bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Device for Studying Deep‐Frying Behavior of Batters and Resulting Crust Properties
Authors: Visser Jendo E. , de Beukelaer Herman , Hamer Rob J. , van Vliet Ton
Published: May 2008

The formation and properties of a crust during and after deep frying are difficult to study. Batter pickup (the amount of batter adhering to a product) and core properties affect crust formation and properties of the crust in such way that it is difficult to compare batters of different viscosity or cores with different properties. Moreover, it is often difficult and laborious to separate the crust/batter from the core. Another problem is the poor reproducibility of many fried products. A deep‐fried model (DFM) was designed, making it possible to study crust formation and crust properties without the difficulties stated above. Two different batter types and three cores have been used to test the system. Crusts obtained from the DFM were evaluated on several physiochemical properties and compared with crusts found around commercial deep‐fried products. Results show that crusts obtained with the DFM system are comparable to crusts of commercial products. The good reproducibility of the DFM crusts resulted in low variance in analytical results compared with commercial crusts. This high reproducibility, the versatility of the system, and the ease with which the system can be used offer clear benefits for many potential applications.
A Standardized Method for the Instrumental Determination of Cooked Spaghetti Firmness
Authors: Sissons M. J. , Schlichting L. M. , Egan N. , Aarts W. A. , Harden S. , Marchylo B. A.
Published: May 2008

A standardized method to determine cooked spaghetti firmness was developed. The effects of process and instrument variables were investigated and optimized to provide reproducible results between laboratories and to enable discrimination among samples with similar firmness characteristics. Commercial spaghetti samples of varying thickness were chosen to artificially create a range in firmness, and used to investigate the effect of a wide range of variables on cooked spaghetti firmness including sample preparation, cooking procedure, postcooking treatment, sample presentation, and instrument settings. Cooked spaghetti firmness determined using a TA‐XT2i texture analyzer was significantly affected by optimum cook time, postcook cooling, rest time, and crosshead speed (P < 0.001), as well as strand length, spaghetti to cooking water ratio, number of strands cut, and strand position (P < 0.05). Although previous work showed a reasonable correlation between laboratories when using in‐house methods (r = 0.85), the correlation improved to r = 0.96 when using the standardized method to analyze 29 commercially produced spaghetti samples. The Spearman rank correlation increased from rs = 0.81 to rs = 0.95, prestandardization and poststandardization, indicating greater agreement between laboratories in sample ranking.
Evolution of cooperation with shared costs and benefits
Authors: Brown Joel S , Vincent Thomas L
Published: May 2008

The quest to determine how cooperation evolves can be based on evolutionary game theory, in spite of the fact that evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) for most non-zero-sum games are not cooperative. We analyse the evolution of cooperation for a family of evolutionary games involving shared costs and benefits with a continuum of strategies from non-cooperation to total cooperation. This cost–benefit game allows the cooperator to share in the benefit of a cooperative act, and the recipient to be burdened with a share of the cooperator's cost. The cost–benefit game encompasses the Prisoner's Dilemma, Snowdrift game and Partial Altruism. The models produce ESS solutions of total cooperation, partial cooperation, non-cooperation and coexistence between cooperation and non-cooperation. Cooperation emerges from an interplay between the nonlinearities in the cost and benefit functions. If benefits increase at a decelerating rate and costs increase at an accelerating rate with the degree of cooperation, then the ESS has an intermediate level of cooperation. The game also exhibits non-ESS points such as unstable minima, convergent-stable minima and unstable maxima. The emergence of cooperative behaviour in this game represents enlightened self-interest, whereas non-cooperative solutions illustrate the Tragedy of the Commons. Games having either a stable maximum or a stable minimum have the property that small changes in the incentive structure (model parameter values) or culture (starting frequencies of strategies) result in correspondingly small changes in the degree of cooperation. Conversely, with unstable maxima or unstable minima, small changes in the incentive structure or culture can result in a switch from non-cooperation to total cooperation (and vice versa). These solutions identify when human or animal societies have the potential for cooperation and whether cooperation is robust or fragile.
On Kelvin–Stuart vortices in a viscous fluid
Authors: Fraenkel L.E
Published: May 2008

