bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond statistical significance: Five principles for the new era of data analysis and reporting
Authors: Wedel Michel , Gal David
Published: July 2023

A crisis of confidence in research findings in consumer psychology and other academic disciplines has led to various proposals to abandon, replace, strengthen, or supplement the null hypothesis significance testing paradigm. The proliferation of such proposals, and their often‐conflicting recommendations, can increase confusion among researchers. We aim to bring some clarity by proposing five simple principles for the new era of data analysis and reporting of research in consumer psychology. We avoid adding to researchers' confusion and proposing more onerous or rigid standards. Our goal is to offer straightforward practical principles that are easy for researchers to keep in mind while analyzing their data and reporting their findings. These principles involve (1) interpreting p‐values as continuous measures of the strength of evidence, (2) being aware of assumptions that determine whether one can rely on p‐values, (3) using theory to establish the applicability of findings to new settings, (4) employing multiple measures of evidence and various processes to obtain them, but assigning special privilege to none, and (5) reporting procedures and findings transparently and completely. We hope that these principles provide researchers with some guidance and help to strengthen the reliability of the conclusions derived from their data, analyses, and findings.
Leaf and stem micromorphology of Jacquemontia evolvuloides (Moric.) Meisn. (Convolvulaceae) populations: New insights for taxonomic classification using light and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Belo Deibson Pereira , Buril Maria Teresa , dos Santos Edinalva Alves Vital , Arruda Emília , Louzada Rafael Batista
Published: July 2023

Morphoanatomical studies can provide useful and relevant information to support taxonomic groupings. Jacquemontia evolvuloides shows great morphological variability, which has led to numerous taxonomic classifications. To determine if anatomical characters can be used to recognize operational taxonomic units within populations of that species, we analyzed the leaves and stems of 22 populations using light and scanning electron microscopy. The variability of the analyzed characters allowed the grouping of these populations into five morphotypes. The presence of paracytic stomata, laticiferous canals, and stellate trichomes can be considered diagnostic characters of J. evolvuloides. The presence and types of epicuticular waxes, as well as a layer similar to palisade parenchyma in the petioles and stems, the classifications of glandular trichomes, and new types of stomata (anomocytic, anomotetracytic, and brachyparatetracytic) are reported here for the first time for Jacquemontia. The results discussed here help clarify the classification of this species complex and contribute to the taxonomy of Jacquemontia—a genus that has historically been difficult to define due to its wide morphological variation at the species level.

Research Highlights

Seven types of epicuticular waxes were identified among J. evolvuloides specimens: granules, threads, entire platelets, coiled rodlets, fissured layers, membranous platelets, and tubules.

Six types of trichomes were observed among J. evolvuloides populations: stellate, malpighiaceous, sessile peltate glandular, short pedunculate glandular, stipitate‐glandular, and capitate glandular.

We observed that six populations of Jacquemontia evolvuloides located in the Brazilian Caatinga domain have unprecedented sessile peltate trichomes restricted to the main leaf midrib, which were only observed under light microscopy.
Stop, then go! Rapid acceleration offsets the costs of intermittent locomotion when turning in Florida scrub lizards
Authors: Walker Cheyenne A. , McBrayer Lance D.
Published: July 2023

Intermittent locomotion is a common locomotor mode in small vertebrates. Pausing is thought to aid in locating a predator or prey, enhancing crypsis, lowering energy costs, and/or maneuvering around obstacles or toward a refuge. Many lizards flee predators by turning into potential refugia and subsequently pausing, presumably to conceal themselves. Intermittent locomotion may be associated with turning by allowing an animal time to assess its surroundings and/or decreasing the likelihood of losing its footing. In this study, we quantify locomotor performance and the use of intermittent locomotion in Florida scrub lizards (Sceloporus woodi) when navigating either a 45° or 90° turn. Lizards paused in 92.91% of all trials, and yet despite pausing, instantaneous speed was not different entering or exiting the turn. This result suggests that turning comes at minimal cost to forward speed for lizards under these conditions. Pausing during a turn, however, did slow speed in the turn. Interestingly, the speed in the turn did not differ in trials with a pause before the turn versus trials without a pause. The angle of the turn also had no effect on whether lizards paused. We found that lizards increase peak acceleration following pauses to compensate for lost speed during the pause, providing a mechanism that may minimize negative fitness effects associated with slow running speeds and allow intermittent locomotion to be such a common strategy in lizards.
Clinical experience with glycerol phenylbutyrate in 20 patients with urea cycle disorders at a UK paediatric centre
Authors: Yeo Mildrid , Rehsi Preeya , Dorman Megan , Grunewald Stephanie , Baruteau Julien , Chakrapani Anupam , Footitt Emma , Prunty Helen , McSweeney Melanie
Published: July 2023

