bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial Control of First-Generation Ecb, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L. , Gray Michael E.
Published: March 2022

Granular formulations of selected registered and experimental Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulations were evaluated and compared with a granular insecticide standard (Furadan) for control of ECB in field corn plots that had been artificially infested with flrst-instar larvae. Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 31 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 50 ft long. On 20 Jul, 10 consecutive plants in each of the middle 2 rows of each plot were infested with ca. 50 first instar larvae that were mixed with corn grits and discharged into the whorl of each plant with a hand held bazooka applicator. An average of 10 ECB larvae/plant were found in the whorl prior to insecticide applications on 26 Jul. Insecticides were metered over the whorls in a 7-inch band with Nobel units. On 5-6 Sep, all plants that had been artificially infested were cut at the base with a corn knife and removed from the field. The number of borer cavities and the total length of cavities per plant were recorded. The mean percentage of plants with cavities was determined for each treatment. Numbers of full-grown ECB larvae were also recorded. Percentage data were transformed by arcsine [square root (x/100)] and insect data were transformed by log (x + 0.5) before analysis. Untransformed data are presented.
Apple, Secondary Pest Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'Yorking'. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 6-yr-old and planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft. Carzol treatments were applied as alternate side applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 2.0 mph for a complete spray. The Swat treatment (14 and 28 Jun) and the Safer Soap and oil treatments were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun. Approximately 3.3 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 240 gal/acre). All plots were oversprayed with Dithane M-45 on a biweekly schedule.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn with Varying Rates of Lorsban, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 6 rows × 655 ft were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y. on 2 May with a 2-row corn planter at 31,000/acre, and fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam. Adult beetle counts averaged between 4 and 6 beetles/plant during the 1989 oviposition period in this field. Three treatments of: 8 oz/1000 Lorsban ft, 4 oz/1000 Lorsban ft, and an untreated check, were used. Each treatment was 2 rows × 655 ft long. The 3 treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplimental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of ton manure/ acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Five plants in each row (10 plants per treatment per block) were dug and the roots washed prior to rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale on 2 Aug. Treatments were mechanically harvested on 24 Sep with a single row silage chopper (New Holland model 707), and the silage from each treatment row was collected and weighed in a weigh wagon.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Rorer in Corn, 1990
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 insecticides and a control replicated 4 times. Plot size was 4 rows, 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied with a specially designed liquid applicator system calibrated to deliver 5 gal of water/acre and attached to a Hahn Hi-Boy tractor. Application date was 9 Aug. Corn plant stage was pollen shed and approximately 44% of the plants were infested with 1 or more egg masses. Hatching had just begun. Twenty-four h prior to application, 6 blackheaded egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of each of 20 plants in each replicate. On 14 Sep infested plants were dissected from tassel to ground, examined, and the number of corn borer larvae recorded.
Evaluation of Ovasyn Mixtures Against Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 11 Jun in 4 row plots (40-inch centers) × 50 ft on the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) near Winnsboro, La. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 10, 14, 17 and 23 Aug. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-5 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 40 psi. Methyl parathion (0.3 lb [AI]/acre) was applied on an "as needed' basis for boll weevil control. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton fruit (squares and bolls) for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. The test plots received 0.3-inch rainfall on 14 Aug and 1.6 inch rainfall on 20 Aug.
Cotton Aphid Control in Louisiana—Macon Ridge I, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted at the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) to evaluate the efficacy of 10 (Trial 1) and 6 (Trial 2) treatments against cotton aphids in non-irrigated cotton planted 25 Apr. The test field was treated with 2 applications of Ammo (0.025 lb [AI]/acre) in Jun to stimulate cotton aphid infestations. For both tests, plots consisted of 4 rows on 40- inch centers × 65 ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Plots were treated on 3 Jul and sampled on 5 Jul (2 DAT) and 10 Jul (7 DAT). Treatment efficacy was evaluated in 2 plant horizions by sampling the plant terminal (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) and the first main stem leaf at the bottom of the plant. Twenty samples in each horizon were collected from each plot and held in glass jars. Aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Tests of Area Mosquito Repellents, 1979
Authors: Rutledge L. C. , Wirtz R. A. , Semey H. G. , Gupta R. K.
Published: March 2022

