bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of Tumor necrosis factor alpha −308 G>A promoter polymorphism in pediatric community acquired pneumonia
Authors: El Gendy Fady M. , El-Mekkawy Muhammad Said , El-Naidany Sherin Sobhy , El-torgoman Shimaa Tarek
Published: February 2020

Background

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) −308 G>A promoter polymorphism might be associated with excessive production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, modulating host response to pulmonary infections. Our objective was to evaluate the association of TNF-α gene −308 G>A polymorphism with susceptibility to, and severity of, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Results

This was a cross-sectional study including 45 Egyptian children hospitalized for CAP in addition to 45 healthy children who served as a control group. Pneumonia severity was assessed on admission by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines; Pediatric Respiratory Severity Score (PRESS) score; Predisposition, Infection, Response and Organ failure (PIROm) score; and Respiratory Index of Severity in Children (RISC) score. Genotyping of TNF-α polymorphism was performed to all individuals by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Patients were monitored till hospital discharge. Frequency of AG genotype was lower among patients compared with control [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13 (0.03–0.63); p = 0.012]. Prevalence of genotypes AA+AG was lower among patients compared with controls [OR and 95% CI = 0.34 (0.12–0.99); p = 0,048]. The “A” allele prevalence was higher among controls, but no significant association was found with CAP [OR and 95% CI = 0.58 (0.25–1.35); p = 0.21]. When PRESS score was used to classify patients into “severe pneumonia” and “non-severe pneumonia,” no significant association of any of the alleles or genotypes with CAP severity was found.

Conclusion

TNF-α −308 G>A polymorphism confers protection from pediatric CAP but is not associated with indicators of CAP severity. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings in pediatric patients from different ethnicities.
Using a knowledge exchange event to assess study participants’ attitudes to research in a rapidly evolving research context
Authors: Beange Iona , Kirkham Elizabeth J. , Fletcher-Watson Sue , Iveson Matthew H. , Lawrie Stephen M. , Batty G. David , Boardman James P. , Deary Ian J. , Black Corri , Porteous David J. , McIntosh Andrew M.
Published: February 2020

Background: The UK hosts some of the world’s longest-running longitudinal cohort studies, who make repeated observations of their participants and use these data to explore health outcomes. An alternative method for data collection is record linkage; the linking together of electronic health and administrative records. Applied nationally, this could provide unrivalled opportunities to follow a large number of people in perpetuity. However, public attitudes to the use of data in research are currently unclear. Here we report on an event where we collected attitudes towards recent opportunities and controversies within health data science.

Methods: The event was attended by ~250 individuals (cohort members and their guests), who had been invited through the offices of their participating cohort studies. There were a series of presentations describing key research results and the audience participated in 15 multiple-choice questions using interactive voting pads.

Results: Our participants showed a high level of trust in researchers (87% scoring them 4/5 or 5/5) and doctors (81%); but less trust in commercial companies (35%). They supported the idea of researchers using information from both neonatal blood spots (Guthrie spots) (97% yes) and from electronic health records (95% yes). Our respondents were willing to wear devices like a ’Fit-bit’ (78% agreed) or take a brain scan that might predict later mental illness (73%). However, they were less willing to take a new drug for research purposes (45%). They were keen to encourage others to take part in research; whether that be offering the opportunity to pregnant mothers (97% agreed) or extending invitations to their own children and grandchildren (98%).

Conclusions: Our participants were broadly supportive of research access to data, albeit less supportive when commercial interests were involved. Public engagement events that facilitate two-way interactions can influence and support future research and public engagement efforts.
Level of health behaviours of HCV infected patients treated with dialysotherapy
Authors: Sierpińska Lidia , Lis Karolina
Published: February 2020

