bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Orthopedic Diseases of Ancient Egypt
Authors: Fritsch Klaus O , Hamoud Heshem , Allam Adel H. , Grossmann Alexander , Nur El‐Din Abdel‐Halim , Abdel‐Maksoud Gomaa , Al‐Tohamy Soliman Muhammad , Badr Ibrahim , Sutherland James D , Linda Sutherland M. , Akl Mahmoud , Finch Caleb E , Thomas Gregory S. , Wann L. Samuel , Thompson Randall C
Published: May 2015

Background: CT scanning of ancient human remains has the potential to provide insights into health and diseases. While Egyptian mummies have undergone CT scans in prior studies, a systematic survey of the orthopedic conditions afflicting a group of these ancient individuals has never been carried out. Methods: We performed whole body CT scanning on 52 ancient Egyptian mummies using technique comparable to that of medical imaging. All of the large joints and the spine were systematically examined and osteoarthritic (OA) changes were scored 0‐4 using Kellgren and Lawrence classification. Results: The cruciate ligaments and menisci could be identified frequently. There were much more frequent OA changes in the spine (25 mummies) than in the large joints (15 cases of acromioclavicular and/or glenohumeral joint OA changes, five involvement of the ankle, one in the elbow, four in the knee, and one in the hip). There were six cases of scoliosis. Individual mummies had the following conditions: juvenile aseptic necrosis of the hip (Perthes disease), stage 4 osteochondritis dissecans of the knee, vertebral compression fracture, lateral patella‐femoral joint hyper‐compression syndrome, severe rotator cuff arthropathy, rotator cuff impingement, hip pincer impingement, and combined fracture of the greater trochantor and vertebral bodies indicating obvious traumatic injury. This report includes the most ancient discovery of several of these syndromes. Conclusions: Ancient Egyptians often suffered painful orthopedic conditions. The high frequency of scoliosis merits further study. The pattern of degenerative changes in the spine and joints may offer insights into activity levels of these people. Anat Rec, 298:1036–1046, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“The Opening of the Mouth”—A New Perspective for an Ancient Egyptian Mummification Procedure
Authors: Seiler Roger , Rühli Frank
Published: May 2015

“The opening of the mouth ritual” (OMR) is a central and well‐documented component of the Ancient Egyptian mortuary ceremony. In the scientific literature, we find various references that indicate that parts of this ritual correspond to physical opening of the deceased's mouth during its mummification. We denote this physical treatment of the dead the “opening of the mouth procedure,” to underline the distinction against the “opening of the mouth ritual,” which is performed ceremonially later on the mummy or even the statue. The mummifying procedure itself however is known only from rare pictorial representations and the later summary descriptions of Greek authors. Nevertheless, recently some authors tried, on the basis of paleopathological findings, to demonstrate that the mouth of the deceased had to be opened physically before mummifying. Careful examination of the mummies of the Swiss Mummy Project and other cases reported in the literature showed frequent dental pathologies including fractured and totally luxated teeth, which were up to now not sufficiently taken into consideration. The detailed report of the preliminary procedures of mummifying the Apis bull—as appropriate detailed descriptions for humans are missing—gives us insight into the treatment of the oral cavity. Our results, when combined with the available historical literature, indicate that the OMR can be regarded as a ritualized counterpart of a real “opening of mouth procedure” during mummification. Anat Rec, 298:1208–1216, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc..
Considered Limitations and Possible Applications of Computed Tomography in Mummy Research
Authors: Gerald Conlogue
Published: May 2015

Over the past two decades, computed tomography, CT, has become one of the most significant imaging modalities in clinical medicine. The hardware and software innovations responsible for the advances in image quality have also resulted in the desire to incorporate CT into mummy research. Although manufacturers have endeavored to simplify the operation of the equipment, the intended use has been primarily living humans and not dehydrated remains. However, with a thorough understanding of the underlying principles of the modality, including the limitations, and the consequences of the manipulation of technical settings, satisfactory results can be obtained. Anat Rec, 298:1088–1098, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solving the stochastic multi‐class traffic assignment problem with asymmetric interactions, route overlapping, and vehicle restrictions
Authors: Ryu Seungkyu , Chen Anthony , Choi Keechoo
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we develop a customized path‐based algorithm for solving the stochastic multi‐class traffic assignment problem with asymmetric interactions, route overlapping, and vehicle restrictions. The algorithm consists of an iterative balancing scheme to find the search direction, a self‐regulated averaging line search scheme to determine a suitable stepsize, and a column generation scheme to generate a universal path set for multiple vehicle classes. These three schemes work together in the customized path‐based algorithm to solve the stochastic multi‐class traffic assignment problem. The solution algorithm simultaneously considers the asymmetric interactions among different vehicle types through the link travel time functions, various vehicle restrictions in a transportation network, and route overlapping using the path‐size logit model for accounting random perceptions of network conditions in a stochastic user equilibrium framework. A real network in the city of Winnipeg, Canada, is used to examine the computational performance of the customized path‐based algorithm. In addition, sensitivity analyses are conducted to test the algorithmic effectiveness with respect to several model parameters and percentages of trucks in the transportation network. Numerical results reveal that the path‐based algorithm with the self‐regulated averaging line search scheme is computationally effective in solving the stochastic multi‐class traffic assignment problem with different modeling considerations. The algorithm is also computationally robust against various model parameters in the sensitivity analyses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermostabilization of Aspergillus oryzae β‐d‐galactosidase
Authors: Wahba Marwa I.
Published: May 2015

