bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolução e distribuição espacial da produção de leite no estado do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Silva Leonardo Henrique Amaro da , Camara Marcia Regina Gabardo da , Telles Tiago Santos
Published: July 2016

A produção de leite no estado do Paraná se dá de forma heterogênea entre suas mesorregiões. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar espacialmente as regiões dedicadas à atividade leiteira no Paraná, para os anos de 2005 e 2011. A metodologia adotada envolve a análise exploratória de dados espaciais (AEDE), para verificar a presença de autocorrelação espacial entre os municípios paranaenses e identificar clusters de valor bruto da produção de leite. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as variáveis: produtividade, produção de leite, valor bruto da agropecuária, PIB per capita municipal e índice FIRJAN de desenvolvimento econômico e social dos municípios paranaenses. Os resultados revelam a formação de um grande cluster no Oeste e Sudoeste paranaenses, para altos valores brutos da produção da pecuária de leite, nos anos de 2005 e 2011, assim como clusters com baixos valores brutos: um na região do Norte Pioneiro e Norte Central e outro na região Metropolitana de Curitiba. A fim de se promover um desenvolvimento econômico mais equânime entre os municípios paranaenses dedicados à atividade leiteira, estes resultados podem contribuir para o delineamento de ações públicas voltadas às regiões localizadas, principalmente, nos clusters Baixo-Baixo.
Lived experiences of nurse educators on teaching in a large class at a nursing college in Gauteng
Authors: Ndawo Maria G.
Published: July 2016

Background: The gradual increase in the number of learners admitted into a nursing college in Gauteng resulted in an increase in class size without a proportional increase in the number of nurse educators.Objectives: To explore and describe the experiences of nurse educators teaching in large classes at a nursing college in Gauteng in order to present recommendations to facilitate teaching and learning.Method: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and phenomenological research design which is contextual in nature was used. A total of 20 nurse educators were selected through purposive sampling, and in-depth phenomenological semi-structured individual interviews were conducted between January and February 2013. Data were analysed together with the field notes, using Tesch’s open coding protocol of qualitative data analysis. Lincoln and Guba’s four principles were used to ensure trustworthiness.Results: The themes that emerged from this study were that nurse educators experienced difficulty in recognising learners as individuals in a large class, using innovative pedagogical strategies, and managing a large class. These findings had a negative impact on meaningful teaching and learning as they interfered with an enabling learning environment.Recommendations: Nurse educators should be empowered with facilitative skills in order to effectively manage a large class and hence to achieve teaching and learning abilities.Conclusion: There is a need for nurse educators to finding alternative ways to overcome challenges associated with teaching in large classes and prepare learners to render individualised, caring and holistic nursing care to each unique patient in the healthcare setting.Keywords: Large class, Teaching, Learning; Hindrance
Costly tolerance
Authors: Koffeman Leo
Published: July 2016

Tolerance is an aspect of the balance between power and freedom. This contribution starts from a decision taken by the general synod of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, in 1914, on the issue of church members who did not recognise infant baptism. The synod decided that – on certain conditions – ‘tolerance can be practiced’ towards such members. This contribution analyses and evaluates this decision, with particular attention for the distinction made between fundamental and non-fundamental faith issues. It shows how this decision is related to the broader context of early twentieth century political life in the Netherlands (the ‘Pacification of 1917’), and it concludes with some thoughts on the costliness of true tolerance.
Canonical understanding of the sacrifice of Isaac: The influence of the Jewish tradition
Authors: Oh Abraham
Published: July 2016

The Aqedah in Jewish tradition is an alleged theology for the sacrifice of Isaac which has an atoning concept and has influenced the atonement theology of the New Testament (NT), but it has not been proved by the NT. The purpose of this article is to investigate all verses in the NT that are alleged to refer to Abraham’s offering of Isaac. The reflections of Genesis 22 in the NT verses do not grant atoning power to the sacrifice of Isaac. Abraham’s portrait suggests Christ as the Beloved Son, but the vicarious death of Jesus on the Cross is unrelated to Isaac in Genesis 22. Isaac is the type of Christ only in the preparation of death. Jesus as the Tamid lamb (not as the Paschal lamb) refers to Genesis 22 without granting expiation of sin by Isaac. The resurrection motif as well as the promise-fulfilment scheme referring to Genesis 22 also does not validate the Aqedah. Thus, the NT does not assume the Aqedah.Keywords: Aqedah; sacrifice of Isaac; Genesis 22; canonical interpretation; typology; OT-NT relation, Jewish tradition, Jewish influence on the NT
African biblical studies: Illusions, realities and challenges
Authors: Adamo David T.
Published: July 2016

African Biblical Studies is a biblical interpretation for the purpose of transformation in Africa. It is the biblical interpretation that makes the ‘African social cultural context a subject of interpretation’. It is also the rereading of the Christian Scripture in a premeditatedly Africentric perspective. It means that biblical interpretation is done from the perspective of the African worldview. The purpose of this article is to discuss some illusions or misunderstandings, realities and challenges facing African biblical studies. Some of these illusions are that African Biblical Studies is fetish, syncretistic and primitive, local and not popular or universal. The basic distinctive realities and challenges facing African Biblical Studies are also critically discussed for the purpose of understanding what African Biblical Studies is and to make African Christianity more authentic in Africa.
Fellowship at orita: A critical analysis of the leadership crisis in the Assemblies of God, Nigeria
Authors: Mbamalu Williams O.
Published: July 2016

