bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prototype of automatic conveyor system using programmable logic controller for educational purpose
Authors: Putri T W O , Mowaviq M I
Published: September 2021

The study of conveyor control and programming using PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) has been taught in many universities, especially in the field of Electrical Engineering. Unfortunately, the material obtained by students is only in the form of theory without direct application to the conveyor system in the industry because it is constrained by the company policy. Therefore, it is necessary to build a prototype of automatic conveyor system using PLC for educational purpose. This prototype is owned by the university so that students can directly implement the results of the PLC program design that they have learned in class. The prototype of the automatic conveyor system can increase students’ interest and understanding of the industrial automation process so that they will be better prepared when they have implemented it directly to the industry. This research discusses the design and manufacture of a prototype of automatic conveyor system using PLC. The main controlling device used is the FX3U Mitsubishi PLC which is equipped with analogue inputs, analogue outputs, and high-speed counter output as PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. The conveyor used is a mini conveyor with a DC motor drive. Conveyor speed control is done by adjusting the rotational speed of the DC motor using direct PWM setting from PLC. To complete the automation system, infrared sensor was added as the input to detect the dummy load. Thus, full automation system of conveyor for educational purpose was done and it showed satisfying results.
The application of Tukey’s mean difference (Tukey’s HSD) for identification of local genetic sources of corn in selecting prospective parental lines
Authors: Hikam S , Timotiwu P B , Sudrajat D , Alvianti S
Published: September 2021

Extensive use of corn hybrids in Indonesia started in 1980 became expensive to farmers. In fact, the hybrids became obsolete and were replaced with the new ones. The obsolete hybrids, however, expressed superior traits toward detrimental hindrances in situ. The traits were identified, the obsolete hybrids were worthy to select for being local genetic sources (LGS) in a corn breeding program. The research was done to identify the LGS collected from Padang, Palembang, Jogjakarta, West Kalimantan and Lampung. In 2018 the LGS were planted in two rows and open-pollinated among themselves. The seeds were harvested separately to make female lines. A synthetic line was made by mixing 100 seeds of each female line. In 2019 the six lines: five female and one synthetic, and Pioneer36 (P36) F1-hybrid as control were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. The data were collected for traits: plant height, leaf number plant−1, time to tasseling, time to silking, ear length, ear diameter, 100 seed weight and seed yield m−2. The data were variance-analysed and Tukey’s HSD was applied to separate and group the lines. A dendrogram was constructed to decide lines suitable to recombine. The result indicated that the Padang, Palembang, Lampung and Synthetic lines could be used as the male parents to recombine with the Jogjakarta and West Kalimantan lines. The Tukey’s HSD and dendrogram statistics could be useful to identify line superior and pairing appropriate lines as parents in a breeding program.
Aerodynamic drag reduction on the application of suction flow control on vehicle model with varied upstream velocity
Authors: Tarakka R , Salam N , Jalaluddin  , Rauf W , Ihsan M
Published: September 2021

The innovation in the automotive industry must prioritize the issue of energy security and the environment. One aspect of the innovations is regarding the development of more aerodynamic vehicle design. The study of vehicle aerodynamics has been considered as very important, due to its direct relation to the safety and efficiency factors of energy utilization. Applying active control on the onset region of flow separation is one example of the efforts. This study aims to analyse the effect of the application of active control by suction to the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle model through qualitatively observations of flow dynamics and quantitatively pressure fields. The test model is a modified Ahmed body with 35° slant angles and varied flow orientations. This study has been conducted in both numerical computation and experimental testing at a suction velocity of 1.0 m/s and upstream velocity of 11.1 m/s, 13.9 m/s, and 16.7 m/s, respectively. The results have found out that the attachment of active control is proven capable able to delay flow separations, to increase the pressure coefficients on the back wall, and to reduce aerodynamic drag by 10.8487% for computational methods and 10.9748% for experimental methods.
Dynamic response analysis of aircraft with actuation system failure: open-loop and closed-loop cases
Authors: Syamsul M F D , Sasongko R A
Published: September 2021

