bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which Method Is Better to Provide Wound Healing in Fournier Gangrene: Dakin Solution or Conventional Antiseptic Dressings? A Retrospective Study
Authors: Unver M. , Kebapci E. , Guner M. , Ozturk S. , Erol V. , Olmez M. , Cartı E. B. , Yoldaş Ö. , Özsan İ. , Karaca C. , Akbulut G.
Published: November 2016

Fournier gangrene is described as necrotizing fasciitis involving the genital, perineal, and perianal area. Early surgical debridement of necrotic tissues, topical therapy, and antibiotics are fundamental in the treatment of Fournier gangrene. We aimed to compare the effects of Dakin solution and povidone iodine solution on patient outcomes by using the Fournier gangrene severity index (FGSI). The demographic data, comorbid diseases, local therapeutic interventions, FGSI, necessity of diverting colostomy or orchiectomy, hospitalization time, number of debridements, complications, and outcomes of 57 patients with Fournier gangrene were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 47 of 57 patients (82.5%) were male, and 10 patients (17.5%) were female, with a mean age of 62.3 ± 13.8 years (range, 27–85 years). The survivors were significantly younger than the nonsurvivors. The mean FGSI score was 4 (range, 1–9) in survivors, and mean FGSI score was 9 (range, 6–10) in nonsurvivors. FGSI score was significantly higher in the mortality group. The median hospital stay was 13 days (range, 3–34 days) in the Dakin solution group and 20 days (range, 1–41 days) in the povidone iodine group. Overall mortality rate was 17.5%. Advanced age had a statistically significant effect on mortality. The hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the Dakin solution group, and use of Dakin solution decreased the number of debridements. Dakin solution has favorable effects on hospital stay and the necessity of multiple debridements. Dakin solution seems to be a good and cost-effective choice for treatment in local wound healing.
Solar geoengineering could substantially reduce climate risks—A research hypothesis for the next decade
Authors: Keith David W. , Irvine Peter J.
Published: November 2016

We offer a hypothesis that if solar geoengineering (SG) were deployed to offset half of the increase in global‐mean temperature from the date of deployment using a technology and deployment method chosen to approximate a reduction in the solar constant then, over the 21st century, it would (a) substantially reduce the global aggregate risks of climate change, (b) without making any country worse off, and (c) with the aggregate risks from side‐effects being small in comparison to the reduction in climate risks. We do not set out to demonstrate this hypothesis; rather we propose it with the goal of stimulating a strategic engagement of the SG research community with policy‐relevant questions. We elaborate seven sub‐hypotheses on the effects of our scenario for key risks of climate change that could be assessed in future modeling work. As an example, we provide a defence of one of our sub‐hypotheses, that our scenario of SG would reduce the risk of drought in dry regions, but also identify issues that may undermine this sub‐hypothesis and how future work could resolve this question. SG cannot substitute for emissions mitigation but it may be a useful supplement. It is our hope that scientific and technical research over the next decade focuses more closely on well‐articulated variants of the key policy‐relevant question: could SG be designed and deployed in such a way that it could substantially and equitably reduce climate risks?
LibME—automatic extraction of 3D ligand‐binding motifs for mechanistic analysis of protein–ligand recognition
Authors: He Wei , Liang Zhi , Teng MaiKun , Niu LiWen
Published: November 2016

Identifying conserved binding motifs is an efficient way to study protein–ligand recognition. Most 3D binding motifs only contain information from the protein side, and so motifs that combine information from both protein and ligand sides are desired. Here, we propose an algorithm called LibME (Ligand‐binding Motif Extractor), which automatically extracts 3D binding motifs composed of the target ligand and surrounding conserved residues. We show that the motifs extracted by LibME for ATP and its analogs are highly similar to well‐known motifs reported by previous studies. The superiority of our method to handle flexible ligands was also demonstrated using isocitric acid as an example. Finally, we show that these motifs, together with their visual exhibition, permit better investigating and understanding of protein–ligand recognition process.
Aluminum‐Catalyzed Formation of Functional 1,3,2‐Dioxathiolane 2‐Oxides from Sulfur Dioxide: An Easy Entry towards N‐Substituted Aziridines
Authors: Laserna Victor , Martin Eddy , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: November 2016

Aluminum(III) complexes derived from aminotriphenolate ligands are shown to be excellent catalysts for the formation of cyclic sulfites from a range of (functionalized) terminal and internal epoxides, and ex situ generated sulfur dioxide. The developed catalytic protocol is characterized by its operational simplicity, wide scope in epoxide reaction partners, good to excellent isolated yields and mild reaction conditions [50–70 °C, p(SO2) <1 bar]. The synthetic potential of these cyclic sulfites in organic synthesis is demonstrated in the preparation of N‐substituted aziridines through a three‐step protocol.

