bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capítulo 3. Recuperar la crítica. Algunas reflexiones personales en torno al estudio de las industrias culturales en Iberoamérica en los últimos decenios
Authors: Sánchez Ruiz Enrique E.
Published: March 2022

El capítulo de Enrique E. Sánchez Ruiz hace otro tipo de repaso, éste, a través de ciertos cambios de «epistemes», o de climas ideológicos dominantes de las ciencias sociales Iberoamericanas. Así, rastrea un clima propicio a la crítica social, dominante durante los decenios de 1960 y 1970, y un «espíritu del tiempo» de corte conservador que se conﬁgura en los ochenta y predomina hacia el ﬁn del milenio y principios del siglo actual. Propugna por la recuperación del espíritu crítico que reinó en las ciencias sociales latinoamericanas en el pasado. Un eje que atraviesa esta contribución es la necesaria interacción de los estudios sobre medios de comunicación con las ciencias sociales, en virtud de la complejidad y multidimensionalidad de aquellos como objetos de análisis.
Palabras clave: industrias culturales, Iberoamérica, comunicación, crítica social, estudio sobre medios, ciencias sociales, medios de comunicación.
Sustainable tourism development - an applied model of the Bucegi Mountains
Authors:   University of Craiova, Geography Department, MAZILU Mirela Elena , DRĂGULEASA Ionuț Adrian ,   University of Craiova, Geography Department
Published: March 2022

The planning and management of the Bucegi Mountains require tools which allow a broad and essential view in order to identify the tendencies and promotion of some balanced projects of development. Based on the connection between the development of tourism, specific activities and touristic destination, the Bucegi Mountains capitalize the presence of some touristic facilities and technical-utility features which may ease the capitalisation, mainly, of the natural potential – support for the practice of various forms of tourism: mountainous tourism, recreation tourism, adventure tourism, cave diving, etc. The most important principles of sustainable tourism can be applied to all forms of tourism, including the niche tourism. Consequently, the way some forms of tourism are practised in natural reserve areas must maintain the essential ecological process, so as the aesthetical values or the cultural authenticity of the host communities to promote the traditional values or the cultural-historical patrimony. Thus, sustainable tourism must contribute to the reduction of the risk of poverty in the local communities.
Host status of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on French beans in Kenya
Authors: Guantai Mary , Momanyi George , Kosiom Thomas , Macharia Isaac
Published: March 2022

Production of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a vegetable is important as a source of livelihood and income generation to smallholder farmers. However, production of this crop has not been optimal due to various constraints. Among the most important ones is pest and diseases. In Kenya, major pests reported in French beans include the western flower thrips (WFT) (Frankliniella occidentalis), Bean fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) aphids (Aphis fabae), red spider mites (Tetranychus spp.), the African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) and white flies (Bemisia tabaci). Although Tephritidae flies are major pests of fruits and vegetables in Africa, Kenya included, they are no reports to indicate that they attack French beans. However, a previous pest risk analysis report indicates that the crop is host to some species such as Dacus ciliatus and Bactrocera cucurbitaceae. In an effort to secure the international market, we conducted a study to assess French beans from Kenya to establish whether they are indeed hosts to fruit flies or not. The study was conducted in Machakos, Meru, Murang’a, Laikipia and Nyeri regions in the year 2020. In each of the study regions, sampling of pods was carried out in private farms that were planting French beans for export. A total of 2375 samples were collected from various locations in the field and from exit point for analysis. Results showed that, none of the developmental stages of fruit flies (Tephritidae) was present in any of the sampled French beans pods (Field and exit point samples). However, bean seed fly (Delia platura), bean fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) and one beetle was recorded in some of the samples. From our study we conclude that French beans is not a host to Tephritidae fruit flies. However, we recommend host preference tests in the laboratory and greenhouse to establish the oviposition potential of the fruit flies to French beans. Key words: Phaseolus, samples, fruit, pods, preference, oviposition
Occurrence of leaf blight of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) caused by Phytophthora colocasiae in Jos East L.G.A, Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Shutt Moses , Pwajok Mwanja , Unwana Affiah , Onkendi Edward
Published: March 2022

Production of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) in Nigeria has declined in the last few years due to several constraints including poor yield of local cultivars worsened by the spread of Taro Leaf Blight (TLB). Accurate identification and control of the causative pathogen responsible for TLB is a promising option to reduce disease incidence and increase the yield of cocoyam. This study sought to profile occurrence and identity of fungi associated with TLB in Jos East LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria. Eleven farms were surveyed for disease incidence and sampling of infected leaves carried out. Katton Rikkos (Lamingo road) farm had the highest disease incidence of 70% while Koreme and Rifar farms recorded the least (20%). Pathogenicity tests of all isolates showed no visible symptoms four weeks after inoculation. However, Phytopthora spp., used as a positive control showed symptoms of a water-soaked lesion on the leaves three weeks post inoculation. This was followed by a dark brown fleck on the leaves four weeks after inoculation consistent with observed field symptoms in cocoyam. Re-isolation of the isolates confirmed that Phytophthora colocasiae was the potential causal agent of TLB. Further characterization of this pathogen using molecular methods will help in informing appropriate control measures for managing the disease, to increase yield production of cocoyam. Keywords: Taro leaf blight, yield, Phytopthora spp., water soaked lesion, cocoyam
Effects of Biofumigation of Spider Plant (Cleome gynandra L.) Against Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Spp.) on Quality of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)
Authors: Keter Stella , Nyalala Samuel , Ogweno Joshua
Published: March 2022

