bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Despoblación y ruralidad transnacional: crisis y arraigo rural en Castilla y León
Authors: Camarero Luis , Sampedro Rosario
Published: June 2019

The arrival of foreign immigrants has been considered as an opportunity to stop the depopulation and decline of some rural areas in Spain. Previous research has suggested that the ability of the rural environment to retain population depends both on the characteristics of the rural settlements and on the new residents’ profiles. In the context of the impact of the economic crisis of 2008, we explored the role played by rural places as a destination in the migratory strategies of foreign immigrants and the territorial and social factors that may favor their settlement.
Estrategias frente a la despoblación de la Serranía Celtibérica en el marco de la política de cohesión europea 2021–2027
Authors: Burillo Cuadrado Mª Pilar , Rubio Terrado Pascual , Burillo Mozota Francisco
Published: June 2019

The European Union considers sparsely populated regions those with a density equal to or less than 8 inhabitants/km2. This is the case of the Serranía Celtibérica, with 7.09 inhabitants/km2. This circumstance, together with its status as a remote rural and mountain region, makes it possible to identify it as a disadvantaged area. In this paper, the referential legislative framework is discussed so that the cohesion policy of the period 2021-2027 can be applied to the Serranía Celtibérica. Likewise, it reflects on the possible strategies to reverse its demographic deterioration.
Reconversión laboral del sector agropecuario hacia el turismo. Desafíos para la Patagonia chilena
Authors: Mancilla Claudio , Ferrada Luz María , Soza-Amigo Sergio
Published: June 2019

The development of tourism can help to diversify the productive matrix and reduce rural depopulation. This study analyzes the possibility of agricultural worker participation in the tourism sector in rural areas of Chilean Patagonia. Based on the 2017 CASEN survey, data matching and estimation of logit model are conducted to evaluate the probability of agricultural worker reconversion. The results indicate that the proportion of agricultural workers who can move to tourism is low. However, women and individuals with post-secondary education are more likely to be reconverted.
Una aproximación al concepto de género en Derecho Penal francés y español. De la polémica a su validez constitucional | An approach to the gender concept in French and Spanish criminal law. From the controversy to its constitutional validity
Authors: Brox Sáenz de la Calzada Alicia Ginebra
Published: June 2019

Resumen: Tras varios meses de debate, Francia acaba de sustituir en el Código Penal la expresión “identidad sexual” por la de “identidad de género”, incluyendo por fin el concepto de género en el texto legal. Este artículo, que es una humilde reflexión sobre la utilidad de dicho reconocimiento, recoge los principales argumentos alegados durante la fase prelegislativa. He realizado el trabajo desde una perspectiva comparada, ya que el debate surgido en el país galo es semejante al que tuvo lugar en España en 2004, cuando se introdujo la perspectiva de género en el Código Penal.
Abstract: After months of debate, the term “sexual identity” stated in the French Penal Code has been replaced with “gender identity”, thus finally incorporating the concept of gender within its legal text. This article, which is a humble reflection about the usefulness of this replacement, gathers the main arguments alleged for during the pre-legislative phase. This research has been carried out from a comparative perspective, since the debate which arose in France is similar to the one which took place in Spain in 2004, when the gender perspective was introduced in the Spanish Penal.
Las estrategias para legalizar la "gestación por sustitución". Un análisis desde la autonomía (reproductiva) de las | Strategies to legalize “substitute gestation”. An analysis from women ?s (reproductive) autonomy
Authors: González Moreno Juana María
Published: June 2019

Resumen: Dos estrategias que articulan los discursos, entre ellos los discursos jurídicos, con el fin de legalizar la "gestación por sustitución" son: una, su configuración contractual y, dos, su inclusión o puesta en conexión con determinados derechos reconocidos jurídicamente. Sin embargo, no puede pretenderse la legalización de la "gestación por sustitución" ignorando a las mujeres "gestantes", que son lsa principalmente afectadas por dicha práctica. En este trabajo analizamos esas dos estrategias mencionadas para determinar el lugar (o no-lugar) que ocupa en ellas un valor aún hoy escasamente reconocido: la autonomía reproductiva de las mujeres y, en particular, la de las mujeres "gestantes".
Abstract: The two strategies that articulate the speeches, among them, the legal ones, in order to legalize "gestation by substitution" are: firstly, its contractual structure, and, in second place, its inclusion or putting in connection with certain legally recognized rights. However, "substitute gestation" cannot be considered legal ignoring "pregnant" women, who are one of the most affected communities by said practice. In this paper we analyze these two mentioned strategies in order to determine the place where a value that is still scarcely recognized takes part (or doesn ?t): the women ?s reproductive autonomy and, in particular, that of "pregnant" women.
Mario Ruiz, la Universidad Carlos III y el Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho
Authors: Ansuátegui Roig Francisco Javier
Published: June 2019

Recuerdo de la estancia de Mario Ruiz en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid y de su trabajo en el Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho
Cine, vida y derecho. Palabras en recuerdo de Mario Ruiz | Cinema, Life and Law. Some Words in Remembrance of Mario Ruiz
Authors: García Pascual Cristina
Published: June 2019

