bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Diagnostic Decision-Making: Ensemble Learning Techniques for Reliable Stress Level Classification
Authors: Anand Raghav V. , Md Abdul Quadir , Urooj Shabana , Mohan Senthilkumar , Alawad Mohamad A. , C. Adittya
Published: November 2023

An intense level of academic pressure causes students to experience stress, and if this stress is not addressed, it can cause adverse mental and physical effects. Since the pandemic situation, students have received more assignments and other tasks due to the shift of classes to an online mode. Students may not realize that they are stressed, but it may be evident from other factors, including sleep deprivation and changes in eating habits. In this context, this paper presents a novel ensemble learning approach that proposes an architecture for stress level classification. It analyzes certain factors such as the sleep hours, productive time periods, screen time, weekly assignments and their submission statuses, and the studying methodology that contribute to stress among the students by collecting a survey from the student community. The survey data are preprocessed to categorize stress levels into three categories: highly stressed, manageable stress, and no stress. For the analysis of the minority class, oversampling methodology is used to remove the imbalance in the dataset, and decision tree, random forest classifier, AdaBoost, gradient boost, and ensemble learning algorithms with various combinations are implemented. To assess the model’s performance, different metrics were used, such as the confusion matrix, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The results showed that the efficient ensemble learning academic stress classifier gave an accuracy of 93.48% and an F1 score of 93.14%. Fivefold cross-validation was also performed, and an accuracy of 93.45% was achieved. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) value gave an accuracy of 98% for the no-stress category, while providing a 91% true positive rate for manageable and high-stress classes. The proposed ensemble learning with fivefold cross-validation outperformed various state-of-the-art algorithms to predict the stress level accurately. By using these results, students can identify areas for improvement, thereby reducing their stress levels and altering their academic lifestyles, thereby making our stress prediction approach more effective.
HCV RNA Quantification by a Domestic Commercial Assay: A Case Study among People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam
Authors: Nhu Quynh Bach Thi , Thuy Linh Le Thi , Nguyen Hong Thi , Thanh Binh Nguyen , Rapoud Delphine , Quillet Catherine , Tran Hong Thi , Vallo Roselyne , Tuyet Thanh Nham Thi , Michel Laurent , Weiss Laurence , Perre Philippe Vande , Hai Vinh Vu , Nagot Nicolas , Hai Oanh Khuat Thi , Des Jarlais Don , Duong Huong Thi , Minh Khue Pham , Laureillard Didier , Molès Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2023

The desired performance of nucleic acid testing (NAT) may vary if used for disease diagnosis or for the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment, although in most cases, the same assay is used. However, these tests may not be affordable in many situations including in low/middle income countries that in response have developed domestic assays. Given the example of HCV NAT among people who inject drugs in Vietnam, we aimed at evaluating a domestic assay versus an FDA- and CE-approved assay. This cross-evaluation revealed that (i) the domestic assay had a poorer sensitivity with a threshold of detection above 104 IU/mL, and (ii) the FDA-approved assay had a percentage of false negative results close to 1%. Together, in the present study, the domestic assay had a performance compatible with diagnosis purposes (given that this population was 70% HCV seropositive) but not compatible with HCV treatment monitoring (given that treatment failures are rare and the observed viremia frequently below the threshold of detection). This study highlights the need for a proper evaluation of HCV RNA domestic assays in order to efficiently contribute to the WHO HCV elimination target by 2030.
Preoperative Prediction of New Vertebral Fractures after Vertebral Augmentation with a Radiomics Nomogram
Authors: Jiang Yang , Zhang Wei , Huang Shihao , Huang Qing , Ye Haoyi , Zeng Yurong , Hua Xin , Cai Jinhui , Liu Zhifeng , Liu Qingyu
Published: November 2023

The occurrence of new vertebral fractures (NVFs) after vertebral augmentation (VA) procedures is common in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs), leading to painful experiences and financial burdens. We aim to develop a radiomics nomogram for the preoperative prediction of NVFs after VA. Data from center 1 (training set: n = 153; internal validation set: n = 66) and center 2 (external validation set: n = 44) were retrospectively collected. Radiomics features were extracted from MRI images and radiomics scores (radscores) were constructed for each level-specific vertebra based on least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). The radiomics nomogram, integrating radiomics signature with presence of intravertebral cleft and number of previous vertebral fractures, was developed by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The predictive performance of the vertebrae was level-specific based on radscores and was generally superior to clinical variables. RadscoreL2 had the optimal discrimination (AUC ≥ 0.751). The nomogram provided good predictive performance (AUC ≥ 0.834), favorable calibration, and large clinical net benefits in each set. It was used successfully to categorize patients into high- or low-risk subgroups. As a noninvasive preoperative prediction tool, the MRI-based radiomics nomogram holds great promise for individualized prediction of NVFs following VA.
Impact of Digitalization of Sales on the Profitability of the Restaurant Industry during COVID-19
Authors: González Morales Mónica , Cavero Rubio José Antonio
Published: November 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the restaurant industry. Temporary shutdowns and seating capacity restrictions led to a sharp drop in sales. In this scenario, digitalization emerged as a crucial strategy for business survival, offering opportunities to increase restaurants’ competitiveness and revenues. This study examines the financial profitability of restaurants during 2020, comparing establishments with digital sales tools to those without. Multiple linear regression results indicate that liquidity, sales growth, restaurant size, and having a website directly influenced profitability. In addition, restaurants with their own online ordering and home delivery services or associated with delivery platforms experienced lower profitability losses. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of digitalization in the restaurant sector during the pandemic, providing valuable practical and theoretical implications for the industry in similar contexts.
Deploying a Low-Cost Wi-Fi-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Network in a Shopping Mall Parking Lot: An Empirical Study
Authors: Sarkar Nurul I. , Ahmed Foysal , Gul Sonia
Published: November 2023