On flight control implementation, the control surface actuator system plays one of the key roles that will significantly affect the closed-loop performance of the aircraft. The actuators must provide the required effort for moving the control surface so that the desired control action can be reached. Any failure on the actuator system will limit or degrade the operation of the control surface, so that it will affect the performance of the system in controlling the aircraft, or even worse, may bring the aircraft into an unsafe condition. In this project, the effect of some control surface problems due to actuator failures are modeled, simulated, and analyzed. To reconstruct the situation, the control device failure model is integrated into the flight dynamic model of an aircraft. The numerical model of the equation then is used for simulating the aircraft response under some failure conditions. It can be seen from the simulation results that control surface failure can significantly affect the trim condition of the aircraft, since the failures can change the balance of forces and moments that work on the aircraft. The simulation results also show that for some control surface failures may initiate an asymmetrical response from the aircraft dynamics. On closed-loop simulations, where some type of flight control systems for stabilization and maneuvering tasks are implemented, control surface failures may affect the performance of the control system. The results of the study suggest that any possibilities of control surface failure must be anticipated, by using a robust control scheme or other reconfigurable schemes that can cope with the change in the dynamic characteristics due to the failures.
Take off simulation and analysis of aircraft with twin floats
Authors: Jakaria H A , Indriyanto T
Published: September 2021

Amphibious aircraft is a multi-function aircraft which can be operated on land and water. This type of aircraft helps transportation sector due to its ability to reach remote areas. Indonesia as the largest archipelago in the world has problems in connecting remote areas. Land transportations and conventional aircraft have difficulties to reach remote areas due to lack of facility. Hence, small aircraft capable of operating on land or water with take off and landing distance less than 1000 m are required. This study conducted take off simulation and analysis for DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 400 equipped with twin float. It tries to propose a simpler method to initiate the analysis of take of performance for float planes with limited data constraints. Several programs were used to generate required data, such as DatCom and SolidWorks. Float plane take-off simulation used in this research utilized Gudmundsson’s method. Results showed that the method is suitable and correctly produce take off distance and time similar to those of the real aircraft. Aircraft weight and thrust affect take-off distance and required time, as well as hydrodynamic forces produced. Reduction of weight 10% reduces the distance approximately 17%, while 10% thrust reduction increases take off distance about 15%. In the future this research will be expanded to include other float shapes and sizes, as well as flying boats.
Developing a non-routine maintenance load forecasting procedure in maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) XYZ company: A case study of B737NG aircraft
Authors: Graciova D , Suwondo E
Published: September 2021

Turn Around Time (TAT) is one of the most important performance indicators in a Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) company. MRO companies need a high percentage of on-time TAT to compete in the industry. In 2019, there is a 29% difference between the planned and the actual TAT in MRO XYZ. Based on observations in MRO XYZ, there is no planning to perform non-routine maintenance. 54% of the total maintenance loads is a non-routine maintenance, therefore, it needs to be planned. The first step of the research is to identify routine maintenance tasks that dominate the non-routine maintenance loads based on ATA Chapter and CAMP Number using Pareto Analysis. The next step is to develop a procedure which determines the variables and the mathematical model to estimate the Non-Routine Ratio (NRR) workloads. The last step is to implement the procedure to obtain the NRR estimation model, which is also as the validation of the developed procedure. Several routine maintenance tasks dominate Non-routine maintenance loads are categorized by ATA Chapter, CAMP Number, and task types. Dominant ATA Chapters are ATA 53, 25, and 57. Dominant CAMP numbers are 53-140-00, 53-800-00, and 53-866-00. Dominant task categories are DVI for the system, internal GVI for structure, and external inspection for zonal. The NRR forecasting model for B737NG C-Check is composed of C-Check number, aircraft’s age, the ratio of ATA 53, the ratio of ATA 25, and the ratio of ATA 57. The NRR forecast model can be improved by adding some variables, such as Flight Hours (FH) and Flight Cycles (FC).
Modelling and design of flight control for quadcopter in ballistic airdrop mission under wind perturbation
Authors: Liuswanto C , Jenie Y I
Published: September 2021