When one contemplates the one-parameter family of steady inviscid shear flows discovered by J. T. Stuart in 1967, an obvious thought is that these flows resemble a row of vortices diffusing in a viscous fluid, with the parameter playing the role of a reversed time. In this paper, we ask how close this resemblance is. Accordingly, the paper begins to explore Navier–Stokes solutions having as initial condition the classical, irrotational flow due to a row of point vortices. However, since we seek explicit answers, such exploration seems possible only in two relatively easy cases: that of small time and arbitrary Reynolds number and that of small Reynolds number and arbitrary time.
A novel 6C assay uncovers Polycomb-mediated higher order chromatin conformations
Authors: Tiwari Vijay K. , Cope Leslie , McGarvey Kelly M. , Ohm Joyce E. , Baylin Stephen B.
Published: May 2008

We describe construction of a novel modification, “6C,” of chromatin looping assays that allows specific proteins that may mediate long-range chromatin interactions to be defined. This approach combines the standard looping approaches previously defined with an immunoprecipitation step to investigate involvement of the specific protein. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated by using a Polycomb group (PcG) protein, Enhancer of Zeste (EZH2), as an example of how our assay might be used. EZH2, as a protein of the PcG complex, PRC2, has an important role in the propagation of epigenetic memory through deposition of the repressive mark, histone H3, lysine 27, tri-methylation (H3K27me3). Using our new 6C assay, we show how EZH2 is a direct mediator of long-range intra- and interchromosomal interactions that can regulate transcriptional down-regulation of multiple genes by facilitating physical proximities between distant chromatin regions, thus targeting sites within to PcG machinery.
A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota
Authors: Grice Elizabeth A. , Kong Heidi H. , Renaud Gabriel , Young Alice C. , Bouffard Gerard G. , Blakesley Robert W. , Wolfsberg Tyra G. , Turner Maria L. , Segre Julia A.
Published: May 2008

The many layers and structures of the skin serve as elaborate hosts to microbes, including a diversity of commensal and pathogenic bacteria that contribute to both human health and disease. To determine the complexity and identity of the microbes inhabiting the skin, we sequenced bacterial 16S small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes isolated from the inner elbow of five healthy human subjects. This analysis revealed 113 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; “phylotypes”) at the level of 97% similarity that belong to six bacterial divisions. To survey all depths of the skin, we sampled using three methods: swab, scrape, and punch biopsy. Proteobacteria dominated the skin microbiota at all depths of sampling. Interpersonal variation is approximately equal to intrapersonal variation when considering bacterial community membership and structure. Finally, we report strong similarities in the complexity and identity of mouse and human skin microbiota. This study of healthy human skin microbiota will serve to direct future research addressing the role of skin microbiota in health and disease, and metagenomic projects addressing the complex physiological interactions between the skin and the microbes that inhabit this environment.
The High Light-Inducible Polypeptides Stabilize Trimeric Photosystem I Complex under High Light Conditions inSynechocystisPCC 6803
Authors: Wang Qiang , Jantaro Saowarath , Lu Bingshe , Majeed Waqar , Bailey Marian , He Qingfang
Published: May 2008

The high light-inducible polypeptides (HLIPs) are critical for survival under high light (HL) conditions in Synechocystis PCC 6803. In this article, we determined the localization of all four HLIPs in thylakoid protein complexes and examined effects of hli gene deletion on the photosynthetic protein complexes. The HliA and HliB proteins were found to be associated with trimeric photosystem I (PSI) complexes and the Slr1128 protein, whereas HliC was associated with PsaL and TMP14. The HliD was associated with partially dissociated PSI complexes. The PSI activities of the hli mutants were 3- to 4-fold lower than that of the wild type. The hli single mutants lost more than 30% of the PSI trimers after they were incubated in intermediate HL for 12 h. The reduction of PSI trimers were further augmented in these cells by the increase of light intensity. The quadruple hli deletion mutant contained less than one-half of PSI trimers following 12-h incubation in intermediate HL. It lost essentially all of the PSI trimers upon exposure to HL for 12 h. Furthermore, a mutant lacking both PSI trimers and Slr1128 showed growth defects similar to that of the quadruple hli deletion mutant under different light conditions. These results suggest that the HLIPs stabilize PSI trimers, interact with Slr1128, and protect cells under HL conditions.
Global Identification of DELLA Target Genes during Arabidopsis Flower Development
Authors: Hou Xingliang , Hu Wen-Wei , Shen Lisha , Lee Li Yen Candy , Tao Zhen , Han Jin-Hua , Yu Hao
Published: May 2008