This article is a critical analysis of the present crisis in the Assemblies of God, Nigeria (AGN). A background history of the church is given to show how growth had taken place and how decline had set in. Doing this involves analysing the factors responsible for the present crisis that has brought the church to its knees. The article finds that the AGN’s membership and leadership are dominated by the Igbo ethnic group whose worldviews are known to be highly competitive, individualistic and ‘pantomimic’. The AGN’s constitution and bye-laws do not include a clause that prevents pastors from the same ethnic group from holding the two top-most positions of the General Superintendent and the Assistant General Superintendent at the same time. Therefore the article submits that the AGN should amend its constitution to deal with these pertinent issues. The significance of the article is that it calls the attention of other Pentecostal denominations in Nigeria and the rest of Africa to the crisis-ridden AGN, whose eschatological and Pentecostal persuasion is at orita [the crossroads] and urges them to learn from it.
University of Venda’s male students’ attitudes towards contraception and family planning
Authors: Raselekoane Nanga R. , Morwe Keamogetse G. , Tshitangano Takalani
Published: July 2016

Background: Many young men continue to disregard the importance of contraception and family planning in South Africa. The fact that even university students also do not take contraception and family planning seriously poses a serious threat to their own health and well-being.Aim: This paper aims at investigating the attitudes of male students towards contraception and the promotion of female students’ sexual health rights and well-being at the University of Venda.Methods: Quantitative research method is used to determine how attitudes of 60 male students towards contraception can jeopardise the health and well-being of both male and female students.Results: This study reveals that the majority of 60 male students at the University of Venda have a negative attitude towards contraceptives. As a result, male students at the University of Venda are not keen on using contraceptives. Male students’ negative attitude and lack of interest in contraceptives and family planning also limit progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals on primary health care, especially with regard to sexual and reproductive health and well-being of female students at the University of Venda.Conclusion: The fact that more than half of the male students interviewed did not take contraception and family planning seriously poses a serious threat to health and well-being of students, including violation of female students’ sexual and reproductive health rights in South Africa. This calls for radical health promotion and sexual and reproductive rights programmes which should specifically target male students at the University of Venda.
�Moving in Circles� � a Sankofa�Kairos theology of inclusivity and accountability rooted in Trinitarian theology as a resource for restoring the liberating legacy of The Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians
Authors: Hadebe Nontando M.
Published: July 2016

Mercy Amba Oduyoye�s untitled poem about a circle sets the context for the renewal of the legacy of The Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians (The Circle) at a time when The Circle seems to be moving in circles of uncertainty lacking a clear unified focus. Oduyoye describes a circle as eternal, expansive, evolving and sustained by self-critique, accountability, inclusiveness and connectedness to the reality around it. This continuous movement is expressed in the concept of Sankofa�Kairos which is rooted in the past and radically responsive to the present. This �backward�forward� theological method is critical for The Circle to remain true to its mission as a liberating theological and cultural voice for women and other oppressed groups. In contemporary contexts where oppression is pervasive and includes all groups, an inclusive gender paradigm as well as accountability to oppressed groups is critical for the renewal of The Circle. Trinitarian theology provides a model for liberating relationships characterised by equality, difference, mutuality, communion and oneness. Thus, it will be argued that Trinitarian theology provides theological resources for Sankofa�Kairos theologies for The Circle that will be inclusive and accountable to all oppressed groups. This will contribute to the restoration of The Circle as a critical contributor to liberation theologies in Africa.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article proposes Sankofa�Kairos methodology based on the dual legacies of The Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians and The Kairos Document as the starting point for developing accountable and inclusive liberation theologies rooted in Social Models of the Trinity that could respond to the multiple challenges emerging from the African context.Keywords: Sankofa; Kairos; gender; African-women theologies; accountability;inclusivity; masculinities
What now of the Vashti character in the Hebrew Bible? Ruminating on the future of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians among emerging scholars in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Kondemo Marthe M.
Published: July 2016

Concerned about the relative absence of activities (including the writings) by members of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians within the Democratic Republic of the Congo Circle, Francophone context in general and her Mongolese context in particular, the author uses the marginalised character of Vashti in the Hebrew Bible to see which light the character might shed within the preceding contexts. Can Vashti�s identity in terms of boldness, courage and independence serve as a model for Congolese women in their efforts to make a positive impact on their contexts which remain glaringly patriarchal even today after many years of political independence? In this article, it is argued that the character of Vashti, especially her sense of independence and courage, can serve as a motivation for Congolese female theologians in their search for new identities.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In this article, the disciplines of African studies, political science, gender studies and biblical studies are made to interact with each other in the author�s quest to see how a biblical character such as Vashti can contribute positively to the theory and praxis of theology among emerging Francophone female scholars.Keywords: Circle; Francophone; Vashti; Hebrew Bible; patriarchy
Probando modelos interdisciplinares inclusivos en la dependencia de Internet en Jóvenes. Nuevas variables asociadas
Authors: León-Duarte Gustavo Adolfo , Contreras Cázarez Carlos René , Moreno Carrillo Diana
Published: July 2016

