bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Eimeria tenella Oocyst Dose on Parasite Replication, Lesion Score and Cytokine Transcription in the Caeca in Three Breeds of Commercial Layer Chickens
Authors: Soutter Francesca , Werling Dirk , Kim Sungwon , Pastor-Fernández Iván , Marugán-Hernández Virginia , Tomley Fiona M. , Blake Damer P.
Published: February 2021

Eimeria species parasites infect the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, causing disease and impacting on production. The poultry industry relies on anticoccidial drugs and live vaccines to control Eimeria and there is a need for novel, scalable alternatives. Understanding the outcomes of experimental infection in commercial chickens is valuable for assessment of novel interventions. We examined the impact of different infectious doses of Eimeria tenella (one low dose, three high doses) in three commercial layer chicken lines, evaluating lesion score, parasite replication and cytokine response in the caeca. Groups of eight to ten chickens were housed together and infected with 250, 4,000, 8,000 or 12,000 sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. Five days post-infection caeca were assessed for lesions and to quantify parasite replication by qPCR and cytokine transcription by RT-qPCR. Comparison of the three high doses revealed no significant variation between them in observed lesions or parasite replication with all being significantly higher than the low dose infection. Transcription of IFN-γ and IL-10 increased in all infected chickens relative to unchallenged controls, with no significant differences associated with dose magnitude (p > 0.05). No significant differences were detected in lesion score, parasite replication or caecal cytokine expression between the three lines of chickens. We therefore propose 4,000 E. tenella oocysts is a sufficient dose to reliably induce lesions in commercial layer chickens, and that estimates of parasite replication can be derived by qPCR from these same birds. However, more accurate quantification of Eimeria replication requires a separate low dose challenge group. Optimisation of challenge dose in an appropriate chicken line is essential to maximize the value of in vivo efficacy studies. For coccidiosis, this approach can reduce the numbers of chickens required for statistically significant studies and reduce experimental severity.
Approximation Ratios of RePair, LongestMatch and Greedy on Unary Strings
Authors: Hucke Danny , Reh Carl Philipp
Published: February 2021

A grammar-based compressor is an algorithm that receives a word and outputs a context-free grammar that only produces this word. The approximation ratio for a single input word is the size of the grammar produced for this word divided by the size of a smallest grammar for this word. The worst-case approximation ratio of a grammar-based compressor for a given word length is the largest approximation ratio over all input words of that length. In this work, we study the worst-case approximation ratio of the algorithms Greedy, RePair and LongestMatch on unary strings, i.e., strings that only make use of a single symbol. Our main contribution is to show the improved upper bound of O((logn)8·(loglogn)3) for the worst-case approximation ratio of Greedy. In addition, we also show the lower bound of 1.34847194⋯ for the worst-case approximation ratio of Greedy, and that RePair and LongestMatch have a worst-case approximation ratio of log2(3).
Investigation on a Linear Piezoelectric Actuator Based on Stick-Slip/Scan Excitation
Authors: Shi Yunlai , Lou Chengshu , Zhang Jun
Published: February 2021

To perform a high resolution and long stroke application in optical precision instruments, a linear piezoelectric actuator operated in stick-slip/scan modes for driving a linear motion table is presented. The proposed piezoelectric actuator is a piezoelectric composite structure, which includes a metal elastomer, a piezoelectric stack, and a frictional ball. The purpose of this paper is to describe the operation principle, design, and the running test and resolution test of the linear motion table driven by the proposed piezoelectric actuator. The notable feature is the flexible hinges of the actuator, including composite hinge, pre-pressure adjustment flexible hinge, and transmission flexible hinge, which are designed for decoupling the motion in the action direction of the piezoelectric stack and the direction in which the pre-pressure is applied. A prototype has been fabricated and two operation modes of the piezoelectric actuator, stick-slip and scan mode, were utilized to test the driving characteristics of the linear motion table. Experimental results show that the finest step resolutions in stick-slip mode and scan mode achieved 12 nm and 4 nm, respectively.
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Phenology under Different Agronomic Conditions in the Subtropics
Authors: Cabrera Juan , Ritter Axel , Raya Vanesa , Pérez Eudaldo , Lobo María
Published: February 2021

