bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved global remote-sensing-based surface soil moisture (RSSSM) dataset covering 2003–2018
Authors: Chen Yongzhe , Feng Xiaoming , Fu Bojie
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Soil moisture is an important variable linking the
atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. However, long-term satellite
monitoring of surface soil moisture at the global scale needs improvement.
In this study, we conducted data calibration and data fusion of 11
well-acknowledged microwave remote-sensing soil moisture products since 2003
through a neural network approach, with Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)
soil moisture data applied as the primary training target. The training
efficiency was high (R2=0.95) due to the selection of nine quality
impact factors of microwave soil moisture products and the complicated
organizational structure of multiple neural networks (five rounds of iterative
simulations, eight substeps, 67 independent neural networks, and more than 1
million localized subnetworks). Then, we developed the global remote-sensing-based surface soil moisture dataset (RSSSM) covering
2003–2018 at 0.1∘ resolution. The temporal
resolution is approximately 10 d, meaning that three data records are
obtained within a month, for days 1–10, 11–20,
and from the 21st to the last day of that month. RSSSM is proven comparable to the
in situ surface soil moisture measurements of the International Soil
Moisture Network sites (overall R2 and RMSE values of 0.42 and 0.087 m3 m−3), while the overall R2 and RMSE values for the existing
popular similar products are usually within the ranges of
0.31–0.41 and 0.095–0.142 m3 m−3),
respectively. RSSSM generally presents advantages over other products in
arid and relatively cold areas, which is probably because of the difficulty
in simulating the impacts of thawing and transient precipitation on soil
moisture, and during the growing seasons. Moreover, the persistent high
quality during 2003–2018 as well as the complete spatial
coverage ensure the applicability of RSSSM to studies on both the spatial
and temporal patterns (e.g. long-term trend). RSSSM data suggest an
increase in the global mean surface soil moisture. Moreover, without
considering the deserts and rainforests, the surface soil moisture loss on
consecutive rainless days is highest in summer over the low latitudes
(30∘ S–30∘ N) but mostly in winter over
the mid-latitudes (30–60∘ N,
30–60∘ S). Notably, the error
propagation is well controlled with the extension of the simulation period
to the past, indicating that the data fusion algorithm proposed here will be
more meaningful in the future when more advanced microwave sensors become
operational. RSSSM data can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.912597 (Chen, 2020).
Copula-based synthetic data generation for machine learning emulators
in weather and climate: application to a simple radiation model
Authors: Meyer David , Nagler Thomas , Hogan Robin J.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Can we improve machine learning (ML) emulators with synthetic data? The use of real data for training ML models is often the cause of major limitations. For example, real data may be (a) only representative of a subset of situations and domains, (b) expensive to source, (c) limited to specific individuals due to licensing restrictions. Although the use of synthetic data is becoming increasingly popular in computer vision, the training of ML emulators in weather and climate still relies on the use of real data datasets. Here we investigate whether the use of copula-based synthetically-augmented datasets improves the prediction of ML emulators for estimating the downwelling longwave radiation. Results show that bulk errors are cut by up to 75 % for the mean bias error (from 0.08 to −0.02 W m−2) and by up to 62 % (from 1.17 to 0.44 W m−2) for the mean absolute error, thus showing potential for improving the generalization of future ML emulators.
A seasonal algorithm of the snow-covered area fraction for
mountainous terrain
Authors: Helbig Nora , Schirmer Michael , Magnusson Jan , Mäder Flavia , van Herwijnen Alec , Quéno Louis , Bühler Yves , Deems Jeff S. , Gascoin Simon
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The snow cover spatial variability in mountainous terrain changes considerably over the course of a snow season. In this context, fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) is therefore an essential model parameter characterizing how much of the ground surface in a grid cell is currently covered by snow. We present a seasonal fSCA algorithm using a recent scale-independent fSCA parameterization. For the seasonal implementation we track snow depth (HS) and snow water equivalent (SWE) and account for several alternating accumulation-ablation phases. Besides tracking HS and SWE, the seasonal fSCA algorithm only requires computing subgrid terrain parameters from a fine-scale summer digital elevation model. We implemented the new algorithm in a multilayer energy balance snow cover model. For a spatiotemporal evaluation of modelled fSCA we compiled three independent fSCA data sets. Evaluating modelled 1 km fSCA seasonally with fSCA derived from airborne-acquired fine-scale HS data, satellite- as well as terrestrial camera-derived fSCA showed overall normalized root mean square errors of respectively 9 %, 20 % and 22 %, and represented seasonal trends well. The overall good model performance suggests that the seasonal fSCA algorithm can be applied in other geographic regions by any snow model application.
Reseña. Ramiro Zó. El corazón de la escritura: la novela latinoamericana. Mendoza: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 2019
Authors: Torres Verónica Haydeé
Published: January 2021

Reseña. Ramiro Zó. El corazón de la escritura: la novela latinoamericana. Mendoza: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 2019
El periodismo literario del conflicto en Colombia: Olga Behar, El clan de los doce apóstoles y María T. Ronderos, Guerras recicladas
Authors: Sánchez-Blake Elvira Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

