bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant Versus Salvage Radiotherapy for Patients With Adverse Pathological Findings Following Radical Prostatectomy: A Decision Analysis
Authors: Wallis Christopher J. D. , Morton Gerard , Jerath Angela , Satkunasviam Raj , Szumacher Ewa , Herschorn Sender , Kodama Ronald T. , Kulkarni Girish S. , Naimark David , Nam Robert K.
Published: May 2017

Background: Patients undergoing surgery for prostate cancer who have adverse pathological findings experience high rates of recurrence. While there are data supporting adjuvant radiotherapy compared to a wait-and-watch strategy to reduce recurrence rates, there are no randomized controlled trials comparing adjuvant radiotherapy with the other standard of care, salvage radiotherapy (radiotherapy administered at the time of recurrence). Methods: We constructed a health state transition (Markov) model employing two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation using a lifetime horizon to compare the quality-adjusted survival associated with postoperative strategies using adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy. Prior to analysis, we calibrated and validated our model using the results of previous randomized controlled trials. We considered clinically important oncological health states from immediately postoperative to prostate cancer–specific death, commonly described complications from prostate cancer treatment, and other causes of mortality. Transition probabilities and utilities for disease states were derived from a literature search of MEDLINE and expert consensus. Results: Salvage radiotherapy was associated with an increased quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) (58.3 months) as compared with adjuvant radiotherapy (53.7 months), a difference of 4.6 months (standard deviation 8.8). Salvage radiotherapy had higher QALE in 53% of hypothetical cohorts. There was a minimal difference in overall life expectancy (-0.1 months). Examining recurrence rates, our model showed validity when compared with available randomized controlled data. Conclusions: A salvage radiotherapy strategy appears to provide improved QALE for patients with adverse pathological findings following radical prostatectomy, compared with adjuvant radiotherapy. As these findings reflect, population averages, specific patient and tumor factors, and patient preferences remain central for individualized management.
PRotective Effect on the coronary microcirculation of patients with DIabetes by Clopidogrel or Ticagrelor (PREDICT): study rationale and design. A randomized multicenter clinical trial using intracoronary multimodal physiology
Authors: Cerrato Enrico , Quirós Alicia , Echavarría-Pinto Mauro , Mejia-Renteria Hernan , Aldazabal Andres , Ryan Nicola , Gonzalo Nieves , Jimenez-Quevedo Pilar , Nombela-Franco Luis , Salinas Pablo , Núñez-Gil Iván J. , Rumoroso José Ramón , Fernández-Ortiz Antonio , Macaya Carlos , Escaned Javier
Published: May 2017

Background

In diabetic patients a predisposed coronary microcirculation along with a higher risk of distal particulate embolization during primary percutaneous intervention (PCI) increases the risk of peri-procedural microcirculatory damage. However, new antiplatelet agents, in particular Ticagrelor, may protect the microcirculation through its adenosine-mediated vasodilatory effects.

Methods

PREDICT is an original, prospective, randomized, multicenter controlled study designed to investigate the protective effect of Ticagrelor on the microcirculation during PCI in patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 or pre-diabetic status. The primary endpoints of this study aim to test (i) the decrease in microcirculatory resistance with antiplatelet therapy (Ticagrelor > Clopidogrel; mechanistic effect) and (ii) the relative microcirculatory protection of Ticagrelor compared to Clopidogrel during PCI (Ticagrelor < Clopidogrel; protective effect).

Conclusions

PREDICT will be the first multicentre clinical trial to test the adenosine-mediated vasodilatory effect of Ticagrelor on the microcirculation during PCI in diabetic patients. The results will provide important insights into the prospective beneficial effect of this drug in preventing microvascular impairment related to PCI (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov No. NCT02698618).
Characterisation of a novel poly (ether ether ketone)/calcium sulphate composite for bone augmentation
Authors: Hughes Erik A. B. , Grover Liam M.
Published: May 2017

Background

Calcium sulphate (CS) has been used in bone grafting since the 1800s. It has not replaced autograft as the gold standard, however, since its dissolution occurs rapidly in bodily fluids, meaning that the material cannot support long-term bone growth. Here, the polymer poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was used to slow dissolution in in vitro physiological environments and augment the mechanical properties of the material.

