bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Balance of Power: Interpersonal Consequences of Differential Power and Expectancies
Authors: Georgesen John C. , Harris Monica J.
Published: June 2007

The cognitive and behavioral effects of perceived power and expected partner competence were examined in a task-oriented dyadic interaction. Specifically, the authors manipulated the effects of power and expectancy on social information processing during and subsequent to a dyadic problem-solving interaction. In addition, dispositional power orientation was measured. Results indicated that perceiver power led to self-enhancement and derogation of the target and both perceiver and target awareness of perceiver power moderated the effects of interpersonal expectancies. Furthermore, there are important differences between situational power and dispositional dominance orientation. These results advance current models of power and suggest the pervasiveness of power effects in our interactions with others.
Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination: Valence of Evaluation and Salience of Categorization
Authors: Mummendey Amélie , Otten Sabine , Berger Uwe , Kessler Thomas
Published: June 2007

Several studies have consistently demonstrated a positive-negative asymmetry in intergroup discrimination. As a possible explanation for this effect, the authors investigated whether stimulus valence has an impact on the salience of social categorization, which, in turn, is assumed to determine the degree of intergroup differentiation. It was hypothesized that the confrontation with negative stimuli instigates a change in the level of inclusiveness of self-categorization, inhibiting the differentiation based on the initial social categorization. Two studies with factors valence (positive, negative) and salience (low, high) were conducted to test these assumptions. Results were encouraging with respect to a category-based explanation of the valence effects on social discrimination. Implications of these findings for classical theories on behavior in minimal intergroup situations are discussed.
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female Authority
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Kilianski Stephen E.
Published: June 2007

Attitudes toward female authority and their relationship to gender beliefs were examined using implicit and explicit measures of each. Implicit attitudes covaried with implicit gender authority beliefs (i.e., linking men to high-authority and women to low-authority roles). Explicit attitudes covaried with explicit gender authority beliefs, feminist identification, and hostile sexism. Thus, gender authority beliefs may influence both conscious and unconscious prejudice against female authorities. Although women showed less explicit prejudice than did men, their implicit attitudes were similarly negative. Finally, the relationship found between two different response latency methods (a priming task for attitudes, a categorization task for beliefs) supports the assumption that implicit measures assess similar constructs (i.e., automatic associations in long-term memory).
Relationship Ecology and Negative Communication in Romantic Relationships: A Self-Evaluation Maintenance Perspective
Authors: O’Mahen Heather A. , Beach Steven R. H. , Tesser Abraham
Published: June 2007

The present study examined the effect of performance feedback on couple’s problem-solving interactions. A couple’s performance ecology was defined in terms of self-evaluation maintenance theory. A performance ecology is balanced when self outperforms partner on dimensions relevant to self but irrelevant to partner and when partner outperforms self on dimensions relevant to partner but irrelevant to self. As predicted, a linear trend was identified between ecology level of imbalance and negative behavior. The results indicate the potential importance of examining the performance ecology in romantic relationships.
Coping with Accountability Cross-Pressures: Low-Effort Evasive Tactics and High-Effort Quests for Complex Compromises
Authors: Green Melanie C. , Visser Penny S. , Tetlock Philip E.
Published: June 2007

The current study explores two classes of strategies of coping with accountability: low-cognitive-effort decision-evasion tactics (buckpassing, procrastination, and exiting the situation) and high-cognitive-effort attempts to craft integratively complex compromises among conflicting perspectives. Some participants read weak arguments on one side of the free trade issue and strong arguments on the other side, and some participants read strong arguments for both the pro-and anti-free trade positions. They then expected their own views to be anonymous or expected to justify those views to a pro-free trade audience or to both a pro-and an anti-free trade audience. Participants were most integratively complex when they read strong arguments from each side and were accountable to conflicting constituencies (maximum intrapsychic and interpersonal conflict). Participants also relied on low-effort decision-evasion tactics to escape accountability and were willing to use escape strategies demanding relatively more time and energy to avoid accountability to contradictory constituencies.
Attitudinal Ambivalence: A Test of Three Key Hypotheses
Authors: Armitage Christopher J. , Conner Mark
Published: June 2007

This article reports two studies designed to test the hypotheses that lower levels of attitudinal ambivalence are associated with attitudes that are more predictive of behavior, more stable over time, and less pliable. Study 1 (n = 346) employed a prospective design to test the effects of ambivalence on attitude-intention-behavior relationships. Findings indicated that less ambivalent attitudes were more predictive of subsequent behavioral intentions and behavior but were unrelated to attitude stability. Study 2 (n = 344) used a simple pre-post experimental design and showed that ambivalent attitudes were more pliable in the face of a persuasive communication. The findings are discussed in relation to future research into the bidimensional conceptualization of attitudes.
Young Children, Minimal Groups, and Dichotomous Categorization
Authors: Spielman Darren A.
Published: June 2007