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MnMoO4 Electrocatalysts for Superior Long‐Life and High‐Rate Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Lee Gwang‐Hee , Lee Seun , Kim Jae‐Chan , Kim Dong Wook , Kang Yongku , Kim Dong‐Wan
Published: November 2016

Lithium‐oxygen batteries represent a significant scientific challenge for high‐rate and long‐term cycling using oxygen electrodes that contain efficient electrocatalysts. The mixed transition metal oxide catalysts provide the most efficient catalytic activity for partial heterogeneous surface cations with oxygen vacancies as the active phase. They include multiple oxidation states and oxygen vacancies. Here, using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical properties to probe the surface of the MnMoO4 nanowires, it is shown that the intrinsic MnMoO4 oxygen vacancies on the oxygen electrode are an effective strategy to achieve a high reversibility and high efficiency for lithium‐oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries. The modified MnMoO4 nanowires exhibit a highly stable capacity at a fixed capacity of 5000 mA h gsp−1 (calculated weight of Super P carbon black) during 50 cycles, a high‐rate capability at a current rate of 3000 mA gsp−1 during 70 cycles, and a long‐term reversible capacity during 188 cycles at a fixed capacity of 1000 mA h gsp−1. It is demonstrated that this strategy for creating mixed transition metal oxides (e.g., MnMoO4) may pave the way for the new structural design of electrocatalysts for Li‐O2 batteries.
Chimpanzee seed dispersal in a montane forest fragment in Rwanda
Authors: Chancellor Rebecca L. , Rundus Aaron S. , Nyandwi Sylvain
Published: November 2016

Primate seed dispersal plays an important role in forest regeneration. It may be particularly important to anthropogenically disturbed habitats such as forest fragments. However, few studies have examined primate seed dispersal in these types of environments. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are frugivorous and large‐bodied, and are therefore able to disperse both large and small seeds, making them an important seed dispersal species. We examined chimpanzee seed dispersal in Gishwati forest, a 14 km2 montane rainforest fragment in Rwanda. We systematically collected ≤24‐hr‐old fecal samples and counted the number of seeds of each fruit species. We also recorded observations of seeds found in wadges. We found that chimpanzees dispersed at least 18 fruit species in 14 families in their feces. Ninety‐five percent of feces had seeds, the most common of which were Ficus spp., Myrianthus holstii, and Maesa lanceolata. We estimated that the Gishwati chimpanzee community with a density of 1.7 individuals per km2 dispersed an average of 592 (>2 mm) seeds km−2 day−1. We also found that chimpanzees dispersed the seeds of at least two fruit species, Ficus spp. and Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, in their wadges. In addition, 17% of the tree species recorded in our vegetation plots were chimpanzee‐dispersed. This study emphasizes the importance of chimpanzees as large seed dispersers in regenerating forest fragments.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Chimpanzees in Gishwati disperse a significant number of large seeds.

Large‐bodied seed dispersers, like chimpanzees, are particularly important in regenerating forest fragments.
Evolution of electric‐field‐induced quasibound states and resonances in one‐dimensional open quantum systems
Authors: Olendski O.
Published: November 2016

A comparative analysis of three different time‐independent approaches to studying open quantum structures in a uniform electric field was performed using the example of a one‐dimensional attractive or repulsive δ‐potential and the surface that supports the Robin boundary condition. The three considered methods exploit different properties of the scattering matrix as a function of energy E: its poles, real values, and zeros of the second derivative of its phase. The essential feature of the method of zeroing the resolvent, which produces complex energies, is the unlimited growth of the wave function at infinity, which is, however, eliminated by the time‐dependent interpretation. The real energies at which the unitary scattering matrix becomes real correspond to the largest possible distortion, , or its absence at which in either case leads to the formation of quasibound states. Depending on their response to the increasing electric intensity, two types of field‐induced positive energy quasibound levels are identified: electron‐ and hole‐like states. Their evolution and interaction in the enlarging field lead ultimately to the coalescence of pairs of opposite states, with concomitant divergence of the associated dipole moments in what is construed as an electric breakdown of the structure. The characteristic features of the coalescence fields and energies are calculated and the behavior of the levels in their vicinity is analyzed. Similarities between the different approaches and their peculiarities are highlighted; in particular, for the zero‐field bound state in the limit of the vanishing , all three methods produce the same results, with their outcomes deviating from each other according to growing electric intensity. The significance of the zero‐field spatial symmetry for the formation, number, and evolution of the electron‐ and hole‐like states, and the interaction between them, is underlined by comparing outcomes for the symmetric δ geometry and asymmetric Robin wall.

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Periodic Oscillatory Motion of a Self‐Propelled Motor Driven by Decomposition of H2O2 by Catalase
Authors: Nakata Satoshi , Nomura Mio , Yamamoto Hiroya , Izumi Shunsuke , Suematsu Nobuhiko J. , Ikura Yumihiko , Amemiya Takashi
Published: November 2016

A self‐propelled motor driven by the enzymatic reaction of catalase adsorbed onto a filter paper floating on an aqueous solution of H2O2 was used to study nonlinear behavior in the motor's motion. An increase in the concentration of H2O2 resulted in a change from no motion to irregular oscillatory motion, periodic oscillatory motion, and continuous motion. The mechanisms underlying oscillation and mode bifurcation are discussed based on experimental results on O2 bubble formation and growth on the underside of the motor.
The Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide Anion
Authors: Schwarze Nico , Steinhauer Simon , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold
Published: November 2016

Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silane, which is conveniently accessible by the treatment of Si(C2F5)3X (X=Cl, Br) with Bu3SnH, was successfully employed for hydrosilylation reactions. In the presence of a palladium catalyst, hydrosilylation of phenylacetylene with Si(C2F5)3H affords the product of an α‐addition whereas the reaction of trimethylsilylacetylene with the silane leads to the β‐trans product. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silane can be deprotonated by sterically demanding bases such as lithium diisopropylamide at low temperatures to give the corresponding silanide ion. The addition of crown ethers or cryptands to this highly reactive species enabled the isolation and characterization of salt‐like tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide at room temperature.
Comparison of the performance of copper oxide and yttrium oxide nanoparticle based hydroxylethyl cellulose electrolytes for supercapacitors
Authors: Chong Mee Yoke , Numan Arshid , Liew Chiam‐Wen , Ramesh K. , Ramesh S.
Published: November 2016