Este artículo analiza, discute y prueba cuándo y porqué es necesaria la integración de un modelo interdisciplinar inclusivo para explicar y predecir la variable dependencia de Internet en la Generación Interactiva (GI). Metodología: Presenta resultados sobre una muestra de 4,563 jóvenes mexicanos y expone la prueba de validez de constructos y su relación explicativa mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio de regresiones múltiples. Resultados y conclusiones: Se establece la relación entre los factores guiados por la teoría para comprobar la validez de los constructos teóricos disciplinares que nutren tanto a modelos interdisciplinares restrictivos como al modelo interdisciplinar inclusivo. Consecuentemente, se discuten, refinan y articulan nuevas preguntas de investigación y se establecen relaciones inéditas entre la teoría y la práctica a través de la generación de nuevas variables asociadas.
Dependence Analysis of the Solutions on the Parameters of Fractional Neutral Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Yang Shuiping
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we discuss the dependence of the solutions on the parameters (order, initial function, right-hand function) of fractional neutral delay differential equations (FNDDEs). The corresponding theoretical results are given respectively. Furthermore, we present some numerical results that support our theoretical analysis.
Sinc Collocation Solutions for the Integral Algebraic Equation of Index-1
Authors: Zhao Jingjun , Cao Yang , Xu Yang
Published: July 2016

In this article, Sinc collocation method is considered to obtain the numerical solution of integral algebraic equation of index-1 by reducing it to an explicit system of algebraic equation. It is shown that Sinc collocation solution can produce an error of order. Moreover, Sinc method is applied to several examples to illustrate the accuracy and implementation of the method.
A Switch Function-Based Gas-Kinetic Scheme for Simulation of Inviscid and Viscous Compressible Flows
Authors: Sun Yu , Shu Chang , Yang Liming , Teo C. J.
Published: July 2016

In this paper, a switch function-based gas-kinetic scheme (SF-GKS) is presented for the simulation of inviscid and viscous compressible flows. With the finite volume discretization, Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are solved and the SF-GKS is applied to evaluate the inviscid flux at cell interface. The viscous flux is obtained by the conventional smooth function approximation. Unlike the traditional gas-kinetic scheme in the calculation of inviscid flux such as Kinetic Flux Vector Splitting (KFVS), the numerical dissipation is controlled with a switch function in the present scheme. That is, the numerical dissipation is only introduced in the region around strong shock waves. As a consequence, the present SF-GKS can well capture strong shock waves and thin boundary layers simultaneously. The present SF-GKS is firstly validated by its application to the inviscid flow problems, including 1-D Euler shock tube, regular shock reflection and double Mach reflection. Then, SF-GKS is extended to solve viscous transonic and hypersonic flow problems. Good agreement between the present results and those in the literature verifies the accuracy and robustness of SF-GKS.
Aeroacoustic Simulations Using Compressible Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Li Kai , Zhong Chengwen
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a lattice Boltzmann (LB) method based study aimed at numerical simulation of aeroacoustic phenomenon in flows around a symmetric obstacle. To simulate the compressible flow accurately, a potential energy double-distribution-function (DDF) lattice Boltzmann method is used over the entire computational domain from the near to far fields. The buffer zone and absorbing boundary condition is employed to eliminate the non-physical reflecting. Through the direct numerical simulation, the flow around a circular cylinder atRe=150,M=0.2 and the flow around a NACA0012 airfoil atRe=10000,M=0.8,α=0° are investigated. The generation and propagation of the sound produced by the vortex shedding are reappeared clearly. The obtained results increase our understanding of the characteristic features of the aeroacoustic sound.
Multi-Zone Ice Accretion and Roughness Models for Aircraft Icing Numerical Simulation
Authors: Zhu Chengxiang , Zhu Chunling , Guo Tao
Published: July 2016

