bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subclinical Hypothyroidism Following Imatinib Use in Nigerian BCR::ABL1-positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ahmed Ibrahim Oluwaseun , Asafa Muritala Abiola , Adeagbo Babatunde Ayodeji , Adedeji Tewogbade Adeoye , Asaleye Christianah Mopelola , Bolarinwa Rahman Ayodele , Durosinmi Muheez Alani
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:

Thyroid toxicity has been reported with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as sunitinib and sorafenib, targeting angiogenic tyrosine kinase receptors. However, the effect of imatinib, a first-line TKI for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on the thyroid, has been inconclusive. Of note, imatinib remains the mainstay of treatment for BCR::ABL1-positive Nigerian CML patients.

AIM:

We evaluated the effect of imatinib mesylate on the thyroid and its function in BCR::ABL1 positive CML patients and assessed the effect of the continuous imatinib use on thyroid features.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

This prospective cohort study included 50 imatinib-naive patients with BCR::ABL1-positive CML and 50 age- and sex-matched apparently normal controls without any underlying thyroid disorder or on any thyroid medication. Serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured at baseline for both the CML patients and the controls and were repeated at 1, 3, and 6 months for the CML patients while on imatinib therapy.

RESULTS:

Subclinical hypothyroidism was observed in 7 of 50 (14%) of the patients with CML at 6 months on imatinib. Six of these patients were female, while 1 was male. The mean values for the serum fT3 (pmol/L), serum fT4 (pmol/L), and TSH (μIU/mL) for the CML subjects versus controls were 4.22 ± 0.79 versus 4.31 ± 0.31 (t = −0.27 P = 0.532), 17.13 ± 2.49 vs. 16.39 ± 2.16 (t = 1.605 P = 0.112), and 1.58 ± 0.74 versus 1.63 ± 0.64 (t = −0.399 P = 0.691), respectively.

CONCLUSION:

This study confirmed subclinical hypothyroidism as an adverse effect of continuous imatinib use with a prevalence of 14% in Nigerian CML patients.
Unveiling Leptospira Antibody Seroprevalence among Voluntary Blood Donors: Insights from a Single-center Observational Study
Authors: Chenna Deepika , Shastry Shamee , Singson Sangthang , Balasubramanian Rukmoni , Bhatia Aashna
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:

Leptospirosis is among transfusion transmissible infections but is not screened routinely among blood donors and is endemic in Southern India. The presence of carrier state and the donors being asymptomatic may lead to transfusion transmission in the absence of screening. We aimed to study the prevalence of leptospirosis among blood donors and to assess the need to implement screening strategies for its detection.

METHODS:

A prospective observational study was conducted among blood donors using Purposive sampling to select donors for the study. The samples collected for routine transfusion transmissible infections screening were used to screen for Ig M antibodies to leptospira infection by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Samples that were reactive twice were true positive. These donors were contacted telephonically to enquire if they developed any symptoms of the infection.

RESULTS:

A total of 3576 came for blood donation during the study period of which 124 participated in the study. Among the 124 donors screened, a total of seven samples (5.64%) samples were found to be reactive for IgM Leptospira antibodies. The mean age of the donors that were found to be reactive was 27.5 years (SD: 3.15, Range: 20-45 years) with a male to female ratio of 6:1. All these donors were asymptomatic before or after seven days and 2 weeks of blood donation.

CONCLUSION:

Approximately six out of 100 donors screened were positive for IgM antibodies of Leptospira without any symptoms. As there is a risk of transmission via blood transfusion, regular screening may be needed at least in areas of high prevalence.
Intrathecal ephedrine plus bupicaine for hernioraphy prophylaxis for hypotension and analgesic
Authors: Ali Hani G. , Elneegery Naglaa A.E.
Published: September 2024

Background

Usually, hernia repair is performed under spinal anesthesia. Hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia is a common problem and many protocols have been tested regarding their efficacy in preventing this oweful complication.

Aim of the work

Compare the efficacy of intrathecal ephedrine plus Bupivacaine as prophylaxis for prevention of hypotension in patient undergoing inguinal hernia repair as compared to intrathecal Bupivacaine alone.as well as Does it have analgesic effect or not?.Patients and methods Eighty-four patients who underwent unilateral hernial were randomized to receive intratcal bupivacaine combined with ephedrine or receive intrathecal bupivacaine alone. The primary outcome was the effect of ephedrine on the hemodynamic profile. The secondary outcomes were the analgesic efficacy and the associated complications.

Results

In the current study, there was statistically significant decrease in the heart rate in the control group at the following duration during the intraoperative period. No cases in the test group showed bradycardia or hypotension. In the control group bradycardia occurred in 4 cases (16.7%) and hypotension occurred in 1 case (4.2%). The VAS score at 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours postoperative, the pain score were statistically significantly lower in the ephedrine group.

