bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A daily diary study of the relationships among daily self‐compassion, perceived stress and health‐promoting behaviours
Authors: Li Yanjuan , Deng Ju , Lou Xiaobin , Wang Haobi , Wang Yuyin
Published: July 2019

Previous studies consistently found that trait self‐compassion is positively associated with health‐promoting behaviours, and perceived stress mediates the relationship. The current study primarily aimed at examining whether state self‐compassion varying from day to day (daily self‐compassion) played the same role as trait self‐compassion in improving health‐promoting behaviours and whether or not perceived stress would be the mediator in this relationship. Eighty‐nine Chinese employees were recruited to finish demographic information and the trait measure of self‐compassion first, and then finish daily diaries for seven consecutive days. Daily diary measures included daily self‐compassion, perceived stress and health‐promoting behaviours including both eating behaviours and exercise behaviours. The results of 1‐1‐1 multilevel mediation analyses showed that, at both the within‐ and between‐person level, daily self‐compassion could positively predict daily eating behaviour through the reduction of perceived stress. However, daily self‐compassion did not influence exercise behaviour at both levels. The results of 2‐1‐1 multilevel mediation analyses cross‐validated the between‐person relationships in the 1‐1‐1 multilevel mediation models. These results suggest that, both short‐term interventions aiming at increasing state self‐compassion and long‐term interventions aiming at increasing trait self‐compassion can benefit one's eating behaviours through the reduction of stress.
Transcription factor CEBPB inhibits the proliferation of osteosarcoma by regulating downstream target gene CLEC5A
Authors: Lu Jianhua , Chen Weikai , Liu Hao , Yang Huilin , Liu Tao
Published: July 2019

Objective

To screen the gene related to osteosarcoma (OS) metastasis and the molecular mechanism.

Methods

GEO database and R2 chip analysis platform were used to screen genes related to OS metastasis. UCSC gene browser was used to find the transcription factor (TF) of CLEC5A. The mRNA level and protein expression of CLEC5A in OS tissues and normal tissues were determined by RT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. OS cell lines MG‐63 were transfected with CEBPB recombinant plasmid. After transfection, the expression of CLEC5A in MG‐63 cells was determined and the cell proliferation situation was determined by clone formation assay.

Results

Three genes CLEC5A, ALOX5AP, and RNASE3 were obtained, and CLEC5A has the highest correlation with OS. CLEC5A has screened the gene related to OS metastasis, and CEBPB can be taken as TF regulating downstream gene CLEC5A. CEBPB can regulate the downstream CLEC5A as transcription factor. The relative mRNA level and protein expression of CLEC5A in OS tissues were significantly higher than those in normal tissues. CLEC5A can prevent OS metastasis. Transfection of CEBPB increased the expression of CLEC5A in MG‐63 cells and also inhibited the proliferation of OS.

Conclusion

CEBPB can inhibit the proliferation of OS cells via regulating the expression of CLEC5A.
Monochromatic LEDs based on perovskite quantum dots: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Solari Simon F. , Kumar Sudhir , Jagielski Jakub , Shih Chih‐Jen
Published: July 2019

Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as one of the most promising candidates for the monochromatic light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) approaching the Rec. 2020 color gamut due to their extremely narrow emission bandwidth. Another important aspect are the high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) values that can be obtained either in solution or thin films making these materials as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications such as LEDs or solar cells. Considerable research efforts in chemistry, chemical engineering, solid‐state physics, and material sciences have been made in the past years. The new opportunity in the field of semiconductor quantum dots is still in the beginning phase and is expected to remain active in the following years. Here, in this invited commentary, we briefly discuss and summarize the opportunities and challenges in both fundamental and technological aspects, based on our work and the recent work in this field.
Electroless deposition of silver nanofractals on copper wire by galvanic displacement as a simple technique for preparation of porous solid‐phase microextraction fibers
Authors: Hasanli Fateme , Bahmaei Manochehr , Mohammadiazar Sirwan , Sharif Amir Abdollah Mehrdad
Published: July 2019

A novel and porous solid‐phase microextraction fiber was prepared by quick and simple galvanic displacement reaction and applied to the determination of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sunflower oil. The parameters affecting the porosity and thickness of the fiber, and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including the extraction time, temperature, and ionic strength, were investigated and optimized. The morphology of prepared fiber was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy and thermal and chemical stabilities of the fiber were studied. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection ranged between 0.1 ng/mL for pyrene to 1.2 ng/mL for anthracene, and LOQ ranged between 0.3 ng/mL for pyrene to 3.6 ng/mL for anthracene. The relative standard deviations, including repeatability (within fibers) and reproducibility (between fibers), varied between 3.2–8.9 and 5.6–9.8%, respectively.
Reducing the conservation reliance of the endangered Kirtland's warbler through adaptive management
Authors: Cooper Nathan W. , Rushing Clark S. , Marra Peter P.
Published: July 2019

