bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Integration in Turkey and Transition Economies
Authors: Gökçek Karaca Nuray
Published: December 2019

In this study, social integration of Turkey was examined in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). To examine social integration of Turkey in comparison with transition economies, we benefited from the Social Integration Dimensions which was developed by UNDP. As a comparison of Turkey with EU countries, we can say that Turkey has lower employment, youth unemployment, satisfaction with freedom of choice, satisfaction with job, trust in people, satisfaction with community, perception of safety and higher trust in national government than EU countries. Except the employment, youth unemployment and trust in national government, there is no certain difference between CEE and CIS countries that the performance of countries varies from indicator to indicator.
Technical Change in Central Asian Countries
Authors: Tezcan Mediha
Published: December 2019

There has always been technical change since the beginning of mankind, and its importance continues in the present age. These days, the technology levels of these countries determine their competitive advantage within the international market. During the course of this paper, technical change in Central Eurasian countries will be examined. In the first part of the study, technology and innovation will be examined theoretically. The economies of the Central Eurasian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan will be introduced in the second section of the paper. Following this, technical change in the countries of Central Eurasia will be scrutinised under three groups. These are namely technological research and development, innovation and adaptation of technology. Technical change will be analyzed through data on innovation and technology, as published by the United Nations Development Programme in their "Human Development Report 2013". During the final section of this paper, comparisons will be made between the countries of Central Eurasia and Turkey and other regions in the world according to the level of technical changes which have been determined to have taken place in the Central Eurasia region. The advantages of preparing joint regional development plans including the technological development of the Central Eurasian countries will be discussed as a result of this comparison.
Strategic Inconsistency and Organizational Hypocrisy in an Environment of Mass Culture: A Research on Dormitories of “Credit And Dormitories Instituti
Authors: Eroğlu Feyzullah , Eroğlu Şeyma Gün
Published: December 2019

Societies with mass culture adopt organizational structures and management behaviors which are not based on rational thinking and scientific mentality. In contrast with the appearance of contemporary management approaches and applications, these societies are in a widespread management populism. In this context, the web pages, formal records and expressions of organizations about management contain items that sound and look “charming”. However, in the actual operation and management; management behaviors with serious internal management pathologies are dominant. While strategic plans and items of organizations in mass societies are equipped with concepts about contemporary management approaches, a post-modern process where all these concepts are meaningless is effective. For example, there might be serious inconsistencies among “vision, mission and values” stated in formal expressions and the organization’s actual management behaviors. If the impression shows that these inconsistencies are not incidental and temporary; but intentionally constructed by management; this situation should be accepted as organizational hypocrisy. The research part of this study planned to be conducted in dormitories of “Credit and Dormitories Institution” in Denizli, which were observed to be suitable for theoretical and conceptual explanations of the subject. The survey prepared to test the trust perceptions of the management officers and inhabitant university students did not accepted by the general management of Credits and Dormitories Institution so the research could not be done by that way. Instead, the information about strategic items on the organization’s web page was collected. The real and actual operations on these subjects were compared according to ethics approach.
Residence of Foreigners in Turkey with respect to the Immigration Law
Authors: Özel Çağlar
Published: December 2019

Immigration is an important issue for almost any country with respect to economic and social aspects. However, this situation amounts to a specific importance for Turkey in relation to its geographical and strategic position and current economic opportunities. Because, due to the heavy economic and political instability in the region in which Turkey exists, Turkey has not only become a transit country for irregular migration but also it has turned into a target country. Such situation has brought many economic, social, cultural, legal etc. problems and especially security issues. We, limited to the scope and size of our study, shall focus on one of the most important aspects of mentioned issues, which is “residence of foreigners in Turkey”. Within this context, we shall mention mainly the procedure and the conditions, timeline, restrictions, obligations, work permits, permit annulments etc. briefly and shall offer solution to problematic issues.
The Relationship between Nominal Exchange Rate and Sectoral Output: An Emprical Analysis
Authors: Ay Ahmet , Özşahin Şerife , Gerçeker Mustafa
Published: December 2019

