bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYCE2 is required for synaptonemal complex assembly, double strand break repair, and homologous recombination
Authors: Bolcun-Filas Ewelina , Costa Yael , Speed Robert , Taggart Mary , Benavente Ricardo , De Rooij Dirk G , Cooke Howard J
Published: March 2007

Synapsis is the process by which paired chromosome homologues closely associate in meiosis before crossover. In the synaptonemal complex (SC), axial elements of each homologue connect through molecules of SYCP1 to the central element, which contains the proteins SYCE1 and -2. We have derived mice lacking SYCE2 protein, producing males and females in which meiotic chromosomes align and axes form but do not synapse. Sex chromosomes are unaligned, not forming a sex body. Additionally, markers of DNA breakage and repair are retained on the axes, and crossover is impaired, culminating in both males and females failing to produce gametes. We show that SC formation can initiate at sites of SYCE1/SYCP1 localization but that these points of initiation cannot be extended in the absence of SYCE2. SC assembly is thus dependent on SYCP1, SYCE1, and SYCE2. We provide a model to explain this based on protein–protein interactions.
Functional genomics identifies a Myb domain–containing protein family required for assembly of CENP-A chromatin
Authors: Maddox Paul S. , Hyndman Francie , Monen Joost , Oegema Karen , Desai Arshad
Published: March 2007

Nucleosomes containing the centromere-specific histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A) create the chromatin foundation for kinetochore assembly. To understand the mechanisms that selectively target CENP-A to centromeres, we took a functional genomics approach in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which failure to load CENP-A results in a signature kinetochore-null (KNL) phenotype. We identified a single protein, KNL-2, that is specifically required for CENP-A incorporation into chromatin. KNL-2 and CENP-A localize to centromeres throughout the cell cycle in an interdependent manner and coordinately direct chromosome condensation, kinetochore assembly, and chromosome segregation. The isolation of KNL-2–associated chromatin coenriched CENP-A, indicating their close proximity on DNA. KNL-2 defines a new conserved family of Myb DNA-binding domain–containing proteins. The human homologue of KNL-2 is also specifically required for CENP-A loading and kinetochore assembly but is only transiently present at centromeres after mitotic exit. These results implicate a new protein class in the assembly of centromeric chromatin and suggest that holocentric and monocentric chromosomes share a common mechanism for CENP-A loading.
Stromal cell–derived factor 1 promotes angiogenesis via a heme oxygenase 1–dependent mechanism
Authors: Deshane Jessy , Chen Sifeng , Caballero Sergio , Grochot-Przeczek Anna , Was Halina , Li Calzi Sergio , Lach Radoslaw , Hock Thomas D. , Chen Bo , Hill-Kapturczak Nathalie , Siegal Gene P. , Dulak Jozef , Jozkowicz Alicja , Grant Maria B. , Agarwal Anupam
Published: March 2007

Stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF-1) plays a major role in the migration, recruitment, and retention of endothelial progenitor cells to sites of ischemic injury and contributes to neovascularization. We provide direct evidence demonstrating an important role for heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in mediating the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1. Nanomolar concentrations of SDF-1 induced HO-1 in endothelial cells through a protein kinase C ζ–dependent and vascular endothelial growth factor–independent mechanism. SDF-1–induced endothelial tube formation and migration was impaired in HO-1–deficient cells. Aortic rings from HO-1−/− mice were unable to form capillary sprouts in response to SDF-1, a defect reversed by CO, a byproduct of the HO-1 reaction. Phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein was impaired in HO-1−/− cells, an event that was restored by CO. The functional significance of HO-1 in the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1 was confirmed in Matrigel plug, wound healing, and retinal ischemia models in vivo. The absence of HO-1 was associated with impaired wound healing. Intravitreal adoptive transfer of HO-1–deficient endothelial precursors showed defective homing and reendothelialization of the retinal vasculature compared with HO-1 wild-type cells following ischemia. These findings demonstrate a mechanistic role for HO-1 in SDF-1–mediated angiogenesis and provide new avenues for therapeutic approaches in vascular repair.
Inferring genome-wide functional linkages in E. coli by combining improved genome context methods: Comparison with high-throughput experimental data
Authors: Yellaboina Sailu , Goyal Kshama , Mande Shekhar C.
Published: March 2007

Cellular functions are determined by interactions among proteins in the cells. Recognition of these interactions forms an important step in understanding biology at the systems level. Here, we report an interaction network of Escherichia coli, obtained by training a Support Vector Machine on the high quality of interactions in the EcoCyc database, and with the assumption that the periplasmic and cytoplasmic proteins may not interact with each other. The data features included correlation coefficient between bit score phylogenetic profiles, frequency of their co-occurrence in predicted operons, and a new measure—the distance between translational start sites of the genes. The combined genome context methods show a high accuracy of prediction on the test data and predict a total of 78,122 binary interactions. The majority of the interactions identified by high-throughput experimental methods correspond to indirect interaction (interactions through neighbors) in the predicted network. Correlation of the predicted network with the gene essentiality data shows that the essential genes in E. coli exhibit a high linking number, whereas the nonessential genes exhibit a low linking number. Furthermore, our predicted protein–protein interaction network shows that the proteins involved in replication, DNA repair, transcription, translation, and cell wall synthesis are highly connected. We therefore believe that our predicted network will serve as a useful resource in understanding prokaryotic biology.
Methyl 2-amino-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-4H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carboxylate methanol solvate
Authors: Tang Qing-Gang , Wu Wen-Yuan , He Wei , Sun Heng-Shun , Guo Cheng
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C21H16FNO3·CH3OH, was synthesized by the reaction of 1-naphthol with methyl cyanoacetate and 3-fluorobenzaldehyde in methanol under microwave irradiation. The pyran rings of the two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit adopt boat conformations. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...O, O—H...O and C—H...π interactions.
9,9′-Bianthracenyl
Authors: Kyzioł Janusz B. , Zaleski Jacek
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C28H18, has two nearly planar anthracenyl fragments which are twisted with respect to one another by 80.54 (2)° around the central C—C bond which is very long [1.4954 (17) Å]. The structure differs from the already known polymorph [Langer, Sieler & Becker (1992). Z. Kristallogr.
199, 300–303].
4-Bromo-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate
Authors: Kirsop Peter , Storey John M. D. , Harrison William T. A.
Published: March 2007

