bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the effect of the stage of pregnancy on milk composition
Authors: Coulon J. B. , Pérochon L.
Published: September 2010

The effect of pregnancy on the fat and protein contents of milk was studied on a 414-lactation sample. One hundred and forty-nine lactations of non-pregnant cows managed under identical conditions served as controls. The difference between individual fat or protein contents of each pregnant animal and the mean corresponding values in controls was computed weekly from the week of conception. The effect of pregnancy on fat and protein concentrations began to be significant from the 20th week of pregnancy, regardless of the week of conception. It was higher in the Friesian breed than in Holstein or Montbeliarde cows. In Holstein and Montbeliarde cows, the effect of pregnancy was higher in high producing multiparous cows (+2·8 and +2·9 g/kg for fat and protein concentrations, respectively, at the 29th pregnancy week) than in primiparous or low producing multiparous cows (+2·0 and +1·4 g/kg, for fat and protein concentration, respectively). In each of these three lactation groups (Friesian, high producing multiparous Holstein and Montbeliarde cows, other Holstein and Montbeliarde cows) the following linear model

was fitted, where Y is the difference between fat or protein concentration of pregnant and non pregnant cows at a given stage (week), Pw is the pregnancy week, and a and b are parameters. This increase in milk fat and protein concentrations in late pregnancy cannot compensate the concomitant decrease in milk yield, so that fat and protein yield decreased in the same manner as milk yield during pregnancy (-77 glday and -68 glday at the 29th week of pregnancy, for fat and protein yield, respectively).
Compensatory growth in Belgian Blue bulls previously grazed at two stocking rates: animal performance and meat characteristics
Authors: Hornick J. L. , Raskin P. , Clinquart A. , Dufrasne I. , van Eenaeme C. , Istasse L.
Published: September 2010

A comparison was made between fattening systems with Belgian Blue bulls of the double-muscle type, in order to assess the reponse in terms of compensatory growth when the bulls were grazed at a high stocking rate. Two groups of eight bulls were grazed on Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens pasture during an initial period of 135 days (period I). One group grazed at a stocking rate of six animals per ha allowing for normal growth at pasture (NGP); the other group grazed at stocking rate of 10 animals per ha (low growth at pasture, LGP). Both groups were then finished indoors (period II) with a concentrate based on dried sugar-beet pulp. Eight control bulls were also fattened indoors on the concentrate diet during periods I and II (CG). The bulls were slaughtered according to similar finishing fattening state. Live-weight gains were 1·47, 1·10 and 0·52 kg/day (P < 0·002) during period I in CG, NGP and LGP groups respectively. Corresponding live-weight gains during period II were 1·22, 1·37 and 1·50 kg/day (P > 0·05). The LGP group had lower food conversion ratios, slaughter weights (P < 0·05) and dressing proportions (P < 0·01). The meat from the grazed bulls had lower cooking losses (P < 0·05) and tended to have lower drip losses (P > 0·05) and higher tenderness (P > 0·05). It also had a higher cholesterol (P < 0·05) content. Large differences were observed in the fatty acid composition according to fat location (subcutaneous, intermuscular or intramuscular). The proportions of mono and polyunsaturated acids were increased in the fats of the animals previously grazed (P > 0·05, P < 0·05).
Comparative effects of selenium supplementation on the plasma selenium concentration and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in cattle and camels
Authors: Bengoumi M. , Essamadi A. K. , Tressol J. C. , Chacornac J. P. , Faye B.
Published: September 2010

At an experimental farm, five camels and five cows were each given a similar basal diet for 6 months. They received oral trace element supplementation for 3 months (day 22 to 112) which included zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, iodine and cobalt and corresponded to twice the daily requirement generally recommended for cows. Plasma selenium concentrations were significantly lower in the camels (20 (s.e. 2) mg/l) compared with the cows (33 (s.e. 2) μg/l). The mineral supplementation induced a large increase in the plasma selenium concentration in the camels which reached 200 (s.e. 35) fig/l. In the cows, the increase was much smaller and did not go beyond 65 (s.e. 8) μg/l. Before supplementation the red blood cell glutathione peroxidase activity was similar in the camel and the cow varying between 4000 and 6000 IU per 100 g haemoglobin. In both species, this activity increased with mineral supplementation and remained very high even when mineral supplementation was stopped. The results suggested that selenium metabolism in camels is different from that in the cows.
The influence of ewe intramammary infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci on the milk constituents total protein, albumin, potassium and sodium
Authors: Burriel A. R. , Wagstaff A.
Published: September 2010

An experiment was carried out to estimate the concentration of sodium, potassium, whey albumin and total protein of normal and experimentally infected milk from meat breed ewes. Intramammary infection significantly (P> 0·0001) increased the concentration of sodium, albumin and total protein and decreased that of potassium. The potassium decrease was not statistically significant fP = 0·08). The increase in whey albumin and total protein was followed by a significant decrease in the albumin and total protein of blood serum. The increases and decreases of sodium, potassium, albumin and total protein were significantly correlated to the rise in somatic cell count and subsided 3 to 4 days after failure to isolate the infecting micro-organisms from the milk of ewes. Changes in the concentration of albumin could be used in identifying infected mammary glands or to evaluate the virulence of the infecting micro-organism.
The effect of increasing slaughter weight on the production performance and meat quality of finishing pigs
Authors: Weatherup R. N. , Beattie V. E. , Moss B. W. , Kilpatrick D. J. , Walker N.
Published: September 2010

