bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of social support and donation-related concerns on ambivalence of living liver donor candidates
Authors: Lai Yun-Chieh , Lee Wei-Chen , Juang Yeong-Yuh , Yen Lee-Lan , Weng Li-Chueh , Chou Hsueh Fen
Published: July 2014

Ambivalence in the decision-making process for living liver donors has the potential to result in their experiencing a negative mental status. To promote donor candidates' well-being, it is important to study the factors related to ambivalence. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the ambivalence of living liver donor candidates and to investigate the effect of social support and donation-related concerns on their ambivalence. A cross-sectional design was used. In total, 100 living liver donor candidates who underwent a preoperative evaluation between April and October 2009 were recruited for the study. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that contained items related to ambivalence, donation-related concerns, and social support. The mean score for ambivalence was 3.14 (standard deviation = 1.8), and the median was 3. Only 7% of the study sample reported no ambivalence during the assessment stage. Ambivalence was positively correlated with donation-related concerns (physical concerns, r = 0.39; psychosocial concerns, r = 0.43; financial concerns, r = 0.29) and negatively correlated with social support (r = −0.16 to −0.33). Those with psychosocial concerns had significantly worse ambivalence (β = 0.29, P = 0.03), but social support mitigated ambivalence (β = −0.34, P = 0.01). When intimacy and social support were included in the model, the effect of psychosocial concerns on ambivalence became nonsignificant (β = 0.24, P = 0.08). Ambivalence is common among living liver donor candidates, but instrumental social support can mediate the negative effect of donation-related concerns. Recommendations include providing appropriate social support to minimize donation-related concerns and, thus, to reduce the ambivalence of living liver candidates. Liver Transpl 20:1365–1371, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
The univalence of α‐project starlike functions
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Sokół Janusz
Published: July 2014

We solve the univalence problem in the class of α‐project starlike function. The α‐project close‐to‐convex function, α‐project Bazilevič and α‐project Φ‐like functions are also considered here.
Martin Costabel's version of the trace theorem revisited
Authors: Wendland W. L.
Published: July 2014

Dedicated to Professor Dr. Martin Costabel on the occasion of his 65th birthday.Martin Costabel showed in his celebrated paper on boundary integral operators on Lipschitz domains
also that the trace theorem for functions in Hs(Ω) holds for
and not only for
. Here, we show that his approach can be extended to Ck − 1,1‐domains with
. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postprandial cell defense system responses to meal formulations: Stratification through gene expression profiling
Authors: Drew Janice E. , Farquharson Andrew J. , Horgan Graham W. , Duthie Susan J. , Duthie Garry G.
Published: July 2014

Scope

Cell defenses regulating homeostatic control of postprandial stress are influenced by interindividual variation, food composition and health status. This study investigates effects of food composition on individual postprandial responses and associations with health.

Methods and results

Volunteers (n = 16) consumed four food formulations (50% unsaturated/saturated fat, with/without beetroot extract 10 g/100 g) on separate occasions. GeXP assay measured whole blood postprandial gene expression profiles of 28 cell defense markers at baseline and postprandial time points 1, 2, 4, 6, 24 h. Plasma markers of metabolic lipids, hormones, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and DNA damage/repair were also assessed. SIRT 1, UCP2, HO1, GSS, PTGS2, TP53, CDKN2A, PPIA, SOCS3, and APE1 expression profiles revealed distinct stratified subgroups associated with plasma HDLs, TNF‐α and postprandial responses of SOCS3, and PPIA. Leptin, IL6, and DNA strand breaks revealed differing responses to fat type consumed.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates postprandial immune, inflammatory, redox, metabolic, and DNA repair responses that are largely independent of fat type consumed (unsaturated/saturated) or addition of beetroot extract, in apparently healthy individuals. However, postprandial responses can be characterized by regulation of gene expression associated with markers linked to health status and are subject to interindividual variation that can influence postprandial responses.
Relativistic effects in the one‐bond spin–spin coupling constants involving selenium
Authors: Rusakova Irina L. , Rusakov Yury Yu. , Krivdin Leonid B.
Published: July 2014

One‐bond spin–spin coupling constants involving selenium of seven different types, 1 J(Se,X), X = 1H, 13C, 15 N, 19 F, 29Si, 31P, and 77Se, were calculated in the series of 14 representative compounds at the SOPPA(CCSD) level taking into account relativistic corrections evaluated both at the RPA and DFT levels of theory in comparison with experiment. Relativistic corrections were found to play a major role in the calculation of 1 J(Se,X) reaching as much as almost 170% of the total value of 1 J(Se,Se) and up to 60–70% for the rest of 1 J(Se,X). Scalar relativistic effects (Darwin and mass‐velocity corrections) by far dominate over spin–orbit coupling in the total relativistic effects for all 1 J(Se,X). Taking into account relativistic corrections at both random phase approximation and density functional theory levels essentially improves the agreement of theoretical results with experiment. The most ‘relativistic’ 1 J(Se,Se) demonstrates a marked Karplus‐type dihedral angle dependence with respect to the mutual orientation of the selenium lone pairs providing a powerful tool for stereochemical analysis of selenoorganic compounds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming limitations in diffusion‐weighted MRI of breast by spatio‐temporal encoding
Authors: Solomon Eddy , Nissan Noam , Furman‐Haran Edna , Seginer Amir , Shapiro‐Feinberg Myra , Degani Hadassa , Frydman Lucio
Published: July 2014

