bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of Knowledge
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

When I look abroad into the World, and take a Survey of the Rational Nature, it grieves me to see what a vast Disproportion there is as to intellectual Endowments between the Men and Us: ‘Tis a mortifying Prospect to see them exalted to such a tow’ring Height, rais’d so infinitely above the generality of our Sex. Some few indeed may vie with them, may shine bright in the Firmament of Knowledge:But what are they to the surrounding Splendors, to the Multitude of Lights? they are lost in the glorious Crowd, and cannot be retriev’d without a narrow Inspection, an attentive View! I wish I could perswade all, at least the greatest part of my Sex, those whose Circumstances do not necessarily oblige them to lower Cares, to put in for a Share, to enter their Claims, and not permit the Men any longer to monopolize the Perfections of the Mind, to ingross the Goods of the Understanding: I would not have them suffer themselves to be willingly dispossess’d of their Reason, and shut out of the Commonwealth of Learning: Neither would I have them so far impos’d on, as to be made to believe, that they are incapable of great Attainments. We have already given noble and undeniable Instances of the contrary, and can produce a long Catalogue of illustrious Names, can boast of Ladies,who have been as famous for their Knowledgeas their vertue.
Of Fear
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Fear is a Passion which strangely disorders and weakens the Mind, breaks all its Measures, and unavoidably subjects it to a thousand Inconveniences: ‘Tis generally the Effect of a too tender and effeminate Education, of those fatal Impressions which are made on us in our Infancy, in the first Dawnings of our Reason, by the Folly and Mismanagement of Servants, of such as are unhappily intrusted with us, either by the Laziness or Imprudence of our ill-advis’d Parents.
Of Solitude
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Had not Society been that for which we were design’d by infinite Wisdom, there would not have been so strong a Byass in our Inclinations, such Pleasures affix’d to Conversation, such irresistible Charms in agreeable Company; something that by a secret Sympathy, an internal Force, a pleasing sort of Violence, seems to link us to each other, and makes us delight in a mutual Communication of Thoughts, a reciprocal Exchange of Sentiments. Besides, ‘tis not probable that Faculties so bright as ours, were given us to be conceal’d, like Sepulchral Lamps intended only to inlighten Urns, and spread their useless Rays around their small Circumference. Doubtless they were design’d for greater, much nobler Purposes; their Splendour was to be more extensive, like the Sun, to be every where conspicuous: They were to be the Objects of Esteem, to attract Respect and Veneration, by which their Influence might become more preva-lent, and they thereby render’d capable of being universal Blessings.
Introduction
Authors: Biber Douglas , Finegan Edward
Published: November 2023

Sociolinguists range widely in their interests, and the term sociolinguistics has very broad application. Some observers draw a distinction between “the sociology of language, ‘with a focus on sociological matters, and “sociolinguistics, with a focus on language. In many instances the same inquiry and the same analysis may be viewed by some as sociological and by others as linguistic. The definition of sociolinguistics offered in the standard linguistics lexicon (Crystal 1991) is broad: “A branch of linguistics which studies all aspects of language and society.’‘In the definition, the word and portrays sociolinguistics at its broadest. Only the initial position of the word language suggests any priority, while all suggests the potential scope of inquiry. Preferring the preposition in to the conjunction and, one leading sociolinguistics journal bears the title Language in Society, suggesting a preference for studies whose principal focus rests on language rather than society. Another journal, more interested in larger questions of language use, calls itself the International Journal of the Sociology of Language.
Diglossia As A Special Case Of Register Variation
Authors: Hudson Alan
Published: November 2023

The three basic premises upon which the following discussion of diglossia is founded may be stated at the very outset. First, diglossia, in its original and most theoretically productive sense, is a dramatic instance of the apparently universal opposition between formal and informal language use. Second, the situational differentiation of registers of the same language is not of the same order as the asymmetric functional allocation of distinct languages within the same speech community, but rather differs from the latter in terms of its sociogenesis and evolutionary course of development. Third, and following from the first two premises, the phenomenon of diglossia is more fruitfully investigated from the perspective of a theory of formal language use and formal social behavior generally than from the perspective of a theory of language contact and societal bilingualism.