In this study, it is investigated the existence of the long term relationship between nominal exchange rate and sectoral output for seven different sectors in Turkey by using control variables including money supply, total public expenditure, oil price and unemployment rate. For this purpose, possible relations are tried to be determined by using bound test and ARDL method for the period 1998 Q1-2011 Q3 with quarterly data. As a result of the bound test, it is achieved that there is a long term relationship in all sectors excluding construction. Based on this finding, it is estimated the long term coefficients and equations for the six sectors. These long term coefficients indicate that the rise in the TL/dollar nominal exchange rate affects sectoral output negatively in all sectors excluding finance because of the cost effects of imported input usage.
Industrial Agglomeration Economies: The Case of the Organized Industrial Zones of Komotini-Xanthi-Alexandroupolis
Authors: Şentürk Serhat , Kök Recep
Published: December 2019

Agglomeration economies brings innovation and high growth rates and describes the advantages of agglomeration as decreasing of transportation costs, providing skilled labor pool and knowledge spillover. We aim to evaluate the industrial agglomeration economies with regard to the organized industrial zones in Komotini, Xanthi and Alexandroupolis that are located in Western Thrace and to develop some suggestion on the zones’ entrepreneurship potential. Survey data analysis; classification method; cluster analysis; factor analysis. Industrial agglomeration is an important concept on determining economic integration and dispersion of economic activities. Therefore, we consider the advantages of agglomeration and co-agglomeration in terms of the theoretical basis related to organized industrial zones as a model of industrial settlement. In this framework, in with model of industrial some surveys will be applied to 81 firms in the sample. The findings show that agglomeration economies support to competitive environment. This study will contribute to the policy suggestions on relations between Turkey and Greece in terms of forecasters of the related econometric application.
Transaction Costs of Large and Mid-sized Corporations in Russia
Authors: Nikolaeva Ekaterina , Pletnev Dmitri , Lushnikov Stanislav
Published: December 2019

In the times of economic instability in most developed countries, a decrease is experienced in the effectiveness of many large public corporations. Such corporations are facing high expenditures (transaction costs mostly) and extremely low return on invested capital. Medium-sized businesses, on the contrary, prove to be more efficient: they show an acceptable level of profitability and total cost savings. The purpose of the present study is to calculate and analyse transaction costs of medium and large corporations and identify an impact of these costs on the performance of companies. Within the the framework of a neoinstitutional approach a complex of institutional factors influencing a company’s development is being explored. The efficiency of institutional forms is determined through studying such factors as transaction costs. In line with this theory, the transaction cost level of corporations is estimated, which enables one to make their comparative analysis in economic sectors. The analysis has revealed that the relative level of transaction costs with large corporations is two times higher than that in the event of middle ones. A comparative analysis of return on sales in two groups of companies has pointed to a fact that after 2010 the margin of middle-sized companies exceeded the profitability of large companies. The relationship between the level of transaction costs and return on sales in two groups of companies is being quantified as well. We have proved that middle-sized corporations have shown a direct relationship. On the contrary, transaction costs negatively affect profitability in large corporations.
Fiscal Deficit and Inflation: New Evidences from Turkey Using a Bounds Testing Approach
Authors: Bedir Serap , Tural Dikmen Arzu
Published: December 2019

A well-established theory in macroeconomics is that governments running persistent deficits have sooner or later to finance those deficits with money creation, thus producing inflation. The fiscal view of inflation has been especially prominent in the developing country literature, which has long recognized that less efficient tax collection, political instability, and more limited access to external borrowing tend to lower the relative cost of seigniorage and increase dependence on the inflation tax. For this reason, the main factors which affecting inflation rate in developing countries are extremely important for policy makers as when the causes of inflation are correctly specified the appropriate policy change can be easily diagnosed and effectively implemented. The purpose of this study is to test the empirical relationship between inflation and the budget deficit for the Turkish economy by an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) analysis for the period 1970–2010. The data is taken from Republic of Turkey Ministry of Development and World Bank’s Database. The empirical findings indicates that fiscal deficit is one of the important variables of the price level along with other variables like interest rates, exchange rate, per capita income, trade of GDP. The short-run analysis captured from error correction model (ECM). The results of the bounds test suggest that there is a long run relationship between fiscal deficit and inflation. These findings drive important inferences for implications of monetary and fiscal policies.
The Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle for Eurasian Economies
Authors: Bedir Serap , Özdemir Dilek , Karabulut Kerem
Published: December 2019

