bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media Capture, Survival of the Corruptest and Journalistic Agency: The Case of Bulgaria
Authors: Slavtcheva-Petkova Vera , Pogson Mark , Karadjov Christopher
Published: February 2025

Democratic backsliding has been on the rise globally, including in the established and transitional democracies of the Global North, with populist leaders adopting similar practices of undermining the epistemology of journalism or attempting to capture news media outright. A representative survey with 391 Bulgarian journalists conducted as part of the Worlds of Journalism Study in 2021–2024 shows that corruption through the misuse of European and national funds has become one of the main survival mechanisms for their news outlets. This is complemented on a personal level with the finding that nearly two in five journalists have been forced to hold a second job, which has often led to conflict-of-interest issues. The Bulgarian case study is an excellent illustration of the consequences of a 13-year-long rule by populist leader Boyko Borisov and concurrent practices of Berlusconization and media capture in this Eastern European country, which for over a decade (2011–2022) had the lowest press freedom ranking among all European Union member states. The study shows an increased recognition among journalists of the power of journalistic agency, that is, their own role in the media capture process. The link between journalistic agency and media capture is of essential importance but has not been studied sufficiently.
Low-dose isotretinoin for the treatment of Morbihan’s disease in a 69-year-old Asian male: A case report
Authors: Yilmaz Orhan , Bose Reetesh , Colantonio Sophia
Published: February 2025

Morbihan’s disease is a rare form of facial lymphedema often associated with chronic rosacea and other skin diseases such as acne. It presents as indurated erythematous plaques in the upper face, which can be challenging to treat. We report a 69-year-old male of Asian background with a 4-year history of facial swelling and redness, unresponsive to prior treatments. After a clinical diagnosis of Morbihan’s disease, the patient was treated with oral isotretinoin 10 mg daily, leading to an 80% reduction in symptoms after 9 months. Mild side effects, including cheilitis and xerosis, were well managed. This case highlights low-dose isotretinoin’s potential as a therapeutic option for Morbihan’s disease. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of treating Morbihan’s disease with isotretinoin at high doses between 40 and 80 mg po daily for 12–24 months.
Tales of hope and hesitation: Smoking cessation experts’ views on the opportunities and risks of digital behaviour change interventions
Authors: Kashefi Arian , Murphy Stephen Lee , De Marez Lieven , Conradie Peter , Vanden Abeele Mariek M. P.
Published: February 2025

Objective

Smoking remains a global health challenge, with 1.14 billion active smokers worldwide. Many of these smokers seek cessation support. The rise of mHealth offers novel intervention methods, providing monitoring and tailored feedback. This study aimed to map the opportunities and challenges of integrating digital behaviour change interventions (mHealth) into smoking cessation practices by understanding professionals’ perceptions of these tools.

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted involving semi-structured interviews with 11 experienced smoking cessation professionals in Flanders, Belgium. Data collection occurred between January and April 2023. Inductive thematic analysis was performed to identify key patterns and themes in the experts’ views regarding mHealth interventions.

Results

The analysis revealed four primary themes: (1) The Inexorable March of Technology – experts acknowledged the inevitability of technology in smoking cessation but varied in enthusiasm; (2) The Shimmering Mirage of Possibility – technology was viewed as supplementary, offering efficiency and support but limited in depth; (3) The Footnotes to Enthusiasm – experts expressed concerns over privacy, inclusivity, and the potential for technology to displace human care; and (4) The Human Anchor – the irreplaceable role of human connection and therapeutic alliance, which digital tools might not be able to replicate.

Conclusion

Experts believe mHealth interventions can augment smoking cessation support but should not replace human-driven care. A blended approach, integrating digital tools with traditional therapeutic relationships, offers the most promise. Addressing concerns about privacy, inclusivity, and most importantly the limits of digital therapeutic alliances is essential for successful mHealth implementation in smoking cessation.
Beyond the Tangible: Factors Influencing Memorable Experiences in Intangible Culture Heritage Tourism in Wuxi, China
Authors: Ye Sheling , Shi Lei , Wu Jian , Hyuk Gwon
Published: February 2025

Memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) is a contributing factor in promoting the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) tourism. This study aims to discuss tourists’ MTEs of ICH. A quantitative examination was conducted in Wuxi, China, where 538 tourists were surveyed. By using SPSS 26, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. This study found that tourists generally have MTEs of ICH tourism. Their MTEs were influenced by four dimensions: information services and credibility, experiential authenticity, price value, transportation and environment. This study also found that tourists with different sociodemographic characteristics show significant differences in their MTEs of ICH tourism. It applies MTEs to the context of ICH tourism, thereby expanding the research boundaries. Finally, this study offers some practical implications for ICH tourism.
“Le sujet en procès”: Uncovering the Dynamic Nature of English Language Teacher Resilience in Türkiye: A Social-Ecological and Relational Perspective
Authors: Kırmızı Özkan , Irgatoğlu Aydan , Ekizer Feyza Nur
Published: February 2025