Biodegradable solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) systems composed of hydroxylethyl cellulose blended with copper(II) oxide (CuO) and yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles as fillers, magnesium trifluoromethane sulfonate salt, and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate ionic liquid were prepared, and the effects of the incorporation of CuO and Y2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of the SPEs for electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) were compared. The X‐ray diffraction results reveal that the crystallinity of the SPE complex decreased upon inclusion of the Y2O3 nanoparticles compared to CuO nanoparticles; this led to a higher ionic conductivity of the Y2O3‐based SPE [(3.08 ± 0.01) × 10−4 S/cm] as compared to CuO [(2.03 ± 0.01) × 10−4 S/cm]. The EDLC performances demonstrated that the cell based on CuO nanoparticles had superior performance in terms of the specific capacitance, energy, and power density compared to the Y2O3‐nanoparticle‐based cell. However, Y2O3‐nanoparticle‐based cell displayed a high cyclic retention (91.32%) compared to the CuO‐nanoparticle‐based cell (80.46%) after 3000 charge–discharge cycles. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44636.
Zinc‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Conjugated Dienoates through Unusual Cross‐Couplings of Zinc Carbenes with Diazo Compounds
Authors: Mata Sergio , González María J. , González Jesús , López Luis A. , Vicente Rubén
Published: November 2016

Zinc‐catalyzed selective cross‐coupling of two carbene sources, such as vinyl diazo compounds and enynones, enabled the synthesis of conjugated dienoate derivatives. This reaction involved the unprecedented coupling of a zinc furyl carbene with vinyl diazo compounds through the γ‐carbon. Alternatively, dienoates were also prepared by a commutative cross‐coupling of zinc vinyl carbenes generated from cyclopropenes and simple diazo compounds.
Thioaldehydes from Aldehyde–Hydrogen Sulfide Interaction Under Organocatalysis
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: November 2016

Thioaldehydes are an important class of sulfur compounds involved in atmospheric, synthetic organic, and biological chemistry. Traditionally, they are believed to be formed by the nucleophilic attack of bisulfide anion on the carbonyl compounds. Herein, we suggest a new mechanism that does not require the formation of bisulfide anion, but rather involves an interaction between hydrogen sulfide and an aldehyde. Though the uncatalyzed or the water‐catalyzed reactions involve high barriers, the formic acid‐catalyzed reactions involve moderate barriers that should be accessible in planetary atmospheres. Under acid catalysis, thioaldehydes are formed in a hydrogen‐bonded state, which is at least 6.8 kcal mol−1 more stable than separated product and catalyst. This may have implications for the solution‐phase synthesis of simpler thioaldehydes, which has been a challenge because of their tendency to oligomerize. Another important implication of these results is for the aspartate semialdehyde→aspartate semithioaldehyde conversion, which is a key biosynthetic reaction in methanogen archaea. The unique ability of the active site aspartate or glutamate residue to catalyze hydrosulfidation of semialdehyde may explain catalysis inside these enzymes.
Vicinal Difluoroalkylation and Aminosulfonylation of Alkynes under Photoinduced Conditions
Authors: Xiang Yuanchao , Li Yuewen , Kuang Yunyan , Wu Jie
Published: November 2016

A photoinduced vicinal difluoroalkylation and aminosulfonylation of alkynes under photocatalysis was realized. The combination of ethyl 2‐bromo‐2,2‐difluoroacetate, alkynes, and DABCO⋅(SO2)2 with hydrazines, catalyzed by 9‐mes‐10‐methyl acridinium perchlorate in the presence of visible light, afforded (E)‐ethyl 2,2‐difluoro‐4‐aryl‐4‐sulfamoylbut‐3‐enoates in good yields with high stereoselectivity. This four‐component reaction proceeds through radical addition with the insertion of sulfur dioxide.
Molecules‐in‐molecules fragment‐based method for the calculation of chiroptical spectra of large molecules: Vibrational circular dichroism and Raman optical activity spectra of alanine polypeptides
Authors: Jose K. V. Jovan , Raghavachari Krishnan
Published: November 2016

The molecules‐in‐molecules (MIM) fragment‐based method has recently been adapted to evaluate the chiroptical (vibrational circular dichroism [VCD] and Raman optical activity [ROA]) spectra of large molecules such as peptides. In the MIM‐VCD and MIM‐ROA methods, the relevant higher energy derivatives of the parent molecule are assembled from the corresponding derivatives of smaller fragment subsystems. In addition, the missing long‐range interfragment interactions are accounted at a computationally less expensive level of theory (MIM2). In this work we employed the MIM‐VCD and MIM‐ROA fragment‐based methods to explore the evolution of the chiroptical spectroscopic characteristics of 310‐helix, α‐helix, β‐hairpin, γ‐turn, and β‐extended conformers of gas phase polyalanine (chain length n = 6–14). The different conformers of polyalanine show distinctive features in the MIM chiroptical spectra and the associated spectral intensities increase with evolution of system size. For a better understanding the site‐specific effects on the vibrational spectra, isotopic substitutions were also performed employing the MIM method. An increasing redshift with the number of isotopically labeled 13C=O functional groups in the peptide molecule was seen. For larger polypeptides, we implemented the two‐step‐MIM model to circumvent the high computational expense associated with the evaluation of chiroptical spectra at a high level of theory using large basis sets. The chiroptical spectra of α‐(alanine)20 polypeptide obtained using the two‐step‐MIM model, including continuum solvation effects, show good agreement with the full calculations and experiment. This benchmark study suggests that the MIM‐fragment approach can assist in predicting and interpreting chiroptical spectra of large polypeptides.
Synthese von Calciumsilicathydraten für eine Rückgewinnung von Phosphor in der Abwasserbehandlung
Authors: Zeggel Lars , Fritzsche Moritz , Gellermann Carsten , Stauber Rudolf
Published: November 2016

