bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of magnetic biochar amended with silicon dioxide prepared at high temperature calcination
Authors: Baig Shams Ali , Lou Zimo , Hayat Malik T. , Fu Ruiqi , Liu Yu , Xu Xinhua
Published: October 2016

Calcination is considered to increase the hardness of composite material and prevent its breakage for the effective applications in environmental remediation. In this study, magnetic biochar amended with silicon dioxide was calcined at high temperature under nitrogen environment and characterized using various techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed elimination of Fe3O4 peaks under nitrogen calcination and formation of Fe3Si and iron as major constituents of magnetic biochar-SiO2 composite, which demonstrated its superparamagnetic behavior (>80 A2·kg−1) comparable to magnetic biochar. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that both calcined samples generated higher residual mass (>96 %) and demonstrated better thermal stability. The presence of various bands in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was more obvious and the elimination of H–O–H bonding was observed at high temperature calcination. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed certain morphological variation among the samples and the presence of more prominent internal and external pores, which then judged the surface area and pore volume of samples. Findings from this study suggests that the selective calcination process could cause useful changes in the material composites and can be effectively employed in environmental remediation measures.
Synthetic routes to polyphosphoesters as solid polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Iliescu Smaranda , Plesu Nicoleta , Ilia Gheorghe
Published: October 2016

Polyphosphoesters are environmentally friendly and multifunctional materials. They were noted for their special properties, i.e. fire resistance, plasticity, lubricity, high physical-mechanical performance, thermal stability, and as degradable biopolymers which properties can be modified specifically to desired application in medicine, biology and agriculture. They have a wide range of application as: flame retardants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, gene carriers, drug delivery, carriers for the sustained release of nerve growth factor, pH/thermoresponsive materials, or as solid polymer electrolytes. In this paper we present our researches concerning the synthesis and application of polyphosphates, and polyphosphonates using different modern methods. Different approaches were used. These polyphosphoesters were used as solid polymer electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries by complexation of polyphosphoesters obtained from different phospho(n)ric dichlorides and aliphatic or aromatic diols with lithium salts. These polymers present two important features: they have good conductivity, around 10−6 S/cm, and are fire proof.
New insights into the nature of the Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A – Chitosan interaction
Authors: Hoffmann Stefan , Fuenzalida Werner Juan Pablo , Moreno-Villoslada Ignacio , Goycoolea Francisco M.
Published: October 2016

Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A (CBR) has been introduced to determine chitosan (CS) concentrations in solution, and several studies applied it to measure chitosan content in pharmaceutical formulations. So far, studies have relied on the absorbance band shift to 570 nm to determine the extent of the CBR – CS interaction. In this study, we show that CBR forms micro- to nanometer sized aggregates with CS, depending on their charge ratio and that other photophysical changes in CBR are induced by this interaction. We found that, besides the bathochromic band shift, aggregation induces emission at 600 nm and emission quenching at 360 nm. We compared changes CS induced in absorbance and fluorescence emission of CBR with the CS monomer glucosamine and poly(allylamine) hydrochloride, which both contain amino groups, and found that similar but less intense photophysical changes also occur. Furthermore, CS-induced circular dichroism in CBR suggests a twisted, chiral structure of these aggregates that should match with the previously published in silico simulations of the structure of CS in solution. The low linear charge density of CS and its chiral conformation are considered responsible for the enhanced photophysical response of CBR interacting with the polycation.
The influence of silica functionalized with silanes on migration of heavy metals in soil
Authors: Grzesiak Piotr , Łukaszyk Joanna , Gabała Elżbieta , Kurczewska Joanna , Schroeder Grzegorz
Published: October 2016

3-Mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane and [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane were used to functionalize the surface of silica from Piotrowice in Poland to stabilize heavy metals (HMs) and arsenic in soil. The soil for the study was sampled from the impact zone of Głogów Copper Smelter and Refinery. The soil samples were exposed to five-step Tessier sequential extraction. The speciation studies were limited to five sequentially defined fractions in which metal content was determined. The addition of unmodified silica did not affect significantly the concentration of metals in individual fractions. Significant changes were noted upon introduction of functionalized silica in the soil. The hybrid formulations obtained significantly reduce the release of heavy metals and arsenic from soil sorption complex. The results indicate the potential use of functional formulations for reduction of metal migration in soil in the areas of exceeded concentration of heavy metals and arsenic in the soil, caused by industrial activity.
A study on the effect of parameters on lactic acid production from whey
Authors: Taleghani Hamidreza Ghafouri , Najafpour Ghasem D. , Ghoreyshi Ali Asghar
Published: October 2016

