bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Diagnostik der Manganbakterien
Authors: Švorcová L.
Published: February 2007

From mineral waters of the CSSR 263 strains of manganese bacteria were isolated, microscopically investigated and cultivated in 45 biochemical tests. Strains with flagella were integrated in the genus of Pseudomonas, strains with pleomorphism in the species of Arthrobacter siderocapsulatus Dubnina. Pseudomonas manganooxidans Schweinfurth is characterized by mere manganese oxidation. Strains oxidizing iron and manganese in the same way constitute the new species Ps. ferromanganooxidans spec. nov. Strains with intensive iron oxidation form the species Ps. ferrooxidans spec. nov. A key for determination and detailed tables of biochemical identification are presented.
Sedimentation und Sedimentanalytik im Müggelsee
Authors: Mothes G.
Published: February 2007

Organically bonded carbon which sediments during the period of vegetation in the Müggel lake — being one of the water supply sources for the capital of the GDR — amounts to 10% of the carbon quantity which is bonded by primary production during the same period of time. The sedimentation behaviour and the composition of sediments with regard to their contents of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and other substances are discussed. Moreover, conclusions are presented concerning the history of the Müggel lake for centuries and the possibilities to sanitate it.
The Role of the Littoral (Shallow) Zone in Reservoir Productivity
Authors: Singh R. K.
Published: February 2007

The Rihand reservoir having a surface area of 46,588 ha, a capacity of 10.6 km3 and a shore line length of 561 km is used for hydroelectricity generation. With an annual‐cylcic behaviour in the same direction, measurements of the chemism generally yield higher values of mineralization in the littoral region than in the pelagial one. Especially the hydrogencarbonate content and the concentration of alkaline earths are clearly higher in the littoral zone. By investigations using the light‐and‐dark‐bottle method the following average and extreme data of the primary production were obtained in mg C/m3 · d: littoral zone, gross 431 (200 … 1386), net 269 (11 … 1016): pelagial zone, gross 268 (83 … 562), net 122 (0 … 286). Measurements were carried out only immediately below the water surface, not in depth series. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the considerable share of shallow water zones in the total production of the storage reservoir.
DO‐Process Models for Shallow Systems. Part 1: Ponds and Lakes
Authors: Gnauck A. , Winkler W.
Published: February 2007

Model statements are presented for describing the oxygen concentration in dependence on various system quantities and five different shallow water bodies. A nonlinear model in the form of a polynomial and with parameter estimation by means of recursive regression proves suitable. It is a blackbox model in which the water temperature, the biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton and the solar irradiation are the most important input quantities. The model applications to the five water bodies reach measures of determinateness of 0.6 … 0.74 and mean square deviations between the measured and calculated oxygen concentrations of 3 … 4 mg/l O2. Simulations of the model output by changed input data are discussed.
Optimierung des Belebungsverfahrens durch Minimierung des Volumens von Belebungs‐ und Nachklärbecken
Authors: Tuček F. , Kaeding J. , Walther H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

The separate examination of the processes of the settling and thickening of activated sludge allows us to minimize the volumes of aeration tanks and final clarification tanks. The following initial quantities are given: wastewater quantity, inflow and outflow concentrations of BOD5, wastewater temperature and reflux ratio of activated sludge and, in addition, three parameters of the thickening behaviour of activated sludge as well as a parameter for the bioactivity of sludge, which are to be determined in an experimental plant. From this, the optimum concentration of the activated sludge in the aeration tank is calculated at which the total of volumes for aeration tank and final clarification tank becomes a minimum. The process is carried out numerically by an example.
Zum Zusammenhang von Parametern der Wassermengen und Wasserbeschaffenheit
Authors: Friedrich U. , Grünewald U. , Wernecke G.
Published: February 2007

By means of the quality criteria COD‐Mn, NO3−, substances which can be filtered off and components of phosphate at two measuring stations at the river Elbe in the section of Dresden as well as an inflow gauge at a drinking water reservoir in the Eastern Ore Mountains there were investigated correlative connections with hydrological and meteorological quantities. Statistically secured connections between matter‐balance and water‐balance components were recorded on the basis of regression statements. The large number of the factors to be observed in the development of process‐describing matter discharge models is determined by the large number of “causing or influencing quantities”. With respect to continuing investigations, it is recommended to take into account the dynamic character of precipitation and the influence of vegetation more exactly, especially in the case of substance components carried away from areas, as substances which can be filtered off, nitrate, o‐phosphate.
Hydrochemische Ergebnisse zur Aufbereitung stark belasteter Oberflächenwässer und Uferfiltrate mit Kalkhydrat, Teil 1
Authors: Bohm L.
Published: February 2007

Several laboratory‐scale‐tested variants of the treatment of organically loaded surface water samples with hydrated lime are described. Possibilities of the additional application of magnesium, aluminium and iron salts and of the anionic polymer “activated silicic acid” are discussed. The aim has been a considerably reduced application of metallic salts and precipitants at a maximum adsorption of organic pollutants. Another factor influencing crystallization and double hydroxide formation consists in low water temperatures, < 8°C. With the aid of a magnetic treatment disturbing effects were avoided and even increases of the rates of growth and sedimentation were achieved.
[Russian Text Ignored.]
Authors: Kovaltschuk A. A.
Published: February 2007

