bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Grain-size Factor in Classification of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Wells A. Kingsley
Published: May 2009

Although two years have passed since the British Association Committee on Rock Nomenclature and Classification reported in favour of using grain-size as an important factor inclassification, very few petrologists have accepted the Committee's invitation to discussand criticize the suggested scheme. This silence may be taken to mean consent; but in some quarters the older scheme, based on mode of occurrence of the rocks, still finds favour. It is instructive to inquire how far it is correct to speak of the scheme as new. Actually one does not have to dig deeply into petrological literature to realize that the principle of grain-size classification has been advocated for many years; indeed, it was the guidmg principle in some of the earliest scientific attempts at rock classification, notably in the well-known scheme elaborated in his Lehrbuch der Petrographie by Ferdinand Zirkel in 1866 and 1893–4. The reactionagainst the complete subordination of mode of occurrence found expression in the second edition of Rosenbusch's Mikro-skopische Physiographie (1887), in which the igneous rocks were divided into (1) deep-seated rocks, (2) dyke rocks, and (3) effusive rocks, each of these main categories being subdivided in terms of mineral content. In quite recent times A. Johannsen (1931)
A New Species of Temnocheilus McCoy from Holy Island, Northumberland
Authors: Platt Margery I.
Published: May 2009

Although British and American forms of this genus all bear points of resemblance to Temnocheilus ventro-concavus, only two small specimens from Eastern Europe, Nautilus dorso-armatus Abich, resemble it in their possession of a flattened concave venter and a whorl section of quasi-quadrilateral shape.
The Status of Hornblende in Low Grade Metamorphic Zones of Green Schists
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The detailed studies on rocks of the prasinite-green schist facies published during the last decade have thrown a flood of light on the genetic relations of the various members of this facies group. References may be made to the work of Vogt at Sulitelma (l),1 Fischer in the Wippra metamorphic zone (2), Weg's studies in the Saxon Zwischengebirge (3), Turner's contributions on the Otago schists (4), and finally in this country to Wiseman's study of the progressive metamorphism of the Dalradian epidiorites (5).
The Proximal End of Cryptograptus
Authors: Bulman O. M. B.
Published: May 2009

It has long been suspected that the mode of development of the proximal end in Cryptograptus may differ considerably from the ordinary Diplograptid type, but the preservation of the material has hitherto been too poor to allow of a complete interpretation. Amongst the graptolites preserved in impure limestone nodules1 in the Balclatchie Shales at Laggan Burn, near Girvan, Cryptograptus tricornis is abundant, and despite the extreme tenuity of the periderm, specimens can be dissolved out with HC1 and HF, in a remarkably good state of preservation.
Two New Crinoids from the Scottish Carboniferous Limestones, with Notes on the Allagecrinidae
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

When dealing with the Scottish species referred to Allagecrinus (1932), it was a matter for regret that during the course of a long examination of the finer residue from washed shale from No. 1 Bed, Invertiel, among hundreds of tiny specimens the majority of which belonged to A. scoticus or A. elongatus, I had only been able to obtain two examples of the adult A. austinii.
A Middle Cambrian Hyolithellus from Comley
Authors: Cobbold E. S.
Published: May 2009

A specimen collected by the Sedgwick Club in 1933 from the Comley Breccia Bed yields an excellent series of examples of this species and adds much to our knowledge of this Middle Cambrian form.
Comparison of Three Scottish Magmas
Authors: Elder Samuel
Published: May 2009

A comparison of the chemical features of Scottish magmas, has been greatly simplified through the appearance of a recent memoir, compiled from the records of the Geological Survey (Guppy, 1931). This memoir gives the composition, age, locality, and microscopic petrography of a great number of Scottish rocks. The present note deals with three Scottish magmas: Devonian (Lower Old Red Sandstone), Carboniferous and Tertiary. It excludes certain analyses of the Survey list, owing to decomposition of the analysed material. It includes a few from outside sources, to augment the data concerning the Devonian magma (F. Walker, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928; and J. G. C. Anderson, 1935).
An Olivine-Trachyte from Mont Dore, Auvergne
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

The trachytes of Mont Dore were described, in the early days of microscopic petrography, by A. von Lasaulx; and they have since been noticed, in conjunction with other trachytes of the Auvergne, in papers by Fouqué, Lévy and Lacroix, and Dickson and Holland.
On Tricycloseris, Anabacia, and some new Genera of Hexacoralla
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton
Published: May 2009

The genus Tricycloseris was erected by R. F. Tomes in 1878 (p. 190) for a single specimen of a compound coral obtained from a fallen block on the shore near Charmouth, Dorset. The associated fauna led him to postulate a Middle Lias age for the bed from which the block was derived. A recent examination of the specimen shows that Tomes’s diagnosis was unfortunately based on a complete misconception of the coral—what he termed the “upper surface” is actually the under surface, and what he referred to as the “under surface” is, in reality, the calicular surface.
The Geological Work of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–31
Authors: Fuchs V. E.
Published: May 2009