The thermal stability of the Aspergillus oryzae β‐d‐galactosidase (β‐gal) was evaluated at 60 °C. The stability of β‐gal was dependent on the pH, buffer, and additives. The β‐gal exhibited its highest thermal stability in a 0.02 M phosphate buffer pH 6. Among all the tested additives, galactose, a competitive inhibitor of β‐gal, was the upmost thermal stabilizer. A 0.15 M galactose solution caused β‐gal to retain a whole of 98.65% of its initial activity after incubation at 60 °C for 2 H. The second best thermal stabilizer of β‐gal was raffinose. A 0.15 M raffinose‐β‐gal mixture retained 84.41% of its initial activity after incubation at 60 °C for 2 H, whereas the control retained only 61.02%. The results of this study also revealed that all the tested positively charged polymers (diethylaminoethyl [DEAE] dextran and polyethyleneimine [PEI] 800, 2,000, 750,000 Da) significantly destabilized β‐gal. However, these positively charged polymers exerted different effects on the β‐gal's activity. PEI 750,000 significantly activated the enzyme, while DEAE dextran and PEI 800 did not exert any significant effects on the β‐gal's activity. Nevertheless, PEI 2,000 significantly activated the enzyme.
The cost of circadian desynchrony: Evidence, insights and open questions
Authors: West Alexander C. , Bechtold David A.
Published: May 2015

Coordinated daily rhythms are evident in most aspects of our physiology, driven by internal timing systems known as circadian clocks. Our understanding of how biological clocks are built and function has grown exponentially over the past 20 years. With this has come an appreciation that disruption of the clock contributes to the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, from metabolic disease to neurological disorders to cancer. However, it remains to be determined whether it is the disruption of our rhythmic physiology per se (loss of timing itself), or altered functioning of individual clock components that drive pathology. Here, we review the importance of circadian rhythms in terms of how we (and other organisms) relate to the external environment, but also in relation to how internal physiological processes are coordinated and synchronized. These issues are of increasing importance as many aspects of modern life put us in conflict with our internal clockwork.
An evaluation of public genomic references for mapping RNA‐Seq data from Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Le Huong , Chen Chun , Goudar Chetan T.
Published: May 2015

While RNA‐Seq is increasingly used as the method of choice for transcriptome analysis of mammalian cell culture processes, no universal genomic reference for mapping RNA‐Seq reads from CHO cells has been reported. In previous publications, de novo transcriptomes assembled using these RNA‐Seq reads were subsequently used for mapping. Potential caveats with this approach include the incomplete coverage and the non‐universal nature of the de novo assemblies, leading to challenges in comparing results across studies. In order to facilitate future RNA‐Seq studies in CHO cells, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of four public genomic references for CHO cells hosted by the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq), including two annotated genomes released in 2012 and 2014 and their accompanying transcriptomes. Each genome showed significantly higher mapped rates compared to its accompanying transcriptome. Furthermore, higher mapped rates in deep intra‐genic regions, especially within exons, were observed for the more recent genome release (2014) compared to the older one (2012), indicating that the 2014 genome was the preeminent reference among the four. Sequential addition of human and mouse genomes increased the total mapped rate to 87.3 and 89.7%, respectively, from 73.5% using the 2014 Chinese hamster genome alone. Thus, the sequential combination of the 2014 RefSeq Chinese hamster genome, the Ensembl human genome (h38), and the Ensembl mouse genome (m38) was suggested as the most effective strategy for mapping RNA‐Seq data from CHO cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2412–2416. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA‐21 regulates intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability
Authors: Zhang Lin , Shen Jie , Cheng Jian , Fan Xiaoming
Published: May 2015

Increased tight junction (TJ) barrier permeability, induced by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, may lead to the defects in TJ barrier and subsequent development of inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that miR‐21 is implicated in inflammatory diseases. However, the physiological role of miR‐21 in intestinal permeability remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the role of miR‐21 in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. The filter‐grown Caco‐2 monolayers model system was established to mimic intestinal barrier defect. The tight junction proteins were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. The expression of miR‐21 was assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the expression of miR‐21 was increased significantly in TNF‐α induced intestinal TJ barrier defect model. miR‐21 overexpression significantly enhanced while miR‐21 knockdown significantly decreased intestinal permeability. In addition, miR‐21 overexpression significantly increased while miR‐21 knockdown significantly decreased the levels of interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8 and prostaglandin E2 in cell culture medium. Furthermore, miR‐21 positively regulated Akt phosphorylation and negatively regulated Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression in Caco‐2 cells. Our results suggest that miR‐21 may regulate intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability through PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. This promotes the feasibility of targeting miR‐21 in the clinical to preserve the intestinal barrier. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Fluorescent Microcystin Derivatives by Direct Arginine Labelling and Their Biological Evaluation
Authors: Grundler Verena , Faltermann Susanne , Fent Karl , Gademann Karl
Published: May 2015

