bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HYDROCARBONS ASSOCIATED WITH SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY WATERS
Authors: DiSalvo L. H. , Guard H. E.
Published: January 2013

Suspended sediments were obtained at seven stations in San Francisco Bay during the summer of 1974 using a double settling tube device termed the “biosampler.” One tube of the device passively collected suspended sediments which settled from ambient waters at the sampling sites. The top of the second tube contained bay mussels (Mytilus edulis) as biological agents for the active entrapment and deposition of suspended particulates occurring in the water. Presence of the mussels in the sampler was, in most cases, indispensable for collection of sufficient amounts of material for analysis over one-week sampling periods.

A thin-layer chromatographic method was employed for analysis of total alkane and total aromatic hydrocarbons in recovered sediments. The sediments were found to contain 190–6188 ppm dry weight of total hydrocarbons, with alkane-aromatic ratios varying from 1.1 to 5.1. Water separated from recovered sediments after shaking contained from 15 to 450 ° per liter total hydrocarbons. Filtration of these water samples through 0.45 Millipore filters had little or no effect on their hydrocarbon concentration.

Calculations based on minimum possible values suggested that 13.5 or more metric tons of presumably pollutant hydrocarbons were present in association with suspended particulate matter in the bay system at any given time during the sampling period.

Previously published information on bay circulation suggested that suspended particulates, and thus pollutant hydrocarbons, may be accumulated in the shoal areas of the eastern bay margins.
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ARCTIC OIL-POLLUTION PROGRAM*
Authors: Getman J.H.
Published: January 2013

With the burgeoning forecasts of oil production and transportation in the cold weather regions-especially Alaska-expectations of spills in the fragile and hostile arctic environment must increase. The Coast Guard, responsible for maritime pollution control, has stepped up its arctic pollution surveillance and response research and development Field experiments on the behavior of oil-one under summer conditions in 1970, and another under winter conditions in 1972-have been run. These indicated that oil spreads at a much slower rate under arctic conditions, and that it pooled on and under the ice. Oil is quickly covered by snow, but the resulting mulch is easily handled by mechanical means. Burning was always a readily available and effective alternate means of removal. Off-the-shelf equipment was evaluated in 1973, resulting in a number of conclusions concerning barriers and moorings, oil recovery systems, and personnel. Based on this field evaluation, there will be additional oil/ice tests of recovery devices.
PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF NONPETROLEUM OILS
Authors: Crump-Wiesner Hans J. , Jennings Allen L.
Published: January 2013

Legislative history of water pollution control has not included detailed scientific definitions of what is meant by the rather inclusive term “oil.” Because of the publicity surrounding spills of crude or petroleum-derived oils, little attention has been focused on non-petroleum oils. Approximately 5% of the oil spills reported to the Environmental Protection Agency are nonpetroleum oils. Their physical and chemical properties and adverse environmental effects are strikingly similar to the behavior of petroleum oil in the aquatic environment. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the properties and effects of petroleum versus nonpetroleum oils. Their similarities prove that these oils should be treated as one entity regardless of their origin. Finally, additional guidelines are presented to provide a more broadly applicable distinction between oil and other hazardous materials for enforcement purposes.
THE MAKING OF A LOCAL CONTINGENCY PLAN
Authors: Yates Ralph A.
Published: January 2013

This paper chronicles the utilization and nine-month development of the COTP Portland Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. Covering an area which includes 1,200 miles of scenic Oregon and Washington headlands, inlets, beaches, estuaries, and the Willamette and Columbia Rivers, the plan is a flexible, 9-volume document totaling 1,350 pages. Designed from the beginning to be used in the field, its detailed, carefully structured format has been developed to assist an on-scene coordinator in the fighting of a pollution incident. The ability to be quickly and effectively updated was also programmed into its development, and recent updating efforts are described together with the plan's successful utilization of spills ranging in size from major to minor.

Working as part of the project, this material was prepared by two Reserve officers at Oregon State University, LCDR Jim Mueller and LCDR Marty Miller.
AN OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
Authors: Norton Reese W. , Lerch D. W.
Published: January 2013

In May of 1974, Clean Bay, Inc., acquired a recovery system which is designed specifically for oil spill cleanup operations in the San Francisco Bay Area. Operational constraints for the Bay Area, such as large amplitude, short-period waves, debris, a long and varied multiuse shoreline, and large variations in potential spill sizes, locations and properties of spilled products strongly influenced Clean Bay's performance specifications for this system. The system can respond quickly and effectively to spills anywhere within the bay area. Special features of the system include oil recovery rates up to 1,000 gpm, high oil-water recovery efficiency, the ability to recover and effectively process oil soaked debris, 90 barrels of onboard storage capacity, the ability to recover and transfer high viscosity products, a water jet propulsion system for high maneuverability, transit speeds approximating 10 knots, an elevated pilot house to improve visual observation of the spill area, marine radar, radio transceiver, and an onboard hydraulically operated crane.