Species are considered conservation‐reliant when their continued existence is dependent on human assistance. Conservation reliance challenges the conservation community in terms of their ability to sustain the funding and public‐private partnerships needed for indefinite management. Although increased funding for conservation is critical, reducing conservation reliance through adaptive management represents an attractive alternative. We used a large‐scale ecological experiment as a case study in the use of adaptive management to reduce conservation reliance. For >40 years, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has trapped and lethally removed an obligate brood parasite, the brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), to protect the Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii) from the negative effects that brood parasitism has on its reproductive success. To determine if the conservation reliance of the Kirtland's warbler could be reduced through optimization of the cowbird control program, we used an adaptive management approach. In collaboration with stakeholders, we experimentally reduced cowbird trapping effort across nearly all of the Kirtland's warbler breeding range. We monitored the resulting cowbird abundance and rate of parasitism, and then adjusted the scale of trap reductions based on the previous year's results. Despite reducing (2015–2017) and eventually eliminating (2018) cowbird trapping, we detected only 20 cowbirds (2015–2017) and found that just 4 of 514 (<1%) nests were parasitized (2015–2018). Our results indicate that the cowbird control program can at least temporarily be suspended, thereby reducing conservation reliance in the Kirtland's warbler and freeing funds for other management. We urge the conservation community to consider the use of adaptive management to reduce conservation reliance in other threatened and endangered taxa. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Demulsification‐Induced Fast Solidification: A Novel Strategy for the Preparation of Polymer Films Based on Inorganic Salt Solutions and Organic Solvents
Authors: Wang Dan , Kong Ruixia , Ge Xingshi , Yao Zhanhai , Zhou Yang , Zhang Jianfu
Published: July 2019

The development of a novel film fabrication strategy, named demulsification‐induced fast solidification (DIFS), for the rapid fabrication of large‐area polymer films is reported in this study. The polymer films are fabricated through dialysis and dipping processes using emulsions and a demulsifier based on the DIFS method. Furthermore, robust and flexible free‐standing films with controllable thicknesses and functionalities, such as tunable mechanical properties (elongation at break of 350–980% and ultimate tensile strength of 0.21–1.88 MPa); excellent optical properties (optical transmittance greater than 52.03% in the visible region, refractive index of 1.4888 ± 0.0001, and Abbe number of 52.1 ± 1.1); and luminescence properties, are rapidly and easily prepared by mechanical exfoliation based on the DIFS method. The results show that this academic concept and fabrication method will provide support for the design and preparation of functional polymer films that are highly desirable for optical, flexible device, and wearable material applications.
Micro‐Phase Separation within Epoxy Resin Yields Ultrathin Mesoporous Membranes with Increased Scalability by Conversion from Spin‐ to Dip‐Coating Process
Authors: Schuster Christian , Matzinger Jasmin , Jungbauer Alois
Published: July 2019

Ultrathin mesoporous membranes offer highly desirable characteristics for separation tasks regarding selectivity and mass transport of proteins. They have potential applications as separation devices in microfluidics, diagnostics, sensing, and high‐precision separations for pharmaceutical formulation. Especially for large‐scale and mass production, sophisticated production processes represent a barrier for wider application. A method is developed to produce nanomembranes with a thickness of 75 nm and 40 nm pores with an epoxy resin. The novolac resin is cured with branched polyethylenimine to form a covalently crosslinked polymer membrane with perforations spanning the entire thickness. Pore formation relies on micro‐phase separation of the curing agent during casting and the selective dissolution of the emergent nanodomains which thereby serve as pore templates. The resulting membranes are hydrophilic and therefore suitable for applications with biological fluids. Mechanical testing of the flexible but robust thin films reveals an ultimate tensile strength of 15 MPa and a biaxial modulus of 0.8 GPa. Proteins with a diameter of less than 12 nm can diffuse through the pores and permeation rates are pH dependent. The entire fabrication process is transferred to a dip‐coating approach, which is more suitable for a potential large‐scale production.
In vitro and in silico studies on membrane interactions of diverse Capsicum annuum flower γ‐thionin peptides
Authors: Nikte Siddhanta , Gahankari Apurva , Mulla Javed , Sengupta Durba , Joshi Manali , Tamhane Vaijayanti
Published: July 2019

Thionins are small, cysteine‐rich peptides that play an important role in plant defense, primarily through their interactions with membranes. Eight novel γ‐thionin peptides (CanThio1‐8) were isolated from the flower of Capsicum annuum. Sequence analysis revealed that the peptides cluster into three groups. A representative peptide from each group (CanThio1, 2, and 3) was used for experimental characterization. Interestingly, peptides were found to possess some cytotoxic activity against normal human embryonic kidney cell line but higher cytotoxicity against cancer cell line MCF‐7. CanThio3 peptide was chosen as a representative peptide to study the molecular mechanism of action on membranes. Microsecond timescale atomistic simulations of CanThio3 were performed in the presence of a POPC (1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) lipid bilayer. Simulations revealed that CanThio3 interacts with the bilayer and causes lipid thinning in the vicinity. Nonpolar amino acids specific to the α‐core region of CanThio3 along with nonpolar residues in the γ‐core region are seen to interact with the lipid tails. The differences in the amino acid sequence of CanThio peptides in these regions explain the variability in cytotoxic activities. In summary, our results demonstrate the membrane‐mediated activity of a novel series of γ‐thionin peptides from C. annuum.
Characterization of perdeuterated high‐potential iron‐sulfur protein with high‐resolution X‐ray crystallography
Authors: Hanazono Yuya , Takeda Kazuki , Miki Kunio
Published: July 2019