Teacher resilience has become a prominent attribute for teachers in coping with hardships they face in their professional or personal lives. In a sense, resilience could be a significant protective mechanism that enables teachers to preserve their professional development. Depending on a social-ecological perspective and the relational nature of teacher resilience, the present exploratory qualitative case study aims to explore the resilience levels of EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers in the Turkish context. We adopted an episodic narrative interview approach implemented with critical incident analysis to do this. Our purpose in using these qualitative methods was to trace the developmental paths of teachers and significant events that enhance or hinder their resilience levels. This way, tracing the multidimensional aspects of teacher resilience was possible. The participants of the study were five EFL teachers, with varying experience levels, age, and educational backgrounds. The results indicate that teacher resilience is a highly volatile construct impacted by internal and external factors.
Diachronic Research on Chinese Discourse Markers in China: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Authors: Yang Guoping , Jia Mian
Published: February 2025

Diachronic research on discourse markers (DMs) has gained momentum in recent years, but the international community has only seen a few studies on the evolution of Chinese discourse markers (CDMs). One crucial reason is that many diachronic studies on CDMs are published in Chinese-written journals and have escaped international audiences. To address this gap, this paper reviews the diachronic studies of CDMs from scholars who are housed in Chinese and English language departments in China. The results show that research on CDMs is both benefited from and complicated by mixing the Chinese tradition of exegetical studies and the Western tradition of grammaticalization, lexicalization, and pragmaticalization. Second, conceptual ambiguities lead scholars to reach different conclusions on the evolutionary process of the same CDM. Third, accounting for the entire evolutionary process of CDMs needs to take an interdisciplinary perspective or a holistic view and analyze more than a single interface but jointly consider the linguistic facts at the interfaces of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics. Therefore, scholars must move away from conceptual arguments and focus on the linguistic facts of Chinese language evolution.
Strategy Conduct in Strategy-as-Practice: A Look into the Social Interactions Inside an Advisory Board
Authors: Marietto Márcio Luiz , Antonio Ribeiro Serra Fernando , Ferreira Manuel Portugal , Cassol Alessandra
Published: February 2025

Researching social interactions within advisory boards, our study focuses on a family-holding company’s strategy formation process. Applying Strategy-as-Practice (S-as-P) within a Structurationist perspective, we analyzed practitioners’ strategic conduct. Through 1 year of non-participation observation, interviews and document analysis, we uncovered complex social dynamics and paradoxical behaviors, emphasizing structural properties influencing strategic formation. Our contribution lies in a model proposing four propositions for future S-as-P studies in advisory boards within Structuration Theory. This research sheds light on discrepancies between formal practices and actual social behaviors, enhancing transparency in corporate dynamics, which often remain obscure.
Abdominal Actinomycosis Abscess Mimicking Malignancy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Loukil Yosra , Makni Saadia , Mejdoub Youssef , Rejab Haitham , Toumi Nozha , Charfi Slim , Sallemi Boudawara Tahya , Bouhamed Marwa
Published: February 2025

Actinomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous infection caused by Actinomyces species. We report the case of a 47-year-old man with no previous medical history, who presented with a slowly growing abdominal mass extending to the abdominal wall, initially mimicking a malignant tumor. A diagnosis of an Actinomyces abscess was confirmed through surgical resection and histopathological examination. This case is presented to highlight the morphological characteristics and emphasize the diagnostic difficulties of this disease.
Visualizing Age-Specific Digital Platform Usage in Germany
Authors: Bobzien Licia , Verwiebe Roland , Kalleitner Fabian
Published: February 2025

This visualization explores age-specific digital platform use among the German population, aged 18 to 74 years, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Sample. Focusing on time spent on social media, we show that nearly everyone uses digital platforms on a regular basis, with younger users spending significantly more time online. Moreover, YouTube is quite popular across all age groups, while younger users spend more time on platforms such as Instagram and TikTok. Focusing on subjective reasons for digital platform use, we show that younger individuals place more emphasis on information than on entertainment and state more often that they are actively posting, commenting, or sharing content, while older age groups are predominantly passive consumers on digital platforms.
How Point (Single-Probability) Tasks Are Affected by Probability Format, Part 1: A Making Numbers Meaningful Systematic Review
Authors: Ancker Jessica S. , Benda Natalie C. , Sharma Mohit M. , Johnson Stephen B. , Demetres Michelle , Delgado Diana , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J.
Published: February 2025