*
Molina Campano, Eduardo Manuel. La filosofía política de Toni Negri. Un debate abierto sobre la renovación de la teoría marxista. Sevilla. Atrapasueños. 2018.
Authors: Martínez Cabezudo Fernando
Published: June 2019

En esta pequeña nota se reseña el trabajo de Eduardo Molina Campano sobre la obra de Anotnio Negri concentrándose en especial en los puntos más debatidos dentro de las diferentes tendencias del marxismo como las leyes tendenciales del capital o la estrategia del paso al estado comunista además de una interesante reflexión sobre la ubicación de Imperio dentro de la acutalidad del pensamiento materialista.
A mechanistic overview of ruminal fibre digestion.
Authors: Naas Adrian E , Pope Phillip B
Published: June 2019

Ruminants have co-evolved with symbiotic rumen microbiota, which readily convert ingested plant fibres into the nutrients they need to sustain their growth and maintenance. Fibre degradation within the rumen microbiome has been attributed to a limited number of cultivable representatives, which has restricted our ability to understand the different enzymatic machineries that exist. However, via a combination of culturing, meta-omics, bioinformatics, biochemistry and enzymology, we are beginning to expand our insight into the different fibre-digesting strategies that rumen microbiota employ. We discuss findings from studies on well-known Ruminococcus, Fibrobacter and Prevotella isolates, as well as those from poorly understood and as-yet uncultured Bacteroidetes lineages. Collectively, these approaches have revealed new mechanistic information related to the hydrolytic capacity of cellulosomes, free enzymes, outer membrane vesicles, polysaccharide utilization loci and large multi-modular enzymes, which are generating deeper insights into the intricate microbial networks that engage in ruminal fibre digestion.
El desplazamiento forzado en los intersticios de la justicia transicional: oportunidades y riesgos
Authors: Torres Félix E.
Published: June 2019

Currently, the field of transitional justice is applied mainly in (post)conflict settings, which is why theorists have begun to argue in favor of the adoption of policies of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-repetition in matters related to forced displacement. This article critically analyzes these arguments and concludes that, when dealing with forced displacement, the existing humanitarian protection framework, inspired by a distributive rationality, must prevail over the corrective rationality that informs transitional justice. Otherwise, this can lead to discriminatory treatment among displaced persons, the absorption of resources that could be used to address the most pressing issues for that population, and the current protection framework may suffer setbacks. The challenge that arises is how to give priority to the humanitarian framework at a time when corrective measures, in the form of transitional justice, seem to have become the rule.
La batalla por la narrativa: intelectuales y conflicto armado en Colombia
Authors: Garzón Vallejo Iván , Agudelo Andrés Felipe
Published: June 2019

Within the framework of the peace process between the Colombian Government and the FARC guerrillas, the Historical Commission of the Armed Conflict and its Victims (CHCV for its acronym in Spanish) proposed twelve readings on the origin, development and effects of the war in Colombia. This report allows us to trace the dispute over the narrative of the conflict, in which a rupturist vision amalgamated with the justification of violence collides with a reformist vision that amalgamates in turn with a critique of the violence in the political system and the past sixty years of Colombian history. Analyzing three historical truisms, namely the National Front as an undemocratic system, the objective causes of violence and revolutionary altruism, the text describes how the revisionism of these truisms tilts the balance in favor of the reformist thesis.
Front-end Weber-Fechner gain control enhances the fidelity of combinatorial odor coding
Authors: Kadakia Nirag , Emonet Thierry
Published: June 2019

We showed previously (Gorur-Shandilya et al., 2017) that Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the co-receptor Orco scale their gain inversely with mean odor intensity according to Weber-Fechner’s law. Here, we show that this front-end adaptation promotes the reconstruction of odor identity from dynamic odor signals, even in the presence of confounding background odors and rapid intensity fluctuations. These enhancements are further aided by known downstream transformations in the antennal lobe and mushroom body. Our results, which are applicable to various odor classification and reconstruction schemes, stem from the fact that this adaptation mechanism is not intrinsic to the identity of the receptor involved. Instead, a feedback mechanism adjusts receptor sensitivity based on the activity of the receptor-Orco complex, according to Weber-Fechner’s law. Thus, a common scaling of the gain across Orco-expressing ORNs may be a key feature of ORN adaptation that helps preserve combinatorial odor codes in naturalistic landscapes.
Cryo-EM structure of the rhodopsin-Gαi-βγ complex reveals binding of the rhodopsin C-terminal tail to the gβ subunit
Authors: Tsai Ching-Ju , Marino Jacopo , Adaixo Ricardo , Pamula Filip , Muehle Jonas , Maeda Shoji , Flock Tilman , Taylor Nicholas MI , Mohammed Inayatulla , Matile Hugues , Dawson Roger JP , Deupi Xavier , Stahlberg Henning , Schertler Gebhard
Published: June 2019

