bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vrednotenje energijske vrednosti travnih silaž
Authors: BABNIK Drago , VERBIČ Jože , ŽNIDARŠIČ Tomaž
Published: December 2023

Na podlagi kemične sestave in in vitro metode, ki temelji na plinu, razvijajočem se pri inkubaciji vzorcev z vampnim sokom, smo določili vsebnost neto energije za laktacijo (NEL) 80 vzorcev travnih silaž. Vrednosti smo primerjali z ocenami, pridobljenimi z običajnimi postopki ocenjevanja NEL v slovenskih laboratorijih, to je na podlagi kemične sestave ter prebavljivostnih koeficientov iz preglednic ali regresijskih enačb iz literature. Ugotovili smo, da novejše DLG preglednice in enačbe vsebnost NEL precenijo. Vsebnosti NEL, ki smo jih dobili z upoštevanjem koeficientov prebavljivosti objavljenih v DLG (1991) preglednicah precenijo in vitro ocenjene vrednosti za 0,42 ± 0,43 MJ, DLG (1997) za 0,50 ± 0,36 MJ, enačba po Menkeju in Steingassu (1987) za 0,36 ± 0,42 MJ ter enačbe GfE (1998) za 0,53 ± 0,40 MJ NEL kg–1 sušine (SS). Regresijska analiza je pokazala, da vse ocene sistematično odstopajo od in vitro ocenjenih vrednosti. Za ocenjevanje manj kakovostnih vzorcev travnih silaž, ki vsebujejo manj kot 5,5 MJ NEL kg–1 SS, priporočamo uporabo starejših nemških preglednic (DLG, 1982), za bolj kakovostne vzorce travnih silaž (> 5,5 MJ NEL kg–1 SS) pa so primernejše novejše preglednice (DLG, 1997), pa tudi uradne nemške enačbe (GfE, 1998). Pri vseh postopkih ocenjevanja smo ugotovili razmeroma velika povprečna posamična odstopanja (od 0,33 do 0,57 MJ kg–1 SS) od in vitro ocenjenih vrednosti. Največje posamično odstopanje je doseglo 1,5 MJ kg–1 SS. Predlagamo nove multiple regresijske enačbe za ocenjevanje vsebnosti presnovljive energije in NEL v travnih silažah na podlagi kemične sestave. S temi enačbami lahko zmanjšamo sistematična odstopanja od in vitro ocenjenih vrednosti, nepojasnjenim odstopanjem, ki znašajo v povprečju več kot 0,3 MJ NEL kg–1 SS, pa se z uporabo klasične weendske analize ne moremo izogniti.
Estimation of mineral content in forages by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: LAVRENČIČ Andrej , STEFANON Bruno , OREŠNIK Andrej
Published: December 2023

In 100 dried samples of forages, harvested three or four times during 1997 and 1999 in different morphological stages the macro- (Ca, P, Mg, K and Na) and trace- (Zn, Mn and Se) mineral contents were determined by chemical methods and by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The accuracy calibration equations of NIRS for macrominerals Ca, P, Mg and K showed a high degree of accuracy, with an R2 of 0.963, 0.884, 0.892 and 0.939, respectively. These results suggest that these macrominerals are probably closely associated with the organic components, such as plant cell wall (Ca and Mg), chlorophyll (Mg), phytates, phospholipids, phosphoproteins and nucleic acids (P) and organic acids, such as malate (K). On the contrary, NIRS did not estimate Na content very accurately (R2 = 0.52; coefficient of variability of cross validation (CVSECV) = 35.5%), suggesting that Na is not closely associated with organic functional groups or that the amount of the mineral is below the level of NIRS detection. Similar conlusions are also valid for trace minerals, where the R2 was 0.642 (SECV = 4.4) for Zn, 0.427 (SECV = 55.6) for Mg and only 0.186 (SECV = 6.5) for Se. The CVSECV for trace minerals always exceeded 20%. Despite the insensibility of NIRS to accurately determine Na and certain trace minerals, the NIRS technique may provide an acceptable prediction of macro mineral contents.
Opredelitev populacij kranjske čebele (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman) na osnovi analize mitohondrijske DNK
Authors: KOZMUS Peter , SUŠNIK Simona , POKLUKAR Janez , MEGLIČ Vladimir
Published: December 2023

Kranjska čebela (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman 1879) je glede na morfologijo uvrščena v jugovzhodno evropsko skupino čebel in je druga najbolj razširjena podvrsta čebel na svetu. Glede na morfologijo pa tudi glede na razlike v mitohondrijski DNK (mtDNK), so čebelje podvrste razdeljene v tri glavne filogenetske linije. Filogenetska linija C, kamor sodi tudi A. m. carnica, je genetsko slabše proučena, zato smo želeli okarakterizirati kranjsko čebelo na podlagi mtDNK. Pregledali smo 56 vzorcev čebel iz Slovenije in 55 vzorcev čebel iz Hrvaške, Češke in nekaterih selekcioniranih linij. Variabilno regijo med citokrom oksidazo I (COI) in citokrom oksidazo II (COII) v mtDNK smo pomnožili s polimerazno verižno reakcijo (PCR). Variabilnost nukleotidnega zaporedja smo proučevali z restrikcijsko analizo regije COI-COII in s sekvenciranjem nukleotidnega zaporedja med tRNKleu in COII geni. Določili smo pet različnih haplotipov, od katerih vsi razen enega pripadajo filogenetski liniji C. Za kranjsko čebelo je bil značilen specifičen haplotip C2C. Na podlagi rezultatov lahko sklepamo, da razen pri selekcioniranih linijah pri ostalih analiziranih populacijah ni prišlo do vnosa čebeljih matic drugih filogenetskih linij.
Razlike v kakovosti grozdja sort ‘Rebula’ (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Rebula') in ‘Chardonnay’ (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Chardonnay') v Goriških brdih
Authors: RUSJAN Denis
Published: December 2023

