bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Letter‐writing practices in a child and family service
Authors: Vidgen Andrew , Williams Rachel
Published: March 2003

This study examined the letter‐writing practices in a child and family psychology service. Utilizing a grounded theory approach to data collection and analysis, six clinical psychologists (including one pilot study) were interviewed about their letter‐writing practices in relation to direct clinical work and in correspondence with other professionals. Analysis of the data yielded five themes: typical practices, use of clinical and micro skills, letters addressing the relationship with the family, messages to other professionals, and beliefs about the family. Findings suggest that letters are used in a variety of ways including being an aide‐mémoire of the contents of face‐to‐face meetings, directly addressing the therapeutic relationship with the client, demonstrating respect, and informing other professionals of psychological practices and views regarding clients and their presenting problems. It emerged that letter‐writing is seen to exist in the wider context of social relationships, between the referrer, clinician and client. The results are discussed in relation to clinical practices and future areas of study.
The Failure of Calendar Reform (1992–1931): Religious Minorities, Businessmen, Scientists, and Bureaucrats
Authors: Davies Christie , Trivizas Eugene , Wolfe Roy
Published: March 2003

The standardization of measurements of length, mass, temperature, etc is a central part of the process of modernization and rationalization described by Weber. However, attempts by businessmen, scientists and bureaucrats to reform the calendar, as a rationalizing measure and to improve economic efficiency, have been thwarted by religious minorities. Curiously, the religious opposition is rooted in material interests, in contrast to the ideal interests of the calendar reformers. The argument that calendar reform is contrary to religious liberty is shown to be confused. Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity are then used to clarify the nature of the issues involved.
“Kana sora ratswa ngaritswe”: African Nationalists and Black Workers – The 1948 General Strike in Colonial Zimbabwe
Authors: Phimister Ian , Raftopoulos Brian
Published: March 2003

For almost two weeks in April 1948 colonial Zimbabwe's two major cities, as well as smaller towns, mines and farms were convulsed by mass unrest. Although the causes of the General Strike have long been recognised as having their origins in the urban squalor and rampant inflation of the immediate post‐war era, there is little agreement about either its organisation or its significance. Recent interventions in the debate have tended to strengthen existing prejudices. This paper advances four linked propositions which radically reformulate previous positions: that, while the development of secondary industry and the related growth of colonial Zimbabwe's urban areas were both relatively large by the modest standards of Sub‐Saharan African, the scale was small in absolute terms; that these processes and their social consequences differed considerably between Bulawayo and Salisbury; that that the limited scale of these processes often meant that parochial concerns were more important than national issues; and that while all of this facilitated a greater degree of control over events in Bulawayo, if not in Salisbury, by an elite leadership than some writers have conceded, these events did not amount to a colony‐wide General Strike.
Nativist Cosmopolitans: Institutional Reflexivity and the Decline of “Double‐Consciousness” in American Nationalist Thought
Authors: Kaufmann Eric
Published: March 2003

Debate in the field of historical sociology on the subject of American citizenship and nationality tends to support one of two theories. The exceptionalist argument holds that American nationalist discourse has historically been based on the universal ideals of liberty enshrined in the Constitution, and has been inclusive in character. Critics contend that this was not the case – arguing that the narrative of American national identity has typically been grounded on exclusive ethno‐cultural criteria like race, religion or language. This essay attempts to demonstrate that the truth encompasses, yet transcends, both positions. This is not because there were conflicting parties in the nineteenth century nationality debate – indeed, there was a great deal of elite consensus as to the meaning of American nationhood prior to the twentieth century which simultaneously affirmed both the universalist and particularist dimension of Americanism. How to explain this apparent contradiction, which Ralph Waldo Emerson termed “double‐consciousness?” This paper suggests that the nineteenth century popularity of dualistic statements of American nationhood, and the eclipse of such conceptions in the twentieth, is a complex sociological phenomenon that can only fully be explained by taking into account the development of institutional reflexivity in the United States.
The City as Social Display: Landed Elites and Urban Images in Charleston and Palermo
Authors: Del Lago Enrico
Published: March 2003

