bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the mechanics of locomotion of the schistosome pathogen with respect to changes in its physical environment
Authors: Zhang Shun , Skinner Danielle , Joshi Prateek , Criado-Hidalgo Ernesto , Yeh Yi-Ting , Lasheras Juan C. , Caffrey Conor R. , Alamo Juan C. del
Published: April 2019

Schistosomiasis is a chronic and morbid disease of poverty affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. Mature schistosome flatworms wander in the host’s hepatic portal and mesenteric venous system where they encounter a range of blood flow conditions and geometrical confinement. However, the mechanisms that support schistosome locomotion and underlie the pathogen’s adaptation to its physical environment are largely unknown. By combining microfabrication and traction force microscopy, we developed various in vitro assays to quantify the mechanics of locomotion of adult male S. mansoni in different physiologically relevant conditions. We show that in unconfined settings, the parasite undergoes two-anchor marching mediated by the coordinated action of its oral and ventral suckers. This mode of locomotion is maintained when the worm faces an external flow, to which it responds by adjusting the strength of its suckers. In geometrically confined conditions, S. mansoni switches to a different crawling modality by generating retrograde peristaltic waves along its body, a mechanism shared with terrestrial and marine worms. But while the surface of most worms has backward-pointing bristles that rectify peristaltic waves and facilitate forward locomotion, S mansoni has isotropically oriented tubercles. This requires tight coordination between muscle contraction and substrate friction but confers S. mansoni the ability to reverse its direction of locomotion without turning its body, which is likely advantageous to maneuver in narrow bore vessels. We show that the parasite can also coordinate the action of its suckers with its peristaltic body contractions to increase crawling speed. Throughout this study, we report on a number of biomechanical parameters to quantify the motility of adult schistosomes (e.g. sucker grabbing strength, rate of detachment under flow, peristaltic wave properties and traction stresses). The new series of in vitro assays make it possible to quantify key phenotypical aspects of S. mansoni motility that could guide the discovery of new drugs to treat schistosomiasis.
Associatively-mediated suppression of corticospinal excitability: A transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study
Authors: Seet Manuel S. , Livesey Evan J. , Harris Justin A.
Published: April 2019

Response inhibition—the suppression of prepotent behaviours when they are inappropriate— has been thought to rely on executive control. Against this received wisdom, it has been argued that external cues repeatedly associated with response inhibition can come to trigger response inhibition automatically without top-down command. The current project endeavoured to provide evidence for associatively-mediated motor inhibition. We tested the hypothesis that stop-associated stimuli can, in a bottom-up fashion, directly activate inhibitory mechanisms in the motor cortex. Human subjects were first trained on a stop-signal task. Once trained, the subjects received transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over their primary motor cortex during passive observation of either the stop signal (i.e. without any need to stop a response) or an equally familiar control stimulus never associated with stopping. Analysis of motor-evoked potentials showed that corticospinal excitability was reduced during exposure to the stop signal, which likely involved stimulus-driven activation of intracortical GABAergic interneurons. This result offers evidence for the argument that, through associative learning, stop-associated stimuli can engage local inhibitory processes at the level of the motor cortex.
Linking molecular pathways and large-scale computational modeling to assess candidate disease mechanisms and pharmacodynamics in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Stefanovski Leon , Triebkorn Paul , Spiegler Andreas , Diaz-Cortes Margarita-Arimatea , Solodkin Ana , Jirsa Viktor , McIntosh Anthony Randal , Ritter Petra ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: April 2019

Introduction

While the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases associated with dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases, our knowledge on the underlying mechanisms, outcome predictors, or therapeutic targets is limited. In this work, we demonstrate how computational multi-scale brain modelling links phenomena of different scales and therefore identifies potential disease mechanisms leading the way to improved diagnostics and treatment.

Methods

The Virtual Brain (TVB; thevirtualbrain.org) neuroinformatics platform allows standardized large-scale structural connectivity-based simulations of whole brain dynamics. We provide proof of concept for a novel approach that quantitatively links the effects of altered molecular pathways onto neuronal population dynamics. As a novelty, we connect chemical compounds measured with positron emission tomography (PET) with neural function in TVB addressing the phenomenon of hyperexcitability in AD related to the protein amyloid beta (Abeta). We construct personalized virtual brains based on individual PET derived distributions of Abeta in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N=8) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD, N=10) and in age-matched healthy controls (HC, N=15) using data from ADNI-3 data base (http://adni.lni.usc.edu). In the personalized virtual brains, individual Abeta burden modulates regional inhibition, leading to disinhibition and hyperexcitation with high Abeta loads. We analyze simulated regional neural activity and electroencephalograms (EEG).