A commercial area repellent (Mosquito Beater), 2 experimental area repellents (1- and 2- methylnaphthalene) and a control (carrier only) were tested against riceland mosquitoes in Colusa County, Calif, on 31 Jul, 11 and 13 Sep, and 2, 3, 4, 16 and 17 Oct. Materials were tested at 8 stations established at 50 m intervals on a 750 m transect along a landing strip for crop dusting aircraft. Approximately 1.5 h before sunset each day the treatments were applied in random order to 20 m diam test areas at stations 1-4 and 5-8 (2 replications) and 7.1 lb (AI)/ acre (carrier only at control station) with a Seymour No. 75 Universal Spreader. Beginning 0.5 h before sunset each day a carbon dioxide-baited mosquito light trap was operated at the center of each test area for approximately 2 h. Four BioQuip Co2 Mosquito Traps equipped with "grain of wheat" lamps were operated at stations 1-4, and either 4 BioQuip traps or 4 carbon dioxide-supplemented CDC Model Miniature Light Traps were operated at stations 5-8. Female mosquitoes collected each night were sorted, identified, and counted in the laboratory. Data were analyzed separately by species as a 2-way (treatments × replications) analysis of variance using the log (x − 1) transformation. Replications in which the species was not collected were excluded from the analysis.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Insect Control in Alabama Soybeans, 1990
Authors: Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, Ala. Four replicates of 15 treatments and an untreated control were planted in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.014-acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) and 50-ft long. Plots were separated by 2 border rows of soybeans and replicates were separated by a 25-ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied on 21 Sep using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 2, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 6 gal/acre. A sweep net was used to sample velvetbean caterpillar larvae. Larvae were classified as small (instar 1-2), medium (instar 3-4), or large (5 + ); they were then counted and recorded. Then sweeps per plot were taken prior to treatment and 20 sweeps/plot were taken at 3 and 6 DAT.
Bean Leaf Beetle Control on Soybeans in Illinois, 1990
Authors: oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Helm Charles G. , Kogan Marcos
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling pod feeding damage by BLB. Soybeans were planted on 13 Jun in 30 inch rows in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Illinois Foundation Shaw Farm in Urbana. Individual plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. A complete randomized block design was used with 4 replications. Spray solutions were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TXSS-8, Spraying System)/row. Applications were made on 11 Sep from a four-row, 10-ft boom mounted on a John Deere 6000 Hi-Cycle sprayer. The system was calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 50 psi at a tractor speed of 2 mph. Soybeans were at R5-R6 stage of growth. Twenty-five sweeps with a 15 inch diam sweep net were taken in each plot on 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. For pod injury assessment, 10 plants were collected at random from each plot on 26 Sep and 3 Oct. Soybeans were at R-6 growth stage on both sampling dates. Pods were separated from the plants and 200 randomly-selected pods were examined for BLB adult injury. On 23 Oct, plot yields were determined from 6.0 ft sections of 4 rows in each plot. Plants were cut at the base and beans were mechanically threshed. Beans were cleaned of the inert material and yields were adjusted to 13% moisture.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bug on Soybean, 1990
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Mink Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2022

A small plot insecticide trail was conducted in Iberville Parish at St. Gabriel, La., to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of the southern green stink bug. Plots measuring 50 ft × 8 rows (36 inch row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre through 80015 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 18 Sep to Centennial soybeans in the R6 growth stage. Posttreatment samples consisting of 2 sets of 25 sweeps (15 inch diam sweep net) were taken at 2, 7, and 14 DAT. Rainfall measured was 1.6, 0.25, and 0.15 inch on 18, 19, and 22, Sep, respectively.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluations, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature 'Bartlett' pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. Application dates varied between treatments and are given in the table of adult count data. Treatments were evaluated for PP and mite control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/replication. PP nymphs and phytophagous mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample/replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market 'Bartlett' pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits/replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples/replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Sugarbeet Insect Pests Control, 1989
Authors: Johnson Gregory , Kammerzell Kurt
Published: March 2022