Gibberellin (GA) plays important roles in regulating many aspects of plant development. GA derepresses its signaling pathway by promoting the degradation of DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors. Although the floral organ identity is established in flowers of the GA-deficient mutant ga1-3, the growth of all floral organs is severely retarded. In particular, abortive anther development in ga1-3 results in male sterility. Genetic analysis has revealed that various combinations of null mutants of DELLA proteins could gradually rescue floral organ defects in ga1-3 and that RGA is the most important DELLA protein involved in floral organ development. To elucidate the early molecular events controlled by RGA during flower development, we performed whole-genome microarray analysis to identify genes in response to the steroid-inducible activation of RGA in ga1-3 rgl2 rga 35S:RGA-GR. Although DELLA proteins were suggested as transcriptional repressors, similar numbers of genes were down-regulated or up-regulated by RGA during floral organ development. More than one-third of RGA down-regulated genes were specifically or predominantly expressed in stamens. A significant number of RGA-regulated genes are involved in phytohormone signaling or stress response. Further expression analysis through activation of RGA by steroid induction combined with cycloheximide identified eight genes as immediate targets of RGA. In situ hybridization and transgenic studies further showed that the expression pattern and function of several selected genes were consistent with the predictions from microarray analysis. These results suggest that DELLA regulation of floral organ development is modulated by multiple phytohormones and stress signaling pathways.
Inside the changing newsroom: journalists' responses to media convergence
Authors: Saltzis Konstantinos , Dickinson Roger
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This article aims to report on research conducted inside British national media organisations. The research was designed to investigate the impact on the working practices of journalists of the process of production convergence – the trend towards news reporting in more than one medium in formerly single‐medium organisations. The article describes the changes that are taking place and the ways journalists are reacting to them.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews were conducted with 20 journalists during 2002 and 2003. The interviews were with journalists working in newsrooms at the BBC, Sky News,The Guardianand theFinancial Times.

Findings

The data show that while multimedia news is becoming well established, the multimedia journalist has been slow to arrive. This is because of the pressures that multi‐media working adds to the journalist's daily routine and a concern over the impact on the quality of output.

Research limitations/implications

The media environment is evolving rapidly and research findings on this topic quickly go out of date, but the findings presented here offer valuable insights into the news production processes operating in British national media organisations and the ways journalists are adapting to, and are likely to continue to adapt to, changes in production technologies and changed systems of working.

Originality/value

The paper is the first to focus on journalistic practice in a converging media environment.
Image problem even haunts hi‐tech libraries
Authors: Majid Shaheen , Haider Azim
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to investigate perceptions and stereotypes associated with the library and information profession and to determine whether the public image of library professionals has improved with the extensive use of ICT.

Design/methodology/approach

The areas covered in this study include: perceptions of the nature of work performed by librarians, their personality traits, social status, education level, employment opportunities, income level, and contributions made to society. A pre‐tested questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were collected at three academic and three public libraries in Singapore. A total of 214 individuals participated in this study.

Findings

It was found that library users in Singapore do not have a flattering image of librarianship and perceived the status of librarians to be low as compared to certain other professions. They also believed that library work does not require higher education and is routine‐based, easy, and boring work. On the one hand, the personality of a librarian was described as helpful, friendly, orderly, and polite; on the other hand, it was perceived to be a person who is bookish, boring, quiet, and conservatively dressed.

Originality/value

The paper offers some suggestions for improving the image of library and information professionals in society.
Shortage of storage space in Korean libraries
Authors: Yoon Hee‐Yoon , Oh Sun‐Kyung , Kim Sin‐Young
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to offer some considerations for the implementation of hub‐based collaborative repositories. The current situation of Korean public libraries is to be examined, centering upon the issue of storage space, and possible solutions are to be presented.

Design/methodology/approach

A corroborative analysis is done to determine the seriousness of the problem and the plausibility of the assertion by looking only at the National Library of Korea and public libraries.

Findings

By the end of 2005 Korean public libraries as a whole had reached 92 percent capacity, which suggests that there is an immediate need to secure additional storage space. Library collection size increased at a rate of 11.5 percent over a period of ten years (1996‐2005). Even if a more moderate rate of 7 percent is applied to projections for 2015 storage space we will exceeded by 38.9 percent and the ratio of shortage in storage space to storage limit is expected to amount to 82.1 percent.

Originality/value

This paper proposes the establishment of collaborative repositories, borrowing the principle of selection and concentration. The model for hub‐based collaborative repositories is provided and the roles of the repository network are outlined. This will effectively increase the circulation turnover rate while reducing a user's opportunity costs. In the meantime, the National Library will be contributing to the country's decentralization and balanced national development and also increasing its own value.
The training rate of aircraft handling quality evaluation scale
Authors: Dolega Boguslaw , Rogalski Tomasz
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the sample result of researches under original conception of the aircraft handling qualities evaluation scale. It allows rating and comparing of different control algorithms implemented into the control system in the simple way.

