bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanisms underpinning deconditioning‐update in fear memory
Authors: Popik Bruno , Luft Jordana Griebler , Knak Guerra Kétlyn Talise , de Oliveira Alvares Lucas
Published: October 2023

Traumatic experiences are closely associated with some psychiatric conditions such as post‐traumatic stress disorder. Deconditioning‐update promotes robust and long‐lasting attenuation of aversive memories. The deconditioning protocol consists of applying weak/neutral footshocks during reactivations, so that the original tone‐shock association is replaced by an innocuous stimulus that does not produce significant fear response. Here, we present the molecular bases that can support this mechanism. To this end, we used pharmacological tools to inhibit the activity of ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA‐GluN2B and CP‐AMPA), the activity of proteases (calpains), and the receptors that control intracellular calcium storage (IP3 receptors), as well as the endocannabinoid system (CB1). Our results indicate that blocking these molecular targets prevents fear memory update by deconditioning. Therefore, this study uncovered the molecular substrate of deconditioning‐update strategy, and, broadly, shed new light on the traumatic memory destabilization mechanisms that might be used to break the boundaries regarding reconsolidation‐based approaches to deal with maladaptive memories.
A comparison of individual and group equivalence‐based instruction delivered via Canvas
Authors: Wiskow Katie M. , Subramaniam Shrinidhi , Montenegro‐Montenegro Esteban
Published: October 2023

Equivalence‐based instruction (EBI) is an efficient method that has been used to teach various skills, including content in college courses. This study extended the literature on EBI in higher education by teaching 13 graduate students to identify features of functional analysis conditions and variations. Equivalence‐based instruction methods were implemented using Canvas, an online learning management system. Participants completed pretests, experienced EBI individually and in small groups, and completed a posttest, all using the quiz feature in Canvas. The EBI modules increased students' posttest scores relative to pretest scores by 36%, on average, and there was a slight increase in correct responding in the group relative to the individual teaching condition. Furthermore, responses to social‐validity surveys indicated that EBI was acceptable to most students; however, students' preferences for group and individual EBI varied.
Porous Ionic Network/CNT Composite Separator as a Polysulfide Snaring Shield for High Performance Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Fan Zhiwen , Tao Jian , Peng Shuting , Yang Yumin , Stiernet Pierre , Tang Juntao , Wang Yan , Pan Chunyue , Gu Shuai , Yuan Jiayin , Han Kai , Yu Guipeng
Published: October 2023

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery features a high theoretical energy density, but the shuttle of soluble polysulfides between the two electrodes often results in a rapid capacity decay. Herein, a straightforward electrostatic adsorption strategy based on a cross‐linked polyimidazolium separator as a snaring shield of polysulfides is reported, which suppresses the undesirable migration of polysulfides to the anode. The porous ionic network (PIN)‐modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are successfully prepared and coated onto a commercial porous polypropylene membrane in a vacuum‐filtration step. The favorable affinity of the imidazolium ring toward polysulfide via the polar interaction and the electrostatic effect of ions mitigates the undesirable shuttle of polysulfides in the electrolyte, improving the Li─S battery in terms of rate performance and cycling life. Compared to the reference PIN‐free CNT‐coated separator, the PIN/CNT‐coated one has an increased initial capacity of 1.3 folds (up to 1394.8 mAh g−1 for PIN/CNT/PP‐3) at 0.1 C.
Regulating Electrostatic Interactions toward Thermoresponsive Hydrogels with Low Critical Solution Temperature
Authors: Zhou Jiahua , Shi Dongjian , Kaneko Tatsuo , Dong Weifu , Chen Mingqing
Published: October 2023

Low critical solution temperature (LCST) of commonly used thermoresponsive polymers in water is basically dominated by hydrophobic interactions. Herein, a novel thermoresponsive system based on electrostatic interactions is reported. By simply loading aluminum chloride (AlCl3) into non‐responsive poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) hydrogels, PHEA‐Al gels turn to have reversible thermoresponsive behavior between transparent and opaque without any volume change. Further investigations by changing metal ion‐polymer compositions unravel the necessity of specific electrostatic interactions, namely, cation‐dipole bonding interactions between hydroxy groups and trivalent metal ions. The thermoresponsive hydrogel demonstrates high transparency (≈95%), excellent luminous modulation capability (>98%), and cyclic reliability, suggesting great potential as an energy‐saving material. Although LCST control by salt addition is widely known, salt‐induced expression of thermoresponsiveness has barely been discussed before. This design provides a new approach of easy fabrication, low cost, and scalability to develop stimuli‐responsive materials.
Head‐and‐neck multichannel B1+ mapping and RF shimming of the carotid arteries using a 7T parallel‐transmit head coil
Authors: de Buck Matthijs H. S. , Kent James L. , Jezzard Peter , Hess Aaron T.
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Neurovascular MRI suffers from a rapid drop in B1+ into the neck when using transmit head coils at 7 T. One solution to improving B1+ magnitude in the major feeding arteries in the neck is to use custom RF shims on parallel‐transmit head coils. However, calculating such shims requires robust multichannel B1+ maps in both the head and the neck, which is challenging due to low RF penetration into the neck, limited dynamic range of multichannel B1+ mapping techniques, and B0 sensitivity. We therefore sought a robust, large‐dynamic‐range, parallel‐transmit field mapping protocol and tested whether RF shimming can improve carotid artery B1+ magnitude in practice.