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is a perennial summer flower grown by smallholders in Kenya for export as it requires low technical and financial input. However, its production and export volumes in Kenya - have been declining drastically. This declining trend has been attributed to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) infestation, leading to rejection of cut flowers. This study evaluated the effect of biofumigation of Cleome gynandra against root-knot nematodes. Two experiments were conducted at Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya, using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were: accessions of C. gynandra; ‘Egerton’ volunteer; ‘Taastrup’; ‘PS’ and ‘IP8’applied at 6 kg/m-2 compared with fumigant (97% dazomet), Brassica napus, solarization and untreated control. Data was collected on nematode infestation and quality of tuberose in terms of stem length, number of leaves and stem diameter. Biofumigation with different C. gynandra accessions was as effective as the fumigant and Brassica napus in reducing nematode population by 34%, gall numbers by 83% and galling index by 96% when compared with the control. Biofumigation with different C. gynandra accessions enhanced the spike length by 32%, marketable spikes by 80%, and reduced non-marketable spikes by 95% when compared with the control. C. gynandra can be used as a biofumigant for management of root knot nematodes and improvement of yield and quality of tuberose. Keywords: Tuberose; Nematode management; Biofumigantion; Flower Quality
Mitigation Measures for Invasive Insect Pests on Eucalyptus Spp. in East Africa: A Review
Authors: Mutitu Eston
Published: March 2022

Eucalyptus spp. plantation forestry is expanding rapidly to meet wood and fibre demands internationally, including in Eastern Africa (especially Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). However, Eucalyptus spp. plantations in eastern Africa are increasingly being damaged by invasive insect pests. In particular, the Australian invasive pests; Gonipterus scutellatus complex (Eucalyptus snout beetle), Leptocybe invasa (Blue gum chalcid), Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Bronze bug), and Glycaspis brimblecombei (Red gum lerp psyllid) pose a serious threat to Eucalyptus spp. plantations in eastern Africa. This is a trend that has also been noted in other parts of Africa and globally. Factors that influence introduction, establishment and spread of Australian invasive insect pests include: the expanding planting of Eucalyptus in intensive plantations over large areas, increased human trade and transport, natural dispersal mechanisms across borders, and a growing pool of established exotic pests in the neighbouring regions. Therefore, there is increasing pressure to develop more effective management strategies for the invasive pests and more rapidly than in the past. Some of the strategies that are employed in pest management and require improvement include: strengthening phytosanitary and quarantine measures at ports of entry, selection and deployment of resistant/tolerant host tree genotypes, and international and regional collaborations to prevent the entry and management of invasive species. In this review we assess on the knowledge generated in recent studies concerning forest pests and further consider methods/policies that could be employed or improved to mitigate the threat of invasive pests associated with Eucalyptus spp. in the Eastern Africa region. Key words: Eucalyptus spp, Pest management, Gonipterus scutellatus, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, Leptocybe invasa, Glycaspis brimblecombei
Distribution of passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) pests in Kenya
Authors: Mukoye Benard , Macharia Isaac , Avedi Edith
Published: March 2022

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is an important fruit crop with great commercial potential since the demand for both fresh fruit and processed juice for both local and export is on the increase. Like in other countries, passion fruit productivity in Kenya is low due to both biotic and abiotic constraints. Pest and diseases contribute largely to non-availability of clean planting material. Woodiness disease caused by viral pathogens is one of the most devastating diseases of passion fruit in the world. The disease results from synergistic interactions of potyviruses that are vectored by aphids. However, the distribution of the economically important pests for the crop is not well documented. Surveillance was carried out to establish the distribution of the pests in the major growing areas in Kenya between March and May, 2019. A total of 69 farms were sampled and 142 samples were collected. Most farmers (95%) prepared their own seeds for sowing from previous crops which they also shared amongst the neighbors. Passion fruit woodiness (PWD) was the major disease observed in most farms in Uasin Gishu, Marakwet, Nyamira and Kisii Counties. Majority of the farmers (75%) rated PWD as the major constraint to passion fruit production followed by Fusarium wilt. However, in Nyeri, Embu and Meru counties, farmers rated fusarium wilt as the major constraint followed by PWD. There was decrease in passion fruit production in all areas surveyed whereas in some Counties like Baringo, Nakuru and Migori had totally abandoned the production of this crop, mainly due to the devastation of PWD. Upto 46% of the samples tested positive for potyviruses. Elgeyo Markwet recorded the highest incidence potyviruses at 69% followed by UasinGishu at 68%. Bungoma County had the least potyviruses incidence at 17%. Fusarium sp and Colletotrichum spp were detected in 4 samples. Passion fruit farming has reduced due to biotic constraints mainly PWD and Fusarium sp. There is need for farmers to access and adopt use of certified seedlings in order increase productivity. Key words: Passion fruit (Passiflora spp), pests, surveillance, Distribution, Kenya
Growing cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata) under low cover Agronets prevents pest infestation and increases yields in Kenya
Authors: Guantai Gacheri , Kasina Muo , Mbugi Jenard , Mwaniki Shelmith , Wasilwa Lusike , Kipyab Pamela , Ngouajio Matthew , Thibaud Martin
Published: March 2022