Research suggests that ingroup bias in the minimal group paradigm may rely on dichotomous categorization, not social categorization per se. Dichotomous categorization may prime competition because of its unique cultural significance. Young children often do not demonstrate the culturally shaped cognitive tendencies of their elders, even though they can. Thus, young children may not show bias in the minimal group context. Two experiments examined these issues. In Experiment 1, children completed a minimal groups task in two-or three-group conditions. They received no prime, a neutral prime, or a competitive prime. As predicted, children did not display ingroup bias in two-or three-group conditions unless competitively primed. In Experiment 2, undergraduate students completed a minimal groups task in two-or three-group conditions. They received no prime or a competitive prime. As predicted, undergraduates displayed bias in two-group contexts. They displayed bias in three-group contexts only when competitively primed.
How Important is the Perception of Personal Control? Studies of Early Stage Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Carver Charles S. , Harris Suzanne D. , Lehman Jessica M. , Durel Lynn A. , Antoni Michael H. , Spencer Stacie M. , Pozo-Kaderman Christina
Published: June 2007

Two models of cognitive determinants of distress under adversity were tested in the experiences of two samples of newly treated breast cancer patients (n s = 144 and 202). One model emphasizes the role of perceptions of personal control in subjective well-being; the other model emphasizes expectancies of the occurrence of desired outcomes. In this research, the outcome addressed was remaining free of cancer in the future. In these two samples, beliefs about control over remaining free of cancer played no role in predicting distress, although expectancy of remaining cancer free did. Discussion focuses on conceptual boundaries on the concept of control, how difficult it is to assess control separately from expectancy regarding the desired outcome, and how conceptual clarity requires such a separation.
The Measurement of Perceived Relationship Quality Components: A Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach
Authors: Fletcher Garth J. O. , Simpson Jeffry A. , Thomas Geoff
Published: June 2007

This research tested three models of how the relationship evaluation components of satisfaction, commitment, intimacy, trust, passion, and love are structured and cognitively represented. Participants in Study 1 rated their intimate relationships on six previously developed scales that measured each construct and on a new inventory—the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) Inventory. As predicted, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that, for both sets of scales, the best-fitting model was one in which the appropriate items loaded reliably on the six first-order factors, which in turn loaded reliably on one second-order factor reflecting overall perceived relationship quality. These results were replicated on a different sample in Study 2 and across sex. Implications and advantages of the PRQC Inventory are discussed.
International Deception
Authors: Bond Charles F. , Atoum Adnan Omar
Published: June 2007

This article reports three studies of international deception. Americans, Jordanians, and Indians were videotaped while lying and telling the truth, and the resulting tapes were judged for deception by other Americans, Jordanians, and Indians. Results show that lies can be detected across cultures. They can be detected across cultures that share a language and cultures that do not, by illiterates as well as university students. Contrary to a hypothesis of ethnocentrism, perceivers show no general tendency to judge persons from other countries as deceptive; in fact, they often judge foreigners to be more truthful than compatriots. There is, however, some evidence for a language-based ethnocentrism when perceivers are judging the deceptiveness of a series of people from the same multilingual culture. Ancillary results reveal that people from diverse backgrounds reach consensus in deception judgments and that motivation can impair a liar’s ability to achieve communication goals.
Attachment and Exploration in Adults: Chronic and Contextual Accessibility
Authors: Green Jeffrey D. , Campbell W. Keith
Published: June 2007

It was predicted that attachment is associated with exploration in adults. An exploration scale that measures willingness to explore the physical, social, and intellectual environments was constructed. Study 1 measured chronic attachment patterns and found that both anxiety and avoidance correlated negatively with the desire to explore. Study 2 primed attachment styles by exposing participants to attachment-related sentences in an ostensible sentence memorization task. Participants primed with a secure style were more open to exploration than were participants primed with the insecure styles. Together, the results of Study 1 and Study 2 provide converging evidence that the behavior systems of attachment and exploration are linked in adults.
Jeer Pressure: The Behavioral Effects of Observing Ridicule of Others
Authors: Janes Leslie M. , Olson James M.
Published: June 2007

