvement in peak power output (r=−0.31; p<0.05). In patients with stable chronic heartfailure, significant improvements in both generic and disease‐specific quality of life related to improved exercise tolerance can be achieved within 12 weeks of comprehensive rehabilitation.
The Relationship of Medication Regimen to Hospital Readmissions for Older Adults With Heart Failure
Authors: Schwarz Karen A. , Lowery Robin
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this part of a longitudinal study was to examine whether medication therapy for older adults with heart failure predicted days to readmission post‐hospital discharge. Using a prospective, predictive design, a convenience sample included 127 older adults with heart failure who had been recently discharged from two hospitals in northeastern Ohio. One hundred five patients were prescribed diuretics, 49 angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, 23βblockers, and 47 digoxin. There were no significant differences between readmitted and nonreadmitted patients with regard to the use of the specific classes of cardiac medications. None of the specific classes of cardiac medications predicted the number of days between the initial hospital discharge and readmission 3 months later. The use of a small, non‐probability sample and exclusion of variables limit the results of the study. Effective case management with teaching about heart failure must address changes involved with heart failure and the use of medication therapy. More research is needed about treatment protocols in various regions of the United States.
Educating Patients With Diabetes About Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Quinn Laurie
Published: February 2007

In persons with diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis is increased, develops prematurely, and is associated with an accelerated progression of atherosclerotic changes. More than 55% of deaths from diabetes are from cardiovascular disease. Central to the optimal management of diabetes and the prevention of chronic complications is effective patient education. The necessity of optimal glycemic control in the prevention of long‐term diabetes‐related complications, particularly microvascular disease, has been a primary focus of diabetes education during the past decade. It has become clear that to prevent cardiovascular disease in persons with diabetes, an increased emphasis on patient education aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors is essential. This review explores the scope, impact, and prevention of diabetes‐related cardiovascular disease, focusing on integration of cardiovascular disease risk reduction during patient teaching and education programs.
The Impact of Daily Sleep Duration on Health: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Alvarez Gonzalo G. , Ayas Najib T.
Published: February 2007

A healthy amount of sleep is paramount to leading a healthy and productive lifestyle. Although chronic sleep loss is common in today's society, many people are unaware of the potential adverse health effects of habitual sleep restriction. Under strict experimental conditions, short‐term restriction of sleep results in a variety of adverse physiologic effects, including hypertension, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, impairment of glucose control, and increased inflammation. A variety of epidemiologic studies have also suggested an association between self‐reported sleep duration and long‐term health. Individuals who report both an increased (>8 h/d) or reduced (<7 h/d) sleep duration are at modestly increased risk of all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and developing symptomatic diabetes. Although the data are not definitive, these studies suggest that sleep should not be considered a luxury, but an important component of a healthful lifestyle.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Darty Stephen N. , O'Neal James , Wesley‐Farrington Deborah , Davis April D. , Link Kerry M. , Hundley W. Gregory
Published: February 2007

Recent advancements in magnetic resonance imaging hardware and software permit the assessment of cardiovascular structure and function at rest and during exercise or pharmacology‐induced cardiac stress. With these developments, knowledge of cardiovascular imaging protocols in the magnetic resonance imaging environment is critical for nursing personnel. The purpose of this article is to review information pertinent to working in a magnetic resonance imaging environment and to describe the requirements of nursing personnel performing cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging examinations.
Care of Elderly Patients With Chronic Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease: Is It TIME to Be More Offensive?
Authors: Kuster Gabriela M. , Pfisterer Matthias E.
Published: February 2007

Young patients with coronary artery disease usually benefit from revascularization in terms of symptom relief and outcome. There are no prospective data available, however, for patients older than age 75 years, for whom quality of life might be more of an issue than quantity of life and for whom risk profiles and comorbidities make treating physicians more reluctant to prescribe an invasive procedure. The recently published Trial of Invasive vs. Medical therapy in Elderly patients (TIME) was the first to address patients=75 years of age with chronic angina despite standard medical therapy. The authors discuss the benefits and risks of interventional vs. medical management of chronic, symptomatic coronary artery disease in elderly patients in view of the TIME results and their clinical implications.
Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: Risks, Identification, and Treatment
Authors: Lamb Robert E. , King Deborah
Published: February 2007

Risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, diabetes, and myocardial infarction, if left untreated, will increase the risk of the development of chronic heart failure. Much is known about the pathophysiology and effective treatments of chronic heart failure from left ventricular systolic dysfunction; however, little clinical trial evidence exists concerning benefits of treating patients with chronic heart failure and preserved systolic function, also known as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Rather, an understanding of the pathophysiology and patient signs and symptoms has usually dictated choice of treatments. With the results of ongoing trials, as well as the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM)‐Preserved and the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trials, clinical evidence is accumulating to support effective treatments in patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The focus of this review is to discuss the risks of, identification of, and rationale for therapeutic choices being employed for treating left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and implications from studies that may support these choices.
T Wave Alternans: A Marker of Myocardial Instability
Authors: Harvey Margaret , Malkin Robert
Published: February 2007

T wave alternans is an electrocardiographic marker of myocardial electrical instability considered predictive for the development of lethal ventricular rhythms. Direct observation of this phenomenon on the electrocardiogram is rare. Subtle, nonvisible alternation of the T wave may be detected at the microvolt level using advanced signal processing techniques. This technology has enabled investigators and clinicians to identify and risk‐stratify certain groups at high risk for sudden cardiac death. The purpose of this review is to discuss the concept of T wave alternans in relation to all cardiac alternans, provide an overview of its proposed mechanisms, and address the clinical utility of this electrocardiographic marker of myocardial electrical instability.
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
Authors: PASK E. A.
Published: February 2007

1. All methods of artificial respiration require a free airway from the exterior to the alveoli so that effective pulmonary exchange can occur.

2. All methods of artificial respiration should be accompanied by effective anti‐shock measures.

3. A variety of methods, supine pressure methods, prone pressure methods, positive inflation of the lungs and postural methods either in manual or in mechanical form can provide adequate pulmonary ventilation. Any method selected should be carried out intelligently so that the occurrence of this pulmonary exchange is assured.

4. It is probable that the efficiency of methods of artificial respiration will be assessed by the degree to which they assist the blood circulation. There is evidence that there are differences in this respect between the methods, but we cannot yet state with certainty which type of method produces the most desirable effect in man.
THORACOLUMBAR SPLANCHNICECTOMY AND SYMPATHECTOMY
Authors: GRIFFITHS H. W. C. , GILLIES JOHN
Published: February 2007

A method of combined analgesia, vasoconstrictor paralysis and narcosis has been devised, to provide an ischæmic field and adequate relaxation, with safeguards against disturbances of circulatory and respiratory dynamics. The reduction in operating time and the complete insignificance of any loss of blood are advantages which contribute to the undoubted value of the method and the satisfactory results achieved. Frequently, the hypotension induced has been extreme, possibly unnecessarily so. As the series proceeded equally satisfactory results have been obtained with systolic pressures of about 70 mm. Hg, which may be regarded as the optimal level.

The development of this work owes much to the kindly cooperation and stimulating encouragement of Professor J. R. Lear‐month, C.B.E., Ch.M., F.R.C.S.E.
MODIFICATIONS OF THE CLOVER'S ETHER INHALER
Authors: GALLEY A. H. , KING A. CHARLES
Published: February 2007

The relevant medical literature has been reviewed objectively and the conclusion reached that the Wilson‐Smith modification was first in the field.

The importance of adequate air‐passages within anæsthetic machines is stressed and attention drawn to the fact that the “ wide‐bore principle,” introduced as long ago as 1899, has since become the sine qua non for all modern apparatus involving the closed method.

The various wide‐bore modifications are briefly described, compared and contrasted, and the various devices employed for maintaining the wide‐bore whilst allowing for variation in ether vapour strength are illustrated.

