bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherent Lagrangian swirls among submesoscale motions
Authors: Beron-Vera F. J. , Hadjighasem A. , Xia Q. , Olascoaga M. J. , Haller G.
Published: March 2018

Significance

The detection of vortices in geophysical flows is important because of their role in global circulation and transport. The recent theory of elliptic Lagrangian coherent structures has shown that long-lived, coherent material eddies exhibiting no filamentation can be extracted from altimetry-derived surface velocities associated with slow, mesoscale motions in the ocean. Since similarly perfect eddies may not be expected to exist in the presence of faster, submesoscale motions, it has remained unclear whether persistent and materially coherent eddies can in fact be identified objectively even in highly resolved ocean data. Here we show that under a suitable extension of the notion of material coherence, coherent eddies at the mesoscale and submesoscale level can indeed be simultaneously detected from multiscale velocity data.
Dynamic patterns of cortical expansion during folding of the preterm human brain
Authors: Garcia Kara E. , Robinson Emma C. , Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Dierker Donna L. , Glasser Matthew F. , Coalson Timothy S. , Ortinau Cynthia M. , Rueckert Daniel , Taber Larry A. , Van Essen David C. , Rogers Cynthia E. , Smyser Christopher D. , Bayly Philip V.
Published: March 2018

Significance

The human brain exhibits complex folding patterns that emerge during the third trimester of fetal development. Minor folds are quasi-randomly shaped and distributed. Major folds, in contrast, are more conserved and form important landmarks. Disruption of cortical folding is associated with devastating disorders of cognition and emotion. Despite decades of study, the processes that produce normal and abnormal folding remain unresolved, although the relatively rapid tangential expansion of the cortex has emerged as a driving factor. Accurate and precise measurement of cortical growth patterns during the period of folding has remained elusive. Here, we illuminate the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical expansion by analyzing MRI-derived surfaces of preterm infant brains, using a unique strain energy minimization approach.
Effect of the content of a news item on Spaniards’ attitudes towards Palestinians and Israelis / Efecto del contenido de una noticia sobre la actitud de los españoles hacia palestinos e israelíes
Authors: Lobato Roberto M. , Moya Miguel , Trujillo Humberto
Published: March 2018

Based on the effects of framing on audience opinion, the attitudes towards Palestinians and Israelis are evaluated when a news item reports on a violent event between the two sides. To do so, a short inter-group experiment was conducted. A 3 (manipulation of the news item) x 2 (group evaluated) design was applied. Three news formats were presented: (1) about a Palestinian attack on Israel; (2) about an Israeli attack on Palestine; (3) no news item. Half of the participants evaluated the Israelis while the other half evaluated the Palestinians. The results of the study, which was performed with a Spanish sample ( N = 319), showed that there were no differences in the evaluation of the group according to the group evaluated, although there were differences according to the manipulation of the news item: in both conditions in which one group attacked another, the group evaluated was rated more negatively than the control group. The results also showed that both emotions and stereotypes mediated the effects of framing on prejudice. These results suggest that the participants’ attitude seems to depend more on the violent framing of the news items than on the role assigned to each group and that emotional processes and stereotypes are what regulate these attitudes.
2. Venus and Adonis
Authors: Post Jonathan F. S.
Published: March 2018

Venus and Adonis—Shakespeare’s best-selling first venture into print, a poem soon to become one of the era’s most popular works—is a young person’s poem, written by a 29-year-old emerging poet, about the topsy-turvy, innocent yet dangerous impulses of sexual desire. Although often comical, Venus’s hot pursuit of the young Adonis ends in his being gored by a boar. The near rhyme is almost a pun, as proximate and painfully inevitable as the familiar equation in the period between sex and death. ‘Venus and Adonis’ explains how this Ovidian erotic poem helped to launch Shakespeare’s career as a poet and to elevate him above lowly groundlings and fellow, rival dramatists and poets.
5. Further patterns and irruptions in the Sonnets
Authors: Post Jonathan F. S.
Published: March 2018

Along with the passions they voice, there are important recurring motifs in the Sonnets, lending a special rhythm to the whole. One of the most resonant is that of Time’s inexorable march, but there is also seasonal change and human mutability, and the corruptibility of relationships and bonds. ‘Further patterns and irruptions in the Sonnets’ also considers the strange, painful love plot that shadows the whole: the triangle linking the poet, the young man (or men), and the ‘dark lady’ in an unseemly and humiliating relationship. It also explains that we feel the speaker’s situation in the sonnets so intimately and intensely due to the brief action always being in the present.
2. The biology of mammals
Authors: Kemp T. S.
Published: March 2018