The paper will describe in detail the performance specifications for the recovery system; compare wave tank predictions of hull performance with operating experience, discuss the impact on design and operations of the requirements for tank vessel certification by the U.S. Coast Guard, and describe Clean Bay's operating experience with the system.
CLEAN GULF ASSOCIATES UNVEILS A NEW GENERATION OF OIL-SPILL CLEANUP EQUIPMENT
Authors: Berry W. L. , Wolfe J. W.
Published: January 2013

Clean Gulf Associates was established in 1972 by the petroleum operators in the Gulf of Mexico to provide the capability for fast, effective cleanup of oil spills in both coastal and offshore waters. Initially, about $1.5 million was expended for equipment stockpiles at three bases along the Louisiana Gulf Coast. Approximately $1 million is being spent to improve and expand these inventories and set up a fourth base. Additionally, two bases have been established in Florida, and plans are underway for bases along the Texas Coast. The organization and capabilities of Clean Gulf Associates are briefly reviewed. New Cost Participation Areas, planned new equipment additions, and improvements to existing items are discussed.
OIL SPILL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA
Authors: Ross S.L.
Published: January 2013

In mid-1972, the Environmental Emergency Branch was formed within the Canadian Department of the Environment. This organization, which is part of the Environmental Protection Service, is responsible for protective and preventative activities related to pollution emergencies, including oil spills. The technology development work carried out by the branch can be divided into two main programs. One is the testing, evaluation, and development of oil spill countermeasures equipment, materials, and techniques. The program for oil spill equipment including skimmers, booms, pumps, and remote sensing systems is being carried out in Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario. Much work is also underway on the testing, evaluation, and development of various oil spill treating agents, including dispersants, absorbents, sinking agents, biodegradation agents, combustion agents, and chemical oil herders. The other main responsibility of the spill technology group is to design and develop various countermeasures systems for specific high risk and sensitive areas in Canada. This program involves putting together the various countermeasures equipment and materials described above into integrated systems that can be used to fight spills in specific locations. Four areas which are being thoroughly investigated at this time are Vancouver Harbour, the Beaufort Sea, the St. Clair River, and the St. Lawrence River. These areas are quite different environmentally, and the “custom-designed” countermeasures systems needed for each area are similarly different.

Much of the technology development and research effort in Canada has been directed toward cold environment problems. This includes studies related to drilling blowouts in the Arctic, to pipeline spills under winter conditions, to dyking of storage facilities in the north, and to spills in ice-infested water.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY'S TEST FACILITY OHMSETT: THE FIRST SIX MONTHS
Authors: Farlow John S. , Freestone Frank J.
Published: January 2013

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency completed the basic construction of its Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) in the summer of 1974. Spill cleanup methods and equipment will be safely evaluated and improved at this facility without endangering the environment. The Leonardo, New Jersey, facility is designed to simulate conditions in rivers and estuaries.

The core of the facility is a 667-ft long by 65-ft wide concrete, above-ground, outdoor tank, 11 ft deep. It is filled to a depth of 8 ft with estuarine water. Regular waves up to 30 in high and 100 ft long can be generated, or a severe interference chop condition can be made by reflecting regular waves off an angled end wall. The tank is spanned by a 40-ton bridge designed for towing floating test equipment at speeds up to 6 knots. The bridge also contains apparatus for laying thin oil slicks onto the water surface immediately ahead of equipment being tested. A 2,000-gpm, pressure-leaf, diatomaceous earth filter maintains sufficient water clarity to permit the use of underwater video recording and photography. A 7,000-square-foot support building houses offices, a laboratory, mechanical and electronic shops, and an equipment preparation area.

A description of experiences during the first 6 months of operation and a discussion of the facility's potential for serving public and private users will be presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF HARBOR OIL SPILL REMOVAL-RECOVERY SYSTEMS: PHASE I
Authors: Widawsky Arthur
Published: January 2013

A harbor oil spill removal-recovery system comprises four subsystems: containment, recovery, storage and transfer, and separation. Commercially available subsystems were analytically evaluated Based on the evaluation, six containment booms, ten skimmers, three pumps, two towable storage tanks, and three oil-water separators were tested in rivers, wave tanks, and on land. The highest test-rated subsystems were then assembled into two harbor oil spill removal-recovery systems: a confined-area system, and an open-area system. Both systems were then tested in a Naval harbor. The tests showed that essentially all the oil intentionally spilled in the harbor, with EPA approval, was recovered. Major findings were (1) none of the booms tested could contain oil when towed at 2 knots, (2) for 1-mm thick oil slicks, the maximum oil pickup rate was 55 gpm, obtained with a large advancing weir skimmer, (3) the towable tank concept was effective, and (4) neither a gravity nor coalescer oil-water separator operating alone could produce a water effluent with less than 10 ppm of oil; however, a gravity and a coalescer separator operating in series produced a water effluent of less than 10 ppm of oil
DEVELOPING AN OPEN-SEAS SKIMMER
Authors: Ayers R. R. , Fraser J. P. , Kazmierczak L. J.
Published: January 2013

An open-seas skimming means has been developed which is capable of skimming oil efficiently under typical offshore wind and wave conditions. The key to the effectiveness of this open-seas skimmer is a “quiescent pool” within the skimmer. This quiescent pool is achieved by flow diffusion of the water and oil entering the skimmer and of the water leaving it. The flow-diffusing baffle system floats independent of the catamaran hull support vessel and is hinged in order to conform to waves. Oil removal from the quiescent pool can be achieved by any of a variety of commercially available oil-removal devices such as belt, weir, or floating suction skimmers.