A study was made in two parts to establish the production performance potential of pigs taken to heavy slaughter weights (a) in individual housing and (b) in group housing. In experiment 1 96 crossbred pigs, comprised of equal numbers of boars, castrated males and gilts, were housed individually from 50 kg live weight and offered foodad libitumuntil one of four target slaughter weights was reached (70, 80, 90 or 100 kg carcass weight). Detailed dissection and meat quality assessments were performed on sample joints taken from these pigs. There were significant interactions in that boars maintained a high level offood conversion efficiency while this deteriorated at heavier weights for castrated males and gilts. Protein deposition rates (PDR) were estimated to be close to, or in excess of, 200 glday for boars. Daily live-weight gains were similar at all four slaughter weights despite increases (P< 0·001) in daily food intake at the heavier weights. Sample joint contents of lean (P< 0·05) and bone (P = 0·001) decreased while subcutaneous fat content increased (P< 0·001) with increasing slaughter weight. Cooking loss was reduced (P< 0·001) at the heavier weights while other meat quality parameters were not significantly affected by slaughter weight or gender. In experiment 2 288 group-housed boars and gilts were slaughtered at the same four target carcass weights as in experiment 1. Daily food intake, daily live-weight gain and variability in performance were lower for group-housed animals. It is concluded that maximum lean growth lies beyondad libitumfood intake for group-housed pigs of the genotype used in the present study. There are opportunities to take pigs to high slaughter weights with no reduction in daily live-weight gain and concomitant improvements in some aspects of meat quality.
Feeding value of pea (Pisum sativum, L.) 1. Chemical composition of different categories of pea
Authors: Bastianelli D. , Grosjean F. , Peyronnet C. , Duparque M. , Régnier J. M.
Published: September 2010

Lines of peas (no. = 213) grown in the same location were analysed for 1000 seed weight, protein, starch, fat, sugars, ashes and fibre content. Some 54 lines of peas out of the total 213 were grown in large amounts and analysed for the same criteria and also for amino acids, legumin, vicilin, lectins, trypsin inhibitor activity, carbohydrates, fatty acids, tannins, saponins. The lines have been arranged into four categories according to the shape, colour, weight, chemical composition and end uses of the seeds. Feed peas and garden peas are round and have similar composition in terms of protein, starch and fibre contents; they are tannin-free and have variable trypsin inhibitor activity. Coloured peas have also a round shape but differ from the feed and garden peas principally by tannins and also by lower starch, higher protein, higher fibre contents. Wrinkled peas differ from the feed and garden peas by lower starch, higher protein, higher fibre, higher lipid contents and their starch is characterized by a higher amylose/amylopectine ratio.
Spatial Architecture of Nitrifying Bacteria Biofilm Immobilized on Polyurethane Foam in an Automatic Biodetector for Water Toxicity
Authors: Woznica Andrzej , Karcz Jagna , Nowak Agnieszka , Gmur Aleksander , Bernas Tytus
Published: September 2010

We describe the architecture of nitrifying bacteria biofilms immobilized on a three-dimensional (3D) polyurethane foam that permits efficient water flow through a bioreactor. The 3D spatial organization of immobilized bacterial colonies is characterized on three resolution levels with X-ray tomography, light confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using these techniques we demonstrate biofilm distribution in the foam and the existence of several modes of binding of bacteria to the foam. Computed X-ray tomography permits observation of the distribution of the biofilm in the whole open cellular polyurethane material volume and estimation of biofilm volume. SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques permit 3D visualization of biofilm structure. Three distinct immobilization patterns could be observed in the open cellular polyurethane material: (1) large irregular aggregates of bacterial biofilm that exist as irregular biofilm fragments, rope-like structures, or biofilm layers on the foam surface; (2) spherical (pom-pom) aggregates of bacteria localized on the external surface of biofilm; and (3) biofilm threads adherent to the surface of polyurethane foam. Finally, we demonstrate that immobilized bacteria exhibit metabolic activity and growth.
Homocystein beim Alkoholismus: Pathobiochemische und pathophysiologische Aspekte
Authors: Bleich Stefan , Kornhuber Johannes
Published: September 2010

Hintergrund: Eine Alkoholismus-
assoziierte Hyperhomocysteinämie kommt nicht nur im Alkoholentzug vor, sondern ist mit kontinuierlichem und chronischem Alkoholkonsum verknüpft. Bei einer unter Alkoholentzug verstärkten glutamatergen Exzitotoxizität und Stress-induzierten Permeabilisierung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke erlauben erhöhte Homocystein-Plasmakonzentrationen die Prädiktion von Alkoholentzugsanfällen, was dann die frühzeitige Einleitung einer medikamentösen antiepileptischen Prophylaxe ermöglicht. Die Alkoholismus-induzierte Hyperhomocysteinämie korreliert mit der hippokampalen Volumenreduktion bei Patienten mit Alkoholismus und könnte zur Pathogenese auch der Alkohol-bedingten Hirnatrophie beitragen. Eine Hyperhomocysteinämie-induzierte Dysregulation der epigenetischen Kontrolle wird aktuell untersucht.

Schlussfolgerungen: Prospektive Interventionsstudien werden klären, ob durch eine frühzeitige Senkung erhöhter Homocysteinspiegel die Inzidenz von Komplikationen des Alkoholentzuges oder Alkoholismus-induzierter chronischer Schäden reduziert werden kann.
AWMF Leitlinie: Postakutbehandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen
Authors: Geyer D. , Batra Anil , Beutel Martin , Funke Wilma , Görlich P. , Günthner Artur , Hutschenreuter U. , Küfner Heinrich , Mann Karl , Möllmann C. , Müller-Fahrnow W. , Müller-Mohnssen M. , Soyka Michael , Spyra K. , Stetter Friedhelm , Veltrup Clemens , Wiesbeck G. A.
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Ziel ist die Erstellung einer S2-Leitlinie (nach AMWF 2001) für die Postakutbehandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen.

 Methode: Systematische Literaturrecherche, Expertenbewertung und Konsensuskonferenzen.