Methods

A pipeline is presented that combines B1+ mapping data acquired using circularly polarized (CP) and CP2‐mode RF shims at multiple voltages. The pipeline was evaluated by comparing the predicted and measured B1+ for multiple random transmit shims, and by assessing the ability of RF shimming to increase B1+ in the carotid arteries.

Results

The proposed method achieved good agreement between predicted and measured B1+ in both the head and the neck. The B1+ magnitude in the carotid arteries can be increased by 43% using tailored RF shims or by 37% using universal RF shims, while also improving the RF homogeneity compared with CP mode.

Conclusion

B1+ in the neck can be increased using RF shims calculated from multichannel B1+ maps in both the head and the neck. This can be achieved using universal phase‐only RF shims, facilitating easy implementation in existing sequences.
Pharmacological management of neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: A narrative review
Authors: Arsenault‐Mehta Kyle , Hochman‐Bérard Mario , Johnson Alexander , Semenova Dar'ya , Nguyen Bea , Willis Jessie , Mouravska Natalia , Joober Ridha , Zhand Naista
Published: October 2023

Background

Cognitive impairment are among the core features of schizophrenia, experienced by up to 75% of patients. Available treatment options for schizophrenia including dopamine antagonists and traditional antipsychotic medications have not been shown to confer significant benefits on cognitive deficits. Contrary to the focus on management of positive symptoms in schizophrenia, cognitive abilities are main predictor of independent living skills, functional abilities, employment, engagement in relapse prevention, and patients' subjective sense of well‐being and quality of life. This review aims to provide a summary of recent literature on pharmacological options for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Methods

We conducted a literature search of studies from 2011 to 2021 across four electronic databases including PubMed, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, and Embase. Human studies using a pharmacological treatment for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia were included.

Results

Fifty‐eight eligible publications, representing 11 pharmacological classes, were included in this review. Major limitations involved small sample size, methodological limitations as well as heterogeneity of participants and outcome measures.

Conclusions

Overall evidence remains inconclusive for any pharmacological classes studied for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Methodological limitations in a majority of the studies rendered their findings preliminary. We further discuss possible explanations for these findings that could guide future research.
The efficacy of vortioxetine for the delusional disorder of cenesthopathy
Authors: Sato Shinji , Imai Koubun
Published: October 2023

Cenesthopathy is a rare syndrome characterized by strange bodily and oral sensations and is classified as a delusional disorder, somatic type, according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Cenesthopathy has been considered difficult to treat. However, to improve cenesthopathy, many pharmacotherapeutic options are reported, including antidepressants and antipsychotics. In this case report, vortioxetine significantly alleviated the distress of oral cenesthopathy in a patient with cerebral ischemia and depression without any adverse effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the efficacy of vortioxetine in treating cenesthopathy. Though it is unclear why vortioxetine was effective for cenesthopathy in our case, we stated two possibilities for improving his oral cenesthopathy. When treating oral cenesthopathy in elderly patients, clinicians consider to be one of the options to prescribe vortioxetine.
Hydrothermal aging behavior and effects on carbon fabric/polyphenylene sulfide composite
Authors: Yu Lei , Wang Kai , Sun Mingchen , Duan Ziqi , Zhao Yan
Published: October 2023

Carbon fabric/polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS) composite has been used in the aircraft industry, which might suffer moisture and high temperature in service, leading to degradation and even failure. Therefore, knowledge of hydrothermal aging behavior and effects is needed to ensure service life. This work explores the water diffusion behavior, crystallization, and interfacial properties of CF/PPS composite under hydrothermal aging in continuous 3 months and periodical cycles. Diffusion coefficients were calculated through the Fickian model, crystallization behaviors were measured through differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscope, and interfacial properties were characterized by interfacial shear strength, and interlaminar shear strength. The results demonstrate the crystal morphology transforms from transverse crystals to spherulites at the CF/PPS interface after recrystallization through hydrothermal aging, revealing water has a significant impact on the nucleation performance of T300 carbon fiber in the PPS matrix. Hydrothermal aging affects the crystallinity and crystal morphology of CF/PPS composite after recrystallization, and impacts the micro and macro interfacial properties.

Highlights

Transverse crystals transform to spherulites at CF/PPS interface after water uptake.

Water impacts on nucleation performance of T300 carbon fiber in PPS matrix.

Hydrothermal aging effect can be accumulated and promotes water uptake.

