bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The incentivisation of inclusionary housing by South African municipalities: a property law perspective
Authors: Kulundu Kenneth Wanyama , Muller Gustav
Published: October 2021

Although it is still in its formative stages, the idea of inclusionary housing in South Africa's constitu tional con text is inescapable. The typical characteristic of inclusionary housing is that a developer is required or encouraged to dedicate a specified portion of her housing development project to the provision of affordable housing. This raises concerns about the possible violation of developers' property rights because it affects their investment backed expectations regarding future earnings. Since municipalities are the chief agents of the implementation of inclusionary housing, it is important to investigate how they can respond effectively to the property related concerns of developers. This article conducts an overview discussion of the concept of property in South African law, with a special focus on how property regulation can be anchored on the "givings" concept. It then explores the legal mechanisms through which municipalities can pay financial incentives to housing developers to ensure the growth of a housing stock that is geared for affordability as well as social and economic integration. We undertake a critique of the current statutes governing local government financial management and illustrate their inadequacy. It is concluded that inclusionary housing can only succeed in South Africa if legal policy recognises the need for financial payments to developers that go beyond mere compensation for excessive regulation of property rights.
Staircase or safety net? Examining the meaning and functioning of RDP house ownership among beneficiaries: a case study of Klapmuts, Stellenbosch
Authors: Dugard Jackie
Published: October 2021

Recognising the apartheid legacy of inaccess to housing and property for the majority of black South Africans, the Constitution entrenches rights of access to housing and property. Since 1994, one of the main ways the government has pursued this mandate has been to roll out an ambitious Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) private house ownership programme. The overarching goal of the programme (now called Breaking New Ground or BNG) is to establish "sustainable human settlements" that result in "sustainable development, wealth creation, poverty alleviation and equity". Speaking to the "wealth creation" and "equity" aspects, a key component ofBNG is "ensuring property can be accessed by all as an asset for wealth creation and empowerment". Thus, BNG is explicitly aimed at addressing inequality through asset formation. Yet, despite the considerable public resources spent on home ownership projects in South Africa, there is little understanding of the subjective meaning accorded to having an RDP house and the extent to which the financial function of private housing, as a wealth-generating asset (the Hernando de Soto "staircase" role), plays out in practice alongside its more poverty alleviation function as providing social security, including shelter (the "safety net" role). To contribute towards a better understanding of the role and value of RDP home ownership, I undertook a qualitative study among 21 beneficiaries of an RDP housing project in Klapmuts (Stellenbosch). The study provides some tentative conclusions regarding the utility and impact of the private ownership paradigm of these State projects.
An exposition of trade policy formulation through the issuing of "Trade Policy Directives" by the Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition under the International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002
Authors: Vinti Clive
Published: October 2021

Section 5 of the International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002 (ITAA) provides that the Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition has the power to issue "Trade Policy Directives" subject to the procedures and requirements of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Constitution) and other laws. However, there is uncertainty as to how trade policy is formulated under section 5 of the ITAA and the rights of affected parties in this regard. Thus, this article offers an exposition of the process of trade policy formulation under section 5 of the ITAA. To this end, it is my view that trade policy formulation under section 5 must be guided by section 195 of the Constitution, which requires that the public must be "encouraged" to participate in policy formulation and that this must occur in a climate of openness, transparency and accountability. In the narrower sense, it is also my view that interested parties must be given an opportunity to participate in trade policy formulation on the ground of procedural rationality and to avoid a charge of arbitrariness as twin components of the rule of law.
The double punch of workplace bullying/harassment leading to depression: legal and other measures to help South African employers ward off a fatal blow
Authors: Smit Dina Maria (Denine)
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT Sadly, in addition to being cutting-edge, the modern-day workplace is also increasingly cut-throat, having become a breeding ground for interpersonal violence, including bullying and (sexual) harassment. In South Africa, the country's notorious problem with violence in broader society is perhaps partly to blame. Yet, when workplace bullying/harassment intersects with employee depression, this could be a double punch with which very few workplaces are able to cope. The issue of workplace violence undoubtedly requires attention: from the 1944 Declaration of Philadelphia to the 2019 International Labour Organisation Recommendation 206 and Convention 190 call for a world of work free from violence and harassment. South Africa's National Development Plan, too, confirms every person's right to a working life that is conducive to productivity and embraces freedom, equality, human dignity and security. Nevertheless, South African employers and lawmakers remain sluggish in their response. This article adds momentum to the process (i) by defining workplace violence, and bullying and (sexual) harassment as forms thereof; (ii) by discussing the double punch of bullying/harassment and depression; and (iii) by establishing whether the South African legal framework sufficiently provides for bullied and harassed employees, particularly also those who consequently/already suffer from depression. Bullying is not recognised as a cause of action under South African law, and the Code of Good Practice on the Handling of Sexual Harassment Cases in the Workplace 2005, while commendable, has no legal force. Furthermore, although depression may be seen as a disability in certain circumstances requiring reasonable accommodation from the employer, not all instances qualify. Recommendations are made to overcome these and other lacunae in the legal framework. However, since it will take more than laws and codes to ward off the double punch of workplace bullying/harassment and depression, additional measures are proposed, at both the levels of society and employers. Keywords: Depression; bullying; workplace violence; dignity; employees; harassment.
"Alone in the Dark": How the Current Mining and Minerals Legal Regime Continues to fail Artisanal and Small-scale Miners in South Africa
Authors: Ndlazi Sikelela
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT Since 1994, the South African government has demarcated the artisanal and small-scale mining ("ASM") sector for the promotion of the economic participation of previously disadvantaged persons within the country's broader economy. Various domestic policy documents refer to the ASM sector as one deserving of structural development and adequate regulation. However, to date, the sector still exists and functions on the fringes of the law. This fact has allowed for the under-development of the sector to persist and, out of such under-development, adverse ramifications, including the environmental degradation associated with illegal ASM, the acrimonious relationship between illegal ASM and large-scale mining ("LSM") and its occupational health and safety concerns. It is such negative consequences of illegal ASM that continue to thrive at the expense of the socio-economic and community-development potential of the sector. In light of the above, this paper seeks to explore the current constitutional, legislative and policy framework upon which the development of the sector ought to be founded. Such a developmental foundation consists of the legislative and policy elements which mirror constitutional ideals. Further, under the over-arching theme of rethinking the minerals and petroleum sector, as touted by the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act and the Mining Charter, certain structural and legislative transformations ought to take place if we hope to transform the ASM sector to what it was initially intended to be. Keywords: Artisanal and small-scale mining; Large-scale mining; previously disadvantaged South Africans; Socio-economic development; Constitution of South Africa; Mining Charter; Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act; formalisation; environmental degradation; occupational health and safety.
EFFICACY OF PREOPERATIVE MRI IN DETECTING BICEPS TENDON PATHOLOGIES IN ROTATOR CUFF TEARS: CORRELATION OF MRI AND INTRAOPERATIVE FINDINGS
Authors: BİÇEN Ahmet Çağdaş , UNAL Meric , EKİN Ahmet , OZKAN Mustafa
Published: October 2021