In batch fermentation of whey, selection of suitable species at desired conditions such as substrate, product concentrations, temperature and inoculum size were investigated. Four Lactobacillus species and one Lactococcus species were screened for lactic acid production. Among them L. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 were selected for further studies. The optimal growth of the selected organism for variable size of inocula was examined. The results indicated that inoculum size had insignificant effect on the cell and lactic acid concentration. The effect of temperature was also studied at 32, 37, 42 and 47°C. Results showed that the concentration of cell dry weight increased with increment of temperature from 32 to 42°C. The maximum cell and lactic acid concentration was obtained at 42°C. The effect of initial substrate concentration on lactic acid production was also examined. The optimum initial lactose concentration was found to be 90 g/l.
Environmental impact of fertilizer use and slow release of mineral nutrients as a response to this challenge
Authors: Lubkowski Krzysztof
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the most important issues relating to the influence of mineral fertilizers on both the natural environment and human and animal health. The physiological, environmental and economic impact of fertilizer production and application, resulted from a low assimilation of mineral components by crops, has been described. The research on the development and production of a large and diverse group of materials with slow-release properties that can increase the effectiveness of nutrient uptake, alleviate the negative influence of fertilizers on the environment and reduce labor and energy consumption associated with the use of conventional fertilizers, has been reviewed.
A pore scale study on fluid flow through two dimensional dual scale porous media with small number of intraparticle pores
Authors: Sabet Safa , Mobedi Moghtada , Ozgumus Turkuler
Published: October 2016

In the present study, the fluid flow in a periodic, non-isotropic dual scale porous media consisting of permeable square rods in inline arrangement is analyzed to determine permeability, numerically. The continuity and Navier-Stokes equations are solved to obtain the velocity and pressure distributions in the unit structures of the dual scale porous media for flows within Darcy region. Based on the obtained results, the intrinsic inter and intraparticle permeabilities and the bulk permeability tensor of the dual scale porous media are obtained for different values of inter and intraparticle porosities. The study is performed for interparticle porosities between 0.4 and 0.75 and for intraparticle porosities from 0.2 to 0.8. A correlation based on Kozeny-Carman relationship in terms of inter and intraparticle porosities and permeabilities is proposed to determine the bulk permeability tensor of the dual scale porous media.
Novel process integration for biodiesel blend in membrane reactive divided wall (MRDW) column
Authors: Sakhre Vandana , Jain Sanjeev , Sapkal Vilas S. , Agarwal Dev P.
Published: October 2016

The paper proposes a novel process integration for biodiesel blend in the Membrane assisted Reactive Divided Wall Distillation (MRDW) column. Biodiesel is a green fuel and grade of biodiesel blend is B20 (%) which consist of 20% biodiesel and rest 80% commercial diesel. Instead of commercial diesel, Tertiary Amyl Ethyl Ether (TAEE) was used as an environment friendly fuel for blending biodiesel. Biodiesel and TAEE were synthesized in a pilot scale reactive distillation column. Dual reactive distillation and MRDW were simulated using aspen plus. B20 (%) limit calculation was performed using feed flow rates of both TAEE and biodiesel. MRDW was compared with dual reactive distillation column and it was observed that MRDW is comparatively cost effective and suitable in terms of improved heat integration and flow pattern.
The influence of the ageing-fatigue degradation on the mechanical properties of glass-reinforced composites
Authors: Szymiczek Małgorzata , Rojek Maciej , Wróbel Gabriel
Published: October 2016

Drawing up diagnostic relations between thermal characteristics determined in thermal imaging examinations and mechanical properties, allowing for forecasting the state of material during the use, was a purpose of the work. Research was performed on polyester – glass composites which were subjected to the ageing-fatigue degradation process in a device created specifically for that purpose. It was indicated how to assess the degree of the decline, taking into account the fall in material strength properties. The basis of a method was measurement of changes in temperature in activated thermal processes. Relations between changes of the speed of heating and cooling were related to the bending strength and the modulus of elasticity. Diagnoses were backed up with microscopic examinations.
Green Chemistry: Progress and Barriers
Authors: Green Sarah A.
Published: October 2016

Green chemistry can advance both the health of the environment and the primary objectives of the chemical enterprise: to understand the behavior of chemical substances and to use that knowledge to make useful substances. We expect chemical research and manufacturing to be done in a manner that preserves the health and safety of workers; green chemistry extends that expectation to encompass the health and safety of the planet. While green chemistry may currently be treated as an independent branch of research, it should, like safety, eventually become integral to all chemistry activities. While enormous progress has been made in shifting from “brown” to green chemistry, much more effort is needed to effect a sustainable economy. Implementation of new, greener paradigms in chemistry is slow because of lack of knowledge, ends-justify-the-means thinking, systems inertia, and lack of financial or policy incentives.
Effect of alkali treatment on the flexural properties of a Luffa cylindrica-reinforced epoxy composite
Authors: Mohanta Niharika , Acharya Samir K.
Published: October 2016