The landed elites of Charleston and Palermo successfully modified the layout of the two cities by choosing particular areas of residence in which they could express their economic and social exclusivity through ‘representational’ architecture. In doing this, the two landed elites constructed images of the cities which built upon already established ones acquired in previous centuries. While the old images were the symbolic expressions of the political domination of two distant states over their colonies, the new images symbolized the power of the landed aristocrats, their domination of the social and economic life of the cities, and their commitment to nationalist struggles against new and hostile political institutions.
Intangible Assets and the Network Structure of MNCs
Authors: Doukas John (Yannis) , Pantzalis Christos , Kim Sungsoo
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the nature of the relationship between corporate intangible assets and the multinational network structure of the firm. Specifically, the question addressed in this paper is whether the nature of corporate intangible assets determines the mode of geographic expansion of the MNC. The interactive effects between the level and type of corporate intangibles and the foreign expansion path of MNCs are also examined. Based on the analysis of 362 MNCs, representing 88 three‐digit SIC industries, the results of this study show that R&D‐intensive MNCs maintain substantially more geographically diversified and less geographically focused operating networks than advertising‐intensive MNCs. Furthermore, R&D‐intensive MNCs' foreign investments create more value through geographic diversification, while non‐R&D‐intensive MNCs benefit the most by increasing the geographic focus of their foreign investment activities. We also document that MNCs without significant levels of technology know‐how and marketing based intangible assets can benefit the most from geographic‐focused rather than geographic‐diversified foreign business operations.
The Value Relevance of Accounting Information during a Financial Crisis: Thailand and the 1997 Decline in the Value of the Baht
Authors: Graham Roger , King Raymond , Bailes Jack
Published: March 2003

This study addresses whether the financial turmoil surrounding the devaluation of the baht affected the value relevance of Thai accounting information. Our results suggest a decline in the value relevance of Thai book values and earnings following the devaluation. Prior to mid 1997 the Bank of Thailand pegged the value of the baht to a basket of currencies of which 80% was weighted to the US dollar. In response to pressure by currency speculators the bank abandoned its peg on July 2 1997 in favor of a managed float. The devaluation was followed by volatile exchange rates. The change in value relevance of accounting information after the devaluation may be attributable to the initial recognition of foreign exchange losses and the subsequent recognition of foreign exchange gains as exchange rates fell and then recovered.
Structuring of Identities in Relation to Material Possessions in Poland of the 1990s: Issues of Policy, Culture, and Individual Life‐Worlds
Authors: Puchalska Bogumila
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the re‐defining and re‐creating of individual, group and social identities in relation to material possessions in the context of private property becoming one of the fundamental principles of organization of the socio‐cultural reality of Poland in the 1990s. These processes can be seen as a crucial part of the cultural and civilizational transformation of Polish society towards a more individualistic and materially oriented one. Part of this development is the mostly uncritical adoption of the materialistic paradigm ‘to have is to be’, which threatens to destroy the capital of humanist values traditionally existing in Polish society, and which renders problematic the facilitation of socio‐cultural conditions of a ‘secure moral order’ or a ‘moral economy’.
Organization and Management in an Anglo‐French Consortium: The Case of Transmanche‐Link
Authors: Winch Graham M. , Clifton Naomi , Millar Carla
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the results of a comparative organizational assessment of the behaviour and organization of the British and French managers who constructed the Channel Tunnel. In the context of a common adhocratic organization, a principal components analysis of the survey results differentiates the British and French respondents on five dimensions: fonceur/procedural; competitive/collegial; involved/distanced; individualistic/supportive; and stress. These quantitative results are supported by qualitative data from interviews and open‐ended questions. A preliminary explanation of the results in terms of a configurational analysis of the differences between the British and French managers surveyed is then offered. The paper argues that an organizational assessment methodology is compatible with societal approaches which attempt to understand nationally distinctive configurations of organization and management.
Environmental Constraints And Sectoral Recipes: Strategy Change In Britain’s Military Industrial Base
Authors: Hislop Donald
Published: March 2003

There has been a significant growth in research providing a sectoral‐level analysis for a range of organizational behaviour, including company strategy (Smith et al., 1990; Spender, 1989). One of the main strengths of this work is that it shows a sensitivity to how an organization’s institutional–structural context influences its behaviour. This paper will add to this growing body of research through examining one particular sector: the UK’s military equipment sector in the period immediately following the end of the Cold War. One of the most interesting findings from the research on which this paper is based was the similarity in strategies pursued by most of the companies examined. This similarity in strategies is explained in terms of two main factors. Firstly, drawing on elements of contingency theory it is suggested that the strategic options open to the companies examined were constrained by the specific nature of their capabilities, which were shaped by the character of military equipment markets. Secondly, it is suggested that the institutional characteristics of the UK’s military equipment sector were conducive to the development of a strategic ‘recipe’.
Commentary on the Special Issue: Religion in the Psychology of Personality
Authors: Vande Kemp Hendrika
Published: March 2003

The author comments on the special issue on religion in the psychology of personality. She focuses her discussion on the following topics: the historical tripartite theory of cognition‐affection‐conation; ways that family psychology and theories of language clarify the “problem” of adherence to “false realities”; the multidimensionality of personality and religion and their cultural embeddedness as illuminated in clinical assessment by way of contextual family theory (Boszormenyi‐Nagy & Krasner, 1986) and the Kantor and Lehr (1975) systems theory; the role of the investigator’s personality in theory and research about personality and religion; the one‐sided emphasis on the empirical tradition in the psychology of religion; and the omission of the personalist tradition.
A 3‐D Graphical Database System for Landfill Operations Using GPS
Authors: Tserng H. Ping , Russell Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2003