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy

of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting

biceps lesions in patients with rotator cuff tears.

Material and Methods

A total of 168 patients operated on between January

2012 and February 2020 were included in the study.

All the patients underwent arthroscopic surgery

with the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears. All patients

were operated on under general anesthesia and

in the beach chair position. Demographic data and

preoperative MRI findings were recorded. Arthroscopic

findings were accepted as the standard reference and

correlated with preoperative MRI records.

Results

In preoperative images, full-thickness rotator cuff

tears were identified in 118 (70.2%) cases and partialthickness

tears in 50 (29.8%) cases. Labrum/SLAP

lesions were detected in 18 (10.7%) cases. Biceps

disorders were reported in 51 (30.4%) cases. During

the surgeries, we observed additional pathologies in

41 (24.4%) cases besides the preoperatively detected

lesions. Rotator cuff and labrum/SLAP repairs were

performed in the same surgical sessions. The majority

of newly detected lesions were biceps lesions, being

identified in 26 (15.5%) cases. In 41 (24.2%) cases

tenodesis, tenolysis, or tenotomy were performed

for biceps lesions. LHBT surgery was performed in

26 cases with negative MRI. Biceps lesions were

confirmed in 77 (45.8%) cases intraoperatively;

therefore, the accuracy of MRI in detecting these

lesions was 66.2%.

Conclusion

Biceps lesions are among the common pathologies

of the shoulder. Preoperative MRI is important in

evaluation of the shoulder, but the efficacy of MRI may

be limited in detecting biceps disorders. Arthroscopic

surgery is crucial in diagnosis and treatment of LHBT

lesions.
Tımarlı Sipahilere Hazineden Borç Verilmesi Meselesi:IV. Murat’ın Bağdat Seferi Örneği
Authors: GÜNDOĞDU İsmail
Published: October 2021

Osmanlı tarihinde az incelenen konulardan biri de tımarlı sipahilere hazineden borç verilmesi meselesidir. Osmanlı klasik çağında devletin en önemli ve sayıca en kalabalık askeri olan tımarlı sipahiler ordusu ulufeli bir ordu değildi. Gündelik geçimlerini ve sefer masraflarını görev bölgelerinde kanuna göre topladıkları vergilerden sağlarlardı. Ayrıca sefer sırasında devletten maddi destek almazlardı. Bununla beraber, 16. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren iç ve dış nedenler dolayısıyla bu askeri sınıf önemini yitirmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı Devleti'nde hazine tarafından tımarlı sipahiler, zaimler ve sancak beylerine hazineden borç verilmesi ve bu borçların geri alınması araştırılacaktır. Bunun için 4. Murad'ın Bağdat seferi kısaca ele alındıktan sonra, sefer dönüşü sırasında mali sıkıntıya düşen tımar sahiplerine Padişahın devlet hazinesinden borç vermesi durumu incelenecektir. Bunun için öncelikle Topkapı Sarayı Müzesinde bulunan bir dizi ferman serisinden yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca Osmanlı Arşivinde bulunan diğer belgelerden de istifade edilmiştir. Arşiv belgelerinden de anlaşıldığına göre tımar sahiplerine ilk defa Bağdat Seferi sırasında borç verilmeyip, daha önce de bazen eyalet hazinesinden, bazen zengin esnaftan borç alınarak maddi sıkıntıya düşen askerlere borç verildiği görülmektedir. Eldeki kaynaklara göre borç verme uygulaması sadece Anadolu tarafında yapılan seferlerde sıkıntıya düşen Rumeli’deki tımar sahiplerine verildiği görülmektedir. Tımar sahiplerine verilen borçların yaklaşık bir sene sonra geri istendi eldeki fermanlar göstermektedir.
About some religious customs of Shii Muslims in Azerbaijan in the 19th century
Authors: NASİROVA Sevinc , ŞİRİYEV Tural
Published: October 2021