This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of NaOH concentration and treatment time on the flexural properties of Luffa cylindrica fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Significant improvement (up to 84.92%) in the flexural properties for the treated fiber composite compared with the untreated fiber composite was observed. Both treated and untreated fiber composites were then subjected to different environmental treatments (saline water, distilled water, and subzero temperature). To find out the changes in flexural strength immediately after treatment, the same test was carried out on the composites. Degradation in the flexural strength of both treated and untreated fiber composites, when subjected to environmental treatments, was observed. They were found within the range of 2%–20% and were found to be least in subzero treatment. The SEM micrograph indicates that alkali treatment is effective in improving the adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
A review on the intensification of metal matrix composites and its nonconventional machining
Authors: Srivastava Ashish Kumar , Dixit Amit Rai , Tiwari Sandeep
Published: October 2016

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are the new-generation advanced materials that have excellent mechanical properties, such as high specific strength, strong hardness, and strong resistance to wear and corrosion. All these qualities make MMCs suitable material in the manufacture of automobiles and aircraft. The machining of these materials is still difficult due to the abrasive nature of the reinforced particles and hardness of MMCs. The conventional machining of MMCs results in high tool wear and slow removal of materials, thereby increasing the overall machining cost. The nonconventional machining of these materials, on the contrary, ensures much better performance. This paper reviews various research works on the development of MMCs and the subsequent hybrid composites and evaluates their performances. Further, it discusses the influence of the process parameters of conventional and nonconventional machining on the performance of MMCs. At the end, it identifies the research gaps and future scopes for further investigations in this field.
Preparation of PAA/WO3 composite films with enhanced electrochromism via layer-by-layer method
Authors: Xu Na , Shen Xiaodong , Cui Sheng , Yi Xibin
Published: October 2016

The polyacrylic acid/tungsten oxide (PAA/WO3) composite films with good electrochromic properties have been prepared by a layer-by-layer method. The porous PAA layers were used as a template for the deposition of WO3, and finally, the composite film showed a network structure with high porosity. The electrochromic performance of the PAA/WO3 composite film was investigated by means of cyclic voltammogram (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and transmittance measurements. The PAA/WO3 film also exhibited a remarkable electrochromism ability with the reversible color change from transparent colorless to dark blue and the transmittance change from 83% to 24% at 620 nm. This research provided a cost-effective approach for the preparation of PAA/WO3 composite films with controllable microstructure and good electrochromic property.
Studies on mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites prepared from flax-polypropylene needle punched nonwovens
Authors: Giri Dev V.R. , Dhanakodi A.K.P.
Published: October 2016

Natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using flax and polypropylene were prepared using compression molding process. Needle punched nonwovens were used as preforms for preparing the composites. Three variables namely fiber weight proportion, areal weight of the mat, and needling density were chosen for the study. Modified Taguchi L18 experimental design with dummy variable was chosen for the study and the effect of the above variables on tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the composites were studied. By altering the fiber weight proportion and areal weight of the mat, tensile and flexural properties improved. An increase in 34% of tensile strength and 40% of flexural strength has been observed. Impact properties of the composites were significantly altered by modifying the process variables. Increasing the needling density led to a decrease in overall mechanical properties of the composites.
The structural properties of the anagram in poetry
Authors: Sasso Giampaolo
Published: October 2016

This article illustrates the main theoretical and practical problem of the study of the anagram in poetry, the still unknown entity of the anagrammatic combination, which requires specific software in order to perform a structural analysis of the text. This difficulty explains the failure of Saussure’s original hypotheses and the gradual decline, following the rediscovery of his work, of the interest of researchers in this subject. However, some poems (by Blake, Moore, Mallarmé, Valéry, Apollinaire, and Leopardi) illustrate the enormous potential of the anagram for the structural analysis of poetic texts: the study of formal structure, of semantic-thematic nuclei and of metaphor, together with the main criteria for examining, with some simplification, the anagrammatic combination. An explanation is also offered for anagrammatic and grammatical-syntactic cooperation, involving the current theory of the lemma. At the time of the generation of a poetic text, the anagram acts as an associative intermediary between the combinatory matrix of the signifieds and the combinatory matrix of the signifiers, producing a lexical selection that gives anagrammatic coherence to the text. This associative intermediary enables us to understand the particular recursive function of semiosis in poetry that is given a distinct unity by the anagram.
„Jeder hat es gesehen. … Keiner hat was gesagt.“ / Machtmissbrauch und sexualisierte Gewalt im Kinder- und Jugendsport
Authors: Rulofs Bettina
Published: October 2016

Sexualisierte Gewalt gehört zu den lang tabuisierten Themen unserer Gesellschaft. Die in jüngster Zeit bekannt gewordenen Fälle von sexualisierter Gewalt in pädagogischen Institutionen werden im vorliegenden Beitrag zum Anlass genommen, den Fragen nachzugehen, was bislang über sexualisierte Gewalt im Sport bekannt ist und welche Strukturen und Prozesse gerade in Organisationen des Sports zu sexualisierter Gewalt und ihrer Verdeckung beitragen können. Dazu wird sowohl der Forschungsstand über sexualisierte Gewalt im Sport und in pädagogischen Institutionen herangezogen, als auch ein durch qualitative Forschung generiertes Fallbeispiel von Machtmissbrauch und sexualisierter Gewalt im Kontext des Sports rekonstruiert und analysiert.
Uncertainty estimation for linearised inverse problems comparing Bayesian inference and a pseudoinverse approach for acoustic transmission measurements
Authors: Feldmann Nadine , Bause Fabian , Henning Bernd
Published: October 2016

