bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vegetable Oils as Lubricants, Hydraulic Fluids, and Inks
Authors: Erhan Sevim Z.
Published: July 2005

Environmental concerns over the use of petroleum‐based products in various industries, such as forestry, farming, mining, boating, and others, has led to increased interest in the use of environmentally friendly fluids. The beneficial aspects of vegetable oils as lubricants are mainly their biodegradability and nontoxicity, which are not exhibited by conventional mineral base oils. Further, vegetable oils have superior solubilizing power for contaminants and additive molecules compared with mineral base fluids.

Certain performance limitations of vegetable oil basestocks are poor oxidative stability due to bis‐allylic protons in the fatty acyl chain, deposit forming tendency, low‐temperature solidification, and low hydrolytic stability.

Current research efforts are directed toward improving the thermal and low‐temperature stability of vegetable oils by chemical modification, blending with functional fluids and additive response studies.
Vegetable Oils as Biodiesel
Authors: Reaney M. J. T. , Hertz P. B. , McCalley W. W.
Published: July 2005

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that is usually narrowly defined as esters of lower alcohol and fatty acids, where the fatty acids are derived from vegetable oil, animal fat, or tallow. Biodiesel development was driven by the need to (1) increase security of energy supply for the transportation sector by having a renewable source at hand, (2) have an environmentally friendly fuel available for the diesel combustion engine, (3) reduce health risks, and (4) provide the customer with a reliable fuel at a reasonable cost‐benefit ratio. The production, quality, source materials, environmental benefits, and use of biodiesel are reviewed.
Cooking Oils, Salad Oils, and Dressings
Authors: Hill Steven E. , Krishnamurthy R. G.
Published: July 2005

Lipids used in food products have been conventionally divided into two classes based on their consistency at about 25°C (72°F): (1) liquid oils and (2) solid and semisolid fats. Edible oils can be further divided by their general usage in food, as cooking oil or as salad oil. These types of oils can be characterized by a wide variety of measures that assess attributes such as quality, stability, and nutritional value. Cooking oils are in considerable demand for use in applications such as deep‐fat frying of many food products or in other uses where exposure to higher temperature is desired. However, salad oils are not generally used in applications where the oil is exposed to heat; rather this oil type finds application in foods that are shelf stable or refrigerated. One large food use of salad oils is for dressings. Oil‐based dressings are divided into two broad categories by their texture: spoonable dressings (salad dressings, mayonnaise) and pourable dressings.
Toxicity and Safety of Fats and Oils
Authors: Kitts David D.
Published: July 2005

The past two decades has produced an ever increasing awareness of the role of dietary fat in the etiology of different chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer). In addition, advances in food technology methods for preserving and processing food lipids for retained nutritional and sensory appeal has coincided with increased awareness concerning the safety of dietary fats and oil sources, as they relate to both the visible and non‐visible components of the total crude lipid fraction. Increased calorie consumed from fat sources not only provides consumer exposure to natural fat and oil components (e.g. fatty acids, sterols etc.), but also derived products of oxidation and hydrogenation and the presence of natural, environmental (pollutants) or intentional (e.g. additives) xenobiotics which co‐exist, or accumulate, in the crude lipid fraction. Thus, understanding the safety of dietary fats and oils requires not only an awareness of the elements of lipid chemistry of soluble constituents in the lipid phase, but also the associated reaction conditions that may convert them to toxic products. Moreover, by predicting a risk from the combined relative toxicity and the level of exposure to the organism will enable assessment of a hazard to exposure to these chemicals. In this chapter, a number of reactive and labile fat soluble constituents are assessed for safety and potential toxicity in regard to both initiating and propagating the cascade of events that may lead to a toxic end‐point measure. Endogenous (e.g. co‐oxidation reactions) as well as exposure to exogenous (e.g. photoxidation or presence of man made pollutants) xenobiotics are analyzed in respect to the potential for inducing adverse health effects.
Paints, Varnishes, and Related Products
Authors: Lin K. F.
Published: July 2005

The complex and diversified requirements of modern industry have to a large extent removed the manufacture of paints and varnishes from the category of an art to that of a science. In most plants, the manufacturing processes are now carried out under careful laboratory control and are freely modified or revised, whenever revision is indicated, in accordance with known scientific principles. As a result, the industry has been able to offer a succession of constantly improved products through periods of fluctuation in the availability of many important raw materials, pressures for solvent replacement to meet emerging air quality standards, and extensive pigment reformulation to replace mercury and lead to conform to new federal regulations on toxicity.

A most important development in the modern paint and varnish industry has been the introduction of synthetic resins as replacements for natural resins in the manufacture of varnishes and enamels. By using synthetic resins it has been possible to produce a variety of coatings that, in many cases, have important points of superiority over any of those compounded from natural resins. The synthetic vehicles are particularly distinguished by their hardness and durability and their high degree of resistance to the action of water, alkalies, and other chemical agents.
A Primer on Oils Processing Technology
Authors: Anderson Dan
Published: July 2005

In the early days of oilseed production, functions were often far removed, and actions taken by one operation were done for optimization of its own performance with little consideration on impacts made on subsequent processes.

