bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tourism forecasting: Accuracy comparisons across aggregated/disaggregated data
Authors: Witt Christine A. , Witt Stephen F.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this article is to examine empirically the impact of aggregation on forecasting accuracy; specifically, whether more accurate forecasts are obtained by forecasting a number of disaggregated tourist flows and summing the forecasts to obtain the aggregate forecast, or by summing the disaggregated tourist flows and forecasting the aggregate series directly. On the one hand, it may be easier to produce accurate forecasts from disaggregated series as the latter allow for differing behavioural patterns which may be more readily recognisable and hence easier to model and extrapolate. On the other hand, more aggregate series may be less susceptible to “noise” and therefore easier to forecast.
The trip forecasting models: Theory and the case of Italy
Authors: Costa Paolo , Manente Mara
Published: March 2008

The TRIP (TouRism International Panel) Forecasting Models (1), the first regarding international tourist departures from each country of origin, the second international tourist flows to Italy and the third international departures from Italy, represent, through an appropriate mathematical and econometric analysis, the fixed effect approach of the panel data analysis, the economic process behind the foreign tourist's decision to holiday in Italy and the Italian tourist's decision to holiday abroad.
Tourism and agriculture in alpine regions
Authors: Socher Karl , Tschurtschenthaler Paul
Published: March 2008

The paper tries to look into the economic relations between tourism and agriculture. Agriculture is supplying values for the tourism industry directly and indirectly. The direct supply arises from the sales of agricultural products, which are bought by the tourism sector either from farmers or from firms who use agricultural products as an input. The indirect supply is the cultivation and preservation of the landscape, the most important factor of production for summer tourism in the alps. The costs of preservation are born partly by the farmers, and partly by the tax payer subsidizing the farmers, the consumer paying higher prices than the world market prices and only in few cases by a small amount of subsidies paid directly or indirectly by the tourism industry. Whereas the direct supply of farmers could be substituted by foreign products, the indirect input of the agricultural sector for the tourism industry has necessarily to be produced by domestic farmers.
Stratégie pour un produit touristique de calibre international: le québec à l'heure de la compétition planétaire
Authors: Samuelli Antoine
Published: March 2008

Longtemps considérés comme des destinations surtout recherchées par les trappeurs, les chercheurs d'or et de minerais précieux, les explorateurs arctiques et les amateurs de nature sauvage et indomptée, le Canada et le Québec sont devenus, au fil des ans et du développement des moyens de communication, une destination touristique grand public, répondant aussi bien aux aspirations de dépaysement des uns qu'aux besoins de sécurité, de paix et de convivialité des autres.
Die elastizität der tourismusnachfrage unter besonderer berücksichtigung von öko‐elastizität
Authors: Mihalic Tanja
Published: March 2008

Die Preiselastizität und die Einkommenselastizität der Tourismusnachfrage werden in der Fachiteratur ber Tourismus schon lange diskutiert (Hunziker W., Krapf, K., 1942, Menges, G., 1959, Znd R., 1969). Bekannt ist auch der Begriff der Freizeitelastizität (Socher, K., 1985). Über die ökologische Elastizität der Tourismusnachfrage steht bis heute kein grundlegend teoretisch sowie auch kein empirisch erfaßtes Datenmaterial zur Verfügung.
Tourismus‐forschung: erfolge, fehlschläge und ungelöste probleme tourism research: achievements, failures and unresolved puzzles la recherche touristique: Succes, echecs et problemes non resolus
Authors: Kaspar Claude
Published: March 2008

Nach 1953 ist die Internationale Vereinigung wissen‐schaftlicher Fremdenverkehrsexperten zum zweiten Mal in Wien zum jährlichen Kongress versammelt. Damals nach Kriegsende ging es darum, einem langsam wiedererstarkten Tourismus eine solide wissenschaftliche Basis zu geben. Es waren auch die Tourismuswissenschafter der klassischen Fremdenverkehrsländer Italien, Spanien, Österreich und der Schweiz, welche sich 1949 erstmals in der Schweiz trafen, um diesem Vorhaben eine konkrete Struktur zu geben. Prof. Paul Bernecker, als einer dieser Promotoren — genannt seien hier die andern: Prof. Walter Hunziker (bis 1973 Präsident), Prof. Kurt Krapf (erster Generalsekretär) und Prof. Angelo Mariotti — übernahm es, den Wiener Kongress zu organisieren. Er war dem Thema “Marktforschung und Werbung im Fremdenverkehr” gewidmet, übrigens ein nach wie vor aktuelles Thema, auch wenn die Terminologie heute in Marketing bzw. Marktbearbeitung oder Kommunikationspolitik erweitert wurde.
La recherche touristique face aux problematiques nouvelles d'unification de l'espace Europeen
Authors: Mesplier‐Pinet Josette
Published: March 2008

Par la dynamique incessante à laquelle il est soumis, le tourisme, aujourd'hui discipline à part entière, implique un redéploiement de la recherche touristique. Le tourisme actuellement subit les transformations de l'espace d'appui sur lequel il se déroule : il y a tout à la fois, une mondialisation spontanée des activités, qui redistribue les dotations en ressources touristiques et une européanisation voulue qui redessine les contours des régions touristiques.
Tourismusforschung: Marktlücken und weisse felder aus der sicht der tourismuspraxis
Authors: Bieger Thomas
Published: March 2008