V Goriških brdih sta sorti ‘Rebula’ in ‘Chardonnay’ količinsko pomembnejši beli sorti vinske trte. Kakovost grozdja obeh sort med letniki in lokacijami na območju Brd precej niha. Razloge pripisujemo predvsem razgibanemu reliefu, vremenskim dejavnikom ter neprimerni tradicionalni pridelavi določenih sort vinske trte. Glede na kakovost grozdja oziroma količine sladkorja v grozdju je bil letnik 2002 najboljši, letnik 2001 pa najslabši. Pri primerjavi vremenskih razmer med leti 2000, 2001 in 2002 nismo ugotovili večjih razlik, čeprav le te ne gre zanemariti. Sajenje in gojenje obeh sort odsvetujemo na S, SZ in SV območjih Brd. Največje povprečne količine sladkorja v grozdju sorte ‘Rebula’ smo določili na lokacijah Vedrijan, Vipolže, Vrhovlje in Neblo, v grozdju sorte ‘Chardonnay’ pa na lokacijah Kozana, Cerovo, Vrhovlje in Mirnik. Ker se variabilnost količine sladkorja v grozdju med in znotraj lokacij precej spreminja predlagamo revizijo vinogradniških leg ter izključitev neprimernih leg za gojenje posamezne sorte vinske trte.
Determination of ash content in Slovenian wines by empirical equations
Authors: KOŠMERL Tatjana , BAVČAR Dejan
Published: December 2023

The possibility of fast determination of ash content from given conductivity, alcohol and total dry extract was examined on 58 samples of Slovenian white and red still wines. Values calculated by literature relations were compared to experimentally determined values obtained by official method (burning in a furnace). The standard deviations and coefficients of variation for literature equations were very different and higher (SD = 0.57-0.72, CV = 24.16-29.25 %) in comparison to our own equations (SD = 0.32-0.56, CV = 14.73-25.74 %) obtained by multiple regression analysis for the separate group of white and red wines as well as for all the samples studied. The differentiation of wines into two groups was statistically confirmed especially for red wines (SD = 0.32, CV = 14.73 %). The experiment has shown that the results to be obtained cannot be accurate enough if only one empirical equation for different types of wines is used.
Impact of various growing methods on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield and sensory quality
Authors: ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan , TRDAN Stanislav , ZLATIČ Emil
Published: December 2023

The effect of various growing methods of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)  cv. Hector on fruit yield and sensory properties was examined. The growing methods used were: bare soil (BS), black plastic mulch (BPM), bare soil with polypropylene row cover (BS + RC) and black plastic mulch with polypropylene row cover (BPM + RC). The yields of all growing methods were reduced during growing season of extreme rainfall. The results show that the use of BPM + RC resulted in the highest total fruit yield (15.93 t ha-1). By using row cover (BS + RC or BPM + RC) it has been observed that marketable yield could be significantly higher than in the BS and the BPM treatments. Plants grown in the BPM and in the BPM + RC yielded larger number of fruits in comparison to plants in the BS or in the BS + RC. The fruit height and diameter were not affected by the treatments. This study also gives a sensory characterisation of various growing methods as an indicator of suitability for growing and marketing of tomatoes. Tomatoes grown in the BPM + RC resulted in the highest total taste intensity.
Vpliv dolgotrajnega skladiščenja travne silaže na njeno hranilno vrednost in kakovost
Authors: BABNIK Drago , VERBIČ Jože
Published: December 2023

Mnogocvetno ljuljko smo pokosili 10. maja 1988 in silirali v poskusne silose (100 l) kot neovelo (S/0) in po 6 (S/6), 10 (S/10), 30 (S/30) in 34 (S/34) urah venenja. Vsebnost sušine (SS) se je povečala od 190 g kg-1 pri košnji, na 230, 267, 376 in 434 g kg-1 po 6, 10, 30 in 36 urah venenja. Iz neovele krme smo pripravili tudi silažo, tretirano z mravljinčno kislino (S/0 MK, 4 g 85 % mravljinčne kisline na kg). Silose smo odprli po 12 letih. Silaže S/0, S/0 MK, S/6, S/10, S/30 in S/34 so vsebovale 106, 171, 215, 241, 346 in 412 g SS kg-1. Vsebovale so 1,8, 104,2, 97,3, 77,4, 83,5 in 48,0 g mlečne kisline, 55,5, 34,6, 26,7, 24,0, 19,8 in 15,2 g ocetne kisline ter 53,96, 4,81, 4,05, 11,37, 0,01 in 0,00 g maslene kisline na kg SS. Deleži amoniakovega N pri S/0, S/0 MK, S/6, S/10, S/30 in S/34 so bili 552, 195, 211, 212, 108 in 69 g kg-1 skupnega N. Tako venenje kot tretiranje z mravljinčno kislino je izboljšalo obstojnost silaže. Delež amoniakovega N in vsebnost ocetne kisline sta bila negativno povezana z vsebnostjo SS (r = –0,85 in –0,89; p < 0,05). Vsebnost NEL je bila pri S/0 precej manjša (3,62 MJ kg-1 SS) kot pri silažah iz ovele krme (od 5,01 do 5,39 MJ kg-1 SS) in pri silaži z dodatkom mravljinčne kisline (5,22 MJ kg-1 SS). Vsebnost NEL je bila negativno povezana z deležem amoniakovega N (r = –0,98; p < 0,001), vsebnostjo ocetne (r = –0,91; p < 0,05), propionske (r = –0,98; p < 0,001) in maslene kisline (r = –0,99; p < 0,001). Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da je mogoče dobro fermentirane ovele silaže hraniti v zrakotesnih silosih tudi več kot deset let brez tveganja, da bi se silaže pokvarile. Pri silaži iz neovele krme se je mlečna kislina razgradila, silaža pa pokvarila. Obstojnost neovelih silaž za daljše obdobje je mogoče izboljšati z dodajanjem mravljinčne kisline.
incidence of potato virus Y strains in Slovenia
Authors: DOLNIČAR Peter
Published: December 2023