The crystal packing of the title compound, C7H5BrO4·H2O, is influenced by O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
An anion–radical salt of 1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-4-methylpyridinium cations and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane anions
Authors: Wang Peng-Fei , Zhou Hong-Bo , Chen You-Cun
Published: March 2007

In the structure of the title compound, 1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-4-methylpyridinium 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethanide, C14H13N2
+·[C8H4(CN)4]−, the asymmetric unit contains one cation and one anion. Intra- and intermolecular C—H...N hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions seem to be effective in the stabilization of the crystal structure.
3,4,4-Trichloro-1-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-nitro-1-(propylsulfanyl)buta-1,3-diene
Authors: Ibis Cemil , Deniz N. Gulsah
Published: March 2007

In the title N,S-substituted compound, C24H26Cl3N3O2S, the butadiene unit assumes a configuration close to cisoid. The piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation.
(Z)-2-(Dimethylamino)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one
Authors: Low John N. , Cobo Justo , Gutiérrez Alexander , Insuasty Braulio , Glidewell Christopher
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C15H18N2O4S, there is a very wide C—C—C angle [130.72 (16)°] at the methine C atom linking the two rings. A single C—H...O hydrogen bond links pairs of molecules into dimers around a twofold axis.
{[Cu2Mo(C4N2S2)3(C2H3N)(C25H22P2)2]·2C4H10O·C2H3N}
n
Authors: Fu Wei-Wei , Chen Zhong-Ning
Published: March 2007

The reaction between [Cu2(μ-dppm)2(MeCN)2](ClO4)2 and (Bu4N)2[Mo(mnt)3], where dppm is bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and mnt is cis-1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolate, gave the title compound, catena-Poly[[[acetonitrilebis[μ-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane-κ2
P:P′]dicopper(I)]-μ-(1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolato)-[(1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolato)molybdenum(IV)]-μ-(1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolato)] diethyl ether disolvate acetonitrile solvate]. The binding between a Cu atom of the binuclear copper unit [Cu2(μ-dppm)2(MeCN)]2+ and two N atoms of the building block [Mo(mnt)3]2− results in the formation of a one-dimensional zigzag chain structure.
7-Diethylamino-3-[(2Z)-3-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2H-chromen-2-one
Authors: Yathirajan H. S. , Mayekar Anil N. , Sarojini B. K. , Narayana B. , Bolte Michael
Published: March 2007

The geometric parameters of the title molecule, C27H25NO4, are in the usual ranges. The central C=C double bond is trans configured, with the two C atoms slightly twisted out of the plane of the naphthyl group. The dihedral angle between the two fused ring systems is 40.90 (4)°.
c-2,t-4-Bis(2-benzoxazol-2-yl)-r-1,t-3-bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]cyclobutane
Authors: Li Feng-Yu , Wang Shu-Tao , Zhuang Jun-Peng , Jiang Lei , Song Yan-Lin
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C34H32N4O2, undergoes a reversible [2+2] photoreaction with 1-(2-benzoxazol-2-yl)-2-bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethane (NBE). Through intermolecular head-to-tail [2+2] photocycloaddition of NBE, the title compound displays a centrosymmetric molecular structure in the crystalline state. The cyclobutane ring has an exactly planar conformation and is nearly square.
Poly[diaqua(μ4-3-fluorophthalato-κ4
O:O:O′:O′′)cadmium(II)]
Authors: Rishmawi Diana , Lewis Katie , Smith Mark D. , Peterson Jr LeRoy , Loye Hans-Conrad zur
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Cd(C8H3FO4)(H2O)2]
n
, consists of polymeric sheets formed by the bridging of octahedrally coordinated CdII by carboxylate O atoms of the 3-fluorophthalate (3-fpt2−) ligand. The layers exhibit hydrogen bonding between each of two coordinated water molecules and two O atoms of the ligand. Adjacent sheets are connected through π–π interactions.
1-(4-Iodobutyl)pyrimidin-1-ium iodide
Authors: Walji Dhiran V. B. , Storey John M. D. , Harrison William T. A.
Published: March 2007

The title molecular salt, C8H12IN2
+·I−, features weak C—H...N and C—H...I interactions in the crystal structure.
3,5-Difluorobenzohydrazide
Authors: Qadeer Ghulam , Rama Nasim Hasan , Zareef Muhammad , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C7H6F2N2O, is an important intermediate for the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds. The hydrazide group is nearly coplanar with the benzene ring. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen-bond interactions.
Ethyl 3-(7-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)propanoate
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Chang-Qing , Liu Xiu-Jie , Wang Song-Qing
Published: March 2007