Airdrop mission are often carried for areas that are difficult to reach using land route and do not have the infrastructure for manned aircraft. The benefits of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for airdrop mission are getting much more attention with the rapid development of unmanned technology since last decade. The purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical model of a quadcopter to carry out ballistic airdrop mission in a windy environment, modelled in the MATLAB/Simulink software. The quadcopter based on nonlinear dynamics model which is obtained by using Newton-Euler equation, equipped with sensor model, and free-fall payload model. The sensor consists of Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), barometer, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Sensor fusion algorithm is developed to estimate attitude and position of quadcopter using Kalman filter, as well as to estimate the wind speed. A Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (PID) based controller is designed to obtain the attitude and position control of quadcopter using estimated state of quadcopter. Then, the quadcopter will carry out an airdrop mission by following a simple automated waypoint navigated system. The results of the ballistic airdrop show good precision and accuracy in a high speed, but emphasize the importance of validation model.
Using FC-CLAHE-ADF to enhance digital mammograms for detecting breast lesions
Authors: Suradi S H , Abdullah K A
Published: September 2021

Digital mammograms are commonly used for breast screening, especially to aid the detection of cancer. However, digital mammograms suffer with low contrast images due to the low exposure factors used. This paper presents a novel image enhancement technique for digital mammogram images known as Fuzzy Clipped Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization with Anisotropic Diffusion Filter (FC-CLAHE-ADF). This proposed FC-CLAHE-ADF has adopted a fuzzy-based and histogram-based image enhancement technique where it can further reduce the noise of the digital mammograms while preserving the contrast and brightness. A total of six digital mammograms were retrieved from Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) open-source database. The performance of FC-CLAHE-ADF was compared to Recursive Mean-Separate Histogram Equalization (RMSHE), Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform via Unequally Spaced Fast Fourier Transform (FDCT-USFFT), and FC-CLAHE only. In summary, this novel FC-CLAHE-ADF has provided the most superior results, among other selected enhancement techniques. The resulting images have been able to demonstrate breast lesions better.
Effect of Sr2+doping on the phase transition of BaTiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics
Authors: Uddin Sarir , Hameed Sidra , Ali Nisar , Althubeiti Khaled , Zaman Abid , Alrobei Hussein , Mushtaq Muhammad , Ali Asad , Sultana Fozia
Published: September 2021

The single phase Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (x = 0, 0.4, 0.8) ceramic compositions were fabricated through solid state (mixed oxides) method calcined at 850 °C and sintered at 1200 °C in air. The XRD patterns revealed the single phase BaTiO3 composition with a space group of pm-3m. The shifting of the (1 0 0) XRD peak to higher 2θ values is accredited to the substitution of comparatively smaller ion of Sr2+ (1.4 Å) for larger Ba2+ (1.6 Å) ion following the Braggs diffraction law (2dsinθ = mλ). The phase transition or Curie point from polar ferroelectric phase to non-polar paraelectric phase of Ba1−xSrxTiO3 was reported to decrease with increasing Sr2+ content in Ba1−xSrxTiO3 compositions. The value of the dielectric constant decreased with increasing the content of Sr2+, which may be attributed to the substitution of comparatively smaller ion of Sr2+ for Ba2+ in the perovskite structured Ba1−xSrxTiO3.
Corrigenda to “Two-point boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, uniqueness implies existence”
Authors: Eloe Paul , Henderson Johnny
Published: September 2021

This paper serves as a corrigenda for the article P. W. Eloe and J. Henderson, “Two-point boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, uniqueness implies existence”, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 148 (2020), 4377–4387. In particular, the proof the authors give in that paper of Theorem 3.3 is incorrect, and so, that alleged theorem remains a conjecture. In this corrigenda, the authors state and prove a correct theorem.
Paatero’s 𝑉(𝑘) space and a claim by Pinchuk
Authors: Andreev Valentin , Bekker Miron , Cima Joseph
Published: September 2021

In this article we obtain a factorization theorem for the functions in Paatero’s

V
(
k
)

V(k)

space. We bring attention to a significant result of Pinchuk which unfortunately is false. This result relates measures associated to functions in

V
(
k
)

V(k)

and an integral representation theorem for such functions. We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for a wide class of functions (in particular, the polynomials) to belong to the Paatero class based on the geometry of their critical points, and obtain explicit representation of the measures associated to a wide class of such polynomials that includes the Suffridge polynomials.
Quotient rings of 𝐻𝔽₂∧ℍ𝔽₂
Authors: Beaudry Agnès , Hill Michael , Lawson Tyler , Shi XiaoLin Danny , Zeng Mingcong
Published: September 2021