A mathematical multi-zone ice accretion model used in the numerical simulation of icing on airfoil surface based on three water states, namely, continuous film, rivulets and beads is studied in this paper. An improved multi-zone roughness model is proposed. According to the flow state of liquid water and film flow, rivulets flow governing equations are established to calculate film mass distribution, film velocity, rivulet wetness factor and rivulet mass distribution. Force equilibrium equations of droplet are used to establish the critical conditions of water film broken into rivulets and rivulets broken into beads. The temperature conduction inside the water layer and ice layer is considered. Using the proposed model ice accretion on a NACA0012 airfoil profile with a 4° angle of attack under different icing conditions is simulated. Different ice shapes like glaze ice, mixed ice and rime ice are obtained, and the results agree well with icing wind tunnel experiment data. It can be seen that, water films are formed on the surface, and heights of the films vary with icing time and locations. This results in spatially-temporally varying surface roughness and heat transfer process, ultimately affects the ice prediction. Model simulations indicate that the process of water film formation and evolution cannot be ignored, especially under glaze ice condition.
New insights into the atmospheric mercury cycling in central Antarctica and
implications on a continental scale
Authors: Angot Hélène , Magand Olivier , Helmig Detlev , Ricaud Philippe , Quennehen Boris , Gallée Hubert , Del Guasta Massimo , Sprovieri Francesca , Pirrone Nicola , Savarino Joël , Dommergue Aurélien
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Under the framework of the GMOS project (Global Mercury Observation System) atmospheric mercury monitoring has been implemented at Concordia Station on the high-altitude Antarctic plateau (75°06′ S, 123°20′ E, 3220 m above sea level). We report here the first year-round measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the atmosphere and in snowpack interstitial air on the East Antarctic ice sheet. This unique data set shows evidence of an intense oxidation of atmospheric Hg(0) in summer (24-hour daylight) due to the high oxidative capacity of the Antarctic plateau atmosphere in this period of the year. Summertime Hg(0) concentrations exhibited a pronounced daily cycle in ambient air with maximal concentrations around midday. Photochemical reactions and chemical exchange at the air–snow interface were prominent, highlighting the role of the snowpack on the atmospheric mercury cycle. Our observations reveal a 20 to 30 % decrease of atmospheric Hg(0) concentrations from May to mid-August (winter, 24 h darkness). This phenomenon has not been reported elsewhere and possibly results from the dry deposition of Hg(0) onto the snowpack. We also reveal the occurrence of multi-day to weeklong atmospheric Hg(0) depletion events in summer, not associated with depletions of ozone, and likely due to a stagnation of air masses above the plateau triggering an accumulation of oxidants within the shallow boundary layer. Our observations suggest that the inland atmospheric reservoir is depleted in Hg(0) in summer. Due to katabatic winds flowing out from the Antarctic plateau down the steep vertical drops along the coast and according to observations at coastal Antarctic stations, the striking reactivity observed on the plateau most likely influences the cycle of atmospheric mercury on a continental scale.
A mid-latitude stratosphere dynamical index for attribution of stratospheric variability and improved ozone and temperature trend analysis
Authors: Ball William T. , Kuchař Aleš , Rozanov Eugene V. , Staehelin Johannes , Tummon Fiona , Smith Anne K. , Sukhodolov Timofei , Stenke Andrea , Revell Laura , Coulon Ancelin , Schmutz Werner , Peter Thomas
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We find that wintertime temperature anomalies near 4 hPa and 50° N/S are related, through dynamics, to anomalies in ozone and temperature, particularly in the tropical stratosphere, but also throughout the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. These mid-latitude anomalies occur on timescales of up to a month, and are related to changes in wave-forcing. A change in the meridional circulation extends from the middle stratosphere into the mesosphere and forms a temperature-change quadrupole from equator to pole. We develop a dynamical index based on detrended, deseasonalised mid-latitude temperature. When employed in multiple linear regression, this index can account for up to 40 % of the total variability of temperature and ozone and a doubling of the total coefficient of determination in the equatorial stratosphere above 20 hPa. Further, the uncertainty on all multiple-linear regression coefficients can be reduced by up to 45 % and 25 % in temperature and ozone, respectively, and so this index is an important tool for quantifying current and future ozone recovery.
Observational evidence for aerosols increasing upper tropospheric humidity
Authors: Riuttanen Laura , Bister Marja , Kerminen Veli-Matti , John Viju O. , Sundström Anu-Maija , Dal Maso Miikka , Räisänen Jouni , Sinclair Victoria A. , Makkonen Risto , Xausa Filippo , de Leeuw Gerrit , Kulmala Markku
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Aerosol-cloud interactions are the largest source of uncertainty in the radiative forcing of the global climate. A phenomenon not included in the estimates of the total net forcing is the potential increase in upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) by anthropogenic aerosols via changes in the microphysics of deep convection. Using remote sensing data over the ocean east of China in summer, we show that increased aerosol loads are associated with an UTH increase of 2.2 ± 1.5 in units of relative humidity. We show that humidification of aerosols or other meteorological covariation is very unlikely to be the cause for this result indicating relevance for the global climate. In tropical moist air such an UTH increase leads to a regional radiative effect of 0.5 ± 0.4 W m−2. We conclude that the effect of aerosols on UTH should be included in future studies of anthropogenic climate change and climate sensitivity.
Evaluation of NO+ reagent ion chemistry for online measurements of
atmospheric volatile organic compounds
Authors: Koss Abigail R. , Warneke Carsten , Yuan Bin , Coggon Matthew M. , Veres Patrick R. , de Gouw Joost A.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. NO+ chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NO+ CIMS) can achieve fast (1 Hz and faster) online measurement of trace atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that cannot be ionized with H3O+ ions (e.g., in a PTR-MS or H3O+ CIMS instrument). Here we describe the adaptation of a high-resolution time-of-flight H3O+ CIMS instrument to use NO+ primary ion chemistry. We evaluate the NO+ technique with respect to compound specificity, sensitivity, and VOC species measured compared to H3O+. The evaluation is established by a series of experiments including laboratory investigation using a gas-chromatography (GC) interface, in situ measurement of urban air using a GC interface, and direct in situ measurement of urban air. The main findings are that (1) NO+ is useful for isomerically resolved measurements of carbonyl species; (2) NO+ can achieve sensitive detection of small (C4–C8) branched alkanes but is not unambiguous for most; and (3) compound-specific measurement of some alkanes, especially isopentane, methylpentane, and high-mass (C12–C15) n-alkanes, is possible with NO+. We also demonstrate fast in situ chemically specific measurements of C12 to C15 alkanes in ambient air.
A Lagrangian analysis of the present-day sources of moisture for major
ice-core sites
Authors: Drumond Anita , Taboada Erica , Nieto Raquel , Gimeno Luis , Vicente-Serrano Sergio M. , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio
Published: July 2016