Mit der in Deutschland geplanten Verpflichtung zur Phosphorrückgewinnung im Rahmen der Abwasserbehandlung erlangt das Thema Phosphor‐Recycling für Kommunen und Industrie zunehmend Relevanz. Bedingt durch ihre große Oberfläche und Oberflächenladung besitzen Calciumsilicathydrate (CSH) ein bedeutendes Potenzial als Reaktionsmaterial. CSH‐Phasen werden aus Quarz, Kalk und Wasser unter erhöhten Druck‐ und Temperaturbedingungen hergestellt. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der CSH‐Synthese im Hinblick auf eine Optimierung der Phosphor‐Rückgewinnung unter Verwendung leicht verfügbarer und günstiger Rohstoffe.
Glycated 99mTc‐Tricarbonyl‐Labeled Peptide Conjugates for Tumor Targeting by “Click‐to‐Chelate”
Authors: Römhild Karolin , Fischer Christiane A. , Mindt Thomas L.
Published: November 2016

Attaching polar pharmacological modifiers to molecular imaging probes is a common strategy to modulate their pharmacokinetic profiles to improve such parameters as the clearance rate of radiotracers and/or metabolites, and to enhance signal‐to‐background ratios. We combined the tumor‐targeting peptide sequence of bombesin (BBN) with glucuronic acid and the single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radionuclide 99mTc by the “click‐to‐chelate” methodology. The 99mTc‐tricarbonyl‐labeled glucuronated BBN conjugate was compared with a reference compound lacking the carbohydrate. The radiolabeled conjugates displayed similar characteristics in vitro (cell internalization, receptor affinity), but the hydrophilicity of the glycated version was significantly increased. While the tumor uptake of the two radioconjugates in xenografted mice was similar, the glycated peptide exhibited unexpected higher uptake in organs of the hepatobiliary excretion pathway than the more lipophilic reference compound. Control experiments suggest that this may be the result of unspecific accumulation of metabolites in which the glucuronic acid moiety does not act as an innocent pharmacological modifier.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Triazolo‐ and Imidazolopyridine RORγt Inverse Agonists
Authors: Hintermann Samuel , Guntermann Christine , Mattes Henri , Carcache David A. , Wagner Juergen , Vulpetti Anna , Billich Andreas , Dawson Janet , Kaupmann Klemens , Kallen Joerg , Stringer Rowan , Orain David
Published: November 2016

Retinoic‐acid‐related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) is a key transcription factor implicated in the production of pro‐inflammatory Th17 cytokines, which drive a number of autoimmune diseases. Despite diverse chemical series having been reported, combining high potency with a good physicochemical profile has been a very challenging task in the RORγt inhibitor field. Based on available chemical structures and incorporating in‐house knowledge, a new series of triazolo‐ and imidazopyridine RORγt inverse agonists was designed. In addition, replacement of the terminal cyclopentylamide metabolic soft spot by five‐membered heterocycles was investigated. From our efforts, we identified an optimal 6,7,8‐substituted imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine core system and a 5‐tert‐butyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole as cyclopentylamide replacement leading to compounds 10 ((S)‐N‐(8‐((4‐(cyclopentanecarbonyl)‐3‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)methyl)‐7‐methylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐6‐yl)‐2‐methylpyrimidine‐5‐carboxamide) and 33 ((S)‐N‐(8‐((4‐(5‐(tert‐butyl)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)‐3‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)methyl)‐7‐methylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐6‐yl)‐2‐methylpyrimidine‐5‐carboxamide). Both derivatives showed good pharmacological potencies in biochemical and cell‐based assays combined with excellent physicochemical properties, including low to medium plasma protein binding across species. Finally, 10 and 33 were shown to be active in a rodent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model after oral gavage at 15 mg kg−1, lowering IL‐17 cytokine production in ex vivo antigen recall assays.
Multicolor Tuning in Room‐Temperature Self‐Activated Ca2Nb2O7 Submicroplates by Lanthanide Doping
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Cheng , Liu Yan‐Jie , Yan Xu , Zhang Hong‐Di , Zhang Jun , Wang Xiaoxiong , Han Wen‐Peng , Long Yun‐Ze , Sun Xin‐Yuan
Published: November 2016

Self‐activated phosphors are capable of generating optical emissions from the internal ion groups of host lattice before externally introducing luminescent ions. However, numerous self‐activated phosphors only show luminescence at low temperature due to the thermally activated energy migration among ion groups at room temperature, severely confining their application conditions. In this letter, we propose a strategy to converting the low‐temperature luminescence to a room‐temperature one through changing the synthesis conditions to induce structural distortions and thus to limit energy migration. Room‐temperature self‐activated luminescence of Ca2Nb2O7 was accordingly achieved in submicroplates synthesized using the sol–gel method. By further coupling the blue broadband emission from Ca2Nb2O7 submicroplates with the characteristic luminescence of Ln3+ (Pr3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+) dopants, multicolor emissions were successively tuned through adjusting the concentration of Ln3+. Our results are expected to expand the scope of designing room‐temperature self‐activated phosphors and tuning multicolor emission.
Assessment of oral appliance for obstructive sleep apnea patients
Authors: Makihara Eri , Kawano Toshihiro , Miyajima Ryuichiro , Masumi Shin‐ichi , Enciso Reyes , Clark Glenn T.
Published: November 2016