As in other Muslim countries, traditions formed on the system of religious beliefs have an important place in the culture of Azerbaijani people. These traditions, which are an integral part of Muslim culture, were formed under the ideological influence of many denominations and doctrines. The purpose of this study is to examine some aspects of the traditions that existed among Shiite Muslims in Azerbaijan in the 19th century. Despite the need to study Islamic culture in post-Soviet Azerbaijan, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the subject. In this context, the cultural traditions of the Azerbaijani people, mainly Shiite Muslims have been studied on the base of alams, kirkachar cams, prayer rugs and the other samples which belong to the 19th century and are being preserved in the National Museum of History of Azerbaijan. Although the research aims to examine the spiritual culture, the specificity of the materials in the article as an example of art, the meaning of the structure, the technique of preparation, the content of the patterns and calligraphy on it have been also studied. At the same time, in order to show the connection of the mentioned traditions with the historical past of the people, reference has been made to the previous periods and as a result, the ethnographic features belonging to the 19th century have been identified.
Features of tumor heterogeneity in regional metastasis of breast cancer
Authors: Konyshev K K , Sazonov S V
Published: October 2021

The review looked at the issues of tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer. Tumor heterogeneity is classified according to the main feature demonstrating regional differences within a tumor (for example, heterogeneity of clinical manifestations, histological heterogeneity, heterogeneity of protein expression, etc.) and by tumor regions (differences between primary tumors and metastases, differences between cell clones within a single tumor node, etc.). Temporal heterogeneity is also distinguished, which manifests itself in the clonal evolution of tumor cells. The review covers the heterogeneity in the expression of four biomarkers from the gold standard for immunohistochemical staining of breast cancer: estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, Her2/neu and Ki67 in primary tumor tissue and regional metastases. According to various studies, discordance in estrogen receptor status of primary tumor cells and metastases was observed with a frequency of 4 to 62%, progesterone receptors from 12 to 54%, Her2/neu from 0 to 24%, Ki67 from 4 to 39%. The results of studies of changes in the expression levels of individual markers in breast cancer metastases, as well as the heterogeneity of surrogate subtypes of tumor tissue in metastasis, are briefly described. Possible reasons for heterogeneity in the expression of key prognostic and predictive markers by primary tumor and metastatic cells, such as artificial factors at the preanalytic and analytic stages of the study, polyclonality of the primary tumor before metastasis, clonal evolution of tumor cells during metastasis, selection of tumor clones under the therapy are highlighted.
Regional lymph nodes and hematogenous metastasis of cancer
Authors: Tsyplakov D E
Published: October 2021

Aim. Morphological study of the microvasculature of regional lymph nodes in relation to the cancer of the lymph nodes as possible additional or alternative metastasis pathways. Methods. The lymph nodes of 150 cancer patients (1263 nodes in total), regional to cancer of various localization, were studied. Histological sections staining with hematoxylin and eosin by Van-Giesons method, pyronine by Brachets method, toluidine blue and picro-Mallory were prepared. An immunohistochemical study was performed using monoclonal antibodies to pan-cytokeratins, CD31, type IV collagen, CD3, CD20, and CD68. The area of metastases to the lymph nodes was determined by using a morphometric grid and used to identify the four study groups. In addition, the immunomorphological reactions of the lymph nodes were taken into account in each group. Results. It was identified that the microvasculature of the lymph nodes can be involved in the metastatic process along with the lymphatic pathways. At the same time, there is a decrease in vascular wall function and violation of the rheological properties of blood, accompanied by the deposition of intra- and extravascular fibrin. Hematogenous metastasis is largely influenced by the state of lymph node sinuses, in which blood is found, and in some observations by the expression of CD31 (a marker of blood endothelium). Hematogenous dissemination of cancer often begins after the appearance of lymph node metastases. The greater the anatomical extent of lymph node metastases, the more often tumor cells are present in the blood vessels. In addition, an isolated lesion of the microvasculature with the presence of tumor cells in the extranodal vessels without metastases in the lymph node itself was revealed. It was observed that the invasion of tumor cells into the microvasculature depended on the immunomorphological reactions of the lymph nodes. Conclusion. The microvasculature of regional lymph nodes can be both an additional and an alternative lymphogenous metastasis pathway of cancer; at the same time, vascular invasion is accompanied by microcirculation disorders and depends on the volume of metastases and the immunomorphological reactions of the lymph nodes.
Introduction of a new nomen-clature of academic specialities in Russia: Continuity and innovations
Authors: Pakhomov S. I. , Gurtov V. A. , Stasevich A. V.
Published: October 2021