Within the last few years, the emphasis has changed from stand‐alone operations toward the integrated manufacturing facility, producing a more complete range of value‐added products from the raw seed to the dinner table. During this transition, operations have become more dependent on each other, as the individual functions involved must now consider the impact of their actions on the total process. At the same time, the scope of knowledge each operation must have of other functions has expanded, and it is important that at least a basic understanding of the “big picture” be available to the decision maker. The purpose of this Chapter is to provide an overview of the typical processes and interrelations associated with a total integrated facility.
Environmental Impact and Waste Management
Authors: Boyer Michael J.
Published: July 2005

Oilseeds processing, refining and processing of vegetable oils, and further processing into oleochemicals, produces a variety of waste products. In no other industry is the proper handling of these wastes as dependent on the understanding and control of the processes. This article reviews major processes and facilities, particularly as they relate to waste generation and control. Wastes from a well‐run facility are first defined, followed by an analysis of those processes that are the largest potential waste generators. In addition, those factors are reviewed that affect process control as it relates to waste generation, followed by a review of current issues.

A final section addresses the fundamentals of wastewater treatment processes often employed in fats and oils and oilseeds processing. This article addresses air and solid waste aspects of the industries as well, but the primary focus is on wastewater.
Emulsifiers for the Food Industry
Authors: Stauffer Clyde E.
Published: July 2005

Surfactant is a coined word (from
surface active agent
) that is applied to molecules that migrate to interfaces between two physical phases and thus are more concentrated in the interfacial region than in the bulk solution phase. The key molecular characteristic of a surfactant is that it is amphiphilic in nature, with the lipophilic (or hydrophobic) part of the molecule preferring to be in a lipid (nonpolar) environment and the hydrophilic part preferring to be in an aqueous (polar) environment. If a surfactant is dissolved in one phase of an ordinary mixture of oil and water, some portion of the surfactant will concentrate at the oil–water interface, and at equilibrium the free energy of the interface (called interfacial or surface tension, γ) will be lower than in the absence of the surfactant. Putting mechanical energy into the system (e.g., by mixing) in a way that subdivides one phase will increase the total amount of interfacial area and energy; the lower the amount of interfacial free energy per unit area, the larger the amount of new interfacial area that can be created for a given amount of energy input. The subdivided phase is called the discontinuous phase, and the other phase is the continuous phase. Examples of surfactants are monoglyceride (nonionic), stearoyl lactylate (anionic), and lecithin (amphoteric).
Pyrazole functionalized organo‐ceramic hybrids for noble metal separations
Authors: Lee Jun S. , Tavlarides Lawrence L.
Published: July 2005

A series of pyrazole‐functional adsorbents is synthesized by sol–gel processing technology and used to study the extraction characteristics for palladium, platinum, and gold chlorides from leaching solutions. An organosilicon compound, N‐(trimethoxysilylpropyl)‐pyrazole, is synthesized as the functional precursor for these adsorbents. Hydrothermal treatments for the gelled materials alter pore characteristics without chemical property changes. To study adsorptive extraction of Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III) chlorides, the hydrothermally treated adsorbent is used. The experimental results show that this adsorbent has high Pd(II) uptake capacity (1.41 mmol/g), strong selectivity for Pd(II) chloride over Pt(IV) and Au(III) chlorides, and no reactivity for Cu(II) and Fe(II) in 2.0 M HCl solutions. The material also has sustainable stability over repeated metal loading and stripping in a short column. In addition to the experimental studies, the adsorption processes in batch and packed column systems are successfully modeled by using a pore diffusion model and presented. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Investigation of turbulent mixing in a confined planar‐jet reactor
Authors: Feng Hua , Olsen Michael G. , Liu Ying , Fox Rodney O. , Hill James C.
Published: July 2005

The velocity and concentration fields in a liquid‐phase confined planar‐jet reactor were measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser‐induced fluorescence (PLIF). Measurements were taken at downstream distances from the jet splitter plates of 0, 1, 4.5, 7.5, 12, and 15 jet widths for a Reynolds number of 50,000 based on the hydraulic diameter of the test section. The velocity and concentration field data were analyzed for such flow statistics as mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy, and scalar mean and variance. The turbulence dissipation rate was also estimated based on a large‐eddy PIV approach using the strain‐rate tensors computed from velocity fields and the subgrid scale (SGS) stress obtained from the Smagorinsky model. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, including a two‐layer k–ϵ turbulence model, gradient‐diffusion models, and a scalar dissipation rate model, were validated against experimental data collected from this facility. The experimental and computational results were found to be in good agreement. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Should chromosome breakage studies be performed in patients with VACTERL association?
Authors: Faivre Laurence , Portnoï Marie France , Pals Gerard , Stoppa‐Lyonnet Dominique , Le Merrer Martine , Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Huet Frédéric , Mathew Christopher G. , Joenje Hans , Verloes Alain , Baumann Clarisse
Published: July 2005