Design of the 90-foot-long catamaran hull skimming and oil-storage vessel was based on extensive model tests. Efficient oil collection and recovery is possible at vessel speeds up to 2 knots in either swells or wind-driven seas up to low sea state 4 (18-knot winds, 6-foot significant waves). Typical collection rates of 200 gpm with 80% oil in the collected mixture are projected. Also projected is a retention of the oil encountered at vessel speeds up to 2 knots.

The basic concepts used in the open-seas skimmer were initially developed by Shell. Further development of these concepts was sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RESEARCH IN HIGH-SPEED DEVICES FOR THE RECOVERY OF THIN-FILM OIL SPILLS
Authors: Freestone Frank J. , Anderson Reg A. , Trentacoste Nicholas P.
Published: January 2013

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored two separate research contracts in the field of high-speed devices for the recovery of thin-film oil spills. Both projects involve deflecting oil that is moving relative to the device by means of an air jet so that the resulting oil and water spray can be captured and separated.

One project has been conducted by Tetradyne Corporation of Richardson, Texas, and involves the use of air jets to concentrate and subsequently deflect oil into a sump for gravity separation. This device has achieved up to 86% (vol/vol) recovery efficiency at a speed of six FPS in towing tank tests of a full-scale prototype; it is relatively insensitive to waves, small debris, and changes in oil viscosity.

The second project has been conducted by Science Applications, Inc., of McLean, Virginia, and involves use of a slightly submerged air jet to deflect oncoming oil in the form of a spray lofted into a rotating polyurethane foam belt used for oil-water separation. Collection efficiencies of up to 83% (wt/wt) have been achieved in towing tank tests of a section of a full-scale prototype at a speed of 5.5 FPS. This device operates satisfactorily in waves and is somewhat sensitive to oil viscosity.

Material is presented on the rationale for developing the devices, the testing technology that has been used for these efforts, and the test results for each device.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE MODE OF ACCUMULATION OF #2 FUEL OIL BY THE SOFT SHELL CLAM, MYA ARENARIA
Authors: Stainken Dennis M.
Published: January 2013

Chemical analysis has shown that various components of oils can accumulate within marine invertebrates. Several mechanisms by which this may occur have been conjectured. This paper offers experimental verification of a mechanism by which a commercially important bivalve. Mya arenaria, can accumulate oil within its tissues. The paper also documents the behavioral response of Mya arenenaria and deleterious ecological side effects resulting from oil accumulation.

Young Mya (25–35 mm) were exposed to #2 fuel oil and an oil soluble dye (Oil Red 0) which were ultrasonically emulsified in water. The concentrations tested were 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm. Exposures were done in both natural and artificial seawater at 4°C and 22°C. Exposure periods ranged from 3 hours to 4 days.

Macroscopic observations were performed to determine the effects of the dyed oil contacting the gill surfaces and the means by which the oil was either ingested or ejected. Definite patterns of response to the dyed oil were established. Essentially, the clams treat oil micelles and globules as food or detritus particles. The smallest oil micelles are passed by ciliary currents directly to the stomach. Larger globules are bound by mucus secreted by the gill ctenidia. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry confirmed the binding of oil-mucus. The oil-mucus is ingested or rejected by means of the clam ciliary pathways. Implications of the oil-mucus mechanism and the ejection of this mucus into the environment are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON A SMALL SUBARCTIC LAKE IN THE MACKENZIE VALLEY, N.W.T.: EFFECTS ON PHYTOPLANKTON, PERIPHYTON, AND ATTACHED AQUATIC VEGETATION
Authors: Hellebust J. A. , Hanna B. , Sheath R. G. , Gergis M. , Hutchinson T. C.
Published: January 2013

Experimental crude oil spills were made in 3-m2 cylinders in open water, and in submerged moss, horsetail, and sedge communities of a small subarctic lake in the Mackenzie Valley, near Norman Wells, N. W. T. Studies were made of the effects of crude oil on phytoplankton, periphyton, and attached macrophytes in terms of population composition, seasonal succession, and biomass. The presence of crude oil (15 liters m−2) had no significant effects on phytoplankton composition or abundance throughout the growth season but had a marked inhibitory effect on most members of the periphyton. One notable exception to this observation was a considerable growth stimulation of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria angustissima.