In urea cycle disorders (UCDs) ammonia scavenger drugs, usually sodium‐based, have been the mainstay of treatment. Increasingly, glycerol phenylbutyrate (GPB, Ravicti®) is being used but scant real‐world data exist regarding clinical outcomes. A retrospective study of UCD patients initiated on or switched to GPB was performed at a UK centre. Data on population characteristics, treatment aspects, laboratory measurements, and clinical outcomes were collected before and after patients started GPB with a sub‐group analysis undertaken for patients with ≥12 months of data before and after starting GPB. UCDs included arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency (n = 8), arginosuccinate lyase deficiency (n = 6), ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency (n = 3), and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency (n = 3). In the sub‐group analysis (n = 11), GPB resulted in lower plasma ammonia (31 vs. 41 μmol/L, p = 0.037), glutamine (670 vs. 838 μmol/L, p = 0.002), annualised hyperammonaemic episodes (0.2 vs. 1.9, p = 0.020), hospitalisations (0.5 vs. 2.2, p = 0.010), and hyperammonaemic episodes resulting in hospitalisation (0.2 vs. 1.6, p = 0.035) reflecting changes seen in the whole group. Overall, patients exposed to sodium and propylene glycol levels above UK daily limits reduced by 78% and 83% respectively. Mean levels of branched chain amino acids, haemoglobin, and white cell count were unchanged. Two adverse drug reactions (pancytopenia, fatigue/appetite loss) resolved without GPB discontinuation. Patients/families preferred GPB for its lower volume, greater palatability and easier administration. GPB appeared to improve biochemical measures and clinical outcomes. The causes are multi‐factorial and are likely to include prolonged action of GPB and its good tolerability, even at higher doses, facilitating tighter control of ammonia.
Effects of sample mass and suspension salinity on particle size distribution in predominantly medium to heavy textured soils using the hydrometer method
Authors: Wuddivira Mark N. , Bramble De Shorn E. , Ramlochan Ananda , Gouveia Gregory A. , Francis Ronen C. , De Caires Sunshine A.
Published: July 2023

Background

Particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental soil measurement that is crucial for agriculture, engineering, hydrological, and environmental applications as well as in basic research such as in developing water release curves in flow and transport modeling. The accurate determination of PSD, particularly clay content, is especially critical in ascertaining the magnitude and rates of many physical, chemical, and hydrological processes in soils. The accuracy of the hydrometer method for PSD, which relies on the settling velocity of soil particles in a soil suspension, could be affected by the density of the suspension, which in turn, depends on the initial sample mass, texture, and mineralogy of the soil.

Aims

We hypothesized that (1) initial mass determines the concentration and the physical interaction of particles in a soil suspension and affects particle settlement, recovery, and the accuracy of the hydrometer method, and (2) the widely used initial air‐dry mass of 50 g underestimates the clay percentage of medium to heavy textured tropical soils. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mass and KCl on clay recovery in tropical soils with varying texture and mineralogy using the hydrometer method.

Methods

The experiment comprised seven soils, four soil masses (10, 20, 30, 50 g), and two KCl treatments in a 7 × 4 × 2 factorial design replicated three times.

Results

Results showed a general trend of increasing estimates of clay % as the soil mass decreased from 50 to 10 g and the KCl concentration increased from 0 to 0.0025 M. This implies that using an initial sample mass of 50 g in sedimentation methods, underestimates, and 10 g overestimates the clay % in predominantly medium to heavy textured tropical soils. Interestingly, there was a drastic change in texture for most of the soils as the sample mass decreased to 10 g.

Conclusions

We conclude that the initial air‐dry mass affects the clay recovery of medium to heavy textured humid tropical soils. Results suggest that the ideal initial mass for these soils lies between 20 and 30 g. Furthermore, the mechanistic pathway that drives the observed decrease in clay recovery as soil sample mass increase could be due to the flocculating tendency of KCl.
Liquid biopsies for cancer: From bench to clinic
Authors: Chen Zhenhui , Li Chenghao , Zhou Yue , Yao Yinghao , Liu Jiaqi , Wu Min , Su Jianzhong
Published: July 2023

Over the past two decades, liquid biopsy has been increasingly used as a supplement, or even, a replacement to the traditional biopsy in clinical oncological practice, due to its noninvasive and early detectable properties. The detections can be based on a variety of features extracted from tumor‑derived entities, such as quantitative alterations, genetic changes, and epigenetic aberrations, and so on. So far, the clinical applications of cancer liquid biopsy mainly aimed at two aspects, prediction (early diagnosis, prognosis and recurrent evaluation, therapeutic response monitoring, etc.) and intervention. In spite of the rapid development and great contributions achieved, cancer liquid biopsy is still a field under investigation and deserves more clinical practice. To better open up future work, here we systematically reviewed and compared the latest progress of the most widely recognized circulating components, including circulating tumor cells, cell‐free circulating DNA, noncoding RNA, and nucleosomes, from their discovery histories to clinical values. According to the features applied, we particularly divided the contents into two parts, beyond epigenetics and epigenetic‐based. The latter was considered as the highlight along with a brief overview of the advances in both experimental and bioinformatic approaches, due to its unique advantages and relatively lack of documentation.
Pretreatment with Kahweol Attenuates Sepsis‐Induced Acute Lung Injury via Improving Mitochondrial Homeostasis in a CaMKKII/AMPK‐Dependent Pathway
Authors: Li Guorui , Fu Tinglv , Wang Wei , Xiong Rui , Liu Bohao , He Ruyuan , Xu Chenzhen , Wang Wenjie , Li Ning , Geng Qing
Published: July 2023

