bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsatellites and the reconstruction of the history of human populations
Authors: Linares Andres Ruiz
Published: November 2023

Due to the very large number of microsatellite markers currently available as a result of the human genome project, microsatellites are presently the most powerful way of probing the diversity of the whole human genome. Here I summarise, within the context of other genetic studies, some of the principal inferences drawn from currently available microsatellite data sets relative to the analysis of human evolution. Consistent with various previous studies, microsatellites indicate that the greatest genetic distance is seen between African and non-African populations. In agreement with the recent African origin for modern humans, microsatellites also show that African populations are genetically the most diverse. Furthermore, estimates of time since population splits based on the step-wise mutational model place the African-non-African separation at about 156 000 years ago, a figure inconsistent with the multiregional model of human evolution. One of the principal problems for the use of microsatellites in human evolutionary studies is range constraint. which seems to affect more seriously tri- and tetranucleotide repeats, having a higher mutation rate, than dinucleotide repeats. The more rapidly evolving microsatellites are likely to be mainly informative for regional population studies, particularly those examining compound Y chromosome haplotypes.
Microsatellite markers in complex disease: mapping disease-associated regions within the human major histocompatibility complex
Authors: Carrington, Mary , Marti Darlene , Wade Judy , Klitz William , Barcellos Lisa , Thomson Glenys , Chen John , Truedsson Lennart , Sturfelt Gunnar , Alper Chester , Awdeh Zuheir , Huttley Gavin
Published: November 2023

Microsatellite markers have facilitated identification of a number of disease genes, most of which have a monogenic inheritance. Genes of the human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) have been shown to be associated with diseases of various aetiologies, and microsatellite loci mapping within the MHC may provide a means to identify accurately disease-associated regions. Allele frequencies of microsatellite loci located throughout the HLA complex were determined in patients with diseases known to be associated with a particular gene or region within the complex. Four of these diseases (IDDM, multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, and uveitis) are associated with genes encoding molecules involved in antigen presentation, and one, C2 deficiency, is caused by a single mutation in the class Ill C2 gene. Significant associations (p < 0.01) between disease and microsatellites located in closest proximity to the known 'disease gene' were observed in all of the five diseases studied. This demonstrates the power of microsatellite markers in disease studies where no previous HLA association has been reported. The strong linkage disequilibrium that exists between pairs of HLA genes has often caused difficulty in distinguishing the primary gene(s) associated with a particular disease. Stratification analysis was used to determine whether linkage disequilibrium can explain all of the statistical association at a given marker locus relative to a known disease locus for multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, and IDDM. The analysis suggested few, if any, additional components of disease susceptibility to these three diseases, despite the fact that additional HLA region variation (as yet unidentified) contributes to IDDM.
The Nine Numbers of the Cosmos
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael
Published: November 2023

How old is the universe? How far away are the galaxies and how fast are they travelling away from us? What do the atoms in our bodies, our very existence, tell us about the history of the universe? Are we in a special place in the universe? What is dark matter and why do astronomers think it pervades the universe? How heavy is the vacuum? How do galaxies form? Michael Rowan-Robinson answers these questions and encapsulates all that modern astronomy has learnt about the universe around nine numbers. Some, like the age of the universe are natural choices. Others are less obvious. His motto is Montaigne's 'What do I know' and the reader emerges with a genuine feel for what we really know about the universe and also what we do not know. Only one of the nine numbers is known with real precision and four of them are extremely poorly known. Difficult ideas like the origin of the elements, the General Theory of Relativity, quantum theory, and the standard model of particle physics, ideas which underpin modern cosmology, are explained in a simple way. Speculative ideas like inflation, 'Theories of Everything', strings and superstrings, are here but they are treated with a refreshing scepticism. Although most of what we know has been learnt during the twentieth century, Rowan- Robinson gives a historical perspective and pays homage to the achievements of the Greeks, renaissance astronomers and the age of Newton. He ends the book with a look forward in time, predicting that with the advent of the MAP and PLANCK- Surveyor space missions, the Large Hadron Collider and other planned experiments, all the nine numbers will be accurately known by 2015. But many questions and mysteries will remain and the book ends with the prediction that the origin of the Big Bang itself will remain a mystery in 2100 and perhaps even in the year 3000.
Why are we all different human beings?
Authors: Little Peter
Published: November 2023