 Ergebnis: Postakute Behandlungen bestehen in Maßnahmen zur Entwöhnung von Alkohol, d. h. zum Erhalt, der Verbesserung oder der Wiederherstellung der Funktions- und Leistungsfähigkeit des chronisch Alkoholkranken in Alltag und Beruf. Suchtspezifische Maßnahmen und allgemeine Methoden (z. B. Psychotherapie, Ergo-/Arbeitstherapie) werden nach Evidenzklassen (nach SIGN 1999) und Empfehlungsstärken (nach APA 1995) bewertet dargestellt und im Rahmen integrierter Programme als Sequenzbehandlungen empfohlen.

Schlussfolgerung: Diese evidenzbasierte Leitlinie kann dem praktisch Tätigen in Klinik und Praxis im medizinischen, psycho- und soziotherapeutischen Bereich als Orientierung dienen und dazu beitragen, die Langzeitbehandlung der Alkoholabhängigen auf eine allgemeine empirische Grundlage zu stellen.
Drogenabhängigkeit und Drogenkonsum unter strafrechtlichen und verkehrsrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten
Authors: Winkler Karl-Rudolf
Published: September 2010

Die Bedeutung von Drogenabhängigkeit und aktuellem Drogenkonsum für die Schuldfähigkeit von straffällig gewordenen Betäubungsmittelkonsumenten wird unter Berücksichtigung der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung dargestellt. Über die Voraussetzungen der Zurückstellung einer Strafvollstreckung zugunsten einer Drogenentwöhnung sowie die damit einhergehenden Schwierigkeiten wird ein eingehender Überblick gegeben. Außerdem enthält die Arbeit einen Abriss über die strafrechtlichen und verkehrsrechtlichen Konsequenzen der Teilnahme am Straßenverkehr unter dem Einfluss von Betäubungsmitteln und über die verwaltungsgerichtliche Rechtsprechung zur generellen Beeinträchtigung der Fahrtauglichkeit von Drogenkonsumenten und der darauf gestützten Entziehung der Fahrerlaubnis.
Pathologisches Kaufen – ein Überblick über den Stand der Literatur
Authors: Müller Astrid , de Zwaan Martina
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Ziel der Arbeit ist die Zusammenfassung des derzeitigen Kenntnisstandes zum pathologischen Kaufen und die Beschreibung wesentlicher kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischer Schwerpunkte.

 Methodik: Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche in medizinischen und psychologischen Fachzeitschriften unter Zuhilfenahme des Internets durchgeführt (PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO). Folgende Suchbegriffe wurden eingegeben: oniomania, compulsive buying, compulsive shopping, addictive buying, Kaufsucht, pathologisches Kaufen. Dabei ergaben sich Hinweise auf relevante Publikationen aus dem Bereich der Konsumforschung, welche in diese Übersicht eingeschlossen wurden.

 Ergebnisse: Pathologisches Kaufen liegt vor, wenn der Konsum sich vom Bedarf gelöst hat, es wiederholt zu unsinnigen Kaufattacken kommt, was zu schwerwiegenden psychischen, sozialen, beruflichen, finanziellen und oft auch juristischen Problemen führt. Die klassifikatorische Einteilung ist noch ungeklärt, derzeit wird die Einordnung als nicht näher bezeichnete Störung der Impulskontrolle im ICD-10 empfohlen. Das Beschwerdebild ist mit einer hohen psychischen Komorbidität gekoppelt, v. a. mit Depressionen, Angststörungen, Zwangsstörungen, Abhängigkeitserkrankungen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und anderen Impulskontrollstörungen. Obwohl noch kein evidenzbasiertes Behandlungskonzept vorliegt, gibt es Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit störungsspezifischer Verhaltenstherapie, wobei ein gruppentherapeutisches Vorgehen besonders günstig zu sein scheint.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Pathologisches Kaufen ist ein kulturspezifischer Verhaltensexzess, der hohen Leidensdruck verursacht und behandlungsbedürftig ist. Es besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich der klinischen Relevanz, Epidemiologie und Klassifikation des Verhaltensexzesses sowie der Entwicklung von Behandlungskonzepten.
Alkoholkonsum, alkoholbezogene Störungen und Trends. Ergebnisse des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys 2006
Authors: Pabst Alexander , Kraus Ludwig
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Untersucht wurden Prävalenzen und Mengen des Alkoholkonsums, des Rauschtrinkens und alkoholbezogener Störungen sowie Trends im Alkoholkonsum seit 1995.

 Methodik: Die Stichprobe des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA) 2006 umfasst 7.912 Personen im Alter von 18 bis 64 Jahren. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte als schriftliche Befragung bzw. telefonisches Interview (Mixed-Modus-Design). Die Antwortrate betrug 45 %.

 Ergebnisse: Bezogen auf die letzten 30 Tage zeigten 10,7 % der Befragten einen mindestens riskanten Alkoholkonsum von durchschnittlich mehr als 20/30 g Reinalkohol pro Tag für Frauen/Männer. Nach DSM-IV erhielten 3,8 % der 18- bis 64-Jährigen die Diagnose Alkoholmissbrauch und 2,4 % die Diagnose Abhängigkeit. Trendanalysen zeigen, dass die konsumierten Mengen im Zehn-Jahres-Vergleich auf konstant hohem Niveau blieben. Rauschtrinken hat unter jungen Erwachsenen deutlich zugenommen. In der Gruppe der 18- bis 24-Jährigen stieg der Anteil der Rauschtrinker (letzte 30 Tage) signifikant von 33,0 % in 1995 auf 45,4 % in 2006 an.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Alkoholkonsum ist in Deutschland nach wie vor weit verbreitet. Die hohe Prävalenz des Rauschtrinkens vor allem unter jungen Erwachsenen und die damit verbundenen Risiken für alkoholbezogene Probleme erfordern gezielte alkoholpolitische Maßnahmen.
Severity of Dependence Scale: Establishing a cut-off point for cannabis dependence in the German adult population
Authors: Steiner Susanne , Baumeister Sebastian E. , Kraus Ludwig
Published: September 2010

