bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pulsatile secretion of bioactive luteinising hormone in normal adult men
Authors: Talbor J. Alan , Stuart R. , Rodger C. , Shalet Steven M. , Littley Malcolm D. , Robertson William R.
Published: December 2008

We have studied bioactive and immunoreactive LH pulsatility in 11 normal men. The temporal relationship of plasma LH, testosterone, and FSH were also investigated. Blood samples were taken at 10-minute intervals for 6 h and bioactive LH levels were determined using an in vitro mouse Leydig cell bioassay. Testosterone, LH and FSH were determined by standard radioimmunoassay. Twenty-two bioactive LH pulses were detected (amplitude 8.5±4.9 IU/l, mean±sd) with a frequency of 2±0.8/6 h compared with only 18 immunoreactive LH pulses (amplitude of 3.6±1.8 IU/l) and a frequency of 1.6±0.5/6 h. Bioactive:immunoreactive LH ratios increased (p<0.01) from the preceding pulse nadirs (2.26, range 1.66-4.28) to the pulse peaks (2.71, range 1.99-4.67). Twenty FSH pulses (seen in all but one subject) of low amplitude (0.7±0.6, median 0.5 IU/l) were also present. There was a close temporal relationship between testosterone and FSH secretion with bioactive and immunoreactive LH pulses with lags of 30-60 and 0 min, respectively. We conclude that immunoreactive LH pulses are discordant from bioactive LH pulses in 18% of occasions. Further, the mean amplitude of bioactive episodes were approximately 2.6 times greater than that of immunoreactive episodes, whereas interpulse period and pulse duration were similar. The increase in bioactive:immunoeactive ratio at pulse peaks may indicate that in normal men LH pulses are enriched with a more biopotent form of the molecule.
Differential effect of estrogen on pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in women with different forms of hypothalamic amenorrhea
Authors: Schuiling G. A. , Valkhof N. , Koiter T. R. , Lappöhn R. M.
Published: December 2008

The effect of treatment with estradiol valerate (6 days, 2-6 mg/day) on basal levels of LH and FSH and on response of LH and FSH levels to GnRH challenge (2 × 25 μg GnRH, iv) were investigated in women with "hypothalamic amenorrhea", but without other endocrine disorders. Three groups were studied: 11 women with primary amenorrhea, 10 women exhibiting secondary amenorrhea related with weight loss, and 7 women with normal weight and with amenorrhea persisting after a period of severe weight loss. Before treatment with estradiol valerate the estradiol concentrations in all women were at the lower limit of the follicular phase of a normal ovulatory cycle. In addition, there were no differences between the groups in basal LH and FSH levels and in responses to GnRH challenges. Treatment with estradiol valerate suppressed the basal levels of FSH but not of LH in all women. Estradiol did not affect the response to GnRH challenge in women with primary amenorrhea, weakly augmented the response in women with secondary amenorrhea associated with weight loss, and strongly increased the response in secondary amenorrheic women who had regained normal weight. The results are interpreted in the light of the well-established fact that estrogen augments the gonadotropin response only if the pituitary gland is not exposed to high concentrations of GnRH. It is hypothesized that the differential response to GnRH of the present patients after estrogen treatment reflects differences in GnRH exposure of the pituitary gland, with patients with primary amenorrhea having the highest level of GnRH exposure.
Steroid profile in urine: a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow up of adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Gröndal Staffan , Eriksson Barbro , Hagenäs Lars , Werner Sigbritt , Curstedt Tore
Published: December 2008

The urinary steroid profile was determined in 24 patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Seventeen of the patients had Cushing's syndrome, virilization or feminization, and 7 had no signs of endocrine disease. Seven of the 11 patients still alive are free of disease, after a follow-up period of 5-75 months. The steroid profile varied widely between the patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Patients with Cushing's syndrome had increased levels of cortisol metabolites and those with virilism had raised excretion of androgen metabolites. Six of the patients with adrenocortical carcinoma showed normal values of these metabolites. In 23 of the 24 patients the excretion of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroids and/or metabolites of cortisol precursors, such as tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, were significantly increased, compared with healthy controls or patients with adrenal adenomas. These findings suggest a relative deficit or low activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase and/or 1 1β-hydroxylase in tumour tissue. In the single patient where the steroid profile failed to indicate malignancy, hypercortisolism was seen and the tumour mass was small. The steroid excretion normalized after radical surgery and decreased in patients responding to chemotherapy. During recurred disease the metabolites of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene steroids and/or cortisol precursors increased, but in some patients the excretory pattern then was different from that seen before treatment.
Isolation and partial characterization of IGF-like peptides from Cohn fraction IV of human plasma
Authors: Van den Brande J. L. , Hoogerbrugge C. M. , Beyreuther K. , Roepstorff P. , Jansen J. , van Buul-Offers S. C.
Published: December 2008