The incidence of potato virus Y (PVY) strains and its infection pressure across Slovenia were monitored. Disease free tubers of the variety Igor were planted on different locations across Slovenia in 1997, 1998 and 2000. Tubers were harvested and visually evaluated for the presence of necrosis. They were tested by means of ELISA using polyclonal antibodies of PVY and  monoclonal antibodies PVYN of Bioreba, and PVYN, PVYO and PVY O/C of Adgen. PVY NTN was the predominant strain on all locations in 1997 and 1998. The highest infection with PVYO  was found in Pivka and Rakičan in the year 2000. PVYC strain was not found during the study. The infection with PVY was smaller in isolated parts of Slovenia like Brezula, Podčetrtek, Trbonje, Libeliče, Vrtojba and Tolmin. It also decreased from 1997 to 2000.
Prispevek k introdukciji kultivarja vinske trte Syrah (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah) v koprski in vipavski vinorodni okoliš
Authors: PRAPROTNIK Tilen , KOROŠEC-KORUZA Zora
Published: December 2023

Zaradi večjega povpraševanja po rdečih vinih v zadnjem desetletju tudi Primorski vinogradniki želijo popestriti sortiment rdečih sort vinske trte. Med kandidate za introdukcijo v  v.o. (vinorodni okoliš) Koper in v.o. Vipavska dolina se je uvrstila sorta Syrah, ki se hitro širi po številnih vinorodnih območjih v svetu. Poudariti želimo pomen dejavnikov okolja oz. geografskega porekla kot ustvarjalca raznolikosti. Predstavimo svetovna območja gojenja sorte Syrah (severni in južni del pokrajine ob reki Rhône (F), Barossa valley in Hunter valley (AUS), Napa valley (ZDA), Hawkes bay (NZ) ter v. o. Koper in v. o. Vipavska dolina (SI)) s pomočjo klimatskih parametrov. V rastni dobi 2000 smo spremljali elemente rasti in rodnosti štirih klonov sorte Syrah (99, 300, 301, 470) ter jih primerjali s sorto Merlot (519). Želeli smo ugotoviti razlike med kloni sorte Syrah, razlike med sorto Syrah in Merlot ter razlike med okolišema. Pri sorti Syrah je značilno, da z naraščanjem pridelka pada vsebnost sladkorja in narašča vsebnost skupnih kislin. Tako je najrodnejši Syrah klon 99, najmanj roden pa Syrah klon 470. Sorta Merlot ima ob večjem pridelku tudi večjo sladkorno stopnjo. Predvsem zaradi manjše obremenitve in s tem manjšega pridelka ima sorta Syrah v v. o. Vipavska dolina večje sladkorne stopnje kot v v. o. Koper. Ugotovimo, da je sorta Merlot z vinogradniškega stališča v obeh v. o. boljša, kljub temu pa predlagamo uvrstitev sorte Syrah v sortiment obeh v. o., predvsem zaradi njene velike priljubljenosti v svetu.
Razvoj agrometeorologije kot samostojne vede na Biotehniški fakulteti (Od ustanovitve Agronomske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani 1947 pa do leta 2004)
Authors: HOČEVAR Andrej , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka
Published: December 2023

V delu je predstavljen razvoj področja agrometeorologije od ustanovitve Agronomske fakultete 1947 pa do leta 2004. Opisan je pomen stroke, njen kadrovski razvoj, pedagoško in raziskovalno delo z najpomembnejšimi objavami. Orisana je vloga agrometeorologije pri študiju agronomije, predvsem kot vede, ki je tesno povezana z okoljem. Prav atmosferski del okolja močno vpliva na rastlinsko pridelavo in je odločujoči dejavnik tudi pri ekološko usmerjenem kmetijstvu.
Vpliv tal in foliarnega gnojenja s kalcijem na kakovost plodov jablane (Malus domestica Borkh.) ’Jonagold’
Authors: MURŠEC Mateja , ŠTAMPAR Franci , LOBNIK Franc
Published: December 2023

V dvoletnem poskusu smo na lokaciji Ivanjkovci pri Ormožu ugotavljali vpliv tal in različnih kalcijevih foliarnih gnojil (Kalgan, Caltrac in Calciogreen) na kakovost plodov jablane 'Jonagold'. Za parametre kakovosti plodov smo izbrali vsebnost kalcija (Ca), kalija (K) in magnezija (Mg) na enoto suhe in sveže snovi plodov, ustrezna razmerja med omenjenimi elementi v plodovih (Ca/Mg, (K+Mg)/Ca, K/Ca), trdoto, premer in maso plodov. Tla v nasadu so bila močno kisla (pH=4,57 v KCl) z majhnim deležem izmenljivega Ca (30 % kationske izmenjalne kapacitete - KIK) in z večjim deležem Mg (11,5 % KIK). Tla so bila distrična (stopnja nasičenosti tal z bazičnimi kationi je bila 44 %). Ugotovili smo nizko stopnjo korelacije med tlemi in plodovi glede mineralne sestave (Ca, Mg in K), kar dokazuje kompleksnost razmerja med tlemi in drevesom. Vremenske razmere za sprejem kalcija iz tal v času razvoja plodov so bile v obeh sezonah ugodne, saj ni bilo izrazitega sušnega obdobja. Dodani pripravki niso pokazali statistično značilnega učinka na samo vsebnost kalcija v plodovih (izjema je bil Calciogreen v letu 1997). Prav tako nismo ugotovili statistično značilnega vpliva dodanih kalcijevih pripravkov na trdoto, maso in velikost plodov. Njihov vpliv se je izrazito pokazal šele pri razmerjih med Mg, K in Ca v plodovih, kjer so kontrolni plodovi kazali najslabše skladiščne sposobnosti. Nizko stopnjo korelacije smo ugotovili tudi med posameznimi parametri kakovosti plodov (vsebnost Ca, Mg in K v plodovih, trdota plodov).
Milk production in the post-genomic era
Authors: FRAJMAN Polona , DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

