bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between body condition and disease in cats
Authors: Scarlett Janet M. , Donoghue Susan
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the association between body condition and disease in cats.

Design

Prospective study.

Sample Population

Information on 1,457 cats without major illnesses from 27 veterinary hospitals in the northeastern United States.

Procedure

Cats that had body conditions determined from 1991 to 1992, using a set of 6 body condition silhouettes, had their health experiences and body conditions assessed for the subsequent 4.5 years. Cats were described by the following 6 body conditions: cachectic, lean, optimally lean, optimal weight, heavy, and obese. Data obtained from medical records and owner interviews were collected, using standard forms. Associations between body condition and specific diseases were analyzed. Findings in cats with body conditions other than optimal were compared with findings in cats with optimal body condition.

Results

Compared with optimal weight cats, heavy cats were 2.9 times as likely to be taken to veterinarians because of lameness not associated with cat bite abscesses. Obese cats were also 3.9 times as likely to develop diabetes mellitus, 2.3 times as likely to develop nonallergic skin conditions, and 4.9 times as likely to develop lameness requiring veterinary care. Cats considered thin (cachectic and lean) were 1.7 times as likely to be presented to veterinary hospitals for diarrhea.

Clinical Implications

Results of this study substantiate reports of health risks associated with excess body weight in cats. Efforts to reduce weight in heavy and obese cats can lead to reduced risks of diabetes mellitus, lameness (presumably related to osteoarthritis and soft-tissue injuries), and skin problems unrelated to allergies. Cachectic and lean cats are more likely to have diarrhea that is not associated with a definitive diagnosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1725–1731)
Development and duration of antibody response against Ehrlichia equi in horses
Authors: Andel Amy E. Van , Magnarelli Louis A. , Heimer Robert , Wilson Mark L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize antibody response in horses with clinical signs of Ehrlichia equi infection.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

13 horses with confirmed acute E equi infection.

Procedure

Sequential serum sampling was performed in Connecticut and New York during 1995 and 1996 to identify horses with naturally acquired equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE). Horses with clinical signs of EGE (ie, fever without respiratory involvement) were confirmed as having E equi infection by polymerase chain reaction detection of ehrlichial DNA and by a minimum fourfold increase in total antibody titer by indirect fluorescent antibody staining methods. Infection was corroborated by use of DNA sequencing.

Results

11 of 13 horses did not have detectable antibody in serum samples obtained at onset of disease. Seroconversion was evident in samples obtained 19 to 81 days thereafter. Median time to peak antibody response was 46 days after onset and median titer was 1:320. For 11 of 13 horses, antibody titers were ≤ 1:40 by 215 days after onset.

Clinical Implications

E equi was found in horses in the northeastern United States and caused EGE. Concentration of antibodies to E equi increased within 19 to 81 days of disease onset and were low during early weeks of infection. Therefore, antibody detection may be of limited value for early serologic diagnosis. We suggest that disease may develop from a reinfection, and retrospective serologic studies to determine exposure to E equi may reflect a disproportionate number of negative reactions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1910–1914)
Cycad palm toxicosis in dogs: 60 cases (1987-1997)
Authors: Albretsen Jay C. , Khan Safdar A. , Richardson Jill A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To report clinical and epidemiologic information, summarize characteristic clinical signs and laboratory results, and describe the expected course of cycad toxicosis in dogs.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

60 dogs with evidence of cycad ingestion.

Procedure

The National Animal Poison Control Center's case record database was searched for records of dogs ingesting cycad plants from January 1987 to November 1997. Data were retrieved on clinical signs, laboratory test results, exposure history, and physical examination findings. Cases were assessed as toxicosis, suspected toxicosis, or possible toxicosis.

Results

Records from 60 dogs were retrieved; 89.7% of the dogs were from the southern United States, 38.7% ingested seeds, 95% developed liver and gastrointestinal tract problems, and 53.3% had abnormal neurologic signs. High serum bilirubin concentration and alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities were the most common serum biochemical abnormalities. Although clinical signs were observed within 1 day, laboratory values did not change for 24 to 48 hours after cycad ingestion. Mortality rate was reportedly 32.1 %.

Clinical Implications

68% of dogs responded well to treatment and supportive care. Dogs ingesting seeds are likely to develop more serious problems. Clinical signs can develop within 1 to 3 days and can last for several days. A tentative diagnosis should be made on the basis of history of ingestion, clinical signs, and duration of signs. Because of the nature of these toxins, cycad ingestion is serious and should be treated aggressively. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:99-101)
Comparison of four regimens for intraoral administration of medication to induce sedation in cats prior to euthanasia
Authors: Wetzel Randolph W. , Ramsay Edward C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare 4 regimens for intraoral administration of medication to induce sedation in cats prior to euthanasia.

Design

Prospective randomized clinical study.

Animals

36 cats.