Methods

PEEK/CS specimens were fabricated by combining powders of PEEK and CS with water, resulting in a hardening paste. To enhance physical interactions between phases, cylindrical specimens were heat-treated to melt and fuse the PEEK. Following analysis of physical and chemical interactions by SEM and FT-IR respectively, dynamic ageing in PBS and compression testing was undertaken to measure how the PEEK influenced the mechanical properties of the final parts. Changes in structure and chemistry were determined using helium pycnometry, SEM and analysis of powder XRD patterns.

Results

Powders of PEEK and CS hemihydrate (CSH) (CaSO
4
.0.5H
2
O) were combined with PEEK at 0 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 20 wt%, 40 wt% and 80 wt% and at a P:L ratio of 0.85 g/mL. The subsequently hardened structures were heat-treated, which initiated the melting of PEEK and dehydration of CSD (CaSO
4
.2H
2
O) to the CS anhydrite (CSA) (CaSO
4
) phase, which changed colour and apparent volume. FT-IR and SEM analysis revealed heat treatment of PEEK/CS specimens facilitated both physical and chemical interactions between phases. Over a period of 21 days of ageing in PBS, the hydration of CS was determined by XRD and improved specimen longevity at all levels of PEEK wt% loading was measured compared with the control. Importantly, increasing PEEK wt% loading resulted in a marked increase in the mechanical properties of PEEK/CS specimens in terms of both compressive strength and modulus.

Conclusions

Reinforcement of CS with PEEK significantly enhanced in vitro dissolution resistance, in addition to enhancing mechanical properties. This composite therefore has significant future potential as a bone graft replacement.
In vivo analysis of covering materials composed of biodegradable polymers enriched with flax fibers
Authors: Gredes Tomasz , Schönitz Sandra , Gedrange Tomasz , Stepien Lukas , Kozak Karol , Kunert-Keil Christiane
Published: May 2017

Background

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo effect of bioactive composites with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or polycaprolactone (PCL) as the matrix, reinforced with bioplastic flax fibers, on the surrounding muscle tissue.

Methods

Materials of pure PLA and PCL and their composites with flax fibers from genetically modified plants producing poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PLA-transgen, PCL-transgen) and unmodified plants (PLA-wt, PCL-wt) were placed subcutaneous on the M. latissimus dorsi for four weeks.

Results

The analysis of histological samples revealed that every tested material was differently encapsulated and the capsule thickness is much more pronounced when using the PCL composites in comparison with the PLA composites. The encapsulation by connective tissue was significantly reduced around PCL-transgen and significantly increased in the cases of PLA-transgen and PLA-wt. In the collected muscle samples, the measured protein expression of CD45, lymphocyte common antigen, was significantly increased after the use of all tested materials, with the exception of pure PCL. In contrast, the protein expression of caveolin-1 remained unchanged after treatment with the most examined materials. Only after insertion of PLA-wt, a significant increase of caveolin-1 protein expression was detected, due to the improved neovascularization.

Conclusion

These data support the presumption that the new bioactive composites are biocompatible and they could be applicable in the medical field to support the regenerative processes.
Image-domain velocity inversion and event location for microseismic monitoring
Authors: Witten Ben , Shragge Jeffrey
Published: May 2017

Microseismic event locations obtained from seismic monitoring data sets are often a primary means of determining the success of fluid-injection programs, such as hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas extraction, geothermal projects, and wastewater injection. Event locations help the decision makers to evaluate whether operations conform to expectations or parameters need to be changed and may be used to help assess and reduce the risk of induced seismicity. However, obtaining accurate event location estimates requires an accurate velocity model, which is not available at most injection sites. Common velocity updating techniques require picking arrivals on individual seismograms. This can be problematic in microseismic monitoring, particularly for surface acquisition, due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the arrivals. We have developed a full-wavefield adjoint-state method for locating seismic events while inverting for P- and S-wave velocity models that optimally focus multiple complementary images of recorded seismic events. This method requires neither picking nor initial estimates of event location or origin time. Because the inversion relies on (image domain) residuals that satisfy the differential semblance criterion, there is no requirement that the starting model be close to the true velocity. We determine synthetic results derived from a model with conditions similar to a field-acquisition scenario in terms of the number and spatial sampling of receivers and recorded coherent and random noise levels. The results indicate the effectiveness of the methodology by demonstrating a significantly enhanced focusing of event images and a reduction of 95% in event location error from a reasonable initial model.
Graphic-Analytical Researches of Involution
Authors: Графский  , Grafskiy O. , Усманов  , Usmanov A. , Холодилов  , Holodilov A.
Published: May 2017

