bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Concussion Incidence in High School Sports
Authors: Lincoln Andrew E. , Caswell Shane V. , Almquist Jon L. , Dunn Reginald E. , Norris Joseph B. , Hinton Richard Y.
Published: January 2011

Background: Understanding the risk and trends of sports-related concussion among 12 scholastic sports may contribute to concussion detection, treatment, and prevention.

Purpose: To examine the incidence and relative risk of concussion in 12 high school boys’ and girls’ sports between academic years 1997-1998 and 2007-2008.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods: Data were prospectively gathered for 25 schools in a large public high school system. All schools used an electronic medical record-keeping program. A certified athletic trainer was on-site for games and practices and electronically recorded all injuries daily.

Results: In sum, 2651 concussions were observed in 10 926 892 athlete-exposures, with an incidence rate of 0.24 per 1000. Boys’ sports accounted for 53% of athlete-exposures and 75% of all concussions. Football accounted for more than half of all concussions, and it had the highest incidence rate (0.60). Girls’ soccer had the most concussions among the girls’ sports and the second-highest incidence rate of all 12 sports (0.35). Concussion rate increased 4.2-fold (95% confidence interval, 3.4-5.2) over the 11 years (15.5% annual increase). In similar boys’ and girls’ sports (baseball/softball, basketball, and soccer), girls had roughly twice the concussion risk of boys. Concussion rate increased over time in all 12 sports.

Conclusion: Although the collision sports of football and boys’ lacrosse had the highest number of concussions and football the highest concussion rate, concussion occurred in all other sports and was observed in girls’ sports at rates similar to or higher than those of boys’ sports. The increase over time in all sports may reflect actual increased occurrence or greater coding sensitivity with widely disseminated guidance on concussion detection and treatment. The high-participation collision sports of football and boys’ lacrosse warrant continued vigilance, but the findings suggest that focus on concussion detection, treatment, and prevention should not be limited to those sports traditionally associated with concussion risk.
A realistic evaluation of fines for hospital discharges: Incorporating the history of programme evaluations in the analysis
Authors: Manzano-Santaella Ana
Published: January 2011

Programmes and policies transform over time and locations. Evaluation projects can apprehend only temporal and contextualized sections of the social world. This article uses a realist evaluation of financial incentives in English hospital discharge policy to illustrate how previous evaluations of the same programme theory were inspected for evidence to construct context, mechanisms and outcomes. Following the discharges of a reduced number of patients with a case study approach, the preliminary programme theory (‘fines reduce delays’) was modified into a redefined theory on how fines operate locally in practice. This identified other mechanisms contemporaneous to the fines which are more or as likely to reduce delays. This article aims to contribute to the development of the realist evaluation strategy by introducing programme’s transformations as key evidence when trying to understand how complex interventions work in particular contexts.
Employing the teacher-learner cycle in realistic evaluation: A case study of the social benefits of young people’s playing fields
Authors: Nanninga Marije , Glebbeek Arie
Published: January 2011

The teacher—learner cycle has been presented as an integral part of the realistic evaluation approach by Pawson and Tilley. Yet few studies have adopted this cycle explicitly and no studies were found in which the whole cycle was completed.We fill this gap through a case study of the effect of young people’s playing fields on anti-social behaviour in a Dutch community.The initiators of these fields were surprised that nearly identical fields seemed to work better in one area than in the other. Drawing on the expertise of all stakeholders, our study revealed that the initiators’ implicit CMO-schemes needed improvement and that contextual factors were significant.
Physical Restraint Use and Falls in Nursing Homes: A Comparison Between Residents With and Without Dementia
Authors: Huabin Luo  , Lin Michael , Castle Nicholas
Published: January 2011

Aims: To estimate the use of different types of physical restraints and assess their associations to falls and injuries among residents with and without Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or dementia in US nursing homes. Methods: Data were from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. AD or dementia was identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes. Analyses were conducted with the Surveyfreq and Surveylogistic procedures in SAS v.9.1. Results: Residents with either AD or dementia were more likely to be physically restrained (9.99% vs 3.91%, P < .001) and less likely to have bed rails (35.06% vs 38.43%, P < .001) than those residents without the disease. The use of trunk restraints was associated with higher risk for falls (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.66, P < .001) and fractures (AOR = 2.77, P < .01) among residents with the disease. The use of full bed rails was associated with lower risk for falls among residents with and without the disease (AOR = 0.67 and AOR = 0.72, Ps < .05, respectively). Conclusions: The use of a trunk restraint is associated with a higher risk for falls and fractures among residents with either AD or dementia.
The Driver With Dementia: A Survey of Physician Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practice
Authors: Adler Geri , Rottunda Susan J.
Published: January 2011