In reading the future histories of Jean and Jeanne, perhaps the first impression that the stories make is how different their lives are: different events, different fates, and different outcomes. This obscures a point that is so obvious that it hardly needs to be stated: Jean and Jeanne are both human beings and because of this their lives have far more in common than their histories might suggest. Perhaps it would help to imagine their stories if Jean had been born a whale and Jeanne a human being, and then to think how great would have been the differences in their lives.
Can we alter our inheritance?
Authors: Little Peter
Published: November 2023

The lives of both Jeans are inextricably tangled with gene differences but Jeanne Dream is doubly lucky: not only does the knowledge of the differences contribute to her healthy life, she also can escape from the worst excesses by being given new genes—she is privileged because she can escape her Genetic Destiny. Is this science fiction, fact, or merely wishful thinking? All animals and plants live and die in the shadow of their genes: this is an inescapable fate for all of Earth’s living creatures except, perhaps, for human beings. In the past few years it has become increasingly clear that it may be possible to alter the genes in our bodies and so avoid some of their influence.
Information-theoretic Characterization of Bayes Performance and the Choice of Priors in Parametric and Nonparametric Problems
Authors: Barron Andrew R
Published: November 2023

The risk of Bayes procedures (predictive densities) with Kullback-Leibler loss and the asymptotics of the posterior distribution are examined for densities with Kullback neighborhoods assigned positive prior probability. Necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency of the posterior distribution are proved. Examples reveal that the posterior distribution can behave quite peculiarly, while, in contrast, the cumulative risk of predictive densities has nice properties that can be used in advance of observing the data to help choose the prior.
Bayesian Model Averaging and Model Search Strategies
Authors: Clyde Merlise A
Published: November 2023

In regression models, such as generalized linear models, there is often substantial prior uncertainty about the choice of covariates to include. Conceptually, the Bayesian paradigm can easily incorporate this form of model uncertainty by building an expanded model that includes all possible subsets of covariates. In Bayesian model averaging, predictive distributions or posterior distributions of quantities of interest are obtained as mixtures of the model-specific distributions weighted by the posterior model probabilities. A major difficulty in implementing this approach is that the number of models in the mixture is often so large that enumeration of all models is impossible and some type of search strategy is required to determine a subset of models to use. In the case of an orthonormal design, some computationally simple approximations to the posterior model probabilities are introduced. These are used to develop efficient methods for deterministic or stochastic sampling from high-dimensional model spaces.
Synaptic plasticity in the amygdala
Authors: Chapman Paul F , Chattarji Sumantra
Published: November 2023

The amygdala clearly plays a key role in a number of important behaviours, including learning emotional and other associations. Although the amygdala promises to be an exceptionally good model system for studying the relationship between synaptic plasticity and learning, we are just beginning to explore the properties of basic synaptic physiology in the amygdala. Moreover, much of what we know is based on assumptions of similarity between the amygdala and the hippocampus. As more information accumulates, it is becoming clear that synaptic responses in the lateral and basolateral amygdala, where most investigations have been conducted, show similarity to synaptic responses in neocortical neurons. An emerging consensus also suggests that long-term potentiation (LTP) is similar, but not identical, to that of the hippocampus. Differences include dependence on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation (seen in some synapses, in some subnuclei, but not in all), the type and range of tetanic stimuli sufficient to induce potentiation, and the sensitivity to deletion of genes for certain cell signalling molecules. These similarities and differences suggest that understanding the mechanisms of LTP in the amygdala is a tractable problem, and that its solution could contribute significantly to our understanding of learning, memory, and emotion.
Tricriticality
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J
Published: November 2023

The phase diagram of a model of interacting polygons (or walks) may include a tricritical point, which makes an understanding of tricriticality essential if the thermodynamic nature of interacting polygons is considered. In the case of the models described in this monograph, the theory of tricriticality will give a framework for the description of the (intuitive) phase behaviour expected from a typical interacting model. In this respect it is very useful, since it guides numerical and mathematical approaches to the models in general. It is important not to forget that tricriticality is not mathematically rigorous, but is based on a large number of assumptions which form a belief-system within which models are described. The basic theory of tricriticality was reviewed extensively by I.D. Lawrie and S. Sarlbach [225], see also R. Brak, A.L. Owczarek and T. Prellberg [34].
Density functions and free energies
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall revisit and extend the ideas first introduced in Section 2.1. The main concern will be the limiting free energy in an interacting model of polygons, and its relation to the density function of the model, which will be defined as the exponential of the Legendre transform of the free energy :F41(z). The results in eqns (2.1)-(2.6) will be reformulated in terms of the density function, and its properties will have consequences for thermodynamic properties of the model. Legendre transforms have been used effectively in a self-avoiding walk problem [165], see also the book by R.S. Ellis 1103] and reference [2501. The density function formulates the thermodynamic problem in Section 2.1 into a purely combinatorial question. The reformulated problem contains no activities, but it is still possible to give answers to some thermodynamic questions regarding the original model.
Maxwell
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: November 2023