Procedure

Cats were assigned to 4 groups (9 cats/group). Cats in each group were given the following medications: group 1, detomidine (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb] of body weight); group 2, ketamine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb]); group 3, detomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg); and group 4, detomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb]). All medications were administered by squirting the drug or drug combination into the mouth of a cat, using a syringe or, for intractable cats, a remote delivery device. Cats were evaluated for degree of sedation at 3-minute intervals for 60 minutes.

Results

Of the 9 cats in group 1, 7 assumed lateral recumbency. Mean (± SD) interval from administration of medication to lateral recumbency was 15 ± 3 minutes. For group-2 cats, 1 cat achieved sternal recumbency (sternally recumbent and unable to stand), whereas the remaining 8 cats achieved mild to moderate degrees of sedation. For group 3, 6 of 9 cats assumed lateral recumbency (mean, 16.5 ± 3.7 minutes). For group 4, all 9 cats assumed lateral recumbency (mean, 17 ± 8 minutes).

Clinical Implications

Analysis of results of this study indicated that a combination of detomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) administered intraorally provided an effective and reliable method for sedating cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:243-245)
Cobalt 60 irradiation of pituitary gland tumors in three cats with acromegaly
Authors: Goossens Marielle M. C. , Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Theon Alain P. , Koblik Philip D. , Elliott Denise A. , Rutteman Gerard R.
Published: December 2023

The most common cause of naturally developing acromegaly in cats is a growth hormone-secreting adenoma of the pituitary pars distalis somatotropic cells.

Irradiation of pituitary gland tumors in cats with acromegaly may result in transient or long-term resolution of acromegaly and diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic cats with acromegaly may have a history of weight loss instead of weight gain.
Comparison of topical administration of clotrimazole through surgically placed versus nonsurgically placed catheters for treatment of nasal aspergillosis in dogs: 60 cases (1990-1996)
Authors: Mathews Kyle G. , Davidson Autumn P. , Koblik Philip D. , Richardson Elisabeth E , Komtebedde Jan , Pappagianis Demosthenes , Hector Richard E , Kass Philip H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine the clinical response to topical administration of clotrimazole in dogs with nasal aspergillosis, to compare effect of surgically placed versus nonsurgically placed catheters used for administration on outcome, and to examine whether subjective scoring of computed tomographic images can predict outcome.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

60 dogs with nasal aspergillosis.

Procedure

Information including signalment, history, diagnostics, treatment method, and outcome was retrieved from medical records of dogs with nasal aspergillosis treated between 1990 and 1996 at the University of California School of Veterinary Medicine or cooperating referral practices. Final outcome was determined by telephone conversations with owners and referring veterinarians. Images obtained before treatment were subjectively assessed to develop an algorithm for predicting outcome.

Results

Clotrimazole solution (1 %) was infused during a 1-hour period via catheters surgically placed in the frontal sinus and nose (27 dogs) and via nonsurgically placed catheters in the nose (18). An additional 15 dogs received 2 to 4 infusions by either route. Topical administration of clotrimazole resulted in resolution of clinical disease in 65% of dogs after 1 treatment and 87% of dogs after one or more treatments. The scoring system correctly classified dogs with unfavorable and favorable responses 71 to 78% and 79 to 93% of the time, respectively.

Clinical Implications

Topical administration of clotrimazole, using either technique, was an effective treatment for nasal aspergillosis in dogs. Use of non-invasive intranasal infusion of clotrimazole eliminated the need for surgical trephination of frontal sinuses in many dogs and was associated with fewer complications.(J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:501-506)
Associations between physical examination, laboratory, and radiographic findings and outcome and subsequent racing performance of foals with Rhodococcus equi infection: 115 cases (1984-1992)
Authors: Ainsworth Dorothy M. , Eicker Steven W. , Yeagar Amy E. , Sweeney Corinne R. , Viel Laurent , Tesarowski David , Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Hoffman Andrew , Paradis Mary Rose , Reed Steven M. , Erb Hollis N. , Davidow Elizabeth , Nalevanko Megan
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether physical examination, laboratory, or radiographic abnormalities in foals with Rhodococcus equi infection were associated with survival, ability to race at least once after recovery, or, for foals that survived and went on to race, subsequent racing performance.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

49 Thoroughbreds and 66 Standardbreds admitted to 1 of 6 veterinary teaching hospitals between 1984 and 1992 in which R equi infection was positively diagnosed.

Procedure

Results of physical examination, laboratory testing, and thoracic radiography were reviewed. Indices of racing performance were obtained for foals that recovered and eventually raced and compared with values for the US racing population.

Results

83 (72%) foals survived. Foals that did not survive were more likely to have extreme tachycardia (heart rate > 100 beats/min), be in respiratory distress, and have severe radiographic abnormalities on thoracic radiographs at the time of initial examination than were foals that survived. Clinicopathologic abnormalities were not associated with whether foals did or did not survive. Forty-five of the 83 surviving foals (54%) eventually raced at least once, but none of the factors examined was associated with whether foals went on to race. Racing performance of foals that raced as adults was not significantly different from that of the US racing population.

