bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EŞİTLİK SAVUNUSU MU, ÇOCUK İSTİSMARI MI? TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET EŞİTLİĞİ TEMALI BİR REKLAMIN ANALİZİ
Authors: DAL CANBAZOĞLU Anıl
Published: March 2020

Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği gerek toplumsal, gerekse akademik alanda üzerinde sıkça tartışılan bir konudur. Bu araştırmanın amacı, reklam stratejisini, eşitliği konu alarak özellikle toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin ilerlemesi için bir dayanışma kampanyasını desteklemek ve desteğinin duyurumunu bir milli bayramda yapmak üzerine kuran bir markanın söz konusu reklamını analiz ederek izleyici tepkilerini, reklama yönelik tutum bağlamında değerlendirmektir. Çalışma kapsamında izleyici tepkileri, tweet atma, retweetleme, beğenme, beğenmeme ve yorum yapma olarak ele alınmıştır. Milli, dini günler ve bayramlar, reklamverenlerin ürün ya da hizmet tanıtımından çok fikir, düşünce, algı, tutum gibi soyut olguları tanıtmaya, pazarlamaya çalıştıkları tarihlerdir. Bir banka tarafından 23 Nisan Ulusal Egemenlik ve Çocuk Bayramı’nı kutlamak için hazırlanan ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini savunduğunu iddia bu reklam, TV ve Youtube’ta yayınlanmış, ayrıca Twitter’da da yer almıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle söz konusu reklam göstergebilimsel çözümleme ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonrasında sosyal medya kullanıcılarının bu reklamlara yönelik tepkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla tweetler, retweetler, beğenme ve beğenmeme ve yorum sayıları belirlenmiş, Youtube ve Twitter’da yapılan yorumlar ise reklamın amacına yönelik farkındalığı ve reklama yönelik tutumu ortaya koymak adına nitel olarak içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda reklamın amacına yönelik farkındalığının yeterli düzeyde olmadığı, reklama yönelik tutumun ise olumlu olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmanın, son dönemlerde reklamda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği kapsamında yapılan reklamların izleyici nezdinde farkındalık ve tutum açısından etkili olup olmadığı; cinsiyet eşitliğini savunmayı iletişim stratejisi olarak benimseyen ve benimsemeyi planlayan markalara yol göstermesi bağlamında önem arz ettiği düşünülmektedir.
KENT MARKALAŞMASI BAĞLAMINDA TEMATİK PARKLARIN KENT İMAJI ÜZERİNDEKİ ROLÜ: KONYA KELEBEKLER VADİSİ ZİYARETÇİLERİ ÜZERİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KOÇYİĞİT Murat , AKTAN Ercan
Published: March 2020

Kent markalaşmasında, kültürel, sembolik, doğal, tarihi ve tematik alanlar, imajın oluşumunda ve gelişiminde ön plana çıkan etkenler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda Konya Kelebekler Vadisi örneği üzerinden tematik parkların kent imajı üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bununla paralel olarak, Konya’da yer alan ve eşsiz bir tematik park olan Kelebekler Vadisi ziyaretçileri üzerinde (n=399) kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile uygulanan anketin verileri kullanılarak değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler test edilmiş ve kuramsal olarak ortaya konan hipotezler sınanmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmanın analizinde, tanımlayıcı istatistikler, faktör analizi, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi ve etki düzeyini tespit etmek amacıyla sırasıyla korelasyon analizi ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma neticesinde tematik parklarla ilgili bilişsel ve duygusal değerler (çekicilikler) ile kent imajı arasında pozitif ve orta kuvvette, anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi sonucunda, bilişsel ve duygusal değerlerin kent imajı üzerinde doğrudan ve anlamlı (p=,000) bir etkisinin olduğu sonucuna da ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, bilişsel değerlerin (β=,506), kent imajı üzerindeki etkisinin duygusal değerlere (β=,229) oranla daha yüksek olduğu da tespit edilmiştir.
TÜRKİYE’DE BLU TV DENEYİMİNİ EKONOMİK VE SEMBOLİK SERMAYE BAĞLAMINDA OKUMAK
Authors: DİKKOL Selver
Published: March 2020