War es ein Gott, der diese Zeichen schrieb? So asks Boltzmann, quoting from Goethe, in an epigraph to his lectures on Maxwell’s theory. In the nineteenth century section of the physicists’ pantheon. Maxwell’s rank remains the highest. The tribute is well deserved. Maxwell wrote the field equations which still form the basis of our understanding of electromagnetism. He subsumed optics under electromagnetism. He founded statistical physics. He created a new style of theoretical physics. As the first director of the Cavendish Laboratory, he contributed to the increasing sophistication of British experimental physics.
Open currents
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: November 2023

Neumann’s and Weber’s systems dominated continental electrodynamics until the late 1880s. Faraday’s experimental researches did not have the intended destabilizing effect, and Maxwell’s field theory was mostly ignored.1 Dielectrics were understood in Mossotti’s terms of electricity displaced by distance forces. Diamagnetism was reduced to Amperean currents interacting according to Weber’s forces, or to ordinary magnetism according to Becquerel’s view. Lines of force were rarely used and only as a descriptive tool, leaving the deeper mathematics to Neumann, Weber, and Kirchhoff. Even the Faraday effect was subsumed under Weberian concepts: in 1858 Franz Neumann’s son Carl derived the main properties of the magneto-optical rotation from the interaction of the optical ether particles with the Amperean currents according to a generalized Weber force.2 In sum, every known experimental fact seemed compatible with the received views.
Charged particles
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

Since Maxwell’s equations are linear in q and j, solutions corresponding to several point charges, all at rest, are obtained by superposing the solutions (14.1)-(14.2). Usually, one simply adds up the V’s of (14.2)2, rather than the E’s of (14.1)2, because scalars are easier to add than vectors.
Electrostatics
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

In spite of the similarity in the differential equations and aether relations, it is not true that every problem (with q = 0) in electrostatics translates into one in magnetostatics, and vice versa; for the jump conditions are different. But the mathematical techniques for solving problems in electrostatics and magnetostatics are quite similar. That is why only one of them, usually electrostatics, is studied in detail.
Steady currents in linearly conducting materials
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

In most common conductors of electricity the electric current is found to be associated with an electric field on the one hand, and with inhomogeneities of material properties, such as temperature d or concentration c, on the other. Thus there is a constitutive relation, in the rest frame.
A review of continuum mechanics
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

In the first seven chapters of this book we have laid down three principles which have led us to various relations between the electromagnetic fields, culminating in Maxwell’s equations for polarizable and magnetizable materials. But these equations did not tell us what the electromagnetic fields were supposed to do.
Semiconductors and Insulators
Authors: Singleton John
Published: November 2023

Thus far we have been mainly preoccupied with the properties of metals, and we shall return to them in later chapters. However, Section 3.3.2 indicated that certain substances with even numbers of valence electrons per unit cell may not conduct electricity at T = 0 because they possess the correct number of electrons to exactly fill a band, given that the next available empty states are somewhat removed in energy. Such materials are known as semiconductors or insulators; as they have proved to be technologically very important, we shall take some time to consider the general properties of their bandstructure. The concepts encountered will serve to illustrate the general principles which we have derived in the previous three chapters. For brevity I shall refer to such materials collectively as ‘semiconductors’; as we shall see, the distinction between a semiconductor and an insulator is fairly nebulous.
Introduction to Distance Sampling
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L
Published: November 2023

Offers a comprehensive introduction to distance sampling, a statistical method used by many biologists and conservationists to estimate animal abundance. The text discusses point transect sampling and line transect sampling and also describes several other related techniques. There are updates on study design and field methods, laser range finders, theodolites and the GPS and advice is given on a wide range of survey methods. Analysis methods have also been generalized, through the use of various types of multiplier and exercises for students in wildlife and conservation management are included.
The Hilbert Challenge
Authors: Gray Jeremy J
Published: November 2023