The VACTERL association is characterized as a non‐random pattern of defects including at least three of the following cardinal features: vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiovascular malformations, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal and limb anomalies, and is postulated to be a very heterogeneous disorder. These defects can also be seen as part of the Fanconi anemia (FA) spectrum. Although VACTERL with hydrocephaly has clearly been associated with FA, the indication for chromosome breakage studies is not clear in VACTERL without hydrocephaly. We report on three unrelated patients with the VACTERL phenotype and the confirmed diagnosis of FA. Together with the data of 13 similar cases extracted from a European genotype–phenotype correlation study for FA and those from the four reported cases of the literature, we show that (i) in a series of individuals proven to have FA, 5% (13/245) also have the VACTERL phenotype, (ii) all have radial ray anomalies and 12 of these 13 subjects show at least 1 other feature of FA (café au lait spots, growth retardation, microcephaly, dysmorphism), and (iii) the VACTERL phenotype appears to be over represented in the FA complementation groups D1, E, and F. Since the diagnosis of FA is important for genetic counseling and early therapeutic intervention in patients, we conclude that chromosomal breakage studies should be performed, not only in cases of VACTERL with hydrocephaly, but also in cases VACTERL with radial‐ray anomalies and especially if the individual has additional FA associated manifestations such as skin pigmentation abnormalities, growth retardation, microcephaly, or microphthalmia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryptic unbalanced translocation t(17;18)(p13.2;q22.3) identified by subtelomeric FISH and defined by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization in a patient with mental retardation and dysmorphic features
Authors: Hwang Kwei Shuai , Pearson Margaret A. , Stankiewicz Pawel , Lennon P. Alan , Cooper M. Lance , Wu Jessica , Ou Zhishuo , Cai Wei‐Wen , Patel Ankita , Cheung Sau Wai
Published: July 2005

Molecular cytogenetics allows the identification of cryptic chromosome rearrangements, which is clinically useful in mentally retarded and/or dysmorphic individuals with normal results from conventional cytogenetics analysis. We report on a 3‐year‐old girl with mental retardation, growth deficiency, speech delay, and dysmorphic features including hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, midfacial hypoplasia, and posteriorly rotated ears. The G‐banding analysis showed a 46,XX,t(3;8)(q26.2;p21.1)mat karyotype. However, her clinical features were suggestive of the 18q syndrome. Subtelomeric FISH analysis revealed a der(18) translocated material from chromosome 17. Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) with subtelomeric BAC and PAC clones confirmed the abnormality and refined the breakpoints to 18q22.3‐qter and 17p13.2‐pter (deletion of 8.5 Mb and duplication of 3.9 Mb, respectively). This case demonstrates the diagnostic utility of combining conventional cytogenetics with molecular chromosome analyses for the identification of subtle chromosome abnormalities. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Etiology of reactive arthritis in Pan paniscus, P. troglodytes troglodytes, and P. troglodytes schweinfurthii
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Rühli Frank J.
Published: July 2005

The character of arthritis has not received the same attention in Pan paniscus as it has in P. troglodytes. Reactive arthritis (a form of spondyloarthropathy) in the latter has been considered to be either a sexually transmitted or an infectious‐agent diarrhea‐related disorder. The unique sexual promiscuity of P. paniscus enables us to distinguish between those hypotheses. The macerated skeletons of 139 adult P. paniscus, P. troglodytes troglodytes, and P. troglodytes schweinfurthii were macroscopically analyzed for osseous and articular pathologies. The sex of the animal was recorded at the time of acquisition. Twenty‐one percent of the P. paniscus, 28% of the P. t. troglodytes, and 27% of the P. t. schweinfurthii specimens had peripheral and central joint erosive disease characteristic of spondyloarthropathy. Subchondral pauciarticular distribution and reactive new bone clearly distinguish this disease from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and direct bone/joint infection. The fact that P. paniscus and P. t. troglodytes were similar in terms of disease frequency makes the notion of sexual transmission unlikely. While the frequencies of spondyloarthropathy were indistinguishable among all species/subspecies studied, the patterns of joint involvement were disparate. The Pan paniscus and P. t. troglodytes home ranges are geographically separate. We assessed possible habitat factors (e.g., exposure to specific infectious agents of diarrhea) by comparing P. paniscus and P. t. troglodytes with P. t. schweinfurthii. The latter shared similar patterns and habitats (separated by the Congo River) with P. paniscus. The explanation offered for habitat‐specific patterns is differential bacterial exposure–most likely Shigella or Yersinia in P. paniscus and P. t. schweinfurthii. Am. J. Primatol. 66:219–231, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BRAF mutations in colorectal carcinoma suggest two entities of microsatellite‐unstable tumors
Authors: Lubomierski Nikolaus , Plotz Guido , Wormek Marc , Engels Knut , Kriener Susanne , Trojan Jorg , Jungling Bernd , Zeuzem Stefan , Raedle Jochen
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

Alterations of BRAF have been implicated in the carcinogenesis of colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI). These alterations were attributed to defective DNA mismatch repair, which underlies MSI. It was the objective of this study to clarify the role of BRAF in colorectal carcinoma with MSI.