Purpose

Evaluating the usefulness of diffusion‐weighted spatio‐temporal encoding (SPEN) methods to provide quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)‐based characterizations of healthy and malignant human breast tissues, in comparison with results obtained using techniques based on spin‐echo echo planar imaging (SE‐EPI).

Methods

Twelve healthy volunteers and six breast cancer patients were scanned at 3T using scanner‐supplied diffusion‐weighted imaging EPI sequences, as well as two fully refocused SPEN variants programmed in‐house. Suitable codes were written to process the data, including calculations of the actual b‐values and retrieval of the ADC maps.

Results

Systematically better images were afforded by the SPEN scans, with negligible geometrical distortions and markedly weaker ghosting artifacts arising from either fat tissues or from strongly emitting areas such as cysts. SPEN‐derived images provided improved characterizations of the fibroglandular tissues and of the lesions' contours. When translated into the calculation of the ADC maps, there were no significant differences between the mean ADCs derived from SPEN and SE‐EPI: if reliable images were available, both techniques showed that ADCs decreased by nearly two‐fold in the malignant lesion areas.

Conclusion

SPEN‐based sequences yielded diffusion‐weighted breast images with minimal artifacts and distortions, enabling the calculation of improved ADC maps and the identification of decreased ADCs in malignant regions. Magn Reson Med 73:2163–2173, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic analysis of hyperpolarized data with minimum a priori knowledge: Hybrid maximum entropy and nonlinear least squares method (MEM/NLS)
Authors: Mariotti Erika , Veronese Mattia , Dunn Joel T. , Southworth Richard , Eykyn Thomas R.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of using a hybrid Maximum‐Entropy/Nonlinear Least Squares (MEM/NLS) method for analyzing the kinetics of hyperpolarized dynamic data with minimum a priori knowledge.

Theory and Methods

A continuous distribution of rates obtained through the Laplace inversion of the data is used as a constraint on the NLS fitting to derive a discrete spectrum of rates. Performance of the MEM/NLS algorithm was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations and validated by fitting the longitudinal relaxation time curves of hyperpolarized [1‐13C] pyruvate acquired at 9.4 Tesla and at three different flip angles. The method was further used to assess the kinetics of hyperpolarized pyruvate‐lactate exchange acquired in vitro in whole blood and to re‐analyze the previously published in vitro reaction of hyperpolarized 15N choline with choline kinase.

Results

The MEM/NLS method was found to be adequate for the kinetic characterization of hyperpolarized in vitro time‐series. Additional insights were obtained from experimental data in blood as well as from previously published 15N choline experimental data.

Conclusion

The proposed method informs on the compartmental model that best approximate the biological system observed using hyperpolarized 13C MR especially when the metabolic pathway assessed is complex or a new hyperpolarized probe is used. Magn Reson Med 73:2332–2342, 2015. © 2014 The authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.
Neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensors during repeated maximal intensity intermittent‐sprints on a cycle ergometer
Authors: Pearcey Gregory E.P. , Murphy Justin R. , Behm David G. , Hay Dean C. , Power Kevin E. , Button Duane C.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: We studied the time course of neuromuscular fatigue during maximal intensity intermittent‐sprint cycling. Methods: Eight participants completed 10, 10‐s sprints interspersed with 180 s of recovery. The power outputs were recorded for each sprint. Knee extensor maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force, voluntary activation, and evoked contractile properties were recorded presprint, postsprint 5, and postsprint 10. Results: Total work over the 10 sprints decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and could be described by 2 linear relationships from sprints 1–5 compared with sprints 6–10. Participants had significantly (P < 0.05) lower MVC and twitch forces postsprint 5 compared with presprint. MVC, voluntary activation, and twitch force were decreased (P < 0.05) postsprint 10 compared with postsprint 5. Conclusions: The maximal intermittent sprints induced neuromuscular fatigue. Neuromuscular fatigue in the first 5 sprints was mainly peripheral, whereas in the last 5 sprints it was both peripheral and central. Muscle Nerve 51: 569–579, 2015
A physically and geometrically nonlinear scaled‐boundary‐based finite element formulation for fracture in elastomers
Authors: Behnke R. , Mundil M. , Birk C. , Kaliske M.
Published: July 2014