Background. To create guidance on the effect of data presentation format on communication of health numbers, the Making Numbers Meaningful project undertook a systematic review. Purpose. This article (one of a series) covers research studying so-called “point tasks,” in which a reader examines stimuli to obtain information about single probabilities. The current article presents the evidence on the effects of data presentation format on multiple outcomes: identification and recall, contrast, categorization, and computation. Data Sources. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, ERIC, ACM Digital Library; hand search of 4 journals. Finding Selection. Manual pairwise screening to identify experimental and quasi-experimental research comparing 2 or more formats for quantitative health information for patients or other lay audiences. This article reports on 218 findings from 99 articles on single probability communication. Data Extraction. Pairwise extraction of data on stimulus (data in a data presentation format), task, and perceptual/affective/cognitive/behavioral outcomes. Data Synthesis. Most evidence on these outcomes was weak or insufficient. There was moderate to strong evidence that 1) recall was better with icon arrays with human figures than icon arrays with blocks, 2) survival curves make it easier to identify points of highest survival than mortality curves (contrast outcome), 3) adding an average population probability to a message about an individual probability may not affect recall, 4) computation performance is better with bar charts combined with data labels than with either numbers or graphics alone, 5) computation performance with rates is better when denominators match, and 6) framing strongly affects risky choices (contrast). Limitations. Heterogeneous study designs reduced the ability to develop strong evidence. Conclusions. Few findings assessing identification or recall, contrast, categorization, or computation outcomes for point tasks were comparable enough to each other to generate strong evidence.

Highlights

Many researchers have studied the effects of data presentation formats of single probabilities on different outcomes. However, few findings are comparable enough to allow for strong evidence-based conclusions about the impact on identification, recall, contrast, categorization, and computation outcomes.
How Difference Tasks Are Affected by Probability Format, Part 1: A Making Numbers Meaningful Systematic Review
Authors: Benda Natalie C. , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J. , Sharma Mohit M. , Johnson Stephen B. , Demetres Michelle , Delgado Diana , Ancker Jessica S.
Published: February 2025

Background. To develop guidance on the effect of data presentation format on communication of health probabilities, the Making Numbers Meaningful project undertook a systematic review. Purpose. This article, one in a series, covers evidence about “difference tasks,” in which a reader examines a stimulus to evaluate differences between probabilities, such as the effect of a risk factor or therapy on the chance of a disease. This article covers the effect of format on 4 outcomes: 1) identifying a probability difference (identification) or recalling it (recall), 2) identifying the largest or smallest of a set of probability differences (contrast outcome), 3) placing a probability difference into a category such as “elevated” or “below average” (categorization outcome), and 4) performing computations (computation outcome). Data Sources. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, ERIC, ACM Digital Library; hand search of 4 journals. Finding Selection. Pairwise screening to identify experimental/quasi-experimental research comparing 2 or more formats for quantitative health information. This article reports on 53 findings derived from 35 unique studies reported in 32 papers. Data Extraction. Pairwise extraction of information on stimulus (data in a data presentation format), cognitive task, and perceptual, affective, cognitive, or behavioral outcomes. Data Synthesis. Most evidence involving outcomes of difference-level cognitive tasks was weak or insufficient. Evidence was strong that 1) computations involving differences are easier with rates per 10n than with percentages or 1 in X rates and 2) adding graphics to numbers makes it easier to perform difference-level computations. Limitations. A granular level of evidence syntheses leads to narrow guidance rather than broad statements. Conclusions. Although many studies examined differences between probabilities, few were comparable enough to generate strong evidence.

Highlights

Most evidence about the effect of format on ability to evaluate differences in probabilities was weak or insufficient because of too few comparable studies. Strong evidence showed that computations relevant to differences in probabilities are easier with rates per 10n than with 1 in X rates. Adding graphics to probabilities helps readers compute differences between probabilities.
Recentralisation in welfare? Measuring and comparing territorial governance change in Spain
Authors: Hernandez Jorge , Del Pino Eloísa , Ramos Juan A. , Colino César
Published: February 2025

Decentralisation was one of the more visible changes in Western welfare states from the 1970s to the 2000s and was viewed by some as an unstoppable trend. However, during the Great Recession, governmental responses to certain policy problems have called into question the decentralisation process through a series of recentralising changes in territorial governance in several multilevel systems. This article seeks to understand whether and how the territorial governance of the Welfare State has experienced a process of recentralisation by identifying and measuring three of its dimensions in the Spanish case. This is done by constructing an index of Social Policy Recentralisation (SPREI) and applying it to the healthcare and long-term care policies in Spain between 2010 and 2016. We observe a recentralisation process in the policies analysed with a differentiated scope and intensity in the different dimensions reflected in the proposed index.
Effects of caregiving burden on serum homocysteine and folate levels in spouses of patients with cognitive impairment
Authors: Jeong Ho Yeong , Park Shin Young , Kim Jeong Lan , Kim Sang Yoon , Jeon So Yeon
Published: February 2025

Background:

Spousal caregivers (SCGs) of patients with cognitive impairment are predisposed to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. Homocysteine and folate levels are potential modifiable biomarkers for these risks, given their associations with cardiovascular and cognitive health.

Objective:

This study aimed to examine the association of the caregiving burden with homocysteine and folate levels in SCGs.

Methods:

This study included 107 SCGs and their care recipients who visited the Chungnam National University Hospital between May 2020 and May 2023. The caregiving burden was quantified using the Zarit Burden Interview, and blood assays were performed after overnight fasting. We adjusted for the age and sex of SCGs and the clinical diagnosis of care recipients as covariates.

