bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal Enuresis in Twins1
Authors: HALLGREN BERTIL , LARSSON HARRY , RUDHE ULF
Published: January 2008

1. A study by means of micturition urethro‐cystography of changes in the lower urinary tract and of the effective bladder capacity in children with nocturnal enuresis was performed on the basis of a randomly selected twin series. The material comprised 40 same‐sexed twin pairs in which at least one of the partners suffered from persistent nocturnal enuresis, i.e. 49 affected twins and 31 unaffected partners who were used as controls.

2. Only minor deviations in the lower urinary tract were found. The investigation failed to show any significant relationship between such deviations and nocturnal enuresis.

3. There seems to be no relationship between nocturnal enuresis and the width of the posterior urethra during micturition.

4. The statistical analysis indicates that there is no difference in the effective bladder capacity between children with persistent nocturnal enuresis and other children.

5. There seems to be no significant relationship between nocturnal enuresis and the occurrence of spina bifida occulta in the lower lumbar and sacral regions.
Growth Changes in the Mongoloid Head1
Authors: ROCHE A. F. , SEWARD F. S. , SUNDERLAND S.
Published: January 2008

1. The growth of the head has been investigated in 148 white Australian mongoloids.

2. The maximum head breadth was within the normal range (±2 S.D.) over approximately the first year. In comparison with normal children, the increase for males was then less rapid until the age of five years, more rapid until the age of nine years, after which no continuing increase was observed. In the female group, the changes were similar except for a slight increase throughout the period studied.

3. During first few months of life the maximum head length was almost normal. It then increased much more slowly than in normal children until about the age of five years after which both groups showed approximately equal rates of increase.

4. The breadth‐length index increased rapidly during the first few months of life to become much higher than in normal children, but variable. Most mongoloids are brachycephalic or hyperbrachycephalic, but examples of mesocephaly and dolichocephaly were observed.

5. The horizontal head circumference was normal until about the age of one year, but between this and the fifth year it increased more slowly than in normal children after which the rate of increase was approximately the same.
Venous Hypertension in the Newborn Infant Associated with Delayed Clamping of the Umbilical Cord1
Authors: TAYLOR PAUL M. , EGAN THOMAS J. , BIRCHARD EDNA L. , BRIGHT NANCY H. , WOLFSON JEROME H.
Published: January 2008

The mean umbilical vein pressure of 31 normal infants 5 to 89 hours of age was 92.2 mm of normal saline ± 12.8 mm (S.D.). Venous pressure was not influenced by age or birth weight.

Continuous recordings of umbilical rein pressure were made on 11 infants whose umbilical cords were clamped at the time of delivery, and on 20 infants whose cords were clamped several minutes after delivery. The highest pressure recorded in the early‐clamped group was 120 mm; 2 of the 11 infants had this pressure. Seventeen of the 20 late‐clamped infants had levels of venous pressure repeatedly in excess of 120 mm during the first 30–60 minutes of life with return to the normal range at varying rates.

Possible effects of a placental transfusion sufficiently large to raise venous pressure on the clinical status of the newborn infant have been discussed briefly.
Respiratory Studies in Children III. Variability of the Lung Volumes in Healthy Children
Authors: GEUBELLE F. , RUDDER P. DE
Published: January 2008

1. The day‐today physiological variations of the lung volumes were studied in healthy boys and girls. The results were compared with the ones obtained in healthy adults.

2. The most striking variation was observed for the values of expiratory reserve volume which evokes the cooperation of the children and for the values of residual volume (because its calculation is a function of VER).
Preliminary Experiences with the Spitz‐Holter Ventriculo‐Caval Shunt in the Treatment of Hydrocephalus1
Authors: GROTTE G. , LUNDBERG N. G.
Published: January 2008

A preliminary report is given of 5 cases of infantile hydrocephalus where ventriculo‐venous shunt operations using the Spitz‐Holter technique were performed. There were no postoperative deaths. In all cases pre‐ and postoperative measurements of head circumference, pneu‐mography of the ventricular system, recordings of the ventricular fluid pressure and examinations by pediatricians with regard to mental and physical development were performed. The follow‐up time ranged between 6 and 12 months. Three reoperations of the shunt were necessary in two patients, after which all valves were functioning well. In all 5 cases interruption of the rapid increase in the head circumference occurred and a low ventricular fluid pressure was found postopera‐tively. In 4 cases postoperative pneumo‐graphy suggested an incress? in brain bulk. Normal mental development was found in 4 of the cases.

In addition a brief report is given of a case of increased intracranial pressure due to diffuse melanosarcomatosis of the meninges in an adult. In this case a Spitz‐Holter shunt operation reduced a preoperatively high and widely fluctuating ventricular fluid pressure to a low, even level during an observation time of 6 months. It is suggested that the Spitz‐Holter operation may be of benefit in cases of severe intracranial hypertension where removal of an intracranial tumour or an intracranial shunt operation does not give relief.
Association Between Congenital Heart Malformation and Chromosomal Variations1
Authors: BÖÖK J. A. , SANTESSON BERTA , ZETTERQVIST PER
Published: January 2008

A family is described in which mother rind son both displayed auricular septal defects of the secundum type while father and daughter had no cardiovascular disorders. The karyotypes of these individuals were analysed by the cell culture method using biopsies from bone marrow and skin. The majority of the cells from the mother had 47 chromosomes and she was apparently trisomic [19–20]. A similar additional chromosome of group [19–20] was found in the cells derived from the son.