Conclusion

The use of ephedrine by the intrathecal route during spinal anesthesia was associated with better control of the hemodynamic parameters and lower incidence of bradycardia. As shown by lower VAS scores of pain, lower rescue analgesia doses, and longer first analgesic recall, ephedrine had a strong analgesic effect.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Use in the Pathophysiological Processes of Migraine
Authors: Wu Mei-Rong , Ou Yi , Han Rui , Li Tian-Tian , Wei Ming-Yan , Guo Hong , Miao Yao-Dong , Wang Kai , Zhang Han , Li Lin
Published: September 2024

Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological disorder and has been the second leading cause of disability worldwide for many years. The pathophysiology of migraines is complicated, and most available medications have unpleasant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanism of migraine to develop potential preventive and therapeutic agents. Studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can alleviate migraine by reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and regulating neurotransmitters and vascular function. Starting from the pathophysiological process of migraine, this review summarizes the mechanisms by which TCM improves neurovascular function after migraine to provide clues and a reference for the clinical application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of migraine and guide further research and development of new drugs.
Quantification of selected heavy metals through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry in containers of yogurts used in Erbil City, Krg, Iraq
Authors: Sami Khalid Hawraz , Faidhalla Jalal Aveen , Fakhir Mohammed Hawar , Yousif Sharef Huda , Adil Fakhre Nabil
Published: September 2024

Heavy metals are recently introduced in the manufacturing of various household utensils. The objective of this study was to investigate different heavy metals contents in the composition of yogurts containers collected from the markets of Erbil City. The collected containers were aluminum containers and plastic containers with several colors. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer was used to analyse the contents of nine heavy metals including cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc. The level of total detected metal load found in the analyzed containers. The recorded level for total detected metal load in the overall aluminum containers sample was very high and approximately 27 times more than that level in the overall plastic containers sample. Lead and cadmium were known as toxic heavy metals and detected with a high amount in the aluminum containers composition. The total contamination in the aluminum containers composition was noticeably exceeded the permissible world limits for heavy metals in packaging materials. Results obtained clarified that the white color of plastic containers is more preferable and safer than the dark or other multi-color plastic containers items in terms of heavy metals.
KEY WORDS: Aluminum and plastic container, Heavy metal, ICP-OES, Yogurt
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1509-1519.                                              
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.1
Theoretical investigation of complexes of uranyl(II), vanadyl(II) and zirconyl(II) with vitamin B13 as candidate compounds as anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and Diabetes mellitus targets
Authors: Mohammed Alsuhaibani Amnah , Shakya Sonam , S. Refat Moamen
Published: September 2024

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out utilizing the B3LYP functional in conjunction with the 6-311G++ and LanL2DZ basis sets to explore the molecular properties and geometries of Vitamin (Vit) B13 and its complexes with Uranyl (II), Vanadyl (II), and Zirconyl (II). The optimized structures, molecular electrostatic potential maps, key molecular properties, and HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of these compounds were systematically examined to gain insights into their electronic characteristics and stability. Bioactivity screenings of the synthesized complexes were performed using molecular docking studies to investigate their interactions with diabetes mellitus (DM) target proteins, specifically the Insulin Receptor (IR) (PDB ID: 1IR3) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) (PDB ID: 3K8S). These receptors play pivotal roles in the PPAR and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways, which are essential for protecting against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The docking results highlighted the binding affinities and potential bioactivity of Vit B13 and its metal complexes, suggesting their promise as therapeutic agents against DM and NAFLD. This comprehensive computational study provides valuable insights into the molecular interactions and electronic properties of these compounds, paving the way for further experimental validation and potential pharmaceutical applications.
KEY WORDS: Vitamin B13, Metal complexes, Diabetes mellitus, Molecular docking, DFT
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1743-1757.                                                   
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.19
Spectral studies of a selenium(IV) vitamin B3 compounds prepared in the form of nanometer using simple chemical reactions to further use as antioxidant in the preparation of drugs
Authors: Y. El-Sayed Mohamed , M.A. Alatawy Ibrahim , M. Ali Hazim , Muqbil  Alsirhani A. , A. El-Ossaily Yasser , Shalaby Khaled , S. Refat Moamen
Published: September 2024