Granular insecticide treatments were applied at planting time to 2 separate flood-irrigated fields located in Carbon County in eastern Mont. Each field was planted on 'Monohy 149' on 20 Apr. The fields were 3-yr stands of alfalfa. Granular insecticides were applied as a 5 inch band on top of the row through a ground-driven Gandy applicator and lightly incorporated with a drag chain. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Individual replicates were 6 rows (22-inch row spacing) × 100 ft. Stand counts were made by counting the number of plants in 3 ft of row in 10 locations in each replicate. Feeding damage by PFB was assessed by removing 30 seedling plants from each replicate and rating each seedling as injured (presence of feeding scars) or uninjured. SBRM damage was determined for each treatment by removing 10 beets/replicate. Beets were rated using the following scale: 0, no damage; 1, 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2, 5-10 pinhead-size scars or 3 large scars; 3, more than 3 large scars; 4, 4 large scars to one-quarter of the root surface covered with scars; 5, one-quarter to one-half root surface covered with scars; 6, one-half to threequarters root area blackened by scars; 7, more than three-quarters root surface blackened.
Phytotoxicity of S-Enstar 5 E on Selected Ornamentals Under Glasshouse Conditions, Winter 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D. , Redak Richard A.
Published: March 2022

To evaluate the phytotoxic effects of S-Enstar, trials on potted nursery stock plants were conducted in commercial greenhouses in Orange and San Diego County, Calif. Eighty, 1 gal pots of each stock plant were assigned to 3 treatments and a water control (20 plants/treatment). Applications, using a 3 gal hydraulic sprayer at 150 psi to runoff, and observations were made once a wk for 3 wk. Treatments were as follows: S-Enstar (kinoprene, S isomer) 5 EC at 0.195, 0.39 and 0.78 lb (AI)/100 gal.
Annual White Grub Control Using Artificial Infestations, 1990
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Horst G. L.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of SMC grubs using artificial infestations at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebr. Topography in the plot area was level. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (99%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 2 inches. Thatch accumulation was 0.25- 0.50 inches. On 9 Aug, turf-soil cores (8 inches in diam by 4 inches deep) were removed from plots and potted into corresponding 8 inch deep PVC containers that had been filled to within 4 inches of the top with soil. Bottoms were covered with aluminum window screen. Containers were placed into the soil with top rims at ground level. The plot area was then irrigated to reestablish plant growth. Second and third instar SMC grubs were collected from a nearby untreated turf area on 21 Aug, and 10 grubs were introduced into each of 2 containers in each plot. Grubs which had not burrowed into the turf-soil core after 10 min were replaced. Insecticide treatments were applied on 23 Aug. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 87°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 80°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was near field capacity. Granular formulations were applied over containers with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water immediately following insecticide applications. An additional 2.5 inches of irrigated water was applied and 0.28 inches of rain fell during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 DAT (6 Sep) by removing and breaking apart the contents of each container to obtain a grub survival count. Grub counts from the two containers in each plot were analyzed as subsamples.
Tests of Candidates Insecticides for Imported Fire ANT (IFA) Quarantine Treatments in Commercial Grass SOD, 1989
Authors: Lockley T. C.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-three candidates/rates were evaluated at the Pearl River Valley Turf, Stone County, Miss., on 11 Aug. EC candidates were applied using a locally manufactured high pressure sprayer with 6 SS3W Teejet nozzles spaced 24 inches apart on a horizontal spray boom mounted 24 inches above the ground. This arrangement produced a 10 ft spray swath at 25 psi with 30 gal/acre finished spray. Granular formulations were applied using a modified Herd seed spreader mounted on a model 1700 Ford tractor. All candidates were applied to an area of 1,000 sq ft of established centipede turf at the rates indicated. A wheel-type core sampler was used to collect and composit 300 soil cores (0.5 × 2.0 inches) from each plot every 30 d following treatment. Alate IFA queens were exposed to treated soil for 7 d at which time relative mortality was determined. A mortality rating of 100% was required to display acceptable quarantine efficacy. Plots were destroyed by harvest on 15 May.
Control of Flat Mite on Orchids, Mangilao, Guam
Authors: McConnell J. , Marutani M. , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

Vanda orchid inflorescences infested with mites were cut and kept in Erlenmeyer flasks filled with water. There were 5 treatments including the control and 4 replications of each treatment. The plants were sprayed using small hand held sprayers. A different sprayer was used for each treatment. The plants were sprayed to runoff. The number of mites per flower was counted 2 DAT.
Ant Control in Turfgrass, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. , Thomas C. A.
Published: March 2022