From November, 1930, till October, 1931, the Cambridge Expedition led by Dr. E. B. Worthington, carried out biological work on the Kenya and Uganda lakes. Owing to a grant from the Royal Society I was able to accompany the Expedition as geologist, with the object of studying the Pleistocene lake deposits and making collections of fossils from them.
Notes on The Geology of the Lower Amazon
Authors: Reid D. M.
Published: May 2009

The following notes were made while on an expedition with Mr. J. T. Cunningham (financed by the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Trust and the Royal Society) to the Island of Marajó in the mouth of the River Amazon. The object of the expedition was not geological so that it was not possible to carry out an extended survey of the district explored.
Note on Mr. Hills's Paper
Authors: Jeffreys Harold
Published: May 2009

Mr. Hills’s paper suggests a number of questions, some of which can be fairly definitely answered, while others seem to me to be worth recording on the principle that the best way to get a question answered is to ask it. The separation of the granitic material into limited regions of the earth’s surface to form the continents could clearly not occur when the earth was fluid, and after the earth solidified any mechanical cause would meet formidable difficulties. Explanations seem to be restricted to (1) a failure or partial failure of magmatic differentiation in the oceanic regions, so that the granite has separated out since solidification in the continental regions, but remained dissolved in the oceanic ones, (2) some mechanical process arising during solidification. There are difficulties about both possibilities. Mr. Hills’s theory belongs to the second class, and I think needs serious consideration.
Note on the Fishes of the Ruabon Marl
Authors: Simpson H. H.
Published: May 2009

In Denbighshire the Marl follows the productive Middle Coal Measures and consists of from 400–1,100 feet of red, green, and variegated marls with occasional sandstones and towards the top thin Spirorbis limestone and other limestones, with here and there films of coal. It corresponds with the Etruria Marl of the North Staffordshire Coalfield.
Post-Glacial Fossil Mollusca in Western Canada
Authors: Mozley Alan
Published: May 2009

From the standpoint of biological geography, the most significant event in the recent history of Canada has been the occurrence of widespread severe glaciation. This resulted in the whole of the previously existing fauna being either exterminated or driven southward. When the ice sheets receded northwards at the end of the last glacial period, this region was once more populated by animals, including both fresh water and terrestrial mollusca, the remains of which are to be found in various post-glacial deposits. The migration of animals into this new territory did not take place all at once, and it is noteworthy that no fossil mollusca have been found in the deposits laid down during the early stages of the glacial retreat. The purpose of this paper is to give in concise form the history of the present molluscan fauna of this region in so far as it is evidenced by the post-glacial fossils found in the region. The series of fossil-bearing deposits herein described is far from complete, and many additional finds will doubtless be made in the course offuture field work. Nevertheless, a sufficient number of observations has been made to indicate the general nature and duration of the molluscan immigration into the area.
The Basal Complex Question in Jamaica
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

A Question of considerable importance in the geology of the Greater Antilles has lately re-arisen and concerns the following alternatives:— 1. Whether in Jamaica an old granitic and metamorphic pre-Mesozoic (possibly pre-Palaeozoic) basement exists and can be recognized in the present structure of the island. 2. Whether the granite, serpentine, marble, and other igneous and metamorphosed rocks of the island are the result of Cretaceous and Tertiary intrusion and metamorphism.
The Structure of Oncograptus T. S. Hall
Authors: Bulman O. M. B.
Published: May 2009

The genus Oncograptus was founded by T. S. Hall (1914, p. 109) with the species Oncograptus upsilon T. S. Hall as type. The original definition reads: “Hydrosome at first biserial, but later dividing into two uniserial branches. Thecae long, narrow, and slightly curved. The form of the genus is quite different from that of any other graptolite. The form of the thecae and the great width of the branches seem to remove it from the Dicranograptidae.” In the same description Hall remarks upon the resemblance of the thecae to those of Isograptus (Didymograptus) caduceus, and observes that concrescence of the branches of D. caduceus would result in the formation of a rhabdosome “somewhat similar” to Oncograptus.
Cephalopods and a Beatricea from Akpatok Island
Authors: Foerste Aug. F. , Cox Ian H.
Published: May 2009

Summary

The cephalopods and stromatoporoid collected from Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, N.W.T., in 1931, by Cox, are described by Foerste in this communication as follows:—

Endoceras coxi sp. nov., Endoceras sp. (resembling E. coxi), Endoceras akpatokense Foerste, Endoceras two spp., Shamattawaceras cf. ascoceroides Foerste and Savage, Orthoceras ungavense Foerste, Spyroceras sp. (resembling S. balteatum (Bill.) in some respects), Spyroceras cf. aquilonare Troedsson), Spyroceras wordiei Foerste, Spyroceras two spp., Huronia septata Parks, Westonoceras sp., and Beatricea undulata Billings.