Scope

It is well‐established that dysregulated mitochondrial homeostasis in macrophages leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage, which are essential in the pathogenesis of sepsis‐induced acute lung injury (ALI). Kahweol, a natural diterpene extracted from coffee beans, reportedly possesses anti‐inflammatory and mitochondrial protective properties. Herein, the study investigates whether Kahweol can alleviate sepsis‐induced ALI and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods and results

C57BL/6J mice are intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h to induce ALI. Pretreatment with kahweol by gavage for 5 days significantly alleviates lung pathological injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, accompanied by shifting the dynamic process of mitochondria from fission to fusion, enhancing mitophagy, and activating AMPK. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, differentiated THP‐1 cells are cultured in a medium containing Kahweol for 12 h prior to LPS exposure, yielding consistent findings with the in vivo results. Moreover, AMPK inhibitors abrogate the above effects, indicating Kahweol acts in an AMPK‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the study explores how Kahweol activates AMPK and finds that this process is mediated by CamKK II.

Conclusion

Pretreatment with Kahweol attenuates sepsis‐induced acute lung injury via improving mitochondrial homeostasis in a CaMKKII/AMPK‐dependent pathway and may be a potential candidate to prevent sepsis‐induced ALI.
U.S. higher education: Positives and negatives
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: July 2023

Hardly a day passes when we don’t read an article or report about what is wrong with American higher education. While COVID‐19 did expose some of the flaws in the current way students are admitted, financed, and graduated from U.S. colleges and universities, there are many positive facts and trends that should be acknowledged.
Melissa Manuel: Reshaping higher ed in Saudi Arabia
Authors: D’Orio Wayne
Published: July 2023

After 10 years working in admissions and registrar offices in higher education, Melissa Manuel understands how hard it can be to change the ways institutions do business.
Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Radiation oncology
Authors: Kalapurakal John A. , Wolden Suzanne L. , Haas‐Kogan Daphne , Laack Nadia N. , Hua Chia‐ho , Paulino Arnold C. , Hill‐Kayser Christine E. , Hoppe Bradford S. , Fitzgerald Thomas J. ,   COG Radiation Oncology Discipline Committee
Published: July 2023

Radiation oncology is an integral part of the multidisciplinary team caring for children with cancer. The primary goal of our committee is to enable the delivery of the safest dose of radiation therapy (RT) with the maximal potential for cure, and to minimize toxicity in children by delivering lower doses to normal tissues using advanced technologies like intensity‐modulated RT (IMRT) and proton therapy. We provide mentorship for y ators and are actively involved in educating the global radiation oncology community. We are leaders in the effort to discover novel radiosensitizers, radioprotectors, and advanced RT technologies that could help improve outcomes of children with cancer.
The case study of a brittle failure of a mountain bike frame composed by carbon fiber reinforced plastic
Authors: El Hajjar Rani F. , Pegoretti Alessandro , Movchan Alexander , De Falco Paolino , Pugno Nicola M.
Published: July 2023

A mountain bike carbon reinforced polymeric frame failed in two pieces during cycling over a grass meadow at a speed of about 25 km/h. This has caused the shoulder dislocation of the driver, also last author of this paper. Here, we demonstrate evidence of macroscopic numerous pre‐existing and propagating defects, such as wrinkles, voids and delaminations, resulting in low mechanical properties of this frame. Numerical dynamic simulations conclude the paper and suggest a further cause of frame weakening, due to defect‐resonance interaction. The paper suggests that the design of carbon fiber reinforced plastic frame for mountain bikes may require new scientific and technological advancements for the safety of the riders, at least today carefully eliminating pre‐existing defects and tomorrow proposing bioinspired flaw tolerant solutions.
Study on the evolution of impermeability and mechanical properties of epoxy composite coatings
Authors: Li Ji‐Qiang , Shang Jun‐Jun , Yang Qing‐Sheng
Published: July 2023

The permeation of marine water can lead to severe degradation of the protective properties of polymer composite coatings. At present, experimental studies on the anticorrosive and mechanical properties of polymer composite coatings are relatively mature, but the impermeability and mechanical property changes of the coating during the permeation process are challenging tasks to be studied only by experiments. In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) models of composite coatings consisting of pure epoxy resin (EP), graphene/epoxy resin (Gr/EP), and graphene oxide/epoxy resin (GO/EP) were constructed respectively. MD simulations were performed to reveal the impermeability and mechanical property changes of composite coatings from an atomic perspective. The results show that GO has strong interfacial interaction with EP and the best effect to enhance the impermeability and mechanical properties of epoxy coatings. NaCl solutions can damage the coating microstructure and occupy the Gr and GO surfaces, causing them to no longer have an enhancing effect. The study of GO/EP coatings with different permeation degrees shows that the mechanical properties of the coating decrease as the penetration degree increases.
Individual placement and support: History, current status, and future directions
Authors: Drake Robert E. , Bond Gary R.
Published: July 2023