Plots, 12 × 12 ft with 3 ft buffer strips were established in a heavily infested fairway at the Ionia Country Club in Ionia. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Plots were sprayed with a R&D hand held boom sprayer with four 8003 nozzles at 50 psi for 66.4 s (to give 4 gal/1000 ft2). Granular products were applied with custom-made hand shakers designed to require 3-4 trips over the entire plot area to evenly apply the amount of preweighed product. Ant mounds were counted just prior to insecticide treatment and once per wk for 5 wk afterwards. Ant mounds were counted if they could be seen while standing upright.
Birch, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against GYPSY Moth Larvae, Wooster, Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Birch, 20-30 cm tall, growing in 1-gal containers in a greenhouse at the main OARDC campus were used to evaluate insecticides against 4th instars. A C02 compression sprayer operating at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to runoff. Modified 1-gal (3.9 liter) Fonda cartons were used to prevent larval escape. Tops and bottoms were removed from the cartons, and a bottom was secured around the base of each tree stem prior to larval placement and spray application. Five 4th-instar larvae were placed on each of 4 single-tree replicates, and treatments were applied. Then, cartons were secured to bottoms and nylon organdy cloth was fitted over the top. Two seperate tests were conducted under the same conditions and procedures. Sprays were applied 19 Aug (Test #1) and 28 Aug (Test #2). Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 21 Aug and 30 Aug, respectively, by counting live and dead larvae 48 h posttreatment.
Control of Imported Willow Leaf Beetle on Willow, 1990
Authors: Miller Fredri.
Published: March 2022

Control of imported willow leaf beetle larvae was evaluated by selecting the terminal 61 cm of a branch infested with larvae on each of 3 trees. Treatments were randomly assigned to the infested branches and replicated 3 times with each branch serving a single replication. Branches were sprayed until runoff using a 1 qt capacity, hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at time of application was 24°C and wind velocity was less than 5 mph. Larval mortality counts were conducted prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 2, 6, 9, and 16 DAT by counting the total number of live larvae (all instars) on the terminal 61 cm of each treated branch. Larvae that were shriveled, distorted, and lacked movement were considered dead. No attempt was made to evaluate for adult beetle control.
Sheep Ked Control with Dimilin as a 0.2% Spray, 1989
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sheep were yearling wethers, mature ewes and mature rams of mixed breeds, both black and white face, naturally infested with sheep keds. Pretreatment ked density was determined by whole body counts of adult keds, gravid females and puparia on all the animals. Prior to treatment, all animals were weighed, and fleece length was recorded. Treatment groups were housed in separate pens. Two groups received the Dimilin treatment; one consisted of 10 ewes and the second consisted of 10 rams. A third group of 6 wethers served as the untreated control. Ked density was determined on all animals on 27 Jun, one d before the single treatment, and thereafter at 7-, 14-, 21-, 28-, 35-, 42-, 49-, 56-, 65-, and 72-DAT. Dimilin 0.2% spray was applied at 100 psi by means of a CO2-powered sprayer with a no. 8003 flat-fan nozzle. The sprayer delivered one gal of liquid in 2 min and 14 s. Each animal received 1 qt of spray material. Five animals were sprayed at a time and all animals were thoroughly covered with the spray material. Weather remained dry during and several days after the treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1990
Authors: Elzen G. W. , Snodgrass G. L.
Published: March 2022

Formulated insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to TPB in the laboratory by application to cotton terminals (cv. 'STV 213') in water pics using a laboratory spray table. TPB were obtained from a laboratory colony that had been in continuous culture for one year on broccoli and green beans. The culture was periodically supplemented with TPB from field sources. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TX6 nozzle. Teach treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. One 4-d-old adult TPB (unsexed) was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held under ventilated cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined at 72 h after spraying.
Topical Bioassay, 1990
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Response of 3rd instar cabbage loopers to technical grade permethrin, methomyl, abamectin and MK-243 was measured in laboratory bioassays. Insects were treated by placing 1 ul of insecticide dispersed in acetone to the thoracic region of each larva. This procedure was replicated 3 times, (10 larvae/replicate) for each dose, controls and each insecticide. Five doses in a geometric series (e.g. 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.) and an acetone check were used for each insecticide. A total of 180 insects were used for each insecticide trial, including acetone only treated checks. After topical application cabbage loopers were placed in 1 oz diet cups (2 larvae/cup) with enough diet to sustain them for 96 h. Cups were held under ambient conditions 25°C ± 2°C and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D). Mortality was recorded every 24 h for 96 h. Larvae were considered dead if they did not respond when probed. Mortality data were analyzed using the probit option of POLO-PC. LD50 and LD90 values for each insecticide after 96 h are reported herein.
Laboratory Residual Studies for German Cockroach Control, 1990
Authors: Wright Russell , Pinkston Ken , Hudson Michael , Doss Michael
Published: March 2022