El conflicto armado en Colombia ha generado un flujo de material periodístico y literario que intenta entender y reflexionar sobre la violencia que permea el país. Contar los hechos se ha convertido en un deber, y analizarlos a la luz de la verdad, en una responsabilidad. Este ensayo analiza dos obras representativas del periodismo literario que han generado impacto en la opinión pública y que a la vez han develado asuntos de trascendencia en el acontecer nacional en los años recientes:  El clan de los doce apóstoles de Olga Behar (Icono, 2011) y Guerras recicladas: una historia periodística del paramilitarismo en Colombia de María Teresa Ronderos (Aguilar, 2014). El objetivo es explorar las técnicas narrativas que utilizan las autoras para generar conciencia crítica sobre uno de los movimientos que tuvo mayor impacto en el conflicto armado en Colombia, el paramilitarismo. Se analizan las técnicas narrativas a partir de los conceptos studium y punctum planteados por Roland Barthes en Camera Lucida como estrategias discursivas para transmitir un mensaje poderoso sobre la realidad colombiana.
Pilar Quintana y Melba Escobar. Disensos y consensos en las novelas La perra (2017) y La mujer que hablaba sola (2019).
Authors: Español Casallas Janneth
Published: January 2021

Las poéticas de Pilar Quintana (1972) y de Melba Escobar (1976) ubican al lector en un espacio y tiempo reconocibles: se enraízan en regiones de Colombia y en problemáticas sociales contemporáneas. A ambas autoras les interesa tejer la estética de su ficción enfocando el punto de vista de las mujeres y su diferenciación en la escala social por razones de raza y clase. Sin embargo, afirmamos que la propuesta ético-estética de cada una de las autoras es bien diferente y que cada una de ellas configura una manera particular de comprender la violencia y el papel de la mujer en los conflictos sociales. Acudiendo a ideas y conceptos devenidos del feminismo este artículo pretende exponer las afinidades y diferencias entre las poéticas de cada una de las autoras e interpretar los disensos (Rancière) o formas en que cada una de ellas configura en su trabajo de ficción jerarquías, marcos de referencias, formas de interpretación o representaciones tradicionales de las mujeres.
Representar la violencia. Aproximaciones literarias al Conflicto Armado colombiano
Authors: Ramírez López Wilmar A. , Capote Díaz Virginia
Published: January 2021

Introducción
A new methodology to assess landscape reserves in Lithuania
Authors: Jasinavičiūtė Agnė , Veteikis Darijus
Published: January 2021

The first state reserve in Lithuania was established in 1960; however, no detailed assessments of changes in the state of the protected values therein have been performed ever since. Landscape reserves are the most complex ones and they pursue the twofold goal – to conserve the values and to use them sustainably. In order to be resilient themselves, thus contributing to broader objectives of social-ecological resilience, the reserves should be able to adapt to ever-changing social and ecological conditions in a way that supports the long-term persistence of population, communities, and ecosystems of conservation concern. Therefore, it is necessary to update information on the status of values protected in the reserves. The article addresses this need by offering a concise and user-friendly methodology for assessing the status of landscape reserves. The methodology focuses on three main components: (1) general features of the landscape structure, (2) the effectiveness of protection of values and (3) the pressures and threats they experience. Two state landscape reserves were selected for testing the applicability of the methodology: one in Vilnius city, the other 50 km to the west, in the countryside. Application of the common methodology will allow to assess the condition of landscape reserves in the country. Further development of the methodology could include evaluation of external pressures (e.g. urbanization) as well as addition of remote sensing techniques.
INTERNET BASED DATA AS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR TRACKING INFECTIOUS DISEASE DYNAMICS
Authors:   Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria., Todorova Tatina T. , Tsankova Gabriela S. ,   Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria., Ermenlieva Neli M. ,   Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Digital epidemiology (using Internet data as an epidemiological tool) is one of the most concurrent and novel approaches in the field of infectious disease tracking. We aimed to see if the disease-related information seeking via one of the most popular search engine (Google) correlates with the real varicella epidemiology in Bulgaria. Material/Methods: We compared the relative search index obtained by Google Trends with a keyword ‘varicella’ and the real incidence data for 2016-2018 in Bulgaria. Correlation analysis and t-test were used to see for association and difference in the means. Additionally, we summarized what type of information people find when searching for ‘varicella’. Results: Dynamics of Google Trends with search term ‘varicella’ followed almost exactly the real dynamics of reported varicella cases in Bulgaria (Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.85). The seasonality and the regional spread of varicella infection were also confirmed by the digital epidemiology (Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the search index and the monthly cases was 0.93 and between the search index and the individual district incidence was 0.35). The majority of the information found by people during the seasonal varicella outbreaks was scientifically relevant and correct. Conclusions: Digital data received by non-epidemiological methods could be successfully used to study varicella dynamics, as high correlation exists between the data collected via the traditional methods and via the new, digital methodology.
SIMILARLY HIGH SEROPREVALENCE OF ANTI-HELICOBACTER PYLORI ANTIBODIES IN MEN AND WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT IDIOPATHIC INFERTILITY
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria., Andreeva-Gateva Pavlina , Masseva Anna ,   University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology "Maichin Dom", Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Published: January 2021