Quotations are given which show exactly how the benefits of wide‐bore inhalers appeared to those who first used them.
Factors affecting the arterial carbon dioxide tension during anæsthesia
Authors: NUNN J. F.
Published: February 2007

Summaries of papers delivered at the meeting are printed below. A selection of these papers will be printed in full in this and subsequent issues.
Distriibution of electrical myotonia in myotonic muscular dystrophy
Authors: Streib Erich W. , Sun Sallie F.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐five successive patients with myotonic dystrophy were examined to determine the anatomical distribution of electrical myotonia. Proximal and distal limb muscles and orbicularis oris and masseter muscles were examined. Electrical myotonia was present in all muscles examined in only 3 patients. Moreover, of the 15 muscles examined, none showed myotonic discharges in every patient, the highest individual muscle involvement being 96%.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Successful treatment with dantrolene and bromocriptine
Authors: Granato Jerome E. , Stern Barney J. , Ringel Alan , Karim Amin H. , Krumholz Allan , Coyle Joseph , Adler Sam
Published: February 2007

A patient with chronic schizophrenia treated with fluphenazine developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome, characterized by fever, obtundation, rigidity, and tremulousness. Hyperthermia and elevated serum creatine kinase were successfully corrected by parenteral treatment with dantrolene. Obtundation, rigidity, and tremulousness responded to high doses of bromocriptine.
Dopamine‐containing neurons in the spinal cord: Anatomy and some functional aspects
Authors: Lindvall Olle Lindvall , Björklund Anders Björklund , Skagerberg Gunnar
Published: February 2007

The anatomy of the recently discovered diencephalospinal dopaminergic system is summarized and its possible role in physiological and pathological processes suggested. The cell bodies of origin of this system are localized periventricularly in the dorsal hypothalamus and caudal thalamus, and the terminal innervations are found in the dorsal horn at all spinal levels and around the preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. Available data favor the participation of the spinal dopaminergic system in pain modulation and autonomic and motor responses. Dysfunction of spinal dopaminergic neurons could be involved in the pathophysiology of certain conditions, such as parkinson's disease. It appears possible that the beneficial effects of dopamine agonists in this condition as well as some of the side effects of neuroleptics are mediated through their actions on spinal dopaminergic mechanisms.
Is “subcortical dementia” a recognizable clinical entity?
Authors: Mayeux Richard , Stern Yaakov , Rosen Jeffery , Frank Benson D.
Published: February 2007

The concept of “subcortical dementia” is controversial, lacking clinical validation and having only a questionable pathological basis. Over 100 patients with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or Huntington's disease, subdivided into three functional disability stages, were given a brief quantitative neuropsychological assessment. Patients with Huntington's or Parkinson's disease were less intellectually impaired than those with Alzheimer's disease at each functional stage. Criteria for dementia were present in all of the Alzheimer's patients but in only half of the Huntington's and Parkinson's disease groups. Patients with similar overall intellectual function scores had no distinct pattern of neuropsychological test performance. Depression, absent in patients with Alzheimer's disease, was present in half the patients with Huntington's and Parkinson's disease and was correlated with intellectual decline. The concept of subcortical dementia is misleading. The pattern of neuropsychological impairment is not distinct, and the neuropathological basis of dementia in these diseases may result from a combination of cortical and subcortical degeneration.
Independent maternal origin of Chinese swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Lei C. Z. , Zhang W. , Chen H. , Lu F. , Liu R. Y. , Yang X. Y. , Zhang H. C. , Liu Z. G. , Yao L. B. , Lu Z. F. , Zhao Z. L.
Published: February 2007