Laboratory studies on the effects of aqueous crude oil extracts on growth and photosynthesis of algal cultures isolated from the lake showed strong inhibition under most combinations of light and temperature. The inhibition of both growth and photosynthesis appeared minimal when the algae were grown under optimal conditions of light and temperature. The effects decreased with time in open culture systems, i.e. when evaporation was freely allowed.

Crude oil caused an immediate reduction in chlorophyll content of macrophytes upon contact, and significant decreases in biomass were evident in follow-up studies of experimental oil spills in macrophyte communities.
FATE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ZOOPLANKTON
Authors: Lee Richard F.
Published: January 2013

Several groups of zooplankton from the coasts of California, British Columbia, and in the Arctic, including copepods, euphausiids, amphipods, crab zoea, ctenophores, and jellyfish rapidly took up 3H-benzpyrene, 14C-benzpyrene, 3H-methylcholanthrene, and 14Cnaphthalene from seawater solution. These hydrocarbons were metabolized to various hydroxylated and more polar metabolites by crustaceans but not by ctenophores or jellyfish. Up to 22 × 0−4 µg of benzpyrene was ingested by the temperate water copepod Calanus plumchrus, and transfer of this copepod to fresh seawater resulted in the discharge of most benzpyrene with less than 1 × 10−5 µg remaining after 17 days. When depuration was continued beyond 17 days, no further hydrocarbon loss was observed. Calanus hyperboreus from the Arctic took up to 11 × 10−4 µg of 3H-benzpyrene and a 28-day depuration experiment still showed the presence of benzpyrene in the copepod although again less than 1 × 10−5 µg.
PERSISTENCE AND EFFECTS OF LIGHT FUEL OIL IN SOIL
Authors: Swader F.N.
Published: January 2013

The USDA-SCS Plant Materials Science Center at Big Flats, New York, was damaged by flood-borne oil in June 1972.

Field plots were established in part of the damaged area to determine the effects of such contamination on soil properties and on crop production, and to assess the persistence of such contamination under northeastern conditions of soil and climate.

Field crops (corn, oats, and soybeans) have been used as major indicator crops. Crop yield data have been collected and compared to published estimated yields for the same area and soil resource. Soil samples have been analyzed annually to determine the quantities of oil remaining in the soil.

Greenhouse experiments have been conducted to determine a threshold level of economic damage, and the residual effects of such applications.

The results indicate that oil penetration was slightly below 24 inches; that the initial levels of oil contamination were relatively low (0.2% by weight, or less), but spectacular in appearance; that shallow rooted crops were less susceptible to damage by residual oil than deep rooted crops; that some residual effect was reflected in growth of both crop plants and weeds one year after contamination; and that light fuel oils may affect crop growth at relatively low application rates. These effects may be minimized by the proper choices of crop species and soil management practices (tillage and fertilization).

The results are supported by aerial photographs and field inspections of similar problem areas in the Big Flats area, made at one-year intervals.
A STUDY OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF A SOUTH LOUISIANA CRUDE OIL EMPLOYING COMPUTERIZED MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Walker J.D. , Colwell R.R. , Petrakis L.
Published: January 2013

Inocula from oil-contaminated Colgate Creek and oil-free Eastern Bay sediment produced similar growth on a South Louisiana crude oil The Colgate Creek inoculum was found to contain a wider variety of bacterial genera and to produce greater degradation of South Louisiana crude oil than the Eastern Bay sediment inocula. The resin fraction of the crude oil increased during growth and weathering. All of the hydrocarbon classes of the crude oil were susceptible to degradation by microorganisms present in the Colgate Creek inoculum, but not by those in the Eastern Bay samples.
PREPARATION OF AN OIL SPILL PREVENTION TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Mossteller T.L.
Published: January 2013

What are the critical items in the preparation of a packaged learning program on oil spill prevention? What steps and strategies most directly contribute to success? This paper highlights three items within the context of the overall development of a well accepted program:the strategy used to involve the people who made the program workthe generalizations developed about terminal operators’ background, skills, and present knowledge of oil spill prevention. This data was essential for deciding what would go into the program.the features of the program resulting from these generalizations.

From the start, representatives of the terminal operators (the eventual participants) and their managers were involved completely in the program design. Members from a wide spectrum of company management selected the specific problems to be addressed, approved the desired results, and reviewed the entire program for achievement of objectives and technical accuracy. Interviews with operators in the field allowed basic assumptions to be made about the prospective audience. For example, most like to read the newspaper, but few read books for pleasure. This particular assumption suggested that a large amount of written material would not be appropriate for this program.