Two experiments examined “jeer pressure,” which is a hypothesized inhibiting effect of observing another person being ridiculed. Jeer pressure was expected to induce conformity to others’ opinions; concern about failing or standing out; and conventional, uncreative thinking. In both experiments, participants observed videotapes containing either other-ridiculing humor, self-ridiculing humor, or nonridiculing or no humor. Participants then completed tasks that assessed conformity, fear of failure, and creativity. Results of both experiments showed that participants who viewed ridicule of others were more conforming and more afraid of failing than were those who viewed self-ridicule or no ridicule. Creativity was not influenced by the humor manipulation. Experiment 2 also included a lexical decision task to assess whether salience of potential rejection mediated the obtained behavioral effects. Salience of rejection mediated the effects of humor on fear of failure but not the effects of humor on conformity.
Helping Individuals or Group Members? The Role of Individual and Collective Identification in AIDS Volunteerism
Authors: Simon Bernd , Stürmer Stefan , Steffens Kerstin
Published: June 2007

This article presents a group-level perspective on helping that was tested in the context of AIDS volunteerism. It was predicted and found that homosexuals were more willing to volunteer when collective identification in terms of sexual orientation was high. The opposite trend was found for heterosexuals. Also as predicted, homosexuals were less willing to volunteer when identification as a unique individual was high, whereas the opposite was again true for heterosexuals. Thus, AIDS volunteerism emerged as a form of intragroup helping for homosexuals and as a form of interindividual helping for heterosexuals. In addition, identification with the AIDS volunteer service organization proved to be a positive predictor of AIDS volunteerism regardless of sexual orientation. Finally, two individual motivations emerged as positive predictors, namely, gaining knowledge and understanding emerged for homosexuals and expressing humanitarian values emerged for heterosexuals. The results are summarized in a dual-pathway model of volunteerism.
Downward Counterfactuals and Motivation: The Wake-Up Call and the Pangloss Effect
Authors: McMullen Matthew N. , Markman Keith D.
Published: June 2007

Three studies examined the motivational implications of thinking about how things could have been worse. It was hypothesized that when these downward counterfactuals yield negative affect, through consideration of the possibility of a negative outcome, motivation to change and improve would be increased (the wake-up call). When downward counterfactuals yield positive affect, through diminishing the impact of a potentially negative outcome, motivation to change and improve should be reduced (the Pangloss effect). Results from three studies supported these hypotheses. Studies 1 and 2 showed that a manipulation of the counterfactual made about an investment influenced decisions toward that investment. Study 3 showed that students’ academic motivation was influenced by a manipulation of the type of downward counterfactual they made after an exam and that affect mediated the relationship between the counterfactual and motivation.
General Versus Specific Mental Models of Attachment: Are They Associated with Different Outcomes?
Authors: Cozzarelli Catherine , Hoekstra Steven J. , Bylsma Wayne H.
Published: June 2007

The present study examined the relationships between mental models of attachment and both overall psychological adjustment and relationship-related outcomes. Mental models were assessed in the context of a specific relationship as well as for people in general. Overall, partner-specific mental models had stronger and more numerous associations with the outcome variables than did general mental models. General models (especially model of self) were most strongly associated with measures of overall psychological adjustment. However, specific mental models were much more strongly associated with relationship-specific outcomes such as feelings of romantic love or relationship satisfaction than were general mental models. Self-esteem was more strongly related to global psychological adjustment than was model of self, but specific model of self was more strongly related to outcomes in relationships. Trust was not related to any of the dependent variables in the study.
When Social Worlds Collide: Overconfidence in the Multiple Audience Problem
Authors: van Boven Leaf , Kruger Justin , Savitsky Kenneth , Gilovich Thomas
Published: June 2007

Individuals sometimes try to convey different identities to different people simultaneously or to convey certain information to one individual while simultaneously concealing it from another. How successfully can people solve these multiple audience problems and how successfully do they think they can? The research presented here corroborates previous findings that people are rather adept at such tasks. In Study 1, participants who adopted different identities in preliminary interactions with two other participants (acting the part of a studious nerd with one and a fun-loving party animal with the other) were able to preserve these identities when they interacted subsequently with both individuals at the same time. In Study 2, participants were able to communicate a secret word to one audience while simultaneously concealing it from another. Despite their skill at these tasks, however, participants in both studies were overconfident in their abilities, believing that they were better able to solve these multiple audience problems than they actually were.
Effects of Forced Exposure to a Hypothetical Population on False Consensus
Authors: Kulig John W.
Published: June 2007

