bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of Nylon Harp Strings
Authors: Lynch-Aird Nicolas , Woodhouse Jim
Published: May 2017

Monofilament nylon strings with a range of diameters, commercially marketed as harp strings, have been tested to establish their long-term mechanical properties. Once a string had settled into a desired stress state, the Young’s modulus was measured by a variety of methods that probe different time-scales. The modulus was found to be a strong function of testing frequency and also a strong function of stress. Strings were also subjected to cyclical variations of temperature, allowing various thermal properties to be measured: the coefficient of linear thermal expansion and the thermal sensitivities of tuning, Young’s modulus and density. The results revealed that the particular strings tested are divided into two groups with very different properties: stress-strain behaviour differing by a factor of two and some parametric sensitivities even having the opposite sign. Within each group, correlation studies allowed simple functional fits to be found to the key properties, which have the potential to be used in automated tuning systems for harp strings.
An Investigation into the Properties and Microstructure of Cement Mixtures Modified with Cellulose Nanocrystal
Authors: Flores Jessica , Kamali Mahsa , Ghahremaninezhad Ali
Published: May 2017

This paper aims to examine the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on the hydration, transport behavior, and microstructure of cement mixtures. The addition of CNC delayed hydration at an early age but improved hydration at later ages. A small increase in the electrical resistivity of the cement mixtures with CNC was observed. Statistical nanoindentation showed a small tendency to a larger volume fraction of high density calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) and a smaller volume fraction of low-density C-S-H in the mixture with CNC.
Influence of Thermo-Oxidative Ageing on the Thermal and Dynamical Mechanical Properties of Long Glass Fibre-Reinforced Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Composites Filled with DOPO
Authors: Zhang Daohai , He Min , He Weidi , Zhou Ying , Qin Shuhao , Yu Jie
Published: May 2017

In this work, the long glass fibre-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) composites filled with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) were prepared by melt blending, and the influence of thermo-oxidative ageing on the static and dynamic mechanical properties, thermal behaviours and morphology of composites with different ageing time at 120 °C were investigated and analysed. The results showed that the mechanical properties decreased in the primary stage of ageing, while embrittlement occurs in the later period, and the crystallinity of PBT decreases first, and then recovers to some extent. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos of the samples indicated that the obvious crack appeared on the sample surface and a deeper, broader crack occurred with a longer ageing time. The results of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) proved the DOPO filler diffused to the sample surface by measuring the content of phosphorus. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) curves showed that the thermal stabilities of composites increased with longer ageing time, as did the values of the limited oxygen index (LOI). Meanwhile, the results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated that the glass transition temperature shifted to a higher temperature after ageing due to the effect of crosslinking, and both the crosslinking and degradation of PBT molecular chains act as the main factors in the whole process of thermo-oxidative ageing.
Rapid Fabrication of Disposable Micromixing Arrays Using Xurography and Laser Ablation
Authors: Martínez-López J. , Betancourt H.A. , García-López Erika , Rodriguez Ciro , Siller Hector
Published: May 2017

We assessed xurography and laser ablation for the manufacture of passive micromixers arrays to explore the scalability of unconventional manufacture technologies that could be implemented under the restrictions of the Point of Care for developing countries. In this work, we present a novel split-and-recombine (SAR) array design adapted for interfacing standardized dispensing (handheld micropipette) and sampling (microplate reader) equipment. The design was patterned and sealed from A4 sized vinyl sheets (polyvinyl chloride), employing low-cost disposable materials. Manufacture was evaluated measuring the dimensional error with stereoscopic and confocal microscopy. The micromixing efficiency was estimated using a machine vision system for passive driven infusion provided by micropippetting samples of dye and water. It was possible to employ rapid fabrication based on xurography to develop a four channel asymmetric split-and-recombine (ASAR) micromixer with mixing efficiencies ranging from 43% to 65%.
Editorial for the Special Issue on Micro/Nano-Chip Electrokinetics
Authors: Xuan Xiangchun , Qian Shizhi
Published: May 2017

Micro/nanofluidics-based lab-on-a-chip devices have found extensive applications in the analysis of chemical and biological samples over the past two decades. Electrokinetics is the method of choice in these micro/nano-chips for transporting, manipulating and sensing various analyte species (e.g., ions, molecules, fluids and particles, etc.) [1,2].[...]
Melanisation of Aspergillus terreus—Is Butyrolactone I Involved in the Regulation of Both DOPA and DHN Types of Pigments in Submerged Culture?
Authors: Palonen Elina , Raina Sheetal , Brandt Annika , Meriluoto Jussi , Keshavarz Tajalli , Soini Juhani
Published: May 2017