Introduction. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the greatest epidemiological risks worldwide (3% infected globally). Dialysis patients are the group at high risk of infections transmitted via blood, are often infected with HCV virus, and suffer from acute or chronic hepatitis. Anti-health behaviours enhance the process of liver fibrosis. The objective of the study was recognition of the level of health behaviours in HCV-infected haemodialysis patients. Materials and Method. The study included 149 adult patients on dialysis infected with HCV, hospitalized in two dialysotherapy centres: the Military Medical Institute and Clinical Hospital in Warsaw. In the study there also participated family members and acquaintances of students of the Higher School in Radom. The study was conducted during the first half of 2017 by a diagnostic survey, using research instrument Health Behaviours Inventory (HBI) according to Z. Juczyński. The questionnaire concerned: eating habits, prophylactic behaviours, everyday health practice, and positive psychological attitude.Results. 73.8% of respondents presented a high level of health behaviours (7–10 sten scores), mediocre - 19.5% (5–6 sten scores), and low – 6.7% (1–4 sten scores). The highest mean value evidencing health promoting life style of the patients was observed with respect to prophylactic behaviours (4.0±0.4), while eating habits and health practices were on the level 3.9±0.4-0.5. The lowest value indicating the least pro-health behaviours concerned positive psychological attitude (3.7±0.4). Conclusions. The overall rate of health behaviours of dialysed HCV patients was high. The dominant category was prophylactic behaviours, whereas the lowest results were obtained with respect to positive psychological attitude. The respondents infected with HCV for longer than 10 years, mainly males, those aged 60-84, with primary vocational education, living in rural areas, and non-active occupationally, had the greatest needs for psychotherapy. It is necessary to provide psychological support for dialysis patients infected with HCV.
Features of autonomous regulation in young subjects with increased vestibular analyzer sensitivity
Authors: Vadzyuk S. , Shmata R.
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Each person's body have adaptation during the load due to different changes in the cardiovascular system.  One of the first systems that responds to any factors and is actively involved in the processes of adaptation is the autonomic nervous system. It is known that as a result of excitement of the vestibular analyzer kinetosis develops - "motion sickness", which is accompanied by nausea, dizziness, unsteadiness of gait, general weakness. In this regard, assessment of the functional state of the body and its adaptive reserves continues to be one of the most important problems of modern physiology and medicine.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the features of autonomous regulation in subjects with increased sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer.Materials and methods: 60 people between the ages of 18-19 were examined. Vestibular sensitivity was determined with a help of questionnaire. The state of the autonomic nervous system was determined by analyzing heart rate variability using a 5-minute ECG registration technique. The registration and recording was performed by the «PolySpectr +» computer program.Results and discussion: Based on the questionnaire, the students were divided into 2 groups: with proper and with increased vestibular sensitivity. In students with proper vestibular sensitivity, the LF / HF ratio of 1.06 indicates a balanced type of autonomic heart rate modulation. The analysis of spectral indices in subjects with increased vestibular sensitivity showed a lower overall power of the spectrum, which indicates less functional reserves of the organism. We set much higher HF waves, which indicates an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic system. This is also indicated by the LF / HF ratio of 0.59. When considering the rhythmograms of subjects with increased vestibular sensitivity, 64% of 1-st grade rhythmograms, 20% of 2-nd grade rhythmograms and 16.6% of 3-rd grade rhythmograms were registered. When assessing rhythmograms of the 3-rd class, it can be concluded that the level of functional reserves of subjects with increased sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer can be reduced, which may lead to a decrease in the adaptive capacity of these subjects.Conclusions: In subjects with increased vestibular sensitivity, the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system makes the greatest contribution to the regulation of cardiac rhythm.
Difference between midfield and forward football players in active and passive Body Mass Index as well as in the aerobic capacity
Authors: Heta G , Bekolli L , Ramadani L , Ramabaja Q , Rashiti N
Published: February 2020

The importance of body construction for peak sportsis not fully defined as a precondition for achieving high results. Thepurpose of this paper is to determine the ratio of active and passive body mass index as well as maximum oxygen intake between midfield and forward football playersof the Kosovo Super League. To accomplish this goal, the research has included 50 midfielder players and 50 forward players of 10 teams of the Kosovo Super League. A total of six anthropometric variables, a motoric variable of aerobic type (the Cooper test) have been applied as well. For processing results, basic statistical and asymmetry parameters have been applied as well as the T-test analysis for independent groups. The research results show that there is a difference between midfield and forward football players in the ratio of active and passive body mass index and aerobic capacity and this difference is statistically significant p<0.05. The research shows that the morphologic and functional characteristics of footballers mainly depend on the role they have in the field.
Technical background to the conference tourism in polish accommodation objects
Authors: Parzych Krzysztof
Published: February 2020

An analysis of the technical facilities of conference tourism in accommodation facilities adapted for the organization of conference meetings in Poland and individual voivodships indicates significant spatial differences and a strong concentration of the potential of the technical facilities of conference tourism.The largest number of accommodation facilities equipped with conference rooms, the largest number of conference rooms and the number of places in conference rooms are characterized by the most urbanized voivodships (Masovian/mazowieckie), Lesser Poland/małopolskie, Lower Silesian/dolnoślaskie, Greater Poland/wielkopolskie, Silesian/ślaskie, West Pomeranian/ zachodniopomorskie and Pomeranian), whose main administrative centers are the largest urban agglomerations in Poland. This confirms the general trends of the location of conference tourism and its connections with large urban agglomerations. In addition, hotel facilities adapted to perform the conference function in these voivodships have the best technical facilities for organizing conference meetings.The weakest conference facilities, the smallest number of facilities, rooms, beds and facilities with appropriate technical facilities are characterized by peripheral and poorly urbanized voivodships (Opole Voivodeship, Świętokrzyskie, Podlaskie). The high dynamics of the development of conference tourism in Poland is characteristic, which is confirmed by the clear increase in the number of facilities adapted to perform the function of conference tourism reception, the number of rooms and conference rooms as well as the high dynamics of increase in the technical elements of accommodation facilities adapted to perform the function of the conference. This phenomenon is observable in the country as a whole and in all individual provinces. Outline of content: This study analyzes the technical facilities of conference tourism of Poland's accommodation facilities in the administrative system of provinces. The problem analysis was made for all voivodships in Poland based on the data of the Central Data Bank of the Statistics Poland. In addition, an analysis of the spatial distribution of technical elements of accommodation facilities for the needs of conference tourism was carried out. The analysis of the problem was made in relation to data from 2009 and 2017.
Psychological Characteristics of PSIM Yogyakarta Players in Wading the League 2 Soccer Competition in 2019/2020
Authors: Wibowo Antonius Tri , Syafitri Asna , Iwandana Dody Tri
Published: February 2020