Two largely independent views of the notion of formality predominate among students of language use in social context, the first an anthropological, or sociocultural, view, and the second a discourse-functional, or psychopragmatic, view. From the anthropological standpoint, formality of discourse is typically viewed in terms of ‘a prevailing affective tone,’ such as seriousness, politeness, or respect (Irvine 1984:212). Within the more psycholinguistic framework of discourse pragmatics, however, formal-informal variation in linguistic form is understood in terms of the interaction between the physical and psychological exigencies of the communicative context, on the one hand, and the cognitive mechanisms engaged in the planning, production, and processing of discourse, on the other (Given 1979:105-06).
The Narrative Turn in Minority Writing
Authors: Clayton Jay
Published: November 2023

In Louise Erdrich’s novel Tracks (1988), an old Chippewa known as Nanapush tells of using stories to hold off his own death: “During the year of sickness, when I was the last one left, I saved myself by starting a story. … I got well by talking. Death could not get a word in edgewise, grew discouraged, and traveled on” (46). Per haps because he is the last of his people to follow the old ways, Nanapush is the only character in Erdrich’s three interrelated novels to make explicit claims about the power of narrative. Later in the text he tells of saving his granddaughter, who has almost frozen to death, by telling her stories through an entire night: “Once I had you I did not dare break the string between us and kept on moving my lips, holding you motionless with talking” (167).
Freedom, Existence, and the Nature of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

Our investigation of the problem of hell has yielded several important conclusions to this point, a summary of which may be useful before proceeding further. First, we have seen the failure of the tradetional conception of hell and standard alternatives to it. Furthermore, the way in which the standard alternatives are defective sheds light on our subject, for they fare no better than the traditional conception in avoiding difficulty; in fact, we can fairly say that many of these alternatives, formed in the face of perceived inadequacies of the traditional view, fail to make any substantial progress at all toward solving the problem of hell. This result is singularly important in the present context, for it serves to demonstrate the fact that the problem of hell is not limited in scope to varieties of traditional Christianity. Whether the proffered alternative is a version of universalism, annihilationism, or conditional immortalism, or a second chance doctrine, no such view, offered as a simple alternative to the traditional doctrine of hell, can solve the problem of hell. So the problems with the traditional conception and simple alternatives to it show that the problem of hell is not easily solved. The standard view of the matter is that either the objections to the strong view can be answered or, if they cannot, a variety of alternatives to the strong view are available to solve the problem. So, the line goes, if the strong view is inadequate, the task is to sort out the best among a host of adequate views. This view of the matter is deeply misleading, and it has been the point of the last several chapters to show that this account of the matter is naive.
Dreaming, Knowing, Doubting
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: November 2023

As I indicated earlier, Moore claimed that the argument he advanced in “Proof of an External World” was indeed a proof and that most of his critics were mistaken in asserting that it was not. He stated, correctly in my opinion, that a proof must satisfy three criteria: it must be a valid argument; its premise or premises must be true; and it or they must be known to be true. He also stated that his argument satisfied these conditions and therefore that he had proved there are physical objects. He thought his critics had confused the question of whether a certain set of sentences amounted to a proof with a different question, namely, whether he could prove that one of those sentences, functioning as a premise, was true. That sentence was “Here is one hand,” and with respect to it he granted, as we have also seen, that he could not prove it. In order to do that, he said, he would have to prove that at the time he was speaking he was not dreaming, and this was something he could not do. Moreover, though he did not state this, he implied that he thought nobody could at any time prove he or she was not dreaming.
Modernism’s African Mask: The Stein-Picasso Collaboration
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

Not long after the publication of The Nigger of the “Narcissus,” European artists were attracted en masse to an African art they knew virtually nothing about and were mesmerized by the way that African masks and statues dislocated all conventional artistic strategies. A 1924 Opportunity editorial described this new influence as a “forcible entry” and an invasion, promising or warning, it is hard to tell, “Soon primitive Negro art will invade this country as it has invaded Europe. It is inevitable.” For aesthetes like Alain Locke and Albert Barnes, the African vogue that influenced Picasso, Apollinaire, Cendrars, Stravinsky, Satie, and many others augured a new prominence for African-American creativity as well, a rise in attention, if not estimation, that Matheus later compared to Wait’s arrival and domination.
Innocence Lost
Authors: Gowans Christopher W
Published: November 2023

Our lives are such that moral wrongdoing is sometimes inescapable for us. We have moral responsibilities to persons which may conflict and which it is wrong to violate even when they do conflict. Christopher W. Gowans argues that we must accept this conclusion if we are to make sense of our moral experience and the way in which persons are valuable to us. In defending this position, he critically examines the recent moral dilemmas debate. He maintains that what is important in this debate is not whether there are irresolvable moral conflicts, but whether there are moral conflicts in which wrongdoing is unavoidable. Though it would be incoherent to conclude moral deliberation by deciding to perform incompatible actions, he argues that there is nothing incoherent in supposing that we have conflicting moral responsibilities. In this way, he shows that it is possible to capture the intuitions of those who have defended the idea of moral dilemmas while meeting the objections of those who have rejected this idea. Gowans carefully evaluates utilitarian and Kantian analyses of moral dilemmas. He argues that these approaches eliminate genuine moral conflict only by displacing persons as direct objects of moral concern. As an alternative, he develops a more concrete account in which moral responsibilities to persons are central. The book also includes discussions of Melville’s Billy Budd, methodology in moral philosophy, moral pluralism, moral tragedy, and `dirty hands’ in politics.
Cholesterol Reduction
Authors: Goldman Lee
Published: November 2023