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have the potential to reduce car accidents by facilitating connectivity and warning message exchange between vehicles, both on roads and in parking lots. This research endeavored to accomplish three primary goals: conducting a field measurement in the parking lot of a large shopping mall in Auckland, developing an OPNET-based simulation model to analyze and validate the system performance, and analyzing the compatibility between five selected radio propagation models (Free-space, Shadowing Path-loss, Egli, Hata, and COST231). These models were selected based on their popularity and relevance to our study. We found that the “Free Space” model outperforms in the scenario in which measurements were conducted from the Level-1 car park to the Roadside. The received signal strengths in the parking lot ranged from −45 dBm to −92 dBm. This research also examines the coverage distance for the successful transmission of warning messages, achieving up to 57 m, 17.5 m, 9.4 m, and 68 m at parking levels 1, 2, 3, and the roadside, respectively. Research findings reveal that a low-cost Wi-Fi-based VANET system can be utilized to prevent car accidents in parking lots. Finally, we provide guidelines for network planners to deploy Wi-Fi-based VANET systems in parking lots.
Hydrate Formation from Joule Thomson Expansion Using a Single Pass Flowloop
Authors: Jeong Kwanghee , Norris Bruce W. E. , May Eric F. , Aman Zachary M.
Published: November 2023

Hydrate risk management is critically important for an energy industry that continues to see increasing demand. Hydrate formation in production lines is a potential threat under low temperature and high-pressure conditions where water and light gas molecules are present. Here, we introduce a 1-inch OD single-pass flow loop and demonstrate the Joule-Thomson (JT) expansion of a methane-ethane mixture. Initially, dry gas flowed through the apparatus at a variable pressure-differential. Larger pressure differentials resulted in more cooling, as predicted by standard thermodynamic models. A systematic deviation noted at higher pressure differentials was partially rectified through corrections incorporating heat transfer, thermal mass and kinetic energy effects. A wet gas system was then investigated with varying degrees of water injection. At the lowest rate, hydrate plugging occurred close to the expansion point and faster than for higher injection rates. This immediate and severe hydrate plugging has important implications for the design of safety relief systems in particular. Furthermore, this rate of plugging could not be predicted by existing software tools, suggesting that the atomization of liquids over an expansion valve is a critical missing component that must be incorporated for accurate predictions of hydrate plug formation severity.
Technology Route Options of China’s Sustainable Aviation Fuel: Analysis Based on the TOPSIS Method
Authors: Chen Yuxiu , Xu Chunxia , Yang Xiaojun , He Xiaojia , Zhang Zongwei , Yu Jian , Quan Liyan , Yang Shiqi
Published: November 2023

Developing production technology pathways of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) that align with China’s national conditions and aviation transportation needs is crucial for promoting the SAF industry and achieving China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. This article first projects the future SAF demand in China for the coming decades. Using SAF demand data as an input, this article employs the TOPSIS analysis method to comprehensively evaluate the suitability of four SAF production technology pathways at different stages of development in China, which are Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Alcohol-to-Jet (AtJ), Natural Gas + Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (G + FT), and Power-to-Liquid (PtL). The research results reveal the following trends: HEFA-based processes are the most suitable technology pathways for China in the near term; the G + FT route, based on energy crops, appears the most likely to support civil aviation needs in the medium to long term. In the long run, the PtL route holds significant potential, especially with the decreasing costs of green electricity, advancements in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology, and improvements in SAF synthesis methods. In the final section of this article, we provide recommendations to drive the development of the SAF industry in China.
The Study of SCR Mechanism on LaMn1−xFexO3 Catalyst Surface Based DFT
Authors: Ren Dongdong , Lin Kangshuai , Mao Taipeng , Luo Siyi , Liu Kaijie , Zuo Zongliang , Gui Keting
Published: November 2023