Results

Known empirical alterations of EEG in patients with AD compared to HCs were reproduced by simulations. The virtual AD group showed slower frequencies in simulated local field potentials and EEG compared to MCI and HC groups. The heterogeneity of the Abeta load is crucial for the virtual EEG slowing which is absent for control models with homogeneous Abeta distributions. Slowing phenomena primarily affect the network hubs, independent of the spatial distribution of Abeta. Modeling the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism of memantine in local population models, reveals potential functional reversibility of the observed large-scale alterations (reflected by EEG slowing) in virtual AD brains.

Discussion

We demonstrate how TVB enables the simulation of systems effects caused by pathogenetic molecular candidate mechanisms in human virtual brains.
Mid-lateral Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Provide a Cognitive Error Signal When Monkeys Learn a New Visuomotor Association
Authors: Sendhilnathan Naveen , Ipata Anna E. , Goldberg Michael E.
Published: April 2019

How do we learn to establish associations between arbitrary visual cues (like a red light) and movements (like braking the car)? We investigated the neural correlates of visuomotor association learning in the monkey mid-lateral cerebellum. Here we show that, during learning but not when the associations were overlearned, individual Purkinje cells reported the outcome of the monkey’s most recent decision, an error signal, which was independent of changes in hand movement or reaction time. At the population level, Purkinje cells collectively maintained a memory of the most recent decision throughout the entire trial period, updating it after every decision. This error signal decreased as the performance improved. Our results suggest a role of mid-lateral cerebellum in visuomotor associative learning and provide evidence that cerebellum could be a generalized learning system, essential in non-motor learning as well as motor learning.
iRhom2 serves as a facilitator in obesity by enhancing adipose inflammation and insulin resistance
Authors: Minxuan Xu , Chenxu Ge , Yuting Qin , Deshuai Lou , Qiang Li , Jing Feng , Yekuan Wu , Linfeng Hu , Ping Huang , Jun Tan
Published: April 2019

Chronic inflammation of adipose tissues contributes to obesity-triggered insulin resistance. Unfortunately, the potential molecular mechanisms regarding obesity associated systemic inflammation and metabolic disorder remain complicated. Here we display that inactive rhomboid-like protein 2 (iRhom2) is increased in mice fat with adipose inflammation. After 16 weeks on a high fat diet (HFD), obesity, chronic inflammation in adipose tissues and insulin resistance are markedly mitigated in iRhom2-knockout (iRhom2 KO) mice, but exaggerated in iRhom2-overactivated mice. The adverse impressions of iRhom2 on adipose inflammation and associated pathologies are determined in db/db mice. Also, we further exhibit that in response to HFD, iRhom2 KO mice and mice with deletion only in myeloid cells showed less severe adipose inflammation and insulin resistance than the control groups. Conversely, transplantation of bone marrow cells from normal mice to iRhom2 KO mice unleashed the severity of systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction after HFD ingestion. In conclusion, we identify iRhom2 as a key regulator that promotes obesity-associated metabolic disorder. Loss of iRhom2 from macrophages in adipose tissues inhibited the inflammation and insulin resistance. iRhom2 might be a therapeutic target for obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction.

Significance

Increased inactive rhomboid-like protein 2 signaling has recently been shown to trigger inflammation-associated activation of innate immune responses. Herein we investigate that this signal also plays a crucial role in obesity-triggered adipose tissue inflammation infiltration and metabolic disorder, beyond the well-known assignment in innate immune supervision. Also, we have reported the iRhom2 as a key promoter in regulating metabolic function, which enhances obesity-stimulated inflammation and systemic insulin resistance by up regulation of macrophages pro-inflammatory activation. Our current study indicates that targeting the iRhom2 signaling in adipose tissues could possibly be an efficient strategy to mitigating obesity-associated systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.
A structural overview of the zinc transporters in the cation diffusion facilitator family
Authors: Cotrim Camila A. , Jarrott Russell J. , Martin Jennifer L. , Drew David
Published: April 2019

