bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification of planctonema‐like algae, including a new genus Planctonemopsis gen. nov., a new species Planctonema gelatinosum sp. nov. and a reinstated genus Psephonema (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Liu Xudong , Zhu Huan , Liu Benwen , Liu Guoxiang , Hu Zhengyu
Published: May 2017

Planctonema‐like species consist of planktonic green algae and are found throughout the world. Their characteristic morphology, which includes short and slender filaments consisting of side‐by‐side or distant cylindrical cells enclosed in a fine and hyaline sheath, makes them easily distinguishable. To date, Planctonema lauterbornii was the only taxon accepted for this group. However, descriptions from different materials have revealed notable morphological differences, including the presence/absence of a pyrenoid, a mucilage sheath and an apical thickening of the cell wall. In this study, six strains of Planctonema‐like species were identified and successfully cultured in the laboratory. We used a molecular approach to determine their taxonomic relationships and phylogenetic positions. The molecular analysis resolved them to at least three genera. The genus Planctonema was positioned in Trebouxiophyceae as an incertae sedis taxon that is closely related to Oocystaceae and was divided into two species. Planctonema gelatinosum was determined to be a new species with approximately twice the width and a thicker mucilage sheath, which differentiated it from the type species Planctonema lauterbornii. The genus Psephonema was reinstated based on 1.5–2 times length‐width ratio than Planctonema and the big difference on the rbcL cpDNA gene marker and an intron insertion in the 18S rDNA. A new genus, Planctonemopsis, which represents the pyrenoid‐present strains among the Planctonema‐like species, was established. Planctonemopsis was positioned within Oocystaceae as a new clade and is distantly related to the other two genera. Taxonomic diversity was proven by distinctive morphological differences and phylogenetic divergence in the Planctonema‐like group identified herein.
In search of the phylogenetic affinity of the temperate woody bamboos from Madagascar, with description of a new species (Bambusoideae, Poaceae)
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Xiao , Ma Peng‐Fei , Havermans Thomas , Vorontsova Maria S. , Zhang Ting , Nanjarisoa Olinirina Prisca , Li De‐Zhu
Published: May 2017

Six temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae, Bambusoideae) from Madagascar were described in the genus Arundinaria during the 1920s to 1960s. However, recent phylogenetic studies imply that Arundinaria is restricted to North America, and taxonomic affiliation of the Malagasy temperate woody bamboos remained ambiguous. In search of phylogenetic affinity of these bamboos, herbarium observation, fieldwork, and molecular phylogenetic analysis have been carried out. Four of them and one potential new species were sampled for molecular phylogenetic analyses in the context of the tribe Arundinarieae. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicated that those species were closely related to Oldeania alpina distributed in continental Africa, but not Arundinaria, Bergbambos, Fargesia (including Sinarundinaria), Thamnocalamus, or Yushania, in which they were placed at one time or another. On the grounds of molecular phylogeny, morphology, and phytogeography, the Malagasy temperate woody bamboos should be treated as members of the genus Oldeania. Arundinaria humbertii and A. ambositrensis are conspecific. A new species, Oldeania itremoensis, is described and illustrated. The other two temperate woody bamboo species in Madagascar not sampled in the molecular phylogeny are also transferred to Oldeania on the basis of morphology.
Neurologic Clinical Signs in Cattle With Astrovirus‐Associated Encephalitis
Authors: Deiss R. , Selimovic‐Hamza S. , Seuberlich T. , Meylan M.
Published: May 2017

Background

Evidence of neurotropic astroviruses has been established using novel genetic methods in cattle suffering from viral encephalitis of previously unknown origin.

Objectives

To describe the clinical signs observed in cattle with astrovirus‐associated encephalitis.

Animals

Eight cattle (4 cows, 3 heifers, and 1 bull of 4 different breeds) admitted to the Clinic for Ruminants for neurologic disease and 1 cow investigated in the field.

Methods

Cases were selected based on neuropathologic diagnosis of nonsuppurative encephalitis, positive in situ hybridization result for astrovirus, and availability of the results of physical and neurologic evaluations. Laboratory results were evaluated if available.

Results

The most frequently observed clinical signs were decreased awareness of surroundings (7), cranial nerve dysfunction (5), and recumbency (5). The cow seen in the field was the only animal that had severe behavioral changes. Cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were increased in 4 animals, and protein concentration was increased in 3 of 5 specimens. In 1 case, the presence of astrovirus could be identified in a CSF sample by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Other laboratory abnormalities were nonspecific.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Astrovirus infection may be an important differential diagnosis in cattle with clinical signs of brain disease and should be considered after exclusion of other causes. The clinical and epidemiological relevance of encephalitis associated with astrovirus infection should be further investigated.
Locally Grown Oysters in Hawai‘i: Chef Preference and Local Premium?
Authors: Chen Jessie Q. , Haws Maria C. , Fong Quentin S. W. , Leung PingSun
Published: May 2017