The final result was a program which could be used with either a group or an individual in locations spread out geographically. The first section is on prevention; the second presents fundamentals of cleanup. Each section has an audio tape and a supplemental workbook.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR THE IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS IN DIFFERENT COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS OF CANADA
Authors: Owens Edward H.
Published: January 2013

Planning for a cleanup operation of the shore zone requires consideration of the physical nature of the coast (including the sediment types), wave energy levels, and tidal range. Beaches exist in a dynamic state and are continuously changing in response to littoral processes. In addition to these temporal variations, there is frequently considerable variability of shoreline types and process characteristics within a small region. In eastern Canada, contingency planning must cover rocky shorelines, sand beaches, and muddy coasts. There also is a wide range of littoral process environments, from the exposed Atlantic coast to the sheltered Bay of Fundy, which has tidal ranges on the order of 10 to 15 meters. Three examples from eastern Canada illustrate the variability of shorelines and processes in the context of cleanup planning.
OIL SPILL CONTROL TRAINING: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY'S APPROACH
Authors: Payne J. Larry
Published: January 2013

Developed initially by Texas A&M's Civil Engineering Department in 1974 through a grant from the American Petroleum Institute, the five-day oil spill control course was subsequently turned over to the Texas Engineering Extension Service for implementation. Currently the course is offered at facilities in Galveston, Texas. Flexibility within the curriculum allows the course to be directed towards non-industry personnel as well as personnel directly involved in oil production. Techniques current in industrial education, such as the spiral-step method of instruction, are employed throughout the course. Also, the course emphasizes practical training and is unique in its hands-on capabilities. The curriculum, subject to keen scrutiny, is continuously improved and updated. Moreover, the success of this program has encouraged the development of other specialized and refresher courses.
CANADIAN APPROACH TO OIL SPILL TRAINING
Authors: Kay Garnet H.
Published: January 2013

The oil industry and governments in Canada are very conscious of the need to initiate and continue training to prevent and control spills. It was believed that such training could be improved if input would be obtained from both sectors in joint productions rather than if each worked independently. Early in 1973 the Consortium on Spill Training (COST) was formed. Representation continues to be from industry, and the federal and provincial governments. The purpose of the consortium is to produce spill training aids. Videotape cassettes (¾-inch, 26 minutes) have been prepared on the following: “Spill in a Creek,” “Contingency Planning Guidelines,” “Public Relations at the Spill Scene,” and “Safety at the Spill Scene.” In process are “Boom Deployment” and “Shoreline Protection and Cleanup.” A documentary film of a simulated oil spill exercise was prepared. The improved quality of the aids confirms the advantages of joint rather than independent productions. The training aids are available in English and French at cost.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-IN-WATER CONTENT MONITOR
Authors: Hornig A. W. , Brownrigg J. T. , Chisholm B. R. , Giering L. P. , Skewes R. L.
Published: January 2013

For several years Baird-Atomic has been involved in the design, construction and testing of a breadboard oil-in-water content monitor for use with bilge and ballast wastewater. This work has been supported by the Coast Guard, the Navy, and Baird-Atomic. The basis of the monitor is the luminescence (fluorescence) of the aromatics present in all petroleum oils. The advantages of this approach include high sensitivity, real time output, fast response time, insensitivity to many interferences, and reduced sensitivity to particulates. The chief problem is the unequal luminescence response of oils. The general approach involves simultaneous excitation and monitoring at a number of wavelengths, selected to give a net response almost independent of oil type.

A first approach involved a novel optical scheme involving two polychromators. The first provided excitation at different wave-lengths along a flowing sample. The second, operated in reverse, summed selected emission from different portions of the sample. This approach, called “synchronous scan,” while successful, was supplanted by a more general approach which utilized the total luminescence of the sample: i.e., all possible emissions resulting from all possible excitation. In this case, the second polychromator was used to disperse emission from the sample at right angles to the excitation dispersion. The total luminescence was then imaged at the exit plane of the second monochromator where a computer-designed mask selected those spectral regions equalizing response of various oil types. Results of tests are discussed, together with progress on a shipboard prototype.
EXPERIENCE IN MONITORING THE OIL CONTENT OF BALLAST WATER BEING DISCHARGED BY TANKERS
Authors: Fleming K. , Dick J.P.P.
Published: January 2013

The main practical features required of a shipboard monitoring system are outlined. A description is given of the Societe d'Etude et de Realisation d'Equipementes Speciaux (SERES) Directe Response Ultra-Rapide (DRUR) Type I oil content monitor and its installation onboard. Typical practical experience in monitoring tanker effluents is reviewed and some of the problems experienced, mainly with the sampling system, are highlighted. Practical experience then is discussed with regard to compliance with the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
QUANTIFICATION OF NAVY OILS IN DETERGENT LADEN WATERS
Authors: Yu Tsi Shan
Published: January 2013

Accurate measurement of the concentration of oil in effluent discharged from ships is necessary so that water pollution regulations are not violated. Detergents used to clean machinery and deck surfaces aboard Navy ships often end up in bilge water and pass through gravitational and coalescence type oil/water separators. These detergents interfere in the solvent extraction and infrared (IR) spectrometry measurement technique for quantifying oil in water. They will absorb the IR energy at the wavelength used in quantifying oil; therefore, a method which can remove such interference, yet accurately measure the concentration of oil in water, is needed.

