bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A History of International Engagement in the Council for Exceptional Children Since 1980. Part 2: Functions of a Professional Organization
Authors: Keller Clayton , Martin Suzanne
Published: July 2024

Using the results of an integrative literature review of primary sources of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)—news articles, reports of initiatives and workgroups, and columns in CEC publications that provided evidence of the Council’s international efforts—we describe instances of international engagement within five functions of the Council as a professional organization for exceptional education: advocacy, professional development, conferences, the translation of CEC content, and its recognition as a leading organization in the field. We believe the efforts can be categorized as serving either one or both simple though challenging goals: bringing the world to CEC and the Division of International Special Education and Services (DISES) and bringing CEC and DISES to the world. Progress has occurred on these goals, albeit sporadically and intermittently. As this history looks to the past, it points to the future. The instances of international engagement that once were provide examples of what can be again to pursue these goals.
Superhydrophobic Surfaces by Electrochemical Processes
Authors: Darmanin Thierry , de Givenchy Elisabeth Taffin , Amigoni Sonia , Guittard Frederic
Published: February 2013

This review is an exhaustive representation of the electrochemical processes reported in the literature to produce superhydrophobic surfaces. Due to the intensive demand in the elaboration of superhydrophobic materials using low‐cost, reproducible and fast methods, the use of strategies based on electrochemical processes have exponentially grown these last five years. These strategies are separated in two parts: the oxidation processes, such as oxidation of metals in solution, the anodization of metals or the electrodeposition of conducting polymers, and the reduction processed such as the electrodeposition of metals or the galvanic deposition. One of the main advantages of the electrochemical processes is the relative easiness to produce various surface morphologies and a precise control of the structures at a micro‐ or a nanoscale.
Surviving and flourishing in a neoliberal world: primary trainees talking
Authors: Passy Rowena
Published: February 2013

This article examines the ways in which the context of teaching shapes teachers' perceptions of their work. Its starting point is the seminal work of Nias, who argued from research conducted in the 1970s and 1980s that the particular historical context of the time in England encouraged teachers to be socialised into a tradition of isolation, individualism and a belief in personal autonomy. Nias theorised her findings in terms of the situational and substantial self, and I suggest that this particular environment encouraged the teachers' substantial self to be dominant. I then examine how the context for teaching has changed with the introduction of neoliberal reforms from the 1980s and, drawing on data from a qualitative project that has been investigating the characteristics and values of a small number of successful teacher trainees, argue that these participants' situational self is dominant in the teaching placements, where they have to show competence in 33 professional standards in a number of different schools to pass the course. However, as Nias's teachers, these teacher trainees want to be employed in a school in which they ‘fit in’ with the prevailing values, reinforcing the importance of school context in supporting and developing teachers' long term commitment to the profession.
Oxygen‐Assisted Hydroxymatairesinol Dehydrogenation: A Selective Secondary‐Alcohol Oxidation over a Gold Catalyst
Authors: Prestianni Antonio , Ferrante Francesco , Simakova Olga A. , Duca Dario , Murzin Dmitry Yu.
Published: February 2013

Selective dehydrogenation of the biomass‐derived lignan hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) to oxomatairesinol (oxoMAT) was studied over an Au/Al2O3 catalyst. The reaction was carried out in a semi‐batch glass reactor at 343 K under two different gas atmospheres, namely produced through synthetic air or nitrogen. The studied reaction is, in fact, an example of secondary‐alcohol oxidation over an Au catalyst. Thus, the investigated reaction mechanism of HMR oxidative dehydrogenation is useful for the fundamental understanding of other secondary‐alcohol dehydrogenation over Au surfaces. To investigate the elementary catalytic steps ruling both oxygen‐free‐ and oxygen‐assisted dehydrogenation of HMR to oxoMAT, the reactions were mimicked in a vacuum over an Au28 cluster. Adsorption of the involved molecular species—O2, three different HMR diastereomers (namely, one SRR and two RRR forms), and the oxoMAT derivative—were also studied at the DFT level. In particular, the energetic and structural differences between SRR‐HMR and RRR‐HMR diastereomers on the Au28 cluster were analyzed, following different reaction pathways for the HMR dehydrogenation that occur in presence or absence of oxygen. The corresponding mechanisms explain the higher rates of the experimentally observed oxygen‐assisted reaction, mostly depending on the involved HMR diastereomer surface conformations. The role of the support was also elucidated, considering a very simple Au28 charged model that explains the experimentally observed high reactivity of the Au/Al2O3 catalyst.
Compatibility of the flocculation of Saccharomyces uvarum and fermentation optimum conditions to improve ethanol production continuously using recycle tower bioreactor
Authors: Ali Hayder Kh. Q.
Published: February 2013