Although oral appliances (OAs) have become widely used for the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), side effects of OAs are generally related to poor utilization. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate relationship between utilization and treatment efficacy of a boil‐and‐bite appliance for OSA patients. A total of 135 patients with OSA who had used an OAs were mailed a questionnaire to determine whether they were currently using the OA. If so, they were asked about OA use, improvement of signs and subjective symptoms, and utilization. Otherwise, they were asked to indicate why and when they quit using the OA. Results of overnight polysomnography (PSG) before and after treatment were reviewed. Of the 48 responding patients, 33 patients were currently using the OA. The most common complication was excessive salivation (n = 11). All indices from PSG excluding arousal index were significantly improved after treatment (p < 0.05). Thirty patients showed improved signs and subjective symptoms. Eight out of 12 subjects (66.7%) were successfully treated, achieving an apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) < 10/h and >50% reduction in apnea‐hypopnea index. Of the 15 patients no longer using the OA, the primary reason for quitting was “no treatment effect” (n = 5). No indices from PSG recording differed between before and after treatment in the not‐using group. These results suggest that both subjective and objective signs and symptoms improved with use of the OA in the using group. However, no signs and subjective symptoms or indices of sleep quality differed between before and after treatment in the not‐using group. Device improvements are needed to achieve better treatment efficacy, and thus improve compliance. The present study evaluated relationship between utilization and treatment efficacy of a boil ‐and bite appliance for OSA patients. Device improvements are needed to achieve better treatment efficacy, thus improve compliance.
Cunningham's skinks show low genetic connectivity and signatures of divergent selection across its distribution
Authors: Ofori Benjamin Y. , Beaumont Linda J. , Stow Adam J.
Published: November 2016

Establishing corridors of connecting habitat has become a mainstay conservation strategy to maintain gene flow and facilitate climate‐driven range shifts. Yet, little attention has been given to ascertaining the extent to which corridors will benefit philopatric species, which might exhibit localized adaptation. Measures of genetic connectivity and adaptive genetic variation across species’ ranges can help fill this knowledge gap. Here, we characterized the spatial genetic structure of Cunningham's skink (Egernia cunninghami), a philopatric species distributed along Australia's Great Dividing Range, and assessed evidence of localized adaptation. Analysis of 4,274 SNPs from 94 individuals sampled at four localities spanning 500 km and 4° of latitude revealed strong genetic structuring at neutral loci (mean FST ± SD = 0.603 ± 0.237) among the localities. Putatively neutral SNPs and those under divergent selection yielded contrasting spatial patterns, with the latter identifying two genetically distinct clusters. Given low genetic connectivity of the four localities, we suggest that the natural movement rate of this species is insufficient to keep pace with spatial shifts to its climate envelope, irrespective of habitat availability. In addition, our finding of localized adaptation highlights the risk of outbreeding depression should the translocation of individuals be adopted as a conservation management strategy.
Synthesis of 5‐Phenylthiazolamines by Using Thiourea as an α‐Bromination Shuttle
Authors: Roslan Irwan Iskandar , Ng Kian‐Hong , Chuah Gaik‐Khuan , Jaenicke Stephan
Published: November 2016

A straightforward synthesis of 5‐phenylthiazolamines by coupling thiourea with phenylacetones, phenylacetophenones, and β‐tetralone has been developed. Thiourea acts as a substrate and an α‐bromination shuttle by transferring a Br atom from CBrCl3 to the α‐carbon of the carbonyl moiety. A series of steps are then triggered to reach the final product. Isolated yields from 80 to 95 % were obtained. Key features of this protocol include its minimal use of reagents (i.e., substrates, CBrCl3, and CsHCO3), its short reaction times under mild conditions (at 80 °C for 2–3 h), and its ease of scale up to prepare gram quantities of product.
Reliable estimation of microvascular flow patterns in patients with disrupted blood–brain barrier using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI
Authors: Hansen Mikkel Bo , Tietze Anna , Kalpathy‐Cramer Jayashree , Gerstner Elizabeth R. , Batchelor Tracy T. , Østergaard Leif , Mouridsen Kim
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To present and quantify the performance of a method to compute tissue hemodynamic parameters from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI data in brain tissue with possible nonintact blood–brain barrier.

Theory and Materials and Methods

We propose a Bayesian scheme to obtain perfusion metrics, including capillary transit‐time heterogeneity (CTH), from DSC‐MRI data in the presence of contrast agent extravasation. Initial performance assessment is performed through simulations. Next, we assessed possible over‐ or under correction for tracer extravasation in two patients receiving contrast agent preloading and two patients not receiving preloading. Perfusion metrics for N = 60 patients diagnosed with either grade III (N = 14) or grade IV gliomas (N = 46) were analyzed across tissue types to evaluate the ability to distinguish regions with different hemodynamic patterns. Finally, N = 4 patient cases undergoing anti‐angiogenic treatment are evaluated qualitatively for treatment effects. All patient data were acquired at 3.0 Tesla.