In order to understand mammals and their amazing variety, we must first learn about their shared biology. ‘The biology of mammals’ first considers how and why mammals stay warm and active. Mammals are endotherms, meaning they have a high metabolic rate, high and constant body temperature, and high maximum activity level. A high metabolic rate requires a lot of food and oxygen, but the benefits are that mammals can remain active for longer and they are more complex internally. Their ability to save water, methods of obtaining food, modes of locomotion, sense organs, and methods of reproduction are also considered alongside their brain and behaviour.
Neural correlates of learning pure tones versus natural sounds in the auditory cortex
Authors: Maor Ido , Shwartz-Ziv Ravid , Feigin Libi , Elyada Yishai , Sompolinsky Haim , Mizrahi Adi
Published: March 2018

Auditory perceptual learning of pure tones causes tonotopic map expansion in the primary auditory cortex (A1), but the function this plasticity sub-serves is unclear. We developed an automated training platform called the ‘Educage’, which was used to train mice on a go/no-go auditory discrimination task to their perceptual limits, for difficult discriminations among pure tones or natural sounds. Spiking responses of excitatory and inhibitory L2/3 neurons in mouse A1 revealed learning-induced overrepresentation of the learned frequencies, in accordance with previous literature. Using a novel computational model to study auditory tuning curves we show that overrepresentation does not necessarily improve discrimination performance of the network to the learned tones. In contrast, perceptual learning of natural sounds induced ‘sparsening’ and decorrelation of the neural response, and consequently improving discrimination of these complex sounds. The signature of plasticity in A1 highlights its central role in coding natural sounds as compared to pure tones.
Identification of novel mutations associated with clofazimine resistance inMycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Chen Jiazhen , Zhang Shuo , Shi Wanliang , Zhang Wenhong , Zhu Min , Zhang Ying
Published: March 2018

Mycobacterium abscessus(Mab) is a major non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pathogen responsible for about 80% of all pulmonary infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clofazimine is an effective drug active againstMaband shows synergistic activity when given with amikacin, but the mechanism of resistance to clofazimine inMabis unknown.

Objective

To investigate the molecular basis of clofazimine resistance inMab.

Methods

We isolated 29Mabmutants resistant to clofazimine, and subjected them to whole genome sequencing and Sanger sequencing to identify possible mutations associated with clofazimine resistance.

Results

Mutations in MAB_2299c gene which encodes possible transcriptional regulatory protein were identified in 23 of the 29 clofazimine-resistant mutants. In addition, 6 mutations in MAB_1483 were found in 21 of the 29 mutants, and one mutation in MAB_0540 was found in 16 of the 29 mutants. Mutations in MAB_0416c, MAB_4099c, MAB_2613, MAB_0409, MAB_1426 were also associated with clofazimine resistance in less frequency. Two identical mutations which are likely to be polymorphisms unrelated to clofazimine resistance were found in MAB_4605c and MAB_4323 in 13 mutants.

Conclusion

Mutations in MAB_2299c, MAB_1483, and MAB_0540 are the major mechanisms of clofazimine resistance inMab. Future studies are needed to address the role of the identified mutations in clofazimine resistance inMab, and our findings have implications for developing a rapid molecular test for detecting clofazimine resistance in this organism.
Deep Genomic Signature for early metastasis prediction in prostate cancer
Authors: Sharifi-Noghabi Hossein , Liu Yang , Erho Nicholas , Shrestha Raunak , Alshalalfa Mohammed , Davicioni Elai , Collins Colin C. , Ester Martin
Published: March 2018

For prostate cancer patients, timing and intensity of therapy are adjusted based on their prognosis. Clinical and pathological factors, and recently, gene expression-based signatures have been shown to predict metastatic prostate cancer. Previous studies used labelled datasets, i.e. those with information on the metastasis outcome, to discover gene signatures to predict metastasis. Due to steady progression of prostate cancer, datasets for this cancer have a limited number of labelled samples but more unlabelled samples. In addition to this issue, the high dimensionality of the gene expression data also poses a significant challenge to train a classifier and predict metastasis accurately. In this study, we aim to boost the prediction accuracy by utilizing both labelled and unlabelled datasets together. We propose Deep Genomic Signature (DGS), a method based on Denoising Auto-Encoders (DAEs) and transfer learning. DGS has the following steps: first, we train a DAE on a large unlabelled gene expression dataset to extract the most salient features of its samples. Then, we train another DAE on a small labelled dataset for a similar purpose. Since the labelled dataset is small, we employ a transfer learning approach and use the parameters learned from the first DAE in the second one. This approach enables us to train a large DAE on a small dataset. After training the second DAE, we obtain the list of genes with high weights by applying a standard deviation filter on the transferred and learned weights. Finally, we train an elastic net logistic regression model on the expression of the selected genes to predict metastasis. Because of the elastic net regularization, some of the selected genes have non-zero coefficients in the classifier which we consider as the DGS gene signature for metastasis.