The determination of acoustic material parameters using ultrasonic transmission measurements can mathematically be
described as an inverse problem. The question concerning the influence of uncertainties on the problem's solution can be
answered using a statistical approach. Therefore, the sources of uncertainty have to be identified statistically. A method
for linearising the model function using the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement is introduced
for inverse problems. The statistical inversion of the model is executed by means of two different approaches, that are
compared and interpreted exemplarily.
Comprehensive study of serratia peptidase immobilization from Serratia sp. ZF03 onto chitosan nanogels
Authors: Salarizadeh Navvabeh , Hasannia Sadegh , Sajedi Reza Hassan , Lamei Navid , Mohsenifar Afshin , Noghabi Kambiz Akbari
Published: October 2016

Objective

In the present work, we have extended the study and immobilized the metalloprotease enzyme in glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan nanogels to scrutinize the enzyme’s features including stability over its soluble free form.

Method

The immobilized metalloprotease was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The enzyme is optimally active at 50°C and pH range of 8.0–10.

Results

Thermal stability of the enzyme enhanced when immobilized on the nanogel. After 5 min of incubation at 50°C, immobilized enzymes retained 60% of their original activity, while negligible activity (23%) was observed in the case of the free enzyme.

Conclusion

The results obtained here provide a powerful demonstration of the benefits of taking the glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan matrices to enhance metalloprotease stability. The high stability of the immobilized enzyme serves to improve its performance for possible application on the industrial scale.
Lhx2 Determines Odorant Receptor Expression Frequency in Mature Olfactory Sensory Neurons
Authors: Zhang Guangfan , Titlow William B. , Biecker Stephanie M. , Stromberg Arnold J. , McClintock Timothy S.
Published: October 2016

A developmental program of epigenetic repression prepares each mammalian olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) to strongly express one allele from just one of hundreds of odorant receptor (OR) genes, but what completes this process of OR gene choice by driving the expression of this allele is incompletely understood. Conditional deletion experiments in mice demonstrate that Lhx2 is necessary for normal expression frequencies of nearly all ORs and all trace amine-associated receptors, irrespective of whether the deletion ofLhx2is initiated in immature or mature OSNs. Given previous evidence that Lhx2 binds OR gene control elements, these findings indicate that Lhx2 is directly involved in driving OR expression. The data also support the conclusion that OR expression is necessary to allow immature OSNs to complete differentiation and become mature. In contrast to the robust effects of conditional deletion ofLhx2, the loss of Emx2 has much smaller effects and more often causes increased expression frequencies. Lhx2:Emx2 double mutants show opposing effects onOlfr15expression that reveal independent effects of these two transcription factors. While Lhx2 is necessary for OR expression that supports OR gene choice, Emx2 can act differently; perhaps by helping to control the availability of OR genes for expression.
A Gateway to Ocean Circulation
Authors: Camprubí Lino , Robinson Sam
Published: October 2016

The Strait of Gibraltar has a long tradition of political and scientific uniqueness. Twentieth-century submarine warfare added the ocean’s depth as a new dimension for those wanting to control and understand the Strait. During the Cold War the surveillance of this chokepoint became urgent and entangled with local disputes predating the two-blocs conflict, in particular the sovereignty of Gibraltar for which Spain and the United Kingdom competed. This paper explores a number of transnational research programs on ocean dynamics at the Strait and discovers a network of collaborating researchers who used, and went beyond, international institutions such the International Geophysical Year and NATO. In the process, the Western Mediterranean was constructed as a key maritime place for global ocean circulation, both as a factor to North Atlantic convection and as a model through which to understand it.
Darwin and the Ethnologists
Authors: Seth Suman
Published: October 2016

Toward the end of The Descent of Man, Darwin made a striking assertion. “I would as soon be descended,” he claimed, from a “heroic little monkey” than from a “savage” who practiced torture and infanticide, treated “wives like slaves,” and was indecent and superstitious. These lines have been often quoted but rarely analyzed. I argue here that they provide a means for following Darwin’s thought as he grappled with contemporary ethnological evidence that seemed—if today’s “savages” were to be taken as models for primeval humans—to work against his theory of sexual selection as it applied to humankind. In addition to explicating what I suggest is a crucial element of Descent, this paper has three aims, all of which help us better understand the relationships between ethnology and Darwinian thought. First, to offer a selective intellectual history of British ethnology between 1864 and 1871, focusing on those texts that Darwin deemed most problematic for his arguments. Second, and as a result, to better specify Darwin’s views on race by comparing him not to his opponents, but to his like-minded peers, a group I term “liberal racialists.” Third, to explore the utility of what I term the “geological analogy,” a mid-nineteenth-century version of the comparative method (which substituted study of “less developed” peoples today for humans in much earlier periods). Where liberal ethnologists deployed the geological analogy consistently, Darwin would be much more selective, denying its application at times in favor of analogies to lower animals. He would thus save his theoretical suppositions by denying that contemporary “lower” races, with their depraved morality, could serve as appropriate models for our apparently more decent, yet more animalistic forebears.
Differential effects of hypercaloric choice diets on insulin sensitivity in rats
Authors: Diepenbroek Charlene , Eggels Leslie , Ackermans Mariëtte T , Fliers Eric , Kalsbeek Andries , Serlie Mireille J , la Fleur Susanne E
Published: October 2016