The importance of cholesterol as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI) has been well established in both animal studies and human investigations. Cholesterol reduction by diet or medication will lower the risk of MI when used for either primary or secondary prevention. Because it remains unclear whether or not cholesterol reduction, especially with medications, has adverse effects on noncardio vascular mortality, recommendations regarding cholesterol reduction at both the population and the individual level must include a balanced assessment of the risks and benefits. The cost effectiveness of cholesterol reduction depends on both the cost of the intervention and the benefits to be realized by the individual, which are largely determined by the individual’s underlying risk for coronary and noncoronary diseases.

Cholesterol is transported in the plasma by lipoproteins. Most cholesterol is trans ported by low density lipoproteins (LDL), which are about 45% cholesterol by weight. Intermediate density lipoproteins are an intermediary between very low density lipoproteins, which themselves are derived from chylomicrons, and LDL. In most indi-viduals, intermediate density lipoproteins are present in small amounts. High density lipoproteins (HDL) are produced both by the liver and the gastrointestinal tract and by the breakdown of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in peripheral tissues (Ross 1992).
Stress, Anger, and Psychosocial Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Allan Robert , Scheidt Stephen
Published: November 2023

A relationship between heart and mind has been suspected since the second millenium B.C., the era of Plato and Hippocrates (Plato, 1953, 1871). Early in the twentieth century, Cannon (1932) and Selye (1956) called attention to major physiologic changes brought about by psychological factors. In the past 35 years, a burgeoning body of observational, epidemiologic, and experimental studies has appeared that can be called “cardiac psychology,” an evolving pool of knowledge to help foster and support heart-healthy living. Important research findings are now available for a number of psychosocial variables that may well be interdependent “risk factors” for coronary heart disease (CHO), including psychological stress, the Type A behavior pattern (TABP), anger, vital exhaustion, lack of social support, and job strain. Two other psychological variables, cardiac denial and depression, also have relevance for CHO. Each of these is discussed in detail. In addition, apart from age and gender, each of the traditional major risk factors for CHO (currently listed by the American Heart Association as cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and sedentary life style) has a significant behavioral component. This review of the recent literature on stress and other psychosocial risk factors for CHO will summarize the current state of knowledge in the evolving field of cardiac psychology. Much work, however, is needed to clarify the relative importance of each of the psychosocial variables for both primary and secondary prevention of CHD.
Selected Poems From Part Two of the Magdalen Manuscript
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

These being over, some Business of consequence call’d her to London, whether Masquerading,3 or Tossing of Coffee-Grounds, I know not; but probably the latter; it being an Augury4 very much in vogue, and as true, as any by which Sidrophel 5 prognosticated, even when he took the Boy’s Kite for a blazing Comet6; and as useful too as Scates7 in Spain, or Fans in Moscovy,8 whatever was the Motive, our Galecia must needs ramble, like others, to take London-Air, when it is most substantially to be distinguished, in the midst of Winter.
BOOK. I
Authors: Sharp Jane
Published: November 2023

The Art of Midwifry is doubtless one of the most useful and necessary of all Arts, for the being and well-being of Mankind, and therefore it is extremely requisite that a Midwife, be both fearing God, faithful, and exceeding well experienced in that profession. Her fidelity shall find not only a reward here from man, but God hath given a special example of it, Exod. I.1 in the Midwives of Israel who were so faithful to their trust, that the Command of a King could not make them depart from it, viz. But the Midwives feared God, and did not as the King of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive. Therefore God dealt well with the Midwives; and because they feared God, he made them Houses.
Diversions: A Theory of the Vietnam Sports Novel
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