[Russian Text Ignored].
Vorkommen und Bewertung polyzyklischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe in einem mit kommunalen und industriellen Abwässern belasteten Fließgewässer
Authors: Lawerenz A.
Published: February 2007

The river with a catchment of 5,400 km2 is investigated over a length of 230 km at seven stations for the total concentration of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the total of three carcinogenic polycyclic substances (CPS) in the water by means of thin‐layer chromatography. The maximum load occurs in the lower course downstream of large industrial wastewater introduction points with 5.1 μg/l polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas in the upper course the maxima are at 2 … 3 μg/l polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for a mainly municipal pollution. The average daily load increases from 0.146 kg/d PAH and 0.048 kg/d CPS to 4.168 and 1.401 kg/d, respectively. In the flowing water there cannot be observed any self‐purification concerning these substances, by an interconnected storage reservoir seston is reduced and thus also the PAC‐concentrations are reduced by 50 … 60%. The PAH‐concentration shows a significant positive correlation with the COD‐Mn and the ammonium concentration. There is also a good agreement between the concentrations measured and the concentrations calculated from the wastewater load in the longitudinal section of the river.
Auswaschung einiger Insektizide aus landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden im Lysimeterversuch
Authors: Schmaland G.
Published: February 2007

Six lysimeters filled with loam and seven lysimeters filled with sand, having an area of 1 m2 and a depth of 1 m, were agriculturally used and in July of 1976, 1977, 1979 they were treated with the following agents (g/m2): Toxaphen (0.73, 0.36), Lindan (0.05), Butonat (0.09), Trichlorphon (0.07), Methylparathion (0.045, 0.03) and Dimethoat (0.17). The percolates having accumulated on the lysimeter bottom were drained off monthly and investigated in the toxicological test with Poecilia and Daphnia. The lasting precipitation in 1978 and 1977 resulted in 1978 in percolates with a toxic effect for several months. The July‐applications of 1979 resulted in toxic percolates from December 1979 to May 1980. Compared with sand, loamy soils have shown only a time delay of toxicity, but no decrease of it. To assess the results, the theoretical average maximum concentration = quantity used: annual runoff is compared with the LC50 of the substances, solved in percolates of untreated lysimeters. For the organophosphorus insecticides either other substances contained in the percolates act synergistically or toxicity is increased by degradation products as Paraoxon. In general, a toxipotent penetration of the insecticides into the ground water is possible.
Möglichkeiten der Nachreinigung von Abwässern aus der Kunstlederproduktion mit Hilfe von Algen
Authors: Chromek J. , Kupec J. , Marvan P. , Mládek M.
Published: February 2007

In the production of a special artificial leather (BAREX) in the CSSR wastewaters containing dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylamine (DMA) are produced. Investigations have shown that cultures of algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) are able to use the two substances as a nitrogen nutrient source after a time of adaptation. In the course of the reactions of decomposition the pH‐value plays an important part, since at increased values ammonia is released, which has a temporarily inhibitory effect on the production of algae masses and daughter cells. This detrimental effect can be considerably reduced by aeration with carbondioxide containing (3%) air. Since the production of algal biomass is restricted by a phosphorus deficiency, too, a combined treatment with municipal sewage is very advantageous, according to the results from investigations.
Verfahren zur Nitrateliminierung im Gewässer
Authors: Fichtner N.
Published: February 2007

In a storage reservoir with a hypolimnic volume of 3.5 hm3 the water contains 40 mg/l nitrate. A straw bale of 60 by 20 by 1.5 m was introduced as a reactor. Hypolimnic water having been polluted with a waste product of the fatty acid synthesis (30 … 20% formic, acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids) were pumped through it. By the use of a total of 43.8 t fatty acid mixture from June to August an additional oxygen depletion of 14 t O2 is achieved and 49 t NO3− are removed at the same time. The ammonium concentration did not increase, the NO2− concentration, however, rose to 12 … 13 mg/l NO2 at times. The fatty acids were used up save 0.1 mg/l. The increase of the NO2− concentration, of the number of germs and of the iron, manganese and phosphorus back solution due to the controlled anaerobic conditions is the drawback of the process.
Water Pollution – Phycological Perspectives
Authors: Gaur J. P. , Rai L. C.
Published: February 2007

Water pollution exerts a pressure of selection on algal populations. In spite of a possible adaptation, often a changed diversity and sociological structure result, from which other effects on higher levels of the nutrient chain may emanate. There are represented some biological indices for characterizing algal communities which may serve as a biological measure of pollution and selfpurification, the problem of diversity being especially taken into account. Moreover, algal tests are used for representing the trophic situation and for determining the limiting nutrient, but also for determining the toxic influencing of biocenosis by hydrocarbons, too. Special attention is paid to heavy metals with regard to their synergistic action and bioaccumulation. On the other hand, the mass culture of algae is a valuable method of wastewater treatment and the recovery of valuable materials, and algae ponds provide an important technique for advanced wastewater purification.
Probleme der Wasserkontamination und ihrer analytischen Erfassung
Authors: Koch R. , Dobberkau H. J. , Lienig D. , Lawerenz A. , Stottmeister E.
Published: February 2007

