bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Greening National and Regional Innovation Systems in the Context of a Low-Carbon Economy
Authors:   Cherepovets State University, Yashalova Natalya N. , Ruban Dmitry A. ,   Moscow State University of Technologies and Management
Published: February 2023

The article examines the current state of innovation and its impact on environmental performance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Innovation helps to accelerate the economy’s transition to broad-based environmental sustainability. Innovation helps businesses adapt to changing conditions. The analysis of domestic and foreign studies confirms the direct relationship between innovation and environmental objectives of enterprises and territories. In the course of the study, statistical methods of analysis were used, as well as a ranking method. The data of the Federal State Statistics Service on a number of indicators of innovation activity and the environment for 2010 and 2019 for all constituent entities of Russia were considered. MS Excel was used to process the primary information. The results obtained indicate a slight improvement in innovation activity in Russian regions over the study period. Also, during this period, the country has improved indicators on emissions of pollutants into the air from stationary sources, and on discharges of contaminated wastewater into surface water bodies. However, not all major environmental pollutants are ready to invest in innovative projects, or their innovative activities do not affect the ecological situation in the regions. In regions leading in terms of environmental pollution, innovative indicators are significantly inferior to the all-Russian ones. This situation does not contribute to the transition of these subjects of the country to a low-carbon economy. It is necessary to form in the regions of Russia platforms for “green” interaction of participants in innovation processes, which can be indicated in regional development programs. It is also important to create conditions for the activities of collaborations on joint research in the field of environmental protection, energy and climatology in order to develop and scale up low-carbon technologies.
Problems of Measuring the Scale of the Shadow Economy and Ways to Solve Them
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Grigorieva Mariia G. , Barsiq Mutasem K. ,   Tomsk State University, Tkachenko Liudmila I. ,   Tomsk State University
Published: February 2023

The shadow sector can be defined as a set of incomes that are not included in official statistics and not reflected in the GDP. The article aims to study the methodological aspects of measuring the scale of the shadow economy, identify problems in this complex and multifaceted process, and suggest ways to solve them. Special (intuitive analytics, descriptive explanatory method of theorizing) and general (analysis, classification, modeling, analogy, concretization, citation) research methods were used to reach the aim. The relevance of the study consists in revealing the negative impact of the shadow economy in various states, which depends on its scale. To date, there are many methods for measuring the scale of the shadow economy; each of them has its own disadvantages and advantages. This article presents an extensive classification of these methods. Each method is analyzed; the shortcomings and problems of applying the methods are identified; and a comprehensive approach to their use is proposed. The article also discusses the Multiple Indicators, Multiple Causes (MIMIC) method of measuring the shadow digital activity. As a result of the study, it is inferred that the existing significant number of studies on the topic and the variety of methods they use indicate the absence of a single unified methodology for identifying both quantitative and qualitative assessments of the scale of the shadow economy. The use of different methods in assessing the shadow economy in Russia also gives different results. Direct methods, as a rule, give an underestimate, and indirect methods, methods of hidden variables, soft modeling, structural methods reflect an overestimate. In this regard, in order to obtain a more objective assessment of shadow economic activity, it is advisable to use various methods in the construction of econometric models that include various factors, then compare the results obtained, and analyze secondary information sources. It is also revealed that not all methods of measuring shadow economic activity are applicable in Russia and in the regions. To date, there is no assessment of the measurement of shadow economic activity by region. In view of the fact that there has been a sharp leap in the development of digitalization in the economy, a shadow digital economy has formed in parallel to it. To some extent, the problem of measuring digital shadow activity can be solved using the MIMIC method by developing new indicators that characterize the causes of the emergence of shadow digital activity.
The Modern Spatial Structure of Mechanical Engineering in Russia
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Patsala Sergey V. , Goroshko Nadezhda V. ,   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University; Novosibirsk State Medical University
Published: February 2023