Perovskite SCR catalysts have become a hot research topic in the field of de-NOx catalyst development. This article selects LaMnO3 with high performance as the research object, modifies the catalyst by doping some iron elements instead of manganese elements, and applies density functional theory to study its reaction mechanism, providing theoretical reference for further research on perovskite. Research has found that several main reactants such as NH3, NO, and O2 can form stable adsorption at the active site, with NO more inclined to adsorb at the nitrogen atom end at the active site. The oxidation of O2 molecules after adsorption is greater than that of the active site. The adsorption capacity of the Mn active site of the catalyst before modification on the above molecules is weaker than that of the Fe active site introduced after modification. Under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions in the SCR reaction process, NH3 molecules are first adsorbed at the active site, and then influenced by lattice oxygen under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, they are gradually dehydrogenated and produce NH2 and NH radicals. These two radicals react with NO molecules to form intermediate products in the form of NH2NO and NHNO molecules. Due to the instability of the intermediate products, they ultimately decompose into N2 and H2O molecules. The introduction of Fe active sites can increase the generation of NH2 and NH radicals during the reaction process and simplify the reaction process between NH2 radicals and NO molecules, which will be conducive to the completion of the reaction.
Combining Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology to Optimize the Drilling Operating Parameters of MDF Panels
Authors: Bedelean Bogdan , Ispas Mihai , Răcășan Sergiu
Published: November 2023

Most of the parts of furniture made of medium density fiberboards (MDF) require at least one hole to be assembled. The drilling technological parameters influence the quality of holes. Factors such as tip angle of the drill bit, feed rate, type and diameter of the drill bit, and spindle rotational speed could affect the drilling process. Therefore, the right choosing of drilling parameters is a mandatory condition to improve the drilling efficiency that is expressed through tool durability, cost, and quality of the drilling. Thus, in this work, we are proposed an approach that consists in combining two modelling techniques, which were successfully applied in various fields, namely artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM), to analyze and optimize the drilling process of MDF boards. Four artificial neural network models with a reasonable accuracy were developed to predict the analyzed responses, namely delamination factor at inlet, delamination factor at outlet, thrust force, and drilling torque. These models were used to complete the experimental design that was requested by the RSM. The optimum values of the selected factors and their influence on the drilling process of the MDF boards were revealed. A part of optimum combinations among analyzed factors could be used both during the drilling of the MDF boards and prelaminated wood particleboards.
Characteristics of Koji Using Liquid Starter for Soy Sauce Production
Authors: Choi Jonghoon , Kwon Taeeun , Park Yeongbin , Kim Augustine Yonghwi
Published: November 2023

Soy sauce is a widely consumed seasoning derived from soybeans and wheat. This study explored the application of innovative techniques to enhance the traditional soy sauce preparation process. Fungi were isolated from a commercial koji starter, and the Aspergillus oryzae strain BJ-1 was identified. Additionally, an examination of the methods to optimize the medium composition for liquid starters revealed the impact of varying the medium composition on mycelial growth and enzyme activity. Specifically, compositions containing >10% defatted soybean meal and wheat in a 55:45 ratio resulted in elevated mycelial growth and enzymatic activity, making them promising candidates for koji production. The effect of different inoculation ratios of liquid starter on the characteristics of koji was also investigated, and a 10% inoculum was found to be preferable because of its advantageous characteristics of enzyme activities and pH for soy sauce production. This study contributes to the enhancement of the efficiency and safety of soy sauce production through innovative liquid culture techniques.
Effect of Feed Texture and Dimensions, on Feed Waste Type and Feeding Efficiency in Juvenile Sagmariasus verreauxi
Authors: Kropielnicka-Kruk Katarzyna , Fitzgibbon Quinn P. , Codabaccus Mohamed B. , Trotter Andrew J. , Carter Chris G. , Smith Gregory G.
Published: November 2023

The “messy” feeding behaviour of spiny lobsters remains an obstacle for formulated feed development. This study examined the relationship between feeding efficiency and feed waste by juvenile spiny lobster, Sagmariasus verreauxi, fed different formulated pellet diameters or lengths across two separate experiments. Feed texture (hard and dry pellet, HDP; soft and moist pellet, SMP) was also examined. Juvenile lobsters were fed experimental feeds at 0.5% BW daily over a 6 h duration. The resulting feed waste was categorised as either feeding-related waste (FRW) or non-feeding-related waste (NFRW). For all feed types, the FRW increased with increasing pellet diameter and pellet length. The increase in FRW corresponded with a decrease in NFRW, particularly for HDP, resulting in no difference in total feed waste in any treatment investigated. Thus, even with improved feeding efficiency with small feed dimensions, feed intake was not improved. Feed leaching rate decreased with increasing pellet size, suggesting a more rapid decline in feed attractiveness for smaller pellets. This finding indicates that currently a counteractive interaction exists between pellet size and feed attractiveness and suggests improving attractiveness would further enhance feeding. Future research should aim at optimising feed dimensions simultaneously to support efficient feeding whilst enhancing attraction/gustatory stimulations.
Insight into the Inhibitory Mechanisms of Hesperidin on α-Glucosidase through Kinetics, Fluorescence Quenching, and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Kaliaperumal Kumaravel , Zhang Linyan , Gao Liangliang , Xiong Qin , Liang Yan , Jiang Yueming , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2023