This study aims to determine the psychological characteristics of PSIM Yogyakarta players in wading the League 2 competition. Data collected from 27 players who are members of the PSIM Team in 2019 can be concluded that PSIM players totaling 27 people have characteristics for the aspect of motivation with a mean (38.6 ) with a percentage (97%), included in the category (very high). As for the aspect of confidence, PSIM players have an average (30) with a percentage (83%) in the (very high) category. For anxiety control aspect, it has average (27.6) with percentage (79%) and categorized (High), mental preparation aspect has average (18) with percentage (60%) and categorized (Medium), aspect of team attention has average (14) with a percentage (71%) and included in the category (High), and the Concentration aspect had an average (23.8) with a percentage (76%) and included in the category (very High).
Adequacy Of The Basic Handball Techniques Training
Authors: Shidiq Abdul 'Aziz Purnomo , Sunardi Sunardi , Agustiyanta Agustiyanta , Gontara Satria Yudi
Published: February 2020

The basic handball technique training for beginners must be in accordance with the physical condition of the player. The intensity and frequency of the exercises are determined precisely so that the exercises are effective and efficient. This research focuses on appropriate training programs so that optimal training results. The target of this research is in the form of training instruments / training programs and research results are published in reputable international journals. The research method used is research and development. The product developed in this research and development refers to the training program that is expected to be a reference in the implementation of basic handball technical training for beginners. From the results of the study, the training program for handball games has a validity of 0.87 so that it can be concluded that the training program for the adequacy of the basic handball technique is effectively used for the beginner athlete training program. Besides that, the training program for the adequacy of basic handball techniques is very much in accordance with the characteristics, growth, development of learners and beginner athletes and is able to make students easier to learn the basic techniques of handball games. The results of the measurement exercise, passing exercises performed 126 times, dribbling exercises performed 238 times, and shooting exercises were carried out 125 times.
The influence of agility hurdle drills, agility ring drills and speed exercises on determination
Authors: Pranyoto Fajar Setyo , Suharjana Suharjana
Published: February 2020

Research objectives: (1) the difference in the effect of agility hurdle drills and ring drills on agility; (2) the difference between the effects of high and low speed on agility; and (3) the interaction between training methods and speed with agility. 2 x 2 factorial method. Futsal player research sample. 50 meter running speed test instrument, Illinois Agility Test agility. ANAVA data analysis technique α = 0.05. Results (1) There was a significant difference in the effect of agility hurdle drills and ring drills training methods on agility, p = 0.044 <0.05. The agility hurdle drills training method is better than the agility ring drills method. (2) There is a significant difference in the effect of high and low speed players on agility, p = 0.028 <0.05. Players with high speed are better than low speed. (3) There is a significant interaction between training methods and speed with agility, p = 0.004 <0.05.
Daughters of Trauma
Authors: Roshni Sengupta
Published: February 2020

This paper attempts to delineate and focus on the common narrative thread running through subsequent cinematic treatises on the situation of women during the Partition, particularly those kidnapped and sexually violated during the vivisection. It proposes to construct a cultural and memorialized history of the Partition through a reading of mediated representations of literary engagements with the event, particularly the narrativization of the cinematic trope of the ‘radicalized’ Muslim and his involvement in the abduction of “chaste” Hindu women during the cataclysmic event. In doing so it considers films such as 1947-Earth (1999), Pinjar (2003), and Khamosh Pani (2003) as seminal films addressing female abductions during the Partition and the memorialization of trauma through cinema. The paper takes a feminist approach to addressing the question of the possession of the female body as the symbolic occupation of the nation.
Działalność pastora Jamesa Lawsona w Nashville 1958-1960 („nonviolent workshop”, sit-ins) – studium przypadku walki o zmiany społeczno-polityczne
Authors: Baranowska Marta
Published: February 2020

In Nashville in 1958 Reverend James Lawson and Reverend Kelly Miller Smith (NCLC) started organising „nonviolent workshop”. Lawson began teaching and train local residents in the techniques of the Gandhi philosophy of direct nonviolent protest. On February 14 and 28, 1960, African American students launched their first full-scale sit-ins. Throughout the spring, students conducted numerous sit-ins and boycott. They suffered physical abuse, arrests, but held to the concept of Christian nonviolence. On April 19, after bombing damaged the home of Z. Alexander Looby (defense counsel for the students), thousand of black and some white Americans marched to Nashville’s City Hall. On May 10, 1960, Nashville became the first major city to begin desegregating its public facilities. The Nashville movement had been planned over several months, and served as a model for future demonstrations against segregation.
The Effect of Electrode Gap on the Nucleation of CaCl2.6H2O by using Sharp End Copper Electrode
Authors: Putri Risky Afandi , Swandi Ahmad , Rahman Annisa , Anggraeni Radhiah , Sutjahja Inge Magdalena , Kurnia Daniel
Published: February 2020