We apply DGS to six labelled and one large unlabelled prostate cancer datasets. Results on five validation datasets indicate that DGS outperforms state-of-the-art gene signatures (obtained from only labelled datasets) in terms of prediction accuracy. Survival analyses demonstrate the potential clinical utility of our gene signature that adds novel prognostic information to the well-established clinical factors and the state-of-the-art gene signatures. Finally, pathway analysis reveals that the DGS gene signature captures the hallmarks of prostate cancer metastasis. These results suggest that our method helps to identify a robust gene signature that may improve patient management.
Aberrant expression of collagen family genes in the brain regions developing under agonistic interactions in male mice
Authors: Smagin D.A. , Galyamina A.G. , Kovalenko I.L. , Babenko V.N. , Kudryavtseva N.N.
Published: March 2018

As previously established, chronic agonistic interactions lead to the development of depression-like state under social defeat stress in the defeated mice and pathology of aggressive behavior in the winning mice. According to the numerous research data, these psychopathological states are accompanied by tremendous molecular and cellular changes in the brain. The paper aimed to study the influence of 20-day period of agonistic interactions on the expression mode of collagen family genes, encoding the proteins, which are basic components of extracellular matrix (ECM), in the different brain regions of mice using the RNA-Seq database. Most of the differentially expressed collagen genes were upregulated in the hypothalamus and striatum of chronically aggressive and defeated mice and in the hippocampus of the defeated mice. In the ventral tegmental area the most genes were downregulated in both experimental groups. It has been assumed that aberrant expression of collagen genes induced by long experience of agonistic interactions can indicate defects of ECM specific for brain regions in mice with alternative social experiences. This study first shows remodeling of molecular base in the ECM under development of experimental psychoneuropathologies.

Corresponding authors: Kudryavtseva N.N., n.n.kudryavtseva@gmail.com; Babenko V.N., bob@bionet.nsc.ru
BAR scaffolds drive membrane fission by crowding disordered domains
Authors: Snead Wilton T. , Zeno Wade F. , Kago Grace , Perkins Ryan W. , Richter J Blair , Zhao Chi , Lafer Eileen M. , Stachowiak Jeanne C.
Published: March 2018

Cylindrical protein scaffolds are thought to stabilize membrane tubules, preventing membrane fission. In contrast, Snead et al. find that when scaffold proteins assemble, bulky disordered domains within them become acutely concentrated, generating steric pressure that destabilizes tubules, driving fission.

Cellular membranes are continuously remodeled. The crescent-shaped bin-amphiphysinrvs (BAR) domains remodel membranes in multiple cellular pathways. Based on studies of BAR domains in isolation, the current paradigm is that they polymerize into cylindrical scaffolds that stabilize lipid tubules, preventing membrane fission. But in nature BAR domains are often part of multi-domain proteins that contain large intrinsically-disordered regions. Using in vitro and live cell assays, here we show that full-length BAR domain-containing proteins, rather than stabilizing membrane tubules, are instead surprisingly potent drivers of membrane fission. Specifically, when BAR scaffolds assemble at membrane surfaces, their bulky disordered domains become crowded, generating steric pressure that destabilizes lipid tubules. More broadly, we observe this behavior with BAR domains that have a range of curvatures. These data challenge the idea that cellular membranes adopt the curvature of BAR scaffolds, suggesting instead that the ability to concentrate disordered domains is the key requirement for membrane remodeling and fission by BAR domain-containing proteins.
Kinetochore recruitment of CENP-F illustrates how paralog divergence shapes kinetochore composition and function
Authors: Ciossani Giuseppe , Overlack Katharina , Petrovic Arsen , Huis in ‘t Veld Pim , Körner Carolin , Wohlgemuth Sabine , Maffini Stefano , Musacchio Andrea
Published: March 2018

The metazoan proteins CENP-E and CENP-F are components of a fibrous layer of mitotic kinetochores named the corona. Several features suggest that CENP-E and CENP-F are paralogs: they are very large (approximately 2700 and 3200 residues, respectively), rich in predicted coiled-coil structure, C-terminally prenylated, and endowed with microtubule-binding sites at their termini. In addition, CENP-E contains an ATP-hydrolyzing motor domain that promotes microtubule plus-end directed motion. Here, we show that CENP-E and CENP- F are recruited to mitotic kinetochores independently of the Rod-Zwilch-ZW10 (RZZ) complex, the main corona constituent. We identify selective interactions of CENP-E and CENP-F respectively with BubR1 and Bub1, paralogous proteins involved in mitotic checkpoint control and chromosome alignment. While BubR1 is dispensable for kinetochore localization of CENP-E, Bub1 is stringently required for CENP-F localization. Through biochemical reconstitution, we demonstrate that the CENP-E:BubR1 and CENP-F:Bub1 interactions are direct and require similar determinants, a dimeric coiled-coil in CENP-E or CENP-F and a kinase domain in BubR1 or Bub1. Our findings are consistent with the existence of ‘pseudo-symmetric’, paralogous Bub1:CENP-F and BubR1:CENP-E axes, supporting evolutionary relatedness of CENP-E and CENP-F.
Perceived sensory quality of unpolished pigmented and milled white rice
Authors: Juemanee Arunothai , Kijroongrojana Kongkarn , Meenune Mutita , Posri Wilatsana
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore and compare consumer perceptions of unpolished pigmented rice and milled white rice between unfamiliar and typical consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