Our study aimed to compare the seroprevalence of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies in patients with and without unexplained infertility. Three groups were compared, i.e., patients with idiopathic infertility (Group A, n=105); fertile patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases (Group B, n=105) and fertile subjects lacking H. pylori-related disease (Group C, n=105). Anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) and anti- H. pylori antibodies (AHPA) were evaluated. Similarly high seroprevalence of AHPA in all studied patients was found (p>0.05). Odds ratio calculated against infertility for AHPA-positive patients was 0.97 (95% confidential interval from 0.57 to 1.68, p=0.113). The AHPA-seroprevalence of samples from men was 1.3 - 1.8 times higher than those from women. Also, for ASA-seroprevalence, the men-to-women ratio was up to 2 times higher. We calculated the odds ratio for male and female groups separately and again did not obtain statistical significance in the odds ratios neither for men nor for women. Our findings failed to reveal H. pylori seropositivity as a possible risk factor for idiopathic infertility neither in men nor in women.
Profile of gestational syphilis in the state of Paraná between 2010 and 2018
Authors: Hayashida Mariana Rie , Hirota Michely Mika , Mizoguti Nathália Nakase , Ito Fernanda Yuki , Gonçalves Maryna Rodrigues , Gonçalves Mayara Rodrigues , Nasr Acácia Maria Lourenço Francisco
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Gestational syphilis is responsible for increased fetal morbidity and mortality. It is related to intrauterine and neonatal complications, with vertical transmission being the most severe outcome. Screening and treatments are part of the prenatal routine. Objective: To describe the profile of gestational syphilis by state, regional incidence, time of diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, and observational study developed with secondary data from the National System of Notification of Disorders (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN), to evaluate the variables: region, trimester of diagnosis and treatment of gestational syphilis. Results: Between 2010–2018, Paraná recorded 12,011 cases of gestational syphilis, corresponding to 8.5 per 1,000 live births. There was an increase in the number of cases across the state. Among infected pregnant women, most were between 20–29 years old (50.6%). Of the diagnoses, 43.6% were performed in the first trimester of pregnancy and 26.6% in the second. The most widely used treatment regimen was benzathine penicillin G 7,200,000 IU (63.7%). Conclusion: There was an increase in gestational syphilis in Paraná, however, there was greater effectiveness in diagnosis and treatment, with greater detection in the first trimester of pregnancy and prevalence of use of benzathine penicillin G. The study highlights the importance of correct clinical management and early detection, measures that prevent vertical transmission.
Study of reliability and concordance between two VDRL tests for syphilis investigation in
patients with HIV followed-up at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro in 2017–2019
Authors: Rangel Isabelle de Carvalho , Carvalho Ricardo de Souza , Gonzalez Mauricéa Francisco da Silva Romero , Loureço Patrick Menezes , Azevedo Beatriz Pereira de , Ferry Fernando Raphael de Almeida
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis is given by a positive treponemal test and a non-treponemal test, with VDRL (Veneral Disease Research Laboratory) being the “gold standard”.
Objective: To compare two tests commercially validated for biological fluids and analyzed by different operators, in order to assess their performance in detecting high (≥:8) and low (≤1:2) titrations, as well as to determine the agreement between results in paired serum samples from patients with syphilis and living with HIV.
Methods: Cross-sectional study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the teaching hospital Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), under CAAE 66558117.0.0000.5258. The study population was composed by patients diagnosed with syphilis and confirmed by the positivity of one or more treponemal tests. All samples were analyzed simultaneously by two different operators, each using a kit: VDRL WAMA Diagnóstica®, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; VDRL Brás, Laborclin®, Pinhais, PR, Brazil. The SPSS statistical program was used. Results: 110 serum samples from patients diagnosed with syphilis treated at HUGG were analyzed. The frequency of high VDRL titrations among patients, following the VDRL criterion ≥1:8, was practically the same in both tests, with 68% in VDRL Laborclin and 69% in VDRL WAMA (p = 0.87) and VDRL ≤1:2, 80% for WAMA and 83% for Laborclin (p = 0.72). The results of VDRL were tabulated in pairs; then the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of agreement was calculated (Κ) 0.32 (95%CI 0.21–0.41; p<0.00001), as well as the weighted Kappa (Kw) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.89 (95%CI 0.84–0.92; p<0.00001). The Bland-Altman diagram was also used. We found poor agreement between the VDRL tests when results were nominally concordant, that is, with the same titles in both tests. However, if partial agreement is considered, the interpretation of the magnitude of agreement estimators was almost complete (≥0.80). Conclusion: Reliability and agreement were high between the VDRL tests of both manufacturers when considering the close titrations (up to two dilutions). Further reliability and agreement studies are essential between the non-treponemal tests available and used in Brazil.
The influence of genitalis odors to women’s life
Authors: Giraldo Paulo Cesar , Amaral Rose Luce do , Gonçalvez Ana Katherine Silveira
Published: January 2021