The current study dealt with selenium metal ion complexes with mixed ligands, consisting of nicotinamide (vitamin B3) as the first ligand, and amino acids such as (histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) as the second ligand. It was synthesized in (1:1:1) (selenium: vitamin: amino acid) in molar ratio. By using different characterization techniques such as elemental analysis, the conductance, FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, TG/DTG, 1H-NMR, XRD, SEM, TEM analyses, the chemical structures and the morphological properties of the synthesized complexes were checked and discussed. The nicotinamide was coordinated as monodentate ligand via the nitrogen of pyridine ring but all amino acids as a secondary ligand coordinated as bidentate through oxygen of carboxylic group and nitrogen of amino group. The complexes demonstrate antioxidant activity with potent scavenging property, the synthesized in the form of nanometer give great importance in increasing efficiency of absorption of human cells to selenium giving the highest efficiency of medical product. All complexes in this study were evaluated for their anticancer effect towards HepG2 and A2780 cell lines. From these data the complex (Se/Nia/ Tyr) can be used as antitumor agents.
KEY WORDS: Selenium, Amino acids, Vitamin B3, Mixed ligand, Complexes, Antioxidant
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1759-1774.                                                         
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.20
Theoretical investigation of norfloxacin hybrid compounds with silver, copper, and gold metals as potential anticancer agents
Authors: Mohammed Alsuhaibani Amnah , Shakya Sonam , Islam Maidul , S. Refat Moamen
Published: September 2024

The strategy of drug repurposing and repositioning in developing hybrid molecules is significant in drug discovery. Norfloxacin (Nor) hybrids, part of the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, have demonstrated anticancer properties. Various norfloxacin metal complexes have been synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer potential through docking simulations using AutoDock Vina. To preliminarily identify potential molecular targets for these anticancer compounds, docking studies were conducted with a variety of enzymes and receptor proteins associated with the cell cycle, cell growth, and DNA replication. These targets included cyclin dependent protein kinase-2 (CDK-2), CDK-6, DNA topoisomerases I and II, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were conducted utilizing the B3LYP functional with the 6-311G++ and LanL2DZ basis sets. This study investigated the optimized geometries, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps, key molecular properties, and HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of Nor, Nor zwitterionic structure, and its synthesized compounds ([Ag2(Nor)2](NO3)2, [Cu(Nor)2(H2O)2]SO4.5H2O, and [Au(Nor)2(H2O)2]Cl3).
KEY WORDS: Norfloxacin, Anticancer agents, DFT/ TD-DFT, Molecular docking
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1775-1790.                                                     
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.21
Synthesis and in vitro screening of benzo[h]coumarinyl heterocycles as promising antibacterial agents
Authors: F. Al burgus Abdallah. , T. Ali Omar , Y. Mohammad Omar
Published: September 2024

In this study, benzo[h]coumarin and the corresponding substituted chalcones were designed and synthesized. These compounds have been used as a precursor to prepare various heterocyclic compounds like pyrimidines, pyrazole, pyrazole-1-carbothioamide, diazepines, oxazepines, isoxazoles and epoxides. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. These target heterocyclic derivatives were biologically screened against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) pathogenic bacteria. The best obtained result was for compound (6b) against S. aureus, Gram-positive bacteria.
KEY WORDS: Benzo[h]coumarin, heterocyclic compounds, antibacterial activity
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1815-1826.                                                   
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.24
Synthesis, characterization, density functional theory (DFT) analysis, and mesomorphic study of new thiazole derivatives
Authors: Rifaat Taher Sardasht , Mahood Hamad Wali
Published: September 2024

This study focuses on synthesizing and characterizing a new series of organic compounds with a heterocyclic core based on sulfur (thiazole). These compounds, labeled as N-(4-(4-alkoxyphenyl) thiazol-2-yl)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl) methanimine (ATNM)n, incorporate alkoxy chains of varying lengths (CnH2n+1O, n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12) through a multi-step process. Structural analysis using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR confirmed the composition of these compounds. Theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were carried out with the B3LYP 6-311G (d,p) basis set for the entire set of synthesized compounds (ATNM)n. The (Gaussian 9) software was employed to compute optimized geometrical structures of the proposed compounds in the gas phase. However, investigations into their phase behavior using polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that none of the compounds in this series exhibited the typical mesomorphic characteristics of liquid crystals. Comparisons were made between theoretical predictions from DFT and observed data obtained through synthesized compounds study. The results revealed that the presence of terminal alkoxy significantly influenced the overall energy of potential geometric structures, along with their physical and thermal characteristics.
KEY WORDS: Heterocyclic compounds, Thiazole, Liquid crystals, DFT, Methanimine
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1827-1842.                                                     
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.25
Antibacterial activity of secondary metabolites from the roots of Solanum dasyphyllum: A combined in vitro and in silico study
Authors: Bekere Belitibo Dereilo , Meressa Asfaw , Abebe Abiy , Degu Sileshi , Endale Milkyas , Teka Assamo Frehiwot , Tesfaye Ayele Tamrat , Tadesse Gurmessa Getahun , Gurmessa Fekadu , Wolde-Mariam Messay , Abdissa Negera
Published: September 2024