Known projective transformations, namely their private types such as harmonism and involution are considered. It is known that projective transformations are collinear, at their performance the order, the cross ratio of fours of elements (on a straight line — the cross ratio of four points, in a bunch of straight lines — the cross ratio of this bunch’s four straight lines, this property (invariant) is similarly preserved for a bunch of planes, i.e. in considering of first step forms) is preserved. At a constructive approach to such transformations there are some ways for definition of position for corresponding elements which students use when studying discipline "Affine and projective geometry" on preparation profiles 09.03.01 — “CAD Systems" and 09.03.03 — “Applied Informatics in Design”. The received constructions are checked by analytical calculations, proceeding from known dependences for harmonism and involutions. In such a case results both for a range of points, and for a bunch of straight lines which pass through these points are analytically compared. The provided computational and graphic work contains three sections: prospects, harmonism and involution, and is carried out by students on individual options with application of the graphic editor Microsoft Visio or the graphic package CO MPAS voluntary. In the present paper some constructions in definition of corresponding points in elliptic and hyperbolic involution are considered, some of these constructions are published for the first time. Besides, a proposition has been formulated: in a rectangular coordinate system the work for coordinates of two points related to a circle intersection with one coordinate axis is equal to the product for coordinates of two other points related to this circle intersection with the other coordinate axis. This proposition is fairly for imaginary points of circle intersection with coordinate axes as well.
The investment behavior of people in Russia: myths and realities
Authors: Годунова  , Корепова  , Korepova Valeriya , Нагач  , Nagach Tatyana
Published: May 2017

Investment behavior of people is one of the main problems of Russia at the moment. But if we are talking

about investments, is it worth thinking about the fact that in order to invest, you need to have "free" money.
Rationalization of government purchases from state-owned companies
Authors: Мацко  , Macko Maksim , Вязьмин  , Vyaz'min Denis
Published: May 2017

: Art. 1 of the Federal Law dated 04.05.2013. Regulation of Procurement of state and state-owned companies. Example of measures to prevent violations of the corruption in procurement. Ministry of Economic Development proposes to reduce the number of sites. Optimization purchases which helped to reduce spending of the State Duma.
Newly qualified health visitor: Starting out in safeguarding
Authors: Dobson Amy
Published: May 2017

Six months post-qualification, Amy Dobson understands first hand the huge challenges involved with treading the tightrope of safeguarding.
Exploring health visitors' perspectives of screening parents for alcohol misuse
Authors: Scott Rebecca
Published: May 2017

As health visitors have ongoing supportive contact with almost all families, they have opportunities to screen parents for their alcohol use. The objective of this study was to explore approaches taken by health visitors to screening and identify parents drinking hazardous amounts of alcohol. The researchers used a focus group study design and a convenience sample of 24 health visitors, with five recruited. Using hermeneutic thematic analysis, five main themes emerged: knowledge of alcohol guidance and ways in which health visitors screen while evaluating national screening tools; health visitors' perceived barriers to screening; health visitors' attitudes towards giving and receiving advice; and health visitors' self-efficacy and training needs. The results showed that health visitors were inconsistent in their approaches to screening, but stated that they thought the use of tools such as the Fast Alcohol Screening Test would be highly beneficial. Health visitors felt that they were insufficiently trained in alcohol screening, and that national and local guidance is required to support referrals and to standardise practice.
Buggy walking groups: An asset-based approach to health care
Authors: McInnes Rhona J , Dickson Colette , Barclay Carol
Published: May 2017

Postnatal buggy walking is an accessible activity for new mothers, but there has been limited assessment of its impact on wellbeing in healthy postnatal populations or on community based health services. This evaluation explored women's perceptions of the effect of participating in health visitor-led postnatal buggy walk groups and of health visitor involvement. A mixed methods approach was used comprising surveys, focus groups and individual interviews. Findings indicate that health visitor-led group buggy walks are an innovative, asset-based approach to health care. Mothers perceived that participation improved their wellbeing, helped them cope with parenting and enabled them to develop important supportive social networks. The health visitor facilitated first attendance, incentivised continuation and provided women with an accessible health resource.
A nurse's journey through perinatal mental illness
Authors: Fisher Jane
Published: May 2017

Jane Fisher, a community psychiatric nurse, describes her own experience of perinatal mental health problems after the birth of her third child, the treatment and interventions she received from her health visitor and her personal journey to recovery.
A partnership approach to delivering the integrated 2-year health review
Authors: Smikle Marcia , Hart Caroline
Published: May 2017