Background: One of the most difficult issues physicians must address when caring for persons with dementia is fitness to drive. The purpose of this project was to investigate the attitudes, knowledge, and practices of physicians toward drivers with dementia. Methods: A questionnaire that obtained perspectives about and experiences with drivers’ with dementia was mailed to physicians from North Carolina and South Carolina. Results: The sample was comprised of 239 physicians who worked with persons with dementia. Respondents who were aware of the Physician’s Guide to Assessing and Counseling Older Drivers, had a strong perceived role regarding driving, were older, and believed it was important to address driving were more likely to engage in driving discussions. Conclusions: Concerns associated with the driver with dementia have implications for not only patient care but also public safety. We recommend that all physicians be encouraged to address the issue and utilize existing educational materials.
Review: Risk of Cerebrovascular Adverse Events and Death in Elderly Patients With Dementia When Treated With Antipsychotic Medications: A Literature Review of Evidence
Authors: Mittal Vikrant , Kurup Lekshminarayana , Williamson Deena , Muralee Sunanda , Tampi Rajesh R.
Published: January 2011

Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for caregiver burden, institutionalization, greater impairment in activities of daily living (ADLs), more rapid cognitive decline, and a poorer quality of life. BPSD contribute significantly to the direct and indirect costs of caring for patients with dementia even after adjusting for the severity of cognitive impairment and other co-morbidities. Research on these symptoms has indicated a complex interplay between the biological, psychological and social factors involved in the disease process. Although some psychotropic medications have shown modest efficacy in the treatment of these behaviors, their use has generated controversy due to increasing recognition of the side effects of these medications especially the antipsychotic medications. In this review, we examine the risk of cerebrovascular adverse events (CVAEs) and death with antipsychotic medications when used to treat elderly patients with dementia.
Impact of Rivastigmine Patch and Capsules on Activities of Daily Living in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Grossberg George , Xiangyi Meng  , Olin Jason T.
Published: January 2011

Background: Rivastigmine patches provide similar efficacy to rivastigmine capsules with a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: Post hoc analysis of a 24-week, prospective, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial. Patients (n = 892) with probable AD received rivastigmine transdermal patches (9.5 mg/24 hours [10 cm2]), rivastigmine capsules (6 mg twice daily), or placebo, and impact on activities of daily living (ADLs) was assessed utilizing 3 subscales: basic, high-level function, and autonomy. Results: At week 24, both rivastigmine groups demonstrated significantly superior performance in Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study—Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL) Total Score versus placebo (rivastigmine patch, P = .013; capsules, P = .039). Overall, both rivastigmine formulations provided benefits in ADL subscales. For basic ADLs, rivastigmine capsules performed significantly better than placebo (P = .012). For high-level function ADLs, rivastigmine patch performed better than placebo (P = .056). For autonomy ADLs, rivastigmine patch performed significantly better than placebo (P = .017). Conclusion: Rivastigmine patches and capsules provide significant effects in both total and subscale ADLs in patients with probable AD.
A Study of Noise Levels in an Open-Bay ICU
Authors: Rizzo Julie A. , Frizzi James D.
Published: January 2011

Background: Elevated noise levels are among the top complaints of patients and visitors in US hospitals. Several organizations, including the World Health Organization, have established limits of noise in hospitals. Unfortunately, most hospitals fail to meet these guidelines. The goal of this study was to study noise levels in the surgical intensive care unit at Eisenhower Army Medical Center to determine compliance with standards concerning noise levels and to assess whether the open-bay layout impacted noise levels. Methods: An observational study was performed examining sound pressure levels (Leq) during 3 different times of day. Measurements were taken in occupied and unoccupied patient rooms and with/without patients in adjacent rooms. Measurements were taken in both isolation rooms and open bays. Results: The average Leq was 69.9 dB, higher than the World Health Organization’s standards of 40 dB. The peak decibel readings averaged 82.0 dB. The open-bay rooms were significantly quieter than the isolation rooms. Average noise levels were consistent throughout the day. Conclusions: The ICU exhibited excess noise during all time periods. The open-bay layout resulted in lower noise levels, but overall levels were higher than set limits. Noise reduction strategies must be a part of construction strategy for intensive care units.
Clinical Ethics in the ICU: A Case of Attempted Suicide
Authors: Bartlett Virginia L. , Killu Claude , Finder Stuart , Hackner Dani
Published: January 2011

Vignette: A 57-year-old man was brought into the emergency department by paramedics for altered mental status. He was noted to be in his usual state of health the morning of the event when he became confused, vomited, and was observed to fall on the floor without trauma to the head. His baseline health was notable for diabetes mellitus, schizoaffective disorder, history of one prior hospitalization in 2009 for lithium toxicity, hyperlipidemia, and genital herpes. The patient’s wife, at bedside, denied that he used tobacco, alcohol, or street drugs. Living with him in the community, his wife indicated that the patient had a progressive brain disease and possibly early dementia, but she denied any impairment of activities of daily living.

The spouse brought to the hospital a signed living will requesting no extraordinary measures in case of a coma with little hope of recovery. His “living will” also specified that he would refuse mechanical ventilation or tube feeding even for reversible conditions. The patient was found to have severe acidosis, multiorgan dysfunction, transaminases elevated to the 6000 U/L level, and an acetaminophen level of 465 mg/L. Shortly after routine therapy was initiated, a signed note was brought in from the patient’s home stating the following: “I am doing this before my brain disease overtakes me.”