This paper is devoted to the formulation of a plane scaled boundary finite element with initially constant thickness for physically and geometrically nonlinear material behavior. Special two‐dimensional element shape functions are derived by using the analytical displacement solution of the standard scaled boundary finite element method, which is originally based on linear material behavior and small strains. These 2D shape functions can be constructed for an arbitrary number of element nodes and allow to capture singularities (e.g., at a plane crack tip) analytically, without extensive mesh refinement. Mapping these proposed 2D shape functions to the 3D case, a formulation that is compatible with standard finite elements is obtained. The resulting physically and geometrically nonlinear scaled boundary finite element formulation is implemented into the framework of the finite element method for bounded plane domains with and without geometrical singularities. The numerical realization is shown in detail. To represent the physically and geometrically nonlinear material and structural behavior of elastomer specimens, the extended tube model and the Yeoh model are used. Numerical studies on the convergence behavior and comparisons with standard Q1P0 finite elements demonstrate the correct implementation and the advantages of the developed scaled boundary finite element. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dissection solver with kernel detection for symmetric finite element matrices on shared memory computers
Authors: Suzuki A. , Roux F.‐X.
Published: July 2014

A direct solver for symmetric sparse matrices from finite element problems is presented. The solver is supposed to work as a local solver of domain decomposition methods for hybrid parallelization on cluster systems of multi‐core CPUs, and then it is required to run on shared memory computers and to have an ability of kernel detection. Symmetric pivoting with a given threshold factorizes a matrix with a decomposition introduced by a nested bisection and selects suspicious null pivots from the threshold. The Schur complement constructed from the suspicious null pivots is examined by a factorization with 1 × 1 and 2 × 2 pivoting and by a robust kernel detection algorithm based on measurement of residuals with orthogonal projections onto supposed image spaces. A static data structure from the nested bisection and a block sub‐structure for Schur complements at all bisection levels can use level 3 BLAS routines efficiently. Asynchronous task execution for each block can reduce idle time of processors drastically, and as a result, the solver has high parallel efficiency. Competitive performance of the developed solver to Intel Pardiso on shared memory computers is shown by numerical experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Investment Returns of Nonprofit Organizations, Part II
Authors: Heutel Garth , Zeckhauser Richard
Published: July 2014

We continue our examination of the investment performance of nonprofit charities and foundations. This analysis tests hypotheses about what types of organizations do better. Our motivating intuition is that nonprofits with greater focus on investment performance will secure higher returns. Our hypotheses are tested by regressing the rate of return for each organization on various characteristics. As expected, nonprofits whose primary business is predominantly financial, such as insurance providers and pension or retirement funds, consistently earn higher returns. The data also support our hypotheses that larger nonprofits, older nonprofits, and private foundations will tend to outperform. The evidence is mixed as to whether nonprofits that pay higher executive salaries or spend more on management earn higher returns.
Equibiaxial elongational viscosity measurements of commercial polymer melts
Authors: Mick Rebecca M. , Shiu Tai‐Yi , Venerus David C.
Published: July 2014

The equibiaxial elongational viscosity of six commercially available polymer melts is measured using a novel technique known as continuous lubricated squeezing flow. This technique is a modification of simple lubricated squeezing flow. The systems were chosen in order to investigate the dependence of equibiaxial elongational viscosity on molecular structure. Three of the melts are polyethylene with long chain branching, two are polyethylene with short chain branching, and one is polyisobutylene with linear chains. Each polymer was subjected to strain rates ranging from 0.003 to 0.1 s−1 and compared to the linear viscoelastic prediction so that the degree of strain hardening could be determined. For a modestly branched polymer, comparison of rheological behavior in both uniaxial and equibiaxial deformations was possible. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1012–1017, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Infrared melt temperature measurement of single screw extrusion
Authors: Vera‐Sorroche J. , Kelly A.L. , Brown E.C. , Coates P.D.
Published: July 2014

An infrared temperature sensor has been used to provide real time quantification of the thermal homogeneity of polymer extrusion. The non‐intrusive sensor was located in the barrel of a single screw extruder, positioned such that it provided a measurement of melt temperature in the channel of the metering section of the extruder screw. The rapid response of the technique enabled melt temperature within the extruder screw channel to be monitored in real time, allowing quantification of the thermal stability of the extrusion process. Two polyethylenes were used in experiments with three extruder screw geometries at a range of screw speeds. Data generated by the infrared sensor was found to be highly sensitive to thermal fluctuations relating to the melting performance of the extruder screw. Comparisons made with an intrusive thermocouple grid sensor located in the extruder die suggested that the infrared technique was able to provide a similar level of information without disturbing the process flow. This application on infrared thermometry could prove highly useful for industrial extrusion process monitoring and optimization. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1059–1066, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Polymer Engineering & Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Plastics Engineers
Disentanglement and micropore structure of UHMWPE in an athermal solvent
Authors: Cheung Siu Yeung , Wen Weijia , Gao Ping
Published: July 2014