This article outlines how a health visiting service and a local education authority early years service in Hackney, east London, worked in partnership to improve the uptake of the Healthy Child Programme 2–2.5-year development review ( Department of Health, 2009 ). This work influenced the 2015 national roll-out of the integrated 2-year development review. The partnership made effective use of shared aims and a long-term vision to improve health outcomes for all children, particularly vulnerable families who had missed their 2-year review. An Integrated Review Implementation Group was established with credible operational health visiting and early years leaders who embedded the vision through staff engagement and joint training within a robust governance framework. As a result of the project, improvements to service delivery, integrated work and a significant increase in the uptake of the 2-year review have been achieved.
A different perspective
Authors: Forbes Lisa
Published: May 2017

Lisa Forbes reflects on the power of supervision in protecting health professionals from burn-out, providing opportunities to express emotional responses to situations and promoting mental health.
Introduction: Young people’s lives at university in crisis
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the reality facing today’s young people in higher education in Europe. Despite being encouraged to attend university in order to obtain better and more socially inclusive lives, young people are increasingly finding that they are not receiving the previously anticipated benefits from their higher education degrees. The root cause of this rests in the HE policies implemented since the 1990’s. The author introduces the countries in which she focuses her research: England, Italy and Sweden. The author then introduces key ‘myths’ surrounding university students’ lives, including myths about who goes to university, how students transition from study to work and whether or not inequality can be addressed by increasing access to HE. The chapter concludes by laying out the structure of the rest of the book.
Social consequences of mass access in Europe
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

The chapter discusses the causes and consequences of having 50% of the current European youth cohort in university. The chapter discusses the paradox behind the democratisation of higher education, which has not addressed pre-existing inequalities. While European policies have focussed on access and destination, the chapter stresses the importance of focussing on the politics of living in university. The mass expansion of higher education has resulted in a protraction of the phase of young adulthood. In this context, it is crucial to look at young people in university as individuals who live a protracted phase of semi-dependence.
How welfare influences the lives of young people in university
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers an overview of how welfare influences young people’s experiences in university in England, Italy and Sweden. Firstly, this chapter will discuss how these countries reflect the existence of three different systems of student support. Secondly, the chapter will illustrate the different social policy instruments that have sustained the mass expansion of the university experience: from the wide use of loans and tuition fees, to the increasing residual role and means-testing of grants. Finally, this chapter discusses the most recent austerity trends affecting the systems of student support in Europe, which are shifting towards a privatisation (on students and their families) of the costs incurred during university.
Beyond differences? Determinants of inequality among European young people in university
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter will show how, in spite of the different systems in place, students across Europe face increasingly similar challenges, such as the existence of precarious labour markets and the over-reliance on family resources. The chapter, firstly, discusses how the systems of student support illustrated in the previous chapter increase the existing inequalities depending on: the stratifying effects of debt; the generosity of the support provided; and the inclusiveness of student support. Secondly, it illustrates how relying on family resources can increase inequality among young people in university. Thirdly, it discusses which groups of young people are more dependent on labour-market sources while in university. This part will draw on the findings of a descriptive analysis of the microdata of the Eurostudent dataset from England, Italy and Sweden.
The different profiles of young people’s experiences in university
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses in what respects the different profiles of the university experience can be considered forms of inequalities. It shows that the inequality of the experience is shaped by the interplay between socio-economic backgrounds and ‘structures of welfare’ that are available to young people. The chapter describes for each profile illustrated in the previous chapter, the function of class and welfare mixes in reinforcing inequality. The chapter shows how negative experiences of young people during university arise, in particular, as a consequence of a ‘mismatch’ between the resources required during university, and what is available from the state, the family and the labour-market.
The labour market contradiction: a precarious form of dependence
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the role of the labour market, the precarious and overqualified forms of participation in the labour market widely used by young people in university to support themselves, and the role of internships and summer jobs. This chapter engages with the most recent debates on the precariat, showing that the precarious forms of jobs are not just creating a new class, but are also intersecting with the existing forms of socio-economic inequalities. This chapter discusses the use of labour market resources by each profile, showing that while some young people can selectively pick qualified labour-market participation, others need to over-rely on labour-market participation to sustain their experience in university.
Interrogating personhood
Authors: Higgs Paul , Gilleard Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the question of agency and personhood as applied to old and infirm persons living under the shadows of the fourth age. It explores the metaphysical and moral conditions that have been claimed to support being a person and possessing personal agency. Personhood, it concludes, is more a place marker for rights than an ontological feature of humanity. By placing responsibility for ‘realising’ or ‘performing’ personhood on to the systems of care, it is argued, the expectation is created that the moral agency of carers can re-instate ‘personhood’ expressed as a set of metaphysical capacities. An alternative strategy based upon the moral imperative of care is proposed that makes no claims for or about ‘personhood’.
Frailty
Authors: Higgs Paul , Gilleard Chris
Published: May 2017