Objective: To study current knowledge about genital odors by narrative review and suggest a scientifically validated approach to the problem. Methods: Narrative review taking into account articles published in the last 15 years. Results: Vaginal infections and/or dysbioses are the main causes of bad genital odor, with bacterial vaginosis (BV) being the most frequent finding. The change in the body’s smell can be caused by several factors that include everything from food to stress. As the cases of vaginal dysbioses are becoming more and more frequent and the treatments usually recommended do not always solve the problem, the use of vaginal acidifiers has become more recurrent to rebalance the vulvovaginal pH. Despite this, there is not yet a scientifically validated approach to identifying the cause of the odor. Conclusion: Female genital malodor affects women’s quality of life and should be investigated and treated accordingly.
Las representaciones sociales de profesores y profesoras sobre la inclusión de niños y niñas indígenas y con discapacidad en dos escuelas de educación primaria de Oaxaca, México
Authors: Victoria Gloria
Published: January 2021

Las niñas y niños indígenas con discapacidad hoy día son sujetos de derecho. Diferentes documentos nacionales e internacionales reconocen los derechos de las personas con discapacidad para su acceso y participación en los diferentes ámbitos sociales, como el acceso a la educación inclusiva en los sistemas de las escuelas indígenas regulares. El estudio se centró en el paradigma cualitativo desde un enfoque comprensivo interpretativo, lo que permitió captar y develar la realidad social de los docentes mediante entrevista en profundidad. Los hallazgos encontrados están centrados en las representaciones de los docentes, a partir de las experiencias para atender a los niños y niñas en situación de discapacidad, algunas de ellas: escasa formación profesional y capacitación recibida, las dificultades en su práctica pedagógica, las posibles causas atribuidas del padecimiento que sufren los educandos, las características de las dificultades que ellos y ellas portan, el contexto familiar en las comunidades indígenas. Asimismo, las dificultades que tienen ante el desafío de tener alumnos/as en el espacio áulico regular.
ANÁLISE TEMPORAL DA COBERTURA FLORESTAL E USO DA TERRA NA APA DE GUARATUBA – PR
Authors: Heimann Jaqueline De Paula , De Jesus Júnior Francelino Sczanoski
Published: January 2021

O crescimento e ocupação desordenada das terras contribuem para a perda de diversidade biológica nos biomas brasileiros. A criação de áreas especialmente protegidas, como as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental, unidades de conservação da categoria uso sustentável, consiste em um instrumento eficiente para frear tal cenário. Nesse sentido, a APA de Guaratuba, no estado do Paraná, desempenha importante papel de proteção da biodiversidade e controle da ocupação deste espaço, no entanto, é essencial que existam mecanismos de avaliação periódica do seu estado de conservação, por meio da identificação de ameaças que possam surgir à área protegida. Deste modo, o presente estudo objetivou quantificar a dinâmica da ocupação da terra na Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guaratuba – PR. Mapas temáticos de classificação da cobertura da terra foram elaborados para os anos de 1992 e 2017, no intuito de analisar as alterações ocorridas na área de estudo neste mesmo período. Foram utilizadas imagens a partir do TM Landsat, realizou-se a correção atmosférica das imagens com base no método Dark Object Subtraction (DOS). O sistema de projeção adotado foi o Universal Transversa de Mercator – UTM, fuso 22 Sul, Datum WGS-84. Foram definidas as classes de uso e iniciou-se o processo de classificação das imagens, empregando o Software ArcGis para a classificação supervisionada, a partir do algoritmo Maximum Likelihood – Maxver. Os resultados mostram que, ao longo dos 25 anos as áreas ocupadas por floresta nativa, agricultura e áreas consolidadas aumentaram, ao passo que as áreas ocupadas com água, campos, mangue e reflorestamentos diminuíram. Os coeficientes Kappa determinados para as classificações tanto de 1992 quanto 2017 apresentaram qualidade “muito boa” ou “concordância substancial”, confirmando a acurácia da amostragem. Conclui-se que as principais modificações ocorreram nas classes agricultura e reflorestamento, havendo o aumento das áreas utilizadas para agricultura (0,60%) e diminuição dos reflorestamentos (-0,61%).
O LUGAR DA LÍNGUA MATERNA NO ENSINO DE LÍNGUAS ESTRANGEIRAS: ALGUMAS REPRESENTAÇÕES DE PROFESSORES
Authors: De Morais Filho Emerson Patrício , Pinheiro-Mariz Josilene
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as representações dos professores de Línguas Estrangeiras (LE) a respeito do lugar da língua materna (LM) e de outras LE nas atividades docentes. Para isso, aplicamos um questionário elaborado na plataforma do Google Docs (Formulários Google), que foi enviado para o e-mail dos participantes desta investigação, em todo os estados do Brasil. Portanto, nossa pesquisa é de levantamento e o corpuspara a análise é constituído por 167 questionários. Os participantes são professores de oito línguas distintas (inglês, francês, espanhol, português, italiano, alemão, russo e língua brasileira de sinais - LIBRAS). Nossa análise foi realizada à luz de fundamentos da psicologia social, com base em Moscovici (2007);na sociolinguística, com Castellotti e Moore (2002), e na Didática de Línguas, com base em De Carlo (2011) e Coste, Moore e Zarate ([1997] 2009). Os resultados demonstram que, mesmo que alguns professores tenham certo bloqueio ou resistência em se apoiar na LM, a maioria reconhece a importância do papel desta e de outras LE, sobretudo as românicas, nas atividades em sala de aula, o que é relevante, em se tratando do nosso contexto linguístico de língua portuguesa.
A MULHER E A POLÍTICA NO CONTINUUM DA QUALIFICAÇÃO EPISTÊMICA
Authors: Santos Aline Rodrigues dos
Published: January 2021