The increasing loading of raw water for the drinking water supply with trace substances results in an increasing exposure of the population to toxicologically suspect substances. At present, the quality of such raw waters is evaluated mainly by cumulative parameters or individual substances with low eco‐ or humantoxicological relevance. Now, about 5 · 105 environment‐relevant organic substances must be taken into account, the number of individual compounds for a loaded receiving water being estimated to be 103. Secondary contaminations are caused by oxidative processes of water treatment. In the trace substance analysis so far only about 40% of the organic substances are isolable by comparatively simple methods. From this derives the demand for developing standardized methods for determining cumulative and group parameters with a high value of information and indication, as e. g. organically bonded chlorine or halogens.
Short Term Effects of Aldrin and Swascofix CD‐38 on the Feeding and Respiratory Behaviours of Clarias batrachus and Cirrhina mrigala
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Dhillon S. S. , Tonk I. P. , Verma S. R.
Published: February 2007

Fish were kept in non‐toxic water or at 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 of the LC50,96h of the ten‐side or insecticide for 24 h and fed with toxified and non‐toxified feed. Toxified feed in normal water resulted in a maximum feed intake, while normal feed in toxified water resulted in a minimum one. In each case, the feed intake was lower compared with the control, and the feed intake was inversely proportional to the toxicant concentration. In a simple respirometer the oxygen consumption in mg · kg−1 · h−1 was tested for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h of exposure to 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 of the LC50,96h of both substances. It was a flow device which was closed only for measurement for one hour. 1.5 LC50 Aldrin causes a continuous reduction of respiration until death. The same effect occurred with Cl. batrachus for 1.5 LC50 of the tenside, whereas with C. mrigala death was caused by a pronounced increase of respiration. In all other cases, after a phase of sensitization for 4 … 8 h respiration increased considerably to more than 300% of the control, which was followed after 12 … 24 h by acclimatization to normal respiration values.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Primary Production in the Pomeranian Bay
Authors: Kubiak J.
Published: February 2007

The Pomeranian Bay in the south‐western part of the Baltic sea has an area of 4300 km2 and a volume of 51.4 km3 and contains a fresh‐water inflow of 17.3 km3/a from a catchment area of 137,220 km2. There were evaluated 18 investigations of specific dates at 14 stations in the years 1976 … 1978: 229 … 235 hydrochemical measurements and 75 phytoplankton investigations. It can be demonstrated by multiple regression analyses that the nutrient concentrations are mainly determined by the fresh‐water inflow and the mixing ratios, phytoplankton having a secondary effect. Of the nutrients mainly ammonium influences the phytoplankton development and the oxygen production, the full utilization of the nitrogen stock being limited by an N/P ratio of 48 in the surface water and of 41 in the bottom water layers. Obviously, a limitation of the primary production is out of the question due to the high turnover rates of phosphorus. The N/P ratio is also a clear evidence of the great influence of the inflowing nitrate‐rich freshwater on the nutrient situation of the bay.
Molekular Connectivity Indizes als strukturchemische Stoffparameter ökotoxikologischer Relevanz
Authors: Koch R.
Published: February 2007

The molecular connectivity index developed by Randic as a numerical expression characterizes the position and bond of atoms in the molecular structure. Since significant correlations between the molar refraction as well as electron polarizability and ecotoxicologically relevant parameters of substances were determined in the preceding investigations, such connections are investigated also for this index and sorption coefficients, bioconcentration factors and toxicity data. By the example of 56 differentiated organic substances, significant regression relations are demonstrated between bioconcentration factors, sorption coefficients and toxicity data as well as the valency molecular connectivity indices. By these regressions it is possible to determine essential distribution and action parameters of chemical substances from the structure for assesing an ecotoxicological risk. The possibilities resulting from this for predicting ecotoxicologically relevant parameters of substances are discussed.
An Estimation of the Mercury Content in the Waters of the Pomeranian Baltic‐Shore‐Area
Authors: Wrembel H. Z.
Published: February 2007

In the catchment area of the Pomeranian Bay an average mercury concentration of 178 ng/l in precipitation was determined. Eight different flowing waters showed mean concentrations between 105 ng/l (Łupawa) and 500 ng/l (Odra), a pronounced annual cycle having been demonstrated for the concentrations and for the freights with the minimum in February/March and the maximum in August/September. The total freight of the eight rivers amounts to 19.5 t/a, the share of the Wisla being 11 t/a. The ratio between the mercury precipitation of 335 to 410 μg/m2a Hg and the run‐off varies of 30 … 75 μg/m2a Hg for the individual river basins between 0.08 and 0.21. In the Baltic Sea, the mercury concentrations are 40 ng/l in the open sea, 50 ng/l in the coastal region and 290 … 390 ng/l near the estuaries. Trough the eight investigated rivers about 48 km3/a water run off into the Baltic Sea with about 20 t/a Hg. The total introduction of Hg into the Baltic Sea is estimated at 100 t/a with the river water, 35 t/a with precipitation and 35 t/a with dust.
Zum Sauerstoffhaushalt der Gewässer der Feldberger Seenplatte an Hand ausgewählter sommerlicher Tiefenprofile seit 1924 und 1962 Teil 3: Scharteisen, Wasch‐See, Dolgener See
Authors: Richter W. M.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents the depth profiles of 1951 … 1980 for the Scharteisen, the investigations of the last years for the Wasch lake and the Dolgen lake, for the oxygen regime with the representation of the oxygen concentration, transparency, water temperature and the upper limit of the occurrence of hydrogen sulphide. The profiles demonstrate the eutrophication having occurred for the Scharteisen and the present state for the three lakes. The general situation of the drainage areas and the causes to be derived from it concerning changes of the water quality as well as possible measures and aims of sanitations are discussed. Also the most important data are given on the hydrography of these waters and on their utilization for obtaining drinking water and by fishery up to now.
Phenol Accumulation in the Larvae of the Species Agrion puella L.(Insecta, Odonata) under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Erben R.
Published: February 2007