The residual activity of two concentrations, 0.25% and 0.50%, of Dursban LO and the experimental compound XRM-5184 were tested on three surfaces, masonite, painted plywood and stainless steel for efficacy in controlling German cockroaches. The test surfaces were 16 inches2 marked into quadrants 8 inches2 so that each of the four exposures could be done on a previously unused surface. The 1/4 inch plywood was painted with 2 coats of white, flat latex paint and allowed to dry 32 d prior to treatment. The Vi inch masonite surfaces were unpainted and the 1/8 inch stainless steel surfaces were unpainted but washed, thoroughly rinsed, and dried prior to treatment. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Thus 4 panels of each surface material were sprayed with each insecticide at each rate and a control set was sprayed with water. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with 4 treatments, 2 insecticides at 2 rates, on 3 types of surfaces with each surface replicated 4 times for each treatment. Residual activity of these treatments was determined by exposing cockroaches at 24 h, 7, and 14 DAT. The insecticide application system was a modified B&G sprayer, model 104-S, equipped with a teejet fan nozzle #800067 attached to a mobile nozzle stand. The nozzle stand was attached to a motorized track, powered by a zero max 0-400 electric motor, that moved the nozzle stand at a rate of 2.5 ft/s. The nozzle was set at a height of 12 inches over the target surfaces. The compressed air source was set at 20 psi to deliver a finished spray concentration of 2.2 oz/100 ft2 as the nozzle moved over the 4 target panels. The sprayer design, speed of delivery and application rate were set to simulate field application rates. Treated surfaces were allowed to air dry for 24 h before cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces. Cockroaches were confined to the treated surfaces in cages made from white PVC couplers that were 6.5 inches in diameter × 8 inches tall. A petroleum jelly-mineral oil mixture was applied to the inside wall 0.5 inches from the exposure surface to keep the cockroaches on treated surfaces. The top of the cages were covered with a nylon mesh fabric to prevent any escapes of cockroaches that crossed the sticky barrier. Ten adult male and/or nongravid female German cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces and the control surface. Cockroaches were exposed to each surface for 24 h during which mortality counts were made at 4, 8 and 24 h. After the 24 h count, the treated surfaces were removed. The cages were inverted and the cockroaches were knocked down to the nylon mesh top of the cages. The cages were left standing with the nylon screen in contact with untreated surfaces and the open end of the cages was covered with clear saran wrap to prevent escapes. A final mortality count was made 24 h later which was 48 h after the initial exposure. Cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces following the same procedure at 7 and 14 DAT.
Nonanol, a Codling Moth Ovipositional Repellant, 1990
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T.
Published: March 2022