Landfill space is an important commodity for landfill companies. It is desirable to develop an efficient tool to assist space management and monitor space consumption. When recyclable wastes or particular waste materials need to be retrieved from the landfill site, the excavation operations become more difficult without an efficient tool to provide waste information (i.e., location and type). In this paper, a methodology and several algorithms are proposed to develop a 3‐D graphical database system (GDS) for landfill operations. A 3‐D GDS not only monitors the space consumption of a landfill site, but can also provide exact locations and types of compacted waste that would later benefit the landfill excavation operations or recycling programs after the waste is covered.
Language as Emerging from Instinctive Behaviour
Authors: Rhees Rush
Published: March 2003

Critique of Norman Malcolm’s ‘Wittgenstein: The Relation of Language to Instinctive Behaviour’. Rhees points out the danger of thinking of instinctive reactions as the foundations of language. The reactions are primitive, Rhees argues, in relation to primitive means of communication, ie, in relation to people who already speak a language. What we need to emphasise is the way in which primitive reactions are taken up in our ways of thinking and forms of life. That cannot be reduced to something ‘instinctive’.
Fanciful Fates
Authors: Holland R.F.
Published: March 2003

Fanciful fates is a discussion of ideas put forward by D.Z. Phillips in his book Wittgenstein and Religion, Ch. 13 –‘Authorship and Authenticity: Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein’. I begin by opposing the contention that Kierkegaard attacked Socrates (and that Josiah Thompson, one of Kierkegaard’s biographers, attacked Kierkegaard) because of a worry connected with the ‘the demise of foundationalism’. I then deal with Phillips's claim that a similarly motivated attack on Wittgenstein has been undertaken by me. I show that Phillips’s account of my treatment of two problematic remarks by Wittgenstein is radically misconceived and I argue that his own approach to the problem is unsatisfactory.
Arithmetic as Grammar
Authors: Brenner William
Published: March 2003

What is a number? Using material from Wittgenstein’s 1930s lectures, I argue that this question expresses a disorientation best overcome by recollecting rules that govern the number words. Why do we have the rules we do? We may be persuaded to adopt one rule rather than another by experience, when experiment shows it to be the more convenient way; we may also be persuaded by the “experience” of a new aspect.

Mathematics is a “motley of techniques” for doing certain things; religion is a certain spirit meant to pervade everything we do. An important likeness is that in both instruction is essentially grammatical.
Pointing Unknowingly: Fantasy, Nonsense and ‘Religious Understanding’
Authors: Edelman John
Published: March 2003

Lewis, Charles M. (ed.), Relativity and Religion

Tessin, Timothy and von der Ruhr, Mario (eds), Philosophy and the Grammar of Religious Belief
Russellian and Wittgensteinian Atomism
Authors: Livingston Paul M.
Published: March 2003

One difference between Russell’s logical atomism in The Philosophy of Logical Atomism and Wittgenstein’s in the Tractatus is that Russell’s doctrine is explicitly epistemological, whereas Wittgenstein’s is not; another difference is that Wittgenstein gives an a priori argument for the doctrine of logical atomism whereas Russell gives no such argument. I argue that these two differences are instructively connected: Russell’s focus on epistemology prevents him from being able to give a motivated argument for the truth of logical atomism. Furthermore, I argue that this is not just a contingent failure of Russell’s system: no primarily epistemological atomism can avail itself of Wittgenstein’s style of a priori argument for the truth of atomism. An important suggestion of the argument, illuminating with respect to the subsequent history of analytic philosophy, is that Russell’s logical atomism already contains the seeds of verificationism in a nascent form, whereas Wittgenstein’s atomism has no tendency toward verification.
On Some Much Maligned Remarks of Wittgenstein on Gödel
Authors: Sayward Charles
Published: March 2003

In Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics Wittegnstein discusses an argument that goes from Gödel’s incompleteness result to the conclusion that some truths of mathematics are unprovable. Wittegnstein takes issue with this argument. Wittegnstein’s remarks in this connection have received very negative reaction from some very prominent people, for example, Gödel and Dummett. The paper is a defense of what Wittegnstein has to say about the argument in question.
Squaring Circles? Funding the Provision of Public Services
Authors: Timmins Nicholas
Published: March 2003

Reports reviewed in this article:

Institute for Public Policy Research, Building Better Partnerships: Final Report of the Commission on Public—Private Partnerships