In an aerated batch experiment for one to six days the phenol accumulation is investigated in the surviving and killed larvae of Agrion puella at phenol concentrations of 50 to 200 mg/l in the medium. The rate of mortality increases with the initial concentration of phenol, although about 40% phenol is microbially digested during the test. The phenol accumulation in μg/g wet substance is always higher in the surviving individuals than in the killed ones, but it shows an identical time trend for both. On the first day, accumulation is high, and till the third day it decreases. On the fourth day, it reaches a maximum, and then it drops sharply to its minimum on the sixth day. The measured actual accumulation is the result of changing intake and elimination rates, especially the elimination rates decreasing with increasing duration of tests and test concentration due to metabolic disturbances. The absolute minimum on the sixth day is determined also by the reduced phenol concentration. The limit of accumulation for a chronic poisoning can be estimated at 70 μg/g phenol.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Nachweis von Chlor im Trink‐ und Badewasser auf der Basis von o‐Tolidin und Diäthyl‐p‐phenylendiamin (DPD)
Authors: Theus P.‐M. , Ponsold U.
Published: February 2007

The detection of free chlorine with the aid of o‐tolidine is connected with systematic errors within the range of concentration below 0.1 mg/l and above 0.7 mg/l, reproducibility being otherwise good. In the case of the simultaneous presence of free and bound active chlorine, especially in bathing water, this method determines 50 … 70% of varying shares of the bound chlorine in dependence on the reaction time. As detailed statistical investigations have shown, the determination of chlorine with the aid of diethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DPD) as to the prescription according to Palin is free of systematic errors and makes a correct determination of free and bound active chlorine possible with detection limits of 0.03 mg/l. Also low concentrations of free chlorine together with high concentrations of monochloro amine can be safely detected. Therefore, the DPD method is recommended as a standard method, and for the water‐works practice a battery‐operated chlorine photometer is developed for rapid determinations.
Mathematische Simulation von Nährstoffumwandlung und ‐transport in Einzugsgebieten — Literaturübersicht
Authors: Mohaupt V. , Wernecke G.
Published: February 2007

The model setups having been used so far for the mathematical description of the nitrogen and phosphorus transport are outlined in the order of the components of runoff in the drainage area: transport of nutrients in the process of runoff formation and concentration for infiltration and runoff within soil, surface runoff, transport in the receiving water. For the surface runoff the “Universal Soil Loss Equation USLE” is used frequently as the starting point for model formation, as well as the sediment impulse answer. Adsorption and desorption are taken into account by the respective isotherms. Models from agriculture are used for the representation of the nutrient balance in the soil, whereas for the transport in the receiving water especially regressions on flow and deterministic model setups on nutrient conversion are applied. In all models the empirical share is still very high, and so far the model checking has failed due to insufficient measuring data.
Über das Vorkommen von R‐Plasmiden in Escherichia coli und koliformen Keimen aus Wasser und Abwasser Teil 1: Einführung und Bedeutung der übertragbaren Chemotherapeuti‐karesistenz bei gramnegativen Keimen aus Wasser und Abwasser
Authors: Heier, H.
Published: February 2007

Plasmids have been known for about 20 years. Meanwhile, there have been selected different species of bacteria, as Shigella, Salmonella, Gonococci and Haemophilusinfluenzae strains with a plasmid‐infected resistance. The share of resistant microorganisms has increased due to the application of chemotherapeutic agents in the human and veterinary medicine and in the flora. As can be proved, the application of liquid manure on large areas and its frequently observed introduction of wastewater — also from hospitals — contribute to the distribution of the plasmids (resistance plasmids) in the environment.
Ein Beitrag zur Bestimmung von partikulärem organischen Kohlenstoff in Wasserproben
Authors: Proft G.
Published: February 2007

The method after Strickland and Parsons is modified for fresh water as follows: filtration on glass‐fibre paper, oxidation with K2Cr2O7 in cone. H2SO4 for 2 h at 130 °C, dilution to 2.5 times the volume by aqua dest., centrifuging‐off of the turbidity and extinction measurement at 445 nm against the blank value, the sample solution being balanced to the transmission of 100% (extinction = 0). Here, the following calibration line holds for the concentration C and the quantity of oxidation solution Ox: C = E1cmc · 0.162 · Ox, C in mg filter. The oxidation solution contains 4.8 g K2Cr2O7 as dissolved in 20 ml aqua dest. and made up with conc. H2SO4 to 11. With 5 ml of this solution one is able to determine 0.05 … 1 mg C/filter. Calibration is performed with 125 mg/l glucose solution. Comparative investigations have shown a good agreement with elementary‐analytically obtained measured values. The occurring errors have been determined mainly by sampling. In the range of very small values we have to take into account a blank value of the filter due to the adsorption of dissolved organic substances on the filter.
Physiologie des Phenolabbaus bei Rhodococcus spec. P1 Teil 1: Beziehungen zwischen Wachstum und Phenolabbau
Authors: Hensel J. , Straube G.
Published: February 2007