Design/methodology/approach

The presented handling qualities evaluation scale takes into consideration two main elements to generate the grade of the tested control law. These are: pilot's workload during typical flight phases and the second is precision of control the pilot reaches controlling the plane.

Findings

The paper presents possibilities of using of the proposed methodology. Also contributions of its use are described.

Practical implications

The presented methodology can be applied to evaluate and compare handling qualities of different control algorithms supporting pilots.

Originality/value

This paper presents original conception of handling qualities evaluation scale for aircraft equipped with fly‐by‐wire control system.
Recuperated gas turbine aeroengines, part II: engine design studies following early development testing
Authors: McDonald Colin F. , Massardo Aristide F. , Rodgers Colin , Stone Aubrey
Published: May 2008

Purpose

To advance the design of heat exchanged gas turbine propulsion aeroengines utilising experience gained from early development testing, and based on technologies prevailing in the 1970‐2000 time frame.

Design/methodology/approach

With emphasis on recuperated helicopter turboshaft engines, particularly in the 1,000 hp (746 kW) class, detailed performance analyses, parametric trade‐off studies, and overall power plant layouts, based on state‐of‐the‐art turbomachinery component efficiencies and high‐temperature heat exchanger technologies, were undertaken for several engine configuration concepts.

Findings

Using optimised cycle parameters, and the selection of a light weight tubular heat exchanger concept, an attractive engine architecture was established in which the recuperator was fully integrated with the engine structure. This resulted in a reduced overall engine weight and lower specific fuel consumption, and represented a significant advancement in technology from the modified simple‐cycle engines tested in the late 1960s.

Practical implications

While heat exchanged engine technology advancements were projected, there were essentially two major factors that essentially negated the continued study and development of recuperated aeroengines, namely again as mentioned in Part I, the reduced fuel consumption was not regarded as an important economic factor in an era of low‐fuel cost, and more importantly in this time frame very significant simple‐cycle engine performance advancements were made with the use of significantly higher pressure ratios and increased turbine inlet temperatures. Simply stated, recuperated variants could not compete with such a rapidly moving target.

Originality/value

Establishing an engine design concept in which the recuperator was an integral part of the engine structure to minimise the overall power plant weight was regarded as a technical achievement. Such an approach, together with the emergence of lighter weight recuperators of assured structural integrity, would find acceptance around the year 2000 when there was renewed interest in the use of more efficient heat exchanged variants towards the future goal of establishing “greener” aeroengines, and this is discussed in Part III of this paper.
Studies on high temperature corrosion reactions involving metal oxides and sodium sulfate
Authors: Mobin M. , Hasan S.K.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of studies on the reaction of metal oxides such as Cr2O3 and Al2O3 with Na2SO4 in flowing SO2 (g) at 1,100 and 1,200 K.

Design/methodology/approach

The oxides chosen for the studies were initial scaling products during the oxidation of industrial alloys and invariably are involved in hot‐corrosion reactions in the presence of molten salts. The thermo‐gravimetric studies for the system were carried out as a function of Na2SO4 in the mixture. The different constituents in the reaction products were identified by XRD analysis and morphologies of the reaction products were discussed on the basis of optical metallography and scanning electron microscopic studies. The pH and conductivity of the aqueous solutions of reaction products were measured and an attempt made to functionalize these parameters with Na2SO4 concentration in the mixture. Quantitative estimation of the soluble metal was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The formation of products was investigated by thermodynamic computation of free energies of the reactions and the study of relevant phase stability diagrams.

Findings

Looking at the complex nature of the reactions, it is difficult to generalize the conductance studies, as many complex species are liable to hydrolyze in the aqueous solution. However, the break in few curves at certain mole fraction of Na2SO4 indicates the presence of soluble complex species.

Originality/value

The paper provides information regarding the reaction between a pertinent oxide and Na2SO4 and proper identification of reaction products, useful for understanding the occurrence and importance of fluxing reactions and in the interpretation of hot corrosion mechanism and the development of new protective materials.
The effect of acetic acid and acetate on CO2 corrosion of carbon steel
Authors: Liu Dong , Chen ZhenYu , Guo XingPeng
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of acetic acid and acetate on the anodic and cathodic reactions of carbon steel present in CO2 corrosion.

Design/methodology/approach

The corrosion behaviour of carbon steel (N80) in CO2‐saturated 1% NaCl solution at 50°C and 0.1 MPa was investigated by using weight‐loss tests, electrochemical methods (polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and surface analysis (scanning electron microscopy).