Solanum dasyphyllum is widely utilized for folk medicine in Ethiopia. The chromatographic separation of root extract of S. dasyphyllum led to the isolation of six compounds: tremulacin (1), scopoletin (2), stigmasterol (3), β-sitosterol (4), palmitic acid (5) and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoate (6). The structures of the compounds were determined using NMR (1D and 2D), MS and comparison with literature data. The extract and isolated compounds were in vitro assayed against six bacterial strains and displaying activity against the tested strains. The extract exhibited stronger activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa, with MIC values of 0.195±0.0, 0.391±0.0, and 0.195±0.0 mg/mL, respectively. The isolated compounds also showed good antibacterial activity with the highest activity was recorded for compound 2, with MIC values of 0.313±0.0 mg/mL against K. pneumoniae, while for the ciprofloxacin is 0.195±0.0 mg/mL against the same strain. In silico molecular docking analyses were performed for compounds 1, 2 and 3 against E. coli DNA gyrase B, P. aeruginosa LasR protein, and K. pneumoniae using AutoDock Vina and showed better binding activity. The in vitro antibacterial results and in silico analysis of the compounds revealed the potential of these compounds to be lead compound for antibacterial drug discovery.
KEY WORDS: Solanum dasyphyllum, Chromatographic separation, Antibacterial activity, Molecular docking
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1843-1860.                                                     
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.26
The magnetic characteristics and electronic configuration of GAN compound modified by individual impurities (Fe and Ni)
Authors: EL Merzouki Zakaria , Rkhioui Nour-ddine , Hassan Benhsin El , Cherraj Mohammed
Published: September 2024

The Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (KKR) method coupled with the coherent potential approximation (CPA) is employed to examine the magnetic characteristics and electronic configuration of GaN that has been infused with individual impurities (Fe and Ni). The partial and total DOS of all systems were determined. Our investigation focuses on assessing the impact of varying doping concentrations on the band gap and total energies. To comprehensively explore this subject, we analyze and interpret the magnetic moment of GaN substances across a range of doping concentrations.
KEY WORDS: Electronic structure, Magnetic proprieties, Band gap, KKR method, CPA approximation, GaN compounds
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1861-1868.                                                  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.27
Unveiling the novel anti-corrosion and anti-bacterial biofilm forming characteristics of eco-safe MWCNT-AZ91E alloy for food-processing surfaces
Authors: Prabakaran Elanjeitsenni Veera , Vadivu Kulandhaivelu Senthil
Published: September 2024

This study explores the eco-friendly modification of AZ91E alloy with MWCNT casting to enhance surfaces crucial for food processing, storage, and transportation, with a specific focus on reducing bacterial biofilm formation and preventing corrosion. Incorporating nanomaterials like MWCNT into magnesium alloys offers promising prospects for improving the surfaces of equipment and structures used in food-related industries. The advanced mechanical properties observed in MWCNT-doped alloys can lead to the development of lightweight yet durable surfaces essential for maintaining hygiene standards and ensuring food safety during processing, storage, and transportation. Employing sophisticated systematic practices such as XRD, FTIR, and Vickers hardness testing allows for comprehensive evaluation of surface modifications and mechanical enhancements. Furthermore, the demonstrated corrosion resistance of MWCNT-doped magnesium alloys is crucial for protecting surfaces from degradation caused by exposure to corrosive environments commonly encountered in food processing facilities and transportation systems. Additionally, the remarkable antibacterial properties exhibited by MWCNT-doped alloys hold promise for mitigating bacterial biofilm formation on surfaces, thereby contributing to enhanced sanitation and hygiene practices in food-related industries.
KEY WORDS: Multiwalled carbon nanotube, Magnesium alloys, Anticorrosion, Squeeze casting, Antibacterial, Biofouling
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1897-1914.                                                    
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.30
TMAB modified NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for the Effective removal of Eriochrome Black-T azo dye
Authors: Jayanthi G. , Andal V. , Prabaharan M. , Kannaiyan Suba
Published: September 2024

The Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) azo dye was removed from aqueous solution using TMAB (tetramethyl ammonium bromide) stabilised NiFe2O4 (TMAB@NFO) nanoparticles, which have been synthesized through polymeric precursor method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were used to analyse the TMAB@NFO nanoparticles. Adsorption studies were conducted under a variety of conditions, including pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time, intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to analyse the kinetic data. According to the systematic study of adsorption isotherms and kinetics models, TMAB@NFO nanoparticles will adsorb EBT dye utilising the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion model revealed a linear relationship (R2 - 0.98, 0.97, and 0.94 for TMAB@NiFe2O4 and bare NiFe2O4-NPs), demonstrating how surface modification influences the overall EBT adsorption process and the pore diffusion rate. Additionally, the manufactured nano adsorbents of NiFe2O4 were effectively regenerated and reused after the treatments up to four times following the elimination of 89% of EBT dye by TMAB@NiFe2O4-NPs. The results have demonstrated the enormous potential of TMAB @NiFe2O4-NPs to eliminate EBT in a practical way.
KEY WORDS: Tetramethyl ammonium bromide, NiFe2O4, EBT, Surface capping, Adsorption, Kinetics
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1569-1581.                                                      
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.6
Evaluation of Cost and Return Analysis and Determinants of Profitability of Sawmill Industry in Ogbomoso Area of Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Kabir G. B. , Azeez F. A. , Awe F.
Published: September 2024