Tentative correlations of the Akpatok limestones with other areas are drawn from this material. The greater part of the lime-stones appear to correlate with the Red River formation of Manitoba. The lowest horizons, containing Westonoceras, apparently correspond to part of the Nelson River formation of the Hudson Bay region; the intermediate horizon, with Shamattawaceras and Huronia, apparently to the Shamattawa formation of the same locality; while the horizon with Beatricea (650 feet above sea-level) is of Richmond age. The extent to which the remainder of the fauna, as yet identified, agrees with this is reviewed.
The Mechanical Composition of the London Tertiaries in the neighbourhood of Harrow-on-the-Hill
Authors: Barrett W. H.
Published: May 2009

There have been in the past few years opportunities, which are not likely to recur, for collecting fresh and unweathered samples of the Upper and Lower members of the LondonTertiary series in the neighbourhood of Harrow. It therefore seemed to be worth while making a series of mechanical analyses of these samples for comparison with analyses which have been made of samples from the same formations in the other parts of the London basin.
The Correlation of pre-Cambrian Granites by means of Heavy Mineral Analyses
Authors: Stark J. T. , Barnes F. F.
Published: May 2009

The correlation of isolated outcrops of igneous rocks where two or more similar intrusions are exposed is a difficult problem which is not always solved by thin sections or field studies. Such a problem was encountered in mapping the closely related Pikes Peak and Silver Plume granites of pre-Cambrian age in the Sawatch Range of central Colorado (Fig. 1). A comparison of the heavy minerals of the isolated outcrops with those of known granites was undertaken; and for this purpose large samples, suitable for crushing and heavy mineral analysis, were collected from various points within the areas of each batholith, and from the small outcrops whose age was in question. It was hoped that sufficient similarities in the heavy mineral assemblages might be established to be of value in making correlations. Furthermore, as work on the heavy minerals in igneous rocks is still in the experimental stage, a series of analyses from various parts of a given batholith should throw some light on the question of whether heavy minerals may be distinct and constant enough to be characteristic and so give a reliable means of correlation of isolated exposures.
The Origin of Earthquakes as illustrated by their Periodicity
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

SOME recent studies on the periodicity of earthquakes have thrown light on their origin and especially on that of their attendant after-shocks. The periods that are of most service for this purpose are the solar periods of one year and one day, the lunar periods of 29·6 and 14·8 days, and the period of 42 minutes due to the throbbing of the earth in consequence of the crustal displacement that gives rise to the earthquake. As a rule, the maximum epoch of the annual period falls either in midwinter or in midsummer, that of the diurnal period about midnight or noon, that of the period of 29·6 days close to the times of either new and full moon, that of the period of 14·8 days at or about the times of new and full moon or of first and last quarter, and that of the 42 minute period either with the return movements after their passage to the antipodes and back or half-way between these returns.
The Geology and Fossils of Carriacou, West Indies
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Carriacou, the largest of the Grenadines lying between Grenada and St. Vincent, is the only one, so far as is known, of that group of islands which is not predominantly volcanic in origin. It may be described as the only limestone, or largely limestone, island in the whole inner arc of the Lesser Antilles which comprises Grenada, the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Martinique, Guadeloupe (west half), Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Eustatius, and Saba. Carriacou is 6¾ miles long and 2⅓ in greatest width and at High North Hill and Chapeau Carré rises to 980 and 960 feet. The remainder of the island is rugged and has several lesser peaks and a central ridge, running roughly north to south, 600–830 feet in height.
Fish Remains from the North Wales Coalfield
Authors: Wood Alan
Published: May 2009

AT certain levels in the Coal Measures of North Wales a flood of fish scales and bones occurs, to the exclusion of almost every other fossil; at others only an isolated scale or tooth is seen. The area appears to be especially rich in fish remains, though possibly this is due to inadequate collecting in other areas. A summary of the succession in the Flintshire and Denbighshire portions of the coalfield is shown in the diagram on p. 483, while the area dealt with is shown on the map (p. 482).
Heavy Mineral Assemblages of Soils from the Gold-fields of Western Australia
Authors: Carroll Dorothy
Published: May 2009

A NUMBER of soil samples were collected from Kalgoorlie, Southern Cross, and other areas in the gold-bearing belt of Western Australia with a view to establishing the relationship between the “ heavy ” minerals of the soils and those of the parental material.
So-called Salterella from the Cambrian of Australia
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