Microcystin is the most prevalent toxin produced by cyanobacteria and poses a severe threat to livestock, humans and entire ecosystems. We report the preparation of a series of fluorescent microcystin derivatives by direct arginine labelling of the unprotected peptides at the guanidinium side chain. This new method allows a simple late‐stage diversification strategy for native peptides devoid of protecting groups under mild conditions. A series of fluorophores were conjugated to microcystin‐LR in good to very good yield. The fluorescent probes displayed biological activity comparable to that of unlabelled microcystin, in both phosphatase inhibition assays and toxicity tests on the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus. In addition, we demonstrate that the fluorescent probes penetrated Huh7 cells. Whole‐animal imaging was performed on T. platyurus: labelled compound was mainly observed in the digestive tract.
Inhibitors of Matriptase‐2 Based on the Trypsin Inhibitor SFTI‐1
Authors: Gitlin Agata , Dębowski Dawid , Karna Natalia , Łęgowska Anna , Stirnberg Marit , Gütschow Michael , Rolka Krzysztof
Published: May 2015

A series of 17 new analogues of trypsin inhibitor SFTI‐1 were designed and synthesized to obtain matriptase‐2 inhibitors. A number of the modified bicyclic peptides displayed much higher affinity towards matriptase‐2 than towards the highly homologous matriptase‐1. Replacement of Lys5 by Arg in the wild‐type SFTI‐1 led to an 11‐fold increase in the matriptase‐2 inhibitory activity. Replacement of Arg2 by its enantiomer (D‐arginine) slightly lowered the inhibition of matriptase‐2, but almost completely abolished the affinity towards matriptase‐1, thus yielding the most selective matriptase‐2 inhibitor. This is the first report describing inhibitors of the recently discovered matriptase‐2 based on the SFTI‐1 structure. The results showed that SFTI‐1 is a promising scaffold for the design of potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme.
Radiation safety
Authors: Chambers Charles E. , Miller Donald L.
Published: May 2015

Key Points

Best practices should be followed in the catheterization laboratory for Radiation safety, and when they are, this benefits patients, staff, and operator.

Point radiation measurements do not accurately reflect either patient or staff radiation risk.

Operators should: (a) know their own dose, (b) utilize all standard dose reduction methods, (c) realize the ethical issues inherent in personal protection at the expense of the patient.
Trans‐subclavian versus transapical access for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A multicenter study
Authors: Ciuca Cristina , Tarantini Giuseppe , Latib Azeem , Gasparetto Valeria , Savini Carlo , Di Eusanio Marco , Napodano Massimo , Maisano Francesco , Gerosa Gino , Sticchi Alessandro , Marzocchi Antonio , Alfieri Ottavio , Colombo Antonio , Saia Francesco
Published: May 2015

Objectives

To compare the outcomes of trans‐subclavian (TS) and transapical (TA) access for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

Background

A considerable proportion of patients undergoing TAVI are not eligible for transfemoral approach. To date, there are few data to guide the choice between alternative vascular access routes.

Methods

Among 874 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI, 202 procedures were performed through TA (n = 142, 70.3%) or TS (n = 60, 29.7%) access. Medtronic Corevalve (CV, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) was implanted in 17.3% of the patients, the Edwards‐Sapien (ES, Edwards Lifesciences Inc., Irvine, CA) in 81.2% and other prostheses in 0.1%. In‐hospital and long‐term outcome were assessed using the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)‐2 definitions.

Results

Mean age was 82 ± 6 years, STS score 9.3 ± 7.9%. The 2 groups showed a relevant imbalance in baseline characteristics. In hospital mortality was 6.4% (1.7% TS vs. 8.4% TA, P = 0.06), stroke 2.0%, acute myocardial infarction 1.0%, acute kidney injury 39.4%, sepsis 4.0% with no significant differences between groups, while bleeding was more frequent in TA patients (53.5% vs. 11.7% TS, P < 0.001). One‐ and 2‐year survival was 85.2% and 73.2% in TS patients, and 83.9% and 74.9% in TA patients (P = ns for both). Access site was not an independent predictor of mortality at multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Transapical compared with trans‐subclavian access for TAVI was associated with a nonsignificant trend to increased periprocedural events. However, 1‐ and 2‐year survival appears similar. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relations of Li2O—MnO—P2O5 System and the Electrochemical Properties of Li1+xMn1‐xPO4 Compounds.
Authors: Yan Danlin , Zhao Yanming , Dong Youzhong , Liang Zhiyong , Lin Xinghao
Published: May 2015

The phase diagram of the title system under reducing atmosphere (95% Ar/5% H2) is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Multiple, Contiguous Quaternary Stereocenters in Acyclic Molecules by Lithiation‐Borylation.
Authors: Watson Charlotte G. , Balanta Angelica , Elford Tim G. , Essafi Stephanie , Harvey Jeremy N. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: May 2015

Using the lithiation of chiral carbamates followed by borylation, carbon chains bearing multiple contiguous quaternary stereogenic centers can be constructed with high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Etherification and Polyene Cyclization of π‐Activated Alcohols Promoted by Hot Water.
Authors: Zhang Feng‐Zhi , Tian Yan , Li Guo‐Xing , Qu Jin
Published: May 2015