Pigments and melanins of fungal spores have been investigated for decades, revealing important roles in the survival of the fungus in hostile environments. The key genes and the encoded enzymes for pigment and melanin biosynthesis have recently been found in Ascomycota, including Aspergillus spp. In Aspergillus terreus, the pigmentation has remained mysterious with only one class of melanin biogenesis being found. In this study, we examined an intriguing, partially annotated gene cluster of A. terreus strain NIH2624, utilizing previously sequenced transcriptome and improved gene expression data of strain MUCL 38669, under the influence of a suggested quorum sensing inducing metabolite, butyrolactone I. The core polyketide synthase (PKS) gene of the cluster was predicted to be significantly longer on the basis of the obtained transcriptional data, and the surrounding cluster was positively regulated by butyrolactone I at the late growth phase of submerged culture, presumably during sporulation. Phylogenetic analysis of the extended PKS revealed remarkable similarity with a group of known pigments of Fusarium spp., indicating a similar function for this PKS. We present a hypothesis of this PKS cluster to biosynthesise a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-type of pigment during sporulation with the influence of butyrolactone I under submerged culture.
Change Detection in SAR Images Based on Deep Semi-NMF and SVD Networks
Authors: Gao Feng , Liu Xiaopeng , Dong Junyu , Zhong Guoqiang , Jian Muwei
Published: May 2017

With the development of Earth observation programs, more and more multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are available from remote sensing platforms. Therefore, it is demanding to develop unsupervised methods for SAR image change detection. Recently, deep learning-based methods have displayed promising performance for remote sensing image analysis. However, these methods can only provide excellent performance when the number of training samples is sufficiently large. In this paper, a novel simple method for SAR image change detection is proposed. The proposed method uses two singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses to learn the non-linear relations between multi-temporal images. By this means, the proposed method can generate more representative feature expressions with fewer samples. Therefore, it provides a simple yet effective way to be designed and trained easily. Firstly, deep semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (Deep Semi-NMF) is utilized to select pixels that have a high probability of being changed or unchanged as samples. Next, image patches centered at these sample pixels are generated from the input multi-temporal SAR images. Then, we build SVD networks, which are comprised of two SVD convolutional layers and one histogram feature generation layer. Finally, pixels in both multi-temporal SAR images are classified by the SVD networks, and then the final change map can be obtained. The experimental results of three SAR datasets have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Theoretical Analysis of the Dynamic Properties of a 2-2 Cement-Based Piezoelectric Dual-Layer Stacked Sensor under Impact Load
Authors: Zhang Taotao , Liao Yangchao , Zhang Keping , Chen Jun
Published: May 2017

Cement-based piezoelectric materials are widely used due to the fact that compared with common smart materials, they overcome the defects of structure-incompatibility and frequency inconsistency with a concrete structure. However, the present understanding of the mechanical behavior of cement-based piezoelectric smart materials under impact load is still limited. The dynamic characteristics under impact load are of importance, for example, for studying the anti-collision properties of engineering structures and aircraft takeoff-landing safety. Therefore, in this paper, an analytical model was proposed to investigate the dynamic properties of a 2-2 cement-based piezoelectric dual-layer stacked sensor under impact load based on the piezoelectric effect. Theoretical solutions are obtained by utilizing the variable separation and Duhamel integral method. To simulate the impact load and verify the theory, three types of loads, including atransient step load, isosceles triangle load and haversine wave load, are considered and the comparisons between the theoretical results, Li’s results and numerical results are presented by using the control variate method and good agreement is found. Furthermore, the influences of several parameters were discussed and other conclusions about this sensor are also given. This should prove very helpful for the design and optimization of the 2-2 cement-based piezoelectric dual-layer stacked sensor in engineering.
Multiple Two-Way Time Message Exchange (TTME) Time Synchronization for Bridge Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Shi Fanrong , Tuo Xianguo , Yang Simon , Li Huailiang , Shi Rui
Published: May 2017

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used to collect valuable information in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of bridges, using various sensors, such as temperature, vibration and strain sensors. Since multiple sensors are distributed on the bridge, accurate time synchronization is very important for multi-sensor data fusion and information processing. Based on shape of the bridge, a spanning tree is employed to build linear topology WSNs and achieve time synchronization in this paper. Two-way time message exchange (TTME) and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) are employed for clock offset estimation. Multiple TTMEs are proposed to obtain a subset of TTME observations. The time out restriction and retry mechanism are employed to avoid the estimation errors that are caused by continuous clock offset and software latencies. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm could avoid the estimation errors caused by clock drift and minimize the estimation error due to the large random variable delay jitter. The proposed algorithm is an accurate and low complexity time synchronization algorithm for bridge health monitoring.
Design of a Single Channel Modulated Wideband Converter for Wideband Spectrum Sensing: Theory, Architecture and Hardware Implementation
Authors: Liu Weisong , Huang Zhitao , Wang Xiang , Sun Weichao
Published: May 2017

In a cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN), wideband spectrum sensing devices which aims to effectively exploit temporarily vacant spectrum intervals as soon as possible are of great importance. However, the challenge of increasingly high signal frequency and wide bandwidth requires an extremely high sampling rate which may exceed today’s best analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) front-end bandwidth. Recently, the newly proposed architecture called modulated wideband converter (MWC), is an attractive analog compressed sensing technique that can highly reduce the sampling rate. However, the MWC has high hardware complexity owing to its parallel channel structure especially when the number of signals increases. In this paper, we propose a single channel modulated wideband converter (SCMWC) scheme for spectrum sensing of band-limited wide-sense stationary (WSS) signals. With one antenna or sensor, this scheme can save not only sampling rate but also hardware complexity. We then present a new, SCMWC based, single node CR prototype System, on which the spectrum sensing algorithm was tested. Experiments on our hardware prototype show that the proposed architecture leads to successful spectrum sensing. And the total sampling rate as well as hardware size is only one channel’s consumption of MWC.
Workers’ Age and the Impact of Psychological Factors on the Perception of Safety at Construction Sites
Authors: Idrees Muhammad , Hafeez Maria , Kim Jung-Yong
Published: May 2017