We study modules over the commutative ring spectrum

H

F

2

∧
H

F

2

H\mathbb F_2\wedge H\mathbb F_2

, whose coefficient groups are quotients of the dual Steenrod algebra by collections of the Milnor generators. We show that very few of these quotients admit algebra structures, but those that do can be constructed simply: killing a generator

ξ
k

\xi _k

in the category of associative algebras freely kills the higher generators

ξ

k
+
n

\xi _{k+n}

. Using new information about the conjugation operation in the dual Steenrod algebra, we also consider quotients by families of Milnor generators and their conjugates. This allows us to produce a family of associative

H

F

2

∧
H

F

2

H\mathbb F_2\wedge H\mathbb F_2

-algebras whose coefficient rings are finite-dimensional and exhibit unexpected duality features. We then use these algebras to give detailed computations of the homotopy groups of several modules over this ring spectrum.
Capturing discrete latent structures: choose LDs over PCs
Authors: Alexander Theresa A , Irizarry Rafael A , Bravo Héctor Corrada
Published: September 2021

High-dimensional biological data collection across heterogeneous groups of samples has become increasingly common, creating high demand for dimensionality reduction techniques that capture underlying structure of the data. Discovering low-dimensional embeddings that describe the separation of any underlying discrete latent structure in data is an important motivation for applying these techniques since these latent classes can represent important sources of unwanted variability, such as batch effects, or interesting sources of signal such as unknown cell types. The features that define this discrete latent structure are often hard to identify in high-dimensional data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most widely used methods as an unsupervised step for dimensionality reduction. This reduction technique finds linear transformations of the data which explain total variance. When the goal is detecting discrete structure, PCA is applied with the assumption that classes will be separated in directions of maximum variance. However, PCA will fail to accurately find discrete latent structure if this assumption does not hold. Visualization techniques, such as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), attempt to mitigate these problems with PCA by creating a low-dimensional space where similar objects are modeled by nearby points in the low-dimensional embedding and dissimilar objects are modeled by distant points with high probability. However, since t-SNE and UMAP are computationally expensive, often a PCA reduction is done before applying them which makes it sensitive to PCAs downfalls. Also, tSNE is limited to only two or three dimensions as a visualization tool, which may not be adequate for retaining discriminatory information. The linear transformations of PCA are preferable to non-linear transformations provided by methods like t-SNE and UMAP for interpretable feature weights. Here, we propose iterative discriminant analysis (iDA), a dimensionality reduction technique designed to mitigate these limitations. iDA produces an embedding that carries discriminatory information which optimally separates latent clusters using linear transformations that permit post hoc analysis to determine features that define these latent structures.
Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Drug Resistance Is Associated With Vertical Transmission and Is Prevalent in Infected Infants
Authors: Boyce Ceejay L , Sils Tatiana , Ko Daisy , Wong-on-Wing Annie , Beck Ingrid A , Styrchak Sheila M , DeMarrais Patricia , Tierney Camlin , Stranix-Chibanda Lynda , Flynn Patricia M , Taha Taha E , Owor Maxensia , Fowler Mary Glenn , Frenkel Lisa M
Published: September 2021

Background

We aimed to assess if maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance is associated with an increased risk of HIV vertical transmission and to describe the dynamics of drug resistance in HIV-infected infants.

Methods

This was a case-control study of PROMISE study participants. “Cases” were mother-infant pairs with HIV vertical transmission during pregnancy or breastfeeding and “controls” were mother-infant pairs without transmission matched 1:3 by delivery date and clinical site. Genotypic HIV drug resistance analyses were performed on mothers’ and their infants’ plasma at or near the time of infant HIV diagnosis. Longitudinal analysis of genotypic resistance was assessed in available specimens from infants, from diagnosis and beyond, including antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and last study visits.

Results

Our analyses included 85 cases and 255 matched controls. Maternal HIV drug resistance, adjusted for plasma HIV RNA load at infant HIV diagnosis, enrollment CD4 count, and antepartum regimens, was not associated with in utero/peripartum HIV transmission. In contrast, both maternal plasma HIV RNA load and HIV drug resistance were independent risk factors associated with vertical transmission during breastfeeding. Furthermore, HIV drug resistance was selected across infected infants during infancy.