Over the past decades, the factors that determine the functioning of domestic mechanical engineering have undergone a significant transformation. The conditions, development trends, and proportions of the industry have changed; meanwhile, there are practically no widely available publications reflecting the regional structure of mechanical engineering production in the context of the main levels of the hierarchy of economic zoning. The aim of this study is to analyze the main spatial proportions of the location of mechanical engineering production in Russia. The main research methods were the analysis of statistical materials characterizing the regional structure of mechanical engineering industries, and a cartographic method. As a result of the study, the main spatial features of mechanical engineering production in our country at the present stage have been revealed; the structure of the production of the industry’s products in the context of macro-regions, economic regions, federal districts, and subjects of the federation has been shown. The regions leading in terms of the cost of manufactured products and the factors that determine their positions have been identified. Based on the calculations of the coefficients of localization, per capita production, and specialization, the regions for which the industry plays a profiling (specializing) role have been determined.
The Impact of Clusters on the Economic and Socio-Ecological Development of Mining Regions, and on the Transition to New Technological Modes
Authors:   Scientific and Research Geological Institute (VSEGEI)- Geologorazvedka JSC, Krasnov Oleg S. , Salikhov Valeriy A. ,   Kuzbass State Technical University
Published: February 2023

In connection with the need for the transition of industrial production in the Russian Federation to the fifth and sixth technological modes, the prospects of the economic and socioecological development of its mining regions based on the implementation of the cluster approach are considered on the example of Kemerovo Oblast. The methodological principles of the research are proposed; the main ones are: consistency, complexity, dynamism of development, and optimality, i.e. the choice of the best ways of development via combining. The characteristics of economic clusters, the conditions and stages of their formation, and their main types are considered. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of forming economic clusters based on the development of agglomerations in Kemerovo Oblast. The existing experience of creating clusters in Kemerovo Oblast is evaluated. Although clusters began operating, coal, coke, and metallurgical products still predominate in the exports of the region. The formation of a number of promising clusters, first industry-related and environmental ones, later those in the manufacturing and service industries, is proposed. The effectiveness of forming economic clusters based on the concept of sustainable development at the regional level is substantiated. Clusters should be formed within the framework of GOST R ISO 90012015 - improving enterprise and organization performance through initiatives aimed at sustainable development. The clusters proposed for the formation in Kemerovo Oblast are favorable for the innovative development and further transition of the region’s industrial production to the fifth and sixth technological modes. In general, the prospects of the clusters are assessed positively.
Ageism: The Main Directions of Research in Modern Conditions
Authors:   Ural State Economic University, Kalabina Elena G. , Gazizova Maiya R. ,   Ural Federal University
Published: February 2023

Research on the nature and consequences of ageism, focused on the study of the limitations of the older generation’s participation in labor activity, has become relevant in recent years due to changes in the age structure of society. The coronavirus pandemic has increased the spread of ageism towards the older generation, since this age group is at greater risk of developing serious illness from COVID-19. The article presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of ageism research in modern conditions, in particular in the context of the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. The aim of the work was to study the diversity of research in the field of ageism based on the definition of thematic clusters of research areas actively developing on this issue. The logic of the conducted research included systematization of the theoretical foundations of ageism studies, assessment of the current state of solving the age discrimination problem, identification of clusters and research trends related to age discrimination that identify a close relationship between discriminatory practices and age-related perception stereotypes concerning the older generation. The methodological approach of the research was based on a bibliometric analysis and consisted in the use of VOSviewer software tools. The material for the analysis was 2,066 articles on the topic of ageism published from 1975 till 2021 in the Web of Science database. The material was analyzed using bibliometry and visualization methods. The obtained results indicate an increase in the number of research on the problems of ageism, including such areas as gerontology, psychology, educational research, nursing, business and economics, social work, etc. The bibliometric analysis shows that North American and European countries lead in the development of this problem. As a result of the research, the following thematic clusters were identified: “Attitudes and Perception Stereotypes”, “Employment of Older People”, “Gerontology”, and “Medical Care”. The results of the study will allow finding opportunities for scientific collaborations to jointly study this problem.
Problems of Improving the Mechanism of Natural Rent Extraction in the Interests of the Resource Owner
Authors:   Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernyavskiy Sergey V. , Shutov Oleg L. ,   Maykop State Technological University, Astakhova Irina A. ,   Maykop State Technological University
Published: February 2023