Perdeuteration in neutron crystallography is an effective method for determining the positions of hydrogen atoms in proteins. However, there is shortage of evidence that the high‐resolution details of perdeuterated proteins are consistent with those of the nondeuterated proteins. In this study, we determined the X‐ray structure of perdeuterated high‐potential iron‐sulfur protein (HiPIP) at a high resolution of 0.85 å resolution. The comparison of the nondeuterated and perdeuterated structures of HiPIP revealed slight differences between the two structures. The spectroscopic and spectroelectrochemical studies also showed that perdeuterated HiPIP has approximately the same characteristics as nondeuterated HiPIP. These results further emphasize the suitability of using perdeuterated proteins in the high‐resolution neutron crystallography.
Reurbanisation: A long‐term process or a short‐term stage?
Authors: Kabisch Nadja , Haase Dagmar , Haase Annegret
Published: July 2019

Reurbanisation was identified in European cities since the 1980s. It is a process in which cities stop losing population, stabilise, and regrow. It is however questioned whether reurbanisation represents a long‐term process of urban living or a short‐term stage. Using the city of Leipzig, Germany, we show that reurbanisation has been ongoing over the last 15 years. Reurbanisation has the potential to be a long‐term, consolidated process in Leipzig's inner‐city areas and even spread to other parts of the city creating novel socio‐demographic patterns. The local context—with key importance of the housing market—is crucial for the emergence and course of current urban development processes. Future research should investigate the underpinnings of housing market processes and policies and how they impact residential mobility, socio‐spatial differentiation, and transformation of urban space. Using a flexible selection of indicators, this will enable a comprehensive understanding of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of reurbanising cities.
Understanding the views of the UK food packaging supply chain in order to support a move to circular economy systems
Authors: Clark Nikki , Trimingham Rhoda , Storer Ian
Published: July 2019

This study set out to better understand the feelings of stakeholders from the UK food packaging supply chain towards a move to circular economy (CE) systems. The research areas studied included current and future challenges facing supply chain stakeholders, the consideration of transformative technologies (TT) to enable packaging solutions in the move to CE systems and what CE systems using TT would look like for the UK's chilled food packaging sector. A questionnaire was selected to obtain data from across the UK food packaging supply chain. Participants were selected from six industry stakeholder groups, with 24 completing the questionnaire. This study has clearly shown there is a large spectrum of solutions in a move to CE, each with their own benefits and limitations. TT has an ability to enable these, but in selecting the best one for a specific packaging solution, a decision maker must take into consideration business constraints of the supply chain and the consumer's behaviour towards new solutions.
Distributed finite‐time formation control for multiple quadrotors via local communications
Authors: Dou Liqian , Yang Chuang , Wang Dandan , Tian Bailing , Zong Qun
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates finite‐time formation tracking control problem for multiple quadrotors with external disturbance. The states of the virtual leader are not available to all the followers and the network topology is described by a directed graph. The model of each quadrotor is divided into position subsystem and attitude subsystem. Firstly, novel distributed finite‐time state observers are designed to estimate the relative state errors between followers and the virtual leader. Secondly, the values of these observers are used to design controllers that achieve finite‐time robust coordinated tracking in the position subsystem. Thirdly, the terminal sliding mode disturbance observers and finite‐time attitude tracking controllers are proposed, respectively, in the attitude subsystem to estimate the external disturbance and achieve attitude tracking control. The finite‐time stability analysis of the control algorithms is carried out using the Lyapunov theory and the homogeneous technique. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by numerical simulations.
Different expectations: A comparative history of structure, experience, and strategic alliances in the U.S. and U.K. poultry sectors, 1920–1990
Authors: Godley Andrew C. , Hamilton Shane
Published: July 2019

Research Summary

This comparative historical analysis demonstrates how memory and reflexive interpretations of the past can shape entrepreneurial willingness to collaborate with larger firms in an industry. Emphasizing the importance of spatial metaphors and periodization for developing historical knowledge, the paper focuses on how the historical space of experience explains how entrepreneurs make strategic choices regarding collaboration under conditions of complexity and uncertainty. Comparing the U.S. and U.K. emerging poultry sectors offers a methodologically novel analysis of an important but little‐studied agribusiness sector, offering a dual reading that compares two versions of historical reasoning both theoretically and empirically.