IGFs were extracted from Cohn fraction IV of human plasma using ultrafiltration of acidified paste as the initial step. Further purification, including HPLC as the final steps, yielded seven IGF-like peptides: two with acidic pI (A1, A2), two with neutral pI (N1, N2), and three in the basic region (B1, B2 and B3). B1 was identified as IGF-I and N1 as IGF-II. The other peptides were further characterized with respect to their molecular weight and by N-terminal amino-acid sequencing. B2 and B3 are IGF-I-like, Al and A2 and N2 are IGF-II-like. Two of the peptides (A2 and B3) appear to be two-chain forms of IGF-II and IGF-I, respectively, as shown by structural analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One peptide (Al) appears to be a new variant of an IGF-II derivative with a substitution of Ser by Cys in position 29. Further analysis involved reactivity in radioreceptor assays for IGF-I and IGF-II. N2, Al and A2 are IGF-II-like, whereas B2 and B3 are IGF-I-like, though there are important differences with the main IGFs. Similar results were obtained in IGF-I and IGF-II C-peptide radioimmunoassays. The physiological significance of these peptides is unknown. They offer interesting perspectives for structure-function analysis.
Effects of propranolol on GH responsiveness to repeated GH-releasing hormone stimulations in normal subjects
Authors: Arosio Maura , Losa Marco , Bazzoni Nicoletta , Bochicchio Domenico , Palmieri Eva , Nava Claudio , Faglia Giovanni
Published: December 2008

The influence of β-adrenergic blockade by oral propranolol on the variability of GH responses to GHRH and on GH responsiveness to repeated GHRH administrations was investigated. Eight normal volunteers underwent three tests on three separate occasions. Each test consisted of two administrations of 80 μg GHRH at 2-h intervals without other medication (test 1) or combined with oral administration of 80 mg propranolol 90 min before the first (test 2) or the second GHRH injection (test 3). In test 1 GH levels increased significantly after the first, but not the second GHRH bolus (net incremental area under the curve [nAUC], mean ± sd: 1453 ± 974 and 178 ± 309 μg·l−1·(120 min)−1, respectively). In test 2 basal GH secretion was not influenced by propranolol administration, whereas the GH response to the first GHRH injection was significantly greater than in test 1 (2327 ± 1814 μg·l−1·(120 min)−1; p<0.05). However, individual subjects showed the same variability of GH response as in test 1. The GH response to the second GHRH bolus remained negligible. In test 3 administration of propranolol 90 min before the second GHRH bolus led to a clear GH increase (690±1002 μg·l−1·(120 min)−1), not significantly different from the GH response to the first bolus (1796±1375 μg·l−1·(120 min)−1). However, only 4 subjects showed a marked restoration of the GH responsiveness to the second GHRH administration. In conclusion, oral administration of propranolol is able to increase GH responsiveness to GHRH without changing the great individual variability. The response to a repeated GHRH stimulation is only partially restored by propranolol.
Characteristics of atrial natriuretic hormone receptors in human pheochromocytomas
Authors: Eurin J. , Carayon A. , Zongazo M. A. , Masson F. , Barthelemy C. , Maistre G. , Rouby J. J. , Eurin B. , Legrand J. C.
Published: December 2008

The presence of functional receptors for human atrial natriuretic hormone in human pheochromocytomas was recently reported. The present study reports the binding of hANH as measured by Scatchard analysis in 4 human adrenal glands and in 5 human pheochromocytomas. Binding assays using [3H]ANH revealed a single class of high-affinity binding sites for hANH in both tissues. Human pheochromocytomas present a lower number of binding sites than normal human adrenal gland (Bmax of 7.1±2.1 vs 33.6±6.9 fmol/mg protein, respectively). However, the decreased number of ANH receptors was not paralleled by modifications of tissular cyclic GMP (cGMP). Moreover, plasma hANH concentrations in 7 patients with pheochromocytomas (20.2±2.7 pmol/l) were statistically higher than those obtained in 25 normal control humans (8.1±0.6 pmol/l, p<0.001). We also demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive ANH in the tumour itself.
STEROIDSTOFFWECHSEL BEI BRUSTKREBS. III.
Authors: Schubert Kurt , Schröder Hans
Published: December 2008

A testosterone test using two different dosages was carried out simultaneously in 7 women suffering from metastasizing carcinoma of the mamma and in 3 normal women. In each case the urinary steroids were estimated before the beginning of the test and after administration of 50 mg and 100 mg of testosterone respectively; the interval between the single estimations being one week. The use of fractionated hydrolysis enabled a mild fission of the conjugates and the classification of the products into free steroids, glucuronosides, sulfates and unknown conjugates. The 17-ketosteroids and the testosterone were estimated by means of Girard's separation and adsorption chromatography.

During the loading test with testosterone different behaviours became evident, which had not been realized before. The behaviour of the 17-ketosteroids rendered possible the differentiation of normal women from patients with cancer of the breast yet without hepatic insufficiency, and furthermore of these latter ones from those with a liver damage in addition to the cancer of the breast. The glucuronosides of the 17-ketosteroids are only depressed, when there exists a pronounced damage of the liver; the loading test making possible an extension of the range of recognizable damages. Furthermore, the behaviour of dehydroepiandrosterone (II/III), of androsterone (IV), and of aetiocholanolone (V) lends itself to this differentiation. In advanced cancer of the breast the values of II/III are invariably low, whilst IV and V often increase temporarily. The relation of IV to V may be altered in a different way. The excretion of not transformed testosterone is less in patients than in normal women and especially low in patients with liver damage.
STEROIDSTOFFWECHSEL BEI BRUSTKREBS. IV.
Authors: Schubert Kurt , Schröder Hans
Published: December 2008

