bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A manifesto for the widening of internalisation theory, being a reply to Hillemann and Verbeke
Authors: Buckley Peter J. , Boddewyn Jean J.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extend the purview of internalisation theory in understanding the global allocation of resources in different institutional contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

Theoretical extensions of internalisation theory are proposed in response to a comment.

Findings

The traditional focus of internalisation theory can be extended beyond the normal market exchange context, first, by expanding the range of transactions; second, by including non-market actors; and third, by expanding the relevant welfare criteria.

Originality/value

Comparative institutional analysis is enhanced by expanding the consideration of the range of intermediate goods that are traded, the potential providers examined and extending the criteria of assessment beyond efficiency to include equity, sustainability and legitimacy. These extensions add value to the internalisation theory.
Accounting for the Bitcoin: accountability, neoliberalism and a correspondence analysis
Authors: Ram Asheer , Maroun Warren , Garnett Robert
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Given its innovative characteristics and increasing popularity, the Bitcoin, and other virtual currencies, are expected to become mainstream, leading to the need for a generally accepted accounting treatment. Currently, however, there are no accounting standards which offer guidance on the recognition and measurement of these virtual currencies. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to determine a conceptual approach for accounting for the Bitcoin, grounded in the theories of neoliberalism and stewardship.

Design/methodology/approach

The research adopts an interpretive mixed-method approach. The relevant literature is analysed to identify key characteristics of the Bitcoin. These, as well as the elements of accounting policies inspired by neoliberalism and stewardship, form row and column headings in a correspondence matrix completed by 40 financial reporting experts. The correlations between rows and columns (developed using principal component analysis) are used to identify possible recognition and measurement requirements for the Bitcoin. Semi-structured interviews are used to complement the correspondence analysis.

Findings

The correspondence analysis and interviews reveal an emphasis on cost and fair value proposed by models grounded in stewardship and neoliberalism, respectively. The primary factor at work is the need to account for the underlying economics of the unit of account, something which is informed heavily by an organisation’s business model. Cost and fair value may be conceptual opposites, but in the eyes of respondents, these need to be used to achieve the single goal of communicating the economic rationale for holding the Bitcoin.

Research limitations/implications

The study is based on a purposefully selected sample of experts and lacks the exploratory potential of purely qualitative research. Nevertheless, it makes novel use of a correspondence analysis to provide an initial frame of reference for developing an accounting policy for unusual transactions and balances.

Originality/value

The paper is the first to provide a normative perspective on the accounting for this poorly understood “currency”. It also adds to the limited body of interpretive accounting research which dispenses with traditional finance paradigms and positivist models to provide practical recommendations. Finally, the paper offers an innovative approach, using a correspondence analysis and detailed interviews, for developing an accounting policy for transactions not specifically within the scope of existing accounting standards.
A comment on “The struggle to fabricate accounting narrative obfuscation: an actor-network-theoretic analysis of a failing project”
Authors: Stone Gerard William , Parker Lee
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comment on “The struggle to fabricate accounting narrative obfuscation: An actor-network-theoretic analysis of a failing project” by Brian Rutherford.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses issues highlighted by Rutherford regarding the unresolved limitations of the Flesch formulaic approach to readability analysis and the narrow focus of readability research in accounting.

Findings

Commencing with an overview of an important shift in the use of the Flesch formula in accounting readability research in 2004, the paper outlines the emergence of supplementary measures and proxies of readability and reader accessibility of accounting prose. When used in combination with Flesch, the two measures augment readability analysis, ameliorate the formula’s limitations and broaden readability research scope and focus.

Originality/value

The paper gives impetus to the development of additional supplementary measures and proxies of readability and reader access which are necessary to further expand the horizons of accounting readability research and meet ongoing changes to the contemporary accounting communications landscape.
Coordination under uncertainty
Authors: Goretzki Lukas , Messner Martin
Published: April 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how managers use planning meetings to coordinate their actions in light of an uncertain future. Existing literature suggests that coordination under uncertainty requires a “dynamic” approach to planning, which is often realized in the form of rolling forecasts and frequent cross-functional exchange. Not so much is known, however, about the micro-level process through which coordination is achieved. This paper suggests that a sensemaking perspective and a focus on “planning talk” are particularly helpful to understand how actors come to a shared understanding of an uncertain future, based upon which they can coordinate their actions.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper builds upon a qualitative case study in the Austrian production site of an international manufacturing company. Drawing on a sensemaking perspective, the paper analyses monthly held “planning meetings” in which sales and production managers discuss sales forecasts for the coming months and talk about how to align demand and supply.