Severity of Dependence Skala: Ermittlung eines Cut-Off-Wertes für Cannabisabhängigkeit in der deutschen Erwachsenenbevölkerung

Ziel: Ziel der Studie ist die Validierung der Severity of Dependence Skala (SDS) an einer Stichprobe von 18- bis 64-jährigen Cannabiskonsumenten in Deutschland. Durch den Vergleich der SDS Werte mit DSM-IV Cannabisdiagnosen wird ein Cut-Off-Wert zur optimalen Unterscheidung von abhängigen und nichtabhängigen Konsumenten berechnet.

 Methodik: Als Datengrundlage dient der Epidemiologische Suchtsurvey 2006 (ESA), die Analysestichprobe umfasst 456 Cannabiskonsumenten. Mittels Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Analysen werden Sensitivität, Spezifität und optimale Cut-Off-Werte ermittelt.

 Ergebnisse: Die interne Konsistenz beträgt α = 0,796, eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) zeigt eine Ein-Faktor-Lösung und der SDS Gesamtwert korreliert signifikant mit DSMIV Cannabisabhängigkeit, der Anzahl erfüllter DSM-IV Kriterien für Cannabisabhängigkeit, der Konsumhäufigkeit während der letzten 12 Monate und der durchschnittlichen Anzahl an Joints pro Tag. Ein optimaler Cut-Off-Wert von zwei bildet das beste Verhältnis von Sensitivität (93,6 %) und Spezifität (74,0 %). Für männliche Konsumenten wird ein Wert von vier gefunden.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Die deutsche Version des SDS stellt ein kurzes, reliables und valides Screeninginstrument für Cannabisabhängigkeit in der Allgemeinbevölkerung dar. Der SDS hat eine hohe Sensitivität, führt jedoch in epidemiologischen Untersuchungen zu einer Überschätzung der Prävalenz der Cannabisabhängigkeit.
Konsummuster als Kovariablen von DSM-IV Cannabisabhängigkeit
Authors: Noack René , Höfle Michael , Gründler Robert , Becker Astrid , Schulz Roland , Paul Katja
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Untersucht werden sollten Zusammenhänge zwischen Merkmalen des Cannabiskonsums und DSM-IV Cannabisabhängigkeit.

 Methode: Es wurden n=3904 Studenten in einer querschnittlichen Interneterhebung befragt. Die Analysen erfolgten mittels binär-logistischer Regression.

 Ergebnisse: Die Konsumfrequenz, der Gebrauch abseits sozialer Kontexte sowie zu frühen Tageszeiten sind hoch mit Cannabisabhängigkeit nach DSM-IV assoziiert. Die Konsumfrequenz allein klärt Cannabisabhängigkeit moderat (AUC .71, R2=0.105), ein multiples Modell mit weiteren Variablen von Konsummerkmalen hoch auf (AUC .80, R2=0.217).

 Schlussfolgerungen: Das Erfragen des Konsumverhaltens und Einnahmekontextes leistet einen bedeutsamen Beitrag für die Identifikation von Hochrisikokonsumenten beispielsweise
in der Frühintervention. Eine Verwendung entsprechender Items kann zur Entwicklung praktikabler, zuverlässiger Kurzscreenings beitragen.
Ressourcenrealisierung und Therapieerfolg von alkoholabhängigen Patienten. Bericht über eine katamnestische Studie
Authors: Deppe-Schmitz Uta , Deubner-Böhme Miriam , Lindenmeyer Johannes , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

Fragestellungen: Erstens interessierte, welche Ressourcen Alkoholabhängige zu Therapiebeginn realisieren. Zweitens wurde untersucht, inwieweit ein Ressourcenzuwachs bei Therapieende feststellbar ist. Drittens wurde überprüft, ob sich die Ressourcenrealisierung als Prädiktor für längerfristigen Therapieerfolg (Abstinenz) ein Jahr nach Therapieende eignet.

 Methodik: 548 stationär behandelte alkoholabhängige Patienten wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Ressourcenrealisierung mittels des RES-Fragebogens (Trösken, 2002) zu Therapiebeginn und Therapieende untersucht. Der Therapieerfolg (Abstinenz) wurde im Rahmen einer Ein-Jahres-Katamnese erfasst.

 Ergebnisse: Die alkoholabhängigen Patienten realisieren zu Therapiebeginn weniger Ressourcen als psychisch Gesunde (Normstichprobe des RES-Fragebogens). Es kann ein statistisch und klinisch bedeutsamer Ressourcenzuwachs festgestellt werden. Bereits die Ressourcenrealisierung zu Therapiebeginn, aber auch zu Therapieende, ist prognostisch bedeutsam für die spätere Abstinenz.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Für die Behandlung von Alkoholabhängigen wird die Durchführung einer sorgfältigen Ressourcendiagnostik zur Vorbereitung ressourcenorientierter Interventionen als entscheidenden Beitrag zur Sicherung langfristiger Abstinenz vorgeschlagen.
Die deutsche Version des Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evaluation (MATE): Reliabilität, Validität und Anwendbarkeit
Authors: Buchholz Angela , Rist Fred , Küfner Heinrich , Kraus Ludwig
Published: September 2010

Fragestellung: Der MATE (Measurements in the Addictions for Triage and Evaluation) ist ein Interview, mit dem relevante Kriterien für die Behandlungszuweisung und ‑evaluation im Suchtbereich erfasst werden können. Ziel dieser Pilotstudie war die Ermittlung der psychometrischen Eigenschaften der deutschen Version des MATE. Geprüft wurden seine Dimensionalität, Interrater-Reliabilität, Konstruktvalidität und die Anwendbarkeit.