Conclusions

Maternal HIV drug resistance and maternal viral load were independent risk factors for vertical transmission during breastfeeding, suggesting that nevirapine alone may be insufficient infant prophylaxis against drug-resistant variants in maternal breast milk. These findings support efforts to achieve suppression of HIV replication during pregnancy and suggest that breastfeeding infants may benefit from prophylaxis with a greater barrier to drug resistance than nevirapine alone.
Diseases of the Aorta and Kidney Disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference
Authors: Sarafidis Pantelis , Martens Sven , Saratzis Athanasios , Kadian-Dodov Daniella , Murray Patrick T , Shanahan Catherine M , Hamdan Allen D , Engelman Daniel T , Teichgräber Ulf , Herzog Charles A , Cheung Michael , Jadoul Michel , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C , Reinecke Holger , Johansen Kirsten ,   for Conference Participants
Published: September 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), as well as for cardiovascular and renal events and all-cause mortality following surgery for AAA or thoracic aortic dissection. In addition, the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after any aortic surgery is particularly high, and this AKI per se is independently associated with future cardiovascular events and mortality. On the other hand, both development of AKI after surgery and the long-term evolution of kidney function differ significantly depending on the type of AAA intervention (open surgery vs. the various subtypes of endovascular repair). Current knowledge regarding AAA in the general population may not be always applicable to CKD patients, as they have a high prevalence of co-morbid conditions and an elevated risk for periprocedural complications. This summary of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Controversies Conference group discussion reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Diseases of the Aorta in CKD and identifies knowledge gaps, areas of controversy, and priorities for future research.
R v Fagan [1969] 1 QB 439, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Fagan [1969] 1 QB 439, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
DPP v Majewski [1977] AC 443, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in DPP v Majewski [1977] AC 443, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Thabo Meli [1954] 1 WLR 228, Privy Council
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Thabo Meli [1954] 1 WLR 228, Privy Council. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v BM [2018] EWCA Crim 560, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v BM [2018] EWCA Crim 560, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Shivpuri [1987] AC 1, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Shivpuri [1987] AC 1, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 including commentary on Merritt v Merritt [1970] EWCA Civ 6; [1970] 1 WLR 1211.
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 1407
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 1407. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
With v O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in With v O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177, Privy Council. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No.2) [2001] UKHL 44
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No. 2) [2001] UKHL 44. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
L’Estrange v Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in L’Estrange v Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel (Case 11/70), EU:C:1970:114, [1970] ECR 1125, 17 December 1970
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel (Case 11/70), EU:C:1970:114, [1970] ECR 1125, 17 December 1970. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA (Case C-106/89), EU:C:1990:395, [1990] ECR I-4135, 13 November 1990
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA (Case C-106/89), EU:C:1990:395, [1990] ECR I-4135, 13 November 1990. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lübeck-Ost (Case C-314/85), EU:C:1987:452, [1987] ECR 4199, 22 October 1987
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lübeck-Ost (Case C-314/85), EU:C:1987:452, [1987] ECR 4199, 22 October 1987. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74), EU:C:1974:133, [1974] ECR 1337, 4 December 1974
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74), EU:C:1974:133, [1974] ECR 1337, 4 December 1974. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (‘Cassis de Dijon’) (Case 120/78), EU:C:1979:42, [1979] ECR 649, 20 February 1979
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (‘Cassis de Dijon’) (Case 120/78), EU:C:1979:42, [1979] ECR 649, 20 February 1979. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Janko Rottmann v Freistaadt Bayern (Case C-135/08), EU:C:2010:104, [2010] ECR I-1449, 2 March 2010
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Janko Rottmann v Freistaadt Bayern (Case C-135/08), EU:C:2010:104, [2010] ECR I-1449, 2 March 2010. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Association belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats and others v Council (Case C-236/09), EU:C:2011:100, [2011] ECR I-773, 1 March 2011
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Association belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats and others v Council (Case C-236/09), EU:C:2011:100, [2011] ECR I-773, 1 March 2011. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Case of Proclamations [1610] 77 ER 1352, 12 Co Rep 74, King’s Bench
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Case of Proclamations [1610] 77 ER 1352 12 Co Rep 74, King’s Bench. This classic public law case concerned whether the King could rule by proclamation, or whether he was required to rule through Parliament. It provides one of the core foundations of the law limiting the scope of the royal prerogative today. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629, Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629, Court of Appeal (Civil Division). This case provides an example of illegality in the context of judicial review and also discusses the concept of parliamentary intention, and theoretical models for justifying particular interpretations of it. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Handyside v United Kingdom (1979–80) 1 EHRR 737, European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Handyside v United Kingdom (1979-80) 1 EHRR 737, European Court of Human Rights. This case concerned a book which breached the Obscene Publications Act 1959. The publisher, Handyside, contended that the domestic law (the 1959 Act) breached his Article 10 rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. The case introduced the concept of the ‘margin of appreciation’ accorded to states as regards the implementation of convention rights. The case predates the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind [1991] UKHL 4, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Brind [1991] UKHL 4, House of Lords. The case considered whether the Secretary of State could restrict the editorial decisions of broadcasters as regards the way in which messages from spokespersons for proscribed organizations were broadcast. The United Kingdom was a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) when the case was heard, but the case also predates the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998. There is discussion of the legal position of the ECHR under the common law in the United Kingdom, and the concept of proportionality in United Kingdom’s domestic jurisprudence. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Abbasi) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 1598, Court of Appeal
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Abbasi) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 1598, before the Court of Appeal. This case concerned, among other things, whether foreign policy decisions made by the executive under the prerogative power could ever constitute justiciable matters arguable before the courts. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
The UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill—A Reference by the Attorney General and the Advocate General for Scotland [2018] UKSC 64, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in The UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill—A Reference by the Attorney General and the Advocate General for Scotland [2018] UKSC 64, Supreme Court. This case is concerned with the competencies of the Scottish Parliament, and the nature of devolution in the UK more generally. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 (Admin), Divisional Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2021