Over the past three decades, Individual Placement and Support (IPS) has emerged as a robust evidence‐based approach to helping people with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, to obtain and succeed in competitive employment. This review addresses the history, principles, research, and future directions of IPS. It covers current evidence on employment outcomes, cost‐effectiveness, and nonvocational outcomes. It also describes current attempts to extend IPS to new populations. The authors provide an overview of numerous systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials involving people with serious mental illness. For studies addressing nonvocational outcomes and new populations, the review uses best available evidence. Published reviews agree that IPS enables patients with serious mental illness in high‐income countries to succeed in competitive employment at a higher rate than patients who receive other vocational interventions. Within IPS programs, quality of implementation, measured by standardized fidelity scales, correlates with better outcomes. Employment itself leads to enhanced income, psychosocial outcomes, clinical improvements, and decreased mental health service use. As IPS steadily spreads to new populations and new settings, research is active across high‐income countries and spreading slowly to middle‐income countries. IPS is an evidence‐based practice for people with serious mental illness in high‐income countries. It shows promise to help other disability groups also, and emerging research aims to clarify adaptations and outcomes.
Mechanical properties and weather stability of a novel nanocomposite coating based on fluoroethylene/vinyl ether copolymer and organically modified zirconium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Nguyen Thai Xuan , Nguyen Chinh Thuy , Ly Lien Thi Ngoc , Dao Hung Phi , Nguyen Hiep Anh , Hoang Dung Tran , Ngo Quyen Thi Cam , Thai Hoang
Published: July 2023

This study aims to investigate the effect of organically modified zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (m‐ZrO2 NPs) on the mechanical properties, morphology, and weather stability of fluoroethylene/vinyl ether copolymer (FEVE). To modify the surface of ZrO2 NPs, a 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate silane (TMSPM) organic coupling agent was utilized. The ZrO2 NPs were treated with 3 wt.% of TMSPM using a solution method with ultrasonication assistance at 50°C. Various amounts of m‐ZrO2 NPs (1, 2, and 4 wt.% of FEVE weight) were dispersed in a xylene solvent and mixed with FEVE resin. The mixture was then cured with polyisocyanate. The mechanical properties of the FEVE nanocomposite coatings, including impact resistance, adhesion, and abrasion resistance were measured. The morphology of the coatings was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To evaluate the weather stability of the coatings, an accelerated weathering test was conducted in a QUV/SPRAY chamber. This test could potentially affect the chemical structure, weight/thickness, and surface characteristics of the coatings. The carbonyl index, weight loss, and changes in mechanical properties of the coatings were monitored and discussed at different intervals during the accelerated weathering test. In addition, the morphology of the coatings after undergoing 42 cycles of accelerated weathering testing was analyzed. The results indicated that m‐ZrO2 NPs had a positive impact on the weather durability of FEVE resin, particularly in significantly enhancing the weather resistance of the FEVE‐based coatings. Therefore, these coatings exhibit potential for outdoor applications.

Highlights

Silane modified ZrO2 nanoparticles improve the mechanical properties of FEVE resin.

The weather stability of FEVE resin increases as using modified ZrO2 nanoparticles.

The suitable content of modified ZrO2 nanoparticles for FEVE resin is 2 wt.%.

Mechanical properties of the nanocomposite reduce slightly after 42 cycle testing.

Propose the mechanism for weather resistance of the nanocomposite coating.
The effect of pomegranate consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review of clinical trials
Authors: Baghdadi Ghazal , Shidfar Farzad , Dehnad Afsaneh
Published: July 2023

Patients undergoing maintenance dialysis have a significantly higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with the general population. CVD is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among hemodialysis patients, and has been attributed, among other causes, to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Pomegranate, a popular fruit worldwide, has demonstrated health benefits such as antioxidative, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and anti‐inflammatory effects. In this systematic review of clinical trials, we aim to summarize the effect of different parts of pomegranate and the effects of its use on CVD risk factors in hemodialysis patients. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify eligible clinical trials up to December 2021. Ultimately, seven clinical trials were included in this study. Different parts of pomegranate used in these trials were pomegranate juice, pomegranate extract and pomegranate peel extract. The duration of the studies varied from one dialysis session to 1 year. Our results showed that different parts of pomegranate may have anti‐hypertensive, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory effects and improve lipid profile by decreasing TG (triglycerides) and increasing HDL‐C (high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol) in hemodialysis patients. However, due to limited number of studies, more clinical trials need to be performed.
Parameterizing building effects on airflows within the urban canopy layer for high‐resolution models using a nudging approach
Authors: Cheng Ge , Schlünzen K. Heinke , Grawe David , Voss Vivien , Thatcher Marcus , Rayner Peter
Published: July 2023

In this study, a new multilayer urban canopy parameterization for high‐resolution (∼1 km) atmospheric models using the nudging approach to represent the impacts of urban canopies on airflow is presented. In our parameterization, a nudging term is added to the momentum equations and a source term to the turbulent kinetic energy equation to account for building effects. The challenge of this parameterization lies in defining appropriate values for the nudging coefficient and the weighting function used to reflect canopy effects. Values of both are derived and the parameterization developed is implemented and tested for idealized cases in the Mesoscale Transport and Stream model (METRAS). Comparison data are taken from obstacle‐resolving microscale model results. Results show that the parameterization using the nudging approach can simulate aerodynamic effects induced within the canopy by obstacles well, in terms of reduction of wind speeds and production of additional turbulent kinetic energy. Thus, models with existing nudging can use this approach as an efficient and effective method to parameterize dynamic urban canopy effects.
Use of water accounts based indicators for water management in India
Authors: Bassi Nitin
Published: July 2023

