bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Communications Inside Vehicular Environments
Authors: Lin Cheng-Min , Liu Tzong-Jye
Published: October 2011

ZigBee is based on IEEE 802.15.4 which specifies the physical layer and medium access control (MAC) for low-cost and low-power LR-WPAN. The technology can be applied in intelligent key, A/C operation and steering wheel inside vehicles. There are two types of devices in ZigBee, FFD and RFD. A FFD can communicate with RFDs and other FFDs, while a RFD can only communicate with a FFD. In ZigBee physical layer, it follows IEEE 802.15.4 standard and operates in unlicensed RF worldwide (2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas or 868 MHz Europe). A superframe contained an active portion and an inactive portion is used in the MAC layer of ZigBee. The active portion includes CAP and CFP. In the inactive partition, the coordinator can enter sleep mode to save its power. Three main topologies of ZigBee are star, mesh, and tree. However, ZigBee is successfully produced into a low-cost controller applied for automotive applications, including vehicle control and status monitoring. According to the forecast of ON World in 2005 (ON WORLD, 2009), the deployed wireless sensing network nodes will increase to 127 million in 2010 from 1.2 million in 2005. It can be applied in home automation, battlefield surveillance, health care applications and vehicular environments. A wireless sensor network (WSN) constitutes a lot of wireless sensing nodes. In addition, a node in WSN consists of one or more sensors, a radio transceiver, and a microcontroller. The sensor can be used for sensing temperature, pressure, sound, vibration, motion or position, etc. to collect status from devices or environments. The transceiver is used to relay the information of the collected status computed by the microcontroller to a center node, called a gateway or sink. Therefore, a WSN belongs to one type of wireless ad-hoc networks. However, the nodes in a WSN are usually smaller than that in traditional wireless ad-hoc networks regarding node size, computing power, memory size, and transmission rage. In other words, the transmission ability, computing power, and memory size of WSN nodes are limited.
A Survey on Applied Cryptography in Secure Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Chen Jianmin , Wu Jie
Published: October 2011

Many secure mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) use techniques of applied cryptography. Numerous security routing protocols and key management schemes have been designed based on public key infrastructure (PKI) and identity-based cryptography. Some of these security protocols are fully adapted to fit the limited power, storage, and CPUs of these networks. For example, one-way hash functions have been used to construct disposable secret keys instead of creating public/private keys for the public key infrastructure. In this survey of MANET and WSN applications we present many network security schemes using cryptographic techniques and give three case studies of popular designs.
Wireless handheld Device and LAN Security Issues
Authors: Gururajan Raj , Hafeez-Baig Abdul
Published: October 2011

The application of WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) technology in the healthcare industry has gained increasing attention in recent years. It provides effective and efficient sharing of health information among healthcare professionals in timely treatment of patients (Collaborative Health Informatics Centre, 2000; Whetton, 2005a). However, there is still a concern among healthcare professionals whether health information is shared safely with WLAN technology. The primary aim of this study is to explore factors influencing healthcare professionals’ adoption of WLAN security technology. This study was conducted in regional health settings in Queensland, Australia using a focus group discussion and a questionnaire survey in a mixed research methodology. The outcomes indicate that learning support, user technology awareness, readiness of existing system, and social influence, are four important factors in healthcare professionals’ adoption of WLAN security technology. The findings suggest that healthcare professionals prefer to be more informed and prepared on knowledge of WLAN security technology before they decide to adopt it in their work environment. Therefore, their awareness of what the technology can do and cannot do for them, and the support they could get in learning to use the technology, play a crucial role. The healthcare professionals are concerned with how readily their existing system could support WLAN security technology and how people important to them would influence their decision in adopting WLAN security technology. Future research should extend the study in three areas. Firstly, future study should examine factors in this study with more regional areas of Australia. Secondly, future research should also examine the relationship between the factors and the demographic variables. Finally, there is also the possibility of examining the adoption factors with other security technology in healthcare, such as the pairing of WLAN technology and biometric security.
Data Gathering in Correlated Wireless Sensor Networks with Cooperative Transmission Data Gathering in Correlated Wireless Sensor Networks with Cooperative Transmission
Authors: Pillutla Laxminarayana S. , Krishnamurthy Vikram
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers the problem of data gathering in correlated wireless sensor networks with distributed source coding (DSC), and virtual multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) based cooperative transmission. Using the concepts of super and sub modularity on a lattice, we analytically quantify as how the optimal constellation size, and optimal number of cooperating nodes, vary with respect to the correlation coefficient. In particular, we show that the optimal constellation size is an increasing function of the correlation coefficient. For the virtual MIMO transmission case, the optimal number of cooperating nodes is a decreasing function of the correlation coefficient. We also prove that in a virtual MIMO based transmission scheme, the optimal constellation size adopted by each cooperating node is a decreasing function of number of cooperating nodes. Also it is shown that, the optimal number of cooperating nodes is a decreasing function of the constellation size adopted by each cooperating node. We also study numerically that for short distance ranges, SISO transmission achieves better energy-mutual information (MI) tradeoff. However, for medium and large distance ranges, the virtual MIMO transmission achieves better energy-MI tradeoff.
Wireless Solutions for Elderly People Assistance
Authors: D’Andrea Alessia , D’Ulizia Arianna , Ferri Fernando , Grifoni Patrizia
Published: October 2011