Results:

The caregiving burden of SCGs showed a significant positive correlation with their homocysteine level ( β = 0.219, t = 2.165, p = 0.033). In contrast, caregiving burden and folate showed an inverse correlation ( β = -0.207, t = -1.997, p = 0.049). Furthermore, the association between caregiving burden and homocysteine levels remained significant after including vascular risk score and physical activity level as covariates ( p = 0.042).

Conclusions:

Our findings indicate that the caregiving burden of SCGs in individuals with cognitive impairment is associated with elevated homocysteine levels and low folate levels, potentially exacerbating the risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring homocysteine and folate as modifiable biomarkers to address and potentially mitigate health risks in SCGs.
Nudging Perceived Credibility: The Impact of AIGC Labeling on User Distinction of AI-Generated Content
Authors: Li Fan , Yang Ya , Yu Guoming
Published: February 2025

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has made AI-generated content (AIGC) increasingly prevalent. However, misinformation created by AI has also gained significant traction in online consumption, while individuals often lack the skills and attribues needed to distinguish AIGC from traditional content. In response, current media practices have introduced AIGC labels as a potential intervention. This study investigates whether AIGC labels influence users’ perceptions of credibility, accounting for differences in prior experience and content categories. An online experiment was conducted to simulate a realistic media environment, involving 236 valid participants. The findings reveal that the main effect of AIGC labels on perceived credibility is not significant. However, both prior experience and content category show significant main effects ( P < .001), with participants who have greater prior experience perceiving nonprofit content as more credible. Two significant interaction effects were also identified: between content category and prior experience, and between AIGC labels and prior experience ( P < .001). Specifically, participants with limited prior experience exhibited notable differences in trust depending on the content category ( P < .001), while those with extensive prior experience showed no significant differences in trust across content categories ( P = .06). This study offers several key insights. First, AIGC labels serve as a viable and replicable intervention that does not significantly alter perceptions of credibility for AIGC. Second, by reshaping the choice architecture, AIGC labels can help address digital inequalities. Third, AIGC labeling extends alignment theory from implicit value alignment to explicit human–machine interaction alignment. Fourth, the long-term effects of AIGC labels, such as the potential for implicit truth effects with prolonged use, warrant further attention. Lastly, this study provides practical implications for media platforms, users, and policymakers.
Impact of the Stopcut project on the practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Southwest Nigeria: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Olunuga Oluwatomi , Robinson Rhoda , Ojajuni Paul , Opondo Winnie , Gitari Wendyjoy , Owolabi Isaiah , Izudi Jonathan , Okumu Boscow
Published: February 2025

Background

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful practice recognized as a gross violation of human rights and violence against women. Nigeria has been identified to share an overwhelming amount of burden as regards FGM/C. Despite several interventions having been implemented to tackle the practice of FGM/C, progress has been slow, and the results are generally mixed coupled with weak law enforcement, inadequate public awareness, and deeply rooted cultural beliefs. In response to these challenges, the StopCut project was launched to protect women and girls from FGM/C in Southwest Nigeria. This study examines the impact of the StopCut project on the practice of FGM/C in the region.

Methods

To measure the impact of the StopCut project, we used a quasi-experimental design specifically the Inverse Probability Weighting approach. A multistage sampling approach was used to collect data from 413 households across 12 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Nigeria. A well-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to FGM/C, and respondents’ attitudes towards reporting and continuing FGM/C.

Results

the study revealed that the StopCut project had significant positive impacts on knowledge and behaviour related to FGM/C. Specifically, the study revealed that participation in the project significantly increased knowledge of FGM/C consequences, awareness of the Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act, willingness to report FGM/C incidents, and reporting of FGM/C practices within families.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that the StopCut intervention effectively improved participants’ knowledge about FGM/C, legal frameworks, and reporting behaviour. The study thus highlights the need for a more comprehensive approach to challenging cultural beliefs and scaling up the interventions to other areas as well.
The effectiveness of a Kampo e-learning course incorporated into the medical education curriculum: a possible solution to instructor shortages and time constraints
Authors: Nakada Yoshinobu , Arai Makoto , Yamato Ippei , Nogami Tatsuya , Odaguchi Hiroshi , Taniguchi Daigo , Tomita Jun , Ishigami Tomoaki
Published: February 2025

Background

The shortage of instructors and time to teach traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine (KM) limits students’ understanding of its usefulness. We developed an e-learning course to solve this problem.

Methods

The Kampo e-learning course consists of 12 lessons on 10 essential Kampo formulas with related formulas, proper prescriptions, dosages, and adverse reactions, followed by review questions. After the course, and each student answers 10 additional clinical questions correctly, they are awarded a certificate of completion. This e-learning course was first taught in 2022. The students were informed before taking the course that points would be added to their final test scores with proof they completed the e-learning course. A total of 119 third-year Tokai University School of Medicine students participated. To evaluate the effectiveness of the e-learning course, they were each asked 5 clinical questions, randomly selected from 10 pooled questions, then 4 awareness questions on their interest in, the necessity for, and their understanding of KM, and their perceived usefulness of the course before and after taking it. Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used to compare the changes.