Among the things that Vladimir Nabokov disdained, according to his introduction to Bend Sinister, were atomic warfare and the entire Orient,1 which makes it unsurprising that the Korean War, fought on the sub-nuclear level and on only one Asian peninsula, left him cold. Lolita (whose action takes place between 1947 and 1952) hardly mentions the war (1950-53). The war years are more or less the blank years of the novel (1949-52), the interlude of “Dolores Disparue” (L, 231). When the action resumes, Humbert tracks Lolita to Dick, who-Humbert notes unsympathetically-is hard of hearing, the result of an injury in “a remote war” (L, 249), probably Korea, though his friend Bill lost his arm in World War II. And when Humbert returns to Ramsdale, on the scent of Quilty, he is pointedly unmoved by the news that Charlie Holmes, old summer camp debaucher, was killed in Korea—the place and the war named for the first and only time. It would be easy to assert that the casualty is admitted into the book to stand for everything to which Nabokov is “supremely indifferent”—except that Nabokov (even if identical with the author of the introduction to Bend Sinister) is not identical with Humbert Humbert. If Korea is merely the contingent token of all that Nabokov does not condescend to aestheticize, at least it serves in that capacity in a book that displays the consequences of a murderous aesthetic solipsism.
Family Likenesses: War in Women’s Words
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

What is the Civil War doing in the first volume of Little Women? (1) Conceivably it is there as an autobiographical donnee. But Louisa May Alcott worked as a nurse for six weeks, while her father Bronson Alcott did not serve; in the novel, Mr. March does his duty, while Jo domesticates. Alcott defended the novel’s realism as more than verisimilitude, rather as truth, so that the largest exception is an embarrassment, almost a metaphysical puzzle: “Mr. March did not go to the war, but Jo did.”2  Mr. March did not? Jo did? The Civil War causes the farthest straying from autobiography in a book that claims to alter nothing essential but names. (2) Conceivably it is there as a historical given. But the historical Civil War, as opposed to the March family’s personal Civil War, hardly exists in Little Women: Mr. March falls ill; John Brooke, Meg’s betrothed, is wounded without consequence between volumes; the family almost does not know anyone who was killed. So much for the national tragedy.
Conrad: The Flight from Modernity
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez
Published: November 2023

The shallow sea that foams and murmurs on the shores of the thousand islands . . . which make up the Malay Archipelago has been for centuries the scene of adventurous undertakings. The vices and the virtues of four nations have been displayed in the conquest of that region that even to this day has not been robbed of all the mystery and romance of its past-and the race of men who had fought against the Portuguese, the Spaniards, the Dutch and the English, has not been changed by the unavoidable defeat. They have kept to this day their love of liberty, their fanatical devotion to their chiefs, their blind fidelity in friendship and hate-all their lawful and unlawful instincts. Their country of land and water . . . has fallen a prey to the western race-the reward of superior strength if not of superior virtue. To-morrow the advancing civilization will obliterate the marks of a long struggle in the accomplishment of its inevitable victory. What for Hardy had been a provincial matter, the modernization of a backward region of England, reappears in Conrad’s fiction as a global process, the imminent Westernization of the world. If in The Mayor of Casterbridge we witness the march of history from within the political boundaries of England, in Conrad’s fiction we catch a glimpse of the movement of world history as it appears to those who live on the periphery of British (and Western European) imperial influence.
Quantum Chemical Framework
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: November 2023

The following represents a capsule summary of the nature of ab initio quantum chemical calculations, intended to provide the reader with the minimal background necessary to comprehend the theoretical literature of H-bonds and to evaluate the quality and reliability of a given calculation. For more details about quantum chemistry in general or the specific methods, the reader is referred to any of a number of fine texts and review articles that have been written on the subject.
The Calloway Recordings
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

In his early days with Calloway, Dizzy shared the bulk of the solo honors with Eldridge’s former partner Chu Berry, taking anything from eight to sixteen bars on a large number of the band’s 1939-40 discs. Since, during this period, he also contributed to one major freelance session and, a little later, was informally recorded at Monroe’s Uptown House, we can form an idea of where Dizzy had got to in his development as a soloist.
International Soloist
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Up until 1954, Dizzy’s contribution to Jazz at the Philharmonic had been restricted to that of an occasional guest soloist. When the troupe arrived in or around New York, if Dizzy’s own band leading duties allowed, he would join in for a handful of dates on the spring or autumn all-star tours arranged by Norman Granz. Also, in the early 1950s, after the demise of Dee Gee records, Dizzy was without a proper recording contract.
Topology and Ideal Hypothesis Assessment
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we move from the consideration of particular methods and problems to the characterization of problem solvability over entire paradigms. So while the issues treated in the preceding chapter were all located at level 3 of the taxonomy of questions presented at the end of chapter 2, the questions treated in this chapter belong to level 4. A characterization condition is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a reliable method, given entirely in terms of the structures of K, C, and H. In other words, a characterization theorem isolates exactly the kind of background knowledge necessary and sufficient for scientific reliability, given the interpretation of the hypotheses and the sense of success demanded. To revive Kant’s expression, such results may be thought of as transcendental deductions for reliable inductive inference, since they show what sort of knowledge is necessary if reliable inductive inference is to be possible.
Reducibility and the Game of Science
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