METHODS

After sequencing for BRAF and KRAS in 82 colorectal tumor samples with or without MSI, mismatch repair protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and promoter methylation of hMLH1 was analyzed with a methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction. Results were correlated with the germline status of hMLH1 or hMSH2 and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

BRAF was mutated more often in tumors with MSI than in tumors without MSI (27% vs. 5%; P = 0.016). The most prevalent BRAF alteration, V599E, occurred only in tumors with MSI. BRAF V599E was associated with more frequent hMLH1 promoter methylation (P = 0.07) and loss of hMLH1 (P = 0.02). The median age of patients with BRAF V599E was older compared with the median age of patients without this mutation (P = 0.001; 78 vs. 49 yrs). No BRAF alterations occurred in patients with germline mutations of mismatch repair genes. Five novel BRAF mutations were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Although BRAF V599E was common in colorectal carcinomas with MSI, it was not a consequence of deficient mismatch repair. The current data showed instead that the BRAF V599E mutation was associated only with a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas with MSI that were obtained from older patients without hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma and showed epigenetic silencing of hMLH1. These results indicated that tumors with MSI caused by epigenetic MLH1 silencing have a distinct mutational background from that of tumors with genetic loss of mismatch repair, suggesting that there are two genetically distinct entities of microsatellite‐instable tumors. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
RET gene rearrangements (RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3) in papillary thyroid carcinomas from an iodine‐rich country (Japan)
Authors: Nakazawa Tadao , Kondo Tetsuo , Kobayashi Yoshihiko , Takamura Noboru , Murata Shin‐ichi , Kameyama Kaori , Muramatsu Akira , Ito Kohichi , Kobayashi Makio , Katoh Ryohei
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

The frequency of RET rearrangements (RET/PTC) in papillary thyroid carcinomas varies significantly according to geographic area, with the greatest incidence reported in the Belarus region, which is iodine‐deficient and was contaminated severely after the Chernobyl reactor accident, and with the lowest incidence in iodine‐rich, nonirradiated Japan. The authors investigated the prevalence of RET/PTC in a large number of thyroid tumors from Japanese patients.

METHODS

Fresh and paraffin embedded tumor tissues from 215 Japanese patients were examined for RET rearrangements (RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3) by means of reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis, with primers flanking the chimeric region, followed by direct‐sequence analysis.

RESULTS

RET/PTC was found only in papillary carcinomas and was not observed in other histologic types of thyroid tumors. The overall frequency of RET/PTC in papillary carcinomas was 28.4%, with a greater frequency in younger patients, including 41.9% of younger patients age < 20 years, 27.6% of patients age 20–40 years, and 24.8% of patients age > 40 years. Among the patients in these 3 age groups, the prevalence rate of RET/PTC1 was similar, but RET/PTC3 was observed most frequently among patients age < 20 years. When the tumors were grouped further according to histologic subtypes, the prevalence of RET/PTC3 was greater in solid/solid‐follicular papillary carcinomas than in classic papillary carcinomas.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicated that RET/PTC may be useful as a specific molecular marker for papillary thyroid carcinomas. Furthermore, its incidence in such tumors was not low in Japanese patients, and it seemed to be associated with patient age. Therefore, the current results raise questions regarding the belief that the frequency of RET/PTC differs geographically and is especially low in Japan. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Pediatric aggressive fibromatosis
Authors: Buitendijk Saskia , van de Ven Cees P. , Dumans Ton G. , den Hollander Jan C. , Nowak Peter J. , Tissing Wim J. , Pieters Rob , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M.
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

Aggressive fibromatosis (AF) is a soft tissue tumor and is rare in childhood, with high potential for local invasiveness and recurrence. General recommendations for the clinical management of pediatric patients with AF remain undetermined.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively analyzed 13 children with AF who were diagnosed from 1987 until 2004 in the Erasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, and a review of the pediatric literature was conducted.

RESULTS

Two patients received preoperative chemotherapy with combined vincristine, actinomycin‐D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC). All 13 patients underwent surgery. Three of six patients who underwent incomplete resection received adjuvant treatment, two patients received radiotherapy, and one patient received chemotherapy (VAC). The median follow‐up was 3.9 years (range, 0.6–14.0 years). Three patients developed recurrent AF, including two recurrences after patients underwent incomplete resection without adjuvant treatment. Secondary resection was performed, which was incomplete in one patient who subsequently received chemotherapy (VAC). At the time of the current report, all 13 patients were in complete remission. Ten pediatric AF studies, including the current study, with a total of 187 patients were reviewed. Incomplete resection was the most important determinant for disease recurrence; in the authors' opinion, the role of adjuvant therapy needs to be studied further.

