bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viermaal auteursrecht in de digitale eengemaakte markt
Authors: Visser D.J.G.
Published: December 2016

Viermaal auteursrecht in de digitale eengemaakte markt

Als onderdeel van haar strategie voor een ‘digitale eengemaakte markt’ (Digital Single Market, afgekort DSM) heeft de Europese Commissie op 14 september 2016 voorstellen gedaan voor maar liefst vier verschillende instrumenten op het gebied van het auteursrecht: een richtlijn en een verordening over digitaal en grensoverschrijdend gebruik én een richtlijn en een verordening over gebruik voor visueel gehandicapten. Deze voorstellen worden in deze bijdrage besproken.

Voorstel voor een richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad inzake auteursrechten in de digitale eengemaakte markt- COM(2016)593. (‘DSM-richtlijn’)

Voorstel voor een verordening van het Europees Parlement en de Raad tot vaststelling van voorschriften inzake de uitoefening van auteursrechten en naburige rechten die van toepassing zijn op bepaalde online-uitzendingen van omroeporganisaties en doorgifte van televisie- en radioprogramma’s - COM(2016)594. (‘Online Omroep verordening’, (OOV))

Voorstel voor een verordening van het Europees Parlement en de Raad inzake de grensoverschrijdende uitwisseling tussen de Unie en derde landen van exemplaren in toegankelijke vorm van bepaalde door het auteursrecht en naburige rechten beschermde werken en ander materiaal ten behoeve van personen die blind zijn, visueel gehandicapt of anderszins een leeshandicap hebben - COM(2016)595 (‘Marrakesh’-verordening).

Voorstel voor een richtlijn van het Europees Parlement en de Raad inzake bepaalde toegestane vormen van gebruik van door auteursrechten en naburige rechten beschermde werken en ander materiaal ten behoeve van personen die blind zijn, visueel gehandicapt of anderszins een leeshandicap hebben, en tot wijziging van Richtlijn 2001/29/EG betreffende de harmonisatie van bepaalde aspecten van het auteursrecht en de naburige rechten in de informatiemaatschappij - COM(2016)596. (‘Marrakesh’-richtlijn)
De studenten-OV is niet in strijd met het EU recht
Authors: de Mol M.
Published: December 2016

De studenten-OV is niet in strijd met het EU recht

In dit arrest geeft het Hof van Justitie uitleg over artikel 24 lid 2 van Richtlijn 2004/38/EG. Deze bepaling is een uitzondering op het verbod van discriminatie op grond van nationaliteit voor studiebeurzen en studieleningen voor levensonderhoud. Uit het eerdere arrest Commissie/Oostenrijk blijkt dat niet alle steun aan studenten kan worden gekwalificeerd als een studiebeurs of een studielening in de zin van deze bepaling. In het onderhavige arrest oordeelt het Hof van Justitie dat de Nederlandse studenten-OV er wel onder valt, omdat die de kenmerken vertoont van en verwant is aan ofwel een studiebeurs ofwel een studielening.

HvJ 2 juni 2016, zaak C-233/14, Commissie/Nederland (studenten OV), ECLI:EU:C:2016:396.
SWITCHING AND LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES AND THE REQUIRED WITHSTAND VOLTAGE BETWEEEN THE OPEN CONTACTS OF 245 KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Authors: BANDEL Janusz , HEJDUK Artur , DZIERŻYŃSKI Andrzej , KORYCKI Piotr , SIBILSKI Henryk
Published: December 2016

This paper deals with the surges generated in the network during switching operations and lightning surges. The level of both kinds of surge was compared with the required dielectric strength between the open contacts of 245 kV circuit breakers. Overvoltages greater than the electrical withstand voltage of the circuit breaker can cause arc ignition between the circuit breaker’s open contacts and power engineering service s have reported such cases. The results of such failures can be very serious. This is a problem especially for single-break circuit breakers, in which the stresses on the electrical insulation between the open contacts of the breaker are very high. A method for selecting lightning arresters to lower the overvoltages is proposed. The switching of short-circuit currents by a circuit breaker may cause a weakening of the circuit breaker chamber’s insulation and reduce its electrical withstand and durability.
POLYANILINE DOPED WITH ACIDS. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATION
Authors: KOLASIŃSKA Ewa , MAZUREK Bolesław
Published: December 2016

The research was aimed at the development of the composition and technology of semiconducting materials based on polyaniline. Such materials, which have simple methods of production, are lightweight and have high thermal resistance, may be used in electrotechnical, electronic, and automotive devices, such as power generators and cooling or heat recovery elements.
The technology for the production of semiconductive materials based
on polyaniline-modified hydrochloric or camphorsulfonic acid is presented. The influence of the acid type on the electrical conductivity of the polymer was determined. Thermal analysis was performed for the obtained materials.
Hvordan forskes der i islam på Roskilde Universitet?
Authors: Galal Lise Paulsen
Published: December 2016