European consumers have perceived that papaya fruits produced in subtropical areas (the Canary Islands and Mediterranean regions) do not have the desired quality at certain periods of the year. Thus, the development of technical and management strategies to optimize the yield and the quality of the fruit requires crop phenology studies. Meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation) and morphological characteristics (plant height, leaf emission rate, and leaf area) were recorded throughout the crop cycle. All the leaves and fruits were labeled in their anthesis week to calculate the source–sink ratio and to study the development and quality of the fruits. Data were collected in three commercial orchards representing two different types of systems, greenhouse and screenhouse, and two different regions: two plastic cover greenhouses located in the south (SP) and in the north (NP) of Tenerife, and one 40-mesh net screenhouse in the north of the island (NN). The selection of these cultivation systems and locations was made deliberately, so that the ambient variables within these crop protection structures were different throughout the cultivation cycle in order to better fit the model construction. The results suggested that in order to maintain good fruit quality, better environmental control is necessary inside the greenhouses and the screenhouse. Monitoring variables such as the growing degree days, the photosynthetically active radiation, and the number of fruits per plant leaf area ratio provided useful information for papaya production management in the Canary Islands and other subtropical areas, allowing farmers to predict harvest and fruit quality.
Assessing the Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Two Ornamental Crops by Remote Spectral Imaging
Authors: Yu Xinyang , Her Younggu , Chang Anjin , Song Jung-Hun , Campoverde E. Vanessa , Schaffer Bruce
Published: February 2021

Salinity is one of the most common and critical environmental factors that limit plant growth and reduce crop yield. The aquifers, the primary sources of irrigation water, of south Florida are shallow and highly permeable, which makes agriculture vulnerable to projected sea level rise and saltwater intrusion. This study evaluated the growth responses of two ornamental nursery crops to the different salinity levels of irrigation water to help develop saltwater intrusion mitigation plans for the improved sustainability of the horticultural industry in south Florida. Two nursery crops, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Mandevilla splendens, were treated with irrigation water that had seven different salinity levels from 0.5 (control) to 10.0 dS/m in the experiment. Crop height was measured weekly, and growth was monitored daily using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values derived from multispectral images collected using affordable sensors. The results show that the growth of H. rosa-sinensis and M.splendens was significantly inhibited when the salinity concentrations of irrigation water increased to 7.0 and 4.0 dS/m, for each crop, respectively. No significant differences were found between the NDVI values and plant growth variables of both H. rosa-sinensis and M.splendens treated with the different irrigation water salinity levels less than 2.0 dS/m. This study identified the salinity levels that could reduce the growth of the two nursery crops and demonstrated that the current level of irrigation water salinity (0.5 dS/m) would not have significant adverse effects on the growth of these crops in south Florida.
Active Control of Greenhouse Climate Enhances Papaya Growth and Yield at an Affordable Cost
Authors: Salinas Irene , Hueso Juan José , Cuevas Julián
Published: February 2021

Papaya is a tropical fruit crop that in subtropical regions depends on protected cultivation to fulfill its climate requirements and remain productive. The aim of this work was to compare the profitability of different climate control strategies in greenhouses located in subtropical areas of southeast Spain. To do so, we compared papayas growing in a greenhouse equipped with active climate control (ACC), achieved by cooling and heating systems, versus plants growing in another greenhouse equipped with passive climate control (PCC), consisting of only natural ventilation through zenithal and lateral windows. The results showed that ACC favored papaya plant growth; flowering; fruit set; and, consequently, yields, producing more and heavier fruits at an affordable cost. Climate control strategies did not significantly improve fruit quality, specifically fruit skin color, acidity, and total soluble solids content. In conclusion, in the current context of prices, an active control of temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse could be a more profitable strategy in subtropical regions where open-air cultivation is not feasible.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Adsorption and Desorption Improvement and Soil Buffering Capacity Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite
Authors: Palanivell Perumal , Ahmed Osumanu Haruna , Omar Latifah , Abdul Majid Nik Muhamad
Published: February 2021

The physical and chemical properties of clinoptilolite zeolite can be used to enhance soil nutrient availability for optimum crop use. Amending nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers with clinoptilolite zeolite could create a pool of negative charges to retain and release nutrients timely for crop use. Thus, we used clinoptilolite zeolite to enhance Typic Paleudults sorption (adsorption and desorption) of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and this soil’s pH buffering capacity. The treatments evaluated were: (i) 250 g soil alone, (ii) 20 g clinoptilolite zeolite alone, (iii) 250 g soil + 20 g clinoptilolite zeolite, (iv) 250 g soil + 40 g clinoptilolite zeolite, and (v) 250 g soil + 60 g clinoptilolite zeolite. Clinoptilolite zeolite increased soil nitrogen and potassium adsorption, nitrogen desorption, and soil pH. Moreover, ability of the soil to resist drastic change in pH (pH buffering capacity) was improved. Additionally, phosphorus adsorption and desorption of phosphorus and potassium were reduced. Higher potassium adsorption with lower potassium desorption suggests that the clinoptilolite zeolite sorbs potassium effectively. The clinoptilolite zeolite nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contributed to the reduction in the adsorption these nutrients. The clinoptilolite zeolite improved nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium availability and soil buffering capacity to prevent these nutrients from being fixed or lost through for example, leaching. Therefore, clinoptilolite zeolite application could contribute to improved use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers to prevent soil, air, and water pollution. Additionally, our intervention could improve nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiency.
Biostimulant Activity of Azotobacter chroococcum and Trichoderma harzianum in Durum Wheat under Water and Nitrogen Deficiency
Authors: Silletti Silvia , Di Stasio Emilio , Van Oosten Michael James , Ventorino Valeria , Pepe Olimpia , Napolitano Mauro , Marra Roberta , Woo Sheridan Lois , Cirillo Valerio , Maggio Albino
Published: February 2021