Managerial Summary

Historical experience matters to entrepreneurs, shaping their expectations about markets and opportunities, including possibilities for strategic alliances with larger firms. Rather than assuming that the events of the past structurally determine entrepreneurial expectations for the future, we demonstrate how experience, interpretation, and memory shape the nature of competition and collaboration in emerging industries. Our approach relies on the comparative method, suggesting a new way to consider how uses of the past might shape entrepreneurship in industries other than the U.S. and U.K. poultry industries that serve as our empirical focus.
Strategies Toward Extending the Near‐Infrared Photovoltaic Response of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Bai Yiming , Lang Kun , Zhao Chunyan , Guo Qiang , Zeng Rui , Wang Jun , Hayat Tasawar , Alsaedi Ahmed , Tan Zhan'ao
Published: July 2019

The emerging perovskite materials present great opportunities for cost‐saving and efficient photovoltaic devices. However, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suffer from the limitation of short optical absorption edge, resulting in most of the near‐infrared (NIR) light being wasted. Recently, strategies toward broadening the NIR spectra response and further improve the power conversion efficiency of PSCs have attracted extensive attention. In this review, the unique features of perovskite materials are first introduced; subsequently, the current developments of organic–inorganic hybrid PSCs and all‐inorganic PSCs are highlighted. Then, a detailed summary of the strategies toward enhancing the NIR light harvesting of PSCs, namely, perovskite/Si and perovskite/Cu(In1–x, Gax)Se2 tandem solar cells (TSCs) and the integrated perovskite/organic solar cells (IPOSCs), is presented. After an in‐depth understanding of the working mechanism of TSCs and IPOSCs, a comprehensive overview about their recent developments, key detrimental factors restricting their further performance enhancement, and feasible countermeasures to conquer these scientific and technological problems are given. In the end, the perspectives on the related materials and devices are addressed.
Pseudouridine synthase 7 impacts Candida albicans rRNA processing and morphological plasticity
Authors: Pickerill Ethan S. , Kurtz Rebecca P. , Tharp Aaron , Guerrero Sanz Paula , Begum Munni , Bernstein Douglas A.
Published: July 2019

RNA can be modified in over 100 distinct ways, and these modifications are critical for function. Pseudouridine synthases catalyse pseudouridylation, one of the most prevalent RNA modifications. Pseudouridine synthase 7 modifies a variety of substrates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae including tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and mRNA, but the substrates for other budding yeast Pus7 homologues are not known. We used CRISPR‐mediated genome editing to disrupt Candida albicans PUS7 and find absence leads to defects in rRNA processing and a decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, C. albicans Pus7 absence causes temperature sensitivity, defects in filamentation, altered sensitivity to antifungal drugs, and decreased virulence in a wax moth model. In addition, we find C. albicans Pus7 modifies tRNA residues, but does not modify a number of other S. cerevisiae Pus7 substrates. Our data suggests C. albicans Pus7 is important for fungal vigour and may play distinct biological roles than those ascribed to S. cerevisiae Pus7.
Hydrangea‐like NiCo‐based Bimetal‐organic Frameworks, and their Pros and Cons as Supercapacitor Electrode Materials in Aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Li Qiaoqin , Wang Xiaoqin , Yang Nana , He Fan , Yang Yufei , Wu Bohua , Chu Jia , Zhou Anning , Xiong Shanxin
Published: July 2019

Hydrangea‐like NiCo‐based bimetal‐organic frameworks (NiCo‐MOF) are synthesized in DMF‐EtOH solution via a solvothermal method, using 4,4′‐biphenyldicarboxylic acid as a ligand. NiCo‐MOF having a highest capacity of 1056.6 F·g–1 at 0.5 A·g–1 and 457.7 F·g–1 even at 10 A·g–1 is achieved at a Ni/Co/BPDC molar ratio of 1:1:1, a temperature of 170 °C and a reaction time of 12 hours. It exhibits secondary 3D microsphere structures assembled by primary 2D nanosheet structures, good crystalline structure and good thermal stability below 350 °C in air. All the electrochemical data show that NiCo‐MOF has the pros and cons as supercapacitor electrode materials in aqueous electrolytes. On the one hand, NiCo‐MOF has a high capacity even at a high current density, low internal resistance, charge‐transfer resistance and ion diffusion impendence, owing to the ordered coordination structure, 2D nanosheet structure and 3D assembled microsphere structure of NiCo‐MOF. On the other hand, the cycling stability and rate capability are not ideal enough due to the hydrolysis of coordination bonds in aqueous electrolytes, especially, in alkaline solution. The good dispersion and high electrochemical activity of metal ions bring a high capacity for NiCo‐MOF, but they result in the poor stability of NiCo‐MOF. In the future work, finding a suitable organic electrolyte is an effective way to enhance the cycling stability of NiCo‐MOF as well as deriving more stable skeleton materials from NiCo‐MOF.
Testing the Mediating Role of Phubbing in the Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and Satisfaction with Life
Authors: Çikrikci Özkan , Griffiths Mark D. , Erzen Evren
Published: July 2019