Differential natural rent is a special type of income that reflects the favorable natural characteristics of the rent formation object that belongs to the owner of the resource and is subject to extraction in its favor. In oil production, such natural characteristics include the initial concentration of reserves (the ratio of the initial extracted reserves to the area of oil saturation); deposit size (the magnitude of the initial recoverable reserves); depth of reservoir formation; oil viscosity in reservoir conditions; stock generation; flooding of recoverable products; initial well flow; technological coefficient of oil extraction; economic and geographical factors. Based on this, with respect to mining rent, its tax extraction in favor of the owner of the subsoil - the state - is inappropriate as the tax cannot provide the full flow of differential mining rent to the federal and other regional budgets. Thus, the mineral mining tax, which, even taking into account the existing differentiation of its rates, does not depend on the specific conditions of production, and the differential mining rents are practically not extracted in modern conditions. To ensure a complete extraction of differential mining rent in the state’s income, it is proposed to employ the mechanism of calculated prices, which were used in some sectors of the mining industry in the conditions of the planned economy. When using calculated prices, oil-producing companies will receive as income a normal profit and the corresponding part of the quasirent in order to stimulate activities aimed at improving the technical level of production and increase its effectiveness. The amount of mining rent for this field will be determined as the difference between the production cost of this field in the market and calculated prices. Then the deposit will be paid at a calculated price, which is based on the cost price of this field based on standard costs plus normal profits. If there are deposits with similar natural conditions of rent formation and closest levels of regulatory costs for oil production, it seems appropriate to arrange them into groups for which a single price will be calculated based on the average specific regulatory costs for oil production plus normal profits. The use of the calculated price mechanism will significantly take into account the specific natural conditions of specific deposits or their groups, due to the use of the regulatory costs for oil production for calculations. Thus, the use of the calculated price mechanism will provide a nontax extraction of differential mining rent and increase the efficiency of the oil and gas production taxation system.
The quiz in the practice of preliminary training in small business organizations: A study on the example of recruitment agencies
Authors:   Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Kazakova Marina I. , Shurmina Tatiana V. ,   Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin
Published: February 2023

This article explores the problem of hiring young employees in organizations that belong to the category of small businesses. In the context of this issue, the authors propose to consider preliminary training as a method of attracting promising young specialists from among students and graduates of educational institutions to work in the company through their participation in industrial practice and (or) internship. The authors analyze the state of the small business sector in our country, sets out key statistical indicators. As a result of a survey conducted among employers, the authors present the experience and features of attracting representatives of Generation Z in companies of the HR services market. The results of a survey of students of several universities in the Ural region showed the top-priority formats of interaction between companies and students. Based on an empirical study, the authors propose the development of a student quiz as an event that can be used in the practice of preliminary training of any recruitment agency interested in attracting young and talented students for further employment in the company. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Institutional development of the Northern Sea Route within the framework of Russian economy modernization
Authors:   Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Stepanov Nikita S.
Published: February 2023

The Northern Sea Route, which is of fundamental importance for the national economy, is one of the most important components of the country’s point infrastructure system. Effective functioning and, in particular, the desire to increase the competitiveness of northern seaports, both in the Russian and global systems, requires a well-organized institutional structure aimed at improving the parameters of port infrastructure and infrastructure to ensure efficient transportation of goods. The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the development of the Northern Sea Route, the modernization of the Russian economy. For the study, methods within the framework of a systematic approach were used. The article summarizes the main aspects of the institutional support of the transport infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route, taking into account the integration orientation. The directions and principles of modernization transformations of the Northern Sea Route are proposed. It is determined that the basis of national legislation in the field of the Northern Sea Route modernization should be international conventions and standards. The laws in the field of maritime transport infrastructure and the Northern Sea Route are briefly reflected on, and it is also established that the current legislation in the field of maritime transport infrastructure fully meets public needs and international legal standards. It is noted that for the effective management of the maritime transport infrastructure, first of all, institutional support should be brought in line with the requirements of international standards, and its balance should be ensured at the mega-, macro-, meso-, and micro-levels. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
Development of the modern concept of regulation of socio-economic inequality of households
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Dorofeev Mikhail L.
Published: February 2023