The presence of a relation between saving and investment which has been debated in the empirical literature following the pioneering of Feldstein-Horioka (1980) is paramount to the determination of economic policies. Feldstein-Horioka (1980) stated that the relationship between saving and investment depends on the degree of international capital mobility. A high correlation between saving and investment is often taken as evidence of capital immobility. The purpose of this study is to empirically test the validity of the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle. The model developed within the context of the theoretical framework was estimated by means of panel ARDL (auto-regressive distributed lag bound test) approach which is a panel vector error correction method using the data for Eurasian economics for the period 1992-2011. The data is taken from World Development Indicators. The short-run analysis supports the Feldstein-Horioko hypothesis and captured from error correction model (ECM). The results of the bounds test suggest that there is a long run relationship between savings and investment. Therefore, the Feldstein–Horioko correlations are not a puzzle for our sample because of the low correlation and high capital mobility.
Convergence to Maastricht Criteria Being Economic Performance Criteria: Applications on Transition Countries
Authors: Nişancı Murat , Yurttançıkmaz Ziya Çağlar , Türkmen Adem , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Together with the destruction of Berlin Wall in 1989 and fall of The Soviets 1991, one of the basic problems of transition economies is the matter of high inflation. The underlying factor of the high and/or hyperinflation process is the rupture of input relations and its negative supply shocks. Emergence of inflationary structure brought irregularity in macroeconomic indicators, too. Many structural adjustments were created in order to lighten the effects of transition process; and improvements were tried to be done in economic indicators such as inflation interest, budget balance and foreign debt which is the reflection of current deficit. In efforts for improving basic economic indicators Maastricht criteria were accepted as the basic criteria due to the fact that they are compulsory for membership process for some transition economies and others optionally accepted them as they are examples. Therefore, in this study based on Maastricht criteria, the convergence of transition economies to these criteria were accepted as success indicator and concordantly it was studied in which proportion the policy implementations are/aren’t successful or whether they correspond to theoretical expectations. In this study it was aimed to test the matter of fact which is accepted as criteria convergence in literature and with panel data analysis it was tried to reveal whether convergence come true in terms of criteria. Hence, the difference between the countries that provided discipline and those do not provided it is found and its effects to development performance is clearly determined.
The Relationship between Human Capital and Economic Growth: Cases of BRICS Countries and Turkey
Authors: Bal Harun , Algan Neşe , Manga Müge , Kandır Ediz
Published: December 2019

Endogenous growth theories have implied that human capital is an important factor that determines economic growth. This implication has revealed the need for policies that involving human capital as well as classical production factors. This means, physical capital is not enough alone for economic growth. This study aims to analyze the causality between human capital and economic growth in Turkey and BRICS countries. To this aim, by using Panel Data Analysis, which is an important econometric technique, the degree of the relationship between growth and human capital, in the long run, between the years 1995-2011 is analyzed. As a consequence of the analysis we expect to conclusion that there’s a positive and the high correlation relationship between human capital and economic growth. In our analysis, we obtained the result that, there’s a long-run relationship between human capital and economics growth in BRICS countries and Turkey. In this context, we came to the conclusion that human capital is an important factor that stimulate economic growth.
Strategic Determinants for Managing the Optimal Changes in the Model for Sustainable Growth
Authors: Drakulevski Ljubomir , Nakov Leonid
Published: December 2019

The prior importance of the concept of sustainability, as well as its prior developmental orientation, is one of the most challenging and prospective approaches to a more systematic and a less chaotic organizational and economic growth and development. With the process of launching the “New Global Reporting Initiative”, in August 2010, the awareness for a profound integration of the needed data and information on the model for sustainable growth emerged, consisting of a numerous initiative organizations, such as UN Global Compact and WWF, the Prince’s Accounting for Sustainable Projects, International finance and accounting standard settlers, which in fact establish a concept of comparable integrated sustainable framework. The dominant importance of the above framework is unifying the information for running the day-to-day operation in a sustainable manner, in order to emphasize the focal understanding of the sustainability as triple bottom line aspects – the balance of harmony between the economic, social and environmental sustainability. Each organizational form nowadays possesses a need for complying its performance as a dynamic, vital and alive entity, in order to shift the prevalent consideration of the human resources from a source of value creation, to a focal creative force within, as an initial step for a vivid responding to the features of the new organizational evolution. The systemic approach to planning and implementing changes is the base for the tendencies of an external adaptation and internal integration.
Consequences of Ineffective Policies and a Risk of Default in Russia and the Eurozone
Authors: Barhatov Viktor , Kapkaev Yuner , Poliduts Sergei
Published: December 2019