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 (Admin), Divisional Court. This case introduced the concept of a ‘constitutional’ statute into UK jurisprudence. The case note reflects on the consequences of this. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
14. Torts
Authors: Endicott Timothy
Published: September 2021

A claim for damages for loss caused by a public authority gives a court the opportunity to do justice for the claimant and also to impose the rule of law on the administration. The challenge is to do both without interfering inappropriately in the administrative pursuit of public goods, and without creating public compensation funds that only a legislature can legitimately create. It is an important constitutional principle that liabilities in the law of tort apply to public authorities, just as to private parties. But there is no general liability to compensate for public action that was unlawful; the impugned conduct must meet the standard requirements of the tort liability of private parties, with the exception of the one public tort: misfeasance in a public office. This chapter discusses trespass to property, statutory liabilities, negligence, misfeasance in public office, and damages under the Human Rights Act 1998.
5. Parliamentary government and the legislative process
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2021

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter first describes the UK legislature. The legislature of the UK is the Queen in Parliament. Parliament is bicameral, meaning that, apart from the Queen, there are two legislative chambers called the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords—composed of life peers, senior bishops, and some hereditary peers—is guardian of the constitution through the work of the House of Lords Constitution Committee and protects the constitution and initiates and revises legislation. The House of Commons—composed of constituency representatives organized on party lines under the whip system—is the principal legislative chamber and plays a significant role in scrutinizing the executive. The discussion then turns to the legislative process, covering electoral law, alternative voting systems, and the devolution of the legislative function including the Wales Act 2017.
9. European Union law and institutions
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2021

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the Treaty framework and sources of EU law as well as the institutions of the EU. It covers the legal background to the UK’s departure from the EU, the legal process through which the UK left the EU, the key provisions of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (2020), and the European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020. This chapter also discusses the effect of the UK’s departure from the EU on the status of the sources of EU law and the effect of leaving the EU on the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms as well as failure to transpose a Directive into national law and the effect of leaving the EU on the Francovich principle.
11. Grounds for judicial reviewIllegality
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2021

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter looks at the classification of grounds for judicial review, illegality, ultra vires, jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional error, subjective discretion and the ultra vires doctrine, improper purpose with or without express stipulation in the empowering statute, mixed motives, relevant and irrelevant considerations with or without express stipulation in the empowering statute, lack of evidence, and unlawful failure to exercise a discretionary power by policy, estoppel based on a representation made by an official, agreement, or wrongful delegation.
15. Police powers, public order, and terrorism
Authors: Faragher Colin
Published: September 2021