Milk plays an important role in human nutrition. Nowadays, dairy industry is oriented in the production of increasing number of different milk products and technological properties of milk are gaining more and more attention. Introduction of recombinant DNA technology in the early 1970 and development of molecular genetics enabled studies of the organization of milk protein genes and mechanisms involved in their expression. Genome research in farm animals was oriented in production of low-density genetic maps with the emphasis on the genetic variation in some functionally important regions. In the public databases, 1598 cattle genes have already been mapped and partially sequenced by the end of 2003. In addition, numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped for economically important traits. Typical examples include milk yield and milk composition in dairy cattle. The availability of genomic DNA sequences for a number of potential candidate genes with an impact on production traits allowed construction of cattle genome microarrays. Functional studies of milk protein genes revealed the impact of different genetic variants on technological properties of milk. Genomics approach thus offers an entirely new way to identify complex interactions among milk protein genes other genes involved in milk production and elucidation of the complex regulatory network allowing efficient milk production in the mammary gland.
Distribution of tissues in the carcass of Turopolje pig, an autochtonous Croatian breed
Authors: ĐIKIĆ Marija , SALAJPAL Krešimir , KAROLYI Danijel , JURIĆ Ivan , RUPIĆ Vlatko
Published: December 2023

Carcass composition and distribution of tissues in the carcass of Turopolje pig were established by analysing the share of muscle (M), fat (F) and bone (B) tissue in the carcass and each of this tissues from parts leg, shoulder, loin, neck and belly-rib part (BRP) in the carcass as well as the same tissue in the parts. Investigation was caried out in two groups of fattened pigs at different age and live weight at slaughtering (TI n = 10, age 584 ± 20 days and 81.9 kg ± 6.1 kg; TII n = 9, age 679 ± 20 days and 100.3 kg ± 4.9 kg). Pigs were fattened in the outdoor system of flood forests and marsh meadows biocenosis (Quercus robur and Deschampsietum caespitosae) according to traditional Croatian technology of low input feed (0.5 kg/day/animal). On the slaughter line the animals and carcasses were separetly weighted and cut according to Weniger method and by total dissection. In the groups TI and TII the percentages of muscle (38.2% and 40.5%, respectively) and bone tissue (10.6% and 9.7%, respectively) were significantly different in the carcass, while the share of fat (34.2% and 33.8%, respectively) was not significantly different. In the groups TI and TII the distribution of muscle, fat and bone tissue in the body parts leg, shoulder, loin, neck and belly-rib part (BRP) were estimated.
Water Balance Assessment for Lysimeter Station based on Water Pumping Station Kleče in Ljubljana
Authors: ZUPANC Vesna , BRAČIČ-ŽELEZNIK Branka , PINTAR Marina
Published: December 2023

For soil water balance calculation two lysimeters were built on Water Pumping Station of Public Water Supply Company in Ljubljana. Soil water balance (change in storage) was calculated using precipitation, evapotranspiration, and lysimeter outflow. Outflow measurements systematically showed discrepancy between Lysimeter North and Lysimeter South, in average 300 mm/year. Yearly soil water balance calculation for the Lysimeter North shows slight decrease in water storage every year in studied period (2001 – 2004).
Karakteristike sojev Phomopsis sp. izoliranih iz poganjkov obolele maline
Authors: ARSENIJEVIĆ Momčilo
Published: December 2023

Phomopsis sp. je bil izoliran iz poganjkov obolele maline. Ugotovljene so lastnosti dveh sojev glive, članek poroča o morfoloških lastnostih glive in kultur. Lastnosti sojev so bile raziskane z umetno okužbo jabolk in češenj, kot tudi poganjkov robide namesto maline. Gojišča z grahom, čebulo in krompir-glukozno gojišče (PDA) so primerna za razvoj kolonij, piknidijev ter α in β-piknospor. Temperaturni optimum za rast kolonij in fruktifikacijo parazita je med 15o in25o C.
Growth dynamics and reproductive activity of annual shoots in the walnut cultivar 'Elit'
Authors: SOLAR Anita , SOLAR Mitja , ŠTAMPAR Franci
Published: December 2023

An architectural analysis of a fruiting branch in the Slovenian variety 'Elit' was conducted during three successive years. The fruit bearing branch was constructed of a three-year-old parent shoot plus all corresponding two-year-old shoots and annual shoots (1Y). The construction of the bearing branch during the time caused a statistically significant increase in the number of annual shoots. The basal diameter and the length of 1Y significantly depended on a year whereas their angles did not. In spite of decreasing length of 1Y, the number of vegetative buds per shoot increased from the first to the third year of observations. The number of nodes was closely correlated with the length of the shoots. Activity points on the 1Y were most often on the apical two or three nodes, what was expressed by a marked acrotony. The number of active points varied as the tree matured. The ratio fruit bearing 1Y / total 1Y was 0.47 in year 1; 0.18 in year 2; 0.74 in year 3. It points to the slightly alternance. As the tree grew the number of flowering buds per 1Y as well as the number of female flowers per 1Y increased. The results of the three-year-long research show some growth and development rules in the walnut cultivar ‘Elit’, however, they do not allow a reliable prediction of the following activities. We assume that this will be possible after another three-year-long analysis, with the help of the Hidden Mark Model.
Response of leek (Allium porrum L.) to different levels of nitrogen dose under agro-climate conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: KARIĆ Lutvija , VUKAŠINOVIĆ Smiljka , ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan
Published: December 2023

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate growth, yield and quality of leek (Allium porrum L.) under different nitrogen levels, on a heavy clay loam soil in the agro-climate of central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Treatments comprised four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1), using local leek variety Karentan. The levels of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 were repeated in split applications. Results demonstrated that increasing level of nitrogen to 200 kg ha-1 resulted in greater number of leaves per plant (14.4), maximum  leaves weight (194.6 g   plant-1), higher pseudo-stem diameter (36.3 mm), maximum pseudo-stem weight (146.5 g) and highest total yield (91.98 t ha-1). There was a linear increase in total yield from nitrogen fertilization (r2 = 0.87). There was also slight evidence that higher nitrogen amount decrease dry matter. Furthermore, increase in nitrogen levels had no appreciable effect on chemical composition (total and reducing sugars, vitamin C) of leek.
Uravnavanje kislosti belih in rdečih vin s kemijskim razkisom
Authors: KOŠMERL Tatjana
Published: December 2023