I stedet for et abstract er her artiklens første side:På Roskilde Universitet (RUC) er der ingen forskningsgrupper eller -enheder, der er defineret ved at beskæftige sig med islam eller muslimer. Til gengæld er der både forskere, forsk- ningsmiljøer og forskningsprojekter, der enten beskæftiger sig indgående med eller berører islam og/eller muslimer som en tematik, der viser sig relevant i relation til processer i samfundet i dag. Netop engagementet i samfundsudvikling og RUCs tværfaglige profil kan siges at være afgørende for den forskning om islam og muslimer, der bedrives på RUC.RUCs forskning i islam afspejler således, at islam oftest ikke er det primære genstandsfelt. I stedet er det kulturmøder, byrum, mode, forbrug, multikulturalisme, radikalisering, udvikling, ungdomskultur, integrationspolitik, sekularisme, regulering af religion, repræsentation, samfundsdiskurser etc. I disse sammenhænge kan islam og/eller muslimer dukke op som relevante aspekter, objekter eller subjekter. Heraf følger således også et dominerende fokus på samfundets relationer til og interaktioner med islam og/eller muslimer og omvendt snarere end på ideen om islam som en klart afgrænset og identificerbar stør- relse, der primært må studeres som religion i en ontologisk givet og institutionaliseret form. I stedet for at fokusere på, hvad nogle ville pege på som indholdet i islam, undersøger RUC-forskere, hvordan muslimske praksisser og identiteter konstant bliver til og bliver forhandlet igennem grænsedragninger, det være sig samfundets, dets institutioners, eller borgeres, herunder muslimers egne. Denne tilgang betyder, at islam som religiøs praksis og overbevisning i nogle tilfælde viser sig at være en drivende kraft inden for det genstandsfelt, der forskes i. (...)
Muslimske gravsteder i Danmark: En multireligiøs begravelsespraksis vinder frem
Authors: Jacobsen Brian Arly
Published: December 2016

I artiklen undersøges muslimers begravelsesmuligheder og -praksis i Danmark. Det gælder både de formelle krav til religiøse minoriteters begravelsespraksis, herunder muslimers, samt hvordan muslimers egentlige begravelsespraksis ser ud. Undersøgelsen bygger på materiale indsamlet fra kirkegårde med muslimske afdelinger i Danmark samt fra den muslimske begravelsesplads i Brøndby. Analysen af muslimsk begravelsespraksis i Danmark viser, hvordan muslimer må tilpasse deres traditioner til de muligheder, som dansk lovgivning og tradition byder dem. Det favner muslimer i varierende grad – i højere grad på kirkegårdenes muslimske afdelinger end på den muslimske begravelsesplads i Brøndby. Dermed er den muslimske begravelsespraksis i Danmark med til at demonstrere, hvordan den danske religionsfrihed og deraf multireligiøsitet i praksis udfolder sig. ____"Muslim Graves in Denmark: The Growth of Multireligious Burrials"The article examines the funerary options and practices of Muslims in Denmark. It covers both the formal requirements for religious minorities’ burial practices, including those for Muslims, and how Muslims’ actual burial practices appear. It is based on material collected from cemeteries with Muslim sections in Denmark, and from the Muslim cemetery in Brøndby. The analysis of Muslim burial practices in Denmark shows how Muslims must adapt their traditions to the possibilities offered by Danish law and tradition. These accommodate Muslims to a varying extent - to a greater degree in the cemeteries’ Muslim sections than at the Muslim cemetery in Brøndby. Muslim burial practice in Denmark thus helps to show how Danish freedom of religion and hence multireligiosity  are developing in practice.
Post-Enlightenment of Leibowitz and al-Jaberi: Philosophy and Religion
Authors: Sabih Joshua A.
Published: December 2016

The issue of the relation between religion and philosophy has re-surfaced in modern Jewish-Israeli and Arab-Muslim philosophical discourses. Facing unprecedented waves of re-traditionalisation and radicalisation in both Israel and Arab-Muslim societies this issue has become a privileged terrain upon which many ideological, cultural and political “wars” have been waged. In this paper, I shall focus on how two prominent philosophers and public thinkers, Leibowitz (d. 1994) and al-Jaberi (d. 2010), have brought the issue of the relation between faith and reason – and with it critical thinking – back to centre stage by engaging both their own philosophical and theological traditions and European philosophical thought.
(U)synlighed og den muslimske anden: Narrativer om flugt og religiøs identitet blandt irakiske kristne i Danmark
Authors: Sparre Sara Lei
Published: December 2016

Denne artikel belyser religiøs identitet og muslimske-kristne relationer blandt irakiske kristne i Danmark. I de irakiske kristnes narrativer om flugt og mødet med Danmark er der en konstant svingning mellem dels opnåelse af tryghed, lige rettigheder og religiøs frihed og dels minorisering pga. oplevelser af at blive gjort usynlige som kristne og synlige som muslimer. Jeg argumenterer for, at de irakiske kristne fortolker og navigerer i disse oplevelser af minorisering og (u)synlighed ved at genskrive deres narrativer om flugt og forfølgelse og således også forholdet til den muslimske anden. ____"(In)visibility and the Muslim Other: Narratives of Flight and Religious Identity Among Iraqi Christians in Denmark"This article highlights religious identity and Muslim-Christian relations among Iraqi Christians in Denmark. In the narratives of Iraqi Christians about flight and the encounter with Denmark there is a constant swing between the attainment of security, equal rights and religious freedom on the one hand and the minoritization that results from experiences of being made invisible as Christians and visible as Muslims on the other hand. I argue that Iraqi Christians interpret and navigate these experiences of minoritization and (in)visibility by rewriting their narratives about flight and persecution, and thus also the relationship with the Muslim other.
Møder på Nørrebrosk
Authors: Schmidt Garbi
Published: December 2016