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the law on police powers. These include the role of the police, the organization of the police in England and Wales, police areas, the powers and functions of Police and Crime Commissioners, the Mayor’s Office for Policing and crime in London, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and its Codes of Practice, which contain rules concerning police powers of stop, search, entry, seizure of property, arrest, detention, and treatment of suspects; the meanings of reasonable suspicion and public place, and information which must be given on arrest.
13. Occupiers’ liability
Authors: Brennan Carol
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the law on occupiers’ liability, a form of negligence liability which was governed previously by the common law and now by statute law. The key statutes are the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 which governs duty to lawful visitors and the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984, regarding non-visitors, or trespassers. In determining to whom the duty is owed, it is necessary to identify the status of the entrant onto land. To determine who owes the duty as occupier, the main criterion is control of the land. Exclusion of liability and defences are included.
4. Privity and third party rights
Authors: Poole Jill , Devenney James , Shaw-Mellors Adam
Published: September 2021

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the doctrine of privity and third party rights. The doctrine of privity of contract provides that a person who is not a party to a contract (called a ‘third party’), cannot acquire rights under or enforce the provisions of that contract or rely on its protections even if the provisions were intended to benefit that third party. At common law there are complex, and sometimes artificial, ways to avoid this conclusion. More significant nowadays is the attempt to reform this principle by legislation in the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, allowing some third party beneficiaries to enforce the provisions of contracts.
6. The Terms of the Contract
Authors: Naidoo André
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the terms of the contract. Such terms can be expressed in writing or in oral statements. In addition, some terms can be implied into a contract by legislation or the courts. As a result, contracts can be in the form of a written document, an oral agreement, or even a combination of written terms and oral statements and all three can contain implied terms. The chapter then looks at how terms can be implied into contracts. It also explores the law on express terms. In the context of what has been agreed, there are two main types of dispute. One type of dispute relates to the existence of a term that a party claims has been breached. The other type of dispute over what has been agreed relates to the meaning of the terms. In such cases, the meaning of the disputed term will determine whether it has been breached. That requires the courts to interpret the term to reflect the parties’ apparent intentions.
10. Remedies Part II: Principles That Can Limit the Damages Awarded Following a Breach
Authors: Naidoo André
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies the principles that can limit the damages awarded following a breach of contract. It starts with the principle of causation. The idea here is that the breach must have caused the loss. A related issue is the limited application of contributory negligence. Where relevant, damages can be reduced to reflect any fault on the part of the innocent claimant. Both of these factors are of fairly minor importance. The main limiting factor is the principle of remoteness. It is a principle that limits liability to the risks the party in breach appeared to accept. Finally, the chapter looks at the duty to mitigate losses. This requires the innocent party to take reasonable steps to reduce (and not unreasonably increase) the loss suffered after a breach. Depending on the facts, disputes can involve any or all of these limitations.
6. Divorce and Dissolution
Authors: Lowe N V , Douglas G , Hitchings E , Taylor R
Published: September 2021

This chapter first provides an overview of the historical development of the divorce law in England and Wales and an outline of the law as it was before the new reforms contained within the Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act 2020 came into effect. It then discusses the path to reform, before ending the chapter with a consideration of the new divorce law and dissolution of civil partnership and judicial separation.
9. Children’s Rights and Welfare
Authors: Morgan Polly
Published: September 2021

This chapter moves on from the previous chapter to ask: Do adults always know best? That is an important assumption that needs to be addressed in this area of family law. To what extent, and under what circumstances, do the opinions of children count? This chapter considers the legal principle upon which most cases relating to children are decided. That is, the welfare principle. The chapter considers whether this principle is compatible with an approach that respects children's rights. The chapter begins by defining what is meant by the welfare principle and considers in what cases the welfare principle applies and, conversely, in what cases the welfare principle does not apply. The spectrum of issues here might seem quite narrow but in fact they are much broader than might be first imagined. There are multiple considerations, theories, and contradictions at play.
12. Child Protection: Care, Supervision, and Adoption
Authors: Morgan Polly
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at what happens in issues of child protection when compulsory intervention in the form of care or supervision applications is needed. It considers the legal tests, the processes, and the practicalities involved in proceedings and decisions about what should happen after intervention. For intervention to take place, the local authority must satisfy the court that the child in question is suffering or likely to suffer significant harm attributable to their care or to them being beyond parental control. As far as the court is concerned, the best interests of the child are paramount. The court has to consider all realistic options for the child's future.