To obtain more knowledge on the origin and genetic diversity of the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in China, the complete mitochondrial D‐loop sequences of 119 samples representing seven native types were compared. Two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages (lineages A and B) were determined for the Chinese swamp buffalo. Examination of the diversity patterns suggest that lineage A has undergone a population expansion event. Divergence of lineages A and B was estimated at 18 000 years ago. Combined analyses of mtDNA sequences from Chinese, Indian, Brazilian/Italian and Southeast Asian/Australian buffalo samples showed independent domestication events in the swamp buffalo from China and the river buffalo from the India subcontinent. The spread of swamp and river buffalo from China and India respectively to mainland Southeast Asia suggests that Southeast Asia is a hybrid zone for buffalo. Our data support the hypothesis of the evolution of domesticated swamp and river buffalo from ancestral swamp‐like animals. These ancestral animals were extensively distributed across mainland Asia and most likely are represented today by the wild Asian buffalo (Bubalus arnee).
Pancytopenia and secondary myelofibrosis could be induced by primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: LIM D.‐J. , OH E. J. , PARK C.‐W. , KWON H.‐S. , HONG E.‐J. , YOON K.‐H. , KANG M.‐I. , CHA B.‐Y. , LEE K.‐W. , SON H.‐Y. , KANG S.‐K.
Published: February 2007

Hyperparathyroidism may be a precipitating factor important to the development of myelofibrosis: however, there has been only a few reports regarding myelofibrosis secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism. Recently, a rare case of pancytopenia caused by myelofibrosis in a 41‐year‐old woman who complained of general weakness and arthralgia presented to our clinical service. The patient was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism with pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy revealed myelofibrosis. Right parathyroidectomy was performed and a parathyroid adenoma was totally excised. After surgery, the CBC counts and other clinical abnormalities gradually improved without further intervention. We concluded that the pancytopenia was because of bone marrow fibrosis resulting from primary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, physicians should consider myelofibrosis secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism as a cause of pancytopenia in hypercalcemic patients, even though it is rare.
Sickle cell–haemoglobin E (HbSE) compound heterozygosity: a clinical and haematological study
Authors: KNOX‐MACAULAY H. H. M. , AHMED M. M. , GRAVELL D. , AL‐KINDI S. , GANESH A.
Published: February 2007

The paucity of clinical reports in the world literature suggests that, as a disease entity, haemoglobin SE compound heterozygosity is of negligible importance. In view of the significant community prevalence of this haemoglobinopathy in the Sultanate of Oman where it is the second most prevalent sickling disorder, a hospital study of 12 SE compound heterozygotes from six unrelated Arab families was undertaken to determine their clinico‐haematological features. Our findings were compared with those reviewed in the literature. Clinical and haematological evaluation was carried out by conventional methods including chromatographic haemoglobin analysis. At least 50% of those studied were asymptomatic throughout the study period but sickling‐related complications occurred in the rest and included the acute chest syndrome (1/12), severe vaso‐occlusive skeletal pain (2/12), frontal bossing (1/12) possibly indicative of significant chronic haemolysis and recurrent infections of the urinary tract (1/12). Steady‐state haemoglobin levels fell within the reference range while MCV and MCH values were, as expected, reduced in most cases; nevertheless, concomitant inheritance of α‐thalassaemia trait was also likely. Red cell morphology was striking by the absence or rarity of pseudo‐sickled cells in the blood films of many patients during the steady state and in crises. Bearing in mind the prevalence of 0.05% of SE compound heterozygosity in Oman, the findings in this single study of the largest number of SE patients and their relatives confirm the predominantly asymptomatic nature of this sickling disorder in individuals in the community at large. HbF levels do not appear to explain the heterogeneous nature of this haemoglobinopathy. Correlation of the variable clinical and haematological features of SE cases with their α‐globin gene status and β‐cluster haplotypes (linked to the βs‐ and βe‐genes) merits a separate investigation, which is being currently organized.
Phylogeography and freshwater basins in central Mexico: recent history as revealed by the fish parasite Rhabdochona lichtenfelsi (Nematoda)
Authors: Mejía‐Madrid H. H. , Vázquez‐Domínguez E. , Pérez‐Ponce de León G.
Published: February 2007

Aim  The phylogeography of Rhabdochona lichtenfelsi, a nematode parasite specific to endemic goodeids in Mexico, is used to infer the biogeographical history of fragmentation and recent evolution of the Mesa Central drainages. Geological history of the west‐central region of Mexico suggests that extant freshwater basins are the result of different vicariant events that fragmented ancient watercourses and lakes within the Mesa Central.