Findings

The authors show how collective sensemaking unfolds in planning meetings and highlight the role that “plausibilization” of expectations, “calculative reasoning” and “filtering” of information play in this process. This case analysis also sheds light on the challenges that such a sensemaking process may be subject to. In particular, this paper finds that competing hierarchical accountabilities may influence the collective sensemaking process and render coordination more challenging.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the hitherto limited management accounting and control literature on operational planning, especially its coordination function. It also extends the management accounting and control literature that draws on the concept of sensemaking. The study shows how actors involved in planning meetings create a common understanding of the current and future situation and what sensemaking mechanisms facilitate this process. In this respect, this paper is particularly interested in the role that accounting and other types of numbers can play in this context. Furthermore, it theorizes on the conditions that allow managers to overcome concerns with hierarchical accountabilities and enact socializing forms of accountability, which is often necessary to come to agreements on actions to be taken.
Female infidelity is constrained by El Niño conditions in a long‐lived bird
Authors: Kiere Lynna Marie , Drummond Hugh
Published: April 2016

Explaining the remarkable variation in socially monogamous females' extrapair (EP) behaviour revealed by decades of molecular paternity testing remains an important challenge. One hypothesis proposes that restrictive environmental conditions (e.g. extreme weather, food scarcity) limit females' resources and increaseEPbehaviour costs, forcing females to reduceEPreproductive behaviours.

For the first time, we tested this hypothesis by directly quantifying within‐pair andEPbehaviours rather than inferring behaviour from paternity. We evaluated whether warmer sea surface temperatures depress total pre‐laying reproductive behaviours, and particularlyEPbehaviours, in socially paired female blue‐footed boobies (Sula nebouxii). Warm waters in the Eastern Pacific are associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation and lead to decreased food availability and reproductive success in this and other marine predators.

With warmer waters, females decreased their neighbourhood attendance, total copulation frequency and laying probability, suggesting that they contend with restricted resources by prioritizing self‐maintenance and committing less to reproduction, sometimes abandoning the attempt altogether. Females were also less likely to participate inEPcourtship and copulations, but when they did, rates of these behaviours were unaffected by water temperature.

Females' neighbourhood attendance, total copulation frequency andEPcourtship probability responded to temperature differences at the between‐season scale, and neighbourhood attendance andEPcopulation probability were affected by within‐season fluctuations. Path analysis indicated that decreasedEPparticipation was not attributable to reduced female time available forEPactivities. Together, our results suggest that immediate time and energy constraints were not the main factors limiting females' infidelity.

Our study shows that El Niño conditions depress female boobies'EPparticipation and total reproductive activity. In addition to increasing general self‐maintenance and reproductive costs, warm waters may increase costs specific toEPbehaviours including divorce, reduced male parental care, or pathogen exposure. Our results suggest that female boobies strategically refrained fromEPbehaviours to avoid these or other longer‐term costs, rather than being compelled by immediate constraints. This study demonstrates that current environmental conditions affect females' mating decisions, contributing to variation inEPbehaviours, even in a long‐lived, iteroparous species that can buffer against temporary adversity.
Family members’ narratives of lifespace: Mapping changes before and after a brain injury causing driving disruption
Authors: Liang Phyllis , Liddle Jacki , Fleming Jennifer , Gustafsson Louise
Published: April 2016

Background/aim

Family members of a person with an acquired brain injury often provide transport assistance during driving disruption with potential impacts on their own travel and participation within the community. The geographic area in which people travel and conduct their activities is known as lifespace. This study aimed to describe the quantitative changes in family members’ lifespace after brain injury and understand their subjective experiences through interacting with maps during narratives.

Methods

Mapping was embedded within in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 15 family members. Two sets of maps were generated per participant showing the number of travel locations before and after brain injury. In the interviews, participants reflected on the perceived meaning of lifespace change. Qualitative data were analysed using a narrative approach.

Results

Quantitative data from the mapping revealed an increase in travel locations for nine participants, a decrease for five, and no change for one participant. Data analysis revealed four typologies which complemented and enriched the quantitative data: (i) I will do everything for him or her; (ii) Trying to fit all in; (iii) We spend all our time together now; (iv) I need to also care for myself.

Conclusions

The findings describe the change in family members’ lifespace after taking on the driver role following acquired brain injury. This study highlights the importance of understanding both quantitative and qualitative aspects of lifespace. The subjective experiences and consequences of lifespace changes are different from the impact on individuals with health conditions. Mapping in an interview as a tool has potential clinical utility.
Metabolome‐mediated biocryomorphic evolution promotes carbon fixation in Greenlandic cryoconite holes
Authors: Cook Joseph M. , Edwards Arwyn , Bulling Mark , Mur Luis A. J. , Cook Sophie , Gokul Jarishma K. , Cameron Karen A. , Sweet Michael , Irvine‐Fynn Tristram D. L.
Published: April 2016