The cation diffusion facilitators (CDFs) are a family of membrane-bound proteins that maintain cellular homeostasis of essential metal ions. In humans, the zinc-transporter CDF family members (ZnTs) play important roles in zinc homeostasis. They do this by facilitating zinc efflux from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space across the plasma membrane or into intracellular organelles. Several ZnTs have been implicated in human health owing to their association with type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the structure determination of CDF family members is not trivial, recent advances in membrane-protein structural biology have resulted in two structures of bacterial YiiPs and several structures of their soluble C-terminal domains. These data reveal new insights into the molecular mechanism of ZnT proteins, suggesting a unique rocking-bundle mechanism that provides alternating access to the metal-binding site.
BIM-based draft schedule generation in reinforced concrete-framed buildings
Authors: Wang Ziwei , Rezazadeh Azar Ehsan
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Project schedules have a vital role in the effective management of time, cost, scope and resources in construction projects, and creating schedules requires schedulers with construction knowledge and experience. The increase in the complexity of building projects and the emergence of building information modeling (BIM) in the architecture, engineering and construction industry have encouraged researchers to explore BIM capabilities for automated schedule generation. The scope and capabilities of the developed systems, however, are limited and the link between design and scheduling is still underdeveloped. This paper aims to investigate methods to develop a BIM-based framework to automatically generate schedules for concrete-framed buildings.

Design/methodology/approach

This system first extracts the required data from the building information model, including elements’ dimensions, quantities, spatial information, materials and other related attributes. It then applies construction rules, prior knowledge and production rate data to create project work-packages, calculate their durations and determine their relationships. Finally, it organizes these results into a schedule using project management software.

Findings

This system provides an automated and easy-to-use approach to generate schedules for concrete-framed buildings that are modeled in a BIM platform. It provides two schedules for each project, both a sequential and an overlapped solution, which the schedulers can modify into a practical schedule based on conditions and available resources.

Originality/value

This research project presents an innovative approach to use BIM-based attributes of structural elements to develop list of work-packages and estimate their durations, and then it uses a combination of rule-based and case-based reasoning to generate the schedules.
Countering extremism through service learning: narratives learned from journalism students
Authors: Bou Zeid Maria Robert
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the case of the Aspiration, Communication and Transformation campaign conducted by journalism students to counter extremism as a form of experiential learning in Lebanese higher educational context. It documents the views and experiences of students in a service learning (SL) project for redressing a timely social issue.

Design/methodology/approach

This study employed a descriptive case study methodology involving a portraiture naturalistic approach for data gathering. It conducted semi-structured interviews with three participating students to learn from their experiences in countering extremism. This was complemented by two interviews with the instructor in charge of the project and an external stakeholder.

Findings

Results emphasized the combination of applying the broadcast technical skills of the course to countering extremism in a volatile political context.

Research limitations/implications

The findings are only a mild reflection of countering extremism through SL since it focused on a single case study involving a limited number of participants. However, the study offered common sense conclusions having broader applicability.

Practical implications

This topic is of particular importance to higher educational institutions and communities working on countering extremism through education, particularly in contexts rife with violence and ideological indoctrination.

Social implications

This paper has social implications on promoting awareness about extremism as a challenging social debacle. It presents workable recommendations for fostering a stronger relationship between higher education institutions and communities to defy extremism. It shows the importance of connecting curricula to community needs.

Originality/value

This paper fills a gap in the literature pertaining to the role of higher education institutions in countering extremism through SL in Lebanon and the MENA region.
The relationship of social capital with objective career success: the case of Tunisian bankers
Authors: Gara Bach Ouerdian Emna , Mansour Nizar
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Although much research has investigated the impact of social capital on objective career success, the process through which this relation is established remains under-explored. In addition, studies conducted in the Middle East and North Africa region are scarce. The purpose of this paper is to examine and potentially bridge these gaps.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected via survey from 348 Tunisian bankers. Path analysis using AMOS was used to explore the relationships between mentoring received, network resources training and development and objective career success. For testing the mediating hypotheses, the authors employed bootstrapping.

Findings

Results support the conjecture that social capital is useful for career success. The authors found that when the employees receive mentoring, they seem to develop more instrumental network resources, and consequently they have wider access to training and development, which, in turn, will be related to better promotion outcomes. However, expressive network resources were not related to objective career success, and training and development did not mediate the relationship between these network resources and career success.

Originality/value

To the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to explore the relationship between social capital and objective career success in the Tunisian context. This paper also reveals the mediating role of training and development in the above relationship. These findings add to the cross-cultural literature on careers.
Contextual analysis and newspaper archives in management history research
Authors: Bowie David
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reveal, how newspaper archives can support contextualisation in management history research by providing quantitative and/or qualitative, accurate, contemporary and cost-effective, data which is not always available elsewhere.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper comprises a literature review, which summarises research into contextual analysis and newspaper archive theory; combined with content and textual analysis of articles published in the Journal of Management History and Management and Organizational History (2013-2017).

Findings

The findings reveal that the concept of contextualisation is absent from recent management history articles and that few management historians use newspaper archival sources as a data collection strategy.