Frailty or infirmity is seen as a central element in the construction of the social imaginary of the fourth age. While the term is widely employed as a bio-medical condition that is capable of being defined and measured, this chapter argues that frailty serves as a marker – a signifier – of an almost intangible loss of capabilities, autonomy and status. The frail older person is represented as the older person who is at risk. While much research has been conducted to define that risk, little has emerged that demonstrates how such risks can be reliably reduced or eliminated. Whatever else frailty means, it serves to define the frail (or ‘frailed’) older person as ontologically at risk and thereby the object of other’s discourse – in short the inescapable subject of third person accounts.
The moral imperative of care
Authors: Higgs Paul , Gilleard Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the topic of care. Care is approached as a mandated, moral imperative. Societies (and families) should care about its members; the question is not whether to care but who cares, how they care and in what contexts. Three facets of care are explored, its ethos, its practices and the relationships within which it is socially realised. The ethos of care is explored as both morally right actions toward those in need of care and as a reflection of the virtues of the person doing the caring. Care practices involve both the tasks that are done to help someone who cannot look after themselves and the manner of performing those tasks. It is here where the ethics of care are highlighted. The relationships within which care is realised provide much of the context evoking the social imaginary of the fourth age. The less scope for the parties concerned to construct that relationship as one of reciprocal exchange and/or a reflection of mutuality, the more likely that the social imaginary will be drawn down upon the person being cared for.
Care work
Authors: Higgs Paul , Gilleard Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the distinction between formal and informal care and the recent rise of the former across many fronts, from home care to child care to personal care. While many aspects of formal care for old and infirm people draw upon models based upon ‘family’ care, it is performed within the framework of an employment contract. This tension between performing a labour of love and delivering a service for pay is made more complex as the service contract makes increasing demands for added ‘emotional labour’ within the care industry. The problem of identifying what is ‘good work’, who is a ‘good worker’ and how the ‘goodness of care’ can (or should) be determined confounds moral and material concerns. The chapter concludes, cautiously, with the recognition that good intentions are themselves never enough to ensure that the aged and infirm are not enveloped within the social imaginary of the fourth age.
Working-class communities and ecology: reframing environmental justice around the Ilva steel plant in Taranto (Apulia, Italy)
Authors: Barca Stefania , Leonardi Emanuele
Published: May 2017

The first part of this chapter offers a critical review of environmental sociology and political ecology, highlighting the contribution they have made to a redefinition of class, and social inequalities in general. The authors then elaborate on their definition of ‘Working-Class Community Ecology.’ The second part of this chapter applies this concept to the case of a working-class community in the city of Taranto, southern Italy, where the 2012 confiscation of a giant steelmaking complex, the ILVA plant – due to serious violations of environmental regulations – is jeopardizing thousands of jobs, thus forming a threat to the local community’s subsistence and identity. The authors investigate the surreptitious way through which both governmental and business actors have actively prevented the making of a class-based environmental consciousness in Taranto.
Community development: (un) fulfilled hopes for social equality in Poland
Authors: Bilon Anna , Kurantowicz Ewa , Noworolnik-Mastalska Monika
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that community development policies may contribute to perpetuating social inequalities in spite of the very concept of community development being ideologically underpinned by the fundamental human values, such as equality, social equity, citizenship, participation in communal life and sustainable development. The authors’ argument is grounded in Poland’s post-socialist experiences in building communities, fostering participatory citizenship and advancing community development. Drawing on historical and empirical analyses, the authors seek to establish why, despite changes in the political configurations, profound systemic changes, and social and economic transformations, community development in Poland still persists in the fragmentary and discontinuous stage.
Transformative education and community development: sharing learning to challenge inequality
Authors: Adhikari Anindita , Taylor Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the relationship between knowledge, power and education and applies this to a discussion on India’s education policy trajectory and outcomes. The chapter then discusses the ways in which education can in fact overcome this conflict between structure and purpose and play a transformational role by creating more empowering and sustainable forms of community development. Three examples from India are presented where innovative approaches have been used to promote greater diversity in schools, to involve communities in co-constructing knowledge, to build institutional bridges between the local community and formal education system and to embed teaching and learning in wider community development efforts. The chapter takes a deep look at the opportunities which these approaches provide to address inequalities, as well as some of the challenges in their application in India and other countries.
Community development and class in the context of an East Asian productivist welfare regime
Authors: Fung Kwok-kin
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that class analyses have been underdeveloped in community development studies in Hong Kong. Consequently, this has impacted on the ways in which community development services have developed. This paucity of class analysis is revealed through the findings of a study that the author conducted, exploring community development service organisations’ approaches to service planning and delivery. The scarcity of class analysis, under a context of worsening social inequality and declining welfare for the disadvantaged communities, reinforces the popularity of the consensus approach, and its implications in terms of the promotion of competitive tendering to provide services and the promotion of community mutual help initiatives. Even though the curricula in most of the community development training institutions in Hong Kong has included attention to class perspectives, the paucity of class analysis apparent in community development theory and practice deserves continual attention and further research.
Community unionism: looking backwards, looking forwards
Authors: Mayo Marjorie , Tucker Pilgrim , Danaher Mat
Published: May 2017