Many of the negative arguments considered so far have involved demons who attempt to feed misleading evidence to the inductive method α, as though science were an ongoing game between the demon and the scientist, where winning is determined by what happens in the limit. This game-theoretic construal of inquiry is familiar in skeptical arguments from ancient times, and it is the purpose of this chapter to explore it more explicitly than we have done so far. One reason it is interesting to do so is that the theory of infinite games is central to contemporary work in the foundations of mathematics, so that the existence of winning strategies for inductive demons hinges on questions unanswered by set theory. In set theory, infinite games are known to be intimately related to the notion of continuous reducibility among problems and inductive methods turn out to determine continuous reductions. It is therefore natural to consider games and continuous reducibility all at once.
The Logic of Ideal Discovery
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

So far, we have focused on hypothesis assessment problems, in which a scientist is assigned some particular hypothesis to investigate. But from the broadest perspective, inquiry poses the problem of coming up with a correct theory of one’s subject, and the assessement and rejection of various hypotheses is merely a means toward this goal. Much discussion in the philosophy of science has revolved around the question of how to build discovery procedures out of assessment procedures. For example, many philosophers have advocated an architecture for discovery in which hypotheses are produced or invented in sequence and the first hypothesis to “pass muster” is conjectured until it fails.
Inquiry Concerning First-Order Theories
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, hypotheses and evidence reports were both taken to be unanalyzed units represented by natural numbers (Fig. 12.1). These abstractions yield general characterizations of inductive success in terms of the complexity of the relation of correctness. An interesting special case of this setting arises when we take data and hypotheses to be sentences in a first-order language, and when we take correctness to imply model-theoretic truth (Fig. 12.2). The added logical structure imposed by this application raises more detailed methodological questions.
Pour les Trois Pedales ...
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

TEACHING pedaling is at least as complex a matter as teaching basic finger technique. As with the teaching of any technique, opinions will vary as to the most desirable aesthetic for which to strive and the most effective method to achieve that goal. Discussion of pedaling is not so much a matter of answering those questions by proffering a single point of view, but rather of focusing on the very questions them selves, thereby bringing into clearer relief the importance of the use of the pedals as a factor in determining the final r:esult. Beethoven was the first master composer to indicate the use of the damper pedal extensively, and in so doing left us with a series of pedal problems.
Vision
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

WHEN did it all start, this romance, this love affair with music? I suppose that for each of us the story is different, as it would be different were you to describe the circumstances of meeting someone with whom you had fallen hope lessly in love. For some it may have come in a flash: you heard a performance and something in the music left you breathless, perhaps with a lump in your throat, and you knew that some how, this wonderful, mysterious substance would be close to you – intertwined within the fabric of your life from that moment on. Or perhaps it came on more gradually, like realizing that the person next door, whom you’ve known for years, is the person you want to marry.
Sketches, Drafts, Fair Copies
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I focus on the written evidence that composers have left of their work in progress. My goal is to suggest a typology that may prove useful for interpreting autograph composing documents for this early period. I am taking two complementary approaches to the topic. In the first, I consider the appearance of the music on the page-including such features as the format and the kinds of changes-to identify characteristic features associated with each stage of work. In the second, I use selected examples to illustrate the range of meth­ods that composers employed.
Alec Wilder in Spite of Himself
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

Alec Wilder wrote songs and lyrics of unsurpassed beauty and originality, and his work won the respect and admiration of such important musical figures as Frank Sinatra, Peggy Lee, Mitch Miller, Gunther Schuller, and many others. Yet Wilder seemed almost to court obscurity. Both in the music he composed and in the way he lived his life, Wilder valued the unique and eccentric over the established and easily acceptable. And though he authored the definitive American Popular Song - which critics praised as`singular’ (Studs Terkel),`pioneering’ (Whitney Balliett),`rewarding’ (Milton Babbitt), and`a joy to anyone who really cares about American popular music’ (Max Morath) - his own contribution to that music has remained, until now, too little known and far too little appreciated. Desmond Stone’s engaging and lively biography brings Alec Wilder’s life and music into the spotlight where it belongs. Ranging from Wilder’s childhood in Rochester, New York, to his rise as a major writer of popular songs in the 1940s, to his relationships with Frank Sinatra and the cabaret singer Mabel Mercer, Stone gives us rich insight into the creative process and profound influence of this highly unorthodox composer. We see the impulses and musical concerns that led to such standards as`I’ll Be Around’ and`It’s So Peaceful in the Country.’ We also get an inside view of how he wrote his monumental American Popular Song, which remains the most significant study of America’s great songwriters. More important, we get a vivid sense of a haunting, incorruptible melodist whose unique personality was mirrored in his music. Man and composer dared to be different. When Wilder in the late 1930s wrote his famous Octets, the music world did not know what to make of these irreverent, highly original pieces. Yet they had a seminal influence on jazz chamber music in America. Wilder would go on to compose hundreds of instrumental numbers. Whether he was writing concert pieces for an unprecedented and highly unusual group of instruments, or mixing jazz, classical, and popular idioms in a single song, or dashing off a sonata for a friend, Wilder followed the dictates of his own creativity rather than the expectations of the musical establishment. Such independence and unpredictability earned him the hostility of many critics but the enduring respect of the musicians he wrote for. Here then is a fascinating private portrait of a man who lived a nomad’s life, who loved riding trains so much he kept a timetable in his pocket at all times, a man whose only home was a small room he maintained at the Algonquin Hotel in Manhattan (where he often held court in the lobby), a man with a serious drinking problem as well as the kindest and most generous of friends. Essential reading for anyone interested in American popular music, Alec Wilder in Spite of Himself provides a much needed account of this complex, colorful, and highly original life.
The Eastman Years
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