The title compound, C13H15BrO3, was synthesized by the reaction of ethyl 3-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)propanoate with bromine. The benzofuran system is planar and subtends an angle of 87.27 (9)° with the propanoate unit.
2-(1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)ethyl isonicotinate
Authors: Han Xue-Jun , Zeng Wu-Lan , Bi Sai , Wan Jun
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C21H15ClN4O3, molecules are linked into dimers by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and are linked into chains along the a axis by C—H...N intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The packing is further stabilized by C—H...π and π–π interactions.
cis-Dichloro(di-tert-butylphosphine-κP)(triphenylphosphine-κP)platinum(II) tetrahydrofuran hemisolvate
Authors: Chojnacki Jaroslaw , Robaszkiewicz Andrzej , Matern Eberhard , Baum Elke , Pikies Jerzy
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [PtCl2(C8H19P)(C18H15P)]·0.5C4H8O, was obtained in the reaction of bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(II) chloride with 1,1,3,3-tetra-tert-butyl-2-trimethylsilyltriphosphine. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture shows the formation of the title compound together with a significant amount of triphenylphosphine and 1,1,3,3-tetra-tert-butyltriphosphine.
Bis(1H-benzimidazole-κN
3)bis(naphthalene-2-acetato-κ2
O,O′)cadmium(II) monohydrate
Authors: Duan Ji-Guo , Liu Ji-Wei , Wu Song
Published: March 2007

The CdII ion of the title mononuclear complex, [Cd(C12H9O2)2(C7H6N2)2]·H2O, lies on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis and is in a distorted trigonal prismatic coordination enivironment, involving four carboxylate O atoms from two chelating naphthaleneacetate ligands and two N atoms from two benzimidazole ligands. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions give rise to a one-dimensional chain structure. The solvent water molecule also lies on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis.
Aquabis(3-pyridylacrylato)-κ2
O,O′;κO-bis(3-pyridylmethanol-κN)copper(II)
Authors: Moncol Jan , Segľa Peter , Jašková Jana , Fischer Andreas , Melník Milan
Published: March 2007

In the title complex, [Cu(C8H6NO2)2(C6H7NO)2(H2O)], the Cu2+ ion has a highly distorted square-bipyramidal (4 + 1 + 1) coordination environment, and is bonded to three carboxylate O atoms of two 3-pyridylacrylate anions (monodentate and asymetric bidentate), two pyridine N atoms of 3-pyridylmethanol ligands and one water O atom. O—H...O and O–H...N hydrogen bonds result in the formation of a two-dimensional layer structure.
2-(Cyclohexylamino)-1,4-naphthoquinone
Authors: Knight James C. , Tatchell Thomas , Fallis Ian A.
Published: March 2007

The molecules of the title compound, C16H17NO2, interact by π–π stacking between the naphthoquinone ring systems.
Pyridazinium perchlorate
Authors: Sieroń Lesław
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title compound, C4H5N2
+·ClO4
−, consists of cations and anions linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, resulting in a two-dimensional network structure.
catena-Poly[[diaquacalcium(II)]-di-μ-2-formylbenzoato]
Authors: Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Ca(C8H5O3)2(H2O)2]
n
, the CaII atom (site symmetry 2) is eight-coordinated by two bidentate 2-formylbenzoate ligands, two monodentate formylbenzoate ligands and two terminal water molecules. The bridging ligands result in a one-dimensional coordination polymer. A network of O—H...O hydrogen bonds links the polymeric chains.
4,6-Diphenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-furo[3,4-b]pyrrole
Authors: Moskalev Nikolai V. , Gribble Gordon W. , Jasinski Jerry P.
Published: March 2007

The title molecule, C24H17NO3S, is the first example of the 1H-furo[3,4-b]pyrrole ring system to be described. It crystallizes with three molecules in the asymmetric unit. In each molecule, the fused heterocycle is planar and one of the two phenyl groups on the furan ring is only slightly out of planarity with the furan ring, while the other phenyl group is significantly twisted by 47.6 (4), 48.3 (3) and 54.1 (3)°.
μ-Oxalato-κ4
O,O′:O′′,O′′′-bis[chloro(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)copper(II)]
Authors: Wang Min , Hu Bo , Deng Xiao-Tao , Wang Cheng-Gang
Published: March 2007

In the title dimeric complex, [Cu2(C2O4)Cl2(C12H8N2)2], which lies on a crystallographic inversion center, the CuII ion is in a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal coordination geometry formed by two N atoms from a phen ligand, two O atoms from a bridging oxalate ligand and one Cl atom. In the crystal structure, pairs of molecules related by π–π stacking interactions are stacked along the c-axis direction
(E)-4-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylideneamino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one
Authors: Wang Liang-Gui , Zhang Chun-Niu , Yan Guo-Bing , Zheng Yun-Fa , Yang Ming-Hua
Published: March 2007

In the title Schiff base compound, C16H15N3OS, there are two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and one intermolecular hydrogen bond. The latter results in a one-dimensional chain in the crystal structure.
Bis[6-(cyclopentyliminomethyl)-2-methoxyphenolato]nickel(II)
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Fan
Published: March 2007

The molecule of the title mononuclear compound, [Ni(C13H16NO2)2], possesses crystallographic inversion symmetry. The Ni atom, lying on the inversion centre, is four-coordinated in a square-planar geometry by two Schiff base ligands.
Tetra-μ3-iodo-tetrakis[(cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine-κP)copper(I)]
Authors: Seddigi Zaki S. , Hossain G. M. Golzar , Banu Afroza
Published: March 2007

The molecule of the title compound, [Cu4I4(C18H21P)4], which lies on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis, displays a cubane-like Cu4I4 core.
7-Methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid
Authors: Bardajee Ghasem Rezanejade , Winnik Mitchell A. , Lough Alan J.
Published: March 2007