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a manifestação da modalidade epistêmica na constituição da posição sujeito das candidatas à vice-presidência da república. As perguntas e respostas recortadas do corpus referem-se ao debate político que ocorreu no dia 28 de setembro de 2018, entre as candidatas à vice-presidência do Brasil das eleições desse mesmo ano. As perguntas e respostas selecionadas têm como temática a participação da mulher na política, já que tal debate é um acontecimento histórico e discursivo por ser o primeiro que reuniu o significante número de quatro mulheres candidatas, ao que a mídia denominou “onda de vices mulheres”. Foi possível observar que a maioria delas, na maior parte das vezes, inscreve seus enunciados em baixos graus de comprometimento e no nível das possibilidades, já que a participação feminina na candidatura ao cargo de vice-presidente em número tão significativo ainda era algo inédito e a posição sujeito mulher política se faz e se fez nos entremeios dos espaços público e privado.
IEMANJÁ E IANSÃ NA SALA DE AULA: DIÁLOGOS SOBRE RELIGIÃO AFRICANA NA LITERATURA JUVENIL BRASILEIRA
Authors: Donadoni Marcilene Moreira
Published: January 2021

Baseado na determinação da Lei nº 10.639, de 9 de janeiro de 2003, acerca do ensino de História e Cultura Afro-brasileira, este trabalho apresenta uma descrição das aulas de literatura desenvolvidas por meio da leitura de textos afro-brasileiros de temática religiosa. Para tanto, analisar-se-á a recepção de dois contos curtos: “A pele de Oiá-Iansã”, de Celso Sisto, e “A punição de Iemanjá”, de Adilson Martins, realizadas por meio de atividades de leitura e produção de texto aplicadas ao 2º ano do Ensino Médio, da Escola Estadual Edwards Corrêa e Souza, localizada no município de Três Lagoas (MS). Assim, ancorados metodologicamente nos pressupostos teóricos de Bonnici (2011), Conceição (2016), Mariosa e Reis (2011), Mereilles (2012) e Oliveira (2013), propomos discutir o papel da escola e da literatura na formação da identidade dos estudantes praticantes das religiões de matriz africana - candomblé e umbanda. Dessa forma, verificamos a partir da pesquisa-ação que esse perfil de estudantes se encontra silenciado e oprimido em contexto escolar. Logo, traçamos sequências didáticas que permitiram atenuar essa condição, destacando a importância da luta social das personagens negras Iemanjá e Iansã.
"SE NÃO SOU MEXICANO, O QUE EU SOU?": REFLEXÕES SOBRE O ECÓTONO/LA FRONTERA EM ARISTÓTELES E DANTE DESCOBREM OS SEGREDOS DO UNIVERSO
Authors: Medeiros Matheus Da Silva
Published: January 2021

A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar uma leitura da obra Aristóteles e Dante descobrem os segredos do universo, de Benjamin Alire Sáenz. Com base nos pressupostos teóricos dos Estudos Culturais, analiso os conflitos identitários vivenciados pelas duas principais personagens da narrativa: Aristóteles Mendoza e Dante Quintana. Os fantasmas do irmão Bernardo e de tia Ophelia, que assombram a família dos Mendoza, colocam em evidência o patriarcalismo, o machismo e a heteronormatividade presentes na comunidade chicana, que levam Ari à homofobia internalizada. Dante, por sua vez, apesar de ter nascido em uma família de origem mexicana, sente-se como se fosse um mexicano “incompleto”, um outsider na sua própria família. Tomando como base o texto Borderlands/La Frontera, de Anzaldúa, analiso que tanto Ari quanto Dante enfrentam dificuldades relativas à internalização de fronteiras: no caso de Ari, das fronteiras do domínio da normalidade fundado pela heteronormatividade; e no caso de Dante, da herida abierta (ANZALDÚA, 1987) que é a fronteira México-Estados Unidos.
“EU APOSTO 1 DÓLAR QUE VOCÊ NÃO ENTENDEU 99% DO QUE EU ESCREVI”: SOBRE POSICIONAMENTOS IDENTITÁRIOS, FACEBOOK E PRÁTICAS COMUNICATIVAS DE SUJEITOS MULTILÍNGUES
Authors: Oliveira do Espírito Santo Diogo
Published: January 2021