Artiklen diskuterer, med afsæt i feltarbejde på Nørrebro som er et af Københavns mest forskelligartede etniske kvarterer, implikationerne af forskellige møder mellem den muslimske minoritet og den ikke-muslimske majoritetsbefolkning. Artiklen viser sådanne møders indflydelse på det lokale niveau ved at fokusere på 1) samarbejdet mellem muslimske og sekulære, kommunale institutioner og 2) identifikationen mellem muslimske/etniske minoritetsunge og kulturelle subkulturer, der begge repræsenterer oppositionsidentiteter vis-a-vis det omkringliggende samfund. Artiklen viser også, hvorledes både radikale muslimske og kristne bevægelser bruger Nørrebro som rum for deres agitation mod en flerkulturel sameksistens. Således fordrer artiklen et kritisk blik på den udbredte forståelse af religion som den væsentligste forhindring for dialog og sameksistens mellem minoritet og majoritet. I et kvarter som Nørrebro synes andre sociale faktorer at være (mindst ligeså) vigtige for skabelsen af konflikt, fragmentering eller etableringen af alliancer.
Research on Islam Repositioned - New Agendas in the study of Islam and Muslims in a politicised research field
Authors: Schmidt Garbi , Johansen Birgitte Schepelern , Possing Dorthe Høvids
Published: December 2016

As Islam and Muslims have become a centre of attention for political discussions, knowledge on Islam and Muslims are increasingly tool for political decision-making. As a consequence, Islamic studies scholars navigate in a highly politicised field when communicating their results; they are frequently positioned as political actors and research results as ideological statements.A central question for researchers within the current debate climate is whether Islamic studies research in Europe and North America is forced into a defensive position by political agendas? How is the current situation contributing to the ongoing formation of academic self-perception and research ideals?Within the public debate, scholars on Islam and Muslims are often described as naively portraying Muslims as victims of Western domination. Hereby, the argument goes, re-searchers disregard potential links between radicalisation, Islam and terrorism. This critique is worth scrutiny and scholarly self reflection, not least to strengthen the methodological and theoretical starting points for further research. Have our scholarly approaches (methodological, theoretical and philosophical) as a consequence that we avoid certain research topics and stress others overtly? Can we communicate our research results to the public without being positioned as part of a specific political agenda? And how can we fulfill our obligation to publicly disseminate sensitive research results and while maintaining access to the empirical field?This special issue of the Journal for the Scientific study of Islam (Tidsskrift for Islam-forskning) includes three articles wtitten by Garbi Schmidt,Christine M. Jacobsen and Thomas Hoffmann. Peter P. Mandaville, co-director of the Center for Global Studies at George Mason’s University, U.S.A. has written the introduction. The three articles are all based on presentations made by the authors at an international seminar hosted by FIFO on May 14th and 15th 2007.As always, the Journal for the Scientific study of Islam also includes a number of book reviews, this time of Christer Hedins Ali Shariatis befrielseteologi. Västerländske inslag i shiitisk revolutionär islam and Philip Halldéns Jihad-orienterad salafism på internet.We hope you will enjoy this special issue of the Journal for the Scientific study of Islam.
From Granting the Right (?!) Answers to Posing Odd Questions: Perspectives on Studying and Presenting Muslim Minorities in a Politicized, Western Context
Authors: Schmidt Garbi
Published: December 2016

The examples that I draw on are all taken from Denmark; a country where the debate over Islam as a part of (or rather, not a part of) society has been heated for more than a decade, to such an extent that the heat has been “exported” to other parts of the world. The Danish case illustrates several factors central to the problematic analyzed in this volume of Tidsskrift for Islamforskning: the politicization of the research field has extraordinary consequences for research environments and knowledge production, and how we as researchers are perceived by those we portray and those we present to. This issue inevitably leads me to the second point that I believe the e-mail illustrates: that the endeavour of research is attached to the person who carries out the research. Beyond its implications for how we carry out our profession, this issue also – and importantly – shows that the line between person and product is porous. The question I want to focus on is that if we cannot claim detachment from the objects we produce, are we then political agents, do we lack neutrality, and what kind of knowledge and not least reality production do we thus participate in?
Theory and Politics in Research on Muslim immigrants in Norway
Authors: Jacobsen Christine M.
Published: December 2016

From the second half of the 1980s, immigration was established as one of the most controversial issues in Norwegian public debate, a phenomenon that intensified in the 1990s as “the immigrant other” increasingly crystallized as the “Muslim other.” The academic field reflects this development. More and more researchers have turned their attention to issues related to immigration, integration, Muslims, and Islam, and the research has become more explicitly politicized. The current politicization, resulting from a complex interplay between mass media, research, government, public opinion and the populations in question, poses important epistemological, methodological and ethical challenges to researchers working in this field. While politicization may, for various reasons, be deplored, it also represents an opportunity to critically reflect upon academic knowledge production and dissemination. This article seeks to further such reflection by examining recent public debate on the role of academic research on immigration and Islam in Norway. The aim of the article is to sketch out some of the underlying premises of these debates in order to throw some light on the conditions of academic knowledge production in the fields of Islam and migration studies in our times.
Korstog og islam i gymnasiet: Historien om tilblivelsen af en undervisningsbog
Authors: Hansen Lars Peter Visti
Published: December 2016