Clinical ethics is urgently consulted about whether to proceed with emergent dialysis, mechanical ventilation, and evaluation for liver transplantation. We present 3 perspectives on whether to treat and how to proceed in the setting of a potential suicide attempt with an advance directive limiting care options.
Critical Conversations
Authors: Dupree Erin S. , Kohli-Seth Roopa , Benjamin Ernest , Ng Philip , Killu Claude , Tanabe Ryoko , Hackner Dani
Published: January 2011

Vignette

A 36-year-old homeless man was brought in to the emergency room with altered mental status and was unable to give a history. Based on prior emergency visits, he has a history of IV drug abuse and alcohol abuse. His vital signs on arrival are the following: HR of 110 (regular), BP of 102/58, temperature of 98.0, and respiratory rate of 8/min. His Glasgow Coma Scale score is 7. Physical examination results are that he is grossly obtunded, responds only to deep painful stimuli, is nonverbal, and moves all extremities. Pupils are small, 2 to 3 mm, and reactive. His heart reveals regular tachycardia. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Abdomen is within normal limits. His extremities are warm to touch. Skin reveals ecchymosis. His initial head CT finding is negative for bleeding, infarct, or mass. He has severe metabolic acidosis, and the urine toxin screen result is positive for cocaine and opiates. His creatinine kinase enzyme is greater than 20,000 IU/L. Peripheral venous access attempts are unsuccessful.

The right internal jugular vein is accessed via a needle with ultrasound guidance, but a guidewire failed to pass on multiple attempts. The emergency physician inserts a right femoral line triple lumen catheter without ultrasound. The patient is intubated via an endotracheal tube for airway protection and admitted to the medical ICU.
Stabilisation of ferrite in hot rolled δ-TRIP steel
Authors: Yi H. L. , Lee K. Y. , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H.
Published: January 2011

A steel has recently been designed to benefit from the deformation induced transformation of retained austenite present in association with bainitic ferrite. It has as its major microstructural component, dendrites of δ-ferrite introduced during solidification. The δ-ferrite replaces the allotriomorphic ferrite present in conventional alloys of this kind. The authors examine here the stability of this δ-ferrite during heating into a temperature range typical of hot rolling conditions. It is found that contrary to expectations from calculated phase diagrams, the steel becomes fully austenitic under these conditions and that a better balance of ferrite promoting solutes is necessary in order to stabilise the dendritic structure. New alloys are designed for this purpose and are found suitable for hot rolling in the two-phase field over the temperature range 900–1200°C.
Preparation of mullite fibres by sol–gel processes using aluminium carboxylates and tetraethylorthosilicate
Authors: Tan H. B. , Zhang Y. B. , Ding Y. P. , Yang J. F.
Published: January 2011

Mullite fibres were prepared using aluminium carboxylates (ACs) and tetraethylorthosilicate by sol–gel process. ACs were synthesised from dissolution aluminium in a mixture of formic acid and glacial acetic acid using aluminium chloride hexahydrate as catalyst. The optimum condition for obtaining ACs is as follows: the molar ratio of aluminium, formic acid and acetic acid was 1∶3∶2·26 and aluminium chloride hexahydrate was 10 wt-%. All the Al and Si components were mixed at the molecular level and linear molecules were formed in the precursor sol. The dried gel fibres completely transformed to mullite fibres at 1200°C and the calcinated fibres had a smooth surface and uniform diameter.
Modification and control of TiC morphology by various ways in arc melted TiC/Ti–6Al–4V composites
Authors: Wei Z. J. , Cao L. , Wang H. W. , Zou C. M.
Published: January 2011

The effects of carbon sources, cooling rate, alloying elements and heat treatment on the morphology of TiC were investigated in arc melted TiC/Ti–6Al–4V composites. It was observed that different carbon sources of the composites led to different morphologies of TiC, and the carbon source of carbon powder was found to be more useful in restraining the dendritic growth of TiC. Increasing the cooling rate can reduce the size of TiC, and the refinement effect is more obvious in the composite with carbon powder as the carbon source. The addition of 0·3 wt-%Ni promotes the dendritic growth of TiC; however, the TiC particles become fine and dispersed when 0·3 wt-%Sn is added in the composites. TiC particles in the composites can be dissolved and gradually spheroidised with increasing holding time when heat treated at 1050°C.
Development of an ultrahigh strength low alloy steel for armour applications
Authors: Kolla H. H. , Mishra B. , Jena P. K. , Siva Kumar K. , Bhat T. B. , Srinivas M. , Reddy A. V.
Published: January 2011

The present paper describes a steel with yield strength exceeding 1900 MPa and fracture toughness in the range of 40–50 MPa m1/2, in its optimum heat treated condition. Its strength is similar to that of 18 Ni (300) grade of maraging steel with good fracture toughness. When tempered at 300°C, it shows tempered martensite along with a small amount of retained austenite phase. The steel shows nearly 25% reduction in weight over typical rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) steel against high velocity hard steel core projectiles. The processing, microstructure, mechanical and ballistic properties of the steel are demonstrated.
Development of process for aluminising nickel alloy 718 strips for tube bundle support structures in liquid sodium–water steam generators
Authors: Srinivasan G. , Shankar V. , Bhaduri A. K. , Raj B. , Shanmugam V.
Published: January 2011