Este artigo investiga as formas através das quais sujeitos multilíngues empregam uma variedade de recursos linguístico-semióticos como um ato de posicionamento em interações no Facebook. Parte-se dos conceitos de posição e posicionamento (HARRÉ; VAN LANGENHOVE, 1999), posturas (BARTON; LEE, 2015) e práticas translíngues ou translinguagem (CANAGARAJAH, 2013; GARCÍA; WEI, 2014; ROCHA; MACIEL, 2015) para se discutir práticas comunicativas em que sujeitos negociam diferentes posições identitárias. Para isso, dados de uma pesquisa de natureza netnográfica (KOZINETS, 2010; 2020) servirão de base para a análise de um post de Facebook, bem como para apresentar o contexto da investigação e o sujeito participante. Exploram-se, portanto, as possibilidades oferecidas por perspectivas pós-estruturalistas e discursivas para a compreensão dos processos de negociação identitária marcados por espaços digitais de ação pela linguagem.
ENTRE SEGUIR E QUEBRAR PARADIGMAS NO ENSINO DE IDIOMAS: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA NA ATIVIDADE DOCENTE DO CELIN UFPR
Authors: Schmicheck João Victor , Lesskiu Marena Carolina
Published: January 2021

O Centro de Línguas e Interculturalidade (Celin) da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) foi criado como um espaço para a formação inicial e continuada de professores de línguas e para promover a democratização do ensino e aprendizado de idiomas em Curitiba. Todavia, autores como Halu e Fogaça (2018) evidenciam uma adequação dos cursos do Celin aos modelos pedagógicos tradicionais e apontam um possível distanciamento dos objetivos iniciais da instituição. De modo a investigar essa questão, realizamos um estudo etnográfico que se dividiu em duas frentes: i) a percepção dos alunos quanto à metodologia utilizada nos cursos de inglês do Celin, bem como as formas de avaliação realizadas e a estrutura do curso; ii) a visão dos alunos quanto à figura do professor estagiário. Discutimos essas questões por meio de reflexões e análises de dados gerados por um questionário e uma roda de conversa realizados com alunos da área de inglês entre 2018 e 2019. Os resultados nos mostram que existem diversos estereótipos a respeito dos estagiários e que elementos de uma concepção estruturalista de língua podem ser observados, mas que o Celin continua a ser um espaço democrático de ensino e aprendizado, formação e constante reflexão.
WHO IS AFRAID OF GENDER?: STUDENTS’ RESISTANCE TO CRITICAL LANGUAGE TEACHING IN REACTIONARY TIMES
Authors: Da Silva Leonardo
Published: January 2021

This article reports on an action-research conducted by a teacher-researcher with a group of 20 high school students taking the English subject in a federal school in Southern Brazil. Based on the principles of both Task-based language teaching and Critical Pedagogy, critical tasks focusing on gender in the world of work were designed and implemented by the teacher-researcher. Data was collected through students’ questionnaires and interviews, and my self-report diaries. The thematic analysis of the data revealed students’ resistance to the theme approached in the critical tasks. The study points out that students’ opposition to critical reflection seems to be connected to the fact that critical classes deviate from their expectations of what teaching is, since critical teaching moves away from the traditional banking education. A critical understanding of students’ contexts (including the macro sociopolitical scenario) is necessary so that rejection may become resistance towards freedom and social justice.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Gonçalves Alison Roberto , Martinez Juliana Zeggio
Published: January 2021

O presente número de fluxo contínuo da Revista X, gerado em plena pandemia da COVID-19, é composto por significativo número de artigos e relatos de experiência, abrangendo os Estudos da Linguagem, bem como os Estudos Literários e Culturais. O volume atípico de contribuições recebido para esta edição pode ser interpretado como evidência de que, no ato de isolamento forçado, necessário para evitar o aumento de contaminações pelo vírus que até então assombra o Brasil, as pesquisadoras e pesquisadores de Letras e áreas afins buscaram refúgio no exercício acadêmico. Esperamos, assim, que a coletânea de textos compilada neste número seja novo refúgio para leitoras e leitores enquanto buscamos alternativas para que a vida acadêmica e social sobrevivam no contexto pandêmico.
İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Uzmanlık Öğrencilerinin Çevrimiçi Gelişim Sınavlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Öztürk Kaygusuz Türkkan , Karabay Oğuz
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Progressive examinations are required to monitor the development of research assistants in the field of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. However, the preparation, conduct and evaluation of these exams also require especial features and experience. In this study, it was aimed to review the experience obtained in the online progressive exams of research assistants conducted by the education commission (EMEK) in the field of IDCM specialization. Materials and Methods: There are two online formative exams per year for research assistants in the IDCM field. In this study, the examinations between 2014-2018 were evaluated. The validity and reliability analyses for each exam were performed, and the difficulty and discrimination indexes of the questions were calculated. Topics with the least correct answers were determined. Results: Over the years, an increase in the number of research assistants was observed. The internal consistency coefficient of the exams was the lowest of the cronbach alpha value of 0.69 and the highest of 0.92. Mean score of the exam was over 69. It was seen that some questions need to be revised in order to be transferred to the question bank. Although clinically rare diseases and basic microbiology questions were answered less frequently, the rate of responding to diseases that are frequently seen in the clinic was higher. Conclusion: In specialist training, online progressive exams facilitate broad-based measurement and evaluation at national level. With the increase of our online exam experience, we can see that there are still aspects that need improvement.
O jornalismo estampa a miséria: encarceramento identitário e ‘espetacularização’ da pobreza
Authors: Gould Luiza , Felix Carla Baiense
Published: January 2021