However, he lacked one of the smallest acrocentric chromosomes. His chromosome number was 46. The father and daughter both had normal karyotypes. The significance of numerical and/or structural chromosome variation in the etiology of congenital heart malformation is discussed with regard to recent developments in clinical cytogenetics.
A Case of Ataxia‐Telangiectasia
Authors: BONNEVIER JOHN OLOF
Published: January 2008

Report of a 13‐year‐old girl with progressive ataxia starting at the age of 4 years, and later also oculo‐cutaneous telangiectases. Points of divergence from the findings in ataxia‐telangiectasia are discussed.
Toxoplasmosis in Children: A Study of 83 Swedish Cases
Authors: HEDENSTRÖM GRETA , HULDT GUNNEL , LAGERCRANTZ RUTGER
Published: January 2008

A report is given of 83 cases of toxo‐plasmosis in childhood. The series represents most cases diagnosed in Sweden during the period 1951 to 1959. The diagnostic criteria and the differential diagnosis between congenital and acquired forms of the disease are discussed. Sixty‐two patients were considered to have the congenital disease and 17 the acquired. In four patients it was impossible to determine if the disease was congenital or acquired. The series of congenital cases comprises some with none or very few symptoms, and normal development. Acquired toxo‐plasmosis in childhood seems to give the same clinical symptoms as in adults. The most common symptom is lymphadenopa‐thy, with or without fever. One patient had acute chorioretinitis. The disease often runs a mild course and subclinical infections are probably not uncommon in childhood.
Identification of Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli 0111:B4 by Means of Fluorescent Antibodies
Authors: DANIELSSON DAN , LAURELL GUNNAR
Published: January 2008

The fluorescent antibody technique has been tested during a current epidemic of infantile diarrhoea due to E. coli 0111:B4, and has been compared with the conventional bacteriological and serological techniques. Four different modifications have been compared. After enrichment of the faecal specimens in broth the greatest number of positive specimens was obtained by the fluorescent antibody technique. It was possible by means of this technique to demonstrate the organisms in 15 infants and one adult in 35 specimens, whereas conventional culture, all modifications together, revealed them in 12 infants in 26 specimens. The time for putting a diagnosis is greatly reduced by the fluorescent method. The method's didvantages and its use in routine practice are discussed.
The Cellular Excretion in the Urine of Normal Newborn Infants
Authors: AAS KJELL
Published: January 2008

Urine sediment counts were made in 380 specimens collected from 114 male and 27 female infants during the first 10 days after birth. In some the Addis counts were calculated. This method is considered inaccurate and erroneous in infants, however, and it is advocated that the findings should be expressed in cells per cubic millimetre. The counts found in the normal newborn infants are tabulated and the results are discussed. The range of normal sediment counts found exceeds that set for older children and adults in earlier publications.
Discussion on the Advisability of Performing Exchange Transfusion in Neonatal Jaundice of Unknown Aetiologyl
Authors: TROLLE DYRE
Published: January 2008

In a study of 1000 newborns jaundice of unknown aetiology was a common finding during the first week of life. In these children the bilirubin values were as follows:

≥ 10 mg% in 26 %

≥ 20 mg% in 6 %

It is known from the literature that there is a causal relationship between severe jaundice occurring in the first week of lie and the subsequent development of athetosis. By carrying out exchange transfusion on children with a serum bili‐rubin value of ≥ 20 mg%, and comparing the number with the frequency of athetosis reported in the literature, it is shown that the following will be exchange transfused:

(a) 2140 full‐term babies in order to prevent subsequent athetesis in one, but one runs the risk of 21 dying as a result of the procedure itself.

(b) 92 premature infants to prevent subsequent athetosis in one, but one runs the risk of 4 dying as a result of the procedure.

The limit of 20 mg% is thus not appropriate. Through systematic investigetions must be found better criteria for exchange transfusing newborn with jaundice of unknown aetiology.

As opposed to this, the criteria for exchange transfusing Rhesus sensitised children are satisfactory. Admittedly it is unnecessary in the case of 44 out of every 100 children but, on the other hand, 56 will be saved from death or kernicterus, with the risk of death due to the procedure in only one case.
Successful Resuscitation of Two Immature Infants with Cardiac Arrest During Exchange Transfusion
Authors: WALLGREN GÖRAN , OKMIAN LUDVIG
Published: January 2008

Two instances of asystolic cardiac arrest in immature infants during exchange transfusions are reported. In both cases the collapse came as an unexpected complication at the end of the transfusion. When extrathoracic manipulations to restore spontaneous heart action had been unsuccessfully performed for one and two minutes respectively, thoracotomy was performed and cardiac massage instituted. Spontaneous heart action started in one case shortly after manual compressions had been instituted and in the other case after 10 minutes of massage and the administration of calcium and adrenalin. The recovery of the infants was completely uneventful and no signs of CNS damage could be detected at the age of two and three months respectively. Methods to institute cardiac action are discussed and it is stressed that thoracotomy and cardiac massage are comparatively easy procedures not contraindicated by the small size of these infants. The use of continuous ECG control during exchange transfusion is recommended.
Goitrous Hypothyroidism Simulating Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: BLOOM VICTOR R.
Published: January 2008