The performance of the calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O) to store the sensible and latent heats is mainly determined by its nucleation or liquid to the solid phase transition. This is due to the barrier that has to be overcome when the material undergoes the nucleation process with a reduction in the entropy value. This material, with melting temperature around 29.8 °C, can be used as the thermal energy storage for building applications in tropical areas such as Indonesia, in order to reduce the electrical energy for aircond (AC) machines. In this paper, we report the results of an experimental study for the effect of the electrical field to the supercooling degree and time period for a phase transition. The variation in the magnitude of the electrical field was achieved by variation in the gap of the electrode for sharp end electrodes (cathode and anode), for the commonly sold copper electrode.
Determination of Fill Factor and Efficiency in Solar Cell Type (99 × 69) mm2 with Arduino Uno R3 Based Drive assisted by Logger Pro 3.14.1
Authors: Hamzah Hamzah , Toifur Moh. , Ishafit Ishafit
Published: February 2020

Abstrak- The study about fill factor and efficiency solar cell have been done with an automatic drive machine that rotates the surface of the solar cell following the movement of the light source from 0° up to 90° compared without automatic drive.  The test results are then implemented to determine the fill factor and efficiency in variations in light intensity. In this study, polycrystalline solar cell type (99 × 69) mm2, the Philips 100W/220V light bulb at a distance of 18 cm and the driving machine is controlled through an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller. Data acquisition of current and voltage is carried out with the help of DCP-BTA current and VP-BTA voltage probes that are connected to the mini labquest transducer and displayed to a computer through loggerpro software. The result show that it has been successfully designed an automatic driver of a solar panel (99 × 69) mm2  with an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller and a logger pro software as data acquisition software. The using solar cell automatically driven can improve the accuracy and precision of current and voltage readings so the fill factor might be increased up to 10% while the efficiency of solar cells does not change. Variations in light intensity can increase the fill factor and efficiency of solar cells. Fill factor and efficiency have an exponentially relationship to light intensity.
Development of The Conception of Mechanical Energy Conservation with Interactive Lecture Demonstration Method using Simple Experiments for Grade 7 Students
Authors: Wijanarka Willi Anindita , Zai Julius , Santi Winda Noor , Rahmawati Laifa , Rameli Mohd Rustam Bin Mohd
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this research is to develop a student's conception of mechanical energy conservation with the Interactive Lecture Demonstration method. The participants consisted of 19 students of class 7E SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Mlati in 2018/2019 academic year. The analysis of the student's sheet prediction showed that most students do not understand the conception of mechanical energy conservation. After learning applied, it is known that all students have understood the influence of the height of the object on potential energy, 18 of them have understood the influence of the mass of the object on potential energy. While students' understanding of changes in mechanical energy when objects fall and the influence of mass on kinetic energy has increased slightly. Through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, it was concluded that there was an effect of the use of interactive demonstration methods on student learning outcomes in the matter of mechanical energy conservation conceptions.
Práticas educativas e escolares na Roma Antiga
Authors: Figueira de Souza Corrêa Elisa
Published: February 2020

Este texto faz um recorte na história da educação durante a antiga civilização romana, considerando-se especialmente a influência da cultura e educação grega através de dois de seus primeiros educadores, Lívio Andrônico e Quinto Ênio, e da literatura grega clássica.
O sincretismo religioso no romance grego de aventuras Os Efésios
Authors: Costa Brandão de Carvalho Elisa
Published: February 2020

A presença da religiosidade é uma das características mais marcantes do romance grego de aventuras Os Efésios, de Xenofonte de Éfeso. Com efeito, o sincretismo, próprio da cultura de então, perpassa toda a narrativa. Determinadas divindades, - Eros, Ártemis, Apolo, Hera, Ísis, Ápis, Hélio, o Nilo-, desempenham um papel ativo na trama do romance. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem o propósito de apresentar essas divindades, suas principais características e como se inter-relacionam dentro do romance Os Efésios.
São as cidades sub-representadas na Política Internacional? Uma análise da participação das cidades na Habitat III
Authors: Menezes Henrique Zeferino de , Máximo Lucas Moura
Published: February 2020

O artigo analisa a participação das cidades nas negociações que levaram à aprovação da Nova Agenda Urbana (NAU), como resultado da Terceira Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Moradia e Desenvolvimento Urbano Sustentável (Habitat III). A parte empírica da pesquisa busca responder uma indagação bem específica: seriam as cidades sub-representadas na política internacional? Antes mesmo de buscar uma resposta a essa pergunta, o artigo se dedica a um questionamento de ordem teórica, problematizando a pertinência de se discutir a democratização da política internacional tendo um nexo territorial como referência. Os resultados encontrados a partir do caso concreto indicam que o problema da sub-representação política, diagnosticado por diversos autores que identificam a falta de controle democrático exercido pelos indivíduos sobre as decisões que os impactam, também se manifesta para as cidades e governos locais nos espaços internacionais. Isso ocorre mesmo diante de um crescente movimento de atuação política desses atores e do maior peso atribuído às cidades nas mais recentes agendas globais de desenvolvimento sustentável. Ao propor uma discussão inovadora sobre o déficit democrático tendo como parâmetro o espaço territorial das cidades e seu âmbito de representação política, espera-se contribuir para a literatura que aborda esse fenômeno na política internacional.
Transformações e vestígios do processo de revitalização da Lapa Carioca
Authors: Farias Francisco Ramos de , Rigotti Vinicius Ramos , Rigotti Vitória Ramos
Published: February 2020