Flocculation is an attractive feature of the yeast Saccharomyces uvarum. The usefulness of its application in the fermentation process comes from the simple separation technique of the yeast cells from the fermentation products. The benefit of the flocculation of S. uvarum is that it keeps the continuous fermentation of ethanol at a certain level as it maintains the yeast inside the bioreactor and prevents it from being washed out with the ethanol. The flocculation behavior of the yeast was studied during the production of ethanol from date syrup. Furthermore, the compatibility of the optimum conditions between flocculation and ethanol fermentation was studied. Three essential parameters were studied during the continuous ethanol production: fermentation temperature, date syrup concentration, and feeding flow rate. The statistical application of central composite design was used to identify the optimum conditions that maintain the flocculation between the yeast cells and prevent it from being washed out with the product. The minimum percentage of washout yeast from the bioreactor (9.15%) was carried out under the following conditions: a temperature of 20°C, an initial date syrup sugar concentration of 6.5% (w/v), and a feeding flow rate of 294 mL h−1. In line with the optimum conditions of the ethanol production, the conditions that gave the best ethanol productivity (7.57 g L−1 h−1) with a minimum washout yeast (19.6%) was found to be a fermentation temperature of 29°C, an initial date syrup sugar concentration of 5.5% (w/v) and a feeding flow rate of 294 mL h−1. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 308–314, 2014
River discharge influences on particulate organic carbon age structure in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River System
Authors: Rosenheim Brad E. , Roe Kimberly M. , Roberts Brian J. , Kolker Alexander S. , Allison Mead A. , Johannesson Karen H.
Published: February 2013

Applying ramped pyrolysis radiocarbon analysis to suspended river sediments, we generate radiocarbon (14C) age spectra for particulate organic carbon (POC) from the lower Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River system (MARS) to better understand a major river system's role in carbon transport. Ramped pyrolysis 14C analysis generates age distributions of bulk carbon based on thermochemical stability of different organic components. Our results indicate higher proportions of older material in the POC during higher discharge. Ages increase throughout the high‐discharge age spectra, indicating that no single component of the POC is responsible for the overall age increases observed. Instead, older material is contributed across the POC age spectrum and unrelated to increased bedload suspension. In this comparison of 2 spring discharges, less than half of the POC transported during higher discharge is less than 1000 14C years in age, constraining of the role of the MARS as a flux of atmospheric CO2 toward longer‐term sedimentary sinks in the Mississippi delta and the Gulf of Mexico. The results suggest that delta‐building processes benefit disproportionately from high discharge events carrying larger amounts of sediment because these events involve both a higher proportion of millennially‐aged carbon from floodplain exchange of POC and a potentially higher proportion of petrogenic carbon (30‐530% increase). Overall, an internally consistent picture of PO14C age distributions from a major river system emerges, as differences in space and time are small compared to the range of ages of POC sources in such a large basin.
Muscle glycogen synthase isoform is responsible for testicular glycogen synthesis: Glycogen overproduction induces apoptosis in male germ cells
Authors: Villarroel‐Espíndola Franz , Maldonado Rodrigo , Mancilla Héctor , vander Stelt Karen , Acuña Aníbal I. , Covarrubias Alejandra , López Camila , Angulo Constanza , Castro Maite A. , Carlos Slebe Juan , Durán Jordi , García‐Rocha Mar , Guinovart Joan J. , Concha Ilona I.
Published: February 2013

Glycogen is the main source of glucose for many biological events. However, this molecule may have other functions, including those that have deleterious effects on cells. The rate‐limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis is glycogen synthase (GS). It is encoded by two genes, GYS1, expressed in muscle (muscle glycogen synthase, MGS) and other tissues, and GYS2, primarily expressed in liver (liver glycogen synthase, LGS). Expression of GS and its activity have been widely studied in many tissues. To date, it is not clear which GS isoform is responsible for glycogen synthesis and the role of glycogen in testis. Using RT‐PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence, we have detected expression of MGS but not LGS in mice testis during development. We have also evaluated GS activity and glycogen storage at different days after birth and we show that both GS activity and levels of glycogen are higher during the first days of development. Using RT‐PCR, we have also shown that malin and laforin are expressed in testis, key enzymes for regulation of GS activity. These proteins form an active complex that regulates MGS by poly‐ubiquitination in both Sertoli cell and male germ cell lines. In addition, PTG overexpression in male germ cell line triggered apoptosis by caspase3 activation, proposing a proapoptotic role of glycogen in testis. These findings suggest that GS activity and glycogen synthesis in testis could be regulated and a disruption of this process may be responsible for the apoptosis and degeneration of seminiferous tubules and possible cause of infertility. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1653–1664, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine inhibits bleomycin induced apoptosis in malignant testicular germ cell tumors
Authors: Kucuksayan Ertan , Cort Aysegul , Timur Mujgan , Ozdemir Evrim , Yucel Suleyman Gultekin , Ozben Tomris
Published: February 2013