Locally grown oysters became available in Hawai‘i in 2014, for the first time in decades. It is unclear if these bivalve shellfish will successfully infiltrate the market when imported products similar in nature have long been the only source of fresh, shell stock products. This study investigates chef preferences for oyster attributes to determine marginal willingness to pay for locally grown oysters. A survey containing a questionnaire and a choice experiment was administered to restaurant chefs throughout Hawai‘i who currently offer oysters on their menus. The study examines trade‐offs made between attributes related to price, growout site, freshness, and supply constancy, respectively. Responses were aggregated and data were fit to a random parameters logit model. Results suggest that respondents derive the most utility from oysters that are fresh, grown locally, and supplied on an as‐available basis. The least desired products are, therefore, those that are frozen, imported from foreign sources, and supplied on a set schedule. Chefs are willing to pay an additional $5.25 for one dozen oysters that are grown locally. This evidence of an existing price premium indicates that labeling local oysters as such may be a valuable marketing strategy.
Volatile compound secretion coincides with modifications of the olfactory organ in mantellid frogs
Authors: Nowack C. , Peram P. S. , Wenzel S. , Rakotoarison A. , Glaw F. , Poth D. , Schulz S. , Vences M.
Published: May 2017

Madagascar frogs (Mantellidae) contain species with derived mating behaviour and femoral macroglands secreting volatile pheromones. Here, we screen 28 mantellid species to show that volatile compounds are present in at least five genera with femoral glands, while no such compounds were found in genera devoid of these glands. The nasal cavity of volatile‐producing species of four genera showed a derived state, with partial or almost complete obstruction of the connection between main olfactory organ (MOO) and vomeronasal organ (VNO). Experimental evidence suggests that the pheromone of one mantelline, Mantidactylus betsileanus, distinctly stimulates sensory neurons in the MOO but not in the VNO. These data support an evolutionary connection of derived olfactory anatomy with chemical communication in these frogs, although the role of the anatomically separated VNO remains unclarified.
Crossing Borders: Mexican State Practices, Managing Migration, and the Construction of “Unsafe” Travelers
Authors: Marchand Marianne H.
Published: May 2017

This article focuses on Mexican state practices dealing with immigration. It analyzes how the Mexican state has generated new governmentalities toward border crossings, thereby creating new (securitized) subjectivities, and to what extent such governmentalities have been the result of unequal relations with its northern neighbors versus a response to more locally driven needs. It focuses particularly on the changes since 9/11 and the Calderón Government's War on Organized Crime, both of which have engendered new dynamics in North American relations, bringing out the tensions and contradictions about security concerns; mobility of goods, services and people; and free‐trade‐driven regionalism. The ensuing regional focus on security and regulating the mobility of travelers, categorizing them into safe and potentially “unsafe” subjects, and migrants who are being “managed” through temporary worker programs have turned Mexico into a buffer state protecting regional North American interests. Despite its role as a buffer, the Mexican state is also “performing” its own sovereignty and following its priorities and needs, which do not necessarily coincide with those of its northern neighbor. This article analyzes these tensions in Mexico between being a buffer state and articulating its own priorities, particularly against the background of the War on Terror initiated by the United States, the War on Organized Crime, and the continuing economic crisis of 2009. The Mexican state has undergone significant modernization in terms of its border‐control capacities, thus enhancing its capacity as a buffer state while enhancing its performative sovereignty. Second, the paper analyzes how these transformations have affected the mobility of “ordinary” travelers and migrants.
Impaired neurovascular reactivity in the microvasculature of pregnant women with preeclampsia
Authors: Agra Karine Ferreira , Pontes Isabelle Eunice Albuquerque , da Silva José Roberto , Figueiroa José Natal , Clough Geraldine F , Alves João Guilherme Bezerra
Published: May 2017

Introduction

PE is associated with maternal vascular dysfunction, leading to serious cardiovascular risk both during and following pregnancy.

Objective

To assess microvascular reactivity in pregnant women with PE.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed in 36 pregnant women with PE and 36 normotensive pregnant women (C) in the third trimester. Skin microvascular blood flow was measured using LDF at rest (RF), during the maximum hyperemic response to brief arterial occlusion (MF) and during the sympathetically mediated constrictor response to deep IBH.

Results

In pregnant women with PE, RF was higher [C, 8.1 (4.6); PE, 12.0 (7.6), P<.001; PU perfusion units; median (IQR)] and MF/RF [C, 6.1 (3.7); PE, 3. 9 (4.9) P<.001] and peak CVC lower (P=.009) compared to normotensive controls. The constrictor response to IBH [C, 62.4% (27.9); PE, 33.0% (50.6), P=.008] was reduced in women with PE. In univariate analysis, MF/RF was associated with PE status (r=−.417, P=.0001), systolic (r=−.385, P=.001), and diastolic (r=−.388, P=.001) blood pressure, but not BMI (r=.077, P=.536).