Socio-economic inequality is a global problem that, in one way or another, affects any country. High inequality is a threat to the sustainability of democratic institutions and economic growth. That is why a large number of scholars have been drawing attention to this problem for the past couple of decades, during which the overall level of socio-economic inequality has grown both globally and within countries. Are the efforts that regulators are making today enough to contain the rise of socio-economic inequality, and is everything that is being done correct conceptually? These issues have been very relevant over the past few years. The aim of this research is to analyse and develop the concept of a state regulation of socio-economic inequality on a global scale in the UN Sustainable Development Goals program and in Russia at the level of strategic planning documents. The research method is the analysis and synthesis of information from the UN sustainable development program and strategic planning documents for the socio-economic development of Russia. The author has revealed that the goal and concept of regulating socio-economic inequality at the UN level and in Russia are asymmetric relative to the household income distribution curve and have a noticeable shift to its left end. Combating and reducing poverty is a key priority in the regulation of socio-economic inequality in the world. At the same time, the regulation of inequality at the right end of the income distribution curve and the clear state policy of optimizing the growth rate of income and wealth of the richest households are absent or poorly represented in strategic planning documents. As recommendations, the author proposes to use and develop the concept of regulating socio-economic inequality based on Francois Bourguignon’s “poverty - economic growth - inequality” theory.
The COVID-19 pandemic in places of detention and its impact on the use of alternative sanctions
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Agabekyan Alla L. ,   Home Credit and Finance Bank LLC
Published: February 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to economic, political and social crises and has also exposed a number of problems in the penitentiary systems of states. The article analyses both the negative and positive consequences of the spread of coronavirus in prisons and pre-trial detention facilities. Overcrowding in prisons remains the most important reason for the increased risk of infection within prisons, leading to violations of prisoners' rights. The paper examines the problems associated with health care and hygiene in prisons. Based on the experience of foreign countries, a comparative legal analysis is made of the range of restrictive measures taken by states due to the pandemic. For example, measures to release convicts in Germany, France and Iran are described; the minimisation of custodial sentences in the UK is noted. The issue of the violation of convicts' rights to receive visits from relatives and close friends, as well as lawyers and representatives of public organisations, is thoroughly investigated. In this connection, particular attention is paid to international instruments guaranteeing the protection of convicted persons against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The entire international community - international organisations such as the UN, WHO, PRI, Human Rights Watch and others - has engaged in addressing these problems. The way out of the crisis is seen in the use of non-custodial measures at all stages of criminal justice administration, including at the pre-trial and trial stages, as well as after sentencing. At the pre-trial stage, it is preferable to impose non-custodial measures and to replace pre-trial measures with alternatives, as appropriate; at the trial stage to impose non-custodial sentences; at the post-trial stage to choose one of the optimal solutions for a given state during an emergency situation: early release (unconditionally), conditional release, temporary release, replacement of the sentence with a milder non-custodial one, as well as amnesty Particular attention is paid to preventive measures taken by the Russian Federal Penal Correction Service and to proposals for improving the legislation and law enforcement activities of the authorities. Given the global trend towards a decrease in the use of imprisonment and an increase in the proportion of prisoners serving sentences without isolation from society, the author proposes reforms in the application of "community" sanctions and measures by creating or strengthening probation systems.
Artificial intelligence as a participant in civil relations: the transformation of law
Authors:   Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSLA), Vavilin Evgeniy V.
Published: February 2023

Artificial Intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI) carriers are active participants in civil relations. Therefore, questions of legal nature of AI units, their ability to possess rights and bear responsibilities, exercise rights and perform responsibilities, questions of liability limits for improper exercise of rights and performance of responsibilities by AI units are most relevant. For law, the defining characteristic of any participant in civil relations is its role in the exercise of rights and the performance of duties. The digital actor must also be viewed from this perspective. One of the central debates in this area is the possibility of conferring legal capacity on digital actors. This position has found supporters and opponents both in domestic science and abroad. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the specifics of will, consciousness and other anthropomorphic qualities of AI carriers. Complex neural networks have similar anthropomorphic qualities, the nature of which is a digital algorithm. AI is capable of expressing its will in accordance with the interest, goals and motives set by software algorithms, i.e. it is technological in nature. Obviously, an AI must be endowed with legal capacity and be responsible for its actions, otherwise we cannot use the full potential of an AI as a technology (person), and the actions of such a participant in legal relations cannot be recognised as legally significant. According to its purpose and registration an AI medium can be endowed with different legal personality: to be an agent - a subject with a narrow special legal capacity within certain functions, to participate in civil relations as a full subject, or to act as an object of legal relations at all. This legal capacity is conditioned by the robot having a certain set of qualities, such as the level of self-awareness, autonomy, complexity of neural networks, and competences. It is necessary to create a classification of AI forms by legal personality, by competences, which are certified through state registration. Legal statuses of different types of AI should be defined, including a new specific legal status of limited digital legal capacity. It is necessary to consider the legal personality of AI in relation to its exercise of rights, principles of law and legal content. It is necessary to create for AI varieties a certain mechanism of responsibility conditioned by the legal status assigned to it at the state registration. With respect to AI carriers the nature of law execution changes - subjective expression of will disappears, the execution becomes objective, unbiased. AI software must incorporate a system of principles for the exercise of rights and the performance of duties. In this way, the AI will be certified to a specific scope of powers, be competence-oriented and have a specific legal capacity.
The criminal legal situation in ensuring economic security: the state and prospects
Authors:   Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Zaitsev Oleg A. , Nudel Stanislav L. ,   Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
Published: February 2023