In India, water accounts on a river basin scale are not prepared regularly, mainly due to the unavailability of data on consumptive uses in various economic sectors at that scale. This research paper demonstrates an approach to prepare water accounts for the Mahanadi river basin in eastern India, which experiences climate‐induced hydrological extremes using the demographic, economic, hydrological, and geohydrological data available at different administrative and geographical scales. Further, selected water accounts derived indicators were computed to identify critical elements that need to be altered for improving water resources management at the river basin scale. The results show that the total inflow during the wet year exceeds 24%–26% in comparison to the normal and dry years. In turn, 23% and 24% of the inflow get drains to the sea in a dry and normal year, respectively, with agriculture accounting for the lion's share of the blue water consumed, about 57%–60% in all the years. The river has a huge dilution capacity, and, except for the biological oxygen demand in a dry year, the value of all other selected water quality parameters (nitrogen and electrical conductivity) is within the acceptable limits established by law. Reducing water consumption in irrigated crops during summer, controlling evaporation from the reservoirs, and considering nitrogen concentration and electrical conductivity in the existing approach to determine polluted river stretches in India are identified as crucial actions for improving water management in the basin. Further, assessment of water consumption and environmental flow requirement is identified as important decision factors to guide future water reallocation among riparian states.
Gain insight into 4 key trends in fraternity, sorority life
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: July 2023

BOSTON — Across institutional types, the fraternity and sorority experience has been rapidly changing, according to longitudinal data gathered by the research team at Dyad Strategies LLC. To help you understand these changes so you can be prepared to address them, Gentry McCreary, Ph.D., CEO, and Managing Partner at Dyad Strategies LLC, gave a presentation at the annual conference for NASPA — Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education.
Metal Ion Coordination Improves Graphite Nitride Carbon Microwave Therapy in Antibacterial and Osteomyelitis Treatment
Authors: Li Bo , Zhu Huiping , Lv Yuelin , Wang Chaofeng , Wu Shuilin , Zhu Shengli , Zheng Yufeng , Jiang Hui , Zhang Yu , Li Zhaoyang , Cui Zhenduo , Liu Xiangmei
Published: July 2023

The ability to effectively treat deep bacterial infections while promoting osteogenesis is the biggest treatment demand for diseases such as osteomyelitis. Microwave therapy is widely studied due to its remarkable ability to penetrate deep tissue. This paper focuses on the development of a microwave‐responsive system, namely, a zinc ion (Zn2+) doped graphite carbon nitride (CN) system (BZCN), achieved through two high‐temperature burning processes. By subjecting composite materials to microwave irradiation, an impressive 99.81% eradication of Staphylococcus aureus is observed within 15 min. Moreover, this treatment enhances the growth of bone marrow stromal cells. The Zn2+ doping effectively alters the electronic structure of CN, resulting in the generation of a substantial number of free electrons on the material's surface. Under microwave stimulation, sodium ions collide and ionize with the free electrons generated by BZCN, generating a large amount of energy, which reacts with water and oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species. In addition, Zn2+ doping improves the conductivity of CN and increases the number of unsaturated electrons. Under microwave irradiation, polar molecules undergo movement and generate frictional heat. Finally, the released Zn2+ promotes macrophages to polarize toward the M2 phenotype, which is beneficial for tibial repair.
Excellent Energy‐Storage Performance in Lead‐Free Capacitors with Highly Dynamic Polarization Heterogeneous Nanoregions
Authors: Ma Qiansu , Chen Liang , Yu Huifen , Wu Jie , Zhu Lifeng , Yang Jikun , Qi He
Published: July 2023

Lead‐free dielectric ceramics with excellent energy‐storage performance are crucial to the development of the next‐generation advanced pulse power capacitors. However, low energy‐storage density limits the evolution of capacitors toward lightweight, miniaturization, and integration. Here, an effective strategy of constructing highly dynamic polarization heterogeneous nanoregions is proposed in lead‐free relaxors to realize an ultrahigh energy‐storage density of ≈8.0 J cm−3, making almost ten times the growth of energy‐storage density compared with pure Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3ceramic, accompanied by a higher energy efficiency of ≈80% as well as an ultrafast discharge rate of ≈20 ns. Ultrasmall polarization heterogeneous nanoregions with different orientations and ultrahigh flexibility, and significantly decreased grain size to submicron lead to reduced heat loss, improved breakdown electric field and polarization, enhanced relaxation, and delayed polarization saturation behaviors, contributing to the remarkable energy‐storage performance. Moreover, the breakdown path distribution or electrical tree evolution behaviors are systematically studied to reveal the origin of ultrahigh breakdown electric field through phase field simulations. This work demonstrates that constructing highly dynamic polarization heterogeneous nanoregions is a powerful approach to develop new lead‐free dielectric materials with high energy‐storage performance.
Manipulating Redox Kinetics using p‐n Heterojunction Biservice Matrix as both Cathode Sulfur Immobilizer and Anode Lithium Stabilizer for Practical Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Du Xiaohang , Wen Chenxu , Luo Yuhong , Luo Dan , Yang Tingzhou , Wu Lanlan , Li Jingde , Liu Guihua , Chen Zhongwei
Published: July 2023