In the title molecule, C11H8O5, the non-H atoms of the coumarin unit are essentially coplanar; the methoxy and carboxylate groups form dihedral angles of 6.5 (4) and 6.7 (4)°, respectively, with this group. In the crystal structure, weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds form chains of rings propagating in the [210] direction.
Diaquabis(5-carboxy-2-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylato-κ2
N
3,O
4)cadmium(II)
Authors: Nie Xu-Liang , Wen Hui-Liang , Wu Zi-Sheng , Liu Da-Bo , Liu Chong-Bo
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Cd(C6H7N2O5)2], the Cd atom lies on an inversion center and has a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The equatorial plane contains two bidentate 5-carboxy-2-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate monoanionic ligands. Two coordinated water molecules occupy the axial sites. Intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains, which are further connected by intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional supramolecular framework.
(N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine-κ3
N,N′,N′′)(trithiocyanurato-κ2
N,S)zinc(II)
Authors: Marek Jaromír , Trávníček Zdeněk , Čermáková Šárka
Published: March 2007

The structure of the title compound, [Zn(C9H23N3)(C3HN3S3)], consists of discrete molecules connected by N—H...S hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers. The ZnII atom is pentacoordinated in a deformed trigonal–bipyramidal geometry by three N atoms of a tridentate N,N,N′,N′′,N′′-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine ligand, and one S and one N atoms of a trithiocyanurate dianion bonded as a bidentate ligand. The crystal structure is further stabilized by close contacts of the types C—H...S and C—H...N.
2-Hydroxy-7-iodocyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one
Authors: Kubo Kanji , Matsumoto Taisuke , Mori Akira
Published: March 2007

The title compound, also known as 7-iodotropolone, C7H5IO2, exists in the crystalline state as the 2-hydroxy-7-iodocyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one tautomer and not as 2-hydroxy-3-iodocyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one. There is a bifurcated O—H...O bond with two acceptor O atoms. One of these acceptors is involved in an intramolecular hydrogen bond, and the other in an intermolecular hydrogen bond. There is also a C—H...O interaction in the structure. In addition, there is a C—O...π-cycloheptatriene interaction.
9-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-9H-carbazole
Authors: Huang Peng-Mian , Duan Xue-Min , Yang Dao-Wu
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C19H14FN, the carbazole ring system is essentially planar and forms a dihedral angle with the benzene ring of 87.4 (4)°.
Bis{4-bromo-2-[3-(dimethylamino)propyliminomethyl]phenolato}nickel(II)
Authors: Li Li-Zhong , Wang Li-Hua
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [Ni(C12H16BrN2O)2], crystallizes with two half-molecules per asymmetric unit; each mononuclear molecule is centrosymmetric. The NiII atom in each molecule, lying on an inversion centre, is six-coordinated in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry by two phenolate O atoms, two imine N atoms and two amine N atoms from two Schiff base ligands.
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde nicotinoylhydrazone monohydrate
Authors: Shi Xue-Fang , Liu Chang-Ying , Liu Bo , Yuan Cui-Cui
Published: March 2007

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H13N3O3·H2O, consists of one 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde nicotinoylhydrazone (NAHZ) molecule and one water molecule linked through hydrogen bonds.
Ethyl 3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate
Authors: Ge Yan-Qing , Dong Wen-Liang , Xia Yong , Wei Fang , Zhao Bao-Xiang
Published: March 2007

The non-H atoms of the title molecule, C13H14N2O3, are approximately coplanar. The molecules are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to the bc plane by intermolecular N—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...π interactions.
(1S,2R,2′S,3′aS,5R)-2′-[(1S)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-2-isopropyl-5,5′-dimethyl-3′,3′a-dihydro-2′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,6′-imidazo[1,5-b]isoxazol]-4′(5′H)-one
Authors: Aouadi Kaiss , Jeanneau Erwann , Praly Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

Cycloaddition of a (−)-menthone-derived nitrone to racemic but-3-en-2-ol led to two spirobicyclic heterocycles, with opposite configurations at the C atom attached to the OH group. This paper describes the R epimer of the 1-hydroxyethyl substituent in imidazoisoxazole C17H30N2O3, (I). The S epimer, (II), is presented in the next article [Aouadi, Jeanneau & Praly (2007), Acta Cryst. E67, o1327–o1329]. The absolute configurations of both epimers were assigned from the known configuration of the starting (−)-menthone derived nitrone. In (I), there is an O—H...O hydrogen bond (O—H...O = 1.96 Å and O—H...O = 168°) that links the molecules into left-handed helices along the b axis. In addition, there are C—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds.
(1S,2R,2′S,3′aS,5R)-2′-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-2-isopropyl-5,5′-dimethyl-3′,3′a-dihydro-2′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,6′-imidazo[1,5-b]isoxazol]-4′(5′H)-one
Authors: Aouadi Kaiss , Jeanneau Erwann , Praly Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

Cycloaddition of a (−)-menthone-derived nitrone to racemic but-3-en-2-ol led to two spirobicyclic heterocycles, with opposite configurations at the C atom attached to the OH group. This paper describes the S epimer of the 1-hydroxyethyl substituent in imidazoisoxazole C17H30N2O3, (I). The R epimer, (II), is presented in the previous article [Aouadi, Jeanneau & Praly (2007), Acta Cryst. E67, o1324–o1326]. The absolute configurations of both epimers were assigned from the known configuration of the starting (−)-menthone derived nitrone. In (I), there is an O—H...O hydrogen bond (O—H...O = 1.96 Å and O—H...O = 165°) that concatenates the molecules along the b axis. In addition, there are C—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds.
Ethyl [3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazol-1-yl]acetate monohydrate
Authors: Coelho Ana C. , Gonçalves Isabel S. , Almeida Paz Filipe A.
Published: March 2007

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H13N3O2·H2O, comprises two crystallographically independent organic molecules and two water molecules. There is an O—H...N hydrogen bond between each water molecule and the 2-substituted pyridyl ring of an organic molecule. The water molecules are further engaged in disordered O—H...O hydrogen bonds with each other, leading to the formation of a one-dimensional zigzag chain running parallel to the b axis.
Tetrapyridinium α-dodecamolybdosilicate hemihydrate
Authors: Dang Dong-Bin , Jin Ya-Nan
Published: March 2007