The α-glucosidase inhibitor is of interest to researchers due to its association with type-II diabetes treatment by suppressing postprandial hyperglycemia. Hesperidin is a major flavonoid in orange fruit with diverse biological properties. This paper evaluates the effects of hesperidin on α-glucosidase through inhibitory kinetics, fluorescence quenching, and molecular docking methods for the first time. The inhibition kinetic analysis shows that hesperidin reversibly inhibited the α-glucosidase activity with an IC50 value of 18.52 μM and the inhibition was performed in an uncompetitive type. The fluorescence quenching studies indicate that the intrinsic fluorescence of α-glucosidase was quenched via a static quenching process and only one binding site was present between the hesperidin and α-glucosidase. The interaction between them was spontaneous and mainly driven by hydrogen bonds, as well as hydrophobic forces. Furthermore, the molecular docking results suggest that hesperidin might bond to the entrance or outlet part of the active site of α-glucosidase through a network of five hydrogen bonds formed between hesperidin and the four amino acid residues (Trp709, Arg422, Asn424, and Arg467) of α-glucosidase and the hydrophobic effects. These results provide new insight into the inhibitory mechanisms of hesperidin on α-glucosidase, supporting the potential application of a hesperidin-rich orange product as a hypoglycemic functional food.
The Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum x3-2b Bacterial Powder on the Physicochemical Quality and Biogenic Amines of Fermented Lamb Jerky
Authors: Li Xiaotong , Hu Guanhua , Sun Xueying , Sun Erke , Zhang Yue , Zhong Yancheng , Su Lin , Jin Ye , Yang Fan , Zhao Lihua
Published: November 2023

In this study, a protective agent was added to prepare a high-activity Lactiplantibacillus plantarum x3-2b bacterial powder as a fermentation agent and explore its effect on the physicochemical quality, biogenic amines, and flavor of fermented lamb jerky. A composite protective agent, composed of 15% skim milk powder and 10% trehalose, was used, and bacterial mud was mixed with the protective agent at a 1:1.2 mass ratio. The resulting freeze-dried bacterial powder achieved a viable count of 5.1 lg CFU/g with a lyophilization survival rate of 87.58%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed enhanced cell coverage by the composite protective agent, maintaining the cell membrane’s integrity. Inoculation with x3-2b bacterial powder increased the pH and the reduction in aw, enhanced the appearance and texture of fermented lamb jerky, increased the variety and quantity of flavor compounds, and reduced the accumulation of biogenic amines (phenethylamine, histamine, and putrescine). This research provides a theoretical basis for improving and regulating the quality of lamb jerky and establishes a foundation for the development of bacterial powder for the commercial fermentation of meat products.
Effects of Isochoric Freezing on the Quality Characteristics of Raw Bovine Milk
Authors: Maida Alan L. , Bilbao-Sainz Cristina , Karman Andrew , Takeoka Gary , Powell-Palm Matthew J. , Rubinsky Boris
Published: November 2023

This study investigated the effects of isochoric freezing (IF) on the shelf-life and quality of raw bovine milk over a 5-week period. The results were compared with conventional refrigeration (RF) and refrigeration after pasteurization (HTST). The IF treatment process entailed storing liquid raw milk in isochoric chambers in thermodynamic equilibrium at −5 °C/77 MPa and −10 °C/96 MPa. Several parameters were analyzed, including microbiology count, physicochemical properties, indigenous enzyme activity, protein content, volatile organic compounds profile, and lipid degradation. Both raw and pasteurized milk experienced increases in the microbial level past the acceptable threshold (≥5.5 log CFU/mL) after 2 weeks and 5 weeks, respectively, leading to the deterioration of other parameters during storage. In comparison, microbiology count decreased significantly during storage for both IF treatment conditions but was more pronounced for the higher pressure (96 MPa) treatment, leading to undetectable levels of microorganism after 5 weeks. IF treatment maintained stable pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, lipid oxidation, volatile profiles, total protein content, and lactoperoxidase activity throughout the storage period. Color was preserved during IF treatment at −5 °C/77 MPa; however, color was impacted during IF treatment at −10 °C/96 MPa. Protein structures were also modified during pressurized storage in both IF treatments. Overall, the study demonstrated that isochoric freezing could significantly increase the shelf-life of milk by reducing microbiology activity, whilst maintaining its nutritional content. These results underscore the potential role of isochoric freezing as a valuable tool in eliminating pathogens while maintaining quality characteristics similar to raw milk over long storage periods.
Exoplanets around Red Giants: Distribution and Habitability
Authors: Chen Ruixuan E. , Jiang Jonathan H. , Rosen Philip E. , Fahy Kristen A. , Chen Yanbei
Published: November 2023