CONCLUSIONS

Primary surgery with negative surgical margins was found to be the most successful primary treatment modality for children with AF. Positive margins after surgery indicated a high risk for disease recurrence. Multicenter, prospective (randomized) trials will be necessary to clarify the role of adjuvant treatment for patients with pediatric AF. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Van der Waals Interactions in Aromatic Systems: Structure and Energetics of Dimers and Trimers of Pyridine
Authors: Piacenza Manuel , Grimme Stefan
Published: July 2005

Full geometry optimizations at the dispersion‐corrected DFT‐BLYP level of theory were carried out for dimers and trimers of pyridine. The DFT‐D interaction energies were checked against results from single‐point SCS‐MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ calculations. Three stacked structures and a planar H‐bonded dimer were found to be very close in energy (interaction energies in the range from −3.4 to −4.0 kcal mol−1). Two T‐shaped geometries are higher lying, by about 1 kcal mol−1, which is explained by the more favorable electrostatic interactions in the stacked and H‐bonded arrangements. The DFT‐D approach has proved to be a reliable and efficient tool to explore the conformational space of aromatic van der Waals complexes and furthermore provides interaction energies with errors of less than 10–20 % of ΔE. Comparisons with previous results obtained by using only partially optimized model geometries strongly indicate that unconstrained optimizations are mandatory in such weakly bonded low‐symmetry systems.
Frequent loss of heterozygosity without loss of genetic material in acute myeloid leukemia with a normal karyotype
Authors: Gorletta Tatiana Alessandra , Gasparini Patrizia , D'Elios Mario Milco , Trubia Maurizio , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe , Di Fiore Pier Paolo
Published: July 2005

We performed a whole‐genome loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of 32 cases of acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype using high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. LOH was found in 20% of cases. We identified two types of LOH: (i) interstitial, characterized by small deletions of genomic DNA (2–8 Mb), and (ii) terminal, involving large (30–90 Mb) telomeric regions. Surprisingly, terminal LOH occurred without loss of genetic material because of deletion of large chromosome regions and their substitution through the duplication of the corresponding regions from the homologous chromosomes (acquired partial uniparental disomy). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel RUNX1‐PRDM16 fusion transcripts in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia showing t(1;21)(p36;q22)
Authors: Sakai Ikuya , Tamura Tatsushiro , Narumi Hirosi , Uchida Naoyuki , Yakushijin Yoshihiro , Hato Takaaki , Fujita Shigeru , Yasukawa Masaki
Published: July 2005

The t(1;21)(p36;q22) is a recurrent chromosome abnormality associated with therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although involvement of RUNX1 has been detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, the partner gene has not been reported previously. We identified a novel RUNX1 partner gene, MDS1/EVI1‐like‐gene 1 (PRDM16), in an AML patient with t(1;21). Alternative splicing of the fusion gene generates five different fusion transcripts. In two of them, the PRDM16 reading frame is maintained in the fusion with RUNX1, suggesting that the RUNX1–PRDM16 gene fusion results in the production of a protein that is highly homologous to the RUNX1–MDS1/EVI1 chimeric protein. It is suggested that PRDM16 and MDS1/EVI1 share a common molecular mechanism for the leukemogenesis of RUNX1‐associated leukemia. Characterization of the RUNX1–PRDM16 fusion protein and comparison with the RUNX1–MDS1/EVI1 protein will facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms underlying RUNX1‐associated leukemia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allelotyping of esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma on chromosome 13 defines deletions related to family history
Authors: Hu Nan , Su Hua , Li Wen Jun , Giffen Carol , Goldstein Alisa M. , Hu Ying , Wang Chaoyu , Roth Mark J , Li Guang , Dawsey Sanford M. , Xu Yi , Taylor Philip R. , Emmert‐Buck Michael R.
Published: July 2005

We previously reported that esophageal squamous‐cell cancers (ESCC) from Shanxi Province in China show frequent allelic loss on chromosome 13. Moreover, tumors from patients with a positive family history of upper gastrointestinal tumors exhibit more frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on this chromosome than do those from patients without a family history. These results suggest the possibility of a familial ESCC susceptibility gene. To investigate this phenomenon further, we performed an in‐depth analysis of allelic‐loss data sets from both patients with and without a family history of upper gastrointestinal tumors. Comparisons between deletion frequency and location were made with respect to family history status, risk factors, and clinical/pathologic characteristics of the tumors. The analysis confirmed that tumor LOH was significantly higher in patients with a positive family history than in those who were family‐history‐negative, and four common deletion regions in these family‐history‐positive patients were defined. Statistically significant associations were also observed between allelic loss and tumor grade and location, as well as the presence of lymph node metastases. Taken together, these data indicate that a gene or genes on chromosome 13 play an important role in the etiology and progression of ESCC. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alumni studies as instruments of public policy: The U.S. experience
Authors: Ewell Peter T.
Published: July 2005

This chapter discusses the evolution of alumni studies in the United States and how alumni data can be used to inform public policy.
Measuring competencies of higher education graduates
Authors: Allen Jim , Ramaekers Ger , van der Velden Rolf
Published: July 2005

This chapter describes a new conceptual model for measuring competencies of higher education graduates. The proposed instrument can become a valuable tool for higher education quality management, policy evaluation, and scientific research.
Using alumni research to align program improvement with institutional accountability
Authors: Borden Victor M. H.
Published: July 2005