Biostimulants hold great potential for developing integrated sustainable agriculture systems. The rhizobacteria Azotobacter chroococcum strain 76A and the fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain T22, with demonstrated biostimulant activity in previous systems, were evaluated in Triticum durum cv Creso for their ability to enhance growth and tolerance to drought stress. Growth and drought tolerance were evaluated in conditions of low and high soil nitrogen, with two levels of water stress. T. harzianum increased plant growth (+16%) under control conditions and tolerance to moderate drought stress (+52%) under optimal fertilization, while A. chroococcum conferred a growth penalty (−28%) in well-watered conditions under suboptimal fertilization and increased tolerance only under extreme drought stress (+15%). This growth penalty was ameliorated by nitrogen fertilization. T. harzianum abundance was found to be positively correlated to extreme soil drying, whereas A. chroococcum-induced tolerance was dependent on soil nitrogen availability. These results indicate that while biostimulants may enhance growth and stress tolerance, nutrient availability soil and environmental conditions heavily influence these responses. These interactions should be considered when designing biostimulant products targeted to specific cultural conditions.
Biochar Promotes Nitrogen Transformation and Tomato Yield by Regulating Nitrogen-Related Microorganisms in Tomato Cultivation Soil
Authors: Guo Lili , Yu Huiwen , Niu Wenquan , Kharbach Mourad
Published: February 2021

Nitrogen (N) transformation in soil directly determines the effectiveness of N for plant growth. Biochar has received evermore attention because of its significant ability to improve soil. However, the effects of biochar on N-related microorganisms (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in tomato cultivation soil, N transformation, utilisation of water and N fertiliser, and tomato yield remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of N-related microorganisms to biochar and N fertilisation in soil, along with the implications of biochar for altering N transformation, N uptake by tomatoes, and utilisation of water and N fertiliser. A two-year greenhouse experiment containing six biochar levels under drip irrigation (0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 t ha−1) and two N fertiliser application rates (190 and 250 kg ha−1) was conducted in the northwest of China. The results showed that adding biochar significantly promoted urease activity, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and the number of amoA-type nitrifiers in the soil. The MBC:N ratio and the number of nirS-type denitrifiers were significantly inhibited when the added amount of biochar was greater than or equal to 30 t ha−1. Moreover, biochar can increase the water content in the soil and can reduce the N lost to leaching. The inorganic N (NO3− and NH4+) in the soil could be better maintained in the rootzone and better absorbed by tomato plants when adding 30, 50, and 70 t ha−1 of biochar. The amount of N fertiliser could be reduced by 24% without a significant loss of tomato yield when the amount of biochar added was over 30 t ha−1. It was indicated that the yield of tomatoes and the net profits were quadratically related to the application rate of biochar. In the test area, 53 t ha−1 of biochar with 190 kg ha−1 of N and 44.6 t ha−1 of biochar with 190 kg ha−1 of N were calculated to be the best amounts from the perspectives of tomato yield and net profit, respectively. Thus, biochar promotes N transformation by regulating N-related microorganisms; hence, it increases the inorganic N in the roots of the plants, reduces N lost to leaching, and significantly promotes the N absorption of tomatoes. The results in this research are of great significance for the development of management strategies for tomato maintenance, environmental protection, and resource conservation.
Response to Selection for Reduced Anthesis-Silking Interval in Four Algerian Maize Populations
Authors: Benchikh-Lehocine Maysoun , Revilla Pedro , Malvar Rosa Ana , Djemel Abderahmane
Published: February 2021

Drought is the main constraint to maize production in the Mediterranean area. This is the first report of breeding temperate maize populations from the Algerian desert. The objective of this study was to evaluate response to selection for reduced anthesis-silking interval (ASI) in Algerian maize under drought and control conditions. Three cycles of selection for reduced ASI were carried out in four populations under control and drought conditions, and the breeding program was evaluated under both conditions. Selection under drought was more efficient than under control conditions, particularly for the LOM and TAO populations. Selection for low ASI reduced ASI and days per cycle for BTM and IGS, respectively, under drought conditions. Selection for ASI reduced anthesis in BTM, when selected under drought and evaluated under control conditions. Significant yield increase was observed for BTM under optimal conditions. Significant genetic gain for yield was observed for the population LOM under drought. Therefore, the improved Algerian populations BTM and TAO could be a novel source for reducing ASI and for earlier flowering time as a mechanism for avoiding drought. Furthermore, we propose these populations as sources to develop tolerant inbred lines and to find quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance.
A Swarm of Injustice: A Sociopolitical Framework for Global Justice in the Management of the Desert Locust
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A. , Sardo Michael Christopher
Published: February 2021