The safety of construction workers is always a major concern at construction sites as the construction industry is inherently dangerous with many factors influencing worker safety. Several studies concluded that psychological factors such as workload, organizational relationships, mental stress, job security, and job satisfaction have significant effects on workers’ safety. However, research on psychological factors that are characteristic of different age groups have been limited. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of psychological factors on the perception of worker safety for two different age groups. After an extensive literature review, different psychological factors were identified, and a hypothetical research model was developed based on psychological factors that could affect workers’ perception of safety. A survey instrument was developed, and data were collected from seven different construction sites in Pakistan. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypothetical model for both age groups. The results revealed that workload and job satisfaction are significantly dominant factors on workers’ perception of safety in older workers, whereas organizational relationships, mental stress, and job security are dominant factors for younger workers at construction sites.
A District Approach to Building Renovation for the Integral Energy Redevelopment of Existing Residential Areas
Authors: Conci Mira , Schneider Jens
Published: May 2017

Building energy renovation quotas are not currently being met due to unfavorable conditions such as complex building regulations, limited investment incentives, historical preservation priorities, and technical limitations. The traditional strategy has been to incrementally lower the energy consumption of the building stock, instead of raising the efficiency of the energy supply through a broader use of renewable sources. This strategy requires an integral redefinition of the approach to energy building renovations. The joint project SWIVT elaborates on a district redevelopment strategy that combines a reduction in the energy demand of existing buildings and their physical interconnection within a local micro-grid and heating network. The district is equipped with energy generation and distribution technologies as well as hybrid thermal and electrical energy storage systems, steered by an optimizing energy management controller. This strategy is explored through three scenarios designed for an existing residential area in Darmstadt, Germany, and benchmarked against measured data. Presented findings show that a total primary energy balance at least 30% lower than that of a standard building renovation can be achieved by a cluster of buildings with different thermal qualities and connected energy generation, conversion, and storage systems, with only minimal physical intervention to existing buildings.
Korean Developers in Vietnam: The Mechanism of Transnational Large-Scale Property Development and Its Planning
Authors: Jung Sanghoon , Lee Jae
Published: May 2017

Since neo-liberalism emerged in the 1980s, private actors have started to take a primary role in urban planning and foreign private developers became important actors, especially in urban development in developing countries. In order to investigate the mechanism of large-scale property developments by foreign developers, this paper focused on three cases developed by Koreans in Vietnam and investigated their similarities in development processes, and the resultant urban forms through analyzing relevant documents and conducting a series of in-depth interviews. As a result, a common strategy employed by Korean firms was to build villas first and apartments later, which would distort the resultant urban form. Conflicts with local governments over the provision of public facilities were another feature shared by these projects, and the provision of urban infrastructure, in turn, was scaled down during scheme changes. While previous studies argued that neglecting urban infrastructure has been a common feature of developments influenced by the privatization trend, foreign developers have more financial burdens and risks than their domestic counterparts, which increases the possibility of such neglect.
Comparative Evaluation of ANN- and SVM-Time Series Models for Predicting Freshwater-Saltwater Interface Fluctuations
Authors: Yoon Heesung , Kim Yongcheol , Ha Kyoochul , Lee Soo-Hyoung , Kim Gee-Pyo
Published: May 2017

Time series models based on an artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) were designed to predict the temporal variation of the upper and lower freshwater-saltwater interface level (FSL) at a groundwater observatory on Jeju Island, South Korea. Input variables included past measurement data of tide level (T), rainfall (R), groundwater level (G) and interface level (F). The T-R-G-F type ANN and SVM models were selected as the best performance model for the direct prediction of the upper and lower FSL, respectively. The recursive prediction ability of the T-R-G type SVM model was best for both upper and lower FSL. The average values of the performance criteria and the analysis of error ratio of recursive prediction to direct prediction (RP-DP ratio) show that the SVM-based time series model of the FSL prediction is more accurate and stable than the ANN at the study site.
DKK3 Overexpression Increases the Malignant Properties of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Katase Naoki , Nishimatsu Shin-Ichiro , Yamauchi Akira , Yamamura Masahiro , Terada Kumiko , Itadani Masumi , Okada Naoko , Hassan Nur Mohammad Monsur , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Ikeda Tohru , Nohno Tsutomu , Fujita Shuichi
Published: May 2017