Tourismuslehre kann als interdisziplinäre angewandte Wissenschaft verstanden werden, die sich zur Abgrenzung von Forschungsobjekten und zur Erfassung der Wechselwirkungen der Systemtheorie bedient. Eine Schnittpunktwissenschaft, die nicht wie die klassischen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen eine eigene Modellwelt und eigene Paradigmen weiter zu entwickeln hat, sollte sich stark nach den Bedürfnissen der Praxis ausrichten. Wichtige Forschungsdefizite bestehen in der Beurteilung des Nutzen‐/Kostenverhältnisses verschiedener Tourismusformen für Reisende und Bereiste sowie aer Bedingungen und Prozesse zur Erreichung und Erhaltung strategischer Wettbewerbsfä‐higkeit im touristischen Markt. Erster Schritt zur Dekkung dieser Forschungslücken ist die Schaffung von einheitlichen Definitionen sowie Instrumenten zur Messung und Erfassung.
Some results from the research projects concerning tourist development in the region of Istria, Kvarner Islands and Gorski Kotar
Authors: Andric Neda
Published: March 2008

The initiative of the theme of the 44th AIEST congress is very useful in order to see where did the scientific researches of the tourist phenomenon, its development, and its defects as well, arrived.
Forschungsprobleme des ökologischen tourismus in brasilien (1)
Authors: van de Meene Ruschmann Doris
Published: March 2008

Die zunehmende Nachfrage der Touristen nach Reisen, welche den direkten Kontakt zur Natur vermitteln, rückt sämtliche Gebiete Brasiliens in eine bevorzugte Stellung als Ziele für den Ökologischen und Abenteuertourismus, sowohl für inländische als auch ausländische Reisende, infolge seiner unzähligen natürlichen Resourcen, unter denen sich die folgenden Ökosysteme hervorheben (Ferrão et alii. 1992):
Ungelöste probleme der untersuchungen von gästen in gastgewerblicher tätigkeit
Authors: Pauko Franc
Published: March 2008

Unsere Abhandlung, die sich mit lückenhaften Daten befassen wird, beginnen wir mit der Erkenntnis, dass es sich in den Untersuchungen der Marktsegmente um bekannte , bzw. noch zu erkennende Subjekte handelt. Alle Untersuchungen der Entwicklung des Turismus entspringen der Zielsetzung nach vollständiger Aktivierung aller touristischen Objekte bei optimaler Gewinnerbringung, unter der Voraussetzung, dass wir es mit uns bekannten, bzw. identifizierten Turisten zu tun haben und nicht etwa mit irgendwelchen imaginären Wesen, von denen wir weder wissen wer sie sind, noch woher sie kommen oder was sie erwarten. Die turistischen Marktuntersuchungen erfordern also eine Reihe von Erkennungsmerkmalen, die uns mit ziemlicher Wahrscheinlichkeit die künftigen Turisten und deren Wünsche/Bedürfnisse auf dem einem oder anderen Gebiet des materiellen oder kulturellen Angebots erkennen lassen. Wenn diese Daten für die Identifizierung der Turisten lckenhaft sind, oder wenn wir über sie gar nicht verfügen, sind alle Plannungen unserer Angebote ungewiss, ungenau, zweifelhaft, oft sogar fiktive Ideen. In solchen Fällen kommt es leicht zu falschen Schlussfolgerungen, was eine Fehlinvestition in das materielle und kulturelle Angebot zur Folge haben kann. Der zeitgemässe Turismus verträgt, was die Marktsegmente betrifft, keine falsche Abschlüsse.
Nachruf
Authors: Koch Alfred
Published: March 2008

Herr Dr. Alfred Koch, einer der profiliertesten Forscher, Berater und Lehrer im Bereiche Tourismuswirtschaft, ist am 24. September 1994 nach kurzer, schwerer Krankheit im Alter von 68 Jahren gestorben. Er hat die Entwicklung dieser Branche nach dem Krieg massgeblich mitgestaltet.
Importance du tourisme dans les economies des pays de l'Europe de l'est
Authors: Paci Enzo
Published: March 2008

En 1994 le tourisme international est entré dans tine nouvelle phase d'expansion favorisée dans une très large mesure par la croissance économique de la plupart des pays industrialisés. Les perspectives économiques des pays émetteurs de touristes sont meilleures de ce qu'elles ont été depuis plusieurs années. La reprise économique s'est étendue à toutes les régions et les prévisions tablent sur un accroissement de 3 pour cent en 1995. Le taux de chômage affiche une tendance a la baisse dans de nombreux pays, alors que I'inflation se maintient à des niveaux relativement bas. Les incertitudes qui subsistent ont trait a l'evolution des taux d'intérêt dont la hausse pourrait avoir des effets pervers sur les investissements. Toutefois, les dépenses de consommation des ménages, surtout en Europe et au Japon, continuent d'évoluer de manière plus prudente que prévue, traduisant un certain manque de confiance et d'optimisme de la part des consommateurs quant aux retombées positives de la croissance économique sur leurs finances.
Die bedeutung des tourismus für den transformationsprozess in Osteuropa
Authors: Großmann Margita
Published: March 2008