We showed previously that rats on a free-choice high-fat, high-sugar (fcHFHS) diet become rapidly obese and develop glucose intolerance within a week. Interestingly, neither rats on a free-choice high-fat diet (fcHF), although equally obese and hyperphagic, nor rats on a free-choice high-sugar (fcHS) diet consuming more sugar water, develop glucose intolerance. Here, we investigate whether changes in insulin sensitivity contribute to the observed glucose intolerance and whether this is related to consumption of saturated fat and/or sugar water. Rats received either a fcHFHS, fcHF, fcHS or chow diet for one week. We performed a hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp with stable isotope dilution to measure endogenous glucose production (EGP; hepatic insulin sensitivity) and glucose disappearance (Rd; peripheral insulin sensitivity). Rats on all free-choice diets were hyperphagic, but only fcHFHS-fed rats showed significantly increased adiposity. EGP suppression by hyperinsulinemia in fcHF-fed and fcHFHS-fed rats was significantly decreased compared with chow-fed rats. One week fcHFHS diet also significantly decreased Rd. Neither EGP suppression nor Rd was affected in fcHS-fed rats. Our results imply that, short-term fat feeding impaired hepatic insulin sensitivity, whereas short-term consumption of both saturated fat and sugar water impaired hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. The latter likely contributed to glucose intolerance observed previously. In contrast, overconsumption of only sugar water affected insulin sensitivity slightly, but not significantly, in spite of similar adiposity as fcHF-fed rats and higher sugar intake compared with fcHFHS-fed rats. These data imply that the palatable component consumed plays a role in the development of site-specific insulin sensitivity.
Prenatal corticosterone exposure programs sex-specific adrenal adaptations in mouse offspring
Authors: Cuffe J S M , Turton E L , Akison L K , Bielefeldt-Ohmann H , Moritz K M
Published: October 2016

Maternal stress can impair foetal development and program sex-specific disease outcomes in offspring through the actions of maternally produced glucocorticoids, predominantly corticosterone (Cort) in rodents. We have demonstrated in mice that male but not female offspring prenatally exposed to Cort (33 µg/kg/h for 60 h beginning at E12.5) develop cardiovascular/renal dysfunction at 12 months. At 6 months of age, renal function was normal but male offspring had increased plasma aldosterone concentrations, suggesting that altered adrenal function may precede disease. This study investigated the long-term impact of prenatal exposure to Cort on adrenal growth, morphology and steroidogenic capacity as well as plasma Cort concentrations in offspring at postnatal day 30 (PN30), 6 months and 12 months of age. Prenatal Cort exposure decreased adrenal volume, particularly of the zona fasciculata, in male offspring at PN30 but increased both relative and absolute adrenal weight at 6 months of age. By 12 months of age, male Cort-exposed offspring had reduced absolute adrenal weight in association with increased adrenal plaque deposition (lipogenic pigmentation). Plasma Cort concentrations were elevated in male 6-month offspring but not at other ages. mRNA expression of Mc2r (ACTH receptor) was increased in males at PN30, and Cyp11a1 expression was decreased at 6 and 12 months of age. There were no changes in the adrenals of female Cort-exposed offspring. This study demonstrates that prenatal Cort exposure induces offspring adrenal gland dysfunction in an age- and sex-specific manner, which may contribute to long-term programmed disease in male offspring after maternal stress.
Integrated Post-GWAS Analysis Sheds New Light on the Disease Mechanisms of Schizophrenia
Authors: Lin Jhih-Rong , Cai Ying , Zhang Quanwei , Zhang Wen , Nogales-Cadenas Rubén , Zhang Zhengdong D
Published: October 2016

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a large genetic component. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many schizophrenia-associated common variants. For most of the reported associations, however, the underlying biological mechanisms are not clear. The critical first step for their elucidation is to identify the most likely disease genes as the source of the association signals. Here, we describe a general computational framework of post-GWAS analysis for complex disease gene prioritization. We identify 132 putative schizophrenia risk genes in 76 risk regions spanning 120 schizophrenia-associated common variants, 78 of which have not been recognized as schizophrenia disease genes by previous GWAS. Even more significantly, 29 of them are outside the risk regions, likely under regulation of transcriptional regulatory elements contained therein. These putative schizophrenia risk genes are transcriptionally active in both brain and the immune system, and highly enriched among cellular pathways, consistent with leading pathophysiological hypotheses about the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. With their involvement in distinct biological processes, these putative schizophrenia risk genes, with different association strengths, show distinctive temporal expression patterns, and play specific biological roles during brain development.
Effect of calcium chloride and refrigeration on the quality and organoleptic characteristics of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)
Authors: Alvarez Herrera Javier Giovanni , Reyes-Medina Andrea Johana , Pinzón Elberth Hernando
Published: October 2016