The present paper investigates the nature and essence of the state’s debt policy and identifies patterns that contribute to the default. It assesses the status and the effectiveness of public debt management both in Russia and several European countries. The paper suggests a number of specific measures and instruments of economic, legal and administrative measures aimed at improving the efficiency of public debt management and minimizing the risk of default. A methodological basis of the study that has served as a dialectical approach, reveals a possibility of studying debt management policies and a study group’s practices of dealing with a state debt. A systematic approach to the subject of the study has revealed the existing connections and interdependence between the implementation of debt policy and the process of public debt management. The paper uses some data from the Eurostat and the Rosstat, allowing the complex to investigate the dynamics of basic indicators of the government’s debt in Russia and the Eurozone. Based on some determined patterns, the paper identifies the main positive and negative trends of public debt management in the surveyed countries. The assessment of key indicators of the current state of a debt, has revealed a number of contradictions that have a negative impact on the debt burden, which in its turn increases the likelihood of a default. The basic steps to improve the efficiency of public debt management relate to legal aspects and financial planning in conjunction with a skillful use of an administrative resource.
Dimensions of Informality in Transition Economies and Solutions
Authors: Bahçe Abdullah Burhan , Dayar Hatice
Published: December 2019

In most of the former Soviet economies with the start of transformation, revenue loss and lax payments discipline led to low revenue sharing, as well as inefficient tax collection and tax avoidance is common as a major problem has affected economies in transition. In this study, central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union transition countries experienced in tax payments discipline and collection issues are dealt with and a socialist state transformation to a capitalist state in the transition to a market economy from a centrally planned economy with the sustainability of budgetary constraints between state and market are considered. At this point in particular; simple and flat rate tariff preferred in the tax system have considerably reduced the size of the informal economy in transition economies and also the balance has been achieved in fiscal discipline with performance-based budget preferred in the budget system. As a result, about 25 years of the transition-transformation process stages are evaluated in the context of tax system, budgetary and fiscal discipline.
UN World Tourism Organization’s Contributions to World Tourism
Authors: Andaç Faruk
Published: December 2019

According to the UN World Tourism Organization’s (UNWTO) rules, this organization’s aim is to promote tourism through economic development, international understanding, peace, security, basic human rights and freedom, and to show respect throughout the world without exception of race, gender or religion. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) was founded in 1924 under the United Nations and it has been continuing its activities in Madrid, Spain since 1970. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) takes all necessary measures with tourism in order to achieve its goals. The UNWTO pays strict attention to the interests of developing countries in the field of tourism. For this reason, the UNWTO has a close relationship in the tourism field with the United Nations’ authorities and specialized institutions. It deals with the tourism problems of all countries and supports their contributions to tourism by international agreements. On the other hand, the UNWTO is cooperating with the United Nations Development Program and tries to contribute to the activities of this program. All countries are expected to be a member of the UNWTO and adopt its principles, because tourism will make it possible for them to increase National Income and Development. Macedonia hasn’t applied to be a member of this organization yet, but it is important to start the attempts immediately.
The Determination of Economic Freedom in Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to the Balkans States and Turkey
Authors: Tunçsiper Bedriye , Biçen Ömer Faruk
Published: December 2019

Foreign direct investment (FDI) are an important external savings resource for the developing countries that have problems with financing of growth and development. The transformation that started in the global economic system from 1980’s substituted other capital types, major of them are FDI, instead of official development aid. Nevertheless, the foreign direct investment pulling competition have started among developing countries. The papers in this side imply that the countries having broad domestic markets, high economic growth potential, an improved infrastructure and human capital level have advantages on pulling FDI. Moreover, some papers in last years reflect that economic freedom is also an important determinative in addition to other determinatives of FDI. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the determination of economic freedom on the FDI that inflow to the Balkan states and Turkey. In the paper using 1994-2012 time dimension, the countries added to the analysis are Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Macedonia, Albania and Croatia. The results with panel regression method showed that some economic freedom indices supported the inflows of FDI in this countries.
Health Expenditures in Transition Economies within the Framework of Welfare State
Authors: Koç Özgür Emre
Published: December 2019