An infestation cage (35 cm wide × 50 cm long × 27 cm high) constructed of fiberglass screen over a wood frame was used to determine the acceptability of volatile plum compounds to CM oviposition. One end of the cage was covered with foam board that had 2 test holes (7 cm diam) across the width. A cylinder made from a plastic cup (4 cm high) that had the bottom removed was placed into each hole. The holes were covered with perforated waxed paper on the inside of the cage. Each test compound was dispensed on a 2.5 cm diam filter paper and placed in a randomly selected cylinder in front of a hole. The other hole was used for the control. One concentration of one test compound was tested in each cage. Each test was replicated 4 times using one cage/test. An air current from an oscillating 30.5 cm household fan was passed through the test holes into the interior of the cage to deliver an air flow pulse of 0.1 m/s every 5 s. About 170-240, 3- to 6-d-old CM adults in each cage were allowed to oviposit on the perforated waxed paper over each hole for 24 h. The acceptability of the test compound was determined by the no. of CM eggs laid over the test compound hole compared to the no. of eggs laid over the untreated control hole in the same cage. About 400 CM adults were placed in a glove box (70 wide × 50 long × 45 cm high) to study ovipositional behavior on 15 'Goldcrest' peach shoots and 15 plum shoots that had 4 - 16 leaves and one 2 - 5 cm diam fruit per shoot. The total no. of eggs and larvae were counted on the fruit and on the upper and lower leaf surfaces after 7 d in the glove box.
Postbloom Miticide Evaluation of Microthiol Sulfur in Florida, 1990
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Warmington M. G.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 4 times on 1/2 acre plots (i.e. 7 trees × 8 rows) in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied in 250 gal/acre using an FMC 9100 CP airblast sprayer driven at 1.5 mph. Water pH was 7.5. Ten leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around the canopy of each of 2 trees in the center of each plot at various time intervals before and after spraying. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the individual leaves for living motile spider mites. The count by species on each leaf was recorded as one observation. Ten fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each of 3 trees in the center of each plot at various time intervals before and after spraying. Live motile citrus rust mites were counted in a 1 cm2 area on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 13- and 5-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi. Prebloom treatments were applied at 250-100 gal/acre and postbloom at 450-150 gal, for test 1 (13-yr-old trees) and test 2 (5- yr-old trees), respectively. Spray dates were 15 May (pink [P]), 7 Jun (petal fall [PF]), and 15 Jun (first cover [1C]); other dates are as indicated in table. The standard pesticide program consisted of Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 8 dates, Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 4-5 dates (Tests 2 and 1, respectively), Pydrin 2.4 EC (4 oz) on 2 dates, Sevin 80 S (1.25 lb) on 3-6 dates, and Ambush 25 W (3 oz) on 1 date. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 'Red Delicious' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars in test 1 and 2 'Red Delicious,' 1 'Cortland,' and 1 'McIntosh' in test 2. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. There was adequate and normal rainfall during May, Jun and Jul, and slightly less in Aug. The summer months were slightly warmer and more humid than normal.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm (ICW), Diamondback Month (DBM) and Cabbage Looper (CL) on Cabbage and Broccoli at South Deerfield, MA., 1989
Authors: Hazzard R. V. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage and broccoli were transplanted on 7 Jul in separate blocks. Plots consisted of two 15 ft rows 3 ft apart with a 6-ft fallow area between plots. Within-row plant spacing was 1.5 ft. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made with a hand-held CO2-pressurized sprayer delivering ca. 70 gal/acre at 40 psi., directed over the top and around the sides of the plants. All materials used were formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. MVP was applied with Bond spreader-sticker at 1 pt formulated material per acre. Two treatments/material consisted of sprays at weekly intervals (22, 31 Aug and 8, 13, 21 Sep) or sprays applied when larval density exceeded the action threshold of 0.5 larval units/plant (1 larval unit = 1 large CL = 1.5 small CL or large ICW = 10 DBM or small ICW) based on weekly samples. A small ICW or CL was defined as <3/8 inch in length. All threshold treatments received applications on 22 Aug and 21 Sep, and the MVP treatment in broccoli received an additional spray on 8 Sep. Larval units/plant doubled or tripled from 10 Sep-16 Sep, due mainly to growth of ICW larvae, causing the threshold to be greatly exceeded prior to treatment. A period of rain delayed treatment until 21 Sep. Counts presented are pooled data from weekly and threshold treatments, following the first spray on 22 Aug. Larval density was measured by direct counts on 10 randomly selected half-plants per plot. Cabbage head quality was assessed at maturity on 27 Sep by examining 10 heads/plot. Two marketable grades were 1) no feeding damage to head or 4 inner wrapper leaves 2) not more than one 1-inch hole on head or four 1-inch holes on 4 wrappers. More severe feeding damage or presence of frass or insect parts on head or 4 wrappers rendered the head unmarketable.
Control of Cutworm on Head Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Marutani Mari , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings of K-K Cross cabbage were transplanted on 2 Apr in a soil classified as clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents in Yigo, Guam. Plots consisted of five 1.2 m rows with the length of 4.6 m. There were 12 plants/ row. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with back-pack sprayers on 7 May. Number oflarvae/6 plants was recorded on 7 May (before spray) and 10 May.
Cabbage Maggot Control in Direct-Seeded Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated 22 Jun at our research farm near Geneva, New York, in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds (planted at 6/ft) and treatments were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder. Germination counts were made 17 Jul. The crop was then thinned to ca. 1 plant every 15 inches. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36 inch row width. All applications were made in the furrow with a gravity system mounted on the cone seeder which delivered 50 gal/acre. Injury ratings were made 29 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of DBM, 1990
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Anciso Juan
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted in a commercial cabbage field near Alamo, Tex. to evaluate various Bacillus thuringiensis formulations for control of DBM on cabbage. Experimental plots measuring 2 rows (one 40 inch bed) by 20 ft were established on 26 Jan. Plots were sprayed using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a total volume of 50 gal of spray/ acre (2 10 × hollow cone nozzles/bed; 50 psi). Treatments were applied on 26 Jan and 2, 8, 15 and 22 Feb. On the last 2 spray dates, a surfactant (Leaf Act 80; 8 oz/100 gal) was added to all treatments. Larval populations were monitored in each plot by counting the total number of larvae on 3 plants on 1, 7 and 14 Feb, and by counting the total number of larvae on 5 plants on 20 and 26 Feb. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications.
Leafminer Control in Celery, 1989
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D.
Published: March 2022