Microbial photoautotrophs on glaciers engineer the formation of granular microbial‐mineral aggregates termed cryoconite which accelerate ice melt, creating quasi‐cylindrical pits called ‘cryoconite holes’. These act as biogeochemical reactors on the ice surface and provide habitats for remarkably active and diverse microbiota. Evolution of cryoconite holes towards an equilibrium depth is well known, yet interactions between microbial activity and hole morphology are currently weakly addressed. Here, we experimentally perturbed the depths and diameters of cryoconite holes on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Cryoconite holes responded by sensitively adjusting their shapes in three dimensions (‘biocryomorphic evolution’) thus maintaining favourable conditions for net autotrophy at the hole floors. Non‐targeted metabolomics reveals concomitant shifts in cyclic AMP and fucose metabolism consistent with phototaxis and extracellular polymer synthesis indicating metabolomic‐level granular changes in response to perturbation. We present a conceptual model explaining this process and suggest that it results in remarkably robust net autotrophy on the Greenland Ice Sheet. We also describe observations of cryoconite migrating away from shade, implying a degree of self‐regulation of carbon budgets over mesoscales. Since cryoconite is a microbe‐mineral aggregate, it appears that microbial processes themselves form and maintain stable autotrophic habitats on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet.
The Na+/H+ antiporter Nhx1 controls vacuolar fusion indispensible for life cycles in vitro and in vivo in a fungal insect pathogen
Authors: Zhu Jing , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Feng Ming‐Guang
Published: April 2016

The sole Na+/H+ antiporter Nhx1 has been generally unexplored in filamentous fungi. We characterized Nhx1 in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. An eGFP‐tagged Nhx1 fusion accumulated in small punctuate structures, presumably endosomal and trans‐Golgi network compartments, between septum and tubular vacuole of each wild‐type cell stained with a vacuole‐specific dye. Deletion of nhx1 resulted in significant acidification and severe fusion defect in vacuoles, which were fragmented and distinct from large or tubular wild‐type vacuoles. The deletion also caused a drastic reduction in aerial conidiation or submerged blastospore production and more severe defect in vegetative growth than in conidial germination. The Δnhx1 mutant became more sensitive to high osmolarity, heat shock and several metal ions during growth but its conidia showed increased UV‐B tolerance. Intriguingly, Δnhx1 was unable to infect a model insect through cuticle penetration or intrahaemocoel injection because it produced much less biomass and cuticle‐degrading enzymes in a minimal broth and failed to form blastospores in the insect haemolymph. All changes were completely or largely restored by targeted nhx1 complementation. Our results provide novel insight into an indispensability of Nhx1 for not only vacuolar fusion but also life cycles in vitro and in vivo in B. bassiana.
Buying into Myths: Free Movement of People and Immigration
Authors: Thielemann Eiko , Schade Daniel
Published: April 2016

The way in which free movement of people has become the central issue of the British government's renegotiation and referendum campaign on the UK's relationship with the European Union (EU) risks obfuscating at least three central issues: why immigrants are coming to the UK; what impact EU migrants are having on the UK; and what can be done to effectively regulate such inflows. It is, however, not just the eurosceptics and the British government, but also ‘in campaigners’ and other EU member states, who risk perpetuating a number of widely held misconceptions about free movement and immigration for political reasons. Buying into such myths risks undermining attempts to have a more honest and more evidence‐based debate about immigration and migrant integration.
Tracing, Value and Transactions
Authors: Cutts Tatiana
Published: April 2016

Tracing is generally understood to be the process of following value through one or more substitutions, by which a claimant ‘transmits’ his claim from the right substituted into its exchange product. Understood thus, the exercise of tracing has been made increasingly difficult to conduct and predict by the development of complex payment mechanisms involving multiple payment instructions and interceding periods of indebtedness. This article argues that concepts of value are conceptually and practically misleading. Identifying and determining the content of transactions are normative processes that depend, not upon identifying the precise mechanisms by which a particular change in legal relations is sought and executed, but rather upon the manifested intentions of the transacting parties. This allows us to deal straightforwardly with complex payment structures, clearing and credit, and to focus instead upon the role of transactions in the justification for a resulting claim.
Injunctive Relief: But Let's Agree Not To Have It?
Authors: Ho Lau Kwan
Published: April 2016

The ability of parties contractually to limit their right to seek injunctive relief has not often been judicially discussed. An interesting case from Singapore now appears to suggest that this is much more than a theoretical possibility. Some arguments can, however, be made to demonstrate that this is perhaps not the vista of opportunity over which some contract draughtsmen might rejoice, and care should be taken to ascertain the boundaries of the law, as explained in this note.
Extramammary Paget's disease: Surgical control from the plastic surgery perspective
Authors: Wong David Sau‐Yan , Ko Loretta Wing‐Lam , Cheung Tak‐Hong
Published: April 2016

Aim: Local recurrence is a common occurrence after surgical treatment for extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). Current approaches have only focused on the narrowest safe margin necessary for local tumour removal. This leaves the multicentric nature of the disease, which also accounts for recurrence, untackled. More extensive excisions, however, would entail reconstruction, which in turn might mean additional morbidity. In the present study, we examined the relationship of reconstruction after resection with treatment outcome and postoperative recovery to look at the feasibility of wide local excision for achieving ‘disease clearance’.