ILSS drop is related to water uptake content, crystallization and IFSS changes.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum: What to tell expecting parents?
Authors: Tsai Pascale , Shinar Shiri
Published: October 2023

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most common brain malformations, with an incidence estimated to range from 0.5 to 70 in 10,000 among the general population. Prenatal diagnosis is made via ultrasound; however, fetal MRI is useful to confirm or exclude the presence of associated cerebral abnormalities–mostly cortical malformations–that may affect postnatal prognosis. When no additional central nervous system (CNS) or extra CNS anomalies are identified and no genetic cause is found, an isolated ACC is diagnosed. Overall, in cases of ACC, an underlying genetic cause can be identified in up to 12.5% with chromosomal microarray (CMA) and up to 47% with whole exome sequencing (WES). In cases where ACC is the only anomaly detected, the yield of WES is 30%. Postnatal outcomes are variable and depend on whether the condition is isolated or not. In truly isolated ACC, outcomes range from normal in 65% of cases through mild to severe neurodevelopmental impairments in 35% of cases. An interdisciplinary team of medical experts is key in guiding parents toward informed decision‐making in pregnancies complicated by ACC. Considering current and expected advancements in genetic testing and imaging technologies in upcoming years, we herein summarize current recommendations for the management and prenatal counseling of expecting parents of fetuses with ACC. Our review pertains primarily to expecting parents of fetuses with complete ACC.
Neutropenia and thyroid dysfunction associated with lithium and clozapine therapy
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: October 2023

Neutropenia can occur in up to 3% of patients who are treated with clozapine for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia, limiting the antipsychotic's more widespread use (Sénéchal et al., 2002). Most clozapine‐induced neutropenia occurs within one year of initiating the drug (Myles et al., 2018). Since lithium causes neutrophilia, some authorities have suggested using lithium to increase absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in clozapine‐treated patients (Boazak et al., 2018).
Enhancement of the screening effect in semiconductor detectors in the presence of the neutrino magnetic moment
Authors: Li Yu-Feng , Xia Shuo-yu
Published: October 2023

Abstract

The theoretical framework of the neutrino electron excitation at low energies including the screening effect in semiconductor detectors is developed for the first time, both in the Standard Model of particle physics and in the presence of the neutrino magnetic moment. We apply the framework of the non-relativistic effective theory on the neutrino electron scattering and explore the contribution of the screening effect of semiconductors to the neutrino electron excitation based on the linear response theory. We calculate the corresponding numerical results with the popular silicon and germanium targets and show that excitation rates from the neutrino magnetic moment are dramatically enhanced by the screening effect and the sensitivity can be significantly improved to the level of 10−13μB, much better than the current best limits from the laboratory and astrophysical probes.
Proliferation and apoptosis after whole-body irradiation: longitudinal PET study in a mouse model
Authors: Meindl Maria , Bläske Alexandra , Steiger Katja , Lindner Simon , Lindheimer Felix , Lauber Kirsten , Brix Nikko , von Ungern-Sternberg Barbara , Oos Rosel , Palumbo Giovanna , Böning Guido , Schüle Simone , Majewski Matthäus , Port Matthias , Ziegler Sibylle , Bartenstein Peter
Published: October 2023

Purpose

A reliable method for regional in vivo imaging of radiation-induced cellular damage would be of great importance for the detection of therapy-induced injury to healthy tissue and the choice of adequate treatment of radiation emergency patients in both civilian and military events. This study aimed to investigate in a mouse model if positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with proliferation and apoptosis markers is potentially suitable for this purpose.

Methods

Four groups, including twenty mice (wild-type C57BL/6) each, were whole-body irradiated with 0 Gy, 0.5 Gy, 1 Gy, and 3 Gy and examined by PET over a six-month period at defined time points. 3'-[18F]fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ([18F]FLT) and 2-(5-[18F]fluoropentyl)-2-methyl malonic acid ([18F]ML-10) were used to visualise proliferation and apoptosis. Regional standard uptake values were compared with respect to irradiation dose over time. Histologic data and peripheral blood cell values were correlated with the PET results.

Results

The hematopoietic bone marrow showed a significantly increased [18F]FLT signal at early time points after radiation exposure (day 3 and day 7). This correlated with blood parameters, especially leukocytes, and histological data. A significantly increased [18F]FLT signal also occurred in the gastrointestinal tract and thymus at early time points. An increased [18F]ML-10 signal related to irradiation doses was observed in the bone marrow on day 8, but there was a high variability of standard uptake values and no correlation with histological data.

Conclusion

[18F]FLT showed potential to visualise the extent, regional distribution and recovery from radiation-induced cellular damage in the bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract and thymus. The potential of [18F]FLT imaging to assess the extent of bone marrow affected by irradiation might be especially useful to predict the subsequent severity of hematopoietic impairment and to adapt the therapy of the bone marrow reserve. [18F]ML-10 PET proved to be not sensitive enough for the reliable detection of radiation induced apoptosis.
Survival Impacts of Impaired Lung Functions and Comorbidities on Elderly Esophageal Cancer Patients
Authors: Sugawara Kotaro , Oka Daiji , Hara Hiroki , Yoshii Takako , Fukuda Takashi
Published: October 2023

Background

Preoperative physiological assessments are crucial for optimizing clinical outcomes, especially those of elderly esophageal cancer (EC) patients who are generally frail and at the high risk of mortality.