The metabolic behaviour of 7 women suffering from cancer of the breast and of 3 normal women has been investigated with reference to the excretion of corticoids (TTC chromogens) and oestrogens, put in evidence by the conditions of the testosterone test. In 4 patients the increase of the level of corticoids was striking. Different possibilities of reactions and relations to the survival time are discussed. The remaining 3 patients and the normal women showed no appreciable alteration in the excretion of corticoids. With another composition of the group of persons we observed two different behaviours regarding the excretion of oestrogens. An increase was seen in 2 normal women and in 5 patients. The excretion of oestrogens showed an only slight alteration in the remaining 3 cases. The 4 modes of reaction seen in two groups of steroids enabled the relative classification of the patients with cancer of the breast. Apart of these same types of reaction other ones were seen in normal women.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH OF EXPERIMENTAL OVARIAN TUMOURS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Kullander Stig , Källén Bengt
Published: December 2008

An in vitro study has been made of experimentally produced rat ovarian tumours of different age, paying particular attention to tumour reaction to crystallized steroids. Tumours of two histological structures were found: granulosa cell – luteoma tumours and arrhenoblastoma tumours. Both types grew in vitro and pictures of their cell appearance are given. The former type gave the best growth, and the endocrine studies were restricted to this type. The steroids tested (androsterone, oestrone, progesterone) all had an arresting effect in certain cases. This effect is not an unspecific, toxic one. The different tumours react to different extents, some being completely unaffected.
ROLE OF THE ADRENALS ON SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SENSITIVITY RESPONSE OF THE RAT DORSOLATERAL PROSTATE TO SEX HORMONES
Authors: Gunn Samuel A. , Gould helma Clark
Published: December 2008

It has been demonstrated previously that the seasonal variations in 65Zn uptake by the DLP represented an archaic reproductive cycle inherent in the male laboratory rat. It was also noted that the degree of sensitivity response of the DLP of the castrate to sex hormones varied seasonally coincident with this archaic cycle. The experiments reported in this paper have shown that the adrenals have three different effects in the seasonal regulation of this sensitivity response, namely, an augmenting role, a suppressing role, or no discernible effect, depending upon the phase of the archaic reproductive cycle.
THE NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS AT DIFFERENT AGES OF THE RAT
Authors: Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

The mathematical relationships between the observed size distribution of the section surfaces and the actual distributions of different sized spherical and ellipsoidal bodies, postulated by Wicksell (1925, 1926) have been used to determine the numerical distributions of the islets of Langerhans in rats of different ages. Only those islets whose surface areas in the section were equal to or exceeded that of a standard circle 46.9 μ in diameter were included in the measurements.

New-born rats and rats 5, 21, 100 and 480 days old were studied. The numerical distribution curves at all ages appeared asymmetrical with the smallest islets predominating. With an increased number of islets the largest size classes in general showed the greatest proportional increase both when the comparison was made in the same and between different age groups.

A very high proportion of the islets studied could be arranged in the same regular pattern. In all the animals the relation between the logarithms of the islet numbers and their diameters was linear in those of the size classes studied, which contributed significantly to the total number of islets. Since the lines for any age group and the next were also approximately parallel the relative increase in the number of islets in any size class (except the very largest with only few islets) was thus nearly constant, i. e. independent of the particular size class.

In comparing rats within the same or between two succeeding age groups the nearly parallel lines allow both the islet number in each of the size classes mentioned above and the total number of islets to be characterized by a parameter Lm which is the value of the line at its intercept on the Y axis.
THE EFFECT OF AGEING ON THE NUMBER OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE RAT
Authors: Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

Information concerning the so called 'total number' of islets is inexact. The number of islets should instead be expressed as that number which exceeds a well defined and easily identifiable lower size boundary. Studies on the numerical distribution of the islets show, in a comparison between two animals, that while the same lower size limit must be set in each case, considerable latitude may be exercised in selecting its actual value without disturbing the results. In this investigation only those islets, whose diameter was equal to or exceeded 46.9 μ were counted.

The effect of ageing on the number of islets has been studied in a total of 75 male rats, which were nourished on a diet well defined calorically. The rats were killed on the 1st, 5th, 21st, 100th and 480th days of life. The following observations were made:

With increase in age there was a marked increase in the number of islets. The value in the oldest animals was on the average more than 13 times that in the new-born.

If the number of islets is expressed in relation to the total body weight or the weights of liver or pancreas, the ratio is markedly reduced with increasing age. The 480 days old rats were, however, an exception, as the values for this age showed a statistically significant increase as compared with 100 days old rats.

When plotted in a double logarithmic co-ordinate system the liver and pancreatic weights were linear functions of the body weight in all the age groups studied. The corresponding regression between the islet number and the body weight was, however, curvilinear, so that the rate of increase was initially slow (between 0–5 days) but between the two oldest groups (100 and 480 days) it approached that of the pancreatic and liver weights.

In each age group there is a strongly positive correlation between the number of islets and the total islet volume.

In most of the age groups there was statistical support for a positive correlation between body weight and number of islets.

Within the different age groups a quantitative relation between the number of islets and the weight of the pancreas was not apparent after the common positive correlation with the body weight had been eliminated by calculating the partial correlations.