The title compound, (C5H6N)4[SiMo12O40]·0.5H2O, was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The compound consists of a Keggin anion, [SiMo12O40]4−, disordered about a crystallographic centre of inversion, pyridinium cations, and a water molecule lying on a mirror plane. The [SiMo12O40]4− anions and water molecules lie in layers, and the pyridinium cations lie between these layers, forming N—H...O and C—H...O contacts to the O atoms of [SiMo12O40]4−.
(2RS,5RS,6RS)-Ethyl 4-hydroxy-2,6-di-p-tolyl-5-p-tolylsulfanyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate
Authors: Suresh J. , Kumar R. Suresh , Perumal S. , Natarajan S.
Published: March 2007

The polysubstituted piperidine enol ring in the title compound, C29H31NO3S, adopts a twisted half-chair conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by van der Waals and weak C—H...π interactions. An intramolecular O—H...O interaction generates an S(6) graph-set motif.
fac,cis-Bromidotricarbonylbis(tribenzylphosphine)rhenium(I)
Authors: Beckett Michael A. , Light Mark E. , Brassington David S. , Thornton-Pett Mark
Published: March 2007

Crystals of the title compound, fac,cis-[ReBr(C21H21P)2(CO)3], were obtained by recrystallization of a sample from CHCl3 layered with hexane. The geometry about the d
6 ReI centre is (distorted) octahedral with the three CO ligands fac and the two tribenzylphosphine ligands cis. In accordance with the trans influence, the Re—C bond trans to Br is significantly shorter than those trans to the organophosphine ligands.
3,4:12,13-Dibenzo-5,8,11-trioxo-1,15,18-triazonia-3,12-cycloeicosadiene tribromide
Authors: Wang Yan , Liu Gang , Xie Ling , Wang Ji-De
Published: March 2007

In the cation of the title compound, C22H34N3O3
3+·3Br−, a 20-membered N3O3 donor-type macrocyclic ligand, the mean of all nine N...O distances is 5.775 (2) Å and the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 33.5 (2)°. N—H...Br hydrogen bonding helps to stabilize the crystal structure.
1-(3-Methylbenzoyl)-3-(2-methylphenyl)thiourea
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Flörke Ulrich
Published: March 2007

In the structure of the title compound, C16H16N2OS, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic ring planes is 68.08 (9)°. Intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds link the molecules into dimeric units which are stacked along [100].
Pyridinium 4-carboxy-2-nitrobenzoate
Authors: Chen Jiao-Jiao , Guo Ming-Lin
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C5H6N+·C8H4NO6
−, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal structure.
Bis[1,2(η5)-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl]dipyridine-3κN,4κN-tetra-μ3-sulfido-tetrahedro-dimolybdenum(V)dicopper(I) bis(perchlorate)
Authors: Ren Zhi-Gang , Lang Jian-Ping
Published: March 2007

The cluster dication of the title compound, [Cu2Mo2(C10H15)2S4(C5H5N)2](ClO4)2, has [(η5-C5Me5)2Mo2(μ-S)2S2] units linked to Cu(py)+ units (py is pyridine) by Cu—S bonds and features a cubane-like [Mo2S4Cu2] core framework. The Cu atom shows a distorted tetrahedral geometry in a tetrahedron of three μ3-S atoms and one N atom.
trans-Bis(aniline-κN)dichlorobis(ethanol-κO)cobalt(II)
Authors: Clegg William , Martin Nicola C.
Published: March 2007

The title compound, [CoCl2(C6H7N)2(C2H6O)2], was obtained unintentionally as the product of an attempted synthesis of a polycarboxylate-bridged network complex of cobalt(II) using aniline as a base to deprotonate the organic acid. The molecule is centrosymmetric, so pairs of equivalent ligands lie trans to each other in a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry. Molecules are linked by O—H...Cl and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds involving all the potential donors, generating sheets parallel to (001). The phenyl rings protrude on both sides of these sheets and have normal hydrophobic contacts with each other, involving no intercalation or stacking interactions.
Chloridobis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)copper(I) hexahydrate
Authors: Zhong H. , Zeng X.-R. , Yang X.-M. , Luo Q.-Y. , Xiao S.-Z.
Published: March 2007

The CuI atom in the title complex, [CuCl(C12H8N2)2]·6H2O, exists in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry defined by one Cl atom and four N atoms of two 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework by O—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions. Four water molecules lie on crystallographic twofold rotation axes.
Methyl [(1E)-(4-methoxyphenyl)methyleneamino]acetate
Authors: Novoa de Armas Hector , Ruiz Reyes Enriquez , Salfrán Solano Esperanza , Suárez Navarro Margarita , Blaton Norbert
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, C11H13NO3, the methoxycarbonyl group is rotated out of the plane of the 4-methoxybenzyl group. The conformation found in the crystal structure differs from that computed in vacuo, where the two groups are coplanar. The crystal structure is stabilized by van der Waals interactions and weak interactions of the C—H...O type.
(Barbiturato-κO)[hydridotris(5-methyl-3-phenyl-1-pyrazolyl)borato-κ3
N
2,N
2′,N
2′′]zinc(II) methanol solvate
Authors: He Hongshan
Published: March 2007

In the title compound, [Zn(C30H28BN6)(C4H3N2O3)]·CH3OH, the ZnII atom is coordinated in a tetrahedral geometry by three N atoms from the pyrazolyl groups of the tripodal ligand, and by one O atom from a barbiturate anion.
Terbium hydrogendiphosphate trihydrate: synthesis and non-merohedral twinning
Authors: Essehli Rachid , El Bali Brahim , Dusek Michal , Fejfarova Karla , Lachkar Mohammed
Published: March 2007