Conclusions

Women with PE are more than three times more likely to exhibit a reduced microvascular reactivity in the third trimester of pregnancy than normotensive pregnant controls. These differences may be attributable in part to an altered sympathetic neural microvascular tone in PE.
Imperfect Information and Consumer Inflation Expectations: Evidence from Microdata
Authors: Dräger Lena , Lamla Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This paper explores which factors trigger an adjustment in consumers’ inflation expectations and looks at the implications regarding forecast errors. We find support for imperfect information models, as inflation volatility and news trigger an adjustment in expectations. Furthermore, we document that individual expectations become more accurate if they have been adjusted.
The effectiveness of interventions to treat hypothalamic obesity in survivors of childhood brain tumours: a systematic review
Authors: Wang K‐W. , Chau R. , Fleming A. , Banfield L. , Singh S. K. , Johnston D. L. , Zelcer S. M. , Rassekh S. R. , Burrow S. , Valencia M. , de Souza R. J. , Thabane L. , Samaan M. C.
Published: May 2017

Background

Survivors of childhood brain tumours (SCBT) are at risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is a major driver of cardiometabolic diseases in the general population, and interventions that tackle obesity may lower the risk of these chronic diseases. The goal of this systematic review was to summarize current evidence for the presence of interventions to manage obesity, including hypothalamic obesity, in SCBT.

Methods

The primary outcome of this review was the body mass index z‐score change from baseline to the end of the intervention and/or follow‐up. Literature searches were conducted in PsycINFO, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Medline, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE and PubMed. Two reviewers completed study evaluations independently.

Results

Eleven publications were included in this systematic review (lifestyle intervention n = 2, pharmacotherapy n = 6 and bariatric surgery n = 3). While some studies demonstrated effectiveness of interventions to manage obesity in SCBT and alter markers of obesity and cardiometabolic risk, the evidence base was limited and of low quality, and studies focused on hypothalamic obesity. We conclude that there is urgent need to conduct adequately powered trials of sufficient duration, using existing and novel therapies to manage obesity, reduce the burden of cardiometabolic disorders and improve outcomes in SCBT.
Comparison of oral fluid collection methods for the molecular detection of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Portilho MM , Mendonça ACF , Marques VA , Nabuco LC , Villela‐Nogueira CA , Ivantes CAP , Lewis‐Ximenez LL , Lampe E , Villar LM
Published: May 2017

Background

This study aims to compare the efficiency of four oral fluid collection methods (Salivette, FTA Card, spitting and DNA‐Sal) to detect HBV DNA by qualitative PCR.

Materials and Methods

Seventy‐four individuals (32 HBV reactive and 42 with no HBV markers) donated serum and oral fluid. In‐house qualitative PCR to detect HBV was used for both samples and commercial quantitative PCR for serum.

Results

HBV DNA was detected in all serum samples from HBV‐infected individuals, and it was not detected in control group. HBV DNA from HBV group was detected in 17 samples collected with Salivette device, 16 samples collected by FTA Card device, 16 samples collected from spitting and 13 samples collected by DNA‐Sal device. Samples that corresponded to a higher viral load in their paired serum sample could be detected using all oral fluid collection methods, but Salivette collection device yielded the largest numbers of positive samples and had a wide range of viral load that was detected.

Conclusion

It was possible to detect HBV DNA using all devices tested, but higher number of positive samples was observed when samples were collected using Salivette device, which shows high concordance to viral load observed in the paired serum samples.
Conscientiousness but not agreeableness mediates females’ tendency toward being a morning person
Authors: Rahafar Arash , Castellana Ina , Randler Christoph , Antúnez Juan Manuel
Published: May 2017

Individuals differ in their chronotype, and some are identified as morning ones and others as evening ones. Earlier studies showed that women were higher on morningness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. In this study, we aimed at exploring the mediational effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness in the relationship of gender and morningness‐eveningness. Participants were 669 university students. Results supported positive relationships between morningness and conscientiousness and agreeableness and between conscientiousness and agreeableness. Females were higher on all these three variables. Mediation analyses suggested that the effect of gender (here females) on chronotype (here morningness) was mediated by conscientiousness but not agreeableness so that after the mediation partially occurred, the gender's effect did not remain significant anymore. This study backed our hypothesis that conscientiousness might play a more pronounced role than the intrinsic diurnal rhythm concerning the sex differences in chronotype.
Development of a quantitative assessment method of pigmentary skin disease using ultraviolet optical imaging
Authors: Lee Onseok , Park Sunup , Kim Jaeyoung , Oh Chilhwan
Published: May 2017

Background/Purpose

The visual scoring method has been used as a subjective evaluation of pigmentary skin disorders. Severity of pigmentary skin disease, especially melasma, is evaluated using a visual scoring method, the MASI (melasma area severity index). This study differentiates between epidermal and dermal pigmented disease. The study was undertaken to determine methods to quantitatively measure the severity of pigmentary skin disorders under ultraviolet illumination.

Methods

The optical imaging system consists of illumination (white LED, UV‐A lamp) and image acquisition (DSLR camera, air cooling CMOS CCD camera). Each camera is equipped with a polarizing filter to remove glare. To analyze images of visible and UV light, images are divided into frontal, cheek, and chin regions of melasma patients. Each image must undergo image processing. To reduce the curvature error in facial contours, a gradient mask is used.

Results

The new method of segmentation of front and lateral facial images is more objective for face‐area‐measurement than the MASI score. Image analysis of darkness and homogeneity is adequate to quantify the conventional MASI score. Under visible light, active lesion margins appear in both epidermal and dermal melanin, whereas melanin is found in the epidermis under UV light.