The tubes in liquid sodium–water steam generators of the Indian prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) will be supported by corrugated nickel alloy 718 strips. Aluminisation of nickel alloy 718 strips has been chosen for this application because of the excellent performance of aluminide coatings in reducing impact fretting wear of the tubes due to flow induced vibrations and compatibility of the coating with liquid sodium at the operating temperature of the steam generators. Aluminisation of nickel alloy 718 strips for steam generator tube bundle support structures has been developed using a procedure involving thermal spraying of aluminium followed by diffusion heat treatment in vacuum atmosphere. One of the advantages of the technique is that it will coat only the desired surfaces of the strips, whereas in conventional pack cementation process, significant precautions have to be ensured. Furthermore, this process has enabled aluminisation to be carried out at a much lower cost than the conventional process of pack aluminising. The problems encountered during the initial trials and technology development, such as coating thickness and distortion, are discussed. A process flow chart for this procedure to take the job on an industrial scale is also reported. This process (under patenting) has been adopted for the aluminisation of corrugated strips for the support structures of one steam generator module and the steam generator for a test facility during the technology development phase, as also of all the steam generators being fabricated for the PFBR.
Octahedrally coordinated vacancies in tourmaline: a theoretical approach
Authors: Bosi F.
Published: January 2011

Bond-valence theory is used to explore the local arrangements involving vacancies at the Y and Z sites in the tourmaline structure. The local bond-valence requirements of all possible local arrangements around the O8, O7, O6, O3 and O1 anion-sites have been determined for Y- and Z-site vacancies locally associated with Li1+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, B3+ and Si4+. The results show that arrangements involving tetrahedrally coordinated TR3+-cations and octahedrally coordinated YR2+- and ZR2+-cations around O8, 07 and O6 can be ruled out, together with arrangements involving vacancies and YLi1+. As the occurrence of a Y-site vacancy (Y☐) is more in accord with the valence-sum rule than the occurrence of a Z-site vacancy (Z☐), Y☐ is more likely to occur than Z☐ in tourmaline. Local arrangements involving vacancies around O1- and O3-sites can be stable for OH−, but not for O2−. Of particular interest in this regard are the arrangements [YR3+YR3+Y☐]−O1(OH−) and [ZR3+ZR3+Y☐]−O3(OH−), which yield the smallest deviations from the valence-sum rule. Coupling these stable arrangements with 2 × [TSi4+ZR3+Y☐]−O6(O2−) forms larger vacancy clusters: [Y(R3+)2−O1(OH−)−y(☐)− O3(OH−)−O6(O2−)2−(ZR3+TSi4+)2]. In tourmaline, vacancies are more favoured to occur at Y rather than at Z, in tandem with OH− at O3 and O1, R3+ at Y and Z and Si4+ at T.
Bridging the gap between risk and recovery: a human needs approach
Authors: Roychowdhury Ashimesh
Published: January 2011

There is an inexorable drive in psychiatric services in the UK, including forensic services, towards organising and delivering care based on the principles of the recovery model. Hence recovery, and its subjective and objective measures, is the goal of these services and the standard by which the quality of the service is evaluated. At the same time, all psychiatric services are expected to practise evidence-based risk assessment and management practices and can be subject to severe criticism or sanctions if they do not do so. In this paper I set out the view that the values that underlie the recovery approach and the clinical risk assessment approach appear to be polar opposites. However, an understanding of human behaviour using a humanneeds model is an explanatory paradigm that underlies both the recovery model and the understanding of risk behaviour, and can thus unify these two approaches. Therefore a more explicit integration of this model into forensic care would be beneficial and there should be more research directed to the correlates of recovery-oriented measures and risk-related measures.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL REALITY
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R.
Published: January 2011

This piece is a response to Barbara Herrnstein Smith's article, “The Chimera of Relativism: A Tragicomedy,” in the Common Knowledge symposium on “comparative relativism.” The theme is complexity—as distinct from simple contrast or binarism of any kind—similarities as well as differences are observed in ancient Chinese and ancient Greek responses to cultural difference; also the significantly different views of these matters among the Greek philosophers. In the same vein, discussing studies of cultural/linguistic variability or counterclaimed universality among humans in color perception, the essay stresses the complexity of such cognitive activities, including the ongoing interactions among the multiple variables presumably involved. Noting the challenge that such intrinsic complexity and inevitable interactivity present to standard dichotomies of universality and cultural relativity, the essay concludes that these and other familiar dualisms have been made obsolete by a century of research in genetics, ethnography, and related empirical disciplines.
CULTURE
Authors: Roepstorff Andreas
Published: January 2011