As the search for exoplanets continues, more are being discovered orbiting Red Giant stars. We use current data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive to investigate planet distribution around Red Giant stars and their presence in the host’s habitable zone. As well, we explore the distribution of planet mass and orbital semi major axis for evolved stars with increasing stellar radii. From the distance distribution of the planets, we found evidence of engulfment during the post-Main Sequence evolution of the star. We found 9 Red Giant-hosted exoplanets, and 21 Subgiant-hosted exoplanets to be in the optimistically calculated habitable zone, 5 and 17 of which are in a more conservatively calculated habitable zone. All the planets detected within their habitable zone orbit stars that are in early stages of evolution. We believe that with more powerful instrumentation, more habitable planets may be found around stars that are in later stages of evolution.
A Study of the Properties and Dynamics of the Disk of Satellites in a Milky-Way-like Galaxy System
Authors: Zhao Xinghai , Mathews Grant J. , Phillips Lara Arielle , Tang Guobao
Published: November 2023

The dynamics of the satellite systems of Milky-Way-like galaxies offer a useful means by which to study the galaxy formation process in the cosmological context. It has been suggested that the currently observed anisotropic distribution of the satellites in such galaxy systems is inconsistent with the concordance ΛCDM cosmology model on the galactic scale if the observed satellites are random samples of the dark matter (DM) sub-halos that are nearly isotropically distributed around the central galaxy. In this study, we present original high-resolution zoom-in studies of central galaxies and satellite systems based upon initial conditions for the DM distribution from the Aquarius simulations but with substantial high-resolution baryon physics added. We find that the galaxy most like the Milky Way in this study does indeed contain a disk of satellites (DOS). Although one galaxy DOS system does not answer the question of how common such disks are, it does allow the opportunity to explore the properties and dynamics of the DOS system. Our investigation centers on the spatial arrangement (distances, angles, etc.) of satellites in this Milky-Way-like galaxy system with a specific emphasis on identifying and analyzing the disk-like structure along with its dynamical and morphological properties. Among the conclusions from this study, we find that the satellites and DM sub-halos in the galaxy simulations are anisotropically distributed. The dynamical properties of the satellites, however, indicate that the direction of the angular momentum vector of the whole satellite system is different from the normal direction of the fitted DOS and from the normal direction of the velocity dispersion of the system. Hence, the fitted DOS appears to be comprised of infalling sub-halos and is not a rotationally supported system.
Donor Cell Acute Myeloid Leukemia after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Micheloni Giovanni , Frattini Annalisa , Donini Marta , Dusi Stefano , Leszl Anna , Di Meglio Annamaria , Pigazzi Martina , Musio Antonio , Zecca Marco , Mina Tommaso , Rabusin Marco , Roccia Pamela , Bernasconi Paolo , Dambruoso Irene , Minelli Antonella , Montalbano Giuseppe , Acquati Francesco , Porta Giovanni , Valli Roberto , Pasquali Francesco
Published: November 2023

The patient reported here underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) due to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) caused by biallelic mutations of the NCF1 gene. Two years later, he developed AML, which was unexpected and was recognized via sex-mismatched chromosomes as deriving from the donor cells; the patient was male, and the donor was his sister. Donor cell leukemia (DCL) is very rare, and it had never been reported in patients with CGD after HSCT. In the subsequent ten years, the AML relapsed three times and the patient underwent chemotherapy and three further HSCTs; donors were the same sister from the first HSCT, an unrelated donor, and his mother. The patient died during the third relapse. The DCL was characterized since onset by an acquired translocation between chromosomes 9 and 11, with a molecular rearrangement between the MLL and MLLT3 genes—a quite frequent cause of AML. In all of the relapses, the malignant clone had XX sex chromosomes and this rearrangement, thus indicating that it was always the original clone derived from the transplanted sister’s cells. It exhibited the ability to remain quiescent in the BM during repeated chemotherapy courses, remission periods and HSCT. The leukemic clone then acquired different additional anomalies during the ten years of follow-up, with cytogenetic results characterized both by anomalies frequent in AML and by different, non-recurrent changes. This type of cytogenetic course is uncommon in AML.
Endophytic Fungal Infection of Meadow Fescue in the Driftless Area of the Upper Mississippi River Valley: Impacts on Agronomic Fitness
Authors: Casler Michael D. , Waldron Blair L.
Published: November 2023