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a “espetacularização” da pobreza na mídia e suas implicações éticas e sociais. Amparado pelos conceitos de espetáculo (DEBORD, 1997 [1967]) e pseudoconcreticidade (KOSIK, 1976), analisa a exposição de sujeitos miseráveis em três reportagens publicadas nos anos 1960 pela revista norte-americana Life e pela brasileira O Cruzeiro. Buscamos entender os objetivos da mídia ao fazer com que marginalizados sociais sejam retirados da invisibilidade e apontar as possíveis consequências do “feixe de luz” (FOUCAULT, 2006 [1977]) sobre corpos marcados pela pobreza. Para tanto, o trabalho discute o “universo carcerário” (BENJAMIN, 1987 [1985]) em que esses personagens são encerrados nas narrativas e o papel da midiatização (SODRÉ, 2002) na sua constituição social.
A sub-representatividade de mulheres negras e orientais em capas de revistas brasileiras voltadas ao público feminino
Authors: Freitas Marcel de Almeida
Published: January 2021

O texto traz reflexões sobre alguns motivos culturais e mercadológicos para a quase nula presença de negras e orientais nas capas de revistas brasileiras voltadas para o público feminino. O artigo parte de um “mito” vigente na Publicidade segundo o qual “negro não vende” e, buscando desconstruir essa crença, apresenta uma enquete para averiguar se realmente o público feminino rechaça personalidades negras e orientais nas capas de revistas. Foram entrevistadas 100 universitárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e o resultado aponta que não há rejeição de personalidades orientais e negras nesta amostra em particular. Por fim, o texto cogita se não seriam as redações das grandes publicações que impõem modelos caucasianas atendendo a solicitações de mercado.
De quem é a culpa? Argumentos e estratégias retóricas iniciais de youtubers da Nova Direita sobre o coronavírus
Authors: Kleina Nilton Cesar Monastier , Sampaio Rafael Cardoso
Published: January 2021

O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a perspectiva da Retórica em vídeos em formato de vlog de youtubers alinhados à Nova Direita no Brasil, que trataram da pandemia da COVID-19 e reflexos dela na política nacional. Foram selecionados dez vídeos, analisados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo com elementos da Análise Retórica. Objetiva-se compreender a construção e a intenção persuasiva do conteúdo, identificando argumentos comuns e como eles são empregados. Como resultado inicial, nota-se que as estratégias argumentativas são dispersas, do apontamento de inimigos à defesa de medidas tomadas pelo governo.
Subject Matter Knowledge of Geometry Needed in Tasks of Teaching: Relationship to Prior Geometry Teaching Experience
Authors: Ko Inah , Herbst Patricio
Published: January 2021

This study proposestask of teachingas an organizer of dimensionality in teachers’ subject matter knowledge for teaching (SMK) and investigates it in the context of measuring SMK for teaching high school geometry (SMK-G). We hypothesize that teachers use different SMK-G in different aspects of their teaching work and that such differences can be scaled and associated with key elements of instruction. Analyses of 602 high school teachers’ responses to two sets of items designed to measure the SMK-G used in two particular tasks of teaching—understanding students’ work (USW) and choosing givens for a problem (CGP)—suggested the two scales of SMK-G to be distinguishable and differently related to experience in teaching high school geometry.
The Syllabus Method of Teaching Plane Geometry
Authors: Smith Eugene R.
Published: January 2021

In estimating the values of different methods of teaching a subject, it is first necessary to consider the purposes for which the subject under discussion is taught. Geometry has a double purpose: its facts are of use in many vocations, and indeed, in occasional instances, in the everyday home life of man or woman; while, on the other hand, the methods and habits of correct geometrical work—the logical reasoning from known premises to their infallible conclusions—are of inestimable value to every intelligent person, even aside from their direct application to certain of the professions, such as branches of engineering. You will notice that I have made a distinction between the use of the facts of geometry in such a vocation as carpentry, metal working, and other trades, and the use of its methods in the scientific professions.
Arithmetical Errors Made by High School Pupils
Authors: Minnick J. H.
Published: January 2021

During the school year 1915-16 a review arithmetic test was given to the entering pupils of the William Penn High School of Philadelphia. The questions were prepared by Dr. J. T. Rorer, head of the Department of Mathematics, William Penn High School, and Dr. George W. Flounders, examiner of the Board of Public Education of Philadelphia. An exact copy of the test is given below. The exercises were all printed on one sheet and there was ample space left after each exercise for the solution.
Indeterminate Forms in Trigonometry
Authors: Tripp M. O.
Published: January 2021

The subject of indeterminate forms is usually treated in algebra or in calculus; and hence it seldom occurs to the student that these forms may occur in trigonometry. It is sometimes desirable to examine critically some of the operations in proving identities, so that a false conclusion may not be drawn. Frequently the process of dividing both numerator and denominator by a factor holds only for certain values of the variable, or variables, involved. The occasional presence of indeterminates in solving spherical triangles teaches us that a spherical triangle is not always determined when three parts are given, as is sometimes supposed.
Some Suggestions for Courses in Mathematics for Non-College Preparatory Students
Authors: Paddock Clarence E. , Garland Harold B. , Haigler Charles E. , Case Elmer , Rees Thomas G.
Published: January 2021