Osteuropa — und hierbei wird dieser Raum als Gebiet der ehemaligen sozialistischen europäischen Staaten verstanden — ist besonders seit der politischen und ökonomischen Wende im Winter 1989/1990 in der DDR mit nachfolgender deutscher Wiedervereinigung — zum Schauplatz tiefgreifender Veränderungen geworden.
The Czech Republic: A target for tourists
Authors: Cech Jiri
Published: March 2008

In the process of economic transformation in the Czech Republic into a market‐oriented system, tourism proves to be a forward‐looking branch for entrepreneurial activities, simultaneously helping to create working opportunities in the country's different regions and communities. The large number of foreign visitors coming to the Czech Republic, combined with demand, has prompted the development of a broad range of services, not only those immediately connected with tourism, such as accommodation, catering, transport and the guide service, but also the supporting branches, mainly industry, trade, construction and communal services.
The new strategy for the development of tourism in Slovenia
Authors: Sirse Janez
Published: March 2008

Slovenia is one of the new born states in Central Europe, one of the six republics of the former Yugoslavia. It proclaimed its independence on 26 June 1991, was recognised by the European Community on 15 January 1992 and was adopted as a full member of the United Nations on 22 May 1992.
Die bedeutung des tourismus für die ungarische volkswirtschaft
Authors: Czeglédi József
Published: March 2008

Wie es allgemein bekannt ist, ist der Tourismus einer der größten und sich am schnellsten entwickelnden Wirtschaftszweige der Welt. Die Gesamteinnahmen aus dem Reiseverkehr — inklusive Inlandstourismus — machten 1994 mehr als 3.500 Milliarden Dollar aus. Im Bereich des Tourismus werden sehr viele Arbeitsplätze geschaffen. Es werden auf diesem Sektor weltweit etwa 130 Millionen Menschen beschäftigt. In vielen Ländern verbessert er auch die Zahlungsbilanz. In der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ist er vor allem bei den mittleren und kleinen Unternehmen von besonderer Bedeutung.
Cooperation est‐ouest au developpement du tourisme
Authors: Kaspar Claude
Published: March 2008

Comme l'a relevé le Gouvernement suisse dans son message du 23 septembre 1991 au Parlement sur la poursuite de la collaboration renforcée avec des Etats d'Europe orientale et centrale, les pays occidentaux ont un intérêt direct à une évolution contrôlée en Europe occidentale, afin de ne pas mettre en péril la stabilité internationale. La crise d'alors dans les Etats qui ont pris la succession de l'Union soviétique a été en particulier provoquée par des facteurs économiques. La stabilité recherchée ne peut par conséquent être garantie que si la situation économique est relativement bonne dans ces Etats d'Europe orientale et cet objectif nécessite un soutien de la Suisse. En outre, le Gouvernement helvétique était d'avis qu'au sens d'une coresponsabilité solidaire, la Suisse a le devoir “de contribuer à la réussite du processus de réforme en Europe de l'Est, afin de surmonter la partition européenne et de prendre part à l'édification de l'Europe”. Cela doit tre compris comme une politique de paix au sens large de cette expression. En 1990 déjà, le Parlement suisse avait approuvé un crédit de programme conférant au Gouvernement un instrument “qui lui permettait d'oeuvrer à la coopération avec l'Europe orientale sur divers plans: économie, politique, culture et société”.
Delivering a quality service in air travel: The problems
Authors: Witt Christine A. , Muhlemann Alan P.
Published: March 2008

In a manufacturing context, the management of the conversion process takes place in a largely controlled environment which facilitates the measurement and control of quality. In a service organisation the generic differences result in these two aspects being more complex. After briefly reviewing these generic differences, and the difficulties facing the service sector, some of the more specific problems facing airlines in delivering a quality service are considered. Case material is presented to illustrate the steps being taken by some organisations to overcome these difficulties. Areas for further research are identified.
Die verschuldung der freizeitwirtschaft ein versagen des marktes für beteiligungskapital?
Authors: Hartl Franz , Mücke Reinhard
Published: March 2008

Die Bedeutung des Fremdenverkehrs und der gesamten Freizeitwirtschaft für die Wirtschaft Österreichs steht außer Zweifel. In keinem anderen Land der OECD ist der Tourismus für die Wirtschaft so wichtig.
Changes in tourist demand: The Swedish case
Authors: Nyberg Lars
Published: March 2008

In two previous papers (Nyberg 1990 and 1993) the development of tourism in Sweden has been followed for the turbulent period of the late 80's and the early 90's. This paper recapitulates some of that discussion and updates some of the figures with added information on domestic recreational travel during the main summer holiday season.
Do we need a distinction between short and long holidays?
Authors: Boerjan Paul
Published: March 2008

National holiday‐surveys have a long‐established tradition in nearly all countries of Western Europe.
Tourism marketing through the distribution channel
Authors: Vidar Haukeland Jan
Published: March 2008

This article focuses on the effectiveness of the marketing measures aimed at the Norwegian tourist industry's associates in the international sales and distribution network, i.e. those who sell Norwegian tourist products in various export markets.
Accessibility and mobility conditions, and tourist development: The case of Southern Italy
Authors: Costa Paolo , Gambuzza M. , Manente Mara , Minghetti V.
Published: March 2008