A technique of eluting the solvent extract through silica gel removed most of this interference. Aqueous samples containing Navy oils and a non-ionic detergent in concentrations up to 1000 milligrams per liter were used to evaluate this technique. The solvent extract of these aqueous samples was filtered through silica gel and the IR absorbance of the effluent at 2,930 reciprocal centimeters was measured. The results demonstrated that this technique can yield the true concentration of oil in detergent laden water as long as the ratio of the concentration of detergent to oil is less than 10 to one. This technique can also be applied to quantify oil in water that does not contain detergent.
PETROLEUM AND ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS FROM THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT1
Authors: Reed W. E. , Kaplan I. R. , Sandstrom M. , Mankiewicz P.
Published: January 2013

Low to high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and industrial chemicals (polyphenyl ether, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDE; phthalates, adipates) have been detected in nearly all benthic and sandy intertidal sediment samples collected from the Southern California borderland. Low levels of petroleum contamination in combination with recent biogenic contributions were interpreted primarily on the basis of fully-saturated cycloalkanes in the absence of cyclic alkenes, the presence of a gas chromatographically-unresolved baseline envelope, and the presence of an homologous series of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons.

The inner basins of the Southern California Bight exhibit higher concentrations of weathered petroleum than either the farther offshore basins, or the sandy intertidal zone. Near Tanner-Cortez banks and in the San Nicolas Basin, sediments appear to contain unweathered petroleum and high levels of anthropogenic chemicals. The possible sources of hydrocarbons found in the Southern California borderland sediments, in addition to shipping losses and harbor traffic, include municipal and industrial waste waters, as well as previously-undetected submarine oil seeps, submarine chemical dumps, and geochemically-mature, organic-rich Tertiary shales.
CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE OIL MONITORING EQUIPMENT
Authors: Wright Judith A.
Published: January 2013

Industrial field experience has shown that remote single-point monitoring of the surface of wastewater streams using an infrared reflectance instrument is an effective method of detecting oil films associated with oil in water concentrations as low as one part per million (ppm) in turbulent flow patterns. Four operational case histories of installations in petroleum refineries and manufacturing plants illustrate the application of an infrared oil film monitor.
SATELLITE SENTINEL FOR OIL SPILLS IN 1978?
Authors: Hovis Warren A. , Jones Donald R.
Published: January 2013

Existent NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite sensors are optimized for the viewing of high reflectivity atmospheric phenomena and land features. Thus, detection of surface pollutants or color differences in low reflectivity sea or fresh water is marginal at best. A few suspected oil spill sightings have been made by the NASA satellites Landsat 1 and 2 but their infrequent (once in every 18 days) orbital overpass precludes their use for detecting and monitoring oil spills on a daily basis.

This paper describes the oil spill detection and monitoring capability of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), a six spectral band scanner specifically designed for ocean color imagery to fly on Nimbus G in 1978. NASA U-2 high altitude flights with a CZCS breadboard scanner onboard have demonstrated a capacity for detecting the natural oil seepage off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. The results will be described in terms of the satellite's capability to detect oil pollution of this relatively small magnitude or larger on a near daily global basis.
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION DURING OIL TRANSFER OPERATIONS: AN EVALUATION OF USCG PREVENTIVE ACTIONS1
Authors: Harrald John R. , Karwan Kirk R. , Stone Christopher M.
Published: January 2013

Durings its journey from a production facility to a refinery, the most probable time for oil to enter the water is during vessel cargo-transfer operations. This paper describes the origins, implementation, and effects of the U.S. Coast Guard's operational and regulatory program designed to prevent oil transfer-related discharges. Statistical data from the USCG Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) is used to measure the effectiveness of these actions. A review is presented of the results of an on-scene transfer monitoring program conducted in 1972 in Seattle, Washington.

Coast Guard pollution prevention regulations (33 CFR 154-156) were designated to prevent the occurrence of discharges during transfer operations. An analysis of the effectiveness of these regulations and the present nationwide transfer operations monitoring program is presented. The paper concludes that the Coast Guard preventive program has had a measurable effect on the incidence of transfer-related pollution incidents.
SINKING OF TANKER ST. PETER OFF COLOMBIA
Authors: Hayes T. M.
Published: January 2013

The tanker St. Peter sank on February 5, 1976 in 1,000 meters of water approximately 30 kilometers off Cabo Manglares, Colombia. The author was assigned on behalf of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) to provide technical advice to the Colombian and Ecuadorian governments regarding countermeasures against pollution. The lack of locally available equipment to locate the vessel and eliminate the source, the logistics involved in mounting operations to reduce the environmental damage, and the need for a response organization are discussed. A particular problem was finding equipment which could operate at the extreme depths and developing a plan for removing the long-term pollution threat, the crude oil cargo.
UNDERWATER BLOWOUT OIL COLLECTION
Authors: Westergaard Rich H.
Published: January 2013