Este artigo analisa as consequências do processo de transformação arquitetônica e social decorrente das iniciativas de revitalização da Lapa, evidenciando vestígios e restos deste processo. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documentos, focalizamos as mudanças arquitetônicas realizadas e o cenário produzido pela revitalização de um polo de lazer com enfoque em um determinado segmento social. Importante ressaltar que a Lapa traz consigo uma espécie memória/identificação com a boemia. Contudo, a revitalização alterou significativamente o segmento social que, atualmente, usufrui do bairro, principalmente, pelos preços elevados das casas noturnas. Da mesma forma observamos que a ocupação de outro segmento de alto poder de consumo, inflacionou preços dos imóveis e locações. Imperioso ressaltar que a transformação preconizada ocorreu às custas da remoção de pessoas, coagidas pela elevação do custo de vida ou, forçadamente, pela ação de aparatos repressivos, causando danos subjetivos na população removida, devido ao estranhamento causado pela ambientação em novos espaços e a convivência com pessoas desconhecidas. Nesse processo de gentrificação, identificamos uma verdadeira higienização do bairro, justificada em nome da especulação imobiliária.
Direito fundamental de acesso à água e o mínimo existencial ambiental
Authors: Ferreira Pes João Hélio
Published: February 2020

Este artigo analisa o reconhecimento da fundamentalidade do direito de acesso à água, por meio da clausula de abertura constitucional, a partir do conteúdo de outros direitos fundamentais e do mínimo existencial ambiental. O objetivo principal consiste em analisar se o conteúdo do mínimo existencial ambiental comporta a garantia do direito fundamental implícito de acesso à água potável. Para enfrentar o problema proposto foi utilizado o método dedutivo, a partir de elementos da Teoria dos Direitos Fundamentais e, ainda, consulta bibliográfica e análise de textos normativos. A conclusão é de que o direito de acesso à água potável decorre, também, do conteúdo do mínimo existencial ambiental e pode ser compreendido como um direito subjetivo passível de ser exigível por se tratar de um direito fundamental vinculado ao respeito à dignidade da pessoa humana.
Perfil da População Carcerária e Fatores Ensejadores da Criminalidade Sul-Tocantinense
Authors: Feller Thiago De Almeida , Prata David Nadler , Rodrigues Waldecy
Published: February 2020

A marginalização, a pobreza, a destruição da família, a carência na educação, o fato de muitos crimes serem, para o delinquente, economicamente compensativos, são fatores que têm contribuído para que muitos tocantinenses se enveredem nos caminhos da criminalidade. Neste contexto, este trabalho realizou levantamento socioeconômico da população presidiária da região sul do Estado do Tocantins, cumulado à investigação de prováveis fatores que tenham relação direta com o ingresso dos indivíduos supracitados na atividade delitiva. O estudo apresenta o perfil da referida população carcerária e aponta os elementos facilitadores, assim como possíveis fatores ensejadores da criminalidade. Também busca indicar caminhos possíveis ao aprofundamento do exame da gestão das políticas públicas, com enfoque na prevenção à criminalidade, na tentativa de determinar e minimizar os problemas sociais relacionados à violência. Conclui que a prevenção e a repressão são essenciais ao combate à criminalidade, desde que associadas a políticas públicas voltadas à preservação da família, à redução das desigualdades e de inibição dos fatores, que tornam o crime economicamente viável.
Direito à cidade e energia: a regulação jurídica de smart grids no Brasil
Authors: Alencar Yanko Marcius de Xavier , Guimarães Patrícia Borba Vilar , Araújo Júnior Evilásio Galdino de
Published: February 2020

A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica vêm editandonos últimos anos algumas medidas regulatórias que passaram a modelar a implantação dos primeiros projetos-piloto das redes elétricas inteligentes (smart grids) no Brasil.Assim, opresente estudose propõe a analisar o quadro jurídico modelador da experiência brasileira, levando em consideração aspectos jurídicos e sociológicos, inerentes à formação urbana desigual do país.A pesquisa recorreu aos métodos hipotético-dedutivo e dissertativo argumentativo.Concentra-se na revisão bibliográfica nacional e estrangeira, e no diálogo entre doutrina e estatísticas oficiais. Assim, discute-se a ligação entre o direito à energia e o direito à cidade na perspectiva conceitual de Henri Lefebvre (2008), estabelecendo a interseção entre os conceitos de smart city e smart grid. A partir daí, passa-se à observaçãodos modelos aplicados nos EUA e na União Européia, comparando-os à regulação nacional. Por fim, tomam-se como aporte prático os resultados oficiaisdas experiências implantadas no Brasil. Por fim, a investigação lança luz sobre as dificuldades potencializadas pela criação de demanda tecnológica antes de padronizações legislativas e técnicas no país, ao mesmo tempo que oferta consideraçõesrelevantes ao debate público em busca da eficiência do projeto brasileiro de redes elétricas inteligentes.
Discricionariedade em política urbana: o caso do viaduto estaiado de Curitiba
Authors: Gomes Ana Maria Isar dos Santos , De Faria Edimur Ferreira
Published: February 2020