Patients and Methods: The records of patients who received surgical treatment for
EMPD
over a continuous 14‐year period were reviewed. Primary outcome measures were margin clearance, local recurrence, complications and length of hospital stay.

Results: Patients requiring reconstruction had better margin clearance and were not associated with more complications or prolonged hospital stay. They did not have more local recurrences, despite having more advanced local disease.

Conclusions: Modern reconstructive techniques can supplement wide excisions for
EMPD
so that there is no need to limit resection extent in order to reduce morbidity. More liberal excisions than the recommended narrowest safe margins should be better able to eradicate disease.
Effects of an autologous fibrin sealant on lymphatic leakage after radical cystectomy: A matched case‐control study
Authors: Chan Eddie Shu‐Yin , Yee Chi‐Hang , Chiu Peter Ka‐Fung , Chan Chi‐Kwok , Tam Mandy Ho‐Man , Ng Chi‐Fai
Published: April 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an autologous fibrin sealant (Vivostat) on the prevention of lymphatic leakage after radical cystectomy.

Patients and Methods

Patients who underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) or robot‐assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) for the treatment of bladder cancer were enrolled. Autologous fibrin sealant was applied after the completion of bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. The data were compared with those from matched RARC patients in a historical cohort.

Results

Ten consecutive RARC or LRC were performed using an autologous fibrin sealant. A statistically nonsignificant reduction in drain output (1165.5 mL, range = 225–3150 mL) was observed compared with 10 matched historical RARC patients who did not receive the autologous fibrin sealant (1927.2 mL, range = 240–4010 mL). No difference in the number of days of in‐situ drainage or the length of hospital stay was found. Two patients in the control group developed asymptomatic lymphocele. One patient in the group treated with the autologous fibrin sealant developed deep vein thrombosis after RARC.

Conclusion

The use of an autologous fibrin sealant did not reduce lymphatic leakage after radical cystectomy.
Valued outcomes in the counter‐spaces of alternative education programs: success but on whose scale?
Authors: Plows Vicky , Bottrell Dorothy , Te Riele Kitty
Published: April 2016

For marginalised young people, alternative education settings—referred to here as flexible learning programs (FLPs)—are thought to provide a powerful ‘counter‐space’ to damaging experiences of mainstream schooling. Such programs are inherently contradictory, with potential to also reproduce stigma and disadvantage. The provision of secondary schooling via FLPs is significant. In Australia, for example, the sector serves over 70,000 students. A better understanding of student experiences and outcomes in these educational spaces is needed. Drawing on interview data with staff, students, and graduates from two FLPs in Victoria, this paper employs Soja's ideas about conceived, perceived, and lived space to explore what outcomes are valued and to consider how success is measured in these programs. The paper shows that FLP staff and students valued a diverse range of academic, social, and personal outcomes that support a more expansive vision of education and monitoring student success than dominant perspectives. The paper also suggests that these FLPs are both a counter‐space and a space that connects back to the mainstream, optimally understood as third space, a hybrid place, bringing together the conventional and the alternative to create a valued and valuable education for marginalised young people.
The effects of host age and spatial location on bacterial community composition in the English Oak tree (Quercus robur)
Authors: Meaden S. , Metcalf C.J.E. , Koskella B.
Published: April 2016

Drivers of bacterial community assemblages associated with plants are diverse and include biotic factors, such as competitors and host traits, and abiotic factors, including environmental conditions and dispersal mechanisms. We examine the roles of spatial distribution and host size, as an approximation for age, in shaping the microbiome associated with Quercus robur woody tissue using culture‐independent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In addition to providing a baseline survey of the Q. robur microbiome, we screened for the pathogen of acute oak decline. Our results suggest that age is a predictor of bacterial community composition, demonstrating a surprising negative correlation between tree age and alpha diversity. We find no signature of dispersal limitation within the Wytham Woods plot sampled. Together, these results provide evidence for niche‐based hypotheses of community assembly and the importance of tree age in bacterial community structure, as well as highlighting that caution must be applied when diagnosing dysbiosis in a long‐lived plant host.
¿Usted Va al Capitolio También?: Adult Immigrants’ Positioning in Response to News and Digital Media about Immigration Policy
Authors: Noguerón‐Liu Silvia
Published: April 2016