In recent years, scientists and managers have advocated for the integration of the social sciences (particularly political science and economics) and the humanities (particularly moral philosophy) with the natural sciences (particularly entomology and ecology) in developing a full understanding of locust-management programs. In this paper, we pursue such a synthesis by using the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) as an exemplar case. After an overview of this insect’s biology, ecology, and management, we provide a brief summary of the standard, moral theories (utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics) and consider their shortcomings with regard to developing a framework for understanding the socioeconomic complexity of locust management. Next, we address some of the models of global justice and focus on two fundamental questions: Who is a moral agent with regard to desert locust management, and how should we justly distribute the responsibilities among agents during preventive and reactive modes? After identifying the agents, we use a fourfold set of principles to construct a framework for locust management consistent with global justice and apply this conceptual system to two hypothetical scenarios. We conclude with some observations from political philosophy that offer progress toward a comprehensive and applicable theory for locust management in the context of global justice.
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Prostate Gland in Neutered Dogs
Authors: Spada Stefano , England Gary C. W. , Vignoli Massimo , Carluccio Augusto , Russo Marco
Published: February 2021

Prostatic neoplasia (PN) occurs in 5–7% of dogs with prostatic disease, with castrated dogs having the same or higher prevalence when compared to intact dogs. Considering the promising results achieved by performing contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in intact dogs to detect PN, the present study aimed to acquire data on the prostatic perfusion pattern in neutered dogs. CEUS was performed in 64 neutered dogs, using a 5–7.5 MHz linear transducer with coded harmonic capability, dedicated analytical software, and a second-generation contrast agent, SonoVue. After B-mode evaluation was performed to assess mean prostate volume, the CEUS examination was undertaken. The flow of contrast agent was visible 10 s after injection. The subcapsular vessels were highlighted and produced rapid peripheral rim enhancement. Subsequently, the contrast agent reached the prostatic urethra via the parenchymal arterioles and gradually reached the entire prostate. Perfusion peak intensity (PPI) and time to peak (TTP) values were respectively 45.3% and 34.1 s. The measured parameters were compared with those obtained in previous studies on intact dogs with normal and with pathological patterns. In this study, CEUS showed features that may be promising for its use as a diagnostic tool for early detection of PN in neutered dogs.
A De Novo Mutation in COL1A1 in a Holstein Calf with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II
Authors: Jacinto Joana G. P. , Häfliger Irene M. , McEvoy Fintan J. , Drögemüller Cord , Agerholm Jørgen S.
Published: February 2021

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type II is a genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by bone fragility, severe skeletal deformities and shortened limbs. OI usually causes perinatal death of affected individuals. OI type II diagnosis in humans is established by the identification of heterozygous mutations in genes coding for collagens. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pathological phenotype of an OI type II-affected neonatal Holstein calf and to identify the causative genetic variant by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The calf had acute as well as intrauterine fractures, abnormally shaped long bones and localized arthrogryposis. Genetic analysis revealed a private heterozygous missense variant in COL1A1 (c.3917T>A) located in the fibrillar collagen NC1 domain (p.Val1306Glu) that most likely occurred de novo. This confirmed the diagnosis of OI type II and represents the first report of a pathogenic variant in the fibrillar collagen NC domain of COL1A1 associated to OI type II in domestic animals. Furthermore, this study highlights the utility of WGS-based precise diagnostics for understanding congenital disorders in cattle and the need for continued surveillance for rare lethal genetic disorders in cattle.
Impact of Treating Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Fontserè Sara , Infante-Domínguez Carmen , Suárez-Benjumea Alejandro , Suñer-Poblet Marta , González-Corvillo Carmen , Martín-Gutiérrez Guillermo , Bernal Gabriel , Pachón Jerónimo , Pachón-Ibáñez María Eugenia , Cordero Elisa
Published: February 2021

This study aims to define the epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiological features of asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) and cystitis in kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs), and to determine the impact of antimicrobial therapy of AB and the risk factors of cystitis. We conducted a prospective observational study of AB and cystitis in KTRs from January to June 2017. One-hundred ninety seven KTRs were included: 175 (88.8%) with AB and 22 (11.2%) with cystitis. The most frequent etiologies were Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Enterococcusfaecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No differences were observed regarding the etiologies, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and microbiologic outcomes in AB vs. cystitis. The treatment of AB diminished the microbiological cure and increased the rates of microbiologic relapses and reinfections; in addition, treated AB patients showed a trend of developing symptomatic urinary tract infection in the following six months. The analysis of the data identified the following independent risk factors for cystitis during the six months of follow-up: AB treatment, thymoglobulin induction, previous acute pyelonephritis, and time since transplantation < 1 year. In summary, considering the lack of clinical benefits of treating AB and its impact on cystitis development in the follow-up, we support the recommendation of not screening for or treating AB.
Protective Effects of Liposomal Curcumin on Oxidative Stress/Antioxidant Imbalance, Metalloproteinases 2 and -9, Histological Changes and Renal Function in Experimental Nephrotoxicity Induced by Gentamicin
Authors: Bulboacă Adriana Elena , Porfire Alina , Bolboacă Sorana D. , Nicula Cristina Ariadna , Feștilă Dana Gabriela , Roman Alexandra , Râjnoveanu Ruxandra Mioara , Râjnoveanu Armand , Dogaru Gabriela , Boarescu Paul-Mihai , Rus Vasile , Bulboacă Corneliu Angelo , Bulboacă Alexandra Ina , Stănescu Ioana
Published: February 2021