Korstog, kulturmøder og interessen for den muslimske verden står i dag mere centralt i gymnasiet end tidligere. Men mens islam er obligatorisk stof i religionsundervisningen, behandles den muslimske verdens historie kun kortfattet i de historiske lærebøger. Efter gymnasiereformens indfø- relse i 2005, står begrebet kulturmøde centralt i historiebekendtgørelsen, men det er et begreb, der kan komme til at betone modsætninger, snarere end de fællestræk, der mellem vesten og den muslimske verden. Det afspejler sig delvist i det udbud af læremateriale, der har været til rådighed i gymnasiet. Det er i den sammenhæng, at lærebogen Korstogene Idé og Virkelighed er blevet til. Bogen behandler korstogene og vil samtidig gerne give læserne et mere solidt indblik i den muslimske verdens historie.
Muslims in Academia. New Stakeholders, Old Institutions, and the Future of Western Islam
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: December 2016

Based on the observation that a rising number of scholars and students with Muslim background study and teach Islamic studies in Western Europe and North America, we propose the following two broad hypotheses: 1) that this development within academia will bring about changes within the narrow confines of Academia, but 2) will also have wider implications for the development and formation of Islamic thinking/exegesis in Western Europe and North America and perhaps even core-Islamic countries in the Middle East and South East Asia. In order to understand and assess this new state of affairs and its prospects, we set out to identify and analyse the social, religious, national background and role of these new academic stakeholders, their relevant institutions, programmes, research themes and approaches, challenges and opportunities. Based on the premise that Islam is a religion with strong scripturalist roots (among other roots to be sure) we direct particular attention to that field within Islamic studies that deals specifically with Qur’an and hadîth-related studies. This research project, then, investigates two questions. The first one is the most restricted and relates to organizational matters of the contemporary university (human resources, curriculum, funding etc.) and the Forschungsgeschichte and prospects of Islamic/Qur’ânic studies. The second question is more extensive in scope and probes grand-scale theological-exegetical trends, profiles and scenarios of a so-called Western Islam.
Kvinder på krigsstien: Kvindelige palæstinensiske selvmordsbombere
Authors: Liebmann Louise Lund
Published: December 2016

Denne artikel er baseret på dele af mit religionshistoriske speciale fra 2008. Specialet ’Sprængfarlig feminisme – en analyse og diskussion af kvindelige palæstinensiske selvmordsbombere som politiske feminister’ blev til på baggrund af feltstudier og indsamling af kildemateriale i IsraelPalæstina i sommeren 2007 og vinteren 2008. Artiklen er skrevet på baggrund af den del af specialet, der undersøger den lokale palæstinensiske og regionale arabiske fremstilling af kvinderne og argumenterer for, at den offentlige marginalisering af disse kvinder hænger sammen med et forsøg på at imødegå den kønskritik, der er involveret i kvindernes aktioner.
Contextualizing Salafism
Authors: Sedgwick Mark
Published: December 2016

The importance of Salafism, both in the Muslim world and in Europe, has been quickly grasped by scholars and by governments, and some excellent studies of Salafism in individual countries have been published. Methodological and analytical problems, however, remain. One problem is defining the topic: what is and what is not Salafi? Classification is not assisted by internal divisions within the Salafi movement that result in disagreement among Salafis themselves as to who and what is and is not Salafi, nor by the way in which Salafis do not always describe themselves as Salafi, often preferring ahl al-sunna wa’l-jama’a, sometimes shortened to plain “Sunni,” terms which could, of course, describe almost any non-Shi’i Muslim. A related problem is that the term “Salafi” is sometimes applied by outsiders with little justification, often in the press, but also by authorities such as Hillel Fradkin, director of the Center for Islam, Democracy and the Future of the Muslim World at the Hudson Institute, a “conservative” American think tank, who classified the Muslim Brotherhood as Salafi, on the basis that they were part of “the worldwide Islamic phenomenon and movement variously known as Islamism, Salafism, radical Islam, militant Islam, political Islam and the like.”
De gode Muhammedanere: Den Danske Østerlandsmissions konstruktion af beduiner som muslimsk minoritet
Authors: Henschen Daniel
Published: December 2016

Den største danske organisation for islam-mission, Østerlandsmissionen i det nuværende Syrien (1898-1964), havde ved sin grundlæggelse beduin-stammerne i Qualamoun-distriktet nord for Damaskus som sit vigtigste indsatsområde. Disse stammer blev fremstillet som modstykke til den 'officielle' islam, som missionærerne anså for at være restriktiv og undertrykkende. Heroverfor stod beduinerne som indbegrebet af orientalsk moral og ædelhed. I praksis opgav de danske missionærer i løbet af få år at nå beduinerne. Men indtil da var beduinerne løbende genstand for en konceptualisering, hvor missionærerne forsøgte at forklare sig selv og støtterne hjemme i Danmark, hvorfor beduiner var det bedste missionsobjekt. Artiklen skildrer denne proces, der løb igennem den konsoliderende fase af Østerlandsmissionens historie, og der argumenteres for, at missionærernes erkendelsesproces kan ses som et – ganske vist på mange måder både fordomsfuldt og etnocentrisk – udtryk for en nuancering af et ellers meget monolitisk billede af islam. Derved skabtes et religiøst og kulturelt baseret koncept om 'minoriteter inden for islam' ud fra et praktisk behov i missionen.
Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: A Comparison of Imposed Group Identities
Authors: Døving Cora Alexa
Published: December 2016