Research limitations/implications

There is compelling evidence to suggest that contextual analysis can – perhaps should – be incorporated into management historians’ research strategies because managerial organisations operate in open systems, which are influenced by external factors.

Originality/value

This paper juxtaposes two neglected aspects of management history research, contextuality and newspaper archives, and proposes that a key source for historic contextual analysis is newspaper data.
Management mechanisms, deterrence measures and public finance regulatory compliance in Uganda
Authors: Nkundabanyanga Stephen Korutaro , Nakyeyune Gorettie Kyeyune , Muhwezi Moses
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Despite the advancement of the assumptions of agency and institutional theories whereby monitoring structures and controls form the basis of management, inadequate public finance regulatory compliance among public entities has continued to be a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to examine how to break out of the apparent cycle of failures to comply with public finance regulations.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional study that integrates two approaches (cooperative and coercive models) drawing from the view that in central government agencies, there may be stewards and also agents motivated by self-interest, suggesting that the most promising framework is that which renders the traditional ways of achieving regulatory compliance to be supplemented with the stewardship model. Thus, the authors focus on four variables: management mechanisms, ethical climate, deterrence measures and public finance regulatory compliance all drawn from agency, institutional and stewardship theories. The authors collect data from 67 central government agencies in Uganda using a structured questionnaire.

Findings

The authors find that management mechanisms dimensions of leadership support and organisational commitment significantly associate with public finance regulatory compliance and so too are deterrence measures particularly oversight organs, penalties and procedural justices.

Research limitations/implications

Public finance regulatory compliance can be improved through management mechanisms and deterrence measures.

Originality/value

The study generates empirical evidence on the applicability of stewardship theory in the management of public entities for regulatory compliance
Improving US real estate returns with cost segregation
Authors: Roten Ivan C. , Johnston Jarrod G.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

US taxing authorities allow property investment to be separated into components. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the classification of property affects the amount and timing of depreciation. Increased and accelerated depreciation increases after-tax cash flows and investor returns.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper explains traditional methods to analyze real estate investments and introduces modified methods that include the effect of taxes to improve the estimate of the potential return to the investor. Commonly used property classification methods are evaluated and projections are used to demonstrate the impact on investor returns.

Findings

Modified methods may improve return estimates and appropriately classifying property improves investor returns.

Practical implications

After-tax cash flows should be used to analyze potential real estate investments and properties should be accurately classified to maximize returns.

Originality/value

This paper demonstrates how to analyze real estate investments and maximize returns.
Two routes of service modularization: advancing standardization and customization
Authors: Gremyr Ida , Valtakoski Aku , Witell Lars
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This study aims to investigate service modularization in a manufacturing firm, identifies service modularization processes and examines how these processes change the service module characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on a longitudinal case study (2008-2017) of a manufacturing firm. The development of six service modules was analyzed using data from interviews with key informants, informal meetings and internal documentation.

Findings

This study suggests five service modularization processes, and that service module characteristics, such as standardization and interconnectedness, change in different ways depending on the service modularization processes used. It further identifies two service modularization routes that each combine the service modularization processes in unique ways with replication as a key process to improve both standardization and customization.

Practical implications

This study elaborates a framework for service modularization, which can serve as a guideline for developing service modules. It also highlights the differences between product and service modularization, suggesting that the role of service module characteristics such as standardization and customization is specific for services.

Originality/value

This longitudinal case study (2008-2017) provides empirical evidence on service modularization and extends existing knowledge on service modularization processes and how they influence service module characteristics.
Expanded definitions of the ‘good death’? Race, ethnicity and medical aid in dying
Authors: Cain Cindy L. , McCleskey Sara
Published: April 2019

The range of end‐of‐life options is expanding across North America. Specifically, medical aid in dying (AID), or the process by which a patient with a terminal illness may request medical assistance with hastening death, has recently become legal in eight jurisdictions in the United States and all of Canada. Debates about AID often rely on cultural constructions that define some deaths as ‘good’ and others as ‘bad’. While research has found commonalities in how patients, family members and health care providers define good and bad deaths, these constructions likely vary across social groups. Because of this, the extent to which AID is seen as a route to the good death also likely varies across social groups. In this article, we analyse qualitative data from six focus groups (n = 39) across three racial and ethnic groups: African American, Latino and white Californians, just after a medical AID law was passed. We find that definitions of the ‘good death’ are nuanced within and between groups, suggesting that different groups evaluate medical AID in part through complex ideas about dying. These findings further conversations about racial and ethnic differences in choices about end‐of‐life options.
Does bank transparency benefit from the Volcker Rule?
Authors: Li Yuehua , Liu Zhentao , Pei Sha
Published: April 2019