One of the largest membrane protein families in eukaryotes are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs modulate cell physiology by activating diverse intracellular transducers, prominently heterotrimeric G proteins. The recent surge in structural data has expanded our understanding of GPCR-mediated signal transduction. However, many aspects, including the existence of transient interactions, remain elusive. We present the cryo-EM structure of the light-sensitive GPCR rhodopsin in complex with heterotrimeric Gi. Our density map reveals the receptor C-terminal tail bound to the Gβ subunit of the G protein, providing a structural foundation for the role of the C-terminal tail in GPCR signaling, and of Gβ as scaffold for recruiting Gα subunits and G protein-receptor kinases. By comparing available complexes, we found a small set of common anchoring points that are G protein-subtype specific. Taken together, our structure and analysis provide new structural basis for the molecular events of the GPCR signaling pathway.
The manifold structure of limb coordination in walking Drosophila
Authors: DeAngelis Brian D , Zavatone-Veth Jacob A , Clark Damon A
Published: June 2019

Terrestrial locomotion requires animals to coordinate their limb movements to efficiently traverse their environment. While previous studies in hexapods have reported that limb coordination patterns can vary substantially, the structure of this variability is not yet well understood. Here, we characterized the symmetric and asymmetric components of variation in walking kinematics in the genetic model organismDrosophila. We found thatDrosophilause a single continuum of coordination patterns without evidence for preferred configurations. Spontaneous symmetric variability was associated with modulation of a single control parameter—stance duration—while asymmetric variability consisted of small, limb-specific modulations along multiple dimensions of the underlying symmetric pattern. Commands that modulated walking speed, originating from artificial neural activation or from the visual system, evoked modulations consistent with spontaneous behavior. Our findings suggest thatDrosophilaemploy a low-dimensional control architecture, which provides a framework for understanding the neural circuits that regulate hexapod legged locomotion.
How Legionella defend their turf
Authors: Hughes Elisa D , Swanson Michele S
Published: June 2019

Communities of bacteria that cause Legionnaires' disease repel other bacteria by secreting an acid called HGA
TOXIFY: a deep learning approach to classify animal venom proteins
Authors: Cole T. Jeffrey , Brewer Michael S.
Published: June 2019

In the era of Next-Generation Sequencing and shotgun proteomics, the sequences of animal toxigenic proteins are being generated at rates exceeding the pace of traditional means for empirical toxicity verification. To facilitate the automation of toxin identification from protein sequences, we trained Recurrent Neural Networks with Gated Recurrent Units on publicly available datasets. The resulting models are available via the novel software package TOXIFY, allowing users to infer the probability of a given protein sequence being a venom protein. TOXIFY is more than 20X faster and uses over an order of magnitude less memory than previously published methods. Additionally, TOXIFY is more accurate, precise, and sensitive at classifying venom proteins.
Shear Strengthening of R.C Beams with FRP Using (NSM) Technique
Authors: Abdel-Kareem Ahmed H. , Debaiky Ahmed S. , Makhlouf Mohamed H. , Abdel-Baset M.
Published: June 2019

This paper presents the experimental results of investigations the shear behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete beams by using glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) rods. The strengthening system used GFRP rods were done by Near Surface Mounted technique (NSM), NSM technique contains a groove on the outside surface of the concrete member to adjust the depth to be less than the cover of the member. After cleaning, the epoxy paste was used to fill half of the groove's depth. The particular FRP element is then mounted in the groove. Finally, the groove is filled with epoxy and the too much epoxy is leveled with the outside surface of the concrete. This method enables the fiber reinforcement polymer FRP materials is covered completely by epoxy. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of NSM technique on shear resistance for RC beam. The parameters are considered in this study are effect of the material type used for strengthening (inner steel stirrups and external glass fiber stirrups), effect of FRP rods inclination on strengthened beams, shape with different end anchorage of FRP (strips and rods), and the effect of number of the used FRP rods. This paper involved 13 experimental investigations of half-scale R.C beams. The experimental program included two specimens strengthened with inner steel stirrups, eight specimens strengthened with stirrups of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer GFRP rods with the shape of different end anchorage and angle, and two specimens strengthened with externally bonded GFRP strips. The remaining un-strengthened specimen was assigned as a control one for comparison. The test results included ultimate capacity load, deflection, cracking, and mode of failure. All beams strengthened with GFRP rods showed an increase in the capacity ranging between 14% to 85% comparing to the reference beam, and beams strengthened with GFRP strips showed an increase in the capacity ranging between 7% to 22% comparing to the reference beam.
Ethnomedicinal Practices in Kilikhar, Mongar
Authors: Chetri Bimal Kumar , Wangdi Phuntsho , Penjor Tshering
Published: June 2019

This study records medicinal plants used in different treatment by the local healer at Kilikhar Chiwog of Mongar Dzongkhag, Bhutan. A total of 61 different medicinal plants were recorded from 52 species identified belonging to 37 different families. Preference ranking of plant species helped to validate the efficacy of the plants used for treating diseases. It is also observed that a single plant species is used to treat single to multiple diseases.
Evaluation of Carnation Cultivars; and Nitrogen and Indole Acetic Acid for Their Growth, Yield and Quality in Khumaltar, Nepal
Authors: Magar Amar Bahadur Pun
Published: June 2019