Wireless technologies are increasingly acquiring a considerable relevance in the field of Ambient Assisted Living. This contributes to independent living and quality of life for many elderly people by reducing the need of caretakers and personal nursing. In this chapter we provide a classification of existing wireless technologies for Ambient Assisted Living based on the role they can have in the assistance to elderly people. Then, we provide an overview of several intelligent wireless systems applied in the Ambient Assisted Living on considering the different wireless technologies used in each of them.
A Practice Perspective on Transforming Mobile Work
Authors: Vuokko Riikka
Published: October 2011

This study explores users’ experiences during an organizational implementation. The implementation of a new mobile information technology took place in public home care environment. The home care case illustrates differences between implementation project goals and expectations, and on the other hand, the daily organizing and carrying out care work, where previously, no information technology was utilized. While implementing mobile technology was expected to enhance the efficiency of care working, the project outcomes include resistance due to surveillance aspect of the new technology as well as technological problems during the implementation. Successful outcomes of the implementation include better planning of working hours and more even distribution of work resources.
Urban Telecommunications Network
Authors: Yigitcanlar Tan , Han Hoon Jung
Published: October 2011

Rapidly developing information and telecommunication technologies and their platforms in the late 20th Century helped improve urban infrastructure management and influenced quality of life. Telecommunication technologies make it possible for people to deliver text, audio and video material using wired, wireless or fiber-optic networks. Technologies convergence amongst these digital devices continues to create new ways in which the information and telecommunication technologies are used. The 21st Century is an era where information has converged, in which people are able to access a variety of services, including internet and location based services, through multi-functional devices such as mobile phones. This chapter discusses the recent developments in telecommunication networks and trends in convergence technologies, their implications for urban infrastructure planning, and for the quality of life of urban residents.
Evaluation of Arab Municipal Websites
Authors: Al-Nuaim Hana Abdullah
Published: October 2011

High speed wireless networks and mobile and web-based services are changing the way we, as consumers of information, communicate, learn, do business and receive services. Successful e-commerce models have raised the expectations of citizens to have government agencies and organizations provide public services that are timely and efficient. With the growth and development of Arab cities, especially in the capitals, life becomes a little bit harder for citizens dealing with highly bureaucratic government agencies as their demands for basic services increase. Although e-readiness in the region has grown considerably with impressive progress, Arab cities have been clearly absent from studies on worldwide e-municipal websites. In this study, an evaluation checklist for was used to evaluate official municipal websites of Arab capitals. The study found that these websites were not citizen centered, suffered from fundamental problems, had some features that were inoperable and did not follow basic guidelines for any municipal website. These sites were dominated by aesthetics and technical novelties alone, providing inactive information rather than the inclusion of interactive e-services with immediate feedback and easy to use, navigable interfaces.
Mobile Agriculture in South Africa
Authors: Maumbe Blessing
Published: October 2011

The rapid diffusion of mobile and wireless technologies is transforming agricultural development globally. In South Africa, rural e-government service delivery has been hampered by low Internet penetration. Mobile government offers a promising alternative to deliver public services to remote rural communities. In this regard, the author examines the potential of mobile and wireless technologies to deliver value-added services to rural communities in South Africa. An implementation framework comprising a multi-functional agro-portal and mobile agriculture services is proposed. The benefits and barriers of using mobile and wireless technologies in rural areas are examined, while key considerations and policy implications for mobile agriculture are discussed. The author advocates the development of “value-based” and “demand-driven” mobile agriculture services for the future growth and survival of mobile agriculture, which requires greater competition among service providers, use of multi-lingual e-content, integration of indigenous knowledge, mobile agriculture curriculum, mobile cyber-security, and customized value-added services for rural communities.
Student Perceptions and Uses of Wireless Handheld Devices
Authors: Gururajan Raj , Hafeez-Baig Abdul , Danaher P. A. , De George-Walker Linda
Published: October 2011