David Hilbert was arguably the leading mathematician of his generation. He was among the few mathematicians who could reshape mathematics, and was able to because he brought together an impressive technical power and mastery of detail with a vision of where the subject was going and how it should get there. This was the unique combination which he brought to the setting of his famous 23 Problems. Few problems in mathematics have the status of those posed by David Hilbert in 1900. Mathematicians have made their reputations by solving individual ones such as Fermat's last theorem, and several remain unsolved including the Riemann hypotheses, which has eluded all the great minds of this century. A hundred years on, it is timely to take a fresh look at the problems, the man who set them, and the reasons for their lasting impact on the mathematics of the twentieth century. In this fascinating new book, Jeremy Gray and David Rowe consider what has made this the pre-eminent collection of problems in mathematics, what they tell us about what drives mathematicians, and the nature of reputation, influence and power in the world of modern mathematics. The book is written in a clear and lively manner and will appeal both to the general reader with an interest in mathematics and to mathematicians themselves.
Possible mechanisms for a magnetic animal compass
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

One important application of magnetism in biology is the magnetic compass, used by many animals for navigation while migrating. The form of the magnetic field of the Earth and some general facts about the animal compass are described. At this time the transducer used in the animal compass is not known but magnetic induction, the presence of magnetite crystals and the lifetime of free radicals are discussed as possible mechanisms for the compass.
Atomic Physics
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

This book is primarily intended to accompany an advanced undergraduate course in atomic physics. However, the elementary atomic physics covered in the early chapters should be accessible to undergraduates when they are first introduced to the subject. The book describes some of the latest advances and the applications to Bose-Einstein condensation of atoms, matter-wave interferometry and quantum computing with trapped ions. To complement the usual quantum mechanical treatment of atomic structure the book strongly emphasizes the experimental basis of the subject, especially in the later chapters.
Revealing a lognormal cascading process in turbulent velocity statistics with wavelet analysis
Authors: Arneodo A , Manneville S , Muzy J F , Roux S G
Published: November 2023

We use the continuous wavelet transform to extract a cascading process from experimental turbulent velocity signals. We mainly investigate various statistical quantities such as the singularity spectrum, the self-similarity kernel and spacescale correlation functions, which together provide information about the possible existence and nature of the underlying multiplicative structure. We show that, at the highest accessible Reynolds numbers, the experimental data do not allow us to distinguish various phenomenological cascade models recently proposed to account for intermittency from their lognormal approximation. In addition, we report evidence that velocity fluctuations are not scale-invariant but possess more complex self-similarity properties, which are likely to depend on the Reynolds number. We comment on the possible asymptotic validity of the multifractal description.
Voodoo Science
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

This book examines the social, economic and political forces that elicit or support flawed or fake science and sustain it in the face of often overwhelming contrary evidence. "Voodoo Science" is intended to include pseudoscience, or irrational beliefs dressed up in scientific garb, the misuse of science to deliberately mislead or confuse, and pathological science, in which scientists persist with their interpretations long after the evidence has decisively ruled against them in the perspectives of an objective observer. The book attempts to delineate the contexts in which fraud can arise in science, and also to assess the trends in the Public's ability to assess scientific issues and integrate scientific understanding in their judgements and world view. The story is told through examples ranging from impossible perpetual motion machines to magnet therapy. Drawing on his eighteen years of exposing bad science, Park does not hesitate to name names and point fingers. Park lays the ultimate blame for "voodoo science" not on the media, the government, or the scientific illiteracy of the public, but on the scientific community itself, and the failure of scientists to communicate to the public.
Advanced Distance Sampling
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L
Published: November 2023

This advanced text focuses on the uses of distance sampling to estimate the density and abundance of biological populations. It addresses new methodologies, new technologies and recent developments in statistical theory and is the follow up companion to Introduction to Distance Sampling (OUP, 2001). In this text, a general theoretical basis is established for methods of estimating animal abundance from sightings surveys, and a wide range of approaches to analysis of sightings data is explored. These approaches include: modelling animal detectability as a function of covariates, where the effects of habitat, observer, weather, etc. on detectability can be assessed; estimating animal density as a function of location, allowing for example animal density to be related to habitat and other locational covariates; estimating change over time in populations, a necessary aspect of any monitoring programme; estimation when detection of animals on the line or at the point is uncertain, as often occurs for marine populations, or when the survey region has dense cover; survey design and automated design algorithms, allowing rapid generation of sound survey designs using geographic information systems; adaptive distance sampling methods, which concentrate survey effort in areas of high animal density; passive distance sampling methods, which extend the application of distance sampling to species that cannot be readily detected in sightings surveys, but can be trapped; and testing of methods by simulation, so that performance of the approach in varying circumstances can be assessed. Authored by a leading team this text is aimed at professionals in government and environment agencies, statisticians, biologists, wildlife managers, conservation biologists and ecologists, as well as graduate students, studying the density and abundance of biological populations.
Living in Groups
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D
Published: November 2023