A case of goitrous hypothyroidism in a boy of 13 is described which has been successfully treated with 260 mg of thyroid daily. The defect in this case may have been due to a failure in the coupling of iodotyrosines. For four years the patient was regarded as suffering from thyrotoxi‐cosis. This was largely due to the association of goitre with nervous manifestations, viz. excitability, tremor and moist palms. An incorrectly interpreted radio‐iodine uptake and an apparently raised B.M.R. were thought to support the diagnosis. Indications of the true diagnosis were the family history of goitre without iodine deficiency, the retarded physical development and bone age, the normal temperature of the palms, the failure to confirm the presence of the thyroid murmur, the absence of eye signs, the discrepancy between the sleeping and the waking pulse, the failure to respond antithyroid treatment and the good response to treatment with thyroid 30 mg three times daily before the diagnosis was established. The finding of a low P.B.I. clinched the diagnosis of hypothyroidism.
ACTH‐Induced Thymic Atrophy
Authors: BJÖRKLUND STIG‐IVAR
Published: January 2008

In 13 cases with a widening of the mediastinum, discovered in the course of roentgenologic examination, ACTH was administered to increase the possibilities of diagnosing the cause. In 11 cases there was a reduction of the width of the mediastinum. The decrease is considered to be due to the thymolytic effect of the adreno‐corticosteroids. In one case the widening remained unchanged; in this case entirely too small a dose of ACTH was given. In another case the more circumscribed enlargement remained unchanged and the subsequent operation revealed that it was composed of a ganglioneuroma.
The “Mercury‐In‐Rubber” Strain Gauge for Measurements of Blood Pressure and Peripheral Circulation in Newborn Infants
Authors: CELANDER OLOV , THUNELL GÖRAN
Published: January 2008

A modification of the “mercury‐in‐rubber” strain gauge is described which is suitable for clinical studies on infants. The gauge can either be used as a pulse‐indicator for measuring the systolic blood pressure, or it can be used for plethysmo‐graphy to study blood flow and resistance to flow in relative terms as well as systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure.
A Case of Retro‐Pharyngeal Lymphosarcoma Presenting with Blindness
Authors: COTTOM D. G. , WHITE L. R.
Published: January 2008

1. An unusual case is described of a boy with lymphosarcoma of the nasopharynx who presented with blindness.

2. The problems of diagnosis are discussed.

3. The features of nasopharyngeal tumours and of lymphosarcoma in childhood are briefly reviewed.
Studies on Erythro‐Kinetics in Infancy1. I
Authors: GARBY LARS , VUILLE JEAN‐CLAUDE
Published: January 2008

The one‐minute alkali denaturation‐precipitation method for HbF determinations of Singer, Chern off & Singer has been modified to give a fourfold increase in HbF concentration in the filtrate. With this modification the denaturation‐preci‐pitation method shows good agreement with measurements based on spectral absorption changes. The method gives reproducible results within a considerable range of HbF and total Hb concentrations.
Congenital Afibrinogenemia
Authors: OSEID SVEIN , SVENDSEN HARALD MORTEN
Published: January 2008

Two patients, brother and sister, suffering from congenital afibrinogenemia are reported. This condition has previously not been described from Scandinavia. Both suffered from severe umbilical hemorrhage soon after birth and a continuing bleeding tendency. The diagnosis has been proved by coagulation tests and immunoelectrophoretic fibrinogen determinations. The hereditary nature of the disease is briefly discussed. Plasma fibrinogen estimations were made on 17 relatives but this failed to demonstrate any heterozygous carriers within the group.
Bone Marrow Studies in Patients Suffering from Infections and Receiving Chloramphenicol
Authors: CHOREMIS C. B. , MEGAS H. A. , ASKOUNI A. D.
Published: January 2008

The bone marrow of 45 patients suffering from various infections and receiving chloramphenicol, was examined morphologically. Infection alone depressed erythropoiesis in 6 patients. Two patients developed depression of erythropoeiesis while receiving chloramphenicol. One patient developed erythroid hypoplasia ten days after chloramphenicol had been discontinued. Chloramphenicol used in therapeutic doses for a relatively short period of time, is not associated with a high incidence of bone marrow morphological abnormalities.
The Use of an Oral Airway in the Treatment of Respiratory Distress of Infants
Authors: SjÖVALL KJELL
Published: January 2008

Fatal respiratory distress in children with a birth weight below 2000 g, brought about by rhinitis within the first two to three weeks of life, and in children with congenital nasal defects, has been treated with a simple mouth tube. This was found to overcome the children's inability to breathe through the mouth, thus relieving their exhausting respiratory efforts, without causing any serious complications even when used for periods of months.
Pure Red Cell Anemia in Step Siblings
Authors: FÖRARE S.‐A.
Published: January 2008

Genetic evaluation of two step siblings with “pure red cell anemia” favours the assumption of a dominant gene with reduced expressivity as a cause of the disease.
Diencephalic Syndrome of Emaciation Report of a Case
Authors: AAS KJELL
Published: January 2008

A new case with diencephalic syndrome of emaciation is reported. The first symptoms occurred when the patient was 2 months old. Ventriculography demonstrated a probable tumour in the third ventricle. The patient is described and the findings shortly commented on.
Chromosomal Translocation in a Mentally Deficient Child with Cryptorchidism
Authors: BÜHLER E. M. , ROSSIER R. , BODIS I. , VULLIET V. , BÜHLER U. K. , STALDER And G.
Published: January 2008

The cytological observations of a 6‐year‐old boy with mental and physical retardation, obesity and cryptorchidism are reported. Chromosome studies revealed a chromosome number of 45 and a consistent karyotype pattern with only four large acrocentric chromosomes of group 13–15 and an additional metacentric chromosome, interpreted as the result of a translocation of the two missing chromosomes of group 13–15.