Fabian Society, Paying for Progress: A New Politic of Tax for Public Spending
Australian Antecedents of the Third Way
Authors: Pierson Chris , Castles Francis G.
Published: March 2003

New Labour theorists have been prone to identify American New Progressivism as the proximate source of ‘third way’ ideas. In this article we argue that, if the focus is on the governing practice rather than on the naming of a governing orientation, a case can be made for seeing Australian Labor in government from 1983 to 1996 as a progenitor of third way thinking and as a specific source of New Labour policy development in a number of areas. Taking Stuart White's account of the main dimensions of third way programmatic realignment as our guide, we discuss the success of the Hawke/Keating Labor governments in reducing the direct provider role of state, developing new forms of collective provision, reforming the tax system, making social policy more employment-friendly and creating the institutions of an asset-based egalitarianism. We conclude by pointing out that, whilst there are many common themes in Australian Labor practice and New Labor rhetoric, and some evidence of specific policy transfer from one to the other, a plausible case can also be made for seeing many of the policy initiatives of the Hawke/Keating era as a reworking of an older Australian Labor tradition of regulatory state activism.
Why Work Harder? Equality, Social Duty and the Market
Authors: Meckled-Garcia Saladin
Published: March 2003

The paper responds to Cohen's critical claim that for agents who sincerely accept Rawls's difference principle it is not consistent to seek material incentives towards productivity. The central argument of the paper is that productive agents in a market economy would not be as productive without material incentives unless held to be under a (controversial) duty to increase productivity. This duty is distinct from merely having a duty to contribute up to a reasonable minimum, and then equalise material benefits. The controversial duty is not derivable from the difference principle itself, nor from the background motivations for it. Therefore, if Cohen's critique is internal to Rawlsian distributive justice, it is based on a controversial version of that view of distributive justice when applied to a market system. It is the reach, and not the core insight of Cohen's critique that is attacked here. If in any way sound, that insight does not un-controversially apply to all material incentive-seeking in a market economy.
Carr, Mannheim, and a Post-positivist Science of International Relations
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: March 2003

Recent work on Carr has looked beyond The Twenty Years' Crisis to the seeming anomaly of a political realist advocating regional integration in Western Europe, a welfare state at home, and a free hand for the USSR in Eastern Europe. Some have seen this anomaly, and Carr's successive appeasements of Germany and the USSR, as mere opportunism, but this paper finds a coherence in Carr's work deriving substantially from Mannheim. It was from Mannheim that Carr took not only the structure of The Twenty Years' Crisis, but also his characteristic post-positivist and interdisciplinary methodology, his belief in the policy role of the intellectual, his strong sense of the connectedness of foreign and domestic policy, his insistence on forms of international society that heavily discounted the sovereignty of small nations, and the besetting weaknesses of inadequately acknowledged historicism and elitism.
Fixed Content of Political Obligations
Authors: Klosko George
Published: March 2003

An aspect of political obligations that has received little attention is the means through which their content, i.e., exactly what is required of their bearers, is determined. An adequate moral basis for political obligations must account for this requirement, which is closely linked to the concept of authority, the state's right to substitute its judgement in various areas for the subjects' own. The problems faced by theories of obligation based on gratitude and tacit consent in fixing the content of obligations are examined, while I show how a theory based on the principle of fairness is able to overcome them. As long as a cooperative enterprise supplies public goods that are indispensable to minimally acceptable lives and require ‘regulated cooperation’ for their supply, it is able to ground obligations with fixed content under the principle of fairness.
Voting, Rationality and Reputation
Authors: Bufacchi Vittorio
Published: March 2003

Why do people vote? This paper presents a solution to the voting paradox in rational choice theory, based on the interaction between two concepts: externalities (James Coleman) and reputation (Einar Overbye). Elaborating on the idea that voting is an investment in one's reputation, I will argue that there are two concepts of reputation: reputation-of-power and reputation-of-trust. The solution to the voting paradox can be found in the reputation-game between social actors holding these two different forms of reputation. During an electoral campaign, powerful opinion leaders can employ their reputation-of-power (power to impose sanctions) in order to get mere voters to vote in a certain way. The aim of the powerful opinion leaders is not to influence the outcome of the election but simply to acquire or maintain their reputation, while mere voters have an interest to vote as told in order to appear trustworthy (reputation-of-trust) to powerful opinion leaders. The act of voting is an unintended consequence of this power game.
The Search for Citizenship in Bin Ali's Tunisia: Democracy versus Unity
Authors: Sadiki Larbi
Published: March 2003