The title compound, Tb(HP2O7)·3H2O, is isostructural with Y(HP2O7)·3H2O and Gd(HP2O7)·3H2O. The crystal studied exhibited non-merohedral twinning.
4-Benzyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole
Authors: Huang Hai-Ping , Wu Qiong , Liu Li-Xia , Sun Qing-Fu
Published: March 2007

The molecules of the title compound, C22H18N2, are connected by N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming cyclic dimers. These dimers are linked by C—H...π hydrogen bonds involving the phenyl rings as acceptors.
4-(Hydroxyaminocarbonyl)pyridinium chloride
Authors: Golenya Irina A. , Haukka Matti , Fritsky Igor O. , Gumienna-Kontecka Elźbieta
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the title salt, C6H7N2O2
+·Cl−, consists of N-hydroxyisonicotinamidium cations and Cl− anions linked through N—H...Cl, O—H...Cl and N—H...O hydrogen bonds into layers arranged parallel to the (010) plane.
A hexagonal modification of catena-poly[[ethyldiphenyltin(IV)]-μ-2-chloroacetato-κ2
O:O′]
Authors: Amini Mostafa M. , Alijani Vajihe , Azadmeher Amirreza , Ng Seik Weng
Published: March 2007

In the title coordination polymer, [Sn(C2H5)(C6H5)2(C2H2ClO2)]
n
, the five-coordinate Sn atom shows an SnC3O2 trigonal–bipyramidal geometry, with O atoms in the axial positions.
3-Bromo-2-bromomethyl-1-phenylsulfonyl-1H-indole
Authors: Sakthivel P. , Sethusankar K. , Sankar P. Jai , Joseph P. S.
Published: March 2007

The phenyl ring in the title compound, C15H11Br2NO2S, makes a dihedral angle of 81.8 (1)° with the mean plane of the indole system. The molecular structure is stabilized by C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
catena-Poly[[(2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2
N,N′)manganese(II)]-di-μ-3,5-dinitrobenzoato-κ4
O:O′]
Authors: Guo Hong-Xu , Chen Jian-Xin , Wang Qing-Hua , You Xiu-Li
Published: March 2007

The centrosymmetric formula unit of the title one-dimensional coordination polymer, [Mn(C7H3N2O6)2(C10H8N2)]
n
, which is twice the asymmetric unit, contains two MnII ions, four 3,5-dinitrobenzoate anions and two 2,2′-bipyridine ligands. The 3,5-dinitrobenzoate anions connect the MnII atoms through their O atoms, resulting in the formation of a one-dimensional chain structure.
Aqua[2,6-bis(pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-4-ol]sulfatocopper(II) dihydrate
Authors: Ouellette Wayne , Zubieta Jon
Published: March 2007

The CuII ion of the title complex, [Cu(SO4)(C15H11N3O)(H2O)]·2H2O, exhibits a square-pyramidal coordination geometry, defined by the three N-atom donors of a 2,6-bis(pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-4-ol ligand and an O atom of a sulfate group in the basal plane, and by an aqua ligand in the apical position.
Oral care in cancer nursing: nurses’ knowledge and education
Authors: Southern Hilary
Published: March 2007

Aim. This paper reports a study of nurses’ knowledge and education in relation to oral care and oral health assessment for patients undergoing cancer treatment.

Background. Studies suggest that ritualistic practice of oral care occurs and that nurses dislike providing this type of care. Inadequate knowledge and education of oral care among nurses have also been revealed, as well as a lack of involvement of dentists in this aspect of nurse education.

Method. In 2003, an oral care questionnaire was administered to a non‐random sample of 100 general and cancer nurses employed in an oncology centre, with a response rate of 72%. Information was collected on knowledge and education in relation to oral care, management of oral care, and influences on nurses’ knowledge of oral care and performance of oral care. The questionnaire was tested for content validity by a panel of experts and modified accordingly. Reliability of the questionnaire subscales varied from a Cronbach's alpha of 0·56–0·82. Internal consistency for the total knowledge of oral care scale obtained an alpha of 0·93.

Findings. Data indicated that respondents had not had substantial oral care education during preregistration education, and their knowledge of oral health status, signs and symptoms of abnormalities was inadequate. Nurses placed a high degree of priority on oral care for patients with cancer. Respondents had also received insufficient support from hospital dentists for patients undergoing cancer treatment.

Conclusion. Nurses require more education if they are to manage the oral care of patients with cancer effectively, and further research is needed into the actual practice of oral care for patients with cancer.
Epidemiological observations of pancreas disease of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Ireland
Authors: Rodger H , Mitchell S
Published: March 2007

Epidemiological investigations into the pancreas disease (PD) of farmed salmon were conducted on populations of Atlantic salmon reared in Ireland during 2003 and 2004. The investigations surveyed all marine salmon farms operating in Ireland through a detailed questionnaire with follow‐up farm visits. Information was gathered on 21 populations of fish in 2003 and 14 populations in 2004. Thirteen of the 21 populations suffered PD in 2003 and 12 of the 14 in 2004. The mean mortality due to PD on affected farms was 18.8% in 2003 and 14.8% in 2004 and the loss of growth due to PD was estimated at 11.4% over the 2‐year period. The highest risk periods for outbreaks of PD were early summer and early autumn and the farms most seriously affected by PD mortality were in the western counties of Ireland. Factors which showed an indication of association with a PD outbreak or high mortality during a PD outbreak were: livestock movement to another sea site, high feeding rate prior to any PD outbreak, the presence of another PD positive farm in the same water body, greater than 250 000 fish on a site, a previous history of PD on a site, a high sea lice burden, and sites located in the western regions of Ireland which reared a specific strain of salmon.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of spectinomycin after i.v., i.m., s.c. and oral administration in broiler chickens
Authors: ABU‐BASHA E. A. , GEHRING R. , ALBWA'NEH S. J.
Published: March 2007

A pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of spectinomycin was conducted in healthy broiler chickens following administration of a single (50 mg/kg bw) intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) dose and oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg bw. Following i.v. administration, the elimination half‐life (t1/2β), mean residence time (MRT), volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vd(ss)), volume of distribution based on the terminal phase (Vd(z)) and total body clearance (ClB) were 1.46 ± 1.10 h, 1.61 ± 1.05 h, 0.26 ± 0.009 L/kg, 0.34 (0.30–0.38) L/kg and 2.68 ± 0.017 mL/min/kg respectively. After i.m. and s.c. dosing, the Cmax was 152.76 ± 1.08 and 99.77 ± 1.04 μg/mL, achieved at 0.25 (0.25–0.50) and 0.25 (0.25–1.00) h, the t1/2β was 1.65 ± 1.07 and 2.03 ± 1.06 h and the absolute bioavailability (F) was 136.1% and 128.8% respectively. A significant difference in Cmax (5.13 ± 0.10, 14.26 ± 1.12 μg/mL), t1/2β (3.74 ± 1.07, 8.93 ± 1.13 h) and ClB/F (22.69 ± 0.018, 10.14 ± 0.018 mL/min/kg) were found between the two oral doses (50 and 100 mg/kg bw respectively), but there were no differences in the tmax [2.00 (2.00–4.00), 2.00 (2.00–2.00) h] and Vd(z)/F [6.95 (6.34–9.06), 7.98 (4.75–10.62) L/kg). The absolute bioavailability (F) of spectinomycin was 11.8% and 26.4% after oral administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg bw respectively.
Effects of physiological covariables on pharmacokinetic parameters of clomipramine in a large population of cats after a single oral administration
Authors: LAINESSE C. , FRANK D. , BEAUDRY F. , DOUCET M.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to confirm an interindividual variability in pharmacokinetic parameters of clomipramine in a large population of cats and to identify potential covariables that would explain the presence of such pharmacokinetic variability after a single dose of Clomicalm®. Clomipramine hydrochloride was administered orally according to a weight‐dose chart from 0.32 to 0.61 mg/kg, to 76 cats and five blood samples were then taken by direct venipuncture at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Plasma concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine (DCMP) were measured by LC‐MS/MS. The Standard Two‐Stage technique was used to assess differences and detect correlations between pharmacokinetic parameter estimates and individual covariables. A large interindividual variability in all pharmacokinetic parameters (CV% 64–124) was detected. Statistically significant gender‐related differences were detected in MR and Cl/F, where female cats had a higher mean MR (0.53) and faster Cl/F (0.36 L/h·kg) than males (0.36 and 0.21 L/h·kg, respectively). No correlation could be found between clomipramine AUC0‐24h or DCMP AUC0‐24h and sedation scores. Further feline studies are required to assess these findings after multiple dosing of clomipramine and DCMP to allow clinical extrapolation.
Pulmonary disposition of erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin in foals
Authors: SUAREZ‐MIER G. , GIGUÈRE S. , LEE E. A.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of the present study were to determine and compare the pulmonary disposition of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin in foals. A single dose (10 mg/kg) of azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin was administered intragastrically to six healthy 1‐ to 3‐month‐old foals using an orthogonal design. Activity of the drugs was measured in serum, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells by use of a microbiologic assay. Peak drug activity in PELF was significantly higher in foals treated with clarithromycin (48.96 ± 13.26 μg/mL) than in foals treated with azithromycin (10.00 ± 7.46 μg/mL). Quantifiable erythromycin activity in PELF was only found in two of six foals. Peak drug activity in BAL cells was not significantly different between azithromycin (49.92 ± 26.94 μg/mL) and clarithromycin (74.20 ± 45.80 μg/mL) but activity for both drugs was significantly higher than that of erythromycin (1.02 ± 1.11 μg/mL). Terminal half‐life of azithromycin in serum (25.7 ± 15.4 h), PELF (34.8 ± 30.9 h), and BAL cells (54.4 ± 17.5 h) was significantly longer than that of both clarithromycin and erythromycin. Peak azithromycin and clarithromycin activity was significantly higher in BAL cells, followed by PELF, and serum. In contrast, peak erythromycin activity in BAL cells was not significantly different from that of serum.
Response of Weed Communities to Legume Living Mulches in Winter Wheat
Authors: Hiltbrunner J. , Jeanneret P. , Liedgens M. , Stamp P. , Streit B.
Published: March 2007

In order to obtain information about the impact of legume cover crops on the weed community in organic farming, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was directly drilled in rows 0.1875 and 0.3750 m apart in living mulches that consisted of Trifolium repens L. (TRFRE), T. subterraneum L. (TRFSU), Medicago truncatula Gaertner (MEDTR), and Lotus corniculatus L. (LOTCO). A control treatment without cover crops (NAT, the site‐specific weed community) was also established. The vegetation between the wide rows was either mulched or left undisturbed. The effect of liquid farmyard manure (60 m3 ha−1) was also tested. TRFRE, TRFSU, and LOTCO effectively suppressed Poa annua L. and Matricaria recutita L. at site 1 and P. annua, Capsella bursa‐pastoris (L.) Med., and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. at site 2 when compared with NAT. MEDTR, which died during the winter, provided little weed suppression. Mulching significantly suppressed dicotyledonous weed species, but favoured Poa trivialis L. No manure effect was observed. Winter hardy legume cover crops contribute to weed suppression in winter wheat. However, careful evaluation of cover crop × weed × management interactions is necessary to understand the risk for the establishment of problematic weeds.
Variability in the Duration of Stem Elongation in Wheat Genotypes and Sensitivity to Photoperiod and Vernalization
Authors: Whitechurch E. M. , Slafer G. A. , Miralles D. J.
Published: March 2007