Location  Major freshwater river basins of the Mesa Central, Mexico: Ameca, Cotija, Lerma, Rio Verde, Panuco, and lakes Cuitzeo and Zacapu.

Methods  Haplotype diversity and phylogeographical structure of 10 populations of R. lichtenfelsi, sampled from the complete range of this species, were analysed with partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (456 bp). Analyses performed included phylogenetic tree estimation methods (neighbour‐joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood), genetic diversity, distance and structure estimates, and nested clade analysis.

Results  High overall haplotype diversity, unique haplotypes, and strongly structured populations were found in the basins sampled. Three phylogenetically and demographically identifiable clades were recovered. These clades fit an isolation‐by‐distance model. Significant population expansion was observed for two clades and for the entire population. Time of divergence was estimated as 1.0 and 0.84 Ma for the different clades.

Main conclusions  The distribution of R. lichtenfelsi haplotypes does not correspond to the present distribution of the basins of Mesa Central, but instead reflects the distribution of those basins during a recent geological period (Pleistocene). While our current knowledge of the evolution and geographical relationships of the Mesa Central basins comes from studies of freshwater fish encompassing a more ancient history, our results suggest that, during the past million years, old basins and connections existed where today isolated freshwater bodies stand, thus unravelling a novel biogeographical history for the Mesa Central of Mexico.
Holocene vegetation and climate change from near Lake Pedder, south‐west Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Thomas Ian
Published: February 2007

Aim  To use surface pollen and vegetation relationships to aid the interpretation of a Holocene pollen record.

Location  South‐west Tasmania, Australia.

Methods  A survey was undertaken of surface‐pollen samples from the major regional vegetation types: alpine, rain forest and moorland. Relationships between vegetation type and surface‐pollen representation were analysed using twinspan classification and ordination. A core was retrieved from moorland vegetation, and interpretation of the fossil pollen sequence was aided using relationships detected in our surface‐pollen analysis.

Results  Regional vegetation types are reflected in the pollen rain of south‐west Tasmania, despite the over‐representation of important rain forest tree species in samples from non‐forest sites. twinspan classification of the surface‐pollen samples identified the following indicator pollen taxa for each vegetation type: Astelia alpina (alpine); Lagarostrobos franklinii (rain forest); Leptospermum and Melaleuca (moorland). Detrended correspondence analysis of the surface‐pollen samples clearly separates samples from each vegetation type. Correlation of the ordination axes with environmental data identified a dominant temperature/altitudinal gradient in the surface‐pollen data (R = 0.852/0.844). Application of the results of the surface‐pollen analysis to the fossil sequence revealed that fire‐promoted moorland has dominated the local environment around the core site for the entire Holocene. Changes in fossil pollen composition also suggest that temperatures increased through the Late Glacial to peak in the mid‐Holocene and declined thereafter, a trend consistent with other sites in the region.

Main conclusions  Pollen spectra can successfully be used to predict local vegetation in south‐west Tasmania. At least this part of inland south‐west Tasmania has remained forest‐free throughout the Holocene, conflicting with the dominant palaeoecological paradigm of a mid‐Holocene dominated by rain forest. A comparison with pollen records from moorland vegetation across the region suggests that fire‐promoted moorland has dominated the landscape since the Late Glacial. We suggest that burning by people through the Late Glacial (if not earlier) facilitated the spread of moorland throughout the region, greatly restricting the expansion of rain forest. The continued influence of fire throughout the Holocene in this perennially wet landscape argues for a revision of the dominant human‐occupation model that depicts an abandonment of the interior of south‐west Tasmania in the Late Glacial in response to the expansion of rain forest.
Spatial and temporal patterns of recent forest encroachment in montane grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Coop Jonathan D. , Givnish Thomas J.
Published: February 2007

Aim  Recent forest encroachment into montane and subalpine grasslands has occurred in the Rocky Mountains and many other mountain ranges globally. The timing, rate, and extent of tree invasion can depend on interactions among topography, positive spatial feedbacks, and temporally variable factors (especially climate, grazing, and fire). Here we examine spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion in the Valles Caldera of the Jemez Mountains.