Clinical Implications

R equi infection in foals is associated with a decreased chance of racing as an adult; however, foals that eventually go on to race perform comparably to the US racing population. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:510-515)
Comparison of gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy for evaluating the iridocorneal angle in dogs
Authors: Gibson Terri E. , Roberts Steven M. , Severin Glenn A. , Steyn Phillip F , Wrigley Robert H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare iridocorneal angle grading systems on the basis of gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

Design

Original cross-sectional observational study.

Animals

22 dogs.

Procedure

Gonioscopy, goniophotography, and UBM were performed on 38 eyes from dogs without clinical evidence of glaucoma in the eyes examined.

Results

Predominant gonioscopic grades derived from goniophotographs were considered normal (n = 26) and mild (12). Ultrasound biomicroscopy angle measurements ranged from 16 to 38° (mean ± SD, 26.2 ± 4.5°). Ciliary clefts depicted on UBM images were graded as open (n = 4), compact/narrow (23), and closed (11). Significant differences were not found between UBM-derived ciliary cleft grades and goniophotography-derived dysgenesis grades, nor between UBM-derived ciliary cleft grades and subjective gonioscopic grades.

Clinical Implications

Because gonioscopy allows evaluation of the anterior face of the ciliary cleft, whereas UBM provides cross-sectional information of the iridocorneal filtration angle, UBM may yield more information regarding pathogenesis and prognosis of, and preferred management approaches to, glaucoma. Ultrasound biomicroscopy may also be useful as a predictor of glaucoma or to diagnose early stages of glaucoma. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:635-638)
Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer in a veterinary hospital setting
Authors: Grosenbaugh D. A. , Gadawski J. E. , Muir W. W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer for determination of blood gas tensions, electrolyte and glucose concentrations, and Hct in a hospital setting.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

50 dogs, 50 cats, and 28 horses, all clinically normal.

Procedure

Blood samples were analyzed on a portable clinical analyzer to determine concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, glucose, and ionized calcium and values of Hct, pH, Pco2, and Po2. Values obtained were compared with those obtained from the same blood samples, using a standard automatic analyzer (serum sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and glucose concentrations), a cell counter (Hct), a blood gas analyzer (pH, Pco2, Po2), and a calcium-pH analyzer (ionized calcium). Bias (mean difference between values obtained on the same sample by different methods) and variability (SD of differences) were determined for all values. Data were also subjected to Deming regression analysis.

Results

Correlation coefficients were > 0.90 for all values except potassium and ionized calcium concentrations. Bias and variability were within clinically acceptable limits (± 2 SD) for all but potassium, ionized calcium, and glucose concentrations and Hct. Species-dependent variability was observed for glucose concentration and Hct.

Clinical Implications

Most differences between values obtained with the portable clinical analyzer and standard clinical laboratory systems could be accounted for by differences in type of sample tested (blood vs serum). The portable clinical analyzer is suitable for point-of-care analysis in critical care situations and for routine blood biochemical analysis when extensive laboratory support is unavailable. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:691-694)
Complete fractures of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone in horses: 25 cases (1980-1996)
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Glickman Nita W. , Hawkins Jan F , Glickman Lawrence T.
Published: December 2023

Objectives—

To compare treatments of complete fractures of the third metacarpal (MC) or metatarsal (MT) bone in horses and to identify factors that could impact prognosis.

Design—

Retrospective case series.

Animals—

25 horses with fractures of the third MC or MT bone that were treated by use of internal fixation, external coaptation, or both.

Procedure—

Medical records from the Veterinary Medical Data Base of horses treated for fractures of third MC or MT bone at Texas A&M University from 1980 to 1994 and Purdue University from 1980 to 1996 were reviewed. Information on signalment, results of physical and radiographic examinations, treatment, and outcome were obtained. For horses that had radiographic evidence of healing, long-term follow-up information was obtained by telephone contact with owners or referring veterinarians.

Results—

Age, sex, weight, and limb affected were not related to outcome; however, affected horses were younger than the general hospital populations. Seventeen horses had open fractures at referral. Infection was the most common complication after surgery, with open fractures more likely to become infected. Nonunion in an infected fracture was the most common reason for postoperative failure (7 horses). Long-term follow-up was available for 16 horses; 11 of these had no complications related to surgical repair.

Clinical Implications—

Fractures of the MC or MT bone are not always associated with a poor prognosis in horses. Proper case selection, rigid fracture stabilization, and efforts to prevent or treat infection will improve success rate. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:847-850)
Pharmacokinetics of a high dose of gentamicin administered intravenously or intramuscularly to horses
Authors: Magdesian K. Gary , Hogan Patricia M. , Cohen Noah D. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Bernard William V.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate pharmacokinetics of a high dose of gentamicin administered IV or IM to horses.