Considering the criminal law situation in ensuring economic security, the authors pay attention to the need for the state to develop and introduce into the law enforcement activities effective mechanisms to ensure strategic national interests. Based on the analysis of statistical data and the results of various academic studies, a general description of the criminal legal situation in economic security in criminalization and decriminalization, penalization and depenalization is given, and the trend of its development is determined. We pay closer attention to the role of forming a public opinion about implementing criminal policy in ensuring economic security that objectively responds to the existing threats from economic crimes. On the one hand, this shows the insufficiency of the measures taken by the state in assessing the criminal law situation. On the other hand, these data are influenced by social and media factors, as well as the ongoing administrative reform. The authors highlight the features of legal regulation of the law enforcement agencies' activities in the goals and objectives of the criminal policy set for them in ensuring economic security. It is noted that reliable prognostic information makes it possible to implement the wording of high-quality criminal law rules. The content of the criminal legal situation under consideration made it possible to assess the actual state of protection of the country's economic sphere and the quality of counteraction to economic crimes. The analysis of the amendments in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation over the past decade shows that one trend in modern criminal law reform is a return to the previously known construction of the elements of economic crimes with administrative prejudice. The main vector of criminal policy aimed at increasing the level of economic freedoms, exclusion of the facts of unjustified and illegal prosecution of entrepreneurs in case of nonfulfilment of contractual obligations and the reference of these disputes to the administrative and arbitration spheres has been set. The authors' view on the criminal and legal situation in ensuring economic security gives a full picture of its state and further prospects in resolving the most key issues of the theory and practice of activities in countering economic crimes.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital transformation of criminal justice
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice, Markovicheva Elena V. , Smirnova Irina G. ,   Tomsk State University; Russian State University of Justice (East Siberian Branch)
Published: February 2023

A common trend in the development of criminal proceedings over the last decade has been the penetration of modern digital technology. To a certain extent, the digitalisation of criminal proceedings has been a natural consequence of a qualitative change in crime and an increase in the number of offences committed through the use of modern technology. However, the degree of digitalisation of the criminal process varies considerably from state to state. The COVID-19 pandemic that has engulfed the world has severely challenged courts and law enforcement agencies. The criminal justice system has been confronted with unforeseen challenges and new procedural tools have to be found to address them. The resolution of the contradiction between social distance and the right of citizens to access to justice forced courts to use modern information technology more frequently. However, the pandemic has also revealed organisational and regulatory difficulties that make their use difficult. The authors believe that further scientific development of the problems of digitalization of criminal proceedings will contribute to the smooth administration of justice in criminal cases, even in emergency situations and special regimes. The article analyses prospective directions of digitalization which will contribute to the optimization of criminal proceedings. These directions include application of digital technologies for detection and investigation of crimes, criminal evidence, optimization of routine processes in criminal proceedings and use of artificial intelligence in making procedural decisions. The authors emphasise that the main factor limiting the use of digital technology is the significant lag in the regulatory framework that does not allow the use of a particular technology in the due process of law. The authors propose to regulate by law the issue of determining the reasonableness of the duration of court proceedings, taking into account the epidemiological situation. In conclusion, we substantiate a system of conditions, the fulfilment of which will be a prerequisite for the productive digitalisation of Russian criminal procedure in the post-pandemic era. Key issues are suggested for further constructive scientific discussion, the results of which should be reflected in legislation.
Information-computer forensic models of computer crimes as the elements of forensic techniques (using the example of “cyber blackmail”)
Authors:   Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSLA), Rossinskaya Elena R. , Semikalenova Anastasia I. ,   Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSLA)
Published: February 2023