Meadow fescue, Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv., has recently been discovered as a common but previously unknown pasture grass in the Driftless Area of the upper Mississippi River Valley, USA. Preliminary data also indicated that many meadow fescue pastures were infected with an endophytic fungus, Epichloë uncinata (W. Gams, Petrini & D. Schmidt) Leuchtm. & Schardl. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if the endophyte impacts agronomic fitness of the host meadow fescue. Meadow fescue plants from eight farm sites were intensively sampled, and endophyte infection levels were determined to range from 82 to 95%. Paired endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E−) meadow fescue subpopulations from each collection site were then created, and were subsequently compared for greenhouse and field drought tolerance, forage mass, and persistence under frequent defoliation. There was no impact of the endophyte under a wide range of drought conditions for either greenhouse or field studies. Furthermore, there was a small forage-mass-enhancement effect in the E+ subpopulation for only one of the eight collection sites. The only consistent effect was an average of 9% increased ground cover (persistence) in endophyte-infected meadow fescue under frequent defoliation. As per other studies, enhanced root growth, fungal-disease resistance, and/or reduced insect feeding could be mechanisms for this increased survivorship. We conclude that the meadow fescue endophytes present in the Driftless Area do not help protect their host from drought or provide any consistent forage-growth enhancement; however, we found evidence that the endophyte provides some protection against frequent defoliation at low residual sward heights.
The Epidemiological and Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Kazakhstan: An Agent-Based Modeling
Authors: Koichubekov Berik , Takuadina Aliya , Korshukov Ilya , Sorokina Marina , Turmukhambetova Anar
Published: November 2023

Background: Our study aimed to assess how effective the preventative measures taken by the state authorities during the pandemic were in terms of public health protection and the rational use of material and human resources. Materials and Methods: We utilized a stochastic agent-based model for COVID-19’s spread combined with the WHO-recommended COVID-ESFT version 2.0 tool for material and labor cost estimation. Results: Our long-term forecasts (up to 50 days) showed satisfactory results with a steady trend in the total cases. However, the short-term forecasts (up to 10 days) were more accurate during periods of relative stability interrupted by sudden outbreaks. The simulations indicated that the infection’s spread was highest within families, with most COVID-19 cases occurring in the 26–59 age group. Government interventions resulted in 3.2 times fewer cases in Karaganda than predicted under a “no intervention” scenario, yielding an estimated economic benefit of 40%. Conclusion: The combined tool we propose can accurately forecast the progression of the infection, enabling health organizations to allocate specialists and material resources in a timely manner.
Compliance among Registered Nurses and Doctors in Critical Care Units: Challenges Affecting Their Adherence to Standard Precautions
Authors: Elseesy Naglaa Abdelaziz Mahmoud , Al-Zahrani Ahlam Eidah , Kandil Faten Shawky , Mahsoon Alaa , Elhady Mona Mohamed
Published: November 2023

(1) Background: Awareness and compliance with standard precautions (SPs) are essential health issues for both healthcare staff and patients. Hence, more research is urgently needed in the health sector worldwide, particularly in Arab countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate compliance with SPs among nurses and doctors, as well as challenges affecting their adherence to these SPs. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The researchers administered the compliance with the Standard Precautions Scale (CAPS) to staff nurses and doctors from critical care units at a university-affiliated hospital in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A total of 112 nurses and 59 doctors were enrolled in the study to determine their compliance with SPs as well as the challenges affecting their adherence to these SPs. (3) Results: The overall mean percentage scores of nurses’ and doctors’ compliance with SPs were 36.43 ± 15.85% and 33.27 ± 15.76%, respectively. In addition, the current study identified associated challenges affecting these healthcare workers’ adherence to these SPs, including the effect of sociodemographic factors, such as age and experience. (4) Conclusions: The study found that both nurses and doctors had poor compliance with all SPs except for disposal of sharps, which scored with suboptimal compliance. Nurses’ compliance with recommended precautions varied significantly according to age, clinical experience, and attendance at training courses. Healthcare organizations should consider a holistic approach to promote adherence to SPs to enhance outcomes associated with optimized care delivery and stakeholder safety.
The High Potential of Micro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Identification of Archaeological Reeds: The Case Study of Tutankhamun
Authors: Moricca Claudia , Stagno Valeria , Hamza Nagmeldeen Morshed , Favero Gabriele , Sadori Laura , Capuani Silvia
Published: November 2023

This study explores the potential of micro-magnetic resonance imaging (μ-MRI) for identifying archaeological reeds found in the tomb of Tutankhamun. Reed plants had various historical uses in the past, with ancient Egyptians extensively employing them for crafting a wide range of items. The distinct cross-sectional characteristics of Arundo donax (giant reed) and Phragmites australis (common reed) are observed and described via optical microscopy and μ-MRI in this study. While optical microscopy offers higher resolution, μ-MRI provides advantages for studying archaeobotanical specimens, as it eliminates the need for mechanical sectioning and potentially damaging fragile samples. The application of μ-MRI on a selected archaeological reed allowed us to identify it as Phragmites australis, showing that μ-MRI can yield clear images, maintaining the integrity of the sample. In contrast, diagnostic features appeared greatly deformed on the thin section observed via optical microscopy. Despite the limitations related to the sample size and the need for sample soaking, μ-MRI presents a valuable tool for analyzing archaeological remains in the field of cultural heritage, with the potential for broader applications. Overall, this study contributes to expanding the toolkit available to researchers studying plant remains, providing insights into reed identification and preservation in archaeological contexts.
Associations between Power Training-Induced Changes in Body Composition and Physical Function in Older Men: A Pre-Test–Post-Test Experimental Study
Authors: Fosstveit Sindre H. , Lindberg Kolbjørn , Bjørnsen Thomas , Sibayan Erlend E. , Fjeller Joachim S. , Løvold Sondre , Kolnes Tommy , Vårvik Fredrik T. , Berntsen Sveinung , Lohne-Seiler Hilde
Published: November 2023