This study first employed focus groups to explore attitudes and habits relating to rice consumption among British subjects. A sensory descriptive analysis method, flash profiling (FP), was then applied on consumer panels in the UK and Thailand to gain perceived sensory quality of unfamiliar and typical rice samples. The sensory profiles generated by British and Thai panellists were analysed by generalised procrustean analysis (GPA) and compared based on perceived attributes, dominant characteristics and repeatability.

Findings

Focus group results suggested that consumer familiarity with rice might influence preferred rice textural quality. The prominent textures of stickiness and bittiness of unpolished pigmented rice were negatively associated with perceived quality in the UK participants. The sensory profiles generated by GPA consisted of similarity with darkness of colour and sweet/earthy type odours that are key dominant characteristics of the Thai pigmented rice.

Practical implications

The research has provided sensory information of the unpolished pigmented rice as compared with milled white rice. The information gives insights on product development directions for export and further research on rice processing and cooking instructions.

Originality/value

This study is the first to apply sensory evaluation in a cross-cultural comparison of pigmented rice.
Food security though public stockholdings and trade distortions
Authors: Nakuja Tekuni , Kerr William A.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The issue of subsidized acquisition of food stocks for food security purposes has become a contentious issue at the World Trade Organization (WTO) due to their potential impact on international trade. The purpose of this paper is to provide estimates of the effects on trade of stockholding programs designed specifically to meet a food security objective.

Design/methodology/approach

A spatial-temporal trade model is developed and then the effects of stockholding policies which satisfy food security goals are simulated and compared to the case where stockholdings are not allowed.

Findings

The results suggest that if stockholding policies that satisfy food security goals are allowed in the case of all importing countries and all G-33 developing countries trade will increase significantly during the stock acquisition phase but will have a negative impact on trade during stock disposal. If stockholding policies are restricted to small high food security risk countries, however, the impacts on trade would not be large enough to be of international concern.

Originality/value

The results suggests that a permanent solution at the WTO might lie in exemptions for small high food security risk countries rather than a one size fits all rule applied to all developing countries. Trade policy makers have been charged with finding a permanent solution to the issue of subsidized public stockholdings for food security purposes but have been hampered, in part, by a dearth of empirical estimates of the effect of such stockholdings on trade. This paper informs the negotiations.
Benchmarking industrial engineering programs
Authors: Nguyen Anh Tuan , Nguyen Nguyen Vang-Phuc
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the best practices of industrial engineering (IE) programs that could be learnt and used at other educational institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

Nine IE programs in the USA are benchmarked using a conceptual framework that considers an educational program as a system consisting of a purpose, a curriculum, resources, and quality processes. The information used in benchmarking is collected from the program self-study reports, course catalogs, and websites which are available on the internet.

Findings

It is found that in spite of their diversity in history, missions, sizes, and reputations, the studied programs are rather unified in terms of purpose definition, curriculum formation, resource selection, and quality process usage. From the analysis, a template of IE curriculum is proposed.

Research limitations/implications

As the selection of the studied programs is based on the availability of the information, the findings may not be representative for IE programs in the USA. Future work can aim at comparing IE programs from various countries.

Practical implications

The findings could be used as benchmarks by IE schools interested in the improvement of operations.

Originality/value

A conceptual framework for benchmarking is proposed and proves useful for comparing educational programs. The findings represent the current best practices at IE schools in the USA.
Dark cities: a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities, based on the analysis of DMO websites
Authors: Powell Raymond , Kennell James , Barton Christopher
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Dark tourism is a topic of increasing interest, but it is poorly understood when considering its significance for mainstream and commercial tourism. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the significance of dark tourism in the top ten most visited European tourist cities and propose a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from the websites of the cities’ Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) using a content analysis methodology, based on keywords related to dark tourism taken from the research literature in this area. Descriptive statistics were produced and the variance between the frequencies of keywords related to each city was analysed for statistical significance. These results were then used to construct a darkness ranking of the cities.

Findings

There are significant differences in the extent to which dark tourism products and services are promoted by the DMOs of Europe’s top ten most visited European cities. The ranking of cities by darkness does not correspond to the ranking by visitor numbers, and further qualitative analysis suggests that, that the ranking is also independent of the actual presence of dark sites within the destination. This implies that European city DMOs are engaging with the emerging dark tourism market with to varying degrees.