Location  This study was conducted in the Valles Caldera (35°50′–36°00′ N; 106°24′–106°37′ W), a 24‐km‐wide volcanic basin in northern New Mexico, USA. Grasslands in this otherwise forested region occur in broad valley bottoms of the caldera floor between 2575 and 2700 m, and on south‐facing slopes and mountain tops up to 3300 m.

Methods  We used a GIS analysis of orthorectified aerial photos taken in 1935 and 1996, covering a 40,000‐ha study area, to quantify the extent of tree invasion and to assess its relationship to spatial factors. We obtained dates of establishment from 299 increment cores and basal disks from 50 sites in the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP) to reconstruct temporal patterns of tree invasion.

Results  The area of grasslands in our study area declined from 11,747 to 9336 ha (nearly 18%) between 1935 and 1996. Tree invasion increased with slope, elevation, and proximity to the previous tree line, but showed no relationship to aspect. Tree invasion was more rapid and continuous on upper mountain slopes, while the invasion of valley‐bottom grasslands below reversed tree lines was more episodic, and appeared to track mean summer minimum temperatures.

Main conclusions  The rapid and continuous invasion of steep, high‐elevation slopes suggests that frequent fire was the single most important factor in maintaining grassy communities in these sites. The slower, episodic invasion of valley‐bottom grasslands, and the apparent relationship between increased invasion and years of higher summer minimum temperatures are consistent with the hypothesis that these grasslands have been maintained by low temperatures or frosts damaging to tree seedlings. We encourage prescribed fire to restore and maintain grasslands in the VCNP, especially small patches on steep, high‐elevation slopes.
Regional species richness in an obligate subterranean dwelling fauna – epikarst copepods
Authors: Pipan Tanja , Culver David C.
Published: February 2007

Aim  The diversity of the obligate cave‐dwelling fauna has proved difficult to measure because of the highly localized distributions of most species. We investigated: (1) the local and regional diversity patterns of a major component of the obligate cave‐dwelling fauna living in the epikarst zone, the karst layer closest to the surface; (2) variations in local and regional patterns of species richness; and (3) sampling sufficiency at multiple scales.

Location  Caves in the Dinaric Mountains of Slovenia.

Methods  We sampled continuously the abundance of 37 species of copepods dislodged from the epikarst from 35 ceiling drips in six caves for a period of one year. Copepods were collected in a specially designed net that allowed continuous collection.

Results  Based on species accumulation curves and Chao estimates of total diversity, we determined that 3–4 months of continuous sampling were sufficient to find 90% of the species in a drip, that five drips were sufficient to find 90% of the species in a cave, and that five caves were sufficient to find 90% of the species in a region.

Main conclusions  The epikarst copepod fauna is a significant part of the aquatic cave fauna, contributing about 20% at the regional level. Because of the scale of variation, much of which occurs within a cave, and because of the availability of continuous sampling devices, the epikarst component of subterranean diversity seems to be more thoroughly and accurately measured than do other components.
Specific language impairment as the prominent feature in a patient with a low‐level trisomy 21 mosaicism
Authors: Paoloni‐Giacobino A. , Lemieux N. , Lemyre E. , Lespinasse J.
Published: February 2007

Background  The extent and severity of the disabilities is variable among individuals with Down syndrome, although generally characterized by a range of physical and intellectual conditions, including language impairment. Whether the language deficit is due to the intellectual disability (ID) or associated to the supernumerary or portion of chromosome 21 is still debated.

Methods  Karyotyping was performed on blood lymphocyte and skin fibroblasts. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed on cultured lymphocytes and buccal smear cells.

Results  The trisomy 21 (T21) mosaicism was characterized by 0.7–10% of mosaic cells in the different tissues, in a 14‐year‐old girl presenting an intellectual development within the normal range and specific language impairment (SLI) as the only prominent feature.