Introduction.The nomenclature of academic specialities to be awarded academic degrees is a system-forming element of academic degree holders’ certification system in any country of the world. Therefore, there is a need to revise and update the relevant structure of academic specialities in order to meet the prospective demand from research and development sector of high-tech industries. Apparently, the current nomenclature of 2017, as the instrument of realisation of public policy in the sphere of the state certification of academic and teaching staff in Russia, needed updating.

Theaimof the present research was to analyse a new version of the nomenclature of academic specialities in Russia to be awarded the degree of Doctor or Candidate of Science, and to make conceptual proposals on the implementation of new nomenclature provisions taking into account possible transformation of scientific and educational environment, including the emergence of new complex areas of academic research.

Methodology and research methods.The research object is a system of certification of academic and teaching staff from the position of a three-level structure of the nomenclature of academic specialities, according to which academic degrees are awarded. The methods of comparison and data statistical analysis were applied to assess structural changes in the nomenclature.

Results and scientific novelty.The authors considered the prerequisites for update of the nomenclature of academic specialities approved in 2017. The features of a new edition of the nomenclature of academic specialities were highlighted. The analysis of its new structure and content changes was carried out. It is demonstrated that current network of dissertation councils (1696 councils) can be divided into 4 groups according to the degree of compliance of academic specialities and fields of science with the previous and recent versions of nomenclature. It is necessary to create new dissertation councils for 20 new academic specialities.

Practical significance.The authors revealed the features of the new nomenclature, requiring the reorganisation of councils network for the defense of doctoral and candidate dissertations. On this basis, to provide promising areas of academic research, the proposals on the implementation of new nomenclature provisions are outlined. The stages of re-opening of dissertation councils network are described.
Bread in small forms of Lithuanian folklore
Authors: Smetoniene Irena
Published: October 2021

Bread is one of the oldest human-made foods. With the emergence of agriculture, it became a daily meal and so began to be appreciated, personalised and deified. The image of bread in small forms of folklore shows that it is the main food, so important that people are ready to work hard for it and even baking bread is considered difficult. The result of all this work is a person whose hunger is satiated, and the same is true of the entire family. Although all work is valuable, that of a plougher or generally of ordinary people is particularly appreciated because it is most strictly connected with bread and land. Considerable attention is paid to the quality of bread: it not only has to look nice but also be tasty. Bread allows one to differentiate one’s folk from strangers; it reminds one of home and motherland, functions as a symbol of stability and harmony in the family. Data from folklore highlight mutual relationships between bread and people: bread protects people from misfortunes, it heals and warns them of danger. Therefore, people protect and respect it and attribute magical qualities to it. This understanding of bread was typical of our ancestors. However, given that the data from folklore used in this study come from the 19th and early 20th c., the contemporary understanding of bread may be different.
Food in the communicative perspective: linguacultural approach
Authors: Gasz Agnieszka Maria
Published: October 2021

The article makes an attempt to characterise the act of eating as a communicative event and a cultural text: the analysis is based on the model of communication, theory of information and the general theory of signs. The main objective of the analysis is focused on reconstruction of the linguistic and cultural picture of eating in communication. In the description of the data, references are made to selected research methods and tools of linguistic semantics, particularly in its cultural variant. The data under consideration were initially limited to Polish linguaculture but in the course of analysis examples from other cultures were incorporated. While constructing a communicative model of eating, a basic distinction is made between the performer of an action (the eater) and the object of this action (the food). The analysis of the data reveals that apart from the verbally expressed information about who eats, what they eat, and how they do it. Another significant role in coding meaning is played by the accompanying non-verbal communication (eating-related sounds or the eater’s body language), as well as conventional signals replacing verbal formulas (communication through an arrangement of the cutlery, the dish itself or a specific manner of consumption).
Flannel and beggar’s blanket: metaphors or conceptual blends? A cognitive analysis of selected common names of mullein in English
Authors: Mierzwińska-Hajnos Agnieszka Bożena
Published: October 2021

The paper offers a cognitive analysis of selected common English names of mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) motivated by the appearance of the plant. While analyzing such names as flannel and beggar’s blanket, the author strives to portray the way they are conceptualized by recalling Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Integration Theory, in particular the Brandt and Brandt six-space model of conceptual integration, also known as a cognitive-semiotic approach to metaphor. In the course of the analysis, the author also makes reference to those aspects which seem indispensable from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics, viz. (i) the role of human experience and embodied thought in the conceptualization process, (ii) the dynamic and context-dependent meaning construction and (iii) the role of linguistic worldview in decoding meaning.
The role of names in the reconstruction of the linguacultural worldview of mushrooms
Authors: Bielak Agata
Published: October 2021