Results

The students’ pre- and post-course test scores were compared. The evaluations of “Interested in KM” and “Necessity of KM for clinical routines” and “Understanding how to use KM” improved significantly; however, “Usefulness of e-learning for studying Kampo medicine” did not change. Clinical question scores improved significantly.

Conclusions

All the students completed the course resulting in significantly higher scores, proving this course’s effectiveness. Developed not only for students but also for novices, this new Kampo e-learning course can be incorporated into regular curriculums and made an easily accessible tool in clinical settings.

Trial registration

This study is not a clinical trial but a kind of questionnaire survey, so that clinical trial number is not applicable.
Isolation and characterization of bovine coronavirus variants with mutations in the hemagglutinin-esterase gene in dairy calves in China
Authors: Zhao Long , Wang Dong , Jiang Huihua , Gu Qingyun , Gao Haihui , Zhang Liang , Liu Wenhui , Li Shengqing , Kang Xiaodong , Guo Kangkang
Published: February 2025

Background

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a causative agent of enteric and respiratory diseases in cattle and is responsible for severe economic losses. Recently, a novel BCoV variant with 12-nucleotide deletion or insertion in the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) receptor-binding domain (RBD) has emerged. However, the biological consequences of these deletions/insertions and the prevalence of these variants remain unknown. Here, 47 diarrheal and 47 nasal swab samples were collected from five cattle farms in various Ningxia, China regions to detect and isolate BCoV.

Results

Eleven complete HE genes and eight complete S genes were amplified from 34 BCoV-positive samples using RT-PCR. Eight BCoV strains were successfully isolated using HRT-18 cells, and four underwent genome sequencing. Three HE genes contained a 12-nucleotide insertion in the RBD, and a single HE gene contained a novel 12-nucleotide deletion. Phylogenetic analysis of genomes revealed that these HE-deletion/insertion variants do not share a common most recent ancestor with those reported from the US. Molecular docking results showed that the insertion of four additional amino acids between F211 and L212 increased the affinity of HE protein to O-acetylated sialic acid, which may be favorable for virion-particle attachment. Growth kinetics suggest that the HE-deletion variant had a non-cytopathic effect and lower virus titer.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that BCoV HE deleted/inserted variants are prevalent in cattle and exhibit various biological characteristics. We should be alert to these HE-variants with insertions or deletions in the RBD, which may increase the possibility of interspecies transmission.
Comparative toxicity study of three surface-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles following subacute inhalation
Authors: Schaudien Dirk , Hansen Tanja , Tillmann Thomas , Pohlmann Gerd , Kock Heiko , Creutzenberg Otto
Published: February 2025

Background

This study aimed to compare the toxic effects of three different titanium dioxide nanoparticles encoded in the European nanomaterial repository as NM-103 (rutile, hydrophobic), NM-104 (rutile, hydrophilic), and NM-105 (anatase/rutile, hydrophilic), suggesting different toxic potentials after uptake in the lungs. Wistar rats were exposed by nose-only inhalation to aerosol concentrations of 3, 12 and 48 mg/m3 for 4 weeks. This dosing scheme should induce non, partial and complete lung overload. The 4-week inhalation period was followed by 3-, 45- and 94-day exposure-free periods. Investigations according to the OECD 412 guideline were performed. Additional examinations, such as transmission electron microscopy and image analysis of tissue slides and cytospots, were performed to reveal possible differences among the three particle types.

Results

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the groups exposed to low concentrations of NM-103 or NM-104 presented slight inflammation. In the mid- and high-exposure groups, this was also present for the NM-105 group, however, weaker than those of NM-103 and NM-104.

Histologically, all three groups presented similar distributions of particles in the respiratory tract. Although marginal differences in the degree of some changes exist, no obvious differences in the degree or characteristics of the induced lesions were observable. In general, compared with the higher exposure groups, all the middle exposure groups presented a greater accumulation and aggregation of macrophages at the terminal bronchi. Using transmission electron microscopy, particles were detected mainly in intraalveolar macrophages, followed by type 1 pneumocytes in the low- and mid-concentration groups and intraalveolar free particles in the high-concentration groups. Compared with the other groups, the NM-103 group presented greater numbers of free particles in the alveoli and fewer in the macrophages.

With image analysis, the movement of particles to the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes could be detected comparably for the three different particle types.