This article explores the ways in which adult immigrants engaged in discussion about immigration news at a web design course during the passing of Senate Bill 1070 in Arizona. Drawing on the method and theory of mediated discourse analysis, two focal interactions reveal the diverse positions that students took up in relation to anti‐immigrant ideologies and the Latino community response in physical and digital spaces.
Racializing Discourse in Public and Private: Social Differentiation and the Question of Mexicanness at an Arizona High School
Authors: O'Connor Brendan H.
Published: April 2016

Using discourse analysis, this article explores how Mexican‐American students at an Arizona high school exploited intersections of race, gender, and socioeconomic class to position themselves and their peers along a racial continuum from less to more Mexican. Thus, private social distinctions among students both mirrored and transformed publicly circulating discourses of belonging, foreignness, and civility. The findings inform understandings of the complex, day‐to‐day construction of race and other social categories among students in U.S. schools.
Laparoscopic repeat liver resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Goh Brian K. P. , Teo Jin‐Yao , Chan Chung‐Yip , Lee Ser‐Yee , Cheow Peng‐Chung , Chung Alexander Y. F.
Published: April 2016

Background

Repeat liver resection is effective for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC). This study aimed to determine the outcomes of laparoscopic repeat liver resection (LRLR) for rHCC.

Methods

Eight consecutive patients who underwent LRLR for rHCC were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Six patients had previous open and two had laparoscopic liver resection (LLR). There was one (12.5%) open conversion for bleeding and one (12.5%) post‐operative morbidity. The median tumour size was 24 mm (range: 8–50 mm). LRLR was performed for rHCC in the ipsilateral lobe as compared to the index surgery in 4/8 (50%) patients. Five of eight (62.5%) patients had rHCC in the difficult posterosuperior segments. Six patients had previous open LR, and two had previous LLR. One patient (patient 4) had two prior open LR for rHCC, and LRLR was performed for the second recurrence. The median duration from the first surgery to LRLR was 29 months (range: 6–109 months). The median post‐operative stay was 3.5 days. All eight patients had R0 resections, and at a median follow‐up of 7.5 months, all patients were disease‐free.

Conclusion

LRLR for rHCC is feasible and safe. This can be performed even for patients with previous open liver resections, cirrhosis, lesions in the posterosuperior segments and prior LR of the ipsilateral lobe. LRLR for rHCC is feasible and safe in highly selected patients.
Chylous leakage from a remaining duplicated left‐sided thoracic duct after esophagectomy successfully treated by ligation of the left‐sided thoracic duct with left‐sided video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery with the patient in the prone position
Authors: Abe Tetsuya , Kawai Ryosuke , Uemura Norihisa , Kawakami Jiro , Ito Seiji , Komori Koji , Senda Yoshiki , Misawa Kazunari , Shinoda Masayuki , Shimizu Yasuhiro
Published: April 2016

A 69‐year‐old man who had undergone an esophagectomy was diagnosed with chylous leakage on postoperative day 2, and his pleural effusion output gradually increased daily. On postoperative day 6, intranodal lymphangiography using lipiodol demonstrated chylous leakage from branches of an incomplete duplicated left‐sided thoracic duct; it also indicated successful ligation of the right‐sided thoracic duct at initial operation. After lymphangiography, the chylous leakage did not heal and remained uncontrollable. Based on the preoperative lymphangiographic findings, we ligated the left‐sided thoracic duct with left‐sided video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery, with the patient in the prone position, on postoperative day 9. The patient experienced no other postoperative complications. The use of the prone position with pneumothorax treatment was helpful in providing a wide operative field in the posterior mediastinum, thus allowing for a better chance for a successful postoperative outcome.
Endoscopy‐assisted transanal repair of afferent limb obstruction and long efferent limb with ileopexy after ileal J‐pouch‐anal anastomosis
Authors: Araki Toshimitsu , Okita Yoshiki , Kawamura Mikio , Kondo Satoru , Kobayashi Minako , Ohi Masaki , Toiyama Yuji , Tanaka Koji , Inoue Yasuhiro , Uchida Keiichi , Mohri Yasuhiko , Kusunoki Masato
Published: April 2016

Afferent limb obstruction can be a persistent complication after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis. We present a case of afferent limb obstruction complicated by a long efferent limb of the ileal pouch that we successfully treated with side‐to‐side anastomosis of the afferent and efferent limbs. The procedure involved using a transanal endoscopic stapling device assisted by transanal endoscopy with a thin intestinal video endoscope. This allowed reliable, safe visualization of the lesion from the tight pouch‐anal anastomosis and facilitated repair with an endoscopic stapling device. Because the technique was performed without enterotomy, it reduced the risks of contamination and leakage from transabdominal small bowel anastomosis. Laparotomy view also prevented of injury to the pouch itself and entrapment of the mesentery of the afferent and efferent limbs of the pouch between the stapler anvils.
The Distributional Effects of Social Spending in Thailand: Evidence From a New Database
Authors: Buracom Ponlapat
Published: April 2016