Phubbing refers to an individual giving more attention to their mobile phone when in face-to-face communication with another individual. Research in the area of phubbing is relatively new and is often related to habitual mobile phone use. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationships between phubbing, the Big Five personality traits, and life satisfaction. The mediating role of phubbing in the relationship between personality traits and life satisfaction was also investigated. The sample comprised 292 university students (192 females [65.8%] and 100 males [34.2%]). The age of the university students in the study group ranged from 17 to 28 years and the mean age was 20.05 years (SD = 2.33). Correlation analysis demonstrated that there were significant relationships between life satisfaction, phubbing, communication disturbances, and neuroticism. Phubbing was shown to have a non-significant relationship with life satisfaction. The study also examined the mediating role of communication disturbances in the relationship between neuroticism and life satisfaction. Neuroticism was shown to have a significant effect on communication disturbances, and communication disturbances had a significant effect on life satisfaction. Consequently, communication disturbances had a mediating role in the relationship between neuroticism and life satisfaction.
A lexical approach to laughter classification: Natural language distinguishes six (classes of) formal characteristics
Authors: Ruch Willibald , Wagner Lisa , Hofmann Jennifer
Published: July 2019

Although research on laughter is becoming increasingly common, there is no consensus on the description of its variations. Investigating all verbal attributes that relate to the term laughter may lead to a broad set of descriptors deemed important by the speakers of a language. Through a linguistic corpus analysis using the German language, formal attributes of laughter were identified (original pool: 1148 single-word descriptors and 172 multi-word descriptors). A category system was derived in an iterative process, leading to six higher order classes describing formal characteristics of laughter: Basic parameters, intensity, visible aspects, sound, uniqueness, and regulation. Furthermore, 15 raters judged the words for several criteria (appropriateness, positive and negative valence, active and passive use). From these ratings and the prior assignment, a list of attributes suitable for the characterization of laughter in its formal characteristics was derived. By comparing the proposed classification of formal characteristics of laughter with the scientific literature, potential gaps in the current research agenda are pointed out in the final section.
Valproic acid effect on neural tube defects is not prevented by concomitant folic acid supplementation: Early chick embryo model pilot study
Authors: Turgut U. , Kazan S. , Cakin H. , Ozak A.
Published: July 2019

Background

Neural tube defect is one of the most prevalent congenital malformations and it involves a variety of malformations ranging from anencephaly to spina bifida. Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is known to reduce risk of neural tube defects. Antiepileptic drugs have been associated with neural tube defects, one of which is valproic acid. Protective effect of folic acid on congenital malformations in patients using valproic acid or other antiepileptic medicines during pregnancy has not clearly been delineated uniformly in previous clinical series. In this experimental animal study of early chick embryo model, we would like to determine if there is any dose‐response relationship between VA and NTDs and if there is any protective effect of FA on this relationship in early chick embryo period.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐two fertile leghorn type chicken eggs were used in this study. Six groups, each of which composed of 20 fertilized eggs, were categorized as: group A‐control, group B‐ folic acid, group C‐low‐dose valproic acid, group D‐high‐dose valproic acid, group E‐low‐dose valproic acid + folic acid, group F‐high‐dose valproic acid + folic acid. Eggs were hatched for 24 h and injected with destined solutions and hatched till 72th hour.

Results

No neural tube defect was observed in group A and B. High dose valproic acid led to significantly higher number of embryos with neural tube defects compared to low‐dose valproic acid (p = 0.018). This significant difference was also present between low‐dose and high dose valproic acid combined with folic acid (p = 0.031). When effect of folic acid was evaluated no significant difference observed between groups.

Conclusions

Even though number of embryos with neural tube defects decreased with concomitant folic acid administration, this difference could not reach a statistical level. More experimental animal and large‐scaled prospective clinical studies are in need to detect folic acid mechanism in inhibiting antiepileptic drugs, if any present.
Product Rating Statistics as Consumer Search Aids
Authors: Guan Chong , Lam Shun Yin
Published: July 2019

Online product review forums commonly provide consumers with averages of product ratings given by reviewers. Some also provide frequency distribution of ratings in the form of a histogram. The authors argue that consumers use these statistics as search aids when reading reviews. Provision of the average rating statistic affects consumers’ reading of reviews through confirmation or disconfirmation of their expectancies about the product in question. However, provision of the distribution statistics attenuates this effect because it alerts consumers to divergent opinions. An eye-tracking experiment that simulated a forum visit demonstrates these effects. The experiment also shows that as a result of these effects, average rating provision causes consumer attitude toward the product to be more extreme, whereas rating distribution provision reduces this polarization. Further, supporting the expectancy confirmation account, results show that consumers with a high need for cognition exhibit a greater response to average rating provision than those with a low need. The findings suggest the benefits to marketers of tracking the number of negative reviews read by consumers and displaying positive reviews and negative reviews separately. The findings also identify circumstances that call for greater effort by marketers when responding to reviews.
Leveraging towards restraint: Nuclear hedging and North Korea's shifting reference points during the agreed framework and the Six-Party Talks
Authors: Park Soul , Peh Kimberly
Published: July 2019