The gooseberry is one of the exotic fruit species most important in Colombia. Calcium has been shown to be important for quality maintenance in fruits and vegetables, as it prevents a number of physiological disorders reinforce the cell walls and stabilize cellular membranes. With the aim to increase the fruit calcium concentration, a completely randomized design with four treatments was performed: a control and three applications of CaCl2 (0.5%, 1% and 2%), with four replicates, for a total of 16 experimental units (EU). The fruit was collected at maturity stage 6 according to the standard Icontec NTC 4580, completely healthy and homogeneous. The fruit was subsequently stored at 21 ± 1 ° C (RH 45%). The application of calcium in the gooseberry fruits decreased mass loss, firmness and ATT. Calcium treated fruit showed an increase in SST. In contrast, the treatments did not affect color. The doses of CaCl2 tested delayed ripening and prevented fruit deterioration.
Effects of temperature on wild chili pepper (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) germination grown under two light conditions
Authors: López España Ricardo Guillermo , López-Hernández Evaristo Rogaciano , Hernández-Morales Teresa , Charrez-Cruz Angélica , González-Guzmán Yesenia , Muñoz-Jimarez Norberto Alfonso , Ortiz Quintero Jorge Alfredo
Published: October 2016

The populations of wild chili pepper (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) are a genetic valuable resource and the knowledge of the germinative ability, is of great importance for its management and conservation. The effects of the temperature on germination of wild chili grown in two environment of light, and the relation with the weight of 100 seeds of five populations of wild chili of the Northwest of Mexico, were recorded. The mother plants grown in greenhouse conditions with 50 and 100 % of solar light. The treatments applied in the germination cameras matched: Fluctuating temperature (25-35 ºC) and constant temperature (25 ºC). The treatment variables were the following: percentage of final germination and mean germination time (T50). These variables performed a greatest treatment response of fluctuating temperature. A widely variation among 50 and 100 % of light was recorded with natural conditions. These temperature fluctuations are determinant in germinative processes. The temperature performed a significantly response in terms of the effect in germination velocity (T50) but not in germination percentage. The final germination was not significantly correlated with the seed weight due to maternal effects. In addition, plants grown in greenhouse conditions, differentiate among populations with a genetic basis.
Evaluation of tolerance to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands in avocado germplasm Persea americana Miller
Authors: Rodriguez Henao Eberto , Caicedo Arana Álvaro , Enriquez Valencia Ayda Lilia , Muñoz Florez Jaime Eduardo
Published: October 2016

Twenty one accessions from the Avocado Germplasm Bank of CORPOICA, Palmira Research Station, were evaluated with two pathogenic strains of the oomycete, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. The objective of this project was to identify avocado accessions that could be potentially used as rootstocks as a cultural control strategy for preventing root rot disease. Disease progression was evaluated by using mycelium of the pathogen by cut-stem inoculation. The length and width of symptom progression were measured periodically. These data were used to calculate the area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC). A randomized complete block design (RCBD), with a factorial design of 3 x 21 in subdivided parcels (two strains of the pathogen, a control strain, and 21 avocado accessions) was used. Eight readings were taken per plant through time. Statistical analysis showed significant differences using the AUDPC for some avocado accessions. Tukey's test revealed five tolerance levels. Accession ‘NATU-001’ from Tumaco, Nariño, was identified as promising for its high tolerance and ‘CANO-008’ from Norcasia, Caldas, as a tolerant control accession had the second lowest value of AUDPC. Susceptible accessions used as control, e.g. ‘Hass’ variety and rootstock ‘Topa-Topa’, had very high susceptibility to the pathogen along with ‘QUIQUI-030’ accession from Quimbaya, Quindío, Colombia
Measurement of fruit color-heterogeneity index and their relation to Jatropha curcas L., oil in Colombia
Authors: Campuzano Duque Luis Fernando , Cardeño Fernando
Published: October 2016

Jatropha curcas L. is a wild species in the domestication process with an oil and biofuel potential use. The evolutionary-adaptive processes have conferred a reproductive mechanism based on protogyny-geitonogamy, achieving a floral asynchrony addressed to ensure the outcrossing and survival in extreme climate and soil conditions. In the wild, this plant performs a fruit heterogeneity, an unattractive attribute for harvest timing. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the number of harvest, yield and proportion, and physiological states of fruit maturity with the maximum oil quantity and quality. A randomized complete block factorial arrangement of treatments design was performed. The varieties and stages of fruit ripeness, were the factors. A relation of 19: 31: 36: 14 with fruits pericarp colors: green: yellow: yellow-brown: brown, was obtained. The best harvest timing was during the yellow-brown state, which represented the highest oil content associated with high oleic acid and linoleic contents. Nevertheless, for a fruit harvest timing, the use of the epicarp color index is recommended. These results suggest the floral asynchrony breeding traits, requires the ensuring of the fruit homogeneity for mechanical or manual harvesting.
Morphological characterization of the American oil palm collection Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortes
Authors: Moreno Caicedo Leidy Paola , Bastidas Pérez Silvio Erasmo
Published: October 2016