Southern Italy (2) is a multiform and atypical system in the Italian tourist economy. According to a general image, one of its main features is the extensiveness and quality of the region's natural resources, especially the coastal areas, attractions which traditionally make the macroregion known essentially as a destination for “sun&sea” holidays. In recent years, moreover, due to growing and widespread awareness for environmental quality and for cultural factors, this image seems to have acquired new impulse and new occasions of interest. The wealth of particularly important historical, artistic and archaeological attractions (Magna Graecia, Roman and Arab‐Byzantine influences, the Baroque, etc); the diffusion and, often, the persistence of social‐cultural traditions that resist the influence of modernisation, are today—just as they were at the time of the Grand Tour—factors of strong appeal for the Southern regions. Today, the “capital cities” in Southern Italy are the main historical destinations of the early years of tourism, especially for foreign demand: besides Naples and Palermo, cities such as Taormina, Sorrento, Capri and Ischia, or destinations of cultural tourism such as Agrigento and Siracusa stand out.
Travel and tourism
Authors: Sahlberg Bengt
Published: March 2008

This article presents the results of an analysis for Swedish travel patterns during the period from 1989 to 1994. The main points dealt with include questions concerning the degree to which travellers are bound to specific destinations, stability, the effects of developments in the outside world, and the dynamics of travel.
The utility pattern of tourists and the relevance of environmental quality in the choice of the destination: A conjoint approach
Authors: Dall'Aglio Stefano
Published: March 2008

Modern marketing puts the satisfaction of the customer at the center of its philosophy. Concepts like quality and value delivery, related to the supply side, find a meaning only if referred to the benefit perception pattern of the clients.
La politique de la montagne dans la perspective du developpement durable: L'exemple de l'espace mont‐blanc et de la convention des alpes pour le tourisme alpin
Authors: Bornet Bernard
Published: March 2008

L'harmonie entre économie et écologie: un défi contemporain ‐ un enjeu pour demain. Le paysage grandiose des Alpes, la qualité de l'environnement alpin constituent la matière première du tourisme et devient, ipso facto, objet de consommation. Dès lors, comment développer sans détruire? La fragilité du milieu naturel appelle un développement équilibré, compatible durablement avec l'environnement.
Structural changes in the tourism industry and the adaptation of occupational and vocational training systems: Problems and prospects
Authors: Weiermair Klaus
Published: March 2008

Today we find ourselves throughout many regions of Europe engaged in a lively debate as to the likely employment, education and training futures of the tourism industry. This debate owes its origins to the accelerating pace of technological change and market turbulance, which seems to have penetrated the entire industry.
The economic impact of tourism in Austria
Authors: Smeral Egon
Published: March 2008

The impact of tourism on the economy of a country can be described through the use of input‐output analysis, which allows the calculation of the direct and indirect value added effects of tourism spending. After this stage of value added generation a new multiplier process — induced through the spending of the created income — increases the first round impact.
Strategische führung von landestourismusorganisationen des alpen‐raums
Authors: Greuter Silvia , Mandolesi Irene , Pechlaner Harald
Published: March 2008

Den Veränderungen auf Tourismusmärkten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Markteinbrüche der traditionellen Märkte der Alpenländer seit Beginn der 90er‐Jahre begegnen viele Unternehmungen mit massiven organisatorischen, aber auch marktpolitischen Umstellungen. Die Wettbewerbsituationen, denen sich Unternehmungen heute gegenübersehen, haben sich stark verschärft. In Zeiten turbulenter Veränderungen muß Altes konsequent auf seine Brauchbarkeit überprüft, müssen Barrieren zwischen Verantwortungsebenen aufgebrochen und Funktionsbereiche und regionale Einheiten abgebaut werden, um eine innere Dynamik entwickeln zu können. Gilt oben Genanntes ebenso für Landestourismusorganisationen? Wie wird in rezessiven Zeiten mit Marketingbudgets umgegangen? Eine Befragung von 8 Landestourismusorganisationen soll Aufschluß geben über das strategische Marktverhalten bei sich ändernden Wettbewerbsbedingungen. Bei den befragten Tourismusstrukturen handelt es sich um die Dachorganisationen von deutschen und österreichischen Bundesländern, schweizerischen Kantonen und italienischen Provinzen.
A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Brussels hotel business
Authors: De Groote Patrick , Eerlingen Myriam
Published: March 2008

In this article, the authors want to present a general view of the evolution and the actual situation of the hotel business in Brussels by analysing data about supply, demand, quality of the hotels, price level and hotel organisation. Furthermore, specific attention is devoted to the hotel crisis, its causes, consequences and possible solutions.
Negative visitor‐hospitality industry staff interaction: Response styles of potential employees
Authors: Ross Glenn F.
Published: March 2008

