bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of sugar-induced influx in the mammalian fructose transporter GLUT5
Authors: McComas Sarah E , Reichenbach Tom , Mitrovic Darko , Alleva Claudia , Bonaccorsi Marta , Delemotte Lucie , Drew David
Published: July 2023

In mammals, glucose transporters (GLUT) control organism-wide blood-glucose homeostasis. In human, this is accomplished by 14 different GLUT isoforms, that transport glucose and other monosaccharides with varying substrate preferences and kinetics. Nevertheless, there is little difference between the sugar-coordinating residues in the GLUT proteins and even the malarial Plasmodium falciparum transporter PfHT1, which is uniquely able to transport a wide range of different sugars. PfHT1 was captured in an intermediate ‘occluded’ state, revealing how the extracellular gating helix TM7b has moved to break and occlude the sugar-binding site. Sequence difference and kinetics indicated that the TM7b gating helix dynamics and interactions likely evolved to enable substrate promiscuity in PfHT1, rather than the sugar-binding site itself. It was unclear, however, if the TM7b structural transitions observed in PfHT1 would be similar in the other GLUT proteins. Here, using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the fructose transporter GLUT5 spontaneously transitions through an occluded state that closely resembles PfHT1. The coordination of D-fructose lowers the energetic barriers between the outward- and inward-facing states, and the observed binding mode for D-fructose is consistent with biochemical analysis. Rather than a substrate-binding site that achieves strict specificity by having a high affinity for the substrate, we conclude GLUT proteins have allosterically coupled sugar binding with an extracellular gate that forms the high-affinity transition-state instead. This substrate-coupling pathway presumably enables the catalysis of fast sugar flux at physiological relevant blood-glucose concentrations.
Long-term hematopoietic transfer of the anti-cancer and lifespan-extending capabilities of a genetically engineered blood system by transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells
Authors: Wang Jing-Ping , Hung Chun-Hao , Liou Yae-Huei , Liu Ching-Chen , Yeh Kun-Hai , Wang Keh-Yang , Lai Zheng-Sheng , Chatterjee Biswanath , Hsu Tzu-Chi , Lee Tung-Liang , Shyu Yu-Chiau , Hsiao Pei-Wen , Chen Liuh-Yow , Chuang Trees-Juen , Yu Chen-Hsin Albert , Liao Nan-Shih , Shen C-K James
Published: July 2023

A causal relationship exists among the aging process, organ decay and disfunction, and the occurrence of various diseases including cancer. A genetically engineered mouse model, termed Klf1K74R/K74R or Klf1(K74R), carrying mutation on the well-conserved sumoylation site of the hematopoietic transcription factor KLF1/EKLF has been generated that possesses extended lifespan and healthy characteristics, including cancer resistance. We show that the healthy longevity characteristics of the Klf1(K74R) mice, as exemplified by their higher anti-cancer capability, are likely gender-, age-, and genetic background-independent. Significantly, the anti-cancer capability, in particular that against melanoma as well as hepatocellular carcinoma, and lifespan-extending property of Klf1(K74R) mice, could be transferred to wild-type mice via transplantation of their bone marrow mononuclear cells at a young age of the latter. Furthermore, NK(K74R) cells carry higher in vitro cancer cell-killing ability than wild-type NK cells. Targeted/global gene expression profiling analysis has identified changes in the expression of specific proteins, including the immune checkpoint factors PDCD and CD274, and cellular pathways in the leukocytes of the Klf1(K74R) that are in the directions of anti-cancer and/or anti-aging. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a transferable hematopoietic/blood system for long-term anti-cancer and, potentially, for anti-aging.
BATF relieves hepatic steatosis by inhibiting PD1 and promoting energy metabolism
Authors: Zhang Zhiwang , Liao Qichao , Pan Tingli , Yu Lin , Luo Zupeng , Su Songtao , Liu Shi , Hou Menglong , Li Yixing , Damba Turtushikh , Liang Yunxiao , Zhou Lei
Published: July 2023

The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a global health threat that needs to be addressed urgently. Basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (BATF) is commonly thought to be involved in immunity, but its effect on lipid metabolism is not clear. Here, we investigated the function of BATF in hepatic lipid metabolism. BATF alleviated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and inhibited elevated programmed cell death protein (PD)1 expression induced by HFD. A mechanistic study confirmed that BATF regulated fat accumulation by inhibiting PD1 expression and promoting energy metabolism. PD1 antibodies alleviated hepatic lipid deposition. In conclusion, we identified the regulatory role of BATF in hepatic lipid metabolism and that PD1 is a target for alleviation of NAFLD. This study provides new insights into the relationship between BATF, PD1, and NAFLD.
Flying squirrels, hidden treasures
Authors: Chow Pizza Ka Yee
Published: July 2023

In the rain forests of Hainan, China, two species of squirrel create grooves on the surface of smooth nuts so that they can wedge them in the forks between branches.
Årsrapport 2019
Authors: Solberg Tore K. , Olsen Lena Ringstad , Thyrhaug Anette Moltu
Published: July 2023