Findings

The results indicated that: both HAc and Ac− significantly increased the corrosion rate of carbon steel, and the surface chemical reactions of cathodic reduction were enhanced in the presence of HAc and Ac−. Because adsorbed HAc could be reduced directly in the presence of Ac−, the corrosion rate increased, even though the pH of the solution increased. Ac− played an important role in the anodic dissolution processes, which mainly affects the formation/adsorption of intermediates, and acts to form more soluble corrosion products.

Originality/value

The results of this work clarify the role of acetic acid or acetate in the anodic and cathodic reactions of CO2 corrosion.
Building collaborative agri‐food supply chains
Authors: Leat Philip , Revoredo‐Giha Cesar
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the attitudes and experiences of Scottish farmers in marketing their beef and sheep, and the nature of their marketing relationships. As such, it seeks to identify the challenges that the recently revised Forward Strategy for Scottish Agriculture may face with respect to the wider establishment of collaborative supply chains and the strengthening of links between beef and sheep farmers and other parts of the meat supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach involved a postal survey of beef and sheep producers throughout Scotland, with a sample which was representative in terms of regional and farm size distribution. In total 1,778 questionnaires were mailed, with a response rate of 34 per cent (n=611). In addition, interviews were held with major meat processors and retailers in order to provide a “reality check” for the information from the survey.

Findings

The results from the survey show that there are low levels of customer awareness amongst farmers in the red meat chain, and low levels of trust of other chain participants, particularly in relation to price.

Originality/value

The wisdom of developing collaborative supply chains is widely acknowledged throughout the European Union (EU), but such moves need an understanding of the attitudes and circumstances of the various supply chain participants. This paper is of value to practitioners (government, consultants and academia) as it highlights empirical issues that may hamper the development of collaborative supply chains.
The value of guanxi for small vegetable farmers in China
Authors: Lu Hualiang , Trienekens Jacques H. , Omta S.W.F. (Onno) , Feng Shuyi
Published: May 2008

Purpose

Following a guanxi value – buyer‐seller relationship quality – marketing behaviour scheme, this paper aims to explore how traditional guanxi supports small vegetable farmers in modern markets in China.

Design/methodology/approach

Fieldwork was performed in Jiangsu Province, PR China. A stratified random sample of 167 vegetable farmers provided data for empirical testing with partial least squares analysis.

Findings

The findings suggested that the value of guanxi networks is an antecedent to buyer‐seller relationship quality and marketing behaviour in China. Guanxi networks improve the quality of buyer‐seller relationships in terms of interpersonal trust and satisfaction. Buyer‐seller relationships influence smallholders' transaction relationships, their participation in modern markets and choice for formal contracts. Guanxi networks not only support Chinese small‐scale vegetable farmers to get access to modern high‐value markets (e.g. supermarkets and international markets), but also encourage informal transactions in the vegetable business.

Practical implications

Guanxi networks play a critical role in the modern marketing environment in China. Marketing strategies based on personal relationships should be further enhanced in order to increase participation of smallholders in modern markets.

Originality/value

Quantitative evaluation of the effects of the Chinese cultural embedded concept of guanxi in the Chinese agrifood sector fills in an important research gap.
Cottesbrook's New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc wine to Tesco
Authors: Tipples Rupert
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this case study is to explore how a relatively economically insignificant business can gain and maintain access to a major supermarket chain on the other side of the globe in a world oversupplied with fine wines.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the approach to case studies recommended by Lyons (2005), this case study is built on semi‐structured interviews with key informants, previous experience, observations, documentary and web resources, combined in a process of triangulation to ensure reliability and content validity.

Findings

The nature of the problems facing a small wine producer are described, followed by an account of how access to Tesco was achieved and maintained. Personnel with previous Tesco contact were found to be vital to gaining access. Providing exactly what the supermarket wanted, when it wanted it and with reliability to continue supply over time were found to be critical as was the role of the channel coordinator. Supplier/supermarket loyalty was able to survive opposition. Maintaining good relationships in the supply chain was supported at all levels by active participation of the supplier's principals, in all stages of the chain, both personally and in developing solutions to the supermarket's problems.