DKK3, a member of the dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor family, is believed to be a tumor suppressor because of its reduced expression in cancer cells. However, our previous studies have revealed that DKK3 expression is predominantly observed in head and neck/oral squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC/OSCC). Interestingly, HNSCC/OSCC patients with DKK3 expression showed a high rate of metastasis and poorer survival, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of DKK3 in HNSCC-derived cancer cell lines resulted in reduced cellular migration and invasion. From these data, it was hypothesized that DKK3 might exert an oncogenic function specific to HNSCC. In the present research, the DKK3 overexpression model was established, and its influences were investigated, together with molecular mechanism studies. The DKK3 expression profile in cancer cell lines was investigated, including HNSCC/OSCC, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, prostatic, and lung cancers. DKK3 overexpression was performed in HNSCC-derived cells by transfection of expression plasmid. The effects of DKK3 overexpression were assessed on cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and in vivo tumor growth. The molecular mechanism of DKK3 overexpression was investigated by Western blotting and microarray analysis. DKK3 overexpression significantly elevated cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as increased mRNA expression of cyclin D1 and c-myc. However, reporter assays did not show TCF/LEF activation, suggesting that the increased malignant property of cancer cells was not driven by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. For the investigation of the pathways/molecules in DKK3-mediated signals, the Western blot analyses revealed that phosphorylation of Akt (S473) and c-Jun (Ser63) was elevated. The application of a PI3K kinase inhibitor, LY294002, on HSC-3 DKK3 cells significantly decreased tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. From these results, we demonstrated that DKK3 might contribute to cellular proliferation, invasion, migration, and tumor cell survival in HNSCC cells through a mechanism other than the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, which might be attributed to PI3K‐Akt signaling.
BTEX detection with composites of ethylenevinyl acetate and nanostructured carbon
Authors: Stepina Santa , Berzina Astrida , Sakale Gita , Knite Maris
Published: May 2017

By using a solvent-based method composites of ethylenevinyl acetate copolymer and carbon black (EVA–CB) were synthesized for sensing BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) vapours. The composites were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in an electroconductive mode. Gas sensing results show that EVA-CB can reproducibly detect BTEX and that the response increases linearly with vapour concentration. Compared to gas-sensing measurements of gasoline vapours, the responses with toluene and ethylbenzene are different and can be explained by varying side chains of the benzene ring.
Nucleophilic and electrophilic cyclization of N-alkyne-substituted pyrrole derivatives: Synthesis of pyrrolopyrazinone, pyrrolotriazinone, and pyrrolooxazinone moieties
Authors: Yenice Işıl , Basceken Sinan , Balci Metin
Published: May 2017

Intramolecular nucleophilic and electrophilic cyclization of N-alkyne-substituted pyrrole esters is described. Efficient routes towards the synthesis of pyrrolopyrazinone, pyrrolotriazinone and pyrrolooxazinone have been developed. First, N-alkyne-substituted pyrrole ester derivatives were synthesized. Introduction of various substituents into the alkyne functionality was accomplished by a copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Nucleophilic cyclization of N-alkyne-substituted methyl 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates with hydrazine afforded the 6-exo-dig/6-endo-dig cyclization products depending on the electronic nature of the substituents attached to the alkyne. On the other hand, cyclization of N-alkyne-substituted methyl 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates with iodine only resulted in the formation of the 6-endo-dig cyclization product regardless of the substitution of the alkyne functionality.
No Difference in Orbital Parameters of RV-detected Giant Planets between 0.1 and 5 au in Single versus Multi-stellar Systems
Authors: Ngo Henry , Knutson Heather A. , Bryan Marta L. , Blunt Sarah , Nielsen Eric L. , Batygin Konstantin , Bowler Brendan P. , Crepp Justin R. , Hinkley Sasha , Howard Andrew W. , Mawet Dimitri
Published: May 2017

Our Keck/NIRC2 imaging survey searches for stellar companions around 144 systems with radial velocity (RV) detected giant planets to determine whether stellar binaries influence the planets’ orbital parameters. This survey, the largest of its kind to date, finds eight confirmed binary systems and three confirmed triple systems. These include three new multi-stellar systems (HD 30856, HD 86081, and HD 207832) and three multi-stellar systems with newly confirmed common proper motion (HD 43691, HD 116029, and HD 164509). We combine these systems with seven RV planet-hosting multi-stellar systems from the literature in order to test for differences in the properties of planets with semimajor axes ranging between 0.1 and 5 au in single versus multi-stellar systems. We find no evidence that the presence or absence of stellar companions alters the distribution of planet properties in these systems. Although the observed stellar companions might influence the orbits of more distant planetary companions in these systems, our RV observations currently provide only weak constraints on the masses and orbital properties of planets beyond 5 au. In order to aid future efforts to characterize long-period RV companions in these systems, we publish our contrast curves for all 144 targets. Using four years of astrometry for six hierarchical triple star systems hosting giant planets, we fit the orbits of the stellar companions in order to characterize the orbital architecture in these systems. We find that the orbital plane of the secondary and tertiary companions are inconsistent with an edge-on orbit in four out of six cases.
The RAVE-on Catalog of Stellar Atmospheric Parameters and Chemical Abundances for Chemo-dynamic Studies in the Gaia Era
Authors: Casey Andrew R. , Hawkins Keith , Hogg David W. , Ness Melissa , Rix Hans-Walter , Kordopatis Georges , Kunder Andrea , Steinmetz Matthias , Koposov Sergey , Enke Harry , Sanders Jason , Gilmore Gerry , Zwitter Tomaž , Freeman Kenneth C. , Casagrande Luca , Matijevič Gal , Seabroke George , Bienaymé Olivier , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Gibson Brad K. , Grebel Eva K. , Helmi Amina , Munari Ulisse , Navarro Julio F. , Reid Warren , Siebert Arnaud , Wyse Rosemary
Published: May 2017