Group Living is a widespread phenomenon within the animal kingdom and has attracted considerable attention in a number of different contexts. This book is focused on the unifying concepts regarding group behaviour that have been developed over the last two decades. The authors set out to discuss the mechanisms that govern the evolution and maintenance of grouping behaviour throughout the animal kingdom, and the ecological factors that control observed group size and group composition in particular situations. Although the book's emphasis is on the elaboration of a conceptual framework, extensive examples and case studies illustrate the diversity of grouping phemonema across taxonomic boundaries, and demonstrate the general applicability of the concepts involved. This book will familiarise the reader with the latest ideas on the ecology and evolution of group-living animals, providing a summary and critical synthesis of the extensive and diverse literature on the subject.
Semantic Processing in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Garrard Peter , Patterson Karalyn , Hodges John R
Published: November 2023

Although difficulty with learning new information is almost always the first and most prominent cognitive problem encountered by patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the early appearance of expressive language difficulties has also come to be seen as a salient characteristic of the condition. In a disease which eventually impacts on all aspects of cognitive function, it seems reasonable to suppose that multiple elements of the complex system underpinning language use (syntax and phonology, to name but two) should be subject to decay, and at advanced stages it is often difficult to distinguish among the contributions of these various functional components. There is now wide spread agreement, however, that in the early to middle stages of the disease, language disturbance is for the most part attributable to breakdown of the brain’s store of world knowledge—semantic memory.
Motor Functioning
Authors: Kidron Daphne , Freedman Morris
Published: November 2023

It has become increasingly evident that motor features are not only common in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but that their presence may also provide insight into the natural course and possible heterogeneity of this disease (Table 15.1). Included among the motor finding in AD are extrapyramidal signs such as bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, myoclonus, seizures, primitive reflexes such as the grasp, suck, snout, glabellar and palmomental reflexes, ideational and ideomotor apraxia, agnosia, motor impersistence, motor perseveration and utilization behavior. Pyramidal signs such as hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses have also been associated with AD (Franssen et al.1993; Golaz et al.1992).
The Assessment of Dementia
Authors: Miller Edgar
Published: November 2023

The overall aim of this chapter is to provide an account of the psychological assessment of people with dementia or who might be suspected of having dementia. Potentially this is an extremely wide field and might cover a vast range of material. A number of different issues can arise and a very large number of different techniques and methods might legitimately be employed. In order to keep this chapter to a manageable size and also to assist in preventing some key points being obscured by material of more peripheral concern, a restriction has been placed on the aspects to be covered.
Nonlinear prediction and noise reduction
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

One of the most important applications of time-series analysis is prediction (or forecasting). This task has been highly developed over many years assuming the dynamics are governed by a linear model plus random noise. In this chapter we briefly review some linear methods and then describe predictors designed to exploit the possibility that the aperiodic fluctuations may be low-dimensional chaos.
Nonchaotic fractal sets
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

Chaotic dynamical systems and their accompanying strange attractors as described in Chapter 6 are only one way to produce fractal images. Chapter 11 showed a number of fractals produced by other methods. Two of the most important and widely known such methods are iterated function systems and Julia sets with their relatives such as the Mandelbrot set, perhaps the best known and most studied of all fractal sets.
The Mysteries of the Real Prime
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

In this important and original monograph, useful for both academic and professional researchers and students of mathematics and physics, the author describes his work on the Riemann zeta function and its adelic interpretation. It provides an original point of view, bringing new, highly useful dictionaries between different fields of mathematics. It develops an arithmetical approach to the continuum of real numbers and unifies many areas of mathematics including: Markov Chains, q-series, Elliptic curves, the Heisenberg group, quantum groups, and special functions (such as the Gamma, Beta, Zeta, theta, Bessel functions, the Askey-Wilson and the classical orthagonal polynomials) The text discusses real numbers from a p-adic point of view, first mooted by Araeklov. It includes original work on coherent theory, with implications for number theory and uses ideas from probability theory including Markov chains and noncommutative geometry which unifies the p-adic theory and the real theory by constructing a theory of quantum orthagonal polynomials.
The p-adic hyperbolic point of view
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

A (Markov) chain is a (denumerable) set X, the state space, together with a function PX:X × X, [O, 1], the transition probabilities, satisfying
Some real hyperbolic chains
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

We can now return to our question of what is the real analogue of the inverse limit expressions for ℤp, ℙ1 ℤp , ℤp  *, and ask, more precisely, for the real analogue of the gamma and beta chains. In this chapter we review some of the well-known ‘real hyperbolic chains’, before giving what we believe is the right arithmetical approach.
The quantum group SU(1,1)
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