Conclusions

The no observed adverse effect concentration was 3 mg/m3 for all three different TiO2 particles. Despite minimal differences, a ranking mainly based on granulocyte influx into the lung was NM-104 > NM-103 > NM-105.
Hematological reference intervals for Danish crossbred Landrace Yorkshire Duroc (LYD) pigs used in biomedical research
Authors: Præstegaard Kirstine Færgemand , Winther-Larsen Anne , Kousholt Birgitte Saima
Published: February 2025

Background

The health and welfare of pigs used in biomedical research is essential to research quality and compliance with the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement). Hematological variables are objective markers to quantitatively determine health issues and evaluate physiological differences before and after experimental procedures. There are no recent validated hematologic reference intervals (RIs) published for Danish crossbred Landrace Yorkshire Duroc (LYD) pigs to aid researchers and veterinarians in their decision-making. The objective of this study was to establish hematologic RIs for LYD pigs used for biomedical research. Blood samples were collected from healthy female LYD pigs (35–65 kg) and analyzed using the in-house ProCyte Dx Hematology Analyzer. Means with 90% confidence intervals for lower and upper limits were calculated according to guidelines by the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology.

Results

Inspection of 141 pigs led to 133 blood samples available for analyses after exclusions due to clinical signs of disease, inadequate tube filling or presence of macroscopic clots. Thirty-two samples reported platelet abnormalities and upon further investigation these samples were excluded when calculating RIs for platelets and platelet indices. Other measurements were not affected. The RI for red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and white blood cells were 5.10–7.00 × 106/µL, 9.36–12.29 g/dL, 30.46–40.47%, and 11.73–25.00 × 103/µL, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study provides RIs for hematological variables in LYD pigs, revealing significant differences from published RIs of other breeds. These findings highlight the influence of factors like age, breed and health status on measurements, emphasizing the importance of using breed-specific RIs. This research supports the 3Rs, guiding better animal care and enhancing overall research quality.
High seroprevalence of selected vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands
Authors: Kelly Maureen A. , Anderson Kris , Saleh Meriam N. , Ramos Rafael A. N. , Valeris-Chacin Robert J. , Budke Christine M. , Verocai Guilherme G.
Published: February 2025

Background

Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods such as ticks and mosquitoes. Many CVBDs, including dirofilariosis, anaplasmosis, and ehrlichiosis, are globally distributed and may cause a variety of clinical signs in dogs. Several CVBD agents are zoonotic, making epidemiological surveillance a joint veterinary and public health effort. In this study, we determined the seropositivity of four pathogens from dogs on Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, a US Commonwealth located in the western Pacific Ocean.

Methods

Blood samples (n = 443) were collected from client-owned, owner surrendered, and shelter dogs that participated in an island-wide spay-and-neuter event in 2023. All samples were assessed using a commercial, point-of-care enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test (SNAP® 4Dx® Plus, IDEXX Laboratory, Westbrook, Maine, USA) to detect the Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Risk factors were assessed for each pathogen through a univariate analysis, followed by a multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Overall, 66.1% (n = 300/443) of the dogs tested positive for at least one pathogen, with the highest prevalence observed for Ehrlichia spp. (58.0%; n = 246/443), followed by Anaplasma spp. (43.1%; n = 184/443) and D. immitis (14.8%; n = 63/443). Among the dogs with a single pathogen detected (30.9%; n = 137/443), Ehrlichia spp. was most prevalent (64.9%; n = 89/137), followed by Anaplasma spp. (23.3%; n = 32/137) and D. immitis (11.6%; n = 16/137). For co-detection of two or more pathogens (36.7%; n = 163/443), Ehrlichia spp. + Anaplasma spp. presented the highest frequency (70.5%; n = 115/163), followed by Ehrlichia spp. + D. immitis (6.7%; n = 11/163), Anaplasma spp. + D. immitis (3.6%; n = 6/163), and Ehrlichia spp. + Anaplasma spp. + D. immitis (19.0%; n = 31/163). Age (P = < 0.001), residing district (P = 0.001), and ownership status (P = < 0.001) were significantly associated with D. immitis positive status in a univariable analysis. Age (P = < 0.001), residing district (P = 0.177), and ownership status (P = 0.014) were significant in a univariable analysis with Ehrlichia spp. as an outcome. Finally, Anaplasma spp. had a significant association with ownership status (P = < 0.001) as a risk factor in a univariable analysis.

Conclusions

This study shows high seropositivity for CVBPs in a dog population living in a poorly studied area. The results of this study suggest that strategies for the prevention and control of these CVBDs should be reinforced on the Island of Saipan.

Graphical Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii ROP18 induces maternal–fetal dysfunction by downregulating CD73 expression on decidual macrophages
Authors: Guo Jingjing , Wang Xiaohui , Wei Lei , Li Shuai , Wang Junwei , Zhang Yan , Yang Ruohan , Zhang Han , Xu Aiqun , Jiang Yuzhu , Hu Xuemei
Published: February 2025

Background

Decidual macrophages (dMφ) are pivotal in maintaining maternal–fetal immune tolerance during normal pregnancy by expressing a range of immune-suppressive molecules, including CD73. It has been demonstrated that Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection during pregnancy can impair dMφ function, potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes, through downregulation of these inhibitory molecules. T. gondii rhoptry protein 18 (TgROP18), a key virulence factor of T. gondii, is associated with the incapacitation of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses to protect the parasite from elimination. However, the role of TgROP18 in modulating CD73 expression on dMφ and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

Methods

Wild-type (WT) and CD73-deficient (CD73−/−) pregnant mice were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of T. gondii RH or RH-Δrop18 on gestational day (Gd) 8, and subsequently euthanized on Gd 14. Pregnancy outcomes were then evaluated, and the expression levels of CD73, arginase 1 (Arg-1), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were quantified by flow cytometry. Mononuclear cells isolated from the human aborted decidual tissues were also infected with T. gondii RH or RH-Δrop18 for the analysis of CD73 expression with flow cytometry. Additionally, infected human dMφ were used to assess the expression levels of CD73, Arg-1, IL-10, and their associated signaling molecules by western blot analysis. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to validate the involved signaling pathways.