The Volcker Rule intends to limit bank risk taking by prohibiting or restricting proprietary trading. We find that discretionary loan loss provision significantly increases for affected banks. Affected banks are also less timely in their loan loss recognition. Our findings suggest the Volcker Rule has unintended consequence on bank transparency. This is consistent with the current concern that the Volcker Rule increases bank risk and reduces the effectiveness of risk management.
Strategic insider trading around earnings announcements in Australia
Authors: Katselas Dean
Published: April 2019

This paper tests, within the Australian setting, whether directors strategically time trades in their own firms, around earnings announcements, in the context of impediments to trading in the immediately preceding period. I show that both signed and unsigned trade activity are insignificantly different from zero in the preceding period, and significantly negative and positive after the event. Further, directors in Australia significantly sell following positive earnings news, and buy after negative news, providing evidence of ‘indirect’ trading. Directors’ trades in the longer‐term pre‐announcement period are also negatively related to the news content sentiment, contrary to expectation. Finally, I find evidence of positive autocorrelation between directors’ trades over the longer‐term past, and those executed after earnings announcements, which, in the absence of the ‘short‐swing’ rule in Australia, casts doubt over short‐term strategic insider trading, more generally.
Chronic continuous abdominal pain: evaluation of diagnostic features, iatrogenesis and drug treatments in a cohort of 103 patients
Authors: Kilgallon Eleesia , Vasant Dipesh H. , Green Darren , Shields Philip L. , Hamdy Shaheen , Lal Simon , Paine Peter
Published: April 2019

Background

Chronic continuous abdominal pain (CCAP) is characteristic of centrally mediated gastrointestinal pain disorders. It consumes significant healthcare resources yet is poorly understood, with minimal cohort‐specific data in the literature.

Aims

To examine in a large cohort of CCAP patients, (a) diagnostic features, (b) iatrogenic impact of opioids and surgery, (c) drug treatment effects and tolerance.

Methods

Consecutive tertiary CCAP referrals to a neurogastroenterology clinic (2009‐2016) were reviewed for Rome IV and neuropathic pain criteria. Medical, surgical and drug histories, interventions and outcomes were correlated with clinical diagnosis and associated opioid use.

Results

Of 103 CCAP patients (mean age 40 ± 14, 85% female), 50% had physiological exacerbations precluding full Rome IV Centrally Mediated Abdominal Pain Syndrome criteria. However, there were no significant differences between patients who satisfied Rome IV criteria and those who did not. Overall, 81% had allodynia (a nonpainful stimulus evoking pain sensation). Opioid use was associated with allodynia (P = 0.003). Prior surgery was associated with further operations post CCAP onset (P < 0.001). Although 68% had undergone surgical interventions, surgery did not resolve pain in any patient and worsened pain in 35%. Whilst duloxetine was the most effective neuromodulator (P = 0.003), combination therapy was superior to monotherapy (P = 0.007).

Conclusions

This is currently the largest cohort CCAP dataset that supports eliciting neuropathic features, including allodynia, for a positive clinical diagnosis, to guide treatment. Physiological exacerbation of CCAP may represent visceral allodynia, and need not preclude central origin. Use of centrally acting neuromodulators, and avoidance of detrimental opioids and surgical interventions appear to predict favourable outcomes.
Living labs: From scattered initiatives to a global movement
Authors: Leminen Seppo , Westerlund Mika
Published: April 2019

This study explores the emergence of the living labs movement based on a literature review and interviews with experts acquainted with early living labs. The study contributes to the growing literature on innovation through living labs by addressing a research gap on why and how this movement is evolving. So doing, the study discusses the emergence of living labs from the perspectives of: (i) early living lab pioneers; (ii) early living lab activities in Europe, especially at Nokia Corporation; (iii) EU funding that supported the creation of living labs; (iv) national living lab networks; and (v) the multinational European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL). Moreover, upon highlighting major events in the emergence of living labs, the study identifies three consecutive phases of the global living lab movement: (i) toward a new paradigm; (ii) learning from experience; and (iii) professional living labs.
Recognition of Helicobacter pylori by protein‐targeting aptamers
Authors: Yan Wanli , Gu Lide , Ren Wei , Ma Xiaoyi , Qin Mingcan , Lyu Mingsheng , Wang Shujun
Published: April 2019

Background

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a disease‐causing pathogen capable of surviving under acidic conditions of the human stomach. Almost half of the world's population is infected with H pylori, with gastric cancer being the most unsatisfactory prognosis. Although H pylori has been discovered 30 years ago, the effective treatment and elimination of H pylori continue to be problematic.