Nasjonalt kvalitetsregister for ryggkirurgi (NKR) har som mål å forbedre kvaliteten på rygg- og nakkekirurgi ved norske sykehus. For NKR degenerativ nakke var tilslutningen ved sykehusavdelingene 100 % og dekningsgraden var 82 % på individnivå i 2019. Tilsvarende tall for NKR degenerativ rygg var 95 % og 69 %. Samtlige sykehus i Helse Nord, seks sykehus i Helse Sør-Øst og tre sykehus i Helse Vest har uakseptabel lav dekningsgrad. Rygg- og nakkeopererte opplever en sterk, klinisk relevant og statistisk signifikant forbedring av smerterelatert funksjon i dagliglivets aktiviteter, livskvalitet og arbeidsevne etter operasjonen. Dette er stabilt fra år til år. Det er små forskjeller i behandlingsresultatet ved ulike sykehus bedømt ut fra endringer i pasientrapporterte effektmål (PROM), både for rygg- og nakkekirurgi. En god del av variasjonen kan forklares av at pasientpopulasjonene er forskjellige og at indikasjonsstillingen for kirurgi er ulik.
Årsrapport 2020
Authors: Solberg Tore K. , Ingebrigtsen Tor , Olsen Lena Ringstad , Thyrhaug Anette Moltu
Published: July 2023

Nasjonalt kvalitetsregister for ryggkirurgi ble opprettet i 2007 og utvidet til å inkludere nakkekirurgi i 2012. Registeret har som mål å forbedre kvaliteten på kirurgisk behandling av degenerative rygg- og nakkelidelser. Registeret måler pasientrapporterte utfall (PROM) og erfaringer (PREM) med validerte skårer. Datakvaliteten er god med dokumentert aktualitet, korrekthet, reliabilitet, kompletthet og sammenlignbarhet.
Assessment and Physiotherapeutic Intervention for Patellofemoral Pain and Muscle Performance DeficitsA Case Report
Authors: Jafri Umra , Khan Ashfaque , Iqbal Mohd Javed , Maurya Neeraj Kumar , Khan Abdur Raheem
Published: July 2023

Patellofemoral pain can lead to knee pain, mobility and muscle performance deficits. It is caused by mechanical and chemical imbalances within the patellofemoral joint. Physiotherapeutic intervention plays an important role in managing these deficits. In this case, physiotherapeutic interventional prescription was used on the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model. Assessment based on the ICF is a framework for describing and organising information on functioning and disability. A 55-year-old female with right peripatellar pain was examined using the ICF model for patellofemoral pain and muscle performance deficits. The components observed were correlated with the ICF model. On the basis of ICF-based assessment results, body function diminished in the form of decreased muscle strength and knee Range Of Motion (ROM) with the presence of pain. Functional activity limitations are present in the form of squatting and stair climbing. Other associated findings are mild patellofemoral swelling and quadriceps wasting. This case study found that muscle performance deficits caused by patellofemoral pain can be managed by eight weeks of ICF-based physiotherapeutic intervention that follows physiotherapeutic elements of prescription.
The Prevalence of Malocclusion among Sixand Nine-year-old School-going Children of Visakhapatnam: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Vudata Usha Kiran , Vanga Narsimha Rao V , Chandrabhatla Srinivas Kumar
Published: July 2023

Introduction: Malocclusion profoundly impacts a child’s emotional well-being and affects an individual’s quality of life. Early identification improves the chances of organising preventive and interceptive treatment to limit the intensity of developmental aberrations. The data for malocclusion among children of Visakhapatnam is lacking. Aim: To study and evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and ascertain gender dimorphism among six- and nine-year-old school-going children of Visakhapatnam. Materials and Methodols: A cross-sectional, double-stage sample study was conducted among 616 school-going children of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, by a single calibrated examiner using a modified Index for Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontic Needs (IPION). IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0, was used to analyse data and Pearson’s chi-square test to elicit gender differences in the prevalence of malocclusion traits. Results: Prevalence among six-year-old children: interproximal caries-38.4%, premature tooth loss-10.1%, supernumerary teeth-0.3%, upper molar rotation-0.3%, lower molar tipping-2%, anterior crossbite-2.7%, posterior crossbite-0.7%, overjet more than 3 mm-5.1%, overbite more than 2/3rd-8.4%, open bite-2%, incompetent lips-13.8%. Prevalence among nine-year-old children: interproximal caries-49.5%, premature tooth loss-8.8%, active frenum-2.8%, supernumerary teeth-0.6%, diastema-3.4%, upper molar rotation-2.2%, lower molar tipping-5%, impended eruption of first permanent molar-1.3%, overjet more than 3 mm11%, overbite more than 2/3rd-12.5%, open bite-2.2%, anterior crossbite-8.2%, posterior crossbite tendency-3.1%, Class I-75.6%, Class II-18.8%, Class III (functional shift)-0.6%, Class III (no functional shift)-3.76%, incompetent lips-16.3%. Conclusion: Children from both cohorts demonstrated malocclusion traits. The nine-year-old group had greater prevalence for all components examined except premature tooth loss. No statistically significant gender dimorphism was found in both cohorts.
Preoperative Nebulisation with Dexmedetomidine to Prevent Postoperative Sore Throat in Patients Undergoing General Anaesthesia
Authors: Vazhakalayil Subha Teresa Jose , Kore Shilpa , Joey Anilin , Palal Deepu
Published: July 2023