In 1926, now nineteen years of age, Wilder returned to hometown Rochester for the first time since the family had left there for Garden City, Long Island, during World War I. With this move, he decided on a career in music, though he was not to immerse himself in music quickly or fully in the Eastman School of Music. Afraid, insecure, diffident, he was by no means sure he could make a success of music. He could also afford to take the time to let his music leanings grow into longings. He had an ample allowance and was soon to pass into a handsome inheritance from that despised father of his.
Music for Friends for Playing on Sunday
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

The skills and challenges involved in Wilder’s shift from popular to concert music have been discussed, but the further dimension of that gradual transition is that nearly all his many instrumental pieces were written for musicians and friends he admired, and usually at no charge, often not even for the copying. It might be supposed that such a large and diverse output could have been achieved only by someone who had entered a monastic cell very early and stayed there until his work was done. On the contrary, Wilder did his writing while he held hands with humankind, or at least as many of them who met his demanding criteria of excellence and who were not forever put off by his crotchets and eccentricities.
Barro Colorado Island The Background
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

Our story centers on Barro Colorado Island (9°9’ N, 79°51’ W), a 1500-ha island isolated from the surrounding mainland between 1910 and 1914, when the Rio Chagres was dammed to form the central part of the Panama Canal (Fig. 1. 1). The island suffers a severe dry season, which usually starts some time in December, and ends in April or early May: the median rainfall for the year’s first 91 days is less than 100 mm (Leigh and Wright 1990). Otherwise, the climate is what one would expect for a lowland, moist forest, as will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. Barro Colorado lies at the midpoint of a gradient between the deciduous dry forests of the Pacific shore, with an annual rainfall of 1800 mm, and the rainforests of the Caribbean side, with an annual rainfall of well over 3000 mm/ year (Windsor 1990).
Telling the Trees from the Forest
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

What are tropical forests like? A proper lowland rainforest is tall, but not as tall as a redwood forest; its understory is dark, but not much darker than that of a mature deciduous forest of Maryland in summertime. In many forests, the visitor will remark how many trees have relatively slender, straight trunks, and smooth, pale bark (Richards 1952, 1996). Some of the trees are encumbered by huge lianes, woody vines sometimes more than 10 cm thick; some of the larger trees may have branches festooned with epiphytes. Even the leaves may become covered by “epiphylls, “ liverworts or lichens forming a thin coating that may preempt up to 30% of a leaf’s light (Coley et al. 1993, Coley and Kursar 1996: p. 350). The appearance of tropical forest seems dominated by the intense struggle for light (Schimper 1903: p. 291), and the abundance of plants which take advantage of other trees’ wood to place themselves in the sun. Indeed, smooth bark seems to deter epiphytes (Campbell and Newbery 1993). More generally, some trees are designed to avoid or shed lianes (Putz 1984, Campbell and Newbery 1993).
Tropical Diversity
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

One of the most striking features of tropical forest is the extraordinary diversity of its inhabitants. Diversity of plants, insects, bats, and birds is conspicuously higher in tropical forests than in their temperate zone counterparts (Karr 1971, MacArthur 1972, Erwin 1982, Fi.ndley 1993), just as in marine settings the diversity of molluscs is higher at lower latitudes (Fischer 1960). As the diversity of tropical plants provides the foundation for the diversity of their consumers and the carnivores and insectivores that prey upon those consumers (Hutchinson 1959), I shall focus on why there are so many kinds of tropical trees. The diversity of tropical trees is one of the most extraordinary mysteries of tropical forest; it has yet to receive a definitive explanation.
Moral Dilemmas, Genuine and Spurious: A Comparative Anatomy
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

“If one were to publish two volumes, the first containing the entire preceding philosophical literature concerning [moral dilemmas], broadly construed, from Plato to W. D. Ross, . . . while the second was devoted to the publications of the last thirty years, the second volume would be by far the larger.” So Alasdair MacIntyre, in a recent paper. The implied change in philosophers’ interests is remarkable, and presumably has an explanation. What is it?