The regular mathematical arrangement of the islet tissue makes it possible to determine the actual number of islets by only counting the number of islet section surfaces which exceed a certain defined size.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 16-OXOOESTRADIOL-17β IN HUMAN PLACENTAE
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Münstermann Anne-Marie v.
Published: December 2008

From the ethanol extract of 100 full term placentae approximately 200 μg of an α-ketolic Kober chromogen have been isolated in a »free« form.

The evidence obtained indicates that this α-ketolic Kober chromogen is identical with 16-oxooestradiol-17β.
TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION
Authors: Ikkos D. , Tillinger K.-G. , Westman A.
Published: December 2008

Two cases of »testicular feminization« are described the first a typical case and the second an intermediate case between testicular feminization and gonadal dysgenesis. This second case had an unusual histological picture. A hormonal study including the estimation of urinary oestrone, 17β-oestradiol, oestriol, 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids before, during and after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin was carried out in both cases, before and after bilateral gonadectomy. The results obtained indicate that in the first patient the abdominal testicles were the main source of the oestrogens found in the urine.
WIRKUNG VON SULFONYLHARNSTOFFVERBINDUNGEN AUF DIE MITOSENFREQUENZ DER INSULÄREN B-ZELLEN
Authors: Jores J. , Kracht J.
Published: December 2008

It is shown that the sulphonylureas BZ 55 and D 860 are able to increase the number of mitoses of beta cells in the pancreatic islets which have previously been checked by colchicine. The effect of D 860 is 8 to 10 times larger and the effect of BZ 55 2 to 4 times larger than the normal one. These results are ascribed to the stimulated beta cell system. They are considered to be a further proof of the theory that these substances possess an increasing effect on the production and secretion of insulin. This corresponds to the fact that cortisone or glucose are also increasing the frequency of mitoses in beta cells.
ÜBER DIE LOKALE WIRKUNG VON DIHYDROTACHYSTERIN (AT 10) AUF DAS KNOCHENGEWEBE DER RATTE
Authors: Dirscherl Wilhelm , Glasmacher Helmuth
Published: December 2008

The local effect of dihydrotachysterol on the bone-tissue of the rat was investigated by implanting a plug in the upper part of the thigh. To exclude an unspecific effect an analogous plug of cholesterol was implanted in the upper part of the other thigh.

By using X-rays, 3–5 weeks after the implantation of dihydrotachysterol a zone of decalcification was observed within the area of the AT 10 plug showing a lower dry weight after preparation. The residual mineral substance of these portions contained more soluble phosphates than corresponding pieces of normal bones.

The changes of the bone caused by implantation are transitory; animals killed after 8–10 weeks did not show any more signs of decalcification in the original plug zone.

No comparable change however at any time was to be seen in bones plugged with cholesterol. After having excluded a direct influence of dihydrotachysterol on the anorganic bone material it can be supposed that this substance as well as the parathormone induces a process leading to the elution of minerals of bone.
MEASUREMENT OF THE FREE GLUCOSE DIFFUSION SPACE IN MAN BY THE RAPID INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
Authors: Franckson J. R. M. , Conard V. , Bastenie P. A.
Published: December 2008

Under strictly basal conditions (fasting and resting state) a free glucose space can be measured by the analysis of the rapid intravenous glucose tolerance test. Under these conditions, excluding the interference of factors which might modify the cellular permeability to glucose, the clear cut difference between the speed of diffusion and that of cellular penetration allows of a calculation of a volume of glucose diffusion. The results obtained by this method are comparable to those of other estimations of the extracellular compartment.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF YOUNG DIABETICS WITH AN ORAL DRUG (PHENETHYL-BIGUANIDE)
Authors: Walker Robert S. , Linton Adam L.
Published: December 2008

A brief comparison of phenethyl-biguanide (D. B. I.) with other oral hypoglycaemic drugs is made.

A series of 31 juvenile diabetics treated with D. B. I. is described, and the reasons for partial success or failure are considered.

The advantages and dangers of the drug are discussed.

It is concluded that the unique action of this drug may give it a place in the treatment of juvenile diabetes.
THE USE OF ION-EXCHANGE MATERIALS IN THE FRACTIONATION OF GONADOTROPHINS FROM URINE
Authors: Butt W. R. , Crooke A. C. , Cunningham F. J.
Published: December 2008

Extracts of male and postmenopausal urinary gonadotrophins prepared by the benzoic acid — tungstic acid method were fractionated on diethylamino ethyl cellulose (DEAE-C).

The fractions prepared from human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) were up to 23 times as potent as the standard, HMG20A.