As far as our knowledge goes, this is the second case of a mere translocation of two autosomes associated with a severe developmental anomaly.
Spirometric Studies in Normal Subjects1IV. Ventilatory Capacities in Healthy Children 7–17 Years of Age
Authors: BJURE JAN
Published: January 2008

Vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MTV) at free and fixed frequencies have been determined in normal children, 79 boys and 82 girls, 7–17 years of age. These values were found best correlated with the cube of the height. Equations and nomograms for normal values and lower normal limits are given.
Intragastric Oxygen: Experimental Observations in Newborn Puppies1
Authors: JAMES L. S. , APGAR V. A. , MOYA F. , KVISSELGAARD N. , BURNARD E. D. , BRADY J. , TUCHMAN W. , CRAWFORD J. S. , HOLADAY D. A.
Published: January 2008

Ten puppies delivered by cesarean section and paralysed with succinylcholine were given intragastric oxygen. There was no evidence of oxygen absorption from the stomach or gut as judged by the oxygen saturation of the portal vein or aortic blood. However, when the lungs were expanded and artificial ventilation applied, the oxygen levels rose rapidly. The pH fell and the PCO2 rose during asphyxiation at approximately the same rate in both the experimental group and a control group, irrespective of the administration of I.G. O2. The useof I.G. O2 was completely ineffective as a resuscitation procedure even though the oxygen requirements were minimized by paralysing the animals, and the ductus venosus, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus were patent.
Anamnesis, Sweat Electrolyte and Pulmonary Function Studies in Parents of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas1
Authors: ORZALESI M. M. , KOHNER D. , COOK C. D. , SHWACHMAN H.
Published: January 2008

One hundred and two parents of children with cystic fibrosis and 52 control parents were studied with regard to physical examination of the chest, personal and family history, sweat electrolytes and pulmonary function tests.

The physical examination of the chest was negative in all parents.

When the C.F. parents were compared with the control group, no significant differences could be found in the personal and family histories of chronic cough, allergy, gastrointestinal disorders (ulcer and cholelithiasis) and diabetes.

The concentration of sodium, chloride, and potassium in the sweat (produced by iontophoresis) was similar in the two groups of parents.

The pulmonary function tests (vital capacity, timed vital capacity, peak expiratory flow rate, maximal breathing capacity, and nitrogen washout) showed no significant differences between the two groups of parents.

This study provides no evidence that cystic fibrosis is inherited as a dominant disease.

By the methods used no particular characteristics were found which could differentiate the heterozygote carrier of cystic fibrosis from the non‐carrier.
“Bacterial Allergy” in Childhood Asthma and the Effect of Vaccine Treatment
Authors: AAS KJELL , BERDAL PETER , HENRIKSEN SVERRE DICK , GARDBORG ODD
Published: January 2008

Asthmatic children with presumptive isolated bacterial allergy were selected for a placebo controlled study of the effect of treatment with bacterial vaccines. Of more than 400 children studied only 25 satisfying the criteria for the diagnosis “isolated bacterial allergy” were found. During the investigation period of 12–24 months repeated testings were performed and specific allergies were demonstrated in an additional 10 children out of the 25. At the start of the period active infectious rhinosinusitis was found in 16 of the 25 patients. Elimination of the infections resulted in marked improvement of the allergic symptoms in all but two children. There was no significant difference between the results in the vaccine and placebo groups. The side effects were also equally distributed between the two groups.
Congenital Hypoplastic Thrombocytopenia in Rubella Embryopathy
Authors: BERGE THORBJÖRN , BRUNNHAGE FLEMING , NILSSON LARS R.
Published: January 2008

An infant born to a mother who had had rubella in early pregnancy exhibited cataract and congenital heart disease as typical features of a rubella embryopathy but had in addition purpura on the basis of a hypoplastic thrombocytopenia. It is suggested that this is a further manifestation of the rubella embryopathy. Similar cases reported in the literature may have been due to the same etiology. On the other hand congenital hypoplastic thrombocytopenia associated with aplasia of the radius is probably a genetic disorder transmitted as a recessive character.
Contamination of a Stock Bacterial Vaccine by Horse Serum from the Culture Medium
Authors: AAS KJELL
Published: January 2008

By double diffusion experiments in gel it is demonstrated that one out of five batches of a bacterial vaccine was contaminated with traces of horse serum. This vaccine is used in the treatment of asthma. It is pointed out that some reactions to such vaccines may be caused by antigenic contaminations from the culture medium.
The Body Density of Newborn Infants
Authors: FRIIS‐HANSEN BENT
Published: January 2008