The Actinomycetes strain of the genus Rhodococcus having been isolated from the river Saale is able to use phenol as the sole carbon source up to concentrations of 2 g/l and metabolizes phenol via the β‐ketoadipic acid path (ortho‐cleavage). The synthesis of the inducable enzyme system can be inhibited by chloramphenicol. In detailed experiments in discontinuous and continuous cultures the growth rate and the yield coefficient attain their maxima of 0.256 h−1 and 0.62, resp., at phenol concentrations of 0.5 … 0.8 g/l. At higher substrate concentrations there occurs a substrate inhibition. In the range between 20 and 40°C growth and phenol utilization are highly dependent on temperature.
Elimination of Nutrients in the Rozkoš‐Reservoir
Authors: Maixner J. , Sládeček V.
Published: February 2007

The reservoir, having a volume of 76 hm3, a surface area of 1001 ha and a maximum depth of 17 m, is divided by a dam into two parts. Half of the upper part with an area of 200 ha is densely covered by macrophytes (Elodea, Potamogeton). The three main tributaries with 2.6 m3/s on an average are highly polluted and show α‐mesosaprobic conditions. The reservoir is investigated between September and March in its longitudinal section at eight stations. The organic load and the total solids show a total decrease by 60% and 66%, respectively, and 70% of this selfpurification occurs in the upper, separated part of the reservoir. In the same way, also the total nitrogen is reduced, whereas the total phosphorus is reduced already in the upper part of the reservoir by 71%, then decreasing to 21% in the second part of the reservoir. With phosphorus, besides the biological elimination obviously also precipitation by the dissolved iron occurs, the concentration of which is reduced by 44 or 76%, resp. The bacteriological load of water improved by two to three orders of magnitude.
“Man and the Biosphere”‐Studies on Sikkim Himalayas. Part 1: Acute Toxicity of Copper and Zinc to Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) in Soft Water
Authors: Khangarot B. S. , Sehgal A. , Bhasin M. K.
Published: February 2007

In the daily exchange of the medium with only 7.1 mg/l Ca2+ and 0.7 mg/l Mg2+ during the batch experiment the LC50,96h for Cyprinus carpio is 0.063 mg/l Cu2+ and 3.12 mg/l Zn2+ at water temperatures of 11 to 14°C. Significant differences in mortality as referred to the LC50,12h occur for copper only after 72 h of exposure and for zinc after 48 h of exposure. The values of LC50,96h are clearly lower for both metals in the investigations described than most data given in literature for different fish species.
Mathematische Modellierung der Komplexbildung von Metallen und ihre Nutzung bei der Interpretation physikochemischer Prozesse in natürlichen Wässern
Authors: Fischer R. , Reissig H.
Published: February 2007

A mathematical model is presented for the calculation of the concentrations or activities of complex compounds in the thermodynamic equilibrium state. Ten central atoms and ten ligands which form 400 complexes at the most can be included in the model. Complex stability constants, total concentrations of the central atoms and ligands, temperature and pH‐value constitute input quantities. Activity and temperature dependence of the stability constants are covered by respective subprogrammes. The model is tested by the migration rate of iron(II) within a sand‐filled column with a cation‐exchange capacity of 1 mval/100 g solid matter: If there is an excess of sulphate, the iron(II)‐breakthrough will be considerably earlier, the same holding for the EDTA‐complex, whereas by means of EDTA the iron(II) bonded to the soil by ion exchange can be redissolved. In the batch experiment also the rate of oxidation of iron(II) is dependent on the degree of complexing. The model can be extended for dissolving, precipitation and redox processes.
Über das Vorkommen von R‐Plasmiden in Escherichia coli und koliformen Keimen aus Wasser und Abwasser Teil 2: Methoden der Isolierung von R+ — Bakterien aus Oberflächen — und Abwasser, des Transfers ihrer R‐Plasmide sowie die Bestimmung der Resistenzbilder
Authors: Heier H. , Tschäte H.
Published: February 2007

After a detailed description of the methods of investigation for the isolation of R+‐bacteria from water and wastewater, the determination of their resistance pattern and the transfer of R‐plasmides from wild strains to E. Coli K 12 there follows the communication of the results of investigations of the inflows and outflows of municipal and rural clarification plants as well as of a special hospital for lung‐diseases and a urological clinic. It was also found that coliform germs with a threefold and fourfold resistance were dominant in wastewater and surface water and that there was a pronounced shift to strains with a multiple resistance in hospital sewage. Particularly high were the values of the quotient of the single resistance in coliform germs from the wastewater of a lung‐disease sanatorium and of germs with multiple resistance in the waste‐water from an urological clinic. As can be demonstrated, here the selective pressure of the different chemotherapeutic agents used for the therapy is effective.
“Man and Biosphere” — Studies on Sikkim Himalayas. Part 2: Acute Toxity of Mixed Copper‐Zinc Solutions on Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio(LINN.)
Authors: Khangarot B. S. , Sehgal A. , Bhasin M. K.
Published: February 2007