The quantum enveloping algebra Û1 Û1(sl(2)) is defined as the complete ℂ [[t]]- algebra, generated by X+, X-, H, with relations
The Heisenberg group
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

The Heisenberg Group and its Fundamental Representation Associated with the symplectic phase space V is the Heisenberg group. This matrix group is defined over Z, and gives the extension of Heis to characteristic 2. We prefer to keep the symmetric form of Heis, which shows more clearly the symmetry between x and y, ‘position’ and ‘momentum’ (cf. Hörmander 1979); this will force us to make adjustments in characteristic 2.
Geometric Function Theory and Non-linear Analysis
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven
Published: November 2023

This book provides a survey of recent developments in the field of non-linear analysis and the geometry of mappings. Sobolev mappings, quasiconformal mappings, or deformations, between subsets of Euclidean space, or manifolds or more general geometric objects may arise as the solutions to certain optimisation problems in the calculus of variations or in non-linear elasticity, as the solutions to differential equations (particularly in conformal geometry), as local co-ordinates on a manifold or as geometric realisations of abstract isomorphisms between spaces such as those that arise in dynamical systems (for instance in holomorphic dynamics and Kleinian groups). In each case the regularity and geometric properties of these mappings and related non-linear quantities such as Jacobians, tells something about the problems and the spaces under consideration. The applications studied include aspects of harmonic analysis, elliptic PDE theory, differential geometry, the calculus of variations as well as complex dynamics and other areas. Indeed it is the strong interactions between these areas and the geometry of mappings that underscores and motivates the authors' work. Much recent work is included. Even in the classical setting of the Beltrami equation or measurable Riemann mapping theorem, which plays a central role in holomorphic dynamics, Teichmuller theory and low dimensional topology and geometry, the authors present precise results in the degenerate elliptic setting. The governing equations of non-linear elasticity and quasiconformal geometry are studied intensively in the degenerate elliptic setting, and there are suggestions for potential applications for researchers in other areas.
Developing A Child’S Identity As A Musician: A Family ‘Script’ Perspective
Authors: Borthwick Sophia J , Davidson Jane w.
Published: November 2023

Past research has shown that the beliefs held by one family member will influence the values, attitudes and behaviour of the others to the point that the identities of both children and parents seem ‘shaped’ by the interactions between them (Radford, 1990). Despite this, it is only recently that music psychology research has acknowledged that family members are key in determining a child’s musical development (see Csikszentmihalyi etal., 1997, who look at the role of parents in the development of musical ability of talented teenagers).
The Self-Identity Of Young Musicians
Authors: O’neill Susan a.
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to be a young musician? In Western cultures, being a ‘musician’ is often equated with being able to play a musical instrument. However, there is growing criticism of this narrow conceptualization by researchers in such diverse fields as psychology, sociology, musicology, ethnomusicology, education, music analysis, aesthetics and cultural theory (see, for example, Cook, 1990; Trevarthen, 1999; DeNora, 2000). Although there is no agreed definition of what constitutes a musician, contemporary theorists from across these disciplines appear to agree on the need for the term to encompass more than the ability to demonstrate music performance skills. Despite this recognition, both popular and scientific discourses continue to distinguish between those who are musicians and those who are not. This distinction is particularly prominent and influential in childhood and adolescence (see also Lamont, Chapter 3, this volume).
Music for individuals with special needs: A catalyst for Developments in Identity, communication, and musical ability
Authors: Macdonald Raymond A R , Miell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

In the following chapter, Wendy Magee discusses the impacts on an individual’s personal identity of both acquiring a serious illness and subsequently of taking part in music therapy. She highlights the manner in which physical illness can change selfperceptions to produce what is termed a ‘damaged self”, and goes on to highlight how music therapy can be used to help change some of these negative self-perceptions using clinical improvisation. In this chapter, we take a related yet distinctive approach to the therapeutic potential of music. Here we focus on a range of music interventions (of which music therapy is one), used by a particular organization with individuals who have special needs. We present a brief overview of the type of musical activities, including teaching musical skills, performing music and music therapy interventions, organized by the Sounds of Progress (SOP) company in Glasgow, Scotland.
A personal journey through time series in Biometrika
Authors: Tong Howell
Published: November 2023

Contributions made by Biometrika authors over the past century are described by arranging them into fairly coherent groups, with brief introductions whenever deemed necessary. The paper is concluded with a look at challenges in the new century.
B
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