In this article, we studied the chain disentanglement process of UHMWPE by petrolatum. As a result of disentanglement of UHMWPE network, the G′/G″ crossover frequency increased, and the plateau modulus decreased. The plateau moduli were shown to exhibit a power law dependence on the polymer volume fraction with the power law exponent of 2.7. This is in agreement with the scaling relationship in polymer solutions where the solvent is slightly better than the θ solvent. To further verify the disentanglement effect induced by the presence of petrolatum, biaxial drawing of gel crystallized films was performed. Scanning electron microscopy analysis on the extracted films shows that the fibrous crystal network structures holding the micropores in the membrane were closely related to the entanglement density. Rheological measurements showed high repeatability of results and upheld the validity of models. We are among the first to provide a reasonably quantitative description for the disentanglement of UHMWPE. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1177–1186, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Proteomic approaches to sexual development mediated by antheridiogen in the fern Blechnum spicant L
Authors: Valledor Luis , Menéndez Virginia , Canal María Jesús , Revilla Angeles , Fernández Helena
Published: July 2014

This report is intended to compare proteomic profiles between female and male gametophytes of Blechnum spicant L. For this purpose, female gametophytes were obtained from spores germinated on Murashige and Skoog medium (1962), and the male ones by culturing 30‐day‐old gametophytes on the same medium supplemented with extract derived from mature gametophytes, which exhibits anteridiogen effect. Proteins were extracted using the phenolic method, and after two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, 581 spots were detected in Coomassie stained gels within the 3–11 pH range and 10–100 kDa Mr ranges. Quantitative and qualitative differences in spot intensity between both types of gametophytes were found. The induction of male gametophytes by antheridiogens was correlated to a global increase in stress and defence‐related pathways, which affect flavonoid signaling and cell division, while reducing protein biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and other energy‐related pathways, reflecting how stressed are the gametophytes during the induction process. This is the first proteomic study that examines proteins associated to sexual development in the gametophyte of the fern B. spìcant.
Polarization‐controlled dressed‐photon–phonon etching of patterned diamond structures
Authors: Yatsui Takashi , Takeuchi Daisuke , Koizumi Satoshi , Sato Kazuki , Tsuzuki Kohei , Iwasaki Takayuki , Hatano Mutsuko , Makino Toshiharu , Ogura Masahiko , Kato Hiromitsu , Okushi Hideyo , Yamasaki Satoshi
Published: July 2014

To realize an ultra‐flat diamond surface with a three‐dimensional (3D) structure, we performed dressed‐photon–phonon (DPP) etching. A DPP is generated on nano‐scale protrusions. Hence, the generation of DPPs results in selective removal of nano‐scale protrusions, thereby achieving an ultra‐flat surface even on the sidewall of a diamond mesa structure. By controlling the polarization of the incident light, a smooth diamond mesa structure sidewall was obtained, and a higher etching rate was obtained with a perpendicular polarization on the corrugations. In addition, by selective deposition of n‐layer diamond on the p‐layer diamond mesa structure, smooth n‐layer diamond was confirmed on the DPP etched sidewall.

Schematic of dressed‐photon–phonon (DPP) etching on the sidewall: (a) before and (b) after etching, in which DPP selectively generates on the corrugations and etching automatically stops when the surface was smooth. Scanning electron microscopy image of the selective deposition of the n‐layer (c) without and (d) with the DPP etched sidewall.
Joint modeling tumor burden and time to event data in oncology trials
Authors: Shen Ye , Anderson Aparna , Sinha Ritwik , Li Yang
Published: July 2014

The tumor burden (TB) process is postulated to be the primary mechanism through which most anticancer treatments provide benefit. In phase II oncology trials, the biologic effects of a therapeutic agent are often analyzed using conventional endpoints for best response, such as objective response rate and progression‐free survival, both of which causes loss of information. On the other hand, graphical methods including spider plot and waterfall plot lack any statistical inference when there is more than one treatment arm. Therefore, longitudinal analysis of TB data is well recognized as a better approach for treatment evaluation. However, longitudinal TB process suffers from informative missingness because of progression or death. We propose to analyze the treatment effect on tumor growth kinetics using a joint modeling framework accounting for the informative missing mechanism. Our approach is illustrated by multisetting simulation studies and an application to a nonsmall‐cell lung cancer data set. The proposed analyses can be performed in early‐phase clinical trials to better characterize treatment effect and thereby inform decision‐making. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process Selection for Linear Profiles with One‐sided Specifications Based on the Ratio Test Statistic
Authors: Wang Fu‐Kwun , Tamirat Yeneneh , Tsai Yuan‐Sheng
Published: July 2014