Conclusion

This study objectively analyzes severity of melasma and attempts to develop new methods of image analysis with ultraviolet optical imaging equipment. Based on the results of this study, our optical imaging system could be used as a valuable tool to assess the severity of pigmentary skin disease.
Reflectance confocal microscopy analysis of equivocal melanocytic lesions with severe regression
Authors: Agozzino M. , Ferrari A. , Cota C. , Franceschini C. , Buccini P. , Eibenshutz L. , Ardigò M.
Published: May 2017

Background

The differential diagnosis between regressing nevi and melanoma might be challenging; regressing areas can represent a confounding factor for the diagnosis and the histology still remain mandatory to rule out melanoma. Reflectance confocal microscopy may add valuable information by revealing features suggestive of the nature of the melanocytic proliferation.

Objective

To assess the impact of confocal microscopy in the management of regressive melanocytic lesions.

Methods

The dermoscopic analysis of 92 melanocytic lesions showing that more than 30% of regressions have been retrospectively considered, among them, 32 melanocytic lesions with a 7 check point list ≥3 they were assessed at the rcm and subsequently excised. For each selected lesion, dermoscopic features of regression (white scar‐like areas, blue areas, blue white areas), distribution of regressing areas (central, peripheral, or both) and the percentage of regression have been examined by an expert in dermoscopy, blinded to the histological and confocal diagnosis. Subsequently, two experts in confocal microscopy revaluated, blinded from histology, RCM images.

Results

Of the 32 lesions analyzed, 23 (71.5%) were diagnosed histologically as nevi, and 9 (28.5%) as melanomas. 26 of 32 lesions (81.5%) exhibited regression >50% of the overall. On RCM, 11 lesions have been interpreted as malignant and 21 as benign. On RCM the majority of nevi exhibited regular architecture without cytological atypia. Epidermal disarray, pagetoid infiltration, disarranged dermo‐epidermal junction architecture and atypical nests were considered as suspicious for malignancy. Good concordance between confocal readers has been detected.

Conclusion

A combined dermoscopic/confocal approach can be used for the management of lesions exhibiting dermoscopic features of regression in order to provide a more conclusive pre‐histological diagnosis avoiding a high number of unnecessary excisions. Limits of this study were represented by the relatively small number of lesions and the retrospective approach. Further, prospective studies on a larger number of cases, will be necessary in order to compare the efficacy of dermoscopy alone versus dermoscopy in combination with RCM for the evaluation of regression, suspected pigmented lesions.
German for Specific Purposes in the Basic Language Sequence: A Case Study in Implementation during Curricular Reform
Authors: Sheffer Amanda
Published: May 2017

This article seeks to answer calls in the field to implement German for Specific Purposes in the basic language sequence. The article follows a program's curricular redesign transitioning from “German” to a “German Studies” major and what this means at the beginning and intermediate levels. The first four semesters follow a restructuring through the framework of Maxim et al.'s model () for curriculum reform and Doyle's () articulation for Business Language theory, method, and methodology. It seeks to engage in the ongoing conversation about how to reorganize curriculum, while retaining the critical skills of cultural understanding and analysis of basic business practices and company profiles. Using real‐world examples, technology, and materials, instructors will help motivate and retain students while distinguishing students on the job market. This article explores the current Business Language theory, method, and methodology, how this fits in early stages of language learning, and provides tangible examples from the beginning and intermediate levels.
Psychological factors related to donation behaviour among Chinese adults: results from a longitudinal investigation
Authors: Hu H. , Wang T. , Fu Q.
Published: May 2017

Background and objectives

Little is known about the psychological factors currently influencing blood donation in China. This study investigated the structure of psychological factors and their correlation with donation behaviour of adults in a transforming city in China over a 6‐month period.

Methods

Participants were recruited in Nanjing from May 2013 to April 2014. Preliminary focus group interviews with 102 participants were conducted to generate new items for a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed by 300 participants, and responses were subjected to factor analysis. We confirmed the resulting factorial structure with 861 respondents and examined the associations between these factors and donation behaviour during the next 6 months using structural equation modelling.

Results

Factor analysis and structural equation modelling of the data supported an extended TPB model with self‐reported past donation behaviour as a covariate. After controlling for past donation behaviour, attitudes towards blood donation (β = 0·288), subjective norm (β = 0·149), self‐efficacy (β = 0·199), trust in third‐party health professionals (β = 0·237), mistrust towards blood collection agencies (BCAs) (β = −0·085) and traditional Chinese beliefs (β = −0·046) were significantly related to donation intention, whilst donation intention was positively (β = 0·212) associated with donation behaviour.