Design—

Repeated-measures study.

Animals—

6 clinically normal female adult stock-type horses.

Procedure—

All horses were given gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg [3 mg/lb] of body weight), IV and IM, in a two-way cross-over design. Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured during a 24-hour period.

Results—

Plasma concentration curves were consistent with a two-compartment model. Maximum plasma gentamicin concentrations were 71.9 ± 15.7 μg/ml (0 hours after injection) and 22.0 ± 4.9 μg/ml (1.31 hours after injection) for the IV and IM groups, respectively. Area under the curve (AUC) was 116.6 ± 14.5 and 116.3 ± 14.6 μg•h/ml for the IV and IM groups, respectively. Elimination half-life for the IV group was 3.0 ± 2.8 hours. Trough concentrations were < 2 μg/ml for > 15 and > 12 hours for the IV and IM groups, respectively. Significant changes were not detected in clinicopathologic variables before and after administration of gentamicin.

Clinical Implications—

Administration of a high dose of gentamicin IV or IM resulted in peak plasma concentrations, AUC, and minimum trough plasma concentrations. Results indicate once-daily administration of gentamicin might be as efficacious and safe as multiple-dose daily administration in accordance with traditional low-dose regimens, similar to those used in other species. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:213:1007-1011)
Removal of a thymoma via median sternotomy in a rabbit with recurrent appendicular neurofibrosarcoma
Authors: Clippinger Tracy L. , Bennett R. Avery , Alleman A. Rick , Ginn Pamela E. , Bellah Jamie R.
Published: December 2023

A thymoma may not be clinically evident unless it is large enough to cause abnormal respiratory tract signs or a paraneoplastic syndrome develops.

Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration is a safe, minimally invasive method for diagnosis of masses in the cranial portion of the mediastinum. Needle or excisional biopsy may be required to definitively distinguish or confirm a diagnosis of thymoma or lymphoma.

A minimally invasive thymoma may be surgically excised via median sternotomy in rabbits.

Neurofibrosarcoma is a locally invasive tumor with a tendency to recur unless excision has been wide and complete, and adjunctive radiotherapy or chemotherapy is administered.
Results of chemotherapy for cats with alimentary malignant lymphoma: 21 cases (1993-1997)
Authors: Zwahlen Courtney H. , Lucroy Michael D. , Kraegel Susan A. , Madewell Bruce R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine clinical and pathologic findings in cats with alimentary malignant lymphoma and results of treatment with a combination of prednisone, l-asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and methotrexate.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

21 cats with alimentary malignant lymphoma.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed, and information on signalment, clinical history and signs, previous treatments, and results of laboratory tests, thoracic radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography were obtained.

Results

Test results in all cats were negative for FeLV; 3 of 19 were positive for feline immunodeficiency virus. Thirteen tumors were stage III, 7 were stage IV, and 1 was stage V. Diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of microscopic examination of histologic (n = 13) or cytologic (8) specimens. Immunophenotyping was performed on 13 tumors; 10 were T-cell and 3 were B-cell lymphomas. Overall median duration of first remission was 20 weeks. Overall median survival time was 40 weeks. The only factor significantly associated with duration of first remission was whether cats had a complete response following induction chemotherapy; duration of first remission was significantly associated with survival time. Cats tolerated treatment well; only 1 cat had a delay in the treatment schedule because of neutropenia.

Clinical Implications

Use of a multidrug chemotherapeutic protocol that includes l-asparaginase and doxorubicin results in minimal adverse effects and prolonged survival times in cats with alimentary malignant lymphoma. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1144-1149)
Diagnosis and surgical management of obstructive ureteral calculi in cats: 11 cases (1993-1996)
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Stone Elizabeth Arnold , Gookin Jody , Spaulding Kathy , Clary Erik M. , Wylie Kirin , Spodnick Gary
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate diagnostic methods, surgical treatment, perioperative management, and renal function of cats with obstructive calcium oxalate ureteroliths.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

11 cats that underwent surgery for removal of calcium oxalate ureteroliths.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed, and the following information was recorded: signalment; results of physical examination, clinicopathologic analyses, and abdominal imaging; surgical procedure; postoperative management; and results of ureterolith quantitative analysis.

Results

Ureteroliths in the proximal portion of the ureter were removed from 5 cats (pyelotomy, 1 cat; unilateral ureterotomy, 2 cats; bilateral ureterotomies, 2 cats). Calculi in the middle and distal part of the ureter were removed by partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy (6 cats). Ten cats recovered from surgery and were discharged from the hospital. One cat died from unknown causes 4 months after surgery, and 1 cat had a nephrectomy elsewhere 5 weeks after ureterolith removal. Eight cats were evaluated 12 to 20 months after surgery. Of these, 2 cats that were markedly azotemic before surgery improved after surgery, and 2 cats developed nephroliths after surgery. Also, of 5 cats that had nephroliths that were not removed at the time of surgery, 4 still had visible nephroliths. One cat had recurrent ureteral obstruction from a ureterolith and persistent urinary tract infection. Ureteroliths or ultrasonographic evidence of ureteral obstruction were not detected in other cats.