The quality of a process is characterized by a functional relationship between the response variable and one or more explanatory variables called a linear profile. In this study, the process selection problem that deals with comparing two linear profiles with one‐sided specifications and selecting the one that has a significantly higher capability value is presented. An exact approach based on the ratio test statistic to tackle the supplier selection problem is proposed. Testing hypotheses with two cases for comparing two processes is considered. Critical values of the tests are calculated to determine the selection decisions. The number of profiles required for a designated selection power and confidence level is also provided. The results provide useful information to practitioners. One real example is used to illustrate the application of our proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐dependent molecular fields created by the interaction of an external electromagnetic field with a molecular system
Authors: Baer Michael
Published: July 2014

When an external, time‐dependent field interacts with a molecular system various phenomena may take place. However, concentrating on a region close enough to a point of conical intersection, we find that this external field builds up a field similar to an electromagnetic field formed on the one hand by Field‐Dressed nonadiabatic coupling terms which are reminiscent of the Maxwell–Lorentz Vector potentials, and on the other hand via a scalar potential formed by the dipole‐interaction with an external field. In this article, we show that this new field, to be termed Molecular Field, is characterized by several spatial and space‐time Field‐Dressed Curl equations and one, single, space‐time Field‐Dressed Divergence equation. These equations are then shown to yield, just as in the general theory of electromagnetism, the corresponding Field‐Dressed Wave Equations. This achievement could be materialized employing the (1,2) antisymmetric matrix elements of any of the 2×2 dimensional Field‐Dressed nonadiabatic coupling matrices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of dephasing in an open quantum system under chaotic influence via a fractional Kohn–Sham scheme
Authors: Ganesan Timothy
Published: July 2014

In this work, the dynamics of dephasing (without relaxation) in the presence of a chaotic oscillator is theoretically investigated. The time‐dependent density functional theory framework was used in tandem with the Lindblad master equation approach for modeling the dissipative dynamics. Using the Kohn–Sham (K–S) scheme under certain approximations, the exact model for the potentials was acquired. In addition, a space‐fractional K–S scheme was developed (using the modified Riemann–Liouville operator) for modeling the dephasing phenomenon. Extensive analyses and comparative studies were then done on the results obtained using the space‐fractional K–S system and the conventional K–S system. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A better alternative to stratified permuted block design for subject randomization in clinical trials
Authors: Zhao Wenle
Published: July 2014

Stratified permuted block randomization has been the dominant covariate‐adaptive randomization procedure in clinical trials for several decades. Its high probability of deterministic assignment and low capacity of covariate balancing have been well recognized. The popularity of this sub‐optimal method is largely due to its simplicity in implementation and the lack of better alternatives. Proposed in this paper is a two‐stage covariate‐adaptive randomization procedure that uses the block urn design or the big stick design in stage one to restrict the treatment imbalance within each covariate stratum, and uses the biased‐coin minimization method in stage two to control imbalances in the distribution of additional covariates that are not included in the stratification algorithm. Analytical and simulation results show that the new randomization procedure significantly reduces the probability of deterministic assignments, and improve the covariate balancing capacity when compared to the traditional stratified permuted block randomization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of pelvic adhesions on ultrasound examination in women with a history of Cesarean section
Authors: Moro F. , Mavrelos D. , Pateman K. , Holland T. , Hoo W. L. , Jurkovic D.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence and location of pelvic adhesions in women with a history of Cesarean section and to identify risk factors for their formation and symptoms associated with their presence.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of women in whom one or more Cesarean sections had been performed > 12 months previously and who attended for a gynecological ultrasound examination. In all women, both transvaginal and transabdominal scans were performed in order to identify the presence of pelvic adhesions. Medical and surgical history was recorded and a structured questionnaire was used to enquire about any history of pelvic pain and urinary symptoms.

Results

A total of 308 women were recruited into the study. On ultrasound examination, 139 (45.1% (95% CI, 39.7–50.7%)) women showed evidence of adhesions within the pelvis. Adhesions in the vesicouterine pouch were the most common and were found in a total of 79 (25.6% (95% CI, 20.7–30.5%)) women. In women with a history of no surgery other than Cesarean section(s) (n = 220), an increasing number of Cesarean sections (odds ratio (OR) 3.4 (95% CI, 2.1–5.5)) and a postoperative wound infection (OR 11.7 (95% CI, 3.5–39.5)) increased the likelihood of adhesions developing in the anterior pelvic compartment. There was a significant association between the presence of anterior compartment adhesions and chronic pelvic pain. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified anterior abdominal wall adhesions (OR 2.4 (95% CI, 1.0–5.9)) and any adhesions present on ultrasound scan (OR 2.6 (95% CI, 1.2–5.7)) as independent predictors of chronic pelvic pain.