THE Lower Cambrian genus Salterella, Billings, has lately received a good deal of attention in connection with the problem of the origin of the Cephalopoda. The genus, it may be remembered, was first described by its author as undoubtedly allied to Serpulites i.e. a worm-tube, but it was soon transferred by Billings himself to the pteropods. Barrande and Walcott also considered Salterella to be related to Tentaculites and Hyolithes. Clark (1925), who revised the genus, came to the conclusion that Salterella was a cephalopod, and not by any means a primitive type, but it did not seem to him to be ancestral to any subsequent form. Poulsen (1927) accepted this view, stating that the cephalopod characters were very conspicuous, but his later (1932) restoration of an East Greenland form, identified with S. rugosa from Labrador, is no more convincing than was Clark's restoration of S. conulata. Unfortunately, the genotype species of Salterella (S. rugosa Billings) is still incompletely known and I agree with Teichert (1935) that further investigation is needed before the real nature of Salterella can be held to be established. If the “septal necks” are still a doubtful feature and if the very existence of a “siphuncle” is open to question, as Teichert rightly says, it is clearly as premature to visualize Salterella as a possible forerunner of the holochoanites (Schuchert, in Schindewolf, 1929) as it is to connect the equally doubtful Volborthella with either holochoanites (Teichert and Kobayashi) or orthochoanites (Schindewolf, 1934).
The Type-Specimen of Orthoceras attenuatum Sowerby
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A Specimen in the Ludlow Museum, which appears to he the lost type of Sowerby's species Orthoceras attenuatum figured in Murchison's Silurian System, plate 13, fig. 25, p. 632, from the Wenlock Shale of the “banks of the Onny River, near Stretford Bridge”, has been recognized by Mr. T. D. La Touche in rearranging and cataloguing the collection of local fossils. Owing to the fact that the large piece of rock (D. b. 49 in La Touche's catalogue) on which it occurs was fastened down to a tablet so as to expose only another specimen of a smooth and different species of Orthoceras, it had been completely hidden from view, as it was on the lower side. The specimen not only agrees in size, general characters, and rate of tapering with Sowerby's figure (though the annulations are sharper and narrower than there indicated), but it was also collected by Dr. Lloyd, as was the type, as stated by Murchison. The horizon (Wenlock Shale) is recorded on the existing label, but not the locality. However, Mr. La Touche, from his intimate knowledge of the rocks of the district, considers that the locality may well be that given by Murchison. A small portion of the upper end of the shell is now missing, corresponding to the imperfect non-annulated piece shown in the figure, but it seems to have projected freely out of the matrix, so it may easily have been broken off. Otherwise the specimen is in the same good condition as when Sowerby drew his figure, and we can have scarcely any hesitation in identifying it on the strength of the above evidence.
The Kainozoic Igneous Rocks of Kintyre
Authors: McCallien William J.
Published: May 2009

IN a previous paper I have described the igneous rocks of that part of Kintyre contained in Sheet 12 of the 1 in. maps of the Geological Survey of Scotland. The present work deals chiefly with the minor intrusions of the greater part of Kintyre N. of Sheet 12, and contained in Sheets 20, 21, 28, and 29.2
A Teschenite from Rokkutsu near Taihoku, Taiwan (Formosa)
Authors: Ichimura Takeshi
Published: May 2009

IT is noteworthy that some analcite-bearing diabase has already been collected by Mr. Y. Deguchi from the Pescadoles Islands and the distribution of the same kind of rock was also noticed by Dr. B. Kotō in the Taihoku district many years ago. Little is known of the occurrence of alkaline rocks in Formosa, for the investigation of these rocks has not been carried out by any geologist. When the writer moved to Formosa, his attention was especially attracted to these rocks, both petrologically and geologically. The work was begun three years ago when he first found very interesting specimens of analcite-bearing rocks at Rokkutsu and published some brief notes thereupon. The present paper embodies further study of analcite-bearing rocks from Rokkutsu.
Some Recent Contributions to the Pleistocene Succession in England
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: May 2009

I HAVE read Dr. Sandford’s important note on “Some Recent Contributions to the Pleistocene Succession in England” (Geol. Mag., LXIX, NO. 811, January, 1932), with much pleasure and profit. So long ago as 1920 I published in the Geological Magazine (“The Geological Age of the earliest Palaeolithic Flint Implements”, LVII, No. 671, May, 1920) a communication in which I expressed the then unorthodox belief that the palaeolithic implements of England were not—as was at the time generally supposed—of post-glacial age, but were made by races of people living in warm epochs intervening between the various glacial periods. In this note I also, for the first time, made a tentative correlation of the East Anglian glacial deposits with those studied by Penck and Brückner in the Alps, and it is of much interest to me to notice how my initial work has been extended by others, among whom Dr. Sandford takes a foremost place. It is also gratifying, human nature being what it is, to find that so much of my original correlation has stood the test of time, and that my claim that the Upper Chalky Boulder Clay is of Riss age, which received much condemnation, now finds itself supported by the powerful advocacy of my friend the Abbé Breuil.
Metamorphic Rocks of the Eastern Andes near Cuenca, Ecuador
Authors: Sheppard George , Bushnell G. H. S.
Published: May 2009

The object of the present paper is to describe certain metamorphic rocks which occur in the eastern cordillera of the Ecuadorian Andes, immediately to the east of the interandine basin of Cuenca (Fig. 1). The latter region contains a series of late Tertiary volcanic breccias, followed by hard white shales which are overlain in their turn, and possibly in part replaced laterally by the massive, white, saccharoidal and tuffaceous sandstones of Azogues, in the composition of which rearranged volcanic ash and detritus play a large part (Fig. 2). These beds, originally described collectively as the Azogues Sandstone by Wolf (1),1 were considered to be of Wealden age upon the evidence of a meagre lacustrine fauna discovered by the same author, and subsequently described by Dr. Geinitz, of Dresden, which were found in the more shaly sandstones of the group. A more extensive collection of fossils made by the present writers from the same beds and localities was submitted to Dr. W. B. Marshall, of the United States National Museum, who reports that it consists largely of new genera and species, and that the age cannot be later than the Pliocene, and it may be earlier (2). These beds are thrown generally into a series of relatively gentle folds, having a north-south trend, but occasionally they are found in a more highly disturbed condition as, for example, on the Biblian-Azogues road, where they are sometimes seen to be vertical. The strike of the folding shows that it is a product of pressure from the same direction as that which accompanied the main Andean uplift.
Further Notes on the Huntingdon Road Gravels, Cambridge
Authors: Marr J. E. , King W. B. R.
Published: May 2009