Türkiye’de internetin yaygın biçimde kullanılmasıyla birlikte televizyonculuk alanında da farklı seyir deneyimleri görülmeye başlar. Yeni nesil izleme pratikleri, kullanıcıların analog yayıncılıkla olan güçlü bağını gevşeterek internet tabanlı yayıncılık platformlarına yönelik ilgiyi arttırmıştır. Bu platformlardan birisi olan internet televizyonu, dünyada ve Türkiye’de Netflix ile tanınmış, ülkemizde ise Blu TV kanalıyla temsil edilmeye başlamıştır. Gerek yayıncılık gerekse izleme pratiği açısından Blu TV, doğrudan internete bağlı bir mecrada hem yerli özgün hem de popüler yabancı yapımlarla izleyicilerine farklı bir televizyonculuk deneyimi yaşatmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Blu TV'nin Türkiye'de yayın hayatına başlamasına olanak sağlayan ekonomik sermayesi ile içerik üretiminden doğan sembolik sermayesini tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, Blu TV'nin ekonomik sermayesini ve rekabet gücünü önemli bir aile şirketi tarafından elde ettiği ve bu ekonomik sermayenin abonelik ücretleri ve yatırımlarla yeniden üretildiği görülmüştür. Blu TV, özellikle bağımsız yapımlarıyla sembolik sermayesini üretecek bir zemin bulabilmiş ve abonelerin içeriklere yönelik tutumları bu sermayeyi beslemiştir. Ancak, televizyon alanındaki güç ilişkilerinin değişken yapısının sembolik sermayenin işleyişini risk altında bıraktığı söylenebilir.
2011-2019 YILLARI ARASINDA TÜRKİYE’DE YAPILAN ÜRÜN YERLEŞTİRME ARAŞTIRMALARINA İLİŞKİN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: YAZICI Fikret
Published: March 2020

Ürün yerleştirme, film, dizi ya da televizyon programının içine markalı bir ürünün kitleleri etkilemeye yönelik olarak planlı ve göze batmayacak şekilde yerleştirilmesidir. Ürün yerleştirme, son zamanlarda akademik çalışmalarda sıkça ele alınan bir konu olarak görünürlük kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmalar arasında ise ürün yerleştirme uygulaması ve satın alma eğilimi ilişkisine yönelik araştırmaların yoğunluğu dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında İletişim ve İşletme alanlarında ürün/marka ilişkisini ele alan çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, perspektif sunması açısından, öncelikli olarak ulusal literatürde konu ile ilgili yer alan akademik metinlerin genel bir çerçevesi çizilmiş ve çalışmalarda karşılaşılan problemler yorumlanmıştır. Bu sonuçlarla birlikte; Türkiye’de ürün yerleştirme ve tutum geliştirme, sinemada ürün yerleştirme, dizi ve yarışmalarda ürün yerleştirme ve dijital mecralarda ürün yerleştirme uygulamalarını ele alan tez, makale ve kitapların analizi yapılmıştır. Betimsel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmanın sonucunda, genel olarak ürün yerleştirme uygulamasına odaklanan araştırmaların Türkiye’de 2011 yılından itibaren artmaya başladığı ve konunun uluslararası literatüre göre yeterli düzeyde olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye’deki ürün yerleştirme çalışmalarının değerlendirilmesi sonucunda, bu çalışmaların tekrar problemi yaşadığı, sinema filmleri ağırlıklı temellendiği ve ağırlıklı olarak satın alma davranışlarına odaklandığı gibi birtakım problemler içerdiği ortaya çıkmıştır.
Theoretical Approaches towards Studying the Transformation of the Family Institution
Authors: Gurko Tatiana A.
Published: March 2020

The transformation of the institutions of marriage, family and parenthood in recent decades in the context of rapid social, economic, cultural and technological innovations worldwide encourages theorists to look for explanations of the nature and direction of the processes that are taking place. American sociologists of the family Stan Knapp and Greg Wurm present a rather promising systematization of the theoretical approaches to changes in the institution of the family. The criteria of approaches according to the authors’ typology: relationality – vertical / horizontal, and dimensionality – single / multidimensional. This article’s purpose is to reflect on this typology so that Russian researchers go beyond theorizing in the framework of “opposing paradigms of crisis – modernization of the institution of family” disputes, which are more ideological than scientific. The institutional approach is widely represented in the works of classics of foreign and Russian sociology of the family. The classic institutional approach is expanded upon by the works of representatives of the new institutional approach. In the approach of deinstitutionalization, the main emphasis is placed on increasing individual needs, with “family” being a “pure relationship”. The diversification approach, which was mentioned among others by the author of this very article in the mid-1990’s, seems to be the most constructive from an empirical point of view. The article shows the diversification of the family institution, the spread of new family structures in many countries with references to empirical studies and statistical sources. Knapp and Wurm, the authors of the presented typology, consider the approach of institutional logic in relation to the family to be promising. The main problems of its application are discussed in article. The application of the classical theory of family development, as it was formulated in the 20th century when normative family paths were dominant, is also problematized, together with the lack of Russian longitudinal studies and works that describe modern family life paths. What western sociologists agree on, and what the analysis of Russian studies confirms, are the differences in the models of organizing private life in different social groups, at least among educated and uneducated citizens. Analysis of trends in the prevalence of alternative forms of family life in different social groups allows us to assess the nature of changes in the institutions of marriage and family, either as evolutionary or transformational.
Measuring the Stability of Households: 1994–2017
Authors: Voronin Gennadiy L. , Zakharov Vladimir Ya. , Kozyreva Polina M.
Published: March 2020