The article shows the role of names in the reconstruction of the linguacultural view of mushrooms. The large number of the names of mushrooms testifies to the practical importance of mushrooms for country people. Many of the names are polysemic and synonymic. In the analysis, the onomasiological basis of mushroom names plays a crucial role. Those names can be based on the appearance of mushrooms (e.g. lejek ‘funnel’, czerwieniak ‘the red one’), their properties (twardziok ‘the hard one’, słodzianka ‘the sweet one’), including their (in)edibility and poisonous properties (grzyb godzący ‘the edible mushroom’, truciciel ‘poisoner’, grzyb jadowity ‘the poisionous mushroom’), as well as the time and place where they grow (wrześniak ‘September mushroom’, dębowiec ‘oak mushroom’).
Russian ethnopsycholinguistics and its implications for translation research
Authors: Konefał Ewa
Published: October 2021

The article presents the sources of communicative models of translation, founded on the results of enthnopsycholinguistic contrastive research conducted by the Department of Psycholinguistics and Communication Theory of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (later: Russian Academy of Sciences). It focuses on the description of the relations within the triads of language-ethnos-culture or language-consciousness-culture. The problems raised by ethnopsycholinguists from the point of view of translation include lacunae and linguistic awareness of the participants of communication, including bilingual communication.
The role of questionnaires in the reconstruction of the linguacultural view of respect (szacunek) in contemporary Polish
Authors: Gierczak Sylwia Katarzyna
Published: October 2021

The aim of the study is to present the role of empirical research in the reconstruction of the linguacultural image of axiologically loaded concepts and socially determined connotations. The article relates to methodological assumptions and findings of ethnolinguistics, where the reconstruction of the conceptualisation of particular notions is based on the interpretation of three types of data: (i) the language system, (ii) questionnaires, and (iii) texts. This is the approach adopted in the report Język – wartości – polityka [Language – values – politics] (JWP 2006), and then in the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and Their Neighbours (LASiS 1-5, 2015-2019), compiled by the team supervised by Jerzy Bartmiński. This study presents the results of a questionnaire regarding respect (Polish szacunek), conducted among one hundred students from five universities in Lublin. Respondents were asked to answer the question: “What, in your opinion, is the essence of respect?”. The data obtained from first-hand sources enable a reconstruction of the students’ image of true respect in the Polish language in an aspectual view.
Democracy on the basis of Belarusian media (mid 2020 – early 2021)
Authors: Rudenka Alena
Published: October 2021

The article in concerned with the stereotype of democracy in Belarusian journalism from mid-2020 to early 2021. The data come from printed and online sources, in Russian and Belarusian, of various political orientations. It is concluded that the stereotype has acquired a new profile in Belarusian public sphere.
Žeme ‘land, ground, earth’ in Lithuanian literature
Authors: Smetona Marius
Published: October 2021

In Lithuanian literature, žeme ‘land, earth, ground’ is understood as a planet, as one of the four elements, as an element in opposition to water, or as solid ground. It differs from the sky and stands in opposition to it because the sky is good, while žeme is full of things that are unfriendly to people. Žeme is the world with life going on; buildings stand on its surface, people sit, stand or lie on it, etc. It is the most valuable property that can be sold, given, leased, or left as inheritance. People are interested not only in what is going on its surface but also in the layer that is cultivated (soil). People want this layer to grow flowers, trees and grass for them. They find various things in this layer and think that land can hide a lot from them. Žeme is the mother that provides life and shelter after death. It takes care of people, feeds them and talks to them. It also serves as a reference frame on the basis of which people evaluate large and small things or things hanging above it. Žeme can refer to a specific state or a nation that lives in own land, as well as to a person’s native home and lives of their ancestors. Žeme is alive as much as humans are: it has a face, parts of the body and internal organs, it experiences human emotions and has divine powers. Žeme can be of various colours: from the traditional colour of fertile soil, i.e., black, to subtle shades, such as yellowish brown or blue. It is also characterised through most unusual words, such as “sinful”, “juicy”, “slim”, “like caviar” and others. The smell of žeme is also exceptional: it is wet and sour. It smells of oats, barley, summer home – the smell fills people’s hearts with joy, evokes memories and longing.
Dildoshops, Gritty, and Bernie’s Mittens: The Framing of American Politics Through Pop Cultural Memes
Authors: Wurst Christina
Published: October 2021