Conclusions

Pelvic adhesions are present in more than a third of women with a history of Cesarean section and they are associated with chronic pelvic pain. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
On the completeness of root functions of Sturm‐Liouville problems for the Lamé system in weighted spaces
Authors: Shlapunov A. , Peicheva A.
Published: July 2014

We consider three Sturm–Liouville boundary value problems (two of them are coercive and the other one is not) in a bounded Lipschitz domain for a perturbed Lamé operator with boundary conditions of Robin type. We prove that the problems are Fredholm in suitable weighted Sobolev type spaces. Conditions, providing the completeness of root functions related to the boundary value problems, are described.
The first case of intersexuality in an African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis)
Authors: Langer Sandra , Ternes Kerstin , Widmer Dimitri , Mutschmann Frank
Published: July 2014

To the authors knowledge this is the first case of intersexuality in an African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). An adult African dwarf crocodile with a male‐typical phenotype lived at Zoo Duisburg in Germany for 10 years. It died in October 2012 despite intensive treatment as a result of terminal septicemia. After a detailed pathological examination the gonads were histologically confirmed as ovotestes. Half of the 22 extant species of crocodilians have been examined for occurrence of temperature dependent sex determination (TSD). In TSD reptiles, masculinizing temperatures yield 100% or a majority of males, whereas feminizing temperatures yield 100% or a majority of females. In the transition range of temperature (TRT), a mix of males, females and sometimes intersexes are obtained. However, the molecular mechanisms behind TSD and an explanation for the occurrence of intersexuality remain elusive. Zoo Biol. 33:459–462, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Developments and Innovations in Resident and Fellowship Education
Authors: Sofka Carolyn M.
Published: July 2014

Background

Medical trainee education has drastically changed over the past 30 years significantly since the inception of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in 1981. With an emphasis on patient safety, regulations and oversight from the ACGME have drastically changed the way many programs function with respect to trainee responsibilities, duty hours, and resident supervision.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this review is to summarize significant changes and innovations implemented by the ACGME and their proposed effects on trainee education. While there is an emphasis on musculoskeletal radiology fellowship training, the majority of the regulations and guidelines are applicable to all training programs.

Methods

Articles, commentaries, and policies focusing on ACGME requirements were reviewed, with a focus on musculoskeletal radiology.

Results

Changes in ACGME policies have resulted in significant structural modifications in how training programs are designed, specifically with respect to curriculum standardization, measuring outcomes of trainee performance, and integration of residents and fellows into hospital-based quality improvement and patient safety initiatives.

Conclusion

With an eye to continued training program advancement and improvement, the goal of universal oversight and standardization in medical training remains to produce forward-thinking physicians with an emphasis on lifelong learning, patient care, and quality improvement.
Complex Webs
Authors: West Bruce J. , Grigolini Paolo
Published: July 2014

Complex Webs synthesises modern mathematical developments with a broad range of complex network applications of interest to the engineer and system scientist, presenting the common principles, algorithms, and tools governing network behaviour, dynamics, and complexity. The authors investigate multiple mathematical approaches to inverse power laws and expose the myth of normal statistics to describe natural and man-made networks. Richly illustrated throughout with real-world examples including cell phone use, accessing the Internet, failure of power grids, measures of health and disease, distribution of wealth, and many other familiar phenomena from physiology, bioengineering, biophysics, and informational and social networks, this book makes thought-provoking reading. With explanations of phenomena, diagrams, end-of-chapter problems, and worked examples, it is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in engineering and the life, social, and physical sciences. It is also a perfect introduction for researchers who are interested in this exciting new way of viewing dynamic networks.
Lectures on Algebraic Cycles
Authors: Bloch Spencer
Published: July 2014

Spencer Bloch's 1979 Duke lectures, a milestone in modern mathematics, have been out of print almost since their first publication in 1980, yet they have remained influential and are still the best place to learn the guiding philosophy of algebraic cycles and motives. This edition, now professionally typeset, has a new preface by the author giving his perspective on developments in the field over the past 30 years. The theory of algebraic cycles encompasses such central problems in mathematics as the Hodge conjecture and the Bloch–Kato conjecture on special values of zeta functions. The book begins with Mumford's example showing that the Chow group of zero-cycles on an algebraic variety can be infinite-dimensional, and explains how Hodge theory and algebraic K-theory give new insights into this and other phenomena.
The High Energy Universe
Authors: Mészáros Péter
Published: July 2014

In the last two decades, cosmology, particle physics, high energy astrophysics and gravitational physics have become increasingly interwoven. The intense activity taking place at the intersection of these disciplines is constantly progressing, with the advent of major cosmic ray, neutrino, gamma ray and gravitational wave observatories for studying cosmic sources, along with the construction of particle physics experiments using beams and signals of cosmic origin. This book provides an up-to-date overview of the recent advances and potential future developments in this area, discussing both the main theoretical ideas and experimental results. It conveys the challenges but also the excitement associated with this field. Written in a concise yet accessible style, explaining technical details with examples drawn from everyday life, it will be suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as other readers interested in the subject. Colour versions of a selection of the figures are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521517003.
Imperatives
Authors: Jary Mark , Kissine Mikhail
Published: July 2014