In responding to Barbara Herrnstein Smith's article, “The Chimera of Relativism: A Tragicomedy,” this essay addresses a number of recently published research papers attempting to identify the neuronal correlates of cultural selves. However, underlying these studies of the “cultures of human nature” are some very strong assumptions about the nature of human culture. Current discussions of cultural effects on the brain are therefore not simply about reducing identity to brain states; they also show how a notion of identity is transformed and reconfigured by its relation to a brain domain of knowledge making. Understanding these dynamics, both at a discourse level and at a brain level, this piece suggests, may provide a useful case for a contemporary discussion of relativism.
CHINESE COMPARISONS AND QUESTIONABLE ACTS
Authors: Smith Barbara Herrnstein
Published: January 2011

In this response to comments on “The Chimera of Relativism,” her article in the same Common Knowledge issue, by cognitive neuroscientist Andreas Roepstorff, classicist G. E. R. Lloyd, and anthropologist Martin Holbraad, Smith begins by describing her experiences visiting China in 1983 as a scholar of comparative literature. This account is meant to illustrate and reinforce Lloyd's cautions regarding the hazards of intercultural—here, Chinese-Western—comparisons in studies of culture and cognition. Examination of a foundational study in East-West cultural/cognitive differences by psychologists Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama, cited by Roepstorff, indicates extensive conceptual and methodological problems in that tradition of research. It also indicates that, contrary to Roepstorff's description of the new field of cultural neuroscience as a site of cultural-relativist energy, researchers in the field appear committed to the uncovering of psychological/cognitive universals. Although Smith writes that Holbraad champions a more radical relativism than that offered in her own work, she argues that the moves he urges have either been present in her work from the beginning or are, from her perspective, both dubiously radical and otherwise undesirable. She points out that the vulnerable positions, arguments, and views that Holbraad attributes to her are spuriously derived from the texts he cites and that, for this reason, his evident effort to duplicate certain philosophically creative intellectual acts by Gilles Deleuze fail of their desired effects and yield only “a litter of baby chimeras.”
WHAT POLITICS?
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: January 2011

This piece answers responses by Bruce Kapferer, Annemarie Mol, and Morten Pedersen to the author's article “Binary License,” appearing in the Common Knowledge symposium on “comparative relativism.” She emphasizes that, whatever contributions to theory may be attributed to her (for example, the concept of the “partible person”), her work is mainly descriptive and centered on Melanesia. She makes no objection to discussing generally applicable principles, or to finding unity in diversity—saying only that she is somewhat wary of them and, instead, mainly reports her findings about particular cultures in detail. Her conclusion is that, when theoretical expectations are in tension with observed particulars, though a “bifurcation” may well come to light, “bifurcation is nothing to be ashamed of.”
ENDO/EXO
Authors: Candea Matei
Published: January 2011

This comment on Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's article, “Zeno and the Art of Anthropology,” considers his definition of what it means to “take seriously” the world of the other, which he regards as the quintessential anthropological move. It means leaving the other's world in a state of suspended possibility, avoiding either belief or disbelief, assent or dissent. Candea's piece draws out the logic of the complementary and inverse move that grounds Viveiros de Castro's stance: “not taking seriously” the world of the “same,” in this case, that of Western intellectuals such as Richard Rorty or Gilles Deleuze. Here “not taking seriously” involves (somewhat counterintuitively) argument, agreement and disagreement, rejection or adoption, of different visions. Candea identifies this controlled asymmetry between treatments of “us” and “them” as the major distinction between Viveiros de Castro's position and an older relativism, a difference that shields the former from the classic “self-refutation charge.” But this controlled asymmetry in turn raises the question of how we are to identify which visions we as anthropologists ought to take seriously and which we ought not to: where, in other words, do we draw the line, procedurally, between “us” and “them”? Candea argues that keeping this problematic and perhaps irresolvable question in view is the specific role of an “endo-anthropology” (the impossible figure of an “anthropology at home”), which is the necessary counterpart of Viveiros de Castro's “exo-anthropology.”
ZENOS WAKE
Authors: de Castro Eduardo Viveiros
Published: January 2011

This piece is an answer to comments by Matei Candea, Debbora Battaglia, and Roy Wagner on the author's article, “Zeno and the Art of Anthropology.” Here Viveiros de Castro focuses on the relation between exo- and endo-anthropology, on the conditions for the conceptual imagination of the other, on the distinction between minor and royal (or state) science, and on the precise meaning of the characterization of anthropology as a theory of the “ontological autodetermination of the world's peoples.”
The choice in meiosis – defining the factors that influence crossover or non-crossover formation
Authors: Youds Jillian L. , Boulton Simon J.
Published: January 2011

Meiotic crossovers are essential for ensuring correct chromosome segregation as well as for creating new combinations of alleles for natural selection to take place. During meiosis, excess meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated; a subset of these breaks are repaired to form crossovers, whereas the remainder are repaired as non-crossovers. What determines where meiotic DSBs are created and whether a crossover or non-crossover will be formed at any particular DSB remains largely unclear. Nevertheless, several recent papers have revealed important insights into the factors that control the decision between crossover and non-crossover formation in meiosis, including DNA elements that determine the positioning of meiotic DSBs, and the generation and processing of recombination intermediates. In this review, we focus on the factors that influence DSB positioning, the proteins required for the formation of recombination intermediates and how the processing of these structures generates either a crossover or non-crossover in various organisms. A discussion of crossover interference, assurance and homeostasis, which influence crossing over on a chromosome-wide and genome-wide scale – in addition to current models for the generation of interference – is also included. This Commentary aims to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the factors that promote or prevent meiotic crossing over.
Bubble-assisted Assembly of Nanocrystals into Hierarchical Structures
Authors: Hu Chaoquan
Published: January 2011