An unprecedented number of memes emerged in response to the 2020 U.S. presidential elections. This article offers a thematic analysis of a corpus of memes published on Twitter between November 3, 2020 and January 20 2021 in relation to the U.S. presidential election. By further employing a qualitative discourse analysis and close readings of selected examples, this article explores the stances and intertextual references expressed in the memetic discourse. I illustrate which events users engage with, how they frame them using the elements of American pop culture, and the different functions such memes served for different publics. Central events – such as Donald Trump’s press conference in a Four Seasons Total Landscaping parking lot, Joe Biden’s victory and rumors about the Russian president Putin resigning – were commented upon both with broad references to widely popular franchises such as Star Wars and with multi-layered intertextual references to iconography of meme culture such as the Hockey mascot Gritty. Memes exaggerated events for comedic purposes, providing relief after a long time of tension, as well as possibly trivializing and distorting public perception of events. While meme activity peaked on November 6th and 7th, a singular viral meme of Bernie Sanders emerged after Joe Biden’s inauguration, illustrating a different genre of meme as a response to a different political situation in which the political figure serves a wide variety of purposes in commenting upon popular culture. Such memes served to establish a sense of community, agency, and catharsis after the anxieties many Democratic voters experienced prior to the election. These findings present the growing role of popular and fan culture to political discourse on mainstream social media platforms and their varied and highly flexible expression.
Dressed for Work: The Sartorial Representations of Working Women in Early 21st-Century American Primetime Dramas
Authors: Nodżak Emilia
Published: October 2021

The present study is theoretically located in the field of critical feminist studies of the representation of women in the mass media. It discusses the ways in which working women characters construct and express their occupational identity in selected American primetime TV dramas of the early 21st century. The observed strategies, which range from highly restricted self-expression to unbridled sartorial liberty, appear to be heavily correlated with the prestige of the presented occupations and their levels of masculinization/feminization. Moreover, the self-limiting sartorial choices of high-achieving professional women, frequently containing their femininity, result from the competitive nature of prestigious yet traditionally male-gendered occupations. However, it is also pointed out that working women are generally depicted as determined to accentuate the physical aspects of their femininity regardless of the established dress code or traditional gendering of their occupations. Thus, the sartorial choices made by the female characters at the workplace serve in the analyzed TV shows as symbolic manifestations of women’s growing confidence as players on the job market in their own right.
How Damsels Love: The Transgressive Pleasure of Romance
Authors: Ntelia Renata Elizabetta
Published: October 2021

In this article, I look at contemporary romances as a source of transgressive pleasure that may inspire its audience to reject patriarchy. I focus solely on romances between a man and a woman with emphasis on the psychological dimension of the female character upon her trajectory from an object of desire to the man’s ideal partner. I argue that the pleasure of romance is, indeed, a means towards the dismissal of patriarchy. Drawing on feminist theory, I contend that romance constitutes a nucleus of a feminine ideal that women may use as a comparative reference point for their real-life relationships, revealing any problematic and inadequate behavior of real-life partners. Even though romance pertains to the prescripts of patriarchy, I argue that it can be seen as an intertext: a product of the interlanguage used to translate the male discourse to the female bodily experience. In producing and consuming the romance, women can contrast this experience of the feminine ideal with the lack of pleasure patriarchy entails for them. In this respect, the romance possesses a transgressive power that may facilitate women’s realization of their dissatisfaction and the refusal of their role as emotional labor.
Celebrating Indigenous National Cinemas and Narrative Sovereignty through the Creation of Kin Theory, an Indigenous Media Makers Database
Authors: Hurtubise Michelle Y.
Published: October 2021

Indigenous peoples have been misrepresented and underrepresented in media since the dawn of cinema, but they have never stopped telling their own stories and enacting agency. It is past time to recognize them on their own terms. To facilitate that, academics, activists, and industry partners can fund, hire, teach, and share more Black, Indigenous and people of color (BIPOC) led projects. The uniqueness of 2020 with COVID-19, Black Lives Matter and human rights movements, and the move online by many academics and organizations have deepened conversations about systemic inequities, such as those in media industries. To address the often-heard film industry excuse, “I don’t know anyone of color to hire,” the Nia Tero Foundation has created Kin Theory, an Indigenous media makers database, that is having a dynamic, year-long launch in 2021.
Indonesian Teachers’ Perceived Technology Literacy for Enabling Technology-Enhanced English Instruction
Authors: Mainake Eugenie , McCrocklin Shannon M
Published: October 2021

Today, technology plays a pivotal role in language teaching and many teachers are expected to integrate technology into their instruction. Although studies have shown positive results from the incorporation of technology into language learning, many studies have also raised concerns about lack of teacher preparedness to teach with technology. Grounded in the TPACK Framework developed by Koehler and Mishra (2006), the present study examines teachers’ technology literacy for supporting technology-enhanced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction in Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. The participants (n=43) were EFL teachers at public high schools and vocational high schools in Maluku. The data were collected using an online TPACK questionnaire (Schmidt et al. 2009) and semi-structured interviews with EFL teachers. The findings showed teachers’ awareness of the significance of technology use in their EFL instruction. Teachers acknowledged a handful of tools already deployed to improve English skills inside and beyond classrooms, but noted needs for effective CALL enactment, such as continued training and accessible technologies. Based on the findings, recommendations include the provision of training modules for ongoing training of in-service teachers and improved school facilities.
Black Lives Matter on Screen: Trauma of Witnessing Police Brutality in Contemporary American Cinema
Authors: Mączko Małgorzata
Published: October 2021