59 accessions of the American oil palm, also known as Noli palm, were characterized in the Research center El Mira of Corpoica –Colombia. Based on 13 qualitative descriptors, in order to identify genotypes with desired traits for use in the breeding program. The multiple correspondence analyses allowed to identify five factors which express 100 % of the collection variability. The affinity hierarchical classification identified four groups by descriptors action: form of reproduction, unripening fruit bunch color, ripening fruit bunch color, fiber percentage in the bunch and bunch exhibition percentage. 97.3 % of the palms, performs a prostrated stem, 100 % of total population, performs inserted leaflets in single plane. In the palm collection work, the color of unripe fruit bunch type green, represents the 4.5% of the population, 5.3% of the palms are prolific type and 6.4% performs a hermaphrodite flowering stage. No androgynous palm inflorescence were recorded. 87% of the palm collection have allowed to establish inflorescence with 25% of enclosure fibers, which represents 75% bunch exposure. These two traits, allows natural pollination and valorization of E. oleífera genetic resources which will be essential for the development of oil palm cultivation and breeding of the species.
First record of Conura morleyi (Ashmead, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) parasitizing Brassolis sp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) for Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Tibcherani Mariáh , Aranda Rodrigo , Mello Ramon Luciano
Published: October 2016

We report the first record of Conuramorleyi (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) parasitizing pupae of Brassolis sp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Fifty-four individuals of C.morleyi emerged from two pupae of Brassolis collected in an urban area of Campo Grande. With our new record, the genus Conura is now represented in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul by 15 species. Our record of C. morleyi in Mato Grosso do Sul represents a range extension for this species.
Acmeological principles of formation dynamic of physical education specialists’ acmeological competence activities’ component
Authors: Dereka T.Hr.
Published: October 2016

Purpose: to determine characteristics of archeological competence’s activities component formation in physical education specialists and find correlation of its components. Material: in the research students of specialty “Physical education” (n=194) participated. Activities’ component of acmeological competence was determined by results of fulfillment of individual scientific research task. The content of such tasks was enriched with acmeological component. Results: we analyzed correlation and intra-influence of parts of acmeological competence’s activities component ion respect to its formation level. By results of factorial analysis we grouped, classified acmeological competence components and made them compactly visual. The most significant factors of acmeological competence components are marked out. Conclusions: we formed activities’ component of acmeological competence in process of students’ independent and scientific research work.
Specific features of team kinds of sports sportsmen’s individual characteristics
Authors: Liashenko V.N. , Tumanova V.N. , Hatsko E. V. , Korzh Y.N.
Published: October 2016

Purpose: to study individual characteristics of personalities of team kinds of sports sportsmen, specializing in football. Material: in the research football players (n=28, age 18 - 20 years) participated. Psycho-diagnostic testing by methodic 16PF of Kattel was used. Results: we found high correlation between factors, which were conditioned by caution in choosing partners for communication and active contacts. Such sportsmen express their emotions expressively. It facilitates improvement of relations in conditions of co-operation in little group. It was also found that one of personality’s leading characteristics in sportsmen is their activity in social contacts. The higher is courage the more active is communication. It promotes discussion of common interests and targets for the given group of people. Conclusions: Sportsmen, who have many emotional interests and are ready to risk (or having bent to adventures) have to face non understanding of other players. In such case conflict can be inevitable. Especially it manifests, if opposite side has the same indicators in this factor. Just courage, risk and adventurism push them to conflict solution of problem situations.
Foreign Direct Investment in Vilnius and Kaunas Counties in 2000–2013 Year
Authors: Bielickas Linas , Bražukienė Izolda Ona
Published: October 2016