Two tempting answers are false. The first is that developments in modern culture, especially in the technology of medicine and warfare, have presented moralists with many new cases, about which traditional moral opinions yield conflicting answers. Moral theory, however, is no more completable than law. That moral theory at a given time yields conflicting answers to new cases implies no more than that it is incomplete, not that it cannot be developed to treat those cases satisfactorily. The second is that, in the past half century, rebellious groups hitherto repressed in western civilization (for example, blacks and women) have exposed conflicts in its moral practices by showing that they are inconsistent with certain of its professed principles. Such conflicts, however, are not moral dilemmas, but symptoms of moral progress: as the rebellious groups point out, they vanish when the morally indefensible practices are abandoned.
Moral Dilemmas, Gaps, and Residues: A Kantian Perspective
Authors: Hill Thomas E
Published: November 2023

No one, I suspect, accepts everything that Kant said about moral matters, but many remain hopeful that Kant’s ideas, suitably modified and supplemented, might be developed into an ethical theory that meets most familiar objections and remains worthy of serious consideration. The project of developing such a Kantian theory, however, faces formidable obstacles. Prominent among these are problems concerning conflicts of duty. Alan Donagan has addressed at length the most familiar problem of this sort: the charge that Kantian principles generate unresolvable moral dilemmas. Although correct and important in its main thesis, I think that Donagan’s defense of a Kantian position concedes too much in one way and too little in another. Moreover, the objection to which Donagan responds is not the only problem Kantians must face regarding moral conflicts.
Conference Introductory Remarks
Authors: Haar James
Published: November 2023

The motet has an immensely long history, extending from the early thirteenth century to the present. We are met here to take up problems connected with the first half of this eight-century span. The unifying thread in the conference is that we will all be talking about motets; so it would be natural for me to begin by offering a definition, an answer to the question “Motetus quidest?” Natural, perhaps; but not prudent. A word that does not limit the subject by period, genre, form, style, textual language, or performance medium is resistant to precise definition. In place of hazarding anything of my own, I will offer the well-known words of Johannes de Grocheio on the subject: “The motet is music made for several voices, having multiple texts or a varied arrangement of syllables, harmoniously consonant in all respects. “ This is true, if not particularly helpful, for the whole period under discussion here.
Tonal Compass in the Motets of Orlando di Lasso
Authors: Crook David
Published: November 2023

In the third volume of his General History of Music, the eighteenth-century music historian Charles Burney drew a striking distinction between the mu sic of Cipriano de Rore and Orlando di Lasso on the one hand and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina on the other. Rore and Lasso, by having spent the chief part of their time in the courts of princes, had acquired a lighter and more secular craft of melody than Palestrina, who residing constantly at Rome, and writing chiefly for the church, had a natural and characteristic gravity in all his productions. Indeed, the compositions a Capella of Cyprian Rore and Orlando Lasso are much inferior to those of Pal estrina, in this particular; for by striving to be grave and solemn they only become heavy and dull; and what is unaffected dignity in the Roman, is little better than the strut of a dwarf upon stilts in the Netherlanders.
The Sexual Economist and Legal Regulation of the Sexual Orientations
Authors: Halley Janet E
Published: November 2023

Judge Richard A. Posner offers a two-part argument in his contribution to this volume, “The Economic Approach to Homosexuality.” First, he argues that economic analysis of human sexuality supports a claim that heterosexual preference is an essential, transhistorical feature of most human beings while homosexual preference is a similarly fixed characteristic of very few human beings. Human sexuality is “constructed” in the limited sense that different cultural settings induce individuals with intrinsic preferences for same or cross-sex contacts to seek sexual outlet in behavioral repertoires that, though they are transhistorically homosexual or heterosexual, manifest striking plasticity from culture to culture. Second, he argues that, given this moderated social-constructivist view of human sexual variation, a sexual economist can predict the aggregate social response to various sexual incentives and deterrents and thus draw up socially optimal regulations. The precise form of social constructivism he adopts is doubly necessary to make his economic analysis of homosexuality work: positing intrinsic, transhistorical, “real” preference heterosexuals and “real” preference homosexuals enables him to make predictions about how individuals will respond to changes in sexuality regulation; positing plasticity in the meaning and availability of sexual behaviors gives regulation something to do.
Causes of Declining Well-Being Among U.S. Children
Authors: Galston William A
Published: November 2023