In batch experiments for 6 to 48 h, individuals ofCyprinus carpio(2 g individual weight) were exposed to mixed solutions of copper and zinc sulphate: pH = 6.3, temperature 15 °C, 6.8 mg/l O2, 7.1 mg/l Ca2+, 0.7 mg/l Mg2+. The LC50for the individual substances on exposures of 24 and 48 h amount to 9.04 and 7.28 mg/l, resp., of Zn and 0.11 and 0.095 mg/l, resp., of Cu. The sum of the biological activity of the two kinds of metal ions is assessed according to MARKING'S index: at low concentrations of the mixed solutions the two metals show an additive effect, at higher concentrations a synergistic effect occurs.
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Some Wetland Waters of Kashmir
Authors: Kaul S. , Trisal C. L.
Published: February 2007

An investigation was made in five wetland areas in the valley of the river Jhelum north‐west of Srinagar. Only two of the regions have regular inlets and outlets, the others are only rain‐fed. The water temperature is closely connected with the air temperature, and in the shallow water it determines also the oxygen concentration. The chemical characteristics of the alkaline and hard waters show pronounced annual variations, which are determined by the autotrophic bioactivity especially for nutrients and carbon dioxide. Due to the increased pH‐values also biogenic decalcification with correspondingly reduced calcium(II)‐ion concentrations results in the water. In each of the wetlands seven to ten stations were investigated, which had been chosen according to the dominance conditions of vegetation. For the differentiations as to time and space of the water chemism the variance analysis shows significant differences, except for water temperature and alkalinity.
Zur Frage der Karpfenintensivbewirtschaftung von Seen und Eutrophierung
Authors: Barthelmes D.
Published: February 2007

Normally, carp rearing at medium densities is connected with the promotion of daphnia and filtration effects up to “clear‐water states”. Therefore and because of the reduction of submerged plants and of the periphyton this form of carp rearing should be possible in eutrophic shallow lakes also at a slight nutrient introduction without any considerable eutrophication. Due to a deterioration of the light climate by re‐suspension of the sediment even reductions of the primary production are possible. In the case of the Galenbeck lake a drastic reduction of submerged macrophytes occurred in connection with an increased development of plankton, only general estimations being available of the shares of macrophytes and phytoplankton in the overall production. The phytoplankton increase is are perhaps caused by the absence of filtrating zooplankton due to an insufficient reduction of the indigenous fish stocks. In the Galenbeck lake the structural changes of the ecosystem were due both to the high degree of re‐suspension of the very mobile lime sediment and the absence of hard bottom areas, which made the total reduction of the macroflora possible.
Simulation des Nitratabbaus im Grundwasser
Authors: Schwan M. , Kramer D. , Gericke C.
Published: February 2007

Ten reaction vessels containing 1 m3 were used as the experimental arrangement. They were filled with coarse sand or fine gravel and installed 60 cm below the floor. The pore volume (water saturation) was 227… 260 l. Anaerobic conditions were established by the addition of 6 g glucose at storage. The reactors were given tap water with 50 and 200 mg/l NO from KNO3 in such a way that a volumetric rate of flow of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 l/d was created. The volumetric rates of flow corresponded to the natural recharge of groundwater, the recharge of groundwater under the conditions of irrigation and the conditions of an intensive wastewater ground treatment. In the effluent from the reaction vessels the nitrate concentration was determined every month. It was stationary from the 7th to the 55th month after the beginning of the experiment. The experiments are evaluated by means of a model which takes into account the diffusion, convection and kinetics of the nitrate degradation according to Michaelis‐Menten. A simple method for solving homogeneous non‐linear differential equations of the second order is proposed. The experimental and model results show a good agreement and prove the very slow nitrate degradation in the groundwater with kM = 210 mg/l, vmax = 1.5 mg/l · d or k1 = 0.005 d−1.
Beitrag zur Wertstoffgewinnung aus Industrieabwässern mit Ionenaustauschern
Authors: Fischwasser K. , Kaeding J.
Published: February 2007

A description is given of the fundamentals and experience gained in practice for the employment of ion‐exchange resins of the Wofatit type for water cycling in electroplating, the nickel recovery from electroplating wastes, the recovery of ZnCl2 in the vulcanized fibre production as well as the regeneration of phosphoric‐acid pickling solutions. Wofatit AD 41 is sufficiently chromate‐resistant, peroxo compounds have to be removed in any case prior to the anion exchange. In circulation systems, countercurrent cation exchangers are not absolutely necessary, in the case of high quality demands on the deionate they are suitable, however. For the nickel recovery with the aid of Wofatit CA 20 the double‐regeneration (elution and activation) is necessary. Special experience is still necessary concerning the enrichment especially of organic disturbing substances. For the phosphoric‐acid regeneration the size and surface of the pickling bath, the capacity of the regeneration plant and the specific increase of the iron concentration in the pickling bath have to be exactly coordinated with each other. In the economic evaluation, amortization periods of one to three years result for the metal recovery.
Möglichkeiten der Korrelation unterschiedlicher Wasseranalysenverfahren
Authors: Winkler F. , Düwert B. , Patecki H.
Published: February 2007