Antioxidants may prevent apoptosis of cancer cells via inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, to date no study has been carried out to elucidate the effects of strong antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on Bleomycin induced apoptosis in human testicular cancer (NTERA‐2, NT2) cells. For this reason, we studied the effects of Bleomycin and NAC alone and in combination on apoptotic signaling pathways in NT2 cell line. We determined the cytotoxic effect of bleomycin on NT2 cells and measured apoptosis markers such as Caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9 activities and Bcl‐2, Bax, Cyt‐c, Annexin V‐FTIC and PI levels in NT2 cells incubated with different agents for 24 h. Early apoptosis was determined using FACS assay. We found half of the lethal dose (LD50) of Bleomycin on NT2 cell viability as 400, 100, and 20 µg/ml after incubations for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Incubation with bleomycin (LD50) and H2O2 for 24 h increased Caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9 activities, Cyt‐c and Bax levels and decreased Bcl‐2 levels. The concurrent incubation of NT2 cells with bleomycin/H2O2 and NAC (5 mM) for 24 h abolished bleomycin/H2O2‐dependent increases in Caspase‐3, ‐8, ‐9 activities, Bax and Cyt‐c levels and bleomycin/H2O2‐dependent decrease in Bcl‐2 level. Our results indicate that bleomycin/H2O2 induce apoptosis in NT2 cells by activating mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, while NAC diminishes bleomycin/H2O2 induced apoptosis. We conclude that NAC has antagonistic effects on Bleomycin‐induced apoptosis in NT2 cells and causes resistance to apoptosis which is not a desired effect in eliminating cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1685–1694, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Could an anisotropic molecular mechanics/dynamics potential account for sigma hole effects in the complexes of halogenated compounds?
Authors: Hage Krystel El , Piquemal Jean‐Philip , Hobaika Zeina , Maroun Richard G. , Gresh Nohad
Published: February 2013

Halogenated compounds are gaining an increasing importance in medicinal chemistry and materials science. Ab initio quantum chemistry (QC) has unraveled the existence of a “sigma hole” along the CX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) bond, namely, a depletion of electronic density prolonging the bond, concomitant with a build‐up on its sides, both of which are enhanced along the F < Cl < Br < I series. We have evaluated whether these features were intrinsically built‐in in an anisotropic, polarizable molecular mechanics (APMM) procedure such as SIBFA (sum of interactions between fragments ab initio computed). For that purpose, we have computed the interaction energies of fluoro‐, chloro‐, and bromobenzene with two probes: a divalent cation, Mg(II), and water approaching X through either one H or its O atom. This was done by parallel QC energy‐decomposition analyses (EDA) and SIBFA computations. With both probes, the leading QC contribution responsible for the existence of the sigma hole is the Coulomb contribution Ec. For all three halogenated compounds, and with both probes, the in‐ and out‐of‐plane angular features of Ec were closely mirrored by the SIBFA electrostatic multipolar contribution (EMTP). Resorting to such a contribution thus dispenses with empirically‐fitted “extra”, off‐centered partial atomic charges as in classical molecular mechanics/dynamics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical and experimental analyses of planar asymmetric split‐and‐recombine micromixer with dislocation sub‐channels
Authors: Li Jian , Xia Guodong , Li Yifan
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

A passive planar micromixer with dislocation sub‐channels, based on the principle of planar asymmetric split and recombination, has been proposed for its effective mixing. Both numerical simulations and experiments were used to design and investigate the effect of parameters and flowing feature on mixing with Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 100. The mixing index, which is used as the measurement criteria, is dependent upon Reynolds number and geometrical parameters.

RESULTS

Through the results of numerical and experimental simulation, it is evident that the arrangement of dislocation sub‐channel structure will result in better fluid mixing owing to the combination of the unbalanced inertial collisions, the multidirectional vortices and the collision‐induced flow in mixing cavities between every two‐looped structure. The effect of transverse Dean Vortices in the vertical plane and expansion vortices in the horizontal plane is beneficial for the increased interfacial area between two species and promoting mixing. The increased width ratio, w3/w4, provided by the dislocation structures, results in better mixing performance, but also causes a higher pressure drop. Experimental results allow better validation of the mixing efficiency of this micromixer.