Abstract. A Lagrangian approach was used to identify the moisture sources for 14 ice-core sites located worldwide for the period of 1980–2012. The sites were classified into three domains: Arctic, Central (Andes, Alps, and Kilimanjaro), and Antarctic. The approach was used to compute budgets of evaporation minus precipitation by calculating changes in the specific humidity along 10-day backward trajectories. The results indicate that the oceanic regions around the subtropical high-pressure centres provide most of moisture, and their contribution varies throughout the year following the annual cycles of the centres. For the Arctic Domain, the sources lie in the subtropical North Atlantic and Pacific. The subtropical South Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans provide moisture for the Antarctic Domain. The sources for South America are the Atlantic and South Pacific, for Europe the sources are in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic, and for Asia the sources are the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea.
A comparison of the modern Lie scaling method to classical scaling techniques
Authors: Polsinelli James , Kavvas M. Levent
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In the past 2 decades a new modern scaling technique has emerged from the highly developed theory on the Lie group of transformations. This new method has been applied by engineers to several problems in hydrology and hydraulics, including but not limited to overland flow, groundwater dynamics, sediment transport, and open channel hydraulics. This study attempts to clarify the relationship this new technology has with the classical scaling method based on dimensional analysis, non-dimensionalization, and the Vaschy–Buckingham-Π theorem. Key points of the Lie group theory, and the application of the Lie scaling transformation, are outlined and a comparison is made with two classical scaling models through two examples: unconfined groundwater flow and contaminant transport. The Lie scaling method produces an invariant scaling transformation of the prototype variables, which ensures the dynamics between the model and prototype systems will be preserved. Lie scaling can also be used to determine the conditions under which a complete model is dynamically, kinematically, and geometrically similar to the prototype phenomenon. Similarities between the Lie and classical scaling methods are explained, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of the techniques are discussed.
II. El Caribe centrípeto, el Caribe centrífugo: las diásporas
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: July 2016

Otros caribes: de las Antillas al continente (sudamérica, centroamérica y norteamérica)
III. Orillas continentales del Caribe
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: July 2016

Otros caribes: de las Antillas al continente (sudamérica, centroamérica y norteamérica)
V. Reposicionamientos, resignificaciones
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: July 2016

Otros caribes: de las Antillas al continente (sudamérica, centroamérica y norteamérica)
OTIMIZAÇÃO DO CÁLCULO DA CAPACIDADE DE CARGA E TENSÃO ADMISSÍVEL DO SOLO PARA SAPATAS ISOLADAS
Authors: Melo de Oliveira Bruna Leal , Amancio Luciana Barbosa
Published: July 2016

RESUMO: Para o dimensionamento geotécnico de fundações superficiais é necessário conhecer a tensão admissível do solo, obtida indiretamente a partir da capacidade de carga; ou diretamente aplicando-se os métodos semiempíricos. Uma alternativa para automatizar esses cálculos é a utilização de planilha eletrônica, uma ferramenta simples, com o intuito de otimizar o tempo e reduzir as falhas humanas. Para demonstrar a aplicabilidade e a eficiência desta ferramenta, desenvolveu-se uma planilha eletrônica através do software Microsoft Excel que, a partir de variáveis como: coesão, ângulo de atrito, peso específico e nível freático; dentre outras, é capaz de estimar a capacidade de carga e a tensão admissível para sapata isolada, em diferentes ocasiões, por diversas metodologias consagradas e, além disso, exibir graficamente a comparação entre os resultados obtidos. Por fim, a ferramenta foi aplicada em três cenários fictícios: (1) sapata quadrada com variação da cota de assentamento; (2) sapata retangular com variação do nível freático e (3) sapata circular com realização de ensaio de placa, comprovando que é possível testar várias hipóteses para um mesmo problema em um curto período de tempo. ABSTRACT: For geotechnical design of shallow foundations it is necessary to know the allowable stress of the soil, obtained indirectly from the load bearing capacity; or directly, applying the semi-empirical methods. An alternative to automate these calculations is the use of spreadsheet, a simple tool, aiming to optimize time and reduce human error. To demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of this tool, a spreadsheet was developed using the Microsoft Excel software, based on some variables such as: cohesion; friction angle; specific weight; groundwater level; among others, to estimate the load bearing capacity and the allowable stress for isolated footing on different occasions, by several methodologies, and in addition, to show graphically the comparison between the results obtained. Finally, the tool was applied on three fictitious scenarios: (1) Square isolated footing with variation of the settlement quota; (2) rectangular isolated footing with variation of the water level and (3) circular isolated footing with execution of the Plate Load Test, proving that it is possible to test several hypotheses for the same problem in a short period of time.
METODOLOGIA PARA CRIAÇÃO DE UM BANCO DE DADOS GEOREFERENCIADO A PARTIR DE DADOS GEOTÉCNICOS OBTIDOS EM “AS BUILT” E PROJETOS RODOVIÁRIOS
Authors: Alves Ribeiro Antonio Júnior , Uchôa da Silva Carlos Augusto , De Araújo Barroso Suelly Helena
Published: July 2016