Do similarities exist among stereotypical portrayals of minority groups, regardless of social and historical context? Can some of the linguistic mechanisms that underlay the stereotypical portrayals of ‘the collective Jew’ at the beginning of the 20th century be found in the stereotyping of ‘the Muslim’ at the beginning of 21st? Is it at all relevant to see antiSemitism in line with other forms of intolerance, discrimination and racism? These questions make up part of a comparative analysis of anti-Semitic texts from the beginning of the 20th century and anti-Islamic debates going on in Norway today. While this article argues against a fundamental analogy between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia, and against an analogy between the structural position of Jews in the nineteen century and Muslims today, it argues for the relevance of a comparative semantic analysis of negative stereotypes of “the Muslims” and “the Jews”.
Donner de la voix : vocalité et auctorialité dans Toast funèbre
Authors: Thériault Patrick
Published: December 2016

Excessif sur le plan de la littéralité – par sa densité sémantique, sa complexité syntaxique –, Toast funèbre l’est aussi sur le plan de la vocalité : de tout le corpus mallarméen, aucun autre poème ne semble donner écho à d’aussi nombreuses sources énonciatives, au point d’offrir un concert proprement déconcertant de voix ; fait plus étonnant encore, aucun autre ne semble faire retentir aussi autoritairement, aussi frontalement, la voix du je-poète. Ce bref commentaire « raisonné », qui voudrait aussi et surtout être une lecture résonante, se concentre sur ces faits et effets de voix, en postulant qu’ils concourent finalement à mettre en relief une voix en particulier : celle d’un « Maître » qui ne renvoie toutefois pas tant au dédicataire du poème, Théophile Gautier, qu’à son auteur… Tel serait le principal enjeu symbolique de Toast funèbre : celui d’un « don » poétique à la faveur duquel Mallarmé s’emploierait à promouvoir, à un moment charnière de sa carrière, sa posture d’auteur. En fin d’analyse, le parallèle avec l’autre grand toast des Poésies qu’est Salut, ouvrant à un point de vue comparatif nouveau, distinct de la perspective induite par la référence traditionnelle aux autres tombeaux, permet de préciser les contours idéaux de ce « Maître » mallarméen.
Le chant de l’Ode ou « le Drame, ordinaire à tout éclat vocal » selon Mallarmé
Authors: Bohac Barbara
Published: December 2016

Contre le cliché d’un Mallarmé penseur du Livre et de la Page imprimée, cet article montre que la lecture à haute voix et la récitation sont au coeur de sa conception de la poésie. Pour Mallarmé, la poésie lyrique, sous sa forme suprême qui est l’Ode, est intimement liée au chant, c’est-à-dire à la voix. Non seulement elle est faite pour être récitée ou chantée, mais le « principe poétique » lui-même est fondé sur les propriétés articulatoires des mots, grâce auxquelles ceux-ci revêtent une couleur, une qualité et un sens particuliers : dès l’origine, le « principe poétique » implique leur réalisation vocale. En faisant jouer entre elles ces facettes des mots actualisées par la voix, le vers acquiert une force évocatoire sans précédent et déploie dans toute sa richesse la signification. La voix est d’autant plus essentielle à l’Ode que cette dernière doit retrouver, par la récitation publique, sa fonction antique : assurer la communion des hommes au sein de la cité. L’Ode « dramatisée ou coupée savamment », dont la pièce en vers de Banville Le Forgeron est donnée pour exemple et qu’illustre aussi une autre pièce annotée par Mallarmé, Florise, se prête particulièrement bien à cette fonction. Les coupes y matérialisent les conflits entre les « attitudes prosodiques » et entre les passions humaines dont elles sont l’expression. Or ces conflits peuvent être tous rapportés, en profondeur, au drame qui sous-tend la condition humaine : la lutte éternelle entre l’ombre et la lumière, le néant et l’être, l’angoisse et la joie. L’Ode, en inscrivant le drame dans la prosodie en vue de sa manifestation par la voix, peut faire communier les hommes dans la conscience de leur condition. Elle devient ainsi la forme privilégiée de la célébration au coeur de la Cité.
Le maître cultivé : Sa définition et ses implications pour une modélisation
Authors: Roger Lucie
Published: December 2016

La visée de professionnalisation présente dans la réforme de la formation des enseignants du Québec de 2001 n’est pas qu’un simple principe déterminant le sens et l’organisation du curriculum de formation à l’enseignement. Elle s’incarne aussi dans un modèle d’enseignant. Pour les concepteurs du référentiel de la formation à l’enseignement, être un maître professionnel, c’est être avant tout héritier, critique et interprète de la culture. Dès lors, un maître professionnel, c’est en premier lieu un maître cultivé.
RETRACTED: The structure of SV40 large T hexameric helicase in complex with AT-rich origin DNA
Authors: Gai Dahai , Wang Damian , Li Shu-Xing , Chen Xiaojiang S
Published: December 2016