Background: Our study aimed to assess the efficiency of Curcumin nanoformulation (LCC) on experimental nephrotoxicity induced by Gentamicin in rats. Methods: Six groups of seven rats were used: C—(control group) received saline solution i.p. (i.p. = intraperitoneal), G—gentamicin (G, 80 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)), GCC1 and GCC2—with G and CC solution (single dose of 10 mg/kg b.w.-CC1, or 20 mg/kg b.w.-CC2), GLCC1 (10 mg/kg b.w.) and GLCC2 (20 mg/kg b.w.) with G and LCC administration. Oxidative stress parameters (NOx = nitric oxide, MDA = malondialdehyde, TOS = total oxidative stress), antioxidant parameters (CAT = catalase, TAC = total antioxidant capacity), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and renal function parameters (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urea) were measured. Kidneys histopathologic examination was made for each group. Results: Pretreatment with CC and LCC in both doses had significantly alleviating effects on assessed parameters (NOx, MDA, TOS, CAT, TAC, MMP-2, and -9) as compared with the untreated group (p < 0.006). Histopathological aspect and renal function were significantly improved in CC and LCC groups. Liposomal formulation (LCC) showed higher efficiency on all examined parameters compared to CC (p < 0.006). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated improving renal function and kidney cytoarchitecture, oxidative stress/antioxidant/balance, and MMPs plasma concentrations with better dose-related efficacity of LCC than CC.
The Diagonal Arch Bridge, a Particular Case of Spatial Arch Bridges
Authors: Aguilar-Jiménez Jesús , García-Guerrero Juan Manuel , Jorquera-Lucerga Juan José
Published: February 2021

A diagonal arch bridge (DAB) is a particular case of arch bridge where the arch is rotated about a vertical axis passing through its crown so that each springing lies on a different side of the deck. A perpendicular arch bridge (PAB) is a particular case of DAB where the arch is rotated so that the arch plan is perpendicular to the deck axis. This paper includes a table of built bridges since 1989 and outlines the historical evolution of this type of bridge. Two main trends can be distinguished—one approach is focused on structural efficiency and the other is based on making aesthetics prevail, which often leads to structurally inefficient solutions. The main geometrical parameters are identified and the effect of the angle of rotation about a vertical axis is studied. Design constraints, such as the clearance requirements, are highlighted. In addition, the main structural systems, such as out-of-plane behavior, are identified and qualitatively studied, as an orientation for designers and a first step in future studies.
A Comparative Biomechanical Analysis during Planned and Unplanned Gait Termination in Individuals with Different Arch Stiffnesses
Authors: Cen Xuanzhen , Lu Zhenghui , Baker Julien S. , István Bíró , Gu Yaodong
Published: February 2021

Although values of arch stiffness index (ASI) have been used to evaluate arch structure and injury susceptibility, investigations are limited regarding the influence of ASI on biomechanical characteristics during gait termination, which involves a challenging balance transition from walking to standing. This study aimed to explore plantar pressure distribution and lower extremity joint kinematic differences between individuals with both a stiff and flexible arch (SA and FA, respectively) during planned and unplanned gait termination (PGT and UGT, respectively). Following the calculation of ASI, sixty-five asymptomatic male subjects were classified and participated in two types of gait termination tests to acquire kinematic and plantar pressure data. Parameters were compared between SA and FA using a two-way ANOVA during PGT and UGT, respectively. UGT was found to have a larger range of motion on the hip joint in the sagittal plane and the knee joint in the transverse plane when compared with PGT. The differences in the kinematic characteristics of the lower limb joints caused by the difference in arch stiffness are mainly concentrated in the ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints. Plantar pressure data, represented by the maximum pressure, showed significant differences in the forefoot and rearfoot areas. These results suggest that ASI could change freedom of motion of the lower limb joints, and UGT tends to conduct a compensatory adjustment for the lower extremity kinetic chain. An understanding of the biomechanical characteristics of arch structures may provide additional insights into foot function and injury prediction during gait termination.
Effects of Vacancy and Hydrogen on the Growth and Morphology of N-Type Phosphorus-Doped Diamond Surfaces
Authors: Nie Siyuan , Shen Wei , Shen Shengnan , Li Hui , Pan Yuanhui , Sun Yuechang , Chen Yinghua , Qi Haiqin
Published: February 2021