Participants were forced to view a hypothetical population of 30 bogus students. Later, participants estimated consensus for 10 traits in this predefined population. On the false consensus effect (FCE) measure (estimates from those who exemplify the trait contrasted with estimates from those who do not), false consensus was observed. On the accuracy measure (estimates compared with actual consensus), estimates regressed inward. A week delay between the forced viewing and consensus estimates enhanced the regression effect but did not affect the FCE measure. The fact that false consensus obtained under forced viewing demonstrates for the first time that social projection can occur in the absence of selective exposure. The fact that the two measures diverged argues against their equivalence as false consensus measures.
Emotion and Personality: Introduction to the Special Symposium
Authors: Larsen Randy J.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this special symposium is to showcase the area of personality and emotion and to give Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin readers some sense of the breadth of issues in this area. Three broad themes organize this collection of articles: (a) a concern with taxonomy, definition, categorizations, and assessment of major theoretical constructs; (b) an approach to testing theories of emotion by employing individual differences; and (c) the modification or refocusing of traditional personality theories by incorporating modern knowledge of emotion.
Facets of Affective Experiences: A Framework for Investigations of Trait Affect
Authors: Schimmack Ulrich , Oishi Shigehiro , Diener Ed , Suh Eunkook
Published: June 2007

Research on the relation between personality and affect is concerned with the nature of affect dispositions. The authors propose that the general notion of trait affect is too broad and propose a more refined framework that differentiates facets of affect-related traits. Each facet is a combination of a type (e.g., mood, emotion), an aspect (e.g., frequency, intensity, duration), and a quality (e.g., pleasure, displeasure) of affective experiences. Previous research on the relation between pleasant trait affect and unpleasant trait affect has yielded inconsistent results. In the present article, the authors demonstrate that these inconsistencies are resolved once the theoretical distinctions between facets are recognized. In particular, they show that the facets “frequency of pleasant emotions” and “frequency of unpleasant emotions” are positively correlated. In contrast, the amount of time that people are in a pleasant mood is negatively correlated with the amount of time that people are in an unpleasant mood.
Individual Differences in Emotional Experience: Mapping Available Scales to Processes
Authors: Gohm Carol L. , Clore Gerald L.
Published: June 2007

Increasing interest in individual differences related to emotion is evident in the recent appearance of a large number of self-report instruments designed to assess aspects of the feeling experience. In this article, the authors review a sample of 18 of these scales and report technical information on each (e.g., length, format, reliability, construct validity, and correlates). They propose that this domain of individual differences can be usefully structured into five conceptual categories, including measures of absorption, attention, clarity, intensity, and expression. The measures were administered to a sample of individuals, and the coherence of the proposed categories was examined through hierarchical cluster analyses. The results confirmed the proposed structure of this domain of individual difference measures. The authors argue for the usefulness of an individual differences approach to theory testing and specify some of the information-processing roles that might be played by the categories of individual differences found in the data.
Do You have to Pay Attention to Your Feelings to be Influenced by Them?
Authors: Gasper Karen , Clore Gerald L.
Published: June 2007

Two experiments investigated how individual differences in attention to emotion influence the role of affect in judgments of risk. In Experiment 1, mood influenced the judgments of individuals high, but not low, in attention to emotion. When an attribution manipulation made a cause of their feelings salient, individuals high in emotional attention no longer perceived their feelings as relevant and were not influenced by them; whereas those low in emotional attention now paid attention to them and were influenced by them. This manipulation had these effects when it was presented prior to, but not in the middle of, a series of judgments. In Experiment 2, differences in response to the attribution manipulation disappeared when participants' perceptions of the relevance of their feelings were governed by instructions to use either feelings or facts as a basis for judgment. The results suggest that feelings influence judgment when they seem relevant.
Contributions of Motivational Orientation to Appraisal and Emotion
Authors: Griner Laura A. , Smith Craig A.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the role of affiliative orientation as a dispositional antecedent of appraisals of motivational relevance and related emotions. Individuals high and low on affiliative orientation attempted to complete a teaching task that proved to be interpersonally challenging, and their appraisals and emotions were assessed both while anticipating the task and after its completion. Results indicated that before the task occurred, high levels of affiliative orientation were related to emphasizing the affiliative relevance of the situation, appraising the interpersonal aspects of the situation as being especially important, and experiencing higher levels of interest and lower levels of boredom. Path analyses indicated that the interrelations among these variables were consistent with an a priori causal model of appraisal-emotion relations. Posttask, very few effects of affiliative orientation on appraisal, emotion, or the participants' behaviors during the task were observed.
Furrowing the Brow May Undermine Perceived Fame: The Role of Facial Feedback in Judgments of Celebrity
Authors: Strack Fritz , Neumann Roland
Published: June 2007

Two studies are reported that investigate whether facial expressions may influence judgments of fame. In the current research, the authors tested the hypothesis of whether feelings of mental effort influence judgments of fame. To test this hypothesis, participants were required to contract the corrugator muscle while judging the fame of persons depicted in a photo. In Experiment 1, participants who succeeded in maintaining the contraction during the entire task evaluated the targets to be less famous than did judges who did not succeed or were not required to engage in any facial contraction. In the second experiment, participants’ success at their muscle contraction was monitored by electromyograph (EMG) feedback and a control group had to activate a different (frontalis) facial muscle. The fame effect was replicated under those conditions. The present findings suggest that facial expressions may modify nonemotional feelings and the judgments that are based on them.
Bleeding Hearts and the Heartless: Popular Perceptions of Liberal and Conservative Ideologies
Authors: Farwell Lisa , Weiner Bernard
Published: June 2007