AS it is unlikely that we shall have an opportunity of collaborating in further work on the Pleistocene deposits of the Cambridge area, we wish to add some short notes to our earlier work.
Notes on Two Species of the Genus Ampyx
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

HEAD-shield acutely triangular. Glabella elongated, subpentagonal, widest across middle, gently convex or subcarinate, without furrows or lobes, having anterior half freely projecting in front of cheeks and produced into a long slender straight horizontal spine grooved along its upper and lower surfaces, fully twice the length of the glabella. Axial furrows nearly straight, diverging anteriorly, with a small deep slit-like pit at their anterior end. Fixed cheeks smooth, broadly triangular, nearly equilateral, reaching half-way up the glabella, with posterior lateral angles slightly curved back. (Free cheeks unknown). Facial sutures slightly sigmoidal. Pleuro-occipital furrow straight, strong, marking off rather broad band-like occipital segment; meso-occipital furrow and segment scarcely defined, smooth, without median tubercle.
The Metamorphosed Limestones and Associated Contaminated Igneous Rocks of the Carlingford District, Co. Louth
Authors: Osborne G. D.
Published: May 2009

THE Carlingford-Barnave district falls within the boundaries of Sheet 71 of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, and forms part of a broad promontory lying between Carlingford Lough on the north-east and Dundalk Bay on the south-west. The greater part of this promontory is made up of an igneous complex of Tertiary age which has invaded the Silurian slates and quartzites and the Carboniferous Limestone Series. This complex has not yet been investigated in detail, but for the purposes of the present paper certain references to it are necessary, and these are made below. The prevalence of hybrid-relations and contamination-effects between the basic and acid igneous rocks of the region is a very marked feature, and because of this it has been difficult at times to decide which types have been responsible for the various stages of the metamorphism.
On Certain Endocranial Structures in Coccosteus
Authors: Hills Edwin Sherbon
Published: May 2009

Since 1876, when McCoy described two specimens of tuberculated plates under the name Asterolepis ornata var. australis, placoderm remains have been known to occur in the Middle Devonian marine limestones of Buchan, Victoria, Australia. Some years later, another specimen was obtained from the Buchan limestones by W. H. Ferguson of the Geological Survey of Victoria, and was referred by Chapman (1916) to the genus Phlyctaenaspis. Chapman, regarding McCoy's specimens as cospecific with the new material, included all the remains in the species Phlyctaenaspis australis (McCoy), distinguishing the more complete specimen discovered by Ferguson as P. australis var. confertituberculata Chapman. As Phlyctaenaspis is a form typical of the Lower Devonian, its reported occurrence in the Middle Devonian seemed to warrant further investigation. I therefore undertook a re-examination of all the available material, which is now preserved in the National Museum, Melbourne, and spent some months in removing the matrix from Ferguson's specimen. The matrix is a hard carbonaceous limestone containing remains of Spirifer yassensis and other invertebrates, and it was found that dilute hydrochloric acid would dissolve away this matrix without seriously affecting the fish plates, although care had to be taken not to subject these to too long contact with the acid. When as much of the matrix as possible had been removed mechanically by grinding, the fossil was exposed by brushing the dilute acid on to the remainder with a camel-hair brush, and continually observing the result under a binocular microscope.
The Red Crag of Walton-on-the-Naze
Authors: Kendall Percy Fry
Published: May 2009

THE excursion to East Anglia in the week preceding the Centenary Meeting of the British Association will include visits to four of the sections of the Waltonian Red Crag at present accessible, and the occasion seems appropriate for the publication of studies which were interrupted in the year 1885 by my removal to Lancashire and were not resumed until the year 1930, after a lapse of forty-five years.
The Sub-Bothnian Unconformity (Finland)
Authors: McCallien William J.
Published: May 2009

DURING the International Excursion for the study of the Pre-Cambrian held in Finland, July-August, 1931, a visit was paid to the outcrop of Bothnian conglomerates near Jaakkola, Suodenniemi, west of Tammerfors (Tampere). The excursion to Jaakkola was led by Professor Sederholm and Mr. Mikkola.
Three Species of Larger Tertiary Foraminifera from S. W. Ecuador
Authors: Barker R. Wright
Published: May 2009

THE foraminifera described were collected by the author while employed by the Anglo-Ecuadorian Oilfields, Limited, by whose kind permission the following notes are published.
Recent Discoveries of Dinosaurs in India
Authors: Rao L. Rama
Published: May 2009

DURING the past few years the Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Trichinopoly District, South India, have been receiving a lot of attention on account of the numerous reptilian remains found in some parts of the formation. Dr. C. A. Matley visited these areas about six years back and collected some specimens—a brief preliminary account of which he has recently published. Almost simultaneously with Dr. Matley, the staff and students of the Geology section, Central College, began to interest themselves in this area and have paid several visits to the very locality from which Dr. Matley has collected most of his specimens. As a result of these expeditions it is gratifying to note that we have been able to collect quite a large number of well-preserved fossil bones, and in the words of Dr. Matley this discovery of ours “ is of great importance as it is the first time that Southern India has yielded identifiable remains of dinosaurs ”.
The Geology of Moncreiffe Hill, Perthshire
Authors: Davidson Charles F.
Published: May 2009