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an important vegetable crop in Kenya both in production and income provision to smallholder farmers. Pests are serious hindrance to its production and most farmers rely on synthetic insecticides. Such reliance has negative effects on non-target organisms, environment, animal and human health. This study was carried out from May to October 2011 to determine impact of low cover nets of different mesh size and cover duration on reducing cabbage pest infestation and yields. The study was conducted at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Kabete and Practical Training Centre Thika based on a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Treatments included Agronets of fine (0.4mm) and large (0.9mm) mesh covered over the crop permanently (season-long) or temporarily (opened three times a week from 9am to 3pm) and control where no Agronet was used. The results show that the number and damage by diamondback moth (DBM) was significantly lower on cabbages grown under the Agronets compared with control. Infestation by thrips was lower on cabbages grown under permanent cover compared with those under temporal cover and without cover. However, there was no significant difference of aphids infestation. The marketable yield was significantly higher on cabbages grown under the Agronets, recording about 17% yield loss compared with control that recorded about 90% yield loss. The study concludes that Agronets provide an important component of integrated pest management strategy for cabbage production in Kenya with high crop yields benefit and highly recommended for application by growers. Key words: Agronet, Aphids, Cabbage, Diamondback moth, Thrips
Treatment of drinking water in Jeberona camp with Cholorine
Authors: Najah al-Rifai A. Abd al-Hadi
Published: March 2022

Treatment of drinking water in Jeberona camp with Cholorine

The results of study indicated that the optimum concentrations of chlorine which was added to drinking water in all types of containers of water collection from all wells in Jeberona camp ranged between 1.8 and 3.8 mg / L
Kulturformidling i praksis
Authors: Enerstvedt Åse
Published: March 2022

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Det unyttiges nødvendighet
Authors: Selmer-Olsen Ivar
Published: March 2022

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Morality as Cure and Poison in Nietzsche's Genealogy
Authors: Dunkle Ian D.
Published: March 2022

Nietzsche argues in the Genealogy of Morality (GM) that key aspects of modern European morality arose as “cures” for widespread human sickness but are ultimately making us sicker (“poisoning” us). This article provides a systematic overview of how Nietzsche believes morality has functioned as a cure and poison for European humanity. Drawing on my own previous work on Nietzsche's concept of health, I sketch an overview of the (1) sickness(es), (2) treatments, and (3) pathogeneses discussed in each of the three treatises in terms of a single (and plausible) concept of health. The result is a systematic interpretive overview of the core polemical argument in GM.
ACCORDING TO FORMATION OF PROPERTIES OF HYDROTHERMALMETASOMATIC ROCKS AT THE KURIL-KAMCHATKA VOLCANIC ACR
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Frolova J. V.
Published: March 2022

The article discusses the main regularities of the formation of engineering-geological features of hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks formed inside and on the surface of modern hydrothermal systems in areas of active volcanism due to the processing of the initial rocks of volcanic genesis by thermal waters. The conditions and successive stages of formation of various types of hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks and their corresponding trends in changing physical and mechanical properties are analyzed.
Conceição Lima, Maria Alexandre Dáskalos e Vera Duarte
Authors: Rocha Ana
Published: March 2022

Na exposição intitulada “Conceição Lima, Maria Alexandre Dáskalos e Vera Duarte: da apropriação do locus no processo de autoconhecimento” pretende-se apresentar e analisar a obra poética destes três poetas africanas, incidindo sobre a problemática da identidade coletiva e da afirmação da identidade de género nos três diferentes contextos, no contexto santomense, angolano e cabo-verdiano. Para tal, iremos compreender o modo como as autoras mergulham no passado dos seus países e na memória individual e coletiva para recuperarem uma identidade nacional e para melhor se compreenderem nela enquanto mulheres e seres moldados por opressões várias. Neste processo, as três escolhem a poesia como linguagem teórica para a reflexão e apresentação. Recorreremos ao conceito de margem enquanto local estratégico, de bell hooks, para compreendermos o uso desta teorização realizada estiticamente, bem como o modo como a margem se converte em local de resistência, através do desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de afirmação que vence o medo e o complexo. Acrescentaremos o conceito de “La facultad” de Gloria Anzaldúa que explica como o medo atua nesse local marginal e as capacidades e caraterísticas que isso desenvolve no ser da margem. Concluiremos compreendendo estas produções da margem enquanto resistência e criação por oposição à “surfemme” descrita por Julia Kristeva.
Metodologias não amadas
Authors: Takara Samilo , Amorim Accorsi Fernanda
Published: March 2022