This article analyzes the stability dynamic of Russian households over the last two decades, as well as its determinants. The methodology used for measuring stability is that which is being developed by intergovernmental bodies such as The United Nations (UN) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The empirical base of the study consists of data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS–HSE). The acquired results speak to the viability of Russian households: families’ average real capita income, after decreasing twofold during the crisis period (1994– 1998), not only recovered and returned to pre-reform values, but even exceeded the latter by one third during the period of rapid growth (2000–2007). Strategies for increasing the stability potential of households change depending on economic recessions and upsurges. It is shown that a decline in the proportion of households with income below minimal cost of living during growth of GDP was accompanied by an increasing inequality in stable development potential between the poor and the more wealthy families throughout the entire examined period, and especially from 2008 to 2017. Scattered local measures aimed at reducing poverty can result in a more pronounced synergetic effect, if we were to view households with income below minimal cost of living as a complex socio-economic system.
Socio-Political Views of the Russian Population. Report. Preliminary Results of a Sociological Study of the Russian Population’s Socio-Political Views, Commissioned by the Analytical Department of the President of the Russian Federation. August 1995
Authors: Popov Nikolai P.
Published: March 2020

The report analyzes the public opinion on the main socio-economic and political issues at the end of the fourth year of Boris Yeltsin’s presidential term, on the eve of the Duma elections in December 1995 and the presidential elections in 1996. The poll’s data show the growing discontent of the population with the state of affairs in the country, the economic crisis, their own impoverishment, and the inability of the authorities to solve the country’s main problems. At the same time, a growing number of people lost interest in politics, lost confidence the political and economic reforms will lead to the country’s revival, democratization, and the ability to choose the best people for positions of power.

Two thirds of the people said that they have become worse off than at the start of radical reforms ten years ago, while the main responsibility for the plight of the people and the country lies within the current government, which had no idea where the country’s economy was going, and had no program for overcoming the crisis. 75% believed that the government lives by its own interests; they do not care about the people. Market reforms initiated by Boris Yeltsin spurred mass negative assessments: our life before the reforms was better and more prosperous; the people were deceived, they were promised market socialism, and were drawn into the construction of capitalism; reforms were based on robbing the people, only speculators, swindlers, and officials had benefited from them. Regretting the dismantling of socialism, the population had lost belief that the ideas of socialism and communism were able to unite society again. As such an idea, the majority suggested reviving Russia as a powerful state, while calling for following a special, Russian path which implies a “strong hand” in power.

The majority believed that the President and the government had already exhausted their opportunities to put an end to the crisis in Russia, and that they should be replaced with new people. The assessment of the President’s performance reached its lowest point during his administration – only 6% expressed their approval and 71% disapproved. The war in Chechnya seriously harmed the President’s popularity. More than 80% expressed negative assessments on the Kremlin’s Chechnya policies.
D.E. Serebrennikov
[Rev.] Ehrlich E. Fundamental Principles of
the Sociology of Law. [Russ. ed.: Erlikh O.
Osnovopolozhenie sociologii prava. Transl. from Germ.
by M.V. Antonov; Ed. by V.G. Grafskiy, Yu.I. Grevtsov.
St Petersburg: OOO “Universitetskii izdatel’skii
konsortsium” publ., 2011.]
Authors: Serebrennikov Dmitrii E.
Published: March 2020

It’s commonly believed that the book “Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law” (1913) of Eugen Erlich (1862–1922) was historically the first work in which was made an attempt to create a sociology of law as a specific scientific discipline. However the translation and publication of this work in Russian (2011) was insignificant to the sociological community, while in the English-language literature of the last decades we can observe a growing interest to the classic. The author of the article tries to emphasize the main points and advantages of the theory of the “living law” of Ehrlich, showing how the “Fundamental principles...” may be interesting for the modern reader. For this, the author of the article offers a specific strategy for reading the book.
The typology of modern society’s critical conditions
Authors: Yanitsky Oleg N.
Published: March 2020

The main purpose of this article is to create a typology of modern society’s critical states based on analyzing Russian and foreign studies, as well as the author’s own theoretical constructs developed over the last 30 years. I personally consider geopolitical, natural-climatic and manmade catastrophes of global and continental scale to be the main archetypes of critical conditions. After that we have artificial, but virtually indistinguishable critical conditions of society (inner degradation and collapse, mass epidemics and social “diseases” such as alcoholism, drug addiction, corruption and crime). And, finally, critical conditions which emerge when the existing forms of institutional or other social organization have run their course; for example, poverty and other manifestations of an individual or group critically lagging behind society’s current pace of development. As a result, the amount of people who are basically excluded from public life begins to multiply. We also have society’s rapid shift towards the “digital” age taking its toll. In order to minimize the negative consequences of all sorts of critical conditions, all social agents, regardless of their magnitude and purpose, must be prepared for critical situations arising as part of their everyday routine. In other words, in current conditions the differences between the “norm” and “abnormalities” are gradually becoming ever the more arbitrary. Such an assertion isn’t just relativism, but rather a testament to the fact that the current global SBT-system, of which Russia is an essential element, is constantly evolving. Volunteers and civil society in general are indispensable players when it comes to preventing critical conditions at all stages of their development, influence on society and subsequent adaptation of those who suffered as a result of them. As for the “digitalization” of public life, the author insists that “digital” tools were always and will be merely an instrument in the hands of human beings, who must be able to think independently, reflect on the changes occurring in the world and make their own decisions.
Sociology of volunteering: defining the boundaries of research
Authors: Nevskii Andrei V.
Published: March 2020