The importance of building alliances based upon shared community and trade union interests is a theme with resonances from the history of community development, both in Britain and beyond. This chapter starts by summarising the lessons from previous approaches to building such alliances. The issues arising have even more relevance for community development workers in the contemporary context, the chapter argues, drawing on the findings from the authors’ work by way of illustration. The chapter then moves on to explore the experiences of the two largest trade unions in Britain: UNITE and UNISON. Both have their successes to share. Both have also faced challenges, however, illustrating some of the tensions inherent in building alliances between organisations and movements with differing histories and cultures. The chapter concludes by summarising the implications for building solidarity and developing alliances based upon mutual trust and understanding, rooted in shared values for social justice.
The re-imagining of adult–child relations between the wars
Authors: Hendrick Harry
Published: May 2017

The chapter, together with the next chapter, argues that the period saw the re-imagining of age relations between adults and children away from a disciplinary approach towards one characterized by liberal principles based on a 'scientific' understanding of the child's emotional interiority; the parenting goal was to 'help and understand' children. The chapter examines several of the influences involved in the process such as cultural responses to the widely perceived post 1918 'crisis' in Western civilization, as well as the impact of Freudian psychoanalytic thought and practice. It also considers the 'new psychology', the rejection of behaviourism, notably by Susan Isaacs, the child guidance movement and the emergence of 'new era' progressive education. These developments, it is claimed, were important origins in what came to be known as social democracy's post 1940s family ideal.
Social science and American liberalism
Authors: Hendrick Harry
Published: May 2017

The chapter begins by surveying the social, economic and political developments that led to the decline of American liberalism in the 1960s in the face of a conservative revival. It argues that, largely under the influence of the New Left, feminism, and identity politics, one response of American liberalism was to reconfigure classical liberal individualism. A principal feature of this process was the creation by psychologists of an alternative parenting 'style' to the so-called 'permissiveness' (and individualism) of the Spock years. In explaining this transition, the chapter discusses the interrelationships between the collapse of liberalism, the reaction against authority, and the emergence of the 'new behaviorism'. It argues that these were instrumental in the creation and popularization of an alternative to the alleged failure of 'permissive' parenting (which was held to have weakened liberalism), namely that of psychologist Diana Baumrind's 'authoritative' style, which created a contractual 'interdependence' between parents and children, thereby stigmatizing an 'unconditional' approach to child rearing.
Laying the foundations for parental narcissism
Authors: Hendrick Harry
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the foundations of parental narcissism. The chapter begins by referencing the shift from the 'Me' decade to the 'Me' millennium, so as to contextualise two critical political developments: the coming of the New Right and the failure of the Labour Party to counter its influence. The chapter shows how the New Right set about creating the economic and social agenda, not least through Sir Keith Joseph's cycle of deprivation thesis and his growing interest in 'parent education' as an antidote to  1960s permissiveness. The chapter then proceeds to examine the cultural remoralising of Britain that begin to occur in the 1970s with particular reference to the Labour Party's retreat from liberal social democratic principles to those of a more authoritarian character. The rightward (and authoritarian) drift was gradually confirmed by the introduction of the 'new behaviourism' into British psychology and particularly into health visiting and social work, which served to problematise children's behaviour in favour of parental convenience.
Inequality and African-American Health
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