 Methode: Zwischen Juli 2006 und März 2007 wurden MATE-Interviews mit 291 alkohol- oder drogenabhängigen Patienten in drei Kliniken mit ambulanter und/oder stationärer Behandlung durchgeführt. Die Interviewer waren trainierte Studierende der Psychologie. Im Abstand von maximal 14 Tagen nach dem ersten MATE-Interview führte ein anderer Interviewer entweder ein zweites MATE-Interview (N = 74) oder ein Validierungsinterview (N = 138) durch. Nach jeder Durchführung eines MATE-Interviews beantworteten die Interviewer einen Fragebogen zur Anwendbarkeit des MATE.

 Ergebnisse: Hinsichtlich Dimensionalität, Konstruktvalidität und Anwendbarkeit wurden gute und mit denen der niederländischen Arbeitsgruppe vergleichbare Ergebnisse erzielt. Die standardisierten MATE-Module erreichten eine zufrieden stellende, die halbstandardisierten zum Großteil geringe Interrater-Reliabilität.

 Schlussfolgerungen: Der MATE bietet eine größtenteils reliable, valide und anwendbare Alternative zu anderen Erhebungsinstrumenten im Suchtbereich. Aufgrund der zum Teil geringen Interrater-Reliabilität der halbstandisierten Teile des MATE wird von den Autoren ein intensives Training empfohlen.
A new estimation of the decay of aftershock density with distance to the mainshock
Authors: Marsan D. , Lengliné O.
Published: September 2010

We investigate how aftershocks are spatially distributed relative to the mainshock. Compared to previous studies, ours focuses on earthquakes causally related to the mainshock rather than on aftershocks of previous aftershocks. We show that this distinction can be made objectively but becomes uncertain at long time scales and large distances. Analyzing a regional earthquake data set, it is found that, at timetfollowing a mainshock of magnitudem, the probability of finding an aftershock at distancerrelative to the mainshock fault decays asr−γ, whereγis typically between 1.7 and 2.1 for 3 ≤m< 6 and is independent ofm, forrless than 10 to 20 km andtless than 1 day. Uncertainties on this probability at largerrandtdo not allow for a correct estimation of this spatial decay. We further show that a static stress model coupled with a rate‐and‐state friction model predicts a similar decay, with an exponentγ= 2.2, in the same space and time intervals. This suggests that static stress changes could explain the repartition of aftershocks around the mainshock even at distances larger than 10 times the rupture length.
Sources, compositions, and distributions of water‐soluble organic nitrogen in aerosols over the China Sea
Authors: Shi Jinhui , Gao Huiwang , Qi Jianhua , Zhang Jing , Yao Xiaohong
Published: September 2010

Particulate water‐soluble organic nitrogen (ON) was measured over the South China Sea, the Yellow Sea and at a coastal site at Qingdao in spring 2005 and 2006 to study its impact on the oceanic ecosystem over the China sea. ON contributed ∼30% of the total water‐soluble particulate nitrogen over the South China Sea and ∼20% over the Yellow Sea and in Qingdao. More than 70% of the ON existed in the fine mode particles (<2.1 μm). During dust‐storm events, ON in the coarse particles (>2.1 μm) increased leading to an increase of that in total suspended particulates (TSP). Factor analysis indicated that ON mainly originated from anthropogenic sources while a relatively small amount was from marine and crustal sources. Urea, on the average, represented ∼8% of the total ON over the marginal sea of China. In the non‐dust aerosols, ∼50% of urea existed in the fine mode over the Yellow Sea and Qingdao, but the percentage decreased to ∼30% in the dust aerosols. Free amino acids were generally a minor component of the ON, only accounting for ∼1% of the total ON.
Observation of widespread depletion of ozone in the springtime boundary layer of the central Arctic linked to mesoscale synoptic conditions
Authors: Jacobi Hans‐Werner , Morin Samuel , Bottenheim Jan W.
Published: September 2010

Recurrent and episodic depletions of ozone (O3) in the atmospheric boundary layer have been observed at arctic coastal sites during springtime for the past 25 years. Additional measurements from the central Arctic Ocean in April 2003 and 2007 confirm previous observations in 1994 indicating that low (<5 nmol mol−1) O3 levels most likely represent the normal state of the boundary layer of the Arctic Ocean in springtime. Ozone mixing ratios increase sporadically to typical remote background values only during the approach of lows moving northward into the central Arctic from midlatitudes, bringing O3‐rich air into the Arctic basin. During a vast majority of the observed O3 transitions related to the influence of lows, O3 mixing ratios are strongly negatively correlated to atmospheric pressure. This negative correlation is generally stronger than the correlation between O3 mixing ratios and air temperature. The observations indicate that the stable boundary layer, which is a large‐scale feature of the Arctic Ocean in springtime, may regularly be void of O3 implying a shift to halogen radicals as the major oxidizing agent on the same spatial scale. The removal of O3 in the boundary layer on such a large scale may contribute to a reduction of the warming caused by tropospheric O3 in the Arctic, although the overall impact on the radiation budget is currently unknown.
Changes in sulfate-reducing bacterial populations during the onset of black band disease
Authors: Bourne David G , Muirhead Andrew , Sato Yui
Published: September 2010