CONCLUSION

The best mixing performance was achieved with width ratio of the dislocation sub‐channels at w3/w4 = 1.0 and Reynolds numbers less than 80. To consider the mixing effect and the packaging requirements of the experiment, the mixing index of the micromixer with a dislocation sub‐channel can reach 86%. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Stake Management in Men's Online Cosmetics Testimonials
Authors: Hall Matthew , Gough Brendan , Seymour‐Smith Sarah
Published: February 2013

Although the Internet has opened up new avenues for identity expression, many web‐based sources have yet to be examined. Online testimonials as a form word‐of‐mouth advertising are a relatively new development. The present study examines the construction of masculinities in men's cosmetics adverting testimonials presented on the website of a leading brand. The dataset is examined using discursive psychology and membership categorization analysis methodologies. The findings indicate that when men write facial cosmetics testimonials they still justify the use of these non‐typical masculine products even in the absence of others’ responses. The analysis highlights the continued difficulty men report in using typically feminized products, frequently accounting for their cosmetic use as a "corrective" measure rather than for beautification. The implications for the marketing of masculine products are discussed.
The Pharmacologic and Clinical Effects of Medical Cannabis
Authors: Borgelt Laura M. , Franson Kari L. , Nussbaum Abraham M. , Wang George S.
Published: February 2013

Cannabis, or marijuana, has been used for medicinal purposes for many years. Several types of cannabinoid medicines are available in the United States and Canada. Dronabinol (schedule III), nabilone (schedule II), and nabiximols (not U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved) are cannabis‐derived pharmaceuticals. Medical cannabis or medical marijuana, a leafy plant cultivated for the production of its leaves and flowering tops, is a schedule I drug, but patients obtain it through cannabis dispensaries and statewide programs. The effect that cannabinoid compounds have on the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) found in the brain can create varying pharmacologic responses based on formulation and patient characteristics. The cannabinoid Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol has been determined to have the primary psychoactive effects; the effects of several other key cannabinoid compounds have yet to be fully elucidated. Dronabinol and nabilone are indicated for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy and of anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. However, pain and muscle spasms are the most common reasons that medical cannabis is being recommended. Studies of medical cannabis show significant improvement in various types of pain and muscle spasticity. Reported adverse effects are typically not serious, with the most common being dizziness. Safety concerns regarding cannabis include the increased risk of developing schizophrenia with adolescent use, impairments in memory and cognition, accidental pediatric ingestions, and lack of safety packaging for medical cannabis formulations. This article will describe the pharmacology of cannabis, effects of various dosage formulations, therapeutics benefits and risks of cannabis for pain and muscle spasm, and safety concerns of medical cannabis use.
Explaining post‐IPO venture performance through a knowledge‐based view typology
Authors: Arend Richard J. , Patel Pankaj C. , Park Haemin Dennis
Published: February 2013

We extend the knowledge‐based view with a new typology and its application to post‐IPO firm performance. The typology categorizes knowledge development activity along the dimensions of familiarity (whether the firm has experience with the knowledge or it is new) and source (whether the firm creates it independently or with partners). We use this typology to determine direct and interaction effects of knowledge development activity on survival, RoA, and Tobin's q of newly public firms. Using a sample of 1,056 high‐technology manufacturing IPOs in 1990–2005, we find that focused, internal knowledge development correlates with higher performance. We also find a positive interaction effect in combining focused, internal and diversifying, alliance‐based knowledge development, and a negative interaction effect in combining diversifying, internal and alliance‐based knowledge development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning and product entry: How diversification patterns differ over firm age and knowledge domains in U.S. generic drug industry
Authors: Xie Xuanli , O'Neill Hugh M.
Published: February 2013

This study uses learning theory to show how knowledge domains affect product extension decisions and how these product decisions change as firms age. Faced with the choice of new product‐markets, a firm might decide to introduce a similar product, by leveraging existing firm knowledge, or to experiment with a less familiar product, which requires new knowledge. Using data on new drug introductions in the US generic pharmaceutical industry, the analyses showed clear support for heterogeneous product‐market entry patterns across knowledge domains as the firm ages. Across time, the form of learning shifts from exploration to exploitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and plasticity of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction
Authors: Menon Kaushiki P. , Carrillo Robert A. , Zinn Kai
Published: February 2013