Materials and methods

In our study, we screened nucleic acid aptamers using H pylori surface recombinant antigens as targets. Trypsin was used for separating aptamers that were bound to proteins. Following nine rounds of screening, we performed sequence similarity analyses to assess whether the aptamers can recognize the target protein. Two sequences with desirable recognition ability were selected for affinity detection. Aptamer Hp4 with the strongest binding ability to the H pylori surface recombinant antigen was chosen. After optimization of the binding conditions, we conducted specificity tests for Hp4 using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrioanguillarum, and H pylori.

Results

The data indicated that the aptamer Hp4 had an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 26.48 ± 5.72 nmol/L to the target protein. This aptamer was capable of exclusively detecting H pylori cells, without displaying any specificity for other bacteria.

Conclusions

We obtained a high‐affinity aptamer for H pylori, which is expected to serve as a new molecular probe for detection of H pylori.
Unraveling the long‐term links among adolescent peer victimization and somatic symptoms: A 5‐year multi‐informant cohort study
Authors: Lee Kirsty S. , Vaillancourt Tracy
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To examine the prospective associations among peer victimization and somatic symptoms across 5 years of adolescence using multiple informants and disaggregating effects at the within‐person and between‐person level.

Methods

From age 13–17 years, 612 Canadian children (54% girls; 76% White) completed measures of peer victimization and somatic symptoms. Parents (89% mothers) reported on their child's somatic symptoms. We built autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals, controlling for diagnosed medical and psychiatric conditions, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

Results

Within‐person, self‐reported somatic symptoms were stable across time and there were bidirectional associations between peer victimization and somatic symptoms across the 5‐year period. The magnitude of effect was strongest from somatic symptoms to peer victimization. Between‐person, being a girl or having a psychiatric diagnosis predicted higher mean levels and rising trajectories of somatic symptoms and higher mean levels of peer victimization. The level of peer victimization among non‐White participants increased over time. In the parent‐reported model, somatic symptoms were less stable and did not predict peer victimization.

Conclusions

The results highlight the dynamic processes between peer victimization and somatic symptoms. Increased effort is needed to protect adolescents with psychiatric problems, girls, and ethnic minorities from peer abuse.
Developing a web‐based multimedia assessment system for facilitating science laboratory instruction
Authors: Wang Tzu‐Hua , Kao Chien‐Hui , Dai Yu‐Ling
Published: April 2019

This study developed a web‐based multimedia assessment system (WMA system) and applied it to science laboratory instruction. The goal was to improve students' knowledge acquisition under science laboratory instruction. The developed system enabled learners to perform self‐assessments by responding to multimedia technology test items online. The system recorded each learner's complete answer history and provided the students with personalized learning resources. This study adopted a quasi‐experimental research design. The learning content was an “experiment on separating mixtures.” Students participating in the research were divided into a typical science laboratory instruction group (TI group; n = 25) and a group that received instruction through the WMA system (WMA group; n = 26). Before instruction, all the students completed the conceptual knowledge and experimental knowledge pretests. During instruction, the TI group watched the teacher's demonstration experiment, and the students then performed the experiment in a real laboratory. In the WMA group, after learning through the WMA system, the students also performed the experiment in a real laboratory. After instruction, all the students completed the conceptual knowledge and experimental knowledge posttests. The findings indicated that the students in the WMA group showed significantly higher improvements in their scientific conceptual knowledge and experimental knowledge.
Augmented CD133 expression in distal margin correlates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Pradhan Tapas , Padmanabhan Krishnanand , Prasad Manu , Chandramohan K. , Nair S. Asha
Published: April 2019

Pathological assessment of excised tumour and surgical margins in colorectal cancer (CRC) play crucial role in prognosis after surgery. Molecular assessment of margins could be more sensitive and informative than conventional histopathological analysis. Considering this view, we evaluated the distal surgical margins for expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. Cellular and molecular assessment of normal, tumour and distal margin tissues were performed by flow cytometry, real‐time q‐PCR and immuno‐histochemical analysis for CRC patients after tumour excision. CRC patients were evaluated for expression of CSC markers in their normal, tumour and distal tissues. Flow cytometry assay revealed CD133 and CD44 enriched cells in distal margin and tumour compared to normal colorectal tissues, which was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Most importantly, immunohistochemistry also revealed the enrichment of CSC markers expression in pathologically negative distal margins. Patients with distal margin enriched for CD133 expression showed an increased recurrence rate and decreased disease‐free survival. This study proposes that although distal margin seems to be tumour free in conventional histopathological analysis, it could harbour cells enriched for CSC markers. Further CD133 could be a promising molecule to be used in molecular pathology for disease prognosis after surgery in CRC patients.
Paraphrasing Interventions and Problem‐Solving Accuracy: Do Generative Procedures Help English Language Learners with Math Difficulties?
Authors: Swanson H. Lee , Kong Jennifer E. , Moran Amber S. , Orosco Michael J.
Published: April 2019