The orbits, atmospheric parameters, chemical abundances, and ages of individual stars in the Milky Way provide the most comprehensive illustration of galaxy formation available. The Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) will deliver astrometric parameters for the largest ever sample of Milky Way stars, though its full potential cannot be realized without the addition of complementary spectroscopy. Among existing spectroscopic surveys, the RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) has the largest overlap with TGAS (≳200,000 stars). We present a data-driven re-analysis of 520,781 RAVE spectra using The Cannon. For red giants, we build our model using high-fidelity APOGEE stellar parameters and abundances for stars that overlap with RAVE. For main sequence and sub-giant stars, our model uses stellar parameters from the K2/EPIC. We derive and validate effective temperature T
eff, surface gravity log g, and chemical abundances of up to seven elements (O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe, and Ni). We report a total of 1,685,851 elemental abundances with a typical precision of 0.07 dex, a substantial improvement over previous RAVE data releases. The synthesis of RAVE-on and TGAS is the most powerful data set for chemo-dynamic analyses of the Milky Way ever produced.
Disk–Jet Connection in Active Supermassive Black Holes in the Standard Accretion Disk Regime
Authors: Inoue Yoshiyuki , Doi Akihiro , Tanaka Yasuyuki T. , Sikora Marek , Madejski Grzegorz M.
Published: May 2017

We study the disk–jet connection in supermassive black holes by investigating the properties of their optical and radio emissions utilizing the SDSS DR7 and the NVSS catalogs. Our sample contains 7017 radio-loud quasars with detection both at 1.4 GHz and SDSS optical spectra. Using this radio-loud quasar sample, we investigate the correlation among the jet power (

P

jet

), the bolometric disk luminosity (

L

disk

), and the black hole mass (

M

BH

) in the standard accretion disk regime. We find that the jet powers correlate with the bolometric disk luminosities as

log

P

jet

=
(
0.96
±
0.012
)
log

L

disk

+
(
0.79
±
0.55
)

. This suggests the jet production efficiency of

η

jet

≃

1.1

−
0.76

+
2.6

×

10

−
2

assuming the disk radiative efficiency of 0.1, implying low black hole spin parameters and/or low magnetic flux for radio-loud quasars. But it can be also due to the dependence of this efficiency on the geometrical thickness of the accretion flow, which is expected to be small for quasars accreting at the disk Eddington ratios

0.01
≲
λ
≲
0.3

. This low jet production efficiency does not significantly increase even if we set the disk radiative efficiency to be 0.3. We also investigate the fundamental plane in our samples among

P

jet

,

L

disk

, and

M

BH

. We could not find a statistically significant fundamental plane for radio-loud quasars in the standard accretion regime.
Radiative Transfer in a Translucent Cloud Illuminated by an Extended Background Source
Authors: Biganzoli Davide , Potenza Marco A. C. , Robberto Massimo
Published: May 2017

We discuss the radiative transfer theory for translucent clouds illuminated by an extended background source. First, we derive a rigorous solution based on the assumption that multiple scatterings produce an isotropic flux. Then we derive a more manageable analytic approximation showing that it nicely matches the results of the rigorous approach. To validate our model, we compare our predictions with accurate laboratory measurements for various types of well-characterized grains, including purely dielectric and strongly absorbing materials representative of astronomical icy and metallic grains, respectively, finding excellent agreement without the need to add free parameters. We use our model to explore the behavior of an astrophysical cloud illuminated by a diffuse source with dust grains having parameters typical of the classic ISM grains of Draine & Lee and protoplanetary disks, with an application to the dark silhouette disk 114–426 in Orion Nebula. We find that the scattering term modifies the transmitted radiation, both in terms of intensity (extinction) and shape (reddening) of the spectral distribution. In particular, for small optical thickness, our results show that scattering makes reddening almost negligible at visible wavelengths. Once the optical thickness increases enough and the probability of scattering events becomes close to or larger than 1, reddening becomes present but is appreciably modified with respect to the standard expression for line-of-sight absorption. Moreover, variations of the grain refractive index, in particular the amount of absorption, also play an important role in changing the shape of the spectral transmission curve, with dielectric grains showing the minimum amount of reddening.
Post-Newtonian Dynamical Modeling of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic-scale Simulations
Authors: Rantala Antti , Pihajoki Pauli , Johansson Peter H. , Naab Thorsten , Lahén Natalia , Sawala Till
Published: May 2017