O objetivo do artigo é analisar o controle judicial de atos administrativos que traduzem decisões de política urbana. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, investiga-se o caso do Viaduto Estaiado (Curitiba), construído no âmbito das medidas preparatórias para os jogos da Copa do mundo de 2014. Conclui-se que atos destinados à melhoria da estrutura viária estão vinculados à existência de previsão no plano diretor e de mobilidade urbana do município, de caráter obrigatoriamente participativo. No caso em estudo, a urgência das medidas preparatórias para a Copa dispensa tal previsão, mas não a inclusão da obra na matriz de responsabilidade.
Infraestrutura e o direito à cidade: crianças em cidades de pedra
Authors: Chiarello de Souza Pinto Felipe , Azzari Puga Bruna
Published: February 2020

O presente artigo analisa a infraestrutura, em suas diferentes concepções, e suas implicações no direito à cidade e na concretização da cidadania, tratando especialmente das crianças que vivem nos grandes centros urbanos. Utilizou-se o método hipotético dedutivo, sob uma abordagem bibliográfica quantitativa, para discutir a relação entre desenvolvimento, infraestrutura e as crianças na cidade. Foram descritos conceitos essenciais acerca da administração pública e de infraestrutura e a sua importância para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Analisou-se como o crescimento descontrolado de cidades brasileiras faz com que as estruturas urbanas tenham que ser repensadas, uma vez que excluem os seus próprios moradores. Destacaram-se as crianças como seres únicos dentro dessa dinâmica, que são diretamente impactadas pelas cidades, mas não participaram da sua criação ou reformas. Foram analisadas experiências internacionais e brasileiras que promovem a sua participação em projetos visando mudanças no meio em que vivem, a começar por suas escolas. Percebeu-se que garantir o direito à cidade para a criança vai muito além da sua reinserção nas cidades, envolve a sua participação na criação de novas estruturas, que não as excluam, mas permitam que se relacionem no ambiente público com adultos, e outras crianças.
Encouraging exercise in older adults: advice for nurses
Authors: Palmer Sarah Jane
Published: February 2020

Physical activity is well documented to contribute to better mental and physical wellbeing in older adults. Physical exercise also plays a part in falls prevention, thus reducing fear of injury when exercising. Motivational interviewing to encourage exercise among older adults should be assertive yet kind, with the provision of an appropriately trained staff member, convenient fitness facilities to access and consideration of cost. Facilitators and barriers affect an older person's motivation to engage in physical exercise. Barriers include cost, physical barriers, fear of injury, low motivation, dislike of exercise, locality of the service and more. In this article, the available evidence is examined to discuss the subjects of motivational interviewing, facilitators and barriers to exercise and ways to overcome the latter.
Cranial nerves: part 1
Authors: Kirk Andrew
Published: February 2020

The clinical examination is an important part of any patient consultation. After the primary survey and patient history, a more in-depth examination of the patient is sometimes required to aid the working diagnosis and help negate other differential diagnoses. The extent of this depends on the stability of the patient and may not be possible in time-critical circumstances. However, it is becoming an increasing part of paramedic practice owing to the continued expansion of the scope of the paramedic role in both urgent and emergency care. Educational delivery of clinical examinations of each of the main body systems is now an integral part of undergraduate paramedic curricula.

The forthcoming clinical examination series will provide a step-by-step overview for each of the main body systems. Continuing professional development (CPD) is an essential requirement for all clinicians in order to maintain and demonstrate currency and advancement within their roles. This series will therefore provide an overview of each examination to support students, newly qualified paramedics and paramedics wishing to use these as a CPD development activity and an aide-memoire for clinical practice. This article will provide an overview of initial examination considerations, including first impressions. In this month's edition, cranial nerves I–VI will be explored.
Changing perspectives in the prehospital management of patients with severe burns
Authors: Metcalf Matthew
Published: February 2020