Clinical Implications

A combination of microsurgical techniques and intensive postoperative care is necessary to minimize morbidity of cats after removal of a ureterolith. Renal function may improve or stabilize after removal of the ureteral obstruction. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1150-1156)
Fragment reconstruction and bone plate fixation versus bridging plate fixation for treating highly comminuted femoral fractures in dogs: 35 cases (1987-1997)
Authors: Johnson Ann L. , Smith C. W. , Schaeffer David J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare fragment reconstruction and bone plate fixation versus bridging plate fixation for treating highly comminuted (> 4 fragments) femoral fractures in dogs.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

35 dogs with highly comminuted fractures of the femur.

Procedure

Medical records of all dogs included in this study were reviewed. Dogs had been treated with fragment reconstruction and bone plate application (n = 20) or major fragment alignment and bridging plate fixation (15). Postoperative and follow-up radiographs were evaluated. Operating and hospitalization times, bone alignment, bone healing, and complications were considered.

Results

There were no differences in hospitalization times, limb alignment, and complications between dogs with fractures treated with fragment reconstruction and dogs with fractures treated with bridging plate fixation. Dogs with fractures treated with bridging plate fixation had shorter operative times and faster times to radiographic evidence of bone healing.

Clinical Implications

Bridging plate fixation is quicker to perform and results in faster healing than fragment reconstruction and bone plate fixation when used to treat comminuted femoral fractures. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1157-1161)
Serologic evaluation of vesicular stomatitis virus exposure in horses and cattle in 1996
Authors: Mumford Elizabeth L. , McCluskey Brian J. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Schmitt Beverly J. , Salman M. D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine potential risk factors for vesicular stomatitis (VS) in Colorado livestock in 1995 and evaluate VS virus (VSV) exposure of Colorado livestock in 1996.

Design

Retrospective case-control study of VS risk factors and seroprevalence evaluation.

Sample Population

Premises included 52 that had VS-positive animals and 33 that did not have VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic, and 8 in the vicinity of premises that had VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic.

Procedure

Layout and management data for premises were collected during site visits in 1996. Signalment and management data were collected for animals from which samples were obtained, and samples were tested by serologic examination and virus isolation. The VSV seroprevalence rate was estimated for Colorado, using serum obtained for equine infectious anemia testing and from the Market Cattle Identification program in Colorado.

Results

At least 1 animal was seropositive for VSV. on 35 of 52 (67%) premises, and 71 of 228 (31 %) animals tested were seropositive for VSV Seroprevalence was 63 of 170 (37%) for horses and 8 of 54 (15%) for cattle. Seroprevalence of VSV in animals from nonstudy premises in Colorado in 1996 was estimated to be 1.1% in cattle and 0.8% in horses.

Clinical Implications

Overall VSV seroprevalence in Colorado livestock was less than seroprevalence in epidemic areas, and seroprevalence rates in epidemic areas were greater for horses than cattle. Results may indicate that some animals had subclinical VSV infection during epidemics and that animals may be exposed to VSV between epidemics. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1265-1269)
Amitriptyline treatment for severe recurrent idiopathic cystitis in cats
Authors: Chew Dennis J. , Buffington C. A. Tony , Kendall Michael S. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Woodworth Bruce E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of amitriptyline hydrochloride in the treatment of severe recurrent idiopathic cystitis (IC) in cats.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

15 cats with IC that failed to respond to other treatments.

Procedure

Each cat received 10 mg of amitriptyline, PO, every 24 hours in the evening for 12 months or until signs recurred. Urinalysis, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urine bacteriologic culture, and cystoscopy were performed initially, and after 6 and 12 months in responders. Severity scores of owner-observed signs of lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) disease were recorded.

Results

During the first 6 months of treatment, 11 of the 15 cats had no owner-observed signs of lower urinary tract disease. During the next 6 months, 9 of 15 cats remained free of signs of cystitis. Despite clinical improvement, cystoscopic abnormalities persisted in all cats at the 6- and 12-month evaluations. Hematuria and proteinuria were decreased at the 12-month evaluation compared with the initial evaluation. Two of 15 cats initially appeared somnolent after amitriptyline treatment. Of 9 cats completing the study, 7 had increased body weight and 8 had decreased coat quality compared with the initial evaluations. Four cats developed small cystic calculi during the first 6 months of the study. Serum biochemical or hematologic abnormalities were not detected during the study.