The Drosophila larval neuromuscular system is relatively simple, containing only 32 motor neurons in each abdominal hemisegment, and its neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) have been studied extensively. NMJ synapses exhibit developmental and functional plasticity while displaying stereotyped connectivity. Drosophila Type I NMJ synapses are glutamatergic, while the vertebrate NMJ uses acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter. The larval NMJ synapses use ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) that are homologous to AMPA‐type GluRs in the mammalian brain, and they have postsynaptic scaffolds that resemble those found in mammalian postsynaptic densities. These features make the Drosophila neuromuscular system an excellent genetic model for the study of excitatory synapses in the mammalian central nervous system. The first section of the review presents an overview of NMJ development. The second section describes genes that regulate NMJ development, including: (1) genes that positively and negatively regulate growth of the NMJ, (2) genes required for maintenance of NMJ bouton structure, (3) genes that modulate neuronal activity and alter NMJ growth, (4) genes involved in transsynaptic signaling at the NMJ. The third section describes genes that regulate acute plasticity, focusing on translational regulatory mechanisms. As this review is intended for a developmental biology audience, it does not cover NMJ electrophysiology in detail, and does not review genes for which mutations produce only electrophysiological but no structural phenotypes. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:647–670. doi: 10.1002/wdev.108

This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing

Nervous System Development > Flies

Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
Evidence for grow-through penetration of 0.2-μm-pore-size filters by Serratia marcescens and Brevundimonas diminuta
Authors: Kaushal Simran , Gervais Brandi , Lute Scott , Eroraha Ajiri , Faustino Patrick , Brorson Kurt , Hussong David
Published: February 2013

We find that both Brevundimonas diminuta and Serratia marcescens can grow through sterilizing grade filter membranes of different membrane polymer compositions. Although this passage does not occur on a consistent basis, generation of “grow-through positive” results indicate that grow-through can occur stochastically at basal levels. This observation argues that the following risk mitigation strategies during pharmaceutical aseptic processing are warranted: minimization of processing times, and monitoring, minimizing and characterizing pre–filter bioburden.
Spinal involvement in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio‐Brailsford or Morquio A syndrome): presentation, diagnosis and management
Authors: Solanki Guirish A. , Martin Kenneth W. , Theroux Mary C. , Lampe Christina , White Klane K. , Shediac Renée , Lampe Christian G. , Beck Michael , Mackenzie William G. , Hendriksz Christian J. , Harmatz Paul R.
Published: February 2013

Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA), also known as Morquio‐Brailsford or Morquio A syndrome, is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme N‐acetyl‐galactosamine‐6‐sulphate sulphatase (GALNS). MPS IVA is multisystemic but manifests primarily as a progressive skeletal dysplasia. Spinal involvement is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in MPS IVA. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of problems involving the spine are critical in preventing or arresting neurological deterioration and loss of function. This review details the spinal manifestations of MPS IVA and describes the tools used to diagnose and monitor spinal involvement. The relative utility of radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of cervical spine instability, stenosis, and cord compression is discussed. Surgical interventions, anaesthetic considerations, and the use of neurophysiological monitoring during procedures performed under general anaesthesia are reviewed. Recommendations for regular radiological imaging and neurologic assessments are presented, and the need for a more standardized approach for evaluating and managing spinal involvement in MPS IVA is addressed.
Mouse models for liver cancer
Authors: Bakiri Latifa , Wagner Erwin F.
Published: February 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of primary liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer‐related cell death in human and the fifth in women worldwide. The incidence of HCC is increasing despite progress in identifying risk factors, understanding disease etiology and developing anti‐viral strategies. Therapeutic options are limited and survival after diagnosis is poor. Therefore, better preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic tools are urgently needed, in particular given the increased contribution from systemic metabolic disease to HCC incidence worldwide. In the last three decades, technological advances have facilitated the generation of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) to mimic the alterations frequently observed in human cancers or to conduct intervention studies and assess the relevance of candidate gene networks in tumor establishment, progression and maintenance. Because these studies allow molecular and cellular manipulations impossible to perform in patients, GEMMs have improved our understanding of this complex disease and represent a source of great potential for mechanism‐based therapy development. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of HCC modeling in the mouse, highlighting successes, current challenges and future opportunities.
Decentralisation of public service delivery in the Central Himalayas: The myth of community participation
Authors: Joshi Divya Upadhyaya
Published: February 2013

This paper attempts to examine whether decentralisation of decision making and implementation improves efficiency of public service delivery in the mountain and the marginal areas, such as the Central Himalayas, or is efficiency in the sector, at present, best achieved through a centralised top-down planning and management approach? It challenges some of the claims made by the advocates of participatory modes of planning, where the World Bank-sponsored Swajal Project in India (1996–2002) is cited as a case of best practice. The survey based study of the Swajal village communities found that intra-community conflict and interest group politics disrupt and suborn community deliberation, decision making and hamper true representativeness. It explored the politics of community participation, examining the question of true representatives and comprehensive participation of a community. Findings indicate that the traditionally marginalised sections of the village, the women and the backward castes still do not have adequate representation. The communities do not show the resilience and capacity for decision making necessary for the effectiveness as agents in decentralisation. So far, the process of decentralisation in the public service delivery sector, especially in the water sector in the region, has merely created new winners and losers, instead of resulting in substantial political devolution of control to communities.
A Guide to the World Anti-Doping Code
Authors: David Paul
Published: February 2013