Background: It is well-established that cross-sectional measurements of poor body composition are associated with impaired physical function and that power training effectively enhances total lean mass and physical function in older adults. However, it is unclear if power training-induced changes in body composition are associated with improved physical function in older adults. Aim: The present study investigated associations between body composition and physical function cross-sectionally and with power training-induced changes in older men. Methods: Forty-nine older men (68 ± 5 yrs) completed a 10-week biweekly power training intervention. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical function was assessed as a composite Z-score combining measures from Sit-to-stand power, Timed up-and-go time, and loaded and unloaded Stair-climbing time (15 steps). Linear and quadratic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between body composition and physical function. Results: At baseline, total (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05) and percentage body fat (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05) showed a non-linear relationship with physical function. The apex of the quadratic regression for body composition was 21.5% body fat. Furthermore, there was a non-linear relationship between changes in body fat percentage and physical function from pre- to post-intervention (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study’s findings indicate that participants with a body composition of ~20% body fat displayed the highest level of physical function at baseline. Furthermore, despite small pre–post changes in body fat, the results indicate that those who either preserved their body fat percentage or experienced minor alterations observed the greatest improvements in physical function.
ZNF643/ZFP69B Exerts Oncogenic Properties and Associates with Cell Adhesion and Immune Processes
Authors: Oleksiewicz Urszula , Machnik Marta , Sobocińska Joanna , Molenda Sara , Olechnowicz Anna , Florczak Anna , Mierzejewska Julia , Adamczak Dominika , Smolibowski Mikołaj , Kaczmarek Mariusz , Mackiewicz Andrzej
Published: November 2023

The global cancer burden remains high; thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving carcinogenesis is needed to improve current prevention and treatment options. We previously detected the ZNF643/ZFP69B gene upregulated in multiple tumors, and we speculated it may play a role in tumor biology. To test this hypothesis, we employed TCGA-centered databases to correlate ZNF643 status with various clinicopathological parameters. We also performed RNA-seq analysis and in vitro studies assessing cancer cell phenotypes, and we searched for ZNF643-bound genomic loci. Our data indicated higher levels of ZNF643 in most analyzed tumors compared to normal samples, possibly due to copy number variations. ZNF643 mRNA correlated with diverse molecular and immune subtypes and clinicopathological features (tumor stage, grade, patient survival). RNA-seq analysis revealed that ZNF643 silencing triggers the deregulation of the genes implicated in various cancer-related processes, such as growth, adhesion, and immune system. Moreover, we observed that ZNF643 positively influences cell cycle, migration, and invasion. Finally, our ChIP-seq analysis indicated that the genes associated with ZNF643 binding are linked to adhesion and immune signaling. In conclusion, our data confirm the oncogenic properties of ZNF643 and pinpoint its impact on cell adhesion and immune processes.
Macrocystis pyrifera Lipids Reduce Cytokine-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Signalling and Barrier Dysfunction in Human Keratinocyte Models
Authors: Kok Jamie M. L. , Dowd Georgina C. , Cabral Jaydee D. , Wise Lyn M.
Published: November 2023

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition where epidermal barrier dysfunction and cytokine production by infiltrating immune cells exacerbate skin inflammation and damage. A total lipid extract from Macrocystis pyrifera, a brown seaweed, was previously reported to suppress inflammatory responses in monocytes. Here, treatment of human HaCaT keratinocytes with M. pyrifera lipids inhibited tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced TNF receptor-associated factor 2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 protein production. HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 showed loss of claudin-1 tight junctions, but little improvement was observed following lipid pre-treatment. Three-dimensional cultures of HaCaT cells differentiated at the air–liquid interface showed increased MCP-1 production, loss of claudin-1 tight junctions, and trans-epidermal leakage with TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-13 stimulation, with all parameters reduced by lipid pre-treatment. These findings suggest that M. pyrifera lipids have anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective effects on keratinocytes, which may be beneficial for the treatment of atopic dermatitis or other skin conditions.
Dynamic Up-Regulation of PD-L1 in the Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Steen Sonja , Semmelmayer Karl , Flechtenmacher Christa , Hoffmann Jürgen , Freier Kolja , Horn Dominik , Hess Jochen , Freudlsperger Christian , Moratin Julius
Published: November 2023