The chapter draws on a case study method using factor and regression analysis to interpret the questionnaire responses about the uses of wireless handheld devices in higher education. The principal findings included that behavior and attitude contribute strongly to the perceived performance of using such devices in the chosen context, and that facilitating conditions have a more complex and mediated relationship with behavior and attitude on the one hand and perceived performance on the other. The authors elaborate the implications of those findings for increasing alignment across several different interfaces related to blended and mobile learning in the early 21st century.
Live Interactive Virtual Explorations via the High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network
Authors: Bruch Kimberly Mann , Braun Hans-Werner , Teel Susan
Published: October 2011

Researchers affiliated with the National Science Foundation funded High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN), are conducting case studies and facilitating technology transfer activities that enable Live Interactive Virtual Explorations (LIVE) between hard-to-reach science sites and an array of education communities. This chapter discusses lessons learned – both technological and pedagogical – during a longitudinal study of HPWREN LIVE case studies and technology transfer activities.
Use of Mobile Technology at Montclair State University
Authors: Kahn Patricia , Chapel Edward
Published: October 2011

Educators strive to develop innovative teaching strategies to meet the expectations of digital natives that are accustomed to social networking environments. The Campus Connect project at Montclair State University, which began in the fall 2005 semester, provided an innovative mobile technology service, in order to meet these expectations. The program, which included a custom designed, high speed, rich media and GPS (location based services) capable cellular network as well as a rich array of cell phone based applications enabled students to customize their mobile phone for 24/7 access to the University’s teaching and learning, information, and administrative resources. This chapter will describe the growth and evolution of the Campus Connect program and the applications that were frequented by the student population on mobile technology through this innovative program. In addition, a description of how these applications enhanced the learning environment will be provided as well as the changes the program underwent in order to best suit the demands of the changing population of students. Quantitative and qualitative survey results are offered to describe the student’s reaction to using mobile technology in a learning environment as well as identify those applications that students utilized most often. Based on these results, recommendations for future iterations of the Campus Connect program will be provided, which can be used as a guide for administrators who may be contemplating comparable mobile technology programs at their institutions.
User Based Call Admission Control Algorithms for Cellular Mobile Systems
Authors: Beigy Hamid , Meybodi M. R.
Published: October 2011

Call admission control in mobile cellular networks has become a high priority in network design research due to the rapid growth of popularity of wireless networks. Dozens of various call admission policies have been proposed for mobile cellular networks. This chapter proposes a classification of user based call admission policies in mobile cellular networks. The proposed classification not only provides a coherent framework for comparative studies of existing approaches, but also helps future researches and developments of new call admission policies.
Reality Mining, Location Based Services and E-Business Opportunities
Authors: Montes José Antonio Ariza , Gutiérrez Alfonso Carlos Morales , Fernández Emilio Morales , Romeo Alfredo
Published: October 2011

The use of internet along with other technologies that enable wireless connectivity and the expansion and dissemination of the real-time positioning (GPS) in all countries and levels of the population is a great opportunity for entrepreneurship in the field of information technology. This paper shows how the effective channeling of the available information would place decision making at different levels and, regarding different concerns of today’s society, connect the online world of the Internet with the physical world. This paper has three parts. The first part shows characteristics of some applications that emerge from individual needs –geosocial networking- and those that arise to improve the functioning of society and of the public interest– like collaborative mapping and augmented reality. In the second part an example of e-enterprise–City 2020 Ltd–is described as well as its use of these sources of opportunities. Finally, the third part analyzes the main socio-ethical problems and some opportunities of location based services.
Location-Aware Access Control for Mobile Workflow Systems
Authors: Decker Michael
Published: October 2011

Workflow management systems (WfMS) are a special class of information systems (IS) which support the automated enactment of business processes. Meanwhile there are WfMS which allow the execution of tasks using mobile computers like PDA with the ability of wireless data transmission. However, the employment of workflow systems as well as mobile technologies comes along with special security challenges. One way to tackle these challenges is the employment of location-aware access control to enforce rules that describe from which locations a user is allowed to perform which activities. The data model behind access control in termed Access Control Model (ACM). There are special ACM for mobile information systems as well as for WfMS, but no one that addresses mobile as well as workflow specific aspects. In the article we therefore discuss the specific constraints such a model should be able to express and introduce an appropriate ACM. A special focus is on location constraints for individual workflow instances.
Mobile Technology Adoption in the Supply Chain
Authors: Doolin Bill , Ali Eman Ibrahim Al Haj
Published: October 2011