Zmanjšanje skupnih kislin in s tem povezano povečanje pH v kislinsko bogatih moštih ali vinih ima za vinarje zelo velik pomen in tudi posledice. Uravnavanje kislosti lahko izvedemo s kemijskim razkisom (s kalcijevim karbonatom ali kalijevim hidrogenkarbonatom) ali pa z biološko razgradnjo (pretvorbo jabolčne kisline v mlečno kislino z mlečnokislinskimi bakterijami). Kemijski razkis s karbonati je bolj priporočljivo izvesti v moštih kot v vinih. Obseg kemijskega razkisa naj temelji na določevanju želene vsebnosti skupnih kislin in pH, ne le na podlagi senzorične ocene. Pufrna kapaciteta ter razmerje med vinsko in jabolčno kislino pomembno vplivajo na obseg kemijskega razkisa. Poudariti je potrebno, da je zaznava kislosti ali omlednosti vina odvisna predvsem od vsebnosti skupnih kislin, medtem ko vrednost pH določa mikrobiološko stabilnost.
Učinkovitost različnega števila feromonskih vab na nalet poljske pokalice (Agriotes lineatus L.)
Authors: MILEVOJ Lea , GOMBOC Stanislav , BOBNAR Aleksander , MIKUŠ Tina , GRIL Tjaša
Published: December 2023

Poljska pokalica (Agriotes lineatus L.) je v letu 2004 rojila v okolici Ljubljane od 20. tedna v maju (10. maj) do 36. tedna (30. avgust), s kulminacijo v 25. tednu (14. in 17. junij), ko se je v enem samem tednu ulovilo na eno feromonsko vabo (tip Yatlor) 876 pokalic. V letu 2005 je rojila od 17. tedna (28. april) do 34. tedna (25. avgust), s kulminacijo v 21. in 22. tednu (23., 26. maj in 30. maj, 2. junij) ter 26. teden (27. in 30. junij), ko je bilo 27. junija v vabi 569 hroščev. Višja temperatura zraka in tal je vzpodbudila njeno aktivnost, manj so nanjo vplivale deževne padavine. V poskusu množičnega lova pokalic A. lineatus s ciljem zmanjševanja populacije, se je največ osebkov lovilo v varianti z osmimi feromonskimi vabami (leta 2004 skupaj 2940, leta 2005 skupaj 1444 osebkov), sledi varianta z dvema vabama (leta 2004 skupaj 1268, leta 2005, 752 osebkov) in tej varianta s štirimi vabami (leta 2004 skupaj 1120, leta 2005, 664 osebkov). Najmanj pokalic se je lovilo na eno vabo (leta 2004 skupaj 505, leta 2005 pa 178 osebkov). V letih 2004 in 2005 je bila ugotovljena statistično značilna razlika v številčnem naletu pokalic (Agriotes lineatus) pri varianti z osmimi feromonskimi vabami.
Pregled požlahtnjenih slovenskih sort kmetijskih rastlin
Authors: ROZMAN Ludvik , HUREMAGIĆ Zinka , MEGLIČ Vladimir
Published: December 2023

Na podlagi literature ter uradnih sortnih list bivše Jugoslavije in samostojne Slovenije je narejen celoten pregled vzgojenih slovenskih sort kmetijskih rastlin. Nekatere sorte kmetijskih rastlin niso bile vpisane v uradne sortne liste, a so bile kljub temu nekaj časa v proizvodnji oz. na trgu (jablane, oreh, mandljevec), nekatere pa so bile v sortni listi samo krajši čas. Največ slovenskih sort je bilo vzgojenih pri krompirju (17 sort) in hmelju (11) ter v zadnjem obdobju pri vinski trti (26). Slovenske sorte imamo tudi pri nekaterih poljščinah, travah in deteljah, vrtninah, predvsem fižolu (8), radiču (4) in motovilcu (3) ter pri nekaterih sadnih vrstah. Glede na obsežno gensko banko nekaterih kmetijskih rastlin obstajajo velike možnosti za intenzivnejše žlahtnjenje slovenskih sort.
Priprava ajdovih keksov za prehranske poskuse
Authors: VOMBERGAR Blanka , GOSTENČNIK Darinka
Published: December 2023

Avtorji poročajo o poskusih izdelave ajdovih keksov za prehranske študije. Sprejemljivi keksi so bili izdelani iz moke navadne in tatarske ajde, brez uporabe dodatka pšenične moke. V članku so opisane metode za izdelavo ajdovih keksov, primernih za prehranske poskuse.
Cross Compliance and Nitrates directive in farming in Slovenia
Authors: HRUSTEL-MAJCEN Marta , KOS Boštjan
Published: December 2023

Cross compliance represents a series of standards to be met by farmers for acquiring direct payments. In Slovenia, the implementation of cross compliance was initiated within the framework of the first pillar of the agriculture policy in the year 2005. By Slovenia’s accession to the EU, the nitrates directive, as one of the cross compliance standards, has become a regulation introducing measures and restrictions into the agricultural activity in the entire national territory. Therefore, Slovenia has implemented, through the Rural Development Programme for the Republic of Slovenia 2004-2006, the measure “Implementation Support for the EU standards on agricultural holdings” enabling the farmers to acquire financial resources, knowledge and information necessary for a faster and effective adjustment to the requirements of the obligatory standards. The number of farmers engaging to the measure in 2004 and 2005 was unexpectedly high, since over 25,000 agricultural holdings engaged to the implementation of the standards or the adjustment to the standards in the each given year. The total number of agricultural holdings participating in the measure in each or both given years was over 33,000. Alone for the implementation of the standards and the adjustment to the standards of the nitrates directive more than 29,000 agricultural holdings submitted application for acquiring support.
Die Umsetzung der europäischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie in Deutschland und daraus abgeleiteter Forschungs- und Beratungsbedarf
Authors: WIESLER Franz , ARMBRUSTER Martin
Published: December 2023