Traditionally, one of the key components of any methodology is the forensic character of the type of crime, often considered as a typical information model. The basis of this definition is, in our opinion, the need to model this type of crime by generalizing based on the study of large arrays of criminal cases, information about the criminally significant signs of the type of crime, and their natural connections. In the era of digitalization, new opportunities are opening up for the study and generalization of large arrays of forensically significant information using BigData technology. The use of information computer technologies in criminal activities makes it possible to commit different crimes (crimes against the person in economics, economic activities, public security and others) using the same methods. Therefore, the traditional unification of information models by types of crimes does not give necessary results. The article deals with the problems of formation and application of the foundations of a new doctrine of information-computer forensic models of computer crimes as part of the theory of information and computer support of the forensic activity. The subject of this teaching is the general laws for building information-computer models of computer crimes based on correlation ties. These are the ties of combinations of IT technologies and computer systems for implementing various methods of computer crimes, regardless of their type, with a traced picture as digital traces and with competencies in information computer technologies of the criminal and the injured party. The object of the study is forensically significant computer information about the used combinations of IT technologies and computer tools and systems. This is information about various methods of computer crimes, digital traces, including traces of the impact of ransomware, counterfeit information and computer products, characteristics of criminals and victims from the point of view of the degree of their proficiency in IT technologies. Information-computer models of computer crimes in the generalization of large arrays of information can serve as one of the key elements of private forensic methods of investigation. This approach is considered on the example of the investigation of extortion using the Internet - “cyber blackmail”. Options of “cyber blackmail” of individuals and organizations are considered and information and computer models are built for them. The authors determine the features of correlation of methods of crimes, the used computer tools and systems, objects of encroachment with the competencies of criminals (organized criminal groups) and victims in IT technologies.
The role of Professor of Tomsk State University V.N. Shcheglov in the development of the theory of civil procedure law
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Barishpolskaya Tatyana Yu.
Published: February 2023

I dedicate the article to Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Process of the Faculty of Law of Tomsk State University, Doctor of Law, Honored The article highlights the role of the Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of Tomsk State University Viktor Nifonovich Shcheglov in the development of the theory and method of teaching civil procedural law. I can separate the main directions of V.N. Shcheglov’s research activities: the legality and validity of a court decision, civil procedural legal relationship, the problem of a “broad” understanding of civil procedure and the subject of civil procedural law, a lawsuit and a claim form of legal protection. We pay particular attention to the formation of a scientific school under the leadership of Professor V.N. Shcheglov, continuity in conducting theoretical research, and introducing its results into the method of teaching civil procedural law. The content of the works of Professor V.N. Shcheglov enables us to conclude that the research interest of the scientist was focused primarily on the analysis of the nature, features and problems of the effectiveness of civil procedure as a special legal form of protection of rights and legally protected interests. Within the framework of this broad problem, it is possible to identify several methodologically significant aspects, which were found in the articles and monographs of V.N. Shcheglov. The first of them is the consideration of civil procedure as a special legal relationship. V.N. Shcheglov devoted several articles to this issue and his monograph “Civil Procedural Legal Relationship” (1966) was awarded the Tomsk State University Prize in 1967. The main idea defended by the author was the assertion that the civil procedure is a social relationship regulated by the norms of civil procedural law. The subject of this relationship is, on the one hand, the jurisdictional body that resolves the civil case, and on the other hand, the parties to a civil trial. The content of this legal relationship is the behavior of its subjects that is clothed in in the form of procedural powers, subjective, procedural rights and obligations. V.N. Shcheglov paid attention to a broad understanding of civil procedure and the subject of civil procedural law; whether civil procedure is only a trial of civil cases or any jurisdictional procedure aimed at protecting civil rights. V.N. Shcheglov and Professor N.B. Zeider concluded that the nature of the procedure is determined not by the body resolving the case, but by the nature (branch affiliation) of legal relations that are the subject of consideration within the framework of a particular procedural form. Therefore, civil procedural law regulates the procedural relations that develop in adjudication of civil cases by various jurisdictional bodies (a broad understanding of the subject of civil procedural law). The author declares no conflicts of interests.
Constitutionalization of criminal law: the problem of defining the object and subject of the legal process
Authors:   Arbitration Court of the Moscow Region, Guzeeva Olga S.
Published: February 2023