The study examined cost and return analysis and determinants of profitability of saw mill industry in Ogbomoso area of Oyo state, Nigeria.  Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select seventy-six (76) saw millers in the study area. Detailed questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information from the respondents. Budgetary analysis was used to calculate the profitability while regression analysis was used to determine factors affecting the profitability of the  sawmill. About thirty-six percent (36%) of the respondents fell within the age range of 51 -60 years, eighty three percent (83%) were males and ninety two percent 92% engaged in saw milling as the only source of livelihood. The result of the budgetary analysis showed that total variable cost was (TVC) ₦1,044,142, Total fixed cost (TFC) was ₦65,774.5 while the total cost (TC) was computed as ₦1,109,917.4 and total revenue (TR) was ₦1,721,573.  The profit realized was ₦611,655.6 and the gross margin was₦ 677430.1 while the BCR was 1.55. The result of the regression analysis showed that number of trained sawyers (P<0.1), source of capital (P<0.1) and quantity of plank sold (P<0.05) and type of conversion machine used (P< 0.05) increased the profitability of sawmill business in the study area. The study recommended that old/obsolete machineries should be replaced and respondents’ proper training is paramount to an efficient saw milling operation.
Physicochemical Characteristics and Plankton Diversity of Lagos Lagoon and its Adjoining Abule-Agege and Abule-Eledu Tidal Creeks, Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Omorogbe S. E. , Akanmu R. T. , Okorie B. C. , Onyema I. C.
Published: September 2024

Plankton have great ecological importance as they fix carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, and serve as autotrophs at the base of various food chains in the different aquatic environments worldwide. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and plankton diversity of Lagos Lagoon and its adjoining Abule-Agege and Abule-Eledu Tidal Creeks, Lagos State, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Result of the physicochemical conditions varied from fresh through low to high brackish water conditions at the study locations. Thirty-five (35) taxa belonging to 21 genera were observed for the phytoplankton. The blue-green algae recorded 2 species from 2 Orders (5.71 %), while the diatoms are the more abundant group with a total of 33 taxa from 2 Orders (94.29 %). Zooplankton forms recorded a total of 17 taxa belonging to 14 genera from three main groups. Arthropods were the most abundant group with 13 taxa from 3 classes (52 %), while the Rotifers made up 4 species from 4 genera (16 %) and 5 Juvenile stages (32 %) respectively. Notable phytoplankton species reported were Microcystis aeruginosa, Oscillatoria sp., Synedra crystallina, and the zooplankton species were Paracalanus parvus, Enterpina acutifrons, Cyclops strenus, Daphnia magma, Keratella cochlearis, Baranacle nauplii, Gastropod and Polychaetes larva. Importantly as salinity increased, the diversity of plankton form groups increased in these ecosystems.
Identification and Prevalence of Fungal Species in Stored Sorghum Grains Surveyed at Bodija and Oyo Town Markets in Oyo State and Ikire and Iwo Town Markets in Osun State, Western Nigeria
Authors: Popoola O. O. , Sulaiman S. O. , Ajadi I. , Yahya M. , Onyemuwa C.
Published: September 2024

This study investigated the identification and prevalence of fungal species in stored sorghum grains surveyed at Bodija and Oyo town markets in Oyo State and Ikire and Iwo town markets in Osun State, Western Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Six distinct fungal species were isolated from the sorghum grains and identified through macroscopic and microscopic examination. These species included Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. tamarii, A. terreus, Fusarium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer. The prevalence of fungal contamination was found to be higher in the markets of Oyo State compared to those in Osun State. Additionally, Aspergillus flavus and A.niger were the most prevalent fungal species, while Rhizopus stolonifer was the least prevalent.
Biomarkers in Early Detection, Prognostication and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Malignancies: A Review
Authors: Atoe K. , Adewolu O. F.
Published: September 2024

Each year the risk of cancer cases is constantly on the rise. The reoccurrence of this dilemma is due to late diagnosis, and as a result the survival rate is low. This indicates the significance of creating more efficient instruments for timely detection of cancerous cells, assessment, as well as prognosis. Hence, the objective of this paper was to provide a critical review of biomarkers in early detection, prognostication and management of gastrointestinal tract malignancies by harvesting data from online sources and libraries. Data obtained reveals that gastrointestinal tracts (GI) malignancies, encompasses malignancies that may arise from the gastric, hepatic, colonic, esophagus, gallbladder, rectal and stomach tumors are a common kind of cancer and could affect 1.400,000 - 952,000,000 people worldwide. A potential method for improving the diagnosis as well as prognosis of GI malignancy is the use of biomarkers, which are quantifiable indicators of biological processes or state of the ailments. Significant development has been made recently in detecting and validating biomarkers for various clinical procedures. This review discuss the present situation of gastrointestinal cancer biomarker research, with an emphasis on moral issues and other clinical implications that may arise from the incorporation of biomarkers in clinical practices, and also the different category of biomarkers, including genetic, epigenetic, and protein-based markers, are examined, along with their contributions to future outcomes in the management of gastrointestinal malignancies.
Mosquito repellent propensity of hexane extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Poaceae), lemongrass, cream and emulgel formulations
Authors: Adesola Omoshalewa M. , Olayemi Olubunmi J. , Alfa John
Published: September 2024