Investigated are the regressions and correlations between TOC, CSD‐Cr, COD‐Mn, BOD5 and CHCl3‐extract for model waters with the substances Präwozell W‐ON 100 and Emulgator 30 contained in them as the most important tensides as well as for the real clarification plant influents of a chemical works. As expected, for the model waters in all cases highly significant regressions exist between the results of the different investigation methods. For the real wastewater there can be demonstrated statistically secured connections with degrees of determination of 0.64… 0.78 only for the pairs TOC ‐ COD‐Cr, BOD5 ‐ COD‐Cr, COD‐Mn ‐ COD‐Cr and TOC ‐ COD‐Mn, due to the varying composition. The corresponding regression equations with their range of definition are given. They can contribute to render the acquisition of measured values more efficient and to control the wastewater treatment.
Probleme der spektrophotometrischen Chlorophyllbestimmung
Authors: Wasmund N.
Published: February 2007

For the determination of the contents of chlorophyll a and phaeopigment a in sediment samples the method according to LORENZEN with its principle and the error sources is discussed in detail. The acidification required for the determination of the phaeopigments should be carried out on a final concentration of 0.006 mol/l acid. As an extracting agent, such a quantity of acetone has to be added to the sediment sample that a final concentration of 90 % acetone will be obtained with the interstitial water being taken into account. By an extraction done twice 90 % of pigments are extracted. Methanol as an extracting agents is unsuitable for several reasons mentioned. Exposure to light at more than 1 W/m2 results in a high rate of chlorophyll degradation, the same effect being shown by increased temperatures. Between the trichromatic chlorophyll determination according to JEFFREY and HUMPHREY and the determination according to LORENZEN exists the linear relation chl. a (J. and H.)=chl. a (L.)+0.6. phaeo. a (L.). The procedure of the determination of chlorophyll a and phaeopigment a according to LORENZEN is described in a detailed representation.
Physiologie des Phenolabbaus bei Rhodococcus spec. P1. Teil 2: Untersuchungen zur Regulation des Phenolabbaus
Authors: Hensel J. , Straube G.
Published: February 2007

The phenol‐degrading system which can be induced in Rhodococcus spec. P 1 brings about the metabolization of phenol via the β‐ketoadipate path (ortho‐cleavage of catechol). For the more precise characterization of the degradation performance investigations were made into the influences of different carbon sources: glucose, galactose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, acetate, citricacid, mandelic acid, protocatechoic acid, glycerol, tryptophane, phenylalanine and the complex substrate of nutrient broth as well as succinate, catechol and benzoate. Only the three last‐named substances show an influence: succinate inhibits only the synthesis of phenol hydroxylase, catechol and benzoate inhibit the synthesis and activity of phenol hydroxylase. As a comparison of the results with literature shows, even at the same path of degradation there are different regulating mechanismus in the different microorganisms.
Stofftransformationen in äquatischen Systemen und ihre hygienische Bewertung
Authors: Krassovski G. N. , Korolew A. A. , Scholdakowa S. I. , Koch R. , Dobberkau H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

Chemical substances can be transformed under the influence of physical/chemical and/or biochemical active factors. By this, the ecotoxicological and hygienic‐toxicological properties and effects of the substances are changed also with respect to toxicity, late effects (carcinogenetic, mutagenic, teratogenetic ones) as well as the bio‐ and geo‐accumulation behaviour. Such transformations occur also during water treatment, and therefore also the properties and effects of the transformation products have to be taken into account for determining the limit values for pollutants in raw water for the production of drinking water. Since frequently we have incompletely known transformation products or mixtures of substances, a coefficient of hazard is suggested for the evaluation. It is the quotient of the threshold concentrations of the initial substance and of the transformation products for the different (organoleptic, toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenetic etc.) effects. For several organic substances it is demonstrated that the transformation products can be regarded less toxic compared with the initial substance. Strong oxidants, however, cause an increased danger in many cases.
A Study on the Effect of Temperature upon the Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate to the Freshwater Snail Viviparus bengalensis L.
Authors: Gupta P. K. , Durve V. S.
Published: February 2007

The toxicity of Na‐pentachlorophenate to Viviparus bengalensis is investigated by batch tests with daily exchange of medium in the temperature range between 19 °C (February), 27 °C (April), 32 °C (June) and 30 °C (August) at times of exposure between 12 and 96 h. In the range of higher concentrations, pronounced abnormalities in behaviour by secreting mucus and discharging eggs and embryos occur. The LC50 are lowest for all times of exposure at 27 °C, whereas the times of survival with a given concentration are highest at 30 °C. From the LC50, 96h, 27°C = 66 μg/l results a safe concentration of only 47 μg/l Na‐pentachlorophenate for Viviparus bengalensis.
Potentiometrische Fluoridbestimmung in Trinkwasser
Authors: Seifert K. , Klaue W.
Published: February 2007

The measurement is carried out after addition of perchloric acid up to a concentration of 0.45 M perchloric acid, and the results are compared with those obtained in 0.16 M sodium citrate as well as with a gas‐chromatographic determination, and they show a good agreement, The detection limit is 0.002 mg/l F−, the coefficient of variation is nearly 0.01 at 0.85 mg/l F−, independently of whether a direct measurement or a measurement with a standard addition is carried out. The measurement is disturbed by aluminium(III)‐ and Iron(III)‐ions.
Diurnal Thermal Stratification and Floc Rising in Clariflocculators of the Tropical Water Works
Authors: Belsare D. K. , Prasad D. Y.
Published: February 2007