Originality/value

The case study describes the first successful export of wine from New Zealand to Britain for sale in Bag‐in‐Box containers and how this is far more efficient in “food miles”.
Trust and governance of global value chains
Authors: Marques Vieira Luciana , Traill W. Bruce
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer an exploratory case study comparing one Brazilian beef processor's relationships supplying two different distribution channels, an EU importer and an EU retail chain operating in Brazil.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper begins with a short review of global value chains and the recent literature on trust. It gives the background to the Brazilian beef chain and presents data obtained through in‐depth interviews, annual reports and direct observation with the Brazilian beef processor, the EU importer and the retailer. The interviews were conducted with individual firms, but the analysis places them in a chain context, identifying the links and relationships between the agents of the chains and aiming to describe each distribution channel.

Findings

Executive chain governance exercised by the domestic retailer stimulates technical upgrading and transferring of best practices to local suppliers. Consequently, this kind of relationship results in more trust within the global value chain.

Practical implications

There are difficulties and challenges facing this Brazilian beef processor that are party related to the need to comply with increasingly complex and demanding food safety and food quality standards. There is still a gap between practices adopted for the export market and practices adopted locally. The strategies of transnational retailers in offering differentiated beef should be taken in account.

Originality/value

The research outlines an interdisciplinary framework able to explain chain relationships and the kind of trust that emerges in relationships between EU importer/retail and a developing country supplier.
Dynamics of the retail driven higher end spot market in fresh food
Authors: Mondelaers Koen , Van Huylenbroeck Guido
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to exemplify, by means of a Belgian case study, the transition of multiple certification schemes currently employed in the food sector towards a single retail driven higher end spot market.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained by means of focus group sessions, a survey, in depth interviews and a literature review. The theoretical framework builds upon institutional economics, the competitive forces as identified by Porter, and the theory of system innovations. The article illustrates the current institutional setting of certification, the drive towards a premium spot market and the consequences for the participants in the schemes.

Findings

This paper illustrates that a shift towards a premium spot market is indeed apparent. The paper furthermore argues that the dynamics of certification schemes are characterized by processes of contraction (mergers) followed by relaxation (diversification). The paper concludes that the retail sector is the primary beneficiary of the shift towards a single premium spot market. For the remainder of the food chain members, it is less clear whether the overall effect is positive.

Originality/value

The question of multiple certification schemes merging into a single retail driven scheme is approached from different stakeholders' point of views. Furthermore, the different factors steering this transition are elucidated and empirically confirmed. Both elements make this paper a valuable contribution to the existing literature on certification and coordination mechanisms in the food chain.
Horizontal alliances amongst small retailers in Brazil
Authors: Ghisi Flávia A. , da Silveira José A.G. , Kristensen Tore , Hingley Martin , Lindgreen Adam
Published: May 2008

Purpose

Application of the horizontal alliance paradigm has particularly relevance to small retailers. It is a powerful mechanism for independents and non‐integrated chain retailers to develop competitive advantage, maintaining and improving their performance. The purpose of this article is to analyse the theory of alliance in the context of the retail sector.

Design/methodology/approach

Both quantitative and qualitative research was carried out with horizontal retail alliances in Brazil.

Findings

Focusing on the alliances among independents and non‐integrated chain retailers, our discussion covers specifically the following issues: the reasons for forming a strategic alliance in retail; minimum criteria for the alliance activity amongst retailers; steps that managers must take to create a competitive retail alliance; critical core competencies to be developed on the retail alliance; types of retail alliances; and, finally, forms of strategic retail alliances and stages/steps to develop a retail alliance over time.

Research limitations/implications

The study considers horizontal alliances in a Brazilian retail context, which is in some ways unique, however, key principles and findings are very much transferable.

Practical implications/implications

The study is of value not only to researchers of retail horizontal alliances, but offers retail practitioners specific experience and guidance.

Originality/value

It was identified from the literature that there have been relatively few theoretical and practical studies available that analyse the relationship between the outlined themes concerned with alliances and small retailers. The discussion in our paper provides useful information and new insights to both academics and practitioners.
Cultural values, workplace behavior and productivity in China
Authors: Wright Philip C. , Berrell Mike , Gloet Marianne
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the Chinese cultural architecture on motivating workplace behaviour for enhanced productivity in Chinese workplaces.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper describes the Chinese cultural architecture and presents a cursory review of the substantive literature in this field. Based on this review, a conceptual framework for managing within Chinese organizations is presented, based on the first‐hand experience in the field as well as anecdotal evidence provided by practitioners in international management.

Findings

In the light of research, which suggests that the realities about motivation in the context of Chinese workplaces are more complicated than originally thought, this paper moves away from viewing Chinese workplace behaviour from a purely systems‐based perspective. Although ideas about collectivism and individualism certainly explain important aspects of workplace behaviour, an orientation to practicality and the emotive side of life in Chinese workplaces also affects behaviour in quite subtle ways.