The use of two assays, one for the combined effect of FSH and ICSH and the other for FSH, failed to show any differences in the relative amounts of FSH and ICSH compared with the standard in the fractions prepared from HMG, but showed considerable differences in the male fractions. The male fraction which was readily eluted from DEAE-C contained a high ratio of FSH to ICSH and the fraction which was more firmly adsorbed contained a high ratio of ICSH to FSH.
ÜBER EINEN FALL VON SOGENANNTEM »WEISSEM« M. ADDISON MIT CUSHING-ÄHNLICHEM HABITUS NACH SUBSTITUTION MIT PREDNISON
Authors: Jores A. , Tamm J.
Published: December 2008

A case report of a patient with Addison's disease without pigmentation is given. During a two years' period of substitution with prednisone a Cushing-like habitus developed. This phenomenon could not be explained by a delayed metabolism of Δ1-steroids. The biological half life of free 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in plasma following the injection of prednisolone-hemisuccinate was considerably lower as in normal persons.
SOME EFFECTS OF SIMULTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF NORETHANDROLONE AND CORTISONE IN THE RAT
Authors: Llaurado J. G. , Trunnell J. B. , Claus J. L.
Published: December 2008

An investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine whether norethandrolone (NEA) antagonizes all or some of the catabolic effects of 17-hydroxycorticoids. Fourteen groups of eight male young rats (intact, gonadectomized, adrenalectomized and adrenalectomized-gonadectomized) were given subcutaneously either the solvent, NEA (1 mg/day), cortisone (1 mg/day) or a combination of both for 21 days.

Results show that administration of NEA has a moderate but consistent effect in increasing body weight of rats receiving no other steroid as well as in preventing the delayed growth rate of those receiving cortisone. In both intact and gonadectomized animals, NEA largely prevented the intense atrophy of the adrenals induced by cortisone.

An increase in levator ani weight was promoted by NEA regardless of concurrent administration of cortisone. The latter induced a diminution in the size of seminal vesicles, coagulating glands and ventral prostate, whereas NEA had the opposite effect; when given together the effect of NEA was potentiated.

Treatment with NEA alone was shown to have a marked thymolytic effect and also to potentiate the thymolytic effect of cortisone when given together.

These results suggest that in some tissues NEA antagonizes, and in others augments, some of the catabolic actions of 17-hydroxycorticoids
INFLUENCE OF STRESS AND ENDOCRINE FACTORS ON PLASMA PROTEINS IN THE RAT
Authors: Enerbäck Lennart , Lundin Per M. , Mellgren Jan
Published: December 2008

The effects have been studied in albino rats of experimental stress, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and somatotrophin (STH) on the relative serum protein fractions, as determined from estimations of serum protein concentrations and the results of paper electrophoretic separation.

In addition, the absolute amounts of serum proteins obtained from concurrent electrophoretic separation, estimation of serum protein concentration and determination of plasma volume were studied.

It appeared inter alia that hypophysectomy gave rise to a reduction in the absolute amount of serum proteins, which was due to a reduction in the albumin + alpha1 globulin fraction while the other globulin fractions remained unaffected. STH administration caused an increase in both the albumin and globulin fractions in hypophysectomized rats.

Formalin stress was accompanied by changes in the electrophoretic spectrum suggesting an increased globulin synthesis.

Since stress is known to give rise to a proliferation of the lymphoid organs which, at least to some extent, is caused by STH we consider it justifiable to conclude that the probable enhancement of globulin synthesis accompanying stress is due to the action of STH.
LONG-TERM TREATMENT OF DWARFISM WITH ANDROGENS AND THYROID HORMONE
Authors: Hortling H. , Wahlfors K.
Published: December 2008

In 7 cases of dwarfism with markedly delayed closure of the epiphyses, methyltestosterone was administered sublingually in doses of 5–10 (25) mg daily in combination with thyroid hormone in doses of 25–120 mg daily for 2–7 years. At the institution of treatment the patients were 9, 11, 15, 15, 16, 17 and 20 years old and were 95, 125, 119, 124, 120, 135 and 125 cm in height respectively. The bone age was in all cases checked against Greulich & Pyle's radiographic tables (1950).

During the first two years of therapy, 5 patients exhibited a more rapid increase of the bone age than was to be expected considering their chronological age. In 5 cases where the therapy was continued over a longer period of time, such a tendency was not demonstrable later, although the dosage of methyltestosterone was often somewhat increased. On the contrary, a retardation of the bone age development occurred, as compared with the chronological age. In none of the present cases have the epiphyses become closed, notwithstanding a considerable height increase in all cases, i. e. 15–29 cm depending on the length of the period of treatment, and the relatively advanced age of the patients at the time of writing when they are still under androgen therapy with or without thyroid medication.

Provided that the bone age is continuously checked, it appears that methyltestosterone in small doses can safely be used in the treatment of dwarfism with delayed closure of the epiphyses. This trea[ill]ment proved to be of great importance from the point of view of the choice of a vocation as well as for the future life of the patients.
SOME STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALDOSTERONE AND OTHER ADRENAL STEROIDS
Authors: Ayres P. J. , Eichhorn J. , Hechter O. , Saba N. , Tait J. F. , Tait S. A. S.
Published: December 2008