MONCREIFFE Hill, Perthshire, is the inclusive name for the series of low hills which form the uplands to the south and south-east of the City of Perth, and whose heather and grasscovered slopes reach in the summit of Moncreiffe Hill proper, a height of 725 feet above sea-level. The alluvium of the River Tay forms the northern boundary of the area under consideration, while on the east and south-east the hills are bounded by a continuation of the northern of the two faults which let down the Upper Old Red Sandstone outlier of the Carse of Gowrie, and by the Carse and Arctic clays of the River Earn. To the east of the City of Perth the area is bounded by the Lower Old Red Sandstone.
A Peneplain and Re-excavated Valley Floors in Dorsetshire
Authors: Burton Ernest St. John
Published: May 2009

THE geological formation in the district around the ancient village of Worth Matravers (Geological Survey Map, “ Swanage,” Sheet 343), situated about ¾ mile from the Dorset coast, consists of Lower and Middle Purbeck Beds (Upper Jurassic). A considerable portion of these beds has been removed by denudation, with the result that the Upper Purbeck division has not been preserved near the coast, except westward at Worbarrow Bay and Lulworth Cove, and eastward at Swanage, the exposures at these localities being due to the high northerly dip. The Portland Stone immediately underlying the Purbeck Beds forms a line of inaccessible sea-cliffs extending from Winspit, one mile south-south-east from Worth Matravers, to Durlston Head, 4¼ miles in a direct line eastward.
A Preliminary Note on the Buramo Schists, British Somaliland
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

DURING 1931 the writer had occasion to make several journeys across the western part of the coastal belt of British Somaliland, southward from Zeilah to Buramo, near the Abyssinian frontier.
The Western Andes and their Relation to the Tertiary Coast-Belt, Ecuador
Authors: Sheppard George
Published: May 2009

THE object of the present paper is to give some geological description of the western range of the Andes, and the Tertiary formations which are developed along the Pacific coast. References are also made to the plutonic and other types of igneous rocks which are known to occur and have not been described hitherto. During the past four years the author has made a complete traverse of the Andes in Ecuador, viz, from Babahoya to Guaranda, thence to Riobamba and Baños, including the entrance to the Oriente.
Two Bibliographies of the Foraminifera
Authors: Macfadyen W. A.
Published: May 2009

IT has been said that there is no bad beer, but some is better than other, and this dictum holds, I think, for bibliographies of the foraminifera. Dr. C. D. Sherborn’s well-known Bibliography (down to 1888) and his Index to genera and species (down to the end of 1889) set a standard that has not been maintained in later bibliographies. Finding a slip or omission in these two works one feels with Little Jack Horner “ What a good boy am I! ”.
Metagenesis in Lepidocyclina from the Eocene of Peru
Authors: Todd J. U.
Published: May 2009

IN December of 1932 a paper was published in the Geological Magazixe (1) dealing with a number of Tertiary orbitoidal foraminifera from N.W. Peru, which had been presented to the British Museum. During the examination of the material it was noticed that there were no forms present comparable to Lepidocyclina R. Douvillei Lisson in regard to the size of the embryonic apparatus, although a large number of the specimens had been collected from Lisson’s type locality. All the forms examined from Mount Organos and from contemporaneous deposits in the neighbourhood proved to have a much smaller apparatus and were found to be identical with Lepidocyclina peruviana (Cushman) when compared with the type material in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.
The Lower Cretaceous Erratics of the Fraserburgh District, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Cumming George A. , Bate Philip A.
Published: May 2009

THE fossiliferous boulders of Neocomian age in glacial deposits at Moreseat, in the parish of Cruden, Aberdeenshire, have been known from the middle of last century and have engaged the attention of many workers, but from nowhere else in Aberdeenshire have, until now, Lower Cretaceous rocks been recorded.
Some Notes on the Structure and Flow of Ice
Authors: Hawkes L.
Published: May 2009

Natural compact ice is not wholly crystalline. Salt solution is present in glacier ice at temperatures down to −21·72°, and is probably located at the intergranular boundaries. The proportion of brine is normally very small, but becomes considerable near 0°.

The special mechanical properties at the intergranular contacts, the “Hugi effect” on melting, the phenomena of regelation, and the infra-red absorption, indicate that the molecules at these contacts are in the amorphous state. This may be the case in ice free from salts.

Internal flow takes place by relative displacement of crystalline portions by means of slip:—

1. along the basal planes of the crystals,

2. along intergranular surfaces,

3. along fracture surfaces within the individual crystals.

Processes 2 and 3 are facilitated by the presence of liquid at the surfaces of slip, and it is the regelation power of this liquid which preserves the cohesion of the deformed masses.

The liquefaction at points of compression, transference of the liquid, and its congelation elsewhere, is an important factor in the formation of compact ice from névé, but is of secondary importance in the flow of compact ice.