A broad spectrum of alcohol substrates is successfully used in the title reactions to produce furan‐ or pyran‐containing structures in etherification processes as well as tri‐ and tetracyclic ring systems in polyene cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative C—S Bond Cleavage Reaction of DMSO for C—N and C—C Bond Formation: New Mannich‐Type Reaction for β‐Amino Ketones.
Authors: Sun Kai , Lv Yunhe , Zhu Zhonghong , Zhang Liping , Wu Hankui , Liu Lin , Jiang Yongqing , Xiao Beibei , Wang Xin
Published: May 2015

A new Mannich‐type reaction between ketone methyl C(sp3)—H bonds and the N—H bond of saccharin (II) is developed using DMSO as a one carbon bridging group for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiomerically Enriched Tris(boronates): Readily Accessible Conjunctive Reagents for Asymmetric Synthesis.
Authors: Coombs John R. , Zhang Liang , Morken James P.
Published: May 2015

The platinum‐catalyzed asymmetric preparation of 1,1,2‐tris(boronates) is described followed by their transformation to 1,2‐diols, either intra‐ or intermolecular, while accepting various primary and secondary electrophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Intermolecular Cobalt‐Catalyzed Pauson—Khand Reaction Using a P‐Stereogenic Bis‐phosphane.
Authors: Orgue Silvia , Leon Thierry , Riera Antoni , Verdaguer Xavier
Published: May 2015

A novel family of P‐stereogenic diphosphane ligands is developed and applied in the asymmetric cobalt‐catalyzed Pauson—Khand reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Radical Method for the Dimerization of Dithiocarbamates.
Authors: Chen Ning , Zhong Xin , Li Pingfan , Xu Jiaxi
Published: May 2015

The process is found to be optimal in the presence of 0.5 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: C(sp2)—C(sp2) Cross Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by a Water‐Stable Palladium Complex Supported onto Nanomagnetite Particles.
Authors: Azadbakht Tahereh , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Azadbakht Reza , Khakyzadeh Vahid , Perrin David M.
Published: May 2015

Diaryl compounds (III) are efficiently, simply, and cost‐effectively synthesized by Suzuki reaction using a palladium complex supported onto magnetite nanoparticles as easily recyclable and stable catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Primary Amine Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Malononitrile to α‐Substituted Vinyl Ketone.
Authors: Fu Niankai , Zhang Long , Luo Sanzhong
Published: May 2015

The catalytic system is efficiently applied to the Michael addition‐protonation reaction of malonitriles to α‐substituted vinyl ketones as well as the tandem reduction, Michael addition‐protonation reaction sequence of benzylidenemalonitriles in the presence of Hantzsch ester to α‐substituted vinyl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of Arynes and Cyclic Enol Ethers as a Platform for Access to Stereochemically Defined 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzocyclobutenes.
Authors: Yedulla Vijayendar R. , Pradhan Padmanava , Yang Lijia , Lakshman Mahesh K.
Published: May 2015

The reaction is investigated for various substrate types to produce the desired fused ring system.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of 3‐(2‐Benzenesulfonamide)propargylic Alcohols to Spiro[indene‐benzosultam]s.
Authors: Sun Lang , Zhu Yuanxun , Wang Jing , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: May 2015

The reaction comprises a cascade process which allows trapping with NIS or NBS in order to obtain halogenated spiro[indene‐benzosultam]s which are further arylated via Suzuki‐coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Route to Substituted 7‐Aminoindoles from Pyrrole‐3‐carboxaldehydes.
Authors: Outlaw Victor K. , Townsend Craig A.
Published: May 2015

The title transformation starts with a Wittig reaction with fumaronitrile and subsequent Lewis‐acid mediated cyclization which is performable in a one‐pot two step manner or with isolation of the Wittig‐intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoindoles by One‐Electron Reductions of Dibenzo[1,4]diazocines.
Authors: Bovenkerk Marcel , Esser Birgit
Published: May 2015

Nine title compounds are prepared (extended synthetic approaches described) and subjected to optimized conditions A.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of Pyrroloindolines via an in situ Generated Magnesium Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Linqing , Yang Dongxu , Han Fengxia , Li Dan , Zhao Depeng , Wang Rui
Published: May 2015

Starting from 2,3‐substituted aziridines and 3,4,5‐ and 6‐substituted indoles the polycyclic products are obtained with moderate to high yields and high enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chromeno[2,3‐b]indol‐11(6H)‐one via PhI(OAc)2‐Mediated Intramolecular Oxidative C(sp2)—N(H2) Bond Formation.
Authors: Sun Jiyun , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Du Yunfei , Zhao Kang
Published: May 2015

The metal‐free process allows the access to a broad spectrum of biologically important heterocyclic scaffolds with different functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: A Modified and Practical Synthetic Route to Indazoles and Pyrazoles Using Tungstate Sulfuric Acid.
Authors: Rahmatzadeh S. Setareh , Karami Bahador , Khodabakhshi Saeed
Published: May 2015

Indazole and pyrazole derivatives are obtained by the simple, rapid, and green tungstate sulfuric acid‐catalyzed Knorr reaction of hydrazine derivatives with various β‐dicarbonyl compounds under solvent‐free reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Functionalization of Imidazolones with Aryl‐ and Alkenyl Halides.
Authors: Muselli Mickael , Baudequin Christine , Hoarau Christophe , Bischoff Laurent
Published: May 2015

An efficient protocol is elaborated for the Pd‐catalyzed direct C—H‐arylation and alkenylation of imidazolones with corresponding halides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Simple One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives Using DDQ as an Efficient Oxidant at Room Temperature.
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Babaei Zahra
Published: May 2015