Este texto apresenta um ensaio teórico-reflexivo sobre o que nomeamos de metodologias não amadas. Sugerimos a alquimia em vez da receita pronta para a produção de pesquisas com o objetivo de provocar debates acerca das contribuições das perspectivas metodológicas que atravessam as discussões sobre mídias e relações de gênero para pensar a pesquisa em Educação. A pesquisa em Estudos Culturais e Educação é uma prática que difere da dimensão de produção científica que aplica os métodos fechados, prontos e conclusivos. Debruçamo-nos sobre a produção de dados como criação de verdades outras, de disputas pelos sentidos e significados que foram atribuídos às identidades de gênero e que formulam na mídia performances e perspectivas que educam modos de ser e de agir. Discutimos que o fracasso está associado às rotas alternativas que não constam nos manuais de metodologia porque não foram desbravadas, ainda estão incipientes porque nenhuma pesquisa passou por ali. Reconhecemos que esta proposta não ignora as contribuições até aqui fornecidas por metodologias amadas, repetidas e canonizadas, mas indica outras interpretações. O trabalho de utilizar as metodologias não amadas também é uma proposta ético-política de se produzir um conhecimento que seja transitório, variável, plural e que entre nas disputas por outras formas de interpretar, produzir e conhecer o mundo. A tarefa de pesquisar por outras metodologias também estimula as/os pesquisadoras/es a buscarem outras direções por meio da alquimia da prática científica.
Táticas de autoproteção ou trapaças na ordem normativa
Authors: Pereira Marlyson , Pelúcio Larissa
Published: March 2022

Neste artigo, partimos de entrevistas com cinco mulheres trans que chegaram a diferentes estágios do ensino superior, interrogando-nos como enfrentaram os anos de educação básica, estágio imprescindível para que chegassem à Universidade, em uma sociedade na qual ainda são poucas as pessoas trans que conseguem se escolarizar e mesmo sobreviver.  A partir dos aportes de Michel de Certeau (1994) de pensar os fazeres ordinários como agenciamentos inventivos, acionamos as trapaças à ordem normativa e a camuflagem como táticas criativas que as permitiu se moverem no ambiente da escola. A família apareceu nos relatos colhidos como lócus de acolhida e espaço de reelaboração de si, a partir do apoio dado aos processos de transição de gênero, além de suporte material e simbólico para a permanência das entrevistadas na escola.
A qualitative exploration of the factors which influence rural nursing and midwifery placement experience: Benefits and challenges identified by students and health service staff
Authors: Walker Clara , Forbes Roma , Osborn Dayle , Lewis Peter A , Turner Emma , Beyer Kate
Published: March 2022

Background: Positive rural clinical experiences strongly correlate with future rural health career intention. It is therefore important to understand the factors which contribute to positive rural clinical placement experiences.

Aims: To understand the benefits and challenges of rural nursing and midwifery placements for students, and to explore factors which influence positive clinical placement experiences.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to explore the experiences and perspectives of nursing and midwifery students (n=17) and staff working at health services where students are placed (n=36). Data were subject to thematic analysis.

Results: Five themes were identified: variety of experiences in a rural health context; supervision and support; engaging with a rural community; placement type and duration influence on rural placement experience; and inspiring, reaffirming or challenging future rural career intentions.

Conclusion: This study reiterates the importance of ensuring that students are actively engaged and supported during rural clinical placements to encourage students to consider future rural career pathways. The findings highlight the important role of education providers and health services in supporting student placement experiences to enable positive rural career intentions.
Reati culturalmente motivati in Brasile: il caso di stupro-non stupro presso gli indios Guaranì (con riflessioni sui matrimoni precoci Rom)
Authors: Ruggiu Ilenia
Published: March 2022

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il caso - 3. L’iter processuale e gli argomenti. Materialità del fatto ed ermeneutica antropologica - 4. Un nuovo tassello nella cultural expertise: lo strumento della “audizione etnica” (escuta étnica) - 5. Il pluralismo giuridico dialogico e l’affidamento della sanzione alla comunità guaranì - 6. Il ruolo del giudice di fronte a pratiche culturali patriarcali - 7. Dal Brasile all’Europa: spunti di riflessione sui rapporti sessuali di infra-quattordicenni nel matrimonio rom e nella cultura italiana.

Culturally motivated crimes in Brazil: the case of rape/non-rape among the Guaranì Indians (with remarks on Roma early marriages) *

ABSTRACT: This article describes a culturally motivated crime that came to the attention of a Brazilian court: sexual intercourse with a girl under the age of fourteen in a Guaranì group, indios from the Mata Atlantica. The judge acquitted the accused taking into account the fact that in the Guaranì society a woman becomes an adult with menarche and that sexual initiation is widespread in this culture. The accused had violated the protocol of this initiation, for which he will be sanctioned according to the norms of Guaranì law. The Brazilian case allows for a series of observations on the debate on Roma early marriages that is taking place in Europe, and on the different treatment between sex acts in this context and sex acts between minors under fourteen years old and other teenagers in the majority cultures of Europe.
Plan de gestión para el desarrollo sostenible de explotaciones lecheras de la cuenca de Delicias
Authors: Rivas-Lucero Dra. Bertha Alicia , Segovia Lerma Dr. Armando , Morales Morales Hugo Armando , Hermosillo-Nieto Jesús Guillermo , Magaña-Magaña José Eduardo
Published: March 2022