Two studies explored liberals’ and conservatives’ perceptions of themselves and other liberals and conservatives. Participants reported how much assistance they would recommend for needy persons who were nonresponsible and responsible for their plights (i.e., were more and less deserving) and predicted how much liberal and conservative others would recommend. Relative to liberal participants, conservatives reported being less generous toward responsible persons but did not differ in their self-reported generosity toward nonresponsible persons. Both groups viewed conservatives as somewhat heartless, giving less than liberals whether the needy were responsible or nonresponsible. A shared stereotype of a bleeding heart liberal also was revealed—overall, persons overestimated liberals’ generosity toward the responsible, but this was strongest among conservatives, which the authors termed the “Limbaugh Effect.” Results also suggested self-enhancement; liberals and conservatives reported being generous and judicious. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to lay conceptions of ideology and political rhetoric.
The Role of Political Ideology in Mediating Judgments of Blame in Rape Victims and their Assailants: A Test of the Just World, Personal Responsibility, and Legitimization Hypotheses
Authors: Lambert Alan J. , Raichle Katherine
Published: June 2007

Previous research often has shown that conservative ideology is positively correlated with the extent to which people blame victims of rape. However, much of this work has been descriptive, with little attention directed toward the development of theoretical models addressing why conservatism might play an important role in this area. Three hypotheses were tested. The just world hypothesis suggests that people blame others to preserve one’s view that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. The personal responsibility hypothesis suggests that conservatism is associated with a tendency to hold people personally responsible for their own actions. The legitimization hypothesis stipulates that conservative perceivers are motivated to maintain traditional power differences between dominant and nondominant groups. Two studies showed much more support for the legitimization hypothesis compared to the other hypotheses. The implications of the present results for previous investigations of victim blaming are discussed.
Agency and Communion in Naturalistic Social Comparison
Authors: Locke Kenneth D. , Nekich Jamie C.
Published: June 2007

The authors suggest that social comparison research has neglected communal feelings and concerns because it typically asks participants to compare objective characteristics that invite evaluative rankings (e.g., test scores) with acquaintances or strangers without any interaction. The authors asked 138 undergraduates to record their spontaneous social comparisons for 1 week; they found that participants often compared subjective characteristics (e.g., feelings), with close others, and during interactions. Comparing subjective characteristics, with close others, or during interactions increased the likelihood of communal outcomes (e.g., feeling connected, focusing on similarities as opposed to differences). Communal traits also predicted feeling connected during comparisons; agentic traits predicted feeling confident and comparing downward. The authors conclude that the basic interpersonal axes—agency and communion— together shape social comparisons as they occur in daily life.
Differential Use of Person Information in Decisions about Guilt Versus Innocence: The Role of Implicit Theories
Authors: Gervey Benjamin M. , Chiu Chi-Yue , Hong Ying-Yi , Dweck Carol S.
Published: June 2007

The authors hypothesize that different people would use information differently in their social decision making depending on their implicit theory about human character traits. Past research has shown that entity theorists (who believe traits are fixed entities) tend to make more rapid, global trait judgments and to accord traits greater weight in explaining behavior as compared to incremental theorists (who believe traits are more malleable qualities). This article examines how potentially trait-relevant information might influence the decision making (verdicts in a fictitious murder case) of entity versus incremental theorists. Results from three studies showed that such information (e.g., the defendant’s dress at the crime) had a marked effect on entity theorists’ verdicts but little effect on incremental theorists’ verdicts. In addition, entity theorists were more likely than incremental theorists to request additional character information. Implications for the role of implicit theories in social decision making are explored.
One Person’s Enjoyment is Another Person’s Boredom: Mood Effects on Responsiveness to Framing
Authors: Hirt Edward R. , McDonald Hugh E. , Levine Gary M. , Melton R. Jeffrey , Martin Leonard L.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the effects of induced mood on susceptibility to question-framing effects. Participants were placed in either a happy, sad, or neutral mood and performed an impression-formation task under different phrasings of Martin, Ward, Achee, and Wyer’s (1993) stop rule instructions. For the enjoy rule, participants were told to stop reading behaviors either when they no longer enjoyed the task or when they became bored with the task. For the performance-based rule, participants were told to stop either when they had enough information to form an impression of the target or when they did not need to collect additional information. Results indicated that neutral mood participants were strongly influenced by the framing of the stop rule. Participants in valenced moods, however, were unaffected by framing, suggesting that they based their decisions about when to stop solely on the informational value of their moods. The implications of these results are discussed.
Affect and Self-Focused Attention Revisited: The Role of Affect Orientation
Authors: Green Jeffrey D. , Sedikides Constantine
Published: June 2007