The sociological study of volunteerism typically uses a definition which includes all possible types of free, unpaid activities which benefit other people. Such an approach transforms the very phenomenon of volunteerism into an analytical tool for studying various fields of economic and social life: degrees of development of civil society, employment structure, features of a certain economic mode. Regardless, the use of such a definition when researching volunteer movements presents certain problems. Multiple critics point out that such an approach towards understanding volunteerism, on one hand, leads to various types of volunteer activity being excluded from the scope of research, namely those which do not fully comply with the aforementioned criteria of free choice and gratuitousness; on the other hand, it waters down the concept of volunteerism, by merging it with other forms of civil action, such as political activism. Furthermore, most studies exhibit a tendency towards highlighting volunteerism as a special type of action, which possesses persistent intrinsic characteristics regardless of the field in which it is being undertaken. Such an approach results in a complete lack of care for certain essential features of various types of those productive activities which volunteers can partake in. It’s also worth noting that research doesn’t tend to include practices of volunteerism when the main focus of analysis shifts towards studying the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, as well as issues concerning their motivation. Based on analyzing Russian and foreign sources, the article presents an overview of the issues associated with defining the boundaries of the field in question, while discussing the main difficulties when it comes to constructing a general theory of volunteerism, and analyzing the separation of various forms of civil activity which is typically present in foreign literature: volunteerism, grassroots political involvement, civil activism. The article brings forth arguments for limiting the subject of research and for analytical separation between various forms of civil activity.
The phenomenon of digital volunteerism in emergency situations: its essence, types and theoretical framework
Authors: Basheva Olga A. , Ermolaeva Polina O.
Published: March 2020

The article presents the results of meta-analysis of Russian and foreign scientific research on digital volunteerism. In particular, it shows how it is conceptualized, in which forms it manifests, what distinguishes it from traditional offline volunteerism, how formal structures that deal with volunteer participation adapt to the digitization of their activity, as well as what sort of difficulties are associated with these processes, what are the advantages and restrictions compared to traditional forms of volunteerism in emergency situations, what sort of methodological tools are used to comprehend it, and what sort of gaps are still present in the understanding of this phenomenon. Despite literature lacking a clear definition of digital volunteerism, most authors consider it as voluntary activity which involves an individual spending their spare time helping other people, groups or organizations, all without receiving any direct rewards, but while inevitably using modern information-communication technologies while sitting at home or in any other place beyond the office. On one hand, digital volunteerism’s main features include increased flexibility and the opportunity for large groups of the population to engage in volunteer activity, while on the other hand we have the need for certain well-established technical skills, anonymity, as well as the possibility of providing false information. In terms of functionality, volunteers are divided into those responsible for collecting and analyzing massive streams of data, developers of new digital platforms and applications, and online community administrators. Digital volunteerism issues are examined within such areas of knowledge as citizen science, cooperative computerized work activity, crisis information science, crisis communications etc. Digital volunteerism, which is located on an interdisciplinary divide, is interpreted through various theoretical frameworks, in particular through digital humanitaristics, network approaches and Castells’ theory, the collective production theory, the “common use digital economy” approach, the concept of indirect activity and digital activism. The possibilities and restrictions of these approaches in regards to the Russian context create an opportunity to analyze empirical research data.
Social well-being as evaluated by the population of the Far East region
Authors: Kostina Elena Y. , Orlova Nadezhda A. , Panfilova Anna O.
Published: March 2020

The nature and pace of social changes, global challenges and threats, the constant reproduction of social risks – all of these things speak to the problematic nature of the world’s current social portrait. This allows us to point out that today, despite all of civilization’s achievements, certain problems associated with the social well-being of a person, and society as a whole, remain unresolved. Social well-being is a multifactor construct, which itself is the result of a synthesis of causes and effects, a joining of objective and subjective factors; we are dealing with a systemic phenomenon, the categorization of which is distinguished by various facets and components which determine a person’s social well-being, the degree of public safety and modern value-normative implications. In conjunction these parameters define and bring a person’s social well-being to the forefront of the research and political agenda. The authors of this article insist that the study of the effect which objective processes occurring in society have on social well-being must be conducted in parallel with studying its subjective component, namely – a person’s subjective evaluation of this construct’s various aspects. Aside from that, special practical relevance is attributed to matters concerning the study of issues of social well-being in various social groups and cohorts, as well as within the regional context. Primorsky Krai, being part of the Far Eastern Federal District, possesses a distinct geographical, socio-economic and demographical specificity, while being an object of government strategic interests and goals; this is a territory where a plethora of innovative solutions aimed at stimulating the region’s socio-economic development are being initiated and implemented. Nonetheless, despite the government’s best efforts, the social effectiveness of these measures is not as pronounced as the current situation calls for them to be. The region is still in a state of demographic depression, with there being distinct sector-specific socio-economic and management issues. The article cites data collected by its authors while studying the subjective evaluation of the social well-being of Primorsky Krai’s population. A regional-scale quantitative study was conducted in May of 2019 by means of questionnaire survey (n=780). The results of this study of the population’s satisfaction with various aspects of life are generally favorable, with certain disparities having been recorded based on age and gender.
Literature review of locomotion techniques in virtual reality
Authors: Cherni Heni , Métayer Natacha , Souliman Nicolas
Published: March 2020