DNA replication is a fundamental biological process. The initial step in eukaryotic DNA replication is the assembly of the pre-initiation complex, including the formation of two head-to-head hexameric helicases around the replication origin. How these hexameric helicases interact with their origin dsDNA remains unknown. Here, we report the co-crystal structure of the SV40 Large-T Antigen (LT) hexameric helicase bound to its origin dsDNA. The structure shows that the six subunits form a near-planar ring that interacts with the origin, so that each subunit makes unique contacts with the DNA. The origin dsDNA inside the narrower AAA+ domain channel shows partial melting due to the compression of the two phosphate backbones, forcing Watson-Crick base-pairs within the duplex to flip outward. This structure provides the first snapshot of a hexameric helicase binding to origin dsDNA, and suggests a possible mechanism of origin melting by LT during SV40 replication in eukaryotic cells.
Direct screening for chromatin status on DNA barcodes in yeast delineates the regulome of H3K79 methylation by Dot1
Authors: Vlaming Hanneke , Molenaar Thom M , van Welsem Tibor , Poramba-Liyanage Deepani W , Smith Desiree E , Velds Arno , Hoekman Liesbeth , Korthout Tessy , Hendriks Sjoerd , Altelaar AF Maarten , van Leeuwen Fred
Published: December 2016

Given the frequent misregulation of chromatin in cancer, it is important to understand the cellular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure. However, systematic screening for epigenetic regulators is challenging and often relies on laborious assays or indirect reporter read-outs. Here we describe a strategy, Epi-ID, to directly assess chromatin status in thousands of mutants. In Epi-ID, chromatin status on DNA barcodes is interrogated by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing, allowing for quantitative comparison of many mutants in parallel. Screening of a barcoded yeast knock-out collection for regulators of histone H3K79 methylation by Dot1 identified all known regulators as well as novel players and processes. These include histone deposition, homologous recombination, and adenosine kinase, which influences the methionine cycle. Gcn5, the acetyltransferase within the SAGA complex, was found to regulate histone methylation and H2B ubiquitination. The concept of Epi-ID is widely applicable and can be readily applied to other chromatin features.
Drosophila neprilysins control insulin signaling and food intake via cleavage of regulatory peptides
Authors: Hallier Benjamin , Schiemann Ronja , Cordes Eva , Vitos-Faleato Jessica , Walter Stefan , Heinisch Jürgen J , Malmendal Anders , Paululat Achim , Meyer Heiko
Published: December 2016

Insulin and IGF signaling are critical to numerous developmental and physiological processes, with perturbations being pathognomonic of various diseases, including diabetes. Although the functional roles of the respective signaling pathways have been extensively studied, the control of insulin production and release is only partially understood. Herein, we show that in Drosophila expression of insulin-like peptides is regulated by neprilysin activity. Concomitant phenotypes of altered neprilysin expression included impaired food intake, reduced body size, and characteristic changes in the metabolite composition. Ectopic expression of a catalytically inactive mutant did not elicit any of the phenotypes, which confirms abnormal peptide hydrolysis as a causative factor. A screen for corresponding substrates of the neprilysin identified distinct peptides that regulate insulin-like peptide expression, feeding behavior, or both. The high functional conservation of neprilysins and their substrates renders the characterized principles applicable to numerous species, including higher eukaryotes and humans.
Calcium-mediated actin reset (CaAR) mediates acute cell adaptations
Authors: Wales Pauline , Schuberth Christian E , Aufschnaiter Roland , Fels Johannes , García-Aguilar Ireth , Janning Annette , Dlugos Christopher P , Schäfer-Herte Marco , Klingner Christoph , Wälte Mike , Kuhlmann Julian , Menis Ekaterina , Hockaday Kang Laura , Maier Kerstin C , Hou Wenya , Russo Antonella , Higgs Henry N , Pavenstädt Hermann , Vogl Thomas , Roth Johannes , Qualmann Britta , Kessels Michael M , Martin Dietmar E , Mulder Bela , Wedlich-Söldner Roland
Published: December 2016

Actin has well established functions in cellular morphogenesis. However, it is not well understood how the various actin assemblies in a cell are kept in a dynamic equilibrium, in particular when cells have to respond to acute signals. Here, we characterize a rapid and transient actin reset in response to increased intracellular calcium levels. Within seconds of calcium influx, the formin INF2 stimulates filament polymerization at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while cortical actin is disassembled. The reaction is then reversed within a few minutes. This Calcium-mediated actin reset (CaAR) occurs in a wide range of mammalian cell types and in response to many physiological cues. CaAR leads to transient immobilization of organelles, drives reorganization of actin during cell cortex repair, cell spreading and wound healing, and induces long-lasting changes in gene expression. Our findings suggest that CaAR acts as fundamental facilitator of cellular adaptations in response to acute signals and stress.
Crystal structure of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase Iβ cyclic nucleotide‐binding‐B domain : Rp‐cGMPS complex reveals an apo‐like, inactive conformation
Authors: Campbell James C. , VanSchouwen Bryan , Lorenz Robin , Sankaran Banumathi , Herberg Friedrich W. , Melacini Giuseppe , Kim Choel
Published: December 2016

The R‐diastereomer of phosphorothioate analogs of cGMP, Rp‐cGMPS, is one of few known inhibitors of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase I (PKG I); however, its mechanism of inhibition is currently not fully understood. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the PKG Iβ cyclic nucleotide‐binding domain (PKG Iβ CNB‐B), considered a ‘gatekeeper’ for cGMP activation, bound to Rp‐cGMPS at 1.3 Å. Our structural and NMR data show that PKG Iβ CNB‐B bound to Rp‐cGMPS displays an apo‐like structure with its helical domain in an open conformation. Comparison with the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit (PKA RIα) showed that this conformation resembles the catalytic subunit‐bound inhibited state of PKA RIα more closely than the apo or Rp‐cAMPS‐bound conformations. These results suggest that Rp‐cGMPS inhibits PKG I by stabilizing the inactive conformation of CNB‐B.
Water influx via aquaporin directly determines necrotic cell death induced by the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin
Authors: Endo Haruka , Azuma Masaaki , Adegawa Satomi , Kikuta Shingo , Sato Ryoichi
Published: December 2016

The Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin causes swelling and necrosis in insect cells, but the route(s) and significance of the water influx involved in its cytotoxicity are unclear. Here, we assessed the role of aquaporins (AQPs), known as water channels, in Cry toxin intoxication. An AQP inhibitor did not interfere with any known process to form the toxin pore, but it diminished the cell swelling and loss of membrane integrity induced by the Cry toxin. Overexpression of AQPs facilitated water influx and cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that water influx via aquaporin directly determines necrotic cell death induced by the Cry toxin.
A new strategy for earthquake focal mechanisms using waveform‐correlation‐derived relative polarities and cluster analysis: Application to the 2014 Long Valley Caldera earthquake swarm
Authors: Shelly David R. , Hardebeck Jeanne L. , Ellsworth William L. , Hill David P.
Published: December 2016

In microseismicity analyses, reliable focal mechanisms can typically be obtained for only a small subset of located events. We address this limitation here, presenting a framework for determining robust focal mechanisms for entire populations of very small events. To achieve this, we resolve relative P and S wave polarities between pairs of waveforms by using their signed correlation coefficients—a by‐product of previously performed precise earthquake relocation. We then use cluster analysis to group events with similar patterns of polarities across the network. Finally, we apply a standard mechanism inversion to the grouped data, using either catalog or correlation‐derived P wave polarity data sets. This approach has great potential for enhancing analyses of spatially concentrated microseismicity such as earthquake swarms, mainshock‐aftershock sequences, and industrial reservoir stimulation or injection‐induced seismic sequences. To demonstrate its utility, we apply this technique to the 2014 Long Valley Caldera earthquake swarm. In our analysis, 85% of the events (7212 out of 8494 located by Shelly et al. []) fall within five well‐constrained mechanism clusters, more than 12 times the number with network‐determined mechanisms. Of the earthquakes we characterize, 3023 (42%) have magnitudes smaller than 0.0. We find that mechanism variations are strongly associated with corresponding hypocentral structure, yet mechanism heterogeneity also occurs where it cannot be resolved by hypocentral patterns, often confined to small‐magnitude events. Small (5–20°) rotations between mechanism orientations and earthquake location trends persist when we apply 3‐D velocity models and might reflect a geometry of en echelon, interlinked shear, and dilational faulting.
Comparative interactomics for virus–human protein–protein interactions: DNA viruses versus RNA viruses
Authors: Durmuş Saliha , Ülgen Kutlu Ö.
Published: December 2016

Viruses are obligatory intracellular pathogens and completely depend on their hosts for survival and reproduction. The strategies adopted by viruses to exploit host cell processes and to evade host immune systems during infections may differ largely with the type of the viral genetic material. An improved understanding of these viral infection mechanisms is only possible through a better understanding of the pathogen–host interactions (PHIs) that enable viruses to enter into the host cells and manipulate the cellular mechanisms to their own advantage. Experimentally‐verified protein–protein interaction (PPI) data of pathogen–host systems only became available at large scale within the last decade. In this study, we comparatively analyzed the current PHI networks belonging to DNA and RNA viruses and their human host, to get insights into the infection strategies used by these viral groups. We investigated the functional properties of human proteins in the PHI networks, to observe and compare the attack strategies of DNA and RNA viruses. We observed that DNA viruses are able to attack both human cellular and metabolic processes simultaneously during infections. On the other hand, RNA viruses preferentially interact with human proteins functioning in specific cellular processes as well as in intracellular transport and localization within the cell. Observing virus‐targeted human proteins, we propose heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins and transporter proteins as potential antiviral therapeutic targets. The observed common and specific infection mechanisms in terms of viral strategies to attack human proteins may provide crucial information for further design of broad and specific next‐generation antiviral therapeutics.
Multiple expression cassette exchange via TP901‐1, R4, and Bxb1 integrase systems on a mouse artificial chromosome
Authors: Tomimatsu Kosuke , Kokura Kenji , Nishida Tadashi , Yoshimura Yuki , Kazuki Yasuhiro , Narita Masashi , Oshimura Mitsuo , Ohbayashi Tetsuya
Published: December 2016

The site‐specific excision of a target DNA sequence for genetic knockout or lineage tracing is a powerful tool for investigating biological systems. Currently, site‐specific recombinases (SSRs), such as Cre or Flp recombination target cassettes, have been successfully excised or inverted by a single SSR to regulate transgene expression. However, the use of a single SSR might restrict the complex control of gene expression. This study investigated the potential for expanding the multiple regulation of transgenes using three different integrase systems (TP901‐1, R4, and Bxb1). We designed three excision cassettes that expressed luciferase, where the luciferase expression could be exchanged to a fluorescent protein by site‐specific recombination. Individual cassettes that could be regulated independently by a different integrase were connected in tandem and inserted into a mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) vector in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The transient expression of an integrase caused the targeted luciferase activity to be lost and fluorescence was activated. Additionally, the integrase system enabled the specific excision of targeted DNA sequences without cross‐reaction with the other recombination targets. These results suggest that the combined use of these integrase systems in a defined locus on a MAC vector permits the multiple regulation of transgene expression and might contribute to genomic or cell engineering.
Mechanofluorochromic Behaviors of Salicylaldimine Difluoroboron Complexes
Authors: Yang Hao , Ye Kaiqi , Sun Jingbo , Gong Peng , Lu Ran
Published: December 2016