RESUMO: Este artigo propõe uma metodologia para geração e implementação de um banco de dados digital, georreferenciado, que facilite o armazenamento, visualização e consulta de parâmetros e informações de interesse à pavimentação. O objetivo principal desta investigação é conceber um método eficiente e de fácil replicação, para extrair informações geotécnicas de projetos e “as built” de obras rodoviárias, e com essas informações, popular um banco de dados para auxiliar no reconhecimento prévio das características geotécnicas dos subleitos ocorrentes numa determinada região. Uma das características do banco de dados proposto é a possibilidade de sua conexão aos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG), a partir da introdução da espacialidade nas informações e parâmetros armazenados, viabilizando a integração dos dados geotécnicos com informações georreferenciadas de infraestrutura, antrópicas, biofísicas, entre outras. Os resultados obtidos foram significativos, dada a possibilidade da geração de mapas temáticos e análises espaciais, em razão do banco geotécnico de dados criado. ABSTRACT: This article proposes a methodology for generation and implementation of a spatial digital database, that makes it easier to store, view and query information and parameters of physical, biotic and anthropic environment of interest to the pavement. The aim of this research objective is to design an efficient and easy replication method, to extract geotechnical information from road projects already built, and enter this information in the database to aid in early recognition of the geotechnical characteristics of the sub grade occurring in a region. A feature of the proposed database is the ability to connect to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), from the introduction of the spatial information of the stored parameters, this feature enables the integration of geotechnical data to infrastructure, anthropogenic, biophysical georeferenced information. The results were significant, considering the generation of thematic maps and spatial analysis, supported by geotechnical database created.
Financial Evolution and Central Bank Credit: Ethics, Morals, Taxation, Stagnation and Bank Holidays
Authors: Caldararo Niccolo
Published: July 2016

Since the credit crisis of 2007-8 the global economy has been in a stagnant condition, with little growth, little wage increase (Gordon, 2014), but a division in asset devaluation, with oil collapsing in recent years and many other commodities, likewise losing ground while gold and stocks rising or holding steady. Fearing a repeat of the Great Depression, economists, led by Ben Bernanke, a scholar of the Great Depression, acted to save the finance industry and create sufficient liquidity to reverse a catastrophic drop in the stock market (Bernanke, 2015a; 2015b). The strategy since 2009-10 has been to continue this liquidity, while attempting to stabilize banks. While no Great Depression-like destruction of value or massive unemployment took place (or only a short temporary one in some views), little success in overcoming stagnation has taken place with only very low growth. This article discusses the importance of destruction, especially in banking and finance, and identifies the central problem as a lack of opportunity for capitalist evolution strangulated by central bank and government action and the American form of anacyclosis, yet mediated by what can be identified as Durkheim’s social condensation process.
The Effects of Different Technologies on Synthesis of CuInSe2 Prepared by Coreduction
Authors: Liu Kegao , Liu Hui , Xu Yong , Zhang Li
Published: July 2016

Solution thermal method was used to synthesize CuInSe2 powders from metal chlorides and SeO2 at 160∼200°C. The phases of product samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), the size and morphology of the products were observed by JSM6380LA scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim is to explore the best technology to obtain the pure CuInSe2 powders. Experimental results show that, CuInSe2 phase can be formed with metal chlorides by reacting for 20 h at 160°C, 180°C and 200°C and has XRD peaks corresponding to (112), (204) and (312) crystal planes, respectively. It consists of irregular spherical grains with about 0.2∼0.5 μm in diameter, which agglomerate larger particles with average particle size about 1∼3 μm. CuInSe2 phase was formed more easily at the temperature higher than 180°C and shows better crystallinity.
Structural Optimization of Structured Carbon-Based Energy-Storing Composite Materials Used in Space Vehicles
Authors: Yu Jia , Yu Zhichao , Tang Chenlong
Published: July 2016

The hot work environment of electronic components in the instrument cabin of spacecraft was researched, and a new thermal protection structure, namely graphite carbon foam, which is an impregnated phase-transition material, was adopted to implement the thermal control on the electronic components. We used the optimized parameters obtained from ANSYS to conduct 2D optimization, 3-D modeling and simulation, as well as the strength check. Finally, the optimization results were verified by experiments. The results showed that after optimization, the structured carbon-based energy-storing composite material could reduce the mass and realize the thermal control over electronic components. This phase-transition composite material still possesses excellent temperature control performance after its repeated melting and solidifying.
Accelerated Life Assessment of Coating on the Radar Structure Components in Coastal Environment
Authors: Liu Zhe , Ming ZhiMao
Published: July 2016

Aims

This paper aimed to build an accelerated life test scheme and carry out quantitative analysis between accelerated life test in the laboratory and actual service for the coating composed of epoxy primer and polyurethane paint on structure components of some kind of radar served in the coastal environment of South China Sea.