El establecimiento de un plan de gestión para el aprovechamiento de los desechos del ganado en las explotaciones lecheras es un aspecto fundamental para establecer una política ambiental que conduzca al desarrollo sostenible de esta actividad productiva. La gestión inadecuada de los desechos del ganado ha conducido a problemas ambientales produciendo degradación del suelo, contaminación de aguas superficiales y subterráneas y de la atmósfera, ocasionando riesgos en la salud de los animales y del hombre. El objetivo fue desarrollar un plan de gestión integral de los desechos del ganado, dándoles valor agregado para minimizar impactos ambientales. El plan se basó en el diagnóstico de la actividad ganadera en la región de Delicias, Chihuahua a través de un censo ganadero, el uso de imágenes de satélite y de parámetros indicadores como Conductividad Eléctrica (CE), Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO) y nutrientes en los desechos para determinar potencial de aprovechamiento o riesgo de contaminación. La cuenca lechera cuenta con aproximadamente 58,000 cabezas de ganado que producen diariamente alrededor de 2,900 m3 de excretas, generándose aproximadamente 12,000 m3 día-1 de aguas residuales lo cual muestra el potencial de aprovechamiento. La CE y la DQO de las aguas residuales muestran valores desde 0.79 hasta 12.42 mS/ cm y de 709 a 1450 mg L-1 respectivamente indicando riesgos de contaminación en el medio ambiente. Se observa que éstas aportarán nutrientes en promedio de 26.4 y 37.8 mg/l para nitrógeno y fósforo, respectivamente. El plan de gestión incluyó prácticas de uso y manejo de los residuos y uso de tecnologías a través del establecimiento de una cultura ambiental que permitan su aprovechamiento y conduzcan al desarrollo sostenible de la región.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tecnociencia.v2i1.65
Solution of a Solvable System of Difference Equation
Authors: GELİŞKEN Ali , ARI Murat
Published: March 2022

In this study we give solutions for the following difference equation sytem

x_{n+1}= (a.x_{n}y_{n-3}/y_{n-2}-\alpha)+\beta y_{n+1}=(b.x_{n-3}y_{n}/x_{n-2}-\beta) +\alpha n ∈N0

where the parameters a,b,, and initial values x_{-i}, y_{-i}, i=0,1,2,3 are non-zero real numbers. We show the asymptotic behavior of the system of equation.
Distant effects of monsoon depressions on weather over west Rajasthan
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K. , SHYAMALA B.
Published: March 2022

Monsoon depressions are generally responsible for increased rainfall activity over northern and central parts of India during southwest monsoon season. That they also have some influence on the weather over places at quite some distance from the depression has been studied by some workers. One such effect mentioned by K.L. Sinha is that whenever monsoon depressions/lows form in the Bay of Bengal or interior and move in a westnorthwesterly direction, rain or thundershowers Occur over Jodhpur. This phenomenon of distant effects of monsoon depression on weather over west Rajasthan has been studied for the 20-year period from 1956 to 1975. It is seen that on 70% of the occasions when monsoon depressions/lows formed in the northwest Bay and crossed the Orissa coast, distribution and activity of rainfall over west Rajasthan showed a prominent increase.

An explanation for the phenomenon has been offered in this study in terms of soutl1ward shift of the mid-tropospheric trough line. Those occasions when the depressions/lows were over or near west Rajasthan have been excluded in the study.
Airmasses upto 500 mb level over the Indian summer monsoon trough area
Authors: DESAI B. N. , SUBRAMANIAN S. K.
Published: March 2022

. Rao and Desai (1973) have indicated the nature of airmasses present over India and neighbourhood during July-typical monsoon month-on the basis of India Met. Dep. Forecast. Manual Part 1-2. "Climatology of India and neighbourhood-Climate of India (1968)". In the publication "Upper Air Atlas of India and Neighbourhood" (India Met. Dep. 1972), are given (i) Normal upper air temperature and contours and (ii) Normal upper winds from which one can draw inferences about airmasses over the area. Ramage and Raman (1972) have given 850, 700 and 500 mb charts for July in Voi. 2, Upper Air Meteorological Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) from which also inferences can be drawn about airmasses over the area in question. It is seen from India Meteorological Department (1972) upper winds charts and charts of Ramageand Raman(1972) that the axis of the monsoon trough, which extends from near Delhi to Calcutta at the surface and slope southwards with height, has on both sides the air of continental origin while according to Rao and Desai and India Meteorological Department (1972) normal upper air temperature and contour charts, the axis of the monsoon trough at 850 and 700-mb levels has moist air of oceanic origin on both sides.

The chart showing distribution of rainfall over India during July would not appear to support the inferences about airmasses drawn from charts of Ramage and Raman and India Meteorological Department upper wind charts.
Vortices embedded in 'the trough of low pressure off Maharashtra- Goa coasts -during the month of July
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K. , RAO M. K. , SHAH K. C.
Published: March 2022

Two troughs of low pressure are generally noticed over Indian region during the monsoon. One is the monsoon trough Over Gangetic plain persisting throughout the monsoon season. The other is of comparatively less pronounced trough persisting off the west coast of India, being most prominent during the month of July.