We have synthesized a series of salicylaldimine difluoroboron complexes that contain carbazole moieties. Substituents on the carbazole and on the benzene rings of the salicylaldimine moiety influenced the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) emissions of these complexes. Interestingly, the synthesized difluoroboron complexes emitted strong light in the solid state under UV irradiation and exhibited reversible mechanofluorochromism behavior. The emission of a pristine sample of 3‐[4‐(3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl]‐2,2‐difluoro‐2H‐2λ4,3λ4‐benzo[e][1,3,2]oxazaborinine (TCH) at 488 nm redshifted to 571 nm upon grinding, and the ground powder exhibited an orange emission. Fuming with dichloromethane (DCM) or heating at 200 °C for 2 min led to the recovery of the original solid state that emitted a bluish‐green light. XRD patterns illustrate that the mechanofluorochromism features are reasonable for the transformation between the crystalline and amorphous states.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Preparation of Copper(I) Oxide Nanocubes: High Catalytic Activity in the Synthesis of Quinazolines
Authors: Raut Amol B. , Tiwari Abhishek R. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: December 2016

A facile and green ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of Cu2O nanocubes at room temperature is presented. The Cu2O nanocubes were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry with thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy. The Cu2O nanocubes were employed as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst and were found to be highly active in the preparation of quinazolines by the tandem cyclization of 2‐bromobenzaldehydes with amidines under ligand‐free conditions. Various quinazolines could be prepared in excellent yields within a very short reaction time. Furthermore, the Cu2O nanocatalyst could be recycled and reused up to four times without any significant loss of catalytic activity.
Syngas to Chemicals: The Incorporation of Aldehydes into Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Ordomsky Vitaly V. , Khodakov Andrei Y.
Published: December 2016

Syngas is an important intermediate for the synthesis of chemicals and fuels; it can be produced from renewable and fossil feedstocks. Syngas conversion on Fe catalysts results mostly in linear paraffins, olefins, and oxygenates. In the produced olefins or oxygenates, the functional groups or double bonds are always located in the hydrocarbon α‐position. The yield of nonlinear functionalized hydrocarbons or chemical compounds with secondary and tertiary functional groups is low. In this paper direct synthesis of diverse functionalized and branched hydrocarbons in the Fischer–Tropsch reaction is explored by the cofeeding aldehydes to syngas; the added aldehydes initiate surface polymerization. Quantitative stoichiometric incorporation of aldehydes in the growing hydrocarbon chain was observed. The hydrocarbons that contain incorporated aldehyde fragments exhibit an Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution similar to that from conventional Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.
Ruthenium Catalysts Supported by Amino‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Olefin Metathesis of Challenging Substrates
Authors: César Vincent , Zhang Yin , Kośnik Wioletta , Zieliński Adam , Rajkiewicz Adam A. , Ruamps Mirko , Bastin Stéphanie , Lugan Noël , Lavigne Guy , Grela Karol
Published: December 2016

N‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands IMes
and IMes
derived from the well‐known IMes ligand by substituting the carbenic heterocycle with one and two dimethylamino groups, respectively, were employed for the synthesis of second‐generation Grubbs‐ and Grubbs–Hoveyda‐type ruthenium metathesis precatalysts. Whereas the stability of the complexes was found to depend on the degree of dimethylamino‐substitution and on the type of complex, the backbone‐substitution was shown to have a positive impact on their catalytic activity in ring‐closing metathesis, with a more pronounced effect in the second‐generation Grubbs‐type series. The new complexes were successfully implemented in a number of challenging olefin metathesis reactions leading to the formation of tetra‐substituted C=C double bonds and/or functionalized compounds.
“Click” on Alkynylated Carbon Quantum Dots: An Efficient Surface Functionalization for Specific Biosensing and Bioimaging
Authors: Gao Ming Xuan , Yang Lin , Zheng Yi , Yang Xiao Xi , Zou Hong Yan , Han Jing , Liu Ze Xi , Li Yuan Fang , Huang Cheng Zhi
Published: December 2016

Surface functionalization is an essential pre requisite for wide and specific applications of nanoparticles such as photoluminescent (PL) carbon quantum dots (CQDs), but it remains a major challenge. In this report, alkynylated CQDs, prepared from carboxyl‐rich CQDs through amidation with propargylamine in the presence of 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole, were modified efficiently with azido molecular beacon DNA through a copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). As a proof‐of‐concept, the DNA‐modified CQDs are then bonded with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 5 nm) through a gold–sulfur bond. Owing to the emission enhancement, this complex can then be applied to the recognition of a single‐base‐ mismatched target. The same functionalizing strategy applied to click the alkynylated CQDs with a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) peptide showed that the NLS‐modified CQDs could target the nuclei specifically. These results indicate that surface functionalization of CQDs through a nonstoichiometric copper chalcogenide nanocrystal‐ (nsCuCNC‐) catalyzed click reaction is efficient, and has significant potential in the fields of biosensing and bioimaging.