Factors that facilitate the onset of black band disease (BBD) of corals remain elusive, though anoxic conditions under the complex microbial mat and production of sulfide are implicated in necrosis of underlying coral tissues. This study investigated the diversity and quantitative shifts of sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) populations during the onset of BBD using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and cloning approaches targeting the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (dsrA) gene. A quantitativePCR (qPCR) assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene also provided an estimate of total bacteria, and allowed the relative percentage of SRB within the lesions to be determined. Three Montipora sp. coral colonies identified with lesions previously termed cyanobacterial patches (CPs) (comprising microbial communities unlike those of BBD lesions), were tagged and followed through time as CP developed into BBD. The dsrA-targeted qPCR detected few copies of the gene in the CP samples (<65 per ng DNA), though copy numbers increased in BBD lesions (>2500 per ng DNA). SRB in CP samples were less than 1% of the bacterial population, though represented up to 7.5% of the BBD population. Clone libraries also demonstrated a shift in the dominant dsrA sequences as lesions shifted from CP into BBD. Results from this study confirm that SRB increase during the onset of BBD, likely increasing sulfide concentrations at the base of the microbial mat and facilitating the pathogenesis of BBD.
Reverse genetics in eukaryotes
Authors: Hardy Serge , Legagneux Vincent , Audic Yann , Paillard Luc
Published: September 2010

Reverse genetics consists in the modification of the activity of a target gene to analyse the phenotypic consequences. Four main approaches are used towards this goal and will be explained in this review. Two of them are centred on genome alterations. Mutations produced by random chemical or insertional mutagenesis can be screened to recover only mutants in a specific gene of interest. Alternatively, these alterations may be specifically targeted on a gene of interest by HR (homologous recombination). The other two approaches are centred on mRNA. RNA interference is a powerful method to reduce the level of gene products, while MO (morpholino) antisense oligonucleotides alter mRNA metabolism or translation. Some model species, such as Drosophila, are amenable to most of these approaches, whereas other model species are restricted to one of them. For example, in mice and yeasts, gene targeting by HR is prevalent, whereas in Xenopus and zebrafish MO oligonucleotides are mainly used. Genome‐wide collections of mutants or inactivated models obtained in several species by these approaches have been made and will help decipher gene functions in the post‐genomic era.
The Disordering of β Brass by Cold Work
Authors: Honeycombe RWK , Boas W
Published: September 2010

The electrical resistivities of an α-β
brass, some α brasses of various zinc contents, and an aluminium bronze
have been measured after various deformations by wire drawing. The resistivity
of the duplex alloy increases steeply after about 80 per cent. reduction in
area. This increase is shown to be due to the resistivity change of the β
phase which probably becomes disordered on deformation. A recovery effect is
observed in the duplex alloy on aging at room temperature, indicating that the
disordered state is not stable. No recovery has been observed in single phase
wires. Unusually large increases in resistivity of some a phase alloys with
deformation hare been observed and may indicate that even these alloys are not
completely disordered.
The Scattering of Fast Positrons and Electrons in Gold (for the Range 0.39-1.1 Mev.)
Authors: Lasich WB
Published: September 2010

The Wilson cloud chamber has been employed with the method of projected angles in a study
of the scattering of positrons and electrons in thin gold foil, for the energy range
0.39-1.1 Mev. The small angle scattering is in reasonable agreement with current
multiple scattering theory. Further, the investigation of the large angle scattering
gives indications in favour of a spin orbital interaction, and the absolute intensity
of the scattering for positrons and electrons under these conditions is
believed to be approximately correct.
The Electronic Charge and the Oil Drop Method
Authors: Hopper VD
Published: September 2010

A study has been made of Millikan's oil drop method for determining the electronic
charge. Owing to the uncertainty in the value of the viscosity of air, the value of the
ratio e2/3/η23 has been determined and quoted rather than the electronic charge. Some
of the factors that have been found to influence this determination are (1) the purity
of the air; (2) the influence on the field of the hole in the top plate and the layer of oil
which collects in the lower plate of the condenser; (3) corrections to Stokes's equation
due to the influence of the walls of the apparatus; (4) oxidation of the oil; and
(5) impurities in the oil.
From a study of 47 drops of butyl sebacate, and using Stokes's analysis for the
resistance to a sphere moving in a viscous medium, the value
e2/3/η23 = (335.75±0.11)×10-5 (e e.s.u., η23 c.g.s.)
has been obtained. This will be increased slightly if Oseen's modification to Stokes's
analysis is applied, but the increase will be less than +0.04 per cent.
The Visible Absorption Spectrum of Bromine in Solution
Authors: Bayliss NS , Cole ARH , Green BG
Published: September 2010

The visible absorption spectrum of bromine
was measured in n-hexane (a normal solvent) and in concentrated sulphuric acid
(at room temperature and at -70� C.), phosphoric acid, and ethanol (at -70� C.)
as associated solvents. The absorption continuum at 4150 A. in the gas is
displaced slightly to the red in n-hexane although other normal solvents may
displace it to the violet. The displacement to the violet is greater in
associated solvents, ranging from 650 cm.-l in sulphuric acid to
over 2000 cm.-1 in ethanol. The displacement in sulphuric acid glass
at -70� C, is nearly double the value at 18� C. The displacements in associated
solvents are explained in terms of the effect of the semi-rigid cage of solvent
molecules surrounding each bromine molecule, and the assumption of "
solvates " is unnecessary and undesirable. The spectra in solution are
between 40 and 70 per cent. more intense than in the gas, about double the
increase that would be predicted by Chako's treatment of the effect of Lorentz-Lorenz
forces. The differences in the shape and Emax between solutions in sulphuric
acid at 18� C. and at -70� C. are due to the different statistical distribution
of bromine molecules between the vibrational energy levels.
Solar Radiation at 1200 MC/S., 600 MC/S., and 200 MC/S
Authors: Lehany FJ , Yabsley DE
Published: September 2010

Daily observations of solar radiation at
frequencies of 1200 Mc/s., 600 Mc/s., and 200 Mc/s. taken between August 18 and
November 30, 1947, are described. The characteristics of the radiation at 200
Mc/s. were in general agreement with those observed by earlier workers. At 600
Mc/s. and 1200 Mc/s., the received intensity was normally steady on any one day
but underwent long-period variations over a range of about two to one. The
radiation received when the sun was almost free of sunspots corresponded to an
effective black-body temperature of 0.5 million �K. at 600 Mc/s. and 0.1
million �K. at 1200 Mc/s. As sunspots appeared, the temperature rose and showed
marked oar- relation with sunspot area. It is considered that radiation at
these frequencies is entirely thermal in origin and that the long-period
variations are at least partly due to the influence of the magnetic field of
sunspots on the mechanism of thermal emission from a magneto-ionic medium.