Carnation is an important cut flower in Nepal. Several cultivars imported from abroad are being adopted for their commercial production. However, the performance of these cultivars in  the specific agro-climate has not yet determined. Thus, study aimed to evaluate the performance  of common cultivars, including mineral nutrition and IAA hormone on the plant growth and flowering. The study was carried out in Horticulture Research Division, Khumaltar, Nepal during 2012 and 2013. Four cultivars: King Lion, Delson, Eskimo and White Liberty including nitrogen and foliar application of IAA were evaluated for plant growth and floral characteristics. The experiment was held in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications.Based on the results, cultivar King Lion had significantly highest plant height (20.66 cm),  while cultivar Eskimo had the highest flower stem length (53.59 cm) and stem diameter (5.63 cm) followed by Delson (51.66 cm). The lower flower stems lengths of cultivars: White Liberty (42.48 cm) and King Lion (43.87 cm) were at par. The effect of mineral nutrition and hormone on plant height, flower stem length and flower head diameter was non-significant, however, IAA 25 ppm foliar spray was found superior over N 40 g/m2 and IAA 50 ppm applications. Thus, Eskimo is recommended as the excellent cultivar for its bigger flower stem, straightness and attractive flower looking, while cultivars; Delson and White Liberty as promising for higher flower yield. Similarly, soil application of nitrogen @ 40 g/m2 and foliar spray of auxin @ 25 ppm are recommended for higher flower yield.
Effects of Storage and Priming on Seed Emergence in Soil and Embryo Culture of Musa acuminata Calcutta 4
Authors: Wilson Victoria , Tenkouano Abdou
Published: June 2019

Aims: Effects of 3 storage durations, 3 hydro priming protocols and 6 chemical priming protocols on emergence in soil (in vivo) and embryo culture (in vitro) of Musa acuminata Calcutta 4 were investigated.

Study Design: The experimental design was a completely randomised with three replicates. Analysis of variance was used (P=.05) to test treatment effects in a Completely Randomised design. Mean comparison was by LSD.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out for a period of 10 months at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture High Rainfall Station, Onne, in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Methodology: Seed pre-sowing treatments consisted of 3 storage protocols, 3 hydro priming and 6 chemical treatment protocols. After which treated seeds were divided into two sets. One set was sown directly in soil and the other set subjected to embryo culture technique.

Results:  Seeds sown in soil immediately they were extracted had significantly higher emergence than stored seeds. Emergence declined by 20% and 23% after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of storage respectively. For embryo culture, seeds stored for 2 weeks had significantly higher germination (40%) than seeds that were not stored or seeds stored for 4 weeks (38%). Emergence in vivo was significantly higher for seeds that were not hydro primed than for seeds hydro primed for 4 days or 8 days. Emergence declined by 33% and 38% in seeds hydro primed for 4 days and 8 days respectively. Hydro priming for embryo culture for 4 days increased germination significantly by 60% compared to those without hydro priming. All the chemicals reduced emergence in both soil and in vitro procedures except that of Copper oxychloride in embryo culture which increased germination by 18%, compared to the control achieving 47% germination.

Conclusion: Higher germination was recorded with in vitro than in vivo procedures irrespective of the treatments applied. Perhaps inherent factors in the seed coat and possible interactions in soil may account for the poor emergence exhibited in vivo and will require further investigation.
Investigating the Type of Gene Action Conditioning Tolerance to Aluminum (Al) Toxicity in Tropical Maize
Authors: Ndeke Victoria , Tembo Langa
Published: June 2019

Maize is a third important cereal crop in the world after wheat and rice. In Zambia, it is an important staple crop. Its production is however hampered by both biotic and abiotic factors. Among the abiotic factors, Aluminum (Al) toxicity causes high yield losses and is directly linked to acidic soils. Application of lime can ameliorate this problem, but it is expensive for small scale farmers. Developing maize varieties that are tolerant to Al toxicity is cheaper and feasible for small scale farmers. The purpose of this research was to investigate the type of gene action conditioning tolerance to aluminum toxicity in tropical maize.  Eleven inbred lines were mated in an 8 male (4 moderately tolerant and 4 susceptible) x 3 female (resistant) North Carolina Design II. Results revealed that general combining ability (GCA) effects due to both males and females were highly significant (P≤ 0.001) for root biomass. The shoot length GCA effects due to both male and female respectively were significant (P≤ 0.01). Similarly, the GCA effects due to females and males for root length were significant, P≤ 0.01 and P≤ 0.05 respectively. The genotype CML 511 had the most desirable significant GCA effect value (1.40) for root length among the male lines while CML 538 had the most desirable significant GCA effect value (0.92) among the female lines. The baker’s ratio for root length was found to be 0.49 implying that both additive and non-additive gene action were important in conditioning aluminum toxicity tolerance in tropical maize.
Influence of Cultural Management on Compaction of a Cerrado Latosol
Authors: Dos Santos Matheus Azevedo , Bianchini Aloisio , Pereira Pedro Silvério Xavier , Daros Rodrigo Fernandes , Deus Matheus Santos de , Chiapinotto João Vitor Monteiro , Cruz Giordani Henrique Ferreira da , Nadin Alisson
Published: June 2019