Introduction: Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological ways have been used to prevent Post-Operative Sore Throat (POST). Post-Operative Sore Throat (POST) can be prevented with or without medical management. Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha 2 adrenergic agonists which can be used for pre-operative nebulization to prevent POST. Dexmedetomidine absorption will be greater through transmucosal route as it is a highly lipid soluble agent. It is a highly lipid soluble agent with good systemic absorption during transmucosal administration. Aim: To assess the efficacy of dexmedetomidine nebulisation in reducing POST in patient who require general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: This randomized control study was conducted from January 2022 to March 2022. There were 60 patients separated into 2 groups and 30 patients in each. The patients were of age more than 18 years and belonged to American society of Anesthesiology (ASA) grade I and II, posted for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Group D was given dexmedetomidine 50 mcg (1 ml) with 3 ml of saline and made it total volume of 4 ml nebulisation and Group C was given 4 ml of saline nebulisation. Sore throat was evaluated at 0, 2nd,4th,6th,12th and 24th hour after extubation, during the post-operative period. Results: Mean age (SD) of patients in group D was 33.5±12.9 years and that in group C was 36.83±14.5years (P value=0.23). During post operative period, the severeness of sore throat was remarkably lesser in Group D especially from 4th hour upto 24th hour. Severeness of POST was remarkably lesser in group D compared to group C patients over the 4th -24th hours. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine nebulisation given prior to surgery is beneficial in reducing POST, with minimal haemodynamic disturbance. Dexmedetomidine in nebulised form is therefore a safe option for lowering POST
THE BEGINNINGS OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IN INTERWAR POLAND – AN INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Authors: PASTERSKI Bartosz
Published: July 2023

This article presents the circumstances of the birth of occupational medicine in the interwar period in Poland. The first regulations concerning preventive examinations of young employees were created on the basis of the Act of July 2, 1924, concerning the work of minors and women. This act imposed an obligation on business entities to carry out free medical examinations for minors as ordered by the labor inspector. The first examination of underage employees was carried out in 1926. However, compliance with the laws and orders of the labor inspectorate during the interwar period left much to be desired. There was a shortage of doctors in the labor inspectorate, and a shortage of specialized medics to carry out the examinations. Despite the difficulties, the period in question saw the successful introduction of compulsory medical examinations for young workers. In 1930, 16,121 underage employees were diagnosed in this way. The interwar years also saw the first initiatives resulting from an increased awareness of preventive care for adult workers.
RANSOMWARE ATTACKS AS A CYBERSECURITY INSURANCE COVERAGE THREAT
Authors: PAUCH Dariusz
Published: July 2023

The main purpose of this article is to analyze ransomware risk and its impact on the loss ratio in cyber insurance. To achieve this goal, the article indicates the scale of the threat of ransomware attacks and the prospects for change in the field of cyber insurance protection. Methodologically, the focus is on analysis and literature studies in order to properly describe and classify cyber threats, including ransomware risk. Statistical data were analyzed to find the scale of ransomware threats. Through the analysis, attention was drawn to the need for changes in the approach to cyber risk by both entrepreneurs and insurance companies. The originality of the study lies in its attempt to capture the necessity of changes in the field of cyber insurance, and justify their introduction. A research gap was identified, as the problem of ransomware attacks became particularly acute during the COVID-19 pandemic.
THE TRANSPORT OF UKRAINIAN GRAIN THROUGH POLAND AND THE DOMESTIC GRAIN MARKET
Authors: SADŁOWSKI Adrian , BRDULAK Jacek , BUDZYŃSKA Anna
Published: July 2023

The aim of this paper is to identify the potential of the Ukrainian grain transport route through Poland, and to predict the effects of using this route for the domestic grain market. Analytical methods are used in the research, including SWOT analysis and variant analysis. It is found that, even with a certain organizational and investment effort, the route through Poland may be, at most, a significant supplement to other export routes. The available transport, reloading, and storage reserves are small when set against the scale of needs related to the replacement of traditional export routes through Ukrainian ports on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Conclusions are also formulated about the impact of Ukrainian grain transport on the domestic grain market in various scenario options (direct transit, indirect transit, and “penetration” of goods into the Polish market).
THE GRASS SUFFERS WHEN ELEPHANTS FIGHT: LESSONS FOR AFRICA FROM THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT
Authors: THUSI Xolani , MLAMBO Victor H.
Published: July 2023

Hunger, poverty, malnutrition, and unstable food systems are among the societal challenges facing the African continent. These difficulties result from Africa’s inability to address external shocks such as poor economic growth and widespread conflict. Furthermore, the continent is still recovering from the Covid-19 pandemic, which devastated its developmental prospects. Increased dependence on Russia and Ukraine for vital supplies such as wheat and sunflower oil has exacerbated Africa’s food insecurity crisis. This paper examines how the Russia-Ukraine conflict has affected Africa’s food supply and how, in the future, the continent can secure food supply in times of uncertainty. The authors submit that Africa must improve its agricultural production systems to reduce reliance on other countries and promote long-term food supply.
GENDER INEQUALITIES IN THE LIGHT OF EU GENDER MAINSTREAMING ACTIVITIES
Authors: WIECZOREK-SZYMAŃSKA Anna
Published: July 2023