Oils and botanicals were applied 13 Nov afternoon, other treatments were applied the following morning. Celery was transplanted in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers on 1 Sep. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 34.5 gal/acre at 30 psi with a T-Jet 8004 nozzle tip. Treatments were replicated 4 times. Plots were 25 ft long by 1 bed wide. Plots were sampled by taking 15 celery stalks and foliage/plot that had roughly a 45° orientation, placing them in plastic bags, and holding for 2 d to allow active miners to emerge. Plots were sampled on 18 Nov and 22 Nov. The 18 Nov sample consisted of 5 stalks and attached foliage from each of 3 consecutive plants. The 22 Nov sample consisted of 1 stalk and foliage from 15 consecutive plants.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1990
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a 5.4 acre block of 36-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft in height and 23 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 40 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 Rome Beauty,' 3 Golden Delicious) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 300 gal/acre at the delayed dormant stage and 100 gal/acre for the remainder of the season. Dates of application were 22 Mar (delayed dormant [DD]), 5 Apr (prepink [PP]), 14 May (petal fall [PF]), 31 May (first cover [1C]), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 28 Jun (third cover [3C]), 16 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 27 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 13 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 28 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 6 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Benlate, Captan, Dithane Z-78, Folpet, Manzate 200, NAA, Nova, Polyram, Rubigan, Solubor, Topsin-M, and Zineb. Control of SA was evaluated by counting infested leaves on each of 10 terminals and aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal around the periphery of each tree. The effect of treatments on WALH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Control of STLM was evaluated by counting mines observed in a 5 min search around the periphery of each tree. Treatment effect on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Impact of treatments on SP was determined by counting adults and larvae observed in 3 min counts around the periphery of test trees. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples/treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 26 Sep. Fruit picked from Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish on a scale of 0 - 5 ; 5 being worst.
Control of Spider Mites on Celery, 1989
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Lummus P. F. , Chambers Cliff
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in the portion of a celery field near Mission, Tex. which had not been harvested because of high spider mite densities and associated damage. Each plot consisted of 2 beds (4 rows) on 40 inch centers by 15 ft. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. All acaricides were applied on 12 Dec and 20 Dec, 1988, using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 69.5 gal/acre (2 flat-fan nozzles/bed; 40 psi). Acaricide treatments were evaluated by counting the number of motile adult mites on the underside of 5 randomly selected trifoliates/plot. A visual rating technique was also used with a 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest) rating, based on the relative abundance of spider mites, assigned to each of 15 randomly selected trifoliates/plot.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 7 May near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 48 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 18, 20, 24, 27, and 31 Jul. At harvest maturity (3 Aug), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “Freshmarket” (clean ears, no damage evident). All worms found were identified, counted, and recorded.
Leafminer Control in Fall Head Lettuce, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Meadows Michael R. , Hood Larry
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide and 3 oil treatments in addition to a water only check were applied to lettuce nearing head formation located on a Bruce Church of Arizona, Inc. farm near Poston, Ariz. Treatments were made on 22 Oct with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 31.1 gal/acre at 30 psi with a T-Jet 8004 nozzle. Lettuce was double rowed on 40 inch center beds. Plots were 25 ft long by 1 bed wide. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Samples were taken on 25 Oct. Samples consisted of 10 random wrapper leaves/plot. Samples were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for 7 d to allow leafminer immatures to emerge from the leaves. Leafminer numbers were then counted.
Ear Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Vaughn Ty T.
Published: March 2022