This study represents a systematic literature review in which we explored the locomotion techniques in virtual reality between 2012 and 2019. We analysed and compared 22 locomotion methods that we have identified in 26 papers included in our review. The objective is to better understand relevant locomotion techniques and their impact on the user experience. The review of the literature has shown a wide range of different locomotion techniques which each technique is characterized by different advantages and drawbacks, but classic locomotion techniques such as joystick outperformed all the proposed technique in the reviewed studies. We also proposed a taxonomy and two types of evaluation for locomotion techniques in virtual environment. These elements provide guidelines that may help researchers to choose the most adapted locomotion technique according to the aim of their study.
Assessment of Urban Expansion and Associated Spatial Transformation of Chandannagar City, West Bengal
Authors: Siddique Giyasuddin , Ghosh Subhendu , Roy Arindam
Published: March 2020

The Chandannagar city, as a former French colony and a historic trading centre, has witnessed a steady growth throughout the French colonial era, and the process is still in action even today. Such urban extension has altered the land use/cover (LULC) fabric both in the core and fringe areas by transforming the natural landscape. The prime goals of the study are to assess the magnitude of urban expansion of the city from 1991 to 2016 and its consequent spatial transformation by using geospatial techniques. Three indices, that is, Built-up Index (BUI), Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Modified Normalised Difference Water Index (MNDWI) are employed to perceive the spatio-temporal dynamics of LULC from the remotely sensed data. Annual Growth Rate (AGR) and Land Use Integrated Index (LDI) are used to evaluate the rate, magnitude, and nature of changes. The results reveal that the rapid increase in built-up area from 7.9 sq. Km. in 1991 to 14.45 sq. Km. in 2016 has transformed nearly 51.52% of the non-forest vegetation covers and 58.18% of the water bodies of the city during the observation period.
Assessment of Spatial Pattern And Distribution Of Major Crops in Assam, India
Authors: Baruah Ujjal Deka , Nitashree Mili  , Manjil Basumatary  , Anup Saikia
Published: March 2020

Various indicators such as production, yield, mechanisation of farms, workforce engaged in farming are generally used for the evaluation of the status of the agricultural sector in a region. Of these, the cropping pattern is one such indicator that signifies how developed the farming system of a region is. To assess the cropping pattern, a number of statistical indices are available—cropping intensity, crop combination, crop concentration, and crop diversification. This research seeks to evaluate the cropping pattern in Assam, India and examines the status of its agricultural sector. It was found that the cropping intensity increased at a gradual rate of 3% per decade. A total of nine statistical indices were used to estimate crop diversification. These indices were compared amongst themselves to determine the most optimal method for the study area. It was found that the ogive and entropy methods were best suited to Assam in an evaluation of its crop diversification. Further, these crop diversification values were ranked and thereafter, a composite score (Kendall’s method) was derived. The composite score indicated that much of western and northern Assam had a high degree of crop diversification.
Physical Education in Primary Schools: Cognitive Stimulation, National Active Games and Cultural Background
Authors: Sarmantayev Ayan S. , Ishanov Pirmagambet , Sadykov Kanat , Abdrakhmanov Zikirya , Imanbetov Amanbek , Iskakov Muhtar
Published: March 2020

This study describes the features of active game-based learning in primary schools. The survey involved 38 national sports coaches and 29 school teachers. Based on previous empirical findings, this study probes whether there is an established opinion about national games in the school curriculum among teachers and experts. Primary school students are offered many techniques to form necessary skills during the execution of physical exercises. The findings demonstrate that different games and competitions are able to expand the social circle of children. In the long run, the relationships between individual tribes and tribal unions became consistent and global. Games and competitions favoured this tendency, contributing to a gradual formation of behavioural norms in people of different generations.
Characteristics of the 2018 Bago River Flood of Myanmar
Authors: Komori Daisuke , Kawasaki Akiyuki , Sakai Nanami , Shimomura Natsumi , Harada Akira , Okuda Kohei , Win Chit Bo Bo , Thu Aye Myat , Tun Khin Yadanar , Toe Wai , Zin Win Win ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University 6-6-6 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan,   Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,   Department of Civil Engineering, Yangon Technological University, Yangon, Myanmar
Published: March 2020