Research limitations/implications

The purposive sample of ten cities can be extended in future research to increase the validity of the findings of this paper. A further limitation is the selection of keywords for content analysis, which have been developed following the literature review contained below. Future research could develop an extended list of keywords using a systematic review process.

Practical implications

This paper shows that it is possible to create a ranking of tourist cities in terms of their darkness, and that this methodology could be extended to a much larger sample size. This links dark tourism research to the urban tourism literature and also offers possibilities for creating a global ranking that could be used by destinations to judge their success in engaging with the dark tourism market, as well as by tour operators seeking to develop products for the same market.

Social implications

This paper will offer DMO’s and others the opportunity to hone their tourism products more effectively in a way which offers a better understanding of tourism, and therefore provides for better management of its issues.

Originality/value

Dark tourism is a growing niche area of study, and this paper seeks to provide a framework to better understand supply-side aspects of it.
Forbearance of culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors: a conceptual model
Authors: Kennedy Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Selection and training of expatriates emphasizes the importance of respecting and adapting to local cultural norms. However, even when motivated to modify their behavior, expatriates tend to act in ways which transgress host country cultural norms. While such transgressions can harm working relationships between expatriate manager and host country nationals (HCNs), this is not an inevitable outcome. The purpose of this paper is to apply the social psychological construct of forbearance to create a model which considers how transgression severity, responsibility attributions made by the HCN, empathy, and expatriate manager reputation influence HCN forbearance in the face of culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper, which proposes forbearance as a process which can reduce dysfunctional outcomes on working relationships resulting from culturally inappropriate behaviors by expatriate managers.

Findings

The author argues that differences between expatriate and host country implicit leadership theories influence HCN attributions for culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors. These attributions, together with expatriate reputation, HCN empathy, and the severity of the cultural transgression, will determine the extent to which HCNs are likely to exercise forbearance.

Research limitations/implications

The paper suggests several important lines of research into the initial establishment of an effective working relationship between expatriate and HCN. Suggestions for further elaboration and testing of the model are also provided.

Practical implications

The model points to important processes (e.g. establishing incoming expatriate’s reputation, managing attributions, and facilitating empathy) which have the potential to reduce difficulties early in the assignment.

Originality/value

Much research into expatriate adjustment focuses on the expatriate. This paper adopts the perspective of the HCN, providing a framework for better understanding perceptual and attributional processes influencing the relationship.
An integrative model of knowledge sharing in Malaysian Higher Learning Institute
Authors: Fauzi Muhammad Ashraf , Nya-Ling Christine Tan , Thurasamy Ramayah , Ojo Adedapo Oluwaseyi
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to understand the factors that can determine the knowledge sharing (KS) intention and behaviour of academics in Malaysian higher learning institutes (HLIs), thus affecting academics research productivity.

Design/methodology/approach

The study’s respondents were 525 academics from public and private HLI in Malaysia. This study adapts theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and social capital theory (SCT) to determine academics KS intention and behaviour of academics and the factors that can influence along the KS process.

Findings

Results indicate that among the factors of academics KS behaviour, there are two factors that are not significant, commitment and perceived cost, while the rest showed significant results. The strongest factors are management support and social media use among academics. The result also shows that academics intention to share is explained by 62.1 per cent of the variance, while academics KS behaviour is explained by 47.1 per cent of the variance.

Research limitations/implications

This study shows the high intention and behaviour of sharing among Malaysian academics and suggests that academics in this country are cautious and aware of the importance of knowledge for human capital and development of nation.

Practical implications

This paper facilitates university in hiring academics that support KS activities.

Originality/value

The integration of TPB and SCT in evaluating Malaysian academics KS behaviour can eventually affect the research productivity. Furthermore, addition of several variables, such as perceived cost, facilitating conditions make this study a holistic model to predict academic research performance.
Legal Barriers to the Growth of Health Information Exchange—Boulders or Pebbles?
Authors: MELLO MICHELLE M. , ADLER‐MILSTEIN JULIA , DING KAREN L. , SAVAGE LUCIA
Published: March 2018

Policy Points:

Historically, in addition to economic and technical hurdles, state and federal health information privacy laws have been cited as a significant obstacle to expanding electronic health information exchange (HIE) in the United States.

Our review finds that over the past decade, several helpful developments have ameliorated the legal barriers to HIE, although variation in states’ patient consent requirements remains a challenge.

Today, health care providers’ complaints about legal obstacles to HIE may be better understood as reflecting concerns about the economic and competitive risks of information sharing.