Screening trials on sweetcorn were conducted at two locations. 'Quicksilver' sweet corn was planted 3 Jul at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio. At the second location, Celeryville, Ohio, a section from a commercial growers field ('Alpine,' planted 2 Jul) was marked off. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 8 inches between plants at Wooster and 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants at Celeryville. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 50 ft in length, and two untreated guard rows between plots and 5 ft at either end of each plot. Treatments in Wooster were applied during the silking period, on 8 Aug, 2, 5, and 11 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Treatments in Celeryville were applied 10, 14, 17, and 20 Sep with a high-boy boom sprayer with drop hollow cone nozzles delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi to the ear zone. Plots in Wooster were evaluated 16 Sep by examining 50 ears per plot for any larval pests infesting the ears. Plots in Celeryville were evaluated 23 Sep by examining 30 ears per plot in the same manner.
Timing of Late-Season Permethrin Applications for Corn Earworm Control in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount in corn planted 10 Jul. One-row plots, 25 ft long with 3-ft alleys, and separated by one skip-row, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. A backpack CO2 sprayer with two hollow-cone (TX-10) nozzles/row, delivering 25 gal/acre at 33 psi, was used to treat the ear zone of each row. Spray dates for all treatments were as follows; 3-day 6, 9, 12 & 16 Sep; 5-day 6, 11 & 16 Sep; 7-day 6 & 13 Sep; and the late 3-day 9, 12 & 16 Sep. On 5 Sep, the corn was at 45% silk with a very heavy pretreatment infestation of 6.05 eggs/ear. All plots were evaluated 23 Sep by husking the ears and recording total CEW larvae, larval instar, and location of feeding damage. All available ears in a treatment were examined. Because of a poor stand, the number of ears evaluated ranged from 11 to 26 with an average of 20 ears/plot.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Horseradish, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Eastman C. E.
Published: March 2022

Horseradish secondary roots were planted on 18 Apr into plots 4 rows wide by 16 ft long, 8 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Natural populations of DBM were augmented with mid-sized larvae from a laboratory colony. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was included in all sprays except Lannate 1.8 EC and Condor OF. Spray solutions were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 g acre at 50 psi on 23 Sep. One destructive sample of 5 plants/plot (previously infested with laboratory-reared DBM) was made 26 Sep. Treated foliage from these plots was used in a laboratory bioassay (see paper 1 L).
Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Volker K. C.
Published: March 2022

Onions were direct seeded in double row beds in early May. Standard fertility, irrigation, and weed control practices were followed. Plot size was 0.005 acre and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made 12 July with an R&D CO2 pressurized sprayer with a hand-held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 psi. Evaluations were made on 15, 19, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug by recording all thrips adults and nymphs found on 5 plants in the center of each of the plots.
Spider Mite Control with Soap on Caged Tomatoes, 1990
Authors: Merchant Michael E.
Published: March 2022

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate Safer insecticidal soap alone and in combination with malathion for control of spider mites on caged tomatoes. Transplants were set out 12 Apr at the Texas A&M University Research & Extension Center, Dallas, TX. Twenty-four treatment plots consisting of single, caged tomato plants (cage dimensions: height = 4.5 ft, diameter = 2 ft) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plants were set in raised beds on 6 ft centers (5 ft plant spacing). Sprays were applied to the point of run-off with a Birchmeier backpack sprayer using a hollow cone nozzle (7.5 X). A transportable plastic spray shield was used to reduce drift between plots at the time of the spray treatment. Because of low mite numbers, plants were artificially infested on 5 Jul by placing 1-2 spider miteinfested tomato leaves on each plant. Insecticide applications were made on 27 Jul, 1, 7, and 11 Aug. The 'early' soap treatment received an additional application on 18 Jul, and the Kelthane treatment was applied 1, 7, and 11 Aug. Mite densities were estimated from leaf disks (area = 1.77 cm2) excised with a cork borer from the distal portion of 10 terminal leaflets. Leaflets were randomly selected from the upper V6 of the plant. Mites were identified according to life stage and counted under a Wild stereomicroscope. Visual damage ratings were based on inspection (by five observers) of the upper % of the plant canopy.