The emergence of new nuclear aspirants has posed a great threat to the post-Cold War global non-proliferation regime. These states have adopted a nuclear hedging strategy that has been deemed both strategically risky and politically difficult to maintain. Yet, hedging has not automatically resulted in nuclearisation. We analyse the conditions under which a nuclear hedger shifts its nuclear policy towards one of restraint. Drawing insights from prospect theory, we argue that a nuclear policy shift occurs when a nuclear hedger gains an asymmetric leveragevis-à-visits adversary. Specifically, a hedging strategy that is based on loss aversion will only be abandoned when a shift in the nuclear aspirant's reference point occurs during negotiations. To test our theoretical arguments, we conduct an in-depth case study of North Korea's nuclear policies throughout the 1990s and 2000s. The empirical study of the changes in North Korea's negotiating stance during the Agreed Framework negotiations and the Six-Party Talks supports our asymmetric leverage thesis. We conclude with broad policy implications for the non-proliferation regime.
Morphometric and molecular characterization of an expanding Ionian population of the firewormHermodice carunculata(Annelida)
Authors: Righi Sara , Maletti Isabella , Maltagliati Ferruccio , Castelli Alberto , Barbieri Michele , Fai Sergio , Prevedelli Daniela , Simonini Roberto
Published: July 2019

The amphinomid firewormHermodice carunculatais a potentially invasive species reported throughout the subtropical Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, which is known as a generalist predator and opportunistic feeder. The ongoing climate changes and seawater warming may favour fireworm poleward range expansions and density increases. Our results provide the first investigation into a population which has purportedly been spreading widely in the Salento Peninsula (Apulia, Italy). The specimens were analysed using allometric variables and molecular markers. The best morphometric parameters to estimate individual size were determined as key information for future studies on fireworm population dynamics. To phylogeographically characterize the Apulian population, sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA regions were obtained from a pool of individuals and treated together with those of Atlantic specimens retrieved from GenBank. The estimates of genetic variability for Apulian population were consistent with those recently reported in the literature. Inferences on demographic history analysis confirmed a recent expansion event in Apulia, as has been recounted by fishermen and scuba divers during recent years. Overall, these results constitute a crucial step in the characterization of present-dayH. carunculatapopulations, and provide greater insight into fireworm population ecology.
Population genetics of ectoparasitic mitesVarroaspp. in Eastern and Western honey bees
Authors: Dietemann Vincent , Beaurepaire Alexis , Page Paul , Yañez Orlando , Buawangpong Ninat , Chantawannakul Panuwan , Neumann Peter
Published: July 2019

Host shifts of parasites are often causing devastating effects in the new hosts. TheVarroagenus is known for a lineage ofVarroa destructorthat shifted to the Western honey bee,Apis mellifera, with disastrous effects on wild populations and the beekeeping industry. Despite this, the biology ofVarroaspp. remains poorly understood in its native distribution range, where it naturally parasitizes the Eastern honey bee,Apis cerana. Here, we combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses with the assessment of mite reproduction to determine the population structure and host specificity ofV. destructorandVarroa jacobsoniiin Thailand, where both hosts and severalVarroaspecies and haplotypes are sympatric. Our data confirm previously described mite haplogroups, and show three novel haplotypes. Multiple infestations of single host colonies by both mite species and introgression of alleles betweenV. destructorandV. jacobsoniisuggest that hybridization occurs between the two species. Our results indicate that host specificity and population genetic structure in the genusVarroais more labile than previously thought. The ability of the host shiftedV. destructorhaplotype to spillback toA. ceranaand to hybridize withV. jacobsoniicould threaten honey bee populations of Asia and beyond.
Standardisierte Verfahren zur Erhebung zielkindbezogener Prozessqualität in der Frühpädagogik
Authors: Riedmeier Magdalena
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag greift die Diskussion um die pädagogische Qualität in Kitas auf. Bisherige Ansätze, die pädagogische Qualität auf der Grundlage des strukturell-prozessualen Qualitätsmodells operationalisieren, erfassen drei Komponenten: Prozessmerkmale, Strukturmerkmale und pädagogische Überzeugungen, wobei die Prozessmerkmale die zentrale Komponente darstellen. Prozessmerkmale werden auf Gruppenebene oder auf der Ebene des einzelnen Kindes, der sog. Zielkindebene, erfasst. Ausgehend von einem Defizit an Übersichten zu zielkindbezogenen Instrumenten wird in diesem Beitrag eine systematisierende Übersicht über standardisierte Erhebungsinstrumente gegeben, die pädagogische Prozessqualität auf Zielkindebene erfassen. Ziel des Beitrages ist es, anhand eines vergleichenden Überblicks Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der zielkindbezogenen Verfahren herauszuarbeiten und Empfehlungen für ihren Einsatz in der Forschung zu diskutieren.
Kooperation zwischen Kindergarten und Frühförderung
Authors: Hintermair Manfred , Sarimski Klaus
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Kooperation zwischen pädagogischen Fachkräften in Kindertagesstätten und externen Kooperationspartnern ist eine Voraussetzung für das Gelingen inklusiver Bildung für Kinder mit Behinderungen. Am Beispiel von Kindern mit Hörschädigungen wird über die Erfahrungen von Fachkräften der Frühförderung für hörgeschädigte Kinder und Fachkräften an inklusiven Kindertagesstätten bei ihrer Zusammenarbeit berichtet. 302 Fachkräfte (151 Frühförderinnen und Frühförderer, 151 Kindergartenfachkräfte) geben Auskunft über die Qualität des Austauschs bei der Gestaltung ihrer Kooperation, ihre persönliche Zufriedenheit mit der Zusammenarbeit und die Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen die Kooperation stattfindet. Darüber hinaus berichten sie über die Möglichkeiten, ihre je spezifische fachliche Kompetenz in den gemeinsamen Dialog einzubringen, und ihre Einschätzung des Nutzens der Kooperation für die Entwicklung des hörgeschädigten Kindes. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine hohe Zufriedenheit mit der wechselseitigen Zusammenarbeit bei der Unterstützung der sozialen Teilhabe hörgeschädigter Kinder in inklusiven Settings. Bei insgesamt hoher Übereinstimmung der Einschätzungen haben die Frühförderinnen und Frühförderer insgesamt einen etwas kritischeren Blick auf die Kooperation. Zentraler Punkt, der von beiden Gruppen als verbesserungswürdig erachtet wird, ist das Fehlen von ausreichender Zeit für Gespräche und intensiven fachlichen Austausch. Hier ist eine Optimierung der strukturellen Bedingungen für die Kooperation indiziert.
Primitive Helium Is Sourced From Seismically Slow Regions in the Lowermost Mantle
Authors: Williams C. D. , Mukhopadhyay S. , Rudolph M. L. , Romanowicz B.
Published: July 2019