Das mit der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie verbundene Umweltziel ist das flächendeckende Erreichen eines guten Zustandes der Oberflächengewässer und des Grundwassers in der gesamten Europäischen Union. Im Land Rheinland-Pfalz (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) wurde im Rahmen der Bestandeserhebung bei 47 % der Oberflächenwasserkörper und bei 31 % der Grundwasserkörper die Zielerreichung der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie als unwahrscheinlich eingestuft. Beim Grundwasser beruht dies im Wesentlichen aus diffusen Nitrat-Einträgen aus der Landwirtschaft. Zur Verbesserung der N-Ausnutzung wird von uns die Entwicklung von integrierten N-Managementsystemen vorgeschlagen, die zu einer Verringerung der Gewässerbelastung mit Nitrat in unterschiedlichen Produktionssystemen beitragen können. Die von uns gezeigten Beispiele zeigen, dass sowohl vorhandene Werkzeuge von den Landwirten verstärkt genutzt werden sollten (Beratungsbedarf) als auch neue Werkzeuge entwickelt werden sollten (Forschungsbedarf).
Usklajenost slovenske okoljske in kmetijske zakonodaje na področju ohranjanja genskih virov v kmetijstvu
Authors: ŽIGO JONOZOVIČ Aleksandra
Published: December 2023

Biotska raznovrstnost v kmetijstvu (BRK) vključuje dele biotske raznovrstnosti, povezane s kmetijstvom in pridobivanjem hrane, med katerimi imajo poseben pomen genski viri. Temeljna izhodišča pravne ureditve varstva okolja in ohranjanja naravne dediščine so zapisani v Ustavi Republike Slovenije. V Sloveniji imamo celosten pristop urejanja pravnega varstva okolja, pri katerem je na samem vrhu celostni Zakon o varstvu okolja. Pod njim so posamezni zakoni, ki razčlenjujejo njegove določbe ter jih prilagajajo posebnostim varstvenega področja. Na področju varstva biotske raznovrstnosti in naravnih vrednot imamo Zakon o ohranjanju narave (ZON). Analiza je pokazala, da Zakon ne obravnava kmetijske biotske raznovrstnosti ter da se je njeno varstvo oblikovalo znotraj kmetijske zakonodaje, neodvisno od okoljske. V predpisih obeh se uporabljata neodvisni vrednostni lestvici naravnih dobrin (naravne vrednote oz. avtohtone sorte in pasme), ki nista povezani v logično celoto. Vključevanje varstva biotske raznovrstnosti v kmetijstvu v sistem okoljske zakonodaje bi bilo mogoče s spremembo ZON, in sicer z določilom o prenosu pristojnosti za agrobiodiverziteto na kmetijsko zakonodajo. Ustrezna povezava med okoljsko in kmetijsko zakonodajo na področju varstva genskih virov v kmetijstvu bi bila smiselna uporaba statusa naravne vrednote za tiste dele BRK, ki imajo za Slovenijo določeno kulturno, zgodovinsko in/ali znanstveno vrednost.
Metode za razvrščanje enot v skupine; osnove in primer
Authors: KOŠMELJ Katarina , BRESKVAR ŽAUCER Lidija
Published: December 2023

Članek predstavlja osnove hierarhičnih in optimizacijskih metod za razvrščanje enot v skupine. Podana je ilustracija na enostavnem zgledu ter primer, ki se nanaša na razvrščanje meteoroloških postaj. Članek je namenjen študentom in raziskovalcem, ki se prvič srečujejo s to problematiko.
Rastlina kot obnovljivi vir energije (OVE)
Authors: BERNIK Rajko , ZVER Aleš
Published: December 2023

Potrebe prebivalstva po energiji so vedno večje, na drugi strani kopnijo zaloge fosilnih goriv. Grozi nam pomanjkanje energije. Delna rešitev problema je izkoriščanje obnovljivih virov energije (OVE), med katere spada tudi pridobivanje bioplina iz biomase. V Evropi se v zadnjih desetletjih srečujemo s presežki hrane in z opuščanjem obdelave kmetijskih zemljišč. V raziskavo smo vključili sudansko travo kot testno rastlino ter facelijo in japonski dresnik kot alternativni rastlini za proizvodnjo bioplina. Na osnovi kemičnih analiz rastlin smo izračunali teoretično količino proizvedenega bioplina.
Influence of microbial culture in combination with micronutrient in improving the groundnut productivity under alluvial soil of India
Authors: BASU Manisha , BHADORIA P. B. S. , MAHAPATRA S. C.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of cobalt, Rhizobium and phosphobacterium inoculations on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of summer groundnut in an alluvial soil at three levels of cobalt viz., zero, 0.21 kg and 0.42 kg ha-1 with four levels of inoculations viz., uninoculation, inoculation with Rhizobium, inoculation with phosphobacterium and inoculation with both Rhizobium and phosphobacterium. Results indicated that combined application of Rhizobium and phosphobacterium inoculation promoted higher dry matter production, pod yield, oil content and nutrient uptake as compared to application of either of the inoculations. Cobalt @ 0.21 kg ha-1 proved to be better to other doses of cobalt. The percent increase in pod yield of different treatment combinations over untreated control varied from, 2.4% with no inoculation + cobalt @ 0.42 kg ha-1 to 35.6% with Rhizobium + phosphobacterium + cobalt @ 0.21 kg ha-1. The uptake of N, P and K by groundnut was significantly higher in the treatments receiving both inoculation and cobalt at 0.21 kg ha-1 than sole application of either inoculation or cobalt.
Mikrooksidacija vina modri pinot
Authors: LESICA Marko , KOŠMERL Tatjana
Published: December 2023

Mlada rdeča vina izpostavljena kisiku lahko pod določenimi pogoji pridobijo na kakovosti. Proces mikrooksidacije je osnovna metoda, s katero lahko vplivamo na fenolno strukturo vin, ki skuša prilagajati količino dodanega kisika vinu z namenom povečati stabilnost barve, zmehčanja trpkih taninov in zmanjšanja neprijetnih arom. Proučevali smo vpliv mikrooksidacije na spremembo barve in vsebnosti fenolnih spojin vina modri pinot. Analize so vključevale določanje skupnih fenolov, taninov, netaninov, flavonoidov in neflavonoidov, antocianov, intenzitete barve, tona barve, deleža rdeče barve pri posameznih valovnih dolžinah (420, 520 in 620 nm), oceno koncentracije pigmenta odpornega na SO2 ter primerjavo končnega in kontrolnega vzorca v kemijskih parametrih (pH, prosti in vezani SO2, alkohol, skupni suhi ekstrakt, skupne, titrabilne in hlapne kisline). Rezultati so pokazali, da je mikrooksidacija povzročila spremembo barvnega značaja, izboljšanje intenzitete barve procesiranega vzorca v primerjavi s kontrolnim, vzpodbudila tvorbo polimernih barvil in kopigmentiranih kompleksov, s tem pa mehčanje taninov (polimerizacija fenolnih spojin) in stabilizacijo barve, ki je odporna na vezavo z SO2.
Effect of PPARGC-1 gene on backfat thickness in pigs
Authors: FLISAR Tina , KUNEJ Tanja , KOVAČ Milena , DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