Soil compaction is a process that negatively affects the availability of water and nutrients to plants. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate alternative practices of cultural management in order to reduce soil compaction. The experimental area is located in the Foundation for Research and Technological Development Rio Verde, where 13 treatments were installed with different systems of cultural management, all rotated with soy. A randomized complete block design (DBC) was used for this experiment, with three blocks (one repetition per block), thirteen treatments and two depths of soil (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm). Physical analyzes were soil resistance to penetration, soil density, and soil moisture at the time of collection. The treatment in which the soil was stirred during the fallow period was the one that presented the lowest resistance of the soil to penetration, followed by the treatment where a mixture of cover crops was used in the second harvest, and the treatment where soybean was harvested and brachiaria in the second crop, using corn with brachiaria every two years, was the one that presented lower soil density, followed by the treatment with stirring during fallow season. Planting areas with a greater diversity of rotating plants presented as a good proposal of soil management, as they provide ideal soil conditions for the crop and for the use of rainwater or irrigation.
Gas Exchange and Nitrogen Compartmentalization of Eggplant under Nitrogen and Silicon Doses
Authors: Abrantes Ewerton Gonçalves de , Araujo Rocha Josinaldo Lopes , De Paiva Kariolania Fortunato , Hérica Carlos Rocha Railene , Paiva da Silva Alexandre , Oliveira Gondim Ancélio Ricardo de , Nóbrega Santos Elidayane da , Silva Marcelino Rita Magally Oliveira da
Published: June 2019

To evaluate the effect of fertilization with N and Si on gaseous exchanges, dry mass, concentrations, accumulations and compartmentalization of nitrogen fractions in eggplant.

The experimental design was a randomized entirely design, in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement with four replications and one plant per plot, totaling 80 experimental units.

The experiment was conducted in a protected environment at Center of Sciences and Agri-Food Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus of Pombal, Paraiba, Brazil, between July and September 2016. The nitrogen doses applied was 25, 125, 250, 350 and 500 mg dm-3 and four silicon doses was 0, 75, 150 and 200 mg dm-3 both supplied by root. In pre-flowering stage were evaluated growth components; gas exchange, which are: photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and intercellular CO2 concentration; levels and accumulation of fractions of nitrogen (NO3-, NH4+, and total), and the silicon concentration in the leaves. There was no significant interaction (p >0.05) between the factors nitrogen and silicon doses for any of the evaluated variables. Nitrogen and silicon doses influenced the variables evaluated only independently each other. The nitrogen doses promoted increases in the photosynthetic rate and associated variables, dry matter yield of stem leaves and roots and in the concentration and accumulations of nitric, ammoniacal and total nitrogen in leaf, stem e roots and decrease the concentration of silicon in leaves. The silicon doses increased the leaf area index, the nitrate levels and accumulation in the roots and the silicon content in the leaves. In conclusion, the nitrogen supply increased the photosynthetic rate, dry mass and nitrogen accumulation and decreased the concentrations of silicon in leaf. Silicon did not interfered with growth of eggplant, however increased leaf area index, decreased nitrate levels and accumulations in the roots at lower doses of this element.
Main Obstacles in the Production of Citrus Seedlings in Santa Luzia do Induá, Capitão Poço/Pa-Brazil
Authors: Socorro Cunha Letícia do , Oliveira Ribeiro Luane Laíse , Fragoso Monfort Lucila Elizabeth , Cunha Pereira Wanderson , Bezerra de Araújo Francisca das Chagas , Abade Mayra Taniely Ribeiro
Published: June 2019

The objective of the study was to identify the main obstacles faced by nurserymen in the production of citrus seedlings in Santa Luzia do Induá, municipality of Capitão Poço / PA. The research was developed based on the application of semistructured questionnaires, where 50 active seedling producers were interviewed on a random basis, out of a total of 100 nurseries. Finally, the information obtained was analyzed. The producers had difficulty in accepting the importance of applying one of the items of normative instruction No 48, which deals with the need of protected environment for the production of the Basic Plant, Matrix, Certified Bubble and Certified Mute, considered essential for obtaining material seedlings and certified seedlings. Stated that the way of acquiring the seeds for the production of the rootstock acquired from his property and bought in the trade. According to nurserymen, 90% of the seeds come from plants that are not registered with an inspection body and are used for the production of the rootstock (known as a horse). The local producers have little knowledge and understanding of current regulations, thus being one of the main difficulties. In addition, the producers stated that the main obstacles they face in the production and marketing of seedlings are: Lack of technical assistance and public policies; phytosanitary attack and compliance with Normative Instruction No. 48. These factors together cause major limitations in the production system. Thus, among the aforementioned the main problem experienced by the producers, it is worth noting the adequacy to IN 48 that entails in great changes in the way of production of seedlings of the nurserymen.
Alterations in the human gut microbiome associated with Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Wang Daoming , Li Yan , Zhong Huanzi , Ding Qiuxia , Lin Yuxiang , Tang Shanmei , Zong Yang , Wang Qi , Zhang Xiuqing , Yang Huanming , Wang Rong , Liu Xiao
Published: June 2019

Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI) is a prevalent infectious disease associated with gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, and many nongastrointestinal disorders. To identify genes that may serve as microbial markers for HPI, we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from 313 Chinese volunteers who had undergone a C14 breath test. Through comparing differences in intestinal microbial community structure between H. pylori‐positive and H. pylori‐negative individuals, we identified 58 HPI‐associated microbial species (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon test). A classifier based on microbial species markers showed high diagnostic ability for HPI (AUC = 0.84). Furthermore, levels of gut microbial vitamin B12 (VB12) biosynthesis and plasma VB12 were significantly lower in H. pylori‐positive individuals compared with H. pylori‐negative individuals (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon test). This study reveals that certain alterations in gut microbial species and functions are associated with HPI and shows that gut microbial shift in HPI patients may indirectly elevate the risk of VB12 deficiency.
Regional motor cortex dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Menon Parvathi , Yiannikas Con , Kiernan Matthew C. , Vucic Steve
Published: June 2019

Objective

The pathophysiological processes underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) need to be better understood, although cortical dysfunction has been implicated. Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have assessed cortical dysfunction from the hand. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cortical dysfunction was evident across representations of three body regions, and to relate these changes to clinical features of ALS.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, threshold tracking TMS was undertaken in 60 sporadic ALS patients, with motor evoked potential (MEP) responses recorded over the hand (abductor pollicis brevis), lower limb (tibialis anterior), and bulbar (trapezius) regions. The cross‐sectional findings were compared to 28 age‐ and gender‐matched controls.

Results

Cortical dysfunction was evident across the representation of the three body regions, although the degree and nature of the dysfunction varied. Cortical hyperexcitability, as heralded by reduced short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), was evident in all cortical regions (hand, P < 0.01; leg, P < 0.05; bulbar, P < 0.05) in ALS patients when compared with healthy control subjects. Importantly, features of cortical hyperexcitability seemed more prominent in clinically affected body regions and correlated with functional disability and muscle weakness. Cortical inexcitability was more prominent in the leg (P < 0.001) and bulbar regions (P < 0.01) when compared with controls.

Interpretation

The nature of cortical dysfunction varied across the body regions in ALS, with cortical hyperexcitability being more prominent in the upper limbs while cortical inexcitability was more evident in the lower limbs and bulbar regions. The findings suggest a heterogeneity of cortical pathophysiological processes in ALS.
Philadelphia says smoking ban has not led to treatment impact
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2019

Despite charges by Brooke Feldman and others (see “Advocate: Philadelphia smoking ban shuts some patients out of treatment,” https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.32388, ADAW, June 10), the number of people leaving addiction treatment in Philadelphia is up, not down, after the smoking ban, the Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disAbility services (DBHIDS) stated last week in a press release. The statement came out June 24, the day before a planned protest spearheaded by Feldman.
Inter‐Dependency Relationships in High‐Entropy Alloys: Phase Stability Criteria
Authors: Chauhan Pranjal , Chopra Swamini , Thangaraju Shanmugasundaram
Published: June 2019

In high‐entropy alloys (HEAs), the thermodynamics govern alloy formation, phase stability, and overall phase‐transition characteristics. Over the past decade, many thermodynamic parameters have been proposed for predicting the stability of HEA systems. Herein, analysis of these parameters are carried out carefully with the available data from the literature. It is found that all these parameters are not fully independent from each other and there exists a bridge of interconnection between them. Herein, inter‐dependency relationships between the thermodynamic parameters are derived for predicting the stability of solid solution in HEAs. It is found that parameters with large and complex equations are not essentially required; instead the simple parameters ϕ, Ω, and δ are sufficient for predicting the stability of HEA systems.
Mechanical Response and Microstructure Evolution of a Repetitive Upsetting Extrusion Processed AZ61 Magnesium Alloy in Semi‐Solid Compression
Authors: Xu Yan , Zhang Xuxing , Li Wei , Hu Penghong , Dai Haohao , Jia Jianbo , Gu Yongfei
Published: June 2019

Semi‐solid billets of an AZ61 magnesium alloy are prepared by a repetitive upsetting‐extrusion (RUE)‐based strain induced melt activation (SIMA) method. Mechanical response and microstructure evolution in compression of the semi‐solid slurry with high solid fraction are investigated. The results reveal that the SIMA‐processed thixotropic structure comprises of globular solid particles and liquid films. True stress–true strain curves experience a rapid increase to the peak within a small strain, a slow decline, and the final steady‐state flow. Three regions of the dense deformation region, the severe deformation region, and the free deformation region are detected in the compressed specimen with reference to microstructure observation. Liquid segregation is found in the free deformation region due to the exudation of the liquid phase. The compression of the semi‐solid slurry is achieved by the coordination of the solid particles’ rearrangement and the liquid flow. The initial deformation stage is governed by the sliding or rotating of the solid particles. Mechanisms of the sliding between solid particles and the plastic deformation of the solid particles are responsible for the second and the final deformation stages, and their relative contribution is closely related to the solid fraction and deformation strain.
Deformation Twinning and Detwinning in Face‐Centered Cubic Metallic Materials
Authors: An Xinglong , Ni Song , Song Min , Liao Xiaozhou
Published: June 2019