The role of tourism/hospitality industry management in ensuring service quality is now generally regarded as being of considerable importance. Notwithstanding this, relatively little is known about the preconceptions and expectations regarding the management role that potential tourism/hospitality industry employees bring to the workplace. This study has examined the expected problem‐solving styles of hospitality industry management when faced with a complaint about visitor‐staff conflict. The sample was drawn from school leavers in a major district community, many of whom would soon seek employment and careers in the tourism/hospitality industry. Two major problem‐solving styles were identified, one involving Investigation of the complaint, and one involving Avoidance and possibly rudeness. Major Service Quality Ideals were also identified as predictors of each management problem‐solving style. Finally, the implications of these findings for tourism/hospitality industry management and for employees are explored.
Real estate and the development of tourism: Conclusions of the 45th AIEST congress
Authors: Keller Peter
Published: March 2008

Tourism accommodation is an affair for the real estate business. As a concept, tourism accommodation can only be defined and understood in terms of demand. When a tourist requires overnight accommodation, this product constitutes tourism accommodation. Looked at in this way a home for the aged, even when located in a tourism region, does not constitute tourism real estate. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has classified different types of accommodation. This classification shows clearly what a great variety there is in types of tourism accommodation. The WTO list makes a particular distinction between collective types of accommodation and private accommodation. In the first category we find commercially operated hotels and para‐hotels. The second category concerns second homes which are either exclusively used by the owners or are at times made available to family and friends, at no charge.
Affaires immobilieres et developpement touristique: Conclusions du 45e Congres de L'AIEST
Authors: Keller Peter
Published: March 2008

1. L'hébergement touristique est un genre d'affaires pour la branche immobilière. Sur le plan conceptuel, on ne peut, dans le cadre du tourisme, définir et recenser l'hébergement qu'en passant par la demande. Lorsqu'un touriste utilise un hébergement et y passe la nuit, il s'agit d'un hébergement touristique. Dans cette optique, les résidences pour personnes âgées situés dans des régions touristiques ‐ entre autres exemples ‐ ne sont pas des immeubles touristiques. L'Organisation mondiale du tourisme (OMT) a établi une typologie de l'hébergement. Cette typologie montre combien sont diverses les formes d'hébergement touristique. L'OMT distingue en particulier l'hébergement collectif de l'hébergement privé. Font partie de la première catégorie l'hôtellerie et la parahôtellerie à usage commercial, tandis que la seconde catégorie comprend les résidences secondaires utilisées par leurs propriétaires ou mises gratuitement à la disposition de parents ou de connaissances.
Immobiliengeschäft und touristische entwicklung: Schlussfolgerungen des 45. Kongresses derAIEST
Authors: Keller Peter
Published: March 2008

Die touristische Beherbergung ist für die Immobilienbranche ein Geschäft. Begrifflich kann im Tourismus Beherbergung nur über die Nachfrage definiert und erfasst werden. Wenn ein Tourist eine Beherbergung benützt und übernachtet, handelt es sich um eine touristische Beherbergung. So betrachtet, sind etwa Alterssiedlungen in Tourismusgebieten keine touristischen Immobilien. Die Weltorganisation für Tourismus (WTO) hat eine Typologie der Beherbergung aufgestellt. Sie zeigt wie vielfältig die touristischen Beherber‐gungsformen sind. Die WTO unterscheidet insbesondere die kollektive und die private Beherbergung. Zur ersten Kategorie gehört die kommerziell genutzte Hotellerie und die Parahotellerie, zur zweiten Kategorie die eigengenutzten Zweit‐wohnsitze und auch gratis Verwandten und Bekannten zur Verfügung gestellte Unterkünfte.
Real estate business with tourism = residential tourism: An attempt conference summary
Authors: Weiermair Klaus
Published: March 2008

Being asked by the president of AIEST, Dr. Keller, to summarize the multitude of approaches and views being expressed in more than 30 papers by over 30 speakers represented both an honour but more so a challenge. Hence the notion of only an attempted review, which cannot possibly do full justice to the contextual and intellectual diversity of both the subject matter and the papers within the confines of this short summary.
Univocite et variabilite des impacts sociaux du tourisme international: Quelques elements de reflexion
Authors: Guay et Sylvain Lefebvre Pierre‐Yves
Published: March 2008

International tourism is steadily growing. Some people welcome this growth which supports economic and social development. Others are suspicious and afraid of the threat which tourism could create for the tourist destinations, the loss of cultural identity and of social alienation to its society. Reality is more complex than these two contrary positions suggest. After analyzing the existent attempts to explain the social effects of tourism, this paper intends to illustrate the variability of these effects. In this regard, the globalisation of human activities and its consequences on cultural identity are taken into account.
On concepts of community cultural tourism
Authors: Moulin Claude
Published: March 2008

This article shows that the development of cultural tourism offers the opportunity to learn more about each other. Moreover, it demonstrates the specific and purposeful use of the existing cultural resources. In order to avoid a purely touristic view, which would be damaging to the preservation of cultural heritage, it is necessary to analyze the specific characteristics of society and its locations. The understanding of local culture is imperative for the planning and development of cultural tourism. The products of tourism have to be adapted, on a high quality level, to the local cultural needs. This article emphasizes how to promote sustainable development in cultural tourism.
Pilgrimage tourism and english cathedrals: The role of religion in travel
Authors: Jackson Richard H. , Hudman Lloyd
Published: March 2008

Visiting cathedrals is one form of cultural tourism. The motivations of these visits are of worldly nature. Cultural heritage and architecture are the main points of attraction. However, on the spot visitors are usually touched by religious feelings.
Planning, environment and policy making management, environment et politique planung, umwelt und politik
Authors: Minca Claudio , Getz Donald
Published: March 2008