Treatment for burn injuries has typically involved the immediate cooling of the affected area with water to reduce pain and halt the progression of heat-induced tissue necrosis. For patients suspected to be at risk of airway compromise following inhalation burn injury, historical research has long advocated early prophylactic endotracheal intubation. In contrast, current literature is showing a change in the evidence base. To investigate this, a literature review was carried out and the evidence scrutinised in conjunction with local and national guidance. Controversy has more recently emerged over whether prophylactic endotracheal intubation is appropriate in the initial emergency management of suspected inhalation burn injury. Compounding this, it appears that no appropriate evidence-based guidelines have yet been made available. Traditional indications for prophylactic endotracheal intubation are sensitive but not specific. Research has subsequently demonstrated that large numbers of patients are being unnecessarily intubated and thus placed at risk of avoidable iatrogenic harm. A higher threshold for airway intervention is warranted. Additionally, a consensus remains over the use of prehospital cooling for burn injuries. This practice is, however, informed primarily by anecdotal and animal evidence. Patients with severe burns are at significant risk of hypothermia, which is associated with mortality. There is significantly more literature demonstrating the detrimental effects of hypothermia over the benefits of burn injury cooling in patients with severe burns. Treatment should therefore focus on the maintenance of normothermia as a priority. If cooling burned areas risks inducing hypothermia, it should be postponed.
Daring to fail
Authors: Price Jolyon
Published: February 2020

In a society that discourages mistakes and—inadvertently—learning, Jolyon Price reflects upon the importance of facing failures to increase confidence and skill in paramedicine
ADHD: Classroom tips
Authors: Freeman Garry
Published: February 2020

If teachers understand the real causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder then finding support strategies for the classroom becomes much easier. Garry Freeman advises
Ofsted: What curriculum evidence will they need?
Authors: Rowley Imogen
Published: February 2020

With Ofsted's new ‘quality of education’ judgement in mind, Imogen Rowley examines how inspectors will be judging the ‘intent, implementation and impact’ of your curriculum
Cognitive Load Theory and worked examples
Authors: Arora Kiran
Published: February 2020

Can putting yourselves in your students' shoes help you to become a better teacher? Former maths teacher turned research manager Kiran Arora reflects on his experience of using Cognitive Load Theory and worked examples to tackle new areas of learning
Reducing Teacher Workload: Part 2
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: February 2020

In the second of two Best Practice Focuses looking at reducing teacher workload, Matt Bromley continues his practical advice for schools, middle leaders and teachers, including effective marking techniques, reasonable approaches to data, better planning – for the curriculum and lessons – and more efficient creation and management of resources
When death happens
Authors: Penny Alison
Published: February 2020

To mark Children's Grief Awareness Week, Alison Penny considers how schools can be better prepared to support young people who are coming to terms with the death of someone close
Working with other adults
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: February 2020

Teachers must work effectively with a range of colleagues. Matt Bromley looks at the different professional relationships that will help you to become a better teacher
How to pick the right candidates for interview
Authors: Foran Kaley
Published: February 2020

Interview shortlisting is a vital stage of recruitment. Kaley Foran looks at how to ensure your school's shortlisting process is fair and can stand up to scrutiny if a decision is challenged
Device for real-time monitoring of oil-in-water and suspended solids based on thermal lens spectrometry and light scattering
Authors: Lacapmesure Axel M. , Martínez Oscar E. , Kunik Darío
Published: February 2020

A novel system suitable for simultaneous monitoring of both oil-in-water and suspended solids based on thermal lens spectroscopy and forward light scattering is presented. The technique measures the concentration of dissolved hydrocarbons and simultaneously detects single oil droplets and suspended particles separately. The device was tested with injection water samples from an on-field water treatment plant, and hydrocarbon concentrations were measured with a precision better than 5% in the range of up to 100 ppm, reaching resolutions as low as 0.03 ppm. Particle detection was tested with model samples of dyed and undyed polystyrene spheres acting as absorption and scattering centers, which simulated oil droplets and suspended solids, respectively. We show that particles of different sizes are distinguished by the magnitude of the perturbations introduced in the signals, and their concentrations can be measured independently of dissolved components.
Influence of amplified spontaneous emission on laser linewidth in a fiber amplifier
Authors: Xue Mingyuan , Gao Cunxiao , Niu Linquan , Zhu Shaolan , Sun Chuandong
Published: February 2020

Spectral broadening due to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in a fiber amplifier is experimentally and theoretically investigated in this paper. By measuring and analyzing the variation in linewidth and noise of the fiber amplifier, the influence of ASE on laser linewidth is studied. The analysis shows that the ASE will cause broadening of the laser linewidth as noise, and the noise is introduced as an additive term rather than a multiplicative one.
Precise building deformation measurement using holographic multipoint replication
Authors: Guerra Flavio , Haist Tobias , Warsewa Alexander , Hartlieb Simon , Osten Wolfgang , Tarín Cristina
Published: February 2020

For the active control of large-scale structures, especially high-rise buildings and bridges, fast and accurate measurement of local deformations is required. We present a highly accurate and fast vision-based measurement technique and, to the best of our knowledge, first experimental results for the control of an adaptive-structures prototype frame, equipped with hydraulic actuators. Deformations are detected at multiple discrete points, based on a photogrammetric approach with additional holographic spot replication. The replication leads to effective averaging of most error contributions, especially discretization and photon noise. Measurements over a distance of 11.4 m result in a measurement uncertainty of 0.0077 pixel (corresponding to 0.055 mm in object space).
Homo-epitaxial secondary growth of ZnO nanowire arrays for a UV-free warm white light-emitting diode application
Authors: Zhang Tanglei , Zhang Xianghui , Ding Baoyu , Shen Jie , Hu Yongmin , Gu Haoshuang
Published: February 2020