In the years following the emergence of the Black Lives Matter movement, American cinema was looking for a way to appropriately address the issue of police brutality against people of color. Filmmakers, often inspired by real-life events, began developing stories focused on the trauma of witnessing lethal police violence. Three films released in 2018 – Blindspotting (dir. Carlos López Estrada), Monsters and Men (dir. Reinaldo Marcus Green) and The Hate U Give (dir. George Tillman Jr.)– emphasize how the aftermath of such experiences affects young people of color and their communities. This article aims to explore the role of witness testimony in trauma-centered narratives and examine how the contemporary American cinema visualizes racial trauma. To achieve that, the films will be analyzed within the context of trauma studies, including theories regarding both individual and cultural trauma. Moreover, studies focused on the socialization of Black children will help demonstrate the transgenerational impact of trauma. All three films share common motifs: they represent the psychosomatic aspects of trauma through similar cinematic techniques and see value in witness testimony, even if it requires personal sacrifices from the protagonists. They also portray parents’ worry about their children’s future within a prejudiced system and the struggle to prepare them for it. All these issues have been previously addressed in the public and academic discourse and are now being reflected in cinema. Film proves to be a suitable medium for representing trauma of witnessing police brutality and cinema will most likely remain a vital part of the debate about dismantling racist systems for years to come.
The WELL and Usenet Alternative Newsgroups: Revisiting the Free Speech Revolution on the Electronic Frontier of the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Momméja Julie
Published: October 2021

The democratization of personal computers and their increasing role as tools of individual empowerment, starting in the second half of the 1980s, brought along new ways of interpersonal communication on what was about to be known as cyberspace (Barlow 1990). The examples of The WELL, founded by Larry Brilliant and Stewart Brand in 1985, and of the alt. groups created by John Gilmore (Electronic Frontier Foundation co-founder) and Brian Reid in 1987, both in the San Francisco Bay Area, illustrate new territories of free speech on an electronic frontier under construction (Rheingold 1993; Dyson 1998).
(Im)possible Escape? H. G. Wells, Utopia and the World State
Authors: Klonowska Barbara
Published: October 2021

This article reviews the recent monograph by Maxim Shadurski, The Nationality of Utopia. H. G. Wells, England, and the World State (New York: Routledge, 2020) in the context of utopian studies on the one hand, and the political ideas of the nation state vs. world state on the other.
Multiliteracies as a Landmark to Shape the 21st Century EFL Learners
Authors: Sahli Naima
Published: October 2021

Today's educators should be well-aware of the world of the 21st century; a world that is characterised by a constant technological advancement, a fierce economic competition, a diversified digital village at the end of a fingertip, and unforeseen pandemics and crises. Teachers need to develop innovative methods to allow their learners to successfully cope with the requirements of the 21st century. At present, students are digitally-oriented in need of skills and competencies that empower them to smoothly understand and critically engage in dialogue with the world they live and work in. A vivid incarnation of the principles of multiliteracy approach is the edited book entitled Films, Graphic Novels and Visuals: Developing Multiliteracies in Foreign Language Education- An Interdisciplinary Approach by Daniela Elsner, Sissy Helff and Britta Viebrock.
Enhancing Productive Skills in Plurilingual Educational Settings through Metalinguistic Awareness and Instructional Dialogue
Authors: Lasa-Alvarez Begoña
Published: October 2021

In those educational settings where several languages coexist, strategies such as metalinguistic awareness and instructional dialogue can easily be implemented, in that students are immediately able to observe the similarities and differences between languages. The present article examines metalinguistic awareness and instructional dialogue in detail, through an analysis of the findings of a number of studies. Some specific teaching implications are then exposed for the development of both these strategies. The characteristics of plurilingual educational settings, in which languages can and should be taught in an integrative manner, are addressed, looking particularly at regions and communities in Spain where two co-official languages coexist with one or two foreign languages. The benefits of using the same text in various languages as a teaching and learning resource is then showcased, particularly when students are familiar with it, as we will see in the case of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Finally, the practical implementation of metalinguistic awareness and instructional dialogue is encouraged, essentially to enhance students’ productive skills.
Plant Life and More-than-human Agency in Zainab Amadahy’s Resistance
Authors: Wieczorek Paula
Published: October 2021

For centuries humans have acted as if the environment was passive and as if the agency was related only to human beings. Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous writers, scholars, and artists express the need to narrate tales about the multitudes of the living earth, which can help perceive the Earth as vibrant and living. The following paper discusses Black/Cherokee Zainab Amadahy’s speculative fiction novel 2013 Resistance as an example of a story resisting the claim about human beings as the ultimate species. The paper initially scrutinizes the phenomena of “plant blindness” and then explores how Zainab Amadahy illustrates plant life in her book. Unlike in traditional literary depictions of botany, the writer presents tobacco as an active and responsive agent that influences the characters, which, consequently, opposes anthropocentrism. The article also addresses the cultural violence and disregard that has dominated the Western perception of animistic cultures and expresses the need to rethink the theory of animism. This paper draws from posthumanist writings by scholars including Donna Haraway, Bruno Latour, Jane Bennett, and Stacy Alaimo. It also refers to some of the most influential contributions to critical plant studies made by Indigenous thinkers such as Robin Wall Kimmerer’ s Braiding Sweetgrass (2013).
A Power Shrouded in Petticoats and Lace: The Representation of Gender Roles in Assassin’s Creed III: Liberation
Authors: Steenbakker Margaret
Published: October 2021