We present KETJU, a new extension of the widely used smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation code GADGET-3. The key feature of the code is the inclusion of algorithmically regularized regions around every supermassive black hole (SMBH). This allows for simultaneously following global galactic-scale dynamical and astrophysical processes, while solving the dynamics of SMBHs, SMBH binaries, and surrounding stellar systems at subparsec scales. The KETJU code includes post-Newtonian terms in the equations of motions of the SMBHs, which enables a new SMBH merger criterion based on the gravitational wave coalescence timescale, pushing the merger separation of SMBHs down to ∼0.005 pc. We test the performance of our code by comparison to NBODY7 and rVINE. We set up dynamically stable multicomponent merger progenitor galaxies to study the SMBH binary evolution during galaxy mergers. In our simulation sample the SMBH binaries do not suffer from the final-parsec problem, which we attribute to the nonspherical shape of the merger remnants. For bulge-only models, the hardening rate decreases with increasing resolution, whereas for models that in addition include massive dark matter halos, the SMBH binary hardening rate becomes practically independent of the mass resolution of the stellar bulge. The SMBHs coalesce on average 200 Myr after the formation of the SMBH binary. However, small differences in the initial SMBH binary eccentricities can result in large differences in the SMBH coalescence times. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of KETJU, which allows for a straightforward inclusion of gas physics in the simulations.
Herschel Spectroscopy of Early-type Galaxies
Authors: Lapham Ryen Carl , Young Lisa M. , Crocker Alison
Published: May 2017

We present Herschel spectroscopy of atomic lines arising in photodissociation regions as well as ionization regions of nearby early-type galaxies (ETGs), focusing on the volume-limited Atlas3D sample. Our data include the [C ii], [O i], and [N ii] 122 and 205 μm lines, along with ancillary data including CO and H i maps. We find that ETGs have [C ii]/FIR ratios slightly lower than spiral galaxies in the KINGFISH sample, and several ETGs have unusually large [N ii] 122/[C ii] ratios. The [N ii] 122/[C ii] ratio is correlated with UV colors and there is a strong anti-correlation of [C ii]/FIR with NUV-K seen in both spirals and ETGs, likely due to a softer radiation field with fewer photons available to ionize carbon and heat the gas. The correlation thus makes a [C ii] deficit in galaxies with redder stellar populations. The high [N ii] 122/[C ii] (and low [C ii]/FIR) line ratios could also be affected by the removal of much of the diffuse, low-density gas, which is consistent with the low H i/H2 ratios. [C ii] is now being used as a star-formation indicator, and we find that it is just as good for ETGs as in spirals. The [C ii]/CO ratios found are also similar to those found in spiral galaxies. Through the use of the [N ii] 205 μm line, estimates of the percentage of [C ii] emission arising from ionized gas indicate that a significant portion could arise in ionized regions.
L’université de Caen dans la cité, 1944-1957
Authors: Hamelin Bertrand
Published: May 2017

Pourquoi une université ? Une université pour quoi faire ? Telles sont les deux principales questions posées après la destruction de l’université de Caen en 1944. Sur le premier point, la reconstruction d’une université à Caen apparaît immédiatement comme une condition impérative au relèvement de la cité, soucieuse de maintenir et de développer ses fonctions métropolitaines aux échelles régionale, nationale et même internationale. Sur le second point, la reconstruction est le moment d’une interrogation générale sur les missions de l’université, qui évoluent alors de manière sensible. Aux participations planifiées de l’université à la vie de la cité (expertise et contribution au développement économique régional notamment), s’ajoutent rapidement des implications non anticipées : universitaires et étudiants deviennent en quelques années des acteurs centraux du champ politique et social caennais.
Essai d’évaluation de la production philosophique contemporaine
Authors: Citot Vincent
Published: May 2017

Qu’est-ce qu’une grande philosophie et comment évaluer une œuvre philosophique ? Qu’est-ce qu’une période philosophiquement brillante, et selon quels critères en juger ? Pour y répondre, il faut poser à nouveaux frais la question de la définition de la philosophie, et identifier les exigences fondamentales de la pensée philosophique. Tel est l’objet de la première partie. La seconde tire de ces considérations une méthode pour cartographier et évaluer la philosophie contemporaine. Il en ressort qu’elle ne satisfait pas les exigences les plus essentielles de la philosophie.
La culture du complot : une paranoïa de la vie quotidienne ?
Authors: Troubé Sarah
Published: May 2017

La profusion des théories du complot interroge la psychanalyse à un double titre : la psychopathologie clinique du sujet et l’élaboration des représentations collectives. L’auteure interroge cette jonction à partir des fonctions économiques et défensives des théories complotistes. Celles-ci apparaissent comme des constructions, au sens freudien du terme, ou comme un roman familial à l’échelle collective. Leur économie ­narcissique marque à la fois une tentative et une impossibilité de traiter les figurations du manque, de l’impuissance et de la violence dans le rapport de l’individu au social.
La psychanalyse dans la culture russe
Authors: Loukomskaïa Marina
Published: May 2017

Pour mieux comprendre les liens étroits entre psychanalyse et culture russe d’aujourd’hui, il faut rappeler les conditions dans lesquelles la psychanalyse s’est développée en Russie. Au début du xx e siècle, la situation était favorable à la diffusion des idées freudiennes, et la Russie est devenue le premier pays à prendre en compte la ­psychanalyse en dehors de la culture germanique où elle née. Mais après ces débuts précoces, la psychanalyse a été attaquée par les bolcheviques et définitivement interdite sous Staline. La libéralisation progressive de la Russie a permis le redéploiement de ­l’espace privé absorbé par l’Etat totalitaire. La psychanalyse russe est aujourd’hui en pleine renaissance et largement présente dans tous les domaines culturels.
L’ombre portée de l’inquiétante étrangeté
Authors: Massin Marianne
Published: May 2017