Within the historical framework the public sector has attached a special importance at presenting health services which have priority in cultural and economic areas of society. Being healthy of each citizen in the society contributes to progress and development of the society. It is well known that one of the fields of activities of public sector is to increase welfare of its citizens. States are adopting policies within their own economic structure to realize social welfare. Particularly after II. World War, these policies have gained a new dimension with the developing understanding of welfare state. The concept of welfare state is based on active and comprehensive interferences of state to economy with the aim of providing social prosperity to its citizens with maximum advantage. The welfare state, with its institutionalizing structure, has been an important instrument for social politicises towards social services and combating against poverty. The fundamental chracter of a social welfare state is to present circumtances which enhance life conditions of each citizens and to provide full employment with expenses on social security, health and education. In this study it is aimed to analyze health expenditures of countries, known as transition economies and they are still in their transition period, within the framework of public services providing by a welfare state. A comparison will be made the data on health expenditures in developed economies and evaluating the results.
Connecting Eurasia and the Americas: Geopolitical Implications of the Bering Strait Crossing in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Erdem Çağrı
Published: December 2019

The Bering Strait crossing would link the entirety of Eurasia to the entirety of the Americas. There are some immense geopolitical benefits of such project. It would bring about a deep and lasting change to global economic outlook. A possible tunnel under the Bering Strait and extension of the railroad network could open vast areas of Siberia containing mineral deposits necessary for global economic growth. According to a number of respectable Russian geologists, Siberia/the Arctic region is home to considerable amount of minerals and fossil fuels. The most valued function of the Bering Strait rail system would be to release those vast natural resources trapped underneath the tundra and permafrost for the benefit of Russia and the world. These resources can be used for global economic development. Moreover, the rail project would also build development corridors in the underdeveloped parts of Russian Siberia. The development of those resources in question and their rapid transportation to the global markets can contribute to overall development of Siberia. This paper will explore/evaluate the possible benefits of the Bering Strait crossing from Russian perspective and Russia’s new role in the Arctic region, under the frame of geopolitics.
Analyzing the Foreing Trade Relations of Turkey and Macedonia within the Framework of Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Koç Neslihan
Published: December 2019

Turkey, because of its responsibilities derived from Custom Union with European Union, makes limited Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with those states which have already signed such agreements with EU. As yet Turkey has signed FTAs with 19 countries including Macedonia. It's expected from FTA's that raise awareness of partner countries about each other’s economic and commercial potentials. In this study a general overview will be made to emphasize the relationship between FTAs which Turkey has signed with other countries and increase in Turkey’s trade volume in the same period. Subsequently, with regarding the FTA and commercial relations with Macedonia, an assessment will be made by using the lists of countries imports and exports, based on Republic of Turkey Ministry of Economy statistics for the period of 2001-2012.
Beta Convergence Analysis on Transition Economies: 1991-2011
Authors: Ersungur Ş. Mustafa , Doker Aslı Cansın , Türkmen Adem
Published: December 2019

Owing to Solow’s neo-classical the convergence hypothesis, which explains underdeveloped and developing countries grew faster than any of these developed countries have acknowledged that captures the level of per capita income, was added to the economic growth and development literature. Despite, theoretically there are two different approaches in convergence analysis; real and conditional, it cannot be said generalizing empirical results for both. Accordingly, 29 transition economies which tried to cross from the planned economic system into liberal economic system, is subjected to this study. Convergence have been analysed on transition economies between 1991 and 2011 using the growth rate of per capita income as variables by cross-sectional data analysis. In this study, additionally to real convergence, obtaining from the KOF index of economics, political and social integration and openness data were included the model as dummy variables for examining conditional convergence. Depending on empirical results on real and conditional convergence analysis, the convergence hypothesis is accepted. It is identified that Cambodia, Vietnam and China especially have caught up with faster growth comparing with other transition economies; however, those countries have shown weaker convergence than others. On the other hand, Kirghizstan and Tajikistan, which are known as mostly having the effects of transition recessions, have negative growth rates, and those countries have been diverging from other countries’ growth performance. From findings obtained within conditional convergence, it is examined while political liberalisation and openness variables have been accepted significantly; the economic and social liberalization variables have no significant effect on convergence.
Multinational Corporation as the Highest Form of Managing in Modern Economic System
Authors: Asanov Turusbek , Kudaikulov Marat
Published: December 2019