Deformation twinning and detwinning are widely observed in face‐centered cubic (FCC) metallic materials processed by severe plastic deformation. Several twinning and detwinning mechanisms are reported in coarse‐grained and nanocrystalline materials. In this article, the mechanisms for deformation‐induced twinning and detwinning in FCC metallic materials, factors affecting twinning propensity, and grain‐size effect on the competition between twinning and detwinning are reviewed. The effects of twinning and detwinning on mechanical properties are also reviewed.
Overcoming Zinc Oxide Interface Instability with a Methylammonium‐Free Perovskite for High‐Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Schutt Kelly , Nayak Pabitra K. , Ramadan Alexandra J. , Wenger Bernard , Lin Yen‐Hung , Snaith Henry J.
Published: June 2019

Perovskite solar cells have achieved the highest power conversion efficiencies on metal oxide n‐type layers, including SnO2 and TiO2. Despite ZnO having superior optoelectronic properties to these metal oxides, such as improved transmittance, higher conductivity, and closer conduction band alignment to methylammonium (MA)PbI3, ZnO is largely overlooked due to a chemical instability when in contact with metal halide perovskites, which leads to rapid decomposition of the perovskite. While surface passivation techniques have somewhat mitigated this instability, investigations as to whether all metal halide perovskites exhibit this instability with ZnO are yet to be undertaken. Experimental methods to elucidate the degradation mechanisms at ZnO–MAPbI3 interfaces are developed. By substituting MA with formamidinium (FA) and cesium (Cs), the stability of the perovskite–ZnO interface is greatly enhanced and it is found that stability compares favorably with SnO2‐based devices after high‐intensity UV irradiation and 85 °C thermal stressing. For devices comprising FA‐ and Cs‐based metal halide perovskite absorber layers on ZnO, a 21.1% scanned power conversion efficiency and 18% steady‐state power output are achieved. This work demonstrates that ZnO appears to be as feasible an n‐type charge extraction layer as SnO2, with many foreseeable advantages, provided that MA cations are avoided.
Sulfur Incorporation Using Disulfanes as the Sulfur Atom Source Enabled Metal‐Free Heteroannulation of 1,7‐Enynes
Authors: Qin Jing‐Hao , Yu Jiang‐Xi , Li Jin‐Heng , An De‐Lie
Published: June 2019

A new oxidative [2+2+1] heteroannulation of 1,7‐enynes with disulfanes promoted by Et3N, producing 3,3a‐dihydro‐thieno[3,4‐c]quinolin‐4(5H)‐ones, is described. This reaction is achieved by using equivalent amounts of 1,7‐enynes, sulfur atoms (disulfanes), tert‐butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) as an oxidant and Et3N as the base, and represents an unprecedented strategy to applications of disulfanes as sulfur atom sources in synthesis.

magnified image
The Key Role of Modifications in Biointerfaces toward Rendering Antibacterial and Antifouling Properties in Polymeric Membranes for Water Remediation: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Samantaray Paresh Kumar , Madras Giridhar , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: June 2019

Safe drinking water for all is a major challenge and needs critical attention, as freshwater aquifers are rapidly declining. A strategy based on addressing scarcity through membrane‐based purification and desalination can be an immediate and robust solution. The current scientific advances toward tailoring the structure and chemical properties of existing membrane materials have enabled key insights leading to new water purification alternatives. In the first part of the article, the key requirements for water decontamination addressed through state‐of‐the‐art literature on membranes are discussed. In the next part, the specific membrane modification strategies to impede bacterial growth and enhance fouling resistance are discussed, bringing in the underlying mechanisms. Finally, promising next‐generation separation techniques that are inspired by nature, inorganic and carbonaceous nanomaterial‐based membranes, layer‐by‐layer assembly, and dynamic composite membranes, are highlighted. This perspective article will help guide researchers working in this field from both industrial and academic standpoints, especially where the research is focused toward developing strategies to modify the existing solution besides finding alternative and sustainable new materials.
Chemotaxis in shear flow: Similarity solutions of the steady‐state chemoattractant and bacterial distributions
Authors: Shim Suin , Stone Howard A. , Ford Roseanne M.
Published: June 2019