Conclusion

These findings confirm that psychological factors such as attitudes are predictors of blood donation. Recruitment efforts using public information campaigns and interpersonal communications should focus on strengthening positive attitudes, increasing trust in third‐party health professionals, elevating self‐efficacy, changing traditional Chinese beliefs and relieving mistrust in blood collection agencies (BCAs).
A 30‐year systematic review and meta‐analysis of hepatitis B virus among blood donors in mainland China: revealing increase of new threats
Authors: Gao Zhan , Zhang Yu , Shan Hua , Shi Ling , Liu Jing , Xu Min , Zeng Peibin , Liu Yu , He Miao
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Although screening strategies have been routinely implemented in blood centers, the residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis B virus (HBV) still poses a public health concern in China. The aim of this study is to investigate the HBV blood screening reactive rate and to illustrate the demographics of the corresponding blood donors with revealing of heterogeneity between previous studies and discovering potentially negligent threats.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Literature reporting the HBV screening reactive rate in Chinese blood donors was identified by systematic searching of four electronic databases. We followed the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, and data manipulation and statistical analyses were performed by Stata 12.0.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the pooled postdonation screening reactive rate was 1.32% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28%‐1.36%) with a significant variation from 3.93% (95% CI, 3.45%‐4.40%) before 1998 to 1.22% (95% CI, 1.18%‐1.27%) after 1998 when the Blood Donation Law was implemented. Importantly, the HBV screening reactive rates were significantly higher among replacement and planned donors than among individual voluntary donors.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated blood centers in China should recruit more individual and group voluntary donors and convert more eligible first‐time donors into repeat donors to reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmitted HBV.
Rapid response to intravenous vitamin K may obviate the need to transfuse prothrombin complex concentrates
Authors: Sahai Tanmay , Tavares Maria F. , Sweeney Joseph D.
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Patients on warfarin who present with bleeding or who require an urgent procedure are commonly treated with intravenous (IV) vitamin K, which is supplemented with repletion of the vitamin K factors using either plasma or a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). In some such cases, use of vitamin K alone could be adequate to achieve acceptable hemostasis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

An algorithm emphasizing the use of vitamin K alone in patients presenting with non–life‐threatening bleeding was encouraged, with repeat testing of the international normalized ratio (INR) within 5 hours. Depending on the INR result, patients received no factor repletion or plasma or PCC, as judged by the physician. Leftover samples from a separate cohort of patients with supratherapeutic INRs (INR > 4.0) were studied for clotting factor evaluation.

RESULTS

A total of 46 pre‐ and postinfusion INRs were evaluable from 41 patients. Median INR decreased from 5.8 to 2.5, with a median dose of 5 mg after a median time of 4.0 hours postinfusion. A total of 27 of 46 (59%) postinfusion samples showed an INR of 2.5 or less. Samples from patients with the highest INR showed the greatest decline in INR. Samples from supratherapeutic INR patients showed very high Factor VIII:C (200%) and a normal activated partial thromboplastin time in 23 of 50 (46%).

CONCLUSION

Use of IV vitamin K as sole therapy for urgent partial reversal of warfarin for non–life‐threatening bleeding may provide adequate hemostasis within 5 hours, avoiding the need for clotting factor repletion.
Evaluation of canine adverse food reactions by patch testing with single proteins, single carbohydrates and commercial foods
Authors: Johansen Cornelia , Mariani Claire , Mueller Ralf S.
Published: May 2017

Background

Adverse food reaction (AFR) is an important differential diagnosis for the pruritic dog. It is usually diagnosed by feeding an elimination diet with a novel protein and carbohydrate source for eight weeks followed by subsequent food provocation. A previous study demonstrated that patch testing dogs with foods had a high sensitivity and negative predictability for selection of elimination diet ingredients.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate patch testing with proteins, carbohydrates and dry commercial dog food in dogs to determine whether there was value in patch testing to aid the diagnosis of canine adverse food reaction.

Methods

Twenty five privately owned dogs, with confirmedAFR, underwent provocation trials with selected food antigens and patch testing.

Results

For proteins, carbohydrates and dry dog food the sensitivity of patch testing was 100%, 70% and 22.2%, respectively; the negative predictive values of patch testing were 100%, 79% and 72%. The positive predictive values of patch testing for proteins and carbohydrates were 75% and 74%, respectively.

Conclusion and clinical importance

This study confirmed that patch testing may be useful for the selection of a suitable protein source for an elimination diet in dogs with suspectedAFR, but not as a diagnostic tool for canineAFR. Results for proteins are more reliable than for carbohydrates and the majority of positive patch test reactions were observed with raw protein. Patch testing with commercial dog food does not seem to be useful.
Indirect computed tomography lymphangiography with aqueous contrast for evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in dogs with tumors of the head
Authors: Grimes Janet A. , Secrest Scott A. , Northrup Nicole C. , Saba Corey F. , Schmiedt Chad W.
Published: May 2017