It has been established in bovine capsule strippings, consisting mainly of zona glomerulosa tissue, that labeled progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone are all converted to radioactive aldosterone. Analysis of the data indicates that at least 50 % of the aldosterone produced is derived from corticosterone; under certain conditions, with the addition of high concentrations of corticosterone, the percentage pathway is at least 92 % Progesterone studied at varying concentrations under similar conditions of incubation is a major precursor of both aldosterone and corticosterone; there is some possibility that aldosterone may be formed, to a minor extent, via a pathway not involving progesterone. Labeled deoxycorticosterone is also converted to aldosterone, and it seems likely, though not established by the present studies, that it is the intermediate between progesterone and corticosterone; thus the major sequence appears to be progesterone → deoxycorticosterone → corticosterone → aldosterone. Although the precursors of progesterone have not been demonstrated in incubations with capsule strippings, it has been found that homogenates prepared mainly from zone glomerulosa tissue can convert cholesterol to corticosterone and hence presumably to aldosterone. The route between cholesterol and corticosterone probably involves progesterone but this has not been established. The significance of these findings in relation to in vivo results has been briefly discussed.
THE ADIPOKINETIC ACTIVITIES OF THE CORTICOTROPHINS AND MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONES
Authors: Steelman Sanford L. , Smith William W.
Published: December 2008

Pepsin degraded and non-degraded corticotrophin (ACTH) preparations all are highly adipokinetic and, in general, this parallels ACTH activity. a and β melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) are largely devoid of this activity. The structures necessary for fat mobilizing activity are similar but not identical to those for ACTH.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE IN VITRO UPTAKE OF 131I LABELLED L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE BY HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Friis Thorkild
Published: December 2008

In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the l-triiodothyronine uptake by human erythrocytes 4 sets of experiments were performed: (1) Criss-cross experiments using serum and erythrocytes from hyperthyroid patients and normal subjects, (2) experiments using dilution of the sera, (3) experiments using addition of varying quantities of stable l-triiodothyronine, and (4) addition of varying quantities of stable l-thyroxine.

It is demonstrated that the uptake by the erythrocytes is dependent on the binding of triiodothyronine to the serum proteins. Increased binding involves a decreased uptake by the erythrocytes.
BLOCKADE OF PITUITARY HORMONES AND REGULATION OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS BY MEANS OF LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE
Authors: Kemper F. , Loeser A.
Published: December 2008

The active principle of Lithospermum acts on certain pituitary hormones, particularly FSH, ICSH, TSH, prolactin as well as on PMS and HCG. It has been shown in in vitro experiments that the increase of the normal dose of extract (sufficient to suppress definite quantities of gonadotrophic hormones) will result in a decrease of Lithospermum activity. In in vivo experiments on the contrary a larger dose brought about an effect of an increase of activity. These observations may be of importance for a therapeutic use of Lithospermum in man. The Lithospermum effects are reversible.
OBSERVATIONS ON TISSUE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND GLYCOLYSIS IN RATS TREATED WITH ANABOLIC ANDROGEN
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Bekesi G.
Published: December 2008

The effect of the treatment of male rats with an anabolic androgen, 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone, on the oxygen consumption and anaerobic glycolysis of some tissue slices was studied.

Highly significant depression of the oxygen uptake of the diaphragm and liver slices was observed in animals treated with 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone. This steroid had no significant effect on the anaerobic glycolysis of diaphragmatic slices in the rats.
IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS OF THE SEMINAL VESICLES OF CASTRATED RATS AND THE RESPONSES TO VARIOUS STEROIDS
Authors: Grunt Jerome A. , Walker Joseph E.
Published: December 2008

In a study of seminal vesicle reactivity to a number of steroids, young adults rats were castrated and 14 days later were started on 7 daily subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml sesame oil, with or without an added steroid. Ten groups containing 7 to 12 animals each were established: 1) sesame oil; 2–4) 10 μg, 50 μg and 100 μg testosterone propionate; 5–6) 10 μg and 500 μg oestradiol benzoate; 7–8) 100 μ and 500 μg progesterone; 9–10) 100 μg and 500 μg corticosterone.

After the course of injections the seminal vesicles were studied by the quartz rod transillumination method of Knisely. The investigation was carried out as a »double-blind study«; one investigator recording his observations without knowledge of the treatment.

Following castration there was a marked decrease in the number of small vessels, a derangement of the vascular pattern and a slowing of the rate of blood flow. There were also changes in tissue transparency and granularity and an increase in spontaneous, rhythmic contractions of the vesicles.

Treatment with oestradiol benzoate, progesterone, corticosterone, and 10 μg testosterone propionate appeared to cause no alteration in the vesicle of the castrate. Vesicles of animals injected with 50 μg of testosterone propionate had essentially normal vasculature and parenchyma but continued to contract rhythmically, while those treated with 100 μg of testosterone propionate had vesicles restored to normal in every way but size.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS HORMONES ON THE KIDNEY RESPIRATION RATES IN THE CUTTHROAT TROUT (SALMO CLARKI CLARKI)
Authors: Holmes W. N.
Published: December 2008

Relatively large doses of vasopressin administered intraperitoneally to the trout significantly enhanced the kidney respiration rate. In contrast to vasopressin a single dose of oxytocin depressed the kidney Qo2 value. This depression continued throughout the observed 24 hour period after injection.

Cortisol enhanced the kidney Qo2 values significantly and to a greater extent than vasopressin.

These results are discussed in relation to possible adaptive mechanism in euryhaline species of teleosts.
MECHANISM OF HYPOPHYSIAL RESPONSE TO PSYCHIC STRESS
Authors: Smelik P. G.
Published: December 2008

In neurohypophysectomized rats the effect of unilateral adrenalectomy under ether anaesthesia on the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion is equal to that in normal rats. In contrast, the effect of exposure to cold is partly inhibited, whereas the effect of emotional disturbances is completely abolished in rats, in which the posterior lobe of the hypophysis had been removed.