Research limitations/implications

While the development of a conceptual framework for practicing managers provides a guide to managing in China, work that is more empirical is necessary to test the resilience of the framework.

Practical implications

The paper offers practical steps to improve the performance and productivity of both managers and employees in Chinese organizations.

Originality/value

The framework presented utilizes the conventional collectivism/individualism dichotomy with notions of practicality and emotion in Chinese workplaces. This is one potential step forward to the development of a more motivating management style in China.
A marathon not a sprint
Authors: Arwel Jones R.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to provide an overview of developments in digitisation policy and practice at the National Library of Wales (NLW) from 1995 to 2007 and drawing out the lessons learnt.

Design/methodology/approach

A chronological overview of developments focusing on the pilot phase, policy statements of 2001 and 2005 and on specific projects that have been undertaken during this period.

Findings

Provides a comprehensive view of digitisation at NLW and its evolution over time as well as identifying some key strategic decisions and some important lessons learnt.

Research limitations/implications

This paper aims to outline developments as they occurred at NLW and does not aim to place those developments, or any current or future strategies, in a wider context.

Originality/value

This paper provides the digitisation community with an account of how digitisation was adopted as a core function (at a relatively early stage) by a national repository and can be of value to those still considering implementing digitisation in earnest for the first time or are looking anew at their digitisation strategy.
Library web OPACs in Pakistan: an overview
Authors: Mahmood Khalid
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to analyse features and functions of indigenously developed web‐based catalogues of academic, special and national libraries of Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach

The assessment of 16 OPACs is based on a 91‐item checklist developed with the help of previous studies conducted in other countries.

Findings

The paper finds that indigenous web OPACs are at an initial stage of development and only offer basic facilities to their users. They do not offer facilities many OPACs in advanced countries already offer. Their shortcomings include the absence of MARC format and Z39.50 protocol, which are indispensable for shared cataloguing. A very few catalogues can accommodate non‐Roman scripts like Urdu and other local languages.

Originality/value

The comparison of features and functions of web OPACs can be useful to understand the level of OPAC development in Pakistan. It can also be helpful for future improvements in this regard.
Digital initiatives and metadata use in Thailand
Authors: SuKantarat Wichada
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to provide information about various digital initiatives in libraries in Thailand and especially use of Dublin Core metadata in cataloguing digitized objects in academic and government digital databases. Design/methodology/approach – The author began researching metadata use in Thailand in 2003 and 2004 while on sabbatical from the University of Vermont. A small number of government libraries were in the process of building up their digital databases. These were identified from a survey conducted by the author at that time. The author continues to monitor the development of digital initiatives and has identified several new digital initiatives created by academic institutions since then. The digital initiatives operated by Thai government agencies and academic institutions that existed in 2007 are presented, along with one example of a metadata record randomly selected from each of these projects. These examples illustrate Dublin Core metadata use and cataloguing practice employed in these digital databases. The author's current research on the development of digital initiatives is included. Findings – This paper presents what the author feels are some significant technical and legal issues facing Thai digital initiatives. A major copyright issue in Thailand, the ineffective enforcement of intellectual property laws relating to access rights, is presented. Also discussed is the significant obstacle to record retrieval created by the structure and complexity of the Thai language. Originality/value – This paper identifies important issues and problems related to Thai digital initiatives and offers suggestions and comments aimed at enhancing the development and progress of digital initiatives both in the Thai library community and internationally.
Ergonomic evaluation and energy requirements of bread‐baking operations in south western Nigeria
Authors: Jekayinfa S.O.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

In Nigeria, local fabricators of agro‐processing equipment have designed and manufactured various improvised versions of imported bread‐baking machines without due ergonomic considerations. Also, most of the processes of bread baking in Nigeria largely involve manual materials handling, which continues to represent a major loss source in the work place. The manual operations besides being uncomfortable are characterized by low output and unhygienic products. A study was therefore conducted in three southwestern states of Nigeria with the purpose of evaluating the energy requirements and man‐machine relationships in bread‐baking operations.

Design/methodology/approach

The study, which lasted over one year, involved the use of three fuel sources namely, firewood, electricity and cooking gas during bread baking operations. Questionnaire and physical measurements were employed for data collection from 50 bakeries randomly selected within the study area. The data points include the environmental and body temperatures, anthropometrical data, bio data, injury data, metabolic and production measurements.