Institutionalized racism adversely affects the health of African Americans, and it operates through multiple institutions, e.g., the medical system, the criminal justice system, and families. This book looks at the historic origins of the black health deficit and how it is perpetuated by health policies and interactions. High rates of poverty, joblessness, and neighbourhood segregation also foster poor health among black people, and are associated with a range of health issues. These social conditions are related to illicit drug use and mass incarceration, both of which have significant health implications. This book also explores how the fragility of black families and high rates of non-marriage affect adults and the health consequences of these family patterns for children.
Health behaviors in social context
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

Racial disparities in major chronic illnesses are documented in this chapter, along with an exploration of the health behaviors of black people. Focusing on individual responsibility for maintaining health resonates with the neoliberal agenda for curtailing social spending, but often overlooks how structural barriers and inequalities shape health behaviors and outcomes. This chapter looks at the health belief model and the theory of health behaviors to examine factors that facilitate (e.g., religion) or impede (e.g., neighbourhood disadvantage) healthy behaviors among African Americans.
Medical care and health policy
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

Substantial data suggests that African Americans, even those who are insured, simply do not get the same quality of medical care as do White Americans. They not only bring to the medical encounter a legacy of medical mistrust, but are often treated disrespectfully by physicians who are less likely to aggressively pursue diagnoses and treatments for their black patients. Unequal access to quality health care is also a product of the dual health care system, with Blacks more likely to experience inferior and impersonal care in the public sector of that system.
Responding at the personal (P) level
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines how workers can respond on a personal, individual level to youth violence. The authors illustrate how the unpredictable nature of the physical and social space in which youth workers operate requires them to capitalise on and privilege spontaneous encounters and not be afraid to use them to begin to challenge or constructively confront violent behaviour. The authors show how these behaviours are meeting deep needs and that youth workers need to find ways to get young people to understand and acknowledge that, and identify how they may be able to meet these needs in other, less destructive, ways. Part of this process may involve presenting oneself as a blueprint for change, in the context of a relationship that needs to be characterised by warmth, trust and respect, but which should not collude with neutralisation of violence or abandon the young person in the face of structural forces. The authors argue that supporting young people to move into voluntary and paid roles where they can help and support others creates the opportunity for them to move into a generative phase of their own life cycle.
Responding at the community (C) level
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how the community can become a part of a culture of violence, both resisting and exacerbating it. Members of the community have mixed feelings about whether to escape from, or try to work with, the violence in their communities. The authors demonstrate how the concept of ‘learned helplessness’ may be useful to explain the ‘habitus’ of some communities around violence and argue that initiatives aimed at preventing violence should focus on developing community self-efficacy and self-belief. Workers need to help communities explore their understanding of violence and the part it plays in their culture. The authors introduce the notion of home-grown workers as valuable assets within youth and community work and debate the pros and cons of such worker identities. The authors discuss the challenges inherent in multi-agency work, illustrating the need for other agencies to understand that there is a need for youth workers to professionally distance themselves from some aspects of partnership working where it facilitates the development and maintenance of relationships with young people involved in violence.
Working with intersectional identities
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the authors employ a post-structural theoretical frame to make sense of young people’s evolving and hybrid identities in late modern European societies. They explore how notions of race, gender, class and sexuality intersect with each other, and how this demands a similarly intersectional response to youth violence from workers. The authors discuss how worker training needs to stay within reach of community members but provide the necessary time and space for the development of the reflexivity and critical thinking skills such an intersectional context demands. Youth workers whose own biographies have exposed them to the dominant world-views of the communities in which they grew up need to be constantly on the look-out for how that world-view is colouring their approach to their work in diverse, changing communities. The authors warn that the impact of a poorly trained and unreflexive worker could be minimal at best and, at worst, risks exacerbating the problem of youth violence.
Embedding community work
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

This chapter details a community-based project in Bradford that, through the use of ‘home-grown’ workers, manages to deliver meaningful responses to youth violence with Asian young men, despite prevailing policy regimes in the UK. The authors offer an alternative lens on such work, introducing the idea of ‘near peer’ youth work and international exchanges, where workers and young people are purposely situated in peer relationships and environments close enough to build affinity and rapport, but sufficiently different so as to expand horizons on aspects of their identity. The authors make the argument that the most effective youth work will simultaneously work on building bonding and bridging capital and recognise the dynamics and tensions between these two concepts.
Imagining realistic alternatives
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