The adrenal ascorbic acid depletion following intramuscular infusion of a minute amount of adrenaline into intact rats is also entirely inhibited in neurohypophysectomized animals.

The interpretation is presented that psychic stress stimuli act on the corticotrophin present in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis by the mediation of endogenous adrenaline, whereas in the case of somatic stress neither the posterior lobe nor adrenaline is involved.
ÉTUDE DE L'ACTIVITÉ BIOLOGIQUE IN VITRO DES HORMONES GONADOTROPES
Authors: de la Luz Suarez Soto Maria , Démare Jean Legault
Published: December 2008

Serum gonadotrophin (PMS) when added to the incubation medium of rat ovary slices increases the amount of Δ4-3-ketosteroids produced. This enhancement is proportional to the logarithm of dose. The ketosteroids were determined by their ultraviolet absorption; paper chromatography has shown that only androst-4-en-3,17-dione is present.
OPHTHALMOTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN THYROIDECTOMIZED GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: Wegelius Otto
Published: December 2008

The uptake of 35S-labelled sulphate by Harder's gland in guinea-pigs was studied under different endocrine conditions. It is concluded that a pituitary factor is able to stimulate the gland and that thyroxine somehow plays a role. This pituitary factor is neither the thyroid-stimulating factor nor growth hormone, but is present in thyrotrophic pituitary extracts. Most probably the sulphate uptake stimulating factor is identical with the ophthalmotrophic pituitary factor. The uptake of sulphate by Harder's gland has been used as an index of ophthalmotrophic activity in pituitary extracts as well as of endogenous ophthalmotrophic activity in thyroidectomized guinea-pigs. It is concluded that upon removal of the thyroid gland the pituitary response is rapid. A highly increased activity was shown within as little as 24 hours after thyroidectomy, which has been taken as a sign of increased secretion of ophthalmotrophin by the pituitary gland.
STOFFWECHSEL VON OESTRON, OESTRADIOL-17α UND OESTRADIOL-17β IN DER KANINCHENLEBER
Authors: Breuer H. , Pangels Gerta
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of oestrone, oestradiol-17α and oestradiol-17β has been studied in rabbit liver slices.

Oestradiol-17α and oestradiol-17β were isolated as metabolites of oestrone. When oestradiol-17α17α was incubated oestrone and oestradiol-17β were formed, whereas oestradiol-17β gave rise to oestradiol-17α and oestrone.

Quantitative experiments showed that after incubation of oestrone 5–8 times as much oestradiol-17β was found as oestradiol-17α.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF EXOPHTHALMOS WITH GENERAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE CHANGES
Authors: Lamberg B.-A. , Wegelius O. , Kuhlbäck B. , Olin-Lamberg C.
Published: December 2008

A case is described of a man of 48, who presented a history and clinical picture of a solitary thyro-hypophysial syndrome with malignant exophthalmos but in which general connective tissue changes were found on histological and histochemical examination of the retrobulbar connective tissue and muscles, of the pretibial connective and muscle tissue and the nasal epithelium. The intraocular tension was increased. In addition, renal failure developed. The use of cortisol locally in the eyes had a beneficial effect on the eye syndrome. Systemic treatment with corticotrophin and prednisolone had an evident beneficial effect on the renal condition.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE HYPOTHALAMIC NEUROSECRETION AND THE CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Kivalo E. , Rinne U. K.
Published: December 2008

Acute stress, chronic stress plus hydration, cortisone treatment, cortisone treatment plus dehydration were used as methods of investigation and the relation between the neurosecretory activity of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus and the neurosecretory material around the hypophysial portal vessels of the median eminence on the one hand and the corticotrophin release on the other hand, has been studied in the rat. Whereas stress stimulates both the activity of the above mentioned cells of the hypothalamus and the ACTH release, stress plus hydration causes a depression of these hypothalamic cells but nevertheless causes a marked ACTH release. Cortisone inhibits the activity of the cells in the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus as well as the ACTH release whereas cortisone plus dehydration causes stimulation but inhibits the ACTH release. In some stress and cortisone treatment groups the variations of the neurosecretory material around the hypophysial portal vessels and of the ACTH release were found to show a correlation. It is concluded that the activity of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus and the ACTH release do not seem to have any definite connection, whereas some observations indicate that the neurosecretory material in the region of the median eminence around the hypophysial portal vessels may have some significance in ACTH release.
LOCALIZATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS INHIBITING ADRENAL WEIGHT MAINTENANCE IN THE RAT
Authors: Moll Johannes
Published: December 2008

Electrolytic lesions, approximately 1 mm in diameter, were placed at 20 regularly distributed points in the midline of the hypothalamus of rats. Eighteen days later the left adrenals were removed and weighed. Six days after this operation the animals were sacrificed and the right adrenals weighed. Animals without brain lesions but otherwise similarly treated, served as controls. The brains of all lesioned animals were studied histologically.