Methods

Patients who underwent surgery for EC between 2004 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into elderly (>70 years) or non‐elderly (≤70 years) groups. Various physiological parameters including the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), immunonutritional parameters and pulmonary functions were studied. Pulmonary functions included %vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) and FEV1.0%. The thresholds were set as the lowest quartile (100% for %VC and 2L for FEV1.0) in this cohort. Multivariate Cox hazards models were applied to determine independent predictors of non‐EC‐related deaths.

Results

In total, 824 patients were included (elderly; n = 306, non‐elderly; n = 518). Elderly patients had a significantly lower 5‐year OS rate than non‐elderly patients (53.3% vs. 57.2%, P = 0.03), mainly due to increased risk of death from non‐EC related causes. In the elderly group, multivariate Cox hazards analysis identified 3 independent predictors of non‐EC‐related deaths; high CCI (HR 1.98, P=0.006), low %VC (HR 2.01, P = 0.004) and low FEV1.0 (HR 1.6, P=0.048). Elderly patients without risk factors had a significantly better 5‐year OS rate (63.5%) than those with 1 (50.0%) or 2–3 (36.3%) risk factors (P <0.01). Deaths due to pulmonary disease rose significantly as the number of risk factors increased (P=0.03).

Conclusions

The severity of comorbidities and pulmonary function impairments are useful for predicting long‐term outcomes, especially non‐EC‐related deaths, in elderly EC patients.
Eco-evolutionary dynamics in two-species mutualistic systems: one-sided population decline triggers joint interaction disinvestment
Authors: Weyerer Franz , Weinbach Avril , Zarfl Christiane , Allhoff Korinna T.
Published: October 2023

The interplay between ecological and evolutionary dynamics can create feedback that reinforces external disturbances and potentially threatens species’ coexistence. For example, plants might invest less into attracting insect pollinators (decreased flower or nectar production) and more into independence (increased selfing or vegetative reproduction) when faced with pollinator decline. This adaptive response saves plant resources at the cost of further threatening the pollinator population. We ask under which conditions such self-reinforcing feedback occurs in two-species mutualistic systems when considering one-sided population decline and whether it can be counteracted by self-dampening feedback if co-evolution of both interaction partners is considered. Based on a mathematical model and in line with previous studies, we find that the described pattern of accelerated population decline occurs for a wide range of parameter values if a concave allocation trade-off between independent growth and interaction investment is assumed. The undisturbed population typically disinvests first, which then forces the declining population to also disinvest, in favour of other energy sources. However, a decelerated population decline can occur if the adaptation of the undisturbed partner is relatively slow compared to environmental decay, reducing the speed of its disinvestment, or if the initial investment into the interaction was very high. Our results suggest that if actions are taken to save endangered populations, not only the evolution of the target species but also of their interaction partner, as well as the interaction between them should be considered.
The interrupted journey: factors and processes related to withdrawal, re-enrolment and dropout from doctoral education
Authors: Alves Patrícia , Lopes Amélia , Cruz-Correia Ricardo , Menezes Isabel
Published: October 2023

Withdrawal from doctoral education has been recognized as a problem with negative consequences for different actors, leading researchers worldwide to explore its underlying factors and processes. However, even if many PhD candidates who withdrew intend to re-enrol, there is a gap in the literature regarding the factors and processes related to re-enrolment. The aim of this qualitative study is to understand pre- and post-withdrawal experiences of PhD candidates and the factors and processes related to withdrawal, dropout and re-enrolment, through the voices of PhD candidates who withdrew and faculty in social and health sciences in a Portuguese university. Our findings conceptualize withdrawal as a behavioural manifestation of disengagement processes comprising interacting emotional/affective, cognitive, and behavioural dimensions, which start before withdrawal, extend beyond it, and may culminate in dropout or re-engagement and re-enrolment. Factors and processes related to withdrawal, dropout, or re-enrolment were situated in various nested contexts. This study highlights the need for an academic cultural change, to envisage withdrawal as a process that does not necessarily mark the end of PhD candidates’ incursion into doctoral education. It draws attention to the need to provide adequate working conditions for PhD candidates, and also to promote follow-up and communication with PhD candidates who withdrew.
Promising elastocaloric properties of sintered polycrystalline NiMnGa produced by open die pressing
Authors: Villa Francesca , Tamandi Michela , Passaretti Francesca , Bassani Enrico , Villa Elena
Published: October 2023

The increasing interest in the development of multicaloric materials for solid-state cooling applications is giving rise to the investigation of elastocaloric performance of ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys (FeSMA). Moreover, some sintering processes have been proposed to overcome the well-known brittleness of these alloys. In this context, a novel application of the open die pressing (ODP) method for the preparation of NiMnGa polycrystalline samples sets the chance to have interesting mechanical properties, until now never reported in literature. In this work, a tunable optimization of microstructure is presented and the elastocaloric properties are investigated by different mechanical approaches and direct measurement of adiabatic ΔT values. It is observed, for the first time, a polycrystalline NiMnGa alloy that exhibits an extremely stable mechanical and thermal response upon 200 adiabatic compression cycles. The best performance consisted in a ΔS peak of 35 J/(kg °C) and an adiabatic ΔT value of ± 4 °C in the first 10 cycles and + 3,75 / − 4 °C in stabilized conditions over 200 cycles.
Enhanced Delivery and Detection of Terahertz Frequency Radiation from a Quantum Cascade Laser Within Dilution Refrigerator
Authors: Vaughan M. , Michailow W. , Tan M. , Salih M. , Li L. , Beere H. , Ritchie D. A. , Linfield E. H. , Davies A. G. , Cunningham J. E.
Published: October 2023