The increasing utilization of mobile commerce technologies in e-business raises the question of their use in supply chain integration and management. This chapter presents a multiple case study investigation of the adoption of mobile technology in the supply chain. A technology-organization-environment framework of the contextual influences on technological innovation adoption is used to inform an analysis of three companies’ adoption and use of mobile data solutions for sales automation, freight tracking and service support. Analysis of the three case studies found that the relative advantage of the technological innovation and the information intensity of the company were the most important factors influencing adoption. Other factors that appeared to influence adoption included the compatibility of the technology with the company’s business approach, the presence of top management support and the degree of organizational readiness. Environmental factors such as competition within the industry or business partner influence seemed less influential for these pioneers of mobile technology use in supply-side activities.
An Exploratory Study to Understand the Drivers and Inhibitors for the Successful Adoption of Wireless Technology in Australian Healthcare Systems
Authors: Hafeez-Baig Abdul , Gururajan Raj
Published: October 2011

According to the Australian Department of Health and Aging (n.d.) the adoption of new technologies is crucial in addressing health issues. Currently, wireless technology is used in Australian healthcare with limited scope, addressing specific aspects of quality of service offered to various stakeholders. While prior studies agree that wireless applications have the potential to address the endemic problems of healthcare, very limited information can be found about the determinants of such applications. Therefore, there is a need to identify factors that may assist in the adoption of wireless applications in healthcare and the factors acting as barriers in the uptake of such applications. This chapter reports on a study designed to elicit these factors using a semi structured interview approach and surveys. The study is structured in two specific phases. The first phase involved a semi structured interview with selected healthcare professionals to understand various factors involved in the adoption of wireless applications as applicable to Australian healthcare. The second phase involved administering a survey to generalize the findings of phase one and to capture the views of the wider population.
Handover Analysis and Dynamic Mobility Management for Wireless Cellular Networks
Authors: Rodríguez-Dagnino Ramón M. , Takagi Hideaki
Published: October 2011

Dynamic location of mobile users aims to deliver incoming calls to destination users. Most location algorithms keep track of mobile users through a predefined location area. The design of these location algorithms is focused to minimize the generated signaling traffic. There are three basic approaches to design location algorithms, namely distance-based, time-based and movement-based. In this Chapter we focus only on the movement-based algorithm since it achieves a good compromise between complexity and performance. We minimize a cost function for this dynamic movement-based location algorithm in order to find an optimum threshold in the number of updates. Counting the number of wireless cell crossing during inter-call times is a fundamental issue for our analysis. We use renewal theory to capture the probabilistic structure of this model, and it is general enough to include a variety of probability distributions for modeling cell residence times (CRT) in exponentially distributed location areas and hyperexponentially distributed intercall times. We present numerical results regarding some important distributions.
Rethinking Realistic Wireless Network Mobility
Authors: Yan Lu
Published: October 2011

With recent advances of wireless ad hoc networking, especially opportunistic forwarding and cognitive radio, there is an increasing concern that existing mobility models are insufficient to represent network mobility in real world settings. In this chapter, the author discusses his proposal for a more realistic mobility model which captures key features of human movements in pervasive markets. His findings lead to a non-traditional mobility model which can be used to reconstruct the statistical patterns commonly observed in the literature, and facilitate the study of mobile communication and software engineering design problems under the context of pervasive computing for markets.
Open Source for Mobile Devices and Mobile Learning
Authors: Steger Hal
Published: October 2011

Open source software is increasingly used for many types of mobile apps and wireless devices. A leading example is Funambol, the world’s most popular mobile open source server project. This chapter discusses the background of the Funambol project and how it applies to mobile learning in three specific areas: wireless device compatibility, data and content synchronization, and mobile device management. The chapter also discusses major trends that are affecting mobile open source software for mobile learning, challenges that are confronting mobile software developers and content authors, and the benefits of using open source software for mobile learning systems.
ICTs for Business Enterprise Mobility
Authors: Andersson Per , Sweet Susanne , Rosenqvist Christopher
Published: October 2011