A wide range of the title compounds (III) (14 examples) are smoothly and efficiently synthesized by one‐pot reaction of o‐phenylenediamine (I) with various aromatic aldehydes under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: First Examples of 2,6‐Diarylnicotinaldehydes Prepared under Conventional and Microwave Conditions.
Authors: Shankaraiah K. , Chandrasekhar G. , Reddy K. Siva Nagi , Sabitha Gowravaram
Published: May 2015

Similar results are obtained under conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Green Microwave‐Assisted Multicomponent Biginelli Reaction for the Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones Catalyzed by Heteropolyanion‐Based Ionic Liquids under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Fu Renzhong , Yang Yang , Lai Wenchen , Ma Yongfeng , Chen Zhikai , Zhou Jian , Chai Wen , Wang Quan , Yuan Rongxin
Published: May 2015

The method developed not only preserves the operational simplicity of Biginellis one‐pot condensation but also provides both compatibility with various functional groups and good to excellent yields of the dihydropyrimidinones within short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of New Piperazine Fused Triazoles.
Authors: Chandrasekhar T. , Kumar L. Vinay , Naik P. Jagan , Reddy A. Babul , Swamy G. Narayana
Published: May 2015

A convenient route for the synthesis of a series of new substituted triazolopyrazine derivatives (VII) is developed using a click reaction as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed/Promoted Cross‐Coupling of gem‐Diborylalkanes with Nonactivated Primary Alkyl Halides: An Alternative Route to Alkylboronic Esters.
Authors: Zhang Zhen‐Qi , Yang Chu‐Ting , Liang Lu‐Jun , Xiao Bin , Lu Xi , Liu Jing‐Hui , Sun Yan‐Yan , Marder Todd B. , Fu Yao
Published: May 2015

The reaction tolerates various electrophiles in form of primary alkyl bromides, iodides, tosylates, and even phosphoric acid esters equipped with a variety of substituents, such as alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hetaryl, chloro, alkoxy, silyloxy, phthalimido and amino acid moieties.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Three‐Coordinate Cobalt(I) Alkyl and Silyl Complexes.
Authors: Mo Zhenbo , Xiao Jie , Gao Yafei , Deng Liang
Published: May 2015

The hydrosilylation of both terminal and internal alkynes in the presence of a new three‐coordinate cobalt(I) complex is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective TiCl4‐Mediated Aldol Reactions Starting from Acylsilanes.
Authors: Marri Gangababu , Reddy J. Satyanarayana , Ruiz Johal , Das Saibal , Gree Rene
Published: May 2015

Synthetically important β‐hydroxyacylsilanes are available with good to excellent diastereoselectivity under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Algiolide A, Secoiridoid Glucoside from Mongolian Medicinal Plant Gentiana Algida.
Authors: Tanaka Naonobu , Takekata Minami , Kurimoto Shin‐ichiro , Kawazoe Kazuyoshi , Murakami Kotaro , Damdinjav Davaadagva , Dorjbal Enkhjargal , Kashiwada Yoshiki
Published: May 2015

isolation and structure elucidation
ChemInform Abstract: Phormidolides B (I) and C (II), Cytotoxic Agents from the Sea: Enantioselective Synthesis of the Macrocyclic Core.
Authors: Lorente Adriana , Gil Alejandro , Fernandez Rogelio , Cuevas Carmen , Albericio Fernando , Alvarez Mercedes
Published: May 2015

The macrocyclic cores of compounds (I) and (II) are prepared enantioselectively from 2‐deoxy‐ribose via Julia‐Kocienski olefination as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of NaLa(MoO4)2‐xAGx:Eu3+ (AG: SO42‐, BO33‐) Red Phosphors for White Light Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Zhang Wentao , Li Junfeng , Wang Yulong , Long Jianping , Qiu Kehui
Published: May 2015

The title phosphors are prepared by solid state reactions of (NH4)6Mo7O24, Na2CO3, La2O3, Eu2O3, and (NH4)2SO4 or (NH4)3BO3 (alumina crucibles, 1100 °C, 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Pure Carbon Nanodots for Excellent Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation.
Authors: Yang Pengju , Zhao Jianghong , Wang Jian , Cui Huijuan , Li Li , Zhu Zhenping
Published: May 2015

Pure carbon nanodots prepared from mixtures of multi‐wall carbon nanotubes oxide and water (ultrasonication for 8 h) followed by hydrothermal treatment (autoclave, 180 °C, 8 h) drive photocatalytic hydrogen generation by water splitting without any modification and cocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Hot Electrons and Metal‐Oxide Interfaces in Surface Chemistry and Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Park Jeong Young , Baker L. Robert , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: May 2015

Review: 264 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Stable Alleno‐Acetylenic Cyclophanes Bearing Chiral Axes
Authors: Lahoz Inmaculada R. , Castro‐Fernandez Silvia , Navarro‐Vazquez Armando , Alonso‐Gomez Jose Lorenzo , Magdalena Cid M.
Published: May 2015

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Quest for a Practical Synthesis of Morphine Alkaloids and Their Derivatives by Chemoenzymatic Methods
Authors: Reed Josephine W. , Hudlicky Tomas
Published: May 2015