This article aims to analyze the scope of equal access to various spheres of socio-economic life among men and women in the 27 EU member states. The theoretical part of this paper is based on a literature review; the empirical part is based on the data collected from secondary data analysis. Secondary data were gathered mainly from related research articles and websites, and Global Gender Gap Reports for 2018–2022. The research shows that both gender equality and women’s rights are fundamental principles in the European Union, and many initiatives have been implemented to reduce gender inequalities. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that gender inequality is still present in many aspects of life in EU countries: in the labor market, education, health, and political empowerment.
Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Spirulina platensis Based on Calcination Temperature Changes and Its Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Sari Lusi Mustika , Rilda Yetria , Armaini
Published: July 2023

The effect of different calcination temperatures on molecular structure, morphology, and antioxidant activity was investigated for Zinc Oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the sol-gel method and the capping agent Spirulina platensis. The prepared nanoparticle ZnO was calcined at 160°C, 300°C, and 600°C according to the results of the DTA-TGA analysis. The effect of different calcination temperatures on the characterization of the prepared samples was studied using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). In addition, the potential antioxidant activity of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated using the DPPH method. The results showed that FT-IR and XRD confirmed the presence of ZnO nanoparticles with good purity and small crystal size found in calcified ZnO nanoparticles at 600°C. FE-SEM confirmed the morphology ZnO nanoparticle produced at 600°C calcination are spherics, cubes, and nanorods with different particle sizes with range 50 – 150 nm. ZnO nanoparticles calcined at 600°C also showed higher antioxidant activity when compared to other calcination temperatures.
Climate-Resilient Adaptation Strategies in Potato Production and Major Factors Influencing It in Karnataka, India
Authors: Kumar H. R. Harish , Pavan V. , Yeshwanth Raghuramreddy
Published: July 2023

The World is already experiencing climate change and it has profound effects on both agriculture and horticulture. Hence present study attempts to identify climate resilient adaptation strategies in potato production and major factors influencing it in Karnataka, India. For the study Kolar and Hassan districts were selected based on their climate vulnerability status and potato crop was selected for the analysis. Primary data for the study were collected from 160 sample respondents through well structure, pre-tested interview schedule during 2021-22. To achieve the proposed objectives, descriptive statistics such as percentage and binary logistic regression was employed. The study identified six major climate-resilient adaptation strategies adopted by the respondents in potato cultivation such as early sowing, more than the recommended dose of pesticide application, preventive plant protection measures (in advance), improving water captures, drying of seed tubers before sowing and adapting heat/drought resistant varieties. Among six strategies, majority (92.50 % of Kolar and 72.50 % of Hassan) of the respondents adopted improving water captures as a major adaptation strategy.  Binary regression revealed that education (0.5893), family size (0.7592), farming experience (1.0938), access to weather alerts (2.0914), and awareness of climate change (1.3409) had positive and significant impact on adaptation behavior of the sample respondents (pooled).
Agricultural Water Footprint Studies for Sustainable Agricultural Water Management -A Review
Authors: Singh Dharmendra Kumar , Shivam  , Singh Vikas Kumar , Singh Vijay Kumar , Kumar Manish , Mishra Pramod Kumar
Published: July 2023

Water footprint is defined as the amount of water consumed in production of any agricultural or industrial produce. It accounts the water consumed directly and indirectly for producing any industrial and agricultural product. Water footprint analysis helps in planning of the optimum utilization of water in any sector which subsequently leads to sustainable management of water resources. This review paper provides a review on the Water Footprint estimation methodology its merit and shortcomings, practical challenges with available data and resources for Indian context and worldwide. With increasing population and industrialization, availability of water and its judicious distribution is becoming challenging for the policy makers and strategist. Water foot print mapping of major crops will be helpful for development of new varieties which will be having higher yield with less water consumption. Traditional water consumption statistics, policies and awareness drives focuses on reducing water wastage and improving water use efficiency in domestic and industrial water use. Water footprint studies for various regions of India find that climate change and agricultural practices has significantly reduced the water consumption.
A Review of the Complications of Endomyocardial Fibrosis along with Their Physiological Compromise
Authors: Nabhani Hassan
Published: July 2023

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a cardiac condition characterized by the presence of fibrous tissue in the myocardium and endocardium, resulting in restricted heart function. This review focuses on the prevalence of EMF, which primarily affects the young population but can also be found in older individuals. The disease is most commonly observed in underdeveloped regions such as Uganda, Mozambique, South Asia, and South America. Recent studies have aimed to comprehensively understand this condition, and this review examines the complications associated with EMF based on case studies, clinical trials, experiments, and research. These complications include heart failure, regurgitation of the atrioventricular valves, arrhythmias, effusions in serous cavities, circulatory shock, stroke, myocardial ischemic syndromes, hepatic dysfunction, and end-organ dysfunctions. Fatalities can occur due to complications like heart failure, and the presence of left ventricular thrombosis increases the risk of systemic or cerebral thromboembolism, potentially leading to a stroke. The review also discusses management strategies that have proven effective, advancements in cardiac transplantation, and newly proposed therapeutic targets, which offer hope for mitigating the impact of EMF and its consequences.
Antiviral Medications for Treatment of Nonsevere Influenza
Authors: Gao Ya , Zhao Yunli , Liu Ming , Luo Shuyue , Chen Yamin , Chen Xiaoyan , Zheng Qingyong , Xu Jianguo , Shen Yanjiao , Zhao Wanyu , Li Zhifan , Huang Sha , Huang Jie , Tian Jinhui , Guyatt Gordon , Hao Qiukui
Published: January 2025

Importance

The optimal antiviral drug for treatment of nonsevere influenza remains unclear.