This randomized control treatment study investigated the role of generative paraphrasing interventions on word problem‐solving (WPS) accuracy in English language learners (ELL) who were at risk for math difficulties (MD). One hundred and forty‐two third‐grade monolingual and English language learners were randomly assigned to either an untreated control group or one of three treatment conditions: paraphrase question (Restate), paraphrase relevant information (Relevant), and paraphrase all propositions (Complete). Results showed that the relevant treatment condition improved WPS accuracy for monolingual and ELL children's accuracy relative to the control and restate condition. There were, however, no positive advantages on the transfer measures (knowledge of problem‐solving components, calculation) for ELL children with MD. In addition, the magnitude of posttest outcomes on the problem‐solving measures was substantially smaller for ELL children with MD than for children without MD. Although the results overall support the notion that generative learning improves problem‐solving accuracy, ELL children without MD are most likely to benefit from its application.
Carbonaceous matter in the Sariçiçek meteorite
Authors: Yesiltas Mehmet , Glotch Timothy D. , Jaret Steven , Verchovsky Alexander B. , Greenwood Richard C.
Published: April 2019

As of today, the Sariçiçek (SC) meteorite is the newest howardite and the only confirmed fall among the 17 known howardites. In this study, we present isotopic, infrared, and Raman data on three distinct pieces of the SC meteorite. Our oxygen isotopic measurements show that Δ17O values of the pieces are close to each other, and are in good agreement with other howardites, eucrites, and diogenites. The carbon isotopic measurements, which were conducted by combusting terrestrial contamination selectively at temperatures lower than 500–600 °C, show the presence of indigenous carbon in the SC specimens. The matrix of these specimens, investigated via infrared microspectroscopy, appears to be dominated by clinopyroxene/orthopyroxene, forsterite, and fayalite, with minor contributions from ilmenite, plagioclase, and enstatite. Carbon‐rich regions were mapped and studied via Raman imaging microspectroscopy, which reveals that both amorphous and graphitic carbon exist in these samples. Synchrotron‐based infrared microspectroscopy data show the presence of very little aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The SC meteorite is suggested to be originating from the Antonia impact crater in the Rheasilvia impact basin on 4 Vesta (Unsalan et al. 2019). If this is in fact the case, then the carbon phases present in the SC samples might provide clues regarding the impactor material (e.g., carbonaceous chondrites).
Combined pro‐breastfeeding practices are advantageous in facilities providing maternity and newborn services
Authors: Bizon Agnes Meire Branco Leria , Giugliani Camila , Castro de Avilla Lago Juliana , de Senna Andrea Francis Kroll , Martins Ana Cláudia Magnus , de Jezus Castro Stela Maris , Giugliani Elsa Regina Justo
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the association between a set of pro‐breastfeeding practices in facilities providing maternity and newborn services and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days postpartum, considering the contribution of each practice. A cross‐sectional study nested within a cohort study was conducted with 287 women who delivered healthy term infants in two hospitals in southern Brazil. They were interviewed at home at 30 days postpartum. The following practices were evaluated: skin‐to‐skin contact soon after birth, breastfeeding in the first hour, uninterrupted rooming‐in, professional support with breastfeeding, breastfeeding guidance, encouragement to breastfeed on demand, no supplementation with infant formula, and no pacifier use. A score of pro‐breastfeeding practices was calculated using a logistic model, which allowed each practice to have its discriminatory capacity and difficulty estimated individually. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days and the pro‐breastfeeding practice score. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days was 61.7%. The practices with greatest discriminatory capacity, that is, those that contributed most to the score estimates, were professional support with breastfeeding, breastfeeding guidance, and encouragement to breastfeed on demand. The most difficult ones were breastfeeding in the first hour, encouragement to breastfeed on demand, and non‐utilization of infant formula. For each unit (standard deviation) of increase in the score, there was an increase of 20% in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days. We conclude that the set of pro‐breastfeeding practices assessed here increased the effect of these practices on exclusive breastfeeding rates at 30 days.
A New Task for Philosophy of Science
Authors: Maxwell Nicholas
Published: April 2019