Results

The simulation studies showed good robustness against low signal‐to‐noise ratios, exemplified with Pearson correlations of R = 0.833 (mean transit time) and R = 0.738 (CTH) at signal‐to‐noise ratio = 20. Region‐of‐interest analysis of the N = 60 glioma patients showed that cerebral blood volume (CBV) significantly separated enhancing core from edema (grade IV: P < 10−8, grade III: P < 0.05) and enhancing core from normal appearing ipsilateral white matter (NAWM) (grade IV: P < 10−8, grade III: P < 0.05). The microvascular parameters were particularly good in separating edematous tissue from NAWM tissue in grade IV gliomas (P < 0.001). Finally, CTH separated grade III and grade IV core tissue (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

We have demonstrated robustness of the proposed Bayesian algorithm against experimental noise and demonstrated complementary value in microvascular parameters to the CBV parameter in separating tissue types in gliomas.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:537–549
Evaluation of recurrent high‐grade gliomas treated with bevacizumab: A preliminary report of 3D pseudocontinuous artery spin labeling
Authors: Lyu Yuelei , Liu Shuai , You Hui , Hou Bo , Wang Yu , Ma Wenbin , Feng Feng
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To investigate the role of cerebral blood flow (CBF) derived from a 3D fast spin echo (FSE) pseudocontinuous artery spin labeling (pcASL) sequence in evaluating the survival rate of recurrent high‐grade gliomas (rHGGs) that were treated with bevacizumab (BEV).

Materials and Methods

Sixteen patients with rHGGs who underwent 3T 3D FSE pcASL imaging 1–2 days before (baseline or pre‐BEV) and within 1 month after BEV treatment initiation (post‐BEV) were included in the study. Average (aCBF) and maximum (mCBF) cerebral blood flow of the enhancing tumor, their respective normalized values to contralateral normal‐appearing white matter (rCBF_wm and mCBF_wm) and cerebellum (rCBF_cb and mCBF_cb), and the related changes between baseline and post‐BEV were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to define the optimal cutoff perfusion values for overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) stratification. Kaplan–Meier analysis with log‐rank test was applied to assess and compare PFS and OS rates.

Results

All the CBF measurements pre‐BEV and post‐BEV treatment were significantly different except mCBF. The CBF measurements (aCBF, rCBF_wm, rCBF_cb, mCBF_wm and mCBF_cb) pre‐BEV all decreased post‐BEV treatment. Cutoffs of aCBF (43.72 ml/100g/min) pre‐BEV for OS, rCBF_cb (1.09) pre‐BEV for PFS and OS, and ΔaCBF (–0.37) for PFS were found to be statistically significant in survival stratification (404 days vs. 140 days, P = 0.026; 251 days vs. 112 days, P = 0.044; 404 days vs. 194 days, P = 0.046; 267 days vs. 116 days, P = 0.048, respectively).

Conclusion

Three dimensional FSE pcASL can detect the decrease of perfusion in rHGGs treated with BEV and is a potential promising technique in stratifying survival rate of rHGGs under BEV treatment.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:565–573
Measuring Managerial Ability Using a Two‐stage SFA‐DEA Approach
Authors: Veltri Stefania , D'Orio Giovanni , Bonanno Graziella
Published: November 2016

The article focuses on the measurement of a relevant component of the human capital, the managerial ability (MA). Quantifying MA is central to management literature. Prior research indicates that manager specific features (ability, talent, reputation, or style) affect economic outcomes but, in management literature, most of the measures used in archival research also reflect significant aspects of the firm that are outside of management's control. The article aims to find a measure, better than existing ones, which allows distinguishing the effect of the manager from the effect of the firm in creating firm value. The article uses the “two‐stage SFA‐DEA” approach, in which both Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) are used to estimate the efficiency scores firms adopt to derive a measure of MA. The idea is to obtain a measure of MA as a residue of the inefficiency equation of SFA and to use it as a new input to insert in the “second/third” DEA stage. Italian banks have been chosen as the sample to investigate and implement the model. The differences in results with or without this new MA measure provide evidence of the existence of this contribution. The originality of the article consists in the proposition of a new model to measure MA, which outperforms the alternative measures, simple to use as it is based on easily obtainable financial data and available for a broad cross section of firms, so opening the door to a wide array of studies previously difficult to conduct. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pilot testing of a novel surgical simulator for endoscopic zenker's diverticulotomy
Authors: Wiebracht Nathan D. , Giliberto John P. , Myer Charles , Casper Keith , Johnson Kaalan E.
Published: November 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Restrictions on resident work hours and the increasing purview of otolaryngology reduce the efficacy of the traditional surgical training model. With limited case volumes at many institutions and the unique instrumentation of endoscopic Zenker's diverticulotomy (EZD), simulation may be useful to improve training. In this study, a novel surgical simulator for EZD is developed and validated.

Study Design

Simulation model development.

Methods

An EZD model was designed using an intubation trainer and disposable diverticulum inserts. A novel objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS) for EZD was developed. Performance of otolaryngology residents on simulations using the OSATS and time to completion were evaluated during an instructional course. Pre‐ and postencounter surveys were completed. Inter‐rater and intrarater reliability were evaluated via blinded video review of resident performance.