As an attractive high‐energy‐density technology, the practical application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is severely limited by the notorious dissolution and shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPS), resulting in sluggish reaction kinetics and uncontrollable dendritic Li growth. Herein, a p‐n typed heterostructure consisting of n‐type MoS2 nanoflowers embedded with p‐type NiO nanoparticles is designed on carbon nanofibers (denoted as NiO‐MoS2@CNFs) as both cathode sulfur immobilizer and anode Li stabilizer for practical Li–S batteries. Such p‐n typed heterostructure is proposed to establish the built‐in electric field across the heterointerface for facilitated the positive charge to reach the surface of NiO‐MoS2, meanwhile inherits the excellent LiPS adsorption ability of p‐type NiO nanoparticles and catalytic ability of n‐type MoS2. As the anode matrix, the implementation of NiO–MoS2 heterostructure can prevent the growth of Li dendrites by enhancing the lithiophilicity and reducing local current density. The obtained Li–S full battery exhibits an ultra‐high areal capacity over 7.3 mAh cm−2, far exceeding that of current commercial Li‐ion batteries. Meanwhile, a stable cycling performance can be achieved under low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 5.8 µL mg−1 and negative/positive capacity ratio of 1. The corresponding pouch cell maintains high energy density of 305 Wh kg−1 and stable cycling performance under various bending angles.
Reshaping Inner Helmholtz Layer and Electrolyte Structure via Multifunctional Organic Molecule Enabling Dendrite‐Free Zn Metal Anode
Authors: Liu Chang , Jiang Wen‐Bin , Xie Dan , Diao Wan‐Yue , Tao Fang‐Yu , Wang Xin‐Zhe , Sun Hai‐Zhu , Li Wen‐Liang , Wu Xing‐Long , Zhang Jing‐Ping
Published: July 2023

The dendrite growth and parasitic reactions that occur on Zn metal anode (ZMA)/electrolyte interface hinder the development of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) in next‐generation renewable energy storage systems. Fortunately, reconstructing the inner Helmholtz layer (IHL) by introducing an electrolyte additive, is viewed as one of the most promising strategies to harvest the stable ZMA. Herein, (4‐chloro‐3‐nitrophenyl) (pyridin‐4‐yl) methanone (CNPM) with quadruple functional groups is introduced into the ZnSO4 electrolyte to reshape the interface between ZMA and electrolyte and change the solvation structure of Zn2+. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations manifest that the ─C═O, ─Cl, ─C═N─, and ─NO2 functional groups of CNPM interact with metallic Zn simultaneously and adsorb on the ZMA surface in a parallel arrangement manner, thus forming a water‐poor IHL and creating well‐arranged ion transportation channels. Furthermore, theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that CNPM absorbed on the Zn anode surface can serve as zincophilic sites for inducing uniform Zn deposition along the (002) plane. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of these functions, the dendrite growth and parasitic reactions are suppressed significantly. As a result, ZMA exhibits a long cycle life (2900 h) and high coulombic efficiency (CE) (500 cycles) in the ZnSO4+CNPM electrolyte.
Simultaneous Inhibition of Heat Shock Response and Autophagy with Bimetallic Mesoporous Nanoparticles to Enhance Mild‐Temperature Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Li Meng , Hou Mengfei , Wu Qinghe , Jiang Yifei , Jia Guoping , Wu Xubo , Zhang Chunfu
Published: July 2023

Mild‐temperature photothermal therapy (MPTT) is a promising tumor therapeutic modality because it can avoid the damage of normal tissues near the tumor caused by excessive heat. However, its therapeutic effect is severely impaired because tumor cells can develop heat resistance and self‐repair by activating heat shock response and cell autophagy. Herein, a tannic acid–iron ion metal organic framework‐coated, chloroquine (CQ)‐loaded mesoporous PdPt nanosystem (TF‐CQ@mPdPt) is developed to enhance MPTT by simultaneous suppression of heat shock response and autophagy. TF‐CQ@mPdPt exhibits good peroxidase (POD)‐mimic activity and photothermal performance. As a result, the reactive oxygen species generated by POD‐mediated decomposition of endogenous hydrogen peroxide damage mitochondria, leading to limitation of adenosine triphosphate supply, which suppresses the upregulation of heat shock proteins of tumor cells during MPTT, making tumor cell more sensitive to heat stress. Concurrently, CQ released from TF‐CQ@mPdPt during MPTT inhibits cell autophagy, thereby interrupting the self‐repair pathway of tumor cells. Consequently, TF‐CQ@mPdPt‐mediated MPTT significantly enhances its therapeutic effect, effectively inhibiting tumor progression in 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice. This study presents a novel strategy to enhance MPTT by simultaneously suppressing heat shock response and autophagy.
Recent Advance in Heterogenous Electrocatalysts for Highly Selective Nitrite Reduction to Ammonia Under Ambient Condition
Authors: Yue Luchao , Song Wei , Zhang Lixin , Luo Yonglan , Wang Yan , Li Tingshuai , Ying Binwu , Sun Shengjun , Zheng Dongdong , Liu Qian , Farouk Asmaa , Hamdy Mohamed S. , Alfaifi Sulaiman , Sun Xuping
Published: July 2023