β-error; beta-error An alternative term for error of the second kind or type II error. Bachelier process See Brownian motion process. backcalculation A method proposed by Brookmeyer and Gail (1988) to estimate the incidence of past HIV infection from that of observed AIDS incidence data, assuming the distribution of the incubation period is known. The estimated infection curve is then used to predict future AIDS incidence. The method was developed independently by Isham (1988) who used the term back-projection. This has a link with deconvolution.
H
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

Hadamard, Jacques Salomon (1865–1963) A French mathematician. He was educated in Paris. After graduating from the École Normale Superieure in 1888, Hadamard obtained his doctorate in 1892. He made many contributions in different areas of mathematics.
I
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

Identical categorizations In the investigation of the relationships between two or more categorized variables, the variables investigated may simply be the same variable observed either on different occasions or on related samples. Such interactions are said to have identical categorization.
M
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

M-estimator See Huber estimator. m-ankings, problem of Given m rankings of, say, n objects the problem arises of finding some measure of the general agreement between the rankings and of testing its significance. One such measure is termed the coefficient of concordance.
S
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

saddle point A stationary point on a surface which is a maximum along some paths and a minimum along others, as at the top of a mountain pass.
T
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

t-ratio distribution The distribution of the ratio of two random variables which follow the bivariate t-distribution, developed by Press (1969). The distribution arises in Bayesian inference in econometrics. It can be shown that the distribution has no convergent moments.
An Introduction To The Liquid state
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

This is a completely revised and rewritten edition of a book originally published 25 years ago. While the general content, layout, and style of this edition follow that of the original, the book now reflects the enormous expansion of theoretical and experimental research that has taken place over the past quarter of a century. The book is an introductory rather than a specialist work. It aims to cover the simpler and more basic parts of this vast topic, while preserving a balance between different areas. The author breaks the subject down by liquid state topic rather than by class of liquid, so that all classes can fall under each topic. The author takes a simple atomic view of liquids, concentrating on the pair distribution and pair potential functions, illustrating how properties can be calculated from first principles and the results compared with experiment. The experimental techniques used involve scattering both for equilibrium and dynamic measurements, and considerable attention is devoted to this aspect. The book is aimed at first year graduate students of physics and those who have taken undergraduate courses in mathematics and statistical thermodynamics. This edition also includes sets of exercises for the student.
Henry Oldenburg
Authors: Hall Marie Boas
Published: November 2023

Henry Oldenburg, born in 1619 in Bremen, Germany, first came to England as a diplomat on a mission to see Oliver Cromwell. He stayed on in England and in 1662 became the Secretary of the Royal Society, and its best known member to the entire learned world of his time. Through his extensive correspondence, now published, he disseminated the Society’s ideals and methods at home and abroad. He fostered and encouraged the talents of many scientists later to be far more famous than he, including Newton, Flamsteed, Malpighi, and Leeuwenhoek with whom, as with many others, he developed real friendship. He founded and edited the Philosophical Transactions, the world’s oldest scientific journal. His career sheds new light on the intellectual world of his time, especially its scientific aspects, and on the development of the Royal Society; his private life expands our knowledge of social mobility, the urban society, and the religious views of his time.
Likelihood analysis of binary data in space and time
Authors: Besag Julian , Tantrum Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The status of each plant was observed on four occasions at four-week intervals, relative to which the disease spread quite slowly, so that the approximation seemed plausible as a starting point, particularly since little was known about the underlying causal mechanism.
Attention and visually guided behavior in distinct systems
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Recent research from several laboratories has revealed two distinct representations of visual space: a cognitive or ‘what’ system specialized for perception, and a sensorimotor or ‘how’ system specialized for visually guided behavior. To know how these two pathways normally operate and cooperate, they must be studied in normal humans. This has become possible with the development of psychophysical methods that isolate the two pathways and measure spatial information separately in each. The pathways are distinguished by the response measure, a symbolic response probing the cognitive system and an isomorphic motor reaction probing the sensorimotor system.
How the brain represents the body: insights from neurophysiology and psychology
Authors: Graziano Michael S A , Botvinick Matthew M
Published: November 2023

Abstract. To reach for the computer mouse, to sit upright in a chair or hold a journal in order to read it, indeed, to do most of the actions that we commonly perform, we rely on a representation of the spatial con1guration of the body. How and where in the brain is the body represented and what are the psychological properties of this body schema? In this article we review 1rst the neurophysiology and then the psychology of the body representation. One 1nding that has emerged from both approaches is that the body representation is not merely a registration of proprioceptive inputs about joint angle. Instead, the brain contains a sophisticated model of the body that is continually updated on the basis of multimodal input including vision, somesthesis, and motor feedback. Neurophysiological studies in the monkey brain show that parietal area 5 is a critical node for processing the body’s con1guration. Neurons in area 5 combine signals from different modalities in order to represent limb position and movement. Psychological studies show that the body schema is used to cross-reference between different senses, as a basis for spatial cognition and for movement planning.
Motor competence in the perception of dynamic events: a tutorial
Authors: Viviani Paolo
Published: November 2023