Alkaline-earth carbonates (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba) with delicate hierarchical structures were prepared via self-assembly of nanocrystals in solution without using any surfactant at room temperature. The CO2 generated during the coprecipitation is believed to play an important role in the formation of these structures.
How Effective are Public Policies to Increase Health Insurance Coverage Among Young Adults?
Authors: Levine Phillip B , McKnight Robin , Heep Samantha
Published: January 2011

This paper assesses the impact of policies to increase insurance coverage for young adults. The introduction of SCHIP in 1997 enabled low-income teens up to age 19 to gain access to public health insurance. More recent policies enabled young adults between the ages of 19 and (typically) 24 to remain covered under their parents' health insurance. We use the discrete break in coverage at age 19 to evaluate the impact of SCHIP, and quasi-experimental variation to evaluate the impact of “extended parental coverage” laws. Our results suggest that both types of policies were effective at increasing health insurance coverage. (JEL G22, H75, I18, J13)
Culture, Context, and the Taste for Redistribution
Authors: Luttmer Erzo F. P , Singhal Monica
Published: January 2011

Is culture an important determinant of preferences for redistribution? To separate culture from the economic and institutional environment (“context”), we relate immigrants' redistributive preferences to the average preference in their birth countries. We find a strong positive relationship that is robust to rich controls for economic factors and cannot easily be explained by selective migration. This effect is as large as that of own household income and appears stronger for those less assimilated into the destination country. Immigrants from high-preference countries are more likely to vote for more proredistribution parties. The effect of culture persists strongly into the second generation. (JEL H23, Z13)
Simultaneous Ad Auctions
Authors: Ashlagi Itai , Monderer Dov , Tennenholtz Moshe
Published: February 2011

We consider a model with two simultaneous VCG ad auctions A and B where each advertiser chooses to participate in a single ad auction. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a symmetric equilibrium in that model. Moreover, when the click rates in A are pointwise higher than those in B, we prove that the expected revenue in A is greater than the expected revenue in B in this equilibrium. In contrast, we show that this revenue ranking does not hold when advertisers can participate in both auctions.
Sir Percival Pott
Authors: Johnston Edward
Published: January 2011

Percival Pott was a born and raised in the city of London. Due to the untimely death of his father before he reached the age of four, it was thanks to the generosity of his rich relatives that he had the opportunity to fulfil his ambitions.
The role of anatomy demonstration for surgical trainees
Authors: Abdalla Sala
Published: January 2011

A period of time spent in the dissecting room as an anatomy demonstrator used to be a well-trodden path for the majority of surgical trainees. Dr Sala Abdalla, a current anatomy demonstrator at King's College London, explains the reasons why this remains a valuable exercise.
Influence of Guanidine, Imidazole, and Some Heterocyclic Compounds on Dissolution Rates of Amorphous Silica
Authors: Kawano Motoharu , Hwang Jinyeon
Published: January 2011

Guanidine and imidazole are important functional molecules that constitute the side chain of basic amino acids (arginine and histidine); these molecules are capable of interacting with mineral surfaces. However, little information is available about the effect of these molecules on mineral dissolution, including amorphous silica. In this study, to evaluate the effect of these organic molecules on the dissolution rates of amorphous silica, dissolution experiments were performed in solutions containing these molecules and other related heterocyclic compounds. The dissolution experiments were conducted by the batch method using 0.1 g of amorphous silica and 100 mL of 0.1 mM NaCl solution with 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM of guanidine, imidazole, pyrazole, or pyrrole at pH values of 4, 5, and 6. The results demonstrated that these compounds can enhance the dissolution rate of amorphous silica, depending on their ionic speciation in the following order: guanidine = imidazole > pyrazole > pyrrole. When 10.0 mM solutions were used, both guanidine and imidazole greatly increased the dissolution rate with an enhancement factor of 5.5—6.5, pyrazole exhibited a smaller change in the dissolution rate with an enhancement factor of 1.5—2.4, and pyrrole exhibited no significant enhancement. ChemEQL calculations confirmed that guanidine (pK = 13.6) and imidazole (pK = 6.99) are fully protonated and mostly present as cationic species in a pH range of 4—6; therefore, these compounds are capable of interacting with the >SiO- sites of amorphous silica. Pyrazole (pK= 2.61) and pyrrole (pK = 0.4), however, existed mostly as neutral forms. The concentrations of cationic species of pyrazole and pyrrole were at least one and three orders of magnitude lower than those of fully protonated compounds, respectively; therefore, pyrazole and pyrrole were less reactive than the fully protonated compounds on the surfaces of amorphous silica.
Clay Minerals in Saprolite Overlying Hydrothermally Altered and Unaltered Rocks, Vera Epithermal Gold Deposit, Australia
Authors: Murphy David M. K. , Gilkes Robert J.
Published: January 2011