Findings

The results of the study revealed that bread‐baking with wood as energy source required the highest energy (6.15 kJ/min) compared with 3.37 kJ/min and 1.52 kJ/min obtained with gas and electricity as sources of energy, respectively. The cost of energy per kg of baked bread was 7.58 with cooking gas followed by 6.05 for electricity and 5.05 for wood in that order. The average baking rate (BR) using firewood, gas and electricity as energy sources were, respectively, 11.92, 17.97 and 20.58 kg/h. Analysis of metabolic data showed moderate (not to a lethal level) increase in the subjects' body temperatures, blood pressures and heart rates after bread‐baking operations.

Originality/value

The study suggests that bread‐baking operations could be categorized as a light grade work and that the use of electricity as energy source is the most appropriate in terms of bread‐BR and unit energy requirement.
Searching for cultural psyche in body type variance: American vs Japanese body type estimations
Authors: Kobayashi Futoshi
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate cross‐cultural differences between American and Japanese college students' body type under/overestimation regarding their own bodies within the framework of self‐construal theory.

Design/methodology/approach

Information from 137 American college students and 160 Japanese college students was collected in using a survey method. Their height, body weight, gender, and self‐estimated body types from three different options (underweight, normal weight, and overweight) was collected in order to assess the relationship between self‐estimated and real body types of these participants. The real body type based on one's body mass index and the self‐estimated body type were compared for each participant.

Findings

Japanese students were found to be more in the underweight category and less in the overweight category than American students. It was also found that Japanese students, and female students in general, were more likely to overestimate their body types and American students, and male students in general, were more likely to underestimate their body types.

Research limitations/implications

The present study used self‐report survey method and should be considered a pilot study. In future research, the height and weight of participants should actually be measured to obtain more reliable data. Future research should investigate other possible psychological factors for creating different body types between different cultures.

Originality/value

The present study was the first cross‐cultural study regarding body type under/overestimation regarding their own bodies between American and Japanese college students.
Creating and evaluating a subject‐based blog: planning, implementation, and assessment
Authors: Blair Joanna , Level Allison V.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This paper seeks to outline the creation of a subject‐based blog and to suggest unique evaluation techniques for library blogs.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology involved an online survey, web tracking software, RSS feed tracking, and the use of blog search engines.

Findings

A successful blog was launched and statistics show a marked increase in visitors in the second semester when it was available.

Research limitations/implications

This article reports on a survey which is not statistically valid. The results, however, provide some insight into users of the blog.

Practical implications

The paper outlines several methods of evaluating library blogs and outlines successful planning for a library subject‐area blog.

Originality/value

The paper provides information about setting up a relevant information service, and using web tools to evaluate the success of the service.
Incorporating information literacy into the building plan
Authors: Ritchie Lorin , Ray Kathlin
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show how, in planning and building a new library at a US‐style higher education institution in the Middle East, special attention was paid to the need to encourage and enhance student information literacy competencies. This was a core purpose behind the building design, activity zones and Information Commons layout.

Design/methodology/approach

Librarians visited a wide range of academic libraries in the USA and Canada as a means of benchmarking best practice in space and building design. Extensive feedback was also gathered from the campus community and their desires reflected in the final design.

Findings

The library classrooms and adjacent Information Commons are key components in facilitating student information literacy skills.

Practical implications

Student attainment of core information literacy skills can be facilitated and enhanced through library facility design, particularly through the careful placement of instruction classrooms and a central computing or information commons area.

Originality/value

The paper shows how planning a new library at a US‐style higher education institution in the Middle East incorporated the need to encourage and enhance student information literacy competencies
Digital reference access points: an analysis of usage
Authors: Lewis Krystal M. , DeGroote Sandra L.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show how an academic library added access points to its digital reference service outside its traditional library web pages (e.g. online catalog, subscription databases). It seeks to determine whether, how, and to what extent these access points were used by patrons.

Design/methodology/approach

Almost 1,200 chat, e‐mail, and instant message digital reference transactions were examined. The data collected included: status of user; format by which questions were submitted (chat, e‐mail, IM); subject area of the question; type of question, and the access point from which the patron submitted the question. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.

Findings

Patrons used the access points in external resources over 25 per cent of the time. They took advantage of the access points as their research needs arose. An increase in the amount of reference transactions received was observed after the addition of the external access points.

Practical implications

This study may be useful in planning, administering, and staffing digital reference services.

Originality/value

This is currently the only comprehensive study that has examined digital reference transactions in multiple formats, the correlation between access point and information need, and the impact of adding access points to digital reference in external resources.