Abstract. It is argued that tacit knowledge concerning the characteristic properties and constraints of bodily movements is taken into account by the process that turns sensory inputs relative to dynamical events into perceptual representations. First, to highlight the connection between the theme of the chapter and some older ideas, I provide an overview of the classical literature on the interaction between motoric and sensory information. The experimental support for the notion of motor–perceptual interaction is then presented in the main body of the chapter, which reviews recent experimental studies in visual perception and visuomotor coordination. The 1nal section addresses a number of conceptual issues and offers a functional framework for interpreting motor–perceptual interactions.
Response-evoked interference in visual encoding
Authors: Müsseler Jochen , Wühr Peter
Published: November 2023

Abstract. When two speeded response tasks are performed in close succession, performance on the second task is usually impaired. Recently, an impairment has also been observed when the second task required only the visual identi1cation of a stimulus. Thus, visual encoding seems to suffer from the need to share limited processing capacities with some processes in the 1rst task. Yet, it is still unclear which particular processes in the 1rst task compete with stimulus encoding in the second task. The present experiments further examined the in2uence of response planning and execution on visual encoding and found both content-nonspeci1c and content-speci1c interference. An event-coding account is proposed that posits structural and procedural overlap of responseplanning and stimulus-encoding mechanisms.
Evolutionary Ecology of Birds
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F
Published: November 2023

Birds show bewildering diversity in their life histories, mating systems and risk of extinction. Why do albatrosses delay reproduction for the first 12 years of their life while zebra finches breed in their first year ? Why are fairy-wrens so sexually promiscuous while swans show lifelong monogamy? Why are over a quarter of parrot species threatened with global extinction while woodpeckers and cuckoos remain secure? Some of these topics, such as delayed onset of breeding in seabirds, are classic problems in evolutionary ecology, while others have arisen in the last decade, such as genetic mating systems and extinction. Birds offer a unique opportunity for investigating these questions because they are exceptionally well-studied in the wild. By employing phylogenetic comparative methods and a database of up to 3,000 species, the authors identify the ecological and evolutionary basis of many of these intriguing questions. They also highlight remaining puzzles and identify a series of challenges for future investigation. This is the most comprehensive reappraisal of avian diversity since David Lack's classic "Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds". It is also the most extensive application of modern comparative methods yet undertaken. This novel approach demonstrates how an evolutionary perspective can reveal the general ecological processes that underpin contemporary avian diversity on a global scale.
Diverse birds and puzzles
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F
Published: November 2023

Rainbow lorikeets, anhingas, pelicans, comb-crested jacanas, and kookaburras-these remarkable birds are a common sight around the small ponds on campus. Join us here to think about avian diversity. Why does that brush-turkey scratching around in the litter beneath the jacaranda tree lay twenty times as many eggs each year as the sulphur-crested cockatoo on the branch a few feet above? It can’t be just size, they weigh about the same amount. Is it because of the sorts of food they eat? Maybe not, they both eat similar kinds of things.
Diversity among living species
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F
Published: November 2023

Challenges common to all birds are surviving and growing to maturity, reproducing, and living from one breeding season to the next. The balance between these energetically conflicting demands is what we refer to as ‘life-history’. An amazing diversity of life-history solutions to these problems has evolved among birds. In this section we will first describe the basic life-cycle of birds. We do not attempt to review the natural history of avian life-histories, there are already many books that do this (e.g. Perrins and Middleton 1985). Instead, we introduce the life-history variables that we are interested in explaining. We then show in a quantitative manner the range of variation in life histories that have been observed among living bird species. In the next sections we will examine how aspects of these life histories co vary and test how successful theory has been at attempting to explain this diversity.
Patterns of covariation between life-history traits
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F
Published: November 2023

While avian life-history diversity has been extensively described, it has proved difficult to explain. In particular, we lack a clear understanding of the ecological basis of this diversification. We do not know, for example, why blue tits (Parus caeruleus) regularly lay up to 12 eggs per year, while some of the larger albatrosses only lay one egg every three years (Partridge and Harvey 1988). This is surprising because life-history traits such as clutch size are fundamental to our concepts of fitness, adaptation, and natural selection.