Sentinel lymph node evaluation is widely used in human medicine to evaluate the first lymph node(s) to which a tumor drains. Sentinel lymph node biopsy allows avoidance of extensive lymphadenectomies in cases where the sentinel lymph node is negative for metastasis, thereby reducing patient morbidity. It has been shown that regional lymph nodes are not always the sentinel lymph node, thus identification and sampling of sentinel lymph nodes allows for more accurate staging, which is critical for treatment and prognostication in dogs with cancer. The objective of this prospective, pilot study was to determine if indirect computed tomography (CT) lymphangiography with aqueous contrast agent would successfully allow identification of sentinel lymph nodes in dogs with masses on the head. Eighteen dogs underwent CT lymphangiography. The sentinel lymph node was successfully identified within 3 min of contrast injection in 16 dogs (89%). Compression of lymphatic vessels from endotracheal tube ties and/or the patient's own body weight delayed or prevented identification of sentinel lymph nodes in two dogs (11%). Computed tomography lymphangiography with aqueous contrast can be used successfully to rapidly identify sentinel lymph nodes in dogs with masses on the head.
Improvement of Family Relationships as a Social Duty
Authors: Kabir Nayeb
Published: May 2017

The present research is aimed to study the improvement of family relationships as a social duty. To achieve this goal, the descriptive-analytical method was used. Family relationship is one of the most important factors whose negative effects on society can be investigated and studied. Family is one of the most fundamental institutions of any society about which many experts and specialists have thought and speculated. These experts have searched for the origin of all abnormalities and misbehaviors in the family. In fact, no society can claim health unless it enjoys a healthy family. The present research is a theoretical research based on library studies. It attempts to study the status of family relationships in Iran, the factors affecting the formation and evolution of family relationships, the effect of progress and modernization on family relationships, and the causes of family relationships looseness.
Compensatory and decompensatory alterations in cardiomyocyte Ca2+ dynamics in hearts with diastolic dysfunction following aortic banding
Authors: Gattoni Sara , Røe Åsmund Treu , Aronsen Jan Magnus , Sjaastad Ivar , Louch William E. , Smith Nicolas P. , Niederer Steven A.
Published: May 2017

Key points

At the cellular level cardiac hypertrophy causes remodelling, leading to changes in ionic channel, pump and exchanger densities and kinetics.

Previous studies have focused on quantifying changes in channels, pumps and exchangers without quantitatively linking these changes with emergent cellular scale functionality.

Two biophysical cardiac cell models were created, parameterized and validated and are able to simulate electrophysiology and calcium dynamics in myocytes from control sham operated rats and aortic‐banded rats exhibiting diastolic dysfunction.

The contribution of each ionic pathway to the calcium kinetics was calculated, identifying the L‐type Ca2+ channel and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase as the principal regulators of systolic and diastolic Ca2+, respectively.

Results show that the ability to dynamically change systolic Ca2+, through changes in expression of key Ca2+ modelling protein densities, is drastically reduced following the aortic banding procedure; however the cells are able to compensate Ca2+ homeostasis in an efficient way to minimize systolic dysfunction.

Elevated left ventricular afterload leads to myocardial hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, cellular remodelling and compromised calcium dynamics. At the cellular scale this remodelling of the ionic channels, pumps and exchangers gives rise to changes in the Ca2+ transient. However, the relative roles of the underlying subcellular processes and the positive or negative impact of each remodelling mechanism are not fully understood. Biophysical cardiac cell models were created to simulate electrophysiology and calcium dynamics in myocytes from control rats (SHAM) and aortic‐banded rats exhibiting diastolic dysfunction. The model parameters and framework were validated and the fitted parameters demonstrated to be unique for explaining our experimental data. The contribution of each ionic pathway to the calcium kinetics was calculated, identifying the L‐type Ca2+ channel (LCC) and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) as the principal regulators of systolic and diastolic Ca2+, respectively. In the aortic banding model, the sensitivity of systolic Ca2+ to LCC density and diastolic Ca2+ to SERCA density decreased by 16‐fold and increased by 23%, respectively, relative to the SHAM model. The energy cost of ionic homeostasis is maintained across the two models. The models predict that changes in ionic pathway densities in compensated aortic banding rats maintain Ca2+ function and efficiency. The ability to dynamically alter systolic function is significantly diminished, while the capacity to maintain diastolic Ca2+ is moderately increased.
The stochastic Cramér-Rao bound for source localization and medium tomography using vector sensors
Authors: Baggeroer Arthur B.
Published: May 2017

A direct version for the stochastic Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) for parameters of Gaussian signals with additive Gaussian noise is introduced. The formulation applies to passive and active radars/sonars/seismics/structures with vector observations from multiple sources. These sensors include pressure, vector velocity, and/or acceleration sensors for ocean and structural acoustics, seismometers, polarized receivers for electromagnetics, and vector current meters for oceanography. The observations may contain partially coherent signals such as multipath. The parameters represent (i) signal localization or (ii) tomographic ones. As such, their embedding is very general using a Green's function vector and is not limited to direction of arrival problems. This formulation leads to simplified expressions for the stochastic CRB using just three quadratic forms involving just the Green's function and its derivatives with the inverse of the noise matrix for the norm. The number of the parameters sets the dimensions of these quadratic forms, so performance studies over the parameter space can be done with much smaller matrices as the noise covariance is inverted just once. The formulas are applied to vector sensors in jamming with both analytical and numerical results. The results are also compared to often cited papers on the CRB.
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(390)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: May 2017

This week’s articles describe new treatments for heart failure and its associated symptoms and a sequential gene delivery system to regenerate fractured bone.
Papers of note in
Nature
545
(7654)
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: May 2017