Phosphorus is regarded as the best substitutional donor for n-type diamonds. However, because of vacancy-related complexes, H-related complexes, and other defects in P-doped diamonds, obtaining n-type diamonds with satisfying properties is challenging. In this report, PV and PVH complexes are studied in detail using density function theory (DFT). The formation energy reveals the possibility of emergency of these complexes when doping a single P atom. Although vacancies have difficulty forming on the surface alone, the presence of P atoms benefits the formation of PV and PVH complexes and significantly increases crystal vacancies, especially in (111) diamond surfaces. Compared to (111) surfaces, PV and PVH complexes more easily form on (001) surfaces. However, the formation energies of these complexes on (001) surfaces are higher than those of doping P atoms. Studying the structural deformation demonstrated that both constraints of the upper and lower C layers and forces caused by structural deformation prevented doping P atoms. By analyzing the bond population around these dopants, it finds that the bond populations of P–C bonds of PVH complexes are larger than those of PV complexes, indicating that the PV complexes are not as stable as the PVH complexes.
Special Issue on “The Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Compounds with Medicinal Value”
Authors: Sinicropi Maria Stefania
Published: February 2021

During the last few decades, in industrialized countries a significant increase in infectious, cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases was registered, as well as different forms of cancer, diabetes, and so on [...]
Replacement of Natural Sand with Expanded Vermiculite in Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortars
Authors: Gencel Osman , Gholampour Aliakbar , Tokay Hayrettin , Ozbakkaloglu Togay
Published: February 2021

Increasing the thermal insulation of building components to reduce the thermal energy loss of buildings has received significant attention. Owing to its porous structure, using expanded vermiculite as an alternative to natural river sand in the development of building materials would result in improvement of the thermal performance of buildings. This study investigates the properties of fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer mortars prepared with expanded vermiculite. The main aim of this study was to produce geopolymer mortar with lower thermal conductivity than conventional mortar for thermal insulation applications in buildings. A total of twelve batches of geopolymers were prepared for evaluating their different properties. The obtained results show that, at a given FA and expanded vermiculite content, the geopolymers prepared with a 10 molar NaOH solution exhibited a higher flowability, water absorption and porosity, as well as a lower dry unit weight, compressive strength, ultrasound pulse velocity and thermal conductivity compared with those prepared with a 15 molar NaOH solution. As is also shown, the geopolymers containing expanded vermiculite (15%) developed a lower flowability (~6%), dry unit weight (~6%), compressive strength (~7%), ultrasound pulse velocity (~6%) and thermal conductivity (~18%), as well as a higher apparent porosity (~6%) and water absorption (~9%) compared with those without expanded vermiculite at a given FA content and NaOH concentration. The findings of this study suggest that incorporating expanded vermiculite in FA-based geopolymer mortar can provide eco-friendly and lightweight building composites with improved sound and thermal insulation properties, contributing toward the reduction of the environmental effects of waste materials and conservation of natural sand.
Environmental Conditions and Agronomical Factors Influencing the Levels of Phytochemicals in Brassica Vegetables Responsible for Nutritional and Sensorial Properties
Authors: Biondi Francesca , Balducci Francesca , Capocasa Franco , Visciglio Marino , Mei Elena , Vagnoni Massimo , Mezzetti Bruno , Mazzoni Luca
Published: February 2021

Recently, the consumption of healthy foods has been related to the prevention of cardiovascular, degenerative diseases and different forms of cancers, underlying the importance of the diet for the consumer’s health. Fruits and vegetables contain phytochemicals that act as protective factors for the human body, through different mechanisms of action. Among vegetables, Brassica received a lot of attention in the last years for the phytochemical compounds content and antioxidant capacity that confer nutraceutical value to the product. The amount of healthy bioactive compounds present in the Brassica defines the nutritional quality. These molecules could belong to the class of antioxidant compounds (e.g., phenols, vitamin C, etc.), or to non-antioxidant compounds (e.g., minerals, glucosinolates, etc.). The amount of these compounds in Brassica vegetables could be influenced by several factors, depending on the genotypes, the environmental conditions and the cultivation techniques adopted. The aim of this study is to highlight the main phytochemical compounds present in brassicas used as a food vegetable that confer nutritional and sensorial quality to the final product, and to investigate the main factors that affect the phytochemical concentration and the overall quality of Brassica vegetables.
Therapeutic Hydrogel Lenses and the Antibacterial and Antibiotic Drugs Release
Authors: Pulliero Alessandra , Profumo Aldo , Rosano Camillo , Izzotti Alberto , Saccà Sergio Claudio
Published: February 2021