Objective

To compare effects of antiviral drugs for treating nonsevere influenza.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Global Health, Epistemonikos, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from database inception to September 20, 2023.

Study Selection

Randomized clinical trials comparing direct-acting influenza antiviral drugs to placebo, standard care, or another antiviral drug for treating people with nonsevere influenza.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Paired reviewers independently performed data extraction and risk of bias assessment. A frequentist network meta-analysis was performed to summarize the evidence and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Mortality, admission to hospital, admission to the intensive care unit, duration of hospitalization, time to alleviation of symptoms, emergence of resistance, and adverse events.

Results

Overall, 73 trials with 34 332 participants proved eligible. Compared with standard care or placebo, all antiviral drugs had little or no effect on mortality for low-risk patients and high-risk patients (all high certainty). All antiviral drugs (no data for peramivir and amantadine) had little or no effect on hospital admission for low-risk patients (high certainty). For hospital admission in high-risk patients, oseltamivir (risk difference [RD], −0.4%; 95% CI, −1.0 to 0.4; high certainty) had little or no effect and baloxavir may have reduced risk (RD, −1.6%; 95% CI, −2.0 to 0.4; low certainty); all other drugs may have had little or uncertain effect. For time to alleviation of symptoms, baloxavir probably reduced symptom duration (mean difference [MD], −1.02 days; 95% CI, −1.41 to −0.63; moderate certainty); umifenovir may have reduced symptom duration (MD, −1.10 days; 95% CI, −1.57 to −0.63; low certainty); oseltamivir probably had no important effect (MD, −0.75 days; 95% CI, −0.93 to −0.57; moderate certainty). For adverse events related to treatment, baloxavir (RD, −3.2%; 95% CI, −5.2 to −0.6; high certainty) had few or no adverse events; oseltamivir (RD, 2.8%; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.8; moderate certainty) probably increased adverse events.

Conclusions and Relevance

This systematic review and meta-analysis found that baloxavir probably reduced risk of hospital admission for high-risk patients and may reduce time to alleviation of symptoms, without increasing adverse events related to treatment in patients with nonsevere influenza. All other antiviral drugs either probably have little or no effect, or uncertain effects on patient-important outcomes.
Use of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Subspecialist Services by Commercially Insured Pregnant People
Authors: Sullivan Haley K. , Armstrong Joanne C. , Fox Kathe , Cohen Jessica L. , Sinaiko Anna D.
Published: January 2025

Importance

Improving access to high-quality maternity care and reducing maternal morbidity and mortality are major policy priorities in the US. Previous research has primarily focused on access to general obstetric care rather than access to high-risk pregnancy care provided by maternal-fetal medicine subspecialists (MFMs).

Objective

To measure access to MFM services and determine patient factors associated with MFM service use, including MFM telemedicine.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study identified pregnancies in commercial health insurance claims from the Health Care Cost Institute from 2016 to 2021. More than 2.1 million pregnancies were included, where age at delivery was 18 years or greater and people were continuously enrolled for the duration of their pregnancy. The association of patient and pregnancy covariates with MFM involvement in care was analyzed using logistic regression; and rates of telemedicine for pregnancies in urban and rural areas were reported over time. Data were analyzed from June 2022 to March 2024.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary study outcomes included whether a pregnancy ever had a service from an MFM, the type of MFM services provided, and whether MFM care occurred via telemedicine.

Results

There were 2 169 026 pregnancies among 1 968 091 unique people (1 325 212 [61.2%] aged 25 to 34 years). Among 1 625 237 pregnancies at risk for conditions that might require MFM involvement, 838 493 (51.6%) had an MFM service. Rates of MFM involvement in care varied considerably by geography, with pregnancies in rural areas having lower use than urban areas. Use of telemedicine-enabled MFM care increased in 2020 and 2021 but remained low: in 2021, 2.7% of urban pregnancies (7535 of 276 599) and 1.7% of rural pregnancies (550 of 32 949) received telemedicine-enabled MFM care.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, access to MFM services varied across geography, even among pregnancies at risk for conditions that might require MFM involvement. These results suggested a need to improve access to MFM care for at-risk pregnancies and to further explore expanded access via telemedicine.
Mental Health Utilization Among Transgender Veterans
Authors: Lee Joy L. , Hirsh Adam , Radhakrishnan Archana , Jasuja Guneet K. , Taylor Stanley , Dickinson Stephanie , Mineo Jocelyn , Carnahan Jennifer , Weiner Michael
Published: January 2025

Importance

Compared with cisgender (CG) individuals, transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals experience substantial social and economic disparities that can result in adverse mental health consequences. It is critical to understand potential barriers to care and to address the causes of the disparities in the future.

Objective

To characterize mental health care utilization among TGD veterans with depression.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used electronic health record data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to create a 1:3 age group–matched and VA facility–matched nationwide cohort of TGD and CG veterans with documentation of depression during 2018 to 2020. Data analysis was performed from January to November 2023.