The constitutionalization of criminal law is a complex and multi-level process of translating constitutional ideas and values into criminal law and the practice of its application. This is a controlled and directed process, which, from the point of view of its structural and functional analysis, presupposes the presence of a well-defined object of influence and subjects of constitutionalization. The object-subject characteristic of the constitutionalization of criminal law in branch science has not been studied. In the article, the author solves this urgent problem based on the application of a systematic approach within the framework of the implementation of the requirements of structural and functional analysis. The constitutionalization of criminal law is understood in this work as a process of substantive concretization of constitutional principles and standards in the practice of criminal law regulation. Proceeding from the fact that such regulation is an organic unity of the law and the practice of its application, the author, nevertheless, argues that the phenomenon of criminal law practice itself, as an element of the object of constitutionalization of criminal law, should be limited, excluding from its scope institutional and procedural characteristics of the practice, and leaving only its results in the form of the content, interpretation and meaning of the criminal law norms created by the parliament and applied by the court in a particular case. As a result, it is concluded that the object of constitutionalization in criminal law is precisely the criminal law norms expressed in the sources of law, which are given a particular interpretation in the process of law enforcement. When analyzing the subjects of the constitutionalization of criminal law, there is widespread opinion in science that this is exclusively the Constitutional Court of Russia is critically assessed. It is proved that, in addition to it, the subjects of constitutionalization are: parliament and courts of general jurisdiction. This made it possible to classify the subjects of constitutionalization, depending on the moment at which criminal regulation they are connected to ensure its constitutionality. “Primary” subjects of constitutionalization (parliament and court of general jurisdiction) carry out perspective constitutionalization, using constitutional principles and norms to regulate public relations, creating and applying criminal law norms. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is empowered to carry out retrospective constitutionalization of the already declared legal matter through constitutional justice, which makes it possible to recognize it as a "secondary" subject of the constitutionalization of criminal law. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
Antimonopoly compliance as a circumstance which mitigates administrative responsibility
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Kinev Alexander Yu.
Published: February 2023

The article deals with administrative compliance; the author studies this issue in circumstances which mitigate administrative responsibility. An assessment of the role of sources of legal regulation and standards mediating the formation of a system of internal compliance with the requirements of antimonopoly legislation and the practice of its implementation is given. When writing the article, the author examined the content of certain issues under the jurisdiction of the Federal Antimonopoly Service in terms of implementing its administrative and tort powers. An analysis of their content is carried out; the problems of practical importance, including an assessment of administrative compliance, are identified. The author used the following methods: system analysis, dialectical, logical, comparative, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The following results were got: - mitigation of administrative liability creates a tangible legal incentive, while not restricting the effectiveness of administrative punishment, and an economic entity is given the opportunity to invest in the implementation of the compliance system for its improvement. The antimonopoly compliance can exclude the liability of the subject, provided that it implements all measures to prevent a violation; - organization of the antimonopoly compliance system should contribute to improving the efficiency and success of the activities of an economic entity at the expense of introducing a risk-oriented approach. The introduction of antimonopoly compliance can contribute to the increasing of the level of legality and success of the activities of an economic entity, and in the future antimonopoly compliance will be one of the most effective mechanisms for implementing state policy in ensuring law and order and legality, but a full assessment of the effectiveness of its application can be given only over time; - antimonopoly compliance will always be in demand, since management decision-making is carried out in the prism of assessing their impact on competition. There is also a simulation of the consequences, excluding violations of legislation,i.e. the subject acts already within the framework of the agreed antimonopoly policy; - adoption of the act on antimonopoly compliance does not mean its full functioning. Its adoption is followed by a whole range of elements of its implementation, enshrined in methodological recommendations (development of a risk map and of an action plan to reduce violations of antimonopoly legislation, as well as several other constituent parts of the system). The author declares no conflicts of interests.
Transformation of the Image-Concept of Russia in British Political Media Discourse: A Diachronic Aspect
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Boeva-Omelechko Natalya B. , Posternyak Ksenia P. ,   Southern Federal University
Published: February 2023