Malaria is a global threat affecting majorly the African continent with Nigeria having the highest burden of deaths from the disease. Prophylactic measures in addition to curative treatments are strategies used for eradication of malaria. This study aims to develop topical mosquito repellent from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Lemongrass extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, it was formulated as lemongrass extract cream (LGCM) and emugel (LGEM) at 1 and 2% w/w concentrations. Organoleptic properties, spreadability, pH and skin irritation test were evaluated. Percentage mosquito repellency (R) and complete protection time (CPT) assay using the animal (rodent) model were determined and compared with N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Results showed all the formulations were non-gritty, homogenous, relatively stable upon storage for 30 days at room temperature except forLGCM 1. They were non-irritant to the skin; pH was in range of 5.3 – 8. Spreadability was optimum with LGCM, LGEM 1 and 2% w/w. Mosquito repellency was concentration dependent and ˃ 80% in LGCM 2 and LGEM 2 but emulgels exhibited better repellency. CPT was 4, 5 and 8h for LGCM 2, LGEM 2 and DEET respectively. This study shows that LGEM 2% may be considered as an efficient topical mosquito-repelling formulation.
The Imperatives of Disaster Management in South East Nigeria: Addressing the elephantine issues
Authors: Ude Adaora , Eneh Ikenna
Published: September 2024

Disaster has become endemic in Nigeria and the South East Region is not an exemption. Time and time again, reports are circulated in the social media, national dailies and other media platforms on incidences of flood, fire outbreak and other related disasters that threaten human existence. The ugly situation motivated this study which is primarily to examine the imperatives of disaster management in the South East Nigeria with a view to addressing the elephantine problems. The study adopted qualitative research method and specifically, content analysis was used as mode of analysis. Findings revealed that the South East region does not apply strategic methods in managing disaster in the region and recommendations were made in line with the findings.
An autoethnography of disaster response work with low-income communities in KZN: Implications for Afrocentric social work
Authors: Mzinyane Bongane , Ajodhia Santham , Gumbi Sandile N. , Khumalo Gift , Nduli Sethenjwa B. , Mfishi Zwelisha , Lipholo Bokang , Funeka Nosipho
Published: September 2024

The province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, is no stranger to adversities. Between 2020 and 2022, KZN faced overlapping disasters, including the COVID-19 pandemic, episodes of looting and catastrophic floods. These disasters had multifaceted consequences for low-income communities. During the disasters, social work academics/practitioners provided psycho-social support to communities while working with a community engagement research centre, the MA’AT Institute, located at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). Adopting an autoethnographic methodology, we provide insights into the experiences of working in low-income communities during disasters. Based on these reflections, we suggest that social workers should often adopt a culturally sensitive approach to disaster response, poverty alleviation and the protection of human rights. We further highlight the complexities of community engagement in disaster-stricken areas when attempting to meet specific goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as no poverty, zero hunger and climate action. We call for adopting an Afrocentric and culturally responsive approach to strengthen the resilience of low-income communities in the face of disaster-related adversity.
Social protection, food security and sustaining households during COVID-19: Experiences of single mothers residing in Umkhanyakude, South Africa
Authors: Mthembu Maud , Raniga Tanusha
Published: September 2024

This study examines the relationship between access to state cash transfers, food security and the sustainability of single-mother households in the rural Umkhanyakude Municipal area in Kwa-Zulu Natal province, South Africa. We explored the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 and cash transfers as a primary contributor to the economic well-being of single mothers from low-income rural communities. We also focus on financial transfers from non-state sources such as non-governmental organisations, kin and non-kin support systems. The sustainable livelihoods framework provides an analytical tool to understand how cash transfers from the state enable single mothers to navigate challenges during the pandemic. Drawing on interviews with 16 women from a rural community in Umkhanyakude, we analyse the distribution of family income to meet household expenses and the survival strategies such as livelihood activities initiated by single mothers to sustain households. The challenges and constraints that limit their livelihood outcomes, such as menial state support and financial constraints to sustain their economic activities are highlighted. Three key themes are discussed in this paper: the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on food security, cash transfers as a strategy for reducing food insecurity, and access to sustainable livelihood activities to reduce food insecurities. This paper contributes to understanding single mothers' roles as actors and beneficiaries of the South African social protection system. It highlights opportunities for various state and non-state agents to advocate and support self-initiated economic activities in single-mother households.
The evaluation of the effects of different curing methods on concrete
Authors: Orogbade B. O. , Adetoro E. A. , Amusan G. M.
Published: September 2024