Context

Although the clinical benefits of exchanging patients’ health information electronically across providers have long been recognized, participation in health information exchange (HIE) has lagged behind adoption of electronic health records. Barriers erected by federal and state health information privacy law have been cited as a leading reason for the slow progress. A comprehensive assessment of these issues has not been undertaken for nearly a decade, despite a number of salient legal developments.

Methods

Analysis of federal and state health information privacy statutes and regulations and secondary materials.

Findings

Although some legal barriers to HIE persist, many have been ameliorated—in some cases, simply through improved understanding of what the law actually requires. It is now clear that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act presents no obstacles to electronically sharing protected health information for treatment purposes and does not hold providers who properly disclose information liable for privacy breaches by recipients. The failure of federal efforts to establish a unique patient identifier number does slow HIE by inhibiting optimal matching of patient records, but other action to facilitate matching will be taken under the 21st Century Cures Act. The Cures Act also creates the legal architecture to begin to combat “information blocking.” Varying patient consent requirements under federal and state law are the most important remaining legal barrier to HIE progress. However, federal rules relating to disclosure of substance‐abuse treatment information were recently liberalized, and development of a technical standard, Data Segmentation for Privacy, or DS4P, now permits sensitive data requiring special handling to be segmented within a patient's record. Even with these developments, state‐law requirements for patient consent remain daunting to navigate.

Conclusions

Although patient consent requirements make HIE challenging, providers’ expressed worries about legal barriers to participating in HIE likely primarily reflect concerns that are economically motivated. Lowering the cost of HIE or increasing financial incentives may boost provider participation more than further reducing legal barriers.
The Role of HIPAA Omnibus Rules in Reducing the Frequency of Medical Data Breaches: Insights From an Empirical Study
Authors: YARAGHI NIAM , GOPAL RAM D.
Published: March 2018

Policy Points:

Frequent data breaches in the US health care system undermine the privacy of millions of patients every year—a large number of which happen among business associates of the health care providers that continue to gain unprecedented access to patients’ data as the US health care system becomes digitally integrated.

Implementation of the HIPAA Omnibus Rules in 2013 has led to a significant decrease in the number of privacy breach incidents among business associates.

Context

Frequent data breaches in the US health care system undermine the privacy of millions of patients every year. A large number of such breaches happens among business associates of the health care providers that continue to gain unprecedented access to patients’ data as the US health care system becomes digitally integrated. The Omnibus Rules of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which were enacted in 2013, significantly increased the regulatory oversight and privacy protection requirements of business associates. The objective of this study is to empirically examine the effects of this shift in policy on the frequency of medical privacy breaches among business associates in the US health care system. The findings of this research shed light on how regulatory efforts can protect patients’ privacy.

Methods

Using publicly available data on breach incidents between October 2009 and August 2017 as reported by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR), we conducted an interrupted time‐series analysis and a difference‐in‐differences analysis to examine the immediate and long‐term effects of implementation of HIPAA omnibus rules on the frequency of medical privacy breaches.

Findings

We show that implementation of the omnibus rules led to a significant reduction in the number of breaches among business associates and prevented 180 privacy breaches from happening, which could have affected nearly 18 million Americans.

Conclusions

Implementation of HIPAA omnibus rules may have been a successful federal policy in enhancing privacy protection efforts and reducing the number of breach incidents in the US health care system.
Hiding in plain sight: Jung, astrology, and the psychology of the unconscious
Authors: Buck Stephanie
Published: March 2018

Astrology was a lifelong interest for C.G. Jung and an important aid in his formulation of psyche and psychic process. Archetypally configured, astrology provided Jung an objective means to a fuller understanding of the analysand's true nature and unique individuation journey. Jung credits astrology with helping to unlock the mystery of alchemy and in so doing providing the symbol language necessary for deciphering the historically remote cosmology of Gnosticism. Astrology also aided Jung's work on synchronicity. Despite astrology's worth to Jung's development of analytical psychology, its fundamental role in guiding his discoveries is all but absent from historical notice. The astrological natal chart seems rarely used clinically, and many clinicians seem unaware of its value as a dynamic diagram of the personality and the potentialities within which nature and nurture foster and/or discourage for individual growth and development over the lifespan. This paper charts Jung's interest in astrology and suggests why his great regard for it and other paranormal or occult practices remains largely neglected and unknown.
Patient Preferences for Diagnostic Testing in the Emergency Department: A Cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Porath Jonathan D. , Meka Arjun P. , Morrow Chelsea , Iyengar Rahul , Shtull‐Leber Eytan , Fagerlin Angela , Meurer William J
Published: March 2018

Background

Diagnostic testing is common during emergency department (ED) visits. Little is understood about patient preferences for such testing. We hypothesized that a patient's willingness to undergo diagnostic testing is influenced by the potential benefit, risk, and personal cost.