example of that multinational corporations are the highest form of managing of capitalist economic system. The notable separation of the countries of economic vanguard from other countries (group of the high-growth countries, the socialist countries, the countries) happened to a transitional economy on the basis of multinational corporation development. The economic aspect of this influence is accurately traced in effective instruments of industrial, scientific and technical, social and economic development. Evolutionary changes of the relations of property, the competition, strengthening of regularity of national economies in capitalist economic system are inseparably linked now with multinational corporation. Even in stronger, in the economic plan, the countries consider multinational corporation not only through a prism of economic influence, but also political domination. This moment is telling argument of finding of multinational corporation in the center of serious discussions concerning their role, positive or negative, in the international division of labor, in processes of movement of the capitals and globalization of world economy. It follows from this that the state economic policy in the Kyrgyz Republic which basis are processes of formation and development of the market relations, has to provide active use of the developed economic forms (in this case multinational corporation) more progressive system of the economic relations, i.e. modern capitalism. In this research attempt of theoretical justification of mutually beneficial cooperation of the Kyrgyz Republic with multinational corporation which will act as an interaction basis with multinational corporations present at the Kyrgyz Republic ("Kumtor Opereyting Company", Gazprom, Reemstma, Coca-Cola, etc.) is carried out.
Community Entrepreneurship: The Example of Babadağlılar Bazaar in Denizli
Authors: İrmiş Ayşe , Akça Bilge , Çoban Hatice , Sarıkaya Mehtap
Published: December 2019

Community entrepreneurship is a kind of entrepreneurial activity for common utilities that is carried out in cooperation with members of that community. Both entrepreneur and enterprise function together for the well being of community members in this kind of entrepreneurship sense since the main aim of community entrepreneurship is contribution to regional economy and social growth. Nevertheless, existence of community entrepreneurship can be possible in the light of an entrepreneurial leader rising from the community. Community entrepreneurship is seen as more essential for developing countries as rising of such countries is possible from below to top. Since entrepreneurs, who has intention to community entrepreneurship, obtain required capital in a different way than the traditional understanding of entrepreneurship. In this way, local people who normally do not prefer to invest in a private enterprise, are convinced to invest in a community enterprise. There are many examples of community entrepreneurship with established businesses in the context of people's sector in Denizli. Babadaglılar Office Block was organized as a model form of community entrepreneurship with the leadership of Kazım Kaynak in 1976. Even though, that was founded in order to market commodities of producers and sellers from Babadag, today, it is an office block in which sellers from Denizli come together to sell textile products usually made in Denizli. Within this scope, interview method is preferred as a research methodology. Interviews were done with Kazım Kaynak’s son and Office Block manager. They told how Babadag Office Block emerged and how still operated.
Changing Role of the State in Regional Economic Policies
Authors: Taş Seyhan , Kara Mehmet Akif , Türkmen Sena , Günay Enver
Published: December 2019

It is observed that regional economic policies, which are applied to reduce the regional imbalances and to improve the income and employment in underdeveloped regions, tend to change in time. This change in turn brings out the concept of regional competition. This change also reflects the state’s policy tools, while the concept of regional efficiency becomes to be determinative in state’s regional economic policies in addition to the concept of regional equality. In this context the public policies of regional level can be said as following: first to develop regional infrastructural investments, second; to support the small and medium sized firms and the clusters around them which can stimulate internal potential of the region, and to develop the technological and innovative frames of the firms. Similar changes occur in Turkey as well together with the European Union membership process, while the concept of regional competition begins to shape the regional economic policies with the legal and institutional arrangements. In this study, we tried to assess the changing role of the state, especially from the point of Turkey, in the regional development policies.
Evaluation of New Provisions Regarding Sales and Commercial Sales Amended by New Turkish Code of Obligations the Context of Vienna Convention
Authors: Topaloğlu Mustafa
Published: December 2019

Intendment of the paper herein, to evaluate of new provisions regarding sales and commercial sales amended by new Turkish Code of Obligations numbered 6098 in the context of Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods which is effective since 01 January 1988. It has a significance to be able to understand why the provisions of the convention have not been completely quoted to Turkish Code of Obligations. Turkish Code of Obligations' numbered 6098, Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and Provisions of Vienna Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods (CISG/United Nations Convention), Comparing of civil law, common law, and combinations of these (especially Sales contracts in civil law and sales contracts in common law).During the legislation process of Turkish Code of Obligations' provisions regarding sales, both Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG/United Nations Convention) and Swiss law has been constituted a source. The Vienna Convention is effective since 01 January 1988 and Turkey has participated to (CISG) on 01 August 2011 and it has been a part of domestic law. The aim of (CISG) is to eliminate the differences among the countries' laws regarding sales; i.e. it constitutes a linking rule and the rules of sales. Since the Convention has been legislated with the effect of various law families and systems, provisions of the convention have not been completely adopted to code of obligations.
Current Account Deficit Sustainability in the Asset Demand Approach
Authors: Fisunoğlu Mahir , Oransay Gürçem
Published: December 2019