This week’s articles highlight plant growth responses to nutrients; axonal pathfinding; an unexpected source of tumor niche cells; photosensation in the fly brain; the selectivity of GPCRs for specific G proteins; balancing mTORC signaling; and a connection between gut microbes and brain vasculature malformations.
The Myxobacterial Metabolite Soraphen A Inhibits HIV-1 by Reducing Virus Production and Altering Virion Composition
Authors: Fleta-Soriano Eric , Smutná Katarína , Martínez Javier P. , Lorca Oró Cristina , Sadiq S. Kashif , Mirambeau Gilles , Lopez-Iglesias Carmen , Bosch Marta , Pol Albert , Brönstrup Mark , Diez Juana , Meyerhans Andreas
Published: May 2017

Soraphen A is a myxobacterial metabolite that blocks the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase of the host and was previously identified as a novel HIV inhibitor. Here, we report that soraphen A acts by reducing virus production and altering the gp120 virion content, impacting entry capacity and infectivity. These effects are partially reversed by addition of palmitic acid, suggesting that inhibition of HIV envelope palmitoylation is one of the mechanisms of antiviral action.
In Vivo
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Inhibition in Posaconazole-Induced Hypertension and Hypokalemia
Authors: Thompson George R. , Chang Diana , Wittenberg Rebecca R. , McHardy Ian , Semrad Alison
Published: May 2017

We describe a case of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) secondary to posaconazole therapy and suggest the biochemical mechanism. Clinical and laboratory investigation confirmed 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition and withholding therapy led to a resolution of all clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Posaconazole was later restarted at a lower dose and prevented recurrence of this syndrome. Additional studies are necessary to determine the frequency of posaconazole-induced AME and whether other azole antifungals can be associated with this phenomenon.
The
tet39
Determinant and the
msrE-mphE
Genes in Acinetobacter Plasmids Are Each Part of Discrete Modules Flanked by Inversely Oriented p
dif
(XerC-XerD) Sites
Authors: Blackwell Grace A. , Hall Ruth M.
Published: May 2017

The
tet39
tetracycline resistance determinant and the macrolide resistance genes
msrE
and
mphE
were found in an 18.2-kb plasmid, pS30-1, recovered from a global clone 2 (GC2)
Acinetobacter baumannii
isolate from Singapore, that conferred resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin. pS30-1 also contains
mobA
and
mobC
genes encoding MOB
Q
family proteins, but attempts to mobilize pS30-1 utilizing a coresident conjugative
repAci6
plasmid were unsuccessful. Eight p
dif
sites, consisting of inversely oriented binding sites for the XerC and XerD recombinases separated by 6 bp, were detected in pS30-1. The
tet39
determinant and the
msrE-mphE
gene pair are each surrounded by two p
dif
sites in inverse orientation. Identical regions in different contexts and many previously unnoticed p
dif
sites were found in a number of different plasmids in GenBank, showing that the
tet39
and
msrE-mphE dif
modules are mobile. A putative toxin/antitoxin system, a gene encoding a serine recombinase, and open reading frames of unknown function were also part of
dif
modules in pS30-1. In general, modules with internal XerC or XerD sites alternate. Two copies of IS
Ajo2-1
(94% identical to IS
Ajo2
) in pS30-1 were inserted 5 bp from a XerC site, and this appears to be the preferred insertion site for this insertion sequence (IS) group. Apparently,
Acinetobacter
plasmids exploit the
Acinetobacter
XerC-XerD recombinases to mobilize DNA units containing resistance and other genes, via an uncharacterized mechanism. The
tet39
and
msrE-mphE dif
modules add to the
oxa24
module and the
oxa58
module redefined here, bringing the total of resistance gene-containing
dif
modules in
Acinetobacter
plasmids to four.
The Atypical Response Regulator AtvR Is a New Player in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Response to Hypoxia and Virulence
Authors: Kaihami Gilberto Hideo , Breda Leandro Carvalho Dantas , de Almeida José Roberto Fogaça , de Oliveira Pereira Thays , Nicastro Gianlucca Gonçalves , Boechat Ana Laura , de Almeida Sandro Rogério , Baldini Regina Lúcia
Published: May 2017

Two-component systems are widespread in bacteria, allowing adaptation to environmental changes. The classical pathway is composed of a histidine kinase that phosphorylates an aspartate residue in the cognate response regulator (RR). RRs lacking the phosphorylatable aspartate also occur, but their function and contribution during host-pathogen interactions are poorly characterized. AtvR (PA14_26570) is the only atypical response regulator with a DNA-binding domain in the opportunistic pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa. Macrophage infection with theatvRmutant strain resulted in higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion as well as increased bacterial clearance compared to those for macrophages infected with the wild-type strain. In an acute pneumonia model, mice infected with theatvRmutant presented increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, increased neutrophil recruitment to the lungs, reductions in bacterial burdens, and higher survival rates in comparison with the findings for mice infected with the wild-type strain. Further, several genes involved in hypoxia/anoxia adaptation were upregulated uponatvRoverexpression, as seen by high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis. In addition,atvRwas more expressed in hypoxia in the presence of nitrate and required for full expression of nitrate reductase genes, promoting bacterial growth under this condition. Thus, AtvR would be crucial for successful infection, aidingP. aeruginosasurvival under conditions of low oxygen tension in the host. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the atypical response regulator AtvR is part of the repertoire of transcriptional regulators involved in the lifestyle switch from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. This finding increases the complexity of regulation of one of the central metabolic pathways that contributes toPseudomonasubiquity and versatility.
Sesamoid osteonecrosis treated with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy
Authors: Thompson Dawn , Malliaropoulos Nikos , Padhiar Nat
Published: May 2017