A major goal in Earth Science has been to understand how geochemical characteristics of lavas at the Earth's surface relate to the location and formation history of specific regions in the Earth's interior. For example, some of the strongest evidence for the preservation of primitive material comes from low 4He/3He ratios in ocean island basalts, but the location of the primitive helium reservoir(s) remains unknown. Here we combine whole‐mantle seismic tomography, simulations of mantle flow, and a global compilation of new and existing measurements of the 4He/3He ratios in ocean island basalts to constrain the source location of primitive 4He/3He material. Our geodynamic simulations predict the present‐day surface expression of plumes to be laterally offset from their lower mantle source locations. When this lateral offset is accounted for, a strong relationship emerges between minimum 4He/3He ratios in oceanic basalts and seismically slow regions, which are generally located within the two large low shear‐wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs). Conversely, no significant relationship is observed between maximum 208Pb*/206Pb* ratios and seismically slow regions in the lowermost mantle. These results indicate that primitive materials are geographically restricted to LLSVPs, while recycled materials are more broadly distributed across the lower mantle. The primitive nature of the LLSVPs indicates these regions are not composed entirely of recycled slabs, while complementary xenon and tungsten isotopic anomalies require the primitive portion of the LLSVPs to have formed during Earth's accretion, survived the Moon‐forming giant impact, and remained relatively unmixed during the subsequent 4.5 billion years of mantle convection.
Spatially Resolved Neutral Wind Response Times During High Geomagnetic Activity Above Svalbard
Authors: Billett D. D. , Wild J. A. , Grocott A. , Aruliah A. L. , Ronksley A. M. , Walach M.‐T. , Lester M.
Published: July 2019

It has previously been shown that in the high‐latitude thermosphere, sudden changes in plasma velocity (such as those due to changes in interplanetary magnetic field) are not immediately propagated into the neutral gas via the ion‐drag force. This is due to the neutral particles (O, O2, and N2) constituting the bulk mass of the thermospheric altitude range and thus holding on to residual inertia from a previous level of geomagnetic forcing. This means that consistent forcing (or dragging) from the ionospheric plasma is required, over a period of time, long enough for the neutrals to reach an equilibrium with regard to ion drag. Furthermore, mesoscale variations in the plasma convection morphology, solar pressure gradients, and other forces indicate that the thermosphere‐ionosphere coupling mechanism will also vary in strength across small spatial scales. Using data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network and a Scanning Doppler Imager, a geomagnetically active event was identified, which showed plasma flows clearly imparting momentum to the neutrals. A cross‐correlation analysis determined that the average time for the neutral winds to accelerate fully into the direction of ion drag was 75 min, but crucially, this time varied by up to 30 min (between 67 and 97 min) within a 1,000‐km field of view at an altitude of around 250 km. It is clear from this that the mesoscale structure of both the plasma and neutrals has a significant effect on ion‐neutral coupling strength and thus energy transfer in the thermosphere.
Kinetic Analysis of the Energy Transport of Two‐Flow Components in the Plasma Sheet
Authors: Cao Jin‐Bin , Ren Ganming , Ma Yuduan
Published: July 2019