Commitment to unity can hinder democracy, rendering the search for pluralism into an exercise in political singularity. I contest the thesis within the theory of democratic transition that national cohesion and ethnic homogeneity are essential preconditions for democracy. Tunisia is an ethnically homogeneous society, but seems to be unable to seize on the opportunity to transcend the threshold of democracy. The Tunisian example suggests that democracy (that is, an ethos of toleration of difference), should be rethought as one essential precondition for cohesion within democratising polities. The analysis unpacks how ‘fragmented’ politics works in the North African country. Politics becomes ‘fragmented’ when ‘loyalty’ to the state's discourse of ‘citizenship’ and ‘identity’, becomes the one distinguishing feature by which political community is defined and membership within it is determined. National unity is another word for political uniformity. Thus understood the state's imperative of unity and uniformity contradicts political pluralism and demotes rather than promotes democratic development.
Politics and Privatization Decisions in Four American Cities
Authors: Yager Edward
Published: March 2003

Public choice theory has emphasized economic explanations of privatization decisions, while often neglecting the politics associated with the decision-making process. This research finds that the political context is important in understanding why American municipal governments decide whether or not to privatize a service. Four case studies reveal that the degree to which the decision-making process is politicized is a factor warranting our attention
Epistemic Communities and Environmental Groups
Authors: Toke Dave
Published: March 2003

This article contests the view that environmental groups act mainly as megaphones for scientists. It asserts that environmental groups have an independent, often dominant role, in shaping norms that govern environmental policy.

The theory of epistemic communities, as advanced by Haas, is analysed in the context of the whaling and CFC/ozone depletion issues. It is found that the alleged role of epistemic communities as legitimate bearers of truth has been exaggerated and that we need to develop environmental policy in a context of ‘post positivism’.
Question Time: Questionnaires and Maastricht
Authors: Blair Alasdair
Published: March 2003

One of the most significant questions facing researchers engaged in contemporary history is the use of sources. These might include archival, oral, visual, electronic or printed sources. The particular mix employed will depend on the topic covered and the amount of time and money available to conduct the work. This article reviews both the importance and limitation of questionnaires for examining contemporary history in light of the advice provided in methodological texts.
New Institutionalist Explanations for Institutional Change: A Note of Caution
Authors: Gorges Michael J.
Published: March 2003

This article demonstrates the explanatory poverty of new institutionalist hypotheses on institutional change. The new institutionalism fails to provide an adequate explanation of institutional change because, by relying on variables such as critical junctures, path dependency, leadership or the role of ideas, it leaves institutions behind and employs a grab-bag of explanations that proponents of almost any theoretical perspective could use. The conditions under which these variables matter are unspecified and the causal relevance of institutions themselves is unclear. New institutionalists should specify more rigorously the factors that change institutions and explicate the links between these factors and institutional change. Doing so, however, could mean abandoning their emphasis on the primacy of institutions in developing explanations for political phenomena.
Agency, Structure and Causality in Political Science: A Comment on Sibeon
Authors: Lewis Paul A.
Published: March 2003

Researchers in political science are devoting increasing attention to the ontological commitments of their theories – that is, to what those theories presuppose about the nature of the political world. This article focuses on a recent contribution to this ‘ontological turn’ in political science ( Sibeon, 1999 ). Tensions are identified in Sibeon's account of the causal interplay between agency and social structure. It is argued that these tensions can be resolved by reflecting explicitly on ontological issues, in particular the causal efficacy of social structure, using a particular approach to the philosophy of the social sciences known as critical realism. The value of such reflection for the explanatory power of political analysis is highlighted.
Explaining Less Accountability: the Growth of Local Quangos
Authors: Payne Teresa , Skelcher Chris
Published: March 2003

There has been substantial growth in the number of non‐elected public bodies – or quangos – operating at the local level. This development presents a marked change from the model of elected local authorities as the main focus for the governance and delivery of local public services. Four interpretations of this change are examined: agency‐type, ideological control, managerial restructuring and regulationist explanations. Agency‐type explanations recognize a plurality of factors, but lack theoretical or predictive rigour. Ideological and managerial explanations have a stronger theoretical basis but fail to recognize the wider structural context. Regulationist explanations offer, but also suffer from the problems of, structuralist analysis. An integrating framework is developed. Three phases in the development of local quangos are presented as a process by which government has resolved tensions in the British state. A consequence, however, has been to raise questions about the state's longer term legitimacy.
The Autopoiesis of Administrative Systems: Niklas Luhmann on Public Administration and Public Policy
Authors: Brans Marleen , Rossbach Stefan
Published: March 2003

This article offers an introduction to Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems as it pertains to public administration and policy, as a first step towards both a critique and its empirical application to empirical reality. It reconstructs Luhmann’s early writings on bureaucracy and policy‐making and shows how this early, more empirical work grounded his abstract theory of social systems in general and the political system in particular. The article also introduces some central concepts of Luhmann’s more recent work on the autopoietic nature of social systems and considers the latter’s consequences for bureaucratic adaptiveness and governmental steering in the welfare state. One of the main benefits of applying Luhmann’s theory to public administration, the article concludes, is that it conceptualizes the central concerns of public administration within a complex picture of society as a whole, in which both the agency that issues decisions and the realm affected by these decisions are included.
An Exocet in a Red Box: Parliamentary Accountability in the Sandline Affair
Authors: Polidano Charles
Published: March 2003

In the UK, it is commonly proposed that the accountability gap resulting from ministers' reluctance to accept responsibility for departmental failures could be closed by giving parliamentary select committees stronger investigative powers. In the Sandline affair the Foreign Affairs Committee sought to take on such a role, notwithstanding that a separate external inquiry was already under way.