Methods

We conducted a cross sectional survey among ED patients for diagnostic testing in two hypothetical scenarios: chest pain (CP) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Each scenario defined specific risks, benefits, and costs of testing. The odds of a participant desiring diagnostic testing were calculated using a series of nested multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

Participants opted for diagnostic testing 68.2% of the time, including 69.7% of CP and 66.7% of all mTBI scenarios. In the CP scenario, 81% of participants desired free testing versus 59% when it was associated with a $100 copay (difference = 22%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 16% to 28%). Similarly, in the mTBI scenario, 73% of adult participants desired free testing versus 56% when charged a $100 copayment (difference = 17%, 95% CI = 11% to 24%). Benefit and risk had mixed effects across the scenarios. In fully adjusted models, the association between cost and desire for testing persisted in the CP (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.47) and adult mTBI (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.67) scenarios.

Conclusions

In this ED‐based study, patient preferences for diagnostic testing differed significantly across levels of risk, benefit, and cost of diagnostic testing. Cost was the strongest and most consistent factor associated with decreased desire for testing.
Recent trends in non‐native, invertebrate, plant pest establishments in Great Britain, accounting for time lags in reporting
Authors: Smith Richard M. , Baker Richard H. A. , Collins Dominique W. , Korycinska Anastasia , Malumphy Chris P. , Ostojá‐Starzewski Joe C. , Prior Tom , Pye Dan , Reid Sharon
Published: March 2018

Monitoring the establishment of plant pests enables national plant protection organizations to understand trends in biosecurity threats and thus modify their regulatory and management responses.

A dataset of the 267 invertebrate pests establishing in Great Britain was compiled for the period 1970–2013. The number of establishments observed ranged between 1 and 13 per year.

A study of time lags between the detection and reporting of new establishments showed that approximately 50% of new plant pests were reported after 2 years and 95% after 10 years. Therefore, the number of very recent establishments (and hence establishment rates) is underestimated.

Correcting for the reporting lag, the annual rate of establishment was stable until the late 1980s, at approximately four species per year. Afterwards, the mean annual rate approached nine species per year.

Approximately 50% of established species occurred only on hosts in the ornamental sector, approximately 25% in both wild and ornamental situations, and 25% only in the wild. Less than 5% of species pose a threat to economic sectors.
Shared Precarities and Maternal Subjectivities: Navigating Motherhood and Child Custody Loss Among North American Women in Street‐Based Sex Work
Authors: Dewey Susan , Orchard Treena , Brown Kyria
Published: March 2018

Drawing upon over a decade of research in our respective communities, we argue that the intergenerational socioeconomic insecurities and violence prevalent in the lives of North American street‐involved women, their families, and others in their social circles constitute a set of shared precarities. Taking both socioinstitutional and interpersonal forms, shared precarities obviate the women's rights to access the lived experience and social status of motherhood. Yet they also engender maternal subjectivities reflective of the ambivalence, temporal ambiguity, and interconnections between family and state structures that characterize the women's child custody arrangements. These maternal subjectivities, and the shared precarities that give rise to them, emphasize how individual members of marginalized communities cope with violence generated by the legitimation of particular family forms and devaluation/criminalization of others. [gender, sex work, precarity, United States, Canada]
Degradation of Six Selected Ultraviolet Filters in Aquifer Materials Under Various Redox Conditions
Authors: Liu You‐Sheng , Ying Guang‐Guo , Shareef Ali , Kookana Rai S.
Published: March 2018

Laboratory biodegradation batch studies were performed to investigate the degradation behavior of six selected UV filters, namely benzophenone‐3 (BP‐3), 3‐(4‐methylbenzylidene) camphor (4‐MBC), Octyl 4‐methoxycinnamate (OMC), Octocrylene (OC), 2‐(3‐t‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)‐5‐chloro benzotriazole (UV‐326), and 2‐(2’‐hydroxy‐5’‐octylphenyl)‐benzotriazole (UV‐329) in an aquifer microcosm (groundwater and aquifer sediment mixture) under aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate, sulfate, and Fe(III) reducing) conditions within 77 d. The results from the biodegradation experiments showed that the six UV filters were degraded well in the aquifer materials under different redox conditions. Rapid biodegradation was observed for BP‐3 and OMC in the aquifer materials, with their half‐lives of 1.5‐8.8 d and 1.3‐5.2 d, respectively. In most cases, aerobic conditions were more favorable for the degradation of the UV filters in aquifer materials. Relatively slow degradation of 4‐MBC, UV‐326, and UV‐329 under anaerobic conditions was noted with their half‐lives ranging between 47 d and 126 d, indicating potential persistence in anaerobic aquifers. The results showed that redox conditions could have significant effects on biodegradation of the UV filters in aquifers.
Nature and Estimated Human Toxicity of Polar Metabolite Mixtures in Groundwater Quantified as TPHd/DRO at Biodegrading Fuel Release Sites
Authors: Zemo Dawn A. , O'Reilly Kirk T. , Mohler Rachel E. , Tiwary Asheesh K. , Magaw Renae I. , Synowiec Karen A.
Published: March 2018