The question of college preparatory mathematics has been so long under discussion in all its aspects that it would appear that special attention is due the pupil who does not expect to go to college, and for whom the secondary institution is the finishing school. Valuable as are the standard courses in mathematics as given in most high schools, other material can unquestionably be substituted for at least a part of them which will be of more immediate practical use to the pupil who expects to take up his life work immediately after leaving the high or other secondary school. It is manifestly impossible to suggest courses which will be applicable to all schools, or even to all schools of a given type, due to widely varying local conditions as well as to great differences in the caliber and future prospects of the pupils. The committee has spent much time and thought upon the subject and finds it difficult to recommend a complete definite course for any school, preferring rather to offer suggestions which may be the means of inspiring our schools to improve present courses or to construct practical and useful ones for our boys and girls.
Association of Mathematics Teachers of New Jersey. Report of the Committee of First-Year High-School Mathematics
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Chambers Geo. Gailey , Breckenridge William E.
Published: January 2021

(a) Reduction to Lowest Terms.— Multiplying or dividing both terms of a fraction by the same number does not change the value of the fraction. Many numerical examples.
The Teaching of Mathematics in the Junior High School
Authors: Davis Margaret Elsie
Published: January 2021

The phase of the J. H. S. movement which is of vital and immediate interest to us is the teaching of mathematics in this school unit. However, the problems that require consideration in connection with this branch of the curriculum are necessarily related to the problems of the whole movement and must be solved with due regard for that relation. Among the problems to which I refer are those of aim, subject-matter, method, sequence of subjects and the time element.
An Elementary Exposition of the Theorem of Bernoulli with Applications to Statistics
Authors: Rietz H. L.
Published: January 2021

In connection with the wide use of certain statistical methods within the past few years, there is coming to be some recognition of the importance of establishjng a measure of the degrees of confidence that can properly be placed in inferences from statistical results such as mean values, standard deviations and coefficients of correlation. This recognition is shown in the increased application of probable errors, even if the applications are in many cases made without knowledge of the derivations or limitations of the formulas employed. The need for such criteria in passing judgment on the significance of the simplest of statistical results may perhaps be made clear by an appropriate illustration.
The Question of Method in Subtraction
Authors: Roantree William F.
Published: January 2021

It is the purpose of this article to set forth evidence to show the superiority of the so-called Austrian method of subtraction over what is sometimes called the Italian method. To define the methods named precisely it is necessary to describe them and to state the principle of each.
Teaching Pupils the Conscious Use of a Technique of Thinking
Authors: Johnson Elsie Parker
Published: January 2021

The primary aim of all education is to cultivate the individual's powers of thinking. John Dewey says “A being who could not think without training could never be trained to think; one may have to learn to think well, but not to think.” The work of the teacher is to enable the pupil to employ more economically and effectively the powers which he already possesses. That these natural resources which must be used are widely varying in power and capacity, our modern methods of testing general intelligence have indubitably shown. Our hope is to foster the powers of each individual so that he can make the most of his original equipment. The problem before the instructor is how to accomplish this end most easily and thoroughly.
The Teachers’ Course in Arithmetic in the Normal School: A Plea for Professionalized Subject Matter
Authors: Upton Clifford Brewster
Published: January 2021

What training is necessary to prepare high-school graduates to teach arithmetic and other subjects in the modern elementary school? This question has come to be a very important one in every normal school and particularly in those normal schools which still have a two-year course at the end of which the students accept positions to teach. This question is a difficult one to answer because teachers to-day need a much broader professional training than formerly. One attempt to solve this problem has been to increase the length of the normal-school course from two years to four years, but even in those schools where the four-year course exists comparatively few students remain to complete it, the large majority accepting positions after finishing the two-year or three-year curricula offered in those schools. Hence, how to Prepare students in two or three years to teach effectively in elementary schools is still a vital question in practically all our normal schools.
A Supplementary Project in Functional Graphs
Authors: Georges J. S.
Published: January 2021

A supplementary project in Mathematics may be used effectively as a means of inspiring those students who display mathematical ability and show special interest in the subject, and of interesting those who take Mathematics as a required subject, but have not developed any particular interest in it. It offers to the latter a glimpse into the more pleasant aspects of the subject not ordinarily included in a text book, and to the former it opens new channels of mathematical interest, creates a desire for the acquisition of further and more extensive mathematical knowledge. The student who voluntarily, or at the suggestion of his instructor, undertakes to do a supplementary project in connection with his classroom work, is offered a splendid opportunity for the formation of the habit of independent thinking, and for acquiring the ability of reading comprehensively mathematical literature. Under proper guidance he lays the foundation for future research work.
Discussion
Authors: Hall John J.
Published: January 2021

In a recent issue of “The Mathematics Teacher” appeared an article on the subject of the proof or reason of the rule that the product of two negative numbers is a positive number.
Note on the Fallacy
Authors: Carnahan Walter H.
Published: January 2021

There are few phases of mathematics in which high school pupils show more interest than those mathematical curios which we call fallacies. It is because they excite spontaneous interest that fallacies are so often used in mathematics club programs as well as in classes. We speak of them as curios, and that they are. But they may be made to serve at least two useful purposes.