The stem elongation phase in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] is considered critical for yield determination. A longer duration of this phase could hypothetically increase grain set and therefore yield. Genetic variation in the relative duration of the stem elongation phase having been reported, the aim was to pinpoint whether this variability was associated with sensitivity to photoperiod, vernalizing temperatures or to differences in intrinsic earliness. Pairs of cultivars identified as having different duration of the stem elongation phase (from the appearance of the first visible node to anthesis) were grown under natural (short) or extended photoperiod, with or without vernalization. Variability in the duration of this phase, in the cultivars analysed, was related to different sensitivity to photoperiod, while differences in the previous phases were related to sensitivity to both photoperiod (though different to the sensitivity of the following phase) and vernalization.
Variability in the Duration of Stem Elongation in Wheat and Barley Genotypes
Authors: Whitechurch E. M. , Slafer G. A. , Miralles D. J.
Published: March 2007

The stem elongation phase in wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) is important for yield determination as it is the phase when stems and spikes grow actively. A longer duration of this phase could hypothetically increase assimilate availability, fertile florets at anthesis and final grain number. Argentine commercial wheat and barley cultivars were studied to analyse the range of genetic variability existing in the duration of the stem elongation phase, in particular, considering cultivars with similar time to anthesis. It was found that cultivars differing in time to anthesis, not only differed in the length of their early, mostly vegetative phases but also in the stem elongation phase (range 301–535 °C day for wheat and 252–404 °C day for barley), and that the partitioning of a similar time to anthesis into phases was substantially different between cultivars. Various studies with other cultivars were re‐analysed, showing that the stem elongation phase did present genetic variability as well. As a preliminary step to identifying the genetic causes behind this variability, an approximation to the possible photoperiod and/or vernalization sensitivities of this large group of Argentine cultivars was presented, by comparing behaviour in two contrasting sowing dates. This has proved useful to breeders since there have been no other previous studies including this large number of commercial cultivars.
Clinically unrecognized intravascular placement of epidural catheter in a child – an argument for the use of radio‐opaque contrast?
Authors: SKINNER ADAM V. , CHALKIADIS GEORGE A.
Published: March 2007

An epidural catheter was inserted after induction of anesthesia in a 28.2 kg 9‐year‐old boy scheduled to undergo bilateral femoral varus derotational osteotomies. There was no gravity free flow of blood down the catheter and there was no blood aspirated with a 2 ml syringe. After a negative test dose of a 4 ml solution of 0.25% levobupivacaine with epinephrine 1 : 200 000, a further 8 ml was administered via the epidural catheter. No significant increase in heart rate was noted. On surgical skin incision the heart rate increased from 94 to 116 b·min−1and blood pressure increased from 104/44 to 116/46 mmHg. A further 3 ml 0.25% levobupivacaine with epinephrine and clonidine 2 μg·kg−1were administered via the epidural catheter. The operation continued uneventfully although it was noted that the heart rate increased intermittently during the procedure. In view of the unexplained tachycardia and a history of cerebral palsy with the potential for postoperative muscle spasms, it was felt important to have a reliable epidural. To confirm placement, 2 ml of Isovue 300 (Iopamidol) was administered via the epidural catheter. X‐ray screening demonstrated intravascular placement and the rapid disappearance of contrast. The catheter was removed and reinserted. Contrast demonstrated good spread in the epidural space. The merits of screening with contrast for epidural catheter placement in children are discussed.
Normal anatomy of the external urethral meatus in boys: implications for hypospadias repair
Authors: Hutton Kim A.R. , Babu Ramesh
Published: March 2007

Both papers in this section relate to the always difficult subject of hypospadias repair. One of them describes the anatomy of the external urethral meatus, and the other a technique for repairing coronal or subcoronal hypospadias.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the normal external urethral meatal anatomy in boys, and to examine the proportional relationship between meatal length and degree of ventral glans closure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 92 boys with presumed normal penile anatomy were considered eligible for the study; 17 were not assessed because either the boy or parents declined to participate, leaving 75 boys (mean age 6.9 years, range 0.3–15) who completed the study. Photographic records of the meatal appearance were obtained and meatal height and ventral glans closure measured using ophthalmic callipers.

RESULTS

All 75 boys in the study had a vertical slit‐like meatus that commenced at the tip of the penis and ran ventrally. The mean (sd) vertical meatal length was 5.4 (1) mm and the mean length of ventral glans closure was 4.7 (1.2) mm. There was an age‐dependent increase in meatal length and a similar association was identified for the length of ventral glans closure. There was also a statistically significant proportional relationship between meatal length and length of glans closure (r = 0.36, confidence interval 0.14–0.54, P < 0.002).

CONCLUSION

The position and size of the external urethral meatus in normal boys is consistent, and ventral glans closure is equal to or slightly less than meatal length. These data might be of interest to hypospadiologists in their efforts to reconstruct normal glanular anatomy.
China and the world financial markets 1870–1939: Modern lessons from historical globalization1
Authors: GOETZMANN WILLIAM N. , UKHOV ANDREY D. , ZHU NING
Published: March 2007

In this article we review the development of Chinese capital markets over a crucial period in the history of markets worldwide, and place that development in context. Despite fundamental differences between China today and China 100 years ago, it is still important to consider the effects of an imbalance between domestic and international investor markets, and the mismatch between domestic and foreign expectations about investor protection. The lessons of the last century suggest that China today should consider opening Chinese investor access to foreign capital markets in order to equilibrate the level of diversification between foreign and domestic investors. In addition, our analysis suggests that protecting of domestic corporate investor rights is at least as important as protecting foreign investor rights.