We report on significant enhancements to the integration of terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCL) and THz detection with a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) within a dilution refrigerator obtained by the inclusion of a multi-mesh 6 THz low-pass filter to block IR radiation, a Winston cone to focus light output, and gating the 2DEG for optimised sensitivity. We show that these improvements allow us to obtain a > 2.5 times reduced sample electron temperature (160 mK compared with 430 mK previously), during cyclotron resonance (CR) measurements of a 2DEG under QCL illumination. This opens up a route to performing sub-100 mK experiments using excitation by THz QCLs.
Time-Limited Balanced Truncation for Data Assimilation Problems
Authors: König Josie , Freitag Melina A.
Published: October 2023

Balanced truncation is a well-established model order reduction method which has been applied to a variety of problems. Recently, a connection between linear Gaussian Bayesian inference problems and the system-theoretic concept of balanced truncation has been drawn (Qian et al in Sci Comput 91:29, 2022). Although this connection is new, the application of balanced truncation to data assimilation is not a novel idea: it has already been used in four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var). This paper discusses the application of balanced truncation to linear Gaussian Bayesian inference, and, in particular, the 4D-Var method, thereby strengthening the link between systems theory and data assimilation further. Similarities between both types of data assimilation problems enable a generalisation of the state-of-the-art approach to the use of arbitrary prior covariances as reachability Gramians. Furthermore, we propose an enhanced approach using time-limited balanced truncation that allows to balance Bayesian inference for unstable systems and in addition improves the numerical results for short observation periods.
Instance-based learning with prototype reduction for real-time proportional myocontrol: a randomized user study demonstrating accuracy-preserving data reduction for prosthetic embedded systems
Authors: Sziburis Tim , Nowak Markus , Brunelli Davide
Published: October 2023

This work presents the design, implementation and validation of learning techniques based on the kNN scheme for gesture detection in prosthetic control. To cope with high computational demands in instance-based prediction, methods of dataset reduction are evaluated considering real-time determinism to allow for the reliable integration into battery-powered portable devices. The influence of parameterization and varying proportionality schemes is analyzed, utilizing an eight-channel-sEMG armband. Besides offline cross-validation accuracy, success rates in real-time pilot experiments (online target achievement tests) are determined. Based on the assessment of specific dataset reduction techniques’ adequacy for embedded control applications regarding accuracy and timing behaviour, decision surface mapping (DSM) proves itself promising when applying kNN on the reduced set. A randomized, double-blind user study was conducted to evaluate the respective methods (kNN and kNN with DSM-reduction) against ridge regression (RR) and RR with random Fourier features (RR-RFF). The kNN-based methods performed significantly better ($$p < 0.0005$$

p
<
0.0005

) than the regression techniques. Between DSM-kNN and kNN, there was no statistically significant difference (significance level 0.05). This is remarkable in consideration of only one sample per class in the reduced set, thus yielding a reduction rate of over 99% while preserving success rate. The same behaviour could be confirmed in an extended user study. With $$k=1$$

k
=
1

, which turned out to be an excellent choice, the runtime complexity of both kNN (in every prediction step) as well as DSM-kNN (in the training phase) becomes linear concerning the number of original samples, favouring dependable wearable prosthesis applications.

Graphical abstract
Numerical Analysis of MHD Nanofluid Flow Characteristics with Heat and Mass Transfer over a Vertical Cone Subjected to Thermal Radiations and Chemical Reaction
Authors: Abbas W. , Ibrahim M. A. , Mokhtar O. , Megahed Ahmed M. , Said Ahmed A. M.
Published: October 2023

Nanoparticles have the ability to increase the impact of convective heat transfer in the boundary layer region. An investigation is made to analysis of magnetohdrodynamic nanofluid flow with heat and mass transfer over a vertical cone in porous media under the impact of thermal radiations and chemical reaction. In addition, thermal radiations, Hall current, and viscous and Joule dissipations and chemical reaction effects are considered. Considered three different nanoparticles types namely copper, silver, and titanium dioxide with water as base fluid. The governing equations are transformed by similarity transformations into a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations involving variable coefficients. Two numerically approaches are used to solve the transformed boundary layer system Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Chebyshev-Galerkin Method (CGM). As stated in the present analysis, it is appropriate to address a number of physical mechanisms, including velocity, temperature and concentration, as well as closed-form skin friction/mass transfer/heat transfer coefficients. Different comparisons are done with previously published data in order to validate the current study under specific special circumstances, and it is determined that there is a very high degree of agreement. The main results indicated that as the Prandtl number increases, the temperature profile decreases, but it grows for higher values of the thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion, and Eckert number. Moreover, higher Brownian motion values lead to a less prominent concentration profile. Consequently, this speeds up the cooling process and enhances the surface’s durability and strength.
Computational Grains
Authors: Dong Leiting , Atluri Satya N.
Published: October 2023