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of Organometallic Reagents with and without Assistance from PN Ligands
Authors: Giri Ramesh , Thapa Surendra
Published: May 2015

Review: [42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unnatural Steroids Using the Bistro Strategy
Authors: Maurin Philippe , Moraleda Delphine , Pellissier Helene , Rodriguez Raphael , Santelli Maurice
Published: May 2015

Review: [59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Supramolecular Chiral Ligands for Asymmetric Metal Catalysis
Authors: Ohmatsu Kohsuke , Ooi Takashi
Published: May 2015

Review: [38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Pyridopyrimidines
Authors: Buron F. , Merour J. Y. , Akssira M. , Guillaumet G. , Routier S.
Published: May 2015

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Iridium and Platinum to Copper and Carbon: New Avenues for More Sustainability in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Volz D. , Wallesch M. , Flechon C. , Danz M. , Verma A. , Navarro J. M. , Zink D. M. , Braese S. , Baumann T.
Published: May 2015

Review: 181 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Greening the Global Phosphorus Cycle: How Green Chemistry Can Help Achieve Planetary P Sustainability
Authors: Withers Paul J. A. , Elser James J. , Hilton Julian , Ohtake Hisao , Schipper Willem J. , van Dijk Kimo C.
Published: May 2015

Review: 124 refs.
Identification of B6SJL mSOD1G93A mouse subgroups with different disease progression rates
Authors: Haulcomb Melissa M. , Mesnard‐Hoaglin Nichole A. , Batka Richard J. , Meadows Rena M. , Miller Whitney M. , Mcmillan Kathryn P. , Brown Todd J. , Sanders Virginia M. , Jones Kathryn J.
Published: May 2015

Disease progression rates among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) vary greatly. Although the majority of affected individuals survive 3–5 years following diagnosis, some subgroups experience a more rapidly progressing form, surviving less than 1 year, and other subgroups experience slowly progressing forms, surviving nearly 50 years. Genetic heterogeneity and environmental factors pose significant barriers in investigating patient progression rates. Similar to the case for humans, variation in survival within the mSOD1 mouse has been well documented, but different progression rates have not been investigated. The present study identifies two subgroups of B6SJL mSOD1G93A mice with different disease progression rates, a fast progression group (FPG) and slow progression group, as evidenced by differences in the rate of motor function decline. In addition, increased disease‐associated gene expression within the FPG facial motor nucleus confirmed the presence of a more severe phenotype. We hypothesize that a more severe disease phenotype could be the result of 1) an earlier onset of axonal disconnection with a consistent degeneration rate or 2) a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We performed a facial nerve transection axotomy in both mSOD1 subgroups prior to disease onset as a method to standardize the axonal disconnection. Instead of leading to comparable gene expression in both subgroups, this standardization did not eliminate the severe phenotype in the FPG facial nucleus, suggesting that the FPG phenotype is the result of a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We theorize that these mSOD1 subgroups are representative of the rapid and slow disease phenotypes often experienced in ALS. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2752–2768, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emotional dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Löffler Leonie A.K. , Radke Sina , Morawetz Carmen , Derntl Birgit
Published: May 2015

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized primarily by motor signs but are also accompanied by emotional disturbances. Because of the limited knowledge about these dysfunctions, this Review provides an overview of emotional competencies in Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), with a focus on emotion recognition, emotion regulation, and depression. Most studies indicate facial emotion recognition deficits in HD and PD, whereas data for MS are inconsistent. On a neural level, dysfunctions of amygdala and striatum, among others, have been linked to these impairments. These dysfunctions also tap brain regions that are part of the emotion regulation network, suggesting problems in this competency, too. Research points to dysfunctional emotion regulation in MS, whereas findings for PD and HD are missing. The high prevalence of depression in all three disorders emphasizes the need for effective therapies. Research on emotional disturbances might improve treatment, thereby increasing patients' and caregivers' well‐being. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1727–1743, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A universally composable secure grouping‐proof protocol for RFID tags
Authors: Yuan Bianqing , Liu Jiqiang
Published: May 2015

A grouping‐proof protocol is to generate a proof that a group of tags have been scanned simultaneously in the range of a reader. Security and efficiency become the core issues when designing a grouping‐proof protocol. In this paper, we first describe the deployment model, adversary model, and security requirements of a grouping‐proof protocol. Then, we propose an offline reading order‐independent grouping‐proof protocol. To demonstrate security of our scheme, we present an ideal grouping‐proof functionality in the universally composable framework. Subsequently, we prove that the proposed protocol realizes the defined ideal functionality. Compared with the existing grouping‐proof protocols, our scheme satisfies the privacy and security requirements of a grouping‐proof protocol including tag/reader anonymity, tag/reader location privacy, mutual authorized access, anti‐active attack, anti‐replay attack, concurrent security, and so on. Meanwhile, our scheme has desirable performance. It conforms to the computational constraints of low‐cost passive radio frequency identification tags, which makes it suitable for large‐scale application. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probabilistic response‐time analysis for real‐time systems in body area sensor networks
Authors: Ren Jiankang , Wu Guowei , Li Xinjiao , Pirozmand Poria , Obaidat Mohammad S.
Published: May 2015