Differentiating clay minerals that formed in a supergene environment during deep chemical weathering from those that formed during hydrothermal alteration at higher temperatures associated with a mineralizing event is important in the exploration for epithermal Au deposits. The purpose of this study was to further elucidate this topic by comparing morphological and chemical properties of clay minerals in saprolite overlying epithermally altered bedrock at the Vera Au deposit, Queensland, Australia, with those of clay minerals in saprolite overlying bedrock adjacent to the epithermal alteration zone. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) investigations identified kaolinite, illite, and interstratified illite-smectite, together with quartz, Fe and Ti oxide minerals, and the sulfate minerals jarosite, gypsum, alunite, and natroalunite. Kaolinite crystals within the weathered argillic alteration zone proximal to the epithermal quartz vein are generally larger (up to 3 μm in diameter) and better formed (subhedral to euhedral) than crystals in saprolite distal to the hydrothermal alteration zone, in which smaller (mostly <1 μm), subhedral to anhedral crystals dominate. Energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis of single crystals indicated that kaolinite within the alteration zone has an Al/Si ratio indistinguishable from reference kaolinite and has small Fe concentrations, whereas distal saprolitic kaolinite has smaller Al/Si and greater Fe/Si ratios, consistent with the formation of low-Fe kaolinite during hydrothermal alteration and higher-Fe kaolinite during weathering. Illite and interstratified illitesmectite (I-S) were distinguished from kaolinite by their morphology and greater K/Si and smaller Al/Si ratios. The Illite and I-S morphology ranged from thin irregular masses through lath-like crystals in hydrothermal samples to larger, irregularly shaped crystals. The Ca/Si and K/Si ratios of single crystals in Ca-saturated clay minerals were consistent with the I-S interstratification parameters determined from XRD patterns.
Rational design of novel ligands for environmentally benign cross-coupling reactions
Authors: Demchuk Oleg M. , Kielar Katarzyna , Pietrusiewicz K. Michał
Published: January 2011

Transition-metal (TM) complexes of new phosphines, readily prepared by a straight-forward three-step modular synthesis, were successfully employed in difficult cross-coupling reactions conducted under mild conditions (water, “open-flask”, low temperature) that aspire to meet green chemistry criteria. High yielding catalyzed by bismuth or rhodium complexes oxidative arylation of naphthoquinone gave the key 2-arylnaphthoquinone intermediates for facile bismuth triflate-catalyzed Michael addition of secondary phosphine oxides. Subsequent O-methylation and reductions of the resulting products gave access to the target air-stable phosphine ligands in good overall yields (up to 60 %).
Oxidative decarboxylation of α-amino acids to nitriles using o-iodoxybenzoic acid in aqueous ammonia
Authors: Bellale Eknath V. , Huddar Sameerana N. , Mahajan Ulhas S. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: January 2011

Formation of the nitrile was the outcome of the investigation of biochemically significant oxidative decarboxylation of amino acids using o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in aqueous ammonia system.
Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective intermolecular hydroacylation reactions
Authors: González-Rodríguez Carlos , Willis Michael C.
Published: January 2011

Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroacylation reactions allow rapid access to chiral substituted ketones. However, due to the low reactivity of disubstituted alkenes in intermolecular versions of this process, only a small number of asymmetric intermolecular reactions have been described. Strategies employed to avoid reactivity issues include the use of norbornadienes, linear dienes, acrylamides, and allenes as the alkene components. In addition, our laboratory has recently reported the rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective inter-molecular alkyne hydroacylation reaction, leading to the formation of enone products via a kinetic resolution procedure.
Halodiazoacetates as useful tools for selective halo-functionalization
Authors: Bonge Hanne Therese , Hansen Tore
Published: January 2011

The halodiazoacetates are a group of synthetically useful halogenated diazo compounds that can be used in Rh(II)-catalyzed carbenoid reactions. In the reactions between the halodiazoacetates and electron-rich, sterically unhindered alkenes, halocyclopropanes are formed in good to excellent yields. The halodiazoacetates also react well in C–H and Si–H insertion reactions, broadening the synthetic utility of these reactions. The products of the reactions are synthetically useful α-halocarbonyl compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have given insight into the mechanism of the cyclopropanation and C–H insertion reactions of the halodiazoacetates, and have also shown that the halodiazoacetates have a particularly high kinetic activity.
1,5-Polyols: Challenging motifs for configurational assignment and synthesis
Authors: Friestad Gregory K. , Sreenilayam Gopeekrishnan
Published: January 2011

Despite the well-established methods for stereochemical assignments and synthesis of 1,3-diols, the corresponding 1,5-diols and -polyols present specific challenges which remain unsolved. This article highlights some new strategies and methodologies specifically designed for the 1,5-diol motif.
Between Winnicott and Lacan: Reclaiming the Subject of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Kirshner Lewis A.
Published: January 2011