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibition for recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer has brought a new treatment option for patients suffering from advanced oral cancers without a chance for curation using surgery or radiotherapy. The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in most cases is based on the expression levels of PD-L1 in the tumor tissue. To date, there is a lack of data on the dynamic regulation of PD-L1 during disease progression. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of PD-L1 in a large cohort of patients (n = 222) with oral squamous cell carcinoma including primary and recurrent tumors. Semiautomatic digital pathology scoring was used for the assessment of PD-L1 expression levels in primary and recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the protein expression at different stages of the disease. We found a significant up-regulation of PD-L1 expression from primary disease to recurrent tumors (mean PD-L1 H-scores: primary tumors: 47.1 ± 31.4; recurrent tumors: 103.5 ± 62.8, p < 0.001). In several cases, a shift from low PD-L1 expression in primary tumors to high PD-L1 expression in recurrent tumors was identified. Multivariate Cox regression analysis did not reveal a significantly higher risk of death (p = 0.078) or recurrence (p = 0.926) in patients with higher PD-L1 expression. Our findings indicate that the exclusive analysis of primary tumor tissue prior to the application of checkpoint blockade may lead to the misjudgment of PD-L1 expression in recurrent tumors.
Composition-Dependent Protein–Material Interaction of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate-co-styrene) Nanoparticle Series
Authors: Seifert Barbara , Baudis Stefan , Wischke Christian
Published: November 2023

Polymer nanoparticles continue to be of high interest in life science applications. Still, adsorption processes occurring in protein-containing media and their implications for biological responses are not generally predictable. Here, the effect of nanoparticle composition on the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA), fibronectin (FN) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) as structurally and functionally different model proteins was explored by systematically altering the composition of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene) nanoparticles with sizes in a range of about 550 nm. As determined by protein depletion from the suspension medium via a colorimetric assay, BSA and IgG adsorbed at similar quantities, while FN reached larger masses of adsorbed protein (up to 0.4 ± 0.06 µg·cm−2 BSA, 0.42 ± 0.09 µg·cm−2 IgG, 0.72 ± 0.04 µg·cm−2 FN). A higher content of styrene as the more hydrophobic polymer component enhanced protein binding, which suggests a contribution of hydrophobic interactions despite the particles exhibiting strongly negatively charged surfaces with zeta potentials of −44 to −52 mV. The quantities of adsorbed proteins were estimated to correspond to a confluent surface coverage. Overall, this study illustrated how protein binding can be controlled by systematically varying the nanoparticle bulk composition and may serve as a basis for establishing interfaces with a targeted level of protein retention and/or presentation.
The Reaction of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Contamination of the Medium with Aflatoxins B2 and G1, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone in Aerobic Cultures
Authors: Kłosowski Grzegorz , Koim-Puchowska Beata , Dróżdż-Afelt Joanna , Mikulski Dawid
Published: November 2023

The mechanisms by which yeast cells respond to environmental stress include the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the reduction of oxidative stress. The response of yeast exposed to aflatoxins B2+G1 (AFB2+G1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in aerobic conditions was studied. After 72 h of yeast cultivation in media contaminated with mycotoxins, the growth of yeast biomass, the level of malondialdehyde, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase were examined; the expression profile of the following heat shock proteins was also determined: HSP31, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP104. It was demonstrated that at the tested concentrations, both AFB2+G1 and ZEA inhibited yeast biomass growth. OTA at a concentration of 8.4 [µg/L] raised the MDA level. Intensified lipoperoxidation and increased activity of SOD and GPx were observed, regardless of the level of contamination with ZEA (300 µg/L or 900 µg/L). Increased contamination with AFB2+G1 and OTA caused an increase in the production of most HSPs tested (HSP31, HSP40, HSP70, HSP104). ZEA contamination in the used concentration ranges reduced the production of HSP31. The response of yeast cells to the presence of mycotoxin as a stressor resulted in the expression of certain HSPs, but the response was not systematic, which was manifested in different profiles of protein expression depending on the mycotoxin used. The tested mycotoxins influenced the induction of oxidative stress in yeast cells to varying degrees, which resulted in the activation of mainly SOD without GST mobilization or with a small involvement of GPx.
Targeting Epigenetic Regulators with HDAC and BET Inhibitors to Modulate Muscle Wasting
Authors: Nevi Lorenzo , Pöllänen Noora , Penna Fabio , Caretti Giuseppina
Published: November 2023

Epigenetic changes contribute to the profound alteration in the transcriptional program associated with the onset and progression of muscle wasting in several pathological conditions. Although HDACs and their inhibitors have been extensively studied in the field of muscular dystrophies, the potential of epigenetic inhibitors has only been marginally explored in other disorders associated with muscle atrophy, such as in cancer cachexia and sarcopenia. BET inhibitors represent a novel class of recently developed epigenetic drugs that display beneficial effects in a variety of diseases beyond malignancies. Based on the preliminary in vitro and preclinical data, HDACs and BET proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia and sarcopenia, modulating processes related to skeletal muscle mass maintenance and/or metabolism. Thus, epigenetic drugs targeting HDACs and BET proteins may emerge as promising strategies to reverse the catabolic phenotype associated with cachexia and sarcopenia. Further preclinical studies are warranted to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms associated with the functions of HDACs and BET proteins in muscle atrophy and to establish whether their epigenetic inhibitors represent a prospective therapeutic avenue to alleviate muscle wasting.