Research examining the influence of affect on self-focused attention has concentrated exclusively on the valence dimension (i.e., negative-positive) of affect. The authors propose that the dimension of affect orientation (i.e., reflective-social) illuminates consider ably this relation. A reflective orientation refers to atendency for inaction, whereas a social orientation refers to a tendency for action. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that two opposite-valenced but reflective affective states (i.e., sadness and contentment) heighten self-focused attention, whereas two opposite-valenced but social affective states (i.e., thrill and anger) reduce self-focused attention. Affect was induced via an imagination task (Experiment 1) or an imagination task combined with musical selections (Experiment 2). Self-focused attention was assessed through the state version of the Private Self-Consciousness (PSC) scale (Experiment 1) or the state version of the PSC plus a behavioral intention measure (Experiment 2). The results confirmed the hypothesis.
Conceptualizing Social Identity: A New Framework and Evidence for the Impact of Different Dimensions
Authors: Jackson Jay W. , Smith Eliot R.
Published: June 2007

The authors introduce a framework for organizing conceptualizations of social identity along four dimensions: perception of the intergroup context, in-group attraction, interdependency beliefs, and depersonalization. The authors suggest that the extent to which each dimension is evoked or assessed will have an impact on the consequences attributed to social identity. Two studies test hypotheses derived from the framework and investigate the psychometric properties of several scales. In Study 1, participants completed four social identity scales, two group cohesion scales, and a measure of allocentrism. Interscale commonalities were tested through a secondary factor analysis, and the scales and secondary factors were used to predict in-group pride and intergroup bias. Study 2 included additional predictors (interdependency, conflict, competition) and outcome measures (in-group and out-group evaluations, perceived group homogeneity, and the twenty statements test). Consistent with predictions, two types of social identity were empirically extracted and were differentially related to the outcome measures. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.
Resisting Temptation Revisited: Devaluation Versus Enhancement of an Attractive Suitor by Exclusive and Nonexclusive Daters
Authors: Bazzini Doris G. , Shaffer David R.
Published: June 2007

Individuals committed to exclusive relationships often evaluate attractive, opposite-sex targets less favorably than do less committed individuals. This devaluative distortion of alternatives has been interpreted as relationship maintenance by exclusive daters. Two experiments evaluated an alternative hypothesis: Less committed individuals may more favorably evaluate attractive, other-sex targets because they are seeking a relationship. In Experiment 1, exclusive and nonexclusive daters imagined a scenario in which an attractive stranger showed interest in the participant (high threat/high opportunity) or in his or her best friend (low threat/low opportunity). In Experiment 2, exclusive and nonexclusive daters anticipated interacting with an attractive target who was either available/seeking a relationship (high threat/high opportunity) or unavailable for a relationship (low threat/low opportunity). As predicted, nonexclusive daters evaluated available targets more favorably than unavailable ones, showing clear evidence of relationship-seeking motives. However, exclusive daters showed little evidence of devaluing available targets in the interest of relationship maintenance.
Twenty Years of PSPB: Trends in Content, Design, and Analysis
Authors: Sherman Richard C. , Buddie Amy M. , Dragan Kristin L. , End Christian M. , Finney Lila J.
Published: June 2007

This investigation assessed the nature of research published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (PSPB) during the past 20 years (1976-1996) compared to another major journal in the field, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP). Articles in both journals have tended to become longer, to contain more studies, to be authored by more collaborators, and to employ a greater diversity of statistical analyses. Research in both journals has relied heavily on experimental designs using college undergraduates as participants, although the temporal pattern of this reliance is somewhat different in the two journals. Articles in PSPB have consistently emphasized the domain of attitudes and social cognition more than those in JPSP. The implications of these patterns are discussed in terms of their significance for progress in the field and their impact on the career experiences of researchers.
Threat, Authoritarianism, and Voting: An Investigation of Personality and Persuasion
Authors: Lavine Howard , Burgess Diana , Snyder Mark , Transue John , Sullivan John L. , Haney Beth , Wagner Stephen H.
Published: June 2007