Social spending in Thailand is often regarded as an important tool for building human capital and for fighting poverty. The Thai government has made a strong commitment to expanding the access of Thai population to education, healthcare, and other welfare services, but the question is how well the benefits of these social services are actually distributed. The objective of this article is to explore the distributional effects of public education, health, and welfare spending in Thailand by using a benefit incidence analysis with a new database covering the year 2011, as many new social programs were implemented and expanded after the financial crisis in 1997 and after 2006 and 2009. The benefit incidence analysis in 2011 should make it possible to analyze the extent to which the rich and the poor are benefiting from the current allocation of social spending. Additionally, the paper explores the policy implications of the findings.
A Veto Players Analysis of Subnational Territorial Reform in Indonesia
Authors: Tumanut Michael A.
Published: April 2016

Indonesia has been prolific in creating local governments since 1999. This article reexamines provincial division in Indonesia and proposes a Veto players (VP) Theory of territorial reform, a function of the interplay of a number of VPs, their cohesion, and congruence of VP preferences. Using comparative analysis and process tracing of successful and failed cases through key informant interviews and secondary materials, Indonesia is found to have large but decisive VPs, where the direction of reform is contingent on the preferences of local players through territorial leveraging or opportunism. They are political elites who are supported by social movements whose preferences run parallel with the former. Despite a large absolute number of VPs, territorial reform was achieved due to smaller effective number of VPs (via established executive‐legislative relations), due to mirroring and manipulation of preferences through side payments and other strategic behaviors (lobbying and social mobilization), and through reciprocity norms of patronage and personal linkages.
Syn‐kinematic sedimentation at a releasing splay in the northern Minwun Ranges, Sagaing Fault zone, Myanmar: significance for fault timing and displacement
Authors: Morley Chris K.
Published: April 2016

The Sagaing Fault zone is the largest active fault in SE Asia, whose current displacement rate of around 1.8 cm year−1 is well‐established from GPS data. Yet determining the timing of initiation and total displacement on the fault zone has proven controversial. The timing problem can potentially be resolved through a newly identified syn‐kinematic sedimentary section directly related to displacement on the Sagaing Fault in the northern Minwun Ranges. The northern part of the western strand of the Sagaing Fault has a releasing splay geometry that sets up a syn‐kinematic oblique‐extensional basin in its hangingwall, here called the North Minwun Basin. A series of thick ridges probably composed of alluvial fan and fluvial sandstones dipping between 20 and 70° to the north, and younging northwards comprise the basin fill over a distance of 40 km. Total stratigraphic thickness (not vertical thickness) is estimated at 25 km. The basin in terms of depositional geometries, large displacements, and large stratigraphic thickness and appearance on satellite images has parallels with the extensional Hornelen basin, Norway and the strike‐slip Ridge Basin, California. Minimum likely displacement on the fault strand is 40 km, and may possibly be in excess of 100 km. The remote and inaccessible basin has yet to be properly dated, likely ages range between Eocene and Miocene. When dated the basin will provide an important constraint on the timing of deformation. The potential for this basin to constrain the timing and displacement along the northern part of the Sagaing Fault has not been previously recognised.
C‐terminal Src kinase‐mediated EPIYA phosphorylation of Pragmin creates a feed‐forward C‐terminal Src kinase activation loop that promotes cell motility
Authors: Senda Yoshie , Murata‐Kamiya Naoko , Hatakeyama Masanori
Published: April 2016

Pragmin is one of the few mammalian proteins containing the Glu‐Pro‐Ile‐Tyr‐Ala (EPIYA) tyrosine‐phosphorylation motif that was originally discovered in the Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein. Following delivery into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation at the EPIYA motifs, CagA serves as an oncogenic scaffold/adaptor that promiscuously interacts with SH2 domain‐containing mammalian proteins such as the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase‐2 (SHP2) and the C‐terminal Src kinase (Csk), a negative regulator of Src family kinases. Like CagA, Pragmin also forms a physical complex with Csk. In the present study, we found that Pragmin directly binds to Csk by the tyrosine‐phosphorylated EPIYA motif. The complex formation potentiates kinase activity of Csk, which in turn phosphorylates Pragmin on tyrosine‐238 (Y238), Y343, and Y391. As Y391 of Pragmin comprises the EPIYA motif, Pragmin–Csk interaction creates a feed‐forward regulatory loop of Csk activation. Together with the finding that Pragmin and Csk are colocalized to focal adhesions, these observations indicate that the Pragmin–Csk interaction, triggered by Pragmin EPIYA phosphorylation, robustly stimulates the kinase activity of Csk at focal adhesions, which direct cell‐matrix adhesion that regulates cell morphology and cell motility. As a consequence, expression of Pragmin and/or Csk in epithelial cells induces an elongated cell shape with elevated cell scattering in a manner that is mutually dependent on Pragmin and Csk. Deregulation of the Pragmin–Csk axis may therefore induce aberrant cell migration that contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis.
Allosteric modulators of MEK1: drug design and discovery
Authors: Shang Jialin , Lu Shaoyong , Jiang Yongjun , Zhang Jian
Published: April 2016