Imperative sentences usually occur in speech acts such as orders, requests, and pleas. However, they are also used to give advice, and to grant permission, and are sometimes found in advertisements, good wishes and conditional constructions. Yet, the relationship between the form of imperatives, and the wide range of speech acts in which they occur, remains unclear, as do the ways in which semantic theory should handle imperatives. This book is the first to look systematically at both the data and the theory. The first part discusses data from a large set of languages, including many outside the Indo-European family, and analyses in detail the range of uses to which imperatives are put, paying particular attention to controversial cases. This provides the empirical background for the second part, where the authors offer an accessible, comprehensive and in-depth discussion of the major theoretical accounts of imperative semantics and pragmatics.
Order within Anarchy
Authors: Morrow James D.
Published: July 2014

Order within Anarchy focuses on how the laws of war create strategic expectations about how states and their soldiers will act during war, which can help produce restraint. The success of the laws of war depends on three related factors: compliance between warring states and between soldiers on the battlefield, and control of soldiers by their militaries. A statistical study of compliance of the laws of war during the twentieth century shows that joint ratification strengthens both compliance and reciprocity, compliance varies across issues with the scope for individual violations, and violations occur early in war. Close study of the treatment of prisoners of war during World Wars I and II demonstrates the difficulties posed by states' varied willingness to limit violence, a lack of clarity about what restraint means, and the practical problems of restraint on the battlefield.
Why Electoral Integrity Matters
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: July 2014

This book is the first in a planned trilogy by Pippa Norris on challenges of electoral integrity to be published by Cambridge University Press. Unfortunately too often elections around the globe are deeply flawed or even fail. Why does this matter? It is widely suspected that such contests will undermine confidence in elected authorities, damage voting turnout, trigger protests, exacerbate conflict, and occasionally lead to regime change. Well-run elections, by themselves, are insufficient for successful transitions to democracy. But flawed, or even failed, contests are thought to wreck fragile progress. Is there good evidence for these claims? Under what circumstances do failed elections undermine legitimacy? With a global perspective, using new sources of data for mass and elite evidence, this book provides fresh insights into these major issues.
Number Theory, Fourier Analysis and Geometric Discrepancy
Authors: Travaglini Giancarlo
Published: July 2014

The study of geometric discrepancy, which provides a framework for quantifying the quality of a distribution of a finite set of points, has experienced significant growth in recent decades. This book provides a self-contained course in number theory, Fourier analysis and geometric discrepancy theory, and the relations between them, at the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate level. It starts as a traditional course in elementary number theory, and introduces the reader to subsequent material on uniform distribution of infinite sequences, and discrepancy of finite sequences. Both modern and classical aspects of the theory are discussed, such as Weyl's criterion, Benford's law, the Koksma–Hlawka inequality, lattice point problems, and irregularities of distribution for convex bodies. Fourier analysis also features prominently, for which the theory is developed in parallel, including topics such as convergence of Fourier series, one-sided trigonometric approximation, the Poisson summation formula, exponential sums, decay of Fourier transforms, and Bessel functions.
Rethinking the Buddha
Authors: Shulman Eviatar
Published: July 2014

A cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy, the doctrine of the four noble truths maintains that life is replete with suffering, desire is the cause of suffering, nirvana is the end of suffering, and the way to nirvana is the eightfold noble path. Although the attribution of this seminal doctrine to the historical Buddha is ubiquitous, Rethinking the Buddha demonstrates through a careful examination of early Buddhist texts that he did not envision them in this way. Shulman traces the development of what we now call the four noble truths, which in fact originated as observations to be cultivated during deep meditation. The early texts reveal that other central Buddhist doctrines, such as dependent-origination and selflessness, similarly derived from meditative observations. This book challenges the conventional view that the Buddha's teachings represent universal themes of human existence, allowing for a fresh, compelling explanation of the Buddhist theory of liberation.
Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory
Authors: Berdan Frances F.
Published: July 2014

This book provides an up-to-date synthesis of Aztec culture, applying interdisciplinary approaches (archaeology, ethnohistory and ethnography) to reconstructing the complex and enigmatic civilization. Frances F. Berdan offers a balanced assessment of complementary and sometimes contradictory sources in unravelling the ancient way of life. The book provides a cohesive view of the Aztecs and their empire, emphasizing the diversity and complexity of social, economic, political and religious roles played by the many kinds of people we call 'Aztecs'. Concluding with three integrative case studies, the book examines the stresses, dynamics and anchors of Aztec culture and society.
Staging Conventions in Medieval English Theatre
Authors: Butterworth Philip
Published: July 2014

How was medieval English theatre performed? Many of the modern theatrical concepts and terms used today to discuss the nature of medieval English theatre were never used in medieval times. Concepts and terms such as character, characterisation, truth and belief, costume, acting style, amateur, professional, stage directions, effects and special effects are all examples of post-medieval terms that have been applied to the English theatre. Little has been written about staging conventions in the performance of medieval English theatre and the identity and value of these conventions has often been overlooked. In this book, Philip Butterworth analyses dormant evidence of theatrical processes such as casting, doubling of parts, rehearsing, memorising, cueing, entering, exiting, playing, expounding, prompting, delivering effects, timing, hearing, seeing and responding. All these concerns point to a very different kind of theatre to the naturalistic theatre produced today.
The Sources of the Synoptic Gospels
Authors: Knox Wilfred L.
Published: July 2014