Results

Compared with the T. gondii RH-infected group, milder adverse pregnancy outcomes and attenuated expression levels of CD73 on dMφ were observed in T. gondii RH-Δrop18-infected pregnant mice and human decidual tissues. Lysine-specific histone demethylase1 (LSD1) and snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAIL1) were found to be involved in the downregulation of CD73 expression on dMφ following T. gondii infection. Subsequently, reduced expression of CD73 contribute to the downregulation of Arg-1 and IL-10 expression through adenosine A2a receptor (A2AR) / protein kinase A (PKA) / phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB) / CCAAT enhancer binding protein B (C/EBPβ) pathway.

Conclusions

TgROP18 can significantly reduce CD73 expression on dMφ through LSD1/SNAIL1 pathway, subsequently leading to the decreased expression levels of Arg-1 and IL-10 via adenosine/A2AR/PKA/p-CREB/C/EBPβ pathway, which ultimately contributes to maternal–fetal tolerance dysfunction of dMφ.

Graphical Abstract
AI for the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill and surgical patients: focus on clinical applications
Authors: Michard Frederic , Mulder Marijn P. , Gonzalez Filipe , Sanfilippo Filippo
Published: February 2025

Several artificial intelligence (AI)-driven tools have emerged for the hemodynamic evaluation of critically ill and surgical patients. This article provides an overview of current developments and potential clinical applications of machine learning (ML) for blood pressure measurements, hypotension prediction, hemodynamic profiling, and echocardiography. ML algorithms have shown promise in enabling continuous, non-invasive blood pressure monitoring by analyzing pulse oximetry waveforms, though these methods require periodic calibration with traditional oscillometric brachial cuffs. Additionally, a variety of ML models have been trained to forecast impending hypotension. However, clinical research indicates that these algorithms often primarily rely on mean arterial pressure, leading to questions about their added predictive value. The issue of false-positive alerts is also significant and can result in unwarranted clinical interventions. In terms of hemodynamic profiling, ML algorithms have been proposed to automatically classify patients into specific hemodynamic endotypes. However, current evidence suggests these models tend to replicate conventional hemodynamic profiles found in medical textbooks or depicted on advanced hemodynamic monitors. This raises questions about their practical clinical utility, especially given occasional discrepancies that could impact treatment decisions. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has gained traction for evaluating cardiac function in patients experiencing circulatory shock. ML algorithms now embedded in some POCUS systems can assist by recognizing ultrasound images, guiding users for optimal imaging, automating and reducing the variability of key echocardiographic measurements. These capabilities are especially beneficial for novice operators, potentially enhancing accuracy and confidence in clinical decision-making. In conclusion, while several AI-based technologies show promise for refining hemodynamic assessment in both critically ill and surgical patients, their clinical value varies. Comprehensive validation studies and real-world testing are essential to identify which innovations will genuinely contribute to improving the quality of care.
Safety and effectiveness of triple-drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole in reducing lymphatic filariasis prevalence and clearing circulating filarial antigens in Mombasa, Kenya
Authors: Khaemba Christabel , Njenga Sammy M. , Omondi Wyckliff P. , Kirui Elvis , Oluka Margaret , Guantai Anastacia , Aklillu Eleni
Published: February 2025

Background

In 2018, Kenya introduced triple-drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole (IDA) through mass drug administration (MDA) to accelerate the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). This community-based surveillance study assessed the safety and effectiveness of IDA-MDA in reducing LF-antigenemia prevalence and circulating filarial antigens (CFA) clearance among LF infected individuals.

Methods

A total of 8928 residents in Mombasa, Kenya, were screened for CFA using the Filarial Test Strip: 3464 were screened in 2018 and 5464 in 2021 after two annual IDA-MDA rounds. CFA-positive individuals in 2021 were re-tested at two and four months of post-MDA for CFA-clearance rates. Adverse events (AEs) associated with IDA-MDA were monitored via door-to-door visits on days 1, 2, and 7 post-MDA to document the incidence, type and risk factors. Efficacy outcomes included post-MDA LF-antigenemia prevalence reduction after two rounds of annual MDA and CFA clearance rate. Chi-square test compared proportions, and logistic regression analysis identified AE predictors.