In the conclusion the authors first summarise the insights and policy recommendations generated by their research and then, through a fictional narrative, present an imagined alternative vision for worker attributes, training and supervision, project structures and policy environments. In doing so, the authors provide a summative and accessible vision for what might constitute a more meaningful youth work response to youth violence.
Philosophical Criminology
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: May 2017

This book helps to reveal what questions need asking in criminology and how to best answer them. Philosophical criminology asks big questions about how we get on with one another and what happens when we do not. This accessible book in the New Horizons in Criminology series is the first to foreground this growing area. Criminology cannot be properly considered without the basic premises and ideas which arise in philosophy. The book is structured around six philosophical ideas concerning our relations with others. The six ideas which are discussed are values, morality, aesthetics, order, rules and respect. Building on the author’s theoretical and empirical research, the book considers the boundaries of criminology and the scope for greater exchange between criminology and philosophy. The book is illustrated using examples from a range of countries, and provides a platform for engaging with important topical issues using philosophical and theoretical insights.
Value judgements
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights that values are central to criminological concerns in two key ways. Firstly, that value-neutral research is not possible and secondly, that value judgements are integral to understandings of good and bad, and why some actions are tolerated, whilst others are not. This chapter argues that there are some universal moral values (that some things are just always wrong), which should be applied to all contexts regardless of cultural specific laws and customs. However, it is important to consider whose values take precedence within any given society. For example, Politicians have power to dictate or impose certain values to the rest of society. Furthermore, the four different kinds of value judgements (Moral, Aesthetic, Prudential and Economic) are listed and explained. These values are important to consider within criminology as they have an impact on the processes which define certain acts or omissions as criminal.
Rules
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on normative and legal rules that are implemented in the attempt to make a more ordered society. Politicians continually stress their support for people who ‘play by the rules’. However, the extent to which individuals actually stick to the rules is debated. Furthermore, this chapter considers whether it is always right to adhere to the normative and legal rules imposed in society. If the rules are prejudice or discriminatory then is it actually immoral to adhere to them. The view argued here is that society’s laws are to some extent based upon some form of morality, even if that morality is sometimes mistaken or misguided. The law itself operates through a system of excerptions therefore it is not equally applied to all situations. This is discussed alongside game theory where rules are used in order to suit an individual advantage.
Respect
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores a positive way forward centred on the concept of respect. This chapter unpicks the meaning of respect and whether respect for all can work alongside respect having to be earned. Drawing on Kantian philosophy and work by Stephen Darwall and Thomas Hill, two types of respect are outlined. The political use of the language of respect is then considered in the context of work on mutuality. The chapter then considers the place of deference. It is concluded that if those with power in society want respect, they must simply first show respect, but not demand it in return. This is not how politicians have regarded respect, and such an approach would be a challenge for criminal justice agencies.
Endnotes and further routes for enquiry
Authors: Robinson Anne
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights the key messages from the research and thinking in this book. The author points to fruitful areas for further investigation in both desistance and recovery, and in the areas where they intersect. She ends by considering the main challenges and obstacles encountered in extending knowledge and understanding, and by reviewing established and promising methodologies for enquiry.
Se Non Ora Quando? (‘If not now, when?’) The birth, growth and challenges of a new voice within the feminist scenario in Italy
Authors: Elia Elena
Published: May 2017

This chapter engages with the core issues highlighted throughout this anthology by critically analysing a feminist phenomenon that emerged in Italy in 2011, the ‘Se non ora, quando?’ (‘If not now, when?’) or SNOQ movement. The chapter explores the evolution of this movement from its inception up to the period immediately following the elections of February 2013. The main features of the movement are examined, including its history and identity, its influence on Italian culture, society and the political scene, as well as its goal of challenging the situation of women within Italy. The capacity of the movement to steer public debate and influence public life will be also addressed by reconstructing the course of its actions.
Sustainability from the bottom up: women as change agents in the Niger Delta
Authors: Acey Charisma
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the roles of women as architects and agents of social change in the environmentally degraded Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Oil revenues account for the majority of Nigeria’s GDP, yet the Niger Delta is among the least developed and improved regions of Nigeria. Efforts by women at all levels have led to a slow but growing awareness that real solutions to the environmental and social crisis must explicitly address how a violent, corrupt oil economy has impacted women’s roles as caregivers and providers in the household and in society, and the need for women to play a central role in public decision-making and reforms.