A method is described by which the body density of the newborn infant can be measured in vivo. The average result obtained in 29 newborn infants, all below 24 lira of age, is 1.030 with a standard deviation of ± 0.030.
Reticulosarcomatosis in Twins
Authors: ZACHAU‐CHRISTIANSEN B. , RASMUSSEN P. A.
Published: January 2008

Reticulosarcomatosis occurred in a set of twins who are assumed to have been monozygotic. From the age of 10 months the patients showed lack of thriving and infections–especially moniliasis. They gradually developed signs of cerebral affection, and died at the age of approximately 13 months at an interval of 3 weeks.
Lipoprotein Lipase in Plasma of the Normal Newborn Preliminary Report
Authors: HÖGSTEDT BIRGITTA , LINDQUIST BERTIL
Published: January 2008

Lipoprotein lipase in plasma after heparin administration has been studied in six newborn infants immediately after birth and in six normal children between the ages of 7 and 17 years. The activity of lipoprotein lipase was, according to the suggestions of Boberg & Carlson [1], evaluated: (1) as the elimination rate of this enzyme from plasma, expressed in terms of half‐life, and (2) as the value for the lipoprotein lipase activity extrapolated at zero time after the heparin injection, expressed in terms of μEq of fatty acids released from a triglyceride substrate, per ml plasma per min.

The values for the lipoprotein lipase activity in plasma thus obtained were not appreciably lower in the newborns than in the older children. The elimination rate of the lipoprotein lipase activity amounted in the newborns to 15.4 min and in the older children to 13.3 min (average values); if there was any difference, the elimination of lipoprotein lipase seemed thus to be a little slower in the first‐mentioned group. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to the possible role of dietary fat as inducer of the production of the production of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme.
Urinary Excretion of Pyruvic Acid and Lactic Acid in Premature and Full‐Term Newborn Infants
Authors: TOIVANEN P. , DAHL M. , TOIVANEN A.
Published: January 2008

The urinary excretion of pyruvic acid and lactic acid per kg of body weight was observed to be higher in premature than in full‐term newborn infants. Mild toxemia of the mother did not influence the urinary pyruvic acid content in the child. Both the pyruvic and the lactic acid values in urine were equally high in the two age groups of premature infants, aged 1–9 days and 10–30 days.
Hereditary Nephropathy with Haematuria
Authors: HOBOLTH NIELS
Published: January 2008

This is a study of two families having an inherited nephropathy, manifesting itself in childhood by haematuria and in some cases albuminuria with or without hearing loss–a disease which has previously been described as Alport's syndrome.

The first family comprises 22 descendants over three generations of a woman who has probably had hereditary nephropathy. Eight members had the renal disease. Two males had died in uraemia. The mode of inheritance was typically sex‐linked dominant. There was no case of hearing loss. The second family comprised three generations. Among 23 descendants of a woman having hereditary nephropathy and hearing loss there were 11 cases of hereditary nephropathy and two cases of hearing loss. The inheritance was dominant. Sex‐linked inheritance was possible.

Especially in children the disease is apt to be misdiagnosed as acute glomerulo‐nephritis. As the symptoms are mild in females, a special search has to be made for the heredity.
The Incidence of Infantile Hydrocephalus in Sweden
Authors: HAGBERG BENGT , SJÖGREN IRÉNE , BENSCH KARIN , HADENIUS ANNE‐MARIE
Published: January 2008

The incidence of infantile hydrocephalus in Sweden was investigated in two separate studies; the number of cases present at birth was determined in a material from an obstetric clinic; the number of cases with an onset during the first year of life was penetrated in a field study.

Among all 43,548 infants delivered at the Obstetric Department of the University Hospital of Uppsala in 1944‐61, malformations of the central nervous system were revealed in 48 cases, i.e. 1.10 per 1000 births. The corresponding figure for hydrocephalic births was 0.78. Hydrocephalus was combined with spina bifida cystica in 0.50 per 1000 births and in 0.49 per 1000 live births, while the corresponding figure for simple hydrocephalus was found to be 0.28 and 0.19 respectively.

In the field study made in 1961 and comprising all children born in 1952‐57 in three different Swedish counties a total number of 72 cases with infantile hydrocephalus starting before one year of age was found among 64,630 live births. “Simple” hydrocephalus was present in 55 cases, i.e. 0.85 per 1000 live births. Incomplete information was obtained in this study about the incidence of hydrocephalus in cases with spina bifida cystica.

The total incidence per year of new hydrocephalic cases with an onset before one year of age was obtained by adding the frequency figure for hydrocephalus with spina bifida cystica at birth to the frequency figure for “simple” hydrocephalus starting during the first year of life. With this approximation a total incidence of 1.34 per 1000 live births was found, i.e. 22 cases per 1,000,000 in‐habitants, or 14 cases of “simple” hydro‐cephalus and 8 cases combined with spina bifida cystica. The reliability of the frequency figures obtained was checked for “simple” hydrocephalus from experience in practical clinical work during one year, 1961/62, and a good agreement was found.
Gastric Perforation in the Neonate
Authors: LIVADITIS ALEXANDER , OKMIAN LUDVIG
Published: January 2008