Industrial ammonia production mainly relies on the conventional Haber–Bosch process accompanied by high energy consumption and plentiful carbon dioxide emissions, which triggered the recent interest to explore more energy‐efficient and environmentally benign alternatives. Very recently, electrochemical nitrite reduction in an aqueous medium promises new opportunities for advanced, energy‐efficient, and sustainable ammonia production at ambient conditions. The ammonia formation rate and Faradic efficiency are strongly associated with the adopted electrocatalysts; therefore, striving for high‐efficient electrocatalysts is the key to sustainable ammonia production via the electrochemical nitrite reduction reaction. Herein, a critical overview of recent advances in electrochemical nitrite reduction reaction to ammonia is presented, highlighting the latest innovative heterogenous electrocatalysts including noble metal catalysts, transition‐metal‐based catalysts, and their compounds. Meanwhile, the possible reaction pathway of nitrite electroreduction to ammonia, ammonia detection, and catalytic activity descriptor are briefly summarized. Finally, the perspective and research challenges of electrocatalysts that convert nitrite to ammonia are outlined, increasing their contributions in the route of realizing a neutral carbon footprint.
Practice these tips to get promoted
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: July 2023

Next month I will have been retired for five years. It really seems unbelievable to me. Since I retired, the world has experienced a pandemic, and I have had quite a few never‐before experiences. I was hospitalized for COVID, and my brother‐in‐law was hospitalized with COVID and died of a brain bleed. My older sister fell in her home and shattered both ankles, both knees, and a femur. My mother had a heart attack two days after my brother‐in‐law died, and was diagnosed with vascular dementia; she died a year later. My husband and I opened and closed a small business. He has had open‐heart surgery, an injury that resulted in spinal fusion, and two hand surgeries. My youngest granddaughter started middle school! We’ve endured an eight‐month renovation of our home. Whew! It's just hard to fathom all that in five years.
Management of severe hypotension in a dog undergoing transvenous pacemaker implantation following acepromazine and subsequent terbutaline administration
Authors: Arenas Alvarez Almudena , Bruniges Natalie
Published: July 2023

This case report describes events that occurred under general anaesthesia of a dog undergoing transvenous pacemaker implantation for third‐degree atrioventricular block. Following premedication with acepromazine and buprenorphine, general anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone, and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The dog developed severe hypotension during the procedure with concurrent bradycardia before commencement of pacing. In order to increase the heart rate, terbutaline was administered intravenously. This was followed by a worsening of the hypotension, with only a small increase in heart rate. Blood pressure improved following noradrenaline infusion. The animal recovered uneventfully in intensive care, and was sedated due to its anxious temperament to avoid dislodgement of the pacemaker device in the postoperative period.
Subtyping Brain Diseases from Imaging Data
Authors: Wen Junhao , Varol Erdem , Yang Zhijian , Hwang Gyujoon , Dwyer Dominique , Kazerooni Anahita Fathi , Lalousis Paris Alexandros , Davatzikos Christos
Published: July 2023

The imaging community has increasingly adopted machine learning (ML) methods to provide individualized imaging signatures related to disease diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment. Clinical neuroscience and cancer imaging have been two areas in which ML has offered particular promise. However, many neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as cancer, are often heterogeneous in terms of their clinical manifestations, neuroanatomical patterns, or genetic underpinnings. Therefore, in such cases, seeking a single disease signature might be ineffectual in delivering individualized precision diagnostics. The current chapter focuses on ML methods, especially semi-supervised clustering, that seek disease subtypes using imaging data. Work from Alzheimer’s disease and its prodromal stages, psychosis, depression, autism, and brain cancer are discussed. Our goal is to provide the readers with a broad overview in terms of methodology and clinical applications.
Interpretability of Machine Learning Methods Applied to Neuroimaging
Authors: Thibeau-Sutre Elina , Collin Sasha , Burgos Ninon , Colliot Olivier
Published: July 2023

Deep learning methods have become very popular for the processing of natural images and were then successfully adapted to the neuroimaging field. As these methods are non-transparent, interpretability methods are needed to validate them and ensure their reliability. Indeed, it has been shown that deep learning models may obtain high performance even when using irrelevant features, by exploiting biases in the training set. Such undesirable situations can potentially be detected by using interpretability methods. Recently, many methods have been proposed to interpret neural networks. However, this domain is not mature yet. Machine learning users face two major issues when aiming to interpret their models: which method to choose and how to assess its reliability. Here, we aim at providing answers to these questions by presenting the most common interpretability methods and metrics developed to assess their reliability, as well as their applications and benchmarks in the neuroimaging context. Note that this is not an exhaustive survey: we aimed to focus on the studies which we found to be the most representative and relevant.
Machine Learning in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jasperse Bas , Barkhof Frederik
Published: July 2023