Vortices embedded in these troughs cause considerable amount of rainfall. While the vortices and low pressure areas associated with the monsoon trough passing over Gangetic plain have been studied extensively, those embedded in the trough off the west coast do not appear to have received enough attention. In this paper the study of latter vortices during the month of July has been conducted. The following conclusions have been arrived at.

These vortices are most prominent in the month of July. They have a tendency to form in series in first half of the month of July, (b) They form just south of Goa, (c) They move generally northwards with an approximate speed of 100 km per day. During second half of the month of July some of them are found to move northwestwards, (d) Heavy rainfall associated with them has the peculiarity that coastal stations get more rain than the Ghats, and (e) There may be an association between the formation of the series of vortices, during first half of July and the existence of an upper air cyclonic circulation between 2.1 and 3.6 km above sea level over Gujarat region and neighbourhood.
Vertical structure of the planetary boundary layer in the west Indian Ocean during the Indian summer monsoon as revealed by ISMEX data
Authors: PANT M. C.
Published: March 2022

During the Indo-Soviet Monsoon Experiment (ISMEX) .973, closely spaced aerological measurements were obtained in the west Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. Based on these observations a study of the thermodynamical and kinematic structure of the atmospheric planetary boundary layer in this region is made. Under undisturbed weather conditions the planetary boundary layer is mainly divided into two sub-layers-the neutral stratified mixed layer and the cloud layer. In the region north of 10°N latitude over the  Arabian Sea, a strong temperature inversion tops the boundary layer and shows a downward slope from the  coast of India towards the west, thus reducing the planetary boundary layer in the western region to a mixed  layer and a temperature inversion layer. In the extreme eastern region, strong convective mixing weakens the layered  structure and leads to the destruction of the inversion.

A gradual increase of wind speed with height is observed in the sub-cloud layer in this region. A sharp maximum  frequently occurs below 1200 m in the wind profiles in the region north of 7°N latitude over the Arabian Sea. The wind speed maximum occurs usually within the inversion layer in the western Arabian Sea and within the cloud layer in the central Arabian Sea, and is often associated with large values of wind shear at low levels.
Onset of summer monsoon in Bangladesh
Authors: MOWLA K. Q.
Published: March 2022

The onset of summer monsoon in Bangladesh has been studied by the author in this paper with the help of (i) Rainfall in June 1976 in Bangladesh, (ii) Vertical cross-sections of zonal wind for a number of days of June 1976 along Long. 90oE with particular reference to the influence exerted by the easterly jet stream on the onset of summer monsoon in Bangladesh and (iii) The APT pictures received from NOAA-4 for a number of specific days of June 1976.

The author concludes that the onset of summer monsoon in Bangladesh is heralded by a sudden increase of rainfall and that the influence of the easterly jet stream appears to extend downwards upto the ground level, removing the westerly component of wind and establishing a secondary core of the easterly jet above Bangladesh at the time of onset of summer monsoon. The APT picture indicated approach and presence of huge masses of convective clouds over Bangladesh at the time of onset of monsoon and during the lull period of summer monsoon, these convective clouds remained away from Bangladesh.

The author believes that many of the secrets of summer monsoon of south Asia may be revealed if further understanding of all aspects of the easterly jet stream is achieved.
Relationship of the 850-500 mb thickness patterns over northern and southern hemispheres vis-à-vis the activity of the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: RAMAMURTI K. K. , SUBRAMANIAM A. H. , BISWAS N.C.
Published: March 2022

The thickness between 850 and 500 mb over the Indian Ocean area have been determined from the SIRS data available on a real time basis. The five-day averages of thickness between the southern and northern hemisphere sub-tropical ridges, which give an idea of the main driving force for the Indian summer monsoon circulation were worked out for the monsoon period in 1975 and 1976 and their relationship with the monsoon activity examined.

The rainfall anomaly (percentage) of daily rainfall from 285 reporting stations in India having normals, the thickness difference between the locations (i) Lat. 17½ 0S, Long. 550E and (ii) Lat. 32½ oN, Long. 80°E and the actual thickness at the latter point were plotted. There is a close correspondence between the three curves. A time lag of one to two days has been noted between the variations in the thickness curves and the rainfall curve. Thus it can be said that the fluctuations in the rainfall activity of the southwest monsoon over India as a whole could be correlated with the thickness difference in the lower troposphere between the sub-tropical ridges in the two hemispheres.
Large-scale rainfall over India during the summer monsoon and its relation to the lower and upper tropospheric vorticity
Authors: SIKKA D. R. , GADGIL SULOCHANA
Published: March 2022