This chapter uses a case study to develop a set of contexts and conditions for improving the alignment of purposes of alumni survey research within and across higher education institutions.
Alumni studies in the United Kingdom
Authors: Brennan John , Williams Ruth , Woodley Alan
Published: July 2005

This chapter examines the current uses of alumni studies in the United Kingdom and outlines their challenges and limitations to informing policy and curriculum reform.
Interaction of cells with L‐lactide/glycolide copolymers synthesized with the use of tin or zirconium compounds
Authors: Czajkowska Barbara , Dobrzynski Piotr , Bero Maciej
Published: July 2005

Comparative studies have been carried out on the viability of cells culture and production of collagen on lactide/glycolide copolymers synthesized using zirconium or tin initiators. Cell response of various cell types: fibroblast‐like cells, osteoblast‐like cells, monocyte/macrophage‐like cells has been examined. Cell response depends on the kind of cells and the initiator used during the synthesis of the polymer. In a number of cases the cells grown on materials containing zirconium have been reported to have better survival (for example, Saos2 cells). An enhanced collagen production on these copolymers has been also observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Effects of adhesion molecules on the behavior of osteoblast‐like cells and normal human fibroblasts on different titanium surfaces
Authors: Park Beom Seok , Heo Seong Joo , Kim Chul Sang , Oh Ju‐Eun , Kim Jin‐Man , Lee Gene , Park Won Ho , Chung Chong‐Pyoung , Min Byung‐Moo
Published: July 2005

This study examined the influences of titanium (Ti) discs with similar surface roughnesses (Ra values), but with different topographies and chemical compositions, on the adhesion, spreading, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblast‐like cells and normal human fibroblasts. The presence of adhesion molecules on the Ti surfaces and their effects on cell activity were also investigated. Two types of Ti discs were prepared. One kind was a mechanically polished Ti disc, and the other type was a disc obtained by the heating of hydroxyapatite (HA) dip‐coated Ti. Scanning electron microscopy, optical interferometry, and scanning Auger electron spectroscopy were used to examine the surface morphology, roughness, and chemical composition, respectively, of the superficial Ti layer. The two types of Ti discs had different topographies and chemical compositions, but had similar Ra values. The cells on both surface types had similar behaviors and ALP activities. A biological evaluation of the surface‐modified Ti discs showed that the type I collagen coating was functionally active in terms of cell spreading in both types of Ti discs. In the mechanically polished Ti discs, fibronectin was functionally active in the normal human fibroblasts, but not in the osteoblast‐like cells. Cell adhesion was slightly better on the heat‐treated HA dip‐coated Ti discs, but not on the mechanically polished Ti discs. Type I collagen and fibronectin mediated the adhesion and spreading of osteoblast‐like cells through α2β1 integrin and α5β1 integrin, respectively. These results suggest that type I collagen might be a good candidate for the biochemical modification of Ti surfaces, particularly those surfaces obtained by heating of HA dip‐coated Ti. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
A novel bioabsorbable composite membrane of Polyactive® 70/30 and bioactive glass number 13‐93 in repair of experimental maxillary alveolar cleft defects
Authors: Puumanen K. , Kellomäki M. , Ritsilä V. , Böhling T. , Törmälä P. , Waris T. , Ashammakhi N.
Published: July 2005

A novel bioabsorbable composite membrane of polyethylene oxide terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate copolymer (Polyactive® 70/30) combined with bioactive glass No. 13‐93 was tested in the repair of experimental maxillary alveolar cleft defects. In this pilot study, the possible ability of the membrane to promote bone formation by guided tissue regeneration was investigated. Standard alveolar defects were made bilaterally in the maxilla of 12 growing rabbits and were filled with autogenous bone grafts. The test defect was covered with the composite membrane and the other defect was left uncovered to serve as a control. The follow‐up time was 10 weeks. Radiological, histological, and histomorphometric evaluations were performed. Radiologically, no statistically significant differences between test and control defects at 10 weeks were found. Histologically, the membrane enhanced osteogenic activity locally at the membrane–bone interface. Swelling of the membrane was observed. Histomorphometrically, no significant promotion of bone formation by the membrane was observed. The composite membrane was found to be biocompatible and surgically easy to use, but its osteopromotive effect was limited in this experimental cleft model. Further studies are necessary to assess its suitability for reconstructive surgical applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Osteolytic potential of triphenyl bismuth as an alternative contrast medium in acrylic bone cement
Authors: Xu Hu , Abdulghani Saba , Behiri John , Sabokbar Afsie
Published: July 2005