This chapter puts focus on and relates to three central concepts “sustainability”, “mobility”, and “customer value”. The results from two long-term lines of research and two research programs are combined in the chapter. The first focuses on the effects of the use of new wireless communication and information on organizations in terms of changed “mobility” of people and artifacts within and between organizations. The second research area addressed is that of social and environmental enterprise and business. The chapter has the aim and ambition to contribute to a conceptual discussion on sustainability, mobility, and value. Based on the discussion, the chapter presents a set of propositions to help advance research in this relatively new research field. Short empirical examples are presented, followed by a concluding discussion and a set of propositions for further research.
Emerging Wireless Networks for Social Applications
Authors: Aquino Raúl , Villaseñor Luis , Rangel Víctor , García Miguel , Edwards Artur
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the implementation and performance evaluation of a novel routing protocol called Pandora, which is designed for social applications. This protocol can be implemented in a broad number of devices, such as commercial wireless routers and laptops. It also provides a robust backbone integrating and sharing data, voice and video between computers and mobile devices. Pandora offers great performance with both fixed and mobile devices and includes important features such as: geographic positioning, residual battery energy monitoring, and bandwidth utilization. In addition, Pandora also considers the number of devices attached to the network. Pandora is experimentally evaluated in a testbed with laptops for the first stage and commercial wireless routers for the second stage. The main goal of Pandora is to provide a reliable backbone for social applications requiring a quality of service (QoS) guarantee. With this in mind, the following evaluation of Pandora considers the following types of traffic sources: transport control protocol (TCP), voice, video and user datagram protocol (UDP) without marks. Pandora is also compared with different queuing disciplines, including: priority queuing discipline (PRIO), hierarchical token bucket (HTB) and DSMARK. Finally, an Internet radio transmission is employed to test the network re-configurability. Results show that queuing the PRIO and HTB disciplines, which prioritizes UDP traffic, performed the best.
Cross Platform M-Learning for the Classroom of Tomorrow
Authors: Doolan Daniel C. , Mehigan Tracey J. , Tabirca Sabin , Pitt Ian
Published: October 2011

Mobile devices are becoming more and more commonplace across all walks of life from the workplace to leisure activities and even the classroom. Many schools shun the use of devices such as mobile phones in the classroom environment, but this will have to change as they become a more integral part of our daily lives. The ever increasing capabilities of these devices allow for opening up on new application domains. The ubiquitous use of mobile technology in the classroom may provide new and interesting ways for students to interact with subject matter. This chapter discusses the use of cross platform Bluetooth enabled mobile devices within the classroom setting to allow students to interact with subject matter in a new and interactive way using the ICT resources that are ever present in our daily lives.
Imagine Mobile Learning in your Pocket
Authors: Murray Cecilie
Published: October 2011

Students and teachers are embracing mobile technologies in their social lives. How is this reflected in K-12 schools? This chapter examines the experiences of students and teachers in a range of mobile learning projects in the K-12 environment. Four research projects highlight the experiences of students and teachers as they grapple with mobile technologies and the wireless environment, with implementation and technical issues, with learning approaches and pedagogical innovations. The projects focused on Literacy, Mathematics and cross-curricular learning with Australian primary and secondary students as well as students in international collaborative projects. In each project, students demonstrated improved attitudes to school, greater engagement and participation in learning and enhanced performance. Teachers learned a diversity of approaches to classroom management and curriculum planning, and demonstrated significant pedagogical change. The benefits of mobile learning were also reflected in the community, with parents taking greater responsibility and interest in their children’s learning opportunities.
Advanced Scheduling Schemes in 4G Systems
Authors: Ukil Arijit
Published: October 2011