A massive flood in Myanmar struck the Bago river in July, 2018. In this study, because of the limitation of real-time data availability, the satellite-based precipitation was used for clarifying the characteristics of the flood. The total precipitation during 10 days from July 22, when the flood first began at the western Bago city, was estimated approximately 753 mm and 527 mm at the Bago and Zaungts stations in the Bago river watershed. These values were corresponding to 355% and 294% of average of the 10-day total precipitation at the Bago (1967–2015) and Zaungts (1987–2014) stations. Furthermore, not only the 3-day and weekly peak precipitations but also the annual accumulative precipitations during July 22 and August 16 were estimated larger than the largest recorded precipitations at both stations. Although the Zaungts dam stored approximately 140 million m3 during this period, which was an amount equivalent to 40% of inflow volume during July 22 and 28, the resulting flood widely propagated in the Bago city. Based on the flood survey, the 2018 Bago river flood was classified into 4 areas; the right bank of the Bago river, the eastern town, the northern town, and the downstream from the Zaungts Weir and Bago city. These areas were marked as vulnerable areas in the Bago city. The Bago river watershed has experienced many floods in the past, and floods on the same scale as this flood are expected to occur in the future. Therefore, it is essential to understand the characteristics of the 2018 Bago river flood and develop near real-time monitoring of hydrometeorological situation to be prepared for the next flood disaster.
Condition Monitoring of Yangon Circular Railway and Yangon–Mandalay Railway Based on Car-Body Acceleration Response Using a Portable Device
Authors: Aung Hein Thura , Inoue Kazuki , Pha Sao Hone , Takeuchi Wataru ,   Department of Electronic Engineering, Yangon Technological University Gyo Gone, Insein, Yangon 11011, Myanmar,   Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,   Remote Sensing and GIS Research Center, Yangon Technological University, Yangon, Myanmar
Published: March 2020

The population of Yangon has increased more than two times in the last 40 years and will reach 9.5 million by 2035. Owing to changes in car import policies, the number of cars in Yangon has increased from 3.6 million to 6.3 million in 5 years. This causes severe traffic congestion, resulting in social, economic, and environmental impacts. Rail transportation is one solution to this problem, but regular maintenance of railway tracks is necessary. In this study, onboard sensor measurement and satellite image analysis are used to monitor rail track conditions for the early detection of damage. The accelerometer in a smartphone is placed against the car body to measure the vertical and lateral acceleration. The smartphone vibrates as the cabin vibrates when the train passes irregular rail track sections. Phased-array-type L-band synthetic aperture radar images are analyzed using the interferometric technique to detect rail track irregularities. Thus, the rail track conditions can be estimated effectively.
Earthquake Building Collapse Risk Estimation for 2040 in Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: Murao Osamu , Tanaka Tomohiro , Meguro Kimiro , Shwe Theing ,   International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan,   Taisei Corporation, Miyagi, Japan,   Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,   Yangon Technological University, Yangon, Myanmar
Published: March 2020

Myanmar is a thriving country in Southeast Asia and is facing future earthquake risks caused by the Sagaing Fault. Under these circumstances, Yangon must implement earthquake risk reduction measures in future development. Applying the building collapse risk evaluation method proposed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and analyzing current and future urban conditions of Yangon City based on available datasets, this study aimed to (1) evaluate present urban vulnerability focusing on building collapse risk, (2) clarify its future expansion tendency based on residential area development conditions from 2004 to 2018, and (3) estimate future building collapse risk in terms of future urban expansion limitation with urban function and building vulnerability in order to obtain useful information on earthquake risk reduction for future development in Yangon. Mainly, this research clarified as follows: (1) The inventory provided by YCDC (Yangon City Development Committee) showed that wooden buildings and RC accounted for 93.8% of all buildings in Yangon. (2) In order to understand the present urban vulnerability of Yangon based on the Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s method, 567 objective wards were categorized into five ranks according to the building collapse risk value. It indicated that building collapse risk in the Dawpon and Tharkayta Townships, located on the west side of Pazundaung Creek, were the highest. Some newly developed outskirts areas, such as Hlaingtharyar or Dala, also appeared as vulnerable with Ranks 4 and 5. (3) Yangon’s urban development conditions from 2004 to 2018 were visually clarified. Then, the relationships between the number of buildings, residential district area, and population according to townships were analyzed to estimate future development. (4) Finally, two types of urban development scenarios were set: Scenario A based on urban expansion limitation and urban function, and Scenario B based on building vulnerability. Then, the future building collapse risk trend from 2014 until 2040 was estimated. It was found that the Sub-center System would deter future urban sprawl in the future more than the Super CBD Single-core System, and the number of damaged buildings can be reduced by 43.5% at most in Dagon Seikkan.
An Investigation of Socioeconomic and Land Use Influence on Car Ownership in Yangon City
Authors: Aung Thiri , Kyaing  , Lwin Ko Ko , Sekimoto Yoshihide ,   Yangon Technological University Insein Road, Gyogone, Insein, Yangon 11011, Myanmar,   Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Published: March 2020