PPARGC-1 gene is assumed to be a candidate gene with a major effect on fatness and meat quality. In this study, frequency of T/A substitution at position 1378 in PPARGC-1 gene in pigs was examined in boars of 4 different breeds. Frequency of genotypes and alleles were compared between animals with the thinnest and with the thickest backfat. Differences in genotype frequency between groups were significant in dam line of Slovenian Landrace (SL11) and sire line of Large White breed (LW66). Allele A was predominantly present in animals with thick backfat in SL11 (71.05%), LW66 (58%) and in sire line of Slovenian Landrace (67.65%). Differences in allele frequency were significant in SL11. We found a significant effect on phenotypic and breeding values for backfat in population of Large White breeds, where homozygotes TT had the thickest backfat, and heterozygotes the thinnest. In population of Slovenian Landrace breed the thickest backfat had homozygotes AA and the thinnest homozygotes TT. Similar results were obtained by analysis of gene effect on breeding values. Inconsistency could be explained by different background of allele, epistasis and intensity of selection.
Vpliv sestave krme in spola prašičev na kakovost sušenih vratin
Authors: FURMAN Marjeta , POLAK Tomaž , GAŠPERLIN Lea , VIDAKOVIČ Sergeja , ŽLENDER Božidar
Published: December 2023

Namen članka je predstaviti vpliv spremenjene sestave krme in spola praöičev na senzorične in instrumentalne lastnosti suöenih vratin. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 12 kastratov in 12 svinjk. Razdelili smo jih v ötiri skupine glede na različne dodatke h krmi (laneno seme, ogröčično seme, ogröčično seme+vit. E in kontrolna meöanica). V vseh 24 vzorcih suöenih vratin smo določili skupno količino maöčob, jih senzorično ocenili ter instrumentalno določili barvo (CIE -L, -a, -b) in teksturo (striûna trdnost ñ Kramerjeva celica). Rezultati so pokazali, da različni dodatki h krmi ne vplivajo na skupno vsebnost maöčob, medtem ko ima spol statistično značilen vpliv. Priokusi se pojavijo pri skupinah, krmljenih z dodatkom lanu in ogröčice. Dodatek vitamina E poslaböa senzorične lastnosti (vonj, aroma, tekstura) in da mesu najsvetlejöo barvo. Tekstura je najčvrstejöa pri krmljenju z dodatkom ogröčice. Suöena vratina kastratov je temnejöe barve in čvrstejöe teksture kot vratina svinjk.
First results concerning the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter)
Authors: TRDAN Stanislav , KUŽNIK Luka , VIDRIH Matej
Published: December 2023

The efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against larvae and adults of banded greenhouse thrips, Hercinothrips femoralis, was studied under laboratory conditions. The activity of the biological agents under study was determined at three different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C), with concentration of 200 infective juveniles per individual (larva or adult), a day:night ratio of 4:20 and relative humidity of 95 %. The experiment was conducted in plastic rearing vessels on French bean leaves with a slightly modified version of a method used for studying the bionomics of thrips.  The mortality rate of the thrips was determined four days after the application of the nematode suspension. Temperature had significant influence on adult pest mortality, but no significant effects were found with nematode species. Neither temperature nor nematode species had significant effect on larval mortality, which ranged from 23 % (S. feltiae at 25°C) to approximately 50 % (H. bacteriophora at 15 and 25°C). Mortality of adults was significantly influenced only by temperature, with the nematodes being most efficient at 25°C (approximately 30 % mortality by H. bateriophora). The results of our research showed that foliar application of entomopathogenic nematodes might be a relatively efficient way for controlling H. femoralis, but the optimization of environmental factors would likely improve their efficacy further.
Response of tomato cultivars differing in growth habit to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and spacing on vertisol in Ethiopia
Authors: BALEMI Tesfaye
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on vertisol at Ambo University College (Ethiopia) during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 cropping seasons to investigate the response of tomato cultivars varying in growth habit to rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers and plant spacing. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of two cultivars (Margelobe and Melka shola), three NP fertilizers rates (50 kg N + 60 kg P2O5/ha, 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha and 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha) and three spacing (100 cm x 30 cm, 80 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 45 cm) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Results revealed that fertilizer rates and spacing significantly affected the total and marketable fruit yields as well as % marketable fruit yield. Similarly, plant vigor (plant height), number of fruits per cluster and 10 fruit weight were significantly influenced by all of the main factors. Besides the main factors effect, fertilizer rate*spacing and cultivar*spacing interaction effects were also observed on % marketable fruit yield and 10 fruit weight, respectively. The results of 2003/2004 cropping season showed that the application of 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha or 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha resulted in significantly higher total as well as marketable fruit yield of the tomato cultivars. Result of 2004/2005 cropping season, however, demonstrated that only the application the highest fertilizer rate (110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha ) resulted in superior fruit yields whilst the other two rates did not significantly differ from each other in affecting fruit yields. Results of both cropping seasons confirmed significantly higher % marketable fruit yield due to the application of either 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha or 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha. Closer spacing of 80 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 45 cm gave higher total as well as marketable fruit yield than the wider spacing of 100 cm x 30 cm.
Entomopatogene in entomofilne ogorčice - naravni sovražniki resarjev (Thysanoptera)
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati dosedanjih raziskav delovanja entomopatogenih ogorčic na gospodarsko škodljive resarje (zlasti na vrsto Frankliniella occidentalis) in doslej v resarjih ugotovljene vrste entomofilnih (parazitskih) ogorčic (rod Thripinema). Zlasti entomopatogene ogorčice bodo v bližnji prihodnosti najverjetneje delno nadomestile insekticide pri zatiranju resarjev in drugih rastlinskih škodljivcev, medtem ko bo potrebno mehanizem delovanja in bionomijo entomofilnih ogorčic za njihovo učinkovitejšo rabo pri zatiranju resarjev v prihodnosti še natančneje preučiti.
comparative study of rainfall erosivity for eastern and western Slovenia
Authors: CEGLAR Andrej , ČREPINŠEK Zalika , ZUPANC Vesna , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka
Published: December 2023