Two cases of spontaneous neonatal rupture of the stomach are reported. In both instances the diagnosis was made pre–operatively. One infant died shortly after surgery. The other recovered. Causes of neonatal gastric perforation are discussed. The clinical picture and methods of diagnosis are briefly described. The necessity of early diagnosis and prompt surgery is emphasized.
The Physical Working Capacity of Healthy Children: Seasonal Variations and Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation and Vitamin‐D Supply
Authors: BERVEN HANS
Published: January 2008

Two groups, each consisting of about 30 children aged 10–11 years, were investigated with regard to physical working capacity, PCW 10–11 and itsannual variations. One of these groups, the test group, received vitamin D on two occasions: on the one hand, a daily dose of 1500 I.U. administered continuously for a period of two months; and on the other, a single massive dose of 400,000 I.U. The effect of vitamin D on PWC which had previously been reported by several authors could not be shown to be of statistical significance. The other group, the control group, like the test group, was subject to seasonal variations in PWC, with a significant minimum in late autumn, November December, and a maximum in April‐May. The cause of the observed seasonal variations have been discussed, and it seems that, to a great extent, they were due to variations in physical activity on account of differences in climate and in the length of daylight during the year.

In a smaller group the effect was studied of UV irradiation on PWC, heart volume, blood volume and total hemoglobin, in comparison with those of a control group. No effect of UV irradiation which was of statistical sig nificance was observed in connection with the test group. With regard to PWC and heart volume, both groups showed similar seasonal variations as those found in the larger material. In connection with blood volume and total hemoglobin, a somewhat divergent course was noted, as they increased during the entire period of investigation. The increase was, however, slightly larger during the spring months in comparison with that which was observed during the period October‐December and consequently, it appears that also these parameters were subject to some seasonal variations.
ACTH and Corticosteroid Treatment of 1nfantilc Spasms with Hypsarhythmia
Authors: HELLSTRÖM B. , OBERGER E.
Published: January 2008

A review of priblished cascs of infantile spasms and hypsarhythmia treated u i t h ACTH and corticosteroids has been made and combined with preliminary data from a Swedish cooperative study. Pour hundred and seventy cases have been analyzed. The effect of treatment on the incidence of seizures, thc EEG and psychomotor development has been compared in different groups. Cases of unknown etiology and cases which are treated shortly after the onset of seizures show better results. The incidence of early recurrences lias been estimated. Thc more favourable results concerning psychomotor development iii the groups studied may be of great importance, but final evaluation must await morc thorough longitudinal studies With better psychometric methods and longer follow‐up.
Erythrocyte Cholinesterase Activity in Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: CHOREMIS C. , NICOLOPOULOS D. , METAXOTOU K. , MOSCHOS AL. , AL C. CHOBEMIS ET
Published: January 2008

The erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was studied in 41 thalassemic children, 15 cases of microdrepanocytosis (sickle cellthalassemia disease), 13 cases with favism, children with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 2 cases of congenital spherocytosis, 2 children with aplastic anemia and 4 with iron deficiency anemia, as well as in children with pulmonary hemosiderosis. The mean activity of the red cell acetylcholinesterase in thalassemics was lower than normal, although a considerable overlapping of the values existpd in 25 % the population of the anemic and control groups. The enzyme activity was found to be consistently low in the three cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia studied, while there were no significant changes in the other hemolytic anemias.
An Abnormality of the Thrombin‐Fibrinogen Reaction in the Newborn
Authors: ROBERTS J. T. , GRAY O. P. , BLOOM A. L.
Published: January 2008

Thrombin clotting times were performed on 43 umbilical cord blood samples. In 3 cases these were grossly prolonged. The importance of this observation is discussed.
Effect of Prolonged Fasting and Ketogenic Diet on Levels of Blood Lipids and Ketones in Obese Children
Authors: PERSSON BENGT E. H. , STERKY GÖRAN C. G.
Published: January 2008

Blood levels of glucose, ketones and various lipids have been studied in 31 obese and 10 normal children during prolonged fasting (23 hrs) and a week on a subcaloric high fat diet.

The obese group has higher fasting values of all components analysed, except blood sugar. A statistically significant difference is obtained for the glycerol and ketone levels. The obese show blood‐changes later than the normal subjects, have a less pronounced rise in FFA, but a similar rise in blood ketones. The obese subjects had an impaired glucoseto‐lerance, that became more pronounced under the influence of the ketogenic diet.

The pattern of response in various blood components among the obese children was best correlated with the time of onset of overweight, i.e. a greater deviation from the controls after a long duration of obesity.

The metabolic abnormalities among overweight children as measured in this study are interpreted as being suggestive of an adaptation to obesity as such, duration of overweight playing a central role.
Childhood Diabetic Neuropathy: A Clinical and Neurophysiological Study
Authors: EEG‐OLOFSSON O. , PETERSÉN I.
Published: January 2008

Electrophysiologic studies and a comparative analysis of clinical data have been done on 85 children aged 2‐15 years, with diabetes mellitus but with no clinical signs of neuropathy or known (“complications” in any other respect. Electro‐encephalographic registrations were taken in all 85 cases, electromyography in 74 cases, and determination of the conduction velocity in peripheral motor nerve in 66 cases. The results were compared with a specially selected control material.

1. A statistically significant reduction of the conduction velocity was noted in the ulnar and peroneal nerves in the diabetic material as compared to the control material for the age group 8‐15 years. Pathologic conduction velocity was found in the ulnar nerve in 2% and in the peroneal nerve in 9%. The reduced nerve conduction velocity was related to age, duration of diabetes and obviously to “poor” diabetic control.