The authors examined whether the influence of persuasive messages emphasizing reward versus threat was moderated by authoritarianism. Five days before the 1996 presidential election, participants (N = 86) received either a reward-related message (emphasizing the positive benefits of voting) or a threatrelated message (emphasizing the negative consequences of failing to vote) recommending that they vote in the election. We found that high authoritarians perceived the threat message as stronger in argument quality than the reward message, and low authoritarians perceived the reward message as stronger in argument quality than the threat message. In turn, subjective perceptions of message quality exerted a direct influence on participants’ postmessage attitudes toward voting in the election. Finally, behavioral intentions mediated the influence of voting attitudes on actual voting behavior. Discussion focuses on the implications of the message frame and authoritarianism.
The Role of the Affective and Cognitive Bases of Attitudes in Susceptibility to Affectively and Cognitively Based Persuasion
Authors: Fabrigar Leandre R. , Petty Richard E.
Published: June 2007

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether attitudes based on affect or cognition were more susceptible to persuasive appeals that matched versus mismatched the basis of attitudes. Experiment 1 provided evidence for a relative affective/cognitive persuasion matching effect and suggested that this matching effect could not be accounted for by attribute matching rather than affective/cognitive matching. Regardless of whether the persuasive appeal matched or mismatched the attitude on the attribute dimension, an affective/cognitive persuasion matching effect occurred. Experiment 2 examined whether the affective/cognitive matching effect could be accounted for by direct/indirect experience persuasion matching. Holding the direct/indirect experience distinction constant, results again demonstrated a relative affective/cognitive persuasion matching effect. Analyses of both experiments using previously validated measures of affect and cognition confirmed that manipulations of the affective and cognitive bases of attitudes were successful.
Attachment Style, Interpersonal Perception Accuracy, and Relationship Satisfaction in Dating Couples
Authors: Tucker Joan S. , Anders Sherry L.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated associations between attachment style, partner perception accuracy, and relationship satisfaction in a sample of 61 undergraduate dating couples. Each partner completed questionnaires assessing own attachment style, own feelings about the relationship, and perceptions of the partner’s feelings about the relationship. Results indicated that more avoidantly attached men and more anxiously attached individuals of both sexes reported lower relationship satisfaction. However, only anxiously attached men showed consistently lower accuracy in perceiving their partner’s feelings about the relationship. The lower satisfaction among anxiously attached men could be partially explained by their lower accuracy in perceiving their partner’s feelings of love, and this lower accuracy was not due to the partner’s self-reported level of communication. Implications of the results in terms of understanding how attachment style influences interpersonal communication and relationship quality are discussed.
How Anecdotal Accounts in News and in Fiction Can Influence Judgments of a Social Problem’s Urgency, Causes, and Cures
Authors: Strange Jeffrey J. , Leung Cynthia C.
Published: June 2007

This study examined whether accounts about individuals in concrete situations—read as news or fiction—influenced judgments about society at large. Participants (N = 95) read either no story or one of two anecdotal accounts about a teenager who was planning to drop out of high school. Whereas one account focused on problems stemming from the student’s inner-city high school, the other account emphasized the boy’s emotional and motivational problems. Results showed that both news and fictional stories influenced participants’ judgments about the causes of and solutions to the dropout problem in the United States (causal generalization) and about the urgency with which policy makers should attend to educational and health care reform (agenda setting). Among the mechanisms shown to facilitate causal generalization was the extent to which the accounts cued remindings from the readers’ stores of personal or mediabased experience. The role of stories in the judgment of social issues is discussed.
The Moderating Role of Category Salience and Category Focus in Judgments of Set Size and Frequency of Occurrence
Authors: Betsch Tilmann , Siebler Frank , Marz Peter , Hormuth Stefan , Dickenberger Dorothee
Published: June 2007

Recent work on frequency estimation has provided evidence that availability, as measured by recall, determines judgments of set size but not of frequency of occurrence. The latter in turn rather reflect actual presentation frequencies. In contrast, the present series of experiments shows that by controlling category focus during encoding and category salience during recall, a dramatically altered pattern of effects is obtained. Adopting the research methodology of Manis, Shedler, Jonides, and Nelson (1993), the authors demonstrate that recall does influence frequency of occurrence judgments if the superordinate category is brought into focus during encoding. Furthermore, set size judgments reflect actual presentation frequencies and are almost uninfluenced by recall if the superordinate category is not salient during recall.
Perceptions of Gender Subtypes: Sensitivity to Recent Exemplar Activation and In-Group/Out-Group Differences
Authors: Coats Susan , Smith Eliot R.
Published: June 2007