The processes by which ice suffers deformation are those which operate in the flow of all crystalline masses, the comparative ease with which it is deformed being an instance of the weakness of rocks near their melting temperatures. Ice at hundreds of degrees below its melting point would compare in strength and hardness with the other crystalline rocks which exist under like temperature conditions in the outer part of the earth's crust.
Geological Features of the Queen Mary Reservoir, Littleton, Middlesex
Authors: Mantle H. G.
Published: May 2009

To meet the ever-growing needs of London for an adequate supply of water, the Metropolitan Water Board has recently constructed a new storage reservoir at Littleton, near Staines.
The Generic Position and Phylogeny of Some Jurassic Arcidae
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

The following observations are the result of working over the Middle Jurassic Arcidae with a view to monographic treatment of the Corallian and Bathonian species. The monographs must of necessity be slow in appearing, and in any case they are not the place to discuss the broader conclusions to which the investigations have led. The family is one full of interest from an evolutionary point of view, but an exceptionally involved maze of controversial matter, chiefly concerning nomenclature, by which the Arcidae have been burdened, has obscured the features of interest and the phylogeny.
The Loess Problem of China
Authors: Barbour George B.
Published: May 2009

—An analysis of the Loess problem is made on the basis of recent studies co-ordinating results of research along a variety of lines. Sources of confusion in the past are indicated, and the question of the delimitation of the term “loess” is discussed.

In China the Loess is essentially an aeolian deposit formed under special climatic conditions which ruled, though in different degrees, at two distinct epochs in the Pleistocene period that seem to correspond to the Günz-Mindel and Riss-Würm twin-glaciations respectively. The variations in the deposits and the relation between them, the associated fresh-water sediments, and recognizable stages in the physiographic evolution of the landscape are described. The character and implications of the fossil content are discussed, especially in their bearing on the problems of former climates and of exact correlation of geological events.
The Structural Connection between the Coast Range of British Columbia and the Cascade Range of Washington
Authors: Crickmay C. H.
Published: May 2009

It has been made eminently clear by Suess1 in his great synthesis of the structure and form of the planet that between those mountain systems which come into contact with one another there are very different types of structural connection. Suess' interpretations of various examples, now famous, are so well known that no repetition is here necessary, Moreover, his brilliant work has invested the subject with a surpassing interest which has led many others to give it their attention. Already the structures of the junctions between many of the world's mountain systems are understood. But the connection between two of the great mountain systems of western North America, the Coast Range of British Columbia and the Cascade Range of Washington, has been largely neglected by geologists, or misinterpreted, if not indeed completely misunderstood. Even Suess' interpretation is open to objections: it fails to separate the two ranges, and to correlate the structures of the Cascades in any way with those of the Interior Plateaux or the Rocky Mountain System.
An Association of Anthophyllite and Enstatite
Authors: Phillips F. Coles
Published: May 2009

Of the naturally occurring forms of (Mg, Fe) SiO3, only two are of any great petrological importance. Rhombic pyroxenes of the enstatite-hypersthene series are common in many igneous rocks and in the metamorphic derivatives of these and of sediments. Members of the anthophyllite group of rhombic amphiboles are of much more restricted occurrence, being practically confined to crystalline schists and metasomatic products. The stability relationships of these forms and of the rarer monoclinic clinoenstatite and kupfferite were originally investigated by Allen, Wright, and Clement. Enstatite was obtained by crystallizing a glass below 1100° C., and anthophyllite by very rapid cooling from a melt at about 1600° C. Some uncertainty still exists, but it is clear that at least under normal pressure clinoenstatite is the only stable form.
The Glacial and Recent Drainage of the Lintrathen Area
Authors: Allan Douglas A.
Published: May 2009

Our knowledge of the geology of the district fringing the Grampians in Perthshire and Angus has been limited in the main to the published 1 inch maps of H.M. Geological Survey of Scotland (Sheets 48 and 56 in particular). A few papers in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society about the middle of the last century deal with certain exposures of special interest. The writer of the present contribution has conducted recently a detailed investigation of the area between Dunkeld and Fern, and an account of the solid geology has been published. The glacial geology presents no less interesting material or problems and, while the major portion of the results is being held over until further field-work is undertaken, one aspect, and over a limited area, will be considered here.
An Upper Carboniferous Fauna from the Amotape Mountains, North-Western Peru
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton
Published: May 2009

There are two specimens of Bellerophon in the collection which may be co-specific—one is fairly well preserved, though a little distorted, and the other is worn.
Erosion of Elevated Fringing Coral Reefs
Authors: Hoffmeister J. Edward
Published: May 2009

Two papers bearing the same title have recently appeared in this magazine on the geology of Mangaia and Rurutu, two small islands located in the western part of the South Pacific Ocean.
On the Structural Relationships and Genesis of the Pyritic Ore-bodies of Huelva
Authors: Douglas G. Vibert
Published: May 2009

The Province of Huelva, famed for its mines from the times of the Ancients, lies in the south-western portion of Spain, in the upland between the basins of the Guadalquivir and Guadiana. To the north are the serrated ridges of the Sierra Morena and to the south the fertile plains of Huelva and Sevilla. This upland, now in a mature stage of erosion, forms the old coastal plain. It is composed of Palaeozoic rocks, chiefly Carboniferous, which lie unconformably on the pre-Cambrian gneisses and schists of the Sierra Morena. Miocene limestone and Pleistocene Drift in places obscure the Palaeozoic rocks. The Carboniferous rocks are principally slates and grits, the former being by far the more abundant. In what is usually regarded as Hercynian times and following great tectonic movements, the Carboniferous rocks were invaded by granites, porphyries, diorites, porphyrites, and diabase. The mineralization was associated with these intrusives and principally with the porphyries. Finally the area was reduced to a peneplain by erosion.
Further Curious Rock-marks from the Cardigan Coast
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