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK, MEK) mediates signal transduction, controlling cell proliferation and survival. MEK occupies a key downstream position in the Ras‐Raf‐MEK‐ERK signaling pathway, implying that inhibition of MEK will potently suppress tumor cell growth, with potential applications in cancer therapy. Based on the promising therapeutic effects of MEK modulators, continued efforts have been made in this class. Here, we review the discovery and development of MEK1 allosteric modulators, classifying them into four structural groups. The allosteric mechanisms and recent clinical progress involving these modulators are also reviewed.
Issues around childhood disclosure of HIV status – findings from a qualitative study in West Bengal, India
Authors: Das A. , Detels R. , Javanbakht M. , Panda S.
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Informing the children living with HIV (CLH) about their disease (disclosure) is important from the perspective of disease treatment and overall psychosocial development. There are no published studies that qualitatively explored HIV disclosure‐related issues among CLH in India. Our aim was to provide insights into the perceptions of informal caregivers of CLH regarding childhood disclosure.

Methods

Children were defined as those aged <16 years. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 34 primary caregivers of CLH aged 8 to 15 years old who were residing in West Bengal, India. The participants were recruited with the help of a community‐based organization that provides need‐based services to people living with HIV.

Results

We obtained caregivers' perspectives on the motivators and barriers of childhood disclosure. Health benefits such as medication adherence emerged as an important motivator, while distress caused by disclosure and potential for stigma were identified as barriers. Health care providers were the preferred disclosers for most caregivers, followed by the caregivers themselves. Some caregivers wanted their child to learn about his/her HIV status by him/herself. There was no consensus among the caregivers about the ideal age for disclosure. Many preferred to wait until the child attained maturity or was of marriageable age.

Discussion

Disclosure of HIV status to children is an emotional issue, both for the caregiver and the child. Like most low‐or middle‐income countries, no standardized, age‐appropriate disclosure guidelines exist in India. Our findings advocate adoption of a multi‐faceted approach, including increased availability of social and familial support, for childhood HIV disclosure.
Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations
Authors: Brichieri‐Colombi Typhenn A. , Moehrenschlager Axel
Published: April 2016

The use of conservation translocations to mitigate human effects on biodiversity is increasing, but how these efforts are allocated remains unclear. Based on a comprehensive literature review and online author survey, we sought to determine the goals of translocation efforts, whether they focus on species and regions with high threat and likelihood of perceived success, and how success might be improved. We systematically searched the ISI Web of Knowledge and Academic Search Complete databases to determine the species and regions of conservation translocations and found 1863 articles on conservation translocations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean published from 1974 to 2013. We questioned 330 relevant authors to determine the motivation for translocations, how translocations were evaluated, and obstacles encountered. Conservation translocations in North America were geographically widespread (in 21 countries), increased in frequency over time for all animal classes (from 1 in 1974 to 84 in 2013), and included 279 different species. Reintroductions and reinforcements were more common in the United States than in Canada and Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean, and their prevalence was correlated with the number of species at risk at national and state or provincial levels. Translocated species had a higher threat status at state and provincial levels than globally (International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categorization), suggesting that translocations may have been motivated by regional priorities rather than global risk. Our survey of authors was consistent with these results; most translocations were requested, supported, or funded by government agencies and downlisting species at national or state or provincial levels was the main goal. Nonetheless, downlisting was the least reported measure of success, whereas survival and reproduction of translocated individuals were the most reported. Reported barriers to success included biological factors such as animal mortality and nonbiological factors, such as financial constraints, which were less often considered in the selection of release sites. Our review thus highlights discrepancies between project goals and evaluation criteria and between risk factors considered and obstacles encountered, indicating room to further optimize translocation projects.
Using spatial patterns in illegal wildlife uses to reveal connections between subsistence hunting and trade
Authors: Sánchez‐Mercado Ada , Asmüssen Marianne , Rodríguez‐Clark Kathryn M. , Rodríguez Jon Paul , Jedrzejewski Wlodzimierz
Published: April 2016