The laws relating to anti-doping change rapidly, and the World Anti-Doping Code has been at the centre of significant developments in this area over the last ten years. Since the first edition of this guide, the amended 2009 Code has come into effect and been applied in various decisions before national sporting tribunals and the Court of Arbitration for Sport. This second edition covers the significant changes introduced by the 2009 Code. More than forty summaries of recent cases illustrate the operation of the key provisions of the 2009 Code, in particular the articles relating to anti-doping rule violations and sanctions.
Reading Roman Friendship
Authors: Williams Craig A.
Published: February 2013

This book invites us to approach friendship not as something that simply is, but as something performed in and through language. Roman friendship is read across a wide spectrum of Latin texts, from Catullus' poetry to Petronius' Satyricon to the philosophical writings of Cicero and Seneca, from letters exchanged by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his beloved teacher Fronto, to those written by men and women at an outpost in northern Britain. One of the most innovative features of this study is the equal attention it pays to Latin literature and to inscriptions carved in stone across the Roman Empire. What emerges is a richly varied and perhaps surprising picture. Hundreds of epitaphs, commissioned by men and women, citizens and slaves, record the commemoration of friends, which is of equal importance to understanding Roman friendship as Cicero's influential essay De amicitia.
Single-Molecule Cellular Biophysics
Authors: Leake Mark C.
Published: February 2013

Recent advances in single molecule science have presented a new branch of science: single molecule cellular biophysics, combining classical cell biology with cutting-edge single molecule biophysics. This textbook explains the essential elements of this new discipline, from the state-of-the-art single molecule techniques to real-world applications in unravelling the inner workings of the cell. Every effort has been made to ensure the text can be easily understood by students from both the physical and life sciences. Mathematical derivations are kept to a minimum whilst unnecessary biological terminology is avoided and text boxes provide readers from either background with additional information. 100 end-of-chapter exercises are divided into those aimed at physical sciences students, those aimed at life science students and those that can be tackled by students from both disciplines. The use of case studies and real research examples make this textbook indispensable for undergraduate students entering this exciting field.
Political Beethoven
Authors: Mathew Nicholas
Published: February 2013

Musicians, music lovers and music critics have typically considered Beethoven's overtly political music as an aberration; at best, it is merely notorious, at worst, it is denigrated and ignored. In Political Beethoven Nicholas Mathew returns to the musical and social contexts of the composer's political music throughout his career - from the early marches and anti-French war songs of the 1790s to the grand orchestral and choral works for the Congress of Vienna - to argue that this marginalized functional art has much to teach us about the lofty Beethovenian sounds that came to define serious music in the nineteenth century. Beethoven's much-maligned political compositions, Mathew shows, lead us into the intricate political and aesthetic contexts that shaped all of his oeuvre, thus revealing the stylistic, ideological and psycho-social mechanisms that gave Beethoven's music such a powerful voice - a voice susceptible to repeated political appropriation, even to the present day.
Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels
Authors: Schobert Harold
Published: February 2013

Focusing on today's major fuel resources – ethanol, biodiesel, wood, natural gas, petroleum products and coal – this book discusses the formation, composition and properties of the fuels, and the ways in which they are processed for commercial use. It examines the origin of fuels through natural processes such as photosynthesis and the geological transformation of ancient plant material; the relationships between their composition, molecular structures and physical properties; and the various processes by which they are converted or refined into the fuel products appearing on today's market. Fundamental chemical aspects such as catalysis and the behaviour of reactive intermediates are presented and global warming and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are also discussed. The book is ideal for graduate students in energy engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and chemistry, as well as professional scientists and engineers.
Introduction to Cancer Biology
Authors: Hesketh Robin
Published: February 2013

This concise overview of the fundamental concepts of cancer biology is ideal for those with little or no background in the field. A summary of global cancer patterns introduces students to the general principles of how cancers arise and the risk factors involved. By focusing on fundamental examples of the signalling pathways within cells, the functional effects of DNA damage are explained. Later chapters then build on this foundation to provide a comprehensive summary of the major signalling pathways that affect tumour development. Current therapeutic strategies are reviewed, along with a discussion of methods for tumour detection and biomarker identification. Finally, the impact of whole genome sequencing is discussed, bringing students up to date with key recent developments in the field. From basic principles to insights into cutting-edge research, this book will enable the reader to move into the cancer field with confidence.
The New Economics of Inequality and Redistribution
Authors: Bowles Samuel
Published: February 2013