The warm white homojunction light-emitting diode (LED) was fabricated
by a doped ZnO nanowire array homojunction with homo-epitaxial
secondary grown on a GaN substrate by the chemical vapor deposition
method. Due to the high quality of the nanosized ZnO homojunction, the
I–V characteristic curve of the ZnO homojunction shows good pn
junction rectification characteristics, and the turn-on voltage is
about 6 V. Under forward bias, bright yellow light was emitting from
the homojunction LED. From the electroluminescence spectrum, the main
luminescence peak is divided into a small part of blue light of about
420 nm and dominated yellow-green light of about 570 nm. The CIE color
space chromaticity survey shows that the chromaticity coordinates of
the homojunction LED are at (0.3358, 0.3341), which indicate that
fabricated white LEDs have potential applications in efficient and
healthy lighting and displaying fields.
Temperature dependence of collisional broadening and shift for the Kr 4p6S01 → 5p[3/2]2 electronic transition: publisher’s note
Authors: Sahoo Abinash , Zelenak Dominic , Narayanaswamy Venkateswaran
Published: February 2020

This publisher’s note corrects the author listing in Appl. Opt.
59, 1438 (2020)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.380102.
Rhodopsin and melanopsin contributions to human brightness estimation
Authors: Zele Andrew J. , Dey Ashim , Adhikari Prakash , Feigl Beatrix
Published: February 2020

We examined the contributions of rhodopsin and melanopsin to human brightness estimation under dim lighting. Absolute brightness magnitudes were estimated for full-field, rhodopsin-, or melanopsin-equated narrowband lights (

λ

m
a
x

:

462

, 499, 525 nm). Our data show that in scotopic illumination (

−

5.1

to

−

3.9

log

µ

W
a
t
t
s

⋅

c
m

−
2

), the perceptual brightness estimates of rhodopic irradiance-equated conditions are independent of their corresponding melanopic irradiance, whereas brightness estimates with melanopic irradiance-equated conditions increase with increasing rhodopic irradiance. In mesopic illumination (

−

3.4

to

−

1.9

log

µ

W
a
t
t
s

⋅

c
m

−
2

), the brightness estimates with both lighting conditions increase with increasing rhodopic or melanopic irradiances. Rhodopsin activation therefore entirely signals scotopic brightness perception and plateaus in mesopic illumination where intrinsic melanopsin contributions become first evident. We infer that all photoreceptor signals are transmitted to higher visual centers for representing scene brightness in scotopic and mesopic illumination through both conventional and melanopsin ganglion cell pathways.
Optimizing hybrid rotational femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in nitrogen at high pressures and temperatures
Authors: Torge Mecker Nils , Courtney Trevor L. , Patterson Brian D. , Escofet-Martin David , Peterson Brian , Kliewer Christopher J. , Linne Mark
Published: February 2020

We demonstrate the use of hybrid rotational femtosecond/picosecond
(fs/ps) coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (HR-CARS) as a
technique for temperature measurements in nitrogen gas at high
pressures and temperatures. A broadband pulse shaper-adjusted 42 fs
pulse interacts with a narrow-bandwidth, frequency-upconverted 5.5 ps
pulse in a cell containing

N

2

at pressures of 1–70 atm and
temperatures of 300–1000 K. A computational code is used to model
spectra and fit experimental results to obtain best-fit temperatures.
We demonstrate good qualitative fits as well as good accuracy and
precision between thermocouple measured and best-fit temperatures over
the explored pressure and temperature regimes. The overall average
percentage temperature difference between thermocouple measurements
and best-fit temperatures is

−

0

.

3

%

with a standard deviation of 7.1%,
showing the suitability of HR-CARS for characterizing high-pressure
and -temperature environments.
Controlling the null photonic gap and zero refractive index in photonic superlattices with temperature-controllable-refractive-index materials
Authors: Wu Ye , Ou Pengfei , Zhang Ling , Lin Yingcheng , Yang Jiquan
Published: February 2020

Temperature-adjustable optical properties of two types of one-dimensional photonic superlattices made from lithium niobate or liquid crystal are theoretically investigated. The control of band structures and density of states is achieved through the temperature with various values of refractive index, layer width, and propagation wavelength. It is presented that a null photonic gap appears at certain temperature points, which are decided by the ratio of layer width and the refractive index. It is shown that the spatial average of the wave vector

⟨
k
⟩

vanishes at a specific temperature as functions of the layer thickness and refractive index. The values of the temperature corresponding to zero-refractive-index (zero-

⟨
n
⟩

) are demonstrated to be suppressed when the refractive index or the ratio of the layer width is enhanced. Null photonic gap and zero-

⟨
n
⟩

can appear simultaneously at certain wavelengths in the range of visible light, which can be modulated by the temperature. This implies the importance of one-dimensional photonic superlattices made from temperature-controllable-refractive-index materials for many important practical applications.