Radiopaque cement containing barium sulfate causes significantly more bone resorption in vivo and in vitro than radiolucent cement. The aim of this study was to investigate the osteolytic potential of an alternative radiopaque agent, triphenyl bismuth (TPB). Bone cement particles containing various concentration of TPB (15 and 25 wt %) prepared by two methods, blending and dissolution, were added to monocytes in a bone resorption assay and the extent of lacunar resorption on dentine slices was determined. The results clearly show that cement particles containing TPB cause less bone resorption than cement particles containing barium sulfate. In addition, our results suggest that TPB prepared by dissolution in bone cement induces less osteolytic response than TPB‐cement prepared by blending. The osteolysis in response to bone cement wear particles may therefore be reduced with TPB prepared using the blending technique. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Transfer of glycogen‐derived lactate from astrocytes to axons via specific monocarboxylate transporters supports mouse optic nerve activity
Authors: Tekkök Selva Baltan , Brown Angus M. , Westenbroek Ruth , Pellerin Luc , Ransom Bruce R.
Published: July 2005

It is hypothesized that L‐lactate derived from astrocyte glycogen sustains axon excitability in mouse optic nerve (MON). This theory was tested by using a competitive antagonist of L‐lactate transport and immunocytochemistry to determine whether transport proteins are appropriately distributed in adult MON. L‐lactate sustained the compound action potential (CAP), indicating that exogenous L‐lactate was an effective energy substrate. During 60 min of aglycemia, the CAP persisted for 30 min, surviving on a glycogen‐derived substrate (probably lactate), before failing. After failing, the CAP could be partially rescued by restoring 10 mM glucose or 20 mM L‐lactate. Aglycemia in the presence of 20 mM D‐lactate, a metabolically inert but transportable monocarboxylate, resulted in accelerated CAP decline compared with aglycemia alone, suggesting that D‐lactate blocked the axonal uptake of glycogen‐derived L‐lactate, speeding the onset of energy failure and loss of the CAP. The CAP was maintained for up to 2 hr when exposed to 20% of normal bath glucose (i.e., 2 mM). To test whether glycogen‐derived L‐lactate “supplemented” available glucose (2 mM) in supporting metabolism, L‐lactate uptake into axons was reduced by the competitive inhibitor D‐lactate. Indeed, in the presence of 20 mM D‐lactate, the CAP was lost more rapidly in MONs bathed in 2 mM glucose artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated cell‐specific expression of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) subtypes, localizing MCT2 predominantly to axons and MCT1 predominantly to astrocytes, supporting the idea that L‐lactate is released from astrocytes and taken up by axons as an energy source for sustaining axon excitability. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coliphage as an indicator of fecal contamination in hydroponic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) greenhouses
Authors: Xu Jiali , Warriner Keith
Published: July 2005

A preliminary study has been performed to evaluate the utility of somatic and F+‐specific coliphage as quality indicators of irrigation water used in hydroponic cucumber greenhouse operations. Samples of incoming water, waste hydroponic solution, cucumber fruit and plant roots derived from two greenhouses were screened for bacterial fecal indicators (generic Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens) and coliphage. Bacterial fecal indicators were present in incoming water and in spent hydroponic solution with coliphage only being sporadically recovered. However, both somatic and F+‐specific coliphage were consistently recovered from the roots of cucumber plants along with bacterial fecal indicators. Despite the heavy contamination of plant roots, the cucumber fruits were within acceptable microbiological limits. F+‐specific coliphage was recovered from 1 out of 25 cucumbers tested along with generic E coli. In contrast, no somatic coliphage was recovered from cucumbers despite coliforms being present on 15 out of 25 units. In conclusion, coliphage represents a poor index of hydroponic irrigation water quality but presence on cucumber fruit and roots can be used to highlight the presence of fecal indicator bacteria within greenhouse operations. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Fatty acids and all‐trans‐β‐carotene are correlated in differently colored rice landraces
Authors: Frei M , Becker K
Published: July 2005

A set of 54 rice landrace samples was compiled from various Asian countries, including six red/brownish and eight black/purple varieties. Brown rice samples were analyzed for lipid content and fatty acid profile, as well as all‐trans‐β‐carotene content. Black/purple varieties were found to be higher in crude lipid content than the red/brownish and colorless varieties. They also had a higher β‐carotene content than the other two color classes. The highest β‐carotene content determined was 0.22 mg kg−1. Black/purple varieties tended to have a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids in their lipid fraction and a lower proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for oleic acid, which accounted for 42.1% of the lipid fraction in black/purple varieties and for 45.3% and 46.3% in red/brownish and colorless varieties, respectively. β‐Carotene content showed a significantly positive correlation with the crude lipid content (P < 0.001) and the content of saturated fatty acids (P < 0.001) on a dry matter basis. However, it was not correlated with the unsaturated fatty acids content on a dry matter basis. Within the total lipid extract, β‐carotene showed a significantly positive correlation with the proportion of saturated fatty acids (P < 0.01), especially palmitic acid (P < 0.01), and a significantly negative correlation with unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001), especially oleic acid (P < 0.01). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Acute and sublethal toxicity of novaluron, a novel chitin synthesis inhibitor, to Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Christopher Cutler G , Scott‐Dupree Cynthia D , Tolman Jeffrey H , Ronald Harris C
Published: July 2005