The deterministic factor for 4G wireless technologies is to successfully deliver high value services such as voice, video, real-time data with well defined Quality of Service (QoS), which has strict prerequisite of throughput, delay, latency and jitter. This requirement should be achieved with minimum use of limited shared resources. This constraint leads to the development and implementation of scheduling policy which along with adaptive physical layer design completely exploit the frequency, temporal and spatial dimensions of the resource space of multi-user system to achieve the best system-level performance. The basic goal for scheduling is to allocate the users with the network resources in a channel aware way primarily as a function of time and frequency to satisfy individual user’s service request delivery (QoS guarantee) and overall system performance optimization. Advanced scheduling schemes consider cross-layer optimization principle, where to fully optimize wireless broadband networks; both the challenges from the physical medium and the QoS-demands from the applications are to be taken into account. Cross-layer optimization needs to be accomplished by the design philosophy of jointly optimizing the physical, media access control, and link layer, while leveraging the standard IP network architecture. Cross-layer design approaches are critical for efficient utilization of the scarce radio resources with QoS provisioning in 4G wireless networks and beyond. The scheduler, in a sense, becomes the focal point for achieving any cross-layer optimization, given that the system design allows for this. The scheduler uses information from the physical layer up to the application layer to make decisions and perform optimization. This is a fundamental advantage over a system where the intelligence is distributed throughout the all entities of the network. In this chapter, the authors present an overview of the basic scheduling schemes as well as investigate advanced scheduling schemes particularly in OFDMA and packet scheduling schemes in all-IP based 4G systems. Game theoretic approach of distributed scheduling, which is of particular importance in wireless ad hoc networks, will also be discussed. 4G wireless networks are mostly MIMO based which introduces another degree of freedom for optimization, i.e. spatial dimension, for which scheduling in MIMO systems is very much complicated and computation intensive. MIMO resource allocation and scheduling is also covered in this chapter. The key research challenges in 4G wireless networks like LTE, WiMAX and the future research direction for scheduling problems in 4G networks are also presented in this chapter.
Quality-Oriented Mobility Management for Multimedia Content Delivery to Mobile Users
Authors: Ciubotaru Bogdan , Muntean Gabriel-Miro
Published: October 2011

The latest advances in wireless data access technologies and increased popularity of mobile computing have enabled the development of the future mobile Internet. The various wireless technologies and standards already developed or under development support the existence of a highly heterogeneous wireless communication environment in which mobile users access the network from diverse devices and exchange data of various types. In the context of such a heterogeneous wireless and mobile environment, maintaining certain level of Quality of Service required by some applications and consequently providing high user Quality of Experience is very challenging. This chapter analyzes the state of the art in quality-oriented mobility management in heterogeneous wireless environments in the context of mobile multimedia applications. Most important wireless access technologies and multimedia support systems and protocols for wireless delivery are presented, while requirements for quality-oriented mobility management are identified. Handover management is discussed as the component of the mobility management system with the greatest impact on the quality as measured by the user. Finally a novel multimedia mobility management framework is presented which aims at maintaining high user perceived quality while efficiently exploiting all the communication resources available in a heterogeneous wireless environment.
Algorithms for Secure Multimedia Delivery over Mobile Devices and Mobile Agents
Authors: Pande Amit , Zambreno Joseph
Published: October 2011

Rapid advances in embedded systems and mobile communications have flooded the market with a large volume of multimedia data. In this chapter, the authors present a summary of multimedia compression and encryption schemes, the way they have evolved over the decades. They first discuss the traditional approach to data encryption and their extension to video encryption. Next, they present the next generation algorithms for secure multimedia delivery, namely the Joint Video Compression and Encryption (JVCE) approach and give the reader an introduction to these approaches, the underlying assumption, advantages and limitations. The authors discuss the implementation of JVCE algorithms in light of requirements of mobile devices and propose how mobile agents can facilitate such an implementation.
End-to-End Dataflow Parallelism for Transfer Throughput Optimization
Authors: Yildirim Esma , Kosar Tevfik
Published: October 2011

The emerging petascale increase in the data produced by large-scale scientific applications necessitates innovative solutions for efficient transfer of data through the advanced infrastructure provided by today’s high-speed networks and complex computer-architectures (e.g. supercomputers, parallel storage systems). Although the current optical networking technology reached transport speeds of 100Gbps, the applications still suffer from the inadequate transport protocols and end-system bottlenecks such as processor speed, disk I/O speed and network interface card limits that cause underutilization of the existing network infrastructure and let the application achieve only a small portion of the theoretical performance. Fortunately, with the parallelism provided by usage of multiple CPUs/nodes and multiple disks present in today’s systems, these bottlenecks could be eliminated. However it is necessary to understand the characteristics of the end-systems and the transport protocol used. In this book chapter, we analyze methodologies that will improve the data transfer speed of applications and provide maximal speeds that could be obtained from the available end-system resources and high-speed networks through usage of end-to-end dataflow parallelism.
Utilization of Latency Measurements for Network-Based Applications
Authors: Jubaer Arif Mohammed
Published: October 2011