This is the first book that systemically introduces the theory and implementation of Computational Grains for micromechanical modeling of heterogeneous materials. This book covers the specifically designed mathematics embedded in Computational Grains, and the entire process of microstructure construction, tessellation, CG simulation and homogenization. The Computational Grains discussed in this book consider elastic, non-elastic, and multi-physics solids. Materials damage development are also preliminarily discussed, with CGs considering matrix-inclusion debonding as well as embedded microcracks. Presenting the theory step-by-step and with detailed examples and MATLAB codes, the material is accessible and practical for readers. This will be ideal for graduate students and researchers in mechanical and aerospace engineering and applied mechanics.
Burden of Episodic Migraine, Chronic Migraine, and Medication Overuse Headache in Alberta
Authors: McMullen Suzanne , Graves Erin , Ekwaru Paul , Pham Tram , Mayer Michelle , Ladouceur Marie-Pier , Hubert Martine , Bougie Joanna , Amoozegar Farnaz
Published: October 2023

Objective:

To describe demographic and clinical characteristics, healthcare resource use, costs, and treatment patterns in three migraine cohorts.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study using administrative data examined patients with episodic migraine (EM), chronic migraine (CM) (without medication overuse headache [MOH]), and medication overuse headache in Alberta, Canada. Migraine patients were identified between 2012 and 2018 based on ≥ 1 diagnostic codes or triptan prescription. Patients with CM were defined using parameter estimates of a logistic regression model, and MOH was defined as patients with an average of ≥ 15 supply days covered of acute medications. EM was defined as patients without CM or MOH. Study outcomes were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results:

Patients with EM (n = 144,574), CM (n = 27,283), and MOH (n = 11,485) were included. Higher rates of healthcare use and costs were observed for CM (mean [SD] all-cause cost: ($12,693 [40,664]) and MOH ($16,611.5 [$38,748]) versus episodic migraine ($4,251 [$40,637]). Across all cohorts, opioids were the most dispensed acute medication (range across cohorts: 31.7%–89.8%), while antidepressants and anticonvulsants were the most dispensed preventive medication. Preventative medication classes were used by a minority of patients in each cohort, except anticonvulsants, where 50% of medication overuse patients had a dispensation.

Conclusions:

Patients with CM and MOH have a greater burden of illness compared to patients with EM. The overutilization of acute medication, particularly opioids, and the underutilization of preventive medications highlight an unmet need to more effectively manage migraine.
Prevalence and Distribution of Lewy Pathology in a Homeless Population
Authors: Danics Krisztina , Visanji Naomi P. , Ichimata Shojiro , Mathur Sarika , Sára-Klausz Gabriella , Kovacs Gabor G.
Published: October 2023

Background:

The homeless population experience significant inequalities in health, and there is an increasing appreciation of the potential of lifestyle factors in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease. We performed a study on the prevalence and distribution of pathological alpha-synuclein deposition throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems in a homeless population.

Methods:

Forty-four homeless individuals consecutively available for autopsy were recruited. Immunohistochemistry was performed using 5G4 antibody recognizing disease-associated forms of alpha-synuclein, complemented by phospho-synuclein antibody on autopsy tissues collected from 18 regions of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the right and left olfactory bulb, the cauda equina, the extramedullary portion of the vagus nerve, and 27 sites of peripheral organs.

Results:

The study cohort consisted of 38 males and 6 females, median age 58 years (range 32–67). Lewy-related pathology was present in the brains of three male cases. One showed Braak stage 2 (60 years old), and two stage 4 (56 and 59 years old). One of the Braak stage 4 cases had Lewy-related pathology in the spinal cord, the cauda equina, and the extramedullary portion of the vagus nerve. Examination of 27 sites of peripheral organs found that all three cases with Lewy-related pathology present in the brain were devoid of peripheral organ alpha-synuclein pathology. Multiple system-type alpha-synuclein pathology was not found.

Conclusion:

Our study, representing a snapshot of the homeless population that came to autopsy, suggests that alpha-synuclein pathology is prevalent in the homeless supporting further study of this vulnerable population.
The Sendai Framework Eight Years On: Whither the “Science–Policy Interface”?
Authors: Lebowitz Adam Jon
Published: October 2023

This short commentary is a general analysis of the current state of the knowledge–policy relationship in the disaster field. This “science–policy interface” was described as fundamental in the 2015 UN Sendai Framework. However, midway to the 2030 deadline, there have been concerns from both the UN and academia about the lack of policy compared to research production. This suggests that barriers to this relationship may exist. To explain these, recent scholarship on factors influencing the general relationship between knowledge and policy is examined. Aspects of the “shape” of disaster research and its effect on policy creation are also examined, and a new direction is proposed. How the UN’s initial approach plausibly did not support this interface is also explained; however, more recent advocacy suggests that the organization has taken a new approach that may prove effective. Overall, a debate within the disaster field about its role in policy creation may be necessary.
Concentration of closed geodesics in the homology of modular curves
Authors: Nordentoft Asbjørn Christian
Published: October 2023