Exposure

TGD identity was ascertained by diagnosis of a gender identity disorder.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was mental health care utilization, including counts of outpatient (in specialty care and primary care settings), telehealth, emergency department, and inpatient visits in this cohort. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize counts of mental health utilization, and statistically significant differences between TGD and CG veterans were tested using χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to test for differences in utilization between the 2 groups. Adjusted logistic regression, controlling for age group, administrative sex, race, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and number of mental health medications (eg, antidepressant, antipsychotic, and anxiolytic medications), was also used to compare utilization between TGD and CG veterans.

Results

Among 10 564 veterans with depression (mean [SD] age, 46.4 [15.2] years; 8050 male [76.2%]), 2643 TGD veterans were matched with 7921 CG veterans. TGD veterans had 6 more specialty mental health visits per year than CG veterans (mean [SD], 13.93 [20.08] vs 8.46 [14.96] visits a year; median [range], 7.14 [0.00-246.30] vs 3.76 [0.00-202.38] visits per year). In adjusted models, compared with CG veterans, TGD veterans were 2.6 times more likely to have an outpatient mental-health visit (odds ratio, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.16-3.15).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of veterans with depression, TGD veterans had significantly higher utilization of mental health services compared with CG veterans, even after adjusting for several relevant health factors. Different health system resources may be required to meet the needs of this population. Further studies are needed to understand the determinants of these disparities and subsequently how to address them.
NN‐Enriched Nucleoside Analogs
Authors: Wauchope Orrette R.
Published: January 2025

Nitrogen enrichment has played a pivotal role in the discovery of several key bioactive compounds, targeting several disease states. Nucleosides containing NN bonds have been at the forefront of these discoveries. In this chapter, the medicinal properties of NN enriched‐nucleosides such as triazoles, pyrazole, tetrazole, pyridazine, and triazines possessing a variety of substitutions will be discussed. Additionally, the chemistry driving the discovery of these important bioactive compounds will also be addressed. It is without a doubt that NN‐enriched nucleosides are at the forefront in understanding and developing pertinent bioactive probes/compounds. This will in part allow for the development of several more innovative bioactive NN‐enriched nucleoside analogs to increase the development of more medicinally relevant compounds.
Cyclic α‐/β‐Peptoids: Bioinspired Macrocyclic Peptidomimetics
Authors: Izzo Irene , D'amato Assunta , Pierri Giovanni , Riccardis Francesco De
Published: January 2025

Peptoid‐based macrocycles represent precious tools in biomimetic and supramolecular chemistry for their innate propensity to recognize biopolymers, molecules, and ion guests, and also for their impressive ability to adopt stable secondary structures and display remarkable chemical diversity. The ample variety of
N
‐substituted glycine available, the subtle host/guest interplay, and the efficient head‐to‐tail macrocyclization reactions greatly expand their potentials and functional capabilities. In this chapter, we report studies correlating sequence, structures, and functions of α‐/β‐cyclic peptoids reported in the chemical literature till 2021 and describe how crucial intramolecular interactions, cationic hosts, and strategically positioned stereogenic centers forge their morphologic attributes. The advances in the field of cyclic peptoids represent the first steps for the foundations of a rational design of protein mimetics and a possible model on which to base drug design and supramolecular/biomimetic chemistry.
Heterocycles with Fluorinated Explosophoric Functional Groups give Energetic Materials
Authors: Shen Hongjing , Liu Yinle , Gao Haixiang , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: January 2025

The incorporation of explosophoric functional groups containing fluorine has been found to enhance the overall energetic characteristics of heterocycles. Fluorine‐containing compounds have been extensively investigated as potential high‐energy materials. Compared to nitrogen‐rich heterocycles lacking fluorine, those containing fluorine exhibit superior properties owing to their higher density and enhanced stability. By combining heterocycles with explosophoric functional groups that contain fluorine, numerous advanced high energy density materials (HEDMs) have been synthesized. This review is an overview of recent progress in the design of fluorine‐containing energetic compounds, encompassing data on their synthesis methods, physical attributes, and detonation properties wherever possible. Owing to their synthetic potential and exceptional properties, fluorine‐containing energetic materials hold great potential for the development of highly energetic materials for both civilian and military applications.
NN‐Enriched Nucleic Acids and Their Components
Authors: Wauchope Orrette R.
Published: January 2025

Undoubtedly, N–N enriched molecules have been prevalent in the exploration of DNA and RNA structure and function. This prevalence has been expedited by the continued development of Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition, or “click chemistry.” Click chemistry has enabled the syntheses of several varieties of N–N enriched oligonucleotides having a myriad of functionalities from gene silencing, molecular imaging to the understanding DNA polymerase activity. In this chapter, the inclusion of N–N enriched nucleobases and their impact on several scientific fields will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on oligonucleotides having triazole, pyrazole, pyridazine, and pyrazine nucleobase modifications.
Ocean Currents Compensation‐Based IAILOS‐ROESOs Guidance and Adaptive Sliding Mode Path Following Control for Unmanned Surface Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Huang , He Zhiping , Wang Guofeng , Fan Yunsheng , Song Baojian
Published: January 2025