2. The electromyographic analyses showed a pathologic pattern in 5% of the cases‐all from the lower extremities.

3. Pathologic EEG's were noted in 35% of the diabetic material and in 13% of the control material, a difference which is statistically significant. No relation to age, age a t onset of diabetes, duration of disease or diabetic control could be found. On the other hand, there was a statistically significant correlation with the frequency of hypoglycemic coma. The alpha activity was statistically significantly lower in the diabetic material as compared with the control material. This difference was pronounced below 9 years of age. Because of this finding, as well as the fact that an age limit of 9 years divides the material into two onset groups, the existence of two different types of childhood diabetes was discussed. In 19% of the diabetic material there were 14 and 6 clsec positive spike potentials, whereas the control material showed an incidence of only 8%. This difference is statistically significant. The findings appear to indicate an increased prevalence of this activity in cases of diabetes of short duration, and possibly in cases of late onset of diabetes in childhood. Alpha activity was compared with the nerve conduction velocity. In both control and diabetic material the nerve conduction velocity remained constant with increasing alpha frequency.

4. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy has been discussed. Metabolic factors are considered to constitute the primary cause.
Renal Function and Blood Volume in Newborn Infant Related to Placental Transfusion
Authors: OH WILLIAM , OH MARY ANG , LIND JOHN
Published: January 2008

Inulin and PAH clearances, urine flow, filtration fraction, electrolyte excretion and blood volume studies were performed on 43 term vaginally delivered female normal infants during the first 12 hours of life and 26 during the 2nd to the 5th day of age. The umbilical cords of 22 infants were clamped within 5 seconds after birth and in 47 infants, the cords were clamped after their arterial pulsation had stopped.

Compared with the late clamped infants, the blood volume, red cell volume and venous hematocrit were lower in the early clamped infants during the first five days of life. The urine flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), PAH clearance and effective renal blood flow were also lower in the early clamped infants during the first 12 hours of life, presumably due to the lower blood volume and blood pressures. At 2‐5 days of age, the urine flow, GFR, PAH clearance and effective renal blood flow were the same in both groups of infants in spite of persistent difference in blood volume. The early clamped infants apparently achieved renal adaptation through means other than blood volume compensation.

Data on electrolyte metabolism suggest that the late clamped infants filtered and reabsorbed larger amount of sodium than the early clamped infants during the first 6 hours of life, accompanied by a greater urine flow. These findings were appropriately achieved by the kidney in the process of body fluid regulation in response to the vascular distension and fluid transudation resulting from placental blood transfusion at birth.
Upper Limb Fractures as a Complication of Vaccination
Authors: ISBISTER W. H.
Published: January 2008

Two cases of fracture of the upper limbs are reported in children following vaccination.

A possible mode of production of these injuries is discussed.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: TUUTERI LEENA , BORKOWSKA KRYSTYNA
Published: January 2008

Pre‐ and postoperative hemodynamic and electrocardiographic studies were carried out in 24 children with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension. The age of the patients ranged from 10 months to 14 years. All patients were catheterized before and a t least once after the operation. I n all cases a left to right shunt was present. Prior to operation the pulmonary arterial pressure was 50 mm Hg or more. The follow‐up time ranged from 6 months to 4½ years.

Clinical improvement and a decrease of the pulmonary arterial pressure occurred in all cases after operation. The postoperative systolic pressure in pulmonary artery was 40 mm Hg or less in 14 children; all these children had had large shunts and 10 of them were less than 7 years of age. In the 4 cases, in which more than one postoperative catheterization was performed, no significant hemodynamic changes were seen after the first postoperative year.

Before operation 18 patients had electrocardiographic signs of combined ventricular hypertrophy. Following surgery the tracings became normal in most cases. Isolated right ventricular hypertrophy in the preoperative or persisting right ventricular hypertrophy in the postoperative tracings were unfavourable signs and occurred in cases, in which only a small lowering of the pulmonary arterial pressure occurred.
Body Length and Weight at Birth and One Year of Age in Different Communities in Israel
Authors: ZAIZOV RINA , LARON ZVI
Published: January 2008

A comparative study of body length and weight a t birth and at one year of age, comprising 563 full term infants belonging to different communities in Israel, is presented. The communities included in the study originated in the following geographical areas: Eastern and Western Europe. Iraq and Iran, North Africa. Yemen, and Israel (including both native born Jews adn Arabs).

The analysed data lead to the following conclusions:

1. Mean birth weight in all communities ranged between 3135‐3468 g (males—3138–3468; females—3135–3333 g). The Yemenite infants were lighter than the rest.

2. There is no significant difference in the mean birth length among the various groups, ranging between 49.7–50.9 cm with a tendency for the girls to be shorter (49.7 to 50.5 cm, as compared to males, from 50.0 to 50.9 em).

3. Mean weight and length a t one year of age differs in the various ethnic groups. The mean weight in the various groups ranged between 8653 g to 10313 g in males, and between 7990 to 10,632 g in females. The mean body length in males ranged between 72.7 to 76.3 cm, in females between 70.0 to 75.2 cm. The infants of the North African and Iraqi origin are the tallest, followed, in a decreasing order, by the Eastern and Westera Europeans, Yemenites and Arabs respectively.