Oil production in the North Sea and some other potentially important areas is much more difficult than offshore drilling was in the past. It is assumed that the difficulties are properly compensated so that blowout probability is not increased. The very much higher productivity of the wells, the expected longer duration of a blowout and the greater difficulties of surface containment obviously increase the probable oil spill volume. Exactly how much it is increased statistically is not known. A factor of 100 is suggested. For this reason, such areas need a much better oil spill defense than used in the past in other areas. The author is engaged in a feasibility study on underwater collection for control of underwater blowouts. The proposed equipment consists of a heavy submersible rig which can place a collection bell over the blowout orifice: the petroleum is then ducted from the bell to a surface vessel where the gas is burned and the oil collected or burned.
THE APPLICATION OF EXISTING OIL SPILL ABATEMENT EQUIPMENT TO COLD REGIONS
Authors: Schultz L. A.
Published: January 2013

The increased interest in, and development of, arctic petroleum resources has increased correspondingly the potential for oil spills in cold regions. A recently completed survey of cold regions oil spill mitigation technology included a cursory determination of the applicability of presently available means to the problems of detection, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal of oil spilled in cold regions. For purposes of the study, cold regions were characterized by the existence of low temperatures and the presence of ice in its many forms. The evaluations were based upon the experience of the authors in conducting other cold regions laboratory and field programs, and the experiences of others in cold regions as reported in the technical literature. This survey revealed that, while a very limited degree of oil spill response capability is available for use in cold regions based upon using the techniques and equipment currently employed in warmer climates, a great deal of development work must be undertaken before a total cold regions oil spill response capability will be available. Current technology falls far short of the desired capability in all functional areas including remote sensing, containment, recovery, temporary storage, and disposal.
PERFORMANCE TESTS OF THREE FAST CURRENT OIL RECOVERY DEVICES1
Authors: Getman James H.
Published: January 2013

Presently, the effective removal of oil spills is limited to current speeds of less than one to two knots. To be able to effectively recover spilled oil in areas of higher current speeds, the Coast Guard has a development effort underway for obtaining such a device. The first stage of the development program included a competitive evaluation of small scale models of seven different fast current oil recovery concepts. The two most promising concepts have now been developed into large scale models. These two devices plus a third device which evolved from a parallel state-of-the-art evaluation program were tested during the summer of 1976 at the Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT). The Shell ZRV large scale model performed well in fast-current velocities in both calm seas and in a wave train. The Seaward Streaming Fiber Recovery Device performed well in fast currents in calm conditions but performed poorly in waves. The French Cyclonet 050 provided fair performance in medium currents and in calm conditions but gave poor performance when waves were present.
DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SPILL RECOVERY SHIP
Authors: Uchida Shoji , Takeshita Hiroshi , Seike Yajuro
Published: January 2013

A compact oil spill recovery system made up of a special oil suction float, an eductor-driven hydraulic fluid conveying unit, an oil/water separating unit, etc., was devised to the basic design concept of the previously-developed Mitsubishi hydraulic tanker desludging system and installed in a small, self-propelled, twin-hull craft. A 9.60 m long, 4.10 m wide, and 1.40 m deep experimental oil spill recovery ship completed in this manner successfully cleaned up a slick of heavy oil, 7 m × 30 m in area and 0.7 – 2.0 mm in film thickness, in less than three minutes at 0.5 – 1.0 kt and proved very stable, steerable, and easy to operate. Oil content of water at the outlet of the oil/water separating unit was less than 1 ppm. A range of oil spill recovery ships have since been designed, fully weighing opinions of potential customers as regards such items as economy of operation, and capacity.
A MODEL FOR THE COSTING OF OIL SPILL CLEARANCE OPERATIONS AT SEA
Authors: Holmes P.D.
Published: January 2013

Analysis of published data reveals that the total costs attributable to an oil spill are made up of a number of components which include the actual costs of the cleanup operations by government and/or industry (incurred either directly or through a contractor), third party costs (compensation to fishermen, boat-owners, etc.) and miscellaneous costs, including legal expenses, administrative charges, and fines. The relative proportions of each component vary considerably depending on the particular circumstances and location of each spill. Costs generally fall into three groups defined broadly as offshore (low costs per ton oil spilled), inshore and onshore (high costs per ton oil).

Considering only the costs of cleanup operations, a model has been developed for estimating the cleanup costs for various situations (offshore, inshore and onshore) and using different cleanup techniques (recovery, dispersion, absorbents, etc.). This model takes into account the spill size, makes allowance for transport time and allows for the practical effects of natural dispersion, evaporation, etc. Use is made of the model to calculate costs for typical situations using practical component cost data to show the optimum conditions for each method of treatment and to show the dependence of recovery or dispersant operations on spill size.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIELD USE OF DISPERSANTS
Authors: McCarthy Leo T.
Published: January 2013

A rationale is presented for the correlation of laboratory generated dispersant data to the spill situation in the field. Discussion and tabular presentation of data supports the rationale, which incorporates application factors for dispersant toxicity and effectiveness data to initial concentrations of oil and dispersants in the water column after dispersant application in the field. The EPA's current research projects on oil spill dispersants are summarized.
NEW CONCEPT OF OIL DISPERSION IN VIEW OF CLEAN UP BY DEGRADATION
Authors: Bocard C. , Durif-Varambon B. , Gatellier C. , Renault Ph. , Laboureur P. , Person L.
Published: January 2013

