The influence of melatonin on stress-induced ultramicroscopic changes of the neurons of the supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus
Authors: Bulyk R. , Bulyk T. , Smetanuik O. 
Published: December 2021

The aim: to study the effect of melatonin on the ultrastructural state of the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus of rats under immobilization stress.Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on non-linear male white rats weighing 200-220 g. The animals were divided into 3 study series, in each of which the biomaterial was collected at 2 p.m. and at 2 a.m. using electron microscopic method. Long immobilization stress was simulated by keeping rats in special plastic penal cages for 6 hours daily for 7 consecutive days. Melatonin (Sigma, USA, 99.5% purification degree) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, in 1.0 ml of solvent (0.9% ethanol solution on physiologic saline) was injected daily, intraperitoneally.Results. When the animals were kept under the standard light regime, the ultrastructural organization of the hypothalamic nuclei at 2 p.m. indicated their low functional activity in comparison with the studies carried out at 2 a.m. Prolonged exposure of rats to immobilization stress was reflected in a significant rearrangement of the ultrastructural organization of supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The established changes can be considered as a manifestation of neurosecretory activity suppression, a decrease in neurosecretase production by hypothalamic neurons. Melatonin injections against the background of immobilization stress resulted in relative normalization of ultrastructural state of neurons of supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus of animals. In particular, studies at 2 a.m. revealed light neurosecretory cells containing a large nucleus, it was pyknotically altered. Karyolema invaginations, euchromatin dominance in the nucleus were observed. Heterogeneous changes were observed on the part of mitochondria. Enlarged tubules of granular endoplasmic reticulum were seen. At the same time, a small number of ribosomes and few hormonal granules were noticeable in neuroplasm. The mentioned picture of neurosecretory cells reflects a relative improvement in their electron microscopic state, which is evidenced by the appearance of neurosecretory granules. However, the ultrastructure of other organelles of the studied neurons indicates a depleted state caused by prolonged immobilization.Conclusions. 1. In animals under standard photoperiod conditions, the structural organization of supraoptic neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei during the nighttime of the experiment reflects the intensity of intracellular synthesizing processes (at 2 a.m.). A decrease in the activity of the structures under study is noted during the daytime. 2. Under immobilization stress, the ultrastructural organization of the above neurons indicates a pronounced disturbance of reactive nature with the signs of decreased functional ability of the structures and the phenomena of edema and destruction during the period of observation. 3. Melatonin injections against the background of immobilization stress led to a relative improvement in the ultrastructural state of the animals’ hypothalamic nuclei neurons, which is evidenced by the appearance of neurosecretory granules. However, the ultrastructure of other organelles of the studied neurons indicated a depleted state caused by prolonged immobilization.