Following lesions in the antero-basal and mid-basal hypothalamus the weights of both adrenals were subnormal. Compensatory adrenal hypertrophy was only slightly inhibited by the lesions. Lesions destroying the pituitary stalk and lesions in the median eminence, had no effect on adrenal weight.
STUDIES ON OESTROGENS IN CATTLE
Authors: Erichsen Stian , Velle Weiert
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of some oestrogenic hormones was studied in vitro by the use of cells grown on a medium free from blood. The methods used for the culture of cells from bovine testis, endometrium, amnion, and liver in confluent cell sheets on glass are described. The interconversion of oestrone and oestradiol-17β was demonstrated in the presence of cells from amnion, endometrium, and also from testicles of young calves and bulls. Only trace amounts of oestrone were found following incubations with oestradiol-17α in these tissues. Bovine liver cells grown in vitro showed a very poor capacity to bring about the interconversion mentioned above.
INFLUENCE OF OVARIAN HORMONES AND DENERVATION ON THE CATECHOLAMINES OF THE RAT UTERUS
Authors: Oskarsson V.
Published: December 2008

The contents of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the uterus of the rat have been investigated. A spectrofluorometric determination of the amines, converted into their lutines, has been used. The level of adrenaline, if present at all, was much lower than that of noradrenaline. The total amount of noradrenaline in the uterus did not vary significantly during oestrus, dioestrus and pregnancy. Treatment of spayed rats with ovarian hormones did not influence their uterine catecholamines. In partially denervated uteri the level was about half the normal value.
HYPEROESTROGENISMUS AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Kalliomäki J. L. , Rauramo Lauri
Published: December 2008

The authors have endeavoured to clarify the frequency of the hyperoestrogenismus syndrome in women with rheumatoid arthritis, aged 17–38 years, by means of clinical and cytologic studies, and by hormonal analyses. The material comprises 32 patients. Of these, 30 were suitable for cytologic observation. In 5 (17 %) of these 30 patients, the hyperoestrogenismus syndrome (17 %) may be considered definitely established. Aggravation of the joint symptoms in the pre-menstrual phase was reported by 41 % of the patients. Values for excretion of oestrogen exceeding 200 mouse units/24 hours were noted one week before menstrual bleeding in 8 of 19 women; the mean for oestrogen excretion was 268 mouse units/24 hours. Gonadotrophins were studied in the same urine samples, and the mean excretion was 22 mouse units/24 hours (range 7–65 m. u.). The excretion mean for 17-ketosteroids, simultaneously studied, was 9.1 mg/24 hours (range 2.3–18.0 mg). Side-finding in the material were made: incipient cervical cancer in one patient, ovarial tumour in one, and trichomoniasis in seven.
CORTISONINAKTIVIERUNG IN DER RATTENLEBER NACH INJEKTION VON BUTAZOLIDIN
Authors: Lutzmann Ludger , Dirscherl Wilhelm
Published: December 2008

The breakdown of cortisone by the liver of Butazolidin treated rats as well as of untreated controls was examined.

At the same time Butazolidin was determined in serum and liver at various times after its injection together with its distribution between incubation media and liver slices.

The results are discussed in connection with former experiments in vitro in which Butazolidin in therapeutical doses was added to the incubation medium.

From the distribution studies it appears that, in vivo as well as in vitro, the breakdown of cortisone is affected only at a certain Butazolidin concentration.
STUDIES OF GONADECTOMIZED MICE BEARING ADRENAL CORTICAL TUMOURS
Authors: Hofmann Frederick G. , Dickie Margaret M. , Christy Nicholas P.
Published: December 2008

Studies were made of the steroid secretion pattern of gonadectomy-induced adrenal cortical tumours in mice. Morphological and chemical data were collected from intact and gonadectomized female mice (F1 hybrids of strain DBA/2WyDi female × strain CE/WyDi male and the reciprocal cross).

Morphological data – In spayed animals with adrenal tumours, the weights of the hypophysis, kidney and submaxillary gland were significantly greater than in intact controls (without adrenal tumours). Body and thymus weights were similar in the spayed and control mice, and there was no femoral osteoporosis in either group. Histologic changes in kidneys of tumour mice were compatible with androgenic stimulation.

Chemical data – Incubation of normal and neoplastic adrenal tissue with progesterone 4-14C showed conversion to corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone. The conversion was accomplished more efficiently by normal than by neoplastic adrenal tissue. There was no evidence for in vitro conversion of progesterone to oestrogens or androgens nor for the storage of these compounds in the adrenal tumours. Corticotrophin content in the tumour mice increased in proportion to the increased weight of the pituitary gland, the concentration of corticotrophin being the same as in the controls.

The morphologic and chemical data taken together suggest an enhanced androgen secretion by the adrenal tumours, but no increase, per unit weight of tissue, in corticosteroid (C21 steroid) production.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN AND CARDIAZOLE-SHOCK ON PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE IN BLOOD, STUDIED IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
Authors: Štolc V. , Pogády J.
Published: December 2008

Significant alterations in the PBI levels occur during insulin shock. In acute schizophrenic states the PBI value falls during the first half hour following administration of coma inducing insulin dose (P < 0.001) while it rises (P < 0.05) in chronic states. In both groups PBI values are significantly higher as against initial values (P < 0.001). PBI values persist at raised levels, as compared to the initial levels, even after interruption of insulin coma through glucose administration. During cardiazole-shock PBI values increase within five minutes following the shock dose. Possible mechanisms explaining these observations are discussed.