This research explores the impact of various curing methods on the water absorption and compressive strength of concrete. To evaluate these properties, 45 cubes of mix ratio 1:2:4 were tested under different curing methods namely water ponding, sand, polythene sheet coverage, sawdust and water sprinkling. All the cubes were cured at an average laboratory temperature. Water absorption, compressive strength and SEM-EDX tests were conducted on the concrete cubes after curing for 7, 14 and 28 days. The study found that the water absorption and compressive strength values at 7, 14, and 28 curing days ranged from 1.53 to -1.12% and 21.30 to 31.40 N/mm2, respectively and varied depending on the curing method used. All the cementitious compositions of the concrete cubes of all the curing methods showed an increase with the increase in curing age and ranged between 0.01 and 81.67, while their SEM images revealed heterogeneous microstructures consisting of aggregates, cement paste, and voids.Sand and sawdust curing produced the highest and lowest compressive strength values, respectively. Based on these findings, sand curing was identified as the most favourablemethod. Further investigation should be carried out.
The effect of using coconut shell ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete
Authors: David A. O. , Oyewale I. M. , Opafola O. T. , Akisanya O. O. , Orogbade B. O. , Amusan G.M.
Published: September 2024

The cost of cement, which is used in concrete works, is rising and becoming unaffordable, but as the population grows, so does the need for homes and other structures that require this material. Because Portland cement is produced using a lot of CO2, it has a major environmental impact. Because it helps to reduce the use of natural raw materials as resources, the use of secondary materials or industrial waste in the production of cement and concrete has been promoted in the building industry. The world's waste output has grown over time as a result of socioeconomic progress, population growth, and socioeconomic activity. Looking at the prospect of waste minimization and reuse is one of the most appealing ways to manage such waste. In this instance, agricultural waste material, coconut shells, which are environmentally polluting, are gathered and burned without oxygen (pyrolysis). The resulting ash from the burning process is then used as pozzolana, partially replacing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of ordinary Portland cement with ash from coconut shells. Concrete grade M20 having a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 was used in the course of this project and a water cement ratio of 0.55 was maintained. This experiment indicates that the addition of Coconut Shell Ash (CSA)into cement composite does increase the compressive strength but the strength only increases up to certain CSA content. Specimen with 10% CSA gave the highest compressive strength of 28.3 N/mm² and this optimum strength dropped when the CSA content is further increased from 10%-20%. At 7 and 14days, the experiment shows a low compressive strength of specimens compare to the result at 28 days which gave the highest compressive strength.
Determination of proximate analysis of individual and combined samples of Dioscorea alata, Musa parasidiaca and Xanthosoma sagittifolium peels
Authors: John G.N. , Orubite K.O. , Oriji G.O.
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the proximate composition of yam (Dioscorea alata), cocoyam (Musa parasidiaca) and plantain (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) plant wastes, with a focus on evaluating the impact of the individual and combined plant wastes. Tubers of yam (Dioscorea alata), cocoyam (Musa parasidiaca) and plantain (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) used in this study were obtained from Obibi in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Yams are tubers, plantains are fruits, whereas cocoyam is derived from corms, underground stems, and swollen hypocotyls. All these crops can be propagated by vegetative parts and these include tubers (yams), sucker (Plantain) and side shoots, stolons, or corm heads (cocoyam). Peels from the yam tubers were obtained by using a kitchen knife to carefully remove the peels. The peels were then immediately oven dried at 45oC for 24 hours. The dried peels were then ground through a 40-mesh screen using a Wiley. Analyses conducted isproximate determination using AOAC method. The results highlight the high ash content of Yam and Cocoyam Peel, which contributes to mineral enrichment; the enhanced moisture content of Plantain Peel, which has implications for water retention; and the low fat and oil content of Cocoyam Peel, which suggests that it is appropriate for use as a low-fat organic material. Yam Peel has a high crude fiber level, which indicates that it has the capacity to improve the structure of the soil. On the other hand, Yam and Cocoyam Peel stand out because it has largest protein content, which is essential for the development of plants. Plantain and cocoyam peel have the largest carbohydrate content, making it an excellent source of energy for the bacteria and plants that live in the soil below it. These findings have practical implications for sustainable agriculture by optimizing crop yields in diverse agro ecosystems.
Extraction, FTIR and GC-MS characterization of palm kernel oil for laundry soap production
Authors: Jacob A. G. , Musa I. , Ogbesejana A. B.
Published: September 2024