En amont, l’idée d’inquiétante étrangeté procède de la culture de Freud, de sa culture de la langue et de la littérature ; en aval, elle irrigue la culture contemporaine non sans distorsions ou écarts. Cet article s’interroge sur cette réversibilité causale, l’art inspire la psychanalyse qui inspire l’art, et sur l’extension impressionnante – et peut-être parfois contestable – du concept dans l’art contemporain. L’hypothèse défendue est qu’il y aurait là ce qu’on se risquera à appeler une « ombre portée » du texte freudien.
Une rencontre avec François Jullien
Authors: Coblence Françoise , Servant Benoît
Published: May 2017

Le philosophe et sinologue François Jullien expose comment sa stratégie de détour par la Chine permet de révéler l’impensé de la pensée européenne (causalité, liberté, interprétation), ce que vise aussi à sa manière la psychanalyse. Il décrit ensuite ce que sont pour lui les forces et les faiblesses celle-ci, afin de préserver le vif de son apport : sa capacité d’ébranlement de notre culture.
De quelques usages de la psychanalyse en éducation et formation
Authors: Fersing Éliane , Ployé Alexandre , Delarue-Breton Catherine
Published: May 2017

La place de la psychanalyse dans la recherche sur l’éducation comme dans les pratiques de formation des enseignants peut sembler aujourd’hui relativement modeste. Pourtant, son rôle pourrait être qualifié à la fois de marginal et d’incontournable. À l’écoute des non-dits et sensible aux failles, la psychanalyse reste un éclairage nécessaire de cette activité sans fin et sans garantie qu’est l’éducation, toujours menacée par la tentation techniciste et l’illusion de la maîtrise.
Garder le cap psychanalytique aujourd’hui
Authors: Ferveur Christophe , Braconnier Alain
Published: May 2017

Comment maintenir vivant le cap analytique aujourd’hui ? Le questionnement récent soulevé par nos théories, nos pratiques et nos formations porterait-il sur le poids des changements sociétaux ? Nous proposons une réflexion sur les paradoxes de l’individualisme et la question des liens intrapsychiques qui en découlent, notamment sur les questions du temps nécessaire au processus analytique et sur l’efficacité demandée par nos contemporains.
Sur le texte de Jacques Press : « Enjeux épistémologiques et cliniques de la recherche en psychosomatique »
Authors: Aisenstein Marilia
Published: May 2017

Discutant le texte de Jacques Press, l’auteur souligne un accord profond sur la clinique et la technique face à des patients complexes dont la souffrance est extrême. Elle considère comme très intéressante l’hypothèse de J. Press qui voit la désorganisation somatique comme une solution devant la menace d’effondrement et pense la voie somatique comme « solution ». Elle s’oppose néanmoins à l’idée selon laquelle Pierre Marty se serait situé plutôt comme un observateur du patient somatique et s’appuie pour ce faire sur l’article princeps de ce dernier : « Les difficultés narcissiques de l’observateur devant le problème psychosomatique », texte qui porte, d’après elle, sur le contretransfert et sur une forme particulière d’identification projective.
Cerramientos de tierra en el siglo XVIII según los despachos de Gracia del Consejo de Castilla
Authors: Caro López Ceferino
Published: May 2017

La concesión de cerramiento conseguido por la vía de Gracia proporciona la posibilidad de analizar las motivaciones de quienes los emprendían en el siglo XVIII. El principal objetivo era el de separar legalmente un bien de su uso común para explotarlo en beneficio privado. La intervención capitalista se nota por la inversión necesaria para realizar el cerramiento y la búsqueda de mayor beneficio en el cultivo. Geográficamente los cerramientos se localizan en su mayoría en Andalucía occidental y su objeto es el cultivo de olivo, vid y dehesa.
Envelhecimento activo : uma via para o bem-estar
Authors: Lopes Lídia Maria Pereira
Published: May 2017

Vivemos numa sociedade envelhecida, em que o número de idosos aumenta em relação aos jovens. As organizações de saúde procuram encontrar respostas que desafiem os cenários mais pessimistas. É importante que os idosos se mantenham activos, participantes e integrados na sociedade onde vivem. No nosso país, ainda se constata que para algumas pessoas muito idosas, viver mais tempo não é necessariamente continuar a viver com qualidade e inseridos na sua comunidade. É necessário definir políticas e estratégias globais que apliquem os princípios do envelhecimento activo, em todas as dimensões do cuidar à pessoa idosa, seja na família, seja institucionalmente.
Reflectindo sobre o conceito de envelhecimento activo, pensando no envelhecimento em meio urbano
Authors: Machado Paulo
Published: May 2017

Nas sociedades Ocidentais as questões do envelhecimento activo ganharam o estatuto de agenda política e orientam, hoje, os esforços para promover o bem-estar social da geração idosa. O texto apresenta o conceito de envelhecimento activo, propõe o seu equacionamento sociológico e defende a integração das medidas de política social no quadro das políticas do território.
Envelhecimento demográfico e alargamento do tempo de trabalho – O debate inacabado. Implicações socio-económicas e busca de novos paradigmas
Authors: Vicente Maria João Molina
Published: May 2017