Satellite observations indicate that multiple components often exist in the plasma sheet, particularly during impulsive fast flow events. In this paper, we perform a kinetic analysis of the energy transport of plasma sheet ion flow using a model of two‐component plasma sheet ion flows (Background convection flow represented by subscript “b” and Fast flow represented by subscript “f”) and compare the energy transport calculated by kinetic approach Qk with those obtained from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approach QMHD. The ratio of Qk/QMHD is always larger than unity and is positively proportional to the ratios of Vf/Vb and Tf/Tb. The maximum values of Qk/QMHD occur in the low‐speed ranges (i.e., small density ratio Nf/N). When Nf/N exceeds 0.4, the ratio of Qk/QMHD is almost the same for a wide parameter ranges of Vf, Tf, and Vb. Heat flux is important in low‐speed range and is neglectable in the high‐speed range. The adiabatic polytropic index 5/3 cannot correctly describe energy transport rate. A density ratio Nf/N of 0.3% of high‐speed ion flow can make the effective polytropic index obviously deviate from adiabatic polytropic index (5/3). The above theoretic results can well explain previously reported satellite in situ observations.
The Comparison of Lunar Tidal Characteristics in the Low‐Latitudinal Ionosphere Between East Asian and American Sectors During Stratospheric Sudden Warming Events: 2009–2018
Authors: Liu J. , Zhang D.‐H. , Hao Y.‐Q. , Xiao Z.
Published: July 2019

Longitudinal differences of low‐latitudinal ionospheric responses during five major, four minor, and a none‐stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) winters from 2009 to 2018 between East Asian and American sectors are studied with total electron content (TEC). The time‐shifted semidiurnal (TS) pattern and the amplitude (AM2), phase angle (PAM2), and relative strength (RSM2) of the lunar semidiurnal tide (M2) harmonic in TEC are compared between the two sectors. Main results are as follows: (1) TS patterns, AM2,and RSM2 tend to be more discernable or larger in the American sector than in the East Asian sector. (2) TS patterns and PAM2 correspond well with the moon phase, and the occurrence of TS patterns coincides well with the enhancement of AM2 and RSM2. (3) Such patterns sometimes occur before the polar peak warming and experience several cycles during one event, but the most significant one tends to follow the peak warming. These characteristics are most distinct during major events with low solar activities. Our results support the mechanism that TS patterns in low‐latitudinal ionosphere parameters are due to enhanced lunitidal effects on the E region dynamo. Besides, changes in temperature and wind during SSWs can also contribute to the generation of TS signatures. Longitudinal differences in TEC suggest that the M2 influence on the low‐latitudinal ionosphere tends to be more prominent in the American sector than in the East Asian sector during SSWs. These differences probably result from a combined effect of the longitudinal variety in atmospheric (especially tidal) and electrodynamic processes.
Imaging Upper‐Mantle Structure Under USArray Using Long‐Period Reflection Seismology
Authors: Shearer Peter M. , Buehler Janine
Published: July 2019

Topside reverberations off mantle discontinuities are commonly observed at long periods, but their interpretation is complicated because they include both near‐source and near‐receiver reflections. We have developed a method to isolate the stationside reflectors in large data sets with many sources and receivers. Analysis of USArray transverse‐component data from 3,200 earthquakes, using direct S as a reference phase, shows clear reflections off the 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities, which can be used to map the depth and brightness of these features. Because our results are sensitive to the impedance contrast (velocity and density), they provide a useful complement to receiver‐function studies, which are primarily sensitive to the S velocity jump alone. In addition, reflectors in our images are more spread out in time than in receiver functions, providing good depth resolution. Our images show strong discontinuities near 410 and 660 km across the entire USArray footprint, with intriguing reflectors at shallower depths in many regions. Overall, the discontinuities in the east appear simpler and more monotonous with a uniform transition zone thickness of  250 km compared to the western United States. In the west, we observe more complex discontinuity topography and small‐scale changes below the Great Basin and the Rocky Mountains, and a decrease in transition‐zone thickness along the western coast. We also observe a dipping reflector in the west that aligns with the top of the high‐velocity Farallon slab anomaly seen in some tomography models, but which also may be an artifact caused by near‐surface scattering of incoming S waves.
Revisiting Intraslab Earthquakes Beneath Kyushu, Japan: Effect of Ridge Subduction on Seismogenesis
Authors: Nakajima Junichi
Published: July 2019

This study investigates intraslab seismicity of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath Kyushu, Japan, where the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge (KPR) is being subducted and the age of the incoming plate varies across the ridge. Intraslab earthquakes at depths of 30–270 km are first relocated, and focal mechanism solutions of 181 earthquakes are determined. The relocated hypocenters show marked along‐arc variations in their depth limits and distributions. The geometry of the slab Moho is delineated by considering observed focal mechanisms, precisely relocated hypocenters, and the depth extent of the hydrated slab crust previously estimated by receiver function analysis. Intraslab earthquakes are classified into crustal and mantle earthquakes based on the inferred Moho geometry. The number of crustal earthquakes decreases monotonically with depth, and little seismicity occurs beyond 100‐km depth, but mantle earthquakes become increasingly active with increasing depth and reach a peak at a depth of ~150 km. An area of locally thickened crustal seismicity (up to 12 km thick) in offshore central Kyushu corresponds to the subducted KPR, suggesting that the KPR influences crustal seismicity to a depth of at least ~60 km. The double seismic zone is clearly observed at depths of 80–150 km in southern Kyushu, where the old Philippine Sea Plate has continued to subduct over at least >5 Myr. Our observations suggest that the genesis of intraslab earthquakes is locally affected by the subduction of the KPR and regionally governed by the along‐arc variation in the formation age of the incoming plate.