Advances in real‐time system and wireless communication have led to the deployment of body area sensor networks (BASNs) for effective real‐time healthcare applications. Real‐time systems in BASNs tend increasingly to be probabilistic and mixed critical to meet stringent requirements on space, weight, and power consumption. Response‐time analysis is an important and challenging task for BASNs to provide some critical services. In this paper, we propose a request‐based compositional probabilistic response‐time analysis framework for probabilistic real‐time task models with fixed‐priority preemptive scheduling in BASNs. In this method, each probabilistic real‐time task is abstracted as a probabilistic request function. Rough response‐time distribution is computed first based on the cumulative request distribution and then exact response‐time distribution is obtained by refinement based on the request increase distribution. Our strategy can effectively improve performance by reducing repetitive computational overhead for the probabilistic response‐time analysis of all tasks in the system. Our evaluation demonstrates that our proposed method significantly outperforms the existing probabilistic response‐time analysis algorithm in terms of analysis duration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partitioned scheduling for sphere decoding with runtime constraints for practical MIMO communication systems
Authors: Kim T. H. , Kim J. W.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents an effective scheduling scheme for sphere decoding (SD) with runtime constraints, targeting the practical multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) communication systems where neither the interleaving scheme nor its block size cannot be designed freely. The proposed scheme imposes runtime constraints on SD to distribute the errors due to the early termination of SD. Because the distributed errors may be corrected effectively by forward error correction, the error‐rate performance can be improved; experimental results show that the performance improvement is approximately 2dB in terms of the signal‐to‐noise ratio to achieve a bit‐error rate of 10−4 in 4 × 4 16‐QAM MIMO systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharyngeal arch deficiencies affect taste bud development in the circumvallate papilla with aberrant glossopharyngeal nerve formation
Authors: Okubo Tadashi , Takada Shinji
Published: May 2015

Background: The pharyngeal arches (PAs) generate cranial organs including the tongue. The taste placodes, formed in particular locations on the embryonic tongue surface, differentiate into taste buds harbored in distinct gustatory papillae. The developing tongue also has a complex supply of cranial nerves through each PA. However, the relationship between the PAs and taste bud development is not fully understood. Results: Ripply3 homozygous mutant mice, which have impaired third/fourth PAs, display a hypoplastic circumvallate papilla and lack taste buds, although the taste placode is normally formed. Formation of the glossopharyngeal ganglia is defective and innervation toward the posterior tongue is completely missing in Ripply3 mutant embryos at E12.5. Moreover, the distribution of neuroblasts derived from the epibranchial placode is severely, but not completely, atenuated, and the neural crest cells are diminished in the third PA region of Ripply3 mutant embryos at E9.5–E10.5. In Tbx1 homozygous mutant embryos, which exhibit another type of deficiency in PA development, the hypoplastic circumvallate papilla is observed along with abnormal formation of the glossopharyngeal ganglia and severely impaired innervation. Conclusions: PA deficiencies affect multiple aspects of taste bud development, including formation of the cranial ganglia and innervation to the posterior tongue. Developmental Dynamics 244:874–887, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paraxis is required for somite morphogenesis and differentiation in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Sánchez Romel Sebastián , Sánchez Sara Serafina
Published: May 2015

Background: In most vertebrates, the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm involves the formation of metameric units called somites through a mesenchymal‐epithelial transition. However, this process is different in Xenopus laevis because it does not form an epithelial somite. Xenopus somitogenesis is characterized by a complex cells rearrangement that requires the coordinated regulation of cell shape, adhesion, and motility. The molecular mechanisms that control these cell behaviors underlying somite formation are little known. Although the Paraxis has been implicated in the epithelialization of somite in chick and mouse, its role in Xenopus somite morphogenesis has not been determined. Results: Using a morpholino and hormone‐inducible construction approaches, we showed that both gain and loss of function of paraxis affect somite elongation, rotation and alignment, causing a severe disorganization of somitic tissue. We further found that depletion or overexpression of paraxis in the somite led to the downregulation or upregulation, respectively, of cell adhesion expression markers. Finally, we demonstrated that paraxis is necessary for the proper expression of myotomal and sclerotomal differentiation markers. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that paraxis regulates the cell rearrangements that take place during the somitogenesis of Xenopus by regulating cell adhesion. Furthermore, paraxis is also required for somite differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 244:973–987, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Fat/Hippo signaling pathway links within‐disc morphogen patterning to whole‐animal signals during phenotypically plastic growth in insects
Authors: Gotoh Hiroki , Hust James A. , Miura Toru , Niimi Teruyuki , Emlen Douglas J. , Lavine Laura C.
Published: May 2015

Background: Insects exhibit a diversity of environmentally sensitive phenotypes that allow them to be an extraordinarily successful group. For example, mandible size in male stag beetles is exquisitely sensitive to the larval nutritional environment and is a reliable signal of male condition. Results: To date, studies of how such phenotypically plastic traits develop have focused on two types of mechanistic processes. Local, tissue‐specific genetic mechanisms specify the shape and approximate final size of structures, whereas whole‐animal hormonal signaling mechanisms modulate trait growth in response to environmental circumstance, including the body size and nutritional state of each individual. Hormones such as juvenile hormone, ecdysteroids, and/or ligands of the insulin‐signaling pathway specify whether traits grow and regulate how much growth occurs across a diversity of insect groups. What remains to be shown is how the local, tissue‐specific developmental genetic pathways interact with these whole animal hormonal signaling pathways during development to yield phenotypically plastic patterns of trait growth. Conclusions: Because the Fat/Hippo signaling pathway coordinates trait growth and development through its interactions with morphogens and hormonal pathways, we propose that Fat/Hippo signaling is a missing mechanistic link coordinating environmentally sensitive trait development in insects. Developmental Dynamics 244:1039–1045, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biocuration at the Saccharomyces genome database
Authors: Skrzypek Marek S. , Nash Robert S.
Published: May 2015