Distributed computing, comprised of different components of an application located on different computers connected via network, has allowed value added services to provide enhanced user experience. Offering information based on geographic location of users of a distributed system is one of the newest and most notable advancements. Internet is the biggest distributed system present today, and finding the geographical location of the user on the Internet, commonly referred to as geolocation, is one of the challenging problems currently addressed by the research community. Of the two commonly used approaches, repository-based and measurement-based, this chapter primarily focuses on geolocating Internet hosts using the measurement-based approach. A measurement-based geolocation approach is based on the latency measurements between the distributed Internet nodes. Thus, this chapter conducts a systematic analysis of latency measurements between the Internet nodes. This chapter recognizes the importance of geolocation in distributed computing. As a result, it also presents a comparative study of existing repository-based and measurement-based geolocation approaches.
Evaluating the Performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard in Supporting Time-Critical Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Lino Carlos , Calafate Carlos Tavares , Manzoni Pietro , Cano Juan-Carlos , Díaz Arnoldo
Published: October 2011

The performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) at monitoring time-critical events is an important research topic, mainly due to the need to ensure that the actions to be taken upon these events are timely. To determine the effectiveness of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard at monitoring time-critical events in WSNs, we introduce a routing scheme based on drain announcements that seeks minimum routing overhead. We carried out a novel performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 technology under different conditions, to determine whether or not near-real-time event monitoring is feasible. By analyzing different simulation metrics such as packet loss rate, average end-to-end delay, and routing overhead, we determine the degree of effectiveness of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard at supporting time-critical tasks in multi-hop WSNs, evidencing its limitations upon the size and the amount of traffic flowing through the network.
Security Issues on Outlier Detection and Countermeasure for Distributed Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Zhang Yiying , He Lin , Shu Lei , Hara Takahiro , Nishio Shojiro
Published: October 2011

Outliers in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are sensor nodes that launch attacks by abnormal behaviors and fake message dissemination. However, existing cryptographic techniques have difficulty in detecting these outliers, which makes outlier recognition a critical and challenging issue for reliable and secure data dissemination when outliers exist in WSNs. This chapter is concerned about detection and elimination problems of outlier. To efficiently identify and isolate outliers, we present a novel “Outlier Detection and Countermeasure Scheme” (ODCS), which consists of three mechanisms: (1) An abnormal event observation mechanism (AEOM) for network surveillance; (2) An exceptional message supervision mechanism (EMSM) for distinguishing fake messages by exploiting spatiotemporal correlation and consistency; (3) An abnormal frequency supervision mechanism (AFSM) for the evaluation of node behavior. The chapter also provides a heuristic methodology which does not need the knowledge of normal or malicious sensors in advance. This property makes the ODCS not only to distinguish and deal with various dynamic attacks automatically without advance learning but also reduces the requirement of capability for constrained nodes. In our solution, the communication is limited to a local range, such as one-hop or a cluster, which can reduce the communication frequency and circumscribe the session range further. Moreover, the chapter also provides countermeasures for different types of attacks, such as the rerouting scheme and the rekey security scheme, which can separate outliers from normal sensors and enhance the robustness of network, even when some nodes are compromised by adversary. Simulation results indicate that our approach can effectively detect and defend the outlier attack.
Computationally Efficient Cooperative Public Key Authentication Protocols in Ubiquitous Sensor Network
Authors: Mohaisen Abedelaziz , AbuHmed Tamer , Nyang DaeHun
Published: October 2011

The use of public key algorithms to sensor networks brings all merits of these algorithms to such networks: nodes do not need to encounter each other in advance in order to be able to communicate securely. However, this will not be possible unless “good” key management primitives that guarantee the functionality of these algorithms in the wireless sensor networks are provided. Among these primitives is public key authentication: before sensor nodes can use public keys of other nodes in the network to encrypt traffic to them, they need to make sure that the key provided for a particular node is authentic. In the near past, several researchers have addressed the problem and proposed solutions for it as well. In this chapter we review these solutions. We further discuss a new scheme which uses collaboration among sensor nodes for public key authentication. Unlike the existing solutions for public key authentication in sensor network, which demand a fixed, yet high amount of resources, the discussed work is dynamic; it meets a desirable security requirement at a given overhead constraints that need to be provided. It is scalable where the accuracy of the authentication and level of security are merely dependent upon the desirable level of resource consumption that the network operator wants to put into the authentication operation.
RNST
Authors: Han Guangjie , Shen Wen , Zhu Chuan , Shu Lei , Rodrigues Joel J.P.C.
Published: October 2011