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of different lens types on the availability and efficacy of anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs. Three lens types were examined: (1) nonionic hydrogel lenses; (2) ionic hydrogel lenses; and (3) silicone hydrogel lenses. The lenses were incubated with (a) dexamethasone; (b) betamethasone; (c) bromophenacyl bromide; and (d) chloramphenicol. Drug availability was quantified by gradient HPLC, and chloramphenicol antibacterial activity was quantified by testing the inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium growth on agar. The lens allowing the most abundant passage of betamethasone was the ionic hydrogel lens, followed by the silicone hydrogel lens and nonionic hydrogel lens. The lens allowing the most abundant passage of dexamethasone was the ionic hydrogel lens, but only at 0.5 h and 1 h. Regarding chloramphenicol, the ionic hydrogel lens and silicone hydrogel lens allowed more abundant passage than the nonionic hydrogel lens. These results highlight the relevance of adapting lenses to anti-inflammatory therapy, thus allowing a personalized medical approach.
An Improved Time Integration Method Based on Galerkin Weak Form with Controllable Numerical Dissipation
Authors: Wang Weixuan , Xing Qinyan , Yang Qinghao
Published: February 2021

Based on the newly proposed generalized Galerkin weak form (GGW) method, a two-step time integration method with controllable numerical dissipation is presented. In the first sub-step, the GGW method is used, and in the second sub-step, a new parameter is introduced by using the idea of a trapezoidal integral. According to the numerical analysis, it can be concluded that this method is unconditionally stable and its numerical damping is controllable with the change in introduced parameters. Compared with the GGW method, this two-step scheme avoids the fast numerical dissipation in a low-frequency range. To highlight the performance of the proposed method, some numerical problems are presented and illustrated which show that this method possesses superior accuracy, stability and efficiency compared with conventional trapezoidal rule, the Wilson method, and the Bathe method. High accuracy in a low-frequency range and controllable numerical dissipation in a high-frequency range are both the merits of the method.
Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum Essential Oil as a Natural Intrinsic Hurdle against Common Spoilage and Pathogenic Microbes of Concern in Tomato Juice
Authors: Mitropoulou Gregoria , Oreopoulou Antigoni , Papavassilopoulou Eleni , Vamvakias Manolis , Panas Panayiotis , Fragias Stavros , Kourkoutas Yiannis
Published: February 2021

The aim of the present study was to assess the commercial potential of the Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum essential oil (OEO) as a natural intrinsic hurdle against common spoilage and pathogenic microbes in tomato juice. The main volatile compounds of the OEO identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were thymol and carvacrol, accounting for approximately 48% and 27%, respectively. Its activity against common food spoilage and pathogenic microbes was confirmed and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), non-inhibitory concentration (NIC), and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values were determined. OEO effectiveness was further validated in commercial tomato juice. Supplementation of tomato juice with OEO at concentrations lower than the MIC (350 ppm) resulted in significant delay of food spoilage and extension of the product’s shelf-life, as well as in inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium difficile, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger growth after deliberate inoculation in both room and refrigerated temperatures. In conclusion, the results suggested that OEO may be used as an efficient intrinsic inhibitor of food spoilage and growth of pathogenic microbes in tomato juice.
Bulk Deposition and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Agricultural Areas of Rural Beijing during 2016–2020
Authors: Pan Yuepeng , Liu Jin , Zhang Lan , Cao Jing , Hu Jiabao , Tian Shili , Li Xingyu , Xu Wen
Published: February 2021

While atmospheric deposition plays a vital role in cleaning air pollutants, it also supplies toxic heavy metals and metalloids (MMs) to the receiving terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and threatens human health through food chains. To characterize the input of atmospheric deposition to agricultural soils, bulk rain samples were collected on an event basis at a rural site in the North China Plain during 2016–2020. The results show that higher concentrations of MMs in bulk rain samples were associated with western and southern air masses passing polluted areas. In addition, the annual deposition flux of MMs tends to decline during the study period, coinciding with the inter-annual variations of particulate matter rather than the precipitation amounts. Of note, the deposition flux of MMs that exist entirely in fine particles declined significantly compared to those that exist in coarse particulate form, indicating that the clean air actions implemented in recent years were highly effective in reducing ambient MMs from anthropogenic emissions. The positive matrix factorization receptor model was also applied to the whole data set for bulk depositions and five sources were identified as agricultural (biomass burning and soil), dust, coal combustion, industrial and traffic emissions. These factors contributed 41%, 24%, 21%, 9% and 5% of the chemical components in bulk depositions, respectively. Future control strategies should tighten the emissions from combustion and soil/dust in the North China Plain to protect agriculture from atmospheric MMs depositions.
Natural Biomaterials and Their Use as Bioinks for Printing Tissues
Authors: Benwood Claire , Chrenek Josie , Kirsch Rebecca L. , Masri Nadia Z. , Richards Hannah , Teetzen Kyra , Willerth Stephanie M.
Published: February 2021