This article explores the gendered narrative in the video game Assassin’s Creed III: Liberation. Using this game as its main case study, it addresses the question in which ways the game developers have conceptualized gender, race, and gender performance in the video game. It does so from an intersectional point of view. After establishing Assassin’s Creed III: Liberation as a prime example of the trend to include more female characters in games during recent years, I will argue that this game includes a complex rhetoric that not only perpetuates stereotypical notions regarding gender, but also fails to acknowledge issues regarding its main protagonist’s skin color in the historical reality the game wishes to emulate.
Mardin (Türkiye) Geofitleri Üzerine Etnobotanik Bir Araştırma
Authors: BALOS Mehmet Maruf , AKAN Hasan , GEÇİT Musa
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışmada, 2019-2021 yıllarında Mardin’in 9 ilçesine bağlı 18 farklı yerleşim yeri gezilmiş ve toplam 61 kaynak kişi ile görüşülmüştür. Yörede Kürt, Türk, Arap, Süryani gibi farklı etnik gruplar olduğundan, farklı kültürel gruplardan kişiler seçilerek etnobotanik içerikli görüşmeler yapılmıştır. 18-85 yaş arasındaki kaynak kişilerle görüşmeler sağlanmış, farklı eğitim düzeyleri ve farklı yaş grupları tercih edilmiştir. Yapılan etnobotanik araştırmada 18 familya ve 28 cinse ait 61 geofit taksonun etnobotanik özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Familya bazında en fazla kullanım Amaryllidaceae (13), Iridaceae (12), Araceae (7); cins bazında ise en fazla kullanım; Allium (10), Iris (6) ve Crocus (4) olarak belirlenmiştir.
Editorial
Authors: Betancourt De Arco Ramon Ernesto
Published: October 2021

La academia debe retomar su liderazgo en la ilustración, orientación y conducción de las diversas tendencias globales, regionales y locales, las cuales están estructurando las variadas formas de vivir del ciudadano en su entorno social y en todos aquellos campos propios que se enriquecen con sus resultados y estudios. El liderazgo y espacio de esta, se ha visto desplazado por la adopción de corrientes tempranas que no edifican el verdadero papel de la formación integral y que no se reflejan en la toma de acertadas directrices sociales, políticas y económicas que mejoren, armonicen e interpreten el cambio global del pensamiento humano, el cual acude al seguimiento de patrones alejados de la humanización, la cultura y el conocimiento.
Eficiencia y Productividad en el Apoyo del Sistema Universitario Estatal -SUE- Para el Fomento de la Permanencia Estudiantil
Authors: Maza Ávila Francisco Javier , Gavalo Rodríguez Kiu-Tiki , Figueroa González María Camila
Published: October 2021

Alcanzar altos niveles de bienestar social, crecimiento y desarrollo económico en una nación, implica dirigir los esfuerzos guberna­mentales hacía la construcción de una socie­dad cada vez más educada (UNAM, 2012). En Colombia, la educación está contemplada en el artículo 67 de la Constitución Política como un derecho de la persona y un servicio completamente gratuito en instituciones del Estado (Batista y Ortiz, 2013). Su financia­ción se realiza por medio de transferencias de recursos por parte del Estado – captados por concepto de impuestos, regalías, multas, entre otros - a las entidades territoriales, a tra­vés del Sistema General de Participaciones SGP- (Dirección Nacional de Planeación, 2016).
¿Pueden Conjugarse Interés Pedagógico y Actividad Científica de Impacto Sociojurídico en las Clínicas y Consultorios Jurídicos Adscritos a los Programas de Derecho? Experiencias y Recomendaciones
Authors: Machado Jiménez José Alejandro
Published: October 2021

El 10 de marzo del año 2016 Carlos Mario Molina, siendo director ejecutivo de Acofa­de, publica en el informativo de editorial Le­gis “Ámbito Jurídico” un informe que titula: ¿El fin de los consultorios jurídicos de las fa­cultades de derecho? El informe presenta las intenciones del gobierno nacional de: “desa­rrollar mejores capacidades de aprendizaje, lo que correspondería a una mejor adapta­ción a las nuevas realidades jurídicas y socia­les, que aproximaría los futuros abogados a las nuevas tecnologías y a la realidad laboral y social del país”. La percepción que tiene el gobierno, según el informe de Molina, es que los aprendizajes que se han venido desarro­llando en los consultorios jurídicos adscritos a los programas de Derecho han sido “un paso inocuo en la formación universitaria”.