In four tropical water works there are carried out investigations on the floc rising occurring during the day‐hours, and especially in the hot season, in the flocculators. This phenomenon is caused by the great heating of the raw water during the day‐hours, due to which between 10.00 a. m. and 10.00 p. m. a temperature difference up to 3.7 K between the influent and the effluent of the flocculators occurs during a retention period of 3.5… 5 h within the flocculators. Even temperature differences of only 1 K result in floc rising, reducing the filter run by four to seven hours. Oversaturation of the raw water with oxygen by the photosynthetic oxygen production constitutes an additional cause. As a measure against the rising and passing‐on of flocs we recommend the aeration of the water at the raw water intake point, to prevent a thermal stratification during the day‐hours and at the same time to remove the perhaps given oxygen oversaturation.
Biomonitoring of the Contamination of Water by a Sublethal Concentration of Pesticides — A System Analysis Approach
Authors: Verma S. R. , Tonk I. P.
Published: February 2007

Heteropneustes (Saccobranchus) fossilis (Pisces; Clariidae) is exposed to the biocides Chlordane, Aldrin, Metasystox, Dichlorvos, Carbofuran and Sevin for 30 d at a concentration of the 1/15 fraction of LC50;96h with daily exchange of the medium. At intervals of 5 d the respiration rate was determined for 1 h. In addition, after the end of tests 13 haematological parameters as well as the activities of the adenosine triphosphatases and the acetylcholinesterase were determined in the liver, the kidney and the gills. During all exposures to biocides the respiration rate decreases significantly with the test time. At all exposures the blood concentrations of glucose, sodium‐ and chloride‐ions show a significant increase, whereas the cholesterin content and the clotting time decrease significantly. The ATPase activity is significantly reduced only by Aldrin and Chlordane. A significant reduction of the acetylcholinesterase activity occurs in each of the three investigated tissues only for Metasystox and Dichlorvos and in the liver in addition also for Chlordane, Aldrin and Carbofuran. Therefore, the respiration rate and haematological criteria permit a general stress indication, enzymatic activities constitute a specific indication of individual groups of biocides, so that a systematic analysis of these three indication groups will probably provide a specific resultant statement in a biomonitoring system due to the specific inhibition pattern.
Influence of pH on Sporulation, Spore Germination and Germling Survival in Blue‐green Algae
Authors: Reddy P. M.
Published: February 2007

An investigation is made on the influence of the pH‐value in the range of pH = 4.5 to 11.0 on sporulation, germination and germling development of Anabaena fertilissima and Anabaenopsis arnoldii, isolated from the Sambhar Salt Lake, Rajasthan. Maximum rates of germination were obtained with Anabaena at pH = 7.0… 10.5, with Anabaenopsis at pH = 7.0 to 8.5. With both species, sporulation occurs in the same pH‐ranges, Anabaena dying without sporulation in the range of pH = 5.5… 6.5 and above pH = 10.5 and Anabaenopsis surviving without sporulation above pH = 9.5. With Anabaena the germling growth steadily increases from pH = 7 to 10.5, whereas Anabaenopsis shows a maximum at pH = 7 and at any other pH‐value growth is considerably lower. Moreover, spore germination is bound to an exchange of the medium. In agreement with these experimental findings concerning the cultures, from July to February Anabaenopsis occurs in the Sambhar Lake as a vegetative form with a partial mass development, and from March to June it survives as a spore. Anabaena, however, has only a short vegetative phase in June, and it survives the remaining part of the year as a spore. Thus, the fast germination and sporulation in the range of higher alkalinity is the ecological strategy for Anabaena to resist the competition offered by Anabaenopsis.
Indicator Value of Freshwater Leeches (Hirudinea) with a Key to the Determination of European Species
Authors: Sládeček V. , Košel V.
Published: February 2007

For the 33 species of Hirudinea in the fresh waters of Central Europe the following saprobiological data are given: saprobic valency, indicative weight and specific saprobic index. A detailed key is established for determining the 33 species, with a large number of pictures. All the species have a relatively wide range of ecological valency, so that their application for determining the degree of saprobity is meaningful only in connection with different types of indicators.
Dünnschichtchromatographischer Nachweis von Mineralöl in Brunnenwasser
Authors: Machmerth K.
Published: February 2007

A tabular survey is given from literature concerning seven extraction techniques, 14 thin‐layer chromatographic detection techniques and 15 spray reagents. From the possibilities represented in this way, a newly composed method is described which can be carried out in any routine laboratory within one hour and has proved successful in situations of average of the drinking water supply. 1 l water is extracted with 25 ml CCl4, the extract is concentrated in the vacuum to 1 ml and chromatographed with n‐hexane on a prefabricated foil. Detection is carried out with 10% methanolic molybdophosphoric acid. The detection limit is at 0.5 μg.
Zum Umweltverhalten von Fluortensiden Teil 1: Prüfung auf Aquatoxizität
Authors: Prescher D. , Gross U. , Wotzka J. , Tscheu‐Schlüter M. , Starke W.
Published: February 2007

Poecilia reticulata PETERS (guppy) and the green alga Monoraphidium griffithii were used for testing of different fluorotensides. After the representation of the methods of investigation and the definition of criteria of toxicity the obtained results of investigation are discussed. In general, the toxicity of the four investigated fluorotensides to algae was lower than to fish. The anionic fluorotenside CF3—(CF2)n—CFH—COONa was an exception. In tables and diagrams the results are summarized. Finally, for the condition of the receiving‐water biocenosis class “2” the respective still permissible matter concentrations are proposed. They vary between 0.05 and 0.2 mg/1.