Results

Seventeen residents participated (n = 17). Surveys showed confidence improved two points on a five‐point scale (P < .001), and 94% agreed that the model would improve resident performance with in vivo EZD. More experienced trainees (postgraduate year [PGY] 3–5, n = 11 vs. PGY 1–2, n = 6) had shorter times to completion (P < .001) and higher assessment scores on initial attempts (P = .006). Both groups showed significant improvements from initial to final attempts on 30‐point scales for global rating by 6.2 ± 4.2 (mean ± standard deviation, P < .001). The novel OSATS demonstrated fair live/video reliability (к = 0.40) and inter‐rater reliability (к = 0.44), and moderate intrarater reliability (к = 0.60).

Conclusions

Pilot testing of an EZD simulator demonstrated acceptability, content validity, and construct validity. A novel OSATS was developed and evaluated. Further investigation of the impact on operative performance and validation of the OSATS in vivo is needed.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:592–596, 2017
Contemporary management of carotid blowout syndrome utilizing endovascular techniques
Authors: Manzoor Nauman F. , Rezaee Rod P. , Ray Abhishek , Wick Cameron C. , Blackham Kristine , Stepnick David , Lavertu Pierre , Zender Chad A.
Published: November 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To illustrate complex interdisciplinary decision making and the utility of modern endovascular techniques in the management of patients with carotid blowout syndrome (CBS).

Study Designs

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Patients treated with endovascular strategies and/or surgical modalities were included. Control of hemorrhage, neurological, and survival outcomes were studied.

Results

Between 2004 and 2014, 33 patients had 38 hemorrhagic events related to head and neck cancer that were managed with endovascular means. Of these, 23 were localized to the external carotid artery (ECA) branches and five localized to the ECA main trunk; nine were related to the common carotid artery (CCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA), and one event was related to the innominate artery. Seven events related to the CCA/ICA or innominate artery were managed with endovascular sacrifice, whereas three cases were managed with a flow‐preserving approach (covered stent). Only one patient developed permanent hemiparesis. In two of the three cases where the flow‐preserving approach was used, the covered stent eventually became exposed via the overlying soft tissue defect, and definitive management using carotid revascularization or resection was employed to prevent further hemorrhage. In cases of soft tissue necrosis, vascularized tissues were used to cover the great vessels as applicable.

Conclusions

The use of modern endovascular approaches for management of acute CBS yields optimal results and should be employed in a coordinated manner by the head and neck surgeon and the neurointerventionalist.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:383–390, 2017
Polymer Material Design by Microfluidics Inspired by Cell Biology and Cell‐Free Biotechnology
Authors: Thiele Julian
Published: November 2016

Microfluidic flow cells provide excellent control over the formation of microemulsions, which are widely applied as templates for the fabrication of hydrogel microparticles and vesicles with defined physicochemical properties. In recent years, bio‐orthogonal synthesis schemes of macromolecular building blocks as well as their microfluidic processing under mild reaction conditions have greatly extended microfluidics‐based vesicle and hydrogel design beyond material sciences. In particular, in synthetic and cell biology, tissue engineering as well as cell‐free biotechnology, microgels and vesicles as experimental platforms with known parameter space allow for mimicking, studying and manipulating key aspects of cellular life in vitro in a tailored fashion. This article provides insights in recent advances to fabricate vesicles and microgels by microfluidic jets and droplets with tailored volume, shape and internal structure, and presents developments in applying these materials as artificial extracellular matrices as well as simple cell mimics designed by microfluidics.

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Platinum nanoparticles fabricated multiresponsive microgel composites: Synthesis, characterization, and applications
Authors: Naseem Khalida , Begum Robina , Farooqi Zahoor H.
Published: November 2016

This tutorial review describes the recent research progress of platinum nanoparticles fabricated composite microgels. Synthetic methods, characterization and applications of platinum nanoparticles loaded composite polymer microgels have been elaborated. Different types of platinum nanoparticles loaded hybrid microgel systems on the basis of their morphology have also been discussed in detail. Stability of platinum nanoparticles inside different microgel systems reported in literature has been described. Applications of platinum nanoparticles loaded composite microgels in the field of catalysis are mainly discussed in this review. An overview of catalytic applications of platinum nanoparticles fabricated hybrid microgels has been provided here along with future perspectives of this area. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2167–2180, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Similarities and differences between two different types of the thermoluminescence dosimeters belonging to the LiF family
Authors: Sadek A. M. , Khamis F. , Polymeris George S. , Carinou E. , Kitis G.
Published: November 2016

The kinetic parameters of the glow‐peaks of Harshaw – LiF:Mg, Ti (TLD) and Poland – LiF:Mg,Ti (MTS) dosimeters were investigated at different dose levels using the computerized glow‐curve deconvolution (CGCD) algorithm. The results showed that the glow‐curve structure and the kinetic parameters of the MTS – 6 and the TLD dosimeter are identical. In addition, the glow‐curve structure and the kinetic parameters of the MTS – N and MTS – 7 dosimeters. However, unusual low activation energy (∼1.67 eV) and frequency factor (∼1015 s–1) values were detected for peak 5 of MTS – N, and MTS – 7 at the 50 Gy dose‐level. Moreover, unlike the activation energy and the frequency factor of peak 5 of the TLD dosimeters, the activation energy and the frequency factor of peak 5 of MTS – N and MTS – 7 are substantially dependent on the absorbed dose level. The results also showed that peak 2 of the same dosimeters has also unusual low activation energy and frequency factor values. However, these values showed high stability over the different dose levels. The explanations of these unusual behaviors of peak 5 were discussed and a correlation between peak 2 and peak 5 was pointed out.
Syntheses and Structures of Monomeric and Dimeric Ternary Complexes of Copper(II) with 2,2′‐Bipyridyl and Carboxylate Ligands
Authors: Batool Syeda Shahzadi , Gilani Syeda Rubina , Nawaz Tahir Muhammad , Harrison William T. A.
Published: November 2016