The daily variation of the lower and upper tropospheric wind field for the monsoon seasons of 1972 and 1973 is investigated, It is shown that the changes in the large-scale rainfall are directly related to those in the large-scale vorticity above the frictional boundary layer on a day-to-day basis throughout the two seasons, large cyclonic vorticity being associated with active spells and anticyclonic vorticity with weak monsoon spells. In the upper troposphere, the regional average of the anticyclonic vorticity is generally found to increase in active periods, decrease slightly in breaks and spectacularly towards the end of the break and increase again during revival. The maximum value of the kinetic energy of the easterlies during a season is found to occur during the break or weak monsoon spell for the seasons studied. The major difference in the upper tropospheric circulation of the two seasons is in the meridional component which is southerly over large regions over India in 1972 and northerly over the entire region on most days in the season of 1973. The contribution of the meridional advection of vorticity in determining the upper level divergence is found to be significant and its variations are found to be correlated to those of the lower-level convergence.
Some studies of the growth of monsoon disturbances
Authors: KESHAVAMURTY R. N. , ASNANI G. C. , PILLAI P. V. , DAS S. K.
Published: March 2022

The structure of the monsoon depression and the observed flow features prior to and at the time of monsoon depression formation (composite of 15 depressions) are examined. The composite monsoon depression (transient eddy) has a scale of 25 degree longitude and extends upto 300 mb and has the greatest intensity at 700 mb. It shows northnortheast to southsouthwest tilt in l the lower levels indicating that it may draw upon zonal kinetic energy for its growth. The disturbance has lower temperatures to its west and tilts westwards with height indicating that eddy  available potential energy is not converted from zonal available potential energy by large scale advection. There appears to be a reduction of vertical shear at the time of formation of monsoon depressions and this possibly aids cumulus convection.

 

The profiles of potential vorticity indicate extremes (i) in the upper troposphere and (ii) at  several mid tropospheric levels in the region of the monsoon trough indicating the possibility of combined barotropic-baroclinic instability. Using multi-level quasi-geostrophic model and employing the eigen value technique it is shown that the monsoon zonal current is not baroclinically unstable. A barotropic stability analysis is also done for monsoon zonal current in the lower and middle tropospheres. It yields unstable modes at lower and middle tropospheric levels with wave lengths of 20-30 deg. longitude and doubling time of 4-6 days.
An analytical study on the barotropic energy conversion in the lower tropospheric monsoonal flow
Authors: MISHRA S. K.
Published: March 2022

The mean zonal flow profile along y, for July month at different levels in the lower troposphere and at different longitudes in the Indian region, confined between two latitudinal walls is considered. The analytical function for each zonal flow profile is obtained by expressing it as a cosine Fourier series. A barotropically neutral perturbation of different functional dependency along y, and the wave structure along x is specified initially. Using non-divergent barotropic model in a Beta-plane, the barotropic energy conversion, tendency are evaluated analytically for different observed zonal flow profiles.
The study of the barotropic energy conversion tendency indicates the disturbance at levels 850 and 700 rob receives energy from zonal kinetic 'energy, the most preferred scale is around 6000 km. The barotropically growing wave moves from east to west with phase speed of about 8 m sec-l and minimum local doubling time is about 4 days.
Simulation of the global monsoon sequence by a simple ocean-atmosphere interaction model
Authors: WEBSTER PETER J. , LAU KA MING W.
Published: March 2022

A simple model is utilized to study the annual monsoon sequence of an atmosphere ocean system constructed to approximate the gross features of the continent-ocean distribution of the earth. The general three-dimensional structure of the system is simplified by division into a. number of domains, so chosen as to Isolate regions of similar character or similar lower boundary conditions. The governing primitive equations are averaged in longitude between the limits of each domain and neighbouring domains interact via east-west interdomain fluxes of heat and momentum. From this process, coupled sets of two-dimensional primitive equations evolve in latitude-height plane. The oceans are represented as simple adjective mixed layers In which the vertical structure is represented by two layers and advection forced by the latitudinal density variation.

To accomplish the horizontal coupling of adjacent domains, a parameterization is developed based on the theory of slowly-varying or quasi-stationary modes. The character of the parameterization is such as to reduce to a quasi-geostrophic nature in mid-latitudes and to a longitude-height plane confinement at low latitudes, the latter consistent with an east-west Walker type solution. Coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere is accomplished by wind stress and lower boundary heating.

Results are presented for a four-domain version of the model in which solar heating is allowed to follow an annual cycle. The effect of the vastly different time scales introduced into the model by the land and ocean regions is most marked in providing a diversity of response between hemispheres at different seasons and between land and ocean domains. The most interesting features are the rapid equinoctial transitions and the development of a strong easterly jet stream in the early northern heq1isphere summer and its rapid decay In early autumn; features which the oceanic southern hemisphere does not reproduce.
Numerical prediction experiments in the monsoon region
Authors: SHAW D.B.
Published: March 2022

An objective analysis/numerical prediction scheme, originally developed in the context of OA TE, has been adapted to cover the monsoon region. The analysis scheme uses optimum interpolation to provide independently analysed winds and geopotential heights which are then mutually adjusted using a variational technique. Relative humidity is also objectively analysed. The prediction model is an 11-layer primitive equation model in sigma-Coordinates, applied on a 2° Lat./Long. grid and incorporating the main physical processes. Results of integrations from some recent real data cases are to be presented and discussed.
A preliminary study of cloud clusters in the near-equatorial regions of south Indian Ocean during southwest monsoon season
Authors: MISHRA D. K. , PRASAD ONKARI , JAIN R. K.
Published: March 2022