When chemotactic bacteria are exposed to a concentration gradient of chemoattractant while flowing along a channel, the bacteria accumulate at the interface between the chemoattractant source and bacterial suspension. Assuming that the interface is no‐slip, we can apply the shear flow approximation near the no‐slip boundary and solve a steady‐state convection‐diffusion model for both chemoattractant and bacterial concentrations. We suggest similarity solutions for the two‐dimensional problem and identify a critical length scale ηc for bacteria chemotaxis in a given concentration gradient. The analysis identifies three dimensionless groups representing, respectively, chemotactic sensitivity, the chemotaxis receptor constant, and the bacteria diffusion coefficient, which typically show coupled effects in experimental systems. We study the effect of the dimensionless groups separately and provide understanding of the system involving shear flow and chemotaxis.
Prevalence and utility of point‐of‐care ultrasound in the emergency department: A prospective observational study
Authors: Pouryahya Pourya , McR Meyer Alastair D. , Koo Mei Ping Melody
Published: June 2019

Objective

An observational study on the current diagnostic and procedural utility, as well as impact of point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) in the emergency department (ED).

Background

Point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) has been recognised as a useful non‐invasive bedside tool in providing valuable information, as well as its utility in procedural guidance for clinicians. However, its current prevalence and utility in ED remain unknown.

Methods

In October 2016, a 31‐day prospective observational study was performed in three Monash Health Emergency Departments in Melbourne, Australia. Data regarding patients’ presenting complaints, frequency, operators’ qualifications and POCUS module were collected and analysed. Factors associated with diagnostic impacts were identified.

Results

A total of 390 (2.1%) POCUS examinations were performed among 18,355 presentations in the three Monash Health EDs during the study period. POCUS was performed as a diagnostic tool in 344 (88.2%) and procedural guidance in 46 (11.8%) cases. eFAST/AAA and bedside echocardiography were the two most frequently utilised diagnostic modules. Overall, the majority of diagnostic POCUS cases were indicated for abdominal pain (35.3%), chest pain (14.0%) and trauma mainly traffic accidents (5.8%). Procedural POCUS was most commonly used for vascular access (71.7%), where dyspnoea (21.6%) was the most common presenting complaint. The majority of the cases were performed by FACEMs (Fellows of Australasian College of Emergency Medicine) (66.4%).

Conclusions

Despite known diagnostic and procedural values, the prevalence of POCUS in ED was found to be lower than what was expected. The prevalence was shown to be proportional to the level of clinical expertise among the operators. Training and utility of POCUS among physicians and trainees should be further advocated and supported.
Hyams grading as a predictor of metastasis and overall survival in esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Goshtasbi Khodayar , Abiri Arash , Abouzari Mehdi , Sahyouni Ronald , Wang Beverly Y. , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Hsu Frank P. K. , Cadena Gilbert , Kuan Edward C.
Published: June 2019

Background

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB), also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, represents up to 3% of all sinonasal neoplasms. Hyams histologic grading is a promising tool in predicting metastases and establishing prognoses for this complex tumor.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases. ENB patients with Hyams I‐II or III‐IV were categorized as low‐grade Hyams (LGH) or high‐grade Hyams (HGH), respectively. Binary and continuous random‐effects models were applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the incidences of neck and distal metastases as well as for 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates.

Results

Of the 57 screened articles published from 1993 to 2018, 16 (525 patients) and 21 (563 patients) provided data for tumor metastases and overall survival rates, respectively. Neck metastasis was observed in 18.2% of HGH vs 7.9% of LGH patients. Distant metastasis was noted in 20.7% of HGH vs 8.9% of LGH patients. LGH patients had 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates of 81.2% and 64.0%, respectively, as compared with 60.9% and 40.6%, respectively, for HGH patients. In comparing HGHs vs LGHs, the collective ORs for neck and distant metastases were 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09‐3.99; p = 0.03) and 2.37 (95% CI, 1.07‐5.26; p = 0.03), respectively. Moreover, in comparing LGHs vs HGHs, collective ORs for 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates were 3.39 (95% CI, 2.09‐5.49; p < 0.001) and 3.03 (95% CI, 1.82‐5.06; p < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusion

HGH ENBs, compared with LGH ENBs, are more likely to metastasize to neck or distal targets and to have lower overall survival rates.
Enhancement of Oxygen Evolution Activity of Nickel Oxyhydroxide by Electrolyte Alkali Cations
Authors: Garcia Amanda C. , Touzalin Thomas , Nieuwland Celine , Perini Nickson , Koper Marc T. M.
Published: June 2019

Herein, the effect of the alkali cation (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) in alkaline electrolytes with and without Fe impurities is investigated for enhancing the activity of nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Cyclic voltammograms show that Fe impurities have a significant catalytic effect on OER activity; however, both under purified and unpurified conditions, the trend in OER activity is Cs+ > Na+ > K+ > Li+, suggesting an intrinsic cation effect of the OER activity on Fe‐free Ni oxyhydroxide. In situ surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), shows this cation dependence is related to the formation of superoxo OER intermediate (NiOO−). The electrochemically active surface area, evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is not influenced significantly by the cation. We postulate that the cations interact with the Ni−OO− species leading to the formation of NiOO−−M+ species that is stabilized better by bigger cations (Cs+). This species would then act as the precursor to O2 evolution, explaining the higher activity.