This study aimed at extracting and characterizing palm kernel oil from oil palm seed for laundry soap production. Palm kernel oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the kernel oil and laundry soap. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to characterize the oil. Results revealed that the palm kernel seed yielded 45.51±1.10% oil. Relative density, saponification value, acid value, and iodine value of the oil were 0.87±0,034 g/mL, 224.40±3.13 mg KOH/g, 3.25±0.11 mgKOH/g, and 14.72±0.25 gI2/100g, respectively. FTIR spectrum showed absorption peaks of methylene groups (723, 2855, 2922 cm–1), carbonyl group (1744 cm–1), and olefin group (1632 cm–1) which are characteristics of fatty acids. GC-MS analysis showed oleic acid, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid and vaccenic acid. Quality parameters of the white and hard palm kernel oil soap were found to be 9.55±0.43, 5.20±0.48 cm, 9.65±0.97% and 72.50±2.34% for the pH, foam height, moisture content, and total fatty matter, respectively. These findings suggest that FTIR and GC-MS can substantially be used to effectively verify the suitability of a vegetable oil for soap production. Finally, the moderately high oil yield of the kernel seed indicates its potential for large-scale soap production in Nigeria considering the country’s position as the world’s 4th largest producer of palm kernel oil.
Exploring agricultural waste substrate for enhancement of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation
Authors: Gbenga Omowanle Oluwole , Stanley H.O. , Osu Charles Ikenna
Published: September 2024

The proximate composition of the organic waste substrates used in cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus was analyzed, and the results revealed significant variations in various nutritional components among the substrates. Palm Chaff had the highest ash content (7.14%), followed by Oil Palm Empty Bunch (5.08%), Yam Peel (4.29%), and Saw Dust (1.36%). This indicated that Palm Chaff was the richest in minerals, while sawdust had the lowest mineral content. In addition, Yam Peel had the highest moisture content (8.46%), followed by Palm Chaff (5.87%), Oil Palm Empty Bunch (4.62%), and Saw Dust (2.83%). This suggested that Saw Dust was the driest substrate. Furthermore, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude lipid content (1.94%), followed by Palm Chaff (1.38%), Yam Peel (1.13%), and Saw Dust (0.04%). Moreover, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude protein content (2.56%), followed by Yam Peel (2.1%) and Palm Chaff (2.02%). Saw Dust had the lowest crude protein content (1.74%). Besides, Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the highest crude fiber content (48.27%), followed by Palm Chaff (36.94%), Saw Dust (26.17%), and Yam Peel (14.36%). In addition, Saw Dust had the highest carbohydrate content (67.86%), followed by Yam Peel (69.64%) and Palm Chaff (46.65%). Oil Palm Empty Bunch had the lowest carbohydrate content (37.58%). These findings offered valuable insights into the suitability of each substrate for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus Additionally, it enabled growers to make informed decisions about substrate selection based on the specific nutritional needs and growth requirements of the mushrooms. The impact of various organic waste substrates on the growth dynamics of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom), revealed significant variations in several key parameters. In primordial Formation, the number of early-stage fruiting bodies formed varied between 12 and 36 across different substrate formulations. The highest primordial formation was observed in treatment A + B + C + D (36), while treatments involving individual substrates or their combinations had the lowest primordial formation (12). Furthermore, in Fruiting Body Production, the number of mature mushrooms produced varied across treatments. Treatment A + C resulted in the highest number of fruiting bodies (26), while treatments involving combinations of substrates (B + C + D, A + B + C, A + B + C + D, C + D) had the lowest number of fruiting bodies (3). Overall, the findings highlight the influence of specific substrate combinations on various aspects of mushroom growth dynamics. However, the choice of growth substrates did not significantly impact the overall weight and biological efficiency of Pleurotus ostreatus in this study. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing mushroom cultivation practices.
Assessment of microbial contamination on generator surfaces: a case study at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Ago E.C. , Daokoru-Olukole C.G. , Pondei J.O. , Avwerosuoghene E. , Fenibo E.O. , Onwukwe C.D. , Stanley H.O.
Published: September 2024

Microorganisms pervade the atmosphere, with inert surfaces serving as secondary repositories for the transmission of bacteria and fungi, posing public health concerns. This study aimed to assess the microbial burden on top surfaces and handles of specific generators at the University of Port Harcourt. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria counts ranged from 5.0 to 8.13 log CFU/ml, with the highest count observed on the handle of a generator at Ematex and the lowest on the top of a generator at the SSLT building. Total Fungi counts ranged from 5.0 to 6.45 log CFU/ml, with the highest count on the handle of a generator at English House and the lowest on the handle of a generator at Ofrima and the top of a generator at SSLT. Identified organisms include Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, as well as Aspergillius spp., Penicillium spp., Chysosporium spp., Fussarium spp., Muccur spp., and Candida spp. Microorganisms on generator handles exceeded those on the top, and the microbial profiles of handles were similar across the generator sets. Improved personal hygiene and regular handwashing is advised to mitigate bacterial presence on hands, which can be transferred from generator surfaces and handles.