Methods

The accelerated life test scheme was built based on the service environment and failure analysis of the coating. The quantitative analysis between accelerated life test and actual service was conducted by comparing the gloss loss, discoloration, chalking, blistering, cracking and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the coating.

Results

The main factors leading to the coating failure were ultraviolet radiation, temperature, moisture, salt fog and loads, the accelerated life test included ultraviolet radiation, damp heat, thermal shock, fatigue and salt spray. The quantitative relationship was that one cycle of the accelerated life test was equal to actual service for one year.

Conclusions

It was established that one cycle of the accelerated life test was equal to actual service for one year. It provided a precise way to predict actual service life of newly developed coatings for the manufacturer.
Crystal Structure and Luminescent Properties of Sr2SiO4:Eu2+ Phosphor Prepared by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Pan Heng , Li Xu , Zhang Jinping , Guan Li , Su Hongxin , Yang Zhiping , Teng Feng
Published: July 2016

Motivation

A series of Eu2+ (0.0025≤ × ≤0.025) activated Sr2SiO4:xEu2+ (SSO:xEu2+) phosphors were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The phosphors were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The differences between α’ and β phase of SSO in the density of states and energy band gap were investigated.

Results

The energy gap of α’-SSO and β-SSO are 4.489 and 4.106 eV, respectively. While, two samples showed similar total and partial densities of states. Under the excitation by the ultra violet (UV) light (365 nm), the SSO:xEu2+ phosphor exhibited a green emission band from 400 to 700 nm, which was corresponding to the transition of 5 d → 4 f of Eu2+ ions. Two emission peaks at 464 and 532 nm could be obtained through Gauss fitting curves. The ratio of the blue to green emission peak decreased with the Eu2+ concentration and the peaks shifted regularly with it. The thermal quenching property was investigated and its activation energy was calculated. The results indicated that this phosphor could be a candidate of green phosphor for UV-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Leder
Authors: Klepp Knut-Inge
Published: July 2016

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High education is associated with low fat and high fibre, beta-carotene and vitamin C - Computation of nutrient intake based on a short food frequency questionnaire in 17,265 men and women in the Tromsø Study
Authors: Jacobsen Bjarne Koster , Nilsen Hugo
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTEducational level has been correlated to the intake of several nutrients. In a population-based studyincluding 17,265 men and women aged 25-69 years, the intake of nutrients were calculated based on 37questions about food habits. In this paper, we present results from the dietary survey with emphasis onthe relationships between dietary habits and educational level. Compared to subjects with low formaleducation, subjects with high educational level have less fat in their diet and more dietary fibre, betacarotene,vitamin C and alcohol (p-value for linear trend < 0.001). Our results confirm that high educationis associated with healthy food habits and relatively higher alcohol consumption. There is a need forefforts in order to change the food habits of the less educated.NORSK SAMMENDRAGPersoner med lang utdanning har ofte et bedre kosthold enn personer med kortere utdanning. I denneundersøkelsen har vi estimert inntaket av en rekke næringsstoffer basert på 37 spørsmål om kostvanersom ble stilt til personer som tok del i Tromsø-IV-undersøkelsen (1994/95). Vår studie inkluderer 17 265menn og kvinner i Tromsø i alderen 25-69 år. Vi presenterer resultater fra denne kostholdsundersøkelsenmed vekt på relasjoner mellom kostvaner og utdanningslengde. Sammenlignet med personer med kortformell utdanning, har personer med lang utdanning mindre fett i kosten og høyere inntak av fiber, betakaroten,vitamin C og alkohol (p < 0.001). Resultatene bekrefter at personer med lang utdanning har ethelsemessig gunstigere kosthold, men et høyere alkoholinntak, enn personer med kort utdanning.Funnene understreker behovet for målrettede tiltak for å utjevne sosiale forskjeller i kostvaner i Norge.
Methodological issues in using prescription and other databases in pharmacoepidemiology
Authors: Sørensen Henrik Toft , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Nørgård Bente
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTDevelopment in technology has led to a considerable increase in the number of individual-based registersand databases, that may be of value in pharmacoepidemiological research, and the number of studies thatare based on these secondary data may be expected to increase. The focus of this paper is to review methodologicalproblems related to use of such databases in pharmacoepidemiological studies with respect to thefour basic types of associations which can be observed in an observational study: 1) bias, 2) confounding,3) chance or 4) causal. The following factors will affect the value and validity of registries and databases:1) the completeness of registration of persons, 2) the validity and degree of completeness of the registereddata, 3) the size of the data source, 4) the registration period, 5) data accessibility, availability, and costs, 6)data format, and 7) the possibilities of linkage with other data sources. The importance of these issuesdepends on the use of the data and on the problems they have to address. The Nordic countries have aunique possibility of record-linkage between registries because of the civil registry number assigned toevery citizen at birth. In pharmacoepidemiological research this gives us the opportunity to study differentoutcome events in relation to drug use, and this has been extensively used in the Danish pharmacoepidemiologicalapproach. The Nordic countries could play a leading role in future pharmacoepidemiologicalresearch. This, however, requires considerably more efficient and comprehensive use of the collected dataon which the society has spent many resources for other purposes.
Challenges to registry-based epidemiology in post-modernistic civilization
Authors: Irgens Lorentz M.
Published: July 2016