Wilfred L. Knox (1886–1950) was a theologian and fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Volume I of his Sources of the Synoptic Gospels was published posthumously in 1953. The gospels were written to preach Christ and not to satisfy the curiosities of the modern scholar; but they do contain important historical material of the first importance. That is Dr Knox's contention: and these volumes seek to take Gospel criticism a stage beyond Form-criticism. The result of many years' work, this volume focuses on the Gospel of St Mark, whilst the 1957 Volume II is concerned with St Luke and St Matthew. Following Knox's death. The manuscripts for both of these volumes were edited by the Rev. Henry Chadwick and published in their present form.
Stravinsky and the Russian Period
Authors: van den Toorn Pieter C. , McGinness John
Published: July 2014

Van den Toorn and McGinness take a fresh look at the dynamics of Stravinsky's musical style from a variety of analytical, critical and aesthetic angles. Starting with processes of juxtaposition and stratification, the book offers an in-depth analysis of works such as The Rite of Spring, Les Noces and Renard. Characteristic features of style, melody and harmony are traced to rhythmic forces, including those of metrical displacement. Along with Stravinsky's formalist aesthetics, the strict performing style he favoured is also traced to rhythmic factors, thus reversing the direction of the traditional causal relationship. Here, aesthetic belief and performance practice are seen as flowing directly from the musical invention. The book provides a counter-argument to the criticism and aesthetics of T. W. Adorno and Richard Taruskin, and will appeal to composers, critics and performers as well as scholars of Stravinsky's music.
Language in the Brain
Authors: Schnelle Helmut
Published: July 2014

Linguistics, neurocognition, and phenomenological psychology are fundamentally different fields of research. Helmut Schnelle provides an interdisciplinary understanding of a new integrated field in which linguists can be competent in neurocognition and neuroscientists in structure linguistics. Consequently the first part of the book is a systematic introduction to the function of the form and meaning-organising brain component - with the essential core elements being perceptions, actions, attention, emotion and feeling. Their descriptions provide foundations for experiences based on semantics and pragmatics. The second part is addressed to non-linguists and presents the structural foundations of currently established linguistic frameworks. This book should be serious reading for anyone interested in a comprehensive understanding of language, in which evolution, functional organisation and hierarchies are explained by reference to brain architecture and dynamics.
Introduction to Optical Quantum Information Processing
Authors: Kok Pieter , Lovett Brendon W.
Published: July 2014

Quantum information processing offers fundamental improvements over classical information processing, such as computing power, secure communication, and high-precision measurements. However, the best way to create practical devices is not yet known. This textbook describes the techniques that are likely to be used in implementing optical quantum information processors. After developing the fundamental concepts in quantum optics and quantum information theory, the book shows how optical systems can be used to build quantum computers according to the most recent ideas. It discusses implementations based on single photons and linear optics, optically controlled atoms and solid-state systems, atomic ensembles, and optical continuous variables. This book is ideal for graduate students beginning research in optical quantum information processing. It presents the most important techniques of the field using worked examples and over 120 exercises.
Teaching Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Hampden-Turner Charles
Published: July 2014

Is it possible to teach someone to be an entrepreneur? Is innovation something that can be assessed and taught in a classroom? Teaching Innovation and Entrepreneurship answers these and other questions by focusing on a teaching experiment in Singapore at Nanyang Technological University, wherein classes of English-speaking Singaporeans and Mandarin-speaking students from the People's Republic of China were subjected to an 'entrepreneurial eco-system'. Extending from the west coast of the USA to Singapore and Shanghai, this programme subjects students to a wide range of activities, including a four-month business simulation game where teams of students select their favourite inventions and pitch them to real venture capitalists with the inventors present. Drawing on the lessons learned from this highly successful experiment, the book argues that not only is it possible to describe the innovative process, we can also teach it, measure it, evaluate it and model it.
Rationality and the Genetic Challenge
Authors: Häyry Matti
Published: July 2014

Should we make people healthier, smarter, and longer-lived if genetic and medical advances enable us to do so? Matti Häyry asks this question in the context of genetic testing and selection, cloning and stem cell research, gene therapies and enhancements. The ethical questions explored include parental responsibility, the use of people as means, the role of hope and fear in risk assessment, and the dignity and meaning of life. Taking as a starting point the arguments presented by Jonathan Glover, John Harris, Ronald M. Green, Jürgen Habermas, Michael J. Sandel, and Leon R. Kass, who defend a particular normative view as the only rational or moral answer, Matti Häyry argues that many coherent rationalities and moralities exist in the field, and that to claim otherwise is mistaken.