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by inflammatory activity and neurodegeneration, leading to the accumulation of damage to the central nervous system resulting in the accumulation of disability. MRI depicts an important part of the pathology of this disease and therefore plays a key part in diagnosis and disease monitoring. Still, major challenges exist with regard to the differential diagnosis, adequate monitoring of disease progression, quantification of CNS damage, and prediction of disease progression. Machine learning techniques have been employed in an attempt to overcome these challenges. This chapter aims to give an overview of how machine learning techniques are employed in MS with applications for diagnostic classification, lesion segmentation, improved visualization of relevant brain pathology, characterization of neurodegeneration, and prognostic subtyping.
Deep Learning: Basics and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
Authors: Vakalopoulou Maria , Christodoulidis Stergios , Burgos Ninon , Colliot Olivier , Lepetit Vincent
Published: July 2023

Deep learning belongs to the broader family of machine learning methods and currently provides state-of-the-art performance in a variety of fields, including medical applications. Deep learning architectures can be categorized into different groups depending on their components. However, most of them share similar modules and mathematical formulations. In this chapter, the basic concepts of deep learning will be presented to provide a better understanding of these powerful and broadly used algorithms. The analysis is structured around the main components of deep learning architectures, focusing on convolutional neural networks and autoencoders.
Machine Learning for Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Moreau Clara , Deruelle Christine , Auzias Guillaume
Published: July 2023

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) constitute a major health issue with >10% of the general worldwide population affected by at least one of these conditions—such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). Each NDD is particularly complex to dissect for several reasons, including a high prevalence of comorbidities and a substantial heterogeneity of the clinical presentation. At the genetic level, several thousands of genes have been identified (polygenicity), while a part of them was already involved in other psychiatric conditions (pleiotropy). Given these multiple sources of variance, gathering sufficient data for the proper application and evaluation of machine learning (ML) techniques is essential but challenging. In this chapter, we offer an overview of the ML methods most widely used to tackle NDDs’ complexity—from stratification techniques to diagnosis prediction. We point out challenges specific to NDDs, such as early diagnosis, that can benefit from the recent advances in the ML field. These techniques also have the potential to delineate homogeneous subgroups of patients that would enable a refined understanding of underlying physiopathology. We finally survey a selection of recent papers that we consider as particularly representative of the opportunities offered by contemporary ML techniques applied to large open datasets or that illustrate the challenges faced by current approaches to be addressed in the near future.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Architectures, Training Tricks, and Introduction to Influential Research
Authors: Das Susmita , Tariq Amara , Santos Thiago , Kantareddy Sai Sandeep , Banerjee Imon
Published: July 2023

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are neural network architectures with hidden state and which use feedback loops to process a sequence of data that ultimately informs the final output. Therefore, RNN models can recognize sequential characteristics in the data and help to predict the next likely data point in the data sequence. Leveraging the power of sequential data processing, RNN use cases tend to be connected to either language models or time-series data analysis. However, multiple popular RNN architectures have been introduced in the field, starting from SimpleRNN and LSTM to deep RNN, and applied in different experimental settings. In this chapter, we will present six distinct RNN architectures and will highlight the pros and cons of each model. Afterward, we will discuss real-life tips and tricks for training the RNN models. Finally, we will present four popular language modeling applications of the RNN models –text classification, summarization, machine translation, and image-to-text translation– thereby demonstrating influential research in the field.
Grundlagen
Authors: Künnemann Andreas
Published: July 2023

Dieses Kapitel wird genutzt, um wichtige Begriffe und Zusammenhänge elementarer Natur zu sammeln. Dabei soll keine umfangreiche Aufarbeitung grundlegender Theorien erfolgen, sondern vorrangig ein Nachschlagewerk wiederkehrender und fundamentaler Inhalte für dieses Buch entstehen. Besonders soll ein Verständnis für vektorwertige Lebesgue- und Sobolev-Räume sowie für verschiedene Stetigkeitsbegriffe geschaffen werden.
Regularitätstheorie zur Stetigkeit von Minimierern
Authors: Künnemann Andreas
Published: July 2023

Dieses Kapitel behandelt Fragen nach der Stetigkeit von Minimierern für Variationsprobleme. Im Rahmen der Regularitätstheorie wird das Dirichletsche Wachstumstheorem von Morrey gezeigt, welches ein hinreichendes Kriterium für die Hölder- Stetigkeit einer Funktion $$X \in W^{1,2} \left( G \right)$$

X
∈

W

1
,
2

G

liefert. Zum Nachweis der Anwendbarkeit des DirichletschenWachstumstheorems auf Minimierer von Variationsproblemen wird ein Wachstumslemma verwendet. Dabei werden eine Verknüpfung des Dirichlet-Integrals mit Fourierreihen sowie das Dirichlet-Integral der harmonischen Ersetzung einer Funktion mit L2 -Randwerten genutzt. Infolgedessen ergibt sich die Hölder-Stetigkeit eines Minimierers im Inneren. Zudem wird die Stetigkeit des Minimierers bis zum Rand gezeigt, sodass die Existenz eines stetigen Minimierers für eine breite Klasse von Variationsproblemen gesichert ist.