4. A significant correlation between parental height and the infant's length was found at one year of age in all communities besides the Yemenites. The effect of the father's height is greater than that of the mother. The effect of the parental height is most pronounced in the North African group.

5. The study stresses the necessity of performing a cross‐sectional and longitudinal study in the various communities in order to assess normal growth in this heterogenic population.
Haemodialysis in Paediatrics
Authors: LEE H.A. , SHARPSTONE P.
Published: January 2008

Thirty two haemodialyses were carried out in six infants and eight small children using one half of the Kolff twin‐coil artificial kidney. The patients' weights ranged from 3.4 kg (7+½ lbs) to 29.5 kg (65 lbs). The danger of producing a significant change in the patient's blood volume was avoided by continuous weight recording during dialysis. When repeated haemodialyses were required the cannulae were kept patent by intermittent heparinisation. There were no deaths or serious complications attributable to the technique and the method proved efficient in the treatment of renal failure and a variety of intoxications as well as in the correction of overhydration.
Clinical and Serological Observations in Cases of Coxsackie B3 Infections in Early Infancy
Authors: HANSON LARS Å. , LUNDGREN STURE , LYCKE ERIK , STRANNEGÅRD ÖRJAN , WINBERG JAN
Published: January 2008

Clinical and virological findings in seven children diseased during early infancy are reported. Serological observations and virus isolations indicated a common etiology (Coxsackie B3 virus) although the clinical picture varied. In the neonatal period respiratory symptoms, most probably of central origin, dominated, whereas in older infants other cerebral symptoms, such as sluggishness or convulsions with unconciousness, were dominant. The diagnostic usefulness of treatment of serum samples with 3‐mercaptoethanol for the differentiation between maternally transferred antibodies and antibodies formed by the infant itself is illustrated and emphasized.
Antenatal Diagnosis of the Anemia in Erythroblastosis
Authors: FINNE PER HAAVARDSHOLM
Published: January 2008

Spectrophotometry and erythropoietin determinations in the amniotic fluid have been used in the antenatal diagnosis of the anemia in erythroblastosis. An abrupt rise in the erythropoietin level was found when hemoglobin dropped below 11‐10 g. In cases with a milder degree of anemia only a slight or no elevation of erythropoietin levels, compared to normal amniotic fluid, were found. The height of the optical density peak at 450 mp calculated as described by Liley [11] shows a reasonably good correlation to the capillary hemoglobin level a t birth. It is concluded that for routine use spectrophotometric analysis of amniotic fluid is the method of choice.
Antibody Response after Immunisation with Typhoid‐Paratyphoid A and B Vaccine in Kala‐azar
Authors: CASSIMOS CHRISTOS , LAZANAKIS STELLIOS , THOMAIDIS THEODORE
Published: January 2008

The ability to produce antibodies during the course of Kala‐azar was studied by immunising 12 Kala‐azar patients with T.A.B. raccine and 12 controls. Controls yielded good antibody response after immunisation while patients with Kala‐azar yielded poor antibody response. The etiology of this deficiency is discussed.
Pulmonary Arterial Pressures of Newborn Infants Born with Early and Late Clamping of the Cord1
Authors: ARCILLA RENÉ A. , OH WILLIAM , LIND JOHN , GESSNER IRA H.
Published: January 2008

Hemodynamic studies were conducted on 32 normal, full‐term newborn infants, age 29 minutes to 11 hours, to determine the effect of placental transfusion upon the pulmonary circulatory adjustments after birth. In 10 infants, clamping of the cord was accomplished within 2 to 10 seconds after the delivery (early clamping), and in the other 22 infants it was done after cessation of the umbilical arterial pulsations (late clamping).

For comparative purposes, the pulmonary arterial pressures were related to the corresponding aortic pressure in the form of a P/A mean pressure ratio, and these were correlated with age in the 2 groups of subjects. The observed pulmonary arterial pressures in the 2 groups differed significantly. During the first 9 hours, the pulmonary pressures of the late‐clamped infants were approximately 90 % that of the aortic. In contrast, those of the early‐clamped infants were as low as 70 % of the aortic pressures by the second hour, and nearly 50 % by the fourth hour.

A hypothesis is presented that the higher pulmonary arterial pressures in the late‐clamped infants is due to greater pulmonary vasoconstriction resulting from greater pulmonary capillary…venous filling…a consequence of the large blood volume following maximal placental transfusion.
Chronic Idiopathic Jaundice (Dubin‐Johnson's syndrome) in Three Sisters
Authors: BLANCK CARL , DAHLGREN SVEN , GULLMAR‐WILLCOCKS MARGARETA , HEVESY GEORG DE
Published: January 2008

Three sisters, aged 18, 16 and 11 years, were suffering from familial jaundice with elevated direct bilirubin. Two of them had a brown pigmentation of the liver cells and had slight, diffuse gastrointestinal symptoms. They meet the criteria for Dubin‐Johnson's syndrome. The third, suffering from a very mild form of familial jaundice, had very little pigment in the liver cells. This case is difficult to classify, being either a Dubin‐Johnson's syndrome, a Rotor's syndrome, or a condition intermediate between these two. Attempts to characterize the hepatic pigment with histochemical methods were made and seem to indicate that the pigment belongs to the lipofuscins.