Conclusion  This case illustrates the wide range of phenotypical abnormalities possibly associated with T21 mosaicism. We propose that SLI is indeed a phenotypic trait specific to Down syndrome rather than subsequent to the ID most often associated to the syndrome.
Relationship between salivary flow rate and clinical symptoms and behaviours in patients with dry mouth
Authors: SUH K.‐I. , LEE J.‐Y. , CHUNG J.‐W. , KIM Y.‐K. , KHO H.‐S.
Published: February 2007

summary  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between whole salivary flow rate and dry mouth‐related subjective symptoms and behaviours in patients with dry mouth. Seventy‐eight patients (13 men and 65 women, 58·2 ± 13·5 years) with dry mouth were asked a standardized series of questions concerning dry mouth‐related symptoms and behaviours. Whole salivary flow rates were measured under unstimulated and stimulated conditions. The effect of oral dryness on daily life was significantly associated with the flow rate of stimulated whole saliva (rs = −0·30, P < 0·01) and frequency of oral dryness (rs = 0·46, P < 0·01). Dry mouth‐related symptoms and behaviours were significantly associated with the whole salivary flow rate and the correlation was more remarkable with respect to stimulated whole saliva. The most common dry mouth‐associated complaint was sensation of burning mouth. The effect of oral dryness on daily life was significantly affected by the presence of taste disturbances. Collectively, dry mouth‐related symptoms and behaviours were significantly associated with whole salivary flow rate. Moreover, the severity of dry mouth‐related symptoms was more closely correlated with the flow rate of stimulated saliva, compared with the unstimulated flow rate.
In vitro development of gut‐like tissue demonstrating rhythmic contractions from embryonic mouse intestinal cells
Authors: Ito‐dufros Y. , Funakoshi Y. , Uehara A. , Oishi K.
Published: February 2007

Abstract  The rhythmic motility of the intestine is regulated by the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and the enteric nervous system. Rhythmic motility is considered to occur after the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into ICC during the late embryonic period. In this study, we successfully reconstructed a gut‐like tissue demonstrating rhythmic contractions by culturing dispersed cells enzymatically isolated from the mouse intestine during the mid‐embryonic period. These intestinal cells were reconstituted into a collagen gel at high density, made to proliferate considerably, and grew into a gut‐like tissue after 1 week of culturing. The reconstituted tissue showed rhythmic contractions and stained positive for the specific marker proteins of neurones and ICC, PGP9.5 and c‐Kit. The tissue also demonstrated network formation by developing nerve cells and ICC. Moreover, in the presence of nifedipine, c‐Kit‐immunopositive cells showed spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation, which is considered to be coupled to the electrical activity that corresponds to slow waves. Therefore, this culture system may be of use in elucidating the developmental mechanisms of gastrointestinal motility.
A functional Fas promoter polymorphism is associated with a severe phenotype in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis characterized by early development of cirrhosis
Authors: Agarwal K. , Czaja A. J. , Donaldson P. T.
Published: February 2007

Genome scanning studies suggest an important role for genes outside the major histocompatibility complex in autoimmunity. Key candidates are those genes involved in immune regulation and preservation of immune homeostasis, including the genes involved in apoptosis. Our aim was to determine the association between the Fas gene polymorphism at position −670 and susceptibility, clinical expression, and outcome in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). An adenosine to guanine single nucleotide polymorphism in the Fas gene (TNFRSF6) promoter was assessed in 149 well‐characterized Caucasoid patients and 172 matched controls. Patients and normal subjects had the similar TNFRSF6−670 allele and genotype frequencies. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (510 ± 77 vs 283 ± 53 U/l), γ‐globulin (3.3 ± 0.2 vs 2.6 ± 0.2 g/dl), and immunoglobulin G (2976 ± 223 vs 2324 ± 203 mg/dl) levels were higher in patients with the guanine/guanine genotype than in those with the adenosine/adenosine genotype. Cirrhosis at presentation was more common in patients with the adenosine/adenosine or adenosine/guanine genotypes than in those with the guanine/guanine genotype (29% vs 6%). Polymorphism of the Fas gene at position −670 does not influence susceptibility to AIH, but may affect the early development of cirrhosis.