This article studies the problem of path following for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) with ocean currents and input saturation and proposes an ocean currents compensation‐based improved adaptive integral line‐of‐sight with reduced‐order expanded state observers (IAILOS‐ROESOs) guidance and adaptive integral sliding mode control (AISMC) compound guidance‐control method. In the guidance module, an IAILOS‐ROESOs guidance law is presented to estimate ocean currents of varying strengths, compensating for the effects of ocean currents at the kinematics level. Then, the AISMC law with the RBF neural network and parameter update law are introduced to approximate the lumped disturbances and estimate their bounds of the estimation error in the control module. Meanwhile, integrating nonlinear differential estimators and improved auxiliary dynamic systems with a smoothly switching function, achieves the differential signal filtering and input saturation, and the hyperbolic tangent saturation function with adjustable parameters is further used to improve the robustness of the system. Theoretical analysis indicates that all errors converge to zero. Finally, the effectiveness of the control strategy is verified through comparative simulations.
Monolayer Interfacial Assembly toward Two‐Dimensional Mesoporous Heterostructure for Boosting Wave Absorption
Authors: Zhang Zelin , Chen Aibing , Li Xiao , Li Ruonan , Zhou Haowei , Liu Zhongming , Zhang Xinyue , Jing Xudong , Lin Zhongxue , Zhou Di , Kong Biao , Xie Lei
Published: January 2025

Microwave absorption materials play a key role in various fields, including military stealth, human safety protection, and so on. Construction of 2D mesoporous heterostructures is an attractive approach to enhance wave‐absorbing ability, while it is still a great challenge. Herein, 2D mesoporous carbon‐MXene‐carbon heterostructures (MCMCH) with channels parallel to surface are successfully prepared via a monolayer interfacial assembly strategy. Through the precise adjustment and polymerization, cylindrical micelles orderly monolayered assemble on both surfaces of 2D MXene nanosheets, resulting in 2D switch‐like polydopamine‐MXene‐polydopamine nanosheets, and 2D MCMCH are finally generated by further calcination. Due to the excellent dielectric polarization relaxation and conductive loss, MCMCH achieves the strongest reflection loss of −54.2 dB at a thickness of only 1.5 mm. The presence of mesochannels not only introduces air with a low permittivity for optimal impedance matching, but also further extends the attenuation path of the incident electromagnetic wave. The maximum radar cross‐section reduction of 26.9 dB m2 is achieved for the MCMCH compared to the perfect electric conductor. This work provides a reference for surface engineering based on 2D mesoporous heterostructures to enhance the microwave absorption performance.
Modulating the Electronic Properties of Single Ni Atom Catalyst via First‐Shell Coordination Engineering to Boost Electrocatalytic Flue Gas CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wang Zhiyuan , Chen Zhen , Du Xin , Zhang Yueteng , Liu Zhongyi , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: January 2025

Electrochemical converting CO2 to CO via single atom catalyst is an effective strategy for reducing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and achieving a carbon‐neutral cycle. However, the relatively low CO2 concentration in industrial processes and large energy barriers for activating CO2 severely obstruct the actual application. Reasonably modulating the coordination shell of the active center is an effective strategy to enhance the activity of single atom catalysts. Herein, a well‐designed single‐atom electrocatalyst Ni‐N3S1 is developed via a large‐scale synthesis strategy. The constructed Ni‐N3S‐C exhibits a superior catalytic activity than Ni‐N4‐C for CO2 to CO conversion in H‐type cells, and the industrial‐level current density with excellent durability at a wide pH range can be achieved in gas‐diffusion flow cells. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculation demonstrate that introducing low electronegative S in an active center can significantly regulate the electronic structure of the active site, promoting the CO2 adsorption capacity and decreasing the energy barrier of *COOH formation, thus the larger size and flexibility of sulfur mitigate the nickel agglomeration and enhance the stability of Ni‐N3S‐C catalyst. This work provides an effective strategy for designing highly active single‐atom catalysts for electrocatalysis via modulating the coordination shell of reactive sites.
Revolutionizing Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon Electrodes: Innovations and Economic Potential
Authors: Chen Ming , Wang Nan , Bai Dongliang , Li Yixuan , Yang Shaoan , Wang Ziyu , Zhu Xuejie , Yang Dong , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: January 2025

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made remarkable strides, positioning themselves as a leading technology in the pursuit of efficient and affordable renewable energy. A critical bottleneck of their continued advancement is electrode material, which plays an important role in determining both device efficiency and stability. Carbon‐based electrodes have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional metal counterparts, offering several key benefits, including lower production costs, environmental‐friendly, and improved long‐term stability. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the material compatibility, durability challenges and recent advancements in PSCs with carbon electrodes. By exploring innovative approaches and breakthroughs, we aim to pave a way for the future development of high‐performance, cost‐effective, and sustainable perovskite photovoltaics.
Heavy Atom Effect on Tn (n ≥ 2) Afterglow
Authors: Li Jiuyang , Yan Qianqian , Zhai Xiangxiang , Wang Guangming , Li Xun , Zhang Kaka
Published: January 2025