The occurrence, characteristics and movement of cloud clusters within the latitude belt equator to l5oS over the Indian Ocean during the period 1 May to 31 July 1973 have been studied in this paper, utilizing the daytime visible channel satellite cloud imagery received from NOAA-2 spacecraft. It is found that cloud clusters mainly occur east of latitude 60oE and that their number generally increases from west to east. They have the maximum frequency of Occurrence in the latitude belt equator to 50S. The cloud clusters are predominantly amorphous in shape, indicating that mostly weak low pressure systems occur in this region. Their lire period ranges upto 8 days but most of them have a life period of less than 2 days. A majority of those having a life period of 2 days or more show a westward or northwestward movement, with a tendency to recurve northeastward subsequemly, as theyapproach the equator.
Optimalisasi Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler dalam Membina Karakter Peserta Didik
Authors: Arifudin Opan
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perencanaan. Pelaksanaan, evaluasi, dan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat kegiatan ekstrakurikuler dalam membina sikap disiplin dan bertanggung jawab peserta didik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif, karena penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan gambaran yang mendalam. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan ekstrakurikuler dalam membina karakter peserta didik terutama dalam penanaman karakter disiplin dan bertanggung jawab dengan pendekatan manajemen pendidikan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi secara umum berjalan sesuai program kerja ekstrakurikuler. Namun dalam perencanaan setiap program ekstrakurikuler belum ada perencanaan mengenai pendidikan karakter sehingga kegiatan ekstrakulikuler belum mampu menjadi media pembelajaran pendidikan karakter, kemudian dalam pelaksanaannya yang menjadi penghambat berjalannya kegiatan ekstrakulikuler adalah jumlah tenaga guru pembina yang terbatas, sarana dan prasarana yang belum memadai, dan partisipasi dukungan dari komite sekolah masih rendah dan dalam evaluasi objektivitas penilaian harus menjadi fokus utama mengingat penilaian secara umum dilakukan oleh peserta didik bukan oleh guru pembina sehingga output yang dihasilkan untuk perbaikan peserta didik menjadi kurang maksimal.
Prevalence of Osteoporosis Following Menopause
Authors: Niaz Tayyaba , Riaz Usman , Zaheer Maha , Shahzadi Tasneem , Ayub Rahat , Umar Bilal
Published: March 2022

Menopause which is the last menstrual period, is an unalterable and universal part of the age progression involving the female reproductive system. Menopause is labeled after 12 consecutive months of amenorrheic stage. The type of osteoporosis which is most commonly occurred after menopause can be stated as primary type 1, which is also termed as postmenopausal osteoporosis. The current study was done to evaluate the prevalence of osteoporosis following menopause in women of Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 100 females having age above 40 years. The sample size was calculated using the WHO calculator keeping the Study had a six months’ time period and data was collected from Lahore General Hospital and Fatima Memorial Hospital. Nonprobability convenience sampling technique was used. The bone mineral density was measured using the DEXA scan. Osteoporosis following menopause was labeled on the basis of WHO criteria. The selected variables were described utilizing the descriptive statistics which is frequency tables, bar graphs and percentages. Results: Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry showed that n=39 (39%) participants were severely osteoporotic with fractures, n=19 (19%) females were found to be osteoporotic, n=29 (29%) osteopenic and n=13 (13%) were normal. Conclusion: Females following early menopause are at high risk of low bone density that is osteoporosis. Fragility of bone is increased in menopausal women leading to fall injuries and fractures.
Prevalence of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Among Sports Sciences Students In Lahore
Authors: Ali Sidra , Sajjad Sajjad Ali , Niaz Mehwish , Rana Arif Ali , Waseem Munazza
Published: March 2022

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is characterized by severe pain around the knee cap during physical activities. Many researches have been done to describe the causes of PFP and it is found that it is multifactorial in nature. It is suggested that Patellofemoral pain can persist for many years and can cause decline in sports participation.  Muscular  imbalance and  over activity are major  causes of knee pain in Sports related PFP .Multiple management strategies are used in the intervention protocol of PFP  however, more research is required to find potential causes of knee pain and its management in sport sciences. Objective: The aim of this study is to find out prevalence of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome among Sports Sciences students in Lahore. Methods: This is an observational study; cross sectional survey with 306 estimated sample size 288 participants were respondents but remaining 18 were non respondents  and data  is collected from  students of sports sciences department in mentioned universities using  Kujala Scoring questionnaire. Data is entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: The results shows that age of participants were between 19 to 25 years. Number of male(62.15%)  participants were more than female(37.85%) participants .prevalence of PFP among sports sciences students is 63.54%(  N=183)  with  mild or no symptoms of anterior knee pain, 26.74%(N=77) with  moderate symptoms and  9.72% (N=28)  with severe symptoms of Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Conclusion: According to the results we concluded that there are mild or no symptoms of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in 63.54 % Sports Sciences Students in Lahore,26.74 % Sport Sciences Students have moderate symptoms of Anterior Knee joint Pain and  9.72% Sports Sciences Students have severe Symptoms Of  Patellofemoral  Pain Syndrome