This paper compares the two mechanisms of accountability. It concludes that committees are poorly suited to investigate high‐profile administrative failures because they are too influenced by party politics. Independent inquiries are better for the purpose (though improvements are needed here too). A parliamentary resolution gave the inquiry primacy over the committee in the Sandline case. This may become an important precedent.
Plans, performance information and accountability: the case of Best Value
Authors: Boyne George , Gould–Williams Julian , Law Jennifer , Walker Richard
Published: March 2003

The current UK government emphasizes the importance of mechanisms of accountability that involve the planning and public reporting of performance. One example of this is the Best Value performance plan. However, there has been little evaluation of the quality of the information provided in this type of document. This paper draws on literature on stakeholding and user needs to identify the data required for accountability. It then assesses whether the plans produced by Best Value pilot authorities in Wales provide appropriate information. The analysis shows that very few of the plans contained the relevant material. Interviews in the pilot authorities highlighted two key reasons for the poor level of data: a lack of performance indicators prior to Best Value and limited staff expertise in performance measurement. The evidence suggests that documents such as performance plans currently make little contribution to the accountability of public organizations.
Product creation process at Philips Electronics
Authors: Olthuis Gerard P. H.
Published: March 2003

About 3 years ago Dr F.P. Carrubba, Chief Technology Officer on the Board of Philips Electronics, stated that product creation is a core activity for Philips and thus needs continuous attention and improvement. A corporate‐wide Product Creation Process Improvement Drive was started. In this article describing the drive, we want to share our experiences that we think are important for a successful improvement drive.

The elements to be addressed are:—a framework for the improvement drive;—top‐down or bottom‐up approach;—the creation of an assessment tool;—some considerations for the buy‐in process;—application of the assessment tool;—follow‐up after the creation of the assessment tool;—conclusion.
Leveraging on systemic learning to manage the early phases of product innovation projects
Authors: Verganti Roberto
Published: March 2003

A number of studies have pointed out the importance of the early phases of new product development projects. In fact, these phases (addressed in the literature with different names, such as pre‐project activities, concept generation, product planning, idea generation, investigation, product definition) are concerned with a number of critical decisions that have great impact on the performance of product development. Any fault occurring in these early phases in understanding the market needs, in choosing the product architecture and technology and in defining the product specifications would eventually deteriorate the innovation process, since adjustments in later stages imply reworks that are costly and time consuming. Although the relevance of early project phases has been empirically verified in the literature, the mechanisms that allow these phases to be properly managed are still largely unexplored. This paper investigates the articulated and coherent set of methods, organizational mechanisms and behavioural patterns that successful companies adopt to manage concept generation and product planning. Inferences are based on a field research concerning 19 in‐depth case studies of Italian and Swedish companies in the vehicles, helicopters and white goods industries. The paper supports findings of other studies concerning the importance of teamworking and communication. However, teamworking emerges as a necessary, but not a sufficient mechanism. Systemic learning from past experiences is the real keystone toward an effective management of the early phases of product development processes.
Interpreting the sources of market value in a capital goods market: R&D management in industrial sensors
Authors: Grupp Hariolf , Maital Shlomo
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an integrated model for evaluating purchasers’ perceptions of science‐based products. The model combines a new approach to benchmarking, known as technometrics, that provides a quantitative profile of a product's key attributes, with direct and indirect methods for measuring buyers’ perceptions regarding the relative importance of product attributes as a source of value. A new measure for the demand orientation is proposed, which shows the extent to which a product's ‘supply’ of characteristics matches the ‘demand’ for them in the market place. The model is illustrated using several types of industrial pressure sensors. The paper also demonstrates how the integrated model may be made effective for quality function deployment (QFD) during the R&D phase.
Managing academic R&D as a business at K.U. Leuven: context, structure and process
Authors: Debackere Koenraad
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we elaborate on how academic R&D can be managed as a business. Based on the case of K.U. Leuven Research and Development, it is shown how an academic institution can develop the context, structure and processes conducive to managing academic R&D as a business. It is argued that universities that intend to take advantage of the economic opportunities of their R&D programmes, should leverage their innovation potential through appropriate strategies, organizational structures and management processes that allow them to manage part of their R&D portfolio as a business without hampering though the fundamental academic values and activities of research and teaching. This balancing act has been the responsibility of K.U. Leuven Research and Development for the last 28 years. It is the subject of the case study reported in this paper.
Building an entrepreneurial knowledge culture in a national research laboratory
Authors: Smith Jack
Published: March 2003