Based on the opening lecture at the 1 st Nordic conference in epidemiology, Bergen, June 2000.
Med åpent blikk utenfor egen institusjon
Authors: Hoff Geir
Published: July 2016

ENGLISH SUMMARYHoff G. With an open view outside one's own institution. Nor J Epidemiol 2001; 11 (2): 133-135.Even in a country like Norway, with a poor reputation for investment in medical research, some studiesmay materialise against all odds. This is the story about the difficult start and first few years of flexiblesigmoidoscopy screening studies in Norway. It started in the peripheral county of Telemark with theTelemark Polyp Study no. I (TPS-I) in 1983. We now see the success of the Norwegian ColorectalCancer Prevention (NORCCAP) study, which is an on-going large-scale version of the TPS-I studycomprising 21,000 men and women to be offered flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in Oslo andTelemark after randomised invitation from the population registry.
Blood serum level of TSH and thyroid hormones and thyroid tissue content of iodine in rats under restricted selenium and iodine supply
Authors: Glattre Eystein , Eybl V. , Kotyzova D. , Mihajlevic M. , Pikner R. , Topolcan O.
Published: July 2016

NORSK SAMMENDRAG128 Wistar hunrotter, 30 dager gamle, ble foret med spesialkost i fire uker pluss en forsøksperiode påmaksimalt 36 timer. Blant dyrene ble 114 forsøksdyr og 7 kontroller satt på fôr med lavt innhold avselen og jod mens 7 kontrolldyr fortsatt ble holdt på standardfôr. Etter fire uker ble seks grupperforsøksdyr gitt KI i.p. i doser fra 5 til 1000 μg I. En tredel av dyrene fra alle eksponeringsgrupper bleavlivet 18 timer etter injeksjonen, en tredel fra alle eksponeringsgrupper ble avlivet 24 timer etter injeksjonenog siste tredel ble avlivet 36 timer etter. Total T4, T3, rT3 og TSH ble bestemt i serum mensjodnivået ble bestemt som våtvektskonsentrasjonen i skjoldkjertelvevet. Ni rotter gikk tapt før forsøketkunne avsluttes. Klarest for rotter avlivet 18 timer etter jodinjeksjonen kan man se at kurven for TSH erbimodal. Man fant at jodmengder helt ned til 5-10 μg/rotte ga signifikant forhøyet TSH-nivå. Dettetilsvarer mengder som mennesker lett får i seg på daglig basis på en kost rik på sjømat. Resultatet aveksperimentet blir diskutert med bakgrunn i E.D.Williams’ 25 år gamle tese om at jod i overskudd ikosten medvirker til øket risiko for utvikling av papillært karsinom i skjoldkjertelen.
Competencias docentes de los profesores en formación según opinión de los docentes formadores
Authors: Osorio Romero José Amílcar , Herrera Torres Lucía , Lorenzo Quiles Oswaldo
Published: July 2016

El presente estudio, desarrollado a nivel nacional en El Salvador, indaga sobre la opinión que los formadores de docentes tienen acerca de las competencias que, en la actualidad, deben ser desarrolladas por los estudiantes en su formación inicial docente y que deben caracterizarlos en el desempeño de sus funciones según el nivel educativo para el cual han sido formados: Educación Parvularia, Educación Básica o Educación Media.Diá-logos 17, 2016: 35-51
OS CLIMAS DO CERRADO DO CENTRO-OESTE
Authors: Maria Sette Denise
Published: July 2016

Os climas do cerrado da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil foram analisadosatravés do conceito de holorritmo. Esta abordagem teórico-prática tentouentender a totalidade dos ritmos que controlam o tempo meteorológicolocal e regional, trabalhando as inter-relações entre os fatores físicos,biológicos e sociais. O autor discuti os climas do cerrado de Mato Grosso,caracterizando as variações no espaço e no tampo dos sistemasatmosféricos de superfície que controlam as mudanças anuais e sazonais dachuva, umidade, temperatura e ventos. A estrutura genética do clima e suainterpretação física e biológica foi correlacionada aos graus de derivaçãoantropogênica associados à produção do espaço.
A QUESTÃO CLIMÁTICA DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO E OS PROCESSOS DE DESERTIFICAÇÃO
Authors: Bueno Conti José
Published: July 2016

O presente trabalho discute os processos de desertificação na região Nordestedo Brasil, nas áreas de clima Semi-árido, a partir da utilização do métododas séries temporais. O quadro geral da análise indicou 49,7% das sériesapresentando tendência crescente nas médias pluviométricas, configurandouma distribuição geográfica indiferenciada, apresentando, contudo,incidência maior no Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Pernambuco, sobretudono espaço compreendido entre o reverso continental da Borborema e chapadado Apodi e seus prolongamentos meridionais. Tal constatação indicaque a precipitação em nível regional acompanha a tendência de elevação damédia pluviométrica que vem sendo registrada nas últimas décadas, presumivelmenteassociada ao agravamento do efeito de estufa. Por outro lado,50,3% revelaram tendência estável ou decrescente, as primeiras, com distribuiçãogeográfica mal caracterizada, ao passo que as segundas agruparam-se em quatro manchas, sinalizadoras de indícios de desertificação localizada.