The key problem of location service in indoor sensor networks is to quickly and precisely acquire the position information of mobile nodes. Due to resource limitation of the sensor nodes, some of the traditional positioning algorithms, such as Two-Phase Positioning (TPP) algorithm, are too complicated to be implemented and they can not provide the real-time localization of the mobile node. We analyze the localization error, which is produced when one tries to estimate the mobile node using trilateration method in the localization process. We draw the conclusion that the localization error is the least when three reference nodes form an equilateral triangle. Therefore, we improve the TPP algorithm and propose Reference Node Selection algorithm based on Trilateration (RNST), which can provide real-time localization service for the mobile nodes. Our proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation experiment. Based on the analysis of the acquired data and comparison with that of the TPP algorithm, we conclude that our algorithm can meet real-time localization requirement of the mobile nodes in an indoor environment, and make the localization error less than that of the traditional algorithm; therefore our proposed algorithm can effectively solve the real-time localization problem of the mobile nodes in indoor sensor networks.
A WSN-Based Building Management Framework to Support Energy-Saving Applications in Buildings
Authors: Guerrieri Antonio , Fortino Giancarlo , Ruzzelli Antonio , O’Hare Gregory M.P.
Published: October 2011

Using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for auditing and managing the energy consumption in a building is an emerging research area that includes a number of novel applications such as activity pattern recognition, adaptive load shifting, and building energy profiling in domestic and industrial settings. This chapter defines the specific requirements for applications of energy management in the building context and proposes a novel framework for building management (BMF) to support heterogeneous platforms. To allow flexible node activity grouping, BMF defines roles and operations derived from the mathematical set theory, while it optimizes transmissions through a mechanism of adaptive packet size. BMF has been implemented and tested in TinyOS. Results show an increase in reliability with respect to existing transmission schemes that can be traded off to reduce energy consumption.
A P2P-Based Strongly Distributed Network Polling Solution
Authors: Melchiors Cristina , Teixeira Mattjie Dionatan , Paula dos Santos Carlos Raniery , Panisson André , Zambenedetti Granville Lisandro , Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco Liane
Published: October 2011

Several activities are employed in network management to ensure correct network operation, including administration, monitoring, and provisioning of network devices. Among them, one of the most CPU- and bandwidth-intensive tasks is network polling. Although this task has to be performed in several real network management situations, it presents serious scalability and fault tolerance drawbacks if executed using traditional management architectures such as centralized or weakly distributed ones. It demonstrates the importance of investigating alternative architectures. This chapter presents a strongly distributed architecture for network polling. This architecture follows a P2P-based distributed management model, looking at P2P as an infrastructure that can be used to provide support for management operations to be accomplished in a highly distributed way. The chapter presents the polling architecture design, discusses the implemented prototype and the performance evaluation carried out to validate the approach, and provides a comparative analysis of the architecture with two other distributed polling approaches.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
Authors: He Bing , Xie Bin , Agrawal Sanjuli , Zhao David , Reddy Ranga
Published: October 2011

With the ever growing demand on high throughput for mobile users, 3G cellular networks are limited in their network capacity for offering high data services to a large number of users. Consequently, many Internet services such as on-demand video and mobile TV are hard to be satisfactorily supported by the current 3G cellular networks. 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a recently proposed 4G standard, representing a significant advance of 3G cellular technology. Attractively, LTE would offer an uplink data speed up to 50 Mbps and a downlink speed up to 100 Mbps for various services such as traditional voice, high-speed data, multimedia unicast, and multimedia broadcasting. In such a short time, it has been broadly accepted by major wireless vendors such as Verizon-Vodafone, AT&T, NTT-Docomo, KDDI, T-Mobile, and China Mobile. In order for high data link speed, LTE adapts new technologies that are new to 3G network such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). MIMO allows the use of more than one antenna at the transmitter and receiver for higher data transmission. The LTE bandwidth can be scalable from 1.25 to 20 MHz, satisfying the need of different network operators that may have different bandwidth allocations for services, based on its managed spectrum. In this chapter, we discuss the major advance of the LTE and its recent research efforts in improving its performance. Our illustration of LTE is comprehensive, spanning from the LTE physical layer to link layer. In addition, the LTE security is also discussed.
A Complementary Approach to Grid and Cloud Distributed Computing Paradigms
Authors: Sheikhalishahi Mehdi , Devare Manoj , Grandinetti Lucio , Incutti Maria Carmen
Published: October 2011

Cloud computing is a new kind of computing model and technology introduced by industry leaders in recent years. Nowadays, it is the center of attention because of various excellent promises. However, it brings some challenges and arguments among computing leaders about the future of computing models and infrastructure. For example, whether it is going to be in place of other technologies in computing like grid or not, is an interesting question. In this chapter, we address this issue by considering the original grid architecture. We show how cloud can be put in the grid architecture to complement it. As a result, we face some shadow challenges to be addressed.