The paper examines some recent trends in the strategic evolution of the corporate performance and culture within the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), where a substantive shift in context and strategic management over the past decade has enabled the NRC to move from being a largely internally driven R&D culture toward a more entrepreneurial and externally guided knowledge management culture.
What's Wrong with Moral Internalism
Authors: Lockie Robert
Published: March 2003

Moral Internalism is the claim that it is a priori that moral beliefs are reasons for action. At least three conceptions of ‘reason’ may be disambiguated: psychological, epistemological, and purely ethical. The first two conceptions of Internalism are false on conceptual, and indeed empirical, grounds. On a purely ethical conception of ‘reasons’, the claim is true but is an Externalist claim. Positive arguments for Internalism — from phenomenology, connection and oddness — are found wanting. Three possible responses to the stock Externalist objections are uncovered and overturned. In so doing a close relation between Internalism and Behaviourism is revealed, and some stock anti‐behaviouristic arguments are co‐opted for Externalism. The likely dependence of Internalism on an Atomistic Associationism is uncovered and criticised. Internalism is seen as being ultimately a type of Ethical Determinism. Finally, a sketch of an Anti‐Associative Externalism is given whereby the notion of self determination of action is put forward as an account of moral motivation fit to resist both the internalist and the belief‐desire psychology premises of the stock non‐cognitivist argument.
Unwittingly Recapitulating Freud: Searle's Concept of a Vocabulary of the Unconscious
Authors: McLoughlin Joseph
Published: March 2003

This paper aims to show that the pivotal notion in John Searle's account of the unconscious, despite his representation of Freud's position, is found in Freud's work as part of a very similar view of the issues surrounding the concept of the unconscious. The pivotal notion in question consists in treating the concept of the unconscious as a vocabulary without ontological commitment which Searle claims we must do for the following reason: to reconcile what he considers to be the dualistic concept of the unconscious with an ontology of the mental which recognises no states but conscious states and states of the neurophysiology with the capacity to cause them. The role of the concept in Searle's account is explained. Then his representation of Freud is challenged: firstly, by explicating how Freud accepted that the concept of the unconscious entailed no ontological commitment and, secondly, by showing how this fitted into his wider thinking on how the concept of the unconscious could be understood in terms of a vocabulary, leading ultimately to a justification of the concept of the unconscious in terms of explanatory power. On the basis of this exposition, Searle's charge of dualism against Freud is disputed
Ethical Individualism and the Natural Law
Authors: Goggans Phillip
Published: March 2003

“Generic qualities” are qualities typical of a kind because of the nature of that kind. It is commonly thought that generic qualities are morally irrelevant. For instance, the fact that human beings have a natural tendency to be thus‐and‐such is not relevant to moral acts involving a particular human being; what matters, rather, are the qualities of that individual. I argue that generic qualities are relevant in certain instances. First, we need to believe that this is so in order to be morally competent. Second, there is no other way to account for the rationality of the universal response to Oedipus the King.
Translations and Theories: On the Difference Between Indeterminacy and Underdetermination
Authors: Peijnenburg Jeanne , Hünneman Ronald
Published: March 2003

Despite Quine's recurrent claims to the contrary, the idea is still widespread that indeterminacy of translation is a special case of underdetermination of theories. In this paper we explain how indeterminacy differs from underdetermination, and in what ways such gifted Quine scholars as Gemes and Bergström went astray.
Let the Vat‐Brains Speak for Themselves
Authors: McCullogh Gregory
Published: March 2003

It’s pretty standard to find pretty compelling the claim that for all one can tell one may be a vat‐brain: not least, to say the least, because it’s a version of Descartes’ demon thought‐experiment in the First Meditation. Here I refute that claim. Like Descartes I start with the idea that one has an undeniable grip on most of what one is thinking. To this I add the idea that knowing thinking as thinking is being able to engage in it. Then I argue that one can’t engage in the (purported) thinking of a vat‐brain (there are various specimens of vat‐brain to be considered). The essential point is that one cannot make anything of what a vat‐brain’s intended ontology would be, and how the brain might conceive of it. So one cannot engage with any vat‐brain’s (purported) thinking. Yet one engages with one’s own. So one isn’t any of them. I’m not, anyway: you can speak for yourself.
Why Compositionality Won’t Go Away: Reflections on Horwich’s ‘Deflationary’ Theory
Authors: Fodor Jerry , Lepore Ernie
Published: March 2003