We prove that the homology classes of closed geodesics associated to subgroups of narrow class groups of real quadratic fields concentrate around the Eisenstein line. This fits into the framework of Duke’s Theorem and can be seen as a real quadratic analogue of results of Michel and Liu–Masri–Young on supersingular reduction of CM-elliptic curves. We also study the level aspect, as well as a homological version of the sup norm problem. Finally, we present applications to group theory and modular forms
Algebraic relations among Goss’s zeta values on elliptic curves
Authors: Green Nathan , Ngo Dac Tuan
Published: October 2023

In 2007 Chang and Yu determined all the algebraic relations among Goss’s zeta values for

$A=\mathbb F_q[\theta ]$

, also known as the Carlitz zeta values. Goss raised the problem of determining all algebraic relations among Goss’s zeta values at positive integers for a general base ring A, but very little is known. In this paper, we develop a general method, and we determine all algebraic relations among Goss’s zeta values for the base ring A which is the coordinate ring of an elliptic curve defined over

$\mathbb F_q$

. To our knowledge, this is the first work tackling Goss’s problem when the base ring has class number strictly greater than 1.
Une méthodologie de prospection et de gestion du site antique Gsar Chouline à Tataouine
Authors: Tebai Nadia
Published: October 2023

Cet article est une étude expérimentale menée sur le site archéologique de Gasr Chouline à Tataouine en utilisant la prospection archéologique et les systèmes d'informations géographiques (SIG) pour améliorer la gestion du site. Bien que cette étude n'ait pas prétendu à l'exhaustivité, elle a fourni de nouvelles données archéologiques par suite d'une prospection systématique.
Evaluative reactions to minority languages and their varieties: Evidence from new speakers of West Frisian
Authors: Kircher Ruth , Kutlu Ethan , Vellinga Mirjam
Published: October 2023

Little is known about the connection between individuals’ evaluative reactions to (i) minority languages as such, and (ii) specific varieties of these minority languages. This study investigates such evaluative reactions amongst new speakers of Frisian in the Netherlands (n = 264). A questionnaire was used to elicit participants’ attitudes towards the Frisian language and their evaluations of the specific variety of Frisian they were taught. The results reveal a significant correlation between participants’ status-related attitudes towards Frisian and their anonymity-related evaluations of the variety they were taught—as well as between participants’ solidarity-related attitudes towards Frisian and their authenticity-related evaluations of the variety they were taught. The former are close to neutral; the latter are mildly positive. The article discusses how these results not only advance our general understanding of language in society, but also facilitate the development of more comprehensive science communication to inform revitalisation strategies in minority contexts. (Language attitudes, language ideologies, minority languages, language planning, language revitalisation, language transmission, new speakers)*
Considerations for actuaries when advising on commutation rates
Authors: Hilsden Jonathan , Berriman Ben , Crocker Paul , Fish Judith , Forsyth Jon , Lindsay Kerry
Published: October 2023

This paper sets out the working party’s view that for a defined benefit pension scheme’s commutation rate the appropriate starting point should be to set it in line with the scheme’s cash equivalent transfer value basis. We recognise that there may be several reasons why an actuary in their advice may deviate from that starting point and we explore these in detail, giving our views on when deviation is and is not justified, noting that many common reasons used such as selection risk are often used without (in our view) adequate justification. We also cover frequency of review – our view is that commutation rates should be reviewed at least every 3 years and actuaries should consider performing a high-level review of commutation rates annually. We suggest that actuaries should consider proposing market-related commutation rates especially in periods of volatile market conditions. In terms of timing, there are good arguments to review commutation terms either following or during a valuation. Finally, we set out some considerations on how actuaries should present their advice, such as clearly setting out all the information required to take key decisions, following up with any actuarial certification in writing (if necessary) and illustrating the impact on members for changing commutation rates.
Burden and anticipatory grief in caregivers of family members with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Authors: Pérez-González Alba , Vilajoana-Celaya Josep , Guàrdia-Olmos Joan
Published: October 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to analyze the different factors that intervene in the task of caring for relatives of people with Alzheimer’s and other dementias. A first objective focused on assessing the relation between burden and anticipatory grief, considering the possibility of social support and the risk of psychopathology. A second objective aimed to examine whether caregiver burden modulates the relationships between anticipatory grief and psychopathology. A cross-sectional design was employed.

Methods

The sample consists of 129 participants who care for a family member with Alzheimer’s and other dementias. A protocol based on a battery of tests has been applied and a mediation analysis was carried out.

Results

The results show a positive relationship between burden and anticipatory grief. Social support could have an indirect relationship with anticipatory grief, based on its effect on the level of psychopathology and caregiver burden. Finally, a modulation model reflects that the relationship between anticipatory grief and psychopathology is strong, the latter having a greater effect as a result variable than as a risk variable. However, it seems that the relationship between grief and psychopathology is better explained directly than not through the modulating effect of the caregiver burden.