Economists warn that policies to level the economic playing field come with a hefty price tag. But this so-called 'equality-efficiency trade-off' has proven difficult to document. The data suggest, instead, that the extraordinary levels of economic inequality now experienced in many economies are detrimental to the economy. Moreover, recent economic experiments and other evidence confirm that most citizens are committed to fairness and are willing to sacrifice to help those less fortunate than themselves. Incorporating the latest results from behavioral economics and the new microeconomics of credit and labor markets, Bowles shows that escalating economic disparity is not the unavoidable price of progress. Rather it is policy choice - often a very costly one. Here drawing on his experience both as a policy advisor and an academic economist, he offers an alternative direction, a novel and optimistic account of a more just and better working economy.
A Most Masculine State
Authors: Al-Rasheed Madawi
Published: February 2013

Women in Saudi Arabia are often described as either victims of patriarchal religion and society or successful survivors of discrimination imposed on them by others. Madawi Al-Rasheed's new book goes beyond these conventional tropes to probe the historical, political and religious forces that have, across the years, delayed and thwarted their emancipation. The book demonstrates how, under the patronage of the state and its religious nationalism, women have become hostage to contradictory political projects that on the one hand demand female piety, and on the other hand encourage modernity. Drawing on state documents, media sources and interviews with women from across Saudi society, the book examines the intersection between gender, religion and politics to explain these contradictions and to show that, despite these restraints, vibrant debates on the question of women are opening up as the struggle for recognition and equality finally gets under way.
The Cambridge Introduction to Byron
Authors: Lansdown Richard
Published: February 2013

Author of the most influential long poem of its era (Childe Harold's Pilgrimage) and the funniest long poem in European literature (Don Juan), Lord Byron was also the literary superstar of Romanticism, whose effect on nineteenth-century writers, artists, musicians and politicians - but also everyday readers - was second to none. His poems seduced and scandalized readers, and his life and legend were correspondingly magnetic, given added force by his early death in the Greek War of Independence. This introduction compresses his extraordinary life to manageable proportions and gives readers a firm set of contexts in the politics, warfare, and Romantic ideology of Byron's era. It offers a guide to the main themes in his wide-ranging oeuvre, from the early poems that made him famous (and infamous) overnight, to his narrative tales, dramas and the comic epic left incomplete at his death.
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Lapidus Ira M.
Published: February 2013

First published in 1988, Ira Lapidus' A History of Islamic Societies has become a classic in the field, enlightening students, scholars, and others with a thirst for knowledge about one of the world's great civilizations. This book, based on fully revised and updated parts one and two of this monumental work,describes the transformations of Islamic societies from their beginning in the seventh century, through their diffusion across the globe, into the challenges of the nineteenth century. The story focuses on the organization of families and tribes, religious groups and states, showing how they were transformed by their interactions with other religious and political communities. The book concludes with the European commercial and imperial interventions that initiated a new set of transformations in the Islamic world, and the onset of the modern era. Organized in narrative sections for the history of each major region, with innovative, analytic summary introductions and conclusions, this book is a unique endeavour.
John Clare and Community
Authors: Goodridge John
Published: February 2013

John Clare (1793–1864) is one of the most sensitive poetic observers of the natural world. Born into a rural labouring family, he felt connected to two communities: his native village and the Romantic and earlier poets who inspired him. The first part of this study of Clare and community shows how Clare absorbed and responded to his reading of a selection of poets including Chatterton, Bloomfield, Gray and Keats, revealing just how serious the process of self-education was to his development. The second part shows how he combined this reading with the oral folk-culture he was steeped in, to create an unrivalled poetic record of a rural culture during the period of enclosure, and the painful transition to the modern world. In his lifelong engagement with rural and literary life, Clare understood the limitations as well as the strengths in communities, the pleasures as well as the horrors of isolation.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: February 2013

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 3, which appeared in 1866, focuses on analysis. It includes Gauss' work on elliptic functions and on power series, for which he gave the first convergence criteria, as well as his first (1799) proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra, and reviews of works by contemporaries including Fourier.
Behavioral Rationality and Heterogeneous Expectations in Complex Economic Systems
Authors: Hommes Cars
Published: February 2013