Results

LF antigenemia prevalence significantly decreased from 1.39% (n = 48) in 2018 to 0.66% (n = 36) in 2021 [P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI) for difference in proportions: 0.003–0.012]. CFA clearance rates were 63.2% (12/19, 95% CI: 41.0–80.1%) at 2 months and 68.4% (13/19, 95% CI: 46.0–86.6%) at 4 months post-MDA. Among 53 CFA-positive individuals monitored, the cumulative 7-day AE incidence was 37.7% (95% CI: 25.6–51.7), higher than the general population’s 27.3% (95% CI: 26.4–28.2). Common AEs included nausea (11.3%), diarrhea (11.3%), abdominal pain (7.6%), and headache (5.7%). Risk factors for AEs included age, overweight status, concomitant medication use, chronic illness, and fasting before MDA.

Conclusions

Triple therapy with IDA is safe and well-tolerated, with some mild-to-moderate and transient adverse events among LF-infected individuals. The high incidence of AEs highlights the need for safety monitoring during MDA. The significant reductions in LF antigenemia prevalence and high CFA clearance rates underscore IDA's effectiveness in reducing LF transmission, positioning it as a key strategy for eliminating LF as a public health problem by 2030.

Graphical abstract
Blood group diversity in Borneo
Authors: Assyuhada Mat Ghani Siti Nor , Hajar Che Ghazali Norul , ‘Adani Sanusi Nurul , Hassan Mohd Nazri , Mohammad Isa Nilie Syamila , Ali Nur Saiyidah Hanisah , Mohamad Siti Aisyah , Aziz Mohd Yusmaidie , Furqoni Abdul Hadi , Chambers Geoffrey Keith , Zulkafli Zefarina , Edinur Hisham Atan
Published: February 2025

Background

Protein and glycoprotein antigens on the surface of red blood cells are encoded by highly polymorphic genes in human nuclear genomes. Allelic variants of the blood group genes are known to be distributed differently across populations. Consequently, they are widely used for ancestral analyses and for designing donor recruitment strategies. In Malaysia, blood group allele frequency population data are available for many population groups in Peninsular Malaysia, but not for those from Sabah and Sarawak of Borneo. Thus, this study contributes to a wider systematic collection of blood group data and expands the range of analyses.

Aim

This study determined the allele frequencies of nine clinically significant blood group systems (Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, Dombrock, Colton, Lutheran, Cartwright and Vel) in the Bajau, Kadazan-Dusun, Murut and Melanau populations of Borneo.

Results

Many of the blood group systems examined here are polymorphic in the Bajau, Kadazan-Dusun, Murut and Melanau except for Kell, Colton, Lutheran, Cartwright and Vel. Population data mapping shows that these four populations are more closely related to other Austronesian populations, than other linguistically and historically unrelated population groups in Malaysia and elsewhere.

Conclusions

In this study, we have successfully typed variants that determine Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, Dombrock, Colton, Lutheran, Cartwright and Vel blood group systems in the samples collected from unrelated Bajau, Kadazan-Dusun, Murut and Melanau individuals of Borneo. Many of these blood group systems were observed to be polymorphic in these populations. These findings are similar to those reported for other population groups in Peninsular Malaysia. Clinical complications that are more likely to arise in these people (gestation and transfusion alloimmunizations as well as risk to diseases) should be considered by health practitioners, healthcare providers and healthcare policy makers based on our observations.

Graphical abstract
Comparison of prognosis between epidermal growth factor mutation positive and negative groups in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases
Authors: Unat Damla Serçe , Arikan Şener , Kirbiyik Özgür , Balci Günseli , Ermin Sinem , Mertoğlu Aydan
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Brain metastasis (BM) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still an important reason for morbidity and mortality despite the advances in cancer treatment. Using tyrosine kinase inhibitors against epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) mutations revolutionized NSCLC treatment. We investigated whether the presence of EGFR mutation influences survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with BM.

Material and methods

The data of the patients with pathological diagnoses of NSCLC and BM at tertiary hospitals were analyzed retrospectively in terms of survival. A total of 2554 patients diagnosed with NSCLC pathologically between 01 January 2010 and 01 January 2021 were identified. After the exclusion of patients with a lack of data, unknown EGFR mutation status, no brain metastasis, and additional malignancy 336 patients were included in the study.

Results

It was found that EGFR ( +) patients were more female dominant (48.6% vs 13.3% p < 0.0001) and were have less history of smoking (47.2% vs 87.1%, p < 0.0001) and were better survival (79.2% vs 92.8%). We found negativity of EGFR increased death risk by 1.700 times (95% CI 1.323–2.183, p < 0.0001) in univariate analysis and by 1.724 times (95% CI 1.251–2.377, p = 0.0001) in multivariate analysis. When overall survivals were compared estimated overall survival time of EGFR ( −) patients was 10.088 (95% CI 8.571–11.606) months and of EGFR ( +) patients was 11.829 months (95% CI 10.336–13.323) (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

EGFR positivity was associated with survival. Also, survival was significantly longer in EGFR-positive patients with brain metastases diagnosed with NSCLC.