Significance of results

The results obtained encourage us to think that an approach focused on intervening in the anticipatory grief may be an opportunity to reduce or buffer other caregiving outcomes, especially those related to the perception of caregiver burden and psychopathology.
Getting Psyched Up for an Asteroid Mission
Authors: Benningfield Damond
Published: October 2023

The first mission to a metallic asteroid, scheduled for launch on 5 October, could provide clues to the formation of Earth and the solar system’s other inner planets.
Feasibility of predicting maximal oxygen uptake by using the efficiency factor in healthy men
Authors: Li Fang , Tu Yu-Tsai , Yeh Hung-Chih , Ho Chia-An , Yang Cheng-Pang , Kuo Ying-Chen , Ho Chin-Shan
Published: October 2023

Conventionally, efficiency is indirectly estimated through a respiratory gas analyser (oxygen, carbon dioxide), which is a complex and rather costly calculation method that is difficult to perform in many situations. Therefore, the present study proposed a modified definition of efficiency, called the efficiency factor (EF) (i.e., the ratio of work to the corresponding exercise intensity), and evaluated the relation between the EF and maximal oxygen uptake ($${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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), as well as compared the prediction models established based on the EF. The heart rate (maximal heart rate: 186 ± 6 beats min−1), rating of perceived exertion (19 ± 1), and $${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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(39.0 ± 7.1 mL kg−1 min−1) of 150 healthy men (age: 20 ± 2 years; height: 175.0 ± 6.0 cm; weight: 73.6 ± 10.7 kg; body mass index [BMI]: 24.0 ± 3.0 kg m−2; percent body fat [PBF]: 17.0 ± 5.7%) were measured during the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Through multiple linear regression analysis, we established the BMI model using age and BMI as parameters. Additionally, we created the PBF modelHRR utilizing weight, PBF, and heart rate reserve (HRR) and developed PBF modelEF6 and PBF modelEF7 by incorporating EF6 from the exercise stage 6 and EF7 from the exercise stage 7 during the CPET, respectively. EF6 (r = 0.32, p = 0.001) and EF7 (r = 0.31, p = 0.002) were significantly related to $${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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. Among the models, the PBF modelEF6 showed the highest accuracy, which could explain 62.6% of the variance in the $${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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at with a standard error of estimate (SEE) of 4.39 mL kg−1 min−1 (%SEE = 11.25%, p < 0.001). These results indicated that the EF is a significant predictor of $${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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, and compared to the other models, the PBF modelEF6 is the best model for estimating $${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2\max }$$

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Macrophage depletion attenuates degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons in kanamycin-induced unilateral hearing loss model
Authors: Shimada Mari Dias , Noda Masao , Koshu Ryota , Takaso Yuji , Sugimoto Hisashi , Ito Makoto , Yoshizaki Tomokazu , Hori Osamu
Published: October 2023

Pathological conditions in cochlea, such as ototoxicity, acoustic trauma, and age-related cochlear degeneration, induce cell death in the organ of Corti and degeneration of the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Although macrophages play an essential role after cochlear injury, its role in the SGNs is limitedly understood. We analyzed the status of macrophage activation and neuronal damage in the spiral ganglion after kanamycin-induced unilateral hearing loss in mice. The number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive macrophages increased 3 days after unilateral kanamycin injection. Macrophages showed larger cell bodies, suggesting activation status. Interestingly, the number of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)-positive-neurons, an indicator of early neuronal damage, also increased at the same timing. In the later stages, the number of macrophages decreased, and the cell bodies became smaller, although the number of neuronal deaths increased. To understand their role in neuronal damage, macrophages were depleted via intraperitoneal injection of clodronate liposome 24 h after kanamycin injection. Macrophage depletion decreased the number of ATF3-positive neurons at day 3 and neuronal death at day 28 in the spiral ganglion following kanamycin injection. Our results suggest that suppression of inflammation by clodronate at early timing can protect spiral ganglion damage following cochlear insult.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for colorectal cancer surgical guidance: towards real-time tissue characterization and new biomarkers
Authors: Saito Nogueira Marcelo , Maryam Siddra , Amissah Michael , Killeen Shane , O'Riordain Micheal , Andersson-Engels Stefan
Published: October 2023

Our study assessed the most important light-based markers for surgical and laparoscopic delineation of colorectal cancer margins. Real-time and accurate tissue identification can improve surgical outcomes and obviate the need for multiple biopsies.
Small-molecule fluorescent probes for bioactive species in inflammatory disease: arthritis, pneumonia and hepatitis
Authors: Zhang Xiaolei , Tang Fuyan , Shu Wei , Li Dongpeng , Liu Yuying , Xiao Haibin , Zhou Jin , Li Ping
Published: October 2023

The small-molecule fluorescent probes for bioactive species in inflammatory disease, mainly in arthritis, pneumonia and hepatitis are systematically summarized.
Functional silicone oils and elastomers: new routes lead to new properties
Authors: Brook Michael A.
Published: October 2023

Simple organic chemistry can be used to introduce, into silicone elastomers, organic/natural materials that deliver functionality in the form of new, useful properties including enhanced sustainability.