Some misunderstanding has arisen from evidence of deleterious effects of oil dispersion, leading to the conclusion that such a treatment is more dangerous than the pollution itself. In fact, the main objective is to promote the speed of degradation by parcelling of oil, the droplets becoming widespread and bursting at the ocean surface to form films which quickly will disintegrate under microbial actions. With new dispersant formulations, the hydrocarbon pollutants will tend to separate out from sea water so that living organisms would not be injured in the comparatively clean water below. Meanwhile, by its chemical composition, the dispersant will bring nutrients to the medium and, moreover, will remain within the oil phase.
NEW TEST FACILITIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION IN JAPAN
Authors: Yazaki Atsuo
Published: January 2013

New test facilities under construction in Japan for conducting research on developing and evaluating oil-fences and oil-recovery equipment include a circulating water channel, a rectangular tank, and an oil/water purifier system. The circulating water channel is 60 m in length, 3.8 m in width, and 5.1 m in depth. It is provided with a water circulating system which gives a water speed of up to 2 knots, a wave generator which generates waves of up to 0.6 m in height, an air blower which gives wind speed of up to 20 m/s, and a surface current generator which generates surface speeds of up to 1 knot. It is also equipped with a dispersing and recovering system for the test oil. The rectangular tank, 80 m in length, 45 m in width, and 2.6 m in depth, is provided with a wave generator which generates waves of up to 0.3 m in height and a towing carriage which runs at a speed of up to 2 m/s. Covered by a roof which allows testing all the year round independent of weather or temperature, these new facilities are expected to be completed by the end of 1977 and opened for use at the beginning of 1978.
THE USE OF A DIAGNOSTIC CIRCULATION MODEL FOR OIL TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS
Authors: Gait J. A. , Pease Carol H.
Published: January 2013

A diagnostic circulation model designed for the continental shelf region was used to study water parcel trajectories. The model assumes a combination of geostrophic plus Ekman dynamics and is diagnostic in that it uses fluid density data (obtained from a typical oceanographic cruise; i.e., STD stations) and wind stress data to specify the baroclinic and surface Ekman modes of the flow. The model then solves for the remaining barotropic and bottom Ekman modes subject to the constraints imposed by continuity and bathymetry.

Variations in the boundary conditions correspond to variations in the mean inflow/outflow surface currents, or barotropic mode. Using this correspondence, the model was keyed to the measurements obtained from a moored current meter array and a time stepping procedure was developed. This allows the model to generate a continous time- and space-varying representation of the regional flow field.

Field data for the Northeast Gulf of Alaska were used in the model equations which were solved using finite element techniques. The predicted currents and trajectories for a variety of runs were compared against observational data.
PERSISTENCE OF NON-ALKANE COMPONENTS OF BUNKER C OIL IN BEACH SEDIMENTS OF CHEDABUCTO BAY, AND LACK OF THEIR METABOLISM BY MOLLUSCS.
Authors: Vandermeulen J. H. , Keizer P.D. , Penrose W. R.
Published: January 2013

Analysis of cores from a continuously oiled beach shows that seven-year-old stranded Bunker C fuel oil re-entering the beach substrate is rapidly degraded. This weathering occurs throughout the top 15 cms of the beach sediments. The aromatic and cyclo-alkane components, however, appear resistant and unaltered. Thus the beach sediments act as effective n-alkane filters, but simultaneously become enriched with aromatic hydrocarbons.

Bivalves from these oiled sediments, and from other non-oiled areas, were assayed for their ability to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons, and for their ability to respond to oil exposure by induced elevated levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH). Both non-oiled Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, and Ostrea edulis esposed to aquenous extracts of Kuwait crude and a Bunker C fuel oil, and M. arenaria and M. edulis from Arrow Bunker C oiled sediments lacked the AHH system, as shown by their inability to hydroxylate benzo(a)pyrene or demethylate 14C-imipramine.

Discussion is centered on the implications of this metabolic inability to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons in bivalves residing in aromatic enriched sediments.
PRIORITIES IN FATE OF OIL SPILL RESEARCH
Authors: Kolpack Ronald L.
Published: January 2013

A three-dimensional computer simulation model, based on rate data obtained from the literature, was used to evaluate the interaction of different types of petroleum hydrocarbons for a range of environmental conditions in the marine environment. Research efforts that will be required to gain a better understanding of the fate of oil in the ocean were categorized with respect to five major environmental reservoirs. Priority assessments were oriented toward critical areas where the present data are either not available or are inadequate. Processes operating at the water surface are considered to be the most important, and processes operative in the atmospheric reservoir are the least important. High priority research topics include: spreading, mixing, dissolution, emulsification, photochemical degradation, bottom transport and degradation, sorption of oil on particulates and coordinated studies of processes active in the nearshore zone.