On a few occasions, isolated disturbances were
observed on 600 Mc/s. and 1200 Mc/s. some of which were associated with
chromospheric flares and radio fade-outs.

The difficulties arising in the
calibration of the apparatus and the steps taken to overcome them are discussed
in detail.
On the Solution of the Equilibrium Equations of Elasticity in General Curvilinear Coordinates
Authors: Freiberger W
Published: September 2010

A system of stress functions consisting of
a harmonic vector and a harmonic scalar potential is introduced into the
equations of equilibrium of an isotropic elastic body in arbitrary curvilinear
coordinates and tensor form. The components of displacement and of the strew
tensor me expressed in terms of these potentials and it is shown that the total
number of independent components of the potentials is reducible to three.The
tensor equations am then specialized to orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and
expressions derived for the " physical " components of displacement
and stress in terms of the stress functions. Reference
is &e to the relation between the present approach and previous ones.
Solar Radiation at a Wavelength of 10 Centimetres including Eclipse Observations
Authors: Piddington JH , Hindman JV
Published: September 2010

Observations were made of the intensity of
solar radiation at a wavelength of 10.0 centimetres before and during the
partial eclipse of November 1, 1948. Measurements were also made of the average
level of solar radiation on a number of days before and after the eclipse. In this
way conditions during the eclipse were related to the varying day-to-day level
of intensity.

A determination of the distribution of
intensity of radiation over the solar disk was made, the most intense radiation
coming from near the limb and some radiation from beyond the limb. At least one
small area was located which emitted more intensely than the average.

�� Polarization
measurements, although inconclusive, suggest that radiation from one " hot
" area was partially circularly polarized. Excess of either right- or
left-hand polarized component at eclipse maximum was small, probably less than
1� per cent. of the mean and perhaps zero. It is shown that the usually
accepted value of the solar general magnetic field of 50 gauss at the poles
should provide an excess of one component of about 2� per cent. at eclipse
maximum.
Solar Radiation of Wavelength 1.25 Centimetres
Authors: Radok U
Published: September 2010

Observations of solar radiation at a
wavelength of 1.25 cm. and covering a period of about six months are described.
The average intensity of radiation corresponded to a black-body temperature of
1.00 x 104 �K. with a maximum error of about � 5 per cent.

Day-to-day variations in intensity were
less than � 3 per cent., which was the limit of observational accuracy.
Short-period fluctuations were observed on a few occasions ; even during
periods of intense solar activity they were not greater than � 5 per cent.

The distribution of intensity over the
solar disk was measured by a method analogous to the Michelson interferometer
technique and found to be consistent with 84 per cent. of the radiation coming
from a uniform disk and 16 per cent. from a narrow ring around the
circumference.
Studies on the Lignin of Eucalyptus regnans. IV. Alkali Lignin
Authors: Merewether JWT
Published: September 2010

By pulping Eucalyptus regnans using the
soda process and acidifying the black liquor a crude alkali lignin has been
isolated. This has been separated into two fractions, dioxan-ether insoluble
alkali lignin-A and dioxan-ether soluble alkali lignin-B.

A series of derivatives has been made from
each. The data for alkali lignin-A are consistent with the empirical formula C68H78O27,
containing nine methoxyl. groups, three acidic, and four alcoholic hydroxyl
groups, one of which is tertiary, one carbonyl, and one active methylene group.

Alkali lignin-B has been found to be
identical with the alkali lignin previously isolated from sulphate black
liquor.
A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Esters
Authors: Thompson AR
Published: September 2010

The colorimetric method of Hill, based on
conversion of esters to hydroxamic acids which form red complexes with ferric
ion, has been adapted for the estimation of volatile esters.

Investigation of the factors influencing
the two reactions involved has led to a satisfactory procedure for esters
derived from acids with an unbranched chain of two to ten carbon atoms and
esters of isobutyric and isovaleric acids. The degree of conversion to ferric
hydroxamate complexes has been found by reference to pure hydroxamic acids.

The absorption spectra of the ferric
hydroxamate complexes from all the esters examined show a maximum absorption at
520 mμ. Hence a mixture of esters may be
estimated in terms of one of the esters.
Estimation of the Errors of the Least-Squares Polynomial Coefficients
Authors: Guest PG
Published: September 2010

The estimation of the errors in the values
obtained for the power-series and differential coefficients of a least-squares
curve fitted to a number of equally-spaced observations is discussed. Curves
and tables of the various weight functions are obtained.
Observatioas of the Spectrum of High-Intensity Solar Radiation at Metre Wavelengths. I. The Apparatus and Spectral Types of Solar Burst Observed
Authors: Wild JP , McCready LL
Published: September 2010

An apparatus for recording the dynamic
spectrum of high-intensity solar radiation (in particular the sudden bursts) in
the frequency range 70-130 Mc/s. is described. The spectra are displayed on a
cathode-ray tube at intervals of about one-third of a second.