Along the coast of North Cardiganshire, between Aberystwyth and Borth, numerous rock surfaces bearing “curious marks” have been found during the last few months. One such surface from this region has already been described, but except for a solitary fragment of rock from Transbaikalia this was apparently the only occurrence known anywhere until quite recently. The coast and inland exposures in the neighbourhood of Aberystwyth were explored at the time of the original discovery, but nothing of the same kind was found except a few indefinite traces; however, a more intensive search has now shown that these curiously-marked surfaces are by no means uncommon here.
Escarpments and Transverse Rivers
Authors: Bury Henry
Published: May 2009

At the end of a valuable paper on the superficial deposits to the north and north-west of London, Mr. Barrow puts forward certain views as to the origin of escarpments and transverse rivers in the Chiltern Hills and the Weald which can hardly be allowed to pass unchallenged by those interested in the progress of geomorphology, forunless there is more evidence in their favour than has yet been producedthese views are not progressive, but distinctly reactionary. To sum up the position in his own words (op. cit., p. 47): “Long after the cessation of all the bending movements which produced the present structure of the Thames Valley, there was a fall of sea-level or a rise of the sea-bottom that brought the beds within reach of marine erosion.
A Marginal Modification of the Ballachulish Granite
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: May 2009

The Ballachulish “ granite ” has been well known to petrologists for many years through the writings of Sir J. J. H. Teall, while more recently Mr. E. B. Bailey has described both the igneous rock and its associated contact phenomena in the Geological Survey Memoir for Sheet 53 (Scotland).
Note on the Age of the Rocks around the Teifi Estuary
Authors: Latter M. P.
Published: May 2009

In the course of detailed mapping over this area, with a view to throwing some light on the complicated geological structure of the district, the discovery of various graptolites, largely from new localities, both confirms and extends the previous records of Dr. C. A. Matley and Mr. W. Keeping.
Recent Changes in the Teifi Estuary
Authors: Latter M. P.
Published: May 2009

Within the last 50 years the lower reaches of the Teifi from St. Dogmells to Cardigan Bar have undergone a complete change: the bed of the river formerly lay near the west side of the estuary as far as the Webley Arms, and this point in the river was then known as Pwll Cam (“the crooked pool”), as it was here that the river took a sharp bend describing an ogee curve by way of the spit to the east of the present sandbanks: this old river channel lay in clay, unlike the present shallow river bed on the east side of the estuary, and quite big vessels could float even at low tide in front of the Webley Arms, which is now a low stretch of mud banks covered at high tide. A wreck, which laid up over two or three tides, was the simple means of effecting this change in the river's course. Since then it has led to other comparatively rapid geological changes: the Manian-fâch stream, which has its source in the Pant-y-Groes plateau, used to flow almost direct into the Teifi, when in its old course; now, however, since the bed of the Teifi, on leaving the Battery Point, crosses over to the east side of the estuary, the whole of the estuary to the west has been silted up with sand and mud, and this has been accelerated by the formation of sand-banks right across the mouth of the bay: consequently the Manian-fâch stream, on emerging off the mainland, is now deflected to the S.E. and flows for about a mile approximately parallel to the main river, though in the opposite direction, before joining it nearby the Battery Point. The watershed of the roughly triangular strip of sand flats, seen at low tide, lies very close to the present river bed, so that practically all the water off this area at low tide drains first into the Manian-fâch, and thus describes nearly a complete circle twice daily. This instance is analogous to, but not quite homologous with, that of the Eiver Aide in Suffolk, the original mouth of which has been deflected more than 12 miles south by currents from the north.
Three Short Papers on Isostasy
Authors: Wright W. B.
Published: May 2009

The question of the supposed isostatic adjustment of the earth's crust to increase or decrease of load has recently come prominently to the fore in connexion with the Wegener hypothesis and Joly's theory of geological transgression and revolution. The principle itself is fairly well established by several independent lines of evidence, but there is room for clearer thinking as to the mechanism attending its operation. Very varied opinions are for instance held as to therapidity and completeness of the adjustment, and unjustifiable assumptions are made with regard to the displacement of magma beneath depressed areas. It is very necessary to keep an open mind on these questions and to search the available evidence for means of defining the nature of the attendant sub-crustal movements.
On a Faceted Quartzite Pebble from a Coal-seam at Ashby-de-la-Zouche
Authors: Mantle H. G.
Published: May 2009

The pebble about to be described was found in the Middle Louth Seam at Swannington Colliery, near Ashby-de-la-Zouche, in Leicestershire, and was presented to the writer in the year 1899 by the late Mr. Henry Copson Peake, who at that time was manager of the Swannington Colliery and also general manager of the Walsall Wood Collieries, near Walsall.