The acute and sublethal toxicities of novaluron, a novel chitin synthesis inhibitor, to a laboratory‐reared insecticide‐susceptible strain of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were determined. Novaluron exhibited excellent residual (120 h LC50 = 0.42 mg litre−1) and good direct contact (120 h LC50 = 27 mg litre−1) activity against second‐instar larvae (L2). Hatch of eggs exposed by direct contact to novaluron solutions ≥100 mg litre−1 was significantly reduced, as was the ability of emerged first‐instar larvae to moult. L2 from eggs exposed to ≥100 mg litre−1 novaluron weighed significantly less (P < 0.0001) than those from untreated eggs. However, L2 from eggs treated with 1 mg litre−1 novaluron weighed significantly more (P ≤ 0.05) than those from untreated eggs, suggesting novaluron can have a hormetic effect on L decemlineata larval development. Leptinotarsa decemlineata mating pairs fed foliage treated with novaluron at 25 or 75 g AI ha−1 produced approximately 25% fewer egg masses and eggs per mass. Hatch of eggs on treated foliage was almost completely suppressed, and longevity of male beetles was reduced by approximately 50% when fed foliage treated with novaluron at 75 g AI ha−1. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantum circuits for an effective pure state in NMR quantum computer
Authors: Mori Yoshiyuki , Sawae Ryuichi , Kawamura Minaru , Sakata Toshio , Takarabe Kenichi
Published: July 2005

In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computing systems, it is very important to prepare an effective pure state rather than a true pure state. Our main objective is to present a general algorithm that provides quantum circuits for preparing an effective pure state from any mixed state, consisting only of controlled‐not (CNOT) quantum gates for homonuclear spin systems. Our algorithm is based on the product operator approach and could be applicable to NMR quantum computing systems with more than eight qubits. Optimization of the number of controlled‐not quantum gates is discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Application of the transfer Hamiltonian formalism to high‐energy model systems
Authors: McClellan Joshua J. , Hughes Thomas F. , Bartlett Rodney J.
Published: July 2005

We present our recent work toward a transfer Hamiltonian that can more accurately predict the quantum mechanical behavior of nitrogen‐containing energetic materials and their clusters. A new parameterization for a semi‐empirical neglect of diatomic differential overlap Hamiltonian that improves on the standard AM1 parameter set is presented. This new parameterization exactly reproduces the decomposition of nitromethane to CH3 and NO2 radicals as predicted with coupled cluster singles and doubles in a triple zeta basis with polarization functions. The transferability of such parameters to small clusters of nitromethane is demonstrated. For nitromethane dimer and trimer, this model transfer Hamiltonian predicts rearrangements similar to previously calculated unimolecular mechanisms. The strained nitromethane trimer studies include the formation of methylnitrite trimer via a concerted rearrangement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Learning as professional practice
Authors: Lattuca Lisa R. , Creamer Elizabeth G.
Published: July 2005

This chapter defines key terms and orients readers to the ideas explored in the rest of this volume.
Observations: Taking seriously the topic of learning in studies of faculty work and careers
Authors: Neumann Anna
Published: July 2005

What do we learn about interdisciplinary collaboration and faculty learning from the three cases presented in Chapters Three to Five? What ideas will higher education researchers, faculty development practitioners, academic leaders, and professors want to consider?
Childhood psychopathological antecedents in early onset schizophrenia
Authors: Muratori F. , Salvadori F. , D’Arcangelo G. , Viglione V. , Picchi L
Published: July 2005

Objective

To describe the premorbid state of early onset schizophrenia (EOS).

Methods

Twenty-three adolescents with EOS were compared to a healthy control group (CG) and to a group of anorexic patients (AG). The premorbid state was studied through the CBCL and the data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA’s andt-test.

Results

During the premorbid period EOS showed significantly higher scores on all scales, relative to the CG, and only on some scales (social, thought and attention problems, and school competencies) relative to the AG.

Conclusions

Children who develop first episode psychosis during adolescence differ from children with normal development. The premorbid internalizing state is common to AG but social competencies and school problems are the most affected areas in EOS when compared to the AG. It is hypothesized that both EOS and AG can be considered as the expression of a previous vulnerability.
The impact of climate change on the fish community structure of the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Poulard Jean-Charles , Blanchard Fabian
Published: July 2005

Many fish species are at the southern or northern limit of their distribution range in the Bay of Biscay, where large-scale hydroclimatic changes have occurred in recent decades. We attempt here to identify the impact of these changes on the fish community of the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay. Data collected during 14 autumn groundfish surveys in 1973 and from 1987 to 2002 are used. The study area is between latitudes 48°30′N and 43°30′N while the depth ranges from 15 to 200 m. Annual abundance indices (number of individuals per km2) of 56 fish taxa present on average in at least 5% of the tows are computed. Multivariate analysis is used to detect temporal trends in these species' abundance indices. Assuming that increased water temperature may favour subtropical species and hinder temperate ones, knowledge about the latitudinal distribution range is used to interpret time trends. Results show an increasing abundance trend with time for fish species having a wide distribution range in latitude (mainly subtropical ones), whereas the abundance of temperate and the least widely distributed species decreased steadily.