Rapid growth in private vehicle ownership and usage is one of the key problems in the development of a sustainable transportation system for Yangon City. Car ownership depends on the land use patterns and socioeconomic characteristics of a city. Socioeconomic factors, including age, gender, income, house type, and family size also affect the choice of transportation mode and destination in the short and long terms, while the choice of housing location is affected in the long term. In this study, aggregate level land use data and disaggregate level individual and household data are used to determine the effects of land use and socioeconomic factors on household decisions to own zero, one, and two or more cars. This research models car ownership by the estimating multinomial logit model using SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences). The result suggests that income level, house type of a household, and the housing location have influence on car ownership in Yangon City. The car ownership level will be higher if the household number in the central business district (CBD), inner ring area, and outer ring area is increased. Increase in low income and normal income households will reduce the probability of car ownership in the suburban area.
Spontaneous Osteonecrosis/Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures of the Knee
Authors: Pareek Ayoosh , Parkes Chad W. , Bernard Christopher , Camp Christopher L. , Saris Daniel B.F. , Stuart Michael J. , Krych Aaron J.
Published: March 2020

Background:

Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee has recently been termed subchondral insufficiency fracture of the knee (SIFK) to appropriately recognize the etiology of mechanical overloading of the subchondral bone. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical outcomes of SIFK based on progression to surgical treatment and arthroplasty, and to evaluate the risk factors that increase the progression to arthroplasty.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed on patients with a diagnosis of SIFK, as confirmed with use of magnetic resonance images (MRIs). Baseline and final radiographs were reviewed. Baseline MRIs were also reviewed for injury characteristics. Failure was defined as progression to surgical treatment or conversion to arthroplasty.

Results:

Two hundred twenty-three patients (71% female) with a mean age of 65.1 years were included. SIFK affected 154 femora (69%) and 123 tibiae (55%), with medial compartment involvement in 198 knees (89%); 74% of medial menisci had root or radial tears, with a mean extrusion of 3.6 mm. Varus malalignment was identified in 54 (69%) of 78 knees. Seventy-six (34%) of all patients progressed to surgical intervention at 2.7 years, and 66 (30%) underwent arthroplasty at 3.0 years. The rates of conversion to surgical intervention and arthroplasty increased to 47% (37 of 79; p = 0.04) and 37% (29 of 79; p = 0.09), respectively, in patients with >5 years of follow-up. The 10-year survival rate free of arthroplasty for patients with SIFK on the medial femoral condyle (p < 0.01), SIFK on the medial tibial plateau (p < 0.01), medial meniscal extrusion (p = 0.01), varus alignment (p = 0.02), and older age (per year older; p = 0.003) was significantly higher than the survival rates of those without each respective condition.

Conclusions:

Subchondral insufficiency fractures predominantly involve the medial compartment of the knee and commonly present with medial meniscal root and radial tears. Approximately one-third of patients progressed to total knee arthroplasty. Baseline arthritis, older age, location of the insufficiency fracture on both the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau, meniscal extrusion, and varus malalignment were all associated with progression to arthroplasty.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Bone-Graft Resorption Reduced by the Induced Membrane Technique and Factors Affecting Volumetric Changes
Authors: Cho Jae-Woo , Kent William T. , Oh Chang-Wug , Kim Beom-Soo , Cho Won-Tae , Oh Jong-Keon
Published: March 2020

Background:

Little is known about the volumetric changes of grafted bone over time when using the induced membrane technique. This study investigates the volumetric changes of bone graft using serial computed tomographic (CT) scans following the induced membrane technique.

Methods:

Patients with critical-sized bone defects had serial CT scans after undergoing bone-grafting using the induced membrane technique. CT scans to evaluate the volume of bone graft were obtained immediately postoperatively and at 6 and 12 months. The change in the volume of bone graft was determined at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Patient demographic characteristics, the location and composition of the bone graft, and the type of fixation construct were analyzed.

Results:

Forty patients met inclusion criteria. There were 27 tibiae and 13 femora with a mean size defect of 8.6 cm (range, 2.5 to 20.6 cm). Of these patients, 21 received autograft with cancellous bone graft and 19 received mixed autogenous bone with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) at a mean time of 17 weeks after the membrane formation. For the first 6 months, there was an overall osseous resorption of −9.9%. The overall graft volume from 6 to 12 months demonstrated an increase of osseous volume by +1.6%. For the entire 12-month period, there was a mean graft volume resorption of −8.3%. A correlation was found between the early volumetric changes of grafted bone and the percentage of DBM in the graft mixture. A correlation was also found between the late volumetric changes and the location of defect or the type of fixation.

Conclusions:

At 1 year after use of the induced membrane technique for the treatment of a critical-sized bone defect, resorption of the grafted bone averaged −8.3%. The volumetric changes were influenced by the property of the grafted bone, the fixation construct, and the location of the defect.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Forearm Deformity and Radial Head Dislocation in Pediatric Patients with Hereditary Multiple Exostoses
Authors: Huang Peng , Zhu Lining , Ning Bo
Published: March 2020

Background:

Ulnar lengthening is a consensus treatment for hereditary multiple exostoses with radial head dislocation in pediatric patients; however, the optimal amount of ulnar lengthening remains unclear. It is necessary to look for a parameter to decide the amount of ulnar lengthening that will avoid recurrence and complications. The purpose of the present study was to confirm that proportional ulnar length (ulnar length/radial length) can be used as a scale for ulnar lengthening in pediatric patients.