The images of states as special mental models are created in mass media discourse with its powerful persuasive capacity. The image of one and the same state can be different. This article focuses on the mechanisms of such a change of the image of New Russia in British mass media discourse on the basis of a comparative analysis of the linguistic ways of surfacing the nucleus of the concept “Russia” and its three basic layers - metaphorical, evaluative, and etnocultural associative - in the period after the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991-1993) and in the modern one (2013-2018). The relevance of this work is due to the growing interest of the British media in our country and the need to study the dynamics of verbalization of the conceptual, figurative, evaluative and associative components of the concept “Russia” in British media discourse over the past 30 years. The results of the study confirmed our hypothesis that two different images of New Russia were created in British political media discourse in the two periods: one in 1991-1993 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the other in 2013-2018 when British-Russian relations sharply escalated. In 1991, British journalists still used phrases such as former Soviet Union, Russian-Soviet state, Russian Empire to designate our state. Currently, there are such nominations as the Russian State, the Kremlin, Putin’s Russia. The metaphorical image of Russia has changed from a connotation associated with the concept of a weak, sick, newborn or defeated country to an offensive image of an enemy, a puppeteer, an active participant in military games, or aggressive animals, such as a bear, gorilla or octopus. The evaluative layer of the image-concept of Russia in the 1990s was represented by epithet utterances with some positive connotations associated with the hope of restoration and friendliness on her part. Currently, almost no positive connotations are found. The associative layer of the image-concept of Russia in the 1990s was represented in the British press by former superpower tokens opposing weak Russia to the powerful Soviet Union. Russia, as the successor to the USSR, was associated with the empire, with the green color of rebirth, with the East and mystery. However, objective journalists are sure that Russia is not an enemy, that cooperation between the two countries is mutually beneficial, given the positive historical experience of the interaction of the two great cultures. The analysis scheme proposed in the article can be used to study the transformation of images of other states. The article can be used in training courses for linguists, journalists and politicians.
The Image of Russia in Beat Culture
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, L’vova Irina V.
Published: February 2023

The article deals with one of the most important unofficial imperial symbols of Russia - the Russian bayonet. For quite a long historical period, 1790-1945, the bayonet remained a metaphor for military, state, and national power. In the historical perspective, it had three main meanings: 1) the glory of the Russian Army, and then the Red Army; 2) the greatness and strength of the Russian Empire; 3) courage, determination, and the Russian man’s contempt for death. The cult of Suvorov and the myth of the Russian bayonet were formed in Russian poetry at the same time - at the end of the XVIII century, and they supported each other. Suvorov’s bayonet charge training remained relevant in the tactics and military theory of the Russian Army until the end of the 19th century. The idea of the mythical Suvorov’s “bogatyr”, a Russian soldier, was poeticized by the commander himself in The Science of Victory (1795) and was continued primarily in the patriotic poetry of the 1830s. The mythologization of the Russian bayonet in Russian poetry and battle prose reached its apotheosis in the early 1830s, at the time of Russia’s confrontation with Europe over the Polish Uprising. The literary myth of the bayonet is presented in its most complete form in Pyotr Yershov’s poem “The Russian Bayonet”. Patriotic lyrics with their collective lyrical subject and nationwide sublime pathos and the battle prose of the 1830s both played a decisive role in the creation of the myth. The hyperbolization of the Russian hero wielding the bayonet in the prose of the 1830s is usually linked with the motif of national superiority. The ideological imperial myth of the invincible and all-powerful Russian bayonet was used primarily within Russia itself. During the Crimean War, the poetical hope that the bayonet would help to win the war with the most well-armed armies in Europe was in vain. In addition, the destruction of the myth was influenced by the spread of the personal point of view in the psychological prose of Leo Tolstoy and Vsevolod Garshin. In Tolstoy’s battle prose, the war rhetoric and the valorization of war are devalued, this “demythologization” also includes an unusual description of the Russian bayonet charge. This trend continues in the prose of Garshin, who gained the experience of an ordinary volunteer soldier in the Russian-Turkish War. In the last third of the 19th century and before the beginning of the First World War, the bayonet in Russian unofficial literature became a metaphor for the repressive state apparatus. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the war, the suppressed national semantics of the bayonet was actualized again. The same thing happened at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War when the very existence of Russians as an ethnic group was called into question. Soviet poets once again turned to the myth of the all-conquering Suvorov’s Russian bayonet.