Despite moderate views about current deficit presence, which started with liberalization in 80’ies, current deficit problem continues to be one of the most debated economical issues in Turkey alike to other developing countries. Sustainability of current deficit has a critical importance in countries’ future decision making processes similar to current deficit itself. This is also important for macroeconomic stability. One of the basic statements for a sustainable current deficit is; current deficit ratio cannot be defined as a critical threshold for all countries as sustainability is related with inter-country dynamics. Due to this reason, the purpose of this study is; identifying current deficit for Turkey by asset demand approach. In this study the presence and direction of relationship between current deficit, asset demand and growth is empirically tested by employing Vector Error Correction Model, has been used to analyze the long term relationship between variables for the period 2001Q4-2012Q2. Before the implementation of model, Dickey-Fuller and Johansen -Cointegration Tests have been applied, which is needed for economical analysis. Initially, a positive relationship between current deficit and asset demand was founded. Since implementation of policies taking the serious consequences of current deficit problem into account is a must, the finds of this study is informative in determining current deficit level that can be sustainable for Turkey and to what extent Turkey is close to the end of its sustainability capacity at the present time.
Intensity of Metal (Steel) Use Hypothesis: A Test for Turkish Economy
Authors: Dülger Fikret , Gencer Salih , Burgaç Almıla
Published: December 2019

The quantity of steel consumed can be considered as an indicator of industrial development as nations move to higher stages of industrialization, since the steel consumption has been thought to be closely linked to the rate of economic growth, which influences the level of activity in steel intensive sectors (Huh, 2011). After the World War II, the worldwide metal consumption increased rapidly and, this led to a concern about the supply of metals and a fear of early depletion (Wårell, 2014). As part of a broader effort to develop simple but accurate techniques for forecasting the future demand for metals, the International Iron and Steel Institute (1972) and Malenbaum (1973) suggested the intensity of use hypothesis during the 1970s. This hypothesis maintains that the intensity of metal use is a function of economic development as measured by real GDP (Guzmán et al. 2005). Intensity of use curve rises, peaks, and then decline as per capita income increases. For this hypothesis the intensity of metal use depends on the economic development in a country and changes over the development stages of the economy. Therefore the relationship between intensity of metal use and economic development exhibits an inverted U-shaped pattern. The main purpose of this study is to test the intensity of (steel) use hypothesis for Turkey during the period 1955-2012 using the cointegration technique with structural break. Given the dataset and time series techniques used, results indicate that the steel consumption and real GDP have the long-run relationship.
Effects of Inflation Uncertainty on Inflation, Growth, Interest Rate and Exchange Rate in Turkey
Authors: Köse Nezir , Terzioğlu Mehmet Kenan
Published: December 2019

In this study, the effects of inflation uncertainty to inflation, economic growth, real exchange rate and interest rate is investigated in the framework of BEKK-MGARCH and DCC-MGARCH models by using the 1987Q1–2013Q3 quarterly periods data in the perspective of Turkey’s economic structure. High inflation periods before 2003 and low inflation periods after 2003 was evaluated separately by means of slope dummy variable. The findings show that during both high and low inflation periods inflation uncertainty does not affect the exchange rate and has an increasing effect on inflation. Whereas, it is found that while the effect of inflation uncertainty on economic growth is positive during the periods of high inflation, its effect turns negative in low inflation periods Moreover, it is determined that inflation uncertainty has an reducing impact on interest rate in high inflation periods and its effects become positive in low inflation periods.
The Relationship between Corruption and Economic Growth as a Social Issue: A Case Study on Turkey
Authors: Algan Neşe , Aktakas Başak Gül , Tekin İpek
Published: December 2019

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between corruption and economic growth by taking the driving force of education into account. A significant contribution of the education level to the reduction process of corruption is expected to occur. For this reason, the number of those who are convicted of corruption offenses depending on their educational status for Turkey are to be taken into account, whereas the effect of education being a separate variable on growth and corruption will not be considered. In this regard, Vector Error Correction (VECM) model will be used as a method for the years between 1980-2011 and the relationship between corruption and economic growth will be analyzed. The contribution of the study to the literature is to reveal the impact of those who cause corruption depending on their education level on growth by undertaking the education levels separately. According to the empirical findings, considering corruption convicts who are literate but not graduated from a school and those having graduated from primary and secondary education, it was observed that corruption affects growth in a negative way. In contrast, given the corruption crimes which were committed by the graduates of both high school and vocational school at high school level and higher education, it was determined that there is a positive relationship between corruption and economic growth.
Taylor Rule in an Open Economy: Has the Conduct of Monetary Policy Changed in Turkey?
Authors: Lopcu Kenan
Published: December 2019