This paper argues that we philosophers of science have before us an important new task that we urgently need to take up. It is to convince the scientific community to adopt and implement a new philosophy of science that does better justice to the deeply problematic basic intellectual aims of science than that which we have at present. Problematic aims evolve with evolving knowledge, that part of philosophy of science concerned with aims and methods thus becoming an integral part of science itself. The outcome of putting this new philosophy into scientific practice would be a new kind of science, both more intellectually rigorous and one that does better justice to the best interests of humanity.
Recovering Early Modern Women Writers
Authors: Gordon‐Roth Jessica , Kendrick Nancy
Published: April 2019

Feminist work in the history of philosophy has been going on for several decades. Some scholars have focused on the ways philosophical concepts are themselves gendered. Others have recovered women writers who were well known in their own time but forgotten in ours, while still others have firmly placed into a philosophical context the works of women writers long celebrated within other disciplines in the humanities. The recovery of women writers has challenged the myth that there are no women in the history of philosophy, but it has not eradicated it. What, we may ask, is impeding our progress? This paper argues that so often we treat early modern women philosophers’ texts in ways that are different from, or inconsistent with, the explicit commitments of the analytic tradition, and in so doing, we may be triggering our audiences to reject these women as philosophers, and their texts as philosophical. Moreover, this is the case despite our intention to achieve precisely the opposite effect.
Philosophy’s Diversity Problem
Authors: Kings A. E.
Published: April 2019

This paper explores the underrepresentation of women and minorities in academic philosophy. Specifically, it focuses on why, given the relatively even male/female ratio at undergraduate level, women are underrepresented at every level above this. It addresses some of the misconceptions and myths surrounding women in philosophy, including those surrounding the discussion of the different‐intuition hypothesis. It also explores the ways in which feminist research in philosophy is subject to marginalisation as a result of systematic exclusionary practices typical of the dominant culture of justification within traditional philosophy. It argues for the necessity of an intersectional approach, and the importance of taking seriously the psychological and sociological analysis of underrepresentation, in order to improve both the experience and the representation of women and other minorities at all levels of professional philosophy, as well as of the discipline as a whole.
Aristotle on Philosophia
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: April 2019

Aristotle uses philosophia (and philosophos, philosophein, philosophôs, sumphilosophein, philosophêteon) in at least ten senses across his oeuvre, as this first study of every instance in his writings reveals. Irrespective of the specific approaches of its practitioners, philosophia may be, for example, an exercise of cleverness; or leisurely study; or the desire to know; or the pursuit of fundamental explanation; or a historically extended discipline. This variety allows us to go some way in reconstructing the complex attitude Aristotle had toward a culturally specific practice in which he located himself and soon helped develop into a specialized discipline. Another benefit is that it allows us to clarify the argumentative method in his Protrepticus, which depends on several senses of philosophia. It also puts up obstacles to determining whether, for example, Aristotle believes philosophia is an epistêmê.
The Problem of Peer Review is the Most Important Philosophical Problem
Authors: Mckeever Matthew
Published: April 2019

As philosophers we should have as one of our aims to produce as much philosophical knowledge as possible. A lot of potential philosophical knowledge is lost because of the flaws of the peer review system, and so a lot of philosophical knowledge would be gained were the system improved. Accordingly, as authors we should write papers about how to fix peer review, and as editors we should accept such papers if they are good. This paper presents some familiar problems with peer review, elaborates on and motivates the argument just given, and replies to some objections to it, making the case that fixing peer review is both a philosophical problem and one that admits of a solution.
Split‐root system optimization based on the survival, growth and development of the model Poaceae Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Agapit Corinne , Gigon Agnès , Girin Thomas , Leitao Luis , Blouin Manuel
Published: April 2019

Split‐root system has been developed to better understand plant response to environmental factors, by exposing two separate parts of a single root system to heterogeneous situations. Surprisingly, there is no study attempting to maximize plant survival, growth and root system structure through a statistically sound comparison of different experimental protocols. Here, we aim at optimizing split‐root systems on the model plant for Poaceae and cereals Brachypodium distachyon in terms of plant survival, number of roots and their equal distribution between the two compartments. We tested the effect of hydroponic or soil as growing media, with or without change of media at the transplantation step. The partial or total cutting of roots and/or shoots was also tested in different treatments as it could have an influence on plant access to energy and water and consequently on survival, growth and root development. Growing plants in soil before and after transplantation in split‐root system was the best condition to get the highest survival rate, number of coleoptile node axile roots and growth. Cutting the whole root system was the best option to have a high root biomass and length at the end of the experiment. However, cutting shoots was detrimental for plant growth, especially in terms of root biomass production. In well‐watered conditions, a plant submitted to a transfer in a split‐root system is thus mainly lacking energy to produce new roots thanks to photosynthesis or adaptive autophagy, not water or nutrients.