Clinical Implications

Amitriptyline treatment successfully decreased clinical signs of severe recurrent IC in 9 of 15 cats treated. Somnolence, weight gain, decreased grooming, and transient cystic calculi were observed during treatment in some cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1282-1286)
Lymphosarcoma of the frontal sinus and nasal passage in a cow
Authors: Crocker Conan B. , Rings D. Michael
Published: December 2023

Lesions of the frontal sinus in cattle may be inapparent radiographically, even when severe enough to cause debilitating neurologic disease.

Lymphosarcoma of the frontal sinus and nasal passage should be considered when clinical and neurologic signs compatible with chronic frontal sinusitis are present or when signs are not entirely compatible with encephalomyelitis.
Shoulder joint luxation in large animals: 14 cases (1976-1997)
Authors: Semevolos Stacy A. , Nixon Alan J. , Goodrich Laurie R. , Ducharme Norm G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine clinical and radiographic findings in and treatment and outcome of large animals with shoulder joint luxations.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

5 horses, 3 goats, 1 calf, 1 sheep, 1 Himalayan tahr, 1 pot-bellied pig, 1 reindeer, and 1 white-tailed deer.

Procedure

Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to determine signalment, history, physical examination findings, type of luxation, treatment, and outcome. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up information.

Results

Goats, sexually intact males, and animals < 1 year old were overrepresented, compared with the general hospital population during the study period. Closed reduction was attempted in 3 animals and was successful in 1. Open reduction and internal stabilization was attempted in 4 animals, including 1 in which closed reduction was unsuccessful. Long-term stabilization of the joint was achieved in 3 animals, but overall results were poor because of osteoarthritis and chronic lameness. Three animals were not treated, and 5 were euthanatized because of a poor prognosis.

Clinical Implications

Large animals with shoulder joint luxation and concurrent fractures had a poorer prognosis than did those with shoulder joint luxation alone. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1608–1611)
Cytologic examination of exfoliative specimens obtained during endoscopy for diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract disease in dogs and cats
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Andreasen Claire B. , Hagemoser Wayne A. , Ridgway Julie , Campbell Karen L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether cytologic examination of exfoliative specimens obtained during endoscopy was as useful as histologic examination of mucosal biopsy specimens for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract disease in dogs and cats and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of 2 techniques (brush or touch) in preparing specimens for cytologic examination.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

85 dogs and 23 cats.

Procedure

Specimens for cytologic and histologic examination were obtained during routine endoscopic examination of the stomach, small intestine, and colon. A diagnosis was made on the basis of cytologic findings (graded objectively) and compared with the diagnosis on the basis of histologic findings.

Results

The diagnostic accuracy of cytologic examination was high for all 3 organs. Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values of positive and negative results were > 90% in most instances. The diagnostic accuracy of the brush technique was equal or superior to that of the touch technique for 84% of specimens. The brush technique was most useful in detecting cellular infiltrates in the lamina propria, whereas the touch technique was more likely to detect acute mucosal inflammation. Percentages of false-positive (3.2%) and false-negative (6.9%) cytologic interpretations were low.

Clinical Implications

Endoscopy is safe and requires little time to procure specimens for cytologic examination, which can be obtained concurrently with mucosal biopsy specimens. Cytologic examination of exfoliative specimens obtained during endoscopy is a useful and reliable adjunct to histologic examination of biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract disease in dogs and cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1755–1759)
Detection and effects of Helicobacters in healthy dogs and dogs with signs of gastritis
Authors: Happonen Irmeli , Linden Jere , Saari Seppo , Karjalainen Mari , Hänninen Marja-Liisa , Jalava Katri , Westermarck Elias
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To determine prevalence, colonization density, and distribution of helicobacters and gastric histologic findings in healthy dogs and dogs with signs of gastritis; to evaluate association of colonization density and gastric inflammation; and to compare the number of Helicobacter spp with degree of inflammation.

Design

Cross-sectional prevalence survey.

Animals

25 healthy dogs and 21 dogs with signs of gastritis.

Procedure

During endoscopy, gastric mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from healthy and affected client-owned dogs. Histologic and cytologic evaluation and results of a urease test were used for detecting helicobacters, which were identified definitively by use of transmission electron microscopy and bacterial culture.

Results

Helicobacters were detected in all 25 healthy and 20 of 21 affected dogs. Cytologic examination was a more sensitive method than histologic examination or the urease test. Helicobacters were found least frequently and in fewest number in the antrum in both groups of dogs. Gastric inflammation was evident in both groups of dogs and did not differ significantly between groups. A significant association was not detected between colonization density or the number of Helicobacter spp and degree of gastric inflammation. In both groups, H bizzozeronii, H felis, and H salomonis were cultured.

Clinical Implications

Histologically verified chronic gastritis is common in dogs with signs of gastritis as well as in healthy dogs. Colonization density of helicobacters was not associated with degree of gastric inflammation in the dogs of our study. It remains to be determined whether certain strains of Helicobacter spp can induce gastritis in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1767–1774)
Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs
Authors: Hess Rebecka S. , Kass Philip H. , Shofer Frances S. , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Washabau Robert J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify risk factors associated with fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs.