Sesamoid osteonecrosis is a disabling condition resulting in severe forefoot pain, for which there are limited treatment options. We present a 52-year-old man with 1-year history of pain, aggravated by walking and playing tennis. On examination, pain was localised to plantar aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Imaging revealed evolving end-stage avascular necrosis of lateral sesamoid with early secondary degenerative changes. Previous exhaustive conservative treatment had been unsuccessful in alleviating his pain. As an alternative to surgery, radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) was proposed. Treatment protocol was 2000 pulses at frequency of 5 Hz, and pressure was varied from 1.2 to 1.8 bar according to patient tolerance. A total of eight sessions were delivered. At completion of treatment, the patient reported minimal discomfort to no pain and was able to return to playing tennis with no recurrence. We propose rESWT to be an effective novel conservative treatment for sesamoid osteonecrosis.
A Syrian man with abdominal pain
Authors: Chughtai Mary , Hoencamp Rigo , Bronkhorst Maarten
Published: May 2017

A 32-year-old man presented with progressive abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting after swallowing a packet of dollar bills, his entire money savings, during his journey to Europe as a refugee. Subsequent imaging confirmed the presence of a foreign body in his stomach, which required surgical intervention to be removed. This is one of many cases that illustrate the hopeless circumstances people in the Middle-Eastern warzone are currently facing.
Caution advised with dapagliflozin in the setting of male urinary tract outlet obstruction
Authors: Hall Victoria , Kwong Jason , Johnson Douglas , Ekinci Elif Ilhan
Published: May 2017

We describe an adverse outcome in a 70-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sodium–glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin. SGLT2 inhibitors act in the proximal tubules to prevent glucose reabsorption and induce urinary glucose excretion, they have been associated with increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). Our patient presented to hospital withEscherichia colisepticaemia with positive urine and blood cultures on the background of two previous UTIs occurring post commencement of dapagliflozin in the community. Renal tract ultrasound in hospital revealed incomplete bladder emptying with evidence of urinary stasis, and a postvoid residual volume of 180 mL. His dapagliflozin was ceased, and he has had no further episodes of UTI. This case suggests there may be an increased risk of UTI in patients prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors who also have evidence of bladder outlet obstruction—caution is advised in the prescribing of SGLT2 inhibitors in this setting.
‘All that glitters is not gold’: when hyperammonaemia is not from hepatic aetiology
Authors: Hassan Abubaker A.I. , Ibrahim Walid , Subahi Ahmed , Mohamed Abdelaziz
Published: May 2017

Hyperammonaemia is often caused by decompensated liver disease. However, non-hepatic causes can sometimes result in hyperammonaemia, severe enough to cause symptoms.

We report a case of a 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and bilateral peripelvic renal cyst who presented with acute confusion. Laboratory investigations revealed hyperammonaemia and normal liver function test. The abdominal ultrasound did not reveal any finding of liver disease or portal-systemic shunting but demonstrated bilateral peripelvic cysts with no hydronephrosis.

Hyperammonaemia was attributed to urinary tract infection with a urea-splittingEscherichia colibacterium.

Antibiotic therapy and lactulose were administered. His neurological status rapidly normalised over the next 48 hours, concomitantly with a decrease in ammonia level. Clinician awareness of non-hepatic causes of hyperammonaemic encephalopathy like urinary tract infection can contribute to early diagnosis and timely initiation of appropriate and potentially life-saving treatment including antimicrobial therapy, alleviating urinary obstruction, if present, and lactulose.
Giant cell myocarditis presenting with acute heart failure
Authors: Kasouridis Ioannis , Majo Joaquim , MacGowan Guy , Clark Andrew L.
Published: May 2017

Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rare and rapidly progressing form of myocarditis predominantly affecting younger people. We report a case of a 23-year-old athletic patient who presented with features of acute heart failure due to GCM and discuss his management that included a left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplant. He died immediately following the transplant.

We also review the literature on this rare disease, highlighting the advances in the management of the disease including immunosuppressive therapy, ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation.
Cardiac compression due to gastric volvulus: an unusual cause of chest pain
Authors: Brown Alex , Austin David , Kanakala Venkatesh
Published: May 2017

A 42-year-old man was admitted to coronary care for assessment with severe retrosternal chest pain. Echocardiography showed significant external compression of the left atrium. A subsequent CT scan revealed him to have a large hiatus hernia, with most of his stomach herniating into his thorax causing left atrial compression and gastric volvulus. He subsequently underwent successful emergency decompression of the gastric volvulus and repair of his hiatus hernia.