People’s perceptions of gender subtypes were explored by investigating the extent to which these perceptions are context sensitive. Traditional views regard stereotypes as stable structures that are retrieved from memory intact, whereas more recent views contend that stereotypes are constructed at the time that they are evoked and are thus relatively flexible. Context sensitivity was demonstrated by having participants list characteristics of subtypes after being exposed to one of two dissimilar exemplars of the subtypes. As predicted, descriptions of subtypes were found to differ between exemplar conditions. The authors also hypothesized that exemplars would have a stronger effect for participants describing in-group (same-gender) subtypes than for participants describing out-group subtypes, and this hypothesis was confirmed. The role of exemplar information in judgments about in-groups and out-groups is discussed.
Risk Perceptions and Safer-Sex Intentions: Does a Partner’s Physical Attractiveness Undermine the Use of Risk-Relevant Information?
Authors: Agocha V. Bede , Cooper M. Lynne
Published: June 2007

An experimental study investigated the combined effects of participant’s gender and an opposite-sex target’s sexual history (SH) and physical attractiveness (PA) on the perceived desirability of that target, participant’s willingness to exchange personal information, intention to have sex, perceived riskiness, and intentions to engage in safer-sex behaviors should intercourse occur with the target. A total of 280 college students (140 men, 140 women) completed self-administered questionnaires immediately after viewing the target’s photograph and biographic information. Results indicated that participants, especially men, overrelied on irrelevant partner characteristics such as PA and underused the more relevant SH information in making judgments about risk and probable future behavior with the target. Supplementary path analyses highlighted the role of desirability of the target as a proximal cause of both lower risk perceptions and weakened intentions to take precautionary actions. The need to more fully address motivational factors in future research and prevention efforts is discussed.
When Recollective Experiences Matter: Subjective Ease of Retrieval and Stereotyping
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , Macrae C. Neil , Haddock Geoffrey
Published: June 2007

Based on the logic that stereotypes are accessible among people who use them often, the authors suspected that low-prejudice participants would experience difficulty when asked to bring a large amount of stereotypic information to mind. This experienced difficulty was expected to decrease the stereotypicality of subsequent judgments. In the experiment, participants who differed in their level of prejudice (i.e., low, intermediate, high) toward women judged a target (i.e., female secretary) after having generated either three or eight traits on which men and women were believed to differ. As predicted, ease of retrieval influenced the extent to which the target was stereotyped, but only for low-prejudice participants. That is, these individuals judged the target more stereotypically when they had previously generated three traits rather than eight traits. Ease of retrieval effects were not observed among other participants. The authors consider how experiential states may inform their understanding of stereotyping.
Ideological and Attributional Boundaries on Public Compassion: Reactions to Individuals and Communities Affected by a Natural Disaster
Authors: Skitka Linda J.
Published: June 2007

The present study explored whether ideologically based attributions for why people need public assistance (a) emerge even in the context of an external-uncontrollable cause of need; (b) generalize across different levels of analysis, for example, across different forms of assistance, as well as across different types of claimants (individuals or groups); and explored (c) the role of promised reform on willingness to help those with personal responsibility for their plight. Ideological and attributional differences in willingness to help emerged even in the context of a natural disaster. Liberals tended to suspend the usual consequences of attributional analysis when making judgments about humanitarian aid by helping even the irresponsible; conservatives did not. Liberals and conservatives alike were more supportive of aid designed to meet primary than secondary needs, aid made contingent on future reform, and of help for communities over individuals.
The Effects of Mental Simulation on Coping with Controllable Stressful Events
Authors: Rivkin Inna D. , Taylor Shelley E.
Published: June 2007

Previous research has revealed that writing or talking about traumatic stressors can improve health and psychological well-being. The present study investigated whether similar benefits may be conferred by mental simulation and whether such simulations can improve coping and affective responses to ongoing stressful events. All participants designated an ongoing stressful event in their lives. One third of the participants visualized the event and the emotions they had experienced (event simulation), one third visualized having resolved the problem (outcome simulation), and one third were simply followed over time (control). Event simulation participants reported more positive affect, both immediately and 1 week later, and indicated higher levels of planned and reported active coping strategies, compared with the other two conditions. Discussion focuses on the potential of structured mental simulation to facilitate coping with stressful events.
Neosexism among Women: The Role of Personally Experienced Social Mobility Attempts
Authors: Tougas Francine , Brown Rupert , Beaton Ann M. , St-Pierre Line
Published: June 2007

An extension of the neosexism model based on the assumption that neosexism derives from experiences of upward mobility within the broader social structure of male-female relations was proposed and evaluated in a sample of 335 secretaries employed in a Canadian federal agency. It posited that the more women attempted to access nontraditional fields of work, the more they experienced discrimination. Personally experienced discriminatory barriers were related to feelings of collective relative deprivation. Moreover, the more women felt deprived on behalf of their group, the less they endorsed neosexist beliefs. Finally, a reverse effect was predicted between neosexism, collective relative deprivation, and responses to affirmative action and a pro-male bias in the evaluation of the competence of male and female managers. Support for this model was obtained by a structural equation modeling technique (EQS).