Methods:

The normal lengths of the ulna and radius in the pediatric population were measured in different age groups. The proportional ulnar length was calculated as ulnar length/radial length in each group. Thirty forearms in 26 patients with radial head dislocation were treated with ulnar lengthening and deformity correction. The goal of ulnar lengthening was to recover the normal proportional ulnar length. The function of the forearm was evaluated at the time of the latest follow-up. The preoperative and postoperative values for radial bowing, radioarticular angle, ulnar variance, and carpal slip were also compared.

Results:

The value of proportional ulnar length in the normal population consistently averaged approximately 1.1. In all cases, proportional ulnar length recovered to the normal value of 1.1. Reduction of the dislocated radial head was achieved in 28 forearms (93%); in 16 of these forearms, good-quality reduction was achieved and no recurrence of radial head dislocation was observed during follow-up. The function of the forearm improved markedly (p < 0.001). Ulnar variance improved from 2.51 to −0.79 cm (p < 0.001). Radial deformities improved according to measurements of radial bowing and the radioarticular angle (p < 0.001). All parents were satisfied with the postoperative appearance and function of the forearm.

Conclusions:

Proportional ulnar length could be used as a scale to decide the amount of ulnar lengthening for radial head dislocation in pediatric patients with hereditary multiple exostoses. Ulnar lengthening according to proportional ulnar length and deformity correction can prevent recurrence of ulnar variance and avoid impingement of the wrist.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
How to put into practice the Integration Methods
Authors: Shirinoy Sadilloyevna Umarova
Published: March 2020

Till graduating bachelor's degree at University it is admittable fact that most graduators essentially practice only on receiving specific knowledge, resulted that the lack of Utilisation of educational intelligence that is way it is purposed to lead the fresh bachelors of pedagogical units of High Education getting on how to deliver their learners obtained substances. It is directed that analyzing of Integration that promptable comprehensive Methodology on Teaching English language. Furthermore, the strategies of the integrating skills and the techniques about how to present knowledge during the procedure of lesson at GES (general education schools). It is brilliant brief instruction not only  for the new teachers who just starting working with learners but also for the experienced teachers.
The main tendencies of integration processes in the post-soviet space
Authors: Sharapov Otabek Muradovich  , Ulmasov Rahmon Ulmasovich
Published: March 2020

This article explores the main problems affecting on the integration and disintegration processes in the frame of the modern regional associations of the post-Soviet space. The author analyzes the main trends of these processes. The article also describes the main factors affecting on the integration and disintegration processes in the region.
Effect of D-Mannose on Gene Expression of Neuraminidase Produced from Different Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Et al. Shehab
Published: March 2020

The present work aimed to investigate the neuraminidase (nan1) gene expression in 32 different clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to explore the role of the enzyme in different types of infection and might give a better understanding of host cell-pathogens interaction. In addition, the effect of monosaccharide D-mannose on neuraminidase gene expression in eight isolates was studied by utilizing a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results demonstrated that the highest expression of nan1 gene was in otitis samples (208,913.81) which were significantly higher than that from other infections (P < 0.01). While, the concentrations of gene copies obtained from urine, sputum and burns samples were 93,535.34, 92,254.64 and 74,029.63respectively. While the least expression in wound samples (32,017.06). This suggests that neuraminidase in ear samples might be more virulent and invasive followed by that from urine, sputum, burns and wounds samples. The considerable interest of addition D-mannose significantly reduced the rate of neuraminidase activity reached fivefold in some isolates. This indicates that D-mannose down regulates nan1 gene expression. Hence, this sugar could be used in the development of potential new antibacterial agents where it acts as a competitive neuraminidase inhibitors.
Efficiency of Green Algae Chlorella vulgaris in Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (Anthracene) from Culture Media
Authors: Et al. Juda
Published: March 2020

The fresh water green alga Chlorella vulgaris was selected to study its ability to degrade one of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs)known is anthracene (ANT). ANT is widely used in artificial products such as wood preservatives; insecticides; dye and coating materials. This algae was cultivated in CH-10 medium under constant laboratory conditions and exposed to different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mg/l) of anthracene for 3, 5, 7, 9 and 15 days, with the concentration of ANT measured  by high performance liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC). The results showed that C.vulgaris has high ability to reduce anthracene to 80% at 1mg/Lcon centration after 3 days and 100% after 5 days, while at 3 and 5 mg / L concentration, the highest percentages were 89% and 99%, respectively after 9 days, with the complete removal (100%) was achieved after 15 days. The results indicate that this alga(C. vulgaris) has high ability for remediation of ANT and yield not toxic compound to environment