This paper studies whether the conduct of monetary policy has changed in Turkey since 1990s by investigating structural changes in a Taylor type of policy rule. Using recently developed econometric techniques (Kejriwal and Perron, 2010), I first test whether structural breaks have occurred in the policy rule. If the tests corroborate the existence of breaks, then I test whether the relevant variables are indeed cointegrated, following Arai and Kurozumi (2007) and Kejriwal (2008). Finally, I estimate the Taylor-type policy rules for each era to see how the conduct of monetary policy may have changed over time. Contrary to a common belief, the results indicate that no significant changes have occurred in the conduct of monetary policy in Turkey since the 1990s.
The Evaluation of the Changes in the Agricultural Sector with Common Economic Indicators in Turkey in the Last Decade
Authors: Tan Sibel , Atak Şermin , Şengül Ümran , Tan Sabri Sami
Published: December 2019

Agriculture is an important sector in the Turkish economy in terms of population and employment, nutrition, agricultural production, domestic consumption, its contribution to industry, national income and balance of payments. By current economic indicators in Turkey, while its share in national income is 9.0%, its share in employment is 23.6%. Although the share of agriculture in GDP decreased in Turkey in the last decade, the rate of growth of agricultural sector increased. Whereas cultivated fields and the number of livestock declined, vegetative production and animal production increased significantly. Moreover, the rate of total employment increased, but the rate of agricultural employment decreased. In addition, the use of machine in agriculture increased and the wage of employees in agriculture increased considerably, as well. On the other hand, agricultural support policies in the last decade witnessed with major reforms and important support policies were implemented in many areas. In 2013, the share of agricultural subsidies in gross domestic product increased compared to the previous year and an increase in the 2014 budget was targeted. In this study, agriculture-related indicators in Turkey in the last ten years will be evaluated and the last ten-year change and the reasons of this change will be examined. In the light of these changes, agricultural recommendations in terms of future oriented agricultural plans and programs will be presented.
Purchasing Power Parity in Commonwealth of Independent States
Authors: Güreşçi Pehlivan Gülçin , Ballı Esra , Tekeoğlu Muammer
Published: December 2019

The Purchasing Power Parity suggests that differences in relative prices in two countries move together with nominal exchange rates in the long run. This study examines the validity of PPP as transition economies for Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Purchasing Power Parity holds only when the real exchange rate is stationary in the equation. To test the stationary, we used both time series and panel data analysis. Testing unit root both with time series and panel data in this study, provides us double check of the results. We also test the cross sectional dependence to choose the appropriate panel unit root test. Our test statistics indicate that there is cross section dependence between countries. Hence, one needs to take into consideration the cross section dependence while undertaking unit root tests. Otherwise, the results would be biased. ADF and KPPS indicate that PPP cannot be accepted for the countries except for Russia. According to the panel unit root test results indicate that PPP does not hold for Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan except for Russia.
The Role in the Rural Development of Organic Agriculture Potential in Turkey: The Case of Gökçeada
Authors: Atak Şermin , Tan Sibel , Şengül Ümran
Published: December 2019

Organic agriculture in Turkey has been put on the agenda in accordance with external demands since 1980. These demands initially started with traditional products such as raisin and fig and then the number of requested products has increased rapidly. Including the transition process, approximately 24,354 farmers produced 665.550 tons organic products in 251.899-hectare field in Turkey. Gökçeada, becoming an organic island, is a region where significant projects are implemented. With a total of 101 varieties of organic products, Gökçeada has a potential of up to 50% of the number of varieties in Turkey. On the other hand, 390 producers carry out organic agricultural activity on the island. Gökçeada has 1.35% of the organic agriculture land of in Turkey and 1.47% of the production. The positive effects of organic agriculture on rural poverty reduction and on the environment and its effect on tourism potential will be examined by using field studies conducted on the island as a method in this study. In the light of the findings, policy and strategy recommendations on the development of Gökçeada with organic agriculture will be conveyed. In this study, the institutional structure of organic agriculture in Turkey and Gökçeada, government policies towards organic agriculture, the importance of the organic agriculture in terms of the projects conducted and rural development will be examined. Results of the study Gökçeada going to have rural development strategies about future.