Polar metabolites resulting from petroleum biodegradation are measured in groundwater samples as TPHd unless a silica gel cleanup (SGC) is used on the sample extract to isolate hydrocarbons. Even though the metabolites can be the vast majority of the dissolved organics present in groundwater, SGC has been inconsistently applied because of regulatory concern about the nature and toxicity of the metabolites. A two‐step approach was used to identify polar compounds that were measured as TPHd in groundwater extracts at five sites with biodegrading fuel sources. First, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used to identify and quantify 57 individual target polar metabolites. Only one of these compounds—dodecanoic acid, which has low potential human toxicity—was detected. Second, nontargeted analysis was used to identify as many polar metabolites as possible using both GC‐MS and GC×GC‐MS. The nontargeted analysis revealed that the mixture of polar metabolites identified in groundwater source areas at these five sites is composed of approximately equal average percentages of organic acids, alcohols and ketones, with few phenols and aldehydes. The mixture identified in downgradient areas at these five sites is dominated by acids, with fewer alcohols, far fewer ketones, and very few aldehydes and phenols. A ranking system consistent with systems used by USEPA and the United Nations was developed for evaluating the potential chronic oral toxicity to humans of the different classes of identified polar metabolites. The vast majority of the identified polar metabolites have a “Low” toxicity profile, and the mixture of identified polar metabolites present in groundwater extracts at these five sites is unlikely to present a significant risk to human health.
Behavioural salinity preference of juvenile yellow perch Perca flavescens
Authors: Christensen E. A. F. , Grosell M.
Published: March 2018

The present study determined the behavioural salinity preference of a freshwater stock of juvenile yellow perch Perca flavescens acclimated to salinities of 0 and 10. The preferred salinities ranged between 7·3 and 13·0 (mean ± s.d. = 10·4 ± 1·7; n = 13) with no significant effect of acclimation salinity. The results showed that juvenile P. flavescens prefers near isoosmotic salinities, which could be due to a lowered energetic cost of osmoregulation.
Body Cameras, Big Data, and Police Accountability
Authors: Fan Mary D.
Published: March 2018

The increase in data from police-worn body cameras can illuminate formerly opaque practices. This article discusses using audiovisual big data from police-worn body cameras, citizen recordings, and other sources to address blind spots in police oversight. Based on body camera policies in America's largest cities, it discusses two possible roadblocks: (1) data retention and deletion, and (2) limits on use for evaluation and discipline. Although recordings are retained for criminal prosecutions, retention for oversight and accountability is overlooked or is contentious. Some departments have no policy on videos concerning civil suits against the police. The retention time for non-evidentiary recordings is also much shorter. Some policies limit their use for evaluation and discipline. Transactional myopia—seeing at the case rather than the systemic level—leads to a focus on specific footage for particular cases, rather than the potential of aggregated body camera big data to reveal important systemic information and to prevent the escalation of problems.
Models of child–parent attachment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Links to executive functions
Authors: Al‐Yagon Michal
Published: March 2018

This study explored multiple attachment relationships and examined four conceptual models of child–mother/father attachment—monotropy, hierarchy, independence, integration—to explain executive functioning (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) versus typical development (TD; n = 50 each; age: M = 11.45, SD = .50). Significant ADHD versus TD differences emerged on all EF measures and on distribution into four clusters (secure attachment to both parents, neither parent, only father, only mother). For both groups, results supported two attachment models: (a) monotropy: child–mother attachment predicted all EF measures; child–father attachment predicted none and (b) integration: clusters differed significantly on all EF measures. Children with ADHD comprised ∼74% of the high‐risk cluster (concordant insecure attachment, highest EF difficulties). Discussion focused on unique risk/protective roles played by each parental attachment for understanding EF in children with ADHD or TD.
Esthetic treatment of altered passive eruption
Authors: Mele Monica , Felice Pietro , Sharma Praveen , Mazzotti Claudio , Bellone Pietro , Zucchelli Giovanni
Published: March 2018

Altered passive eruption is described as a condition in which the relationship between teeth, alveolar bone and soft tissues creates an excessive display of gingiva, commonly known as a ‘gummy smile’. While there are authors who consider altered passive eruption to be a risk to periodontal health, its impact is greatest in terms of oral esthetics. The aim of periodontal management in such cases is not only to improve patient esthetics but also to restore periodontal health by re‐establishing the normal relationship between the gingival margin, alveolar bone crest and cemento–enamel junction. The aim of this article is to present a narrative review of the etiology, classification and management of altered passive eruption.