Survey respondents are compared on strategic tourism planning issues in Banff, Alberta, and Niagara Falls (Ontario and New York). Findings reveal areas of consensus and disagreement in perceptions of issues and preferences for strategies. Three specific issues are considered: the destination life cycle concept, capacity, and destination image. Conclusions are drawn on how public and private‐sector cooperation on destination planning can be fostered when significant differences in perception and preference occur.
Tourismus und umwelt: überlegungen zur relativen gewichtung von umweltbelastungen
Authors: Langer Gottfried
Published: March 2008

In the tourism industry the rapidly increasing environmental dynamism and the intensity of competition call for constant improvements in Services' quality and pricing. Of the various elements in the tourism Performance bundle, the environment is an important starting point for examining the possibility of strengthening competitive position. Relative weightings of individual environmental pollutants regarding their importance to travel decisions are needed as a basis for decisions about effective countermeasures. An analysis of tourism, traffic and environmental developments, as well as an attempt to evaluate the relative weightings of various environmental impacts, gave the following working hypothesis: Of the various environmental pollutants which are relevant to the tourism industry in the Austrian Alpine region, traffic pollution constitutes the most important problem. The problem was examined with an emphasis on Tyrol, but the results should be largely transferable to the neighbouring areas in South Tyrol, Switzerland and Bavaria. The working hypothesis on the one hand refers to tourism as an industry effected by environmental pollutants, which are caused by both tourism and nontourism production and consumption activities. The pollutants act as impairments on the holiday experience. On the other hand it refers to tourism as a problem causer, with external effects on the non‐tourism and tourism industry. Traffic pollution has a comparatively large influence here too. This tourism‐related causer/effected‐combination for environmental pollution is relevant at both the local and the global level in different. Locally the directly effective aesthetic pollution stands out the most, for instance in the form of noise or damage to the countryside. Globally it's the “big” environmental problems (among other things the hypothesis on global warming), where, of the environmental pollution caused by tourism, traffic pollution makes a dominant contribution. The developed working hypotheses and assumptions about the relative weightings of different tourism‐related environmental pollutants are, due to inadequate data, based on rough estimates. To support them, the working hypotheses need, above all, an improved supply of data specific to the problem, to be collected scientifically with, among other things, more social and scientific research into the subjective problem perceptions of tourists and their reactions in the holiday decision process.
Pour une veritable politique du tourisme en faveur de l'emploi
Authors: Vicériat Patrick
Published: March 2008

The French Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism under the chairmanship of Dr. Patrick Vicériat has put forward the important problem of unemployment in the field of tourism. Interesting proposals to revitalise tourism have been communicated to the government.
Research in Spain on tourism and economic development
Authors: Bote Gómez Venancio
Published: March 2008

This article proposes to summarize and evaluate research undertaken in Spain on tourism and economic development so as to contribute to the elaboration of an economic theory of development.. It analyzes the concept of touristic development for its evolution and changes, while also addressing the strategic function of tourism in Spanish economic development and the contributions of Spanish researchers in the last few decades to the area of macroeconomic analysis of tourism.
Research into policies on tourism
Authors: Aguilo Eugenio
Published: March 2008

La politique du tourisme de I'Espagne des trois décnieres décennies est analysée en profondeur. L'ouverture du pays durant les années 60 et la depreciation de la monnaie nationale ont favorisé une forte croissance quantitative. Le tourisme a contribué d'une façon importante à I'essor de I'Espagne industrielle moderne. Mais ce n'est que dans la phase de consolidation, après la premiere crise pétrolière, que le passage a la planification d'une croissance qualitative a été opéré. Le souci d'un développement ordonné a été de plus en plus endossé, dès les années 80 par les regions ayant obtenu un statut de plus grand autonomie. Depuis le debut de cette décennie, I'Espagne, comme d'autres pays touristiques, vise avant tout a maintenir sa compétitivité internationale.
Research into tourism enterprises in Spain: The state of the art
Authors: Bueno Campos Eduardo
Published: March 2008

This paper aims to find out the “state of the art” of research into tourism enterprises in Spain and the work carried out over the last thirty years. The methodology proposed to make this assessment is an analysis based on the research programmes, theoretical approaches and basic principles which make up the body of current Business Economics teaching. Once this has been accomplished, the contributions of the selected works — a total of ten — are subsequently analysed. These works reflect the main lines of research followed and take up the characteristic theoretical approaches and conceptual principles that comprise current knowledge of the area, particularly from the most classical perspective.
Research on tourist demand in Spain: An analysis and summary
Authors: Agueda Esteban Talaya Mrs. , Eva Reinares Lara Mrs.
Published: March 2008

This paper analyzes the evolution of research undertaken in the last 35 years on tourist demand in Spain. The research considered has been classified into three fields with their own specific touristic characteristics; research projects that have been oriented toward the study of demand as a whole, those that study the origin of demand in specific zones and destinations and thirdly, those that address the demand of concrete tourist products and services. Forecast studies on tourist demand which are included in some of the above will also be included in this paper. The revision of these studies will take three basic factors into account: the area and the objectives of the project, the method used and the application and practical utility of the study.
Tourism and marketing in Spain: Analysis of the situation and future perspectives
Authors: Enrique Bigné Alacañiz J.
Published: March 2008