Winnicott and Lacan, two towering figures of twentieth-century psychoanalysis, seem to represent distinct pathways in the clinical and theoretical evolution of the field after Freud. Winnicott was a developmentalist whose ideas about the psyche grew in large measure out of his work with infants and young children, while Lacan's were the fruit of his practice with adults and his study of structuralism and linguistics. Despite their divergent vocabularies, however, Winnicott and Lacan shared an interest in the nature and origins of the human subject and in the problems of sustaining a separate self. Moreover, they both saw a creative process as central to subjectivity and to the effective treatment of the psychic problems that arise when it is damaged. This paper argues for a complementary or dialectical reading of their approaches that can contain both the relational and intersubjective dimensions of psychoanalytic practice and that offers a way of understanding the underlying systemic factors in language and fantasy.
Winnicott with Lacan: Living Creatively in a Postmodern World
Authors: Ruti Mari
Published: January 2011

This article asks what it might mean to live resourcefully in the contemporary cultural moment, one characterized by multiple demands on our time and attention, an accelerated and overstimulating pace of life, and an increasing fragmentation of psychic and affective space. Bringing Winnicott into conversation with Lacan, the author argues that, despite their obvious differences, both psychoanalytic theorists view excessive psychic integration as an impediment to creativity. More specifically, the Winnicottian notion of the False Self is held to be conceptually quite similar to what Lacan means by an ego-bound self that is unable to overcome its narcissistic fantasies of coherence and wholeness. The article reveals that Winnicott and Lacan help us understand that creative living entails accepting existential insecurity as an intrinsic component of "the human condition." Yet it also highlights the limits of this perspective by acknowledging that there are instances where insecurity arises from oppressive sociocultural circumstances rather than from the "universal" complexities of human life. The aim, in short, is to demonstrate that existential instability and precariousness are the flipside of creativity, without at the same time turning these concepts into a fetish for postmodern subjectivity.
Redeeming Time: Winnicott, Eliot, and the Four Quartets
Authors: Reeves Christopher
Published: January 2011

Beginning from the observation of Winnicott's well-attested predilection for Eliot's Four Quartets as an expressive vehicle for his own thoughts and concerns about dying as a fact of, and a factor in, the life of the individual, this paper examines the extent of Winnicott's explicit and implicit "borrowings" from this poem in his theoretical and clinical writings over the last two decades of his life. The author considers the reasons why Winnicott may have found the sentiments expressed in it to be so compatible with his own. The paper attends particularly to Eliot's central concept of "redeeming time" and what this may have meant for, or been interpreted as meaning by, Winnicott.
Unthinkable Experience: Winnicott's Ontology of Disaster and Hope
Authors: Groarke Steven
Published: January 2011

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the question of being in Winnicott's clinical thinking. The argument that Winnicott provides an original theory of being is supported with reference to his interpretation of the "fear of breakdown" as a reaction to early trauma. The paper elaborates the ontological as well as the clinical implications of Winnicott's account of trauma and its aftermath. It discusses the temporal and spatial aspects of this situation in terms of disruption of the continuity of being and its fragmentation, respectively. Experience becomes "unthinkable" for Winnicott on both counts, and in attempting to link the management of regression in the analytic setting to his theory of being, the paper comments on some of the ways in which unthinkable experience appears in literature and religious language. With particular reference to the relationship between the work of Winnicott and that of T. S. Eliot, the author makes a case for the redemptive potential of psychoanalysis and poetry alike.
Hospitality in Kawabata's House of the Sleeping Beauties
Authors: Haruki Namiko
Published: January 2011

Using ideas of both Winnicott and Lacan, this paper describes the process of psychoanalysis as a form of hospitality through the reading of a late Kawabata novel, House of the Sleeping Beauties . In this house, naked girls sleep all night alongside old men. The girl in the company of the protagonist, Eguchi, never utters a word. Held by the unconditional offer of her sleep, the old man casts his mind back in time, like a patient free associating in the presence of a mute analyst. When Eguchi dreams of his mother, it stirs up a seemingly insignificant image, and he wakes with a sudden cry. At the end of the story, a word from the madam thrusts Eguchi out of his "potential space" and—in the manner of a Lacanian short session—propels him into a new dimension of life.
The world as presented to U.S. children: Building bridges or confirming expectations?
Authors: Desai Christina M.
Published: January 2011

This article examines contemporary books from or about countries outside the United States that are available to children in the U.S, surveying and analyzing their origins, prevalent themes, and images.
Identifying key components of successful school libraries and librarians
Authors: Mills Wayne
Published: January 2011

Mills identifies qualities essential to school libraries and librarians for meeting the needs of students and families in a changing digital age, citing both research and practical examples to support his findings.
Where kids come first: "Gurigura" Project puts life into libraries
Authors: Yuriko Momo
Published: January 2011

The "Gurigura" library at Keimei Elementary School was recognized with the 39th School Library Award by the National School Library Association of Japan in 2009 for its innovative programs and renovations profiled briefly here. This article is adapted from the first English language supplement, HONTSUBA, to the new Japanese edition of Bookbird which appeared in March 2010 and is used with permission of the publisher, Mightybook. For more info: http://www.bookbird.jp