Climate in Slovenia has changed notably over the past century. As regional temperatures have risen, a more vigorous hydrologic cycle ensued; in many places the intensity of rainstorms has become greater. The seasonal distributions of rainfall has changed with significant implications for patterns of vegetation growth and hence for soil erosion. Due to predicted climate change increased frequency of extreme precipitation events can be expected during the time when soil is without plant cover and exposed to the erosive forces. In addition to ample daily and several day precipitation events, water erosion occurs with heavy rainfalls that last from couple of minutes to several hours. Overview of rainfall intensity index and rainfall erosivity, calculated with adapted USLE (universal soil loss equation) method, is given for three meteorological stations in Slovenia for period 1991-2006. Analyzed locations are situated on different climate areas with noticeable different rainfall regime at western (Bilje at Nova Gorica, Rateče) and eastern (Murska Sobota) part of Slovenia.
Evaluation of different designs of temporary electric fence systems for the protection of maize against wild boar (Sus scrofa L., Mammalia, Suidae)
Authors: VIDRIH Matej , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

Among free living animals in Slovenia, wild boar (Sus scrofa) damages agricultural land by rooting and primarily by directly feeding on open fields. In some areas of Slovenia this large wildlife animal causes more than 50% of all estimated damage to cultivated plants grown on arable and forage fields. Many techniques for controlling wild boar and preventing damage are known, but none of them is optimal. In a trial for preventing wild boar ingress into maize fields different designs of electric fence system were used. The trial in which we used an electric fence to prevent wild boar from entering a maize field was erected in the area of Šmihel near Postojna (Slovenia). We decided to erect the electric fence at the end of July, after the fertilization of the maize. The following designs of electric fence systems were used: 1) a plastic post with a polywire and two polytapes with spacings of 15, 15, and 30 cm between them; 2) a plastic post with polywire and a polytape with spacings 25 and 25 cm between them; 3) a steal post as a wire offset in an inverted L shape on which three screws on rod insulators were fixed at a height of 15, 30, and 55 cm from the ground. A polytape at a height of 30 cm acted as depth and it was a so-called three-dimensional design of electric fence. No breaks through fencing were observed until the harvesting time of the maize for silage, although boar tracks on the outside of the fenced field were observed. Damage to arable fields in the vicinity of the protected field was also recorded.
Attitudes towards private labels - example of a consumer sensory evaluation of food in Slovenia
Authors: KUHAR Aleš , TIČ Tanja
Published: December 2023

The study aims to extend the understanding of consumers' perception of private labelled food products in Slovenia. Consumer sensory test of sour gherkins was conducted in two experimental conditions where the effect of brand information on hedonic judgment was examined. The difference between private label and producer label products was especially scrutinized. Results show that consumers in Slovenia perceive private labels as a lower price alternative of comparable quality to producer brands. Disposable income and family size proved to have significant effect on propensity to buy private label food. Study confirms that the information about brand significantly affect consumer sensory judgment. The effect of assimilation has been confirmed also in the case of private label.
Morphological and agronomic evaluation of tissue culture derived Indian soybean plants
Authors: RADHAKRISHNAN R. , RANJITHA KUMARI B.D.
Published: December 2023

Somaclonal variation has become common for many plant species including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). The present study was aimed to compare the morphological and yield characters of tissue culture derived and field grown soybean cultivar CO-3 (Coimbatore-3). With respect to the plants derived from tissue culture, the morphological characters such as length of roots, shoots, petioles, internodal region, number of leaf nodes, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots and yield contributing characters length of pods, number of flowers/ node, number of pods/ node, number of pods/ plant, number of seed aborted fruits and number of seeds/ pod were significantly (p>0.05) varied from parent or field grown plants, except seed yield. Even the variation was observed in both the type of plants, since the difference was not too large. We conclude that tissue culture technique is not detrimental for plant growth and performance and which is widely used in many genetic engineering techniques.
Obravnava meteorološke suše z različnimi indikatorji
Authors: CEGLAR Andrej , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka
Published: December 2023

Meteorološko sušo pogosto označimo s sušnimi indeksi, ki so preprosti za uporabo, hkrati pa absorbirajo ogromne količine podatkov o količini padavin, temperaturi, vodnemu režimu v tleh, . Za študijo meteorološke suše v Sloveniji smo uporabili dva tovrstna indeksa: standardiziran padavinski indeks - SPI ter Palmerjev indeks sušnosti - PDSI. SPI lahko izračunamo na različnih časovnih skalah, zaradi česar lahko bolje opredelimo začetek, trajanje ter intenziteto suše. Prilagodljiva časovna skala pri SPI nam lahko pomaga nadzirati sušo tudi v kmetijstvu in hidrološkem sistemu. Primerjava obeh indeksov na primeru izračuna za Ljubljano nam je pokazala, da se PDSI najbolje ujema z SPI na devet- ter dvanajst-mesečni časovni skali. Oba indeksa kažeta, da je bilo v Ljubljani po letu 1900 najbolj sušno leto 1946. S pomočjo SPI smo ugotovili tudi statistično značilno ( =0,05) upadanje količine poletnih padavin v Ljubljani, Murski Soboti ter Biljah v obdobju 1971 - 2006 (postaje se nahajajo na klimatsko različnih območjih v Sloveniji). Analiza meteorološke suše v letu 2003 nam je pokazala, da je bil v vegetacijskem obdobju ekstremen primankljaj padavin prisoten na širšem območju Slovenije z izjemo skrajnega severozahodnega dela, kjer je bila količina padavin nadpovprečna. Leto 2003 je bilo pri nas eno izmed najbolj sušnih po letu 1950.