On July 7, 1992, the Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) released a study documenting a significant increase in child poverty during the 1980s. CDF argued that this trend was primarily attributable to declining wages for younger workers and to federal budget cuts. Olivia Golden, CDF director of programs and policy, stated, “There’s a range of evidence that suggests that what’s happening is much more pervasive than a small group of parents who are making bad choices for their children.” Gary Bauer, president of the Family Research Council and a key domestic policy advisor during the Reagan administration, vigorously disagreed: “We believe they’ve got it exactly backwards.” Two-parent families are able to rise out of poverty, “but the poverty of single-parent families is persistent and trends up even when the economy is improving.” Until the children’s fund and others are “willing to address that behavior, we are not going to address child poverty.” This dispute represents the continuation of a long-running political debate between liberals and conservatives concerning the causes of (and by implication, remedies for) declining well-being among families with young children. The purpose of this article is to bring some reasonably reliable data to bear on this controversy. While I have well-advertised views on a number of family policy issues, in the following remarks I will steer away from policy per se and stick as close as is possible to the question of causation and what we know about it.
The Erotics of Talk
Authors: Kaplan Carla
Published: November 2023

Is feminism in “crisis?” With many feminists now questioning identification and focusing on differences between women, what is the fate of feminist criticism ‘s traditional imperative to rescue women ‘s stories and make their voices heard? In this provocative rereading of the classic texts of the feminist literary canon, Carla Kaplan takes a hard look at the legacy of feminist criticism and argues that important features of feminism ‘s own canon have been overlooked in the rush to rescue and identify texts. African-American women ‘s texts, she demonstrates, often dramatize their distrust of their readers, their lack of faith in “the cultural conversation,” through strategies of self-silencing and “self-talk.” At the same time, she argues, the homoerotics of women ‘s writing has too often gone unremarked. Not only does longing for an ideal listener draw women ‘s texts into a romance with the reader, but there is an erotic excess which is part of feminist critical recuperation itself. Drawing on a wide range of resources, from sociolinguistics and anthropology to literary theory, Kaplan ‘s highly readable study proposes a new model for understanding and representing “talk.” She supplies fresh readings of such feminist classics as Jane Eyre, “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and The Color Purple, revealing how their “erotics of talk” works as a rich political allegory and form of social critique.
Introduction: In Search of an Ideal Listener
Authors: Kaplan Carla
Published: November 2023

Let me begin with two stories about women ‘s search for an ideal listener.

The first is by Henry James and sets out to describe the discursive desire of feminists. In The Bostonians, James presents his image of what Mrs. Farrinder, a strident radical feminist, wants in a listener. Facing a sympathetic roomful of women, Mrs. Farrinder finds that she has nothing to say:

. . . she could only deliver her message to an audience which she felt to be partially hostile. There was no hostility there; they were all only too much in sympathy. “I don’t require sympathy,” she said with a tranquil smile. . . . “I only rise to the occasion, when I see prejudice, when I see bigotry, when I see injustice, when I see conservatism, massed before me like an army. Then I feel-I feel as I imagine Napoleon Bonaparte to have felt on the eve of one of his great victories. I MUST have unfriendly elements—I like to win them over.
The Anomaly of Domination
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: November 2023

During the interwar period, all hope of preserving “manual” and “mental” activities as a complex theoretical unity-even under another name, as Deweyan instrumentalism had attempted-was forsworn. This more definitive categorial displacement of “labor,” however, did not prevent thinking about communication from evincing that singularly direct and repeated absorption with great historical processes and controversies which has ineluctably marked it throughout each successive era. Nowhere, indeed, has communication study’ s capacity to organize a substantial knowledge of reality been more evident than in its interwar engagement with “propaganda.”1 Here it became increasingly plain that the cooperative construct favored by the pragmatists-”organized intelligence”-was vulnerable to routine and unprecedentedly systematic media attacks staged by powerful corporate and governmental actors. Hard on the heels of this revelatory shift in the terms of thought, the discussion of communication also began to lose its restricted reference to news and public affairs, and to be redirected-in a portent of later developments-toward “culture” more generally. In this chapter, after first canvassing the fierce interwar debate which broke out over the social import of propaganda, I then sketch briefly the reactive sequence of changes through which an academic communication study successfully cast itself as the legitimate heir to inquiry in this quickly changing field, principally by attempting to isolate a communicative dimension of interpersonal influence.