The importance of tourism in Spain has not been accompanied by variety of marketing studies and research. In this paper the two great factors contributing to the slow development of tourism marketing in Spain are identified. On the one hand the youth of the discipline at international level and especially at national level. Secondly, the evolution of the market itself and the passive orientation of marketing. Next the contributions emanating from Spanish tourism marketing circles are reviewed and analysed in terms of their connection with lines of research emanating from the international literature. Finally, future research perspectives for tourism marketing are indicated.
Spanish research on quality in tourism: The state of the art
Authors: Monfort Mir Vicente M. , Camisón Zornoza Valencia , Camisón Zornoza Cesar
Published: March 2008

The insufficient attention given up to now by Spanish academic researchers to quality in tourism, does not by any means invalidate the generalised conviction that the subject has a basic influence on the competitive future of Spanish tourism. Quality has become a key dimension of the tourist product and of tourist enterprise. For this reason a profile of the lines of research developed by Spanish experts on the subject has been undertaken in the article, in order to provide a retrospective overview. This effort remains limited, though we are beginning to see the creation of research centres which will, in the forseeable future, set the pace in this area of specialisation.
Tourism research in Spain: The contribution of geography (1960–1995)
Authors: Antón i Clavé Salvador , López Palomeque Francisco , Marchena Gómez Manuel J. , Vera Rebollo Sevilla , Fernando Vera Rebollo J.
Published: March 2008

The Geography of Tourism in Spain is now at a par in terms of its scientific production with other European countries. Since the middle of the '80s the quality and volume of contributions is analogous to the rest of the European Union, although as a part of University Geography in Spain it has not achieved the level of dedication reached by other subjects considering the importance of tourist activities to the economy, the society and the territory of Spain. It could be said that the Geography of Tourism in Spain is in the international vanguard in dealing with Mediterranean coastal tourism, with the relationships between the residential real estate and tourism sectors and with aspects related to tourism and leisure in rural and protected areas.
Appreciating the built environment through cultural tourism: Fundamental changes in values and approaches
Authors: Moulin Claude
Published: March 2008

This paper will examine the importance of seeing, reading, evaluating and better appreciating the built environment. Creative observation of built environment is fundamental to our day‐to‐day lives as well as to cultural tourism development. As we want to break away from the routine and lack of stimuli of our home work and environment, we travel to foreign places. Our cities are tourist destinations for others. Being aware of one's environment, and being able to read it should be a skill mastered by all. As many become a tourist at some point in their life, cultural tourism is judged essential to society's enrichment and to the personal enhancement of the tourist. Through methods of awareness, this process allows everyone to appreciate the built environment. None of the tourist charters, educational or initiatives adequately training cover these areas of concern. In response, this paper will explore the matters of perception, place and landscape reading, as well as visual or contextual appreciation as the basis for promotion of heritage conservation, cultural identity and sensitization to place specificities and uniqueness of landscapes. How to see and better appreciate these elements is what will progressively promote a conservation ethic in search of promising relationships between visitors and the built environment.
Evaluer les retombees economiques d'un reseau culturel: application a terre catalane
Authors: Origet du Cluzeau Claude
Published: March 2008

The national accounts make no attempt to take earnings from culture, as such, into account. This does not mean that the sums which people pay to go to concerts, visit monuments and museums and for other cultural phenomena are incalculable, for indeed the can be estimated in the same way as the spending of tourists. But to carry out a straight‐forward business audit of the investment in each cultural attraction, the revenues, return on the investment and so on would be to miss the point, or at least much of it. For much of the benefit from such activities comes from “knock‐on effects” such as VAT, the advantages of which spread well beyond the individual sites, and the local authorities responsible for the original investments. Studies in the tourism industry have shown that investments in touristic and cultural attractions have a “multiplier effect” on total spending by visitors. This article looks at a cultural project which sonsists of a network of attractions. It describes a method which makes it possible to assess the economic significance of such networks.
Information technologie as a stategic tool for tourism
Authors: Buhalis Dimitrios
Published: March 2008

This article analyses the impact of telecommunication technologies on tourism distribution channels for small and medium enterprises.
The need for the identification of the constituents of a destination's tourist image: A promotional segmentation perspective
Authors: Ahmed Zafar U.
Published: March 2008

This study was designed to examine the dimensions of tourist image as it may affect the promotion strategy for a given tourist destination. Identification of the different constituents of a destination's tourist image may provide important information that can be used in developing focused promotional strategies in well segmented markets to promote a tourist destination. Constituents of a destination's tourist image for the state of Utah were identified using factor analysis based upon a priori assumptions about the nature of constituents of a state's tourist image. Four major constituents of a destination's/state's tourist image emerged. Each dimension represents a potential source of focus for regionally promoting a given destination to various target segments.
Bedürfnisstrukturen und zufriedenheitsstrukturen bezüglich des touristischen angebotes im kultur‐, und unterhaltungs‐ und gastronomischen bereich
Authors: Josef Steinbach , Schlüter Kirstin
Published: March 2008