The properties of higher triplet excited states (Tn, n ≥ 2) are essential for deep understanding of excited state dynamics, but direct observation of Tn phosphorescence remains rare, let alone systematic studies of Tn behaviors based on well‐designed luminescence molecules. Recently, a serendipitous finding of Tn (n ≥ 2) afterglow (phosphorescence lifetime > 0.1 s) in benzophenone‐containing difluoroboron β‐diketonate (BPBF2) system is communicated. Here Cl/Br/I atoms are covalently incorporated into BPBF2 molecules and report the first systematic study of heavy atom effect (HAE) on Tn (n ≥ 2) afterglow. It is known that Cl/Br/I HAE has been widely reported and thoroughly studied in T1 afterglow systems, which shows that Br atom is usually the optimized selection for balancing T1 afterglow efficiency and lifetime. In contrast, the covalent linkage of Br atom to BPBF2 has been found to dramatically suppress Tn (n ≥ 2) afterglow. The experimental emission intensity(T2)/intensity(T1) ratios are positively correlated with kIC(T1−T2)/kIC(T2−T1) × kP(T2)/kP(T1), where kIC and kP refer to the rates of calculated internal conversion and phosphorescence emission. These fundamental studies would be helpful for elucidating the panorama of Perrin‐Jablonski diagram of organic systems and provide intriguing Tn (n ≥ 2) afterglow materials for future applications.
Long, Fibrous, and Tailorable Dielectric Elastomer Artificial Muscles via Mask‐Free Stamping of Carbon Nanotube Electrodes
Authors: Shao Qi , Zhou Liang , Zhou Jingyi , Liu Xin‐Jun , Zhao Huichan
Published: January 2025

High‐performance, large‐size artificial muscles are in great demand in the field of robotics. This work reports a comprehensive approach for fabricating, actuating, sensing, and controlling a 180 mm‐long fibrous dielectric elastomer (DE) artificial muscle. The fabrication process introduces a novel method for patterning large‐area, uniform electrodes using vacuum filtration followed by mask‐free stamping on DE substrates. To address the challenge of long charging times that impair dynamic performance, an amplitude modulation algorithm is developed for high‐frequency actuation, which increased generated strain by 64% at a resonant frequency of 10 Hz. Additionally, the hollow space within the rolled artificial muscle is used to integrate a waveguide that serves as a strain sensor. This combined actuation‐sensing structure maintains flexibility and actuation capabilities while enabling self‐sensing and feedback control. The versatility of the DE artificial muscle is further demonstrated by segmenting a single long muscle into three shorter units and employing these units to construct two multi‐actuator machines: a tensegrity‐based gimbal and a rotary engine. This work advances the large‐scale production and application of DE artificial muscles.
Highly Energy Release of Aluminum@Ammonium Perchlorate Composites Incorporated with Graphene Oxide‐based Energetic Coordination Polymer
Authors: Xu Ruixuan , Xue Zhihua , Yang Danfeng , Li Xin , Nie Hongqi , Guo Yongqiang , Guo Hua , Yan Qi‐Long , Gu Junwei
Published: January 2025

Achieving high energy release of aluminum (Al) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) is of significant importance in the realm of energy materials. In this work, integrated Al@AP/GO‐CHZ‐M (M = Co2+ or Ni2+) composites are successfully synthesized through an integrated design and precise catalysis approach. The integrated Al@AP/Co composites exhibit fast decomposition, with a 76.6 °C reduction in decomposition temperature and a 66.0% increase in heat release compared to Al+AP mixture counterpart. From a kinetic perspective, the decomposition activation energy for Al@AP/Co is largely decreased by 215.5 kJ mol−1 (−67.4%) and its kinetics shifted to an autocatalytic model. Transition metals in GO‐CHZ‐M facilitate the proton transfer during the decomposition of AP, significantly increasing the yield of low‐valence nitrogen oxides. The ignition of the Al@AP/M composites is enhanced, with a 37.2 ms (−40.2%) reduction in ignition delay and a 6.6‐fold increase in radiation intensity over Al+AP. The change from deflagration for the physical mixture to detonation for integrated Al@AP/M composites further suggests high energy release. Furthermore, the mechanism of the integrated design and precise catalysis on the energy release enhancement of Al@AP composites is elucidated. This approach holds broad application prospects in the fields of solid propellants, aluminized explosives, micro‐thrusters, and pyrotechnics systems.
Highly Efficient Luminescent Solar Concentrators Based on Capped Carbon Quantum Dots with Unity Quantum Yield
Authors: Wang Lihua , Wang Xiaohan , Zhao Haiguang
Published: January 2025

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) can convert sunlight to clean energy by serving as large‐area collectors of sunlight. Benefiting from their large‐area, semi‐transparency, and lightweight characteristics, LSCs have gained a great of attention. However, their optical efficiency is limited by the low quantum yield (QY) and small Stokes shift of conventional photoluminescent materials. Carbon quantum dots (C‐dots) are promising alternatives, yet achieving both high QY and large Stokes shift has proven challenging. Here, a simple, controllable vacuum heating method is introduced to synthesize highly efficient C‐dots using a citric acid‐urea‐cyanuric acid‐CaCl2 system. The cyanuric acid‐capped C‐dots exhibit outstanding properties, including a QY of 94.3% in solution and 100% in a polymer matrix, a large Stokes shift of 0.64 eV, and exceptional photostability, making them ideal for LSC applications. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy provides insights into their exciton dynamics. An LSC (25 cm2) based on these C‐dots achieves an optical efficiency of 13.82% ± 0.30%, while its attached photovoltaic cell attains a power conversion efficiency of 4.82% ± 0.10% under natural sunlight (80 mW cm−2), marking the highest performance reported for C‐dot‐based LSCs. These results highlight the potential of cyanuric acid‐capped C‐dots for advanced solid‐state lighting and energy conversion technologies.