Saccharomyces Genome Database is an online resource dedicated to managing information about the biology and genetics of the model organism, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This information is derived primarily from scientific publications through a process of human curation that involves manual extraction of data and their organization into a comprehensive system of knowledge. This system provides a foundation for further analysis of experimental data coming from research on yeast as well as other organisms. In this review we will demonstrate how biocuration and biocurators add a key component, the biological context, to our understanding of how genes, proteins, genomes and cells function and interact. We will explain the role biocurators play in sifting through the wealth of biological data to incorporate and connect key information. We will also discuss the many ways we assist researchers with their various research needs. We hope to convince the reader that manual curation is vital in converting the flood of data into organized and interconnected knowledge, and that biocurators play an essential role in the integration of scientific information into a coherent model of the cell. genesis 53:450–457, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weight suppression predicts total weight gain and rate of weight gain in outpatients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Carter Frances A. , Boden Joseph M. , Jordan Jennifer , McIntosh Virginia V.W. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Joyce Peter R.
Published: May 2015

Objective

The present study sought to replicate the finding of Wildes and Marcus, Behav Res Ther, 50, 266–274, 2012 that higher levels of weight suppression at pretreatment predict greater total weight gain, faster rate of weight gain, and bulimic symptoms amongst patients admitted with anorexia nervosa.

Method

Participants were 56 women with anorexia nervosa diagnosed by using strict or lenient weight criteria, who were participating in a randomized controlled psychotherapy trial (McIntosh et al., Am J Psychiatry, 162, 741–747, 2005). Thirty‐five women completed outpatient treatment and post‐treatment assessment. Weight suppression was the discrepancy between highest lifetime weight at adult height and weight at pretreatment assessment. Outcome variables were total weight gain, rate of weight gain, and bulimic symptoms in the month prior to post‐treatment assessment [assessed using the Eating Disorders Examination (Fairburn et al., Binge‐Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment. New York: Guilford, 1993)].

Results

Weight suppression was positively associated with total weight gain and rate of weight gain over treatment. Regression models showed that this association could not be explained by covariates (age at onset of anorexia nervosa and treatment modality). Weight suppression was not significantly associated with bulimic symptoms in the month prior to post‐treatment assessment, regardless of whether bulimic symptoms were examined as continuous or dichotomous variables.

Discussion

The present study reinforces the previous finding that weight suppression predicts total weight gain and rate of weight gain amongst patients being treated for anorexia nervosa. Methodological issues may explain the failure of the present study to find that weight suppression predicts bulimic symptoms. Weight suppression at pretreatment for anorexia nervosa should be assessed routinely and may inform treatment planning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:912–918).
Naturally occurring protein–polysaccharide complexes from linseed (Linum usitatissimum) as bioemulsifiers
Authors: Burgos‐Díaz César , Rubilar Mónica , Morales Eduardo , Medina Camila , Acevedo Francisca , Marqués Ana M. , Shene Carolina
Published: May 2015

The use of proteins, polysaccharides, and their mixtures as bioemulsifiers is becoming increasingly important due to their high versatility and environmental acceptability. In this study, three different fractions mainly composed of protein and polysaccharides, extracted from linseed were evaluated as bioemulsifiers. The three fractions showed the same functional groups, and the amino acid profile revealed the presence of apolar amino acids which are important for forming emulsions. All negatively charged fractions were affected at pH values below 6 and above 100 mM NaCl, confirming their ionic character. Fraction 3 formed oil‐in‐water emulsion (O/W) and its estimated hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value was 10–13. A phase diagram was used to produce a long‐term stable O/W emulsion using Fraction 3 as a bioemulsifier. The emulsion containing linseed oil Fraction 3 and water of 5:5:90% w/w exhibited 100% stability under a wide pH range (5–11), ionic strengths (0–500 mM NaCl), and temperatures (4–70°C). Based on these results, Fraction 3, composed of 47.20% w/w protein and 37.88% w/w polysaccharide from linseed, can be considered a potential natural emulsifier for improving stability of O/W emulsions in the face of environmental stresses.

Practical applications: The increasing customer demand for natural over synthetic ingredients and the rapid growth of functional foods requiring “green” additives represents an opportunity for bioemulsifiers extracted from natural resources. Linseed and the by‐products after oil extraction have great potential as a source of ingredients and bioactive molecules for food applications. In this work, the capability of protein/polysaccharide fractions from linseed as bioemulsifiers to form highly stable O/W emulsions containing omega‐3 rich oil was demonstrated. The designed emulsion proved to be stable at acidic pH and salt concentrations found in many food products. Moreover, thermal stability exhibited by this emulsion could also be an important characteristic for its use in food products.

Phase diagram illustrating the emulsion area with linseed oil‐Fraction 3‐water and a microscopic image in the zone of 100% emulsion (black shaded area).