O fenómeno do envelhecimento demográfico, pelo seu carácter complexo e multifacetado, interpela governos e sociedade civil a agir colectivamente e de forma qualificada perante os desafios lançados por esta que é uma questão que assume um lugar central como vector de desenvolvimento. Porque se manifesta de forma abrangente em todos os níveis da vivência em sociedade e porque tem importantes implicações na estruturação do tecido produtivo, o fenómeno do envelhecimento exige também um exame atento aos fundamentos de uma sociedade com uma maior abrangência de cidadania.O escrutínio e regulação da actividade económica não podem por si só, como outrora, amortecer os efeitos adversos provenientes da globalização pelo que se torna necessária uma gestão mais efectiva dos riscos que lhe são inerentes por parte dos agentes sociais. Neste enquadramento, propomos uma reflexão acerca das possíveis soluções de mitigação dos impactos do envelhecimento populacional, nomeadamente, da população activa.
Le rôle de l’espace dans le diagnostic et le traitement des “malaises sociaux”. Sur quelques implicites de la politique de la ville en France
Authors: Baudin Gérard
Published: May 2017

En France, l’action urbanistique qui vise certains quartiers de banlieues contient de nombreux présupposés qu’on retrouve dans des catégories, des classifications, des notions voire des slogans contribuant à la construction de la rhétorique d’aménagement de ces secteurs d’habitat social. Par l’examen critique de l’impératif de mixité sociale, du mode de caractérisation de territoires et leurs populations, de notions propres à soulever l’émotion ou encore de normes implicites de sociabilité, cet article tente de dégager quelques soubassements de l’intervention étatique. Ainsi, les discours justifiant des interventions dans ces secteurs entretiennent une confusion entre les caractéristiques de l’espace et celles des groupes sociaux qui l’occupent et reposent sur un postulat spatialiste selon lequel on pourrait résoudre les problèmes sociaux par une intervention spatiale. Plus généralement, c’est aussi de la conception du politique et de son action dont il est question.
L’industrie du phosphate de Taïba au Sénégal : front minier et tensions locales
Authors: Diallo Mouhamadou Lamine
Published: May 2017

L’expansion des carrières d’exploitation du phosphate dans la région de Thiès, à l’ouest du Sénégal, est source de reconfiguration territoriale et de tensions liées à l’utilisation des ressources naturelles. L’avancée du front minier sur les espaces agricoles et le déplacement des villages amènent la population riveraine à s’organiser et à développer des stratégies pour faire face aux impacts des activités extractives. Ainsi, l’article se propose d’analyser ces dynamiques territoriales à partir du site d’extraction du phosphate de Taïba dans la région de Thiès. Il s’articule autour de deux points : montrer les implications spatiales et environnementales de l’exploitation du phosphate, puis analyser les tensions entre la compagnie minière, les Industries chimiques du Sénégal et les communautés locales.
Protein Kinase CK2 Controls the Fate between Th17 Cell and Regulatory T Cell Differentiation
Authors: Gibson Sara A. , Yang Wei , Yan Zhaoqi , Liu Yudong , Rowse Amber L. , Weinmann Amy S. , Qin Hongwei , Benveniste Etty N.
Published: May 2017

CK2 is a highly conserved and pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase that promotes many prosurvival and proinflammatory signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT. These pathways are essential for CD4+ T cell activation and polarization, but little is known about how CK2 functions in T cells. In this article, we demonstrate that CK2 expression and kinase activity are induced upon CD4+ T cell activation. Targeting the catalytic activity of CK2 using the next-generation small molecule inhibitor CX-4945 in vitro significantly and specifically inhibited mouse and human Th17 cell differentiation while promoting the generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). These findings were associated with suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation and STAT3 phosphorylation upon CX-4945 treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CX-4945 treatment inhibits the maturation of Th17 cells into inflammatory IFN-γ–coproducing effector cells. The Th17/Treg axis and maturation of Th17 cells are major contributing factors to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Using a murine model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we demonstrate that in vivo administration of CX-4945 targets Akt/mTOR signaling in CD4+ T cells and the Th17/Treg axis throughout disease. Importantly, CX-4945 treatment after disease initiation significantly reduced disease severity, which was associated with a significant decrease in the frequency of pathogenic IFN-γ+ and GM-CSF+ Th17 cells in the CNS. Our data implicate CK2 as a regulator of the Th17/Treg axis and Th17 cell maturation and suggest that CK2 could be targeted for the treatment of Th17 cell–driven autoimmune disorders.
Abortion Access in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland: International Influence and Changing Laws?
Authors: Viall Claire
Published: May 2017

Access to abortion services in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland is extremely restricted. Women have few options beyond traveling abroad and paying out of pocket to undergo an abortion. In the United Kingdom, abortion is legal up to 24 weeks and is largely free of cost under the National Health Service. While Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, laws legalizing abortion do not apply, and abortion law has not changed since 1861. In 1983, the Republic of Ireland passed an amendment to its constitution equating the life of a mother with the life of an unborn fetus. Since then, several high-profile court cases were brought to the European Court of Human Rights, which has slowly expanded abortion access in the country.