Design

Case-control study.

Animals

70 case dogs with clinical evidence and histopathologic confirmation of fatal acute pancreatitis and 104 control dogs that had trauma, underwent necropsy, and did not have histologic evidence of acute pancreatitis.

Procedure

Information on signalment, weight, body condition, medical history, concurrent disease, and results of histopathologic examination was obtained by reviewing medical records. Logistic regression analysis included calculation of univariate and multivariate (adjusted) odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results and Clinical Implications

Dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis were largely middle- to older-aged dogs. Risk of developing fatal acute pancreatitis was increased by overweight body condition, diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, prior gastrointestinal tract disease, and epilepsy. Additionally, Yorkshire Terriers were at increased risk, and Labrador Retrievers and Miniature Poodles were at decreased risk, of developing fatal acute pancreatitis. Males and neutered females appeared to have an increased risk of developing fatal acute pancreatitis, compared with sexually intact females. Thrombus formation was more likely in dogs that developed fatal acute pancreatitis than in control dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:46–51)
Evaluation of methods to diagnose Clostridium perfringens-associated diarrhea in dogs
Authors: Marks Stanley L. , Melli Ann , Kass Philip H. , Jang Spencer S. , Barkhoodarian Alex , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in feces of dogs with and without diarrhea, and to compare the use of microbial cultures from fecal specimens and evaluation of stained fecal smears for endospores with the presence of enterotoxin as tools for diagnosing C perfringens-associated diarrhea.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

144 dogs representing hospitalized dogs with (n = 41) or without (50) diarrhea, and clinically normal dogs treated as outpatients (53).

Procedure

Fresh fecal specimens from all dogs were examined as Gram-stained fecal smears to determine numbers of Gram-positive spore-forming rods/100X objective field. Enterotoxin was assayed directly by use of a reverse passive latex agglutination assay. Fecal specimens were plated directly to prereduced egg yolk agar plates and incubated overnight at 37 C in an anaerobic chamber. At 24 hours, up to 3 lecithinase-positive colonies were subcultured to Brucella blood agar to evaluate for double zone hemolysis. Colonies with double zone hemolysis were tested for aerotolerance and Gram-stained.

Results

A significant difference was not detected among groups with respect to the presence of C perfringens as determined by culture, the presence of endospores, and the reaction patterns of fecal enterotoxin assays. An association was not found between number of endospores and the presence of fecal enterotoxin.

Clinical Implications

The presence of C perfringens enterotoxin in feces of dogs, as detected by the latex agglutination assay used in this study, correlates poorly with the number of fecal endospores, regardless of the dog's clinical status. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:357–360)
Characteristics and risk factors for failure of horses with acute diarrhea to survive: 122 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Woods April M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize horses with acute diarrhea and determine risk factors for failure to survive.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

122 adult horses admitted for acute diarrhea at the teaching hospital between Jan 1, 1990 and Dec 31, 1996.

Procedure

Medical records of horses with acute diarrhea were reviewed to abstract information regarding signalment, history, physical examination, clinicopathologic testing, treatment, and outcome.

Results

91 of 122 (74.6%) horses lived and were discharged from the hospital. Horses with history of administration of antimicrobials for a problem preceding diarrhea were approximately 4.5 times less likely to survive. The following variables that had been determined at the time of admission were significantly associated with failure to survive: administration of antimicrobial drugs for another illness, serum creatinine concentration > 2.0 mg/dl, PCV > 45%, tachycardia (heart rate > 60 beats/min), and low serum total protein concentration. Prevalence of laminitis was 11.5%.

Clinical Implications

Diarrheic horses that are azotemic and have clinicopathologic findings consistent with hemoconcentration and hypoproteinemia have a poor prognosis for survival. Antimicrobial administration may induce diarrhea, and antimicrobial-associated diarrhea may have a worse prognosis than other types of acute diarrhea. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:382–390)
Within-farm variability in number of females mated per week during a one-year period and breeding herd productivity on swine farms
Authors: Koketsu Yuzo , Duangkaew Chalard , Dial Gary D. , Reeves David E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the effect of within-farm variability in the number of females mated per week during a 1-year period on annual breeding herd productivity in swine breeding herds and to apply statistical process control charts to measures of within-farm variability.

Design

Longitudinal study.

Sample population

84 swine farms with a female inventory of 390 to 1,491 sows and gilts (mean, 761 females).

Procedure

As a measure of within-farm variability in a breeding herd, SD for the number of females mated per week during a 1-year period was evaluated. Two types of production records for 84 farms were evaluated. One file contained within-farm variability (SD) in mated females for each farm, and the second included annual productivity 19 weeks after week of mating. We also defined forewarning limits as mean ± 2 SD, using a statistical process control chart.