Recognising that the economy is a complex system with boundedly rational interacting agents, the book presents a theory of behavioral rationality and heterogeneous expectations in complex economic systems and confronts the nonlinear dynamic models with empirical stylized facts and laboratory experiments. The complexity modeling paradigm has been strongly advocated since the late 1980s by some economists and by multidisciplinary scientists from various fields, such as physics, computer science and biology. More recently the complexity view has also drawn the attention of policy makers, who are faced with complex phenomena, irregular fluctuations and sudden, unpredictable market transitions. The complexity tools - bifurcations, chaos, multiple equilibria - discussed in this book will help students, researchers and policy makers to build more realistic behavioral models with heterogeneous expectations to describe financial market movements and macro-economic fluctuations, in order to better manage crises in a complex global economy.
Hermas in Arcadia and the Rest of the Words of Baruch
Authors: Harris J. Rendel
Published: February 2013

Much of the work of James Rendel Harris (1852–1941), palaeographer and biblical scholar, focused on the translation and understanding of early Christian writing, and this collection of two volumes of essays examines two key texts. The first work in this reissue, published in 1896, discusses the book known as 'The Shepherd of Hermas'. This early work, thought to be written in Rome around the first or second century CE, is composed of three parts: visions, commandments and similitudes. Harris examines aspects of the work, such as how to interpret the ninth similitude - as allegory or literally - and discusses in detail questions about translation. Themes of other essays include the legendary library of Prester John in Abyssinia, the third-century writer Gaius the Presbyter and problems surrounding the fourth-century Codex Euthalianus. The second work, published in 1889, is concerned with the apocalyptic language in the book of Baruch.
Logic
Authors: Bosanquet Bernard
Published: February 2013

After more than a decade teaching ancient Greek history and philosophy at University College, Oxford, British philosopher and political theorist Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923) resigned from his post to spend more time writing. He was particularly interested in contemporary social theory, and was involved with the Charity Organisation Society and the London Ethical Society. Much of his work focused on the place of logic in philosophy, especially its role in metaphysical thought - the area where he is considered to have made his most important intellectual contributions. In 1888 he published this two-volume study of logic, addressing a variety of questions relating to logic, and drawing from the work of Hegel (1770–1831) in his examination. In Volume 2, Bosanquet focuses on inference, arguing that it has a similar essence to judgment but is fundamentally different in that it is used to 'mediate' reality.
Global Markets and Government Regulation in Telecommunications
Authors: Rodine-Hardy Kirsten
Published: February 2013

In recent years, liberalization, privatization and deregulation have become commonplace in sectors once dominated by government-owned monopolies. In telecommunications, for example, during the 1990s, more than 129 countries established independent regulatory agencies and more than 100 countries privatized the state-owned telecom operator. Why did so many countries liberalize in such a short period of time? For example, why did both Denmark and Burundi, nations different along so many relevant dimensions, liberalize their telecom sectors around the same time? Kirsten L. Rodine-Hardy argues that international organizations – not national governments or market forces – are the primary drivers of policy convergence in the important arena of telecommunications regulation: they create and shape preferences for reform and provide forums for expert discussions and the emergence of policy standards. Yet she also shows that international convergence leaves room for substantial variation among countries, using both econometric analysis and controlled case comparisons of eight European countries.
Environmental Degradation in Jacobean Drama
Authors: Boehrer Bruce
Published: February 2013

In Environmental Degradation in Jacobean Drama, Bruce Boehrer provides the first general history of the Shakespearean stage to focus primarily on ecological issues. Early modern English drama was conditioned by the environmental events of the cities and landscapes within which it developed. Boehrer introduces Jacobean London as the first modern European metropolis in an England beset by problems of overpopulation; depletion of resources and species; land, water and air pollution; disease and other health-related issues; and associated changes in social behavior and cultural output. In six chapters he discusses the work of the most productive and influential playwrights of the day: Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton, Fletcher, Dekker and Heywood, exploring the strategies by which they made sense of radical ecological change in their drama. In the process, Boehrer sketches out these playwrights' differing responses to environmental issues and traces their legacy for later literary formulations of green consciousness.
A Wandering Scholar in the Levant
Authors: Hogarth David George
Published: February 2013

The archaeologist D. G. Hogarth (1862–1927) was, when he died, keeper of the Ashmolean Museum and president of the Royal Geographical Society. He was instrumental in launching T. E. Lawrence's career, employing him at Carchemish and encouraging him to learn Arabic. This book, published in 1896 and described by Lawrence as 'one of the best travel books ever written', relates a journey through Ottoman Turkey, with additional chapters on Egypt and Cyprus. It combines a highly readable account of the practicalities and pitfalls of archaeology with Hogarth's (often unsympathetic) opinions on political problems of the area, including the position of the Armenians and Kurds. Hogarth subsequently became acting director of the Arab Bureau in Cairo during the First World War, and attended the Versailles peace conference. This book illuminates the experiences that developed Hogarth's political views and the close relationship between archaeology and politics in the Middle East in the period.