The aim of this paper is to analyse and evaluate a territorial dispersion of foreign direct investment in Vilnius and Kaunas counties in 2000–2013 year and to identify the main reasons, which had an impact for changes. Foreign direct investment (FDI) makes a long-term economical and monetary interests and connection between foreign direct investor and investing company. It is one of the sources of finances and inovations which improves competitiveness in global market and supports the growth of economy. There are established the causes (social and economical) of foreign direct investment in Vilnius and Kaunas counties in 2000-2013 year territorial dispersion, factors of their attraction, indicated economical sectors and investing countries in this paper. There are used the analysis of statistical data, scientific literature, counting of quantitative and qualitative indicators, comparative analysis by qualitative indicators, composition of sketches by quantitative and qualitative indicators and identification of territorial structures from sketches.
Critical state shear strength of an unsaturated artificially cemented sand
Authors: Toll D. G. , Ali Rahman Z.
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the results of a set of 22 triaxial tests on an unsaturated artificially cemented sand. The results are used to explore the applicability of a number of unsaturated soil frameworks for interpreting the shear strength. Constant water content triaxial tests were carried out on unsaturated specimens, using the axis translation technique to measure suctions during shearing. The test results on the unsaturated material were referenced against a series of drained and undrained triaxial tests that were carried out on saturated specimens. The results of the unsaturated tests were analysed to investigate the effect of the suction and degree of saturation on the shear strength at the critical state. The results show that the critical state stress ratio in terms of net stress (Ma) was found to be larger than the saturated critical state stress ratio (Ms). It was also found that the stress ratio in terms of suction (Mb) reduced as suction increased (when the degree of saturation reduced below 30%). Interestingly, during the initial desaturation phase when the degree of saturation reduces considerably, the stress ratio Mb was largely unaffected by desaturation. It was only when the suction increased sufficiently that the micro-voids within the cementing material could start to desaturate that a reduction in Mb was seen. This occurred at suctions in excess of the residual suction when the global degree of saturation was changing very little. This implies that the suction is contributing to the strength of the cementing material itself.
Situated learning in history and theory in the urban design curriculum
Authors: Kickert Conrad , Fishman Robert
Published: October 2016

Urban design history and theory courses are a key element of urban design curricula across the globe. These courses take a pause from the high paced decision-making environment of the design studio to reflect on the theoretical underpinning of cities, and their conscious and subconscious transformation in the past, present and future. The contemplative nature of history and theory courses can create a perceived disconnect between ‘theory’ and ‘practice’, and ‘lecture’ and ‘studio’ – often undeservedly. This paper discusses various methods of situated learning in urban design history and theory pedagogy that bridge these false dichotomies. The two case studies presented in this paper engage students in real-world applications of historical and theoretical research, convincing them that pasts and paradigms strongly influence their everyday and future environments. Both cases have energised students by demonstrating that theories from the past and present inform the practice and lived experience of the urban environment. Furthermore, the cases use techniques typically taught in studios, such as mapping, collage imagery and three-dimensional modelling, to analyse non-traditional topics. The bridging of theory, practice, past and present can further integrate history and theory pedagogically into the growing field of urban design education.
Análise dos recursos aplicados em saúde em Minas Gerais entre 2003 e 2012, a luz do estabelecido pela Lei Complementar 141/2012
Authors: Tavares Junior Francisco Antônio , Pereira Santos Mariana Cristina , Morais Chaves Priscila Fernanda
Published: October 2016

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da execução financeira e orçamentária da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais (SES/MG) no período entre 2003 e 2012. Considerando que os recursos alocados em saúde, em geral, ainda são escassos e que a demanda por serviços de saúde é crescente, são necessários esforços para melhor aplicação dos recursos existentes. Uma análise minuciosa demonstrou que, no período, os recursos aplicados em saúde pelo Estado conforme os critérios estabelecidos pela Lei Complementar 141/2012 aumentaram cerca de 6 vezes. Ao verificar a participação das despesas de pessoal em relação ao total de recursos, percebe-se nítido esforço em ampliar o investimento e a aplicação em ações finalísticas em detrimento de novos aportes na estrutura administrativa. Outro ponto destacado é o aumento da proporção de recursos aplicados nos chamados Programas Estruturadores, foco da ação estratégica do Governo. Também é significativa a ampliação da utilização dos repasses fundo a fundo como mecanismos de transferência. Estes repasses demandam um processo de pactuação prévio nas instâncias gestoras e, portanto, podem ser considerados mais suscetíveis as questões técnicas e menos discricionários. As evidências demonstradas neste trabalho, apontam para importantes avanços no que se refere a eficiência alocativa do Estado e tendem a proporcionar maior equidade, acesso e qualidade na prestação dos serviços para a população mineira.
Direito à Saúde, Análise do Comportamento e Planejamento Cultural: a efetivação da atenção básica como porta de entrada preferencial do SUS
Authors: De Figueiredo Luiz Eduardo
Published: October 2016

A atenção básica em saúde (ABS) é concebida como a porta preferencial do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. O presente estudo analisou com base em uma metodologia de metacontingências as práticas culturais da ABS descritas na Portaria nº 2.488, que institui a Política Nacional de Atenção Básica, em 6 estudos empíricos de periódicos de saúde pública e em 32 matérias midiáticas de um programa televisivo de grande audiência, considerando os fatores que contam para a não adesão do usuário ao modelo de portas proposto pela legislação do SUS e resultam na diminuição da freqüência do comportamento de buscar os serviços de atenção básica pelos usuários. A partir da sistematização das práticas culturais, sugeriu-se uma possível intervenção cultural para a efetivação da ABS como porta de entrada principal do sistema de saúde, tecendo-se considerações acerca da relevância da metodologia comportamental para o Direito Sanitário.