Tourist regions have to adapt their offer to the continuously changing needs (new holiday trends, generation changes of travelers), in order to protect their markets. This especially holds for the fields of culture, entertainment and gastronomy.
Information and information search behavior of tourists: A cursory review of the literature, preliminary empirical tests and further research questions
Authors: Weiermair Klaus , Mäser Brigitte
Published: March 2008

This article shows first the problems of treating tourism as a product and analyses then the literature about information behavior of tourists, when they are making their decision for holidays. Empirical tests are dealing with data from eleven winter sport resorts, which were originally designed for purposes of service quality. However the results show that there are differences in information behavior due to personal and tourist status, due to the source of information and also whether tourist value the importance of skiing high or less.
Segmenting the use of a scenic highway
Authors: Kristian Steen Jacobsen Jens
Published: March 2008

This paper explores route‐choice patterns among motorists on a scenic road in south‐western Norway. Factor analysis is used to identify the characteristics of the types of motorists who seek particular benefits when they choose to travel along this specific route. Five factors were found: 1) experiencing landscapes and attractions; 2) outdoor recreation; 3) off the beaten track; 4) a suitable road; and 5) a variation of travel experiences. In conclusion, the paper offers an alternative framework of road choice structures.
Norwegian and foreign tourists' expenditures in Norway during the summer of 1995
Authors: Vidar Haukeland Jan
Published: March 2008

This study comprises Norwegian and foreign tourists’ expenditures from May to September 1995. The results are based on on‐site surveys in selected Norwegian tourist areas, and the consumption figures are weighted according to the relative size of the nationalities and type of accommodation in order to obtain a representative picture of the consumption per guest night. The foreign tourists' expenditures are also registered in the Norwegian Visitor Survey conducted at border crossings, and the two methods are discussed and compared.
Tourism demand segmentation and consumption behaviour: An economic analysis
Authors: Manente Maria , Minghetti V. , Costa Paolo
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this article is to describe the characteristics and the consumption behaviour of tourists coming from different countries and choosing different holiday typologies (cultural, seaside, mountains, etc.), by evaluating their expenditure in terms of consumption functions and productive sectors. The analysis — which uses the results of the survey on tourist expenditure carried out in the Veneto region, with particular reference to international tourism, from May 1994 to April 1995 —, can be suitably extended over the local scale. A multisectoral‐biregional input output model (VERDITOUR) has been implemented to measure the economic role of each segment and the plot of interactions going from tourist expenditure habits to the tourism industry.
The impact of information technology on distribution channels
Authors: Hope Christine , Hope Robert , Tavridou Lara
Published: March 2008

This paper briefly describes some of the advances which are taking place in information technology and considers some of the associated problems. The implications for tourism distribution channels and global tourism are then discussed.
Political risk analysis in relation to foreign direct investment: A view from the hospitality industry
Authors: Formica Sandro
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of the political risk factor that, according to the literature, seems to excerpt a powerful influence in determining foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions by multinational firms. The first part of this paper is based on a thorough review of the literature concerning political risk, its definition, and how it relates to FDI. This part also aims to explore the current trend of academic publications as they relate to political risk and FDI. The second part is more critical in nature and attempts to explain the discrepancies determined by past literature, particularly when depicting the relationship between political risk and FDI. In its third part, this paper shows the importance of global expansion in the hospitality industry and the techniques applied in that sector in order to minimize political risk. The concluding comments, in the last part, are offered together with some recommendations to multinational corporate management.
The tourism entrepreneurial process: A conceptualization and implications for research and development
Authors: Koh Khoon Y.
Published: March 2008

Touristic enterprises can significantly contribute to the economic and social well‐being of a community. One practical way to increase the birth of touristic enterprises in a community is to increase the supply of indigenous tourism entrepreneurs. To achieve this quest, it is necessary to determine the touristic enterprise creation process. Once this is accomplished, a community may then develop appropriate policies to stimulate tourism entrepreneurship. This paper presents a conceptualization of the tourism entrepreneurial process including research and management implications.
Soft ecotourism: The substitution effect
Authors: Zalatan Antoine , Ramirez Gaston Alfredo
Published: March 2008

This article examines the emergence of the “soft‐ecotourism” market and measures the extend of familiarity with ecotourism and the willingness of resort travellers to substitute, partially or totally, their vacation with an ecotourism experience. education, income and age are positively associated with ecotourism, while women and singles are a more in favour towards a substitution to ecotourism. The study indicates that there is confusion as to what constitutes ecotourism and the authors suggest that tourism agencies should be more actively engaged in explaining ecotourism to their potential clients.
Von der trendwende zum quantensprung in verkehr und tourismus
Authors: Kaspar Claude
Published: March 2008

In his last lecture at the University of St. Gallen, honorary president of the AIEST professor Claude Kaspar analyzed the interactions between politics and science in the field of transport and tourism, based on the example of Switzerland. It is highly recommendable to read his interesting contribution. Professor Kaspar continues to teach at the Technical University of Dresden (Germany).
Sustainable tourism and economy; Territory and heritage
Authors: Valls Josep‐Francesc , Porta Fanny
Published: March 2008

The concept of sustainability has been so overused in relation to tourism management that it runs the risk of becoming a cliché.