Paul Horwich argues for a ‘deflationary’account of compositionality, according to which, ‘. . . the compositionality of meaning imposes no constraint at all on how the meaning properties of words are constituted’. We have arrived at a tentative diagnosis, which is that Horwich fails to enforce several distinctions that turn out to be crucial. For example, sometimes he puts his main conclusion in the way we just quoted but sometimes, even on the following page, he puts it like this: ‘understanding one of oneÃs own complex expressions (non‐idiomatically) is, by definition, nothing over and above understanding its parts and knowing how they are combined’. We propose, in what follows, to consider how Horwich’s deflationary account of compositionality fares if the distinction between theories of meaning and theories of understanding is properly attended to. Here’s how we think it all turns out:

– Horwich is right to claim that compositionality is neutral with respect to the metaphysics of understanding expressions when ‘understanding’ refers to a (merely) dispositional state; but not when it refers to an occurrent state.

– Horwich is right strictu dictu to claim that compositionality is neutral with respect to the character of lexical meanings, but only strictu dictu.

– Compositionality taken, together with other constraints that semantic theories are required to satisfy, reduces the options in the theory of lexical meaning to a bare minimum.

The first part of the paper is about compositionality and understanding, the second part is about compositionality and lexical meaning.
Tolerance and War: The Real Meaning of an Irreconcilability
Authors: Gianformaggio Letizia
Published: March 2003

Starting from the distinction between concept and conception, the author proposes a pluralistic view of toleration focussed on the equality of individuals and cultures and on legal‐rational control of social relationship. Analyzing the basic marks of toleration (toleration and power, the costs of toleration, toleration and value) the author shows how the option for toleration is a choice for subjecting social relations to reason and rules (law) instead of passions and violence (war).
National Solidarity, Global Impartiality, and the Performance of Philosophical Theory. The Example of Migration Policy
Authors: Somek Alexander
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the issue of whether an international system of nation‐states can be defended from a global perspective of impartiality. At present, it seems as if the nation‐state were the only suitable institutional location for the realization of effective systems of social justice. Provided that national politics is indeed disposed to promote the freedom and well‐being of its citizens, a decentralized system of nation‐states is likely to produce beneficial effects. Experience, however, teaches that national politics has in many instances had decidedly negative effects. For that reason, the existing system of nation‐states cannot be defended from a global point of view. Hence, the question turns on whether a system of nation‐states could conceivably find the support of rational persons if it incorporated substantive restrictions on national politics. This paper discusses the liberty to migrate as one of the many options potentially available for the correction of the existing international regime. As the closer inspection of the underlying philosophical question reveals, the problem can only be resolved with reference to a normatively relevant understanding of the kind of persons we take ourselves to be. From the conclusion that the freedom to migrate is to be understood as a fundamental liberty, the discussion then turns to the legitimate limitations that might be imposed by national immigration policies. It is argued that—in order to accommodate what is demanded by both global impartiality and national solidarity—open admission policies must not in effect place at a disadvantage those who are already relatively worse off under a present distribution, for this would violate basic conditions for the development and confirmation of socially acquired self‐esteem
Introduction
Authors: Habermas Jürgen
Published: March 2003

In this introduction the author outlines his approach to philosophy of law taken in Between Facts and Norms. In particular, he briefly discusses topics such as the form and function of law, the relation between law and morality, the relation between human rights and sovereignty, and the notion of democracy.
Constitutional Chrononomy
Authors: Kay Richard S.
Published: March 2003

Every constitution defines and is defined by a period in time. Like all law the creation and application of constitutions require reference to the past and future respectively. Every instance of constitution‐making is an attempt to control behavior over an extended period of time. Therefore constitutions will be drafted, both in style and substance, to reflect that temporal ambition. The effectiveness of a constitution also requires that its interpretation makes reference to the understanding of its rules held by the constitution‐makers. As a result, and notwithstanding the efforts to make it suitable over a long period by its creators, every constitution is bound to become unsuitable. Courts employ a number of devices to cope with the inevitable obsolescence of constitutions but, sooner or later, every constitution will have to be discarded and a new constitutional era begun.
The Constitutional State and its Reform Requirements
Authors: Häberle Peter
Published: March 2003

In the first part, the author characterizes the fundamental contents (principles) of the constitutional state. In the second part, he describes the necessary reforms both at the level of the national constitutional state and at the global and humanity level. In the third part, he examines the methods and procedures of reform in the constitutional state, analysing: a) constitutional formation or complete revision; b) constitutional amendments or partial revision; c) parliamentary constitutional legislation; d) constitutional interpretation; e) government and non‐governmental “outlook” commissions.