Results

Larger within-farm variability in number of mated females was associated with lower annual measurements, such as fewer pigs weaned per mated female per year and lower farrowing rate. In addition, farms that did not have any weeks outside the forewarning limits for number of mated females produced more pigs weaned per mated female per year than those with 1 or more weeks of over- or underproduction. Furthermore, the number of weeks outside of forewarning limits was positively associated with within-farm variability in number of mated females.

Clinical Implications

We recommend that farm managers determine a target range for the number of females mated per week to prevent large week-to-week variations in breeding herd operations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:520–524)
Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs
Authors: Firth Ava M. , Haldane Sarah L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To design and evaluate a scale for measurement of postoperative pain in dogs.

Design

Randomized, blinded, prospective study, with positive- and negative-control groups.

Animals

36 dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomy and 12 dogs undergoing general anesthesia without surgery.

Procedure

A pain assessment scale was developed for dogs, which incorporated physiologic data (heart and respiratory rates) and behavioral responses (response to palpation, activity, mental status, posture, and vocalization). This pain scale was then applied to a study in which dogs were allocated to 2 groups, depending on the type of medication administered (acepromazine maleate only or acepromazine and butorphanol) before induction of general anesthesia. The 36 dogs that had ovariohysterectomy were allocated to 3 groups, members of which received butorphanol, carprofen, or no analgesic after surgery. Dogs were scored for signs of pain and videotaped at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours after surgery by an assessor who was blinded to the groups. Results were analyzed for significant differences in pain scores for single categories and total pain scores among groups. Video segments were scrambled and then scored by a second external assessor to test the repeatability of the results, using the pain assessment scale.

Results

Mean total pain scores were significantly different between the group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia only and each group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia and surgery. Pain scores for the analgesic-treatment groups reflected the known onset and duration of action of the analgesic used. Agreement between the internal and external assessors was excellent and indicated high precision between the 2 assessors for the population of dogs as a whole.

Clinical Implications

Behavioral and physiologic measurements can be used reliably to evaluate degree of pain in dogs during the postoperative period and their response to analgesics. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:651–659)
Herd-level economic analysis of the impact of paratuberculosis on dairy herds
Authors: Johnson-Ifearulundu Yvette , Kaneene John B. , Lloyd James W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To perform a herd-level analysis of economic losses associated with paratuberculosis in dairy herds.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population

A multistage stratified random sample of 121 dairy herds in Michigan.

Procedure

A 2-part questionnaire was used to gather data on management practices, herd productivity, labor use, and expenditures. Blood samples were collected from a random sample of cows ≥ 2 years old in each herd and tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. A herd was considered negative for paratuberculosis if results for all cows tested were negative. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the data.

Results

A 10% increase in proportion of cows positive for paratuberculosis was associated with a 33.4 kg (73.5 Ib) decrease in mean weight of culled cows. Mortality rate among herds positive for paratuberculosis was 3% higher than rate among herds negative for paratuberculosis. Herds positive for paratuberculosis did not have a significantly higher annual number of hours of labor per cow than did herds negative for paratuberculosis.

Clinical Implications

For a herd of average size and cull rate, the reduction in mean weight of culled cows attributable to paratuberculosis represented a loss of approximately $1,150 annually for each 10% increase in herd prevalence of paratuberculosis. The increased mortality rate attributable to paratuberculosis represented a loss of between $1,607 and $4,400 on the basis of lost slaughter value and cost of replacement heifers. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:822–825)
Hepatic lipidosis in llamas and alpacas: 31 cases (1991-1997)
Authors: Tornquist Susan J. , Van Saun Robert J. , Smith Bradford B. , Cebra Christopher K. , Snyder Stanley P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify factors associated with hepatic lipidosis (HL) in llamas and alpacas.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

30 llamas and 1 alpaca.

Procedures

Medical records were searched to identify llamas or alpacas in which a histologic diagnosis of HL was made. Information was retrieved on signalment, history, clinical and laboratory findings, and results of necropsy or examination of biopsy specimens. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 analyses.

Results

Females were affected more often than males; however, the sex distribution was not different from that of the camelid population in the diagnostic laboratory's database. Fifty-four percent of the females were pregnant, and 46% were lactating. Most affected camelids were 6 to 10 years old. Anorexia and recent weight loss were common (51.6% of camelids). An infective agent was found in only one llama, and toxins and mineral deficiencies were not identified. The most common abnormalities on serum biochemical analysis were a high concentration of bile acids, high activities of γ-glutamyltrans-ferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and hypoproteinemia. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) were high in those camelids in which these compounds were assayed. Twenty-nine camelids did not survive.

Clinical Implications

Sick camelids should be considered at risk for developing HL, especially those with anorexia or the metabolic demands of pregnancy and lactation. Other stresses also appear to contribute. High concentrations of NEFA, γ-HB, and bile acids; high activities of GGT and AST; and hypoproteinemia may indicate that HL has developed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1368–1372)