The syntheses and crystal structures of Cu(C10H8N2)(C9H7O2)(H2O) (1) and [Cu2(C10H8N2)2(C7H6NO2)3(C7H7NO2)]·Cl·3H2O (2) are described [C10H8N2 = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy), C9H7O2– = cinnamate anion (cinn–), C7H6NO2– = p‐amino benzoate anion (paba–), and C7H7NO2 = p‐amino benzoic acid (Hpaba)]. Complex 1 [triclinic, space group P1 (no. 2), a = 12.0357 (7) Å, b = 13.8799 (8) Å, c = 16.3225 (9) Å, α = 84.916 (3)°, β = 88.551 (3)°, γ = 67.877 (3)°, V = 2516.0 (2) Å3, Z = 4] contains two molecules in the asymmetric unit: both feature a distorted square‐pyramidal CuN2O3 chromophore arising from the coordination of a bidentate bipy ligand, two monodentate cinn– anions, and a water molecule to the metal ion. The cation in complex 2 [orthorhombic, space group P212121 (no. 19), a = 13.5061 (10) Å, b = 18.1441 (11) Å, c = 18.9671 (13) Å, V = 4648.1 (5) Å3, Z = 4] is dimeric with square pyramidal CuN2O3 and CuN3O2 metal coordination polyhedra: each metal ion is coordinated by a bidentate bipy ligand and two bridging paba– anions; the apical coordination site of one is occupied by an O‐bonded paba– anion and the other by an N‐bonded Hpaba neutral molecule. The cation in 2 is isomeric with the previously reported [Cu2(C10H8N2)2(C7H6NO2)2(C7H7NO2)2]2+ cation, in which both apical Hpaba molecules are N‐bonded to their metal ions.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Luminescence Properties of Four Coordination Polymers Based on 1,3,5‐Tris (imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene
Authors: Liu Xinzheng , Chen Hongtai , Fan Liming , Zhang Xiutang
Published: November 2016

Based on the tripodal 1,3,5‐tris(imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (tib) ligand, four transition metal coordination polymers, namely, {[Ni3(tib)2(H2O)12]·(SO4)3}n (1), {[Co1/6(tib)1/3]·(O)1/3}n (2), and [M(tib)(hip)]n (M = Mn for 3, and M = Co for 4) (hip = 5‐hydroxyisophthalic acid), were synthesized through solvothermal method. Their structures were defined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses (EA), IR spectra, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Complex 1 displays a 2D 3‐connected (63) hcb net. Complex 2 is a 2D (3,6)‐connected (43)2(46.66.83) kgm net. Complex 3 and 4 present similar 2D 4‐connected (44.62) sql net. Moreover, the solid state luminescence properties of complexes 1 and 3 were investigated.
Multi‐disciplinary Concurrent Management of Recurrent Hepatocellular Therapy is Superior to Sequential Therapy
Authors: Fields Tyler D. , Philips Prejesh , Scoggins Charles R. , Tatum Cliff , Kelly Lawrence , McMasters Kelly M. , Martin Robert C. G.
Published: November 2016

Background

Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after a patient’s initial therapy, whether it is transplantation, resection, or ablation, remains a challenging clinical problem. Since recurrence occurs in 70% of all initially treated disease within 5 years, optimal management to treat this recurrence is needed. Currently, a bias exists toward mono‐therapy (i.e., ablation alone, hepatic arterial therapy alone, or sorafenib therapy alone) instead of concurrent sequential therapy—as is common in other primary and metastatic disease to the liver. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the overall survival of recurrent HCC based on either mono‐therapy or multimodality therapy.

Methods

A review of our prospective 2245 patient hepato‐pancreatico‐biliary database was performed for all patients who underwent treatment with curative intent for hepatocellular carcinoma and had complete recurrence treatment data from June 2002 to May 2015. Mono‐therapy was defined as initiation of a solitary therapy until disease progression or intolerance. Multimodality therapy was defined as at least 2 therapies that occurred simultaneously or within 4 weeks of each therapy.

Results

A total of 281 patients underwent treatment with curative intent for hepatocellular carcinoma, in which 192 experienced recurrence. These patients were treated with either thermal ablation or liver resection (LR) (N = 51), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) or radiation (N = 68), systemic therapy (N = 26), or multimodality therapy (N = 47). The extent of the first recurrence was similar in regard to the number of tumors (median 1), the type of radiologic HCC, gender, BMI, and percentage of liver involvement. They differed in regard to size (MMT largest, median 5.6 cm, p = 0.02), and MMT had higher Hepatitis C involvement (37% of patients, p = 0.001). In evaluation of first recurrence treatment, after a median follow‐up of 24 months, multimodality therapy has a significant improvement in overall survival (median 40 months, range 8–85), when compared to LR/Ablation (27 months, range 4–75), TACE/XRT (13 months, range 4–68), and systemic (26 months, range 3–59) (p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Multimodality therapy should be considered in all patients with recurrent HCC based on tumor biology and underlying hepatic reserve. Hepatocellular cancer should be treated like other hepatic malignancies in which concurrent therapies are utilized simultaneously to optimize oncologic effects (response rates and overall survival) and minimize quality‐of‐life side effects. Multimodality therapy can lead to far superior overall survival and is well tolerated in the majority of recurrent HCC patients.