�� Solar
bursts observed with the apparatus were found to have widely different spectra.
However, analysis of a number of bursts indicated the common occurrence of
three distinct spectral types. These types are described and illustrated by
samples. One type, of narrow bandwidth, was exhibited by short-lived bursts
that occur in large numbers during periods of high intensity ( ?noise storms?)
; these bursts are presumed to be circularly polarized and associated with
sunspots. A second type, characterized by a slow drift of spectral features
towards the lower frequencies, was exhibited by sporadic " outbursts
" associated with solar flares. Other sporadic bursts had diverse spectra,
but some of them conformed to a third spectral type in which the frequency of
maximum intensity drifts rapidly towards the lower frequencies.

�� The
result that outbursts seem to exhibit a distinct type of spectrum is considered
to provide a possible means of recognizing these phenomena with certainty.
Sulphonamides. II. Structure and Tautomerism of Sulphapyridine, Sulphathiazole, and Sulphanilylbenzamidine
Authors: Angyal SJ , Warburton WK
Published: September 2010

By the study of ultraviolet absorption
spectra and comparison with methyl derivatives of known structure it is shown
that the two forms of arylsulphonylbenzamidines described by Barber (1943) are
tautomers, the more stable one having structure I. In
dilute solution, sulphathiazole is found to be mainly X, and sulphapyridine a
mixture of XIII and XIV in a ratio which depends on the solvent and can be
influenced by changes on the p-amino
group. Bands of the spectra are assigned to structural features of these
molecules.
Observations of the Source of Radio-Frequency Radiation in the Constellation of Cygnus
Authors: Mills BY , Thomas AB
Published: September 2010

The position and some of the properties of
the source of radio-frequency radiation in Cygnus have been determined. The
observed fluctuations in intensity have been found to correlate with activity
in the F region of the ionosphere.
There is no evidence that the emission from the source varies.
Conjugated Compounds. III. Spectra and Ionization in Polyenes and Polymethines by a Finite Difference Method
Authors: Bayliss NS , RiviFre JC
Published: September 2010

Periodic potential energies were
calculated for x-electrons along the molecular axes of butadiene and three
polymethines NH2-(CH=CH)n-CH= NH2+, using Z'C
= 1.0 and Z'N = 2.0 or 1 5 as the respective effective nuclear charges of the
carbon and nitrogen nuclei. The Schroedinger equation was solved by finite
differences, and with two restricted and self-consistent parameters, good
agreement was obtained with observed ionization energies, band frequencies, and
band intensities. The Brillouin zone effect is discussed, and also the
screening in conjugated compounds. The use of an iteration procedure for the
solution of eigenvalue problems by finite differences is described in Appendix
I.
The Dielectric Properties of a Series of dl-n-Eicosanols
Authors: Meakins RJ , Welsh HK
Published: September 2010

Initial investigations of the dielectric
properties of normal long-chain secondary alcohols were made with the
symmetrical compounds because of their ready availability. The properties of
long-chain polar compounds are known to vary considerably, however, with the
position of the polar group in the carbon chain and it therefore seemed
desirable to make dielectric measurements with some unsymmetrical alcohols. The
present paper describes such an investigation of a series of dl-n-eicosanols having the hydroxyl
groups in the 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-positions, respectively.

The results for the melted forms show that
slight asymmetry, as in the 10-compound, has little effect on the dielectric
properties, but with the more unsymmetrical 4-, 6-, and 8-compounds a
considerable enhancement of the dielectric absorption is observed. This is
accompanied by increased dispersion of the dielectric constant which, for the
8-compound, reaches a low frequency value of 15. Both ε" and ε'
decrease during storage at room temperature.

Anomalous results are obtained with dl-n-eicosan-2-ol, probably due to the
molecules in the crystal lattice being alternately reversed, end-to-end.

As with the symmetrical secondary alcohols,
the recrystallized forms give comparatively little dielectric absorption.
A High Speed Chronograph and its Application to the Time of Flight of Cosmic Rays
Authors: Officer VC
Published: September 2010

A high speed chronograph using a 20 turn
spiral time base of 1 μsec. duration per turn 1s described, together with
its video amplifiers, delay lines, radial deflection circuits, and recording
equipment. The time of flight of cosmic ray mesons over a range of 5.45 m. has
been detected using ordinary Geiger counters. and found to agree with the
velocity of light within the accuracy of the experiment. A time lag of 2 x 10-8
sec. between the firing of a tray of counters shielded with 10 cm. of lead and
the firing of a similar unshielded tray by extensive air showers has been
accounted for. and the results shown to be consistent with the theoretical
expectation that most of the shower particles arrive at the trays within a time
<10-9 sec.
The Viscosity and Rigidity of Gelatin in Concentrated Aqueous Systems. II. Rigidity
Authors: Cumper CWN , Alexander AE
Published: September 2010

The rigidity of the gels formed by cooling
the systems considered in Part I of this series was also measured. The results
obtained have been explained by postulating a network of the gelatin molecules
held together by electrostatic bonds.
Oleic Acid Monolayers on Concentrated Salt Solutions
Authors: Gilby AR , Heymann E
Published: September 2010

Equilibrium spreading pressures (E.S.P.)
and force-area (π-A) curves have been measured for films of oleic acid
spread on solutions of a range of salts and non-ionic compounds at various concentrations.
There is a linear relationship between E.S.P. and activity of salt in the
subphase up to an activity of about 5. The films are still of the liquid
expanded type on salt solutions but the π-d curves are shifted to larger
areas. Ions follow the order of the lyotropic series in the magnitude of their
effects, anions having a greater effect than cations. Results are explained by
visualizing both a hydration effect and a charge effect causing an increase in
attraction between oleic acid and the substrate, together with an increase in
the repulsive terms of the system of forces between the film molecules.