The most prevalent form of bioprinting—extrusion bioprinting—can generate structures from a diverse range of materials and viscosities. It can create personalized tissues that aid in drug testing and cancer research when used in combination with natural bioinks. This paper reviews natural bioinks and their properties and functions in hard and soft tissue engineering applications. It discusses agarose, alginate, cellulose, chitosan, collagen, decellularized extracellular matrix, dextran, fibrin, gelatin, gellan gum, hyaluronic acid, Matrigel, and silk. Multi-component bioinks are considered as a way to address the shortfalls of individual biomaterials. The mechanical, rheological, and cross-linking properties along with the cytocompatibility, cell viability, and printability of the bioinks are detailed as well. Future avenues for research into natural bioinks are then presented.
Thermosonication for the Production of Sulforaphane Rich Broccoli Ingredients
Authors: Shokri Sajad , Jegasothy Hema , Augustin Mary Ann , Terefe Netsanet Shiferaw
Published: February 2021

A large proportion of broccoli biomass is lost during primary production, distribution, processing, and consumption. This biomass is rich in polyphenols and glucosinolates and can be used for the production of bioactive rich ingredients for food and nutraceutical applications. This study evaluated thermosonication (TS) (18 kHz, 0.6 W/g, 40–60 °C, 3–7 min) for the pre-treatment of broccoli florets to enhance enzymatic conversion of glucoraphanin into the bioactive sulforaphane. TS significantly increased sulforaphane yield, despite a decrease in myrosinase activity with increasing treatment intensity. The highest sulforaphane yield of ~2.9 times that of untreated broccoli was observed for broccoli thermosonicated for 7 min at 60 °C, which was 15.8% higher than the corresponding yield for thermal processing without sonication (TP) at the same condition. This was accompanied by increase in the residual level of glucoraphanin (~1.8 and 2.3 time respectively after TP and TS at 60 °C for 7 min compared to control samples) indicating that treatment-induced release of bound glucoraphanin from the cell wall matrix and improved accessibility could be at least partially responsible for the enhanced sulforaphane yield. The result indicates the potential of TS for the conversion of broccoli biomass into high sulforaphane broccoli-based ingredients.
Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications
Authors: Bhattamisra Subrat Kumar , Koh Hui Min , Lim Shin Yean , Choudhury Hira , Pandey Manisha
Published: February 2021

Catalpol isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords “Catalpol”, “Type 1 diabetes mellitus”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus”, and “diabetic complications”. Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
Adipocytokines in Untreated Newly Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis: Association with Circulating Chemokines and Markers of Inflammation
Authors: Vasileiadis Georgios K. , Lundell Anna-Carin , Zhang Yuan , Andersson Kerstin , Gjertsson Inger , Rudin Anna , Maglio Cristina
Published: February 2021

Adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are adipocytokines whose levels are elevated in blood and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, their role in RA pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we examined whether adipocytokines are associated with circulating chemokines, markers of inflammation and RA disease activity in patients with untreated newly diagnosed RA. Plasma levels of 15 chemokines, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin were measured using flow cytometry bead-based immunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a cohort of 70 patients with untreated newly diagnosed RA. Markers of inflammation and disease activity were also assessed in all patients. Positive association was found between total adiponectin and CXCL10 (β = 0.344, p = 0.021), CCL2 (β = 0.342, p = 0.012), and CXCL9 (β = 0.308, p = 0.044), whereas high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin associated only with CXCL9 (β = 0.308, p = 0.033). Furthermore, both total and HMW adiponectin were associated with C-reactive protein (β = 0.485, p = 0.001; β = 0.463, p = 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (β = 0.442, p = 0.001; β = 0.507, p < 0.001). Leptin and resistin were not associated with plasma chemokines, markers of inflammation, or disease activity scores. Our study shows an association between circulating adiponectin and pro-inflammatory chemokines involved in RA pathogenesis as well as markers of inflammation in a well-characterized cohort of patients with untreated newly diagnosed RA.
Screening and Molecular Modeling Evaluation of Food Peptides to Inhibit Key Targets of COVID-19 Virus
Authors: Shi Ai-Min , Guo Rui , Wang Qiang , Zhou Jin-Rong
Published: February 2021

Peptide drugs, especially food-derived peptides, have a variety of functional activities including antiviral and may also have a therapeutic effect on COVID-19. In this study, comparing with the reported drugs, 79 peptides were found to bind to the key targets of COVID-19 virus with higher non-covalent interaction, while among them, six peptides showed high non-covalent interactions with the three targets, which may inhibit the COVID-19 virus. In the simulation, peptides of nine to 10 amino acids with a hydrophilic amino acid and acidic amino acid in the middle and aromatic amino acids on the side showed higher binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Peptides of five to six amino acids with a basic amnio acid in the head, acidic amnio acid in the neck, hydrophobicity group in the middle, and basic amino acids in the tail showed higher binding to COVID-19 virus main protease (Mpro), while those with basic amino acids and acidic amino acids in the two sides and aromatic amino acids in the middle might have stronger interaction with COVID-19 virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).