Although most often considered independently, subsistence hunting, domestic trade, and international trade as components of illegal wildlife use (IWU) may be spatially correlated. Understanding how and where subsistence and commercial uses may co‐occur has important implications for the design and implementation of effective conservation actions. We analyzed patterns in the joint geographical distribution of illegal commercial and subsistence use of multiple wildlife species in Venezuela and evaluated whether available data were sufficient to provide accurate estimates of the magnitude, scope, and detectability of IWU. We compiled records of illegal subsistence hunting and trade from several sources and fitted a random‐forest classification model to predict the spatial distribution of IWUs. From 1969 to 2014, 404 species and 8,340,921 specimens were involved in IWU, for a mean extraction rate of 185,354 individuals/year. Birds were the most speciose group involved (248 spp.), but reptiles had the highest extraction rates (126,414 individuals/year vs. 3,133 individuals/year for birds). Eighty‐eight percent of international trade records spatially overlapped with domestic trade, especially in the north and along the coast but also in western inland areas. The distribution of domestic trade was broadly distributed along roads, suggesting that domestic trade does not depend on large markets in cities. Seventeen percent of domestic trade records overlapped with subsistence hunting, but the spatial distribution of this overlap covered a much larger area than between commercial uses. Domestic trade seems to respond to demand from rural more than urban communities. Our approach will be useful for understanding how IWU works at national scales in other parts of the world.
The effect of audiovisual distraction on the tolerability of flexible bronchoscopy: a randomized trial
Authors: Navidian Ali , Moulaei Nezarali , Ebrahimi Tabas Ebrahim , Solaymani Shahla
Published: April 2016

Objective

It is important to minimize patient discomfort during invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as bronchoscopy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of audiovisual distraction on the tolerability of flexible bronchoscopy (FB).

Materials and methods

We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled trial on patients undergoing FB at a hospital in Zahedan, Iran, in 2015. The patients were equally and randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Patients in the control group received standard care during FB While patients in the experimental group selected familiar folk music that was played during the procedure along with the screening of images of nature. The duration of the FB was recorded and cough, dyspnea, choking, nausea and pain were evaluated using a visual analogue scale before and after the procedure. Statistical analysis was carried out using paired and independentt‐tests, χ2‐tests and analysis of covariance.

Results

Sixty patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomized. The duration of the FB procedure was significantly shorter in the experimental group compared with the control group (mean ± standard deviation 7.87 ± 2.12 min and 10.27 ± 1.72 min, respectively;P < 0.05). Dyspnea, cough and pain were significantly less severe in the experimental group compared with the control group (P < 0.05), but choking and nausea were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.1).

Conclusions

Our findings showed that audiovisual distraction had a positive effect on the tolerability of FB. This method has important potential as a simple and practical approach in reducing discomfort during invasive diagnostic and treatment procedures.
Laser assisted Drug Delivery: Grundlagen und Praxis
Authors: Braun Stephan Alexander , Schrumpf Holger , Buhren Bettina Alexandra , Homey Bernhard , Gerber Peter Arne
Published: April 2016

Die topische Applikation von Wirkstoffen ist eine zentrale Therapieoption der Dermatologie. Allerdings mindert die effektive Barrierefunktion der Haut die Bioverfügbarkeit der meisten Externa.

Fraktionierte ablative Laser stellen ein innovatives Verfahren dar, um die epidermale Barriere standardisiert, kontaktfrei zu überwinden. Die Bioverfügbarkeit im Anschluss applizierter Externa wird im Sinne einer laser assisted drug delivery (LADD) signifikant gesteigert. Das Prinzip der LADD wird bereits in einigen Bereichen der Dermatologie erfolgreich eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit soll einen Überblick über die aktuellen aber auch perspektivischen Einsatzmöglichkeiten der LADD bieten.
Current options for the treatment of pathological scarring
Authors: Poetschke Julian , Gauglitz Gerd G.
Published: April 2016

Scarring is the consequence of surgery, trauma or different skin diseases. Apart from fresh, immature scars,that transform into mature scars over the course of would healing and that do not require further treatment,linear hypertrophic scars, widespread hypertrophic scars, keloids and atrophic scars exist. Symptoms like pruritusand pain, stigmatization as well as functional and aesthetic impairments that are very disturbing for the affected patients can bethe basis for the desire for treatment. Today, a multitude of options for the treatment and prevention of scars exists. Topical agents based on silicone or onion extract, intralesional injections of cristalline glucocorticoids (oftentimes in combinationwith cryotherapy) or 5‐Fluorouracil as well as ablative and nonablative laser treatment are used. Current guidelines summarize the multitude of available treatment options and the currently available datafor the treating physicians, allowing them to make clear therapy recommendations for every single scar type. Relieving patients of their discomfort and doing their aesthetic demands justice is thus possible. Apart from scar prevention becoming more and more important, the increased use of modernlaser treatment options constitutes a key point in clinical scar treatment. At the same time the attention is turned to evaluating current therapeutic options with the help of contemporary study designs so as to graduallyimprove the level of evidence in scar treatment.